,illu/ration3 ,,h\dan ,,*icks ,,) ,,b>r$ ,,plym\? ,,rock ,,"m4 7,photograph by ,c4 ,e4 ,pet]s57 ,,our ,,dome/ic ,,birds ,,elem5t>y ,,lessons ,,9 ,,aviculture ,,by ,,john ,h4 ,,rob9son ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,bo/on 4 ,,new ,,york 4 ,,*icago 4 ,,london ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,john ,h4 ,,rob9son ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ #dac4i ,! ,a!naeum ,press ,,g9n ,,& ,,company 4 ,,proprietors 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,t5 ye>s ago aviculture _h h>dly be5 ?\ght ( z a s*ool subject4 ,to-day x is taught 9 ?\s&s ( s*ools1 & 9 "s /ates in/ruction 9 p\ltry culture is requir$ by law4 ,?is rapid *ange 9 s5tim5t & situation has result$ f a comb9ation ( causes4 ,:5 agricultural colleges e/abli%$ p\ltry dep>tm5ts1 x 0 f\nd t a l>ge "p ( ^? apply+ = admission to !m _h nei!r ! practical k ( p\ltry nor ! g5]al education t !y ne$$ to d "w ( college grade4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ! int]e/ 9 nature /udy began to take a m practical turn1 & att5tion 0 direct$ to ! sup]iority ( dome/icat$ to wild animals & plants z mat]ial = s*ool /udies ( ! ph5om5a ( physical life4 ,add$ to ^! special causes 0 a g5]al cause m pot5t ?an ei!r3 great numb]s ( p _h rea*$ ! /age ( exp]i5ce 9 v>i\s l9es ( aviculture :]e !y realiz$ ke5ly t a little s\nd in/ruction 9 ! subject 9 y\? w\ld h be5 ( great value to !m lat] 9 life1 sav+ !m f co/ly mi/akes4 ,to ^! p x seem$ bo? natural & necess>y t ! s*ools %\ld tea* p\ltry & pigeon culture4 ,develop+ z ! result ( su* a comb9ation ( causes1 ! dem& = an elem5t>y textbook on p\ltry came ) equal =ce f c\ntry s*ools1 :]e p\ltry might be kept on ! s*ool gr\nds z well z by e pupil at home1 f city s*ools1 9 :i* all in/ruction mu/ be by book1 & f all types ( s*ools & conditions ( life betwe54 ,_h !re be5 only ! extreme classes ( s*ools to consid]1 ! natural way to supply ! dem& w\ld be ) a special book = ea* di/9ct type ( s*ool4 ,! idea ( "o book = all s*ools1 f :i* ea* might use :at seem$ to suit its requirem5ts1 0 dismiss$ z impractical :ile s l>ge a proportion ( tea*]s 7 b slightly acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,x is believ$ t ! plan ( mak+ an elem5t>y read+ c\rse = g5]al use1 & a second>y book ( a m te*nical "* = use :]e practice c\rses are giv51 is ! be/ solution ( ! problem "u exi/+ conditions4 ,9 ?is fir/ book ! object is to tell 9 pla9 language ! ?+s t e "o ought to "k ab\t p\ltry1 pigeons1 & cage birds2 to tea* fundam5tal facts 9 su* a way t !y w be fix$ 9 ! m9d2 to excite int]e/ 9 ! subject :]e none exi/$2 & to direct en?usiasm along "r l9es4 ,:ile ! dem& has be5 almo/ :olly = a p\ltry book1 pigeons & cage birds are includ$1 because !y are ( m int]e/ ?an "s k9ds ( p\ltry & bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r k9d to ! conditions ( city life4 ,9 reg>d to ! "t t %\ld be giv5 to ?is c\rse1 "o p]iod a week = =ty weeks is bett] ?an a p]iod a day = =ty days1 because ! av]age p]son1 "y or old1 reta9s a great deal m ( :at is read or he>d ab\t a div]sifi$ subject if ! gr\nd is cov]$ by easy /ages ) comp>atively long int]vals betwe54 ,ref]5ces = collat]al read+s & sugge/ions = orig9al inve/igations are omitt$1 because1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 :at "w ( ?is k9d x is desirable = a high-s*ool pupil to d %\ld be done by ^? tak+ practice "w 9 ! advanc$ c\rse4 ,,john ,h4 ,,rob9son ,,read+1 ,,massa*usetts ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,birds ,,& ,,_! ,,relations ,,to ,,man #a ,def9ition ( a bird2 ,place ( birds 9 ! animal k+dom2 ,flight ( birds2 ,voices ( birds2 ,social relations ( birds--,place ( birds 9 dome/ication--,uses ( birds 9 dome/ication--,place ( wild birds 9 civilization--,classes ( dome/ic birds ,,ii4 ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,birds ,,relat$ ,,to ,,use #h ,fea!rs--,/ructure ( fea!rs--,arrangem5t ( ! fea!rs--,decorative fea!r =ms--,color 9 fea!rs--,gr[? & molt+ ( fea!rs--,flight--,me*anism ( ! w+--,scrat*+--,swimm+--,foods & mode ( dige/ion--,peculi>ities ( birds' eggs--,developm5t ( ! egg--,rate & am\nt ( egg production--,incubation--,developm5t ( ! embryo 9 a bird's egg ,,iii4 ,,species ,,& ,,_! ,,divisions ,,9 ,,dome/ic ,,birds #bd ,def9ition ( species--,orig9 ( species--,natural v>ieties--,v>ieties 9 dome/ication--,classification ( dome/ic v>ieties ( birds--,sy/ematic mixtures ( bre$s & v>ieties--,pure-br$1 ?or\ghbr$1 & /&>d-br$ ,,iv4 ,,f[ls #ca ,description--,orig9 ( ! f[l--,appe>ance ( ! orig9al wild species--,di/ribution ( f[ls 9 anci5t times--,developm5t ( pr9cipal races ( f[ls--,h[ f[ls 7 kept 9 old times--,mod]n conditions & me?ods--,native f[ls 9 ,am]ica--,old ,european races ( f[ls--,italian f[ls--,engli% races ( f[ls--,g]man & ,dut* races--,fr5* races--,spani% races--,asiatic races ( f[ls--,*9ese races--,japanese races--,! h5-fev] p]iod--,h[ ! ,am]ican bre$s arose--,! mod]n ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock--,o!r v>ieties ( ! ,plym\? ,rock--,! ,wy&ottes--,! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$--,! ,am]ican idea 9 ,engl&2 ! ,orp+ton--,pres5t di/ribution ( improv$ races--,de=m$ & dw>f races--,silky f[ls--,frizzl$ f[ls--,rumpless f[ls--,bantams--,orig9 ( ,bantams--,v>ieties ( bantams ,v4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,f[ls #gb ,small flocks on t[n lots3 ,numb]s 9 flocks--,h\ses & y>ds--,fe$+--,gr[+ *ick5s4 ,small flocks on ord9>y f>ms3 ,numb]s 9 flocks--,s+le h\ses = f>m flocks--,fe$+--,reproduc+ ! flock--,! hat*+ season--,broody h5s--,sett+ ! h5s--,c>e ( sitt+ h5s--,att5tion at hat*+ "t--,coops = broods--,fe$+ "y *ick5s--,managem5t ( gr[+ *icks4 ,l>ge /ocks on g5]al f>ms3 ,! colony sy/em--,numb]s ( h5s kept--,fe$+1 c>e1 & results--,h[ ! *ick5s are gr[n--,adaptability ( ! colony sy/em4 ,int5sive p\ltry f>ms3 ,reasons = conc5tration--,conc5tration n pr(itable--,common type ( int5sive p\ltry f>m4 ,broil] gr[+3 ,! broil] craze--,pres5t condition ( broil] gr[+4 ,roa/] gr[+3 ,description ( a good roa/]--,g5]al & special supplies--,l>ge roa/] plants4 ,int5sive egg f>m+--,p\ltry fanci]s' f>ms ,,vi4 ,,ducks #abd ,description2 ,orig9--,! common duck--,improv$ races--,ornam5tal ducks--,place ( ducks 9 dome/ication ,,vii4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,ducks #acg ,small flocks on t[n lots3 ,numb]s--,h\ses & y>ds--,fe$+--,lay+ habits4 ,gr[+ duckl+s4 ,small flocks on f>ms3 ,g5]al conditions--,fe$+4 ,m>ket duck f>ms3 ,hi/ory--,description--,duck fanci]s' me?ods ,,viii4 ,,geese #aeg ,description--,orig9--,common geese--,improv$ races--,ornam5tal v>ieties--,! ,canada ,goose1 or ,am]ican ,wild ,goose--,place ( geese 9 dome/ication ,,ix4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,geese #afh ,small f>m flocks3 ,size ( flock--,h\ses & y>ds--,fe$+--,lay+ season & habits--,hat*+ & re>+ gosl+s--,l>ge flocks ( geese on f>ms--,goose-fatt5+ f>ms--,gr[+ ?or\ghbr$ geese = exhibition--,gr[+ a few geese on a t[n lot--,gr[+ wild geese 9 captivity ,x4 ,,turkeys #agi ,description--,orig9--,common turkeys--,improv$ v>ieties--,bronze ,turkeys--,influ5ce ( ! ,bronze ,turkey on o!r v>ieties--,o!r v>ieties ( ! turkey--,place ( ! turkey 9 dome/ication ,,xi4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,turkeys #aij ,size ( flocks--,%elt]s & y>ds--,fe$+--,bre$+ season & lay+ habits--,hat*+ & re>+ ,,xii4 ,,gu9eas #bja ,description--,orig9--,v>ieties--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ( dome/ic gu9eas ,,xiii4 ,,peaf[ls #bjf ,description--,orig9--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ,,xiv4 ,,pheasants #baa ,description--,orig9--,hi/ory 9 ,am]ica--,species & v>ieties--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ( pheasants 9 conf9em5t ,,xv4 ,,swans #bbb ,description--,orig9 & hi/ory 9 dome/ication--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ,,xvi4 ,,o/ri*es #bcj ,description--,orig9 & hi/ory 9 dome/ication--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ,,xvii4 ,,pigeons #bci ,description--,orig9--,di/ribution 9 anci5t times--,improv$ v>ieties--,! ,c>ri] ,pigeon--,! ,antw]p ,hom]--,tumbl] & ,tippl] ,pigeons--,! ,fantail ,pigeon--,p\t] ,pigeons--,o!r important types--,hi/ory 9 dome/ication--,place 9 dome/ication ,,xviii4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,pigeons #bee ,size ( flock--,qu>t]s = pigeons--,v5tilation & cleanl9ess--,h&l+ pigeons--,mat+ pigeons--,fe$+--,h[ pigeons re> _! "y ,,xix4 ,,can>ies #bfi ,description--,orig9--,improvem5t 9 dome/ication--,place 9 dome/ication--,managem5t ( can>ies3 ,cages--,position ( ! ,cage--,fe$+--,c>e--,bre$+ ,,xx4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,m>ket ,,products #bge ,produc]s1 consum]s1 & middlem5--,h[ ! middleman ent]s local trade--,additional middlem5--,h[ ! dem& = p\ltry products /imulates production--,losses 9 di/ribution--,cold /orage ( p\ltry products--,me?ods ( sell+ at retail--,volume ( products ,,xxi4 ,,exhibitions ,,& ,,! ,,fancy ,,trade #bia ,conditions 9 ! fancy trade--,exhibitions--,rudim5ts ( judg+--,disqualifications--,me?ods ( judg+--,exhibition quality & value--,:y good bre$]s h mu* l[-pric$ /ock--,fancy & utility types 9 ! same v>iety ,,xxii4 ,,occupations ,,relat$ ,,to ,,aviculture #cjd ,judg+ fancy p\ltry & pigeons--,j\rnalism--,art--,inv5tion--,e ducation & inve/igation--,manufactur+ & comm]ce--,legislation & litigation ,,index #caa ,,our ,,dome/ic ,,birds ,,*apt] ,i ,,birds ,,& ,,_! ,,relations ,,to ,,man ,def9ition ( a bird4 ,a bird is a fea!r$ animal4 ,! cov]+ ( fea!rs is ! only "* common to all birds & n possess$ by any o!r creature4 ,! o!r *>act]s--! bill1 ! w+s1 egg-lay+1 etc4--by :i* we usually di/+ui% birds f animals ( o!r k9ds are n exclusive bird *>act]s4 ,turtles h beaks1 & !re is "o species ( mammal 7! orni?orhyn*us7 :i* has a bill l t ( a duck4 ,_m insects & "o species ( mammal 7! bat7 fly4 ,insects1 fi%es1 & reptiles lay eggs1 & !re are sev]al r>e species ( mammals t lay eggs & incubate !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s birds are defici5t 9 "o or m ( ! typical bird *>act]s4 ,! o/ri* _c fly4 ,! p5gu9 c nei!r fly nor run1 & _c ev5 walk well4 ,! cuckoo lays its eggs 9 ! ne/s ( o!r birds1 leav+ to !m ! hat*+ & re>+ ( its "y4 ,^! exceptional cases are v int]e/+ because !y %[ t animals n[ q diff]5t 9 /ructure & habits _h a common orig91 b 9 no case is !re su* a comb9ation ( *>act]s t any d\bt arises :e!r ! creature is a bird or a mammal4 ,! *>act]s :i* typically belong to birds atta9 _! highe/ developm5t 9 !m1 & 9 mo/ cases ?is is due to peculi> adaptabilities ( ! fea!rs4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons' "n = a bird 0 fugol 7! fly+ animal74 ,! "y fea!r$ creature !y call$ bridd 7! ?+ brood$74 ,?is "n 0 also sometimes giv5 to "y mammals1 b x appli$ especially to ! "y ( fea!r$ creatures :i* 7 m dep5d5t ^u ! p>5t = w>m? ?an o!rs4 ,our ,engli% words f[l & bird come f ^! ,anglo-,saxon t]ms4 ,at fir/ f[l 0 appli$ to l>ge birds & bird to small ones1 b gradually ! use ( ! "n f[l 0 limit$ to ! common dome/ic f[l1 & bird became ! g5]ic "n = all fea!r$ creatures4 ,place ( birds 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,zooelogi/s rank mammals high] ?an birds because man is a mammal & 8 g5]al sup]iority to o!r creatures det]m9es ! rank ( ! class to :i* he belongs4 ,yet1 :ile plac+ birds bel[ mammals 9 a simple classification ( animals1 naturali/s po9t out t birds are ! mo/ di/9ct class 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,if we comp>e birds & ! l[] mammals1 & comp>e ! relations ( ea* class to man1 we see at once t no?+ else c\ld take ! place ( birds ei!r 9 nature or 9 civilization4 ,among birds are f\nd ! highe/ developm5ts ( animal locomotion & ( ! natural voice1 capacity = language f> beyond t ( o!r creatures 7except man71 & family & community relations resembl+ ^? ( ! human race4 ,hi!rto 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w mammals h be5 m useful to man ?an birds1 b birds h giv5 him "s ( 8 be/ ideas1 & ) ! advance ( civilization ! l[] mammals become less necess>y & birds m necess>y to him4 ,flight ( birds4 ,x has be5 said t on ! e>? & on ! sea man has atta9$ to p[]s ( locomotion ) :i*1 9 /r5g?1 endurance1 & velocity1 no animal movem5t c comp>e4 ,b ! air is an elem5t on :i* he _c travel1 an ocean :i* he _c navigate4 ,! birds ( heav5 are /ill 8 envy1 & on ! pa?s !y tread he _c foll[4 ,s9ce t 0 writt5 practical fly+ ma*9es h be5 inv5t$1 b 9 ^!1 z 9 boats & %ips1 man has m]ely devis$ a ma*9e :i* "u 8 control c d labori\sly & at great risk :at ! bird does naturally & easily4 ,to birds man is indebt$ = 8 fir/ lessons 9 navigat+ ! wat] z well z = 8 ideas ab\t air%ips4 ,voices ( birds4 ,) few exceptions ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals h natural languages ?r\gh :i* individuals ( ! same species c to "s ext5t hold communication ) ea* o!r1 & :i* are p>tly intelligible to o!r creatures4 ,9 all mammals except man1 & 9 mo/ birds1 ! range ( expression is v limit$ & ! s\nd ( ! voice is disagreeable2 b a great _m species ( birds h v pleas+ notes1 _m h v beautiful natural songs1 & "s readily le>n ! songs ( o!r species4 ,man le>n$ melody f ! song birds4 ,!re are also _m species ( birds t c imitate a great v>iety ( s\nds1 & ev5 le>n to speak words & %ort s5t5ces4 ,birds t le>n to talk (t5 %[ intellig5ce 9 _! use ( words4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable because ! intellig5ce ( birds is n ( a high ord]1 b is di/9ctly inf]ior to t ( ! common dome/icat$ mammals4 ,social relations ( birds4 ,9 a]ial birds 7except ! cuckoos7 ! male & female pair1 build a ne/1 & bo? take "p 9 ! incubation ( ! eggs & ! fe$+ ( ! "y4 ,usually a pair once mat$ rema9 mat$ = life & are v devot$ to ea* o!r4 ,9 wild l& birds ! pair+ habit is n ( advantage to a species1 b /ill ! t5d5cy to s+le mat+s is v /rong4 ,:5 l& & wat] birds are dome/icat$ man tries to break !m ( ?is habit because ! males produce no eggs & he pref]s to eat !m :ile !y are "y & _! fle% is t5d]4 ,b1 z w appe> 9 detail :5 ! diff]5t species ( birds ( ?is class are describ$1 he does n always succe$ 9 do+ ?is4 ,ev5 ! dome/ic f[l & duck1 9 :i* pair+ has be5 prev5t$ = c5turies1 (t5 %[ a /rong t5d5cy to pair2 & ! females ) broods ( "y usually sep>ate f ! flock until ! little ones no long] ne$ _! c>e4 ,) ?is sep>ate family life !re is /ill 9 mo/ species ( birds conc]t$ action by communities 9 migrations1 9 =m+ colonies1 9 attacks on o!r creatures1 & 9 def5se f enemies4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h k ! devotion ( birds to _! mates & to _! "y has af=d$ ! mo/ common & mo/ beautiful illu/ration ( family life 9 nature4 ,place ( birds 9 dome/ication4 ,! place ( birds among dome/ic animals corresponds to t ( g>d5 vegetables1 small fruits1 & fl[]s among cultivat$ plants4 ,! great /aple agricultural crops--corn1 :eat1 oats1 b>ley1 hay1 apples1 oranges1 horses1 cattle1 %eep1 hogs1 etc4--are produc$ mo/ly by m5 :o make f>m+ & /ock-gr[+ _! bus9ess4 ,b1 :ile l>ge quantities ( g>d5 vegetables1 small fruits1 fl[]s1 p\ltry1 pigeons1 etc4 are gr[n by p :o specialize 9 !m1 ! great] "p ( ! supply 9 all l&s comes f small g>d5s & small flocks on ord9>y f>ms & 9 ! back y>ds ( t[n homes4 ,uses ( birds 9 dome/ication4 ,) ! exception ( ! cage birds & ! o/ri*1 all our dome/ic birds are valuable = _! fle%2 b1 z "s k9ds c be produc$ m easily & *eaply ?an o!rs1 p gr[+ birds = ! table give mo/ att5tion to ^? t c be gr[n mo/ pr(itably1 & ! o!rs are gr[n pr9cipally by ^? :o prize !m = r>ity1 beauty1 or "s peculi> quality4 ,! eggs ( all birds are edible1 b birds diff] greatly 9 ! numb] ( eggs t !y lay & 9 ! disposition to lay !m 9 places provid$ = ! purpose4 ,s1 ne>ly all :o keep birds = _! eggs keep f[ls1 :i* are ! mo/ prolific & mo/ docile1 & h5s' eggs are ! /aple eggs 9 ! m>kets4 ,! fea!rs ( birds are us$ = pill[s & b$s1 = fea!r du/]s1 & 9 v>i\s ways = ornam5t4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! o/ri*1 h[ev]1 ! value ( ! fea!rs ( dome/icat$ birds is s small t no "o gr[s birds prim>ily = _! fea!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o keep birds = pleasure f9d _! greate/ enjoym5t 9 bre$+ !m ) colors & m>k+s difficult to produce4 ,*oice specim5s ( fancy-br$ birds br+ prices _m times great] ?an ! value ( _! fle% & eggs = food & ( _! fea!rs = use or ornam5t4 ,fancy fea!rs h no m value ?an o!rs except on ! liv+ birds4 ,:ile ^? :o keep birds = pleasure n[adays give mo/ att5tion to bre$+ fancy /ock = exhibition1 sev]al k9ds ( pigeons are kept to ent]ta9 by _! fly+ p]=mances2 &--outside ( ! limit$ class ( ^? :o bre$ !m especially = exhibition--can>ies are valu$ accord+ to ability to s+4 ,! brutal sport ( cockfight+ 0 a popul> pa/ime ) our ance/ors until prohibit$ by law1 & is /ill preval5t 9 _m l&s4 ,9 e>ly times birds ( prey 7 captur$ :5 v "y & c>efully tra9$ to hunt = _! ma/]s4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em !re 7 regulations prescrib+ ! k9ds ( birds :i* diff]5t classes ( m5 might use 9 ?is way3 ! eagle & vulture 7 = emp]ors only2 ! gyrfalcon = k+s2 ! less] falcons = nobles2 ! h>ri] = esquires2 ! m]l9 = ladies2 ! go%awk = yeom52 ! ke/rel = s]vants2 ! sp>r[ hawk = prie/s4 ,mu* ( ! value ( v>i\s k9ds ( p\ltry comes f _! ability to de/roy insects :i* damage vegetation1 & to ma9ta9 !mselves on ^! & on foods n available = ! l>g] dome/ic mammals4 ,! s]vices ( p\ltry 9 ?is respect be+ limit$ to ^? insects t c be secur$ f ! gr\nd1 & to areas on :i* ! birds c live safely & d no damage to crops1 we are dep5d5t ^u wild a]ial birds to keep insect life 9 *eck on trees & high bu%es & on l& n occupi$ by p\ltry4 ,place ( wild birds 9 civilization4 ,z no insect-eat+ a]ial birds h be5 dome/icat$1 ! pres]vation ( wild birds t de/roy insects is ( z mu* importance to man z ! production ( dome/ic birds4 ,inde$1 ! wild birds are mu* m valuable to u 9 ! wild /ate ?an !y w\ld be if dome/icat$4 ,9 nature species prey ^u ea* o!r--! l[e/ =ms ( life ^u inorganic & decay$ matt]1 ! high] =ms ^u ! l[]1 ! l>g] creatures ^u ! small]1 ! savage ^u ! def5seless4 ,f]tile l&s n only produce luxuriant vegetation b teem ) insect life1 :i*1 if n kept 9 *eck1 w\ld soon de/roy t vegetation4 ,9 tropical & semitropical regions !re are mammals1 "s ( !m q l>ge1 :i* fe$ ^u insects4 ,9 temp]ate regions :]e insects are n to be obta9$ dur+ ! w9t]1 !re w\ld be no adequate *eck ^u _! increase & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( vegetation if x 7 n = ! va/ numb]s ( insect-eat+ migratory birds :i* come to ^! regions = ! summ]4 ,necess>y z ^! birds are to vegetation on uncultivat$ l&s1 !y are m necess>y 9 cultivat$ fields1 or*>ds1 & g>d5s :]e ! crops are m attractive to insects ?an ! mix$ vegetation on wild l&s4 ,z insect de/roy]s ! dome/ic birds t are kept on cultivat$ l&s only fill ! place ( ! nonmigratory wild birds t h be5 driv5 away or ext]m9at$4 ,s x is to ! int]e/ ( e "o to protect insect-eat+ wild birds1 = al?\gh ^! birds may d "s damage to crops1 _! s]vice usually m ?an pays = x4 ,classes ( dome/ic birds4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( dome/ic birds--p\ltry1 pigeons1 & cage birds4 ,! p\ltry class comprises l& & wat] birds & conta9s n9e k9ds--f[ls1 ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 gu9eas1 peaf[ls1 pheasants1 swans1 & o/ri*es4 ,! pigeon class has b "o k9d1 ! pigeon1 :i* is ! only a]ial bird dome/icat$ = economic purposes4 ,! cage-bird class has z its mo/ important repres5tative ! can>y4 ,! o!r birds ( ?is class h nev] be5 popul> 9 ,am]ica4 ,! "q ( increas+ ! numb] ( species ( birds 9 dome/ication int]e/s _m p4 ,!re is a g5]al impression among ^? n famili> ) ! comm]cial aspect ( aviculture t _m m species might be dome/icat$4 ,:ile x is true t _m birds capable ( dome/ication h n be5 dome/icat$1 !re are few ( ^! t w\ld s]ve any purpose n bett] s]v$ by "s species already dome/icat$4 ,x w be %[n z ! diff]5t k9ds & v>ieties ( dome/ic birds are discuss$ t ! mo/ useful k9ds are always ! mo/ popul>1 & t _m o!rs are kept pr9cipally z ornam5ts4 ,! numb] ( ornam5tal creatures t c be kept 9 dome/ication is limit$1 = z a rule animals1 l p1 mu/ e>n _! liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,birds ,,relat$ ,,to ,,use ,fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs ( a bird are ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( protective cov]+ 9 animals1 s]v+ o!r important functions 9 addition to ! prim>y "o4 ,comp>$ ) ! hair ( a mammal or ! scale ( a fi% or ( a reptile1 a typical s(t fea!r f ! body ( a bird is a v complex /ructure1 p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( bo? scales & hair4 ,! fact t birds h scales & hair z well z fea!rs %[s _! relation to ^! o!r =ms ( animal cov]+4 ,?is is be/ obs]v$ on a f[l4 ,! legs ( a f[l are normally smoo?1 ) scales on ! front ( ! %ank & on ! upp] surfaces ( ! toes4 ,9 fea!r-legg$ f[ls ! fea!rs appe> fir/ along ! out] sides ( ! %anks & toes4 ,z ! numb] ( fea!rs is increas$ !y gr[ long] & m fea!rs appe>1 until 9 ! mo/ heavily fea!r$ specim5s ! s(t sk9 is cov]$ & ! scales are almo/ hidd54 ,! face ( a f[l is normally almo/ b>e1 ! sk9 be+ a bright r$ l ! comb & wattles2 b at a di/ance ( a few feet we c usually see "s v small1 f9e fea!rs on x1 & if we exam9e closely we see 9 addition /ill f9] gr[?s--hairs4 ,among ! body fea!rs ( a f[l1 too1 are q long hairs4 ,^! are mo/ easily obs]v$ aft] a bird is pluck$4 ,!y d n come out ) ! fea!rs1 & are remov$ by s+e+4 ,/ructure ( fea!rs4 ,! smalle/ fea!r t to ! nak$ eye appe>s z some?+ m complex ?an a hair1 looks l a little bun* ( fuzzy filam5ts4 ,?is is call$ d[n4 ,9 ! next high] =m ( fea!r a small r\nd quill appe>s ) filam5ts protrud+ f x l ! hairs 9 an arti/'s bru%4 ,su* a fea!r is call$ a /ub fea!r1 or simply a /ub4 ,! be/ place to f9d ^! is on ! outside ( ! %ank ( a f[l ) scantily fea!r$ legs4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! complete fea!r is be/ obs]v$ ei!r on ! head ( a f[l or at ! hock jo9t4 ,! fea!rs 9 ^! places are v small1 yet complete4 ,! r\nd quill is l5g!n$ into a %aft4 ,ext5d+ f ea* side ( ?is %aft is a s+le r[ ( filam5ts1 call$ b>bs1 ! edges ( :i*1 int]lock$ ) little hooks1 =m ! web ( ! fea!r4 ,on o!r p>ts ( ! body ( ! bird ! fea!rs are l>g]1 b ! g5]al /ructure is always ! same4 ,! size & special /ructure ( ! fea!r are always adju/$ to suit ! "p on :i* x gr[s or ! s]vice :i* x has to p]=m4 ,z ! fir/ function ( ! fea!rs is to keep ! bird dry & w>m1 ! body fea!rs are all s(t z comp>$ ) ! l>ge /iff fea!rs ( ! w+s & tail2 yet z we look at ! fea!rs on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( a bird we notice diff]5ces 9 _! /ructure1 & also notice t ! /ructure ( a fea!r is n always ! same ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,on ! expos$ p>ts ( ! fea!rs ( ! neck1 back1 w+s1 & brea/ ! web is p]fect & ! fea!rs ov]lap s closely t !y pres5t a smoo? surface4 ,"u ! surface1 especially next ! sk91 ! b>bs are n smoo?ly jo9$1 b are fluffy4 ,?us ! same fea!rs :i* pres5t a h>d1 smoo? surface to ! wea!r provide a s(t1 w>m g>m5t next ! sk94 ,"u ! w+s & on ! und]side ( ! body ! fea!rs are q fluffy ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,arrangem5t ( ! fea!rs4 ,z y look at a liv+ bird ! fea!rs appe> to gr[ on all p>ts ( ! body4 ,:5 ! fea!rs are remov$ f ! bird y see t :ile ! sk9 is ne>ly all r\gh1 ) ! little elevations :]e ! fea!rs 7 remov$1 !re are q l>ge areas :]e ! sk9 is p]fectly smoo?1 %[+ t no fea!rs grew !re4 ,^! places are b>e because fea!rs on !m w\ld int]f]e ) ! movem5ts ( ! bird4 ,! fea!rs on adjac5t p>ts give ! smoo? areas suffici5t protection4 ,decorative fea!r =ms4 ,! natural decorative =ms ( plumage are f\nd mo/ly 9 male birds & consi/ ( extraord9>y developm5ts ( ! plumage ( ! neck & back1 :]e ! male birds ( "s species always h fea!rs diff]+ 9 =m f ! fea!rs on ! same p>ts ( ! female4 ,:5 a fea!r app5dage n common to a species is develop$ on "s v>ieties1 z ! cre/ & be>d on f[ls & ! ruff on pigeons1 bo? sexes h x4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ fea!r decorations w be describ$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! *apt]s on ! species on :i* !y occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,br[n ,leghorn *ick 7"o day old7 ,color 9 fea!rs4 ,:ile colors 9 ! plumage are di/ribut$ v diff]5tly 9 diff]5t species ( birds1 (t5 mak+ comb9ations peculi> to a species1 !re is 9 all ! same wond]ful =mation ( patt]ns1 t dep5ds = its effect 9 a section ^u "s ov]lapp+ fea!rs be+ m>k$ alike & o!rs hav+ a diff]5t m>k+2 & = ! effect 9 a s+le fea!r1 ^u adjac5t b>bs be+ n[ alike1 n[ diff]5t1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! pigm5t 9 !m4 ,! be/ common example ( a patt]n cov]+ a s]ies ( fea!rs is f\nd on ! w+ ( a ,mall>d ,duck or ( a ,r\5 ,duck4 ,int]e/+ examples ( ! =mation ( patt]ns on a s+le fea!r may be f\nd 9 ! plumage ( b>r$1 lac$1 & p5cil$ f[ls1 & also 9 ! lac+s on ! body fea!rs ( ! females ( ! v>ieties ( ducks m5tion$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ illu/rations ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 are to be se5 on ! pla9 fea!rs ( ! gu9ea & ! gorge\s tail ( ! peacock4 ,! pigm5t :i* colors ! plumage may be f\nd 9 soluble =m 9 ! quills ( immature color$ fea!rs4 ,x is n conspicu\s unless x is q d>k4 ,9 black f[ls x is (t5 s abundant t a "p rema9s 9 ! sk9 :5 ! fea!rs are remov$4 ,aft] ! pigm5t is deposit$ 9 ! web ( ! fea!r ! color is fa/4 ,wat] does n affect x1 b x fades a little ) age & exposure4 ,new plumage usually conta9s a great deal ( oil1 a condition :i* is mo/ conspicu\s 9 :ite birds1 to ^: plumage ! oil gives a creamy t9t4 ,9 color$ birds ! pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( oil 9 fea!rs is desirable because x gives great] brilliance to ! plumage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,:ite ,leghorn *icks 7t5 days old7 ,gr[? & molt+ ( fea!rs4 ,! fir/ cov]+ ( a "y bird is d[n4 ,! "y ( birds :i* ne/ on ! gr\nd h ! d[n cov]+ :5 hat*$2 o!rs acquire x 9 a few days4 ,9 small l& birds :i* fea!r quickly1 z ,leghorn & ,hamburg *icks1 ! l>ge/ w+ fea!rs may h />t$ to gr[ be=e ! *ick leaves ! egg4 ,9 mo/ k9ds ( p\ltry1 h[ev]1 ! "y %[ no signs ( fea!rs = "s days4 ,! d[n is gradually replac$ by small fea!rs1 & ^! by l>g] fea!rs z ! bird gr[s4 ,z fea!rs 9 all /ages ( gr[? are f\nd on ! "y bird at ! same "t1 x is n kn[n :e!r all fea!rs are molt$ ! same numb] ( times4 ,9 cases :]e "s fea!rs 7 m>k$ & wat*$1 or :]e ! colors *ang$ ) ! *ang+ fea!rs1 x appe>$ t aft] ! d[n ?ree sets ( fea!rs 7 gr[n 9 succession1 ! ?ird & la/ mak+ ! adult plumage ( ! bird4 ,?is coat rema9s until ! foll[+ summ] or fall1 :5 x is molt$ & replac$ by a new "o4 ,flight4 ,! habit ( fly+ is objectionable 9 dome/ic birds because x makes !m m difficult to control4 ,x has no direct use except 9 pigeons kept = fly+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v important connection betwe5 developm5t = fly+ & ! value ( birds = ! table4 ,! muscles ( ! w+s furni% ! great] "p ( ! edible meat ( mo/ birds4 ,! mo/ desirable birds = food purposes are ^? :i* h ! w+ muscles well develop$1 yet n q /rong en\gh to enable !m to fly easily4 ,9 su* birds ! brea/ meat rema9s comp>atively s(t ?r\gh life1 :ile 9 birds t fly well x becomes h>d 9 a v %ort "t4 ,t is :y ! brea/ meat ( ! pigeon is relatively t\gh] 9 an old bird ?an ! brea/ meat ( a f[l or turkey4 ,! balance betwe5 capacity = flight & neglect to use x1 :i* is desir$ 9 birds gr[n = ! table1 is secur$ by giv+ !m opportunity to ex]cise _! w+s mod]ately b n = progressive practice 9 fly+1 :i* w\ld soon enable !m to fly easily ov] ! f5ces us$ to conf9e !m4 ,to regulate su* ex]cise ! p]*es = birds t roo/ are made l[1 or 9 an asc5d+ s]ies 9 :i* ea* p]* aft] ! fir/ is rea*$ f ! "o bel[ x1 :ile f5ces are made s mu* high] ?an ! di/ance ! bird is accu/om$ to fly t ! failures ( its fir/ ef=ts to g ov] !m disc\rage x4 ,ducks & geese1 :i* d n roo/1 flap _! w+s a great deal1 & if !y h room (t5 ex]cise !m by half runn+ & half fly+ along ! gr\nd4 ,me*anism ( ! w+4 ,9 its /ructure & 9 ! muscul> p[] t moves x1 ! w+ ( a bird is a wond]ful piece ( me*anism4 ,a bird 9 fly+ /rikes ! air ) its w+s s rapidly t ! movem5ts _c be accurately c\nt$4 ,! h]on1 :i* is a sl[-fly+ bird1 makes f "o hundr$ tw5ty to "o hundr$ fifty d[nw>d /rokes ( its w+s a m9ute4 ,z ea* d[nw>d /roke mu/ be prec$$ by an upw>d /roke1 ?is means t ! w+s make f two hundr$ =ty to ?ree hundr$ sep>ate movem5ts a m9ute4 ,9 su* swift-fly+ birds z ! pigeon ! movem5ts ( ! w+s c be di/+ui%$ b _c be c\nt$4 ,! fa/e/ movem5ts ( ! w+s are n made by ! swifte/ fli]s4 ,9 ord] to fly at all "s l& birds ) comp>atively small w+s h to move !m s fa/ t ! movem5ts make a blur & a :irr+ noise4 ,! p>tridge is an illu/ration ( a bird ( ?is class4 ,if ! support+ surface ( ! w+ ( a bird 7 made ( sk91 l ! web ( ! foot ( a swimm+ bird1 x w\ld be necess>y to fold ! w+ = ea* upw>d /roke4 ,x is "h t ! /ructure ( fea!rs adapts itself to ! rapid action requir$ = movem5t 9 ! air4 ,! w+ is n "o surface b a s]ies ( n>r[ surfaces lapp+ 9 su* a mann] t !y unite to =m "o broad surface :5 ! d[nw>d /roke is made1 & ) ! upw>d /roke are sep>at$ s t ! air passes betwe5 !m4 ,great] p[] 9 ! d[nw>d /roke & less resi/ance 9 ! upw>d /roke are also secur$ by ! curvature ( ! w+4 ,! "u side is concave1 ! upp] side convex4 ,?us 9 ! d[nw>d /roke ! w+ ga!rs ! air "u x & s increases ! pressure1 :ile 9 ! upw>d /roke x scatt]s ! air & r$uces ! pressure4 ,if ! w+ 7 equally rigid ?r\gh\t1 ! movem5t ( ! bird w\ld be mo/ly upw>d4 ,! bird 9 fly+ moves =w>d because ! front ( ! w+ is rigid & ! tips ( ! fea!rs1 :i* are direct$ backw>d1 are flexible4 ,s ! air compress$ by ! w+ 9 ! d[nw>d /roke escapes backw>d1 & 9 do+ s propels ! bird =w>d4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same t is appli$ 9 ! screw propell] ( a boat or an air%ip1 except t ! w+ vibrates :ile ! propell] revolves4 ,! mo/ important function ( ! tail 9 flight is to balance ! bird4 ,x is ( "s assi/ance 9 /e]+1 b a bird /e]s its c\rse mo/ly by manipulation ( ! w+s4 ,scrat*+4 ,) ! exception ( ! aquatic birds & ! o/ri*1 all ! species ( p\ltry belong to ! gr\p call$ by naturali/s ,rasores or ,scrat*]s4 ,birds ( ?is class h legs ( mod]ate l5g? & v /rong1 ) toes t]m9at+ 9 a /\t claw4 ,normally !y h ?ree toes ^u :i* ! foot re/s :5 !y are /&+ on a flat surface1 & a f\r? toe1 l a ?umb1 :i* assi/s ! o!r toes to grasp a p]*4 ,"s individual birds & "s races ( birds h ! f\r? or h9d toe d\ble4 ,! leg ( a bird is s con/ruct$ t :5 x is b5t z ! bird sits on a n>r[ support ! toes contract & grasp ! support & hold x )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( ! bird4 ,?us ! bird is z secure 9 its position on a limb :5 asleep z if wide awake & look+ out = itself4 ,9 proportion to _! ability to scrat*1 birds are able to f9d se$s & insects conceal$ among dead or liv+ vegetation on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & also to dig bel[ ! surface4 ,scrat*+ capacity is mo/ highly develop$ 9 ! f[l4 ,comp>$ to x ! o!r l& birds are v feeble scrat*]s1 & d little damage by scrat*+ if free to roam ab\t4 ,= ages ! scrat*+ prop5sity ( f[ls 0 reg>d$ z a vice 9 !m1 b s9ce p began to give special att5tion to p\ltry !y h le>n$ t f[ls are mu* m cont5t$ & ?rifty 9 conf9em5t if _! food is giv5 !m 9 a litt] ( leaves1 /raw1 or %av+s1 9 :i* !y mu/ scrat* = x1 & h also f\nd t to "s ext5t f[ls may be us$ to cultivate crops :ile de/roy+ insects & we$s among !m4 ,swimm+4 ,capacity = swimm+ has an economic value 9 dome/ic birds because x adapts ^? possess+ x to places :i* l& birds r>ely frequ5t4 ,x w be %[n :5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( aquatic birds are describ$ t ea* has its special place & use 9 dome/ication4 ,! swimm+ faculty 9 ^! birds is ( fur!r int]e/ because ( its relation to ! developm5t ( ! body plumage4 ,if a l& bird is plac$ 9 ! wat]1 ! fea!rs are quickly saturat$1 ! wat] p5etrat+ to ! sk94 ,a duck or o!r swimm+ bird w rema9 9 ! wat] = h\rs )\t ! wat] p5etrat+ ! fea!rs4 ,?is is commonly suppos$ to be due to ! pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( oil 9 ! fea!rs1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! oil9ess ( ! fea!rs ( f[ls & ( ducks is n great en\gh to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 resi/ance to ! p5etration ( wat]4 ,! peculi> quality ( ! plumage ( swimm+ birds is its d5sity4 ,if y take up a f[l & exam9e ! plumage y w f9d t x is easy to "p ! fea!rs s t ! sk9 c be se54 ,x may be done ) ! f+]s1 or ev5 by bl[+ g5tly among ! fea!rs ) ! m\?4 ,n[ try to sep>ate ! fea!rs ( a duck s t ! sk9 w be visible4 ,y f9d x mu* h>d]1 because ! fea!rs are s ?ick & s(t & at ! same "t s ela/ic4 ,! famili> phrase l wat] f a duck's back is n especially appropriate4 ,! fea!rs on ! back ( mo/ birds are a v effective protection aga9/ ra94 ,! fea!rs all ov] a duck are su* poor conductors ( wat] t x is h>d to remove !m by scald+4 ,! /ructure ( ! plumage ( swimm+ birds adds to _! buoyancy 9 ! wat]4 ,!y d n h to ex]t !mselves to rema9 on ! surface1 b float l cork4 ,foods & mode ( dige/ion4 ,all k9ds ( p\ltry & mo/ ( our common wild birds are omnivor\s eat]s1 b ! proportion ( diff]5t foods usually tak5 is n ! same 9 diff]5t k9ds ( birds4 ,"s eat mo/ly gra9s1 "s mo/ly animal foods4 ,"s c subsi/ entirely on grass if !y c get x 9 a t5d] /ate2 o!rs eat v little grass4 ,! scrat*+ birds l a diet ( ab\t equal p>ts ( gra91 leaves1 & insects4 ,pigeons & can>ies live almo/ entirely on gra9s & se$s1 b l a little gre5 /uff occasionally4 ,dome/ic birds :i* produce _m eggs require special supplies ( food conta9+ lime to make ! %ells4 ,until )9 a few ye>s x 0 univ]sally believ$--& x is /ill commonly suppos$--t birds ne$$ grit to take ! place ( ! tee? nature did n give !m1 & assi/ 9 ! gr9d+ ( ! food 9 ! gizz>d4 ,_m close obs]v]s n[ reject ?is idea because !y f9d t birds suppli$ ) dige/ible m9]al foods d n eat ^? t are n dige/ible4 ,a bird does n ne$ tee? to gr9d its food1 because x is s(t5$ 9 ! crop & ! ga/ric juice acts ^u x be=e ! gr9d+ process beg9s4 ,peculi>ities ( birds' eggs4 ,! only animal food/uff produc$ 9 a natural package1 easily pres]v$ & h&l$1 is ! egg4 ,9 ! vegetable _w we h a great _m su* ?+s--fruits1 se$s1 roots1 nuts1 ) cov]+s ( v>i\s textures to protect ! cont5ts f ! air4 ,9 all ( ^! ! mat]ial /or$ up is ei!r = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! se$s 9 ! fir/ /ages ( gr[? z plants1 or = ! n\ri%m5t ( a new or special gr[?4 ,an egg is ! se$ ( an animal4 ,all animals produce eggs1 b 9 mammals ! new life orig9at+ f ! egg goes ?r\gh ! embryonic /ages )9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 :ile 9 insects1 fi%es1 reptiles1 & birds ! egg is laid by ! creature produc+ x be=e ! embryo beg9s to develop4 ,9 mammals ! embryo gr[s z a "p ( ! body ( ! p>5t1 ! sub/ances :i* build x up com+ f ! p>5t =m z !y are ne$$4 ,9 birds a t9y g]m--! true egg--is put1 ) all ! mat]ial ne$$ = its developm5t z an embryo1 9 a seal$ package1 :i* may be tak5 ?\s&s ( miles away f ! p>5t1 &1 aft] ly+ dormant = weeks1 may beg9 to gr[ z soon z ! prop] conditions ( temp]ature are appli$4 ,! food value ( ! g]m ( an egg is inappreciable4 ,we use ! egg to get ! mat]ial /or$ up 9 x = ! "y bird :i* w\ld come f ! g]m4 ,developm5t ( ! egg4 ,! me?od ( ! =mation ( an egg is v int]e/+4 ,x is ! same 9 all birds1 b is mo/ conv5i5tly /udi$ 9 f[ls4 ,if a lay+ h5 is kill$ & ! body is op5$ s t ! int]nal organs c all be se51 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! is a l>ge1 convolut$ duct hav+ its outlet at ! v5t4 ,9 ?is duct1 :i* is call$ ! oviduct1 are eggs 9 v>i\s /ages ( =mation4 ,at its upp] extremity1 atta*$ to ! backbone1 is a bun* ( globul> yell[ sub/ances :i* are at once id5tifi$ z yolks ( eggs 9 all sizes4 ,! organ to :i* ^! are atta*$ is ! ov>y4 ,! smalle/ yolks are s small t !y _c be se5 )\t a p[]ful microscope4 ,^! yolks are n g]ms1 b z !y gr[ ! g]m =ms on "o side ( ea* yolk1 :]e x appe>s z a small :ite spot4 ,:5 a yolk is full-gr[n x drops into ! funnel-%ap$ m\? ( ! oviduct4 ,"h x is inclos$ 9 a membran\s cov]+1 call$ ! *alazae1 & receives a coat+ ( ?ick album54 ,! function ( ! *alazae is to keep ! yolk susp5d$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! egg4 ,x does n m]ely inclose ! yolk1 b1 twi/$ into cords1 ext5ds f ei!r end & is atta*$ to ! out] membrane at ! end ( ! egg4 ,aft] leav+ ! funnel ! egg passes into a n>r[ "p ( ! oviduct1 call$ ! i/hmus1 :]e x receives ! membran\s cov]+s :i* are f\nd j inside ! %ell4 ,f ! i/hmus x goes into ! l[e/ "p ( ! oviduct--! ut]us4 ,"h ! %ell is =m$1 & at ! same "t a ?9 album5 ent]s ?r\gh ! pores ( ! %ell & ! %ell membranes & dilutes ! ?ick album5 fir/ deposit$4 ,aft] ?is process is complet$ ! egg may be reta9$ 9 ! oviduct = "s "t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually laid )9 a few h\rs4 ,rate & am\nt ( egg production4 ,9 ! wild /ate a bird1 if n mole/$ aft] x beg9s lay+1 produces a numb] ( eggs v>y+ 9 diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to ! numb] ( "y t c be c>$ =1 & !n incubates !m4 ,if its fir/ eggs are remov$ or de/roy$1 ! bird lays m1 usually *ang+ ! location ( its ne/4 ,9 dome/ication ! eggs ( mo/ k9ds ( birds are remov$ f ! ne/s daily z laid1 & ! birds lay _m m eggs be=e !y /op to incubate ?an !y d 9 ! wild /ate4 ,x is1 & has be5 = ages1 ! common op9ion t ! wild birds & p\ltry1 :5 fir/ dome/icat$1 7 capable ( lay+ only a small numb] ( eggs ea* season1 & t lay+ capacity has be5 enorm\sly increas$ 9 dome/ication2 b ! olde/ reports t we h ( ! am\nt ( egg production indicate t ! lay+ capacity ( f[ls 0 z great c5turies ago z x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,rec5t obs]vations on wild birds 9 captivity %[ t ev5 birds :i* pair & usually lay only a few eggs ea* season h a lay+ capacity at lea/ equal to ! ord9>y production ( h5s4 ,quails 9 captivity h be5 kn[n to lay ab\t "o hundr$ eggs 9 a season1 & an ,engli% sp>r[ f :i* ! eggs 7 tak5 z laid produc$ ov] sixty4 ,! con/itutional capacity to produce ovules is n[ kn[n to be f> great] ?an ! p[] ( any bird to supply ! mat]ial = ! n\ri%m5t ( g]ms ?r\gh ! embryonic /age4 ,! pr9cipal factors 9 l>ge egg production are abundance ( food & great capacity = dige/+ & assimilat+ x4 ,incubation4 ,a bird be=e beg9n+ to lay makes a ne/4 ,"s birds build v elaborate & curi\s ne/s2 o!rs m]ely put toge!r a few /icks1 or holl[ out a little place on ! gr\nd4 ,9 birds t pair1 ! male & female "w toge!r to build ! ne/4 ,ev5 9 polygam\s dome/ic birds l ! f[l & ! duck1 a male w (t5 make a ne/ = ! females ( 8 family & coax !m to x z a cock pigeon does 8 mate4 ,if ! birds are left to !mselves & ! eggs are n mole/$1 an a]ial bird w usually lay a numb] ( eggs equal to ! numb] ( "y ! p>5ts c fe$ z long z !y require ?is att5tion1 :ile a t]re/rial or aquatic bird w usually lay z _m eggs z %e c cov]4 ,! desir$ numb] ( eggs hav+ be5 laid1 ! process ( incubation by ! p>5ts beg9s4 ,! incubation ( _! eggs by birds is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s 9 nature4 ,we say t in/9ct leads birds to build _! ne/s & to keep _! eggs w>m = a p]iod v>y+ f two weeks = small birds1 to six weeks = ! o/ri*2 b in/9ct is only a t]m to describe ! app>5tly intellig5t actions ( ! l[] animals1 :i* we say h n intellig5ce en\gh to "k ! reasons = ! ?+s t !y d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sitt+ h5 ,! "m ( a "y mammal kn[s t x came f h]self1 & %e c see t x is l h] & o!rs ( h] k9d4 ,x at once seeks h] c>e & responds to h] att5tions4 ,! egg :i* a bird lays is z lifeless--to all appe>ances--z ! /ones :i* x (t5 s closely resembles4 ,only aft] _m days or weeks ( tiresomely close att5tion does x produce a creature :i* c respond to ! c>e lavi%$ ^u x4 ,! birds incubat+ eggs n only give !m ! mo/ unremitt+ att5tion1 b ^? t fill _! ne/s ) eggs be=e beg9n+ to incubate me?odically turn ! eggs & *ange _! position 9 ! ne/1 ?is be+ necess>y because o!rwise ! eggs at ! c5t] ( ! ne/ w\ld get too mu* heat & ^? at ! outside w\ld n get en\gh4 ,a bird appe>s to "k t if %e beg9s to sit be=e %e has f9i%$ lay+1 "s ( ! eggs w\ld be spoil$ or w\ld hat* be=e ! o!rs2 &1 z not$ above1 a]ial birds seem to "k bett] ?an to hat* m "y ?an !y c re>4 ,b no bird seems to h any idea ( ! "t requir$ to hat* its eggs1 or to notice ! lapse ( "t1 or to c>e :e!r ! eggs ^u :i* x sits are ( its own k9d or ( "s o!r k9d1 or to "k :e!r ! "y :5 hat*$ are l or unlike itself4 ,if eggs fail to hat*1 dome/ic birds w1 z a rule1 rema9 on ! ne/ until ! eggs are tak5 away or until %e] exhau/ion compels !m to ab&on ! hopeless task4 ,9 dome/ication1 h[ev]1 ^? birds :i* cont9ue lay+ mo/ freely :5 _! eggs are remov$ z laid1 t5d to lose ! habit ( incubation4 ,turkeys & geese w (t5 beg9 to incubate aft] hav+ laid ab\t ! numb] ( eggs t !y c\ld cov]4 ,_m f[ls w d ! same1 b mo/ f[ls lay = sev]al mon?s be=e attempt+ to incubate1 & 9 _m races n m ?an two or ?ree p] c5t ( ! h5s ev] incubate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,fre% egg#a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,inf]tile egg 7aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' incubation7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,f]tile egg 7aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' incubation7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,embryo 7aft] sev5ty-two h\rs' incubation7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,embryo 7aft] sev5 days' incubation7 #a ,photographs 7,figs4 #d-h7 f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,*ick ready to break %ell ,developm5t ( ! embryo 9 a bird's egg4 ,! condition requir$ to produce a live bird f a f]tile egg is ! cont9u\s application ( a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajb or #ajc degrees ,fahr5heit f ! "t ! heat is fir/ appli$ until ! embryo is fully develop$ & ready to em]ge f ! %ell4 ,9 nature ! heat is appli$ by contact ) ! bodies ( ! p>5t birds4 ,developm5t ( life w />t 9 an egg at ab\t #aj degrees bel[ ! temp]ature requir$ to ma9ta9 x1 b at ?is temp]ature ! g]m soon dies4 ,! temp]ature 9 incubation may occasionally g high] ?an #ajc degrees or may be z l[ z #gj degrees = a %ort "t )\t injury to ! g]m4 ,"s g]ms w /& great] extremes ( temp]ature ?an o!rs1 j z "s liv+ creatures w4 ,! fir/ /ages ( ! developm5t ( life 9 ! egg ( a bird may be obs]v$ by hold+ ! eggs be=e a /rong light 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,:ite-%ell$ eggs are ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ab\t ?irty-six h\rs f ! beg9n+ ( incubation x w be f\nd t ! g]m has turn$ r$1 & little r$ ve9s radiate f x some:at l ! legs ( a spid]4 ,= sev]al days ! egg is q transluc5t & ! yolk %[s pla9ly4 ,z ! g]m gr[s1 ! cont5ts ( ! egg become cl\d$ & d5se1 & ! air space at ! l>ge end ( ! egg is cle>ly def9$1 ! d5sity be+ greate/ ne> x4 ,f ! "t t ! egg becomes d5se1 obs]vations ( developm5t mu/ be made by break+ "o or m eggs daily or e few days1 accord+ to ! numb] available = obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,egg be=e exclusion & p>tially exclud$ *ick ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,light ,brahma 7day old7 ,! embryo gr[s until x fills ! egg4 ,! m]e application ( heat to ! egg has gradually trans=m$ t little g]m & ! yell[ & :ite ( egg into bones1 fle%1 sk9 7&1 9 "s cases1 d[n71 & all ! organs ( a liv+ creature4 ,:5 ! embryo has fill$ ! %ell1 x lies curl$ up1 usually ) ! head at ! l>ge end ( ! egg & ! beak almo/ t\*+ ! %ell1 at ab\t "o ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! l>ge to ! small end ( ! egg4 ,at ! po9t ( ! beak ( ! "y bird on ! curv$ tip ( ! upp] m&ible is a small horny scale4 ,)\t ?is scale x w\ld be h>d = ! embryo to break ! %ell because x _c1 z x lies1 /rike x a direct bl[ ) ! po9t ( its beak4 ,?is scale is a rem>kable "*4 ,its only use is to help ! bird out ( ! %ell4 ,a few days aft] exclusion x disappe>s4 ,if y take a h5's egg ab\t ! eighte5? or ! n9ete5? day ( incubation & hold x closely 9 y\r h&1 y may be able to feel ! *ick move4 ,if y\r h& is a little bit cold1 ! *ick is mu* m likely to squirm 9 ! egg & may utt] a peep4 ,if1 ) ! egg 9 a w>m h&1 y hold x to y\r e>1 y w ab\t ?is "t he> an occasional tap1 tap1 caus$ by ! *ick5 /rik+ its beak aga9/ ! %ell4 ,! tapp+ is kept up m or less /eadily until ! %ell cracks :]e ! po9t ( ! beak /rikes x & a little piece is brok5 out4 ,! *ick usually re/s a:ile n[1--p]haps = "s h\rs1--!n resumes ! attack on ! %ell4 ,x turns 9 ! %ell1 break+ out little pieces z x turns1 until !re is a crack ne>ly all ! way ar\nd1 :51 by pu%+ ) its head & feet1 x =ces ! %ell ap>t & sprawls out ( x4 ,! process is ! same = all birds1 except t ^? t take longe/ to develop 9 ! %ell take a long] re/ aft] fir/ break+ x4 ,! "y ( a]ial birds1 :i* are nak$ :5 hat*$1 are ugly little ?+s4 ,"y p\ltry1 too1 are almo/ repulsive ) _! sprawl+ =ms & ! wet d[n pla/]$ to ! sk91 b 9 a few h\rs !y gr[ /rong1 ! d[n dries & becomes fluffy1 ! bright little eyes seem to take 9 ev]y?+1 & !y are ! mo/ attractive ( all baby animals4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,species ,,& ,,_! ,,divisions ,,9 ,,dome/ic ,,birds ,! ?ree g5]al classes ( dome/ic birds include few species b _m v>ieties1 &1 outside ( ! di/9ct v>ieties1 an indef9ite numb] ( individual types4 ,:]e v>ieties are z num]\s z 9 ! f[l1 :i* has ab\t ?ree hundr$1 & ! pigeon1 :i* has a mu* great] numb]1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are (t5 v slight4 ,sometimes ! =m ( a s+le small "* is ! only di/+ui%+ feature4 ,b1 if ?is is a fix$ "*1 ! v>iety is di/9ct4 ,:]e !re are s _m v>ieties x is h>d to make %ort1 appropriate descriptive names = all1 if consid]$ simply z v>ieties4 ,= su* div]sity !re mu/ be a m ext5d$ classification4 ,su* a classification1 gr[+ gradually ) ! increase 9 ! numb] ( v>ieties1 w n be consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,h5ce to und]/& cle>ly ! relations ( ! artificial divisions ( species 9 dome/ication we mu/ "k :at a species is & h[ ^! divisions arise4 ,def9ition ( species4 ,species are ! natural divisions ( liv+ ?+s4 ,ea* plant & animal species reta9s its di/9ctive "* ?r\gh long ages because ! individuals compos+ x c produce p]fect (fspr+ only 7if asexual7 ( !mselves1 or 7if bisexual7 ) o!rs ( _! species4 ,! self-isolation ( species is well illu/rat$ :5 simil> plants gr[ toge!r1 z grasses 9 ! same field & practically on ! same spot2 yet ye> aft] ye> all ! old k9ds are f\nd & no new ones su* z might come f a mixture ( two k9ds1 if !y w\ld mix4 ,9 ! high] animals1 :]e ! p>5t =ms are ( diff]5t sexes1 !y *oose mates ( _! own k9d1 & s ea* species rema9s di/9ct2 b if 9 a species !re are _m diff]5t types1 su* z we f9d 9 dome/ic f[ls1 ! memb]s ( ! species1 :5 free to d s1 mate z readily ) types q diff]5t f _! own z ) individuals exactly l !m1 & produce (fspr+ ( int]m$iate types ) all ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! species4 ,9 dome/ication individuals ( di/9ct yet simil> species are sometimes mat$ & produce (fspr+ call$ hybrids1 b ^! are /]ile4 ,! mule1 :i* is a hybrid betwe5 ! ass & ! m>e1 is ! mo/ famili> animal ( ?is k9d4 ,hybrid1 or mule1 cage birds are produc$ by cross+ ! can>y ) sev]al alli$ species4 ,among o!r dome/ic birds hybrids are almo/ unkn[n4 ,orig9 ( species4 ,until ne> ! close ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 commonly believ$ t ea* species _h be5 creat$ 9 p]fect =m & t species 7 un*angeable2 b long be=e t "t "s ke5 /ud5ts ( ! natural sci5ces & close obs]v]s ( ! *anges t take place 9 plants & animals 9 dome/ication _h discov]$ t species 7 n p]fectly /able & 7 *ang+ sl[ly4 ,geologi/s e/abli%$ ! fact t ! e>?1 in/ead ( be+ only a few ?\s& ye>s old1 _h exi/$ = c\ntless c5turies4 ,among fossil rema9s ( creatures unlike any n[ kn[n !y _h f\nd also o!r =ms :i* appe>$ to be prototypes ( exi/+ species4 ,! idea t ! =ms ( life n[ on ! e>? _h come f e>li] & some:at diff]5t =ms _h occurr$ to sev]al sci5ti/s m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b x 0 n until ab\t #ahfj t a satisfactory explanation ( progressive developm5t ( =ms ( life 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,?is mode ( creation is call$ evolution4 ,! !ory ( evolution is t p>tly ?r\gh _! own inh]5t t5d5cy to v>y & p>tly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ext]nal ?+s :i* affect !m1 all organisms *ange sl[ly2 t ?+s ( ! same k9d1 sep>at$ & liv+ "u diff]5t conditions1 may 9 "t s *ange t !y become sep>ate species2 & t ?is process may be repeat$ indef9itely1 ! numb] ( species con/antly increas+ & becom+ m div]sifi$ & m highly develop$4 ,su* a !ory w\ld n be entitl$ to s]i\s consid]ation unless x 0 kn[n t ! e>? 0 millions ( ye>s old1 because we "k t races ( f[ls sep>at$ = ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s 7& p]haps twice z long7 & develop$ into q diff]5t v>ieties w bre$ toge!r z readily z ^? ( ! same v>iety4 ,b :5 x is c]ta9 t ! e>? is s old t !re has be5 ample "t = *anges 9 liv+ =ms t w\ld require p]iods ( "t beyond our compreh5sion1 "s ( ! relations ( v>ieties & species ( birds h an important be>+ on ! !ory ( evolution4 ,z 9 ! case ( f[ls j not$1 we f9d t dome/ic ducks ( ! same species1 aft] a sep>ation ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 bre$ freely toge!r4 ,b our dome/ic ducks are n1 l ! f[ls1 all ( ! same species1 & if individuals ( diff]5t species are pair$ !y produce only a few weak hybrids4 ,our dome/ic geese are probably desc5d$ f two wild v>ieties1 b races t 7 n br\ght toge!r = ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] !y 7 dome/icat$ are p]fectly f]tile toge!r1 :ile :5 mat$ ) ! ,am]ican ,wild ,goose1 :i* is n dome/icat$ b w bre$ 9 captivity1 !y produce only hybrids4 ,! g5]al resemblance betwe5 geese & ducks is v /rik+1 yet !y w n bre$ toge!r at all4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! facts indicates t :ile ?ree ?\s&1 or ev5 five or six ?\s&1 ye>s ( sep>ation may n be en\gh to break d[n ! natural aff9ity ( v>ieties ( ! same species1 sep>ation & diff]5ce ( developm5t w ev5tually make ( v>ieties di/9ct species1 a union ( :i* w produce only hybrids1 :ile a long] sep>ation & fur!r increase ( diff]5ces makes ! break betwe5 ! species absolute & !y w n bre$ toge!r at all4 ,natural v>ieties4 ,a species hav+ develop$ z a v>iety ( an e>li] species w cont9ue to develop z "o v>iety or z sev]al v>ieties1 accord+ to conditions4 ,if a "p ( a species becomes s sep>at$ f ! re/ t int]c\rse ceases1 ea* division ( ! species may become a well-def9$ v>iety4 ,v>ieties 9 dome/ication4 ,h[ a species :5 dome/icat$ breaks up into v>ieties is well illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! f[l4 ,! orig9al wild species has long disappe>$1 b !re is good reason to suppose t 9 size & color x 0 some?+ betwe5 a ,br[n ,pit ,game & a ,br[n ,leghorn4 ,! birds 7 small] ?an mo/ f[ls se5 9 ?is c\ntry to-day4 ,! prevail+ color 0 a dull br[n1 because t color be/ conceals a small l& bird f its enemies4 ,f[ls t 7 dome/icat$ & giv5 good c>e & an abundance ( food w\ld usually gr[ l>g] ?an ! wild /ock4 ,?us if any p]son1 or ! p g5]ally 9 any community1 sy/ematically gave _! f[ls good c>e1 a v>iety ( unusual size w\ld be develop$4 ,diff]5t colors w\ld also appe> 9 ! flocks ( f[ls1 because ! birds ( unusual colors w\ld be protect$ & pres]v$1 in/ead ( be+ de/roy$ z !y usually are 9 ! wild /ate4 ,o!r peculi>ities1 too1 su* z l>ge combs1 cre/s1 & fea!r$ legs1 w\ld be develop$ 9 "s l&s & neglect$ 9 o!rs4 ,?is is h[ x happ5$ t aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 dome/ication ! races ( f[ls 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w 7 q diff]5t 9 size & =m1 b alike 9 be+ ( _m colors4 ,f a species 9 ?is condition mod]n p\ltry bre$]s h made hundr$s ( di/9ct v>ieties4 ,! easie/ me?od ( mak+ a v>iety 9 dome/ication is to select specim5s = bre$+ z ne> ! desir$ type z possible1 & to bre$ only f a few individuals 9 ea* g5]ation :i* come ne>e/ to ! ideal type4 ,9 ?is way a v>iety t bre$s q true to ! type may be e/abli%$ 9 f ?ree or f\r to eight or t5 ye>s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( *>act]s to be e/abli%$ z di/9ctive ( ! v>iety4 ,v>ieties are also made by cross+ unlike individuals4 ,?is process is long] ?an ! o!r1 & sometimes requires a s]ies ( crosses to produce specim5s approximat+ ! ideal s\ght4 ,aft] su* specim5s h be5 obta9$ ! me?od is ! same z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,a v>iety is commonly consid]$ to be well e/abli%$ :5 ! great] "p ( ! specim5s produc$ are easily id5tifi$ z ( t v>iety4 ,b no dome/ic v>iety is ev] e/abli%$ 9 ! s5se t a species is4 ,all are artificial1 produc$ by compulsory sep>ation & pres]v$ only z long z x is cont9u$4 ,classification ( dome/ic v>ieties ( birds4 ,dome/ic v>ieties ( all k9ds ( live /ock 7 at fir/ mo/ly %ape-v>ieties2 t is1 ! individuals ( a v>iety 7 alike 9 %ape b ( v>i\s colors4 ,?is is ! case /ill ) "s v>ieties4 ,^! %ape-v>ieties are mo/ly ! common types ( c]ta9 c\ntries or di/ricts4 ,?us ! ,leghorn f[l is ! common f[l ( ,italy1 & ! ,h\dan is a type common 9 a small di/rict 9 ,france4 ,su* %ape-v>ieties are call$ bre$s4 ,:5 o!r types 7 made by cross+ su* bre$s !y also 7 call$ bre$s4 ,:5 p fir/ began to be int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( live /ock1 ! popul> idea ( a bre$ 0 t x 0 a dome/ic species1 & !re are /ill _m p :o hold ?is view4 ,?is popul> misconception ( ! nature ( a bre$ is responsible = mu* ( ! inconsi/5cy & confusion 9 ! ord9>y classifications ( dome/ic v>ieties4 ,to x also is due ! use ( ! t]m v>iety to apply especially to color-v>ieties1 :i* are ! pr9cipal divisions ( bre$s4 ,9 ! classification ( dome/ic birds a v>iety is prop]ly a color-v>iety ( a bre$4 ,?us 9 ! ,plym\? ,rock bre$ !re are six color-v>ieties--b>r$1 :ite1 buff1 p>tridge1 silv]-p5cil$1 & erm9e 7call$ ,columbian72 & 9 ,fantail ,pigeons !re are six color-v>ieties--:ite1 blue1 black1 r$1 yell[1 & silv]4 ,birds ( ! same bre$ 7%ape7 & ! same v>iety 7color7 may diff] 9 "s o!r "*1 z ! =m ( ! comb or ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( fea!rs 9 c]ta9 places4 ,9 accordance ) su* diff]5ces v>ieties are divid$ into subv>ieties4 ,?us1 9 ,leghorn ,f[ls ! br[n1 :ite1 & buff v>ieties h s+le-comb$ & rose-comb$ subv>ieties4 ,9 any bre$1 v>iety1 or subv>iety c]ta9 families are sometimes di/+ui%$ = g5]al or special excell5ce ( =m or color4 ,su* a family is call$ a /ra94 ,sy/ematic mixtures ( bre$s & v>ieties4 ,al?\gh s _m di/9ct v>ieties h be5 develop$ f common dome/ic /ocks1 ! improv$ races d n always displace ! mongrels4 ,:5 ! old mongrels disappe> _! place is (t5 tak5 by a new mongrel /ock produc$ by mixtures ( ! di/9ct bre$s ) ea* o!r & ) ! old mongrel race4 ,! great] "p ( su* /ock is s mix$ t its relation to any e/abli%$ bre$ c\ld n be det]m9$ or express$1 b sy/ematic mixtures are sometimes made1 & to describe ^! ! foll[+ t]ms are us$3 ,crossbr$--hav+ p>5ts ( diff]5t1 di/9ct bre$s1 v>ieties1 or subv>ieties4 ,a ,leghorn male mat$ ) a ,co*9 female produces (fspr+ ea* ( :i* is 9 blood "o half ,leghorn & "o half ,co*94 ,grade--hav+ m ?an half ( ! blood ( a bre$4 ,if ! (fspr+ ( a cross su* z is describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph are mat$ ) birds ( "o ( ! p>5t bre$s1 ! (fspr+ ( ?is mat+ w h ?ree f\r?s ( ! blood ( t bre$4 ,if ^! 