mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,9 ?is ,pla9 ,text v]sion1 ,greek cursive *>act]s us$ 9 =mulae are repres5t$ z alpha1 beta1 gamma1 lambda1 nu1 pi upsilon4 ,symbols = male & female are repres5t$ z male & female4 ,9 *emical =mulae1 ! left arr[ ov] "r arr[ symbol is repres5t$ by ,italic typeface has be5 repres5t$ by ! use ( und]scores4 ,small capital typeface has be5 repres5t$ by ! use ( ,,all ,,capitals4 ,sup]script *>act]s are indicat$ by c>et & braces1 e4g4 #aj-h 7t5 to ! p[] ( m9us eight74 ,subscript *>act]s are indicat$ by und]score & braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4 ,uncommon =ms = *emical names h be5 reta9$ :]e !y occur 9 ! text1 e4g4 atrop9 = atrop9e2 asp>ag9 = asp>ag9e1 etc4 ,! spell+s ( ,sidot bl5d & ,sidot bl5de are us$ int]*angeably 9 ! text4 ,"s inconsi/5cies 9 =matt+ & punctuation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4 ,,ph or ,p,h 7,p subscript ,h7 is reta9$ z us$ 9 ! text = ! scale ( alkali-acidity :]e ! m famili> mod]n usage is p,h4 ,mol> conc5trations are indicat$ 9 v>i\s ways 7l[] case m1 italic l[] case m1 small capital ,m74 ,*anges to ! text h be5 made only 9 ! case ( obvi\s spell+ or type-sett+ errors4 ,^! are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monographs ,,on ,,exp]im5tal ,,biology ,,edit$ ,,by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,rockefell] ,in/itute ,t4 ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,w4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,o/]h\t1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light ,,by ,e4 ,,newton ,,h>vey1 ,ph4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monographs ,,on ,,exp]im5tal ,,biology ,,publi%$ ,,=c$ ,,movem5ts1 ,,tropisms1 ,,& ,,animal ,,conduct ,by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,rockefell] ,in/itute ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,p>k]1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,h]$ity ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,inbre$+ ,,& ,,outbre$+3 ,,_! ,,g5etic ,,& ,,sociological ,,significance ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,ea/ & ,d4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,bussey ,in/itution1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light ,by ,e4 ,n4 ,,h>vey1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,pure ,,l9e ,,inh]itance ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,inh]itance ,by ,r4 ,,pe>l1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,,localization ,,( ,,morphog5etic ,,sub/ances ,,9 ,,! ,,egg ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,conkl91 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,,tissue ,,culture ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,h>rison1 ,yale ,univ]sity ,,p]meability ,,& ,,electrical ,,conductivity ,,( ,,liv+ ,,tissue ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,o/]h\t1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,,! ,,equilibrium ,,betwe5 ,,acids ,,& ,,bases ,,9 ,,organism ,,& ,,environm5t ,by ,l4 ,j4 ,,h5d]son1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,,*emical ,,basis ,,( ,,gr[? ,by ,t4 ,b4 ,,rob]tson1 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto ,,coord9ation ,,9 ,,locomotion ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,,moore1 ,rutg]s ,college ,,o!rs ,,w ,,foll[ 99 99 99 99 99 ,monographs on ,exp]im5tal ,biology ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light ,,by ,e4 ,,newton ,,h>vey1 ,ph4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physiology1 ,,pr9ceton ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,philadelphia ,,& ,,london ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibj4 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,squ>e ,press1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,editors' ,,ann\ncem5t ,! rapid increase ( specialization makes x impossible = "o au?or to cov] satisfactorily ! :ole field ( mod]n ,biology4 ,?is situation1 :i* exi/s 9 all ! sci5ces1 has induc$ ,engli% au?ors to issue s]ies ( monographs 9 ,bio*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 & ,physics4 ,a numb] ( ,am]ican biologi/s h decid$ to provide ! same opportunity = ! /udy ( ,exp]im5tal ,biology4 ,biology1 :i* n long ago 0 purely descriptive & speculative1 has begun to adopt ! me?ods ( ! exact sci5ces1 recogniz+ t = p]man5t progress n only exp]im5ts are requir$ b quantitative exp]im5ts4 ,x w be ! purpose ( ?is s]ies ( monographs to emphasize & fur!r z mu* z possible ?is developm5t ( ,biology4 ,exp]im5tal ,biology & ,g5]al ,physiology are "o & ! same sci5ce1 9 me?od z well z cont5t1 s9ce bo? aim at expla9+ life f ! physico-*emical con/itution ( liv+ matt]4 ,! s]ies ( monographs on ,exp]im5tal ,biology w !re=e include ! field ( traditional ,g5]al ,physiology4 ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,t4 ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,w4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,o/]h\t4 ,,preface ,biolum9esc5ce1 ! production ( light by animals & plants1 has always excit$ ! admiration ( ! layman & ! wond] ( ! sci5ti/4 ,x is n surpris+ t an enorm\s lit]ature deal+ ) ! subject has gr[n up4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is lit]ature1 h[ev]1 is made up m]ely ( reports t a c]ta9 animal is lum9\s1 or records ( especially brilliant phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea4 ,among ^? :o h inquir$ some:at m c>efully into ! nature & causes ( light production may be m5tion$ ! names ( ,beij]9ck1 ,r4 ,boyle1 ,dahlgr51 ,dubois1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,kruk5b]g1 ,mangold1 ,mc,dermott1 ,molis*1 ,panc]i1 ,pflueg]1 ,phipson1 ,quatrefages1 ,spallanzani1 & ,trojan4 ,sev]al ( ^! m5 h writt5 compreh5sive monographs on ! subject4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is book to deal ) e phase ( biolum9esc5ce4 ,volumes c\ld be writt5 on ! evolution>y side ( ! problem & ! /ructure & uses ( lum9\s organs4 ,^! que/ions c only be t\*$ ^u4 ,nei!r is x my purpose to discuss ! ultimate cause ( ! light1 :e!r due to vibration ( electrons or to o!r causes4 ,t problem mu/ be left to ! physici/1 al?\gh x is highly probable t a /udy ( animal light w give important in=mation reg>d+ ! nature ( light 9 g5]al1 & no !ory ( light c be adequate :i* fails to take into acc\nt ! extraord9>y p[]s ( lum9\s animals4 ,we %all be conc]n$ l>gely ) ! physical *>act]i/ics ( animal light & ! *emical processes und]ly+ its production4 ,great advances h be5 made s9ce ! fir/ e>ly guesses t ! light 0 due to phosphorus & 0 a k9d ( oxidation4 ,al?\gh ! problem _c be consid]$ z solv$1 x has be5 plac$ on a s\nd physico-*emical basis4 ,"s mat]ial is oxidiz$4 ,exactly :at ?is mat]ial is & :y light accompanies its oxidation are ! two m fundam5tal problems 9 ! field ( ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,h[ f> & ) :at success we h progress$ t[>d a solution ( ^! problems may be se5 f a p]usal ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,x gives me pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,=sy! ( ! ,nela ,in/itute1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 9 read+ & criticiz+ ! manuscript ( ,*apt] ,,iii1 & ( ,pr(essor ,lyman ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity = a simil> review ( ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,i am also deeply indebt$ to my wife = read+ ! pro( & to ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,v4 ,o/]h\t = _m sugge/ions ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,pr(4 ,c4 ,i%ikawa ( ! ,agricultural ,college1 ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 ,japan1 = 8 g5]\s assi/ance 9 provid+ ,cyprid9a mat]ial4 ,f9ally ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge ! support ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 ?r\gh its director ( ,m>9e ,biology1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,g4 ,mayor4 ,)\t ?is support mu* ( ! "w describ$ 9 ?is book c\ld n h be5 accompli%$4 ,e4 ,n4 ,h4 ,,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,octob]1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,light-,,produc+ ,,organisms #a ,e>ly records & !ories4 ,%9+ fi% & fle%4 ,burn+ ( ! sea4 ,di/ribution ( lum9\s organisms 9 plant & animal k+doms4 ,second>y lum9osity4 ,false lum9osity4 ,/4 ,elmo's fire4 ,ignis fatuus4 ,fla%+ ( fl[]s4 ,lum9osity 9 man4 ,use to man ( photog5ic organisms4 ,,ii4 ,,lum9esc5ce ,,& ,,inc&esc5ce #bj ,! complete spectrum4 ,radiation & temp]ature4 ,cold light4 ,!rmolum9esc5ce4 ,phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce4 ,tribolum9esc5ce & piezolum9esc5ce4 ,cry/allolum9esc5ce4 ,*emilum9esc5ce4 ,,iii4 ,,physical ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light #dj ,purk9je ph5om5on4 ,color & spectra ( animal light4 ,pol>ization4 ,effici5cy ( animal light4 ,infra-r$ radiation4 ,ultra-violet radiation4 ,lum9\s effici5cy & visual s5sibility4 ,production ( radiation p5etrat+ opaque objects4 ,int5sity ( animal light4 ,summ>y4 ,,iv4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,organs #fg ,photo*emical & *emiphotic *anges4 ,! eye & ! lum9\s organ4 ,intracellul> & extracellul> lum9esc5ce4 ,cont9u\s & int]mitt5t lum9esc5ce4 ,p]iodicity ( lum9esc5ce4 ,lum9\s bact]ia4 ,noctiluca & photog5ic granules4 ,*aetopt]us & lum9\s gl& cells4 ,cyprid9a4 ,lum9\s gl&s4 ,! firefly4 ,lum9\s organs 7photophores7 ) l5ses1 reflectors1 opaque & color scre5s4 ,uses & purpose ( animal light4 ,v4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,production1 ,,"p ,i #he ,boyle's & ,spallanzani's exp]im5ts4 ,%9+ wood & burn+ coal4 ,oxyg5 & lum9esc5ce4 ,c>bon dioxide & lum9esc5ce4 ,heat production dur+ lum9esc5ce4 ,lum9esc5ce & respiration4 ,wat] & lum9esc5ce4 ,phipson's noctiluc94 ,lucif]9 & lucif]ase4 ,photog59 & photophele94 ,prolucif]94 ,oxylucif]94 ,pyrophor9 or lucif]esce94 ,*emilum9esc5t reactions4 ,biozymooxylum9esc5ce4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,production1 ,,"p ,,ii #aad ,pyrophorus lucif]9 & lucif]ase4 ,pholas lucif]9 & lucif]ase4 ,cyprid9a lucif]92 /ability1 hydrolysis by acid & enzymes1 adsorption1 precipitation1 salt+ out1 solubility1 di/ribution4 ,cyprid9a lucif]9 a proteose8 ,cyprid9a lucif]ase & prop]ties4 ,cyprid9a lucif]ase an album94 ,specificity ( lucif]ase4 ,action ( fat solv5t anae/hetics4 ,action ( cyanides4 ,oxylucif]94 ,nature ( oxidative reaction4 ,,vii4 ,,dynamics ,,( ,,lum9esc5ce #adc ,m9ute am\nts ( mat]ial = lum9esc5ce4 ,reaction velocity & *emilum9esc5ce4 ,temp]ature & *emilum9esc5ce4 ,oxidation 9 /eps4 ,conc5tration & biolum9esc5ce4 ,temp]ature & biolum9esc5ce4 ,oxidation ) & )\t lucif]ase4 ,reaction velocity & color ( biolum9esc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light ,,*apt] ,i ,,light-,,produc+ ,,organisms ,! fact t animals c produce light mu/ h be5 recogniz$ f ! e>lie/ times 9 c\ntries :]e fireflies & gl[worms ab\nd1 b x is only s9ce ! p]fection ( ! microscope t ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 ! light ( damp wood & ( dead fi% & fle% has be5 prov$ to be due to liv+ organisms4 ,ari/otle m5tions ! light ( dead fi% & fle% & bo? ,ari/otle & ,pl9y t ( damp wood4 ,rob]t ,boyle 9 #affg made _m exp]im5ts to %[ t ! light f all ?ree s\rces1 z well z t ( ! gl[worm1 is dep5d5t ^u a pl5tiful supply ( air & drew an int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ! light ( %9+ wood & t ( a gl[+ coal4 ,boyle _h no means ( f9d+ out ! true cause ( ! light & e>ly views ( its nature 7 inde$ fanta/ic4 ,ev5 z late z #ahjj ,hulme concludes f 8 exp]im5ts on phosphoresc5t fi% t ! light is a con/itu5t pr9ciple ( m>9e fi%es & ! fir/ t escapes aft] ! dea? ( ! fi%4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahcj t ,mi*aelis suspect$ ! light ( dead fi% to be ! result ( "s liv+ ?+ & 9 #ahed ,hell] gave ! "n ,s>c9a noctiluca to ! suspect$ organism4 ,9 #ahge ,pflueg] %[$ t nutri5t m$ia c\ld be inoculat$ ) small am\nts ( lum9\s fi% & t ^! w\ld increase 9 size1 l bact]ial colonies1 & we n[ "k t ! light ( all dead fi% & fle% is due to lum9\s bact]ia4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 surmis$ t ! light ( damp wood 0 connect$ ) fungus gr[? because ( a simil>ity 9 smell4 ,9 #ahed ,hell] recogniz$ m9ute /r&s1 :i* he call$ ,rhizomorpha noctiluca1 z ! actual s\rce ( ! light4 ,we n[ "k t all phosphoresc5t wood is due to ! mycelium ( v>i\s k9ds ( fungi & t sometimes ! fruit+ body ( ! fungus also produces light4 ,! phosphoresc5ce or burn+ ( ! sea1 :i* is describ$ by s _m ( ! old] explor]s1 is also due entirely to liv+ organisms1 bo? microscopic & macroscopic4 ,! latt] are mo/ly jelly-fi% 7m$usae7 or comb jellies 7,ct5ophores7 & give rise to ! l>g]1 m brilliant fla%es ( light (t5 se5 9 ! wake or ab\t ! sides ( a /eam] at night4 ,! =m] are v>i\s species ( d9(lagellates or cy/(lagellates su* z ,noctiluca 7j visible to ! nak$ eye7 :i* collect at ! surface ( ! sea & (t5 increase 9 su* numb]s t ! wat] is color$ by day 7usually p9k or r$7 & %9es l a %eet ( fire :5 di/urb$ at night4 ,al?\gh ,noctiluca 0 recogniz$ z a lum9\s animal 9 #agec by ,bak]1 ! light ( ! sea 0 a my/]i\s ph5om5on to ! old] obs]v]s4 ,mac,cartney1 speak+ be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahaj1 outl9es ! v>i\s old] !ories z foll[s3 ,_m writ]s h ascrib$ ! light ( ! sea to o!r causes ?an lum9\s animals4 ,m>t9 suppos$ x to be occasion$ by putrefaction2 ,silb]s*lag believ$ x to be phosphoric2 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,may] conjectur$ t ! surface ( ! sea imbib$ light1 :i* x aft]w>ds dis*>g$4 ,bajon & ,g5til ?\ght ! light ( ! sea 0 electric1 because x 0 excit$ by friction4444 ,i %all n trespass on ! "t ( ! ,society to refute ! above speculations2 _! au?ors h left !m unsupport$ by ei!r argum5ts or exp]im5ts1 & !y are inconsi/5t ) all asc]ta9$ facts ^u ! subject4 ,! rem>kable prop]ty ( emitt+ light dur+ life is only met among/ animals ( ! f\r la/ classes ( mod]n naturali/s1 viz41 mollusca1 insects1 worms1 & zoophytes4 ,mac,cartney recogniz$ ! true cause ( ! light1 al?\gh he _h little idea ( ! va/ numb] ( m>9e =ms :i* are lum9\s & omits entirely any ref]5ce to ! fi%es1 _m ( :i* produce a light ( _! own :5 liv+1 ap>t f any bact]ial infection4 ,a survey ( ! animal k+dom discloses at lea/ #cf ord]s conta9+ "o or m =ms kn[n to produce light & sev]al m ord]s conta9+ species ^: lum9osity is d\btful4 ,9 ! plant k+dom !re are two gr\ps conta9+ lum9\s =ms4 ,! di/ribution ( lum9\s organisms is br\ght out 9 ! accompany+ classification ( plants & animals4 ,^? ord]s are pr9t$ 9 italics :i* conta9 species ^: self-lum9osity is fairly well e/abli%$4 ,x w be not$ t fur!r subdivisions into ord]s is n giv5 9 classes ( animals :i* lack lum9\s =ms4 ,,table ,i ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,organisms ,,9 ,,plant ,,& ,,animal ,,k+doms ,,plant ,,k+dom ,i4 ,?allophyta ,algae ,cyanophyceae 7,blue-gre5 ,algae7 ,*lorophyceae 7,gre5 ,algae7 ,phaeophyceae 7,br[n ,algae7 ,rhodophyceae 7,r$ ,algae7 ,li*5es 7,li*5s1 symbiotic gr[? ( algae & fungi7 ,fungi ,myxomycetes 7,slime m\lds7 ,s*izomycetes 7,bact]ia7 ,bact]ium1 ,photobact]ium1 ,bacillus1 ,pseudomonas1 ,micrococcus1 ,microspira1 ,vibrio4 ,phycomycetes 7m\lds7 ,ascomycetes 7,sac fungi1 yea/s1 "s m\lds7 ,basidiomycetes 7,smuts1 ru/s1 mu%rooms7 ,u/ilag9ae 7,smuts7 ,urid9eae ,auricul>iae 7,judas e>s7 ,tremell9eae 7,jelly fungi7 ,hym5omycetes 7,mu%rooms7 ,ag>icus1 ,armill>ia1 ,pleurotus1 ,panus1 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,locell9a1 ,m>as9ium1 ,clitocybe1 ,corticium4 ,ga/]omycetes 7,/9khorns & puff-balls7 ,,ii4 ,bryophyta ,hepaticae 7,liv]worts7 ,musci 7,mosses7 ,,iii4 ,pt]idophyta ,equiset9eae 7,horsetails7 ,salv9iae 7,salv9ia1 ,m>silia1 etc47 ,lycopod9eae 7,club ,mosses7 ,filic9eae 7,f]ns7 ,,iv4 ,sp]matophyta ,gymnosp]mae 7,cycads1 ,g9kgo1 ,conif]s7 ,angiosp]mae 7,mono- & ,dicotyl$on\s fl[]+ plants74 ,,animal ,,k+dom ,i4 ,protozoa4 7,"o-cell$ animals7 ,s>cod9a ,rhizopoda ,heliozoa ,radiol>ia ,?allassicola1 ,myxospha]a1 ,collospha]a1 ,colloz\m1 ,spha]oz\m4 ,ma/igophora ,flagellata ,*oan(lagellata ,d9(lagellata ,c]atium1 ,p]id9ium1 ,proroc5trum1 ,pyrod9ium1 ,gonyaulax1 ,bleph>ocy/a1 ,amphid9ium1 ,diplopsalis1 ,co*lod9ium1 ,spha]od9ium1 ,gymnod9ium4 ,cy/(lagellata ,noctiluca1 ,pyrocy/is1 ,leptodiscus1 ,crasp$otella4 ,sporozoa ,infusoria ,,ii4 ,porif]a 7,sponges7 ,calc>ea ,hexact9ellida ,desmospongiae ,,iii4 ,coel5t]ata ,hydrozoa 7,hydroids & ,jelly-fi%7 ,leptom$usae or ,campanul>iae ,m$usa =m--,eutima1 ,phyalidium 7,oceania74 ,hydroid =m--,aglaoph5ia1 ,campanul>ia1 ,s]tul>ia1 ,plumul>ia1 ,cellul>ia1 ,valk]ia1 ,obelia1 ,clytia4 ,tra*om$usae ,g]yonia1 ,lyriope1 ,aglaura ,n>com$usae ,cun9a ,an?om$usae or ,tubul>iae ,m$usa =m--,?aumantias1 ,ti>a1 ,turris1 ,s>sia4 ,hydroid =m--8 ,hydrocorall9ae ,siphonophora ,abyla1 ,praya1 ,diphyes1 ,eudoxia1 ,hippopodius4 ,scyphozoa 7,jelly-fi%7 ,/aurom$usae ,p]om$usae ,cubom$usae ,c>ybdia ,discom$usae ,pelagia1 ,aurelia1 ,*rysaora1 ,rhizo/oma1 ,cyanaea1 ,dianea1 ,mesonema4 ,act9ozoa 7,corals1 ,sea-fans1 ,sea-p5s1 ,sea-anemones7 ,act9>ia ,madrepor>eia ,antipa?>ia ,alcyon>ia ,alcyonium1 ,gorgonia1 ,isis1 ,mopsea ,p5natulacea ,p5natula1 ,pt]oides1 ,v]etillum1 ,cav]nul>ia4 ,funicul>ia1 ,r5illa1 ,pavon>ia1 ,/ylobelemon1 ,umbellul>ia1 ,virgul>ia8 ,ct5ophora 7,comb-jellies7 ,cydippida ,pleurobran*ia4 ,lobata ,mnemiopsis1 ,bol9opsis1 ,leuco!a 7,eu*>is74 ,ce/ida ,ce/us4 ,b]oida ,b]oe4 ,,iv4 ,platyhelm9!s ,turbell>ia 7,flat-worms7 ,trematodes 7,p>asitic flat-worms7 ,ce/odes 7,tape-worms7 ,nem]t9ea 7,nem]t9es7 ,v4 ,nema!lm9!s ,nematoda 7,r\nd worms7 ,gordiacea 7,hair worms7 ,acan?ocephala 7,acan?ocephalids7 ,*aetogna?a 7,sagitta7 ,,vi4 ,tro*elm9!s ,rotif]a 7,:eel animalcules7 ,ga/rotri*a 7,*aetonotus7 ,k9orhyn*a 7,e*9od]es7 ,,vii4 ,molluscoidea ,bryozoa 7,corall9es7 ,entoprocta ,ectoprocta ,membranipora1 ,scrupocell>ia1 ,retepora8 ,flu/ra8 ,bra*iopoda 7,lamp %ells7 ,phoronidea 7,phoronis7 ,,viii4 ,annulata ,ar*iannelida 7,primitive worms1 includ+ ,d9ophilus7 ,*aetopoda 7,true worms7 ,poly*aeta ,*aetopt]us1 ,phyllo*aetopt]us1 ,teleps>is1 ,polynoe1 ,a*oloe1 ,tomopt]is1 ,odontosyllis1 ,lepidonotus1 ,pionosyllis1 ,phyllodoce1 ,het]ocirrus1 ,polyop?alamus8 ,oligo*aeta ,lumbricus1 ,photodrilus1 ,allolobophora 7,eisemia71 ,microscolex1 ,nonlea1 ,en*ytraeus1 ,octo*aetus4 ,gephyrea 7,sipunculus7 ,hirud9ea 7,lee*es7 ,myzo/omida 7,myzo/omus7 ,,ix4 ,e*9od]mata ,a/]oidea 7,/>-fi%7 ,ophiuroidea 7,brittle-/>s7 ,ophiurida ,ophiopsila1 ,amphiura1 ,ophiacan?a1 ,ophio?rix1 ,ophion]eis4 ,euryalida ,e*9oidea 7,sea ur*9s7 ,holo?uroidea 7,sea ,cucumb]s7 ,cr9oidea 7,fea!r-/>s7 ,x4 ,ar?ropoda ,cru/acea 7,crabs1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 etc47 ,phyllapoda ,o/racoda ,halocypris1 ,cyprid9a1 ,pyrocypris1 ,con*oecia1 ,cyclop9a4 ,copepoda ,metridia1 ,leuck>tia1 ,pleuromma1 ,oncaea1 ,het]o*aeta4 ,cirrip$ia ,phylloc>dia ,s*izopoda ,nyctiphanes1 ,nematoscelis1 ,gna?ophausia1 ,euphausia1 ,/ylo*iron1 ,boreophausia1 ,mysis8 ,decapoda ,s]ge/es1 ,ari/eus1 ,het]oc>pus1 ,hoplophorus1 ,acan!phyra1 ,p5ta*eles1 ,coloss5deis ,/omatopoda ,cumacea ,amphipoda ,isopoda ,ony*ophora 7,p]ipatus7 ,myriapoda 7,c5tip$es & ,millep$es7 ,symphyla ,*ilopoda ,geophilus1 ,scolioplanes1 ,orya4 ,diplopoda ,pauropoda ,insecta 7,insects7 ,apt]a 7,spr+-tails7 ,lipura1 ,amphorura1 ,neanura ,or?opt]a ,neuropt]a ,teleganoides & ,ca5is ( ! ,mayflies8 ,t]mites8 ,hemipt]a ,dipt]a 7,flies7 ,bolitophila & ,c]oplatus l>vae1 ,?yreophora8 ,coleopt]a 7,beetles7 ,pyrophorus1 ,photophorus1 ,luciola1 ,lampyris1 ,ph5godes1 ,photuris1 ,phot9us1 etc4 ,lepidopt]a ,hym5opt]a ,ara*nida 7,spid]s7 ,,xi4 ,mollusca ,amph9eura 7,*iton7 ,pelecypoda 7,bivalves7 ,protobran*ia ,filibran*ia ,pseudo-,lamellibran*ia ,eu-lamellibran*ia ,pholas ,septibran*iata ,ga/]opoda 7,snails1 p]iw9kles1 slugs1 etc47 ,prosobran*iata ,ophi/hobran*iata ,phyllirrhoe1 ,plocamoph]us4 ,pulmonata ,scaphopoda 7,d5talium7 ,cephalopoda 7,squids & ,octopus7 ,tetrabran*iata ,dibran*iata decapoda ,ony*oteu?is1 ,*aunoteu?is1 ,lycoteu?is1 ,nematolampas1 ,lampadioteu?is1 ,enoploteu?is1 ,abralia1 ,abraliopsis1 ,watas5ia1 ,anci/ro*eirus1 ,!lidioteu?is1 ,pt]ygioteu?is1 ,pyroteu?is1 ,octopodoteu?is81 ,calliteu?is1 ,hi/ioteu?is1 ,b5?oteu?is1 ,hyaloteu?is1 ,eucleoteu?is1 ,*iroteu?is1 ,ma/igoteu?is1 ,cran*ia1 ,liocran*ia1 ,pyrgopsis1 ,lea*ia1 ,liguriella1 ,phasmatopsis1 ,toxeuma1 ,megalocran*ia1 ,leucocran*ia1 ,cry/alloteu?is1 ,phasmatoteu?is1 ,galiteu?is1 ,corynomma1 ,h5s5ioteu?is1 ,ba?o?auma1 ,rossia81 ,het]oteu?is1 ,iridoteu?is1 ,sepiola1 ,rondeletia1 ,inioteu?is1 ,euprymna1 ,melanoteu?is84 ,,xii4 ,*ordata ,adelo*orda 7,balanoglossus7 ,balanoglossus1 ,pty*od]a1 ,glossobalanus ,uro*orda 7,ascidians7 ,l>vacea ,app5dicul>ia8 ,?aliacea ,salpa1 ,doliolum8 ,ascidiacea ,pyrosoma1 ,phallusia ,acrania 7,amphioxus7 ,cyclo/omata 7,cylo/omes7 ,pisces 7,fi%es7 ,elasmobran*ii ,c5troscyllium1 ,sp9ax1 ,p>ac5troscyllium1 ,isi/ius1 ,laem>gus1 ,euproctomicrus1 ,b5?obatis8 ,holocephalii ,dipnoi ,teleo/omi ,/omias1 ,*auliodus1 ,melano/omius1 ,pa*y/omias1 ,ba?ophilus1 ,dactylo/omius1 ,malaco/eus1 ,a/rone/hes1 ,ophoz/omias1 ,idiacan?us1 ,ba?yly*nus1 ,macro/omius1 ,gono/oma1 ,cyclo?one1 ,photi*?ys1 ,v9cigu]ria1 ,i*?yococcus1 ,ly*nopoles1 ,diplophos1 ,triplophos1 ,val5ci5nellus1 ,maurolicus1 ,argyropelecus1 ,/]noptyx1 ,polyipnus1 ,ipnops8 ,neoscopelus1 ,myctophum1 ,halosausus1 ,x5od]mi*?ys8 ,macrurus8 ,photobleph>on1 ,anomalops1 ,pori*?ys1 ,leuciocornus1 ,mixonus8 ,bassozetus8 ,oneirodes1 ,c]atias1 ,gigantactis1 ,*aunax1 ,mal?opsis1 ,halicmetus1 ,monoc5tris1 ,lamprogrammus4 ,amphibia 7,frogs1 ,toads1 ,salam&]s7 ,reptilia 7,snakes1 ,liz>ds1 ,turtles7 ,aves 7,birds7 ,mammalia 7,mammals7 ,! only gr\ps ( ! plant k+dom :i* are kn[n to produce light are "s ( ! bact]ia & "s ( ! fungi & ! d9(lagellates 7,p]id9eae7 if "o is to include !m among ! plants4 ,_m diff]5t species ( phosphoresc5t bact]ia h be5 describ$1 diff]+ 9 cultural *>act]i/ics & /ructural peculi>ities & gr\p$ 9 ! g5]a1 ,bact]ium1 ,photobact]ium1 ,bacillus1 ,microspira1 ,pseudomonas1 ,micrococcus1 & ,vibrio4 ,specific names indicat+ _! light-produc+ p[] su* z phosphoresc5s1 phosphoreum1 lum9osum1 lucif]a1 etc41 h be5 appli$4 ,all ! fungi :i* are def9itely kn[n to produce light belong to ! ,basidiomycetes1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ highly develop$ ( ! true fungi4 ,ei!r ! mycelium alone or ! fruit+ body alone1 or bo?1 may be lum9esc5t4 ,among animals ! be/ kn[n =ms are ! d9(lagellates2 ,noctiluca2 hydroids2 jelly-fi%2 ct5ophores2 sea p5s2 ,*aetopt]us & o!r m>9e worms2 e>?worms2 brittle />s2 v>i\s cru/aceans2 myriapods2 fireflies & gl[worms1 ! l>vae ( fireflies2 ,pholas dactylus & ,phyllirrhoe bucephala1 bo? molluscs2 squid2 ,pyrosoma1 a colonial ascidian2 & fi%es4 ,lum9\s animals are all ei!r m>9e or t]re/rial =ms4 ,no examples ( fre% wat] lum9\s organisms are kn[n4 ,( m>9e =ms1 ! great majority are deep sea animals1 & x is among ^! t ! developm5t ( true lum9\s organs ( a complicat$ nature is mo/ pron\nc$4 ,_m ( ! lum9\s m>9e animals are to be f\nd 9 ! plankton1 :ile ! littoral lum9\s =ms are 9 ! m9ority4 ,"s memb]s ( all ! above gr\ps are f\nd at "o or ano!r ( our m>9e laboratories ) ! possible exception ( ,pholas1 ,phyllirrhoe & squid4 ,al?\gh e>?worms & myriapods :i* produce light are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y are r r>e & seldom obs]v$ =ms4 ,n only adult =ms b ! embryos & ev5 ! eggs ( "s animals are lum9\s4 ,! egg ( ,lampyris emits light )9 ! ov>y & fre%ly laid eggs are q lum9\s4 ,! light does n come f lum9\s mat]ial ( ! lum9\s organ adh]+ to ! egg :5 x is laid b f )9 ! egg itself4 ,pyrophorus eggs are also lum9\s4 ,! segm5tation /ages ( ,ct5ophores are lum9\s on /imulation1 z not$ by ,allman 7#ahfb71 ,agassiz 7#ahgd7 & ,pet]s 7#aije71 b ! eggs !mselves d n lum9esce4 ,s*izopod l>vae 7,trojan1 #aijg71 ,copepod nauplii 7,giesbre*t1 #ahie71 ,*aetopt]us l>vae 7,end]s1 #aiji71 & brittle /> plutei 7,mangold1 #aijg7 also produce light4 ,app>5tly !re is no rhyme or reason 9 ! di/ribution ( lum9esc5ce ?r\gh\t ! plant or animal k+dom4 ,x is z if ! v>i\s gr\ps _h be5 writt5 on a blackbo>d & a h&ful ( s& ca/ ov] ! names4 ,:]e ea* gra9 ( s& /rikes1 a lum9\s species appe>s4 ,! ,coel5t]ates h receiv$ mo/ s&4 ,lum9esc5ce is m widespread 9 ?is phylum & m *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p z a :ole ?an any o!r4 ,among ! ar?ropods lum9\s =ms crop up "h & !re 9 widely unrelat$ gr\ps4 ,9 ! mollusks1 exclud+ ! cephalopods1 only two lum9\s species are kn[n4 ,sev]al phyla conta9 no lum9\s =ms :atev]4 ,x is an extraord9>y fact t "o species 9 a g5us may be lum9\s & ano!r closely alli$ species conta9 no trace ( lum9osity4 ,!re seems to h be5 no developm5t ( lum9osity along direct evolution>y l9es1 al?\gh a m or less def9ite s]ies ( gradations ) increas+ /ructural complexity may be trac$ out among ! =ms ) highly develop$ lum9\s organs4 ,:ile ! accompany+ li/ ( lum9\s g5]a aims to be fairly complete1 !re are no d\bt omissions & "s inaccuracies 9 x4 ,anyone :o has ev] tri$ to det]m9e :at animal is responsible = ! occasional fla%es ( light obs]v$ on agitat+ almo/ any sample ( sea wat] w realize h[ difficult x is to discov] ! lum9\s =m among a ho/ ( non-lum9\s ones1 especially if ! animal is microscopic 9 size4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d _m false reports ( lum9\s animals 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject & we _c be too c>eful 9 accept+ z lum9\s a report$ case4 ,! difficulty lies *iefly 9 ! fact t all lum9\s organisms ) ! exception ( bact]ia1 fungi1 & a few fi%1 fla% only on /imulation1 &1 :ile x is easy en\gh to see ! fla%1 ! animal is lo/ betwe5 ! fla%es4 ,! only safe way to detect lum9\s organisms is to add a little ammonia to ! sea wat]4 ,?is sl[ly kills ! organisms & causes any lum9\s =ms to gl[ ) a /eady1 cont9u\s light = "s "t1 a condition accompany+ ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,n all obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 h foll[$ ?is me?od4 ,"o mu/ always be on gu>d aga9/ confus+ ! light f a suppos$ lum9\s =m ) ! light f truly lum9\s organisms liv+ ^u x4 ,! report$ cases ( lum9osity among m>9e algae are n[ kn[n to be due to hydroids or unicellul> organisms liv+ on ! alga4 ,we "k also t _m non-lum9\s =ms may become infect$ ) lum9\s bact]ia1 n only aft] dea?1 b also :ile liv+1 s t _! lum9esc5ce is purely second>y4 ,gi>d & ,billet 7#ahhi-ij7 succe$$ 9 inoculat+ _m diff]5t k9ds ( amphipod cru/acea 7,talitrus1 ,or*e/ia1 ,ligia7 & isopod cru/acea 7,porcellio1 ,philoscia7 ) lum9\s bact]ia1 9 "s cases pass+ ! infection f "o to ! next ?r\gh n9e individuals4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! bact]ium did n produce light on artificial culture m$ia b did :5 gr[+ 9 ! body ( ! cru/acea1 :i* 7 kill$ 9 ab\t sev5 days by ! infection4 ,! species ( ,talitrus & ,or*e/ia might easily h be5 tak5 = truly lum9\s animals if n c>efully inve/igat$4 ,t>*an(f 7#aija7 has inject$ lum9\s bact]ia into ! dorsal lymph sac ( frogs ) ! result t ! animals cont9u$ to gl[ = ?ree to f\r days1 especially ab\t ! tongue4 ,i rememb] once :ile collect+ lum9\s beetles 9 ,cuba1 ,i 0 a/\nd$ to f9d a frog :i* 0 lum9\s4 ,expect+ ?is animal to be ( great int]e/1 ,i exam9$ x fur!r only to f9d t ! frog _h j f9i%$ a he>ty meal ( fireflies1 ^: light 0 %9+ ?r\gh ! belly ) consid]able int5sity4 ,infection ) lum9\s bact]ia is especially liable to occur 9 any dead m>9e animal4 ,! fle% is an excell5t culture m$ium4 ,i h se5 non-lum9\s species ( squid1 rec5tly kill$1 cov]$ ) m9ute gr[+ colonies1 q ev5ly spac$1 s z to closely resemble lum9\s species ^: light is re/rict$ to scatt]$ light organs ov] ! surface ( ! body4 ,inde$ ,pi]antoni 7#aiah7 has c>ri$ ?is idea to extremes4 ,he believes t 9 ! lum9\s organs ( fireflies1 cephalopods & ,pyrosoma1 lum9\s symbiotic bact]ia occur :i* are responsible = ! light ( ^! animals1 & he claims 9 ! case ( cephalopods & ,pyrosoma to h be5 able to isolate ^! 9 pure culture on artificial culture m$ia4 ,9 ! firefly !y c be se5 b n gr[n & 9 lum9\s animals :]e no visible bact]ia-l /ructures are app>5t he believes we are deal+ ) ultra-microscopic lum9\s bact]ia simil> to ! pa?og5ic =ms suspect$ 9 filt]able viruses4 ,:ile ! assumption ( ultra-microscopic organisms makes ! refutation ( ,pi]antoni's views a some:at haz>d\s task1 no "o c d5y t ev5 an ultra-microscopic organism w be kill$ by boil+ ) #bj p] c5t4 7by wt47 ,h,cl = #f h\rs4 ,z we %all see1 ! lum9\s mat]ial ( ,cyprid9a1 an o/racod cru/acean1 c )/& su* prolong$ boil+ ) /rong acid4 ,! light ( "o animal at lea/1 & ,i believe _m o!rs also1 _c be due to any sort ( symbiotic organism4 ,ap>t f ^! cases :]e light is actually produc$ b is n prim>y1 n produc$ by ! animal itself1 !re are _m =ms ^: surface is s con/itut$ z to produce int]f]5ce colors4 ,?is is true 9 _m cases among ! birds & butt]flies ^: fea!rs & scales are iridesc5t4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 errone\sly describ$ z lum9\s4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n case among aquatic animals is ,sapphir9a1 a m>9e copepod liv+ at ! surface ( ! sea1 & especially likely to be collect$ ) o!r lum9\s =ms4 ,its cuticle is s rul$ ) f9e l9es z to diffract ! light & fla% on mov+ mu* z a fire opal4 ,ne$less to say no trace ( light is giv5 (f f ?is animal 9 a totally d>k room4 ,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ! eye ( a cat or ( o!r animals is lum9\s4 ,! eyes ( a mo?1 also1 c be se5 to gl[ l beads ( fire :5 x is fly+ ab\t a flame4 ,bo? ( ^! cases are1 h[ev]1 purely reflection ph5om5a & due to reflection out ( ! eye aga9 ( light :i* has ent]$ f "s ext]nal s\rce4 ,! correct explanation 0 giv5 by ,prevo/ 9 #ahaj4 ,! eye ( any animal is q invisible 9 absolute d>kness4 ,! same explanation applies to ! moss1 ,s*i/o/ega1 :i* lives 9 dimly illum9at$ places & ^: cells are almo/ sph]ical1 con/ruct$ l a l5s1 s z to refract ! light & cond5se x on ! *loropla/s at ! bottom ( ! cells4 ,"s ( ?is light is reflect$ out ( ! cells aga9 & gives ! appe>ance ( self-lum9osity4 ,! alga1 ,*romophyton rosan(fii1 is ano!r example ( app>5t lum9osity1 due to reflection f almo/ sph]ical cells4 ,!re are sev]al light ph5om5a kn[n :i* h no?+ to d ) liv+ organisms4 ,commone/ ( ^! is ,/4 ,elmo's fire 7corposants ( ,engli% sailors71 a gl[ accompany+ a sl[ bru% dis*>ge ( electricity1 :i* appe>s z a tip ( light on ma/s ( %ips1 spires ( *ur*es or ev5 ! f+]s ( ! h&4 ,x is be/ se5 9 w9t] dur+ & aft] sn[/orms & is a purely electrical ph5om5on4 ,less well kn[n is ! ,ignis fatuus 7,w-o'-!-,wisp1 ,jack-o'-,lant]n1 spunkie71 a fire se5 ov] m>%es & /agnant pools1 appe>+ z a pale blui% flame :i* may be fix$ or move1 /eady or int]mitt5t4 ,s uncommon is ?is ph5om5on t its nature is n well und]/ood1 b x is believ$ to be ! result ( burn+ phosph9e 7,,ph#c ,p#b;,h#d71 a self-inflammable gas1 g5]at$ 9 "s way f ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! swamp4 ,! difficulty ) ?is explanation is t phosph9e is n kn[n z a decomposition product ( organiz$ matt]4 ,me?ane 7,,*#d71 a well-kn[n decomposition product ( organic matt] & abundantly =m$ 9 swamps1 w burn ) a pale blui% flame & "s h ?\ght ! ,ignis fatuus to be ! result ( ?is gas4 ,z me?ane is n self-inflammable !re rema9s ! difficulty ( expla9+ h[ x becomes light$4 ,al?\gh /ill a my/]y1 x is possible t ?is light is also ( electrical orig9 or t 9 "s cases l>ge clu/]s ( lum9\s fungi h be5 obs]v$4 ,! fla%+ ( fl[]s1 especially ^? ( a r$ or orange color1 l ! poppy1 :i* _m obs]v]s h notic$ dur+ twilight h\rs1 is a purely subjective ph5om5on due to ! =mation ( aft] images 9 eyes p>tially adapt$ to ! d>k4 ,?is fla%+1 fir/ obs]v$ by ! daught] ( ,l9naeus1 is nev] obs]v$ 9 total d>kness or 9 ! direct field ( vision1 b only 9 ! indirect field z dur+ a sidelong glance at ! plant4 ,!re are "s cases ( lum9osity on record 9 connection ) man himself4 7,see ,hell]1 #ahed74 ,be=e ! days ( aseptic & antiseptic surg]y1 w\nds frequ5tly became infect$ ) lum9\s bact]ia & gl[$ at night4 ,! old] surgeons ev5 suppos$ t lum9\s w\nds 7 m apt to heal prop]ly ?an non-lum9\s ones4 ,we "k t lum9\s bact]ia are non-pa?og5ic1 h>mless organisms & ! pres5ce ( ^! =ms ev5 on dead fi% or fle% nev] accompanies b always prec$es putrefaction4 ,z record$ by ,rob]t ,boyle1 no h>m has come f eat+ lum9\s meat1 unless x may also h become infect$ ) pa?og5ic =ms4 ,a few cases ( lum9\s individuals h be5 not$ 9 :i* ! sk9 0 ! s\rce ( light1 especially if ! p]son sweat$ freely4 ,x is possible t "h we are aga9 deal+ ) lum9\s bact]ia ^u ! accumulations ( sub/ances pass$ out 9 ! sweat1 :i* s]ves z a nutri5t m$ium4 ,!re are also on record1 9 ! old] lit]ature1 cases ( lum9\s ur9e1 :]e ! ur9e :5 fre%ly void$ 0 lum9\s4 ,if ^! obs]vations are correct & !y may1 p]haps1 be d\bt$1 we are at pres5t unc]ta9 ( ! cause ( ! light4 ,bact]ial infections ( ! bladd] are n inconceivable al?\gh lum9\s bact]ia are /rongly a]obic & w\ld n ?rive "u ana]obic conditions4 ,i c /ate f my own exp]im5ts t lum9\s bact]ia w live 9 normal human ur9e1 b n well4 ,9 album9\s ur9es x is v likely t !y w\ld live bett]1 & x is possible t ! lum9\s ur9es report$ are ! results ( lum9\s bact]ial infection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! light may be purely *emical1 due to ! oxidation ( "s comp\nd1 an abnormal incompletely oxidiz$ product ( metabolism1 :i* oxidizes spontane\sly 9 ! air4 ,we "k t sometimes ^! errors 9 metabolism occur1 z 9 alkaptonuria1 :]e homog5ti/ic acid is excret$ 9 ! ur9e & on contact ) ! air quickly oxidizes to a d>k br[n sub/ance4 ,light1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 report$ to accompany ! oxidation ( homog5ti/ic acid1 al?\gh x does accompany ! oxidation ( "s o!r organic comp\nds4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ii47 ,f9ally1 we may inquire to :at ext5t lum9\s animals may be utiliz$ by man4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt ! use ( tropical fireflies = adornm5t by ! natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica & ! use = bait1 9 fi%+1 ( ! lum9\s organ ( a fi%1 ,photobleph>on1 by ! ,b&a isl&]s1 we f9d t lum9\s bact]ia are ( value = c]ta9 purposes 9 ! laboratory4 ,^! me?ods are all due to ,beij]9ck 7#ahhi1 #aijb74 ,he has1 = in/ance1 us$ lum9\s bact]ia = te/+ bact]ial filt]s4 ,if !re is a crack 9 ! filt] ! bact]ia w pass ?r\gh & a lum9\s filtrate is ! result1 b a p]fect filt] all[s no organisms to pass & gives a d>k filtrate4 ,lum9\s bact]ia are also v s5sitive to oxyg5 & cease to lum9esce 9 its abs5ce4 ,by mix+ lum9\s bact]ia ) an emulsion ( *loropla/s 7f clov] leaves7 9 ! d>k1 all[+ ! bact]ia to use up all ! oxyg51 & !n expos+ ! mixture to light ( v>i\s colors1 ! effect ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s 9 caus+ photosyn!sis c\ld be /udi$4 ,only if ! *loropla/s are expos$ to a color 9 ! spectrum :i* decomposes ,,co#b ) lib]ation ( oxyg5 d ! bact]ia lum9esce1 & :5 ?is oxyg5 is us$ up by ! bact]ia1 ! tube aga9 becomes d>k4 ,beij]9ck has also work$ out a me?od ( te/+ = maltose & dia/ase ) lum9\s bact]ia1 bas$ on ! fact t a c]ta9 =m1 ,photobact]ium phosphoresc5s1 w only produce light 9 pres5ce ( maltose or dia/ase :i* w =m maltose f />*4 ,al?\gh ,dubois & ,molis* h bo? prep>$ bact]ial lamps & al?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is me?od ( illum9ation might be ( value 9 p[d] magaz9es :]e any sort ( flame is too dang]\s1 x seems d\btful1 to say ! lea/1 :e!r lum9\s bact]ia c ev] be us$ = illum9ation4 ,o!r =ms1 p]haps1 might be utiliz$1 b bact]ia produce too weak a light = any practical purposes4 ,! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce tea*es t x is well nev] to say t any?+ is impossible4 ,x is v unlikely t any lum9\s animal c be utiliz$ = practical illum9ation1 b !re is no reason :y we _c le>n ! me?od ( ! firefly4 ,!n we may1 p]haps1 g "o /ep fur!r & develop a really effici5t light along simil> l9es4 ,to :at ext5t our inquiry into ! secret ( ! firefly has be5 successful may be glean$ f ! foll[+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lum9esc5ce ,,& ,,inc&esc5ce ,mod]n physical !ory supposes t light is a succession ( wave pulses 9 ! e!r caus$ by vibrat+ electrons4 ,! light to :i* we are mo/ accu/om$--sunlight1 electric light1 gaslight1 etc41--is due to electrical ph5om5a connect$ m or less directly ) ! high temp]ature ( ! s\rce ( ! light4 ,e solid body above ! temp]ature ( absolute z]o is giv+ (f waves ( diff]5t wave-l5g? 7lambda7 & frequ5cy 7nu7 b ( ! same velocity 7upsilon71 9 vacuo1 #ahj1jjj miles1 or #cjj1jjj kilometres a second4 ,9 fact1 upsilon 7a con/ant7lambdanu1 s t x is only necess>y to designate ! wave-l5g? 9 ord] to *>act]ize ! waves4 ,?is is radiant en]gy or radiant flux4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ! long waves giv5 (f 9 l>ge/ am\nt f objects at comp>atively l[ temp]atures give ! s5sation ( w>m?4 ,z we raise ! temp]ature1 9 addition to ^! long] heat waves1 ^? ( %ort] & %ort] wave-l5g? are giv5 (f 9 suffici5t quantity to be detect$4 ,at #ebe deg4 ,c41 rays ( ab\t lambda4#gf mu 9 l5g? are j visible z a fa9t r$ gl[ to ! eye4 ,z ! temp]ature increases /ill %ort] wave-l5g?s become app>5t1 & ! light *anges to d>k r$ 7#gjj deg471 *]ry r$ 7#ijj deg471 d>k yell[ 7#aajj deg471 bright yell[ 7#abjj deg471 :ite-hot 7#acjj deg47 & blue-:ite 7#adjj deg4 & above74 ,above lambda4#d mu ! waves aga9 fail to affect our eye1 &1 al?