-------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is text uses ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 file encod+ = ,greek & o!r non-,,ascii *>act]s su* z 4 ,if !y don't appe> correctly1 y may ne$ to *ange y\r br[s] sett+s4 ,make sure t y\r br[s]'s "* set or file encod+ is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,= cl>ity1 "s footnotes h be5 plac$ "u ! *apt] head+s :]e !y are ref]5c$4 ,o!r footnotes w be f\nd at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,typographical errors correct$ are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 -------------------- ,,ephem]a ,,critica ,,or ,,pla9 ,,tru?s ,,ab\t ,,curr5t ,,lit]ature ,,by ,,john ,,*urton ,,coll9s ,non v]ebor nom9>e s+ulos1 quo facilius1 propositis exemplis1 app>eat1 quibus gradibus fracta sit et dem9uta eloqu5tia4 --,dial4 de ,orat4 1 ' 4 --,p9d> ,,f\r? ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,& ,,co ,,ltd #b ,,:itehall ,,g>d5s1 ,,we/m9/] #aijb ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,,preface ,x is "t = "s "o to speak out4 ,:5 we comp>e ! condition & prospects ( ,sci5ce 9 all its bran*es1 its organization1 its /&>ds1 its aims1 its repres5tatives ) ^? ( ,lit]ature1 h[ deplorable & h[ humiliat+ is ! contra/6 ,9 ! "o we see an ord]$ realm1 9 ! o!r m]e *aos4 ,! "o1 s]i\s1 /r5u\s1 progressive1 is display+ an en]gy z wond]ful 9 :at x has accompli%$ z 9 :at x promises to accompli%2 ! o!r1 )\t s\l1 )\t consci5ce1 )\t n]ve1 aimless1 li/less & decad5t1 appe>s to be /agnat+1 almo/ entirely1 into ! monopoly ( ^? :o are b5t on futiliz+ & degrad+ x4 ,sci5ce /&s :]e x does1 n simply by virtue ( ! g5ius1 ! indu/ry1 ! example ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives1 b because by ^? repres5tatives ! :ole sph]e ( its activity is be+ direct$ & controll$4 ,! c>e ( ! ,univ]sities1 ! c>e ( le>n$ societies1 ! c>e ( devot$ en?usia/s1 its int]e/s & hon\r are wat*fully & jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,! qualifications ( its tea*]s are gu>ante$ by te/s prescrib$ by ! highe/ au?orities on ! subjects pr(ess$4 ,to /&>ds fix$ & ma9ta9$ by ^? au?orities is ref]r$ e s]i\s contribution to its lit]ature4 ,ev5 a popul> lectur]1 or a popul> writ]1 :o und]took to be its expon5t w\ld be explod$ at once if he display$ ignorance & incompet5ce4 ,su*1 inde$1 is ! solid>ity ( its en]gies t x is r 9 ! degrees & phases ( _! manife/ation ?an 9 _! ess5ce & *>act]i/ics t !y v>y4 ,!re is n a sci5tific in/itution 9 ,engl& ! regulations & aims ( :i* d n be> ! impress ( su* ma/]s z ,huxley & ,tyndall & _! disciples2 n a "w issu+ f ! sci5tific ,press :i* is n a pro( ( ! influ5ce :i* su* m5 h ex]cis$ & are ex]cis+1 & ( ! high /&>d exact$ & atta9$ :]ev] ,sci5ce is taught & int]pret$4 ,x is f> o!rwise ) ,lit]ature4 ,^? :o repres5t x1 9 a s5se analog\s to t 9 :i* ! m5 :o h be5 ref]r$ to repres5t ,sci5ce1 h nei!r voice nor influ5ce 9 its organization1 z a subject ( in/ruction1 at ! c5tres ( education4 ,!y nei!r give x ! ply1 nor 9 any way affect its /&>ds & its "* 9 practice & production4 ,z examples few foll[ !m1 z c\nsellors no "o he$s !m4 ,!y con/itute :at is little m ?an an esot]ic body1 mov+ 9 a sph]e ( its own4 ,& yet !re is no reason at all :y !re %\ld n be ! same solid>ity 9 ! activity ( ,lit]ature z !re is 9 ! activity ( ,sci5ce1 & :y ! /&>d ( aim & atta9m5t 9 ! "o %\ld n be z high z 9 ! o!r4 ,b ?is c nev] be accompli%$ until c]ta9 radical re=ms are in/itut$1 & ! fir/ /ep t[>ds re=m is to demon/rate ! necessity = x4 ,i h done s "h4 ,i h drawn att5tion to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 our ,univ]sities1--9 o!r words1 to :at ,i mu/ take leave to call ! sc&al\s & incr$ible indiff]5ce ( ! ,c\ncils ( ^? ,univ]sities to ! appeals :i* h1 dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 be5 made to !m to place ! /udy ( ,lit]ature1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 ^u ! foot+ on :i* !y h plac$ o!r /udies4 ,i h po9t$ out :at h be51 & :at mu/ cont9ue to be1 ! effects ( t indiff]5ce4 ,i h giv5 specim5s ( ! books to :i* ! ,univ]sities are n a%am$ to affix _! imprimatur1 & ,i h %[n t1 s f> f !m consid]+ ev5 _! reputation involv$ 9 su* a matt]1 !y d n scruple to circulate works teem+ ) blund]s & absurdities ( ! grosse/ k9d1 blund]s & absurdities to :i* _! att5tion has be5 publicly call$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,i h giv5 specim5s ( ! k9d ( works :i* ! occupants ( di/+ui%$ ,*airs ( ,lit]ature c1 ) p]fect impunity1 address to /ud5ts2 & ,i w\ld ask any sci5tific man :at w\ld be ?\ght ( a ,pr(essor1 say1 ( ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 or ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 :o %\ld put 8 "n to analog\s publications--to publications1 t is to say1 z uns\nd 9 _! !ories1 z inaccurate 9 _! facts1 z slov5ly & p]functory 9 g5]al execution1 z ^? to :i* ,i h "h direct$ att5tion8 ,if su* ?+s are done 9 ! gre5 tree1 :at is likely to be done 9 ! dry8 or1 z ,*auc] puts x1 8if gold ru/e1 :at s*al yr5 doo80 ,t is "o ( ! que/ions on :i* ^! essays may1 p]haps1 ?r[ "s light4 ,to be misrepres5t$ & misund]/ood is ! c]ta9 fate ( a book l ?is1 & ,i am well aw>e ( ! responsibilities incurr$ 9 und]tak+ x4 ,x is v di/a/eful to me to give pa9 or cause annoyance to any "o1 &1 :e!r ,i am believ$ or n1 ,i c say1 ) /rict tru?1 t ,i h n ! smalle/ p]sonal bias aga9/ any ( ^? :om ,i h c5sur$ mo/ sev]ely4 ,i believe1 = ! reasons already expla9$1 t ,belles ,lettres are s9k+ deep] & deep] into degradation1 t !y are gradually pass+ out ( ! h&s ( _! true repres5tatives1 & becom+ almo/ ! monopoly ( _! false repres5tatives1 & t ! consequ5ce ( ?is _c b be mo/ disa/r\s to u z a nation1 to our reputation 9 ! ,_w ( ,lett]s1 to ta/e1 to tone1 to morals4 ,x is surely a %ame & a crime 9 any "o1 & m especially 9 m5 occupy+ positions ( influ5ce & au?ority1 to assi/ 9 ! "w ( corruption1 ei!r by delib]ately writ+ bad books or by conniv+1 z critics1 at ! production ( bad books2 & ,i am v sure x has become a duty1 & an imp]ative duty1 to expose & d5\nce !m4 ,^! essays are p>tly a prote/ & p>tly an exp]im5t4 ,z a prote/ !y expla91 &1 ,i hope1 ju/ify !mselves2 z an exp]im5t !y are an attempt to illu/rate :at we %\ld be =tunate if we c\ld see m frequ5tly illu/rat$ by abl] h&s4 ,!y are a s]ies ( /udies 9 s]i\s1 pati5t1 & absolutely imp>tial criticism1 hav+ = its object a compreh5sive survey ( ! vices & defects1 z well z ( ! m]its1 *>act]i/ic ( curr5t ,belles ,lettres4 ,i d n suppose t any?+ ,i h said w h ! smalle/ effect on ! pres5t g5]ation1 b on ! ris+ g5]ation ,i believe t mu* :i* has be5 said w n be ?r[n away4 ,9 any case1 :at ,i 0 con/ra9$ to write ,i h writt54 ,& x is my la/ ^w 9 a long controv]sy4 ,x rema9s to add t mo/ ( ^! essays appe>$ orig9ally 9 ! ,saturday ,review1 & ,i desire to express my ?anks to ! late & pres5t ,editors1 n m]ely = p]mission to reproduce ! essays1 b = mu* k9dness besides4 ,?ree appe>$ 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 & "o1 ! fir/ essay on 8,engli% ,lit]ature at ! ,univ]sities10 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 & my ?anks are due to ! ,editor ( ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette & to ,mr4 ,kn[les4 ,b all ( !m h be5 c>efully revis$ & greatly enl>g$1 9 "s cases to m ?an d\ble _! orig9al =m4 ,! introductory essay is1 ) ! exception ( ! op5+ pages1 9 :i* ,i h drawn on an old article ( m9e 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 q new2 &1 inde$1 t may be said ( a great "p ( ! volume4 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,i regret to f9d t ,i h done ,m4 ,juss]& grave inju/ice 9 c5sur+ him = be+ ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,speculum ,m$itantis1 ! ,,ms4 ( :i* 0 id5tifi$ aft] ! publication ( 8 "w4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,functions ,,( ,,criticism #ac ,,ii4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,,"p ,i4 #de ,,iii4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #gf ,,iv4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,,"p ,,iii4 #hd ,v4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides4 ,,"p ,i4 #ic ,,vi4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #aaj ,,vii4 ,,log-,,roll+ ,,& ,,education #acc ,,viii4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides4 ,,"p ,,iii4 #ade ,,ix4 ,,! ,,new ,,criticism #aea ,x4 ,,! ,,g5tle ,,art ,,( ,,self-,,adv]tisem5t #aeh ,,xi4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,lett]s #afe ,,xii4 ,,lit]>y ,,iconoclasm #agb ,,xiii4 ,,william ,,dunb> #ahc ,,xiv4 ,a ,,gallop ,,?r\gh ,,engli% ,,lit]ature #aic ,,xv4 ,,de ,,qu9cey ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds #bjc ,,xvi4 ,,lee',s ,,life ,,( ,,%akespe>e #baa ,,xvii4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,sonnets #bai ,,xviii4 ,,l&scape ,,9 ,,poetry #bcf ,,xix4 ,,an ,,appreciation ,,( ,,francis ,,turn] ,,palgrave #bej ,,xx4 ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,& ,,mod]n ,,life #bee ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,criticism #bgj ,,xxii4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,greek ,,poetry #bhc ,,xxiii4 ,,mr4 ,,/eph5 ,,phillips' ,,poems #bid ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,illu/ri\s ,,obscure #cja ,,xxv4 ,,virgil ,,9 ,,engli% ,,hexamet]s #cjh ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,edition ,,( ,,?omson #cah ,,xxvii4 ,,catullus ,,& ,,lesbia #cce ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,%akespe>e #cea ,,! ,,pres5t ,,functions ,,( ,,criticism ,x may s\nd p>adoxical to say t ! m widely education spreads1 ! m g5]ally intellig5t a nation becomes1 ! great] is ! dang] to :i* ,art & ,lett]s are expos$4 ,& yet h[ obvi\sly is ?is ! case1 & h[ easily is ?is expla9$4 ,! quality ( skill$ "w dep5ds ma9ly on ! /&>d requir$ ( ! workman4 ,if 8 judges & patrons belong to ! disc]n+ few :o1 kn[+ :at is excell5t1 are intol]ant ( ev]y?+ :i* falls %ort ( excell5ce1 ! /&>d requir$ w necess>ily be a high "o1 & ! /&>d requir$ w be ! /&>d atta9$4 ,9 pa/ times1 = example1 ! only m5 ( lett]s :o 7 respect$ =m$ a portion ( t highly cultivat$ class :o w always be 9 ! m9ority2 & to t class1 & to t class only1 !y appeal$4 ,a community )9 a community1 !y reg>d$ ! g5]al public ) z mu* indiff]5ce z ! g5]al public reg>d$ !m1 & wrote only = !mselves1 & = ^? :o /ood on ! same intellectual level z !mselves4 ,x 0 s 9 ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles2 x 0 s 9 ! ,rome ( ,augu/us2 x 0 s 9 ! ,flor5ce ( ! ,m$ici2 & a /rik+ example ( ! same ?+ is to be f\nd 9 our own ,elizabe?an ,dramati/s4 ,?\gh _! bread dep5d$ on ! brutal & illit]ate savages = ^: amusem5t !y cat]$1 !y /ill talk$ ! language ( s*ol>s & poets1 & =c$ _! rude he>]s to sit out works :i* c\ld h be5 intelligible only to s*ol>s & poets4 ,ea* felt ) pride t he belong$ to a great guild1 :i* nei!r _h1 nor affect$ to h1 any?+ 9 common ) ! multitude4 ,ea* /rove only = ! applause ( ^? ^: praise is n lightly giv54 ,ea* spurr$ ! o!r on4 ,:5 ,m>l[e work$1 he work$ ) ! fe> ( ,gre5e be=e 8 eyes1 z ,%akespe>e 0 put on 8 mettle by ,jonson1 & ,jonson by ,%akespe>e4 ,we owe ,hamlet & ,sejanus1 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+ & ! ,al*emi/1 n to m5 :o bid only = ! suffrage ( ! mob1 b to m5 :o /ood 9 awe ( ! v]dict :i* w\ld be pass$ on !m by ! company assembl$ at ! ,m]maid & ! ,devil4 ,z long z m5 ( lett]s cont9ue to =m an intellectual ari/ocracy1 &1 /imulat$ by mutual rivalry1 /ra9 e n]ve to excel1 & z long also z !y h no temptation to p&] to ! cr[d1 s long w ,lit]ature ma9ta9 its dignity1 & s long w ! /&>d atta9$ 9 ,lit]ature be a high "o4 ,9 ! days ( ,dryd5 & ,pope1 9 ! days ev5 ( ,johnson & ,gibbon1 ! great] "p ( ! g5]al public ei!r read no?+1 or read no?+ b politics & s]mons4 ,! few :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ,poetry1 9 ,criticism1 9 ,hi/ory1 71 z a rule1 ^? :o _h receiv$ a le>n$ education1 m5 ( highly cultivat$ ta/es & ( consid]able atta9m5ts4 ,a writ]1 !re=e1 :o aspir$ to contribute to polite lit]ature1 _h to *oose betwe5 f9d+ no read]s at all1 & f9d+ su* read]s z he 0 b\nd to respect--betwe5 in/ant oblivion1 & satisfy+ a class :i*1 compos$ ( s*ol>s1 w\ld h turn$ ) contempt f writ+s unwor?y ( s*ol>s4 ,a classical /yle1 a ref9$ tone1 & an adequate acqua9tance ) ! *ief au?ors ( ,anci5t ,rome & ( ,mod]n ,france1 7 requisites1 )\t :i* ev5 a p]iodical essayi/ w\ld h _h small hope ( obta9+ a he>+4 ,:oev] w turn1 we d n say to ! pap]s ( ,addison & 8 circle 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 or to ^? ( ,*e/]field & 8 circle lat] on1 b to ! av]age critical "w ( ,cave's & ,dodsley's hack writ]s1 _c fail to be /ruck ) its rem>kable m]it 9 po9t ( lit]>y execution4 ,b z education spreads1 a v diff]5t class ( read]s call into be+ a v diff]5t class ( writ]s4 ,m5 & wom5 beg9 to seek 9 books ! amusem5t or excitem5t :i* !y s\ght =m]ly 9 social dissipation4 ,to ! old public ( s*ol>s succe$s a public1 9 :i* e section ( society has its repres5tatives1 & to provide ?is va/ body ) ! sort ( read+ :i* is acceptable to x1 becomes a ?riv+ & lucrative call+4 ,an imm5se lit]ature spr+s up1 :i* has no o!r object ?an to cat* ! popul> e>1 & no high] aim ?an to please = ! mom5t4 ,t p]petual crav+ = novelty1 :i* has 9 all ages be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! multitude1 necessitates 9 au?ors ( ?is class a correspond+ rapidity ( production4 ,! writ] ( a s+le good book is soon =gott5 by 8 contempor>ies2 b ! writ] ( a s]ies ( bad books is sure ( reputation & emolum5t4 ,inde$1 a good book & a bad book /&1 s f> z ! g5]al public is conc]n$1 on precisely ! same level1 z !y meet ) precisely ! same fate4 ,ea* pres5ts ! attraction ( a new title-page4 ,ea* is glanc$ ?r\gh1 & toss$ aside4 ,ea* is e/imat$ n by its intr9sic wor?1 b accord+ to ! skill ) :i* x has be5 puff$4 ,till )9 comp>atively rec5t times ?is lit]ature 01 = ! mo/ "p1 repres5t$ by novels & poems1 & by ^? light & desultory essays1 sket*es & ana1 :i* are ! /aple commodity ( our magaz9es4 ,& s long z x conf9$ itself )9 ^! b\nds x did no mis*ief1 & ev5 "s good4 ,flimsy & sup]ficial ?\gh x 01 x _h at lea/ ! m]it ( int]e/+ ?\s&s 9 ,art & ,lett]s1 :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 indiff]5t to !m4 ,x af=d$ nutrim5t to m9ds :i* w\ld h reject$ m solid f>e4 ,to m5 ( bus9ess & pleasure :o1 ?\gh no long] /ud5ts1 /ill reta9$ ! t9cture ( e>ly culture1 x (f]$ ! mo/ agreeable ( all me?ods ( kill+ "t1 :ile s*ol>s f\nd 9 x welcome relaxation f sev]] /udies4 ,x ?us suppli$ a want4 ,pres5t+ attractions n to "o class only1 b to all classes1 x grew on ! _w4 ,its patrons1 :o half a c5tury ago numb]$ ?\s&s1 n[ numb] millions4 ,& z x has gr[n 9 fav\r1 x has gr[n 9 ambition4 ,x is no long] satisfi$ ) ! humble prov9ce :i* x once held1 b is ext5d+ its dom9ion 9 all directions4 ,x has its repres5tatives 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,art & ,lett]s4 ,x has its poets1 its critics1 its philosoph]s1 its hi/orians4 ,x cr[ds n our club-tables & news-/alls only1 b our libr>ies4 ,?us :at 0 orig9ally a m]e excresc5ce on lit]ature1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 has n[ assum$ proportions s gigantic1 t x has n m]ely ov]%ad[$ t lit]ature1 b ?reat5s to sup]s$e x4 ,no ?\ghtful man c contemplate ! pres5t condition ( curr5t lit]ature )\t disgu/ & al>m4 ,we h /ill1 inde$1 l+]+ among u a few ma/]s ^: works w\ld h be5 an hon\r to any age2 & "h & !re among writ]s may be disc]n$ m5 :o are hon\rably di/+ui%$ by a consci5ti\s desire to excel1 m5 :o respect !mselves1 & respect _! call+4 ,b to say t ^! are 9 ! m9ority1 w\ld be to give a v imp]fect idea ( ! proportion :i* _! numb]s be> to ^? :o figure mo/ prom95tly be=e ! public4 ,!y are1 9 tru?1 z t5s are to myriads4 ,_! comp>ative insignificance is su*1 t !y are p[]less ev5 to leav5 ! mass4 ,! position :i* !y w\ld h occupi$ half a c5tury ago1 & :i* !y may possibly occupy half a c5tury h5ce1 is n[ usurp$ by a h]d ( scribbl]s :o h succe$$1 p>tly by %e] =ce ( numb]s1 & p>tly by judici\s co-op]ation1 9 all b dom9at+ lit]ature4 ,sc>cely a day passes 9 :i* "s book is n hurri$ into ! _w1 :i* owes its exi/5ce n to any desire on ! "p ( its au?or to add to ! /ores ( useful lit]ature1 or ev5 to a hope ( obta9+ money1 b simply to t paltry vanity :i* ?rives on ! sort ( homage ( :i* society ( a c]ta9 k9d is n grudg+1 & :i* kn[s no di/9ction betwe5 notoriety & fame4 ,a few ye>s ago a man :o contribut$ articles to a curr5t p]iodical1 or :o deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures1 _h1 z a rule1 ! good s5se to "k t :5 !y _h fulfill$ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$1 ! _w _h no m conc]n ) !m1 & he w\ld z soon h ?