,a ,,jewi% ,,*apla9 ,,9 ,,france        
,illu/ration3 ,logo ( ! ,mac,millan     
,company  ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company     
,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago 4     
,,dallas ,,atlanta 4 ,,san ,,francisco  
,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london 4 
,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne  ,,!   
,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada4 ,,ltd4  
,,toronto   ,illu/ration3 ,a gr\p (     
,jewi% welf>e work]s at ,le ,mans1      
,france1 9 ,m>* #aiai4 ,f left to "r1   
,george ,rooby1 ,julius ,halp]91 ,frank 
,m4 ,d>t1 ,*apla9 ,lee ,j4 ,lev+]1      
,adele ,w9/on1 ,*>les ,s4 ,rivitz1      
,david ,ros5?al & ,e/h] ,levy4     ,a   
,jewi% ,*apla9 9 ,france  ,,by ,,rabbi  
,,lee ,j4 ,,lev+]1 ,m4,a41 ,executive   
,director ,"y ,m5's ,hebrew             
,association1 ,new ,york ,city1 =m]ly   
,fir/ ,lieut5ant ,*apla9 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,army  ,,) ,a ,,=eword ,,by ,,cyrus     
,,adl]1 ,ph4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,dropsie   
,college = ,hebrew & ,cognate ,le>n+1   
,philadelphia  ,new ,york ,,!           
,,macmillan ,,company #aiba             

,,copyright #aiba1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan 
,,company4  ,set up & pr9t$4 ,publi%$   
,octob]1 #aiba     ,,to ,a ,,good       
,,soldi] ,,:o ,,s5t ,,me ,,to ,,france  
,,& ,,br\ght ,,me ,,back ,,aga9-- ,,my  
,,wife     ,,=eword   ,! t5d5cy to =get 
! w> is n admirable4 ,su* an attitude is
 9 effect a negation ( ?\ght4 ,! agony  
:i* %ook mank9d = m ?an f\r ye>s & ^:   
aft]ma? w be ) u 9 ye>s to come _c be   
=gott5 unless ! consci5ce ( mank9d is   
dead4 ,rabbi ,lev+]'s book is ! n>rative
 ( a man :o saw ?is great trag$y1 took a
 "p 9 x & has ?\ght ab\t x4  ,9 all !   
w>s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,jews p>ticipat$1 
increas+ly z _! numb]s grew appreciably4
 ,!y s]v$ bo? z (fic]s & privates f     
,colonial days4 ,b n until ! ,_w ,w> 0 a
 ,rabbi appo9t$ a ,*apla9 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,army or ,navy = actual s]vice ) 
! fight+ =ces4 ,presid5t ,l9coln appo9t$
 sev]al ,jewi% m9i/]s ( religion z      
*apla9s to visit ! w\nd$ 9 ! hospitals1 
b ! tradition ( ! ,army up to ! p]iod ( 
! ,great ,w>1 r5d]$ ! appo9tm5t ( a     

,rabbi z *apla9 impossible4 ,! *apla9 _h
 be5 a regim5tal (fic] & 0 always ei!r a
 ,prote/ant or a ,ca?olic4 ,! sect 0    
det]m9$ by ! majority ( ! regim5t4 ,:5 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! ,great ,w>1 ?is 0
 cle>ly br\ght out & x requir$ an ,act (
 ,congress to r5d] possible ! appo9tm5t 
( *apla9s ( ! fai?s n !n repres5t$ 9 !  
body ( *apla9s4 ,tw5ty *apla9s 7 ?us    
au?oriz$ ( :om six 7 allott$ to !       
,synagogue ! rema9d] be+ di/ribut$ among
 ! ,unit>ians1 :o 7 n includ$ 9 !       
,evangelical ,*ur*es1 & ! o!r small]    
,*ri/ian sects :i* _h gr[n up 9 ,am]ica4
  ,9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,w> 
,dep>tm5t & 9 consonance ) ! _s ( unity 
:i* ! w> eng5d]$1 x 0 necess>y = !      
,jewi% organizations to create a body   
:i* c\ld sift ! applications =          
*apla9cies & c]tify !m to ! ,w>         
,dep>tm5t1 z be+ prop] p]sons & meet+ ! 
requirem5ts ( ! law ( be+ regul>ly      
orda9$ m9i/]s ( religion4  ,judaism 9   
,am]ica is f> f be+ a unit$ body4 ,its  
diff]5ces may n be su* z rise to !      

dignity ( sep>ate sects b !y are        
consid]able 9 belief & ev5 m pron\nc$ 9 
practice4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! v>i\s ,rabb9ical
 & synagogue organizations is volunt>y &
 ea* synagogue is autonom\s4 ,9 ! face (
 ! awfulness ( ! w>1 ^! diff]5ces seem$ 
m9imiz$ & ?r\gh ! cooep]ation ( all !   
,rabb9ical associations & synagogue     
organizations1 a ,committee 0 creat$ "u 
! g5]al au?ority ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e     
,bo>d :i* exam9$ ! cr$5tials ( all      
,jewi% c&idates = *apla9cies & made     
recomm5dations to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,s   
consci5ti\sly did ?is ,committee p]=m   
its duties t e ,rabbi recomm5d$ z a     
*apla9 0 commission$4  ,z ! law exempt$ 
m9i/]s ( religion & !ological /ud5ts1 no
 p]son c\ld be draft$ = a *apla9cy4 ,e  
cl]gyman :o s]v$ 0 a volunte]4 ,x is    
!re=e greatly to ! cr$it ( ! ,jewi%     
m9i/ry 9 ,am]ica t "o-hundr$ & =ty m5   
volunte]$ = ! s]vice4 ,z !re are        
probably less ?an f\r hundr$ ,engli%    
speak+ ,rabbis 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m (  
:om w\ld h be5 disqualifi$ by ! age     

limit & "s by _! c\ntry ( orig91 !      
response ( ! ,am]ican ,rabb9ate to ?is  
call1 is a mo/ gratify+ evid5ce ( _!    
patriotism & ( _! s5se ( public s]vice4 
,rabbi ,lev+]'s n>rative is 8 own1 9 !  
ma9 & prop]ly en\gh a p]sonal "o1 b x is
 repres5tative ( ! "w ( "s ?irty m5 "s (
 :om m9i/]$ to ! troops :o did n g      
abroad :il/ o!rs _h ! opportunity ( be+ 
9 ! mid/ ( ! ,great ,adv5ture4 ,e "o :o 
saw ! troops ov]seas1 c\ld n d\bt ! real
 s]vice ( ! *apla9 or ! appeal t        
religion made to ! m5 9 uni=m4 ,h[ev] ! 
arm*air philosoph]s may h view$ ! w>1 x 
/r5g!n$ ! fai? ( ! m5 :o 7 engag$2      
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( "y m5 turn$ to !      
*apla9 :o w\ld h be5 indiff]5t to him at
 home4 ,t ?is 0 true ( ,jewi% "y m5 is  
c]ta9 & if !re has be5 a reaction on !  
"p ( ^! "y m5 :o return$ f ! w>1 let x  
be blam$ n s mu* ^u religion1 z ^u !    
disappo9tm5t 9 ! soldi]s' m9ds at !     
attitude ( ! millions ( _! fell[ citiz5s
 :o rema9$ at home & :o want to =get !  
w>4 ,! soldi] :o came back & f\nd t 8   

fell[ citiz5s _h _! n]ves s ov]-wr\ght  
by read+ ( ! w> 9 newspap]s t !y        
imm$iately ent]$ ^u a p]iod ( wild      
extravagances & wild] pleasure1 might v 
well h _h 8 fai?1 newly acquir$ if y    
*oose1 %ak5 by ?is evid5t lack (        
s]i\sness on ! "p ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym54   
,i %all n comm5d ,rabbi ,lev+]'s book to
 8 read]s1 because if ! book does n     
comm5d itself1 no approbation w4 ,z an  
(fic] ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d ^:       
purpose 0 to jo9 ) o!r organizations 9  
contribut+ to ! welf>e ( ! ,am]ican     
soldi]s & sailors & p>ticul>ly to       
provide = ! religi\s ne$s ( ^? ( !      
,jewi% fai?1 ,i want to express !       
obligations ( ! ,bo>d to ! ,rabbis :o   
)\t exp]i5ce or previ\s tra9+ = !       
purpose1 ent]$ ^u ?is s]vice & c>ri$ x  
?r\gh ) di/9ction4 ,_h x n be5 = !m1 !  
ov]seas "w ( ! ,bo>d w\ld h be5         
comp>atively limit$ & _m a ,jewi% boy   
w\ld h be5 depriv$ ( ! com=ts & solace (
 8 religion4  ,i _c help b ?9k t !      
*apla9 himself d]iv$ mu* b5efit f 8     

s]vice4 ,9 sections ( ! synagogue1 z ,i 
believe 9 sections ( ! *ur*1 m5 are on  
_m occasions a m9ority 9 ! congregation 
& m9i/ration is l>gely to wom5 & *ildr54
 ,x meant some?+ = ! *apla9 to h great  
congregations ( m51 & ( "y m5 at t1 & ,i
 am incl9$ to ?9k h>d5$ 8 m5tal & ev5   
spiritual fib]4 ,x emphasiz$ too !      
importance ( emotion & s5tim5t z aga9/  
m]e rationalism4 ,! wor%ip meant m ?an a
 prea*m5t1 & sympa!tic human contact = a
 m9ute 0 wor? a b>rel ( oratory4  ,! f9e
 _s ( lib]ality :i* grew up among !     
*apla9s ( ! v>i\s fai?s1 reflect+ z x   
did ! comrade%ip ( ! m5 !mselves1 %\ld n
 & w n be lo/4 ,! bro!rhood ( man w be a
 m]e ab/raction until individual m5 c   
act z bro!rs to "o ano!r4 ,! m9i/]s (   
religion1 if !y h any ,god-giv5 mission 
above all o!rs1 surely h t ( lead+ m51  
h[ev] diff]5t _! physical & spiritual   
equipm5t1 into ! bonds ( a common       
bro!rhood4 ,by ?is way & ?is way alone w
 mank9d arrive at la/+ peace4  ,,cyrus  
,,adl]4 ,octob] #ai1 #aiba4             

,,preface   ,?is book is ! result ( !   
pr(\nd conviction t we are =gett+ or    
ignor+ ! lessons ( ! ,_w ,w> to ,israel1
 ,am]ica & humanity4 ,dur+ ! w> su*     
words z morale1 democracy1 ,am]icanism1 
became a sort ( cant--s mu* s t _!      
actual cont5t 0 =gott54 ,n[ t ! w> is   
ov] & _! con/ant repetition is          
discont9u$1 ! grave dang] exi/s t we may
 lose _! v real influ5ce4  ,^! p]sonal  
exp]i5ces & conclusions work$ out by an 
army *apla9 z a result ( 8 ov]seas      
s]vice may h "s hi/orical value also1   
especially z ! same gr\nd has n yet be5 
cov]$ by any ,jewi% *apla9 or welf>e    
work] 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4  
,! role play$ by ,jews 9 ! army & navy (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,jewi% contribution
 to ! morale ( ! =ces ov]seas des]ve    
pres]vation1 bo? z a rem9d] to ourselves
 & to ! nation4  ,:5 ! possibility ( ?is
 book 0 fir/ discuss$ 9 ,p>is ) ! late  
,colonel ,h>ry ,cutl]1 ,*airman ( !     
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 he spoke ( writ+ a
 =eword = x4 ,s9ce 8 lam5t$ dea?1 ,dr4  

,cyrus ,adl]1 8 successor z act+        
,*airman1 has cons5t$ to fulfill ! same 
fri5dly task4 ,9 addition to ,dr4 ,adl]1
 ,i ackn[l$ge my great indebt$ness to   
,mr4 ,h>ry ,l4 ,glucksman1 ,executive   
,director ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 =   
giv+ me full access to _! records2 to   
,mr4 ,john ,goldha> = 8 p]sonal         
rem9isc5ces ( ! welf>e "w ov]seas2 to   
,capta9 ,elkan ,c4 ,voorsang] = !       
invaluable sugge/ions bas$ ^u 8 va/     
p]sonal exp]i5ces2 to ,ju/ice ,irv+     
,lehman1 ,presid5t ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,hebrew
 ,association1 = 8 enc\ragem5t & fri5dly
 advice2 to a ho/ ( c[ork]s & fri5ds 9  
bo? ,france & ,am]ica = ! brilliant de$s
 & cordial comrade%ip :i* are "h        
embodi$2 & f9ally to my secret>y1 ,miss 
,hattie ,tanz]1 = h] invaluable         
assi/ance 9 see+ ! book ?r\gh ! press4  
,mu* ( ! mat]ial us$ "h has already be5 
publi%$ 9 ! =m ( articles appe>+ at     
v>i\s times 9 ! ,am]ican ,hebrew1       
,am]ican ,israelite1 ,biblical ,_w1     
,b'nai ,b'ri? ,news1 ,hebrew ,/&>d1     

,jewi% ,=um & ,re=m ,advocate4  ,,lee   
,j4 ,,lev+]4 ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aiba4   
,,cont5ts     ,,*apt]                   
,,page       ,i4 ,,! ,,*apla9',s        
,,function                          #a  
,,ii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,holydays ,,( #aiah  
,,9 ,,! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4     #aj    ,,iii4   
,,at ,,! ,,front ,,) ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,sev5?
 ,,division   #bg     ,,iv4 ,,aft] ,,!  
,,armi/ice                              
#eb      ,v4 ,,at ,,! ,,am]ican         
,,emb>kation ,,c5t]              #fi    
,,vi4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,*apla9s ,,ov]seas   
#ha    ,,vii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,welf>e      
,,bo>d ,,9 ,,! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4        #ib   
,,viii4 ,,! ,,jew ,,z ,a ,,soldi]       
#aad     ,,ix4 ,,jew ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,at 
,,! ,,front                 #acb        
,x4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,jewi%      
,,soldi]             #ade     ,,xi4     
,,prea*+ ,,to ,,soldi]s                 
#afj    ,,xii4 ,,morale ,,& ,,morals    
#agj   ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,ga9 ,,&    
,,loss ,,( ,,! ,,soldi]         #aij    
,,xiv4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,soldi] ,,&         

,,judaism                 #bje     ,,xv4
 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,soldi] ,,&               
,,anti-,,semitism           #bad        
,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,*apla9',s ,,function  
,9 giv+ ! /ory & ! op9ions ( a ,jewi%   
*apla9 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 
"s /atem5t is necess>y ( ! "w ( !       
*apla9s z a :ole4 ,*apla9s are an       
ess5tial "p ( ! organization ( a mod]n  
army & x is notable t ,g5]al ,p]%+      
repeat$ly reque/$ t ! numb] ( *apla9s be
 d\bl$ 9 ! =ces "u 8 comm&4 ,h>dly a    
n>rative ( soldi]s' exp]i5ces exi/s )\t 
due place be+ giv5 to ! *apla94 ,9 e    
army 9 ,france1 *apla9s 7 frequ5tly cit$
 = h]oism & 9 innum]able in/ances suff]$
 & di$ ) ! m5 9 ! ranks4  ,!re are two  
popul> impressions ( ! purpose ( !      
*apla9 9 ! milit>y s]vice2 ! "o sees him
 z a survival ( m$iaevalism1 bless+ !   
weapons ( ! m5 at arms2 ! o!r welcomes  
him z a fa9t h>b+] ( a dawn+            
humanit>ianism1 "o ( ! few m5 9 an army 
:o does n h to kill1 b is !re to save4  
,"s p ?9k ( ! physician & *apla9 z hav+ 

non-milit>y "w to d1 z be+ a k9d (      
concession to ! pacific _s ( our        
g5]ation4  ,! actual "w ( ! *apla9 is q 
z unkn[n to ! g5]al public4 ,p wond] :at
 he does betwe5 weekly s]mons1 mu* z !y 
wond] :at ! m9i/] or rabbi does dur+ !  
six & a half days a week t he is n      
prea*+4 ,9 fact1 ,i h be5 greet$ ) frank
 or hidd5 incr$ulity :5ev] ,i admitt$ t 
9 ! army ,i us$ to prea* up to fifte5   
times a week1 b nev] _h "t to write a   
s]mon4 ,p wond] sometimes :e!r ! soldi]s
 & sailors c be> s mu* prea*+1 sometimes
 :at else !y dem& ( ! *apla94 ,9 fact1  
to ! non-milit>y m9d ! :ole subject     
seems %r\d$ 9 my/]y4  ,to ! milit>y man 
! subject is extremely simple4 ,!re is  
no my/]y ab\t x4 ,! *apla9 is 9 ! army z
 ! physician is1 z ! ?\s&s ( o!r        
non-combatants are1 = a /rictly milit>y 
purpose4 ,x happ5s t ! non-combatants   
may use non-milit>y me?ods4 ,"o may     
drive a locomotive1 ano!r c>ry a /ret*]1
 ano!r sit 9 an (fice & make out pap]s4 
,all are ess5tial to ! milit>y ma*9e2   

none is 9 ! s]vice = any special        
humanit>ian purpose2 none is pres5t z a 
survival ( m$iaevalism1 b all to take "p
 9 ! grim conflict ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4  
,! "w ( a physician 9 ! milit>y s]vice  
is ! v utilit>ian "o ( sav+ m5's lives &
 return+ !m to ! front4 ,! "w ( a *apla9
 is ! equally ess5tial & practical "o ( 
/imulat+ ! morale ( ! troops4  ,_m      
factors be> ^u ! morale ( a body (      
m51--_! physical environm5t1 ! /r5g? &  
_s ( _! individual units1 ! temp] &     
ability ( _! lead]s4 ,9 our army we 7 v 
=tunate 9 ! activity ( v>i\s civilian   
organizations :i* labor$ among ! m5 9 ! 
s]vice ) ! back+ ( our entire citiz5ry1 
or at lea/ ( l>ge & influ5tial gr\ps4 ,!
 home s]vice ( ! ,r$ ,cross & o!r       
non-milit>y organizations 0 ( great     
importance 9 keep+ up ! morale ( !      
families left beh9d & ?r\gh !m ( ! m5   
ov]seas4 ,^! important organizations1   
h[ev]1 7 "u ! h&icap ( do+ civilian "w  
among soldi]s--a h&icap ^: s]i\sness    
only a soldi] himself c ev] realize4 ,"s

 mon?s aft] ! w> 0 ov]1 ! army recogniz$
 its obligation by appo9t+ morale (fic]s
 = bo? l>g] & small] units1 ) o!rs "u !m
 to sup]vise a?letics1 ent]ta9m5t1 & !  
l4 ,! civilian organizations !n conduct$
 _! activities "u ! ord]s ( ! morale    
(fic]4  ,b ne>e/ ( all to ! m51 because 
!mselves a "p ( ! actual milit>y ma*9e1 
7 _! own *apla9s4 ,! *apla9 0 "u ! same 
ord]s z ! m51 took ! same risk1 wore !  
same uni=m1 & naturally 0 reg>d$ 9 e way
 z "o ( _! own4 ,i h ev5 he>d old army  
m5 scorn+ ! new advances ( all ^! new   
w>-"t societies4 ,we h our own *apla91  
!y said1 ,he looks aft] u all "r4  ,!   
*apla9 0 fir/ ! religi\s guide ( 8 m54  
,he knew h[ to talk to !m1 = talk+1 n   
prea*+1 0 ! usual tone ( ! army or navy 
*apla94 ,he knew h[ to speak _! own l+o1
 slang & all4 ,he knew ! spiritual      
appeal :i* 0 mo/ ne$$ by ^! boys1       
transplant$1 ) all _! boyi%ness1 into ! 
deep realities :i* few m5 h _h to face4 
,he knew _! boyi% %yness ( emotion1 b ) 
x _! deep1 imm$iate ne$ ( su* emotions z

 ! love ( home & ,god1 to su/a9 !m amid 
dang]\s h\rs ( duty & tempt+ h\rs (     
idl5ess4 ,?is religi\s ne$ alone w\ld h 
be5 en\gh "w = ! *apla91 ev5 ) ! int5d$ 
increase 9 numb]s to ?ree p] regim5t1 or
 "o *apla9 = e twelve hundr$ m54 ,! ne$ 
= religion 0 evid5t 9 ! tra9+ camp1 !   
hospital1 ! transport1 ! tr5*es2 x 0    
evid5t ev]y:]e1 & ! *apla9 mu/ be       
ev]y:]e to satisfy x4  ,b 9 addition !  
*apla9 _h mu* welf>e "w ( a m g5]al k9d 
to transact 9 connection ) ! v>i\s      
welf>e ag5cies4 ,"o man want$ advice    
ab\t gett+ m>ri$ be=e leav+ = ! front2  
ano!r _h tr\ble at home & desir$ a      
furl\gh2 ano!r f\nd himself misplac$ 9 8
 "w & w\ld l a transf]4 ,a ,jewi% boy   
came 9 to ask t a lett] be writt5 to 8  
pi\s fa!r2 ! old man _h n want$ him to  
enli/1 b w\ld feel bett] if he knew !re 
0 a rabbi 9 ! camp4 ,ano!r _h a reque/ =
 a small s]vice 7a m9yan7 t he might say
 ! memorial pray] on ! anniv]s>y ( 8    
fa!r's dea?4 ,& /ill ano!r pres5t$ a    
lett] f 8 home community1 = he 0 a f9e  

musician & want$ to help out at a conc]t
 or a s+4  ,! _m reque/s = s]vice & !   
occasional (f]s ( s]vice made ! circuit 
con/antly f a possible tea*] to a numb] 
( boys ) defective ,engli%1 f a pot5tial
 com$y team to a cr[d ( eag] li/5]s1 f a
 timid boy ) p]sonal tr\bles to _!      
rem$y1 ei!r by a *ange 9 circum/ances or
 by conv9c+ ! boy himself4 ,sometimes a 
compla9t ( religi\s prejudice _h to be  
adju/$ :i* might "w grave h>m 9 a       
company unless x 7 inve/igat$ & ei!r    
prov$ gr\ndless or rem$i$4  ,9 a lat]   
*apt] ,i %all h an opportunity to g into
 ?is m deeply4 ,all t ,i want to br+ out
 "h is ! important & usually misund]/ood
 fact t ,am]ican boys are re/ive "u     
au?ority4 ,!y object vigor\sly to !     
dom9ation ( ano!r's m9d ov] !irs4 ,& ?is
 objection too (t5 took ! =m ( bitt]    
res5tm5t aga9/ _! (fic]s4 ,!re=e ! f9al 
& mo/ delicate "w ( ! *apla9 0 to       
befri5d ! enli/$ m5 aga9/ ! oppression (
 _! natural enemies & tyrants1 ! l9e    
(fic]s4 ,! army (t5 rem9ds "o ( a s*ool1

 ! m5 are s boyi%4 ,9 ?is regime ( /r+5t
 rules :i* mu/ be con/antly obey$1 (    
%ort p]iods ( int5se & jovial           
recreation1 ( con/ant ov]sight by       
au?ority1 ! av]age enli/$ man reg>d$ 8  
comm&+ (fic] mu* z ! av]age small boy   
reg>ds 8 s*ool tea*]1 f :om he flees to 
a p>5t = sympa?y4  ,t role ( sympa!tic  
p>5t 0 precisely ! "o :i* ! *apla9 0    
call$ ^u to play = ^! boys 9 uni=m4 ,n t
 he believ$ ev]y?+ he 0 told1 or took   
sides unfairly1 or 0 always aga9/       
au?ority4 ,simply t any boy c\ld talk to
 him1 z he c\ld only to ! exceptional   
comm&+ (fic]1 & t e boy 0 sure t !      
*apla9 w\ld help him if he c\ld4 ,be+   
himself an (fic]1 ! *apla9 c\ld talk to 
(fic]s m freely ?an any soldi] c\ld4 ,& 
n be+ a l9e (fic]1 he did n himself     
issue comm&s to any "o except 8 own     
h>d-work$ ord]ly or cl]k4  ,?us ! *apla9
 0 =tunately plac$4 ,if he 0 ev5        
p>tially cong5ial1 he 0 ! "o man 9 !    
army :o _h n an enemy high or l[4 ,!    
soldi] look$ to him = fri5dly aid4 ,!   

(fic] ref]r$ to him z ! great cooep]at+ 
factor 9 build+ up ! _s ( ! troops4     
,dur+ ! /ress ( actual w>f>e ! "w ( !   
*apla9 *ang$ 9 "* ?\gh n 9 purpose4 ,at 
! front ! *apla9 0 ) 8 boys4 ,dur+ a pu%
 he took 8 /ation at ! fir/-aid po/ &   
work$ f !re z ! fir/ place to meet !    
w\nd$ & dy+ :o ne$$ 8 physical or       
spiritual aid4 ,he /ood beside ! surgeon
 on ! battle field1 he 0 ) !            
/ret*]-be>]s se>*+ = w\nd$ & br++ !m to 
safety4 ,he rode f po/ to po/ ) !       
ambulance driv]1 or tramp$ up to !      
tr5*es ) a ration p>ty4 ,& :]ev] he w5t 
he 0 welcom$ = 8 pres5ce & = ! "w t he  
tri$ to d4  ,aft] a battle1 :5 ! m5     
retir$ to re/ & recup]ate1 ! *apla9 _h  
to rema9 beh9d4 ,he /ay$ ) a gr\p ( m5 =
 ! la/ t]rible task ( bury+ ! dead4 ,&  
:51 t sad duty ov]1 he return$ to !     
troops 9 re/1 he c\ld n yield = a "t l !
 o!rs1 to delici\s languor aft] ! ordeal
 ( ! battle field1 hospital & cemet]y4  
,!n ! *apla9 mu/ take up 8 r\nd (       
duties1 kn[+ t aft] ! battle !re is _m a

 pray] to be said1 _m a hospital to be  
visit$1 _m a soldi] to be befri5d$4 ,8  
task has j begun4  ,! milit>y object ( !
 *apla9 is cle>1 to /imulate ! morale ( 
! m54 ,b 8 me?ods 7 mo/ unmilit>y4      
,in/ead ( rem9d+ ! m5 ( ! respect due   
him z an (fic]1 ! wise *apla9 took 8    
salutes z a matt] ( c\rse & tri$ to draw
 ! m5 p]sonally1 to make !m =get all    
ab\t milit>y di/9ctions :5 !y came to   
talk to him4 ,! m9ute a *apla9 insi/$ ^u
 8 rank z an (fic]1 he lo/ 8 influ5ce z 
a m9i/]4 ,rank 0 useful to ! *apla9 9 s 
f> z x gave him free access to ! highe/ 
au?orities2 x became ! greate/ ob/acle  
to 8 "w :5ev] ! boys began to talk to   
him z ,lieut5ant or ,capta9 in/ead (    
,fa!r or ,*apla94 ,9 ! milit>y z 9 !    
civil field ! religi\s message c come   
only by p]sonality1 nev] by comm&4  ,!  
*apla9 appeal$ = ! m5 :5ev] he felt t ! 
appeal 0 ju/ifi$ & _h "s *ance (        
success1 b nev] :5 x w\ld be subv]sive (
 milit>y discipl9e4 ,he rememb]$ always 
t he 0 9 ! army1 a "p ( a great milit>y 

ma*9e1 & t 8 pres5ce & 8 "w 7 to make ! 
m5 bett]1 n worse soldi]s4 ,he met ! m5 
p]sonally1 ) _! v>i\s ne$s & appeals1 & 
(t5 8 be/ "w 0 accompli%$ 9 %ort p]sonal
 int]views1 :i* w\ld n look at all      
impos+ on a mon?ly report1 b :i* made   
bett] soldi]s or happi] m5 9 "o way or  
ano!r4 ,he enc\rag$ e ef=t at recreation
 = ! m51 & (t5 took "p 9 ^! ef=ts       
himself4 ,?is la/ applies especially 9 !
 navy1 :]e ! *apla9 abo>d %ip is ! :ole 
/aff = religi\s1 recreational1 & welf>e 
"w4  ,9 ! ma9 ! "w ( ! *apla9 diff]$    
little1 :atev] 8 religion might be4 ,he 
0 fir/ ( all a *apla9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,army1 & second a repres5tative ( 8 own 
religi\s body4 ,t means t all welf>e "w 
or p]sonal s]vice 0 r5d]$ equally to m5 
( any fai?4 ,! only di/9ction au?oriz$ 0
 betwe5 ,prote/ant1 ,ca?olic & ,jewi%   
s]vices1 & ev5 to ^! a non-sect>ian     
s]vice 0 (t5 add$4 ,:]ev] ,i w5t ,i 0   
call$ ^u by ,jew & non-,jew alike1 = 9 !
 s]vice mo/ m5 took _! tr\bles to !     
ne>e/ *apla9 irrespective ( 8 religion4 

,! soldi] discrim9at$ only 9 a special  
case1 su* z ! memorial pray] 7kaddi%7 = 
! ,jewi% boy1 or confession = !         
,ca?olic4 ,! (fice at once insur$ any   
soldi] t he _h a protector & a fri5d4   
,b z !re 7 only twelve ,jewi% *apla9s 9 
! entire ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 we
 7 in/ruct$ to devote our "t s f> z     
possible to ! ,jewi% m54 ,at ! be/ x 0  
impossible = "o man to fulfill ! con/ant
 religi\s & p]sonal ne$s ( ! ?\s& ,jewi%
 soldi]s scatt]$ 9 all ! units ( an     
entire division1 z ,i1 = "o1 0 suppos$  
to d4 ,:5 in/ead ( "o division a ,jewi% 
*apla9 0 assign$ sev]al1 8 tr\bles 7    
multipli$ & 8 effectiv5ess divid$4      
,naturally1 mo/ ( ! "w ( ! ,jewi%       
*apla9s _h to be devot$ to ! ne$s ( !   
,jewi% soldi]s1 :i* w\ld n o!rwise be   
satisfi$4  ,any "o :o witness$ ! labor &
 ! self-sacrifice ( *apla9s ( all cre$s 
9 ! ,am]ican army mu/ preface an        
analysis ( _! "w ) a he>tfelt tribute to
 ! m5 !mselves4 ,i ?9k t ^! m5 7 a      
unique aggregation--devot$ to _! c\ntry 

& its army1 yet lov+ m5 ( all nations2  
lov+ ea* 8 own religion1 yet r5d]+      
s]vice to m5 ( all cre$s2 be>+ ea* 8 own
 title1 yet %>+ equal s]vice & equal    
fri5d%ip ) m9i/]s ( e o!r fai?4 ,i c\ld 
nev] h accompli%$ "o-half ( ! "w ,i did 
)\t ! con/ant fri5d%ip & he>ty support (
 su* co-work]s z ,fa!r ,francis ,a4     
,kelley & ,rev4 ,almon ,a4 ,jaynes1 ( ! 
#bg? ,division ,headqu>t]s1 to m5tion   
only two notable examples among _m o!rs4
 ,i h se5 ,fa!r ,kelley on ! battlefield
 go+ f aid po/ to front l9e tr5*1 always
 mo/ eag] to be ) ! boys :5 ! dang] 0 ! 
greate/1 always *e]ful1 yet always a    
prie/1 do+ ! noble "w :i* won him 8     
m$als & 8 popul>ity4 ,i h se5 ! devotion
 & ! regret :i* foll[$ ,*apla9 ,john ,a4
 ,w>d ( ! #ajh? ,infantry to ! hospital 
9 ,engl& aft] he 0 w\nd$ 9 p]=mance (   
duty1 & ! bur/ ( en?usiasm :i* welcom$ 8
 return mon?s aft]w>d4 ,i h se5 "o aft] 
ano!r labor+ & s]v+ 9 ! same _s1 & ,i   
t5d] to !m ! tribute ( a co-work] :o    
kn[s & admires _! great accompli%m5ts4  

,! place ( morale 9 ! army has n yet be5
 /udi$ sci5tifically4 ,all t c be done z
 yet is to ga!r su* p]sonal & empirical 
obs]vations z m9e1 :i* may h be>+ on !  
g5]al problem4 ,^! exp]i5ces 7 typical &
 ^! conclusions are n m9e alone4 ,!y are
 %>$ by great masses1 9 _m cases by !   
majority ( ?9k+ m5 :o _h l exp]i5ces4 ,i
 am "h sett+ d[n ! mo/ typical ( !      
incid5ts :i* ,i saw or und]w5t & summ+  
up ! little kn[n "w ( ! ,jewi% *apla9s &
 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d ov]seas4        
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,jewi% ,,holydays ,,(
 #aiah ,,9 ,,! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4   ,my        
exp]i5ces z *apla9 7 z ne>ly typical z  
possible ) any individual4 ,a few ( !   
,jewi% *apla9s saw m actual fight+ ?an  
,i did2 a few 7 assign$ to ! ,army (    
,occupation & saw ! occupi$ portion (   
,g]many4 ,b = n9e mon?s ,i s]v$ z *apla9
 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 fir/  
at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,int]m$iate         
,section1 ,s]vice ( ,supply1 at ,nev]s2 
!n ) ! ,tw5ty-,sev5? ,division at !     
front & aft] ! armi/ice at ! re>2 f9ally

 at ! ,am]ican ,emb>kation ,c5t] at ,le 
,mans4 ,i work$ 9 cooep]ation ) ! ,jewi%
 ,welf>e ,bo>d2 ,i saw ,p>is 9 w> "t &  
aft]2 ,i _h two weeks' leave 9 !        
,rivi]a4  ,my commission z ,fir/        
,lieut5ant ,*apla9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 came to  
me on ,july #d?1 #aiah at ,great ,lakes 
,naval ,/ation1 j nor? ( ,*icago1 :]e ,i
 0 !n s]v+ z ,field ,repres5tative ( !  
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4 ,two weeks lat] ,i
 report$ at ,hobok5 = ! trip ov]seas4   
,!re ,i _h ! good =tune to obta9 a      
furl\gh ( t5 days be=e sail+ s t ,i 0   
able to be back 9 ,*icago j 9 "t to see 
my newborn son & daught]4 ,i left :5 !  
babies 7 a week old to report back to   
,hobok5 aga9 = my sail+ ord]s & f\nd    
myself at sea dur+ ! t5se & crucial mon?
 ( ,augu/ #aiah4  ,! trip 0 ! usual "o (
 ^? anxi\s days--?irte5 days at sea1    
con/ant look-out = a subm>9e1 b f9ally a
 mild disappo9tm5t :5 we sail$ into     
h>bor )\t ev5 a sc>e4 ,we c>ri$ our life
 pres]v]s con/antly & wait$ daily = !   
sudd5 al>m ( a boat drill4 ,our %ip1 !  

,balmoral ,ca/le1 0 "o ( a convoy (     
twelve1 ) ! usual quota ( de/roy]s      
accompany+ u4 ,two days f ,engl& we met 
a flotilla ( de/roy]s2 lat] two my/]y   
%ips jo9$ u & 9 ! ,iri% ,sea we 7 greet$
 by a huge ,blimp or dirigible balloon4 
,) ?is escort we sail$ d[n ! ,iri% ,sea1
 _h a glimpse ( ,irel& & ,scotl& &      
f9ally disemb>k$ at ,liv]pool4 ,our fir/
 impression 0 ! flatness ( a ,european  
metropolis :5 view$ at a di/ance & its  
entire lack ( ! jagg$ sky-l9e ( an      
,am]ican city4  ,our pleasurable        
anticipations ( a view ( ,liv]pool &    
p]haps a glimpse ( ,london 7 rudely     
disappo9t$4 ,we disemb>k$ ab\t noon1    
m>*$ ?r\gh side /reets1 :i* look$ l side
 /reets 9 any ( ! dirtie/ ( ,am]ican    
cities1 l9$ up at a freight /ation1 & 7 
load$ at once on wait+ tra9s & />t$ (f =
 ,s\?ampton4 ,all t aft]noon we absorb$ 
eag]ly ! da9ty beauty ( ! ,engli%       
c\ntryside :i* mo/ ( u knew only ?r\gh  
lit]>y ref]5ces4 ,we 7 sorry :5 ! late  
twilight %ut (f ! view & we _h to take  

our fir/ lesson at sleep+ :ile sitt+ up 
9 a tra91 a cu/om :i* aft]w>d became a  
habit to all (fic]s 9 ,france4          
,daybreak f\nd u at ,s\?ampton 9 ! re/  
camp2 ev5+ on ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 b\nd  
across ! *annel4 ,we _h n se5 ,engl&1 we
 _h no place to sleep & n too mu* to    
eat1 ev5 sitt+ room on ! decks 0 at a   
premium1 b we 7 ha/5+ on our way to !   
w>4 ,at ,le ,havre we 7 aga9 assign$ to 
a ,briti% re/ camp1 :]e we appreciat$ ! 
contra/ betwe5 ! excell5t meals ( !     
(fic]s' cante5 & ! primitive bunks 9    
d\ble ti]s :]e we _h to sleep4 ,aft] two
 days ( ?is sort ( re/ & a ha/y visit to
 ! city 9 betwe51 ,i receiv$ ord]s to   
report to ! ,g4 ,h4 ,q4 ,*apla9s' ,(fice
 at ,*aumont4  ,my fir/ tra9 j\rney     
across ,france impress$ me at once ) !  
unique "* ( ! l&scape4 ,! ,engli%       
l&scape is di/+ui%$ by mead[s1 ! ,fr5*  
by trees4 ,! mo/ reali/ic picture ( !   
,engli% l&scape is ! fanta/ic           
description ( a *eck]-bo>d 9 ,alice 9   
,wond]l&4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 "o is /ruck

 *iefly by ! pr(usion & arrangem5t (    
trees4 ,!y are ev]y:]e1 alone or 9      
clumps1 & ( all k9ds1 ) (t5 a =mal r[ ( 
popl>s or a little wood ( bee*es to make
 ! sky-l9e m impressive4 ,9 nor!rn      
,france ! h\ses & b>ns are all ( /one1  
peak$ & w9d[less1 ) g>d5s t seem b5t on 
contra/+ z /rongly z possible ) !       
grayness ( ! walls4 ,x seems z ?\gh t9y 
villages are e few feet1 & always ) a   
*ur* /eeple 9 ! middle4  ,9 ,p>is ! fir/
 man ,i met 0 my old fri5d1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4
 ,enel[1 ( ,temple ,emanu-,el1 ,new     
,york1 :o 0 /&+ by ! desk 9 ! ,hotel    
,reg9a :5 ,i regi/]$4 ,z ! next day 0   
,sunday1 ,dr4 ,enel[ 0 able to devote "s
 "t to me1 tak+ me = a long walk on !   
left bank ( ! ,se9e1 :]e we enjoy$ !    
g>d5s ( ! ,luxemb\rg & sipp$ liqueurs at
 a side-walk cafe at ! fam\s corn] (    
,b\lev>de ,/4 ,mi*el & ,g]ma94 ,p>is 9  
w>-"t 0 inf9itely t\*+4 ,x _h all ! m>ks
 ( ! great luxury c5t] ( ! _w3 %ops1    
b\lev>ds1 hotels1 & %[ places ( e k9d4  
,b _m ( ! mo/ attractive ( its t9y %ops 

7 clos$2 ! /reets at night 7 wrapp$ 9 ! 
deepe/ gloom1 ) t9y %ad$ lights :i* 7 n 
int5d$ to illum9ate b only to %[ !      
direction ( ! /reet4 ,! cr[ds 7 only a  
little repress$ 9 ! day-"t1 = ! extreme 
crisis ( ! summ] _h j pass$1 b ) dusk ! 
/reets became entirely des]t$4 ,?r\gh   
,dr4 ,enel[ ,i met also ,dr4 ,jacob     
,kohn1 :o ) ,dr4 ,enel[ & ,congressman  
,siegel con/itut$ ! commission ( !      
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d to outl9e its      
program = ov]seas "w4 ,dr4 ,enel[       
introduc$ me also to ,mr4 ,john         
,goldha>1 ! secret>y ( ! commission1    
aft]w>d 9 *>ge ( ! ,p>is ,(fice ( !     
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 to :om ,i %all    
ref] m fully 9 ano!r connection4  ,at   
,*aumont ! fir/ man ,i met 0 my old     
class-mate ( ! ,hebrew ,union ,college1 
,*apla9 ,elkan ,c4 ,voorsang]1 :o 0 !re 
tempor>ily deta*$ f ! #gg? ,division to 
arrange = ! celebration ( ! ,jewi%      
holydays ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,he welcom$   
me1 told me some?+ ( :at my "w 0 to be1 
& li/5$ to my mon?-old news1 :i* 0 all  

fre% to him4 ,= a few days ,i l+]$ at ! 
*apla9s' headqu>t]s at ! old *ateau (   
,neuilly sur ,suisse1 n f> f ,*aumont1  
:]e ?irty *apla9s receiv$ _! gas mask   
tra9+ & in/ruction 9 front l9e "w1 &    
wait$ = assignm5ts4 ,! *ateau 0 a que]  
angul> m$iaeval affair1 set (f by lovely
 lawns1 ) ! usual r[s ( /raight popl>s  
all ab\t4 ,a few /eps away 0 a little   
village ) a qua9t old twelf? c5tury     
*ur*1 beautiful 9 feel+1 if n 9         
workman%ip4 ,we *apla9s newly arriv$ 9  
,france1 mo/ ( u "y1 & all eag] to be at
 "w1 hung on ! words ( our lead]s fre% f
 ! l9e4 ,we talk$ mu* ( our ideals & our
 prep>ation1 z mo/ ( ! m5 7 graduates ( 
! ,*apla9s' ,tra9+ ,s*ool at ,camp      
,taylor1 ,k5tucky4 ,my assignm5t came v 
soon to organize & conduct s]vices = !  
,jewi% holydays at ,nev]s1 headqu>t]s ( 
! ,int]m$iate ,section1 ,s]vice (       
,supply4  ,! entire ,am]ican area 9     
,france _h be5 *>t$ out = ! purpose (   
holyday s]vices & ! c5tral cities       
designat$1 ei!r ^? :i* _h ,fr5*         

synagogues to receive our m51 or ^?     
po9ts l ,nev]s :]e ,am]icans 7 to be    
f\nd & _h to be provid$ =4 ,i quote !   
(ficial ord] :i* c>ri$ au?ority = our   
arrangem5ts4       ,t\rs1 ,sept4 #a1    
#aiah4       ,:]ev] x w n int]f]e )     
milit>y op]ations soldi]s (      ,jewi% 
,fai? w be excus$ f all duty & :]e      
practicable      grant$ passes to enable
 !m to obs]ve ,jewi% ,holidays z        
foll[s3 f noon ,sept4 #f? to morn+ (    
,sept4 #i? & f noon      ,sept4 #ae? to 
morn+ ( ,sept4 #ag?4 ,if milit>y        
necessity prev5ts      grant+ passes on 
days m5tion$ provision %\ld be made to  
hold      div9e s]vices :]ev] possible4 
,?is meant t all ^? _h leave :o 7 n at !
 "t 9 action or on ! move4 ,*apla9      
,voorsang]1 = example1 0 n able to h any
 s]vice 9 ! #gg? ,division z 8 troops 7 
on ! m>* on ,new ,ye>'s ,day & 9 action 
on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,mo/ ( ! c5tral  
po9ts designat$ = ,jewi% s]vices 7      
important cities ) ,fr5*                
synagogues1--,p>is1 ,t\l1 ,bel=t1       

,dijon1 ,ep9al1 ,nantes1 ,r\51 ,t\rs1   
,bordeaux & ,m>seilles4 ,?ree ( ! *ief  
,am]ican c5t]s _h none1 s ,dr4 ,enel[ 0 
assign$ to ,bre/1 ,dr4 ,kohn to         
,*aumont1 & ,i 0 s5t to ,nev]s4  ,i sp5t
 a s+le busy day 9 ,t\rs aft] leav+     
,*aumont4 ,i met ! wife & fa!r-9-law (  
,rabbi ,leon ,somm]s & inspect$ _!      
little synagogue ) its sev5ty-five      
seats4 ,! ,rabbi 0 on duty 9 ! ,fr5*    
army :]e he _h be5 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! w>4 
,i w5t to ! army headqu>t]s & arrang$ = 
! prop] notices to be s5t out to troops 
9 ! di/rict1 !n ) two or ?ree ,jewi%    
families :om ,i met ,i discuss$         
arrangem5ts to accommodate ! l>ge numb] 
( ,jewi% soldi]s :o w\ld come 94 ,i 0   
emp[]$ to (f] !m ! f9ancial assi/ance ( 
! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d 9 provid+ su*    
accommodations z 7 possible4  ,"o       
surprise ( a k9d :i* ,i aft]w>d came to 
expect1 0 meet+ an old fri5d ( m9e f    
,great ,lakes1 a =m] s]geant 9 !        
,canadian ,army1 mu/]$ out ( s]vice     
because ( ! loss ( sev]al f+]s & n[ back

 9 ,france aga9 z a repres5tative ( !   
,knights ( ,columbus4 ,:5 he left ,great
 ,lakes = ov]seas1 ,i _h p>t$ ) "o ( !  
two knitt$ sweat]s ,i possess$1 t if ,i 
did n see s]vice at lea/ my sweat] w\ld4
 ,n[ ,i met ! sweat] & its own] aga9 = a
 few brief mom5ts4 ,^! fleet+ glimpses (
 fri5ds became a delightful b always    
t5se elem5t 9 our army life4 ,m5 came & 
w5t l an ev]-fl[+ /ream1 n[ & !n paus+ =
 a greet+ & always hurry+ on aga94 ,a   
s+le day suffic$ = my "w 9 ,t\rs & !n to
 my own city = ! holydays4  ,nev]s is a 
hi/oric t[n ( ?irty ?\s& on ! banks ( ! 
,riv] ,loire4 ,! /reets are z wide z    
alleys & ! sidewalks n>r[ & haphaz>d1 s 
t usually "o walks 9 ! /reet1 :e!r x    
goes up hill1 d[n hill1 or 7z frequ5tly7
 ar\nd ! corn]4 ,b ! p>ks & squ>es are  
frequ5t & lovely1 & ! old build+s h a   
*>m ( _! own1 ev5 if x is *iefly 9 !    
qua9tness ( _! outl9es & ! contra/ ( _! 
gray ) ! sunny skies ( autumn4 ,! air 0 
always cool & ! skies always bright4 ,i 
/ay$ at ! ,gr& ,hotel de l',europe1 a r 

small place1 :i* "o _h to ent] by a back
 door ?r\gh a c\rt4 ,) ! m5 at w>1 all !
 "w 0 be+ done by wom51 :ile mo/ ( !    
gue/s 7 ,am]ican (fic]s on tempor>y or  
p]man5t duty at ! po/4 ,! ca!dral 7e    
,fr5* city seems to h "o7 is int]e/+    
*iefly to ! antiqu>ian1 z x has sev]al  
diff]5t /yles comb9$ r inh>moni\sly1 & !
 t[] is n at all impos+4  ,( c\rse1 a   
great _m ,am]icans 7 /ation$ 9 or ne> ! 
city--railroad eng9e]s1 tra9+ camps (   
combat units newly arriv$ 9 ,france1    
con/ruction eng9e]s1 qu>t]ma/] units1 & 
two great hospital c5t]s4 ,e company ,i 
visit$1 e w>d 9 ! hospitals1 _h at lea/ 
a few ,jewi% boys1 & all ( !m 7 equally 
glad to see me & to att5d my s]vices4 ,9
 fact1 my fir/ cle> impression 9 ,france
 0 t "h lay a trem5d\s field = "w1 cry+ 
out = ,jewi% *apla9s & o!r religi\s     
work]s1 & t we _h su* a pitiful =ce to  
answ] ! dem&4 ,at t "t !re 7 ov] fifty  
?\s& ,jewi% soldi]s 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 at a
 v cons]vative e/imate1 ) exactly six   
*apla9s & f\r repres5tatives ( ! ,jewi% 

,welf>e ,bo>d to m9i/] to !m4 ,:5 ,i    
took up my "w at ,nev]s1 ,i 0 simply    
/agg]$ by ! dem&s made on me & my       
inability to fulfill m ?an a fraction ( 
!m4  ,at fir/ came ! sudd5 ru% ( m5 into
 ! city = ! fir/ day ( ,ro% ,ha%anah1 ! 
,jewi% ,new ,ye>4 ,! hotels fill$ up    
almo/ at once2 !n came o!rs :o c\ld n   
f9d accommodations1 & /ill o!rs :o _h   
be5 conf9$ to hospitals1 _h drawn no pay
 = sev]al mon?s1 & c\ld n pay = a hotel 
room or ev5 a %ave4 ,! problem 0 solv$  
by two v helpful (fic]s :o /ay$ up mo/ (
 ! night until !y _h provid$ en\gh room 
on ! b>rack floors & en\gh blankets =   
all :o ne$$ !m4 ,! accommodations 7     
crude1 b ! m5 7 soldi]s & glad to get   
!m4 ,i 0 d\bly pr\d1 !re=e1 t ?is cr[d (
 ours1 )\t (ficial control1 com+ = !    
fe/ival & !re=e releas$ f ! incessant   
discipl9e !y _h become us$ to1 nev] once
 took advantage ( _! privileges4 ,we    
tr\bl$ ! au?orities = _! sleep+ qu>t]s &
 = special p]mission to be on ! /reet   
aft] n9e at night--b t 0 all4 ,_m ( !   

boys may h appreciat$ _! leave m ?an !  
fe/ival1 b all ju/ifi$ ! confid5ce %[n 9
 !m by _! conduct4  ,imag9e ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 our s]vices 9 ,france & ^? to :i*
 ,i h be5 accu/om$ 9 our r tame & =mal  
civilian congregations4 ,my congregation
 !re 0 compos$ almo/ entirely ( m51 & ^?
 m5 all v "y4 ,we 7 meet+ 9 a /range l&1
 amid an anci5t b ali5 civilization1 :i*
 "s ( u lik$ & "s dislik$1 b :i* none ( 
u c\ld q und]/&4 ,we _h no scroll ( !   
,law1 no ram's horn1 n ev5 a complete   
pray]book = ! fe/ivals4 ,we _h no       
synagogue1 & ! places we us$ 7 l5t u by 
p ( ano!r fai?1 fri5ds & co-work]s1     
inde$1 b ) little int]e/ 9 our fe/ivals 
or our religi\s ne$s4  ,our s]vices 7   
held 9 ! l>ge ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 hut at !  
*ief b>racks4 ,! l>ge1 b>e room 0 turn$ 
ov] to u = c]ta9 h\rs2 ! work]s clos$ ! 
cante5 & att5d$ ! s]vices4 ,& 9 return  
,i conclud$ "o ( ! ev5+ s]vices fifte5  
m9utes e>ly s t ! regul> cli5tele w\ld n
 miss _! semi-weekly motion pictures4 ,9
 fact1 ,i f\nd ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 "h1 z  

ev]y:]e1 mo/ eag] to cooep]ate ) me & to
 s]ve ! ,jews z well z ! ,*ri/ians 9 !  
army4 ,my cantor = mo/ ( ! s]vices 0    
,corporal ,coh5 ( ,new ,york1 al?\gh    
sev]al o!r m5 volunte]$ = c]ta9 portions
 ( ! pray]s4 ,! head u%] 0 ,s]geant     
,wolf1 :o look$ aft] ! hall & ! seat+ ) 
! ?or\ghness *>act]i/ic ( s]geants      
ev]y:]e4 ,among ! congregation 7 t5     
(fic]s1 two nurses1 & ?ree families (   
,fr5* ,jews1 z well z a mix$ gr\p (     
enli/$ m5 f e bran* 9 ! army1 f e       
section ( ,am]ica & e gr\p ( ,jewry4 ,! 
fe/ival _h caught u 9 a =eign l&1 9 !   
s]vice ( ,am]ica1 & x _h br\ght u toge!r
 z no?+ else c\ld h done4  ,we wore our 
hats dur+ ! s]vice because t 0 ! natural
 desire ( ! majority1 :o 7 ( or?odox    
upbr++4 ,( c\rse1 a soldi] naturally    
we>s 8 ov]seas cap "u any circum/ances &
 x w\ld h ne$$ a special rul+ to br+ !m 
(f4 ,! s]vice 0 read out ( ! little     
pray] book circulat$ by ! ,jewi% ,welf>e
 ,bo>d1 ) :i* ab\t a f\r? ( !           
congregation 7 already provid$ f ! camps

 9 ! ,/ates4 ,we read ! abbreviat$      
,hebrew s]vice1 !n ab\t half ( ! pray]s 
9 ,engli%1 & _h an ,engli% s]mon4 ,!    
only objection to ^! innovations came f 
! cantor1 ,corporal ,coh51 a "y man ) a 
traditional ,jewi% backgr\nd1 :o _h     
ga!r$ ! o!r ,jews 9 8 company e ,friday 
ev5+ = a brief s]vice & 0 g5]ally look$ 
up to 7al?\gh n always foll[$7 z a      
religi\s lead]4 ,my only way ( conv9c+  
him 0 to inquire among "s ( ! o!r m5 z  
to ! numb] :o did n und]/& ,hebrew4 ,:5 
he saw t ov] half ( ! ,jewi% soldi]s _h 
no und]/&+ ( ! ,hebrew s]vice he )drew 8
 insi/5t reque/ = a /rict traditionalism
 & ,i 0 sav$ ! necessity ( fall+ back on
 my milit>y rank4  ,i 0 mu* amus$ aft] !
 sev]al s]vices at ! numb] ( "y m5 :o   
came to me1 compla9+ ab\t ,coh5's r5d]+ 
( ! s]vices & boa/+ ( _! own ability4 ,i
 0 able to give sev]al ( !m ! *ance 9 ! 
ensu+ days & f\nd out t x is easy to get
 a ,hebrew read]1 q possible to f9d "o  
:o reads ) feel+ & und]/&+1 b utt]ly    
impossible to pick up 9 ! army a cantor 

) a tra9$ voice4  ,our arrangem5ts 7    
made "u ! approval ( my comm&+ (fic]1 ! 
s5ior *apla9 ( ! po/1 & few features (  
our s]vice 7 m appreciat$ ?an ! address 
( ,*apla9 ,/ull at our s]vices on !     
second day ( ! fe/ival4 ,i _h hesitat$  
to invite him1 & 0 !re=e d\bly surpris$ 
:5 he assur$ me t ?is 0 ! ?ird          
successive ye> t he _h prea*$ at a      
,jewi% ,new ,ye> s]vice3 two ye>s be=e  
on ! ,mexican ,bord]1 ! ye> be=e 9 tra9+
 camp 9 ! ,/ates & n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,=ces
 9 ,france1 ,*apla9 ,/ull 0 a regul>    
army *apla9 ( eighte5 ye>s /&+1 & 8     
memb]%ip 9 ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal *ur* 0 
less conspicu\s 9 8 makeup ?an 8 long   
exp]i5ce 9 army life4 ,8 s]mon 0 "o ( ! 
out/&+ ev5ts ( our holy season4 ,8      
explanation ( ! vital importance ( !    
,s]vice ( ,supply to ! army at ! front  
came ) p]sonal weight = he _h j come    
back f ! fight+ =ces to take a promotion
 9 ! re>4 ,8 moral int]pretation ( !    
significance ( ea* man to ! :ole army 0 
! sort ( ?+ t ! soldi] ne$s & likes4    

,^! s]vices 7 unusual 9 t !y 7 ! fir/   
holy season :i* mo/ ( ! m5 _h sp5t away 
f home4 ,! w> 0 /ill on !n2 ! ,/4       
,mihiel drive took place ! day aft] ,ro%
 ,ha%ana2 ! news f ! front 0 usually    
good & always ?rill+4 ,we at ! re> 7    
deeply /irr$4 ,"s ( u _h be5 w\nd$ & 7  
n[ recov]+2 "s 7 9 tra9+ & 7 soon to    
leave = ! front2 "s 7 9 ! ,s4 ,o4 ,s4   
p]man5tly4 ,b ! %ad[ ( w> 0 d>k ^u u    
all4 ,we 7 9 ! unc]ta9ty1 ! dang]1 !    
horror ( x4 ,we felt a p]sonal ?rill at 
! words ( ! pray]s1--,:o are to live &  
:o to die2 :o by ! sword & :o by fire4  
,we recit$ ) p]sonal f]vor ! memorial   
pray] = our fall5 comrades4 ,_m among u 
7 eag] to give ?anks at recov]y f w\nds4
 ,!re=e1 ! desire = a religi\s obs]vance
 ( our solemn days 0 all ! great]4 ,m5  
came 9 f a hundr$ miles1 (t5 walk+ t5   
miles to a tra9 be=e !y c\ld ride ! re/4
  ,bro!rs1 long sep>at$1 (t5 met by     
*ance1 soon to sep>ate aga9 = an unkn[n 
future4 ,i rememb] two--"o a vet]an (   
two battles1 n[ convalesc+ at a         

hospital1 ! o!r newly arriv$ f ! ,/ates 
& /ill 9 tra9+4 ,!y met on ,ro%         
,ha%anah1 ea* ignorant ( ! o!r's        
:]eab\ts & ! vet]an n ev5 kn[+ :e!r 8   
bro!r _h arriv$ 9 ,france4 ,! t\*+ sc5e 
( _! reunion _h its humor\s side too1 = 
! w\nd$ soldi] f ! hospital naturally _h
 n a franc 9 8 possession1 & ! boy f !  
,/ates _h en\gh money = a real holiday &
 _h res]v$ a hotel room ) a luxuri\s    
,fr5* b$4 ,he 0 ?us able to act z ho/ = 
two happy days & nights4 ,b on ,yom     
,kippur :5 ! w\nd$ soldi] came aga9 8   
bro!r 0 n !re4 ,8 unit _h be5 ord]$ to !
 front & ,i d n "k :e!r !y ev] met aga94
  ,w> _h u all 9 its iron grip4 ,i1 =   
"o1 expect$ soon to h my reque/ grant$ t
 ,i be assign$ to a combat division4 ,n 
t ,i ov]look$ ! ne$ = ,jewi% "w 9 ! ,s4 
,o4 ,s41 b ! mo/ press+ ne$ at t "t 0 at
 ! front1 & ,i 0 look+ =w>d to tak+ up !
 m exact+ duties !re4  ,! ?ree ,jewi%   
families ( ! city add$ a pa!tic t\*1 =  
!y 7 glad inde$ to att5d a ,jewi% s]vice
 & = ! sake ( ! soldi]s 7 will+ to sit  