\gh !y are v active 9 produc+ *emical *anges1 we h no s5se organs = p]ceiv+ !m4 ,?us1 a :ite-hot object lib]ates radiant en]gy or flux ( _m diff]5t wave-l5g?s correspond+ to :at we "k z heat1 light & act9ic rays4 ,all c be disp]s$ by prisms ( "o or ano!r appropriate mat]ial to =m a wide cont9u\s spectrum1 su* z t indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,radiant en]gy ( lambda4#gf mu to lambda4#d mu1 evaluat$ accord+ to its capacity to produce ! s5sation ( light1 is spok5 ( z visible radiation or lum9\s flux4 ,bel[ ! infra-r$ comes a region ( wave-l5g? z yet un9ve/igat$1 & beyond ?is may be plac$ ! ,h]tzian electric waves ( long wave-l5g? us$ 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,above ! ultra-violet comes ano!r region z yet un9ve/igat$1 & !n ,ro5tg5 rays 7,x-rays7 & radium rays1 ( exce$+ly %ort wave-l5g?4 ,^! la/ types ne$ n conc]n u except 9 t we may lat] inquire if !y are giv5 (f by lum9\s animals4 ,! %orte/ ( ! ultra-violet are kn[n z ,s*umann & ,lyman rays4 ,^! relations are br\ght out 9 ,table #b4 ,,table #b4 ,wave-l5g?s ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,radiation ,wave-l5g?s ( light are usually giv5 9 ,ang/rom units4 ,"o micron 7 mu74#jja mm4#ajjj millimicrons 7 mu mu7#aj1jjj ,ang/rom units 7,a7 or t5? metres#aj-aj metres or #aj-h c5timetres4 ,! entire scale ( wave-l5g?s ext5ds f #ajf to #aj-i c5timetres4 ,h]tzian electric waves 7upp] limit n rea*$7 above #ab km4 to 4#af cm4 ,unexplor$ region 4#af cm4 to #caj mu ,infra-r$ #caj mu to 4#gf mu ,visible light #gfjj ,a to #djjj ,a ,ultra-violet #djjj ,a to #cbj ,a ,unexplor$ region #cbj ,a to #ab ,a ,x-rays #ab ,a to #j4b ,a ,radium gamma rays #j4b ,a & %ort] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,s*ematic repres5tation ( v>i\s types ( radiation to =m a wide cont9u\s spectrum4 4#je;,a 4#b;,a 4#h #c4b #ab4h #ej4 #bjj4 #hjj4 #cbjj4 #a4bh mu ---------------------------------------- ------------- 444 ,,radium gamma ,x ,,rays ,,unexplor$ ,,ultraviolet ,,visible ,,rays ---------------------------------------- ------------- 444 #a4bh mu #e4 mu #bj4 #hj4 #cbj4 4#abh;cm4 4#e;cm4 444 --------------------------------------- ,,h]tzian ,,infra ,,r$ ,,unexplor$ ,,electric ,,waves 444 --------------------------------------- ,! total radiant en]gy :i* a body emits is a function ( its temp]ature & = a p]fect radiator1 or :at is kn[n z a black body1 ! total radiation v>ies z ! f\r? p[] ( ! absolute temp]ature1 ,t4 7,/efan-,boltzmann ,law74 ,! radiant en]gy emitt$ at diff]5t wave-l5g?s is n ! same b m en]gy is emitt$ at "o p>ticul> wave-l5g? 7lambdamax47 ?an at long] or %ort] ones1 dep5d+ also on ! temp]ature4 ,if ! v>i\s waves are int]cept$ 9 "s way1 _! relative en]gy c be measur$ by an appropriate in/rum5t & spectral en]gy curves c be drawn1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! spectrum4 ,fig4 #b gives a few ( ! curves1 & x w be not$ t ! maximum %ifts t[>d ! %ort] waves ! high] ! temp]ature4 ,9 fact1 = a black body lambdamax4x,t#bhij1 & at #ejjj deg4 ,c4 7ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! sun7 lambdamax4 lies )9 ! visible spectrum4 ,9 gas or electric lights x lies 9 ! infra-r$ region4 ,! area enclos$ by ^! spectral en]gy curves repres5ts ! total en]gy emitt$1 &1 kn[+ ?is & ! area enclos$ by ! curve ( visible radiation1 x is easy to det]m9e h[ effici5t a s\rce ( light is z a light-produc+ body4 ,we %all inquire m fully into ?is "q 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 9 consid]+ ! effici5cy ( ! firefly z a s\rce ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,di/ribution ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! spectrum ( ! sun1 electric arc1 & gas light 7aft] ,ni*ols & ,frankl974 ,ord9ates %[ ! relative int5sities ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s emitt$4 ,! not*es 9 ! curve repres5t absorption b&s & ! dott$ l9e repres5ts :at ! radiation f ! sun w\ld be if no selective absorption occurr$4 ,vviolet & ,rr$ end ( visible spectrum4 7,c\rtesy ,macmillan ,co47 ,a body :i* emits light because ( its 7high7 temp]ature is said to be inc&esc5t & we speak ( temp]ature radiation4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 ( _m cases :]e sub/ances give (f light at temp]atures mu* bel[ #ebe deg4 ,c4 ,!y d n foll[ ! ,/efan-,boltzmann law4 ,! light emission is /imulat$ by "s o!r means ?an heat4 ,su* bodies we speak ( z lum9esc5t1 & 9 ?is category belong all lum9\s animals4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 light & lum9esc5ce 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,wi$emann 7#ahhh74 ,x is usual to classify lum9esc5ces1 accord+ to ! means ( excit+ ! light1 into ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,!rmolum9esc5ce ,phosphoresc5ce & ,fluoresc5ce ,photolum9esc5ce ,ca?odolum9esc5ce ,anodolum9esc5ce ,radiolum9esc5ce ,tribolum9esc5ce & ,piezolum9esc5ce ,cry/allolum9esc5ce ,*emilum9esc5ce ,! lum9esc5ce :i* appe>s 9 a vacuum tube :5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x is sometimes spok5 ( z electrolum9esc5ce4 ,z electrolum9esc5ce & also !rmolum9esc5ce are really special cases ( phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce & tribo-& cry/allolum9esc5ce are closely alli$1 ! classification has only ! m]it ( emphasiz+ ! means ( produc+ light4 ,let u exam9e ea* k9d 9 turn 9 ord] t we may place ! light ( animals1 organolum9esc5ce or biolum9esc5ce 7or biophotog5esis71 9 "o ( ^! classes4 ,all are examples ( cold light1 light produc$ at temp]ature f> bel[ ^? obs]v$ 9 inc&esc5t solids4 ,9 ?is category %\ld be plac$ also ! light f salts 9 ! buns5 flame1 = flame spectra & l9e spectra 9 g5]al1 :ile only obta9$ at relatively high temp]atures1 are n to be confus$ ) ! purely temp]ature radiation f ! inc&esc5t p>ticles ( c>bon 9 a gas or c&le light4 ,! sodium or li?ium flame1 etc41 is n a simple function ( temp]ature & has be5 spok5 ( z a lum9esc5ce1 pyrolum9esc5ce4 ,z ! lum9esc5ce ( organisms c\ld 9 no mann] be reg>d$ z a pyrolum9esc5ce1 occurr+ at temp]atures f> above ^? compatible ) life1 a consid]ation ( ?is =m ( lum9esc5ce w be omitt$4 ,"s o!r l[ temp]ature flames are kn[n1 su* z t ( ,,cs#b 9 air1 ri* 9 ultra-violet rays1 despite its relatively l[ temp]ature4 ,:ile ^! are ( int]e/ to ! physici/ & *emi/1 !y c h no direct be>+ on ! lum9esc5ce ( animals & _! consid]ation w also be omitt$4 7,see ,bancr(t & ,weis]1 #aiad-aiae47 ,,!rmolum9esc5ce4--,"s sub/ances beg9 to emit light ( %ort] wave-l5g? ?an r$1 well bel[ #ebe deg44 ,?is is !rmolum9esc5ce4 ,diamond1 m>ble1 & fluorite are examples4 ,only c]ta9 v>ieties ( fluorite %[ ! ph5om5on well4 ,a cry/al ( "o ( ^! v>ieties heat$ 9 ! buns5 flame on an iron spoon w give (f a :ite light long be=e any trace ( r$ness appe>s 9 ! iron4 ,o!r cry/als may lum9esce 9 hot wat]4 ,9 all1 ?is lum9esc5ce is dep5d5t on a previ\s illum9ation or radiation ( ! cry/al4 ,if kept 9 ! d>k = a long "t no trace ( light appe>s :5 fluorite is plac$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj deg41 b aft] a %ort exposure to ! light ( an inc&esc5t bulb1 al?\gh no light c be obs]v$ 9 ! fluorite at room temp]ature1 q a bright gl[ appe>s at #ajj deg44 ,calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 magnesium & o!r sulphates conta9+ traces ( manganese sulphate1 %[ a simil> ph5om5on aft] exposure to ca?ode rays 7,wi$emann & ,s*midt1 #ahie b74 ,!y emit light dur+ bomb>dm5t1 b ?is soon ceases :5 ! rays are cut (f4 ,if ! sulphates are n[ heat$ !y give (f light1 r$ 9 ! case ( ,mg,s,o#d ,mn,s,o#d1 gre5 9 ! case ( ,ca,s,o#d ,mn,s,o#d4 ,! p[] to emit light on heat+ may be reta9$ = mon?s aft] ! exposure to ca?ode rays4 ,! emission ( light by bodies aft] previ\s illum9ation or radiation is call$ phosphoresc5ce & w be consid]$ bel[4 ,x w\ld seem t ! cases ( !rmolum9esc5ce ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are really cases ( phosphoresc5ce int5sifi$ by rise ( temp]ature4 ,! spectrum ( !rmolum9esc5t bodies1 also1 is simil> to t ( phosphoresc5t ones4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,h[ev]1 n all phosphoresc5t mat]ials are also !rmolum9esc5t4 ,! production ( light by animals is q ano!r ph5om5on f !rmolum9esc5ce4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,& ,,fluoresc5ce4--,al?\gh ! ^w phosphoresc5ce has be5 us$ 9 a v loose way to indicate all k9ds ( lum9esc5ce1 & p>ticul>ly t ( phosphorus or ( lum9\s animals1 to ! physici/ x has a v def9ite mean+1 namely1 ! absorption ( radiant en]gy by sub/ances :i* aft]w>ds give ?is (f z light4 ,phosphoresc5ce does n /rictly apply to ! light ( :ite phosphorus4 ,if ! radiant en]gy is light 7visible or ultra-violet7 we speak ( photolum9esc5ce1 if ca?ode rays we h ca?odolum9esc5ce1 if anode rays1 anodolum9esc5ce1 & if ,x-rays 7,ro5tg5 rays7 we h radiolum9esc5ce4 ,inasmu* z ! alpha1 beta1 & gamma rays ( radium correspond to ! anode1 ca?ode1 & ,x-rays1 respectively1 radium radiation also produces lum9esc5ce 9 _m k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,if ! mat]ial gives (f ! light only dur+ ! "t x is radiat$ we speak ( fluoresc5ce2 if ! light p]si/s we speak ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,! di/9ction is p]haps a purely arbitr>y "o1 z !re are a great _m sub/ances :i* give (f light = only a fraction ( a second 7#a_/ejjj sec4 9 "s cases7 aft] be+ illum9at$ 7photolum9esc5ce74 ,"s sub/ances also1 :i* fluoresce at ord9>y temp]atures1 w phosphoresce at l[ temp]atures4 ,phosphoresc5ce is exhibit$ *iefly by solids1 fluoresc5ce also by liquids & vapors4 ,special means mu/ be us$ to obs]ve a phosphoresc5ce ( %ort duration4 ,e4 ,becqu]el has devis$ an app>atus = do+ ?is1 a phosphoroscope4 ,x consi/s ( revolv+ disks ) holes 9 !m betwe5 :i* ! object to be exam9$ is plac$4 ,! holes are s arrang$ t ! object is fir/ illum9at$ & !n completely cut (f f light4 ,! obs]v] look+ at x ?r\gh ano!r hole sees x at ! mom5t x is n illum9at$ & c ?us tell if x is phosphoresc+4 ,by det]m9+ ! rate ( revolution ( ! disks x is easy to calculate h[ long ! phosphoresc5ce p]si/s4 ,:ile relatively few solids phosphoresce aft] exposure to light at ord9>y temp]ature a l>ge numb] ( ^! acquire ! prop]ty at ! temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,includ$ 9 ! li/ are su* biological products z urea1 salicylic acid1 />*1 glue & egg %ells4 ,! temp]ature also affects ! wave-l5g? & h5ce ! color ( ! light giv5 (f4 ,usually ! high] ! temp]ature ! %ort] ! wave-l5g?1 b 9 ! case ( "s bodies 7,sr,s7 ! wave-l5g?s become long] at ! high] temp]ature4 ,! be/ kn[n cases ( phosphoresc5ce :i* occur at room temp]ature & ! gr\p to :i* ! ^w phosphoresc5ce is commonly appli$1 are ^? ( ! alkal9e e>? sulphides 7,ba,s1 ,ca,s1 ,sr,s7 & ,zn,s4 ,an ,italian1 ,vic5zo ,casc>iolo1 is said to h discov]$ ! ,bologna /one 7,ba,s,o#d7 :i*1 by calc9ation ) *>coal1 gave an impure phosphoresc5t ,ba,s or lapis sol>is4 ,canton's phosphorus 7,ca,s7 0 lat] prep>$ by heat+ a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( sift$ calc9$ oy/] %ells ) "o "p ( sulphur to an int5se heat = "o h\r4 ,hulme spoke ( x z ! light magnet ( ,canton1 because ( its p[] ( attract+ & absorb+ light4 ,! pure sulphides d n %[ ?is prop]ty4 ,only if small am\nts ( "s o!r metal su* z ,cu1 ,pb1 ,ag1 ,zn1 ,sb1 ,ni1 ,bi1 or ,mn are pres5t1 w ! sulphide phosphoresce4 ,"o "p ( impurity 9 a million is (t5 suffici5t4 ,su* mixtures1 toge!r ) a flux ( ,na#b,,s#d1 ,li#c7,,po#d7b or "s o!r fusible salt con/itute a phosphor4 ,a phosphor is 9 reality an example ( a solid solution & is ! basis ( "s k9ds ( lum9\s pa9ts4 ,! int5sity & duration ( a phosphoresc5t light dep5d *iefly on ! nature ( ! excit+ rays1 ! color *iefly on ! impurity pres5t b ! alkal9e e>? metal also ex]ts an influ5ce4 ,rise 9 temp]ature increases ! int5sity b dim9i%es ! duration1 s t ! total am\nt ( light emitt$ is ab\t con/ant at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! spectrum ( mo/ phosphoresc5t sub/ances is made up ( "o or m cont9u\s b&s hav+ maxima at diff]5t wave-l5g?s4 ,9 ! light incid5t on a phosphoresc5t sub/ance are also b&s ( light rays :i* are absorb$ & ^: wave-l5g?s are m effici5t ?an o!rs 9 /imulat+ phosphoresc5ce4 ,^! b&s 9 ! phosphoresc5t light are usually ( long] wave-l5g? ?an ^? 9 ! light :i* excites ! phosphoresc5ce4 ,?is fact is kn[n z ,/okes' ,law1 b x has be5 f\nd n to be univ]sally true4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 r$ & infra-r$ rays h ! p[] ( annull+ phosphoresc5ce aft] a mom5t>y increase 9 brightness & phosphoresc+ mat]ials h be5 us$ to det]m9e if infra-r$ rays are giv5 (f 9 ! light ( ! firefly4 ,ives 7#aiaj7 %[$ t infra-r$ radiation _h no p[] ( qu5*+ ! light ( ! firefly z x does ! phosphoresc5t light ( ,sidot bl5de 7,zn,s71 "o fact t5d+ to %[ t ! firefly's light is n due to phosphoresc5ce4 ,fig4 #c is a reproduction ( a photograph ( ! phosphoresc5ce spectrum ( ,zn,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,spectrum ( z9c sulphide phosphoresc5ce 7aft] ,ives & ,luckie%74 ,photographs 7 tak5 by a special device "o m9ute 7middle7 & fifte5 m9utes 7bottom7 aft] exposure to ! light ( ! m]cury arc & comp>$ ) a helium spectrum 7top74 ,9 ! middle photograph1 ! m]cury excit+ l9es are visible4 ,x w be not$ t ! n>r[ b& ( phosphoresc5t light does n %ift its position dur+ decay ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,o!r facts %[ t ! light ( lum9\s animals is 9 no s5se a phosphoresc5ce & is q indep5d5t ( previ\s illum9ation ( ! animal4 ,lum9\s bact]ia w cont9ue to lum9esce al?\gh !y are gr[n 9 ! d>k = _m weeks4 ,inde$ /rong light has a bact]icidal action on ^! =ms simil> to t ) ord9>y bact]ia4 ,) "s m>9e =ms light has an inhibit+ effect4 ,!y lose _! p[] ( lum9esc5ce dur+ ! day & only rega9 x at dusk or :5 kept 9 ! d>k = "s "t4 ,inde$1 ord9>y light nev] has ! effect ( caus+ lum9esc5ce 9 ! same s5se z x causes phosphoresc5ce ( ,ca,s4 ,fluoresc5ce is mo/ effici5tly excit$ by ! ca?ode rays ( a vacuum tube4 ,!y n only cause ! residual gas 9 ! tube to gl[ 7electrolum9esc5ce7 by :i* _! pa? may be foll[$ ) ! eye1 b also a vivid fluoresc5ce ( ! glass walls ( ! tube1 yell[ gre5 ) sodium glass1 blue gre5 ) lead & li?ium glass4 ,li,cl#b 9 ! pa? ( ca?ode rays gives (f a blue light2 9 ! pa? ( anode rays a r$ light2 ,na,cl a blue ca?odolum9esc5ce & a yell[ anodolum9esc5ce4 ,! spectrum ( ! latt] is a l9e spectrum ( ,li or ,na1 %[+ ! *>act]i/ic r$ or yell[ l9es simil> to ^? obs]v$ :]e ,li or ,na is held 9 ! buns5 flame4 ,! spectrum ( ! salts "u excitation ( ca?ode rays is a %ort cont9u\s "o 9 ! blue region4 ,fluoresc5t spectra 9 g5]al are ( ?is nature1 made up ( %ort b&s ( light 9 "o or m regions4 ,diamonds1 rubies & _m m9]als fluoresce brilliantly 9 ! pa? ( ca?ode rays4 ,"s specim5s ( fluorite 7,ca,f#b7 %[ ! ph5om5on especially well1 :5ce ! "n fluoresc5ce4 ,fluoresc5t scre5s ( b>ium plat9ocyanide1 willemite 7,zn#b,si,o#d71 ,sidot bl5d 7,zn,s7 or ,s*eelite 7,ca tung/ate7 are frequ5tly employ$ to r5d] visible ,x-rays4 ,! lum9\s pa9t mo/ us$ at ! pres5t "t is ,zn,s conta9+ a trace ( radium salt4 ,! rays ( ! radium cont9ually emitt$ cause a /eady fluoresc5ce ( ! ,zn,s4 ,inde$1 if "o exam9es ! pa9t on ! h&s ( a wat* ) a l5s ! fla% ( light f ! impact ( alpha p>ticles on ! ,zn,s c be di/9ctly se51 z 9 ! sp9?>iscope4 ,"s animal tissues & fluids1 especially ! l5s ( ! eye1 w lum9esce 9 ! pa? ( radium rays1 z %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,exn] 7#aijc71 b !re is no evid5ce t lum9\s animals are especially active 9 ?is respect4 ,ultra-violet rays h ! same action4 ,! lum9\s mat]ial ( practically all lum9\s =ms1 if dessicat$ suffici5tly rapidly1 c be obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a dry p[d] :i* w give (f light :5 moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 has expos$ ?is dry mat]ial to light1 to ! ultra-violet sp>k1 & to ,x-rays & 9 no case has a phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,i h exam9$ ! action ( radium ^u ,cyprid9a light4 ,!re 0 no int5sify+ or dim9i%+ effect ( tw5ty milligrams ( radium 7probably ! bromide7 on a lum9\s solution ( ,cyprid9a mat]ial1 nor 0 phosphoresc5ce or fluoresc5ce excit$ 9 a non-lum9\s extract ( ! animal4 ,we mu/ conclude t animal light is n a fluoresc5ce ( any sub/ance due to radiation produc$ by ! animals !mselves4 ,_m solutions %[ fluoresc5ce 9 /rong lights4 ,?is is especially m>k$ 9 qu99e sulphate1 m9]al oils1 eos91 fluoresce91 escul91 rhodam91 *lorophyll1 etc4 ,! fluoresc5ce ( eos9 9 #aj-h grams p] cubic c5timetre is visible 9 daylight & #aj-ae grams p] cubic c5timetre 9 ! beam f an arc lamp4 ,x is difficult to realize t ! blui% fluoresc5ce ( qu99e sulphate is really an emission r ?an a reflection ( light4 ,b a te/ tube ( qu99e sulphate solution held 9 ! ultra-violet region ( a spectrum w gl[ ) a pale blue light1 al?\gh x is n illum9at$ ) any rays t are visible to our eyes4 ,conc]n+ ?is1 ,/okes1 to :om ! ^w fluoresc5ce & mu* ( our k ( ! subject is due1 says1 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a curi\s sight to see ! tube 7conta9+ qu99e sulphate solution7 in/antane\sly light$ up :5 plung$ into ! invisible rays2 x 0 lit]ally 'd>kness visible4' ,qu99e sulphate absorbs ! ultra-violet conv]t+ ^! rays into visible blue ones4 ,its spectrum is a %ort cont9u\s "o4 ,mo/ fluoresc5t sub/ances conv]t %ort into long] wave-l5g?s 7,/okes' ,law71 b "s may cause ! rev]se *ange4 ,a sub/ance1 fluoresc5t 9 solution1 has be5 f\nd 9 a few lum9\s animals1 notably 9 sev]al species ( fireflies & also 9 a non-lum9\s beetle4 ,x is call$ pyrophor9e or lucif]esce9e4 ,dubois 7#ahhf7 has ascrib$ to pyrophor9e ! p[] ( absorb+ invisible rays & trans=m+ !m into visible ones1 ?us increas+ ! animal's light4 ,t ?is is n ! case has be5 %[n by ! "w ( ,cobl5tz 7#aiji74 ,he photograph$ ! spectrum ( ! firefly's light & ! fluoresc5t spectrum ( lucif]esce9e4 ,! latt] is almo/ complem5t>y to ! =m] 7see ,fig4 #d7 & no trace ( ! fluoresc5t spectrum appe>s 9 ! spectrum ( ! light ( ! firefly4 ,mc,dermott 7#aiaa a7 has /udi$ ! prop]ties ( lucif]esce9e & reg>ds x m]ely z an incid5tal mat]ial f\nd 9 _m animals ( ! ,lampyridae 79 "s non-lum9\s =ms7 & hav+ no connection ) ! light production4 ,a trace ( alkali usually increases & acid inhibits ! fluoresc5ce ( solutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,spectrum ( fluoresc5t sub/ance f\nd 9 fireflies bel[ 7#b7 & ( firefly lum9esc5ce above 7#b7 comp>$ ) helium vacuum tube 7#a7 7aft] ,cobl5tz74 ,,tribolum9esc5ce ,,& ,,piezolum9esc5ce4--,"u ?is head are gr\p$ a numb] ( light ph5om5a :i* at fir/ sight may appe> to be electrical 9 nature b 9 reality are n4 ,! light is produc$ by %ak+1 rubb+1 or cru%+ cry/als1 & only cry/all9e bodies appe> to %[ tribolum9esc5ce or piezolum9esc5ce4 ,a /rik+ case is t ( uranium nitrate4 ,g5tle agitation ( ! cry/als is suffici5t to give (f sp>ks ( light :i* mu* resemble ! sc9tillations ( d9(lagellates :5 sea-wat] conta9+ ^! animals is agitat$4 ,if ,romb]g's phosphorus1 :i* is fus$ ,ca,cl#b1 is rubb$ on ! sleeve1 x gl[s ) a gre5i% light4 ,lumps ( cane sug> rubb$ toge!r w gl[4 ,sac*>9 cry/als w also light if %ak5 & ,pope 7#ahii7 f\nd t ! blui% light ( sac*>9 0 bright en\gh to be visible 9 a room 9 daytime4 ,x only appe>$ f impure cry/als & fre%ly cry/alliz$ specim5s4 ,o!r cry/als1 also1 h be5 f\nd to lose _! p[] ( light+ aft] a "t4 ,among biological sub/ances1 cane sug>1 milk sug>1 mannite1 hippuric acid1 asp>ag91 r-t>t>ic acid1 l-malic acid1 vanill91 coca9e1 atrop91 b5zoic acid1 & _m o!rs %[ tribolum9esc5ce4 ,a long li/ is giv5 by ,ts*ugaeff 7#aija71 by ,trautz 7#aije71 & by ,g]nez 7#aije74 ,! spectrum is a %ort cont9u\s "o1 ! waves emitt$ dep5d+ on ! k9d ( cry/al4 ,?us ! color ( ! light v>ies among diff]5t santon9 d]ivatives f yell[ to gre54 ,9 sac*>9 x is blue4 ,al?\gh ! light produc$ by "s liv+ organisms resembles tribolum9esc5ce 9 t x may be evok$ by rubb+ or %ak+ ! animals1 x is 9 reality fundam5tally diff]5t s9ce x is dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 :]eas tribolum9esc5ce is n4 ,,cry/allolum9esc5ce4--,cry/allolum9esc5 ce is obs]v$ :5 solutions cry/allize4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,b&r[ski 7#ahid1 #ahie7 9 ars5i\s oxide1 9 ,na,f1 or if ,h,cl or alcohol is add$ to hot saturat$ ,na,cl solution4 ,a blui% light ) sp>kl+ po9ts appe>$4 ,all well au!nticat$ cases are exhibit$ by simple inorganic salts & ^! are also all tribolum9esc5t4 ,! rev]se is n true1 h[ev]2 _m tribolum9esc5t sub/ances are n cry/allolum9esc5t4 ,cry/allolum9esc5ce is mu* less widespread ?an tribolum9esc5ce4 ,trautz 7#aije7 has /udi$ ! matt] 9 a numb] ( comp\nds & comes to ! conclusion t ! light is really a special case ( tribolum9esc5ce 9 :i* ! gr[? ( individual cry/als causes !m to rub toge!r4 ,! light becomes mu* bright] on /irr+ a mass ( cry/als :i* exhibit cry/allolum9esc5ce4 ,:ile 9 "s cases cry/allolum9esc5ce is unque/ionably due to ! tribolum9esc5ce ( cry/als rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r x is n 9 e case1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n by ! "w ( ,weis] 7#aiah b74 ,he /udi$ lum9esc5ce ( saturat$ aque\s alkali halide solutions 7,na,cl1 ,k,cl1 etc417 ^u addition ( alcohol or ( ,h,cl4 ,! salt cry/allizes out "u ^! conditions & ,weis] f\nd t ! light is brighte/ :5 ! conditions ( conc5tration ( alcohol or ( ,h,cl are su* z to cause heap+ up ( ,na & ,cl ions4 ,he believes t ! blui% light :i* appe>s is due to ! comb9ation ( ions 9 ! reaction1 ,na ,cl- ,na,cl4 ,only if ?is proce$s rapidly en\gh does lum9esc5ce occur4 ,weis] /udi$ also ! cry/allolum9esc5ce & tribolum9esc5ce ( ,as,cl#c & ( ,k#b,,s#d4 ,by photograph+ ! lum9esc5ce ?r\gh color scre5s ( diff]5t absorptive p[] 7,weis]1 #aiah1 a7 a spectrum ( ! light c\ld be obta9$1 & x 0 f\nd to be id5tical 9 bo? ! tribo- & cry/allolum9esc5t light2 9 ! case ( ,as,cl#c1 a b& 9 ! gre5-blue1 blue & violet4 ,weis] believes ! light 9 ?is case also to come f recomb9ation ( ! ions1 ,z #c;,cl- ,as,cl#c1 & t cry/allolum9esc5ce 9 g5]al is due to rapid re=mation ( molecules f ions brok5 up by electrolytic dissociation :ile tribolum9esc5ce is due to rapid re=mation ( molecules f ions brok5 up by viol5t disruption ( ! cry/al4 ,( c\rse 9 tribolum9esc5t organic cry/als :i* d n dissociate into ions1 "s o!r reaction mu/ be responsible = ! light4 ,"o ?+ seems c]ta91 t ! two types ( lum9esc5ce are simil>4 ,z ,bigel[#a rem>ks1 ,x is altoge!r probable t ! cause ( ?is 7cry/allolum9esc5ce7 :atev] x may be1 is ! same z ! cause ( tribolum9esc5ce1 :atev] t may be4 #a ,!oretical & ,physical ,*emi/ry1 #aiab1 p4 #eaf4 ,cry/als are n f\nd 9 ! lum9\s organs ( animals ) ! exception ( ! fireflies4 ,9 ^! a lay] ( cells occurs 7see ,*apt] ,,iv7 fill$ ) m9ute cry/als ( "o ( ! pur9e bodies 7xan?9 or uric acid74 ,"o might surmise t ! light ( ! animal 0 a cry/allolum9esc5ce accompany+ ! =mation ( ^! cry/als4 ,x is easy to %[1 h[ev]1 t ! light comes n f ! cry/al lay] b f ano!r lay] ( cells conta9+ l>ge granules4 ,x is also dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 :ile cry/allolum9esc5ce takes place 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,! cry/al lay] possibly s]ves z a reflector4 ,its significance w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,dubois's figures %[+ trans=mation ( photog5ic granules to cry/als 7aft] ,dubois74 ,! light ( lum9\s organisms is q g5]ally associat$ ) granules4 ,9 "o ( ! c5tip$es 7,orya b>b>ica71 :i* produces a lum9\s secretion1 ,dubois 7#ahic7 has describ$ ! trans=mation ( ^! granules into cry/als & at "o "t he suppos$ ! light to be a cry/allolum9esc5ce4 ,he lat] rev]s$ ?is op9ion &1 c]ta9ly1 exam9ation ( 8 draw+s :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #e does n conv9ce "o ( ! actuality ( cry/al =mation4 ,! ph5om5on ( lyolum9esc5ce1 describ$ by ,wi$emann & ,s*midt 7#ahie7 z a light accompany+ ! solution ( color$ 7f exposure to ca?ode rays7 cry/als ( ,li1 ,na1 or ,k *lorides1 is probably due to a tribolum9esc5ce f /irr+ ( ! cry/als dur+ solution4 ,,*emilum9esc5ce4--,z ! "n implies1 *emilum9esc5ce is ! production ( light dur+ a *emical reaction at l[ temp]atures4 ,?is does n mean t ! o!r types ( lum9esc5ce are n connect$ ) *emical reactions--us+ ! ^w reaction 9 a broad s5se--= we h reason to believe t 9 "s cases spectra are n *>act]i/ic ( ! elem5t z su* b are r *>act]i/ic ( a p>ticul> reaction 9 :i* ! elem5t takes "p 7dissociation into ions1 *anges f monoval5t to bival5t condition1 etc47 & t ?is is ! reason "o elem5t may %[ v>i\s spectra "u diff]5t conditions 7,bancr(t1 #aiac74 ,! *emilum9esc5ces are r oxidation reactions involv+ ! absorption ( gase\s or dissolv$ oxyg5 & may be v easily di/+ui%$ f all ! previ\sly m5tion$ lum9esc5ces by ?is crit]ion4 ,!y %\ld1 p]haps1 m prop]ly be call$ oxylum9esc5ces4 ,! gl[ ( phosphorus is ! be/ kn[n case1 recogniz$ s9ce phosphorus 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,br&t 9 #affi4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :5 fir/ prep>$ phosphorus 0 reg>d$ z a peculi>ly p]si/5t type ( phosphor1 i4e41 a mat]ial ak9 to ! impure alkal9e e>? sulphides4 ,fre% cut surfaces ( ,na & ,k metal w gl[ 9 ! d>k = "s "t1 especially if w>m$ to #fj deg4-#gj deg4 7,l9nemann1 #aheh74 ,a film ( oxide is =m$ ov] ! surface1 %[+ def9itely t oxidation has occurr$4 ,ozone oxidizes organic matt] ) an accompany+ gl[ 7,fahrig1 #ahij2 ,otto1 #ahif74 ,! light f ozone act+ on pyrogallol solution is especially bright "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,radziszewski 7#ahgg1 #ahhj7 gives a long li/ ( sub/ances1 *iefly ess5tial oils1 :i* lum9esce if sl[ly oxidiz$ 9 alcoholic solutions ( alkalis4 ,=maldehyde1 dioxyme?yl51 p>aldehyde1 metaldehyde1 acrole91 disacryl1 aldehydeammonia1 acrylammonia1 hydrob5zamid1 loph91 hydroanisamid1 anisid91 hydrocum9amid1 hydroc9amid1 besides waxes1 & su* biological sub/ances z glucose1 leci?91 *ole/]91 *olic1 tauro*olic1 & glyco*olic acids1 & c]ebr91 all lum9esce on oxidation4 ,radziszewski himself & _m o!r au?ors h comp>$ ! light ( organisms to ?is type ( lum9esc5ce4 ,inde$ ! incorrect id5tification ( granules f\nd 9 ! cells ( practically all lum9\s tissues z oil droplets1 is l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( ,radziszewski's "w4 ,dubois 7#aija b7 has add$ escul91 & ,trautz 7#aijd-e7 _m aldehydes & ph5ol d]ivatives1 includ+ vanill91 papav]91 tannic & gallic acids1 besides glyc]ol & mannite to ! li/ ( biological sub/ances oxidiz+ ) light production4 ,gu9*ant 7#aije7 has describ$ oxylum9esc5ce ( uric acid & asp>ag9e1 ,weitlan] 7#aiaa7 ( sub/ances 9 humus & ,mc,dermott 7#aiac7 ( sub/ances 9 ur9e & ! ana]obic alkal9e hydrolysis products ( glue & ,witte's peptone4 ,pyrogallol is especially prone to lum9esce1 z 0 fir/ notic$ by ,l5>d & ,wolf 7#ahhh7 9 develop+ a photographic plate ) pyrogallol develop]4 ,lat] ! lum9esc5ce 0 /udi$ 9 "s detail by ,trautz & ,s*lor+9 7#aijd-e7 :o develop$ ! well-kn[n lum9esc5t mixture ( pyrogallol1 =maldehyde1 ,k#b;,,co#c & ,h#b,o#b4 ,z ,i h %[n1 pyrogallol c be oxidiz$ 9 a great _m diff]5t ways1 & "s ( ^! are ( great int]e/1 = !y v closely imitate ! me*anism = ! production ( light 9 organisms4 ,^! are record$ 9 ,table #c1 :i* also includes v>i\s o!r types ( oxylum9esc5ce ( g5]al or biological int]e/4 ,,table #c ,types ( ,oxylum9esc5t ,reactions #a4 ,oxidation 9 air spontane\sly4 7a7 ,at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,phosphorus4 ,fre%-cut surfaces ( ,na or ,k4 ,?iophosg5e & ,?io-e!rs 7,,rcs4,,or74 7b7 ,at melt+ or vaporiz+ po9ts4 7,fats1 t]p5es1 sug>s1 res9s1 gums1 e!r1 silk & o!rs47 #b4 ,oxidation 9 aque\s or alcoholic alkalies4 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #c4 ,oxidation 9 hypoiodites1 hypobromites1 or hypo*lorites4 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #d4 ,oxidation 9 p]oxides 7,h#b,o#b or ,na#b,o#b74 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #e4 ,oxidation 9 ozone4 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #f4 ,oxidation 9 acid p]manganate4 7,pyrogallol47 #g4 ,oxidation 9 p]sulfates & p]borates4 7,=maldehyde1 p>a=maldehyde47 #h4 ,oxidation 9 p]*lorates1 p]iodates1 & p]bromates4 7,palmitic acid47 #i4 ,comb9ation ( #b & #d4 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #aj4 ,comb9ation ( #c & #d4 7,_m organic sub/ances47 #aa4 ,oxidation ) ,h#b,o#b & haemoglob9 or vegetable oxidases4 7,pyrogallol1 gallic acid1 loph91 escul947 #ab4 ,oxidation ) ,h#b,o#b & ,mn,o#b1 ,fe#b;,fe7,,cn7#f ,mn7,,oh7#b ,mn7,,oh7#c ,ag#b,o1 *romium oxide1 cobalt oxide4 7,pyrogallol47 #ac4 ,oxidation ) ,h#b,o#b & f]rocyanides1 *romates1 bi*romates1 p]manganates1 ,fe salts1 & ,cr salts4 7,pyrogallol1 escul947 #ad4 ,oxidation ) ,h#b,o#b & collodial ,ag4 ,pt4 ,pd4 ,au4 7,pyrogallol47 ,! spectrum ( *emilum9esc5t reactions has be5 describ$ 9 a few in/ances z cont9u\s b no def9ite measurem5ts ( its ext5t h be5 made4 ,radziszewski 7#ahhj7 f\nd ! light ( loph9 oxidiz$ 9 alcoholic cau/ic alkali1 exam9$ ) a two-prism spectroscope1 to give a cont9u\s spectrum1 brighte/ at ,e1 ) ! r$ & violet ends lack+4 ,trautz 7#aije1 p4 #aja7 /ates t ! pyrogallol-=maldehyde-,na#b;,,co#c-;,h#b ,o#b reaction gives a cont9u\s spectrum f ! r$ to ! blue gre5 ) maximum brightness 9 ! orange4 ,weis] 7#aiah a7 has /udi$ ! spectra ( "s *emilum9esc5t reactions by photograph+ ! light beh9d a s]ies ( color scre5s4 ,he f9ds also t ! spectra are %ort1 ) maximum int5sity 9 v>i\s regions4 ,?us1 am>9 oxidiz$ by *lor9e or brom9e1 ext5ds f ! yell[ to gre5i% blue ) a maximum 9 ! gre5 :ile phosphorus1 dissolv$ 9 glacial acetic acid & oxidiz$ ) ,h#b,o#b1 lum9esces f yell[ gre5 to violet4 ,! spectra ( lum9\s animals are q simil> to ^? ( *emilum9esc5t reactions4 ,moreov]1 z we h se51 *emilum9esc5ce is ess5tially an oxylum9esc5ce1 s9ce oxyg5 is necess>y = ! reaction4 ,all lum9\s animals also require oxyg5 = light production4 ,!re=e1 biolum9esc5ce & *emilum9esc5ce are simil> ph5om5a & !y diff] f all ! o!r =ms ( lum9esc5ce :i* we h consid]$4 ,! light f lum9\s animals is due to ! oxidation ( "s sub/ance produc$ 9 _! cells1 & :5 we c write ! /ructural =mula ( ?is photog5ic sub/ance & tell h[ ! oxidation proce$s1 ! problem ( light production 9 animals w be solv$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,physical ,,nature ,,( ,,animal ,,light ,int]e/ 9 ! light ( animals f a physical /&po9t has c5tr$ ar\nd que/ions ( quality1 effici5cy & int5sity1 b 9 only "o gr\p ( lum9\s animals1 ! beetles1 h accurate measurem5ts ( ^! *>act]i/ics be5 made4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! abundance ( ^! =ms & _! appeal to human int]e/ & 9 "p because !y are among ! brighte/ ( lum9\s organisms4 ,weak lights are n only difficult to measure b1 :5 disp]s$ to =m spectra1 give b&s s fa9t t _! limits are v difficult to see & m s to photograph4 ,v few organisms produce light visible to ! fully light-adapt$ eye4 ,al?\gh _! light may seem q bright to ! d>k-adapt$ eye1 ! d>k-adapt$ eye is a poor judge ( ! quality1 i4e41 ! color ( a light4 ,?is is because ( ! ,purk9je ph5om5on1 a *ange 9 ! region ( maximum s5sibility ( ! ret9a ) *ange 9 int5sity ( ! light4 ,= an equal en]gy spectrum1 to ! normal1 completely light-adapt$ eye1 yell[-gre5 light ( wave-l5g?1 lambda 4#efe mu1 appe>s ! brighte/1 b :5 ! light is made fa9t] ! maximum %ifts fir/ to ! gre5 & !n to ! blue4 ,! d>k-adapt$ eye c see gre5 or blue bett] ?an yell[ & = ?is reason weak lights w appe> m gre5 or blue ?an /rong] ones ( ! same en]gy di/ribution4 ,also two weak lights ( ! same spectral composition may appe> diff]5t 9 color if !y diff] mu* 9 int5sity4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,visibility curves = ?ree illum9ations %[+ ! %ift 9 region ( maximum visibility1 or ,purk9je ph5om5on 7aft] ,nutt+74 ,! %ift 9 s5sibility ( ! eye occurs 9 illum9ations ( betwe5 #j4e & #ej metre-c&les & repres5ts a *ange f c5tral cone vision 7high int5sities7 to p]iph]al rod vision 7l[ int5sities74 ,! fovea c5tralis lacks rods & ?is "p ( ! eye becomes practically color bl9d at v l[ int5sities ( light4 ,bel[ #j4e & above #ej metre-c&les visibility v>ies b little ) *ange 9 int5sity4 ,x is cle>ly necess>y !n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! physical objective ph5om5on ( light & ! physiological subjective s5sation ( light4 ,x is a fact t diff]5t lum9\s animals produce light ( q diff]5t colors z judg$ by our eye4 ,a range ( spectral t9ts has be5 describ$ :i* ext5ds f r$ to violet b yell[i%1 gre5i% & blui% t9ts are commone/4 ,inde$ "o or two animals possess sev]al lum9\s organs emitt+ lights ( diff]5t colors4 ,?is is true 9 a ,s\? ,am]ican firefly1 ,ph5godes1 ^: lights are r$ & gre5i% yell[1 & 9 ! deep sea squid1 ,?aumatolampas diadema1 :i* produces lights ( ?ree colors1 two %ades ( blue & r$4 ,! r$ light 9 ! case ( ! squid appe>s to be due to a r$ color scre5 =m$ by ! *romatophores1 b 9 ,ph5godes no scre5 is pres5t4 ,,table #d ,wave-l5g?s ( ,fraunh(] ,l9es & ,prom95t ,l9es 9 ,l9e ,spectra ,,fraunh(] ,,l9es ,l9e ,color ,wave-l5g?s ,s\rce 7 mu mu mu_/#ajjj7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,a ,r$ #gei4d 7b&7 ,oxyg5 9 atmosph]e4 a ,r$ #gah4e 7b&7 ,wat] vapor atmosph]e4 ,b ,r$ #fhf4g ,oxyg5 vapor atmosph]e4 ,c ,r$ #fef4c ,hydrog5 9 sun4 ,d#a ,d#b ,yell[ #ehi4f1 #ehi4j ,sodium 9 sun4 ,e ,gre5 #ebg4j ,calcium 9 sun4 b#a b#b b#d ,gre5 #eah4d1 #eag4c1 #eaf4h ,magnesium 9 sun4 ,f ,blue #dhf4a ,hydrog5 9 sun4 ,g ,violet #dcj4h ,calcium 9 sun4 ,h ,k ,violet #cif4i1 #cic4d ,calcium 9 sun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,buns5 ,,flame ,,l9es ,s\rce ,color ,wave-l5g?s 7 mu mu mu_/#ajjj7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,potassium ,r$ #gfi4i1 #gff4e 7d\ble7 ,li?ium ,r$ #fgj4h ,sodium ,yell[ #ehi4f1 #ehi4j 7d\ble7 ,?allium ,gre5 #ece4a ,magnesium ,gre5 #eah4d ,/rontium ,blue #dfj4g ---------------------------------------- ----- ,p,l,ue,c,k,e,r ,,tube ,,l9es ,s\rce ,color ,wave-l5g?s 7 mu mu mu_/#ajjj7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,m]cury ,yell[ #egi4j1 #egf4i ,gre5 #edf4a ,blue #dia4f1 #dce4h ,violet #djg4h1 #djd4g ,hydrog5 ,r$ #fef4c ,blue #dhf4a1 #dcd4a ,helium ,r$ #gbh4b1 #gjf4e1 #ffg4h ,yell[ #ehg4f ,gre5 #ejd4h1 #eja4f1 #dib4b ,blue #dga4c1 #ddg4b ,violet #dch4h1 #djb4f1 #chh4h ---------------------------------------- ----- ,z we h se51 diff]5ce 9 color ( ! light does n necess>ily indicate diff]5ce 9 spectral composition because ( ! ,purk9je effect4 ,h[ev]1 exam9ation ( ! spectrum ( v>i\s lum9\s =ms has v cle>ly indicat$ t ! diff]5t colors are really due to light rays ( diff]5t wave-l5g? & are n ! result ( any subjective ph5om5a4 ,to facilitate comp>ison1 spectral l9es & colors are giv5 9 ,table #d4 ,! fir/ adequate obs]vations on ! spectra ( lum9\s animals 7 made by ,pa/eur 7#ahfd71 :o /udi$ ,pyrophorus & f\nd a cont9u\s spectrum unbrok5 by light or d>k b&s4 ,lanke/] 7#ahfh7 discov]$ a simil> cont9u\s spectrum 9 ,*aetopt]us insignis & plac$ its limits f l9e #e to #aj on ,sorby's ,scale 7ab\t lambda #j4ee mu to lambda #j4dd mu74 ,"y 7#ahgj7 fir/ record$ ! limits ( ! firefly spectrum z a little above ,c 7lambda 4#fefc mu7 to ,f 7lambda 4#dhfa mu74 ,s9ce !n a numb] ( lum9\s =ms h be5 exam9$ & all are f\nd to give %ort cont9u\s spectra 7n cross$ by light or d>k b&s or l9es7 ly+ 9 diff]5t color regions4 ,?us1 ,conroy 7#ahhb7 exam9$ ! gl[worm 7,lampyris noctiluca7 light & obs]v$ a b& ext5d+ f lambda #j4eah mu to lambda #j4fef mu4 ,dubois 7#ahhf7 /ates t ! spectrum ( ,pyrophorus noctilucus1 ! ,we/ ,indian ,cucullo1 ext5ds f slightly fur!r ?an ! ,fraunh(] ,b l9e to ! ,f l9e1 :ile ,langley & ,v 7#ahij71 work+ on ! same =m1 plac$ ! limits at lambda #j4dfh mu to lambda #j4fdj mu4 ,x consi/s1 !n1 ( a broad b& *iefly 9 ! gre5 & yell[4 ,b1 w\ld ! light n ext5d f>!r 7 x bright en\gh to be se58444 if ! light ( ! insect 7 z bright z t ( ! sun w\ld x n ext5d equally f> on ei!r side ( ! spectrum8 ,x is impossible to increase ! intr9sic brilliancy by any optical device1 b if x be impossible to make ! light ( ! insect z bright z t ( ! sun1 x is on ! o!r h& q possible to make ! light ( ! sun no bright] ?an t ( ! insect 444 ,langley & ,v inve/igat$ ?is "q1 =m+ a sol> spectrum f sunlight ( ! same int5sity z t ( ,pyrophorus & a ,pyrophorus spectrum toge!r 9 ! same field ( ! spectroscope4 ,! latt] 0 v mu* %ort] ?an ! sol> spectrum1 %[+ t its l5g? 0 n due to weakness ( ! r$ & blue rays b to _! abs5ce4 ,lat] ,ives & ,cobl5tz 7#aiaj7 photograph$ ! spectrum ( a firefly 7,phot9us pyralis71 toge!r ) t ( a c>bon gl[ lamp1 on plates s5sitive to all wave-l5g?s ( visible rays "u conditions :i* w\ld h record$ all visible radiations giv5 (f4 ,!y f\nd ! spectrum to ext5d only f lambda #j4ea mu to lambda #j4fg mu 7,fig4 #g74 ,ano!r species ( firefly 7,photuris p5nsylvanica7 0 f\nd by ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 to give a spectrum ext5d+ f lambda #j4ea mu to lambda #j4ei mu 7,fig4 #h74 ,! ,phot9us light ext5ds mu* fur!r into ! r$ & x is easy to di/+ui% betwe5 ,phot9us & ,photuris 9 nature1 m]ely by ! r$di% t9t ( ! light ( ! =m]4 ,^! photographic records %[ conclusively t ! color ( ! light ( lum9\s animals is n a subjective ph5om5on due to ! ,purk9je effect & ! l[ int5sity ( ! light1 b is real1 an actual diff]5ce 9 spectral composition ( ! light emitt$4 ,nei!r is x due1 at lea/ 9 ! fireflies exam9$1 to ! exi/5ce ( color scre5s :i* absorb c]ta9 rays1 all[+ only ^? ( a def9ite color to pass4 ,! spectra ( =ms ?us f> inve/igat$ are reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #i & record$ 9 ,table #e4 ,x w be not$ t !y v>y consid]ably 9 position b are all ( ! same type4 ,! spectrum ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii is ! longe/ ?us f> inve/igat$ 7lambda 4#faj mu to lambda 4#dae mu71 ext5d+ well into ! blue1 & ! light ( ?is =m is v blue 9 appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,spectra ( c>bon gl[ lamp1 ,a1 firefly 7,phot9us pyralis72 ,b1 & helium vacuum tube1 ,c 7aft] ,ives & ,cobl5tz74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,spectra ( helium vacuum tube 7#a72 c>bon gl[ lamp 7#b72 ! firefly1 ,phot9us pyralis 7#c72 & ! firefly ,photuris p5nsylvanica 7#d7 7aft] ,cobl5tz74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,spectra ( v>i\s lum9\s animals 7aft] ,mc,dermott74 #a4 ,portion ( ! visible sol> 7grat+7 spectrum %[+ ,fraunh(] l9es4 #b4 ,pyrophorus noctilucus 7,langley & ,v47 #c4 ,lampyris noctiluca 7,conroy74 #d4 ,phot9us pyralis 7,ives & ,cobl5tz74 #e4 ,phot9us consangu9eus 7,cobl5tz74 #f4 ,photuris p5nsylvanica 7,cobl5tz74 #g4 ,ph5godes laticollis 7,mc,dermott74 #h4 ,bact]ium phosphoreum1 ,b4 phosphoresc5s or ,bacillus photog5us 7,moli%74 #i4 ,photobact]ium indicum 7,b>n>d74 #aj4 ,mycelium ,x 7,moli%74 #aa4 ,lum9\s bact]ia 7,fo]/]74 #ab4 ,ag>icus sp48 7,ludwig74 #ac4 ,fluoresc5t spectrum ( lucif]esce9e ( ,phot9us pyralis 7,cobl5tz74 ,only ! extreme ends ( ! b&s are %[n & no attempt is made to indicate ! relative d5sity ( diff]5t portions ( ! spectra4 ,,table #e4--,limits ( ,spectra ( ,v>i\s ,lum9\s ,organisms ,light ,spectrum 7 mu7 ,emission ,obs]v] ,me?od & rem>ks maximum ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cyprid9a #j4faj-j4dae ,h>vey1 ,eye obs]vation1 hilg5dorfii #aiai ,zeiss comp>ison spectroscope4 ,*aetopt]us #j4ee-j4dd ,lanca/]1 ,eye obs]vation4 insignis 7approximately7 #ahfh ,pyrophorus #j4gb-j4dhf ,dubois1 ,eye obs]vation4 noctilucus #ahhf ,pyrophorus 4#fdj - 4#dfh #j4eg ,langley ,eye obs]vation noctilucus & ,v1 & comp>ison 7?oracic #ahij ) sol> light7 spectrum ( equal int5sity4 ,pyrophorus 4#ffc - 4#dfc noctilucus 7abdom9al light7 ,phot9us 4#fg - 4#ea ,ives & ,photographic pyralis ,cobl5tz1 comp>ison ) #aiji c>bon gl[ lamp ( equal int5sity4 ,photuris 4#ei - 4#ea 4#eeb ,cobl5tz1 ,photographic p5nsylvanica #aiab comp>ison ) c>bon gl[ lamp ( equal int5sity4 ,phot9us 4#fe - 4#eb 4#egh ,cobl5tz1 ,photographic consangu9eus #aiab comp>ison ) c>bon gl[ lamp ( equal int5sity4 ,ph5godes 4#fe - 4#eb ,mc,dermott1 ,eye obs]vation4 laticollis #aiaa e ,lampyris 4#fef- 4#eah ,conroy1 ,eye obs]vation4 7gl[ worm7 #aiaj ,phot9us 4#fgj- 4#dhg ,"y1 ,eye obs]vation #ahgj direct vision spectroscope4 ,bact]ia ,g to ,f ext5d+ ,b>n>d1 ,photographic4 t[>d ,d = #aijb long exposure ,bact]ia ,some:at beyond ,fi%]1 ,eye obs]vation4 ,g to ,d #ahhh ,bact]ia 4#eh - 4#dc ,fo]/]1 ,eye obs]vation #ahhg ,zeiss4 ,abbe microspectral ocul>4 ,bact]ia 4#ejj to 4#cej ,bright ,=sy?1 ,photographic1 b& #aiaj qu>tz at 4#d spectroscope4 ,ag>i\s #j4ef-j4dh ,ludwig1 ,eye obs]vation1 melleus 7approximately7 #ahhd ,sorby ,br[n microspectroscope4 ,xyl>ia 4#ed - 4#df ,ludwig1 ,eye obs]vation1 hypoxylon 7approximately7 #ahhd ,sorby ,br[n microspectroscope4 ,micrococcus b into ! ,ludwig1 ,eye obs]vation1 ,pflug]i violet #ahhd ,sorby ,br[n microspectroscope4 ,mycelium ,x 4#egj - 4#dhj ,moli%1 ,eye obs]vation1 #aijd1 ,zeiss comp>ison book spectroscope4 ,bact]ium 4#egj - 4#dej ,moli%1 ,eye obs]vation1 phosphoreum #aijd1 ,zeiss comp>ison book spectroscope4 ,bact]ium 4#egj - 4#dej ,moli%1 ,eye obs]vation1 phosphoresc5s #aijd1 ,zeiss comp>ison book spectroscope4 ,bacillus 4#egj - 4#dej ,moli%1 ,eye obs]vation1 photog5es #aijd1 ,zeiss comp>ison book spectroscope4 ,pseudomonas 4#egj - 4#dej ,moli%1 ,eye obs]vation1 lucif]a #aijd1 ,zeiss comp>ison book spectroscope4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,z fir/ %[n by ,dubois 7#ahhf7 = ,pyrophorus1 & confirm$ by myself = ,cyprid9a1 ! light is n pol>iz$ 9 any way4 ,i may add t ! ,cyprid9a light l any o!r light may be pol>iz$ by pass+ ?r\gh a ,nicol prism4 ,sev]al writ]s ,dubois 7#aiad book71 ,fis*] 7#ahhh71 ,molis* 7#aijd book7 h notic$ t ! light ( lum9\s bact]ia *anges 9 color if gr[n on diff]5t culture m$ia4 ,light :i* is silv] :ite on dead fi% becomes gre5i% on salt-peptone-gelat9 m$ia & m yell[ on salt-poor m$ia4 ,p]on 7#ahjd7 & ,panc]i 7#ahgb7 describe ! light ( ,pyrosoma z yell[ to gre5i% aft] dea? ( ! animal & r$di% on /imulation2 !n fad+ out ?r\gh orange1 yell[1 gre5i% & azure blue4 ,polimanti 7#aiaa7 describes ! normal light ( ,pyrosoma z gre5i%1 & /ates t z ! animals die1 or if !y are kept at temp]atures above ! optimum1 ! light becomes m r$4 ,mc,dermott 7#aiaa1 b7 notic$ t ! light ( fireflies plac$ 9 liquid air became decid$ly r$di% j be=e go+ out & on rew>m+ ! fir/ light to appe> 0 r$di% foll[$ by ! prop] %ade at high] temp]atures4 ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ a m r$di% color f lum9\s tissues ( ! firefly ^u ! addition ( coagulants su* z alcohol1 & h not$ t ! light ( ,cyprid9a becomes weak] & m yell[ at bo? l[ 7#j deg47 & high 7#ej deg47 temp]atures4 ,! mean+ ( ^! color *anges w be discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! effici5cy ( any light may be def9$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways3 7#a7 ,by ! p]c5tage ( visible wave-l5g?s 9 ! total am\nt ( radiation emitt$1 i4e41 visible radiation divid$ by total 7heat1 visible1 act9ic7 radiation2 7#b7 by consid]+1 9 addition to visible radiation _/ total radiation1 ! s5sibility ( ! eye to diff]5t wave-l5g?s1 visible radiation x visual s5sibility _/ total radiation4 ,visible radiation x visual s5sibility is spok5 ( z lum9osity2 7#c7 by ! am\nt ( light 7express$ 9 c&les7 produc$ 9 relation to a giv5 exp5diture ( en]gy or 9 relation to ! co/ ( ! en]gy exp5d$4 ,?us1 ( ! radiation emitt$ f an inc&esc5t electric lamp only a small p] c5t4 is light1 ! re/ be+ heat & act9ic rays4 ,x is !re=e v f> f be+ #ajj p] c5t4 effici5t4 ,if !re 7 no infra-r$ or ultra-violet 9 ! radiation f an inc&esc5t lamp its effici5cy w\ld be #ajj p] c5t4 if we disreg>d$ visual s5sibility4 ,b if we take into acc\nt ! fact t ! eye is mo/ s5sitive to yell[ gre51 a s\rce ( light1 ev5 ?