\ght ( inflict+ !m 9 ! %ape ( a volume on ! public1 z he w\ld h ?\ght ( issu+ an edition ( 8 private lett]s to 8 fri5ds4 ,n[ all is *ang$4 ,! fir/ article 9 ! cre$ ( a p]son :o has figur$ 9 ei!r ( ^! capacities1 appe>s to be1 t he is b\nd to =ce himself into notice 9 ! "* ( an au?or4 ,& ?is1 happily = himself1 b unhappily = ! int]e/s ( lit]ature1 he is able to d ) p]fect facility & ) p]fect impunity4 ,books are spe$ily manufactur$ & z spe$ily r$uc$ to pulp4 ,a wor?less book may be z easily inve/$ ) ^? sup]ficial attractions :i* cat* ! eye ( ! cr[d z a m]itori\s "o4 ,z ! g5]al public are ! will+ dupes ( puff]s1 x is no m difficult to palm (f on !m ! spuri\s w>es ( lit]>y *>latans1 ?an x is to beguile !m into pur*as+ ! w>es ( any o!r k9d ( *>latan4 ,no "o is int]e/$ 9 tell+ !m ! tru?4 ,_m1 on ! contr>y1 are int]e/$ 9 deceiv+ !m4 ,z a rule1 ! m5 :o write bad books are ! m5 :o criticise bad books2 & z !y "k t :at !y mete out 9 _! capacity ( judges to-day is :at w 9 turn be met$ out to !m 9 _! capacity ( au?ors to-morr[1 x is n surpris+ t ! relations betwe5 !m %\ld be simil> to ^? :i* ,tacitus tells u exi/$ betwe5 ,v9ius & ,tigell9us--8nulla innoc5ti cura1 s$ vices impunitatis40 ,mean:ile all ^? vile arts :i* 7 =m]ly conf9$ to ! circulators ( bad novels & bad poems are practis$ )\t %ame4 ,x is %ock+1 x is disgu/+ to contemplate ! devices to :i* _m m5 ( lett]s w /oop = ! sake ( exalt+ !mselves into a factiti\s reputation4 ,!y w =m cliques = ! purpose ( mutual puff]y4 ,!y w desc5d to ! base/ me?ods ( self-adv]tisem5t4 ,& ! evil is fa/-spread+4 ,inde$1 ?+s h come to su* a pass1 t p]sons ( real m]it1 if !y h ! mis=tune to dep5d on _! p5s = a livelihood1 mu/ ei!r submit to be elb[$ & jo/l$ out ( ! field1 or take "p 9 ! same ignoble scramble = notoriety1 & ! same dete/able sy/em ( mutual puff]y4 ,?us ev]y?+ :i* =m]ly t5d$ to raise ! /&>d ( lit]>y ambition & lit]>y atta9m5t has giv5 place to ev]y?+ :i* t5ds to degrade x4 ,! multitude n[ /& :]e ! s*ol> once /ood4 ,f ! multitude emanate1 to ! multitude are address$ two-?irds ( ! publications :i* p\r =?1 e ye>1 f our presses4 ,viviamo scorti ,da m$iocrit3 sceso il sapi5te1 ,e salita la turba a un sol conf9e ,*e il mondo agguaglia4 ,mat!w ,arnold v truly obs]v$1 t "o ( ! mo/ un=tunate t5d5cies ( our "t 0 ! t5d5cy to ov]-e/imate ! p]=mances ( 8! av]age man40 ,! ov]-e/imation ( ^! p]=mances is no long] a t5d5cy1 b an e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,lit]ature1 9 all its bran*es1 is rapidly becom+ 8 monopoly4 ,z judg$ & judge1 z au?or & critic1 !re is e indication t he w proce$ f triumph to triumph1 & e/abli% 8 cult :]ev] books are read4 ,n[ ! only sph]e 9 :i* 8! av]age man0 is entitl$ to homage is a moral "o1 & he is mo/ v5]able :5 he is passive & unambiti\s4 ,b if ambition & ! love ( fame are awak5$ 9 him1 he is capable ( becom+ exce$+ly corrupt & ( =feit+ e title to v5]ation4 ,he is capable ( resort+ to all ! devices to :i* m5 are =c$ to resort 9 manufactur+ factiti\s reputations1 to impo/ure1 to fraud1 to circulat+ false curr5cies ( 8 own1 & to assi/+ o!rs 9 ! circulation ( !irs4 ,ev5 :5 he is free f ^! vices1 s f> z _! delib]ate practice is conc]n$1 he is sc>cely less mis*iev\s1 if he be uncontroll$4 ,to say t 8 /&>d is nev] likely to be a high "o1 ei!r ) ref]5ce to 8 own a*ievem5ts or ) ref]5ce to :at he exacts f o!rs1 & to say t ! sy/ematic sub/itution ( inf]ior /&>ds = high ones mu/ affect lit]ature & all t is involv$ 9 its influ5ce1 mo/ disa/r\sly1 is to say :at w be g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,& he has ev]y?+1 unhappily1 9 8 fav\r--numb]s1 influ5ce1 ! _s ( ! age4 ,= "o :o sees ?r\gh him & takes 8 measure1 !re are ?\s&s :o d n3 = "o :o c\ld disc]n ! ju/ice ( an exposure ( 8 %ortcom+s1 !re are ?\s&s :o w\ld attribute t exposure to p]sonal enmity & to di%one/ motives4 ,8 p[]1 inde$1 is becom+ almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! "o ?+ :i* he & 8 fell[s ?or\ghly und]/& is ! =midable advantage ( co-op]ation4 ,! consequ5ce is t !re are probably n half a doz5 reviews & newspap]s n[ left :i* !y are n able practically to co]ce4 ,an editor is oblig$ to assume hone/y 9 ^? :o contribute to 8 columns1 & also to avail himself ( ! s]vices ( m5 :o c write good articles1 if !y write bad books4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is n op5 to him to "q ! ju/ice ( ! v]dict pron\nc$2 9 ! second case1 ! c\rtesy ( ! g5tleman v naturally & prop]ly pr$om9ates1 "u su* circum/ances1 ov] public consid]ations--& h[ c tru? be told8 ,nor is ?is all4 ,assum+ t an editor is free f su* ties1 he has to consult ! int]e/s ( 8 pap]1 to /udy popul>ity1 & n to e/range ^? :o are1 f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 ! ma9/ays ( all our lit]>y j\rnals1 ^? :o adv]tise 9 !m1--! publi%]s4 8,if10 said an editor to me once1 8,i 7 to tell ! tru?1 z =cibly z ,i c\ld wi% to d1 ab\t ! books s5t to me = review1 9 six mon?s my proprietors w\ld be 9 ! bankruptcy c\rt40 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( ! publi%]s to ru9 any lit]>y j\rnal4 ,!re is probably n a s+le ,review 9 ,london :i* w\ld survive ! )drawal ( ! publi%]s' adv]tisem5ts4 ,a m hon\rable class ( m5 ?an ^? :o =m ! majority ( ! ,london publi%]s does n exi/1 nor h ! int]e/s ( ,lit]ature1 z di/+ui%$ f comm]cial int]e/s1 ev] f\nd he>ti] & m ungrudg+ support1 ?an !y h long f\nd 9 ?ree or f\r ( ! lead+ firms1 & z !y are n[ f9d+ 9 two or ?ree ( ! firms :i* h be5 m rec5tly e/abli%$4 ,b1 unhappily1 ?is is n ev]y:]e ! case4 ,:ile ! firms1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 h nev]1 9 any way1 attempt$ to int]f]e ) ! indep5d5ce ( review]s1 o!rs h made no secret ( _! int5tion to make _! patronage 9 adv]tisem5t dep5d5t on fav\rable notices ( _! publications4 ,! /ra9 ( temptation & p]il to :i* editors are ?us expos$ may be e/imat$ by ! fact t1 a flatt]+ review may1 if supplem5t$ by simil> ones1 put "s ?ree hundr$ a ye> into ! pockets ( _! proprietors1 :ile sev]ity & ju/ice w\ld involve a correspond+ loss4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t no editor ( a respectable review w\ld all[ any def9ite und]/&+ ( ?is k9d to exi/1 or t any publi%] w\ld ev] d>e to sugge/ x1 b !re c be no d\bt t su* consid]ations h to be tak5 into acc\nt almo/ univ]sally1 & place s]i\s re/ra9t on fre$om ( judgm5t4 ,!re is1 x is true1 ano!r aspect ( ?is "q4 ,publi%]s mu/ protect !mselves4 ,?\gh reviews (f5d mu* m frequ5tly on ! side ( di%one/ & int]e/$ puff]y1 !y are v (t5 made ! vehicles ( equally unscrupul\s ranc\r & spite4 ,if !y d _! read]s inju/ice1 by attempt+ to foi/ bad books on !m1 !y d e "o conc]n$ inju/ice1 by damn+ good ones4 ,no "o c\ld blame a publi%] = decl9+ to support a pap] :i* 0 cont9ually mak+ 8 books ! subjects ( unm]it$ attacks4 ,b a publi%] :o attempts to prev5t ! tru? f be+ told1 & s secures1 or seeks to secure1 curr5cy = 8 spuri\s w>es1 is guilty ( an act :i* bord]s closely on fraud4 ,ano!r circum/ance v fav\rable to ! enc\ragem5t ( inf]iority1 & n ( inf]iority only1 b ( *>latanism & impo/ure1 is ! increas+ t5d5cy to reg>d no?+ ( importance comp>$ ) ! _s ( tol]ance & *>ity4 ,an all-embrac+ philan?ropy exempts no?+ f its protection4 ,e "o mu/ be good-natur$4 ,sev]ity1 we are told1 is q out ( fa%ion4 ,su* c5sors z ! old review]s are n[ m]e ana*ronisms4 ,x is va9 to plead t tol]ance & *>ity mu/ discrim9ate2 t1 l o!r virtues1 !y may be abus$1 & t 9 _! abuse !y may become immoral2 t !re are high] consid]ations ?an ! feel+s ( individuals2 & t1 if to give pa9 or annoyance admits ( no ju/ification b necessity1 necessity may exact _! infliction z an exig5t duty4 ,b ?is _s ( tol]ance & *>ity has also become att5uat$ into ! _s ( m]e laissez-faire4 ,we h no lack ( real s*ol>s & ( real critics1 :o see ?r\gh ! :ole ?+1 & probably deplore x2 b !y make no sign1 look on ) a sort ( amus$ p]plexity1 & d _! own "w1 ?ankful1 no d\bt1 sometimes1 :5 x is oppressive1 t !y ne$ n be ov]-scrupul\s ab\t its quality4 ,if1 occasionally1 !y get a little impati5t & indulge _! g5ius1 prote/ goes no fur!r ?an s>casm & irony1 s f9e t x is intelligible only among !mselves2 :ile ! objects ( _! satire1 z well z ! g5]al public1 miss+ ! "o & mis9t]pret+ ! o!r1 take x all = applause4 ,resi/ance1 x is said1 is useless4 ,lit]ature is a trade4 ,:at has come 0 inevitable3 vive la bagatelle1 & drift ) ! /ream4 ,& n[ let u consid] :at are ! results ( all ?is4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important is ! degradation ( criticism4 ,criticism is to ,lit]ature :at legislation & gov]nm5t are to ,/ates4 ,if !y are 9 able & hone/ h&s all goes well2 if !y are 9 weak & di%one/ h&s all is an>*y & mis*ief4 ,& z gov]nm5t 9 a ,republic1 ! true analogy to ! sph]e ( :i* we are speak+1 is repres5t$ n by ^? :o =m ! m9ority 9 its c\ncils1 b by ^? :o =m ! majority1 s 9 criticism1 x is n on ! few b on ! _m among ^? :o repres5t x1 t its au?ority & influ5ce dep5d4 ,& :at are its *>act]i/ics 9 ! h&s ( its prevail+ majority--9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are its legislators 9 a realm co-ext5sive ) ! read+ _w8 ,x is n criticism at all4 ,to criticism1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1 x has no claim ev5 to approximation4 ,x seems to h resolv$ itself into some?+ :i* wants a "n1--some?+ :i* is p>tly di?yramb & p>tly rhetoric4 ,)\t /&>ds1 )\t t\*/ones1 )\t pr9ciples1 )\t k1 x appe>s to be reg>d$ z ! "o call+ = :i* no equipm5t & no tra9+ are ne$$4 ,:at a ma/] ( ! art has call$ ! f9al fruit ( c>eful discipl9e & ( mu* exp]i5ce is assum$ to come spontane\sly4 ,a man ( lit]>y ta/es is born cultur$4 ,a critic1 l a poet1 is ! pure product ( nature4 ,su* canons z ^! 8critics0 h are ! my/]i\s & some:at p]plex+ evolutions ( _! own inn] consci\sness1 or d]iv$1 n f ! /udy ( classical writ]s 9 ,engli% or 9 any o!r language1 ( all ( :om !y are probably pr(\ndly ignorant1 b f a curr5t acqua9tance ) ! writ+s ( contempor>ies1 :o are1 9 intellig5ce & p]=mance1 a little 9 advance ( !mselves4 ,b :at !y lack 9 atta9m5ts !y make up 9 impud5ce4 ,! effront]y ( "s ( ^! 8critics10 ^: v]dicts1 ludicr\s to relate1 are daily record$ z 8op9ions ( ! ,press10 lit]ally exce$s belief4 ,!y w sit 9 judgm5t on books writt5 9 languages ( ^: v alphabets !y are ignorant4 ,!y w pose z au?orities & pron\nce ex ca!dr on subjects lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & sci5tific ( :i* !y "k no?+ m ?an :at !y h contriv$ to pick up f ! works :i* !y are 8review+40 ,_! e/imates ( ! books1 on ! m]its & dem]its ( :i* !y und]take to enlight5 ! public1 correspond ) _! qualifications = =m+ !m4 ,books display+ 9 _! writ]s ! grosse/ ignorance ( ! v rudim5ts ( ! subjects treat$1 & lit]ally sw>m+ ) blund]s & absurdities1 all ( :i* pass undetect$ & unnotic$1 are made ! subjects ( elaborate panegyrics1 :i* w\ld ne$ "s qualification if appli$ to ! v classics 9 ! subjects "u discussion4 ,books1 on ! o!r h&1 ( unusual & di/+ui%$ m]it are despat*$ summ>ily 9 a few l9es ( equally undes]v$ depreciation2 books writt5 9 ! wor/ ta/e & 9 ! vile/ /yle are pron\nc$ to be models ( bo?4 ,sobriety1 measure1 & discrim9ation h no place ei!r 9 ! cre$ or 9 ! practice ( ^! writ]s4 ,!y ?9k 9 sup]latives2 !y express !mselves 9 sup]latives4 ,x nev] seems to occur to !m t if criticism has to reckon ) ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne x has also to reckon ) ,%akespe>e2 t if x has to take ! measure ( ,mr4 ,hall ,ca9e1 x has likewise to take ! measure ( ,c]vantes & ,field+1 & t ( "s doz5 prose writ]s & poets1 x _c be pron\nc$1 at ! same "t ( ea*1 t he is 8! greate/ liv+ ma/] ( ,engli% prose10 or 8)\t p>allel = 8 sup]lative comm& ( all ! res\rces ( rhy?mical expression40 ,!re is "o accompli%m5t 9 :i* ^! critics are p>ticul>ly adroit1 & t is 9 keep+ out ( controv]sy1 & s avoid+ all *ance ( be+ call$ to acc\nt4 ,= ?is reason !y deal m 9 eulogy ?an 9 c5sure1 = ! public is less likely to compla9 ( a bad book be+ foi/$ on !m = a good "o1 ?an its irate au?or to sit sil5t "u repro(4 ,if we g a little high]1 ?+s are almo/ z bad1 if n q s ridicul\s4 ,9 ev]y?+ b 9 criticism x is necess>y to specialize4 ,a man :o pos$ z an au?ority on all ! lit]atures ( ! _w1 & on ! hi/ory ( e nation 9 ! _w1 w\ld be v ju/ly set d[n z an impo/or4 ,& yet pret5tions :i* m5 w\ld be ! fir/ to ridicule1 z private individuals1 !y d n scruple to claim1 z critics4 ,an hi/orical /ud5t enri*es ,hi/ory ) a volume ?r[+ new & important light on "s obscure episode or p]iod2 a classical /ud5t des]ves ! gratitude ( s*ol>s = an invaluable monograph2 ,engli% ,lit]ature or "o ( ! ,cont95tal ,lit]atures is illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( diss]tations z in/ructive z !y are orig9al2 or a truly memorable contribution has be5 made to political philosophy1 to /hetics1 or to e?ics4 ,:at is _! fate8 ,x is by no means improbable t !y w be #8review$1' 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 by ! same man = ?ree or f\r1 or x may be = five or six1 daily & weekly j\rnals1 & _! =tune 9 ! m>ket made or m>r$ by a c5sor :o has probably done no m ?an glance at _! half-cut pages1 & :o1 if he _h /udi$ !m f end to end1 w\ld h be5 no m compet5t to take _! measure ?an he w\ld h be5 to write !m4 ,?is leads1 x is ne$less to say1 to e k9d ( abuse3 to works :i* des]ve to be au?orities on ! subjects ( :i* !y treat dropp+ at once into oblivion1 to works :i* e s*ol> kn[s to be bel[ contempt usurp+ _! places2 to ! deprivation ( all /imulus to hon\rable ex]tion on ! "p ( au?ors ( ability & indu/ry2 to ! enc\ragem5t ( *>latans & fribbles2 to gross impositions on ! public4 ,a v amus+ & edify+ record might be compil$ p>tly out ( a selection ( ! v>i\s v]dicts pass$ contemporane\sly by reviews on p>ticul> works1 & p>tly out ( comp>isons ( ! subsequ5t =tunes ( works ) _! =tunes :ile submitt$ to ?is c5sor%ip4 ,b x is n ^! causes only :i* contribute to ! degradation ( criticism4 ,a v important factor is ! preval5ce1 or r ! pr$om9ance1 ( m]e prejudice1 ! prejudice ( cliques 9 fav\r ( cliques1 ! prejudice ( cliques aga9/ cliques1 ! prejudice ( ! vet]an aga9/ or 9 fav\r ( ! novice1 ! subsequ5t comp5sation1 9 correspond+ prejudice on ! "p ( ! novice1 :5 8 novitiate is ov]4 ,! two ?