,,h9ts ,,to ,,husb&s3   ,a ,revelation (
   ,,! ,,man-,,midwife',s ,,my/]ies4    
,,by ,,george ,,morant1   ,,late        
,,gr5adi] ,,gu>ds4                      
,sit y d[n1   ,& let me wr+ y\r he>t1 = 
s ,i %all1   ,if x be made ( p5etrable  
/uff2   ,if damn$ cu/om h n braz$ x s1  
,t x be pro( & bulw>k aga9/ s5se4       
,?ird ,edition1   ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$4
     ,,london3   ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1    
,,co41   #d1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt4 
#aheg4       ,,to ,,!   ,,husb&s        
,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1   ,,&  
,,to ,,^? ,,hon\rable ,,m5 ,,( ,,!      
,,m$ical ,,pr(ession1   ,,:o ,,reprobate
 ,,& ,,condemn   ,,! ,,unnatural ,,cu/om
 ,,( ,,man-,,midwif]y1   ,,z ,,an       
,,outrage ,,on ,,! ,,mode/y ,,( ,,wom51 
,,& ,,d]ogatory ,,to ,,_! ,,own         
,,vocation2   ,,& ,,to ,,all ,,:o ,,h   
,,he>ts ,,to ,,feel ,,& ,,c\rage ,,to   
,,cope ,,)   ,,?is ,,enorm\s ,,wrong1   
,,^! ,,pages ,,are ,,inscrib$ ,,by      
,,! ,,au?or4     ,,preface4   ,!        
two-fold object :i* we desire to atta9 9

 ! foll[+ pages1 & to :i* we e>ne/ly    
entreat ! att5tion ( our read]s1 is !   
exposure & am5dm5t ( a va/ social evil1 
:i* we h reason to believe has1 to mo/  
reflect+ m51 become well nigh           
intol]able4 ,x w be obvi\s t to br+ ?is 
evil1 ) effect1 to ! b> ( public op9ion1
 we mu/ probe x to ! v core1 & fe>lessly
 unveil & drag into ! light its indec5t 
my/]ies4 ,9 s do+ we %all d\btless incur
 ! c5sures ( ^? easy-go+ p :o agree ) ! 
poet t--    ,:]e ignorance is bliss 'tis
 folly to be wise2  :o1 l ! bird ( !    
des]t1 by hid+ _! heads deem _! bodies  
out ( dang]2 :o1 dead to all ! g5]\s    
sympa?ies :i* elevate man above ! brute1
 w\ld r$uce ! m9ds ( o!rs to _! own dull
 & dre>y level ( /olid inanity2 ( ^?    
prud5t p]sons :o1 clos+ _! eyes to !    
lightn+ fla% & _! e>s to ! volli$ ?und]1
 sneak ?r\gh ! _w by any side-pa? soon] 
?an enc\nt] a difficulty foot to foot & 
h& to h&2 &1 )\t pret5d+ to any         
extraord9>y k ( ! human he>t1 we fe>1 ( 
! majority ( ^? wom5 :o h already       

sacrific$ _! mode/y at ! alt> ( cu/om2  
&1 above all1 ( t class ^: presumptu\s  
*>latanism we desire to lay b>e4 ,b =   
all ?is we c>e n "o jot1 provid$ ! mi/s 
( impo/ure be dispell$1 & our c\ntrywom5
 rescu$ f ! disgrace & degradation ( an 
odi\s sy/em1 :i*1 orig9at+ 9 a dissolute
 age1 has s9ce be5 promot$ & enc\rag$ by
 self-int]e/$ empirics1 & sanction$ by  
indiff]5ce1 cr$ulity1 & error4          
,,h9ts ,,to ,,husb&s1 c4 c4     ,,*apt] 
,i4    ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1    
,horatio1   ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r     
philosophy4   ,! practice ( man-midwif]y
 is "o among ! noxi\s we$s :i* ! rank   
luxuriance ( civilization has produc$1 &
 s9ce its introduction x has ?riv5 )    
unre/ra9$ vitality & ev]-increas+ /r5g?1
 until at l5g? x spreads its ,upas %ad[ 
f> & wide ov] our l&1 & trea*]\sly1     
my/]i\sly1 & sil5tly di/ils ! poison (  
its pres5ce deep into ! sanctu>ies (    
dome/ic life4 ,read]1 we w make pla9 to 
y ! nature & pollut+ influ5ce ( ?is     
r$undant gr[? ( luxury & vice2 & !n1 )  

,god's help1 may y1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( y\r 
fell[-m51 swe> by all ?+s holy1 j1 &    
good1 t ! hall[$ purity ( home %all nev]
 m be blight$ by its deadly %ade4  ,we  
are accu/om$ to speak ( ourselves z ( a 
highly moral p2 & ( our mann]s1 habits1 
& cu/oms z sup]ior to ^? ( o!r nations2 
& ( our capital z ! mo/ civiliz$ city 9 
! _w2    ,b ^! are ! days ( advance1 !  
works ( ! m5 ( m9d1   ,:5 :o b a fool   
w\ld h fai? 9 a tradesman's w>e or 8 ^w8
   ,:5 ! poor are hovell'd & hu/l$      
toge!r1 ea* sex l sw9e1   ,:5 only !    
l$g] lives1 & :5 only n all m5 lie2     
,:5 *alk1 & alum1 & pla/] are sold to ! 
poor = bread1   ,& ! _s ( murd] works 9 
! v means ( life4   ,& sleep mu/ lie d[n
 arm$1 = ! villan\s c5tre-bits   ,gr9d  
on ! wakeful e> 9 ! hu% ( ! moonless    
nights4   ,:ile ano!r is *eat+ ! sick ( 
a few la/ gasps z he sits1   ,to pe/le a
 poison'd poison beh9d 8 crimson$       
lights4  ,oh1 b1 say y1 ^! are n flaws 9
 ! cry/al1 b m]e specks ^u ! mirror1 :i*
 a little c>eful poli%+ may remove )    

ease4 ,see ! propriety1 ord]1 & dec5cy (
 our h\seholds2 our noble s5se ( ju/ice1
 "r1 & hon\r2 our /rict obs]vance (     
religi\s duties2 ! *a/e & mode/ demean\r
 ( our wom52 & behold+ ^! ?+s1 :o %all  
say t we are n a moral p8  ,to !        
unreflect+ & casual obs]v]1 m]e outw>d  
semblance w\ld appe> to ju/ify & confirm
 ?is "* ( our society4 ,nev]!less !re   
is1 b5ea? ! surface ( ?is seem+ heal?1 a
 loa?some cank]1 eat+ into ! v vitals ( 
home life6#a & we ourselves are sapp+ ! 
v f\ndations ( morality1 & insult+ &    
outrag+ ! mo/ preci\s feel+s ( ^? :om we
 %\ld love be/ & *]i% mo/ ^u e>?1 by    
subject+ !m to a usage :i* fir/ robs !m 
( _! bir?right1 mode/y1 & !n dead5s1 &  
f9ally de/roys1 all p]ception ( _! loss2
 :ile moral ,engl&1 "u ! delusion ( a   
falsely t]m$ necessity1 endures1 & ev5  
fo/]s a pollution1 :i* ,france1 to h]   
hon\r1 n[ repudiates & abhors6  ,believ+
 x to be a fact t n9ety-n9e m5 9 e      
hundr$ are ignorant ( ! ext5t ( !       
outrages to :i* _! wives submit1 :5     

att5d$ by a man-midwife 9 _! conf9em5ts1
 we %all1 9 ?is essay1 endeav\r to cle> 
up ! my/]y :i* envelopes ! proce$+s (   
?is class ( practition]s1 %[+ by        
extracts f _! own treatises :at _!      
process is2 & hav+ aft]w>ds plac$ be=e  
our read]s ! op9ions & argum5ts ( able &
 sci5tific m5 aga9/ su* an utt]         
subv]sion ( propriety1 we %all1 )       
confid5ce 9 ! result1 leave ! "q to be  
decid$ by ! /rong voice ( public op9ion 
:e!r ?is p]nici\s cu/om1 indec5t &      
degrad+ z all w admit x to be1 %all     
long] disgrace our c\ntry4  ,! _s (     
evil1 ?\gh n1 z 9 ,ed51    ,squat l a   
toad1 close at ! e> ( ,eve1   ,assay+ by
 8 devili% art to rea*   ,! organs ( h] 
fancy1  yet1 "u ano!r %ape1 0 /ill at 8 
old "w at ! "t :51#b in/ead ( ! ord9>y  
midwife1 ^: pres5ce w\ld h giv5 rise to 
sc&al1 a surgeon#c 0 summon$ to att5d ! 
deliv]y ( ,mademoiselle de la ,vali]e1  
mi/ress ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 = s p[]ful 0 !  
effect ( fa%ion 9 ^! dissolute times1 t1
 soon aft] ! fir/ examples _h be5 giv5  

by p]sons ^: rank & condition enabl$ !m 
to brave public op9ion1 ! ,p>isian      
ladies ( fa%ion1 ?r[+ aside ! veil (    
mode/y1 :i* _h f ! e>lie/ ages1 & 9 all 
c\ntries1 enjo9$ female att5dance1      
foll[$ ! prec$5t ( ?is ab&on$ woman1 & !
 practice ( man-midwif]y soon became    
g5]al 9 ! ,fr5* capital4  ,! hi/orian   
well & truly describes ! /ate ( society 
9 ^? evil days1 & h[ ! mann]s ( ! age   
became1 ye> by ye>1 m lo/ to virtue1    
dignity1 & hon\r1 until at l5g? all !   
bett] feel+s ( human nature1 ev5        
religion itself1 became a by-^w & a     
mock]y amid/ ! *aos ( ! ,revolution4 ,! 
ante-*amb]s ( ,v]sailles 7 daily besieg$
 by cr[ds ( titl$1 yet ne$y supplicants1
 :o eag]ly s\ght employm5t1 fav\r1 or   
di/9ction f ! k+'s m9i/]s or 8          
mi/resses1 & m&ates issu$ f !m 7 obey$  
)\t a murmur f ,calais to ! ,pyr5ees4   
,:at1 !n1 0 x :i*1 9 a c\ntry s pr(usely
 end[$ ) ! ri*es ( nature1 & inhabit$ by
 a race ( m5 s brave1 s active1 & s     
ent]pris+1 has l$ to a convulsion att5d$

 ) ! unspeakable horrors ( ! ,fr5*      
,revolution8 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! 
previ\s /ate ( ! c\ntry1 & ! g5]al      
p]v]sion ( ! national m9d2 9 !          
oppressions to :i* ! p 7 subject$1 !    
vices by :i* ! nobles ali5at$ !m2 !     
corruptions by :i* morals 7 contam9at$2 
! errors ) :i* religion 0 disfigur$2 !  
ext5t to :i* infidelity _h spread4#d    
,corruption1 9 its wor/ =m1 _h long     
ta9t$ ! mann]s ( ! c\rt z well z !      
nobility1 & poison$ ! s\rces ( influ5ce4
 ,! fav\r ( royal mi/resses1 or !       
intrigues ( ! c\rt1 op5ly dispos$ ( !   
highe/ appo9tm5ts1 bo? 9 ! army1 ! *ur*1
 & ! civil s]vice4 ,s9ce ! reign ( !    
,roman emp]ors1 pr(ligacy _h nev] be5   
conduct$ 9 s op5 & undisguis$ a mann] z 
"u ,l\is ,,xv4 & ! ,reg5t ,orleans4 ,f !
 secret memoirs ( ! p]iod1 :i* h n[ be5 
publi%$1 x is manife/ t ! lic5ti\s      
novels1 :i* at t "t disgrac$ ,fr5*      
lit]ature1 convey$ a fai?ful picture ( !
 mann]s ( ! age4#e  ,x is difficult to  
treat ( ?is subject 7times ( ,l\is      

,,xv47 )\t disclos+ p>ticul>s at :i*    
purity may blu%1 or on :i* lic5ti\sness 
may gloat2 b g5]al obs]vations make     
little impression on ! m9d ev5 ( ! mo/  
reflect+ read]1 if n att5d$ ) a detail (
 facts :i* proves t x is well f\nd$2 &  
"o au!ntic example ( ! mann] ( ! c\rt & 
ari/ocratic circles 9 ,p>is1 ant]ior to 
! ,revolution1 w produce a /rong]       
conviction ?an :ole *apt]s ( ass]tion4  
,all t we read 9 anci5t hi/orians1 veil$
 9 ! dec5t obscurity ( a le>n$ language1
 ( ! orgies ( ! anci5t ,babylon1 0      
equall$1 if n exce$$1 by ! nocturnal    
revels ( ! ,reg5t ,orleans1 ! ,c>d9al   
,dubois1 & 8 o!r lic5ti\s associates4#f 
,su* is a fai?ful picture ( ! mann]s &  
vices ( ! age & c\ntry 9 :i* ! cu/om (  
man-midwif]y took its rise4 ,"h & !re a 
bright /> %one out1 ! bright] = !       
blackness ( t hide\s night3 m5 ( !      
highe/ ord] ( m9d did all t great       
eloqu5ce & vigor\s ?\ght c\ld d to /ay !
 /rong & turbid curr5t ( pollution :i*  
?reat5$ to ov]:elm ! human race1 &      

among/ ^! great spirits ( ! pa/1 !      
physician ,r\ssel1 9 a "w rem>kable = ! 
delicacy ( its s5tim5ts1 ! =ce ( its    
satire1 & ! /r5g? & p[] ( its language1 
endeav\r$ to turn ! att5tion ( 8        
c\ntrym5 to ! indec5cy ( ! practice :i* 
0 fir/ adopt$ 9 ! h>lot ,de la ,vali]e's
 *amb]4#g ,9 "s measure he succe$$2 b :o
 c wond] if1 9 t vici\s age1 8 eloqu5ce 
_h pass$ unhe$$1 & ! delicacy ( 8       
s5tim5ts _h be5 sc(f$ at & d]id$ by !   
*>latans ( ! day1 9 a city :]e adult]y 0
 ! fa%ion1 & m>riage b a cloak = vice4  
,! causes :i* !n prev5t$ ! writ+s &     
c\nsels ( ^! em95t m5 f tak+ full effect
 ^u ! public m9d1 no long] exi/2 &1     
accord+ly1 9 t v ,p>is1 :]e1 9 =m]      
times1 amid/ su* sc5es ( vice &         
pr(ligacy z ! hi/orian describes1 !     
immode/ practice orig9at$1 has s9ce     
sprung up an agitation aga9/ x1 :i* is  
increas+ day by day4 ,colleges1 bo?     
metropolitan & prov9cial1 h long be5    
e/abli%$ = ! in/ruction ( females 9 !   
ob/etric art1 & _m ( ^? wom51 :o h be5  

educat$ 9 !m1 possess$ su* tal5ts &     
intellig5ce t ! treatises writt5 by !m h
 become ! ackn[l$g$ text books ( ! ,fr5*
 m$ical _w4  ,madame ,boiv9#h 9 !       
d$ication ( h] ,memorial de l',art des  
,acc\*em5ts1 #dme ed41 says3--,mov$ &   
affect$ by ! pa9ful cries :i* mo!rs1    
victims ( b>b>ity & ignorance1 caus$ to 
be he>d f f>1 ! ,gov]nm5t ha/5$ to reply
 to !m by e/abli%+ a practical ,s*ool ( 
,midwif]y )9 ! ,ly+-9 ,hospital3 f all  
p>ts 7 summon$1 n m5 b wom51 to come &  
assi/ at ! lectures ( ! mo/ em95t       
pr(essors ( surg]y & m$ic9e4444 ,already
 a great numb] h1 f ?is f]tile s\rce (  
in/ruction1 d]iv$ ! k & ! qualities     
necess>y = ! ex]cise ( an art s         
important 9 its results to ! population 
( ! k+dom & ! happ9ess ( families4 ,9 ! 
preface to ! above treatise1 #dme ed41  
p4 #aj1 we read ! foll[+ allusion to !  
practice on ?is side ! *annel2 ,?us y w 
f9d 9 ?is edition "s novel rem>ks 444 on
 c]ta9 cases ( difficult lab\r1 & on !  
op]ative process practis$ 9 ^! cases1 s 

brutally treat$ by practition]s beyond  
sea1 & 9 a mann] s simple & s happily   
diff]5t by u1 especially at ! ,s*ool (  
,midwif]y 9 ,p>is4  ,& :at are we ab\t 9
 moral ,engl&1 all ?is "t8 ,:]e are our 
colleges ( in/ruction1 to :i* we h      
summon$ n m5 b wom5--our ,hospices de la
 ,mat]nite1#i :]e9 & :]eby we may       
pres]ve ! mode/y ( our wom58 ,:]e is !  
voice to cry %ame ^u ! cu/om :i*        
introduces m5 into ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! 
m>riage *amb] to p]=m (fices :i* are1 by
 nature1 ! duty ( wom5 alone8#aj ,%all x
 be said t two ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,romans  
possess$ a high] s5se ( moral feel+ ?an 
we d n[8 ,r\ssel says1 ,! pr9cipal      
reason :i*1 among ! anci5ts1 =bade !    
belief t ! duty ( aid+ deliv]y c\ld be  
prop] to any b wom5--except+ 9 cases ( v
 r>e occurr5ce1 :]e e consid]ation might
 necess>ily yield to a press+ dang]--0 !
 gr& int]e/ ( mann]s4 ,?is 0 an object  
to :i* anci5t ,gov]nm5ts _h always      
special reg>d4 ,!y knew morality to be !
 f\ndation ( all legislation1 & t good  

laws w\ld be made 9 va9 unless good     
morals insur$ _! execution4 ,! cruelty (
 ,ar*aga?us' surgical op]ations drove ! 
doctors f ,rome4 ,%e bani%$ also f h]   
bosom ! ,greek philosoph]s & orators :o 
7 accus$ ( hav+ introduc$ & cultivat$ ! 
ta/e = ! arts & vices ( ,greece4 ,%e    
w\ld surely n h p]mitt$1 = any l5g? (   
"t1 ! exi/5ce ( an art1 :i*1 practis$ by
 m51 w\ld1 "u ! speci\s pret5ce (       
utility1 ?reat5 ! sanctu>y ( m>riage1 & 
:i*1 /rik+ a bl[ at ! *ief safegu>d (   
families1 w\ld next attack ! ma9spr+s ( 
! /ate2 an art :i*1 ) p[] to al>m !     
mode/y ( wom51 w\ld soon leave !m )\t a 
blu%1#aa & cause !m to lose ev5 !       
recollection ( t sev]e virtue :i* _h    
m]it$ ! respect & v5]ation ( ! ,romans1 
& :i* ( old _h be5 ! pr9ciple ( ! gr&e/ 
revolutions4 ,cato1 always c>eful to    
protect ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s f           
corruption1 w\ld nev] h p]mitt$ _!      
wives1 :5 pres5t+ *ildr5 to ! republic1 
to t>ni% ! boon by a =getfulness ( !    
fir/ ( all dec5cies4#ab  ,! ,greeks1    

says ,dr4 ,/ev5s1 inv>iably employ$     
wom52 ,phan>ete1 ! "m ( t di/+ui%$ man1 
,socrates1 0 a midwife4 ,hippocrates    
makes m5tion ( !m2 & ,plato speaks      
some:at ext5sively ( midwives1 & expla9s
 _! duties4 ,we h reason to believe1    
says ,dr4 ,d5man1 t ! ob/etric art 0    
altoge!r 9 ! h&s ( wom51 ! natural      
delicacy ( females hav+ reluctant       
rec\rse to ! pr(essional aid ( ! o!r    
sex4  ,hecquet says1 ,! ,greeks1        
moreov]1 _h _! female physicians1 z we  
p]ceive by ! words ,greek3 ake/rides &  
,greek3 eatr9ai1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u4
  ,su* 0 ! *a/5ess ( ! times1 t li?otomy
 on ! female subject 0 practis$ by "o ( 
_! own sex4 ,at ,a!ns ! positive        
enactm5ts ( ! l& 7 ineffici5t to ov]come
 _! scrupul\s mode/y4 ,x is said !      
,a!nian doctors procur$ a legal enactm5t
 transf]r+ ! practice ( midwif]y to     
!mselves2 b at ! v attempt ! wom5 rose  
en masse1 & decl>$ !y w\ld die r ?an    
submit to su* an outrage ^u common      
dec5cy4444 ,! ,romans#ac also employ$   

wom5 only4 ,pl9y1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 
speaks ( midwives1#ad expla9s _! duties1
 & m5tions "s ( great reputation4       
,accord+ to ,roman law1 midwives 7      
recogniz$ z a di/9ct class 9 society1 & 
enjoy$ c]ta9 rights & immunities 9      
common ) ! m$ical pr(ession4#ae  ,we h  
%[n1 on ! te/imony ( m$ical writ]s1 t ! 
practice ( man-midwif]y 0 introduc$ 9   
,france1 or r 9 ,p>is1 = x 0 nev]       
g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! prov9ces1#af s e>ly z
 ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b m ?an a   
hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e ! unnatural &   
debas+ cu/om became fa%ionable 9 ,engl&3
 & we f9d t late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0
 consid]$ s objectionable1 t few p]sons1
 except+ 9 ^? r>e cases :]e dang] 0     
imm95t1 ev] p]mitt$ a m$ical man to     
usurp ! duties ( ! midwife3 & x is only 
)9 ! la/ fifty ye>s t man-midwif]y has  
prevail$ 9 ^! k+doms4 ,inde$ ,dr4       
,ramsbo?am1 9 #ahde1 9 ! preface to 8 "w
 on ob/etric m$ic9e & surg]y1 alludes to
 ! difficulty :i* x w\ld appe> _h n ev5 
!n be5 entirely got rid (1 9 ov]com+ ! v

 natural av]sion ( wom5 to ! regulations
 ( midwif]y practice z laid d[n 9 ! _m  
swoll5 & pruri5t treatises on ! pret5d$ 
art4  ,no?+ appe>s m extraord9>y1 or m  
oppos$ to all our preconceiv$ notions ( 
propriety1 ?an t ?is man %\ld bu/le into
 ! m>riage *amb]1 our holy ( holies1 ) s
 mu* privileg$ assurance1 & t ! _w %\ld 
look ^u ! affair ) su* p]fect           
indiff]5ce4 ,b we suppose t 8 pres5ce is
 a necess>y evil1 & ! :ole proce$+ q a  
matt] ( c\rse1 9 :i* s5sible p see no   
h>m :atev]2 honi soit qui mal y p5se4   
,"s su* tra9 ( ideas may h be5 sugge/$  
by ! arrival ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 or ,c41     
,m4,d4 & acc\*eur1 :om y1 p]haps1 /ill  
"y 9 ! _w's ways1 h summon$1 y "k n :y1 
b t y _h be5 told1 x may be by y\r      
wife's "m1 t x 0 absolutely necess>y to 
engage a fa%ionable ladies' doctor to   
att5d y\r fir/ born's introduction into 
! _w2 9 fact1 y began to h grave d\bts  
:e!r x w\ld be possible = ! *ild to     
arrive )\t ! doctor2 7y may h s9ce      
asc]ta9$1 mu* to ! *agr9 ( ,a4 ,b4 or   

,c41 ,m4,d4 & acc\*eur1 t su* an ev5t is
 n altoge!r beyond ! circle (           
probabilities47 ,y h also hir$ a mon?   
nurse1 recomm5d$ by ! doctor z an       
exp]i5c$ & skilful woman1 9 e way fitt$ 
= h] (fice4 ,! critical mom5t approa*es2
 9 a /ate ( n]v\s excitem5t & anxiety y 
are advis$ to retire to ! draw+-room1   
:i*1 l a fool1 y d4 ,f "t to "t y are   
assur$ t all is go+ on z well z         
possible1 & at l5g? y are gratifi$ by ! 
intellig5ce t y are a fa!r4 ,y are1 (   
c\rse1 utt]ly ignorant ( all t has be5  
done1 :at ! nurse's %>e ( duty may h    
be51 & :at ! doctor's1 al?\gh y h       
p]*ance a sort ( vague & undef9$        
suspicion t y 7 wrong 9 leav+ all t y   
held de>e/ 9 ! h&s ( a /rang]1 & t      
/rang] a man1 at a mom5t :5 %e1 ! lov$  
"o1 requir$ y\r pres5ce to com=t1       
console1 & /r5g!n h] 9 ! h\r ( trial4   
,nor w\ld y\r ignorance be enlight5$1   
unless1 z we did aft] ye>s ( cr$ulity & 
mis]able evasion1 y cate*ise ! doctor4  
,!n w break ^u y1 9 all _! horrible     

reality1 ! indignities to :i* y h       
subject$ h] = :om y w\ld h giv5 life    
itself1 ! pure/ ( ! pure1 ! idol ( y\r  
love1 ! v ess5ce ( y\r be+1 y\r he>t (  
he>ts6 ,!n1 inde$1 w y rep5t1 :5 x is   
all too late1 y\r folly 9 tru/+ to !    
c&\r ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 or ,c41 ,m4,d41 & ! 
actual crime :i* y h committ$ 9 n       
acqua9t+ y\rself1 :ile !re 0 yet "t to  
prev5t x1 ) ! process by :i* !          
man-midwife pret5ds to improve ^u !     
all-p[]ful ma*9]y ( nature1 & ! inf9ite 
wisdom ( nature's ,god4  ,9 ! bitt]ness 
( y\r ?\ghts y may1 p]haps1 v5ture to "q
 ! doctor's mode ( proce$+1 ^u !        
supposition t ! nurse1 hav+ be5         
recomm5d$ by him z a skilful & compet5t 
p]son1 %\ld alone h actively#ag int]f]$1
 :5 y may be trucul5tly told t he 0 n   
!re only to /& by & make reports2 or t  
an acc\*eur is n necess>ily an old      
woman2 t !re are no feel+s2#ah t ! fir/ 
?+ he always does1 :5 he comes to !     
b$-side1 is to make an exam9ation p]    
vag9am6 ) o!r obs]vations equally h>r[+ 

to ! s5sibilities ( a husb&4  ,:at %ock 
s t]rible to a man :o1 rejoic+ 9 !      
delightful s5tim5t ( a wife's purity1   
discov]s t all he held de>e/ & mo/      
sacr$1 all :i* he w\ld %ield f          
pr(anation ) ! la/ drop ( 8 life's      
blood1 has be5 invad$ by ! pres5ce1 &   
violat$ by ! actual contact ( !         
man-midwife8 ,! doctor may be a sob]1   
discreet1 oily man1 ( /aid appe>ance1 & 
a v patt]n ( propriety2 or he may be a  
vulg>1 l[-br$ p]son1 9 8 leisure        
consort+ ) ^? ( a simil> b5t2 or        
,yond] a vile physician1 blabb+   ,!    
case ( 8 pati5t4442  or he may be a     
tippl+1 jovial fell[1 :o at "s roy/]+   
p>ty is always call$ on = a good song1  
sure to h z its !me w9e1 love1 &        
woman1--= acc\*eurs are mortals l o!r   
m52 or he may be "s tyro 9 ! art1 j let 
loose f 8 c\rse ( walk+ ! hospitals1    
/rong 9 syphilitic cases1 & ) all !     
recollections ( a "y surgeon's life fre%
 ^u him3 nev]!less1 :atev] he be1 ! v   
inmo/ secrets ( y\r wife's p]son are    

kn[n to him1#ai ! veil ( mode/y has be5 
rudely torn aside1 & ! sanctity (       
m>riage exi/s b 9 ! "n4                 
----,su* an act1   ,t blurs ! grace &   
blu% ( mode/y2   ,calls virtue          
hypocrite2 takes (f ! rose   ,f ! fair  
=ehead ( an innoc5t love1   ,& sets a   
bli/] !re2 makes m>riage v[s   ,z false 
z dic]'s oa?s3 oh1 su* a de$1   ,z f !  
body ( contraction plucks   ,! v s\l1 & 
sweet religion makes   ,a rhapsody (    
words3 heav5's face do? gl[2   ,yea ?is 
solidity & comp\nd mass1   ,) tri/ful   
visage z aga9/ ! doom1   ,is ?\ght-sick 
at ! act4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,o %ame6   
:]e is ?y blu%8   ,x n[ becomes our mo/ 
pa9ful b necess>y task to expla9 :at t  
process is to :i* we h allud$1 by giv+  
"s extracts f "o ( ! pr9cipal works on  
midwif]y1 & 9 ! v words ( ! treatise1 to
 prove ! gross outrages to :i* wom5 are 
oblig$ to submit :5 att5d$ by ^! male   
practition]s4 ,no?+ b a s5se ( !        
enormity ( ?is mon/] evil w\ld induce u 
to contam9ate our pages by !            

introduction ( su* g>bage2 b we are well
 aw>e t g5]al obs]vations make little   
impression on ! m9d ev5 ( ! mo/ reflect+
 read]1 if n att5d$ ) a detail ( facts  
:i* proves t x is well f\nd$2 & "o      
au!ntic example w produce a /rong]      
conviction ?an :ole *apt]s ( ass]tion4  
,,extracts ,,f ,,dr4 ,,ramsbo?am',s     
,,ob/etric ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y4       
,duties ( ! ,m$ical ,att5dant "u        
,natural ,lab\r4  ,f ! k :i* ! =ego+    
pages w af=d ( ! b5efic5ce display$ by  
nature ?r\gh\t ! processes (            
ut]o-ge/ation & lab\r1 & ( ! admirable  
contrivances adopt$ by h] to ov]come    
difficulties & av]t dang]s1 x w be      
evid5t t1 9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases1
 ! duties ( ! ob/etrician mu/ be few &  
simple4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 no active      
assi/ance is necess>y1 until aft] ! bir?
 ( ! *ild2 all t is requir$ ( ! att5dant
 be+1 t he %\ld rema9 an obs]vant1 ?\gh 
un(fici\s spectator ( ! process1 ready  
to ex]t himself ) promptitude & en]gy on
 ! fir/ accession ( any al>m+ symptoms1 

b equally or m ready to all[ ! *anges   
necess>y = ! completion ( nature's      
object to proce$1 un9t]rupt$ by any     
m$dlesome int]f]5ce2 = no maxim 9       
ob/etric sci5ce is ( m univ]sal         
application ?an t unnecess>y            
'assi/ance1' r5d]$ ) a view ( exp$it+ ! 
t]m9ation ( ! case1 or %ort5+ ! suff]+s 
( ! pati5t1 is n only useless1 b 9 !    
highe/ degree injuri\s1 & directly      
calculat$ to defeat its own end4  ,let x
 n be suppos$ ?is decl>ation includes ! 
admission1 t a p>tial acqua9tance ) !   
ob/etric bran* ( m$ic9e is suffici5t = !
 safe practice ( ! pr(ession2 = al?\gh1 
9 ?irty-n9e cases out ( =ty1 little is  
requir$ to be done beyond protect+ !    
ext5d$ /ructures f injury1 sep>at+ !    
*ild1 & extract+ ! plac5ta f ! vag9a    
aft] its total exclusion f ! ut]9e      
cavity2 /ill1 9 ! =tie? dang] may occur1
 only to be arre/$ by ! prompte/1 ! mo/ 
decisive1 & mo/ judici\sly direct$ help4
  ,mu* k#bj is necess>y to discrim9ate !
 k9d ( cases 9 :i* assi/ance is prop]1 &

 det]m9e ! "t at :i* t assi/ance ought  
to be employ$1 z well z ! mode ( its    
application4 ,x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es !  
sci5tific f ! ignorant ob/etrician2 x is
 ?is important k on :i* ! life1 ! future
 heal? & com=t ( _m a p>turi5t woman mu/
 dep5d2 :i*1 nev]!less1 has be5 held 9  
su* l[ e/imation by "s memb]s ( !       
pr(ession1 z to be ?\ght unwor?y (      
cultivation by ! sci5tific & lit]>y m9d2
 unfit to be possess$ by m5 (           
respectable /ation 9 society2 & !       
adaptation ( :i* k to practice has be5  
*>act]iz$1 9 an (ficial docum5t "u !    
seal ( ! highe/ ( our m$ical corporate  
associations1 z 'an art =eign to !      
habits ( g5tlem5 ( enl>g$ academical    
education4'#ba ,9 ! same communication x
 is ass]t$1 't ! mo/ successful practice
 ( midwif]y requires no su* labori\s    
prelim9>y /udy z is necess>y = !        
practice ( m$ic9e1 else discreet        
matrons1 & pla9 un$ucat$ m5 9 ! c\ntry1 
:o frequ5tly arrive at great notoriety 9
 ?is call+1 w\ld n acquire t cr$it :i*  