\gh emitt+ only visible radiation1 w\ld n be #ajj p] c5t4 effici5t unless its maximum ( emission correspond$ also ) ! maximum ( visual s5sibility4 ,we %all return to ?is "q 9 a lat] p>agraph4 ,look+ at ! "q f ! /&po9t ( en]gy consumption1 ! c>bon inc&esc5t lamp gives "o mean sph]ical c&le = #d4hc watts 7watt #ajg ergs p] sec471 :ile ! tung/5 lamp gives "o mean sph]ical c&le = #a4f watts1 ab\t "o-?ird ! en]gy1 & ! latt] is consequ5tly m effici5t4 ,z we "k practically no?+ ( ! en]gy trans=mations occurr+ dur+ ! process ( light production 9 organisms1 all /atem5ts reg>d+ ! effici5cy ( _! light are bas$ on relations betwe5 ! visible radiation & total radiation4 ,?is involves a measurem5t ( rays 9 ! infra-r$ region 7heat rays7 & ultra-violet region 7act9ic rays7 z well z ! light rays prop]1 & any o!r radiant en]gy produc$4 ,:ile all spectroscopic inve/igations %[ t ! spectrum ( lum9\s animals nev] ext5ds to ! limits ( ! visible spectrum 9 ei!r ! r$ or violet1 x is possible t b&s occur 9 ! infra-r$ or ultra-violet1 & special me?ods mu/ be employ$ to detect ^!4 ,radiations ( all k9ds1 if conv]t$ into heat on /rik+ ! black5$ surface ( a !rmopile1 bolomet]1 or radiomet] c be measur$ by *anges 9 temp]ature & ! relative am\nts ( en]gy repres5t$ be comp>$ 9 a common unit1 ! calorie4 ,by prop] scre5+1 all rays except ! visible light rays c be cut (f f ! measur+ in/rum5t & ! am\nts ( en]gy repres5t$ 9 light & 9 total radiation ?us be det]m9$4 ,dubois 7#ahhf7 fir/ /udi$ ?is problem 9 ,pyrophorus by ! use ( a !rmopile & galvanomet] & f\nd a small am\nt ( radiation f ! lum9\s region 9 excess ( t f a non-lum9\s region4 ,x am\nt$ to a galvanomet] deflection ( #j4ie deg4 & 0 increas$ #j4c deg4 dur+ ! fla% ( ! insect on electrical /imulation4 ,?is increase ( #j4c deg4 is possibly due to heat produc$ on muscul> contraction4 ,9 any case ! am\nt ( heat radiat$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! c&le is v small inde$4 ,a m c>eful /udy has be5 made by ,langley & ,v 7#ahij7 ) ! bolomet]4 ,!y po9t out fir/ ( all t ! total radiation f ! mo/ p[]ful lum9\s organ 7! abdom9al "o7 ( ,pyrophorus :i* affect$ _! bolomet] slightly1 w\ld1 9 ! same "t 7#aj seconds71 be suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( an ord9>y m]curial !rmomet] hav+ a bulb #a cm4 9 diamet] by r less ?an #b4c x #aj-f deg4 ,c4 ,we may ?us ga9 "s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! measurem5ts to be made4 ,! radiation f ,pyrophorus :i* affect$ _! bolomet] 0 %[n to be due m]ely to ! body heat#b ( ! insect1 & x is l>gely cut (f by a plate ( glass :i* is opaque to all wave-l5g?s ( #c mu or m4 ,^! waves are giv5 (f by bodies at temp]atures bel[ #ej deg4 ,c4 & belong to q ano!r spectral region to t 9 :i* ! invisible heat associat$ ) light ma9ly appe>s4 ,langley & ,v !n comp>$ ! radiation f a non-lum9\s buns5 flame & ! ,pyrophorus light1 int]pos+ a plate ( glass 9 ea* case to cut (f ! waves long] ?an #c mu1 & f\nd sev]al hundr$ times m radiation 9 ! case ( ! buns5 burn] b1 nev]!less1 p]ceptible radiation f ,pyrophorus4 ,! =m] consi/$ ( radiant heat %ort] ?an lambda #c mu & ext5d+ up to ! visible light rays 7lambda #j4g mu s9ce ! buns5 flame emitt$ no light74 ,! v slight effect ( ! ,pyrophorus radiation mu/ be due to wave-l5g?s betwe5 lambda #c mu & lambda #j4dfh mu1 ! limit ( ! ,pyrophorus spectrum 9 ! blue4 ,langley & ,v assum$ x to be due entirely to ! b& ( visible light1 lambda #j4fdj mu to lambda #j4dfh mu1 & assum$ t no invisible heat rays 7 produc$4 ,all ( ! en]gy ( ,pyrophorus light w\ld !re=e lie 9 ! visible region & its effici5cy 7light rays _/ heat light act9ic rays7 w\ld be #ajj p] c5t4 ,lat]1 ,langley 7#aijb7 re9ve/igat$ ! radiation ( ,pyrophorus & c\ld detect no heat+ :atev] ) ! bolomet]4 ,a portion ( ! flame ( a /&>d sp]m c&le1 equal 9 area to ! bright "p ( ! insects1 gave "u ! same circum/ances1 a bolometric effect ( su* magnitude t _h ! heat ( ! insect be5 #a_/hj1jjj z great z t f ! c&le1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 recogniz$4 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 also1 us+ a vacuum !rmopile ( ,pt & ,bi1 0 unable to detect any infra-r$ radiation f ,phot9us pyralis1 b f\nd t ! temp]ature ( ?is firefly is slightly l[] ?an ! air4 ,^! temp]ature measurem5ts w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 #b ,langley & ,v evid5tly suppos$ t ! body temp]ature ( ! firefly1 l ! mammal or bird1 is high] ?an its surr\nd+s4 ,! assumption ( ,langley & ,v t ! small am\nt ( ,pyrophorus radiation pass+ glass is all light has be5 call$ into "q by ,ives 7#aiaj71 :o po9ts out t ,langley & ,v fail$ to use a scre5 :i* w\ld cut (f ei!r ! visible rays or ! invisible rays betwe5 #c mu & #j4g mu4 ,!y really left ! "q op5 z to :e!r ! effect ( ,pyrophorus light on _! bolomet] 0 due to ! visible b& ( rays or to ?is plus ano!r b& 9 ! infra-r$4 ,! firefly's actual effici5cy z a light s\rce is dep5d5t to a l>ge degree on ! radiation be+ conf9$ to ! visible region4 ,if !re %\ld be f\nd infra-r$ ( quantity comp>able to ! visible1 ! firefly1 :ile /ill a v effici5t s\rce w\ld n be1 z usually suppos$1 ! example ( an ideally effici5t light produc$ by nature4 ,ives inve/igat$ ! "q fur!r by ! phosphor-photographic me?od4 ,9 brief x consi/s ( ?is3 ,phosphoresc5ce1 :i* is excit$ 9 v>i\s sub/ances by exposure to %ort waves 7blue1 violet or ultra-violet71 is de/roy$ by exposure to long] waves 7orange1 r$1 infra-r$74 ,?us1 a surface ( ,balma9's pa9t or ( ,sidot bl5de1 excit$ to phosphoresc5ce & !n expos$ 9 a spectrograph1 w h areas ( r$uc$ brightness :]ev] long-wave en]gy has fall5 ^u x4 ,if ?is surface is !n laid on a photographic plate = a %ort p]iod1 a p]man5t record is obta9$ on ! plate aft] developm5t4 ,prelim9>y te/s %[$ t ! me?od 0 applicable 9 ! case ( weak light su* z ! firefly spectrum & also if ! light is int]mitt5t l ! firefly4 ,) ,sidot bl5d 7,zn,s7 ! ext+ui%+ action ext5ds f lambda #j4f mu to lambda #a4e mu4 ,a %eet ( deep ruby glass1 :i* cut (f all ! visible rays ( ! firefly b all[$ infra-r$ to pass1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! firefly light & a surface ( phosphoresc5t ,sidot bl5d :i* 0 expos$ to ! firefly fla%es = ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,no ext9ction ( phosphoresc5ce occurr$1 :ile )\t ! ruby glass1 ext9ction1 due to ! orange rays ( ! visible firefly light 0 noticeable 9 #bj m9utes4 ,!re is ?us no infra-r$ ( an int5sity at all comp>able to ! visible z f> z lambda #a4e mu1 ! l[] limit ( ! phosphor-photographic me?od4 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 _h exam9$ ! transp>5cy ( ! dry *it9\s integum5t ( v>i\s fireflies 7,fig4 #aj7 9 ! infra-r$ & reports x to be fairly transp>5t d[n to lambda #b4h mu1 opaque betwe5 lambda #b4h mu & lambda #c4h mu1 transp>5t aga9 to lambda #f mu1 & opaque beyond t4 ,! infra-r$ c\ld1 !n1 if x 7 emitt$1 l>gely pass ?r\gh ! integum5t :i* is simil> 9 absorption prop]ties to complex c>bohydrates4 ,transp>5cy ( ! integum5t to ! ultra-violet 0 n /udi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,transmissivity ( ! integum5t ( fireflies to infra-r$ radiation 7aft] ,cobl5tz47 ,al?\gh photographs ( ! spectrum ( firefly 7,phot9us7 light %[ t x ext5ds only to ! beg9n+ ( ! blue1 ,=sy? 7#aiaj7 reports ultra-violet radiation 9 lum9\s bact]ia4 ,he expos$ a plate = #dh h\rs to ! spectrum ( bact]ial light disp]s$ by a qu>tz prism & got a cont9u\s b& f lambda #j4ej mu 7! l[] limit ( s5sitivity ( ! plate7 to lambda #j4ce mu4 ,h[ev]1 ,mc,dermott 7#aiaa d7 0 unable to obs]ve fluoresc5ce ( p-am9o-or?o-sulpho-b5zoic acid1 :i* responds to ! ultra-violet light4 ,molis* 7#aijd1 book7 photograph$ bact]ial & fungus light ?r\gh glass & ?r\gh a piece ( qu>tz & f\nd no diff]5ce 9 d5sity on ! plate4 ,z ! exposure 0 brief1 to avoid saturation1 & z ! ultra-violet1 :i* passes qu>tz b n glass1 has a mu* great] action on ! plate ?an visible light1 we mu/ conclude t ultra-violet is abs5t4 ,ives 7#aiaj7 inve/igat$ ! spectrum ( ,phot9us pyralis1 us+ a qu>tz spectroscope1 & f\nd no evid5ce ( ultra-violet radiation1 at lea/ z f> z lambda #j4baf mu4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! radiation f ! firefly has be5 v c>efully /udi$ & t no waves are giv5 (f f lambda #a4e mu to lambda #j4baf mu ) ! exception ( ! %ort b& 7lambda #j4fg mu to lambda #j4ea mu7 9 ! visible1 & x is highly probable t no radiation is giv5 (f ) wave-l5g?s long] ?an lambda #a4e mu4 ,! firefly light rema9s1 !n1 #ajj p] c5t4 effici5t1 diff]+ f all our artificial s\rces ( light1 ! be/ ( :i* does n approa* ?is value4 ,z ,langley & ,v express x 9 ! title to _! pap]1 x is ! *eape/ =m ( light1 n *eape/ 9 ! s5se ( t we c reproduce x comm]cially at less co/ ?an o!r lights1 b *eap] 9 ! s5se t x is ! mo/ economical 9 ! en]gy radiat$4 ,?is en]gy is all light & no heat4 ,cold light has actually be5 develop$ by ! firefly & conc]n+ :i* we "k ( no?+ to prev5t our successfully imitat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,spectral en]gy curves ( v>i\s fireflies & ! c>bon gl[ lamp 7aft] ,cobl5tz74 ,i h already po9t$ out t we may also consid] ! effici5cy ( a light 9 relation to ! s5sibility ( our own eye4 ,t is1 we take into acc\nt n only ! en]gy di/ribution 9 ! spectrum ( ! light b also ! fact t diff]5t wave-l5g?s ( an equal en]gy spectrum affect our eye v diff]5tly4 ,z ! normal light-adapt$ eye is mo/ s5sitive to yell[ gre5 ( lambda #j4efe mu1 mono*romatic light ( ?is wave-l5g? w appe> mu* bright] ?an mono*romatic light ( any o!r wave-l5g? ) ! same en]gy4 ,mono*romatic light ( lambda #j4efe mu w !n be ! !oretically mo/ effici5t possible1 :5 we consid] ! en]gy radiat$ 9 relation to ! s5sitivity ( our eye4 ,?is is ! usual me?od ( det]m9+ ! lum9\s effici5cy ( artificial lights & is obta9$ f a k ( ! radiat$ en]gy & ! visual s5sibility4 ,r$uc$ lum9\s effici5cy light 7radiat$ en]gy x visual s5sibility7 or lum9osity _/ total radiat$ en]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,visibility curves ( v>i\s inve/igators obta9$ by diff]5t me?ods 7aft] ,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,lum9\s effici5cy ( ! #d-watt c>bon gl[ lamp1 %ad$ area _/ total area 7aft] ,ives & ,cobl5tz74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,lum9\s effici5cy ( ! firefly1 %ad$ area _/ total area 7aft] ,ives & ,cobl5tz74 ,! spectral en]gy curve = ! firefly has be5 work$ out by ,ives & ,cobl5tz 7#aiaj71 us+ a photographic me?od 9 :i* ! int5sities ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s ( ! firefly 7,phot9us pyralis7 light is comp>$ ) t ( a c>bon gl[ lamp by measur+ !am\nt ( photo*emical *ange produc$ on pan*romatic photographic plates4 ,fig4 #aa gives ! en]gy curves ( v>i\s fireflies & ! c>bon gl[ lamp 9 ! same spectral region4 ,! visual s5sibility curve us$ by ,ives & ,cobl5tz is t ( ,nutt+ 7#aijh1 #aiaa71 bas$ on ,konig's data4 ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! late/ visibility curve is t ( ,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady 7#aiah71 reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x is bas$ on obs]vations ( tw5ty-n9e individuals4 ,z individuals v>y consid]ably 9 _! s5sibility to diff]5t wave-l5g?s1 ! visibility curve repres5ts an av]age1 b x is ! only /&>d we h ) :i* to evaluate ! en]gy we call light4 ,color-bl9d individuals w\ld h a visibility curve v diff]5t f normal individuals4 ,composite curves %[+ ! lum9\s effici5cy ( ! #d-watt c>bon gl[ lamp & ! firefly1 bo? 9 relation to visibility1 are giv5 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad1 respectively4 ,9 ^! figures ! lum9\s effici5cy is ! %ad$ area _/ total area1 #j4dc p] c5t4 = ! c>bon gl[ lamp & #ii4e p] c5t4 = ! firefly1 ^! numb]s repres5t+ ! relative am\nts ( light 7measur$ on a photomet]7 = equal am\nts ( radiat$ en]gy--a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! wa/efulness ( artificial me?ods ( light production4 ,f ! specific consumption ( ! tung/5 lamp 7#a4f watts p] sph]ical c&le7 & ! m]cury arc 74#ee watts p] sph]ical c&le7 we obta9$ by comp>ison ) ! c>bon filam5t t _! lum9\s effici5cies are #a4c & #c4h p] c5t4 ,! mo/ effici5t artificial illum9ant !re=e has ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! lum9\s effici5cy ( ! firefly4 ,?is is calculat$ to be 4#jb watts p] c&le4 ,m rec5t det]m9ations 7,cobl5tz1 #aiab71 us+ a new s5sibility curve ( ,nutt+'s 7#aiaa7 = a p>tially light-adapt$ eye1 give ! r$uc$ lum9\s effici5cy z #hg p] c5t4 = ,phot9us pyralis1 #hj p] c5t4 = ,phot9us consangu9eus & #ib p] c5t4 = ,photuris p5nsylvanica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,spectral en]gy1 lum9osity & visibility curves 7aft] ,gibson & ,mc,nicholas7 ,a4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( ,hefn] lamp4 ,b4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( acetyl5e flame4 ,c4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( tung/5 7gas-fill$7 gl[ lamp4 ,d4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( black body at #ejjj deg4 absolute 7sunlight74 ,e4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( blue sky4 ,hg4 ,spectral en]gy curve ( ,h]aeus qu>tz m]cury lamp4 ,lv4 ,visibility curve = human eye4 ,la4 ,lum9osity ( ,hefn] lamp4 ,le4 ,lum9osity ( blue sky4 ,! lum9\s effici5cies ( v>i\s =ms ( artificial illum9ants h be5 calculat$ by ,ives 7#aiae7 & are giv5 toge!r ) t ( ! firefly 9 ,table #f4 ,fig4 #ae gives spectral en]gy curves = v>i\s illum9ants r$uc$ to #ajj at lambda 4#eij mu1 lum9osity curves = ! ,hefn] lamp & blue sky1 & a visibility curve work$ out by ,cobl5tz & ,em]son 7#aiag7 f obs]vations on #acj individuals4 ,,table #f ,lum9\s ,effici5cies ( ,v>i\s ,illum9ants ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,effici5cy ,illum9ant & ,comm]cial ,lum5s 7visible comm]cial description rat+ p] radiation x watt visual s5sibility _/ total radiation7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c>bon inc&esc5t lamp #d watts p] mean #b4f #j4jjdb oval an*or$ 7treat$7 horiz4 c4 filam5t ,tung/5 inc&esc5t #a4be watts p] mean #h4j 4#jac lamp1 vacuum type horiz4 c4 ,mazda1 type c #fjj ,c4 ,p4 #bj amp41 #ai4f 4#jcb #j4e w4 p4 c4 ,s]ies type ,c4 ,c>bon arc 7op57 #i4f amp4 cle> globe #aa4h 4#jai ,op5 arc1 yell[ flame1 #aj amp4 ,d4 ,c4 #dd4g 4#jgb incl9$ trim ,qu>tz m]cury arc #agd-aig volt1 #d4b amp4 #db4j 4#jfh ,glass m]cury arc #dj-gj volt1 #c4e amp4 #bc4j 4#jcg ,n]n/ lamp #d4h 4#jjgg ,acetyl5e #a ,l p] hr4 consumption 4#fg 4#jjaa ,petroleum lamp 4#bf 4#jjjd ,op5 flame gas burn] ,bray #f high pressure 4#bb 4#jjjcf ,inc&esc5t gas lamp1 4#cej lum5s p] #a4b 4#jjai l[ pressure ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] hr4 ,inc&esc5t gas lamp1 4#egh lum5s p] #b4j 4#jjcb high pressure ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 p] hr4 ,firefly #fbi4j 4#if ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! firefly light by ! above me?od ( calculat+ effici5cy is n #ajj p] c5t4 effici5t because its maximum 7lambda #j4efg mu7 does n correspond ) ! maximum s5sibility ( ! eye 7lambda #j4efe mu71 b tak+ into consid]ation also o!r effects ( color1 ! firefly light w\ld be a /ill m ineffici5t & try+ "o = artificial illum9ation1 z all objects w\ld appe> a ne>ly uni=m gre5 hue4 ,inde$ ! di/ortion w\ld be ev5 great] ?an ) ! m]cury arc1 ^: objectionable gre5 hue is s well kn[n4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t ! firefly has c>ri$ ! /riv+ = effici5cy too f> to be acceptable to human use2 x has produc$ ! mo/ effici5t light kn[n1 z f> z am\nt ( light = exp5diture ( en]gy is conc]n$1 b has produc$ x at ! 7inevitable7 exp5se ( range ( color4 ,! mo/ effici5t light = human use1 tak+ into acc\nt bo? color & en]gy-light relation%ips1 w\ld be a light simil> to ! firefly light conta9+ no radiation beyond ! visible spectrum1 b diff]+ f x by be+ :ite4 7,ives1 #aiaj47 ,al?\gh ! spectral en]gy curve = ,cyprid9a light has n be5 work$ out1 x w be not$ t ! ,cyprid9a spectrum is mu* long] ?an t ( ! firefly1 m ne>ly approa*+ ! spectrum ( an inc&esc5t solid giv+ :ite light4 ,x approa*es1 b does n atta9 ! ideal4 ,al?\gh ,muraoka 7#ahif7 & ,s+h & ,maulik 7#aiaa7 h describ$ radiations com+ f fireflies :i* w\ld pass opaque objects & affect a photographic plate1 & ,dubois reports ! same f bact]ia1 ! exi/5ce ( su* radiation has be5 d5i$ by ,su*sl& 7#ahih71 ,s*urig 7#aija7 & ,molis* 7#aijd book74 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,molis* on lum9\s bact]ia are ( greate/ int]e/1 = !y are v c>efully controll$ & %[ )\t a d\bt t black pap] or ,zn1 ,al1 or ,cu %eet w all[ no rays f ^! organisms to pass t w affect a photographic plate1 ev5 aft] sev]al days' exposure4 ,! visible light ( lum9\s bact]ia w affect ! plate aft] "o second exposure4 ,moreov]1 ,molis* has po9t$ out ! errors ( ^? :o claim to h f\nd p5etrat+ radiation 9 lum9\s =ms4 ,x seems t c]ta9 k9ds ( c>dbo>d1 especially yell[ v>ieties1 or wood1 w give (f vapors t affect ! photographic plate4 ,! action is especially m>k$ ) damp c>dbo>d at a temp]ature ( #be deg4-#ce deg4 ,c41 & ,dubois & ,muraoka mu/ h us$ su* c>dbo>d to cov] _! plates4 ,a piece ( old dry section ( bee* or oak trunk1 plac$ on a photographic plate = #ae h\rs 9 a totally d>k place1 w regi/] a beautiful picture ( ! annual r+s ( gr[?1 m$ull>y rays1 junction ( b>k & wood1 etc4 ,russell 7#ahig7 _h previ\sly f\nd t _m bodies1 bo? metals & sub/ances ( organic orig9 7gums1 wood1 pap]1 etc471 plac$ 9 contact ) photographic plates1 w\ld affect !m1 & conclud$ t vapors & n rays 7 ! active ag5ts4 ,z a dry piece ( wood has a v def9ite smell1 !re is some?+ giv5 (f :i* c affect our nose & !re is no reason :y x %\ld n *ange1 by purely *emical action1 ! photographic plate4 ,?is action ( wood on ! plate is prev5t$ by int]pos+ a %eet ( glass4 ,frankl& 7#ahih7 has describ$ simil> vapors com+ f colonies ( ,bacillus proteus vulg>is & ,b4 coli communis :i* affect a photographic plate laid directly ov] ! colonies 9 an op5 petri di%4 ,!re is no effect if ! glass cov] ( ! petri di% is betwe5 plate & bact]ia4 ,!re is1 !n1 no specific emission ( ,x-rays or simil> p5etrat+ radiation f lum9\s tissues :i* w affect ! photographic plate ?r\gh opaque scre5s4 ,a simil> conclusion is rea*$ if we attack ! problem 9 ano!r way4 ,x-rays & radium rays 7,becqu]el rays7 cause fluoresc5ce ( ,zn,s1 b>ium plat9ocyanide1 willemite 7,zn#b,si,o#d71 & calcium tung/ate4 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 %[$ t ! firefly w cause no fluoresc5ce ( a b>ium plat9ocyanide scre5 & ,i h be5 unable to detect fluoresc5ce ( z9c sulphide1 b>ium plat9ocyanide1 z9c silicate 7willemite7 or calcium tung/ate %ield$ f ,cyprid9a light by black pap]1 al?\gh ! light ( ?is organism is q bright en\gh to cause phosphoresc5ce ( z9c sulphide )\t ! black pap]4 ,! samples ( ! above f\r sub/ances all %[$ fluoresc5ce 9 pres5ce ( radium rays1 b only ! ,zn,s phosphoresces aft] exposure to light rays1 al?\gh ! willemite 0 phosphoresc5t aft] exposure to ! ultra-violet4 ,:ile photometry at l[ int5sities is a difficult proc$ure at be/1 if ! light v>ies 9 int5sity or is a fla%1 accurate measurem5ts become well-nigh impossible4 ,! figures giv5 = int5sity ( animal lum9esc5ce mu/1 !re=e1 be accept$ ) a realization ( ! difficulties ( measurem5t4 ,by c&le is meant ! int]national c&le1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 equal to #a4aa ,hefn] c&les 7,h4 ,k47 #j4a p5tane lamp & #j4ajd c>cel units4 ,x is a measure ( int5sity4 ,am\nt ( light1 or light flux1 measur$ 9 lum5s1 is t emitt$ 9 a unit solid angle 7area_/r#b7 by a po9t s\rce ( "o c&le-p[]4 ,"o c&le-p[] emits #dpi lum5s4 ,! late/ figure = ! me*anical equival5t ( light at lambda 4#eff is 4#jjae watt 7,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady1 #aiai71 i4e41 #a lum5 4#jjae watt4 ,"o watt is #ajg ergs 7"o j\le7 p] second4 ,! illum9ation 7( a surface7 is t giv5 by "o c&le at "o metre1 ! c&le metre 7,c4,m47 or lux4 ,! surface !n receives "o lum5 p] squ>e metre4 ,a metre k]ze 7,m4,k47 is ! illum9ation giv5 by "o ,hefn] c&le at "o metre di/ance4 ,! brightness ( a surface is measur$ 9 lamb]ts or millilamb]ts4 ,a lamb]t is ! brightness ( a p]fectly diffus+ surface radiat+ or reflect+ "o lum5 p] squ>e cm4 ,a millilamb]t is #a_/ajjj lamb]t4 ,= fur!r def9itions ! read] is ref]r$ to ! reports ( ! committee on nom5clature ( ! ,illum9at+ ,eng9e]+ ,society4 ,dubois 7#ahhf7 /ates t "o ( ! pro?oracic organs ( ,pyrophorus noctilucus has a light int5sity ( #a_/aej ,phoenix c&le ( eight to ! p\nd 7probably ab\t equival5t to #a_/aej c&le7 & t #cg or #ch beetles 7ea* us+ all ?ree light organs7 w\ld produce light equival5t to "o ,phoenix c&le4 ,langley 7#ahij7 f\nd t to ! eye ! pro?oracic organ ( ,pyrophorus noctilucus gave "o-eigh? z mu* light z an equal area ( a c&le & ! actual c&le-p[] ( ! insect 0 #a_/afjj c&le4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ h[ widely div]g5t ^! obs]vations are4 ,= ! fla% ( ! firefly 7,phot9us pyralis7 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 f\nd v>iation f #a_/ej to #a_/djj c&le1 ! pr$om9at+ values be+ ar\nd #a_/djj c&le4 ,a cont9u\s /eady gl[ is sometimes obta9$ f ?is insect & x prov$ to be ( ! ord] ( #a_/ej1jjj c&le4 ,/eady s\rces ( light c be m easily measur$ & we h two records ( ! light int5sity f lum9\s organisms ) cont9u\s light4 ,"o ( ^! is a fi%1 ,photobleph>on palpebratus1 ) a l>ge lum9\s organ "u ! eye1 ( flatt5$ oval %ape1 #aa x #e mm41 :i* gl[s cont9u\sly )\t *ange ( int5sity4 ,! organ c be d>k5$ by a scre5 simil> to an eyelid :i* pulls up ov] x4 ,/e*e 7#aiji7 reports ! int5sity to be 4#jjbd ,m4,k4#c #c ,! metre-k]ze is a unit ( illum9ation1 n ( int5sity1 & is incorrectly us$ by ,/e*e4 ,lum9\s bact]ia probably gl[ ) less int5sity ?an any o!r organism4 ,! light f a s+le organism _c be se5 b t f a colony is visible to ! d>k-adapt$ eye4 ,ev5 s we mu/ rememb] t ! eye is an exce$+ly delicate in/rum5t :i* c detect v small en]gy *anges4 ,! m9imum radiation visually p]ceptible has be5 calculat$ by ,reeves 7#aiag7 to be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ah x #aj-aj ergs p] second & ! light f a small colony ( lum9\s bact]ia repres5ts little m radiation ?an ?is4 ,lode 7#aijd1 #aijh71 by a modifi$ grease spot photomet] me?od1 asc]ta9$ t ! light ( 8 brighte/ bact]ial colony ( ,vibrio rumple _h an int5sity ( #g4he x #aj-aj ,h4,k4 p] sq4 mm4 or #j4ghe ,h4,k4 p] #ajjj sq4 metres 7#j4efb ,g]man-normal c&les p] #ajjj sq4 metres74 ,9 r\nd numb]s ?is is ab\t "o ,g]man-normal c&le p] #bjjj sq4 metres1 or two to ?ree times ?is area = ! light f an ord9>y /e>9 c&le4 ,lode calculat$ t ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 if cov]$ ) bact]ia1 w\ld give little m light ?an a common /e>9 c&le4 ,an ord9>y room ( #ej sq4 metres wall & ceil+ area w\ld give out only #j4jci ,g]man-normal c&le4 ,x does n seem likely t lum9\s bact]ia w ev] come into vogue = illum9at+ purposes4 ,fri$b]g] & ,doepn] 7#aijg7 by a photographic me?od1 n entirely free f error1 f\nd t "o squ>e millimetre ( light+ surface ( a b\illon culture ( photobact]ia gave #f4h x #aj-i ,g]man-normal c&les1 ab\t t5 times ,lode's value4 ,ev5 at ?is rate comm]cial light+ by lum9\s bact]ia does n appe> a promis+ field = inve/ors4 ,to sum up1 we may say t light f animal s\rces is 9 no way diff]5t f light ( ord9>y s\rces1 except 9 int5sity & spectral ext5t4 ,x is all visible light1 conta9+ no infra-r$ or ultra-violet radiation or rays :i* are capable ( p5etrat+ opaque objects4 ,x is n pol>iz$ z produc$1 b may be pol>iz$ by pass+ ?r\gh a ,ni*ol prism4 ,l ord9>y light1 animal light w also cause fluoresc5ce & phosphoresc5ce ( sub/ances1 affect a photographic plate1 cause m>k$ heliotropism ( plant se$l+s 7,nadson1 #aijc7 & /imulate ! =mation ( *lorophyll 7,issats*5ko1 #aijc1 #aijg74 ,because ( ! weakness ( bact]ial light1 etiolat$ se$l+s d n become gre5 to ! eye 7,molis*1 #aiab book71 b a small am\nt ( *lorophyll is =m$ :i* c be recogniz$ by ! spectroscope because ( its absorption b&s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,/ructure ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,organs ,! production ( light is ! conv]se ( ! detection ( light4 ,9 ! fir/ case *emical en]gy is conv]t$ into radiant en]gy2 9 ! second case radiant en]gy is conv]t$ into *emical en]gy4 ,! lant]n ( ! firefly is an organ ( *emi-photic *ange2 ! eye is an organ ( photo-*emical *ange4 ,:ile x is !oretically probable t all reactions :i* proce$ 9 "o direction "u ! influ5ce ( light1 w proce$ 9 ! opposite direction ) ! evolution ( light1 ! =mation ( lucif]9 f oxylucif]9 7describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi7 is ! only "o def9itely kn[n4 ,p]haps we may place 9 ?is category also ! in/ances ( photolum9esc5ce1 b ! *emical reaction involv$ _c be po9t$ out4 ,we "k ( no animal ^: eyes1 ! organs1 p> excell5ce1 ( photo*emical *ange1 give (f light 9 ! d>k4 ,all cases ( lum9\s eyes h be5 conclusively %[n to be purely reflection ph5om5a4 ,! eyes ( a cat only gl[ if "s /ray light is pres5t :i* may ent] & be reflect$ out aga94 ,photo*emical reactions & *emilum9esc5t reactions d h ?is 9 common1 h[ev]1 t !y are l>gely b n exclusively oxidations4 ,:e!r all photo*emical *anges 9 ! eyes 9 animals require oxyg5 or n1 is unkn[n1 b all animal light-produc+ reactions1 )\t exception1 are oxidations1 & light is only produc$ if oxyg5 is pres5t4 ,"s mat]ial is oxidiz$4 ,9 g5]al1 we may divide lum9\s organisms into two great classes accord+ z ! oxidizable mat]ial is burn$ )9 ! cell :]e x is =m$ or is secret$ to ! ext]ior & is burn$ outside--intracellul> & extracellul> lum9esc5ce4 ,_m animals ) intracellul> lum9esc5ce h q complicat$ lum9\s organs4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t a great simil>ity may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! evolution ( ! complex organs ( vision & ( ^! complicat$ organs4 ,9 ! simple/ unicellul> =ms c]ta9 /ructures )9 ! cell s]ve z ! photo*emical detectors ( light1 :ile 9 lum9\s protozoa1 simil>ly1 granules scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cell are oxidiz$ ) light production4 ,9 ! high] =ms ! eye conta9s gr\ps ( photos5sitive cells connect$ ) aff]5t n]ves1 l5ses1 & accessory /ructures = prop]ly adju/+ ! light1 :ile lum9\s organs conta9 gr\ps ( photog5ic cells 9 connection ) eff]5t n]ves1 l5ses1 & accessory /ructures = prop]ly direct+ ! light4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! two gr\ps :]e ! eye has atta9$ its highe/ developm5t1 ! cephalopods & v]tebrates1 "h also ! lum9\s organ is f\nd 9 greate/ complexity & p]fection4 ,9 int]m$iate /ages ( evolution ! eye & lum9\s organ s closely approa* ea* o!r 9 /ructure t x is /ill a moot$ "q :e!r c]ta9 organs f\nd 9 worms & cru/acea are int5d$ = receiv+ or produc+ light4 ,we may also divide lum9\s =ms into two gr\ps accord+ z ! oxidation ( lum9\s mat]ial goes on cont9u\sly1 indep5d5tly ( any /imulation ( ! organism2 or is int]mitt5t1 oxidation & lum9esc5ce occurr+ only z a result ( /imulation1 us+ ! ^w /imulation 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 connection ) n]ve or muscle tissue4 ,bact]ia1 fungi1 & a few fi% produce light cont9u\sly & indep5d5tly ( /imulation4 ,its int5sity v>ies only ov] long p]iods ( "t & is dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! nutri5t m$ium or g5]al physiological condition ( ! organism4 ,all o!r =ms give (f no light until !y are /imulat$4 ,/imulation may ( c\rse come f ! inside 7n]ves7 or outside4 ,only "u unfavorable conditions1 su* z w ev5tually lead to ! de/ruction ( ! lum9\s cells1 d ^! =ms give (f a cont9u\s light4 ,?is has (t5 be5 spok5 ( z ! dea? gl[1 & is to be comp>$ ) rigor 9 muscle tissue4 ,"s ( ! fi% :i* produce a cont9u\s light possess a movable scre5 simil> to an eyelid :i* c be drawn across ! organ1 ?us %utt+ (f ! light1 s t ! animal appe>s to belong to ! gr\p :i* fla%es on /imulation4 ,?is is true ( ,photobleph>on1 :ile ,anomalops c rotate ! light organ itself d[nw>d1 s z to br+ ! light+ surface aga9/ ! body wall & ?us cut (f ! light 7,/e*e1 #aiji74 ,o!r fi% 7,monoc5tris7 are unable to turn (f _! light4 ,animals :i* fla% spontane\sly on /imulation ?r\gh n]ves f )91 possess a v v>i$ rhy?m4 ,! diff]5t species ( fireflies c be di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( _! fla%+ 7,mc,dermott1 #aiaj-ag2 ,ma/1 #aiab74 ,fig4 #af %[s ! me?od ( fla%+ ( "s common ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica species4 ,! gl[worm light la/s = _m seconds & !n dies out4 ,?is int]val ( d>kness p]si/s = "s m9utes & is !n foll[$ by ano!r p]iod ( gl[+4 ,"s fireflies h a light :i* may be describ$ z p>tially int]mitt5t4 ,x la/s = h\rs1 b may become m dim or be int5sifi$ on /imulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,*>t %[+ relative int5sities & durations ( fla%es ( ,am]ican fireflies 7aft] ,mc,dermott74 ,"o cm4 v]tically approximately #j4jb c&le p[]2 "o cm4 horizontally approximately "o second4 ,! fla% ( ! males 7male7 is at ! left2 t ( females 7female7 at "r ( *>t4 ,"s =ms only produce light at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,accord+ to ,giesbre*t 7#ahie7 ?is is true ( ! copepods1 :i* only light 9 summ] & autumn1 & accord+ to ,gre5e 7#ahii7 9 ! toad-fi%2 ,pori*?ys1 :i* c only be /imulat$ to lum9esce dur+ ! spawn+ season 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,"s animals possess a p]iodicity ( lum9esc5ce4 ,!y only lum9esce at night & fail to respond to /imulation or are difficult to /imulate dur+ ! day4 ,bright light has an inhibit+ effect4 ,p]haps correlat$ ) ?is is ! fact t mo/ lum9\s =ms are /rongly negatively heliotropic4 ,fireflies lie hidd5 9 ! day1 to appe> ab\t dusk & ! o/racod cru/acean1 ,cyprid9a1 is difficult to obta9 on moonlight nights4 ,! ,ct5ophores 7 ! fir/ =ms 9 :i* ! inhibit+ effect ( light 0 notic$4 ,?is 0 describ$ by ,allman 7#ahfb7 & has be5 confirm$ by a numb] ( obs]v]s1 especially ,pet]s 7#aije74 ,mass>t f\nd t ,noctiluca 0 difficult to /imulate dur+ ! day & ,c]atium1 accord+ to bo? ,za*>ias 7#aije7 & ,moore 7#aijh71 only lum9esces at night1 or if kept 9 d>kness1 = "s little "t4 ,crozi]#d f9ds a p]si/5t day-night rhy?m ( light production :5 ,pty*od]a1 a balanoglossid1 is ma9ta9$ = eight days 9 cont9u$ d>kness4 ,! animal is difficult to /imulate dur+ ! p]iod :i* corresponds to day & lum9esces brilliantly & at ! slighte/ t\* dur+ ! p]iod :i* corresponds to night4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great _m =ms are able to lum9esce q indep5d5tly ( previ\s illum9ation4 ,accord+ to ,crozi]#d ,*aetopt]us lum9esc5ce is n affect$ by an exposure to #cjjj metre-c&les = six h\rs4 #d ,private communication4 ,9 ! case ( animals ) extracellul> lum9esc5ce we may speak ( lum9\s secretions & true lum9\s gl&s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( =ms possess lum9\s gl&s or gl& cells1 includ+ "s ( ! m$usae1 ! hydroids 7probably71 ! p5natulids 7871 ! molluscs 7,pholas & ,phyllirhoe7 7probably71 "s cephalopods 7,het]oteu?is & ,sepietta71 mo/ annelids1 o/racods1 copepods1 "s s*izopods 7,gna?ophausia7 & decapod 7,het]oc>pus & ,ari/eus7 cru/aceans1 all myriapods1 & ! balanoglossids4 ,! rema9+ organisms burn _! mat]ial )9 ! cell4 ,^! include ! bact]ia1 fungi1 protozoa1 "s m$usae 7871 ct5ophores 7probably71 mo/ cephalopods1 a few annelids 7,tomopt]us 78771 ophiuroids 7871 "s s*izopod 7,nyctiphanes1 ,euphasia1 ,nematocelis1 ,/ylo*iron7 & decapod 7,s]ge/es7 cru/acea1 all787 insects1 ,pyrosoma1 & fi%es 7sela*ians & teleo/s74 ,x is among ?is latt] type t ! mo/ complicat$ lum9\s organs h be5 develop$4 ,:ile a description ( all ! types ( lum9\s organs & lum9\s /ructures _c be attempt$ "h 7excell5t descriptions h be5 giv5 by ,dahlgr5 & ,mangold7 x is necess>y to und]/& ! /ructural conditions 9 a few ( ! =ms ^: physiology has attract$ mo/ att5tion4 ,lum9\s bact]ia are s small t ! light f a s+le individual _c be se54 ,x is almo/ impossible to make out /ructural diff]5ces )9 ! cell & we _c def9itely /ate 9 j :at special region1 if any1 ! lum9esc5ce is produc$4 ,we d "k t ! light is intracellul> & t filtration ( ! bact]ia f _! culture m$ium gives a d>k /]ile filtrate absolutely free f any lum9\s secretion4 ,among protozoa1 9 c]ta9 =ms at lea/1 x is easy to obs]ve t lum9esc5ce is connect$ ) globules or granules :i* 7 consid]$ by ! e>li] obs]v]s to be oil droplets4 ,?us1 9 ,noctiluca 7,figs4 #ag & #ah71 :5 ! animal is viol5tly /imulat$ or 9 ! pres5ce ( reag5ts :i* sl[ly kill x1 ! :ole int]ior appe>s a mass ( />ry po9ts ( light :i* c be trac$ to m9ute granules along ! /r&s ( protoplasm 7,quatrefages1 #ahej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,noctiluca mili>is1 %[+ photog5ic granules 9 cytoplasm4 n1 nucleus2 c1 cytoplasmic /r&s conta9+ photog5ic 7l>ge7 & o!r 7small7 granules2 p1 ph>ynx2 f1 flagellum2 o1 oral groove2 t1 t5tacle2 s1 sp9es at base ( t5tacle2 v1 vacuoles4 ,drawn by ,e4 ,b4 ,h>vey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,noctiluca mili>is z x appe>s dur+ lum9esc5ce 7aft] ,quatrefages74 ,upp] left & middle1 l[ p[]2 bel[1 high p[]2 upp] "r1 a cru%$ fragm5t /ill lum9esc5t4 ,turn+ to ! multicellul> =ms1 we f9d ! simple/ developm5t ( lum9osity 9 ^? animals :i* possess gl& cells produc+ a lum9\s secretion4 ,^! cells may be scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! animal z 9 ,*aetopt]us 7,fig4 #ai7 or ,cav]nul>ia1 or re/rict$ to c]ta9 areas ,pholas1 7,fig4 #ai71 or m def9itely localiz$ to =m an isolat$ gr\p ( gl& cells z 9 ,cyprid9a4 ,true multicellul> gl&s also occur4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! lum9osity ( ^! uni- or multicellul> gl&s is connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( granules4 ,!y are (t5 spok5 ( z lucif]9e granules1 al?\gh x is n c]ta9 :e!r !y are made up ( lucif]9 or lucif]ase 7see ,*apt] ,,iv7 or bo?4 ,!y are mo/ simil> to ! zymog5 granules f\nd s abundantly 9 gl& cells & ?