?r\gh our ,engli% additions4 ,_!        
situation seem$ simil> to t ( mo/ rec5t 
immigrants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! p>5ts   
spoke bo? ,yiddi% & ,fr5*1 ! "y p l ours
 9 ,am]ica1 spoke *iefly ! language ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,x 0 bo? ludicr\s & t\*+ to see 
,am]ican soldi]s compet+ to ex*ange !   
few ,fr5* words !y knew ) ! two or ?ree 
,jewi% daught]s4 ,x 0 (t5 _! fir/ *ance 
= a ^w ) a girl ( _! own class1 c]ta9ly 
) a ,jewi% girl1 s9ce !y _h left        
,am]ica4 ,& ! fact t ! girl ) h] famili>
 appe>ance c\ld n communicate ) !m on a 
conv]sational basis1 did n seem to imp$e
 _! relations 9 ! lea/4 ,! isolat$      
condition ( ^! ,fr5* ,jews 9 a city (   
#cj1jjj c only be comp>$ to t ( ,am]ican
 ,jews 9 a c\ntry village4  ,:ile at    
,nev]s ,i c\ld n ov]look ! opportunity  
to visit ! two great hospital c5t]s at  
,m>s & at ,mesves sur ,loire4 ,i visit$ 
f w>d to w>d 9 bo? ( !m1 pay+ special   
att5tion to ! ,jewi% boys & f9d+ always 
pl5ty ( occasion = favors ( a hundr$    
diff]5t k9ds4 ,at t "t we 7 %ort (      

*apla9s ( all d5om9ations 9 ! army1 s t 
ev5 ! hospitals _h n en\gh to m9i/]     
fully to _! ?\s&s ( sick & w\nd$1 :ile !
 convalesc5t camps ) _! hundr$s (       
problems 7 almo/ unc>$ = 9 ?is respect4 
,at ,m>s ,i held a s]vice on ,friday    
night :i* 0 fairly typical ( conditions 
9 ,france4 ,! s]vice 0 ann\nc$ z a      
,jewi% religi\s s]vice1 b on my arrival 
,i f\nd ! ,r$ ,cross room cr[d$ ) m5 ( e
 type1 includ+ f\r negroes 9 ! front r[4
 ,evid5tly x 0 ! only place ! m5 _h     
outside ! w>ds1 s !y came !re e night = 
! %[1 movie1 or s]vice :i* might be     
provid$4 ,!y 7 n m]ely respectful to !  
s]vice & ! m9ority ( ,jews :o took "p 9 
x4 ,!y 7 actively responsive to !       
message ,i br\ght !m ( conditions 9     
,am]ica & ! back+ ! p at home 7 giv+ !m 
9 _! great "w abroad4 ,^! w\nd$ m5 f !  
l9es1 ^! m$ical corpsm5 :o might nev]   
see ! front1 7 alike eag] to feel ! "p  
!y p]sonally 7 play+ 9 ! great1 *aotic  
outl9es ( ! _w-wide /ruggle4 ,& !y      
respond$ to a ,jewi% s]vice ) an int]e/ 

:i* ,i soon f\nd 0 typical ( ! soldi]1 9
 8 re/less att5tion1 8 op5-m9d$ness1 8  
intol]ance ( cant b love ( g5u9e        
religion4  ,! meet+s & p>t+s ( w>-"t    
came home to me sev]al times at ,nev]s4 
,i 0 call$ to see a "y man 9 ! hospital1
 suff]+ f sp9al m5+itis4 ,i f\nd him a  
highly intellig5t boy f ,*icago :o knew 
a numb] ( my old fri5ds !re4 ,i 0 able  
to d a few m9or favors = him su* z      
obta9+ 8 belong+s & notify+ 8 unit t he 
0 n abs5t )\t leave1 b simply lock$ up 9
 ! contagi\s w>d4 ,b on 8 recov]y ! news
 w5t to 8 family 9 ,*icago to get 9 t\* 
) my wife & a fri5d%ip 0 e/abli%$ on a  
g5u9e basis ( int]e/s 9 common4 ,at     
ano!r "t ,i 0 approa*$ at ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 
,a4 by "o ( _! wom5 work]s :o _h he>d my
 "n ann\nc$4 ,%e turn$ out to be a ,mrs4
 ,campbell ( my old home t[n1 ,si\x     
,city1 ,i[a1 & an acqua9tance ( my "m   
?r\gh sev]al *>ity bo>ds ( :i* !y bo? 7 
memb]s4 ,%e 0 act+ z in/ructor 9 ,fr5* &
 advisor to ! ,am]ican soldi]s 9 ,nev]s1
 :ile h] husb&1 ,pr(4 ,campbell (       

,morn+side ,college1 0 on ! ,fr5* front 
) ! ,fr5* auxili>y ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4  
,ano!r int]e/+ incid5t 0 my meet+ ) ,mr4
 ,julius ,ros5wald ( ,*icago1 !n t\r+   
,france z a memb] ( ! ,national ,c\ncil 
( ,def5se4 ,! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secret>y  
ask$ me to introduce him to a soldi]    
audi5ce 9 "o ( _! huts4 ,! fir/ day ,i  
came1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,ros5wald 0 delay$ & !
 boys _h to put up ) a new film (       
,d\glas ,fairbanks 9 8 /ead1 l good     
soldi]s accept+ ! sub/itution gladly    
en\gh4 ,on ! second day ,mr4 ,ros5wald  
himself 0 !re & ,i _h ! pleasure (      
introduc+ him to an audi5ce ( ab\t five 
hundr$ soldi]s1 z v>i$ a gr\p z ev] wore
 ! ,am]ican uni=m4 ,8 simple p]sonal    
appeal 0 a direct attempt to build up ! 
morale ( ! troops ?r\gh a he>ty report (
 ! int]e/ & en?usiasm ( ! p at home4 ,he
 call$ = a %[ ( h&s ( ! home /ates ( !  
diff]5t m51 !n respond$ by read+ lett]s 
& telegrams f gov]nors & o!r local      
(ficials4 ,mr4 ,ros5wald 0 "o ( ! v few 
(ficial travel]s 9 ,france ^: trip 0 n  

m]ely in=mative to himself b also       
valuable to ! army4 ,we 9 ! army grew to
 dislike joy rid]s s he>tily t x is a   
positive pleasure to m5tion su* a       
conspicu\s exception4  ,ano!r duty      
typical ( ! v>iety ( tasks :i* welcom$  
me z a *apla91 0 to conduct ! def5se ( a
 ,jewi% boy at a g5]al c\rt m>tial4 ,he 
ask$ to see me dur+ ! holydays1 told me 
8 /ory1 & ,i /ay$ ov] 9 ,nev]s a few    
days to act z 8 c\nsel4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h 
frequ5tly be5 call$ on = advice 9 simil>
 cases1 = an army *apla9 has almo/ z _m 
legal & m$ical duties z /rictly religi\s
 ones4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case             
circum/antial evid5ce seem$ to %[ t ! "y
 man _h /ol5 & sold "s musical in/rum5ts
 f an army w>eh\se :]e he work$4 ,he 0  
only a boy1 a volunte] :o _h falsifi$ 8 
age 9 ord] to enli/4 ,accord+ to 8 own  
/ory he 0 p>tially involv$ 9 ! case1    
act+ ignorantly z ag5t = ! real crim9al4
  ,! trial 0 q fair1 br++ out !         
circum/antial evid5ce aga9/ him1 & 8    
s5t5ce 0 z l[ z c\ld possibly be        

expect$4 ,s1 ) memories ( fri5d%ips     
made1 ( "w accompli%$1 ( a new _w op5+  
ahead1 ,i left ,nev]s on ,septemb] #bj? 
aft] only eighte5 days ( s]vice4 ,i _h  
to report at ,*aumont aga9 to receive my
 ord]s to jo9 ! #bg? ,division4  ,= two 
mon?s aft] t no ,jewi% *apla9 0 /ation$ 
9 ! ,int]m$iate ,section1 :i* cov]$ !   
entire c5tral "p ( ,france & conta9$ _m 
?\s&s ( ,am]ican troops1 includ+ ev]y:]e
 a c]ta9 proportion ( ,jews4 ,!n ,*apla9
 ,rab9[itz report$ at ,nev]s tempor>ily 
& s]v$ = 8 entire "t 9 ,france 9 v>i\s  
po9ts 9 ! ,int]m$iate ,section1 at      
,nev]s1 ,blois & at ,/4 ,aignan4  ,i _h 
be5 ?ru/ into ! mid/ ( ?is trem5d\s1    
cry+ ne$ = s]vice ( e k9d1 religi\s1    
p]sonal & milit>y4 ,i w5t to my division
 to f9d ! same or great] ne$1 z !       
situation 0 always m t5se at ! actual   
front4 ,= ?ree weeks ,i _h m9i/]$ z mu* 
z ,i c\ld to ! ,jewi% m5 scatt]$ ab\t   
,nev]s & all ?r\gh ! c5tral portion (   
,france4 ,n[ ,i left !m = good4 ,_!     
usual greet+ on meet+ me _h be51 ,y are 

! fir/ ,jewi% *apla9 or work] we h met  
on ?is side4 ,& un=tunately1 ! same     
greet+ 0 address$ to me e "t ,i came to 
a new unit or city until ! v day ,i left
 ,france4 ,! ne$ among ^! two million   
soldi]s 0 s trem5d\s t a hundr$ times   
our res\rces w\ld n h be5 suffici5t4 ,z 
x 01 we made no pret5se at cov]+ !      
field1 b simply did day labor :]ev] we 7
 /ation$1 s]v+ ! soldi]s1 ,jews &       
,*ri/ians alike1 & giv+ our special     
att5tion to ! religi\s s]vices & o!r    
ne$s ( ! ,jewi% m54     ,,*apt] ,,iii   
,,at ,,! ,,front ,,) ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,sev5?
 ,,division   ,i rea*$ my division on ! 
fir/ ( ,octob]1 #aiah1 aft] a t$i\s t5  
days on ! way4 ,i travel$ mo/ ( ! way ) 
,lieut5ant ,colonel ,true1 :om ,i met on
 ! tra9 com+ out ( ,*aumont4 ,i f\nd t !
 high] rank+ (fic]s inv>iably approa*$ !
 *apla9s n z (fic]s ( inf]ior rank b z  
lead]s ( a diff]5t k9d1 mu* z a prom95t 
bus9ess man treats 8 m9i/] 9 civil life4
 ,colonel ,true 0 a regul> army man (   
long /&+ :o 0 be+ transf]r$ f ano!r     

division to ! ,tw5ty-,sev5?4 ,:5 we     
arriv$ at ! ,hotel ,ri*mond1 ! ,y4 ,m4  
,c4 ,a4 hotel = (fic]s 9 ,p>is1 we f\nd 
only "o room available ) a d\ble b$1 & s
 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life ,i _h ! honor (  
sleep+ ) a ,lieut5ant ,colonel4 ,! honor
 0 a d\btful "o z he _h at ! "t a slight
 attack ( flu br\ght on f exposure & a  
t\* ( gas 9 ! rec5t ,/4 ,mihiel drive4  
,colonel ,true _h receiv$ 8 promotion f 
a majority & 8 transf] be=e ! drive1 b  
_h n report$ until he _h gone ?r\gh !   
:ole fight at ! head ( 8 battalion4 ,i  
m5tion ?is n z a /rik+1 b /rictly z a   
typical proce$+ on ! "p ( ! av]age      
,am]ican (fic]4  ,= a few days we 7 held
 at ! ,replacem5t ,camp at ,eu 9        
,norm&y--an idyllic spot )9 sight ( !   
,engli% ,*annel1 surr\nd$ by g5tle      
hills4 ,:ile !re ,i made sev]al trips to
 ,treport1 a favorite summ] resort on ! 
,*annel be=e ! w>4 ,x is a qua9t little 
fi%+ village ) a typical mod]n summ]    
resort sup]impos$4 ,! old /one ,norman  
cottages ) _! high ro(s always _h a t\* 

( decoration some:]e1 9 mosaic1 pa9t or 
/a9$ glass1 diff]5t f ! pla9]           
ar*itecture ( ,c5tral ,france4 ,! mod]n 
"p consi/s ( sev]al beautiful hotels & a
 numb] ( *eap re/aurants & curio %ops4  
,( c\rse1 ! hotels 7 all us$ by !       
,briti% ,army z hospitals at ?is "t4 ,i 
visit$ ,base ,hospital #af1 a           
,philadelphia ,unit1 :i* 0 loan$ to !   
,briti%4 ,i _h a delightful talk ) our  
,r$ ,cross ,*apla9 & made a t\r ( _m ( !
 w>ds4 ,! pati5ts 7 almo/ all ,briti% ) 
a few ,am]icans f ! ,augu/ campaign 9   
,fl&]s4 ,among ! re/ ,i met ab\t a doz5 
,jewi% boys1 ,engli% & ,au/ralian1 :o 7 
naturally delight$ by ! r>e visit ( a   
,jewi% ,*apla94 ,! eight ,jewi% ,*apla9s
 9 ! ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 atta*$
 to ! v>i\s ,army ,headqu>t]s1 & s _h to
 cov] impossible areas 9 _! "w4 ,! ne>e/
 "o to ,treport 0 ,rabbi ,geff5 at      
,b\logne ) :om ,i aft]w>d came into     
communication1 & f :om ,i obta9$ a l>ge 
numb] ( ! army pray] books arrang$ by ! 
,*ief ,rabbi ( ,engl& = use 9 ! ,briti% 

,=ces4  ,hospital visit+ is dre>y "w1   
especially :5 !re is action go+ on f :i*
 "o is sep>at$4 ,! "w is exhau/+        
physically1 walk+ up & d[n ! long w>ds &
 /opp+ by b$sides4 ,x is especially a   
dra9 on ! n]ves & sympa?ies1 to see s _m
 sick & mutilat$ boys--boys 9 age mo/ ( 
!m1 c]ta9ly boys 9 _s--& giv+ oneself z 
! ne$ arises4 ,& 9 a hospital s _m m5 h 
reque/s4 ,!y are helpless & x is always 
impossible to h en\gh visitors & en\gh  
*apla9s = !m4 ,i 0 glad to be useful at 
,treport b gladd] /ill :5 ! ^w came     
?r\gh to release all troops 9 ! ,second 
,corps ,replacem5t ,depot4  ,we 7 load$ 
on a tra91 ! soldi]s 9 box-c>s ( !      
famili> type 7#dj m5 or #h horses7 ) !  
little gr\p ( (fic]s cr[d$ toge!r 9 a   
s+le fir/-class coa*4 ,brok5 w9d[s1 flat
 :eels & no lights %[+--we 7 beg9n+ to  
feel t we 7 9 ! w> zone4 ,f ,eu to      
,p]onne took f #d3cj ,a4 ,m4 to #i3cj   
,p4 ,m4 ) ?ree *anges ( tra9s & t5      
additional /ops4 ,we got only a %ort    
view ( ! railroad /ation at ,ami5s1 at t

 "t almo/ completely de/roy$4 ,our      
division 0 !n 9 ! ,briti% area on !     
,somme sector1 & at ! "t ( our arrival  
!y _h j come out ( ! great victory at ! 
,h9d5burg ,l9e4  ,our fir/ ru9$ city 0  
,p]onne1 :i* w nev] leave my memory4 ,! 
feel+ ( a ru9$ t[n is absolutely        
indescribable1 = h[ c "o imag9e a t[n ) 
nei!r h\ses nor p1 :]e ! v /reets h (t5 
be5 de/roy$8 ,?is situation contradicts 
our v def9ition ( a t[n1 = a t[n is made
 ( /reets1 h\ses & p2 no imag9ation c q 
grasp ! reality ( w> & ru9 )\t its      
actual exp]i5ce4 ,& ,p]onne 0 mu* m     
/rik+ ?an mo/ cities 9 ! w> zone2 x _h  
be5 f\ght ?r\gh six diff]5t times1 & its
 orig9ally /ately public build+s %[$    
only en\gh to impress u ) ! ru9 t _h be5
 wr\ght4 ,only "o wall ( "o end ( ! *ur*
 0 /&+1 ) two f9e ,go?ic ar*es1 only "o 
side ( ! build+ on ! squ>e & s on ?r\gh 
! :ole t[n4 ,we became inur$ to ! sight 
( ru9$ villages lat] on1 b ! fir/ %ock (
 see+ ,p]onne w be indelible4  ,!       
headqu>t]s ( ! division 7 !n locat$ at !

 ,bois de ,buire1 ab\t t5 miles out1    
?\gh = almo/ a half day we c\ld f9d     
nobody to give u exact directions4 ,at  
la/ ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,h4 ,s4         
,/]nb]g]1 ! division qu>t]ma/]1 put 9 an
 appe>ance & (f]$ to take me &          
,lieut5ant ,colonel ,true up to         
headqu>t]s 9 8 c>4 ,! re/ ( our p>ty _h 
all w&]$ (f by !n 9 ! direction ( _!    
v>i\s units4 ,colonel ,/]nb]g] 0 !      
highe/ rank+ (fic] at ! "t among ! ?\s& 
,jews 9 ! ,tw5ty-,sev5? ,division4      
,lieut5ant ,colonel ,morris ,liebman ( !
 #ajf? ,infantry1 also a ,jew1 _h be5   
kill$ 9 action 9 ,fl&]s six weeks be=e1 
a loss :i* 0 v deeply felt 9 8 regim5t4 
,colonel ,/]nb]g] 0 "o ( ! popul> /aff  
(fic]s ( ! division ow+ to 8            
indefatigable labors = ! welf>e ( !     
boys4 ,8 great ef=ts at ! exp5se ( mu*  
p]sonal risk & ( s]i\s damage to 8 heal?
 7 direct$ to get ! food up to ! front  
on "t4 ,:ile ,i 0 ) ! division1 ,colonel
 ,/]nb]g] prov$ bo? a /aun* p]sonal     
fri5d & an active ally 9 my "w4  ,x took

 m ?an a day to become acqua9t$ ) !     
cam\flag$ (fices 9 ! woods4 ,small huts1
 ) semicircul> iron ro(s cov]$ )        
bran*es1 7 scatt]$ ab\t among ! trees4  
,"s ( !m _h signs1 ,division ,adjutant1 
,comm&+ ,g5]al1 & ! re/2 o!rs 7 billets4
 ,i inv>iably lo/ my way :5 ,i w5t to   
lun* & w&]$ = "s m9utes be=e f9d+ home4 
,home 0 a hut exactly l ! re/1 :]e !    
,fr5* mission & ! gas (fic] _h _! (fices
 dur+ ! day & :]e six ( u slept at      
night4 ,i fell heir to ! cot ( "o ( !   
int]pret]s !n home on leave1 ,georges   
,levy1 :o aft]w>d became "o ( my be/    
fri5ds4 ,my baggage _h disappe>$ on !   
trip1 s t ,i _h only my h& bag ) !      
little x c\ld hold4 ,my fir/ ne$1       
naturally1 0 = blankets to cov] ! cot4  
,i collect$ ^! f v>i\s places1 (ficial &
 o!rwise1 until ! end ( ! mon? f\nd me  
pl5tifully provid$4 ,i mu/ admit t !    
fir/ cool nights 9 ! woods =c$ me to    
sleep 9 my clo!s4 ,naturally1 my fir/   
task 0 to wire = my baggage1 b x _h     
completely vani%$ & did n return = f\r  

long mon?s4 ,ev]ybody lo/ 8 possessions 
at "s "t dur+ ! w>2 ,i 0 unique only 9  
los+ !m at ! outset & n see+ !m until ! 
:ole ne$ = !m 0 ov]4  ,! boys _h j come 
out ( ! l9e1 worn out1 ) t]rible losses1
 b aft] a great victory su* z occurs    
only a few times 9 any w>4 ,!y _h brok5 
! ,h9d5burg ,l9e1 t triple r[ ( tr5*es &
 b>b$ wire1 ) its concrete pill-boxes1  
its enfilad+ fire f ma*9e guns1 its     
intricate & trem5d\s sy/em ( def5ses4 ,i
 cross$ ! l9e _m times dur+ ! mon? t    
foll[$ & nev] fail$ to m>vel t human    
be+s c\ld ev] h =c$ x4 ,! fam\s tunnel (
 ! ,/4 ,qu5t9 ,canal 0 9 our sector1    
too1 z well z "p ( ! canal itself4 ,!   
villages ab\t u 7 de/roy$ s completely t
 no s+le ro( or complete wall 0 /&+ = a 
%elt] & ! m5 _h to live 9 ! cell>s4  ,"o
 wall always bore ! "n ( ! =m] village 9
 l>ge lett]s1 :i* became /ill l>g] & m  
/rik+ 9 ! t]ritory ne> ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e1
 s long occupi$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,i us$ to 
repay ! g5]\s ,tommies = _! rides on !  
con/ant /ream ( trucks 7we call$ !m     

lorries1 l ! ,engli%7 by translat+ !    
num]\s ,g]man signs at railroad cross+s 
& ! l1 ab\t :i* !y always _h mu*        
curiosity4  ,"o c\ld travel any:]e on   
ma9 roads by wait+ until a truck came   
along & !n hail+ x4 ,if ! seat 0 occupi$
 !re 0 usually "s room 9 ! re>1 & !     
,briti% driv]s 7 always glad to take "o 
on & equally glad to air _! views on !  
w>4 ,:5 "o came to a cross road1 he     
jump$ (f1 hail$ ! ,m4 ,p4 7,milit>y     
,police7 = directions & took ! next     
truck :i* 0 go+ 9 ! prop] direction4 ,9 
t way ,i h (t5 travel$ on a doz5 trucks 
9 a day1 ) /op-ov]s & occasional walks (
 a few miles to fill 9 ! gaps4 ,betwe5 a
 map1 a compass & ! ,m4 ,p4's1 we always
 manag$ to circulate & ev5tually f9d our
 way home aga94  ,we saw ! heavy guns   
lumb]+ on _! way to ! front1 ! a]oplanes
 humm+ ov]head l a sw>m ( dragon-flies4 
,day & night we c\ld he> ! rumble ( guns
 l di/ant ?und]1 :ile at night ! fla%es 
%[$ l[ on ! horizon l heat lightn+4 ,our
 salvage depot 0 at ,t9c\rt at ! foot ( 

! hill1 & :5 ,i w5t ov] !re ,corporal   
,kle9 & ,s]geant ,fri$l&] 7 quick to    
repair gaps 9 my equipm5t4 ,"o night ,i 
witness$ ! division musical com$y 7!    
,broadway ,boys7 9 an old b>n at        
,templeux le ,fosse1 :]e we walk$ 9 !   
d>k1 f\nd ! place up an alley & witness$
 a really excell5t p]=mance ) co/umes1  
sc5]y & real or*e/ra4 ,9 ! middle ( an  
act1 an ann\ncem5t w\ld be made t all m5
 ( ! ?ird battalion1 #ajh? ,infantry1   
%\ld report back at once1 & a gr\p (    
fell[s w\ld rise & file out = !         
five-mile hike back 9 ! d>kness3 !y 7 to
 move up to ! front be=e morn+4  ,my    
*ief ef=t dur+ ^? few hurri$ days 0 to  
get into t\* ) ! v>i\s units s t ,i c\ld
 be ( "s def9ite s]vice to !m :5 !y w5t 
into action4 ,un=tunately1 almo/ e "t ,i
 arrang$ = a s]vice & appe>$ to hold x !
 outfit w\ld already be on ! move4 ,!   
be/ s]vice ,i held 0 at ! village (     
,buire1 :]e ab\t =ty boys ga!r$ toge!r  
"u ! trees among ! ru9$ h\ses4 ,!y 7 a  
deeply devotional gr\p1 told me ab\t _! 

holyday s]vices conduct$ by a ,briti%   
army *apla9 at ,d\l5s1 ab\t _! fall5    
comrades = :om !y want$ to repeat !     
memorial pray]s1 & ab\t _! own n>r[     
escapes = :i* !y 7 eag] to (f] ?anks4   
,!y _h ! deep spiritual consci\sness :i*
 comes to mo/ m5 9 mom5ts ( great p]il4 
,i manag$ to rea* mo/ ( ! infantry      
regim5ts1 h[ev]1 by hik+ d[n f ! woods &
 sometimes cat*+ a ride4 ,ev]y:]e 0     
action4 ,x 0 ! brea?+ space betwe5 our  
two great battles ( ! w>4 ,e unit 0 hop+
 & expect+ a long re/4 ,b t hope c\ld n 
be fulfill$4 ,! int5sity ( ! drive aga9/
 ! entire ,g]man l9e 0 beg9n+ to tell & 
e possible unit 0 ne$$ 9 ! l9e to pu%   
ahead4 ,s ! re/ ( ! ,tw5ty-,sev5?       
,division 0 brief inde$4 ,e regim5t 0   
/>t+ = ! front ) no replacem5ts aft] !  
t]rific slaught] ( two weeks be=e1 ) v  
little new equipm5t & practically no    
re/4 ,& ! front 0 n[ fur!r away ?an x _h
 be54 ,! success ( ! alli$ =ces meant   
long] m>*es = our tir$ troops4  ,all !  
villages 7 deva/at$ 9 ?is area4 ,x 0 !  

section betwe5 ,p]onne & ! old ,h9d5burg
 ,l9e4 ,n until we came to ! ,g]man side
 ( ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e did we f9d !        
villages 9 any sort ( repair4 ,! m5 liv$
 9 cell>s )\t ro(s1 9 rooms )\t walls or
 sometimes 9 b>racks :i* 7 con/ruct$ by 
ei!r ( ! oppos+ armies dur+ ! long ye>s 
( ! /ruggle4 ,( c\rse1 _m %elt]s exi/$  
su* z our elephant huts 9 ! woods or !  
p]fect honeycomb ( dug\ts 9 ! sides ( ! 
qu>ry at ,templeux le ,g]>d4  ,"o day ,i
 lorri$ up to ! division cemet]ies ne> !
 old battlefield1 :i* 7 be+ laid out by 
a gr\p ( *apla9s ) a l>ge detail (      
enli/$ m54 ,i saw ! occasional ,jewi%   
graves m>k$ ) ! ,/> ( ,david & lat] 0   
able to complete ! li/ & h all ,jewi%   
graves 9 our division simil>ly m>k$4 ,i 
got to "k ! c\ntry ab\t ,bellic\rt &    
,bony1 :]e our heavie/ fight+ _h tak5   
place4 ,i he>d ! /ory ( ! eight ,briti% 
tanks1 ly+ helpless at ! top ( ! long   
ridge ne> ,bony1 :]e !y _h run ^u a m9e 
field4 ,i got to "k ! ,ausies1 always ! 
be/ fri5ds & great admiration ( our     

soldi]s1 ) _! da%+ c\rage & reckless    
h]oism1 & ! ,tommies1 ^? /eady1         
matt]-(-fact workm5 at ! bus9ess ( w>1  
:om our boys c\ld nev] q und]/&4        
,f9ally our headqu>t]s mov$ =w>d1 too4  
,i jump$ out ( a colonel's c> "o d>k    
night & hunt$ = an h\r & a half among ! 
hills be=e ,i f\nd ! *alk qu>ry :]e !y  
n[ 7 hidd5 f pry+ air sc\ts4 ,at la/1   
f9d+ ! qu>ry1 ,i met a boy ,i knew1 :o  
took me to ! dug\t :]e ! s5ior *apla9 0 
sleep+4 ,i crawl$ into a vacant bunk1   
made myself at home & left ! next morn+ 
= good4 ,! qu>ry did n appeal to me :5  
wet2 "o 0 too likely to slide f ! top to
 ! bottom & /ay !re2 & ,i _h no desire  
to te/ its advantages :5 dry4 ,! next "t
 ,i came back to headqu>t]s !y 7 9 !    
village ( ,jonc\rt1 beyond ! ,h9d5burg  
,l9e1 9 t]ritory :i* we _h releas$ f !  
,g]mans4 ,! *ief attraction ( ,jonc\rt 0
 an occasional ro(--( c\rse1 !re 7 no   
w9d[s4 ,! cemet]y _h be5 us$ z a /rong  
po9t by ! retreat+ ,g]mans1 :o _h       
scatt]$ ! bodies ab\t & us$ ! little    

vaults z pill-boxes 9 :i* to m\nt ma*9e 
guns4 ,& our message c5t] 0 locat$ 9 a  
,g]man dug\t fully fifty feet und]gr\nd2
 evid5tly pl5ty ( precautions _h be5    
tak5 aga9/ alli$ air raids4 ,9 fact1 f  
?is po9t on e h\se 9 e village _h a     
conspicu\s sign1 tell+ ( ! ,flieg]s*utz 
= a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 9 its cell>4 ,9    
addition1 ! plac>d told ! numb] (       
(fic]s1 m5 & horses :i* c\ld be         
accommodat$ ) billets on ! premises4    
,evid5tly1 ! ,g]mans 9 lay+ out _!      
p]man5tly occupi$ t]ritory1 w5t ab\t x 9
 _! usual bus9ess-l fa%ion4  ,b betwe5  
my glimpses ( ^! v>i\s headqu>t]s1 ,i 0 
at ! front ) ! troops go+ into ! tr5*es 
& _h _h a glimpse ( w>4 ,my fir/        
exp]i5ce "u fire 0 9 "s woods ne>       
,m>etz1 :]e ,i sp5t "p ( ! night ) "o   
battalion1 z !y paus$ be=e go+ into !   
tr5*es4 ,i f9i%$ ! night on ! floor ( a 
h\se 9 ! village1 hav+ gr[n accu/om$    
en\gh to ! s\nd ( ! %ells to sleep 9    
spite ( x4 ,l mo/ p ,i _h wond]$ h[ "o  
feels "u fire1 & exp]i5c$ a que]        

s5sation :5 ,i fir/ he>d ! long :9e ( a 
di/ant %ell culm9at+ 9 a sudd5          
explosion4 ,n[ ,i realiz$ t ,i 0 "u     
fire1 too4 ,b ,i spe$ily f\nd t "o feels
 m curiosity ?an fe> "u long-di/ance    
fire2 real fe> comes *iefly :5 ! %ells  
beg9 to l& really ne> by4 ,i 0 to       
exp]i5ce t1 too1 a little lat]4 ,9 fact1
 ,i f\nd out soon t e soldi] is         
fright5$2 a good soldi] is simply "o :o 
does 8 duty 9 spite ( fe>4  ,!n a report
 came 9 t ,*apla9 ,john ,w>d1 ( ! #ajh? 
,infantry1 _h be5 s]i\sly w\nd$ & ,i 0  
s5t to take 8 place ) ! unit4 ,9 a pu% !
 *apla9 works ) ! w\nd$2 aft] x1 ) !    
dead4 ,( _m sad duties at ! front1 8 is 
p]haps ! sadde/ ( all4 ,my fir/ /ation 0
 ) ! ?ird battalion headqu>t]s & aid po/
 9 a big :ite h\se set back 9 a little  
p>k 9 ! t9y village ( ,escauf\rt1 a mile
 or s beh9d ! l9es4 ,capta9 ,m]rill 0 9 
comm& ( ! battalion & "o c\ld see h[ !  
"w & responsibility wore on him day by  
day1 r$uc+ ! r\nd1 *e]ful soldi] = ! "t 
almo/ to a :isp]+1 tott]+ old man4 ,b 8 

_s held him to ! task2 he slept = only a
 few m9utes at a "t1 & !n 0 back at "w  
aga94 ,a consci5ti\s man c h no m exact+
 duty ?an ?is1 to c>e = ! lives ( a ?\s&
 m54  ,we 7 "u con/ant fire !re1 ?\gh n 
"u obs]vation1 b ! little ambulances ran
 up to ! gate ( ! *ateau = ! w\nd$1 :o  
_h to walk or be c>ri$ 9 & out f ! h\se 
to ! gate4 ,we ate up/airs 9 ! /ately   
d9+ room at times1 ?\gh we usually ate &
 always slept 9 ! cr[d$ cell> :]e !     
major & 8 /aff 7 h\s$4 ,!re eight or n9e
 ( u w\ld sit on our brick seats & sleep
 ) our backs aga9/ ! wall1 be+ awak5$ f 
"t to "t by a mess5g] com+ 9 or by ! r++
 ( ! field telephone 9 ! corn]4 ,!      
telephone op]ator 0 always te/+ "o or   
ano!r connection1 day & night1 = !      
em]g5cy :5 x w\ld be ne$$4  ,"o night   
companies ,h & ,i ( ! #ajh? ,infantry 7 
almo/ completely wip$ out by gas4 ,!y 7 
9 l[ ly+ tr5*es by ! side ( ! canal "u a
 con/ant fire ( gas %ells1 :ile ! damp  
wea!r kept ! dang]\s fumes ne> ! gr\nd4 
,!y _h no ord]s to evacuate to a saf]   

po/ & no human be+ c live =ev] 9 a gas  
mask1 s "o aft] ano!r ! m5 yield$ to    
temptation1 took (f _! masks = mom5t>y  
relief1 & inhal$ ! gas-lad5 air4 ,all   
ev5+ & night !y kept com+ 9 by twos &   
?rees to our aid po/1 ! /rong] ones     
walk+1 ! re/ on /ret*]s4 ,_! clo?+ reek$
 ( ! sick5+ly sweet odor4 ,! room 0 soon
 full ( x1 s t we _h to bl[ out ! c&les 
& op5 ! door = a few m9utes to avoid be+
 gass$ ourselves4 ,!re 7 ?ree ambulances
 runn+ t night to ! ,ma9 ,dress+        
,/ation1 & ,i made x my task to meet ea*
 c>1 notify ! doctor & br+ ! gass$ &    
w\nd$ m5 out to ! ambulance4 ,mo/ ( !m 7
 bl9d$ = ! "t be+ by ! effect ( ! gas4  
,no light 0 possible1 z t w\ld h drawn  
fire at once4 ,e t5 m9utes ?r\gh ! night
 our village 0 %ell$1 & 9 walk+ ! =ty or
 fifty y>ds ?r\gh ! p>k to ! gate1 ,i _h
 to make two det\rs ) my bl9d$ m5 to    
avoid fre% %ell-holes made t v aft]noon4
 ,i admit feel+ an occasional t\* (     
panic z ,i l$ ! big helpless fell[s     
ar\nd ^? fre% %ell holes & help$ !m into

 ! ambulances4 ,! f9al t\* came :5 a    
y\ng/] ( p]haps sev5te5 ent]$ ! aid po/ 
alone1 walk+ pa9fully4 ,:at outfit are y
 f1 sonny8 0 my natural greet+4 ,i am ! 
la/ man left 9 ,company ,h1 0 ! pr\d    
reply4  ,?is 0 ! sort ( fatal blund] :i*
 seem$ to occur once 9 e comm& be=e !   
lesson 0 le>n$ t gas-fill$ tr5*es ne$ no
 def5d+1 & t troops1 safely )drawn a    
hundr$ y>ds or m1 c be mov$ =w>d aga9   
quickly en\gh ! mom5t ! gas lifts4 ,!   
,engli% _h _h ! same lesson m ?an once  
until !y le>n$ x ?or\ghly2 s _h !       
,g]mans2 n[ our armies1 ) _! examples   
be=e u1 _h to le>n x aga9 ?r\gh ! suff]+
 ( our own soldi]s4 ,our division 0 n ! 
only "o 9 :i* ! same or a simil> blund] 
co/ ! m5 s de>ly1 = ,i h read ! same    
incid5t ( m ?an "o unit on o!r p>ts ( ! 
,am]ican l9e1 & h _h !m v]ifi$ by (fic]s
 :o 7 pres5t at ^? o!r cata/rophes4 ,9 !
 art ( w> ! in/ruction ( ! g5]als co/s !
 lives ( ! soldi]s4  ,we _h ! peculi>   
exp]i5ce ( see+ ! village :i* we _h     
ent]$ 9 good condition crumbl+ ab\t u "u

 ! enemy fire4 ,ev5 ! w9d[s 7 intact :5 
we rea*$ x2 ! ,g]mans 7 j out1 & our    
artill]y _h be5 out/ripp$ completely 9 !
 =w>d ru%4 ,"u ! con/ant p\nd+ ( back   
area fire1 design$ to prev5t ammunition 
& supplies com+ up to ! l9e unmole/$1   
our little village lo/ w9d[s1 ro(s &    
walls1 dis9tegrat+ /eadily into a heap (
 ru9s4  ,"o ev5+ we 7 assign$ ! task (  
evacuat+ "s old ,fr5* peasants :o _h    
clung to _! little homes ?r\gh all !    
_w-%ak+ cata/rophe4 ,at la/ !y _h to    
leave1 z ! dang] to !m 0 too direct &1 9
 addition1 !y con/itut$ a hidd5 m5ace to
 our troops 9 case ev5 "o ( !m _h be5   
left beh9d z a spy4 ,i w5t ) a p>ty (   
,au/ralians & a few ( our m5 to ! h\ses 
9 ! outskirts ( ! t[n1 :]e ! greate/    
dang] exi/$4 ,i rememb] ! utt]ly        
disconsolate attitude ( two old m5 & a  
little old woman 9 "o ( !m1 :5 !y 7 told
 !y _h to leave4 ,!y seem$ numb 9 ! mid/
 ( all ! ru% & ro> ( w>f>e4 ,_! little  
possessions 7 !re1 !y 7 ( ! peasant type
 & _h probably nev] be5 out ( ! di/rict 

9 _! lives4 ,! advance ( ! enemy 9 #aiad
 _h be5 accompani$ by no fight+ ne> _!  
homes1 & n[ ! alli$ victory1 ! "o hope (
 _! c\ntry1 0 ! "o ?+ t bore de/ruction 
to _! little village & tore !m away f ! 
spot :]e !y 7 root$4  ,"o ev5+ ,i jo9$ a
 ration p>ty go+ =w>d & visit$ ! l9es & 
advanc$ headqu>t]s at ,/4 ,s\plet1 he>+ 
! peculi> :i/le ( a snip]'s bullet pass 
me z ,i made my way back aft] dusk4 ,"o 
( ! boys c>ry+ a heavy bag ( h>dtack _h 
a sore %\ld]1 n q well f a previ\s w\nd4
 ,s ,i %\ld]$ 8 bag = a decid$ly we>y   
mile ( skulk+ along a sunk5 road &      
hurry+ across ! occasional op5 spaces4  
,:5 we came to 8 unit ,i 0 glad to turn 
! bag ov] to him2 ,i felt no pleasure 9 
su* lumpy burd51 & w\ld f> r h worn out 
my %\ld] ) some?+ m appreciat$ by ! boys
 ?an h>dtack1--! "o ?+ :i* nobody enjoy$
 b :i* 0 eat5 only because !y 7         
desp]ately hungry4 ,on ! night ( ,octob]
 #af? we all mov$ ov]1 prep>atory to !  
pu% across ! ,selle ,riv]4 ,we in/all$  
ourselves 9 ! l>ge build+ at ! cross    

roads1 :]e ! aid po/ 0 /ation$4 ,i jo9$ 
a gr\p ( sleep]s on ! cell> floor1 pick+
 my way 9 ! d>kness to f9d a vacant     
spot4 ,my tr5* coat on ! plank floor    
made a really luxuri\s b$4  ,! next     
morn+1 ,octob] #ag?1 ,i 0 awak5$ at     
#e3bj by ! b>rage2 ! boys 7 go+ ov]2 !  
battle ( ! ,selle ,riv] _h began4 ,by   
six o'clock ! w\nd$ began to fl[ 91 at  
fir/ by twos & ?rees1 !n 9 a /eady      
/ream4 ,!y came walk+ we>ily along or 7 
c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( ,g]man prison]s or  
occasionally by our own m54 ,z we 7 at !
 crossroads1 we got mo/ ( ! w\nd$1      
,engli%1 ,g]man & ,am]ican1 z well z a  
great deal ( ! %ell+ ) :i* back areas   
are always delug$ dur+ an attack4 ,9 ?is
 case1 our po/ 0 j beh9d ! l9es at fir/1
 b x became a back area )9 a v few days 
ow+ to ! da% & brilliancy ( our tir$    
troops :5 ! ord]s came to g ov] ! top4  
,!y /orm$ ! heights across ! /ream aft] 
wad+ x 9 ! fir/ ru%1 & !n w5t on across 
! hills & fields4  ,our attack 0 a "p ( 
! campaign ( ! ,briti% ,?ird ,army & a  

small elem5t 9 ! great pu% go+ on at t  
"t ov] ! entire front4 ,our task ) t ( !
 ,?irtie? ,division on our "r 0 to cross
 ! ,selle ,riv] & advance t[>d ! ,sambre
 ,canal4 ,on our left 7 ,briti% troops1 
:ile we 7 support$ by ,au/ralian        
artill]y & ! ,briti% ,air ,s]vice4 ,9   
our fir/ great battle1 t ( ! ,h9d5burg  
,l9e1 ! ,ausies _h act$ z ! second wave1
 com+ up j 9 "t to save "s ( ! h>d      
press$ units ( our ,division & to       
complete ! success ( our assault4 ,s we 
knew !m well en\gh & 7 glad inde$ to h  
_! excell5t artill]y to put ov] ! b>rage
 = our second attack4  ,! ,au/ralians &1
 9 fact1 all ! ,briti% ,colonial troops1
 _h mu* m 9 common ) ! ,am]ican soldi]s 
?an _h ! ,briti% troops !mselves4 ,!y 7 
l our m51 "y1 h>dy1 da%+4 ,!y 7 all     
volunte]s4 ,!y _h a type ( discipl9e (  
_! own1 :i* includ$ salut+ _! own (fic]s
 :5 !y want$ to & nev] salut+ ,briti%   
(fic]s "u any circum/ances4 ,i took a   
natural pride 9 he>+ ( _! comm&+ (fic]1 
,lieut5ant ,g5]al ,sir ,john ,mona%1 :o 

held ! highe/ rank ( any ,jew 9 ! w>4 ,x
 0 no little honor to be ! comm&] ( ^?  
magnific5t troops f ,au/ralia4          
,mean:ile we 7 busy at ! fir/ aid po/4  
,i f\nd myself ! only p]son at h& :o    
c\ld speak any ,g]man1 s ,i took *>ge ( 
! door1 ) a gr\p ( prison]s to c>ry !   
w\nd$ 9 & out & load !m 9 ! ambulances4 
,z soon z my doz5 or s prison]s 7 tir$  
out ,i w\ld s5d !m on to ! cage & pick  
up new m5 f ! con/ant /ream fl[+ 9 f !  
front4 ,our oppon5ts "h 7 *iefly        
,wurtemb]g]s1 "y boys ( ab\t tw5ty1     
al?\gh "o regim5t ( ,prussian m>9es 0   
among !m4 ,among ! fir/ prison]s 7 two  
,g]man physicians :o (f]$ to assi/ ours 
9 ! "w4 ,!y work$ all day1 "o 9 our aid 
po/1 ! o!r 9 t ( ! #ajg? ,infantry1 side
 by side ) our surgeons & do+ excell5t  
"w = ,am]icans & ,g]mans alike4 ,!y     
pick$ _! own assi/ants f among _!       
captur$ m$ical corpsm51 & 7 /rictly     
pr(essional 9 _! attitude ?r\gh\t4 ,"o (
 !m 0 ,dr4 ,beckh>d1 a ,jew f ,/uttg>t1 
) :om ,i _h a few snat*es ( conv]sation 

& :om ,i %\ld c]ta9ly l to meet aga9 "u 
m cong5ial circum/ances4 ,i 0 amus$ 9 ! 
mid/ ( x all :5 ! doctor notic$ 8 bro!r1
 an artill]yman1 com+ 9 z "o ( ! endless
 file ( /ret*] be>]s1 c>ry+ w\nd$ 9 gray
 or olive drab4 ,! doctor ask$ me :e!r  
he might take 8 bro!r z "o ( 8 assi/ants
 = ! day4 ,is he any good8 ,i ask$4 ,oh1
 yes1 0 ! answ]1 z good z any m$ical    
ord]ly4 ,s ,i gave p]mission & ! two1   
toge!r ) a real m$ical ord]ly & ano!r "y
 prison] z int]pret]1 ran "o room ( !   
fir/ aid po/ 9 _! own way4 ,i kept an   
,am]ican soldi] on gu>d !re *iefly to be
 prep>$ = any ev5tualities2 z a matt] ( 
fact ! ,g]man surgeons treat$ ,am]ican  
w\nd$ & ,am]ican surgeons treat$ ,g]man 
w\nd$ ) ! same imp>tial _s4 ,! two      
physicians jo9$ ! o!r prison]s at ! end 
( ! day be>+ lett]s ( appreciation      
writt5 by ,capta9 ,mill]1 ! surgeon 9   
*>ge ( our po/4  ,ab\t a ye> lat] :5    
communication ) ,g]many 0 op5$ aga91 ,i 
f\nd t ?is *ance meet+ at ! front prov$ 
an odd means ( communication ) my ,g]man

 c\s9s4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,beckh>d return$ to    
,/uttg>t he lectur$ on 8 exp]i5ces at ! 
front1 m5tion+ among o!r ?+s t he _h met
 an ,am]ican ,rabbi by ! "n ( ,lev+]4   
,"s di/ant relatives ( m9e liv+ 9 ! city
 he>d ! talk & wrote to a ne>] bran* ( !
 family liv+ 9 ano!r "p ( ,wurtemb]g1 s 
t %ortly aft] ! actual exp]i5ce !y knew 
( my be+ 9 ! army & s]v+ at ! front4    
,only ! small ,=d ambulances c\ld come z
 ne> ! front z our po/1 :ile ! l>g] ones
 came only to ! ,advanc$ ,dress+ ,/ation
 at ,busigny4 ,^! small] ambulances 7   
unable to accommodate ! con/ant /ream ( 
gass$ & w\nd$ m5 com+ f ! l9es4 ,^? :o  
_h m9or w\nds1 especially 9 ! arms1 _h  
to be direct$ along ! prop] road accord+
 to t ironical t]m1 walk+ w\nd$4 ,cases 
:i* 9 civil life w\ld be c>ri$ to an    
ambulance1 giv5 full treatm5t1 & !n     
driv5 g5tly to ! ne>e/ hospital1 7 "h   
giv5 em]g5cy dress+s & told1 ,! ,advanc$
 ,dress+ ,/ation is two miles d[n t     
road1 boys4 ,walk sl[ & don't miss !    
sign tell+ :]e to turn to ! left4 ,o!r m

 s]i\s cases = :om !re 0 no room 9      
ambulances1 at ! mom5t 7 c>ri$ on       
/ret*]s by prison]s4 ,i w\ld assemble   
?ree or f\r su* cases1 take a revolv]   
left by "s w\nd$ (fic] or non-com1 &    
give x to a walk+ w\nd$ ) in/ructions to
 see t !y get safely to ! next po9t4    
,naturally1 ^! boys ) m9or w\nds ( _!   
own 7 safe gu>dians to see t ! ,g]man   
prison]s did _! duty4 ,i c /ill see _!  
gr9s z !y assur$ me3 ,^? fell[s are sure
 go+ to /ick on ! job1 sir4 ,i'll say !y
 w6 ,! attitude ( ! slightly w\nd$ m5 0 
(t5 full ( grim humor4 ,i rememb] "o    
,au/ralian c>ri$ 9 on a /ret*] :o call$ 
me to 8 side ) _! cu/om>y ,"h1 ,yank1 & 
:5 ,i respond$ h&$ me v gravely a ,mills
 bomb :i* he _h us$ to ov]awe 8 captive 
be>]s1 app>5tly ?reat5+ to bl[ !m up )  
himself %\ld !y prove insubord9ate4  ,a 
con/ant worry ( m9e 7 ! weapons :i* !   
w\nd$ m5 dropp$ 9 front or )9 ! aid po/4
 ,kn[+ t all army supplies w\ld be      
reissu$ to !m on release f ! hospital1 !
 soldi]s did n c>e to c>ry heavy rifles 

or ev5 revolv]s & bombs back ) !m4 ,!   
result 0 a pile ( weapons at j ! po9t   
:]e my prison] /ret*]-be>]s c\ld h easy 
access to !m4 ,i kept an ,m4 ,p4 busy   
mu* ( ! "t remov+ ^! to a place (       
comp>ative safety4  ,beh9d ! aid po/ we 
f\nd a %$ :i* s]v$ z tempor>y morgue = !
 m5 :o di$ be=e we c\ld give !m em]g5cy 
treatm5t & ru% !m (f 9 ! ambulances4 ,! 
extreme t5sion ( ! actual fight & !     
trem5d\s pressure ( adm9i/]+ to ! liv+  
call\s$ ! he>t = ! mom5t to ^! horrible 
necessities1 :i* come back to memory 9  
lat] days ) ! full measure ( gha/ly     
detail4  ,! *apla9 is ! h&y man at !    
front1 "o ( ! few :o is n limit$ by     
special duties or conf9$ to a p>ticul>  
spot4 ,he works =w>d or backw>d z ! ne$ 
exi/s4 ,he ladles out hot *ocolate ) !  
,r$ ,cross1 c>ries a /ret*] ) ! ,m$ical 
,corps1 ties up a b&age :5 t is ne$$1 & 
prays = ,jew & ,*ri/ian alike4 ,i m9i/]$
 to a numb] ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian soldi]s 
:o 7 dy+1 lead+ ! ,jews 9 ! traditional 
confession ( fai?1 & read+ a psalm = !  

,prote/ants4 ,"o ( ! surgeons came to me
 & said1 ,capta9 ,connor "h is dy+1 &   
,*apla9 ,h(fman our prie/ is at         
,battalion ,headqu>t]s act+ z int]pret] 
to exam9e "s prison]s4 ,:at c we d8 ,s  
,i borr[$ ! surgeon's ros>y & held !    
cross to ! lips ( ! dy+ ,ca?olic4 ,?is  
incid5t1 s impossible 9 civil life1 is  
really expect$ among soldi]s1--x has be5
 repeat$ s _m times & 9 s _m diff]5t    
ways4  ,we 7 con/antly "u heavy %ell    
fire1 z our place at ! cross roads 0 n  
only conv5i5t ( access1 b 0 also ! only 
r\te = br++ supplies & ammunition to our
 "p ( ! front4 ,once z ,i 0 9 ! middle (
 ! road ) sev]al prison]s load+ /ret*]s 
on an ambulance1 a %ell bur/ 9 a pool   
ab\t tw5ty feet away1 cov]+ u ) a %[] ( 
mud4 ,my prison]s1 :o _h a :olesome     
respect = _! own artill]y1 c\ld h>dly be
 prev5t$ f dropp+ ! /ret*]4 ,h[ev]1 we 7
 too ne> ! explosion to be hurt1 z !    
fragm5ts flew ov] our heads1 kill+ "o   
boy & w\nd+ f\r o!rs across ! /reet4 ,"o
 ( ! w\nd$ 0 an ,am]ican runn] f !      

front1 :o 0 enjoy+ a ha/y bite at ! army
 field kit*5 ar\nd ! corn]4 ,he came ov]
 9 a hurry to h 8 *eek ti$ up & !n w5t  
calmly back to ! field kit*5 to f9i% 8  
int]rupt$ lun*4 ,! man :o 0 kill$ 0 /&+ 
ab\t sev5ty-five feet f ! spot ( !      
explosion beside ! motor-cycle :i* he   
drove1 wait+ = 8 comm&+ (fic] to come & 
use ! side-c>4 ,he pit*$ =w>d z ?\gh    
fall+ to avoid ! explosion1 j z we w\ld 
h done if we _h n be5 hold+ a /ret*]4   
,:5 he did n rise1 ,fa!r ,kelley & ,i   
w5t ov] to him & f\nd t a fatal bit (   
metal _h /ruck him 9 ! head j bel[ 8    
/eel helmet4  ,& s ! "w w5t on4 ,! next 
day we he>d ( "s w\nd$ :o _h n yet be5  
br\ght 9 f ,b&ival ,f>m4 ,*apla9 ,burgh 
( ! #ajg? ,infantry & ,i ga!r$ toge!r a 
few volunte]s ( our ambulance m5 &      
sev]al prison]s to g out & c>ry !m 94 ,x
 0 ab\t a mile & a half out across !    
battlefield "u int]mitt5t %ell fire4 ,i 
plac$ my captur$ ,lug] revolv]1 :i* "o (
 ! boys _h br\ght me ! day be=e1 9 a    
conspicu\s position ) ! h&le project+ f 

my front pocket4 ,i _h _h ! ?+ unload$ z
 soon z ,i got x because ,i pref]r$ n to
 run any unnecess>y risks4 ,be+ a       
non-combatant bo? by ord]s & incl9ation1
 ,i 0 afraid x might g (f4 ,b my        
prison]s did n "k t & s ,i _h no        
difficulty 9 sil5c+ _! mutt]$ prote/s   
aga9/ su* a h>d & dang]\s hike4 ,work+  
prison]s "u fire l ?is 0 /rictly aga9/  
int]national law1 b t sort ( a provision
 we violat$ frankly & *e]fully4 ,on !   
way back ) our w\nd$ across ! muddy &   
%ell-pitt$ fields1 we pass$ ,g]man ma*9e
 gun emplacem5ts ) ! dead gunn]s /ill   
beside ! guns1 ,am]icans ly+ ) _! faces 
t[>d ! enemy1 & con/ant heaps ( supplies
 ( all k9ds /rewn ab\t4 ,"o ( our       
/ret*]s 0 put d[n = a mom5t's re/ ne>   
su* a scatt]$ gr\p ( ,g]man knapsacks4  
,"o ( ! prison]s ask$ if he might help  
himself1 & :5 ,i nodd$ all f\r made a   
wild da% = ! supplies & ea* man came    
back c>ry+ an army ov]coat & a bag (    
em]g5cy rations1 ! little sweeti%       
crack]s :i* !y c>ri$ in/ead ( our h>d   

tack4  ,on ! ?ird day ( ! attack ,i jo9$
 two m5 ( ! ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t 9    
walk+ out to ! front l9e1 !n ov] five   
miles f ! village4 ,x 0 a h>d hike ?r\gh
 ! mud & ab\t ! %ell holes4 ,f9ally we  
f\nd our fri5ds dug 9 7= ! f\r? "t t    
day7 on a little ridge4 ,ea* "t _!      
tempor>y tr5*es _h be5 complet$ ord]s _h
 come ei!r = a %ort retreat or a fur!r  
advance1 & n[ by ! middle ( ! aft]noon !
 boys 7 digg+ ano!r at ! place :]e !y 7 
to /ay till ! next morn+4 ,across !     
rav9e 9 a little wood ! ,g]mans 7 hang+ 
on = ! "t be+ until _! artill]y c\ld be 
sav$4 ,i visit$ ! #ajh? ,infantry 9     
res]ve & empti$ my musette bag ( ! sacks
 ( ,bull ,durham :i* ,i _h br\ght along 
f ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,!n ! boys want$ mat*es1
 :i* ,i _h =gott51 & _! gratitude 0 lo/ 
9 _! disgu/4  ,i f\nd ,capta9 ,m]rill ) 
8 /aff inspect+ two captur$ ,g]man      
#gg's1 on :i* !y _h j plac$ ! "n ( _!   
unit4 ,by t "t1 aft] ?ree consecutive   
battles )\t replacem5ts1 our units 7 s  
deplet$ t a regim5t _h only #bej rifles 

9 ! l9e in/ead ( ! orig9al #c1jjj4      
,capta9 ,m]rill's battalion consi/$ on t
 day ( #hg riflem54 ,j z we f9i%$ our   
inspection ( ! guns ! enemy artill]y    
/>t$ /raf+ aga91 s we jump$ into a      
%ell-hole :i* _h be5 holl[$ out into    
conv5i5t =m & f9i%$ our conv]sation !re4
 ,i !n visit$ "s ( ! #ajg? ,infantry 9 !
 front l9e rifle pits1 "o hundr$ y>ds or
 s ahead1 & turn$ back aga9 t[>d !      
village4  ,i 0 j los+ my way among !    
hills ) approa*+ twilight1 :5 ,i met an 
,au/ralian artill]y tra9 on _! way back 
= supplies1 & climb$ on a limb] to ride 
into t[n4 ,x 0 a wild ride1 ) ! r\gh    
roads & ! driv]s' habit ( trott+ ov] !  
spots :]e %ell-holes %[$ t dang] might  
l+]4 ,i held on 9 q unmilit>y fa%ion &  
wond]$ if ! horse beh9d w\ld be c>eful  
:5 ,i fell4 ,b !y br\ght me 9 safely &  
add$ "o m means ( locomotion to ! doz5s 
:i* ,i _h utiliz$ at v>i\s times3       
ammunition lorries1 ambulances1 side-c>s
 & ev5 a railway locomotive--ev]y?+ 9   
fact except a tank4  ,! next day we     

brea!d m freely aga94 ,our tir$ boys1   
r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 weak5$ 9 physical       
resi/ance1 b go+ =w>d day aft] day z _! 
ord]s came1 7 at la/ to g out ( ! l9es4 
,_! job 0 done2 !y _h rea*$ ! ,sambre   
,canal2 & ?\gh we did n "k x1 !y 7 n to 
g into battle aga94 ,i lorri$ back to   
,jonc\rt1 ! tempor>y division           
headqu>t]s1 = ! night1 *ang$ my clo!s1  
slept 9 a borr[$ cot1 read a v he>t5+   
pile ( home lett]s :i* _h accumulat$ =  
"s weeks1 & return$ to ,/4 ,s\plet !    
next day = ! burial detail4 ,x 0 ! #ba/ 
( ,octob]2 :ile ! division z a :ole m>*$
 back to ! railhead1 five *apla9s ) a   
detail ( a hundr$ & fifty m5 /ay$ beh9d 
= ! sad "w t rema9$ to be done4  ,at ?is
 "t ,i /opp$ (f at ! #ajh? ,infantry = a
 few m9utes1 z !y halt$ = a meal aft]   
com+ out ( ! l9es1 & _h my ord]ly1      
,david ,lefk[itz1 deta*$ f 8 unit to    
s]ve ) me = my entire rema9+ p]iod ) !  
division4 ,i _h become acqua9t$ ) him   
dur+ my fir/ few days 9 ! division &    
f\nd t he w\ld be int]e/$ to "w ) me z  

ord]ly & assi/ant4 ,! ord] assign+ him  
to ?is special "w 0 made out be=e we    
left ! woods at ,buire4 ,b our v>i\s    
units 7 s deplet$ at ! "t t ,i arrang$  
to leave him ) 8 outfit = ! battle4 ,x 0
 a s]i\s deprivation to me1 z ,lefk[itz 
_h be5 ?r\gh ! e>li] battle at !        
,h9d5burg ,l9e & c\ld h giv5 me mu*     
assi/ance & advice 9 ! front l9e "w4 ,n[
 t ! fight+ 0 ov]1 he left 8 company to 
g ) me & enjoy ! comp>ative luxury (    
division headqu>t]s until he rejo9$ 8   
company to sail home f ,france4 ,he 0 "o
 ( ! _m ,jewi% soldi]s :o welcom$ !     
pres5ce ( a *apla9 & gladly cooep]at$ 9 
e possible way to make my "w successful4
  ,*apla9 ,francis ,a4 ,kelley1 9 *>ge (
 our burial "w1 laid out ! cemet]y on a 
hill ov]look+ ! village & ! battlefield4
 ,! re/ ( u se>*$ ! field ) details (   
m51 br\ght 9 ! bodies on limb]s1 se>*$ &
 id5tifi$ !m z well z possible4 ,9      
d\btful cases ! f9al id5tification 0    
made at ! cemet]y1 :]e m5 f e regim5t 7 
work+ & :]e mo/ soldi]s w\ld h "s "o to 

recognize !m4 ,9 addition1 we buri$     
,g]man dead on ! field1 m>k+ ! graves & 
keep+ a record ( _! location = ! ,graves
 ,regi/ration ,s]vice4 ,a hundr$ &      
fifty-two m5 7 buri$ !re at ,/4 ,s\plet1
 ! la/ cemet]y ( ! ,tw5ty-,sev5?        
,division 9 _! battle gr\nds ( ,france4 
,! la/ body ( all1 f\nd aft] ! "w _h be5
 f9i%$ & ! m5 releas$ f duty1 0 buri$ by
 u *apla9s & ! surgeon1 :o w5t out "u ! 
lead]%ip ( ,fa!r ,kelley & dug ! grave  
ourselves4 ,e ev5+ ! six ( u ga!r$ ab\t 
our grate fire & relax$ f ! grim bus9ess
 ( ! day4 ,if we _h all[$ ourselves to  
dwell on x1 we w\ld h be5 incapable (   
c>ry+ on ! "w3 x 0 s gha/ly1 s full (   
pa!tic & horrible details4 ,we sang1    
play$ *eck]s1 argu$ on religion4 ,imag9e
 u s++ ! ,d>kt[n ,/rutt]s' ,ball1 or    
discuss+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (       
,judaism & ,*ri/ianity = sev]al h\rs6 ,!
 five ( u 7 all ( diff]5t cre$s1        
too--,ca?olic1 ,bapti/1 ,*ri/ian1       
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ & ,jew4 ,our          
cooep]ation & our cong5iality 7 typical 