!y (t5 atta94'444 nor1 p]haps1 are we   
g5]ally expect$ to regulate ! numb] (   
individuals to be pres5t1 ?\gh we may be
 call$ ^u occasionally to ex]cise our   
au?ority 9 ?is respect4 ,! only p]sons  
:om ,i w\ld will+ly admit are ! nurse & 
"s female m>ri$ fri5d1 ! "m1 or o!r ne> 
relation1 or an intimate acqua9tance1 to
 act z confidante to ! suff]]1 into ^:  
sympa?iz+ e> %e may :isp] all h]        
appreh5sions & di/resses1 & f :om %e may
 receive ^? numb]less com=ts & su/a9+   
consolations ( :i* %e /&s s em95tly 9   
ne$4 ,unm>ri$ females are nei!r ! mo/   
fit companions = ! pati5t1 nor ! mo/    
useful assi/ants to ! practition]4#bb   
,on be+ u%]$ into h] *amb]1 we may      
engage h] 9 "s g5]al conv]sation1 :i* w 
give u an opportunity ( obs]v+ !        
frequ5cy1 duration1 /r5g?1 & "* ( !     
pa9s2 & our conduct mu/ be fram$        
accord+4 ,%\ld !y be ( trifl+           
importance1 we may cont5t ourselves )   
giv+ "s ord9>y directions & retire f !  
ap>tm5t4 ,b if !y are return+ ) frequ5cy

 & activity1 we mu/ n all[ mu* "t to    
elapse be=e we require to make an       
exam9ation ,,p] ,,vag9am4#bc ,an        
objection may be rais$ by ! pati5t to ! 
necess>y exam9ation be+ !n in/itut$1 "u 
! idea t no assi/ance c be r5d]$ h] s   
e>ly 9 ! lab\r4 ,z ,i w\ld reg>d !      
feel+s ( a p>turi5t woman 9 a degree    
only second>y to h] safety1 ,i w\ld by  
no means insi/ on putt+ h] to ?is       
inconv5i5ce1 unless ,i ?\ght x q        
indisp5sable4 ,b z mu* valuable         
in=mation may be ga9$ by ?is fir/       
exam9ation1 & z x is highly desirable to
 obta9 t in=mation dur+ ! progress ( !  
fir/ /age1 x is "r firmly1 b g5tly1 to  
urge its propriety4 ,x is seldom1 inde$1
 t %e w n acc$e to ! recomm5dation ( h] 
m$ical att5dant1 provid$ he possesses h]
 confid5ce1 & conveys 8 reque/ ) becom+ 
delicacy4#bd  ,mu* k mu/ be acquir$ dur+
 ! fir/ vag9al exam9ation4 ,x is1 fir/1 
:e!r ! woman be pregnant2#be secondly1  
if %e be 9 lab\r2 ?irdly1 :e!r !        
membranes h ruptur$1 or are /ill entire2

 f\r?ly1 h[ ! *ild is pres5t+2 fif?ly1  
h[ f> ! lab\r is advanc$2 &1 six?ly1 !  
/ate ( ! os ut]i1 vag9a1 & p]9eum1 9    
reg>d to _! di/5sibility4444 ,%e %\ld be
 also cov]$ by a light c\nt]pane1 or a  
blanket & a %eet4 ,9 ?is position 7ly+  
on h] left side1 ) ! nates br\ght to !  
edge ( ! b$7 ! vag9al exam9ation is to  
be conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,!       
att5dant1 sitt+ r beh9d h]1 & hav+      
ano9t$ ! two fir/ f+]s ( 8 "r h&1 ) "s  
unctu\s sub/ance1 mo/ly 9 read9ess1 is  
to place !m on ! labia ext]na2 !n g5tly 
sep>at+ ^! organs1 he mu/ introduce !   
fir/ f+] into ! vag9a1#bf 9 ! direction 
( its entrance1 :i* is backw>ds &       
upw>ds3 or he may take ! p]9eum z 8     
guide1 & ins9uate 8 f+] )9 ! g5ital     
fissure po/]iorly1 close to ! f\r*ette4 
,hav+ introduc$ x z high z he conv5i5tly
 c1 he mu/ pronate 8 wri/1 s t !        
junction ( ! fir/ & second f+] %all fit 
9 "u ! symphysis pubis4 ,9 ?is way he w 
be able usually to rea* ! os ut]i )\t   
difficulty4 ,%\ld t organ1 h[ev]1 be    

situat$ s high t he _c p]fectly comm& x1
 r ?an rema9 9 ignorance ( its          
condition1 & ( ! pres5tation ( ! *ild1  
he may introduce ! fir/ two f+]s ( 8    
left h&1 & z ^! may be pass$ high] )9 ! 
pelvis1 !y w give a great] facility =   
inquiry4  ,^! exam9ations are commonly  
made dur+ ! urg5cy ( pa92 & ?is has giv5
 rise to ! phrase ( 'try+ a pa94' ,x is1
 h[ev]1 desirable1 on _m acc\nts1 t we  
%\ld n introduce our f+] up to ! os ut]i
 at ! "t :5 ! ut]us is act+ /rongly1    
because !n ! membranes are protrud$ into
 ! vag9a1 & if we press aga9/ !m at t   
mom5t1 we may1 probably1 rupture ! cy/1 
& lose its influ5ce 9 ! aft] progress ( 
! lab\r4 ,besides1 x is impossible1 "u  
su* protrusion1 to asc]ta9 ! pres5t+ "p 
( ! foetus ) precision1 because ( !     
quantity ( wat] :i* is !n int]pos$      
betwe5 our f+] & its p]son4  ,nev]!less1
 z x is expect$ t we %\ld exam9e :ile ! 
ut]us is 9 action--&1 inde$1 z 9 _m     
cases ! pati5t w\ld n all[ u to pass our
 f+] at all1 7 x n = ! belief t we c    

'assi/' h]--& t only 9 ! "t ( pa91 x is 
necess>y t we %\ld reque/ h] to in=m u  
:5 !re is a return1 & take t opportunity
 ( introduc+ our f+] )9 ! ext]nal p>ts4 
,hav+ ga9$ ?is advantage1 we mu/ all[ x 
to rema9 inactive 9 ! vag9a :ile ! pa9  
cont9ues2 & ^u its cessation1 :i* we h  
seldom any difficulty 9 asc]ta9+1 we may
 direct x up to ! os ut]i4  ,frequ5t    
exam9ations %\ld n be made dur+ ! fir/  
/age ( lab\r4  ,we c d no good by su* a 
practice aft] we h once ga9$ ! in=mation
 we require4 ,we _c facilitate ! desc5t 
( ! *ild2 we _c dilate ! p>ts2 b we may 
d a great deal ( injury1 = we d5ude !   
vag9a ( t s(t relax+ mucus :i* is       
design$ by nature to protect x2 & we1   
moreov]1 run ! risk ( de/roy+ !         
integrity ( ! membran\s cy/4 ,we may1   
!re=e1 pr$ispose ! p>ts to inflammation1
 & ret>d ! dilatation ( ! os ut]i       
itself4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is a common idea   
among wom5 t1 "u ea* exam9ation1 mat]ial
 assi/ance is r5d]$1#bg we %all         
frequ5tly be urg$1 dur+ ! fir/ /age1    

especially if ! lab\r be r sl[] ?an     
usual1 to rema9 9 close att5dance on !  
pati5t's p]son2 & ^! solicitations are  
g5]ally advanc$ ) a degree ( f]v5cy1 t x
 appe>s ! extreme ( cruelty n to acc$e  
to4  ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 ! f+] may be  
introduc$ f "t to "t1 ) ! greate/ c>e & 
g5tl5ess2 m to pacify ! pati5t's m9d1 & 
assure h] %e is n neglect$1 ?an ) any   
o!r view beyond t1 & also wat*+ !       
progress ( dilatation4 ,! m rigid ! p>ts
 are1 ! m d !y require ! s(t5+ influ5ce 
( ! natural secretion1 & ! m c>eful mu/ 
we be to pres]ve x4444 ,9 ab\t an h\r   
444 we may see h] aga91 & we may !n1 if 
we ?9k x "r1 make ano!r exam9ation1 to  
asc]ta9 t ! lab\r is proce$+            
satisfactorily4   ,duties dur+ ! ,second
 ,/age4  ,! second /age ( lab\r hav+    
comm5c$1 we are summon$ to ! pati5t's   
room1 if we h be5 abs5t1 & told t '!    
wat]s h brok54' ,%e is mo/ likely f\nd  
recl9+ on ! b$1 &1 probably1 ! pa9s are 
m urg5t ?an !y 7 be=e2 or1 p]haps1 !y   
are some:at susp5d$4 ,we n[ require to  

make ano!r exam9ation1 because x is     
possible t ! head may h fully ent]$ !   
cavity1 & may be soon expell$4 ,f9d+ x  
l[ 9 ! pelvis1 f9d+ ! os ut]i almo/     
entirely dilat$1 ! membranes brok51 & ! 
pa9s /rong & com+ on frequ5tly1 x is "r 
n to leave ! room2 b unless ! p]9eum is 
some:at on ! /ret*1 we ne$ n yet take   
our po/ exactly by ! b$-side4 ,b z soon 
z ! head has come to press ^u ! ext]nal 
p>ts--p>ticul>ly :5 x has made its turn1
 & is beg9n+ to ext5d ! /ructures at !  
outlet ( ! pelvis1 x becomes our duty to
 take our seat by ! b$-side1 & nev] to  
move f our position till ! *ild has     
pass$4 ,?is we d to protect ! p]9eum1 9 
ord] to prev5t lac]ation4#bh  ,= !      
purpose ( support+ ! p]9eum we sit r    
beh9d ! pati5t1 & apply ! palm ( ! left 
h&--gu>d$1 = ! sake ( delicacy1         
cleanl9ess1 & conv5i5ce1 ) a s(t        
napk9--/eadily & firmly aga9/ ! p]9eal  
tum\r4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! ?ighs   
mu/ be drawn up t[>ds ! abdom51 & ! legs
 b5t a little back ^u ! ?ighs1 & ! :ole 

p]son ly+ on ! left side2 & ! pati5t is 
usually plac$ s t h] feet may re/ aga9/ 
! b$-po/4#bi  ,we r5d] ! %\ld]s also    
ano!r fix$ po9t1 s z to /eady ! upp] "p 
( ! body1 by ty+ a long napk91 or a r\nd
 t[el1 to ! same b$-po/1 & desir+ h] to 
hold x 9 h] h&4 ,we tell h]1 :5 ! pa9   
comes on to press ) h] feet aga9/ !     
b$-po/1 & pull g5tly at ! t[el1 caution+
 h] aga9/ /ra9+ viol5tly4 ,! consequ5ce 
is %e s fixes h] p]son z to r5d] x almo/
 impossible = h] to jump away sudd5ly1  
or to rec$e to any di/ance f u4         
,indep5d5tly ( ?is little manoeuvr+1 :5 
! head is 9 any degree ext5d+ ! vulva ! 
nurse mu/ be requir$ to raise ! "r knee 
to "s di/ance f ! o!r1 by :i* means !   
?ighs are sep>at$1 & an increas$        
facility giv5 to ! exit ( ! head ?r\gh !
 ext]nal p>ts1 z well z "s control ex]t$
 ov] ! pati5t's movem5ts4444 ,aft] hav+ 
exam9$ ! ut]us ?r\gh ! p>ietes ( !      
abdom51 we mu/ make an int]nal          
exam9ation1 m p]fectly to assure        
ourselves 9 :at way ! plac5ta is dispos$

 (4 ,twi/+ ! funis umbilicalis ar\nd !  
fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h&1 & br++ x to  
its be>+1 we pass ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&1 
previ\sly ano9t$1 into ! vag9a1 z 9 a   
common exam9ation4 ,if ! plac5ta be     
entirely 9 ut]o1 :i*1 z j rem>k$1 is mo/
 commonly ! case imm$iately aft] !      
*ild's expulsion1 we %all ei!r n be able
 to t\* x at all1 or if x be )9 rea*1 we
 %all only detect a v small portion ( x2
 we may j feel x (f]+ itself at ! os    
ut]i2 b we _c surr\nd its volume1 nor c 
we probably discov] ! ins]tion ( !      
funis4  ,removal ( ! ,plac5ta4--,!re is 
no "p ( natural lab\r :i* requires s mu*
 judgm5t z ! conduct ( ! ?ird /age2 = ! 
slighte/ mismanagem5t ( ! plac5ta may be
 productive ( mo/ s]i\s mis*ief1 by     
conv]t+ a p]fectly natural into a mo/   
dang]\s & complicat$ case4 ,z long1 !n1 
z ! plac5ta rema9s 9 ut]o1 s long we mu/
 wait1 )9 a c]ta9 limit--provid$ !re be 
no flood+--= ^? contractions :i* are to 
expel x f ! ut]us into ! vag9al cavity1 
c42 :ile we are ?us wat*+1 we %all mo/  

likely be in=m$ ( ! return ( ut]9e      
action1 by ! woman compla9+ ( two or    
?ree comp>atively trifl+ pa9s affect+ ! 
back & lo9s4 ,z x is probable t "u ^!   
pa9s ! plac5ta may h some:at desc5d$1   
ano!r exam9ation may !n be made p]      
vag9am to satisfy ourselves on ?is po9t1
 c4  ,! removal ( ! plac5ta f ! vag9a is
 easily effect$4 ,twi/+ ! funis         
umbilicalis two or ?ree times ar\nd !   
fir/ & second f+] ( ! "r h&1 we draw x  
d[n 9 a l9e t5d+ t[>ds ! coccyx1 &      
receive x 9 ! left1 plac$ "u ! p]9eum2  
or we may introduce ! two fir/ f+]s & ! 
?umb ( ! left into ! vag9a1 embrace !   
mass betwe5 !m1 squeeze x z we w\ld a   
sponge1 & sl[ly extract x4444  ,hav+    
p]fectly satisfi$ ourselves on ?is po9t1
 we may a second "t take away ! napk9s  
soil$ ) ! accumulat$ dis*>ges1 &        
envelope ! l[] "p ( ! pati5t's p]son 9  
o!rs t are w>m & dry4 ,?ree w be        
suffici5t3 "o mu/ be p>tially slid "u ! 
left hip2 ano!r may be plac$ ov] & ar\nd
 ! "r hip2 & ! ?ird c>ri$ betwe5 !      

?ighs1 directly on ! vulva1 c4444  ,"s  
practition]s adapt ! b&age !mselves1 &  
apply x imm$iately aft] ! plac5ta has   
be5 remov$4 ,i ?9k x pref]able1 9 common
 cases1 to leave ?is duty to ! nurse2 & 
t x %\ld n be put on until ! body l95 ( 
! pati5t is %ift$2 because1 9 ! fir/    
place1 x appe>s to me m desirable t     
p]fect quietness %\ld be pres]v$ until !
 fir/ *anges 9 ! ut]us consequ5t ^u     
lab\r are effect$1 t no di/urbance may  
int]rupt _! progress2 &1 9 ! second1 ,i 
_c help ?9k+ t !re is some?+ highly     
indelicate 9 its be+ appli$ by a        
man--mu* m s1 inde$1 ?an any ( ! duties 
we are ord9>ily call$ ^u to p]=m "u     
natural lab\r4 ,x is ( mo/ s]vice :5    
next ! sk94 ,x mu/ be suffici5tly broad 
to rea* f ! pubes almo/ to ! ensi=m     
c>tilage2 & x _c be prop]ly adapt$      
unless ! abdom5 be q uncov]$4 ,9        
addition1 ,i w\ld rem>k t ! nurse mu/ "k
 v little ( h] duties1 if %e _c draw a  
prop]ly contriv$ b&age r\nd ! p]son1 &  
give x ! due degree ( tightness )\t     

incurr+ dang]4  ,! read] ( ! prec$+     
extracts w h obs]v$ t !y beg9 ) a       
panegyric on ! extraord9>y p[]s ( nature
 9 adapt+ means to an end2 :i*1         
nev]!less1 ! au?or =?) proce$s to       
qualify1 z if he _h admitt$ too mu*1 9  
giv+ nature cr$it = ! due execution ( h]
 own "w1 & h] capability = en=c+ h] own 
laws1 by enl>g+ on ! pr(\nd & sci5tific 
k requir$ 9 ! man-midwife1 ! op9ion     
express$ by ! ,royal ,college (         
,physicians to ! contr>y not)/&+2 & 9   
effect impi\sly detract+ ! inf9ite p[] &
 wisdom ( ,god1 :o creat$ man 9 8 own   
image1 9 ! image ( ,god creat$ ,he him2 
male & female creat$ ,he !m4 ,& ,god    
bless$ !m1 & ,god said unto !m1 be      
fruitful & multiply4  ,& ,god saw ev]y?+
 t ,he _h made1 & behold1 x 0 v good4   
,aft] descant+ on ! inutility1 & ev5    
positively detrim5tal effects ( active  
int]f]5ce 9 natural lab\r1 he w>ms ) 8  
subject1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ree /ages by 
:i* he limits & def9es ! op]ations (    
nature 9 introduc+ man into ! _w1       

enjo9s1 9 language horribly disgu/+ f   
its te*nical obsc5ity1 an am\nt (       
grossly indec5t int]f]5ce1 only to be   
measur$ by ! cr$ulity & endurance ( 8   
mis]able pati5t4 ,if ! maxim (          
non-int]f]5ce :i* he inculcates holds   
good1 he deceives & wrongs 8 pati5t to a
 mo/ %ameful ext5t1 by p]mitt+ &        
enc\rag+ ! delusion t by ^! vag9al      
exam9ations he c r5d] h] assi/ance1 or  
mitigate ! suff]+s :i* nature has       
orda9$2 & we ass]t1 )\t fe> (           
contradiction1 t ! man :o %\ld d>e to   
practise ^u ! weakness ( wom5 9 su* a   
mann]1 & at a mom5t :5 !y are lea/ able 
to resi/ 8 solicitations1 des]ves !     
sev]e/ condemnation4 ,9 all ?is f\l     
tissue ( v]biage descriptive ( !        
practice 9 natural lab\r !re is no?+ :i*
 a female att5dant ( ! mo/ ord9>y       
intellig5ce c\ld n accompli% ) ! greate/
 ease1 & yet ! nurse1 :o is g5]ally a   
well in/ruct$ midwife1 is sc>cely       
m5tion$ at all1 & h] duties appe> to be 
conf9$ to a trivial & unimportant       

aft]-op]ation1 :i* ! consci5ti\s &      
s5sitive doctor deems an act ( f> great]
 indelicacy ?an ^? eight times repeat$  
exam9ations p] vag9am1 & o!r contact ) !
 pati5t's p]son1 s s$ul\sly prescrib$1 &
 :i*1 9 tru?1 appe> to con/itute ! :ole 
art1 s f> z ! treatm5t ( natural lab\r  
is conc]n$4 ,"o m extract w m ?an       
suffice to %[ ! nature ( ?is abuse1 :i* 
we fe> is1 f its daily increas+ p[] &   
influ5ce ^u ! female m9d1 becom+ m & m  
difficult ( cure2 b :i*1 :5 consid]$ 9  
all its hide\s be>+s1 %\ld ar\se ev5 !  
mo/ call\s & indiff]5t to a s5se ( its  
crim9ality1 & cause ! he>ts ( all :o    
rev]5ce mode/y 9 woman to swell )       
righte\s indignation at ! insults :i* a 
vile cu/om has m]cilessly heap$ ^u !    
sex3--  ,%e n[1 at l5g?1 submitt$ to an 
exam9ation p] vag9am1 :i* ,i made f     
beh9d1 z %e /ood erect by ! b$4 ,! f+]  
fail$ at fir/ to rea* ! os & c]vix ut]i1
 until1 on press+ upw>ds1 z f> z        
possible1 ,i f\nd ! ut]us ly+           
transv]sely1 ! os high] ?an ! body1     

po9t+ to ! "r side1 & ! body ( ! ut]us  
lodg$ 9 ! left side ( ! pelvis1 ne> !   
gro91 :]e x seem$ to be firmly fix$4 ,i 
n[ made h] kneel on ! b$1 ) ! head l[1 s
 z to elevate ! nates1 & cauti\sly tri$ 
?r\gh ! rectum1 z well z p] vag9am1 to  
raise ! ut]us f its position into !     
m$ian l9e1 b )\t success4 ,an attempt on
 ! foll[+ day 0 ) no bett] result4444   
,aft] ! int]val ( a mon?1 ,i made ano!r 
exam9ation p] vag9am1 also ( ! nipples1 
& f\nd no *ange 9 ei!r4 ,aft] ! int]val 
( ano!r mon? ,i f\nd ! nipples & areolae
 precisely z at fir/2 b1 to my great    
satisfaction1 ! ut]us _h ne>ly right$   
itself 9 position1 & ! body ( x 0 r\nd$ 
& pla9ly enl>g$4 ,! lady also h9t$ a    
suspicion t %e _h quick5$4444  ,9 ?is   
in/ance my suspicion ( pregnancy 7:i* at
 fir/ 0 v slight7 re/$ on ! int]ruption 
( m5/ruation alone4 ,! heal? improv$ f !
 "t ( quick5+1 & ! pregnancy w5t on4 ,i 
may add t ,i h no d\bt ! lat]o-v]sion ( 
! womb occurr$ at ! p]iod ( !           
misc>riage2444 & t its right+ itself1 at

 l5g?1 0 ! consequ5ce ( its increas+    
bulk4#cj  ,su* is ! practice (          
man-midwif]y6 ,we obs]ve t1 9 ?is       
revolt+ case1 ! disgrace1 ! %ame1 !     
infamy ( ! poor pati5t 0 endur$ 9 va91 &
 t aft] all ! t5tatives1 &              
manipulations1 & exp]im5ts1 s p]sev]+ly 
repeat$ by ! acc\*eur1 )\t any b5eficial
 result :atsoev]1 nature alone 0 ! true 
physician4  ,we w conclude ?is *apt] (  
horrors 9 ! /rong & e>ne/ language ( !  
late ,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 ) !         
conviction t 8 burn+ words w g "r home  
to ! he>ts ( ^? :o may n hi!rto h giv5 a
 ?\ght to ?is fe>ful violation ( !      
rights ( nature4  ,! woman :o sacrifices
 h] mode/y to fa%ion1 h] p]son to       
indignity1 & h] husb&'s hon\r to ! sne]s
 & contempt ( h] male midwife1 is bel[  
contempt4 ,%e is a disgrace to h] sex6  
,x is my firm op9ion t ! practice (     
man-midwif]y compromises ! "* & morality
 ( our c\ntry4 ,x is demoraliz+ to      
society1 an insult to virtu\s wom51 & a 
foolscap to m54 ,if n *eck$ & aboli%$1 !

 pret5sions to female mode/y1 & a       
respect = ! decorums ( society1 w       
ev5tually be altoge!r exclud$ f ! female
 "*4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,su* devils  
w\ld pull angels out ( heav51   ,provid$
 !y c\ld rea* !m2 'tis _! pride2   ,&   
t's ! odds 'twixt s\l & body-plague6    
,! v]ie/ slave :o drops 9 ,cairo's      
/reet1   ,cries1 ',/& (f f me1' to !    
pass5g]s2   ,:ile ^! blot*$ s\ls are    
eag] to infect1   ,& bl[ _! bad brea? 9 
a si/]'s face1   ,z if !y got "s ease by
 x4   ,if ! read] views ) disgu/ &      
horror ! above rules ( ord9>y practice 9
 man-midwif]y--& :at man is base en\gh  
7save an acc\*eur7 n s to reg>d !m8--^! 
feel+s w be int5sifi$ a ?\s&-fold by !  
contemplation ( ! late/ inv5tion#ca (   
ob/etric art4 ,we allude to !           
,,speculum4 ,! adoption ( ?is in/rum5t1 
z we are in=m$1 is n[ becom+ g5]al2 &   
its employm5t plunges its wret*$ victim1
 woman1 d[n into ! l[e/ deep ( infamy & 
degradation4 ,we w n pollute our pages  
by describ+ its me?od ( action2 suffice 

x to say1 t1 to ! s5se ( t\*1 common to 
all midwif]y practice1 is add$1 9 its   
application1 t ( sight2 exposure ! mo/  
complete ( all :i* mode/y1 ev5 9 ! mo/  
abject ( races1 inv>iably conceals4     
,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,morant4 ,inc4  ,,!   
,,speculum   ,9 confirmation ( our own  
view ( ?is mo/ villan\s inv5tion1 we w  
convict its advocates by ! te/imony (   
di/+ui%$ memb]s ( _! own pr(ession4 ,!  
d5unciations ( ! speculum1 by ^!        
morally-c\rage\s m51 address$1 = ! mo/  
"p1 solely to _! fell[-practition]s1    
%all n[ g =? to be read & pond]$ on by e
 reflect+ ,engli%man :o may *ance to op5
 ^! pages4  ,we h already expos$1 ) our 
utmo/ vig\r1 ! improp] practice :i*     
,drs4 ,a%well & ,lee s /rongly condemn$4
 ,all we said on t occasion we repeat   
n[4444 ,to employ x 7! speculum71 z x is
 rum\r$ c]ta9 p]sons 9 ,london h employ$
 x1 to attract notice1 & place !mselves 
prom95tly be=e ! public--to use x m]ely 
z a means ( p]sonal advancem5t--9 fact1 
to ga9 practice--is a crime aga9/ ! laws

 ( morality1 & treason aga9/ pr(essional
 hon\r4  ,! errone\s & "o-sid$ op9ions1 
:i* ! advocates = ! indiscrim9ate use ( 
! speculum hold1 prove h[ little !y h   
pres5t$ to !mselves ! true facts ( !    
case4 ,dr4 ,locock1 :o made ! />tl+     
ass]tion t delicacy ought n to be       
consid]$ 9 matt]s ( disease1 & 0 bo? = &
 aga9/ ! speculum1 said1 t he look$ into
 ! vag9a z he w\ld into ! ?roat4 ,true  
en\gh1 s f> z he simply is conc]n$4 ,he 
w\ld look into ! vag9a z an ord9>y matt]
 ( bus9ess1 & ?9k only ( :at1 9 ! c\rse 
( bus9ess1 x might be necess>y to d !re4
 ,b w\ld ! woman reg>d x 9 ?is          
philosophical light8 ,is x ! same to h] 
:e!r h] tongue is press$ d[n ) a        
spatula1 or h] vag9a di/5d$ ) a         
speculum8 ,is h] moral /ate to be left  
out ( acc\nt altoge!r1 & are we to treat
 ! mo/ s5sitive organ 9 h] frame z if x 
0 s mu* in]t matt]1 ^: great use 0 to be
 caut]iz$8  ,we d n hesitate to say1 t  
no man1 :o reg>ds prop]ly 8 sci5ce &    
himself1 c ev] use ?is in/rum5t )\t     

feel+ t he is driv5 to x2 t o!r means h 
fail$1 & t x has become necess>y to     
adopt additional modes ( inve/igation & 
( cure4 ,& if x appe> f ! inquiries :i* 
w1 d\btless1 n[ be made--t ! necessities
 = its employm5t h be5 kn[+ly exagg]at$ 
by its advocates1 no condemnation c be  
too sev]e = s great a brea* ( sci5tific 
hon\r4--,m$ical ,times1 #h? ,june1      
#ahej4  ,dr4 ,m>%all ,hall describes 9 !
 ,lancet a new =m ( hy/]ia1 connect$ ) &
 caus$ by ! abuse ( ! speculum4 ,9 8    
prelim9>y rem>ks1 allud+ to ! mann] 9   
:i* ! *>ge ( indec5cy 0 receiv$ by "o ( 
! speak]s at ! late meet+ ( !           
,m$ico-,*irurgical ,society1 on ! gr\nd 
( ! non-necessity ( ! exposure ( !      
p]son1 he says1 ',b if !re be no        
exposure ( ! p]son1 is !re1 at fir/1 no 
w\nd+ ( ! feel+1 & is !re aft]w>ds no   
det]ioration & blunt+ ( ^? feel+s by !  
repeat$ daily or weekly use ( ! speculum
 vag9ae 9 ! virg91 & 9 ! v "y1 ev5      
among/ ! m>ri$8' ,he decl>es t !re is   
su* det]ioration1 & t ! female :o has   

be5 subject$ to su* treatm5t is n ! same
 p]son1 9 delicacy & purity1 %e 0 be=e4 
,dr4 ,m>%all ,hall's decl>ation on ?is  
po9t is fully confirm$ by ! results (   
exp]i5ce4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! abuse ( ?is
 practice are1 inde$1 lam5table4 ,dr4   
,hall says he has kn[n cases ( ! mo/    
revolt+ atta*m5t on ! "p ( ! pati5ts to 
! practice & ! practition]4 ,! curr5t ( 
! ideas becomes hypo*ondriacally direct$
 to ! organs ( g5]ation4 ,! v m9d is    
poison$4 ,a new & lam5table =m ( hy/]ia 
is induc$4 ,! pati5ts become res]v$1 &  
moody1 & p]v]se1 & speak un9telligibly 9
 brok5 s5t5ces2 ! peace & happ9ess ( !  
family are brok5 up2 subjects are       
discuss$ on ! dome/ic he>? :i* ought    
nev] to be m5tion$ except 9 ! sick      
room--words :i* w\nd are spok51 & ?\ghts
 :i* are d]ogatory are express$ by o!rs1
 p]haps by ! male1 memb]s ( ! family4   
,dr4 ,hall m5tions cases 9 :i* !        
speculum has be5 repeat$ly employ$1 & _h
 induc$ ?is sad1 wret*$ /ate1 & yet no  
ut]9e disease exi/$4 ,he believes !     

cases 9 :i* ! "y1 & especially !        
unm>ri$1 are afflict$1 s z really to    
ju/ify ! use ( ! speculum1 to be r>e1 & 
! cases 9 :i* ! injection ( a solution (
 nitrate ( silv]1 by ! pati5t h]self1   
may n take ! place ( ! application ( ?is
 valuable rem$y 9 sub/ance by ! h& ( !  
practition]1 to be r>e inde$4 ,we       
he>tily ?ank ,dr4 ,m>%all ,hall = ?is   
additional bl[ at '! pollution4' ,x is  
greatly to 8 cr$it4--,m$ical ,times1    
#ae? ,june1 #ahej4  ,i h no d\bt t ,i 0 
"o ( a consid]able numb]1 :o1 at ! la/  
meet+ ( ! ,royal ,m$ical & ,*irurgical  
,society 7a meet+ :i* w long be         
memorable 9 its annals71 wi%$ to express
 _! s5tim5ts on ! subject ( ! use ( !   
speculum vag9ae1 )\t hav+ :at !y deem$ a
 p]fect opportunity4 ,i regret t !      
discussion 0 n adj\rn$ to ano!r ev5+4   
,i ?9k ! pr(ession deeply indebt$ to    
,dr4 ,rob]t ,lee = br++ ?is "q =w>d =   
discussion4 ,x is n "o ( m]e m$ical or  
surgical treatm5t1 b ( m$ical & public  
e?ics2 & ,i confess myself a/oni%$ at ! 