\ght to be ! precursors ( v>i\s enzymes4 ,accord+ to ,dahlgr5 7#aiae71 ! lucif]9e granules /a9 blue-black by iron haematoxylon aft] fixation at ! boil+ po9t1 & photog5ic cells c be detect$ by ?is me?od ( selective /a9+4 ,dubois 7#aiad1 book71 :o reg>ds !m z examples ( bioprote91 comp>able to ! *ondriosomes & h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 gives !m ! "n ( vacuolides or macrozymases4 ,9 "s =ms he has describ$ _! trans=mation into cry/als & believ$ at "o "t t animal light 0 a cry/allolum9esc5ce4 ,8 figures ( ! cry/al trans=mation are n v conv9c+4 ,pi]antoni 7#aiae7 has consid]$ ! granules to be symbiotic lum9\s bact]ia1 b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,diagram ( ,pholas 7"r7 & ,*aetopt]us 7left7 to %[ di/ribution ( lum9\s areas 7aft] ,panc]i74 ,! light ( ,*aetopt]us comes f a mat]ial mix$ ) a muc\s secretion =m$ ov] almo/ ! :ole body surfaces ( ! animal4 ,a section ( ! epi!lium %[s l>ge muc\s-produc+ cells & small] granule-conta9+ light cells 7,fig4 #bj74 ,^! appe> to be "u n]v\s control1 z a /rong /imulation 9 "o "p ( ! body causes lum9esc5ce :i* spreads ov] ! :ole surface ( ! worm4 ,! animal becomes fatigu$ r readily1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! p5natulids1 su* z ,cav]nul>ia1 we h also ! =mation ( a lum9\s secretion ov] ! :ole surface ( ! body & ! individual animals 9 ?is colonial =m are also connect$ ) n]ves4 ,a /imulation 9 any local region1 z ,panc]i 7#ahgb7 fir/ %[$ 7,fig4 #ba71 w cause a wave ( lum9osity to spread f ?is po9t until x ext5ds ov] ! :ole surface ( ! colony4 ,9 ,p5natula ! rate ( ?is lum9\s wave is ab\t #e cm4 p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,sectional view ( ! lum9\s epi!lium ( ,*aetopt]us 7aft] ,dahlgr574 cu1 cuticle2 l4 c41 light cells1 "s %[+ dis*>ge ( secretion2 d4 l4 c41 dis*>g$ & empti$ light cells2 m4 c41 muc\s cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,diagram ( ,p5natula1 %[+ by arr[s ! c\rse ( a wave ( lum9osity :i* spreads ov] ! colony f ! po9t /imulat$ 7s7 7aft] ,panc]i74 ,pholas dactylus possesses simil> light cells to ^? ( ,*aetopt]us1 b !y are re/rict$ to n>r[ b&s on ! siphon & mantle & a pair ( triangul> spots ne> ! retractor muscles4 ,n]ves pass to ! lum9\s regions4 ,9 _m lum9\s animals ! light secretion =m$ ov] ! surface ( ! body is small 9 am\nt & adh]es to ! animal because x is emb$d$ 9 ! muc\s sk9 secretions4 ,9 ^? =ms :i* possess a true localiz$ light gl& ! lum9\s secretion :5 expell$ into ! sea wat] 7if ! animal be a m>9e =m7 may p]si/ z a lum9\s /reak = "s "t & exhibit diffusion & convection movem5ts4 ,! mo/ beautiful examples ( lum9\s secretions are f\nd among ! o/racod cru/acea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,lum9\s gl& ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii 7aft] ,yatsu74 #b1 longitud9al section4 #d1 transv]se section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,s+le enl>g$ gl& cell ( ,cyprid9a 7aft] ,dahlgr574 ,p1 nucleus & plasmasome2 ,c1 cytoplasm2 ,f1 secretion fibrils2 ,d1 res]voir duct fill$ ) l>ge yell[ granules2 ,o1 valve-l out] op5+ ( cell at surface ( body4 ,9 ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii ! lum9\s gl& is situat$ on ! upp] lip ne> ! m\?4 ,x is made up ( elongate 7"s #j4g mm4 9 l5g?71 sp9dle-%ap$ cells1 ea* "o ( :i* op5s by a sep>ate pore ) a k9d ( valve4 ,! op5+s are arrang$ on five protub]ances4 ,muscle fibres pass betwe5 ! gl& cells 9 su* a way t by contract+ ! secretion c be =c$ out4 ,9 ! sea wat] ! secretion lum9esces brilliantly & ! ,japanese call ^! =ms umi hot>u1 or m>9e fireflies4 ,fig4 #bb is a diagram %[+ ! /ructure4 ,watanabe 7#ahig71 :o fir/ /udi$ ?is =m1 & also ,yatsu 7#aiag7 h describ$ two k9ds ( granule-conta9+ cells1 "o ) l>ge yell[ globules1 #d-aj mu 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #bc71 ! o!r ) small colorless granules #j4e1 9 diamet]4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! liv+ =m ^! two types & also l>ge colorless globules ( ! same size z ! yell[ globules4 ,all dissolve :5 extrud$ into ! sea wat]4 ,dahlgr5#e has describ$ f sections f\r types ( cells conta9+ 7#a7 l>ge globules1 7#b7 small granules1 7#c7 a fat-l mat]ial1 7#d7 a muc\s mat]ial4 ,j :at ! significance & nature ( ^! types ( sub/ance is _c be /at$ at pres5t4 ,at lea/ "o1 probably two1 are conc]n$ 9 light production4 ,! o!rs may possibly =m dige/ive fluids :i* act on ! food ( ! animal4 #e ,private communication soon to be publi%$4 ,turn+ n[ to ! animals possess+ light cells ) intracellul> lum9esc5ce we f9d 9 g5]al t su* light cells are localiz$ to =m def9ite light organs & t ^! may be s+le1 z 9 ! common fireflies1 pair$1 z ! pro?oracic light organs ( ,pyrophorus1 or scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! body1 z 9 s _m %rimps1 cephalopods & fi%es1 :5 !y are (t5 call$ photophores4 ,! light cells prop] are (t5 associat$ ) reflectors1 l5ses1 opaque scre5s & color scre5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,di/al portion ( malpighian tubule ( ,bolitophila1 %[+ modification to =m photog5ic organ 7aft] ,:eel] & ,williams74 ,,mt#a1 ,,mt#d1 malpighian tubules =m+ photog5ic organ2 ,r1 reflector2 ,m1 muscle2 ,t1 tra*ea4 ,! insects possess ! simple/ types ( intracellul> light organs1 a mass ( photog5ic cells1 :i*1 9 ! common firefly 7a lampyrid beetle7 ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 has probably be5 develop$ f ! fat body1 :ile 9 ! ,new ,zeal& gl[worm1 ! l>va ( a tipulid fly 7,bolitophila lum9osa71 "p ( ! ,malpighian tubule cells h acquir$ photog5ic p[] 7,:eel] & ,williams1 #aiae74 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! photog5ic organ ( ! firefly is made up ( two k9ds ( cells1 a dorsal mass ( small cells sev]al lay]s deep1 ! reflector lay]1 & a v5tral mass ( l>ge cells ) indi/9ct b\nd>ies1 ! photog5ic lay] 7,fig4 #be74 ,! photog5ic cells conta9 a mass ( granules1 sph]ical 9 ! male & %ort rods 9 ! female4 ,! photog5ic cells are divid$ into gr\ps by l>ge tra*eal trunks :i* pass into ! light organ & bran* to =m tra*eoles connect$ ) tra*eal end cells4 ,! exact di/ribution v>ies 9 diff]5t species1 b 9 all ! arrangem5t is su* z to give a v abundant oxyg5 supply4 ,ea* gr\p ( photog5ic cells is surr\nd$ by a cle> ectoplasm conta9+ no granules4 ,! tra*eoles pass ?r\gh ?is & ei!r end op5ly )9 ! photog5ic cells or ana/omose ) tra*eoles f neighbor+ tra*eae4 ,n]ves1 b no blood-vessels--:i* are abs5t 9 insects--ent] ! organ4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e if ! n]ves supply ! tra*eal end cells or ! photog5ic cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( ! firefly 7aft] ,williams71 %[+ reflector or cry/al lay] 7,u7 above & photog5ic cells 7,p7 bel[4 ,c1 cuticula2 ,t1 tra*ea2 c1 capill>ies ( tra*eal end cells2 ,h1 hypod]mis2 ,,ec1 tra*eal end cells2 ,n1 n]ve4 ,! dorsal reflect+ lay] is made up ( cells conta9+ num]\s m9ute cry/als ( "s pur9 base1 ei!r xan?9 or urates1 or bo?4 ,!y h a :ite milky appe>ance & :ile !y are c]ta9ly n good reflectors 9 ! optical s5se1 !y d act z a :ite backgr\nd1 scatt] incid5t light1 & p>tially prev5t its p5etration to ! int]nal organs ( ! firefly4 ,al?\gh a few cry/als simil> to ^? ( ! reflector lay] are f\nd 9 ! photog5ic cells & 9 o!r cells ( ! body1 x is kn[n t ! photog5ic cells are n trans=m$ into ! reflector cells4 ,! two lay]s are di/9ct & p]man5t f an e>ly /age 9 developm5t4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! light organ ( ! l>va ( ! firefly 7gl[worm7 is q di/9ct f t ( ! adult4 ,l s _m o!r /ructures 9 insects1 ! adult organ is develop$ anew f pot5tial photog5ic cells dur+ ! pupal p]iod4 ,ev5 ! egg ( ! firefly is lum9\s & gl[s ) a /eady light1 & dur+ ! pupal p]iod light may sometimes be se5 com+ f ! ?oracic region4 ,9 ! firefly !re is no true l5s1 ! light m]ely %9+ ?r\gh ! cuticle :i* is transp>5t ov] ! light organ1 :]eas ov] ! re/ ( ! body x is d>k & pigm5t$4 ,9 ! deep sea %rimp1 ,acan!phyra debelis1 ) light organs scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! body1 ! cuticle cov]+ ! light organ =ms a concavo-convex l5s1 beh9d :i* are ! photog5ic cells 7,kemp1 #aiaj74 ,z may be se5 f ,fig4 #bf1 ! l5s is made up ( ?ree lay]s :i* sugge/s t x may be correct$ = *romatic ab]ration--a v]itable a*romatic triplet4 ,9 an alli$ =m1 ,s]ge/es 7,fig4 #bg71 ! l5s is ( two lay]s & d\ble convex4 ,optical /udies ( ^! lant]ns h be5 made by ,trojan 7#aijg74 ,! c\rse ( ! light rays is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! l5s ( ^! organs is also blui% 9 color :i* sugge/s t !y may s]ve also z color filt]s4 ,beh9d ! photog5ic cells is a mass ( connective tissues ?r\gh :i* ent]s ! n]ve1 = ! light ( ^! organs is "u ! control ( ! animal & may be fla%$ at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( ,acan!phyra debilis 7aft] ,kemp74 n1 n]ve2 s4 l41 %ea?+ lay] ( cells2 g1 cone ( refractive granules at end ( n]ve /r&2 c1 cellul> lay]2 i4 l41 m4 l41 o4 l41 inn]1 middle & out] lay] ( l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( ,s]ge/es preh5silis 7aft] ,t]ao74 bm1 basem5t membrane2 cs1 connective /r&s ( photog5ic lay]2 hy1 hypod]mis2 l#a1 l#b1 l#c1 lay]s ( l5s2 le1 l5s epi!lium2 n1 n]ve2 ph1 photog5ic cells2 pi1 pigm5t lay]2 r1 reflector2 ?1 !ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,diagram ( photog5ic organ ( ,nyctiphanes ,con*ii1 to %[ pa?ways ( light rays aris+ 9 ! light cell lay] 7aft] ,trojan74 p1 pigm5t2 ri1 inn] reflector2 lp1 light cells2 rf1 refractor2 f1 focus2 l1 l5s2 ,a-,a1 axis2 a#a-;a#d1 b#a-;b#d1 light rays reflect$ f ri2 c#a-;c#d1 light rays pass+ directly outw>d2 d#a-;d#i & e#a-;e#i1 light rays :i* h pass$ refractor & l5s respectively4 ,all gradations 9 complexity ( light organs may be f\nd f ! condition 9 ! %rimp j describ$ to t f\nd among ! squid & fi%4 ,figs4 #bi & #cj are sections ( two ( ! m complicat$ types f\nd 9 squid4 ,! explanation giv5 to ! v>i\s /ructures is t ( ,*un 7#aijc7 to :om we are indebt$ = a c>eful hi/ological inve/igation ( ^! =ms4 ,x w be not$ t 9 addition to photog5ic & l5s tissues !re are v>i\s types ( reflector cells & a l9e ( pigm5t ab\t ! :ole inn] surface ( ! organ to effectively scre5 ! animal's tissues f ! light4 ,9 "o =m 7,fig4 #cj7 *romatophores are f\nd ab\t ! region :]e ! light is emitt$ & ^! no d\bt s]ve z color filt]s4 ,!re are also an abundant blood supply & n]ves pass+ to ! organ4 ,figs4 #cj & #ca are sections ?r\gh light organs ( fi%es4 ,we ?us see t light organs may be v simple & also v complicat$4 ,! latt] mu/ h evolv$ f ! =m]1 al?\gh x is n always possible to po9t out ! int]m$iate /ages4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book to discuss biolum9esc5ce 9 its evolution>y aspects4 ,x may be wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to po9t out briefly :at is kn[n conc]n+ ! use ( ! light to ! animal4 ,!re are f\r possibilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( a squid1 ,abraliopsis 7aft] ,*un47 refl#a1 refl#b1 reflectors2 lac41 lacun> spaces2 *r41 pigm5t scre5 ( *romatophores2 *r4#a1 *romatophore2 phot41 photog5ic cells2 l1 l5s2 co41 cuticle2 v1 blood vessel2 fibr41 connective tissue4 7#a7 ,! light may be ( no use :atev]1 purely =tuit\s1 an accompanim5t ( "s necess>y or ev5 unnecess>y *emical reaction4 ,?is appe>s to be ! case 9 ! lum9\s bact]ia & fungi & p]haps ! great majority ( =ms :i* make up ! m>9e plankton1 ,noctiluca1 d9(lagellates1 jelly-fi%1 ct5ophores & ev5 ! sessile sea p5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( a squid1 ,calliteu?is 7aft] ,*un74 phot41 photog5ic cells2 l1 l#a1 l5s2 n1 n]ve2 spec41 ,spiegel2 pg41 pigm5t$ scre52 c4 fusif41 sp9dle-%ap$ reflector cells2 *r41 *romatophore color scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( a fi%1 ,/omias 7aft] ,brau]74 p1 pigm5t scre52 dr1 dr#a1 photog5ic gl& cells2 l1 l5s4 ,we "k t lum9\s bact]ia occasionally lose ! p[] ( light+ & t on c]ta9 culture m$ia !y develop z non-lum9\s =ms4 ,lum9esc5ce is n indisp5sable to !m4 ,! same is true ( "s ( ! fungi b ,noctiluca & o!r animals are n kn[n 9 a non-lum9\s condition1 al?\gh we c see no def9ite value to ! organism ( ?is p[] ( lum9esc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,sectional view ( photog5ic organ ( a fi%1 ,argyrophelecus aff9is 7aft] ,brau]74 p1 pigm5t$ scre52 dr41 photog5ic cells2 r1 r#a1 reflector82 l1 l5s82 s1 scl]a2 g1 connective tissue4 ,9 ! case ( sea p5s1 h[ev]1 we might suppose t ! light acts z an attraction to small organisms on :i* ! sea p5 fe$s1 al?\gh ^! creatures only lum9esce :5 /imulat$ 9 "s way1 :i* r detracts f ! above sugge/ion4 7#b7 ,! light may act z a w>n+ to sc>e away pr$aci\s animals :i* w\ld o!rwise fe$ on ! lum9\s organism4 ,p]haps ?is is ! case 9 ! sea p5s1 al?\gh ^! =ms possess nematocy/s :i* %\ld s]ve z adequate protection4 ,! m>9e worm1 ,*aetopt]us1 is brightly lum9\s & lives its :ole life 9 an opaque p>*m5t tube4 ,if ?is tube 7 torn op5 by a pr$aci\s =m we might conceive t ! attack+ animal w\ld be al>m$ by ! light & refra9 f de/roy+ ! worm4 ,! ,*aetopt]us1 h[ev]1 c\ld n rebuild ano!r tube & its light w\ld only protect x 9 ! night "t4 ,^! cases w suffice to indicate ! difficulties & p]plexities ( ! problem4 ,p]haps we may add "o m guess & suppose t ! light ( c]ta9 fi%es is actually = bl9d+ or di/ract+ _! enemies or bl9d+ ! =ms on :i* !y fe$4 ,until ?is use ( lum9\s organs has actually be5 obs]v$1 we c give little cr$5ce to x4 7#c7 ,! light may s]ve z a means ( recognition or a sex signal to br+ ! sexes toge!r = mat+4 ,x w\ld seem f ! "w ( ,ma/ & ( ,mc,dermott t ?is is ! case 9 ! common fireflies & x may be ! case 9 ! toad-fi%1 ,poric?ys1 :i* is only lum9\s 9 ! spawn+ season & 9 ! worm1 ,odontosyllis1 ( ,b]muda1 :i* is brilliantly lum9\s :ile sw>m+ :5 ! eggs & sp]m are %$4 ,x is non-lum9\s at o!r times 7,gall[ay & ,wel*1 #aiaa47 7#d7 ,f9ally1 x is possible t animals ) complex lum9\s organs1 su* z squid1 fi% & %rimp1 actually use ^! z lant]ns4 ,x is significant t mo/ ( !m are deep sea =ms1 liv+ 9 a region ( p]petual d>kness1 & x is p]fectly logical to suppose t !y make use ( _! light organs = illum9at+ purposes4 ,! :ole problem ( ! use & purpose ( lum9\s organs is an exce$+ly complex & difficult "o4 ,we h1 p]haps1 said en\gh to indicate ?is & may add t 9 mo/ cases1 s f> z op9ion is bas$ on actual evid5ce & obs]vation1 t ( ! layman is ( z great value z t ( ! sci5ti/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,production1 ,,"p ,i ,two exp]im5ts1 bo? p]=m$ v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,biolum9esc5ce1 are ( great importance 9 und]/&+ ! nature ( animal light4 ,boyle 7#affg71 z already m5tion$1 prov$ ! necessity ( air = ! lum9esc5ce ( wood & fi% & ,spallanzani 7#agid7 %[$ t p>ts ( lum9\s m$usae gave no light :5 dri$ b if moi/5$ aga9 w\ld emit light z be=e4 ,we see !n1 t air 7oxyg571 wat]1 & "s photog5ic sub/ance are necess>y = ! light production4 ,spallanzani's exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 confirm$ = a great _m lum9\s =ms1 %[s also t animal lum9esc5ce is n a vital process1 9 ! same s5se t ! conduction ( a n]ve impulse is a vital process4 ,a n]ve loses its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( conduction on dry+ or mac]ation :ile lum9\s cells /ill possess ! p[] to lum9esce aft] dry+ or mac]ation4 ,us+ ! t]m9ology ( ! old] physiology we may say t liv+ protoplasm is n necess>y = light production4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,boyle 7#afbf-ia7 are ( great int]e/1 especially ^? 9 :i* he /udi$ ! behavior ( %9+ wood "u ! receiv] ( 8 air pump4 ,on ,octob] #bi1 #affg1 he wrote3 ,exp4 ,i43 ,hav+ procur$ a ,piece ( %9+ ,wood1 ab\t ! bigness ( a groat or less1 t gave a vivid ,light1 7= rott5 ,wood7 we put x into a middle siz$ ,receiv]1 s z x 0 kept f t\*+ ! ,cem5t2 & ! ,pump be+ set a-"w1 we obs]v$ n1 dur+ ! #e or #f fir/ ,exsuctions ( ! ,air1 t ! spl5dor ( ! includ$ ,wood 0 manife/ly less5$ 7?\gh x 0 nev] at all increas$27 b ab\t ! #g? ,suck1 x seem$ to gl[ a little m dim1 & aft]w>ds answ]$ our ,expectation1 by los+ ( its ,light m & m1 z ! ,air 0 /ill f>!r pump$ out2 till at l5g? ab\t ! #aj? ,exsuction1 7?\gh by ! removal ( ! ,c&les out ( ! ,room1 & by black ,cloa?s & ,hats we made ! place z d>k z we c\ld1 yet7 we c\ld n p]ceive any light at all to proce$ f ! ,wood4 ,exp4 ,,ii43 ,:]e=e we let 9 ! outw>d ,air by ,degrees & _h ! pleasure to see ! seem+ly ext+ui%$ ,light revive s fa/ & p]fectly1 t x look$ to u almo/ l a little ,fla% ( ,lightn+1 & ! ,spl5dor ( ! ,wood seem$ r great] ?an at all less1 ?an be=e x 0 put into ! ,receiv]4 ,boyle prov$ t light f ! wood 0 able to pass a vacuum & lat] %[$ t %9+ fi% behav$ z ! %9+ wood1 b t a piece ( :ite hot iron w\ld n rega9 its light on readmitt+ air to ! exhau/$ receiv] & t ! iron lo/ its gl[ "u ! air-pump m]ely because x cool$ (f4 ,a piece ( gl[+ coal1 h[ev]1 did lose its light 9 ! abs5ce ( air & rega9$ x on aga9 admitt+ air1 provid$ ! air _h n be5 remov$ = too long4 ,boyle 0 app>5tly impress$ ) ! simil>ity ( ! light giv+ process 9 gl[+ coal & %9+ wood z he draws a comp>ison betwe5 ! two :i* br+s out ! fundam5tal simil>ity ( combu/ion processes4 ,resemblances3 ,,vii4 ,! ,?+s :]e9 ,i obs]v$ a ,piece ( %9+ ,wood & a burn+ ,coal to agree or resemble ea* o!r are pr9cipally ^! five3 #a4 ,bo? ( !m are ,lum9>ies1 t is1 give ,light1 z hav+ x 7if ,i may s speak7 resid+ 9 !m2 & n l ,look+-glasses1 or :ite ,bodies1 :i* are conspicu\s only by ! incid5t ,beams ( ! ,sun1 or "s o!r lum9\s ,body1 :i* !y reflect4444 #b4 ,bo? %9+ ,wood & a burn+ ,coal ne$ ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,air 7& t too ( su* a ,d5sity to make !m cont9ue %9+74444 #c4 ,bo? %9+ ,wood & a burn+ ,coal1 hav+ be5 depriv$1 = a ,"t1 ( _! ,light1 by ! )draw+ ( ! contigu\s ,air1 may pres5tly recov] x by lett+ 9 fre% ,air ^u !m4444 #d4 ,bo? a quick ,coal & %9+ ,wood w be easily qu5*$ by ,wat] & _m o!r ,liquors4444 #e4 ,z a quick ,coal is n to be ext+ui%$ by ! ,coldness ( ! ,air1 :5 x is great] ?an ord9>y2 s nei!r is a ,piece ( %9+ ,wood to be depriv$ ( its ,light by ! same ,quality ( ! ,air4444 ,diff]5ces3 #a4 ,! fir/ ,diff]5ce ,i obs]v$ betwixt a live ,coal & a %9+ ,wood is1 t :]eas ! ,light ( ! =m] is readily ext+ui%able by ,compression 7z is obvi\s 9 ! ,practice ( sudd5ly ext+ui%+ a piece ( ,coal by tread+ ^u x71 ,i c\ld n f9d t su* a ,compression z ,i c\ld conv5i5tly give )\t los+ sight ( its op]ation1 w\ld put out1 or mu* injure ! ,light1 ev5 ( small ,fragm5ts ( %9+ ,wood4444 #b4 ,! next ,unlik5ess to be tak5 notice ( betwixt rott5 ,wood & a k9dl$ ,coal is1 t ! latt] w1 9 a v few ,m9utes1 be totally ext+ui%$ by ! )draw+ ( ! ,air2 :]eas a ,piece ( %9+ ,wood1 be+ eclips$ by ! ,abs5ce ( ! ,air1 & kept s = a ,"t1 w imm$iately recov] its ,light if ! ,air be let 9 ^u x aga9 )9 half an h\r aft] x 0 fir/ )drawn4444 #c4 ,! next ,diff]5ce to be m5tion$ is1 t a live ,coal1 be+ put into a small close ,glass1 w n cont9ue to burn = v _m ,m9utes2 b a ,piece ( %9+ ,wood w cont9ue to %9e = "s :ole ,days4444 #d4 ,a f\r? ,diff]5ce may be ?is3 t :]eas a ,coal1 z x burns1 s5ds =? ,/ore ( ,smoke or ,exhalations1 lum9\s ,wood does n s4 #e4 ,a fif?1 fl[+ f ! =m]1 is1 t :]eas a ,coal 9 %9+ wa/es itself at a great ,rate1 %9+ ,wood does n4444 #f4 ,! la/ ,diff]5ce ,i %all take notice ( betwixt ! bodies hi!rto comp>$ is1 t a quick ,coal is actually & vehem5tly hot2 :]eas ,i h n obs]v$ %9+ ,wood to be s mu* z s5sibly lukew>m4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly borne 9 m9d t if we place lum9\s organisms1 say bact]ia or fungi1 9 an atmosph]e devoid ( oxyg5 & f9d t no light is produc$1 ?is may m]ely mean t c]ta9 functions ( ! cell are int]f]$ )1 includ+ light production1 b does n necess>ily indicate t oxyg5 is actually us$ up 9 ! photog5ic process4 ,if we f9d1 h[ev]1 t extracts ( lum9\s cells or lum9\s secretions devoid ( cells cease to light :5 ! oxyg5 is remov$ & aga9 lum9esce :5 x is return$1 we may be q c]ta9 t ! photog5ic process itself requires free oxyg54 ,z lum9\s extracts ( fireflies1 p5natulids1 o/racods1 ,pholas & o!rs give (f no light :5 ! oxyg5 is remov$1 we may safely conclude t = ^! lum9esc5ces1 oxyg5 is necess>y4 ,bact]ia1 fungi1 & ,noctiluca1 ^: light also disappe>s 9 abs5ce ( oxyg51 al?\gh !y are :ole cells1 we may by analogy also assume to require oxyg5 9 ! photog5ic process4 ,"s ( ! e>li] work]s on fireflies & ,noctiluca obta9$ light ev5 aft] plac+ ^! organisms 9 abs5ce ( oxyg51 b !y did n realize h[ l[ is ! am\nt ( oxyg5 necess>y to produce light4 ,x is difficult to remove traces ( oxyg5 f ! wat]1 traces :i* are nev]!less suffici5t to cause lum9esc5ce4 ,if ! organisms are num]\s1 z 9 an emulsion ( lum9\s bact]ia1 !y w !mselves use up all ! oxyg5 & ! liquid soon ceases to gl[ except at ! surface 9 contact ) air4 ,we may ga9 an idea ( ! am\nt ( oxyg5 necess>y = lum9esc5ce f an exp]im5t ( ,beij]9ck 7#aijb74 ,he mix$ lum9\s bact]ia ) an emulsion ( clov] leaves conta9+ *loropla/s & kept ! two 9 ! d>k until all ! oxyg5 0 us$ up & ! bact]ia ceas$ to gl[4 ,if n[ a mat* 0 /ruck = a fraction ( a second1 suffici5t oxyg5 0 =m$ by photosyn!sis to cause ! bact]ia to lum9esce = a %ort "t4 ,exact figures on ! m9imal conc5tration ( oxyg5 = lum9esc5ce _c be giv54 ,! lum9esc5t secretion ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii w /ill give (f mu* light if hydrog5 conta9+ only #j4d p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 is bubbl$ ?r\gh x1 i4e41 a p>tial oxyg5 pressure ( #a_/bej atmosph]e 7#c4jd mm4,hg74 ,h[ev]1 addition ( a fre% emulsion ( yea/ cells to a gl[+ ,cyprid9a secretion is suffici5t to rapidly ext+ui% ! light1 because ! yea/ is capable ( utiliz+ ! la/ trace ( oxyg5 9 ! mixture4 ,light only appe>s :51 by agitation1 we cause m air to dissolve4 ,! m9imal conc5tration ( oxyg5 = lum9esc5ce ( ,cyprid9a lies some:]e betwe5 #c4jd mm4 & ! am\nt :i* liv+ yea/ fails to extract f solution1 a conc5tration approa*+ z]o4 ,x is probably ne>] ! latt] figure4 ,z ! oxyg5 pressure is increas$ f #j to ab\t #g mm41 ! int5sity ( ! ,cyprid9a lum9esc5ce increases & at ! latt] figure ! light is j z bright z if ! solution 7 saturat$ ) air 7#aeb mm4,o#b74 ,?us1 ! lum9esc5ce requires only a l[ pressure ( oxyg5 & ! simil>ity to ! saturation ( haemoglob9 ) oxyg5 is obvi\s4 ,j z haemoglob9 is ne>ly saturat$ ) oxyg5 at l[ pressures & becomes bright r$ 9 color1 s ! lum9\s mat]ial becomes saturat$ ) oxyg5 at l[ pressures & gl[s int5sely4 ,boyle also made _m exp]im5ts to %[ t air 0 necess>y = ! life ( animals & ! g]m9ation ( se$s & %[$ t repeat$ly respir$ air 0 unfit = fur!r brea?+4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,r4 ,hooke discov]$ ! true mean+ ( respiratory movem5ts & by =c+ a bla/ ( air cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! lungs ) bell[s1 0 able to keep animals alive4 ,he concludes t z ! b>e ,motion ( ! ,lungs1 )\t fre% air1 contributes no?+ to ! life ( ! ,animal1 he be+ f\nd to survive z well z :5 !y 7 n mov$ z :5 !y 72 s x 0 n ! ,subsid+ or ,movelessness ( ! ,lungs t 0 ! imm$iate cause ( dea?1 or ! /opp+ ( ! circulation ( ! ,blood ?r\gh ! ,lungs1 b ! ,want ( a suffici5t ,supply ( fre% ,air4 ,! cause ( dea? on collapse ( ! lungs c\ld n be bett] /at$ to-day4 ,?us combu/ion1 respiration & lum9esc5ce ( fle% or wood 7 e>ly recogniz$ z relat$ ph5om5a4 ,al?\gh ! gas sylve/re 7,,co#b7 ( burn+ *>coal & f]m5tation ( w9e 0 kn[n to van ,helmont 7#aegg-afdd7 & ,may[ 7#afdf-afgi7 9 #afgd %[$ t spiritus nitroa]5s 7oxyg57 0 responsible = ! life ( animals & = combu/ion1 a c5tury elaps$ be=e ! true significance ( ^! gases became kn[n4 ,9 ! meantime ! phlogi/on !ory ( combu/ion _h be5 develop$1 ,black 7#agbh-agii7 9 #agee _h r$iscov]$ c>bon dioxide 7fix$ air7 9 ! expir$ air & ,prie/ley 7#agcc-ahjd7 & ,s*eele 7#agdb-aghf7 _h bo? r$iscov]$ oxyg5 7dephlogi/icat$ air7 9 #aggd4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,lavoisi] ov]?rew ! phlogi/on doctr9e & %[$ t 9 ! combu/ion ( organic sub/ances wat] & ,,co#b are =m$4 ,lat] x 0 realiz$ t ?is sl[ combu/ion did n take place 9 ! lungs1 or 9 ! blood1 b 9 ! tissues cells !mselves & respiration 9 ! *emical s5se has come to mean ?is univ]sal sl[ combu/ion 9 ! cells ( ! body r ?an ! brea?+ movem5ts ( ! lungs !mselves4 ,9 ana]obic respiration1 ,,co#b is giv5 (f1 b no oxyg5 absorb$4 ,9 a]obic respiration1 oxyg5 is absorb$ & ,,co#b giv5 (f4 ,9 addition we "k ( _m sub/ances :i* oxidize by tak+ up oxyg5 )\t giv+ (f ,,co#b4 ,we h se5 t oxyg5 mu/ be absorb$ = lum9esc5ce ( animals & we may n[ inquire :e!r ,,co#b is giv5 (f & ! relation betwe5 respiration & light production4 ,to det]m9e if ,,co#b is giv5 (f dur+ lum9esc5ce x is necess>y to "w ) fairly pure lum9\s mat]ials1 obta9$ f lum9\s organisms4 ,x is impossible to use ! liv+ organisms !mselves z ! ,,co#b cont9ually respir$ becomes a v di/urb+ factor4 ,f ,cyprid9a1 a small cru/acean1 two mat]ials soluble 9 wat] may be prep>$ 7lucif]9 & lucif]ase71 :i* w give a brilliant lum9esc5ce on mix+4 ,x is possible to det]m9e ! ,h-ion conc5tration ( ! two solutions sep>ately & ( ! mixture ( ! two aft] ! lum9esc5ce has occurr$4 ,if ,,co#b is produc$ dur+ lum9esc5ce ! ,h-ion conc5tration ( ! lum9\s solution %\ld increase4 ,measurem5ts made electrometrically ) ! hydrog5 electrode h fail$ to demon/rate any increase 9 acidity4 ,! ,,ph ( bo? solutions & ( a mixture ( ! two is #i4jd4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ,,co#b is n produc$4 ,z bo? lum9\s solutions conta9 prote9s & ! lum9\s sub/ances !mselves are probably prote9s1 :i* h a high buff] value1 a me?od ( ?is k9d is none too s5sitive4 ,h[ev]1 we c def9itely /ate t n en\gh ,,co#b is produc$ to be detect$ & t ?is may be due to ! buff] action ( ! lum9\s sub/ances !mselves4 ,aft] all1 unless lum9esc5ce is connect$ ) respiration1 we %\ld h>dly expect ,,co#b to be produc$4 ,ano!r me?od ( te/+ ,,co#b production is to measure ! am\nt ( heat produc$ dur+ lum9esc5ce4 ,sub/ances burn$ dur+ respiration give (f consid]able heat1 "o gram ( glucose to ,,co#b & ,h#b,o1 z mu* z #djjj calories4 ,we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii t no infra-r$ radiation is produc$ 9 ! light ( ! firefly4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t no heat is produc$ by ! reaction :i* produces ! lum9esc5ce4 ,a temp]ature *ange ( a few ?\s&?s or hundr$?s ( a degree w\ld evolve no measurable radiation4 ,cobl5tz 7#aiab7 fir/ /udi$ ! problem ( heat production 9 ! firefly1 us+ a !rmoc\ple z ! measur+ in/rum5t4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ! temp]ature ( ! insect 0 slightly l[] ?an ! temp]ature ( ! air & t ! lum9\s segm5ts 7 slightly hott] ?an ! non-lum9\s segm5ts1 :]eas a dead firefly is ( ! same temp]ature z its surr\nd+s4 ,no def9ite increase or decrease 9 temp]ature c\ld be e/abli%$ dur+ ! fla% ( ! firefly4 ,h[ev]1 fur!r "w on ! firefly is mu* to be desir$4 ,! use ( a liv+ animal = su* measurem5ts introduces a possible s\rce ( error 9 t any contraction ( ! muscles ( ! animal w produce heat :i* may add to an increase or mask a decrease ( temp]ature dur+ lum9esc5ce4 ,utilization ( extracts ( lum9\s animals conta9+ ! lucif]9 & lucif]ase m5tion$ above avoids ! complications due to muscul> contraction4 ,by br++ ! solutions ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase to ! same temp]ature & !n mix+ !m "o c measure any increase or decrease ( temp]ature :i* occurs dur+ ! lum9esc5ce :i* results f mix+4 ,we c ?us ga9 "s idea ( ! heat ( oxidation ( lucif]94 ,z a det]m9ation ( heat production is ( consid]able int]e/ ! me?od w be giv5 9 "s detail4 ,al?\gh ! exp]im5t s\nds v simple1 x is actually some:at difficult to c>ry out4 ,! atta9m5t ( temp]ature equilibrium betwe5 two solutions is v sl[ :5 "o wi%es to obta9 !m to )9 #j4jja deg4 ,c4 ( ! same temp]ature4 ,aft] _m attempts1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( app>atus 7,fig4 #cc7 0 f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,ab\t #aj c4c4 lucif]9 solution 0 plac$ 9 ! inn] tube 7,d7 ( a special non-silv]$ !rmos bottle 7,a74 ,ab\t #a c4c4 ( lucif]ase solution 0 plac$ 9 a v ?9-wall$ glass tube 7,e7 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! lucif]9 solution & connect$ ) a small motor s t x c\ld be sl[ly b con/antly rotat$1 ?us /irr+ ! solutions4 ,!rmoc\ples 7,l & ,m7 ( advance 74#jjh 97--copp] 7,no4 #cj1 ,b & ,s1 enamel insulat$7 wire 7 p>aff9$ & plac$ 9 ea* tube & ! copp] wires connect$ ?r\gh a copp] d\ble ?r[ swit* 7,c7 ) a ,le$s & ,nor?rup d',arsonval wall galvanomet] 7,no4 #cdfcg1 silv] /rip susp5sion7 ( #ce ohms resi/ance & #caj megohms s5sitivity4 ,! con/ant temp]ature junctions 7,n7 7 plac$ 9 a l>ge ,dew> flask 7,b7 fill$ ) wat] at approximately ! same temp]ature z ! lucif]9 solution4 ,"o mm4 galvanomet] scale division repres5t$ #j4jjc deg4 ,c4 & ! division read+s c\ld be e/imat$ to t5?s4 ,by means ( a glass rod 7,f7 plac$ 9 ! tube conta9+ lucif]ase solution1 ?is tube c\ld be brok5 & ! lucif]ase & lucif]9 solution mix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,app>atus = det]m9+ heat production dur+ lum9esc5ce ( lucif]94 ,a1 special !rmos tube4 ,b1 ,dew> flask = con/ant temp]ature junctions4 ,c1 d\ble ?r[ swit*4 ,d1 tube conta9+ lucif]9 solution4 ,e1 tube conta9+ lucif]ase solution4 ,f1 glass rod = break+ ,e4 ,g1 rubb] /opp] ) groove1 ,k1 = pulley cord4 ,h1 cork clos+ !rmos tube4 ,j1 brass sleeve 9 ,h all[+ rotation ( ,e4 ,l1 !rmojunction 9 lucif]ase solution4 ,m1 !rmojunction 9 lucif]9 solution4 ,n1 con/ant temp]ature junctions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,curve %[+ temp]ature *ange :5 two tubes conta9+ wat] at ! same temp]ature are mix$4 #j4a galvanomet] scale division #j4jjc deg4 ,c4 ,dots repres5t read+s ( !rmoc\ple 9 tube ,d2 crosses read+s ( !rmoc\ple 9 tube ,e4 ,x 0 f\nd t ev5 aft] ! lucif]ase & lucif]9 solutions came to ! same temp]ature )9 ! !rmos bottle1 ?is 0 n necess>ily ! same z t ( ! room & a sl[ rise or fall occurr$ z indicat$ by a sl[ drift ( ! galvanomet] coil4 ,read+s ( ea* !rmoc\ple on ! galvanomet] scale 7 !re=e tak5 at "o-m9ute int]vals = "s "t be=e & aft] mix+ ! lucif]9 & lucif]ase solutions & plott$ z curves4 ,control exp]im5ts 7 also c>ri$ out 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! lucif]9-lucif]ase exp]im5ts1 b wat] 0 plac$ 9 ! two tubes in/ead ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase4 ,figs4 #cd & #ce give typical exp]im5ts ) wat] & ) lum9esc5t solutions1 respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,curve %[+ temp]ature *ange :5 lucif]9 & lucif]ase solutions at ! same temp]ature are mix$4 #j4a galvanomet] scale division #j4jjc deg4 ,c4 ,dots repres5t read+s ( !rmoc\ple 9 lucif]9 solution2 crosses1 read+s ( !rmoc\ple 9 lucif]ase solution4 ,) bo? control 7wat]7 & lucif]9 exp]im5ts !re 0 a slight rise 9 temp]ature on mix+ ! liquids 9 ! two tubes4 ,! av]age rise ( five control 7wat]7 exp]im5ts 0 4#jjed deg4 ,c4 & ! av]age rise ( five lucif]9 exp]im5ts 0 4#jjdh deg4 ,c4 ,! av]age rise 9 temp]ature is no d\bt due to heat f friction 9 mix+ ( ! liquids & break+ ( ! glass tube4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! av]age rise ( control & ( lucif]9 exp]im5ts is s small 74#jjjf deg4 ,c47 z to h little significance4 ,we may !re=e conclude t if any temp]ature *ange occurs dur+ ! lum9esc5t reaction x is c]ta9ly less ?an #j4jja deg4 ,c4 & probably less ?an #j4jjje deg4 ,c41 too small to be measur$ by ?is me?od4 ,to prep>e ! lucif]9 solution1 two grams ( dri$ ,cyprid9a 7 dissolv$ 9 #bj c4c4 hot wat] & #aj c4c4 ( ?is #aj p] c5t4 solution 0 us$ 9 ! !rmos bottle 9 ! above exp]im5ts4 ,if we assume t #a p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ ,cyprid9a is lucif]91 #j4ja gram ( lucif]9 on oxidation 0 n able to raise ! temp]ature ( ! #aj c4c4 79 reality #aa c4c41 s9ce #a c4c4 lucif]ase solution 0 mix$ ) ! #aj c4c4 lucif]9 solution7 4#jja deg4 ,c4 ,?is means t #a gram lucif]9 lib]ates at lea/ less ?an #aj calories dur+ ! lum9esc5ce accompany+ oxidation4 ,s9ce #a gram glucose lib]ates #djjj calories on complete oxidation to ,,co#b & ,h#b,o1 x w be se5 t ! oxidation ( lucif]9 is a v diff]5t type ( reaction f ! oxidation ( glucose4 ,z we %all see1 x is probably simil> to ! oxidation ( r$uc$ haemoglob9 or ! oxidation ( leuco me?yl5e-blue to me?yl5e blue4 ,accord+ to ,b>cr(t & ,hill 7#aiaj71 #a4he calories are produc$ p] gram ( haemoglob9 oxidiz$4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d figures = ! heat ex*ange dur+ oxidation ( leuco-dyes1 b x is no d\bt also small4 ,s9ce lucif]9 evolves no measurable am\nt ( heat on oxidation1 we h v good evid5ce 9 support ( t obta9$ by electrometric measurem5ts ( ,h-ion conc5tration1 t no c>bon dioxide is produc$ dur+ lum9esc5ce ( lum9\s animals4 ,9 mo/ animal cells x is p]fectly cle> t lum9esc5ce does n accompany respiration1 s9ce respiration is a cont9u\s process1 :]eas light is only produc$ on /imulation4 ,x is true t on /imulation respiration is accel]at$1 & we might suppose t lum9esc5ce is an accompanim5t ( accel]at$ respiratory oxidations2 b ?is is n ! case1 = 9 lum9\s animals a rise 9 temp]ature ( t5 degrees c5tigrade w accel]ate ! respiratory oxidations #bej p] c5t4 )\t necess>ily caus+ ! production ( light4 ,9 fungi & bact]ia1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* cont9ually emit light1 x is q natural to suppose t ! light is an accompanim5t ( respiration1 j z we "k ! heat ( ^! =ms to be4 ,?is view 0 accept$ by su* ( ! e>li] work]s z ,fabre 9 #ahee1 :o f\nd t lum9\s portions ( a mu%room1 ,ag>icus ole>ius1 gave (f m ,,co#b 7#d4da c4c4 ,,co#b p] gram 9 #cf h\rs at #ab deg4 ,c47 ?an non-lum9\s portions 7#b4hh c4c4 ,,co#b p] gram 9 #cf h\rs at #ab deg4 ,c474 ,?is exp]im5t has nev] be5 repeat$ & !re are _m reasons besides lum9esc5ce :y "o piece ( fungus might h a m rapid respiratory rate ?an ano!r piece4 ,x is n true t rapidly respir+ plant tissues1 su* z g]m9at+ se$s or ! spadix ( ,araceae1 are lum9\s1 al?\gh !y produce consid]able heat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v easy to prove t lum9esc5ce1 ev5 9 bact]ia1 is n connect$ ) respiration4 ,?us1 ,beij]9ck 7#ahhi c7 f\nd t ( sev]al species ( lum9\s bact]ia /udi$ by him1 "o1 ,bact]ium phosphoresc5s1 0 a facultative ana]obe & w\ld gr[1 i4e41 multiply1 b n lum9esce 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,"s =ms1 ord9>ily produc+ light1 w gr[1 b fail to lum9esce at high temp]atures4 ,beij]9ck 7#aiae7 has rec5tly f\nd t ^! individuals may1 by cont9u$ cultivation at high temp]atures1 =m non-lum9\s /ra9s :i* fail to lum9esce :5 aga9 br\ght into l[] temp]atures1 favorable = lum9esc5ce4 ,^! non-lum9\s mutants occasionally give rise to atavi/ic brilliantly lum9\s =ms4 ,beij]9ck also f9ds t aft] exposure ( ,photobact] spl5didum to ultra-violet or /rong sunlight1 radium or meso?orium rays1 lum9esc5ce cont9ues b no gr[? occurs4 ,!re is ?us ample evid5ce t gr[? & respiration are prop]ties q di/9ct & sep>able f lum9esc5ce4 ,inde$1 respiration increases cont9u\sly up to a relatively high maximum :]eas lum9esc5ce falls (f rapidly above a relatively l[ optimum4 ,mc,kenney 7#aijb7 f\nd also t ,bacillus phosphoresc5s c\ld gr[ rapidly 9 #j4e p] c5t4 e!r )\t produc+ light4 ,lum9esc5ce has be5 comp>$ 9 bact]ia to pigm5t =mation1 z r def9ite cultural conditions are necess>y = realization ( bo? *romog5ic & photog5ic function4 ,"s pigm5t-=m]s1 z ,bacillus pyocyaneus1 :i* produces a wat]-soluble gre5 pigm5t1 rema9 colorless "u ana]obic conditions4 ,a colorless *romog5 is =m$1 :i* oxidizes to ! gre5 pigm5t 9 ! air4 ,if ?is colorless *romog5 produc$ light dur+ its oxidation z well z gre5 pigm5t1 we w\ld h a case ( bo? *romog5ic & photog5ic function comb9$ 9 "o species ( bact]ium4 ,lum9esc5ce involves some?