( ! _s ( ! s]vice ?r\gh\t4  ,on ! la/   
day we held our burial s]vice4 ,we ga!r$
 toge!r at ! cemet]y ) a l>ge flag      
spread out 9 ! middle ( ! plot4 ,i read 
a brief ,jewi% s]vice1 foll[$ by        
,*apla9s ,bagby & ,/ew>t 9 ! ,prote/ant 
& ,fa!r ,kelley 9 ! ,ca?olic burial     
s]vice1 & at ! end ! bugle s\nd$ taps = 
all ^? m5 ( diff]5t fai?s ly+ !re       
toge!r4 ,we c\ld see & he> ! %ells bur/+
 beyond ! hill1 probably a ho/ile sc\t  
_h caught sight ( u at "w4 ,above float$
 a ,briti% a]oplane4 ,"s ,engli% soldi]s
 work+ on _! burial plot ne>by /opp$ _! 
digg+ & li/5$ to our s]vice4  ,& s we   
said f>ewell to our lo/ comrades & to ! 
w> at ! same "t4     ,,*apt] ,,iv       
,,aft] ,,! ,,armi/ice   ,,aft] ! burial 
"w at ,/4 ,s\plet 0 ov]1 great cov]$    
lorries took u back ! sixty miles or m  
to ,corbie1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ami5s1 :i* 0 
to be our re/ area4 ,we greet$ its pav$ 
/reets1 its fairly intact h\ses1 its few
 t9y %ops1 z ! height ( luxury4 ,"h &   
!re a ro( 0 de/roy$ or a wall d[n1 = !  

enemy _h come )9 ?ree miles ( ,corbie 9 
_! drives e>li] 9 ! ye>4 ,b we 7 9 re/ &
 comp>ative pl5ty at la/4 ,we saw real  
civilians aga91 n m]ely ! few old p &   
little *ildr5 left beh9d 9 ! t[ns we _h 
lib]at$4 ,we _h regul> meals aga9 & a   
*ance to pur*ase a few luxuries beside1 
su* z ,fr5* bread at a %op & h>d c&y at 
! ,y4 ,we no long] he>d ! :9e ( ! %ell  
or :i/le ( ! bullet1 nor smell$ gas1 nor
 slept 9 cell>s4 ,i 0 ev5 lucky en\gh to
 capture a ?ick spr+ mattress :i*1 ) my 
blankets1 made a b$ t ev5 a c]ta9 /aff  
colonel envi$ me4 ,a home-made grate 9 !
 fire-place fitt$ x = a t9y coal fire2 !
 w9d[ frames 7 re-cov]$ ) oil$ pap]2 we 
read ! ,london ,daily ,mail 9 its ,p>is 
edition only "o day late1 in/ead ( see+ 
x e t5 days & !n (t5 two weeks out (    
date4  ,my billet1 :i* ,i obta9$ f !    
,briti% t[n major1 0 a tall1 n>r[ h\se j
 (f ! pr9cipal squ>e1 v pleasant inde$ 9
 dry wea!r4 ,its *ief defect 0 a huge   
%ell-hole 9 ! ro( ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p\r$ 
9 torr5ts :5 x ra9$1 s t we _h to cov]  

ourselves ) our rubb] %elt]-halves :5 we
 slept at night4 ,! %ell-hole1 h[ev]1 0 
a con/ant s\rce ( fuel1 & we burn$ !    
la?s & wood-"w1 ( :i* small pieces 7 ly+
 all ab\t ! top floor1 until we f\nd    
means to obta9 a small b /eady supply ( 
coal4 ,! h\se af=d$ room1 aft] ,i _h    
preempt$ x1 = ! ,s5ior ,*apla9 ( !      
,division1 ! ,division ,burial ,(fic] & 
myself1 toge!r ) our ?ree ord]lies4     
,ev5 9 dry wea!r !re 0 "s excitem5t ab\t
 ! old h\se4 ,!re 0 ! "t :5 "s tipsy    
soldi]s1 see+ ! light 9 ! ,s5ior        
,*apla9's room late at night1 mi/ook !  
place = a cafe & came /umbl+ 9 = a dr9k4
 ,:5 !y saw ! *apla91 !y sudd5ly sob]$ &
 accept$ v gravely ! dr9k ( wat] he (f]$
 !m f 8 cante54 ,on ano!r day ! old     
woman :o own$ ! h\se came 9 ) h] son1 a 
,fr5* lieut5ant1 to take away h]        
furniture4 ,we did n m9d los+ ! pretty  
inlaid table--we 7 soldi]s & c\ld /&    
t--b our mattresses & *airs 7 a diff]5t 
matt]4 ,none ( u c\ld argue ) h]        
torr5tial fl[ ( ,fr5*1 b ,lieut5ant     

,curtiss1 ! ,burial ,(fic]1 sudd5ly felt
 8 real attack ( flu r$\bl$ 9 viol5ce & 
_h to take to 8 mattress4 ,s ! old lady 
f9ally rel5t$ suffici5tly to leave u our
 b$s & a *air or two1 :ile h] son became
 our devot$ fri5d at ! price ( an       
,am]ican cig>4  ,i ?9k t ,i %all nev]   
=get ,corbie1 ) its n>r[ /reets1 its    
half-ru9$ h\ses1 its great anci5t *ur* (
 gray1 ) "o transept a heap ( ru9s1 & ! 
/raight r[s ( popl>s on bo? sides ( !   
,somme ,canal1--a bit ( ,corot 9 ! mi/ (
 twilight4 ,i rememb] ! quiet1 gray     
squ>e "o day ) ! ,am]ican b& play+ a    
m$ley f ! ,*ocolate ,soldi]1 = all ! _w 
l a phonograph at home4 ,i rememb] !    
great memorial review ( ! division by   
,g5]al ,o',ryan 9 honor ( our m5 :o _h  
fall52 ! /aff /ood beh9d ! ,g5]al at !  
top ( a long1 g5tle slope1 ) ?ree       
villages 9 ! di/ance1 ! *ur* loom+ up ) 
its squ>e1 ru9$ t[]1 & ! m5 spread out  
be=e u1 a vani%+ mass ( olive drab aga9/
 ! dull %ades ( e>ly w9t]4  ,i rememb] !
 day :5 ?ree ( u *apla9s made ! long    

trip back to our division cemet]ies at  
,/4 ,emelie1 ,bony & ,guillemont ,f>m to
 read ! burial s]vice ov] ^? _m graves1 
! result ( ! t]rible battle at !        
,h9d5burg ,l9e4 ,*apla9 ,burgh1         
,prote/ant1 ( ! #aje? ,infantry1 ,*apla9
 ,eil]s1 ,ca?olic1 ( ! #ajf? ,infantry1 
& ,i 7 s5t back ! fifty miles or m by   
automobile = ?is duty4 ,x happ5$ t x    
ra9$ t day1 z on mo/ days1 & ! c> 0 an  
op5 "o4 ,s ! few soldi]s /ill ab\t 9 t  
des]t$ region _h ! r>e sight ( ?ree cold
 & dripp+ *apla9s /&+ out 9 ! mud & ra9 
to read ! burial s]vices1 "o hold+ 8    
/eel helmet z an umbrella ov] !         
pray]book f :i* ! o!r read1 & !n accept+
 ! same s]vice 9 return4 ,!re 0 none ( !
 panoply ( w>1 no bugle1 fir+ p>ty or   
p>ade1 j ! pray] utt]$ = ea* man 9 !    
fai? to :i* he 0 born or to :i* he _h   
clung4 ,we did n ev5 "k ! religion ( e  
man buri$ !re1 b we knew t our pray]s   
w\ld s]ve = all4  ,we 7 lucky to be 9   
,corbie on ,novemb] #aa? :5 ! armi/ice 0
 sign$4 ,day aft] day we _h /opp$ at    

,division ,headqu>t]s to inspect ! maps 
& /udy ! color p9s :i* 7 con/antly mov+ 
=w>d across ,france & ,belgium4 ,x 0 a  
/udy t made u all drunk ) en?usiasm4 ,we
 7 "u ord]s to move t[>d ! front aga9 on
 ! #i? ( ,novemb] & to ent] ! l9es once 
m on ,novemb] #ad?4 ,! m5 _h _h v little
 re/ & no fre% troops _h come up to fill
 ! losses made by w\nds1 exposure &     
disease4 ,our m5 c\ld nev] hold a full  
divisional area n[2 only ! k ( ! wond]s 
!y _h already accompli%$ made u consid] 
x possible t !y c\ld fight aga9 s soon4 
,"t aft] "t :5 _! /r5g? & _s seem$ bo?  
exhau/$ !y _h respond$ & gone ahead4 ,n[
 !y des]v$ _! re/4  ,we greet$ ! good   
news v calmly2 ! ,g]man prison]s 7 a    
little m elat$2 ! ,fr5* w5t mad )       
ec/asy4 ,x 0 ! only "t ,i h ev] se5     
,fr5*m5 drunk1 he>d !m g home aft]      
midnight s++ patriotic songs out ( key4 
,9 ,ami5s1 :]e sev]al ?\s& ( !          
inhabitants _h return$ by t "t1 ! few   
re/aurants 7 cr[d$ & gaiety 0 unre/ra9$4
 ,i he>d a middle-ag$ ,briti% lieut5ant 

s+ ! ,m>seillaise ) a pretty waitress 9 
! ,cafe de la ,ca!dral ! foll[+ ev5+1 & 
respond :5 ask$ to repeat x 9 ! ma9 d9+ 
room4 ,he return$ to our side room      
decid$ly r$d] ?an he _h gone out4 ,:y1 !
 :ole ,briti% g5]al /aff's 9 !re6 he    
gasp$4 ,b he receiv$ only applause )\t a
 reprim&4 ,! w> 0 ov] & = ! mom5t all   
,france 0 ov]come ) joy & all ! alli$   
armies ) relief & satisfaction4  ,aft] !
 armi/ice ! front l9e "w1 ) its         
absorption on ! problems ( ! w\nd$ & !  
dead1 became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! *apla9    
c\ld n[ turn to ! m normal aspects ( 8  
"w1 to religi\s m9i/ration1 p]sonal     
s]vice1 advice & assi/ance 9 ! ?\s&s (  
cases :i* came be=e him con/antly4 ,9   
fact1 on ! :ole 8 "w became mu* ! same z
 x _h be5 9 tra9+ camp 9 ! ,/ates4 ,a   
few diff]5ces p]si/$2 9 ,france ! *apla9
 0 )\t ! magnific5t back+ ( ! ,jewi%    
communities at home1 :i* 7 always s eag]
 to assi/ 9 ent]ta9+ & help+ ! ,jewi% m5
 9 ! ne>by camps4 ,! ,jewi% ,welf>e     
,bo>d ) its excell5t work]s c\ld nev]   

cov] ! entire field z well z x c\ld at  
home 9 ,am]ica4 ,!n !re 7 special       
problems because ! m5 7 s f> away f     
home1 because ! mail s]vice 0 poor1     
because worries ab\t allotm5ts 7 m acute
 ?an if home _h be5 ne>]1 & because !   
ali5 civilization & language nev] made !
 m5 feel q com=table4  ,9 ! ,corbie area
 ! #bg? ,division 0 scatt]$ ab\t 9      
twelve villages1 ! f>!/ "o eight miles f
 division headqu>t]s4 ,transportation 0 
/ill common on ! roads1 ?\gh (t5 ,i _h  
to walk & once ,i made ! trip to ,ami5s 
9 ! cab ( a locomotive :5 nei!r tra9 nor
 truck 0 runn+1 & f\nd a ride back 9 an 
empty ambulance :i* _h br\ght pati5ts to
 ! evacuation hospital4 ,! villages 7   
almo/ des]t$1 & 7 9 r bad condition aft]
 _! ne>ness to ! ,g]man advance ( #aiah1
 s t ! m5 c\ld be cr[d$ toge!r & 7 v    
easy to rea* 9 a body4 ,i began mak+    
regul> visits to ! v>i\s units ( !      
division1 meet+ ! m51 hold+ s]vices1    
receiv+ _! reque/s & c>ry+ !m out z well
 z possible4 ,& ,i 0 con/antly mak+ new 

acqua9tances1 z ! w\nd$ & sick began    
com+ back f ! hospitals to rejo9 !      
division4  ,i _h ! opportunity ( an     
occasional visit to ,ami5s1 a city built
 = a hundr$ ?\s&1 b at ! "t inhabit$ by 
only a few ?\s& ( ! m v5turesome        
inhabitants1 :o _h return$ to op5 %ops &
 re/aurants = ! ,briti%1 ,au/ralian &   
,am]ican troops4 ,on acc\nt ( lack (    
competition1 prices 7 extreme ev5 =     
,france 9 w>-"t4 ,! great ca!dral 0 pil$
 high ) s&bags to protect its preci\s   
sculptures1 b x /ood z always1 ! s5t9el 
( ! city1 visible t5 miles away z "o    
approa*$4 ,! ,*ur* ,army ,hut ( !       
,briti% =ces af=d$ sep>ate              
accommodations = enli/$ m5 & (fic]s1 &  
,i _h ! pleasure ( aft]noon tea once or 
twice ) "s ( ! latt]4 ,ami5s 0 an       
unsatisfactory place to %op1 b my       
baggage _h n be5 f\nd & w9t] 0 com+ on  
fa/1 s ,i _h to replace "s ( my         
possessions at once at any prices t     
might be dem&$4  ,our mess held its =mal
 celebration on ,novemb] #ag?1 )        

,lieut5ant ,rob]t ,b]n/e91 ! ,fr5*      
liaison (fic]1 z ! gue/ ( honor because 
( 8 exact pr$iction ( ! date ( !        
armi/ice :5 he _h return$ f a visit to  
,p>is sev]al weeks previ\sly4 ,our mess1
 (fic]s' mess numb] two ( division      
headqu>t]s1 _h an int]national "* ?r\gh 
8 pres5ce & t ( ,capta9 ,j5k9s ( !      
,briti% army1 & a special tone (        
comrade%ip ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! presid5t
 ( ! mess1 ,major ,joseph ,f>rell1 !    
division disburs+ (fic]4 ,s = once we _h
 ! r>e treat ( turkey & w9e1 feel+ t !  
occasion dem&$ x4  ,i felt little       
pleasure 9 ! jollity ( ! ev5+1 h[ev]4 ,i
 _h j receiv$ a lett] t day tell+ me ( !
 dea? ( "o ( my tw9 babies ( ! flu2 x _h
 happ5$ almo/ a mon? be=e1 :ile ,i 0 on 
! l9es & q out ( rea* ( any k9d ( ^w4 ,!
 w>1 ?r\gh its att5dant epidemics1 ga!r$
 its victims also f among ! innoc5t1 f> 
f ! sc5e ( /ruggle4 ,i felt !n t my     
grief 0 b a "p ( ! univ]sal sacrifice4  
,) all ^! o!r p>5ts1 ^: old] sons di$ at
 ! front 9 actual fight+1 or ^: y\ng]   

ones 7 caught d5ud$ ( m$ical protection 
at home1 ,i hop$ t all ?is sacrificial  
blood might br+ an end to w>4 ,to-day t 
fai? is h>d] & t consolation seems a    
mock]y1 = we seem to be prep>+ = ano!r  
/ruggle ev5 :ile *ildr5 are dy+ ( hung] 
9 c5tral ,europe & massacres ( helpless 
,jews are /ill n yet end$ 9 ! ea/4 ,:5  
,i receiv$ ! news ,i took a long walk   
amid ! mo/ peaceful sc5e ,i ev] knew1 up
 ! tree-l9$ banks ( ! ,somme ,canal1 ) !
 ev5+ sl[ly com+ on & ! sun sett+ beh9d 
! /iff r[s ( popl>s4  ,at la/ we 7      
deta*$ f ! ,briti% ,?ird ,army & receiv$
 ord]s to entra9 = ! ,am]ican           
,emb>kation ,c5t] 7z x 0 lat] call$7 ne>
 ,le ,mans4 ,our headqu>t]s !re 7 9 !   
village ( ,mont=t1 :]e we arriv$ on     
,?anksgiv+ ,day & /ay$ = ?ree we>y      
mon?s4 ,mont=t le ,r\tr\ is a village ( 
n9e hundr$ p1 ) "o long /reet :i* runs  
up ! hill & d[n ! o!r side4 ,! hill is  
cr[n$ ) a typical village *ur* & a      
really f9e *ateau1 :]e ! ,g5]al made 8  
headqu>t]s4 ,! t9y gray h\ses seem$ all 

to date f ! "t ( ,h5ry ( ,nav>re2 my    
billet 0 a l[ cottage ) /one walls ov]  
?ree feet ?ick1 z ?\gh meant to /& a    
siege or to uphold a skyscrap]4 ,! floor
 0 ( /one1 ! grate l>ge & fuel sc>ce1 no
 artificial light available except      
c&les4 ,! b$ alone 0 real luxury1 a     
typical ,fr5* b$1 high1 n>r[ & v s(t--an
 indescribable treat to a man :o _h     
slept on ev]y?+ f an army cot to a cell>
 floor4  ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 roll+1 )  
*>m+ little hills & con/ant knots (     
woods4 ,! division1 z we _h kn[n x on ! 
,briti% front1 0 h\s$ 9 =ty villages1   
widely scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntryside1 & our 
artill]y1 :i* _h f\ght 9 ! ,am]ican     
sector1 0 conta9$ by t5 m1 locat$ ne>   
,laval ab\t fifty miles away4 ,! m5 liv$
 *iefly 9 b>ns1 z ! h\ses 7 occupi$ by  
peasants1 :o ne$$ _! own rooms4 ,z f> z 
! enli/$ m5 7 conc]n$1 liv+             
accommodations 7 bett] 9 p>tially ru9$  
t]ritory1 :]e !y c\ld at lea/ occupy !  
h\ses1 su* z !y 74 ,because we 7 9 a    
popul\s region1 only small] units c\ld  

be billet$ 9 a s+le village1 :i* meant  
less access to places ( amusem5t4 ,!    
typical ,fr5* village has no s+le room  
l>ge en\gh = ev5 a picture %[1 except ! 
"o place ( assembly1 ! *ur*2 app>5tly ! 
f>m]s & villag]s h no amusem5ts except  
dr9k+1 danc+ 79 t9y1 cr[d$ rooms7 & *ur*
 att5dance4  ,su* *e]less lives h>dly   
suit$ ! ,am]icans4 ,(t5 ! m5 _h to walk 
a mile or m to ! ne>e/ ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4  
cante51 & ^? 7 improvis$ on our arrival 
by our own divisional ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4   
/aff1 :i* we _h be5 p]mitt$ to br+ ) u  
on ! e>ne/ reque/ ( ! *apla9s ( !       
division4 ,aft] our long soj\rn 9 !     
area1 we left a completely equipp$ s]ies
 ( cante5s & amusem5t build+s = ! foll[+
 divisions4 ,! ne>e/ available place =  
light & w>m?1 out ( ! mud & *ill1 0     
usually ! ,fr5* cafe1 & t 0 available   
only :5 ! m5 _h money4  ,! greate/      
h&icap on any ef=t = ! morale ( ! m5 at 
! outset 0 ! unc]ta9ty ( our situation4 
,we 7 semi-(ficially in=m$ t our /ay 9 !
 area w\ld be = only a few weeks1 & t no

 =mal program ( a?letics1 education or  
ent]ta9m5t c\ld be arrang$4 ,:5 life    
gr[s dre>y & monoton\s1 z 9 !           
,emb>kation ,c5t]1 ! *ief diet ( !      
soldi] is su* rumors ( go+ home4 ,9 our 
case ?ree ord]s 7 promulgat$ = our troop
 movem5t1 only to be resc9d$ aga9 :ile !
 w\nd$1 sick & special small deta*m5ts  
w5t ahead4  ,ano!r difficult problem 0 !
 "o ( cov]+ gr\nd4 ,at ! front x _h be5 
easy because ! division 0 conc5trat$ =  
action & because ( ! con/ant /ream (    
trucks ) _! read9ess ( access4 ,ev5 9 ! 
,corbie area ! division _h be5 s cr[d$  
toge!r t sev5 s]vices w\ld rea* e man :o
 want$ to att5d "o or to meet me4 ,at ! 
re> ! division w\ld be billet$ 9        
villages1 scatt]$ ab\t ov] tw5ty miles (
 c\ntryside2 x 0 impossible to get f    
place to place )\t transportation1 & t 0
 v sc>ce4 ,! army gave ! *apla9s m      
enc\ragem5t & fri5d%ip ?an actual       
facilities = "w2 ! *apla9s' corps 0 j   
mak+ its position /rong at ! end ( ! w>4
 ,=tunately1 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d came

 to ! rescue "h4 ,x procur$ ,=d c>s = ! 
,jewi% *apla9s ab\t ! fir/ ( ! ye>      
#aiai1 ?us d\bl+ _! scope = "w & mak+ !m
 ! envy ( all ! *apla9s 9 ,france4  ,my 
"w became a matt] ( inf9ite details1 )  
little opportunity = organization b     
pl5ty = day labor4 ,i arrang$ z _m      
s]vices z possible1 gett+ to ! v>i\s    
units by tra91 side-c>1 or walk+ until  
,i obta9$ my own ma*9e = ! purpose4 ,^! 
s]vices1 f "o to t5 a week1 7 arrang$   
?r\gh ! battalion *apla9s z a rule1 ?\gh
 sometimes ,i e/abli%$ connections ) "s 
( ! ,jewi% boys or ) ! comm&+ (fic]1    
especially 9 cases ( deta*$ companies   
)\t any *apla9 at h&4 ,e s]vice _h its  
%>e ( reque/s = in=mation1 advice1      
assi/ance1 ev5 = err&s1 z ! m5 _h       
difficulty 9 gett+ to ! city to h a wat*
 repair$ or 9 rea*+ divisional          
headqu>t]s = in=mation4 ,"s m5 w\ld want
 to "k ab\t bro!rs or fri5ds :o _h be5  
w\nd$4 ,_m _h difficulty ) _! allotm5ts1
 9 :i* case ,i work$ ?r\gh ! army1 ,r$  
,cross1 & ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4 ,o!rs   

want$ in=mation ab\t relatives 9 ,pol&  
or ,r\mania1 or to be mu/]$ out ( s]vice
 t !y might jo9 & assi/ _! p>5ts 9 ea/]n
 ,europe2 un=tunately1 nei!r in=mation  
nor help 0 possible dur+ ! "t we 7 9    
,france4 ,"s m5 wi%$ to rema9 = ! ,army 
( ,occupation or o!r special s]vice2 f> 
m 7 afraid !y might be ord]$ to su*     
s]vice & want$ advice h[ to avoid x &   
return home z soon z possible4          
,citiz5%ip pap]s1 back pay1 furl\ghs1--!
 reque/s 7 legion1 & ! *apla9 _h no     
difficulty 9 be+ useful4  ,naturally1 "o
 ( my tasks 0 to ga!r accurate /ati/ics 
( ! #fe ,jewi% boys 9 our division :o _h
 be5 kill$1 to f9d exactly :]e !y 7     
buri$1 h _! graves all m>k$ ) ! ,mag5   
,david1 ! six-po9t$ />1 & keep ! li/ = !
 b5efit ( _! families :5 ,i %\ld return4
 ,i ev5 made "o trip to ,t\rs to discuss
 ! possibility ( mak+ su* a li/ = ! o!r 
divisions :i* came into ! area1 ?\gh !  
task 0 too complicat$ to c>ry out       
completely 9 any b my own4 ,(t5 m5 7 lo/
 to view entirely :5 !y w5t to hospital2

 sometimes x transpir$ mon?s lat] t a   
c]ta9 man _h di$ or be5 assign$ to ano!r
 unit or s5t back to ! ,/ates4 ,b little
 by little ! facts all came to light4   
,ev5 "h humor\s incid5ts w\ld occur1 su*
 z ! "t :5 ,i read a li/ ( dead f _!    
unit at "o battalion s]vice1 only to h  
"o ( ! m5 on ! li/ speak up3 ,:y1 ,i'm n
 dead1 ,*apla96 ,x transpir$ t ?is man  
_h be5 w\nd$ on ! head 9 an advance & _h
 be5 report$ z dead by two comrades :o  
_h se5 him fall4 ,s ,i _h him 9 my      
records z kill$ 9 action--grave unkn[n1 
:5 he 0 actually 9 ! hospital1 recov]+  
sl[ly b completely4 ,if he _h be5       
return$ f ! hospital to ano!r division1 
z 0 (t5 ! case1 ,i might nev] h kn[n 8  
fate4  ,9 spite ( su* conditions ,i f\nd
 ! exact graves ( all b ?ree ( ! m5 on  
my li/1 & 9 ! entire division1 ) its    
almo/ #b1jjj dead1 only fifte5 graves 7 
unkn[n at ! "t we return$4 ,?is 0 l>gely
 due to ! untir+ ef=ts ( ,lieut5ant     
,summ]field ,s4 ,curtiss1 ! ,division   
,burial ,(fic]1 :o 0 my room-mate 9     

,corbie & ) ^: me?ods ,i became famili> 
at t "t4 ,) ! cooep]ation ( ! v>i\s     
*apla9s & l9e (fic]s1 he 0 able to      
inspect & c]tify to ! valuables left by 
m5 kill$ 9 action1 to record e grave1 & 
9 ! few in/ances :]e bo? id5tification  
tags & p]sonal acqua9tances 7 lack+1 to 
take ! f+]-pr9ts ( ! m5 be=e burial &   
?us pres]ve ! only rema9+ traces (      
id5tity4  ,at ?is "t ,i _h ! opportunity
 ( see+ our division review$ by ,g5]al  
,p]%+4 ,! review 0 held at ! ,belgian   
,camp ne> ,le ,mans 9 mass$ =mation4 ,! 
m5 m>*$ by 9 heavy masses2 ! ,g5]al     
be/[$ decorations on ov] a hundr$ h]oes1
 includ+ six ,jewi% boys2 at ! end he   
gave ! (fic]s an in=mal talk1 tell+ u ( 
! special ne$ t exi/$ = keep+ up morale 
dur+ ! t$i\s p]iod ( wait+ to g home4   
,t v subject _h be5 discuss$ only a few 
days be=e by ! *apla9s ( ! division1    
meet+ ) ,g5]al ,o',ryan = ! purpose4    
,*apla9s' meet+s 7 frequ5t1 "u ! call ( 
! ,s5ior ,*apla91 ,almon ,a4 ,jaynes1   
:]e we took up n only details1 su* z    

arrangem5t ( s]vices 9 ! v>i\s units1 b 
also ! broad] moral & educational       
problems4 ,! ,g5]al's int]e/ 9 our "w & 
our aims 0 evid5t 9 e ^w spok5 at !     
meet+1 especially 8 se>*+ qu]ies z to   
drunk5ness1 dissatisfaction1 & rem$ies =
 su* evils z we br\ght out4  ,! ?ree    
mon?s ( wait+ _h be5 9 _m ways h>d] ?an 
! previ\s mon?s ( battle4 ,int]e/ 9 our 
milit>y purpose 0 gone2 ! m5 _h few     
amusem5ts & mu* "w to fill 9 _! "t4 ,we 
_h v little a?letic or educational ef=t2
 t 0 prev5t$ by our con/ant expectation 
( an e>ly dep>ture4 ,mail s]vice 0 (t5  
bad1 especially = ! m5 :o _h be5        
transf]r$ repeat$ly4 ,pay 0 unreliable  
:5 a man _h be5 transf]r$ or s5t to     
hospital & 8 records lo/ or mix$ up4 ,& 
! ,fr5* w9t] is a ra9y season1 )        
occasional days ( cle> cold4 ,no wond] t
 ! soldi]s 7 disgu/$ ) ,france1 w>1 army
 & ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is gr[+    
irritation1 _! pet phrase became1       
,little old ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 is good en\gh = 
me4  ,! av]age soldi] did n meet ! bett]

 class ( ,fr5* p1 only ! peasants & !   
pro/itutes ( ! t[ns4 ,he _h little ta/e 
= ! wond]ful ar*itectural & hi/orical   
treasures ( ! c\ntry2 he c\ld n speak ! 
language beyond 8 elem5t>y ne$s2 &--"o (
 8 great objections--! ,fr5* und5iably h
 poor plumb+ & ba?+ facilities4  ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* c\ntry p did n l our    
soldi]s ov] mu*4 ,! soldi] ( any nation 
0 r noisy1 r r\gh1 & _h no idea :atev] (
 prop]ty values4 ,he took any?+ he ne$$1
 simply f9d+ x1 ! wor/ possible trait to
 ?rifty ,fr5* c\ntry p4 ,!n1 talk+ only 
a few words ( ,fr5*1 ! ,am]ican         
naturally left out phrases l monsieur or
 s'il v\s plait1 & he 0 consid]$ to be  
ignorant ( ord9>y polit5ess1 a wild     
,indian1 ! bro!r ( ! savage /ill suppos$
 to be ?rong+ our pla9s4 ,a small       
m9ority ( our m5 did p5etrate into ,fr5*
 life & grew to love x2 a m9ority ( !   
,fr5* made ! acqua9tance ( ,am]icans &  
came to respect !m4 ,un=tunately1 ! two 
peoples 7 introduc$ to ea* o!r "u mo/   
unfavorable circum/ances4  ,^!          

conditions1 toge!r ) ! con/ant flood (  
rumors1 _h ! wor/ possible influ5ce on !
 _s ( ! m51 :i* w5t d[n /eadily f its   
magnific5t p[] at ! front1 until ! news 
( our actual ord]s to move t[>d ,bre/   
br\ght x sudd5ly up aga94 ,z ! fir/     
division 9 ! ,am]ican ,emb>kation ,c5t] 
on ! way home1 we _h to suff] = ! lat]  
units1 all ( :i* _h a program (         
a?letics1 ent]ta9m5ts & s*ools ready =  
!m :5 !y arriv$4 ,work+ to build up ! _s
 ( ! m5 "u ! mo/ disc\rag+ circum/ances1
 we receiv$ a p[]ful object lesson ( !  
influ5ces mo/ de/ructive to morale4  ,! 
value ( my "w 0 at lea/ d\bl$ by ! ,=d  
t\r+ c> l5t me by ! ,jewi% ,welf>e      
,bo>d4 ,i receiv$ x on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1
 #aiai1 9 ,p>is & drove back to ,le     
,mans1 almo/ transfigur$ by ! fact4 ,my 
driv]1 assign$ = ! trip only1 0 spl5did2
 ,i c\ld /op = a brief view ( ! *ateau &
 p>k at ,v]sailles & ! ca!dral (        
,*>tres2 ,i knew t f t "t on ,i c\ld g f
 unit to unit s long z ! ma*9e /uck     
toge!r & ! army /ore ( gasol9e held out4

 ,) ?is c> ,i 0 able to visit ! artill]y
 9 ! ,laval area1 ab\t fifty miles f our
 headqu>t]s1 & conduct "o s]vice 9 ea* (
 _! regim5ts4 ,! artill]y _h n be5 on ! 
,briti% front at all1 b on ! ,am]ican1 s
 !y _h q diff]5t adv5tures f ours4 ,!y  
_h support$ sev]al o!r ,am]ican infantry
 units 9 ! ,/4 ,mihiel sector & nor? (  
,v]dun1 & _h receiv$ m]cifully few      
casualties comp>$ ) our infantrym5 &    
eng9e]s4 ,! trip to !m by c> 0 unusually
 delightful1 ov] smoo? roads :i* ! great
 army trucks _h n yet ru9$1 ?r\gh c\ntry
 :]e ,am]ican soldi]s 7 a r>ity & !     
*ildr5 w\ld cr[d ! doorways to *e] u z  
we w5t by2 ov] ! g5tle wood$ hills (    
we/]n ,france1 ) ! trees hung )         
mi/letoe2 ?r\gh ! t9y gray villages1 )  
_! qua9t ,romanesque *ur*es1 _m ( !m    
old] ?an ! great ,go?ic ca!drals ( !    
nor?4  ,:ile 9 ,p>is on ,new ,ye>1 ,i   
enjoy$ ! r>e treat ( a family d9n] at ! 
home ( my fri5d ,georges ,levy1 an      
int]pret] ) our division4 ,?r\gh him &  
,lieut5ant ,b]n/e9 ,i rea*$ "s sort ( an

 impression ( ! /ate ( ,fr5* ,jewry     
to-day4 ,to tell ! tru?1 nei!r ,i nor ! 
av]age ,jewi% soldi] receiv$ a v flatt]+
 impression4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ,dreyfus case  
seem$ /ill to hang ov] ! ,jews (        
,france4 ,!y fe>$ to speak a ^w (       
,yiddi%1 :i* 0 (t5 _! only mode (       
communication ) ! ,am]ican ,jewi%       
soldi]s4 ,"o %opkeep]1 ask$ :e!r he 0 a 
,jew1 took ! visitor f> 9 ! re> out (   
he>+ ( any possible cu/om]s be=e reply+ 
9 ! affirmative4  ,= "o ?+1 except 9    
,p>is & ! cities ( ea/]n ,france1 ,jews 
exi/ only 9 v small gr\ps4 ,i h m5tion$ 
! f\r families ( ,nev]s & ! little      
synagogue ( ,t\rs1 ) its sev5ty-five    
seats4 ,le ,mans possesses an old /reet 
nam$ ,rue de la ,juiv]ie1 s t at "o "t  
!re mu/ h be5 en\gh ,jews to ne$ a      
,ghetto1 b 9 #aiai ,le ,mans _h only f\r
 resid5t ,jewi% families & "o or two m (
 refugees f ! occupi$ t]ritory4  ,ano!r 
m5ace to ! loyalty ( ,jews is ! g5]al   
difficulty ( all religi\s lib]alism 9   
,france4 ,religion to mo/ p 9 ,france   

means or?odoxy1 ,jewi% & ,ca?olic2 ?is  
naturally suits only ^? ( cons]vative   
backgr\nd or temp]am5t4 ,almo/ ! only   
o!r movem5t is irreligi\s 9 lit]ature1  
art1 gov]nm5t & philosophy4 ,^? l>ge    
gr\ps ( lib]als :o 9 ,am]ica w\ld be    
adh]5ts ( lib]al movem5ts1 ,jewi% or    
,*ri/ian1 9 ,france are usually entirely
 ali5at$ f religion4 ,! lib]als are     
intellig5t b weak 9 numb]s4 ,z a conv]se
 ( ?is1 ! synagogue is l>gely cont5t )  
pa/ glories1 mak+ little ef=t to adju/  
itself ei!r 9 ?\ght or organization to !
 conditions ( ! "t4 ,! ,am]ican ,jews 7 
always int]e/$ to he> ab\t ! ,jews (    
,france1 ( ! greatness ( ,ra%i 9 =m]    
days1 & eag] to inquire ab\t ! pres5t   
/atus4 ,!y nev] c\ld q und]/& !         
condition ( a c\ntry :]e ! gov]nm5t _h  
be5 divid$ = ye>s by a pro & anti-,jewi%
 issue1 z 0 ! situation at ! "t ( !     
,dreyfus case4 ,am]ican democracy1 ev5 9
 ! "y & unskill$ m9d ( ! av]age soldi]1 
_h no concept = anti-,semitism4  ,:5 we 
knew f9ally t ! division 0 on its way   

home1 ,i pref]r$ a reque/ ?r\gh ,g5]al  
,o',ryan t ,i %\ld g home ) x4 ,b ,g4   
,h4 ,q4 ,*apla9s' ,(fice c\ld n grant my
 wi%2 !re 7 too few *apla9s ( all       
religions ov]seas2 & we ,jews 9 p>ticul>
 ne$$ e work] !re4 ,i 0 deta*$ & assign$
 to ! ,le ,mans area1 "u ! s5ior *apla9 
( ! ,am]ican ,emb>kation ,c5t]4         
,naturally1 ,i regrett$ deeply see+ my  
old comrades g )\t me4 ,i report$ at ,le
 ,mans1 obta9$ f\rte5 days leave to !   
,rivi]a1 :i* _h be5 due me = ov] two    
mon?s1 & said good-by4 ,! ,tw5ty-,sev5? 
0 ! fir/ division to rea* ! ,emb>kation 
,c5t]1 ! fir/ to leave = home z a unit1 
& x f9ally p>ad$1 )\t its ,jewi% *apla91
 up ,fif? ,av5ue to a trem5d\s ovation4 
,i /udi$ ! pictures sev]al weeks lat] 9 
! ,new ,york pap]s1 & actually ?\ght ,i 
saw ! vacant place 9 ! column :]e ,i    
%\ld h be54     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,at ,,!    
,,am]ican ,,emb>kation ,,c5t]   ,:5 ,i  
knew = c]ta9 t ,i 0 to rema9 9 ,france  
,i ask$ = my two weeks' leave & dep>t$ =
 ! ,rivi]a via ,p>is4 ,x 0 my f\r? visit

 to ! metropolis1 a city :i* gr[s only m
 wond]ful at e view4 ,its b\lev>ds &    
p>ks1 public build+s & %ops 7 always    
attractive2 9 addition1 ! art treasures 
7 n[ beg9n+ to come back to _! places1 &
 ! cr[ds 7 tak+ on ! gaiety ( peace "t 9
 ! brilliantly light$ /reets1 s diff]5t 
f ! sob] gr\ps & dismal /reets dur+ !   
w>4 ,?is trip c>ri$ me beyond to a l& ( 
myriad attractions & surpass+ lovel9ess4
 ,! m$iaeval monum5ts ( ,avignon1 !     
,roman antiquities ( ,arles & ,nimes1 ! 
spl5did mod]n city ( ,m>seilles1 ,t\lon 
) its qua9t /reets & *>m+ h>bor1 ,hy]es 
( ! palm trees1 & on to ,cannes1 to     
,nice1 t great] ,atlantic ,city1 ,grasse
 ) its fl[]s & p]fumes1 & ,monte ,c>lo1 
g>d5 spot ( ! :ole--all bl5d$ 9 a mosaic
 ^: brilliant colors c nev] fade4       
,ov]hang+ m\nta9s & sub-tropical sea    
toge!r unite all ! types ( attraction ( 
all beautiful l&s ! _w ov]4 ,! palms &  
fl[]s nev] seem$ q real to me1 :ile "o 0
 q bewild]$ by ! works ( man--anci5t    
monum5ts1 m$iaeval art1 & ! mo/ mod]n   

trapp+s ( contempor>y play & luxury4    
,at ,cannes ,i met ,capta9 ,limburg]1 9 
*>ge ( ! ,motor ,transportation ,corps  
!re1 :o help$ me to rea* ! (fic]s'      
convalesc5t hospital at ,hy]es to se>* =
 a fri5d4 ,! trip ( eighty-five miles by
 side-c> 0 ! bright p>ticul> spot 9 !   
:ole gorge\s fe/ival ( ! ,coa/ ( ,azure1
 up ! heights ( ! ,m>itime ,alps into ! 
cl\ds & d[n aga9 to ! edge ( ! blue inl&
 sea1 pa/ ru9$ ca/les ( ! ,roman "t &   
?r\gh ! qua9t s\!rn villages ( n[adays2 
end+ f9ally at ! hospital1 :i* turn$ out
 to be ! ,san ,salvador1 "o ( ! mo/     
spl5did w9t] hotels on ! ,m$it]ranean4  
,i ev5 he>d ,francis ,macmillan1 a      
capta9 9 ! intellig5ce corps1 give a    
viol9 conc]t = ! (fic]s dur+ my "o ev5+ 
!re4  ,nice & ! surr\nd+ t]ritory 7     
cr[d$ by ,am]icans1 z x 0 ! mo/ popul>  
leave area = ! ,am]ican army4 ,! great  
cas9o on ! pi] 0 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 =    
enli/$ m51 :ile ! (fic]s _h _! club on !
 squ>e4 ,9 fact1 all ! arrangem5ts by ! 
,y 9 ! v>i\s leave areas 7 magnific5t4  

,?is1 probably its mo/ successful s+le  
piece ( "w1 has h>dly receiv$ ! att5tion
 x des]ves4 ,i f\nd ! same to be true ( 
e leave area ,i visit$1 includ+         
,gr5oble1 :]e ,i /opp$ = a day among !  
,alps on my return trip4 ,altoge!r !    
brief f\rte5 days 7 "o ( ^? un=gettable 
exp]i5ces :i* l+] 9 ! memory4 ,"o ( !   
f9e a*ievem5ts ( ! army 0 t x 0 able to 
give an exp]i5ce su* z ?is to _m ?\s&s (
 (fic]s & enli/$ m51 = _! own elevation 
& _! great] k ( ,france4  ,i %\ld l to  
emphasize1 if ,i c\ld1 ! importance ( ! 
leave areas = ! morale ( ! troops & _!  
bett] appreciation ( ,france4 ,dur+     
actual ho/ilities m5 7 will+ to give up 
_! leave1 especially ,am]icans :o c\ld n
 visit _! homes b want$ only a *ange4   
,aft] ! w>1 h[ev]1 milit>y discipl9e    
became con/antly m irksome to ! soldi]s1
 & ! week or two )\t ord]s1 9 a real    
hotel ) %eets & tableclo?s1 sight-see+  
or m]ely re/+1 0 ! "o ?+ necess>y to br+
 !m back to _! units cont5t to "w & wait
 till _! turn came to g back home4 ,x 0 

also a r>e opportunity to see ! be/ side
 ( ,france & ! ,fr5*1 :5 !y _h se5 only 
! wor/4 ,no soldi] admir$ ! ,france ( ! 
w> zone1 ) its ru9$ villages1 its wa/e  
/ret*es1 & its %ell holes4 ,nei!r did he
 c>e = ! ,france ( ! re/ areas1 :]e he  
knew only ! smalle/ villages1 ) ! lea/  
attractive p to a "y progressive f !    
we/]n _w4 ,n[ he 0 able to enjoy !      
beauty & luxury ( t old] & m sophi/icat$
 civilization :i* always consid]$ him   
ei!r an amiable savage or a spoil$ *ild4
  ,! trip back to ,p>is & ,le ,mans 0 an
 exp]i5ce 9 itself4 ,i met ?ree "y &    
cong5ial m$ical (fic]s on ! tra91 ) :om 
,i travel$ ! re/ ( ! way1 /opp+ (f = a  
half day at ! little kn[n t[n ( ,digne 9
 ! ,basse ,alps1 :]e we saw ! anci5t    
*ur* ) its crypt1 ! art gall]y ) its    
pa9t]s ( local prom95ce1 & ! old ,roman 
sulphur ba?s1 /ill us$ to-day4 ,ano!r   
day at ,gr5oble br\ght u into ! he>t ( !
 ,fr5* ,alps4 ,we revel$ 9 ! city ) !   
sn[-caps ab\t4 ,i felt ! usual ?rill at 
! tomb ( ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 & m ?an     

ord9>y pleasure 9 ! beauty ( ! city     
itself4  ,i n[ settl$ d[n at ,le ,mans =
 ! "w ( ! ,emb>kation ,c5t]4 ,le ,mans  
is too well kn[n to ,am]icans :o h      
rec5tly be5 9 ,france to require mu*    
description4 ,x is a city ( ab\t #ge1jjj
 p1 ) ! cu/om>y n>r[ /reets 9 ! he>t ( !
 t[n1 ! f9e p>ks & b\lev>ds ( e ,fr5*   
city1 & ! v int]e/+ ca!dral ov]look+ !  
:ole4 ,!re are fragm5ts ( ! old ,roman  
walls ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & z an ironic    
contra/ a f9e /reet runn+ ?r\gh a tunnel
 :i* is nam$ aft] ,wilbur ,wright1 ^:   
decisive exp]im5ts 9 a]ial navigation 7 
c>ri$ on ne>by4 ,my billet 0 a pleasant 
home opposite ! v lovely p>k1 ! ,engli% 
,g>d5s1 & my l&lady a t9y old           
g5tlewoman1 :o us$ to br+ me a ,fr5*    
breakfa/ & a ,fr5* newspap] e morn+1 &  
indulge 9 ! mo/ =mal complim5ts1 rem9d+ 
me ( a romance ( ! ,?ird ,empire4 ,& =  
"s "t ,le ,mans 0 ! c5t] ( #bjj1jjj     
,am]ican troops on _! way home6  ,in/ead
 ( "o division to cov]1 ,i n[ _h f ?ree 
to six1 v>y+ z units came f _! old      

locations & dep>t$ on _! way to ,am]ica4
 ,& if x _h be5 impossible to cov] "o   
division ?or\ghly1 9 a great area su* z 
?is a *apla9 c\ld d only day labor4 ,i  
travel$ f "o po9t to ano!r1 _h a s*$ule 
( s]vices almo/ e night ( ! week 9 a    
diff]5t camp1 visit$ ! transi5t         
divisions z !y came 91 & ?us came into !
 intimate contact ) ! m5 by :i* alone ,i
 c\ld be ( use to !m4 ,! t]ritory 0 an  
imm5se "o1 ?\gh mu* ( ! "t ,i did n h to
 cov] x alone4 ,! #gg? & #bf? ,divisions
 _h ,jewi% *apla9s :ile !y 7 ) u2       
,*apla9 ,james ,g4 ,hell] 0 associat$ ) 
me until he 0 transf]r$ to ! ,second    
,army 79 fact1 he 0 9 ,le ,mans :ile ,i 
0 /ill ) ! #bg?71 & aft] 8 dep>ture     
,rabbi ,reub5 ,kaufman ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 0
 assign$ to religi\s "w "u my direction4
 ,b ev5 s ! task 0 /agg]+4 ,s _m        
regim5ts & companies scatt]$ ov] an area
 eighty miles long & sixty miles wide 0 
no feasible proposition1 ev5 ) ! be/ (  
c>s & a s]geant to drive x = me4  ,9    
addition to ! billet+ accommodations 9 e

 village1 ! area conta9$ sev]al l>ge    
camps ( importance4 ,! ,classification  
,camp1 )9 ! city1 0 an old ,fr5* b>racks
 turn$ ov] to our use1 :i* h\s$ a       
con/antly *ang+ /ream ( casuals &       
replacem5ts1 fl[+ f hospitals1 camps &  
s*ools t[>d _! v>i\s units4 ,! ,spur    
,camp held a l>ge gr\p ( con/ruction    
units1 eng9e]s & bak]s4 ,! ,=w>d+ ,camp 
0 a replica ( a tra9+ camp at home1 &   
conta9$ a division at a "t1 at fir/ 9   
tra9+1 lat] 9 transit t[>d ! ports4 ,!  
,belgian ,camp1 orig9ally built =       
,belgian refugees1 n[ _h long r[s (     
wood5 b>racks = soldi]s1 a huge & always
 busy rifle range1 & special camps (    
v>i\s types1 includ+ "o = v5]eal        
pati5ts1 :o und]w5t a mixture ( m$ical  
treatm5t & discipl9e4  ,! purpose ( !   
,emb>kation ,c5t] 0 to provide a /opp+  
place on ! way to ! busy ports ( ,bre/ &
 ,/4 ,nazaire1 :]e ! m5 might be del\s$1
 h fre% clo?+ & equipm5t issu$ to !m1   
und]go ?or\gh inspections ( e k9d1 & 9  
all ways be dive/$ ( ! effects ( w> &   

prep>$ to return to ,am]ica4 ,?is task  
usually took a mon? or m1 b sometimes a 
division _h be5 p>tially equipp$ 9 its  
=m] area & if ! %ips happ5$ to be ready 
x might /ay 9 our area less ?an a week4 
,on ! o!r h&1 x might n pass ! v>i\s    
inspections at once1 or at ! "t !       
transportation home might be lack+1 &   
h5ce its dep>ture w\ld be delay$ "t &   
aga94 ,?is unc]ta9ty ( t5ure made all "w
 v difficult1 especially "w su* z !     
*apla9s' :i* dep5d$ entirely on p]sonal 
contact4  ,! problem ( ^! divisions1 z (
 ! #bg?1 0 *iefly to pres]ve ! spl5did  
morale ( ! front :ile ! m5 7 9 ! dre>y  
t$ium ( wait+4 ,?is 0 done by cutt+ d[n 
! drill to an h\r a day1 :i* made en\gh 
"w 9 addition to ! del\s+1 inspect+ &   
o!r necess>y activities4 ,! re/ ( ! "t 0
 devot$ to a?letics1 an educational     
program1 & a great am\nt ( ent]ta9m5t1  
all ?ree "u ! ,welf>e ,(fic] appo9t$ by 
! comm&+ g5]al ( ! ,emb>kation ,area1   
:ile all ! welf>e ag5cies contribut$ to 
^! v>i\s ends "u 8 g5]al sup]vision4 ,my

 "w1 ( c\rse1 0 directly "u ! ,s5ior    
,*apla91 accord+ to army regulation4 ,& 
z ! v>i\s units mov$ t[>d _! goal m     
rapidly & m /eadily1 ! ne$ = special    
ef=ts to keep up morale grew less4 ,m5  
keep up _! own morale :5 !y really "k !y
 are go+ home2 ! difficulties _h be5    
l>gely caus$ by ! complete unc]ta9ty &  
endless delays4  ,su* success z ,i _h 0 
due v l>gely to ! excell5t cooep]ation (
 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4 ,s]geant ,*>les
 ,rivitz1 :o _h *>ge ( ! "w 9 ! area1 0 
deeply int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! boys & %>$
 ! res\rces ( ! organization freely ) me
 9 my "w4 ,i _h always f\nd ?is same    
attitude2 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 furni%$ me a c>1
 an all[ance = welf>e "w1 an (fice 9 its
 build+1 & (f]$ its rooms = s]vices 9 ! 
v>i\s camps4 ,:]e x _h no huts1 ,i 0    
accord$ ! same privilege by ! ,y4 ,m4   
,c4 ,a4 ,:5ev] its aid fell %ort1 x 0   
because x _h no m to give4 ,by ?is "t   
,le ,mans _h a l>ge & active gr\p ( ,j4 
,w4 ,b4 work]s1 bo? m5 & girls1 ) _!    
c5t] 9 ! city & huts 9 _m surr\nd+      

po9ts4 ,i f\nd ! work]s' mess ! mo/     
fri5dly & pleasant 9 ! city1 q z        
cong5ial z ! "o at ! ,junior ,(fic]s'   
,club1 :i* ,i (t5 frequ5t$4  ,ev5 9 !   
/ress & turmoil ( ! ,le ,mans area 7!   
madh\se1 z ! boys call$ x7 /rik+ or     
humor\s p]sonalities appe>$ f "t to "t4 
,!re 0 ,abie1 ! w&]+ musician1 a little 
,jew :o _h a gift = rag-"t b no great   
intellig5ce1 milit>y or o!rwise4 ,abie  
_h gone to ,france ) a replacem5t unit1 
0 locat$ ne> ,le ,mans & sp5t 8 sp>e "t 
play+ = ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ! (fic]s'   
dances4 ,:5 8 unit mov$ t[>d ! front to 
be incorporat$ 9 "s fight+ division1 he 
/ay$ beh9d1 n z a des]t]1 b to play !   
piano = ! outfits t foll[$4 ,he manag$  
ev5 to live at ! local hotel by ! tips  
!y gave him4 ,aft] t "t he report$1 giv+
 8 full /ory 9 detail1 to e comm&+ (fic]
 :o ent]$ ! village1 always to be giv5  
en\gh to eat1 b nev] accept$ into any   
unit z he _h no transf] f 8 orig9al "o4 
,at la/ 8 /ory got abroad1 he 0 br\ght 9
 by ! ,crim9al ,inve/igation ,dep>tm5t &

 inve/igat$1 only to prove ! tru? ( 8 e 
^w4 ,s ,abie1 happy once m1 0 /ation$ 9 
! ,classification ,camp & detail$ to !  
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d z a piani/1        
improvis+ 8 rag-"t adaptations ( s]i\s  
music & gett+ _m privileges & a /eady   
income = do+ ! "w he enjoy$ be/4  ,a    
diff]5t sort ( man 0 ! soldi] 9 a fam\s 
fight+ division1 :o s\ght a private     
int]view ) me4 ,x seems t 9 ! advance on
 ! ,/4 ,mihiel sector he _h rescu$ a    
,torah1 a scroll ( ! ,law1 f a burn+    
synagogue4 ,?r[+ away ! cont5ts ( 8     
pack1 he _h wrapp$ ! scroll up 9 ! pack 
c>ri] in/ead1 & c>ri$ x ov] ! top ?ree  
times s9ce4 ,n[ he want$ p]mission to   
take x home to give to an orphan asylum 
9 :i* 8 fa!r 0 active4 ,a soldi] 0 n    
ord9>ily all[$ to take any?+ ) him      
besides ! regulation equipm5t & su*     
small s\v5irs z might occupy little     
room1 b 9 ?is case a k9dly colonel      
became int]e/$ & ! ,torah w5t to ,am]ica
 ) ! company records4  ,! great ev5t (  
my s]vice 9 ,le ,mans 0 our ,passov]    

celebration on ,april #ad?1 #ae? & #af?1
 #aiai4 ,! g5]al ord] = ,passov]        
furl\ghs read3       ,:]e x w n int]f]e 
) ! public s]vice1 memb]s (      !      
,jewi% fai? s]v+ ) ! ,am]ican           
,exp$ition>y ,=ces      w be excus$ f   
all duty f noon1 ,april #ad?1 to        
midnight1      ,april #af?1 #aiai1 &1   
:]e deem$ practicable1 grant$ passes to 
enable !m to obs]ve ! ,passov] 9 _!     
cu/om>y mann]4  ,among ! c5tral po9ts   
designat$ = ,passov] leaves 0 ,le ,mans1
 & ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d & ,i labor$ to
 arrange a full celebration = ! ?\s&    
,jewi% soldi]s :o came 9 f f\r diff]5t  
divisions4 ,qu>t]s 7 provid$ 9 !        
,classification ,camp = all ! m5 :o did 
n h ! money or ! previ\s arrangem5ts =  
hotel rooms1 z well z full              
accommodations = ! ,passov] fea/1 !     
,s$]4 ,! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d obta9$    
full supplies ( ,matzo?1 unleav5$ bread1
 z well z ,haggado?1 or special pray]   
books = ! ,s$]4  ,! _s 0 z /rong a      
contra/ z possible to t ( my o!r great  

s]vice at ! fall holydays4 ,among our   
congregation 7 two m5 f ! isolat$ po/ ( 
milit>y police at ,/4 ,calais1 fifty    
miles to ! ea/1 & five f among ! /ud5ts 
at ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 a hundr$ miles
 we/4 ,we _h a numb] ( (fic]s among u1  
:ile five ,fr5* families1 sev]al ,jews 9
 ! horizon blue ( ! ,fr5* army1 & two 9 
! ,russian uni=m--labor battalions1 s9ce
 ,russia _h )drawn f ! w>--wor%ip$      
beside u4 ,& :5 ! cr[d began to         
assemble1 ! fir/ m5 ,i saw 7 a gr\p (   
eng9e]s :om ,i _h n se5 s9ce ,atonem5t  
,day1 sev5 mon?s be=e4 ,!y 7 on ! way   
home n[1 _! pres5ce emphasiz+ m /rongly 
?an any?+ else ! *ange t _h come to u & 
! _w 9 ! int]v5+ "t4 ,aga9 !re 7 !      
meet+s ( fri5ds & bro!rs1 b )\t ! pang (
 p>t+ aft]w>d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t\*+ features
 ( ! ,s$] 0 ! l>ge numb] ( reque/s t ,i 
%\ld inquire :e!r ,s]geant ,levi or     
,private ,isaacs 0 pres5t4 ,!n h[ ! :ole
 ga!r+ w\ld be electrifi$ :5 a voice    
cri$ out1 ,"h1 & c\s9s or comrades :o _h
 n kn[n ev5 ( ea* o!r's safety 7 able to

 ex*ange fe/al greet+s & rejoice toge!r4
  ,= ! two & a half days' leave ! ,jewi%
 ,welf>e ,bo>d & ,i tri$ to keep ! m5   
busy1 ) some?+ = e ta/e4 ,! full program
 includ$ a ,s$]1 f\r s]vices1 a lit]>y  
program1 a vaudeville %[1 a box+        
exhibition1 two dances & a movie4 ,all 7
 well patroniz$1 = ! soldi] _h a        
cultivat$ ta/e 9 div]sion1 especially   
aft] ! armi/ice4 ,b c]ta9ly ! mo/ popul>
 ( all 0 ! ,s$]4 ,! s\p ) matzah balls1 
! fi%1 9 fact ! entire m5u made !m ?9k (
 home4 ,we held ! d9n] 9 an army mess   
hall1 /&+ at ! brea/-high tables4 ,!    
alt> ) two c&les & ! symbols ( ! fea/ 0 
at ! c5t] ( ! l[-ro($ unwall$ /ructure4 
,t[>d ev5+ ! ra91 s typical ( w9t] 9    
we/]n ,france1 ceas$2 ! sun came out1 & 
its la/ level rays %one directly ^u     
,rabbi ,kaufman & 8 little alt>4 ,x 0 a 
sc5e nev] to be =gott51 a fea/ ( deepe/ 
joy m+l$ ) solemnity4 ,aft]w>d we       
adj\rn$ to ! ,!atre ,municipale = a full
 religi\s s]vice ) a s]mon4 ,two ( ! %[s
 ( ! fe/ival leave 7 too big = ! hall ( 

! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 s we 7 (f]$ !   
,y4 ,d4 ,hut1 ! great auditorium ( ! ,y4
 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 :i* _h be5 nam$ aft] !    
fam\s #bf? ,division4 ,"o ( ^!          
ent]ta9m5ts 0 ! la/ p]=mance 9 ,france (
 ! ,lib]ty ,play]s ( ! #gg? ,division1  
:o 7 ab\t to leave = ! ,/ates t v week4 
,f9ally my "w 9 ,france drew to a close4
 ,on ! fir/ ( ,may1 #aiai1 ,i receiv$ ! 
ord]s = :i* ,i _h be5 hop+ s long4 ,i 0 
to be reliev$ & s5t home to ,am]ica4    
,rabbis 9 ! uni=m ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e    
,bo>d 7 n[ at h&1 ! numb] ( m5 9 ,france
 0 decreas+1 & my reque/ to be reliev$  
c\ld at la/ be grant$4 ,a f9al two days 
9 ,p>is = a conf]5ce ) ! heads ( ! ,j4  
,w4 ,b41 ,*apla9 ,voorsang] & ,colonel  
,h>ry ,cutl]1 ano!r day at ,le ,mans to 
turn my records & (fice ov] to ,rabbis  
,kaufman & ,leon>d ,ro?/e91 & !n ,i 0 (f
 to ,bre/4 ,i _h ! special good =tune ( 
be+ held 9 t busy & r un9vit+ place =   
only f\r days & !n f9d+ passage assign$ 
me on ! sl[ b com=table ,noordam1 ( !   
,holl&-,am]ican ,l9e4 ,my la/ duty 9    

,bre/ 0 to conduct a fun]al1 9 ! abs5ce 
( ! po/ *apla91 ( f\r sailors dr[n$ 9 an
 accid5t j outside ! h>bor4 ,we _h a    
gu>d ( honor1 a bugl]1 all naval1 & ,i  
_h ! r>e exp]i5ce ( an army *apla9      
conduct+ a navy fun]al1 z well z ( a    
rabbi bury+ f\r ,*ri/ian boys4  ,we 7 at
 sea twelve days altoge!r1 be+ delay$ by
 a gale ( ?ree days & also by a call =  
aid1 :i* took u a hundr$ miles out ( our
 c\rse )\t f9d+ ! s5d] ( ! message4 ,we 
ent]$ ,new ,york h>bor late "o ev5+1 &  
an*or$ (f ,/at5 ,isl& = ! night4 ,!re 0 
little sleep t night2 ! (fic]s danc$ ) !
 cab9 pass5g]s1 :ile ! m5 sang on !     
decks bel[4 ,! next morn+ e>ly e "o 0 at
 ! rail z we /eam$ 9 pa/ ! ,/atue (     
,lib]ty1 :i* /ood = s mu* to u n[1 = :i*
 we _h long$ s (t51 & :i* "s ( our      
company _h nev] expect$ to see aga94    
,aft] ! cu/om>y half day ( =malities at 
! dock1 we 7 direct$ to diff]5t camps = 
dis*>ge accord+ to our bran*es ( !      
s]vice4 ,i report$ at ,camp ,dix1 ,new  
,j]sey1 :]e ,i 0 mu/]$ out ( s]vice1    

receiv+ my honorable dis*>ge on ,may    
#bf?1 #aiai1 elev5 mon?s f ! date ( my  
commission1 n9e ( :i* 7 sp5t ) !        
,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4     ,,*apt]
 ,,vi  ,,! ,,jewi% ,,*apla9s ,,ov]seas  
,my exp]i5ces1 :i* 7 fairly typical     
?r\gh\t1 %[$ cle>ly ! great ne$ = ,jewi%
 *apla9s 9 ! army ov]seas4 ,ev5 my trip 
on leave to ! ,rivi]a 0 typical1 %[+ !  
effect ( release f discipl9e comb9$ ) a 
pleasure trip on ?\s&s ( our soldi]s1   
mo/ ( :om ne$$ x f> m ?an ,i2 = !       
privileges ( a *apla91 j a little great]
 ?an ^? ( mo/ (fic]s1 c]ta9ly _h prev5t$
 my morale fall+ z l[ z t ( _m ( !      
enli/$ m54 ,! ,jewi% *apla9 0 n only a  
concession to ! v consid]able body (    
,jewi% citiz5s :o felt t !y %\ld be     
repres5t$ 9 ! milit>y organization z    
well z m5 ( o!r fai?s2 he _h a def9ite  
contribution to make to ! moral &       
spiritual welf>e ( ! =ces4 ,we _h to    
conduct ,jewi% religi\s s]vices = bo?   
holydays & ord9>y seasons1 to assi/ !   
dy+ ,jew1 & to pray = him at 8 grave4   

,we _h to def5d ! ,jewi% boys 9 ! r>e   
cases ( prejudice aga9/ !m1 or1 :at 0 j 
z important1 to cle> up su* accusations 
:5 !y 7 unf\nd$4 ,we _h to s]ve !       
special ne$s ( ! ,jewi% soldi]1 :atev]  
!y might be1 at ! same "t t we did !    
*apla9's duty t[>d all soldi]s ) :om we 
might be ?r[n4  ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y
 ,=ces nev] _h suffici5t *apla9s at any 
"t = ! "w t 0 plann$ = !m4 ,! proportion
 desir$ by ! ,g4 ,h4 ,q4 ,*apla9s'      
,(fice & approv$ by ! w> dep>tm5t 0 "o  
*apla9 to e ?\s& m51 or "o to an        
infantry battalion1 besides ^? assign$  
to adm9i/rative "w z s5ior *apla9s (    
divisions & areas1 & ! v l>ge numb]     
detail$ to hospitals4 ,! total numb] (  
*apla9s :o w5t to ,france 0 #abhe1 j    
half ! numb] ne$$ by ?is program1 & f   
?is total we mu/ subtract a consid]able 
gr\p ( dea?s1 w\nds & o!r casualties4 ,!
 *apla9s' corps 0 und]mann$ at all      
times1--we ,jews 7 simply ! mo/         
conspicu\s example4 ,comp>$ to ! g5]al  
proportion ( "o *apla9 to e two ?\s& m51

 & ! ideal "o ( a *apla9 to e ?\s&1 we  
_h "o *apla9 to e eight ?\s& m51 & ^?   
trem5d\s numb]s 7 n ev5 conc5trat$ 9 a  
few units b scatt]$ ?r\gh e company1 e  
batt]y1 & e hospital w>d 9 ! army4  ,!  
,briti% =ces conta9$ "o ,jewi% *apla9 = 
e army headqu>t]s1 or n9e 9 all4 ,i _h !
 pleasure ( meet+ ,rabbi ,b>nett1 ! *ief
 ,jewi% *apla9 9 ! ,b4 ,e4 ,f41 al?\gh  
,i nev] met 8 pr$ecessor1 ,major ,adl]4 
,?r\gh _! long exp]i5ce & ! cooep]ation 
( ! ,*ief ,rabbi ( ,engl&1 ! ,engli%    
*apla9s 7 well equipp$ ) suitable       
pray]books & o!r mat]ial1 :i* ,i obta9$ 
f "o ( !m = ! use ( our m5 :ile ,i 0 on 
! ,briti% front4 ,/ill1 ev5 ) _! l>g]   
proportion ( *apla9s to ! ,jews 9       
s]vice1 ! lack ( transportation         
facilities & ! trem5d\s ru% ( w>-"t1    
especially at ! front & 9 ! hospitals1  
made _! actual duties impossible (      
complete fulfillm5t4  ,to cov] ! enorm\s
 field be=e u 0 pla9ly impossible4 ,!   
*apla9 c\ld only "w day by day1 cle>+ a 
little pa?way ahead ( him b nev] mak+ an

 impression on ! great jungle ab\t4 ,:5 
,i fir/ rea*$ ,france1 ,i grew accu/om$ 
to ! greet+3 ,:y1 y're ! fir/ ,jewi%    
*apla9 ,i've met 9 ,france6 ,t 0 h>d    
en\gh !n1 b x grew h>d] :5 ! same words 
7 address$ me 9 ,bre/ j be=e sail+ & on 
%ipbo>d on ! way home4 ,& yet x 0       
inevitable t twelve *apla9s c\ld n meet 
p]sonally ! hundr$ ?\s& ,jewi% soldi]s  
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! two millions 9 !        
,am]ican uni=m ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? (  
,france4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we all feel
 a natural pride at ! "w accompli%$     
aga9/ adv]se conditions4 ,i = "o feel t 
we did all t twelve m5 simil>ly situat$ 
c\ld possibly h done1 & ,i gladly br+ my
 p]sonal tribute to ^? o!rs1 *apla9s1   
welf>e work]s1 (fic]s1 & enli/$ m51 ^:  
cooep]ation d\bl$ & trebl$ ! actual     
ext5t & effectiv5ess ( our "w4 ,?is     
includes especially ! ,*ri/ian *apla9s &
 welf>e work]s2 _! own field 0 great    
en\gh to take all _! "t & en]gy1 b !y 7 
always ready to turn aside = a mom5t to 
l5d a h& to u1 9 ord] t ! labors (      

twelve m5 s]v+ _! fai? 9 ! great        
,am]ican army might n be q futile4  ,!  
fir/ ( ! ,jewi% *apla9s to rea* ,france 
0 ,rabbi ,elkan ,c4 ,voorsang]1 :o gave 
up 8 pulpit 9 ,/4 ,l\is 9 ,april1 #aiag1
 to jo9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,base ,hospital z a 
private 9 ! m$ical corps4 ,z 8 hospital 
unit 0 ! ?ird to rea* ,france 9 ,may1   
#aiag1 ,rabbi ,voorsang] 0 "o ( ! fir/  
five hundr$ ,am]ican soldi]s 9 !        
,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,9 ! m$ical
 corps he rose f private to s]geant1    
ga9+ at ! same "t an intimate fir/-h& k 
( ! problems ( ! man 9 ! ranks4 ,:5 !   
bill 0 pass$ by ,congress 9 ,novemb]1   
#aiag1 ord]+ ! appo9tm5t ( *apla9s (    
sects n at t "t repres5t$ 9 ! army1     
,rabbi ,voorsang] 0 ! fir/ ,jew         
commission$ "u its provisions4 ,he 0    
exam9$ by a special bo>d appo9t$ ov]seas
 by ,g5]al ,p]%+ at ! direction ( !     
,secret>y ( ,w>2 8 commission 0 dat$    
,novemb] #bd?1 #aiag4 ,9 ,janu>y #aiah  
he 0 assign$ to ! #da/ ,division & 9    
,m>* to ,base ,hospital #aja at ,/4     

,nazaire4 ,:ile po/$ !re he conduct$ 8  
fir/ important s]vice ov]seas 9 ,passov]
 #aiah1 ! fir/ (ficial ,jewi% s]vice    
held 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,he 0 assign$ to ! 
#gg? ,division 9 ,may #aiah on _!       
arrival 9 ,france :]e he s]v$ ) a mo/   
enviable record1 receiv+ ! ,croix de    
,gu]re & be+ recomm5d$ = ! ,d4 ,s4 ,m4 =
 exceptional c\rage & devotion to duty 9
 "t ( dang]4 ,! midnight patrol on !    
banks ( ! ,meuse1 by :i* he won ^!      
honors1 0 bo? a c\rage\s & a useful     
exploit4 ,he 0 promot$ to ,s5ior ,*apla9
 ( 8 division ) ! rank ( ,capta91 ! only
 ,jew s di/+ui%$4 ,f9ally 9 ,april      
#aiai1 in/ead ( accompany+ 8 division   
home he resign$ 8 commission to become !
 head ( ! ov]seas "w ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e 
,bo>d4 ,he return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 
,septemb] #aiai1 aft] two & a half ye>s 
) ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,s9ce t
 "t he has cont9u$ 8 self-sacrifice & 8 
devotion to 8 p 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,jo9t    
,di/ribution ,committee = ! ,relief (   
,jews 9 ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 #aibj & #aiba 

he conduct$ two relief units to ,pol& & 
c>ri$ on _! life-sav+ "w4  ,:5 ,i arriv$
 9 ,france1 ,*apla9 ,voorsang] 0 /ation$
 at ,*aumont = ! "t be+1 to take *>ge ( 
! arrangem5ts = ! ,jewi% holydays (     
#aiah4 ,i h already describ$ h[ ^! 7    
c>ri$ out1 by designat+ c5tral po9ts =  
s]vices1 gett+ 9 t\* ) ! ,fr5* rabbis & 
synagogue au?orities & assign+ ! few    
,am]ican rabbis at h& to fill 9 !       
defici5cies4  ,i 0 ! fif? ,jewi% *apla9 
to rea* ,france4 ,^? :o prec$$ me 7 fir/
 ,voorsang] & !n ,*apla9s ,david        
,tann5baum ( ! #hbnd ,division1 ,h>ry   
,s4 ,david[itz ( ! #gh? & ,l\is ,i4     
,egelson ( ! #ia/4 ,all ^! m5 s]v$ at ! 
front1 z did also ,*apla9 ,b5jam9       
,fri$man ( ! #gg? ,division1 :o took up 
! ,jewi% "w ( t unit :5 ,*apla9         
,voorsang] 0 promot$ to ! ,s5ior        
,*apla9cy4 ,*apla9 ,david[itz 0 ! only  
,jewi% *apla9 to be w\nd$1 receiv+ sev]e
 injuries f %rapnel2 ^! put him 9 !     
hospital = sev]al mon?s & occasion$ 8   
be+ s5t back home1 invalid$1 ! fir/ ( u 

all4 ,! o!rs1 9 ord] ( _! arrival1 7    
,*apla9s ,jacob ,krohngold1 ( ! #hg?    
,division2 ,israel ,bettan ( ! #bf?     
,division2 ,h>ry ,ri*mond1 at ! port (  
,bordeaux2 ,elias ,n4 ,rab9[itz1 at     
,blois2 ,solomon ,b4 ,freeh(1 at ,fir/  
,army ,headqu>t]s2 & ,james ,g4 ,hell]1 
at ,le ,mans4 ,! la/ two left ,new ,york
 on ! day foll[+ ! armi/ice1 s t on     
,novemb] elev5?1 #aiah1 ! ,jews (       
,am]ica 7 repres5t$ ov]seas by j t5     
*apla9s & two repres5tatives ( ! ,jewi% 
,welf>e ,bo>d1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hyman ,g4    
,enel[ & ,mr4 ,john ,goldha>4  ,! twelve
 ( u repres5t$ all ?ree ,jewi% sem9>ies 
9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh ! majority 7       
naturally f ! olde/1 ! ,hebrew ,union   
,college at ,c9c9nati1 :]e ,rabbi       
,freeh( 0 ev5 a memb] ( ! faculty4 ,we  
came f e section ( ! c\ntry1 ea/1 we/ & 
s\?1 includ+ ,krohngold & myself f      
little t[ns 9 ,k5tucky & ,ri*mond f     
,tr9idad1 ,colorado4 ,rabbi ,ri*mond _h 
! unusual di/9ction ( n claim+ exemption
 9 ! draft z a m9i/]4 ,he !re=e ent]$ ! 

s]vice z a private & 0 promot$ to !     
*apla9cy j be=e 8 division w5t ov]seas4 
,! *apla9s :o 7 commission$ be=e !      
armi/ice & s]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7     
?irte5 9 numb]2 ,rabbis ,na?an ,e4      
,b>as*1 ,h>ry ,w4 ,etteleson1 ,max      
,fel%91 ,samuel ,fri$man1 ,raphael      
,gold5/e91 ,abram ,hirs*b]g1 ,morris ,s4
 ,laz>on1 ,emil ,w4 ,leipzig]1 ,julius  
,a4 ,lieb]t1 ,abraham ,n[ak1 ,j]ome     
,ros51 ,leon>d ,w4 ,ro?/e91 ,israel ,j4 
,s>asohn4 ,?ree ( !m1 ,rabbis ,ro?/e91  
,fel%9 & ,b>as*1 soon aft] resign$ _!   
commissions & came ov]seas z            
repres5tatives ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4
 ,:5 ! great ne$ = morale ag5cies 0     
realiz$ aft] ! armi/ice1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t
 refus$ to relax its prohibition aga9/ !
 transportation ( m *apla9s or o!r      
special bran*es ( ! s]vice1 b favor$ !  
passage ( l>ge numb]s ( welf>e work]s   
in/ead4 ,rabbi ,david ,goldb]g 0 ! only 
,jewi% *apla9 9 ! navy1 ) ! rank (      
,lieut5ant1 junior grade2 he s]v$ at sea
 on ! transport1 ,presid5t ,grant4  ,we 

7 almo/ all reassign$ z our divisions   
left = home & z ! ne$ grew 9 v>i\s      
areas1 especially 9 ! base po/s & !     
,army ( ,occupation4 ,*apla9 ,david[itz 
0 s5t home w\nd$1 & ,fri$man accompani$ 
8 own division back4 ,krohngold1        
,bettan1 ,hell] & ,freeh( jo9$ ! ,army (
 ,occupation 9 ! ord] nam$1 al?\gh = a  
long "t ,rabbi ,krohngold 0 ! only      
,jewi% *apla9 !re4 ,rabbi ,egelson left 
8 division = ! port ( ,/4 ,nazaire1     
,rab9[itz 0 transf]r$ f ,blois to ,/4   
,aignan1 & ,i 0 left beh9d at ,le ,mans 
toge!r ) ,hell]1 :o %ortly aft] 0       
transf]r$ to ! ,?ird ,army 9 ,g]many4   
,tann5baum :ile /ation$ at ,bordeaux 0  
also1 by special arrangem5t1 appo9t$ z  
sup]visor ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d = t  
area2 & ,voorsang] 0 mu/]$ out ( s]vice 
to become executive director ( _!       
ov]seas "w4 ,rabbi ,ri*mond alone held !
 same po/ to ! v end ( 8 ov]seas s]vice4
  ,z ,i h m5tion$ repeat$ly 9 my p]sonal
 n>rative1 s long z a man 0 assign$ to  
"o division he _h "s *ance ( e/abli%+   

p]sonal contacts ) 8 m5 & do+ effective 
"w among !m2 z soon z he 0 assign$ to an
 area1 he _h to spread himself ?9 ov] a 
wide expanse ( t]ritory & c\ld cov] x 9 
only ! mo/ cursory fa%ion4 ,! problem 0 
l>g] ?an ! matt] ( transportation1      
al?\gh t 0 s]i\s en\gh4 ,! l>g] aspect  
lay 9 ! numb] ( m51 ! numb] ( companies1
 ! inf9ite possibility ( individual     
s]vice if "o 7 only able to "k all ^!   
soldi]s p]sonally1 to und]/& _! ne$s1 & 
to m9i/] to !m4 ,e hospital w>d ) its   
=ty b$s pres5t$ =ty di/9ct individual   
problems1--(t51 inde$1 m ?an =ty4       
,sometimes ! same man w\ld ne$ pay1     
mail1 home allotm5t1 read+ matt]1 &     
contact ) 8 orig9al unit & comrades4 ,) 
! con/ant %ift+ to o!r hospitals fur!r f
 ! front & !n to convalesc5t camps1 !   
w>d w\ld always conta9 a new =ty m5 & ! 
"w 0 always beg9n+ ov] aga94 ,?is       
situation 0 n 9 ! lea/ unique4 ,!       
hospital simply repres5ts ! extreme case
 ( :at 0 true 9 a less degree 9 e bran* 
( ! s]vice & e unit4  ,dur+ !           

po/-armi/ice p]iod ,i _h sev]al v       
agreeable reunions ) my fell[ *apla9s1  
:i* 7 at ! same "t valuable = our common
 in=mation & cooep]ation4 ,at my v fir/ 
visit to ,le ,mans1 on ,decemb] #f?1 ,i 
q unexpect$ly met ,*apla9s ,freeh(1     
,bettan1 & ,hell]1 z well z ,rabbi      
,enel[1 :o _h j come to ! city = !      
d$ication ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 headqu>t]s4 ,i
 dev\r$ _! comp>atively fre% news f home
 z eag]ly z ,voorsang] _h absorb$ m9e   
sev]al mon?s be=e1 :5 he 0 already ent]+
 8 second ye> 9 ,france4 ,! second "t 0 
on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 :5 ,i met ,rabbis 
,fri$man1 ,egelson & ,rab9[itz 9 ,p>is1 
all com+ !re z ,i did = ! c>s :i* ! ,j4 
,w4 ,b4 _h ready = u4 ,at ! same "t     
,rabbis ,m>t9 ,mey] ( ,san ,francisco & 
,abram ,simon ( ,wa%+ton 7 9 ! city1 bo?
 capta9s 9 ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross4 ,_!   
six mon?s ( duty 9 ,france _h j expir$ &
 !y 7 !n mak+ ready = _! return home4   
,we all _h d9n] toge!r at "o ( ! fam\s  
,p>isian re/aurants & discuss$ w> &     
peace1 ,france1 ,am]ica & ,israel1 until

 ! e>ly clos+ laws ( w>-"t s5t u all out
 on ! b\lev>ds & home4 ,*apla9 ,egelson 
& ,i saw ! ,new ,ye> 9 toge!r1 fir/ he>+
 ,romeo & ,juliet at ! ,op]a & !n wat*+ 
! mad cr[ds on ! /reets1 head$ always by
 ,am]ican or ,au/ralian soldi]s1 !      
madde/ ( !m all4  ,! mo/ important      
meet+1 h[ev]1 0 ! "o call$ by ,*apla9   
,voorsang] = ,febru>y #bd? at ! ,p>is   
headqu>t]s ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4    
,six *apla9s 7 pres5t1 ,voorsang]1      
,tann5baum1 ,ri*mond1 ,hell]1 ,bettan & 
,i1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,john ,goldha> ( ! ,j4
 ,w4 ,b4 ,our *ief object 0 to "w out a 
program ( cooep]ation ) ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b41  
our second1 to discuss our p]sonal      
me?ods = ! b5efit ( our own "w4         
,voorsang] 0 *airman2 we decid$ to =m a 
,jewi% ,*apla9s' ,association1 :i* nev] 
develop$ aft]w>d2 & plann$ to hold ano!r
 meet+ soon1 :i* ow+ to milit>y         
exig5cies1 we nev] did4 ,b we did adopt 
a program ( cooep]ation ) ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b41
 :i* indicates ! mutual dep5d5cy & !    
clos5ess ( contact :i* 7 almo/ uni=mly !

 case4 ,our program provid$ t ! ,j4 ,w4 
,b4 %\ld submit to ! *apla9 ! weekly    
report ( ! area 9 :i* he 0 /ation$ &    
%\ld h relations ) ! milit>y au?orities 
?r\gh him4 ,! *apla91 on ! o!r h&1 0 to 
make sugge/ions to ! work] 9 8 area1 & 9
 exceptional cases to ! ,p>is (fice & 0 
to be 9 complete *>ge ( all ,jewi%      
religi\s "w 9 8 area1 al?\gh religi\s   
work]s 7 p]sonally responsible to _!    
sup]ior 9 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 ,f9ally1        
provision 0 made = frequ5t conf]5ces    
betwe5 ! *apla9 & ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 work] 9 
! same organization4 ,?is program 0     
approv$1 n only nom9ally b also 9 _s by 
all ! ,jewi% *apla9s & welf>e work]s    
?r\gh\t ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,i "k t 9 ,le     
,mans our contact 0 s close t ,mr4      
,rivitz in/ruct$ 8 religi\s work]s to   
report directly to me = assignm5t (     
s]vices & o!r division ( labor1 & ,i    
includ$ _! "w ) m9e 9 my weekly reports 
to my s5ior *apla94  ,on my f9al visit  
to ,p>is at ! end ( ,april ,i f\nd a ho/
 ( ,jewi% celebrities ga!r$ toge!r 9 !  

int]e/s ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 !     
,jo9t ,di/ribution ,committee = ! relief
 ( ,jews 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! ,am]ican   
,jewi% ,committee1 & ! ,am]ican ,jewi%  
,congress4 ,at ! (fice ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b41 
,i _h a f>ewell conf]5ce ) ,rabbi       
,voorsang] & ,colonel ,h>ry ,cutl]1 giv+
 !m a summ>y ( ! late/ situation 9 my   
area4 ,colonel ,cutl] 0 busy z *airman (
 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b41 "o ( ! ,am]ican ,jewi%  
,congress delegates to ! ,peace         
,conf]5ce1 & a memb] ( ! ,jo9t          
,di/ribution ,committee4 ,i met my old  
fri5d1 ,rabbi ,isaac ,l&man1 :o 0       
report+ ! ,peace ,conf]5ce = 8 pap]1 !  
,am]ican ,hebrew1 & he introduc$ me 9   
turn to ,miss ,h>riet ,l[5/e91 at t "t !
 ,p>is pur*as+ ag5t ( ! ,jo9t           
,di/ribution ,committee1 especially 9 ! 
important "w ( buy+ supplies orig9ally  
s5t to ,europe = ! use ( ! ,am]ican     
=ces4 ,i enc\nt]$ also ?ree ( ! active  
work]s ( ,am]ican ,jewry1 s5t to        
repres5t u be=e ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 9 su*
 matt]s z might conc]n ! ,jews2 ,judge  

,julian ,mack1 repres5t+ ! ,am]ican     
,jewi% ,congress2 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adl]1 = !
 ,am]ican ,jewi% ,committee2 & ,mr4     
,l\is ,m>%all1 a repres5tative ( bo?    
organizations4 ,! two la/ 7 also active 
9 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 & ,dr4 ,adl]1 
vice-*airman ( ! ,bo>d1 took *>ge z !   
repres5tative ( ! ,bo>d aft] ,colonel   
,cutl]'s dep>ture = ! ,/ates4 ,ev5 on ! 
%ip go+ home ,i met two ,jewi% work]s1  
,rabbi ,b4 ,lev9?al ( ! ,am]ican ,jewi% 
,congress delegation & ,mr4 ,morris     
,engelman1 return+ f 8 "w 9 ,holl& = !  
,jo9t ,di/ribution ,committee4 ,by t "t 
_w ,jewry 0 fully ar\s$ & its delegates 
7 busy1 bo? at ! seat ( ! ,peace        
,conf]5ce & 9 ! l&s ( ea/]n ,europe1 :]e
 ,jewi% suff]+ 0 becom+ daily m int5se4 
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,! ,,jewi% ,,welf>e     
,,bo>d ,,9 ,,! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4   ,! ,jewi%  
,welf>e ,bo>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army & 
,navy 0 ! great au?oriz$ welf>e ag5cy to
 repres5t ! ,jews ( ,am]ica1 z ! ,"y    
,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association repres5t$ ! 
,prote/ants & ! ,knights ( ,columbus !  

,ca?olics4 ,x 0 organiz$ on ,april #i1  
#aiag1 j ?ree days aft] ! decl>ation (  
w>1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,w> z
 ! (ficial welf>e body ( ! ,jews 9      
,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,x 0 n s mu* a new    
organization z a new activity ( a numb] 
( ! lead+ ,jewi% organizations ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates3 ! ,unit$ ,synagogue (    
,am]ica1 ! ,union ( ,am]ican ,hebrew    
,congregations1 ! ,c5tral ,conf]5ce (   
,am]ican ,rabbis1 ! ,union ( ,or?odox   
,jewi% ,congregations1 ! ,aguda?        
ha-,rabbonim1 ! ,jewi% ,publication     
,society ( ,am]ica1 ! c\ncil ( ,y4 ,m4  
,h4 & ,k9dr$ ,associations1 ! ,c\ncil ( 
,jewi% ,wom51 ! ,indep5d5t ,ord] ,b'nai 
,b'ri?1 ! ,jewi% ,*autauqua ,society1 ! 
,ord] ,bri? ,abraham1 ! ,national       
,f$]ation ( ,temple ,si/]hoods1 ! ,new  
,york ,bo>d ( ,jewi% ,m9i/]s1 !         
,indep5d5t ,ord] ,bri? ,%olom1 !        
,indep5d5t ,ord] ,bri? ,abraham1 & !    
,wom5's ,league ( ! ,unit$ ,synagogue4  
,9 ! camps & cantonm5ts at home x did a 
l>ge & important piece ( "w1 e/abli%+   

#dij repres5tatives at #bjj diff]5t po/s
 & putt+ up #dh build+s = its "w at     
v>i\s important po9ts4 ,?is great field1
 h[ev]1 is outside ! scope ( ! pres5t   
/udy1 :i* c take up only ! ov]seas      
activities ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4  ,"o home    
organization mu/ be m5tion$ 9 ?is place1
 ! ,*apla9s' ,committee :i* made        
recomm5dations to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t = !   
appo9tm5t ( ,jewi% *apla9s4 ,?is 0      
compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! lead+      
religi\s bodies ( ! c\ntry3 = ! ,c5tral 
,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican ,rabbis1 ,dr4      
,william ,ros5au & ,dr4 ,l\is ,grossman2
 ! ,unit$ ,synagogue ( ,am]ica1 ,dr4    
,elias ,l4 ,solomon2 ,ea/]n ,c\ncil (   
,re=m ,rabbis1 ,dr4 ,maurice ,h4 ,h>ris2
 ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,jewi% ,m9i/]s1   
,dr4 ,david de ,sola ,pool2 ! ,union (  
,or?odox ,jewi% ,congregations1 ,dr4    
,b]n>d ,dra*man2 ! ,aguda? ha-,rabbonim1
 ,rabbi ,m4 ,s4 ,m>golies4 ,dr4 ,cyrus  
,adl]1 ! ,act+ ,presid5t ( ! ,jewi%     
,!ological ,sem9>y ( ,am]ica1 0 *airman 
( ?is committee4 ,!y _h ! task ( review+

 ! applications ( "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e   
rabbis1 ( :om ?irty-f\r 7 recomm5d$ to !
 ,w> ,dep>tm5t & tw5ty-five 7           
commission$ by ! "t ! armi/ice put an   
end to m appo9tm5ts4 ,i h already giv5 9
 "s detail ! /ory ( ! twelve ( u :o s]v$
 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 :ile ! o!r ?irte5 did 
_! s]vice 9 cantonm5ts 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  ,! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d began  
to take up ! ov]seas problem z e>ly z   
,augu/1 #aiag1 :5 ,rabbi ,voorsang]1 !n 
,s]geant 9 ! ,army ,m$ical ,corps1      
receiv$ a lett] f ,colonel ,h>ry ,cutl]1
 ask+ = su* in=mation z he _h at comm& &
 also h[ f> he might be able to coop]ate
 p]sonally ) ! ,jewi% "w4 ,"s mon?s     
lat]1 aft] ,voorsang] _h be5 appo9t$    
*apla9 he 0 aga9 ask$ = in=mation4 ,?is 
"t he 0 9 a position to give a great    
deal toge!r ) recomm5dations4 ,a c]ta9  
am\nt ( supplies 0 furni%$ him at once1 
b no welf>e work]s 7 s5t until ! ov]seas
 commission _h made its inve/igation &  
report4  ,! ov]seas commission ( !      
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 consi/+ (         

,congressman ,isaac ,n4 ,siegel1        
*airman1 ,rabbi ,h4 ,g4 ,enel[1 ,rabbi  
,jacob ,kohn1 & ,mr4 ,john ,goldha>1    
secret>y1 w5t to ,france 9 ,july1 #aiah1
 & 7 ! fir/ fri5ds ,i met :5 ,i rea*$   
,p>is4 ,_! g5]al "w 0 to /udy ! nature &
 scope ( ! ov]seas field s z to make    
recomm5dations on _! return2 incid5tally
 to ?is1 !y 7 to e/abli% contact ) k9dr$
 organizations & ) ! army1 op5          
headqu>t]s1 & coop]ate ) ! *apla9s 9 !  
field 9 ! holyday s]vices4 ,!y made _!  
surveys dur+ ! summ] by con/ant travel+ 
& num]\s int]views ) (fic]s & welf>e    
work]s z well z ) ,jews 9 ! s]vice4     
,congressman ,siegel made a trip to     
,g5]al ,p]%+'s headqu>t]s & to ! sector 
!n occupi$ by ! #gg? ,division1 :]e     
,*apla9 ,voorsang] 0 tak5 into          
consultation reg>d+ ! problems ahead4 ,!
 ,congressman !n return$ to ,am]ica1    
:ile ,mr4 ,goldha> 0 left z executive   
secret>y pro tem ( ! ,p>is (fice &      
,rabbis ,kohn & ,enel[ conduct$ holyday 
s]vices at diff]5t po9ts4 ,aft]w>d ,dr4 

,kohn also return$ home1 & ,dr4 ,enel[  
devot$ himself to field "w1 e/abli%+    
welf>e c5t]s at v>i\s po9ts4 ,lat] on1  
:5 ! army educational program 0         
und]tak51 he became ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4       
repres5tative on ! faculty ( ! ,army    
,univ]sity at ,beaune4 ,dr4 ,enel[ 0    
recomm5d$ = a *apla9cy by ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 
,*apla9s' ,committee1 b 0 among ^?      
prev5t$ by ! armi/ice f receiv+ ! rank4 
,mean:ile he labor$ 9 any capacity at   
h&1 = he 0 det]m9$ n to return to       
,am]ica :ile "w rema9$ to be done among 
! soldi]s 9 ,france4  ,all ?is 0        
entirely inadequate = ! task at h&1 z we
 all realiz$ at ! "t4 ,at t "t ! ,j4 ,w4
 ,b4 0 function+ 9 ! ov]seas =ces1 n z a
 sep>ate entity1 b ?r\gh ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4  
,a4 ,?is naturally prev5t$ ! full       
expansion ( its indep5d5t viewpo9t or ! 
direct contact ) ! army (ficials :i*    
alone c\ld give x /&+4 ,! arrival ( !   
ov]seas commission made "s diff]5ce 9   
?is respect1 b ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 0 n fully  
recogniz$ z "o ( ! responsible ov]seas  

welf>e organizations until ,colonel     
,h>ry ,cutl]1 its national *airman1 _h  
come to ,france & pres5t$ 8 case at     
,g5]al ,p]%+'s headqu>t]s4 ,!re 7 m ?an 
! usual difficulties ) passports &      
vises1 ow+ to ! ,g]man or ,au/rian      
ance/ry ( "s ( ! mo/ desirable work]s2  
?is 0 f9ally ov]come by ! *airman ( !   
,bo>d v\*+ p]sonally = ! loyalty ( e    
individual recomm5d$4 ,! selection 0    
limit$1 z ) all welf>e organizations1 to
 m5 n subject to draft4 ,) ^! ob/acles !
 difficulties prov$ = ! "t insup]able4  
,?is situation made x impossible = ! ,j4
 ,w4 ,b4 to und]take any indep5d5t "w   
be=e ! armi/ice4 ,x c\ld only support & 
assi/ ! "w already be+ done by *apla9s &
 by ! doz5s ( ready volunte]s among !   
(fic]s & enli/$ m5 !mselves4 ,! e>ly    
hi/ory ( ,jewi% welf>e "w abroad is t ( 
a scatt]$ b& ( eag]1 self-sacrific+     
work]s :o gave up _! own "t to labor    
incessantly = ! welf>e ( ! ,jewi% m5 9 !
 s]vice4 ,! fir/ task 0 to acqua9t !    
soldi]s ) ! fact t !re 0 a ,jewi%       

,welf>e ,bo>d1 ev5 ?\gh its ,p>is /aff  
consi/$ only ( ,mr4 ,goldha>1 "o        
/5ograph] & "o (fice boy4 ,adv]tisem5ts 
9 ! ,/>s & ,/ripes & ! ,p>is editions ( 
,am]ican newspap]s & correspond5ce )    
,jewi% & non-,jewi% *apla9s1 ,am]ican1  
,fr5* & ,briti%1 did ! "w4 ,lett]s began
 to p\r 9 = supplies1 advice1 in=mation1
 & a great correspond5ce s*ool ( welf>e 
"w began4  ,! c5t] ( ?is "w 0 naturally 
! ,p>is club rooms1 9 connection ) !    
(fice at #da ,b\lev>de ,haussman4 ,mr4  
,john ,goldha> 0 9 imm$iate *>ge ( bo?1 
) a m\nta9 ( mail on 8 desk f e "p ( !  
,a4 ,e4 ,f4 & a con/ant cr[d ( d\ghboys 
outside 9 ! club rooms4 ,8 indefatigable
 labors & 8 pr(\nd sympa?y = ! boys 9 ! 
s]vice won him ?\s&s ( fri5ds ?r\gh !   
l5g? & bread? ( ! =ces4 ,he cont9u$ 9   
?is position1 ) its con/antly gr[+      
duties1 until ,capta9 ,voorsang] 0      
appo9t$ ,ov]seas ,director ( ! ,j4 ,w4  
,b41 :5 ,mr4 ,goldha> 0 made ,ov]seas   
,field ,director & put 9 *>ge ( ! field 
"w4 ,8 ,m$aille d',honneur f ! ,fr5*    

gov]nm5t 0 e>n$ by ! h>de/ & mo/        
valuable k9d ( w> "w4 ,mr4 ,goldha>     
ga!r$ ab\t him 9 ! ,p>is club rooms a   
gr\p ( ,am]ican ,jewesses & a few ( _!  
,fr5* coreligioni/s z an ent]ta9m5t     
committee to make ! boys feel at home4  
,e aft]noon !y s]v$ tea--a little ?+ 9  
itself1 b a big "o to lonesome boys )\t 
a fri5d ne>by4 ,x meant mu* ef=t1 too1  
on ! "p ( ! ladies !mselves1 especially 
_! lead]s1 ,mrs4 ,ralph ,/]n1 ,mrs4     
,za*>ie ,eudlitz1 ,mrs4 ,engelman &     
,mrs4 ,h]tz4 ,"s ( !m came f ! suburbs e
 aft]noon1 ra9 or %9e1 to r5d] ?is      
devot$ s]vice4 ,monsieur & ,madame ,h5ri
 ,bod5heim] op5$ _! he>ts & _! homes1   
bo? 9 ,p>is & ,t\rs1 to receive !       
,am]icans2 e ,friday ev5+ saw _! table  
cr[d$ ) lonesome buck privates1         
especially ! ones :om o!r p w\ld        
ov]look4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ^! same p     
hospital visitation 0 begun4 ,a         
regi/ration book 9 ! (fice began to fill
 up ) ! names ( ,jewi% soldi]s & (fic]s1
 & lett]s s5t home record$ ! fact ( _!  

visits & (t5 e/abli%$ an important      
connection = ! welf>e ( ! m5 !mselves4  
,at ! same "t1 among ! hundr$s (        
lett]-writ]s & visitors eag] to d       
some?+1 any?+1 = _! fell[-soldi]s1 a few
 began to /& out "h & !re z effective & 
c5tral work]s4 ,! soldi]s 7 always ready
 to coop]ate2 ,i f\nd t out f my fir/   
s]vice at ,nev]s to my la/ at ,le ,mans4
 ,s x 0 only natural t f> m ( !m        
volunte]$ = ?is "w ?an ,i c possibly    
m5tion4 ,i %all simply h to speak ( a   
few out/&+ names1 & leave x to !        
imag9ation ( ! read] to multiply ^!     
examples _m times4 ,9 ,*aumont !re 0    
,field ,cl]k ,a4 ,s4 ,weisb]g]1 =m]ly ( 
,scranton1 ,pa4 ,s&y ,weisb]g]          
mimeograph$ a little newspap]1 ! ,junior
 ,argus1 = 8 fell[-soldi]s f ,scranton2 
organiz$ ! ,jewi% soldi]s at ,g4 ,h4 ,q4
 = s]vices & sociability2 & ref]r$ any  
numb] ( m5 to ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d =  
su* advice or assi/ance z x c\ld give4  
,he 0 lat] mu/]$ out ( s]vice to become 
a ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 work] & met 8 dea? mo/    

tragically by an accid5t 9 ! ,p>is      
headqu>t]s1 dur+ ! fe/ivities ( ,passov]
 week1 #aiai4  ,9 ,dijon !re 0 a gr\p1  
,major ,jacob ,jablons1 ,m$ical ,corps2 
,miss ,bessie ,spann]1 a regul> army    
nurse2 & ,s]geant ,j4 ,h[>d ,li*t5/e91 (
 ,bak] ,co4 #cci4 ,!y organiz$ hospital 
visit+ 9 ! _m hospital c5t]s 9 t area1  
celebration ( ! high holydays1 ,sim*a?  
,torah p>ties1 & gr\p ga!r+s ( all k9ds4
 ,?is "w 0 spontane\s & ne$$ only       
supplies ( /ation]y1 pray]books & ! l to
 make x completely effective1 furni%+ a 
f]tile field = ! welf>e work]s :5 !y    
op5$ _! community c5t] !re4 ,by t "t !  
two la/ 7 also 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,welf>e   
,bo>d1 ,miss ,spann] 9 ! unique position
 ( head ( ! wom5 work]s ov]seas4 ,9     
,t\rs ! out/&+ figure 0 ,colonel ,max   
,b4 ,wa9]1 at t "t a ,major4 ,he ga!r$ a
 gr\p ( active work]s among ! soldi]s1  
us$ ! local synagogue z a c5t]1 &       
organiz$ a full welf>e program1 includ+ 
,friday ev5+ s]vices & r\nd table       
discussions1 hospital visit+1 &         

di/ribution ( /ation]y & pray]books4 ,i 
dropp$ 9 at ,t\rs = a day to arrange = !
 holyday s]vices2 ! local committee (   
soldi]s saw t special meals 7 provid$ = 
! ,jewi% m52 & ! bills 7 paid by !      
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d4  ,9 ! ,le ,mans   
area1 :i* be=e ! armi/ice 0 us$ z a     
classification camp f :i* soldi]s 7 s5t 
z replacem5ts to units 9 ! field1 ! fir/
 ,jewi% "w 0 />t$ by ,s]geant ,*>les ,s4
 ,rivitz ( ,army ,po/ ,(fice #gfb ?r\gh 
! aid & assi/ance ( 8 comm&+ (fic]1     
,lieut5ant ,will+ ( ,clevel&4 ,lieut5ant
 7lat] ,capta97 ,will+1 ?\gh a non-,jew1
 _h tak5 a deep int]e/ 9 ! ,jewi% m5 9 8
 unit :ile /ill 9 camp 9 ! ,/ates &     
cont9u$ ?is int]e/ to ,france4 ,) !     
approval ( ,g54 ,gl5n1 9 comm& ( ! area1
 ,rivitz 0 detail$ to ! ,jewi% ,welf>e  
,bo>d "u ! sup]vision ( ! s5ior *apla9 (
 ! area & ,capt4 ,will+4 ,s]geant       
,rivitz 0 n a social work] at all1 b _h 
"o s\rce ( /r5g? :i* made 8 good w      
effective4 ,he 0 a soldi]1 _h atta9$ 8  
s]geancy ?r\gh =ce ( p]sonality2 he knew

 :at ! soldi]s want$ & insi/$ on giv+ x 
to !m4 ,he r5t$ a *ateau z a club h\se  
l>gely on 8 own responsibility1 & !     
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d soon f\nd t bo? !  
/ructure & 8 me?od ( conduct+ x 7       
excell5t4 ,8 *ief assi/ant 0 ,corporal  
,george ,rooby1 :o aft] 8 dis*>ge f !   
s]vice volunte]$ = ! fir/ unit ( ! ,jo9t
 ,di/ribution ,committee 9 ,pol&1 &     
cont9u$ s]v+ ,jewry !re4  ,9 fight+     
units also ! ,jewi% (fic]s & enli/$ m5 7
 e>ly active 9 welf>e "w4 ,two (fic]s   
occur to me ^: "w ,i saw p]sonally2     
und\bt$ly !re 7 _m o!rs ) ! same sort ( 
int]e/4 ,capta9 ,leon ,s*w>tz ( ! #abcrd
 ,infantry1 #ca/ ,division1 0 active f !
 outset 9 8 own division & ! ,le ,mans  
area4 ,lat]1 dur+ ! "t :5 ! army 0 try+ 
e means to keep up ! morale ( ! troops1 
& ! tempor>y organization ( ,comrades 9 
,s]vice 0 be+ pu%$ ?r\gh ! ,g4 ,h4 ,q4  
,*apla9s' ,(fice1 ,capta9 ,s*w>tz 0     
assign$ to ?is "w z ! ,jewi%            
repres5tative1 & address$ hundr$s (     
ga!r+s ( soldi]s1 toge!r ) ! ,ca?olic & 

,prote/ant spokesm5 = morale &          
comrade%ip4 ,9 ! #bf? ,division1 !      
,yankee ,division1 ,capta9 ,b]n>d ,i4   
,gorf9kle ( ! ,judge ,advocate's (fice 0
 "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ effective ,jewi%     
work]s 9 ,france4 ,capta9 ,gorf9kle     
organiz$ an ov]seas bran* ( ! ,new      
,engl& ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a41 d]iv+ 8 fir/    
funds f ! ,"y ,m5's ,hebrew             
,associations ( ,new ,engl&4 ,lat]1 :5 !
 ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d arriv$1 he jo9$   
=ces ) its ,p>is (fice = ! b5efit ( 8   
m54 ,mr4 ,goldha> tells h[ surpris$ he 0
 aft] ! battle ( ,*ateau ,?i]ry to be   
highly complim5t$ = ! "w ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4
 9 m>k+ ! ,jewi% graves4 ,( c\rse1 at t 
"t no su* "w _h yet be5 und]tak54 ,on   
inve/igation he f\nd t ! graves ( ,jews 
( ! #bf? ,division :o fell 9 action _h  
be5 m>k$ ) a crude ,mag5 ,david by _!   
comrades "u ! initiative ( ,capta9      
,gorf9kle4  ,:]ev] a ,jewi% *apla9 exi/$
 ! ,welf>e ,bo>d _h a means ( contact ) 
! m54 ,& "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41
 volunte]s sprang up1 e/abli%+ _! little

 gr\ps & do+ _! own "w1 l>ge or small4  
,9 ! #dbnd ,division1 to cite only "o m 
example1 "s ( ! boys came toge!r & held 
holyday s]vices dur+ ! actual campaign1 
& aft]w>d in/itut$ _! own hospital      
visit+4 ,b !n came ! armi/ice1 & at !   
same "t ! passport difficulty 0 dispos$ 
(4 ,work]s began to come2 new plans 7   
be+ issu$ daily by ! army au?orities2 ! 
:ole viewpo9t ( ! "w 0 revolutioniz$ & !
 facilities sudd5ly enl>g$4  ,! det]m9+ 
factor 0 t troops 7 no long] be+ scatt]$
 = tra9+ & fight+ b conc5trat$ = _!     
return home4 ,h5ce ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 c5t]$  
its "w on ! ,am]ican ,emb>kation ,c5t] &
 ! base ports1 e/abli%$ a l9e ( c5t]s 9 
! *ief po9ts ( ! ,s]vice ( ,supply1 &   
w5t ) ! ,army ( ,occupation to ,g]many4 
,! la/ to be suppli$ ) work]s 7 "s ( !  
combat divisions n 9 ! organiz$ areas4  
,?us ! "w grew4 ,! club-h\se at ,le     
,mans 0 d$icat$ on ,novemb] #bh1 #aiah1 
9 ! pres5ce ( ,major ,g5]al ,gl5n1 )    
spee*es by ,dr4 ,enel[ & ! prefect ( !  
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,s>!1 & a vaudeville %[ & 

refre%m5ts to w9d up ! ev5+4 ,build+s 7 
r5t$ 9 ! ports ( ,bre/1 ,/4 ,nazaire1   
,bordeaux & ,m>seilles1 & a l9e ( c5t]s 
e/abli%$ across ,france1 f ,le ,mans on 
?r\gh ,t\rs1 ,/4 ,aignan1 ,gievres1     
,b\rges1 ,beaune1 ,is-sur-,tille1 ,dijon
 & ,*aumont4 ,! headqu>t]s = ! ,army (  
,occupation 7 at ,cobl5z1 :]e ! ,b'nai  
,b'ri? ,build+ 0 employ$ & sev5 huts    
e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! area4 ,f9ally z work]s 
cont9u$ com+1 !y 7 assign$ to sev5 ( !  
combat divisions1 /ay+ ) !m 9 _!        
movem5ts ?r\gh ,france & say+ f>ewell   
only aft] ! troops 7 emb>k$ = home4 ,^! 
divisions 7 ! #e?1 #f?1 #g?1 #bi?1      
#ccrd1 #gi?1 & #ha/4 ,:5 ,antw]p became 
an important port = army supplies a c5t]
 0 e/abli%$ !re z well4  ,altoge!r !    
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d employ$ #ajb m5 &  
#gf wom5 9 #eg diff]5t c5t]s 9 !        
,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,( ?is     
p]sonnel1 #bd m5 & "o woman1 ,miss      
,spann]1 7 mu/]$ out ( ! s]vice = ?is   
purpose1 :ile ! o!rs 7 transport$ f !   
,/ates4 ,( ! build+s1 #bc 7 locat$ 9    

t[ns & 7 r5t$2 ! o!r #cd 7 provid$ by   
cooep]ation ( o!r organizations1 #bh by 
! ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 two by ! ,knights (    
,columbus1 two by ! ,r$ ,cross1 "o by ! 
,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & "o by ! ,belgian      
,gov]nm5t4 ,9 camps r\gh b>racks or t5ts
 7 usually ! ?+2 9 cities ! equipm5t    
v>i$1 & 9 "s places 0 complete ) kit*51 
dance hall1 writ+ room1 & (fices4  ,i c 
speak ( ! l>ge "w 9 ! ,le ,mans area    
?r\gh p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,!re !       
p]sonality ( ,mr4 ,rivitz 0 ! decisive  
factor4 ,) 8 un]r+ k ( ! soldi]1 he     
e/abli%$ at once ! policy ( ev]y?+ free1
 :i* 0 soon adopt$ by ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4     
?r\gh\t its ov]seas "w4 ,religi\s       
s]vices 7 provid$1 hot *ocolate &       
cig>ettes s]v$1 contact e/abli%$ ) ?\s&s
 ( soldi]s = ! p]sonal ne$s :i* !y      
br\ght to ! welf>e work]4 ,z ! ne$s ( ! 
area grew1 o!r c5t]s 7 e/abli%$4 ,:5 !  
#gg? ,division1 ) its ?\s&s ( ,jews1 0 9
 ! area1 five huts 7 e/abli%$ 9 its     
v>i\s regim5ts & ! m5 provid$ ) ev]y?+  
possible "r at home4 ,9 o!r units :]e ! 