9 turn are mat$ to birds ( ! same pure bre$1 ! (fspr+ w h sev5 eigh?s ( ! blood ( t bre$4 ,animals br$ 9 ?is way are call$ grades until ! process has be5 c>ri$ s f> t !y are practically pure-br$4 ,mongrel /ock is (t5 grad$ up 9 ?is way4 ,z a rule /ock t is sev5 eigh?s pure is n di/+ui%able f av]age pure /ock ( ! same bre$4 ,pure-br$1 ?or\ghbr$1 & /&>d-br$4 ,a pure-br$ animal is1 /rictly speak+1 "o hav+ ! blood only ( ! v>iety to :i* x belongs4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! mak+ ( bre$s & v>ieties x is pla9 t absolute purity ( blood is n a univ]sal attribute ( well-br$ dome/ic birds4 ,a ?or\ghbr$ animal is "o t is ?or\ghly br$ = "s purpose or to "s type4 ,a /&>d-br$ animal is "o t is br$ especially to con=m to requirem5ts agre$ ^u by bre$]s & exhibitors4 ,a great deal ( misappreh5sion & confusion 9 ! use ( ^! t]ms has be5 caus$ by ! attitude ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! t]m ?or\ghbr$1 hav+ be5 us$ z a "n = highly br$ runn+ horses1 _c prop]ly apply to any o!r k9d ( live /ock1 & t pure-br$ %\ld apply to all ?or\ghly br$ races4 ,! n\n ,?or\ghbr$ is ! "n ( a bre$ ( horses4 ,! adjective ?or\ghbr$ is common prop]ty4 ,writ]s on aviculture :o wi% to be accurate pref] x 9 _m in/ances to pure-br$ because absolute purity ( blood is r>e & is n ( ! importance 9 bre$+ t novices usually suppose4 ,n only are _m new v>ieties made by cross+1 b 9 long-e/abli%$ bre$s outcrosses are regul>ly made to re/ore or int5sify *>act]s4 ,to illu/rate ! use ( ! ?ree t]ms 9 application to a s+le bre$3 ,a /ock ( ,light ,brahmas might be kept pure = half a c5tury1 yet at ! end ( t p]iod might h *ang$ its type entirely4 ,x might be s det]iorat$ t x 0 wor? less ?an common mongrels2 yet x is pure-br$ /ock4 ,ano!r /ock ( ! same v>iety might be br$ = table qualities1 egg-production1 & ! same pr9cipal color-*>act]i/ics ( ! v>iety1 b )\t att5tion to ! f9e po9ts ( fancy bre$+4 ,su* a /ock is ?or\ghbr$ b n /&>d-br$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,f[ls ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,pet f[ls--,:ite ,wy&ottes & ,game ,bantams4 7,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,paige1 ,amh]/1 ,massa*usetts7 ,! mo/ useful ( all birds is ! common f[l1 se5 on almo/ e f>m & 9 ! back y>ds ( _m city & village homes4 ,! f[l takes to ! conditions ( dome/ic life bett] ?an any o!r l& bird4 ,x is m cleanly 9 its habits1 m productive1 m intellig5t1 & m int]e/+ ?an ! duck1 :i* ranks next 9 usefulness4 ,f[ls supply ne>ly all ! eggs & ! great] "p ( ! p\ltry meat t we use4 ,_! fea!rs are ( less value ?an ^? ( ducks1 geese1 & turkeys4 ,9 ! days :5 fea!r b$s 7 common !y 7 made usually ( ! body fea!rs ( f[ls4 ,n[ ! fea!rs ( f[ls are us$ mo/ly = ! *eap] grades ( pill[s & cu%ions1 & 9 ! mak+ ( fea!r boas & l articles4 ,! w+ & tail fea!rs h be5 mu* us$ = decorat+ ladies' hats1 & s9ce ! use ( small wild birds 9 mill9]y decorations has be5 prohibit$1 ! hackle fea!rs ( cocks are q ext5sively us$ 9 trimm+ hats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,s+le-comb$ ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ male#b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,rose-comb$ ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ female#b #b ,photograph f ,le/] ,tompk9s1 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts4 ,description4 ,ord9>y f[ls are r small l& birds4 ,! males at maturity weigh f f\r to five p\nds ea*1 & ! females ab\t a p\nd less4 ,!y are plump1 rugg$1 & v active4 ,if treat$ well !y are bold1 & ) a little att5tion c easily be made v tame4 ,if neglect$ & abus$1 !y become %y & wild4 ,! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! f[l are ! fle%y comb & wattles :i* ornam5t ! head1 & ! full tail :i* is usually c>ri$ well up & spread p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! head app5dages v>y mu* 9 size & =m4 ,!y are sometimes v small1 b nev] entirely want+4 ,! c>riage ( ! tail also v>ies1 b except 9 a few bre$s br$ especially = l[ tails x is noticeably high z comp>$ ) t ( o!r p\ltry4 ,f[ls are readily di/+ui%$ f o!r birds by ! voice4 ,! male cr[s1 ! female cackles4 ,^! are _! mo/ common calls1 b !re are o!r notes--"s common to bo? sexes1 "s peculi> to "o--:i* are ! same 9 all races ( f[ls4 ,an abrupt1 h>% croak w>ns ! flock t "o ( _! numb] has disc]n$ a hawk or notic$ some?+ suspici\s 9 ! air4 ,a sl[ly repeat$ cluck keeps ! "y brood advis$ ( ! location ( _! "m4 ,if %e f9ds a *oice morsel ( food1 a rapid click+ s\nd calls !m ab\t h]4 ,:5 %e settles d[n to brood !m %e calls !m ) a peculi> croon+ note4 ,! male also cackles :5 al>m$1 & :5 he f9ds food calls 8 mates 9 ! same way t ! female calls h] "y "u ! same circum/ances4 ,o!r p\ltry & sometimes ev5 cats & dogs le>n ?is call & respond to x4 ,if ! food discov]$ is some?+ t a /rong] animal wants1 ! bird mak+ ! call may lose x because ( 8 eag]ness to %>e ! treasure ) ! memb]s ( 8 family4 ,9 adult f[ls ! male & female are readily di/+ui%$ by diff]5ces 9 appe>ance z well z by ! voice4 ,! comb & wattles ( ! male are l>g]1 & aft] he has complet$ 8 gr[? are always ( ! same size & a bright r$ 9 color4 ,9 ! female ! comb is mu* small] ?an t ( a male ( ! same family1 & bo? size & color v>y p]iodically1 ! comb & wattles be+ l>g] & ! :ole head bright] 9 color :5 ! female is lay+4 ,! tail ( ! male is also mu* l>g] ?an t ( ! female & has long plumelike cov]ts4 ,! fea!rs ( 8 back & neck are long1 n>r[1 & fl[+1 & 9 _m v>ieties are mu* bright] 9 color ?an ! correspond+ fea!rs on ! female4 ,! male has a %ort1 %>p spur on ! inside ( ea* leg1 a little above ! h9d toe4 ,occasionally a female has spurs1 b !y are usually v small4 ,) s _m diff]5ces betwe5 male & female ! sex ( an adult f[l is app>5t at a glance4 ,9 ! "y ( bre$s :i* h l>ge combs ! males beg9 to gr[ combs :5 q small1 & s ! sex may be kn[n :5 !y are only a few weeks old4 ,9 o!r bre$s ! sex may n be di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty until ! birds are sev]al mon?s old1 or1 9 "s cases1 until !y are ne>ly full-gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,:ite ,poli% male 7cr[+7 & female4 7,photograph f ,leont9e ,l9coln ,jr41 ,fall ,riv]1 ,massa*usetts7 ,! adult male f[l is call$ a cock1 & also1 9 popul> phrase1 a roo/]4 ,! adult female f[l is call$ a h54 ,! ^w h5 is ! fem99e =m ( hana1 ! ,anglo-,saxon "n = ! cock4 ,x is likely t ! "n cock1 :i* x is pla9 0 tak5 f ! fir/ syllable ( ! cr[ ( ! bird1 0 gradually sub/itut$ = hana because x is %ort]4 ,hana means ! s+]4 ,a "y f[l is call$ a *ick5 until ! sex c be di/+ui%$4 ,aft] t p\ltry fanci]s call ! "y male a cock]el & ! "y female a pullet4 ,! ^w pullet is also us$ by o!rs1 b ! popul> names = a cock]el are cr[] & "y roo/]4 ,! ^w cock]el1 z is se5 at a glance1 is ! dim9utive ( cock4 ,! ^w pullet1 sometimes spell$ p\let1 is a dim9utive f ! ,fr5* p\le1 a h54 ,orig9 ( ! f[l4 ,( ! orig9 ( ! f[l we h no direct k4 ,x 0 fully dome/icat$ long be=e ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory4 ,!re is no true wild race ( f[ls kn[n4 ,= a long "t x 0 commonly held t ! ,gallus ,bankiva1 f\nd 9 ! jungles ( ,india1 0 ! ance/or ( all ! races ( ! dome/ic f[l1 b ?is view 0 n accept$ by "s ( ! mo/ c>eful inve/igators1 & ! mo/ rec5t inquiries into ! subject indicate t ! s-call$ ,gallus ,bankiva is n a native wild species b a f]al race1 t is1 a race develop$ 9 ! wild f individuals escap$ f dome/ication4 ,appe>ance ( ! orig9al wild species4 ,! lik5ess ( ! f[ls %[n 9 anci5t draw+s to ! ord9>y unimprov$ /ock 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w to-day %[s t--except z by special bre$+ m5 h develop$ di/9ct races--f[ls h n *ang$ s9ce ! mo/ remote times ( :i* records exi/4 ,f ! con/ancy ( ?is type ?r\gh ?is long p]iod x is reasonably inf]r$ t no m>k$ *ange 9 ! size & %ape ( ! f[l _h occurr$ 9 dome/ication 9 prehi/oric times1 & !re=e t ! orig9al wild f[l v closely resembl$ f[ls :i* may be se5 :]ev] ! influ5ce ( improv$ races has n *ang$ ! ord9>y type4 ,! p>ticul> po9t 9 :i* ! wild species diff]$ f a flock ( ord9>y dome/ic f[ls 0 color4 ,dome/ic f[ls1 unless c>efully br$ = "o color type1 are usually ( _m colors4 ,9 ! wild species1 z a rule1 only "o color w\ld be f\nd1 & t w\ld be br[n1 :i* is ! prevail+ color among small l& birds4 ,di/ribution ( f[ls 9 anci5t times4 ,f draw+s & descriptions on anci5t tablets & f figures on old co9s x appe>s t ! f[l 0 famili> to ! ,babylonians sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 & t x 0 introduc$ into ,egypt ab\t #dfjj ,b4,c4 ,*9ese tradition gives #adjj ,b4,c4 z ! approximate date ( ! introduction ( p\ltry into ,*9a f ! ,we/4 ,at ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ,rome ! f[l 0 well kn[n ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,africa1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries ( ,europe z f> we/ z ,italy & ,sicily4 ,x 0 also kn[n 9 ,japan at ?is "t4 ,:e!r x 0 kn[n 9 ,india is unc]ta92 if n1 x 0 br\ght !re soon aft]4 ,x is suppos$ t imm$iately foll[+ _! conque/s 9 ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe ! ,romans introduc$ _! p\ltry into ^? regions4 ,?us1 at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ! f[l 0 kn[n to all ! civiliz$ peoples ( ! ,old ,_w & _h be5 introduc$ to ! less civiliz$ races ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,light ,brahma cock]el ,developm5t ( pr9cipal races ( f[ls4 ,!re is no evid5ce t any ( ! anci5t civiliz$ peoples made any ef=t to improve ! f[l1 nor h any improv$ races be5 produc$ 9 ! l&s :]e ^? civilizations fl\ri%$4 ,outside ( ?is area _m diff]5t types 7 gradually develop$ to suit ! ne$s or ! ta/es ( p 9 diff]5t c\ntries & localities4 ,?us 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies 7 produc$ f ! same orig9al wild /ock f[ls z unlike z ! massive ,brahma1 ) fea!r$ legs & feet1 & ! dim9utive ,game ,bantam2 ! ,leghorn1 ) its l>ge comb1 & ! ,poli%1 ) only ! rudim5ts ( a comb & 9 its place a great ball ( fea!rs2 ! ,spani%1 ) mon/r\s developm5t ( ! sk9 ( ! face1 & ! ,silky1 ) d>k sk9 & hairlike plumage4 ,except 9 a few limit$ di/ricts ^! special types did n displace ! ord9>y type = _m c5turies4 ,until mod]n times !y 7 h>dly kn[n outside ( ! di/ricts or ! c\ntries :]e !y orig9at$4 ,( ! details ( _! orig9 no?+ is kn[n4 ,!y 7 n ( ! highly specializ$ & f9i%$ types su* z are br$ by fanci]s n[4 ,_! di/9ctive features _h be5 e/abli%$1 b 9 comp>atively crude =m4 ,! ref9+ & p]fect+ ( all ^! types has be5 ! "w ( fanci]s 9 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica 9 mod]n times4 ,^! fanci]s h also develop$ new races ( m s]viceable types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,light ,brahma h5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,r$ ,pile ,game ,bantam cock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,r$ ,pile ,game ,bantam h5 ,h[ f[ls 7 kept 9 old times4 ,less ?an a c5tury ago x 0 q a common practice among ! cottag]s ( ,engl& & ,scotl& to keep _! f[ls 9 _! cottages at night4 ,sometimes a l(t1 to :i* ! birds _h access by a ladd] outside1 0 fitt$ up = !m4 ,sometimes p]*es = ! f[ls 7 put 9 ! liv+ room ( ! cottage4 ,su* practices seem to u wrong f a sanit>y /&po9t1 b x is only )9 v rec5t times t p h giv5 c>eful att5tion to sanitation1 & 9 old times1 :5 petty ?iev+ 0 m common ?an x is n[1 !re 0 a decid$ advantage 9 hav+ su* small dome/ic animals z p\ltry & pigs :]e !y c\ld n be di/urb$ )\t ! own]'s kn[+ x4 ,! practice ( keep+ f[ls 9 ! own]'s dwell+ seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! poor] p1 :o _h no l>ge dome/ic animals = :i* !y mu/ provide suitable outbuild+s4 ,on l>ge f>ms special h\ses 7 sometimes provid$ = p\ltry1 b !y 7 probably (t5] h\s$ ) o!r animals1 = few p ?\ght x wor? :ile to give !m special att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,:ite-,fac$ ,black ,spani% cock]el4 7,photograph f ,r4 ,a4 ,r[an1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia7 ,?r\gh\t all times & 9 all l&s ! common dome/ic birds h usually be5 ! special *>ge ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( a h\sehold4 ,9 "s c\ntries long-e/abli%$ cu/om makes ! p\ltry ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! wife4 ,a travel] 9 ,nubia ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago /ates t !re ! h5h\se1 z well z ! h5s1 belong$ to ! wife1 & if a man divorc$ 8 wife1 z ! cu/om p]mitt$1 %e took all away ) h]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,silv]-,spangl$ ,poli% cock & h54 7,photograph f ,leont9e ,l9coln ,jr41 ,fall ,riv]1 ,massa*usetts7 ,! flocks ( f[ls 7 usually small 9 old times4 ,x 0 only 9 areas adjac5t to l>ge cities t a surplus ( p\ltry or eggs c\ld be dispos$ ( pr(itably1 & z ! f[ls 7 almo/ always all[$ ! run ( ! doory>d1 ! b>ny>d1 & ! outbuild+s1 ! numb] t c\ld be tol]at$1 ev5 on a l>ge f>m1 0 limit$4 ,z a rule ! f[ls 7 expect$ to get _! liv+ z !y c\ld1 b 9 ?is !y 7 n s mu* worse (f ?an o!r live /ock1 or ?an _! own]s4 ,b1 :ile ?is 0 ! ord9>y /ate ( ! family flock ( f[ls1 !re 7 frequ5t exceptions4 ,! h\sewife :o is ?rifty always manages affairs ab\t ! h\se bett] ?an ! majority ( h] neighbors1 & 9 old] p\ltry lit]ature !re are occasional /atem5ts ( ! me?ods ( ^? :o 7 mo/ successful ) _! f[ls1 :i* we may well suppose 7 me?ods t _h be5 us$ = c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,black ,lang%an cock4 7,photograph f ,urban ,f>ms1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york7 ,mod]n conditions & me?ods4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago p 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica began to give m att5tion to p\ltry keep+1 & to /udy h[ to make p\ltry 7especially f[ls7 m pr(itable4 ,?is int]e/ 9 p\ltry arose p>tly because ( ! increas+ int]e/ 9 agricultural matt]s & p>tly because eggs & p\ltry 7 becom+ m important articles ( food4 ,^? :o /udi$ ! situation f\nd t !re 7 two ways ( mak+ p\ltry m pr(itable4 ,"o way1 :i* 0 op5 to all1 0 to give ! birds bett] c>e2 ! o!r 0 to replace ! ord9>y f[ls ) f[ls ( an improv$ bre$4 ,s ^? :o 7 mu* int]e/$ began to foll[ ! practices ( ! mo/ successful p\ltry keep]s t !y knew1 & to introduce new bre$s1 & gradually great *anges 7 made 9 ! me?ods ( produc+ p\ltry & 9 ! types ( f[ls t 7 kept 9 places :]e ! int]e/ 9 p\ltry 0 m>k$4 ,ne>ly all f>m]s n[ keep q l>ge flocks ( f[ls4 ,_m f>m]s make ! mo/ ( _! liv+ f p\ltry1 & 9 "s places ne>ly e f>m is devot$ prim>ily to ! production ( eggs & ( p\ltry = ! table4 ,f[ls receive mo/ att5tion1 al?\gh1 z we %all see1 "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ pr(itable f>ms are engag$ 9 produc+ ducks4 ,9 ! suburbs ( cities & 9 villages all ov] ! l& _m p keep m f[ls n[ ?an ! av]age f>m] did 9 old times4 ,^! city p\ltry keep]s (t5 give a great deal ( "t to _! f[ls & /ill ei!r lose money on !m or make v small wages = ! "t giv5 to ?is "w1 because !y try to keep too _m 9 a small space1 or to keep m ?an !y h "t to c>e = prop]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,black ,lang%an h54 7,photograph f ,urban ,f>ms1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york7 ,! bre$+ ( fancy f[ls is also an important pursuit4 ,^? :o engage 9 ?is l9e on a l>ge scale locate on f>ms1 b _m ( ! small] bre$]s live 9 t[ns1 & ! great] numb] ( ! amateur fanci]s :o bre$ f9e f[ls = pleasure are city p4 ,on l>ge p\ltry f>ms ! "w is usually done by m54 ,!re are _m small plants op]at$ by wom54 ,! ord9>y f>m & family flocks are c>$ = by wom5 & *ildr5 mu* (t5] ?an by m51 because1 ev5 :5 ! m5 are int]e/$ 9 p\ltry1 o!r "w takes ! f>m] away f ! vic9ity ( ! h\se1 & ! city man away f home1 s mu* t !y _c look aft] p\ltry z closely z is necess>y to get ! be/ results4 ,_m wom5 l to h ! c>e ( a small flock ( f[ls1 because x takes !m outdoors = a few m9utes at int]vals e day1 & ! eggs & p\ltry sold may br+ 9 a consid]able am\nt ( p9 money4 ,_m boys1 :ile att5d+ ! gramm> & high s*ools1 e>n money by keep+ a flock ( f[ls4 ,"s h sav$ en\gh 9 ?is way to pay exp5ses at college = a ye> or m1 or to give !m a />t 9 a small bus9ess4 ,:5 !re are bo? boys & girls 9 a family1 su* outdoor "w usually falls to ! lot ( a boy4 ,a girl c d j z well if %e has ! opportunity & takes an int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,pit ,game cock4 7,photograph f ,w4 ,f4 ,li$tke1 ,m]id51 ,connecticut7 ,native f[ls 9 ,am]ica4 ,to appreciate ! influ5ce ( improv$ races ( f[ls f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w ^u ! developm5t ( p\ltry culture 9 ,am]ica1 we mu/ "k :at ! f[ls 9 ?is c\ntry 7 l :5 p\ltry keep]s "h began to see ! advantages ( keep+ bett] /ock1 & mu/ le>n some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! improv$ races 9 ! c\ntries f :i* !y came4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,dom9ique cock]el4 7,photograph f ,w4 ,h4 ,dav5port1 ,col]a9e1 ,massa*usetts7 ,:5 we speak ( native f[ls 9 ,am]ica we mean f[ls d]iv$ f ! /ocks br\ght "h by ! e>ly settl]s4 ,! f[l 0 n kn[n 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e until x 0 br\ght "h by ,europeans4 ,brita91 ,france1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 & ,sw$5 all s5t coloni/s to ,am]ica1 & f ea* ( ^! c\ntries came1 no d\bt1 "s ( ! ord9>y f[ls ( t c\ntry4 ,p]haps improv$ v>ieties came f "s ( ^! l&s 9 e>ly colonial times1 b ! only bre$s t reta9$ _! id5tity suffici5tly to h di/9ctive names 7 ! ,game ,f[ls1 :i* came mo/ly f ,engl&1 & ! ,dom9iques 7blui%-gray b>r$ f[ls :i* probably came f ,holl& or f ! nor? ( ,france1 :]e f[ls ( ?is type 7 common74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,dom9ique h54 7,photograph f ,sk]ritt & ,son1 ,utica1 ,new ,york7 ,! ,game ,f[ls1 be+ priz$ = ! sport ( cockfight+1 7 (t5 br$ ) great c>e1 b ! ,dom9ique f[ls 7also call$ cuckoo f[ls & hawk-color$ f[ls7 7 mix$ ) o!r /ock1 & ! "n 0 commonly giv5 to any f[l ( t color1 until aft] ! improvem5t ( f[ls began4 ,!n "s p collect$ flocks ( f[ls ( ?is color & br$ !m = uni=mity 9 o!r *>act]s4 ,well-br$ f[ls1 h[ev]1 7 comp>atively r>e4 ,mo/ ( ! /ock all ?r\gh ! c\ntry 0 ( ! little mongrel type until ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!n t type began to disappe> f ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ea/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,x rema9$ long] 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates we/ ( ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s & a g5]ation ago 0 /ill ! mo/ common type 9 ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x is n[ unkn[n outside ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 & )9 t5 or tw5ty ye>s x w disappe> entirely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,silv]-,gray ,dork+ cock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,silv]-,gray ,dork+ h5 ,old ,european races ( f[ls4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,leghorn1 mo/ ( ! di/9ct bre$s ( ,european orig9 7 br\ght f ,engl&1 & ! types introduc$ 7 n ! types z develop$ 9 ! places :]e ! bre$s 7o!r ?an ,engli% bre$s7 orig9at$1 b ^? types z modifi$ by ,engli% fanci]s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 aga91 mo/ ( ^! bre$s h be5 slightly *ang$ to con=m to ! ideas ( ,am]ican fanci]s4 ,s1 :ile ! bre$ *>act]s are /ill ! same z 9 ! orig9al /ocks1 ! pupil look+ at birds ( ^! bre$s to-day mu/ n suppose t x 0 j su* birds t came to ?is c\ntry f sev5ty to a hundr$ ye>s ago1 or t1 if he w5t to ! c\ntries :]e ^? races orig9at$1 he w\ld f9d birds j l ^? he _h se5 at home4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! di/9ctly ,engli% bre$s1 su* z ! ,dork+ & ! ,corni% ,indian ,game1 :i* are br$ to great] p]fection 9 _! native l& ?an else:]e1 he w\ld f9d mo/ ( ! ,european races n s highly develop$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y orig9at$ z 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :]e fanci]s are m num]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,s+le-,comb ,br[n ,leghorn cock]el4 7,photograph f ,grove ,hill ,p\ltry ,y>ds1 ,wal?am1 ,massa*usetts7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,rose-,comb ,buff ,leghorn h54 7,photograph f ,h4 ,j4 ,fisk1 ,falcon]1 ,new ,york7 ,italian f[ls4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,italian f[ls 9 ,italy are n an improv$ race4 ,! f[l :i* is kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ! ,leghorn f[l 7because ! fir/ specim5s br\ght "h came f ! port ( ,leghorn7 is ! common f[l ( ,italy & has *ang$ v little s9ce x 0 introduc$ into t c\ntry ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,x is f\nd !re 9 all colors1 & mo/ly ) a s+le comb4 ,! ,italian type is ( p>ticul> int]e/1 n only because ( its influ5ce 9 mod]n times1 b because f x 7 probably d]iv$ mo/ ( ! o!r ,european races4 ,italian f[ls 7 fir/ br\ght to ?is c\ntry ab\t #ahce1 b did n attract popul> att5tion until tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,silv]-,spangl$ ,hamburg cock#c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,silv]-,spangl$ ,hamburg h5#c #c ,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,wolfe1 ,bloomfield1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,engli% races ( f[ls4 ,x is suppos$ t f[ls 7 introduc$ into ,brita9 f ,italy %ortly aft] ! ,roman conque/4 ,! type 0 probably v l t ( ord9>y ,leghorn f[ls ( our own "t1 b ) small] combs4 ,f su* /ock ! ,engli% develop$ two v diff]5t races1 ! ,pit ,game & ! ,dork+4 ,game f[ls 7 br$ 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 b ! ,dork+s 7 a local bre$ develop$ by ! p 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n ( ,dork+1 :]e f v e>ly times ! gr[+ ( p\ltry = ! ,london m>ket 0 an important local indu/ry4 ,ea* 9 its way1 ^! two bre$s repres5t ! highe/ skill 9 bre$+4 ,9 ! ,old ,engli% ,game ,f[l1 symmetry1 /r5g?1 endurance1 & c\rage 7 comb9$ to p]fection4 ,! ,dork+ is ! f9e/ type ( table f[l t has ev] be5 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,:ite-,cre/$ ,black ,poli% cock#d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,:ite-,cre/$ ,black ,poli% h5#d #d ,photograph f ,*>les ,l4 ,seely1 ,afton1 ,new ,york4 ,g]man & ,dut* races4 ,! bre$s n[ kn[n z ,hamburgs & ,poli% are ( peculi> int]e/ to a /ud5t ( ! evolution ( races ( f[ls1 because !y pres5t "s *>act]s n readily d]iv$ f ! primitive type ( ! f[l4 ,! fea!r m>k+s ( "s v>ieties ( bo? ^! bre$s are unlike ^? ( o!r races1 & are m>k+s :i* w\ld n be likely to become e/abli%$ unless ! f[ls 7 br$ sy/ematically = t purpose4 ,s1 too1 ) ! l>ge cre/ ( ! ,poli% f[l3 to c>ry x ! /ructure ( ! head mu/ be *ang$4 ,su* *anges require sy/ematic bre$+ = a long p]iod4 ,dut* & ,g]man arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury pa9t$ _m f>my>d sc5es %[+ f[ls ( bo? ^! types1 frequ5tly 9 flocks ) common f[ls & ) "s t appe> to be a mixture4 ,to any "o v]s$ 9 ! bre$+ ( p\ltry ?is indicates t ^! peculi> types _h be5 made by v skillful bre$]s long be=e4 ,! mo/ reasonable supposition is t ^! bre$]s 7 monks 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! monks ( ,europe1 m ?an any o!r class ( m51 work$ = improvem5t 9 agriculture z well z = ! advancem5t ( le>n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,h\dan cock4 7,photograph f ! ,h\dan ,y>ds1 ,sewickley1 ,p5nsylvania7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,:ite ,m9orca h54 7,photograph f ,tioga ,p\ltry ,f>m1 ,apala*91 ,new ,york7 ,fr5* races4 ,! ,h\dan is ! only ,fr5* bre$ well kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ( ! ,poli% type1 b heavi]1 & ! plumage is mottl$ irregul>ly1 n di/9ctly m>k$ z 9 ! p>ty-color$ v>ieties ( ,poli%4 ,! bre$ takes its "n f ! t[n ( ,h\dan1 ! c5t] ( a di/rict 9 :i* ?is is ! common type ( f[l4 ,spani% races4 ,! f[ls ( ,spani% orig9 well kn[n outside ( ,spa9 are ! ,:ite-fac$ ,black ,spani%1 ! ,black ,m9orca1 & ! ,blue ,&alusian4 ,! f[ls ( ,spa9 at ! pres5t "t are mo/ly ( ! ,italian type1 ) black 7or 9 "s di/ricts blue7 ! pr$om9ant color4 ,! ,black ,spani% seems to h be5 kn[n 9 ,holl& & ,engl& = two hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,9 ,spa9 ! :ite face is b mod]ately develop$4 ,! mon/r\s exagg]ation ( ?is "* began 9 ,holl& & 0 c>ri$ to ! extreme by ,briti% fanci]s :o admir$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,black ,m9orca cock4 7,photograph f ,ar?ur ,tre?away1 ,wilkes-,b>re1 ,p5nsylvania7 ,! ,black ,m9orca is suppos$ to h be5 br\ght to ,engl& direct f ,spa9 ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,!re x 0 br$ to mu* great] size1 ) ! comb (t5 s l>ge t x 0 a burd5 to ! f[l4 ,blue ,&alusians1 at fir/ call$ ,blue ,spani% & ,blue ,m9orcas1 7 fir/ kn[n 9 ,engl& ab\t #ahej4 ,asiatic races ( f[ls4 ,! evolution ( races ( f[ls 9 ! ,ori5t gave "s g5]al results /rik+ly diff]5t f ^? 9 ,europe4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 aft] ! introduction ( f[ls into ,*9a & ,india "s ?\s& ye>s ago ! /ock :i* w5t to ^? c\ntries & t :i* desc5d$ f x 0 completely isolat$ f ! f[ls ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,europe until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,:5 comm]ce betwe5 ,europe1 ,india1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies began1 ! ,europeans f\nd 9 ^! c\ntries f[ls ( a mu* m rugg$ type ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,"s ( ^! f[ls 7 mu* l>g] ?an any t ! visitors _h se54 ,! ,aseel ( ,india 0 a small b v /rong1 /ocky type ( ,game4 ,among ! ,malayans ! common f[l 0 a l>ge1 co>se type ( ,game4 ,! h5s ( ^! bre$s laid eggs ( a r$di%-br[n color1 :ile h5s ( all ! races ( ,europe laid :ite eggs4 ,birds ( bo? ^! types 7 tak5 to ,engl& e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & p]haps 9 small numb]s be=e t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,buff ,co*9 h5#e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,buff ,co*9 cock#e #e ,photograph f ,ti5k5 & ,case1 ,ro*e/]1 ,mi*igan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,d>k ,brahma h5 ,*9ese races4 ,9 ,*9a a type ( f[l 9 "s ways mu* l ! ,malay1 9 o!rs q diff]5t1 _h be5 develop$ z ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 ab\t z tall z ! ,malays1 mu* heavi]1 & v quiet & docile4 ,!y 7 ( v>i\s colors1 _h fea!rs on ! %anks & feet1 & laid br[n eggs4 ,"s ( ^! f[ls 7 br\ght to ,am]ica 9 sail+ vessels v e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury & occasionally aft] t until ! middle ( ! c5tury1 b attract$ no att5tion1 = ! birds 7 br\ght 9 small numb]s = fri5ds ( sailors or = p]sons p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 p\ltry1 & at t "t !re 0 no means ( communication betwe5 fanci]s 9 diff]5t localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,d>k ,brahma cock]el ,japanese races4 ,al?\gh ! ,japanese races ( f[ls _h no p>ticul> influ5ce on ! developm5t ( p\ltry culture 9 ,am]ica1 !y are ( great int]e/ 9 a /udy ( p\ltry types1 because1 :5 int]c\rse betwe5 ,japan & ,we/]n nations began1 x 0 f\nd t ! ord9>y f[ls ( ,japan 7 mu* l ! ord9>y f[ls ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & n1 z w\ld be expect$1 l ! f[ls ( ,*9a4 ,?is indicat$ t !re _h be5 no ex*ange ( f[ls betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan aft] ! type 9 ,*9a became *ang$4 ,x also af=ds /rong evid5ce t ! f[ls ( ,india & ,*9a1 al?\gh s *ang$1 7 orig9ally l ! ,european & ,japanese common f[ls4 ,! special races develop$ 9 ,japan 7 ,game ,f[ls1 m l ! ,european ?an ! ,malay type2 a long-tail$ f[l1 v mu* l ! ,leghorn 9 o!r respects2 & ! v %ort-legg$ ,japanese ,bantam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,long-,tail$ ,japanese ,pho5ix cock]el4 7,photograph f ,urban ,f>ms1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york7 ,! h5-fev] p]iod4 ,we are all famili> ) ! phrase ! h5 fev] & ) its application to p]sons int5sely int]e/$ 9 p\ltry1 b few "k h[ x orig9at$4 ,! int]e/ 9 bett] p\ltry t _h be5 sl[ly gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates culm9at$ 9 #ahdi 9 an exhibition 9 ! ,public ,g>d5 9 ,bo/on1 to :i* fanci]s f ea/]n ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ea/]n ,connecticut br\ght _! *oice/ & r>e/ specim5s4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ p\ltry %[ held 9 ,am]ica4 ,ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ birds 7 exhibit$1 & ! exhibitors numb]$ ov] two hundr$4 ,!re 7 a few birds ( o!r k9ds1 b f[ls made by f> ! great] "p ( ! %[4 ,all ! pr9cipal races ( ,europe & ,asia 7 repres5t$4 ,mo/ ( ! exhibitors liv$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,bo/on4 ,ab\t t5 ?\s& p att5d$ ?is exhibition4 ,su* an ev5t creat$ a great s5sation4 ,newspap] reports ( x rea*$ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,*9ese f[ls1 s l>ge :5 comp>$ ) o!rs1 7 mo/ notic$4 ,at once a great dem& = ^! f[ls & = _! eggs arose1 & prices = fancy p\ltry1 :i* previ\sly _h be5 b little high] ?an prices = common p\ltry1 rose s high t ^? :o paid su* prices = f[ls 7 commonly reg>d$ z monomaniacs4 ,:ile ! int]e/ 0 n z great 9 o!r k9ds ( f[ls z 9 ! ,%anghais1 ,co*9 ,*9as1 & ,brahmaputras1 z !y 7 !n call$1 all %>$ 9 ! boom1 & )9 a few ye>s !re 0 h>dly a community 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e !re 0 n "s "o keep+ highly br$ f[ls4 ,:5 ! int]e/ became g5]al1 ! fam\s %[man1 ,p4 ,t4 ,b>num1 promot$ a %[ ( p\ltry 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,_m celebrat$ m5 became int]e/$ 9 f9e p\ltry4 ,daniel ,web/] _h be5 "o ( ! exhibitors at ! fir/ %[ 9 #ahdi4 ,! not$ temp]ance lectur]1 ,john ,b4 ,g\gh1 0 a v en?usia/ic fanci]4 ,aft] a few ye>s ! excitem5t began to subside1 & mo/ p suppos$ t x 0 ab\t to die1 nev] to revive4 ,a ,mr4 ,burnham1 :o _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic promot]s ( ,asiatic f[ls1 & _h made a small =tune :ile ! boom la/$1 _h s little confid5ce 9 ! p]man5ce ( ! p\ltry fancy t he publi%$ a book call$ ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,h5 ,fev]1 :i* pres5t$ ! :ole movem5t z a humbug skillfully eng9e]$ by himself4 ,?is book 0 v widely read1 & ! phrase ! h5 fev]1 apply+ to en?usia/ic amateur p\ltry keep]s1 came into common use4 ,subsequ5t developm5ts %[$ t ^? :o _h suppos$ t ! int]e/ 9 f9e p\ltry 0 only a pass+ fad 7 wrong4 ,! true reason = its decl9e at t "t 0 t ! nation 0 approa*+ a crisis 9 its hi/ory & a civil w>4 ,:5 ! w> 0 ov]1 ! int]e/ 9 p\ltry reviv$ at once1 & has /eadily increas$ ev] s9ce4 ,! prices = f9e specim5s1 :i* 7 consid]$ absurd 9 ! days ( ! h5 fev]1 are n[ ord9>y prices = /ock ( high quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock cock4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,h[ ! ,am]ican bre$s arose4 ,x is natural to suppose t ) su* a v>iety ( types ( f[ls1 f s _m l&s1 !re 0 no occasion = ,am]icans to make any new bre$s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y look critically at ! =eign bre$s1 y may notice t n "o ( !m _h be5 develop$ ) ref]5ce to ! simple requirem5ts ( ! ord9>y f>m] & p\ltry keep]4 ,x 0 ! increas+ dem& = eggs & p\ltry = m>ket t _h giv5 ! fir/ impulse to ! int]e/ 9 special bre$s4 ,! fir/ claim made = ea* ( ^! 0 t x 0 a bett] lay] ?an ! ord9>y f[l4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! claims 7 true1 b f>m]s & o!rs :o 7 int]e/$ prim>ily 9 produc+ eggs & p\ltry = ! table 7 r indiff]5t to ! =eign bre$s1 because1 among !m all1 !re 0 n "o z well adapt$ to ! ord9>y ,am]ican p\ltry keep]'s ne$s z ! old ,dom9ique or z ! occasional flocks ( ! old native /ock t _h be5 br$ ) "s att5tion to size & to uni=mity 9 o!r *>act]s4 ,to e =eign bre$ ^! practical p\ltry keep]s f\nd "s objection4 ,! ,dork+ 0 too delicate1 & its five-to$ feet made x clumsy4 ,! ,hamburgs1 too1 7 delicate1 & ! mo/ skillful bre$+ 0 requir$ to pres]ve _! beautiful color m>k+s4 ,! sup]flu\s fea!rs on ! heads ( ! cre/$ bre$s & on ! feet ( ! ,asiatics 7 equally objectionable4 ,all ! ,european races except ! ,leghorns _h :ite sk9 & fle%-color$ or slate-color$ feet1 :ile 9 ,am]ica !re 0 a v decid$ popul> pref]5ce = f[ls ) yell[ sk9 & legs4 ,! ,leghorns & ! ,asiatics met ?is requirem5t1 b ! =m] 7 too small & _! combs 7 unnecess>ily l>ge1 :ile ! latt] 7 l>g] f[ls ?an 7 desir$ = g5]al use1 & _! foot fea!r+ 0 a h&icap 9 b>ny>ds & on heavy1 wet soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock h54 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,s1 :ile fanci]s & ^? :o 7 will+ to give _! p\ltry special att5tion1 or :o kept f[ls = "s special purpose :i* "o ( ! =eign bre$s suit$1 took ^! bre$s up eag]ly1 f>m]s & o!r p\ltry keep]s usually became int]e/$ 9 !m only to ! ext5t ( us+ male birds ( diff]5t bre$s to cross ) flocks ( native & grade h5s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is promiscu\s cross+1 ! /ock 9 ! c\ntry rapidly *ang$1 a new type ( mongrel replac+ ! old native /ock4 ,:ile ! masses ( p\ltry keep]s 7 ?us cross+ new & old /ock at r&om1 _m bre$]s 7 try+ sy/ematically to produce a new bre$ t w\ld meet all ! popul> requirem5ts4 ,ev5 be=e ! days ( ! h5 fev] two local bre$s _h aris51 probably by accid5t4 ,^! 7 ! ,j]sey ,blue & ! ,bucks ,c\nty ,f[l1 bo? ( :i* cont9u$ d[n to our own "t b nev] became popul>4 ,at ! fir/ exhibition 9 ,bo/on a class _h be5 provid$ = crossbr$ f[ls1 & 9 ?is 0 %[n a new v>iety call$ ! ,plym\? ,rock4 ,f ! descriptions ( ^! birds n[ 9 exi/5ce x appe>s t !y look$ mu* l ! mod]n ,p>tridge ,plym\? ,rock4 ,^? :o br\ght !m out hop$ t !y w\ld meet ! popul> dem&1 & = a %ort "t x seem$ t ?is hope might be realiz$1 b int]e/ 9 !m soon wan$1 & 9 a few ye>s !y 7 almo/ =gott54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,:ite ,plym\? ,rock h5 7,photograph f ,c4 ,e4 ,hodgk9s1 ,nor?ampton1 ,massa*usetts7 ,9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican bre$s :i* did aft]w>ds become popul> we c see n[ t ! ideas ( ! masses ( ,am]ican p\ltry keep]s 7 n z /rictly practical z _! objections to ! v>i\s =eign bre$s appe>$ to %[4 ,! ?ree v>ieties t h j be5 m5tion$1 & _m o!rs aris+ f "t to "t1 met all ! express$ requirem5ts ( ! practical p\ltry keep] q z well z ^? :i* subsequ5tly caught 8 fancy4 ,inde$1 z w be %[n f>!r on1 "s ( ! productions ( ?is p]iod1 aft] be+ neglect$ = a long "t1 f9ally became v popul>4 ,usually ?is happ5$ :5 _! color became fa%ionable4 ,! mod]n ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock4 ,%ortly aft] our ,civil ,w> two p\ltrym5 9 ,connecticut--"o a fanci]1 ! o!r a f>m]--engag$ 9 a jo9t ef=t to produce ! bus9ess type ( f[l t w\ld meet ! favor ( ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,a male ( ! old ,dom9ique type 0 cross$ ) "s ,black ,co*9 h5s4 ,?is mat+ produc$ "s *ick5s hav+ ! color ( ! sire1 b l>g] & m robu/4 ,ano!r & m skillful fanci] saw ^! *ick5s & p]suad$ ! f>m] to sell him a few ( ! be/4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 :51 by c>eful bre$+ & selection1 he _h fix$ ! type & _h specim5s en\gh to supply eggs to o!r fanci]s1 he took "s ( 8 new bre$ to a %[ at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,up to ?is "t he _h n ?\ght ( a "n = !m1 b z p :o saw !m w\ld want to "k :at !y 7 call$1 a "n 0 n[ necess>y4 ,x occurr$ to ?is man t ! "n ,plym\? ,rock1 hav+ once be5 giv5 to a promis+ ,am]ican bre$1 w\ld be appropriate4 ,s ! birds 7 exhibit$ z ,plym\? ,rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,buff ,plym\? ,rock cock ,?is new bre$ caught ! popul> fancy at once1 = x _h ! color :i* ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry 0 suppos$ always to be associat$ ) exceptional vigor & productiv5ess1 & x _h great] size ?an ! ,dom9ique4 ,! fame ( ! new bre$ spread rapidly4 ,x 0 impossible to supply ! dem& f ! orig9al /ock1 &1 z !re is usually m ?an "o way ( produc+ a type by cross+1 good imitations ( ! orig9al 7 soon abundant4 ,f>m]s & m>ket p\ltrym5 by ?\s&s took up ! ,plym\? ,rock1 :ile all ov] ! l& fanci]s 7 try+ to p]fect ! color :i* _! critical ta/e f\nd v poor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,silv]-,p5cil$ ,plym\? ,rock h5 ,o!r v>ieties ( ! ,plym\? ,rock4 ,! success ( ! ,plym\? ,rock gave fre% impetus to ef=ts to make new bre$s & v>ieties ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,great z 0 its popul>ity1 ! new bre$ did n suit all4 ,"s did n l ! color2 "s object$ to ! s+le comb1 ?9k+ t a rose comb or a pea comb _h advantages2 "s pref]r$ a %ort]1 blocki] body2 o!rs want$ a l>g]1 long] body4 ,! (f-color$ birds :i* new races usually produce 9 consid]able numb]s1 ev5 :5 ! great] numb] come q true1 also sugge/$ to "s :o obta9$ !m new v>ieties ( ! ,plym\? ,rock1 :ile to o!rs x seem$ bett] policy to give !m new names & exploit !m z new & di/9ct bre$s4 ,bo? black & :ite specim5s came (t5 9 ! e>ly flocks ( ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks4 ,! black ones 7 develop$ z a di/9ct bre$1 call$ ! ,black ,java4 ,! :ite ones1 aft] go+ = a :ile "u v>i\s names1 & aft] /rong opposition f ^? :o claim$ t ! "n ,plym\? ,rock belong$ exclusively to birds ( ! color ) :i* ! "n _h become id5tifi$1 f9ally secur$ recognition z ,:ite ,plym\? ,rocks4 ,almo/ imm$iately ,buff ,plym\? ,rocks appe>$4 ,= reasons :i* w appe> lat]1 ! orig9 ( ^! w be giv5 9 ano!r connection4 ,!n came 9 rapid succession ! ,silv]-,p5cil$1 ! ,p>tridge1 or ,gold5-,p5cil$ 7:i*1 z has be5 said1 is probably q a close duplicate ( ! type to :i* ! "n ,plym\? ,rock 0 orig9ally giv571 & ! ,columbian1 or ,erm9e1 ,plym\? ,rock4 ,^! 7 all ( ! g5]al type ( ! ,b>r$ v>iety1 b because 9 mo/ cases !y 7 made by diff]5t comb9ations1 & because fanci]s are mu* m p>ticul> to bre$ = color ?an to bre$ = typical =m1 ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! ,plym\? ,rock are slightly diff]5t 9 =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,silv]-,lac$ ,wy&otte pullet4 ,photograph$ 9 position %[+ lac+ on back ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,silv]-,lac$ ,wy&otte cock]el ,! ,wy&ottes4 ,closely foll[+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock came ! ,silv]-,lac$ ,wy&otte1 call$ at fir/ simply ! ,wy&otte4 ,! orig9al type 0 q diff]5t 9 color f ! mod]n type4 ,x _h on ea* fea!r a small :ite c5t] surr\nd$ by a heavy black lac+4 ,?is has be5 gradually *ang$ until n[ ! :ite c5t] is l>ge & ! black edg+ n>r[4 ,at fir/ "s ( ^! ,wy&ottes _h rose combs & "s _h s+le combs4 ,! rose comb 0 pref]r$ & ! s+le-comb$ birds 7 disc>d$ z culls4 ,/range z x seems 9 ! case ( an ev5t s rec5t1 no "o kn[s :]e ! fir/ ,wy&ottes came f4 ,x is suppos$ t !y 7 "o ( ! _m v>ieties develop$ ei!r by *ance or 9 an ef=t to meet ! dem& = a g5]al-purpose f[l4 ,!y appe> to h come into ! h&s ( ^? :o fir/ exploit$ !m 9 "s way t left no trace ( _! s\rce4 ,!y w5t "u sev]al diff]5t names until #ahhc1 :5 ! "n ,wy&otte 0 giv5 !m z an appropriate & euphoni\s "n = an ,am]ican bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,:ite ,wy&otte cock]el4 7,photograph f ,w4 ,e4 ,mack1 ,wood/ock1 ,v]mont7 ,next appe>$ a ,gold5-,lac$ ,wy&otte1 m>k$ l ! ,silv]-,lac$ v>iety b hav+ gold5 bay :]e t _h :ite4 ,?is v>iety 0 develop$ f an e>li] v>iety ( unkn[n orig91 kn[n 9 ,s\!rn ,wiscons9 & ,nor!rn ,ill9ois 7ab\t #ahgj & e>li]7 "u ! "n ( ,w9nebago4 ,! ,silv]-,lac$ ,wy&ottes1 l ! ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks1 produc$ "s black & "s :ite specim5s4 ,f ^! 7 made ! ,black ,wy&ottes & ! ,:ite ,wy&ottes4 ,!n came ! ,buff ,wy&ottes 7f ! same orig9al s\rce z ! ,buff ,plym\? ,rocks71 & aft] !m ,p>tridge ,wy&ottes1 ,silv]-,p5cil$ ,wy&ottes1 & ,columbian1 or ,erm9e1 ,wy&ottes4 ,f ! ?ree la/-nam$ v>ieties came ! ,plym\? ,rock v>ieties ( ! correspond+ colors1 ! fir/ /ocks ( ^! be+ ! s+le-comb$ specim5s f ! flocks ( bre$]s ( ^! v>ieties ( ,wy&ottes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,silv]-,p5cil$ ,wy&otte cock]el4 7,photograph f ,james ,s4 ,wason1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,p>tridge ,wy&otte pullet ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ! local types develop$ 9 ,am]ica 0 a r$ f[l :i* soon became ! preval5t type 9 ! egg-f>m+ section ( ,rhode ,isl& & q popul> 9 ! adjac5t "p ( ,massa*usetts4 ,mo/ ( ! /ock ( ?is race 0 produc$ by a cont9u\s process ( grad+ & cross+ :i* 0 sy/ematic only 9 t x 0 ! common practice to pres]ve none b ! r$ males aft] introduc+ a cross ( ano!r color4 ,a few bre$]s 9 ! di/rict br$ _! flocks m c>efully ?an o!rs1 b ! race z a :ole 0 n really ?or\ghbr$ until aft] x became m widely popul>4 ,al?\gh ! =mation ( ?is race began ab\t #ahej 7p]haps e>li]71 x 0 fifty ye>s be=e x became kn[n outside ( ! limit$ area 9 :i* x 0 almo/ ! only type to be se54 ,inde$1 ! fir/ birds ( ?is race to attract ! att5tion ( ! public 7 exhibit$ ab\t #ahij z ,buff ,plym\? ,rocks & ,buff ,wy&ottes4 ,at t "t v few ( ! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s 7 z d>k 9 color z ! av]age specim5 n[ se5 9 ! %[room1 & buff specim5s 7 num]\s4 ,birds ) rose combs1 birds ) s+le combs1 birds ) pea combs1 & birds ) int]m$iate types ( comb c\ld (t5 be f\nd 9 ! same flock4 ,s x 0 n a v difficult matt]1 among _m ?\s&s ( birds1 to pick out "s t w\ld pass = ,buff ,plym\? ,rocks & "s t w\ld pass = ,buff ,wy&ottes4 ,^! v>ieties 7 also made 9 o!r ways1 mo/ly by v>i\s crosses ) ! ,buff ,co*91 b = "s ye>s bre$]s cont9u$ to draw on ! ,rhode ,isl& supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,columbian ,wy&ottes4 7,photograph f ,r4 ,g4 ,ri*>dson1 ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts7 ,"s p 9 ! ,rhode ,isl& di/rict ?\ght t a bre$ :i* c\ld ?us furni% ! f\ndation = v>ieties ( two o!r bre$s ought to w9 popul>ity on its own m]its4 ,s !y began to exhibit & adv]tise ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s4 ,at fir/ !y made little progress1 b z ! bre$ improv$1 _m m p became int]e/$ 9 x1 & soon x 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> bre$s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! mod]n exhibition ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ is ( a d>k br[ni% r$ 9 color4 ,! ,am]ican idea 9 ,engl&2 ! ,orp+ton4 ,at ! "t t ! ,*9ese f[ls 7 attract+ wide att5tion 9 ,am]ica & ,engl& "s 7 tak5 to o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 almo/ e c\ntry !y _h "s influ5ce ^u ! native /ock1 b z ea* ( ! old c\ntries _h "o or m improv$ races t suit$ mo/ ( ^? giv+ special att5tion to p\ltry culture1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,asiatics 0 less m>k$ ?an 9 our c\ntry4 ,:5 ! ,plym\? ,rock & ! ,wy&otte became popul> 9 ,am]ica1 !y 7 tak5 to ,engl&1 :]e1 9 spite ( ! pref]5ce = :ite sk9 & fle%-color$ legs1 !y 7 soon 9 su* favor t a %rewd ,engli% bre$] saw ! advantage ( mak+ ano!r bre$ ( ! same g5]al type b ) sk9 & legs ( ! colors pref]r$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he call$ 8 new bre$ ! ,orp+ton1 giv+ x ! "n ( ! t[n 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! fir/ ,orp+tons 7 black & 7 made by cross+ ! black prog5y ( ,plym\? ,rocks 7:i* 9 ,am]ica _h be5 us$ to make ! ,black ,java71 ,black ,m9orcas1 & ,black ,lang%ans4 ,!n ! orig9ator ( ! ,orp+tons put out a buff v>iety1 :i* he claim$ 0 made by ano!r p>ticul> comb9ation ( crosses1 b :i* o!rs said 0 only an improvem5t ( a local bre$ kn[n z ! ,l9coln%ire ,buff4 ,lat] ,:ite ,orp+tons & ,spangl$ ,orp+tons appe>$4 ,pres5t di/ribution ( improv$ races4 ,hav+ briefly trac$ ! di/ribution ( ! f[l 9 anci5t times1 & ! movem5ts :i* 9 mod]n times br\ght long-sep>at$ bran*es ( ! species toge!r1 let u look at ! pres5t situation4 ,! ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 & ,orp+tons1 :i* are ess5tially "o type1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m be+ sup]ficial1 con/itute ! great] "p ( ! improv$ f[ls ( ,am]ica & ,engl& & are favorites ) progressive p\ltry keep]s 9 _m o!r l&s4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry "o r>ely sees a f[l t is n ( ?is type1 ei!r ( "o ( ! bre$s nam$ or a grade ( ! same type4 ,aft] ! g5]al-purpose type1 ! lay+ type1 :i* includes ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 & ,dut* races1 is ! mo/ popul>1 b 9 ?is type popul>ity is limit$ 9 mo/ places to ! ,leghorns & to a few bre$s :i*1 ?\gh class$ z di/9ct bre$s1 are ess5tially ! same4 ,! ,ancona is really a ,leghorn1 & ! ,&alusian1 al?\gh x comes f ,spa91 is1 l o!r races 9 t l&1 di/9ctly ( ! same type z ! f[ls ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,s+le-,comb$ ,buff ,orp+ton cock4 7,photograph f ,miss ,h5rietta ,e4 ,hook]1 ,s\? ,hadley1 ,massa*usetts7 ,) ! gr[? ( a g5]al-purpose class1 int]e/ 9 ! ,asiatic f[ls rapidly decl9$4 ,!y are n[ kept pr9cipally by fanci]s & by m>ket p\ltry gr[]s :o produce extra l>ge f[ls = ! table4 ,de=m$ & dw>f races4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! races ( f[ls t h be5 consid]$ h odd *>act]s :i*1 :5 greatly exagg]at$1 are detrim5tal & br+ ! race to decay1 su* *>act]s z l>ge combs1 cre/s1 fea!r$ legs1 & ! peculi> developm5t ( ! face 9 ! ,black ,spani% f[l1 :5 mod]ately develop$1 d n s]i\sly affect ! usefulness ( f[ls possess+ !m4 ,) a little extra c>e !y usually d z well z f[ls ( correspond+ pla9 types4 ,p\ltry keep]s :o admire su* decorations & keep only a few birds d n f9d ! extra c>e t !y require burd5some1 & consequ5tly all ^! races h become well e/abli%$ & at times popul>4 ,x is notable t 9 all f[ls ( ?is class ! odd "* is add$ to ! o!rs or is an exagg]ation ( a regul> "*4 ,!re are two o!r classes ( odd types ( f[ls4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is made up ( a small gr\p ( v>ieties defective 9 "o "*2 ! second comprises ! dw>f v>ieties1 mo/ ( :i* are m9iatures ( l>g] v>ieties4 ,silky f[ls4 ,9 all races ( f[ls individuals sometimes appe> 9 :i* ! web ( ! fea!rs is ( a peculi> =mation1 resembl+ hair4 ,su* f[ls are call$ silkies4 ,!y are occasionally exhibit$ z curiosities b are n (t5 br$ to reproduce ?is "*4 ,!re is "o di/9ct race ( :ite f[ls1 s small t x is usually class$ z a bantam1 hav+ fea!rs ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,s+le-,comb$ ,:ite ,orp+ton h54 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,frizzl$ f[ls4 ,! fea!rs ( a f[l are sometimes curl$ at ! tips1 l ! %ort curls 9 ! fea!rs :i* indicate ! sex ( a drake4 ,su* birds are call$ frizzles or frizzl$ f[ls4 ,true frizzles1 l true silkies f races hav+ normal plumage1 are v r>e4 ,_m ( ! f[ls exhibit$ at p\ltry %[s z ,frizzles are ord9>y birds ! fea!rs ( :i* h be5 curl$ artificially4 ,rumpless f[ls4 ,! tail fea!rs ( a f[l are borne on a fle%y protub]ance at ! l[] end ( ! sp9e4 ,x sometimes happ5s t "o or m ( ! l[] v]tebrae are miss+4 ,9 t case ! f[l has no tail & ! fea!rs on ! back1 :i* 9 a normal f[l divide & hang d[n at ea* side1 fall smoo?ly all ar\nd4 ,true rumpless f[ls are r>e4 ,_m ( ! specim5s exhibit$ are birds f :i* ! rump 0 remov$ :5 !y 7 v "y4 ,bantams4 ,dw>f1 or bantam1 f[ls1 on acc\nt ( _! dim9utive size & p]t ways1 are especially attractive to *ildr54 ,bre$+ !m to secure ! m9imum size1 ! desir$ type1 & f9e quality 9 plumage color has ! same fasc9ation = a fanci] z ! bre$+ ( l>ge f[ls1 & z ! small birds are bett] adapt$ to small spaces1 fanci]s :o h little room (t5 devote !mselves to ! bre$+ ( bantams4 ,! l>g] & h>di] v>ieties ( bantams are good = eggs & p\ltry = home use1 b are n (t5 kept prim>ily = ^! products4 ,mo/ p :o keep bantams keep only a few = pleasure1 & ! eggs & p\ltry !y furni% are b a small "p ( :at ! family consumes4 ,bantam keep]s :o h a surplus ( su* products c usually f9d cu/om]s 9 _! own neighborhood4 ,! v small bantams & ! v r>e v>ieties are usually delicate & s h>d to re> t amateurs :o try !m soon become disc\rag$ & ei!r give up bantams or take "o ( ! h>dy k9ds4 ,x is bett] to beg9 ) "o ( ! popul> v>ieties1 :i* are z int]e/+ z any &1 on ! :ole1 are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,:ite ,co*9 ,bantam cock]el ,orig9 ( bantams4 ,aft] ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( v>ieties giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & ! description ( ! evolution ( ! diff]5t races ( f[ls 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 x is p]haps n really necess>y to tell h[ dw>f races ( f[ls orig9at$2 b ! belief t su* races 7 unkn[n until br\ght to ,europe f ! city ( ,bantam1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java1 is s widespread t x c d no h>m to give ! facts :i* disprove ?is & 9 do+ s to %[ aga9 h[ easily artificial v>ieties are made by skillful p\ltry fanci]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,bantams make good pets ,z has be5 /at$1 p :o d n und]/& ! close relations ( ! diff]5t races ( f[ls1 & d n "k h[ quickly new types may be e/abli%$ by c>eful bre$+1 atta* a great deal ( importance to purity ( bre$4 ,h5ce1 unscrupul\s promot]s ( new bre$s h (t5 claim$ t !y receiv$ _! orig9al /ock direct f "s remote place or f "s "o :o _h long br$ x pure4 ,! idea ( assign+ ! t[n ( ,bantam z ! home ( a true species ( dw>f dome/ic f[l seems to h occurr$ to "s "o 9 ,engl& m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & to h be5 sugge/$ because ( ! resemblance ( ! "n ( ?is ,asiatic city to ! ,engli% ^w banty1 ! popul> "n = a dw>f f[l4 ,x seems /range t su* a fiction %\ld be accept$ z acc\nt+ = dw>f v>ieties ( ,european races1 b x 0 publi%$ by "s ( ! e>ly writ]s1 us$ by lexicograph]s1 &1 hav+ f\nd a place 9 ! diction>ies1 0 accept$ z au?oritative by ! majority ( lat] writ]s on p\ltry1 ev5 aft] "s ( ! highe/ au?orities _h %[n conclusively t ?is view ( ! orig9 ( dw>f races 0 errone\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,black-,tail$ ,:ite ,japanese ,bantams4 7,photograph f ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,otte1 ,peekskill1 ,new ,york7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,:ite ,poli% ,bantam h5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,:ite ,poli% ,bantam cock ,no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a dw>f race ( f[ls 9 ,java has ev] be5 produc$4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese bantams did n come to ,europe & ,am]ica until long aft] ! "n bantam came into use4 ,dw>fs occur & und\bt$ly h occurr$ frequ5tly 9 e race ( f[ls4 ,usually !y are unsymmetrical & weakly1 & are call$ runts & put out ( ! way z soon z possible4 ,b occasionally an und]siz$ individual is f9ely =m$1 active1 & h>dy4 ,by mat+ su* a specim5 ) ! smalle/ specim5 ( ! o!r sex t c be f\nd 7ev5 ?\gh ! latt] is mu* l>g]71 & by repeat$ selection ( ! smalle/ specim5s1 a dw>f race may be obta9$4 ,x c\ld be made1 ?\gh n s rapidly1 by sy/ematic selection ( ! smalle/ ord9>y specim5s & by keep+ ! gr[+ *icks s %ort ( food t !y w\ld be /unt$4 ,! latt] process1 h[ev]1 is s t$i\s t no "o is likely to adopt x4 ,usually ! idea ( mak+ a new v>iety ( bantams does n occur to a bre$] until he sees a good dw>f specim5 ( a race ( :i* !re is no dw>f v>iety4 ,!n1 if he und]takes to make su* a v>iety1 he is likely to use 9 ! process bo? small specim5s ( l>ge races & birds ( long-e/abli%$ dw>f races4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,black ,co*9 ,bantam pullet#f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,black ,co*9 ,bantam cock]el#f #f ,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,mac,rae1 ,galt1 ,ont>io4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,rose-,comb ,black ,bantam cock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,rose-,comb ,black ,bantam h5#g #g ,photograph f ,grove ,hill ,p\ltry ,y>ds1 ,wal?am1 ,massa*usetts4 ,dw>f types ( mo/ ( ! popul> bre$s h be5 made "h & exhibit$1 b ! orig9ators 7 giv5 v little enc\ragem5t to p]fect !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,silv] ,sebright ,bantam cock]el ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,silv] ,sebright ,bantam pullet ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,d>k ,brahma ,bantam cock]el ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,light ,brahma ,bantam h5 ) brood#h #h ,photograph f ,brook ,view ,f>m1 ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts4 ,v>ieties ( bantams4 ,! mo/ popul> bantams 9 ?is c\ntry to-day are ! ,co*9 ,bantams1 =m]ly call$ ,pek9 ,bantams because ! fir/ t 7 se5 9 ,europe & ,am]ica _h come f ,pek+4 ,only ! self-color$ v>ieties--buff1 black1 & :ite--are natives ( ,*9a4 ,! ,p>tridge v>iety 0 made 9 ,engl&1 :]e !re are sev]al o!r color v>ieties n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,common ,game ,bantam is a dw>f ,pit ,game f[l2 ! ,exhibition ,game ,bantam is a dw>f type resembl+ ! ,exhibition ,game1 develop$ f ! ,common ,game ,bantam4 ,rose-,comb ,black & ,rose-,comb ,:ite ,bantams are dim9utive ,hamburg f[ls2 ,poli% ,bantams are dim9utive ,poli%4 ,! ,sebright ,bantams are ( ! same g5]al type z ! ,rose-,combs1 b 9 color !y are lac$ l ! l>ge v>ieties ( ,poli%1 n spangl$ l ! p>ty-color$ ,hamburgs4 ,!y are fur!r di/+ui%$ by be+ h5-tail$1 t is1 ! males hav+ tails l h5s4 ,sebright ,bantams 7 made 9 ,engl& ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ,sir ,john ,sebright1 = :om !y 7 nam$4 ,al?\gh ! l>ge ,brahmas & ,co*9s are orig9ally ( ! same /ock1 no bantams ( ! colors ( ! ,brahmas h come f ,*9a4 ,! ,light & ,d>k ,brahma ,bantams 7 made 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica 9 v rec5t times4 ,f ,japan has come a peculi> type ( bantam ) v %ort legs1 a l>ge tail c>ri$ v high1 & a l>ge s+le comb4 ,9 _! native c\ntry ! ,japanese ,bantams are n sep>at$ into di/9ct color v>ieties4 ,9 ,engl& & ,am]ica !re are black1 :ite1 gray1 black-tail$ :ite1 & buff v>ieties4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,managem5t ,,( ,,f[ls ,! me?ods ( manag+ f[ls v>y accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* !y are kept & ! "t t ! keep] c give !m4 ,f[ls ought to h an outdoor run1 & x is desirable t ?is %\ld be l>ge en\gh to be kept 9 sod2 b v few p 9 t[ns c give _! f[ls grass y>ds1 & ! advantages ( an outdoor run w n 9 !mselves comp5sate = neglect 9 o!r matt]s4 ,h5ce we (t5 see f[ls "u poor conditions1 ) good c>e1 do+ bett] ?an f[ls1 9 a mu* m favorable environm5t1 t are giv5 indiff]5t c>e4 ,no absolute rules = keep+ f[ls "u any giv5 conditions c be made4 ,9 g5]al1 small flocks ( f[ls t h free range or l>ge1 grassy y>ds ne$ v little att5tion1 :ile ^? t are closely conf9$ require a great deal4 ,) good c>e ! egg production ( f[ls 9 close conf9em5t is (t5 bett] ?an t f f[ls at lib]ty1 b if ! co/ ( c>+ = ! f[ls is comput$ at curr5t rates = common labor1 ! rate ( comp5sation is (t5 high] on f[ls runn+ at l>ge ?an on f[ls 9 conf9em5t :i* are produc+ _m m eggs4 ,! "q ( pr(its f amateur p\ltry keep+1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be consid]$ solely ) ref]5ce to ! comp5sation = "t us$1 nor %\ld su* "w be adju/$ :olly ) ref]5ce to economic results1 = x comb9es recreation1 education1 & money comp5sation1 & ! fir/ two results %\ld h z mu* consid]ation z ! la/4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! me?ods adapt$ to small flocks are fir/ describ$ = ! in/ruction ( ! pupil1 & !n descriptions ( op]ations on a l>g] scale are giv5 = 8 in=mation4 ,,small ,,flocks ,,on ,,t[n ,,lots ,numb]s 9 flocks4 ,! av]age numb] ( f[ls kept by a t[n family = its own use is ab\t "o doz54 ,v few :o keep h5s h less ?an half a doz51 & n _m :o plan only to supply _! own tables h m ?an a doz5 & a half4 ,six f[ls1 if well c>$ =1 w produce all ! eggs us$ by an av]age family ( two or ?ree p]sons dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,h\ses & y>ds4 ,= a doz5 m$ium-siz$ f[ls ! h\se %\ld be ab\t #h ft4 x #h ft4 on ! gr\nd1 ) ! highe/ po9t ( ! ro( ab\t #f or #g feet f ! floor4 ,! g5]al rule is to make ! p\ltry h\se face ! sun1 & h ! w9d[s & ! outside doors 9 or ne> ! front4 ,! object ( ?is is to get z mu* sunlight 9 ! h\se z possible 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sun is l[1 & to h ! walls tight t are expos$ to ! prevail+ cold w9ds4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ! front ( ! h\se is t[>d ! s\?2 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e x is t[>d ! nor?4 ,9 tropical & subtropical c\ntries h\ses are (t5 s con/ruct$ t !y c be kept op5 on all sides 9 summ] & clos$ tightly1 except 9 front1 dur+ cool wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,small h\se us$ = f[ls & pigeons ,if ! l& on :i* a h\se /&s is s&y & well dra9$1 ! floor may be ( e>?4 ,! common practice :]e e>? floors are us$ is to fill ! e>? level ) ! top ( ! sill & r5ew x once a ye> by remov+ ! soil t has become mix$ ) dropp+s ( ! f[ls & putt+ 9 fre% e>?4 ,:5 a h\se /&s on wet l& or on clay soil1 x is bett] to h a floor ( bo>ds or ( cem5t4 ,f[ls may be conf9$ to a h\se = a ye> or m & lay well & be 9 app>5tly good condition at ! end ( su* a p]iod1 b z ! *ick5s hat*$ f ! eggs ( f[ls t h be5 s closely conf9$ = ev5 a few mon?s are almo/ inv>iably less vigor\s ?an ^? produc$ f f[ls t live a m natural life1 ?is plan is n mu* us$ except by ^? :o keep a few f[ls = _! eggs only & r5ew ! /ock by pur*ase z (t5 z necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,an old-/yle small p\ltry h\se & y>d ,to give a flock ( a doz5 f[ls outdoor air & ex]cise en\gh to keep !m 9 good condition1 a y>d conta9+ ab\t #cjj sq4 ft4 is necess>y4 ,!re is no p]ceptible advantage 9 giv+ m y>d room ?an ?is1 unless ! y>d c be made s l>ge t grass w gr[ cont9u\sly 9 ! great] "p ( x4 ,on mo/ soils ?is w\ld require a y>d conta9+ f #gej to #ajjj sq4 ft4 9 sod be=e be+ us$ = p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,coop & %ade = flock ( ,bantams#i #i ,! coop is an old dry-goods box2 ! %ade is a burlap bag4 ,make%ift arrangem5ts are n always nice look+1 b "s ( ! f9e/ *ick5s are kept 9 v poor qu>t]s4 ,:5 f[ls are conf9$ to _! h\ses1 or to ! h\ses & small y>ds1 ! dropp+s mu/ be remov$ at frequ5t1 regul> int]vals4 ,to facilitate ?is x is cu/om>y to h a wide bo>d1 call$ ! dropp+s bo>d1 "u ! roo/ at a di/ance ( eight or t5 in*es4 ,all ! dropp+s made :ile ! birds are on ! roo/ fall on ?is bo>d & are easily collect$ & remov$4 ,x is a good plan to keep a supply ( dry e>? 