+s :i* nev] seem to be consid]$ are ! int]e/s ( ,lit]ature & ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,! appe>ance ( a "w by ! memb] ( a p>ticul> cot]ie is ! signal1 on ! "o h&1 = a s]ies ( prepo/]\sly intemp]ate eulogies1 & = a s]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 ( equally intemp]ate depreciations1 9 su* organs z are accessible to bo? p>ties4 ,if a "w1 ) any pret5sion to orig9ality1 by a previ\sly unkn[n au?or makes its appe>ance1 x is pretty sure to f>e 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 x w sc>cely be notic$ at all2 x w be made ! !me ( a philippic aga9/ innovat+ ecc5tricities & newfangl$ notions2 or x w fall into ! h&s ( a critic :o is on ! look-out = a 8discov]y40 ,its =tune1 s f> z notoriety is conc]n$1 w1 9 t case1 be made4 ,! critic1 ?us on 8 mettle & ) 8 "* = disc]nm5t at /ake1 w n only become proportionately vocif]\s b w rally 8 equally vocif]\s p>tisans4 ,hyp]bole w be heap$ on hyp]bole1 rodomontade on rodomontade1 till real m]it w be made ridicul\s1 & ! unhappy au?or awake at la/1 to assume 8 true proportions1 9 a ,fool's ,p>adise4 ,& to ?is pass has criticism come1 & ,lit]ature g5]ally1 9 almo/ all its bran*es1 is necess>ily foll[+ suit4 ,x w\ld be no exagg]ation to say1 t ! sole enc\ragem5t n[ left to au?ors to produce good books is ! satisfaction ( _! own consci5ce1 & ! approbation ( a few disc]n+ judges2 & ?is atta9$1 !y mu/ />ve if _! bread dep5ds ^u _! p54 ,x is n t a good book w n be prais$1 b t bad books are prais$ /ill m2 x is n t x w fail to f9d fair & compet5t review]s1 b t = "o fair & compet5t review] x w f9d fifty :o are unfair & incompet5t4 ,x is on its acceptance1 n ) ! few :o c e/imate its m]its1 b ) ! _m :o take t e/imate on tru/ f judges1 ^: compet5ce or incompet5ce !y are equally unable to gauge1 t ! possibility ( a book yield+ any return to its au?or dep5ds4 ,! public nei!r c nor w di/+ui%4 ,a book :i* has two or ?ree fav\rable press notices :i* are m]it$ _c /& aga9/ a book hav+ tw5ty or ?irty :i* are unm]it$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,measur$ & discrim9at+ eulogy1 :i* means precisely :at x expresses1 & :i* is always ! note ( s\nd & j criticism1 is to ! un9itiat$ poor recomm5dation comp>$ ) t :i* has no limitation b extremes4 ,h[ c ! /ill small voice ( tru? expect to get a he>+ amid a bell[+ ,babel ( its undi/+ui%able mimic8 ,:at inducem5t has an au?or to aim at excell5ce1 to sp5d ?ree or f\r ye>s on a monograph or a hi/ory t x may be sold = wa/e pap]1 :5 "s mis]able compilation1 vamp$ up 9 z _m weeks1 w1 ) a little managem5t1 give him notoriety & fill 8 purse8 ,!re is n a s*ol>1 n a disc]n+ read] 9 ,engl& :o w n be> me witness :5 ,i say t1 z a rule1 ! be/ books produc$ 9 ,belles ,lettres are ^? ( :i* ! g5]al public kn[s no?+1 & t he has be5 guid$ to !m sometimes by pure accid5t1 & sometimes1 x may be1 by a depreciatory notice or curt p>agraph 9 8our libr>y table0 limbo4 ,& :at does ?is mean8 ,x means t a writ] has discov]$ t x is impossible = him to h a consci5ce1 or aim at an hon\rable reputation1 unless he c af=d to lose money4 ,x means m2 x means t publi%]s are oblig$ to disc\rage ! production ( solid & s*ol>ly works4 ,x is notori\s t ! ,delegates ( ! ,cl>5don ,press at ,ox=d1 & "o or two firms 9 ,london1 hav+ reg>d to ! hon\rable traditions ( _! pr$ecessors1 h wi%$ to ma9ta9 ^? traditions by enc\rag+ ! production ( su* works1 & h1 at a great pecuni>y loss1 p]sev]$ 9 ?is ambition4 ,b no publi%] c cont9ue to multiply books :i* d n pay _! exp5ses1 & ^: sale beg9s & ends 9 ! rema9d] m>ket4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is ! m deplorable :5 we consid] its effect1 n m]ely 9 degrad+ & corrupt+ ,lit]ature on its productive side1 b 9 detract+ s s]i\sly f its efficacy on its influ5tial side4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! rapid spread ( high] education1 ! popul>ization ( lib]al culture ?r\gh su* ag5cies z ! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,lectures1 ! ,national ,home ,read+ ,union & simil> in/itutions h call$ into be+ an imm5se & con/antly multiply+ class ( s]i\s read]s & /ud5ts4 ,^! already numb] t5s ( ?\s&s1 !y w be=e long numb] hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,n[ x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ^! read]s1 :o are q prep>$ to appreciate :at is excell5t1 %\ld be guid$ to :at is excell5t1 & disc\rag$ 9 e way f conv]s+ ) :at is bad & inf]ior 9 ,lit]ature4 ,b h[ is ?is to be done :5 ^? :o are /riv+1 9 e way1 to raise ! /&>d ( popul> ta/e & ( popul> culture1 z tea*]s1 f9d all _! ef=ts c\nt]act$ by ! int5se activity ( ^? :o are do+ _! utmo/ to degrade bo?1 z writ]s4 ,x is only ^? engag$ 9 education1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 popul> education1 :o c und]/& ! ext5t ( ! mis*ief :i* bookmak]s & ! puff]s ( bookmak]s are do+1 :o c und]/& ! tone1 ! ta/e1 ! temp] induc$ by ! habitual & exclusive p]usal ( ! writ+s *>act]i/ic ( ^! pe/s1--! inaccuracies & errors1 ! misrepres5tations & absurdities1 to :i* ^! writ+s give curr5cy4 ,9 ! days ( our =efa!rs1 a read] ( lit]>y ta/es1 if he wi%$ to acqua9t himself ) an ,engli% classic1 w5t to ! f\nta9 head & read ,sp5s] or ,milton1 ,pope or ,addison = himself4 ,if he desir$ to "k :at criticism _h said ab\t !m1 he _h criticism ( au?ority at h&1 & he consult$ x4 ,9 our day x is ab\t an ev5 *ance :e!r ! ord9>y read] w\ld tr\ble himself to turn to ! orig9als or n3 he w\ld probably cont5t himself ) ! notices ( !m 9 "s curr5t manual ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 or ) "s essay or monograph4 ,n[1 9 ! myriads ( su* publications1 9 vogue or out ( vogue1 knock$ "u by _! successors or scuffl+ ) _! contempor>ies1 he might h ! luck to light on a good guide2 he might h ! luck to light on ,dean ,*ur*1 or ,m>k ,pattison1 or ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 or ,pr(essor ,c\r?ope1 or ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison2 b he is mu* m likely to make 8 way to a lum9>y 9 ! la/ well-puff$ 8s]ies40 ,! fir/ article 9 ! cre$ ( ! mod]n book-mak] seems to be t ! appe>ance or exi/5ce ( a good book is a suffici5t ju/ification = ! production ( a bad "o to take its place4 ,an excell5t monograph is publi%$1 & is popul>4 ,?is is ! signal = ! manufacture ( half a doz5 inf]ior ones1 :i* are mutually de/ructive1 & s]ve no end except to sub/itute bad books = a good "o1 & to make ! good "o =gott54 ,aga91 a "w :i* has long be5 classical 9 criticism is assum$ n to be 8up to date10 & is ei!r edit$ on ?is hypo!sis1 or we h ano!r sub/itut$ = x4 ,?is 9 turn yields its vogue--= fa%ions *ange quickly 9 mod]n ta/e--to a simil> exp]im5t1 till a ?ird is ann\nc$4 ,( ! relation ( criticism to pr9ciples1 or inde$ to any?+ else b to _! own :ims or impressions1 ^! iconocla/s appe> to be pr(\ndly unaw>e4 ,x requires1 ne$less to say1 ! utmo/ w>9ess & c>e on ! "p ( ^? :o regulate1 & on ! "p ( ^? :o are engag$ 91 education1 to keep ?is inf]ior lit]ature 9 its place4 ,if x 7 all[$ to make its way au?oritatively into our s*ools & ,univ]sities1 or inde$ into any ( our educational in/itutions1 ! consequ5ces w\ld be mo/ disa/r\s4 ,x is n s mu* t x w\ld dissem9ate error z t x w\ld become influ5tial 9 m s]i\s ways1 /hetically 9 its influ5ce on ta/e1 morally 9 its influ5ce on tone & "*1 intellectually 9 l[]+ ! :ole /&>d ( aim & atta9m5t 9 /udies4 ,t ! evils :i* h be5 describ$ admit ( no rem$y at pres5t1 or p]haps 9 ! pres5t g5]ation1 may be fully conc$$4 ,b !y may be palliat$ if !y _c be cur$1 & !y mu/ be palliat$ by ! ag5ts to :om we may ultimately look = _! cure1 education & fe>less criticism4 ,z _! orig9 may be ma9ly ascrib$ to ! failure ( ! ,univ]sities to adapt !mselves to new conditions1 s on ! will+ness ( ! ,univ]sities to repair _! error mu/ dep5d all possibility ( rectify+ ! results ( x4 ,f its organization at ! ,univ]sities ev]y?+ compreh5d$ 9 ! sy/em ( lib]al /udy takes its ply2 its /&>ds are !re det]m9$1 its me?ods =mulat$1 its aims def9$4 ,z a subject ( tea*+1 & z ! result ( tea*+1 9 its relation to !ory & 9 its relation to practice1 x !re receives an impression :i* is p]man5t4 ,x has be5 s ) classical s*ol>%ip1 & ) ,philology2 x has be5 s ) ,philosophy & ,!ology1 ) ,jurisprud5ce & ,hi/ory4 ,:at has be5 imp>t$ 9 ! lecture-rooms ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge has orally1 & by ! p51 become influ5tial :]ev] ^! subjects are repres5t$4 ,!re is n an educational in/itute 9 ,great ,brita9 or 9 ! colonies1 !re is n a s]i\s magaz9e or review on :i* x has n set its seal4 ,we h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! case ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago x 0 practically unrepres5t$1 ei!r at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,s9ce !n its /udy has be5 organiz$4 ,:at has be5 ! result8 ,x has become "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ bran*es ( le>n+4 ,x has r$uc$ *aos to ord]2 x has rais$ its tea*+1 & by implication its lit]ature1 to a v high /&>d2 x has put ! canaille ( scioli/s & fribbles into _! prop] place2 :ile discipl9+ en]gy x has direct$ x to fruitful objects2 x has revolutioniz$ ! /udy ( ! :ole subject4 ,?us ! condition & =tune ( ev]y?+ :i* is affect$ by education dep5d on ! ,univ]sities4 ,all t !y d1 or neglect to d1 passes into prec$5t4 ,!re is no?+ susceptible ( educational impression :i* does n take its col\r & its *>act]i/ics f !m4 ,!y h made ! subjects :i* are repres5t$ 9 _! s*ools :at !y are1 & e intellig5t ,engli% citiz5 pr\d & grateful4 ,b1 ow+ to a disa/r\s confusion betwe5 two bran*es ( /udy :i* are radically & ess5tially di/9ct1--,philology & ,belles ,lettres1--bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge h n only left unorganiz$1 b assi/$ 9 ! degradation ( /udies1 :i* are ( z mu* conc]n1 & vital conc]n1 to national life z any :i* are repres5t$ 9 _! ,s*ools4 ,to leave an important dep>tm5t ( education unrecognis$ 9 _! sy/em1 is suffici5t cause = surprise & regret2 b t !y %\ld be do+ all 9 _! p[] to prev5t any possibility ( su* a defect be+ suppli$ is deplorable4 ,& yet ?is is :at is be+ done4 ,t ,*airs1 ,s*ools & ,degrees may be e/abli%$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,philology1 ,philology is1 by a palpable fiction1 id5tifi$ ) ,lit]ature4 ,z ! result ( :at ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley d5\nc$ z 8a fraud ^u lett]s10 a ,*air f\nd$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,lit]ature 0 at ,ox=d appropriat$ by ! philologi/s4 ,?is has be5 foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,s*ool1 9 :i* all t c provide = ! hon\r ( ,philology is bl5d$ ) all t contributes to ! degradation ( ,lit]ature2 :ile1 to give fur!r curr5cy & au?ority to ?is absurd complication1 ! approval ( a !sis1 on "s subject p]ta9+ purely to ,philology1 entitles ! writ] to ! diploma1 n ( a ,doctor 9 ,philology1 b ( a ,doctor 9 ,lit]ature6 ,mean:ile1 to make confusion worse conf\nd$1 ! ,univ]sities1 or1 to speak m correctly1 a p>ty 9 ! ,univ]sities1 are und]tak+ to provide ! c\ntry ) tea*]s = ! dissem9ation ( lit]>y culture1--= ! int]pretation ( ,lit]ature 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,:e!r ?is is done compet5tly or incompet5tly dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 & mu/ dep5d purely on accid5t1 on ! will+ness & ability1 t is to say1 ( individual tea*]s to educate !mselves4 ,common /&>ds & common aims !y h none4 ,ea* does :at is "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,z "s h graduat$ 9 ! classical s*ools1 "s 9 ! ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,languages ,tripos1 "s 9 ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 "s 9 ,moral ,sci5ce or ,!ology1 & "s 9 no?+1 !re is naturally mu* v>iety 9 _! me?ods & aims4 ,b x is :5 we turn to ! works 9 mod]n ,belles ,lettres1 & m p>ticul>ly to ^? deal+ ) ,engli% ,lit]ature1 :i* ! ,univ]sity ,presses publi%1 t we realize ! full significance ( ?is an>*y4 ,x w\ld n be go+ too f> to say1 t all :i* is wor/ 9 curr5t lit]ature1 :5 at its wor/ f9ds 9 "s ( ^! works compreh5sive illu/ration4 ,x is inde$ almo/ an ev5 *ance :e!r a "w issu+ f ^? ,presses is excell5t1 :e!r x is indiff]5t1 or :e!r x is execut$ ) %ameful incompet5ce4#a ,all1 !re=e1 s f> z ,belles ,lettres are conc]n$ is *aos at ! ,univ]sities1 & all consequ5tly is *aos ev]y:]e else4 ,! next appeal--= all appeals to ! ,univ]sities h be5 va9--mu/ be made to ^? :o regulate ! curriculums :]e ,lit]ature is made a subject ( tea*+4 ,let !m rigor\sly exclude all b ! be/ books4 ,let !m disc\rage ! /udy ( su* ,epitomes1 ,manuals1 & ,hi/ories z are ! "w ( m]e irresponsible book mak]s1 & prescribe 9 its place ! /udy ( lit]>y ma/]pieces4 ,)\t exclud+ ! be/ mod]n poetry & prose1 let mo/ att5tion--= obvi\s reasons--be paid to ! writ+s ( ! old] ma/]s4 ,let !m lay special /ress on ! /udy ( criticism1--( works treat+ ( its pr9ciples1 ( works illu/rat+ ! application ( its pr9ciples to p>ticul> writ]s2 & let no "w be recognis$ :i* is n ( classical au?ority4 ,translations %\ld1 ( c\rse1 z a rule1 be avoid$2 b 9 su* a subject z ! pr9ciples ( criticism1 !re is n ! smalle/ reason :y ^? works :i* are mo/ excell5t 9 o!r languages1 su* z ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime1 & "s portions ( ,ari/otle's ,poetic1 su* z ,less+'s ,laocoon1 ,s*ill]'s ,lett]s on /hetics1 ! be/ ,essays ( ,sa9te-,beuve %\ld n be includ$4#b ,nor c x be emphasiz$ too /rongly t ! !ory on :i* all lit]>y tea*+ %\ld proce$ is t its object is n s mu* to plant z to cultivate1 n s mu* to convey in=mation1 :i*1 aft] all1 is b its m$ium1 z to inspire1 to ref9e1 to elevate4 ,i _c b ?9k1 too1 t ! f\ndations ( all ?is might be laid mu* e>li] ?an !y are1 especially 9 our classical s*ools1 by enc\rag+1 z1 accord+ to ,col]idge1 ,dr4 ,boy] us$ to d1 ! /udy ( "s ( our great] writ]s1 su* z ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 side by side ) t ( ,hom] & ,sophocles4 ,b x is 9 criticism1 9 criticism compet5tly1 hone/ly1 & fe>lessly appli$1 t ! *ief salvation lies4 ,!re is probably no review or newspap] 9 ,london :i* does n numb] among its contributors m5 ( ! fir/ ord] ( ability & intellig5ce1 m5 :o are real s*ol>s & real critics1 m5 :o see ?r\gh all t ,i h be5 describ+ & are sick ( x4 ,let !m n rema9 an impot5t m9ority1 b comb9e1 & become influ5tial4 ,if popul> ,lit]ature aspires to be ambiti\s1 & trespasses on ! doma9s ( s*ol>%ip & criticism1 let !m submit x to ! te/s :i* x invites1 let !m try x by ! /&>ds :i* x exacts4 ,!re is no m reason = ! co-exi/5ce ( two /&>ds1 z is n[ practically ! case1 9 ! production ( writ+s treat+ ( our own ,lit]ature ?an !re is 9 ! production ( writ+s deal+ ) ,classical ,lit]ature4 ,! "w ( any "o :o m$dles ) ! la/1 ev5 9 ! way ( popul>iz+ x1 is in/antly call$ by s*ol>s to a /rict acc\nt1 & sciolism & *>latanry are explod$ at once4 ,b 9 ! case ( our own ,lit]ature !re is no su* solid>ity4 ,x seems to be assum$ t a s*ol> is "o ?+ & a man ( lett]s ano!r1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 "w :i* appeals to connoisseurs & "w :i* appeals to ! public is n simply a diff]5ce 9 degree1 b a diff]5ce 9 k9d1 & t ! crit]ia ( ! multitude ne$ be ! only crit]ia ( :at is address$ to ! multitude4 ,! manuscript ( a ,hi/ory ( ,greek or ,roman ,lit]ature1 or a monograph on an anci5t classic1 if x 7 n at lea/ solid & tru/wor?y1 w\ld h no *ance ( ev] gett+ beyond a publi%]'s read]4 ,b a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 or a monograph on an ,engli% classic1 teem+ ) errors 9 fact & ) absurdities 9 !ory & op9ion1 w n improbably be reg>d$ z an au?ority1 & pass1 unrevis$1 into m ?an "o edition4 ,! progressive degradation ( ,lit]ature & ( :at is involv$ 9 its influ5ce is1 & mu/ be1 inevitable1 unless criticism is prep>$ wat*fully & fai?fully to d its duty4 ,let x gu>d jeal\sly ! /&>ds & t\*/ones ( excell5ce z di/+ui%$ f m$iocrity1 ev5 ?\gh x may be prud5t to make great all[ances 9 apply+ !m2 let x in/itute a rigor\s c5sor%ip ov] books design$ = ! use ( /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sities & 9 o!r educational e/abli%m5ts2 let x p]mit no writ] to pose 9 a false position1 & delib]ately trade on ! ignorance & inexp]i5ce ( 8 read]s2 let x disc\rage 9 e way ! production ( wor?less & sup]flu\s books1 :e!r 9 poetry or 9 prose2 & la/ly1 :ile fully recognis+ h[ mu* mu/ be conc$$ to pr(essional au?ors writ+ aga9/ "t1 hav+ to c\rt popul>ity or be+ fett]$ by conditions impos$ on !m by _! employ]s1 let x take c>e t _! productions %all at lea/ n be mis*iev\s1 ei!r by dissem9at+ error or by corrupt+ ta/e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,"o illu/ration ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! au?orities ( our ,univ]sity ,presses to ! int]e/ ( ,lit]ature is s sc&al\s t x mu/ be specifi$4 ,f\rte5 ye>s ago a s]ies ( lectures 0 deliv]$ by ! !n ,cl>ke ,lectur] 9 ! ,hall ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ "u ! title ( ,f ,%akespe>e to ,pope1 & review$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,octob]1 #ahhf4 ,! lectures1 z ! ,review %[$1 absolutely sw>m$ ) blund]s1 _m ( !m s gross z to be almo/ incr$ible4 ,ev] s9ce !n ! volume has be5 circulat$ by ! ,press1 absolutely unrevis$1 inde$ )\t a s+le correction1 & is n[ 9 circulation4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 :at ,milton says 9 prescrib+ ! /udy ( ma/]pieces 9 criticism3 8,?is w\ld make !m 7/ud5ts7 soon p]ceive :at despicable creatures our common rim]s & play-writ]s be1 & %[ !m :at religi\s1 :at glori\s & magnific5t use might be made ( poetry1 bo? 9 ,div9e & human ?