,jews 7 m scatt]$1 ! c5t]s 7 at !       
,division ,headqu>t]s4 ,9 cases :]e     
units /opp$ 9 our area = only a few days
 or a week1 an automobile load (        
supplies ) two work]s 0 s5t out on an   
ext5sive trip1 meet+ ! boys & giv+ !m z 
mu* p]sonal *e] & physical su/5ance z   
possible "u ! circum/ances4  ,i h       
describ$ ?is type ( activity sev]al     
times 9 connection ) my own p]sonal     
/ory4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 special         
p]sonalities or incid5ts /& out 9 !     
con/ant1 exhau/+ labor to :i* ! work]s  
subject$ !mselves 9 ! t]rific ru% ( !   
morale ag5cies dur+ t p]iod ( wait+ to g
 home4 ,9 ,g]many at ! head ( ! "w 0    
,mr4 ,leo ,mielz9]1 son ( ! late        
,pr(essor ,moses ,mielz9] ( ! ,hebrew   
,union ,college1 a man ( high reputation
 z an arti/ & ( comm&+ p]sonality4 ,mr4 
,mielz9]1 :o _h two sons 9 ! s]vice1    
conduct$ ! "w 9 ! ,army ( ,occupation ) 
! f9e/ _s ( fell[-feel+ = ! enli/$ man4 
,"u 8 direction ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d  
ma9ta9$ su* a high /&>d t :5 ! ,r$      

,cross clos$ its railroad cante5s 9 !   
occupi$ t]ritory ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 0 reque/$
 by ! army to take !m ov]4  ,at         
,gievres1 :]e ! great bak]ies ( ! ,a4   
,e4 ,f4 7 locat$1 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 0 ! c5t]
 = ! bak]y units4 ,s :5 ,purim came bo? 
,jews & non-,jews coop]at$ 9 bak+ a     
gigantic cake = ! celebration4 ,! cake1 
:i* _h to be bak$ 9 sections1 occupi$ n 
only ! /age b also an addition made = ! 
purpose4 ,x 0 cut into #aj1jjj portions 
& e man 9 t camp receiv$ a slice4 ,z !  
cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 bak]ies1
 t ,purim cake receiv$ a reputation (   
its own4  ,! ,p>is (fice1 & /ill lat] ! 
club rooms on ,rue ,clem5t ,m>ot1 7 !   
ent]ta9m5t c5t] = ! ,p>is di/rict & all 
its _m visitors4 ,aft] its =mal op5+ on 
,sim*a? ,torah1 e ,sunday aft]noon an   
ent]ta9m5t 0 provid$1 ) vaudeville1     
spee*es or danc+1 conclud+ ) ! fam\s    
*ocolate lay] cake made by volunte]     
work]s among ! ,am]ican wom5 liv+ 9     
,p>is4 ,! w\nd$ 7 visit$ 9 ! ne>by      
hospitals & usually a gr\p (            

convalesc5ts 0 pres5t 9 ! front seats at
 ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,! regi/rations 9 ! big  
book s]v$ to unite _m fri5ds & bro!rs :o
 _h lo/ track ( ea* o!r 9 ! con/antly   
mov+ wild]ness ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,a family
 wrote 9 f ,kansas ,city t _! son 0     
compla9+ at n he>+ f home2 :5 ! ,j4 ,w4 
,b4 wrote him1 x 0 8 fir/ news f home 9 
8 six mon?s z a casual 9 ,france4 ,?r\gh
 ! ,p>is (fice & ! work]s 9 ! field !   
:ole imm5se field ( p]sonal s]vice &    
ent]ta9m5t _h to be cov]$1 includ+ mu* (
 ! same "w :i* 0 be+ done by ! *apla9s &
 9 addition ! furni%+ ( imm5se am\nts ( 
supplies :i* we & o!rs c\ld use up b    
c\ld n provide4  ,dur+ ! high holydays !
 ,p>is clubrooms pres5t$ a rem>kable    
m+l+ ( ,jewi% soldi]s ( all ! alli$     
armies4 ,mix$ ) ! olive drab & ! navy   
blue ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ! ,au/ralians )
 _! hats raki%ly turn$ up on ! side1 !  
gray capes ( ! ,italian1 ! ,fr5* troops 
f ,morocco1 ! ,russian 9 ,cossack uni=m1
 & a few ,belgians4 ,dur+ ,*anuka1 :i*  
co9cid$ ) ,?anksgiv+ 9 #aiah1 special   

s]vices 7 held at ! synagogue 9 ! ,rue  
de la ,victoire1 ! l>ge/ 9 ,france4 ,!  
synagogue 0 cr[d$ ) ,fr5* m5 & wom51 all
 at a high pit* ( en?usiasm1 & ) #cej   
,am]ican soldi]s1 ! h]oes ( ! occasion4 
,! impressive s]vice ( ! ,fr5* rabbi 0  
foll[$ by a brilliant ,?anksgiv+ s]mon  
by ,*apla9 ,voorsang]1 :o _h be5 invit$ 
to come to ,p>is = ! occasion4 ,aft]    
s]vices turkey & pumpk9 pie 7 s]v$ at ! 
club rooms1 & :ile ,i 0 n !re t day1 ,i 
c te/ify t ! pumpk9 pie s]v$ at ! ,jewi%
 ,welf>e ,bo>d on ,new ,ye>'s day1      
#aiai1 0 "o ( ! mo/ poignant rem9d]s ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ my /ay abroad4  ,due
 to ! int5se pressure ( ! situation1 !  
actual volume ( "w done by ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4
 0 surpris+ly l>ge4 ,! ent]ta9m5ts &    
dances conduct$ at e c5t] numb]$ fully  
#e1jjj1 ) an aggregate att5dance (      
#b1gej1jjj4 ,among ! conspicu\s units   
:i* t\r$ ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 "u ,welf>e ,bo>d 
auspices1 0 ,:o ,c ,tell8 ! ,second     
,army %[1 :i* 0 und]writt5 by reque/ ( !
 ,welf>e ,(fic] & 0 "o ( ! mo/ elaborate

 ( ! army musical com$ies1 ) a full     
complem5t ( *orus girls act$ by husky   
d\ghboys2 ?is production t\r$ = five    
weeks & :ile 9 ,p>is 0 se5 by ,presid5t 
& ,mrs4 ,wilson4 ,!re 0 ! ,dovetail     
,tr\pe1 a vaudeville unit :i* likewise  
w5t on t\r4 ,& !re 0 ! ,tuneful ,trio1  
l$ by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,gideon (      
,bo/on1 :i* came to ,france "u ! ,y4 ,m4
 ,c4 ,a41 & gave _m excell5t conc]ts "u 
,j4 ,w4 ,b4 auspices2 ,i he>d "o ( _!   
programs 9 ,le ,mans & felt n only !    
musical excell5ce ( _! "w1 b also !     
special appeal ( _! program ( ,yiddi%   
folk songs to ! ,jewi% m52 ?is tr\pe    
deliv]$ #ha conc]ts to fully #fj1jjj m54
 ,! army educational "w receiv$ mu*     
support 9 ! v>i\s huts1 & two ( ! be/   
equipp$ m5 9 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 s]vice 7     
assign$ to x1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,enel[ = !   
,univ]sity ( ,beaune1 & ,pr(essor ,david
 ,blondheim ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 = a "t    
executive director ( ! ov]seas "w1 = !  
,sorbonne 9 ,p>is4 ,! bulk ( ! daily "w 
9 ! huts ?r\gh\t ,france appe>s f ! fact

 t #b1ejj1jjj lett]heads 7 di/ribut$ &  
refre%m5ts s]v$ )\t *>ge to a total (   
#c1jjj1jjj m54  ,! records ( religi\s "w
 are equally impos+1 z #a1gdj s]vices 7 
held1 ) a total att5dance ( #ahj1jjj m54
 ,! con/ant cooep]ation ) ! *apla9s     
meant t f> m ?an ^! 7 indirectly        
influ5c$ & aid$4 ,eighte5 ?\s& pray]    
books 7 di/ribut$ & t5 ?\s& ,bibles4 ,on
 ,passov] ( #aiai ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 provid$ 
unleav5$ bread 7matzo?71 :i* _h be5     
furni%$ ?r\gh ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps1 = !  
,jewi% soldi]s 9 ! ,am]ican =ces1 z well
 z = ,fr5* & ,russian soldi]s4 ,! ,j4   
,w4 ,b4 ev5 provid$ matzo? = six ?\s&   
,russian prison]s 9 ,g]many dur+        
,passov] ( #aiai4 ,at ! reque/ ( !      
milit>y (ficials1 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d
 took *>ge ( welf>e "w = ! sixty ?\s&   
,russian troops 9 ,france1 :o _h come   
orig9ally z fight+ units1 b aft] !      
)drawal ( ,russia f ! w> _h be5         
transf]r$ to agricultural labor4 ,no o!r
 welf>e ag5cy _h provid$ = !m & s !y 7  
assign$ to ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 :i* _h a few   

work]s :o c\ld speak ,russian4 ,x 0 r   
ironical t ^! m5 9 ,cossack uni=m1 mo/ (
 :om 7 non-,jews1 receiv$ _! only       
fri5dly s]vice 9 ,france at ! h&s ( !   
despis$ ,jew4  ,! :ole "w ( ! ,j4 ,w4   
,b4 abroad culm9at$ 9 ! ,passov] (      
#aiai4 ,! mo/ int5se mom5t = u *apla9s  
_h come dur+ ! high holydays :5 feel+ 0 
mo/ pr(\nd & susp5se at its deepe/ & :51
 9 addition1 we _h to c>ry ! burd5 almo/
 unaid$4 ,by ,passov] ! feel+ _h *ang$1 
! w> 0 safely ov]1 ! m5 7 rejoic+ at _! 
imm95t return home1 & we _h ! ,jewi%    
,welf>e ,bo>d to arrange our celebration
 = u4 ,fully #cj1jjj ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,a4  
,e4 ,f4 ate ! ,s$] d9n]s furni%$ by !   
,welf>e ,bo>d4 ,i h already describ$ our
 celebration at ,le ,mans1 ) its _m     
features 9 :i* ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 & ,i work$ 
toge!r4 ,a simil> program 0 c>ri$ out   
ev]y:]e4 ,at ,dijon ,rabbi ,s*uma*] ( ! 
local ,fr5* synagogue1 :o _h be5 mo/    
active ?r\gh\t 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,am]ican  
soldi]s1 l$ a great congregation (      
#b1jjj m5 ?r\gh ! ra9 to ! synagogue =  

wor%ip & aft]w>d to ! ,s$] tables4 ,9   
,g]many1 ! city ( ,cobl5z became ! leave
 area = soldi]s ( ,jewi% fai? & 0 clos$ 
= all o!r furl\ghs dur+ ! ?ree days4 ,! 
,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ! ,k4 ( ,c4 assi/$ 9  
giv+ prop] honor to ! ,jewi% fe/ival &  
prop] pleasures to ! ,jewi% m51 & ) _!  
aid boat rides on ! ,rh9e1 ent]ta9m5ts 9
 ! ,fe/halle1 & all ! features ( a full 
amusem5t program 7 provid$4  ,mo/ /rik+ 
( all 0 ! great ,s$] at ,p>is1 ) its    
cr[d ( ,am]ican1 ,au/ralian1 ,engli%1   
,fr5* & ,italian soldi]s1 "s ( !m =m]   
prison]s 9 ,g]many1 all ( !m unit$ 9 !  
great occasion ( _! fai?4 ,among !      
speak]s & ! gue/s ( honor 7 "s ( ! great
 lead]s ( ,jewry1 z well z p]sonal      
repres5tatives ( ,m>%all ,fo* & ,g5]al  
,p]%+4 ,colonel ,h>ry ,cutl]1 ,mr4 ,l\is
 ,m>%all1 ,judge ,julian ,mack1 ,dr4    
,cyrus ,adl]1 & ,dr4 ,*aim ,weitzmann 7 
!re1 z well z _m o!r celebrities4 ,at t 
"t & 9 t place ! highe/ honor = any man 
0 to wor%ip & eat side by side ) !      
soldi]s1 :o _h c>ri$ love ( _! c\ntry & 

loyalty to _! fai? to ! la/ extreme (   
s]vice & ( sacrifice4  ,decoration ,day 
( #aiai1 :i* 0 obs]v$ by all ,france    
toge!r ) its ,am]ican visitors1 0 ano!r 
important c]emony = ! ,jewi% ,welf>e    
,bo>d1 toge!r ) its ,fr5* ho/s at !     
great synagogue on ! ,rue de la         
,victoire4 ,! s]mon 0 deliv]$ by ,rabbi 
,voorsang]1 ! s]vice read by ,rabbi     
,levy ( ,p>is2 & aga9 ! great ?rong (   
,am]icans 9 uni=m & _! ,fr5* fri5ds jo9$
 9 ! common wor%ip ( _! fai? & ! common 
exaltation ( _! patriotism4  ,9 addition
 to ! ov]seas commission & ! m5 9 !     
field1 sev]al ( ! prom95t (fic]s ( !    
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d w5t to ,france at  
v>i\s times & took p]sonal "p 9 ! "w4 ,!
 fir/ 0 ,mr4 ,mortim] ,l4 ,s*iff1 :o    
sp5t ! mon?s ( ,decemb] #aiah & ,janu>y 
#aiai 9 ,france z a memb] ( ! commission
 ( elev5 ( ! ,unit$ ,w> ,"w             
,organization1 :i* _h j complet$ its    
great f9ancial drive4 ,9 t capacity ,mr4
 ,s*iff 0 equally int]e/$ 9 all ! welf>e
 ag5cies2 naturally1 he gave ! full     

b5efit ( 8 advice to ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 ,9   
,febru>y #aiai ,colonel ,h>ry ,cutl]1   
*airman ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 came  
to ,france4 ,al?\gh burd5$ ) duties =   
o!r organizations z well1 he accompli%$ 
wond]s = ! "w ( ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 dur+ 8 f\r
 mon?s 9 ,france4 ,8 en?usiasm & vigor  
%[$ at once1 z 9 any matt] he ev]       
und]took4 ,he travel$ ?r\gh\t ! ,a4 ,e4 
,f41 obs]v$ conditions = himself1 & !n  
accompli%$ two important pieces ( "w4   
,fir/ he obta9$ an ord] f ! ,g5]al      
,headqu>t]s releas+ ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 f its 
=m] dep5d5ce on ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 &     
all[+ x to "w directly 9 cooep]ation ) !
 milit>y au?orities2 ?is 0 c]ta9ly      
advisable "u po/-armi/ice conditions1 & 
_m o!rs felt ) me t x w\ld h be5 !      
pref]able sy/em at all times4 ,second1  
he p]suad$ ,*apla9 ,elkan ,c4           
,voorsang]1 !n complet+ 8 second ye>    
ov]seas1 to all[ 8 division to return   
home )\t him1 :ile he /ay$ on f ,april  
to ,septemb] z ,ov]seas ,director ( !   
,j4 ,w4 ,b4 ,toge!r ) ,*apla9           

,voorsang]1 ,colonel ,cutl] adm9i/]$ !  
,j4 ,w4 ,b4 dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[?1 & !n   
left him to c>ry x on successfully dur+ 
! "t ( retr5*m5t1 until f9ally he also  
return$ home ) ! ,p>is ,/aff1 & ! only  
repres5tatives left 9 ,france 7 ^? work+
 9 cooep]ation ) ! ,graves ,regi/ration 
,s]vice4  ,ano!r important work] = ! ,j4
 ,w4 ,b4 0 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adl]1           
vice-*airman ( ! national organization1 
:o rea*$ ,france 9 ,m>*1 #aiai z a      
repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican ,jewi%       
,committee4 ,on ,colonel ,cutl]'s return
 9 ,may1 ,dr4 ,adl] took ov] 8 duties = 
! ,welf>e ,bo>d1 & work$ ) ,*apla9      
,voorsang] until ! end ( 8 mission1 9   
,july #aiai4  ,"o necess>y "p ( ! "w ( !
 ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 aft] all its     
ef=ts on behalf ( ! m5 9 ! s]vice _h be5
 accompli%$1 0 to c>e = ! graves ( ^?   
,jews :o gave _! all 9 ! s]vice (       
,am]ica4 ,! ,graves ,regi/ration        
,s]vice1 lat] call$ ! ,cemet]ial        
,division ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 _h a great 
& necess>y "w4 ,! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d  

obta9$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah a ,w> ,dep>tm5t
 ord] t all graves ( ,jews %\ld be m>k$ 
) ! ,mag5 ,david1 ! d\ble triangle4     
,?is ord] 0 confirm$ by a response f    
,g5]al ,p]%+ on ,july #bi1 #aiah4       
,tempor>y ,jewi% headbo>ds 7 suppli$    
ov]seas1 toge!r ) ! tempor>y crosses1 & 
:5ev] we knew def9itely t a p>ticul>    
soldi] _h be5 a ,jew !y 7 us$4          
,un=tunately1 t in=mation 0 n always    
available4 ,mo/ units _h no religi\s    
c5sus1 c]ta9ly none 0 up to date includ+
 ! replacem5ts4 ,! ord] = m>k+ !        
id5tification tag ) an additional       
lett]--,p = ,prote/ant1 ,c = ,ca?olic1 &
 ,h = ,hebrew--0 issu$ aft] mo/ ( u 7   
ov]seas1 & h>dly any ( ! tags _h x2 ,i  
"k ,i nev] _h ! ,h put on m9e4 ,(t5 a   
man w\ld c>ry a pray]book 9 8 pocket1 b 
if ! bodies 7 se>*$ by "o detail & buri$
 by ano!r t did n help4 ,i "k t x took  
me ?ree mon?s to v]ify my li/ ( ,jewi%  
dead 9 ! #bg? ,division1 s t "o c imag9e
 ! task = ! entire ,a4 ,e4 ,f4  ,9 ,may1
 #aiai1 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 und]took ?is duty 

( id5tify+ ! ,jewi% graves1 s t ! ,w>   
,dep>tm5t c\ld m>k !m all prop]ly4 ,!y h
 ?us id5tifi$ #a1ejj altoge!r & :]e a   
cross _h already be5 put up ! headbo>d 0
 *ang$4 ,9 ?is connection1 a peculi>    
situation arose ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,r$   
,cross to photograph all graves 9       
,france = ! b5efit ( ! families at home4
 ,su* graves z _h n be5 id5tifi$ z      
,jewi% /ill _h ! cross1 & "s families _h
 _! religi\s s5sibilities %ock$ by !    
photographs4 ,h5ce ! photographs 9 all  
su* cases 7 deta9$ until ! *anges _h be5
 c>ri$ out1 & ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d _h 
! graves photograph$ = ! b5efit ( !     
families4 ,naturally1 ?is "w is be+     
cont9u$ 9 ! fun]als ( su* soldi]s z are 
be+ return$ & 9 ! c>e ( su* graves z    
%all rema9 p]man5tly :]e our h]oes f\ght
 & fell4  ,! sad dea? ( ,colonel ,cutl] 
occurr$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! summ] ( #aibj1  
on a trip :i* he und]took 9 ! int]e/ ( !
 ,graves ,regi/ration "w1 aga9/ ! advice
 ( 8 physicians & solely ?r\gh 8 pr(\nd 
int]e/ 9 ! cause4 ,8 life 0 a sacrifice 

to 8 duty1 to ! trem5d\s ef=ts he _h    
made = ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d & ! o!r   
great national movem5ts ( ,jewry4 ,he   
gave1 z s _m o!rs gave1 ano!r sacrifice 
= ,judaism & ,am]ica4  ,on ! :ole1 !    
field work]s ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d   
made an enviable record 9 ,france4 ,9   
?is respect a m9or organization _h !    
advantage 9 be+ able to *oose its       
repres5tatives s mu* m c>efully ?an 9 ! 
enorm\s ma*9e ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,!    
wom5 work]s 7 especially conspicu\s = _!
 /eady1 uncompla9+ s]vice4 ,_! "w 0     
any?+ b romantic2 x 0 driv+1 we>+ labor4
 ,!y t5d$ cante5 all day & danc$ almo/ e
 ev5+1 a regime t 0 h>d physically &    
exhau/+ m5tally4 ,only ^? 9 ! l>g]      
cities c\ld enjoy ! luxuries :i* are s  
commonplace 9 ,am]ica--electric lights1 
a ba? tub1 & ! o!r conv5i5ces (         
civilization4 ,i h m>vel$ to see !m liv+
 = mon?s 9 t9y ,fr5* villages or 9 army 
camps1 giv+ devot$ s]vice to ! m5 9     
uni=m1 )\t di/9ction ( rank or cre$4    
,?r\gh ^! work]s ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d 

0 able to r5d] ! p]sonal t\* :i* 0 miss+
 9 mu* ( ! w> "w ov]seas4 ,?is appli$   
especially to ! ,jewi% man1 :o felt     
ov]joy$ to meet a ,jewi% girl f ,am]ica1
 to att5d a ,s$]1 to write home on ! ,j4
 ,w4 ,b4 lett]head4 ,he _h f\nd a t\* ( 
home 9 a =eign l&2 8 p]sonal ne$s c\ld  
be und]/ood & satisfi$ s mu* m easily & 
directly n[4 ,b _m m5 ( _m cre$s f\nd   
!mselves at home 9 ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 huts4  
,m5 le>n$ to "k ,jews1 to respect       
,judaism 9 ! army :o _h be5 ignorant (  
bo? at home4 ,!y (t5 att5d$ a ,jewi%    
s]vice1 met a ,jewi% *apla91 or simply  
pref]r$ ! home-l atmosph]e to t ( o!r   
welf>e organizations4 ,= "o ?+1 ! ,j4   
,w4 ,b4 0 run accord+ to ! ta/es ( !    
soldi]s2 !re 0 no *>ge = any?+1 ev5 a   
nom9al "o2 !re 0 no condesc5sion & no   
dictation1 none ( ! ?+s :i* ! soldi]s   
hat$4 ,9 ! ,le ,mans area1 :i* 0        
typical1 f #ef to #fj p] c5t ( ! m5     
patroniz+ ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 build+ 7        
non-,jews4 ,?is con/itut$ a return = !  
?\s&s ( ,jews :o patroniz$ ,y4 ,m4 ,c4  

,a4 & ,k4 ( ,c4 huts1 z well z our      
contribution to ! morale ( ! =ces4  ,9  
"s areas ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d 0 ! mo/ 
popul> ( all ! welf>e ag5cies2 9 all1 x 
0 v popul> ) ! m5 ( all fai?s4 ,! high  
calib] ( ! wom5 work]s1 ! p]sonal t\* & 
home-l _s ( ! "w1 gave x a hold on !    
affections ( ! m54 ,= a long "t ! ,jewi%
 soldi]s _h felt neglect$ by _! own1 n  
kn[+ ! ob/acles :i* _h to be ov]come4   
,!n !y f\nd _! own huts1 sudd5ly spr++  
up 9 all ! c5tral po9ts1 cr[d$ & popul> 
) all ! gr\ps ( soldi]s 9 ,am]ica's     
composite army4 ,! ,jewi% soldi] became 
pr\d & ! ,*ri/ian soldi] became         
appreciative4 ,! excell5ce ( ! "w br\ght
 =giv5ess = ev]y?+1 ev5 ?\gh ! soldi] 0 
n us$ to li/5+ to reasons b =m$ 8       
op9ions quickly f ! facts ne>e/ at h&4  
,! contribution ?r\gh happ9ess & unity  
to ! morale ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y   
,=ces 0 "o t did full ju/ice to !       
eag]ness & good w ( ! ,jews ( ,am]ica4  
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,! ,,jew ,,z ,a        
,,soldi]   ,! ,jewi% soldi] dem&s no    

def5se & ne$s no tribute4 ,8 de$s are   
writt5 l>ge 9 ! hi/ory ( e unit 9 ! ,a4 
,e4 ,f42 !y are pres]v$ 9 ! memory ( 8  
comrades ( o!r races & o!r fai?s4 ,he 0 
"o ) all ,am]ican soldi]s1 = 9 ! s]vice 
m5 ( e type & ( e previ\s /&po9t 7 mu*  
alike1 "u ! same ord]s1 hold+ ! same    
ideals1 ) simil> responses & simil>     
accompli%m5ts4 ,! ,jew 0 an ,am]ican    
soldi]--t really cov]s ! /ory4 ,=       
hi/orical purposes1 h[ev]1 a fur!r      
/atem5t ( numb]s1 honors1 p]sonalities1 
may be wor? :ile4 ,! ,jew 0 9 ! ,am]ican
 army1 z 9 all ! alli$ armies1 because  
he exi/s among ! population ( e l&4 ,!  
/udies made 9 v>i\s l&s %[ t ov]        
#ijj1jjj ,jews f\ght 9 ! ,_w ,w>        
altoge!r1 ( :om ov] #hj1jjj 7 kill$ 9   
action or di$ ( w\nds4 ,9 ! ,briti% =ces
 casualties includ$ ! names ( #h1fjj    
,jews1 & 9 ! ,fr5* =ces1 out ( less ?an 
a hundr$ ?\s& ,jewi% population 9 !     
nation1 #b1bjj 7 kill$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,^!  
figures1 pick$ practically at r&om f    
enorm\s masses ( simil> mat]ial1 t5d to 

%[ ! p>ticipation ( ,jews 9 e army1 j z 
!y p>ticipate ev]y:]e 9 ! national life4
  ,9 ! ,am]ican =ces ! ,jewi% soldi]    
rank$ ) ! be/2 he 0 an ,am]ican soldi]1 
& !re is no high] praise ?an t4 ,) all !
 panegyrics on ! ,am]ican d\ghboy dur+ &
 s9ce ! w>1 n en\gh has be5 said or c   
ev] be said ab\t him4 ,8 good humor1 8  
self sacrifice1 8 h]oism1 won !         
affection & ! admiration ( e "o4 ,8     
(fic]s lov$ him2 8 enemies respect$ him2
 8 allies reg>d$ him ) m+l$ en?usiasm & 
patronage4 ,!y lov$ 8 y\?ful da% & 7    
amus$ at 8 y\?ful unsophi/ication2 at ! 
same "t !y 7 pr(\ndly grateful = 8      
=getfulness ( self :5 ! "t = action     
came4 ,i h m5tion$ "s ( ! incid5ts 9 my 
own exp]i5ce1 illu/rat+ ! magnific5t    
c\rage & ab&on ( ,am]icans at ! front--!
 y\ng/] :o came to ! aid po/ s]i\sly    
gass$ b pr\d t he _h /ay$ on duty !     
longe/ ( any man 9 8 company2 ! we>y    
boys on ! br[ ( a hill1 digg+ 9 = ! f\r?
 "t 9 a day ( advances & fight+2 !      
little ,italian :o /ood on ! edge ( !   

%ell hole t 8 comrades might advance--b 
! numb] & ! v>iety ( !m 0 endless4      
,read+ a li/ ( ! dry1 (ficial citations 
= decorations is l op5+ a m$iaeval      
romance ( ! de$s ( knightly h]oes4 ,!re 
0 ,capta9 ,irel& :o came to our aid po/ 
to h 8 w\nds dress$ & !n />t$ out )\t   
wait+ = ! ambulance4 ,:]e are y go+1    
,capta98 ,i ask$4 ,oh1 back to ! boys1 0
 ! answ]1 ,i'm ! only (fic] left 9 !    
battalion1 & ,i don't want to leave !m4 
,!re 0 ! *apla9's ord]ly1 himself a     
/ud5t = ! m9i/ry1 :o volunt>ily organiz$
 a /ret*] p>ty to br+ 9 "s w\nd$ m5 out 
beyond ! b>b$ wire4 ,e type ( h]oism &  
self sacrifice exi/$1 all c>ri$ (f ) !  
good humor$ bravado ( s*ool boys at a   
football game4  ,among ^! h]oes ! ,jewi%
 soldi]s 7 equal to ! be/1 z _! comrades
 & comm&]s 7 quick to recognize4 ,a     
typical attitude t[>d !m 0 t ( a        
lieut5ant colonel1 tell+ me a /ory ( 8  
fir/ battle1 :5 we 7 on %ipbo>d com+    
back home4 ,i 0 r n]v\s ab\t t fir/ "t  
"u fire1 he told me1 because ,i _h a    

numb] ( =eign boys 9 "o company & didn't
 "k h[ !y might behave4 ,among !m 0 a   
little ,jew :o 0 m$ical man ( ! company1
 c>ry+ b&ages in/ead ( weapons1 b go+   
ov] ! top ) ! o!rs1 a re/less fell[1    
always break+ ord]s & gett+ into tr\ble 
( "s k9d or ano!r4 ,& :5 ,i came to t   
company on ! front l9e ! fir/ ?+ ,i saw 
0 t little ,jew jump+ out ( a %ell hole 
& />t+ = ! re> z fa/ z he c\ld run4 ,i  
pull$ my revolv]1 ready to %oot him r   
?an h an example ( c[>dice set = ! re/4 
,b ,i 0 surpris$ to see him turn aside  
sudd5ly & jump into ano!r %ell hole1 &  
:5 ,i w5t ov] !re ,i f\nd him h>d at "w 
b&ag+ up ano!r w\nd$ soldi]4 ,he 0      
simply do+ 8 duty "u fire1 absolutely   
)\t sign ( fe> z he t5d$ ! boys :o 7    
hurt4 ,i 0 sorry ,i _h misjudg$ him s   
badly & wat*$ 8 "w aft] t1 ) ! result t 
,i 0 lat] able to recomm5d him = a      
decoration4  ,ignorance1 suspicion1     
rip5+ ) k into und]/&+ & admiration--t 0
 ! usual c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,i quote        
,colonel ,:ittlesey1 comm&] ( ! fam\s   

,lo/ ,battalion ( ! #cjh? ,infantry1 a  
,new ,york unit ) a v l>ge proportion ( 
,jews3 ,z to ! ,jewi% boys 9 !          
,battalion1 ,i _c recall _m ( !m by "n1 
b c]ta9 figures /& out simply because !y
 are s unexpect$4 ,! ord9>y run (       
soldi]s1 :e!r ,jews1 ,iri%1 or          
,am]icans--! big1 husky *aps :o simply d
 :at !y are expect$ to d--naturally pass
 f our memory4 ,x is ! odd figures :o   
/ick 9 y\r m9d4 ,!re 0 "o *ap = example 
7,h]s*kovitz 0 8 "n7 :o seem$ ! wor/    
possible mat]ial f :i* to make          
soldi]-/uff4 ,he 0 ?ick-set1 /upid      
look+1 extremely =eign1 ?or\ghly ,ea/   
,side1 & yet1 "o day :5 we 7 hold+ !    
bank ( ! ,vesle1 & x became necess>y to 
s5d runn]s to communicate ) our comm&s1 
,h]s*kovitz 0 ! only man :o volunte]$ = 
! job4 ,x 0 a na/y physical job4 ,x w\ld
 h be5 a difficult ?+ if x _h n be5 "u  
fire1 because x meant cutt+ ?r\gh       
"u-bru%1 up hill & d[n hill4 ,"u fire   
?is became almo/ impossible1 & ! boys   
knew x1 s none ( !m c>$ = ! job1 b      

,h]s*kovitz made ! trip f\r times t day4
 ,:at 0 x8 ,well1 j pla9 pluck1 t's all4
 ,!re 7 a great _m fell[s ( ?is         
type--,ea/ ,sid]s ( :om ! regul> army m5
 expect$ no?+ at all--b ! #gg? ,division
 j seem$ equal to any?+4444  ,9 ! same  
unit 0 ,private ,abraham ,kroto%9sky1 :o
 0 aw>d$ ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 = be>+ ! message 
:i* in=m$ ! division ( ! exact location 
( ! unit1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 releas+ !m4  
,kroto%9sky 0 an immigrant boy1 n yet a 
citiz51 a b>b] by trade4 ,8 own words   
give ! /ory simply en\gh3 ,we began to  
be afraid ! division _h =gott5 u or t !y
 _h giv5 u up = dead4 ,we _h to get a   
mess5g] ?r\gh4 ,x meant almo/ c]ta9     
dea?1 we 7 all sure1 because ov] a      
hundr$ & fifty m5 _h gone away & nev]   
come back4 ,b x _h to be done4 ,! morn+ 
( ! fif? day !y call$ = volunte]s =     
c\ri]4 ,i volunte]$ & 0 accept$4 ,i w5t 
because ,i ?\ght ,i ought to4 ,fir/ (   
all ,i 0 lucky en\gh n to be w\nd$4     
,second1 aft] five days ( />v+1 ,i 0    
/rong] ?an _m ( my fri5ds :o 7 twice my 

size4 ,y "k a ,jew f9ds /r5g? to suff]4 
,?ird1 because ,i w\ld j z soon die try+
 to help ! o!rs z 9 ! 'pocket' ( hung] &
 ?ir/4  ,i got my ord]s & />t$4 ,i _h to
 run ab\t ?irty feet 9 pla9 view ( !    
,g]mans be=e ,i got into ! =e/4 ,!y saw 
me :5 ,i got up & fir$ ev]y?+ !y _h at  
me4 ,!n ,i _h to crawl "r ?r\gh _! l9es4
 ,!y 7 look+ = me ev]y:]e4 ,i j mov$    
along on my /oma*1 9 ! direction ,i 0   
told1 keep+ my eyes op5 = !m4444 ,x 0   
almo/ six o'clock t night :5 ,i saw !   
,am]ican l9es4 ,all t day ,i _h be5     
crawl+ or runn+ d\bl$ up aft] five days 
& nights )\t food & practically no?+ to 
dr9k4 ,!n my real tr\ble began4 ,i 0    
com+ f ! direction ( ! ,g]man l9es & my 
,engli% is none too good4 ,i 0 afraid !y
 w\ld %oot me = a ,g]man be=e ,i c\ld   
expla9 :o ,i 04444 ,!n ! ,capta9 ask$ me
 :o ,i 04 ,i told him ,i 0 f ! ,lo/     
,battalion4 ,!n he ask$ me :e!r ,i c\ld 
lead him back to ! battalion4 ,i said1  
',yes4' ,!y gave me a bite to eat &     
some?+ to dr9k & aft] a little re/ ,i   

/>t$ back aga9 ) ! comm&4 ,i w nev] =get
 ! sc5e :5 ! relief came4 ,! m5 7 l     
crazy ) joy4  ,9 high position & 9 l[ ! 
same k9d ( s]vice came f ! ,am]ican     
,jew4 ,?is is ! (ficial citation ( a    
,colonel1 :o is 9 civil life "o ( !     
prom95t ,jews ( ,*icago1 ,ill9ois3      
,colonel ,abel ,davis1 #acbnd ,infantry4
 ,= extraord9>y h]oism 9 action ne>     
,cons5voye1 ,france1 ,octob] #i1 #aiah4 
,^u rea*+ its objective1 aft] a         
difficult advance1 involv+ two *anges ( 
directions1 ,colonel ,davis's regim5t 0 
subject$ to a det]m9$ enemy c\nt]attack4
 ,disreg>d+ ! heavy %ell & ma*9e-gun    
fire1 ,colonel ,davis p]sonally assum$  
comm& & by 8 fe>less lead]%ip & c\rage !
 enemy 0 driv5 back4  ,judge ,rob]t ,s4 
,m>x ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 is n[ national 
presid5t ( ! ,disabl$ ,vet]ans ( ! ,_w  
,w> & a memb] ( ! national committee on 
hospitalization & vocational education (
 ! ,am]ican ,legion4 ,b 9 #aiag & '#ah  
he 0 ,capta9 ,m>x ( ! #ij? ,division1   
op]ations (fic] ( 8 regim5t dur+ ! ,/4  

,mihiel & ,argonne (f5sives1 & report$  
dead on ! day be=e ! armi/ice1 :5 he 0  
/ruck on ! head & w\nd$ sev]ely4 ,& on !
 o!r extreme1 ,i notice ! case ( ,fir/  
,s]geant ,sam ,dreb5 ( ! #ada/          
,infantry1 a soldi] ( =tune 9 _m        
revolutions & a memb] ( ! ,regul> ,army 
9 ! ,philipp9es sev]al ye>s ago4        
,discov]+ a p>ty ( ,g]mans com+ to !    
support ( a dang]\s ma*9e-gun ne/1      
,s]geant ,dreb5 ) ?irty m5 *>g$ ! ,g]man
 position1 kill$ =ty ( ! enemy1 took    
sev]al prison]s1 & captur$ five ma*9e   
guns1 return+ to 8 own l9es )\t los+ a  
man4 ,= ?is d>+ & important act he 0    
aw>d$ ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4  ,( ! v>i\s types ( 
di/9ction emphasiz$ dur+ ! w>1 all 7 z  
true ( ,jews z ( any o!r gr\p4 ,num]\s  
cases exi/ :]e f\r or m memb]s ( a s+le 
family 7 9 ! s]vice4 ,!re 0 ! ,fle%n]   
family1 ( ,spr+field1 ,mass41 f :i* f\r 
sons ( an immigrant fa!r & "m ent]$ !   
s]vice1 ! olde/ ( !m only tw5ty-?ree4 ,!
 olde/ ( ^! boys lo/ an arm & an eye    
:ile c>ry+ ammunition ?r\gh a b>rage1 b 

exclaim$ lat] 9 ! hospital3 ,i'm !      
luckie/ ,jew 9 ! army4 ,any o!r man 9 my
 place w\ld h be5 kill$4  ,! ,new ,york 
,h]ald dur+ ! w> describ$ an            
indefatigable ,r$ ,cross work]1 ,mrs4   
,l\is ,ros5b]g ( ,nor? ,b]g51 ,n4 ,j4   
,?is old ,jewi% "m _h six sons 9 !      
s]vice2 ! two olde/1 ea* ! fa!r ( two   
*ildr51 :5 summon$ = ! draft refus$ to  
claim exemption1 & hav+ inve/$ _! sav+s 
9 two small notion /ores1 !y left _!    
wives 9 *>ge ( !m & accept$ ! call to   
milit>y s]vice4 ,mrs4 ,liba ,gold/e91 ( 
,cambridge ,spr+s1 ,pa41 a woman (      
eighty-f\r1 born 9 ,russia1 _h tw5ty    
gr&sons 9 ! alli$ armies1 t5 z (fic]s 9 
! ,briti% army1 eight 9 ! ,am]ican =ces1
 & two ) ! ,jewi% ,legion 9 ,pale/9e4 ,&
 s "o might br+ out "o example aft]     
ano!r1 if "o desir$1 all %[+ ! eag]ness 
( loyal ,jews to s]ve _! c\ntry4  ,!    
,(fice ( ,jewi% ,w> ,records ( !        
,am]ican ,jewi% ,committee has made a   
rem>kably int]e/+ prelim9>y /udy ( !    
numb] ( ,jews 9 ! ,am]ican =ces4 ,!     

(fice possesses #aej1jjj individual     
records1 ga!r$ by ext5sive cooep]ation )
 national & local ,jewi% organizations4 
,! success ( c]ta9 local ef=ts at       
int5sive cov]+ ( ! field indicate t !   
total numb] ( ,am]ican ,jews 9 s]vice   
dur+ ! ,w> may am\nt to z mu* z         
#bjj1jjj4 ,( ^! ab\t #dj1jjj came f ,new
 ,york ,city1 #h1jjj f ,philadelphia &  
#e1jjj f ,*icago4 ,in/ead ( _! quota (  
?ree p] c5t41 accord+ to ! proportion ( 
,jews ?r\gh\t ! nation1 ! ,jews 9 s]vice
 actually con/itut$ fully f\r p] c5t4 ( 
! m5 9 ! army & navy4 ,! causes ( ?is   
excess are n easy to e/abli%4 ,! draft  
may h be5 m fully en=c$ 9 cities ?an 9  
_m rural di/ricts1 & ! bulk ( ! ,jews   
are city dwell]s4 ,! proportion ( "y m5 
among ! v>i\s gr\ps ( our population    
w\ld apply only if ! ,jews h m ?an _!   
quota ( "y m51 & we possess no facts to 
confirm t4 ,b c]ta9ly ! numb] (         
volunte]s 0 an elem5t 9 caus+ ?is l>ge  
numb] ( ,jews 9 ! s]vice4 ,! records %[ 
#dj1jjj volunte]s among ! ,jewi% m51    

practically "o-f\r? ( ! total ,jewi%    
cont+5t & a f> high] record ?an t ( !   
army z a :ole4  ,9 c]ta9 out/&+ cases   
?is record is ev5 m conspicu\s4 ,!      
little colony ( immigrant ,jewi% f>m]s  
at ,woodb9e1 ,n4 ,j41 n ov] ?ree hundr$ 
families altoge!r1 contribut$ =ty-?ree  
m5 to ! s]vice1 ( :om sev5te5 m51 or =ty
 p] c5t41 7 volunte]s4 ,( ! /ud5ts at ! 
rabb9ical sem9>ies1 :o 7 all exempt by  
law1 a conspicu\sly l>ge numb] volunte]$
 = s]vice 9 ! l9e1 9 addition to !      
*apla9s among ! graduates & ! l>ge numb]
 ( bo? /ud5ts & graduates :o act$ z     
repres5tatives ( ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1
 lectur]s 9 ! tra9+ camps & simil>      
capacities4 ,9 fact1 ! sem9>ies 7 almo/ 
empty = a ye>4 ,elev5 /ud5ts ( ! ,hebrew
 ,union ,college & f\r ( ! ,jewi%       
,!ological ,sem9>y waiv$ exemption =    
regul> s]vice 9 ! army & navy1 includ+ a
 numb] ( m5 ) v exceptional records4    
,jacob ,m>cus1 n[ ,rabbi & ,in/ructor at
 ! ,hebrew ,union ,college1 volunte]$ 9 
! ,ohio ,national ,gu>d & won 8         

lieut5ancy by brilliant "w 9 ! ranks4   
,?ree ( ! /ud5ts !re ent]$ ! ,m>9e      
,corps dur+ ! fir/ weeks ( ! w> & s]v$ =
 ov] two ye>s 9 t bran*4 ,"o1 ,mi*ael   
,a>onson1 s]v+ 9 ! #ca/ ,division       
ov]seas1 0 completely bl9d$ :ile help+ a
 w\nd$ comrade 9 ,no ,man's ,l&2 n[ he  
is f9i%+ 8 /udies at ! ,college ) ! same
 _s :i* he %[$ 9 ent]+ ! s]vice & 9 8 "w
 z a soldi]4  ,! ,jewi% boys w5t into ! 
army to fight4 ,t appe>s 9 _! proportion
 9 ! combatant bran*es ( ! ,am]ican     
,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,:ile ^!            
bran*es--,infantry1 ,artill]y1 ,cavalry1
 ,eng9e]s1 &                            
,signal-,aviation--con/itut$ #fj p] c5t4
 ( ! total1 among ! #aad1jjj records (  
,jewi% soldi]s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,w> ,records 
,(fice ! di/ribution among ^! combatant 
bran*es is fully #ge p] c5t4 ,!         
,infantry con/itut$ #bf4f p] c5t4 ( !   
entire army1 :ile among ! ,jewi% records
 x con/itut$ #dh p] c5t4 ,artill]y 0 #ad
 p] c5t4 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army1 #h p]  
c5t4 ( ! ,jewi% total4 ,9 cavalry ! rate

 = ! entire army 0 #b p] c5t41 = ! ,jews
 only #a4c p] c5t4 ,! eng9e] corps      
contribut$ #aa p] c5t4 ( ! army /r5g?1 &
 b #c p] c5t4 among ! ,jewi% records4 ,!
 signal & aviation corps repres5t$ #g p]
 c5t4 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates total1 & #ae p] 
c5t4 ( ! ,jewi% total4 ,! m$ical corps 0
 #h p] c5t4 ( ! army total1 #i p] c5t4 (
 ! ,jewi% total4 ,ordnance 0 #a4g p]    
c5t4 ( ! army total1 & #a4e ( ! ,jewi%  
total4 ,! qu>t]ma/] corps 0 #f4b p] c5t4
 ( ! army total & #e4i p] c5t4 ( !      
,jewi% total4  ,! ,army1 ,navy & ,m>9e  
,corps altoge!r _h ne>ly #aj1jjj ,jews z
 commission$ (fic]s1 & a really trem5d\s
 numb] ( non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,!     
,army records %[ m ?an a hundr$ colonels
 & lieut5ant colonels ( ,jewi% fai?1    
includ+ su* di/+ui%$ (fic]s z ,colonel  
,abel ,davis1 :om ,i h already m5tion$ 9
 connection ) 8 ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 = h]oism    
display$ on ,octob] #i1 #aiah2 ,colonel 
,na?an ,hor[itz1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass4 :o    
sp5t #bg mon?s 9 ,france 9 ! heavy      
artill]y2 ,colonel ,samuel ,frank5b]g]1 

( ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va41 :o comm&$ ! #gh?  
,field ,artill]y2 ,colonel ,samuel ,j4  
,kopetzky1 ,m$ical ,corps1 ( ,new ,york 
,city1 :o comm&$ ,sanit>y ,tra9 #cif1 9 
! ,a4 ,e4 ,f42 & ,colonel ,max ,rob]t   
,wa9]1 ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps1 =m]ly (       
,delaw>e ,city1 ,del41 :o 0 aw>d$ !     
,di/+ui%$ ,s]vice ,m$al & appo9t$ a     
,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor by ! ,fr5*
 gov]nm5t4 ,^! honors 7 b ! climax to a 
milit>y c>e] t began ) enli/m5t z a     
private 9 #aije1 & promotion to ! rank (
 ,second ,lieut5ant 9 #aiab4 ,9 ! w> e  
"o ( ! f\r battles 9 :i* he took "p 0 ! 
occasion ( a fur!r promotion1 s t he    
conclud$ ! w> z a ,colonel4 ,i h already
 m5tion$ ,colonel ,wa9] 9 ano!r         
connection1 z ! fir/ active ,jewi% work]
 at ,t\rs2 z a matt] ( fact1 he organiz$
 a ,s$] 9 8 own unit 9 #aiah1 :]e #ejj  
m5 celebrat$ ! ,passov] at ! same "t t  
,*apla9 ,voorsang] 0 hold+ 8 ,s$] at ,/4
 ,nazaire1 & :5 practically no o!r      
,jewi% "w 0 be+ conduct$ 9 ! entire     
ov]seas =ces4  ,!re 7 ov] #ejj majors1  

#a1ejj capta9s1 & m ?an #f1jjj          
lieut5ants 9 ! ,am]ican army1 ) a full  
%>e ( ea* 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,ov] #ijj     
,jews 7 (fic]s 9 ! navy1 ! mo/          
conspicu\s ( !m be+ ,re> ,admiral       
,joseph ,/rauss1 9 comm& ( ! m9e lay+ "w
 9 ! ,nor? ,sea dur+ ! w>4 ,9 addition  
!re 7 "o capta91 five comm&]s & twelve  
lieut5ant comm&]s4 ,! m>9e corps includ$
 among its p]sonnel ov] a hundr$ ,jews z
 (fic]s1 among !m ?ree majors1 "o       
colonel1 & ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,*>les ,h5ry
 ,lau*eim] ( ,baltimore1 ,md41 :o di$ 9 
,janu>y #aibj4  ,! late/ e/imates (     
casualties run f #ac1jjj to #ad1jjj1    
includ+ ab\t #b1hjj :o di$ 9 ! s]vice ( 
,am]ica4 ,?is c be inf]r$ easily f !    
bran*es ( ! s]vice 9 :i* our ,jewi% boys
 7 f\nd1 z well z f ! numb] ( honors !y 
receiv$4 ,aft] all1 = e brave man ^:    
acts 7 not$ & rew>d$1 _m o!rs j z h]oic 
f\ght & bl$ unse54  ,! numb] ( ,jews    
decorat$ = conspicu\s c\rage is atte/$1 
n only by ! ,(fice ( ,w> ,records1 b    
also by ! ,jewi% ,valor ,legion1 an     

organization ( ,am]ican ,jews :o receiv$
 su* aw>ds dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,fully #a1ajj
 citations = valor are on record4 ,( ^!1
 #gbc 7 conf]r$ by ! ,am]ican comm&1    
#bhg by ! ,fr5*1 #cc by ! ,briti%1 & #df
 by o!r alli$ comm&s4 ,! ,di/+ui%$      
,s]vice ,cross is worn by #aej ,am]ican 
,jews1 ! ,fr5* ,m$aille ,militaire by   
f\r1 & ! ,croix de ,gu]re by #agd4 ,!   
,congressional ,m$al ( ,honor1 ! r>e/   
aw>d 9 ! ,am]ican or any o!r s]vice1 :i*
 0 conf]r$ on only #gh m5 9 ! entire    
s]vice1 is worn by ?ree ,am]ican ,jews1 
"o ( !m kill$ 9 ! act = :i* he 0 rew>d$4
 ,i add _! (ficial citations1 n only =  
_! p]sonal int]e/1 b z an add$ tribute  
to ^! ?ree h]oes1 a glory bo? to ,jewry 
& to ,am]ica4  ,sydney ,g4 ,gump]tz1    
fir/ s]geant1 ,company ,e1 #acbnd       
,infantry4 ,congressional ,m$al ( ,honor
 = conspicu\s gallantry & intrepidity   
above & beyond ! call ( duty 9 action ) 
! enemy 9 ! ,bois de ,=ges1 ,france1    
,septemb] #bf1 #aiah4 ,:5 ! advanc+ l9e 
0 held up by ma*9e-gun fire1 ,s]geant   

,gump]tz left ! platoon ( :i* he 0 9    
comm& & />t$ ) two o!r soldi]s ?r\gh a  
heavy b>rage t[>d ! ma*9e-gun ne/4 ,8   
two companions soon became casualties f 
a bur/+ %ell1 b ,s]geant ,gump]tz       
cont9u$ on alone 9 ! face ( direct fire 
f ! ma*9e-gun1 jump$ into ! ne/ & sil5c$
 ! gun1 captur+ n9e ( ! crew4 ,aw>d$    
,janu>y #bb1 #aiai4  ,fir/ ,s]geant     
,b5jam9 ,kaufman1 ,company ,k1 #cjh?    
,infantry1 ,congressional ,m$al ( ,honor
 = conspicu\s gallantry & intrepidity   
above & beyond ! call ( duty 9 action ) 
! enemy 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,argonne1 ,france1   
,octob] #d1 #aiah4 ,s]geant ,kaufman    
took out a patrol = ! purpose ( attack+ 
an enemy ma*9e-gun :i* _h *eck$ !       
advance ( 8 company4 ,be=e rea*+ ! gun  
he became sep>at$ f 8 patrol1 & a       
ma*9e-gun bullet %att]$ 8 "r arm4 ,)\t  
hesitation he advanc$ on ! gun alone1   
?r[+ gr5ades ) 8 left h& & *>g+ ) an    
empty pi/ol1 tak+ "o prison] & scatt]+ !
 crew1 br++ ! gun & prison] back to !   
fir/ aid /ation4 ,aw>d$ ,april #h1      

#aiai4  ,s]geant ,william ,sawelson1    
deceas$1 ,company ,m1 #cab? ,infantry1  
,congressional ,m$al ( ,honor aw>d$ =   
conspicu\s gallantry & intrepidity above
 & beyond ! call ( duty 9 action ) !    
enemy at ,gr&pre1 ,france1 ,octob] #bf1 
#aiah4 ,he>+ a w\nd$ man 9 a %ell-hole  
"s di/ance away call+ = wat]1 ,s]geant  
,sawelson ^u 8 own initiative left %elt]
 & crawl$ ?r\gh heavy ma*9e-gun fire to 
:]e ! man lay1 giv+ him :at wat] he _h 9
 8 own cante54 ,he !n w5t back to 8 own 
%ell-hole1 obta9$ m wat] & 0 return+ to 
! w\nd$ man1 :5 he 0 kill$ by a         
ma*9e-gun bullet4 ,po/hum\sly aw>d$     
,janu>y #aj1 #aiai4  ,! #bg? ,division1 
9 :i* ,i s]v$1 0 fairly typical 9 ?is   
respect1 z x 0 a ,national ,gu>d unit1  
compos$ ( volunte]s f bo? ! ,new ,york  
metropolitan di/rict & up-/ate4 ,!re 7  
ab\t a ?\s& ,jews 9 ! entire division & 
sev5 hundr$ ( !m 7 9 ! infantry1        
ma*9e-gun battalions & eng9e]s1 :i* s]v$
 toge!r4 ,i did n f9d a company )\t f   
two to ?irty ,jewi% soldi]s1 & seldom   

)\t at lea/ "o ,jew among !             
non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,i rememb] ! "t 
,i motor$ ov] to "o battalion to        
organize a ,jewi% s]vice & inquir$ = a  
,jewi% non-com to take *>ge ( gett+ !   
boys toge!r4 ,i 0 told t ?ree top       
s]geants out ( ! f\r companies 7 nam$   
,levi1 ,coh5 & ,pesalovsky1 & t ,i c\ld 
take my *oice4 ,! same ?+ occurr$ "t &  
aga9 :5 ,i visit$ o!r divisions4 ,=     
example1 ,s]geant ,major ,wayne ( !     
#cbj? ,infantry prep>$ ! ,passov] passes
 = ! #dj ,jews ( 8 regim5t1 !n 9 ! ,le  
,mans area1 b miss$ ! ,s$] himself1 /ay+
 at 8 po/ ( duty to prep>e ! regim5tal  
sail+ li/4  ,! #bg? ,division _h sev]al 
,jews among ! (fic]s ( high             
rank--,lieut5ant ,colonel ,h4 ,s4       
,/]nb]g]1 ! division qu>t]ma/]2         
,lieut5ant ,colonel ,morris ,liebman1   
kill$ 9 action 9 ,fl&]s2 ,major 7lat]   
,lieut5ant ,colonel7 ,emanuel ,gold/e91 
,m$ical ,corps1 :o 0 aw>d$ ! ,d4 ,s4 ,o4
 by ! ,briti% comm&1 "o ( f\r su*       
decorations giv5 to (fic]s ( our        

division4 ,capta9 ,simpson ( ! #ajf?    
,field ,artill]y1 ,lieut5ant ,k+ ( !    
(fice ( ! division *ief ( /aff1 #bnd    
,lieut5ant ,samuel ,a4 ,br[n ( ! #ajh?  
,infantry1 #bnd ,lieut5ant ,/]nb]g] ( ! 
,int]pret]s' ,corps & #bnd ,lieut5ant   
,flor%eim ( ! division qu>t]ma/]'s (fice
 7 among ! (fic]s ( ,jewi% orig94 ,9    
addition1 !re 7 a few1 su* z ,s]geant   
,s*iff ( ! #ajbnd ,eng9e]s & ,s]geant   
,/ruck ( division headqu>t]s1 :o 7      
recomm5d$ = commissions = _! excell5t   
s]vice b 7 disappo9t$ on acc\nt ( !     
/oppage ( all promotions aft] !         
armi/ice4  ,i m5tion$ 9 connection ) my 
own "w ! li/ ( sixty-five ,jews ( ! #bg?
 :o 7 kill$ 9 action or di$ 9 hospitals 
9 ,france1 _! full proportion ( ! ne>ly 
#b1jjj dead ( ! division4 ,! fir/ man 9 
! #bg? :o 0 kill$ 9 action 0 a ,jew1    
,private ,rob]t ,fri$man ( ! #ajbnd     
,eng9e]s4 ,mo/ ( our losses1 l ^? ( !   
division z a :ole1 7 incurr$ 9 ! t]rific
 fight+ at ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e1 & mo/ ( our
 m5 7 buri$ !re 9 ! great divisional    

cemet]ies ( ,bony & ,guillemont ,f>m1 "r
 at ! fur!/ po9t :i* !y rea*$ alive4 ,! 
cemet]y ( ,bony is to be "o ( ! p]man5t 
,am]ican cemet]ies 9 ,france1 & ,i c    
/ill see ! ,mag5 ,davids /&+ "h & !re   
among ! r[s ( crosses1 :]e ,i _h !m     
plac$4  ,! ,jews ( ! #bg? won _! full   
%>e ( decorations1 too4 ,n9e ( !m we> ! 
,di/+ui%$ ,s]vice ,cross conf]r$ by !   
,am]ican comm&2 "o1 ! ,briti% honor ( ! 
,di/+ui%$ ,s]vice ,ord]2 "o1 ! ,briti%  
,di/+ui%$ ,conduct ,m$al2 sev51 !       
,briti% ,milit>y ,m$al2 "o1 ! ,fr5*     
,croix de ,gu]re ) />2 & "o1 ! ,belgian 
,ord] ( ! ,cr[n4 ,elim9at+ cases :]e "o 
man receiv$ sev]al su* honors1 fifte5   
,jews ( ?is "o division alone 7 decorat$
 = unusual c\rage & initiative 9 battle4
 ,i add ! (ficial citations ( f\r ( ^!  
m5 z fur!r examples ( ! h]oism ( !      
,jewi% soldi]s 9 ! ,am]ican =ces4       
,major ,emanuel ,gold/e91 ,m$ical       
,corps1 #ajbnd ,eng9e]s4 ,d4 ,s4 ,o41   
,belgian ,ord] ( ! ,cr[n4 ,on ,sept4    
#bi1 #aiah1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lompire &    

,guillemont ,f>m ne> ,ronssoy1 ,france1 
he rema9$ 9 ! mo/ expos$ positions "u   
heavy %ell fire & ma*9e-gun fire1 to    
r5d] fir/ aid to sev]al w\nd$ m51       
display+ exceptional brav]y & c\rage1 & 
sett+ a f9e example ( devotion to duty  
to all ranks4  ,second ,lieut5ant       
,samuel ,a4 ,br[n ,jr41 #ajh? ,infantry4
 ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 aw>d$ = extraord9>y h]oism 
9 action ne> ,ronssoy1 ,france1 ,sept4  
#bi1 #aiah4 ,advanc+ ) 8 platoon ?r\gh  
heavy fog & d5se smoke & 9 ! face (     
t]rific fire :i* inflict$ heavy         
casualties on 8 =ces1 ,lieut5ant ,br[n  
rea*$ ! wire 9 front ( ! ma9 ,h9d5burg  
,l9e1 &1 aft] reconnoit]+ = gaps1       
assault$ ! position & effect$ a foo?old4
 ,hav+ be5 re5=c$ by ano!r platoon1 he  
organiz$ a small =ce1 & by bomb+ & tr5* 
fight+ captur$ ov] a hundr$ prison]s4   
,repeat$ attacks ?r\gh\t ! day 7 repell$
 by 8 small =ce4 ,he also succe$$ 9 tak+
 f\r field pieces1 a l>ge numb] ( ma*9e 
guns1 anti-tank rifles1 & o!r milit>y   
prop]ty1 at ! same "t keep+ 9 subjection

 ! prison]s he _h tak54  ,corporal ,abel
 ,j4 ,lev9e1 ,company ,a1 #ajg?         
,infantry4 ,= extraord9>y h]oism 9      
action ne> ,bony1 ,france1 ,sept4 #bi1  
#aiah4 ,aft] 8 platoon _h suff]$ heavy  
casualties & all ! s]geants _h be5      
w\nd$1 ,corporal ,lev9e collect$ !      
rema9+ effectives 9 8 own & o!r units1  
=m$ a platoon & cont9u$ ! advance4 ,:5 8
 rifle 0 r5d]$ useless he kill$ sev]al (
 ! enemy ) 8 pi/ol4 ,he 0 w\nd$ %ortly  
aft]w>d1 b he refus$ assi/ance until 8  
m5 _h be5 c>$ = & evacuat$4 ,corporal   
,lev9e receiv$ ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 & ! ,briti%
 ,d4 ,c4 ,m4  ,private ,morris          
,silv]b]g1 ,company ,g1 #ajh? ,infantry4
 ,= extraord9>y h]oism 9 action ne>     
,ronssoy1 ,france1 ,sept4 #bi1 #aiah4   
,private ,silv]b]g1 a /ret*] be>]1      
display$ extreme c\rage by repeat$ly    
leav+ %elt] & advanc+ ov] an area swept 
by ma*9e-gun & %ell fire to rescue w\nd$
 comrades4 ,he>+ t 8 company comm&] _h  
be5 w\nd$1 he volunt>ily w5t =w>d alone1
 & ^u f9d+ t 8 (fic] _h be5 kill$1      

br\ght back 8 body4 ,private ,silv]b]g  
receiv$ bo? ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 & ! ,briti%   
,m4 ,m4  ,"o m po9t mu/ be not$ ) reg>d 
to ^! ,jewi% boys :o s]v$ ,am]ica s     
bravely & s effectively4 ,_m ( !m %[$ 9 
_! sacrifices ! true ,jewi% _s ( ,kiddu%
 ha-,%em1 sanctification ( ! "n ( ,god4 
,"t & aga9 h ,i he>d m5 give su* a turn 
to _! spee*1 z :5 ,i ask$ a boy f "o (  
our ma*9e gun battalions :y he _h l$ a  
gr\p ( volunte]s 9 br++ f an expos$     
position "s w\nd$ m5 ( ano!r regim5t1 an
 act 9 :i* ! only o!r ,jew 9 ! company  
_h be5 kill$ & = :i* my fri5d 0 lat]    
decorat$4 ,well1 *apla91 he answ]$ me1  
!re 7 only two ,jewi% boys 9 ! company &
 we'd be5 kidd$ ab\t x a little4 ,we j  
want$ to %[ ^? fell[s :at a ,jew c\ld d4
 ,dr4 ,enel[ tells a simil> /ory ( a boy
 dy+ 9 a hospital1 :o gave ! rabbi a la/
 message to 8 p>5ts1 say+3 ,tell !m ,i  
did my duty z a soldi] & br\ght honor to
 ! ,jewi% "n4  ,once aga91 9 ! ,am]ican 
=ces dur+ ! ,_w ,w>1 ! ,jew has prov$   
himself a devot$ patriot & a h]oic      

soldi]1 & ?is "t he has done s 9 broad  
daylight1 be=e ! eyes ( all ! _w4       
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,jew ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,at  
,,! ,,front   ,to ^? ( u :o s]v$ ) !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,army ov]seas1 religi\s   
unity1 cooep]ation betwe5 d5om9ations1  
is m ?an a f>-(f ideal4 ,we "k "u :at   
circum/ances & to :at ext5t x is        
feasible1 & j h[ x deep5s & broad5s !   
religi\s _s 9 bo? *apla9 & soldi]4 ,we h
 pass$ beyond ! mutual tol]ance ( ! old]
 lib]alism to ! mutual helpfulness ( !  
new] dev\tness4 ,our common gr\nd is no 
long] ! irr$ucible m9imum ( doctr9es :i*
 we %>e2 x is ! practical maximum (     
s]vice :i* we c r5d] toge!r4 ,i 0 9 a   
critical position to exp]i5ce ?is z !   
only ,jewi% *apla9 9 ! ,tw5ty-,sev5?    
,division2 my duty 0 to m9i/] to ! m5 ( 
! ,jewi% fai? ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s units (   
our division1 ) ! fri5dly cooep]ation ( 
! tw5ty o!r *apla9s ( v>i\s fai?s4 ,& ,i
 0 able to d my "w among ! ,jews1 & to a
 c]ta9 ext5t among ! ,*ri/ians also1    
simply because ^! ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic 

*apla9s 7 equally fri5dly & helpful to  
me & my scatt]$ flock4 ,n by mutual     
tol]ance b by mutual helpfulness we 7   
able to s]ve toge!r ! ?\s&s ( soldi]s :o
 ne$$ u all4  ,x is a commonplace t z m5
 gr[ acqua9t$ !y naturally le>n to      
respect & to l "o ano!r4 ,:5 a ,jew f ! 
,ea/ ,side ( ,new ,york1 :o _h nev] kn[n
 any ,*ri/ian well except ! corn]       
policeman1 & a ,k5tucky m\nta9e]1 :o _h 
be5 re>$ ) ! idea t ,jews h horns1 7 put
 into ! same squad bo? ( !m 7 b\nd to be
 broad5$ by x4 ,&1 provid$ bo? ( !m 7   
normal1 av]age boys1 z !y 7 likely to   
be1 !y probably became buddies to !     
great advantage ( bo? ( !m4 ,(t5 su*    
associations w\ld br+ ab\t ! sort ( a   
fri5d%ip :i* dea? itself c\ld n break4  
,"o ( ! ,jewi% *apla9s tells an incid5t 
( ! fir/ night he sp5t 9 ! tra9+ camp at
 ,camp ,taylor1 ,ky4 ,! c&idate = *apla9
 9 ! cot next to 8 0 a lanky backwoods  
prea*] f "o ( ! s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! two    
met1 introduc$ !mselves by "n &         
d5om9ation1 & !n prep>$ to turn 9 = !   