light mann] 9 :i* a vag9al exam9ation 0 
spok5 ( by "o ( ! g5tlem5 pres5t at !   
,society4 ,i ?9k ! *all5ge ( ,dr4 ,b5net
 %\ld h be5 accept$ at once1 & t a      
committee %\ld h be51 & %\ld n[ be1     
appo9t$ to te/ ! exi/5ce1 or !          
non-exi/5ce1 ( ! ?\s& & "o 'ulc]s1' or  
'abrasions1' ( :i* s mu* has be5 said ( 
late4  ,! g5tleman to :om ,i h allud$   
above1 huff$ ! idea ( indec5cy 9 mak+ a 
vag9al exam9ation4 ,!re ne$ be no       
exposure ( ! p]son ( ! pati5t4 ,surgeons
 make no scruple ab\t an exam9ation ( ! 
rectum 7z if ! two exam9ations c\ld1    
morally speak+1 be comp>$74 ,b1 if !re  
be no exposure ( ! p]son1 & if !        
exam9ation ( ! rectum be frequ5tly made1
 is !re1 at fir/1 no w\nd+ ( ! feel+s8 &
 is !re aft]w>ds no det]ioration &      
blunt+ ( ^? feel+s by ! repeat$ daily or
 weekly use ( ! speculum vag9ae 9 !     
virg91 & 9 ! v "y1 ev5 among/ ! m>ri$8  
,i l\dly proclaim t !re is su*          
det]ioration1 & t ! female :o has be5   
subject$ to su* treatm5t is n ! same    

p]son1 9 delicacy & purity1 t %e 0 be=e4
  ,i h kn[n cases ( ! mo/ revolt+       
atta*m5t1 on ! "p ( su* pati5ts1 to !   
practice & to ! practition]4 ,i h kn[n  
!m to speak ( ! 'womb' & ( ! 'ut]9e     
organs' ) a famili>ity :i* 0 =m]ly      
unkn[n1 & :i*1 ,i tru/1 w1 ere long1 be 
obsolete4 ,! curr5t ( ! ideas becomes   
hypo*ondriacally direct$ to ^! organs4  
,! v m9d is poison$4 ,a new & lam5table 
=m ( hy/]ia--,i _h almo/ said ( furor   
ut]9us--is induc$1 ) ?is aggravation1 t 
! subject ( di/ress is ei!r conceal$ by 
! greate/ ef=t1 or expla9$ at ! exp5se (
 virg9 or female mode/y4  ,!re is a case
 ( 'poison$ m9d' 9 ! male sex1 induc$ by
 ! quack do+s ( ! day1 relative to !    
exi/5ce ( impot5cy1 :i* all ( u mu/ h   
treat$ & deplor$4 ,a simil> case (      
'm5tal poison+' is n[ be+ induc$ 9 ! o!r
 sex1 by ! frequ5t1 con/ant1 & undue    
ref]5ce1 on ! "p ( ! pr(ession1 to !    
condition ( ! 'ut]9e organs4'444  ,"o   
poor1 mis]able pati5t comes to me       
weekly1 ?us afflict$4 ,%e has be5 treat$

 by ! speculum & ! cau/ic = mon?s1 z an 
out-pati5t at ,univ]sity ,college       
,hospital4 ,i s5t h] to ,dr4 ,rob]t ,lee
 twice4 ,twice t g5tleman exam9$1 &     
decl>$ t !re 0 no ut]9e or vag9al       
disease4 ,mean:ile ! mis]able pati5t's  
m9d is absorb$ by ?is ideal malady1 & ! 
peace ( h] husb&'s home is de/roy$4  ,i 
s5t ano!r pati5t to ,dr4 ,rob]t ,lee a  
few days ago 7:om ,i _h nev] se57 "u    
simil> circum/ances1 b mov+ 9 a diff]5t 
rank ( life4 ,! same op9ion 0 giv51 !   
mis]able pati5t suff]+ dire             
disappo9tm5t6  ,i rec5tly att5d$ a poor 
curate's wife1 :o _h come to ,london =  
m$ical aid1 at1 z ,i suppose1 great     
inconv5i5ce4 ,dur+ my %ort att5dance1   
?is pati5t 0 con/antly urg$ by a fri5d1 
a titl$ lady 7! ari/ocracy always take !
 lead 9 quack]y71 to s5d = h] physician1
 :o is a /rong abettor ( ! speculum4 ,! 
c\rse :i* foll[$ may be imag9$1 & ne$ n 
be describ$4 ,a case ( m complicat$     
mis]y = a husb& _c well be conceiv$4 ,a 
sickly wife1 afflict$ ) ut]9e           

hypo*ondriasis1 set ^u by a titl$       
advocate ( ! ut]9e quack]y1 ) /rait5$   
res\rces4  ,! advocates ( ! speculum    
speak ( cases :i* _h resi/$ ! efficacy (
 ! usual g5]al & local treatm5t1 & :i*  
yield$ to ! use ( ! speculum & ! cau/ic4
 ,i h se5 cases 9 :i*1 ! speculum &     
cau/ic hav+ be5 employ$--& unduly       
employ$1 z ,i believe--! pati5t rema9$ m
 mis]ably afflict$ 9 m9d & body ?an ev]1
 & ?is ! effect ( t treatm5t4 ,:e!r !   
=m] supposition be z well f\nd$ z !     
latt]1 ,i w n presume to det]m9e2 b ,i  
believe ! cases 9 :i* ! "y1 & especially
 ! unm>ri$1 are afflict$1 s z really to 
ju/ify ! use ( ! speculum1 to be r>e1 & 
! cases 9 :i* ! injection ( a solution (
 nitrate ( silv]1 by h] own h&s1 may n  
take ! place ( ! application ( ?is      
valuable rem$y 9 sub/ance1 by ! h& ( !  
practition]1 to be r>e inde$4  ,i w n   
adv]t ev5 to ! epi!ts :i* h be5 appli$  
to ! frequ5t use ( ! speculum by our    
,fr5* neighb\rs1 :o are s skill$ 9 ^!   
matt]s2 b ,i w ask1 ,,:at ,,fa!r        

,,among/ ,,u1 ,,aft] ,,! ,,details ,,:i*
 ,i ,,h ,,giv51 ,,w\ld ,,all[ ,,8       
,,virg9 ,,daught] ,,to ,,be ,,subject$  
,,to ,,?is ',,pollution'8 ,let u1 !n1   
ma9ta9 ! spotless dignity ( our         
pr(ession1 ) its well-des]v$ "* = purity
 ( morals1 & ?r[ aside ?is injuri\s     
practice ) indignant scorn1 rememb]+ t x
 is n m]e exposure ( ! p]son1 b ! dull+ 
( ! edge ( ! virg9 mode/y1 & !          
degradation ( ! pure m9ds ( ! daught]s (
 ,engl&1 :i* are to be avoid$4 ,dr      
,m>%all ,hall 9 ! ',lancet4'  ,dr4      
,dickson1 an em95t m$ical re=m]1 &      
accompli%$ surgeon & physician1 =m]ly on
 ! /aff1 & n[1 & = _m ye>s pa/1 9       
ext5sive practice 9 ,london1 says3--  ,b
 ( all ! m$ical quack]ies t h sprung up 
9 ^! times1 none c comp>e ) ! infam\s   
speculum treatm5t ( c]ta9 memb]s ( !    
faculty1 :o conf9e _! practice          
pr9cipally to females4 ,no matt] :at may
 be ! woman's real compla9t--a c\gh1 pa9
 ( ! side1 or any?+ else--%e is at once 
assur$ t x proce$s f 'disease ( ! womb4'

 ,a pret5d$ exam9ation mu/1 =soo?1 be   
gone ?r\gh1 :i*1 9 e case1 is made to   
confirm ! di%one/ assurance giv5 9 !    
fir/ in/ance4 ,! pati5t is =?)          
victimiz$1 week aft] week1 & mon? aft]  
mon?1 ) a ho/ ( op]ations1 = a disease  
:i*1 9 ! beg9n+1 at lea/1 nev] exi/$ at 
all1 b :i* is v soon br\ght on          
artificially by ! horrible appliances ( 
m51 :o ride 9 _! c>riages1 by ?is daily 
& h\rly outrage to ! con/itutions & !   
dec5cy ( our wom54--,! ,=bidd5 ,book1   
vol4 ii4 page #aie4  ,aga91 9 ! same "w1
 appe>s ! foll[+ lett]1 "u ! head (     
,ob/etric ,quack]y 9                    
,ed9burgh3--,,sir1--,! memb]s ( ! ,t[n  
,c\ncil ( ,ed9burgh are ! patrons ( !   
,univ]sity4 ,mo/ ( !m are kn[n to be    
consci5ti\s m51 & ke5ly alive to all t c
 affect ! hon\r & ! usefulness ( !      
in/itution ov] :i* !y preside4 ,x appe>s
 extraord9>y t !y %\ld h rema9$ s long  
unacqua9t$ ) ! leprosy :i* has infect$  
"s ( ! pr(essors2 or t !y %\ld n h      
summ>ily driv5 ^! p]sons f ! *airs !y 7 

pollut+1 :5 ! fact 0 discov]$4444 ,x is 
to him 7,dr4 ,simpson7 t we *iefly owe !
 inf9itely m dang]\s & disgu/+ quack]y 9
 midwif]y1 :i* rages l a pe/il5ce 9     
,london1 & 9 e t[n & village ?r\gh\t !  
empire1 & 9 "s ( our mo/ di/ant         
colonies4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 x may  
be suffici5t to enum]ate ! proce$+s to  
:i* ,i allude3 ,to ,dr4 ,simpson we owe 
! inv5tion ( ! dang]\s weapon call$ !   
ut]9e-s\nd or pok]--pess>ies :i* h ju/ly
 be5 designat$ inf]nal & impal+ ut]9e   
ma*9es1 to cure retrov]sions :i* nev]   
exi/$2 in/rum5ts = pump+ ! ut]us1 to    
excite m5/ruation2 & ! proposal to rub  
its inn] surface ) lun> cau/ic1 = ! same
 purpose4 ,to him we owe ! hy/]otome1 = 
slitt+ op5 ! os ut]i1 to cure /]ility2 &
 to 8 ef=ts1 m ?an any o!r individual1  
we are indebt$ = ! pr(ligate use ( !    
speculum :i* has prevail$1 & ! practice 
( de/roy+ ! os & c]vix ut]i ) cau/ic    
pota%4 ,to ,dr4 ,simpson we owe !       
attempt to revive ! brutal practice (   
turn+ 9 cases ( di/ortion ( ! pelvis2 ( 

attempt+ to sub/itute ! ,caes>ian       
op]ation = ! induction ( premature      
lab\r2 to him we owe ! attempt to subv]t
 ! e/abli%$ practice 9 plac5tal         
pres5tation1 by extraord9>y /ati/ic     
tables2 &1 la/ly1 we owe to ! g5ius ( ! 
,pr(essor ( ,midwif]y 9 ! ,univ]sity (  
,ed9burgh1 ! baby-suck]6 ,are ^!        
specim5s ( :at ! ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly      
,j\rnal = ?is mon? calls '! simple      
treatm5t taught & practis$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 
& :i*1 if adopt$ 9 ,london1 w\ld r$uce  
_m practition]s f com=t to />vation8'   
,we may well excuse ! memb]s ( ! ,t[n   
,c\ncil if !y are n s dext]\s 9         
h>liqu9ade z ! ,univ]sity ,pr(essor4--,i
 am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,,isaac  
,,irons1 ,m4,d4 ,sept41 #ahea4  ,we n[  
proce$ to quote ! words ( a ,fell[ ( !  
,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 :i* appe> 9
 a pamphlet entitl$1 ,! ,speculum3 its  
,moral ,t5d5cies4 ,we believe ! au?or to
 be v well kn[n1 bo? z a writ] 9 !      
m$ical p]iodicals1 & z a skilful &      
accompli%$ surgeon4 ,he says--,7 fame & 

=tune1 h[ev]1 ! only results1 7 ! public
 simply gull$1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 its   
consequ5ces to take ?is imposition out (
 ! ord9>y category4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is
 is n ! case4 ,! practices ( ^! m5 leave
 results ( a f> m s]i\s & la/+ "*1 n to 
be s\ght = among/ mat]ial ?+s1 b 9 !    
l[]$ & loos5$ /ate to :i* x is rapidly  
br++ ! morality ( ! c\ntry4  ,?is is a  
/rong ass]tion1 b n /rong] ?an ! facts t
 support x4 ,! pr(ession is well aw>e ( 
! baleful t5d5cy ( ! proce$+s ( ^! m51  
:il/ !y deplore _! inability to prev5t  
or to expose !m4 ,sc>cely a memb] ( x   
:om y meet b has a tale to tell ( _!    
practices1 :i*1 if made public1 w\ld br+
 ! mighty f _! seats2 b !re is too mu*  
indec5cy involv$ 9 ! disclosure to all[ 
( its publicity4 ,?us are !y d\bly h$g$2
 _! diploma *ecks suspicion1 :il/ !     
nature ( _! p]=mances secures !m        
secrecy4  ,to believe 9 ! necessity =   
?is con/ant & g5]al use ( ! speculum1 is
 to admit a sad det]ioration 9 nature   
itself4 ,ei!r ?is1 or t ant]ior         

g5]ations 7 great suff]]s )\t be+ aw>e (
 x4 ,p]haps1 l ! ,sp>tan boy !y endur$ 9
 sil5ce1 r ?an betray a want ( c\rage1  
or1 :at 0 m laudable1 a want ( delicacy4
  ,b ,i d n believe 9 ?is4 ,i believe ! 
workman%ip ( ! ,creator to be z p]fect  
n[ z ( yore1 & t ! mod]n & multitud9\s  
disord]s attribut$ to ! ut]9e sy/em are 
wick$ inv5tions put =? to sanction      
unnecess>y int]f]5ce4 ,:y1 if we are to 
believe ^! m51 !re is sc>cely a pati5t  
:o applies to !m t is n suff]+ f "o or !
 o!r ( ^! num]\s affections4 ,! womb1 ) 
!m1 is s inv>iably out ( ord] or out (  
position1 t disease & dislocation are m 
con/ant ?an its normal conditions4 ,"y  
or old1 m>ri$ or s+le1 :atev] _! age1   
:atev] _! condition1 ! same op9ion1 !   
same treatm5t1 v>i$ only 9 ! selection (
 ! in/rum5t4 ,no matt] :at ! compla9t1  
or :at ! ailm5t1 ! fons et origo mali is
 decl>$ to be ! ut]us4444  ,nor are ^!  
practices conf9$ to ! high prie/s 9 ^!  
temples ( immorality2 fai? 9 _!         
pr(essions n[ p]vades a l>ge portion (  

female society2 l ! flame 9 a /ubble    
field ! mania has spread1 ! conv]t      
quickly becomes ! proselyte1 & !        
consequ5ce is1 t "s m51 9 ! g5]al       
practice ( our pr(ession1 are induc$ to 
%ape _! treatm5t less by ! nature ( !   
compla9ts1 ?an ! sugge/ions ( _!        
pati5ts4444  ,! result ( ?is c be easily
 imag9$2 unskilfulness is associat$ )   
fraud4 ,! ,speculum is br\ght into play1
 & />tl+ are ! revelations made by its  
glitt]+ wall4 ,al>m$ or amus$1 no matt] 
:i*1 ! pati5t is secur$1 & rema9s long  
en\gh "u treatm5t to famili>ize h] )    
indec5cy1 & to enable ! practical h& ( !
 neophyte to atta9 ! t\r de maitre1 bo? 
9 h&l+ ! in/rum5t & ! fee4444  ,!n aga91
 ^! ut]9e compla9ts1 contr>y to ! laws t
 gov]n local affections1 are made to    
assume an almo/ epidemic "*1 = x is by  
no means uncommon to he> t sev]al memb]s
 ( ! same h\sehold are "u treatm5t1 z !y
 call x1 at ! same "t4444  ,b besides ^?
 :om ,i h m5tion$ z abus+ ! ,speculum1  
!re are o!rs1 :o1 m hone/1 yet n less   

dang]\s1 are1 unconsci\sly p]haps1      
contribut+ _! %>e to ?is "w (           
demoralization2 ,i mean t portion ( !   
pr(ession :o1 unable to =m op9ions =    
!mselves1 are ready at all times jur>e 9
 v]ba magi/ri1 adopt+ any practice1     
provid$ ! example be set 9 high         
places4444 ) ^! m5 "o w\ld l to deal    
*>itably2 b ! be/ ( motives mu/ n be    
all[$ to comp5sate ! consequ5ces (      
dang]\s acts2 ,,!y ,,mu/ ,,n ,,be       
,,all[$ ,,to ,,jeop>dise ,,! ,,mode/y   
,,( ,,! ,,sex1 ,,s ,,long ,,! ,,pride   
,,& ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,engl&4  ,t an   
in/rum5t1 capable 9 its application (   
su* wide-spread+ mis*ief1 %\ld possess  
"s comp5sat+ good1 "s p[] :]eby         
diseases1 hi!rto obscure & intractable1 
%\ld be compell$ to r5d] up ! morbid    
secrets on :i* !y re/1 & to take _!     
place among/ curable disord]s1 0 to h   
be5 expect$1 & _h ?is be5 s1 ! case w\ld
 /& f> diff]5tly4444  ,b un=tunately ?is
 is n ! case2 ! diseases "h allud$ to1  
?\gh obnoxi\s to its application1 in/ead

 ( be+ b5efit$ are mat]ially aggravat$  
by its use2 take1 = in/ance1 ! scirrh\s 
affections1 9 ^! cases its use is n only
 inefficaci\s1 b positively injuri\s--x 
only adds torture to torm5t4444  ,driv51
 !n1 f ! field ( real disease1 ^!       
advocates ( ! ,speculum are oblig$ to   
inve/ ) a false "* ailm5ts t ! pr(ession
 has hi!rto reg>d$ z too trifl+ to admit
 ( any save ! simple/ treatm5t4444 ,!   
,speculum has be5 greatly extoll$ z !   
means ( convey+ appliances imm$iately to
 ! p>ts affect$4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t 
! effects ( local rem$ies 9             
con/itutional affections are %ort-liv$ 9
 ! extreme1 or t ^? c h>dly be call$    
rem$ies1 t are notori\sly s sl[ 9 _!    
op]ation1 z to leave x d\btful :e!r !y h
 n1 aft] all1 be5 robb+ "t ( ! m]it ( ! 
recov]y4  ,t ! pr(ession is sil5t on ^! 
abuses is1 9 my op9ion1 to be deplor$4  
,su* sil5ce may arise f ! fe> t !       
d5unciation ( !m w\ld t5d to l[] x 9 !  
e/imation ( ! public1 m ?an ! cont9uance
 ( ! abuses !mselves4 ,yield+ to none 9 

! desire to uphold ! dignity ( my ord]1 
,i mu/ say t ,i %>e 9 no su*            
appreh5sions4 ,! public 9 return = !    
confid5ce !y repose 9 u1 h a "r to su*  
protection1 & if !y f9d t x has be5     
)held1 t1 9 a mi/ak5 solicitude = our   
own int]e/s1 we h neglect$ !irs1 !y w   
b9d u all up 9 "o common )e toge!r1 & ! 
diploma1 ?\gh x may /ill indicate ! man 
( sci5ce1 w cease to insure u ! position
 ( g5tlem54#cb  ,! la/ extract :i* we   
%all give appe>s 9 ! ,lancet1 a         
p]iodical ^: v title is beh9d ! age1    
indicative ( pr(essional bigotry1 a     
record ( antiquat$ fallacy & prejudice4 
,! tide mu/ surely be on ! turn1 or !   
exposure ( ^! speculumiz+ villa9ies w\ld
 nev] h be5 p]mitt$ to grace its        
columns3--  ,on ! use ( ! speculum 9 !  
diagnosis & treatm5t ( ut]9e diseases1  
by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,lee1 ! au?or ref]r$ to !
 tabul> /atem5t ( #bbj cases ( real &   
imag9>y disease ( ! ut]us1 publi%$ 9 !  
#ch? volume ( ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical      
,transactions1 & pres5t$ 9 a simil>     

tabul> =m ! details 7(7 eighty          
additional cases1 :i* _h s9ce come "u 8 
obs]vation4 ,( ! #cjj pati5ts =ty-sev5 7
 unm>ri$1 "o _h b>ely complet$ h]       
eighte5? ye>1 sev]al 7 "u tw5ty1 & !    
majority "u ?irty ye>s ( age1 & 7 suff]+
 f hy/]ia1 leucorrhoea1 dysm5orrhoea1 or
 "s n]v\s affection ( ! ut]us1 )\t      
inflammation1 ulc]ation1 or any         
/ructural disease or displacem5t ( !    
organ4 ,9 ,case #bef ! pati5t _h be5    
told t ! womb 0 prolaps$ & mu* ulc]at$1 
& an in/rum5t _h be5 introduc$ = six    
weeks1 ) an aggravation ( all !         
symptoms4 ,! hym5 0 f\nd s p]fect on    
exam9ation t x 0 impossible to rea* ! os
 ut]i )\t us+ an unju/ifiable degree (  
viol5ce4 ,on ! gr\nd ( morality1 & on e 
o!r gr\nd1 he c\ld see no def5ce = !    
employm5t ( ! speculum 9 ^! =ty-sev5    
cases4 ,( ! #cjj pati5ts sev5ty 7 b>r51 
& ! /]ility 0 n remov$1 nor ! o!r       
symptoms reliev$ 9 a s+le in/ance4      
,,sev]al ,,( ,,^! ,,individuals ,,spoke 
,,) ,,horror ,,& ,,%ame ,,( ,,!         

,,treatm5t ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,_h ,,be5   
,,submitt$4 ,a consid]able numb] ( !    
cases 7 suff]+ f canc]\s disease1 9 all 
( :i* ! symptoms seem$ to h be5         
aggravat$ by ! treatm5t4 ,9 ,case #bcf !
 "* ( ! disease 0 unmi/akable1 b aft] an
 exam9ation ) ! speculum a fav\rable    
prognosis _h be5 giv51 & ! actual caut]y
 employ$ = mon?s1 & hopes ( recov]y held
 out to ! la/4 ,! au?or express$ 8      
conviction t nei!r 9 ! liv+ nor 9 ! dead
 body _h he ev] se5 a case ( simple     
ulc]ation f *ronic inflammation ( ! os  
or c]vix ut]i2 & to apply ! t]m to /ates
 ( ! os ut]i 9 :i* ! muc\s membrane or1 
z x is t]m$ by "s1 ! basem5t membrane1  
is n de/roy$ by ulc]ation1 0 an abuse ( 
t]ms calculat$ only to deceive & mislead
 ! memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 f :om ! 
tru? has be5 c>efully conceal$4 ,!      
speculum emanates f ! syphilitic w>ds ( 
! hospitals at ,p>is1 & x w\ld h be5    
bett] = ! wom5 ( ,engl& _h its use be5  
conf9$ to ^? in/itutions4--,! ,lancet1  
,july #be1 #aheg4  ,su* is ! language ( 

e>ne/1 hon\rable m51 :o h d>$ to dispel1
 by ! light ( true philosophy1 ! fog (  
sci5tific rascaldom--t empiric haze s   
desolat+1 s de/ructive to ! inwrapp$ &  
bl9d$ public4 ,few w d5y t !re are1 9 ! 
=ego+ extracts1 s5tim5ts :i* d hon\r to 
_! au?ors1 & revelations = :i* society  
%\ld feel ! deepe/ gratitude4  ,7 we to 
relate ! numb]s ( weak & delud$         
creatures :o1 ^u ! slighte/ pretext1    
submit to ?is accurs$ rite1 x w\ld appe>
 incr$ible4 ,we "k t "o fa%ionable      
pret5d] to peculi> skill 9 ! diagno/ics 
( ut]9e affections1 has boa/$ ( five su*
 exam9ations 9 "o family 9 a s+le day6 &
 t ano!r has spok5 ( ! exposure ( fifty 
wom5 to 8 pr(essional gaze 9 ! same     
space ( "t4 ,^! are facts--horrible1 b  
und5iable1 facts6 ,o %ame6 :]e is ?y    
blu%8 ,o woman6 :]e is ?y vaunt$ mode/y1
 9 a c\ntry ta9t$ by su* unspeakable &  
hide\s my/]ies1 p]mitt$--nay1 tacitly   
enc\rag$--z !y are1 "u ! hypocritical   
guise ( sci5tific discov]y1 & ! pret5d$ 
mitigation ( human ills8 ,is x possible 

t 9 ?is age1 & 9 ?is our l&1 m5 %\ld be 
f\nd s utt]ly ins5sate1 s begg>$ ( all  
feel+1 s lo/ to all ! *ivalry ( manhood1
 t1 ) ?is libid9\s iniquity made pat5t1 
!y w\ld n arise1 &1 9 "o mighty &       
ov]:elm+ surge ( execration1 cru% its   
p]petrators1 & aboli% ?is obsc5e        
invasion ( m>ital rights4 ,no6 p]i% !   
?\ght6 ,! azure blood1 :i* ?robb$ &     
pulsat$ 9 ! ,briti% he>t 9 ^? f> (f days
 ( ! second ,ri*>d1 :5 ! indec5t        
outrages ( ! poll-tax ga!r]s la%$ ! p   
into fury at _! daught]s' wrongs1 /ill  
runs 9 ! ve9s ( ,engli%m52 & we w n     
believe t ! halo ( purity1 :i* made !   
homes ( m]rie ,engl& ! wat*word ( our   
sires1 c h dep>t$ = ev] f ^? ( _!       
desc5dants4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,!     
*>ie/ maid is prodigal en\gh1   ,if %e  
unmask h] beauty to ! moon2   ,virtue   
itself 'scapes n calumni\s /rokes2   ,! 
cank] galls ! infants ( ! spr+1   ,too  
(t be=e _! buttons be disclos$2   ,& 9 !
 morn & liquid dew ( y\?1   ,contagi\s  
bla/m5ts are mo/ imm95t4   ,be w>y1 !n1 

be/ safety lies 9 fe>4   ,we h already1 
9 ! =ego+ pages1 quot$ ! words (        
,r\ssel1 a celebrat$ ,fr5* physician ( !
 la/ c5tury1 ^: delicate & s5sitive m9d 
revolt$ at ! indec5cy ( ! practice :i*  
_h !n b lately be5 adopt$ 9 8 c\ntry2 & 
be=e we proce$ to quote m l>gely f !    
same au?or1 we ?9k x prop] t our read]s 
%\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! man :o 
s lov+ly ex]t$ 8 great tal5ts to release
 8 c\ntrywom5 f ! gross ?raldom (       
design+ *>latans & empirical impo/ors4  
,dr4 ,c]ise1 9 ! acc\nt ( ,r\ssel       
prefix$ to ! edition ( ! ,physical &    
,moral ,sy/em ( ,wom51 publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 
#ahee1 says3 ,among ! celebrat$         
physicians t ,france has produc$1 a     
great numb] h di/+ui%$ !mselves n only  
by _! erudition1 b /ill m by ! elegance 
( _! language1 by ! elevation ( _!      
s5tim5ts1 by ! pr(undity ( _!           
conceptions2 _! names belong to lett]s &
 philosophy1 z mu* z to m$ic9e4 ,r\ssel 
is a memb] ( t glori\s family ( ,petits1
 ,bordeus1 ,vicq-d',azyrs1 ,cabanis1    

,alib]ts1 :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 is      
hon\rably repres5t$ by two writ]s1      
,p>iset & ,reveille-,p>ise4 ,?r\gh !m   
m$ic9e is n only a useful1 b x is also  
an agreeable sci5ce4  ,let u hope1 t s  
illu/ri\s a family w n become ext9ct1 & 
t desc5dants wor?y ( x w fai?fully keep 
alive ! sacr$ fire1 p]petually ?reat5$  
by ! freez+ brea? ( sci5tific           
mat]ialism4  ,r\ssel 0 born at ,ax1 9 ! 
dep>tm5t ( ,ariege1 9 #agdb4 ,8         
education1 comm5c$ 9 t t[n1 0 f9i%$ at  
,t\l\se4 ,8 ta/e = m$ical /udy manife/$ 
itself e>ly4 ,he betook himself to      
,montpelli]1 :]e he pr(it$ by !         
sci5tific lectures ( ,lamure1 ,v5el1 &  
,b>!z4 ,^! m$ical /udies complet$1 he 0 
desir\s ( fur!r in/ruction1 & came to   
,p>is4 ,he closely alli$ himself )      
,bordeu4 ,?is physician1 accord+ to !   
expression ( ,alib]t1 0 too illu/ri\s to
 be happy2 ! fri5d%ip ( ,r\ssel consol$ 
8 vexations2 b ,bordeu soon di$1 &      
,r\ssel _h ! melan*oly commission to    
pron\nce 8 fun]al elogy4 ,we are assur$ 

t love 0 ! g5ius ( ,r\ssel4 ,he 0 /ill v
 "y1 says 8 biograph]1 :5 ?is s5tim5t 0 
awak5$ 9 8 s\l2 x 0 !n t 8 inspir$      
imag9ation began to m$itate on ! ta/es1 
! mann]s1 ! passions1 & ! habits ( wom51
 & t he made a con/ant /udy ( _!        
physical con/itution1 & ( ! moral       
attributes :i* !y d]iv$ f x4 ,he soon   
arrang$ ! fruits :i* he _h collect$1 &  
compos$ a body ( sci5ce int]e/+ z its   
subject4  ,?us 0 writt5 ! ,physical &   
,moral ,sy/em ( ,woman4 ,?is treatise1  
:i* agre$ 9 its developm5t ) a title s  
impos+1 has rema9$ sup]ior to all ^? :i*
 h be5 writt5 ^u woman1 )\t except+ !   
rem>kable "w ( ,m4 ,virey1 :i* fail$1   
p]haps1 9 eclips+ t ( ,r\ssel1 solely f 
its sev]] me?od & m sci5tific mann] (   
treatm5t4 ,he soon und]took ano!r       
treatise1 int5d$ to s]ve z a p5dant to !
 =m]4 ,?is new treatise1 entitl$ !      
,physical & ,moral ,sy/em ( ,man1 0 n   
complet$1 :i*1 judg+ f :at he _h        
publi%$1 is mu* to be regrett$4 ,he     
caus$ to be ins]t$ 9 ! j\rnals ( ! day1 

,an ,essay on ,s5sibility2 ,an ,acc\nt (
 ,madame ,helvetius2 a %ort diss]tation1
 entitl$1 ,hi/oric ,d\bts on ,sappho2 "s
 rem>ks ',on ! ,sympa?ies4' ,he _h      
comm5c$ a l5g!n$ "w on ,/ahl1 !         
celebrat$ head ( ! m$ical college1 call$
 ,animi/1 b ?is "w rema9$ unpubli%$2 he 
review$ ! "w ( ,madame de ,/ael1 ^u !   
,aff9ities ( ,lit]ature ) ,social       
,in/itutions2 he appli$ himself to      
combat ! doctr9e ( ! indef9ite          
p]fectibility ( ! human _s1 develop$ by 
,condorcet1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable      
writ+s4 ,! problem 0 !n propos$ 9 t]ms  
su* z c\ld n af=d any satisfactory      
conclusion--z yet ! sci5ce ( hi/ory did 
n exi/4 ,he wrote ^u ! "r ( mak+ a w1   
:i* he reg>d$ z inviolable &            
imprescriptible2 he address$ public     
exhortations to political electors1 to  
rem9d !m ( _! duties & ( _! rights2 he  
admir$ ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus1 &     
publi%$ a diss]tation on ! gov]nm5t (   
,sp>ta4 ,x is ?us t ! empire (          
circum/ances "u :i* ,france at pres5t   

exi/s dom9ates ov] all m9ds4 ,r\ssel1   
yet m$itat+ ) a t5d] p>tiality ^u !     
physical & moral con/itution ( woman1   
c\ld n resi/ desc5d+ into ! ar5a (      
political discussion4 ,?anks to !       
mod]ation ( 8 "*1 8 voice1 9 ! mid/ (   
revolution>y /orms1 0 h>dly und]/ood1 & 
8 exi/5ce 0 n di/urb$4  ,r\ssel lov$    
retirem5t & unaffect$ mann]s4 ,traits ( 
a *>m+ simplicity are relat$ ( him4     
,alib]t congratulat+ him "o day on !    
m>riage ( "o ( 8 bro!rs1 sugge/$ t he   
%\ld foll[ 8 example & m>ry4 ',i assure 
y1' repli$ ! irresolute ba*elor1 't ?is 
idea (t5 occurs to me1 b "o mu/ g be=e !
 prie/1 be=e ! magi/rate--!re is no end 
to ! affair4' ,!re are p]sons = :om     
pleas+ & indef9ite fantasies h a *>m :i*
 !y love to prolong2 !y seem to dread a 
real happ9ess :i* might deprive         
imag9ation ( its mo/ smil+ visions4     
,r\ssel 0 "o ( ^! p]sons4 ,he 0 smitt5 )
 a viol5t passion = a "y & beautiful    
p]son :om he _h re/or$ to heal?4 ,happy1
 d\btless1 9 secretly be>+ a *]i%$ image

 9 8 he>t1 he refra9$ f giv+ utt]ance to
 8 ?\ghts4 ,"o day x 0 ann\nc$ t ?is    
p]son 0 go+ to be m>ri$4 ',ah1' cri$ he1
 ',i am s griev$2 ,i c\ld n h believ$   
x2' & he %$ abundant te>s ( regret4 ,he 
0 (t5 sorr[ful2 9 "o ( ^! fits (        
melan*oly1 he ran at midnight to a      
physician ( 8 acqua9tance--',my head    
turns1' said he2 ',i feel myself v ill4 
,i am come to y to implore y\r          
att5tion4' ,imb]t reassur$ him1 & calm$ 
8 al>m$ imag9ation4 ,! two fri5ds engag$
 9 conv]sation1 & ,r\ssel =got 8 malady4
  ,r\ssel 0 good2 b5evol5ce1 a quality s
 preci\s to a physician1 0 9 him lovely 
& expansive4 ,:5 he suff]$1 /udy 0 an   
asylum = 8 grief1 a refuge = 8 afflict$ 
_s4 ,he f\nd 9 ! joys ( ! m9d a def5ce  
aga9/ ! sorr[s ( ! he>t4 ,8 int]nal     
agitations dissipat$ !mselves ?us )\t   
gall & )\t bitt]ness4 ,8 excell5ce 0    
pro( ev5 aga9/ evil days4 ,he liv$ poor1
 b ! affectionate & delicate hospitality
 ( a respectable family nev] all[$ him  
to p]ceive x4 ,he c\ld1 ?anks to ! c>e (