+ m ?an respiration1 an oxidation ( a v def9ite & p>ticul> k9d4 ,s9ce ,spallanzani's obs]vation t ! lum9\s mat]ial ( m$usae c\ld be dri$1 & ^u moi/5+ w\ld aga9 give light1 _m confirmatory obs]vations h be5 made on o!r =ms4 ,pyrosoma1 ,pholas1 ,phyllirrhoe1 fireflies1 ,pyrophorus1 copepods1 o/racods1 p5natulids1 fungi1 & bact]ia c all be dessicat$ & ! photog5ic mat]ial pres]v$ = a great] or less "t4 ,9 a dessicator fill$ ) ,ca,cl#b1 dri$ lum9\s bact]ia lose1 aft] a few mon?s1 _! p[] to give light on be+ moi/5$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o/racods & copepods w /ill lum9esce aft] ye>s ( dessication4 ,! lum9\s mat]ial 9 ! latt] case appe>s capable ( indef9ite pres]vation1 b x is possible t ! quick loss ( photog5ic p[] ) dri$ lum9\s bact]ia is m]ely an indication t !y conta9 v little photog5ic sub/ance & t ! dri$ o/racods w\ld also 9 "t lose _! p[] to lum9esce4 ,x is c]ta9ly a fact t ! am\nt ( lum9\s mat]ial 9 a s+le gl& cell ( an o/racod is va/ly great] ?an t 9 ! same mass ( bact]ial colony4 ,:5 ! dri$ p[d]$ lum9\s mat]ial ( an o/racod is spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( wat]1 x goes into solution & leaves lum9\s diffusion & convection trails pla9ly visible 9 ! wat]4 ,_m lum9\s m>9e =ms give (f a phosphoresc5t slime :5 !y are h&l$1 :i* adh]es to ! f+]s4 ,x is n surpris+ t ?is lum9\s matt] %\ld h e>ly receiv$ a "n4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,phipson call$ x noctiluc9 & describ$ "s ( its prop]ties4 ,he reg>d$ ! lum9\s matt] :i* c be scrap$ f dead fi% 7lum9\s bact]ia7 & ! muc\s secretion ( ,scolop5dra electrica or ! lum9\s matt] ( ! gl[worm to be ?is mat]ial1 noctiluc91 :i*1 9 moi/ condition1 takes up oxyg5 & gives (f ,,co#b & :5 dry appe>s l muc94 ,phipson says t x =ms an oily lay] ov] ! seas 9 summ] 7he probably ref]s to masses ( d9(lagellates71 is liquid at ord9>y temp]atures & less d5se ?an wat]1 smells a little l caprylic acid1 is insoluble 9 wat] b miscible ) x1 insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 dissolves ) decomposition 9 m9]al acids & alkalies & conta9s no phosphorus4 ,we c see f ?is description t ! ^w noctiluc9 does n indicate a *emical individual1 b x is ! e>lie/ attempt to def9itely designate ! lum9\s sub/ance4 ,! idea ( a def9ite sub/ance oxidiz+ & caus+ ! light has be5 upheld by a numb] ( inve/igators1 & _m ye>s lat] ,molis* call$ ?is sub/ance ! photog54 ,he contra/s ! photog5 !ory ) c]ta9 o!r views ( light production1 :i* may be spok5 ( z vital !ories1 notably ^? ( ,pflueg] 7#ahge71 :o look$ ^u lum9esc5ce z a sign ( int5se respiration1 & ( ,beij]9ck 7#aiae71 :o reg>d$ ! light z an accompanim5t ( ! =mation ( liv+ matt] f peptone4 ,=tunately biological sci5ce has advanc$ beyond ! /age :]e a liv+ process c be expla9$ by call+ x a vital process1 & we mu/ fall back ^u ! idea ( a photog5 oxidiz+ ) light production4 ,inde$1 x is n[ possible to g mu* fur!r ?an ?is & describe ! prop]ties ( ! photog51 b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t x 0 recogniz$ v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,biolum9esc5ce1 t wat]1 oxyg51 & a photog5ic sub/ance 7 necess>y = light production4 ,a v great advance 9 our k ( ! *emi/ry ( ! problem 0 made by ,dubois 9 #ahhe4 ,he %[$ t if "o dips ! lum9\s organ ( ,pyrophorus 9 hot wat]1 ! light disappe>s & w n return aga94 ,also if "o gr9ds up a lum9\s organ ! mass w gl[ = "s "t b ! light soon disappe>s4 ,if "o br+s ! previ\sly heat$ organ 9 contact ) ! unheat$ triturat$ organ x w aga9 give (f light4 ,lat]1 ,dubois %[$ t ! same exp]im5t c\ld be p]=m$ ) ! lum9\s tissues ( ,pholas dactylus4 ,a hot-wat] extract ( ! lum9\s tissue1 & a cold-wat] extract ( ! lum9\s tissue1 all[$ to /& until ! light disappe>s1 w aga9 produce light if mix$ toge!r4 ,dubois 7#ahhg b7 advanc$ ! !ory t 9 ! hot-wat] extract !re is a sub/ance1 lucif]91 n de/roy$ by heat+1 :i* oxidizes ) light production 9 ! pres5ce ( an enzyme1 lucif]ase1 :i* is de/roy$ on heat+4 ,! lucif]ase is pres5t toge!r ) lucif]9 9 ! cold-wat] extract1 b ! lucif]9 is soon oxidiz$ & lucif]ase alone rema9s4 ,mix+ a solution ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase always results 9 light production until ! lucif]9 is aga9 oxidiz$4 ,simil> sub/ances h be5 f\nd by me 9 ! ,am]ican fireflies1 ,phot9us & ,photuris1 ! ,japanese firefly1 ,luciola1 & 9 ! o/racod cru/acean1 ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii4 ,crozi]#f reports t !y exi/ also 9 ,pty*od]a1 a balanoglossid4 ,i h be5 unable to demon/rate _! exi/5ce 9 lum9\s bact]ia2 9 ! annelid1 ,*aetopt]us2 ! p5natulids1 ,cav]nul>ia & ,p5natula2 ! squid1 ,watas5ia2 & ! fi%1 ,monoc5tris japonica4 ,e4 ,b4 ,h>vey 7#aiag7 c\ld n demon/rate !m 9 ,noctiluca4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ! exi/5ce ( su* bodies might be difficult to demon/rate1 b ^! reasons _c be consid]$ "h4 ,we ?us see t ! photog5 is 9 reality ( dual nature1 t two sub/ances are necess>y = light production & t !y may be v readily sep>at$ because ( diff]5ce 9 resi/ance to heat+4 ,9 ?is respect ,biolum9esc5ce is simil> to "s o!r biological processes1 notably to c]ta9 immune reactions & to c]ta9 enzyme actions4 #f ,private communication4 ,?us1 = ! haemolysis ( =eign r$ blood corpuscles1 a specific immune body 7amboceptor or sub/ance s5sibilatrice7 n de/roy$ by mod]ate heat+1 & a !rmolabile complem5t 7alex97 are necess>y4 ,= ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( glucose by ! zymase ( yea/ juice two sub/ances are also necess>y4 ,! zymase is made up ( a heat resi/ant1 dialyz+ compon5t1 ! co-enzyme1 & a non-dialyz+ sub/ance1 de/roy$ on boil+1 ! enzyme prop]4 ,bo? mu/ be pres5t = alcoholic f]m5tation ( glucose to proce$ & ! two may be sep>at$ by dialysis or by _! diff]5ce 9 resi/ance to heat+4 ,sev]al o!r *>act]i/ics ( liv+ cells are kn[n to dep5d on ! jo9t action ( two sub/ances1 "o !rmolabile1 ! o!r !rmo/able4 ,! r$uc+ action ( tissues1 accord+ to ,ba*1 requires a r$uc+ enzyme prop] or p]hydridase & "s easily oxidizable sub/ance1 su* z an aldehyde4 ,! aldehyde has be5 spok5 ( z ! co-enzyme4 ,because ( ! necessity ( !rmo/able & !rmolabile sub/ances = light production 9 lum9\s animals & because ,i 0 unable to oxidize ! !rmo/able mat]ial ( ,cyprid9a ) su* oxidiz+ ag5ts z ,k,mn,o#d1 ,h#b,o#b1 blood & ,h#b,o#b1 ,ba,o#b1 etc41 ,i call$ ! heat resi/ant sub/ance ( ,cyprid9a1 photophele9 7f phos1 light & opheleo1 to assi/71 comp>able to co-zymase1 & ! heat s5sitive sub/ance ( ,cyprid9a1 photog59 7f phos1 light & g5nao1 to produce71 comp>able to ! zymase prop] ( yea/4 ,9 mode ( prep>ation & prop]ties1 ! photophele9 ( ,cyprid9a 0 also comp>able to ! lucif]9 ( ,pholas & ! photog59 ( ,cyprid9a to ! lucif]ase ( ,pholas4 ,i also reg>d$ photog59 z ! s\rce ( ! light 7h5ce ! "n71 because a solution ( ,cyprid9a photog59 7,pholas lucif]ase7 w give light on mix+ ) cry/als ( salt & o!r sub/ances :i* c\ld n possibly be oxidiz$4 ,i lat] f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is result 0 due to ! fact t ! photog59 solution conta9$ "s ( ! !rmo/able sub/ance 7lucif]97 b\nd 7comb9$ or adsorb$71 & t ?is 0 fre$ by ! salt cry/als & oxidiz$ ) light production4 ,i h consequ5tly ab&on$ ! view t ! sy/em ( sub/ances conc]n$ 9 light production is simil> to ! zymase--co-zymase sy/em ( yea/--& h adopt$ ,dubois' t]m1 lucif]ase 7photog597 = ! !rmolabile mat]ial1 & lucif]9 7photophele97 = ! !rmo/able mat]ial4 ,! lucif]9 ( ,cyprid9a diff]s f t ( ,pholas 9 t x w n oxidize ) light production ) any oxidiz+ ag5ts t ,i h tri$1 & w give no light ) lucif]ase f ,pholas4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 oxidize spontane\sly 9 solution1 al?\gh no light accompanies ?is oxidation4 ,i believe t = accuracy & def9it5ess we mu/ designate ! lucif]9s & lucif]ases f diff]5t animals by prefix+ ! g5]ic "n ( ! animal & speak ( ,pholas lucif]91 ,cyprid9a lucif]ase1 ,pyrophorus lucif]ase1 etc4 ,9 extracts ( _m non-lum9\s animals ,dubois has f\nd oxidiz+ ag5ts :i* c oxidize ,pholas lucif]9 ) light production & ,i h confirm$ ?is = ,pholas1 b ,i h n f\nd any su* sub/ances 9 non-lum9\s animals :i* w oxidize ,cyprid9a lucif]9 ) light production4 ,i h f\nd 9 extracts ( non-lum9\s animals sub/ances :i* w lib]ate ! b\nd lucif]9 9 a conc5trat$ ,cyprid9a lucif]ase solution4 ,! lucif]9 c !n be oxidiz$ by ! lucif]ase & light appe>s4 ,_! effect is simil> to t ( salt cry/als & ,i sugge/ t !y be call$ photophele9s1 sub/ances t assi/ 9 ! lucif]9-lucif]ase reaction by lib]at+ b\nd lucif]94 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( free+ a solution ( lucif]ase f b\nd lucif]9 is to %ake ) *lor(orm4 ,we c !n d away ) ! di/urb+ effects ( b\nd lucif]94 ,x is obvi\s t lucif]9 mu/ be =m$ f "s precursor 9 ! cell & foll[+ ! usual bio*emical t]m9ology1 ,dubois has call$ x prolucif]9 or prelucif]91 & believes t x is conv]t$ into lucif]9 by an enzyme co-lucif]ase4 ,! exp]im5ts to prove ! exi/5ce ( prolucif]9 7 fir/ made by ,dubois on ,pholas 9 #aijg & h s9ce be5 amplifi$ 7#aiag a2 #aiah a & b74 ,9 ord] to und]/& ^! exp]im5ts x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,dubois prep>es lucif]9 f ,pholas 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 ,by precipitat+ ! viscid lum9\s fluid f ! siphons ) #ie deg4 alcohol & dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 wat] 7#aija;a1 #aijg74 7#b7 ,by extract+ ! lum9\s organs ) #ij deg4 alcohol 9 a clos$ vessel = twelve h\rs & filt]+ 7#ahif74 7#c7 ,by heat+ ! viscid lum9\s fluid to #gj deg4 ,c4 ,app>5tly ,pholas lucif]9 is sp>+ly soluble 9 alcohol z x c be obta9$ ei!r 9 an alcoholic extract 7me?od #b7 or by precipitation ) alcohol 7me?od #a74 ,prolucif]9 7call$ prelucif]9e 9 a lat] pap]1 #aiag a1 #aiah a71 is prep>$ by me?ods #a or #b except t fatigu$ siphons1 f :i* lucif]9 has be5 remov$ by wa%+1 are us$ 7#aijg1 #aiag a1 #aiah a74 ,prelucif]9 c also be obta9$ on boil+ an extract ( ! lum9\s organ ( ,pholas because lucif]9 7at #gj deg471 lucif]ase 7at #fj deg47 & a co-lucif]ase are all de/roy$ bel[ ! boil+ po9t 7#aiag a74 ,co-lucif]ase is prep>$ 7#a7 by heat+ a lucif]ase solution to #fe deg4 7#aiag a7 or 7#b7 by extract+ ) wat] portions ( ! siphon ( ,pholas :i* h previ\sly be5 mac]at$ & well extract$ ) alcohol 7#aiah a74 ,long-cont9u$ treatm5t ) alcohol app>5tly de/roys ! lucif]ase )\t affect+ ! co-lucif]ase4 ,on mix+ a solution ( prelucif]9 ) "o ( co-lucif]ase & all[+ !m to /& = #h-aj h\rs1 lucif]ase is =m$ & c be recogniz$ by ! fact t x w give light ) a cry/al ( ,k,mn,o#d4 ,prelucif]9e does n d ?is4 ,rec5tly ,dubois 7#aiah a7 /ates t prelucif]9e is no?+ b taur9e & t taur9e occurs 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,pholas & is trans=m$ into lucif]9e by ! action ( co-lucif]ase4 ,n only taur9e1 b also ,byla's peptone1 egg leci?91 & escul9 c be conv]t$ into lucif]9e by co-lucif]ase1 & s9ce escul91 a glucoside1 is s trans=m$1 ,dubois believes ?is proves t co-lucif]ase belongs to ! hydrolases4 ,inde$1 x proves too mu*4 ,lucif]9 mu/ h an extraord9>y *emical /ructure if x c be =m$ by hydrolysis ( su* div]se comp\nds z peptone1 leci?91 escul9 & taur9e4 ,a glance at ! /ructural =mula ( escul9 & taur9e is suffici5t to emphasize ! div]se nature ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,taur9e ,illu/ration3 ,escul9 ,i believe t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ,dubois has be5 work+ ) an oxidation product ( lucif]91 :at ,i h call$ oxylucif]91 r ?an a pro-sub/ance4 ,! mode ( prep>ation ( ,pholas prelucif]9 & ,pholas co-lucif]ase is su* z c\ld be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,cyprid9a oxylucif]91 & x seems m logical to look = ! pres5ce ( ,pholas oxylucif]9 9 "o or bo? ( ,dubois' extracts r ?an believe t lucif]9 c be =m$ f bo? taur9e & escul94 ,:5 ! co-lucif]ase solution /&s ) ! prelucif]9 solution we w\ld 9 reality h n ! =mation ( lucif]9 f prelucif]91 b ! =mation ( lucif]9 f oxylucif]91 by "s r$uc+ ag5t 9 ! mixture4 ,inde$1 9 a v rec5t pap] ,dubois 7#aiai c7 takes ! view t 8 co-lucif]ase is a r$uc+ enzyme :i* =ms lucif]9 by r$uction 7presumably f oxidiz$ lucif]97 & no m5tion is made ( prelucif]94 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t :5 lucif]9 oxidizes1 "s oxidation products mu/ be =m$4 ,mo/ obs]v]s h assum$ ! oxidation products ( lucif]9 to be relatively simple & to repres5t a r complete break+ d[n ( ! lucif]9 molecule4 ,c>bon dioxide 0 m5tion$ by ,phipson 7#ahgb7 z be+ =m$4 ,we h j se5 t no c>bon dioxide is =m$ dur+ ! oxidation ( ,cyprid9a lucif]9 & !re is evid5ce t no fundam5tal *ange at all occurs4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h call$ ! oxidation product ( lucif]9 oxylucif]94#g ,z we %all lat] see1 ! *ange lucif]9 oxylucif]9 is to be comp>$ to ! oxidation ( colorless dyes 7leuco-comp\nds7 to ! color$ dye4 ,! *emical prop]ties ( oxylucif]9 are simil> to ^? ( lucif]9 & ! oxylucif]9 c be readily r$uc$ to lucif]9 aga94 #g ,x is un=tunate t ,dubois 7#aiah b7 has us$ ! t]m oxylucif]9e 9 a q diff]5t s5se f ! pres5t use4 ,he reg>ds oxylucif]9e z a sub/ance /ill capable ( giv+ light by autooxidation1 & repres5ts ! /eps 9 lum9esc5ce z foll[s3 ,co-lucif]ase prelucif]9e lucif]9e4 ,lucif]ase lucif]9e oxylucif]9e4 ,oxylucif]9e oxyg5e lumi]e4 ,i %\ld repres5t !m z foll[s3 ,lucif]9 oxyg5 oxylucif]94 ,! reaction proce$s to "r ) light production only 9 pres5ce ( lucif]ase4 ,f9ally1 we h ! fluoresc5t sub/ance ( ,pyrophorus & fireflies1 :i* ,dubois fir/ call$ pyrophor91 b lat]1 adopt+ ,mc,dermott's t]m9ology1 speaks ( z lucif]esce9e4 ,?is ,dubois reg>ds z a sub/ance int5sify+ ! light & modify+ its color by *ang+ invisible into visible rays4 ,z we h se51 ?is !ory1 :ile attractive1 w n /& ! te/ ( critical exam9ation4 ,phipson's noctiluc91 :ile ! fir/ "n = ! photog5 ( lum9\s animals1 is too vague a sub/ance1 *emically1 to w>rant a ret5tion ( ! t]m4 ,( ! names1 lucif]91 lucif]ase1 prelucif]9 or prolucif]91 co-lucif]ase1 photog591 photophele91 oxylucif]91 lucif]esce9e1 ,i believe t only prolucif]91 lucif]91 oxylucif]91 lucif]ase & photophele9 /& = sub/ances :i* are really significant = ! !ory ( light production4 ,lucif]9 is ! heat resi/ant1 dialyzable sub/ance :i* takes up oxyg5 & oxidizes ) light production 9 ! pres5ce ( ! heat s5sitive1 non-dialyz+1 enzyme-l lucif]ase4 ,! lucif]9 mu/ come f "s precursor1 prolucif]91 b ,i h be5 unable to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ?is body 9 ,cyprid9a & "k no?+ def9ite ( its prop]ties4 ,! lucif]9 oxidizes to oxylucif]9 :i* has ! same *emical prop]ties z ! lucif]9 itself & may be r$uc$ to lucif]9 aga9 by r$uc+ sub/ances 9 lum9\s & o!r animals or by inorganic r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,photophele9 is a "n = sub/ances 9 v>i\s animal or plant extracts :i* are capable ( lib]at+ lucif]9 f "s b\nd condition 9 solutions conta9+ lucif]ase4 ,"u ?is t]m are includ$ a numb] ( unkn[n1 probably q diff]5t sub/ances1 "s ( :i* are !rmo/able & o!rs !rmolabile4 ,we h se5 t ,biolum9esc5ce is an oxylum9esc5ce1 t ! light is probably due to ! oxidation ( a comp\nd1 lucif]91 9 pres5ce ( air & wat] & t ! oxidation is accel]at$ by an enzyme-l sub/ance1 lucif]ase4 ,we also saw 9 ,*apt] #b t light production is ( fairly common occurr5ce dur+ ! oxidation ( _m organic comp\nds1 provid$ ! oxidation is c>ri$ out 9 ! prop] way4 ,_m ( ^! organic comp\nds mu/ be oxidiz$ by relatively /rong alkali or su* /rong oxidiz+ ag5ts z w\ld h a v delet]i\s action on liv+ cells4 ,9 #aiac1 ,ville & ,d]ri51 9 a %ort note to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ,catalyse ,bio*emique d'une ,oxydation ,lum9esc5te1 %[ t loph9 c\ld be oxidiz$ by v]tebrate blood 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h#b,o#b4 ,9 ! same ye> ,dubois 7#aiac7 f\nd t escul91 ! glucoside f horse *e/nut b>k1 w\ld also oxidize & lum9esce 9 pres5ce ( blood & ,h#b,o#b4 ,9 ^! cases ! haemoglob9 ( ! blood acts z a cataly/1 transf]r+ oxyg5 f ! ,h#b,o#b to escul9 or loph9 & is to be comp>$ to lucif]ase1 except t lucif]ase does n require ! pres5ce ( ,h#b,o#b4 ,z ! haemoglob9 does n lose ?is p[] on boil+1 :]eas lucif]ase does1 ! analogy is f> f p]fect4 ,_m oxyg5 c>ri]s are kn[n1 h[ev]1 :i* may be de/roy$ on boil+ _! solutions1 namely1 ! p]oxidases ( plant juices4 ,escul9 w n lum9esce ) p]oxidase & ,h#b,o#b1 b pyrogallol or gallic acid w4 ,if "o mixes a te/ tube conta9+ pyrogallol solution ,h#b,o#b ) potato or turnip juice or almo/ any plant extract1 a yell[i% lum9esc5ce appe>s4 ,! plant extract loses ! p[] to cause su* lum9esc5ce on boil+ & ! p]oxidase w n dialyze4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 comp>able to lucif]ase & acts on ! !rmo/able1 dialyzable pyrogallol-,h#b,o#b mixture1 :i* is comp>able to lucif]94 ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh _m hydroxyph5ol & am9o-ph5ol comp\nds c be oxidiz$ by p]oxidase & ,h#b,o#b1 only pyrogallol & gallic acid w oxidize ) light production4 ,_m o!r oxidiz]s c take ! place ( ! p]oxidase4 ,a li/ ( ^! is giv5 on page #aea4 ,no o!r p]oxide c take ! place ( ,h#b,o#b ) p]oxidases z oxidiz]s1 b a few c replace ,h#b,o#b ) o!r oxidiz]s4 ,?is is br\ght out 9 ,table #g4 ,,table #g ,p]oxides ,giv+ ,light ) ,pyrogallol & ,oxidiz]s ,key to column head+s3 ,a3 ,oxidiz]4 7,equal p>ts add$ to a mixture ( ,m_/#ajj pyrogallol & ! p]oxide7 ,b3 ,h#b,o#b #c p] c5t4 ,c3 ,b5zoyl hydrog5 p]oxide 7insoluble p[d]7 ,d3 ,ozoniz$ turp5t9e 7"o drop7 ,e3 ,na#b,o#b 7p[d]7 ,f3 ,ba,o#b 7p[d]7 ,g3 ,mn,o#b 7insoluble p[d]7 ,h3 ,pb,o#b 7insoluble p[d]7 ,i3 ,k p]sulfate ,m_/#aj ,j3 ,na p]borate ,m_/#bj ,k3 ,k p]*lorate ,m_/#aj ,l3 ,qu9one 7insoluble cry/als7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,a ,b,c,d ,e ,f ,g,h ,i ,j ,k,l --------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,turnip juice - - - - - - - - #a p]c5t blood extract - - ,fa9t - - - - - - - fla% ,m #bj ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f - - - - - - - - - - ,m #ajj ,k,mn,o#d - - - - - - ,fa9t,fair - - fla%fla% ,m #aj ,fe,cl#c - - ,m #ajj ,cr,o#c - - ,na hypobromite - - ,fa9t,fa9t - - ,fair ,fair - - fla%fla% fla%fla% ,ca hypo*lorite - - - - - - ,fa9t,fair - - fla% ,mn,o#b ,mn7,,oh7#c sol 9 peptone - - ,colloidal ,ag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,our k ( ! exi/5ce ( su* analog\s1 purely organic *emical oxidations1 :i* proce$ ) light production1 greatly /r5g!ns ,dubois' !ory t ! lucif]9-lucif]ase reaction really repres5ts a catalytic oxidation ( simil> nature4 ,z ,dubois 7#aiad a7 expresses x1 we are deal+ 9 lum9\s organisms ) #a deg4 une lum9esc5ce2 #b deg4 une *emilum9esc5ce2 #c deg4 une oxylum9esc5ce2 #d deg4 une zymolum9esc5ce4 ,ou si l'on bi5 admettre que les zymases sont encore quelque *ose de vivant1 une ,biozymooxylum9esc5ce4 ,p]haps x is n really necess>y to admit t ! enzymes are liv+ 9 ord] t we may adequately visualize ! nature ( ! photog5ic process4 ,9 ! next *apt] ! prop]ties ( ! ?ree pr9cipal sub/ances1 lucif]91 oxylucif]9 & lucif]ase1 w be /udi$ m c>efully4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,production1 ,,"p ,,ii ,s9ce ,radziszewski's exp]im5ts on ! oxidation ( oils 9 alcoholic solutions ( alkali1 mo/ ( ! e>ly work]s on ,biolum9esc5ce tacitly assum$ t ! oxidizable mat]ial 0 fat or a fat-l sub/ance4 ,support 0 giv5 to ?is view by ! occurr5ce 9 cells ( granules or globules f :i* ! light 0 se5 to come4 ,we n[ "k t ^! bodies are n fat droplets & t nei!r lucif]9 nor lucif]ase are soluble 9 su* fat solv5ts z e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5zol or b5z9e4 ,phipson's description ( ! prop]ties ( noctiluc9 are too crude & inaccurate to be consid]$4 ,dubois did n /udy ! *emical prop]ties ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase f ,pyrophorus1 ! fir/ =m ) :i* he work$1 except to po9t out t ,pyrophorus lucif]ase 0 de/roy$ on heat+ & 0 precipitat$ by alcohol :ile ! ,pyrophorus lucif]9 0 n s affect$4 ,lucif]9 0 f\nd only 9 ! lum9\s organ ( ,pyrophorus1 n 9 ! blood2 lucif]ase probably exi/s ?r\gh\t ! animal4#h #h ,private communication f ,r4 ,dubois4 ,,pholas ,,lucif]94--,9 a s]ies ( pap]s s9ce #ahhg ,dubois has /udi$ ! *emical prop]ties ( ,pholas lucif]9 & ,pholas lucif]ase4 ,he f9ds ! lucif]9 to be de/roy$ above #gj deg4 ,c41 to dialyze sl[ly1 to oxidize ) light production 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pholas lucif]ase1 ,k,mn,o#d1 ,h#b,o#b1 haemat9e & ,h#b,o#b1 ,ba,o#b1 ,pb,o#b1 hypo*lorites1 & ! blood ( v>i\s m>9e mollusks & cru/acea4 ,x is insoluble 9 fat solv5ts b =ms a colloidal solution 9 wat] f :i* x is precipitat$ un*ang$ by picric acid1 alcohol at #hb deg41 & 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d4 ,x is n precipitat$ by ,na,cl1 ,mg,s,o#d or acetic & c>bonic acids1 except 9 pres5ce ( neutral salts4 ,x =ms an insoluble alkali album9 ) ,,nh#d,,oh4 ,dubois 7#ahhg a7 /at$ at "o "t t x c\ld be cry/alliz$ & has spok5 ( x z belong+ to sev]al diff]5t classes ( sub/ances1 proteose1 nucleoprote91 album94 ,mo/ rec5tly he describes lucif]9 z a natural album9 hav+ acid prop]ties4 ,x occurs only 9 lum9\s1 n 9 non-lum9\s animals1 & is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! mantle1 especially ! siphons4 ,x does n occur 9 non-lum9\s p>ts ( ! mollusk4 ,no photographs ( lucif]9 cry/als h ev] be5 publi%$4 ,,pholas ,,lucif]ase4--,pholas lucif]ase has all ! prop]ties ( an enzyme1 is de/roy$ at #fj deg4 ,c41 is non-dialyzable1 insoluble 9 fat solv5ts1 b =ms a colloidal solution 9 wat]4 ,x is n affect$ by #a p] c5t4 ,na,f b its activity is susp5d$ 9 saturat$ salt solutions1 sug> or glyc]9e1 & x may be pres]v$ 9 ?is way1 its activity return+ on dilution4 ,x is dige/$ by tryps9 & sl[ly de/roy$ by ! fat solv5t anae/hetics1 su* z *lor(orm4 ,= ?is reason ,dubois reg>ds x z an oxidiz+ enzyme simil> to ! oxydones ( ,batelli & ,/]n4 ,because he f\nd iron 9 an extract ( ,pholas dialyz$ = a long "t aga9/ runn+ wat]1 ,dubois consid]s t x is associat$ ) iron1 & reports t x w oxidize ! ord9>y oxidase reag5ts1 su* z pyrogallol1 gum guaiac1 a-naph?ol & p>a-ph5yl5e-diam9e1 etc4 ,x rema9s to be prov$1 h[ev]1 t lucif]ase & n ! oxidiz+ sy/ems su* z occur 9 all cells are responsible = ! coloration ( ^! reag5ts4 ,dubois has f\nd lucif]ases or sub/ances capable ( giv+ light ) ,pholas lucif]9 9 ! blood ( _m non-lum9\s cru/acea & mollusks 79 ,b>nea c&ida1 ,sol51 ,c>dium edulis1 ,o/raea & ,mytilus74 ,,cyprid9a ,,lucif]94--,despite ! l>ge am\nt t has be5 writt5 on lum9\s animals1 ,dubois' "w on ,pholas & my own on ,cyprid9a & ! firefly are ! only truly *emical /udies t give u any idea ( ! nature ( ! photog5ic sub/ances 9 any lum9\s animal4 ,9 _m ways ,cyprid9a lucif]9 is simil> to ,pholas lucif]91 b ! two diff] 9 a suffici5t numb] ( po9ts to make c]ta9 t !y are n id5tical sub/ances4 ,z ,i h emphasiz$ above1 we %\ld speak n ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase b ( ! lucif]9s & ! lucif]ases4 ,! lucif]9s1 z ! oxidizable sub/ances1 mu/ claim fir/ att5tion4 ,!y are m simple sub/ances ?an ! lucif]ases4 ,if we are to produce light artificially 9 ! same way t animals d1 ! lucif]9s mu/ be syn!siz$4 ,! lucif]9 ( ,pholas w lum9esce ) ,k,mn,o#d & o!r oxidiz+ ag5ts1 &1 al?\gh ,i h n yet succe$$ 9 oxidiz+ ,cyprid9a lucif]9 ) oxidiz+ ag5ts1 ,i h no d\bt b t "s inorganic catalyz] w be f\nd to take ! place ( lucif]ase & accel]ate oxidation ( ,cyprid9a lucif]9 ) light production4 ,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity ( ,cyprid9a lucif]9 is its /ability4 ,9 my fir/ pap] on ,cyprid9a ,i /at$ t lucif]9 0 n de/roy$ by mom5t>y boil+ b w\ld be de/roy$ if boil$ f\r or five m9utes2 also1 t x 0 un/able at room temp]atures & w\ld disappe> f solution 9 ! c\rse ( a day or s4 ,! reason = ?is is t lucif]9 oxidizes ev5 9 abs5ce ( lucif]ase & w !n no long] give light ) lucif]ase4 ,?is spontane\s oxidation1 :i* occurs )\t light production1 c be prev5t$ by keep+ ! lucif]9 9 a hydrog5 atmosph]e or by ! addition ( acid4 ,"u ^! conditions ! lucif]9 c be boil$ )\t de/ruction or pres]v$ = mon?s )\t det]ioration4 ,! rapid disappe>ance ( lucif]9 f neutral or alkal9e solution on boil+ 9 ! air is entirely due to ! m rapid oxidation at ! boil+ po9t4 ,z ! oxidation product1 oxylucif]91 c be readily reconv]t$ into lucif]9 aga91 we c n consid] lucif]9 un/able 9 ! s5se t its molecule is actually de/roy$ z is ! case :5 lucif]ase is boil$4 ,n only is lucif]9 /able on boil+ b x w actually )/& boil+ = #aj h\rs ) #bj p] c5t4 ,h,cl 7by weight1 sp4 gr4 #a4a7 or ) #d p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,aft] "o day ( boil+ ) #bj p] c5t4 ,h,cl ! lucif]9 0 completely de/roy$ & ) #d p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d de/ruction 0 almo/ complete4 ,9 ^! cases !re 0 no "q ( a m]e oxidation to oxylucif]91 z no oxylucif]9 c\ld be demon/rat$ aft] boil+ ) su* /rong acids4 ,an actual de/ruction1 probably an hydrolysis ( ! lucif]9 molecule1 occurr$4 ,we %all h occasion to ref] to ?is aga9 9 consid]+ ! prote9 nature ( lucif]94 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t _m prote9s require f\r or five days' boil+ ) #bj p] c5t4 ,h,cl = complete hydrolysis to am9o-acids4 ,lucif]9 =ms a solution 9 wat]1 probably colloidal1 al?\gh ! lucif]9 w dialyze ?r\gh p>*m5t or collodion membranes4 ,x is r readily adsorb$ by v>i\s f9ely divid$ mat]ials su* z bone black1 ,fe7,,oh7#c1 kaol91 talc & ,ca,co#c4 ,x is n de/roy$ by any ( ! enzyme solutions :i* ,i h tri$4 ,^! include su* z are widely div]g5t 9 action3 peps9 ,h,cl1 tryps91 ereps91 saliv>y & malt dia/ase1 yea/ inv]tase1 urease1 r5n9 & ! enzymes ( dri$ sple51 kidney & liv] sub/ances4 ,by extract+ ! dri$ ,cyprid9as gr\nd to a p[d]1 ! solubility ( lucif]9 9 non-aque\s solv5ts c\ld be easily /udi$1 & by add+ su* reag5ts z dilute acids1 alkalies1 neutral salts & ! alkaloidal reag5ts to an aque\s solution ( lucif]9 ! g5]al bio*emical behavior ( lucif]9 c be q accurately /at$4 ,= conv5i5ce ! results ( ?is /udy are giv5 9 ,table #h4 ,,table #h ,prop]ties ( ,photog5ic ,sub/ances f ,cyprid9a ,prop]ty ,lucif]ase ,lucif]9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,salt+ out ,by saturation ,na,cl ,n precipitat$ ,n precipitat$4 ,by half saturation ,d4 ,d4 ,mg,s,o#d ,by saturation ,mg,s,o#d,ne>ly completely ,p>tially precipitat$ precipitat$4 ,by saturation ,mg,s,o#d 444 ,d4 acetic acid ,by half saturation 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d ,slightly precipitat$ ,n precipitat$4 ,by saturation ,completely precipitat$,ne>ly completely 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d precipitat$4 ,by saturation 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d 444 ,ne>ly completely acetic acid precipitat$4 ,solubility 9 ,me?yl alcohol ,insoluble ,soluble4 ,e?yl alcohol ,d4 ,d4 #ij p] c5t4 ,d4 ,d4 #gj p] c5t4 ,d4 ,d4 #ej p] c5t4 ,slightly soluble ,d4 ,propyl alcohol ,insoluble ,d4 ,isobutyl alcohol ,d4 ,fairly soluble4 ,amyl alcohol ,d4 ,slightly soluble4 ,b5zyl alcohol ,d4 ,soluble4 ,acetone ,d4 ,fairly soluble4 #ij p] c5t4 ,d4 ,soluble4 #gj p] c5t4 ,slightly soluble ,d4 #ej p] c5t4 ,fairly soluble ,d4 ,e?yl acetate ,insoluble ,d4 ,e?yl propionate ,d4 ,fairly soluble4 ,e?yl butyrate ,d4 ,d4 ,e?yl val]ate ,d4 ,slightly soluble4 ,e?yl nitrate ,d4 ,v slightly soluble4 ,glyc]9e ,d4 ,soluble4 ,glycol ,d4 ,d4 ,e!r ,d4 ,insoluble4 ,*lor(orm ,d4 ,d4 ,c>bon disulfide ,d4 ,d4 ,c>bon tetra*loride ,d4 ,d4 ,b5zol ,d4 ,d4 ,toluol ,d4 ,d4 ,xylol ,d4 ,d4 ,petroleum e!r ,d4 ,d4 ,anil9 ,d4 ,d4 ,glacial acetic acid ,d4 ,fairly soluble4 ,alkaloidal ,reag5ts ,phosphotung/ic acid ,completely precipitat$,v ne>ly completely precipitat$4 ,phosphotung/ic & 444 ,v ne>ly completely acetic acids precipitat$4 ,phosphotung/ic acid 444 ,completely precipitat$4 & ,h,cl ,tannic acid ,ne>ly completely ,ne>ly completely precipitat$ precipitat$4 ,tannic & acetic 444 ,ne>ly completely acids precipitat$4 ,tannic acid & ,h,cl 444 ,ne>ly completely precipitat$4 ,picric acid ,ne>ly completely ,n precipitat$4 precipitat$ ,picric & acetic acid 444 ,d4 ,picric acid & ,h,cl 444 ,d4 ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f & 444 acetic acid ,d4 ,heavy ,metal ,salts ,basic lead acetate ,completely precipitat$,n completely precipitat$4 ,neutral lead acetate ,ne>ly completely ,n completely precipitat$4 precipitat$4 ,neutral lead acetate 444 ,n precipitat$4 & acetic acid ,m]curic *loride ,n precipitat$ ,n completely precipitat$4 ,m]curic *loride & 444 ,almo/ completely acetic acid precipitat$4 ,uranyl nitrate & 444 ,n completely acetic acid precipitat$4 ,acids & ,alkalies ,na,o,h ,n precipitat$ ,n precipitat$4 ,,nh#d,,oh ,d4 ,d4 ,acetic acid ,d4 ,d4 ,h#b;,,co#c ,d4 ,d4 ,tri*loracetic acid ,d4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,because ! lucif]9 is almo/ completely precipitat$ by saturation ) 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d1 we may conclude t x occurs 9 wat] 9 ! colloidal /ate4 ,?is excludes x f belong+ to "o ( ! num]\s gr\ps ( bio*emical comp\nds occurr+ 9 true solution & places x among ! kn[n gr\ps ( colloidal sub/ances1 ! soaps1 prote9s1 polysac*>ides1 phospholip9s1 galactolip9s 7c]ebrosides71 tann9s or sapon9s4 ,x is n a polysac*>ide because ne>ly completely precipitat$ by phosphotung/ic acid1 nor a soap because n precipitat$ by calcium salts1 nor a phospho- or galactolip9 because insoluble 9 b5z9e1 hot or cold4 ,x gives no tann9 or sapon9 te/s4 ,only ! prote9 gr\p rema9s1 & ( ! eighte5 prote9 classes recogniz$ by ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,bio*emi/s1 ! g5]al prop]ties ( lucif]9 indicate t x %\ld be plac$ among ! natural proteoses1 some:]e on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! proteoses & peptones4 ,! fact t lucif]9 w dialyze1 al?\gh almo/ completely salt$ out by 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d1 is /rong evid5ce 9 favor ( plac+ x 9 su* a position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lucif]9 has two prop]ties :i* to say ! lea/ are unusual = prote9s4 ,i ref] to its solubility 9 alcohols1 acetone1 e/]s1 etc41 & non-dige/ibility by tryps9 or ereps91 :i* h almo/ univ]sal proteolytic p[]4 ,! be/ kn[n class ( prote9s soluble 9 alcohol is ! prolam9es ( plants1 b ! prolam9es are insoluble 9 wat] & 9 absolute alcohol4 ,ze91 ! prolam9e ( corn1 is soluble 9 #ij p] c5t4 e?yl1 me?yl1 & propyl alcohols1 9 glyc]ol heat$ to #aej deg4 ,c41 & 9 glacial acetic acid4 ,rec5tly ,osborne & ,wakeman 7#aiah7 h describ$ a prote9 f milk hav+ solubilities simil> to ^? ( gliad91 ! prolam9e ( :eat4 ,welk] 7#aiab7 has describ$ a sub/ance1 obta9$ f ,witte's peptone1 giv+ ! biuret1 ,millon1 & ,hopk9s-,cole te/s1 :i* is soluble 9 wat] & absolute alcohol b n 9 e!r1 & x is possible t o!rs ( ! peptones are soluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s prote9s 9 ! abs5ce ( salts =m colloidal solutions 9 /rong alcohol f :i* !y may be precipitat$ by an appropriate salt4 ,z ! absolute alcohol extract ( ,cyprid9ae 0 made f dry mat]ial conta9+ ! salts ( sea wat]1 "s salt 0 pres5t1 b !re is always ! possibility ( sol =mation4 ,if we extract dri$ ,cyprid9ae1 :i* h previ\sly be5 ?or\ghly extract$ ) b5z9e or e!r1 ) #hjj c4c4 ( boil+ absolute alcohol = an h\r1 filt] ! alcohol extract ?r\gh blott+ pap] & h>d5$ filt] pap]1 quickly evaporate ! filtrate to dryness on ! wat] ba?1 & dissolve ! residue 9 a small quantity ( wat] saturat$ ) ,,co#b1i we obta9 a yell[ opalesc5t solution :i* gives a bright light ) lucif]ase4 ,?is solution conta9s "s prote9 or prote9 d]ivatives z x gives a v fa9t ,millon reaction1 a good positive n9hydr9 te/1 r$di% blue 9 color1 b no biuret reaction4 ,x precipitates ) tannic & phosphotung/ic acids b n ) picric1 acetic1 tri*loracetic1 or *romic acids4 ,! extract gives a fa9t ,molis* reaction = c>bohydrates4 ,z ! evid5ce po9ts to ! pres5ce ( "s prote9 products 9 ! absolute alcohol extract ( ,cyprid9ae1 x is possible t ?is prote9 is lucif]94 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,millon reaction 0 v fa9t1 al?\gh ! n9hydr9 0 q m>k$ & ! biuret negative4 #i ,to make ! solution slightly acid & prev5t oxidation ( ! lucif]94 ,al?\gh lucif]9 is n dige/$ by tryps91 ev5 aft] five days at #ch deg4 ,c41 x does hydrolyze ) m9]al acids aft] ab\t #af h\rs' boil+4 ,"s prote9s1 ! album9oids & racemiz$ prote9s1 resi/ tryptic dige/ion b yield to acid hydrolysis4 ,we "k also t "s ,,nh-,,co l9kages ( prote9s are brok5 d[n ) great difficulty by tryps9 z x is difficult to obta9 a tryptic dige/ ( prote9 :i* does n give ! biuret reaction1 & ! "w ( ,fis*] & ,abd]hald5 has %[n t c]ta9 artificial polypeptides are n dige/$ by pure activat$ pancreatic juice4 ,we h1 !n1 ?ree possibilities3 ,lucif]9 is 7#a7 ei!r a natural proteose n attack$ by tryps91 or 7#b7 if attack$ by tryps9 its decomposition products 7presumably am9o-acids7 /ill conta9 ! gr\p oxidizable ) light production1 or 7#c7 x is n prote9 at all4 ,i h be5 unable to oxidize ) light production v>i\s mixtures ( am9o-acids 7f tryptic dige/ion ( beef & case91 or ! acid hydrolysis products ( lucif]9 itself7 by means ( lucif]ase1 & consequ5tly am l$ to believe t ,cyprid9a lucif]9 is ei!r a new natural proteose1 soluble 9 absolute alcohol & n dige/$ by tryps9 or t x belongs to "s o!r gr\p ?an ! prote9s4 ,! abs5ce ( a biuret reaction w\ld po9t 9 t direction & ! "q mu/ await fur!r /udy4 ,cyprid9a lucif]9 is f\nd 9 ! lum9\s gl& ( ! animal & possibly 9 p>ts non-lum9\s z well z 9 ! lum9\s organ4 ,?is is true ( ! lucif]9 f fireflies :i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! body ( ,luciola1 ,photuris & ,phot9us4 ,,cyprid9a ,,lucif]ase4--,lucif]ase1 on ! o!r h&1 has all ! prop]ties ( a complex prote94 ,x w n dialyze ?r\gh collodion or p>*m5t membranes1 is soluble only 9 aque\s solv5ts1 & h5ce precipitat$ by alcohol & acetone1 dige/$ by proteolytic enzymes1 readily *ang$ by contact ) dilute acid & alkali & irrev]sibly coagulat$ on boil+4 ,x is completely salt$ out ( solution by saturation ) 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d & ne>ly completely precipitat$ by ! alkaloidal reag5ts4 ,its o!r prop]ties are giv5 9 ,table #h4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y po9t to ! gr\p ( album9s z ! class ( prote9s ) :i* lucif]ase mo/ closely agrees4 ,if lucif]ase is n a prote9 x is s closely b\nd up ) prote9 t x _c be sep>at$4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( _m enzymes & lucif]ase is also an enzyme4 ,we c det]m9e ?is by f9d+ out :e!r lucif]ase w accel]ate ! oxidation ( a l>ge am\nt ( lucif]91 = su* is ! te/ ( a catalytic sub/ance4 ,if we take #a c4c4 ( a dilute solution ( lucif]ase 7#a ,cyprid9a to #ej c4c4 wat]7 & add to x successive #a c4c4 portions ( conc5trat$ lucif]9 7#a ,cyprid9a to #b c4c4 solution7 z soon z ! light f ! prec$+ addition has disappe>$1 aft] f\r #a c4c4 additions1 no m light is produc$4 ,! lucif]ase is !re=e us$ up & _c oxidize m ?an a c]ta9 quantity ( lucif]94 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 we add$ a conc5tration ( lucif]9 f "o ,cyprid9a #ajj times t ( ! lucif]ase f "o ,cyprid9a1 i4e41 f\r additions ea* #be times z conc5trat$4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 no way ( tell+ :at ! absolute am\nt 79 milligrams7 ( lucif]9 or lucif]ase is 9 a s+le ,cyprid9a1 b we d "k t ! lucif]ase f "o ,cyprid9a _c oxidize lucif]9 f m ?an #ajj ,cyprid9as4 ,if ! ratio ( lucif]9 to lucif]ase 9 a s+le animal is #ajj3a1 x w\ld mean t lucif]ase c\ld oxidize #aj1jjj times its weight ( lucif]94 ,a l>ge excess ( lucif]9 b n an indef9ite quantity c be oxidiz$ by lucif]ase1 & ,i believe ?is is suffici5t ju/ification = consid]+ lucif]ase an enzyme1 al?\gh x is n an ideal example ( an organic catalyz]4 ,q a numb] ( enzymes are kn[n to be dim9i%$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! reaction !y accel]ate or to be poison$ by _! reaction products4 ,enzyme reactions inhibit$ by ! =mation ( reaction products aga9 proce$ if ^! are remov$ or dilut$4 ,h[ev]1 light does n aga9 appe> 9 a mixture ( weak lucif]ase ) excess ( lucif]9 ^u dilution ) wat]1 s t ! lucif]ase _c h be5 m]ely inhibit$ by "s reaction product b mu/ h be5 actually us$ up dur+ ! reaction4 ,x %\ld be not$ 9 pass+ t ! p]oxidases1 ord9>ily spok5 ( z oxidiz+ enzymes1 are us$ up 9 ! reaction & c only oxidize limit$ am\nts ( oxidizable sub/ances1 a quantity almo/ 9 proportion to ! conc5tration ( p]oxidase pres5t4 ,:e!r lucif]ase is an oxidiz+ enzyme made up ( an album9 associat$ ) "s heavy metal z iron1 copp] or manganese is unc]ta94 ,f analyses ( :ole ,cyprid9a1 k9dly made = me by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,phillips ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 all ?ree ( ^! metals1 :i* we "k to be associat$ ) biological oxidations1 are pres5t1 & x is q possible t "o ( !m is conc]n$ ) ! oxidation ( lucif]94 ,al?\gh ,i h te/$ a great _m oxidiz]s1 organic & inorganic1 & a l>ge numb] ( oxidiz+ enzymes f blood & tissue extracts ( animals ri* 9 iron1 copp] & manganese1 ,i h f\nd no mat]ial :i* is capable ( tak+ ! place ( ,cyprid9a lucif]ase4 ,p]oxidases or oxidases ( plants1 haemoglob91 haemocyan91 extracts ( mussels1 manganese conta9+ blood ( v>i\s m>9e cru/acea & mollusks w give no light on mix+ ) lucif]94 ,su* active oxidiz]s z ,k,mn,o#d1 ,h#b,o#b1 ,ba,o#b1 & _m o!rs1 w n oxidize ,cyprid9a lucif]9 ) light production1 al?\gh !y c oxidize ,pholas lucif]9 ) light production4 ,! action ( ,cyprid9a lucif]ase is v highly specific4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ! lum9\s organ ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii1 n 9 non-lum9\s p>ts & n 9 a non-lum9\s species ( ,cyprid9a closely relat$ to hilg5dorfii4 ,lucif]9s & lucif]ases f closely alli$ lum9\s =ms w mutually int]act to produce light1 b no light appe>s if ^! sub/ances come f di/antly relat$ =ms4 ,?us firefly 7,photuris7 lucif]9 w give light ) ,pyrophorus lucif]ase & vice v]sa1 b ,cyprid9a lucif]9 w give no light ) firefly 7,luciola7 lucif]ase or vice v]sa1 nor ) ,pholas lucif]ase or vice v]sa4 ,! fa9t lum9esc5ces sometimes obs]v$ on mix+ firefly or ,cyprid9a lucif]ase ) boil$ extracts ( non-lum9\s =ms1 or ( di/antly relat$ lum9\s =ms1 are probably caus$ by photophele9 9 ! boil$ extract4 ,l ! plant p]oxidases1 ,cyprid9a lucif]ase is n readily affect$ by ! action ( *lor(orm1 toluol1 etc4 ,unlike ! plant p]oxidases1 x w n oxidize 7i4e41 produce coloration7 9 ei!r pres5ce or abs5ce ( ,h#b,o#b1 any ( ! hydroxyph5ol or am9oph5ol comp\nds1 su* z pyrogallol1 a-naph?ol1 p>a-diam9o-b5z9e1 gum guaiac1 etc41 commonly us$ z p]oxidase reag5ts4 ,nei!r w lucif]ase produce light ) any sub/ances1 su* z oils1 loph91 pyrogallol1 gallic acid1 escul91 etc41 :i* we "k to be capable ( oxidation ) light production by o!r means4 ,! lucif]ases are v highly specific & act only ^u ! lucif]9s ( ! same or closely relat$ species4 ,!y mu/ be plac$ by !mselves 9 a new class ( oxidiz+ enzymes4 ,accord+ to ,dubois1 ,pholas lucif]ase is r readily de/roy$ by *lor(orm & my own obs]vations indicate t ?is is true also ( firefly lucif]ase1 s t a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iation exi/s 9 ! gr\p ( lucif]ases4 ,none ( ! lum9esc5t animals :i* ,i h /udi$ are at all affect$ by cyanides4 ,! lum9esc5ce cont9ues 9 extracts ( ,cyprid9a1 firefly1 & ,cav]nul>ia1 or 9 ,noctiluca & lum9\s bact]ia aft] addition ( small or high 7m_/#dj7 conc5trations ( ,,kcn4 ,9 ?is respect ! lucif]ases are v diff]5t f _m types ( oxidiz+ enzymes :i* are inhibit$ by exce$+ly weak conc5trations ( cyanide4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t :ile ,,kcn inhibits catalase & ! catalytic decomposition ( ,h#b,o#b by ,pt or ,ag1 x does n affect ! catalytic decomposition ( ,h#b,o#b by ?allium4 ,,oxylucif]94--,:5 lucif]9 is oxidiz$ x mu/ be conv]t$ into "s sub/ance or sub/ances & ,i believe ?is *ange involves no fundam5tal de/ruction ( ! lucif]9 molecule z x is a rev]sible process4 ,i %all speak ( ! pr9cipal 7if n ! only7 product =m$ z oxylucif]94 ,if we assume t ! oxidation ( lucif]9 *anges ! molecule b slightly1 we at once ?9k ( comp>+ ! *ange lucif]9 oxylucif]9 ) ! *ange r$uc$ haemoglob9 oxyhaemoglob94 ,! condition is1 h[ev]1 n s simple z ?is1 = oxyhaemoglob9 w aga9 give up its oxyg5 provid+ ! p>tial pressure ( oxyg5 is made suffici5tly l[1 :]eas oxylucif]9 w n d ?is1 at lea/ 9 ! d>k4 ,we c n r$uce oxylucif]9 solution by exhau/+ ! oxyg5 ) an air-pump4 ,!re is ano!r oxidation-r$uction sy/em :i* c also be easily rev]s$1 b n by m]ely remov+ ! oxyg5 f ! solution--t is1 ! r$uction ( a dye su* z me?yl5e blue to its leuco-base4 ,i believe ! *ange :i* occurs :5 lucif]9 is oxidiz$ is simil> to t :i* occurs :5 ! leuco-base ( me?yl5e blue or sodium indigo-sulphonate is oxidiz$ to ! blue dye4 ,oxidation ( leuco-dye bases occurs spontane\sly 9 pres5ce ( oxyg5 & appe>s to consi/ 9 ! removal ( hydrog5 f ! leuco-base ) =mation ( wat]4 ,r$uction ( ^! dyes may be effect$ 9 ! same ways t oxylucif]9 c be r$uc$4 ,9 ! case ( me?yl5e blue1 r$uction consi/s 9 ! addition ( two hydrog5 atoms4 ,:e!r a simil> *ange occurs :5 oxylucif]9 is r$uc$ or :e!r oxyg5 is actually add$ z 9 =mation ( haemoglob9 _c be def9itely /at$ at pres5t4 ,we may write equations repres5t+ ^! possibilities z foll[s3 ,c#af;,h#bj,n#c,s,cl7leuco-me?yl5e blue7 ,o ,c#af;,h#ah,n#c,s,cl 7me?yl5e blue7 ,h#b,o ,haemoglob9 ,o oxyhaemoglob94 ,let u n[ turn to ! me?ods :i* may be us$ 9 r$uction ( oxylucif]94 ,we may !n endeavor to write an equation :i* w repres5t ! fundam5tal *anges 9 ! lum9esc5ce reaction4 ,my attempts to r$uce ! oxidation product ( lucif]9 />t$ f ! obs]vation t if "o places a cle> solution ( lucif]ase 9 a tall te/ tube1 al?