9 a conv5i5t place1 & /rew a little ( ?is ov] ! dropp+s bo>d aft] ea* clean+4 ,sift$ coal a%es1 l& pla/]1 & dry sawdu/ are sometimes us$ in/ead ( e>? on ! dropp+s bo>ds4 ,! dropp+s ( f[ls1 :5 n mix$ ) o!r matt]1 are (t5 salable = use 9 tann+ lea!r1 b 9 mo/ cases ! diff]5ce 9 _! value = ?is purpose & = use z plant f]tiliz] is n great en\gh to pay = ! extra tr\ble :i* is made by sav+ !m = ! tann]s4 ,p\ltry manure is "o ( ! mo/ valuable f]tiliz]s & c always be us$ to good advantage on lawns & g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,neat h\se = six h5s ,if ! floor is ( wood or ( cem5t1 a ?9 lay] ( e>? or s& spread ^u x makes x m com=table = ! f[ls4 ,on all k9ds ( floors ! mod]n practice is to use a few in*es ( litt] ( "s k9d4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( mat]ials t w s]ve ?is purpose4 ,lawn clipp+s rak$ up aft] !y are dry1 dri$ we$s & grass f ! g>d51 leaves collect$ :5 dry & /or$ to be us$ z want$1 /raw1 hay1 corn/alks cut into %ort l5g?s1 & %av+s1 su* z are sold bal$ = b$d+ horses & cattle1 are all good4 ,fre% litt] %\ld be add$ 9 small quantities ab\t once a week4 ,ab\t once a mon? ! co>se litt] on top %\ld be rak$ aside1 & ! f9e litt] mix$ ) dropp+s und]nea? remov$4 ,once or twice a ye> all ! mat]ial %\ld be tak5 out & a fre% />t made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,h\se = a doz5 f[ls4 ,floor1 #h ft4 x #h ft42 height at sides1 #d ft42 height 9 middle1 #g ft4 ,:5 kept 9 a h\se hav+ an e>? floor1 f[ls w scrat* aside ! litt] f small spaces & wall[ & du/ !mselves4 ,9 h\ses hav+ h>d floors1 %all[ boxes ab\t #b ft4 squ>e1 conta9+ sev]al in*es ( dry e>?1 are plac$ = ! birds' du/ ba?s4 ,fre% e>? mu/ be provid$ frequ5tly or !y w n use ! ba? z freely z is desirable4 ,= use 9 w9t] ! e>? mu/ be s dry t x w n freeze1 b ! birds pref] e>? t is slightly moi/4 ,! fir/ function ( ! du/ ba? is to clean ! fea!rs1 & damp e>? does ?is mu* bett] ?an e>? t is v dry4 ,9 wall[+ to clean _! plumage f[ls also rid !mselves ( lice4 ,:5 x is n conv5i5t to /ore mu* e>?1 ! same mat]ial may d d\ble s]vice--fir/ 9 ! du/ ba?1 !n on ! dropp+s bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,small h\ses 9 back y>d ,9 a b>e y>d ! soil %\ld be turn$ ov] (t51 all ! matt] t c be rak$ up ) a f9e rake hav+ fir/ be5 remov$4 ,a y>d t is 9 grass requires little c>e except ne> ! h\se1 :]e ! gr\nd may be b>e4 ,"h x %\ld be =k$ ov] occasionally4 ,fe$+4 ,! fe$+ ( a small flock ( f[ls is a v simple process4 ,! table & kit*5 wa/e ( an ord9>y family w furni% all ! s(t food t !y ne$1 & usually en\gh gre5 food to prev5t _! suff]+ = lack ( su* foods if no o!r provision is made = supply+ !m4 ,?is wa/e %\ld n be c>ri$ f ! h\se z x is made1 & ?r[n on ! gr\nd = ! f[ls to pick out ( ! dirt4 ,a bett] way is to provide a cov]$ j> l>ge en\gh to hold ! accumulation ( ?is mat]ial = a day4 ,into ?is may be put all ! leav+s f ! table1 except su* ?+s z orange & banana peel+s1 l>ge bones1 & pieces ( fat meat4 ,once a day1 at :atev] "t is mo/ conv5i5t1 ! cont5ts ( ! j> %\ld be mix$ ) z mu* corn meal & bran 7equal p>ts by measure7 z w take up ! wat] 9 !m & make a moi/ b n sloppy ma%4 ,?is %\ld be f$ 9 a clean tr\gh4 ,if ! tr\gh /&s high en\gh f ! floor to keep ! cont5ts clean1 x w d no h>m if m food is giv5 ?an ! birds w eat up at once1 b ! quantity giv5 %\ld nev] be s great t x w n be eat5 be=e ! next fe$+ "t4 ,mo/ p f9d ! morn+ ! mo/ conv5i5t "t to give ! ma%4 ,if ! ma% is f$ 9 ! morn+1 a small fe$ ( h>d gra9 %\ld be giv5 ab\t noon1 & a m lib]al "o an h\r or two be=e sunset4 ,"s p\ltry keep]s fe$ ! diff]5t gra9s sep>ately2 o!rs mix !m be=e fe$+4 ,advocates ( diff]5t practices (t5 imag9e advantages = t :i* !y favor1 b no advantage c be demon/rat$ = ei!r4 ,:eat & crack$ corn are ! gra9s mo/ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 !y are ab\t equal 9 fe$+ value4 ,z corn is ne>ly always *eap] ?an :eat1 ! usual practice is to fe$ ab\t twice z mu* corn4 ,:5 ! gra9s are mix$1 "o "p 7by measure7 ( :eat is us$ to two p>ts ( crack$ corn4 ,:5 !y are f$ sep>ately1 x is usual to fe$ ! :eat at noon1 z ! light fe$1 & ! corn 9 ! ev5+1 z ! heavy fe$4 ,all ! common gra9s except rye make good p\ltry foods4 ,:y f[ls d n l rye is "o ( ! puzzles ( p\ltry keep+4 ,9 "s c\ntries x is us$ = p\ltry to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & f[ls =c$ to eat x "h h done v well = %ort p]iods1 b w n eat x readily if !y are accu/om$ to o!r gra9s & c get en\gh to su/a9 life )\t x4 ,f[ls d n l dry oats s well z corn & :eat1 b h n su* a dislike = !m z = rye4 ,!y are v fond ( oats soak$ 9 wat] & p>tly spr\t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,) curta9s clos$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,) "o curta9 op5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,z an op5-front h\se ,,p\ltry ,,h\se ,,us$ ,,at ,,! ,,c5tral ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation1 ,,ottawa1 ,,canada4 7,photograph f ! /ation7 ,! quantity ( gra9 to be giv5 any flock ( f[ls mu/ be det]m9$ by trial & obs]vation4 ,! gra9 %\ld n be f$ 9 tr\ghs f :i* ! birds c eat x v quickly1 b scatt]$ 9 ! litt] on ! floor1 s t ! f[ls w take ex]cise scrat*+ x out1 & eat sl[ly4 ,!re is an advantage 9 giv+ "s s(t & quickly dige/$ food1 b if too mu* ( ! food c be eat5 quickly1 ! birds d n take ex]cise en\gh4 ,:5 !re is grass 9 ! p\ltry y>d1 x is a good plan to scatt] ! gra9 9 ! grass sometimes 9 f9e wea!r4 ,! h5s w f9d x all1 & 9 scrat*+ x out w br+ up ! dead grass1 & a bett] sod w gr[ aft]w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,flock ( ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks ,a doz5 m$ium-siz$ f[ls1 if f$ 9 ! morn+ ) ! ma% describ$ above1 w\ld probably ne$ a little ov] a p9t ( gra9 9 ! middle ( ! day & ab\t a qu>t t[>d ev5+4 ,an exp]i5c$ fe$] c usually tell by ! eag]ness ( ! f[ls = _! food :e!r to increase or dim9i% ! quantity2 b ! mo/ exp]t p\ltry keep] does n rely ^u ?is k9d ( obs]vation alone4 ,occasionally1 be=e giv+ food1 he looks 9 ! litt] to see if !re is gra9 left !re f previ\s fe$+s1 & if he f9ds mu*1 gives no m until ! birds h eat5 ?is all up clean4 ,wat] %\ld be giv5 z (t5 z is necess>y to keep ! supply q fre%4 ,9 cool 7b n freez+7 wea!r1 once a day is usually suffici5t4 ,9 hot wea!r ! wat] %\ld be fre% two or ?ree times a day1 9 ord] t ! birds may h cool dr9ks4 ,9 freez+ wea!r _m p\ltry keep]s give ! wat] w>m1 because !n x does n freeze s quickly4 ,! advantage ( ?is is v slight1 & wattles t are wet ) w>m wat] 9 extreme cold wea!r become especially susceptible to fro/4 ,x is n really necess>y to give f[ls wat] :5 !y c get sn[ or ice 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c eat x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,flock ( ,s+le-,comb ,:ite ,leghorns ,h5s t are lay+ mu/ be well suppli$ ) oy/] %ells or lime 9 "s =m = ! %ells ( ! eggs4 ,!y c get a "p ( ! lime requir$ = ?is purpose f ! lime 9 food/uffs1 b n ne>ly en\gh to make good ?ick %ells = all _! eggs :5 !y are lay+ well4 ,gr\nd oy/] %ells are sold by all deal]s 9 p\ltry supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,:ite ,wy&otte h5 & *icks ,gr[+ *ick5s4 ,:]e old f[ls h to be kept 9 close conf9em5t1 v little c be done 9 gr[+ *ick5s4 ,"s amateur p\ltry keep]s raise 9 small1 b>e y>ds birds t are z good z ! av]age *ick5s gr[n "u m favorable conditions1 b :]e "o succe$s 9 do+ ?is a hundr$ fail4 ,mo/ ( ! *ick5s gr[n 9 close qu>t]s are v poor inde$ 9 comp>ison ) f>m-gr[n *ick5s1 & q unfit to be kept = lay+ or bre$+ purposes4 ,^? :o succe$ 9 gr[+ good *ick5s 9 a small place usually give a great deal m "t to ! "w ?an ! *ick5s produc$ are wor?4 ,! be/ way = a p\ltry keep] s situat$ to get z mu* z possible ( ! pleasure ( ?is int]e/+ l9e ( "w is to hat* a few broods &1 :5 ! *icks are l>ge en\gh1 broil1 eat1 or sell all b a few ( ! be/ pullets & "o or two cock]els4 ,if ^! ?rive1 !y may be wor? keep+ = a ye>2 b if1 z !y mature1 !y d n seem rugg$1 x is n wise to use !m = lay+ /ock4 ,:]e !re is room to give "y *ick5s a good grass y>d1 a limit$ numb] c be gr[n to maturity ye> aft] ye> on a t[n lot & us$ = lay+ & bre$+ purposes4 ,_m t[n p\ltry keep]s :o might gr[ a few v good *ick5s nev] gr[ a good "o because !y always try to raise too _m = ! space at _! disposal4 ,fifty or a hundr$ *ick5s may be kept until two mon?s old on a plot ( l& only l>ge en\gh to c>ry twelve or fifte5 to maturity4 ,s p />t out ) a great _m m *ick5s ?an !y ought to h on _! l&1 nev] ?9k+ t ! bett] _! *ick5s d at ! />t ! soon] !y w beg9 to ov]cr[d _! qu>t]s1 & t :5 t /age is rea*$1 ! promis+ results ( sev]al mon?s' "w may 9 a few days be ru9$ beyond rem$y4 ,aft] !y are two or ?ree mon?s old1 "y *ick5s w n make ! be/ gr[? ( :i* !y are capable unless !y h ei!r a great deal ( room or a great deal m c>e ?an mo/ p :o raise only a few1 & h o!r "w to d1 c af=d to give !m4 ,,small ,,flocks ,,on ,,ord9>y ,,f>ms ,numb]s 9 flocks4 ,! ord9>y f>m flock consi/s ( f fifty to "o hundr$ adult f[ls &1 dur+ ! gr[+ season1 f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ *ick5s4 ,! old /ock is usually kept 9 "o or m small h\ses locat$ among ! o!r outbuild+s1 & all run toge!r dur+ ! day4 ,if ! f>m] wants to keep ! f[ls out ( ! doory>d & ! kit*5 g>d51 he does n make y>ds = ! f[ls1 b incloses ! doory>d & g>d54 ,outside ( ^! ! birds g :]e !y please4 ,! coops = ! "y *ick5s are (t5 kept 9 ! doory>d or ! g>d5 until ! *ick5s are wean$1 b aft] t ! "y birds are ne>ly always turn$ out to take _! *ances ) ! old ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a small f>m /ock ( f[ls1 ducks1 & turkeys ,"u su* conditions a f>m flock is n (t5 v productive1 yet1 z ! birds secure a l>ge "p ( _! food by =ag+1 ! flock may be m pr(itable ?an a m productive flock = :i* all food is b\ght & ^u :i* a great deal ( labor is exp5d$4 ,:ile ?is way ( keep+ f[ls on f>ms is n 9 itself comm5dable1 x is n to be altoge!r condemn$1 because circum/ances (t5 compel ! f>m] to treat 8 f[ls z a sort ( volunte] or self-produc+ crop4 ,! conditions on a f>m admit ( ?is1 & z a matt] ( fact ! great] "p ( our enorm\s total production ( eggs & p\ltry comes f ! half-neglect$ flocks on ! ord9>y f>ms4 ,h5ce ! conditions are tol]able :]e !y are necess>y1 b :5ev] x is possible to give f>m f[ls en\gh att5tion to obviate ! faults ( common practice1 ! product & ! pr(its c be greatly increas$ ) v little increase 9 ! co/ ( production4 ,9 ?is section we consid] ! be/ me?ods ( secur+ ?is result :5 all ! old /ock is to be kept z "o flock4 ,old /ock & "y ought always to be sep>at$ unless ! old birds con/itute an insignificant portion ( ! flock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,good p\ltry h\se on ,texas f>m4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,s+le h\ses = f>m flocks4 ,x is z true on a f>m z else:]e t ! greate/ yields ( eggs & ! be/ gr[? 9 "y birds are secur$ :5 ! flock is divid$ into small gr\ps4 ,b a f>m flock ( ! class "u consid]ation1 :ile x makes its headqu>t]s 9 su* build+s z may be provid$1 w =age a consid]able di/ance 9 e direction1 go+ among gr[+ crops f :i* ! l>g] f>m animals mu/ be exclud$1 & also foll[+ ! l>g] animals 9 _! /ables1 y>ds1 & pa/ures & pick+ up food left by !m4 ,z f[ls also eat _m we$s & se$s ( we$s1 & all k9ds ( de/ructive insects1 ! advantages ( lett+ !m run at l>ge m ?an make up = l[] production4 ,also ! production is normal & c be easily ma9ta9$ f ye> to ye> 9 ! same l9e ( /ock1 :ile high production secur$ by extra c>e is =c$ & c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! same l9e ( /ock = only a few g5]ations4 ,a flock ( "o hundr$ f[ls or less1 t run toge!r1 may all be kept 9 "o h\se j z well z 9 sev]al1 if ! size ( ! h\se & ! equipm5t are 9 proportion to ! size ( ! flock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,rude p\ltry h\se on a ,kansas f>m4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,if ! sn[ lies long on ! gr\nd1 s t ! f[ls are conf9$ to ! h\se mu* ( ! "t 9 w9t]1 ! all[ance ( floor space %\ld be ab\t #e sq4 ft4 p] bird4 ,:]e ! sn[ r>ely lies m ?an a day or two at a "t1 less space may be giv51 because ! birds w n occupy ! h\se mu* ( ! "t dur+ ! day4 ,"u su* conditions ! all[ance ( floor space may be z l[ z #c sq4 ft4 p] bird4 ,^? :o g to ?is limit1 h[ev]1 %\ld consid] t1 9 ! unusual case ( a sn[/orm keep+ ! h5s conf9$ to ! h\se = m ?an a v few days1 ov]cr[d+ may cause losses t m ?an (fset :at 0 ga9$ by us+ ! highe/ capacity ( ! h\se4 ,usually a flock ( fifty h5s ne$s a h\se ) a floor surface ( ab\t #bej sq4 ft4 ,?is is obta9$ 9 a h\se #af ft4 squ>e or 9 a h\se #ab ft4 x #bd ft4 ,a h\se #bj ft4 squ>e is ab\t "r = sev5ty-five or eighty h5s1 & is n badly ov]cr[d$ if "o hundr$ m$ium-siz$ birds are put into x4 ,if an oblong build+ is pref]r$1 a h\se #ab ft4 wide by #db ft4 long gives "o hundr$ birds #e sq4 ft4 ( floor space p] bird4 ,h\ses ( su* size %\ld be f #d ft4 to #g ft4 high at ! sides1 & f #g ft4 to #aj ft4 high at ! highe/ po9t ( ! ro(1 accord+ to ! /yle ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,good p\ltry h\se on a ,kansas f>m4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,fe$+4 ,9 ! fe$+ ( a f>m flock ! fir/ ?+ to consid] is :at ! birds c pick up by =ag+4 ,! p\ltry keep] on a f>m1 ev5 m ?an ! p\ltry keep] else:]e1 %\ld make x a rule to d no?+ = p\ltry t !y c d = !mselves4 ,f[ls c d m = !mselves at "s seasons ?an at o!rs1 because natural food is m abundant4 ,z f[ls d n usually g v f> f _! h\se1 ! l>g] ! flock ! less food ea* bird w secure4 ,on "s f>ms q a l>ge flock ( f[ls c get all ! food !y ne$ ab\t ! b>ns & /ocky>ds & 9 or*>ds & fields ne> ! home/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,p\ltry h\se at ,mississippi ,agricultural ,college4#aj 7,photograph f ! college7 #aj ,9 ?is h\se ! "p ( ! re> wall above ! roo/ plat=m is made to op5 wide1 ?us af=d+ p]fect v5tilation 9 summ]4 ,:5 ! conditions are su* t x may reasonably be suppos$ t ! f[ls c get all ! food !y require )\t go+ f>!r ?an f[ls usually w&]1 ! be/ way to det]m9e :e!r ?is supposition is correct is to give !m no food until ev5+1 !n ?r[ out a little gra9 & see h[ mu* !y w eat4 ,if x appe>s t !y ne$ to be f$ a consid]able quantity1 x is bett] to give a light fe$ 9 ! morn+ & ano!r 9 ! ev5+ ?an to give a heavy fe$ once a day1 because if !y le>n to expect a full fe$ at a regul> "t1 !y w n =age s well4 ,f[ls t h an opportunity to secure consid]able food by =ag+ %\ld nev] be f$ s mu* 9 ! morn+ t !y w sit ar\nd = h\rs4 ,:5 h5s on a f>m ne$ only "o or two light fe$s a day1 :atev] gra9 is mo/ conv5i5t may be giv5 !m4 ,:]e !y get s mu* ex]cise & a good v>iety ( o!r foods1 :ole corn is z good z any?+4 ,a good way to fe$ x is to break ! e>s into %ort pieces & let ! birds pick ! gra9 f ! cob4 ,9 w9t] ! fe$+ ( ! f>m flock %\ld h m att5tion1 especially if little food c be secur$ ar\nd ! /ables & /ocky>ds4 ,x is a good plan to give1 once a day1 a w>m ma% made ( #a "p 7by measure7 ( corn meal & #b p>ts ( bran1 & to give z mu* gra9 at "o o!r fe$+ z ! h5s w eat4 ,"s f>m]s use %eaf oats = litt] 9 ! floors ( _! p\ltry h\ses1 ?r[+ 9 a %eaf or two z (t5 z is necess>y to keep a good dep? ( litt] on ! floor1 & !n give z mu* corn 9 addition z ! h5s w eat readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,op5-front h\se ) hood4 7,photograph f ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,victoria1 ,briti% ,columbia7 ,if x is n conv5i5t to make a ma%1 :at gra9 ! f[ls w eat quickly f a tr\gh may be prep>$ = a w>m breakfa/ = !m by p\r+ boil+ wat] on x 9 ! ev5+ & lett+ x soak ov]night4 ,any ( ! small gra9s & crack$ corn may be f$ 9 ?is way2 :ole corn ne$s long] soak+4 ,9 h>d1 freez+ wea!r no m ma% or soak$ gra9 %\ld be giv5 ?an ! f[ls w eat be=e x c freeze4 ,a favorite old-"t practice /ill us$ on _m f>ms is to heat %ell$ corn 9 ! ov5 & fe$ x :ile w>m4 ,! be/ vegetable foods = f[ls 9 w9t] are cabbages & mangel-wurzels4 ,! cabbages c be hung up by ! roots & ! f[ls w eat all b ! /ump4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way to fe$ ! beets is to split !m & impale ! pieces on spikes 9 ! wall at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! floor4 ,s\nd1 sweet turnips are also good1 b bitt] turnips & ^? t h begun to spoil are likely to give an unpleasant flavor to ! eggs4 ,a little freez+ does n seem to affect ! value ( ^! vegetables = p\ltry food1 & ! birds w usually eat !m :5 froz54 ,! quantity f$ at "o "t1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be s l>ge t x may freeze & ?aw sev]al times be=e x is all eat54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,movable p\ltry h\se on ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t f>m1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry7 ,:5 hogs & cattle are kill$ on a f>m1 ! blood & o!r (fal1 & ! small trimm+s :5 ! c>casses are cut up1 %\ld be sav$ & f$ to ! f[ls regul>ly 9 mod]ate quantities1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to leave fat trimm+s :]e ! f[ls c help !mselves1 = if f[ls h be5 %ort ( animal food1 !y eat meat v gre$ily & are (t5 made sick by x4 ,blood & lean meat are n v injuri\s1 b too mu* fat meat has v bad effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! upp] %utt] is clos$ only at night 9 extreme cold wea!r ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,l[] "p ( front op5 = hot wea!r ,,ano!r ,,/yle ,,( ,,movable ,,h\se ,,at ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,f>m1 ,,beltsville1 ,,m>yl&4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry7 ,x is n necess>y to give ! f[ls wat] :5 !re is sn[ on ! gr\nd4 ,delicate f[ls t are accu/om$ to close conf9em5t may n be able to /& runn+ out on ! sn[1 b if !y h a com=table h\se1 ) a good supply ( litt] on ! floor1 & are free to g & come at w1 rugg$ birds t are out 9 all k9ds ( wea!r are n 9 ! lea/ hurt by go+ out on sn[ & ice & wet gr\nd 9 cold wea!r1 & w usually take sn[ 9 pref]5ce to wat] :5 !y c get x4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is b>e & froz51 wat] or f9ely *ipp$ ice %\ld be suppli$4 ,9 extreme cold wea!r ! latt] is bett]1 because ! wat] soon freezes & ! f[ls g ?ir/y until a fre% supply is giv5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock h5 ) ,light ,brahma *icks ,reproduc+ ! flock4 ,f[ls are %ort-liv$ creatures4 ,!y mature 9 less ?an a ye>2 _! p]iod ( greate/ productiv5ess is usually ov] be=e !y are two ye>s old1 & only a v small proportion ( a flock are wor? keep+ aft] t4 ,h5ce ! entire /ock ( f[ls on a f>m is r5ew$ 9 two ye>s4 ,mo/ f>m]s int5d to kill (f all _! two-ye>-old h5s ea* ye>1 ?us keep+ up ! numb] 9 ! flock by gr[+ annually ab\t z _m "y birds z !re are h5s 9 ! flock4 ,to all[ = losses1 = an excess ( males1 & = inf]ior pullets :i* are n wor? keep+ = lay]s1 x is necess>y to hat* ab\t f\r times z _m *ick5s z are to be res]v$4 ,! hat*+ season4 ,mo/ ( ! *ick5s re>$ on f>ms are hat*$ 9 ! spr+ mon?s4 ,! late-hat*$ *ick5s are ne>ly all f h5s t /eal _! ne/s4 ,p on f>ms d n want late *ick5s2 among s _m l>g] ones a few small birds h v little *ance to make good gr[?4 ,b ^? :o h a place to keep a few e>ly *ick5s & "t to take c>e ( !m (t5 set a few h5s 9 ! w9t]4 ,eggs w hat* at any season ( ! ye>1 & *ick5s w gr[ if !y get prop] c>e2 b !re is a comp>atively %ort season 9 ! spr+ :5 eggs hat* bett] & *ick5s gr[ bett] ?an at any o!r "t1 & ! easie/ way to get a giv5 numb] ( good *ick5s t w be full-gr[n at ! beg9n+ ( w9t] is to hat* !m 9 ?is natural hat*+ season4 ,?is season _c be exactly def9$1 because x v>ies accord+ to latitude & also f ye> to ye> accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,p]haps ! be/ g5]al rule is to h ! fir/ *icks hat* :5 ! grass is beg9n+ to gr[4 ,to effect ?is ! h5s mu/ be set ?ree weeks e>li]1 :5 !re may be no signs ( spr+4 ,no "o c "t hat*es to a natural ph5om5on ( ?is k9d ) c]ta9ty1 b by plann+ ) ref]5ce to ! advance ( spr+ 9 a normal season1 ! fir/ hat*es are usually br\ght v ne> to ! desir$ "t4 ,broody h5s4 ,:5 a h5 wants to incubate eggs1 or1 z ! common phrase is1 to sit1 %e rema9s on h] ne/ cont9u\sly &1 unless v %y1 w n leave x :5 approa*$ & w res5t any int]f]5ce4 ,! h5 is !n said to be broody4 ,because ! broody h5 makes a cluck+ noise1 %e is sometimes call$ a cluck+ h54 ,h5s t are %y :5 !y beg9 to cluck1 & t fly f ! ne/ :5 approa*$1 usually become tame & all[ !mselves to be h&l$ aft] a few days4 ,broody h5s _c always be obta9$ at ! "t !y are want$4 ,9 t case !re is no?+ to d b wait1 or try to buy1 hire1 or borr[ !m4 ,!re is no way ( =c+ or induc+ h5s to become broody be=e !y w\ld d s ( _! own accord4 ,:5 broody h5s are h>d to get1 p ?9k t hat*+ ) incubators w relieve !m ( tr\ble & prev5t delay1 b ! incubator1 too1 has its unc]ta9ties4 ,success 9 artificial hat*+ requires c>eful att5tion to ! op]ation ( ! incubator & good judgm5t 9 adju/+ & regulat+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,ne/ boxes1 made 9 pairs1 = sitt+ h5s4 ,inside dim5sions3 l>ge1 #af x #af x #ah2 small1 #ab x #ab x #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,same z ,fig4 #ia1 ) ne/ boxes clos$ ,sett+ ! h5s4 ,z _m broody h5s z c be obta9$ %\ld be set at ! same "t4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t /yle ( ne/ is t %[n 9 ,figs4 #ia & #ib1 :i* c be kept clos$ if desir$4 ,! be/ ne/ mat]ial is s(t hay or /raw4 ,9 prep>+ ! ne/ a p\ltry keep] %apes ! ne/ mat]ial ) 8 h&1 to give x a b[l %ape1 press+ x d[n to make a smoo?1 firm surface ^u :i* ! eggs w lie ev5ly4 ,x is a good plan to make ! ne/s & place ! h5s 9 !m1 giv+ to ea* a few ,*9a ne/ eggs two or ?ree days be=e ! eggs t are to be hat*$ are giv5 to !m4 ,! eggs = hat*+ %\ld be ( good size & %ape1 ) good /rong %ells1 & z uni=m 9 color z c be obta9$4 ,! usual numb] ( eggs plac$ "u a h5 is ?irte54 ,aft] ! wea!r becomes w>m1 ev5 a small h5 w cov] ?irte5 eggs well1 & m$ium-siz$ h5s w cov] fifte5 or sixte5 eggs & (t5 hat* e "o1 b e>ly 9 ! season x is bett] to give a h5 elev5 eggs or p]haps only n9e4 ,! numb] ( eggs giv5 a h5 is almo/ always an odd numb]4 ,!re is an old sup]/ition t an ev5 numb] w n hat*4 ,! reason commonly giv5 by writ]s on p\ltry is t an odd numb] ( eggs arrange 9 bett] =m 9 ! ne/1 b ?is is m]e fancy4 ,h[ev] ! practice />t$1 ! real reason :y odd numb]s ( eggs are plac$ 9 ne/s ( sitt+ h5s n[ is t ! cu/om is s well e/abli%$1 & ! habit ( ?9k+ ( eggs = hat*+ 9 odd numb]s is s /rong1 t mo/ p\ltry keep]s d x unconsci\sly4 ,c>e ( sitt+ h5s4 ,! be/ food = sitt+ h5s is :ole corn4 ,z ! h5 w leave ! ne/ only once a day1 & n always daily unless remov$1 ! food is giv5 9 a vessel f :i* %e c eat x readily4 ,! usual way is to keep a supply :]e ! h5s are1 s t :5ev] !y leave ! ne/ !y c get some?+ to eat4 ,:e!r to let !m *oose _! own "t to leave ! ne/ or to keep ! ne/s clos$ except :5 !y are let (f at a regul> "t ea* day is a po9t to be det]m9$ 9 ea* case accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,if all ! h5s 9 ! same place are quiet & get along well toge!r & d n qu>rel = ! possession ( p>ticul> ne/s1 !y may be left v mu* to !mselves2 o!rwise ! p\ltry keep] %\ld regulate ?+s s t !re w be no qu>rel+ & no dang] ( a ne/ ( eggs gett+ cold :ile two h5s cr[d on ano!r ne/ & break "s ( ! eggs 9 x4 ,besides gra9 ! h5s ne$ wat] & a place to du/4 ,mo/ sitt+ h5s w du/ !mselves e "t !y leave ! ne/1 if !y h an opportunity to d s4 ,z lice multiply rapidly on sitt+ h5s1 x is a good idea1 ev5 :5 ! h5 c du/ h]self1 to apply an insect p[d] to h] & to ! ne/ two or ?ree times dur+ ! p]iod ( incubation4 ,! eggs may be te/$ at ! end ( ! sev5? day by us+ a light1 z describ$ on page #ba4 ,:ile f]tility c be det]m9$ e>li]1 wait+ until ! sev5? day enables "o to tell m surely :e!r f]tility is /rong or weak1 & to disc>d weak g]ms z well z inf]tile eggs4 ,an inf]tile egg is cle>1 t is1 %[s no signs ( developm5t or decay1 at e p]iod ( incubation4 ,! eggs t rot are f]tile eggs 9 :i* ! g]ms h di$4 ,a rott5 egg is di/+ui%$ f a f]tile egg ?r\gh ! te/] by ! movem5t ( ! l9e betwe5 ! transp>5t air space at ! l>ge end ( ! egg & ! d>k cont5ts1 ?is movem5t %[+ t ! cont5ts are 9 a fluid /ate4 ,! eggs :i* are ! mo/ opaque & h ! air space mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ are ^? :i* h ! /ronge/ g]ms4 ,eggs t are conspicu\sly light-color$ 7z !y appe> be=e ! light7 :5 comp>$ ) ^! may z well be disc>d$4 ,if _m eggs are disc>d$1 ^? t rema9 may be giv5 to a "p ( ! h5s1 & ! re/ ( ! h5s reset4 ,att5tion at hat*+ "t4 ,! eggs ( m$ium-siz$ f[ls usually hat* 9 f tw5ty to tw5ty-"o days4 ,! eggs ( small f[ls take ab\t a day less1 & ^? ( l>ge f[ls ab\t a day m4 ,h5s' eggs h be5 kn[n to hat* z e>ly z ! sev5te5? day & z late z ! tw5ty-f\r?1 b z a rule *ick5s t come be=e ! n9ete5? day or aft] ! tw5ty-second are weakly4 ,h5s sometimes trample ! *ick5s 9 ! ne/s or cru% ! eggs aft] !y are pick$1 s t ! *ick5 _c turn to break ! %ell 9 ! regul> mann]4 ,sometimes ?is is due to ! n]v\sness or to ! clums9ess ( ! h51 b (t5] x is caus$ by ! ne/ be+ too mu* di%$ 7t is1 holl[$ s mu* t ! eggs t5d to roll t[>d ! c5t]7 or by lice di/urb+ h]4 ,! *ick5s may be sav$ ei!r by remov+ !m to o!r broody h5s or by putt+ !m 9 a flannel wrapp+ 9 a w>m place4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 ! conditions are bad1 x is bett] to leave !m ) ! h54 ,h5s ) little *icks %\ld be left 9 ! ne/s until all ! eggs t w hat* h hat*$ & ! *icks are dry & beg9 to %[ an incl9ation to run ab\t4 ,!n1 if ! wea!r is f9e1 ! h5 & h] brood may be tak5 at once to a coop out ( doors1 b if x is cold or /ormy1 ! little *icks are bett] indoors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,coop = h5 & *icks1 to be us$ )\t run ,coops = broods4 ,! coop = a h5 & *ick5s %\ld be s con/ruct$ t !y w h pl5ty ( fre% air at night4 ,!re %\ld be a small run atta*$ to x1 to :i* ! h5 c be conf9$ :ile ! *ick5s run ab\t or come to h] to be brood$1 z !y may wi%4 ,x is n a good plan to let a h5 run ) h] brood :ile ! *icks are v small4 ,! *ick5s d mu* bett] if ! "m is conf9$ & gives m att5tion to keep+ !m w>m ?an to fe$+ !m4 ,! coops %\ld n be plac$ 9 ! same spot ye> aft] ye>1 nor %\ld !y be on l& ^u :i* ! old f[ls run dur+ any consid]able portion ( ! ye>4 ,sod gr\nd is be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,coop to be us$ ) runs1 z 9 ,fig4 #ie ,fe$+ "y *ick5s4 ,f e>ly times 9 ,am]ica ! mo/ common food = "y *ick5s has be5 corn meal moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,:5 fre% ?is is a good food = *ick5s t run ab\t & eat a great deal ( gre5 food1 insects1 worms1 & small se$s1 b a ma% ( scald$ corn meal & bran1 su* z is giv5 old f[ls1 or a bak$ johnnycake1 is bett]4 ,!re is no ne$ ( fuss+ ) su* foods z f9ely *opp$ h>d-boil$ eggs1 crack] crumbs1 p9head oatmeal1 & o!r ?+s (t5 recomm5d$ z mo/ appropriate = ! fir/ fe$s ( little *icks4 ,heal?y h5-hat*$ *icks rais$ by ! natural me?od on a f>m ne$ no?+ b "o s(t fe$ 7su* z has be5 m5tion$7 9 ! morn+1 a little h>d gra9 t[>d ev5+1 & !n1 j be=e d>k1 all ! s(t food !y w eat4 ,! be/ gra9 = !m is s\nd crack$ corn2 ! next be/ is :eat4 ,! *ick5s %\ld h good wat] always be=e !m1 & may be giv5 all ! milk !y want4 ,skim milk1 s\r milk 7ei!r ?9 or clabb]$71 & butt]milk are all eat5 ) reli% & promote heal? & gr[?4 ,vessels 9 :i* milk is giv5 mu/ be clean$ (t5 or !y w become v fil?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,coops & runs = h5s & *icks#aa #aa ,burlap bags are us$ to %ade ! int]ior or to keep out ra94 ,:5 n 9 use !y are turn$ back on ! top ( ! coop4 ,managem5t ( gr[+ *icks4 ,( c\rse1 heal?y *ick5s are gr[+ all ! "t1 & gr[+ at a v rapid rate1 too2 b aft] ! *icks are wean$1 !y h usually rea*$ ! po9t 9 gr[? :5 ! increase 9 size 9 a %ort p]iod is v noticeable4 ,s p\ltry keep]s commonly speak ( *ick5s f wean+ "t until maturity z gr[+ *icks4 ,at ?is "t ! rude/ k9d ( %elt] w suit !m z well z any4 ,inde$1 !y h>dly ne$ %elt] f ! wea!r at all4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ?+s are a good range1 ap>t f ! old f[ls1 & an abundance ( food4 ,!y %\ld be able to pick up a great deal ( food = !mselves1 b %\ld h en\gh giv5 !m to make sure t !y always h all ! food !y c eat4 ,x does n pay to /9t !m to make !m =age f>!r4 ,"y *ick5s w always take all ! ex]cise t !y ne$ if !y h ! opportunity1 & ! m !y eat ! bett] !y gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,small h\se = gr[+ *icks1 9 ,ma9e or*>d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,small h\se = gr[+ *icks1 9 or*>d 9 ,new ,york ,/ate ,:5 ! range ne> _! coops ceases to af=d !m good pick+1 ! coops %\ld be mov$ to a place :]e ! food to be secur$ by =ag+ is m abundant4 ,,l>ge ,,/ocks ,,on ,,g5]al ,,f>ms ,:5 f>m]s 9 ,am]ica began to keep l>g] /ocks ( f[ls1 ! mo/ common practice ne>ly ev]y:]e 0 to increase ! g5]al flock until !re 7 f> too _m f[ls on ! l& t !y w\ld usually =age ov]4 ,"u su* conditions f[ls on ! f>m 7 n pr(itable4 ,!y damag$ e crop to :i* !y _h access1 & made ! f>m mo/ unsightly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! dwell+ h\se4 ,!n "s f>m]s w\ld r$uce ! flock & return to ! old practice ( keep+ only a few doz5 h5s1 :ile o!rs w\ld adopt ! city plan ( build+ h\ses ) _m comp>tm5ts & keep+ ! f[ls y>d$ 9 small flocks4 ,?is plan 0 usually ab&on$ )9 a few ye>s1 because1 :ile x work$ v well 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! f>m] _h "t to give ! h5s extra c>e1 !y 7 n z well (f 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! f>m] _h to give att5tion to 8 field crops fir/4 ,su* 0 ! usual c\rse ( developm5t ( f>m me?ods ( manag+ f[ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,/one p\ltry h\se ab\t two hundr$ ye>s old1 on f>m ( ,f4 ,w4 ,c4 ,almy1 ,tiv]ton ,f\r ,corn]s1 ,rhode ,isl& ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,rhode ,isl& colony p\ltry h\se = ?irty-five f[ls ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,colony p\ltry h\ses on ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,! colony sy/em4 ,b occasionally a f>m] ^: flock _h outgr[n its accommodations z "o flock w\ld divide x1 mov+ a "p to ano!r place on ! f>m1 & s 0 able to ma9ta9 ! increase 9 numb]s )\t adopt+ labori\s me?ods4 ,?is idea 0 c>ri$ out mo/ sy/ematically & mo/ ext5sively 9 ! vic9ity ( ,little ,compton1 ,rhode ,isl&1 :]e ! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ f[l orig9at$4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ?is "p ( ,rhode ,isl& built l>ge /one p\ltry h\ses l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,"s ( ^! old build+s are /ill us$ = p\ltry4 ,?is di/rict is mo/ favorably situat$ = p\ltry keep+4 ,! sn[ r>ely lies long1 & ! birds c be outdoors ne>ly e day 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]4 ,be+ ne> ! fa%ionable summ] resort ( ,newport1 ! f>m]s "h e>ly f\nd a l>ge dem& = _! eggs & p\ltry at high prices 9 ! summ] "t1 :5 9 _m places ! prices 7 l[4 ,!n 9 ! w9t] !y c\ld s5d eggs to ,bo/on & ,provid5ce1 :i* 7 ! be/ m>kets 9 ! c\ntry = ?is class ( produce4 ,s ^! f>m]s _h e inducem5t to devise a practical me?od ( indef9itely increas+ _! /ocks ( f[ls4 ,! plan :i* !y adopt$ 0 v simple4 ,small h\ses1 :i* c\ld easily be mov$ f place to place ) a two-horse team1 & :i* w\ld accommodate f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five f[ls1 7 made & di/ribut$ ov] ! f>m4 ,sometimes ^! h\ses 7 plac$ 9 pa/ures n suitable = m[+ or = cultivation & rema9$ !re p]man5tly1 b z a rule !y 7 mov$ f "t to "t to suit ! rotation ( crops on ! f>m4 ,z ! numb] ( ^! h\ses on a f>m increas$1 & !y 7 spread ov] a l>g] area & sometimes plac$ 9 fields & pa/ures a long di/ance f ! f>mh\se1 ! "w ( c>+ = ! f[ls1 ev5 by ! simple me?od us$1 became too heavy to be done by man p[] alone1 & a horse & c>t 0 us$ 9 c>ry+ food & wat]1 collect+ eggs1 & mov+ *icks & f[ls f "o "p ( ! f>m to ano!r4 ,?us ! "w 0 put on a v economical basis1 & keep+ f[ls by ?is me?od became a common feature ( ! f>m+ ( ?is section ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! me?ods us$ "h h *ang$ little1 if at all1 s9ce ! sy/em 0 />t$ sixty or sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,! sy/em is s primitive t p :o are famili> ) m elaborate me?ods (t5 imag9e t ! ,rhode ,isl& f>m]1 :o does s well by 8 simple me?ods1 w\ld c]ta9ly d v mu* bett] if he appli$ m ( ! mod]n ideas4 ,b ! te/ ( "t has demon/rat$ t ?is simple colony sy/em is easily made p]man5t1 :ile mo/ ( ! m ambiti\s & complex sy/ems ei!r fail utt]ly or h b a transi5t success4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,collect+ eggs on ,rhode ,isl& f>m4 ,! little girl is 9 ! box 9 :i* d\gh is c>ri$ 9 ! morn+ ,numb]s ( h5s kept4 ,! numb] ( h5s kept on a f>m 9 ?is section v>ies f f\r or five hundr$ to ov] two ?\s&4 ,/ocks ( f eight hundr$ to twelve hundr$ are mo/ common4 ,! pr9cipal object is to produce m>ket eggs1 b z ! two-ye>-old h5s & ! cock]els t are n ne$$ = bre$+ purposes are sold e ye>1 ! receipts f ! sale ( live p\ltry are sometimes consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,colony h\ses at ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college4 7,photograph f ! college7 ,fe$+1 c>e1 & results4 ,! h5s1 be+ well di/ribut$ ov] ! f>m1 pick a l>ge "p ( _! liv+4 ,h>d gra9 7usually crack$ corn7 is kept always be=e !m 9 ! h\se1 9 hopp]s :i* w hold a bag ( gra9 ea*4 ,once a day1 9 ! morn+1 ! h5s are giv5 a fe$ ( ma% 7or1 z x is call$ 9 ?is locality1 d\gh7 ( ab\t ! same composition z ! ma% describ$ on page #hi4 ,! d\gh is cook$ 9 a l>ge iron set-kettle 9 ! ev5+ & left !re until x is to be f$ ! next morn+4 ,!n x is load$ into boxes or l>ge tubs on a c>t4 ,! c>t also c>ries a b>rel ( wat]4 ,z he rea*es ea* h\se ! driv]1 ) a %ovel1 ?r[s :at d\gh ! h5s ne$ on ! grass ne> ! h\se4 ,!n he fills ! wat] pail & drives on to ! next h\se4 ,! h5s require no m att5tion until ev5+1 :5 ! man collects ! eggs & gives m wat] :]e x is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,mov+ "o ( ! h\ses 9 ,fig4 #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,colony h\ses at ,i[a ,agricultural ,college4 7,photograph f ! college7 ,"s ( ! small] /ocks ( f[ls on ^! f>ms--flocks t h be5 select$ ) c>e & are giv5 a little m att5tion ?an is usual--give an av]age annual production ( elev5 or twelve doz5 eggs a h51 b ! g5]al av]age is only eight or n9e doz54 ,al?\gh ! pr(it p] h5 is small1 ! comp5sation = labor & inve/m5t is bett] ?an on mo/ p\ltry plants :]e a mu* great] product p] h5 is secur$4 ,ev5 :5 eggs are ! mo/ important money crop on ! f>m1 ! c>e ( ! lay+ h5s is b a small "p ( ! day's "w ( ! man :o looks aft] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,colony h\ses at ,hampton ,in/itute ,h[ ! *ick5s are gr[n4 ,! numb] ( *ick5s re>$ ea* ye> on "o ( ^! colony f>ms is usually ab\t equal to ! numb] ( f[ls kept4 ,:]e !re are s _m h5s ( a sitt+ v>iety1 & v e>ly hat*+ is n practic$1 !re is r>ely any %ortage ( sitt+ h5s at ! "t :5 !y are want$4 ,usually tw5ty or ?irty h5s are set at ! same "t1 & x is expect$ t !y w hat* eight or t5 *ick5s ea*4 ,sometimes sixty or sev5ty h5s are set at "o "t4 ,z x is almo/ always q w>m :5 ! *ick5s are hat*$1 x is cu/om>y to give ea* h5 tw5ty or m *ick5s4 ,! coops are plac$ 9 r[s1 sev]al rods ap>t ea* way1 on a piece ( grassl& t has _h no p\ltry on x = a ye> or m4 ,mo/ ( ! f>m]s are v p>ticul> on ?is po9t1 & pref] to put ! "y *ick5s on l& on :i* !re has be5 no p\ltry = at lea/ two ye>s4 ,!y h le>n$ by exp]i5ce t "u su* conditions !y c re> a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( ! *ick5s hat*$1 & t ! *ick5s w gr[ m ev5ly & mature e>li]4 ,9 plann+ ! field crops gr[n on ! f>m !y always try to arrange s t ! small *ick5s may h fre% l& n too f> f ! f>mh\se2 l& se$$ to grass ! ye> be=e is be/4 ,! *ick5s are f$ ! same d\gh z is giv5 to ! h5s1 b are f$ (t5]4 ,!y h a second meal ( d\gh ab\t noon1 & _! gra9 supply1 :i* is giv5 9 small tr\ghs1 is repl5i%$ frequ5tly4 ,:ile ! h5s are ) ! *ick5s ! food is plac$ :]e ! h5 conf9$ to ! coop c get h] %>e4 ,aft] ! h5s are tak5 away1 ! d\gh is ?r[n on ! grass z ! c>t passes up & d[n ! r[s ( coops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,coop = h5 & *icks1 us$ on ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,:5 ! hay has be5 h>ve/$ & ! corn has gr[n tall1 a "p ( ! "y *ick5s may be remov$ f ! l& :]e !y 7 />t$1 & ! coops plac$ :]e !y c =age on m[+ l&s1 9 cornfields1 & :]ev] !y c g )\t damage to a gr[+ crop4 ,z !y become too cr[d$ 9 ! small coops1 ! cock]els are sold &1 if !re are /ill too _m birds 9 a coop1 a few pullets are tak5 f ea* ( ! ov]cr[d$ coops & new colonies are />t$1 s f> f _! old associates t !y w n f9d _! way back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,colony h\se = gr[+ *icks1 at ,macdonald ,college4 7,photograph f ! college7 ,9 ! e>ly fall z _m ( ! olde/ h5s are sold z is necess>y to vacate ! h\ses ne$$ = ! pullets re>$ t season4 ,!n ! h\ses are ?or\ghly clean$4 7,!y may n h be5 clean$ be=e = six mon?s or a ye>47 ,if a h\se is to be mov$ to a new location1 ! *ange is usually made at ?is "t4 ,"o or two c>tloads ( clean s& are put into ea* h\se1 to make ! floor high] ?an ! gr\nd outside & to provide an absorb5t = ! dropp+s :i* are all[$ to accumulate4 ,:5 !y are br\ght to ! h\se1 :i* w probably be _! home z long z !y live1 ! pullets are conf9$ to ! h\se1 or a small tempor>y y>d is atta*$ to x1 s t !y _c w&] away4 ,aft] a few days ( conf9em5t !y accept ! new home z _! headqu>t]s4 ,adaptability ( ! colony sy/em4 ,! colony sy/em z develop$ 9 ,rhode ,isl& attract$ little att5tion else:]e until v rec5t ye>s4 ,s9ce ab\t #aijj _m descriptions ( x h be5 publi%$1 & num]\s ef=ts h be5 made to adapt features ( ?is sy/em to op]ations 9 o!r localities4 ,! pr9cipal ob/acles to ?is are sn[ & pr$aci\s animals4 ,:]e sn[ lies deep = mon?s x is n practical to keep f[ls 9 widely di/ribut$ flocks 9 w9t]4 ,9 "s places ! plan ( di/ribut+ ! h\ses 9 summ] & p>k+ !m 7t is1 plac+ !m close toge!r 9 a regul> ord]7 9 w9t] has work$ v well4 ,:]e wild animals are num]\s1 colony me?ods _c be ext5sively appli$1 b on mo/ f>ms a limit$ application ( ! sy/em w greatly increase ! am\nt ( p\ltry t c pr(itably be kept4 ,9 ,engl& _m f>m]s use small] colony h\ses ?an ^? 9 use 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 & move !m (t51 n lett+ a h\se /& 9 ! same spot long en\gh to kill ! grass4 ,"s ( ! h\ses us$ 9 ?is way are provid$ ) small :eels4 ,! advantage ( mov+ h\ses (t5 is greate/ :5 ! f[ls are on good arable l&1 ^u :i* !re are1 or w be1 crops t c utilize ! manure :i* ! birds leave on ! l&4 ,if ! h\ses are mov$ me?odically1 ! f]tiliz] w be ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,,int5sive ,,p\ltry ,,f>ms ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,colony h\ses 9 =egr\nd2 %$s = ducks beyond4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,reasons = conc5tration4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! p\ltry fancy 9 ?is c\ntry ! t5d5cy 0 = ea* fanci] to keep z _m diff]5t v>ieties z he c\ld f9d room = or c\ld af=d to buy4 ,mo/ ( ^! fanci]s 7 city p :o ?\ght t1 z !y kept _! f[ls 9 small flocks anyway1 !y might j z well h z _m diff]5t k9ds ( p\ltry z !y _h sep>ate comp>tm5ts 9 _! p\ltry y>ds4 ,:5 ri* m5 ) l>ge e/ates became int]e/$ 9 fancy p\ltry1 !y usually built l>ge h\ses conta9+ _m small p5s1 ea* ) its small y>d1 & b\ght a few ( ea* kn[n v>iety4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! *oice/ p\ltry 0 kept 9 small inclosures1 & ! flocks t laid rem>kably well 7 usually city flocks t 7 giv5 good c>e4 ,?is seem$ to a great _m p to prove t f[ls did n ne$ ! room & ! fre$om :i* = ages !y _h enjoy$ on f>ms1 & t ! limit ( ! possible ext5sion ( ! city me?od ( keep+ f[ls 9 small1 b>e y>ds dep5d$ 9 any case ^u ! bus9ess capacity ( ! p\ltry keep]4 ,conc5tration n pr(itable4 ,v few p :o h n _h exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ l>ge numb]s ( p\ltry "u bo? good & bad conditions c be made to und]/& h[ futile indu/ry & bus9ess me?ods are :5 _m o!r ?+s :i* affect results are unfavorable4 ,ev5 :5 ! ob/acles to ! application ( int5sive me?ods on a l>ge scale are po9t$ out to !m1 mo/ novices imag9e t ! difficulties are exagg]at$ = ! purpose ( disc\rag+ !m4 ,!y ?9k t ! successful p\ltry keep] wi%es to disc\rage competition1 & t ! p]son :o has fail$ does n want to see any "o else succe$1 & s w>ns o!rs to let su* projects alone4 ,^? :o h be5 v successful 9 _! fir/ ef=ts 9 a small way seldom lack p]fect confid5ce 9 _! ability to make good on any scale if once !y are 9 a position to devote !mselves entirely to ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,comm]cial lay+ h\se at ,new ,j]sey ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 7,photograph f ! /ation7 ,= "s sev5ty or eighty ye>s1 b m especially = ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 ! mo/ conspicu\s phase ( ! p\ltry indu/ry 9 ,am]ica has be5 ! widespread & cont9u\s movem5t to develop l>ge plants ( ?is "*4 ,!re has be5 no "t1 = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 :5 p\ltry plants ( ?is k9d1 :i* to ! un9itiat$ appe>$ to be highly pr(itable1 h n be5 num]\s4 ,! own]s ( _m ( ^! plants h claim$ t !y 7 mak+ v l>ge pr(its1 & _! claims h l$ o!rs to engage 9 ! bus9ess1 foll[+ 9 e detail ! me?ods 9 use on "s l>ge plant :i* !y suppose is v successful4 ,s1 :ile well-in=m$ p\ltry keep]s "k t ^! me?ods are n practical on a l>ge scale1 except 9 a few limit$ l9es ( production1 !re is 9 ! bus9ess a con/ant succession ( newcom]s :o try to op]ate egg f>ms & bre$+ f>ms & comb9ations ( v>i\s l9es by me?ods t are n suit$ to _! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,int]ior ( a comp>tm5t 9 comm]cial p\ltry h\se1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t f>m1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry7 ,common type ( int5sive p\ltry f>m4 ,! ord9>y special p\ltry f>m is a run-d[n f>m ^u :i* h be5 erect$ ! build+s necess>y = ! accommodation ( f f\r or five hundr$ to two or ?ree ?\s& f[ls kept 9 comp>atively small y>ds4 ,! build+s are ne>ly always neat & sub/antial1 ! f5ces /rong & durable4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! plant is ord]ly1 &1 :5 well /ock$ ) f[ls & kept clean1 x pres5ts a mo/ attractive appe>ance4 ,! h\ses & y>ds = adult /ock1 ! incubator cell> & ! brood] h\ses1 ! b>ns & %$s1 & ! dwell+ ( ! own] or manag] occupy b a v small "p ( ! f>m--usually f "o to ?ree acres4 ,! "y *ick5s are gr[n ye> aft] ye> on ! ne>e/ l& n occupi$ by ! p]man5t build+s & y>ds4 ,9 mo/ cases ! l& is s heavily /ock$ ) !m t !y secure almo/ no?+ by =ag+4 ,! r\t9e ( "w on su* a f>m is v exact+4 ,! f[ls c d s little = !mselves & require s mu* extra c>e t ! p\ltry keep] kn[s f ! />t t he _c make 8 bus9ess pay unless he gets a v high production4 ,s all 8 ef=ts are devot$ to ?is end4 ,he uses labor-sav+ appliances1 c>efully sy/ematizes 8 "w1 & by great ef=t (t5 succe$s 9 mak+ a fair pr(it = a few ye>s4 ,x is at ?is /age ( 8 progress t ! p\ltry keep] ( ?is class does ! boa/+ :i* misleads o!rs4 ,!n ?+s beg9 to g wrong ) 8 /ock4 ,8 eggs d n hat* well1 because 8 *ick5s1 :ile nom9ally on free range on a f>m1 h really be5 no bett] (f ?an *ick5s re>$ "u ord9>y conditions 9 t[n4 ,8 *ick5s d n ?rive1 because !y are weak & ! l& is ta9t$4 ,he himself is worn out ) long h\rs ( "w & no holidays1 & if he does n realize 8 mi/ake & close out ! bus9ess 9 "t1 x is only a "q ( cont9u+ until 8 income & cr$it comb9$ no long] suffice to keep ! bus9ess go+4 ,?is 9 brief has be5 ! hi/ory ( all special p\ltry f>ms :]e int5sive me?ods 7 us$1 except ! duck f>ms & ! sev]al classes to be describ$ f>!r on 9 ?is *apt]4 ,by no means all succe$ to ev5 ! ext5t describ$1 because a great _m p :o g into ! bus9ess h s little capital t !y h to give up ! bus9ess be=e !y h be5 able to make x %[ a pr(it4 ,:5 ! own]s h capital1 plants are sometimes op]at$ = ye>s at a loss1 b x is v r>e inde$ t a p\ltry f>m ( ?is k9d 7except 9 ! classes to be describ$ lat]7 is cont9u$ = m ?an sev5 or eight ye>s1 & few ( !m la/ five ye>s4 ,^? :o wi% to make a p\ltry bus9ess p]man5t mu/ adopt o!r me?ods4 ,,broil] ,,gr[+ ,! desire = :at is r>e & co/ly is a common trait 9 human "*4 ,9 no?+ is x m pla9ly display$ ?an 9 ! dem& = food products out ( _! natural season4 ,an article :i* 9 its season ( abundance is a /aple article ( diet1 )9 ! means ( all b ! v poore/1 at its season ( sc>city becomes a luxury :i* only ! weal?y c af=d4 ,be=e cold-/orage me?ods _h be5 br\ght to high effici5cy1 !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w9t] & ! e>ly spr+ :5 "y *ick5s 7 v sc>ce4 ,! numb] t c\ld be hat*$ ) h5s to meet a dem& at ?is season 0 small1 & ^? :o 7 hat*+ autumn & w9t] *ick5s by ! natural me?od f\nd x m pr(itable to keep !m to sell z roa/]s late 9 ! spr+ & e>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,! broil] craze4 ,a little be=e #ahij1 artificial incubators be+ !n fir/ br\ght to a p]fection :i* made !m popul>1 "s p\ltry keep]s began to hat* *ick5s 9 ! w9t] to meet ! dem& = e>ly broil]s4 ,^? :o 7 successful made a v good pr(it on :at *ick5s !y _h ready to sell :ile ! prices 7 high4 ,mo/ ( !m op]at$ 9 a v small way1 tak+ up ?is "w simply = occupation :5 !y _h no?+ else to d4 ,_m 7 g>d5]s :o _h j ab\t en\gh slack "t1 aft] ! h>ve/ ( "o ye> 0 ov]1 to hat* & gr[ "o lot ( broil]s be=e beg9n+ _! regul> spr+ "w4 ,^! p 7 n "u any delusions ab\t ! limitations on ?is l9e ( production4 ,!y knew t ! dem& = v small *ick5s at v high prices 0 limit$ & easily satisfi$4 ,b1 z usual1 ! publi%$ acc\nts ( :at !y 7 do+ set a great _m p to figur+ ! possibilities ( pr(it f su* a bus9ess conduct$ on a l>ge scale4 ,= a few ye>s ! broil] craze affect$ ne>ly e "o int]e/$ 9 p\ltry keep+4 ,?\s&s :o nev] engag$ 9 x 7 re/ra9$ only because ( lack ( capital or inability to adapt x to _! circum/ances4 ,_m p :o _h be5 ?r\gh sev]al unsatisfactory v5tures 9 p\ltry keep+ ?\ght t !y saw 9 ?is ! "o sure road to weal?1 & began to make plans to gr[ broil]s 9 l>ge quantities4 ,besides ^! bus9ess v5tures !re 7 c\ntless small ones1 sometimes conduct$ "u ! mo/ unsuitable conditions4 ,p tri$ to gr[ broil]s 9 liv+ rooms1 9 attics1 9 all sorts ( unheat$ outbuild+s1 & 9 h\se cell>s to :i* ! daylight h>dly p5etrat$4 ,pres5t condition ( broil] gr[+4 ,! production ( broil]s z a specialty did n la/ long4 ,! improvem5t 9 cold-/orage me?ods soon made x possible = speculators to c>ry ov] l>ge quantities ( summ] *ick5s1 & ! p\ltry keep]s 9 o!r l9es c\ld easily arrange to produce all ! fre% broil]s t c\ld be sold at a good pr(it4 ,,roa/] ,,gr[+ ,description ( a good roa/]4 ,to roa/ nicely1 a f[l mu/ be full-gr[n & well fill$ out1 b "y1 s(t-meat$1 & fat4 ,a f[l is ripe = a *oice roa/] = only a %ort p]iod aft] arriv+ at maturity4 ,:5 a pullet has laid a few eggs1 h] fle% becomes h>d] & is nev] aga9 z t5d] & juicy z x 0 be=e %e laid an egg4 ,:5 ! spurs ( a cock]el beg9 to h>d5 & to gr[ a long1 %>p po9t1 & ! bird becomes boi/]\s & qu>relsome1 ! fle% becomes dry & t\gh & is n fit = roa/+4 ,g5]al & special supplies4 ,f ,july1 :5 ! e>lie/ f>m *ick5s are l>ge en\gh = roa/+1 until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 :5 ! la/ ( ! late-hat*$ f>m *ick5s disappe> f ! m>kets1 !re are ne>ly always en\gh v good roa/+ *ick5s 9 ! g5]al m>ket receipts to supply ! dem& = t class & grade ( p\ltry4 ,!n = f\r or five mon?s !re are no fre% roa/+ *ick5s on ! m>ket except ^? gr[n especially = ?is trade4 ,?is l9e ( p\ltry culture 0 develop$ fir/ ne> ,philadelphia1 9 s\!rn ,new ,j]sey & ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ab\t =ty ye>s ago4 ,! *ick5s 7 hat*$ ) h5s 9 ! autumn & e>ly w9t]1 ea* gr[] hav+ only a few hundr$4 ,!y 7 sold n only 9 ,philadelphia b 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 & 9 small] ,ea/]n cities :]e !re 0 a dem& = !m4 ,!y 71 & /ill are1 commonly kn[n z ,philadelphia *ick5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,massa*usetts s(t-roa/] plant ,l>ge roa/] plants4 ,aft] incubators came into common use1 ! production ( ,philadelphia *ick5s increas$1 b a m rem>kable developm5t ( t l9e ( production took place 9 ,plym\? ,c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 j ab\t ! "t ! broil] craze />t$4 ,! gr[+ ( w9t] *ick5s _h be5 c>ri$ on to "s ext5t 9 s\!rn ,new ,engl& 9 ! same way z 9 ! vic9ity ( ,philadelphia1 b ! local supply 0 small & irregul> until artificial me?ods 7 adopt$4 ,!n1 q sudd5ly1 ! indu/ry develop$ ext5sively 9 ! vic9ity ( ,norwell1 ,hanov]1 & ,rockl&4 ,its gr[? 0 rem>kable1 bo? because ( ! numb] ( p :o 7 successful on a comp>atively l>ge scale1 & because x attract$ almo/ no att5tion outside ( ?is di/rict until long aft] x _h become a well-e/abli%$ local indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,incubator cell> ,! me?ods ( ! roa/] gr[]s 9 ?is di/rict are v int5sive1 b z orig9ally develop$ _! bus9ess 0 n a cont9u\s l9e ( int5sive p\ltry culture1 nor is x cont9u\s n[ except 9 "s cases4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! bus9ess began1 ! gr[]s b\ght ! eggs t !y incubat$ f f>m]s ^: flocks 7 kept "u good conditions & 7 /rong & vigor\s2 b z ! numb]s engag$ 9 gr[+ w9t] *ick5s increas$1 ! supply ( eggs f ! f>ms 0 n suffici5t1 & "s ( ! roa/] gr[]s began to keep h5s to supply a "p ( ! eggs !y us$4 ,lat] "s produc$ all ! eggs = hat*+ t !y ne$$ = _! own use1 & a few sold to o!rs also4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be done only by ^? hav+ q l>ge f>ms4 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful gr[]s h only a few acres ( l& & d n attempt to keep bre$+ f[ls4 ,hat*+ beg9s 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] & is cont9u$ until all ! *ick5s t c be h&l$ are hat*$4 ,if ! eggs hat* well f ! />t1 a l>ge gr[] may h 8 h\ses full by ,decemb]1 b usually x takes until ,janu>y to complete hat*+1 & sometimes x takes long]4 ,! price paid = eggs = hat*+ is only a little above ! price ( m>ket eggs1 & ! buy] takes all ! risks ( poor hat*es4 ,! *ick5s are kept 9 w>m brood] h\ses z long z !y ne$ artificial heat1 !n !y are remov$ to cold brood] h\ses ( ! same type or to colony h\ses4 ,^? :o h l& en\gh use mo/ly colony h\ses4 ,:ile 9 ! heat$ brood] h\ses ! *ick5s are f$ 9 ! regul> way--) mix$ gr\nd gra9s1 ei!r dry or moi/5$1 & small :ole or crack$ gra9s4 ,aft] !y leave ! brood] h\ses !y h crack$ corn1 beef scrap1 & wat] always be=e !m2 = gre5 food !y h cabbage or ! w9t] rye or grass gr[+ on ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,h\se us$ = gr[+ roa/+ *ick5s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,gr\p ( h\ses l t 9 ,fig4 #aac ,z ! object ( ! gr[] is to h *ick5s t w gr[ l>ge & rema9 s(t z long z possible1 ! bre$s us$ are pr9cipally ,light ,brahmas & ,plym\? ,rocks1 al?\gh :5 eggs ( ^! v>ieties _c be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantities1 ,wy&ottes are us$4 ,! cock]els are caponiz$ :5 !y are ab\t two mon?s old4 ,a capon does n gr[ a comb or spurs1 nor does x cr[4 ,if a p]fect capon1 x rema9s always s(t-meat$ & may gr[ v l>ge1 ?\gh x does n1 z is commonly suppos$1 gr[ l>g] ?an a cock]el )9 ! "t x is usually kept be=e be+ kill$4 ,an imp]fect capon w aft] a "t gr[ a comb & %ort spurs &1 ?\gh /]ile1 becomes h>d] 9 fle% ?an a p]fect capon4 ,an imp]fect capon is te*nically call$ a slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,petaluma egg f>m4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>* "s ( ! e>lie/ pullets may beg9 to lay4 ,f t "t all ! pullets t beg9 to lay1 & ! slips z !y appe>1 are m>ket$2 all o!rs are kept1 because ! gr[] realizes ! l>ge/ pr(it on ^? t c be m>ket$ 9 ,june & ,july1 :5 ! price is highe/4 ,by ! middle ( ,july1 at ! late/1 ev]y?+ is sold4 ,! p\ltry keep] !n beg9s to prep>e = ! next crop ( *ick5s by tak+ up all 8 f5ces1 pl[+ l& t is n 9 grass1 & plant+ x ) w9t] rye or cabbage or "s late g>d5 crop4 ,rye & cabbage are pref]r$1 because ! rye w rema9 gre5 all w9t] & furni% gre5 food = *ick5s t h access to x1 & ! cabbage makes ! be/ ( gre5 food = ! little *ick5s 9 ! brood] h\ses4 ,x is j z good = ! o!rs1 too1 b n _m ( ! p\ltry keep]s gr[ en\gh to cont9ue fe$+ x to !m ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,:ile ! l& on ^! plants is heavily /ock$ ) p\ltry1 ! birds are on x only half ( ! season1--:5 vegetation gr[s freely1--& dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! season a great deal ( manure is remov$ f ! soil by gross-fe$+ crops l rye & cabbage4 ,s ! l& may be heavily /ock$ long] ?an x c\ld be if f[ls 7 on x all ! "t4 ,! *ick5s gr[n 9 ?is way d n usually gr[ s l>ge z ^? t are giv5 m room1 b !y are gr[n at less co/ & are z l>ge z ! m>ket dem&s4 ,by ?is me?od ! l& w c>ry a l>ge crop ( *ick5s ye> aft] ye> = _m ye>s1 yet x f9ally becomes s contam9at$ t *ick5s d n ?rive on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,gr\p ( h\ses on a ,petaluma egg f>m4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,,int5sive ,,egg ,,f>m+ ,/ill ano!r important developm5t due to artificial incubation took place 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! climate ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ is well suit$ to f[ls ( ! ,m$it]ranean class1 ! cold nev] be+ sev]e en\gh to affect _! l>ge combs4 ,h5ce ^! f[ls e>ly became v popul> ) f>m]s 9 ?is section1 b z !y 7 non-sitt]s1 ^? :o kept !m _h to keep h5s ( ano!r bre$ to hat* & re> ! *ick5s4 ,:5 an incubator factory 0 e/abli%$ at ,petaluma1 ,cali=nia1 ! f>m]s 9 t vic9ity began to use incubators1 & "s small egg f>ms grew up 9 ! t[n4 ,:ite ,leghorns 7 kept almo/ exclusively4 ,be=e long ! egg indu/ry "h _h gr[n to su* proportions t x 0 ! mo/ important local indu/ry1 & ! di/rict became celebrat$ z a c5t] ( egg production4 ,al?