 ,m4 ,falaize1 neglect1 q at 8 ease1 bo?
 8 affairs & 8 =tune1 ex]cise 8         
pr(ession ) ! confid5t & noble fre$om s 
agreeable to elevat$ m9ds2 m$itate )\t  
int]ruption ^u ,plato1 ,plut>*1 &       
,rabelais1 & )draw himself1 )\t p]il1 f 
^? petty torm5ts :i* impose !mselves "u 
! "n ( social proprieties4 ,a p]fect    
c\rtesy ) him 0 m>vell\sly alli$ to good
 nature a little r\gh1 & :i* 0 n )\t a  
da% ( mis*ief4 ,r\ssel no m s\ght hon\rs
 ?an =tune4 ,he refus$ ! (f] ( an       
hon\rable employm5t1 made to him by !   
,great ,fr$]ic4 ,he fail$1 h[ev]1 to be 
call$ to ! legislative body4 ,he want$  
only two votes4 ,p[]ful fri5ds _h       
design$ him = ! ,tribune%ip4 ,he decl9$ 
t hon\r1 urg+ ! weakness ( 8 voice1 & 8 
timidity4 ,r\ssel 0 timid ?r\gh excess (
 mode/y4  ,r\ssel 0 end[$ ) a delicate  
con/itution4 ,he _h be5 suff]+ m ?an    
usual = _m days1 :5 he quitt$ ,p>is to  
retire into ! c\ntry1 to ,m4 ,falaize1  
ne> ,*ateaudun4 ,enfeebl$ by prolong$   
suff]+s1 he soon yield$ to ! attack ( a 

fev] :i* rag$ epidemically 9 !          
neighb\rhood4 ,he sank "u x ! second    
complem5t>y day ( ! ye> ,x4 7#ahjb71 ag$
 ab\t sixty ye>s4 ,r\ssel _h possess$   
devot$ fri5ds2 ^? :o surviv$ him rema9$ 
fai?ful to 8 memory4 ,alib]t record$ 8  
life ) t\*+ eloqu5ce4 ,he did m2 he     
collect$ 8 pr9cipal writ+s1 ( :i* "s 7  
dissem9at$ 9 ! j\rnals1 & publi%$ an    
edition ( 8 works4  ,?is acc\nt (       
,r\ssel1 brief z x is1 w suffice to in=m
 our read]s t he 0 no ord9>y man1 & t1 f
 8 le>n+1 & long exp]i5ce z a physician1
 8 op9ions & reflections ^u ! pret5d$   
art ( man-midwif]y are entitl$ to !     
greate/ respect4 ,^? :o w\ld ridicule 8 
s5tim5ts1 & treat 8 argum5ts z false &  
vision>y1 & 8 ideas z antiquat$ &       
unsuit$ to ! ta/e & advancem5t ( !      
pres5t day1 are ^? :o1 f mean &         
despicable motives ( self-int]e/1 w\ld  
confirm ! vici\s sy/em :i* ,r\ssel has  
d5\nc$1 &1 :ile de/roy+ woman's mode/y1 
w\ld erect _! own =tune on its ru9s4    
,t[>ds ! end ( ! preface to ! ,physical 

& ,moral ,sy/em ( ,woman1 w be f\nd !   
foll[+ s5t5ces1 :i* we w\ld comm5d to ! 
s]i\s consid]ation ( e man ^: s5se (    
dec5cy has n be5 altoge!r oblit]at$1 &  
^: m9d /ill reta9s any ( ^? f9] feel+s1 
:i* ,god1 :5 he made man 9 8 own image1 
implant$ 9 ! human brea/4 ,x is n !     
same1 p]haps1 ) ! abuses introduc$ by t 
art1 almo/ unkn[n among ! anci5ts1 :i*1 
"u ! pret5ce ( assi/+ nature 9 produc+  
man1 itself sometimes prev5ts 8 see+ !  
light1 9 attempt+ to d t :i* %e unaid$  
c\ld m effectually p]=m2 :i* en]vates 9 
woman1 by effem9acy & ! ne$less l5g!n+  
out ( precautions1 ! in/9ct1 :i* alone  
puts !m 9 a condition to d )\t x4 ,9    
f9e1 :i*1 by a usage1 z indec5tly z     
unreasonably repeat$ 9 m5's att5dance ^u
 wom51 enfeebles1 & at l5g? annihilates 
! s5tim5t :i* mo/ adorns ! sex4 ,i h    
made "s reflections ^u ?is pret5d$ art 9
 ! *apt] :i* treats ( natural lab\r4    
,aga91 9 ! *apt] on pregnancy1 ,r\ssel  
speaks trumpet-tongu$1 n only aga9/ !   
indelicacy1 b ( ! absolute inutility (  

^? digital exam9ations p] vag9am n[ 9   
vogue1 & s dogmatically prescrib$ 9 !   
text books ( midwif]y4  ,z ! in/ant :5 a
 woman conceives does n manife/ itself 9
 h] by any well *>act]iz$ expression1 & 
! consequ5ces ( ?is act rema9 = "s "t   
conceal$ by a ?ick veil1 t _s ( unre/   
:i* orda9s t man1 dissatisfi$ ) ! pres5t
 :i* he may enjoy1 %\ld ev] press on    
t[>ds t future1 :i* he p]haps %all nev] 
see1 induces him to seek ) eag]ness ! z 
yet hidd5 signs ( pregnancy1 & to "q    
nature long be=e %e deigns to speak4 ,m5
 might1 9 ?is respect1 sp>e !mselves !  
torm5ts ( ne$less impati5ce1 s9ce x c   
nei!r accel]ate nor ret>d its object4 ,x
 w\ld be mu* m 9 ord] to wait pati5tly  
until ! natural signs !mselves ann\nce  
pregnancy1 ?an t ! t5tatives by :i* x is
 pret5d$ !y are anticipat$ %\ld annoy   
wom5 weak en\gh to submit to !m1 )\t    
?r[+ any m light on ! motive :i* sugge/s
 a rec\rse to !m4  ,^! t5tatives are !  
"w ( a %ameless *>latanism1 :i* solicits
 !m1 & :i* disports itself ) *a/ity &   

dec5cy1 to e/abli% its empire ^u ! ru9s 
( a virtue to :i* ! sex owes its own mo/
 solid f\ndations4  ,we "h feel         
ourselves compell$ to in=m wom51 t ^?   
:om !y employ at ?is k9d ( trials       
deceive !m1 9 affect+ a k :i* !y d n    
possess4 ,all in=mation d]iv$ f ! t\* is
 v unc]ta94 ,! concurr5ce ( ext]nal &   
obvi\s signs c alone be reckon$ on2 su* 
z ! increas$ size ( ! abdom51 ! swell+ (
 ! bosom1 prec$$ by qualms1 nausea1 &   
suppression ( ! m5ses4 ,b ! mo/ decisive
 ( all1 by ! actual av[al ( all         
m5-midwives1 ! sole indubitable pro(    
consi/s 9 ! movem5ts ( ! infant1 :i*    
make !mselves felt t[>ds ! f\r? mon? (  
pregnancy4 ,?us wom5 c in=m !mselves    
bett] ?an any "o :e!r !y are ) *ild1 & !
 m5-midwives1 :o are =c$ !mselves to    
ackn[l$ge ?is1 ought to erase f _!      
treatises on midwif]y ! nons5sical rules
 :i* !y give ^u ! t\*4#cc ,to give an   
idea ( ! solidity & wisdom ( ^! rules1  
,i ne$ cite b "o1 tak5 f a "w ( "o ( !  
mo/ celebrat$ m5-midwives4 ',:5 "o is   

call$ on1' says he1 'to exam9e a girl by
 ! t\* = "s suspicion ( pregnancy1#cd "o
 ought at fir/ to introduce ! f+] )     
caution1 = fe> ( defl[]+ h]1 if %e 0 n  
s4' ,is n ?is ! v climax ( absurdity to 
be will+1 ^u ! simple suspicion ( an    
evil :i*1 p]haps1 is imag9>y1 to produce
 a real injury1 to expose "o's self1 = !
 sake ( kn[+ :e!r a girl _h committ$ a  
fault1 to ! r5d]+ m easy to h] all ^?   
:i* %e might commit 9 future1 by de/roy+
 ! prime bulw>k :i* 9 h] opposes itself 
to vice2 9 f9e1 to defl[] a girl 9 ord] 
to discov] :e!r %e _h lo/ h]            
virg9ity8#ce ,& unhappily aga9 = ! rule1
 ! means :i* x po9ts out are insuffici5t
 to atta9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,x is f "t
 alone t ?is revelation may be expect$4 
,?ree or f\r mon?s ( pati5ce w enlight5 
y m ?an c ?is dang]\s practice1 !       
disgraceful essays ( :i* are worse ?an !
 d\bts t !y w\ld dissipate4 ,al?\gh !   
inconv5i5ces ( ?is practice are n s     
consid]able = wom5 z = girls1 we w\ld   
nev] d !m ! inju/ice to suppose1 t x    

w\ld n be pa9ful = !m to cons5t to an   
exam9ation :i* ought to humiliate !m 9  
_! own eyes1 & :i* mu/ sometimes r5d] !m
 contemptible 9 ! eyes ( o!rs3 !y %\ld  
free !mselves f ?is tortur+ c]emony1    
?\gh !re 0 no o!r reason = x ?an its    
inutility = ! object :i* induces !m to  
submit to x4#cf ,aga91 9 ! *apt] on     
natural lab\r1 ,r\ssel says3--  ,f9al   
causes1 :i* "s philosoph]s w\ld bani% z 
a b>r5 pr9ciple 7:i* is p]haps true 9   
natural philosophy71 are 9 m$ic9e !     
f\ndation ( ! mo/ solid tru?s1 :i* !    
anci5ts1 & above all1 ,hippocrates1 h   
transmitt$ to u4 ,!y h p]haps suppos$ t 
x 0 too trite & too commonplace to ?9k t
 ! ,creator1 :o presid$ at ! =mation (  
our bodies1 _h made ! m\? to eat1 ! eyes
 to see1 & ! e>s to he>4 ,we "k n if x  
requir$ mu* ef=t & subtle reason+ to    
dive/ !m ( ! fir/ ideas ( common s5se1 b
 x seems to u1 t !y :o reject altoge!r  
f9al causes disc>d p]haps z mu* tru? z  
^? :o h mo/ misus$ !m1 = x mu/ be own$1 
t c]ta9 writ]s h made a /range use ( !m4

 ,n to travel out ( ! subject :i*       
occupies u1 we may quote ,m4 ,a/ruc1#cg 
:o alleges t ! cov]+s ( ! foetus1 9     
engag+ !mselves at ! same "t ) x 9 !    
orifice ( ! womb1 s]ve to l9e t passage1
 & to def5d x aga9/ ! bruis+s ( !       
foetus1 & ! f+]s ( ! midwife4 ,to       
suppose t nature1 9 arrang+ ! objects   
:i* %\ld assi/ deliv]y1 _h contemplat$ !
 awkw>dness ( male & female midwives1 is
 to impute to h] a =esight :i* unhappily
 w\ld be only too necess>y1 b t %e _h   
little = ! errors t we are able to      
commit4 ,%e has done all = ! be/ 9 our  
fav\r1 s mu* ! worse = u if we m> h] "w4
 ,x mu/ be1 said ! same au?or1 t its    
face 7( ! foetus7 0 turn$ f ! side ( !  
os sacrum1 to prev5t its nose f be+     
cru%$ by ! bones ( ! pubes1 & t x might 
n be suffocat$ by ! wat]s ( ! amnios4 ,a
 *ild t _h be5 liv+ n9e mon?s 9 wat] to 
be suffocat$1 :5 pass+ out ( x1 by a few
 drops6 ,o ,a/ruc6 h y well consid]$    
?is8  ,)\t1 !n1 ascrib+ to nature       
frivol\s fe>s1 or conf9+ h] to details  

:i* %e disda9s1 we may reasonably       
believe t aft] hav+ allot$ to diff]5t   
organs de/9$ to aid 9 g5]ation1 !       
modifications mo/ suitable to !         
conception ( ! *ild1 & its pres]vation  
dur+ pregnancy1 %e w\ld af=d ^? also :i*
 %\ld1 ) ! lea/ inconv5i5ce1 effect its 
exit f ! mat]nal bosom4#ch  ,aft]       
describ+ ! process ( nature 9           
p>turition1 ,r\ssel goes on to say3--,o 
,rub5s6 ,i leave to y\r p5cil ! c>e (   
express+ t t\*+ /ate 9 :i* ! la/        
impressions ( abat$ pa9 /ill t+e !      
s]5ity ( pure/ joy2 :]e ! melan*oly1    
caus$ by suff]+s n[ t]m9at+1 is n yet   
effac$ by ! mo/ delightful s5tim5ts :i* 
c animate ! s\l2 :]e ! dread ( los+     
life1 natural en\gh 9 suff]+1 gives     
place to ! delici\s pleasure ( hav+     
pres5t$ x to a new be+4 ,b :]e=e mu/ x  
be1 t ?is /ate is ! price ( a tra9 (    
inconv5i5ces1 & a gradation ( suff]+ (t5
 insupportable2 & :y are we "h compell$ 
to envy ! k9ds ( animals among/ :i*     
pregnancy is )\t emb>rassm5t1 & deliv]y 

almo/ )\t a pang1 or at lea/ exempt f ! 
sad or fatal consequ5ces :i* s (t5 foll[
 x 9 ! human species8 ,x w\ld1          
nev]!less1 be wrong to tax nature )     
inju/ice4#ci ,we yet f9d races 9 :om h] 
primitive impress has nev] be5 effac$ by
 ! abuses ( a ref9$ society1 & among/   
:om wom5 enjoy ne>ly ! same privileges z
 ! females ( animals4  ,! wom5 ( !      
,o/iaks1 x is said1#dj nev] h any       
uneas9ess ab\t ! "t ( _! deliv]y1 & take
 none ( ^? precautions :i* ,european    
effem9acy r5d]s almo/ indisp5sable4 ,!y 
are deliv]$ :]ev] !y may happ5 to be )\t
 any inconv5i5ce2 !y1 or ! p]sons :o    
assi/ !m1 plunge ! new-born infant into 
wat] or sn[1 & ! "m returns imm$iately  
to h] ord9>y occupations1 or cont9ues h]
 m>*1 if on a j\rney4#da ,z ^! p dwell 9
 ! vic9ity ( ! ,samoeides1#db betwe5 !  
fifty-n9? & sixtie? degree ( nor?       
latitude1 !y d n fail to attribute ?is  
vigor\s con/itution to ! sev]ity ( !    
climate4  ,mean:ile1 9 ! same hi/ory1 we
 read t ! wives ( ! dwell]s 9 ! isl& (  

,ambo9a1 t[>ds ! ?ird degree ( s\?      
latitude1 are 9 ! same category2 & !    
au?or or compil] ( t hi/ory1 9 report+ !
 fact1 discov]s ! cause ( x 9 ! heat ( !
 climate1 :i* r5d]s wom5's memb]s supple
 & capable ( accommodat+ !mselves ) ease
 to ! lab\rs ( p>turition4 ,"o may      
p]ceive f ?is h[ v]satile are !         
explanations obta9$ f cold & heat1 & h[1
 9 ! j>gon ( me*anicians1 causes        
altoge!r opposite c s]ve ) m            
vraisemblance ?an actual tru? = pro( ( !
 same effect4 ,we repeat aga91 ! effect 
( mann]s & cu/om is n (t5 en\gh         
consid]$4 ,9 all climates nature has    
giv5 bo? to man & brute ! faculties     
necess>y = fulfill+ ! functions ( life )
 ease4 ,! =m] has v (t5 p]v]t$ _! use1  
believ+ t luxuri\sness1 precautions1 &  
an abundance ( all ?+s c\ld supply _!   
place4  ,)\t seek+ = examples beyond ^? 
to :i* we %all ref]1 we might disabuse  
ourselves ( s dang]\s an error1 if we   
w\ld comp>e1 )\t prejudice1 ev5 9 our   
own climate1 ! wom5 9 ! rural di/ricts )

 ^? resid5t 9 t[ns4 ,! =m]1 hav+ _!     
att5tion cont9ually div]t$ by _!        
necess>y occupations1 (t5 f9d !mselves 9
 ! middle ( _! pregnancy almo/ )\t      
p]ceiv+ x1 & ?is is already a great deal
 ga9$4 ,?is novel /ate1 )\t *ang+ any?+ 
9 ! c\rse ( _! heal?1 or 9 _! way (     
liv+1 obliges only "s prep>ations m     
necess>y = ! infant ?an = !mselves4     
,arriv$ at ! end ( ! n9? mon? 7z !y are 
nev] 9 a hurry to lie 97 !y d n         
aggravate ! tr\bles :i* accompany ?is   
function by ! anxieties ( vexati\s      
expectation4 ,nature sometimes surprises
 !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! ru/ic employm5ts 9 :i* 
!y are occupi$ dur+ _! pregnancy1 & :i* 
only prep>e !m ! bett] to support ^? (  
lab\r4 ,f9d+ 9 !m heal?y organs & a calm
 m9d1 %e op]ates )\t ob/ruction1 &1 9   
consequ5ce1 deliv]s !m ) less suff]+ & m
 cel]ity4#dc ,! consequ5ces ( lab\r1 :i*
 are1 to ! majority ( wom5 9 t[ns1 9 "p 
a real malady1 & p>tly a k9d ( etiquette
 & conv5tion1 :i* subjects !m1 dur+ a   
fix$ p]iod1 to ! regim5 ( sick p]sons1  

:5 !y h ceas$ to be s1 are almo/ no?+ to
 wom5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,nature1 hav+ nei!r   
caprice nor excess to combat 9 !m1 only 
occupies h]self = _! re-e/abli%m5t2 & z 
!y yield no?+ to cu/om or op9ion1 !y    
enjoy z mu* z possible ! fav\rs (       
nature4 ,!y h n "t to crawl me?odically1
 dur+ _m weeks1 f _! b$ to a s(a2 !y h  
almo/ always t c\rage :i* increases _!  
p[]s1 & :i* necessity sometimes gives   
ev5 to wom5 resid5t 9 t[ns4 ,among ^!   
ev5 x is by no means r>e to see ! wives 
( poor workm51 :o walk to a midwife at !
 mom5t ( p>turition1 & :o return ! next 
day free & exempt f accid5ts1 :i* !     
woman ( high] rank does n always escape1
 9 ! mid/ ( ! /udi$ precautions :i* are 
tak5 on h] acc\nt2 _! condition 9 life  
does n p]mit !m to be inconv5i5c$ = m   
?an ?ree or f\r days4 ,x seems t nature 
gives u p[]s 9 proportion to ! necessity
 t we h to make use ( !m4 ,we h kn[n a  
"y girl :o f\nd ! means to conceal f h] 
p>5ts ! humiliat+ signs ( h] weakness1 &
 ! op]ation :i* reliev$ h] f x4 ,z h]   

pregnancy 0 n legitimate1 %e _h n ! "r  
to be an invalid4#dd  ,z = mo/ wom5 9   
t[ns1 & above all ^? ( ! upp] classes1  
in/ead ( c\rage capable ( annihilat+ !  
s5tim5t ( evil1 all concurs to n\ri% a  
pusillanimity 9 !m1 :i* r5d]s x m vivid4
 ,! eag] curiosity ) :i* !y endeav\r to 
f9d out :e!r !y are pregnant1 ! new     
regim5 to :i* !y submit !mselves :5 !y  
are decl>$ to be s1 ! prep>ations1 !    
anxieties1 ! al>ms1 real or feign$1 :i* 
reign ar\nd !m1 ! numb] ( p]sons :o     
besiege !m1 ! inaction to :i* !y are    
condemn$1 %\ld give !m a frightful idea 
( _! /ate1 & w\ld seem to deprive !m ( !
 ability to make use ( _! prop] p[]s1 & 
s to r5d] !m ( no effect4 ,! feebl5ess &
 in]tia ( _! m9ds1 pass+ to _! organs1  
_c b dispose !m to a /ormy pregnancy1 & 
prep>e !m = a pa9ful & sometimes fatal  
lab\r4 ,! in/9ct :i* wat*es = !         
pres]vation ( our lives1 :i* kn[s s well
 h[ to manage its res\rces 9 ! mo/ s]i\s
 evils1 mu/ weak5 & lose itself amid/ ! 
?rong ( succ\rs ) :i* ! pati5ts are     

sometimes ov]:elm$4 ,:at c\ld x h to d  
:5 s _m are act+ = x8  ,deliv]y is an   
animal function :i*1 9 all likelihood1  
nature _h no desire to r5d] a disease4  
,?is function ex]cises itself almo/ )\t 
pa9 & )\t dang] 9 ! brute4 ,9 all places
 :]e ! means ( assi/+ x h nev] be5 r$uc$
 to art1 wom5 h ord9>ily lab\rs less    
sev]e & m =tunate ?an 9 ^? localities   
:i* sw>m ) acc\*eurs & midwives4 ,:5ce  
comes ?is di/9ction1 if x is n f !      
diff]5ce ( mann]s & me?ods ( treatm5t 9 
! "o & ! o!r1 or f ! abuse :i*1 9 !     
latt] places1 is made ( a pret5d$       
sci5ce8  ,if ! delicacy :i* results f a 
luxuri\s & inactive life r5d]s !        
movem5ts ( ! womb m pa9ful1 we %\ld     
attribute ! irregul>ity :i* r5d]s !m    
sometimes fatal to ! "m & ! *ild1 to a  
disord]$ s5sibility1 :i* is excit$ by   
attempts almo/ always ill-direct$1 &    
almo/ always execut$ by mis*ance4 ,x is 
9 ?is di/urbance t ! infant assumes ^?  
disadvantage\s positions ( :i* !        
acc\*eurs & midwives unque/ionably      

exagg]ate ! dang]1 to put a high] value 
on _! 'manipulations2'#de b :i*1 9      
effect1 r5d] ! deliv]y long] & m        
labori\s3 di/urbance ma9ta9$ & augm5t$  
by ! emb>rassm5t :i* ! pres5ce ( a numb]
 ( p]sons1 "s de>1 o!rs odi\s1 "s       
unkn[n1 :o 9 g5]al fill ! *amb] ( a     
woman 9 lab\r1 mu/ naturally produce1   
,,by ,,! ,,torm5ts ,,( ,a ,,mode/y ,,too
 ,,little ,,reg>d$1 by an air (         
importance too mu* affect$1 :i* !       
assi/ants1 & o!rs :o are to op]ate1 ?r[ 
ov] ! affair 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,all  
^! objects mu/ excite a v>iety (        
s5tim5ts 9 ! woman1 :i*1 by di/ract+ h] 
m9d1 necess>ily di/urb ! organic action 
( ! p>ts :i* %\ld p]=m ! deliv]y4 ,happy
 is x1 if too presumptu\s acc\*eurs &   
midwives d n1 by _! precoci\s t5tatives1
 solicit 9 h] a nature :i* is n yet     
prep>$ to engage itself1 precipitate its
 movem5ts1 & consequ5tly abort ! fruit  
:i* !y ought to await1 we>y ! p>ts      
already too mu* irritat$1 & r5d]$ too   
s5sible by ! orgasm & t5sion :i* !y h   

suff]$1 & hurry bo? "m & *ild into      
inevitable ru94  ,wom5 :o h ! good =tune
 n to be annoy$ by num]\s att5dants1 & 9
 :om no?+ discomposes nature1 are seldom
 subject to ^? cata/rophes :i*1 v f> f  
br++ discr$it on ! op]ator1 :o is (t5 ! 
cause ( !m1 only make him appe> ! m     
necess>y4 ,nature1 :5 %e works alone1   
kn[s s well h[ to comb9e & graduate h]  
action t %e does t only :i* %e ought to 
d4 ,ah6 :y %\ld %e n ) ease accompli% an
 op]ation = :i* %e has =ese51 & well    
prep>$ ev]y?+8 ,:y %\ld %e n succe$ 9   
extract+ ) facility f ! c5tre ( ! womb1 
f an active1 flexible1 & v vigor\s      
organ1 a body :i* is famili> to x1 &    
:i*1 f its =m & consi/5ce1 _c mu* injure
 ! p>ts :i* x t\*es8 ,:y %\ld %e be     
emb>rass$ 9 br++ to light an infant ^:  
situation is s ne> ! outlet ?r\gh :i* x 
is to issue1 %e :om we h sometimes se5  
conduct+1 )\t accid5t1 po9t$ or %>p-edg$
 bodies ?r\gh ! w9d+s ( ! ur9>y ducts1 &
 ! tortu\s folds ( ! long passage ( !   
inte/9es8 ,!re are1 besides1 op]ations  

:i* %e loves to execute 9 sil5ce & 9    
secret4 ,?is delicate in/9ct manife/s   
itself ev5 9 "s species ( animals1 :i*  
nev] fulfil c]ta9 functions 9 pres5ce ( 
witnesses1 & fly f ! gaze ( man to p]=m 
!m4 ,deliv]y1 f its nature1 & f all !   
circum/ances :i* *>act]ize ?is function1
 is "o ( ^? :i*1 9 ! human species1     
requires mo/ especially to be cov]$ ) a 
veil4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t !y w\ld assi/ h] 
9 a way ! mo/ efficaci\s1 if ! numb] (  
p]sons 9 att5dance on a woman 9 lab\r 0 
limit$ to two or ?ree ( h] mo/ intimate 
fri5ds1 :o1 by a gay & lively mann]1    
%\ld div]t h] f h] suff]+s1 or by _!    
confid5t appe>ance pacify h]            
appreh5sions2 & to a midwife1 ^: pres5ce
 ( m9d1 pati5ce1 res]ve1 & protection   
%\ld be a gu>antee = h] tranquillity4 ,x
 is n to be d\bt$1 ,i say1 t a woman    
w\ld be by ^? means m effectually       
succ\r$ ?an by ! tumultu\s assi/ance ( a
 numb] ( p]sons1 sorr[ful1 agha/1       
impati5t1 ^: multipli$ & (t5 mis-direct$
 att5tions magnify 9 h] imag9ation !    

evil :i* %e mu/ endure1 & ! dang] :i* %e
 fe>s1 & above all by ! awful appe>ance 
( a man ev] ready to op]ate1 always arm$
 ) suspici\s in/rum5ts1 & to be dread$ f
 8 sex4  ,x mu/ be own$ t al?\gh !      
midwife's function belongs to ! heal+   
art1 x 0 n int5d$ to be ex]cis$ by      
m54#df ,! "* ( ?is function1 ! small    
am\nt ( k :i* x requires1 ! entire &    
absolute confid5ce :i* p]sons ( ! same  
sex mu/ naturally h 9 ea* o!r1 9 f9e1   
ev]y?+ dem&s = x ! ag5cy ( wom52 ?is    
employm5t seems _! prop] exi/5ce2 !y    
possess all ! advantages necess>y to    
fulfil x ) success4 ,we "k ) :at address
 & ) :at dext]ity _! h&s1 small &       
supple1 glide & ins9uate !mselves       
ev]y:]e )\t annoyance1 capable (        
p5etrat+ to ! v s\rce ( ! evil )\t      
augm5t+ x1 & convey+ ! rem$y to ! "p    
diseas$1 )\t awak5+1 by ! act1 pangs :i*
 _h be5 allay$4  ,x is ^! preci\s       
tal5ts1 z well z t delicate att5tion    
capable ( div9+ ! wants :i* !re is n    
/r5g? to express1 & t enlight5$         

s5sibility :i* kn[s h[ to reg>d ! v     
caprices ( ! compla9t1 :i* gave rise to 
! prov]b1 hon\rable to ! sex1 t :]esoev]
 !re is a suff]+ be+1 8 sighs summon    
woman to console him4#dg  ,!y w tell u t
 long & s]i\s /udies1 to wit1 physics1  
me*anics1 & ev5 ma!matics1 are necess>y 
to insure skill 9 ! art ( midwif]y4 ,eh6
 :]e is x t !y h n introduc$1 especially
 ( late1 physics & ma!matics8 ,all t :i*
 is mat]ial2 all t :i* is )9 !          
jurisdiction ( ! s5ses1 belongs1 )\t    
d\bt1 to physics & to me*anics3 "o c\ld 
n move a /ep1 "o c\ld n lift a /raw1 )\t
 its be+ done by ! laws ( physics2 b e  
"o p]=ms ^! me*anical op]ations1 z !    
,b\rgeois g5tleman did prose1 t is to   
say1 )\t suspect+ x4 ,!re are natural   
me*anics ) :i* n only all m51 b ev5 all 
animals are acqua9t$ )\t hav+ /udi$ !m4 
,all p]=m actions1 )\t hav+ be5 tra9$ to
 !m1 :]e9 sp>kle ! mo/ subtle me*anics2 
all "k ( !mselves1 & )\t previ\s        
practice1 h[ to assume ! mo/ conv5i5t   
po/ures :i* _! diff]5t wants dem&4 ,^?  