+s4 ,f h5ce1 & n till n[1 w be ! "r season ( =m+ !m to be able writ]s & compos]s 9 e excell5t matt]1 :5 !y %all be ?us fraught ) an univ]sal insight into ?+s40--,tractate on ,education4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities ,i4 ,,language ,,v]sus ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,ox=d ,to say t ! an>*y :i* has result$ f confus+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! /udy & int]pretation ( ,lit]ature z ! expression ( art & g5ius1 & its /udy & int]pretation z a m]e monum5t ( language1 has _h a mo/ disa/r\s effect on education g5]ally1 w\ld be to /ate v imp]fectly ! tru? ( ! case4 ,x has l$ to inadequate & ev5 false conceptions ( :at con/itutes ,lit]ature4 ,x has l$ to all t is ( ess5tial importance 9 lit]>y /udy be+ ignor$1 & all t is ( second>y or accid5tal int]e/ be+ prepo/]\sly magnifi$2 to ! sub/itution ( grammatical & v]bal comm5t>y = ! relation ( a lit]>y ma/]piece to hi/ory1 to philosophy1 to /hetics2 to ! me*anical inculcation ( all t c be imp>t$1 z x has be5 acquir$1 by cramm+1 = ! intellig5t application ( pr9ciples to expression4 ,x has l$ to ! sev]ance ( our ,lit]ature f all t con/itutes its vitality & virtue z an active p[]1 & f all t r5d]s its developm5t & peculi>ities intelligible z a subject ( hi/orical /udy4 ,9 a ^w1 x has l$ to a total misconception ( ! ends at :i* lit]>y in/ruction %\ld aim1 z well z ( its mo/ appropriate in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,all ?is is illu/rat$ n[h]e m /rik+ly ?an 9 ! publications ( ! two great ,univ]sity ,presses4 ,x w\ld be easy to po9t to editions ( ,engli% classics1 & to works on ,engli% ,lit]ature1 be>+ ! imprimatur ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 9 :i* all t is wor/ 9 ! opposite extremes ( p$antry & dilettantism f9ds ludicr\s expression4 ,& 9 ?us speak+ we are say+ no?+ m ?an is notori\s1 no?+ m ?an is admitt$1 & admitt$ unres]v$ly1 9 ! ,univ]sities !mselves1 or at lea/ at ,ox=d4 ,b diff]5t sections ( ,academic society reg>d ! matt] 9 diff]5t lights4 ,! majority ( ! classical pr(essors & tea*]s1 deprecat+ any attempt on ! "p ( ! ,univ]sity to m$dle ) 8,lit]ature10 treat ! :ole ?+ z a joke1 &1 s f> f suppos+ t ! reputation ( ! ,univ]sity is conc]n$1 f9d inf9ite amusem5t 9 ! con/ant exposures :i* are be+ made 9 ! reviews & newspap]s ( ! absurdities ( ! 8,engli% ,lit]ature p>ty40 ,!y reg>d ! 8/udy ( ,lit]ature0 precisely z !y reg>d ! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,movem5t--! "o z a contemptible excresc5ce on our ,academic sy/em1 ! o!r z a contemptible excresc5ce on ,academic curricula4 ,ano!r section takes a v diff]5t view4 ,recognis+ ! reasonabl5ess ( ! appeals :i* h1 dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s1 be5 made to ,ox=d to place ! /udy ( ,lit]ature on ! same s\nd foot+ z %e has plac$ t ( o!r subjects includ$ 9 h] c\rses1 & disc]n+ cle>ly t :at is requir$ _c be obta9$ z long z ! int]e/s ( ,philology & ^? ( ,lit]ature cont9ue to collide1 ?is p>ty1 unhappily a small m9ority1 has plead$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,s*ool ( ,lit]ature4 ,!y h v prop]ly laid /ress on f\r po9ts3 ,fir/1 t1 z ! *ief ju/ification = ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a ,s*ool is ! fact t ! ,univ]sity is und]tak+ by innum]able ag5cies1 its ,press1 its oral tea*]s bo? at home & abroad1 to dissem9ate lib]al in/ruction ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ! pr9cipal object ( ! ,s*ool %\ld be ! education ( ^! ag5cies4 ,secondly1 !y h insi/$ t1 if ! int]pretation ( ,lit]ature is to effect :at x is ( p[] to effect1 if1 z an in/rum5t ( political in/ruction1 x is to w>n1 to admoni%1 to guide1 if1 z an in/rum5t ( moral & /hetic in/ruction1 x is to ex]cise t influ5ce on ta/e1 on tone1 on s5tim5t1 on op9ion1 on "*--on all1 9 %ort1 :i* is susceptible ( educational impression--x mu/ bo? be prop]ly def9$ & lib]ally /udi$2 & !y cont5d t1 if x is to be s def9$ & s /udi$ outside ! ,univ]sities1 x mu/ fir/ be s def9$ & s /udi$ )94 ,?irdly1 !y insi/ t ! /udy ( our own ,lit]ature %\ld be associat$ ) t ( anci5t classical lit]ature1 = two indisputable reasons3 fir/1 because ! basis ( all lib]al lit]>y culture1 ( a high /&>d1 mu/ necess>ily re/ on compet5t classical atta9m5ts1 & because1 hi/orically speak+1 ! developm5t & *>act]i/ics ( ! great] "p ( :at is mo/ valuable 9 our ,lit]ature w\ld be z un9telligible1 )\t ref]5ce to ! ,greek & ,roman classics1 z ! ,lit]ature ( ,rome w\ld be )\t ref]5ce to t ( ,greece4 ,f\r?ly1 !y po9t out t1 z our ,lit]ature is1 9 v>i\s intimate ways1 associat$ ) ! ,lit]atures ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & t1 z an acqua9tance ) ! classics ( ^? c\ntries mu/ =m an ess5tial elem5t 9 a lit]>y education1 ! comp>ative /udy ( ^? ,lit]atures & our own ought1 by all means1 to be enc\rag$ & provid$ =4 ,&1 fif?ly1 !y %[ t :at is dem&$ is p]fectly feasible4 ,!re already exi/s 9 ! ,univ]sity1 !y cont5d1 e facility = organiz+ su* a c\rse ( ,lit]ature z is requir$4 ,all t is ne$$ is co-ord9ation4 ,9 ! ,classical ,mod]ations & 9 ! ,lit] ,humaniores ,hon\r ,s*ools a lib]al lit]>y education on ! classical side is already provid$2 two-?irds 9 fact ( ! discipl9e1 culture1 & atta9m5ts desid]at$ 9 a lit]>y tea*] x is ! aim ( ^? ,s*ools to imp>t4 ,! ,taylorian ,in/itute provides in/ruction 9 ! languages & lit]atures ( ! ,cont95t2 &1 if its pr(essors c\ld be r\s$ into a little m activity1 a y\? might1 9 two ye>s1 if he pleas$1--& t side by side ) 8 sev]] /udies--acquire some?+ m ?an a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! language & writ+s ( ,dante & ,ma*iavelli1 ( ,montaigne & ,molire1 ( ,less+ & ,goe!4 ,:at he c\ld n obta9 w\ld be in/ruction & guidance 9 ! /udy ( our own ,lit]ature4 ,9 a ^w1 all t is requir$ to secure :at ?is p>ty plead = is simply ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 9 ! prop] acceptation ( ! t]m1 & ! co-ord9ation ( /udies :i* are at pres5t pursu$ indep5d5tly4 ,x 0 propos$ t x %\ld take ! =m ( a ,po/-graduate ,hon\r ,s*ool1 /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! o!r s*ools 9 ! ,univ]sity z ! old ,law & ,hi/ory ,s*ool us$ to /& to ! old ,lit] ,humaniores ,s*ool1 & z ! exam9ation = ! ,ba*elor%ip 9 ,civil ,law n[ /&s to ! ord9>y ,law ,s*ool4 ,?us a y\? :o _h graduat$ 9 hon\rs 9 ,mod]ations & 9 ! ,f9al ,classical ,s*ool1 :o _h /udi$ mod]n lit]atures at ! ,taylorian & our own ,lit]ature "u its pr(essor1 or ev5 by himself1 w\ld h an opportunity ( display+ 8 qualifications = an hon\r diploma 9 ,lit]ature4 ,b ! appeals & argum5ts ( ?is p>ty h be5 ( no avail4 ,next come ! philologi/s4 ,!y are 9 possession ( ! field4 ,all ! rev5ues support+ ! ,*airs ( ,language & ,lit]ature are _! monopoly4 ,!y h /eadily resi/$ all attempts on ! "p ( :at may be d5om9at$ ! ,lib]al p>ty to encroa* on _! dom9ions4 ,9 _! eyes ! ,univ]sities are simply nurs]ies = esot]ic speciali/s1 & to talk ( br++ !m into t\* ) national life is1 9 _! e/imation1 m]e cant4 ,_! attitude t[>ds ,lit]ature1 g5]ally1 is precisely t ( ! classical p>ty t[>ds our own ,lit]ature2 !y reg>d x simply z ! conc]n ( m5 ( lett]s1 j\rnali/s1 dilettants1 & ,ext5sion lectur]s4 ,!y defeat$ sixte5 ye>s ago an attempt to e/abli% a ,*air ( ,engli% ,lit]ature by trans=m+ x into a ,*air ( ,language & secur+ x = !mselves4 ,!y attempt$1 subsequ5tly1 to supplem5t :at !y _h done by ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,s*ool ( ,language on ! model ( ! ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,languages ,tripos at ,cambridge4 ,!y 7 defeat$ by a coalition ( ! classical p>ty1 ! ,lib]als1 ( :om we h j spok51 & a ?ird p>ty :i* insi/$ on a compromise betwe5 ,philology & ,lit]ature4 ,reviv+ ! s*eme1 !y h1 by accept+ ! modifications ( ! compromis]s1 j succe$$ 9 gett+ x accept$4 ,! new ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature is ! result ( t compromise4 ,n[ x w n be disput$ t if ! ,univ]sities ought1 9 ! int]e/s ( lib]al culture1 to provide adequately = in/ruction 9 ,lit]ature1 !y ought also1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 to provide adequately = in/ruction 9 ,philology4 ,x is a bran* ( le>n+ ( imm5se importance4 ,x is1 & ought to be1 ! peculi> c>e ( ,univ]sities1 & no?+ c\ld be m d]ogatory to a ,univ]sity ?an defici5cy 9 su* a /udy4 ,b x is a /udy 9 itself4 ,z a sci5ce x has no connection ) ,lit]ature4 ,inde$ ! in/9cts & faculties :i* sep>ate ! temp]am5t ( ! ma!matician f ! temp]am5t ( ! poet are n m radical & ess5tial ?an ! in/9cts & faculties :i* sep>ate ! sympa!tic /ud5t ( ,philology f ! sympa!tic /ud5t ( ,lit]ature4 ,b no sci5ce resolves itself m easily into a pseudo-sci5ce1 & x is 9 ?is deg5]ate =m t x has become l9k$ ) ,lit]ature & be51 9 all ages1 ! butt ( wits & m5 ( lett]s4 ,no?+ b an>*y c result till ?is mutually degrad+ alliance be dissolv$4 ,x has be5 =c$ on ! philologi/s by ! compromise to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,let !m be free to resc9d x4 ,let ! 8pia vota0 ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] be fulfill$ & ,ox=d h h] ,s*ool ( ,philology4 ,t su* a ,s*ool %\ld be e/abli%$ is desirable = ?ree reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld def9e :at is at pres5t vague & indet]m9ate1 ! scope & functions ( ,philology4 ,secondly1 x w\ld place t /udy on its prop] foot+1 &1 by plac+ x on its prop] foot+1 x w\ld n only demon/rate its relation to o!r /udies1 b x w\ld enable x to effect fully :at x is compet5t to effect4 ,?irdly1 x might1 & probably w\ld1 d some?+ to relieve ,ox=d ( ! opprobrium ( be+ beh9d ! re/ ( ! le>n$ _w 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! ,s*ool w\ld probably n attract _m /ud5ts1 = ,philology1 unlike ,lit]ature1 c nev] appeal to m ?an a small m9ority4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! *oice lay betwe5 ! in/itution ( a ,s*ool ( ,philology & t ( a ,s*ool ( ,lit]ature1 !re c be no d\bt :i* %\ld h prec$5ce4 ,b no su* *oice is (f]$4 ,if ! philologi/s 7 n /rong en\gh to refuse to compromise1 !y are /rong en\gh to cru% any attempt to =e/all !m4 ,let u n[ turn to ! con/itution ( ! ,s*ool :i* has be5 ! result ( ?is arrangem5t1 & :i* w au?orize ! ,univ]sity to conf]1 n1 be x rememb]$1 an ord9>y1 b an hon\r1 degree 9 ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,regulations4 ,! subjects = exam9ation are f\r4 #a4 ,portions ( ,engli% au?ors4 #b4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language4 #c4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 #d4 ,9 ! case ( ^? c&idates :o aim at a place 9 ! fir/ or second class1 a ,special ,subject ( language or lit]ature4 ,! portions ( ! au?ors specifi$ are ^!4 ,be[ulf1 ! texts pr9t$ 9 ,sweet's ,anglo-,saxon ,read]1 ,k+ ,horn1 ,havelok2 ,laur5ce ,m9ot1 ,sir ,gawa9 & ! ,gre5 ,knight4 ,( ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales1 ! ,prologue1 ,! ,knight's ,tale1 ,! ,man ( ,law's1 ,! ,prioress's1 ,sir ,?opas1 ,! ,monk's1 ,! ,nun ,prie/'s1 ,! ,p>don]'s1 ,! ,cl]k's1 ,! ,squire's1 ,! ,second ,nun's1 ,! ,canon ,yeoman's4 ,next come ! ,prologue & ! fir/ sev5 passus 7text ,b7 ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman4 ,!n come select plays ( ,%akespe>e1 *os5 app>5tly at haphaz>d1 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,ri*>d ! ,second1 ,twelf? ,night1 ,julius ,cs>1 ,w9t]'s ,tale1 ,k+ ,le>4 ,!n we h ! foll[+ extraord9>y f>rago3-- ,bacon's ,essays4 ,milton1 ) a special /udy ( ,p>adise ,lo/ & ! ,areopagitica4 ,dryd5's ,essay on ,epic 7sic74 ,pope's ,satires & ,epi/les4 ,johnson's ,lives ( ! ,poets--! ,lives ( ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,poets4 ,goldsmi?'s ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w4 ,burke's ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,discont5ts4 ,lyrical ,ballads 7,wordswor? & ,col]idge71 ,%elley's ,adonais4#c ,! second "p ( ! exam9ation w be on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language4 8,c&idates w be exam9$ 9 ,go?ic 7! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k71 & 9 translation f ,old ,engli% & ,middle ,engli% au?ors n specially (f]$40 ,?is is to be foll[$ by ! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 to :i* portion ( ! ,regulations ! foll[+ odd clause is app5d$3 8! exam9ation w include ! ,hi/ory ( ,criticism & ( /yle 9 prose & v]se40 ,la/ come ! special subjects design$ = 8^? :o aim at a place 9 ! ,fir/ or ,second ,class40 ,six ( ^! consi/ ( c]ta9 prescrib$ p]iods ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,! o!r subjects are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,old ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature d[n to #aaej ,a4,d4 7#b7 ,middle ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature1 #aaej-adjj ,a4,d4 7#c7 ,old ,fr5* ,philology ) special ref]5ce to ,anglo-,norman ,fr5*1 toge!r ) a special /udy ( ! foll[+ texts3--,computus ( ,phillippe de ,?aun1 ,voyage ( ,/4 ,br&an1 ,! ,song ( ,d]mot & ! ,e>l1 ,les ,contes moraliss de ,nicole ,bozon4 7#d7 ,sc&9avian ,philology1 ) special ref]5ce to ,icel&ic1 toge!r ) a special /udy ( ! foll[+ texts3--,gylfag9n+1 ,laxdla ,saga1 ,gunnlaugssaga ,orm/ungu4 7#e7 ,fr5* ,lit]ature d[n to #adjj ,a4,d4 9 its be>+ on ,engli% ,lit]ature4 7#f7 ,italian ,lit]ature z influ5c+ ,engli% d[n to ! dea? ( ,milton4 7#g7 ,g]man ,lit]ature f #aejj ,a4,d4 to ! dea? ( ,goe! 9 its be>+ on ,engli% ,lit]ature4 7#h7 ,hi/ory ( ,scotti% ,poetry4 ,su* is ! s*eme :i* w1 9 conjunction ) ! simil> s*eme at ,cambridge1 supply ,engl& & ! colonies ) _! lit]>y pr(essors4 ,let u exam9e x 9 detail4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes u is ! contra/ betwe5 ! compet5ce & judgm5t display$ 9 ! organization ( ! philological "p ( ! c\rse & ! confusion1 inadequacy1 & flims9ess s conspicu\s 9 ! lit]>y "p4 ,no?+ c\ld be m satisfactory ?an ! provisions made = ! /udy ( ,language4 ,!y are obvi\sly ! "w ( legislators :o knew :at !y 7 ab\t1 & :o1 b = ! ?w>t+ requirem5ts ( ! provisions = ,lit]ature1 w\ld h proce$$ to a sup]/ructure wor?y ( ! f\ndation4 ,a /ud5t :o1 9 addition to hav+ ma/]$ ! prescrib$ works 9 ,go?ic1 ,anglo-,saxon1 & ,middle ,engli%1 is compet5t to translate & comm5t on unprep>$ passages f ^? dialects1 has c]ta9ly laid ! f\ndation ( s\nd s*ol>%ip 9 an important dep>tm5t ( ,philology4 ,9 ! fact t :at prop]ly belongs to 8 /udy has be5 relegat$ to ! subjects out ( :i* he has only ! option ( *oos+ "o1 we h a lam5table illu/ration ( ! effects ( ! compromise =c$ on ! philologi/s4 ,if1 = ! lit]>y portion ( ! curriculum1 a c&idate c\ld sub/itute ! fir/ f\r ( ! special subjects1 he w\ld h complet$ a ?or\ghly satisfactory c\rse ( ,philology1 s f> at lea/ z relates to ! ,teutonic & ,romance languages4 ,b to pass f :at conc]ns ,philology to :at conc]ns ,lit]ature4 ,n[ 9 consid]+ ?is po9t x is necess>y to rememb] t we are n deal+ ) ! regulations ( any subord9ate in/itution or curriculum1 ) prov9cial ,univ]sities & sem9>ies1 or ) s*emes ( /udy 9 :i* ,lit]ature is only "o out ( _m subjects4 ,we are deal+ ) a ,f9al ,hon\r ,s*ool at ,ox=d1 ) regulations :i* w inevitably =m a prec$5t & model :]ev] ! /udy ( ,engli% lit]ature %all be organiz$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,we are deal+ ) a s*ool :i* is to educate ^? :o are to educate ! c\ntry4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c\ld be m disa/r\s ?an uns\ndness & defici5cy 9 ! provisions ( su* an in/itution1 no?