\gh x may give (f no light at fir/ :5 %ak51 aft] /&+ a day or s a v bright light w\ld appe> on %ak+4 ,?is 0 especially true :5 ! lucif]ase _h become turbid & ill-smell+ f ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,?9k+ t ! bact]ia produc$ a sub/ance :i* c\ld be oxidiz$ by ! lucif]ase1 ,i tri$ gr[+ bact]ia & also yea/ on appropriate culture m$ia1 & aft] "s days ( gr[? mix+ ! culture m$ia conta9+ ! products ( bact]ial or yea/ gr[? ) lucif]ase1 expect+ to obta9 light2 b no light appe>$4 ,h[ev]1 if a little crude lucif]ase solution 0 add$ to ! bact]ial or yea/ cultures & !n all[$ to /& = "s h\rs1 light appe>$ :5ev] !y 7 %ak54 ,inde$ su* cultures behav$ mu* z a susp5sion ( lum9\s bact]ia :i* has us$ up all ! oxyg5 9 ! culture fluid & w only lum9esce :51 by %ak+1 m oxyg5 dissolves 9 ! culture m$ium4 ,realiz+ t 9 bact]ial cultures 9 te/ tubes1 ana]obic conditions soon appe>1 & also ! /rong r$uc+ action ( bact]ia ^u _m sub/ances 7= in/ance1 nitrates or me?yl5e blue7 "u ana]obic conditions1 x /ruck me t ! bact]ia might be r$uc+ ! oxidation product ( lucif]9 to lucif]9 aga94 ,we mu/ rememb] t s9ce crude lucif]ase solution is a cold-wat] extract ( a lum9\s animal all[$ to /& until all ! lucif]9 has be5 oxidiz$1 x mu/ conta9 oxylucif]9 z well z lucif]ase & w give light if ! oxylucif]9 is aga9 r$uc$ & oxyg5 admitt$4 ,?is appe>s to be ! correct explanation ( ! above exp]im5ts4 ,oxylucif]9 may also be readily r$uc$ by ! use ( ! blood ( ! horse-%oe crab 7,limulus7 all[$ to /& until bact]ia develop4 ,?is exp]im5t is ( special int]e/ because ! blood conta9s haemocyan91 :i* is colorless 9 ! r$uc$ condition & blue 9 ! oxy-condition4 ,! color *ange ?us s]ves z an indicator ( ! oxyg5 conc5tration 9 ! blood4 ,a sample ( f\l-smell+ ,limulus blood full ( bact]ia w become colorless on /&+ 9 a te/ tube = #aj to #ae m9utes1 b ! blue color quickly returns if %ak5 ) air4 ,su* a blood has ! p[] ( r$uc+ oxylucif]9 ?r\gh ! activity ( ! bact]ia :i* x conta9s4 ,fre% blood has v little if any r$uc+ action4 ,n only bact]ia b also tissue extracts h a /rong r$uc+ action 9 abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,?us1 muscle tissue /a9$ 9 me?yl5e blue w v quickly decolorize 7r$uce7 ! me?yl5e blue if oxyg5 7air7 is kept away1 b ! blue color imm$iately returns if air is admitt$4 ,oxylucif]9 7i4e41 a solution ( lucif]9 :i* has be5 completely oxidiz$ by boil+ or /&+ 9 air until x no long] gives light ) lucif]ase7 if mix$ ) a susp5sion ( gr\nd frog's muscle & kept 9 a well-fill$ & /opp]$ te/ tube = "s h\rs1 is r$uc$ to lucif]9 & gives a bright light if n[ p\r$ into lucif]ase solution4 ,frog muscle susp5sion alone1 or oxylucif]9 alone1 give no light ) lucif]ase1 nor w a mixture ( frog muscle susp5sion & oxylucif]91 if %ak5 ) air = sev]al h\rs4 ,only if ?is la/ mixture be kept "u ana]obic conditions is ! oxylucif]9 r$uc$4 ,! r$uc+ action ( tissues is said to be due to a r$uc+ enzyme 7r$ucase or r$uctase71 itself compos$ ( a p]hydridase & "s easily oxidiz$ body su* z an aldehyde4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]hydridase ! oxyg5 ( wat] oxidizes ! aldehyde & ! hydrog5 set free r$uces any easily r$ucible sub/ance :i* may be pres5t4 ,!re is a p]hydridase 9 fre% milk1 spok5 ( z ,s*>d+]'s enzyme1 :i* is de/roy$ by boil+4 ,if "s aldehyde is add$1 fre% milk w r$uce me?yl5e blue to its leuco-base or nitrates to nitrites1 ^u /&+ a %ort "t4 ,if %ak5 ) air ! blue color returns4 ,!re is no r$uction unless an aldehyde is add$ or unless "s boil$ extract ( a tissue su* z liv] is add$4 ,! boil$-liv] extract has no r$uc+ action ( its own1 b supplies a sub/ance simil> to ! aldehyde :i* has be5 spok5 ( z co-enzyme4 ,! aldehyde is oxidiz$ to its correspond+ acid4 ,milk w r$uce me?yl5e blue )\t aldehyde if bact]ia are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,!re is no r$uction if ! milk1 me?yl5e blue1 & aldehyde are agitat$ ) air4 ,! temp]ature optimum is r high1 #fj deg4 to #gj deg4 ,c4 ,i f9d t milk is a favorable & conv5i5t m$ium = ! r$uction ( oxylucif]9 & t x acts )\t ! addition ( an aldehyde or ! pres5ce ( bact]ia4 ,!re is probably a sub/ance act+ z ! aldehyde 9 ! lucif]ase-oxylucif]9 solution4 ,no light appe>s if milk is add$ to a lucif]ase-oxylucif]9 solution1 b if ! mixture is all[$ to /& 9 abs5ce ( oxyg5 light w appe> :5 air is admitt$4 ,! air c be conv5i5tly kept out by fill+ small te/ tubes completely ) ! solution & clos+ !m ) rubb] /opp]s4 ,z almo/ all animal tissues conta9 r$uctases x is n surpris+ to f9d t a fre%ly prep>$ & filt]$ extract ( ,cyprid9a conta9+ oxylucif]9 & lucif]ase1 :i* gives no light on %ak+1 w1 on /&+ 9 a /opp]$ tube = #bd h\rs at room temp]ature 9 ! d>k give light :5 air is admitt$4 ,:ile ?is may be due to ! developm5t ( bact]ia ) a r$uc+ action1 x does n seem likely1 z "u ! same conditions me?yl5e blue is n r$uc$ 9 #bd h\rs1 & !re is no turbidity or smell ( decomposition 9 ! tube4 ,9 #dh h\rs bact]ia appe> & me?yl5e blue is also r$uc$4 ,if we add *lor(orm1 toluol or ?ymol to ! tubes ( ,cyprid9a extract to prev5t ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 & all[ !m to /& #dh h\rs1 ^u admitt+ air ! tube ) *lor(orm gives no light b ! tubes ) toluol & ?ymol d give light1 al?\gh x is n s bright z if !y 7 abs5t4 ,i believe t ^! sub/ances h a de/ructive action on ! r$uctases1 mo/ complete 9 ! case ( *lor(orm4 ,dubois 7#aiai;c7 also has record$ ! occurr5ce ( a r$uc+ enzyme 9 ,pholas1 a hydrog5ase1 :i* is able to =m hydrog5 f cane sug>1 & lucif]9 f a boil$ extract ( ,pholas4 ,he n[ reg>ds x z id5tical ) 8 co-lucif]ase4 ,i h n be5 able to demon/rate t a ,cyprid9a extract w r$uce me?yl5e blue1 or nitrates to nitrites1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( acetaldehyde4 ,?is may be due to ! fact t oxylucif]91 :i* is also pres5t1 may be r$uc$ m readily ?an ei!r nitrates or me?yl5e blue1 & s is r$uc$ fir/4 ,we c also r$uce oxylucif]9 by means :i* d n involve ! use ( animal extracts4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( ^! is r$uction by palladium black & sodium hypophosphite4 ,! latt] is oxidiz$ 9 pres5ce ( palladium & nasc5t hydrog5 is set free4 ,! nasc5t hydrog5 r$uces any easily r$ucible sub/ance :i* may be pres5t1 su* z me?yl5e blue or oxylucif]94 ,oxylucif]9 is n r$uc$ by palladium alone or hypophosphite alone1 b me?yl5e blue is r$uc$ by palladium black alone4 ,if hydrog5 sulphide is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( me?yl5e blue ! dye is v quickly r$uc$ & becomes colorless4 ,if ! ,h#b,s is driv5 (f by boil+ ! colorless me?yl5e-blue solution1 ! blue color aga9 returns on cool+4 ,oxylucif]9 c also be r$uc$ by ,h#b,s4 ,if "o adds "s ,mg p[d] to oxylucif]9 & !n dilute acetic acid 9 successive additions z ! acetic acid is us$ up 9 =mation ( ,mg acetate1 ! oxylucif]9 w be r$uc$ relatively quickly4 ,nasc5t hydrog5 is produc$ 9 ! reaction & is no d\bt ! active r$uc+ ag5t4 ,dilute acid favors ! r$uction ( oxylucif]94 ,if "o saturates an oxylucif]9 solution ) ,,co#b or adds a little dilute acetic acid1 ,h,cl1 ,,hno#c or ,h#b,,s#d1 to x1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( r$uction w occur4 ,no r$uction occurs if ! solution is saturat$ ) pure hydrog51 ev5 if all[$ to /& #bd h\rs4 ,! action ( ! acid beg9s :5 ! solution ( oxylucif]91 ord9>ily slightly alkal9e 7,,ph #i71 is made neutral 7,,ph #g4a7 z indicat$ 9 ,table #i4 ,! action ( ! acid mu/ be on ! oxylucif]91 z no lucif]9 or o!r enzymes de/roy$ on boil+ are pres5t4 ,,table #i ,effect ( ,acid on ,r$uction ( ,oxylucif]9 ,solution ,p,h,lum9esc5ce ,rem>ks ) lucif]ase ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 alone #i4ja ,negative #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 4#je c4c4 #h4h ,negative #e p] c5t4 acetic acid #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 4#ae c4c4 #g4a ,fair #e p] c5t4 acetic acid #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 4#cj c4c4 #e4i ,good ,acid =ms precipitate 9 #e p] c5t4 acetic acid ?is oxylucif]9 sol4 #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 4#ej c4c4 ,good ,acid =ms precipitate 9 #e p] c5t4 acetic acid ?is oxylucif]9 sol4 #bj c4c4 ,oxylucif]9 4#ge c4c4 ,good #aj ,acid =ms precipitate 9 #e p] c5t4 acetic acid ?is oxylucif]9 sol4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #aj ,light disappe>s quickly because ( ! effect ( ! acidity on ! lucif]ase4 ,x is possible t ! action ( bact]ia 7:i* produces ,,co#b71 muscle tissue 7:i* conta9s lactic acid71 milk 79 :i* lactic acid may be =m$ by bact]ia71 or ,mg acid1 9 =m+ lucif]91 is n ! result ( _! r$uc+ p[] b ( _! acidity4 ,=tunately we c te/ ?is matt] by ! use ( r$uc+ fluids :i* are n acid4 ,if !y also =m lucif]9 f oxylucif]91 a r$uction mu/ occur4 ,nasc5t ,h c be g5]at$ by ! action ( ,na,o,h on ,al1 or :5 f9ely divid$ ,mg or ,zn or ,al is plac$ 9 wat]4 ,) ,mg ! wat] becomes only slightly alkal9e f =mation ( almo/ insoluble ,mg7,,oh7#b4 ,if we add "s ,al p[d] & dilute ,na,o,h to an oxylucif]9 solution1 ,h is giv5 (f & lucif]9 is =m$4 ,z oxylucif]9 _c be =m$ by ! addition ( alkali alone we mu/ h 9 ?is exp]im5t a r$uction ( oxylucif]9 9 alkal9e m$ium by ! nasc5t ,h produc$4 ,lucif]9 c also be =m$ by m]ely add+ ,al or ,zn or ,mg du/ to an oxylucif]9 solution4 ,me?yl5e blue c also be readily r$uc$ to its leuco-base by ,zn du/ or ,al ,na,o,h4 ,inde$1 if "o adds "s ,al or ,zn or ,mg p[d] to a solution ( lucif]ase1 light w appe> :5ev] ! solution is %ak54 ,lucif]ase solution mu/ always conta9 ! oxidation product ( lucif]91 oxylucif]94 ,9 pres5ce ( nasc5t ,h ?is is r$uc$ to lucif]91 & s9ce ! reaction ( ! m$ium is alkal9e & lucif]ase is pres5t ?is is oxidiz$ ) light production1 :51 by %ak+1 air is dissolv$4 ,! light c nev] become v bright except at ! surface because ( ! defici5cy ( oxyg5 9 ! solution4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! action ( bact]ia1 yea/1 muscle cells1 etc41 on oxylucif]9 mu/ be due n entirely to _! acid reaction b to _! r$uc+ p[] z well4 ,! above exp]im5t is a v /rik+ & in/ructive "o4 ,giv5 a te/ tube ( lucif]ase solution conta9+1 z x does1 oxylucif]91 add "s ,zn du/ or ,mg p[d]1 & ! evolution ( hydrog5 beg9s4 ,conditions are n[ favorable = ! r$uction ( oxylucif]9 & ?is occurs4 ,%ake ! cont5ts ( ! tube to dissolve oxyg5 & light appe>s4 ,all[ ! tube to /& & ! light soon disappe>s4 ,%ake aga9 & ! light reappe>s4 ,! lum9esc5ce r$uction & oxidation process c be demon/rat$ _m times4 ,a simil> exp]im5t c be p]=m$ ) lucif]ase & oxylucif]9 solution by addition ( ,,nh#d,,%4 ,?is w s]ve also z ano!r example ( ! r$uction ( oxylucif]9 9 an alkal9e m$ium4 ,:5ev] we %ake a tube ( lucif]ase1 oxylucif]9 & ,,nh#d,,%1 light w appe>4 ,:5 ! tube is at re/ x becomes d>k4 ,ev5 ! m]e/ t\* is suffici5t to agitate ! tube cont5ts1 cause solution ( oxyg5 & appe>ance ( light4 ,x is j z if we /imulate ! tube to produce light & ,i believe ! ph5om5on has a deep] significance & a m fundam5tal simil>ity to ! ph5om5a ( /imulation ?an may at fir/ appe>4 ,:at m simple means ( controll+ a process c we ?9k ( ?an by admission or )drawal ( oxyg58 ,! firefly turns on its light by /imulation ?r\gh n]ves ( ! lum9\s organ4 ,noctiluca fla%es on /imulation ( any k9d1 ev5 ! slighte/ agitation caus+ a brilliant emission ( light4 ,if ! /imulation process means m]ely ! admission ( oxyg5 to ! photog5ic cells we h a me*anism 9 ! cell itself = automatically produc+ ! light4 ,! admission ( oxyg5 results 9 a]obic conditions & lucif]9 9 pres5ce ( lucif]ase c !n oxidize to oxylucif]9 ) lum9esc5ce4 ,:5 ! oxyg5 is us$ up1 ! light ceases1 ana]obic conditions prevail1 & ! oxylucif]9 is r$uc$ to lucif]9 aga94 ,?us1 lucif]9 is re=m$ dur+ ! re/ p]iod ( ,noctiluca or betwe5 ! fla%es ( ! firefly4 ,:at m effici5t type ( light ?an ?is is to be desir$8 ,aga91 me?yl5e blue (f]s an int]e/+ p>allel to oxylucif]94 ,a little ,,nh#d,,% add$ to me?yl5e blue solution w r$uce 7decolorize7 x to ! leuco-base4 ,if ! tube is n[ %ak5 ! blue color returns4 ,on /&+ r$uction aga9 occurs4 ,! process c be repeat$ a numb] ( times1 ! reaction go+ 9 "o or ! o!r direction1 dep5d+ on ! oxyg5 cont5t ( ! mixture4 ,z me?yl5e blue conta9s no oxyg51 its r$uction consi/s 9 ! addition ( two atoms ( hydrog54 ,:5 leuco-me?yl5e blue oxidizes1 wat] is =m$ by ! union ( ^! two atoms ( hydrog5 ) oxyg51 ?us3 ,c#af;,h#bj,n#c,s,cl ,o ,c#af;,h#ah,n#c,s,cl ,h#b,o 7leuco-me?yl5e blue7 7me?yl5e blue7 ,briefly--,,mh#b ,o ,m ,h#b,o ,to r$uce me?yl5e blue we c add ! two hydrog5 atoms directly f nasc5t hydrog5 =m$ 9 ! solution or we c split up wat] by a catalyz] 9 ! pres5ce ( "s sub/ance1 :i* w take up ! oxyg5 ( wat]1 ?us3 ,na,h#b,,po#b ,h#b,o ,pd ,na,h#b,,po#c ,h#b ,pd 7,sodium hypophosphite7 7,sodium phosphite7 ,?is reaction occurs 9 pres5ce ( f9ely divid$ palladium4 ,me?yl5e blue c be r$uc$ by ! ,h#b & ! hypophosphite oxidiz$4 ,s9ce oxylucif]9 c be r$uc$ by palladium & sodium hypophosphite 7,h>vey1 #aiah71 x is probable t we c write ! equation = r$uction ( oxylucif]9 & oxidation ( lucif]9 9 a simil> mann] to t ( me?yl5e blue3 ,lucif]9 ,o ,oxylucif]9 ,h#b,o ,briefly--,,lh#b ,o ,l ,h#b,o4 ,j z 9 ! case ( me?yl5e blue ! reaction proce$s 9 ! "r h& direction spontane\sly if ! pressure ( ,o is suffici5tly high4 ,if lucif]ase is also pres5t we h lum9esc5ce4 ,,lh#b ,o lucif]ase ,l ,h#b,o lucif]ase 7lum9esc5ce7 ,! reaction proce$s 9 ! left h& direction "u l[ oxyg5 pressure1 9 ! pres5ce ( nasc5t hydrog5 or ) "s catalyz] :i* is able to split wat]1 transf]r+ ! ,h#b to oxylucif]9 & ! ,o to an acceptor 7,a74 ,na,h#b,,po#b plays ! "p ( ! acceptor4 ,l ,h#b,o ,a ,pd ,,lh#b ,,ao ,pd4 ,?is appe>s to be ! way 9 :i* ! r$uc+ enzymes or p]hydridases 7comp>able to ! ,pd7 ( liv+ tissues act 7,ba*1 #aiaa-ac7 & ! action ( yea/ cells1 bact]ia1 muscle susp5sions1 etc41 9 r$uc+ oxylucif]9 mu/ occur 9 ! same mann]4 ,if we assume t ! ,,lh#b 7lucif]97 comp\nd is dissociat$ to ev5 ! slighte/ ext5t into ,l & hydrog51 ! hydrog5 ion w %ift ! equilibrium t[>d ! =mation ( t sub/ance :i* involves ! tak+ up ( hydrog54 ,consequ5tly we may obta9 a p>tial =mation ( lucif]9 by add+ an acid to oxylucif]94 ,r$uction ( ! ,h-ion conc5tration t5ds to %ift ! equilibrium 9 ! opposite direction4 ,consequ5tly1 addition ( alkali favors ! oxidation ( lucif]91 & x is q g5]ally true t biological oxidations are favor$ by an alkal9e reaction4 ,9 addition oxyg5 9 alkal9e m$ium has a high] oxidation pot5tial ?an 9 neutral or acid m$ia4 ,i believe ?is is ! explanation ( ! action ( acid 9 =mation ( lucif]9 f oxylucif]94 ,addition ( acid is n ! only means ( favor+ ! =mation ( lucif]9 f oxylucif]94 ,any reaction :i* proce$s 9 "o direction ) evolution ( light %\ld1 !oretically1 proce$ 9 ! opposite direction "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,s f> z ,i "k ! case ( a reaction1 photog5ic 9 "o direction & photo*emical 9 ! o!r direction1 has nev] be5 describ$1 unless we are to accept ! cases ( phosphoresc5ce1 = in/ance1 ! absorption ( light by ,ca,s & its emission 9 ! d>k4 ,h[ev]1 ! reaction :i* occurs dur+ phosphoresc5ce _c be /at$4 ,x is a fact t light w cause ! r$uction ( oxylucif]94 ,a tube ( oxylucif]9 expos$ to sunlight = six h\rs1 or ! m]cury arc = two h\rs1 w be p>tially conv]t$ into lucif]94 ,x w lum9esce :5 lucif]ase is add$1 :ile a control tube kept 9 d>kness %[s no trace ( lucif]94 ,! action is m m>k$ ) ! ultra-violet z a solution ( oxylucif]9 9 a qu>tz tube %[$ m r$uction ?an "o 9 a glass tube :5 expos$ = ! same l5g? ( "t to ! qu>tz m]cury arc4 ,! r$uction is n dep5d5t on ! =mation ( acid "u ! influ5ce ( light s9ce two tubes ( oxylucif]91 "o kept 9 d>kness & ! o!r expos$ to sunlight = six h\rs1 _h ! same reaction1 ,,ph #i4c4 ,( c\rse "s r$uc+ sub/ance might be =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( light b ?is is n v probable4 ,we may !re=e write ! reaction = lum9esc5ce 9 ! foll[+ way3 d>kness alkali lucif]ase lucif]9 7,,lh#b7 ,o oxylucif]9 7,l7 ,h#b,o 7lum9esc5ce7 p]hydridase acid light ,acid & light favor r$uction :ile alkali & d>kness favor oxidation 9 ! lucif]9 oxylucif]9 reaction4 ,:e!r ! lucif]9 be really oxidiz$ by removal ( ,h#b or :e!r by addition ( oxyg5 is1 ( c\rse1 unc]ta91 b ! analogy ) me?yl5e blue is /rik+ & may s]ve z a work+ hypo!sis until ! composition ( lucif]9 & its oxidation product are kn[n4 ,:ile ,i h n /udi$ ! prop]ties ( oxylucif]9 z fully z ^? ( lucif]91 s f> z ,i c judge1 bo? sub/ances give ! same g5]al reactions & possess id5tical prop]ties4 ,bo? crude lucif]9 & crude oxylucif]9 solution are yell[ 9 color1 b ,i d n believe t ei!r pure lucif]9 or oxylucif]9 are yell[ 9 color1 because an e!r or b5z9e extract ( ,cyprid9a is also yell[1 al?\gh lucif]ase1 lucif]91 & oxylucif]9 are insoluble 9 e!r & b5z9e4 ,! yell[ pigm5t :i* c be obs]v$ to make up "p ( ! lum9\s gl& ( ,cyprid9a is n lucif]9 or lucif]ase4 ,x may be a pigm5t relat$ to uro*rome4 ,:5 te/s are appli$ & precipitat+ reag5ts are add$ to crude lucif]9 & crude oxylucif]9 solution1 !y give id5tical results 9 ea* case4 ,a m complete acc\nt ( ! *emi/ry ( lucif]9 has be5 giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 & !re is no ne$ ( duplicat+ ^! /atem5ts reg>d+ oxylucif]94 ,l lucif]91 ! oxylucif]9 w pass porcela9 filt]s1 dialyze ?r\gh p>*m5t or collodion membranes1 & is undige/$ by saliv>y dia/ase1 peps9 ,h,cl1 ,m]ck's pancreat9 9 neutral solution1 & ereps94 ,! saliv>y dia/ase & ! pancreat9 7conta9+ amylops91 tryps91 & lipase7 7 all[$ to dige/ = f\r days at #ch deg4 ,c4 )\t %[+ any evid5ce ( dige/ive action4 ,z lucif]9 is s easily oxidizable a sub/ance1 we %\ld expect to f9d t x w r$uce j z glucose w r$uce4 ,h[ev]1 a conc5trat$ solution ( lucif]9 has no r$uc+ action on ,fehl+'s 7alkal9e ,cu71 ,b>fo$'s 7acid ,cu71 ,nyl&]'s 7alkal9e ,bi7 or ,knapp's 7alkal9e ,hg7 reag5t4 ,glucose w r$uce me?yl5e blue 9 alkal9e 7n 9 neutral solution71 b lucif]9 w n r$uce me?yl5e blue 9 alkal9e or neutral solution4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t lucif]9 mu/ conta9 no aldehyde gr\p4 ,if s1 we %\ld expect to obta9 r$uction ( "s ( ! above reag5ts4 ,j :at gr\p is conc]n$ 9 ! oxidation is unkn[n at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( m exp]im5tal data1 speculation reg>d+ x c be ( little value4 ,,summ>y ,9 summ+ up we may say t ! lum9esc5ce ( at lea/ ?ree gr\ps ( lum9\s animals1 ! beetles1 ,pholas1 & ,cyprid9a1 has be5 def9itely %[n to be due to ! int]action ( two sub/ances1 lucif]9 & lucif]ase1 9 pres5ce ( wat] & oxyg54 ,lucif]9 & lucif]ase h q diff]5t prop]ties & may be easily sep>at$ f ea* o!r by v>i\s *emical proc$ures4 ,z ! lucif]9s & lucif]ases f diff]5t lum9\s animals h some:at diff]5t prop]ties1 !y may be designat$ by prefix+ ! g5]ic "n ( ! animal f :i* !y are obta9$4 ,cyprid9a lucif]9 diff]s f ,pholas lucif]9 9 t x c n be oxidiz$ ) light production by ,k,mn,o#d1 ,h#b,o#b1 ) or )\t haemoglob91 or simil> oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,cyprid9a lucif]ase diff]s f ,pholas & firefly lucif]ase 9 t x is n readily de/roy$ by ! fat-solv5t anae/hetics1 su* z *lor(orm1 e!r1 etc4 ,:5 ,cyprid9a lucif]9 is oxidiz$1 no fundam5tal splitt+ ( ! molecule occurs1 because ! product1 oxylucif]91 c be readily r$uc$ to lucif]9 aga94 ,?is r$uction is br\ght ab\t "u conditions simil> to ^? necess>y = ! r$uction ( dyes1 su* z me?yl5e blue4 ,oxylucif]9 c be r$uc$ to lucif]91 :i* w aga9 give light ) lucif]ase1 by ! r$uctases ( muscle tissue1 liv]1 etc41 or by bact]ia2 by ,s*>d+]'s enzyme ( milk2 by ,h#b,s2 by ! nasc5t hydrog5 f ! action ( acetic acid on magnesium or ( wat] or ,na,o,h on alum9ium1 z9c or magnesium2 & by palladium black & sodium hypophosphite1 all well-kn[n r$uc+ me?ods4 ,r$uction ( oxylucif]9 no d\bt occurs ev5 9 pres5ce ( lucif]ase if oxyg5 is abs5t1 & r$uction ( oxylucif]9 no d\bt occurs 9 animals :i* burn lucif]9 )9 ! cell1 ?us t5d+ = cons]vation ( mat]ial4 ,dilute alkali favors oxidation & dilute acid favors ! r$uction4 ,light favors ! r$uction ( oxylucif]94 ,app>5tly lucif]9 & oxylucif]9 h id5tical *emical prop]ties4 ,nei!r is dige/$ by ! enzymes3 malt dia/ase1 ptyal91 yea/ inv]tase1 peps91 tryps91 /eaps91 amylops91 r5n91 ereps91 urease or enzymes occurr+ 9 ! wat] extracts ( dri$ sple51 kidney1 or liv]4 ,lucif]ase is de/roy$ only by peps9 7probably71 tryps91 ereps91 & some?+ 9 sple5 & liv] extract4 ,lucif]ase is unque/ionably a prote9 & all its prop]ties agree ) ^? ( ! album9s4 ,al?\gh us$ up 9 oxidiz+ l>ge quantities ( lucif]91 x behaves 9 _m ways l an enzyme & may be s reg>d$4 ,lucif]91 on ! o!r h&1 is n dige/$ by proteolytic enzymes1 is dialyzable1 almo/ b n completely precipitat$ by saturation ) 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d1 & is soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 acetone1 & "s o!r organic solv5ts1 b n 9 ! /rictly fat-solv5ts l e!r1 *lor(orm1 & b5zol4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 ,,co-,,nh l9kages :i* are n attack$ by proteolytic enzymes & "s peptones soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 s t ^! two *>act]i/ics d n b> x f ! gr\p ( prote9s4 ,lucif]91 9 fact1 has _m prop]ties 9 common ) ! proteoses & peptones b its *emical nature _c be def9itely /at$ at pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,dynamics ,,( ,,lum9esc5ce ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ?+s reg>d+ lum9esc5ce 9 g5]al is ! small am\nt ( mat]ial necess>y to cause a visible emission ( light4 ,to take an extreme case1 ! fla% ( light result+ f ! impact on ,zn,s ( a s+le alpha p>ticle1 a helium atom1 is visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,addition ( "o "p 9 a million ( "s heavy metal to pure ,ca,s w conf] phosphoresc5t prop]ties on ! latt]4 ,we are =c$ to believe t ! heavy metal ent]s into "s reaction dur+ illum9ation :i* is rev]s$ ) light emission aft] illum9ation & a v small am\nt ( heavy metal is necess>y4 ,pyrogallol 9 wat]1 #a3e1jjj1jjj 7m_/#eab1jjj71 c be oxidiz$ ) light production by ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f & ,h#b,o#b 7,h>vey1 #aiag7 & m_/#ajj pyrogallol ,h#b,o#b w give a visible light ) colloidal plat9um 9 #a3bej1jjj conc5tration 7,goss1 #aiag74 ,lucif]9 & lucif]ase f ,cyprid9a w also lum9esce 9 exce$+ly small conc5tration4 ,if "o gr9ds a s+le ,cyprid9a 9 a mort> ) wat] & dilutes ! extract to #be1fjj c4c41 light c be obs]v$ if lucif]9 is add$ to ?is dilute lucif]ase solution4 ,by det]m9+ ! volume ( ! lum9\s gl& ( ,cyprid9a & ev5 assum+ t ?is volume is all lucif]ase1 "o c calculate t "o "p ( lucif]ase 9 #a1gjj1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat] w give light :5 lucif]9 is add$4 ,likewise1 a simil> dilution ( lucif]9 w give visible light :5 lucif]ase is add$4 ,! s5sitivity ( our eye is l>gely responsible = ! detection ( s small an en]gy *ange4 ,z we h se51 rec5t det]m9ations h prov$ t ! d>k adapt$ eye c detect #ah x #aj-aj ergs p] second4 ,f ! heat ( complete oxidation ( pyrogallol x is possible to calculate ! am\nt ( pyrogallol necess>y to give #ah x #aj-aj ergs if completely oxidiz$4 ,?is quantity is inf9itesimally small4 ,:5 pyrogallol is oxidiz$ by ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f & ,h#b,o#b1 x is n completely oxidiz$ & probably only a small am\nt ( ! en]gy is conv]t$ into light2 o!rwise we %\ld be able to see ! lum9esc5ce ( a v mu* weak] conc5tration ( pyrogallol4 ,z ! reaction lucif]9 oxylucif]9 is s easily rev]sible1 v little en]gy mu/ be lib]at$1 &1 z exp]im5ts indicate1 v little heat1 if any1 accompanies light production4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is be true1 x is /ill possible = a v small am\nt ( lucif]9 to produce a v l>ge am\nt ( light4 ,a v small am\nt ( lucif]ase only is necess>y because x behaves z an enzyme & foll[s ! g5]al rule t cataly/s act 9 m9ute conc5trations4 ,on ! assumption t lucif]ase is an enzyme1 an organic cataly/ oxidiz+ lucif]9 ) light production1 we may appropriately inquire into ! relation betwe5 ! conc5tration ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase & int5sity & duration ( lum9esc5ce4 ,oxyg5 t5sion1 hydrog5 ion conc5tration & temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$ con/ant z ^! all affect bo? int5sity & duration ( lum9esc5ce4 ,be=e consid]+ lucif]9 & lucif]ase1 h[ev]1 let u /udy a few well-kn[n *emilum9esc5t oxidations ) special ref]5ce to conc5tration ( react+ sub/ances & temp]ature4 ,! effect ( temp]ature on lum9esc5ce is ( special int]e/ because x gives u a means ( analysis = det]m9+ if ! lum9esc5ce dep5ds on reaction velocity4 ,we "k t photo*emical reactions are v little affect$ by temp]ature because ! reaction is dep5d5t on ! absorption ( light1 a physical process1 & ?is increases only a small p] c5t4 = a rise ( temp]ature ( #aj deg4 ,c4 ,to put x 9 ! usual way1 its temp]ature coeffici5t 7,q#aj7 = a #aj deg4 int]val is usually less ?an #a4a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld expect photog5ic reactions1 9 :i* "s ( ! *emical en]gy is conv]t$ into radiant en]gy1 to give (f mu* m light ! great] ! reaction velocity4 ,z reaction velocity increases s rapidly ) temp]ature 7,q#aj #b to #c71 lum9esc5ce int5sity %\ld rapidly increase ) increase 9 temp]ature4 ,trautz 7#aije71 f 8 ext5sive /udy ( ! *emilum9esc5ce ( ph5ol & aldehyde comp\nds came to ! conclusion t lum9esc5ce int5sity 0 proportional to reaction velocity4 ,he bas$ 8 conclusions l>gely on ! effects ( temp]ature & conc5tration ( react+ sub/ances & w5t s f> z to decl>e t any reaction w\ld produce lum9esc5ce if ! reaction velocity 7 suffici5tly increas$4 ,x is q true t increas+ ! temp]ature does increase ! int5sity ( *emilum9esc5ce1 b ?is is only )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,z we raise ! temp]ature1 *emilum9esc5ce becomes m int5se b we soon rea* a temp]ature = maximum lum9esc5ce & above ?is ! int5sity dim9i%es4 ,?is is especially well se5 9 ! action ( v>i\s oxidiz]s on pyrogallol & ,h#b,o#b record$ 9 ,table #aj4 ,at #ajj deg4 ,c4 practically no light is produc$ by _m oxidiz]s :i* are !mselves unaffect$ at #ajj deg44 ,if we are to connect reaction velocity ) int5sity ( lum9esc5ce we mu/ conclude t ! evolution ( light is dep5d5t r on an optimum ?an a maximum reaction velocity4 ,,table #aj ,temp]ature & ,light ,production4 ,! ,oxidiz] is ,mix$ ) an ,equal ,am\nt ( ,m_/#ajj ,pyrogallol #c p] c5t4 ,h#b,o#b ,temp]atures ,oxidiz] ---------------------------------------- ------ #j-b deg4 #bj deg4 #ej deg4 #ge deg4 #ih-ajj deg4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,turnip juice ,fa9t ,good ,good ,negative4 #a p] c5t4 blood extract ,fa9t ,fair ,good ,fair4 ,m_/#bj ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f ,negative ,good ,bright ,bright ,good4 ,m_/#ajj ,k,mn,o#d ,fair ,good ,bright ,bright ,fa9t fla%4 ,m_/#ej ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g ,negative ,fair ,fa9t ,fair ,negative4 ,m_/#ajj ,cr,o#c ,negative ,good ,bright ,bright ,fa9t4 ,m_/#aj ,k,cr alum ,negative ,fa9t ,fa9t ,fa9t ,negative4 ,m_/#aj ,,nh#d;,fe alum ,negative ,fa9t ,fa9t ,fa9t ,v fa9t4 ,mn,o#b ,negative ,fair ,fair ,fair ,negative4 ,na,cl,o ,bright ,bright ,bright ,fair fla% fla% fla% fla%4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,q a numb] ( in/ances are kn[n 9 :i* increas+ ! mass ( react+ sub/ances leads n to an increase b to an actual cessation ( lum9esc5ce4 ,?is fact does n confirm ! !ory t reaction velocity is a det]m9+ factor 9 lum9esc5ce4 ,! conditions = ! lum9esc5ce ( :ite phosphorus are mo/ int]e/+ & unusual4 7,see van't ,h(f1 #ahie2 ,ewan1 #ahie2 ,c5tn]szw]1 #ahie2 ,russell1#aijc2 ,s*>ff1 #aijh47 ,phosphorus w only beg9 to lum9esce at a c]ta9 small pressure ( oxyg54 ,?is m9imum lum9esc5ce pressure ( oxyg5 is v l[1 s l[ t e>li] obs]v]s1 fail+ to remove traces ( oxyg51 ?\ght t lum9esc5ce might occur 9 abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,curi\sly en\gh !re is also a maximum lum9esc5ce pressure ( oxyg5 above :i* no lum9esc5ce occurs4 ,phosphorus w n lum9esce 9 pure oxyg54 ,betwe5 ! m9imum & maximum is an optimum lum9esc5ce pressure :]e lum9esc5ce ( ! phosphorus is brighte/4 ,! exact values ( ^! pressures v>y ) degree ( wat] vapor pres5t & ) temp]ature4 ,accord+ to ,abegg's ,h&bu* d] anorganis*5 ,*emie1 ! maximum lum9esc5ce pressure ) wat] vapor pres5t1 is #cbj mm4 ,hg at #j deg4 & increases #ac4ai mm4 ,hg = ea* degree rise 9 temp]ature4 ,?is means t = a def9ite temp]ature1 say1 #bj deg41 phosphorus w n lum9esce ) an oxyg5 pressure ( #ehc mm4 ,hg1 b w lum9esce ) pressures "u ?is4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we raise ! temp]ature1 lum9esc5ce w occur ) an oxyg5 pressure ( #ehc mm4 ,hg4 ,a some:at analog\s case is pres5t$ by ! oxidation ( pyrogallol solution 9 contact ) ozone1 except t 9 ?is reaction too high a conc5tration ( pyrogallol w h9d] ! oxidation4 ,i h n /udi$ ! effect ( v>y+ conc5trations ( ozone4 ,if oxyg51 pass$ ?r\gh an ozoniz] 7! sil5t electric dis*>ge tube71 is bubbl$ ?r\gh m_/#ajj pyrogallol1 no lum9esc5ce occurs at #j deg41 a fair lum9esc5ce at #bj deg41 a good lum9esc5ce at #ej deg41 & a bright lum9esc5ce at ! boil+ po9t4 ,if ! pyrogallol is ( m conc5tration1 no lum9esc5ce occurs at #j deg4 or #bj deg41 a fair lum9esc5ce at #ej deg41 & a bright lum9esc5ce at ! boil+ po9t4 ,= a def9ite temp]ature1 say #bj deg41 no light appe>s if ! pyrogallol is ( m conc5tration1 b if we raise ! temp]ature1 lum9esc5ce c occur4 ,! simil>ity to phosphorus is obvi\s4 ,?us ! maximum lum9esc5ce pressure ( pyrogallol increases ) increase ( temp]ature4 ,we h already se5 t pyrogallol c also be oxidiz$1 if ,h#b,o#b is pres5t1 by a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 su* z p]oxidases ( potato or turnip juice1 haemoglob91 ,k,mn,o#d1 ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f1 ,cr,o#c1 ,mn,o#b1 hypo*lorites & hypobromites1 or colloidal ,pt & ,ag4 ,= conv5i5ce we may collectively speak ( ^! z oxidiz]s4 ,!y are record$ 9 ,table #ac4 ,no light occurs if ,h#b,o#b;is abs5t4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ^! oxidiz]s pyrogallol w lum9esce 9 dilute conc5trations b n 9 /rong4 ,also1 dilute pyrogallol w lum9esce ) a dilute solution ( oxidiz] b n ) a conc5trat$ solution ( oxidiz]4 ,! effect ( rise 9 temp]ature 9 ^! cases also is to increase ! maximum lum9esc5ce conc5tration ( pyrogallol & ! maximum lum9esc5ce conc5tration ( oxidiz]4 ,table #aa %[s ?is effect ( temp]ature ) ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f & v>y+ conc5trations ( pyrogallol1 & ,table #ab %[s ! effect ( temp]ature ) pyrogallol & v>y+ conc5trations ( ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f4 ,table #aj %[s ! relation betwe5 temp]ature & int5sity ( lum9esc5ce ) pyrogallol & v>i\s oxidiz]s4 ,! t]ms fa9t1 fair1 good1 & bright are purely relative designations ( brightness z e/imat$ by ! eye1 = accurate measurem5ts ( weak int5sities are v difficult to make4 ,f ,table #aj x %\ld be not$ t ! int5sity ( lum9esc5ce ( pyrogallol oxidiz$ ) mo/ oxidiz]s is actually less at ! boil+ po9t1 a fact :i* ,i h repeat$ly v]ifi$4 ,let u n[ see h[ ^! facts are to be expla9$4 ,if we assume t lum9esc5ce is dep5d5t on reaction velocity1 ! int5sity ( lum9esc5ce %\ld increase ) increas+ temp]ature4 ,up to a c]ta9 limit ?is is :at we f9d1 b at temp]atures above ?is limit ! int5sity ( lum9esc5ce actually decreases4 ,! duration ( lum9esc5ce also decreases4 ,!re is an optimum temp]ature = lum9esc5ce 9 _m cases & we c only conclude t lum9esc5ce dep5ds n on a v rapid reaction velocity b on a c]ta9 def9ite reaction velocity4 ,assum+ t ?is is true1 h[ c we acc\nt = ! anomal\s fact t 9 high conc5trations ( oxyg51 phosphorus w n lum9esce or t 9 high conc5trations ( pyrogallol1 !re is no lum9esc5ce 9 pres5ce ( ozone or ( oxidiz] & ,h#b,o#b4 ,( c\rse ) high active mass ( oxyg5 79 case ( phosphor\s lum9esc5ce7 or ( pyrogallol 79 case ( pyrogallol lum9esc5ce7 ! reaction velocity mu/ be great] ?an ! optimum4 ,if t is ! case1 !n l[]+ ! temp]ature %\ld r$uce ! reaction velocity to ! optimum & light %\ld appe>4 ,h[ev]1 z we h se51 n l[]+ b rais+ ! temp]ature causes lum9esc5ce ) high oxyg5 conc5tration or high pyrogallol conc5tration4 ,,table #aa ,temp]ature1 ,conc5tration ( ,pyrogallol1 & ,light ,production4 ,an ,equal ,am\nt ( ,m_/#bj ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f is ,mix$ ) ,pyrogallol #c p] ,c5t ,h#b,o#b ,a ,conc5tration ( pyrogallol 7aft] mix+7 ,temp]atures ,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #j-b deg4 #aj deg4 #bj deg4 #cj deg4 #ej deg4 #ge deg4 #ih-ajj deg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,m_/#d ,negative ,negative ,good ,v ,fa9t ,fair ,fa9t fa9t ,m_/#dj ,negative ,fa9t ,fa9t ,fa9t ,good ,bright ,good ,m_/#djj ,fa9t ,fair ,good ,good ,good ,bright ,bright fla% ,m_/#d1jjj ,bright ,bright ,bright ,bright ,bright ,fair ,negative fla% fla% ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,table #ab ,temp]ature1 ,conc5tration ( ,f]rocyanide & ,light ,production4 ,an ,equal ,am\nt ( ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f is ,mix$ ) ,m_/#ajj ,pyrogallol #c ,p] ,c5t ,h#b,o#b ,a ,conc5tration ( ,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f expos$ to light 7aft] mix+7 ,temp]atures ,a ---------------------------------------- ----- #j-b deg4 #aj deg4 #bj deg4 #cj deg4 #ej deg4 #ge deg4 #ih-ajj deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,half saturat$ ,negative ,fa9t,fair ,fair ,good ,good ,fa9t at #bj deg4 ,c fla% ,"o-six? saturat$ ,v ,fair ,good ,good ,bright,v ,good at #bj deg4 ,c fa9t bright fla% ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #ac ,sub/ances ,giv+ ,light ) ,pyrogallol & ,hydrog5 ,p]oxide ,key to column head+s3 ,a ,equal volume add$ to mixture ( #a "p ,m_/#ajj pyrogallol or #a "p #c p] c5t ,h#b,o#b #a "p ,m_/#ajj pyrogallol2 h5ce1 conc5trations f9al mixture are "o-half t giv5 ,b ,light ) pyrogallol ,c ,light ) pyrogallol ,h#b,o#b ,d ,blue+ ( gum guaiac ,e ,blue+ ( gum guaiac ,h#b,o#b ,f ,lib]ation ( oxyg5 f ,h#b,o#b ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a ,potassium f]rocyanide - ,bright 7,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f ,m_/#aj-,m_/#bj7 #b ,potassium f]ricyanide - ,v - - ,v 7,k#c;,fe7,,cn7#f ,m_/#aj-,m_/#a1bej7 fa9t sl[ to - #c ,potassium *romate - ,good 7,k#b;,cr,o#d ,m_/#bj-,m_/#ajj7 #d ,potassium bi*romate - ,good 7,k#b;,cr#b,o#g ,m_/#ej-,m_/#ajj7 #e ,potassium p]manganate - ,bright - 7,k,mn,o#d ,m_/#ej-,m_/#bjj7 #f ,potassium hydroxide - - - - ,v 7,,koh ,m-,m_/#f1bej7 sl[ #g ,potassium *lorate - - - - - 7,k,cl,o#c ,m_/#aj7 #h ,potassium p]sulfate - - - - - 7,k#b,s#b,o#h ,m_/#aj-,m_/#abh7 #i ,potassium *romium alum - ,fa9t ,v ,v - 7,cr#b7,,s#d7c4,k#b,,s#d ,m_/#aj7 sl[ sl[ #aj ,f]ric ammonium alum - ,fa9t ,v 7,fe#b7,,s#d7c47,,nh#d7b,,s#d sl[ ,m_/#aj7 #aa ,f]ric *loride - ,fair ,sl[ 7,fe,cl#c ,m_/#aj-,m_/#bej7 #ab ,f]r\s sulfate - ,fair - ,sl[ 7,fe,s,o#d ,m_/#aj-,m_/#f1bej7 #ac ,copp] sulfate - - - ,v 7,cu,s,o#d ,m_/#e-,m_/#abe7 sl[ #ad ,*romic acid - ,bright 7,cr,o#c ,m_/#ajj7 #ae ,*romic sulfate - ,fa9t - ,sl[ 7,cr#b7,,s#d7c #b p] c5t7 #af ,*lor9e wat] - - #ag ,brom9e wat] - - #ah ,iod9e 9 ,,ki - - #ai ,sodium hypo*lorite ,fa9t ,bright 7,cl wat] ,na,o,h7 fla% #bj ,sodium hypobromite ,fa9t ,bright 7,na,o,br1 brom9e wat] ,na,o,h7 fla% #ba ,sodium hypoiodite - ,fa9t 7,i 9 ,,ki ,na,o,h7 #bb ,calcium hypo*lorite - ,good 7,ca7,o,cl7#b saturat$ solution7 #bc ,turnip juice - ,bright - #bd ,turnip juice heat$ to #gj deg4 - ,fa9t - ,v sl[ #be ,turnip juice boil$ - - - - - #bf ,album9 solution - - - - - #bg ,album9 solution ,k,mn,o#d - ,good - #bh ,album9 solution ,k,mn,o#d boil$ #a m94 & filt]$ 7no precipitate =ms7 - ,good - #bi ,gelat9 solution - - - - - #cj ,gelat9 solution ,k,mn,o#d - ,good - - #ca ,gelat9 solution ,k,mn,o#d boil$ #a m94 & filt]$ 7no precipitate =ms7 - ,good - #cb ,colloidal ,ag - ,bright #cc ,colloidal ,pt - ,bright #cd ,colloidal ,fe7,,oh7#b 7dilute7 - - - - #ce ,sodium nucleoprote9ate 7liv]7 - - - - #cf ,sodium nucleoprote9ate 7mamm>y gl&7 - - - - - #cg ,sodium nucleate 7yea/7 - - - - - #ch ,squid blood 7,sepia escul5ta74 ,conta9s hemocyan9 - ,fair #ci ,squid blood 7,sepia escul5ta7 boil$ - ,good - #dj ,lob/] blood 7,pal9urus japonicus74 ,conta9s hemocyan9 & tetron]y?r91 a lipo*rome - ,fa9t #da ,lob/] blood 7,pal9urus japonicus7 boil$ - ,fair - #db ,annelid blood 7,laonome japonica74 ,conta9s *lorocruor9 - ,good #dc ,annelid blood 7,laonome japonica7 boil$ - - #dd ,lum9\s p5natulid extract 7,cav]nul>ia hab]i7 - - - #de ,lum9\s o/racod extract 7,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii7 - - #df ,lum9\s protozoan extract 7,noctiluca mili>is7 - - - - - #dg ,firefly 7,luciola viticollis7 extract1 lum9\s organs - - #dh ,f]r\s f]rocyanide 7,fe#b;,fe7,,cn7#f7 - ,fa9t #di ,z9c f]rocyanide 7,zn#b;,fe7,,cn7#f7 - - ,v sl[ #ej ,*romic oxide 7,cr#b,o#c7 - - - ,sl[ #ea ,*romic hydroxide 7,cr7,,oh7#b7 - - - ,sl[ #eb ,manganese dioxide 7,mn,o#b7 - ,good ,sl[ ,sl[ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i believe ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a lies r 9 ano!r direction & t ! effect ( ! temp]ature & conc5tration ( react+ sub/ances affects n only ! reaction velocity b also ! reaction products4 ,:ile int5sity ( lum9esc5ce und\bt$ly increases ) increas+ reaction velocity1 ! lum9esc5ce itself probably accompanies only "o /age 9 ! =mation ( a s]ies ( oxidation products4 ,?is /age is favor$ at a def9ite temp]ature & mass ( react+ sub/ances4 ,?us1 9 ! oxidation ( phosphorus sev]al int]m$iate oxides are said to be =m$4 ,! oxidation takes place 9 /eps & probably ! lum9esc5ce is connect$ ) only "o ( ! /eps 9 a *a9 ( reactions4 ,x is probable t a c]ta9 oxyg5 pressure & temp]ature favors t p>ticul> /ep at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs & s ?is oxyg5 conc5tration & temp]ature correspond to ! optimum = lum9esc5ce4 ,! supposition t c]ta9 def9ite oxidation products ( pyrogallol mu/ be =m$ 9 ord] to produce light is borne out by ! fact t pyrogallol mu/ be oxidiz$ 9 a p>ticul> way to obta9 lum9esc5ce4 ,! black5+ ( pyrogallol ) absorption ( oxyg5 9 pres5ce ( alkali is a v well-kn[n reaction1 b lum9esc5ce does n accompany ?is type ( oxidation4 ,i h tri$ mix+ all conc5trations ( pyrogallol & all conc5trations ( alkali 9 an endeavor to obta9 "s light1 b always ) negative results4 ,likewise my attempts to obta9 light dur+ ! electrolysis ( salt solutions conta9+ pyrogallol by means ( ! nasc5t oxyg5 at v>i\s k9ds ( anodes h met ) negative results4 ,a simil> case is pres5t$ by lucif]9 :i* oxidizes spontane\sly 7mo/ rapidly 9 pres5ce ( alkali7 )\t light production & only produces light :5 oxidiz$ 9 pres5ce ( lucif]ase4 ,to sum up ! results ( ! dynamics ( *emilum9esc5ce we may say t c]ta9 oxylum9esc5ces occur only if ! sub/ance is oxidiz$ 9 a p>ticul> way "u def9ite conditions ( temp]ature & conc5tration & t ?is is probably due to a favor+ ( "o /ep 7) :i* ! lum9esc5ce is associat$7 9 a *a9 ( oxidations4 ,provid+ temp]ature & conc5tration are su* z to favor ! /ep responsible = lum9esc5ce1 !n high] temp]ature & great] conc5tration result 9 increas$ int5sity ( lum9esc5ce4 ,let