:o compose treatises on midwif]y        
describe at great l5g? ! position :i* a 
woman ought to take dur+ lab\r1 & t :i* 
is prop] = ! acc\*eur4 ,! legs ( ?is    
latt]1 say !y1 ought to describe an     
angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,an op]ator1  
to give lu/re to 8 art1 may well appeal 
to t ( me*anics & geometry2 b he ought n
 to say t x is above ! capacity ( wom54 
,! sole diff]5ce :i* exi/s1 p]haps1     
betwe5 !m is1 t a woman1 9 ab&on+ h]self
 to h] natural dext]ity1 9 lib]at+      
h]self f ! con/ra9t ( a fix$ position1 &
 9 effect+ ! movem5ts :i* circum/ances  
require1 r ?an ^? :i* ! rule dem&s1 w g 
ab\t ! "w bett] ?an ! man-midwife       
gravely moor$ 7aff\r*e7 at 8 angle (    
=ty-five degrees4  ,! art ( midwif]y1   
/ripp$ ( regulations1 useless or (      
little mom5t1 & ( ! frivol\s f9]y :]e9 x
 has be5 array$1 r$uces itself to a v   
small numb] ( simple pr9ciples1#dh easy 
to atta91 & mo/ suitable to ! capacity (
 wom54 ,!y soon le>n :at are ^? faulty  
positions :i* ! infant may take 9 !     

womb3 :at are ^? :i* !y may rectify2 &  
^? :i*1 n be+ rem$iable1 leave no?+ to !
 address ( ! op]ator b ! wise resolution
 to dim9i%1 z mu* z possible1 _!        
inconv5i5ces4  ,aga91 x mu/ be consid]$1
 t ^? pr9ciples are n to be appli$1     
except+ 9 cases :]e9 nature1 insuffici5t
 9 h]self1 dem&s ! assi/ance ( ano!r's  
h&2 =1 by ! av[al ( acc\*eurs !mselves1 
natural lab\r1 :i* is & ought to be !   
mo/ common1 c conduct itself )\t !      
int]v5tion ( art4 ,we may !n conclude1 )
 c]ta9ty1 t acc\*eurs :o 'manipulate1'  
:o in/rum5talize u mu* z !y c1 mo/      
frequ5tly d x )\t necessity1 & f ?is    
cause are prejudicial to ! success ( !  
op]ation4 ,we may also1 9 t way1 r$uce  
to _! j value ! exagg]at$ details :i* !y
 give ( pret5d$ ob/acles :i* !y h _h to 
ov]come1 ( ! address & dext]ity :i* 0   
necess>y to surm\nt !m2 details :i* seem
 int5d$ to %[ t ! deliv]y _h be5 _! "w1 
or t1 at lea/1 mu* ( x 0 !irs1 & v      
little nature's own4#di  ,ei!r1 9 ! "t (
 ! ,greeks1 wom5 7 deliv]$ ) great] ease

 ?an n[1 or !y judg$ bett] ?an u ( !    
true degree ( influ5ce t ! midwife or ! 
acc\*eur possesses 9 ?is function4 ,by !
 appellation :i* !y gave to _! midwives1
 x appe>s t !y limit$ !m to ! duty (    
cutt+ ! umbilical cord2 !y call$ !m     
,greek3 omphalotomoi1 umbilical         
cord-cutt]s4 ,! females ( animals p]=m  
?is op]ation ) _! tee?2 & z ! umbilical 
cord c 9 _! case d )\t a ligature1 !re  
are au?ors :o d\bt :e!r x is z ess5tial 
9 man z _m p]sons pret5d4 ,!re are      
obs]vations = & aga9/ x4 ,?is is n !    
place to discuss ?is "q2 b we believe t 
!y may mu* deceive !mselves if !y look  
^u ! umbilical cord z a simple          
cont9uation ( ! vessels ( ! *ild or ( ! 
"m1 & n z a fragm5t ( aff9ity :i* only  
s]ves1 = a c]ta9 "t1 z a po9t (         
communication e/abli%$ betwe5 ! "m & !  
infant1 t nature reta9s s long z %e     
requires x1 b :i* %e leaves to decay1 & 
fall away1 :5 x is no long] useful to   
h]4 ,aft] ! deliv]y %e contracts1       
compresses1 & closes up ! "p ( ! infant 

to :i* x adh]es2 & by int]cept+ ! blood 
& ! life :i* gives x subsi/5ce1 %e soon 
causes x to )] & dry up1 )\t any        
prejudice to ! *ild4  ,al?\gh ! eas9ess 
( ! art ( midwif]y might h be51 among ! 
anci5ts1 a motive = intru/+ x to wom51  
!y also d\btless _h a reg>d = natural   
propriety1 :i* sugge/$ t ! infant1 on   
com+ into ! _w1 %\ld be receiv$ into !  
h&s ( a midwife1 to pass into ^? ( a    
nurse1 & f ! h&s ( ! nurse into ^? ( a  
gov]ness1 :o %\ld prep>e him to receive 
f m5 a mascul9e education4 ,a repository
 s weak & s delicate w\ld p]haps h f\nd1
 9 ! r\gh & unb5d+ k9dness ( ! latt]1   
aid less adapt$ to its /ate2 x requir$ a
 g5tle & yield+ support1 kn[+ h[ to be  
pliant z itself1 ! bett] to def5d x4 ,9 
f9e1 ! c>e ( infancy is ! de/9ation (   
wom52 x is a task :i* nature has assign$
 !m4 ,x is woman :o mu/ be> ! infant    
dur+ n9e mon?s 9 h] womb2 x is woman :o 
ought to facilitate ! means ( its exit2 
x is woman :o %\ld furni% ! fir/        
n\ri%m5t :i* x requires2 9 f9e1 x is    

woman :o %\ld keep wat* ov] ! fir/      
developm5ts ( its organs & ( its m9d1 & 
prep>e x = ! lessons :i* %\ld elevate x 
to ! condition ( man4 ,b ! pr9cipal     
reason :i*1 among ! anci5ts1 =bade !    
belief t ! duty ( aid+ deliv]y c\ld be  
prop] to any b wom51 except+ 9 cases ( v
 r>e occurr5ce1 :]e e consid]ation might
 necess>ily yield to a press+ dang]1 0 !
 gr& int]e/ ( mann]s4#ej ,?is 0 an      
object to :i* anci5t gov]nm5ts _h always
 special reg>d4#ea ,!y knew morality to 
be ! f\ndation ( all legislation1 & t   
good laws w\ld be made 9 va91 unless    
good morals insur$ _! execution4 ,!     
cruelty ( ,ar*aga?us' surgical op]ations
 drove ! m$ical m5 f ,rome4 ,%e bani%$  
also f h] bosom ! ,greek philosoph]s &  
orators1 :o 7 accus$ ( hav+ introduc$ & 
cultivat$ ! ta/e = ! arts & vices (     
,greece4 ,%e w\ld surely n h p]mitt$1 = 
any l5g? ( "t1 ! exi/5ce ( an art :i*1  
practis$ by m51 w\ld1 "u ! speci\s      
pret5ce ( utility1 ?reat5 ! sanctu>y (  
m>riage1 & :i*1 /rik+ a bl[ at ! *ief   

safegu>d ( families1 w\ld next attack ! 
ma9spr+s ( ! /ate2 an art :i*1 ) p[] to 
al>m ! mode/y ( wom51 w\ld soon leave !m
 )\t a blu%1 & cause !m to lose ev5 !   
recollection ( t sev]e virtue :i* _h    
m]it$ ! respect & v5]ation ( ! ,romans1 
& :i* ( old _h be5 ! pr9ciple ( ! gr&e/ 
revolutions4 ,cato1 always c>eful to    
protect ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s f           
corruption1 w\ld nev] h p]mitt$ _!      
wives1 :5 pres5t+ *ildr5 to ! republic1 
to t>ni% ! fav\r by a =getfulness ( !   
fir/ ( all dec5cies4 ,all nations 7     
suffici5tly agre$1 up to ! middle ( !   
la/ c5tury1 nev] to admit ! ag5cy ( m5 9
 deliv]y4 ,m4 ,a/ruc#eb alleges t x 0 n 
until #affc t !y began at c\rt to make  
use ( a man-midwife1 & ?is 01 say !y1 on
 "o ( ^? occasions :5 hon\r 9 dang]     
takes c\nsel b f ! p]plexity :i*        
misleads x1 & violates "o "p ( its rules
 to save ! o!r4 ,:o w\ld believe x8 ,x 0
 %ame :i* compell$ rec\rse1 = ! fir/ "t1
 to m54 ,a k+1 :o knew ! =ce ( example  
on ! ?rone1 & :o wi%$ to conceal 8      

weaknesses1 & to be t5d] ( ! delicacy ( 
h] :o %>$ !m1 believ$ t he c\ld n place 
9 bett] h&s an int]e/ s de>4 ,x is ?us t
 ,jupit] sometimes confid$ to ! inf]ior 
gods1 r ?an to ! goddesses1 8           
emb>rassm5ts1 & ! c>e ( conceal+ f !    
eyes ( ,juno ! fruits ( 8 infidelities4 
,:atev] x might be1 unque/ionably x 0 n 
9 a tranquil mom5t t a woman c\ld1 = !  
fir/ "t1 make up h] m9d to ab&on h]self 
to ! m]cy ( a man to deliv] h]4 ,! fir/ 
examples hav+ be5 giv5 by ^? p]sons ^:  
rank & condition c>ri$ op9ion ) !m1 !   
usage ( m5-midwives is s9ce ext5d$ &    
spread ) t rapidity :i* is common to all
 inv5tions ( luxury1 al?\gh ev5         
physicians#ec are !mselves =c$ to expose
 its inconv5i5ces4#ed     ,,*apt] ,v4   
----,m9e hon\r's su* a r+3   ,my        
*a/ity's ! jewel ( our h\se1   ,bequea!d
 d[n f _m ance/ors2   ,:i* 7 ! greate/  
obloquy i' ! _w   ,9 me to lose4   ,mrs4
 ,jameson1 9 h] admirable essay1 ,!     
,communion ( ,lab\r1 mo/ truly          
obs]ves--,t "s dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e are   

peculi>ly suit$ to wom51 is beg9n+ to   
/rike ! public m9d4 ,aga91 9 h] ,si/]s (
 ,*>ity1 %e quotes ! foll[+ words ( !   
late ,dr4 ,goo*3--,_m w ?9k t x is      
impossible to imp>t a useful k ( m$ic9e 
to wom5 :o are ignorant ( anatomy1      
physiology1 & pa?ology4 ,a pr(\nd k1 (  
c\rse1 w\ld n1 b a v useful degree ( x  
might--a degree :i*1 comb9$ ) k9dness & 
assiduity1 w\ld be f> sup]ior to t :i* !
 c\ntry poor receive at pres5t4 ,i h    
kn[n matrons & si/]s ( hospitals ) m    
practical tact 9 ! detection & treatm5t 
( disease ?an half ! "y surgeons by :om 
! c\ntry poor are commonly att5d$4#ee   
,p]haps1 says ! au?or ( ,wom5 & ,"w1 !re
 is no pr(ession :i* s calls = wom5 z t 
( m$ic9e4 ,mu* suff]+ w\ld be sav$ to "y
 wom5 if !y _h doctors ( _! own sex1 :o1
 ) fri5dly c\nsel & op5 speak+1 w\ld (t5
 prev5t _m =ms ( sev]e disease by att5d+
 to fir/ symptoms4  ,elizabe?           
,blackwell1#ef "o ( ^? noble wom5 :o1   
brav+ ! s]vile conv5tionalisms ( ! _w1 )
 "r & reason1 morality & religion on _! 

side1 h triumph$ ov] prejudice &        
bigotry1 by firmly e/abli%+ !mselves z  
female physicians#eg--;9 an appeal on   
behalf ( ! m$ical education ( wom51 aft]
 ref]r+ to ! e/abli%m5t & op5+ ( m$ical 
s*ools = wom5 9 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 &
 o!r t[ns ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! n9e    
ye>s s9ce ! fir/ woman 0 admitt$ z a    
regul> /ud5t to a m$ical college1 &     
graduat$ ) ! usual hon\rs1 says3--,9 all
 ^! places public op9ion has express$   
itself he>tily 9 fav\r ( ! action ( !   
colleges4 ,! majority ( ! female        
graduates h ent]$ ^u ! practice ( _!    
pr(ession1 & _m ( !m h already =m$ a    
l>ge & highly respectable practice4 ,!  
int5se prejudice :i* at fir/ met ! idea 
( a female doctor1 is rapidly melt+     
away4 ,if fur!r evid5ce 7 ne$$ ( !      
vitality ( ! new idea1 & its adaptation 
to a real want 9 ! community1 x might be
 f\nd 9 ! "* ( ! practice :i* has come  
to ^? physicians n[ mo/ firmly e/abli%$4
 ,intellig5t1 ?\ghtful wom51 ( calm good
 s5se1 :o appreciate ! wide be>+ ( ?is  

re=m1 & =esee its important practical   
influ5ce1 h be5 ! fir/ to employ ! new  
class ( physicians 9 _! families1 &     
enc\rage !m ) _! cordial approbation4   
,dr4 ,dickson says1 9 ,! ,de/ructive    
,art ( ,heal+3--,"o ( ! greate/ ob/acles
 to ! progress ( m$ical tru? 9 ,engl&1  
is ! employm5t ( surgeon-apo!c>ies z    
midwives--almo/ entirely monopoliz+ !   
practice ( m$ic9e by ! influ5ce :i* !y h
 ga9$ ov] ! m9ds ( our wom52 ^! p w     
c\nt5ance no physician :o does n        
prescribe l>ge quantities ( useless1 &  
too frequ5tly delet]i\s m$ic9e4  ,!     
ladies ( ?is c\ntry %\ld take a lesson f
 ! ,am]ican ladies1 :o n only pref]     
midwives ( _! own sex1 b actually employ
 female physicians4 ,female mode/y &    
morality alike require t ! diseases (   
wom5 %\ld be att5d$ to solely by wom52 &
 all ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates y n[ meet )  
regul>ly-br$ female physicians1 mo/ ( !m
 hav+ ! degree ( ,m4,d4 f a univ]sity1 &
 _m ( !m be+ 9 ! enjoym5t ( l>ge &      
lucrative practice4  ,we h ! pleasure ( 

an acqua9tance ) ,mrs4 ,dr4             
,long%ore--%e is a lady possess+ a /rong
 & orig9al m9d1 close p[]s ( p]ception &
 reason+1 & a ?or\gh m$ical education4  
,z a practical anatomi/ %e has few      
sup]iors1 ev5 among practition]s ( !    
'/]n] m\ld4' ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,long%ore is 'a 
,fri5d1' & h] :ole "* is m>k$ by !      
excell5cies ( ! ',fri5ds1' or ,quak]s1 z
 !y are call$4 ,placid1 ?\ghtful1       
obs]vant1 full ( sympa?y1 & gov]n$ by an
 active b5evol5ce1 %e delights 9 do+    
good4 ,h] practice is l>ge1 rapidly     
increas+1 & g5]ally successful1 & %e is 
dev\tly atta*$ to h] noble pr(ession4444
  ,m$ic9e & midwif]y are bo? dome/ic    
arts2 woman is all b born a doctor4     
,ladies ( ,engl&1 ?9k ( ?is4 ,hi!rto y h
 left ! field ( 'lab\r' to m5 :o w\ld be
 bett] employ$ ) y\r di/affs & sp9dles4 
,mo!rs ( ,engl&1 y h a mission--fulfil  
x2 proclaim to y\r daught]s t ! bir? ( a
 *ild is n a surgical op]ation1 b a     
natural process2 & t !re is no case (   
p>turition s difficult t may n be bett] 

manag$ by a well in/ruct$ woman ?an by a
 man1 ^: v pres5ce 9 ! sick *amb]       
di/urbs ! ut]9e action1 & causes !      
great] numb] ( difficulties t occur 9   
su* cases4  ,9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 to    
cle> away a giv5 folly is too (t51      
un=tunately1 only to make room = "s o!r 
folly equally egregi\s4 ,?is1 9 our day1
 has be5 ! case ) m$ic9e4 ,j z a        
consid]able numb] ( physicians _h come  
to adopt my own view ( ! true           
con/itutional orig9 ( diseases1 up      
sprung a class ( p :o w h x1 t 9 !      
majority ( female compla9ts1 at lea/1   
!re mu/ ev] be m or less ( local wrong1 
:i* no possible con/itutional treatm5t c
 cure6 ,:isp]+ my/]i\sly ! words        
'engorgem5t1' 'tum\r1' 'inflammation1'  
'ulc]ation ( ! os1' 'v]sion1' &         
'retrov]sion'--phrases = ! mo/ "p inv5t$
 = ! m]e purpose ( /rik+ panic into !   
he>ts ( families :o mu/ ev] be 9 ! d>k  
"h--^! m5 /raightway conf9e ! pati5t to 
h] c\*--9 :i* unnatural position !y keep
 h] = mon?s1 &1 if possible1 = ye>s     

toge!r--dur+ :i* !y subject h] to ! mo/ 
odi\s treatm5t2 p]=m+1 ) speculum1      
cau/ic1 & o!r dang]\s appliances1 ! mo/ 
d>+ & indec5t op]ations4444  ,by ! p to 
^: practices ,i h j allud$ a woman is   
told all possible & impossible ?+s--?+s 
! mo/ frightful t imag9ation c          
conceive--to cure :i*1 =soo?1 %e mu/ lie
 on h] back = mon?s4 ,& if ?is oracul>  
s5t5ce be en=c$ by two or m ( _! numb]1 
act+ 9 consultation--anglice 9          
collusion--! weak creature believes     
accord+ly4 ,f t mom5t %e is ! dupe & !  
victim ( ! mo/ unpr9cipl$ sc\ndrels1 _m 
( :om1 by mix+ up religion ) _! m$ical  
cant1 contrive to br+ "s ( ! ri*] class 
( wom5 to su* a /ate1 t !y become       
annuities to ^? impo/ors ?r\gh\t !      
great] "p ( _! mo/ unnatural & mo/      
mis]able lives4444  ,if1 9 common ) ^!  
m$ic9es1 !n1 e m$ic9al =ce w produce its
 own peculi> local effect1 :5 swall[$ by
 ! m\?1 :y1 9 ! case ( 'ut]9e disease1' 
( all o!rs1 %\ld any woman submit to !  
local application ( any rem$y t _c be   

us$ ?us )\t ! odi\s manipulations ( !   
p]sons ^: conduct e "r m9d1 :5 prop]ly  
in/ruct$1 mu/ deprecate8  ,b1 z a matt] 
( fact1 ^! manipulations1 s f> f cur+   
any disease ( ! womb or its app5dages1 h
 actually set up 9 ! s\nd /ructure a v  
l>ge %>e ( ! possible diseases = :i* ^! 
p pret5d to apply !m2 & "s ( ! disord]s 
?us set up too frequ5tly cease only ) ! 
life ( ! victim4 ,m5 ( ,engl&6 if y only
 knew :at y\r wives & daught]s          
ne$lessly--m>k t ^w6--ne$lessly exp]i5ce
 at ! h&s ( ^? ru?less *eats1 y\r br[s  
w\ld burn ) %ame & indignation4 ,h[ su* 
brutality z ^! creatures practise ev]   
came to pollute our %ores1 is "o ( !    
miracles ( ! times4 ,a prop] feel+ 9 !  
m9ds ( our wom5 %\ld h pres]v$ !m f !   
humiliation & torture to :i* !y h be5   
subject$2 :ile ,engli%m5 ( all ranks    
%\ld h unit$1 long ere ?is1 to expel f !
 l& ! sordid wret*es :o fir/ introduc$ !
 grossness & indec5cy ( ! hospitals (   
,p>is to ! h\ses & he>?s ( a too-confid+
 nation6  ,aga91 ! ,au?or ( ,physic &   

its ,phases br&s ^! c\nt]feit pr(essors 
) infamy 9 racy & vigor\s v]se3--       
,m51 are y m5--:o lead su* hybrid lives1
   ,:o1 be+ surgeons1 s9k into midwives8
   ,if ) ! sex y s]i\sly w\ld vie1   ,:y
 n ! di/aff & ! sp9dle try8   ,?r\gh\t !
 ,ori5t1 ,arab1 ,turk1 & ,jew   ,on su* 
occasions1 nev] s5d = y2   ,n ev5 !     
,nubian1 by ! h>em door1   ,d>e %[ 8    
face1 until ! bir? is o'er4   ,talk ( ! 
sanctity ( m>ri$ life--   ,nation (     
fools6 :o ?us degrade ! wife6   ,at su* 
a mom5t1 :5 ! fem99e m9d   ,%r9ks f !   
succ\r ( h] ne>e/ k9d1   ,c\ld y d      
worse1 7 %e a c\rtezan1   ,?an to h]    
*amb] introduce a man8   ,no long] left 
to woman's g5tle c>e1   ,travail is n[  
h] t]ror ev]y:]e4           99       99 
99       99    ,once 9 ! sick room1 ) an
 eye to fees1#eh   ,tales !y get up (   
ut]9e disease2   ,disease1 ! realms (   
,physic nev] knew1   ,till 'speculat+   
,simpson' gave ! cue2   ,&1 work+ ?us on
 woman's weak] n]ves1   ,!y raise :atev]
 gho/ _! purpose s]ves4   ,!n1 n ! "y   

alone1 b grav] dames1   ,fool$ by m]e   
phantoms ) un-,engli% names1   ,endure  
'exam9ations'--,ladies1 speak6   ,d ^! n
 %ock ! s\l & blan* ! *eek8   ,surprise 
comes fir/--next horror1 ill disguis$1  
,b soon to worse "s get famili>iz$6   ,=
 :at w tru/+ woman n believe   ,& be>1  
:5 'sci5tific m5' deceive8   ,) no      
suspicion ( ! game ^! play1   ,_! tales 
( t]ror haunt h] night & day4   ,n[ %e  
dreads 'tum\r1' n[ 'occlusion1' n[      
',v]sion' %e talks (1 ) a ':y' & 'h[4'  
,reasons1 ( c\rse1 & numb]less          
occasions1   ,h ^! quick rogues = _!    
'manipulations4'   ,b :o--immortal      
tru?6--c ju/ify   ,! frightful means !y 
locally apply8   ,cau/ics1 t keep _!    
pati5ts always ill1   ,yet ev] ready to 
indorse _! skill2   ,:ile abscess1 ulc]1
 haemorrhage itself1   ,atte/ :at m5 may
 ,,cause = love ( pelf4   ,note !       
result--:atev] ! pretext1   ,9 s\l1 at  
lea/1 ! woman is unsex$2   ,words t (   
yore w\ld make h] =ehead flu%1   ,%e n[ 
blurts out to m5 )\t a blu%6   ,heav5s6 

h[ c husb&s1 fa!rs1 bro!rs l5d   ,_!    
c\nt5ance to su* an odi\s end6   ,9 all 
! animal k+dom1 :]e or :5   ,7 su* ?+s  
ne$$--tell u1 ,engli%m56   ,( 'base     
*irurg]y' let ! _w take he$1   ,= ?is is
 base *irurg]y inde$6  ,dr4 ,ewell1 9 ! 
introduction to 8 ,lett]s to ,ladies1   
says3--  ,! s]i\s object ( my pres5t    
solicitude is to wre/ ! practice (      
midwif]y f ! h&s ( m51 & transf] x to   
wom51 z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & ev] %\ld be4  
,i h seldom felt a m ard5t desire to    
succe$ 9 any und]tak+1 because ,i view !
 pres5t practice ( call+ on m51 9 ord9>y
 bir?s1 z a s\rce ( s]i\s evils 9       
*ild-be>+2 z an imposition ^u ! cr$ulity
 ( wom51 & ^u ! fe>s ( _! husb&s2 z a   
means ( sacrific+ delicacy1 &           
consequ5tly virtue2 & z a robb]y ( _m   
good wom5 ( _! prop] employm5t &        
support4  ,sev]al obs]v+ morali/s h     
rem>k$ t ! practice ( employ+           
m5-midwives has increas$ ! corruption   
among m>ri$ wom54 ,ev5 among ! ,fr5*1 s 
prone to set aside ! c]emonies betwe5 ! 

sexes1 ! immorality ( su* exposures has 
be5 notic$4 ,9 an anecdote ( ,voltaire1 
x is relat$1 t :5 a g5tleman boa/$ to   
him ( ! bir? ( a son1 he ask$ :o assi/$ 
at ! deliv]y2 to ! answ]1 'a            
man-midwife1' he repli$1 ,!n y are      
travell+ ! road to cuckoldom6 ,! acutely
 obs]v+ hi/orian ( nature1 ,c\nt        
,buffon1 obs]ves1 virg9ity is a moral   
quality :i* _c exi/ b ) purity ( he>t4  
,9 ! submission ( wom5 to ! unnecess>y  
exam9ations ( physicians1 expos+ !      
secrets ( nature1 x is =gott5 t e       
indec5cy ( ?is k9d is a viol5t attack   
aga9/ *a/ity2 t e situation :i* causes  
an int]nal blu% is a real               
pro/itution4444  ,b ! opposition1 !     
dete/ation ( ?is practice _c be s great 
9 any husb& z among "s wom54 ,! idea ( x
 has driv5 "s to convulsions &          
d]angem5t2 & e "o ( ! lea/ delicacy     
feels deeply humiliat$ at ! exposure4   
,_m ( !m1 :ile 9 lab\r1 h be5 s %ock$ at
 ! entrance ( a man into _! ap>tm5t1 z  
to h all _! pa9s bani%$2 o!rs1 to ! v   

la/ ( _! s5ses1 suff]+ ! sev]e/ torm5ts1
 h reject$ ! assi/ance ( m54 ,to be     
in/rum5tal 9 reliev+ "o ( ?is truly     
int]e/+ class1 w be a heav5ly           
consolation to all :o c be alive to !   
pleasures ( s]v+ ! virtu\s4  ,dr4 ,bea*1
 9 8 "w on ,midwif]y1 has ! foll[+3--   
,:o %all (ficiate 9 p>turition8 ,9      
consequ5ce ( ! practice :i* prevails 9 !
 pres5t day1 ?is has become a grave "q4 
,! physician cont5ds1 ) mu* zeal1 t x is
 8 prov9ce to (ficiate4 ,females1 he    
alleges1 are incompet5t2 & ^! ass]tions 
( physicians h influ5c$ ! m9ds ( females
 to su* an ext5t1 t !y are =cibly       
impress$ ) ! belief t !re are no o!rs   
compet5t2 & :5 x is propos$ to _m wom5  
to employ a midwife1 !y appe> to %r9k ) 
horror1 & _m ev5 suppose t 9 tru/+      
!mselves to ! mo/ accompli%$ female     
acc\*eur1 !y jeop>dize _! lives4444  ,! 
physician takes x = grant$1 & ev5 boa/s1
 t if he c att5d "o s+le case ( midwif]y
 9 a family1 he has = ev] aft] secur$ _!
 patronage2 s t bo? int]e/ & prejudice  

op]ate z ob/acles & b>ri]s to any       
improvem5t or *ange 9 ! practice2 &     
al?\gh ! mo/ fe>ful consequ5ces h       
7occurr$71 & are /ill daily occurr+1    
mod]n females cl+ to ?is unnatural      
practice4  ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( 
! above ob/acles1 we are well assur$ t  
females1 if rightly qualifi$1 are n only
 z fully capable z m51 b are ev5 m s2 &1
 !re=e1 ! mo/ valid & conclusive reasons
 may be assign$ :y a re=mation %\ld take
 place 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! practice4 ,:at
 m conclusive ?an ! fact ( ! actual     
att5dance ( wom5 9 *ild-bir? 9 all      
nations1 previ\s to ! sixte5? c5tury2 & 
! atte/ation ( compet5t p]sons dur+ !   
fir/ c5tury ( man-midwif]y to ! fact1 t 
n half s _m fatal cases occurr$ be=e z  
aft] ! innovation4 ,&1 9 ! fir/         
settlem5t ( ?is c\ntry 7,am]ica71 :5    
females#ei att5d$ exclusively on su*    
occasions1 x 0 z r>e a fact to he> ( a  
woman p]i%+ 9 *ild-bir?1 z x is n[ to   
he> ( an ,indian or an animal p]i%+ 9   
lab\r1 :o are deliv]$ by ! unaid$ p[]s (

 nature4  ,a lett]1 address$ by ,sir    
,an?ony ,c>lisle1 late ,presid5t ( !    
,college ( ,surgeons1 to ! late ,sir    
,rob]t ,peel1 on ! attempt by "s memb]s 
( ! m$ical pr(ession to legalize        
man-midwif]y1 is well wor?y ( ! p]usal &
 consid]ation ( our read]s4 ,! lett]    
appe>$ 9 ! ,times newspap]1 & rais$ a   
f]oci\s h[l f ! m5-midwives2 b ! ev]    
gullible ,briti% public look$ ^u !      
affair z a m]e m$ical "q 9 :i* x _h no  
conc]n1 & ! h[l c>ri$ ! day aga9/       
reason1 morality1 & tru?3--  ,,sir1--,! 
high m9i/]ial /ation :i* y des]v$ly     
occupy1 mu/ (t5 expose y to ! v>i\s k9ds
 ( applications respect+ ! condition &  
managem5t ( our national in/itutions1 & 
also to p]sonal or p>tial int]f]5ce ab\t
 _! sev]al real or pret5d$ int]e/s4 ,9  
all su* in/ances y mu/ p]ceive !        
fairness & ! ultimate advantage (       
pref]r+ direct in=mation f ! respective 
con/itut$ au?orities1 ( requir+ advice f
 rival in/itutions ^u d\btful measures1 
& ( reg>d+ ) jeal\sy ! private          

communications ( int]e/$ individuals4 ,x
 is1 h[ev]1 report$ t y are1 at ?is "t1 
beset ^u ! subject ( introduc+ an ordeal
 = lic5s+ m5-midwives1 by c]ta9 memb]s (
 ! ,london ,college ( ,surgeons1 & t y  
are urg$ by popul> m5 7^: wisdom &      
dis9t]e/$ness may be que/ion$7 to fav\r 
_! s*eme ) y\r p[]ful influ5ce4  ,z !   
preval5t vice ( av>ice may h "s %>e 9   
?is pr(essional movem5t1 x is fit t y & 
! public %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! probably  
conceal$ effects ( grant+ ! solicit$    
privileges2 &1 = ! reasons already giv51
 ,i am induc$ to address y ?r\gh !      
press4  ,man-midwif]y has only be5      
practis$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ hundr$     
ye>s1 & x 0 introduc$ z a ,fr5* fa%ion4 
,f ! beg9n+ x has be5 /rongly oppos$ on 
! score ( its indec5cy1 by _m di/+ui%$ &
 sci5tific m$ical m52 & also1 because ! 
bir? ( mank9d appe>s to !m to be a      
purely natural process1 s wisely ord]$1 
t x v r>ely dem&s any o!r aid ?an       
exp]i5c$ mo!rs c safely give4 ,ev5 s    
late z ! illu/ri\s "m ( 8 pres5t maje/y1

 t exempl>y ,que5 0 p]sonally att5d$ by 
good ,mrs4 ,drap]1 )\t difficulties or  
misadv5tures2 :]eas ! contr>y result1 "u
 male managem5t1 9 ! fatal affair ( !   
,pr9cess ,*>lotte & h] infant1 w be long
 rememb]$4  ,if x %\ld be ask$ :y s _m  
pr(essional m5 addict !mselves to a     
degrad+ vocation1 x may be answ]$1 t !  
practice ( man-midwif]y leads to        
unlimit$ p[] 9 e family1 & !nce to      
lucrative ends4 ,wom51 naturally timid1 
& ignorant ( _! own /ructure1 are       
peculi>ly expos$1 dur+ ! mo/ important  
(fice ( _! exi/5ce1 to ! p]suasions or  
m5aces ( m kn[+ p]sons1 & !y are !nce   
easily made to believe1 t ! natural &   
:olesome delays & pa9s ( *ildb$ are )9 !
 contr\l ( m$ical or surgical art--an   
assumption :i* is too g5]ally act$ ^u1 &
 ) unv>y+ evil consequ5ces2 because x is
 a violation ( ! ways ( nature4         
,m5-midwives h cont9ually alleg$ t      
ignorant wom5 practition]s commit _m    
fatal mi/akes1 & n[ !y pres5t simil>    
objections aga9/ unlic5s$ m54 ,if1 z ,i 

believe1 ! safegu>ds ( *ild-b$ are amply
 provid$ = by nature1 & t n "o in/ance 9
 a ?\s& calls = any o!r help beyond :at 
any mod]ately exp]i5c$ woman c give1 :y 
are we to lic5se adv5tur]s1 :o may seek 
notoriety by desp]ate acts1 (t5 involv+ 
manslaught]--op]ative acts1 ! moral     
propriety ( :i* is v d\btful1 & ! "t & !
 me?ods = p]=m+ !m /ill subjects =      
rancor\s disputes8 ,b ! pres5t affair is
 n respect+ ! utility ( m5-midwives1 b !
 impropriety ( emp[]+ any special       
corporate m$ical body to co]ce ! re/2 to
 fur!r imp$e female-midwives 9 a becom+ 
duty1 & to deprive delicate wom5 ( t    
great res\rce ( self-respect4 ,already !
 preval5ce ( man-midwif]y has driv5     
c\ntry surgeons & apo!c>ies to adopt ?is
 humiliat+ (fice1 & ! numb] ( wom5      
practition]s has be5 !nce s r$uc$1 t    
paup]s are 9 _m places deliv]$ by       
appr5tice boys "u sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! 
,royal ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,london1
 :o rank ! highe/ = le>n+ & decorum1 h  
lately resc9d$ _! admission ( lic5tiates

 9 midwif]y1 :e!r = consid]+ ! practice 
z d]ogatory to a physician1 or z an     
ov]we5+ privilege t[>ds females &       
*ildr51 is n av[$2 b x seems t no       
,london physician1 educat$ at ,ox=d or  
,cambridge1 has yet condesc5d$ to be a  
man-midwife4 ,! ,royal ,colleges (      
,surgeons 9 ,london1 9 ,dubl91 & 9      
,ed9burgh1 h likewise hi!rto r5\nc$ e   
connexion ) man-midwif]y4  ,! tea*]s (  
midwif]y are indiscrim9ately doctors &  
surgeons2 b at ?is mom5t ! majority (   
lectur]s & sup]9t5d5ts ( ly+-9 *>ities  
are physicians1 :ile a multitude (      
legally appo9t$ sub-physicians 7/yl$    
apo!c>ies7 are equally entitl$1 ) ! o!r 
classes ( ! faculty1 to e/abli%         
tribunals = exam9+ & lic5s+ c&idates =  
man-midwif]y1 if !y %\ld deem x exp$i5t4
 ,f9ally1 x may be not$1 t ! diff]5t    
classes ( m5-midwives h nev] yet agre$  
among !mselves to adopt a common ordeal 
= c]tify+ ! qualifications ( _! call+1 &
 y may be assur$1 ,sir1 t _m worldly    
int]e/s w rage aga9/ ! e/abli%m5t ( any 

monopoly ( ?is k9d 9 any s+le           
in/itution1 because man-midwif]y is !   
cov]t way to m$ical =tunes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 
! gre$9ess ( a few individuals %\ld     
expose ?is subject to free discussion1 &
 ! judgm5t ( m>ri$ m5 & mode/ wom5 %\ld 
be copi\sly awak5$1 p]haps ! g5]al cu/om
 ( employ+ wom5 may be aga9 resort$ to1 
& _! compet5t in/ruction publicly en=c$4
  ,x is said1 t our *angeable neighb\rs 
at ,p>is are already tir$ ( _!          
fa%ionable freak2 & :5 our c\ntrywom5   
reflect1 t n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ( _! sex      
?r\gh\t ! globe all[ ( ! pres5ce ( a man
 dur+ ! rites ( *ild-b$1 !y may acquire 
c\rage1 & unite _! ef=ts to replace !   
r\t9e ( midwif]y among !mselves4 ,i w n 
(f5d y & ! public by any obs]vations ^u 
! outrage\s /ories collect$ on ?is      
occasion1 to prove ! viol5t & fatal     
injuries committ$ by unlic5s$           
m5-midwives1 because ,i ?9k ! privilege 
s\ght = w\ld increase ^? evils4  ,) !   
greate/ respect1 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 y\r
 v ob$i5t ,s]vant1    ,,an?ony          