+ m deplorable ?an its giv+ c\nt5ance & au?ority to error & inadequacy4 ,x is n too mu* to say t1 if ?is s*eme _h be5 design$ ) ! express object ( degrad+ ! /&>d ( lit]>y tea*+1 & ( p]petuat+ all t is wor/ 9 pres5t sy/ems1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 bett] adapt$ = its purpose4 ,n to dwell ^u subord9ate defects1 x completely sev]s ! /udy ( our own lit]ature f t ( ! anci5t classical lit]atures4 ,x necessitates no k ( any ( ! ,cont95tal lit]atures4 ,x ignores absolutely ! high] criticism4 ,contract+ ,lit]ature )9 ! n>r[e/ b\nds1 its selection ( books = special /udy is wor?y ( an ,army ,exam9ation4 ,9 ! wret*$ jumble 9 :i* ,goldsmi?'s ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w jo/les ,%elley's ,adonais & ,burke's ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,discont5ts ,wordswor?'s & ,col]idge's ,lyrical ,ballads1 no attempt is made to discrim9ate betwe5 compositions :i* are repres5tative1 ei!r critically ( ! "w ( p>ticul> au?ors1 or hi/orically ( p>ticul> epo*s1 & works :i* h no su* significance1 :ile _m ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( our prose ,lit]ature are unrepres5t$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x af=ds e facility = cramm+4 ,x is adapt$ to te/ no?+ b :at may be me*anically acquir$ & me*anically imp>t$1 :at may be p\r$ out f lectures into notebooks1 & f notebooks into exam9ation pap]s4 ,proce$+ on ! assumption t a lit]>y education is m]ely ! acquisition ( positive k1 x nei!r requires nor enc\rages1 z ! prescription ( an essay or !sis1 or ev5 8ta/e-pap]10 might h done1 any ( ! f9] qualities ( lit]>y culture1 su*1 = example1 z a s5se ( /yle1 s\nd judgm5t1 good ta/e1 ! t\* ( ! s*ol>4 ,we c assure ^! legislators1 & we speak f k1 t1 sett+ aside ! philological portion ( ?is curriculum1 :i* is1 s f> z x goes1 solid en\gh1 an exp]i5c$ cramm]1 w\ld1 9 ab\t ?ree mon?s furni% an a/ute y\? ) all t is requisite = graduat+ 9 ?is s*ool4 ,b to proce$ to details4 ,conceive ! qualifications ( an int]pret] & critic ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 a graduate 9 ,hon\rs 9 8 subject1 ^: education has proce$$ on ! hypo!sis t he ne$ h no acqua9tance ) ! classics ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,w\ld any compet5t s*ol> d5y t ! hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 9 its mature expression1 is little less ?an ! hi/ory ( ! modifications ( native g5ius & *>act]i/ics by classical influ5ce1 t ! developm5t & peculi>ities ( our epic1 dramatic1 elegiac1 didactic1 pa/oral1 mu* ( our lyric1 ( our satire & ( o!r species ( our poetry is1 hi/orically speak+1 un9telligible )\t ref]5ce to anci5t classical lit]ature8 ,t :at is true ( our poetry is true ( our criticism1 ( our oratory1 sacr$ & secul>1 ( our dialectic & epi/ol>y ,lit]ature1 ( our hi/orical composition1 ( ! great] "p1 9 %ort1 ( our national ma/]pieces 9 prose8 ,:at1 inde$1 ! ,lit]ature ( ,greece 0 to t ( ,rome1 ! ,lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome h be5 to ours4#d ,x 0 ! influ5ce ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 ,m5&]1 ,diphilus1 :i* trans=m$ ! ,ludi ,sc5ici & ! ,atellan f>ces into ! trag$ies ( ,ennius & ,pacuvius & ! com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,x 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman drama & ( a drama modell$ on ! ,roman :i* trans=m$1 s f> at lea/ z /ructure & /yle are conc]n$1 our simil>ly rude native exp]im5ts into ! trag$ies & com$ies ( ,%akespe>e4 ,on ! epics ( ,greece 7 modell$ ! epics ( ,rome1 & on ! epics ( ,greece & ,rome are modell$ our own great epics4 ,( our elegiac poetry1 to employ ! t]m 9 its conv5tional s5se1 "o portion is l>gely indebt$ to ,!ocritus1 ,mos*us1 & ,virgil1 & ano!r to ,catullus & ,ovid4 ,almo/ all our didactic poetry is modell$ on ! didactic poetry ( ,rome4 ,!ocritus & ,virgil h furni%$ ! ar*etypes = our eclogues & pa/orals4 ,"o important bran* ( our lyric poetry spr+s directly f ,p9d>1 ano!r important bran* directly f ,horace1 ano!r directly f ! *oral odes ( ! ,attic dramati/s & ( ,s5eca4 ,our h]oic satire1 f ,hall to ,"l ,lytton1 is simply ! c\nt]p>t--(t51 inde$1 a m]e imitation--( ,roman satire4 ,& if ?is is true ( our satire1 x is equally true ( our be/ e?ical poetry4 ,! ,epi/les1 :i* fill s l>ge a space 9 ! poetical lit]ature ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury1 d]ive _! orig9 f ^? ( ,horace4 ,to ! ,h]oides ( ,ovid we owe a :ole s]ies ( important poems f ,drayton to ,caw?orn4 ,! ,greek an?ology & ,m>tial h furni%$ ! ar*etypes ( our epigrams & ( our epitaphs4 ,x is ! same ) our prose4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% eloqu5ce beg9s f ! mom5t :5 ! ,roman classics m\ld$ & col\r$ our /yle1 :5 p]iodic prose 0 modell$ on ,cic]o & ,livy1 :5 analytic prose 0 modell$ on ,sallu/1 ,s5eca1 & ,tacitus4 ,) ! exception ( fiction1 !re is no important bran* ( our prose composition1 ! developm5t & *>act]i/ics ( :i* are hi/orically intelligible )\t ref]5ce to ! anci5ts4 ,h[ radically inadequate mu/ any /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( criticism be1 :i* has no ref]5ce to ! critical works ( ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 is obvi\s4 ,b x is n m]ely 9 trac+ ! developm5t & expla9+ ! peculi>ities g5]ally ( our prose & ( our poetry t compet5t classical s*ol>%ip is indisp5sable4 ,is x n notori\s t 9 ea* g5]ation1 f ,sp5s] to ,t5nyson1 f ,m to ,fr\de1 our lead+ poets & prose writ]s h be51 ) v few exceptions1 m5 n\ri%$ on classical lit]ature & saturat$ ) its influ5ce8 ,_m entire ma/]pieces1 mu*1 & 9 "s cases ! great] portion1 ( o!r ma/]pieces1 p>ticul>ly 9 our poetry1 are simply un9telligible--we are speak+1 ( c\rse1 ( s]i\s critical /ud5ts--except to classical s*ol>s4 ,take1 = example1 ! ,fa]ie ,que51 & ! ,hymns ( ,sp5s]1 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,comus1 ,lycidas1 & ,samson ,agoni/es1 ,pope's satires1 ! two great odes ( ,gray1 ,coll9s's odes to ,fe> & ! ,passions1 ,wordswor?'s great ,ode & 8 ,laodamia1 ,%elley's ,adonais & ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 ,l&or's ,hell5ics1 mu* ( ! poetry ( ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 & ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,inde$ x w\ld be z prepo/]\s to attempt any critical /udy ( our ,lit]ature1 )\t ref]5ce to ! anci5ts1 z x w\ld be = a man to set up z an int]pret] 9 ,roman ,lit]ature )\t ref]5ce to ! ,greek4 ,& ! effect ( ?is sev]ance ( ! /udy ( ! anci5t classics f ! /udy ( our own is writt5 l>ge ?r\gh\t ! :ole doma9 ( education1 9 ! in/ruction giv5 9 s*ools & in/itutes1 9 ! monographs1 manuals1 & 8editions0 :i* p\r f s*ola/ic presses4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ popul> manuals n[ 9 circulation1 ! writ] gravely tells u t 8! pa/oral "n ( ,lycidas 0 *os5 by ,milton to signify purity ( "*10 add+ 89 ,!ocritus a goat 0 s call$ = its :it5ess10 t ,comus 8! dr9k] ( human blood0 revell$ 9 ! palace ( ,agamemnon4#e ,ano!r writ] conf\nds ! 8*oruses0 9 ,%akespe>e ) ! *oruses ( ! ,greek plays4 ,ano!r1 comm5t+ on ! symbolism ( ivy 9 ! wrea? ( a poet1 tells u t x indicates 8con/ancy40#f ,no?+ is m common ?an to f9d elaborate critical comm5ts on ! ,fa]ie ,que5 )\t ! smalle/ ref]5ce to its connection ) ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 & on ,wordswor?'s great ,ode )\t any ref]5ce to ,plato4 ,b su* is ! confid5ce repos$ 9 ,pr(essor ,e>le & 8 !ory1 & s det]m9$ are ! legislators = ! new ,s*ool to exclude all connection ) classical lit]ature1 t x is n admitt$ ev5 z a special subject4 ,a c&idate has1 z we h se51 ! option ( /udy+ ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on old ,engli% lit]ature by ,fr5*1 & on lat] lit]ature by ,italian & ,g]man2 b ! "o ?+ :i* he has n ! option ( /udy+ is ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on x by ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,"s ( our read]s may rememb] t a few ye>s ago a public appeal 0 made = an expression ( op9ion on ! "q ( associat+ ! /udy ( our own classics & t ( ! anci5ts4 ,op9ions 7 elicit$ f _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 all b unanim\s1 n m]ely 9 support+ ! association1 b 9 deprecat+ ! sev]ance4 ,s wrote ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,c>d9al ,mann+1 ,pr(essor ,j[ett1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,"l ,lytton1 ,mr4 ,john ,morley1 ,walt] ,pat]1 ,add+ton ,symonds2 s wrote ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 ! ,rector ( ,l9coln1 ! ,presid5t ( ,magdal51 ! ,w>d5 ( ,all ,s\ls1 & _m o!rs4 ,we may add1 also--= we are n[ at lib]ty to /ate x publicly--t ?is 0 emphatically ! op9ion ( ,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 quote ^! op9ions 9 ext5so1#g & t ( ! late ,pr(essor ,j[ett & a portion ( t ( ,mr4 ,john ,morley mu/ suffice4 ,i am z /rongly ( op9ion t 9 an ,hon\r ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,lit]ature or ,mod]n ,lit]ature ! subject %\ld n be sep>at$ f classical lit]ature1 z ,i am ( op9ion t ,engli% lit]ature %\ld h a place 9 our curriculum4 ,s writes ,pr(essor ,j[ett4 ,x seems to me to be z impossible effectively to /udy ,engli% lit]ature1 except 9 close association ) ! classics1 z x w\ld be to grasp ! significance ( m$ival or mod]n in/itutions )\t ref]5ce to ! political creations ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,i %\ld be v sorry to see ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s displac$1 or cut (f f ! /udy ( our own4 ,s writes ,mr4 ,john ,morley4 ,b ! ,pr(essor ( ,anglo-,saxon & 8 fri5ds1 z we h se51 ?9k o!rwise1 & h1 unhappily = ! int]e/s ( lett]s & education1 p]suad$ ,ox=d to ?9k o!rwise too4 ,we say advis$ly ! int]e/s ( lett]s & education4 ,= ! prec$5t ( exclud+ f a ,s*ool ( 8,lit]ature10 & t at ! *ief c5tre & nurs]y ( lib]al culture1 ! ,lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome _c b be detrim5tal to ! vitality & influ5ce ( ! anci5t classics2 &1 z ,fr\de truly obs]v$1 bo? ! national ta/e & ! tone ( ! national intellect w\ld suff] s]i\s decl9e1 if !y lo/ _! au?ority4 ,! reaction aga9/ philological /udy :i* has set 9 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s has giv5 !m a new lease ( life4 ,b ! _s ( ! age is aga9/ !m2 !y h rivals 9 languages f> easi] to acquire2 !y are n1 & nev] c be1 9 t\* ) ! _m4 ,let !m become disassociat$ f our curriculums ( ,lit]ature1 & !y w cease to be influ5tial1 ,!y w cease to be /udi$ s]i\sly1 to be /udi$ ev5 9 ! orig9al1 except by m]e s*ol>s4 ,ano!r absurdity1 n less mon/r\s1 9 ^! regulations1 is ! abs5ce ( all provision = in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( criticism4 ,!re is inde$ an unmean+ clause ab\t ! hi/ory ( criticism1 & ( /yle 9 v]se & prose1 be+ includ$ 9 ! exam9ation2 b z no?+ is specifi$1 & z no "w on criticism1 ) ! exception ( ,dryd5's ,disc\rse on ,epic ,poetry1 & ,johnson's ,lives 7( eighte5?-c5tury poets71#h is includ$ 9 ! books prescrib$ = special /udy1 x is pla9 t ?is important subject has no place4 ,:y x %\ld n h occurr$ to ^! legislators to sub/itute1 say1 = ,goldsmi?'s ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w & ,burke's ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,discont5ts1 "s "w :i* w\ld at lea/ h op5$ ! eyes ( ! lit]>y pr(essors ( ! future to ! exi/5ce ( philosophical criticism1 is c]ta9ly odd4 ,_h !y prescrib$ select essays f ,hume2 & ,%aftesbury's ,advice to an ,au?or1 or ,campbell's ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric1 or ,burke's ,treatise on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 or ev5 ! critical portions ( ,col]idge's ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ) ! two essays ( ,wordswor?1 x w\ld h be5 some?+4 ,b ! tru? is t1 z !y h exclud$1 except f ! optional subjects1 all lit]atures b ! ,engli%1 "o absurdity has involv$ !m 9 ano!r4 ,! c\rse = ! lit]>y education ( our future pr(essors1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t !y ne$ "k no language b ,go?ic & ,anglo-,saxon1 has necessitat$ ! elim9ation ( all ! great ma/]pieces ( critical lit]ature4 ,z !y are assum$ to "k no ,greek1 !y c h no s]i\s in/ruction 9 su* works z ,ari/otle's ,poetic & ,rhetoric1 & 9 ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime4 ,z !y are assum$ to "k no ,lat91 !y c h no in/ruction 9 ,roman criticism4 ,on ! same pr9ciple su* works z ,less+'s ,laocoon & ,hamburgis*e ,dramaturgie1 ,s*ill]'s /hetical ,lett]s & ,essays1 ,villema9's ,lectures1 & ,sa9te-,beuve's ,essays1 c f9d no place 9 _! curriculum ( /udy4 ,& s x comes to pass t ,dryd5's ,disc\rse on ,epic ,poetry & ,johnson's ,lives ( ! eighte5?-c5tury poets1 repres5t--proh pudor6--! c\rse 9 ,criticism4 ,n[ x is n too mu* to say t1 = a ,univ]sity l ,ox=d to conf] an hon\r degree 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature on a /ud5t :o ne$ nev] h read a l9e ( ! works to :i* we h ref]r$1 is to au?orize n simply sup]ficiality1 b %e] impo/ure4 ,h[ c a tea*] deal adequately ev5 ) ! subject :i* ^! regulations pr(ess to include--! hi/ory ( criticism--:o ne$ h no acqua9tance ) ! ,poetic & ,rhetoric1 ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime1 & ! ,in/itutes ( ,oratory8 ,h[ c\ld a tea*] possibly be a compet5t expon5t & critic ( ! ma/]pieces ( our lit]ature1 :o _h n receiv$ a prop] critical tra9+1 & h[ c\ld he h any pret5sion to su* a tra9+ :5 all t is be/ 9 criticism _h be5 expressly exclud$ f 8 education8 ,x may be urg$ t he w\ld himself supply ^! defici5cies1 t ! /udy ( our own ,lit]ature w\ld naturally lead him to ! /udy ( o!r ,lit]atures1 t intellig5t curiosity1 ambition1 or a s5se ( %ame w\ld induce him to supplem5t volunt>ily1 & by 8 own ef=ts1 :at he ne$$ 9 8 pr(ession4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is w\ld und\bt$ly be ! case4 ,9 ! great majority ( in/ances su* a supposition w\ld be aga9/ all analogy4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a high hon\r degree 9 any subject repres5t$ at ! ,univ]sities is f9al4 ,x w9ds a man up = life4 ,x det]m9es1 fixes1 & col\rs 8 me?ods1 8 views1 8 tone1 9 all t relates to ! subject 9 :i* he has graduat$4 ,if he *ooses tea*+ z a pr(ession1 he has no inducem5t to correct1 to modify1 or ev5 mat]ially add to :at has be5 imp>t$ to him1 = 8 s*ola/ic reputation has be5 made1 & a com=table indep5d5ce is assur$4 ,to v _m m51 inde$1 :o g up to ! ,univ]sities ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ tea*+ z a pr(ession1 a high degree is a m]e inve/m5t1 ! "o in/9ct 9 !m :i* is n q banausic be+ ! consci5ti\s ?or\ghness ) :i* !y imp>t :at !y h be5 taught4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 is ( m importance to education ?an ! s\nd con/itution ( ! ,hon\r ,s*ools ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & no?