night4 ,! rabbi notic$ t 8 m9i/]ial     
neighbor sat ab\t1 hesitat$1 & play$ =  
"t g5]ally1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 fully "t to    
turn out ! lights4 ,f9ally ! matt]      
became s obvi\s t he c\ld n resi/       
inquir+ ! reason = ?is delay4 ,! answ]  
came1 a bit emb>rass$ b c]ta9ly frank   
en\gh3 ,i don't want to g to b$ till ,i 
see h[ a ,jew says 8 pray]s4  ,on !     
:ole1 consid]+ ! _m individual diff]5ces
 9 an army ( two million m51 religi\s   
prejudice 0 n eng5d]$ by ! army2 "s     
p]si/$ 9 spite ( x1 & mu* 0 less5$ by ! 
comrade%ip & en=c$ intimacy ( army life4
 ,9 mo/ comm&s prejudice aga9/ ! ,jew 0 
a v small item inde$4 ,x 0 s r>e z to be
 almo/ non-exi/5t 9 places (            
responsibility4 ,x 0 (t5 ov]come by !   
acid te/ ( battle :5 m5 appe>$ 9 _! true
 colors & won respect = !mselves alone4 
,x 0 occasionally ! fault ( ! man       
himself1 :o turn$ a p]sonal matt] into  
an accusation ( anti-,semitism1 &       
sometimes )\t cause4 ,"o ,jewi% corporal
 compla9$ to me ( discrim9ation on ! "p 

( 8 comm&+ (fic]1 :o _h recomm5d$ 8     
r$uction to ! ranks4 ,on inve/igation1  
,i f\nd t ! (fic] might h be5 unfair 9 8
 judgm5t1 b _h recomm5d$ ! same = two   
non-,jews at ! same "t2 ! case may !re=e
 h be5 "o ( p]sonal dislike b 0 c]ta9ly 
n a matt] ( religi\s prejudice4 ,:5 ,i  
f\nd au!ntic cases ( discrim9ation1 !y 7
 usually 9 ! case ( "s ignorant         
non-commission$ (fic]1 :o presum$ on 8  
scanty au?ority at ! exp5se ( "s ,jewi% 
private4 ,or x might be a sort ( haz+1  
:5 a gr\p ( r\gh necks select$ a =eign] 
) a small comm& ( ,engli% z ! butt ( _! 
jokes4 ,:5 m5 compla9 ( prejudice aga9/ 
,jews 9 ! army1 x usually means t !y met
 !re a gr\p ( prejudic$ p ) :om !y w\ld 
n h come into contact 9 civil life4 ,!  
t5d5cy ( ! ,am]ican army dur+ ! ,_w ,w> 
0 def9itely aga9/ prejudice ( any k9d2  
prejudice made aga9/ effici5cy1 & !     
high] "o w5t ! m difficult x became to  
f9d any traces ( x4  ,9 ! army &        
especially 9 ov]seas s]vice m5 w5t      
naturally to ! ne>e/ *apla9 or welf>e   

organization = any b5efit except wor%ip1
 & sometimes = t also4 ,f my fir/       
religi\s s]vice 9 a hospital ) ! cr[d ( 
non-,jews & spr9kl+ ( ,jews 9 ! ,r$     
,cross room1 ,i f\nd t ! m5 w5t to !    
ent]ta9m5t hut = :atev] x might (f]4 ,e 
l>ge s]vice aft]w>d1 especially if held 
9 a conv5i5t place1 includ$ a proportion
 ( non-,jews1 & inv>iably !y 7 bo?      
respectful & int]e/$4  ,! burial "w ( ! 
,tw5ty-,sev5? ,division at ,/4 ,s\plet 0
 ! climax ( cooep]ation among *apla9s1  
:]e ! five ( u repres5t$ five diff]5t   
*ur*es4 ,our s]vice 0 a ?ree-fold "o1 z 
0 ! lat] "o held at ! l>g] cemet]ies at 
,bony & ,guillemont ,f>m4 ,i h already  
ref]r$ to ! meet+s held by ! *apla9s (  
our division to discuss our common "w & 
arrange to d t "w mo/ effectively       
toge!r4 ,my v la/ duty 9 ,france 0 to   
read ! burial s]vice ov] f\r ,*ri/ian   
sailors dr[n$ outside ,bre/ h>bor4  ,su*
 incid5ts z ^! 7 n exceptional at !     
front or among m5 :o h be5 at ! front & 
h le>n$ its lesson2 ,i give !m          

especially because !y are typical4 ,! m5
 :o 7 "u fire toge!r grew to ov]look    
diff]5ces z b>ri]s betwe5 man & man4 ,!y
 knew ! _m times t _! lives dep5d$ on ! 
c\rage & loyalty ( ! next man 9 !       
l9e--be he ri* or poor1 le>n$ or        
ignorant1 pi\s or infidel1 virtu\s or   
wick$4 ,!y grew to respect m5 =         
!mselves1 to s]ve !m = !mselves alone4  
,! m5 us$ any /ation]y t came to h&1    
writ+ home indiff]5tly on pap] label$   
,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 or ,k4 ( ,c41 or        
,salvation ,army1 or ,r$ ,cross1 or     
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d2 !y att5d$ a       
picture %[ or box+ mat* "u any auspices 
& 7 will+ to help at any ( ! huts t s]v$
 !m4 ,9 ! same way ! welf>e work]s &    
*apla9s ov]look$ "o di/9ction aft]      
ano!r1 at ! end s]v+ all alike & reg>d+ 
_! /atus z soldi]s alone4 ,once :5 ,i   
dropp$ into a /range camp two boys :om  
,i _h nev] se5 cr[d$ ?r\gh ! press ( m5 
9 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 hut2 !y _h se5 !    
insignia ( ! #bg?1 & be+ fre% f         
hospital1 appeal$ to me to help !m back 

to ! division t !y might return home )  
_! own units4 ,i 0 nev] surpris$ :5     
non-,jews came to me = advice 9 ord9>y  
cases1 b ,i h _h su* extreme in/ances z 
a ,jew & non-,jew com+ toge!r1 to ask   
advice 9 a case :]e bo? felt !y _h be5  
discrim9at$ aga9/ by _! comm&+ (fic]4 ,9
 hospital "w1 9 front l9e s]vice1 ev5 9 
! ord9>y r\t9e ( ! re/ area1 we came    
clos] to "o ano!r ?an ev] 9 civil life4 
,z ,i said above1 ! logical climax (    
fri5dly cooep]ation comes :5 m9i/]s (   
diff]5t fai?s assi/ ea* o!r 9 _! own "w4
 ,i %all nev] =get a day 9 t busy       
,octob] at ! front :5 ,i met a ,bapti/  
*apla9 belong+ to our division4 ,hello1 
he said1 ,i've j come to headqu>t]s "h  
to look = y & a prie/4 ,all "r1 :at c ,i
 d = y8 ,well1 0 8 reply1 our battalion 
goes into ! l9e tonight1 & ,i want$ !   
,jewi% & ,ca?olic boys to h _! s]vices1 
too4 ,if y c come ov] at f\r o'clock1   
,i'll h ! prie/ come at six4 ,& s ,i    
came !re at f\r1 to f9d ! fifte5 ,jewi% 
soldi]s gr\p$ ab\t a l>ge tree ne> !    

battalion headqu>t]s2 ! *apla9 _h       
notifi$ !m all4 ,&1 z ! b>n 0 bo? dirty 
& cr[d$1 we held our little s]vice "u ! 
tree1 ev5 ?\gh ! ra9 began 9 ! middle ( 
x4 ,two ( ^? boys did n come back ?ree  
days lat]1 & "o 0 cit$ = h]oism1 s t ,i 
h (t5 rememb]$ ! immeasurable s]vice :i*
 ! cooep]ation ( t *apla9 meant = 8 m54 
,on a m9or scale su* ?+s took place     
con/antly4 ,"o day1 go+ to a di/ant     
battalion 9 a re/ area1 ,i n only w5t to
 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 man1 :o arrang$ = my 
s]vices 9 ! s*ool-h\se1 & to a ,jewi%   
corporal1 :o pass$ ! ^w ar\nd to ! m5 ( 
my fai?1 b ,i arrang$ also t ! ,y man   
%\ld conduct ! ,prote/ant s]vice !      
foll[+ ,sunday1 & t ! ,ca?olic *apla9 on
 com+ %\ld f9d arrangem5ts made = 8     
confessions & mass4 ,a classic incid5t (
 ! w> is ! /ory ( ,*ief ,rabbi ,blo*1 ( 
,lyons1 a *apla9 9 ! ,fr5* army1 :o met 
8 dea? be=e ,v]dun 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> 
:ile hold+ a cross be=e a dy+ ,ca?olic  
lad4 ,! incid5t 0 relat$ by ! ,ca?olic  
*apla9 ( ! regim5t1 :o saw x f a little 

di/ance4 ,b by ! "t ! gigantic /ruggle 0
 ov] su* incid5ts _h become almo/ matt]s
 ( ev]yday4 ,i1 = "o1 h read psalms at !
 b$side ( dy+ ,prote/ant soldi]s4 ,i h  
held ! cross be=e a dy+ ,ca?olic4 ,i h  
recit$ ! traditional confession ) ! dy+ 
,jew4 ,we 7 all "o 9 a v real s5se4  ,a 
,*ri/ian *apla9 prea*$ ! s]mon on !     
second day ( my ,jewi% ,new ,ye> s]vice 
9 ,nev]s4 ,simil>ly1 ,i 0 a gue/1 ) !   
o!r memb]s ( ! divisional /aff1 at !    
spl5did midnight mass arrang$ by ,fa!r  
,kelley 9 ! little village *ur* (       
,mont=t4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 its hi/ory1 !   
*ur* 0 electrically light$ by our signal
 corps2 ! villag]s & ! soldi]s 7 out 9  
=ce2 colonels assi/$ z acolytes2 & !    
brilliant r$ & gold ( ! ve/m5ts1 ) ! p9k
 sat9 & :ite lace ( ! little *oir boys1 
/ood out brilliantly f ! d>k g>m5ts ( ! 
,fr5* & ! olive drab ( ! ,am]icans4     
,fa!r ,kelley deliv]$ a s]mon ( pr(\nd  
inspiration1 z well z a brief address 9 
,fr5* to ! villag]s1 ^: gue/s we 74 ,!  
/aff 7 seat$ 9 a little *apel1 at "o    

side ( ! alt>4 ,! next day my ord]ly    
ov]he>d two ( ! soldi]s argu+ ab\t me4  
,"o insi/$3 ,i did see ! rabbi !re "r on
 ! plat=m4 ,y didn't1 said ! o!r1 ev5 if
 ?is is ! army1 !y w\ldn't let him on ! 
plat=m at a ,ca?olic mass4 ,x rem9d$ me 
( ! incid5t 9 ,p>is :5 ,i _h visit$ !   
,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame1 accompani$ by  
my *auffeur1 a ,ca?olic boy1 & ,i _h    
giv5 him a lecture on ! ar*itecture &   
symbolism ( t spl5did /ructure4 ,x 0    
only aft]w>d t ! humor ( ! situation    
/ruck me--a rabbi expla9+ a ca!dral to a
 devot$ ,ca?olic4  ,e *apla9 ) :om ,i h 
comp>$ notes has told me ( simil>       
exp]i5ces4 ,*apla9 ,elkan ,c4           
,voorsang]1 = example1 at ! "t :5 he    
conduct$ ! fir/ (ficial ,jewi% s]vice   
ov]seas at ,passov] #aiah1 receiv$ f\r  
o!r invitations 9 v>i\s sections (      
,france bo? f army (ficials & ,y4 ,m4   
,c4 ,a4 secret>ies4 ,at "o po9t ! ,"y   
,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association ev5 (f]$ to 
pay all 8 exp5ses if 8 comm&+ (fic] w\ld
 release him = ! necess>y "t4 ,i h      

m5tion$ t ,rabbi ,voorsang] _h no regul>
 s]vices 9 ! #gg? ,division dur+ ! fall 
holydays ( #aiah1 due to ! milit>y      
situation4 ,!re 0 "o exception to ?is1  
h[ev]1 a ha/y s]vice arrang$ at "o ( !  
brief /ops dur+ ! m>* by ,fa!r ,dunne ( 
! #cjf? ,infantry1 & t s]vice arrang$ by
 a prie/ 0 conduct$ by ! rabbi 9 a ru9$ 
,ca?olic *ur*4 ,*apla9 ,voorsang] is    
full ( praise = ! ?irty *apla9s ( v>i\s 
religions :o work$ "u him :5 he 0 ,s5ior
 ,*apla9 ( ! #gg?4 ,_! en?usia/ic       
support z subord9ates 0 fully equal to  
_! he>ty cooep]ation z equals4          
,peculi>ly en\gh1 ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce    
*apla9 9 our division 0 ! only "o :o    
f\nd x difficult to become adju/$ ) !   
re/4 ,?is c\ld h>dly h be5 p]sonal1 z he
 0 g5]ally respect$4 ,x may h be5 due 9 
"p to ! g5]al suspicion ( "s = ! m9i/]s 
( a new fai? :i* _h lur$ away a few ( _!
 adh]5ts4 ,b x seem$ due *iefly to !    
ideas & ! me?od he repres5t$4 ,he 0     
h&icapp$ = ! necess>y "w ( c>+ = ! sick 
& w\nd$ by a unique attitude t[>d       

physical suff]+1 diff]5t f ! re/ ( u &  
diff]5t f t ( mo/ ( ! soldi]s !mselves4 
,z a consequ5ce he c\ld s]ve mo/ ( !m   
only z a layman might4 ,c]ta9ly he c\ld 
give no religi\s treatm5t ( disease1 z !
 m$ical dep>tm5t 0 supreme 9 its own    
field4 ,9 addition1 he c\ld conduct     
g5]al s]vices only ) difficulty4 ,to !  
re/ ( u a s]vice meant ! same ?+1--a    
psalm1 a pray]1 a talk1 p]haps a song or
 two4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ c\ld n give
 a pray]4 ,prev5t$ f us+ 8 ritual by !  
fact t ! s]vice 0 to be non-sect>ian1 he
 _h n ! p[] ( p]sonal pray] to fall back
 ^u4 ,he 0 n a m9i/] 9 ! same s5se z !  
re/ ( u1 & ! army _h no prop] place =   
ei!r a heal] or a read]4  ,) ?is s+le   
exception1 ,i feel c]ta9 t e *apla9 9   
,france _h ! same sort ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5  
,i fir/ arriv$ 9 ,france ,i 0 "o (      
?irty-five *apla9s assembl$ at !        
*apla9s' headqu>t]s = in/ruction &      
assignm5t4 ,our ev5+ s]vice 0 conduct$ 9
 front ( ! qua9t1 angul> *ateau on a    
level lawn surr\nd$ by /raight r[s (    

popl>s4 ,"o ev5+ ,*apla9 ,paul ,moody1 (
 ! ,s5ior ,*apla9's (fice1 gave u an    
inspirational appeal d]iv$ f 8 own      
exp]i5ce & 8 obs]vation ( s _m          
successful *apla9s at ! front4 ,aft]w>d1
 in=mally1 a ,ca?olic told u briefly :at
 we %\ld d 9 case we f\nd a dy+ ,ca?olic
 9 ! hospital or on ! field1 ) no prie/ 
at h&4 ,!n ,i 0 ask$ h[ be/ ! o!rs might
 m9i/] to a ,jewi% soldi] 9 extremity4  
,i repeat$ to !m ! old ,hebrew          
confession ( fai?2 ,%ema ,yisroel adonoi
 eloh5u adonoi e*od1 ,he> ,o ,israel1 ! 
,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o4 ,i told  
!m to lead ! boy 9 recit+ x1 or if      
necess>y j to say x = him1 & ! next     
morn+ :5 ,i br\ght d[n copies ( ! words 
= !m all ,i 0 deeply t\*$ by _! eag]ness
 to "k !m4 ,^! m5 did n g out to conv]t 
o!rs to _! own view ( tru? & life2 !y 7 
ready to s]ve pi\s s\ls & to br+ ,god's 
pres5ce ne> to all4 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s 7   
eag] to help ,jews to be bett] ,jews2   
rabbis 7 glad to help ,*ri/ians to be   
bett] ,*ri/ians4 ,we le>n$ amid ! dang] 

& ! bitt]ness to s]ve ,god & man1 n 9   
opposition & n ev5 9 tol]ation1 b 9 true
 helpfulness t[>d "o ano!r4 ,i d\bt :e!r
 ^! m51 once s will+ to s]ve m5 ( all   
cre$s at ! risk ( _! lives1 are =emo/ 9 
! ranks ( ,jewi% conv]sioni/s to-day4   
,mu* ( ?is _s ( g5u9e religion & ( equal
 reg>d = all religions 0 due to !       
example & p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ,s5ior   
,*apla9 ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1
 ,bi%op ,*>les ,h4 ,br5t1 n[ !          
,prote/ant ,episcopal ,bi%op ( !        
,diocese ( ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,bi%op    
,br5t utiliz$ 8 great ability1 8 high   
spirituality & 8 p]sonal acqua9tance ) !
 ,comm&]-9-,*ief all = ! welf>e ( ! m5 9
 ! s]vice4 ,assidu\s 9 8 p]sonal        
devotions1 def9ite 9 8 p]sonal prea*+1  
:5 he turn$ to 8 duties z ,s5ior ,*apla9
 he simply =got 8 own affiliations 9 !  
int]e/ ( all religions alike4 ,ca?olic &
 ,prote/ant _h equal fai? 9 !           
imp>tiality & ju/ice ( 8 acts4 ,he 0    
especially c>eful 9 behalf ( ! ,jewi% m5
 because he knew t !y 7 a m9ority &     

might o!rwise be neglect$4 ,! (ficial   
ord]s & ! detail$ arrangem5ts = ! v>i\s 
holydays 7 a s]i\s consid]ation ) him4  
,8 _s animat$ 8 entire /aff4 ,*apla9    
,voorsang] felt x f ! outset4 ,*apla9   
,paul ,d4 ,moody1 ,bi%op ,br5t's        
assi/ant 9 ! *apla9s' (fice at ,g5]al   
,headqu>t]s1 0 animat$ by x equally ) 8 
*ief4 ,*apla9 ,moody1 a son ( ! great   
evangeli/ & n[ 9 "o ( ! important       
,presbyt]ian *ur*es 9 ,new ,york ,city1 
0 fond ( tell+ h[ ! v>i\s comm&+ (fic]s 
w\ld (t5 greet him z ,fa!r or ,bi%op4   
,x is h>dly surpris+ t su* cooep]ation  
/r5g!n$ m5 9 loyalty to _! own fai?4 ,z 
! soldi]s saw ! milit>y rank ( all !    
*apla9s & _! influ5ce ev]y:]e 9 !       
int]e/s ( ! m51 z !y saw m5 ( o!r fai?s 
com+ to _! *apla9 because ( 8 lov$      
p]sonality or 8 high /&+1 z !y saw !    
(ficial bullet9s ann\nc+ religi\s       
s]vices ( diff]5t fai?s at diff]5t h\rs 
b "u ! same auspices1 !y grew to respect
 !mselves & _! own fai? a little m4 ,a  
"y man is likely to be defiant or       

apologetic ab\t be+ religi\s unless he  
sees religion1 includ+ 8 religion1      
respect$ by 8 comrades & 8 comm&+       
(fic]s4 ,!re=e ?is mutual s]vice1 in/ead
 ( weak5+ ! religi\s consci\sness ( !   
v>i\s gr\ps1 r /r5g!n$ x4 ,m5 grew to   
respect !mselves m z !y respect$ o!rs m2
 !y became /rong] 9 _! own fai? z !y    
became m und]/&+ ( o!rs4 ,! five *apla9s
 at ! burial detail did n give up _! own
 ideas1 b !y did le>n m ab\t ! o!rs'    
fai?s1 & !y c]ta9ly le>n$ to respect ea*
 o!r pr(\ndly z work]s1 z m9i/]s & z m54
 ,?us our mutual fri5d%ip & our mutual  
help became ! f\ndation ( all our ef=ts 
= ! m51 religi\s1 p]sonal & milit>y4 ,we
 did our "w toge!r z p>ts ( "o *ur*1 !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,army4  ,?is situation 0  
br\ght out 9 /rong relief = me :5 ,i met
 9 ,le ,mans a "y ,fr5* prie/1 :o _h    
s]v$ z *apla9 9 an army hospital ?r\gh  
mo/ ( ! w>4 ,he 0 ov]come ) a/oni%m5t :5
 ,i told him t1 :ile ! majority ( ! m5 9
 our army 7 ,prote/ant1 ! ,s5ior ,*apla9
 ( ! area at t "t 0 a ,ca?olic prie/4 ,i

 _h to g into consid]able detail1       
expla9+ t 9 "s organizations ! head 0 a 
,prote/ant1 & 9 "o division a ,jew4     
,f9ally he grasp$ x1 ) ! rem>k1 ,c'e/ la
 lib]te4 ,z a ,fr5*man x 0 h>d = him to 
und]/& ! k9d ( religi\s lib]ty :i* means
 cooep]ation & fri5d%ip4 ,9 ,france     
religi\s lib]ty is bas$ on ho/ility &   
intol]ance ( religion4 ,religi\s lib]ty 
!re means lib]ty = ! irreligi\s &       
consequ5t limitation ( ! lib]ty ( !     
religi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 religion !re has
 meant hi/orically1 ! dom9ation ( "o    
religion & ! curtailm5t ( lib]ty4 ,x is 
a peculi> view1 :i* is p>allel$ among   
,fr5* ,jewry also4 ,active & int]e/$    
,jews h little int]e/ 9 mod]nism1 ev5 9 
mod]n me?ods ( religi\s education2 ,fr5*
 ,jews :o are int]e/$ 9 ! _w to-day h   
little int]e/ 9 ,judaism4  ,we :o s]v$  
toge!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army h a      
diff]5t ideal4 ,we ?9k ( a religion :i* 
gives equal fre$om to all o!r types (   
piety1 :i* works equally ) m5 ( e fai? 9
 ! d\ble cause ( c\ntry & morality1 :i* 

does n give up its own high fai? b sees 
equally ! common weal ( all humanity1 to
 be s]v$ by m5 ( _m fai?s4 ,we h fix$   
our gaze ^u religion 9 action1 & h f\nd 
t ! ?+s :i* divide u are *iefly matt]s (
 !ory1 :i* d n imp$e our work+          
effectively toge!r4 ,x ne$s b ! same    
en?usiasm = ! con/ant & increas+ welf>e 
( all ,god's creatures to c>ry unity 9  
action ( all religi\s lib]als into !    
g5]al life ( ,am]ica1 to give u n m]ely 
religi\s tol]ation1 b religi\s          
helpfulness4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,!        
,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,jewi% ,,soldi]     
,mu* has be5 writt5 ( ! soldi]'s        
religion1 mo/ ( x consi/+ ( !oretical   
treatises ( h[ ! soldi] ought to feel & 
act1 writt5 by highly philosophic       
g5tlem5 9 _! /udies at home or by       
j\rnali/ic travel]s :o _h tak5 a hurri$ 
trip to ,france & enjoy$ a brief view ( 
! tr5*es4 ,! soldi] himself 0           
in>ticulate on ! subject ( 8 own s\l &  
only ! soldi] really knew4 ,"h & !re "o 
f9ds a g5u9e human docum5t1 l ,donald   

,hankey's ,/ud5t 9 ,arms1 :i* gave !    
av]age reaction ( a ?9k+ man subject$ to
 ! trials & indignities ( ! private     
soldi] 9 w>-"t1 9 words f> above ^? !   
av]age soldi] c\ld h us$4 ,!oriz+ ab\t !
 soldi] 0 worse ?an useless2 x (t5      
br\ght results s directly opposite to ! 
facts t ! soldi] himself w\ld h be5     
imm5sely amus$ to see !m4  ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 ! soldi] _h ! av]age m9d & fai? ( 
! "y ,am]ican1 ) its grave lapses & its 
pr(\nd s\rces ( p[]4 ,he 0 *>act]iz$ by 
inquiry r ?an c]ta9ty1 by desire r ?an  
belief4 ,8 m9d 0 re/less1 ke51 eag]2 x  
_h little backgr\nd or /ability4 ,x 0   
dom9at$ by ! m9d ( ! mass1 s t educat$  
m5 _h id5tical habits ( m9d ) ! ignorant
 on problems ( army life4 ,! moral /&>ds
 ( ! soldi] 7 a direct outgr[? ( !      
morals ( sport & bus9ess r ?an ^? ( !   
*ur*4 ,he _h a s5se ( fair play1 ( deal+
 ) m5 z m51 b no feel+ :atev] ( div9e   
comm&m5ts or ( univ]sal law4  ,a        
significant incid5t1 br++ out ! peculi> 
ideals ( ! soldi]1 is relat$ by ,judge  

,b5 ,l9dsey 9 8 book1 ,! ,d\ghboy's     
,religion4 ,he tells h[ a numb] ( ,y4   
,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secret>ies conduct$         
que/ionnaires at v>i\s times z to :at   
?ree s9s ! soldi]s consid]$ mo/ s]i\s & 
:at ?ree virtues ! mo/ important1 hop+  
to elicit a reply t ! mo/ repreh5sible  
s9s 7 dr9k1 gambl+ & sexual vice4 ,b    
h>dly a soldi] m5tion$ ^! ?ree4 ,! m5 7 
practically unanim\s 9 select+ z ! mo/  
griev\s s91 c[>dice & ! greate/ virtue1 
c\rage2 z second1 selfi%ness & its      
correlative virtue1 self-sacrifice2 & z 
?ird1 pride1 ! holi]-?an-?\ attitude1 ) 
its virtue1 mode/y4 ,! result1 to "o :o 
knew ! soldi]1 w\ld h be5 a =egone      
conclusion4  ,! soldi] 0 hone/1 he gave 
no cut-&-dri$ answ]s b 8 own full       
op9ion1 bas$ ^u ! circum/ances ( 8 own  
life4 ,at ! front c\rage is actually !  
mo/ important attribute ( manhood &     
c[>dice ! un=givable s94 ,"o c[>d c at  
any mom5t imp]il ! lives ( 8 entire unit
 by cry+ out 9 surprise on a night      
patrol1 by des]t+ 8 po/ z s5t9el or gas 

gu>d1 by infect+ ) ! _s ( panic ! weak] 
m5 :o foll[ any contagi\s example4      
,selfi%ness likewise 0 m ?an s]i\s2 x 0 
vital4 ,! selfi% man 0 "o :o ate m ?an 8
 %>e ( ! scanty rations on ! m>*1 :o did
 n c>ry 8 full pack b _h to be help$ by 
o!rs1 :o 0 fir/ 9 l9e at ! cante5 b la/ 
to volunte] = disagreeable duty4 ,pride1
 on ! o!r h&1 0 n dang]\s b m]ely       
irritat+ 9 ! extreme to an army (       
civilians1 ( ,am]icans ) ! _s ( equal   
citiz5s1 :o felt t !y 7 do+ ev]y?+ = _! 
c\ntry & res5t$ equally ! autocratic & !
 patroniz+ mann]4 ,besides ! soldi] saw 
examples ( ^! 8 highe/ virtues ab\t him 
con/antly4 ,c\rage became a commonplace2
 self-sacrifice an ev]yday matt]4       
,(fic]s (t5 %>$ ! discom=ts & exce$$ !  
dang]s ( _! m54 ,:5 "o reads ! acc\nts (
 citations = ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 & ,m$al (    
,honor1 "o wond]s t human be+s c\ld d   
su* ?+s4 ,& :5 we :o 7 at ! front recall
 ! utt] democracy ( ^? days1 h[ salutes 
& =mality ( e k9d 7 =gott5 :ile only    
lead]%ip bas$ on p]sonality c\ld        

prevail1 we realize anew ! emphasis ( ! 
soldi] on mode/y & 8 res5tm5t ( !       
attitude ( _m a civilian & ev5 a few    
milit>y m5 9 patroniz+ him ei!r z a     
common soldi] or z a mis]able s9n]4  ,z 
to religi\s t5d5cies1 ! soldi] _h1 fir/ 
& =emo/1 hope4 ,he look$ =w>d to bett]  
?+s bo? = himself & = ! _w4 ,he _h !    
religi\s long+ & ! religi\s c]ta9ty t ! 
future w witness ! dawn+ ( a bett] day4 
,he _h a va/ respect = manhood1 ?\gh 8  
democracy did n g s f> z to include o!r 
nations1 :om he v l>gely despis$ on     
acc\nt ( _! que]ness & 8 own ignorance4 
,he _h an abid+ hatr$ = any?+ :i* smack$
 9 ! slighte/ degree ( hypocrisy or     
bluff4 ,i m5tion ?is 9 my next *apt] 9  
connection ) prea*+ to soldi]s1 b prea*+
 0 n ! only field 9 :i* x appli$4 ,!    
soldi] laid an inord9ate value ^u       
p]sonal p>ticipation 9 front l9e "w1    
ignor+ ! ord]s :i* necess>ily kept !    
major "p ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 9 back area "w1
 9 supply1 repair1 or tra9+ duty4 ,i "k 
( "o *apla91 = example1 :o jo9$ a fam\s 

fight+ division %ortly aft] ! armi/ice1 
?r\gh no fault ( 8 own b because he _h  
be5 previ\sly detail$ to o!r duty1 & :o 
f\nd 8 s]vice !re full ( ob/acles ?r\gh 
! suspicion ( ! m5--because he :o 0     
prea*+ to !m _h n be5 "u fire :5 !y 74  
,( c\rse1 ?is work$ favorably = ^? ( u  
:om ! boys _h p]sonally se5 "u fire at !
 fir/ aid po/ or 9 ! tr5*es4  ,?is v    
respect = de$s & suspicion ( words1     
especially ( polite or eloqu5t words1   
made = suspicion ( ! *ur*es & *ur*m54   
,we _h s pitifully few *apla9s to a     
division1 & "s ( !m 7 necess>ily assign$
 to hospitals 9 ! re>4 ,only "h & !re   
did a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 or ,k4 ( ,c4      
secret>y g ) ! m5 "u fire4 ,true1 !y _h 
no?+ to d !re1 z !re 0 no cante5 or     
ent]ta9m5t hut at ! front2 true1 /rict  
ord]s =bade _! ent]+ c]ta9 t]ritory or  
go+ ov] ! top4 ,! soldi] ask$ n ( ord]s 
or duties2 he knew only t ?is man1 :o 9 
_m cases seem$ to consid] himself       
sup]ior1 :o prea*$ & taught & organiz$1 
_h n slept night aft] night 9 ! ra91 _h 

n fall5 prone 9 ! mud to dodge ! fly+   
missiles1 _h n liv$ on "o cold meal a   
day or _h to c>ry rations on 8 %\ld] t  
he & 8 comrades might enjoy _! scanty   
f>e4  ,!re=e ! soldi] c>$ little = cre$s
 ( any k9d4 ,he c\ld n apply any        
p>ticul> dogmas to ! unique circum/ances
 9 :i* he f\nd himself--he _h probably  
nev] appli$ !m to any great ext5t ev5 9 
! m commonplace circum/ances ( peace--& 
he 0 suspici\s ( _m ( ^? :o attempt$ to 
apply !m = him4 ,! soldi] ne$$ religion2
 he want$ ,god2 he c>$ v little =       
*ur*es1 cre$s or *ur*m54  ,9 mo/        
*>act]i/ics ! ,jewi% soldi] 0 "o ) 8    
,*ri/ian bro!rs4 ,he diff]$ only 9 ^?   
special facts or ideas :i* %[$ a diff]5t
 home environm5t or a diff]5t tradition4
 ,= example1 ! usual ,*ri/ian m9i/] us$ 
! ^w1 atonem5t ) a special mean+ :i* 0  
und]/ood1 if n accept$1 by e ,*ri/ian   
pres5t1 b :i* meant no?+ :atev] to !    
,jew1 except ?r\gh ! v diff]5t          
association ) ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,s any
 analysis ( ! religion ( ! ,*ri/ian     

soldi] w\ld beg9 ) 8 attitude t[>d !    
atonem5t1 b ) ! ,jewi% soldi] ?is mu/ be
 omitt$--he _h no attitude at all4 ,!   
,jewi% soldi] 0 guid$ by ! same g5]al   
facts 9 8 attitude t[>d ! ,jewi%        
religion :i* animat$ ! ,*ri/ian soldi] 9
 8 attitude t[>d ! ,*ri/ian religion2 ! 
diff]5ce 0 l>gely t ( ! religion :i* !y 
consid]$ r ?an ( ! m5 !mselves4  ,(     
c\rse1 x 0 h>d to be a good ,jew 9 !    
army4 ,! diet>y laws 7 impossible (     
fulfillm5t1 & ! ,talmudic p]mission to  
violate !m 9 case ( w>f>e meant less to 
! av]age soldi] ?an ! fact t he 0 break+
 !m4 ,! ,sabba? c\ld n be kept at all1  
ev5 9 re/ areas :]e !re 0 no imm$iate   
dang] to life4 ,no soldi] c\ld disobey  
an ord] to "w on ! ,sabba?2 if ! "w 0   
!re1 ! soldi] _h to d x4 ,9 _m ways     
,judaism 0 difficult & ,*ri/ianity j z  
difficult4 ,= example1 ,i "k ( "o       
division :]e ! ,passov] s]vice 0 held "u
 difficulties1 z ! unit 0 ab\t to move1 
& :]e ! ,ea/] s]vice _h ! same h&icap1 z
 ! m5 _h j f9i%$ mov+ & 7 n yet e/abli%$

 9 _! new qu>t]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ob/acles to  
religi\s obs]vance 7 common to all      
religions4  ,a few ,jews d5i$ or        
conceal$ _! religion 9 ! army z else:]e4
 ,"s few enli/$ "u assum$ names2 a numb]
 d5i$ _! ,judaism & avoid$ association )
 ,jews1 p]haps fe>+ ! anti-,semitism :i*
 !y _h he>d 0 rife 9 milit>y circles4   
,_! fe> 0 gr\ndless & _! deception1 z a 
rule1 deceiv$ nobody4 ,! ,am]ican army z
 x 0 organiz$ dur+ ! w> _h no place =   
prejudice ( any k9d4 ,effici5cy 0 !     
wat*word2 ! be/ man 0 almo/ inv>iably   
promot$2 9 all my exp]i5ce abroad ,i h  
nev] se5 a cle> case ( anti-,semitism   
among high] (fic]s & only seldom 9 !    
ranks4 ,occasionally also ,i met ! type 
( ,jew :o admitt$ 8 orig9 b _h no int]e/
 9 8 religion4 ,su* a "o--a             
lieut5ant--:o 0 kn[n z a fri5d ( !      
enli/$ m5 g5]ally & especially ( !      
,jewi% ones1 assi/$ me greatly 9 arrang+
 = ! s]vices = ! fall holydays1 b did n 
att5d ^? s]vices himself4 ,he repres5t$ 
! type n[ =tunately becom+ r>] 9 our    

colleges1 ! m5 :o h too mu* pride to d5y
 _! orig9 b too little ,jewi% k to      
b5efit by x4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is      
p>ticul> man 0 /ation$ 9 ! ,s4 ,o4 ,s4 &
 _h at t "t nev] be5 at ! front4 ,mo/ m5
 turn t[>d religion "u ! /ress ( battle2
 ^? :o h nev] be5 9 battle pres5t$ 9    
c]ta9 ways a civilian frame ( m9d4  ,mo/
 ( ! ,jews 9 ! army 7 or?odox 9         
backgr\nd1 r ?an ei!r re=m or radical4  
,p]haps ! or?odox did n h ! num]ical    
sup]iority !y seem$ to possess2 9 t case
 ,i saw !m z ! mo/ int]e/$ gr\p1 ! ones 
:o came mo/ gladly to meet ! *apla94 ,n 
t ! o!r two gr\ps 7 lack+ 9 ?is army1   
:i* took 9 practically all ! m5 (       
tw5ty-"o to ?irty-"o ye>s 9 ,am]ica4 ,! 
dom9at+ gr\p1 h[ev]1 0 or?odox 9        
backgr\nd1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m 7 n or?odox 9  
conviction4 ,causes are n f> to seek--!y
 _h nev] /udi$ or?odoxy2 !y 7 "y m5 & _h
 few settl$ religi\s convictions2 !y 7 9
 ! mid/ ( a mod]n _w :]e o!r doctr9es 7 
m attractive4 ,! fact is t _!           
convictions 7 usually direct$ t[>d      

,zionism r ?an t[>d "o or ano!r =m (    
,judaism itself4 ,aga91 !y 7 )\t reasons
 = _! int]e/4 ,zionism appeal$ to !m    
simply z a bold1 manly1 ,jewi% ideal2 !y
 did n ent] into que/ions ei!r (        
practicability or ( desirability4 ,9 o!r
 words1 !y 7 "y m51 n especially        
?\ghtful1 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ,jewi% que/ions
 only z "o ( _m phases ( _! lives4 ,!y  
_h _! own tr5d1 b 7 glad to accept      
lead]%ip ( a c]ta9 type1 adapt$ to _!   
own lives & problems4  ,all ^! ,jewi%   
soldi]s welcom$ a ,jewi% *apla94 ,!     
,ca?olics & ,prote/ants _h *apla9s1 &   
all ,jews except ! negligible few :o    
d5i$ _! fai? 7 v glad to be repres5t$   
also1 to h _! religion giv5 (ficial     
recognition 9 ! army & to see _! own    
*apla9 work+ "u ! same au?ority & along 
! same l9es z *apla9s ( o!r religions4  
,mo/ ( ! ,jewi% soldi]s _h p]sonal      
reasons also to greet a *apla94 ,9 _m ( 
! occasions1 small & great1 :5 a ,jewi% 
soldi] desir$ advice1 aid or fri5d%ip1  
he pref]r$ a ,jewi% *apla9 to any o!r   

p]son4 ,z a *apla9 he _h ! influ5ce to  
take up a case any:]e & ! in=mation z to
 proc$ure1 :ile only a ,jew c feel &    
respond to ! special circum/ances ( !   
,jewi% m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 n all ,jewi%   
soldi]s 7 eag] to welcome ! ,jewi%      
,welf>e ,bo>d al?\gh !y all lik$ x aft] 
x _h arriv$ & made good4 ,"s 7 afraid ( 
any di/9ction 9 ^! semi-milit>y welf>e  
organizations1 feel+ t ! two already 9 !
 field1 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ,k4 ( ,c41 7
 q adequate4 ,! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1   
h[ev]1 made su* an impression at once on
 bo? ,jews & non-,jews t ev5 ! d\btful  
ones became reconcil$ & felt t ,jewi% "w
 9 ! army 0 m ?an ju/ifi$ by results4 ,z
 always among ,jews1 :o lay great       
emphasis on non-,jewi% op9ion1 "o ( !   
*ief causes ( ! popul>ity among ,jews ( 
,jewi% w> "w 0 its popul>ity among      
,*ri/ians4 ,:5 a ,jewi% boy f\nd 8      
build+ ov]cr[d$ by non-,jews1 :5 he _h  
to come e>ly to get a seat at ! picture 
%[ among all ! ,bapti/s & ,ca?olics1 :5 
he saw ,*ri/ian boys writ+ to _! p>5ts  

on ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 /ation]y1 he ?\ght m (   
himself & 8 own organization4 ,?is same 
fact refut$ ! argum5t aga9/ segregation2
 m5 ( all fai?s us$ ! ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 huts1 
j z !y did ^? ( ! o!r welf>e            
organizations4 ,!y 7 "o m facility = m5 
( e religion1 ev5 ?\gh organiz$ by ,jews
 & conduct$ f a ,jewi% po9t ( view4  ,9 
_! religi\s s]vices1 z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s1 ! 
,jewi% boys lik$ practices :i* rem9d$ !m
 ( home4 ,j z _m ( !m enjoy$ a ,yiddi%  
/ory at an occasional lit]>y ev5+1 s !y 
all appreciat$ ! traditional ,s$] at    
,passov] m ?an all ! %[s & ent]ta9m5ts  
:i* 7 provid$ at ! ,passov] leave4 ,!y  
pref]r$ to h _m ( ! pray]s 9 ,hebrew1   
ev5 ?\gh ,i seldom _h a ,jewi%          
congregation 9 ! army 9 :i* m ?an "o    
?ird ( ! m5 und]/ood ! ,hebrew pray]s4  
,!y lik$ ! home-l & famili> tone ( !    
,jewi% s]vice on bo? ,sabba?s &         
fe/ivals4 ,!y pref]r$ to we> _! caps at 
s]vice & to c>ry out ! traditional cu/om
 9 all m9or matt]s4  ,b at ! same "t !y 
_h no objection to *anges 9 traditional 

practice4 ,! abbreviat$ pray]book ( !   
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d 0 mu* appreciat$1  
ev5 ?\gh "o or two ( ! boys w\ld /ate   
pr\dly t !y _h also a special fe/ival   
pray]book4 ,! %ort s]vice 0 practical & 
! boys !re=e pref]r$ x to ! long] "o ( !
 synagogue4 ,!y und]/ood t1 ) ! l>ge    
numb] ( non-,jews at our s]vices & !    
usual majority ( ,jews :o c\ld n read   
,hebrew1 x 0 necess>y to read "p ( !    
pray]s 9 ,engli%4 ,!y lik$ an ,engli%   
s]mon1 too1 al?\gh ! *apla9 skill$ 9    
army me?ods always gave a v in=mal talk1
 f> f ! =mal s]mon ( ! synagogue4 ,& :5 
int]e/$ !y ask$ que/ions1 (t5 int]rupt+ 
! ev5 fl[ ( ! s]mon b assi/+ ! rabbi &  
congregation to an und]/&+ ( ! problem  
at issue4  ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( an
 army congregation 0 its con/ant desire 
to p>ticipate 9 ! s]vice4 ,! soldi]s    
lik$ responsive read+s2 !y pref]r$      
s]mons ) ! op5 =um me?od2 !y 7 ready to 
volunte] to u%]1 to ann\nce ! s]vice    
?r\gh\t ! unit1 or = any job f mov+     
*airs to *ant+ ! s]vice4 ,at ! ,passov] 

s]vices at ,le ,mans1 we _h all !       
volunte]s necess>y among ! cr[d = ev]y?+
 f ,k4 ,p4 7kit*5 police7 to assi/ 9    
prep>+ ! d9n] to an excell5t read] = !  
prophetic portion4 ,! s]vices meant m to
 ! soldi]s z !y became _! own4  ,ano!r  
*>act]i/ic ( s]vices 9 ! army 0 ! l>ge  
numb] ( non-,jews att5d+ !m4 ,i h come  
to a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 on a ,sunday morn+ 
directly aft] ! ,prote/ant *apla91 :5   
mo/ ( 8 congregation jo9$ me1 & my gr\p 
9 consequ5ce 0 n9e-t5?s non-,jewi%4 ,at 
fir/ ?is factor 0 a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t 
to _m ( ! ,jewi% m54 ,!y came to me     
be=eh& to :isp] t a few non-,jews 7     
pres5t1 b ,i took x z a matt] ( c\rse1  
hav+ le>n$ my lesson ) my fir/ s]vice 9 
,france4 ,lat] ev5 ! mo/ self-consci\s (
 ,jews accept$ ! pres5ce ( non-,jews at 
a ,jewi% s]vice j z ,*ri/ians expect ^? 
( o!r d5om9ations ?an _! own4 ,:5 ,jewi%
 s]vices (t5 h f t5 to eighty p] c5t4 ( 
non-,jews 9 att5dance1 ! ,jewi% soldi]s 
are d\bly glad to h a p>tially ,engli%  
s]vice & a s]mon4 ,!y want ! ,*ri/ians  

to respect _! religion z !y d _! own1 an
 end usually v easy ( atta9m5t4 ,& :ile 
a few ,jews w\ld h pref]r$ to drop !    
special ,jewi% *>act]i/ics ( our s]vice1
 ,i h nev] he>d a critical ^w f a       
,*ri/ian ab\t our we>+ our hats1 our    
,hebrew pray]s1 & ! re/4 ,(t51 9 fact1  
,i h _h to answ] respectful que/ions1   
giv+ ! sort ( in=mation :i* broad5s bo? 
sides & makes = g5]al tol]ance4  ,at !  
front1 ev5 ! mo/ ?\ghtless desir$ "s    
sort ( a p]sonal religion4 ,9 ! mid/ ( !
 con/ant dang] to life & limb1 see+ _!  
comrades ab\t !m dead & w\nd$1 ) life   
r$uc$ to ! m9imum ( necessities & ! few 
elem5tal problems1 m5 7 =c$ to ?9k ( !  
realities ( life & dea?4 ,) ^! et]nal   
que/ions =c$ ^u !m1 ! great majority mu/
 always turn to religion4 ,! m5 pray$ at
 ! front4 ,!y want$ safety & !y felt !  
ne$ ( ,god4 ,aft] a battle !y 7 eag] to 
(f] ?anks = _! own safety & to say !    
memorial pray]s = _! fri5ds :o _h j laid
 d[n _! lives4 ,p]haps ! mo/ religi\s   
congregation ,i h ev] _h 0 ! little gr\p

 ( m5 :o ga!r$ toge!r "u ! trees aft] ! 
great battle at ! ,h9d5burg ,lane4 ,!   
impressions ( ! conflict _h n yet worn  
(f4 ,! m5 71 9 a way1 uplift$ by _!     
t]rific exp]i5ces4 ,& ! words !y spoke  
!re ( _! fall5 comrades 7 inf9itely     
t\*+4 ,! appeal ( a memorial pray] 0 s  
pr(\nd 9 ! army t _m ( ! ,prote/ant     
*apla9s foll[$ ! ,episcopal & ,ca?olic  
cu/om & pray$ = ! dead al?\gh _! own    
*ur*es d n g5]ally foll[ ! cu/om4  ,b ) 
all ?is deep ye>n+ = p]sonal religion1 !
 m5 adopt$ fatalism z _! preval5t       
philosophy4 ,= "o ?+1 x seem$ to answ] !
 imm$iate facts ! be/4 ,:5 five m5 are  
toge!r 9 a %ell hole & a bur/+ %ell     
kills ?ree ( !m & leaves ! two unh>m$1  
all our !ories seem wor?less4 ,:5 "o    
man1 volunte]+ = a dang]\s duty1 comes  
back only slightly gass$1 :ile ano!r    
left at headqu>t]s is kill$ at 8 d9n] by
 long di/ance fire1 m5 wond]4 ,& :5 !y  
mu/ face conditions l ?is day aft] day1 
nev] kn[+ _! own fate f m9ute to m9ute1 
only sure t !y are c]ta9 to be kill$ if 

!y /ay at ! front long en\gh1 !y become 
fatali/s soon] or lat]4 ,z ! soldi]s us$
 to say1 ,if my numb] isn't on t %ell1 x
 won't get me4 ,i argu$ aga9/ fatalism  
_m times ) ! soldi]s1 b ,i f\nd :5 x    
came my own turn to live "u fire day    
aft] day t a fatali/ic attitude 0 ! mo/ 
conv5i5t = do+ "o's duty "u ! con/antly 
ro>+ m5ace1 & ,i fe> t--) prop]         
philosophic qualifications--= ! "t be+1 
,i 0 z mu* ( a fatali/ z ! re/4  ,at !  
re> ! p]sonal ne$ = religion 0 less 9   
evid5ce4 ,! m5 :o _h gone ?r\gh ! fire 7
 n unt\*$ by ! flame1 & gave "s evid5ce 
( x f "t to "t4 ,! m5 :o _h n be5 at !  
front1 :o compris$ ! majority 9 back    
areas1 _h no t\* ( t feel+4 ,!y all %>$ 
9 ! ye>n+ = home & ! ?+s ( home & =     
,judaism z ! religion ( home1 = !       
traditional s]vice ( ! fe/ivals1 = !    
fri5d%ip1 m9i/rations & assi/ance ( !   
*apla94 ,judaism meant m to !m 9 a      
/range l&1 amid an ali5 p1 liv+ ! h>d & 
unlovely life ( ! common soldi]1 ?an x  
ev] did at home :5 ! s*ul 0 j ar\nd !   

corn] & ! c>eless y\? _h seldom ent]$ x4
 ,! lonely soldi] long$ = ,judaism z !  
religion ( home j z "u fire he long$ =  
com=t f ! liv+ ,god4 ,& ! milit>y       
approval ( all religions on ! same      
plane1 ! recognition by ! non-,jewi%    
au?orities ( 8 fe/ivals & 8 s]vices1    
gave ,judaism a /&+ 9 8 eyes :i* x _h   
lack$ :5 only ! old] p ( 8 own family   
ev] paid mu* att5tion to religion4 ,?us 
,judaism z an in/itution1 z ! religion (
 home1 _h a great place 9 ! he>t ( !    
soldi] 9 ,france4  ,"s ( ! m51          
especially at ! fir/1 felt t !y 7 be+   
neglect$ by ! ,jews ( ,am]ica1 t our    
ef=t 0 n comm5surate ) t :i* ! ,*ri/ian 
d5om9ations 7 mak+ to c>e = ! soldi]s ( 
_! fai?s4 ,we mu/ admit sadly t !y _h "s
 ju/ification = su* a view4 ,our        
repres5tatives arriv$ 9 ,france late    
?\gh n at all too late = spl5did        
results4 ,am]ican ,jewry 0 almo/        
crim9ally sl[ 9 c>+ = our hundr$ ?\s&   
boys 9 s]vice abroad4 ,a few ( ! soldi]s
 c>ri$ ?is compla9t ev5 to ! po9t (     

bitt]ness & e/rangem5t f ,judaism4 ,"h &
 !re ,i met an enli/$ man :o *all5g$    
,jewry z neglig5t4 ,usually ^! 7 n our  
mo/ loyal or int]e/$ ,jews1 b !y 7 ,jews
 & %\ld n h be5 neglect$4 ,! m5 :o      
ent]ta9$ real loyalty to _! fai? 7      
usually active already 9 "s m9or way &  
ready to coop]ate ) ! ,jewi% ,welf>e    
,bo>d :5 x 0 9 a position to back !m up4
 ,mo/ ( ! m51 h[ev]1 7 eag] to =give z 9
 a family qu>rel z soon z our welf>e    
work]s arriv$ 9 ,france & %[$ imm$iate  
accompli%m5t4  ,our ,jewi% boys came    
back f ov]seas ) c]ta9 new k ( life &   
new valuation ( _! religion4 ,beg9n+    
m]ely z av]age "y m5 9 _! tw5ties1 !y   
acquir$ ! ne$ & appreciation ( _!       
ance/ral fai?1 ?\gh n 9 a conv5tional   
s5se4 ,!y are n to-day re=m ,jews 9 !   
s5se ( adh]5ts ( a re=m !ology2 nei!r   
are !y or?odox 9 ! s5se ( complete &    
consi/5t obs]vance4 ,!y h felt ! reality
 ( c]ta9 tru?s 9 ,judaism1 ! com=t x    
br+s to ! dy+ & ! m\rn]1 ! t\* ( home :5
 "o celebrates ! fe/ivals 9 a =eign l&1 

! real value ( ,jewi% fri5ds1 a ,jewi%  
m9i/]1 a ,jewi% club to take ! place ( !
 home !y miss$ ov] !re4 ,t is1 ,judaism 
means m to !m bo? z a long+ & an        
in/itution4  ,b n all ! ?+s :i* we      
cu/om>ily associate ) ,judaism h ?is    
appeal to !m4 ,"s seem to !m matt]s (   
complete indiff]5ce1 & ! usual emphasis 
on ! wrong ?+ makes !m feel t !         
synagogue at home is out ( sympa?y ) _! 
new-f\nd ye>n+4 ,if we give !m :at we   
consid] good = !m1 !y w take no?+4 ,if  
we give !m :at !y want--! religion (    
,god1 ( home1 ( s]vice--& ) all ?ree    
t]ms def9$ z !y h se5 & felt !m1 !n !y w
 prove ! great con/ructive =ce 9 !      
synagogue ( to-morr[4 ,! ,jewi% soldi]  
_h religion2 if he 0 at ! front1 he has 
_h ! p]sonal desire = ,god2 9 any case  
he has felt ! long+ = ! religion ( home4
 ,he 0 (t5 pr\d ( 8 fell[ ,jews1        
sometimes ( 8 ,judaism4 ,he did h]oic   
acts gladly1 feel+ ! add$ impetus to d  
!m because he mu/ n disgrace ! "n (     
,jew4 ,kiddu% ha ,%em1 sanctification ( 

! "n ( ,god1 0 ! impell+ motive ( _m a  
we>] ( ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c41 ?\gh he may nev] h
 he>d ! t]m4 ,! recognition by *ur* &   
synagogue ( ! _w-%ak+ ev5ts ( ! w> mu/  
be accompani$ by an equal recognition ( 
! influ5ce ( w> on ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! m5
 :o engag$ 9 x1 & = :om ^? _w-%ak+ ev5ts
 h become a "p ( _! v be+4     ,,*apt]  
,,xi  ,,prea*+ ,,to ,,soldi]s   ,prea*+ 
to soldi]s1 z ,i soon le>n$1 0 a v      
diff]5t ?+ f address+ a civilian        
congregation4 ,! v appe>ance ( ! gr\p & 
place 0 odd to a m9i/] f civil life--"y 
m5 9 olive drab1 sitt+ on ! r\gh b5*es (
 a welf>e hut or gr\p$ ab\t 9 a         
com=table circle on ! grass ( a ,fr5*   
pa/ure4 ,! gr\p 0 homog5e\s to an ext5t 
else:]e impossible1 z all 7 m51 all 7   
"y1 & all 7 engag$ 9 ! same "w & _h !   
same int]e/s4 ,! congregation & ! prea*+
 became specializ$2 ! "w became n>r[] b 
m directly applicable to ! individual   
?an 9 civil life4 ,! soldi]s _h unusual 
exp]i5ces & int]e/s z _! common         
backgr\nd2 _! ne$s 7 diff]5t f ^? ( any 

gr\p ( civilians1 9 or out ( a *ur* or  
synagogue4 ,!y 7 soldi]s & _h to be     
und]/ood & approa*$ z su*4  ,!          
circum/ances ( our s]vices 7 nev] twice 
! same4 ,i h l$ gr\ps 9 wor%ip 9 huts ( 
! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,k4 ( ,c41 & ,j4 ,w4 
,b42 9 *ateaux1 army (fices1 & b>ns2    
yes1 & out ( doors 9 ! ra94 ,i h come to
 a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & f\nd x full1 tak+  
my gr\p = an ann\nc$ s]vice to ! /age & 
l[]+ ! curta9 = privacy4 ,once1 9 a     
great brick build+ us$ by ! ,y1 ,i f\nd 
! place occupi$ by a miscellane\s cr[d (
 a ?\s& m51 read+1 writ+1 play+ *eck]s1 
l9$ up at ! cante5 = c&y & cig>ettes4   
,my s]vices _h be5 ann\nc$ & my fifty m5
 7 pres5t1 "s ( !m aft] a five-mile     
walk4 ,! secret>y 9 *>ge & ,i walk$ ab\t
 to f9d a vacant spot & f9ally f\nd "o1 
! prize r+4 ,s ,i call$ = att5tion1     
ann\nc$ my s]vice1 & held x 9 ! prize   
r+1 ) my m5 seat$ on b5*es 9 ! r+       
itself4 ,! non-,jews ne> by /opp$ _!    
read+ or writ+ to li/5 to ! little      
s]mon1 s t my actual audi5ce 0          

consid]ably l>g] ?an my gr\p ( wor%ip]s4
  ,i rememb] "o week-day ev5+ :5 ,i came
 to a ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 hut 9 a camp ne> ,le  
,mans = an ann\nc$ s]vice only to f9d ! 
place pack$ to ! doors4 ,on inquiry1 =  
su* a cr[d 0 unprec$5t$ 9 ?is p>ticul>  
camp1 ,i f\nd t a m9/rel %[ _h be5      
unexpect$ly obta9$ & 0 to run lat] 9 !  
ev5+4 ,s1 :ile ! actors 7 mak+ up beh9d 
! curta91 ,i held =? 9 front1 & :5 ! %[ 
0 ann\nc$ z ready1 a c\ple ( ,iri%      
soldi]s & a ,sw$e pu%$ to "o side & made
 a little room = me 9 ! front r[4  ,?is 
v in=mality & fri5dl9ess ( _s meant1    
fir/ ( all1 t "o c\ld n prea* to soldi]s
 9 any case4 ,!y 7 intol]ant ( prea*+4  
,!y did n want to be prea*$ to4 ,!y     
want$ /raight goods1 "r f ! %\ld]4 ,!y  
want$ de$s m ?an words1 or at lea/ words
 :i* 7 simple & direct1 ( ! =ce ( de$s4 
,"o :o knew soldi]s _h to talk to !m1 n 
prea*4 ,! m in=mal1 ! m direct1 ! m     
effective4 ,a good s]mon w\ld (t5 miss  
fire completely be=e an audi5ce (       
soldi]s :5 a good talk w\ld wake !m up &

 /ir !m4 ,in=mality1 simplicity1 k ( !  
soldi] & 8 ne$s 7 ! be/ qualities ) :i* 
to approa* ! enli/$ man1 especially :5  
he 0 or _h be5 9 ! actual fight+ & ?us  
acquir$ a new s5se ( p]spective4 ,!     
/ronge/ hatr$ ( ! fight+ man 0 direct$  
t[>d %am ( :atev] type1 & he ex]t$ t    
prejudice )\t any f9e s5se (            
discrim9ation aga9/ any?+ t seem$ to him
 pret5ti\s or holl[4 ,! dang] ( pret5se 
or di%one/y 9 ! tr5* or on a patrol     
seem$ to h ent]$ into ! :ole m5tality ( 
! soldi]4 ,he di/ru/$ ! brilliant       
orator1 :o f\nd m difficulty 9 w9n+ him 
ov] ?an did ! simpl] & m direct type (  
speak]4 ,he 0 c]ta9 to prick ! bubble ( 
a poseur at once1 & 0 m ?an suspici\s ( 
any?+ :i* ev5 h9t$ at pose or pret5se4  
,= "o ?+1 ! mat]ial _h to be concrete1 !
 sort ( ?+ ! soldi] knew4 ,jew &        
non-,jew 7 v ne>ly ! same 9 ! army1 )   
c]ta9 m9or diff]5ces ( backgr\nd4 ,&    
h>dly ev] did "o h an audi5ce compos$   
ov]:elm+ly ( ,jews2 !re 0 always a l>ge 
admixture ( o!rs 9 any army audi5ce1 ev5