,,c>lisle4       ,langham-place1 ,feb4  
#ai4  ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,nor? ,briti%
 ,review appe>$ an excell5t article on  
',! ,employm5t ( ,wom52' "u ! head (    
wom5 doctors1 ! writ] says3 ',b ! some?+
 practical--:]e is x8' ,we believe t a  
great deal1 :i* is v practical1 is      
scatt]$ ov] ?is article4 ,b we h /ill "s
 fur!r sugge/ions to (f]4 ,n v long ago1
 a /atem5t 'w5t ! r\nd ( ! pap]s1' to ! 
effect t !re 7 already eight diplomatiz$
 female physicians practis+ 9 ,bo/on    
7,u4 ,s471 & t !re 7 ?irty-eight /ud5ts 
9 ! ,female ,m$ical ,college4 ',:5ev]1' 
says an ,am]ican writ]1 '!re are        
suffici5t data to e/abli% ! tru? 7n[    
little if at all disput$ 9 ,am]ica71 t  
*ild-bir? is fre$ f its wor/            
difficulties & dang]s :5 ! unnatural    
pres5ce ( m5 is disp5s$ )1 ! m$ical &   
surgical c>e ( wom5 & *ildr5 w pass into
 ! h&s = :i* nature design$ x4' ,!re    
w\ld appe> to be no?+ v unreasonable 9  
?is1 b1 on ! contr>y1 some?+ extremely  
rational & hopeful4 ,b see h[ ! facts   

/at$ above are receiv$ by ! faculty 9   
,engl&4 ,! lead+ m$ical j\rnal ( ?is    
c\ntry ?us comm5ts ^u !m3--  ',female   
physic ?rives apace 9 ,am]ica4 ,at      
,bo/on1 :]e ,columbia gave bir? to ! "y 
,con/itution1 :i* is n[ s[+ its wild    
oats broadca/1 !re is a female m$ical   
college1 numb]+ ?irty-eight /ud5ts4 ,a  
grant ( gov]nm5t money has also be5 vot$
 t[>ds e/abli%+ a simil> in/itution at  
,new ,york4 ,?is is to be "u ! imm$iate 
sup]9t5d5ce ( ,elizabe? ,blackwell1     
,m4,d41 late ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 ) a    
bevy ( ^? sp9/]s m5tion$ by ,%akespe>e z
 free maids :o weave _! ?reads ) bones =
 anatomical demon/rators4  ',at ,bo/on1 
moreov]1 !re are eight doctoresses )    
diplomas 9 full practice4 ,we suppose "s
 ( ^! female physicians are m>ri$1 & ?is
 involves a great social my/]y ( :i* we 
h z yet receiv$ no acc\nt4 ,:5 ! ,mrs4  
,m4,d4's are att5d+ to pati5ts 9 _!     
b\doirs ( consultation1 or po9t+ out    
pa?ological nicknacks 9 _! anatomical   
draw+-rooms1 or go+ _! r\nds )          

/e?oscopes 9 _! bonnets1 :at are _!     
husb&s do+8 ,d !y sup]9t5d !            
p]ambulators1 or are ^! hit*$ on to !   
pr(essional br\ghams ( _! mammas8 ,is x 
a "p ( ! husb&'s m>ital duty to manage !
 nurs]y--9 %ort1 to att5d to ! dome/ic  
affairs g5]ally8 ,p]haps matrimony is   
ignor$ altoge!r4 ,inde$1 we d n well see
 h[ a consci5ti\s doctoress c\ld promise
 to love1 hon\r1 & obey a husb& :o might
 ord] h] to give h] pati5ts a dose (    
/ry*nia all r\nd4'  ,surely ?is is n !  
way to deal ) s grave a "q4 ,argum5t mu/
 be want+1 or ! sne] w\ld n be resort$  
to by s di/+ui%$ an au?ority4 ,! same   
que/ions z are "h put might be employ$  
also to write d[n any description (     
indep5d5t female lab\r4 ,:5 wom5 g out  
to tea* draw+ or music1 or :5 !y att5d  
to %ops1 or make caps & bonnets1 g[ns or
 mantles1 :at1 x may be ask$1 are _!    
husb&s do+8 ,att5d+ to _! own bus9ess1  
if !y h any1 or liv+ on _! wives' e>n+s1
 ,mantal9i-l1 if !y h n4 ,we d n mean to
 say t !re are no practical difficulties

 9 ! way ( ! effectual work+ ( ?is      
s*eme4 ,objections w readily sugge/     
!mselves2 b !y are n insup]able         
objections4 ,all wom5 may n be fit = su*
 "w4 ,b all m5 are n fit = x4 ,_m wom5 w
 lack ! necess>y am\nt ( n]ve2 b _m m5  
lack x also4 ,9 difficulty & dang] wom5 
h great pres5ce ( m9d4 ,!y are (t5 calm 
& collect$ :]e m5 are unh+$ & unbalanc$1
 & incapable ( ex]tion4 ,wom5 h m       
t5d]ness & m pati5ce1 & !y mu/          
necess>ily und]/& _m female ailm5ts     
bett] ?an m54 ,!y w always h "o great   
advantage ov] male practition]s--female 
pati5ts w be m unres]v$ 9 _!            
communications to !m4 ,_m wom5 h be5    
sacrific$ to _! delicacy--to _!         
repugnance to /ate fully _! ailm5ts to  
m5-doctors2 p]haps ev5 to call !m 9     
until x is too late4 ,let su* objections
 z ^! be fairly balanc$ aga9/ ^? :i* may
 be adduc$ aga9/ female practition]s1 & 
let u calmly consid] ! av]age result4   
,we d n pret5d to "k1 "u ! exi/+ ord] ( 
?+s 9 ,great ,brita91 :at proportion (  

*ildr5 are annually br\ght into ! _w )\t
 ! assi/ance ( any male practition]4 ,b 
we "k t 9 humble life x is v common to  
employ only a nurse or midwife4 ,& we d 
n believe t1 "u su* circum/ances1 m     
dang]\s cases ( p>turition occur ?an :]e
 m5 are pr(essionally employ$4 ,b if su*
 7 ! case1 if ! numb] ( dea?s or        
injuries 7 proportionately great]1 no   
argum5t c\ld be d]iv$ f ! fact aga9/ !  
employm5t ( educat$ & diplomatiz$ wom54 
,if1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 accid5ts    
arise f ! abs5ce ( m51 x is n on acc\nt 
( ! sex1 b on acc\nt ( ! ignorance ( !  
practition]4 ,! same am\nt ( k1 z       
indicat$ by ! diploma1 exi/+ 9 bo?      
cases1 we _c help ?9k+ t ! advantage1 9 
mo/ cases1 w be on ! side ( ! female    
att5dant4  ,we might pursue ?is subject 
mu* fur!r2 b "t & space h alike n>r[$ to
 a small compass1 & we h by no means    
exhau/$ our notes4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is   
pap] we h t\*$ on ! subject ( nurses1 b 
r 9 connexion ) amateur ?an )           
pr(essional lab\r4 ,_m wom5 ( a bett]   

k9d might f9d pr(itable employm5t 9 ?is 
pa? ( life2 & if lic5ses1 or diplomas ( 
an inf]ior class1 indicat+ a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( m$ical & physiological k1 7 grant$ to
 !m1 ! bus9ess w\ld n be b5ea? !        
adoption ( wom5 ( bir? & education4 ,b  
"h aga91 p]haps1 ! jeal\sy & selfi%ness 
( m5 w\ld /ep 9 & ?w>t our ef=ts2 = !   
pres5ce ( su* educat$ nurses w\ld (t5   
r5d] x :olly unnecess>y to call 9 a     
regul> practition] at all4--,nor?       
,briti% ,review1 ,no4 ,,lii4 page #ccc4 
,among ! highly civiliz$ & numb]less    
ladies & wom5 ( ,*9a#fj & ! ,ea/1 says  
,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 ord9>y matrons   
are univ]sally employ$ 9 ! sanctu>y (   
*ild-bir?3 & !y w\ld revolt ) horror f  
any proposal to admit ! pres5ce ( a man4
 ,?is /atem5t1 com+1 z x does1 f su* a  
high au?ority1 :5 inveigh+ aga9/ !      
ne$less outrage ^u ! mode/y ( wom51 :i* 
we commit by ! employm5t ( m5-midwives1 
cuts f "u !m ! argum5t ( ! int]e/$      
pr(essors ( ! art1 :o w\ld h u believe1 
t ,briti% wom51 f ! peculi>ities ( !    

climate1 & a high /ate ( civilization1  
are m liable to accid5t & dang] 9 !     
p>turi5t /ate1 ?an ! wom5 ( ^? c\ntries 
9 :i* ! fa%ion ( man-midwif]y is unkn[n4
  ,ev5 ,rob]ton1 "o ( !mselves1 is      
compell$ to admit1 t any argum5t bas$ ^u
 climatic influ5ce is fallaci\s1 &      
easily capable ( dispro(1 = he says1 9 8
 apology = ! /udy ( midwif]y z a        
sci5ce3--,9 reply to su* a /atem5t z ?is
 7,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle's71 x has be5   
common to argue t1 9 w>m c\ntries1 !    
p>ts conc]n$ 9 admitt+ ! passage ( !    
*ild are s relax$1 t lab\r becomes      
comp>atively easy2 & t h5ce we are to   
acc\nt = ! nonemploym5t ( acc\*eurs4    
,?is is a v false view ( ! subject4 ,9  
w>m c\ntries1 ^: inhabitants live aft] !
 same mann] z ourselves1 p>turition is 9
 no degree easi] ?an x is "h4 ,9 ! t[n (
 ,si]ra ,leone1 s ne> ! equator z       
latitude #h deg4 nor?1 we are assur$ by 
,dr4 ,w9t]bottom1 :o resid$ !re1 t hav+ 
be5 pres5t at a numb] ( lab\rs1 !y 9 e  
respect resemble ^? ( wom5 9 ! same     

situation ( life 9 ,engl&4 ,i h met1    
says he1 ) in/ances 9 ,engl& :]e !      
foetus 0 expell$ ) m ease ?an ,i ev]    
knew x to be at ,si]ra ,leone4444  ,!   
prophetical writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t    
furni% _m allusions to pa9ful           
p>turition4 ,! ,jews inhabit$ a w>m     
climate2 & yet1 7 we to judge (         
p>turition among !m f ! frequ5t ref]5ce 
! prophets make to x 9 figures &        
similes1 :5 pr$ict+ ! suff]+s to be     
produc$ by imp5d+ judgm5ts1 we %\ld     
conclude t 9 no p 0 nature's sorr[ m    
sev]e4 ,?us1 ,j]emiah1 ! com+ mis]ies ( 
,judah pass+ be=e 8 vision1             
exclaims3--',i h he>d a voice z ( a     
woman 9 travail1 & ! angui% z ( h] t    
br+e? =? h] fir/ *ild1 ! voice ( !      
daught] ( ,zion t bewaile? h]self1 t    
spreade? h] h&s4' ,a multitude (        
passages conta9+ a simil> allusion might
 be cit$4 ,9 ! hi/orical "p ( !         
,scriptures1 too1 !re is incid5tal      
m5tion ( sev]al cases 9 :i* p>turition  
prov$ fatal4 ,s mu* = ! relax+ influ5ce 

( a w>m climate6 a notion :i*1 l v>i\s  
o!rs respect+ ! influ5ce ( climate on ! 
human sy/em1 is at v>iance ) facts4     
,among ! myriad peoples inhabit+ ! va/  
,cont95t :i*1 9 ! aggregate1 we t]m     
,india1 m5-midwives are unkn[n4 ,!re h  
be51 no d\bt1 attempts made by          
,europeans to introduce ! abom9able     
cu/om1 b we believe1 except+ 9 "s ( !   
t[ns mo/ frequ5t$ by !m1 )\t any        
consid]able success4 ,z ! inhabitants ( 
,tahiti1 & ! isles ( ! ,pacific1 once ! 
abode & v ,p>adise ( nature 9 h] glori\s
 p]fection1 h f\nd to _! co/1 s we fe> 9
 all o!r portions ( ! _w's surface1 :]e 
our boa/$ civilization has set its foot1
 ! evils :i* accompany its progress     
inv>iably take prec$5ce1 & l>gely       
prepond]ate ov] its advantages4 ,:]e=e  
%\ld we add to ! primal curse fulm9at$  
aga9/ woman1 irrespective ( locality or 
race1 9 sorr[ %alt ?\ br+ =? *ildr51 a  
f> great] "o 9 ! ru9 ( h] mode/y1 by !  
introduction ( man into ! sanctu>y      
hall[$ by 8 abs5ce f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,o

 ye f9e ladies ( ,engl&1 :o talk s      
glibly ( all ! virtues1 & blazon y\r    
moral excell5cies be=e ! nations6 if ye 
w n take example f ! highly civiliz$ &  
numb]less ladies & wom5 ( ,*9a & ! ,ea/1
 le>n f ! poor savage1 9 :om1 ?\gh doom$
 to ! l[e/ grade ( e>?'s inhabitants1   
!re yet gl[s fre% f ,heav51 l a pure /> 
gleam+ ?r\gh ! night ( hea!nism1 t      
lovelie/ attribute ( woman--mode/y4 ,ov]
 t my/]i\s rite :i* ,god has confid$ to 
! female sex1 ! rude1 wild1 cruel1      
ignorant1 unciviliz$1 nak$1             
idol-wor%ipp+ natives ( ,new ,holl&1 ?r[
 a veil imp5etrable to man4 ,rob]ton    
says1 page #dhj1 ,among !m 7! ,new      
,holl&]s7 a man is n p]mitt$ to approa* 
:]e p>turition is go+ on4 ,!re are1     
h[ev]1 r>e & beautiful exceptions to t  
accurs$ fa%ion :i* n[ s debases ! wom5 (
 ?is c\ntry2 = we h und\bt$ au?ority =  
/at+ t !re are ladies1 & ladies ( rank1 
titl$ ladies1 :o w\ld n let a man ne>   
!m4 ,9 ^! bright examples propriety /ill
 f9ds a refuge2 9 _! *a/e m9ds ! light (

 reason & ref9em5t %9es ) a fair &      
unsulli$ ray amid/ ! gloom ( apa!tic    
indec5cy1 :i* %r\ds 9 its cold & clammy 
c]em5ts s _m ( _! sex4 ,all hon\r to ^? 
true-he>t$ wom5 :o s pr\dly uphold _!   
native mode/y1 _! sex's lovelie/ *>m1   
above ! rank pollution :i*1 9 ^! s5su\s 
& deg5]ate days1 infects ! sanctu>y (   
m>riage4#fa  ,among ! ,jews1 ! peculi>  
p1 gu>d$ & pres]v$ s wondr\sly by !     
,provid5ce ( ,god1 f ! day t ,israel w5t
 d[n into ,egypt ) ?ree score & t5 s\ls1
 until !y _h multipli$ z ! />s ( !      
heav51 & z ! s& :i* is ^u ! sea %ore1 no
 su* violation ( dec5cy 0 p]mitt$ or    
requir$ to insure ! fulfilm5t ( ,god's  
promise to ,abraham4 ,we le>n t females 
7 regul>ly au?oriz$ & appo9t$ z         
midwives1 = ! ,sacr$ writ+s give u !    
names ( two ( !m3 ,& ! ,k+ ( ,egypt     
spake to ! ,hebrew midwives1 ( :i* ! "n 
( ! "o 0 ,%iphah1 & ! "n ( ! o!r ,puah3 
& he said1 ,:5 ye d ! (fice ( a midwife 
to ! ,hebrew wom51 & see !m ^u ! /ools3 
if x be a son1 !n ye %all kill him2 b if

 x be a daught]1 !n %e %all live4 ,b !  
midwives fe>$ ,god1 & did n z ! ,k+ (   
,egypt comm&$ !m1 b sav$ ! m5-*ildr5    
alive4 ,& ! ,k+ ( ,egypt call$ = !      
midwives1 & said unto !m1 ,:y h ye done 
?is ?+1 & h sav$ ! m5-*ildr5 alive8 ,& !
 midwives said unto ,ph>oah1 ,because ! 
,hebrew wom5 are n z ! ,egyptian wom52 =
 !y are lively1 & are deliv]$ ere !     
midwives come 9 unto !m4 ,!re=e ,god    
dealt well ) ! midwives3 & ! p multipli$
 & wax$ v mighty4 ,& x came to pass1    
because ! midwives fe>$ ,god1 t ,he made
 !m h\ses4 ,we "k also t !re 7          
physicians 9 ^? days1 = ,joseph comm&$ 8
 s]vants ! physicians to embalm 8 fa!r1 
& ! physicians embalm$ ,israel4 ,n[1 x  
is mo/ c]ta9 t if ! great protect+ p[] (
 ! ,jews--! fa!r ( 8 p1 _h deem$ x      
necess>y or prop]1 = ! safety ( mo!rs or
 ( (fspr+1 to af=d any assi/ance beyond 
t :i* nature & ! midwife suppli$1 x w\ld
 h be5 s orda9$1 & z surely m5tion$ by !
 great hi/orian & lead] ( ! ,israelites1
 or by "s o!r ( ! sacr$ writ]s2 b ( ?is 

!re is no sign :atev]1 & we mu/1 !re=e1 
inf] t ?is innovation 0 n s mu* z ?\ght 
( by ! ,jews1 highly civiliz$ & vici\s p
 z !y 71 & t x 0 res]v$ = u1 9 ! n9ete5?
 c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 to p]mit su* a
 sc&al\s brea* ( decorum z ! pro/itution
 ( our wives to ! impure t\* ( a        
man-midwife4 ,rob]ton says1 9 8         
,apology--,b an objector w ask1 _c a    
matron practise ^! exp$i5ts8 & if s1 :]e
 is ! use or propriety ( su* a class z  
m5-midwives8 ,i reply1 d\btless a matron
 may practise _m ( ! exp$i5ts ref]r$ to1
 if !y h be5 taught h]4 ,x is ( ! value 
( midwif]y z a sci5ce1 orig9at+ ) &     
practis$ by m51 comp>$ ) matron or      
uncultivat$ midwif]y1 ( :i* ,i h be5    
speak+4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( in/ruct$  
female midwives 9 a community may1 =    
aught ,i "k1 be a b5efit4 ,let ! read]  
m>k1 le>n1 & inw>dly dige/ ^! words6 ,"h
 is ! admission ( an acc\*eur ( ! pres5t
 day1 confirm+ ! words ( ,r\ssel1 & ! _m
 o!r au?orities :om we h quot$1 z to !  
fitness ( wom5 = ! practice ( ! exp$i5ts

 necess>y 9 midwif]y1 &1 fur!r1 a mo/   
important ackn[l$gm5t1 z com+ f "o ( 8  
class1 t females1 prop]ly in/ruct$ z    
midwives1 w\ld be a b5efit to society4  
,to be sure !y w\ld6 ,:o d\bts x8 ,& is 
!re n en\gh ( weal?1 & en]gy1 & "r feel+
 9 ,engl& to say--,we w t !re %all be 9 
e community prop]ly in/ruct$ midwives2  
we w t !re %all be organiz$1 9 all our  
great t[ns1 s*ools ( midwif]y = !       
in/ruction ( wom51#fb :o %all g =? f !m 
fully compet5t 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e 
cases out ( e ?\s&1 to p]=m t (fice :i* 
is n[1 f _! sex1 s indec5tly p]=m$ by   
m54 ,! in/ruction ( midwives has no?+ ( 
novelty 9 x3 wom5 are s in/ruct$ 9 !    
,dubl9 ,ly+-9 ,hospital1 at ?is day1 &  
we believe#fc t !y are s in/ruct$ at    
,man*e/] & 9 ,london2 !y walk !         
hospital1 z ! t]m is1 = six mon?s1 & at 
! end ( t "t !y receive a diploma2 b !re
 is a jeal\sy on ! "p ( ! acc\*eurs1 :o 
fe>1 naturally en\gh1 t _! trade 7a v   
lucrative "o#fd7 might be injur$ if ^!  
wom5 %\ld assume too mu* responsibility1

 & ! consequ5ces ( ?is jeal\sy#fe are   
injuri\s to ! full & complete in/ruction
 & compet5cy ( ! nurses4#ff  ,^! nurses 
are v mu* 9 ! p[] ( ! acc\*eurs1 = x is 
pr9cipally ?r\gh ! latt]'s recomm5dation
 t !y obta9 employm5t1 at lea/ among !  
upp] classes1 & ! evils :i* arise f ?is 
/ate ( ?+s are fatal to ! int]e/s (     
morality4 ,! nurse is afraid to act )\t 
! man-midwife1 n because %e is          
incompet5t1 = %e has walk$ ! hospital & 
has h] diploma ( effici5cy1 b because x 
ess5tially conc]ns ! man-midwife to play
 ! pr9cipal "p1 9 ord] t ! belief 9 !   
necessity = 8 pres5ce & assi/ance %\ld  
n1 by any act ( h]s1 be %ak52 su* is _! 
jeal\sy on ?is head1 t we h kn[n !      
man-midwife1 on arriv+ too late to be   
pres5t at ! bir?1 r\ndly rate ! nurse ( 
8 own appo9tm5t = n hav+ s5t = him      
soon]1 al?\gh ! case 0 ( ! mo/ ord9>y   
description1 & great additional ease (  
m9d & g5]al com=t 7 exp]i5c$ by !       
pati5t1 ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! doctor4#fg   
,! nurses 9 _! six mon?s' tra9+ at !    

hospital le>n mu*1 h[ev]1 t is useful to
 !m 9 _! own aft]-practice1 = _m ( !m   
are employ$ by ! humbl] classes f       
motives ( economy1 & we w\ld fa9 believe
 ( delicacy also4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! nurses 
we h le>nt ! frightful indignities to   
:i* ! poor hospital pati5ts are         
sometimes subject$4 ,a difficult case ( 
lab\r1 z x is t]m$1 occurs1 ! wret*$    
victim is /ripp$ nak$1 c&les are plac$  
ar\nd ! b$1 & ! /ud5ts assemble 9 cr[ds1
 p]*$ on ladd]s & b5*es1 to wat* !      
progress ( ! lab\r1 & ! manipulations ( 
! op]ator4 ,o ,god6 t 9 a ,*ri/ian l&1 9
 our boa/$ ,brita91 prid+ h]self on h]  
civilization & proprieties1 su* orgies1 
:i* w\ld raise a blu% amid/ ! rites (   
devils1 %\ld disgrace ! "n ( sci5ce6    
,we h said t wom5 are admitt$ z pupils  
at ! ,ly+-9 ,hospital 9 ,dubl91 & t aft]
 a six mon?s' probation !y obta9 a      
diploma3 b1 z !y are nev] p]mitt$ to    
op]ate 9 any b ord9>y cases1 x _c be    
int5d$ t _! education %\ld obviate !    
necessity = ! employm5t ( acc\*eurs4 ,n[

 we w\ld sugge/1 t in/ead ( ?is p>tial  
in/ruction !y %\ld be af=d$ ample       
opportunity = acquir+ a p]fect k ( !    
exp$i5ts necess>y = ov]com+ !           
difficulties ( _! pr(ession2 t1 in/ead (
 dismiss+ !m at ! end ( six mon?s1 !y   
%\ld be reta9$ until !y are suffici5tly 
in/ruct$ to be able ) confid5ce &       
facility to und]take ^? extreme cases   
:i* are n[ res]v$ to m54 ,no man (      
intellig5ce1 :o reflects on ?is subject1
 w = a mom5t d\bt t :]e nicety ( t\* &  
delicacy ( h&l+ are requir$1 ! female   
organization is m p]fectly adapt$ = !m  
?an t ( m52 & :5 we consid] ! delicate  
duties to be p]=m$ 9 midwif]y1 we _c b  
?9k 7& ! ?\ght w f9d an e*o 9 ! m9ds (  
?\s&s7 t woman1 & woman alone1 is bo?   
morally & physically fitt$ = ! (fice4#fh
 ,x may possibly be urg$ by !           
m5-midwives1 t1 if !y 7 to be depriv$ ( 
_! ord9>y practice1 & to be sup]s$$ by  
wom51 9 all cases ( lab\r 9 :i* no      
extraord9>y difficulty pres5t$ itself1  
!y w\ld n be s well prep>$ to op]ate :5 

accid5t might call = _! int]f]5ce4 ,we  
may 9 all ju/ice reply1 :at is t to u8  
see ye to t2 are we to pro/itute our    
wives to y\r impure t\*+s1              
manipulations1 t5tatives1 & exp]im5ts1 9
 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ne$less cases1 9
 ord] to af=d y ! requisite exp]i5ce = !
 ?\s&?8 ,we tr[ n2 & ! sci5ce ( surg]y  
mu/ inde$ be at a l[ ebb if1 :5 occasion
 requires1 !re are n to be f\nd m5 ( t  
noble pr(ession :o c\ld und]take )      
success any ne$ful op]ation4  ,9 =m]    
times ! difficulties 9 c]ta9 cases (    
p>turition1 :i* are n[ trumpet$ =? by ! 
writ]s on man-midwif]y ) all ! pomp &   
/ate ( academic le>n+1 7 easily ov]come 
by discreet & exp]i5c$ wom51 :o1 al?\gh 
innoc5t ( physical1 classical1 or       
ma!matical sci5ce1 knew full well h[ to 
op]ate :5 necessity call$ = _!          
int]v5tion4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ passage 9  
,alb]tus ,magnus3--,:5ce x is to be kn[n
 t 9 "s wom5 !re is great] suff]+ ?an 9 
o!rs1 because 9 "s x happ5s t ! foetus  
sometimes pres5ts a h&1 & sometimes a   

foot1 all :i* are hurtful4 ,!n !        
midwives c>efully ?ru/ back ! foetus1 & 
h5ce great pa9 is produc$1 s t _m wom51 
unless v robu/1 are weak5$ ev5 to dea?1 
c4 ,!n1 aft] describ+ ! effect ( an     
accid5t :i* sometimes occurr$ ev5 ) ! m 
appropriate assi/ance ( ! female h&1 b  
:i*#fi if ! tru? 0 kn[n1 s9ce ! inv5tion
 ( in/rum5ts has probably be5 ( mu*     
great] frequ5cy1 he cont9ues3 ,!n       
discreet midwives use a c]ta9 o9tm5t1   
ano9t+ ! vulva1 because ! womb is (t5   
injur$ & w\nd$ 9 ! vulva1 & !re=e x is  
necess>y t discreet wom5 & exp]i5c$ 9   
?is op]ation %\ld be employ$ 9          
deliv]y4#gj ,b ?is ,i h le>nt f "s wom51
 t :5 ! foetus pres5ts its head 9 !     
outlet1 !n ! bus9ess f>es well1 because 
!n ! o!r memb]s foll[ )\t difficulty1 & 
an easy lab\r is ! result4#ga  ,to !    
casual read] :o has ! curiosity to wade 
?r\gh ! fil?y & disgu/+ details ( !     
pond]\s tomes on ob/etricity1 = ! mo/ "p
 g>ni%$ ) engrav+s at :i* purity mu/    
blu% & lic5ti\sness may gloat1 & :o     

incont95tly p9s 8 fai? ^u ! dogmas !re(1
 x w seem absolutely incompreh5sible h[ 
unit aft] unit1 ( millions on millions  
numb]less1 :o h peopl$ e>?1 contriv$ to 
see ! light1 f ! days ( our g5]al "m    
,eve1 until t happy h\r :5 fir/ ob/etric
 sci5ce fla%$ ^u ! _w1 & by its magic   
t\* scatt]+ ! dreams ( a primeval curse1
 v\*saf$ its art to tea* poor feeble    
ineffectual nature h[ to act4  ,"o      
result ( ! frightful tissue ( imag9able 
& unimag9able horrors conta9$ 9 ^!      
books1 is t almo/ e woman 9 ! upp] &    
middle classes believes t ! *ances are  
t5 to "o 9 fav\r ( a cross bir?2 !      
nurse1 in/ead ( reliev+ h] fe>s1 r      
confirms !m1 & on ! /r5g? ( t und]/&+   
:i* always prevails betwe5 ! nurse & !  
man-midwife1 %e takes c>e to impress ^u 
! suff]]1 wr\ght up to a pitiable /ate (
 n]v\s excitem5t1 t no?+ b ! bea/ly     
manipulations ( ! doctor c r5d] ! lab\r 
successful4  ,wom51 :ile suff]+ "u !    
sev]e pangs ( p>turition1 mo/ frequ5tly 
lose mu* ( t natural delicacy belong+ to

 ! sex1 & at ! mom5t :5 t]ror & anxiety 
ov]rule e o!r feel+1 ! man-midwife      
approa*es1 & (f]s to ! trembl+ victim t 
disgu/+ insult1 ! exam9ation p] vag9am2 
an inque/ bo? morally & physically      
injuri\s to ! pati5t1 & utt]ly ne$less1 
f ! in=mation previ\sly obta9$ by !     
female att5dant4  ,fur!rmore1 ^! m5 well
 "k t "o fool makes _m1 & t ! m !y are  
able to conv9ce ! public ( ! dang]s &   
difficulties ( *ild-bir?1 ! m sure are  
!y ( an unfail+ trade 9 ! practice (    
man-midwif]y4 ,ce n'e/ que le premi] pas
 qui c\te1 & :5 !y _h successfully      
a*iev$ "o g5]ation ( pati5ts1 ! re/ 0   
easy2 all h5ce=w>d 0 pla9 sail+2 !      
mo!rs1 despite ! qualms ( outrag$       
delicacy1 once conv9c$ t _! safety _h   
be5 dep5d5t on ! skill ( ! man-midwife1 
! daught]s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 foll[$ 9 
_! wake2 ! idea1 if p]*ance x occurr$1 (
 ! indec5cy ( ! act1 be+ promptly set at
 re/ by ! recollection t _! mo!rs _h    
done ! same4 ,?us a k9d ( freemasonry is
 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! m5-midwives & wom51  

:i*1 f its v nature1 _c be free f gross 
impropriety1 & is sometimes att5d$ ) mo/
 p]nici\s consequ5ces1 ( :i* ! husb& is 
kept 9 entire ignorance4#gb ,x is a     
common occurr5ce 9 ord9>y life to see ! 
man-midwife seat$ z a gue/ at y\r       
d9n]-table1 or z a morn+ visitor 9 y\r  
wife's draw+-room1 :o p]haps b a few    
weeks be=e may h in=m$ himself bo? by   
t\* & sight ( all ! inmo/ secrets ( h]  
p]son1 :o kn[s z well z y d y\rself e   
hidd5 *>m :i* %e possesses4 ,faugh6 ! v 
?\ght is gall & wormwood1 & outrag$     
delicacy dem&s in/ant & et]nal r$ress4  
,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 late ,presid5t ( 
! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 assures u
 t *ild-bir?1 l p>turition 9 ! l[]      
animals1 is purely a natural process1 ! 
safety ( :i* ,div9e ,provid5ce has mo/  
wisely secur$2 & consequ5tly t x is     
always mis*iev\s to tamp] ) pregnant    
wom51 "u ! pret5ce ( ha/5+1 eas+1 or    
ret>d+ _! deliv]y4 ,rob]ton1 9 allusion 
to ! above1 says--,if ?is be correct1 x 
foll[s ( c\rse t midwif]y is no sci5ce1 

b a presumptu\s fraud4#gc ,aga9 he says1
 ,admitt+1 z ,i d1 n t n9ety-n9e 9 a    
hundr$1 b t a l>ge proportion ( lab\rs1 
say n9ete5 out ( tw5ty1 w\ld t]m9ate    
well "u ! eye ( an intellig5t nurse1 7  
!y left solely to ! en]gies ( nature1#gd
 c42 & aga91 ,i h admitt$ t a           
consid]able proportion ( lab\rs w\ld d  
well1 unaid$1 "u ! eye ( a nurse1 c4#ge 
,dr4 ,johnson says--,! ord9>y treatm5t (
 wom5 9 *ild-b$ is irrational1          
indef5sible1 & mo/ prepo/]\sly fooli%4  
,no?+ c be m absurd4 ,*ildbir? is n a   
disease6 ,x is simply ! p]=mance ( a    
natural function1 l eat+1 dr9k+1 c41 yet
 we treat x z ?\gh x 7 "s =midable &    
dang]\s malady4 ,dr4 ,conque/1 a ,london
 acc\*eur ( repute1 says--',*ild-bir? is
 t natural process by :i* ! womb expels 
its cont5ts1 & returns to ! condition 9 
:i* x 0 previ\sly4 ,i call x a natural  
process2 & 9 my op9ion no s5tim5t is m  
pregnant ) mis*ief1 ?an ! op9ion :i*    
almo/ univ]sally prevails1 t ?is process
 is inevitably "o ( difficulty & dang]4 