+ c\ld be m disa/r\s ?an ! tol]ation 9 ^? ,s*ools ( inadequate /&>ds1 & ( palpably errone\s !ories ( /udy4 ,b to return to ! ,regulations4 ,! ridicul\s disproportion betwe5 ! gr\nd cov]$ & ! "w involv$ 9 ! diff]5t 8special subjects0 op5 to ! option ( c&idates1 w\ld seem to indicate1 ei!r t ! regulators are v inadequately in=m$ on ^? subjects1 or t divid$ c\nsels h result$ 9 ! settlem5t ( v diff]5t /&>ds ( requirem5t4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 :at is involv$ respectively 9 su* subjects z 8,engli% ,lit]ature betwe5 #agjj & #agde10 & 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,scotti% ,poetry40 ,:y1 a compet5t k ( ! hi/ory ( ,scot* poetry 9 ! fifte5? c5tury alone w\ld be m ?an an equival5t to ! fir/ subject4 ,n less absurd is ! prescription ( 8,engli% ,lit]ature betwe5 #agde & #agig0 z an alt]native = 8,engli% ,lit]ature betwe5 #aeeh & #afcg40 ,! prescription ( su* 8special subjects0 z ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on our ,lit]ature by ! ,lit]atures ( ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 is "o ( ! few /eps 9 a wise direction disc]nible 9 ^! regulations2 b1 z no /ud5t is free to take m ?an "o ( !m1 or requir$ to take any ( !m at all1 _! inclusion 9 no way affects ! con/itution ( ! ,s*ool4 ,a compet5t lit]>y education is n v mu* fur!r$ by a /ud5t be+ invit$ to /udy h[ our ,lit]ature has be5 affect$ by "o out ( ! five ,lit]atures :i* h influ5c$ x4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! integrity ( a *a9 dep5ds on its weake/ l9k1 s ! effici5cy ( exam9ational te/s1 9 _! application to purely optional subjects1 dep5ds on t subject 9 ! li/ :i* involves lea/ lab\r4 ,a c&idate :o c 8get a fir/0 out ( 8,engli% ,lit]ature betwe5 #agjj & #agde10 or betwe5 #agde & #agig1 w be mu* too wise to attempt to 8get a fir/0 out ( subjects :i* w require treble ! "t & lab\r to ma/]4 ,is x likely t c&idates1 anxi\s1 naturally1 f less l(ty motives ?an ! love ( ,lit]ature = its own sake1 to obta9 an hon\r degree1 w1 aft] labori\sly acquir+ ,anglo-,saxon & ,middle ,engli%1 :i* are compulsory1 volunt>ily specialize 9 a subject requir+ a k ( ,italian & ,g]man1 :5 x is op5 to !m to *oose1 z _! special subject1 8,old ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature d[n to #aaej08 ,! /atute au?oriz+ ! f\ndation ( ?is ,s*ool recites t 9 its curriculum & exam9ations 8equal weight0 is1 8z f> z possible1 to be giv5 to ,language & ,lit]ature1 provid$ always t c&idates :o (f] special subjects %all be at lib]ty to *oose subjects connect$ ei!r ) ,language or ,lit]ature1 or ) bo?40 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at ?is means4 ,if by 8equal weight0 be meant equality 9 ! proportions ( :at is prescrib$ = ! /udy ( ,lit]ature1 & :at is prescrib$ = ! /udy ( ,language1 ! provision is /ultifi$ by ! v con/itution ( ! c\rse4 ,to suppose t ! hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 & ! special /udy ( a few p>ticul> works l ,%elley's ,adonais1 ,burke's ,pres5t ,discont5ts1 & ! ,lyrical ,ballads1 is equival5t to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,go?ic1 ! ,be[ulf1 & a volume ( extracts 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,k+ ,horn1 ,havelok1 ,sir ,gawa91 & ! prologue & sev5 passus ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman 9 ,middle ,engli%1 is palpably absurd4 ,if by 8equal weight0 be meant t an exam9] is to assign equal m>ks to c&idates :o di/+ui% !mselves 9 ,lit]ature1 & to c&idates :o di/+ui% !mselves 9 ,language1 x involves gross inju/ice4 ,= :ile ! latt] h e opportunity = display+ k & compet5ce1 ! =m] h n4 ,if a /ud5t has lit]>y ta/es & sympa?ies1 if he is conv]sant ) ! ,classics1 if1 attract$ by :at is be/ n m]ely 9 our own b 9 o!r mod]n ,lit]atures1 he has indulg$ himself 9 _! /udy1 if he has made himself a good critic & acquir$ a good /yle1 :at *ance has he ( do+ 8 atta9m5ts & accompli%m5ts ju/ice8 ,b if x be meant t 8equal weight0 w be giv51 n to lit]>y m]it reg>d$ z ,sa9te-,beuve & ,mat!w ,arnold w\ld reg>d x1 b reg>d$ 9 relation to ! /&>d indicat$ by ! regulations ( ! ,s*ool1 !n ! philologi/s w\ld h j reason to compla94 ,z ! con/itution ( ?is ,s*ool is /ill op5 to am5dm5t1 x is dev\tly to be hop$ t ,ox=d w see its way to reconsid]+ a matt] s s]i\sly affect+ ! int]e/s ( education & culture4 ,x is nei!r too late to rem$y :at has be5 done1 nor to devise a rem$y4 ,let x be rememb]$ t !re is an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 :at %\ld con/itute an ,hon\r ,s*ool & :at %\ld con/itute a ,pass ,s*ool1 betwe5 :at is to educate ^? :o are to educate o!rs1 & :at gu>antees no?+ m ?an a smatt]+4 ,! pres5t in/itution c\ld be re=m$ 9 two ways4 ,by r$uc+ ! philological "p ( its provisions to ! level ( ! lit]>y "p1 x c\ld1 ) a little fur!r simplification1 be made into an excell5t ,pass ,s*ool1 :i* w\ld supply a real want4 ,by elim9at+ ! lit]>y "p1 & add+ proportionately to ! philological1 x c\ld be trans=m$ into a p]fectly satisfactory ,hon\r ,s*ool ( ,mod]n ,languages4 ,b no modification c\ld make x into an ,hon\r ,s*ool ( ,engli% ,lit]ature correspond+ly adequate1 = ! simple reason t ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature _c be isolat$ f ! /udy ( ^? lit]atures ) :i* x is insep>ably l9k$4 ,! absurdity ( assum+ t ! /ud5t ( ,philology c\ld sep>ate a s+le language or dialect f ! gr\p to :i* x belongs1 t he c\ld isolate ,anglo-,saxon f ,go?ic1 or ,middle ,engli% f ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,celtic ( ! ,cymbry f ! ,celtic ( ! ,gaels1 is n great] ?an to assume t ! /udy ( our ,lit]ature c be sev]$ f ! /udy ( ^? lit]atures :i* /& 9 precisely ! same relation to x z "o ( ^? dialects /&s to ! o!rs 9 ! same gr\p4 ,if ! legislators ( ?is ,s*ool decl9e to re=m x1 !n x is ! duty ( ,ox=d--a duty :i* %e owes alike to education & to h] own hon\r--to c\nt]act ! mis*ief :i* ?is in/itution mu/1 by degrad+ ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ! colonies ! :ole level ( lib]al in/ruction & /udy on its mo/ important side1 inevitably d4 ,to ! h]d ( imp]fectly & errone\sly discipl9$ tea*]s :i* ?is in/itution w turn loose on education1 let h] oppose1 at lea/1 a m9ority :i* %all wor?ily repres5t h]4 ,let h] e/abli% a prop] degree or diploma 9 ,lit]ature4 ,!re exi/1 z we h already said1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s in/itutions ( ! ,univ]sity1 ne>ly all ! facilities = a complete c\rse 9 ?is subject1 & no?+ m is ne$$ ?an to enc\rage & r5d] possible _! co-ord9ation4 ,let x be op5 to a man :o has obta9$ a high class 9 ,mod]ations & 9 ! ,f9al ,classical ,s*ools1 :o has avail$ himself ( ! opportunities (f]$ = ! /udy ( ,mod]n ,languages & ,lit]atures 9 ! ,taylorian ,in/itute1 & :o has /udi$ :at he w\ld at pres5t h to /udy = himself1 our own ,lit]ature--let x be op5 to him to pres5t himself = exam9ation 9 ^! subjects1 & to obta91 z ! result ( su* an exam9ation1 a degree analog\s to ! ,ba*elor%ip ( ,civil ,law4 ,x w\ld no d\bt n be possible = ^! /udies to be pursu$1 sy/ematically1 side by side ) ! "w requir$ = a high class 9 ,mod]ations & ,lit] ,humaniores4 ,nor is x necess>y4 ,!re ne$ be no limit assign$ to ! "t at :i* a c&idate w\ld be free to qualify himself = obta9+ ?is diploma4 ,z a g5]al rule x w\ld probably be ab\t six mon?s1 possibly a ye>1 aft] ! atta9m5t ( ! pres5t degree 9 ,arts4 ,&1 consid]+ ! high prizes op5 to tea*]s 9 ,lit]ature1 x w\ld be well wor? a /ud5t's :ile to sp5d ?is additional "t 9 prep>+ himself = ! exam9ation4 ,if a po/-graduate s*ol>%ip1 analog\s to ! ,crav5 or ! ,d]by s*ol>%ips1 c\ld be f\nd$ = ! enc\ragem5t ( a comp>ative /udy ( ,classical & ,mod]n ,lit]ature1 an important /ep w\ld1 at any rate1 be tak5 9 a "r direction2 some?+ w\ld be done = ! compet5t equipm5t ( future ,pr(essors ( ,lit]ature4 ,?us w\ld a prec$5t1 disa/r\s beyond expression to ! int]e/s ( lib]al in/ruction & culture1 z well z to ! reputation ( ! ,univ]sity--we mean ! sev]ance ( ! /udy ( ,classical ,lit]ature f t ( our own--be at lea/ depriv$ ( its au?ority4 ,?us w\ld ! mass at any rate be leav5$1 & su* in/itutions 9 ! prov9ces & else:]e z h1 unlike ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 _h ! wisdom to sep>ate _! ,*airs ( ,language & ,lit]ature1 "k :]e to g = ^? :o %\ld fill !m2 & ?us1 f9ally1 w\ld !re be "s *ance ( ! lit]>y curriculum 9 ,ox=d ceas+ to be a by-^w 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ! ,cont95t & ,am]ica4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ^! essays appe>$ ! lib]ality ( ,mr4 ,john ,passmore ,edw>ds has suppli$ ! s*ol>%ip "h desid]at$1 & ,ox=d has in/itut$ a ,univ]sity s*ol>%ip1 be>+ ! donor's "n1 8= ! enc\ragem5t & promotion ( ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 connection ) ! ,classical ,lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome40 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,= ! sort ( textbook f :i* ! /ud5t :o is a c&idate = 8hon\rs 9 ,engli%0 w be requir$ to get 8 k ( ?is poem1 see infra1 ! review ( ! ,cl>5don ,press ,edition ( ,%elley's ,adonais4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,pr(essor ( ,anglo-,saxon at ,ox=d1 "o ( ! *ief legislators = ! new ,s*ool1 ?9ks o!rwise1 & we %\ld l to place ! foll[+ passage on record4 ,9 8 extraord9>y ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,prose 7p4 #dhe7 he writes ?us3 8,! idea t ,engli% lit]ature re/s ^u a classical basis has be5 =mulat$ & indu/ri\sly circulat$ z ! wat*word ( a p$antic faction1 & h>dly any organ ( curr5t lit]ature has prov$ itself /rong en\gh1 or vigilant en\gh1 to secure itself aga9/ ! insidi\s entrance ( ! above indoctr9ation40 ,& s x comes to pass t we read 9 ! acc\nt ( ! debate 9 ,congregation1 on ! occasion ( ! =m] attempt to e/abli% ?is ,s*ool3-- 8,! proposal to add ! ,pr(essors ( ,greek & ,lat9 to ! ,bo>d ( ,/udies 0 reject$ by ?irty-eight votes to tw5ty-f\r1 ,pr(essor ,e>le ma9ta9+ t ! fallaci\s notion t ,engli% lit]ature 0 d]iv$ f ! classics 0 s /rong t x 0 unwise to place ev5 ! ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 on ! ,bo>d40--,times1 ,may #bf1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #e3 '1 1 1 4 --,agamem41 #aaei-fa4 ,footnote #f3 ,= ample illu/ration ( ?is1 see infra ! review ( ! ,cl>5don ,press edition ( ,%elley's ,adonais4 ,footnote #g3 ,!y may all be f\nd 9 full 9 a ,pall ,mall 8,extra0 7,janu>y1 #ahhg71 & 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,/udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,footnote #h3 ,x is amus+ to notice h[ c>efully ! great] "p ( :at is mo/ preci\s & in/ructive 9 ,johnson's "w1 ! lives namely ( ,c[ley & ,dryd51 & ! noble critique ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 is expressly exclud$1 & ! great] "p ( :at is mo/ trivial1 & reg>d$ by himself z trivial1 ! lives ( ! m9or poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 select$ in/ead4 ,macaulay ranks ! lives ( ,c[ley & ,dryd51 ) t ( ,pope1 z ! ma/]pieces ( ! "w2 & ,johnson himself consid]$ ! life ( ,c[ley to be ! be/4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities#i ,,ii4 ,,text ,,books ,footnote #i3 ,%elley's ,adonais1 edit$ ) introduction & notes by ,william ,mi*ael ,rossetti4 7,ox=d3 at ! ,cl>5don ,press47 ,if any pro( 7 ne$$ ( :at has be5 insi/$ on ov] & ov] aga91 t1 until ! ,univ]sities provide adequately = ! prop] /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature--= ! /udy ( x side by side ) ,classical ,lit]ature--!re w be small hope ( its f9d+ compet5t critics & int]pret]s1 x w\ld be af=d$ by ! volume be=e u4 ,= ?is volume ! delegates ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press are responsible2 & 9 all[+ x _! imprimatur !y h be5 guilty ( a v grave error4 ,no su* /&>d ( edit+ w\ld h be5 tol]at$ 9 any o!r subject 9 :i* !y und]take to provide books4 ,a "w p]ta9+ to ,classics1 to ,hi/ory1 to ,philosophy1 to ,sci5ce1 m>k$ by correspond+ defici5cies1 w\ld h be5 suppress$ at once1 until ^? defici5cies _h be5 suppli$4 ,to ,mr4 ,rossetti himself we atta* no blame4 ,:at he 0 compet5t to d he has1 = ! mo/ "p1 done well & consci5ti\sly1--consci5ti\sly1 z may be judg$ f ! fact t1 :ile ! poem itself occupies tw5ty pages 9 l>ge type1 ,mr4 ,rossetti's diss]tations & notes occupy "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight 9 small type4 ,x 01 inde$1 8 mis=tune1 r ?an 8 fault1 to be entru/$ ) a "w :i* requir$ a peculi> qualification1 an intimate acqua9tance1 t is to say1 ) ,classical ,lit]ature4 ,t he has no pret5sion to ?is is abundantly pla9 f 8 ,introduction & f e page ( 8 notes4 ,:5 "o ( ! ,univ]sities und]takes to provide our colleges & s*ools ) comm5ts & notes on a poem s saturat$ ) classicism z ,adonais1 ! lea/ t c\ld be expect$ f bodies :o are1 z x 71 ! gu>dians ( classical lit]ature1 is ! provision t ! classical "p ( ! "w %\ld be done at lea/ compet5tly2 x w\ld be h>dly too mu*1 p]haps1 to expect t x %\ld be done excell5tly4 ,( ?is "p ( ,mr4 ,rossetti's "w we sc>cely "k :i* are ! worse--8 s9s ( commission or 8 s9s ( omission4 ,8 classical qualifications = comm5t+ on a poem z un9telligible1 critically speak+1 )\t con/ant ref]5ce to ! ,platonic dialogues1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,symposium & ! ,timu1 & to ! ,greek poets1 z ! neid w\ld be )\t ref]5ce to ! ,hom]ic poems & ! ,argonautica ( ,apollonius1 appe> to beg9 & end ) "s acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,lang's v]sion ( ,bion & ,mos*us4 ,we w give a few specim5s4 ,mr4 ,rossetti is greatly puzzl$ ) ,%elley's allusion to ,urania 9 /anzas #b to #d4 8,:]e 0 lone ,urania ,:5 ,adonais di$80 8,mo/ musical ( m\rn]s1 weep aga94 ,lam5t1 anew1 ,urania60 8,:y out ( ! n9e si/]s10 he asks1 8%\ld ! ,muse ( ,a/ronomy be select$8 ,keats nev] wrote ab\t a/ronomy40 ,p]haps1 he sugge/s1 ,%elley 0 n ?9k+ ( ! ,muse ,urania1 8b ( ,aphrodite ,urania40 ,yet1 if s1 :y %\ld %e be call$ 8musical08--a "q to be ask$1 no d\bt1 z our old fri5d ,fal/aff w\ld say4 ,h[ev]1 aft] balanc+ ! respective claims ( bo?1 he f9ally comes to ! conclusion t ! ,urania ( ,adonais is ,aphrodite4 ,if ,mr4 ,rossetti _h be5 acqua9t$ ) a "w to :i* he nev] ev5 ref]s1 b :i* ex]cis$ imm5se influ5ce ov] ,%elley's poem--! ,symposium ( ,plato--x w\ld h sav$ him two pages ( speculation4 ,8 ignorance ( ?is is ! m surpris+ z ,%elley has himself translat$ ! dialogue4 ,b ,mr4 ,rossetti ne$ n1 9 ?is case1 h gone s f> afield4 ,has he nev] read ! prologue to ! sev5? book ( ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/8 ,9 8 note on ! l9es-- 8,! "o rema9s1 ! _m *ange & pass10 x is really pitiable to f9d him suppos+ t ?is is an allusion to 8! univ]sal m9d10 & 8! individuat$ m9ds :i* we call human be+s10 :5 any s*oolboy c\ld h told him t ! allusion is1 ( c\rse1 a te*nical "o to ! ,platonic 8=ms0 or ar*etypes2 :ile 8! p[]0 9 /anza #db1 ! 8su/a9+ love0 9 /anza #ed1 & ! 8"o _s0 9 /anza #dc1 are allusions respectively to ! ,aphrodite ,urania 9 ! disc\rse ( ,eryxima*us 9 ! ,symposium1 & to ! ,div9e ,artific] 9 ! ,timu4 ,& ^! dialogues =m ! prop] comm5t>y on ,%elley's metaphysics 9 ?is poem4 ,/ill m extraord9>y is ,mr4 ,rossetti's note on 8wisdom ! mirror$ %ield0-- 8,:at 0 !n ,wisdom1 ! mirror$ %ield80 7/4 #bg71 :i* is z foll[s3 8,%elley 01 ,i appreh5d1 ?9k+ ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso ( ,ario/o 7674 ,9 t poem we read ( a magic %ield :i* ca/s a sup]natural & intol]able spl5d\r 444 a sea mon/]1 n a dragon1 s f> z ,i recollect1 becomes "o ( ! victims ( ! mirror$ %ield40 ,?is slov5ly & p]functory mode ( ref]5ce is1 we may rem>k 9 pass+1 h>dly ! sort ( ?+ to be expect$ 9 works issu$ f ,univ]sity ,presses4 ,we wond] :at ! ,univ]sities w\ld say to an editor ( ,virgil :o1 9 comm5t+ on "s ,hom]ic allusion 9 8 au?or1 cont5t$ himself ) obs]v+ t ,virgil 8is "h ?9k+ ( ! ,iliad10 &1 8s f> z ,i c recollect10 etc4 ,! ref]5ce is1 we ne$ h>dly rem>k1 n to any magic %ield 9 ! ,orl&o1 b to ! scutum cry/all9um ( ,pallas ,a!ne1 z any well-in=m$ f\r?-=m s*oolboy w\ld "k4 ,if ,mr4 ,rossetti w turn to ,bacon's ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts1 *ap4 vii41 he w f9d "s in=mation on ?is subject1 :i* may be ( use to him1 %\ld ?is "w run into a second edition4 ,take1 aga91 ! note on ! symbolism ( ! fl[]s & cypress cone 9 /anza #cc3-- 8,8 head 0 b\nd ) pansies ov]bl[n1 ,& fad$ violets1 :ite & pi$ & blue2 ,& a light spe> topp$ ) a cypress cone1 ,r\nd ^: rude %aft d>k ivy tresses grew40 ,"h ! editor's ignorance ( anci5t ,classical ,lit]ature has l$ him into a :ole labyr9? ( blund]s & misconceptions4 8,! ivy10 he says1 8indicates con/ancy 9 fri5d%ip06 ,is x cr$ible t a ,cl>5don ,press editor %\ld be ignorant t ivy--doct>um h$] prmia frontium--is ! emblem ( ! poet8 ,! violet1 he rem>ks1 indicates mode/y4 ,x nei!r indicates1 nor c possibly indicate1 any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,its traditional signification1 d$uc$ p]haps f ,pl9y's rem>k 7,nat4 ,hi/41 xxi4 c4 #ch71 t x is "o ( ! longe/-liv$ ( fl[]s1 is fidelity4 ,b ! passage ( :i* ,%elley 0 ?9k+ :5 he wrote ?is /anza--a passage to :i* ,mr4 ,rossetti makes no ref]5ce at all1 0 ,hamlet1 act iv4 sc4 #a3 8,!re is pansies t's = ?\ghts4444 ,i w\ld give y "s violets1 b !y )]$ all :5 my fa!r di$40 ,s t x is q possible t ! 