u n[ turn to lum9\s organisms & consid] ! effect ( temp]ature & ( conc5tration ( react+ sub/ances 7oxyg51 lucif]9 & lucif]ase7 on ! lum9esc5ce4 ,we h already se5 t lum9esc5ce ( a lucif]9-lucif]ase mixture beg9s ) an extraord9>ily l[ oxyg5 t5sion & increases 9 int5sity ) increas+ t5sion ( oxyg51 b t v soon an oxyg5 t5sion is rea*$ :]e a maximum lum9esc5ce is obta9$ & fur!r increase ( oxyg5 t5sion gives no bright] light4 ,9 ?is respect ! lum9esc5ce int5sity--oxyg5 t5sion curve is no d\bt v simil> to ! haemoglob9 saturation--oxyg5 t5sion curve4 ,haemoglob9 is ab\t #ej p] c5t4 saturat$ at #aj mm4 oxyg5 pressure1 #hj p] c5t4 saturat$ at #bj mm4 oxyg5 pressure & completely saturat$ at pressures ( oxyg5 well bel[ ! pressure ( oxyg5 9 air 7#aeb mm4 ,hg74 ,z ! optimum oxyg5 t5sion = lum9esc5ce ( lucif]9 is also well bel[ t ( air1 mixtures ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase lum9esce ) equal brilliancy :e!r air or pure oxyg5 is bubbl$ ?r\gh !m4 ,to obta9 an excess ( oxyg5 x is only necess>y to keep ! solution saturat$ ) air & /atem5ts reg>d+ conc5tration ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase & int5sity or duration ref] to excess ( oxyg54 ,inve/igators :o h /udi$ ! effect ( increase 9 oxyg5 pressure on lum9\s animals h come to ! same conclusions4 ,high pressures ( air or oxyg5 d n increase ! int5sity ( lum9esc5ce 7,dubois & ,regn>d1 #ahhd74 ,! hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( crude solutions ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase1 made by extract+ :ole ,cyprid9as ) hot or cold wat] is fairly con/ant1 ab\t ,,ph #i1 det]m9$ electrometrically4 ,su* solutions h a high buff] value & ! ,,ph does n *ange dur+ oxidation ( lucif]9 s t ?is v>iable is automatically controll$4 ,because ( difficulties 9 measur+ l[ int5sities ( light :i* are con/antly *ang+1 no figures on light int5sities c be giv51 b x is easy to e/abli% ! foll[+ facts3 ,! great] ! conc5tration ( lucif]9 or lucif]ase ! m int5se ! lum9esc5ce4 ,! great] ! conc5tration ( lucif]9 ! long] ! duration ( lum9esc5ce & ! great] ! conc5tration ( lucif]ase1 ! %ort] ! lum9esc5ce la/s4 ,?us1 if we mix conc5trat$ lucif]9 & weak lucif]ase we get a bright light :i* la/s = a half h\r or m1 gradually gr[+ m dim4 ,conc5trat$ lucif]ase & weak lucif]9 give a bright fla% ( light :i* disappe>s almo/ in/antly4 ,conc5trat$ lucif]ase & conc5trat$ lucif]9 give a brilliant light :i* la/s = an int]m$iate l5g? ( "t & weak lucif]9 & weak lucif]ase give a fa9t lum9esc5ce :i* la/s = an int]m$iate l5g? ( "t4 ,^! facts c all be expla9$ by reg>d+ lucif]ase z a catalyz] :i* accel]ates ! oxidation ( lucif]9 & by assum+ t int5sity ( lum9esc5ce is dep5d5t on reaction velocity1 i4e41 on rate ( oxidation4 ,contr>y to ! condition = phosphorus & = pyrogallol !re appe>s to be no optimum conc5tration ( lucif]ase or lucif]91 b ! lum9esc5ce int5sity increases gradually ) increas+ conc5tration ( lum9\s sub/ances up to ! po9t :]e pure 787 lucif]9 & pure 787 lucif]ase1 z secret$ f ! gl& cells ( ! animal1 come 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,?is1 ! maximum brightness1 is n to be comp>$ ) ! light ( an inc&esc5t solid1 b is nev]!less visible 9 a well-light$ room1 out ( direct sunlight4 ,! effect ( temp]ature on ,cyprid9a lum9esc5ce also be>s out ! prec$+ conclusions4 ,= a giv5 mixture ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase ! light becomes m int5se ) increas+ temp]ature up to a def9ite optimum & !n dim9i%es 9 int5sity4 ,! dim9ution 9 int5sity above ! optimum is due to a rev]sible *ange 9 ! lucif]ase s t its active mass dim9i%es4 ,?is *ange becomes irrev]sible 9 ! neighborhood ( #gj deg4 7dep5d+ on v>i\s conditions71 :]e coagulation ( lucif]ase occurs4 ,light w appe> at #j deg4 b x is f> less int5se ?an light at high] temp]atures & x is m yell[ 9 color4 ,! light ( optimum temp]atures is q blue4 ,! weak] light at temp]atures above ! optimum is also m yell[ 9 color4 ,i believe ?is diff]5ce 9 color is a function ( ! sl[$ reaction velocity1 = a mixture ( lucif]9 & lucif]ase :i* gives a blui% lum9esc5ce at room temp]ature1 w give a weak] & yell[i% lum9esc5ce if dilut$ ) wat]4 ,dilution ) wat] w sl[ ! reaction velocity4 ,if ! diff]5ce 9 color 7 n real b due to *ange 9 color s5sitivity ( ! eye ) diff]5t int5sities ( su* relatively weak light 7,purk9je ph5om5on71 ! weak] light %\ld appe> m blue4 ,z ! weak] light appe>s m yell[1 ,i !re=e believe ! color diff]5ce is actual & n subjective4 ,a m9imum1 optimum1 & maximum temp]ature = lum9esc5ce is obs]v$ 9 all lum9\s organisms4 ,! m9imum is usually v l[4 ,lum9\s bact]ia w /ill light at -#aa4e deg4 ,c4 ,! p[] to lum9esce "u ord9>y conditions is n de/roy$ by exposure to liquid air1 =1 on rais+ ! temp]ature1 light aga9 appe>s 7,macfayd51 #aijj1 #aijb74 ,almo/ all organisms w lum9esce at #j deg4 ,c41 & ! lum9esc5ce m9imum probably repres5ts ! po9t at :i* complete freez+ ( ! lum9\s solution occurs4 ,x is v l[ ) bact]ia because !y are solutions 9 capill>y spaces ( v small size1 a condition t5d+ to l[] ! freez+ po9t4 ,! lum9esc5ce maximum repres5ts ! po9t at :i* lucif]ase is rev]sibly *ang$ s z to be no long] active4 ,if ! temp]ature is aga9 l[]$ ! lucif]ase aga9 becomes active & light reappe>s4 ,"s degrees above ?is1 & 9 all =ms well bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 lucif]ase is coagulat$ & de/roy$4 ,z ! coagulation po9t ( prote9s dep5ds on _m factors1 su* z "t ( heat+1 salt cont5t1 acidity1 etc41 s ! lucif]ases ( diff]5t animals coagulate at diff]5t temp]atures dep5d+ on ^! conditions4 ,"s ( ! m reliable obs]vations on ^! critical temp]atures are collect$ 9 ,table #ad4 ,,table #ad ,temp]ature ,limits ( ,lum9esc5ce = ,lum9\s ,organism ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,organism ,au?or & date ,m9imum,optimum,maximum ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pseudomonas javanica ,eijkman1 #ahib -#bj deg4 #be-cc deg4 #de deg4 ,bact]ium phosphoresc5s ,lehmann1 #ahhi -#ab deg4 444 #ci4e deg4 ,bact]ium phosphoreum ,moli%1 #aijd1 book -#e deg4 #af-ah deg4 #bh deg4 ,light bact]ia ,t>*an(f1 #aijb -#g deg4 #ae-be deg4 #cg deg4 ,light bact]ia ,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n41 #aiac -#aa4e #ae-bj deg4 #ch deg4 ,mycelium ,x ,moli%1 #aijd 444 #ae-be deg4 #cf deg4 ,lampyrids ,macaire1 #ahba -#aj #cc deg4 #df-ej deg4 ,pyrophorus noctilucus ,dubois1 #ahhf 444 #bj-be deg4 #dg deg4 ,photuris p5nsylvanica ,lund1 #aiaa 444 444 #ej deg4 ,luciola viticollis ,h>vey1 ,e4 ,b41 #aiae #j deg4 444 #db deg4 ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii ,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n41 #aiae #j deg4 444 #eb-ed deg4 ,cyclop9a gracilis ,lund1 #aiaa 444 444 #ej deg4 ,phylirrhoe bucephalum ,panc]i1 #ahgb #dd deg4 444 #fa deg4 ,pyrosoma ,panc]i1 #ahgb #j deg4 444 #fj deg4 ,mnemiopsis ,leidyi ,pet]s1 #aije #i deg4 #ba deg4 #cg deg4 ,noctiluca mili>is ,quatrefages1 #ahej #a deg4 444 #dj deg4 ,noctiluca mili>is ,h>vey1 ,e4 ,b41 #aiag #j deg4 444 #dh deg4 ,cav]nul>ia hab]i ,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n41 #aiae #j deg4 444 #eb deg4 ,watas5ia sc9tillans ,%oji1 ,r1 #aiai 444 #af-ca deg4 #di deg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t int5sity ( lum9esc5ce is dep5d5t on ! velocity ( oxidation ( lucif]9 & t ) l[]$ reaction velocity ! spectral composition ( ! light *anges4 ,! maximum emission %ifts t[>d ! yell[4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,cyprid9a also1 ! lum9esc5ce int5sity dep5ds n only on reaction velocity b on ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* lucif]9 is oxidiz$4 ,cyprid9a lucif]9 w lum9esce only 9 pres5ce ( ,cyprid9a lucif]ase & no light c be obta9$ f ,cyprid9a lucif]9 & a ho/ ( diff]5t oxidiz]s 7) or )\t ,h#b,o#b7 su* z are able to oxidize pyrogallol4 ,lucif]9 w also oxidize 9 ! air spontane\sly b no light is produc$4 ,x is easy to %[ t ?is spontane\s oxidation may be mu* m rapid ?an an oxidation ) lucif]ase & yet light appe>s only 9 pres5ce ( ! latt]4 ,if a conc5trat$ solution ( lucif]9 is kept ne> ! boil+ po9t x w be completely oxidiz$ to oxylucif]9 9 f\r or five m9utes4 ,no light appe>s if air or ev5 if pure oxyg5 is bubbl$ ?r\gh x4 ,! same solution kept at #bj deg4 ) a small am\nt ( lucif]ase w lum9esce cont9u\sly & n be completely oxidiz$ to oxylucif]9 9 a half h\r4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 cause ! lucif]9 to oxidize z rapidly at #bj deg4 by add+ conc5trat$ lucif]ase z does ! lucif]9 ne> ! boil+ po9t )\t lucif]ase4 ,a bright light is produc$ 9 ! =m] case1 none 9 ! latt] case4 ,! oxylucif]9 =m$ f spontane\s oxidation ( lucif]9 appe>s to be ! same z t =m$ ) lucif]ase pres5t4 ,bo? give lucif]9 aga9 on r$uction4 ,p]haps ! reaction takes place 9 two /ages1 simil> to ^? suppos$ to occur 9 o!r enzyme actions3 lucif]9 lucif]ase lucif]9lucif]ase lucif]9lucif]ase ,o 7or m9us ,h#b7 oxylucif]9 lucif]ase4 ,we may !n assume z a t5tative hypo!sis t lum9esc5ce only occurs dur+ oxidation 7addition ( ,o or removal ( ,h7 ( ! lucif]9lucif]ase comp\nd4 ,we h j se5 t ! effect ( cool+ a ,cyprid9a extract conta9+ lucif]9 & lucif]ase & lum9esc+ ) a blui% light1 is to r$uce ! int5sity & *ange ! %ade t[>d ! yell[4 ,velocity ( oxidation mu/ be l[]$ & ) ! same conc5tration ( lucif]ase l[]$ velocity means m light ( ! long] wave-l5g?s4 ,a v in/ructive exp]im5t on color ( ! light c be c>ri$ out ) animals hav+ diff]5t color$ lights & s closely relat$ t _! lucif]9s & lucif]ases w int]act ) ea* o!r4 ,su* a case is pres5t$ by ! ,am]ican fireflies1 ,phot9us & ,photuris4 ,phot9us emits an orange light1 :ile ,photuris emits a gre5i% yell[ light4 ,! diff]5ce 9 color is especially noticeable :5 ! lum9\s organs ( ! two =ms are gr\nd up 9 sep>ate mort>s4 ,z %[n by ,cobl5tz1 ! diff]5ce 9 color is real1 ! spectrum ( ,phot9us ext5d+ f>!r into ! r$ ?an t ( ,photuris 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,we c easily prep>e lucif]9 & lucif]ase f ! two fireflies & make ! foll[+ mixtures3 ,phot9us lucif]9 x ,phot9us lucif]ase r$di% light4 ,phot9us lucif]9 x ,photuris lucif]ase yell[i% light4 ,photuris lucif]9 x ,photuris lucif]ase yell[i% light4 ,photuris lucif]9 x ,phot9us lucif]ase r$di% light4 ,?us ! color ( ! light 9 ^! crosses is t *>act]i/ic ( ! animal supply+ ! lucif]ase4 ,to br+ ?is fact 9 l9e ) :at we h already said reg>d+ reaction velocity & lum9esc5ce1 we mu/ believe t ! ,phot9us lucif]ase oxidizes at a sl[] rate ?an ! ,photuris lucif]ase4 ,9 ?is connection x is ( int]e/ to recall t ! ,photuris light z emitt$ by ! insect becomes r$di% at high temp]atures1 or if ! insect is plung$ into alcohol1 bo? conditions :i* br+ ab\t p>tial coagulation ( ! lucif]ase & r$uce its active mass4 ,,bibliography ,a few ( ! enorm\s numb] ( pap]s on lum9esc5ce are includ$ 9 ! li/ bel[4 ,! attempt is made to li/ only ^? deal+ ) ! /ructure1 *emi/ry or physiology ( lum9\s animals & ! physical nature ( _! light1 toge!r ) a small numb] ( g5]al int]e/4 ,m complete works on light & lum9esc5ce come fir/ & orig9al articles foll[4 ,au?ors' names are arrang$ alphabetically1 _! pap]s *ronologically4 ,a fairly complete li/ ( lit]ature cov]+ ! :ole field ( ,biolum9esc5ce is giv5 by ,mangold1 #aiaj4 ,! #aiac pap] ( ,dubois gives a bibliography ( 8 own contributions up to ?is date s t only ^? pap]s to :i* special ref]5ce is made are includ$ bel[4 ,,books ,,& ,,g5]al ,,works ,,becqu]el1 ,e43 #ahfg1 ,la ,lumi]e4 ,,dahlgr51 ,u43 #aiae1 ,! ,production ( ,light by ,animals4 ,j\r4 ,frankl9 ,in/41 vols4 #ahj to date4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiad1 ,la ,vie et ,la ,lumi]e4 ,alcan1 ,p>is4 ,,gadean ,,de ,,k]ville1 ,h43 #ahij1 ,les ,vegetaux et les ,animaux ,lum9eux4 ,p>is4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag1 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,light ,production 9 ,lum9\s ,organisms4 ,c>negie ,in/41 ,wa%41 ,pub4 ,no4 #bea1 pages #aga-bcd4 ,,he9ri*1 ,pl43 #ahaa-ahbj1 ,die ,phosphoresc5z d] ,ko]p]1 etc4 ,nu]nburg4 ,,h\/\n1 ,r4 ,a43 #aiae1 ,a ,treatise on ,light4 ,london4 ,,kays]1 ,h43 #aijh1 ,h&bu* d] ,spectroscopie4 ,vols4 ii & iv4 ,leipzig4 ,,mangold1 ,e43 #aiaj1 ,die ,produktion von ,li*t4 ,hans ,w9t]/e9's ,h&bu* d] v]glei*5de ,physiologie1 vol4 iii1 second half1 pp4 #bbe-cib4 ,j5a4 ,,moli%1 ,h43 #aijd & #aiab1 ,leu*t5de ,pflanz54 ,e9e physiologis*e ,/udie4 ,j5a4 ,,nutt+1 ,p4 ,g43 #aiab1 ,outl9es ( ,appli$ ,optics4 ,philadelphia4 ,,phipson1 ,t4 ,l43 #ahgj1 ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,l4 ,reeve & ,co4 ,london4 #baj pages4 ,,%ep>d1 ,s4 ,e41 #aiad1 ,photo*emi/ry4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co4 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,abegg1 ,r41 & ,,au]ba*1 ,f43 #aijg1 ,h&bu* d] anorganis*5 ,*emie4 ,leipzig1 vol4 iii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #cgf4 ,,agassiz1 ,a43 #ahgd1 ,embryology ( ! ,ct5ophorae4 ,mem4 ,am4 ,ac4 ,arts & ,sci5ce1 x1 p4 #cga4 ,,allman1 ,g4 ,i43 #ahfb1 ,note on ! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,b]oe4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9b41 iv1 #eah4 ,,aub]t ,,et ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahhd1 ,sur les proprietes de la lumi]e des pyrophores4 ,comp4 r5d4 ,acad4 des ,sc41 vol4 xcix1 p4 #dgg4 ,,ba*1 ,a43 #aiaa-aiac1 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,r$uktionsf]m5te4 ,bio*em4 ,zeit1 xxxi1 #ddc2 xxxiii1 #bhb2 xxxviii1 #aed2 lii1 #dab-dbb4 ,,bak]1 ,j43 #agdc-agec1 ,! ,microscope ,made ,easy & ,employm5t = ! ,microscope4 ,,balln]1 ,f43 #aijg1 ,ueb] das ,v]halt5 von ,leu*tbact]i5 bei d] ,e9wirkung von ,agglut9ationss]um und anae/hesi]5d5 *emis*5 ,ag5ti51 etc4 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bact41 #b abt41 xix1 #egb4 ,,bancr(t1 ,w4 ,d43 #aiac1 ,! ,*emical ,production ( ,light4 ,j\rn4 ,frank4 ,in/41 clxxv1 #abi4 ,,bancr(t1 ,w4 ,d41 & ,,weis]1 ,h4 ,b43 #aiad-aiae1 ,flame ,reactions1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 xviii1 #bac1 #bha1 #gfb2 xix1 #caj4 ,,b&r[ski1 ,e43 #ahid-ahie1 ,ueb] ,li*t]s*e9ung5 waehr5d d] ,kry/allisation4 ,zeit4 ,phys4 ,*em41 xv1 #cbc-cbf2 xvii1 #bcd-bdd4 ,,b>cr(t1 ,j41 & ,,hill1 ,a4 ,v43 #aiaj1 ,! ,nature ( ,oxyhaemoglob9 ) a ,note on ,its ,molecul> ,weight4 ,j\rn4 ,physiol41 xxix1 pp4 #daa-dbi4 ,,b>n>d1 ,j4 ,e43 #aijb1 ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,nature1 vol4 lxv1 p4 #ecf4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #ahhi;a1 ,le photobact]ium lum9osum1 bact]ie lum9euse de la m] du nord4 ,ar*4 ,ne]l&aises1 ,t4 #bc1 p4 #ajd4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #ahhi;b1 ,l'auxanographie ou la me?ode de l'hydrodiffusion dans la gelat9e appliquee aux re*]*es microbiologique4 ,ar*4 ,ne]l&aises1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #cfg4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #ahhi;c1 ,les ,bact]ies lum9euses dans leur rapports avec l'oxyg5e4 ,ar*4 ,ne]l&aises1 ,t4 #bc1 p4 #daf4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #ahia1 ,sur l'alim5t photog5e et l'alim5t pla/ique des bact]ies lum9euses4 ,ar*4 ,ne]l&aises1 ,t4 #bd1 pp4 #cfi-ddb4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #aijb1 ,photobact]ia z a ,reactive 9 ! ,inve/igation ( ! ,*lorophyll-function4 ,proce$+s ( ,section ( ,sci5ces1 ,kon9kl4 ,akad4 van ,wet5s*app5 te ,am/]dam1 vol4 iv1 p4 #de4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w43 #aiae1 ,die ,leu*tbact]i5 d] ,nordsee im ,augu/ und ,septemb]4 ,folia microbiologica1 iv4 ,,blan*eti]e3 #aiac1 ,oxydation et ,lum9esc5ce4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 clvii1 #aah4 ,,bong>dt1 ,j43 #aijc1 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntnis d] ,leu*torgane e9heimis*] ,lampyrid54 ,zts*4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 #ge1 pp4 #a to #de4 ,,boyle1 ,r43 #affg1 ,philo4 ,trans4 ,abridg$ ,roy4 ,soc41 #e? ,ed41 vol4 ii 7#agbb71 p4 #bjf1 & iii 7#agdi71 p4 #fdf4 ,,brau]1 ,a43 #aijd1 ,ueb] die ,kno*5fis*e4 ,v]h&l4 ,deuts*4 ,zool4 ,ges41 vol4 xiv1 pp4 #af-ce4 ,,brau]1 ,a43 #aijf1 ,die ,tiefseefis*e4 ,i4 ,sy/ematis*] ,teil4 ,,ii4 ,anatomis*] ,teil4 ,wiss4 ,ergeb4 d] ,valdivia-,exp$4 ,j5a4 ,,c>radori1 ,b43 #agih1 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,luciole1 ,lampyris italica4 ,ann4 d4 ,*emie1 xxiv1 pp4 #if-aja2 ,philos4 ,magaz9e1 ii1 pp4 #gg-hj4 ,,c>us3 #ahfd1 ,exp]i5ces sur la mati]e phosphoresc5te de la ,lampyris italica et action d'eau p\r r5dre a la mati]e desse*ee cette phosphoresc5ce4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 lix1 pp4 #fjg-fjh4 ,,c5tn]szw]1 ,m43 #ahih1 ,ueb] d5 ,katalytis*5 ,e9fluss v]s*eid5] ,gase und ,daempfe auf die ,oxydation des ,phosphors4 ,z4 ,physik4 ,*em41 #bf1 pp4 #a-df4 ,,*un1 ,c43 #ahic1 ,leu*torgan und ,facett5auge4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,!orie des ,seh5s 9 gross5 ,me]/ief54 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 xiii1 pp4 #edd-ega4 ,,*un1 ,c43 #ahif1 ,atlantis4 ,biologis*e ,/udi5 ueb] pelagis*e ,organism51 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,die ,leu*torgane d] ,euphausid54 ,biblio?4 ,zool41 vol4 vii1 ,h4 #ai1 pp4 #aif-bab4 ,,*un1 ,c43 #aijc1 ,ueb] ,leu*torgane und ,aug5 von ,tiefsee-,cephalopod54 ,v]h&l4 ,dts*4 ,zool4 ,ges41 pp4 #fg-ia4 ,,cobl5tz1 ,w4 ,w43 #aiji1 ,notiz ueb] e9e d] ,feu]fliege h]ruehr5de fluor5zi]5de ,sub/anz4 ,physik ,zeit41 x1 pp4 #iee-ief4 ,,cobl5tz1 ,w4 ,w43 #aiab1 ,a ,physical ,/udy ( ! ,firefly4 ,publication ,no4 #afd1 ,c>negie ,in/41 ,wa%41 ,d4,c4 ,,cobl5tz1 ,w4 ,w41 & ,,em]son1 ,w4 ,b43 #aiag1 ,relative ,s5sibility ( ! ,av]age ,eye to ,light ( ,diff]5t ,colors & ,"s ,practical ,applications to ,radiation ,problems4 ,bur4 ,/&>ds1 ,sci5t4 ,pap4 ,no4 #cjc4 ,,conroy1 ,j43 #ahhb1 ,! ,spectrum ( ! ,light ,emitt$ by ! ,gl[worm4 ,nature1 vol4 xxvi1 p4 #cai4 ,,delep9e1 ,w4 ,l43 #aiaj1 ,sur quelques composes organiques spontanem5t oxydables avec phosphoresc5ce4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cl1 pp4 #hgf-hgh4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahhe1 ,fonction photog5ique des ,pyrophores4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 xxxvii1 #eei-efb4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahhf1 ,les ,elat]ides ,lum9eux4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,zool4 de ,france1 vol4 xi1 pp4 #a-bge4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahhg;a1 ,de la fonction photog5ique *ez le ,pholas dactylus4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cv1 p4 #fij4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahhg;b1 ,note sur la ,fonction ,photog5ique *ez les ,pholades4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 pp4 #efd-efg4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahib1 ,anatomie et ,physiologie ,comp>ees de la ,pholade ,dactyle4 ,ann4 d4 ,univ4 ,lyon1 vol4 ii1 p4 #a-aee4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahic1 ,sur le mecanisme de production de la lumi]e *ez ,orya b>b>ica d',alg]ie4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 ,july #ag?4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #ahif1 ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur la ,production de la ,lumi]e p> les etres vivants4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 xlviii1 p4 #iie4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aija;a1 ,n\velles re*]*es sur la ,biophotog5ese4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 liii1 p4 #gjb4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aija;b1 ,lum9esc5ce obt5ue p> c]ta9s proc$es organiques4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cxxxii1 p4 #dca4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aijg1 ,mecanisme ,intime de la ,=mation de la ,lucif]9e2 analogies et homologies des organs de ,poli et la gl&e hypobran*iale des ,molluscs ,purpurig5es4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 lxii1 p4 #hej4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiac1 ,mecanisme ,intime de la ,production de la lumi]e *ez les ,organismes ,vivants4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,lyons1 vol4 lx1 pp4 #ha-ig4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiad;a1 ,de la ,place ,occupee p> la ,biophotog5ese dans la ,s]ies des ,ph5om5es ,lum9eux4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,lyons1 vol4 lxi1 pp4 #bdg-bef4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiad;b1 ,exam5 ,critique de la ,"q de la ,biophotog5ese4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,lyons1 vol4 lxi1 pp4 #beg-bfe4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiaf1 ,sur l',anatomie de la gl&e ,photog5e de ,pholas dactylus4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,lyons1 vol4 lxiii1 pp4 #i-ac4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiag;a1 ,a propos de ,quelques ,re*]*es ,rec5tes de ,m4 ,newton ,h>vey sur la ,biophotog5ese et du ,role ,important de la ,prelucif]9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 ,decemb] #bb;d4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiag;b1 ,etude ,critique de ,quelques ,travaux ,res5ts ,relatif a la ,biophotog5ese4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,lyons1 vol4 lxiv1 pp4 #fe-aah4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiah;a1 ,sur la ,syn!se de la ,lucif]9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 clxvi1 p4 #egh4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiah;b1 ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur la ,biophotog5ese4 ,syn!se ,naturelle de la ,lucif]9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 lxxxi1 p4 #cag4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiah;c1 ,sur la ,lumi]e ,physiologique 7,n\velle reponse a ,m4 ,newton ,h>vey74 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 vol4 lxxxi1 p4 #dhd4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiai;a1 b1 ,symbiotes1 ,vacuolides1 ,mitro*ondries et ,leucites4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 lxxxii1 ,may #aj? & ,july #bf?4 ,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiai;c1 ,rev]sibilite de la fonction photog5ique p> l'hydrog5ase de la pholade dactyle4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 lxxxii1 p4 #hdj4 ,,dubois1 ,r41 et ,,reg>d1 ,p43 #ahhd1 ,note sur l'action des hautes pressions sur la fonction photog5ique du ,lampyre4 ,c4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,biol41 vol4 xxxvi1 pp4 #fge-fgf4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,c4 ,g43 #ahca1 ,ueb] e95 neu51 das ,leuct5 d] ,o/see b$+5d51 leb5d5 ,ko]p]4 ,pogg5dorffs ,ann4 d4 ,phys4 und ,*em41 ,bd41 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #adg4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,c4 ,g43 #ahcd1 ,das ,leu*t5 des ,me]s4 ,abh&l4 d4 ,kgl4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #daa-egb4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,c4 ,g43 #ahei1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 und ueb] neue microskopis*e ,leu*?i]e des ,mittelme]es4 ,monatsb]4 d4 ,b]l9] ,akad41 pp4 #gbg-gia4 ,,eijkman1 ,c43 #ahib1 ,g5eeskundig ,tids*rift v4 ,n$4 ,ind41 ,deel1 #cb ,abl4 #d1 p4 #aji4 ,,eliot1 ,c43 #aijg-aiae1 ,notes on a ,collection ( ,nudibran*s f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 xxxi1 p4 #ajb4 ,,em]y1 ,c43 #ahhd1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] ,luciola italica ,l4 ,zts*r4 f4 ,wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xl1 pp4 #cch-cee4 ,,emm]l+1 ,o43 #aiji1 ,hydrolyse d] ,me]leu*t9fusori5 d] ,nordsee 7,noctiluca mili>is74 ,bio*em4 ,zt41 vol4 xviii1 pp4 #cgb-cgd4 ,,end]s1 ,h4 ,e43 #aiji1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,life ,hi/ory & ,habits ( ,*aetopt]us v>iop$atus1 ,r5i] et ,clap>$e4 ,j\rn4 ,morph41 vol4 xx1 pp4 #dgi-ecb4 ,,ewan1 ,t43 #ahie1 ,ueb] die ,oxydationsges*w9digkeit von ,phosphor1 ,s*weifel und ,aldehyde4 ,zeit4 physik4 ,*em41 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #cae-cdc4 ,,exn]1 ,s43 #aijc1 ,e9ige ,beoba*tung5 ueb] die dur* ,radium/rahl5 9 d5 ti]is*5 ,geweb5 erzeugte ,phosphoresz5z4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 xvii1 pp4 #agg-agi4 ,,fabre1 ,j4 ,h43 #ahee1 ,re*]*es sur la ,cause de la ,phosphoresc5ce d',ag>ic de ,l',olivi]4 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d s]41 vol4 iv1 p4 #agi4 ,,fahrig1 ,e43 #ahij1 ,! ,phosphoresc5ce ,produc$ ,^u ! ,fir/ ,contact ( ,ozone ) ,c]ta9 ,fluids4 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 lxii1 pp4 #ci-dj4 ,,falg]1 ,f43 #aijh1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] das ,leu*t5 von ,a*oloe a/]icola4 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 xxviii1 pp4 #fda-fdi4 ,,fis*]1 ,b43 #ahhh;a1 ,ueb] e95 neu5 li*t5twickel5d5 ,spaltpilz4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,bd4 iii1 pp4 #aje & #acg4 ,,fis*]1 ,b43 #ahhh;b1 ,bact]ium ,wa*/um bei #j deg44 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,bd4 iv1 p4 #hi4 ,f,oe,r,s,t,e,r1 ,j43 #ahhg1 ,ueb] e9ige ,eig5s*aft5 leu*t5d] ,bakt]i54 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,bd4 ii1 p4 #cci4 ,f,oe,r,s,t,e,r1 ,j43 #ahib1 ,ueb] die ,entwicklung von ,bakt]i5 bei ni$]] ,temp]atur4 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bak41 vol4 xii1 pp4 #dca-dcf4 ,f,oe,r,s,t,e,r1 ,j43 #aiad1 ,ueb] die ,leuctorgane und das ,n]v5sy/em von ,pholas dactylus4 ,zeit4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 vol4 cix1 pp4 #cdi-cic4 ,,=sy?1 ,r4 ,w43 #aiaj1 ,! ,spectrum ( ,bact]ial ,lum9osity4 ,nature1 vol4 lxxxiii1 p4 #g4 ,,frankl&1 ,p43 #ahih1 ,! ,action ( ,bact]ia on ! ,photographic ,plate4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 #a/ ,abt4 ,bd4 xxiv1 pp4 #fji-fab4 ,,fri$b]g]1 ,e41 & ,,doepn]1 ,h43 #aijg1 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss von ,s*immelpilz5 auf die ,li*t9t5sitaet 9 ,leu*tbact]i5kultur51 etc4 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bakt41 #a/ ,abt41 xliii1 p4 #a4 ,,fri5d1 ,h43 #ahic1 ,lum9\s ,e>?worm4 ,nature1 vol4 xlvii1 p4 #dfb4 ,,fu*s1 ,s43 #ahia1 ,e9ige ,v]su*e an d] ,leu*torgan5 von ,elat] noctilucus4 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 vol4 v1 pp4 #cba-cbe4 ,,gall[ay & ,,wel*3 #aiaa1 ,/udies on a ,phosphoresc5t ,b]mudan ,annelid1 ,odontosyllis enopla1 ,v]rell4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,micros4 ,soc41 vol4 xxx1 pp4 #ac-ci4 ,,geipel1 ,e43 #aiae1 ,beitraege zur ,anatomie d] ,leu*torgane tropis*] ,kaef]4 ,zeit4 ,wiss4 ,zool41 vol4 cxii1 pp4 #bci-bij4 ,,g]nez1 ,d43 #aije1 ,tribolum9esc5ce des composes ,metalliques4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cxl1 pp4 #aacd1 #abcd1 #accg4 ,,gi>d1 ,a43 #ahij1 ,n\velles re*]*es sur les bact]ies lum9euses pa?og5es4 ,comp4 r5d4 soc4 ,biol41 ,t4 xlii1 pp4 #ahh-aia4 ,,gi>d1 ,a41 & ,,billet1 ,a43 #ahhi1 ,obs]vations sur la ,maladie phosphoresc5te des ,talitres et ,autres ,cru/aces4 ,compt4 r5d4 soc4 ,biol41 vol4 #a1 ,s]4 #i1 p4 #eic4 ,,gibson1 ,k4 ,s41 & ,,mcni*olas1 ,h4 ,j43 #aiai1 ,! ,ultra-,violet & ,visible ,transmission ( ,eye-protective ,glasses4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,te*4 ,pap]s ,no4 #aai4 ,,giesbre*t1 ,w43 #ahie1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] pelagis*5 ,copepod5 und das ti]is*e ,leu*t5 im allgeme954 ,mitteil4 d4 ,zool4 ,/4 ,neapel1 ,bd4 xi1 pp4 #fdh-fid4 ,,giesbre*t1 ,w43 #ahif1 ,ueb] d5 ,/iz d] ,li*t5twicklung 9 d5 ,photospha]i5 d] ,euphausiid54 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 xix1 pp4 #dhf-dij4 ,,goss1 ,b4 ,c43 #aiag1 ,light ,production at ,l[ ,temp]atures by ,catalysis ) ,metal & ,metallic ,oxide ,hydrosols4 ,j\rn4 ,biol4 ,*em41 vol4 xxxi1 pp4 #bga-bgi4 ,,greef1 ,r43 #ahhb1 ,ueb] die rosett5fo]mig5 ,leu*torgane d] ,tomopt]id5 und zwei neue ,art5 von ,tomopt]is4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 v1 pp4 #chd-chg4 ,,gre5e1 ,c4 ,w43 #ahii1 ,! ,phosphoresc5t ,organs 9 ! ,toad ,fi%1 ,pori*?ys natatus1 ,gir>d4 ,j\r4 ( ,morph41 vol4 xv1 pp4 #ffg-fhd4 ,,gu9*ant3 #aije1 ,sur la tribolum9esc5ce de l'acide ars5ieux4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cxl1 p4 #aagj4 ,,h&rick1 ,k43 #aija1 ,zur ,k5ntnis des ,n]v5sy/ems und d] ,leu*torgane von ,argyropelecus hemigymnus4 ,zoologica1 ,bd4 xiii1 ,heft4 #cb1 pp4 #a-fh4 ,,hankel1 ,w43 #ahfb1 ,notiz ueb] ,phosphoris*es ,leu*t5 des ,fleis*es4 ,ann4 d4 ,phys4 u4 ,*em41 ,bd4 cxv1 p4 #fb4 ,,hans51 ,h4 ,j43 #aijc1 ,on ! ,cru/aceans ( ! ,g5]a ,petalidium & ,s]ge/es f ! ,*all5g]1 ) an ,acc\nt ( ,lum9\s ,organs 9 ,s]ge/es *all5g]i n4 ,sp4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 ,london1 #aijc1 vol4 i1 pp4 #eb-gg4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,b43 #aiag1 ,a ,physiological ,/udy ( ,specific ,gravity & ,lum9esc5ce 9 ,noctiluca1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,anae/hesia4 ,pub4 ,no4 #bea1 ,c>neg4 ,in/41 ,wa%41 pp4 #bce-bec4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiac1 ,! ,temp]ature ,limits ( ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,biol4 ,bull41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #def-deg4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiad1 ,on ! ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,lum9\s ,mat]ial ( ! ,firefly4 ,,sci5ce ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xl1 pp4 #cc-cd4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiae;a1 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,nature ( ! ,photog5ic ,sub/ance 9 ! ,firefly4 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxvii1 pp4 #cif-dja4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiae;b1 ,/udies on ,light ,production by ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xxxvii1 pp4 #bcj-bdj4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiae;c1 ,! ,effect ( ,c]ta9 ,organic & ,inorganic ,sub/ances ,^u ,light ,production by ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,biol4 ,bull41 vol4 xxix1 pp4 #cjh-cab4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiaf;a1 ,! ,me*anism ( ,light ,production 9 ,animals4 ,sci5ce ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xliv1 pp4 #bjh-bji4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiaf;b1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,pres5ce ( ,lucif]9 9 ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xli1 pp4 #ddi-ded4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiaf;c1 ,/udies 9 ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,production ( ,light by ,c]ta9 ,sub/ances 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,oxidases4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xli1 pp4 #ded-dfd4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiaf;d1 ,! ,light-produc+ ,sub/ances1 ,photog59 & ,photophele9 ( ,lum9\s ,animals4 ,sci5ce ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xliv1 pp4 #feb-fed4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag;a1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,iv4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,light ,production 9 a ,japanese ,o/racod ,cru/acean ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii1 ,mull]4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xlii1 pp4 #cah-cda4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag;b1 ,v4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,light ,production by ! ,firefly1 ,id41 pp4 #cdb-cdh4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag;c1 ,,vi4 ,! ,light ,production 9 a ,japanese ,p5natulid1 ,cav]nul>ia hab]i1 ,id41 pp4 #cdi-ceh4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag;d1 ,:at ,sub/ance is ! ,s\rce ( ,light 9 ! ,firefly8 ,sci5ce ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xliv1 pp4 #bda-bdc4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiag;e1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,viii4 ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,production ( ,light dur+ ,oxidation ( ,pyrogallol4 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 vol4 xxxi1 pp4 #caa-ccf4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiah1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,vii4 ,rev]sibility ( ! ,photog5ic ,reaction 9 ,cyprid9a4 ,j\r4 ,g54 ,physiol41 vol4 i1 pp4 #acc-ade4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiai;a1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,,ix4 ,*emical ,nature ( ,cyprid9a ,lucif]9 & ,cyprid9a ,lucif]ase4 ,j\r4 ,g54 ,physiol41 vol4 i1 pp4 #bfi-bic4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiai;b1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce4 ,x4 ,c>bon ,dioxide ,production dur+ ,lum9esc5ce ( ,cyprid9a ,lucif]94 ,j\r4 ,g54 ,physiol41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #acc-ace4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aiai;c1 ,,xi4 ,heat ,production dur+ ,lum9esc5ce ( ,cyprid9a ,lucif]94 ,id41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #acg-adc4 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n43 #aibj1 ,/udies on ,biolum9esc5ce1 ,,xii4 ,id41 ii1 #bjg-bac4 ,,he9emann1 ,c43 #ahgb1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die ,leu*torgane d] bei ,v]a-,cruz vorkomm5d5 ,leu*tkaef]4 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 ,bd4 viii1 pp4 #dfa-dga4 ,,he9emann1 ,c43 #ahgc1 ,as*5analyse von ,leu*torgan5 mexikanis*] ,cucujos4 ,pflueg]'s ,ar*41 ,bd4 vii1 pp4 #cfe-cfg4 ,,he9emann1 ,c43 #ahhf1 ,zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie d] ,leu*torgane mexikanis*] ,cucujos4 ,ar*iv f4 ,mikr4 ,anat41 ,bd4 xxvii1 pp4 #bif-chb4 ,,hell]1 ,j4 ,,florian3 #ahec u4 #ahed1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 im ,pflanz5-und ,ti]rei*e4 ,ar*4 f4 ,physiol4 u4 ,pa?ol4 ,*em4 u4 ,mikrosk41 mit bes4 ,ruecksi*t auf m$4 ,diagno/4 u4 ,!rapie ,wi541 ,n4 ,f41 ,bd4 vi1 pp4 #dd1 #ha1 #aba1 #afa1 #bja1 #bda4 ,,h5neb]g1 ,w43 #ahii1 ,leu*tbact]i5 als ,krankheits]reg] bei ,s*wammueck54 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bakt41 #a/ ,abt4 xxv1 pp4 #fdi-fej4 ,,hoyle1 ,w4 ,f43 #aijb1 ,! ,lum9\s ,organs ( ,pt]gioteu?is m>g>itif]a1 ,m$it]ranean ,cephalopod4 ,man*e/] ,mem41 vol4 xlvi1 ,no4 #af4 ,,hulme1 ,n43 #ahjj1 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,light ,:i* is ,spontane\sly ,emitt$ ) ,"s ,degree ( ,p]man5cy f ,v>i\s ,bodies4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 pp4 #afa-ahg4 ,,hyde1 ,e4 ,p41 ,,=sy?1 ,w4 ,e4 & ,,cady1 ,f4 ,e43 #aiah1 ,! ,visibility ( ,radiation4 ,a/rophys4 ,j\rn41 vol4 xlviii1 pp4 #fe-hh4 ,,hyde1 ,e4 ,p41 ,,=sy?1 ,w4 ,e41 & ,,cady1 ,f4 ,e43 #aiai1 ,a ,new ,exp]im5tal ,det]m9ation ( ! ,brightness ( a ,black ,body & ( ! ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,light4 ,physical ,review1 vol4 xii1 pp4 #de-eh4 ,,i%ikawa1 ,c43 #aiac1 ,e9ige ,bem]kung5 ueb] d5 leu*t5d5 ,t9t5fis*1 ,watas5ia ,nov4 ,g54 7,abraliopsis d] ,autor57 sc9tillans1 ,b]ry1 aus ,japan4 ,zool4 ,anz41 #aiac1 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #afb-agb4 ,,issats*5ko1 ,b43 #aijc1 ,quelques exp]i5ces avec la lumi]e bact]i5ne4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,abt4 #b1 ,bd4 x1 pp4 #dig-dii4 ,,issats*5ko1 ,b43 #aijg1 ,zur ,er=s*ung des ,bakt]i5li*tes4 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bakt41 ,bd4 xix1 pp4 #aaf-aag4 ,,issats*5ko1 ,b43 #aiaa1 ,er=s*ung des bakt]ielle ,leu*t5 des ,*ironomus 7,dipt]a74 ,bull4 d4 j>d4 imp4 botan4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 vol4 xi1 p4 #db4 ,,ives1 ,h4 ,e43 #aiaj1 ,fur!r ,/udies ( ! ,firefly4 ,physical ,rev41 vol4 xxxi1 pp4 #fcg-fea4 ,,ives1 ,h4 ,e43 #aiae1 ,! ,total ,lum9\s ,effici5cies ( ,pres5t-day ,illum9ants4 ,physical ,rev41 ,s]4 #b1 vol4 v1 p4 #cij4 ,,ives1 ,h4 ,e41 & ,,cobl5tz1 ,w4 ,w43 #aiaj1 ,lum9\s ,effici5cy ( ! ,firefly4 ,bull4 ,bur4 ,/&41 ,wa%41 ,d4 ,c41 vol4 vi1 pp4 #cba-ccf4 ,,ives1 ,h4 ,e41 & ,,luckie%1 ,m43 #aiaa1 ,! ,effect ( ,r$ & ,infra-r$ on ! ,decay ( ,phosphoresc5ce 9 ,z9c ,sulphide4 ,a/rophys4 ,j\rn41 vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #agc-aif4 ,,johann1 ,l43 #ahii1 ,ueb] eig5tuemli*e epi!liale ,gebilde 7,leu*torgane7 bei ,sp9ax nig]4 ,zts*r4 f4 wiss ,zool41 ,bd4 lxvi1 pp4 #acf-afj4 ,,j\b91 ,l43 ,note sur l'app>eil photog5e d'un cephalopode 7,hi/ioteu?is ,rupelii74 ,compt4 r5d4 soc4 ,biol41 #ahic1 pp4 #adb-adf4 ,,j\rdan1 ,,et43 #ahhe1 ,/ructure des elytres de quelques ,polynoes4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 viii1 pp4 #abh-acd4 ,,j\rdan1 ,,et43 #ahhg1 ,/ructure hi/ologique des tegum5ts et des app5dices s5sitifs de l',h]mione hy/]ix et du ,polynoe ,grubiana4 ,ar*4 ,zool4 ,exp]41 #ahhg1 #bnd s]41 ,t4 v1 pp4 #ia-abb4 ,,j\sset1 ,,de ,,bellesme3 #ahhj1 ,re*]*es exp]im5tales sur la phosphoresc5ce du lampyre4 ,j\r4 de l'anat4 et de la ,physiol41 ,t4 xvi1 pp4 #aba-afi4 ,,ka/le1 ,j4 ,h41 & ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaj1 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,production ( ,light by ! ,firefly4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xxvii1 pp4 #abb-aea4 ,,katz1 ,o43 #ahia1 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,leu*tbakt]i54 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bak41 pp4 #i1 #aeg1 #aii1 #bbi1 #beh1 #caa1 #cdc4 ,,kemp1 ,s43 #aiaj1 ,notes on ! ,photophores ( ,decapod ,cru/acea4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 ,london1 pp4 #fci-fea4 ,,knab1 ,f43 #aiji1 ,lum9\s ,t]mite ,hills4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxx1 pp4 #egd-ege4 ,k,oe,l,l,i,k,e,r1 ,a4 ,v43 #aheh1 ,ueb] die ,leu*torgane von ,lampyrid54 ,v]h4 d4 ,phys4 ,m$4 ,ges41 ,wu]zburg1 ,bd4 viii1 pp4 #bag-bbd4 ,k,oe,l,l,i,k,e,r1 ,a4 ,v43 #ahei1 ,ueb] die ,leu*torgane d] am]ikanis*5 ,pyrophorus-,art54 ,v]h4 d4 ,phys4 ,m$4 ,ges41 ,/iz4 b]41 ,wu]zburg1 ,bd4 ix1 p4 #bh4 ,,krunk5b]g1 ,f4 ,c4 ,w43 #ahhg1 ,neue ,tatsa*5 fu] e9e v]glei*5de ,physiologie d] ,phosphoresc5z]s*e9ung5 bei ,ti]5 und bei ,pflanz54 ,v]gl4 ,physiol4 ,/udi51 ,heidelb]g1 ,,ii ,reihe1 #d? ,abt41 pp4 #gg-adb4 ,,kuts*]1 ,f43 #ahig1 ,zur ,physiologie d] ,phosphoresc5z4 ,zts*r4 f4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 #ahig1 ,bd4 xxiii1 pp4 #aji-aac4 ,,kuts*]1 ,f43 #aiji1 ,die ,leu*torgane von ,ar*oloe a/]icola4 ,zts*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xcii1 pp4 #ge-ajb4 ,,langley1 ,s4 ,p41 & ,,v1 ,f4 ,w43 #ahij1 ,on ! ,*eape/ ,=m ( ,light f ,/udies at ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sc41 #crd s]ies1 vol4 xl1 p4 #ig4 ,also ,smi?s4 ,miscell4 ,coll41 xli1 #aija4 ,,langley1 ,s4 ,p43 #aijb1 ,ann4 ,a/rophys4 ,obs41 vol4 ii1 p4 #e4 ,,lanke/]1 ,e4 ,,ray3 #ahfg1 ,prelim9>y ,notice ( ,"s ,obs]vations ) ! ,spectroscope on ,animal ,sub/ances4 ,j\r4 ( ,anat4 & ,physiol41 vol4 ii1 p4 #aaf4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,b43 #ahhi1 ,/udi5 ueb] ,bact]ium phosphoresc5s1 ,fis*]4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,bd4 v1 p4 #ghe4 ,,l5>d1 ,p41 & ,,wolf1 ,m43 #ahhh1 ,lum9esz5z d] ,pyrogallussau]e4 ,ann4 ,phys4 u4 ,*em41 #ahhh1 ,n4 ,f4 xxxiv1 pp4 #iah-ibe4 ,,l5d5feld1 ,r43 #ahhg1 ,die ,leu*torgane d] ,fis*e4 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 vii1 pp4 #fji-fba4 ,,l9nemann1 ,e43 #aheh1 ,phosphoresc5z des ,kaliums und ,natriums4 ,j4 f4 ,prac4 ,*em41 vol4 lxxv1 p4 #abh4 ,,lode1 ,a43 #aijd1 ,v]su*e1 die optis*e ,li*t9t5sitaet bei ,leu*tbakt]i5 zu be/imm54 ,ctbl4 f4 ,bakt41 ,i ,abt41 ,orig41 ,bd4 xxxv1 pp4 #ebd-ebg4 ,,lode1 ,a43 #aijh1 ,exp]im5te mit ,leu*tbakt]i54 ,ref]ate4 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bakt41 #bnd ,abt41 vol4 xxii1 p4 #dba4 ,,ludwig1 ,f43 #ahgd1 ,ueb] die ,phosphoresc5z d] ,pilze und des ,holzes4 ,diss4 ,goett+51 #cj pages4 ,,ludwig1 ,f43 #ahhd1 ,ueb] die ,spektroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung photog5] ,pilze4 ,zeit4 wiss4 ,mikr41 vol4 i1 pp4 #aha-aij4 ,,ludwig1 ,f43 #ahhg1 ,die bi%]ig5 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] photog5e ,bakt]i54 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bakt41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cgb & #dja4 ,,ludwig1 ,f43 #aija1 ,phosphorezi]5de ,taus5dfuessl] und die ,li*tfaeule des ,holzes4 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bakt41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 vii1 pp4 #bgj-bgd4 ,,lund1 ,e4 ,j43 #aiaa1 ,on ! ,/ructure1 ,physiology & ,use ( ,photog5ic ,organs1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,lampyridae4 ,j\rn4 ,exp4 ,zool41 vol4 xi1 pp4 #dae-dfg4 ,,macaire1 ,j43 #ahba1 ,memoire sur la phosphoresc5ce des ,lampyres4 ,ann4 d4 ,*imie et ,phy41 ,t4 xvii1 pp4 #aea-afg4 ,,macaire1 ,j43 #ahbb1 ,ueb] die ,phosphoresc5z d] ,leu*tkaef]4 ,gilb]t's ,annal4 d4 ,physik41 ,t4 lxx1 pp4 #bfe-bhj4 ,,macaire1 ,j43 #ahbb1 ,on ! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,lum9\s ,insects4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 ,lit4 & ,art1 vol4 xii1 pp4 #aha-ahb4 ,,mac>tney1 ,j43 #ahaj1 ,obs]vations on ,lum9\s ,animals4 ,philos4 ,transact41 vol4 c1 pp4 #beh-bic4 ,,macfady51 ,a43 #aijj1 ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air on ,bact]ia4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 vol4 lxvi1 p4 #ahj4 ,,macfady51 ,a43 #aijb1 ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,prolong$ ,action ( ,liquid ,air on ,micro-organisms & ! ,effect ( ,me*anical ,trituration at ! ,temp]atures ( ,liquid ,air on ,photog5ic ,bact]ia4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lxxi1 p4 #gf4 ,,mace3 #ahhg1 ,les gl&es preanales et la phosphoresc5ce des geophiles4 ,comp4 r5d4 soc4 ,biol41 pp4 #cg-ci4 ,,mangold1 ,e43 #aijg;a1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,tiefseefis*e4 ,pflueg]'s ,ar*41 ,bd4 cxix1 pp4 #ehc-fja4 ,,mangold1 ,e43 #aijg;b1 ,leu*t5de ,s*lang5/]ne und die ,flimm]bewegung bei ,ophiopsila4 ,pflueg]'s ,ar*41 ,bd4 cxviii1 pp4 #fac-fdj4 ,,mass>t1 ,j43 #ahic1 ,sur l'irritabilite des ,noctiluques4 ,bull4 sci5tifique de la ,france et de la ,belgique1 ,t4 #be4 ,,ma/1 ,s4 ,o43 #aiab1 ,behavior ( ,fireflies 7,phot9us ard5s871 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,problem ( ,ori5tation4 ,j\r4 ,animal ,behavior1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bef-bgb2 also ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxxv1 p4 #dfj4 ,,matteuci1 ,c43 #ahdc1 ,sur la phosphoresc5ce du lampyre d',italie 7,l4 italica74 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 xvii1 pp4 #cji-cab4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaj-aiag1 ,obs]vations on ! ,light ,emission ( ,am]ican ,lampyridae4 ,canad4 ,entomol41 #aiaj1 vol4 xlii1 pp4 #ceg-cfc2 #aiaa1 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #cii-djf2 #aiab1 vol4 xliv1 p4 #gc2 #aiab1 vol4 xliv1 p4 #cji2 #aiag1 vol4 xlix1 pp4 #ec-fa4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaa;a1 ,lucif]esce9e1 ! ,fluoresc5t ,mat]ial ,pres5t 9 ,c]ta9 ,lum9\s ,insects4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxiii1 pp4 #daj-daf4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaa;b1 ,! ,/ability ( ! ,photog5ic ,mat]ial ( ! ,lampyridae & ,its ,probable ,*emical ,nature4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxiii1 pp4 #agia-agif4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a4 & ,,crane1 ,c4 ,g43 #aiaa;c1 ,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! ,/ructure ( ! ,photog5ic ,organs ( ,c]ta9 ,am]ican ,lampyridae4 ,am]4 ,nat41 vol4 xlv1 pp4 #cjf-cac4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaa;d1 ,"s ,obs]vations on a ,photog5ic ,microorganism1 ,pseudomonas ,lucif]a1 ,moli%4 ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc41 ,wa%41 vol4 xxiv1 pp4 #agi-ahd4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiaa;e1 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,our ,k ( ! ,production ( ,light 9 ,liv+ ,organisms4 ,smi?sonian ,rep41 pp4 #cde-cfb2 also ,sci4 ,am]4 ,suppl41 ,no4 #ahdb1 pp4 #bej-bea4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiac1 ,*emilum9esc5t ,reactions ) ,physiologic ,sub/ances4 ,j\rn4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxv1 pp4 #hbd-hbf4 ,,mcd]mott1 ,f4 ,a43 #aiae1 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,nature ( ! ,photog5ic ,processes 9 ! ,lampyridae4 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxvii1 pp4 #dja-djd4 ,,mck5ney1 ,r4 ,b43 #aijb1 ,obs]vations on ! ,conditions ( ,light ,production 9 ,lum9\s ,bact]ia4 ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc41 ,wa%41 vol4 xv1 pp4 #bac-bcd4 ,,mc9to%1 ,w4 ,c43 #ahhe1 ,address on ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,m>9e ,animals4 ,nature1 vol4 xxxii1 pp4 #dgf-dha4 ,,mey]1 ,w4 ,,?43 #aijf1 ,ueb] das ,leu*torgan d] ,sepiol9i4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 xxx1 pp4 #chh-cib4 ,,mi*aelis1 ,g4 ,a43 #ahcj1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,o/see na* eig55 ,beoba*tung54 ,hamburg4 ,,molis*1 ,h43 #aije1 ,lum9osity 9 ,plants4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,smi?sonian ,in/41 pp4 #cea-cfb 7,no4 #afhe74 ,,moore1 ,b43 #aijh1 ,obs]vations on ,c]ta9 ,organisms ( 7a7 ,v>iations 9 ,relation to ,light & 7b7 a ,diurnal ,p]iodicity ( ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,bio*emical ,j\r41 vol4 iv1 pp4 #a-bi4 ,,muraoka1 ,h43 #ahif1 ,das ,johanniskaef]li*t4 ,wi$emann's ,ann4 d4 ,physik41 ,n4 ,f41 ,bd4 lix1 pp4 #ggc-gha4 ,,muraoka1 ,h43 #ahig1 ,das ,johanniskaef]li*t4 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,coll4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,univ4 ,japan1 vol4 ix1 p4 #abi4 ,,nadson1 ,g43 #aijb1 ,sur la phosphoresc5ce des ,bact]ies4 ,rapport fait a la ,soc4 ,microbiologie1 ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,m>* #bi?4 ,,nadson1 ,g43 #aijc1 ,sur la phosphoresc5ce des ,bact]ies4 ,bull4 du j>d9 ,imp]4 botan4 de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,t4 iii1 pp4 #aaj-abb4 ,,nadson1 ,g43 #aijh1 ,zur ,physiologie d] ,leu*tbact]i54 ,bull4 ,j>d4 ,imp4 ,bot4 de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 vol4 viii1 p4 #add4 ,,ni*ols1 ,e4 ,l41 & ,,m]ritt1 ,e43 #aiab1 ,/udies 9 ,lum9esc5ce4 ,pub4 ,c>neg4 ,in/41 ,wa%41 ,no4 #aeb1 pp4 #a-bbc4 ,,nutt+1 ,c4 ,c43 #aijg1 ,! ,!ory ( ,abyssal ,light4 ,proc4 ,sev5? ,int]nat4 ,zool4 ,cong41 ,bo/on1 pp4 #hhi-hii4 ,,nutt+1 ,p4 ,g43 #aijh1 ,! ,lum9\s ,equival5t ( ,radiation4 ,bull4 ,bur4 ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 vol4 v1 pp4 #bfa-jci4 ,,nutt+1 ,p4 ,g43 #aiaa1 ,! ,visibility ( ,radiation1 a ,recalculation ( ,konig's ,data4 ,bull4 ,bur4 ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 vol4 vii1 pp4 #bce-bdc4 ,,osborne1 ,t4 ,b4 & ,,wakeman1 ,a4 ,j43 #aiah1 ,"s ,new ,con/itu5ts ( ,milk4 ,a ,new ,prote9 ,soluble 9 ,alcohol4 ,j4 ,biol4 ,*em41 vol4 xxxiii1 p4 #bdc4 ,,o%ima1 ,h43 #aiaa1 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,lum9\s ,organs ( ,fi%es4 ,j\r4 ,coll4 ,sc41 ,tokio1 vol4 xxvii4 ,,otto1 ,m43 #ahif1 ,sur l'ozone et les ph5om5es de phosphoresc5ce4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 cxxlii1 p4 #ajje4 ,,owsjannik[1 ,p43 #ahfd-ahfh1 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,leu*torgane d] ,lampyris noctiluca4 ,mem4 ,ac4 ,/4 ,pet]sb41 ,s]4 #b1 vol4 xi2 also ,bull4 ,ac4 ,s41 #ahfd1 vol4 viii4 ,,panc]i1 ,p43 #ahgb1 ,etudes sur la phosphoresc5ce des animaux m>9s4 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #e ,s]4 ,zool41 ,t4 xvi4 ,,panc]i1 ,p43 #ahgg1 ,lum9\s ,campanul>iae4 ,nature1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #cj4 ,,pa/eur3 #ahfd1 ,sur la lumi]e phosphoresc5te des ,cucujos4 ,comp4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 ,t4 lix1 p4 #eji4 ,,p]on1 ,f43 #ahjd1 ,memoire sur le n\veau g5re ,pyrosoma4 ,ann4 du ,mus4 d'hi/4 ,nat41 vol4 iv1 #dcg-ddf4 ,,pet]s1 ,a4 ,w43 #aije1 ,phosphoresc5ce 9 ,ct5ophores4 ,j\rn4 ( ,exp]4 ,zool41 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajc ,p,f,l,ue,g,e,r1 ,e43 #ahge;a1 ,die ,phosphoresc5z leb5d+] ,organism5 und ihre ,b$eutung fu] die ,pr9cipi5 d] ,respiration4 ,ar*4 f4 die ges4 ,physiol41 vol4 x1 p4 #bge4 ,p,f,l,ue,g,e,r1 ,e43 #ahge;b1 ,ueb] die ,phosphoresc5z v]wes5d] ,organism4 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 xi1 pp4 #bbb-bfc4 ,,phipson1 ,t4 ,l43 #ahfj1 ,sur la mati]e phosphoresc5te de la raie4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc41 ,t4 li1 p4 #eda4 ,,phipson1 ,t4 ,l43 #ahgb1 ,sur la noctiluc9e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 ,t4 lxxv1 p4 #edg4 ,,phipson1 ,t4 ,l43 #ahgf1 ,on ,noctiluc9e1 ! ,phosphoresc5t ,pr9ciple ( ,lum9\s ,animals4 ,j\rn4 ,frankl9 ,in/41 vol4 ci1 pp4 #fh-gb4 ,,pi]antoni1 ,,umb]to3 #aiah1 ,les microorganismes physiologiques et la lum9esc5ce des animaux4 ,sci5tia1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #dc4 ,,polimanti1 ,,oswald3 #aiaa1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 von ,pyrosoma elegans ,les4 ,zeits*rift f4 ,biol41 vol4 lv1 pp4 #eje-ebi4 ,,pope1 ,w4 ,j43 #ahii1 ,on ,tribolum9esc5ce4 ,nature1 vol4 lix1 p4 #fah4 ,,prevo/1 ,,b5$ict3 #ahaj1 ,consid]ations sur le brillant des yeux du *at et de quelques autres animaux4 ,bibl4 ,britt4 ,sc4 et ,arts1 vol4 xlv1 pp4 #aif-bab4 ,p,ue,t,t,e,r1 ,a43 #aije1 ,leu*t5de ,organism54 ,zts*r4 f4 ,allg4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 v1 ,sammelref]ate1 pp4 #ag-ec4 ,,quatrefages1 ,a4 ,,de3 #ahdc1 ,note sur un n\veau mode de phosphoresc5ce obs]ve *ez quelques ,annelides et ,ophiures4 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #bnd s]41 ,zool41 ,t4 xix1 pp4 #ahc-aib4 ,,quatrefages1 ,a4 ,,de3 #ahej1 ,obs]vations sur les noctiluques4 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd ,s]41 ,zool41 ,t4 xiv1 pp4 #bbf-bce4 ,,quatrefages1 ,a4 ,,de3 #ahej1 ,memoire sur la phosphoresc5ce de quelques inv]tebres m>9s4 ,ann4 d4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #c s]41 ,zool41 ,t4 xiv1 pp4 #bcf-bha4 ,,quatrefages1 ,a4 ,,de3 #ahfb1 ,! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,sea4 ,popul> ,sc4 ,rev41 vol4 i1 pp4 #bge-bih4 ,,radziszewski1 ,b43 #ahgg1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] ,hydrob5zamid1 ,am>9 und ,loph94 ,b]4 d4 d4 *em4 ,ges41 vol4 x1 pp4 #gj-ge & pp4 #cba-cbb4 ,,radziszewski1 ,b43 #ahhj1 ,ueb] die ,phosphoresc5z d] organis*5 und organisi]t5 ,ko]p]4 ,liebigs ,ann41 ,bd4 #bjc1 pp4 #cje-ccf4 ,,radziszewski1 ,b43 #ahhc1 ,zur ,!orie d] ,phosphoresc5z]s*e9ung54 ,b]4 d4 d4 ,*em4 ,ges41 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #eig-fja4 ,,reeves1 ,p43 #aiag1 ,! ,m9imum ,radiation ,visually ,p]ceptible4 ,commun4 ,no4 #ea1 ,rese>* ,lab4 ,ea/man ,kodak ,co41 pp4 #afg-agd4 ,,rei*5sp]g]1 ,a43 #aijh1 ,ueb] ,leu*t5 von ,s*lang5/]n54 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd1 xxviii1 p4 #aff-afi4 ,,re9elt1 ,j43 #aijf1 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntnis e9ig] ,leu*tbact]i54 ,c5tralb4 f4 ,bakt41 vol4 xv41 pp4 #bhi-cjj4 ,,re9ke1 ,j43 #ahih1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 von ,c]atium tripos4 ,wiss4 ,me]esunt]s41 h]ausgeg4 ,v4 d4 ,kommiss4 z4 wiss4 ,unt]s4 d4 deuts*4 ,me]s4 9 ,kiel u4 d4 ,biol4 ,/ation auf ,helgol&1 ,n4 ,f41 ,bd4 iii1 ,abt4 ,kiel1 p4 #cg4 ,,ri*t]1 ,o43 #aijf1 ,*lorophyllbildung im ,bakt]i5li*te4 ,sitz4 b]4 d4 k4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi54 ,ma?4 nat4 ,kl41 ,bd4 #aae1 i1 p4 #bih4 ,,rob91 ,,*4 et ,,lab\lb5e1 ,a43 #ahgc1 ,sur les organes phosphoresc5ts ?oraciques et abdom9als du ,cocuyo de ,cuba 7,pyrophorus noctilucus1 ,l474 ,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 ,t4 lxxvii1 pp4 #eaa-eag4 ,,russell1 ,w4 ,j43 #ahig1 ,on ! ,action ,ex]t$ by ,c]ta9 ,metals & ,o!r ,sub/ances on a ,photographic ,plate4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lxi1 pp4 #dbd-dcc4 ,,russell1 ,e4 ,j43 #aijc1 ,! ,reaction betwe5 ,phosphorus & ,oxyg51 ,"p ,i4 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 lxxxiii1 pp4 #abfc-abhd4 ,,sasaki1 ,m43 #aiad1 ,obs]vations on ,hot>u-ika1 ,watas5ia sc9tillans4 ,j\r4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,sapporo1 ,japan1 vol4 vi1 pp4 #ge-aje4 ,,s*>ff1 ,e43 #aijh1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 des ,phosphors und e9ig] ,phosphorv]b9dung54 ,zeit4 physik4 ,*em41 vol4 lxii1 pp4 #agi-aic4 ,,s*midt1 ,p43 #ahid1 ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 d] ,zuckmueck5 7,*ironomidae74 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,ab?4 ,sy/41 #h ,bd41 pp4 #eh-ff4 ,trans4 9 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 7#f71 vol xv1 pp4 #acc-ada4 ,,s*ultze1 ,c4 ,a4 ,s43 #ahhf1 ,beoba*tung5 an ,noctiluca4 ,ar*4 f4 ,mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 ii1 p4 #afc4 ,,s*ultze1 ,,max3 #ahfe1 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,leu*torgane von ,lampyris spl5didula4 ,ar*4 f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 i1 pp4 #abd-acg4 ,,s*urig1 ,w43 #aija1 ,biologis*e ,exp]im5te neb/ e9 ,e9hang ,microscopis*e ,te*nik4 ,leipzig1 p4 #aca4 ,,%oji1 ,r43 #aiai1 ,a ,physiological ,/udy on ! ,lum9esc5ce ( ,watas5ia sc9tillans 7,b]ry74 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 vol4 xlvii1 pp4 #ecd-eeg4 ,,s+h1 ,p41 & ,,maulik1 ,s43 #aiaj1 ,nature ( ,light ,emitt$ by ,fireflies4 ,nature1 vol4 lxxxviii1 p4 #aaa4 ,,sokol[1 ,,iwan3 #aiji1 ,zur ,frage ,ueb] das ,leu*t5 und die ,drues5gebilde d] ,ophiur54 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 xxix1 pp4 #fcg-fdh4 ,,spallanzani1 ,,lazz>o3 #agid1 ,memoria sopra le ,m$use fos=i*e4 ,mem4 ,soc4 ,ital4 ,v]ona1 vol4 vii1 pp4 #bga-bij4 ,,/e*e1 ,o43 #aijh1 ,beoba*tung5 ueb] das ,leu*t5 tropis*] ,lampyrid54 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,bd4 xxxii1 pp4 #gaj-gab4 ,,/e*e1 ,o43 #aiji1 ,ueb] die ,leu*torgane von ,anomalops katoptron und ,photobleph>on palpebratus1 zwei ,ob]flae*5fis*5 aus dem ,malaysi*5 ,ar*ipel4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,morph4 u4 ,physiol4 d] ,leu*torgane d] ,fis*e4 ,zts*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xciii1 pp4 #cdi-djh4 ,,/]z+]1 ,i43 #aijg1 ,ueb] das ,leu*tv]moeg5 von ,amphiura squamata1 ,s>s4 ,zts*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 lxxxviii1 pp4 #ceh-chd4 ,s,t,ue,b,e,l1 ,h43 #aiaa1 ,die ,fluoresc5ce ti]is*e ,gewebe 9 ultra-violett ,li*t4 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol1 vol4 cxlii1 pp4 #a-ad4 ,,su*sl&1 ,e43 #ahih1 ,physikalis*e ,/udi5 ueb] ,leu*tbakt]i54 ,fe/s*r4 d4 #bjj-;jaehr4 ,jubelfei] d] ,franckes*5 ,/iftung51 ,halle1 p4 #hg4 ,ref4 9 ,z5tralb4 f4 ,bact41 ,,ii ,abt4 iv1 pp4 #gac-gae4 ,,t>*an(f1 ,j43 #aija1 ,lumi]e des bacilles phosphoresc5ts de la m] ,baltique4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 #aija1 ,t4 cxxxiii1 pp4 #bdf-bdi4 ,,t>*an(f1 ,j43 #aijb1 ,biologis*-*emis*e ,unt]su*ung5 d] ,phosphoresci]5d5 ,bakt]i54 7,russ474 ,j\rn4 m$4 *im4 ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 ,bd4 xxv-xxvi1 pp4 #ef-gd4 ,,t]ao1 ,a43 #aiag1 ,notes on ,photophores ( ,s]ge/es preh5silis1 ,bate4 ,annot4 ,zool4 ,japan1 vol4 ix1 pp4 #bii-caf4 ,,?omas1 ,r4 ,h43 #aijb1 ,a ,lum9\s ,c5tip$e4 ,nature1 vol4 lxv1 p4 #bbc4 ,,tollhaus51 ,p43 #ahhi1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] ,bact]ium phosphoresc5s ,fis*]4 ,diss4 ,wu]zburg4 ,,tommas9o1 ,,?43 #aijd1 ,con/atation d'une radioactivite propre aux etres vivants1 vegetaux et animaux4 ,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 d4 ,sc41 ,bd4 cxxxix1 pp4 #gcj-gca4 ,,t[ns5d1 ,a4 ,b43 #aijd1 ,hi/ology ( ! ,light ,organs1 ( ,phot9us m>g9ellus4 ,am]4 ,nat41 #aijd1 vol4 xxxviii1 pp4 #abg-aea4 ,,trautz1 ,m43 #aijd1 ,ueb] neue ,lum9esz5z]s*e9ung54 ,zeit4 wiss4 ,photogr41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bag-bbc2 also1 ,zeit4 f4 ,electro*em41 vol4 x1 pp4 #eic-eig4 ,,trautz1 ,m43 #aije1 ,/udi5 ueb] ,*emilum9esz5z4 ,zts*r4 physikal4 ,*em41 vol4 liii1 pp4 #a-aaa4 ,,trautz1 ,m41 & ,,s*orig91 ,p43 #aije;a1 ,kri/allolum9esz5z und ,tribolum9esz5z4 ,zeit4 wiss4 ,photog41 vol4 iii1 pp4 #hj-ij4 ,,trautz1 ,m41 & ,,s*orig91 ,p43 #aije;b1 ,ueb] ,*emilum9esz5z4 ,zeit4 wiss4 ,photog41 vol4 iii1 pp4 #aba-acj4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aijf1 ,neu]e ,arbeit5 ueb] die ,leu*torgane d] ,fis*e4 ,zool4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 xiii1 pp4 #bgc-bhd4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aijg1 ,zur ,li*t5twicklung 9 d5 ,photospha]i5 d] ,euphausi54 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 ,bd4 lxx1 pp4 #agg-ahh4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aiji1 ,leu*t5de ,ophiopsil54 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 ,bd4 lxxiii1 pp4 #hhc-iab4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aiaj1 ,e9 ,betrag zur ,hi/ologie von ,phyllirhoe bucephala4 ,p]on und ,lesueur4 mit besond]] ,b]uecksi*tigung des ,leu*tv]moeg5s des ,ti]es4 ,ar*4 microscop4 ,anat41 vol4 lxxv1 pp4 #dgc-eag4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aiac1 ,ueb] ,hautdrues5 des ,*aetopt]us v>iop$atus1 ,clap4 ,sitz4 b]4 d4 ,kais4 ,ac4 d4 wiss4 ,we941 vol4 cxxii1 ,abt4 #a4 ,,trojan1 ,e43 #aiae1 ,die ,leu*torgane von ,cyclo?one ,signata1 ,g>man4 ,sitz4-b]4 d4 ,k4 ,akad4 d] wiss4 ,wi541 ,bd4 cxxiv1 ,abt4 #a4 ,,ts*ugaeff1 ,l43 #aija1 ,ueb] ,tribolum9esz5z4 ,b]4 d4 d4 *em4 ,ges41 vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #ahbj-ahbf4 ,,vall5t91 ,r41 & ,,cunn+ham1 ,j4 ,t43 #ahhh1 ,! ,photosph]ia ( ,nyctiphanes ,norvegica4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ( ,micr4 ,sc41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xxviii1 pp4 #cai-cda4 ,,van',t ,,h(f1 ,j4 ,h43 #ahie1 ,ueb] die m5ge und die ,nature des sog54 ,ozons das si* bei langsam] ,oxidations des ,phosphors bildet4 ,zeit4 physik4 ,*em41 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #daa-daf4 ,,v]rill1 ,a4 ,e43 #ahhd1 ,evid5ces ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,light at ,great ,dep?s 9 ! ,sea4 ,nature1 vol4 xxx1 pp4 #bhj-bha4 ,,v]worn1 ,m43 #ahib1 ,e9 automatis*es ,z5trum fu] die ,li*tproduktion bei ,luciola italica ,l4 ,ctbl4 f4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 vi1 pp4 #fi-gd4 ,,vignal1 ,w43 #ahgh1 ,re*]*es hi/ologiques et physiologiques sur les ,notiluques4 ,ar* d4 ,physiol4 ,norm4 et ,pa?olog41 #bnd s]41 ,t4 v1 pp4 #dae-ded4 ,,ville1 ,j41 & ,,d]ri51 ,e43 #aiac1 ,catalyse bio*emique d'une oxydation lum9esc5te4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ac4 ,sc41 vol4 clvi1 p4 #bjba4 ,,vogel41 ,r43 #aiae1 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis des ,baues und d] ,leb5sweise d] ,l>ve von ,lampyris noctiluca4 ,zeit4 wiss4 ,zool41 vol4 cxii1 pp4 #bia-dcb4 ,,watanabe1 ,h43 #ahig1 ,! ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii4 ,annot4 ,zool4 ,japan1 vol4 i2 also1 ,zool4 ,jahrs41 #ahig4 ,,watase1 ,s43 #ahie1 ,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,animal ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,biol4 ,lect4 ,m>9e ,biol4 ,lab4 ,woods ,hole1 pp4 #aja-aai4 ,,watase1 ,s43 #ahih1 ,protoplasmic ,contractility & ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,biolog4 ,lect4 ,m>9e ,biol4 ,lab4 ,woods ,hole1 pp4 #agg-aib4 ,,weis]1 ,h4 ,b43 #aiah;a1 ,color ,det]m9ation ( ,fa9t ,lum9esc5ce4 ,j\rn4 ,phys4 ,*em41 vol4 xxii1 pp4 #dci-ddi4 ,,weis]1 ,h4 ,b43 #aiah;b1 ,cry/allolum9esc5ce1 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,j\rn4 ,phys4 ,*em41 vol4 xxii1 pp4 #dhj-eji1 & pp4 #egf-eie4 ,,weitlan]1 ,f43 #aiji1 ,etwas von ,johannis-,kaef]li*t4 ,v]h4 d4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,we941 vol4 lix4 ,,weitlan]1 ,f43 #aiaa1 ,weit]es vom ,johanniskaef]li*t und von ,organism5leu*t5 ub]haupt1 etc4 ,v]h4 d4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,we941 vol4 xli1 p4 #aib4 ,,welem9sky1 ,f43 #ahie1 ,die ,ursa*5 des ,leu*t5s bei ,*ol]avibrion54 ,prag] m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 ,bd4 xx1 pp4 #bfc-bfd4 ,,welk]1 ,w4 ,h43 #aiab1 ,diffusibility ( ,prote9 ,?r\gh ,rubb] ,membranes ) a ,note on ! ,dis9tegration ( ,colloidian ,membranes by ,common ,e?yl ,e!r & ,o!r ,solv5ts4 ,bio*em4 ,bull41 vol4 ii1 p4 #gj4 ,,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m41 & ,,williams1 ,f4 ,x43 #aiae1 ,! ,lum9\s ,organ ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,gl[worm4 ,psy*e1 vol4 xxii1 pp4 #cf-dc4 ,,weidemann1 ,e43 #ahhh1 ,ueb] ,fluoresc5z und ,phosphoresc5z4 ,wi$4 ,ann4 d4 ,phy4 u4 ,*em41 vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #ddf-dfi4 ,,wi$emann1 ,e41 & ,,s*midt1 ,g4 ,w43 #ahie;a1 ,ueb] ,lum9esc5z4 ,wi$4 ,ann4 d4 ,phy4 u4 ,*em41 vol4 liv1 pp4 #fjd-fbe2 #ahie;b1 vol4 lvi1 pp4 #bja-bed4 ,,wiel[iejski1 ,h4 ,r4 ,v43 #ahhb1 ,/udi5 ueb] die ,lampyrid54 ,zts*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xxxvii1 pp4 #ced-dbh4 ,,williams1 ,f4 ,x43 #aiaf1 ,photog5ic ,organs & ,embryology ( ,lampyrids4 ,j\rn4 ,morph41 vol4 xxviii1 pp4 #ade-ahf4 ,,yatsu1 ,n43 #aiag1 ,note on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,maxill>y ,gl& ( ,cyprid9a hilg5dorfii4 ,j\rn4 ,morph41 vol4 xxix1 pp4 #dce-ddj4 ,,"y1 ,c4 ,a43 #ahgj1 ,! ,spectrum ( ! ,firefly4 ,am]4 ,nat41 vol4 iii1 p4 #fae4 ,,za*>ias1 ,o43 #aije1 ,beoba*tung5 ueb] das ,leu*tv]moeg5 von ,c]atium tripos4 ,biol4 ,ctbl41 ,bd4 xxv1 pp4 #bj-cj4 ,,index ,abegg1 ,r41 #adg ,acan!phyra1 #gh ,ag>icus1 #ii ,agassiz1 ,a41 #aa ,alkaptonuria1 #ag ,allman1 ,g4 ,i41 #aa1 #ga ,ammonia1 #ab ,anodolum9esc5ce1 #bf1 #bi ,anornalops1 #fi ,ari/eus1 #gb ,ari/otle1 #a ,ba*1 ,a41 #acg ,bact]ia1 lum9\s1 #b1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bh1 #de1 #ec1 #fa1 #fe1 #fi1 #gb1 #gd1 #ha1 #hb1 #hi1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc ,bact]ial lamps1 #ah ,bak]1 ,j41 #b ,bancr(t1 ,w4 ,d41 #cf ,bancr(t & ,weis]1 #bd ,b&r[ski1 ,e41 #cc ,b>cr(t & ,hill1 #ih ,b>nea1 #aaf ,batelli & ,/]n1 #aae ,becqu]el1 ,e41 #bf ,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w41 #ah1 #hi1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb ,bigel[1 ,s4 ,l41 #cd ,black1 #ia ,bolitophila1 #gg ,boyle1 ,r41 #a1 #af1 #he ff ,br&t1 #cf ,brittle />s or ophiuroids1 #aj1 #aa1 #gb ,canton's phosphorus1 #bg ,c>bon dioxide & lum9esc5ce1 #ia ff ,c>dium1 #aaf ,casc>iolo1 ,v41 #bg ,ca?odolum9esc5ce1 #bf1 #bi ,cav]nul>ia1 #gd1 #ajc ,c5tn]zw]1 ,m41 #adg ,cephalopods or ,squid1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #fh1 #gb1 #hd1 #ajd ,c]atium1 #ga ,*aetopt]us1 #aj1 #ag1 #db1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #hc1 #ajc ,*emilum9esc5ce1 #cf ff1 #de ff ,*lorophyll =mation by animal light1 #ff ,*romophyton1 #ae ,*un1 ,c41 #gi ,cobl5tz1 ,w4 ,w41 #cj1 #ca1 #dd1 #ea1 #eb1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 #fd1 #ic1 #afj4 ,co-enzyme1 #ajd1 #acj ,co-lucif]ase1 #ajg ff ,color ( animal light1 #da ff1 #aeg ff ,conc5tration & lum9isc5ce1 #ade ff ,conroy1 ,j41 #dc ,crozi]1 ,w4 ,j41 #ga1 #ajc ,cru/acea1 #aj1 #ad1 #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #hi1 #aja ff ,crysallolum9esc5ce1 #cc ff1 #gd ,ct5ophores1 #b1 #aj1 #aa1 #ga1 #gb1 #hb ,cyanides & lum9esc5ce1 #abf ,cyprid9a1 #ad1 #cj1 #de1 #dh1 #fc1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge ff1 #ij1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aje ff1 #aee ff ,dahlgr51 ,u41 #gb1 #gc1 #ge ,dea? ,gl[1 #fi ,d9(lagellates1 #b1 #aj1 #cb1 #hb ,dubois1 ,r41 #ca1 #ce1 #cg1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #fa1 #fd1 #gc1 #ajc ff1 #aaa1 #aad ff1 #aca1 #aee ,e>?worms1 #aj ,effici5cy ( animal light1 #dh ff ,eggs1 lum9\s1 #aa ,electrolum9esc5ce1 #bd1 #bi ,embryos1 lum9\s1 #aa ,euphasia1 #gb ,ewan1 ,t41 #adg ,exn]1 ,s41 #cj ,extracellul> lum9esc5ce1 #fh1 #ga ,eyes1 lum9\s1 #ae ff ,fabre ,j4 ,h41 #ii ,fahrig1 ,e41 #cg ,fireflies1 #aj1 #ca1 #cd1 #dc1 #fi1 #ga1 #gg ff1 #hi1 #ic1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ace1 #afj ,fi%es1 #a1 #c1 #aj1 #ah1 #fd1 #fi1 #gb1 #hd1 #he ,fl[]s1 fla%+ (1 #af ,fluoresc5ce1 #be ff1 #fb ,fluoresc5t scre5s1 #bi ,=sy?1 ,r4 ,w41 #ec ,frankl&1 ,p41 #fb ,fri$b]g] ,doepn]1 #fe ,frogs1 lum9\s1 #ac ,fungi or ,basidiomycetes1 #aj1 #fi1 #gb1 #ha1 #hi1 #ii1 #aja ,gall[ay & ,wel*1 #hd ,g]nez1 ,d41 #cb ,gi>d & ,billet1 #ac ,giesbre*t1 ,w41 #aa1 #gj ,gl[worms1 #a1 #aj1 #dc1 #gg ,gna?ophausia1 #gb ,goss1 ,b4 ,c41 #adc ,gre5e1 ,c4 ,w41 #gj ,gu9*ant1 #cg ,h-ion conc5tration & lum9esc5ce1 #ib1 #ach1 #aee ,heat production & lum9esc5ce1 #ic ff ,heliotropism by animal light1 #ff4 ,hell]1 ,j4 ,f41 #a1 #b1 #af ,het]oc>pus1 #gb ,het]oteu?is1 #gb ,hooke1 ,r41 #ia ,hulme1 ,n41 #a ,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady1 #eg1 #fc ,hydrog5ase1 #aca ,hydroils1 #aj1 #gb ,ignis fatuus1 #ae ,immune bodies1 #ajd ,infection1 ) lum9\s bact]ia1 #ac ,infra r$ rays 9 animal light1 #dh ff ,int5sity ( animal light1 #fc ,intracellul> ,lum9esc5ce1 #fh1 #ga ,int]f]5ce colors1 #ad ,issats*5ko1 ,b41 #ff ,ives1 ,h4 ,e41 #bh1 #dd1 #ea ff1 #ei1 #fa ,kemp1 ,c41 #gh ,langley & ,v1 #dc1 #ej ff1 #fd ,lanke/]1 ,e4 ,r41 #db ,lavoisi]1 #ia ,l5>d & ,wolf1 #cg ,ligia1 #ac ,limulus1 #abi ,l9nemann1 ,e41 #cf ,lode1 ,a41 #fe ,lucif]ase1 #ajc ff4 ,*ap ,,vi 7prop]ties72 ( ,pholas1 #aad2 ( ,cyprid9a1 #abc ff ,lucif]esce9e1 #ca1 #aaj ,lucif]91 #ajc ff4 ,*ap4 ,,vi 7prop]ties72 ( ,pholas1 #aad2 ( ,cyprid9a1 #aaf ff ,luciola1 #ajc1 #abe4 ,lum9esc5ce1 #bc ff ,lum9osity1 di/ribution 9 plant & animal k+dom1 #c to #ab ,lum9osity1 false1 #ab ff ,lum9\s animals1 habitat1 #aj ,lum9\s animals1 uses ( to man1 #ag ff ,lum9\s granules1 #gc1 #ge ,lyman rays1 #ba ,lyolum9esc5ce1 #ce ,mac,cartney1 ,j41 #b1 #c ,macfayd51 ,a41 #aeg ,macrozymases1 #gc ,man1 lum9osity (1 #af ,mangold1 ,e41 #aa1 #gb ,mass>t1 ,j41 #ga ,ma/1 ,s4 ,o41 #fi ,may[1 #ia ,mc,dermott1 ,f4 ,a41 #ca1 #cg1 #de1 #ec ,mc,kenney1 ,r4 ,b41 #ajj ,m$usae or jelly fi%1 #b1 #aj1 #gb1 #hb ,me?ane1 #ae4 ,mi*aelis1 ,g4 ,a41 #a ,m9imum radiation visually p]ceptible1 #fe1 #add ,molis*1 ,h41 #de1 #ec1 #fa1 #ff1 #ajb ,molluscs1 #aj1 #gb ,monoc5tris1 #fi1 #ajd ,moore1 ,b41 #ga ,muraoka1 ,h41 #fa ,myriapods1 #aj1 #ce1 #gb ,mytilus1 #aaf ,nadson1 ,g41 #ff ,nematocelis1 #gb ,noctiluca1 #b1 #aj1 #ga1 #gc1 #hb1 #hc1 #hi1 #ajd ,noctiluc91 #aja ,nutt+1 ,p4 ,g41 #eg1 #ei ,nyctiphanes1 #gb1 #hj ,odontosyllis1 #hc ,or*e/ia1 #ac ,orya1 #ce ,osborne & ,wakeman1 #aba ,o/raea1 #aaf ,otto1 ,m41 #cg ,oxyg5 & lum9esc5ce1 #a1 #fg1 #he ff1 #adg ff ,oxylucif]9e1 #ajh ff1 #abg ff1 #aeh ,oxylum9esc5ce1 #cf ff1 #aaa ff ,pa9t1 lum9\s1 #bh1 #bi ,panc]i1 ,p41 #de1 #gd ,pa/eur1 #db ,p5etrat+ radiation 9 animal light1 #fa ff ,p5natula1 #gd1 #ajc ,p5natulids or sea p5s1 #aj1 #gb1 #gd1 #hb1 #hc1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajc ,p]id9eae1 #aj ,p]iodicity ( lum9esc5ce1 #ga ,p]on1 ,f41 #de ,p]oxidases1 #aa1 #abf1 #adh ,pet]s1 ,a4 ,w41 #aa1 #ga ,pflueg]1 ,e41 #a1 #ajb ,ph5godes1 #da1 #db ,phillips1 ,a4 ,h41 #abe ,philoscia1 #ac ,phipson1 ,t4 ,l41 #aja1 #aji1 #aaj ,pholas1 #aj1 #aa1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje ff1 #aad ff1 #aca ,phosph9e1 #ae ,phosphoresc5ce1 #bd1 #be ff1 #ach1 #adc ,phosphoroscope1 #bf ,phosphor-photographic me?od1 #eb ,phosphorus & lum9esc5ce1 #ch1 #ci1 #adg ff ,phot9us1 #dd1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #ei1 #fd1 #ajc1 #abe1 #afj ff ,photobleph>on1 #ah1 #fd1 #fi ,photo*emical reactions1 #fg1 #fh1 #ach1 #ade ,photog51 #ajb ,photog591 #aje ,photolum9esc5ce1 #bf1 #fg ,photophele91 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaj ,photosyn!sis by animal light1 #ah ,photuris1 #dd1 #ei1 #ajc1 #abe1 #afj ff ,pi]antoni1 ,v41 #ac1 #ad1 #gd ,piezolum9esc5ce1 #cb ff ,pol>ization1 #de ,polimanti1 ,o41 #de ,pope1 ,w4 ,j41 #cb ,porcellio1 #ac ,pori*?ys1 #gj1 #hc ,prelucif]9e or prolucif]9e1 #ajf ff ,prevo/1 ,b41 #ae ,prie/ly1 #ia ,pty*od]a1 #ga1 #ajc ,purk9je ph5om5on1 #dj1 #dd1 #aeg ,pyrogallol & lum9esc5ce1 #cg1 #aaa1 #adh ff ,pyrolum9esc5ce1 #bd ,pyrophor9e1 #ca1 #aji ,pyrophorus1 #aa1 #dc1 #de1 #di ff1 #fd1 #gf1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aad1 #abe ,pyrosoma1 #aj1 #ac1 #de1 #gb1 #aja ,quatrefages1 ,a4 de41 #gc ,radiant en]gy1 #bj ff ,radiolum9esc5ce1 #bf ,radium rays or ,becqu]el rays1 #ba1 #bf1 #cj1 #fb ,radziszewski1 ,b41 #cg1 #ci ,reaction velocity & lum9esc5ce1 #ade ff ,r$uctase1 #acj ff ,reeves1 ,p41 #fe1 #add ,respiration & lum9esc5ce1 #ia1 #ib1 #ii ,rhizomorpha1 #b ,romb]g's phosphorus1 #cb ,russel1 ,e4 ,j41 #adg ,russel1 ,w4 ,j41 #fb ,sapphir9a1 #ad ,s>c9a1 #a ,s*>ff1 ,e41 #adg ,s*eele1 #ia ,s*i/o/ega1 #ae ,s*izopod l>vae1 #aa ,s*umann rays1 #ba ,s*urig1 ,w41 #fa ,scolop5dra1 #ajb ,sea1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #b ,sepietta1 #gb ,s]ge/es1 #gb1 #gh ,s+h & ,maulik1 #fa ,sol51 #aaf ,spallanzani1 ,l41 #he1 #aja ,spectrum ( *emilum9esc5ce1 #ci ,spectrum ( lum9\s organisms1 #db ff ,spectrum ( phosphoresc5ce1 #bh ,spectrum1 range (1 #ba ff ,sp9?>iscope1 #cj ,/e*e1 ,o41 #fe1 #fi ,/efan-,boltzmann ,law1 #bb1 #bc ,/imulation & lum9esc5ce1 #fh ff1 #ace ,/oke's ,law1 #bh1 #ca ,/ylo*iron1 #gb ,su*sl&1 ,e41 #fa ,sulphides1 phosphoresc5ce (1 #bg ,sweat1 lum9\s1 #ag ,talitrus1 #ac ,t>*an(f1 ,j41 #ac ,temp]ature & lum9esc5ce1 #ade ff1 #aef ff ,temp]ature radiation1 #bc ,?aumatolampas1 #db ,!rmolum9esc5ce1 #bd ff ,tomopt]us1 #gb ,transp>5cy ( *it9 to infra-r$1 #eb ,trautz1 ,m41 #cb1 #cc1 #cg1 #ci1 #ade ,tribolum9esc5ce1 #cb ff ,trojan1 ,e41 #aa1 #gh ,ts*ugaeff1 ,l41 #cb ,ultra violet rays 9 animal light1 #ec ff ,ur9e1 lum9\s1 #ah ,uses ( lum9\s organs1 #ha ff ,vacuolides1 #gc van ,helmont1 #ia van't ,h(f1 ,j4 ,h41 #adg ,vibrio1 #fe ,ville & ,d]ri51 #aaa ,visual s5sibility1 #ed ff ,watanabe1 ,h41 #ge ,watas5ia1 #ajd ,wat] & lum9esc5ce1 #he1 #aja ,weis]1 ,h4 ,b41 #cc1 #cd1 #ci ,welk]1 ,w4 ,h41 #aba ,:eel] & ,williams1 #gg ,wi$emann1 ,e41 #bc ,wi$emann & ,s*midt1 #be1 #cf ,w-o'-!-wisp1 #ae ,wood1 phosphoresc5t or %9+1 #a1 #b1 #he ,worms or annelids1 #c1 #gb ,x-rays or ,ro5tg5 rays1 #ba1 #bf1 #cj1 #fb ,yatsu1 ,n41 #ge ,"y1 ,c4 ,a41 #dc ,za*>ias1 ,o41 #ga ,zymog5 granules1 #gc 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,uncommon =ms = *emical names h be5 reta9$ :]e !y occur 9 ! text1 e4g4 atrop9 = atrop9e2 asp>ag9 = asp>ag9e1 etc4 ,! spell+s ( ,sidot bl5d & ,sidot bl5de are us$ int]*angeably4 ,,ph or ,p,h 7subscript ,h7 is us$ ?r\gh\t = ! scale ( alkali-acidity :]e ! mod]n usage is p,h4 ,on page #agc1 ! citation = ,,nutt+1 ,p4 ,g43 #aijh has page range pp4 #bfa-jci4 ,?is is z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al1 b is probably 9 error4 ,m9or corrections to =matt+ & miss+ punctuation 7mo/ly 9 ! bibliography7 h be5 regul>is$ )\t an explicit note4 ,:]e *anges to ! text h be5 made 9 ! case ( spell+ or type-sett+ errors1 ^! are li/$ z foll[s3 ,page ix3 *ang$ ,pho%oresc5ce to ,phosphoresc5ce 7,,ii4 ,,lum9esc5ce ,,& ,,inc&esc5ce 444 ,phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce47 ,page ix3 *ang$ ,biozymoxylum9esc5ce to ,biozymooxylum9esc5ce 7,v4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,production1 ,,"p ,i 444 ,biozymooxylum9esc5ce47 ,page x3 *ang$ *emi-lum9esc5ce to *emilum9esc5ce 9 two in/ances 7,reaction velocity & *emilum9esc5ce4 ,temp]ature & *emilum9esc5ce47 ,page #d1 ,table #a3 *ang$ p]iod ,bacillus4 to comma ,bacillus1 9 li/7,bact]ium1 ,photobact]ium1 ,bacillus1 ,pseudomonas1 4447 ,page #e1 ,table #a3 remov$ comma aft] ,cun9a4 ,page #ae3 *ang$ ? to ! 7,less well kn[n is ! ,ignis fatuus7 ,page #ba1 ,table #b3 *ang$ #af to 4#af 7444 above #ab km4 to 4#af cm47 ,page #bf3 re-position$ p]iod outside ( p>5!ses aft] be+ illum9at$ 7photolum9esc5ce74 ,page #bi3 *ang$ plat9o-cyanide to plat9ocyanide 7,fluoresc5t scre5s ( b>ium plat9ocyanide7 ,page #bi3 add$ miss+ comma 7willemite 7,zn#b,si,o#d71 ,sidot bl5d7 ,page #cd3 add$ miss+ clos+ quotation m>k 7,x is altoge!r probable t ! cause ( ?is 4447 ,page #ci3 sup]script #b *ang$ to subscript #b 9 ,na#b;,,co#c 7! pyrogallol-=maldehyde-,na#b;,,co#c-;,h#b ,o#b reaction7 ,page #da3 #ej-metre c&les *ang$ to #ej metre-c&les 7,bel[ #j4e & above #ej metre-c&les visibility v>ies 4447 ,page #db1 ,table #d3 *ang$ ,frau5h(] to ,fraunh(] 9 ! caption & table head+ 7,fraunh(] ,l9es7 ,page #dg1 ,table #e3 *ang$ ,=/] to ,fo]/] 7,bact]ia 444 ,fo]/]1 #ahhg7 ,page #ef1 ,fig #ab caption3 ,=sy! *ang$ to ,=sy? 7aft] ,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady7 ,page #gb3 add$ miss+ clos+ p>5!sis ! molluscs 7,pholas & ,phyllirhoe7 ,page #gd3 secretion *ang$ to section 7,a section ( ! epi!lium %[s l>ge muc\s-produc+ cells 4447 ,page #ge3 add$ miss+ clos+ punctuation 7,at lea/ "o1 probably two1 are conc]n$ 9 light production47 ,page #ge3 *ang$ intra-cellul> to intracellul> 7animals possess+ light cells ) intracellul> lum9esc5ce7 ,page #ha2 ,fig4 #bi caption3 add$ miss+ comma 7*r4#a1 *romatophore2 4447 ,page #hg3 add$ miss+ clos+ p>5!sis 7& t too ( su* a ,d5sity to make !m cont9ue %9+7 ,page #ij3 neces>y *ang$ to necess>y 7,boyle also made _m exp]im5ts to %[ t air 0 necess>y = ! life ( animals 4447 ,page #ic3 *ang$ !rmo-c\ple to !rmoc\ple 7us+ a !rmoc\ple z ! measur+ in/rum5t7 ,page #id3 ,d *ang$ to ,b 7plac$ 9 a l>ge ,dew> flask 7,b7 fill$ ) wat]7 ,page #ig3 !rmo-c\ple *ang$ to !rmoc\ple 7,read+s ( ea* !rmoc\ple on ! galvanomet] scale 4447 ,page #id3 ,!rmo-c\ples *ang$ to ,!rmoc\ples 7,!rmoc\ples 7,l & ,m7 ( advance4447 ,page #ajj3 *ang$ ,mc,kenny to ,mc,kenney 7,mc,kenney 7#aijb7 f\nd also 4447 ,page #ajb3 *ang$ misceable to miscible 7insoluble 9 wat] b miscible ) x7 ,page #ajc3 demontrate *ang$ to demon/rate 7,i h be5 unable to demon/rate _! exi/5ce 9 lum9\s bact]ia27 ,page #ajd3 !rmolable *ang$ to !rmolabile 7 444& a !rmolabile complem5t 7alex97 are necess>y47 ,page #ajd3 !rmolable *ang$ to !rmolabile 7,because ( ! necessity ( !rmo/able & !rmolabile sub/ances = light production 4447 ,page #aje3 !rmolable *ang$ to !rmolabile 7lucif]ase 7photog597 = ! !rmolabile mat]ial 4447 ,page #aaa3 presl5ce & ,h#b,o#c *ang$ to pres5ce ( ,h#b,o#b 7loph9 c\ld be oxidiz$ by v]tebrate blood 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h#b,o#b47 ,page #aaf3 or *ang$ to ( 7 444 & w\ld disappe> f solution 9 ! c\rse ( a day or s47 ,page #aaf3 *ang$ oxidizible to oxidizable 7,! lucif]9s1 z ! oxidizable sub/ances1 mu/ claim fir/ att5tion47 ,page #abc3 contrat$ *ang$ to conc5trat$ 7#a c4c4 portions ( conc5trat$ lucif]97 ,page #acb3 colucif]ase *ang$ to co-lucif]ase 7,he n[ reg>ds x z id5tical ) 8 co-lucif]ase7 ,page #aea1 ,table #ac3 correct$ duplicate numb]+ #aj to #aa 7#aa ,f]ric *loride7 ,page #aea1 ,table #ac3 correct$ duplicate numb]+ #ad to #ae 7#ae ,*romic sulfate7 ,page #aea1 ,table #ac3 abbreviat$ m9ute to m94 9 two entries 7boil$ #a m94 & filt]$7 ,page #aeh3 *ang$ appe> to appe>s 7444 & yet light appe>s only 9 pres5ce ( ! latt]47 ,page #afb3 add$ miss+ clos+ punctuation 7,m complete works on light & lum9esc5ce come fir/ & orig9al articles foll[47 ,page #afe3 add$ miss+ comma 7,,dubois1 ,r43 #aiah;a1 ,sur la ,syn!se de la ,lucif]9e47 ,page #afe3 *ang$ ,biophotog5esis to ,biophotog5ese 7,re*]*es ,rec5tes de ,m4 ,newton ,h>vey sur la ,biophotog5ese7 ,page #afe3 *ang$ ,biophotog5esis to ,biophotog5ese 7,n\velles ,re*]*es sur la ,biophotog5ese7 ,page #aff3 *ang$ ,oxydations ges*w9digkeit to ,oxydationsges*w9digkeit 7,ueb] die ,oxydationsges*w9digkeit von ,phosphor 4447 ,page #aff3 *ang$ ,radium/rahlem to ,radium/rahl5 7,e9ige ,beoba*tung5 ueb] die dur* ,radium/rahl5 9 d5 ti]is*5 ,geweb5 erzeugte ,phosphoresz5z47 ,page #aff3 *ang$ neid]] to ni$]] 7,ueb] die ,entwicklung von ,bakt]i5 bei ni$]] ,temp]atur47 ,page #afg3 *ang$ nueue to neue 7,ueb] die rosett5fo]mig5 ,leu*torgane d] ,tomopt]id5 und zwei neue ,art5 von ,tomopt]is47 ,page #afi3 add$ miss+ hyph5 to ,pflanz5- 7,ueb] das ,leu*t5 im ,pflanz5-und ,ti]rei*e47 ,page #afi3 *ang$ ,rucksi*t to ,ruecksi*t 7mit bes4 ,ruecksi*t auf4 m$4 ,diagno/4 u4 ,!rapie ,wi547 ,page #agj3 *ang$ jord4 to j>d4 7,bull4 d4 j>d4 imp4 botan4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg7 ,page #aga3 *ang$ ,li*tfauele to ,li*tfaeule 7,phosphorezi]5de ,taus5dfuessl] und die ,li*tfaeule des ,holzes7 ,page #agb3 *ang$ ,pflug]'s ,ar* to ,pflueg]'s ,ar*4 7,pflueg]'s ,ar*41 ,bd4 cxix1 pp4 #ehc-fja47 ,page #agd3 *ang$ ,b$5tung to ,b$eutung 7 444 ihre ,b$eutung fu] die ,pr9cipi5 d] ,respiration7 ,page #age3 *ang$ ,laz>o to ,lazz>o 7,,spallanzani1 ,,lazz>o3 #agid1 4447 ,page #agf3 *ang$ ,leu*tv]mog5 to ,leu*tv]moeg5 7,ueb] das ,leu*tv]moeg5 von ,amphiura squamata1 ,s>s47 ,page #agg3 *ang$ ,tribolum9esc5z to ,tribolum9esz5z 7,,ts*ugaeff1 ,l43 #aija1 ,ueb] ,tribolum9esz5z47 ,page #agi3 *ang$ ,b&romski to ,b&r[ski 7,b&r[ski1 ,e41 #cc7 ,page #agi3 *ang$ ,baelli to ,batelli 7,batelli & ,/]n1 #aae7 ,page #agi3 *ang$ ,c5tn]sw] to ,c5tn]zw] 7,c5tn]zw]1 ,m41 #adg7 ,page #agi3 *ang$ ,fire-flies to ,fireflies 7,fireflies1 #aj1 #ca1 #cd14447 ,page #ahj3 *ang$ ,=sy! to ,=sy? 7,hyde1 ,=sy? & ,cady1 #eg1 #fc74 ,page #ahj3 *ang$ ,flankl& to ,frankl& 7,frankl&1 ,p41 #fb7 ,page #ahj3 *ang$ ,gl[-worms to ,gl[worms 7,gl[worms1 #a1 #aj1 #dc1 #gg7 ,page #aha3 *ang$ ,piezolumisesc5ce to ,piezolum9esc5ce 7,piezolum9esc5ce1 #cb ff74 ,page #ahb3 *ang$ ,/efan-,boltzman to ,/efan-,boltzmann 7,/efan-,boltzmann ,law1 #bb1 #bc7 ,page #ahb3 *ang$ infr>$ to infra-r$ 7,transp>5cy ( *it9 to infra-r$1 #eb7 ,page #ahb3 add$ miss+ page ref]5ces 7,weis]1 ,h4 ,b41 #cc1 #cd1 #ci7