,i am well aw>e t "s degree ( suff]+ is 
connect$ ) *ild-bir?2 & ?is applies     
equally to ! :ole animal creation1 :e!r 
human or brute1 ?\gh ! =m] suff] m ?an !
 latt]1 because ! habits ( brutes are   
less unnatural4 ,t ! suff]+ ( wom5 dur+ 
*ild-bir? is ref]rible1 9 a great       
degree1 to _! artificial habits ( life1 
& n to _! =m & make1 is evid5t f a      
v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,hi/ory1 9 all   
ages ( ! _w1 e/abli%es ?is position4    
,:at made ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 !     
anci5t ,hebrews & ,egyptians1 ( :om x is
 said3 ,! ,hebrew wom5 are n z !        
,egyptian wom52 = !y are lively1 & are  
deliv]$ ere ! midwives come 9 unto !m8  
,:at1 ,i w\ld ask1 made ! m>k$ diff]5ce 
9 ! lab\rs ( ^! two classes ( wom51 b ! 
pla91 simple1 & indu/ri\s habits ( !    
,hebrews1 z contra/$ ) ! effem9acy1 &   
luxuri\s liv+ ( ! ,egyptians8 ,look into
 m mod]n hi/ory1 & y w see ! same fact  
e/abli%$ aga9 & aga94 ,i c\ld m5tion    
innum]able pro(s1 b a few mu/ suffice4  
',! celebrat$ travell]1 ,bruce1 says1 t 

! ,abyss9ian wom5 retire by !mselves1 & 
g ?r\gh ! process ( *ild-bir? ) s mu*   
ease & exp$ition1 t !y d n conf9e       
!mselves a day aft] lab\r1 b return to  
_! usual occupations imm$iately4  ',!   
same simplicity1 exp$ition1 & fre$om f  
dang]1 att5d ?is natural process among/ 
! natives 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 !
 ,we/ ,indies1 & ,am]ica1 :]e ! mode (  
liv+ among ! natives is m simple &      
ab/emi\s1 & _! occupations & g5]al      
habits m labori\s1 ?an 9 m civiliz$     
c\ntries4  ',! ,moori% wom5 h no        
midwives1 b are usually alone at ! "t ( 
deliv]y1 ly+ on ! gr\nd "u an indiff]5t 
t5t4 ,!y w ev5 travel1 on ! same day1 a 
di/ance ( fifte5 or tw5ty miles4  ',9   
,morocco ! wom5 suff] s little1 t !y    
frequ5tly g ?r\gh ! duties ( ! h\se on !
 day aft] _! deliv]y1 ) ! *ild on _!    
back4  ',"o respectable travell] assures
 u1 t ) ! native ,africans lab\r is s   
easy1 & tru/$ s entirely to nature1 t no
 "o kn[s ( its exi/5ce till ! woman     
appe>s at ! door ( ! hut ) ! *ild4      

',ano!r1 equally respectable1 tells u1 t
 z soon z an ,am]ican ,indian woman be>s
 a *ild1 %e goes into ! wat] & imm]ses x
 & h]self4#gf ,"o ev5+ he ask$ an       
,indian :]e 8 wife 03 he repli$3 ,i     
suppose %e has gone into ! woods to set 
a trap = birds4 ,9 ab\t an h\r %e       
return$ ) a new-born infant 9 h] arms1 &
 hold+ x up exclaim$3 ,"h1 ,engli%man1  
"h is a "y w>rior6 ,7 x necess>y1 _m m  
in/ances might be br\ght =w>d4 ,b x has 
be5 said1 ?is occurs only 9 w>m         
climates1 :]e ! heat relaxes ! p>ts     
conc]n$ 9 p>turition4 ,?is objection is 
n consi/5t ) tru?1 = ! natives (        
,livonia1 & ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1  
retire to "s private place1 & return    
imm$iately aft] _! deliv]y to _! cu/om>y
 "w2 & ! ,gre5l&]s d all _! common      
bus9ess j be=e1 & v soon aft] _! lab\r1 
& a /ill-born or de=m$ *ild is seldom   
se5 or he>d ( among !m4 ,/ill fur!r to  
e/abli% ! ass]tion t human p>turition is
 n necess>ily a process ( dang]1 we "k t
 9 ?is c\ntry s]vant girls1 :o become   

illegitimately pregnant1 v (t5 abs5t    
!mselves = an h\r or two1 &1 aft] giv+  
bir? to a *ild1 return to ! dis*>ge ( _!
 h\sehold duties imm$iately4#gg ,x is1  
!re=e1 obvi\s t ! difficulty & dang] t s
 (t5 att5d *ild-be>+ 9 civiliz$         
society1#gh are attributable1           
pr9cipally1 to unnatural cu/oms & habits
 ( liv+1 9 :i*1 wom51 9 ?is & o!r       
c\ntries1 indulge f _! infancy1#gi & :i*
 op]ate by prev5t+ ! con/itution f      
acquir+ its prop] firmness & vig\r1 & by
 produc+ a weak1 feeble1 & irritable    
/ate ( body1 c4' ,dr4 ,johnson adds3    
,?is is ! language ( ,dr4 ,conque/--a   
metropolitan acc\*eur physician ( mu*   
em95ce--a man :o1 f ! long & successful 
practice ( 8 pr(ession1 has des]v$ly    
acquir$ weal? & di/9ction--a man1 !re=e1
 :o c af=d to be hone/--a man :o1 unlike
 ,ar*deacon ,paley1 c af=d to keep a    
consci5ce4 ,) ^?1 !re=e1 :o put _! tru/ 
9 au?ority r ?an 9 ! light ( _! own     
reason--t is to say1 ) n9e hundr$ &     
n9ety-n9e p]sons out ( e ?\s&--! op9ions

 ( su* a man z ,dr4 ,conque/ _c fail to 
h m ?an ord9>y weight4#hj  ,9 ! =ego+   
pages we h s\ght to place be=e our      
read]s1 9 ! cle>e/ light1 ! op9ions (   
,r\ssel & o!r em95t m51 t\*+ ! practice 
( man-midwif]y2 op9ions ! =ce & tru? (  
:i*1 bas$ z !y are ^u pr9ciples ( !     
pure/ morality1 & ! s\nd doctr9es (     
physical sci5ce1 _c be controv]t$ or    
d5i$4 ,we h %[n t ! ,royal ,college (   
,physicians1 s lately z ! ye> #ahbg1    
designat$ ! practice ( man-midwif]y z an
 art =eign to ! habits ( g5tlem5 (      
enl>g$ academical education1 & "o :i*   
might safely be entru/$ to discreet     
matrons4 ,we h1 9 confirmation ( ^!     
op9ions1 quot$ ! s5tim5ts express$ by   
,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 late ,presid5t ( 
! ,college ( ,surgeons1 :o /yles ! boa/$
 art a pret5ce1 & acc\*eurs m]e nurses4 
,we h prov$1 by ! admission (           
m5-midwives !mselves1 t ! great majority
 ( cases ( midwif]y w\ld d well "u ! eye
 ( a nurse1 & t skill$ midwives w\ld be 
a b5efit 9 e community4 ,we h be=e our  

eyes ! example ( ,france ) h] s*ools (  
midwif]y2 & aga9/ ! argum5ts &          
dispassionate op9ions ( m5 ( ! highe/   
rank 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 moot$ z !y h 
be5 at v>i\s times1 & 9 diff]5t         
c\ntries1 yet all t5d+ to ! same        
conclusion1 we f9d absolutely no?+ b !  
self-int]e/$ doctr9e ( an anomal\s      
class#ha ( m$ical m51 ^: policy x is1 = 
! fur!rance ( _! own selfi% views1 to   
decry ! p[]s ( nature1 & to abrogate !  
employm5t ( females 9 ! sanctu>y (      
*ild-bir?2 a doctr9e :i* suff]s its     
disciples1 reg>dless ( all delicacy1 & 9
 defiance ( ! contempt ( _! pr(essional 
bre?r51 to prey ^u ! weakness & natural 
timidity ( ! sex1 & ) presumptu\s       
indec5cy to arrogate to !mselves duties 
prop] only to wom52 a doctr9e :i*1 :ile 
x deals an irrep>able bl[#hb at ! v he>t
 ( e family1 ?reat5s ) de/ruction       
virtue1 mode/y1 & hon\r4  ,husb&s1      
fa!rs1 c\ntrym51 ,,?9k ,,( ,,^! ,,?+s6  
,we d mo/ he>tily believe t if1 unbiass$
 by ! self-int]e/$ & fraudul5t ass]tions

 ( quack]y & empiricism1 y w\ld ex]t y\r
 own reason+ p[]s on ! "q1 ! doom ( ?is 
abuse w\ld soon be seal$4 ,b z1 9 _m    
ano!r usage :i* m5 individually admit to
 be blots 9 t high /ate ( civilization  
to :i* we h advanc$1 our apa?y ov]comes 
our desire = _! correction1 & we let !m 
pass2 s1 because ?is wrong has =c$ its  
pro/itut+ influ5ce ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread?
 ( ! l&1 magnifi$ & su/a9$ z x is by !  
t]rorism ( treatises1 & ! arti/ic       
display ( its abettors1 despite ! w>n+s 
( our consci5ces1 we yield ourselves to 
its guidance1 we d>e n lift up ! veil   
:i* conceals its abom9ations1 & ev5 fe>1
 c[>ds t we are1 to "q its privileges1  
privileges :i* a damn$ cu/om has        
accord$2 privileges ! v ?\ght ( :i* %\ld
 make ! blood curdle 9 our ve9s ) disgu/
 & horror6 ,= if we = a mom5t reflect ^u
 ! precepts laid d[n 9 ! indec5t f>ragos
 ( ob/etric sci5ce1 & fur!r ^u ! fact1 t
 ^! precepts are inv>iably c>ri$ into   
effect1 :5ev] ! pati5t c be induc$ to   
submit to ! outrages !re9 enjo9$1 we mu/

 ackn[l$ge t 9 all su* cases purity     
itself c oppose no effectual b>ri] to ^!
 insidi\s assaults1 & t mode/y mu/ fly f
 ! *amb] :5 ! man-midwife crosses its   
?re%old4  ,o hateful1 horrible ?\ght6 t 
! "y bride1 radiant ) joy\s innoc5ce1 & 
love's gl[+ fantasies1 beautiful        
exce$+ly1 & pure z fair1 mu/ 9 a few    
%ort mon?s1 9 bl9d ob$i5ce to a spuri\s 
cu/om1 yield h]self to ! pollution ( a  
/rang]'s t\*1 & bani% = ev] f h] husb&'s
 s\l t de> delici\s dream1 entirety (   
possession6  ,?is is no exagg]at$       
picture1 no ov]/ra9$ description ( t    
mortal /a9 :i* r5ds into v %r$s ! *>m ( 
delicacy2 b a simple tru?1 a t]rible    
reality1 n to be gloz$ ov] by !         
fallaci\s reason+s ( frigid philosophy4 
,o m56 if y h ! s\ls ( m51 if "o drop ( 
! old *ivalr\s blood ( y\r ance/ors yet 
palpitates 9 y\r ve9s1 if y h n         
irrecov]ably b[$ d[n to ! idol cu/om1 if
 mammon1 lu/ ( ga9 & p[]1 ) all ! fell  
catalogue ( vici\s incl9ations1 h left b
 "o cell unoccupi$ 9 y\r he>t's mansion1

 if y yet hold woman to be ! faire/1    
pure/1 be/ ( ! ,creator's works2 oh6 let
 ! cry ( out damn$ spot1 rise heav5w>d f
 e home 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 let sacr$    
purity once m ass]t h] rights1 let      
nature's illimitable p[]s d _! "w       
unaid$1 undefil$ by ! sordid infamy (   
*>latanism1 & future g5]ations %all     
gratefully invoke unnumb]$ bless+s on ! 
memory ( ^? :o sav$ ! daught]s ( ,engl& 
f ! curse ( a cruel degradation4   ,,!  
,,end4     ,footnotes3  #a ,9 ! mid/ (  
our app>5t mat]ial prosp]ity1 let "s    
curi\s or c\rage\s h& lift up b a corn] 
( t embroid]$ pall1 :i* ! sup]ficial    
ref9em5t ( our privileg$ & prosp]\s     
classes has ?r[n ov] society1 & h[ we   
recoil f ! revelation ( :at lies see?+ &
 fe/]+ b5ea?6 ,mrs4 ,jameson's          
,communion ( ,lab\r1 pag4 #bj4  #b ,anno
 #affc4 ,vide ,r\ssel1 ,sy/eme ,moral et
 ,physique de la ,femme1 ed4 #ahee1 p4  
#bbd1 & ,a/ruc1 ,maladies des ,femmes1  
t4 vii4  #c ,?is surgeon 0 mo/ probably 
a p]son nam$ ,*ison1 ( :om ,c\nt ,bussi 

,rabut9 relates ! foll[+                
anecdote3--,mean:ile ,madame de ,crequi 
w5t to seek ,madame on ! day :i* %e _h  
appo9t$ = _! p>ty to ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,%e !re 
met ,*ison1 :o _h come to see "o (      
,madame's girls :o 0 ill2 he is ,la     
,vali]e's m$ical man1 & is faceti\s &   
witty2 aft] he _h le>n$ ! compla9t ( !  
"y lady1 ,*e] up1 said he to h]1 ,i h   
rem$ies = all1 ev5 = lov]s' he>ts4 ,ho6 
,g---- ,g----6 repli$ ,madame1 tea* me  
!m directly1 = t5 or a doz5 t ,i h1 :om 
,i %\ld l to cure1 provid$ x co/s me    
only a few g>d5 h]bs4 ,ha1 ,madame1     
repli$ he1 x co/s me mu* less ?an h]bs1 
x co/s me no?+ b words4 ,9 f9e1 ,*ison1 
:o sacrific$ ev]y?+ = ! ent]ta9m5t (    
,madame1 relat$ to h] h[ ! k+ _h s5t to 
him to inquire1 & t he _h dem&$1 )      
extreme emotion1 :e!r ,mademoiselle de  
la ,vali]e c\ld really survive1 & if h] 
leanness 0 n a bad symptom4 ,& :at 0 y\r
 answ]8 repli$ ,madame4 ,:at1 said he1 c
 y\r highness be 9 d\bt8 ,i assure y t  
,i promis$ him1 ) z mu* boldness1 !     

prolongation ( h] ye>s1 z if ,i _h a    
lett] f ,heav54 ,i spoke z a philosoph] 
( life1 & dea?1 & de/9ies2 x ne$$ no?+  
7:5 ,i saw ! joy ( ! k+7 b to h promis$ 
him an immortality = ! girl4 ,true1     
,g----1 cri$ ,madame2 :at secret *>ms   
has ! creature to inspire s great a     
passion8 ,i assure y1 repli$ ,*ison1 t x
 is n h] body :i* supplies !m4--,hi/4   
,am4 des ,gaules4 ,am\rs de la ,vali]e1 
page #dcj4  ,! witty & faceti\s ,*ison  
spoke ) a c]ta9ty :i* exp]i5ce alone    
c\ld give2 he _h d\btless att5d$ ,la    
,vali]e 9 h] conf9em5t4 ,d su*          
conv]sations ev] occur n[8 ,!re is no?+ 
new "u ! sun2 :at has be5 w be1 & !     
laureate1 n )\t reason1 s+s 9 ,maud3--  
,yond] a vile physician blabb+   ,! case
 ( 8 pati5t4  #d ,alison's ,hi/ory1 page
 #aaa1 vol4 i4  #e ,ibid4 page #ahj1    
vol4 i4  #f ,alison's ,hi/ory1 page     
#bag1 vol4 i4  #g ,a/ruc1 des ,maladies 
des ,femmes4  #h ,ex-,maitresse         
,sage-,femme1 ,surveillante-en-*ef de   
l',hospice de la ,mat]nite et de la     

,maison ,royale de ,sante et de         
l',adm9i/ration ,g5]ale des ,hopitaux et
 ,hospices ,civils de ,p>is2 ,docteur en
 ,m$ec9e de l',univ]site de ,m>b\rg1 c4 
c4 c4  #i ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 we h       
asc]ta9$ t a ,*>ity1 call$ ! ,royal     
,mat]nity ,*>ity1 has exi/$ = a c5tury 9
 ,london4 ,x 0 in/itut$1 #ageg1 = !     
gratuit\s deliv]y ( poor m>ri$ wom5 at  
_! own habitations4 ,! pati5ts are      
att5d$ 9 _! ly+-9 by skilful &          
well-taught midwives1 7( :om !re are n[ 
?irty-five71 "u ! wat*ful sup]9t5d5ce ( 
appo9t$ physicians1 by "o ( :om !       
midwives are fir/ c>efully in/ruct$ at !
 *>ge1 & expressly = ! s]vice ( ?is     
*>ity2 &1 be+ locat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( !   
metropolis1 & n re/rict$1 9 ! ex]cise ( 
_! pr(ession1 to ! pati5ts ( ! ,*>ity   
solely1 ?\gh su* pati5ts are1 at all    
times & )\t exception1 to h ! pref]5ce1 
_! s]vices are available to any o!r     
p]sons1 :o1 ei!r f *oice or necessity1  
may be desir\s ( employ+ a midwife      
in/ead ( a m$ical man2 & z ^! occasions 

are n r>e1 "s ( ! midwives hav+ f fifte5
 to tw5ty private pati5ts p] mon?1 x is 
n among ! lea/ ( ! advantages incid5t to
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,,royal ,,mat]nity    
,,*>ity t x is ! means ( keep+ up a     
class ( respectable1 intellig5t midwives
 = su* em]g5cies4--,prospectus ( !      
,royal ,mat]nity ,*>ity1 (fice #ag1     
,little ,knight ,rid]-/reet1 ,doctors'  
,commons1 ,london4  #aj ,x mu/ be       
ackn[l$g$ t1 al?\gh ! function ( midwife
 belongs to ! heal+ art1 x 0 nev] int5d$
 to be ex]cis$ by m54--,r\ssel1 page    
#bag4  ,x is incompatible ) ! g5]al     
infirmities ( human nature to expect t !
 m$ical pr(ession1 ex]cis$ z x is = !   
daily means ( ma9t5ance1 c be fill$ ) m5
 ( sci5ce1 ) philosoph]s1 or ev5 )      
hon\rable g5tlem51 :ile ! greate/ numb] 
are remun]at$ accord+ to ! quantity (   
drugs !y craftily sell at r&om1 z       
pret5d$ antidotes1 & o!rs foll[ !       
bus9ess ( m]e nurses1 ) all ! pomp &    
/ate ( academic le>n+4--,on ,heal?1 by  
,sir ,an?ony ,c>lisle1 ,f4,r4,s41 late  

,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college (         
,surgeons1 & ,surgeon ( ! ,we/m9/]      
,hospital4 #ahda4  #aa ,o!rs1 _m o!rs1  
less indu/ri\s1 h be5 amus+ & faceti\s4 
,x is n long s9ce ,i /ood by ! b$ ( a   
lady1 :o1 betwe5 e pa91 0 mak+ m]ry 9   
talk+ ) ! nurse2 &1 ! mom5t aft] ! head 
& no m 0 born1 comm5c$ giv+ me an amus+ 
acc\nt ( "o ( my pati5ts1 a relative (  
h]s1 ^: ailm5ts1 %e assur$ me1 arose f  
inatt5tion to my rules ( diet4          
7667--,rob]ton1 ,physiology1 c41 page   
#dei4  ,oh1 ,r\ssel1 h[ prophetic 7 y\r 
words6  #ab ,r\ssel1 p4 #bbb4  #ac      
,female physicians 7 /ill kn[n at ,rome 
9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]ors1 accord+ to ?is v]se
 ( ,m>tial1  ,prot9us acc$unt m$ici     
m$icaeque rec$unt4--,hecquet4  #ad      
,olympias1 ,sotira1 ,salpe1 ,lais1 all  
cit$ by ,pl9y1 & _m o!rs ( :om di/+ui%$ 
au?ors make m5tion4--,hecquet4  #ae     
,/ev5s' ,man-,midwif]y ,expos$4  #af    
,hecquet says3 ,! prov9ces at a little  
di/ance f ,p>is /ill f9d ?is cu/om v    
revolt+4--,de l',indec5ce aux ,hommes   

d'acc\*] les ,femmes1 page #h4  #ag ,9  
lab\rs /rictly natural1 t]m9at+ aft] a  
few h\rs ( mod]ate suff]+1 sci5tific    
midwif]y is passive2 its int]f]5ce      
ext5d+ only to ! division ( !           
funis4--,rob]ton4  #ah ,lives !re a man 
:o w\ld believe t ! /ronge/ passion :i* 
nature has implant$ 9 ! human he>t is   
altoge!r dead 9 ! man-midwife1 t he is 9
 fact emasculat$ by 8 pr(ession1 al?\gh 
n necess>ily an old woman8 ,x is f>     
o!rwise1 & _m ( ^! g5try h ! organ (    
philoprog5itiv5ess /rongly develop$4    
#ai ,by le t\*] indiscret1 z ! ,fr5* t]m
 ?is hateful indec5cy4  #bj ,we are     
in=m$ t 9 ! ,dubl9 ,ly+-9 ,hospital     
nei!r nurses 9 tra9+ z midwives1 nor    
male /ud5ts1 are p]mitt$ to op]ate 9 any
 case ( difficulty4 ,we are n aw>e if   
?is rem>k applies to ! ,london hospitals
 & simil> in/itutions 9 o!r p>ts ( !    
k+dom1 b we h little d\bt t 9 ?is       
respect ! practice is ! same 9 all4 ,x  
is n easy to und]/& h[1 "u ^!           
circum/ances1 ei!r nurses or /ud5ts c   

acquire mu*1 or inde$ any1 k =          
discrim9ation4 ,x is mo/ pa9ful to      
reflect t any exp]i5ce :i* ^! p]sons may
 ev] possess1 mu/ ( necessity be ga9$   
aft] !y are let loose ^u ! _w1 at !     
sacrifice1 x may be1 ( life1 or at lea/ 
( moral & physical suff]+1 & injury to  
^? pati5ts :o are ! un=tunate objects ( 
_! fir/ essays4  #ba ,lett] f ! ,royal  
,college ( ,physicians to ! ,secret>y ( 
,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t1 dat$ ,may    
#bnd1 #ahbg1 9 reply to a memorial f !  
,ob/etric ,society4  #bb ,no2 because   
unm>ri$ females h n !mselves endur$ ^!  
outrages1 & /ill reta9 a mode/y :i* is  
born 9 e woman1 &1 !re=e1 might possibly
 re-animate 9 ! pati5t feel+s :i*1      
h[soev] natural1 beautiful1 & holy1 w\ld
 m> ! doctor's process4  #bc ,g5]ally1  
inde$1 no active assi/ance is necess>y  
until aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild1 c4 ,see     
ante1 ,ramsbo?am ipse4 ,& ano!r reason  
is1 t su* pati5ts h be5 sp>$ ! ill      
effects aris+ f vag9al exam9ations1     
c4--,treatise on ,midwif]y4 ,h>dy &     

,m',cl9tock4 ,page #i4  ,we "h feel     
ourselves oblig$ to in=m wom5 t ^?      
p]sons :om !y employ 9 ?is k9d (        
exam9ation deceive !m by affect+ a k :i*
 !y d n possess4 ,all in=mation d]iv$ f 
't\*' is v unc]ta94--,r\ssel ,sy/eme    
,moral et ,physique de la ,femme4 ,*ap4 
sur la ,grossesse4  #bd ,has ! doctor   
fir/ in=m$ ! husb& ( ! necessity = ?is  
vag9al exam9ation8 ,has he1 be=e ent]+ !
 pati5t's *amb]1 or at lea/ be=e he d>$ 
to make su* a reque/ to h]1 ga9$ !      
husb&'s confid5ce by c&idly & hone/ly   
expla9+ ! indelicate nature ( ! usages  
:i* 8 art p]mits him to adopt8  #be ,see
 ,r\ssel1 ante4  #bf ,!re is a maxim    
preval5t ) acc\*eurs1 & ! helli%        
aphorism is treat$ z a je/ among !m1 t a
 woman w usually desire to patronise1 ^u
 all subsequ5t occasions1 ! man-midwife 
:o has once introduc$ 8 f+] p] vag9am4  
#bg ,a f\l delusion1 promot$ & enc\rag$ 
by ! doctor1 & ! midwife1 at 8          
in/igation1 well kn[+1 t 9 n9e hundr$ & 
n9ety-n9e cases out ( a ?\s&1 no?+ else 

w\ld induce a woman to submit to s gross
 an indec5cy4  #bh ,x has be5 said t    
wom5 deliv]$ "u circum/ances :]e !y _h  
no assi/ance1 g5]ally escape lac]ation2 
n[ ?is is n univ]sally true2 b suppos+ t
 x 71 x admits ( ?is easy explanation3  
namely1 t inasmu* z ^! females are almo/
 always involunt>ily subject$ to !      
deprivation we h m5tion$1 !y naturally  
use _! utmo/ endeav\rs to ret>d ! bir? (
 ! *ild :5 !y feel ! head 9 ! vag9a1 9 !
 hope ( aid rea*+ !m be=e ! critical    
mom5t ( deliv]y2 & ano!r reason is1 t   
su* pati5ts h be5 sp>$ ! ill effects    
aris+ f vag9al exam9ations1 c4--,extract
 f ,treatise on ,midwif]y1 by ,drs4     
,h>dy & ,m',cl9tock1 page #i4  ,let !   
read] comp>e ^! obs]vations ) ^? ( ,dr4 
,ramsbo?am--look on ?is picture & on    
t1--& !n he w be a/oni%$1 n at !        
diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! m5-midwives1 
b at ! fact t wom5 d s frequ5tly escape 
! t]rible consequ5ces ( all ?is         
int]f]5ce ) ! laws ( nature4  #bi ,z if 
nature w\ld n ( h]self direct ! position

 mo/ likely to facilitate deliv]y4  ,:o 
ev] f\nd ! eagle dead ^u h] eyrie1 or ! 
%e-wolf 9 h] lair8 & w\ld ! doctor h u  
believe t :ile giv+ to man dom9ion ov] e
 liv+ ?+1 ?us recogniz+ 8 physical z    
well z m5tal sup]iority1 & greatly      
multiply+ ! conception ( woman1 ,god _h 
=gott5 to in/ruct h] 9 a faculty :i* he 
gave 9 p]fection to all ! l[] animals8  
#cj ,rob]ton1 ,physiology1 c41 page     
#dbe4  #ca ,an in/rum5t call$ ! speculum
 matricis 01 h[ev]1 9 use at ! beg9n+ ( 
! la/ c5tury1 & is m5tion$ 9 !          
,biblio!ca ,anatomica1 #agab4  #cb ,!   
,speculum2 its moral ,t5d5cies4 ,by a   
,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 
,london3 ,boswor?  ,h>rison4  #cc ,vide 
,ramsbo?am1 ante4  #cd ,x 0 to !        
midwives t !y appli$1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! 
,*ur*1 to be assur$ ( t fidelity :i*    
,*ri/ian virg9s _h v[$ to _! /ate (     
*a/ity4 ,b1 if ! ,fa!rs f\nd fault f !  
"t :5 ,*ri/ian females 7 ?us expos$ to !
 judgm5t ( _! own sex2 if !y discov]$ 9 
?is practice some?+ %ameful & infam\s1 (

 :at crim9ality w\ld !y n h tax$ !      
attempt ( m5 at ! pres5t day1 :o1 9 l   
cases1 are n a%am$ to deprive ! midwives
 ( ?is employm5t4--,hecquet1 ,de        
l',indec5ce aux ,hommes d'acc\*] les    
,femmes1 page #g4  #ce ,o ye adepts 9   
*lor(orm1 take he$ to y\r ways1 & ,o ye 
fools1 :o submit to be made dead-drunk  
"u its influ5ce1 bew>e le/ a worse ?+   
happ5 unto y6  ,x w\ld be absurd to     
suppose t ! cases ( sudd5 dea? f        
*lor(orm con/itute ! full measure ( !   
mortality4 ,h[ few ev5 ( ^! are g5]ally 
kn[n or report$4 ,h>dly any 9 private   
practice2 & n[1 ev5 9 hospitals1 !y are 
conceal$4 ,x is well kn[n to ! frequ5t]s
 ( ! ,london hospitals1 t1 9 ! same week
 9 :i* ! rec5t dea? f *lor(orm at ,/4   
,?omas's occurr$1 ano!r took place 9    
ano!r hospital1 b :i* did n become !    
subject ( judicial inquiry4 ,humanity1 &
 ! "* ( ! pr(ession1 dem& t ! :ole      
subject %\ld be inve/igat$              
anew4--,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4  #cf  
,r\ssel1 page #agg1 de la ,grossesse4   

#cg ,maladies des ,femmes1 t4 v41 p4    
#cge4  #ch ,r\ssel1 de l',acc\*em5t     
,naturel1 page #bjh4  #ci ,x is a common
 notion1 t ! brute enjoys great         
advantages1 comp>$ ) woman1 9 ! act (   
p>turition1 f ! position & configuration
 ( its pelvis4 ,is n ?is gr\ndless8 ,9 !
 fir/ place x is said t ! oblique axis (
 ! brim1 9 woman1 is less fav\rable to !
 desc5t ( ! foetal head ?an ! axis ( !  
brim 9 ! brute1 :i* is p>allel ) ! sp9e4
 ,b ! physiologi/ kn[s1 t ord9>ily 9    
woman1 j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! lab\r    
pa9s1 ! ut]us sl[ly1 & )\t pa91 desc5ds 
by a me*anism1 :i* ,sir ,c4 ,bell has s 
beautifully describ$ 9 8 memoir on !    
muscul>ity ( t organ2 & t ?us a small   
segm5t ( ! foetal head becomes engag$ 9 
! brim1 & 9 ! position mo/ fav\rable =  
pass+1 be=e ! ut]9e pa9s comm5ce4 ,!    
tru? is1 ! obliquity ( ! axis ( ! brim  
is1 9 g5]al1 no disadvantage or imp$im5t
 :atev]4 ,9 ! second place1 x is urg$1 t
 ! great size ( ! human foetal head     
occasions incomp>ably m difficulty ?an !