 :5 a ,jewi% s]vice _h be5 ann\nc$4 ,n[1
 z to backgr\nd & memories1 our army 0  
too mix$ to rely on !m = mu* mat]ial4   
,:5 ! *apla9 spoke ( home1 ! soldi]     
might ?9k ( a t5em5t home or a ran*-h\se
 or a m\nta9e]'s cottage4 ,c]ta9ly1 only
 a few w\ld ev] h ! same picture z !    
*apla94 ,:5 he spoke ( =eign]s1 he might
 be address+ a gr\p compos$ l>gely (    
,poles1 ,italians & ,iri%1 :o ent]ta9$ v
 diff]5t ideas ( :at a =eign] might be1 
b w\ld all consid] our old ,s\!rn       
population1 :ite & black1 z =eign4  ,!  
only common gr\nd ( all soldi]s 0 !     
army4 ,! m5 knew "w1 discipl9e1 w>4 ,!y 
did n reg>d ^! ?+s z an (fic] w\ld1 & a 
wise prea*] f\nd out _! attitude 9      
detail :5ev] he c\ld4 ,b ?is 0 concrete 
mat]ial1 common to !m all4 ,!y all hat$ 
to be "u au?ority1 b _h nev]!less le>n$ 
! lesson ( discipl9e = practical        
purposes4 ,!y 7 fasc9at$ by fight+1 b   
fe>$ x & pref]r$ x1 on ! :ole1 to !     
t$ium ( peace4 ,!y f\nd a great]        
monotony 9 army drill ?an 9 any o!r "o  

?+ 9 ! _w4 ,!y 7 brave :5 occasion      
arose4 ,!y _h se5 _! fri5ds drop dead at
 _! side & _h m\rn$ & buri$ !m4 ,!y _h  
se5 comrades promot$1 n[ by favoritism1 
n[ by ability1 & held a mix$ feel+ (    
ambition & ( dislike = responsibility & 
! drudg]y ( ?9k+ = !mselves4 ,!y _h     
problems ( conduct1 problems ( morale1  
problems ( vision1 & !y welcom$ any     
discussion ( _! own problems 9 _! own   
language1 :ile despis+ inf9itely ! man  
:o made a mi/ake 9 milit>y t]m9ology or 
%[$ lack ( k ( ! army4 ,_! k & _! int]e/
 0 n>r[ b ke51 & "o 0 compell$ to meet !
 soldi] on 8 own gr\nd to int]e/ or     
influ5ce him4  ,?is concrete mat]ial ( !
 soldi]'s daily life _h to be pres5t$ to
 him 9 8 own language--m9us ! pr(anity  
:i* 0 all too common & mean+less 9 !    
av]age soldi]'s vocabul>y4 ,"h aga9 !   
soldi] prov$ a unique audi5ce4 ,) all 8 
quickness to grasp an idea1 8 lightn+   
s5se ( humor1 8 imm$iate s5se ( reality 
& recognition ( fact1 he _h 9 _m cases !
 vocabul>y ( a t5-ye>-old *ild4 ,_m (   

our soldi]s 7 f ! m9e1 ! f>m1 !         
sweat%op4 ,_m ( !m le>n$ ,engli% f !    
daily pap]s2 _m f _! semi-lit]ate       
companions4 ,a few hundr$ v simple      
,engli% words & pl5ty ( army slang 7 !  
*ief reliance ( ! prea*]1 & o!r         
expressions _h to be def9$ z "o w5t     
along4 ,"o did n ne$ to talk d[n to !   
soldi] 9 ideas--he c\ld leap pa/ a c\rse
 ( argum5t to a sure conclusion 9 any   
field )9 8 exp]i5ce--b ! language 0     
necess>ily ! language ( ! soldi] = ei!r 
full compreh5sion or complete sympa?y4  
,( c\rse1 ! av]age soldi]1 ,jew or      
non-,jew1 _h no homiletic backgr\nd2 he 
0 n a frequ5t li/5] to s]mons 9 civil   
life4 ,9 _m cases ! m5 admitt$ t !y _h  
nev] be5 9 a *ur* 9 _! lives4 ,_m ( !   
,jewi% boys _h n be5 to a synagogue =   
ye>s1 & :5 !y _h gone _m ( !m _h att5d$ 
an or?odox s]vice :]e !y _h n und]/ood a
 s+le ^w ( ! ,hebrew s]vice4 ,!re=e !   
language ( ! ,bible meant lit]ally no?+ 
to !m )\t p>aphras+1 except :]e x came v
 close to mod]n spee*4 ,!re=e also !    

cant phrases ( ! pulpit or ( ! public   
speak] g5]ally _h no mean+ :atev] to _! 
m9ds1 favorable or ! rev]se4 ,!y left ! 
soldi]s completely unt\*$4 ,?us ! be/   
civilian s]mon may h be5 mean+less to a 
gr\p ( soldi]s1 :ile a direct talk1 ev5 
a sort ( conv]sation ) ! audi5ce1 0 (   
real b5efit to !m4 ,= !re 0 no =mality  
ab\t an army audi5ce4 ,if "o made !     
milde/ joke1 ! boys laugh$ out4 ,if "o  
paus$ = a reply1 ! reply 0 apt to come 9
 l\d & unmi/akable tones4 ,9 a talk to a
 gr\p ab\t to return home1 = example1 ,i
 rem>k$1 ,i suppose y'll all re5li/ 9 ! 
,national ,gu>d :5 y get mu/]$ out1 only
 to be greet$ by an imm$iate *orus (    
groans4 ,if ! soldi]s 7 int]e/$1 !y     
int]rupt$ ) que/ions2 if un9t]e/$1 !y   
frankly got up & left ! room4 ,!y gave m
 ?an ! cold decorum ( a *ur*2 !y gave a 
liv+ response2 !y talk$ ) & ?\ght ) !   
prea*]4 ,b ! type ( decorum "o f\nd 9 a 
*ur* or temple 0 utt]ly beyond !m4 ,_!  
response 0 bett]1 b diff]5t 9 its v     
activity4  ,c]ta9ly1 !re 7 diff]5t      

audi5ces ev5 among soldi]s4 ,i "k ( "o  
prea*] :o travel$ ab\t ,france ) a great
 spee* on c\rage :i* fell utt]ly flat on
 a c]ta9 occasion4 ,he _h made ! mi/ake 
( speak+ on c\rage to a gr\p ( m5 f !   
,s]vice ( ,supply1 ^: *ief contribution 
to ! w> _h be5 c>ry+ cases ( cann$      
salmon & repair+ roads4 ,a c]ta9 *apla9 
_h a battalion ( rec5t immigrants mu/]$ 
= a s]vice be=e go+ into battle1 only to
 be privately curs$ aft]w>d 9 ! five    
languages spok5 by ! boys he _h         
address$4 ,= he _h made ^? boys give up 
_! %ort p]iod ( re/ to talk to !m ( home
 & "m1 to make !m ?9k ( ! de> ones !y 7 
try+ to =get1 to put be=e !m ! "o ?\ght 
t 0 mo/ likely to unn]ve !m = ! t]rible 
task ahead6  ,x 0 j z great a mi/ake to 
prea* ab\t sacrifice aft] a battle4 ,9  
battle sacrifice 0 ! mo/ common ?+2     
ord9>y m5 rose to heights ( h]oism to   
save _! buddies or to assi/ 9 ! advance4
 ,! high c\rage ( self-sacrifice became 
famili>4 ,prea*+ self-sacrifice to ^! m5
 0 useless--= ,*ri/ian z well z ,jew4   

,!y _h se5 /ret*] be>]s %ot d[n :ile    
c>ry+ _! preci\s burd5s to ! re>4 ,!y _h
 se5 (fic]s kill$ :ile gett+ _! m5 "u   
%elt]4 ,!y _h se5 ! gas gu>d1 z a "p ( 8
 daily duty1 risk ! mo/ horrible ( dea?s
 9 ord] to give ! al>m = 8 comrades4    
,su* m5 respond$ to an appeal on ! div9e
 9 man1 on ! bro!rhood ( all ^? h]oes   
ab\t !m1 on ,am]icanism1 on a hundr$    
cong5ial !mes2 !y did n see ! cog5cy (  
an appeal to sacrifice4  ,! pr(\nd      
fri5d%ips & viol5t dislikes ( ! soldi] h
 be5 (t5 notic$4 ,8 fidelity to 8 buddy1
 to any popul> (fic]1 to 8 company &    
regim5t1 /& out z "p ( 8 vigor\s1 boyi% 
outlook4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a swiftly acquir$
 prejudice w\ld g ) him =ev] 9 ! face ( 
_m facts & mu* argum5t to ! contr>y4 ,! 
relative /&+ ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & !    
,salvation ,army among ! m5 is a case 9 
po9t4 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association
 0 by f> ! l>ge/ w> "w organization :i* 
work$ among ! mass ( ! soldi]s1 z ! ,r$ 
,cross conf9$ its activities l>gely to  
hospitals & relat$ fields4 ,x 0 a       

wide-spread organization1 cov]+         
practically e unit & almo/ e type (     
activity1 religi\s1 a?letic1 ent]ta9m5t1
 cante54 ,b ! soldi]1 :ile us+ ! ,y4 ,m4
 ,c4 ,a41 dislik$ x4 ,! ,salvation      
,army1 a v small organization 9 bo?     
am\nt & scope ( "w1 :i* ,i nev] saw 9   
action because ,i did n happ5 to be 9 ! 
limit$ sector x cov]$1 01 h[ev]1 popul> 
if only by he>say 9 e "p ( ! great army4
 ,n[1 ! soldi] _h v real grievances     
aga9/ ! ,y4 ,x *>g$ him m = its tobacco 
?an did ! qu>t]ma/]'s /ore2 x gave away 
v little1 :ile o!r organizations1 n     
burd5$ ) ! cante51 gave away a great    
deal2 x _h a c]ta9 proportion ( misfits1
 m5 :o did n belong 9 any milit>y "w1 :o
 consid]$ !mselves bett] ?an ! common   
soldi] & did n %>e 8 trials or 8        
viewpo9t4  ,^! facts 7 all expla9$ lat]2
 "s ( !m 7 inevitable4 ,! pres5ce ( a   
bo>d ( inquiry 9 ! army te/ifi$ t !     
calib] ev5 ( army (fic]s 0 n always :at 
x %\ld h be54 ,! cante5 _h be5 und]tak5 
by ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 at ! reque/ ( !    

army au?orities1 :o desir$ to be reliev$
 ( ! trem5d\s burd51 & its prices 7     
det]m9$ by co/ plus transportation1 :i* 
latt] item 0 n includ$ by ! qu>t]ma/]'s 
/ores4 ,! trem5d\s ru% ( ! la/ six mon?s
 ( ! w> made ! task too great = any ( ! 
organizations 9 ! field1 includ+        
sometimes ev5 ! qu>t]ma/]'s corps4 ,b   
aft] ! prejudice _h be5 conceiv$ x c\ld 
n be %ak54 ,x p]si/$ 9 spite ( excuses1 
9 spite ( rem$ies = "s ( ! evils1 9     
spite ( ! excell5t "w :i* ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 
,a4 did 9 ! leave areas4 ,i h m5tion$   
its activities 9 ,nice1 ,monte ,c>lo1 & 
,gr5oble1 h[ x provid$ ! enli/$ man )   
free ent]ta9m5t1--excursions1 dances &  
%[s1 dur+ 8 entire p]iod on leave4 ,?is 
/rik+ contribution to ! morale & !      
pleasure ( ! =ces 0 almo/ ov]look$ 9 !  
g5]al criticism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nobody   
ev] he>d ! en?usia/ic d\ghboy m5tion a  
mi/ake made by ! m limit$ =ces ( !      
,salvation ,army1 :i* !re=e receiv$ m   
?an adequate comm5dation = its really   
effective "w4  ,a simil> viol5t contra/ 

exi/$ 9 ! soldi]'s attitude t[>d !      
,briti% & colonial soldi]s1 especially !
 ,au/ralians4 ,! d\ghboy lik$ ! ,ausies2
 he despis$ ! ,tommie4 ,! usual phrase  
03 ,oh1 well1 ! ',tommies' are all "r to
 hold ! l9e1 b x takes ! ',ausies' to   
make a pu%4 ,?is 0 /rictly untrue1      
accord+ to ! t]rific fight+ we ourselves
 witness$ on ! ,briti% front4 ,x 0      
simply t ! ,au/ralians 7 all volunte]s1 
"y & da%+1 l ! pione]s ( ! we/]n pla9s1 
! precursors ( our own m54 ,!y 7        
indep5d5t1 lawless & aggressive4 ,!     
,briti% :om we knew 7 ! survivors ( f\r 
ye>s ( w>f>e1 vet]ans ( _m a campaign 9 
! field & siege 9 ! hospital1 or old]   
m51 ! la/ draft ( ! manhood ( ,great    
,brita94 ,no wond] our boys lik$ !      
,ausies & refus$ to see any good :atev] 
9 t v diff]5t species ( m51 ! ,tommies4 
,s ! soldi] 0 an exact+ b a grateful    
audi5ce4 ,he emphasiz$ de$s r ?an words1
 & !re=e he 0 mu* easi] ( approa* = 8   
own *apla91 :o 0 "u ! same regulations z
 he1 :o w5t ) him to ! front & t5d$ !   

w\nd$ & ! dead "u fire1 ?an = ! mo/     
eloqu5t or ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( civilian   
prea*]s4 ,he conceiv$ viol5t lik+s &    
equally viol5t prejudices1 always bas$  
^u "s sort ( reason b usually c>ri$     
beyond a reasonable degree4 ,he _h to be
 approa*$ on 8 own gr\nd1 ) mat]ial f 8 
own exp]i5ce1 ) language :i* he c\ld    
und]/&4 ,& :5 t 0 done1 he 0 ! mo/      
?ankful audi5ce 9 ! _w4 ,he ?\ght ) !   
speak]1 respond$ to him1 aid$ him4 ,z an
 audi5ce he 0 ei!r ! mo/ fri5dly &      
helpful 9 ! _w or ! mo/ disappo9t+4 ,b t
 dep5d$ on ! speak] & ! audi5ce be+ 9   
h>mony1 kn[+ & lik+ ea* o!r4 ,a man :o  
knew & lov$ ! soldi] c\ld "w ) him &    
help him 9 a*iev+ great results1 = !    
,am]ican soldi]1 ?\gh ! mo/ t]rible     
enemy1 0 also ! be/ fri5d 9 ! _w4       
,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,morale ,,& ,,morals    
,no ?or\gh sci5tific /udy ( ! problem ( 
morale has ev] be5 made1 9 ei!r milit>y 
or civilian life4 ,e "o is famili> ) _m 
( its manife/ations1 b v few h gone into
 _! causes except incid5tally to !      

practical ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,t 0 ! case 9 
! ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 :]e bo? *apla9s & l9e    
(fic]s 7 deeply conc]n$ 9 ! morale ( our
 troops1 at fir/ z fight+ =ces & aft] ! 
armi/ice z citiz5s & repres5tatives (   
,am]ica abroad4 ,we tri$ ?is & t        
exp$i5t1 "s good & "s bad4 ,(t5 we      
neglect$ ! v act :i* 0 mo/ ess5tial4    
,(t5 we did no?+ :atev] until x 0 too   
late4 ,unit comm&]s1 *apla9s1 & ev5 ,g4 
,h4 ,q4 7 alike =c$ to employ empirical1
 trial-&-error me?ods in/ead ( a        
fundam5tal1 sci5tific approa*4 ,! only  
apology = ?is situation is t we w5t into
 ! army ) c]ta9 equipm5t :i* did n      
include a r\nd$ view ( mass psy*ology1 &
 t ?is same ignorance is univ]sal 9     
civil life z well4 ,a compet5t          
inve/igator w\ld probably detect ! same 
errors 9 simil> social organizations (  
our "y m5 9 civil life :i* 7 s pa9fully 
obvi\s 9 ! army4 ,?is brief *apt] is by 
no means int5d$ to take ! place ( su* a 
sci5tific /udy2 x may s]ve z mat]ial =  
"o1 & 9 addition may provide c]ta9 facts

 ( importance 9 !mselves4  ,morale 9 !  
army repres5t$ two di/9ct problems1 !   
front l9e & ! re>4 ,! =m] dem&$ high    
t5sion1 ! necessity ( unifi$ &          
in/antane\s action4 ,! latt] dem&$      
/ead9ess 9 daily duties1 tra9+1 drill & 
/udy1 ! same qualities ne$$ by ! work] 9
 civil life b "u unusual circum/ances4  
,& betwe5 ! two !re 0 a gap1 because !  
let-d[n f ! "o type ( morale might      
result1 n 9 ! o!r type1 b 9 no morale at
 all4 ,! good soldi] 9 camp might be a v
 poor soldi] at ! front1 :]e diff]5t    
qualities 7 requir$2 ! man :o w\ld w9 8 
decoration at ! front = reckless brav]y 
0 (t5 ! wor/ soldi] 9 camp1 judg+ by !  
numb] ( puni%m5ts = ! infraction ( m9or 
rules ( discipl9e4 ,!re is ! case1 =    
example1 ( ! =m] gunman :o won 8 ,d4 ,s4
 ,c4 = ! v qualities :i* _h =m]ly s5t   
him to prison4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( soldi]s1 at 
bo? front & re>1 _h to )/& a s]i\s m5tal
 %ock :5 he pass$ f "o ( ^! situations  
to ! o!r1 & especially :5 he retir$ into
 a re/ area aft] a h>d spell 9 ! tr5*es4

  ,9 ! ,am]ican army front-l9e morale 0 
by f> ! easi] type to ma9ta94 ,9 "s o!r 
armies1 ,i 0 told1 ! opposite 0 ! case1 
b ! av]age ,am]ican boy makes a good    
fight+ soldi] ) f> less /ra9 ?an x takes
 to turn him into a good b>racks or     
tra9+-camp soldi]4 ,8 is ! da%1 !       
c\rage1 ! _s ( ,let's g62 he is m likely
 to lack ! s5se ( subord9ation1 ( in/ant
 ob$i5ce to ord]s1 :i* con/itutes ! fir/
 ess5tial ( a good soldi] 9 ! re>4 ,!   
object ( morale at ! front is           
action--in/ant1 unifi$1 aggressive1 ) e 
n]ve & muscle /ra9$ to ! utmo/ t[>d ! "o
 end4 ,! means ( ?is type ( morale is   
confid5ce4 ,! good soldi] ?9ks t he     
belongs to ! be/ company 9 ! be/        
division 9 any army 9 ! _w2 t 8 (fic]s  
are ! able/1 8 comrades ! mo/ loyal1 8  
own soldi]ly qualities at lea/ on a p> )
 ! be/4 ,ea* division 0 firmly conv9c$ t
 its own battles won ! w>1 :ile ! o!rs  
m]ely help$4 ,none ( !m w\ld give !     
,fr5* & ,briti% cr$it = m ?an adequate  
assi/ance1 ignor+ completely _! ye>s (  

/ruggle be=e we ev5 ent]$ ! conflict4 ,b
 ?is sort ( self-c5t]$ confid5ce 0 !    
*>act]i/ic ( ! good soldi]1 ! man :o    
w\ld foll[ 8 capta9 9 any attack1 h[ev] 
desp]ate1 :o nev] look$ :e!r 8 comrades 
7 com+ b w5t ahead 9 calm c]ta9ty t !y  
w\ld be ev5 ) him4 ,"o h9t ( wav]+ or   
d\bt w\ld break up ?is high /ead9ess (  
_s1 b z long z x held ! m5 :o possess$ x
 w\ld fight on 9 ! face ( seem+ly       
insup]able difficulties4  ,i h m5tion$ !
 situation ( ! #bg? ,division f ,octob] 
#ag? to #ba/1 #aiah1 h[ !y ent]$ !      
attack ) deplet$ numb]s1 tir$ 9 body &  
m9d1 aft] insuffici5t re/ & ) no fre%   
replacem5ts4 ,day aft] day _! de>e/ wi% 
0 t _! relief might come & !y might     
enjoy ! (t5 promis$ re/4 ,!y _h se5 _!  
comrades kill$ & w\nd$ until a regim5t  
_h only ! normal numb] ( m5 to equip a  
company4 ,yet day aft] day ! ord]s came 
= an advance1 & e day ^? tir$ boys      
advanc$4 ,!y did :at we all consid]$    
impossible because !y _h ! morale ( good
 fight+ m54 ,!y bore ! ev]-pres5t dang] 

( bur/+ %ells & ! snip]'s bullet ) boyi%
 d>+ & con/ant success4 ,!y labor$ h>d] 
?an any work] 9 civilian life1 sleep+ 9 
! ra91 m>*+1 c>ry+ _! heavy rifles &    
packs made m]cifully light = ! occasion1
 digg+ 9 ! cl++ clay ( ! ,somme valley4 
,?is1 too1 !y did n gladly1 (t5 n       
will+ly1 b because x 0 "p ( ! game1 & !y
 7 good sportsm5 & w\ld see x ?r\gh4  ,!
 p]il to morale at ! front 0 n]ves4     
,al?\gh x may be h>d to conceive1 !     
da%+1 aggressive soldi]s might fall be=e
 ?is dang]4 ,aggravat$ cases1 true      
neuroses1 we call$ %ell %ock1 slight]   
ones1 n]ves1 b ! two 7 ! same4 ,!       
con/ant noise1 ex]tion1 h>d "w1 loss (  
sleep1 und]n\ri%m5t1 produc$ a peculi>  
m5tal /ate4 ,above all1 ! high n]v\s    
t5sion :i* 0 necess>y = m5 to p]si/ 9 ^!
 conditions _h its dang]s1 too4 ,by     
reason ( x ! w\nd$ 7 able to be> m ?an  
_! ord9>y %>e ( suff]+1 s t we saw      
con/ant examples ( /oicism at ! front4  
,b :5 ! excitem5t & t5sion wore (f its  
effect 0 lo/1 & 9 base hospitals !      

soldi]s 7 no bett] pati5ts ?an "y m5 9  
civilian life4 ,:5 ov]burd5$ n]ves gave 
way1 ! soldi] 0 completely lo/4 ,a      
*apla9 has told me ( a long night sp5t )
 a patrol 9 front ( ! l9es1 n talk+ ) ! 
m5 b in/ead try+ to hold ! top s]geant  
to 8 po/4 ,! s]geant 0 a f9e soldi]1 ) a
 spl5did record all ?r\gh !             
,meuse-,argonne campaign1 b t night1 9 !
 long vigil1 8 n]ves _h giv5 way & !    
big1 /olid soldi] 0 trembl+ ) fe>4 ,only
 con/ant p]suasion & ! ?reat ( =ce held 
him to 8 duty1 & ! next day he _h to be 
assign$ to "w z supply s]geant 9 ord] to
 save ! nightly patrol f panic t w\ld   
c]ta9ly come if ! non-com4 9 comm& fail$
 !m4  ,! soldi] _h a mix$ feel+ t[>d    
battle4 ,! %ock ( conflict is excit+ &  
ex]ts a sort ( fasc9ation4 ,b !         
excitem5t 0 %ort :ile ! dang] 0         
omnipres5t & ! "w c\ld nev] be escap$4  
,! soldi] reg>d$ w> z a sort ( deadly   
game1 :]e ! conte/ call$ =? e en]gy & ! 
/akes 7 life itself4 ,b battle conta9s  
ano!r factor--a comp\nd ( "w & discom=t4

 ,w> is n9e p>ts sordid labor to "o (   
glori\s action4 ,x 0 mix$ ) cooties1    
mud1 sleep+ 9 ! ra91 m>*+ all night &   
ly+ d[n "u artill]y fire4 ,x includ$    
digg+1 & ! soldi] f\nd no m romance 9   
digg+ 9 at ! front ?an 9 digg+ a dit* at
 home1 except t "u fire he dug          
consid]ably fa/]4 ,w> involv$ c>ry+ a   
pack1 & t became spe$ily ! pet hatr$ ( !
 enli/$ man4 ,z ! prison] dreads ! cell 
9 :i* he is conf9$1 s ! infantryman     
feels t[>d 8 pack cl++ ) its eighty-odd 
p\nds z he trudges along ! we>y roads4  
,w> is a glori\s memory n[1 b x 0 nei!r 
glori\s nor pleasant to live ?r\gh4  ,:5
 ! troops retir$ = re/ & tra9+1 !       
problem ( morale became rev]s$ at once4 
,n[ x became a matt] ( discipl9e &      
drill4 ,in/ead ( dang] & discom=t1 our  
trials 7 "w & monotony4 ,a high type (  
morale 9 ! re> meant t ! m5 7 n abs5t   
)\t leave1 t !y work$ h>d at _! drill & 
became automatic 9 its motions1 t !y    
obey$ e rule ( discipl9e1 l>ge & small4 
,salut+1 = example1 0 v important at !  

re>2 we nev] once ?\ght ( x at ! front4 
,?is regime 0 n always easy1 ?\gh at    
fir/ we c\ld hold out ! object ( w9n+ ! 
w>1 z 9 ! pamphlet on sex education1    
,fit to ,fight4 ,aft] ! w> 0 ov] t      
object no long] rema9$4 ,b ! h>d "w     
rema9$1 ! kit*5 police1 ! clean+ up (   
qu>t]s1 ! c>ry+ ( ! pack1 ! incessant   
drill4 ,squads ea/ & we/1 :5 ! fight+ 0 
at an end & !re 0 no direct use =       
maneuv]s1 seem$ to ! soldi]s simply made
 "w4 ,9 fact1 mu* ( ! "w impos$ on !m   
dur+ ?is p]iod 0 actually devis$ ) !    
special object ( keep+ !m busy & !re=e  
out ( mis*ief4  ,! p]il ( ?is situation 
0 obvi\s4 ,x 0 t ! t$ium might gr[ too  
great & ! m5 yield to ! temptations (   
dr9k1 gambl+ & vice4 ,^! w\ld result 9  
disord]1 insubord9ation1 "t lo/ f duty1 
v5]eal disease1--any numb] ( possible   
evils4 ,!y w\ld demoralize a unit at !  
re> z readily z n]ves w\ld demoralize x 
at ! front4 ,sexual vice & sexual       
disease1 :ile /ati/ically n s great 9 ! 
army z among ! same age gr\ps 9 civil   

life1 0 /ill s]i\s4 ,! diff]5t social   
sy/em ( ,france put temptation directly 
9 ! way2 pro/itution 0 op5 & lic5s$1 & !
 wom5 ( ! /reets quick to acco/ ! weal?y
 =eign]s1 ^: doll> a day 0 s mu* great] 
?an ! pay ( ! ,fr5* soldi]4 ,at ! same  
"t1 ! ,fr5* girls ( good family did n   
meet /range soldi]s1 dance ) !m1 talk to
 !m1 z 0 done 9 ! ,/ates4 ,_! :ole      
conception ( good bre$+ & ( m>riage     
comb9$ to =bid any contact except 9 !   
r>e case ( a prop] introduction into !  
,fr5* home4 ,c\rte\s 9 %[+ ! /rang] 8   
way or tell+ him ! "t ( day1 ! av]age   
,fr5*man 0 9 no hurry to introduce =eign
 soldi]s into 8 family circle unless he 
_h c]tificates or p]sonal introductions 
to ! p>ticul> soldi]s4 ,at home ! soldi]
 _h be5 lioniz$ f ! "t ( 8 enli/m5t     
until 8 leav+ = ov]seas4 ,he _h be5     
ent]ta9$1 f$1 provid$ ) dances1 %[s &   
automobile rides4 ,! daught]s ( ri* &   
cultivat$ families t5d$ cante5 or danc$ 
) ! soldi]s4 ,b 9 ,france ! daught] ( a 
good family w5t out only ) a man %e     

knew1 & !n /rictly *ap]on$4 ,ev5 :5 %e  
knew a man p]sonally1 a respectable girl
 w\ld h>dly ?9k ( walk+ d[n ! /reet )   
him4  ,?is seclusion ( respectable ,fr5*
 girls & ! conspicu\sness ( ! loose     
elem5t made _m soldi]s hold a light     
op9ion ( ! virtue ( ,fr5* wom5 g5]ally4 
,i rememb] an argum5t ) "o ( ! boys :o  
_h j /at$ t all ,fr5* girls 7 c>eless 9 
_! morals4 ,:5 p9n$ d[n to p>ticul>s1 he
 admitt$ t he _h met exactly ?ree ,fr5* 
girls beside ^? :o _h acco/$ him on !   
/reet4 ,two _h be5 si/]s1 at ^: home a  
fri5d ( 8 _h be5 billet$1 & :5 he & 8   
fri5d _h want$ to take !m to an army    
vaudeville _! "m _h gone along4 ,! ?ird 
0 ! daught] ( my l&lady at ,mont=t1 a   
f9e r\nd$ peasant type4 ,on ?is scanty  
basis he _h =m$ 8 typical op9ions4  ,!  
control ( ! m9utiae ( daily life toge!r 
) ! influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( m5 9 ! army   
%\ld h enabl$ ! au?orities to suppress  
vice almo/ entirely4 ,un=tunately1 ?is 0
 nev] accompli%$4 ,lectures1 sev]e      
p5alties = disease incurr$ n 9 l9e (    

duty1 & lib]al provision = e>ly treatm5t
 all toge!r did n "w ! miracle4 ,!      
prophylactic /ations = s-call$ e>ly     
treatm5t directly aft] exposure 7       
patroniz$ by a numb] ( m51 b nev] by a v
 l>ge proportion ( ! numb] :o 7 c]ta9ly 
expos$4 ,! v5]eal hospitals :]e suff]]s 
und]w5t bo? treatm5t & puni%m5t _h _!   
full quota f e division :i* rema9$ long 
9 back areas1 & mo/ divisions left beh9d
 z _m z two hundr$ & fifty m5 = fur!r   
treatm5t aft] ! ?or\gh inspections      
prec$+ _! dep>ture = home4  ,dr9k 0 a   
less s]i\s1 ?\gh m preval5t dang]4 ,!   
law _h prev5t$ m5 9 uni=m f dr9k+ 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates2 9 ,france x =bade only _!
 use ( spiritu\s liquors1 & ev5 ^? 7 (t5
 available4 ,s !re 0 a good deal ( be] &
 w9e dr9k+1 & "s ( cognac4 ,! la/ 0 apt 
to result 9 drunk5ness & disord]1 b our 
milit>y au?orities _h always ! p[] to   
decl>e c]ta9 cafes1 :i* _h violat$      
regulations1 out ( b\nds = ,am]icans1 & 
z a la/ resort ! ,fr5* police w\ld close
 su* a place altoge!r4 ,gambl+ 0 ! mo/  

preval5t vice ( all1 & "o :i* 0 nev]1 to
 my k1 controll$ any:]e4 ,x lack$       
gravity 9 s f> z ! soldi]s _h v little  
to gamble1 & c\ld incur no great losses4
 ,b x 0 always an easy resort to break !
 monotony ( army life 9 tra9+ or re/    
areas1 & always a m5ace to ! type (     
manhood :i* we want$ to see among our   
,am]ican fight+ m54  ,! reliance on     
p5alties z ! *ief mode ( controll+ "y   
,am]icans 0 fundam5tally uns\nd bo? 9   
!ory & practice4 ,! w>n+s aga9/ sexual  
vice lo/ half _! effectiv5ess because !y
 7 usually giv5 by company (fic]s1 :o   
emphasiz$ ! dang] ( disease & ! milit>y 
p5alties r ?an ! appeal ( loyalty or    
self-respect4 ,m$ical (fic]s & *apla9s 7
 c]ta9ly bett] equipp$ = su* special "w1
 al?\gh probably no human be+ & no      
appeal c solve ! entire problem4  ,all  
^! facts came sl[ly to ! =e )9 ! few    
mon?s foll[+ ! armi/ice1 & we 7 able to 
obs]ve !m v cle>ly 9 ! #bg? ,division   
:ile 9 ! ,mont=t area4 ,:ile we w9t]$   
!re1 f ,novemb] #aiah to ,febru>y #aiai1

 ! morale ( our troops1 :i* _h nev]     
weak5$ at ! front ev5 "u ! mo/ t]rible  
conditions1 w5t d[n /eadily dur+ ^? ?ree
 we>y mon?s4 ,= "o ?+1 we 7 con/antly   
expect+ ord]s to leave = home &         
con/antly disappo9t$4 ,we 7 inspect$ &  
re9spect$1 drill$ & drill$ aga94 ,w>n$ n
 to beg9 an elaborate program (         
a?letics1 education or amusem5t1 we     
work$ f week to week & nev] in/itut$    
"o-?ird ( ! "w :i* we _h plann$ & ready4
 ,mean:ile !re 0 ! cafe & ! dang] ( vice
 & dr9k1 s ! m5 7 kept drill+ ?r\gh !   
w9t] ra9s to keep !m busy dur+ ! day &  
make !m tir$ at night4 ,?is attempt 0   
nei!r humane nor possible & _h only !   
wor/ effects4  ,! failure ) our division
 br\ght ! possibility ( a con/ructive   
program be=e ! high] comm& ( ! army1 :i*
 inaugurat$ "o j ab\t ! "t our division 
left ! area4 ,l>ge s*ools 7 />t$ 9 ea*  
p]man5t division 9 ! di/rict1 giv+ bo?  
common s*ool & te*nical bran*es1 ) !    
army univ]sity at ,beaune z ! head ( !  
educational /ructure4 ,su* a s*ool 0    

e/abli%$ 9 ! ,=w>d+ ,camp1 ne> ,le      
,mans1 :]e ,i saw x 9 busy op]ation4    
,a?letic meets 7 arrang$ 9 ea* division1
 ) l>g] ones at ,le ,mans & o!r c5tral  
po9ts = ! be/ m5 9 ! sep>ate units4 ,m  
welf>e huts ( diff]5t ag5cies 7         
e/abli%$1 ) m cante5 supplies f ! ,/ates
 & m wom5 work]s = cante5 s]vice &      
dances4 ,ea* division devot$ m att5tion 
to its %[s1 usually a musical com$y     
tr\pe1 ) v clev] female imp]sonators to 
make up = ! lack ( *orus girls4 ,"s ( ^!
 %[s _h t\rs arrang$ by ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4   
,a4 or o!r ag5cy1 & a few ( !m ev5 _h   
gala p]=mances 9 ,p>is4 ,regul> religi\s
 s]vices & o!r appo9tm5ts ) ! *apla9s 7 
in/itut$ & adv]tis$1 al?\gh we _h always
 done ?is = ourselves 9 our own units4  
,leave areas 7 designat$ 9 ! mo/        
beautiful sections ( ,france1 z well z  
p]mission = a few furl\ghs 9 ,italy &   
,engl&4 ,! ,/>s & ,/ripes1 always a     
valuable organ z ! soldi]s' newspap]1   
became ! con/ant in/rum5t ( propag&a to 
upbuild morale4 ,f9ally1 ! army took ov]

 (ficial control ( education1 ent]ta9m5t
 & a?letics f ! civilian ag5cies1       
designat$ a ,welf>e ,(fic] to control !m
 all1 & ask$ ! ag5cies =m]ly 9 control  
to cooep]ate ) ! newly appo9t$ (ficials4
 ,all ^! 7 /eps 9 ! "r direction1 al?\gh
 at times su* "w 0 p>tially nullifi$ by 
! *oice ( ! wrong man z ,welf>e ,(fic]4 
,?is 0 a position :i* only a pr(essional
 educator c\ld fill at all2 ev5 an exp]t
 c\ld h>dly influ5ce actively a hundr$  
?\s& m9ds at once4 ,h>dly any           
pr(essional soldi]1 bus9ess man or      
eng9e] c\ld h ! bread? ( view & te*nical
 k to approa* !m4 ,( c\rse1 :5 army     
regulations prescrib$ a major = a       
p>ticul> position & only a lieut5ant 0  
available ) ! prop] tra9+1 an untra9$   
major 0 appo9t$ & ! lieut5ant left 9    
comm& ( a platoon4 ,promotions 7        
naturally few aft] ! armi/ice1 & ! table
 ( organization _h to be compli$ ) at   
all co/s4  ,! ,/>s & ,/ripes dem&s a few
 words 9 itself1 bo? because ( its      
excell5t articles & c>toons & = its     

unique position z ! soldi]s' newspap]4  
,x 0 a well-writt5 weekly publication1  
:i* c\ld comm& ! s]vices ( _m ( ! be/ ( 
! y\ng] writ]s & c>tooni/s 9 ,am]ica4 ,!
 k t ! ,/>s & ,/ripes 0 semi-(ficial1   
be+ publi%$ "u milit>y c5sor%ip1 made   
its news mat]ial v influ5tial on morale4
 ,m5 believ$ any?+ !y read !re ab\t ! "w
 ( ! v>i\s divisions1 special           
di/9ctions1 or ! date ( ! homew>d troop 
movem5t4 ,b t v factor made ! articles x
 publi%$ m or less suspect$ by ! m54 ,!y
 knew !y 7 propag&a1 writt5 = ! b5efit (
 morale1 & !y !re=e read !m1 b d]iv$ mu*
 less effect f !m ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5
 ! case4 ,/ill ! writ]s1 !mselves       
soldi]s1 express$ ! soldi]s' view (t5   
en\gh & cle>ly en\gh to l5d "s value ev5
 to ! suspect$ mat]ial f ,g5]al         
,headqu>t]s4  ,aft] all1 amusem5ts1     
education & a?letics 7 only palliatives 
9 a confess$ly irksome situation4 ,!y   
did n t\* ! he>t ( t situation any m ?an
 really excell5t welf>e "w satisfies a  
gr\p ( employees 9 civil life :o consid]

 !mselves und]paid & ov]work$4 ,!       
ess5tials ( morale 7 ! elem5ts :i*      
approa*$ ! soldi]s' welf>e mo/          
ne>ly--food1 pay1 mail & daily milit>y  
r\t9e4 ,army food 0 notori\sly bad1 army
 cooks fam\s = lack ( skill4 ,"p ( ?is1 
l o!r compla9ts1 lay 9 ! *ronic grumbl+ 
( ! soldi]s4 ,obvi\sly1 !y did n receive
 ! k9d ( meals t "m us$ to make or !    
product ( a fam\s hotel4 ,! food itself 
0 usually ( excell5t quality b co>se1 ! 
m5us well balanc$ b monoton\s4 ,?is la/ 
0 ! *ief grievance & "o t 0 l>gely      
ju/ifi$4 ,mo/ ( our food _h to be br\ght
 ov]seas 9 cans1 & x took a skillful    
cook to disguise corn$ willie1          
monkeymeat or goldfi% day 9 & day out4  
,yet corn$ beef1 /ew & salmon1 to use _!
 civilian names1 7 /aples 9 ! army diet4
 ,x became a "q among u (fic]s :e!r we  
pref]r$ to dr9k good c(fee1 ru9$ by army
 cooks1 or ! excell5tly prep>$ *icory ( 
! usual ,fr5* re/aurant4 ,i1 = "o1      
pref]r$ ! ,briti% ration z sup]ior 9    
v>iety to t we receiv$ aft] we came into

 ! ,am]ican area1 al?\gh x 0 normally n 
z l>ge 9 am\nt z ! ration ( ! ,am]ican  
soldi]4  ,pay & mail 7 notori\sly       
unreliable 9 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,pay 0 regul>
 = (fic]s1 ( c\rse1 :o c\ld swe> to _!  
own pay v\*]s1 b n always = enli/$ m51  
:o requir$ a s]vice record to h _! names
 put on ! pay roll4 ,:5 a man is a      
pati5t 9 n9e hospitals )9 f\r mon?s1 we 
_c expect 8 mail to foll[ him1 nor 8    
s]vice record to /ay at h&4 ,^!         
grievances 7 lat] rem$i$1 ! mail ?r\gh !
 ,ma9 ,po/ ,(fice1 ! pay "q by means (  
pay books & supplem5t>y s]vice records4 
,/ill1 at "o "t x 0 by no means uncommon
 to meet m5 j out ( ! hospital :o _h    
receiv$ nei!r mail nor pay = ?ree mon?s1
 or to f9d a man :o _h be5 %ift$ s (t5 f
 "o unit to ano!r t 8 pay 0 six mon?s 9 
arre>s4 ,:5 we rememb] ! little money at
 h& = any purpose :atev]1 :5 we be> 9   
m9d ! lonel9ess ( ^! boys s f> f home1  
lov$ ones1 ev5 f common sights & famili>
 spee*1 we c imag9e :at a deprivation   
su* tr\bles br\ght1 & h[ deeply !y      

effect$ morale4 ,( c\rse1 z ,i h m5tion$
 be=e1 ! soldi] nev] made all[ances ei!r
 = ! difficulty ( ! task or ! comp>ative
 success ) :i* x 0 accompli%$4 ,! soldi]
 m]ely suff]$ & compla9$4  ,i %all nev] 
=get ! incessant compla9ts ab\t t v     
necess>y in/itution1 ! c5sor%ip ( lett]s
 home4 ,! la/ hope ( ! soldi] 0 = glory 
9 ! eyes ( ! p at home4 ,at lea/ he w\ld
 be a h]o to !m4 ,b "h ! c5sor lift$ 8  
t]rible %e>s4 ,/ories ( h]oism1 true or 
false1 c\ld n be told4 ,weeks aft] an   
action ! soldi]'s family might read t he
 _h tak5 "p 9 x & ev5 !n ! c5sor might  
return 8 lett] if he m5tion$ any        
details4 ,= _m ( ! soldi]s ?is 0 m ?an  
annoy+2 x 0 s]i\s4 ,!y 7 (t5 n educat$1 
_h writt5 p]haps ?ree or f\r lett]s 9 _!
 lives1 & c\ld h>dly face ! task ( writ+
 a second lett] if ! fir/ 0 condemn$4 ,9
 any case no ,am]ican want$ to submit 8 
p]sonal lett]s = 8 wife or swee!>t to a 
sup]ior (fic] = approval4 ,add to ?is ! 
fact t ! (fic] c\ld sign = 8 own mail   
)\t o!r c5sor%ip except ! possibility t 

! lett] might be read at ! base port1 & 
c5sor%ip became ano!r grievance to !    
enli/$ man4  ,f9ally1 ! greate/ factor 9
 morale1 good or bad1 0 t intangible b v
 real entity1 milit>y discipl9e4 ,!     
,am]ican boy hates to be "u au?ority2 to
 ask = leave to speak to 8 capta92 to   
reque/ p]mission to g = a few h\rs'     
leave aft] 8 day's duties are ov]2 to   
address an (fic] 9 ! ?ird p]son3 ,is !  
capta9 feel+ well ?is morn+1 sir8 ,mo/  
,am]ican (fic]s 7 human en\gh1 ) little 
( ! class feel+ ( ! ,briti% army4 ,= t  
reason ! soldi] r>ely hat$ 8 own (fic]s1
 & (t5 0 he>d to boa/ ( my lieut5ant or 
my capta94 ,! soldi] m]ely hat$ au?ority
 9 g5]al1 z repres5t$ l>gely by !       
necessity to salute any unkn[n (fic] :om
 he might meet4 ,he nev] und]/ood !     
lectures ab\t ! manl9ess ( salut+ or its
 milit>y necessity2 he knew only t x 0 !
 sign ( au?ority1 to :i* he 0 subject$4 
,p]haps t is ! root ( ! :ole matt] (    
morale4 ,a good soldi] at ! re> 0 ! man 
:o sank 8 p]sonality & became a unit 9 !

 squad4 ,if too /rongly def9$ an        
individual1 he 0 a m>k$ man2 he became  
company cl]k or kit*5 police1 accord+ to
 8 previ\s education4 ,! good soldi] 0 !
 "o :o act$ automatically on receipt (  
ord]s1 :o salut$1 said ,yes1 sir1 turn$ 
on 8 heel & seem$ at once to be v busy4 
,ev5 if he _h be5 an executive or a     
lawy] 9 civil life1 ! con/ant drill made
 an automaton ( ! enli/$ man2 he sank   
back into ! m9d ( ! cr[d1 adopt$ ! usual
 op9ions 9 ! usual words1 & lo/ = ! "t  
be+ 8 p]sonality4 ,drill made =         
automatic physical reactions to a c]ta9 
set ( comm&s & ! tempor>y cessation (   
?\ght4 ,9 close-ord] drill ,tom ,smi?   
subm]g$ 8 p]sonality & became ,numb]    
,?ree 9 ! re> rank4 ,he le>n$ to sw+    
ab\t at ! prop] mom5t1 foll[+ ! man     
ahead ( him1 to respond in/antly to ! ^w
 ( comm& )\t hesitat+ = its mean+1 to /&
 & m>* & salute & obey4 ,t 0 good = !   
re>1 b at ! front we ne$$ ,tom ,smi?    
aga91 & he might =get 8 place 9 ! l9e1  
ru% =w>d on 8 own initiative & become a 

h]o4 ,! f9e/ acts 7 ^? ( individuals    
act+ )\t ord]s1 ! private =m+ a /ret*]  
p>ty ( volunte]s to g out = ! w\nd$1 !  
corporal re=m+ ! platoon :5 all !       
s]geants 7 disabl$ & lead+ !m =w>d4 ,!n 
9 ! long p]iod aft] ! w> ,tom ,smi? _h  
to be lo/1 = ,numb] ,?ree 9 ! re> ranks 
0 ne$$ aga94  ,! soldi] liv$ 9 utt]     
ignorance1 n only ( g5]al ev5ts 9 ! _w &
 ! army1 b ev5 ( ! ?+s :i* w\ld affect  
himself mo/ closely4 ,! enli/$ man nev] 
knew a day 9 advance :5 he w\ld be      
transf]r$ to a diff]5t po/ or a diff]5t 
duty1 :5 he w\ld be promot$ or degrad$ 9
 rank1 :5 he 0 to attack ! enemy or     
retire = a re/4 ,ev5 ! ?+s he saw became
 di/ort$4 ,a d\ghboy rem>k$ to me j be=e
 ! battle ( ! ,selle ,riv]1 ,we're held 
up by a little /ream tw5ty feet wide1 ) 
,j]ry on top ( ! railroad embankm5t on !
 o!r side4 ,if we c j get across t riv] 
& up t embankm5t1 we'll end ! w> "r !re4
 ,( c\rse1 our success ?ree days lat]   
did n end ! w>2 x 0 only "p ( a trem5d\s
 program :i* ! private soldi] did n     

envisage at all4 ,! attack on ! ,selle  
,riv] 0 b "o ( a half-doz5 actions c>ri$
 on simultane\sly 9 ,fl&]s1 on ! ,s*eld1
 at ,rheims1 9 ! ,argonne & on ! ,meuse4
 ,our attack 0 made easi] because ( ^!  
o!rs1 & !y 9 turn 7 successful because (
 ours4 ,! ?ree hundr$ miles ( battle-l9e
 7 all "o1 & only ! broade/ possible    
view c\ld give any idea at all ( ! tru?4
  ,! (fic]1 especially :5 on ! /aff1 saw
 ?+s 9 relation1 b ! soldi] _h to "w 9 !
 d>k4 ,he nev] did und]/& ! rules ( !   
great game he 0 play+4 ,tactics 7 no?+  
to him4 ,he knew only :at x meant to m>*
 ) a heavy pack all night1 to re/ 9 !   
damp cold ( dawn :5 he 0 too we>y to re/
 at all1 to advance "u fire & to dig 9  
aga9 & yet aga94 ,mu* z he might lat] on
 revel 9 ! raw h]oism ( x all1 ?is      
ardu\s labor1 bl9dfold$1 left him a prey
 to d\bt & rumor at ! "t4 ,rumors 7 "o (
 ! few foes ( morale :i* p]si/$ at bo?  
front & re>1 because !y 7 ! product (   
ignorance & 9 bo? places ignorance      
p]si/$4 ,no man c be q /eady 9 8 duty :5

 8 m9d is di/ract$ by ! c\ntless rumors 
( army life4 ,s f> z we _h in=mation to 
disp5se1 we 7 build+ up morale1 ev5 :5 !
 facts 7 n reassur+4 ,rumors ab\t go+   
home1 be+ ! mo/ desirable1 7 ! greate/  
m5ace ( all4 ,m5 w\ld come back f !     
hospital ) half-heal$ w\nds because !   
rumor said we 7 go+ home at once1 & !y  
want$ to g along4 ,m5 w\ld take         
un(ficial leave to see ,p>is be=e !y    
di$1 j because ! late/ rumor _h x t we 7
 n to leave = ano!r mon?4 ,e su*        
disappo9tm5t or lapse ( duty made ! next
 rumor m dang]\s & wid] spread4  ,!     
morale ( ! ov]seas =ces describ$ a sl[  
d[nw>d curve f ! high po9t at ! armi/ice
 until ! news t ! p>ticul> unit 0 go+   
home1 :5 x took an imm$iate upw>d b\nd4 
,dur+ ! d[nw>d tr5d ( ! curve1 ! m5 grew
 to hate ! army4 ,! def9ite elem5ts :i* 
!y naturally res5t$ 7 emphasiz$ &       
exagg]at$1 al?\gh t 0 h>dly necess>y4   
,at ! same "t1 !y felt imm5se pride 9 _!
 own a*ievem5ts1 & a ?or\gh contempt =  
joy-rid]s1 z !y t]m$ ! civilian travel]s

 ?r\gh ,france1 ! (ficial inve/igators  
or repres5tatives ( civilian            
organizations1 :o witness$ ! tr5*es z if
 on a sight-see+ p>ty4 ,?is pride 9 _!  
actual accompli%m5ts1 comb9$ ) res5tm5t 
at ! milit>y subv]sion ( ord9>y civilian
 /&>ds ( life & manhood1 0 *>act]i/ic ( 
! be/ m9ds 9 ! ranks4  ,! milit>y sy/em 
is ( necessity het]onom\s1 :ile         
democracy mu/ be autonom\s4 ,! v virtues
 ( self-reliance1 indep5d5ce1           
responsibility1 :i* we mo/ emphasize 9  
civil life1 7 ! ones mo/ actively       
disc\rag$ among enli/$ m54 ,at ! same   
"t1 ! moral influ5ces put ^u !m 7 ^? (  
compulsion & re/ra9t4 ,! regime = (fic]s
 0 radically diff]5t2 x dem&$           
responsibility & remov$ mu* ( ! re/ra9t4
 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy ( ! army sy/em 0 to     
produce (fic]s ) adequate m5tal         
processes & soldi]s ) automatic ob$i5ce 
to any k9d ( ord]s4 ,! result1 n        
difficult to =esee1 0 t ! (fic]s _h f>  
bett] m9ds b f> poor] morals ?an !      
enli/$ m54 ,! (fic] 0 responsible =     

himself2 ! enli/$ man _h a numb] (      
sup]iors responsible = him4 ,z a        
consequ5ce ! (fic] us$ 8 m9d1 ! soldi]  
/opp$ us+ 84 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! (fic] (t5  
abus$ 8 l>g] lib]ty1 s t "s ( ! (fic]s (
 ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 7 notori\s = _! loose    
liv+ on ! b\lev>ds ( ,p>is & o!r t[ns & 
br\ght %ame ^u _! m dec5t comrades & !  
cause = :i* !y f\ght4  ,! conspicu\s    
diff]5ce 0 n ! result ( diff]5ces 9 ! m5
 !mselves1 = we _h no ca/es 9 ! ,am]ican
 army4 ,(fic]s & m5 came f ! same /ock &
 f e gr\p4 ,x 0 ! direct consequ5ce ( ! 
diff]5t type ( discipl9e & control to   
:i* !y 7 subject$4 ,! be/ (fic]s & ! be/
 m5 surm\nt$ x2 ! wor/ yield$2 ! av]age 
7 affect$ m or less4  ,obvi\sly1 morale 
0 a loose g5]al t]m = _m actual         
conditions4 ,x meant "o ?+ at ! front1  
ano!r ?+ at ! re>4 ,x includ$ morals1   
al?\gh sometimes a high /ate ( morale   
c\ld exi/ toge!r ) _m lapses f ! moral  
code4 ,x summ$ up ! g5]al /ate ( m9d ( !
 troops at any "t ) reg>d to ! special  
purpose = :i* ! troops 7 j !n int5d$4 ,a

 /udy ( morale gave insight into _m     
relat$ factors1 includ+ t ( morality4 ,!
 "y man1 z we saw him 9 ! army1 _h a    
morality ( 8 own1 relat$ closely to     
sport & bus9ess1 b to nei!r law nor     
religion4 ,x is a moral /&>d--we _c     
possibly mi/ake t--! "y man is n 9 8 own
 m9d immoral4 ,b x is a /&>d :i* makes  
mu* ( fri5d%ip1 loyalty1 fair play1     
some?+ ( hone/y1 no?+ ( ! special code  
:i* we usually call morality4 ,x all[$  
mu* laxity 9 sexual relations2 x laid no
 /ress at all on ob$i5ce to milit>y     
regulations2 x _h h>dly su* a ^w z duty4
 ,religion to ! soldi] meant habit1 or  
s5tim5t1 or fe>1 or long+2 x did n mean 
a code ( morals4 ,! attempt to build up 
a moral /&>d on a basis ( duty to "o's  
c\ntry or to "o's self 0 l>gely         
inadequate4 ,c\rage ! soldi] recogniz$1 
& s9c]ity & self-sacrifice2 he did n "k 
mu* ( duty4 ,?is fact 0 bo? ! cause & ! 
result ( milit>y discipl9e1 :i* made    
duty an ext]nal matt] ( ob$i5ce to a    
million trivial & arbitr>y rules1 r ?an 

to a few def9ite & out/&+ pr9ciples4 ,! 
"y man has a morality ( 8 own 9 civil   
life2 he _h a slightly diff]5t1 b relat$
 morality 9 ! army4 ,x 0 n ! conv5tional
 morality ( society1 :i* re/s ^u !      
hi/orical /&>ds ( ! middle-ag$4 ,x 0 a  
type ( morality :i* we mu/ le>n to      
recognize & und]/& = bo? 8 b5efit & t ( 
society z a :ole4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii    
,,! ,,moral ,,ga9 ,,& ,,loss ,,( ,,!    
,,soldi]   ,! milit>y sy/em1 z ,i h tri$
 to br+ out 9 ! la/ *apt]1 _h a def9ite 
& pr(\nd influ5ce on ! life & ?\ght ( ! 
individual soldi]4 ,x 0 s radically     
diff]5t f civilian life t ?is influ5ce  
became all ! m /rik+ ?r\gh contra/4 ,!  
"y man has c]ta9 moral /&>ds & habits 9 
civil life1 "s ( :i* became int5sifi$1  
:ile o!rs alt]$ 9 ! army4 ,! millions ( 
"y m5 :o w5t ?r\gh ! milit>y regime dur+
 ! w> h br\ght ?is influ5ce back into   
civilian life ) !m1 ev5 ?\gh x is       
att5uat$ by environm5t & al?\gh !y h    
l>gely return$ to _! =m]1 pre-milit>y   
habits4 ,w> & dang] br\ght out c]ta9    

*>act]i/ics & occasion$ o!rs4 ,^! new   
reactions ( "* 7 n1 z ! pacifi/s w\ld h 
x1 all bad2 nei!r 7 !y all good1 z 0    
g5]ally proclaim$ 9 patriotic fa%ion    
:ile ! w> 0 go+ on4 ,"s influ5ces 7 good
 & "s 7 bad1 :ile almo/ e man 9 ! s]vice
 w\ld necess>ily respond to bo? k9ds4 ,!
 milit>y sy/em itself caus$ or br\ght to
 light c]ta9 good & bad traits :i*      
appe>$ cle>ly en\gh 9 ! av]age soldi]   
aft] he _h be5 9 ! army ev5 a few mon?s4
 ,x may be wor? :ile to develop "s ( ^! 
at a little l5g?1 n sci5tifically nor   
psy*ologically1 b simply & directly z !y
 /rike ! soldi] himself4  ,we saw at !  
front1 z ! exp]i5ce ( o!r armies _h     
indicat$1 t ! av]age man has 9 him !    
/uff ( :i* h]oes are made4 ,n m]ely !   
f>m] or backwoodsman1 b ! m5 :o foll[$  
prosaic city occupations1 7 ready to    
sacrifice !mselves = _! comrades & _!   
c\ntry4 ,! b>b] & ! %ipp+ cl]k 7 z      
frequ5t w9n]s ( ! ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 z any o!rs
 9 our huge het]og5e\s army4 ,h]oism 0  
evok$ by ! ne$1 by ! fact t x 0 !       