\gh ! product is diff]5t1 & a diff]5t type ( f[l is us$1 ! conditions at ,petaluma closely resemble ^? 9 ! roa/]-gr[+ di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,! special egg f>ms are small1 ea* conta9+ f five to t5 acres4 ,! h\ses = ! lay+ h5s are l>g] ?an ! colony h\ses us$ 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 & are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 ea* gr\p conta9+ ab\t five hundr$ h5s4 ,! egg f>m]s gr[ _! own pullets b1 z a rule1 d n bre$ or hat* !m4 ,! hat*+ is done by cu/om hat*]ies1 ! eggs com+ f flocks ( ,:ite ,leghorns on f>ms t d n specialize 9 p\ltry b keep a flock ( ,leghorns "u m favorable conditions ?an exi/ on ! egg f>ms4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,massa*usetts di/rict1 ! bad effects ( int5sive me?ods are r$uc$ = a "t1 because ! f[ls affect$ by !m are n us$ = reproduction4 ,,p\ltry ,,fanci]s' ,,f>ms ,a l>ge proportion ( p\ltry fanci]s are city p :o h v little room = _! f[ls4 ,"s h no room at all = gr[+ *ick5s1 al?\gh1 by giv+ !m ! be/ ( c>e1 !y c keep a small flock ( adult birds 9 fair condition4 ,su* fanci]s h to f9d f>m]s to gr[ *ick5s = !m4 ,?is is n s easy z is commonly suppos$1 = ! f>m]s :o are suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 p\ltry to give !m ! c>e requir$ to make good exhibition birds usually want to give _! own birds all ! "t !y c sp>e = "w ) p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,y>ds ( a small p\ltry fanci] ,s x happ5s t1 aft] a few ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 keep+ f9e f[ls 9 close qu>t]s1 an amateur fanci] almo/ always wants to move to a f>m :]e he c gr[ m & bett] *ick5s4 ,a small f>m ne> a city suits ! av]age fanci] be/1 because1 :5 s situat$1 he c cont9ue 8 regul> "w & look aft] 8 p\ltry 9 leisure "t4 ,fanci]s g5]ally use h\ses ) _m p5s "u "o ro(1 because1 ev5 :5 !y h only "o v>iety1 ! diff]5t mat+s mu/ be kept sep>ate dur+ ! bre$+ season1 ! adult males mu/ be kept sep>ate at all times1 & valuable h5s _c be kept 9 l>ge flocks except :5 damage to plumage may be rem$i$ be=e !y are to be exhibit$ or sold4 ,a fanci] w keep only five or six birds1 & sometimes only two or ?ree1 :]e a utility p\ltry keep] w\ld keep a doz54 ,if ! y>ds connect+ ) ! p5s 9 ! h\ses are small1 he w arrange s t ea* lot ( f[ls may h access to a l>ge y>d daily or on alt]nate days4 ,9 e way practicable ! exp]i5c$ fanci] arranges to give 8 f[ls all ! advantages ( natural conditions1 :ile isolat+ !m z completely z is necess>y to keep ea* individual 9 p]fect condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,l>ge fancy-p\ltry f>m ,p\ltry f>ms t 7 />t$ z int5sive m>ket-p\ltry or egg f>ms are sometimes conv]t$ into fancy-p\ltry f>ms4 ,?is is v likely to be ! case if ?or\ghbr$ /ock is us$ & ! own] becomes skillful z a bre$]4 ,if he c bre$ f[ls ( a quality to comm& high prices1 he may be able to produce en\gh ( !m on a small f>m to make a v good liv+1 :5 x w\ld be v mu* h>d]1 or p]haps impossible1 to make ! f>m pr(itable ) ord9>y /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,gr[+ *icks 9 a fanci]'s y>d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,"y /ock 9 cornfield on a fanci]'s f>m ,:ile f>m]s usually c>e m = horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & hogs1 _m become int]e/$ 9 p\ltry1 & if !y are natural fanci]s & good bus9ess m51 x (t5 happ5s t ! gr[+ ( fancy p\ltry becomes "o ( ! mo/ important indu/ries on ! f>m4 ,_m wom5 on f>ms become int]e/$ 9 fancy p\ltry1 & "s become v skillful bre$]s & exhibitors4 ,a f>m]-fanci]'s p\ltry plant is usually a comb9ation ( ext5sive & int5sive me?ods4 ,"s build+s ) small comp>tm5ts mu/ be provid$1 b all except ! *oice/ birds c be manag$ j l ! ord9>y f[ls on a f>m :]e arrangem5ts are made ) a view to giv+ !m ! full advantage ( ! good conditions :i* ! place af=ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,summ] qu>t]s = p\ltry4 7,photograph f ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,college at ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,to a novice 9 fancy-p\ltry culture ! numb] ( *ick5s gr[n by exp]t fanci]s seems v small = ! equipm5t & ! l& us$1 b ! old fanci] has le>n$ 9 ! co/ly s*ool ( competition1 by ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( defeat1 t 9 gr[+ exhibition p\ltry x pays to give ! birds a great deal m room1 bo? indoors & outdoors1 ?an is ne$$ simply to get quick gr[? & good size4 ,elegance ( =m1 dep? & brilliance ( color1 & ! indef9able qualities ( /yle & f9i% t di/+ui% ! high-class exhibition f[l are obta9$ 9 a mu* l>g] proportion ( birds :5 !y are giv5 a great deal m room ?an !y app>5tly ne$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ducks ,ducks rank next to f[ls 9 economic importance4 ,if !re 7 no f[ls1 dome/ic ducks w\ld probably be z num]\s z f[ls are n[1 = x is mu* easi] to produce eggs & meat f ducks ?an f any kn[n species ( gall9ace\s bird except ! f[l4 ,to mo/ p :o are n accu/om$ to eat+ !m1 nei!r ! fle% nor ! eggs ( ducks seem q z palatable z ! fle% & eggs ( f[ls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p accu/om$ to eat+ fat ducks & ! eggs ( ducks1 :i* conta9 a mu* high] p]c5tage ( fat ?an h5s' eggs1 (t5 consid] ! fle% & eggs ( f[ls r insipid4 ,! fea!rs ( ducks are m valuable comm]cially ?an ^? ( f[ls b are n correspond+ly pr(itable to ! produc]1 because ducks are mu* h>d] to pluck4 ,description4 ,common ducks are ab\t ! same size z common f[ls4 ,! improv$ bre$s v>y greatly 9 size b d n pres5t su* extremes ( size & div]sity ( =m z are f\nd 9 ! races ( f[ls4 ,z ! duck 9 a /ate ( nature lives mu* ^u ! wat]1 its =m is at ne>ly e po9t diff]5t f ! typical =m ( ! f[l4 ,! duck is usually describ$ z boat-%ap$1 b1 :ile ?is is a good description1 x w\ld be m correct to say t a boat is duck-%ap$4 ,! duck 0 ! natural model = ! fir/ build]s ( boats4 ,! bills ( ducks are l>ge1 r flat1 & broad at ! tip4 ,! species to :i* mo/ ( our dome/ic ducks belong has no head ornam5ts correspond+ to ! comb & wattles ( ! f[l4 ,!re is "o v>iety ( ?is species :i* has a topknot1 or cre/4 ,! ,muscovy ,duck1 :i* is ( a diff]5t species1 has a b>e face ) a c>unculat$ r$ sk94 ,! plumage ( ducks is v s(t & d5se1 =m+ a ?ick cov]+ :i*1 :5 ! fea!rs are 9 a natural position1 is imp5etrable to wat] & s p]fect a protection f w9d & cold t h>dy ducks are q indiff]5t to ke5 w9ds & l[ temp]atures1 &1 if left to !mselves1 r>ely seek %elt] 9 w9t]4 ,dur+ a heavy sn[fall !y w get "u cov] to escape be+ buri$ 9 ! sn[4 ,at o!r times !y seem q z com=table on sn[ & ice z on ! gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sights ( ! p\ltry y>d is to see a duck sit d[n on ! sn[ or ice :5 ! temp]ature is bel[ z]o1 draw up its feet & "w !m into ! fea!rs at ! side ( its body until !y are completely cov]$1 tuck its bill into ! fea!rs ( its back until only ! no/rils & a little ( ! base ( ! bill are expos$1 & rema9 ?is way ?r\gh ! colde/ nights r ?an g a few feet to a com=table h\se ) w>m b$d+ on ! floor4 ,be+ bett] adapt$ to cold ?an f[ls1 !y are1 z w\ld be expect$1 mu* m susceptible to heat & suff] greatly 9 hot summ] wea!r if expos$ to ! sun or kept :]e !re is n a good circulation ( air4 ,! tails ( ducks are %ort1 spread lat]ally1 & are usually fold$ close & c>ri$ ) ! tip a little high] ?an ! base4 ,! legs are v %ort1 comp>atively sl5d]1 & weak4 ,mo/ ducks walk awkw>dly & fall d[n & fl\nd] ab\t helplessly :5 !y try to run4 ,! legs ( a duck are s weak t x is n safe to cat* or h&le !m by ! legs1 z f[ls are usually caught & h&l$4 ,x is v easy to break or dislocate ! leg ( a duck 9 ?is way4 ,h5ce1 ! usual me?od is to cat* & c>ry !m by ! neck1 :i* is v /rong4 ,mo/ p]sons :o are n us$ to h&l+ ducks are afraid ( *ok+ !m by grasp+ ! neck firmly1 b !re is v little dang] ( ?is4 ,! feet ( a duck are webb$ betwe5 ! =w>d toes1 :i* makes !m m s]viceable z paddles 9 swimm+4 ,!y are n suit$ to p]*+4 ,!re is a wild tree duck1 & x is said t ! dome/ic ,muscovy ,duck sometimes alights 9 trees or on objects above ! gr\nd1 b ! famili> k9ds ( ducks re/ only on ! surface ( ! l& or on ! wat]4 ,al?\gh ! males av]age a little l>g]1 ! male & female ( ! same /ock are usually ne>] ! same size ?an 9 gall9ace\s birds4 ,! only m>ks by :i* sex c be di/+ui%$ 9 all ducks are ! voice & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! small curl$ fea!rs on ! tail :i* *>act]ize ! males4 ,9 p>ty-color$ v>ieties ! color m>k+s ( ! male & female are sometimes diff]5t4 ,! quack ( ! duck is ! note ( ! female2 ! male makes a v subdu$ simil> s\nd1 comp>+ ) x z a ho>se :isp] comp>es ) ! natural tones ( ! human voice4 ,! duck d]ives its ,engli% "n f its habit ( duck+ its head into ! wat] 9 se>* ( food at ! bottom ( ! %all[ wat]s1 :i* x pref]s4 ,! t]m duck is appli$ to males & females collectively1 & also to ! female z di/+ui%$ f ! male4 ,! male is call$ a drake4 ,! "n drake is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f an ,old ,g]man ^w mean+ ! *ief duck4 ,any "o :o is famili> ) ! habits ( ducks w see at once ! appropriat5ess ( ! t]m4 ,ducks (t5 m>* 9 s+le file1 & :5 !y d s1 all ! drakes 9 a gr\p g fir/1 ! ducks foll[+ !m1 usually ) a little space betwe54 ,s if !re is only "o male1 he m>*es a little ahead ( 8 flock1 l a comm&]4 ,"y ducks are call$ duckl+s1 ! "n be+ appli$ to bo? sexes4 ,9 our language !re are no special t]ms apply+ to a "y duck & a "y drake z di/+ui%$ f adult birds4 ,orig94 ,useful dome/ic ducks are ( two species4 ,all ! bre$s ( ?is class1 except ! ,muscovy ,duck1 are d]iv$ f ! wild ,mall>d ,duck1 specim5s ( :i* are /ill frequ5tly captur$ & dome/icat$4 ,! ,mall>d takes v readily to dome/ication4 ,al?\gh 9 ! wild /ate x is a migratory bird1 9 dome/ication x soon becomes too heavy to fly f>4 ,aft] a few g5]ations 9 dome/ication x becomes z l>ge z common dome/ic /ock1 loses its p[] ( flight1 & _c be di/+ui%$ f /ock t has be5 dome/icat$ = c5turies4 ,mall>d ,ducks captur$ 9 ! wild /ate & kept 9 captivity h be5 kn[n to lay f eighty to "o hundr$ eggs 9 a season1 :i* is z _m z ! av]age dome/ic duck lays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,dome/icat$ ,mall>d ,ducks1 ,brook ,view ,f>m1 ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts ,:5 ducks 7 fir/ dome/icat$ is n kn[n4 ,! figure ( a duck 0 us$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,egyptian hi]oglyphics4 ,z ! ,mall>d is widely di/ribut$ & s easily tam$1 & z dome/ic ducks ( ! same type 7b app>5tly n relat$ 9 dome/ication7 are f\nd 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 x is pla9 t ! di/ribution ( dome/ic ducks has be5 less dep5d5t ^u ! movem5ts ( ! human race ?an ! di/ribution ( ! f[l4 ,:]ev] at any "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w male & female wild ,mall>ds happ5$ to be caught & kept 9 captivity1 a dome/ic race might be develop$4 ,a mission>y :o w5t to ,africa 9 #ahhe & work$ among ! ,bakubas--a p m ?an a ?\s& miles f ! we/ coa/ ( ! cont95t--report$ t he f\nd !re su* little mongrel f[ls z are common else:]e 9 ,africa1 & a local race ( dome/ic ducks v>i$ 9 color z are ! common ducks ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 b z l>ge z ! ,r\5 & ,pek9 ducks4 ,! ,bakubas _h _h s little int]c\rse ) civiliz$ peoples t x 0 n at all likely t an improv$ race ( ducks _h be5 introduc$ f ! outside _w1 & :atev] possibility ( t might be suppos$ to exi/1 ! fact t ! ducks ( ?is c\ntry1 l ! dome/ic quadrup$s1 7 dumb indicates t !y are a di/9ct & v old dome/ic race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,color$ ,muscovy ,ducks4 7,photograph by ,e4 ,j4 ,hall7 ,x is wor? not+ 9 ?is connection t ! mission>y1 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,%epp>d1 f\nd x ! accept$ op9ion among ?is savage p t1 by a process ( natural selection1 ! "* ( dumbness _h be5 acquir$ by ! dome/ic animals1 to :i* x gave a measure ( protection f wild enemies 9 ! =e/ ar\nd !m4 ,x seems wond]ful t ! !ory ( evolution 0 f\nd out by su* p be=e x 0 develop$ by mod]n sci5ti/s4 ,! common duck4 ,l ! ord9>y mongrel f[l1 ! common duck 7sometimes call$ ! puddle duck1 because1 :5 x _c f9d wat] else:]e1 x appe>s to be p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! fil?ie/ puddles7 is mu* ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & is a v inf]ior bird 9 comp>ison ) ducks ( ! improv$ races4 ,common ducks are usually v sl[ gr[]s & weigh at maturity f ?ree to f\r p\nds ea*4 ,z a rule !y are v indiff]5t lay]s1 lay+ only 9 ! spr+4 ,!y are ( v>i\s colors4 ,improv$ races4 ,ne>ly all our improv$ races ( ducks are ( =eign orig94 ,at ! p\ltry exhibition at ,bo/on 9 #ahdi ! only k9ds exhibit$ 7 ! ,aylesbury1 ! ,muscovy1 & ! ornam5tal ,wood ducks4 ,! ,aylesbury ,duck is a l>ge :ite duck develop$ z a local v>iety 9 ! vale ( ,aylesbury1 9 ,engl&4 ,x has a fle%-color$ bill1 & legs ( a pale orange color4 ,al?\gh ! favorite m>ket duck 9 ,engl&1 & e>ly kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 x nev] became a favorite "h4 ,! ,muscovy ,duck is1 z has be5 /at$1 ( a diff]5t species f our o!r useful bre$s4 ,x is a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica & is suppos$ to h be5 tak5 to ,europe 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 probably br\ght to ,nor? ,am]ica f ,europe less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x diff]s f ducks ( ,mall>d orig9 9 sev]al o!r p>ticul>s besides ! nak$ head ) its bright-r$1 c>unculat$ sk94 ,! male is v mu* l>g] ?an ! female4 ,! tail is long] & m depress$4 ,!re is an entire abs5ce ( r$ pigm5t 9 ! plumage4 ,! natural color is black & :ite1 unev5ly di/ribut$4 ,?is v>iety is call$ ! ,color$ ,muscovy ,duck4 ,_m specim5s are ne>ly black4 ,! ,:ite ,muscovy ,duck is an alb9o v>iety4 ,by cross+ ^! two v>ieties a blue v>iety is sometimes obta9$1 b1 al?\gh ,blue ,muscovy ,ducks h be5 made at v>i\s times1 fanci]s h nev] tak5 en\gh int]e/ 9 !m to enc\rage ! orig9ators to cont9ue _! bre$+4 ,! ,r\5 ,duck takes its "n f ! t[n ( ,r\51 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 ?\gh ! type seems to h be5 common ov] q a l>ge area & n peculi> to ! vic9ity ( t t[n4 ,x is l ! ,mall>d 9 color1 & is j su* a duck z by good c>e & selection = size might be develop$ at any "t f common ducks ( t color4 ,r\5 ,ducks are said to h be5 well kn[n 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 !y 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry is n kn[n4 ,al?\gh = a long "t !y h be5 famili> to ^? :o att5d p\ltry %[s1 & h be5 widely di/ribut$ 9 small numb]s1 !y h nev] be5 ext5sively br$ because ! ,r\51 hav+ d>k plumage1 is n desirable = ! production ( "y ducks = m>ket4 ,:5 mature x dresses clean & ! quality ( its fle% is unsurpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,r\5 ,ducks1 ,brook ,view ,f>m1 ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts ,! ,cayuga ,duck is an improv$ black duck develop$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ,cayuga ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,"s e>ly acc\nts ( its orig9 /at$ t x 0 a dome/icat$ wild black duck1 b x is mu* m reasonable to suppose t x 0 develop$ by selection f black & ne>ly black common ducks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,flock ( ,pek9 ,ducks ,! ,:ite ,pek9 ,duck is a ,*9ese bre$ closely resembl+ ! ,aylesbury ,duck ( ,engl&4 ,x has an orange-yell[ bill & legs4 ,no l>ge ducks ( o!r colors ?an :ite h ev] be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry or to ,europe f ,*9a4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 ! importations f ,*9a to ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates consi/$ ( only a few birds & 7 made ab\t #ahgb-ahge4 ,in=mation ab\t ^! is n v def9ite4 ,! mo/ commonly accept$ v]sion is t !y 7 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #ahgd & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,engl& 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 b "s acc\nts say t bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica receiv$ !m direct 9 #ahgc1 & "o acc\nt places ! fir/ importation to ,engl& 9 #ahgb4 ,! exact tru? is n ( importance 9 su* a matt]1 b ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! rem>kable developm5ts 9 duck culture :i* foll[$ ! arrival ( ?is bre$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w naturally wi% to "k ! facts4 ,all acc\nts agree t !re 7 only a few ducks br\ght f ,*9a4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,pek9 became q popul> at once4 ,x 0 h>di] & m prolific ?an ! ,aylesbury1 & 0 us$ l>gely 9 outcrosses1 to give vigor to ,aylesbury /ock4 ,9 ,am]ica x became imm5sely popul> 9 a few ye>s4 ,x 0 f\nd to be rem>kably well adapt$ to int5sive me?ods ( p\ltry keep+1 & l>ge duck f>ms 7 built up2 "s ( ^! made v l>ge pr(its = long p]iods ( ye>s4 ,! ,indian ,runn] ,duck is a small1 active duck :i* orig9at$ long ago z ! common duck on ! mead[s ( c]ta9 m>%y di/ricts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! peasants ( ^! di/ricts compell$ _! ducks to =age = _! food1 & s develop$ ducks ) a m upright c>riage & /rong] legs ?an ! o!r races4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s ^! ducks are ( all colors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,indian ,runn] ,ducks4 7,photograph f own]1 ,clayton ,ball>d1 ,:ite ,p9e1 ,t5nessee7 ,ducks ( ?is type1 9 color :ite ) fawn-color$ m>k+s1 7 introduc$ to p\ltry fanci]s 9 ,engl& 9 #ahic or #ahid z ,indian ,runn] ,ducks4 ,x 0 said t !y _h be5 fir/ br\ght f ,india to ,cumb]l& fifty or sixty ye>s be=e1 & t ev] s9ce t "t !y _h be5 br$ pure by a few bre$]s & m or less mix$ ) ! common /ock ( t section by _m o!rs4 ,! /ory ( _! hi/ory 9 ,engl& is mu* m plausible ?an t ( _! orig9 9 ,india4 ,:5 ! bre$ 0 %[n on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe x 0 at once recogniz$ by fanci]s !re z an improv$ v>iety ( a common duck4 ,comp>$ ) o!r ducks ! ,indian ,runn] is a rem>kable lay]1 b x does n1 z _m admir]s ( ! bre$ claim1 surpass f[ls 9 egg production1 & ! m>ket = duck eggs is s limit$ t x is easily ov]/ock$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,flock ( ,:ite ,indian ,runn] ,ducks4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,blue ,sw$i% ,ducks & ,buff ,orp+ton ,ducks are simply color v>ieties ( an improv$ type ( ! common duck4 ,!re are sev]al o!r q well-m>k$ v>ieties 9 ,europe t h n be5 se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ornam5tal ducks4 ,! ornam5tal ducks ( ! same species z ! common duck1 & d]iv$ ei!r f common ducks or directly f ! ,mall>d1 are ! ,ea/ ,india ,duck1 ! ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,gray ,call ,ducks1 & ! ,cre/$ ,:ite ,duck4 ,! ,call ,ducks are s nam$ because _! p]si/5t quack+ makes !m valuable = call+ wild ducks )9 range ( ! guns ( hunt]s1 & !y are mu* us$ z decoys4 ,!y are v small & 7 produc$ by dw>f+ common ducks4 ,! "n gray1 to describe ! color$ v>iety1 is mislead+4 ,! color is l t ( ! ,mall>d b ( a light] %ade4 ,"s ,mall>ds are q z gray z ! av]age ,gray ,call ,duck4 ,! ,black ,ea/ ,india ,duck is a dw>f black duck diff]+ s little f ! ,call ,ducks z to leave no d\bt1 9 ! m9d ( any "o acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( mak+ & nam+ bre$s ( p\ltry1 t1 l ! ,call ,ducks1 x is ( ,european orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,blue ,orp+ton ,ducks4 7,photograph f own]1 ,sunswick ,f>m1 ,pla9field1 ,new ,j]sey7 ,!re are _m ornam5tal ducks ( o!r species1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* are ! brilliantly color$ ,wood ,duck 7sometimes call$ ! ,c>ol9a ,duck7 & ! ,m&>9 ,duck1 :i*1 besides be+ gorge\sly color$1 has a peculi> cre/ & has "s ( ! fea!rs on its w+s oddly curv$ & spread1 giv+ x a s+ul> appe>ance4 ,specim5s ( ^! ducks are almo/ always to be se5 9 a collection ( fancy wat]f[l4 ,! ,wood ,duck is a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,m&>9 ,duck ( ,nor!rn ,*9a4 ,place ( ducks 9 dome/ication4 ,x has be5 /at$ t if !re 7 no f[ls1 ! duck w\ld make ! be/ sub/itute1 b z we h f[ls 9 great v>iety1 & z !y suit u bett] ?an ducks = ne>ly e purpose = :i* ei!r might be us$1 ducks are n (t5 kept 9 place ( f[ls4 ,small flocks ( ducks are kept 9 addition to a flock ( f[ls1 bo? on f>ms & by t[n p\ltry keep]s1 ei!r because ! own] likes to h !m ab\t or to add to ! v>iety ( p\ltry meat = home consumption4 ,! flocks ( ducks s kept are ( comp>atively little economic importance4 ,! ratio ( ducks to f[ls is only ab\t "o to fifty1 & ! ratio ( values ( ! products ( ^! two k9ds ( p\ltry is probably ne>] "o to "o hundr$4 ,b :5 p\ltry keep+ is made a special bus9ess1 duck gr[+ gives ! sure/ & ! l>ge/ pr(its1 because ducks c be gr[n 9 l>ge numb]s m easily ?an any o!r dome/ic animal4 ,! l>ge/ p]man5tly successful p\ltry f>ms 9 ! _w are ! great duck f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,black & ,:ite ,call ,ducks1 ,brook ,view ,f>m1 ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts ,to ! fanci]1 ducks are decid$ly less int]e/+ ?an f[ls1 n only because1 z has already be5 /at$1 !y pres5t few] sup]ficial *>act]s ^u :i* he c ex]cise 8 art1 b because !y are1 on ! :ole1 less intellig5t & less capable ( develop+ confid5ce 9 "o :o h&les !m4 ,f[ls are mu* easi] to h&le 9 ! way ! fanci] mu/ (t5 h&le 8 birds = ?or\gh exam9ation4 ,z a rule1 a f[l quickly le>ns t x is n go+ to be hurt1 & ! m x is h&l$ ! tam] x becomes4 ,"y ducks are almo/ /upidly fe>less ( ! p]son :o fe$s !m1 z long z he goes among !m )\t t\*+ !m1 b aft] he cat*es !m !y are z /upidly %y4 ,x takes v mu* m pati5ce to h&le ducks z a fanci] h&les birds ?an ! av]age human be+ possesses1 & s v few p f9d !m satisfactory = pets aft] !y cease to be a novelty4 ,p]haps if ! int]e/ 9 ! bre$+ ( ducks = exhibition 7 great]1 /ocks ( ducks t 7 free f ?is timidity c\ld gradually be develop$4 ,individual birds are (t5 f\nd :i* are n at all %y2 &1 z a rule1 p]si/5t selection = any quality w ev5tually make x a race *>act]i/ic4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,managem5t ,,( ,,ducks ,al?\gh ducks delight 9 ! wat] &1 :5 !y h an opportunity to d s1 sp5d a consid]able "p ( ! "t 9 x1 !y are (t5 kept v successfully :]e !y h no wat] except = dr9k+4 ,"s duck bre$]s1 :o h kept _! ducks = _m g5]ations )\t wat] 9 :i* !y c\ld swim1 h said t ! ducks lo/ all desire to swim1 & t birds ( su* /ock w\ld n g into ! wat] ev5 :5 !y _h ! opportunity to d s4 ,?is /atem5t greatly exagg]ates ! facts4 ,any "y duck1 no matt] h[ ! /ock f :i* x came has be5 kept1 w take to ! wat] z soon z x c run ab\t if x is giv5 access to wat] at t "t2 b if "y ducks are kept away f ! wat] until !y are sev]al weeks old1 & !n giv5 access to wat] 9 :i* !y c swim1 !y are (t5 z mu* afraid ( ! wat] z !y w\ld be ( any object to :i* !y 7 n accu/om$4 ,if !y rema9 ne> ! wat]1 h[ev]1 x w n be long be=e !y foll[ _! natural in/9ct to get into x4 ,hav+ once ent]$ ! wat]1 !y are imm$iately z mu* at home !re z if !y _h always kn[n ! pleasures ( life 9 t elem5t4 ,z comp>atively few p keep ducks1 & specialization 9 duck culture is mo/ly 9 ! l9e ( produc+ "y ducks = m>ket1 on a l>ge scale1 !re is n z mu* v>iety 9 me?ods ( manag+ ducks z 9 me?ods ( manag+ f[ls4 ,if ducks are expect$ to d ! be/ ( :i* !y are capable1 !y mu/ be giv5 a great deal ( att5tion4 ,:ile no bird w endure m neglect )\t appe>+ to suff]1 !re is none t w respond to good c>e m g5]\sly4 ,,small ,,flocks ,,on ,,t[n ,,lots ,numb]s4 ,! small flock ( ducks on a t[n lot is usually a v small flock1 kept m f curiosity & = a little v>iety 9 p\ltry keep+ ?an ) any def9ite purpose4 ,mo/ ( su* little flocks are compos$ ( a drake & f "o to five ducks4 ,:]e a l>g] flock is kept = ! eggs !y produce1 ! numb] r>ely exce$s fifte5 or tw5ty4 ,_m t[n p :o want to gr[ only a few ducks ea* ye> pref] n to keep any adult /ock1 b to buy a few eggs = hat*+ :5 !y want !m4 ,h\ses & y>ds4 ,ducks require ab\t ! same am\nts ( h\se & y>d room p] bird z f[ls4 ,:ile !y w /& cr[d+ bett] ?an any o!r k9d ( p\ltry1 !y appreciate an abundance ( room & good conditions1 & are m ?rifty :5 !y are n ov]cr[d$4 ,:]e !y c be all[$ to rema9 outdoors at night1 !y really ne$ no %elt] b a %$ l>ge en\gh to give !m %ade f ! sun on hot days & protection f h>d1 driv+ /orms4 ,on mo/ t[n lots1 h[ev]1 x is advisable to h !m indoors at night = protection f dogs & ?ieves4 ,also1 ! am\nt ( r\gh+ t !y l1 :ile n at all detrim5tal to !m1 is n conducive to e>ly lay+4 ,s mo/ duck keep]s pref] to h ! ducks h\s$ at night & 9 sev]e wea!r1 & give !m approximately ! same space t w\ld be giv5 to an equal numb] ( f[ls4 ,! floor ( ! h\se %\ld be litt]$ ) /raw1 hay1 or %av+s4 ,! object ( litt]+ ! floors ( duck h\ses is n to af=d !m ex]cise1 b to provide !m ) dry b$d+4 ,! dropp+s ( ducks are v wat]y1 & ! b$d+ mu/ be *ang$ (t5 en\gh to keep ! ducks clean4 ,x is cu/om>y to provide %all[ ne/ boxes1 plac+ !m on ! floor next ! wall1 pref]ably 9 a corn]4 ,! ducks are q z likely to leave _! eggs any:]e on ! floor1 or out 9 ! y>d 7if !y are let out be=e !y lay71 b ! ne/s are !re if !y want !m1 & _m w use ! ne/s regul>ly4 ,! only o!r furni%+s ne$$ are a fe$ tr\gh & a dr9k+ vessel1 b x is advisable to h a tub or a pan 9 :i* ! birds c take a ba?1 & to supply !m ) wat] 9 ?is once or twice a week4 ,! dr9k+ vessel mu/ be "o t !y _c get into1 = if !y c get into x !y w c]ta9ly d s4 ,an ord9>y wood5 wat] pail1 or a small butt] tub ) ! "p above ! upp] hoop saw$ (f1 makes a v satisfactory dr9k+ vessel = adult ducks4 ,x w hold en\gh wat] = ! ducks to p>tially wa% !mselves1 :i* !y d by dipp+ _! heads 9 ! wat] & !n rubb+ !m on _! bodies & w+s4 ,= ! regul> ba? = two or ?ree ducks "o ( ! l>ge/-siz$ ba? pans made = pigeons w d v well1 or an old wa%tub cut d[n to six or eight in*es deep may be us$4 ,= a flock ( eight or t5 ducks a good tub may be made f "o end ( a molasses hog%ead4 ,! ba? %\ld always be giv5 outdoors1 because x takes ! ducks only a few m9utes to spla% s mu* wat] out ( ! tub t ev]y?+ ar\nd x is ?or\ghly wet4 ,! dr9k+ wat] %\ld also be giv5 outdoors :5ev] ! h\ses are op54 ,z ! ducks ( ! bre$s usually kept c h>dly fly at all1 v l[ p>titions & f5ces w keep !m 9 _! qu>t]s1 b to keep o!r p\ltry or animals out ( _! y>ds x may be necess>y to build high] f5ces4 ,= ! heavi] bre$s1 l ! ,pek9 & ,r\51 f5ces are usually made f #ah in*es to #bd in*es high4 ,! ducks w r>ely attempt to g ov] ^!1 b occasionally a drake le>ns to climb a two-foot f5ce by us+ 8 bill1 w+s1 & toes1 & may !n manage to get ov] a high] f5ce4 ,= ! small1 light bre$s1 f5ces #c or #d feet high may be ne$$4 ,if _! y>d is on a slope & is l>ge en\gh to give !m a *ance to />t a flight high up on ! slope1 s t !y w rise above ! f5ce at ! l[] side1 x may be necess>y ei!r to put a v high f5ce on t side or to cov] ! y>d4 ,:ile ! f5ce = ducks ne$ n be ei!r high or /rong1 !re mu/ be no holes 9 x t a duck1 hav+ put its head ?r\gh1 c\ld by pressure enl>ge en\gh to let its body pass4 ,a piece ( wire nett+ t has begun to ru/ a little may be z good z ev] = f[ls = a long "t1 b if us$ = a duck f5ce x w be mo/ unsatisfactory1 because ! ducks w soon make _m holes 9 x4 ,if wire nett+ alone is us$1 x %\ld be fa/5$ to ! gr\nd ) pegs e ?ree or f\r feet4 ,fe$+4 ,! fe$+ ( ducks diff]s f ! fe$+ ( h5s 9 t ducks ne$ mo/ly s(t food1 & t1 if ! keep] wi%es to =ce gr[? or egg production1 !y may be f$ mu* l>g] proportions ( su* conc5trat$ foods z beef scraps & meat meals4 ,z has be5 /at$1 9 its natural /ate ! duck gets ! great] "p ( its food f ! wat]4 ,?is is all s(t food1 & ! bird swall[s a great deal ( wat] ) x4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 ne$ a l>ge crop 9 :i* to soak its food be=e x passes into ! gizz>d4 ,s ! crop ( ! duck is small--m]ely an enl>gem5t ( ! gullet4 ,"s ( ! old books on p\ltry say t ! duck has no crop1 b y c see by look+ at a duck t has j _h a full meal t ! food x has tak5 rema9s 9 ! passage1 sometimes fill+ x "r up to ! ?roat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,pek9 duckl+ six weeks old ,) a ma% 7j ! same z is giv5 to h5s7 morn+ & ev5+1 a cabbage to pick at1 pl5ty ( dr9k+ wat]1 & a supply ( oy/] %ell always be=e !m1 ducks w d v well4 ,if !y h no cabbage1 ab\t "o ?ird 7by bulk7 ( ! ma% %\ld be cut clov] or alfalfa4 ,:5 ! days are long1 x is a good plan to give !m a little crack$ corn or :ole :eat ab\t noon4 ,! wat] supply %\ld always be repl5i%$ j be=e fe$+1 = z soon z a duck has tak5 a few m\?fuls ( food ( any k9d1 x wants a dr9k ( wat]4 ,lay+ habits4 ,) ! exception ( ! ducks ( ! ,indian ,runn] type1 :i* lay "s eggs at o!r seasons1 z h5s d1 ducks usually lay v p]si/5tly = ab\t six mon?s1 & !n /op entirely = ab\t six mon?s4 ,occasionally ducks ( o!r bre$s lay a few eggs 9 ! autumn1 b ?is trait has n be5 develop$ 9 !m z x has 9 ! ,indian ,runn]4 ,if !y are com=tably h\s$ & well f$1 ,pek9 & ,r\5 ,ducks usually beg9 to lay 9 ,janu>y4 ,if !y are all[$ to expose !mselves to r\gh wea!r1 & are f$ indiff]5tly1 !y may n beg9 to lay until ,m>* or ,april4 ,:5 !y d beg91 !y usually lay mu* m /eadily ?an h5s until hot wea!r comes1 & !n gradually decrease _! production until by midsumm] !y h /opp$ altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,pek9 drake f\r mon?s old1 weigh+ n9e p\nds ,! eggs are usually laid v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,ducks (t5 lay be=e daylight & almo/ always lay be=e eight o'clock4 ,:5 a duck lays 9 a ne/1 %e is v likely to cov] ! egg ) ! ne/ mat]ial :5 %e leaves x4 ,a duck w (t5 make a ne/ & rema9 on x an h\r or m & !n g & drop h] egg some:]e else & pay no fur!r att5tion to x4 ,gr[+ duckl+s4 ,= a p\ltry keep] :o has only a little room x is mu* easi] to gr[ a few ducks ?an to gr[ an equal numb] ( *ick5s4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 ,"o is t ! duckl+s /& close conf9em5t bett] & are n s s5sitive to unsanit>y conditions2 ! o!r is t ducks ( ! improv$ bre$s gr[ mu* m quickly ?an *ick5s & are gr[n up be=e ! novelty ( c>+ = !m we>s (f & ! keep] tires ( giv+ ! close att5tion t "y p\ltry ne$ :5 gr[n "u su* conditions4 ,! ducks ( ! improv$ bre$s are mo/ly non-sitt]s4 ,unless "o has common ducks1 ,muscovy ,ducks1 ,r\5 ,ducks ) "s wild ,mall>d blood1 or ,mall>ds n long dome/icat$1 he is n likely to h a duck g broody1 & s small lots ( duck eggs are usually hat*$ "u h5s4 ,z duck eggs are l>g] ?an h5 eggs1 a small] numb] is giv5 to ! h54 ,elev5 m$ium-siz$ duck eggs are giv5 to a h5 t w\ld cov] ?irte5 h5 eggs4 ,if ! eggs are l>ge1 x is bett] to give su* a h5 only n9e4 ,! developm5t ( a f]tile duck egg t has a :ite or slightly t9t$ %ell c be se5 v pla9ly :5 ! egg is held be=e a light1 mu* e>li] ?an ! developm5t ( a h5 egg4 ,if ! %ell is gre5 & q d>k 9 color1 ! developm5t ( ! g]m may n %[ any bett] ?an 9 a br[n-%ell$ h5 egg4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is ab\t f\r weeks4 ,eggs are sometimes pick$ z e>ly z ! tw5ty-fif? day1 b usually on ! tw5ty-six? day4 ,z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ! duckl+ usually waits q a long "t aft] *ipp+ ! %ell be=e x completes ! process & em]ges4 ,9 a little duckl+ we f9d ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance to a reptile t is to be se5 among dome/ic birds4 ,x has a long1 s(t body1 a long neck1 %ort legs1 & a wriggl+ movem5t1 & sometimes1 :5 x is wriggl+ ?r\gh a small hole1 x looks v snakelike4 ,:ile !y are v small1 duckl+s are ! mo/ int]e/+ ( "y birds4 ,!y w g to ! wat] z soon z !y leave ! ne/4 ,dabbl+ 9 x w n hurt !m 9 ! lea/ if ! wea!r is pleasant1 if ! wat] is n cold1 & if !y c leave x :5 !y are tir$ & g to _! "m & get dry & w>m4 ,mu* ( ! pleasure ( gr[+ "y ducks is 9 wat*+ _! behavior 9 ! wat]4 ,= ?is purpose a l>ge pan or a small1 %all[ tub may be plac$ 9 _! coop4 ,x %\ld ei!r be sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 s t !y c get 9 & out easily1 or two %ort pieces ( bo>d %\ld be nail$ toge!r at su* an angle t !y w =m a little walk f ! gr\nd outside1 ov] ! edge ( ! vessel1 & to ! bottom inside4 ,?is walk enables ! duckl+s to get out if ! wat] gets s l[ t !y _c scramble f its surface ov] ! sides ( ! pan or tub4 ,! be/ way to tea* ! little ducks to use ! walk is to put a little pile ( sods or e>? beside ! vessel conta9+ ! wat]4 ,! ducks w le>n v quickly to g into ! wat] 9 ?is way1 & w soon f9d _! way out by ! bo>d walk4 ,aft] !y h come out by ! walk a few times1 !y w beg9 to g 9 by x4 ,x is v important to make sure t if "y ducks are giv5 wat] to play 91 !y c get out ( x easily4 ,_m :o h n _h exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ !m neglect ?is & feel v bad :5 "s ( _! duckl+s are dr[n$4 ,if prop] provision is made = ! safety ( ! duckl+s1 !y af=d a great deal ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s a little duck does :5 x gets into ! wat] is to g ?r\gh ! peculi> duck+ p]=mance t gives ! "n to its species4 ,! little fell[s duck _! heads to ! bottom1 & _! tails & feet g up into ! air :ile !y me*anically feel ) _! bills = ! food :i* in/9ct seems to sugge/ %\ld be !re4 ,!y play 9 ! wat]1 go+ ?r\gh all ! motions ( fe$+ 9 x4 ,if ! sun is w>m1 !y are z likely to lie d[n toge!r 9 ! sun :5 !y leave ! wat] z !y are to g to ! h5 to be brood$4 ,z !y lie on ! gr\nd !y (t5 turn "o eye t[>d ! sky & look /eadily upw>d1 z if !y knew intuitively t "o ( _! mo/ dang]\s natural enemies might appe> f t qu>t]4 ,9 e way !y comport !mselves j z old ducks d & n at all 9 ! ways ( _! h5 "m4 ,! "y ducks may be f$1 z ! old ones are1 on ma%1 b %\ld be f$ (t5]1 unless _! coops are :]e !y c eat all ! grass !y want & c get a great _m flies1 worms1 & insects4 ,!y are exp]t flycat*]s1 & if !re is any?+ 9 _! coop to attract flies1 !y w get a great _m ( !m4 ,"u su* conditions ?ree fe$s a day w be suffici5t4 ,if !y h no grass !y %\ld be f$ five times daily & %\ld be suppli$ ) t5d] gre5 food ( "s k9d4 ,= ! fir/ few days ! ma% giv5 !m %\ld h a little v f9e gravel or co>se s& mix$ ) x--ab\t a heap+ tablespoonful to a qu>t ( ma%4 ,at any "t aft] t :5 ! ducks seem dull & weak1 a little f9e gravel 9 ! ma% w usually tone !m up4 ,little ducks gr[ v fa/ & 9 a few weeks are entirely indep5d5t ( ! h54 ,at t5 or twelve weeks !y are fully fea!r$ & almo/ full-gr[n1 & are ready to be kill$ & eat5 z gre5 ducks4 ,,small ,,flocks ,,on ,,f>ms ,g5]al conditions4 ,! small flock ( ducks on ! f>m is usually mo/ pr(itable if x c be giv5 ! run ( a small pa/ure or or*>d :]e ! birds h good =ag+ & h access to a pond or /ream b _c w&] away4 ,ducks on ! f>m are (t5 all[$ to run ) o!r p\ltry4 ,?is may d v well if ! flocks ( all k9ds are small & c sep>ate :5 =ag+1 b z a rule x is bett] to put ! ducks :]e !y w be away f o!r p\ltry4 ,a small flock ( ducks prop]ly plac$ on a f>m %\ld require v little food & v little att5tion4 ,if possible ! birds %\ld be free at night1 because ! worms & grubs come to ! surface 9 greate/ abundance !n1 & !y c get z mu* 9 an h\r e>ly 9 ! morn+ z !y c 9 sev]al h\rs aft] ! sun is high4 ,! pr9cipal objections to leav+ !m out at night are t !y may be attack$ by animals t prey ^u !m1 & t ! ducks may lay _! eggs :]e !y are n easily f\nd4 ,! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! ducks has to use 8 judgm5t z to :e!r ! risks 9 8 case are s great t ! ducks %\ld be conf9$ at night4 ,:5 a flock ( ducks on a f>m has lib]ty to w&] at w1 x (t5 makes a great deal ( tr\ble1 because ducks are prone to /op = ! night :]ev] !y happ5 to be :5 !y h eat5 _! fill late 9 ! day4 ,fe$+4 ,if ! ducks are kept 9 until !y h laid1 !y %\ld h a little food :5 !y are let out4 ,x does n make mu* diff]5ce :at ?is is4 ,if a ma% is made = o!r p\ltry1 "s ( x may be giv5 to !m4 ,o!rwise1 a little :ole gra9 w make !m com=table until !y c pick up a m v>i$ breakfa/4 ,! be/ me?od ( fe$+ ! "y ducks w dep5d ^u ! conditions4 ,z a rule x is bett] to keep !m q close = ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks & fe$ !m well4 ,! ideal way is to coop !m on grass1 or 9 a g>d5 :]e !y c get a great deal ( gre5 food & worms4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way !y w get a bett] />t & w gr[ mu* fa/] & l>g] ?an if !y are all[$ to we> !mselves out by runn+ ab\t :ile small4 ,on a f>m :]e !re is no wat] ne> ! h\se1 b :]e !re is a /ream at a little di/ance1 ! "y ducks %\ld be s plac$ t !y _c make _! way to ?is /ream4 ,v small ducks at lib]ty w (t5 f9d _! way alone to wat] s f> f _! home t x 0 n suppos$ t !y c\ld locate x4 ,if !y h an opportunity to d s1 small ducks are mu* m likely ?an old] ones to w&] (f 9 se>* ( wat]1 & in/9ct seems to direct !m t[>d x4 ,aft] ! duckl+s are ?ree or f\r weeks old1 !y may be giv5 z mu* fre$om z old ducks4 ,unless natural food is v abundant1 !y %\ld be f$ "s gra9 = a :ile4 ,ducks gr[n 9 ?is way _c be sold to advantage z gre5 ducks4 ,at ?is /age ( gr[? !y _c be collect$ f small flocks & m>ket$ 9 condition to br+ ! prices paid = ^? f ! special duck f>ms1 & z x co/s ! f>m] little or no?+ to keep 8 ducks until mature1 x is usually m pr(itable = him to d s ?an to sell !m e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,duck f>ms at ,speonk1 ,long ,isl& ,on a f>m ne> a m>ket :]e !re is a good dem& = gre5 ducks x might pay v well to gr[ sev]al hundr$ a ye>4 ,on ?is scale ! me?ods %\ld be simil> to ^? us$ on ! special duck f>ms1 except t ! hat*+ might be done ) h5s4 ,x w\ld n d to let ! ducks run ab\t z recomm5d$ = /ock :i* is to be kept until mature1 because !n !y w\ld n be fat at ! age = kill+ !m4 ,,m>ket ,,duck ,,f>ms ,hi/ory4 ,! gr[+ ( ducks = ! ,new ,york ,city m>ket began on ,long ,isl& at a v e>ly /age ( specialization 9 p\ltry culture4 ,_m f>m]s !re produc$ a few hundr$ ducks = ?is m>ket ea* ye>1 & f\nd x v pr(itable4 ,z ! dem& increas$ !y tri$ to increase production to meet x1 b 7 unable to d ?is1 because !re 0 !n 9 ?is c\ntry no duck adapt$ to _! ne$s4 ,! ,aylesbury ,duck1 ! favorite table duck 9 ,engl&1 0 too delicate4 ,! only h>dy :ite duck t !y _h 0 ! ,:ite ,muscovy4 ,?is bre$ 0 n v satisfactory1 because ! females are mu* small] ?an ! males1 b !y _h to use :ite ducks1 = ! color$ ducks w n pick clean at ! age at :i* ducks c be m>ket$ mo/ pr(itably2 s !y did ! be/ !y c\ld ) ! ,:ite ,muscovy ,duck1 "u ! re/rictions plac$ ^u _! op]ations by ! difficulty ( gett+ broody h5s4 ,:ile ! indu/ry 0 mo/ly on ,long ,isl&1 !re 7 duck gr[]s "h & !re on ! ma9l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york & also ne> ,bo/on1 b !re 7 no duck f>ms ( any importance 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,view f ! w9dmill t[] 9 ,fig4 #acb ,:5 ! ,:ite ,pek9 ,ducks 7 br\ght f ,*9a1 & reports ( _! h>d9ess1 prolificacy1 & rapid gr[? 7 circulat$1 ! duck gr[]s 7 at fir/ v skeptical1 b !y soon le>n$ t ! reports :i* !y _h suppos$ 7 greatly exagg]at$ 7 lit]ally true4 ,!n e duck gr[] _h to h ,pek9 ,ducks4 ,! production increas$ v mu* aft] ! introduction ( ! ,pek9 ,duck1 b ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry 0 /ill ret>d$ by ! impossibility ( gett+ all ! h5s t 7 ne$$ to hat* ! eggs4 ,sev]al incubators _h be5 inv5t$1 :i* hat*$ v well = ^? :o _h ! skill to op]ate !m1 b :i*1 9 ! h&s ( unskill$ op]ators1 spoil$ mo/ ( ! eggs plac$ 9 !m4 ,ab\t #ahij appe>$ ! fir/ incubators ) automatic regulators t really work$ s t ! ord9>y p]son c\ld manage ! ma*9es successfully4 ,"o ( ! ,new ,engl& duck gr[]s :o _h inv5t$ ! be/ ( ! ma*9es us$ be=e ?is "t 0 already gr[+ duckl+s on q a l>ge scale4 ,on ,long ,isl&1 :]e mo/ ( ! duck f>ms 7 locat$1 ! f>m]s 7 h>d to conv9ce ( ! sup]iority ( incubators = _! "w4 ,inde$1 ! only way t !y c\ld be conv9c$ 0 by practical demon/rations "r on _! own f>ms4 ,! fir/ incubators us$ !re 7 ma*9es set up on trial by a manufactur] :o _h inv5t$ an incubator :i* 0 v easy to op]ate4 ,?is man w5t to ! duck gr[+ di/rict1 plac$ ma*9es on v>i\s f>ms1 & w5t f f>m to f>m daily to att5d to !m1 until ! f>m]s 7 fully conv9c$ t ! ma*9es w\ld d :at 0 claim$ = !m4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! artificial me?od _h displac$ hat*+ ) h5s on ! comm]cial duck f>ms1 & ! bus9ess 0 gr[+ amaz+ly4 ,)9 t5 ye>s !re 7 _m f>ms produc+ f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj ducks a ye>1 & a few produc+ f #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj4 ,"o man on ,long ,isl&1 :o op]at$ two f>ms a few miles ap>t1 sometimes grew #hj1jjj ducks 9 a season4 ,^? :o 7 successful on a l>ge scale became mod]ately ri*4 ,)\t exception ! successful duck f>ms h be5 built up f small beg9n+s by m5 :o _h v little capital to />t )4 ,"s ( ^! f>ms h be5 op]at$ on a l>ge scale = tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,h\se & y>ds = bre$+ /ock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,brood] h\se = "y duckl+s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,fatt5+ %$s & y>ds ,,views ,,( ,,web] ,,bro!rs' ,,duck ,,f>m1 ,,wr5?am1 ,,massa*usetts ,z w\ld be expect$1 ! success ( ! big duck f>ms has l$ _m p ) l>ge capital to und]take to e/abli% duck f>ms on a /ill l>g] scale4 ,b ^! und]tak+s d n la/ long1 because x is practically impossible to secure = su* a plant an organization z effici5t z "o develop$ by ! own] ( a plant :i* has gr[n f small beg9n+s "u 8 own managem5t4 ,description4 ,a l>ge duck f>m is a v int]e/+ place at any "t1 b is mo/ int]e/+ at ! height ( ! gr[+ season1 :5 all ! op]ations 9 ! bus9ess are go+ on at ! same "t4 ,! total numb] ( birds on a f>m at any "t is v mu* less ?an ! product = ! season1 because ! fir/ ducks hat*$ w h gone to m>ket be=e ! eggs :i* produce ! la/ are laid1 b 9 flocks ( m ?an #aj1jjj ! impression on ! visitor is mu* ! same1 no matt] :at ! numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,duck h\se & y>ds on sea%ore1 ,fi%]s ,isl&1 ,new ,york ,duck f>ms are ( two types3 ^? locat$ on /reams or inlets h ! y>ds = all b ! smalle/ ducks p>tly 9 ! wat]2 ! inl& duck f>ms1 on :i* ! "y ducks gr[n = m>ket are giv5 no wat] except = dr9k+4 ,"s ( ! inl& f>ms give ! bre$+ /ock access to /reams & ponds only dur+ ! molt+ season1 :5 !y c be all[$ to run 9 l>ge flocks & a small area ( wat] w s]ve = all4 ,= a "t aft] ! l>ge inl& duck f>ms 7 fir/ e/abli%$ x 0 claim$ by _m t ducks grew fa/] :5 n all[$ to swim ?an !y did :5 all[$ to foll[ _! natural incl9ation to play 9 ! wat]4 ,no d\bt "s ducks :i* 7 9 dry y>ds grew bett] ?an "s hav+ access to l>ge bodies ( wat]1 & on ! :ole z good ducks 7 gr[n on ! inl& f>ms z on ^? ne> ! wat]1 b x has long be5 kn[n t x is mu* easi] to manage ! ducks :5 !y h wat] 9 _! y>ds4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 9 ! fir/ place1 !y are mu* m cont5t$ 9 ! wat]2 9 ! second place1 !y feel v mu* saf] on ! wat] :5 any?+ al>ms !m1 & w keep quiet on x :51 if !y c\ld n retreat to ! wat]1 !y w\ld ru% ab\t 9 a panic & _m w\ld be injur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,qu>t]s = bre$+ /ock on an inl& duck f>m4 ,swimm+ tanks 9 ! y>ds ,ducks are v timid & easily panic-/rick54 ,! duck gr[] has to take e possible precaution to gu>d aga9/ di/urbances ( ?is k9d1 because ducks are s easily injur$1 & ev5 if !y are n hurt1 a sudd5 fright w make !m %r9k a great deal 9 weight4 ,visitors :o come m]ely out ( curiosity are n desir$ on duck f>ms at any "t1 & none b ^? famili> ) ! h&l+ ( ducks are ev] all[$ to g ab\t ! f>m )\t a guide :o w see t ! ducks are n di/urb$4 ,_m visitors ?9k t ?is is unreasonable1 b ! duck gr[] kn[s t ! m]e pres5ce ( a /rang] excites ! ducks1 & t a p]son walk+ ab\t might put a flock 9 a panic :i* w\ld at once ext5d to o!r flocks1 simply because he 0 n famili> en\gh ) ! ways ( ducks to detect ! signs ( panic 9 a flock :i* he 0 approa*+1 & to /& /ill until !y 7 quiet1 or move v sl[ly until he _h pass$ !m4 ,if a /rang]1 walk+ betwe5 y>ds :]e !re 7 five ?\s& ducks fatt5+1 made an unconsci\s movem5t t set ! ducks 9 motion1 ! loss to ! gr[] c\ld h>dly be less ?an f five to t5 doll>s1 & might be v mu* m4 ,:]e su* little ?+s c cause s mu* tr\ble & loss1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure may lie 9 prev5t+ !m4 ,on a duck plant ) a capacity ( #ej1jjj ducks ev]y?+ is on a big scale4 ,al?\gh ducks w /& m cr[d+ ?an o!r k9ds ( p\ltry1 x takes a l>ge f>m = s _m4 ,! build+s w cov] _m ?\s&s ( squ>e feet ( l& &1 ?\gh ( ! *eape/ sub/antial /ructure1 w repres5t an inve/m5t ( fifte5 or tw5ty ?\s& doll>s4 ,incubators1 appliances1 bre$+ /ock1 & supplies on h& w am\nt to ab\t z mu*4 ,! incubator cell> w be sev]al times z l>ge z ! cell> "u ! ord9>y dwell+ h\se4 ,be=e ! s-call$ mammo? incubators 7 made1 ! l>ge/-siz$ ma*9es heat$ ) lamps 7 us$ on all duck f>ms1 & an incubator cell> w\ld sometimes conta9 z _m z sev5ty incubators hav+ a capacity ( f #bjj to #cjj eggs ea*4 ,n[ _m ( ! l>ge f>ms use ! mammo? incubators1 ) a capacity ( f #fjjj to #ah1jjj eggs ea*4 ,^! mammo? incubators are really s]ies ( small egg *amb]s s arrang$ t ! entire s]ies is heat$ by pipes com+ f a hot-wat] heat]1 in/ead ( ea* *amb] hav+ an indep5d5t lamp heat] z 9 ! small1 or individual1 ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,fe$+ "y ducks on f>m ( ,w4 ,r4 ,curtiss ,co41 ,ransomville1 ,new ,york ,z ne>ly all k9ds ( supplies are b\ght by ! c>load1 & z /ocks mu/ be kept up s t !re w be no possibility ( runn+ %ort ( food/uffs1 a great deal ( space is requir$ = /orage4 ,l>ge quantities ( ice are ne$$ to cool ! dress$ ducks be=e %ipp+ !m to m>ket1 s ! f>m mu/ h its own ice h\ses & /ore its own supply ( ice 9 ! w9t]4 ,= "s ye>s aft] duck f>ms grew to su* l>ge proportions1 ! mix+ ( ma% 0 all done by h&1 ) %ovels4 ,(t5 "o man 0 kept busy all day long mix+ ma%1 & v h>d "w x 04 ,n[ ! m5 on ! l>ge f>ms mix ! food 9 big d\gh mix]s1 su* z are us$ by bak]s1 & "w t w\ld take a man an h\r is done 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 "s sections ! kill+ & dress+ ( ! ducks is done by m5 ) :om duck pick+ is a trade at :i* !y "w dur+ its season4 ,9 o!rs ! kill+ is done by m51 b ! pick]s are wom5 liv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! f>m1 :o c be secur$ = ?is "w :5ev] !y are ne$$4 ,a f>m t m>kets #ej1jjj ducks 9 a season w keep a l>ge =ce ( pick]s busy ! great] "p ( ! "t = _m mon?s4 ,q a l>ge build+ is requir$ to provide room = ! pick]s to "w 91 = tanks = cool+ #ejj or m ducks at once1 = space = ! m5 :o pack !m1 & = l(ts = dry+ ! fea!rs be=e !y are sold4 ,?is dry+ process mu/ be us$ :e!r ! birds are dry-pick$ or are scald$ be=e ! fea!rs are remov$4 ,wat] on fea!rs dries quickly1 b ! oil 9 ! quills dries v sl[ly4 ,! fea!rs f "o duck are wor? only a few c5ts1 & :]e small numb]s are gr[n ! fea!rs are h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( sav+ & cur+4 ,on a l>ge plant ! total product ( fea!rs = a season am\nts to sev]al ?\s& doll>s1 & x pays to provide facilities = tak+ prop] c>e ( !m4 ,aft] ! crop ( ducks on an inl& f>m is m>ket$1 ! f5ces mu/ be remov$ & ! l& pl[$ & s[$ ) w9t] rye4 ,?is crop is us$ ext5sively = ?is purpose1 because x is a gross fe$] & takes ! impurities f ! soil v fa/1 & also furni%es a good supply ( gre5 food = ! /ock ducks dur+ ! w9t] & = ! fir/ "y ducks put on ! l& 9 ! spr+4 ,:]e ! f>ms are l>ge en\gh1 all ducks may be kept (f a "p ( ! l& ea* ye> & crops gr[n on x4 ,! f>ms locat$ at ! wat]side d n h to look to ! purification ( ! l& s c>efully1 because ! ra9s wa% a great deal ( ! dropp+s away4 ,"s ( ^! f>ms get l>ge quantities ( riv] grass f ! /reams & cut x up to mix ) ! food = ! ducks4 ,,duck ,,fanci]s' ,,me?ods ,!re are two g5]al classes ( duck fanci]s3 ^? :o bre$ "o or m ( ! useful v>ieties = f9e =m & fea!r po9ts1 & ^? :o bre$ ! ornam5tal v>ieties4 ,bre$]s ( ! latt] class usually keep o!r k9ds ( ornam5tal p\ltry also4 ,! me?ods ( ! fanci]s ( useful k9ds ( ducks comp>e ) ^? ( ! practical gr[]s :o h&le small numb]s z d ^? ( ! f[l fanci] ) ! me?ods ( ! p\ltry keep] :o keeps a few f[ls = 8 own use4 ,9 a g5]al way !y are ! same1 yet :]ev] x is necess>y !y are modifi$ to secure ! be/ possible developm5t ( ! type4 ,if a duck fanci] has n a natural wat] supply = 8 ducks1 he ei!r makes a small artificial pond or dit* or gives !m wat] = ba?+ mu* (t5] ?an ! comm]cial duck gr[] ?9ks is necess>y4 ,he also gives bo? old & "y ducks m room1 & enc\rages !m to take ex]cise1 because ?is makes !m /rong]1 m symmetrical1 & bett] able to /& transportation & ! h&l+ to :i* !y are subject$ :5 tak5 to %[s4 ,mo/ duck fanci]s are also fanci]s ( f[ls or ( "s o!r k9d ( p\ltry4 ,! competition 9 ducks is n ne>ly s ke5 z 9 f[ls4 ,h5ce !y are s mu* less int]e/+ to a fanci] t few are satisfi$ ) ! sport t may be obta9$ f exhibit+ ducks only4 ,:5 ! gr[+ ( gre5 ducks = m>ket began to be develop$ ^u a l>ge scale1 _m ( ^? engag$ 9 ?is l9e exhibit$ /ock & sold birds = bre$+ & eggs = hat*+4 ,!y soon f\nd t :ile ! ,pek9 ,duck 0 unrival$ z a m>ket duck1 x 0 n ( suffici5t int]e/ to fanci]s to excite ! competition t creates high prices = ! f9e/ specim5s1 & t x paid !m bett] to devote !mselves exclusively to ! production ( m>ket ducks4 ,at ! pres5t "t only a few m>ket duck gr[]s make a bus9ess ( sell+ bre$+ & exhibition /ock4 ,mo/ ( !m w n take small ord]s1 b w fill l>ge ord]s :5 !y h a surplus ( bre$+ /ock & c get a good price = x4 ,on almo/ e l>ge comm]cial duck f>m !re are hundr$s ( birds mu* bett] ?an mo/ ( ! ,pek9 ,ducks se5 at p\ltry %[s1 & _m bett] ?an ! be/ exhibit$4 ,!re is probably no o!r k9d ( p\ltry 9 :i* s l>ge a proportion ( ! f9e/ specim5s are f\nd on ! plants ( ^? produc+ = m>ket4 ,! ornam5tal v>ieties ( ducks are giv5 mu* less att5tion 9 ,am]ica ?an !y des]ve4 ,few are se5 except 9 l>ge collections ( fancy wat]f[l1 & sales f ^! collections are pr9cipally = special displays at %[s4 ,on _m f>ms ! ,mall>d1 ,call1 & ,ea/ ,indian ,ducks might be e/abli%$ & left to !mselves1 to increase 9 a natural way1 only en\gh be+ sold or kill$ to keep !m f becom+ too num]\s4 ,if locat$ 9 a suitable place1 su* a flock makes a v attractive feature on a f>m4 ,! highly ornam5tal ,m&>9 & ,c>ol9a ,ducks1 be+ able to fly q z well z pigeons1 mu/ be kept 9 cov]$ runs4 ,!y w bre$ & re> _! "y 9 a v small space4 ,a cov]$ run #f ft4 wide1 #f ft4 high1 & f #bj to #cj ft4 long1 built 9 a seclud$ place & hav+ a small %elt] at "o end1 makes a v satisfactory place = a pair ( ducks ( any ( ! small bre$s to live & re> _! "y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,geese ,p :o are n famili> ) animals (t5 get wrong ideas ( ! *>act]s ( c]ta9 creatures f ! popul> metaphorical use ( _! names4 ,p]haps ^? :o fir/ appli$ ^! metaphors und]/ood !m correctly1 b aft] long use by p acqua9t$ ) ! metaphor b n famili> ) ! animal to :i* x relates1 a "p ( ! mean+ is likely to be lo/4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ to ! t]m goose z appli$ to a p]son4 ,:5 "o acts /upidly fooli% ab\t "s little ?+ he is (t5 call$ a goose4 ,mo/ p1 associat+ ! idea ( /upidity ) ! "n ( ! goose1 suppose t geese are v /upid & un9t]e/+4 ,if y w notice h[ ! t]m goose is commonly appli$ to p]sons1 y w discov] t x is v r>ely us$ except to apply to a p]son = :om ! speak] has a great deal ( affection4 ,"u ! same circum/ances o!rs are m likely to be designat$ by "s h>%] t]m4 ,! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( a goose is n /upidity b an affectionate disposition4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians not$ ?is1 & 9 _! hi]oglyphic writ+ a goose /ood = son4 ,! goose is a v intellig5t & int]e/+ bird4 ,x is ( a mo/ social nature & becomes v mu* atta*$ n only to its mates b to o!r animals & to p4 ,no dome/ic animal except ! dog develops s mu* affection = its ma/] z a goose w if x is p]mitt$ to d s4 ,b1 :ile int]e/+ 9 "s ways1 ! goose has s little ( ! o!r qualities :i* lead man to make a companion & pet ( an animal1 t its devotion is n usually enc\rag$4 ,comm]cially geese & ducks belong to ! same class & are us$ 9 ! same way 7! goose be+ pref]r$ :]e size is desir$71 b 9 "s po9ts ( "*1 /ructure1 & habits !y are q diff]5t4 ,description4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance a goose resembles a duck s closely t p n famili> ) bo? (t5 mi/ake l>ge :ite ducks = geese1 b no "o t kn[s ei!r k9d well is likely to make mi/akes 9 ! id5tity ( any ( ! common v>ieties4 ,:ile _m ( ! small dome/ic geese are no heavi] ?an ! l>ge/ ducks1 geese are on ! av]age m ?an twice z l>ge z ducks4 ,_! legs are long] & mu* /rong]4 ,_! bills are l>g] at ! juncture ) ! head & small] & m po9t$ at ! tip4 ,:ile ducks are usually v timid1 geese are bold1 & ?is makes a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! attitude :5 approa*$ & also 9 ! c>riage ( _! bodies4 ,!y are v /rong birds1 q able to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! attacks ( small animals & f annoyance by *ildr54 ,inde$1 !y are v likely to take an aggressive attitude t[>d p]sons or animals t !y reg>d z trespass]s1 & a l>ge g&] :5 angry is a dang]\s cu/om]4 ,a bl[ f 8 w+ might knock a *ild d[n or ev5 break a small *ild's arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,emd5 ,geese ,!re are no regul> di/+ui%+ m>ks ( sex 9 geese4 ,! males av]age l>g] ?an ! females1 b ! diff]5ce is slight & "s females may be l>g] ?an "s males ( ! same bre$+4 ,9 "s =eign v>ieties1 n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! males are mo/ly ( "o color & ! females ( ano!r1 b z !re are exceptions to ?is rule1 x is n reliable4 ,9 ^? v>ieties :i* h a knob on ! bill ?is is likely to be m prom95t 9 ! males4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! =m ( ! plumage to di/+ui% ! male1 l ! little curl 9 ! tail ( ! drake4 ,! voices ( males & females are s ne>ly alike t1 :ile a diff]5ce may sometimes be not$ 9 ! voices ( birds kn[n to be ( diff]5t sexes1 ! voice is n a pla9 indication ( ! sex4 ,!re are "s males s di/9ctly mascul9e1 & "s females s di/9ctly fem99e1 9 appe>ance & behavior1 t a p]son famili> ) geese w n (t5 make a mi/ake 9 id5tify+ ! sex by ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,!re are o!rs ab\t :i* ! mo/ exp]t goose bre$] is 9 d\bt until ! lay+ season arrives & ! production or nonproduction ( eggs %[s )\t d\bt :i* birds are females & :i* are males4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,t\l\se ,geese ,! "n goose is appli$ to ei!r male or female )\t ref]5ce to sex1 & also to ! female z di/+ui%$ f ! male4 ,! male is call$ a g&]4 ,! "y are call$ gosl+s4 ,goose & g&] are ! mod]n =ms ( ,anglo-,saxon names4 ,orig94 ,our fully dome/icat$ geese all orig9at$ 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,european /ock is believ$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,gray ,lag ,goose1 :i* is /ill f\nd 9 ,europe 9 ! wild /ate4 ,! orig9 ( ! curi\s "n ,gray ,lag has be5 ! subject ( mu* speculation4 ,! mo/ plausible !ory is t :i* takes lag 9 its common mean+ & supposes t ! t]m 0 appli$ to ?is species ( goose because x 0 sl[] 9 motion1 or because x l+]$ long] 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ?an ! less famili> species4 ,z 9 ! wild /ate ! ,gray ,lag ,goose rang$ ov] ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia1 x may h be5 dome/icat$ _m times 9 _m diff]5t places4 ,wild specim5s may /ill be br\ght into dome/ication1 b !re are no au!ntic reports ( su* cases4 ,! ,*9ese bre$s ( geese1 :i* w %ortly be describ$1 are q diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! ,european races1 b ! diff]5ce does n necess>ily %[ t !y are ( diff]5t orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,t\l\se gosl+s ?ree weeks old ,common geese4 ,?