8fad$ violets10 associat$ z ^! fl[]s are ) ! ,muses & ! ,graces1 m]ely symbolize ! fad+ & droop+ t[>ds :at may be fur!r symboliz$ 9 ! cypress cone1--dea?4 ,we are by no means sure1 h[ev]1 t ! cypress cone does1 z ,mr4 ,rossetti rem>ks1 8expla9 itself40 ,%elley1 assum+ he gave ! image ano!r application1 0 d\btless ?9k+ ( ,silvanus--8t5]am ab radice f]5s1 ,silvane1 cupressum10 ,georg4 i4 #bj 7see1 too1 ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e1 ,i4 vi4 /4 #ad71 & may possibly h be5 symboliz+ 8 sympa?y ) ! g5ius ( ! woods--h be5 ref]r+ to t 8gaz+ on ,nature's nak$ lovel9ess10 :i* he describes 9 /anza #ca4 ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,rossetti has entirely mis9t]pret$ ! mean+ ( ! :ole passage4 ,:]ev] classical k is requir$--z x is 9 almo/ e /anza--he ei!r gives no note at all1 or he blund]s4 ,?us 9 /anza #bd he gives no note on ! use ( ! ^w 8secret40 ,9 /anza #bh he has evid5tly n ! smalle/ notion ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8obsc5e0 z appli$ to rav5s4 ,! f9e adaptations f ,lucretius 7,,ii4 #egh-ehj7 9 /anza #ba1 & aga9 f ,,ii4 #iij-ajaj 9 /anzas #bj & #db2 ! adaptation f ! ,agamemnon 7#di-ea7 9 /anza #ag2 f ! fragm5ts ( ! ,polyidus ( ,euripides 9 /anza #ci2 f ! ,iliad 7vi4 #dhd7 9 /anza #cd2 f ,!ocritus1 ,idyll41 i4 #ff1 & ,virg41 ,ecl41 x4 #i-aj 9 /anza #b2 & aga9 f ,!ocritus1 ,idyll41 i4 #gg seqq41 f :i* ! procession ( ! m\rn]s is adapt$1 & on :i* ! :ole ar*itecture ( ! poem is modell$--all ^! are alike unnotic$4 ,nor is ,mr4 ,rossetti m =tunate 9 expla9+ allusions to passages 9 o!r lit]atures4 ,! adaptation ( ! sublime passage 9 ,isaiah 7xiv4 #i1 #aj71 by :i* "o ( ! f9e/ p>ts ( ! poem 0 sugge/$1 /anzas #de & #df2 ! s+ul> rem9isc5ce 9 /anza #bh3-- 8,! vultures 444 ,^: w+s ra9 contagion20 ( ,m>l[e's ,jew ( ,malta1 act ii4 sc4 #a1 :]e he speaks ( ! rav5 :i* 8,do? %ake contagion f h] sable w+s20 ! obvi\s rem9isc5ce ( ,dante1 ,inf41 #dd seqq4 9 /anza #dd2 ( ,%akespe>e's ,romeo & ,juliet1 v4 #c1 :i* =ms ! prop] comm5t>y on l9es #g & #h ( /anza #c2 ( none ( ^! is any notice tak54 ,on _m important po9ts ( int]pretation we diff] toto clo f ,mr4 ,rossetti4 ,! 8fad+ spl5d\r10 = example1 9 /anza #bb1 _c possibly mean 8fad+ z be+ ov]ca/ by sorr[ & dismay0 7cf4 /anza #be71 x simply means vani%+1 rec$+ f sight--a magnific5tly graphic epi!t4 ,is ,mr4 ,rossetti acqua9t$ ) ! proleptic use ( adjectives & p>ticiples8 ,we may add t ,mr4 ,rossetti has n ev5 tak5 ! tr\ble to asc]ta9 :o 0 ! writ] ( ! fam\s article1 ( :i* s mu* is said bo? 9 ! preface ( ! poem & 9 ! poem itself1 b 8presumes10 etc4 ,et sic omnia4 ,& sic omnia x w inevitably cont9ue to be1 until ! ,univ]sities are prep>$ to d _! duty to education by plac+ ! /udy ( our national ,lit]ature on a prop] foot+4 ,x is1 we repeat1 no reproa* to ,mr4 ,rossetti1 :o has di/+ui%$ himself 9 m important /udies ?an ! production ( s*ola/ic text-books1 t he %\ld h fail$ 9 an und]tak+ :i* happ5$ to require peculi> qualifications4 ,inde$1 our respect = ,mr4 ,rossetti & our s5se ( 8 useful s]vices to ,belles ,lettres w\ld h induc$ u to sp>e him ! annoyance ( an exposure ( ! defici5cies ( ?is "w1 _h x n illu/rat$1 s compreh5sively & s /rik+ly1 ! disa/r\s effects ( ! sev]ance ( ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature f t ( ,anci5t ,classical ,lit]ature at our ,univ]sities4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sities#aj ,,iii4 ,,text ,,books ,footnote #aj3 ,%akespe>e--,select ,plays4 ,hamlet1 ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k 7,ox=d3 at ! ,cl>5don ,press4 ,,mdcccxc47 ,m ?an a c5tury & a half has pass$ s9ce ,pope ?us express$ himself ab\t philologi/s1-- 8#8,tis true on words is /ill our :ole debate1 ,dispute ( ,me or ,te1 ( aut or at1 ,to s\nd or s9k 9 ,cano ,o or ,a1 ,to give up ,cic]o or ,c or ,k2 ,! critic eye1 t microscope ( wit1 ,sees hairs & pores1 exam9es bit by bit2 ,h[ p>ts relate to p>ts or !y to :ole1 ,! body's h>mony1 ! beam+ s\l1 ,are ?+s :i* ,ku/]1 ,burmann1 ,wasse %all see1 ,:5 man's :ole frame is obvi\s to a ,flea40 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t we h f> too mu* respect = ,dr4 ,aldis ,wright & = 8 di/+ui%$ coadjutor to apply su* a description z ?is to !m z individuals1 = no "o c appreciate m he>tily ?an we d _! monum5tal contribution to ! textual criticism ( ,%akespe>e1 b we c make no su* res]ve 9 speak+ ( ?is edition ( ,hamlet4 ,a m deplorable illu/ration1 we d n say ( ! subjection ( ,lit]ature to ,philology1 = t w\ld v imp]fectly repres5t ! fact1 b ( ! absolute sub/itution ( ,philology1 & ( ,philology 9 ! l[e/ s5se ( ! t]m1 = ,lit]ature x w\ld be impossible to imag9e4 ,_h x be5 expressly design$ to prove t its editors 7 :olly unconsci\s ( ! arti/ic1 lit]>y1 & philosophical significance ( ,%akespe>e's ma/]piece1 x c\ld sc>cely h tak5 a m appropriate =m4 ,! volume conta9s #aag pages ( ,%akespe>e's text1 pr9t$ 9 l>ge type2 ! text is prec$$ by a preface ( twelve pages1 & foll[$ by notes occupy+ no less ?an #aba pages 9 v small type2 s t ! "w ( ! poet /&s 9 pretty mu* ! same relation to t ( 8 comm5tators z ,fal/aff's bread /ood to 8 sack4 ,9 ! case ( a play l ,hamlet1 s subtle1 s sugge/ive1 s pregnant ) critical & philosophical problems ( all k9ds1 comm5t>y on a scale l ?is might h be5 q appropriate4 ,b 9 ?is /up5d\s mass ( exegesis & illu/ration !re is1 ) ! exception ( "o %ort passage1 lit]ally n a l9e ab\t ! play z a "w ( art1 n a l9e ab\t its /ructure & ar*itecture1 ab\t its /yle1 ab\t its relations to /hetic1 ab\t its metaphysic1 its e?ic1 ab\t ! "* ( ,hamlet1 or ab\t ! "* ( any o!r p]son :o figures 9 ! drama4 ,! only indication t x is reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an z af=d+ mat]ial = philological & antiqu>ian discussion is a %ort quotation1 huddl$ 9 at ! conclusion ( ! preface1 f ,goe!'s ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 & an intimation t 8,hamlet's madness has =m$ ! subject ( special inve/igation by sev]al writ]s1 among o!rs by ,dr4 ,conolly & ,sir ,edw>d ,/ra*ey40 ,a m compreh5sive illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! indictm5t br\ght aga9/ philologi/s by ,voltaire1 ,pope1 ,less+1 & ,sa9te-,beuve ?an is suppli$ by ! notes 9 ?is volume x w\ld be difficult to f9d4 ,dulness1 ( c\rse1 may be assum$1 & ( m]e dulness we d n compla92 b a comb9ation ( prolixity1 irrelevance1 & absolute incapacity to di/+ui% betwe5 :at to n9ety-n9e p]sons 9 e hundr$ mu/ be purely useless & :at to n9ety-n9e p]sons 9 e hundr$ is ! in=mation :i* !y expect f a comm5tator1 is intol]able4 ,we w give a few illu/rations4 ,a pla9 man or a /ud5t = exam9ation comes to ^! l9es3-- 8#8,tis ! sport to h ! eng9] ,hoi/ ) 8 own pet>20 &1 ?\gh he kn[s :at ! g5]al s5se is wi%es to "k exactly :at ,%akespe>e means4 ,he turns to ! note = enlight5m5t1 & ! enlight5m5t he gets is ?is3-- 8,eng9]4 ,*ang$ 9 ! qu>to ( #afgf to ! m mod]n =m ( eng9e]4 ,comp>e ,troilus & ,cressida ii4 #c4 #h1 8,!n !re's ,a*illes a r>e eng9]40 ,= a cognate =m mut9] see note on iii4 #d4 #hc4 ,s we h pion] = pione] ,o!llo iii4 #c4 #cdf4 ,hoi/ may be ! p>ticiple ei!r ( ! v]b #8hoise' or #8hoi/4' ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be ! common abbreviat$ =m = ! p>ticiples ( v]bs end+ 9 a d5tal4 ,pet>4 ,s spelt 9 ! qu>tos1 & by all editors to ,johnson1 :o writes #8pet>ds4' ,9 ,cotgrave we h #8,pet>t3 a ,pet>d or ,pet>re2 an ,eng9e 7made l a bell or mort]7 :]e) /rong gates1' etc40-- ,& s ! hungry %eep looks up & is n f$4 ,aga91 he f9ds-- 8,he smote ! sl$d$ ,polacks on ! ice10 turns to ! note1 & reads3-- 8,polacks4 ,! qu>tos h #8pollax1' ! two e>lie/ folios read #8,pollax1' ! ?ird #8,polax1' ! f\r? #8,poleaxe4' ,pope read #8,polack' & ,malone #8,polacks4' ,! ^w occurs f\r times 9 ,hamlet4 ,= #8! sl$d$ ,polacks' ,molke reads #88 lead$ pole-axe4' ,b ?is w\ld be an anticlimax1 & ! poet1 hav+ m5tion$ #8,norway' 9 ! fir/ clause1 w\ld c]ta9ly h told u ) :om ! #8p>le' 0 held40 ,! poet ,"y not$ h[ 8,comm5tators ea* d>k passage %un1 ,& hold _! f>?+ c&les to ! sun40 ,! ,cl>5don ,press editors are c]ta9ly adepts 9 ^! accompli%m5ts4 ,take "o out ( a myriad illu/rations4 ,! l9e 9 ,act i4 sc4 #b1 8,! dead va/ & middle ( ! night10 is ! signal = a note ext5d+ to twelve closely pr9t$ l9es4 8',tis bitt] cold1 & ,i am sick at he>t10 says ,francisco4 ,if any note 7 ne$$ "h1 x might h be5 devot$ to po9t+ out to tiros ! f9e subjective t\*4 ,! note is ?is3-- 8,bitt] cold4 ,"h bitt] is us$ adv]bially to qualify ! adjective #8cold4' ,s we h #8d>+ h>dy' 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 i4 #c4 #dc4 ,:5 ! comb9ation is likely to be misund]/ood1 mod]n editors g5]ally put a hyph5 betwe5 ! two words4 ,sick at he>t4 ,s ,macbe? v4 #c4 #ai1 #8,i am sick at he>t4' ,we h also 9 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/ ii4 #a4 #ahe1 #8sick at ! he>t1' & ,romeo & ,juliet iii4 #c4 #gb1 #8he>t-sick groans4'0 ,n[ let u see h[ ! poor /ud5t f>es :5 real difficulties occur4 ,e read] ( ,%akespe>e is famili> ) ! corrupt passage1 ,act iv4 sc4 #a3-- 8,! dram ( eale ,do? all ! noble sub/ance ( wor? out ,to 8 own sc&al-- a passage :i*1 z all ,%akespe>ian s*ol>s "k1 has be5 satisfactorily em5d$ & expla9$4 ,we turn to ! notes = guidance1 & f9d ourselves treat$ z poor ,mrs4 ,quickly 0 treat$ by ,fal/aff1 8fubb$ (f0--?us3-- 8,we leave ?is hopelessly corrupt passage z x /&s 9 ! two e>lie/ qu>tos4 ,! o!rs read #8ease' = #8eale1' & mod]n writ]s h conjectur$ = ! same ^w base1 ill1 bale1 ale1 evil1 ail1 vile1 lead4 ,= #8( a d\bt' x has be5 propos$ to sub/itute #8( wor? out1' #8s\l ) d\bt1' #8(t adopt1' #8(t "w out1' #8( good out1' #8( wor? d\t1' #8(t5 d\t1' #8(t5 d\bt1' #8(t ad\bt1' #8(t delase1' #8ov]-cl\d1' #8( a p\nd1' & o!rs40 ,?is1 x may be add$1 is ! sort ( /uff--incr$ibile dictu--t our *ildr5 h to get by he>t2 = ?is ,press1 be x rememb]$1 practically controls half ! ,engli% ,lit]ature exam9ations 9 ,engl&4 ,z /ud5ts "k q well t n9e exam9]s out ( t5 w set _! que/ions f 8! ,cl>5don ,press notes10 x is ) 8! ,cl>5don ,press notes0 t !y are oblig$ to cram !mselves4 ,b to cont9ue4 ,ev5 a well-read man might be excus$ = n kn[+ ! exact mean+ ( ! foll[+ expression3-- 8,!y clepe u drunk>ds1 & ) sw9i% phrase ,soil our addition40 ,he turns to ! notes1 & hav+ be5 briefly in=m$ t clepe means 8call10 & addition 8title10 is left to fl\nd] ) :at he c get out (--8,c\ld ,%akespe>e h _h 9 8 m9d any pun ^u #8,sweyn1' :i* 0 a common "n ( ! k+s ( ,d5m>k80 ,ano!r lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us philologi/1 we mean ! prepo/]\s importance atta*$ by !m to ! smalle/ trifles1 f9ds ludicr\s illu/ration 9 ! foll[+ note3-- 8,my fa!r1 9 8 habit1 z he liv$60 exclaims ,hamlet to 8 "m4 ,?is is ! signal =3-- 8,!re is suppos$ to be a difficulty 9 ^! words1 because 9 ! e>li] sc5es ! ,gho/ is 9 8 arm\r1 to :i* ! ^w #8habit' is reg>d$ z inappropriate4 ,9 ! e>li] =m ( ! play1 z x appe>s 9 ! qu>to ( #afjc1 ! ,gho/ ent]s #89 8 nightg[ne1' & z ! words #89 ! habit z he liv$' occur 9 ! correspond+ passage ( t edition1 x is probable t on ?is occasion ! ,gho/ appe>$ 9 ! ord9>y dress ( ! k+1 al?\gh ?is is n indicat$ 9 ! /age directions ( ! o!r qu>tos or ( ! folios40 ,z a possible solution ( ?is grave difficulty1 we w\ld sugge/ t1 z ! ,gho/ 0 und\bt$ly 9 a v hot place1 he might h f\nd 8 nightg[n less oppressive ?an 8 arm\r1 & ?\gh x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 m decor\s to h ex*ang$ 8 nightg[n = 8 uni=m on revisit+ ! e>?1 yet1 z ! visit 0 to 8 wife1 he ?\ght p]haps less s]i\sly ab\t 8 app>el ?an our editors h done4 ,we h no?+ to w>rant u 9 assum+ t he 0 9 8 8ord9>y dress40 ,! *oice mu/ lie betwe5 ! nightg[n & ! arm\r4 ,b a truce to je/+4 ,if any "o w\ld und]/& ! opacity & call\sness :i* philological /udy induces1 we w\ld ref] !m to ! note on ,hamlet's la/ sublime words1 8,! re/ is sil5ce03-- 8,! qu>tos h #8,:i* h solicit$1 ! re/ is sil5ce4' ,! folios1 #8,:i* h solicit$4 ,! re/ is sil5ce4' #8,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,o4 ,dyes4' ,if ,hamlet's spee* is int]rupt$ by 8 dea? x w\ld be m natural t ! words #8,! re/ is sil5ce' %\ld be spok5 by ,horatio40 ,we said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article t !re 0 n a ^w ( comm5t>y on ! poetical m]its ( ! play4 ,we beg ! editors' p>don4 ,!y h 9 "o note1 & 9 "o note only1 v5tur$ on an expression ( critical op9ion4 ,we all "k ! l9es-- 8,!re is a will[ gr[s aslant a brook ,t %[s 8 ho> leaves 9 ! glassy /ream10 etc41 etc4 ,we transcribe ! note on ?is passage t x may be a sign to all m5 ( :at ,philology is able to effect1 an om5 & te/imony ( :at mu/ inevitably be ! fate ( ,lit]ature if ! direction & regulation ( its /udy be entru/$ to philologi/s3-- 8,?is spee* ( ! ,que5 is c]ta9ly unwor?y ( its au?or & ( ! occasion4 ,! enum]ation ( plants is q z unsuitable to s tragical a sc5e z ! description ( ,dov] cliff 9 ,k+ ,le> iv4 #f4 #aa-bd4 ,besides !re 0 no "o by to witness ! dea? ( ,ophelia1 else %e w\ld h be5 rescu$40 ,z ?is begg>s comm5t>y1 transcription %all suffice4 ,n[ we w\ld ask any s5sible p]son :o has foll[$ u1 we d n say 9 our own rem>ks--= !y may be suppos$ to be ! expression ( biass$ op9ion--b 9 ! specim5s we h giv5 ( su* an edition z ?is ( ,hamlet1 & ( su* an edition z we h j review$ ( ,adonais1 :at is likely to be ! fate ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 z a subject ( tea*+1 s long z our ,univ]sities ignore _! responsibilities z ! c5tres ( culture by n only c\nt5anc+1 b assi/+ 9 ! production & dissem9ation ( su* publications z ^!8 ,h[ c we expect any?+ b an>*y :]ev] ! subject is treat$8--!re an extreme ( flaccid dilettantism1 "h an extreme ( philological p$antry4 ,conceive ! tone & temp] :i*1 especially at ! impressionable age ( ! /ud5ts = :om ! book is int5d$1 ! /udy ( ,%akespe>e1 "u su* guides z ! editors ( ?is ,hamlet1 w\ld be likely to induce4 ,is x n mon/r\s t "y /ud5ts betwe5 ! ages ( ab\t fifte5 & eighte5 %\ld h su* text books z ^! inflict$ on !m8 ,! radical fault ( ^? :o regulate education 9 our ,univ]sities & else:]e1 & prescribe our s*oolbooks1 is _! deplorable want ( judgm5t4 ,!y seem to be utt]ly incapable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is prop] = pure speciali/s & :at is prop] = ord9>y /ud5ts4 ,!re is n a page 9 ?is edition :i* does n proclaim al\d1 t x c\ld nev] h be5 int5d$ = ! purposes to :i* x has be5 appli$1 t x is ! "w ( te*nical s*ol>s1 conc]n$ only 9 textual & philological criticism & exegesis1 & appeal+ only to ^? :o approa* ! /udy ( ,%akespe>e 9 ! same _s & f ! same po9t ( view4 ,any?+ m sick5+ & depress+1 any?+ m calculat$ to make ! "n ( ,%akespe>e an abom9ation to ! y\? ( ,engl& x w\ld be impossible = man to devise4 ,x is %ameful to prescribe su* books = /udy 9 our ,s*ools & ,educational ,in/itutes4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides ,i4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,by ,george ,sa9tsbury1 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric & ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is ,%ort ,hi/ory is evid5tly design$ = ! use ( s]i\s read]s1 = ! ord9>y read] :o w naturally look to x = g5]al in/ruction & guidance 9 ! /udy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 & to :om x w s]ve z a book ( ref]5ce2 = /ud5ts 9 s*ools & colleges1 to _m ( :om x w1 9 all likelihood1 be prescrib$ z a textbook2 = tea*]s engag$ 9 lectur+ & 9 prep>+ pupils = exam9ation4 ,( all ^! read]s !re w n be "o 9 a hundr$ :o w n be oblig$ to take its /atem5ts on tru/1 to assume t its facts are correct1 t its g5]alizations are s\nd1 t its criticisms & critical !ories are at any rate n absurd4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 a writ] :o _h any pret5sion to consci5ti\sness w\ld d 8 utmo/ to avoid all su* errors z ord9>y dilig5ce c\ld easily prev5t1 t he w\ld gu>d scrupul\sly aga9/ r&om ass]tions & reckless mis/atem5ts1 t he w\ld1 9 o!r words1 sp>e no pa9s to des]ve ! confid5ce plac$ 9 him by ^? :o are n qualifi$ to *eck 8 /atem5ts or "q 8 dogmas1 & :o naturally suppose t ! po/ :i* he occupies is a suffici5t gu>antee ( ! s\ndness & accuracy ( 8 "w4 ,b s f> f ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury hav+ any s5se ( :at is due to 8 position & to 8 read]s1 he has import$ into 8 "w ! wor/ *>act]i/ics ( irresponsible j\rnalism3 g5]alizations1 ! sole supports ( :i* are audaci\s ass]tions1 & an indiff]5ce to exactness & accuracy1 z well ) respect to important matt]s z 9 trifles1 s sc&al\s z to be almo/ incr$ible4 ,sir ,?omas ,m said ( ,tyndale's v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t to seek = errors 9 x 0 to look = drops ( wat] 9 ! sea4 ,:at 0 said v unfairly ( ,tyndale's "w may be said ) lit]al tru? ( ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's4 ,! utmo/ ext5t ( ! space at our disposal w only suffice = a few illu/rations4 ,we w select ^? :i* appe> to u mo/ typical4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature ! ,pr(essor fav\rs u ) ! a/\nd+ /atem5t1 t 9 ,anglo-,saxon poetry 8!re is practically no lyric40#ab ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t n only does ,anglo-,saxon poetry ab\nd 9 lyrics1 b t x is 9 its lyrical note t its *ief p[] & *>m consi/s4 ,9 ! ?r5ody ( ! ,ru91 & ! ,grave1 9 ! s5tim5tal pa?os ( ! ,seaf>]1 ( ,deor's ,compla9t1 & ( ! rem>kable fragm5t describ+ ! husb&'s p9+ = 8 wife1 9 ! fi]y passion ( ! ?ree great w>-songs1 9 ! gl[+ subjective int5sity ( ! ,judi?1 9 ! religi\s ec/asy ( ! ,holy ,rood & ( innum]able passages 9 ! o!r poems attribut$ to ,cynewulf1 & ( ! poem attribut$ to ,cdmon1 deep] & m pi]c+ lyric notes h nev] be5 /ruck4 ,take su* a passage z ! foll[+ f ! ,satan1 typical1 x may be add$1 ( scores ( o!rs3-- 8,o ?