expect$ response1 ! response ( ?\s&s (  
o!rs4 ,! cr[d m9d produc$ h]oism out ( !
 mo/ unexpect$ mat]ial4 ,w> creat$ "s ( 
! h]oism :i* we saw2 x m]ely evok$ "s   
:i* 0 already lat5t1 ready = ! call4 ,! 
/ret*]-be>]1 expos+ himself to ! sev]e/ 
fire to c>ry 8 preci\s burd5 to safety2 
! battalion runn]1 be>+ 8 message ?r\gh 
! b>rage & !n com+ back aga9 to br+ !   
answ]2 ! ma*9e gunn]1 c>ry+ 8 heavy     
weapon on 8 back to an advanc$ position 
:]e he c\ld e/abli% x effectively2 !    
infantryman1 advanc+ aga9/ ma*9e-gun    
fire1 or digg+ 9 "u attack f heavy      
artill]y or a]oplanes2 ! eng9e]1 digg+  
away debris or lay+ bridges 9 pla9 sight
 ( ! enemy1 ) 8 rifle laid ne> by to use
 9 case ( an attack--,i might enum]ate  
hundr$s ( su* duties 9 :i* c\rage1      
loyalty1 & endurance 7 exhibit$ by m5 :o
 p]=m$ exceptional acts ( brav]y &      
devotion1 volunte]+ = difficult s]vice  
or c>ry+ on 9 ! face ( ov]:elm+ odds4   
,all soldi]s 7 afraid1 b 9 ! p]=mance ( 
_! duty practically all soldi]s le>n$ to

 ov]come fe> & att5d to _! jobs 9 ! face
 ( e ob/acle & e dang]4  ,we felt t     
travel1 ) its att5dant contact ) o!r    
cu/oms1 language & p1 w\ld broad5 our   
soldi]s m5tally & t5d to break d[n !    
prov9cialism :i* has be5 (t5 notic$ 9   
,am]ica1 z well z 9 _m o!r c\ntries4    
,only a small m9ority ( our m5 7        
equipp$1 ei!r 9 k or 9 attitude1 to take
 advantage ( ! opportunities (f]$4      
,museums meant comp>atively little to   
!m1 m$iaeval ca!drals n mu* m1 ,roman   
walls or ru9s no?+ at all4 ,sc5]y did n 
mean z mu* z "s ( u ?\ght x %\ld1 =gett+
 t sc5]y looks entirely diff]5t to a man
 :o rides pa/ x & ano!r :o walks ?r\gh  
x4 ,altoge!r1 k ( ,france1 ,engl& &     
,g]many made1 on ! :ole1 n = a great]   
appreciation ( =eign l&s1 b in/ead = a  
great appreciation ( ,am]ica4  ,! fact  
is t ! boys grew homesick4 ,mo/ ( !m 7  
only boys 9 ye>s1 & practically all ( !m
 7 r$uc$ to ! boyi% level ( ?\ght by !  
g5]al irresponsibility1 ?\ghtlessness1 &
 dep5d5cy ( army life4 ,!y 7 l boys 9 a 

milit>y s*ool1 v (t51 r ?an m5 engag$ 9 
! grim bus9ess ( mod]n w>4 ,to ^! boys  
abs5ce f home br\ght a high]            
appreciation ( home4 ,?is 0 (t5 a true  
evaluation1 9 ! face ( previ\s neglect &
 und]e/imation2 sometimes x may h be5 a 
s5tim5taliz+ ( a home t _h nev] really  
meant v mu*4 ,b 9 ! dang]1 ! monotony1 &
 ! di/ance1 ! soldi]s grew to high]     
appreciation ( _! own homes & _! home-l&
 z well4  ,_! compla9ts 7 (t5 ridicul\s 
en\gh4 ,!y object$ to ! backw>dness1 !  
lack ( sanitation1 ! abs5ce ( ba?+      
facilities 9 ! ,fr5* villages4 ,^! 7    
true en\gh1 z f> z !y w5t1 al?\gh ,i "k 
p]sonally t !y c be mat*$ 9 _m details  
ev5 9 prosp]\s & enlight5$ ,am]ica4 ,!y 
object$ to ! ,fr5* climate1 ) ! damp    
cold ( its w9t]s1 n c>+ to rememb] t    
c]ta9 p>ts ( our own ,pacific coa/ suff]
 f a ra9y season1 too4 ,?is compla9t    
becomes /ill m valueless :5 we rememb]  
h[ ! boys grumbl$ ab\t ! heat ( ! ,texas
 bord]1 9 fact1 h[ soldi]s n 9 action w 
always f9d a s\rce ( compla9t 9 ! wea!r1

 :atev] k9d ( wea!r x may be4 ,z ,g5]al 
,o',ryan rem>k$ 9 8 fam\s def9ition ( a 
soldi]1 ,a soldi] is a man :o always    
wants to be some:]e else ?an :]e he is4 
,?is re/lessness acc\nts = "s ( !       
compla9ts :i* we are apt to take a bit  
too s]i\sly4 ,a m real compla9t 0 !     
language difficulty4 ,soldi] ,fr5* 0 a  
wond]ful ?+1 consi/+ ( ! names ( all    
ord9>y ?+s to eat & dr9k1 toge!r ) a few
 common expressions1 su* z t\te de suite
 7always pron\nc$ toot sweet71 & combi54
 ,?is prev5t$ easy communication1 ev5 ) 
su* ,fr5* p z 7 enc\nt]$4 ,few ( !      
soldi]s _h any opportunity to use ev5 _!
 little ,fr5* on respectable1           
middle-class ,fr5* families1 especially 
n on "y m5 or girls4 ,all ^! grievances1
 real & fanci$1 put ! soldi] out ( ease 
9 ,france & made him appreciate ,am]ica 
s mu* ! bett]4 ,! sacrifices !y 7 mak+ =
 ,am]ica1 ! s]vice !y 7 r5d]+ h]1 unit$ 
) ! home-sickness ( a /rang] 9 a /range 
l& to increase ! devotion & respect (   
,am]icans = ,am]ica4  ,i ne$ n ref]     

especially to ! r mix$ ga9 9 religi\s   
attitude1 z ,i h already devot$ a *apt] 
to t subject4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 repeat "o  
po9t ,i m5tion$ !re1 ! mean+s ( physical
 sacrifice z ^! m5 saw x & practis$ x 9 
! army4 ,x 0 ! outcome ( _! c\rage1 _!  
da%1 _! en?usiasm1 t :5 ! "t ( /ress    
came ord9>y m5 (f]$ _! lives = _! fri5ds
 & _! c\ntry4 ,! soldi] at ! front      
equal$ or exce$$ ! =getfulness ( self ( 
! fireman or ! life-sav] 9 "t ( peace4  
,?is lesson ( self-=getfulness1 (       
self-sacrifice1 0 "o ( ! great          
impressions made by ! w> ^u ! be/ m5 x  
influ5c$1 & "o :i* t\*$ 9 its way ev5 ! 
mo/ ?\ghtless & c>eless ( all ! soldi]s 
:o _h _! h\r at ! front4  ,?is br\ght   
out ! gr\p solid>ity ( ! ,am]ican army 9
 /rong] relief4 ,! f9e ?+ ab\t morale at
 ! front1 z ,i h outl9$ x1 0 ! mutual   
confid5ce :i* x call$ out 9 e brea/4 ,! 
pride 9 8 own company1 8 regim5t1 8     
division1 9 ! ,am]ican army z a :ole1   
:i* held a man to 8 duty "u fire &      
impell$ him to resi/ ! almo/ ov]:elm+   

influ5ce ( a sudd5 attack ( panic1 made 
= loyalty at ! re> z well & =m$ "o basis
 = ! :ole-he>t$ return ( ! "y m5 into   
civilian society aft] ! w>4 ,pride 9    
"o's division meant also pride 9 "o's   
/ate2 pride 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army     
meant pride 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4          
,self-sacrifice1 devotion1 h]oism1--all 
^! 7 pr(\nd lessons = any man1 "y or    
old1 a lesson :i* ,am]ican democracy c  
pr(itably utilize 9 ! daily humdrum (   
,am]ican life4  ,x 0 surpris+ h[        
con/antly our expectations 7 disappo9t$ 
by ! actual facts ( ! m5 9 ! s]vice4    
,mo/ books & articles s9ce ! w> & all ( 
^? be=e ! w> 7 writt5 on a !oretical    
basis1 & e "o approa*$ ! facts ) a      
!oretical view4 ,b ! !ory 0 prov$ wrong 
9 s _m in/ances t ,i am mak+ ! pres5t   
/udy entirely empirical1 leav+ !ory out 
altoge!r z m ( a pitfall ?an an         
advantage4 ,= "o ?+1 ,i _h expect$ w> to
 ex]t a directly brutaliz+ influ5ce on !
 soldi]4 ,?is 0 nev] evid5t at all      
except 9 ! actual /ress ( battle :5     

kill+ 0 a daily necessity1 & human life1
 al?\gh ! mo/ valuable asset ( ! cont5d+
 =ces1 0 /ill held *eaply en\gh to be   
us$ up at a t]rific rate4 ,m5 c\ld n /op
 !re to pity e corpse2 !y _h to save _! 
own lives & at ! same "t to w9 ! w>4 ,b 
! effect wore (f quickly2 probably x    
left no result at all except on m5 ) a  
previ\s t5d5cy to brutality or crime4 ,i
 rememb] ! ?rill ( horror :i* w5t ?r\gh 
,le ,mans & ! entire ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 9      
,april #aiai1 :5 a railroad accid5t     
occurr$ ne> our po/ & a gr\p ( soldi]s &
 sailors on furl\gh 7 injur$1 "s ( !m   
fatally4 ,we =got all ab\t ! fact t ^!  
m5 _h risk$ dea? 9 ent]+ ! s]vice1 t !  
few ( !m 9 ?is accid5t 7 ! smalle/      
fraction ( a day's toll at ! front if ! 
w> _h cont9u$4 ,we melt$ 9 sympa?y1 & ! 
,fr5* population ( ,le ,mans did ! same4
  ,! m5 7 n brutaliz$1 contr>y to       
expectation4 ,human life 0 held *eaply  
"u exceptional circum/ances & evid5tly !
 m5 felt t !y 7 exceptional4 ,b ! m5 did
 become accu/om$ to ! use ( fire>ms1 &  

^? already brutaliz$ 7 giv5 ! k & !     
means = crimes ( viol5ce4 ,! c>elessness
 ) :i* m5 us$ & flung ab\t all k9ds (   
deadly weapons %ock$ ^? ( u ) a s5se (  
responsibility2 x 0 "p ( _! boyi%       
he$lessness 9 ! mid/ ( ! fi]ce game !y 7
 play+4 ,!y ?rew _! disc>d$ rifles 9 a  
heap by ! fir/-aid po/ :5 !y w5t back to
 hospital2 !y ev5 play$ cat* )          
h&-gr5ades1 sometimes ) mo/ s]i\s       
results4 ,once ,i met a pair (          
,au/ralians out hunt+ rabbits ) _!      
high-p[]$ rifles1 9 a place :]e hundr$s 
( m5 7 pass+ h\rly by ! mu*-travel$     
road4 ,:5 ,i remon/rat$ ) !m1 !y only   
repli$1 ,oh1 well1 we hav5't any?+ else 
to d4 ,& we "k h[ to %oot )\t hurt+     
anybody4  ,b ) all ^! real "*           
acquisitions on ! "p ( ! m5 9 ! s]vice1 
& ) ! lack ( t brutaliz+ :i* _m !ori/s  
_h fe>$1 at ! same "t c]ta9 moral losses
 7 occasion$ by ! milit>y sy/em4 ,i %all
 n ent] into ! "q ( sexual morality "h1 
p>tly because ,i h discuss$ x 9 !       
previ\s *apt]1 & p>tly because x 0 n    

di/9ctly ! product ( ! army4 ,! sexual  
/&>ds ( ! "y m5 9 ! army 7 mu* ! same z 
^? ( "y m5 ev]y:]e1 ) "s modifications  
?r\gh discipl9e4 ,b to ! man :o has s]v$
 9 any army at any "t1 ! out/&+ moral   
weakness ( ! soldi] is 8 entire disreg>d
 ( ! rights ( prop]ty4 ,! s5se (        
prop]ty1 s /rong 9 civilian life1 :i* is
 implant$ s c>efully into ! little *ild1
 seems lo/ 9 ! fir/ mon? ( a man's army 
life4 ,"o brigade headqu>t]s ,i knew 9  
,france 0 e/abli%$ 9 a f9e *ateau1 )    
l>ge gr\nds surr\nd$ by a high wood5    
f5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 ! m5 ( ! ne>e/ unit
 7 liv+ 9 b>ns & attics1 ) no light or  
heat ( any k9d 9 _! qu>t]s4 ,! result 0 
t ! f5ce disappe>$1 little by little4   
,nobody ev] saw ! culprits1 b ,i _h     
reliable in=mation t ! m5 billet$ 9 t   
village _h all ! heat !y ne$$4 ,:5 we   
left ! area1 ab\t half ! f5ce 0 gone1 & 
,i h little d\bt x vani%$ entirely dur+ 
! occupancy ( ! next division4  ,i c    
/ill he> ! indignation ( ! driv] ( my t9
 ,lizzie :5 ! preci\s lamps 7 /ol5 out (

 our c> & we _h to drive home t5 miles 9
 ! d>k4 ,( c\rse1 lamps 7 sc>ce1 hav+ to
 be %ipp$ f ! ,/ates1 & ! ?ief und\bt$ly
 drove an army c> l ours4 ,b a few days 
lat] aft] a visit to ! city my driv]    
report$ back 9 triumph--he _h f\nd ano!r
 ma*9e p>k$ 9 a side /reet & salvag$ !  
lights4 ,i tri$ to make him return !m1 b
 = once he prov$ insubord9ate4 ,x 0 only
 ano!r army c>2 ! o!r fell[ _h probably 
got !m ! same way2 he c\ld n id5tify !  
c>1 anyway4 ,!n came ! f9i%+ /roke :5 we
 tri$ ! lights & f\nd !m burn$ out6 ,!  
o!r driv] _h left !m 9 z a bl9d4 ,my    
driv] felt a s5se ( p]sonal injury1 z   
?\gh he _h be5 directly *eat$ 9 a       
legitimate bus9ess deal4 ,& practically 
any soldi] w\ld h agre$ ) him4  ,! m5   
f\nd :atev] !y ne$$ if x 0 n issu$ to !m
 prop]ly1 because prop]ty _h no mean+ to
 !m 9 ! army4 ,!y own$ no?+ :atev]2 ev5 
_! clo!s1 food & lodg+ belong$ to ,uncle
 ,sam4 ,:5 _! clo!s wore out1 !y 7      
replac$2 :5 ! company's weekly supply ( 
food 0 eat5 up1 m 0 =?com+4 ,rifles     

fall5 into disrepair 7 ex*ang$ = good   
ones2 %oes 7 s5t to ! salvage depot to  
be repair$ & !n issu$ to ano!r man4     
,equipm5t lo/ at ! front or 9 ! hospital
 0 reissu$ )\t "q4 ,!re=e ! enli/$ man  
felt a community s5se ( own]%ip r ?an a 
p]sonal "o4 ,at ! same "t1 he 0         
con/antly 9 ne$ ( "o ?+ or ano!r4 ,he   
ne$$ fire wood1 z 9 ! incid5t ( ! f5ce1 
or automobile supplies1 z ) my driv]4 ,!
 leg5d ev5 goes t ! ,au/ralians1 fam\s 9
 _! ability to c>e = _! own units1 h be5
 kn[n to take an entire field kit*51 ) !
 food /ill cook+1 f a ,briti% unit &    
make a successful escape4 ,i "k t ,i h  
p]sonally se5 a ,briti% colonial soldi] 
9 a village ne> ! front tak+ a l>ge     
mirror ) a gilt frame out ( a dwell+    
h\se & mak+ (f t[>d 8 qu>t]s4 ,:at are y
 do+ ) t8 ,i ask$ him4 ,oh1 ,i ?9k we c 
use x1 0 8 unemb>rass$ answ]4  ,! soldi]
 le>n$ to disreg>d law1 j z he le>n$ to 
disreg>d prop]ty4 ,discipl9e meant      
ob$i5ce to con/ant m9ute surveillance4  
,x meant gett+ up at reveille1 roll+ 8  

blankets 9 j su* a way1 report+ at roll 
call1 l9+ up = mess1 work+ at :atev]    
m5ial tasks he might be detail$ to d by 
! s]geant1 ask+ = a pass :5 he want$ to 
g to ! ne>e/ city1 submitt+ 8 mail to   
c5sor%ip1 gett+ a day (f = sickness only
 aft] l9+ up = sick call1 & f9ally go+  
to b$ at night z soon z ! bugle s\nd$   
taps4 ,^! m5 7 n tra9$ soldi]s1 accu/om$
 to su* a sy/em2 !y 7 heal?y ,am]ican   
boys 9 :om ?is con/ant subjection to    
ext]nal control meant ! imm$iate se$s ( 
revolt4 ,autonomy meant !n ! evasion ( !
 law4 ,a man c\ld ass]t 8 individuality 
only 9 su* ways z go+ abs5t )\t leave1  
we>+ a s]ge uni=m 7n regulation =       
private soldi]s71 or gambl+ away 8 la/  
mon?'s scanty pay4 ,add to ?is 8 con/ant
 contact ) (fic]s1 :o1 if !y _h to be> a
 heavy burd5 ( responsibility & 7 =c$ to
 pay = all ! ?+s ! enli/$ man receiv$ = 
no?+1 /ill 7 n subject to _m ( !        
re/rictions :i* he f\nd mo/ gall+4 ,!   
te/ ( manly indep5d5ce came to be simply
 gett+ away ) x4 ,if a man 0 caught 9 an

 infraction ( ! rules he _h to take 8   
puni%m5t2 if he 0 n detect$ or n        
convict$ he 0 a successful soldi]4 ,?is 
appli$1 = example1 to a trip to ,p>is1 !
 gold5 dream ( e ,am]ican soldi]4 ,= a  
long "t ?is 0 /rictly =bidd51 al?\gh    
lat] ?ree-day leaves to ,p>is 7 all[$ to
 a c]ta9 numb] ( m54 ,yet ?\s&s (       
,am]icans saw ! lovely & =bidd5 city    
un(ficially4 ,!y got leave to           
,v]sailles1 & rode into ,p>is daily by  
/reet c>4 ,!y took ! wrong tra91        
o/5sibly by accid5t1 & _h to *ange tra9s
 at ,p>is1 dropp+ out ( sight = a day or
 two mean:ile4 ,!y borr[$ ! travel ord]s
 ( o!r m5 & us$ !m ov]1 risk+ detection4
 ,nei!r ! extreme h>%ness ( ! ,p>is     
milit>y police nor ! m5ace ( _! own     
angry capta9s c\ld keep !m f ! entic+   
adv5ture4 ,x 0 _! boyi%ness1 comb9$ ) _!
 lack ( respect = ! law itself1 t l$ !m 
into su* devi\s modes ( disob$i5ce4 ,if 
y "k h[1 y c get away ) murd]1 0 ! usual
 apology--fur!r excuse 0 n ne$$4  ,among
 (fic]s a simil> t5d5cy %[$ itself 9 a  

diff]5t way4 ,! (fic] 0 n limit$ 9 ! mo/
 petty ways :i* irritat$ ! m51 al?\gh he
 also c\ld n take a trip to ,p>is )\t   
prop] travel ord]s & c\ld n abs5t       
himself f duty )\t special p]mission4 ,b
 ! (fic] likewise grew to disreg>d ! law
 ess5tially1 ev5 :ile he obey$ x mo/    
c>efully 9 its m9utiae4 ,an (fic] 0 b\nd
 by 8 signature on writt5 docum5ts4 ,a  
reque/ com+ f ! s]geant _h to be endors$
 by ! lieut5ant1 ) 8 reasons if he did n
 favor grant+ x4 ,x w\ld !n pass on to !
 capta91 ! major1 ! colonel1 & if       
necess>y also ! brigadi] & ! major      
g5]al4 ,hav+ pass$ ?r\gh milit>y *annels
 = its consid]ation1 x came back aga9 by
 ! same r\te until x rea*$ ! orig9ator4 
,?is sy/em made at once = diffusion (   
responsibility1 or1 to use ! famili>    
army t]m1 pass+ ! buck4 ,! fir/ man :o  
approv$ ! reque/ _h no responsibility1 z
 x 0 approv$ likewise by 8 sup]iors2 !  
lat] endors]s _h none1 z !y _h sign$ x  
on 8 recomm5dation1 assum+ 8 k ( !      
facts4 ,nobody c\ld be held responsible 

& e "o 0 c>eful to evade responsibility 
:]ev] he c\ld4 ,naturally1 ?is made =   
endless delays1 = complications         
int]m9able :5 a previ\s ord] _h to be   
resc9d$ = any reasons :atev]1 = evasion 
9 case ( difficulty or d\bt4 ,x meant   
fundam5tally ! disreg>d ( law1 express$ 
by ! soldi] 9 disob$i5ce & by ! (fic] 9 
evasion4  ,! milit>y regime likewise    
t5d$ to break d[n habits ( regul>       
indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! w> !re 0 ! alt]nation (
 %ort p]iods ( int5se & exhau/+ activity
 at ! front & long] ones ( z complete   
re/ z ! m5 c\ld obta9 at ! re>4 ,x 0 a  
rev]sion to ! life ( ! savage1 busy by  
spells at hunt+ or w>1 ) re/ & languor  
betwe54 ,! entire exhau/ion1 physical & 
m5tal1 aft] a spell 9 ! tr5*es dem&$    
complete relaxation aft]w>d1 :ile !re 0 
always a little necess>y "w 9 ! way (   
drill1 reequipm5t & inspection4 ,aft] ! 
w> 0 ov]1 ! drill w5t on 9 /ill l>g]    
doses b )\t ! inc5tive ( return+ to !   
tr5*es aga9 aft]w>d4 ,?is alt]nation (  
"w & re/ toge!r ) ! g5]al rebellion     

aga9/ r\t9e1 broke d[n ! habit (        
consi/5t "w :i* is built up ) su* ef=t &
 su* inducem5ts 9 civil life4 ,boys d n 
want to "w until !y are taught to d s & 
giv5 inducem5ts 9 ! =m ( money & ! ?+s  
money w buy4 ,b ! soldi]s1 s boyi% 9 _! 
life & _! feel+s1 _h few su* inducem5ts 
giv5 !m4 ,_! univ]sal exp]i5ce aft]     
leav+ ! army 0 t x took a trem5d\s ef=t 
( w to return to ! r\t9e &              
responsibility ( a civilian occupation4 
,exceptions exi/$1 ( c\rse1 to e        
g5]alization 9 ?is *apt]1 z !y d to any 
g5]alization ( any k9d4 ,b ! exceptions 
spe$ily lift$ !mselves out ( ! ranks by 
promotion1 & 7 !re=e cov]$ by ! diff]5t 
influ5ces on ! (fic]s & ! high] ranks ( 
non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,& ,i feel t ev5
 ^! exceptional m5 :o reta9$ _! respect 
= law & prop]ty1 _! habits ( regul>     
indu/ry1 did s only 9 comp>ison ) !     
g5]al break-d[n1 t ev5 !y felt a c]ta9  
loos5+ ( ! /&>ds :i* !y _h possess$ 9   
civilian life4  ,army life develop$ a   
new s]ies ( moral values & moral        

reactions4 ,x br\ght out virtues :i* 7  
lat5t or non-exi/5t 9 civil life2 x     
r$uc$ o!rs to impot5ce4 ,x produc$ love 
( c\ntry1 ( home1 & ( ,god2 x br\ght =? 
c\rage1 loyalty1 self-sacrifice1 !      
extreme ( h]oism1 9 su* numb]s & su*    
v>iety t !y seem$ commonplace4 ,x did n 
brutalize any :o 7 n v ready = su* a    
process4 ,b at ! same "t1 x de/roy$ !   
citiz5's respect = law & ord]1 8 respect
 = prop]ty1 8 habit ( h>d & p]si/5t "w4 
,x made him1 = ! "t be+1 a lazy h]o2 a  
jovial1 c>eless1 & lovable lawbreak]4 ,x
 br\ght out exactly ! qualities :i* are 
lea/ necess>y 9 civil life1 & injur$ ^? 
mo/ necess>y2 x took ! /ud5t1 !         
work+man1 ! f>m]1 & made ( him !        
d\ghboy4 ,army life 0 oppos$ directly to
 ! :ole t5or ( democracy1 ! regime :]e  
m5 control !mselves1 :]e !y "w ?r\gh    
ambition & desire = success1 & :]e !y   
/rive to accumulate prop]ty ( _! own1 at
 ! same "t respect+ ! law & ! prop]ty ( 
o!rs4 ,army life meant a break 9 ! lives
 ( millions ( "y ,am]icans1 an          

int]ruption ( ! /eady developm5t ( _!   
*>act]s & habits1 a rev]sal ( _!        
t5d5cies & a po/ponem5t ( _! ambitions4 
,i feel t x is a great evid5ce ( !      
ess5tial s\ndness ( ,am]ican manhood t  
^! millions h return$ to civil life1 9  
mo/ cases to _! =m] circles & _! =m]    
occupations1 ) s little difficulty4     
,society help$ !m at ! mom5t by !       
spl5did reception home1 by ! plaudits1 !
 spee*es1 & ! p>ades4 ,x help$ !m also  
to obta9 positions & !n left !m to f9d  
!mselves4 ,=tunately1 aft] a brief      
transition mo/ ( !m did f9d !mselves1 & 
! ex-soldi]s to-day are back 9 e type ( 
"w z be=e4 ,! =m] capta9 may sell y a   
suit2 ! hold] ( a ,d4 ,s4 ,c4 may wait  
on y at ! re/aurant4 ,!y h ov]come !    
re/lessness1 ! c>elessness1 ! ?rill2 !y 
are civilians aga94 ,b "h & !re ! se$s  
fell on diff]5t soil2 "h & !re a =m]    
soldi] has n f\nd himself aga94 ,we see 
him mo/ (t5 among ! w\nd$ & gass$1 :o _c
 fit into indu/ry s easily1 & ^: suff]+s
 h (t5 affect$ _! m5tality & always _!  

po9t ( view4 ,am]ica has wa/$ crim9ally 
preci\s ye>s ( ^! "y ru9$ lives1 9 n    
br++ to !m in/antly ! full c>e & s]vice 
( a grateful nation4 ,on ! o!r h&1      
indu/ry has made little ef=t to absorb  
our soldi]s2 ,i h se5 m5 ) trades sell+ 
fruit f pu%-c>ts because !re 0 no o!r "w
 at h&4 ,i h se5 a jobless boy1 hone/ly 
try+ to make a little money by sell+    
tr9kets 9 ! /reet & driv5 away by a     
patriotic /ore-keep]1 :o felt t he _h   
done 8 duty by buy+ ,lib]ty ,bonds & ne$
 n bo!r ab\t ! man :o _h f\ght 8 battles
 = him4 ,! soldi] :o _c return to civil 
life is a r>e exception1 b he is an     
exception caus$ 9 an un/able y\? by our 
milit>y or our indu/rial sy/em4 ,our    
nation1 :i* pr(it$ by t army1 mu/       
rememb] = good e weake/ individual ^:   
sweat & blood p\r$ =? to make t army    
great4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,! ,,jewi%   
,,soldi] ,,& ,,judaism   ,dur+ ! w> we 7
 s /unn$ by its sudd5ness & va/ness t we
 felt x w\ld %att] all =m] sy/ems (     
philosophy1 t m5 w\ld ne$ a new         

philosophy ( life aft] ! w>1 j z !y did 
aft] ! ,r5aissance or ! epo*-mak+       
discov]ies ( ,d>w94 ,?is op9ion1 natural
 en\gh at ! "t1 0 c]ta9ly exagg]at$4 ,! 
w> did n %att] all ideals2 x did n      
create any new ones except ! wave (     
spiritualism at pres5t s wide-spread4 ,b
 x did %ift emphases1 expos$ ! holl[ness
 ( _m easy beliefs1 & implant$ new ideas
 9 m9ds :i* o!rwise might n h be5 ready 
= !m4 ,! soldi] really pres5ts ! typical
 reaction to ! w>1 :ile ! civilian %[s a
 mild] type ( influ5ce & a small] degree
 ( *ange4 ,! revaluation ( values :i* is
 really dem&$ to-day is no?+ s          
fundam5tal z we ?\ght at ! "t4 ,x is    
*iefly psy*ological1 t we %all und]/&   
:at is 9 ! m9d ( ! soldi]1 & by t means 
rea* an und]/&+ ( ! effect ( ! w> on    
society z a :ole4 ,! _w conta9s 9 dilut$
 =m ^? same influ5ces :i* %[ s di/9ctly 
on ^! "y m54 ,! problem ( evil is nei!r 
great] nor less ?an x 0 be=e ! w>2 !    
problem ( life & dea? is no diff]5t2 !  
problem ( conduct has n *ang$4 ,b c]ta9 

phases ( ea* ( ^! problems h come v     
/rongly to ! att5tion ( ! _w2 "s ( !m h 
be5 br&$ into ! consci\sness ( ! soldi]4
 ,j z ! soldi] has a viewpo9t t[>d      
,am]ican ideals1 :i* ,am]ica w\ld d well
 to he$ 9 work+ out h] programs = ! era 
aft] ! w>1 s ! ,jewi% soldi] has 8 own  
viewpo9t t[>d ,judaism1 :i* all :o are  
int]e/$ 9 our p & our religion ne$ to   
und]/& & utilize = ! be/ developm5t (   
our religi\s programs 9 ! days t are j  
ahead4  ,x is h>d to call ! soldi] a    
progressive 9 religion :5 he _h s few   
!ories ab\t ! matt]4 ,b he 0 c]ta9ly n a
 traditionali/4 ,religi\s ideas &       
practices _h to satisfy 8 imm$iate ne$s 
or !y _h no mean+ to him at all4 ,?is   
cov]$ all cant words1 all ready-made    
=mulas1 :e!r z anci5t z ! ,talmud or z  
comp>atively rec5t z re=m ,judaism4 ,!  
answ] ( a twelf? c5tury ,jew ( ,spa9 or 
a n9ete5? c5tury ,jew ( ,g]many 7 on an 
equality to him2 if ei!r solv$ !        
problems ( a "y ,am]ican at w> x 0      
acceptable4 ,! soldi] 0 will+ to accept 

old answ]s to new que/ions if !y 7      
cog5t2 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 q z will+ to   
consid] a new & revolution>y !ory4 ,he  
possess$ t r>e attribute1 ! op5 m9d2 on 
! n>r[ b ke5 basis ( 8 own m5tal        
exp]i5ce he grasp$ & e/imat$ s\ndly !   
new ideas & ! old4  ,! soldi] enjoy$    
c]emonies t rem9d$ him ( home &         
*ildhood1 b he reg>d$ !m l>gely z       
pleasant memories4 ,h[ev] deep a mean+ !
 symbols might possess1 ! soldi] _h n ! 
backgr\nd to grasp x4 ,! symbols did n  
/& = en\gh to solve ! problems ( 8      
imm$iate life4 ,9 ! same way1 !ological 
concepts1 h[ev] lib]al1 meant no?+ to   
him practically4 ,! lib]al !ology ( re=m
 ,judaism might h appeal$ to ! mass ( ! 
,jewi% soldi]s if !y _h be5 int]e/$ 9 x 
& _h made an ef=t to und]/& x4 ,z x 01  
lib]alism 9 !ology meant exactly no?+ to
 !m4 ,!y 7 n int]e/$ 9 !ological        
problems2 !y did n c>e :at "o's op9ion  
might be ab\t ! lit]al inspiration ( !  
,bible or ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,!  
lib]alism :i* express$ itself con/antly 

among ! soldi]s1 & :i* !y br\ght back ) 
!m into civil life1 0 diff]5t f all ?is4
 ,grant+ y\r lib]alism or y\r           
cons]vatism 9 reg>d to beliefs &        
c]emonies1 ! soldi] want$ to "k y\r     
attitude t[>d o!r human be+s4 ,!        
lib]alism he want$ 0 social &           
humanit>ian4 ,on ?is plane he _h 8 be+4 
,?is 0 ! type ( problem :i* int]e/$ him 
& :i* he c\ld und]/&4 ,! soldi] felt too
 (t5 t ! *ur*es & synagogues 7 dom9at$  
by capital1 by a n>r[ social class :i*  
discrim9at$ aga9/ him4 ,among ,jewi%    
soldi]s1 _m felt t ! religi\s ideas !y  
might accept 7 express$ 9 ri* re=m      
temples1 :]e !y !mselves w\ld n be      
acceptable or w\ld n feel at home4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 !y did n feel at home 9 !      
little or?odox synagogues :]e _! fa!rs  
(f]$ up _! daily pray]s4 ,!y did n      
und]/& ! ,hebrew ritual utt]$ !re1 nor !
 devotional attitude :i* 0 !re express$4
  ,b all ?is is n rea*+ directly !      
synagogue itself4 ,! "y m51 ! =m]       
soldi]s1 are n ! tru/ees ( our temples &

 synagogues2 !y are n a majority ( our  
memb]s2 !y are n (t5 to be f\nd 9 !     
pews1 :]e we might see _! response to a 
p>ticul> s]vice or a p>ticul> s]mon4 ,if
 we are n v c>eful1 ! *ur*es &          
synagogues w lose entirely ! inspiration
 ( _! y\?ful vigor & f9d !mselves ti$   
entirely to ! g5]ation :i* has pass$    
into middle age & is becom+ old4 ,we mu/
 call to ! "y m5 9 ! voice ( y\?1 ) !   
viewpo9t & on ! plane :i* !y und]/& & on
 :i* !y may respond4 ,t means t we mu/  
be will+ to accept new conclusions to   
new problems if ^! conclusions seem to  
fit ! new times4 ,t means also t we mu/ 
h an aggressive attitude t[>d social &  
economic problems4 ,?is alone c make    
lib]alism religi\s & make religion      
concrete1 applicable to ! ne$s ( ! late/
 era1 ! era aft] ! _w w>4 ,)\t x1       
religion w rema9 moribund1 lib]alism    
irreligi\s4 ,religi\s bodies mu/ give an
 equal he>+ to bo? ! cons]vative & !    
radical1 mu/ %[ a def9ite plat=m (      
religi\s & moral "w on :i* ! two c      

unite4 ,t 0 done dur+ ! w>4 ,all gr\ps 9
 ,am]ican ,jewry1 or?odox1 cons]vative &
 re=m1 7 associat$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,welf>e   
,bo>d & /ill "w toge!r on ! ,jo9t       
,di/ribution ,committee = ! relief (    
,jewi% w> suff]]s4 ,all gr\ps 9 ,am]ican
 life1 ,jew & non-,jew alike1 met &     
work$ toge!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,w> ,"w         
campaign1 to c>e = ! soldi]s 9 our      
em]g5cy4 ,b ! "y m51 no long] soldi]s1  
ne$ u z badly n[1 :ile we1 ! *ur*es & ! 
synagogues1 ne$ !m m ?an ev]1 ) _! new  
exp]i5ce & _! new-f\nd manhood4 ,:at !y 
ne$ & :at we ne$1 too1 is t we le>n to  
coop]ate on a common plat=m ( action =  
_! b5efit n[4 ,if we want !m1 if we want
 to be at "o ) !m1 we mu/ h a social    
program1 a lib]al attitude to life &    
especially to its mo/ imm$iate economic 
problems1 a will+ness to s9k diff]5ces (
 op9ion t we may meet = practical ef=t &
 g5u9e progress4  ,! boys 9 ! s]vice    
became l>gely socializ$ ?r\gh !         
trem5d\s1 con/ant "w ( ! welf>e ag5cies4
 ,!y felt ! value ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 or

 o!r welf>e hut1 n only = ! ent]ta9m5ts1
 dances & cante51 b j z mu* z a c5t] = !
 soldi] community1 a place to write1 to 
read1 to play games1 to meet _! fri5ds4 
,s9ce _! return !y h turn$ to su*       
in/itutions z ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ! ,y4  
,m4 ,h4 ,a4 & ! re/1 to f9d ! club life1
 ! community _s1 :i* !y _h 9 ! welf>e   
hut 9 camp or city at home & abroad4    
,?is ne$ ( ! "y m5 = a social c5t] & a  
social life is a common ne$ ( all       
,am]ica4 ,e village ne$s a social c5t]  
to fur!r its gr[? into a f9] culture & a
 m unit$ citiz5%ip4 ,e ,jewi% community 
l>ge en\gh to h a little social life (  
its own ne$s a community c5t] :]e t life
 c fl\ri% & be guid$ 9 desirable &      
con/ructive *annels4 ,! expansion ( !   
,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d to jo9 & assi/ !   
activities ( ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,"y  
,m5's ,hebrew & ,k9dr$ ,associations is 
a logical "o1 gr[+ out ( ! simil> ne$s (
 ! same "y m5 9 w> & peace4 ,! fur!rance
 ( social c5t]s = ,jewi% communities1 = 
o!r gr\ps ( citiz5s :o possess a common 

h]itage or common backgr\nd1 & = a :ole 
t[n :]e ! t[n is n too l>ge1 is a piece 
( "w 9 :i* ! soldi]s w p>ticipate & :i* 
_! v exi/5ce among u %\ld sugge/ to !   
re/ ( ! community4 ,! return ( ! soldi] 
may assi/ u m ?an we expect 9 socializ+ 
! ,jewi% community4 ,! social _s we once
 %[$ 9 8 behalf1 ! social education we  
gave him :ile 9 ! s]vice1 w return to   
b5efit u all if we conv]t ! two into    
,jewi% social life4 ,su* a socializ+ w  
cut across congregational or sectional  
l9es1 across l9es ( bir? & weal?1 &     
unite ! ,jewi% community 9 ,am]ica1 j z 
! same process w ev5tually1 if c>ri$ f> 
en\gh1 weld toge!r all ! div]g5t social 
=ces ( ,am]ica itself4  ,! ne$ = p]sonal
 religion at ! front 0 a tempor>y ne$1  
or r a tempor>y expression ( a univ]sal 
human ye>n+4 ,x is n[ almo/ =gott5 by ! 
boys !mselves1 c]ta9ly by ! *ur* & !    
synagogue4 ,beside ! lib]al & ! social  
dem&s ( ! day1 !re exi/s ?is my/ical    
long+ to be sure ( ,god1 to "k = a      
c]ta9ty t ,he w protect ,8 de> ones4    

,?is univ]sal & et]nal ne$ 0 felt = ! "t
 by our m5 9 imm$iate dang]1 9          
?ankfulness1 9 m\rn+4 ,hav+ discov]$ x  
once1 !y /ill feel x :5 ! occasion      
comes4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re seems little     
likelihood ( _! contribution be+        
accept$4 ,! union ( ! social & my/ical  
elem5ts1 ev5 at diff]5t times & =       
diff]5t occasions1 seems m ?an any human
 in/itution c accompli%4 ,if ! soldi]1 9
 tune ) ! urge ( ! age1 dem&s a social &
 a lib]al response f ! synagogue1 he may
 get x 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,!       
my/ical elem5t he w n ask =1 & 8        
in>ticulate mood1 n[ h>dly evid5t1 w    
c]ta9ly evoke no response4  ,"o ?+      
c]ta9ly ! "y m5 feel1 :i* ,am]ican      
,judaism is accept+ f !m4 ,:ile ! "y    
,jew is :olly sympa!tic to ,zionism1 he 
h>dly ev] feels t ,zionism is ! c5t] or 
! conclusion ( ! ,jewi% problem4        
,zionism1 z a movem5t1 has br\ght to    
fruition mu* ( ! lat5t love ( ! "y ,jew 
= 8 p & 8 religion4 ,b ! ,jewi% soldi]1 
or ! same boy z a civilian1 is n int]e/$

 *iefly 9 solv+ ! economic or ! cultural
 problems ( ,pale/9e4 ,he responds also 
to ! simil> problems among ! ,jews (    
,am]ica4 ,zionism is n en\gh = him2 he  
mu/ h ,judaism z well4 ,he & all ( u are
 compell$ to confront ! spiritual &     
moral problems ( ! new _w aft] ! w>4  ,!
 "y man does n "k1 & ! synagogue does n 
always %[ him1 t ! v ?+s he dem&s mo/   
urg5tly are inh]5t 9 ,judaism1          
especially 9 ^? great prophets ^: words 
/ill r+ =? ) a y\?ful f]vor4 ,! unfalt]+
 se>* = new tru?1 ! recognition ( ! poor
 & ! weak1 ! unity ( all gr\ps 9 !      
community1 ! triumphant se>* = ,god &   
f9d+ ( ,god--all ^! ! "y ,jew wants & ! 
prophets h giv5 u4 ,?is aspect ( !      
problem1 !n1 becomes "o ( lead]%ip1 to  
int]pret our ,judaism 9 t]ms :i* express
 ! life ( ! new day & to %[ ! "y m5 t _!
 de>e/ long+s are "p ( ! anci5t ,jewi%  
h]itage4 ,! antiquity ( ! prophetic     
summons is no disadvantage to ! "y m5 if
 x answ]s _! p]sonal ne$4 ,x is ( !     
greate/ advantage to ! synagogue 9      

respond+ to ! call ( ! great days aft] !
 w>4 ,^? anci5t responses to ! errors & 
crimes ( mobs & despots 9 ! ,ori5t      
conta9 pr9ciples ^: vitality is n       
impair$ by ! passage ( "t4 ,x ne$s b !  
skill & ! c\rage to apply !m aga91 z 9  
prophetic times1 to ! we/]n _w 9 !      
tw5tie? c5tury4  ,w> gave ! _w a new    
angle ( vision on life & dea?1 on good &
 bad4 ,! deepe/ impress ( ?is new       
viewpo9t is on ^? m5 :o 7 !mselves at ! 
front1 :o und]w5t ! mo/ extreme phase ( 
x 9 _! own p]sons1 b "s traces h spread 
?r\gh\t ! entire we/]n civilization4    
,am]ica mu/ realize x z ,europe does2   
,judaism & ,*ri/ianity alike are ent]+1 
= good or bad1 a new p]iod4 ,! _w has   
*ang$ 9 "s respects2 we :o see ! _w h   
*ang$ f> m4 ,9 fac+ ! future1 ) its     
political1 its social1 its moral        
problems1 we ne$ a new fullness (       
insight into ! "y m5 ^: lives h *ang$ & 
^: s\ls exp&$ ov]night1 ev5 ?\gh !y     
rema9 9 ext]nals ! boys !y 74 ,we ne$ a 
new intellectual cont5t1 cov]+ n only ! 

new map ( ,europe & ,asia1 b also ! new 
ideas & ideals :i* swept ! _w = a "t1 z 
?\gh !y 7 to be et]nal4 ,above all1 we  
mu/ h complete hone/y 9 fac+ ! ?rill+   
*all5ge ( ! imm$iate future4 ,we d n ne$
 a new =m ( ,judaism any m ?an we ne$ a 
new type ( gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,we are  
confront$ by ! dem& to adapt ,am]icanism
 & ,judaism to ! *ang+ dem&s ( a *ang+  
era1 to f9d among ! tempor>y & evanesc5t
 elem5ts 9 bo? ^? ?+s :i* h p]man5t     
usefulness = any dem& & any era4 ,we ne$
 ideals ( ! pa/1 inde$1 b only su*      
ideals z h surviv$ ! pa/1 z apply fully 
to ! pres5t1 z w aid 9 build+ up a      
future ( promise & a*ievem5t = ! ,jew4  
,judaism is on trial to-day4 ,if we     
answ] ! ne$ ( ! "y man1 he w be ! loyal1
 active ,jew = to-day & to-morr[4 ,if we
 ignore him1 :e!r ?r\gh unc]ta9ty1      
ignorance or pride1 he w n come to u &  
we %all n be go+ aft] him4 ,judaism ne$s
 ! "y man2 x ne$s equally 8 great       
ideals1 social & my/ical z well4 ,! te/ 
w result 9 a f9] & m effective fai? only

 if we respond to x bravely & hone/ly1 9
 ! v _s ( ! soldi] himself4     ,,*apt] 
,,xv  ,,! ,,jewi% ,,soldi] ,,&          
,,anti-,,semitism   ,dur+ ! w> we felt t
 prejudice betwe5 m5 ( diff]5t gr\ps &  
diff]5t fai?s 0 less5+ day by day1 t our
 common en?usiasm 9 our common cause _h 
br\ght ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants & ,jews   
ne>] toge!r on a basis ( _! ard5t       
,am]icanism4 ,especially we :o 7 at !   
front felt ?is 9 ! fir/ flu% ( our      
cooep]ation1 our mutual int]e/ & our    
mutual helpfulness4 ,aft] y h /ood      
beside a man 9 ! /ress ( front-l9e "w1 h
 %>$ a blanket ) him1 h se5 him suff] l 
a h]o or die l a m>tyr1 8 orig91 8      
family & 8 fai? become less important   
?an ! manhood ( ! man himself4 ,m ?an   
once ,i h said1 talk+ to soldi] audi5ces
 ( ,jewi% or ( mix$ fai?3 ,aft] ?is w>  
no man c kn[+ly call ! ,jew a c[>d aga94
 ,if y ev] he> su* a /atem5t1 y c be    
sure t our detractor is n an hone/      
bigot1 z may h be5 ! case 9 ! pa/2 he is
 ei!r ignorant or malici\s4  ,we knew t 

& our comrades knew x4 ,! m5 at ! front 
knew v little ab\t ! :ole-he>t$         
p>ticipation ( e section ( our va/      
population1 ,jew & non-,jew toge!r1 9 ! 
campaigns = production1 ,lib]ty ,bonds1 
! ,unit$ ,w> ,"w campaign1 & all ! re/4 
,t record is a p]man5t "o & is kn[n to e
 man :o did 8 duty 9 ! re> l9es back 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! w>4 ,b ^? :o s]v$ 
ov]seas "k ! record ! ,jew made =       
himself at ! front1 8 promotions1 8     
decorations1 8 w\nd+s & 8 dea?s4 ,!y "k 
t diff]5ces ( religion & race c\nt$ n at
 all 9 ! ,am]ican army1 t our h]oes &   
our effective1 able soldi]s came f all  
religions & all races4 ,) :at high hopes
 we ent]$ ! w>2 ) :at f9e f]vor we saw x
 end6 ,we felt t our ef=ts _h insur$    
some?+ m ( lib]ty = ! oppress$ ( all !  
_w1 = ,cze* & ,arm5ian1 ,alsatian &     
,belgian1 ,pole & ,jew4  ,p]haps !      
greate/ disappo9tm5t ( all to ! fight]s 
& ! suff]]s has be5 ! survival & !      
occasional revival ( ! old hatr$s 9 a m 
int5se =m4 ,i am ?9k+ ( ! _m national & 

gr\p hatr$s & antagonisms :i* h torm5t$ 
! _w 9 ! la/ ye>s1 & especially ( "o (  
!m1 t aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,! oppression ( !  
autocratic regime ( ! ,cz> has be5 c>ri$
 on by ! free nation ( ,pol&2 ! pogroms 
( ! ,black ,hundr$ h be5 reviv$ 9 !     
,ukra9e1 :]e ! slaught] ( w> 0 d\bl$ by 
! slaught] ( peace4 ,hung>y has se5 its 
:ite t]ror1 :]e ,jews 7 murd]$ z        
,bol%evi/s & ,bol%evi/s z ,jews4 ,au/ria
 & ,g]many h se5 a /r5g!n+ ( ! political
 anti-,semitism ( pre-w> times1 "h blam+
 ! ,jews = beg9n+ ! w>1 & !re = end+ x4 
,f9ally ! movem5t has be5 c>ri$ ov] into
 ! free/ & mo/ intellig5t ( nations1 &  
"s apologi/s = x h appe>$ ev5 9 ,engl& &
 ,am]ica4 ,"h ! ,anti-,semites c "w by  
nei!r political nor legal means1 b ?r\gh
 a campaign ( sl&] !y /rive to weak5 !  
morale ( ! ,jew & injure 8 /&+ be=e !   
mass ( 8 fell[ citiz5s4  ,i %all n turn 
aside to deal1 ev5 = a mom5t1 ) ! mass (
 accusations aga9/ ! ,jew1 trivial or   
grave z ! case may be4 ,!y h be5        
adequately answ]$ by ,jew & non-,jew1   

especially 9 ! address on ,!            
',protocols1' ,bol%evism & ! ,jews1 by  
t5 national organizations ( ,am]ican    
,jews on ,decemb] #a1 #aibj1 & !        
subsequ5t prote/s aga9/ anti-,semitism  
by a di/+ui%$ gr\p ( non-,jewi%         
,am]icans1 notably ,presid5t ,woodr[    
,wilson1 =m] ,presid5t ,william ,h[>d   
,taft & ,william ,c>d9al ,o',connell4 ,!
 only "o ( ^! accusations ) :i* ,i c    
prop]ly deal 9 ?is place1 & "o on :i* my
 fell[-soldi]s w agree ) me 9 e detail1 
is ! revival ( ! anci5t sl&] aga9/ !    
patriotism & c\rage ( ! ,jew4 ,we are   
read+1 n = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 b = almo/
 ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,engli% language1 t !    
,jews are n patriots 9 _! respective    
nations1 t !y all h a sup]-national     
allegiance to a ,jewi% int]national     
conspiracy1 t _! real loyalty is to ?is 
o!r gr\p )9 & above ! /ate1 ev5 to !    
ext5t ( trea*]y or an>*y aga9/ _! own   
gov]nm5ts4 ,we feel ! disgrace1 ! pa?os 
( su* a *>ge j aft] ! w> :5 ,jews di$ ) 
non-,jews t ,am]ica might be safe1 at a 

"t :5 ,jews ev5 m ?an non-,jews are     
endur+ ! dread aft]ma? ( w>1 ! fam9e1 ! 
pov]ty & ! epidemics1 9 ,ea/]n & ,c5tral
 ,europe4 ,x is ! sort ( *>ge :i* only  
facts c answ]1 ! k9d ( facts :i* are    
pres5t 9 ?is book1 z 9 e (ficial or     
p]sonal /ory ( ! w> by m5 :o took a     
p]sonal "p 9 ! w>4 ,prejudice is too    
l>gely ! product ( ^? :o ga9$ by ! w> b 
did n p]sonally ent] ! ranks4 ,! m5 :o  
"k1 ! m5 :o f\ght toge!r & bl$ toge!r1 h
 a diff]5t /ory4  ,am]ica has1 9 fact1  
too mu* fairness z well z too mu*       
humanity1 to li/5 to any su* movem5t (  
p>tisan hatr$ or bigotry4 ,i quote !    
/atem5t ( ov] a hundr$ di/+ui%$ citiz5s 
( ,g5tile bir? & ,*ri/ian fai?1 ref]r$  
to above3  ,! loyalty & patriotism ( our
 fell[ citiz5s ( ! ,jewi% fai? is equal 
to t ( any "p ( our p1 & requires no    
def5se at our h&s4 ,f ! f\ndations ( ?is
 ,republic d[n to ! rec5t ,_w ,w>1 m5 & 
wom5 ( ,jewi% ance/ry & fai? h tak5 an  
honorable "p 9 build+ up ?is great      
nation & ma9ta9+ its pre/ige & honor    

among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,!re is n !     
slighte/ ju/ification1 !re=e1 = a       
campaign ( anti-,semitism 9 ?is c\ntry4 
,9 ?is connection1 we c recall ! words  
writt5 by ,!odore ,roosevelt1 at t "t   
,presid5t1 9 #aije1 on ! occasion ( !   
#bej? anniv]s>y ( ! fir/ l&+ ( ,jews 9  
:at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates3  ,i am glad  
to be able to say t :ile ! ,jews ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates h rema9$ loyal to _! fai? 
& _! race traditions1 !y are engag$ 9   
g5]\s rivalry ) _! fell[-citiz5s ( o!r  
d5om9ations 9 advanc+ ! int]e/s ( our   
common c\ntry4 ,?is is true1 n only ( ! 
desc5dants ( ! e>ly settl]s & ^? (      
,am]ican bir?1 b ( a great & con/antly  
increas+ proportion ( ^? :o h come to   
our %ores )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s z    
refugees r$uc$ to ! dire/ /raits ( p5ury
 & mis]y4 ,9 a few ye>s1 m5 & wom5      
hi!rto utt]ly unaccu/om$ to any ( !     
privileges ( citiz5%ip h mov$ mightily  
upw>d t[>d ! /&>d ( loyal1 self-respect+
 ,am]ican citiz5%ip2 ( t citiz5%ip :i* n
 m]ely insi/s ^u its rights1 b also     

eag]ly recognizes its duty to d its full
 %>e 9 ! mat]ial1 social & moral        
advancem5t ( ! nation4  ,x w\ld be      
beside ! issue to ref] to ! ,jewi%      
p>ticipation 9 ,am]ican life dur+ ! pa/1
 if t also _h n be5 br\ght up z an      
accusation4 ,b ! records exi/1 & ! facts
 are conclusive4 ,9 ! ,am]ican          
revolution =ty-six ,jews f\ght "u       
,george ,wa%+ton1 out ( ! little ,jewi% 
population ( ab\t two ?\s& 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates at t "t4 ,! lead+ ,jews ( ,new   
,york & ,newport left ^? cities because 
!y 7 patriots & w\ld n c>ry on _!       
bus9ess "u ,briti% rule4 ,haim ,salomon1
 ! ,jewi% bank] ( ,new ,york & lat] (   
,philadelphia1 0 among ^? :o r5d]$ !    
greate/ s]vice 9 f9anc+ ! infant nation4
 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> t5 ?\s& ,jewi% soldi]s 
( :om we to-day possess ! records s]v$ 9
 ! ,union & ,conf$]ate armies4 ,ea*     
g5]ation ( immigrants has be5 mo/ eag]  
to le>n ! ,engli% language & ,am]ican   
ways1 to take advantage to ! full (     
,am]ican lib]ty & opportunity1 to make a

 home = _! families 9 a free l& & to    
help t l& ma9ta9 its fre$om4 ,! ,_w ,w> 
0 = ! ,jews1 z = all ,am]icans1 simply !
 culm9ation1 br++ out mo/ /rongly ! high
 lights 9 ,am]ican life4 ,h]oes &       
slack]s1 loyal & disloyal1 %[$ !mselves 
9 _! true colors dur+ ! w>4 ,& ! ,jew1 l
 all ,am]icans1 %[$ himself 9 ?is crisis
 loyal to ,am]ica4 ,! ,jewi% record /&s 
on a p> ) ! be/ record ( any gr\p (     
,am]ican citiz5s1 ( any *ur* or any     
race4 ,jews ( ,russia1 ^: only contact )
 _! native gov]nm5t _h fo/]$ hatr$ &    
di/ru/1 flock$ to ! colors 9 ,am]ica4   
,jews ( ,am]ican bir?1 l all citiz5s (  
,am]ican bir?1 did _! full duty = _!    
c\ntry4  ,on ?is po9t aga91 my own      
facts1 cle> z !y are1 ne$ n /& alone4 ,i
 c quote ,major ,g5]al ,rob]t ,alex&]1  
:o comm&$1 9 ! #gg? ,division1 ! l>ge/  
gr\p ( ,jews 9 any unit ( ! ,am]ican    
,exp$ition>y ,=ces3 ,i f\nd t ,hebrew   
names on ! ,honor ,roll ( ! division 7  
fully up to ! proportion t !y %\ld h    
be52 9 o!r words1 ! ,hebrew boy paid 8  

full %>e ( ! price ( victory4 ,:5 ! "t  
came = recomm5dations to g 9 = m>ks (   
di/9ction :i* we 7 able to give1 ,i f\nd
 !re aga9 t ! names ( ! ,hebrews 7 z    
fully repres5t$ on t li/ z ! numb]s 9 ! 
division w>rant$1 by long odds4  ,to-day
 ! ,jewi% soldi]1 no long] a soldi] or a
 h]o1 b /ill a ,jew & an ,am]ican1      
appeals to ! ,am]ican p4 ,w !y suff] su*
 a propag&a1 he wond]s1 su* an attack on
 him & on 8 bro!rs :o /ill lie ov]seas1 
9 _! ,am]ican graves on =eign soil8 ,w  
!y tol]ate = a mom5t su* a v5om\s &     
false attack on ! def5d]s ( _! nation1  
on any gr\p1 small or l>ge1 ( ! boys :o 
ralli$ to ! def5se ( democracy8 ,9 !    
army ov]seas we felt t prejudice 0 a ?+ 
( ! pa/1 t only 9 ignorance or malice   
c\ld ! old s]p5t lift its head aga94    
,to-day1 ) all ! new] bitt]ness1 we feel
 ! same4 ,we "k t our soldi] comrades   
are loyal /ill1 t ,am]ica is /ill       
,am]ica1 t z we h once def5d$ h] we ne$ 
n n[ mu/] our argum5ts or records to    
def5d ourselves aga9/ h]4 ,if ! ,jew ev]

 ne$$ ju/ification1 he surely ne$s x no 
long] to-day4 ,! ,jewi% soldi] has once 
= all made anti-,semitism impossible    
among ! m5 :o s]v$ ,am]ica 9 arms1 & :o 
/ill 9 days ( quiet cont9ue to s]ve &   
save _! c\ntry4          99       99    
99       99       99   ,transcrib]'s    
,notes  ,obvi\s punctuation errors      
repair$4  ,diacritics h be made consi/5t
 ?r\gh\t ! text4  ,hyph5s remov$ f      
,:]e-ev] ,i w5t 7page #h71 look$ l      
side-/reets 7page #aa71 a complete      
pray]-book 7page #ah71 an e-day matt]   
7page #adg74  ,hyph5s add$ to new w>-"t 
societies 7page #c71 miles by side-c>   
7page #gj71 private soldi] 9 w>-"t 7page
 #ade71 _! new-f\nd manhood 7page #bji74
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,b'ri? b ,bri? else:]e4  ,page #f3      
cemet>y *ang$ to cemet]y 7hospital &    
cemet>y74  ,page #aj3 new born *ang$ to 
newborn 7see my newborn son74  ,page    
#cd3 deva/$ *ang$ to deva/at$ 7villages 
7 deva/at$74  ,page #ce3 conspici\s     
*ang$ to conspicu\s 7village _h a       

conspicu\s74  ,page #cf3 exp]i5cd *ang$ 
to exp]i5c$ 7exp]i5c$ a que] s5sation74 
,pages #eg1 #ei3 accomodations *ang$ to 
accommodations 7sep>ate accommodations1 
liv+ accommodations74  ,page #ge3       
excellant *ang$ to excell5t 7excell5t   
cooep]ation74  ,page #gh3 %[n *ang$ to  
%one 7%one directly ^u74  ,page #hf3    
,fr$man *ang$ to ,fri$man 7,samuel      
,fri$man74  ,page #ij3 if *ang$ to ( 79 
! int]e/s (74  ,page #aaj3 ,cemet>ial   
*ang$ to ,cemet]ial 7,cemet]ial         
,division ( ! ,w>74  ,page #aag3        
,h]s*ovitz *ang$ to ,h]s*kovitz         
7,h]s*kovitz 0 ! only man74  ,page #abd3
 ocasion *ang$ to occasion 7occasion ( a
 fur!r74  ,page #abf3 gr5ades *ang$ to  
gr5dates 7?r[+ gr5ades74