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica ! ord9>y geese are ( mu* ! same type z _! wild prog5itor4 ,!y are a little heavi] & co>s] ?an ! ,gray ,lag ,goose1 & h n its great p[] ( flight1 yet "s ( !m c fly bett] ?an any o!r dome/ic p\ltry4 ,! au?or has se5 flocks ( common geese fly f a high hill ov] ! ro(s ( tall build+s at its foot & alight 9 a /ream fully an eigh? ( a mile f :]e !y />t$4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to say t !y always walk$ home4 ,su* geese 7 h>d-meat$ & t\gh except :5 q "y4 ,!y 7 geese t pick$ ! mo/ ( _! liv+ :]e food 0 none too pl5ty4 ,well-kept /ocks ( common geese h probably always be5 v good table p\ltry4 ,improv$ races4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ! common geese h some:at di/9ctive race *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,roman ,geese are suppos$ to be ! olde/ di/9ct race4 ,!y diff] f ord9>y geese 9 t ! prevail+ color is :ite1 & !y are m prolific lay]s4 ,! ,pom]anian ,goose1 f\nd ?r\gh\t ,g]many & ,s\!a/]n ,europe1 is some:at l>g]4 ,! female ( ?is race is usually :ite1 ! male :ite ) a gray back4 ,because ( ! peculi> m>k+s ( ! male ?is v>iety is sometimes call$ ! ,saddleback ,goose4 ,! ,emd5 & ,t\l\se ,geese are v l>ge4 ,! ,emd5 0 develop$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e x 0 at "o "t call$ ! ,brunswick ,goose4 ,! fir/ specim5s se5 9 ,am]ica came f ,brem5 9 #ahbf & 7 call$ ,brem5 ,geese4 ,!y _h be5 kn[n 9 ,engl& = a long "t & _h become v popul> !re "u ! "n ( ,emd5 ,geese4 ,! "n ,brem5 0 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry until ab\t #ahcj1 :5 ! ,engli% "n 0 adopt$4 ,! ,t\l\se ,goose is a v l>ge gray goose :i* orig9at$ 9 a goose-gr[+ di/rict 9 ! vic9ity ( ,t\l\se 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t #ahdj & into ,am]ica ab\t fifte5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 ,russia g&] fight+ 0 f v anci5t times a popul> sport1 & sev]al v>ieties ( geese 7 br$ especially = _! fight+ qualities4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! is ! ,tula ,goose1 :i* is usually gray 9 color b is sometimes clay-color$4 ,! latt] po9t is v int]e/+ = its be>+ on ! "q ( ! common orig9 ( ! ,european & ,asiatic bre$s ( geese1 to be discuss$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,none ( ! ,russian races ( geese are kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,:ite ,*9a ,geese4 7,photograph f ,*>les ,mc,clave1 ,new ,london1 ,ohio7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,br[n ,*9a ,geese4 7,photograph by ,e4 ,j4 ,hall7 ,! ,asiatic races ( geese probably came to ,am]ica z e>ly z ! ,asiatic races ( f[ls4 ,!y 7 e>ly kn[n 9 ,engl& "u a v>iety ( names1 & 7 q popul> !re ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago z ,spani% ,geese4 ,a writ] 9 an agricultural pap] 9 #ahdh /at$ t he _h se5 ,:ite ,*9a ,geese 9 ,virg9ia 9 #ahag4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! e>ly introductions 7 imm$iately s mix$ ) ! native geese t ! di/9ct type 0 lo/1 & t x 0 n until ne>ly #ahej t ! specim5s 7 br\ght "h f :i* ! /ocks n[ kn[n 7 produc$4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ! ,*9a ,goose--,:ite & ,br[n4 ,!y are small] & m graceful ?an ! improv$ ,european v>ieties & are m prolific lay]s ?an any except p]haps ! ,roman ,goose4 ,!y h a l>ge knob on ! head at its juncture ) ! upp] m&ible4 ,mo/ ( ! geese ( ,europe are ei!r :ite or gray 7black-&-:ite74 ,! r$ :i* appe>s to a slight ext5t z br[n 9 ! ,gray ,lag ,goose has be5 lo/ or s r$uc$ t x is n notic$ except 9 ! ,tula ,goose1 :i* is sometimes clay-color$4 ,! color$ v>iety ( ! ,*9a ,goose is di/9ctly br[n4 ,h5ce1 if !y came f ! same wild species z ! ,european geese1 ! r$ :i* 0 r$uc$ 9 ,europe 0 greatly increas$ 9 ,*9a4 ,b if1 z is n impossible1 !y came f diff]5t wild species1 a mo/ int]e/+ "q arises3 ,! ,*9ese types & ! ,european types are p]fectly f]tile :5 br$ toge!r4 ,w\ld _! wild ance/ors 7suppos+ !m to h ! same *>act]i/ics7 be equally f]tile8 ,unless we c f9d a wild ance/or = ! ,*9ese type1 all t we "k ( ! relations ( dome/ic races po9ts to ! conclusion t !y1 l ! ,european races1 are desc5d$ f ! ,gray ,lag ,goose4 ,! v>iety kn[n z ! ,african ,goose is a l>g] & co>s] type ( ! ,br[n ,*9a1 & is probably obta9$ by cross+ ) ! ,t\l\se or by selection f mix$ flocks4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n ( ! orig9 ( ?is type1 b to any "o famili> ) ! /ock 9 ! goose-gr[+ di/rict ( ,rhode ,isl&1 & ) ! bre$+ me?ods ( ! f>m]s !re z appli$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ f[l1 x appe>s probable t ,african ,geese came f ?is di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,african ,geese on a ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,ornam5tal v>ieties4 ,!re are two ornam5tal v>ieties ( dome/ic geese & q a numb] ( species ( wild geese t are kept 9 collections ( fancy wat]f[l4 ,! ,seba/opol ,goose evid5tly belongs to ! common dome/ic species4 ,x is ab\t ! size ( ! common goose1 is :ite 9 color1 & has a peculi> developm5t ( "s ( ! fea!rs ( ! body & w+s1 ?is developm5t ( ! plumage giv+ ! v>iety its ornam5tal "*4 ,a numb] ( fea!rs on ! back ( ?is bird are long & twi/$1 z if !y _h be5 loosely curl$1 & lie 9 a wavy mass on ! back & rump4 ,! ,egyptian ,goose is ! smalle/ dome/ic goose4 ,x is unlike o!r dome/ic geese 9 be+ q gaudy 9 color4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! wild /ate & also 9 dome/ication 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4 ,seba/opol & ,egyptian ,geese are r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,seba/opol ,geese on an ,engli% f>m ,! ,canada ,goose1 or ,am]ican ,wild ,goose4 ,few p]sons 9 ,am]ica h n at "s "t se5 a flock ( wild geese fly+ 9 w$gelike =mation z !y migrate 9 ! spr+ & fall4 ,_! honk+ c (t5 be he>d :5 !y _c be se54 ,hunt]s wat* = ^! flocks &1 :5 !y are fly+ l[1 sometimes %oot !m z !y pass1 b ! favorite me?od ( hunt+ wild geese is to induce !m to approa* a hunt] conceal$ :]e he c get a bett] %ot at !m4 ,= ?is k9d ( hunt+1 %oot+ /&s are built ne> bodies ( wat] :]e wild geese may alight 9 _! passage4 ,^! /&s are ei!r conceal$ 9 ! bu%es or mask$ by gre5 b\ghs4 ,9 ord] to br+ ne> ! /&s any wild geese t may alight ( _! own accord1 & also to attract any fly+ by1 captive wild geese are us$ z decoys4 ,at fir/ ! birds us$ = ?is purpose 7 ^? crippl$ b n kill$ by ! hunt]s & kept 9 conf9em5t4 ,z ! supply secur$ 9 ?is way 0 small1 & z ! wild birds br$ readily 9 captivity1 ! bre$+ ( wild geese = decoys soon became q common 9 di/ricts :]e ! %oot+ ( ?is k9d ( game 0 good4 ,! wild geese w mate ) dome/ic geese1 produc+ a /]ile hybrid call$ a mongrel goose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,a pet ,canada g&]4 7,photograph f ,george ,e4 ,p>rett7 ,place ( geese 9 dome/ication4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt & ,rome ! goose 0 a sacr$ bird1 n an object ( wor%ip b res]v$ = ! use ( ! prie/s1 :o ke5ly appreciat$ ! advantage ( hav+ a monopoly ( ! use ( ! be/ dome/ic table bird !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 lat] times1 until ! turkey 0 introduc$1 goose 0 ! favorite k9d ( p\ltry = fe/al occasions all ?r\gh ,europe4 ,!n x lo/ "s ( its popul>ity 9 ^? places :]e turkeys 7 ext5sively gr[n4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,russia !re is /ill a v l>ge production ( geese4 ,9 ?is c\ntry geese are gr[n 9 small numb]s by a few p]sons 9 almo/ e community4 ,! fe$+ & flock+ habits ( geese especially adapt$ !m to ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 kept :5 /ock ( all k9ds 0 all[$ to run at l>ge & to fe$ on common or unoccupi$ l& 9 *>ge ( a gooseh]d4 ,z t[ns grew1 & z p became less tol]ant ( ! trespass+ ( live /ock1 ! gr[+ ( geese 9 t[ns decl9$4 ,ne>ly all ! geese n[ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry come f flocks on g5]al f>ms4 ,! production ( geese on f>ms has be5 re/rict$ to "s ext5t by ! abundance & *eapness ( turkeys4 ,z turkeys become sc>ce & de> 9 any locality ! production ( geese seems to increase4 ,f e>ly times geese h be5 priz$ = _! fea!rs4 ,s valuable h ^! be5 consid]$ t x has be5 a practice to pluck ! live geese ea* ye> be=e !y molt$4 ,public op9ion n[ condemns ?is b>b>\s practice1 & p]sons pluck+ live geese are sometimes puni%$ = cruelty to animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,mongrel ,geese on a ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,managem5t ,,( ,,geese ,geese w be> conf9em5t well if giv5 prop] att5tion1 b !y require su* l>ge quantities ( succul5t gre5 food t x does n pay to gr[ !m :]e !y _c secure mo/ ( ?is by =ag+4 ,v few p :o keep geese 9 inclosures too small to furni% !m ) good pa/ure c conv5i5tly supply !m ) all ! gre5 food t !y ne$4 ,h5ce no "o engages 9 gr[+ geese 9 close qu>t]s = pr(it4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 gr[ a few geese "u su* conditions because ( ! int]e/ a small flock af=ds4 ,goose gr[+ _c be develop$ on int5sive l9es z duck gr[+ has be54 ,"o ob/acle to ?is is ! difficulty ( supply+ gre5 food "u su* conditions4 ,ano!r is t ! av]age egg production is small4 ,! description ( ! managem5t ( geese on f>ms w %[ m fully :y ?is bran* ( p\ltry culture is likely always to be re/rict$ to g5]al f>ms4 ,,small ,,f>m ,,flocks ,size ( flock4 ,on ! ord9>y f>m1 :]e only a few doz5 geese are gr[n ea* ye>1 a flock ( "o male & f two to f\r females gives a suffici5t numb] ( bre$+ birds4 ,x is m difficult to get a />t ) geese ?an ) f[ls or ducks1 because a "y g&] w (t5 mate ) only "o goose1 & an old g&] sep>at$ f mates to :i* he has become atta*$ may be v sl[ ab\t e/abli%+ new family relations4 ,an exp]i5c$ goose gr[] does n expect to get v good results ! fir/ season t a flock ( bre$+ birds are toge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a flock once h>moni\sly mat$ does n h to be r5ew$ e ye> or two4 ,z long z ! old birds are vigor\s ! entire product ( "y may be sold ea* season )\t r$uc+ ! produc+ capacity ( ! flock4 ,! av]age g&] is pa/ 8 prime aft] he is six or sev5 ye>s old1 b geese are (t5 good bre$]s until t5 or twelve ye>s old4 ,occasionally a goose lives to a great age4 ,!re are reliable acc\nts ( geese bre$+ well :5 ov] tw5ty ye>s old4 ,"s /ories ( geese liv+ to m ?an eighty ye>s ( age h be5 widely circulat$1 b little cr$5ce is to be giv5 su* tales2 p :o orig9ate !m & suppose t !y are true d n "k h[ difficult x w\ld be to make sure ( ! id5tity ( a goose ?r\gh s long a p]iod4 ,h\ses & y>ds4 ,geese1 l ducks1 pref] to live 9 ! op5 air1 & d n (t5 volunt>ily take %elt] f any elem5t b heat4 ,x is cu/om>y to provide a small %elt] :i* !y may use if !y wi%4 ,9 mo/ cases x is n necess>y = a f>m] to make a y>d especially = geese4 ,! p]man5t f5ces or walls betwe5 ! divisions ( ! f>m w usually keep geese 9 ! pa/ure allott$ to !m4 ,! be/ place = geese is a m>%y mead[ 9 :i* "s p>ts ( ! surface are elevat$ en\gh to be q dry at all seasons4 ,^! places af=d m com=table re/+ places :5 ! birds tire ( ! wet l&4 ,!y also furni% diff]5t k9ds ( grass f ^? gr[+ on v wet l&4 ,on _m f>ms !re are tracts ( l& mu* m suitable = geese ?an = any o!r live /ock4 ,cattle & hogs sometimes cut up su* l& v badly1 de/roy+ ! vegetation on x & mak+ x unsightly4 ,su* a piece ( l& is sometimes a "p ( a pa/ure us$ = cattle4 ,9 t case x may be a good plan to f5ce ! cattle f ! s(t gr\nd ) a wire or rail f5ce1 :i* keeps !m out ( ! "p res]v$ = ! geese1 yet all[s ! geese ! range ( ! :ole pa/ure4 ,a small numb] ( geese 9 a l>ge pa/ure w n hurt ! pa/ure = cattle or horses4 ,too _m geese 9 a pa/ure spoil ! grass = !mselves z well z = o!r /ock4 ,ev5 :5 cattle h access to all p>ts ( a pa/ure 9 :i* !re are geese1 a small space %\ld be inclos$ = a fe$+ p51 :]e food = ! geese w be out ( ! rea* ( o!r /ock4 ,?is is especially necess>y dur+ ! bre$+ season1 :5 !y usually require extra food4 ,fe$+4 ,a flock ( geese 9 a good pa/ure ne$ no o!r food except at ! bre$+ season or :5 !y are be+ fatt5$4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t ! pa/urage be+ suffici5t1 a small tr\gh or box conta9+ gra9 ( any k9d t x is conv5i5t to give !m %\ld be put :]e !y c eat :at !y want4 ,:5 !re is sn[ on ! gr\nd1 !y %\ld h a little gra9 & all ! cabbage1 beets1 turnips1 or o!r vegetables !y want4 ,lay+ season & habits4 ,geese usually beg9 to lay 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,z _m ne/s %\ld be provid$ z !re are geese1 = :ile two or m geese sometimes lay peaceably 9 ! same ne/1 x is m likely t ea* goose w want "o to h]self4 ,a b>rel plac$ on its side 9 a seclud$ place makes a good ne/4 ,geese are sometimes v notional ab\t ! location ( ! ne/ &1 neglect+ "o provid$ = !m1 may *oose a spot "r out 9 ! op5 or 9 "s place :]e ! ne/ is n well protect$4 ,:5 !y d ?is1 x is a good plan to place ov] ! ne/1 )\t di/urb+ x1 a l>ge box ) a hole cut 9 "o end = passage4 ,geese1 l ducks1 lay v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,:5 !y beg9 lay+ :ile ! wea!r is cold1 ! p]son :o has *>ge ( !m mu/ be up e>ly & get ! eggs be=e !y are *ill$4 ,a goose usually lays f twelve to eighte5 or tw5ty eggs & !n goes broody4 ,! common practice is to set ! fir/ lot ( eggs "u h5s1 & keep ! goose away f h] ne/ until %e %[s no incl9ation to sit4 ,%e may !n be all[$ access to ! ne/ & be=e long w beg9 lay+ aga94 ,z a rule ! second lot ( eggs w be few] 9 numb] ?an ! fir/4 ,:5 ! goose goes broody ! second "t1 x is z well to set h]1 = if /opp$ aga9 %e may n resume lay+4 ,occasionally a goose lays = a :ole season )\t go+ broody4 ,hat*+ & re>+ gosl+s4 ,9 hat*+ goose eggs "u h5s ! h5s are manag$ 9 j ! same way z if !y _h h5 eggs4 ,ea* h5 is giv5 f\r or five eggs1 accord+ to ! size ( ! eggs & ! size ( ! h54 ,a goose mu/ be set 9 ! ne/ :]e %e has be5 lay+4 ,if %e is incl9$ to be v cross if approa*$ :ile sitt+1 %e %\ld be left to h]self z mu* z possible1 c>e be+ tak5 t no?+ c mole/ h]4 ,) ! help ( ! g&] a goose c def5d h] ne/ aga9/ almo/ any?+ likely to attack x1 b "s eggs w\ld probably be brok5 9 ! fray4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is f ?irty to ?irty-five days4 ,! gosl+s sometimes *ip ! eggs two days be=e complet+ ! process4 ,!y %\ld be left 9 ! ne/ until !y beg9 to run ab\t4 ,!n1 if !y are ) a goose "m1 !y may safely be left to ! c>e ( ! old ones1 & may n ev5 ne$ to be f$4 ,! e>ly gosl+s ) h5 mo!rs %\ld be plac$ on sod gr\nd :]e ! grass is f9e & s(t1 9 coops su* z are us$ = little *ick5s1 ) a small p5 9 front ( ea* coop to keep !m f w&]+ away4 ,?is p5 may be made ( bo>ds #h or #aj in*es wide1 set on edge & kept 9 place by small /icks driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,x is be/ to give !m only grass to eat ! fir/ day4 ,aft] t two or ?ree light fe$s ( ma% may be giv5 daily1 b !y %\ld always h all ! fre%1 succul5t gre5 food t !y c eat4 ,! coops & p5s %\ld be mov$ z (t5 z is necess>y to secure ?is end4 ,! gosl+s %\ld also be con/antly suppli$ ) dr9k+ wat]4 ,!y w appreciate a ba? occasionally4 ,gosl+s gr[ v rapidly4 ,9 f t5 to f\rte5 days !y are s l>ge t !y no long] ne$ ! h5 "m & %e may be tak5 away4 ,at ?is /age sev]al broods may be comb9$ & ! flock all[$ ! run ( any place :]e x c graze unmole/$4 ,a %elt] %\ld be provid$ = protection f ! sun1 & a roomy coop ) a dry floor to keep !m 9 at night4 ,if all[$ to d s1 !y w\ld /ay out & graze at int]vals dur+ ! night1 b ! own] w sleep m com=tably if he is sure t no?+ c di/urb !m4 ,al?\gh v big babies1 !y are q s(t & helpless at ?is /age4 ,:5 six weeks old a gosl+ is ne>ly half-gr[n4 ,"y gosl+s t 7 />t$ ) h5 mo!rs may !n be put into ! pa/ure ) ! old geese4 ,:5 t5 or twelve weeks old !y w be almo/ z l>ge z ! adult birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,gosl+s ?ree or f\r days old ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,gosl+s ?ree weeks old ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,gosl+s n9e weeks old ,9 gr[+ geese on ! f>m ! mo/ important ?+ is to provide good pa/ure4 ,grass is n only ! mo/ economical food1 b x is ! be/ food4 ,geese w gr[ & fatt5 on grass )\t gra91 b w n fatt5 z quickly or be z firm-fle%$4 ,to fatt5 = m>ket !y %\ld be conf9$ = f t5 to tw5ty days be=e !y are to be kill$1 & f$ all t !y w eat ( "s v fatt5+ food4 ,corn soak$ 9 wat] until x is s(t is an easily prep>$ food & a v good "o4 ,,l>ge ,,flocks ,,( ,,geese ,,on ,,f>ms ,! mo/ important goose-gr[+ di/rict 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t "p ( ,rhode ,isl& :]e ! colony sy/em ( egg f>m+ is us$4 ,?is di/rict is well adapt$ to goose gr[+4 ,! w9t]s are n sev]e1 & ! birds c h grass almo/ ! ye> r\nd4 ,! bre$+ geese are (t5 kept 9 pa/ures occupi$ by h5s & cattle1 b !re are also _m small ponds & m>%y places us$ exclusively = geese4 ,! abs5ce ( foxes makes x possible to keep !m 9 fields a long way f ! f>mh\ses1 & = ?is reason _m spots are us$ = geese :i* 9 o!r di/ricts w\ld be too expos$4 ,! l>ge flocks ( h5s 9 ?is di/rict give an abundance ( sitt]s to hat* ! e>ly gosl+s4 ,z ! p]son :o looks aft] ! sitt+ h5s & ! "y *ick5s on "o ( ^! f>ms has to give ! great] "p ( 8 "t to t "w = sev]al mon?s 9 ! spr+1 he c (t5 use ! rema9+ "t to be/ advantage by hat*+ & re>+ a few hundr$ gosl+s4 ,s a l>ge proportion ( ! f>ms :i* specialize 9 eggs also specialize 9 geese4 ,! numb]s gr[n on a f>m v>y f #ajj to #ejj1 ! av]age be+ betwe5 #bjj & #cjj4 ,to produce ?is av]age numb]1 flocks ( #ae or #bj geese & #d or #e g&]s are kept4 ,a flock ( ?is k9d does n mate miscellane\sly1 z a simil> flock ( ducks w\ld4 ,x is compos$ ( z _m families z !re are g&]s1 & if ! pa/ure is l>ge1 ^! families w rema9 sep>ate a great deal ( ! "t4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ ! geese on ^! f>ms diff]s f ! ord9>y f>m me?od 9 t ! "w is done m sy/ematically & m att5tion is giv5 to ! gosl+s :ile gr[+4 ,!y are graz$ ea* ye> on new grassl&4 ,mo/ ( !m are sold unfatt$1 z soon z !y are ( full size1 to m5 :o make a bus9ess ( fatt5+ & dress+ !m4 ,,goose-,,fatt5+ ,,f>ms ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,gosl+s graz+ on a ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,m>ket duck gr[+ is conduct$ on s l>ge a scale t ea* gr[] c employ exp]t pick]s & sell 8 product directly to :olesale deal]s 9 p\ltry4 ,s ! duck gr[] fatt5s 8 own ducks be=e kill+ !m4 ,x is natural = him to d ?is1 too1 because 8 me?od ( fatt5+ is a modification ( ! fe$+ process :i* he has us$ f ! />t4 ,z he ne>s ! end ( 8 process ( fe$+1 he simply increases ! proportion ( fat-=m+ mat]ial 9 ! food & fe$s all t ! ducks w eat4 ,! fatt5+ ( geese t h be5 gr[n on grass to make !m ( ! quality t w br+ ! highe/ price requires a *ange to a heavy gra9 diet4 ,! f>m]s :o gr[ ^! geese c\ld fatt5 !m bett] ?an any "o else & make m pr(it on !m1 b few ( ^! f>m]s are will+ to give !m ! special att5tion t ?is requires4 ,s l>ge a "p ( ! geese sold alive are ?9 t ! m5 :o b\ght !m to dress = m>ket long ago saw an opportunity to make a great] pr(it by fatt5+ !m be=e !y 7 kill$4 ,"s ( ^? :o engag$ 9 fatt5+ geese 7 v successful & made l>ge pr(its4 ,z !y ext5d$ op]ations 9 ?is l9e !y requir$ a great deal ( l&4 ,sometimes z _m z #ae1jjj geese are fatt5$ on "o f>m 9 a season4 ,! fatt5]s buy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! summ] f ! f>m]s :o sell ! gre5 geese z soon z !y are gr[n4 ,z ^! make ! f9e/ geese = ! table1 & z ! be/ dem& = geese comes at ! holiday season 9 ! w9t]1 a l>ge "p ( !m are put 9 /orage aft] be+ kill$4 ,aft] ! gre5 geese are dispos$ (1 ! fatt5]s buy live geese %ipp$ 9 f di/ant po9ts1 & h !m ready to kill ab\t ! "t :5 ! dem& = goose is good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,sc5e on a goose-fatt5+ f>m 9 ,engl& ,:ile !y are v pr(itable :5 ev]y?+ goes well1 fatt5+ geese is a bus9ess att5d$ by heavy risks4 ,9 buy+ f _m diff]5t s\rces a fatt5] may get "s geese hav+ a contagi\s disease1 & ! infection may spread ?r\gh 8 :ole flock be=e he discov]s x1 = "s diseases h no pron\nc$ symptoms 9 _! e>ly /ages4 ,keep+ su* l>ge numb]s ( geese on ! same l& ye> aft] ye> also br+s tr\ble ?r\gh ! pollution ( ! soil4 ,,gr[+ ,,?or\ghbr$ ,,geese ,,= ,,exhibition ,! proportion ( ?or\ghbr$ geese among ^? gr[n = m>ket is v small4 ,mo/ ( ! geese on f>ms are grades produc$ by cross+ ?or\ghbr$ or high-grade males on ! old unimprov$ /ock4 ,?is gives a type ( goose :i* is mu* bett] ?an ! old common goose b n ne>ly z l>ge z ! heavy ,emd5 & ,t\l\se ,geese4 ,! int]m$iate size is1 h[ev]1 l>ge en\gh to meet ! g5]al m>ket dem&4 ,! production ( ?or\ghbr$ geese is c>ri$ on to supply /ock ( m$ium quality = ! f>m]s :o want to ma9ta9 a good grade ( /ock1 & to supply exhibition birds ( ! be/ quality = ! relatively small numb]s ( fanci]s & bre$]s ( /&>d-br$ /ock4 ,! usual me?od ( gr[+ exhibition geese is to keep only "o bre$ on a f>m1 & to manage !m z ord9>y geese are manag$1 except t1 to secure ! be/ possible developm5t1 ! bre$] is m c>eful ?an ! av]age f>m] is to provide abundant pa/ure & all ! gra9 t ! birds c use to advantage4 ,occasionally sev]al bre$s ( geese are kept on a f>m1 b mo/ bre$]s consid] "o en\gh4 ,,gr[+ ,a ,,few ,,geese ,,on ,a ,,t[n ,,lot ,old geese are s noisy t !y are undesirable inhabitants = popul\s places4 ,9 su* a place a p\ltry keep] :o wants to gr[ a few geese (t5 f9ds x satisfactory to buy eggs = hat*+ & ei!r dispose ( ! gosl+s z gre5 geese :5 ?ree mon?s old or eat "o z he wants x until all are gone4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 h&l+ gosl+s 9 close qu>t]s & on f>ms is 9 ! me?od ( provid+ ! gre5 food4 ,on ! f>ms ! birds graze2 on ! t[n lot !y mu/ be f$ v abundantly ) succul5t food4 ,!y w eat almo/ any vegetable leaf t is "y & n too t\gh1 & !y %\ld h su* food almo/ con/antly be=e !m4 ,mo/ p :o try to gr[ geese 9 a small space injure !m by fe$+ too mu* gra94 ,if !y h _h no exp]i5ce 9 ?is l9e1 !y suppose1 q naturally1 t birds s mu* alike z ! goose & ! duck1 bo? 9 outw>d appe>ance & 9 ! texture & flavor ( ! fle%1 require ! same diet4 ,:5 we comp>e ! duck1 :i* lives s l>gely on gra9 & meat1 ) ! goose1 :i* makes great] gr[? 9 ! same p]iod on grass alone1 we c beg9 to appreciate :at l>ge quantities ( bulky gre5 food ! goose ne$s to accompli% s rem>kable a result4 ,:ile ! gr[+ ( geese 9 b>e y>ds is n recomm5d$ z a pay+ v5ture1 e "o int]e/$ 9 p\ltry %\ld gr[ a few occasionally = obs]vation4 ,,gr[+ ,,wild ,,geese ,,9 ,,captivity ,wild geese mate 9 pairs4 ,if !y are to be br$ successfully 9 captivity1 !y mu/ h a place away f o!r animals1 :]e !y w n be di/urb$4 ,!y w be m cont5t$ if locat$ ne> a small pool or /ream4 ,a pair ( wild geese is usually kept dur+ ! bre$+ season 9 a small1 isolat$ inclosure conta9+ a p]man5t wat] supply4 ,"h ! female w make h] ne/1 lay h] eggs1 & hat* h] brood4 ,! male at ?is p]iod is v savage & w vigor\sly res5t any int]f]5ce ) 8 mate4 ,mo/ wild geese 9 captivity lay b a few eggs1 & ! broods hat*$ are small4 ,!re are seldom m ?an five or six gosl+s 9 a brood4 ,aft] ! "y are hat*$1 ! p>5ts may be all[$ to leave ! inclosure ) !m4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,turkeys ,! turkey is commonly consid]$ ! be/ ( birds = ! table1 ! mo/ desirable = any fe/ive occasion1 & q indisp5sable on ,?anksgiv+ ,day4 ,x is ! l>ge/ bird gr[n = its fle%4 ,z usually f\nd 9 ! m>kets1 geese & turkeys are ( ab\t ! same weight1 because mo/ p1 :5 buy+ a l>ge bird = ! table1 want ^? t1 :5 dress$1 weigh ab\t t5 or twelve p\nds2 b ! l>ge/ turkeys are consid]ably heavi] ?an ! l>ge/ geese1 & ! proportion ( extra l>ge birds is mu* great] among turkeys4 ,description4 ,a dress$ turkey & a dress$ f[l are q /rik+ly alike 9 %ape4 ,! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce is 9 ! brea/1 :i* is usually deep] & full] 9 a turkey4 ,! liv+ birds are di/9ctly unlike 9 appe>ance1 ! c>riage ( ! body & ! "* & expression ( ! head ( ! turkey be+ v diff]5t f ^? ( ! f[l4 ,! head & upp] "p ( ! neck are b>e1 ) a few bri/ly hairs4 ,! b>e sk9 is a little loose on ! head & v mu* loos] on ! neck1 =m+ _m small folds1 "s ( :i* are sac-l4 ,x v>ies 9 color f a livid blui%-gray to brilliant sc>let4 ,an elongat$1 trunklike ext5sion ( ! sk9 at ! juncture ( ! beak ) ! head takes ! place ( ! comb 9 ! f[l4 ,!re is a s+le wattle "u ! ?roat1 n p5d5t f ! jaw1 z 9 ! f[l1 b atta*$ to ! sk9 ( ! neck4 ,! fea!rs on ! l[] "p ( ! neck are %ort1 & ! plumage ( ! :ole body is clos] & h>d] ?an t ( mo/ f[ls4 ,! w+s are l>ge4 ,! tail spreads v]tically & is usually c>ri$ 9 a droop+ position4 ,?is1 ) ! %ortness ( ! fea!rs ( ! neck1 makes ! back ( ! turkey convex4 ,! usual gait ( ! bird is a v delib]ate walk4 ,! male & female diff] conspicu\sly 9 s _m po9ts t ! sex ( an adult bird is di/+ui%$ )\t difficulty4 ,z a rule ! males are mu* l>g] ?an ! females ( ! same /ock4 ,9 color$ v>ieties ! males are m /rongly pigm5t$1 & ! %ades ( color 9 !m are m pron\nc$4 ,! head *>act]s ( ! male are mu* m prom95t 9 size & m brilliant 9 color4 ,bo? sexes h ! p[] ( inflat+ ! loose app5dages ( ! head & neck4 ,9 ! male ?is is highly develop$2 9 ! female only p]ceptible4 ,! male has a bru%like tuft ( co>se hair gr[+ f ! upp] "p ( ! brea/4 ,?is tuft1 call$ ! be>d1 is black 9 all v>ieties4 ,! female is usually %y & has a l[1 pla9tive call4 ,! male *all5ges att5tion & (t5 /ruts ab\t ) 8 tail elevat$ & spread 9 a circle l a fan1 w+s trail+ on ! gr\nd1 ! fea!rs all ov] ! body erect$ until he looks twice 8 natural size1 & at frequ5t int]vals vocif]\sly utt]+ 8 peculi> gobble-gobble-gobble4 ,! male turkey has %ort spurs l ^? ( ! male f[l4 ,! "n turkey 0 errone\sly giv5 9 ,engl& :5 ! birds 7 fir/ kn[n !re & x 0 suppos$ t !y came f ,turkey4 ,! adult male is call$ a turkey cock1 also a tom-turkey 7sometimes simply tom7 & a gobbl]4 ,! adult female is call$ a turkey h51 or a h5 turkey1 ! ord] ( ! t]ms be+ immat]ial4 ,"y turkeys be=e ! sex c be di/+ui%$ are v>i\sly call$ "y turkeys1 turkey *icks1 & p\lts1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ by p\ltrym5 ! prop] te*nical "n4 ,aft] ! sex c be di/+ui%$1 ! t]ms cock]el & pullet are appli$ to turkeys 9 ! same way z to f[ls4 ,orig94 ,! turkey is a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh n z widely di/ribut$ z be=e ! c\ntry 0 settl$1 x is /ill f\nd wild 9 _m places4 ,x 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica long be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,dome/icat$ /ock f ^! places 0 tak5 to ,spa9 & ,engl& e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 soon spread all ov] ,europe4 ,! dome/ic /ock ( ! coloni/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada came f ,europe ) ! o!r k9ds ( dome/ic p\ltry4 ,x is probable t f e>ly colonial times ! dome/ic /ock 0 occasionally cross$ by wild /ock1 b we h no in=mation ab\t su* crosses until aft] ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,f ! e>lie/ publi%$ /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! matt] x w\ld appe> t su* crosses _h long be5 common1 & t ! b5efits ( vigor\s wild blood 7 appreciat$ by ! f>m]s ( t "t4 ,! wild turkey is ab\t z l>ge z a m$ium-siz$ dome/ic turkey b1 be+ v close-fea!r$1 looks small]4 ,x is ne>ly black1 & ! b>e head & neck are d>k] 9 color ?an 9 mo/ dome/ic birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,common turkeys on a ,new ,engl& f>m ,common turkeys4 ,! turkey is n s well adapt$ to dome/ication z ! f[l1 duck1 & goose4 ,"u ! conditions to :i* !y h usually be5 subject$ dome/ic turkeys h lo/ mu* ( ! vigor ( ! wild /ock4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 ! birds tak5 to ,europe aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 7 black or ne>ly black4 ,9 ,europe :ite sports appe>$ & 7 pres]v$1 & ! colors became mix$--black1 :ite1 gray ( v>i\s %ades1 br[n1 & buff4 ,t has be5 ! "* ( mo/ flocks 9 ?is c\ntry until q rec5t times1 & _m su* flocks are /ill f\nd4 ,improv$ v>ieties4 ,! developm5t ( ! dome/ic turkey is unique 9 t ! mo/ m>k$ improvem5t 9 dome/ic /ocks has be5 due to ext5sive introductions ( ! blood ( ! wild race4 ,! reason = ?is is indicat$ 9 ! /atem5t 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 9 reg>d to ! lack ( adaptation ( ! turkey to ! ord9>y conditions ( life 9 dome/ication4 ,! turkey det]iorates :]e ! o!r k9ds ( p\ltry m5tion$ w\ld improve4 ,s1 :ile 9 ,europe a few color v>ieties 7 made1 & 9 "s localities bo? !re & 9 ,am]ica local bre$s ( special m]it arose1 on ! :ole ! dome/ic /ocks 7 deg5]ate4 ,! di/9ct color v>ieties 7 ! ,black1 ! ,:ite1 & ! ,gray1 b by no means all turkeys ( ^! colors 7 well-br$ birds4 ,! color v>ieties 7 crudely made by ! pref]5ce ( bre$]s 9 a c]ta9 locality = a p>ticul> color4 ,!y 7 impure & (t5 produc$ specim5s ( o!r colors because ( ! occasional use ( bre$+ birds unlike ! flock4 ,9 e>ly times x 0 ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion t crossbr$ /ock _h m vitality ?an pure-br$ /ock4 ,h5ce f>m]s1 al?\gh pref]r+ a c]ta9 type ( animal1 w\ld (t5 make an outcross to an entirely diff]5t type1 & !n by selection g back to ! type ( _! pref]5ce4 ,:5 ?is mode ( bre$+ is adopt$1 undesirable colors may appe> = _m ye>s aft] a bird ( a =eign v>iety has be5 us$ 9 bre$+4 ,! local ,european bre$s t ga9$ a wide reputation 7 ! ,black ,norfolk1 ! ,cambridge%ire ,bronze1 & ! ,:ite ,holl&4 ,black & ,:ite turkeys 7 p]haps q z popul> & z well e/abli%$ 9 o!r places z 9 ^? m5tion$4 ,black turkeys 7 ! mo/ common k9d 9 ,spa9 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,france4 ,9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,france1 & 9 p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria1 ,:ite turkeys 7 ! mo/ num]\s1 b 9 g5]al ! turkeys ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7 ( v>i\s colors1 ) gray pr$om9at+4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a local bre$ ( v good quality 0 develop$ 9 ,rhode ,isl& ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x appe>s to h be5 kn[n at fir/ z ! ,po9t ,judi? ,bronze ,turkey1 & also z ! ,n>ragansett ,turkey1 b ! fir/ "n 0 soon dropp$ & has long be5 =gott5 by all b ^? famili> ) ! e>ly lit]ature4 ,! ,n>ragansett ,turkey 0 n bronze z ! t]m is n[ appli$ to turkeys2 x 0 a d>k1 br[ni%-gray1 :i* is d\btless ! reason :y ! "n 0 *ang$ aft] ! di/9ctly bronze turkeys became well kn[n4 ,al?\gh ! ,n>ragansett ,turkey is describ$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,/&>d1 & prizes are /ill (f]$ = x at "s %[s1 ! type has almo/ disappe>$4 ,bronze turkeys4 ,! accid5tal cross+ ( wild ) tame turkeys produc$1 9 ! dome/ic flocks :]e su* crosses occurr$1 _m specim5s ( exceptional size & vigor1 9 :i* ! bl5d+ ( ! colors ( ! wild turkey ) ! gray ( ! dome/ic birds gave rise to a v beautiful type ( coloration4 ,x 0 nei!r black nor br[n nor gray1 b conta9$ all ^! %ades & _h an iridesc5t bronze %e54 ,z ! crosses :i* produc$ ^! 7 only occasional1 ! wild blood be+ r$uc$ 9 ea* g5]ation remov$ f x1 ! bronze type 0 usually soon m]g$ ) & lo/ 9 ! common type4 ,z ! wild birds became sc>ce1 crosses 7 r>e1 & :at improvem5t _h be5 accid5tally made 0 9 dang] ( be+ lo/1 :5 ! awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 all k9ds ( p\ltry /irr$ turkey gr[]s to m sy/ematic ef=ts = ! improvem5t ( dome/ic /ock by cross+ ) ! wild /ock4 ,^? :o 7 able to d s captur$ wild birds & br$ !m 9 captivity1 produc+ bo? pure wild & half-wild /ock4 ,!y also secur$ ! eggs ( wild birds & hat*$ & re>$ ! "y ) tame h5s4 ,) wild /ock "u control1 !y 7 able to use z mu* wild blood z !y desir$ 9 _! flocks1 & soon fix$ & improv$ ! bronze type until !y _h a v>iety ( turkeys t 7 extremely h>dy1 l>g] ?an ! wild race or any dome/ic /ock t _h hi!rto be5 produc$1 & also m attractive 9 color4 ,! "n ,bronze 0 soon appli$ exclusively to ?is type ( turkey 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,engl& !y are call$ ,am]ican ,bronze1 to di/+ui% !m f ! ,cambridge ,bronze1 :i* seems to be v ne>ly a duplicate ( ! ,n>ragansett4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,:ite ,holl& ,turkey cock4 7,photograph by ,e4 ,j4 ,hall7 ,! evolution ( ! ,bronze ,turkey 9 ,am]ica is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s 9 p\ltry culture4 ,! "w 0 done on a v l>ge scale4 ,x 0 n j a few bre$]s t engag$ 9 grad+ up dome/ic turkeys ) wild blood1 b a great _m scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,_m1 remote f places :]e wild turkeys rang$1 paid high prices = full-blood$ wild males1 & also = grades ) a l>ge proportion ( wild blood4 ,9 ?is way ! wild blood 0 v widely di/ribut$4 ,z ! sup]iority ( ! bronze type became e/abli%$1 turkey gr[]s ev]y:]e b\ght ,bronze males to head _! flocks1 & s 9 a rem>kably %ort "t ,bronze ,turkeys ( a type mu* sup]ior to ! old dome/ic /ock became ! common turkeys 9 _m di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,flock ( ,:ite ,holl& ,turkeys ,int]e/ 9 ! ,am]ican ,bronze ,turkey arose 9 ,engl& at a v e>ly /age ( ?is developm5t4 ,9 fact1 !re is "s reason to believe t ! publicity giv5 to sev]al e>ly %ipm5ts ( small lots ( wild turkeys to ,france & ,engl& did m ?an any?+ else to direct ! att5tion ( bre$]s 9 ?is c\ntry to ! value ( sy/ematic bre$+ to fix ! *>act]s :i* wild blood introduc$4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! %ipm5ts 0 "o tak5 to ,france by ,lafayette on 8 return f 8 la/ visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahbe4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 or e>li]1 an ,engli% nobleman1 :o _h "s ,am]ican wild turkeys1 pres5t$ 8 sov]eign ) a v f9e horse4 ,! k+1 in/ead ( express+ pleasure ) ! gift1 intimat$ t he w\ld pref] "s ( ! wild turkeys1 & 0 accord+ly pres5t$ ) a pair4 ,! use ( wild blood to give great] vigor to dome/ic /ock cont9ues1 ?\gh x gives no bett] results n[ ?an ! use ( vigor\s ,bronze ,turkeys _m g5]ations remov$ f wild ance/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,bronze ,turkey cock4 7,photograph by ,e4 ,j4 ,hall7 ,influ5ce ( ! ,bronze ,turkey on o!r v>ieties4 ,al?\gh ,:ite turkeys h long be5 v popul> 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 9 ?is c\ntry !y 71 until rec5tly1 consid]$ too weak to be desirable = any b ^? :o kept !m z a hobby4 ,by *ance mixtures ( ,bronze & ,:ite turkeys1 & 9 "s in/ances by sy/ematic bre$+1 :ite turkeys t 7 l>ge & vigor\s 7 produc$4 ,"s ( ^! 7 l>ge en\gh to be call$ mammo?s1 z ! l>ge/ ,bronze ,turkeys 74 ,a few bre$]s :o _h ^! big :ite turkeys adv]tis$ !m z ,mammo? ,:ite ,turkeys produc$ by ,mammo? ,bronze ,turkeys z sports & 9 no way relat$ to ! old1 weakly :ite birds4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! case at ! outset1 9 a few ye>s ! ,mammo? ,:ites 7 s mix$ ) o!rs t ! di/9ction 0 lo/1 = ! be/ buy]s ( sup]ior :ite turkeys 7 ^? :o lik$ ! color & _h inf]ior /ock :i* !y wi%$ to improve4 ,all :ite turkeys 9 ,am]ica n[ g by ! old "n1 ,:ite ,holl& ,turkeys4 ,yell[ or buff turkeys 7 (t5 se5 among ! old common turkeys4 ,!y 7 usually small & v poor 9 color4 ,! mixture ( bronze turkeys ) ^! birds occasionally produc$ l>g] birds ( a d>k]1 m r$di% buff b v unev5 9 color1 ) ! tail & w+s ne>ly :ite4 ,f su* birds1 by c>eful bre$+1 a d>k r$ race ) :ite w+s & tail 0 made4 ,?is v>iety is call$ ! ,b\rbon ,r$1 f ,b\rbon ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 :]e x orig9at$4 ,o!r v>ieties ( ! turkey4 ,! only o!r v>iety wor?y ( m5tion "h is ! ,slate ,turkey4 ,birds ( ?is color are (t5 se5 9 mix$ flocks4 ,"s ( v good size & color h be5 br$ = exhibition1 & ! ,slate ,turkey 9 ,am]ica is class$ z a di/9ct v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,b\rbon ,r$ ,turkeys4 7,photograph f own]1 ,c4 ,w4 ,jones1 ,holmdel1 ,new ,j]sey7 ,place ( ! turkey 9 dome/ication4 ,9 discuss+ ! hi/ory ( ! turkey 9 dome/ication mu* has be5 said ( ! influ5ce ( conditions on ! type & on ! vitality ( ?is bird4 ,! case ( ! turkey is peculi>1 because x seems z capable ( be+ tam$ z ! f[l1 ! goose1 or ! duck1 yet does n ?rive "u ! conditions 9 :i* x w\ld gr[ tame4 ,x is peculi>ly s5sitive to ! effects ( soil :i* has be5 contam9at$ by ! excrem5t ( animals1 & s in/9ctively avoids fe$+ places on :i* o!r animals are num]\s4 ,?us x requires a l>ge range &1 if p]mitt$ to foll[ its incl9ation1 sp5ds mo/ ( its "t at a di/ance f ! home/ead4 ,! successful gr[+ ( turkeys dep5ds ^u ! wat*fulness ( ! c>etak] & ! abs5ce ( _! natural enemies4 ,?is w appe> m cle>ly :5 ! me?ods ( manag+ !m are describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,turkey culture is n well adapt$ to ! m int5sive me?ods ( f>m+ :i* become necess>y aft] ! fir/ f]tility ( ! l& has be5 exhau/$4 ,h5ce ! turkey has almo/ disappe>$ f _m places :]e turkey gr[+ 0 once an indu/ry ( consid]able importance4 ,! f>ms ( ! ,c5tral ,we/ & ! m\nta9 regions ( ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee h = _m ye>s produc$ mo/ ( ! turkeys consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! *ang+ conditions 9 ^! regions seem unfavorable to ! increase ( turkey culture4 ,attempts to gr[ turkeys on a l>ge scale h be5 made on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,:ile ^! may succe$ = a "t1 turkey culture 9 ?is c\ntry is likely to decl9e rapidly unless *anges 9 economic conditions af=d *eap] labor on f>ms1 or unless ! natural enemies ( p\ltry are s r$uc$ t flocks ( turkeys may be kept 9 a half-wild /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,managem5t ,,( ,,turkeys ,! turkey is almo/ exclusively a f>m product4 ,x is possible to gr[ a few good turkeys 9 conf9em5t1 b ?is is r>ely done except 9 exp]im5tal "w or by p]sons :o gr[ a few = amusem5t & = an opportunity to /udy "s ( _! *>act]i/ics4 ,a few adult turkeys may be kept on a small f>m & rema9 ab\t ! home/ead z o!r p\ltry does4 ,! turkeys !mselves may get along v well1 b !y are likely to abuse ! f[ls1 & z !y c easily fly ov] any ord9>y f5ce1 !y _c be controll$ except by putt+ !m 9 cov]$ y>ds4 ,turkeys kept "u su* conditions cause s mu* tr\ble t1 aft] ! novelty ( wat*+ !m has worn (f1 ! own] soon disposes ( !m4 ,x is :]e ! f>ms are l>ge & !re is a great deal ( woodl& & pa/ure ?r\gh :i* ! turkeys may roam )\t /rict reg>d to f>m b\nd>ies1 & l>ge gra9 & grass fields :]e !y c =age aft] ! crops are remov$1 t turkeys 9 l>ge numb]s are gr[n = m>ket ) good pr(it4 ,on su* f>ms1 too1 ! f>m]1 if he is a good bre$]1 c produce ! f9e/ exhibition specim5s4 ,size ( flocks4 ,! numb] ( turkeys kept on a f>m = bre$+ usually dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( "y x is desir$ to re>1 b ! difficulty ( keep+ m ?an "o adult male ) ! flock t5ds to re/rict ! annual production to :at c be re>$ f "o male4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t x is n advisable to h m ?an t5 or twelve females ) "o male4 ,sometimes a mu* l>g] numb] is kept ) "o gobbl]1 & ! eggs hat* well & produce ?rifty p\lts2 (t5] an excess ( females is responsible = poor results :i* ! bre$] attributes to o!r causes4 ,! av]age h5 turkey lays only eighte5 or tw5ty eggs 9 ! spr+4 ,"s h5s lay ev5 less4 ,once 9 a long "t a turkey h5 lays cont9u\sly = _m mon?s4 ,a turkey gr[] :o raises eight or t5 turkeys = ea* h5 9 8 bre$+ flock does v well4 ,to d mu* bett] ?an ?is ! hat*es mu/ be exceptionally good & ! losses v light4 ,^? :o gr[ turkeys = pr(it expect !m to pick ! mo/ ( _! liv+ f ! "t !y are a few weeks old until !y are ready to fatt5 = m>ket4 ,a gr[] w1 !re=e1 r>ely und]take to hat* m "y turkeys ?an he ?9ks c f9d food on ! available range4 ,x takes a v l>ge f>m to provide food = a hundr$ "y turkeys & ! old birds :i* produc$ !m1 aft] ! "y ones are well />t$4 ,on _m l>ge f>ms :]e turkeys are gr[n regul>ly1 n m ?an sev5ty or eighty are ev] hat*$1 & if losses are heavy1 n m ?an two or ?ree doz5 may be re>$4 ,a f>m] :o gr[s f sev5ty to a hundr$ turkeys is 9 ! bus9ess on a relatively l>ge scale4 ,flocks ( l>g] size are sometimes se5 9 ! fall1 b n v (t54 ,! ord9>y f>m flock ( bre$+ turkeys r>ely has less ?an ?ree or f\r or m ?an t5 or twelve h5s4 ,%elt]s & y>ds4 ,! wild turkey liv+ 9 ! woods1 ) only su* %elt] f ! rigors ( ,nor!rn w9t]s z ! trees af=d1 is p]fectly h>dy4 ,dome/ic turkeys are mo/ ?rifty :5 !y roo/ high 9 ! op5 air yet are n fully expos$ to /orms & cold w9ds4 ,if left to !mselves !y usually select conv5i5t trees ne> ! f>m build+s1 or m\nt to ! ridge ( a %$ or a b>n1 or p]* on a high f5ce4 ,a high p]* to :i* !y c m\nt by a succession ( easy flights has su* an attraction = !m t x is a common practice to place /rong p]*es betwe5 trees t are ne> toge!r1 or on tall1 /\t poles set = ! purpose1 :]e o!r trees or build+s =m a w9dbreak4 ,! turkeys1 if at home1 w n fail to g to su* a roo/ z night approa*es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( ! p]son :o has *>ge ( a flock ( turkeys is to see t ! flock is at home be=e nightfall4 ,aft] !y beg9 to roo/1 "y turkeys ne$ no %elt] 9 ! spr+ & summ]4 ,:5 *illy nights come 9 ! fall1 late-hat*$ turkeys may d bett] h\s$ ?an 9 ! op54 ,turkeys t are well gr[n & fully fea!r$ d n ne$ to be "u cov] 9 ! w9t] except 9 protract$ or v sev]e /orms4 ,turkey gr[]s :o wi% to h ! birds p>tially "u control1 & want to be able to cat* any "o :5 !y ne$ x1 (t5 h ! birds roo/ 9 a %$ or o!r outbuild+ available = ! purpose4 ,su* places %\ld be v well v5tilat$1 or ! turkeys w become s(t & take colds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,h\se & y>ds = /ock turkeys on a ,cali=nia ran*4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,y>ds are made = turkeys only to enable ! p]son 9 *>ge ( !m to keep !m "u control :5 necess>y4 ,! pr9cipal uses ( ! y>ds are to conf9e ! h5s at ! lay+ season & to sep>ate birds f ! g5]al flock :5 !re is any occasion = ?is4 ,a great deal ( tr\ble is sometimes sav$ by hav+ a small y>d = su* purposes4 ,! height ( f5ce requir$ dep5ds on ! size & weight ( ! turkeys & also ^u :e!r !y are 9 ! habit ( fly+4 ,a turkey t is n accu/om$ to fly may n attempt to g ov] a f5ce f\r or five feet high t has no top ^u :i* x c\ld alight4 ,! same bird1 :5 conf9$ 9 a /range place1 might1 )\t hesitation1 fly to a ro( twice z high1 because1 al?\gh n 9 ! habit ( fly+1 x has ! p[] to fly su* a di/ance & c see t ! ro( (f]s a suitable place = alight+4 ,a turkey 9 ! habit ( fly+ ov] ob/acles w (t5 g ov] a f5ce six or sev5 feet high )\t t\*+4 ,a turkey h5 t is lay+ w n fly z freely z "o t is n1 because ! weight & bulk ( ! eggs 9 h] body encumb] h] movem5ts4 ,= ?is reason a five-foot f5ce is usually high en\gh = a y>d = bre$+ /ock1 if !y are to be conf9$ to x only z mu* z is necess>y 9 ord] to make sure t ! h5s w lay at home4 ,fe$+4 ,! natural diet ( ! turkey1 l t ( all birds ( ! ord] ( ,scrat*]s1 consi/s ( a v>iety ( vegetable & animal foods4 ,turkeys eat ! same ?+s t f[ls eat1 & app>5tly 9 ab\t ! same proportions1 b _! =ag+ habits are q diff]5t4 ,! disposition ( ! f[l is to dig = its food :]ev] x appe>s t any?+ is to be _h by scrat*+4 ,! turkey w scrat* a little1 b x pref]s to w&] ov] ! l&1 pick+ up ! food t is 9 sight4 ,f[ls w =age f _! h\se to ! limits ( _! usual range & return _m times 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,a flock ( turkeys1 if all[$ to d s1 leaves its roo/+ place 9 ! morn+ & makes a wide circuit1 (t5 return+ home 9 ! aft]noon f a direction ne>ly opposite to ! direction !y took 9 ! morn+4 ,on _! circuit1 :i* is likely to foll[ ! same c\rse day aft] day1 turkeys h _! favorite fe$+ & re/+ places4 ,p]sons famili> ) ! r\te ( a flock c tell :]e !y are likely to be f\nd at any h\r ( ! day4 ,if food becomes sc>ce on _! circuit1 ! turkeys ext5d x1 or g on an explor+ exp$ition :i* takes !m a long way f home4 ,if night ov]takes !m at a di/ance f home1 !y look = a conv5i5t roo/+ place & rema9 !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,turkey roo/ 9 %elt] ( b>n on a ,rhode ,isl& f>m ,! fe$+ habits ( ! turkey make x especially valuable = de/roy+ gras%opp]s & o!r insects t damage field crops4 ,to get an adequate idea ( ! great quantities ( insects de/roy$ by a flock ( turkeys1 & ( ! wa/e food t !y save & turn to pr(it by eat+ x1 "o %\ld take c>eful note ( ! am\nt ( food consum$ :5 ! turkeys are f$ all t !y c eat at "o "t 7z :5 !y are be+ fatt5$71 & f ?is compute ! am\nt t a flock mu/ pick 9 ord] to live1 z _m flocks d1 f spr+ until fall almo/ :olly ^u :at !y get by =ag+4 ,turkeys are mu* m sy/ematic =ag]s ?an f[ls1 work+ m 9 conc]t4 ,a flock advances 9 an irregul> yet ord]ly =mation1 tak+ all ! *oice food 9 its way1 b n (t5 tempt$ to side excursions :i* w\ld disp]se ! flock4 ,_m p :o keep turkeys make a practice ( fe$+ a little gra91 usually corn1 9 ! ev5+ z an inducem5t to !m to come home4 ,:5 !y require m food1 !y may be giv5 :atev] is f$ to ! f[ls4 ,inde$1 unless "s arrangem5t is made by :i* ! f[ls & turkeys are f$ sep>ately1 ! turkeys may get ! habit ( be+ on h& :5 ! f[ls are f$1 & drive !m f ! food4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is mo/ likely to happ5 :5 ! range = ! turkeys is s re/rict$ t x does n af=d good pick+4 ,bre$+ season & lay+ habits4 ,exp]i5c$ gr[]s ( turkeys l to get _! "y turkeys hat*$ ab\t ! "t :5 settl$ wea!r may be expect$ 9 ! spr+4 ,little turkeys are less rugg$ ?an little *ick5s1 & are v s5sitive to cold1 damp wea!r4 ,al?\gh ! h5s may h be5 v dome/ic all w9t]1 :5 !y beg9 to lay !y develop m ( a rov+ disposition ?an is at all satisfactory to _! keep]4 ,!y are v likely to want to hide _! ne/s4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 & !re is no y>d 9 :i* !y may be conf9$1 !y make a great deal ( tr\ble4 ,!y (t5 g a long way f home to f9d places = _! ne/s1 & make su* wide circuits1 & d\ble on _! tracks s (t5 9 go+ & return+1 t ! ne/s are v h>d to f9d4 ,!re is no?+ to d 9 su* cases b to conf9e ! turkey or to foll[ h] day aft] day until ! ne/ is f\nd4 ,if %e is to be conf9$1 x %\ld be done z soon z %e indicates t %e does n int5d to take "o ( ! ne/s provid$ or to make "o at home4 ,:51 9 spite ( ef=ts to prev5t x1 a turkey h5 makes a ne/ at a di/ance & has laid "s eggs 9 x be=e ! ne/ is discov]$1 x is be/ to all[ h] to cont9ue to lay !re1 b ! eggs %\ld be remov$ z soon z laid4 ,! egg ( a turkey is ab\t twice z l>ge z a h5's egg4 ,! usual color is a light1 slightly blui%1 br[n1 ) small spots ( a d>k] %ade4 ,hat*+ & re>+4 ,turkey eggs are (t5 incubat$ by f[ls4 ,a f[l w hat* ! eggs j z well z a turkey h51 & may make z good a "m = a few turkeys gr[n on a small place4 ,= "y turkeys gr[n on ! f>m1 turkey h5s make ! be/ mo!rs1 because !y take !m to bett] =ag+ gr\nd & rema9 ) !m all ! season4 ,x is a good plan1 especially :5 !re are m turkey eggs ?an ! turkey h5s c cov]1 to set "s f[ls on ! surplus eggs at ! same "t t ! turkey h5s are set4 ,!n1 z !re w r>ely be a full hat* f all ne/s1 ! "y turkeys hat*$ by ! f[ls w fill up ! broods ( ! turkey mo!rs4 ,a f[l w cov] f sev5 to n9e turkey eggs4 ,z a rule x is bett] to give ! small] numb]4 ,a turkey h5 w cov] f twelve to fifte5 ( h] own eggs1 or ev5 a l>g] numb]1 b ! "y turkeys w be /rong] if ! ne/ is n too full4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is f\r weeks4 ,ev5 :5 normally /rong & heal?y1 little turkeys appe> weak 9 comp>ison ) lively "y *ick5s & ducks or ! m bulky gosl+s4 ,!y may be f$ ! same z "y *ick5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,%elt]$ turkey ne/4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,x is ! common practice to conf9e ! "m to a coop f :i* ! little turkeys c g to a small p5 plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,! p5 may be made ( wide bo>ds plac$ on edge1 or ( light frames cov]$ ) "o-in*-me% wire nett+4 ,! coop & p5 %\ld be mov$ be=e ! grass becomes mu* trampl$ & soil$4 ,! little turkeys c be kept 9 su* an inclosure = only ab\t a week or t5 days4 ,z !y increase 9 size1 & z _! w+s gr[1 !y fly ov] l[ ob/acles z easily & naturally z little *ick5s scrat* or z little ducks swim4 ,hav+ once fl[n out ( ! p51 !y _c be kept 9 x or 9 any inclosure t has n a high f5ce or a cov]4 ,:5 only two weeks old1 little ,bronze ,turkeys h be5 se5 fly+ to ! top ( a five-foot f5ce &1 aft] a few ef=ts1 rea*+ x ) seem+ ease4 ,no matt] h[ cont5t$ old turkeys t produc$ !m may h be5 9 conf9em5t1 "y turkeys become re/less z soon z _! w+s & legs are /rong1 &1 unless prev5t$ f do+ s1 w beg9 to roam long di/ances4 ,!y d n wait = ! "m1 :e!r f[l or turkey1 to take ! initiative & lead !m4 ,if %e is n dispos$ to rove1 !y />t & let h] foll[4 ,a turkey h5 quickly cat*es _! _s & goes ) !m & keeps !m toge!r2 a f[l is likely to foll[ !m reluctantly1 all[ !m to scatt]1 & lose a "p ( ! brood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,turkey brood coop4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,:5 ! little turkeys h rea*$ ?is /age1 ! be/ plan ( manag+ !m dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,if !re is little dang] ( enemies di/urb+ !m1 !y may be giv5 a light fe$ 9 ! morn+ & !n all[$ to =age :]e !y please1 ! p]son 9 *>ge look+ occasionally to see t !y d n g too f> &1 if necess>y1 br++ !m back or />t+ !m (f 9 ano!r direction4 ,9 case ( a sudd51 h>d %[] ! turkeys mu/ be look$ up1 & if any h be5 caught out 9 ! ra9 & h be5 *ill$ & wet1 !y %\ld be w>m$ & dri$ at once4 ,! usual way to d ?is is to wrap ! bird 9 a piece ( old flannel & place x 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj degrees1 or ne> a /ove4 ,if ?is is done promptly1 a bird t seem$ to be ne>ly dead f wet & cold may be runn+ ab\t z well z ev] 9 an h\r4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! losses ( little turkeys is due to lack ( att5tion 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 or to delay+ x until ! injury _c be fully repair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,turkey h5 ) brood4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,aft] ! "y turkeys are five or six weeks old1 !y d n ne$ su* close wat*+4 ,!y are n[ s well fea!r$ t _! plumage %$s ra91 & if !y are ?rifty1 a little wett+ w n hurt !m4 ,x is at ?is age t ! symptoms ( ! disease call$ blackhead beg9 to appe>1 if x is pres5t1 & ! turkeys p9e away & die "o by "o4 ,blackhead is a contagi\s liv] disease :i* affects f[ls z well z turkeys1 b is mo/ fatal to "y turkeys1 because x is a fil? disease2 z has be5 said1 turkeys are especially s5sitive to f\l conditions1 & ! "y ( all k9ds ( p\ltry are m s5sitive to su* conditions ?an ! adults4 ,! g]ms ( ! disease pass into ! soil ) ! excrem5t ( affect$ birds & may rema9 !re = sev]al ye>s4 ,"y birds fe$+ on l& conta9+ ^! g]ms may take up "s ) _! food4 ,if ! birds are vigor\s & ?rifty & ! l& is n badly infect$1 no h>m may be done1 b if ! birds are weakly & ! l& is s badly infect$ t !y are con/antly tak+ up m g]ms1 ! disease soon develops 9 acute =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,driv+ turkeys to m>ket 9 ,t5nessee4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,_m p suppose t if once !y h s]i\s tr\ble ) ?is disease1 x is useless = !m to try to gr[ turkeys1 b ?is is an error4 ,! g]ms ( ! disease are de/roy$ by cultivat+ ! l& & expos+ !m to ! sun & air4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s ( cultivation w rid a piece ( l& ( disease g]ms1 no matt] h[ badly x is affect$4 ,! infection is n usually di/ribut$ 9 dang]\s quantities all ov] a f>m or all ov] ! l& on :i* ! turkeys & f[ls h rang$4 ,x is pr9cipally on ! l& ne> ! f>m build+s4 ,!re w\ld be v little dang] f diseases ( ?is k9d on f>ms if ^? :o fe$ ! p\ltry w\ld make x a practice to scatt] food on clean grass or cultivat$ gr\nd at a little di/ance f ! build+s1 in/ead ( giv+ x 7z too _m d7 on gr\nd t is b>e ye> aft] ye> & nev] cultivat$4 ,on a l>ge f>m ! turkeys %\ld n require close att5tion aft] !y are two mon?s old4 ,a little food may be giv5 to !m 9 ! morn+ & aga9 9 ! ev5+1 to keep !m famili> ) ! p]son 9 *>ge1 & if !y are incl9$ to /ray too f>1 !y %\ld be r\nd$ up soon aft] noon & />t$ t[>d home4 ,hav+ />t$ 9 t direction1 !y may be left to come at _! leisure4 ,!y %\ld pick ! mo/ ( _! liv+ until ! "t comes to beg9 to fatt5 !m4 ,beg9n+ ab\t ?ree weeks be=e !y are to be kill$1 !y %\ld be f$ two or ?ree times a day all ! :ole corn !y w eat4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,gu9eas ,description4 ,! gu9ea1 or gu9ea f[l1 is ab\t ! size ( a small f[l4 ,x is v mu* l ! f[l 9 "s respects b n at all l x 9 "s o!rs4 ,naturali/s classify x 9 ! pheasant family1 b its pres5t place 9 dome/ication is s diff]5t f t ( ! pheasant t a p\ltry keep] h>dly ev] associates !m 9 8 ?\ght4 ,9 appe>ance ! gu9ea is a unique bird4 ,! %ape ( ! body & %ape ( ! head are bo? peculi>4 ,! body is q plump1 ! back ne>ly horizontal1 & ! tail %ort & mu* depress$4 ,! neck & legs are r %ort4 ,! fea!rs ( ! neck are %ort1 & ! head is b>e4 ,! sk9 ( ! head & face is a blui%-:ite4 ,! bird has a small1 knoblike r$ comb & %ort1 /iff1 r$ wattles project+ f ! *eeks4 ,! plumage ( ! body is q long1 loose1 & s(t1 & lies s smoo?ly t x appe>s mu* %ort] & clos] ?an x is4 ,! male & female are ( ne>ly ! same size1 & s l 9 appe>ance t ! sex _c be di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty by any ext]nal "*4 ,! comb & wattles ( ! male are sometimes conspicu\sly l>g] ?an ^? ,( ! female1 b ?is diff]5ce is n regul>4 ,al?\gh ! voices ( ! male & female are diff]5t1 ! diff]5ce is n easily describ$1 nor is x readily detect$ except by p :o are famili> ) ! birds1 & ^: e>s are tra9$ to di/+ui% ! diff]5t notes4 ,bo? sexes make a rapid1 %>p1 clatt]+ s\nd1 & also a %rill cry ( two notes4 ,! cry ( ! male is h>%] & has a m aggressive tone2 t ( ! female has a some:at pla9tive s\nd1 :i* "s p describe z l ! words come back1 come back4 ,! "n gu9ea comes f ! c\ntry ( ,gu9ea 9 ,africa1 f :i* ! birds 7 introduc$ into ,am]ica & ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! male gu9ea f[l is call$ a gu9ea cock2 ! female1 a gu9ea h52 ! "y1 gu9ea *ick5s4 ,orig94 ,! gu9ea f[l is a native ( ,africa4 ,x is said t !re are ab\t a doz5 simil> species on t cont95t4 ,?is species is abundant !re 9 bo? ! wild & ! dome/icat$ /ate1 & also 9 a half-wild /ate4 ,x 0 probably br\ght into p>tial dome/ication at a v e>ly date1 = x 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 z well z to ! e>ly civiliz$ nations ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,x may h be5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,we/]n ,europe by ! ,romans4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 "s ,engli% monks _h gu9eas 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is likely t !y 7 r>e 9 ,europe at t "t & soon disappe>$1 = ! mod]n ,europeans _h nev] se5 !m until !y 7 tak5 to ,europe f ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e1 x is said1 !y _h be5 br\ght by slave %ips f ,africa4 ,!re is a tradition t ! fir/ gu9eas 9 ,am]ica 7 br\ght direct f ,africa ) ! fir/ c>go ( slaves f t cont95t4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! gu9ea1 aft] its introduction1 ran wild4 ,! natural color ( ! species is a blui%-gray ) _m small1 r\nd :ite spots on ea* fea!r4 ,on ! flight fea!rs ( ! w+s ^! spots are s plac$ t !y =m irregul> b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,:ite gu9ea f[ls ,v>ieties4 ,! only *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! gu9ea 9 dome/ication is ! production ( color v>ieties4 ,:ite sports f ! orig9al v>iety1 :i* is call$ ! ,pe>l ,gu9ea1 7 develop$ z a di/9ct v>iety4 ,crosses ( ,:ite & ,pe>l ,gu9eas produc$ birds ) :ite on ! neck1 ! brea/1 & ! "u "p ( ! body4 ,^! are call$ ,pi$ ,gu9eas1 b are n reg>d$ z a di/9ct v>iety4 ,birds ) ! orig9al :ite m>k+s b ) ! color v mu* light] & sometimes ( a decid$ly r$di% t+e h also be5 produc$ by cross+4 ,^! are n consid]$ a di/9ct v>iety1 b are sometimes exhibit$ z su* "u ! "n ( ,lav5d] ,gu9eas4 ,"s ( ! old] works on p\ltry describe ! ,self-,color$ ,gu9ea1 a gray bird )\t :ite spots1 & ! ,nett$ ,gu9ea1 9 :i* ! orig9al colors are rev]s$4 ,! au?or has nev] se5 ^! v>ieties1 nor has he f\nd any m5tion ( !m 9 ! works ( lat] writ]s4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,! gu9ea is z ecc5tric 9 nature & habits z x is unique 9 appe>ance4 ,x is an ill-temp]$ bird1 v pugnaci\s1 & p]si/5tly annoys any o!r birds ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,:ile incl9$ to be %y ( man & to res5t 8 control1 x likes to e/abli% itself betwe5 wild & dome/ic conditions1 :]e x is indep5d5t yet enjoys ! safety f its enemies t proximity to ! habitations ( man af=ds4 ,! h5s are v prolific lay]s4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is said to be z well develop$ 9 ! wild z 9 ! dome/ic /ock4 ,al?