 %>p-po9t$1 small head ( ! brute foetus4
 ,= ?is !re is equally no f\ndation4 ,! 
size & figure ( ! human brim are z well 
fitt$ to give passage to ! l>ge head ( !
 *ild1 z ! brim ( ! brute pelvis to all[
 ! entrance ( ! comp>atively small] head
 ( ! foetal brute1 c41 c4 ,/ill look+ at
 ! figure ( ! human foetus1 & comp>+ x )
 t ( ! foetal brute1 "s may be incl9$ to
 imag9e1 not)/&+ :at has be5 said1 t !  
brute w pass ) f> great] facility ?an ! 
*ild2 su* 0 my own op9ion till ,i       
subject$ ! po9t to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,we
 are n to ?9k1 b to try1 z ,john ,hunt] 
advises1 c4--,rob]ton1 ,physiology1 c41 
p4 #bdg4  #dj ,l',hi/oire ,g5]al des    
,voyages4  #da ,dur+ pregnancy ! squaw  
cont9ues h] usual avocations1 &1 ev5 9  
its mo/ advanc$ /ate1 %e nei!r be>s a   
light] bur!n on h] back1 nor walks a    
%ort] di/ance 9 a day1 ?an %e o!rwise   
w\ld4 ,if on a m>* %e feels ! pa9s (    
p>turition1 %e retires to ! bu%es1 ?r[s 
h] bur!n f h] back1 &1 )\t any aid1 br+s
 ! infant into ! _w4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 wat]1 

if at h&1 or 9 melt$ sn[1 bo? h]self & !
 infant1 %e imm$iately replaces ! bur!n 
^u h] back 7weigh+1 p]haps1 betwe5 sixty
 & "o hundr$ p\nds71 secures h] *ild ^u 
! top ( x1 protect$ f ! cold by an      
envelope ( bison robe1 & ?us hurries on 
to ov]take h] companions4--,james'      
,n>rative ( ,exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to 
! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4  #db ,! ,samoeides   
are a tawny1 squat1 mis]able race (     
pagan savages1 subjects ( ! ,russian    
empire4 ,!y are f\nd along ! ,froz5     
,sea1 on ! ,european side ( ! ,jugorian 
,m\nta9s1 ea/ ( ^! on ! ,riv] ,oby1 &   
else:]e on ! va/ %ores ( ,sib]ia4       
,accord+ to ,tooke1 !y are mature at a v
 e>ly age1 c4--,rob]ton1 quot+ ,tooke's 
,russian ,empire1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhf4  #dc
 ,! tru? is1 t :5 ! pregnant w submit to
 prep>e !mselves = :at is be=e !m1 w be 
temp]ate 9 _! eat+1 regul> 9 _! h\rs =  
sleep1 & = ex]cise daily 9 ! op5 air1 a 
consid]able proportion may secure b5ign 
lab\rs4 ,x is ! s$5t>y & luxuri\s :o    
(t5e/ suff] sev]ely 9 p>turition1 c4    

c4--,rob]ton's ,notes on ,pregnancy1 p4 
#dfj4  #dd ,rob]ton has a rem>k to !    
same effect4  #de ,! bea/s ca't         
manipulat$4--,%eph]d on ! ,phr5ologi/s1 
,noctes ,ambrosianiae1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ba4 
#df ,! call+ ( 'acc\*eur' does n app]ta9
 to m54 ,x is ) !m no?+ b a usurpation1 
or a ra% exp]im5t1 f\nd$ ^u ! timidity (
 wom51 :o believe t1 by ?is unwor?y     
submission1 !y insure _! lives2 & ^u !  
cr$ulity ( husb&s1 :o1 by ?is dang]\s   
condesc5sion1 imag9e t !y m surely      
pres]ve _! wives4--,hecquet1 ,de        
l',indec5ce aux ,hommes d'acc\*] les    
,femmes1 page #i4  #dg    ,ubi non e/   
muli]1 ibi +emiscit aeg]4   ,:]e woman  
is n1 !re ! sick man groans4  #dh ,at ! 
"t :5 ?is "w 0 publi%$1 !re _h appe>$ a 
cate*ism1 9 :i* ,m4 ,dufot1 a physician1
 :o 0 ! au?or ( x1 propos$ to himself to
 in/ruct ! midwives 9 ! c\ntry1 & he set
 =? 9 a mann] cle>1 exact1 & p]spicu\s1 
! pr9ciples ( ! art ( midwif]y4 ,x w\ld 
be desirable t ^! ideas1 :i* are        
suffici5t = _! purpose1 %\ld be         

dissem9at$2 !y w\ld prep>e ! public to d
 )\t ! help ( m5 9 an (fice :]e _! ag5cy
 seems necess>ily to compromise morals4 
,?is object1 to :i* "s m5 only gave !   
att5tion :i* x des]v$1 is d\btless ! "o 
:i* has urg$ "s int5dants to occupy     
!mselves 9 ! in/ruction ( midwives4 ,we 
le>n f ! ,gazette de ,france1 ( #be?    
,septemb]1 #aggf1 t ! dame ,duc\drai1   
commission$ & p5sion$ by 8 ,maje/y1 _h1 
by ! c>e ( ,m4 ,fontette1 *ief magi/rate
 7int5dant7 ( ,ca51 organiz$ m ?an a    
hundr$ & fifty midwives 9 two public    
c\rts :i* %e _h held4 ,t example1 )\t   
d\bt1 w n be lo/ on ! prov9ces2 :atev] !
 price ( k may be1 x is 9 su* close     
contiguity to ! temptation to abuse x1 t
 ,i d>e h>dly put up any pray]s = my    
c\ntry4 ,9 all ! ,c\nty ( ,foix1 :]e ,i 
0 born1 deliv]ies are intru/$ to wom5 ( 
! l[] ord]1 :o nev] h ! lea/ idea (     
anatomy1 & ) :om ! :ole art is r$uc$ to 
"s practical & tradition>y cu/oms4 ,b !y
 display zeal1 pati5ce1 & uprightness1  
:ile ! o!rs apply !mselves to no?+ b !  

glitt] ( a sci5tific phantom1 & ! =m] _c
 b succe$ ! be/4 ,i rememb] to h se5 b  
"o woman p]i%1 9 my little t[n1 f !     
consequ5ces ( lab\r4 ,x is true t1      
contr>y to cu/om1 %e _h be5 deliv]$ by a
 man4 ,! ev5t 0 s di/ress+1 t !y _h e   
cause to believe t nature reprobat$ su* 
a fatal innovation4  #di ,"h let u      
illu/rate ! tru? ( ,r\ssel's            
obs]vations1 by a /atem5t ( facts :i* h 
occurr$ 9 our own day3--,! ,portafoglio 
,maltese 7,octob]1 #ahef71 9 describ+ ! 
frightful effects ( a late e>?quake 9   
,c&ia1 gives ! foll[+3--,9 "o case a    
woman 0 discov]$ alive "u ! fall5 ru9s4 
,%e _h be5 miracul\sly pres]v$ by a beam
 fall+ 9 su* a mann] z to leave a small 
space1 :]e %e rema9$ eight days )\t food
 be=e be+ discov]$4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e gave
 bir? to a *ild1 :i* 0 also alive4      
,ano!r woman 0 be+ deliv]$ :5 ! e>?quake
 comm5c$2 ! husb& & ?ree wom5 :o 7      
att5d+ h] fl$4 ,on ! husb& return+ aft] 
! panic 0 ov]1 on remov+ ! ru9s ( 8     
h\se1 he f\nd 8 wife ) h] *ild 9 h] arms

 alive 9 a corn] ( "o ( ! rooms1 :i* _h 
only p>tly fall5 94 ,dur+ ! awful mom5t 
%e _h be5 safely deliv]$4  #ej ,:ile su*
 are ! prom95t vices & defects ( ! poor1
 vices & defects ( a diff]5t k9d1 b no  
less (f5sive to morality1 are f\nd among
 ! ri*4 ,s5suality & excess1 selfi%ness1
 evil speak+1 want ( *>ity & k9dness    
ab\nd4 ,all ^! are ob/acles to moral &  
philosophical progress4 ,^u :at c we    
rely to c\nt]act !m8 ,^u ! =ce (        
civilization8 ,twice h its p[]s be5 tri$
 & f\nd want+4 ,9 ! days ( ,augu/us     
,caes>1 :5 ord] _h be5 e/abli%$ &       
prosp]ity reviv$1 :5 ,virgil & ,horace  
fl\ri%$ at ,rome1 & ! va/ prov9ces ( !  
,roman ,empire 7 ble/ ) peace &         
tranquillity1 ev]y?+ seem$ to promise a 
long duration ( happ9ess4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian 
,apo/le & ! ,pagan ,satiri/ alike prove 
all 0 holl[ & delusive4 ,vice increas$1 
k decay$1 p[] vani%$1 & soon ev]y?+     
port5d$ ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,roman      
,empire4 ,aga91 9 ! eighte5? c5tury (   
our era1 civilization _h rea*$ a v high 

po9t4 ,t c5tury1 enlight5$ above all its
 pr$ecessors1 :i* enjoy$ ! lit]ature ( !
 age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 ,france1 & ( ,que5
 ,anne 9 ,engl&1 :5 ,rac9e1 ,moli]e1    
,boileau1 ,la ,fonta9e1 ,dryd51 ,pope1  
,addison1 & ,swift 7 read & admir$2 :5  
,newton's philosophy 0 e/abli%$2 :5 ,la 
,voisi]1 & ,black1 & ,cav5di% _h advanc$
 *emi/ry to a sci5ce1 & ,watt _h1 by 8  
improvem5t ( ! /eam eng9e1 rivall$ !    
inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press1 seem$1 9 its  
c\rse1 t5d+ to ! happ9ess ( nations4 ,b 
be=e t c5tury end$1 revolutions te>+ up 
! f\ndations ( society1 w>s desolat+ all
 ! nations ( ,europe1 bore sad te/imony 
to ! mi/ake t _h be5 made4 ,:at 0 t     
mi/ake8 ,! nature ( man is s prone to   
evil t a /rong re/ra9t is requir$ to    
keep d[n 8 bad passions1 & subdue 8     
vici\s incl9ations4 ,he requires1       
likewise1 "s special inc5tive to good4  
,! legislators ( antiquity s\ght t      
re/ra9t ^u evil1 & t inc5tive to good1 9
 p[]ful in/itutions gu>d$ by sanctity ( 
mann]s4 ,x 0 ?us t ,sp>ta & ,rome 7 l$  

to virtue4 ,b ^! in/itutions p]i%$ :5   
mann]s no long] support$ !m4--,"l ,john 
,russell4 ,lecture deliv]$ at ,exet]    
,hall1 on ! ,ob/acles :i* h ret>d$      
,moral & ,political ,progress1 ,novemb]1
 #ahee4  #ea ,i "k t our philosophy1    
always ab\nd+ 9 s+ul> maxims1 pret5ds1  
contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( all ages1 t     
luxury =ms ! glory ( /ates2 b aft] hav+ 
=gott5 ! necessity ( sumptu>y laws1 w %e
 yet d>e to d5y t good mann]s are       
ess5tial to ! duration ( empires1 & t   
luxury is diametrically oppos$ to good  
mann]s8--,r\sseau ,disc\rs1 p4 #fg4  #eb
 ,x 0 7says ,m4 ,a/ruc7 at ! fir/       
deliv]y ( ,mademoiselle de la ,valli]e1 
& = ! saf] keep+ ( ! secret4 ,x 0 fe>$ t
 ! pres5ce ( a midwife 9 ! palace1 :]e  
suspicion reign$ already1 w\ld furni%   
fre% food = ! malign curiosity ( !      
c\rti]s2 to impose on !m !y made use ( a
 surgeon ^: practice atta*$ him to !    
c\rt4 ,= ! re/1 x _c be d5i$ t !re h    
be51 9 e age1 m5 :o /udi$ or taught !   
art ( midwif]y4 ,we h treatises on      

midwif]y ( v anci5t date1 writt5 by     
physicians4 ,surgeons1 :ile ex]cis+     
!mselves 9 o!r surgical op]ations1 did n
 neglect t ( midwif]y4 ,b ! habitual &  
daily cu/om ( deliv]y 0 nev] e/abli%$ z 
x is at pres5t2 !y int]f]$ only 9       
difficult cases1 :]e x 0 believ$ t an   
exp]i5c$ op]ator 0 requir$4  #ec ,!re is
 a "w ( ,m4 ,hecquet1 entitl$ ,de l'    
,indec5ce qu'il y a aux ,hommes d'acc\*]
 les ,femmes4  #ed ,!re are1 nev]!less1 
wom51 ev5 n[1 :om x w\ld be impossible  
to induce to be deliv]$ by m54 ,we speak
 n ( ^? localities :]e ?is employm5t is 
confid$ to wom51 b 9 t[ns1 :]e          
m5-midwives are m 9 vogue4 ,!re is1 x is
 said1 a great ,que5 9 ,europe :o has an
 acc\*eur ( :om %e nev] makes use4 ,wom5
 deliv] h]1 & ! man-midwife is 9 !      
ante-*amb]1 z a witness ( ! tribute yet 
paid to a cu/om :i* _h be5 r5\nc$4  ,we 
fe> t1 9 ^! days ( advance1 ev5 ,maje/y 
itself has succumb$ to ! prevail+       
fa%ion4  #ee ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 page #ge4 
#ef ,:ile ,miss ,night+ale is %[+ ! _w !

 great good to be a*iev$ by ladies      
devot+ !mselves to ! sick & suff]+ 9    
hospitals1 !re is a lady 9 ,p>is :o has 
actually work$ h] way to ! title (      
,m4,d4 ,! lady 9 "q is ,dr4 ,emily      
,blackwell1 daught] ( ! late ,mr4       
,samuel ,blackwell1 ( ,bri/ol1 & has1 x 
appe>s1 a si/] practis+ 9 ,new ,york1 z 
a regul> physician1 arm$ ) ! au?ority ( 
a diploma4 ,dr4 ,elizabe?1 l ,dr4       
,emily1 complet$ h] m$ical /udies 9     
,p>is4 ,to ! latt] lady ! ,p>is         
hospitals h be5 freely op5$1 & ,dr4     
,emily ,blackwell has foll[$ ! cl9ical  
lectures ( ,job]t de ,lamballe1 ,hugui]1
 ,cas5ove1 ,gu]sa9t1 & ,blan*e2 & on !  
,regi/] ( ! great hospital ( ! ,hotel   
,dieu may be se5 ! fir/ woman's "n ev]  
ent]$1 z a m$ical /ud5t1 on its books4  
,! int5se e>ne/ness ) :i* ! lady doctor 
lab\rs to make h]self p]fect mi/ress (  
^? bran*es ( ! art :i* *iefly conc]n    
wom5 & *ildr51 has n only ov]come       
prejudice1 b made h] a fav\rite ) h]    
able in/ructors1 :o h be5 br\ght to say1

 t !re c be no m objection to ! pres5ce 
( ladies 9 hospitals1 practis+ z        
physicians1 ?an to nurses4 ,b>on ,s5t91 
"o ( ! ,physicians 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,k+ ( 
! ,belgians1 has invit$ ,dr4 ,emily     
,blackwell to visit ! great wom5's      
hospital at ,brussels4--,daily ,news4   
#eg ,a respect$ correspond5t has        
communicat$ to u ! foll[+ extract f a   
rec5t pap]3--,!re are n f> f tw5ty ( !m1
 & sev]al ( !m are 9 excell5t bus9ess4  
,!y conf9e !mselves g5]ally to midwif]y1
 & ! diseases ( _! own sex4 ,_! success 
9 ! =m] bran* t5ds to e/abli% !m firmly 
9 families4 ,! numb] w probably be      
gradually on ! increase1 s9ce !y are    
beg9n+ to be employ$ 9 ! neighb\r+      
cities ( ,*>le/[n1 ,cambridge1 ,roxbury1
 & adjac5t t[ns1 mu* m ?an =m]ly4       
,among ^! female physicians ! ,misses   
,emily & ,elizabe? ,blackwell1 natives (
 ,bri/ol1 are ju/ly celebrat$4 ,see an  
int]e/+ sket* ( ! life ( ,miss ,emily   
,blackwell 9 ! ,engli%woman's ,review1  
,june1 #aheg4  #eh ,a correspond5t has  

k9dly communicat$ to u ! foll[+ ow] true
 tale ( humble life3--,a poor girl1     
m>ri$1 at ! age ( sixte51 to a y\? n mu*
 old] ?an1 & equally poor )1 h]self 7s  
impov]i%$ are !y71 fell 9 lab\r ( h]    
fir/ *ild4 ,%e 0 liv+ ) h] fa!r & "m1 & 
he ) 81 = !y 7 too poor to keep h\se1 & 
h] fa!r 0 an old man & p>alyz$1 & bo?   
g5]ations1 on bo? sides1 7 z poor z 0   
possible1 consi/5tly ) liv+ at all4     
,nev]!less1 ! wife's "m1 hav+ kn[n bett]
 days1 0 ambiti\s ( hav+ h] daught]     
att5d$ by a doctor1 &1 dur+ h]          
pregnancy1 _h1 by "o device or ano!r1   
scrap$ toge!r ! sum ( half a gu9ea--!   
doctor's fee--:i* 0 laid up 9 /ore--an  
uneasy possession1 9 ! meantime1 = !    
poor "m1 ^: press+ occasions (t5 tempt$ 
h] to break 9 ^u x4 ,lab\r1 at l5g?1    
com+ on1 late at night1 z usual1 ! *os5 
doctor 0 s5t or r gone =1 & came4 ,!    
girl 0 9 consid]able pa91 b ! doctor1   
aft] ! usual exam9ation1 decl>$ 8       
s]vices to be1 = ! pres5t1 unnecess>y4  
,! doctor1 h[ev]1 0 n s occupi$ ) 8     

pati5t b t he 0 obs]v$1 by h] "m1 to ca/
 sundry glances ar\nd ! =lorn & desolate
 ap>tm5t1 z if d\btful ( 8 fee4 ,x is b 
ju/ice to ! ap>tm5t to /ate t x fully   
w>rant$ ! doctor's suspicions4 ,!       
doctor1 h[ev]1 n be+ want$1 z he said1  
w5t home1 leav+ x to be und]/ood t he   
w\ld come aga94 ,n com+1 a long "t hav+ 
elaps$1 & ! lab\r becom+ urg5t1 ! "m w5t
 to ! doctor's h\se 7?is 0 ! ?ird "t t1 
full ( tr\ble1 %e trav]s$ a mile ( w9dy 
/reets at midnight74 ,h] application to 
! knock] 0 answ]$ f ! w9d[ by ! doctor's
 wife1 :o /at$ t h] husb& 0 9 b$1 &     
meant to /ay !re unless 8 fee 0 paid    
d[n4 ,9 va9 ! poor woman urg$ t ! fee 0 
ready1 plead+ besides h] daught]'s      
extremity4 ',no1' 0 ! reply1 'if n paid 
!n & !re ! doctor w\ld n /ir4' ,?is be+ 
simply impossible1 ! poor woman aga9    
s\ght h] home1 :i*1 by ?is "t1 0 a sc5e 
( pa91 t]ror1 & confusion4 ,& n[1 in/ead
 ( ! 'usurp]1' ! 'true pr9ce' 0 fir/    
?\ght ( 9 ! p]son ( an old woman 9 a    
neighb\r+ c\rt1 :o 0 well spok5 (1 &1 by

 h] timely aid1 ! long protract$ lab\r 0
 at l5g? t]m9at$ = ! mod]ate fee ( five 
%ill+s4 ,s ! girl did well1 ! "m sav$   
five %ill+s & sixp5ce1 & ! doctor rema9s
 a respectable man66  #ei ,dr4 ,/ev5s   
m5tions1 t ,dr4 ,gregory took f a       
grave/one 9 ! old bury+ gr\nd 9 ,*>le/[n
 ! foll[+ inscription3--  ,"h lyes      
int]r$ ! body ( ,mrs4 ,elizabe?         
,phillips1 wife to ,mr4 ,john ,phillips1
 :o 0 born 9 ,we/m9/]1 9 ,great ,brita91
 & commission$ by ,john1 ,"l ,bi%op (   
,london1 9 ! ye> #agah1 to ! (fice ( a  
midwife1 & came to ?is c\ntry 9 ! ye>   
#agai1 &1 by ! bless+ ( ,god1 has br\ght
 into ?is _w above #c1jjj *ildr54  ,an  
obitu>y notice 9 ! ,bo/on ,lib]ator (   
#ahde1 runs ?us3--  ,mrs4 ,janet ,alex&]
 di$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,septemb] #ae1 #ahde1    
aft] an illness ( ne>ly f\r mon?s1 ag$  
#fa ye>s4 ,%e 0 a native ( ,scotl&1 & 0 
in/ruct$ 9 ! !ory & practice ( midwif]y 
by ,dr4 ,james ,hamilton1 ! celebrat$   
pr(essor ( ,midwif]y 9 ! ,univ]sity (   
,ed9burgh4 ,%e receiv$ h] diploma f him 

9 #ahag4 ,%e arriv$ 9 ,bo/on 9 ,novemb]1
 #ahai1 & comm5c$ ! ex]cise ( h]        
pr(ession on ! ensu+ ,*ri/mas day2 & = a
 p]iod ( m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s' practice
 among ! mo/ intellig5t & respectable   
portion ( ! community1 0 mo/ s+ul>ly    
successful1 hav+ ,,nev]1 ,,9 ,,any      
,,in/ance1 ,,lo/ ,a ,,pati5t4  #fj ,we  
may1 ) tol]able safety1 e/imate ! pres5t
 population ( ! ,*9ese ,empire z betwe5 
#cej1jjj1jjj1 & #djj1jjj1jjj ( human    
be+s4 ,! con/ant fl[ ( emigration f     
,*9a1 contra/$ ) ! complete abs5ce (    
immigration into ,*9a1 is /rik+ evid5ce 
( ! r$undancy ( ! population2 = ?\gh t  
emigration is almo/ :olly conf9$ to two 
prov9ces1 namely1 ,kwangtung & ,fooke91 
repres5t+ toge!r a population ( probably
 f #cd1jjj1jjj1 to #ce1jjj1jjj1 ,i am   
dispos$ to ?9k1 t a numb] ne>]          
#c1jjj1jjj ?an #b1jjj1jjj f ^! prov9ces 
alone1 is locat$ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,9 ! 
k+dom ( ,siam x is e/imat$ t !re are at 
lea/ #a1ejj1jjj ,*9ese1 ( :i* #bjj1jjj  
are 9 ! capital 7,bankok74 ,!y cr[d all 

! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,9     
,java1 we "k by a correct c5sus1 !re are
 #acf1jjj4 ,co*9 ,*9a teems ) ,*9ese4 ,9
 ?is colony we are seldom )\t "o1 two1  
or ?ree vessels tak+ ,*9ese emigrants to
 ,cali=nia & o!r places4 ,multitudes g  
to ,au/ralia1 to ! ,philipp9es1 to !    
,s&wi* ,isl&s1 to ! ,we/]n ,coa/ (      
,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 "s h made _!  
way to ,briti% ,india4 ,! emigration to 
! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies has be5          
consid]able2 to ! ,havannah great] /ill4
 ,! annual arrivals 9 ,s+apore are      
e/imat$ at an av]age ( #aj1jjj1 &       
#bj1jjj is ! numb] t are said annually  
to return to ,*9a4--,sir ,john ,b[r+4   
#fa ,not)/&+ all our affectation (      
sup]ior delicacy1 & our repreh5sion ( ! 
co>se mann]s ( our ance/ors1 we suspect 
t !y w\ld h be5 %ock$ at ! idea ( !     
indelicate & unnecess>y pres5ce ( a man 
9 ! sanctu>y ( ! ly+-9 room4--,plea =   
,physicians1 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1   
#ahdh4  #fb ,an in/itution su* z ,i h 9 
my m9d1 %\ld be a place :]e wom5 c\ld   

obta9 a sort ( pr(essional education "u 
pr(essors ( ! o!r sex1--= m5 are ! be/  
in/ructors ( wom52--:]e !y might be     
tra9$ z hospital & village nurses1      
visitors ( ! poor1 & tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y
 & re=matory s*ools1 c4--,mrs4          
,jameson's ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 page #aaf4  
#fc ,rob]ton says1 ,9 speak+ ( ! small  
mortality 9 *ild-b$ among ! poor1 ,i    
limit my rem>k to ^? ( ?is community    
7,man*e/]71 :o h long _h ! advantage (  
be+ att5d$ *iefly by midwives c>efully  
tra9$ & educat$ 9 connexion ) our ,ly+-9
 ,*>ity4--,pag4 #dcg4  #fd ,we h he>d t 
! almo/ incr$ible sum ( five hundr$     
gu9eas has be5 paid z a fee to "o ( !   
fa%ionable ladies' doctors3 & t ano!r   
caus$ x to be und]/ood t he w\ld n take 
a less fee ?an fifty gu9eas1 :]eupon !  
numb] ( pati5ts solicit+ 8 att5dance    
increas$ a hundr$ fold4  #fe ,we "k a   
case 9 po9t1 :]e a lady 0 anxi\s to     
engage a midwife :o _h be5 recomm5d$ to 
h] z p]fectly compet5t to p]=m h] (fice 
)\t ! int]v5tion ( ! man-midwife1 b !   

latt] w\ld n he> ( ?is1 & insi/$ on !   
sub/itution ( "o ( 8 own nurses4 ,x is  
easy to p]ceive ! reason ( ?is          
manoeuvre4 ,_h ! orig9al midwife att5d$1
 %e w\ld h und]tak5 ! op]ation1 & !     
importance ( ! man-midwife w\ld h be5   
mat]ially less5$4 ,! lady's delicacy &  
com=t 7 n ( suffici5t weight to         
c\nt]balance ?is consid]ation4 ,ex uno  
disce omnes4  #ff ,9 #ahdh sixty-"o     
mo!rs di$ to e #aj1jjj *ildr5 born      
alive4 ,s9ce t ye> ! mortality has      
progressively decl9$1 z foll[s3--#eh1   
#ee1 #ec1 #eb1 #ej1 d[n to #dg 9 #ahed4 
,?is is a gratify+ result1 & !re c be no
 d\bt t by fur!r c>e & skill1 especially
 by tra9+ up a class ( educat$ nurses1 !
 dea?s 9 *ild-bir? may be l>gely r$uc$ f
 _! pres5t high numb]1 #cjji4--,m$ical  
,times & ,gazette4  #fg ,s f> f !       
pres5ce ( a man-midwife be+ a s\rce (   
consolation or assurance to ! suff]]1 z 
,dr4 ,ramsbo?am alleges1 we h x on !    
au?ority ( a lady1 ! "m ( _m *ildr51 t  
on ?ree occasions1 :5 ! doctor 0 n      

pres5t1 h] lab\rs 7 mu* easi]1 & 9 all  
respects m ?or\ghly natural & happy 9 _!
 results2 ?an on ^? 9 :i* ! man-midwife 
(ficiat$2 & fur!r1 t ! v r+ ( ! bell    
ann\nc+ ! arrival ( ! hat$ acc\*eur has 
frequ5tly put back ! pa9s ( lab\r4  #fh 
,be=e we laugh at ?is %ort-sight$ folly 
& cruelty1 :i* supposes t ! int]e/s ( ! 
two sexes c possibly be antagoni/ic1    
in/ead ( be+ insep>ably b\nd up toge!r1 
we mu/ recollect t we h _h "s specim5s (
 ! same feel+ 9 our own c\ntry1 z1 =    
in/ance1 ! opposition to ! female s*ool 
at ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 & ! /eady          
opposition ( ! inf]ior "p ( ! m$ical    
pr(ession to all female practition]s4 ,t
 "s dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e are peculi>ly    
suit$ to wom51 is beg9n+ to /rike !     
public m9d4 ,i "k t !re are enlight5$ & 
di/+ui%$ physicians bo? "h & 9 ,france  
:o take ?is view ( ! subject1 ?\gh !    
m$ical pr(ession z a body ent]ta9 a     
peculi> dread ( all innovation1 :i* !y  
resi/ ) z mu* passive p]t9acity z ,bo>ds
 ( ,gu>dians & ,london                  

,corporations4--,mrs4 ,jameson's        
,communion ( ,lab\r1 p4 #dj4  ,:5       
educat$ g5tlem5 set an example (        
selfi%ness & exclusiv5ess1 x is only to 
be expect$ t ! work+ classes %\ld foll[ 
x1 & s ! gre$ ( man is ! degradation (  
woman4--,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #eb1
 p4 #hcg4  #fi ,accord+ to ,osborne's   
te/imony1 in/rum5ts are us$ dang]\sly 9 
p>turition1 "o ?\s& "o hundr$ &         
sev5ty-six times 9 e twelve hundr$      
cases2 & ! same au?or1 9 8 reprobation (
 ,d5man's culpable & inconsid]ate       
introduction ( !m into practice1 makes  
?is memorable rem>k3 ',i mu/ believe t  
he mu/ h =gott5 ,,! ,,_m ,,unhappy      
,,effects :i* h come f _! use to our    
mutual k1 ev5 :5 !y _h be5 9 ! h&s ( v  
exp]i5c$ & skilful m54'--,! ,au?or ( ,! 
,dea?-bl[ to ,man-midwif]y1 quot+       
,osborne's ,essays4  #gj ,! conduct (   
m$ical m5 9 all =m] ages proves /ill    
f>!r t :i* we w\ld e/abli% 7t !         
pr(ession ( man-midwife is repugnant to 
nature74 ,if !y requir$ in=mation on !  

/ate ( _! female pati5ts1 x 0 to !      
midwives !y appli$4 ,! midwife1 !re=e1  
pass$ = ! eye ( ! doctor1 because x 0   
?r\gh h] m9i/ration t he assur$ himself 
( :at he nei!r committ$ to 8 own        
exam9ation or to t ( ano!r              
man4--,hecquet ,de l',indec5ce aux      
,hommes d'acc\*] les ,femmes1 page #f4  
#ga ,alb]tus ,magnus de ,secretis       
,muli]um4 ,ed4 ,am/4 #affb1 p4 #he4  #gb
 ,! man-midwife usually intimates 8 wi% 
to make ! exam9ation p] vag9am1 ?r\gh ! 
m$ium ( ! nurse ( 8 own recomm5dation1 &
 %\ld ! pati5t1 /ruck ) ! d>+           
impropriety ( 8 reque/1 desire to in=m  
h] husb& ( ! infam\s proposal1 ! nurse  
dissuades h] by say+1 t husb&s are n    
suppos$ to und]/& ^! ?+s1 & t %e w      
probably de/roy bo? h] own life1 & t (  
h] *ild1 by refus+ to submit to x6 ,aft]
 ?is ! acc\*eur soon triumphs1 !        
exam9ation is effect$ )\t fur!r         
remon/rance1 & ! victim is irretrievably
 entangl$ 9 8 insidi\s toils4  #gc      
,rob]ton1 ,apology1 page #dgj4  #gd     

,rob]ton1 page #dhf4  #ge ,ibid4 page   
#dhi4  #gf    ,! moon _h ga!r$ (t h]    
mon?ly /ore     ,( light1 & (t 9 d>kness
 left ! sky1   ,s9ce ,monnema a gr[+    
bur!n bore     ,( life & hope4 ,!       
appo9t$ weeks g by1   ,& n[ h] h\r is   
come1 & none is nigh     ,to help2 b    
human help %e ne$$ none4   ,a few %ort  
?roes1 endur$ ) sc>ce a cry1     ,^u !  
bank %e laid h] new-born son1   ,!n slid
 into ! /ream1 & ba!d1 & all 0 done4    
,s\!y's ,tale ( ,p>aguay4  #gg ,see     
,r\ssel1 ante4  #gh ,:at w !            
m5-midwives1 ) all _! precaution>y      
humbug1 say to ?is8  ,on ! #crd ( ,june1
 #aheg1 at ,moradabad1 amid ! t]rors (  
mut9y1 ! wife ( ,capta9 ,m4 ,b4 ,w----1 
,b5gal ,native ,infantry1 gave bir? to a
 son1 & on ! same day1 ) all ! (fic]s & 
_! families1 escap$ to ,nynee ,tal1 a   
hill /ation di/ant ab\t sixty-five      
miles1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 safety on ! #e?   
in/ant at #aa a4m4 ,!y fl$ ) only !     
clo!s on _! backs1 hav+ be5 plund]$ (   
ev]y?+4--,correspond5t ( ! ,times4      

,well might ?is ,engli% lady exclaim ) !
 ,indian "m1 ,"h1 ,engli%m51 "h is a "y 
w>rior6  #gi ,!re _c be a d\bt t ! habit
 ( we>+ /ays is z injuri\s to ! int]nal 
organization ( wom5 z x is to _! ext]nal
 =m4 ,physiologi/s are well aw>e ( ?is1 
yet ,european wom5 are s enslav$ by     
cu/om1 t we see !m tight5+ up _!        
daught]s1 f v infancy1 9 a framework (  
iron & bone1 until _! bodies assume !   
%ape :i* ! corset-mak] *ooses1 in/ead ( 
t :i* nature1 9 ! p]fection ( h] k1 w\ld
 be/[4  #hj ,diseases ( ,wom51 by ,e4   
,johnson1 ,m4,d4  #ha ,! mo/ natural    
pro( t1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! _w1 !         
man-midwife 7acc\*eur7 0 unkn[n1 is1 t  
!re is no ^w :atsoev] 9 ! "m or orig9al 
tongues to signify ?is pr(ession 9 a    
man1 :]eas t :i* signifies a midwife    
7acc\*euse7 is f\nd 9 all               
languages4--,hecquet de l',indec5ce aux 
,hommes d'acc\*] les ,femmes1 p4 #a4    
#hb ,let any man :o disputes ?is        
position p]use ! case ( ,d----aga9/     
,d----1 9 ,rob]tson's ,reports ( ,cases 

9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts1 a t]rible    
picture ( conjugal cont5tion &          
wret*$ness 9 high life1 all cle>ly      
attributable to ! acc\*eur1 :o insi/$ ^u
 ! husb& leav+ ! ly+-9 *amb]1 & influ5c$
 ! wife1 fatally = h] husb&'s peace & h]
 own1 to concur 9 8 exclusion4 ,a m     
flagrant in/ance ( m$ical presumption & 
insol5ce c\ld n readily be f\nd4  ,"h   
!n1 says ,sir ,h]b]t ,j5n] ,fu/1 9 8    
judgm5t1 is ! clue to ev]y?+ t          
subsequ5tly took place--an end ( all t  
happ9ess & com=t :i* might h be5 expect$
 to att5d ! union betwe5 ^! p>ties4  ,! 
ar*ives ( ! law w\ld af=d ! inquir] _m a
 fe>ful example ( simil> evils consequ5t
 on ! unnatural & s9ful practice (      
man-midwif]y4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 
,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by     
italics4  ,! orig9al text includes      
,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^!   
lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 
,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t note4 
,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3      
miss+ be add$ 7page #bd7   transpos$    

l9es correc$ 7pg #fb7   in/ru/rum5t     
correct$ to in/rum5t 7page #fc7   aros  
correct$ to arose 7,footnote #aa7       
,pitsburgh correct$ to ,pittsburgh      
7,footnote #da7   surgica correct$ to   
surgical 7,footnote #eb7  ,! mismat*$   
quotation m>k 9 footnote #fh is pres5t$ 
z 9 ! orig9al text4  ,hyph5ation        
inconsi/5cies h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4