\gh !y lay s well1 !y are n usually consid]$ desirable = egg production1 because ! eggs are small & x is h>d to keep ! birds "u su* control t ! eggs are easily secur$4 ,! fle% & sk9 ( ! gu9ea are q d>k 9 color4 ,! dress$ c>cass is n at all attractive 9 appe>ance1 b ! meat is v good4 ,_m p pref] x to ! fle% ( ! f[l4 ,! gu9ea is n really a dome/ic bird4 ,x is possible to keep a few 9 conf9em5t & to re> ! "y ) o!r p\ltry1 b ! adult birds are s noisy & vici\s t v few p want !m ne> ! h\se or ) o!r p\ltry4 ,!y w\ld n be tol]at$ z mu* z !y are b = ! traditional notion t _! noisy clamor keeps hawks away4 ,_m f>m]s keep a few gu9eas1 suppos+ t !y are ( s]vice 9 ?is way4 ,^? :o h tri$ to f9d out :e!r ! noise ( ! gu9ea really has any effect on hawks say t ! hawks are j z bad :]e !re are gu9eas z :]e !re are none4 ,! only way t gu9eas c be made pr(itable is by treat+ !m z half-wild birds--lett+ !m e/abli% !mselves 9 ! woods :]e !y c ma9ta9 !mselves--& !n %oot+ or trapp+ a "p ( ! flock ea* season4 ,! numb] ( gu9eas n[ produc$ 9 ?is way is /eadily increas+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! w9t]s are n sev]e & :]e wild animals :i* prey ^u game birds are kept 9 subjection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,:ite gu9ea h5 ) brood ,managem5t ( dome/ic gu9eas4 ,z has be5 /at$1 gu9eas are s h>d to control t few p]sons try to keep !m 9 close qu>t]s or :]e !y mu/ h p>ticul> att5tion4 ,:5 a few birds are kept on a f>m1 !y are usually all[$ to w&] at w2 ! own] secures z _m ( _! eggs z he c f9d be=e !y spoil1 & p]haps hat*es a few ( !m "u h5s1 = ! gu9ea h5s (t5 lay a long "t )\t go+ broody4 ,z !y are prone to hide _! ne/s & are v clev] 9 elud+ obs]vation1 x n infrequ5tly happ5s t1 :5 a ne/ is f\nd1 x conta9s a great _m eggs1 a l>ge "p ( :i* h be5 spoil$ by long exposure to ! wea!r4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! bre$] ( ^! birds is to see t he has suitable proportions ( males & females4 ,gu9eas are dispos$ to mate 9 pairs4 ,"s p\ltry keep]s :o h obs]v$ !m closely say t :ile "o or m extra females may associate ) a pair1 ! eggs ( ! extra females d n usually hat* well4 ,occasionally x happ5s t a small flock are all males or all females1 & ! own] does n f9d x out until too late 9 ! season to get a bird ( ! miss+ sex4 ,:5 a suppos$ gu9ea h5 does n lay 9 ! bre$+ season1 ! own] (t5 ?9ks t %e lays b manages to completely baffle 8 se>* = ! ne/4 ,! p]iod ( incubation = gu9ea eggs is f\r weeks4 ,! "y birds may be manag$ ! same z "y turkeys :ile small1 b d n ne$ z close wat*+ to keep !m f w&]+ away4 ,^? t are hat*$ & re>$ by f[ls are tam] ?an ^? re>$ by gu9ea h5s1 b are n s h>dy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,peaf[ls ,! peacock1 or male peaf[l1 :5 matur$ & 9 full plumage1 is ! mo/ gorge\s ( birds4 ,_m small] birds are m brilliant 9 color4 ,_m birds ( v>i\s sizes & types h beautiful or int]e/+ *>act]s z attractive z ^? :i* di/+ui% ! peacock4 ,b ?is bird surpasses !m all 9 attractiv5ess1 because 9 x are comb9$ 9 ! highe/ degree size1 beauty ( =m1 beauty ( color1 & ! p[] ( display+ its beauties to ! greate/ advantage4 ,description4 ,! adult peacock is s mu* m /rik+ 9 appe>ance ?an ! females & ! "y males1 & old males are s (t5 exhibit$ alone1 t _m p]sons suppose t ! peaf[l are di/9ctly unlike o!r dome/ic birds4 ,! size1 %ape1 & c>riage ( ! peacock sometimes sugge/ to !m a resemblance to ! turkey gobbl]1 b ! peacock's mo/ /rik+ *>act]s seem s peculi> to x t ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] is usually fix$ ^u !m1 to ! exclusion ( direct comp>isons ) o!r creatures4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o sees a flock conta9+ sev]al females1 or males 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic plumage is n yet develop$1 ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 peaf[l & turkeys is imm$iately notic$4 ,! peaf[l is small]1 sl5d]]1 & m graceful ?an ! turkey1 & is a little m agile 9 motion4 ,b if !re 7 no old males pres5t to id5tify ! species1 to :i* !y belong1 a p]son :o 0 n famili> ) peaf[ls1 see+ a flock = ! fir/ "t1 w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to ?9k t !y 7 turkeys ( a r>e bre$4 ,not)/&+ ?is /rik+ g5]al lik5ess1 a close obs]v] w soon note t 9 ne>ly e conspicu\s "* ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two indicate t !y belong to entirely diff]5t species4 ,! voice ( ! peaf[l is a h>%1 pi]c+ scream4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,indian ,peacock4 7,photograph f ! ,new ,york ,zooelogical ,society7 ,! developm5t ( ! plumage 9 ! male at full maturity is l t ( ! f[l & ( "s pheasants4 ,9 all ( ^! species 9 :i* ! tail ( ! male assumes a highly decorative =m1 x is n ! tail prop] t is s develop$1 b ! tail cov]ts & o!r fea!rs ( ! back1 :i* 9 ! male are long & fl[+4 ,9 ! peacock ^! fea!rs are v rem>kably develop$1 bo? 9 =m & 9 color4 ,! l>ge/ are sometimes a y>d long4 ,! /em1 or %aft1 is a m>vel\s comb9ation ( lightness & /r5g?4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! l5g? ( ! %aft ! b>bs are s f> ap>t t !y d n =m a web1 b make a fr+e on ea* side4 ,t[>d ! tip ( ! fea!r ! b>bs are clos] toge!r1 & at ! extremity !y =m a broad web4 ,! fea!rs ( ?is /ructure gr[+ next to ! ma9 tail fea!rs are ! longe/4 ,! next are a little %ort]1 & ?us ! l5g? dim9i%es until ! %orte/ cov]ts are only a little long] ?an ! ord9>y fea!rs ( ! back4 ,?is fea!r =mation is call$ ! tra94 ,! tra9 ( ! peacock is ! mo/ prom95t peculi>ity ( ! species1 b !re is also 9 bo? sexes ano!r uncommon fea!r "*--! curi\s little tuft1 or cre/ 7call$ ! aigret71 :i* gr[s on ! head4 ,! surface color ( ! peacock is a m>vel\s bl5d+ ( purples1 gre5s1 golds1 & bronzes ( v>i\s hues4 ,on ! head & neck purple t9ts pr$om9ate4 ,! tra9 is mo/ly gre5 ) l>ge1 eyelike spots1 or spangles1 at ! tip ( ea* fea!r4 ,! plumage ( ! female is a s(t br[n on ! body1 d>ke/ on ! back & %ad+ to ne>ly :ite on ! abdom54 ,! br[n (t5 %[s slight t9ts ( purple & gre54 ,! neck & ?roat are a purple-gre52 mu* less int5se ?an ! color+ on ! male4 ,! "y males are color$ l ! females until !y molt 9 _! second ye>4 ,!n !y become mu* d>k]1 b x is n until ! next molt1 9 _! ?ird ye>1 t !y gr[ ! *>act]i/ic tra9 & take on ! brilliant coloration :i* is _! greate/ attraction4 ,! wild peaf[ls 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,asia v>y some:at 9 color & are sometimes ?\ght to be ( diff]5t species1 b !y are evid5tly all v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,specim5s ( all are se5 9 dome/ication4 ,"o v>iety is almo/ black4 ,dome/ic life has _h little if any effect ^u ! type ( peaf[ls4 ,a :ite v>iety has be5 produc$1 & f ! mixture ( ?is ) ! gre5 v>iety1 birds t are p>tly :ite are sometimes obta9$4 ,! significance ( ! t]ms f[l1 cock1 h51 & *ick1 or *ick51 9 comb9ation ) ! pea 9 ! "n ( ?is bird is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly pla94 ,^? :o seek fur!r mean+ 9 ! fir/ syllable are puzzl$ until !y consult ! diction>y & f9d t ! ?ree lett]s z !y occur "h are n ! ^w pea1 b a contraction ( pawa1 :i* 0 an ,anglo-,saxon corruption ( pavo1 ! ,lat9 "n ( ! bird4 ,:ile ! orig9al mean+ ( ! "n is n kn[n1 ! ^w came into ! ,lat9 language f ! ,greek1 into :i* x _h previ\sly come f ! ,p]sian4 ,h5ce1 ! hi/ory ( ! "n indicates t ! di/ribution ( ! peaf[l 0 along mu* ! same l9es 9 ,europe z ! di/ribution ( ! f[l4 ,orig94 ,! peaf[l is suppos$ to be a native ( ,java & ,ceylon4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,asia & is said to be v num]\s 9 ,india & ,ceylon1 bo? 9 ! wild /ate & 9 a half-dome/ic /ate4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 & to all ! anci5t civiliz$ peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,africa at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,roman ,empire a peacock s]v$ ) ! fea!rs on#ab 0 a favorite di% at ! fea/s ( weal?y ,romans1 & ?is mode ( s]v+ ! bird 0 cont9u$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe = _m c5turies4 ,at :at "t !y 7 introduc$ into t "p ( ! _w is n kn[n1 b x is probable t !y 7 di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s c\ntries soon aft] ! ,roman conque/s4 ,nor is any?+ kn[n ( _! fir/ introduction into ,am]ica4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q reasonable to suppose t "s 7 br\ght "h at an e>ly date by weal?y coloni/s4 #ab ,( c\rse ! bird 0 n cook$ ) ! fea!rs on1 b 0 sk9n$1 ! fea!rs rema9+ 9 ! sk91 & aft] ! fle% 0 cook$ ! sk9 ) ! fea!rs 0 plac$ ov] x be=e x appe>$ on ! table4 ,sk9n+ p\ltry in/ead ( pluck+ ! fea!rs seems to h be5 q a common practice 9 old times4 ,z rec5tly z betwe5 #ahhj & #ahij ! au?or he>d ( p :o pref]r$ x z ! easie/ way ( prep>+ *ick5s to be cook$ imm$iately4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! peaf[l is n[ br$ only = ornam5tal purposes4 ,t seems to be its /atus ev5 9 ! ,asiatic c\ntries1 :]e x is mo/ abundant1 & its position has probably be5 mu* ! same 9 all l&s & 9 all ages4 ,! use ( fully develop$ peacocks = food at banquets 0 simply a display ( b>b>\s extravagance4 ,al?\gh a "y peaf[l is v good eat+1 a male old en\gh to h acquir$ its full plumage w\ld be h>d1 t\gh1 & unpalatable4 ,! peaf[l is n prolific en\gh to be a pr(itable table bird1 & is too desirable = its beauty to be us$ = any o!r purpose4 ,9 ?is c\ntry peaf[ls are n common4 ,v few are se5 except 9 zooelogical collections & at ! pr9cipal p\ltry %[s4 ,! sc>city ( peaf[l is n due :olly to ! exp5se ( procur+ !m or to ! difficulty ( re>+ !m4 ,inde$1 nei!r ( ^! con/itutes a s]i\s drawback to _! popul>ity4 ,! peaf[l is its own wor/ enemy 9 dome/ication4 ,x has a v savage disposition t[>d small] birds1 & 9 ?is way usually makes itself an intol]able nuisance to ^? :o gr[ o!r p\ltry4 ,_m own]s ( l>ge f>ms1 :o d n keep turkeys1 or :o keep only a small flock1 might ma9ta9 a small /ock ( peaf[l ) v little tr\ble4 ,al?\gh !y are s vici\s :5 br\ght 9 close contact ) small] p\ltry1 !y w flock & =age by !mselves if !y h room to d s4 ,managem5t4 ,! me?ods ( manag+ turkeys apply at ne>ly e po9t to ! managem5t ( peaf[l4 ,! peaf[l matures m sl[ly & does n bre$ s e>ly4 ,! females are n fit = bre$+ until two ye>s old2 ! males n until ?ree ye>s old4 ,!y d n pair1 b mate 9 small polygam\s families--"o male ) f two to f\r females4 ,! peah5 usually lays f f\r to six eggs--r>ely m ?an eight or t54 ,! p]iod ( incubation is f\r weeks4 ,"y pea*icks are v bright & active4 ,!y beg9 to fly :5 only ?ree or f\r days old4 ,if !y are to be kept 9 an inclosure :ile v small1 ! sides mu/ be high or ! top mu/ be cov]$ ) wire nett+4 ,al?\gh s active1 !y are less indep5d5t ?an mo/ "y p\ltry1 & foll[ ! "m closely until %e drives !m f h] at ! approa* ( ! next bre$+ season4 ,peah5s are pref]r$ z mo!rs1 because _! disposition is to keep _! "y ) !m mu* long] ?an a turkey or a f[l does4 ,next to ! peah5 a turkey h5 makes ! be/ "m = pea*icks4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,pheasants ,! gu9ea & ! peaf[l 7 describ$ z closely relat$ to ! pheasants1 & z ( limit$ usefulness to man bo? because ( _! ugly dispositions & because ( _! rov+ habits4 ,! species ( pheasants t are be/ kn[n are a little f>!r remov$ f dome/ication by _! extreme %yness1 & h (t5 be5 exclud$ f li/s ( dome/ic birds2 yet x is q possible t "s ( !m may become ( mu* great] economic importance 9 ,am]ica ?an ei!r ! gu9ea or ! peaf[l4 ,description4 ,! mo/ common k9ds ( pheasants are ab\t ! size ( small dome/ic f[ls1 b h r\nd]1 plump] bodies4 ,!re are also o!r *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,! head ( a pheasant1 except a "p ( ! face ar\nd ! eye1 is usually fea!r$4 ,?is b>e sk91 call$ ! wattle1 is r$ 9 mo/ species1 b 9 a few x is purpli%4 ,! fea!rs ( ! neck are %ort1 & ! tail is depress$4 ,"s ( ! r>] k9ds ( pheasants are z l>ge z m$ium-siz$ f[ls4 ,pheasants z a class are di/+ui%$ pr9cipally = _! brilliant plumage4 ,9 mo/ species ! male alone has %[y color+1 ! females be+ v sob] hu$4 ,9 "s species ! male has a v long tail1 correspond+ to ! tra9 ( ! peacock2 9 "s ! tail is wide & heavy1 z well z q long2 9 o!rs ! males are fea!r$ l ! females4 ,! "n pheasant comes f ! "n ( ! riv] ,phasis 9 ,col*is1 at ! ea/]n end ( ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,! t]m f[l is n us$ 9 connection ) pheasant1 b ! words cock1 h51 & *ick5 are us$ z 9 o!r cases t h be5 m5tion$4 ,orig94 ,! pheasants are all natives ( ,asia1 :]e ne>ly all kn[n k9ds are f\nd 9 ! wild /ate4 ,!y are well di/ribut$ ov] t cont95t1 & are f\nd 9 localities diff]+ greatly 9 climate & 9 ! "* ( ! soil & ( ! vegetation4 ,"s species live mo/ly at l[ altitudes2 o!rs are peculi> to high m\nta9 regions4 ,accord+ to an old ,greek leg5d ! fir/ pheasants kn[n 9 ,europe 7 br\ght to ,greece by ! ,argonauts on _! return f ! exp$ition 9 se>* ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,a m probable /ory is t :i* says t !y 7 introduc$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,pheasants 7 re>$ 9 conf9em5t = food by ! ,greeks & ! ,egyptians1 & also lat] by ! ,romans 9 ,italy4 ,bo? ! re>+ & ! use ( pheasants 9 ^? times seem to h be5 limit$ to ! v weal?y4 ,f ,greece & ,italy !y 7 gradually di/ribut$ all ov] ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,r+neck ,pheasant#ac #ac ,figs4 #afh-agb are f photographs ( m\nt$ specim5s 9 ! ,national ,museum1 made to illu/rate ,pheasant ,rais+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #cij ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,hi/ory 9 ,am]ica4 ,! hi/ory ( pheasants 9 ,am]ica is mu* m fully kn[n ?an t ( mo/ k9ds ( p\ltry4 ,! fir/ importation ( :i* !re is a record 0 made by an ,engli%man nam$ ,ba*e1 :o _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,9 ,engl& at t "t pheasants 7 propagat$1 z !y are to-day1 9 a half-wild /ate 9 game pres]ves1 & ,mr4 ,ba*e expect$ t ^? :i* he import$ & releas$ on 8 e/ate 9 ,new ,j]sey w\ld soon become e/abli%$ !re4 ,9 ?is he 0 disappo9t$4 ,o!rs :o subsequ5tly tri$ ! same plan met ) no bett] success4 ,= a long "t ! only pheasants kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry 7 ^? gr[n 9 conf9em5t by fanci]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,mongolian ,pheasant ,! fir/ successful attempt to e/abli% pheasants at lib]ty on ?is cont95t 0 made 9 ,oregon ) pheasants br\ght direct f ,*9a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates consul at ,%anghai s5t "s ,r+neck ,pheasants to ,oregon 9 #ahhj4 ,z mo/ ( ^! di$ on ! way1 a second %ipm5t 0 s5t 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 all ab\t =ty birds 7 lib]at$4 ,! %oot+ ( pheasants 0 prohibit$ by law 9 ,oregon until #ahib1 :5 ! /ock _h become s widely di/ribut$ & s well e/abli%$ t %oot+ !m 0 all[$ = a %ort season4 ,s num]\s 7 ! pheasants at ?is "t t on ! fir/ day ( ?is op5 season ab\t #ej1jjj 7 %ot by ! hunt]s4 ,9 _m o!r /ates ef=ts h s9ce be5 made1 bo? by /ate game commissions & by private ent]prise1 to acclimatize pheasants & e/abli% !m z game birds4 ,"s ( ^! ef=ts h be5 q successful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,amh]/ ,pheasant ,species & v>ieties4 ,! relation%ips ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( pheasants are n positively kn[n4 ,"s k9ds t are und\bt$ly v>ieties ( ! same species are commonly class$ z diff]5t species4 ,! be/-kn[n ( ^! s-call$ species int]bre$ freely4 ,! r>e k9ds h n be5 suffici5tly te/$1 ei!r ) common k9ds or ) "o ano!r1 to %[ :e!r !y are species or m]ely v>ieties4 ,! ,european pheasants1 desc5d$ f ! /ocks :i* came 9 e>ly times f ,we/]n ,asia1 are call$ by v>i\s names--,common ,pheasant1 ,d>kneck$ ,pheasant1 ,engli% ,pheasant1 & ,hung>ian ,pheasant4 ,two k9ds ( pheasants1 ( ! same type b hav+ m di/9ctive color m>k+s1 h 9 rec5t times be5 br\ght f ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,"o ( ^! is commonly call$ ! ,r+neck ,pheasant1 b ! names ,*9a ,pheasant1 ,mongolian ,pheasant1 & o!rs are also appli$ to x4 ,! second v>iety1 also call$ ,mongolian ,pheasant1 is said by "s au?orities to be ! only "o to :i* ! "n ,mongolian prop]ly applies4 ,x is n q l ! ,r+neck1 b1 l x1 has a :ite r+ ar\nd ! neck4 ,f ,japan /ill ano!r bird1 call$ ! ,v]sicolor ,pheasant1 or ,japanese ,v]sicolor ,pheasant1 v simil> 9 type1 0 br\ght to ,engl&4 ,^! ?ree v>ieties f ,ea/]n ,asia h be5 mix$ ) ! ,european pheasants to su* an ext5t t !re are n[ v few pheasants ( ! type common 9 ,europe be=e _! introduction1 & good specim5s ( ! ori5tal races are equally r>e4 ,! pr9cipal ,engli% v>iety at ! pres5t "t is a ,r+neck produc$ f ! mixture4 ,?is is call$ ! ,engli% ,pheasant2 9 ,engl& x is also sometimes call$ ! ,common ,pheasant4 ,! birds t bre$ at lib]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mo/ly ( ! ,r+neck type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,man*urian ,pheasant ,al?\gh !y are v beautiful birds1 ! pheasants ?us f> m5tion$ appe> pla9 9 comp>ison ) ! ,silv] & ! ,gold5 ,pheasants 7:i* are ! mo/ common ( ! highly ornam5tal v>ieties7 & ! ,reeves & ,amh]/ ,pheasants4 ,^! are ! k9ds mo/ (t5 se5 9 avi>ies & at p\ltry %[s4 ,!re are _m o!r r>e & curi\s v>ieties :i* are to be se5 only 9 ! f9e/ collections4 ,among ^! is a class call$ ! ,e>$ ,pheasants1 because ( ! little tufts ( fea!rs :i* project backw>d at ea* side ( ! head1 look+ /rik+ly l ! e>s ( a mammal4 ,! pheasants ( ?is class are mo/ly dull color$ & q docile 9 disposition4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,! future place ( pheasants 9 dome/ication is n s pla9ly indicat$ by _! hi/ory & pres5t position z ! places ( ! gu9ea & ! turkey seem to be4 ,pheasants seem to be m desirable1 easi] to control1 bett] suit$ to conf9em5t1 & also bett] adapt$ to w9t]+ out ( doors 9 cold climates1 ?an are gu9eas4 ,! beauty ( ! ornam5tal types makes !m v desirable to ^? :o keep birds = pleasure4 ,because !y are s mu* small] ?an peaf[l1 & also because !y are able to live amicably ) f[ls1 !y may be kept :]e peaf[l c\ld n4 ,x is !re=e probable t1 z p 9 ,am]ica become m famili> ) pheasants1 & z !y le>n t ! greate/ pleasure & ! sure/ pr(it 9 aviculture are to be f\nd 9 gr[+ a few birds "u ! mo/ favorable conditions t c be made = !m1 ! numb]s ( pheasant fanci]s w greatly increase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,monaul1 a ,himalayan pheasant ,9 ,engl& pheasants are ext5sively gr[n 9 game pres]ves1 = %oot+ & = sale z bre$+ /ock to ^? :o wi% to /ock new pres]ves4 ,:]e ! birds are f$ by a keep]1 z !y mu/ be :5 !y are v num]\s1 !y become s tame t hunt+ !m is n v excit+ sport4 ,"s t h be5 releas$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & h liv$ 9 a natural /ate 9 places :]e %oot+ !m 0 n all[$1 h become q z tame z ! birds 9 ! ,engli% pres]ves4 ,altoge!r ! hi/ory ( ef=ts to e/abli% pheasants 9 a wild /ate ) a measure ( protection f hunt]s %[s t x w\ld (t5 be practical = own]s ( woodl& & wa/e l& to e/abli% & pres]ve colonies ( wild or half-wild pheasants4 ,:e!r ?is w be done to any great ext5t dep5ds ^u ! ext]m9ation ( wild animals & ^u ! plac+ ( prop] re/rictions ^u ! dome/ic animals 7dogs & cats7 :i* are de/ructive to l& birds2 x dep5ds also1 to "s ext5t1 ^u conc]t ( action among ! l&[n]s 9 a community1 9 secur+ = !mselves ! use ( ! pheasants gr[n on _! l&s4 ,! possibility ( dome/icat+ pheasants ( ! ,man*urian type1 & "o or two o!r r>e v>ieties t1 :5 se5 on exhibition1 appe> v docile1 is also to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture#ad has call$ att5tion to ! fact t "s ( ! little-kn[n k9ds ( pheasants seem especially adapt$ to dome/ication4 ,ev5 be=e t1 _m p\ltrym51 see+ ^! birds at exhibitions1 _h be5 impress$ by _! appe>ance1 & _h rem>k$ t !y look$ l birds t w\ld become ?or\ghly dome/ic4 ,at ! pres5t "t p]sons desir+ to gr[ any ( ! m common v>ieties ( pheasants = table use %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 h[ ! game laws ( ! /ate 9 :i* !y live1 & ( any /ate into :i* !y might want to s5d pheasants1 w\ld affect _! und]tak+4 ,sometimes ! laws made to protect pheasants 9 a wild /ate h be5 pass$ )\t due reg>d = ! int]e/s ( p]sons gr[+ !m 9 captivity4 ,errors ( ?is k9d are usually adju/$ be=e long2 meantime ^? :o may innoc5tly break a law f9d ! situation v emb>rass+4 #ad ,pheasant ,rais+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #cij4 ,managem5t ( pheasants 9 conf9em5t4 ,! bre$+ ( pheasants on a small scale may be c>ri$ on 9 any place :]e suitable runs c be made = !m4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is a some:at seclud$ site :]e ! birds w n be subject to frequ5t di/urbances4 ,x %\ld be ne> en\gh to ! own]'s dwell+ to enable him to keep wat* ( :at goes on 9 its vic9ity1 yet n s ne> t ! movem5ts ( ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 z !y g ab\t _! ord9>y affairs1 w di/urb ! pheasants4 ,x %\ld be :]e trees or bu%es make a natural %ade b n a d5se %ade2 a place :]e ! sun & %ade are ab\t equal on a cle> day is be/4 ,a light s&y or gravelly soil is to be pref]r$1 & a clay soil %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! l& has und]bru% on x1 ?is ne$ n be cle>$ f ! space occupi$ by ! run1 unless x is s ?ick t x %ades ! gr\nd too mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,coops & y>ds = bre$+ pheasants4 7,photograph f ,simpson's ,pheasant ,f>m1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon7 ,! h\se %\ld be ( ab\t ! same size & con/ruction z w\ld be us$ = a few f[ls4 ,a roo/+ place %\ld also be made 9 ! y>d1 = z a rule ! birds w pref] to roo/ outdoors4 ,! h\se is to af=d !m prop] %elt] f sev]e /orms & dur+ prolong$ damp wea!r4 ,= ei!r a pair or a p5 ( a male & sev]al females ! y>d %\ld conta9 ab\t #fjj squ>e feet4 ,! f5ces inclos+ x %\ld be at lea/ #f feet high1 & ! top %\ld be cov]$ ) wire nett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,"y ,*9a ,pheasants at fe$+ "t4 7,photograph f ,simpson's ,pheasant ,f>m1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon7 ,! ,silv]1 ,soemm]r+1 & ,sw9hoe ,pheasants mate 9 pairs2 ! o!r famili> k9ds are polygam\s1 & f "o to five or six females may be kept ) "o male4 ,pheasants may be f$ ! same ?+s z are f$ to f[ls1 & 9 mu* ! same mann]1 b !re is "o important diff]5ce :i* ! pheasant bre$] mu/ c>efully obs]ve4 ,f[ls w /& abuse 9 ! matt] ( diet mu* bett] ?an pheasants w4 ,9 fe$+ ! latt] m att5tion mu/ be giv5 to provid+ regul> supplies ( gre5 food1 to hav+ all food s\nd & good :5 f$1 & to regulat+ ! quantity giv5 = a meal s t x w n lie ab\t & become s\r or soil$ be=e x is eat54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,f[ls & pheasants 9 same y>d on a ,new ,engl& p\ltry f>m ,mo/ pheasant fanci]s use l>ge bantams or small common h5s to hat* & re> ! "y pheasants4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is f tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r days4 ,until !y are wean$ f ! h5s ! little pheasants may be manag$ z "y *ick5s are1 b ) ! same att5tion to v>iety ( food & to mod]ation 9 fe$+ t has be5 specifi$ = ! old birds4 ,a small numb] ) a good range on grass or 9 a g>d5 w pick mu* ( _! food4 ,_m ( ! old] works on p\ltry :i* treat$ ( ! c>e ( pheasants recomm5d$ = ! "y birds a great v>iety ( foods n easily provid$4 ,n[adays ! mo/ successful amateur fanci]s fe$ ei!r a mixture ( ! common small gra9s or "s ( ! comm]cial mixtures :i* conta91 9 addition to ^!1 a numb] ( se$s & gra9s n mu* us$ by p\ltry keep]s :o buy _! gra9s sep>ately 9 bulk4 ,/ale crack$ corn1 :i* is dang]\s to all "y p\ltry1 is especially to be avoid$ 9 fe$+ "y pheasants4 ,aft] ! "y pheasants are wean$1 !y mu/ be kept 9 cov]$ runs1 or _! w+s mu/ be clipp$ to prev5t !m f fly+4 ,a l>ge pheasantry is op]at$ on ! same g5]al l9es z a plant :]e birds are gr[n 9 small numb]s4 ,! me?od is simply an ext5sion ( t j describ$4 ,:5 only "o k9d ( pheasant is kept1 ! inclos$ y>d is sometimes made v l>ge1 & a hundr$ or m birds are put toge!r4 ,?is is n good practice ) any k9d ( p\ltry1 & is no d\bt responsible = mu* ( ! tr\ble :i* ^? gr[+ pheasants 9 l>ge numb]s h _h4 ,at avi>ies :]e !re are l>ge collections ( pheasants1 includ+ _m r>e & co/ly k9ds1 ! y>ds are always made l>ge en\gh to give ! birds good sanit>y conditions1 & z a rule ea* family ( adult birds1 :e!r compos$ ( two or m1 has a y>d to itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,swans ,naturali/s divide swans into a numb] ( diff]5t species4 ,:e!r ?is division is correct is n kn[n4 ,! habits ( swans1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y are usually kept1 t5d to prev5t ! m+l+ ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,z f> z ! au?or has be5 able to le>n1 !re is no evid5ce :i* %[s conclusively ! relations ( any ( ! suppos$ diff]5t species4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are 9 "s cases v slight4 ,"s ( ! decisions ( ! naturali/s :o h classifi$ slightly diff]5t k9ds z di/9ct species are bas$ ^u exam9ations ( v small numb]s ( specim5s4 ,consid]+ ! app>5t resemblances ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( swans 9 ! light ( :at is kn[n ( species & v>ieties 9 f[ls1 ducks1 geese1 & pheasants1 x seems probable t ! true species ( swans are few] 9 numb] ?an ! common classification %[s1 & x also seems q possible t all swans are ( ! same species4 ,description4 ,! common swan1 call$ ! dome/ic swan1 is ab\t ! size ( ! l>ge/ dome/ic geese1 b appe>s l>g] because x has a long] neck & head & l>g] w+s4 ,! body is also some:at long] ?an t ( a goose ( ab\t ! same weight1 & ! swan is a mu* m graceful bird ?an a l>ge goose4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,mute ,swan1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,:i/l+ ,swan1 :i* is a v simil> k9d n br$ 9 dome/ication4 ,!re are o!r slight diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mute ,swans & ! ,:i/l+ ,swans1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! voice1 if x really is z great z is suppos$1 is ! only "o ( mu* consequ5ce 9 decid+ _! relations4 ,! ,mute ,swan is n dumb4 ,x sometimes makes a l[1 :i/l+ s\nd4 ,p are n agre$ z to :e!r !re is any real f\ndation = ! famili> tradition t ! ,mute ,swan rema9s sil5t until ab\t to die1 & !n s+s a song4 ,"s p acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( swans decl>e t ! swan is m vocal :5 dy+ ?an at any o!r "t 9 its life4 ,o!rs say t ! idea probably arose z a result ( "s "o's he>+ a dy+ swan moan+ 9 pa91 z sick animals & birds (t5 d1 & conclud+ t x 0 utt]+ a s]ies ( s\nds *>act]i/ic ( swans 9 a dy+ condition4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! ,mute ,swan is di/9ctly less noisy ?an ! wild ,:i/l+ ,swan4 ,until #afig all swans kn[n to civiliz$ p 7 :ite1 & ! swan 0 an emblem ( purity ( color4 ,9 t ye> a ,dut* navigator visit+ ,au/ralia f\nd !re a black swan4 ,aft]w>ds a :ite swan ) a black neck 0 discov]$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,_h ! subject ( h]$ity be5 well und]/ood be=e ! discov]y ( ^! two swans t 7 n :ite1 p famili> ) ! :ite swans w\ld h kn[n t !re 7 color$ swans 9 "s unexplor$ c\ntry 7or t !y _h exi/$ 9 ! kn[n _w 9 a =m] age71 = :ite swans are n p]fectly :ite at maturity1 & :5 "y !y are gray4 ,nei!r is ! black swan all black4 ,x has :ite flight fea!rs1 & its black color is a ru/y black1 t is1 a black mix$ ) r$4 ,swans are v long-liv$ birds1 b /ories ( swans liv+ to sev5ty or eighty ye>s ( age are n to be cr$it$4 ,x _c be affirm$ t ! birds may n live z long z t1 b ! evid5ce 9 ! cases report$ is defective4 ,! reports ( swans liv+ = fifty ye>s are q cr$ible4 ,! male & female swan are n readily di/+ui%$1 = !re are no ext]nal indications ( sex1 & ! birds use _! voices s r>ely t1 ev5 if !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! notes ( ! male & female1 x is n practical to use x to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! only way to id5tify ! sex ) c]ta9ty is by obs]v+ ! birds at ne/+ "t4 ,! "n swan is ,anglo-,saxon4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its d]ivation4 ,! t]ms cock & h5 are sometimes appli$ to swans z !y are to _m o!r k9ds ( birds4 ,! swanh]ds 9 ,engl& call ! male a cob & ! female a p54 ,! "y swan is call$ a cygnet1 f ! ,fr5* ^w = swan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,swan & ne/ ,orig9 & hi/ory 9 dome/ication4 ,tradition says t ! dome/ic swan 0 br\ght to ,engl& f ,france by ,ri*>d ! ,lion-he>t$4 ,z ! swan is a migratory bird1 /ill sometimes se5 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e nor? ( ! equator1 x is possible t swans 7 kn[n 9 ,engl& long be=e ! reign ( ?is k+4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9 t1 f ab\t ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 ! swan has occupi$ a peculi> position 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a royal bird1 & ! privilege ( own+ swans 0 grant$ only to ^? 9 high /ation4 ,at fir/ ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 p]mitt$ to own swans 0 v small1 b x 0 aft]w>d ext5d$ until1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 m ?an n9e hundr$ diff]5t swanm>ks 7 regi/]$ by ! royal swanh]d1 :o _h g5]al ov]sight ( all ! swans 9 ! k+dom4 ,! swans 7 m>k$ by br&+ or cutt+ ! bill1 ?is be+ necess>y because !y liv$ l>gely on ! m>g9s ( un9clos$ wat]s1 j z 9 "s ( our ,we/]n /ates cattle live on unf5c$ l&s4 ,! "r to own swans c>ri$ ) x ! "r to keep !m 9 su* a place4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,al?\gh x has be5 br$ 9 captivity = c5turies1 ! swan is n fully dome/icat$4 ,x does n1 l ! duck & ! goose1 s increase 9 size & weight :5 kept "u ! control ( man t x becomes incapable ( flight1 b1 l ! ,am]ican ,wild ,goose 9 captivity1 x is prev5t$ f fly+ by remov+ ! fir/ jo9t ( "o w+1 ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ z soon z possible aft] ! "y birds are hat*$4 ,! swan lives m on ! wat] ?an ei!r ! duck or ! goose4 ,x subsi/s l>gely ^u co>se aquatic grasses & plants1 & is said to eat all k9ds ( decay+ matt] f\nd 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ,engl& 9 old times ! swan 0 us$ z food by ! weal?y1 b its use = ?is purpose ceas$ long ago4 ,x is n[ kept almo/ exclusively = ornam5t4 ,mo/ ( ! swans 9 ,am]ica are kept 9 public p>ks or on l>ge private e/ates4 ,v few are re>$ "h2 ! supply is kept up l>gely by importations f ,engl&4 ,! swan is n popul>1 because ! birds are co/ly & are n prolific4 ,/ill ! bre$+ ( swans = ornam5tal purposes or = sale to exhibitors might be c>ri$ on ) pr(it ^u _m f>ms4 ,"u suitable conditions1 swans may1 at ! same "t1 p]=m valuable s]vice & make a valuable product4 ,by consum+ ! k9ds ( food :i* !y pref]1 !y clean ponds & keep sluggi% /reams op54 ,be+ s l>ge & /rong1 & requir+ s mu* co>se food1 !y are a great deal m s]viceable 9 ?is way ?an are ducks & geese4 ,managem5t4 ,:5 swans 7 abundant 9 ,engl&1 !y 7 kept mo/ly ^u c]ta9 riv]s & inlets ( ! sea :]e natural food 0 abundant4 ,! climate ( ,engl& is s mild t !y c !re obta9 food 9 su* places at all seasons4 ,! cold] p>ts ( ,am]ica d n af=d conditions favorable to swan culture4 ,:]e ! w9t]s are long & sev]e1 & /reams & ponds are froz5 ov] = mon?s1 w9t]+ swans w\ld be tr\blesome & exp5sive1 b :]e ! wat]s are op5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 a f>m] :o _h a suitable place = !m might bre$ swans ) pr(it4 ,a pair ( swans w\ld co/ ab\t ! same z a good c[1 & might make ab\t ! same net pr(it4 ,b !re w\ld be ?is diff]5ce3 ! c[ w\ld require a great deal ( c>e1 ! swans v little2 ! c[ w\ld eat salable food1 ! swans mo/ly wa/e food4 ,by ?is comp>ison x is n meant to sugge/ t a f>m] might pr(itably replace 8 c[s ) swans4 ,! object is simply to %[ h[ ! possible pr(it f small specialities comp>es ) ! usual pr(it f a regul> feature ( f>m+4 ,! me?ods ( manag+ swans are mu* l ! me?ods ( manag+ wild geese 9 captivity4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce is t ! swans mu/ h a l>g] body ( wat]1 & "o 9 :i* vegetation is abundant4 ,!y are n z fond ( l& grasses z geese are1 & l to float on ! surface ( ! wat]1 fe$+ on ! vegetation at ! bottom4 ,_! long necks enable !m to d ?is 9 wat] sev]al feet deep4 ,!y ne$ no %elt] b a small hut1 :i* !y w use only 9 r>e em]g5cies4 ,aft] !y h settl$ d[n 9 a spot1 !re %\ld be no ne$ ( build+ f5ces to re/ra9 !m4 ,z !y are n able to fly1 !y w rema9 q ne> _! home unless food supplies !re are v %ort4 ,9 t case extra food %\ld be giv5 !m4 ,ev5 :5 natural food is abundant1 x is a good plan to fe$ swans a little ( some?+ else occasionally1 to atta* !m to ! p]son :o has *>ge ( !m4 ,z e "o kn[s :o has se5 ! swans 9 p>ks1 :]e visitors amuse !mselves by fe$+ !m1 swans are v fond ( bread4 ,!y w eat gra9 also1 al?\gh1 :5 n accu/om$ to x1 !y may at fir/ refuse x4 ,_! food is usually giv5 ei!r by ?r[+ x on ! wat] or by plac+ x 9 tr\ghs f :i* ! birds c eat :ile float+ ^u ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,fe$+ swans on ! wat] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,view ( an ,engli% swann]y ,! female builds ne> ! wat] a ne/ ( co>se /alks & small /icks4 ,sometimes ?is is re>$ to a height ( sev]al feet1 & mat]ial add$ ar\nd ! sides1 little by little1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( incubation4 ,swans h be5 kn[n to pile up ne>ly half a cord ( mat]ial = _! ne/4 ,f five to t5 eggs are laid 9 ! ne/4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is six weeks4 ,z f> z possible1 int]f]5ce ) ! birds %\ld be avoid$ dur+ ! bre$+ season & :ile ! "y are small4 ,:5 x is necess>y to h&le !m 9 any way1 ! att5dant %\ld h at ! />t all ! assi/ance he is likely to require4 ,a bl[ f a swan's w+ may injure a man v s]i\sly4 ,x is said t su* a bl[ has be5 kn[n to break a man's ?igh4 ,! "y are gray :5 hat*$ & d n become entirely :ite until two ye>s old4 ,ev5 !n _m ( !m are n absolutely :ite1 b %[ v di/9ct traces ( r$di%-yell[1 especially on ! head & upp] "p ( ! neck4 ,!re is a /ory t a "y swan ( a deep buff color 0 hat*$ at ,lewes 9 ,engl&4 ,if ! swans ) "y mu/ be f$1 ! usual practice is to ?r[ ! food ^u ! wat]4 ,/ale bread1 gra91 & ev5 meal are giv5 9 ?is way4 ,x looks l a wa/eful way ( fe$+1 b ! birds w get all ! food4 ,swann]ies are unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,engl& a few ( ^? e/abli%$ _m c5turies ago /ill rema94 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! is at ,abbotsbury4 ,swans h be5 br$ "h cont9u\sly = ab\t eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,o/ri*es ,! o/ri* is unlike o!r birds 9 _m important *>act]s4 ,x is n a typical bird4 ,:ile x has fea!rs & w+s1 its fea!r+ is n normal1 & ! muscles ( ! w+s are lack+4 ,9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p]sons x is associat$ ) ! circus m5ag]ie r ?an ) ! p\ltry y>d1 b1 z we %all see1 ?is s+ul> bird has a place 9 dome/ication &1 z a useful l& bird1 belongs to ! p\ltry gr\p4 ,!re are two species ( o/ri*es1 b only "o ( ^! is ( economic value4 ,description4 ,! o/ri* is ! l>ge/ ( liv+ birds4 ,a full-gr[n male /&+ erect measures f six to sev5 feet 9 height4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s weigh ab\t ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,z1 9 ! atmosph]e :i* n[ surr\nds ! e>?1 a creature ( su* size & weight _c fly at all1 ! w+s ( ! o/ri* h become atrophi$1 & ! muscles ( ! w+s1 :i* =m ! plump1 meaty brea/s ( fly+ birds1 are entirely want+4 ,n only h ^! muscles disappe>$1 b ! brea/bone1 :i* 9 fly+ birds is v l>ge 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! skeleton1 & has a deep1 longitud9al keel 9 ! middle1 is comp>atively small 9 ! o/ri* & has no keel at all4 ,! o/ri*1 hav+ no p[] ( flight1 is dep5d5t = safety ^u its spe$ 9 runn+2 s its legs are long & /rong1 & ! muscles :i* move !m are v l>ge4 ,inde$1 !re is v little meat on an o/ri* except on ! ?ighs4 ,x c run mu* fa/] ?an a horse4 ,because its foot mu/ be adapt$ to runn+ at great spe$1 ! o/ri* has only two toes4 ,its neck is v long & sl5d]1 & its head is v small & flat4 ,9 su* a head !re is little room = bra9s4 ,! o/ri* is a v /upid creature1 b x does n1 z is commonly suppos$1 hide its head 9 ! s& & imag9e t1 n be+ able to see its enemies1 x _c be se5 by !m4 ,t is a my? app>5tly bas$ ^u ! fact t1 :5 9 repose1 an o/ri* sometimes lies ) its long neck /ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,side view ( male o/ri*4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,s9ce ! w+s ( ! o/ri* are useless = flight1 ! flight fea!rs h lo/ ! /ructure adapt$ to t purpose & h develop$ into beautiful plumes4 ,! tail fea!rs h also und]gone a simil> *ange4 ,^! w+ & tail fea!rs are ! o/ri* fea!rs ( comm]ce4 ,! neck & head ( ! o/ri* are almo/ b>e ( fea!rs4 ,! body is cov]$ ) fea!rs1 b n z d5sely z 9 mo/ birds4 ,!re are j en\gh fea!rs on ! body ( an o/ri* to protect ! sk9 f exposure :5 !y lie flat4 ,! areas on ! sk9 :]e !re are no fea!rs are mu* l>g] ?an on o!r birds4 ,! ?ighs ( ! o/ri* are b>e4 ,! sk9 is 9 "s v>ieties ( a blui%-gray2 9 o!r v>ieties ! b>e p>ts are r$ & ! sk9 ( ! body is yell[4 ,! crop & ! gizz>d ( ! o/ri* are n sep>at$ z 9 o!r birds1 b are jo9$2 ! upp] "p ( ! /oma* p]=ms ! functions ( a crop & ! l[] "p ^? ( a gizz>d4 ,! male o/ri* is usually l>g] ?an ! female4 ,! adult males & females are pla9ly di/+ui%$ by ! color ( _! plumage1 ! body fea!rs ( ! male be+ black1 :ile ^? ( ! female are gray4 ,! plumes ( bo? sexes are :ite or :ite mix$ ) black4 ,! black on an o/ri* is (t5 ( a br[ni% %ade1 & ?is is mo/ conspicu\s :5 x appe>s on ! plumes4 ,! bill ( ! male & ! scales on ! fronts ( 8 %anks become a bright rose color 9 ! bre$+ season4 ,! male o/ri* utt]s a guttural s\nd1 call$ boom+1 :i* is said to resemble ! ro> ( a lion z he>d at a di/ance4 ,! voice ( ! female is l t ( ! male1 b v fa9t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! plumage ( ! sexes1 al?\gh x is n complete until aft] ! second adult molt1 is noticeable mu* e>li]4 ,! females d n beg9 to lay until ?ree or f\r ye>s old4 ,! males are n fully matur$ until f\r or five ye>s ( age4 ,o/ri*es are v long-liv$4 ,birds ^: age c\ld be v]ifi$ h liv$ z long z =ty-five ye>s 9 captivity1 & at t age 7 pr(itable z bre$]s & also z fea!r produc]s4 ,x is believ$ by "s ( ^? mo/ compet5t to judge su* matt]s t "u favorable circum/ances an o/ri* might live a hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,v few ( ! birds kept 9 dome/ication die ( old age4 ,!y are s /upid1 & _! long legs1 ?\gh /rong = runn+1 are s easily brok51 t an accid5t ( "s k9d almo/ always ends ! life ( an o/ri* long be=e x has pass$ its prime4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,front view ( male & female o/ri*es4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,! "n o/ri* has an int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,! ,greeks call$ ?is s+ul> bird /ru?ion'4 ,?is came into ! ,lat9 language z /ru?io4 ,9 l[ ,lat91 avis1 ! ,lat9 ^w = bird1 0 prefix$ to :at rema9$ ( ! ,greek "n1 giv+ avis /ru?io4 ,o/ri* is a contraction ( ?is l[ ,lat9 comp\nd4 ,s we h 9 ?is "n a comb9ation ( two words f diff]5t languages1 hav+ ! same mean+4 ,! t]ms cock1 h51 & *ick are us$ ) ! "n ( ! species1 to designate respectively ! adult male1 ! adult female1 & ! "y be=e ! fir/ pluck+4 ,orig9 & hi/ory 9 dome/ication4 ,! dome/ic o/ri* is ! wild ,african o/ri* 9 captivity4 ,x is probable t ! o/ri* 0 famili> to ! p ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & 0 kn[n to ^? ( ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,asia & ,europe1 9 prehi/oric times4 ,9 v e>ly times o/ri*es may h be5 kept 9 captivity = _! fea!rs1 z !y are n[ kept 9 ! ,sudan1 b1 until ab\t #ahfj1 :5 ! f>m]s ( ,s\? ,africa began to take an int]e/ 9 ! subject1 we h no k ( any ef=ts to bre$ o/ri*es 9 captivity & to improve ! quality ( ! fea!rs by giv+ ! birds m nutriti\s food ?an !y usually get 9 ! wild /ate4 ,! fir/ /ock us$ 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 "s ( ! wild /ock f\nd 9 t "p ( ! cont95t4 ,9 #ahhb ! fir/ o/ri*es 7 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,comm]cially ! o/ri* is valuable only = its plume fea!rs4 ,! ext5t ( ! developm5t ( o/ri* culture dep5ds ^u ! dem& = o/ri* fea!rs at prices t w w>rant bre$+ o/ri*es to supply !m4 ,:5 ! indu/ry 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 o/ri* fea!rs br\ght high prices & ! bus9ess 0 v pr(itable2 b s _m f>m]s engag$ 9 x1 & ! supply ( fea!rs increas$ s rapidly t prices soon became mu* l[] & h nev] s9ce return$ to ! scale t prevail$ at t "t4 ,! fle% ( ! o/ri* is edible1 b x is s h>d & t\gh t no "o w\ld gr[ o/ri*es = _! fle%4 ,! egg ( an o/ri* is ab\t z l>ge z two doz5 h5 eggs4 ,o/ri* eggs are said to be v good1 b !y are too l>ge = ord9>y use1 & ! birds are s long 9 matur+ t x w\ld n pay to use !m to produce eggs = comm]cial purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,o/ri* eggs & newly hat*$ *icks4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,! bre$+ ( o/ri*es = _! fea!rs1 h[ev]1 may be reg>d$ z a p]man5t indu/ry1 = !re w always be a dem& = o/ri* plumes1 b x _c be develop$ z ext5sively z if ! product 7 a /aple article ( food4 ,! o/ri* f>ms 9 ,am]ica are mo/ly special f>ms devot$ exclusively to o/ri* bre$+4 ,mo/ ( ^! f>ms are own$ & op]at$ by companies4 ,"s ( !m are /ock speculation projects4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ! indu/ry is m 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al f>m]s1 ea* ( ^? engag$ 9 x gr[+ a few birds4 ,! p ( ,s\? ,africa h tri$ to secure a monopoly 9 o/ri* fea!rs by prohibit+ ! exportation ( o/ri*es & by pur*as+ ! be/ /ock to be obta9$ 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,o/ri* f>m+ is practical only 9 tropical & semitropical c\ntries2 ! plumage ( ! birds is too scanty to protect !m 9 ! cold w9t]s ( temp]ate climes4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly all ! o/ri* f>ms are 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,arizona1 b !re are "s 9 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 & ,florida4 ,managem5t4 ,9 ! places :]e o/ri* f>m+ is c>ri$ on1 ! birds ne$ no %elt]4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 inclosures f5c$ z = cattle4 ,z o/ri*es are br$ = _! plumage1 & t ( ! male is mo/ valuable1 ! bre$] does n object to _! foll[+ _! natural incl9ation & mat+ 9 pairs1 b _m males are s injur$ 9 fight+ t !y mu/ be kill$4 ,?is leaves an excess ( females1 & s two or m females are sometimes mat$ ) "o male4 ,! birds are mat$ = bre$+ :5 !y are ab\t ?ree & "o-half ye>s old4 ,! object ( mat+ !m be=e !y are fully mature is to prev5t !m f select+ = !mselves p>tn]s contr>y to ! ideas ( ! bre$]4 ,ea* mat+ mu/ h its own y>d1 unless ! place :]e m ?an "o family is kept is l>ge en\gh to all[ ea* family ! exclusive use ( a "p ( x4 ,"u su* circum/ances ea* gr\p w keep to its own range4 ,! natural food ( ! o/ri* is grass & ! leaves ( %rubs & trees4 ,9 dome/ication x is usually pa/ur$ on alfalfa1 or f$ on alfalfa hay1 accord+ to ! season4 ,! alfalfa is (t5 supplem5t$ ) gra9 7pr9cipally corn71 & grit1 bone1 & %ell are provid$ z = o!r birds4 ,mo/ o/ri* gr[]s pref] to hat* ! eggs 9 incubators1 because by remov+ ! eggs f ! ne/s !y induce ! h5s to lay m1 & because ! "y o/ri*es are mu* easi] to manage :5 by !mselves ?an :5 ) ! old birds4 ,:5 a pair ( o/ri*es hat* _! own eggs1 ! h5 sits dur+ ! day & ! cock at night4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is six weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,flock ( o/ri*es on a ,cali=nia o/ri* f>m4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,"y o/ri*es are f$ ! same z old ones4 ,!y are kept 9 flocks ( fifty or m until ab\t a ye> old1 :5 ! sexes are sep>at$4 ,! plumes are cut = ! fir/ "t :5 ! birds are betwe5 six & sev5 mon?s old4 ,al?\gh ! process ( remov+ ^! fea!rs is call$ pluck+1 !y are n drawn out1 b are cut close to ! sk94 ,! object is to get ! fea!r imm$iately aft] x is gr[n1 be=e x c be soil$ or damag$ 9 any way4 ,at t "t ! quill is /ill full ( blood4 ,draw+ x out w\ld be v pa9ful to ! bird1 & might injure ! w+ s t ! next fea!r t grew w\ld be defective4 ,! /umps ( ! fea!rs are all[$ to rema9 until !y are dead & dry1 :5 !y are drawn out easily4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ! ,kafirs draw ! /umps out ) _! tee?4 ,9 ab\t six or sev5 mon?s aft] ! /umps are remov$1 ! new plumes are gr[n & ! process ( pluck+ is repeat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,pigeons ,! pigeon is ! only species ( a]ial bird kept 9 dome/ication to provide food = man4 ,x is also ! only useful dome/ic bird t is able to ma9ta9 itself & increase 9 numb]s 9 popul\s di/ricts )\t ! c>e ( man4 ,description4 ,! common pigeon is ab\t ! size ( ! smalle/ bantam f[ls4 ,x is a plump1 h>d-fea!r$ bird1 ) a %ort neck1 a r\nd head free f ornam5tal app5dages1 a %ort beak1 & %ort legs4 ,! prevail+ color is a dull1 *eck]$ blue1 v>y+ 9 %ade f a v light blue to ne>ly black4 ,! blue is sometimes replac$ by r$ ) simil> v>iations 9 %ade4 ,!re are also :ite pigeons1 black pigeons1 & _m birds 9 :i* all ! colors t h be5 nam$ are irregul>ly mix$4 ,! male & female pigeons are n di/+ui%$ by any regul> diff]5ces ( size1 =m1 color1 or voice4 ,! males are usually a little l>g] & co>s] look+1 & make !mselves conspicu\s by _! va9 pos+ & dom9e]+ ways1 b none ( ^! *>act]i/ics are reliable indications ( sex4 ,! natural voice ( ! pigeon is a s(t1 gurgl+ coo repeat$ ov] & ov] ) monoton\s effect4 ,x is sometimes heavi] & m prolong$ 9 ! male1 b except 9 ! ,trumpet] & ,laugh] ,pigeons1 9 :i* ! voice has be5 peculi>ly develop$1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! voices ( ! male & female is n m>k$4 ,ev5 9 ! two v>ieties m5tion$1 _m males h su* poor voices t ! voice is n an infallible indication ( ! sex4 ,! mo/ exp]t pigeon bre$]s are (t5 9 d\bt ab\t ! sex ( "s pigeons until !y pair4 ,! "n pigeon is f ! ,lat9 pipio 7to peep or *irp71 & came into ! ,engli% language f ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon "n = ! bird 0 probably dufa1 f :i* we h ! ^w dove1 :i* is /ill sometimes appli$ to pigeons4 ,dufa 0 d]iv$ f dufan 7to plunge into74 ,x seems probable t ! "n 0 giv5 because ( ! pigeon's habit ( dropp+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly :5 desc5d+ f an elevat$ position4 ,! male pigeon is call$ a cock1 ! female a h54 ,"y pigeons are call$ squabs1 squeak]s1 or sometimes squeal]s4 ,! ^w squab1 :i* means fat1 describes ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! ne/l+ pigeon2 ! o!r t]ms ref] to ! noise x makes z x p]si/5tly begs = food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,tame pigeons4 7,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts7 ,orig94 ,dome/ic pigeons are all desc5d$ f ! wild ,blue ,rock ,pigeon ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! improv$ v>ieties h be5 greatly *ang$ 9 =m1 !y are all p]fectly f]tile :5 br$ toge!r4 ,! ,blue ,rock ,pigeon is f\nd 9 ! wild /ate 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,fancy ,pigeons1 by ,james ,c4 ,lyell1 ! be/ au?ority on ! subject1 conta9s ?is /atem5t3 ,! ,briti% ,blue ,rock inhabits ! rocks & caves on our seacoa/s1 z well z precipit\s inl& rocks1 & c]ta9ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is bird & a common blue fly+ tumbl] is v little4 ,_! color is id5tical1 _! size almo/ s4444 ,9 ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 :]e fanci]s keep & %[ common pigeons1 ! wild ,blue ,rock dome/icat$ is ! bird s call$4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ^! wild pigeons are a true wild race4 ,consid]+ ! habits ( ! pigeon & its wide di/ribution 9 ,engl& c5turies ago1 x seems c]ta9 t _m1 if n all1 ( ! pigeons n[ f\nd wild 9 ! ,briti% ,isles are desc5d$ f birds once dome/icat$4 ,rock ,pigeons ( ! same type1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w &1 :e!r wild or f]al1 are pla9ly all f ! same orig9al /ock4 ,! ,am]ican ,wild ,pigeon1 also call$ ! ,pass5g] ,pigeon1 :i* 0 once f\nd 9 enorm\s flocks 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 is (t5 errone\sly m5tion$ z ! ance/or ( dome/ic pigeons4 ,! ,rock ,pigeon & ! ,pass5g] ,pigeon are ( diff]5t species & are v diff]5t 9 appe>ance & habits4 ,! ,rock ,pigeon is :at is call$ a %elf build]4 ,x builds its ne/ on a l$ge1 or %elf1 & w r>ely ev5 alight 9 a tree or a bu%4 ,! ,pass5g] ,pigeon is a wood pigeon1 ne/+ & roo/+ 9 trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,flock ( ,dragoon ,pigeons#ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,fly+ ,hom] ,pigeon#ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,silv] ,runt ,pigeon#ae #ae ,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,di/ribution 9 anci5t times4 ,! pigeon 0 dome/icat$ at a v e>ly /age ( civilization4 ,l ! f[l1 ! duck1 & ! goose1 x 0 well kn[n to all civiliz$ peoples ( antiquity4 ,to :at ext5t ! di/ribution ( pigeons 9 dome/ication foll[$ ! e>ly migrations ( ! human race is n kn[n4 ,x is probable t pigeons 7 dome/icat$ be=e ! ,aryan migrations began1 & also t ! dome/ic /ock 0 sometimes tak5 by ,aryan coloni/s to _! new homes2 b x is equally probable t at v>i\s times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? p com+ to new l&s dome/icat$ "s ( ! wild rock pigeons :i* !y f\nd !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,swiss ,monda9e ,pigeon#af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,spla%$ ,hom]#af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,blue-b>r$ ,hom]#af #af ,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,improv$ v>ieties4 ,common pigeons are mu* alike ! _w ov]1 & h *ang$ little f ! wild race1 b 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w ! mak+ ( improv$ v>ieties began ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & 9 "s places peculi> types 7 develop$ :i* 7 little kn[n else:]e until mod]n times4 ,! v>ieties ( ! pigeon are s num]\s t x is practically impossible to make a complete li/ ( !m4 ,at ! l>ge %[s 9 ?is c\ntry1 classes are made = m ?an "o hundr$ fifty nam$ v>ieties1 9 ab\t =ty bre$s4 ,9 _m ( ^! bre$s !re are eight or t5 pr9cipal color v>ieties1 & an indef9ite numb] ( less popul> v>ieties1 specim5s ( :i* compete 9 a miscellane\s competition 9 :at is call$ ! any o!r v>iety class4 ,!re are probably ne>ly ?ree hundr$ v>ieties ( pigeons br$ 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe ! numb] is v mu* great]4 ,! ,triganica pigeon has "o hundr$ fifty-two color v>ieties1 & x is said t ano!r v>iety 9 ,g]many1 n kn[n 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 has "o hundr$ ?irty-eight color v>ieties4 ,:]e v>ieties are s num]\s1 _m ( ! color diff]5ces are necess>ily slight1 & only ^? :o "k !m well c readily di/+ui% ! diff]5t v>ieties at sight2 o!rs are bewild]$ :5 !y attempt to d s4 ,9 ?is *apt] only ! mo/ pron\nc$ color v>ieties & ! bre$s ( mo/ int]e/ to beg9n]s w be describ$1 b "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! o!rs w be m5tion$1 to illu/rate ! range ( ! improv$ types develop$ by fanci]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,:ite ,h5 ,pigeons4 7,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,"y ,jacob9 ,pigeons4 7,photograph f ,e4 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apman1 ,/oneham1 ,massa*usetts7 ,! ,c>ri] ,pigeon4 ,! hom+ in/9ct--t is1 ! faculty ( f9d+ ! way home aft] w&]+ or be+ tak5 away f x--is f\nd 9 animals ( all k9ds4 ,9 "s k9ds ( animals x is mu* m highly develop$ ?an 9 o!rs1 & "s animals ( ea* k9d h m ( x ?an is usual ) _! species4 ,x is well kn[n t migratory birds usually return to ! same localities season aft] season1 & t c]ta9 pairs (t5 return to ! same vic9ity ye> aft] ye> & build _! ne/s 9 ! same places4 ,:5 ?is in/9ct is highly develop$ 9 a wild bird1 its habit ( return+ to ! same ne/ is ( great int]e/ to ^? :o obs]ve x1 b x has no p>ticul> value4 ,9 a dome/ic bird ! hom+ in/9ct or habit is ( s]vice because ! own] ( a bird relies ^u x to make ! bird return always to ! place :i* he has provid$ = x1 in/ead ( tak+ %elt] else:]e or rema9+ :]e nocturnal enemies w f9d x an easy prey4 ,9 ! dome/ic l& birds ! in/9ct has no fur!r use ?an ?is1 b 9 pigeons :i*1 :ile ?or\ghly dome/icat$1 reta9 full p[] ( flight1 ! developm5t ( ! hom+ faculty makes x possible to use !m z a means ( communication :5 x is necess>y to transmit %ort lett]s ) great dispat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,muff$ ,tumbl]s ) saddle color patt]n4 7,photograph f ,e4 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apman1 ,/oneham1 ,massa*usetts7 ,x is kn[n t pigeons 7 us$ z mess5g]s 9 w> ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,an ,egyptian bas-relief ( ab\t #acej ,b4,c4 %[s pigeons be+ releas$ f cages j z !y are n[ releas$ 9 fly+ mat*es4 ,! hom+ in/9ct is s /rong 9 ! common pigeon t any "o famili> ) its habits may easily suppose t pigeons 7 us$ to c>ry messages almo/ z soon z m5 _h devis$ means ( communication by writ+ ^u any mat]ial :i* ! birds c\ld c>ry 9 _! flight4 ,!re is reason to believe t 9 v anci5t times pigeons 7 br$ & tra9$ especially = "w ( ?is k9d 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,fe$+ pigeons on ,bo/on ,common4 7,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts7 ,! pigeon :i* 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica n[ goes by ! "n ( ,c>ri] ,pigeon is a type develop$ z a mess5g] pigeon 9 ,p]sia & f t c\ntry di/ribut$ to _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,z br$ 9 ,asia x 0 l>g] & /rong] ?an ! common pigeon1 & _h a c]e1 or convolut$ membrane1 ar\nd ea* eye & at ! juncture ( ! head & ! beak4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is type ( ,c>ri] may h be5 tak5 f ,asia ,m9or to ,engl& at ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 b no?+ def9ite is kn[n ( x 9 ,great ,brita9 until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is old type ( ,c>ri] & sev]al closely relat$ v>ieties 7 us$ = mess5g]s1 & also 9 fly+ competitions1 until ! v>iety next describ$ 0 develop$4 ,:5 ! ,c>ri] ,pigeon 0 br$ = c>ry+ messages1 no att5tion 0 paid to its color4 ,pigeon fanci]s :o 7 n int]e/$ 9 pigeon fly+1 b lik$ ! ,c>ri] = its o!r *>act]s1 e>ly develop$ _m di/9ct color v>ieties & also gave special att5tion to ! =m & c>riage ( ! bird & to ! developm5t ( ! c]es ar\nd ! eyes & on ! beak4 ,! ,c>ri] ,pigeon is n[ br$ only z an exhibition bird4 ,! ,antw]p ,hom]4 ,beg9n+ sometime e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 bre$]s ( fly+ pigeons at ,antw]p1 9 ,belgium1 develop$ a race :i* soon became celebrat$ = sup]ior developm5t ( ! hom+ faculty & = great spe$ & endurance4 ,?is race 0 at fir/ call$ ! ,antw]p ,c>ri]4 ,:5 ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph made ! s]vices ( pigeons z mess5g]s on l& unnecess>y1 pigeons t c\ld fly long di/ances 7 /ill br$ & tra9$ = competitive fly+ mat*es4 ,9 ^!1 z a rule1 !y c>ri$ no messages2 ! object 0 to see :i* bird w\ld rea* home fir/4 ,s gradually ! t]m hom] 0 sub/itut$ = c>ri]1 & ! pigeons n[ call$ ,hom]s1 or ,hom+ ,pigeons1 are ! ,antw]p ,hom+ ,pigeons4 ,good birds ( ?is type are l>g] & /rong] ?an ! common pigeon1 & h a bold]1 m confid5t be>+ & a m attractive c>riage4 ,!y %[ _! good bre$+ v pla9ly4 ,_m ( ! pigeons call$ ,hom]s are crosses or grades ( ! ,antw]p ,hom]1 & are n mu* bett] 9 any way ?an ord9>y pigeons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,fly+ ,hom]#ag #ag ,photograph f ,c4 ,e4 ,twombley1 ,m$=d1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! true ,hom] is also ! mo/ popul> type ( pigeon = ! production ( squabs = m>ket4 ,its great prolificacy1 /rong con/itution1 quick gr[?1 & l>ge size make x a favorite ) squab gr[]s4 ,z br$ = fly+ or = m>ket1 ,hom]s are ( v>i\s colors1 & ! color v>ieties are n di/9ct except z occasionally a bre$] makes a specialty ( produc+ birds ( "s p>ticul> color4 ,_m pigeon fanci]s bre$ ,hom]s solely = exhibition4 ,! ,exhibition ,hom] has _m di/9ct color v>ieties--,blue1 ,silv]1 ,mealy1 ,blue ,*eck]1 ,black ,*eck]1 ,black1 ,r$ ,*eck]1 ,:ite1 ,yell[4 ,tumbl] & ,tippl] ,pigeons4 ,! fly+ p[]s ( pigeons h be5 develop$ = o!r purposes z well z = travel+ long di/ances4 ,9 ris+ or desc5d+ 9 flight a pigeon sometimes turns a som]sault 9 ! air4 ,?is trait has be5 develop$ 9 c]ta9 races s t _m birds w p]=m ! feat v (t54 ,^! races are call$ ,tumbl]s4 ,!y are f\nd all ov] ,europe & ,asia & 9 a few localities 9 ,am]ica4 ,! common ,tumbl]s p]=m 9 ! air1 usually at "s di/ance f ! gr\nd1 ! tumbl+ ( individual birds be+ an occasional feature ( ! evolutions ( a flock circl+ ab\t 9 ! vic9ity ( its home4 ,f ?is common ,tumbl] m highly specializ$ types h be5 develop$4 ,! bre$+ ( ^! types has become some?+ ( an art1 & 9 "s cases ! sport ( fly+ !m has become a well-organiz$ recreation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,squab-bre$+ ,hom]s4 7,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts7 ,by bre$+ toge!r specim5s :i* p]=m$ well :5 fly+1 ,tumbl]s 7 f9ally produc$ 9 :i* ! tumbl+ prop5sity 0 s exagg]at$ t !y c\ld n fly b1 aft] a few som]saults1 alight$ on _! feet4 ,^! birds 7 call$ ,inside ,tumbl]s1 or ,p>lor ,tumbl]s1 to di/+ui% !m f ! common ,tumbl]s1 :i* requir$ m room = _! evolutions ?an any ord9>y build+ af=d$4 ,al?\gh !y are incapable ( flight1 ! ,p>lor ,tumbl]s c rise a %ort di/ance be=e !y fall4 ,! ,roll] is a ,tumbl] :i* turns _m som]saults s rapidly t ea* revolution ( its body is made 9 a v small space4 ,a high-fly+ ,roll] falls :ile roll+ 9 ! air4 ,an ,inside ,roll] turns ov] & ov] backw>d on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,clean-legg$ ,r$ ,tumbl]#ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,muff$1 or ,fea!r-legg$1 ,tumbl]s#ah #ah ,photograph f ,e4 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apman1 ,/oneham1 ,massa*usetts4 ,bre$]s ( common ,tumbl]s d n give !m lib]ty1 b release !m f _! l(t only :5 !y wi% to see ! birds p]=m1 &1 by fe$+ !m imm$iately ^u _! return1 coax & tra9 !m to return to ! l(t soon aft] be+ releas$4 ,a good p]=m] is soon exhau/$ by tumbl+1 & is q will+ to return to ! l(t 9 a %ort "t4 ,b n all birds ( ,tumbl] /ock are good & p]si/5t p]=m]s1 & (t5 birds t d n p]=m pref] lib]ty = a long] p]iod to ! food t is wait+ = !m 9 ! l(t4 ,birds h sometimes be5 compell$ to rema9 9 ! air = a long "t4 ,z a result ( ?is treatm5t ( poor ,tumbl]s a type ( ,tumbl] has be5 produc$ :i* w p]=m m or less :5 asc5d+ or desc5d+1 b :i*1 hav+ ris5 to a high elevation1 w rema9 = h\rs circl+ ov] its home & p]haps occasionally fly+ away & return+4 ,tumbl]s ( ?is type c rema9 9 ! air = five or six h\rs4 ,9 fly+ !m = sport ! object is to see :i* flock w rema9 9 ! air longe/4 ,! tumbl+ habit 0 gradually br$ out ( ! high-fly+ birds1 & aft] a "t _m ( !m did n tumble at all4 ,su* birds 7 !n call$ ,tippl]s 7tipple hav+ 9 "s ,engli% dialects ! mean+ ( tumble74 ,! mod]n ,tippl] ,pigeon is a bird 9 :i* ! t5d5cy to rise to a great height & rema9 !re = a long "t has be5 develop$ to ! utmo/1 z ! t5d5cy to return home f great di/ances has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,fly+ ,hom]4 ,p]=m+ ,tumbl]s & ,tippl]s are usually br$ = p]=mance )\t reg>d to color1 & ! colors 9 a flock ( ! same bre$+ may be1 & ne>ly always are1 v>i\s4 ,exhibition /ocks ( ,tumbl]s & ,tippl]s are br$ 9 _m di/9ct color v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,engli% ,owl ,pigeon#ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,engli% ,r$ ,trumpet] ,pigeon#ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,engli% ,saddle ,trumpet] ,pigeon#ai #ai ,photograph f ,e4 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apman1 ,/oneham1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! ,fantail ,pigeon4 ,! ,fantail ,pigeon orig9at$ 9 ,india4 ,! fan-%ap$ tail1 f :i* ?is v>iety takes its "n1 0 develop$ by selection to increase ! numb] ( ! l>ge1 /raight ma9 tail fea!rs4 ,normally a pigeon has f twelve to sixte5 ( ^! fea!rs2 9 ! ord9>y ,fantail ! numb] has be5 increas$ to tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-six4 ,_m ( ! specim5s 9 :i* ?is "* is highly develop$ h a mu* great] numb] ( tail fea!rs4 ,x is said t =ty-two fea!rs h be5 c\nt$ 9 a tail4 ,a tail 9 :i* !re are s _m fea!rs _c be c>ri$ 9 ! natural position2 x spreads1 =m+ a major segm5t ( a circle1 & at ! same "t x is elevat$ until1 9 specim5s ) v full tails1 ! highe/ tail fea!rs /& ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,to balance ! l>ge tail c>ri$ 9 ?is position ! ,fantail has to c>ry its head v f> back4 ,?is makes ! brea/ v prom95t4 ,! bird _c fly well1 & :5 walk+ ab\t x appe>s to be /rutt+ to make a display ( its spectacul> tail4 ,its appe>ance is 9 ?is respect deceptive1 = x is a v mode/ bird & has difficulty 9 balanc+ itself 9 any o!r position4 ,! ,fantail is g5tle & affectionate1 & is ! be/ ( all pigeons = ^? :o want birds = pets4 ,x is br$ 9 _m color v>ieties4 ,! ,:ite ,fantail is ! mo/ popul>1 because x is ! mo/ %[y & ! easie/ to produce ) uni=m color 9 a flock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,:ite ,runt ,pigeon#bj #bj ,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,:ite ,p\t] ,pigeon ,p\t] ,pigeons4 ,all pigeons h 9 "s measure ! p[] ( inflat+ ! crop ) air4 ,9 ! ,p\t] ,pigeons ?is p[] has be5 develop$ & its ex]cise enc\rag$ to su* an ext5t t 9 _m specim5s ! inflat$ crop is z l>ge z all ! re/ ( ! bird4 ,p\t]s 7 introduc$ into ,engl& f ,holl& sev]al hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!y 7 at fir/ call$ ,cropp]s4 ,! common ,p\t] is a l>ge pigeon ) long legs4 ,x usually /&s 9 a v erect position4 ,!re is a race ( dw>f pigeons ( ?is type1 call$ ,pigmy ,p\t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,f[l-l1 or ,maltese ,h51 ,pigeons#ba #ba ,photograph f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,o!r important types4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive pigeons is ! ,jacob91 :i* has ! fea!rs ( ! neck turn$ upw>d1 =m+ a hood :i* sometimes almo/ conceals ! head4 ,! ,turbit & ,owl ,pigeons are di/+ui%$ by a frill ( fea!rs on ! brea/1 & by ! peculi> beak & face1 :i* are v %ort4 ,! ,dragoon is a l>ge1 %[y pigeon ( ! ,c>ri] type4 ,! ,trumpet] is di/+ui%$ by a cre/1 :i* greatly ob/ructs its sight1 z well z by ! peculi> developm5t ( ! voice1 to :i* x owes its "n4 ,! ,runt is a v l>ge pigeon br$ bo? = exhibition & = ! table4 ,"s squab gr[]s prize x v highly2 o!rs say t ! small] & m prolific ,hom] is m pr(itable = squab bre$+4 ,! use ( a t]m commonly appli$ to und]siz$1 ill-develop$ creatures z ! "n ( "o ( ! l>ge/ pigeons is "o ( ! curiosities ( nom5clature4 ,! explanation1 h[ev]1 is simple4 ,9 ,engl& 9 old times common pigeons 7 call$ runts4 ,! pigeon n[ call$ ! ,runt 0 introduc$ into ,engl& f ,spa91 & 0 call$ by e>ly writ]s on pigeons ! ,spani% ,runt1 mean+ ! common pigeon ( ,spa94 ,) ! disuse ( ! t]m runt to designate ! common pigeon1 ! t]m ,spani% 0 dropp$ f ! designation ( ! improv$ bre$1 & x became simply ! ,runt4 ,besides ! ,runt j m5tion$ !re is ano!r l>ge pigeon1 once call$ ! ,leghorn ,runt1 :i* belongs to ! class ( ,f[l-l1 or ,h51 ,pigeons1 s call$ because 9 %ape !y are /rik+ly l f[ls4 ,! mo/ famili> repres5tative ( ?is class is ! ,maltese ,h5 ,pigeon4 ,hi/ory 9 dome/ication4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pigeon 9 dome/ication pres5ts "s v int]e/+ features4 ,its use z a mess5g] has be5 m5tion$4 ,f v e>ly times p ( privileg$ classes took advantage ( ! habits ( ! pigeon to gr[ ! birds = _! own use at ! exp5se ( ! community4 ,! ,assyrians & "s o!r anci5t peoples consid]$ ! pigeon sacr$ to c]ta9 ( _! deities4 ,sometimes all pigeons 7 s reg>d$2 at o!r times & places only :ite pigeons 7 sacr$1 ^? ( o!r colors be+ us$ by ! common p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,nun ,pigeons#bb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,g]man ,frillback ,pigeons#bb #bb ,photograph f ,e4 ,r4 ,b4 ,*apman1 ,/oneham1 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 m$ieval times 9 ,engl&1 ! "l ( a manor1 :5 leas+ f>ms to t5ants1 res]v$ ! "r to let 8 pigeons =age ov] !m4 ,z pigeons live mo/ly ^u gra9s & se$s1 c>+ little = gre5 vegetation & insects1 ! newly plant$ fields ( ! f>m] 7 ! favorite fe$+ places ( 8 l&lord's pigeons4 ,! l&lords1 be+ able to keep pigeons )\t o!r exp5se ?an t ( provid+ %elt] = !m1 built l>ge dovecots ne> ! manor h\ses & kept _! tables pl5tifully suppli$ ) pigeons4 ,at "o "t x 0 e/imat$ t !re 7 m ?an tw5ty ?\s& su* dovecots 9 ,engl&4 ,! de/ruction ( crops by ! occupants ( ^! caus$ s]i\s losses to ! f>m]s & a great deal ( tr\ble betwe5 !m & _! l&lords4 ,?is =m ( protection = rov+ pigeons 9 agricultural di/ricts 0 f9ally ab&on$4 ,no d\bt ! selfi%ness ( l&lords 0 orig9ally responsible = ?is me?od ( protect+ pigeons1 b ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry at t "t also _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,pigeon manure is v ri* 9 nit]1 :i* 9 ^? days ! gov]nm5t _h difficulty 9 procur+ 9 su* quantities z x ne$$ = ! manufacture ( gunp[d]2 s x adopt$ ! policy ( regulat+ ! con/ruction ( pigeon h\ses1 prescrib+ ! me?od ( dispos+ ( ! dropp+s to cons]ve ! nit] 9 !m & appo9t+ (ficial inspectors to see t its regulations 7 obs]v$1 & collectors to ga!r ! pigeon manure4 ,x 0 mu* easi] to d ?is :5 l>ge flocks 7 kept by l&lords ?an :5 an equal numb] ( ! birds 7 kept 9 small flocks by ! t5ants4 ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,al?\gh _m f>m]s keep small flocks ( pigeons1 ! pigeon 9 mod]n times is a city bird r ?an a c\ntry bird4 ,! /rong fly+ types are all well adapt$ to an indep5d5t life 9 t[ns & cities1 :]e1 z has be5 /at$1 !y (t5 become a nuisance4 ,?is =m ( nuisance might be p>tly abat$ & p]haps prev5t$ if city au?orities w\ld sy/ematically & humanely ext]m9ate ! free flocks ( common pigeons1 & enc\rage citiz5s to bre$ improv$ v>ieties "u prop] control4 ,pigeon culture does n af=d z _m or z good opportunities = pr(it z p\ltry culture does1 b x is suit$ to conditions "u :i* p\ltry d n ?rive4 ,a flock ( pigeons may be p]man5tly ma9ta9$ by a city resid5t :o has s little room = dome/ic birds t1 if he kept p\ltry1 he w\ld h to r5ew 8 flock e ye>4 ,a few pigeons may be kept by any "o :o c provide a ne/+ place = !m :]e !y w be safe f cats & rats4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! gr[+ ( squabs has be5 widely exploit$ 9 rec5t ye>s z a pr(itable comm]cial indu/ry4 ,ne> l>ge cities :]e ! dem& = squabs is good1 squab gr[+ on a l>ge scale is sometimes successful4 ,else:]e ! small flock t c be c>$ = 9 ! own]'s sp>e "t is likely to be m pr(itable4 ,! bre$+ ( fancy pigeons is also almo/ :olly a sp>e-"t occupation4 ,! dem& = fancy pigeons is small 9 comp>ison ) ! dem& = fancy p\ltry1 & a pigeon fanci]'s trade r>ely gr[s s l>ge t he c give 8 att5tion to x exclusively4 ,9 ,europe ! bre$+ ( pigeons = exhibition & sport is m popul> ?an 9 ,am]ica1 b ! int]e/ is gr[+ rapidly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,managem5t ,,( ,,pigeons ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,small pigeon h\se & fly#bc #bc ,! photographs = illu/rations 9 ?is *apt]1 :5 n cr$it$ to o!rs1 are f ,elm] ,e4 ,rice1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,almo/ e *ild kn[s some?+ ( ! lives ( ! common pigeons t are se5 at l>ge 9 bo? city & c\ntry4 ,"s flocks h own]s :o take a slight int]e/ 9 !m & make rude provisions = _! safety & com=t4 ,ne>ly all ! c\ntry flocks1 & _m ( ! city flocks1 are 9 ?is class4 ,b !re are 9 all l>ge cities1 & 9 "s small] places1 _m flocks ( pigeons :i* no "o claims to own4 ,!y build _! ne/s 9 high cupolas1 9 ! belfries ( *ur*es1 on %elt]$ l$ges "u ! cornices or o!r projections ( high build+s1 & 9 all sorts ( places f :i* !y _c be easily dislodg$4 ,! /reets & areas ( a great city af=d daily food suffici5t = va/ numb]s ( birds4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ?is is fre% oats scatt]$ by ?\s&s ( horses z !y take _! noon meal f pails or nose bags1 & oats t1 pass+ ?r\gh ! horses undige/$1 are mix$ ) ! du/ & dirt ( ! /reet4 ,v l>ge quantities ( food also fall on ! /reets f torn bags or brok5 boxes z c]eal products are c>t$ f place to place & h&l$ 9 transportation4 ,!n !re are ! crumbs & remnants ( food ?r[n f w9d[s by innum]able p :o c>ry _! lun*es :5 !y g to _! "w2 & besides ^! a great deal ( wa/e food f ! occupants ( t5em5ts1 z well z f _m hotel & re/aurant kit*5s4 ,mu* ( ?is is ?r[n out at r&om1 b (t51 :5 pigeons beg9 to frequ5t places :]e food supplies are regul>1 ! p !re take an int]e/ 9 ! birds & ?r[ out m ?an !y did be=e4 ,f all ^! v>i\s s\rces an abundance ( food is available = birds t =age on ! city /reets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,h\se & fly = a small flock ,! pigeons d _! "p 9 sav+ ?is wa/e food1 b ! p d]ive little b5efit f ! sav+1 because s _m pigeons are n kept "u control1 :]e _! produce may be tak5 & us$ :5 x is ready4 ,good managem5t ( pigeons consi/s 9 keep+ !m s t ! own] gets all ! b5efits ( own]%ip4 ,good managem5t 9 ! l>ge s5se requires t all pigeons %all be own$ by "s "o :o is responsible = !m1 & :o keeps !m "u full control or "u p>tial control1 z ! circum/ances 9 ea* case require4 ,size ( flock4 ,a flock ( bre$+ pigeons may conta9 z _m pairs z c ne/ 9 ! place :]e !y are kept4 ,mo/ pigeon keep]s pref] l(ts ab\t #ab or #ad feet squ>e1 because 9 l>g] spaces x is h>d] to cat* ! birds :5 !y mu/ be h&l$1 & 9 _m ways ! v l>ge flock makes extra tr\ble = ! att5dant4 ,a place ) a floor area ( f #aej to #bjj squ>e feet w accommodate f fifty to sixty pairs ( bre$+ pigeons4 ,except :5 und]tak+ squab bre$+ on a l>ge scale1 pigeon keep]s usually beg9 ) a small numb] & keep mo/ ( ! increase until ! full capacity ( ! l(t is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,small b>n & %$ arrang$ = pigeon keep+ ,qu>t]s = pigeons4 ,a pair ( pigeons may be kept 9 a coop1 box1 or cage ab\t #c feet squ>e1 & #b or #c feet high4 ,a cage #d or #e feet high1 or "o z high z ! room 9 :i* x is plac$1 is /ill bett]1 because x w all[ ! birds a little room to use _! w+s4 ,if su* a cage has a few p]*es at v>i\s heights1 ! pigeons w n seem to miss _! lib]ty4 ,su* close conf9em5t1 h[ev]1 is n recomm5d$ except = ^? :o _c provide l>g] qu>t]s1 or :o m]ely wi% to keep "o or two pair a %ort "t = obs]vation4 ,a h\se ab\t #f feet squ>e makes a conv5i5t size = a small bre$+ flock ( pigeons4 ,9 a place ( t size eight or t5 pairs may be kept4 ,atta*$ to x !re %\ld be a wire-inclos$ fly1 z pigeon keep]s call ! outdoor comp>tm5t = pigeons4 ,! size ( ! fly c be adju/$ to suit ! conditions & ! available space4 ,! l>g] ! fly ! bett] ! pigeons w l x1 b ev5 a v small place :]e !y c be mu* 9 ! op5 air & lie & sun !mselves is bett] ?an con/ant conf9em5t indoors1 :i* makes !m anemic & greatly r$uces _! vitality4 ,:]e ! space = pigeons is v limit$ & !re is room = only "o small l(t & fly1 bre$+ op]ations are closely re/rict$4 ,mo/ pigeon fanci]s want at lea/ two l(ts ( ?is size--"o = ! bre$+ birds1 ! o!r = ! "y birds t no long] ne$ ! c>e ( _! p>5ts4 ,) su* facilities ! "w 9 ! bre$+ l(t goes on bett]1 & promis+ "y birds c be kept until !y are well matur$ & ! bre$] c tell :e!r x is advisable to keep "s ( ^! & dispose ( a "p ( ! old ones4 ,to provide = l>g] numb]s ( birds1 ei!r m l(ts or l>g] l(ts may be made4 ,a bre$] ( fancy pigeons usually pref]s _m small comp>tm5ts4 ,a bre$] ( squabs = m>ket makes ea* comp>tm5t z l>ge z is conv5i5t & builds z _m z he has room =4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,old p\ltry h\se arrang$ = pigeons4 7,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rob9son1 ,pembroke1 ,massa*usetts7 ,build+s = pigeons are con/ruct$ on ! same plans z build+s = f[ls4 ,! furni%+s ( ! pigeon l(t are diff]5t f ^? ( ! p\ltry h\se1 & ( c\rse ! fly is always completely inclos$4 ,upp] floors or l(ts ( build+s are us$ = pigeons to mu* bett] advantage ?an = p\ltry1 b :]e !re is room x is m satisfactory to h all qu>t]s = pigeons on ! gr\nd floor4 ,z ! "y pigeons rema9 9 ! ne/ & are f$ by ! p>5ts until !y are almo/ full-gr[n1 ea* pair ( old pigeons mu/ h _! own ne/+ place4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! dome/ic pigeon is a %elf build]4 ,s 9 arrang+ = ne/s ! pigeon keep] builds %elves #aj or #ab in*es ap>t1 & divides ^! into comp>tm5ts ab\t #ab in*es wide1 ?us =m+ pigeonholes4 ,because a h5 pigeon (t5 lays aga9 & beg9s to incubate be=e a pair ( "y are ready to leave ! ne/1 x is usual to arrange ! pigeonholes 9 pairs4 ,?is is sometimes done by omitt+ alt]nate divid+ bo>ds1 mak+ ea* pigeonhole twice ! size requir$1 s t a ne/ c be made 9 ea* corn]4 ,"s p pref] to h s+le pigeonholes & to arrange !m 9 d\ble sections by mak+ ea* alt]nate p]p5dicul> bo>d project sev]al in*es beyond ! front edge ( ! horizontal %elf4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a pair ( pigeons 9 possession ( "o side ( a d\ble section w usually claim ! entire section & prev5t o!rs f ent]+ x ev5 :5 !y are !mselves us+ only "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,city back-y>d squab plant ,= indoor p]*es = pigeons individual p]*es %ap$ l an inv]t$ ,v are mo/ us$4 ,^! are atta*$ to ! wall1 "o above ano!r1 ab\t #ab or #ad in*es ap>t4 ,! pigeons re/ on ! upp] edge ( ! p]*1 & ! slop+ sides prev5t _! plumage f be+ soil$ by birds roo/+ above !m4 ,9 ! outdoor flies runn+ bo>ds are plac$ along ! sides to make ex]cis+ & re/+ places = ! birds1 = !y usually pref] a %elf ( ?is k9d to ! gr\nd4 ,long p]*es are also plac$ 9 ! fly :5 ! runn+ bo>ds d n give room = all ! pigeons 9 ! flock4 ,out ( doors ! birds get along v well on long p]*es1 b 9 ! h\se ea* wants a sep>ate p]*4 ,fe$ hopp]s l ^? us$ = f[ls are us$ 9 pigeon h\ses4 ,dr9k+ vessels = pigeons %\ld be ( ! f\nta9 type1 expos+ only a small surface ( wat]1 because if ! vessel is op5 ! birds w ba! 9 x4 ,= ! ba? any circul> vessel ) a dep? ( #d or #e in*es & a diamet] ( #ah in*es or ov] may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,runn+ bo>ds 9 pigeon fly4 7,photograph f ,spr+] ,bro!rs1 ,bridgeton1 ,new ,j]sey7 ,v5tilation & cleanl9ess4 ,! v5tilation ( a pigeon h\se is manag$ 9 ! same way z t ( a p\ltry h\se1 by adju/+ ! op5+s 9 ! front4 ,mo/ k9ds ( pigeons are v rugg$ &1 :5 fully fea!r$1 c /& a great deal ( cold4 ,:5 a h\se is op5 9 w9t]1 "s ( ! "y1 unfl$g$ squabs may be *ill$ & die f exposure1 b bre$]s agree t1 on ! :ole1 x is bett] to keep ! w9d[s or o!r op5+s = v5tilation p>tly op5 at all times4 ,:ile ?is causes "s loss ( ! weak] squabs1 x keeps ! old birds 9 mu* bett] condition ?an :5 ! h\se is tightly clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,con/ant wat] supply = pigeons ,to keep ! l(t look+ clean & neat ! dropp+s %\ld be remov$ f ! floor1 & f all %elves t c be clean$ )\t di/urb+ bre$+ birds1 at lea/ once a week4 ,_m pigeon keep]s clean ! h\ses (t5] ?an t1 b if ! v5tilation is good & ! dropp+s are dry & firm1 a h\se may g unclean$ = weeks or mon?s )\t detrim5t to ! birds4 ,x is cu/om>y to keep ! floor ( ! pigeon l(t ?9ly cov]$ ) f9e gravel1 co>se s&1 sawdu/1 or *aff4 ,to prev5t ! w9d f ! pigeons' w+s f bl[+ ?is f ! middle to ! sides ( ! floor1 a small box is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! floor4 ,:5ev] x is possible1 ! ba? pan is plac$ outdoors1 because 9 tak+ a ba? pigeons spla% ! wat] a great deal1 & if !y are giv5 ! ba? indoors1 !y w make a na/y mess ( ! h\se floor unless x is p]fectly clean4 ,! ba? ne$ n be giv5 (t5] ?an once or twice a week4 ,9 bad wea!r x is bett] to let !m g )\t a ba? ?an to h !m take "o & get *ill$ be=e _! fea!rs dry4 ,h&l+ pigeons4 ,:5 a few pigeons 9 a small l(t get a great deal ( att5tion1 !y usually become v tame & all[ !mselves to be caught at any "t4 ,= cat*+ pigeons t are %y1 pigeon keep]s use a net1 call$ a l&+ net1 su* z is us$ by fi%]m54 ,a pigeon is held securely 9 ! h& by grasp+ x s t ! brea/ ( ! bird lies 9 ! palm & "o w+ is held aga9/ ! side by ! ?umb & ! o!r by ! f+]s4 ,a pigeon may also be c>ri$ by ! tips ( ! w+s by br++ !m toge!r ov] ! back & lett+ ! bird hang by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,small pigeon h\se & fly ,mat+ pigeons4 ,! beg9n]'s fir/ s]i\s difficulty 9 bre$+ pigeons is to get ! birds 9 8 l(t all mat$ & ea* pair att5d+ to ! "w ( hat*+ & re>+ its "y4 ,z has be5 said1 ! sexes _c always be id5tifi$ by appe>ance4 ,mo/ ( ! pigeons sold = bre$+ are "y birds t h n yet mat$4 ,"s bre$]s & deal]s are v exp]t 9 select+ males & females1 b all make "s mi/akes1 & ! av]age p]son makes a great _m ( !m4 ,!re are two ways ( sell+ pigeons4 ,! mo/ common way is to sell ! desir$ numb] ( birds1 ! sell] select+1 accord+ to 8 be/ judgm5t1 equal numb]s ( males & females1 ) ! und]/&+ t if1 :5 ! birds mate1 !re is an excess ( "o sex1 he w make a suitable ex*ange4 ,! o!r way is to sell ! numb] ( pairs desir$1 gu>antee+ !m z mat$ pairs--:i* means t ! pairs are all kn[n to be prop]ly mat$4 ,! advantage ( buy+ gu>ante$ mat$ pairs is t ! "q ( mat+ requires no fur!r att5tion at ! outset1 b ! prices = !m are s mu* high] ?an = ^? n kn[n to be mat$1 t mo/ beg9n]s buy on ! o!r plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,l>ge squab plant4 7,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rob9son1 ,pembroke1 ,massa*usetts7 ,:]e ! flock is small & ! birds are to be all[$ to select _! own mates1 all t is necess>y is to wat* !m closely until all are mat$ or x is evid5t t !re is a surplus ( "o sex4 ,surplus males w qu>rel p]si/5tly ) ! o!r males & endeavor to coax _! mates away f !m4 ,! unmat$ males mu/ be provid$ ) mates or remov$ f ! l(t4 ,unmat$ females are n s readily notic$ except :5 !re are only a few birds 9 ! l(t1 b by close wat*+ !y w soon be f\nd4 ,:5 a />t is to be made ) q a l>ge numb] ( unmat$ birds1 ! be/ plan is to put ! flock fir/ 9 a diff]5t ap>tm5t f t 9 :i* !y are to be kept p]man5tly1 &1 z ea* pair mate & beg9 to build _! ne/1 remove !m to _! p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,neat pigeon h\se & fly ,:5 x is desir$ to mate a p>ticul> male & female1 ! be/ way is to place !m "o 9 ea* side ( a small coop ) a wire p>tition across ! middle4 ,?is coop %\ld be put :]e !y _c see o!r pigeons4 ,sometimes "o ( ! birds %[s a decid$ antipa?y to ! o!r4 ,9 su* a case x is1 z a rule1 useless to cont9ue ef=ts to induce !m to pair4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! birds w soon %[ mutual affection4 ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$1 !y may be tak5 to ! l(t & releas$4 ,%ort co>se /raw or f9e twigs %\ld be plac$ :]e pigeons t are build+ ne/s c take :at !y want4 ,no ne/ box or pan is really ne$$1 b _m pigeon keep]s use a ne/ b[l1 call$ a nappy1 ( e>!nw>e or wood fib]4 ,fe$+4 ,! food ( pigeons consi/s almo/ :olly ( gra9s & se$s4 ,! pr9cipal gra9s us$ 9 ,am]ica are :eat & corn 7usually crack$ corn74 ,field peas are also us$ q ext5sively4 ,:ile pigeons w eat ! same k9ds ( gr\nd-gra9 products z are f$ to p\ltry1 pigeon keep]s r>ely use su* foods4 ,!y pref] to give a v>iety ( h>d gra9s & se$s4 ,^? :o keep l>ge /ocks ( pigeons (t5 buy sep>ately ! fe$s :i* !y use1 & mix ! gra9s to suit !mselves1 or fe$ !m 9 su* alt]nation z seems desirable4 ,p :o keep only a few pairs ( pigeons usually f9d x m satisfactory to buy ! fe$ mixtures sold by deal]s 9 pigeons' supplies4 ,z a rule1 old gra9 & se$ t are v dry & h>d are be/ = pigeons1 & especially = exhibition & bre$+ /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,an attractive squab plant ,! mo/ common practice is to give ! fe$ 9 hopp]s1 keep+ a supply always be=e ! birds4 ,?is is done pr9cipally because x is ! mo/ conv5i5t way1 p>ticul>ly = ^? :o are away f home a great deal4 ,= !m hopp] fe$+ is really necess>y1 b pigeon fanci]s seem to agree t :5 ! birds c be f$ by ?r[+ on ! floor ( ! l(t or ! fly1 two or ?ree times a day1 j ab\t ! quantity ( food t !y ne$ = a meal1 !y d bett] & ! co/ ( food is less ?an by ! hopp] me?od4 ,unlike p\ltry1 pigeons require consid]able quantities ( salt4 ,! common practice is to keep x be=e !m 9 ! =m ( lumps ( rock salt1 "o l>ge lump be+ en\gh = ! birds 9 a l(t ( ord9>y size4 ,oy/] %ell %\ld also be suppli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,hom] squabs f\r weeks old ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,c>neaux squabs f\r weeks old ,h[ pigeons re> _! "y4 ,aft] a pair ( pigeons h complet$ _! ne/1 ! male seems to come at once to ! conclusion t home duties dem& 8 mate's con/ant att5tion4 ,at ! ne/ he /ruts ab\t1 coo+ & coax+1 ent]+ ! ne/ himself1 !n leav+ x & pla9ly %[+ 8 wi% t %e %\ld take ! ne/4 ,if %e goes away f ! ne/1 he foll[s h] ) 8 head high & 8 neck inflat$4 ,8 coo+ turns to scold+4 ,he pecks at h] & w n give h] a mom5t's peace until %e returns to ! ne/4 ,! h5 lays "o egg &1 aft] lay+ x1 sp5ds mo/ ( h] "t /&+ on ! ne/ until ! second or ?ird day aft]1 :5 %e lays ano!r egg & imm$iately beg9s to sit4 ,%e seems to "k t if %e sat on ! fir/ egg be=e lay+ ! o!r1 "o squab w\ld hat* two or ?ree days e>li] ?an ! o!r1 & ! second squab1 be+ small] & weak]1 w\ld h a h>d "t4 ,! "w ( incubation is done mo/ly by ! h51 ! cock tak+ only a m9or "p4 ,= ab\t an h\r 9 ! middle ( ! morn+ & aga9 9 ! middle ( ! aft]noon he relieves h] on ! ne/1 giv+ h] a *ance to eat1 dr9k1 & take "s ex]cise4 ,c\nt+ f ! "t ! la/ egg 0 laid1 ! p]iod ( incubation is sixte5 or sev5te5 days4 ,"y squabs1 l all o!r "y birds t are nak$ :5 hat*$1 are ugly little ?+s4 ,!y h app>5tly insatiable appetites1 & _! m\?s seem to be always op54 ,!y are f$ by ! p>5ts ) pigeon milk1 :i* is simply ! usual food ( ! old birds s(t5$ 9 ! crop4 ,! pigeon has ! p[] ( disgorg+ ! cont5ts ( ! crop at w1 & fe$s its "y by =c+ food f its crop into _! m\?s4 ,:5 !y are well f$1 ! squabs gr[ v fa/4 ,"y ,hom]s f\r weeks old (t5 weigh f ?ree qu>t]s ( a p\nd to a p\nd1 or ev5 m1 & are ready = m>ket4 ,_m ( ! fancy v>ieties ( pigeons are h>d to re>1 because ! abnormal /ructure ( ! beak or ! int]f]5ce ( peculi> fea!r *>act]s prev5t ! old ones f fe$+ _! "y prop]ly4 ,all ! bre$s describ$ 9 detail 9 ! prec$+ *apt] are kn[n z good fe$]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,dress$ squabs4 7,photograph f ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rob9son1 ,pembroke1 ,massa*usetts7 ,pigeons w bre$ ne>ly ! ye> r\nd1 /opp+ only :ile molt+1 b 9 cold climates _m "y birds die 9 ! ne/s 9 w9t]4 ,^? :o are bre$+ = m>ket take ?is z "o ( ! risks ( _! bus9ess4 ,if only half ( ! squabs are re>$ 9 w9t]1 ! pr(its may be z great z :5 ! actual results are mu* bett]1 because 9 w9t] ! prices are mu* high] ?an at ! seasons :5 squabs are mo/ easily produc$4 ,fanci]s d n usually all[ _! pigeons to bre$ dur+ ! colde/ w9t] mon?s1 b take ! eggs f ! ne/s or keep ! sexes sep>ate until spr+ approa*es4 ,! object ( ! fanci] is to produce specim5s hav+ ! f9e/ possible developm5t ( =m & color4 ,he _c d ?is successfully "u conditions t cause heavy losses4 ,! birds may gr[ "u su* conditions b w n h ! sup]ior quality t he desires1 & s he f9ds x m pr(itable to conc5trate all 8 att5tion ^u ! birds t he c produce :5 ! wea!r is mo/ favorable4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,can>ies ,! can>y is ! only common cage bird4 ,!re are ab\t fifty k9ds ( birds t make desirable pets1 b v few ( !m w bre$ 9 small cages1 & _m w n bre$ 9 conf9em5t ev5 :5 kept 9 l>ge avi>ies4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! numb] ( k9ds ( cage birds is re/rict$ by /ate laws :i* prohibit keep+ native song birds 9 captivity4 ,su* laws are necess>y to pres]ve ! birds4 ,be=e ^! laws 7 pass$1 great numb]s ( song birds 7 trapp$ e ye> to s5d to ,europe1 :]e ! keep+ ( cage birds z pets is m popul> ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,song birds f o!r p>ts ( ! _w may be kept 9 ?is c\ntry1 b mo/ ( !m are s sc>ce & exp5sive t few p w\ld buy !m ev5 if ! can>y 7 n a m satisfactory pet4 ,description4 ,! common dome/ic can>y is a small bird1 ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?1 v lively & sprightly 9 mann]1 & 9 color yell[ or a gre5i% gray & yell[4 ,! male & female are s mu* alike t ! sex _c be positively det]m9$ by ! appe>ance4 ,al?\gh x (t5 happ5s t ! male is m sl5d] 9 =m & bright] 9 color1 ! voice is a bett] index ( sex &1 9 mature birds ( good s++ /ock1 is v reliable4 ,! male is ! s+]4 ,! female also has a s++ voice1 b x is s inf]ior 9 quality to t ( ! male t few p c>e = x4 ,orig94 ,! dome/ic can>y belongs to ! f9* family & is f\nd wild 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7f :i* x takes its "n7 & 9 a numb] ( o!r isl&s 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,! color ( ! wild birds is describ$1 by "s :o h se5 !m1 z gre5i%-gray1 *ang+ to a gre5i%-yell[ on ! brea/ & "u p>ts4 ,o!r obs]v]s describe ! wild birds ( "s localities z br[ni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,tricolor ,can>y#bd #bd ,! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are f ,our ,dome/ic ,animals1 by ,*>les ,w4 ,burkett4 ,! can>y 0 introduc$ into ,europe ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,z ! /ory goes1 a %ip ) a c>go f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 c>ry+ sev]al ?\s& can>ies1 :i* ! trad]s ?\ght might be sold 9 ,europe1 0 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,italy e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,be=e ! sailors left ! %ip1 !y op5$ ! cages conta9+ ! can>ies4 ,! birds escap$ to ! ,isl& ( ,elba & !re became e/abli%$ 9 ! wild /ate4 ,f ?is colony ( can>ies birds 7 captur$ & di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 _! sup]ior song p[]s & adaptability to dome/ication mak+ !m popul> :]ev] !y became kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,norwi* ,can>y ) hood ,! wild bird kn[n 9 ,am]ica z ! wild can>y is ! ,am]ican ,goldf9*4 ,x belongs to ! same family z ! can>y b is ( a diff]5t species4 ,x is ( no value z a s+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,york%ire ,can>y ,improvem5t 9 dome/ication4 ,ne>ly all ! v>ieties ( ! can>y 7 develop$ be=e ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,g]man can>y fanci]s turn$ _! att5tion to develop+ ! song ( ! bird1 ! ,belgian & ,briti% fanci]s to mak+ & p]fect+ %ape & color v>ieties4 ,9 ,g]many ! celebrat$ ,h>z ,m\nta9 ,can>ies 7 produc$4 ,^! are simply common can>ies c>efully br$ & tra9$ = s++4 ,b _! excell5ce z s+]s is n due to bre$+ & tra9+ alone2 ! climate ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9 region seems to be peculi>ly suit$ to ! developm5t ( can>ies ) beautiful voices4 ,! f9e/ ,h>z ,m\nta9 ,can>ies are produc$ at ,/4 ,&reasb]g1 a heal? resort not$ = its pure & brac+ air4 ,! ,/4 ,&reasb]g ,roll] is a can>y tra9$ to s+ ) a peculi> roll+ note4 ,among fancy types ( can>ies ! mo/ int]e/+ are ! ,norwi* ,can>y1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! s++ can>ies & has r$di%-yell[ plumage2 ! ,man*e/] ,coppy1 a yell[ can>y almo/ z l>ge z a small pigeon2 ! ,liz>d ,can>ies 7,silv] & ,gold571 :i* h spangl$ m>k+s on ! back2 ! ,london ,fancy ,can>y1 :i* has an orange body ) black w+s & tail2 & ! ,belgian ,can>y1 a mal=m$ type 9 :i* ! head appe>s to gr[ out ( ! brea/ in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ above ! %\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,belgian ,can>y ,place 9 dome/ication4 ,mo/ p :o h can>ies keep !m = pets1 & h only a few4 ,9 p]haps ! great] numb] ( cases a s+le bird--a s+]--satisfies ! can>y lov]4 ,a few ( ^? :o keep can>ies z pets also bre$ !m = sale4 ,occasionally a can>y fanci] devotes a room 9 8 h\se entirely to 8 birds &1 :5 bre$+ on su* a scale1 has a great _m to sell4 ,! comm]cial side ( can>y bre$+1 h[ev]1 is usually subord9ate1 except 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9 di/rict1 :]e ! bre$+ & tra9+ ( s++ can>ies is a v important cottage indu/ry4 ,can>ies f ?is di/rict are sold all ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,engli% ,fla!ad$ ,can>y ,,managem5t ,,( ,,can>ies ,cages4 ,! common wire bird cages us$ = "o or two can>ies are s well kn[n t no description ( !m is necess>y4 ,= l>g] numb]s l>g] cages mu/ be provid$4 ,l>ge cages _c always be obta9$ at /ores :i* sell ! small ones1 b !y may be obta9$ f bird /ores 9 ! l>ge cities1 or made to ord] by a local me*anic4 ,inde$1 any clev] boy :o has le>n$ to use tools c make "o at v little co/4 ,:ile ! small cages are usually made all ( metal1 ! l>ge ones are commonly made ) wood5 frames4 ,a small cage has a removable bottom4 ,a l>ge cage mu/ h two bottoms--! out] "o fix$1 ! inn] "o 9 ! =m ( a movable draw]4 ,a metal draw] is easi] to keep clean ?an a wood5 "o4 ,position ( ! cage4 ,! cage 9 an ord9>y room %\ld be hung :]e its occupants w be com=table & safe4 ,! greate/ foe ( ! dome/ic can>y is ! h\se cat4 ,"s cats c be tra9$ to let can>ies alone1 b v few c be tru/$ to make no attempt to get a can>y :5 left alone 9 a room ) x4 ,:5 can>ies & cats are kept 9 ! same h\se1 ! cage %\ld hang 9 a place f :i* cats c be exclud$ :5 !y _c be wat*$4 ,! com=t ( ! bird w (t5 require t ! position ( ! cage be *ang$ once or (t5] dur+ ! day1 accord+ to ! season or to "s p>ticul> condition4 ,?us1 a sunny w9d[ may be v pleasant at "s times & too w>m at o!rs1 or a bird may tire ( be+ con/antly 9 ! same place4 ,! bird keep] has to le>n to "k1 by obs]v+ ! actions ( birds1 :5 !y are com=table & cont5t$1 & mu/ use judgm5t 9 plac+ ! cage to suit !m4 ,fe$+4 ,can>ies live mo/ly on ripe se$s1 b !y are also v fond ( ! leaves1 fl[]s1 & gre5 se$s ( _m common plants4 ,be+ su* small birds1 !y eat only small se$s4 ,! se$s mo/ us$ z food = can>ies are hempse$1 flaxse$1 rapese$1 & can>y se$1 :i* is ! se$ ( ! can>y grass1 a plant indig5\s to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,^! are (t5 sold mix$ "u ! trade "n ( birdse$4 ,_m can>y fanci]s ?9k t x is bett] to fe$ ! se$s sep>ately1 or to make ! mixtures !mselves1 s t !y c "k j :at ! birds eat1 & c judge :e!r any tr\ble :i* may arise is due to a wrong diet4 ,rapese$ & can>y se$ are consid]$ ! be/ & safe/ fe$ = can>ies4 ,!y may be mix$ 9 equal p>ts & kept be=e ! birds at all times4 ,can>ies l hempse$ bett] ?an any?+ else1 b x is s ri* t1 if f$ heavily1 x is injuri\s4 ,:5 a mixture ( se$s conta9+ hempse$ is plac$ 9 ! fe$ cup1 can>ies w pick out & scatt] & wa/e ! o!r se$s1 to get ! hempse$4 ,= ?is reason x is (t5 left out ( ! mixture & giv5 occasionally1 a few gra9s at a "t4 ,can>ies are v fond ( lettuce1 *ickwe$1 & planta94 ,!y also l ! gre5 se$s ( _m grasses4 ,^! ?+s may be giv5 to !m by fa/5+ ! leaves or /alks betwe5 ! wires ( ! cage :]e ! birds c rea* !m easily4 ,a piece ( cuttlefi% bone %\ld be plac$ :]e ! birds c eat "s :5ev] !y want x4 ,cuttle bone furni%es !m ) salt & lime4 ,c>e4 ,can>ies %\ld h regul> att5tion4 ,aside f hav+ ! position ( ! cage *ang$ :5 necess>y1 !y usually require att5tion only once a day4 ,?is %\ld be at a regul> h\r1 pref]ably 9 ! morn+4 ,! cage %\ld be plac$ on a table or /&1 & ! bottom remov$1 t x may be ?or\ghly clean$4 ,! be/ way is to wa% x4 ,:ile ! bottom ( ! cage is be+ clean$ ! cage ) ! bird 9 x re/s ^u ! table4 ,?is is ! be/ "t to give ! bird its ba?4 ,a %all[ pan or di% conta9+ ab\t an in* ( wat] is plac$ on ! table "u ! bottomless cage4 ,"s birds spla% s vigor\sly t ! ba? mu/ be giv5 9 a room conta9+ no?+ t w\ld be damag$ by ! drops ( wat] :i* !y scatt]4 ,"s seem to und]/& t ! h>d] !y spla% ! m tr\ble !y make1 & to take delight 9 wett+ ev]y?+ ab\t !m4 ,:5 ! bird has _h its ba?1 ! cage %\ld be wip$ dry1 ! bottom replac$1 ! dr9k+ cup r9s$ & refill$1 & ! se$ cup fill$4 ,if a bird is v tame & c be easily caught1 x may be let out ( ! cage = its ba? & = a little ex]cise4 ,_m can>ies w return volunt>ily to _! cages aft] ba?+ & fly+ ar\nd ! room a few times4 ,can>y fanci]s frequ5tly all[ _! birds ! fre$om ( ! room = h\rs at a "t4 ,:5ev] ?is is done1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 t no unexpect$ op5+ ( a door all[s ! bird to escape f ! room4 ,neglect ( ?is po9t (t5 leads to ! loss ( a valu$ bird4 ,bre$+4 ,! bre$+ season = can>ies is f ,febru>y until ,may or ,june4 ,! cage = a bre$+ pair %\ld be a little l>g] ?an t us$ = a s+le bird1 & %\ld be firmly atta*$ to ! wall in/ead ( hang+ :]e x c sw+4 ,! ne/ is usually a small wire basket4 ,= ne/ mat]ial cotton batt+ & c['s hair or de]'s hair are us$4 ,de]'s hair may be obta9$ at bird /ores4 ,^! mat]ials are plac$ 9 ! cage & ! birds use :at !y want4 ,! h5 lays f f\r to six eggs4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is two weeks4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season ! birds %\ld be f$1 9 addition to ! usual supply ( se$1 a little grat$ h>d-boil$ egg ) crack] or bread crumbs4 ,!y also ne$ a supply ( f9e oy/] %ells4 ,by ! "t ! "y are ?ree weeks old !y are able to leave ! ne/ & to fe$ !mselves4 ,!y %\ld !n be remov$ to a sep>ate cage4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,m>ket ,,products ,produc]s1 consum]s1 & middlem54 ,! prec$+ *apt]s h treat$ ( ! *>act]s & ! uses ( dome/ic birds1 & ( ! me?ods ( produc+ !m4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all consid] matt]s relat+ to ! di/ribution ( su* ( _! products z are /aple articles ( comm]ce4 ,!re are v few subjects ( g5]al int]e/ t are z widely misund]/ood z "s phases ( ! di/ribution ( m>ket eggs & p\ltry4 ,e "o uses ^! products2 _m millions ( p produce !m 9 small quantities2 b ! consum]s :o are n produc]s live mo/ly 9 cities remote f ! f>m+ sections :i* h great surpluses ( eggs & p\ltry to s5d to ! cities1 & s ! "w ( di/ribut+ ^! products is done pr9cipally by trad]s1 or middlem54 ,! mod]n developm5ts ( p\ltry culture h be5 9 a v l>ge measure due to middlem5 & c\ld n cont9ue )\t !m4 ,9 a l>ge & highly organiz$ population middlem5 9 _m diff]5t capacities p]=m ! s]vices :i* 9 primitive or small communities may be p]=m$ by ei!r ! produc] or ! consum]4 ,consum]s & produc]s are apt to ?9k t ! middlem5 get m ?an _! fair %>e ( ! pr(its on ! articles t !y buy & sell4 ,! true situation & ! exact relations ( produc]s1 middlem51 & consum]s ( p\ltry products are easily und]/ood if we /udy ! developm5t ( ! exi/+ me?ods ( di/ribution f ! beg9n+4 ,h[ ! middleman ent]s local trade4 ,suppose t a f>m] br+s to t[n #cj doz5 eggs2 t ! /orekeep] w all[ him #bj c5ts a doz5 = !m2 & t by p$dl+ !m f h\se to h\se he c sell !m = #be c5ts a doz53 h[ mu* w he make by sell+ !m directly to ! consum]s8 ,z an ari?metical example1 consid]+ only ! factors :i* appe> 9 ! /atem5t1 ?is is a v simple problem4 ,x is easy to compute t by sell+ ! eggs f h\se to h\se ! f>m] w make #a4ej4 ,b ! f>m]'s practical problem 9 dispos+ ( 8 eggs has "s v important factors :i* d n appe> 9 a simple ari?metical problem4 ,unless he _h regul> cu/om]s = 8 eggs1 he w\ld probably h to call at fifty or sixty h\ses to sell !m4 ,he might h to call at a great _m m1 & !n might n succe$ 9 sell+ !m all4 ,he w\ld f9d t x 0 ( little use to try to sell eggs to families t _h n engag$ !m 9 advance1 unless he call$ v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 be=e !y _h ord]$ eggs f "s "o else4 ,if he succe$$ 9 sell+ all ! eggs1 he w\ld /ill h to consid] :e!r x paid him bett] to sp5d 8 "t1 & t ( 8 team1 9 sell+ ! eggs ?an 9 work+ on ! f>m4 ,mo/ f>m]s f9d t !y _c af=d to p$dle produce !mselves1 & unless "s o!r memb] ( ! family c d x )\t int]f]+ ) important f>m "w1 !y sell su* products z p\ltry1 butt]1 & eggs to ! /orekeep]s4 ,n[ take ! consum]'s side ( ! case4 ,! ord9>y family uses only #b or #c doz5 eggs a week4 ,if ! eggs c be b\ght at ! /ore = #be c5ts a doz51 & at a f>m = #ae c5ts a doz51 !re is an app>5t sav+ ( #bj or #cj c5ts by pur*as+ !m at ! f>m4 ,b 9 mo/ cases x w\ld co/ ! buy] m ?an #bj or #cj c5ts to g to ! f>m & get ! eggs1 & s he goes to ! /ore = !m4 ,! /orekeep] is ! middleman1 really s]v+ bo? produc] & consum]4 ,e "o c see ?is cle>ly 9 cases :]e !re is only "o middleman4 ,additional middlem54 ,if ! f>m]s trad+ at a c\ntry /ore br+ to x m eggs ?an ! p 9 ! t[n w buy1 ! /orekeep] mu/ ei!r sell !m else:]e or refuse to take !m4 ,if possible1 he w f9d a m>ket = ! surplus1 usually by %ipp+ !m to ! ne>e/ l>ge city4 ,b he does n s5d !m direct to consum]s1 = he c\ld n deal ) !m any bett] ?an ! f>m]s c\ld ) ! p 9 8 t[n4 ,he may s5d !m to a /orekeep] 9 ! city1 b he is m likely to s5d !m to "s "o :o makes a bus9ess ( receiv+ eggs f c\ntry collectors & sell+ !m at :olesale :]ev] !re is a dem& = !m4 ,if ! receipts 9 a city exce$ ! local requirem5ts1 ! surplus w be s5t to "o ( ! great cities :i* are ! pr9cipal receiv+ c5t]s = produce ( all k9ds4 ,! l>ge receiv]s 9 ! great cities di/ribute ! eggs to retail]s 9 ! cities & also to jobb]s & retail]s 9 small] cities :]e local supplies are inadequate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,unload+ coops ( p\ltry at a receiv+ w>eh\se4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,?us betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum] !re may be z _m z six or sev5 middlem5 :o 9 turn h&le ! eggs4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x seems t s _m middlem5 are n necess>y4 ,b x is n a "q ( numb]s2 x is a "q ( conditions4 ,! numb] dep5ds m or less ^u :e!r ! middleman at any /age f9ds x m advantage\s to deal ) "o next to him 9 ! g5]al s]ies or to pass "o or m & deal ) ano!r f>!r away4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prices ( eggs are f9ally det]m9$ by ! dem& & supply 9 ! l>ge cities ( ! ,ea/2 ! prices at o!r po9ts are usually ! prices 9 ^! cities1 m9us ! co/ ( transportation & h&l+4 ,9 p]iods ( sc>city1 h[ev]1 !re is a t5d5cy to uni=mity ( prices 9 all l>ge cities4 ,! movem5ts ( p\ltry to m>ket are made 9 mu* ! same way z ! movem5t ( eggs4 ,z a rule ! same p h&le bo?4 ,h[ ! dem& = p\ltry products /imulates production4 ,9 ! prec$+ sections x 0 assum$1 = ! purpose ( %[+ cle>ly ! relation ( ! middleman to bo? ! produc] & ! consum]1 t ! movem5t ( ^! articles f ! c\ntry produc] to ! city buy] came ab\t z ! result ( ! exi/5ce ( a surplus 9 f>m+ di/ricts4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! movem5t is produc$ by ! dem& 9 localities :i* d n produce _! own supplies4 ,"o effect ( ! increase ( population 9 cities is to cause f>m]s ne> ! cities to gr[ m p\ltry & sometimes to e/abli% special p\ltry f>ms4 ,b z gra9 & labor co/ m ne> ! cities1 ! p\ltry & eggs produc$ ne> !m mu/ be sold at high prices4 ,if ! city p 7 dep5d5t ^u ^! local supplies1 only ! ri* c\ld af=d !m4 ,z ?is is true ( all p]i%able food articles1 z well z ( p\ltry products1 ! gr[? ( cities 0 re/rict$ z long z !re 0 no means ( br++ provisions quickly f places :]e !y c\ld be produc$ at l[ co/4 ,:5 /eam railroads 7 built1 ?is re/riction on ! gr[? ( cities 0 p>tly remov$4 ,_m cities !n began to gr[ v fa/1 & ! dem&s ( _! population = *eap food l$ city deal]s 9 provisions to look = supplies 9 ! t[ns & f>ms along ! railroads4 ,_m su* deal]s _h be=e collect$ provisions by wagon z f> f ! city z 0 practicable4 ,^! m5 c\ld n[ greatly ext5d _! r\tes1 because1 hav+ collect$ a wagon-load1 !y c\ld take x to ! mo/ conv5i5t railway /ation1 %ip x by rail to ! city1 & g on collect+1 in/ead ( sp5d+ a day or m 9 deliv]+ _! load 9 ! city4 ,v soon aft] railroads 7 fir/ built1 _m f>m]s began to produce m p\ltry & eggs & to %ip !m directly to ! be/ city m>ket t !y c\ld f9d4 ,z ! dem& = _! produce 0 usually mu* great] ?an c\ld be suppli$ f _! own f>ms1 su* f>m]s (t5 began to buy f _! neighbors1 ?us becom+ middlem5 z well z produc]s4 ,9 _m cases su* m5 w\ld aft] a "t f9d x to _! advantage to move _! headqu>t]s to ! city1 & w\ld ultimately build up a v l>ge bus9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,fatt5+ *ick5s 9 crates at a p\ltry buy]'s w>eh\se4#be 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 #be ,if ! f>m] sells 8 *ick5s )\t fatt5+1 ! buy] c fatt5 !m 9 ?is way & s make an extra pr(it4 ,9 ne>ly all f>m+ sections1 ev5 ^? mo/ remote f city m>kets1 !re is a %ort p]iod 9 ! spr+ :5 !re is a l>ge surplus ( eggs & sometimes a p]iod 9 ! fall :5 !re is m p\ltry ready = m>ket ?an c be sold2 b ! p 9 ^? places r>ely make any ef=t to increase _! production1 & to ext5d ! seasons :5 !y h m ?an en\gh = !mselves1 until !y h good facilities = %ipp+ eggs & p\ltry & ! dem&s f outside cause a m>k$ increase 9 ! local prices ( ^! products4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,driv+ turkeys to m>ket4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,s f ! city & ! c\ntry1 almo/ simultane\sly1 b ) ! dem& f ! city mo/ active & press+1 ! mod]n sy/em ( collect+ & di/ribut+ p\ltry products has gr[n4 ,at fir/ p\ltry products 7 ne>ly all h&l$ by m5 :o dealt 9 all k9ds ( c\ntry produce4 ,z ! bus9ess increas$1 _m firms gave _! att5tion exclusively to p\ltry products4 ,!n1 :5 cream]ies 7 e/abli%$ 9 _m places1 ! cream]y 0 f\nd a conv5i5t place = ! collection ( eggs4 ,! l>ge pack+ h\ses :i* h&le o!r k9ds ( meat also ent]$ ?is field & became a v important factor 9 ! developm5t ( p\ltry culture 9 ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,a big drive ( turkeys arriv+ at a kill+ h\se4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,9 ! collection & di/ribution ( p\ltry products ! v>i\s ag5cies m5tion$ =m a great _m diff]5t k9ds ( comb9ations4 ,! arrangem5ts v>y accord+ to _m diff]5t conditions4 ,f fir/ to la/ e "o :o h&les an article is try+ to make all he c out ( x1 b mo/ ( ! middlem5 deal fairly bo? 9 buy+ & 9 sell+4 ,inde$1 p _c cont9ue long 9 any legitimate bus9ess unless !y are hone/4 ,z we %all see1 middlem5 are 9 a position :]e !y are (t5 blam$ )\t j cause1 & (t5 h to take mu* great] risks ?an ei!r produc]s or consum]s4 ,losses 9 di/ribution4 ,x has be5 said t ! g5]al t5d5cy is to r$uce z f> z possible ! numb] ( middlem5 conc]n$ 9 ! di/ribution ( p\ltry products4 ,?is t5d5cy (t5 goes too f> & ov]rea*es its purpose ( economy4 ,! ef=ts ( produc]s & c\ntry collectors to deal directly ) consum]s & retail]s 9 ! l>ge cities (t5 give !m less pr(it ?an w\ld be obta9$ by sell+ ?r\gh ! regul> *annels ( ! trade4 ,! reason = ?is is t mo/ produc]s & a majority ( c\ntry collectors d n prep>e & pack _! p\ltry & eggs s t !y w rea* ^? to :om !y are consign$ 9 good condition & br+ ! prices :i* ! %ipp]s expect$ to realize4 ,! losses due to improp] h&l+ ( eggs & p\ltry by produc]s & small collectors are enorm\s1 und\bt$ly am\nt+ to m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,c&l+ eggs4#bf 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 #bf ,! man is pos+ = ! photograph4 ,:5 he works1 ! room mu/ be d>k except = ! cov]$ light us$ 9 c&l+4 ,to place eggs & p\ltry 9 ! h&s ( consum]s 9 /rictly fir/-class condition1 !y mu/ be h&l$ ) great c>e at e /age ( prep>ation & di/ribution4 ,eggs mu/ be ga!r$ :ile p]fectly fre%1 kept 9 a cool place :]e no bad odors w rea* !m1 & protect$ f heat & fro/1 z well z f breakage1 :5 be+ mov$ f place to place4 ,if ! produc] is c>eless ab\t any ( ^! po9ts1 _m ( 8 eggs w be ta9t$ or /ale or beg9n+ to rot :5 !y are only a few days old1 & ?\gh he may call !m fre% eggs & try to sell !m z su*1 he w n get ! highe/ price = !m4 ,! small collectors are also likely to be c>eless 9 h&l+ eggs1 & to %ip !m to receiv]s 9 bad condition4 ,! receiv]s 9 ! cities1 ^: :ole bus9ess is 9 p]i%able products1 _c af=d to h&le goods 9 ?is slip%od way4 ,!y c&le ! eggs t are =w>d$ to !m to det]m9e ! quality1 & pay = eggs n only accord+ to _! ext]nal appe>ance1 b also ! appe>ance & condition ( ! package 9 :i* !y are receiv$4 ,c&l+ eggs consi/s 9 pass+ !m be=e a bright light1 z 9 te/+ to det]m9e ! f]tility ( eggs t are be+ incubat$4 ,:5 ! egg is held be=e a light1 ! exp]t c&l] c tell 9 an in/ant :e!r x is fre% & good &1 if n1 j :at is wrong ) x4 ,except :5 kept at almo/ freez+ temp]ature1 eggs t h begun to decompose cont9ue to det]iorate q rapidly4 ,sometimes a lot ( eggs is c&l$ sev]al times & ! bad ones remov$1 be=e x rea*es ! la/ deal] :o h&les x4 ,m>ket p\ltry & pigeons are sold bo? alive & dead4 ,mo/ dead p\ltry is dress$ 7t is1 has ! fea!rs remov$71 b pigeons & gu9eas are (t5 m>ket$ dead )\t pluck+1 & occasionally turkeys are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,live birds lose weight 9 transportation1 especially :5 !y are %ipp$ 9 cr[d$ & badly v5tilat$ coops4 ,frequ5tly _m birds 9 a %ipm5t die be=e _! j\rney is ov]4 ,because ( su* losses1 & because ! price p] p\nd ( ! be/ dress$ p\ltry is usually mu* high] ?an ! price p] p\nd ( ! be/ live p\ltry1 ! impression t x is m pr(itable = a produc] to dress 8 p\ltry is widespread4 ,! result is t a great _m p :o h p\ltry to sell dress x j z !y w\ld to use at home &1 putt+ x into a box or a b>rel1 %ip x to a m>ket :]e ! prices are high1 expect+ to get ! highe/ price = x4 ,a l>ge "p ( su* p\ltry arrives on ! m>ket 9 su* a condition t x is h>d to sell at any price1 & mu* ( x has to be ?r[n away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,b>rel ( dress$ p\ltry op5$ on arrival at its de/9ation4#bg 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 #bg ,note ! l>ge piece ( ice rema9+4 ,if ! ice %\ld give out on ! way1 ! p\ltry w\ld spoil4 ,birds t are to be m>ket$ %\ld be kept )\t food or wat] = f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs be=e kill+4 ,! object ( ?is is to h ! crop1 gizz>d1 & inte/9es entirely empty4 ,! kill+ is done by mak+ a small1 deep cut1 t w at ! same "t p5etrate ! bra9 7mak+ ! bird unconsci\s7 & sev] "o or two ve9s1 ?us lett+ ! blood fl[ freely4 ,?is cut is usually made 9 ! ro( ( ! m\?1 b sometimes 9 ! neck4 ,! =m] me?od is pref]r$ because x leaves no w\nd expos$ to ! air4 ,! common practice 9 pick+ p\ltry = home use is to scald ! bird 9 wat] j bel[ ! boil+ temp]ature4 ,:5 ?is is done j "r1 ! results are v good2 ! fea!rs come (f easily & ! sk9 is n damag$4 ,b if ! bird is n held 9 ! scald+ wat] long en\gh1 ! fea!rs are h>d to remove & ! sk9 may be torn 9 sev]al places 9 ! process4 ,if ! bird is held 9 ! wat] too long1 ! sk9 w be p>tly cook$4 ,if x is scald$ be=e x has be5 prop]ly bl$1 ! hot wat] w turn ! sk9 r$4 ,! defects 9 scald$ p\ltry d n %[ badly at fir/1 & if x is pack$ & %ipp$ at once1 ! %ipp] may ?9k t x 0 9 v good condition2 b if he c\ld see x :5 ! receiv] unpacks x1 he w\ld be surpris$ to f9d h[ _m blemi%es !re 7 on x & h[ poor x look$4 ,remov+ ! fea!rs )\t scald+ is call$ dry pick+4 ,x is an art :i* requires consid]able practice4 ,! novice :o tries x usually te>s ! sk9 ( ! birds badly4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! m>ket 9 good condition1 p\ltry mu/ n only be prop]ly kill$ & pick$1 b ea* c>cass mu/ be cool$ z quickly z possible1 to remove ! animal heat t rema9s 9 x4 ,?is is done ei!r by hang+ ! c>casses 9 a v cool place or by putt+ !m 9 cold wat]4 ,meat ( all k9ds t is cool$ imm$iately aft] kill+ w keep mu* long] ?an if cool+ is neglect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,a badly dress$ & a well-dress$ f[l4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,!re are s _m details :i* mu/ h att5tion 9 dress+ p\ltry = %ipm5t1 t x usually pays bo? produc]s & small collectors to sell p\ltry alive to ^? :o h bett] facilities = h&l+ x & ^: op]ations are on su* a scale t !y c employ exp]ts = all p>ts ( ! "w ( prep>ation4 ,cold /orage ( p\ltry products4 ,s abundant are ! supplies ( eggs 9 ! spr+1 & ( "s k9ds ( dress$ p\ltry 9 ! summ]1 fall1 & e>ly w9t]1 t l>ge quantities c\ld n be sold at any price at seasons ( pl5ty if !re 7 no way ( keep+ !m until a season ( sc>city4 ,= ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! production ( eggs & p\ltry began to receive special att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! pr(its ( ! ord9>y produc] 7 sev]ely cut e spr+ & fall1 because ! m>ket 0 ov]/ock$4 ,consum]s d]iv$ little b5efit f ?is situation1 because !y c\ld n use ! surplus be=e x spoil$4 ,! popul> idea ( ! way to rem$y ! conditions 0 to h h5s lay :5 eggs 7 sc>ce1 & to h p\ltry ready = sale :5 supplies 7 insuffici5t4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has %[n t x is practically impossible to h a v l>ge proportion ( ?+s ( ?is k9d produc$ out ( _! natural season4 ,! relatively small numb]s ( p :o succe$ 9 do+ s make v good pr(its1 b ! masses ( produc]s & consum]s are n b5efit$4 ,! solution ( ! problem ( c>ry+ ! surplus ( a season ( abundance to a season ( sc>city 0 discov]$ :5 me?ods ( mak+ ice artificially 7 p]fect$ & x 0 f\nd t ! equipm5t us$ 9 manufactur+ ice c\ld be us$ to cool1 to any desir$ degree1 rooms = ! /orage ( p]i%able produce4 ,?is =m ( refrig]ation 0 at fir/ us$ 9 place ( ! ord9>y me?od 7) natural ice71 to keep goods = %ort p]iods4 ,mu* l>g] quantities c\ld be tak5 c>e ( 9 ?is way :5 = any reason a m>ket 0 tempor>ily ov]/ock$4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s x _h be5 q a common practice to pres]ve eggs 9 v>i\s ways4 ,by pack+ !m 9 salt1 or 9 salt br9e1 or 9 limewat]1 eggs may be kept 9 v good condition = sev]al mon?s1 & sometimes = ne>ly a ye>4 ,z lim$ & pickl$ eggs 7 regul>ly sold 9 ! m>kets1 e deal] 9 eggs at once saw ! possibilities ( cold /orage z a factor 9 ! m>ket egg trade4 ,:]ev] !re 0 a /orage h\se1 deal]s began to buy eggs :5 prices 7 l[1 & /ore !m to sell :5 prices 7 high4 ,at fir/ a great _m ( ^? :o /or$ eggs lo/ money on !m1 ei!r by ! eggs spoil+ 9 /orage or because !y kept ! eggs too long1 b aft] a few ye>s' exp]i5ce ! op]ators ( cold-/orage plants le>n$ ! be/ temp]atures = keep+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( produce & ! be/ me?ods ( arrang+ diff]5t articles 9 ! *amb]s ( ! /orage w>eh\ses4 ,!y f\nd t eggs kept be/ at #cd degrees ,fahr5heit1 t p\ltry mu/ be froz5 h>d1 & t ! temp]ature 9 a /orage *amb] mu/ n be all[$ to v>y4 ,^? :o 7 putt+ eggs & p\ltry 9 cold /orage f\nd t x did n pay to /ore produce t 0 n p]fectly s\nd & good1 & t products :i* _h be5 9 cold /orage mu/ be us$ promptly aft] be+ tak5 out1 & also t !y mu/ plan _! sales to h all /or$ goods sold be=e ! new crop began to come 91 or !y w\ld lose money4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,dress$ f[ls cool+ on racks 9 dry-cool+ room4 7,photograph f ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,! developm5t ( cold-/orage me?ods & _! ext5sive use h be5 ( great b5efit to produc]s & consum]s1 z well z to di/ributors ( p]i%able food products4 ,! /or+ ( su* products is a legitimate =m ( speculative bus9ess4 ,x prev5ts wa/e & loss4 ,! dem& = eggs & p\ltry to g into cold /orage raises ! price at seasons ( pl5ty & makes a good m>ket = all eggs & p\ltry t are fit to /ore4 ,! eggs & p\ltry t h be5 /or$ furni% consum]s ) supplies at reasonable prices = mu* long] seasons4 ,z a rule supplies 9 /orage are n kept !re = v long p]iods4 ,speculators :o want to be on ! safe side plan v c>efully s t mo/1 if n all1 ( ! /uff t !y h /or$ %all be sold be=e new supplies become abundant 9 ! m>ket4 ,to d ?is !y h to wat* v closely e condition affect+ ! m>kets1 & to use good judgm5t 9 sell+4 ,mo/ ( !m d n1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 hold _! entire /ock = ! p]iod :5 prices are highe/4 ,if !y did1 all w\ld lose4 ,eggs beg9 to come out ( /orage ab\t midsumm]1 & are )drawn gradually = ab\t six mon?s4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! p\ltry /or$ goes into ! w>eh\ses 9 ! fall & beg9s to come out soon aft] ! w9t] holidays4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! "t t goods may be c>ri$ 9 cold /orage pr(itably1 long /orage has no m bad effects on eggs & p\ltry ?an refrig]ation = %ort p]iods4 ,cold-/orage products are usually ( bett] ?an av]age quality if us$ imm$iately ^u be+ )drawn f /orage4 ,me?ods ( sell+ at retail4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ & c\nt+ !m 9 quantities1 eggs are pack$ 9 cases conta9+ ?irty doz5 ea*1 & :olesale transactions 9 eggs are by ! case1 b ) ! price usually quot$ by ! doz54 ,consum]s :o use l>ge quantities ( eggs buy !m by ! case4 ,! ord9>y consum] buys !m by ! doz54 ,!re is a widespread impression t1 inasmu* z eggs v>y greatly 9 size1 ! practice ( sell+ !m by c\nt is n fair to ! consum]4 ,?is feel+ sometimes goes s f> t laws are propos$1 & ev5 pass$1 requir+ t eggs %all be sold by weight4 ,su* a law does n rema9 long 9 =ce1 because weigh+ small quantities ( eggs is tr\blesome & ! great] numb] ( consum]s pref] to buy !m by ! doz54 ,9 fact1 :ile eggs are nom9ally sold by c\nt bo? at :olesale & at retail1 !y are usually assort$ accord+ to size1 & ! prices graduat$ to suit4 ,consid]+ size1 condition1 quality1 & color ( %ell1 z _m z t5 grades ( eggs are sometimes made4 ,al?\gh ! color ( ! %ell ( an egg has no relation :atev] to its palatability or its nutritive value1 eggs ( a c]ta9 color sometimes comm& a premium4 ,?us1 9 ,new ,york ,city :ite eggs ( ! be/ grades w br+ f five to t5 c5ts a doz5 m ?an br[n eggs ( equal quality1 :ile 9 ,bo/on ! situation is exactly rev]s$4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! p\ltry ( ea* k9d 9 any m>ket is ( ab\t ! same size & quality1 x is cu/om>y to sell live p\ltry at :olesale at a uni=m price by ! doz51 & to sell at retail by ! piece or by ! pair4 ,b z soon z any consid]able "p ( ! p\ltry ( any k9d 9 a m>ket is l>g] ?an ! g5]al run ( supplies1 a diff]5ce is made1 9 ! prices p] doz5 or p] piece or p] pair1 betwe5 small birds & l>ge ones4 ,if ! size ( ! l>ge/ specim5s fur!r increases1 ! range ( weights becomes too great to be classifi$ 9 ?is way1 & sell+ by weight soon becomes ! common practice4 ,conditions are ! same = dead p\ltry1 except t ! *ange to sell+ by weight comes m quickly4 ,9 prep>+ p\ltry = m>ket by ! me?od t has be5 describ$ ! head & feet 7 left on & ! int]nal organs 7 n remov$4 ,! reason = ?is is t p\ltry keeps mu* bett] 9 ?is /ate4 ,remov+ ^! p>ts exposes ! fle% at sev]al places to ! action ( ! air & ( bact]ia1 :i* cause putrefaction4 ,9 _m m>kets 9 p\ltry-produc+ sections x is cu/om>y to sell p\ltry drawn & ) ! head & feet (f4 ,9 places :]e mo/ ( ! p\ltry comes f a di/ance ! wa/e p>ts ( ! c>cass are n remov$ until x is b\ght by ! consum]4 ,"s p :o buy 9 ?is way ?9k t !y are be+ defraud$ if ! m>ketman weighs ! bird be=e remov+ ! (fal4 ,sometimes1 to satisfy su* a cu/om]1 a deal] removes ! (fal be=e weigh+1 & ! cu/om] *e]fully pays a high] rate p] p\nd1 feel+ t at any rate he is gett+ j :at he pays = :5 he insi/s on hav+ x done 9 ?is way4 ,z f> z ! co/ is conc]n$1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! consum] at :at /age ( di/ribution ! (fal is disc>d$4 ,volume ( products4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada ! production & consumption ( p\ltry products are v ne>ly equal1 because ea* c\ntry has agricultural areas capable ( supply+ an enorm\s population ) p\ltry & eggs4 ,production 9 su* di/ricts responds quickly to ! increas+ dem&s ( o!r sections1 b n 9 su* volume z to create l>ge surpluses = export4 ,! pres5t annual production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #fjj1jjj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is wide diff]5ce exi/s because ! c5sus is only a p>tial "o4 ,9 ,canada no g5]al c5sus ( p\ltry products has ev] be5 tak54 ,! p\ltry /ati/ics = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z collect$ dec5nially by ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus may be f\nd complete 9 ! full report ( agricultural /ati/ics4 ,^? = ! diff]5t /ates may be obta9$ 9 sep>ate bullet9s4 ,"s ( ! /ates & prov9ces collect p\ltry /ati/ics ?r\gh /ate & prov9cial dep>tm5ts & furni% ! reports to all p]sons desir+ !m4 ,p]sons liv+ 9 communities :i* %ip p\ltry products c usually le>n f ! local %ipp]s ! approximate am\nts & ! value ( ! produce t !y h&le4 ,at ! m important receiv+ po9ts /ati/ics ( receipts are kept by su* organizations z ! ,produce ,ex*ange1 ,bo>d ( ,trade1 or ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 & ! results publi%$ 9 _! annual reports4 ,f su* s\rces x is possible = pupils to get in=mation z to ! /atus & importance ( ! p\ltry trade 9 ! communities 9 :i* !y live4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,exhibitions ,,& ,,! ,,fancy ,,trade ,conditions 9 ! fancy trade4 ,! trade 9 fancy p\ltry & pigeons & 9 cage birds is on a v diff]5t basis f ! trade 9 m>ket products4 ,) ! arrangem5ts = collect+ p\ltry products & = hold+ !m :5 t is desirable1 x seldom happ5s t m>ket products _c be sold at any "t :5 ! produc] wants to dispose ( !m4 ,! fancy trade is q closely limit$ to c]ta9 %ort seasons4 ,9 ?is trade prices dep5d z mu* ^u ! reputation ( ! sell] z ^u ! quality ( 8 /ock4 ,v high prices are obta9$ only by ^? :o h made a big reputation by w9n+ at important %[s1 & h adv]tis$ _! w9n+s ext5sively4 ,buy]s ( fancy /ock pref] to deal directly ) produc]s1 & ! great] "p ( ! bus9ess is mail-ord] bus9ess4 ,x is almo/ impossible to =ce ! sale ( ?is class ( /ock except by sell+ x = ! table at m>ket prices4 ,! produc] c only adv]tise & wait = cu/om]s1 & :at is n sold at fancy prices mu/ be sold at m>ket prices4 ,exhibitions4 ,competitive exhibitions hold a v important place 9 ! developm5t & di/ribution ( improv$ /ocks ( animals4 ,9 old times su* exhibitions 7 in=mal ga!r+s ( ! p]sons 9 a locality :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( a p>ticul> bre$ or v>iety4 ,our k ( ^! e>ly ga!r+s ( bre$]s ( dome/ic birds is v limit$ & is mo/ly traditional4 ,f :at is kn[n x appe>s t !y 7 usually held 9 ! ev5+s at public h\ses1 & t ea* p]son tak+ "p c>ri$ ) him to ! place ( meet+ "o or m ( 8 be/ birds2 t ^! 7 comp>$ & _! qualities discuss$ by ! company1 & t at ! close ea* p>ticipant c>ri$ 8 exhibit home4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,view ( a section ( a l>ge p\ltry %[ 9 ,me*anics ,build+1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts ,z ! int]e/ 9 bre$+ = fancy po9ts ext5d$1 su* ga!r+s became l>g] & assum$ a m =mal "*1 & rules 7 adopt$ = comp>+1 or judg+1 ! birds2 b x 0 n until ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! mod]n sy/em ( public exhibitions ( p\ltry1 pigeons1 cage birds1 & pet /ock 0 inaugurat$4 ,! fir/ exhibitions ( ?is k9d 7 held at ! agricultural fairs4 ,v soon aft] ^! began to attract att5tion1 special exhibitions1 limit$ to ?is class ( /ock & held 9 suitable build+s 9 ! w9t]1 became frequ5t4 ,n[ l>ge %[s are held annually 9 ne>ly e l>ge city & 9 hundr$s ( small] cities1 & e agricultural fair has its p\ltry dep>tm5t4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 %[s at :i* p\ltry is ! pr9cipal feature are call$ simply p\ltry %[s1 al?\gh !y (t5 include o!r k9ds ( dome/ic birds & all k9ds ( small dome/ic animals4 ,a l>ge p\ltry %[1 ) a great v>iety ( exhibits ( birds & ( ! appliances us$ 9 aviculture1 af=ds an excell5t opportunity to see good specim5s ( _m k9ds4 ,^? :o h su* an opportunity ought to make ! mo/ ( x4 ,b ! novice :o c att5d only small %[s w f9d t1 :ile he does n see z _m diff]5t k9ds ( birds !re & may n see _m really f9e specim5s1 ! small %[ af=ds ! beg9n] a mu* bett] opportunity to le>n some?+ ab\t ! diff]5ces t affect quality & value 9 fancy p\ltry & pigeons4 ,at ! l>ge %[ !re is s mu* to see1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! w9n+ specim5s 9 any class are usually s slight1 t only ^? :o are famili> ) _m v>ieties c make a critical exam9ation ( ! exhibits4 ,at ! small] %[s ! v>ieties are n z num]\s1 ! compet+ classes are small]1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! specim5s :i* w9 prizes are (t5 pla9ly app>5t1 ev5 to a novice1 if he has a clue to ! me?od ( mak+ ! aw>ds4 ,^? :o visit l>ge %[s c use _! "t to be/ advantage if !y make z c>eful a /udy z !y c ( ! few ?+s 9 :i* !y take ! mo/ int]e/1 & take j a casual look at ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ! f\r or five days t x is op5 to ! public x is n possible = any "o to make a ?or\gh1 discrim9at+ inspection ( all t !re is to be se5 at a l>ge p\ltry %[1 & an exp]i5c$ visitor to su* %[s nev] tries to d s4 ,at _m ( ! small %[s ev5 a novice1 by /udy+ ! exhibits sy/ematically1 may get a v good idea ( all ! classes & may add some?+ to 8 accurate k ( a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( birds4 ,rudim5ts ( judg+4 ,:ile ev5 an ord9>y p\ltry %[ conta9s a great deal t is ( int]e/ to ^? :o "k h[ to get at x1 ! visitor :o does n "k h[ to /udy ! exhibits & simply takes a cursory look at all ( !m1 tires ( ! regul> classes at a %[ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,aft] ! aw>ds h be5 made1 ! ribbons or c>ds on ! coops w %[ ! w9n+ birds & _! relative positions1 b unless "o kn[s some?+ ( ! me?ods & rules ( judg+ & comp>es ! birds ) "s c>e1 he is likely to get ! impression t mak+ comp>isons betwe5 %[ birds requires a ke5] critical faculty ?an he possesses1 & to conclude t x is q useless = him to attempt to discov] :y ! birds h be5 rank$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! judge has plac$ !m4 ,judg+ live /ock is n a matt] ( simple comp>isons ( weights & dim5sions4 ,! p]sonal op9ions ( ! judge necess>ily affect 8 decisions1 & z ! op9ions ( m5 diff]1 _! judgm5ts w v>y4 ,a judge is (t5 9 d\bt z to :i* ( two or m birds is 7all ?+s consid]$7 ! bett] specim51 b he mu/ make 8 decision on ! birds z !y appe> to him at ! "t1 & t decision mu/ /& = t competition4 ,no "o1 no matt] h[ well he may "k ! requirem5ts ( ! /&>d = a v>iety & ! me?ods ( apply+ x1 c discov] by a /udy ( a class ( birds all ( ! judge's reasons = 8 decisions2 b any "o :o w keep 9 m9d & try to apply a few simple1 g5]al rules c look ov] a v>iety t he has nev] se5 be=e1 & ( :i* he may n "k ! "n1 & 7unless ! judge has be5 v erratic 9 8 decisions7 c see :y mo/ ( ! aw>ds 9 a small class ( v>i$ quality h be5 made4 ,^! rules are3 #a4 ,! "* or *>act]s t mo/ conspicu\sly di/+ui% a type are giv5 mo/ consid]ation 9 judg+4 #b4 ,color ( plumage is giv5 m consid]ation ?an %ape1 unless "s %ape "* is unusually /rik+4 #c4 ,quality 9 color ( plumage consi/s 9 ev5ness & purity ( %ade 9 solid-color$ specim5s1 & 9 s\nd colors & di/9ctness ( ! patt]n 9 p>ty-color$ specim5s4 #d4 ,! %ape ( extraord9>y sup]ficial %ape *>act]s1 su* z cre/s1 v l>ge combs1 heavy foot-fea!r+1 etc41 is usually giv5 z mu* consid]ation z color4 ,! fir/ rule really includes all ! o!rs1 & al?\gh ?is is n usually admitt$ by ! expon5ts ( curr5t me?ods ( judg+ live /ock1 9 practice x is ! fundam5tal rule 9 judg+4 ,"o reason :y p :o h a little k ( /&>ds = well-br$ p\ltry1 & ( ! me?ods ( apply+ !m1 are almo/ always puzzl$ by ! aw>ds at p\ltry %[s is because !y try to analyze !m 9 accordance ) ! commonly accept$ !ory ( judg+ by po9ts1 :i* assigns def9ite num]ical values to c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,?is !ory assumes t ! judge1 tak+ ^! values z a basis1 computes ! values ( faults ) ma!matical accuracy4 ,?is is n possible :]e ! computation is bas$ ^u an op9ion4 ,to illu/rate ! application ( ! rules giv51 let u apply !m to "s well-kn[n v>ieties1 tak+ fir/ ! ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rock4 ,! conspicu\s di/+ui%+ "* ( ?is v>iety is ! b>r$ color patt]n2 !re=e color ( plumage has mo/ consid]ation 9 judg+ x4 ,! patt]n is ! same all ov] ! bird2 !re=e e fea!r %\ld be b>r$4 ,! patt]n mu/ be %>ply def9$2 !re=e ! colors mu/ be clean-cut & ! b>s /raight & ( ne>ly equal wid? on ea* fea!r1 ) ! wid? ( b>s on fea!rs ( diff]5t sizes proportionate to ! wid? ( ! fea!r4 ,^! requirem5ts seem v simple :5 /at$1 b a close exam9ation ( ord9>y exhibition ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks w %[ v few specim5s t closely approa* p]fection accord+ to ! rules4 ,n[ take ! ,:ite ,wy&otte4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s "* ( any :ite bird is its :it5ess4 ,9 judg+ ?is v>iety1 !re=e1 :it5ess w h m consid]ation ?an any o!r quality4 ,:ite ,wy&ottes are di/+ui%$ f ,:ite ,plym\? ,rocks by ! %ape ( ! comb2 !re=e ! %ape ( ! comb w be giv5 m att5tion by ! judge ?an if !re 7 o!r di/+ui%+ features4 ,silv]-,lac$ ,wy&ottes are conspicu\s = _! color patt]n2 !re=e ! mo/ important ?+ is t ?is %all be well def9$ & uni=m1 ! :ite c5t]s clean & :ite & ! black edges int5sely black4 ,uni=mity 9 su* m>k+s is v difficult to produce4 ,a bird may be well m>k$ 9 "o section & v poorly m>k$ 9 ano!r4 ,9 ,p>tridge ,co*9s ! mo/ conspicu\s "* is extreme fea!r developm5t2 ! next is color ( plumage1 :i* diff]s 9 male & female4 ,fea!r developm5t & ! %ape :i* x produces w !re=e h ab\t equal consid]ation ) color4 ,9 color ! male is black on ! brea/ & body1 ) a r$ neck & back1 ! fea!rs ( ! hackle & ! saddle hav+ black /ripes 9 ! c5t]2 !re=e1 9 ! male1 quality 9 color consi/s 9 blackness 9 ! black sections1 a uni=m r$ 9 ! r$ sections1 & cle> & %>p /rip+ :]ev] x appe>s4 ,! ,p>tridge ,co*9 female has plumage ( br[n p5cil$ ) a d>k] br[n2 !re=e to ! eye ( a p\ltry fanci] ! beauty ( h] color consi/s 9 well-def9$ p5cil+ & a h>moni\s contra/ 9 ! two %ades ( color4 ,a ,:ite-,cre/$ ,black ,poli% f[l is mo/ conspicu\s = its l>ge :ite cre/2 !re=e ! cre/ is ! mo/ important feature to be consid]$ 9 judg+ ?is v>iety4 ,b color is also v important1 = if ! :ite fea!rs ( ! cre/ are p>tly mix$ ) black1 or ! black ( ! body is dull1 ! effect is n pleas+4 ,! ,fantail ,pigeon is mo/ conspicu\s = its fan-%ap$ tail2 !re=e ?is is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 judg+4 ,! tail mu/ n only be l>ge & well %ap$1 b mu/ be c>ri$ 9 an attractive mann]4 ,x mu/ n be too l>ge1 because !n ! bird _c c>ry x 9 a good position4 ,9 addition to c>ry+ ! tail 9 a good position1 ! bird mu/ pose s t ! :ole attitude adds to ! attractiv5ess ( ! pr9cipal feature4 ,simil>ly ) ! ,p\t] ,pigeon1 ! globul> crop1 :i* is its di/9ctive "*1 mu/ be l>ge & well =m$1 & 9 addition ! g5]al c>riage mu/ be su* z to %[ ! p\t+ trait to ! be/ advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,almo/ complete view ( a p\ltry %[ at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts ,! same rules ( color :i* apply to f[ls apply also to pigeons4 ,! color patt]ns ( pigeons are mu* m num]\s1 b z a rule ! pr9cipal requir$ features are at once obvi\s to any "o :o keeps 9 m9d ! g5]al rules t h be5 giv54 ,aft] ! m conspicu\s *>act]s1 _m m9or *>act]s are giv5 p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,9 !oretical /atem5ts ( me?ods ( judg+1 ^! m9or *>act]s are (t5 treat$ z ( equal importance ) ! conspicu\s *>act]s1 b 9 ord9>y judg+ practice !y are n (t5 s treat$1 except 9 ! case ( disqualify+ faults1 to be not$ pres5tly4 ,! less conspicu\s *>act]s1 includ+ %ape ( body 79 reg>d to :i* ! av]age fanci] & judge is some:at c>eless1 n discrim9at+ betwe5 closely relat$ types71 become important 9 mak+ decisions betwe5 specim5s :i* appe> to be equal 9 ! m conspicu\s *>act]s4 ,because ( ?is !re is a t5d5cy to exagg]ate "s "o m9or "* :5ev] a high degree ( uni=mity 9 *>act]s t are ( prim>y importance 9 judg+ is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,saddle ,fantail ,pigeon#bh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,:ite ,fantail ,pigeons #bh #bh ,reproduc$1 by p]mission1 f ,dome/icat$ ,animals & ,plants1 by ,e4 ,dav5port4 ,disqualifications4 ,! practice ( judg+ ! relative m]its ( exhibition birds pr9cipally by a few /rik+ *>act]s t5ds to make bre$]s & exhibitors neglect _m little ?+s :i* affect ! appe>ance ( a bird4 ,?is is especially ! case ) exhibitors compet+ "u judges :o are p>tial to "s conspicu\s "*4 ,to prev5t ?is1 & to place ! heavie/ possible p5alty ^u s]i\s faults t are easily ov]look$1 c]ta9 faults are made disqualifications2 t is1 a bird hav+ any "o ( ^! faults is absolutely deb>r$ f competition1 no matt] h[ good x may be 9 o!r respects4 ,!re is g5]al agreem5t z to ! wisdom & ju/ice ( disqualify+ = de=mities or = mutilations ( ! fea!rs to conceal a fault4 ,9 reg>d to disqualify+ = trivial faults1 fanci]s diff] 9 op9ion4 ,_m hold t ?is has be5 c>ri$ to a ridicul\s extreme 9 "s cases4 ,?us1 9 all clean-legg$ f[ls x is requir$ t ! %anks & toes %all be free f small fea!rs1 /ubs1 or d[n4 ,mo/ fanci]s agree t conspicu\s fea!rs & /ubs %\ld disqualify1 b _m consid] t to disqualify = a m9ute bit ( d[n1 :i* c h>dly be se5 )\t ! aid ( a magnify+ glass1 is go+ too f>4 ,unless ! judge has ov]look$ a disqualification 7& ?is r>ely happ5s71 none w be f\nd on a bird t has be5 aw>d$ a prize4 ,if 9 any class !re is a bird :i* is n giv5 a place1 ?\gh app>5tly sup]ior to any ( ! prize w9n]s 9 ! *>act]s mo/ di/9ctive ( its v>iety1 t bird usually has "s disqualification4 ,! li/ ( disqualifications is too long to be giv5 "h4 ,x is n ! same ?r\gh\t = all v>ieties4 ,exhibitors & bre$]s d n attempt to keep track ( ! disqualifications 7:i* are *ang$ occasionally7 = any b ! v>ieties 9 :i* !y are especially int]e/$4 ,me?ods ( judg+4 ,:5 exhibitions ( dome/ic birds 7 fir/ held1 ! aw>ds 7 usually made by committees ( two or ?ree judges4 ,! object 9 do+ ?is 0 to insure imp>tiality & to make connivance betwe5 a judge & an exhibitor m difficult4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is plan did n "w well4 ,(t5 ! op9ions ( "o man dom9at$1 or1 if ! man c\ld n h 8 way1 ! committee wrangl$ & took too long to make its decisions4 ,s by degrees ! committee plan 0 ab&on$ & a s+le judge made ! aw>ds 9 accordance ) /&>ds & rules agre$ ^u by associations ( exhibitors & judges4 ,at fir/ all judg+ 0 done by comp>ison ( ! specim5s ( ea* class ent]$ 9 competition4 ,t is ! me?od /ill 9 g5]al use 9 ,europe & widely us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,b to _m exhibitors comp>ison judg+ seem$ unsatisfactory1 because by x only ! w9n+ birds 7 indicat$1 & exhibitors ^: birds did n w9 usually want$ to "k h[ _! birds comp>$ ) ! w9n]s4 ,to meet ?is dem& score-c>d judg+ 0 adopt$4 ,9 ?is me?od ( judg+1 ! *>act]s to be consid]$ are divid$ into sections1 :i* are nam$ 9 ord] on a c>d hav+ correspond+ blank spaces 9 :i* to m>k num]ical cuts = faults 9 ea* section4 ,! score c>ds us$ at p\ltry %[s :]e judg+ is done by t me?od d n indicate to :i* ( sev]al possible faults a cut applies1 except t1 hav+ "o column = %ape cuts & ano!r = color cuts1 !y %[ 9 :i* class ! fault appe>s4 ,9 _m educational & private score c>ds ! names ( ! common faults 9 ea* section are pr9t$ 9 ! space allott$ t section1 9 ord] t ! fault may be accurately *eck$4 ,! use ( c>ds ) s mu* detail is n practical 9 ord9>y competition4 ,! score ( a bird judg$ by ! score-c>d me?od is ! diff]5ce betwe5 #ajj 7tak5 z ! symbol ( ! p]fect bird ( any v>iety7 & ! sum ( all ! cuts made = faults4 ,! common cuts = faults are #a_/b = a slight fault1 #a = a pron\nc$ fault1 & #aa_/b = a v bad fault4 ,occasionally l>g] cuts are made = s]i\s faults4 ,!oretically ! score is suppos$ to repres5t accurately ! relation ( a specim5 to a p]fect specim51 b really scores only repres5t 9 a g5]al way ! judges' op9ions ( ! relative values ( ! birds 9 a class1 & indicate to ! exhibitor :]e ! judge f\nd faults 9 8 bird4 ,exhibition quality & value4 ,! w9n+ ( a prize at an important %[ gives a bre$] ( fancy birds a /&+ t he c\ld n o!rwise acquire4 ,! great] "p ( ! sales ( p\ltry ( ?is class are made by mail to p]sons :o d n "k ! bre$] p]sonally & d n see 8 /ock until aft] pur*as+4 ,no matt] h[ good 8 /ock may be1 ^? :o want to buy w n pay mu* att5tion to 8 claims = its sup]ior quality until !y h su* confirmation ( ^? claims z is giv5 by ! w9n+ ( prizes 9 competition4 ,!n ! prices :i* a bre$] c get = 8 /ock w be regulat$ l>gely by ! prices obta9$ by o!r successful exhibitors at %[s ( ! same class4 ,!re is a wide range ( prices f ^? t c be secur$ = /ock ( ! quality t w9s at ! greate/ %[s1 to ^? t c be obta9$ = ! k9d t w9s at ord9>y small %[s4 ,high prices are paid = not$ w9n]s & = o!r /ock ( ! same bre$+1 z mu* = ! adv]tis+ value ( own]%ip ( f9e /ock z = ! actual value ( ! birds to bre$ f or to exhibit aga94 ,a bre$] :o w9s at "s v small %[ may f9d x h>d to sell ei!r /ock or eggs = hat*+ except at a slight advance ov] m>ket prices4 ,"s bre$]s :o h made rem>kable records 9 w9n+ at ! be/ %[s c get v high prices = _! prize-w9n+ /ock & = ! eggs f x4 ,f[ls sometimes sell z high z #ejj ea*1 & eggs at #b ea*4 ,pigeons also br+ v high prices at times1 al?\gh few] p are int]e/$ 9 !m & sales are n s num]\s4 ,! ord9>y prices = good /ock are q reasonable1 consid]+ h[ few really f9e specim5s are produc$4 ,! av]age novice f9ds t f[ls at f #aj to #be a trio & pigeons at f #e to #ae a pair h all ! quality t he c appreciate4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( mod]n fancy p\ltry culture ^? bre$]s :o _h great reputations c\ld get relatively high prices = almo/ any bird t w\ld pass z a bre$+ specim5 ( its k9d4 ,?is is /ill true ( bre$]s :o successfully introduce new v>ieties or :o sudd5ly atta9 prom95ce ) /ock ( _! own bre$+4 ,b z ! /ock ( a lead+ bre$] becomes widely di/ribut$ among small] bre$]s1 ! competition ( 8 cu/om]s r$uces 8 sales1 & especially ! sales ( ! *eap] grades ( /ock4 ,! mo/ tr\blesome problem t ! be/ bre$]s h is to get rid ( ! l[] grades ( _! /ock at a fair pr(it4 ,:y good bre$]s h mu* l[-pric$ /ock4 ,novices 9 ! bre$+ ( f9e /ock commonly suppose t all pure-br$ /ock ( any v>iety is ( uni=m quality4 ,:5 !y le>n t1 z a rule1 only a small "p ( ! "y birds hat*$ f good /ock is consid]$ ( sup]ior quality1 !y (t5 conclude t ! ideas & ! /&>ds ( fanci]s mu/ be wrong4 ,ev5 pr(essional & sci5tific m5 :o become int]e/$ 9 fancy p\ltry & pigeons (t5 take ?is view &1 aft] consid]+ ! "q c>efully f _! /&po9t1 try to expla9 to fanci]s h[1 by *ang+ a /&>d1 !y might secure a mu* l>g] proportion ( specim5s approximately p]fect accord+ to ! /&>d us$4 ,9 ! case ( v>ieties 9 :i* ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! diff]5t sexes are secur$ f diff]5t mat+s1 _m novices wa/e a great deal ( "t try+ to conv9ce old fanci]s t _! /&>ds & me?ods are illogical & unnatural4 ,to ^? :o d n und]/& ! philosophy ( ! int]e/ 9 bre$+ to highly specializ$ types ! argum5ts = /&>ds t are adju/$ to common results & are easy to atta9 appe> to be unansw]able4 ,^u ! fanci] :o does und]/& ?is philosophy !y make no impression at all4 ,! bre$+ & exhibit+ ( fancy /ock ( any k9d is prim>ily a game4 ,! rules ( ! game are 9 a measure arbitr>y1 l ! rules 9 baseball or football or any o!r game4 ,at ! same "t !y mu/ be fram$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! developm5t ( ! game z a sport & also z a spectacle4 ,!y mu/ be reasonable & mu/ be suit$ to play]s ( all degrees ( skill4 ,/&>ds & rules = judg+ fancy /ock develop j z ! rules ( a?letic games develop4 ,a g5]ation ago su* games z baseball & football 7 comp>atively simple games 9 :i* boys & m5 might take v cr$itable p>ts )\t devot+ a great deal ( att5tion to practice4 ,^! games /ill af=d recreation to _m :o use !m = t purpose only1 b !y h also be5 develop$ s t play]s ( exceptional skill play competition games = ! int]e/ ( a public :i* /udies ! f9e po9ts ( ^! games & comp>es ! abilities ( ! play]s4 ,p :o take an int]e/ 9 & patronize pr(essional or high-class amateur ball games d s because 9 !m skillful & well-tra9$ play]s d difficult ?+s4 ,x is ! same 9 ! bre$+ ( fancy live /ock to a high /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,:5 a bre$ or a v>iety is fir/ made1 ! int]e/ ( ! bre$]s c5t]s 9 a few *>act]s1 precisely z ! int]e/ ( a novice 9 any l9e c5t]s 9 a few prom95t features4 ,z bre$]s gr[ 9 exp]i5ce & 9 skill1 & z ! *>act]s to :i* !y fir/ give special att5tion become fix$1 !y dem& bett] quality 9 ^! & also turn _! att5tion to ! developm5t ( o!r *>act]s4 ,! m difficult a comb9ation ( *>act]s is to produce1 ! great] int]e/ ! fanci] takes 9 try+ to produce x4 ,:5 a /&>d calls = a high degree ( excell5ce 9 _m *>act]s1 ! proportion ( specim5s ( high excell5ce1 z measur$ by t /&>d1 w almo/ always be small4 ,x is because ?is is ! case t ! r>e specim5s are consid]$ s valuable4 ,fancy & utility types 9 ! same v>iety4 ,! great majority ( ,am]ican bre$]s ( fancy p\ltry seek to secure a high degree ( practical value 9 comb9ation ) fancy quality 9 _! /ock4 ,!re are "s fanci]s :o bre$ only = fancy po9ts1 & "s m>ket p\ltry gr[]s :o pay no att5tion at all to !m1 b z a rule ^? :o give m>ket p\ltry special att5tion want well-br$ /ock ( good ord9>y quality1 & ^? :o keep p\ltry = pleasure want ! flock kept = ?is purpose to supply at lea/ _! own tables ) eggs & meat4 ,! bre$] :o wi%es to comb9e fancy & utility prop]ties 9 any k9d ( live /ock mu/ bre$ only f specim5s t are m]itori\s 9 bo? directions1 select+ mu* m c>efully ?an :5 bre$+ = "o class ( prop]ties4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,occupations ,,relat$ ,,to ,,aviculture ,! value ( a k ( dome/ic birds is n limit$ to ! use :i* may be made ( x 9 keep+ !m = pr(it or = pleasure4 ,any occupation 9 :i* a great _m p are int]e/$ af=ds opportunities to comb9e ! k relat+ to x ) special k or skill 9 o!r l9es1 to ! advantage ( ^? :o are able to d s4 ,j z ! l>ge m>ket or fancy p\ltry bus9ess may develop f a small flock kept to supply ! own]'s table or to give him a little recreation1 _m special occupations gr[ out ( p>ticul> int]e/s ( aviculturi/s4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 m5tion$ incid5tally 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! pr9cipal occupations associat$ ) aviculture w be discuss$ bo? 9 _! relation to t subject & ) respect to _! possible int]e/ = ^? :o plan to devote !mselves to l9es ( "w :i* w\ld qualify !m = special s]vice 9 aviculture4 ,judg+ fancy p\ltry & pigeons4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5 select+ "o's own birds accord+ to quality & judg+ ! birds ( o!rs 9 competition t !re is betwe5 p]=m+ well 9 a fri5dly game & p]=m+ well 9 a competition :]e ! /akes are important & feel+ runs high4 ,_m fanci]s :o are good bre$]s & also good judges "u o!r conditions make poor judges 9 competitions4 ,9 judg+ at %[s decisions mu/ be made quickly1 !re is little opportunity to rectify mi/akes1 & if a judge makes s]i\s blund]s he is sev]ely criticiz$4 ,a p]son :o delib]ates a long "t be=e com+ to a decision1 & :o is v s5sitive to criticisms ( 8 errors1 ev5 ?\gh he kn[s t "s errors are sure to be made by e "o & t unprejudic$ exhibitors make all[ance = ?is1 w n make a successful judge ( p\ltry & pigeons4 ,judges z a class are n ! m5 :o "k ! mo/ ab\t /&>d-br$ birds or :o are ! mo/ skillful 9 bre$+ !m1 al?\gh "s ( ! be/ bre$]s are among ! be/ judges4 ,almo/ all fanci]s get opportunities to act z judges4 ,if _! "w is satisfactory1 ! dem& = _! s]vices increases until 9 "t _! income f ?is s\rce may be l>ge en\gh to make x wor? :ile to adju/ _! o!r affairs to _! engagem5ts at p\ltry %[s4 ,j\rnalism4 ,!re 7 a few books on p\ltry & pigeons writt5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 & a l>g] numb] imm$iately foll[+ ! h5-fev] p]iod4 ,^! & ! articles on p\ltry & pigeons 9 agricultural pap]s con/itut$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject until ab\t #ahgj4 ,!n !re appe>$ a numb] ( p\ltry j\rnals1 mo/ ( :i* gave "s att5tion to o!r dome/ic birds4 ,! dem& = special j\rnals arose because _m p :o 7 int]e/$ 9 p\ltry 7 liv+ 9 cities & 7 n int]e/$ 9 g5]al agriculture2 !y want$ m in=mation ab\t p\ltry matt]s ?an ! agricultural pap]s c\ld give4 ,adv]tis]s ( p\ltry & pigeons1 & ( goods b\ght by aviculturi/s1 also wi%$ adv]tis+ m$iums ?r\gh :i* !y c\ld rea* buy]s at less co/ ?an !y c\ld ?r\gh ! agricultural pap]s4 ,! rates = adv]tis+ are bas$ ^u circulation1 & if only a small class ( ! read]s ( a publication are buy]s ( a p>ticul> class ( goods adv]tis$ 9 x1 ! co/ ( rea*+ !m may be too great4 ,:5ev] any int]e/ becomes ( suffici5t importance1 j\rnals especially devot$ to x are issu$1 = ! conv5i5ce ( buy]s & sell]s z well z = ! in=mation !y conta94 ,until ab\t #ahij ne>ly all p\ltry j\rnals 7 small publications :i* ! own]s look$ aft] 9 _! sp>e "t4 ,!n !y began to increase 9 numb] & importance1 & be=e long !re 7 a great _m t gave regul> employm5t to editors1 adv]tis+ solicitors1 & subscription solicitors1 :o 7 employ$ = _! k ( p\ltry & _! acqua9tance ) p\ltrym5 z well z = special qualifications = _! respective dep>tm5ts4 ,art4 ,! illu/rat+ ( p\ltry j\rnals & books1 & ( ! catalogues ( fanci]s & o!r adv]tis]s 9 p\ltry lit]ature1 gives employm5t to a con/antly increas+ numb] ( arti/s4 ,9 ord] to successfully portray birds = critical fanci]s1 an arti/ mu/ be some?+ ( a fanci]4 ,x is n en\gh t he %\ld draw or pa9t !m z he sees !m2 he mu/ "k h[ to pose birds ( diff]5t k9ds1 types1 & bre$s s t 8 pictures w %[ ! prop] *>act]i/ic poses & %[ ! mo/ important *>act]s to _! be/ advantage4 ,s9ce ! half-tone process ( mak+ illu/rations 0 p]fect$1 ! greate/ dem& is = photographic "w1 b unless an arti/ is able to "w ov] & complete a defective photograph ) bru% or p5cil1 he _c make ?is l9e ( "w pr(itable4 ,mo/ birds are difficult subjects to photograph1 & only a small proportion ( ! photographs t are tak5 c be us$ )\t ret\*+4 ,a photograph] may "w = an h\r to get a bird pos$ to suit him1 & !n1 j z he presses ! bulb1 ! bird1 by a slight movem5t ( ! head or foot1 may spoil "o feature 9 a photograph t is o!rwise all t c\ld be desir$4 ,an arti/ :o c draw birds c rem$y su* defects2 ! ord9>y comm]cial arti/ _c4 ,inv5tion4 ,! mo/ important inv5tion us$ 9 aviculture is ! artificial incubator4 ,me?ods ( hat*+ eggs by artificial heat 7 develop$ indep5d5tly by ! ,egyptians & by ! ,*9ese ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & are /ill us$ 9 ,egypt & ,*9a4 ,! arrangem5ts us$ 9 ^! old hat*]ies are crude1 & ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds ^u exceptional skill & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,op]at+ incubators is a bus9ess cont9u$ 9 ! same families = c5turies4 ,ea* hat*]y does ! hat*+ = a community4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury a ,fr5* sci5ti/ nam$ ,reaumur1 :o 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 p\ltry1 began to make exp]im5ts 9 artificial hat*+ & brood+4 ,9 #agej he publi%$ a v full acc\nt ( ^! & o!r exp]im5ts :i* he _h made ) p\ltry4 ,8 idea 0 to devise a modification ( ! ,egyptian practice ( hat*+ 9 ov5s1 suit$ to ! conditions ( a m advanc$ civilization4 ,he succe$$ 9 hat*+ eggs by utiliz+ ! wa/e heat f a bak]'s ov51 & also hat*$ eggs 9 hotb$s heat$ ) decompos+ manure4 ,he appli$ ! hotb$ pr9ciple to ! brood+ ( *ick5s ) "s success4 ,b ! me?ods t he devis$ 7 n adapt$ to g5]al use4 ,aft] ,reaumur _m o!rs exp]im5t$ ) artificial hat*+4 ,"s ( ! ideas 7 obvi\sly m impractical ?an ^? ( ,reaumur1 b ! exp]im5t]s tri$ !m out & sometimes succe$$ 9 hat*+ *ick5s by v peculi> & labori\s processes4 ,"o man 9 ,engl&1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 hat*$ "s *ick5s f eggs plac$ 9 cotton batt+ 9 a sieve adju/$ ov] a *>coal fire 9 a small fireplace4 ,! fire 0 wat*$ con/antly = ?ree weeks1 ei!r by himself or by "s memb] ( 8 family4 ,he demon/rat$ t eggs c\ld be hat*$ 9 ?is way1 b n t x c\ld be done pr(itably4 ,practical incubators 7 n produc$ until ab\t =ty ye>s ago4 ,al?\gh incubators & brood]s h be5 br\ght to a relatively high /ate ( effici5cy1 !y are f> f p]fect4 ,inv5tors ( ! be/ ma*9es are /ill /udy+ ways to improve !m4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r fields !re are opportunities = inv5tive g5ius4 ,education & inve/igation4 ,lectures on p\ltry h be5 giv5 occasionally at agricultural in/itutes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ab\t #ahfj4 ,aft] #ahij ! dem& = su* lectures1 & ! numb] giv51 con/antly increas$1 & ability to speak 9 public became valuable to "o v]s$ 9 aviculture4 ,!n ! /udy ( p\ltry culture 0 introduc$ into agricultural colleges1 & a new field 0 op5$ to p\ltry keep]s ) a faculty = tea*+1 & = tra9$ tea*]s ) special k ( dome/ic birds4 ,! tea*+ ( p\ltry culture impress$ ^u ^? engag$ 9 x ! ne$ ( sci5tific inve/igation ( _m problems n cle>ly und]/ood ev5 by ! be/-in=m$ p\ltrym54 ,! agricultural exp]im5t /ations _h be5 giv+ little att5tion to "s ( ^! problems except 9 a desultory way & )\t important results4 ,z ! dem&s = m accurate in=mation on _m topics increas$1 _m ( ! exp]im5t /ations began to make important p\ltry inve/igations4 ,= ?is "w m5 specially tra9$ 9 v>i\s sci5ces 7 requir$4 ,z a rule ! m5 t 7 secur$ = su* "w knew v little ab\t p\ltry :5 !y began _! inve/igations1 b x 0 mu* easi] = !m to acquire a k ( p\ltry suffici5t = _! ne$s ?an = p]sons :o _h p\ltry k & no sci5tific tra9+ to qualify = positions z inve/igators4 ,! field ( inve/igation ( matt]s relat+ to p\ltry is con/antly be+ ext5d$4 ,pr(ici5cy 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 surg]y1 & m$ic9e1 & 9 high] ma!matics z f> z x relates to ! problems ( any ( ! sci5ces m5tion$1 w always be 9 dem& = sci5tific "w 9 aviculture4 ,9 ! future ! mo/ effici5t tea*]s & inve/igators w be ^? ^: e>ly famili>ity ) dome/ic birds has giv5 a great] insight into ! subject ?an is usually possess$ by ^? :o take up ! /udy ( ! subject comp>atively late 9 life4 ,manufactur+ & comm]ce4 ,x is v mu* easi] to build up a l>ge bus9ess 9 ! manufacture or ! sale ( articles us$ by p\ltry & pigeon keep]s ?an to build up a l>ge bus9ess z a bre$] ( dome/ic birds ( any k9d4 ,z has be5 /at$ 9 connection ) ne>ly e k9d ( bird m5tion$ 9 ?is book1 a p\ltry keep]'s op]ations are limit$ by ! difficulty ( keep+ l>ge numb]s ( birds cont9u\sly on ! same l&1 & also by ! exact+ nature ( ! "w ( c>+ = !m "u su* conditions4 ,9 manufactur+ & comm]cial op]ations !re are no su* limitations4 ,! possibilities ( developm5t dep5d ^u ! ext5t ( ! dem& = ! articles t are manufactur$ or sold1 & only a small proportion ( ! employees ne$ to be p]sons v]s$ 9 aviculture4 ,b 9 competition ) o!r manufactur]s or m]*ants ^? :o und]/& dome/ic birds & "k all ! diff]5t phases ( int]e/ 9 !m h a v great advantage ov] ^? :o d n4 ,legislation & litigation4 ,! rise ( new indu/ries creates new problems = legislators1 executive dep>tm5ts1 c\rts1 & lawy]s4 ,an indu/ry 9 :i* _m p are int]e/$ ev5tually rea*es a /age :]e x is pr(itable = lawy]s to specialize to "s ext5t 9 laws affect+ x1 & politic = legislators & adm9i/rators to d :at is 9 _! p[] to protect ! int]e/s ( ^? engag$ 9 x1 & to advance ^? int]e/s = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community4 ,a special field is op5+ = lawy]s famili> ) aviculture & ) its relations to o!r matt]s1 j z )9 a few ye>s ! field has op5$ to tea*]s & inve/igators4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! possible uses ( a k ( aviculture to "y p :o are naturally incl9$ t[>d intellectual pr(essions1 art1 inv5tion1 manufactur+1 or trad+ h n be5 giv5 = ! sake ( urg+ /ud5ts to direct _! c\rse especially t[>d "w connect$ ) aviculture4 ,! object is only to %[ ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! subject t x is wor? :ile to cultivate t int]e/ = o!r reasons1 z well z = ! pr(it or ! pleasure t may be imm$iately d]iv$ f x4 ,,index ,abbotsbury1 old swann]y at1 #bbi ,africa1 gu9ea f[l 91 #bjb2 o/ri* bre$+ 91 #bce ,african goose1 #afd2 illu/rat$1 #afd ,age1 ( e>?1 #be2 ( f[ls1 #ib2 ( geese1 #afi2 ( swans1 #bbc2 ( o/ri*es1 #bcb ,agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 int]e/ (1 9 aviculture1 #cjh ,agricultural fairs1 p\ltry exhibitions at1 #bib ,aigret ( peaf[l1 #bjh ,album51 =mation (1 9 egg1 #ag ,alfalfa1 #adj1 #bcf ,am]ican ,wild ,goose1 #afe2 illu/rat$1 #aff ,am]ican ,wild ,pigeon1 #bda ,amh]/ ,pheasant1 illu/rat$1 #bad ,ancona1 #fd ,&alusian1 ,blue1 #di1 #fd ,animal k+dom1 place ( birds 91 #b ,animals1 hav+ bird *>act]s1 #a2 pr$aci\s1 prev5t use ( colony sy/em1 #ajg ,annual production ( p\ltry & eggs 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bij ,antw]p ,hom] ,pigeon1 #bdf ,art1 relation (1 to p\ltry culture1 #cjf ,aseel1 #ej ,a%es1 use (1 9 p\ltry h\se1 #ge ,asia1 peaf[l 91 #bjh2 pheasants 91 #bab ,asiatic races ( f[ls1 #di ,au/ralia1 ,black ,swan discov]$ 91 #bbc ,au/ria1 goose gr[+ 91 #afg ,aylesbury ,duck1 #abi2 z a m>ket duck 9 ,am]ica1 #adg ,babylonians1 k ( f[ls among1 #cf ,ba*e1 importation ( pheasants by1 #bab ,bakubas1 ducks among !1 #abg ,bantams1 #ff2 illu/rat$1 #cg1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj ,b>bs ( fea!r1 #i ,b>num1 ,p4 ,t41 promot] ( an e>ly p\ltry %[1 #ec ,b>rel ( dress$ p\ltry ic$ = %ipm5t1 illu/rat$1 #bhd ,b>r+1 quality 91 #bie ,bat1 a fly+ animal1 #a ,ba?1 = ducks1 #aci2 = pigeons1 #bfa2 = can>ies1 #bgc ,be>d1 ( f[ls1 #aj2 ( turkeys1 #ahj ,b$d+ = ducks1 #ach ,beef scrap1 #aaf1 #adj ,belgian ,can>y1 #bga2 illu/rat$1 #bga ,bill1 ( duck1 #abd2 ( goose1 #aeh ,bird1 use ( t]m1 #b ,birdse$1 composition (1 #bgc ,black ,swan1 #bbc ,blackhead 9 turkeys1 #aih ,blood1 fe$+1 to f[ls1 #ij ,boat1 swimm+ bird model =1 #c1 #abd ,bo/on1 fir/ p\ltry %[ held 91 #eb ,bo/on ,common1 fe$+ pigeons on1 illu/rat$1 #bde ,b\rbon ,r$ ,turkey1 #ahg2 illu/rat$1 #ahh ,brahma ,bantams1 #ga2 illu/rat$1 #gj ,brahmaputras1 #ec ,brahmas1 ,light1 illu/rat$1 #bb1 #cf1 #cg2 ,d>k1 illu/rat$1 #ea2 us$ = roa/]s1 #aaf ,bran1 #gh1 #hi ,br&+ swans1 #bbe ,bread1 fe$+1 to swans1 #bbh ,brea/ 9 birds1 relation ( developm5t (1 to flight1 #ab ,bre$1 def9$1 #bh ,brem5 ,goose1 #afa ,broil] gr[+1 #aab ,bronze ,turkey1 #ahc2 illu/rat$1 #ahf ,broody h51 actions (1 #ic ,br[n eggs1 pref]5ce =1 9 ,bo/on1 #bhi ,brunswick ,goose1 #afa ,bucks ,c\nty ,f[l1 #ef ,buff ,turkey1 #ahg ,buoyancy ( aquatic birds1 #ae ,burnham1 au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,h5 ,fev]1 #ec ,butt]milk1 #ih ,cabbage = p\ltry1 #hi1 #aag1 #adj ,cackl+ ( f[ls1 #cc ,cages = can>ies1 #bgb ,call ,ducks1 #acc1 #acd2 illu/rat$1 #ace ,cambridge%ire ,bronze ,turkey1 #ahb ,canada ,goose1 #afe2 illu/rat$1 #aff ,can>y ,isl&s1 can>ies 91 #bfi ,c&l+ eggs1 #ba1 #bhc2 illu/rat$1 #bhb ,capon1 #aaf ,c>neaux squabs1 illu/rat$1 #bff ,c>ri] ,pigeon1 #bdc ,c>t1 us$ on p\ltry f>m1 illu/rat$1 #ajb ,cats & can>ies1 #bgb ,cayuga ,duck1 #aca ,cem5t floor 9 p\ltry h\se1 #gd ,c5tral ,am]ica1 turkey 91 #aha ,ceylon1 peaf[l 91 #bji ,*alazae1 function (1 #ag ,*>coal fire1 incubat+ eggs ov]1 #cjg ,*ick51 exclusion (1 #bb2 te*nical use ( t]m1 #ce ,*ickwe$ = can>ies1 #bgc ,*ildr5 z p\ltry keep]s1 #ci1 #db ,*9a1 introduction ( p\ltry into1 #cf2 ,pek9 ,duck br\ght f1 #aca2 artificial incubation 91 #cje ,*9a ,geese1 #afb2 illu/rat$1 #afb1 #afc ,*9ese races ( f[ls1 #ea ,cities1 relation ( gr[? (1 to p\ltry culture1 #bgh ,classes ( dome/ic birds1 #f ,clov]1 #adj ,cluck+ ( h51 #cc1 #ic ,co*91 ,buff1 illu/rat$1 #ej2 ,black1 us$ 9 mak+ ,plym\? ,rock1 #eg2 ,p>tridge1 judg+1 #bif ,co*9 ,bantams1 #fi2 illu/rat$1 #fi ,cock1 use ( t]m1 #cd ,cockfight+1 prohibition (1 #e ,cock]el1 #ce ,cold /orage1 #aab1 #bhe ,colony h\ses1 illu/rat$1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf ,colony sy/em ( p\ltry keep+1 #aja ,color1 9 fea!rs1 #aj2 ( wild ance/or ( dome/ic f[l1 #bg2 ( wild ance/or ( dome/ic pigeon1 #bdg2 consid]ation (1 9 judg+1 #bid ,comb1 ( f[l1 #cc1 #aag2 ( gu9ea1 #bjj ,comm]ce1 relations (1 to aviculture1 #cjh ,common ,pheasant1 #bad ,comp>ison judg+1 #bii ,conf9em5t1 effect (1 on egg production1 #gb1 #gd ,cool+ dress$ p\ltry1 #bhe2 illu/rat$1 #bhg ,coop1 made ( dry-goods box1 illu/rat$1 #ge2 = h5s & *icks1 #ig2 illu/rat$1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajf2 = turkey h5 & brood1 illu/rat$1 #aig2 = pheasants1 illu/rat$1 #bah1 #bai ,corn1 crack$1 #gh1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #adj1 #age2 fe$+1 on cob1 #hi2 soak+ :ole1 #hi2 = sitt+ h5s1 #ie2 /ale1 #bbj ,corn meal = *icks1 #gh1 #hi1 #ig ,cornfield1 p\ltry 91 #ajf2 illu/rat$1 #abb ,crack] crumbs = *icks1 #ih ,cream]ies z egg-collect+ depots1 #bhj ,creamy t9t 9 :ite fea!rs1 cause (1 #aa ,cre/1 occurr5ce (1 9 f[ls1 #aj2 consid]ation (1 9 judg+1 #bie ,cre/$ ,:ite ,duck1 #acc ,crop1 function (1 #af2 size (1 9 duck1 #adj2 peculi>ity (1 9 o/ri*1 #bcb ,cropp]s1 #bej ,crossbr$1 def9$1 #bi ,cr[ ( cock1 #cc ,cr[]1 colloquial use ( t]m1 #ce ,cuckoo1 lay+ habit (1 #a2 mat+ habits (1 #c2 f[ls1 #dc ,curl 9 tail ( drake1 #abg ,cuttle bone = can>ies1 #bgc ,cygnet1 #bbd ,d>kneck$ ,pheasant1 #bad ,decoration1 fea!rs us$ =1 #cb ,decorative plumage1 #aj ,de]'s hair = can>ies' ne/s1 #bgd ,diet ( birds1 #ae ,disqualifications = exhibitions1 #bih ,dome/ication1 adaptability ( species to1 #g ,dom9ique1 #dc1 #ee1 #eg2 illu/rat$1 #dc ,dork+1 #dd1 #ee2 illu/rat$1 #dd ,dove1 orig9 & use ( t]m1 #bdj ,dovecots1 great numb] (1 9 ,engl& 9 m$ieval times1 #beb ,d[n1 def9$1 #h2 replac$ by fea!rs1 #aa2 sometimes a disqualification1 #bii ,dragoon pigeon1 #bea2 illu/rat$1 #bda ,draw+ p\ltry1 #bhi ,dress$ p\ltry1 #bhc2 illu/rat$1 #bhe ,dress$ squabs1 illu/rat$1 #bfg ,driv+ turkeys to m>ket1 illu/rat$1 #aii1 #bhj1 #bha ,dropp+s bo>d1 #ge ,duck f>ms1 illu/rat$1 #adf1 #adg1 #adi1 #aej ,dumb ducks1 #abg ,du/ ba? = f[ls1 #gf ,dut* arti/s1 pa9t+s ( p\ltry by1 #dh ,dut* races ( f[ls1 #dg ,dw>f f[ls1 #fd ,e>$ ,pheasants1 #baf ,e>?1 relation ( age (1 to evolution1 #bf ,ea/ ,india ,duck1 #acc ,egg1 description (1 #af ,eggs1 uses (1 #d2 numb] (1 set "u h51 #ie2 boil$ = *icks1 #ih2 quality ( ducks' & h5s'1 comp>$1 #abd ,egypt1 f[ls 9 anci5t1 #cf2 goose sacr$ 9 anci5t1 #aff2 pigeons 91 #bdd2 artificial incubation 91 #cje ,egyptian ,goose1 #afe ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 duck 91 #abg2 goose 91 #aeg ,embryo1 gr[? (1 #af1 #ba ,emd5 ,goose1 #aeh2 illu/rat$1 #aeh ,engl&1 colony p\ltry h\ses 91 #ajg ,engli% ,pheasant1 #bae ,engli% races ( f[ls1 #df ,evolution1 !ory (1 #be ,exhibition ,game ,bantams1 #gj2 illu/rat$1 #cg ,exhibitions ( p\ltry1 illu/rat$1 #bib1 #big ,face ( f[l1 appe>ance (1 #h ,fanci]1 philosophy ( !1 #cjb ,fanci]s1 influ5ce (1 on developm5t ( types1 #cg ,fancy p\ltry plant1 illu/rat$1 #aba ,fantail ,pigeon1 #bdi1 #bif2 illu/rat$1 #bih ,f>m /ock ( p\ltry1 illu/rat$1 #hd ,fatt5+ *ick5s 9 crates1 illu/rat$1 #bgi ,fea!r b$s1 #ca ,fea!rs1 uses (1 #d1 #ca2 /ructure (1 #h2 resi/ance (1 to wat]1 #ae ,fe$+ "y ducks on duck f>m1 illu/rat$1 #aec ,f5ce = ducks1 #aci2 = turkeys1 #aib1 #aig ,f]al race1 di/+ui%$ f wild1 #ce ,f]tile egg1 appe>ance (1 :5 te/$1 #if ,feudal sy/em1 regulation "u1 ( use ( birds 9 hunt+1 #e ,fla!ad$ ,can>y1 illu/rat$1 #bga ,flaxse$ = can>ies1 #bgb ,flies1 ducks cat*+1 #add ,flight ( birds1 #b ,floors 9 p\ltry h\ses1 #gc ,fly = pigeons1 #beg ,fly+ ma*9e1 bird a model =1 #b ,food1 ( birds1 #ae2 ( f[ls1 #gh ,foot fea!r+1 #cg2 consid]ation (1 9 judg+1 #bie ,f[l1 use ( t]m1 #b ,f[ls & pheasants 9 same y>d1 illu/rat$1 #bbj ,fr5* races ( f[ls1 #dh ,frillback ,pigeons1 illu/rat$1 #beb ,frizzl$ f[ls1 #fe ,gallus ,bankiva1 #ce2 cock1 illu/rat$1 #db ,game1 resemblance ( ,br[n ,pit to wild prog5itor1 #bg ,game ,bantam1 #cg ,g&]1 #afj2 fight+1 9 ,russia1 #afb ,g>d51 keep+ *ick5s 91 #hc2 keep+ ducks 91 #ade ,g]m ( egg1 #af ,g]man arti/s1 pa9t+s ( p\ltry by old1 #dh ,g]man races ( f[ls1 #dg ,g]many1 goose gr[+ 91 #afg ,gizz>d1 function (1 #af2 peculi>ity (1 9 o/ri*1 #bcb ,gobbl]1 use ( t]m1 #ahj ,gold5 ,pheasant1 #bae ,goldf9*1 ,am]ican1 errone\sly call$ a can>y1 #bgj ,goose-fatt5+ f>m1 illu/rat$1 #age ,gosl+s1 gr[? (1 illu/rat$1 #agb2 graz+1 illu/rat$1 #agd ,g\gh1 ,john ,b41 a not$ p\ltry fanci]1 #ec ,grade1 def9$1 #bi ,grass1 9 p\ltry y>ds1 #gb2 gr[+ gosl+s on1 #agb ,gras%opp]s1 turkeys z de/roy]s (1 #aid ,gray ,lag ,goose1 #afj ,gre5 ducks1 #add ,grit1 use (1 = p\ltry1 #af ,gu9ea1 color patt]n 9 fea!rs (1 #aj2 ,:ite1 illu/rat$1 #bjb1 #bjd ,gunp[d]1 use ( pigeon manure 9 manufacture (1 #bec ,hair1 relation (1 to fea!rs1 #h ,hamburg1 ,silv]-,spangl$1 illu/rat$1 #df ,hamburg *icks1 e>ly gr[? ( fea!rs (1 #aa ,h&l+ ducks1 #abe ,h&l+ pigeons1 #bfb ,h>z ,m\nta9 ,can>ies1 #bga ,hat*+ season1 natural1 #ic ,hawk-color$ f[ls1 #dc ,hawks & gu9eas1 #bjd ,hempse$ = can>ies1 #bgd ,h5 ,pigeons1 illu/rat$1 #bea ,h5-tail$ ,bantams1 #gj ,h]on1 flight (1 #ab ,holl& ,turkey1 ,:ite1 #ahb2 illu/rat$1 #ahd1 #ahe ,hom] ,pigeons1 #bdc2 ,fly+1 illu/rat$1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf2 squab-bre$+1 illu/rat$1 #bdg2 squabs (1 illu/rat$1 #bff ,h\dan male1 illu/rat$1 #dh ,h\se1 = f[ls1 #gc1 #he1 #aja1 #ajh2 illu/rat$1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #he-hi1 #aah2 ) op5 front protect$ by hood1 illu/rat$1 #hi2 = gr[+ *ick5s1 illu/rat$1 #ii1 #aaf2 old /one1 on ,rhode ,isl& f>m1 illu/rat$1 #ajj2 mov+ a colony to1 #ajd2 int]ior ( a comp>tm5t 91 illu/rat$1 #aaj2 = ducks1 #ach2 illu/rat$1 #aej1 #aea2 = geese1 #afi2 = turkeys1 #aij2 illu/rat$1 #aia2 = pheasants1 #bai ,h\se & fly = pigeons1 illu/rat$1 #bee1 #bei1 #bfb-bfe ,h\ses at agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations1 illu/rat$1 #gi1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #aji ,hung>ian ,pheasant1 #bad ,hybrid1 def9$1 #be ,ice supply on l>ge duck f>ms1 #aed ,incubation1 appe>ance ( eggs at v>i\s /ages (1 illu/rat$1 #bj1 #ba2 p]iod (1 #if1 #adb1 #aga1 #aif1 #bje1 #baj1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bcf1 #bfg1 #bge ,incubator cell>1 illu/rat$1 #aae ,incubators1 #cjf2 introduction (1 on ,long ,isl& duck f>ms1 #adh2 mammo?1 #aeb ,india1 antiquity ( f[l 91 #cf2 peaf[l 91 #bji ,indian ,runn] ,duck1 #acb1 #ada2 illu/rat$1 #acb1 #acc ,insects1 birds z de/roy]s (1 #e ,in/9ct1 relation (1 to incubation1 #ai2 hom+1 9 pigeons1 #bdc ,intellig5ce ( birds1 #c ,int5sive p\ltry f>ms1 #aaj ,inv5tion1 relation (1 to aviculture1 #cjf ,italian races ( f[ls1 #df ,jacob9 ,pigeon1 illu/rat$1 #bdc ,japan1 antiquity ( f[l 91 #cf ,japanese ,bantams1 #fh2 illu/rat$1 #fh ,japanese ,long-,tail$ ,f[l1 illu/rat$1 #eb ,japanese races ( f[ls1 #ea ,java1 ,black1 #eh ,java1 peaf[l 91 #bji ,j]sey ,blue1 #ef ,johnnycake = *icks1 #ih ,j\rnalism1 #cje ,judg+1 #bic1 #cjd ,kafirs1 _! me?od ( pull+ /umps ( o/ri* plumes1 #bch ,k5tucky1 turkeys 91 #ahi ,kill+ p\ltry1 #bhd ,l& pla/]1 use (1 9 p\ltry h\ses1 #ge ,lang%an1 ,black1 illu/rat$1 #dj1 #da ,language1 capacity ( birds =1 #b ,laugh] ,pigeon1 #bci ,lav5d] ,gu9ea1 #bjc ,lawn clipp+s = p\ltry1 #gf ,lay+ capacity ( birds1 #ah1 #abg ,lay+ habits ( birds1 #ada1 #agj1 #aie1 #bff ,leaves = litt] 9 p\ltry h\ses1 #gf ,leg ( bird1 contraction (1 9 p]*+1 #ad ,leghorn1 #df2 illu/rat$1 #aj1 #aa1 #de1 #ha2 e>ly gr[? ( fea!rs (1 #aa ,legislation relat+ to aviculture1 #cji ,lettuce = can>ies1 #bgc ,lice1 h[ f[ls rid !mselves (1 #gg2 to de/roy1 on sitt+ h5s1 #if ,lime 9 egg%ells1 #af ,l9coln%ire ,buff1 #fc ,litt] 9 p\ltry h\ses1 #gf1 #ach ,liz>d ,can>y1 #bga ,long ,isl& duck f>ms1 #adf ,losses due to bad h&l+ ( p\ltry produce1 #bhb ,lyell1 ,james ,c41 on orig9 ( dome/ic pigeon1 #bdj ,malay f[l1 #ej ,mall>d ,duck1 #abf2 illu/rat$1 #abg ,maltese ,h5 ,pigeon1 #beb ,man*e/] ,coppy1 #bga ,man*urian ,pheasant1 illu/rat$1 #bae ,m&>9 ,duck1 #acd ,mangel-wurzels1 #hi ,manure1 p\ltry1 use (1 #ge2 pigeon1 us$ 9 manufacture ( gunp[d]1 #bec ,ma%1 "t ( fe$+1 #gh2 me?od ( mak+1 #hi2 use (1 #hi1 #ih1 #adj2 cook+1 #ajc ,meat meal1 #adj ,mexico1 turkey 91 #aha ,middlem51 #bge ,milk1 fe$+1 to *icks1 #ih2 pigeon1 #bfg ,m9orcas1 illu/rat$1 #dh1 #di ,molt+1 #aa ,monaul1 illu/rat$1 #baf ,monda9e ,pigeon1 ,swiss1 illu/rat$1 #bdb ,mongolian ,pheasant1 #bae2 illu/rat$1 #bac ,mongrel ,geese1 illu/rat$1 #afg ,monks1 probable orig9ators ( _m types ( fancy f[ls1 #dh ,mule1 def9$1 #be ,muscovy ,duck1 #abe1 #abi2 illu/rat$1 #abh ,mute ,swan1 #bbb ,n>ragansett ,turkey1 #ahc ,native f[ls 9 ,am]ica1 #dc ,neck1 h&l+ ducks by1 #abe ,ne/ build+1 #ah ,ne/ eggs1 #id ,ne/s1 f[ls'1 #id2 ducks'1 #ach2 geese's1 #aga2 turkeys'1 #aie2 swans'1 #bbh2 pigeons'1 #bei1 #bfd2 can>ies'1 #bgd ,ne!rl&s1 ,indian ,runn] ,duck 91 #acb ,nett$ ,gu9ea1 #bjc ,new ,j]sey1 pheasant introduc$ into1 #bac ,norfolk ,turkey1 #ahb ,norwi* ,can>y1 illu/rat$1 #bgj ,nubia1 own]%ip ( f[ls 91 #ci ,nun ,pigeons1 illu/rat$1 #beb ,oatmeal = *icks1 #ih ,oats1 #gh2 fe$+1 9 %eaf1 #hi ,(fal ( slaught]$ animals1 fe$+1 to p\ltry1 #ij ,oil 9 fea!rs1 #aa ,oregon1 pheasant introduc$ into1 #bac ,ornam5tal birds1 numb] (1 9 dome/ication limit$1 #g ,ornam5tal ducks1 #aef ,ornam5tal geese1 #afd ,orni?orhyn*us1 resemblance (1 to bird1 #a ,orp+ton ,ducks1 ,blue1 illu/rat$1 #acd ,orp+ton f[l1 #fc2 illu/rat$1 #fd1 #fe ,o/ri*1 illu/rat$1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcg ,outdoor qu>t]s = f[ls1 #gb ,ov>y1 #ag ,oviduct1 #ag ,ovules1 numb]s (1 9 h5s1 #ah ,owl ,pigeon1 illu/rat$1 #bdi ,oy/] %ell = f[ls1 #ha ,pack+ h\ses1 relation (1 to di/ribution ( p\ltry produce1 #bhj ,pair+ ( birds1 #c1 #afh1 #agh1 #bje1 #baj1 #bai1 #bcf1 #bfb1 #bgd ,p>tridge1 peculi>ity ( flight (1 #ac ,pass5g] ,pigeon1 #bda ,peacock1 tail (1 #aj2 ,indian1 illu/rat$1 #bjg ,pe>l ,gu9ea1 #bjc ,peas = pigeon food1 #bfe ,pek9 ,duck1 #aca1 #adg2 illu/rat$1 #aca1 #adj1 #ada ,p5gu91 locomotion (1 #a ,p]*es = pigeons1 #bei ,p]sia1 pigeon 9 anci5t1 #bde ,petaluma1 egg f>m+ at1 #aai2 illu/rat$1 #aag ,philadelphia *ick5s1 #aad ,pho5ix cock]el1 illu/rat$1 #eb ,pi$ ,gu9ea1 #bjc ,pigm5t 9 fea!rs1 #aa ,pigmy ,p\t]s1 #bea ,planta9 = can>ies1 #bgc ,pluck+ live geese1 #afg ,plym\? ,rock1 ,b>r$1 #eg1 #bie2 illu/rat$1 #ed1 #ee1 #hj2 ,:ite1 #eh2 illu/rat$1 #ef2 ,buff1 #ei1 #fb2 illu/rat$1 #eg2 ,columbian1 #fa2 illu/rat$1 #fb2 ,silv]-,p5cil$1 #fa2 illu/rat$1 #eh ,po9t ,judi? ,bronze ,turkey1 #ahc ,poli%1 #dg2 ,:ite1 #cd2 ,silv]-,spangl$1 illu/rat$1 #ci2 ,:ite-,cre/$ ,black1 #dg ,pom]anian ,goose1 #afa ,p\lt1 #ahj ,p\t] ,pigeon1 #bej1 #big2 illu/rat$1 #bej ,pres]v$ eggs1 #bhf ,prices1 h[ det]m9$1 #bgh2 ( fancy p\ltry & pigeons1 #cja ,pr(its1 computation (1 #gb ,pullet1 #ce ,pure-br$1 def9$1 #cj ,quail1 lay+ (1 9 captivity1 #ah ,quantity ( food1 #hj1 #hh ,range1 advantages (1 #he ,rapese$ = can>ies1 #bgc ,reaumur1 exp]im5ts (1 9 incubation1 #cjg ,reptile1 resemblance ( duckl+ to1 #adb ,retail+ p\ltry produce1 #bge1 #bhh ,rhode ,isl&1 goose gr[+ 91 #agc ,rhode ,isl& ,r$1 #fa1 #ajj2 illu/rat$1 #cb ,r+neck ,pheasant1 illu/rat$1 #bab ,roa/] gr[+1 #aac2 illu/rat$1 #aad ,rock ,pigeon1 #bda ,roll] ,can>ies1 #bga ,roll] ,pigeons1 #bdh ,romans1 di/ribution ( dome/ic f[l by1 #cf1 #df2 peacock a favorite di% among1 #bji ,roo/]1 use ( t]m1 #cd ,rose-,comb ,black ,bantam1 illu/rat$1 #fi ,rott5 egg1 appe>ance (1 :5 c&l$1 #if ,r\5 ,duck1 #acj1 #ada2 illu/rat$1 #acj ,rudim5ts ( judg+ p\ltry1 #bic ,ruff1 occurr5ce (1 9 pigeons1 #aj ,rumpless ,f[l1 #fe ,runn+ bo>d = pigeons1 #bfj ,runt ,pigeon1 #bea2 illu/rat$1 #bda1 #bej ,russia1 geese 91 #afg ,rye1 #gh1 #aaf1 #aed ,saddleback ,goose1 #afa ,/4 ,&reasb]g ,roll]1 #bga ,salt = pigeons1 #bfe ,sawdu/ 9 p\ltry h\se1 #ge ,scald+ p\ltry1 #bhd ,scale on beak ( "y birds1 #bb ,scales1 relation (1 to fea!rs1 #h ,scor+1 #cjj ,scotl&1 wild pigeon 91 #bdj ,scrat*+ ( birds1 use (1 #ad ,seba/opol ,goose1 #afe2 illu/rat$1 #afe ,sebright ,bantam1 #gj2 illu/rat$1 #gj ,%anghai1 #ec ,%av+s = litt] 9 p\ltry h\se1 #gf ,%ell ( egg1 =mation (1 #ag ,silky f[l1 #fe ,silv] ,pheasant1 #bae ,sitt+ h51 illu/rat$1 #ai2 food =1 #ie ,slate ,turkey1 #ahg ,slip1 an imp]fect capon1 #aag ,sn[1 effect (1 on p\ltry1 #ha1 #ib1 #ajg1 #abe1 #bfi ,social relations ( birds1 #c ,s\? ,am]ica1 gu9ea 91 #bjb ,space p] bird 9 p\ltry h\se1 #hf ,spa91 turkey 91 #aha ,spani% ,goose1 #afb ,spani%1 ,:ite-,fac$ ,black1 illu/rat$1 #ch ,spani% races ( f[ls1 #di ,sp>r[1 lay+ capacity (1 #ah ,species1 pr$atory relation (1 #f2 def9$1 #bd2 orig9 (1 #be ,spr\t$ oats1 #gh ,spurs1 #cc1 #aag ,squab1 #bdj2 illu/rat$1 #bff1 #bfg ,squeak]4 ,see ,squab ,/&>d-br$1 def9$1 #cj ,/&>ds = judg+ exhibition p\ltry1 #bii ,/ra91 def9$1 #bi ,/ub fea!r1 #i ,subv>iety1 def9$1 #bi ,summ] qu>t]s = p\ltry1 illu/rat$1 #abc ,sunlight1 b5efits (1 #gc ,swan & ne/1 illu/rat$1 #bbd ,swann]y1 an ,engli%1 illu/rat$1 #bbh ,swans fe$+ on ! wat]1 illu/rat$1 #bbg ,sw$i% ,duck1 ,blue1 illu/rat$1 #acc ,swimm+1 ( birds1 economic value (1 #ad2 effect (1 on gr[? ( ducks1 #aea ,swiss ,monda9e ,pigeon1 illu/rat$1 #bdb ,table f[l1 ,dork+ be/ type (1 #dg ,table scraps1 fe$+ to f[ls1 #gg ,tail ( bird1 its use 9 flight1 #ad ,temp]ature = incubation1 #ba ,t5nessee1 turkeys 91 #ahi ,te/+ eggs to det]m9e f]tility1 #ba1 #if1 #adb ,?or\ghbr$1 def9$1 #cj ,tippl] ,pigeon1 #bdg ,tom-turkey1 #ahj ,t\l\se ,goose1 #afa2 illu/rat$1 #aei1 #afj ,tra9 ( peacock1 #bjg ,tricolor ,can>y1 illu/rat$1 #bgj ,triganica ,pigeon1 #bdb ,trumpet] ,pigeon1 #bci2 illu/rat$1 #bdi ,tula ,goose1 #afb ,tumbl] ,pigeon1 #bdg2 illu/rat$1 #bdd1 #beh ,turbit ,pigeon1 #bea ,turkey1 common1 illu/rat$1 #aha ,turkey h5 ) brood1 illu/rat$1 #aih ,turkey ne/1 illu/rat$1 #aif ,turkey roo/1 illu/rat$1 #aid ,turnips = p\ltry1 #ij ,uses ( birds 9 dome/ication1 #d ,utility types ( p\ltry1 #cjc ,v>ieties1 #bg ,v>iety1 def9$1 #bh ,v5tilation1 #bfa ,v]sicolor ,pheasant1 #bae ,virg9ia1 turkeys 91 #ahi ,voices ( birds1 #c1 #cc1 #abf1 #aei1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bbc1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bfi ,wa/e food consum$ by /reet pigeons1 #bef ,wat]1 #ha1 #ih1 #ada2 imp]vi\sness ( fea!rs to1 #ae2 w>m+1 = f[ls1 #ha2 prop5sity ( "y ducks =1 #ade2 con/ant supply (1 = pigeons1 illu/rat$1 #bfa ,wattles1 ( f[l1 #cc2 ( turkey1 #agi2 ( gu9ea1 #bjj2 ( pheasant1 #baa ,web ( fea!r1 #i ,web/]1 ,daniel1 exhibitor at fir/ p\ltry %[ 9 ,am]ica1 #ec ,we/ ,indies1 gu9ea 91 #bjb ,:eat1 #gh1 #ih1 #ada ,:i/l+ ,swan1 #bbb ,:ite eggs1 pref]5ce =1 #bhi ,:ite ( egg1 =mation (1 #ag ,wild birds1 place (1 9 civilization1 #e ,wild geese1 gr[+1 9 captivity1 #agh ,w+s1 movem5t (1 9 flight1 #ab ,wom5 z p\ltry keep]s1 #ci1 #db1 #abb ,wood ,duck1 #acd ,wy&otte1 #ei2 ,silv]-,lac$1 illu/rat$1 #ei2 ,:ite1 #fj2 illu/rat$1 #fj1 #hb2 ,p>tridge1 illu/rat$1 #fa2 ,silv]-,p5cil$1 illu/rat$1 #fa2 ,buff1 orig9 (1 #fb2 ,columbian1 illu/rat$1 #fb ,y>d ( small p\ltry fanci]1 illu/rat$1 #abj ,y>ds1 = f[ls1 #gc2 = ducks1 #ach2 = geese1 #afi2 = turkeys1 #aij2 = pheasants1 #bai ,yell[-legg$ f[ls1 ,am]ican pref]5ce =1 #ee ,yolk ( egg1 #ag ,york%ire ,can>y1 illu/rat$1 #bgj ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,9 ! text v]sion1 ! oe-ligature 0 *ang$ to ! two sep>ate *>act]s1 oe4 ,also1 ! macron1 :i* appe>$ ov] ! o 9 ! ,greek translit]ation ( /ru?ion' 0 dropp$4 ,*ang$ silv] p5cil$ to silv]-p5cil$ on page #bh3 p>tridge1 silv]-p5cil$1 & erm9e4 ,*ang$ out-crosses to outcrosses on page #cj3 outcrosses are regul>ly made4 ,*ang$ ,siv]-,p5cil$ to ,silv]-,p5cil$ 9 ! caption to figure #ea4 ,*ang$ ,am]cia to ,am]ica on page #fc3 f[ls ( ,am]ica4 ,*ang$ ?ay to !y on page #afi3 :i* !y may use4 ,*ang$ di/roy$ to de/roy$ on page #bjj3 are de/roy$ by cultivat+4 ,*ang$ s]vicable to s]viceable on page #bbf3 m s]viceable 9 ?is way4