\ glory ( ! ,"l6 ,gu>dian ( ,heav5's ho/s1 ,o ?\ might ( ! ,creator6 ,o ?\ mid-circle6 ,o ?\ bright day ( spl5d\r6 ,o ?\ jubilee ( ,god6 ,o ye ho/s ( angels6 ,o ?\ highe/ heav56 ,o t ,i am %ut f ! ev]la/+ jubilee1 ,t ,i _c rea* my h&s aga9 to ,heav51 444 ,nor he> ) my e>s ev] aga9 ,! cle>-r++ h>mony ( ! heav5ly trumpets40#ac ,& ?is is a poetry :i* has 8practically no lyric06 ,on page #b ! ,pr(essor tells u t !re is no rhyme 9 ,anglo-,saxon poetry2 on page #ah we f9d him giv+ an acc\nt ( ! rhym+ poem 9 ! ,exet] ,book4 ,( ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's me?od ( deal+ ) p>ticul> works & p>ticul> au?ors1 "o or two examples mu/ suffice4 ,he tells u on page #abe t ! h]o9es 9 ,*auc]'s ,leg5d ( ,good ,wom5 are 8! mo/ hapless & blameless ( ,ovid's ,h]oides40 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at connexion ,cleopatra1 ^: /ory comes fir/1 has ) ,ovid's ,h]oides1 or if ! t]m 8,h]oides0 be1 z x appe>s to be1 7= x is pr9t$ 9 italics7 ! title ( ,ovid's ,h]oic ,epi/les1 :at connexion f\r out ( ! t5 h ) ,ovid's "w4 ,9 any case ! /atem5t is p>tly errone\s & :olly mislead+4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,scot* poets1 ! ,pr(essor1 speak+ ( ,d\glas' translation ( ! neid1 says1 he 8does n embroid] on 8 text40 ,?is is an excell5t illu/ration ( ! confid5ce :i* may be plac$ 9 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's ass]tions ab\t works on :i* mo/ ( 8 read]s mu/ take :at he says on tru/4 ,d\glas is cont9ually 8embroid]+ on 8 text10 inde$1 he habitually does s4 ,we op5 8 translation purely at r&om2 we f9d him turn+ neid ,,ii4 #dif-dii3-- 8,non sic1 agg]ibus ruptis cum spumeus amnis ,exiit1 oppositasque evicit gurgite moles1 ,f]tur 9 arva fur5s cumulo1 camposque p] omnes ,cum /abulis arm5ta trahit40 8,n sa f]sly ! fomy riv] or flude ,brekkis ov] ! bankis on spait quh5 x is wode4 ,& ) 8 brus* & f>d ( wat] br[n ,! dykys & ! s*orys betis d[n1 ,ourspr$d& cr(tis & flattis wy? hys spate ,our all ! feyldis t !y may r[ ane bate ,quhill h\ssis & ! flokkis flittis away1 ,! corne grangis & /&>d /akkys ( hay40 ,we op5 neid ,,ix4 #b3-- 8,irim de clo misit ,saturnia ,juno ,audacem ad ,turnum4 ,luco tum =te p>5tis ,pilumni ,turnus sacrat valle s$ebat4 ,ad quem sic roseo ,?aumantias ore locuta e/40 ,we f9d x turn$3-- 8,juno t ly/ n blyn ,( hir auld malyce & iniquyte1 ,hir madyn ,iris f hev9 s5dys s*e ,to ! bald ,turnus malap>t & /\t2 ,quhilk = ! tyme 0 wy? al 8 r\t ,amyd ane vale wonnd] lovn & law1 ,sytt& at eys )9 ! hall[it s*aw ,( ,god ,pilumnus 8 prog5itor4 ,?amantis do*t] knelys him be=e1 ,i meyn ,iris ?ys ilk =namyt maide1 ,& ) hir rosy lippis ?us him said40 ,we turn to ! end ( ! t5? neid & we f9d him introduc+ six l9es :i* h no?+ to correspond ) !m 9 ! orig9al4 ,& ?is is a translator :o 8does n embroid] on 8 text06 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury has criticis$ & comm5t$ on a "w :i* he c\ld nev] h inspect$4 ,! same ignorance is display$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,lydgate4 ,he is pron\nc$ to be a v]sifi] r ?an a poet1 8 v]se is describ$ z 8sprawl+ & /agg]+40 ,! tru? is t ,lydgate's /yle & v]se are (t5 ( exquisite beauty1 t he 0 a poet ( f9e g5ius1 t 8 descriptions ( nature almo/ rival ,*auc]'s1 t 8 p[]s ( pa?os are ( a high ord]1 t1 at 8 be/1 he is "o ( ! mo/ musical ( poets4 ,we h n space to illu/rate :at mu/ be obvi\s to any "o :o has n gone to encyclopdias & h&books = 8 k ( ?is poet's writ+s1 b :o is acqua9t$ ) ! orig9al4 ,x w n be disput$ t ,gray & ,w>ton 7 compet5t judges ( ^! matt]s1 & _! v]dict mu/ be sub/itut$ = :at we h n space to prove & illu/rate4 8,i d n pret5d10 ,gray says1 8to set ,lydgate on a level ) 8 ma/] ,*auc]1 b he c]ta9ly comes ! ne>e/ to him ( any contempor>y writ] t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,8 *oice ( expression & ! smoo?ness ( 8 v]se f> surpass bo? ,g[] & ,occleve40 ,( "o passage 9 ,lydgate1 ,gray has obs]v$ t 8x has t\*$ ! v he>t /r+s ( compassion ) s ma/]ly a h& z to m]it a place among ! greate/ poets40#ad ,w>ton also notices 8 8p]spicu\s & musical numb]s10 & 8! h>mony1 /r5g?1 & dignity0 ( 8 v]ses4#ae ,turn :]e we w we are confront$ ) blund]s4 ,take ! acc\nt giv5 ( ,%akespe>e4 ,he began 8 metre1 we are told1 ) ! lumb]+ 8f\rte5]s40 ,he did1 s f> z is kn[n1 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,aga93 8,x is only by guesses t any?+ is dat$ be=e ! ,com$y ( ,errors at ! extreme end ( #aeid40 ,9 answ] to ?is x may be suffici5t to say t ,v5us & ,adonis 0 publi%$ 9 #aeic1 t ! fir/ "p ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 0 act$ on #crd ,m>*1 #aeib1 t ,titus ,&ronicus 0 act$ on #be? ,janu>y1 #aeid1 & t ,lucrece 0 ent]$ on ! ,/ation]s' books #i? ,may1 #aeid4 ,?is is on a p> ) ! ass]tion1 on page #cae1 t ,%akespe>e 0 traditionally born on #bd? ,april6 ,on page #cbj we are told t ,measure = ,measure belongs to ! fir/ gr\p ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 to ! s]ies beg9n+ ) ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/ & culm9at+ ) ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,x is only fair to say t ! ,pr(essor places a note ( int]rogation aft] x 9 a bracket1 b t x %\ld h be5 plac$ !re1 ev5 t5tatively1 %[s an ignorance ( ! v rudim5ts ( ,%akespe>ian criticism :i* is no?+ %ort ( a/\nd+4 ,take1 aga91 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ,burke4 ,our read]s w probably ?9k u je/+ :5 we tell !m t ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury gravely in=ms u t ,burke support$ ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,is ! ,pr(essor unacqua9t$ ) ! two f9e/ spee*es :i* h ev] be5 deliv]$ 9 any language s9ce ,cic]o8 ,c he possibly be ignorant t ,burke1 s f> f support+ t revolution1 did all 9 8 p[] to prev5t x8 ,! :ole acc\nt ( ,burke1 x may be add$1 teems ) inaccuracies4 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution 0 n br\ght ab\t "u a ,tory adm9i/ration4 ,:at br\ght t revolution ab\t 0 ,*>les ,t[n%5d's tax1 & t tax 0 impos$ "u a ,:ig adm9i/ration1 z e well-in=m$ ,bo>d-s*ool lad w\ld "k4 ,burke did n lose 8 seat at ,bri/ol ow+ to 8 support ( ,roman ,ca?olic claims4 ,if ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury _h turn$ to "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,burke's m9or spee*es--! spee* address$ to ! electors ( ,bri/ol--he w\ld h se5 t ,burke's support ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic claims 0 only "o1 & t n ! mo/ important1 ( ! causes :i* co/ him 8 seat4 ,simil> ignorance is display$ 9 ! rem>k 7p4 #fbi7 t 8,burke jo9$1 & inde$ head$1 ! crusade aga9/ ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 9 #aghh40 ,! prosecution ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 0 und]tak5 on ,burke's sole initiative1 n 9 #aghh1 b 9 #aghe4 ,a few l9es onw>ds we are told t ! s]ies ( ,burke's writ+s on ! ,fr5* ,revolution 8began ) ! ,reflections 9 #agij1 & 0 cont9u$ 9 ! ,lett] to a ,noble ,"l1 #agij40 ,a ,lett] to a ,noble ,"l _h no?+ to d ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 except collat]ally z x affect$ ,burke's public conduct1 & appe>$1 n 9 #agij1 b 9 #agie4 ,x seems impossible to op5 ?is book any:]e )\t alight+ on "s blund]1 or on "s inaccuracy4 ,speak+ 7p4 #bgg7 ( ,will\ghby's well-kn[n ,avisa1 ! ,pr(essor obs]ves t no?+ is kn[n ( ,will\ghby or ( ,avisa4 ,if ! ,pr(essor _h kn[n any?+ ab\t ! "w1 he w\ld h kn[n t ,avisa is simply an anagram made up ( ! initial lett]s ( ,amans1 vxor1 inviolata semp] am&a1 & t no?+ is kn[n ( ,avisa = ! simple reason t no?+ is kn[n ( ! site ( ,m's ,utopia4 ,on page #cfj we are told t ,ph9eas ,flet*]'s ,piscatory ,eclogues1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 conf\nd$ ) 8 ,sicelides1 are a masque2 on page #fbd1 b ?is is p]haps a pr9t]'s error1 t ,rob]tson wrote a hi/ory ( ,*>les ,i4 ,on page #dhb1 ,john ,pomfret1 ! au?or ( "o ( ! mo/ popul> poems ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is call$ ,?omas4 ,on page #eej1 ,pope's ,moral ,essays are describ$ z ,an ,epi/le to ,"l ,burl+ton1 presumably because ! la/ ( !m1 ! f\r?1 is address$ to t nobleman4 ,on page #ehg we are told t ,mickle di$ 9 ,london3 he di$ at ,=e/ ,hill1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,on page #eef we are in=m$ t ,prior 0 "p au?or ( a p>ody ( ! 8,h9d & ,pan!r10 & t he 0 8imprison$ = "s ye>s40 ,! "w ref]r$ to is wrongly describ$1 z x only conta9$ p>odies ( c]ta9 passages 9 ,dryd5's poem1 & he 0 9 conf9em5t less ?an two ye>s4 ,on page #ceh1 ,brutus1 ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ,brita91 is actually describ$ z ! son ( neas4 ,if ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury 7 z famili> z he affects to be ) ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ) ,layamon & ) ! e>ly metrical romances1 he w\ld h kn[n t ,brutus is fabl$ to h be5 ! son ( ,sylvius1 ! son ( ,ascanius1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great-gr&son ( neas4 ,_m ( ! ,pr(essor's critical rem>ks c only be expla9$ on ! supposition t he assumes t 8 read]s w n take ! tr\ble to v]ify 8 ref]5ces or "q 8 dogmas4 ,we w give "o or two in/ances4 ,on page #dfh1 speak+ ( sev5te5?-c5tury prose1 he says1 ) ref]5ce to ,milton3 8,! close ( ! ,apology itself is a v little1 ?\gh only a v little1 inf]ior to ! ,hydriotaphia40 ,by ! ,apology he c only mean ! ,apology = ,smectymnuus1 = ! def5ce ( ! ,engli% p is 9 ,lat94 ,n[1 w our read]s cr$it t "o ( ! flatte/1 clumsie/ & mo/ commonplace passages 9 ,milton's prose writ+s1 z any "o may see :o turns to x1 is pron\nc$ 8only a little inf]ior0 to "o ( ! mo/ maje/ically eloqu5t passages 9 our prose lit]ature4 ,t our read]s may "k :at ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's notions ( eloqu5ce are1 we w transcribe ! passage3 8,?us ye h he>d1 read]s1 h[ _m %ifts & wiles ! prelates h inv5t$ to save _! ill-got booty4 ,& if x be true1 z 9 ,scripture x is =etold1 t pride & covet\sness are ! sure m>ks ( ^? false prophets :i* are to come1 !n boldly conclude ^! to be z great s$uc]s z any ( ! latt] times4 ,= betwe5 ?is & ! judgm5t day d n look = any ar* deceiv]s :o1 9 spite ( re=mation1 w use m craft or less %ame to def5d _! love ( ! _w & _! ambition ?an ^! prelates h done4 ,& if ye ?9k t s\ndness ( reason or :at =ce ( argum5t s ev] %all br+ !m to an +5u\s sil5ce1 ye ?9k t :i* %all nev] be4 ,b if ye take t c\rse :i* ,erasmus 0 wont to say ,lu!r took aga9/ ! pope & monks3 if ye d5\nce w> aga9/ _! ri*es & _! bellies1 ye %all soon disc]n t turban ( pride :i* !y we> ^u _! heads to be no helmet ( salvation1 b ! m]e metal & hornwork ( papal jurisdiction2 & t !y h also ?is gift1 l a c]ta9 k9d ( "s t are possess$1 to h _! voice 9 _! bellies1 :i*1 be+ well dra9$ & tak5 d[n1 _! great oracle1 :i* is only !re1 w soon be dumb1 & ! div9e "r ( episcopacy =?) expir+ w put u no m to tr\ble ) t$i\s antiquities & disputes40 ,& ?is is 8a v little1 only a v little1 inf]ior10 to ! 8,hydriotaphia06 ,on page #feb1 ,swift's /yle1 t p]fection ( simple1 unadorn$ s]mo p$e/ris--is describ$ z m>k$ by 8volcanic magnific5ce40 ,on page #cjj ,hook] is describ$ z 8hav+ an unnecess>y fe> ( vivid & v]nacul> expression40 ,vivid & v]nacul> expression is1 next to its /atel9ess1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,hook]'s /yle4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at is meant by ! rem>k on page #dde t ,b>r['s /yle is 8less sev]e ?an ,s\?'s40 ,ano!r example ( ! same ?+ is ! ass]tion on page #eag t ,joseph ,glanville is "o ( 8! *ief expon5ts ( ! gorge\s /yle 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury40 ,v #8gorge\s' ! /yle ( ! ,vanity ( ,dogmatiz+1 ( its lat] edition ! ,scepsis ,sci5tifica1 ( ! ,sadducismus ,triumphatus1 ( ! ,lux ,ori5talis1 & ( ! ,essays6 ,inde$1 ! ,pr(essor's critical dicta are z amaz+ z 8 facts4 ,we h only space = "o or two samples4 ,c[ley's ,anacreontics are 8n v f> bel[ ,milton0767 ,dr4 ,donne 0 8! mo/ gift$ man ( lett]s next to ,%akespe>e40 ,:]e ,bacon1 :]e ,b5 ,jonson1 :]e ,milton are to /& is n indicat$4 ,ak5side's /ilt$ & frigid ,odes 8fall n s f> %ort ( ,coll9s40 ,we wond] :at ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's crit]ion ( poetry c be4 ,b we =get1 ) t crit]ion he has furni%$ u4 ,on page #gcb1 speak+ ( 8a /ory ab\t a he>] :o knew no ,engli%1 b knew ,t5nyson to be a poet by ! he>+10 he adds t 8! /ory is probable & valuable1 or r invaluable1 = x po9ts to ! be/ if n ! only crit]ion ( poetry40 ,& ?is is a critic6 ,we w\ld exhort ! ,pr(essor to pond] well ,pope's l9es3 8,b mo/ by numb]s judge a poet's song1 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! bright muse1 ?o' ?\s& *>ms conspire1 ,h] voice is all ^! tuneful fools admire1 ,:o haunt ,p>nassus b to please _! e>40 ,on page #gcd we are told ,br[n+'s ,james ,lee--! ,pr(essor probably means ,james ,lee's ,wife--is among/ 8! greate/ poems ( ! c5tury40 ,on ,wordswor?'s l9e1 judg$ n 9 relation to its context1 b z a s+le v]se--8,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+0--we h ! foll[+ z comm5t>y3 8,ev5 ,%akespe>e1 ev5 ,%elley h little m ( ! e*o+ detonation1 ! auroral light ( true poetry02 v 8e*o+10 v 8detonat+0--! rhy?m ( 8,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+40 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's notions ( :at con/itutes detonation & auroral light 9 poetry appe> to resemble 8 notions ( :at con/itutes eloqu5ce 9 prose4 ,no?+1 we may add 9 pass+1 is m amus+ 9 ?is volume ?an ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's cool assumption ( equality z a critical au?ority ) su* a critic z ,mat!w ,arnold1 :om he sometimes patronises1 sometimes corrects1 & sometimes assails4 ,! ,pr(essor does n %[ to advantage on ^! occasions1 & he leaves u ) ! impression t if 8,mr4 ,arnold's criticism is piecemeal1 arbitr>y1 fanta/ic1 & insane10 ! criticism :i* appe>s1 :]e x is n m]e nons5se1 to take its t\*/ones1 its /&>ds1 & its canons f ^? ( ! av]age ,phili/9e is1 aft] all1 a v poor sub/itute4 ,b en\gh ( ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's 8criticism10 :i* is1 almo/ uni=mly1 z absurd 9 :at x praises z 9 :at x c5sures4 ,! /yle1 or1 to borr[ an expression f ,swift1 :at ! pov]ty ( our language compels u to call ! /yle1 9 :i* ?is book is writt51 is on a p> ) its criticism4 ,we w give a few examples4 8,x is a pro( ( ! greatness ( ,dryd5 t he knew ,milton = a poet2 x is a pro( ( ! smallness 7& mighty z he 0 on "s sides1 on o!rs he 0 v small7 ( ,milton t 7if he really did s7 he d5i$ poetry to ,dryd540#af 8,:at ! ,voyage & ,travaile really is1 is ?is--x is1 s f> z we "k1 & ev5 beyond our k 9 all probability & likelihood1 ! fir/ consid]able example ( prose 9 ,engli% deal+ nei!r ) ! beat5 track ( !ology & philosophy1 nor ) !1 ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 re/rict$ field ( hi/ory & home topography1 b expatiat+ freely on ungu>d$ pla9s & on untrodd5 hills1 sometimes dropp+ into actual prose romance & always treat+ its subject z ! poets _h treat$ !irs 9 ,brut & ,mort d',ar?ur1 9 ,troy-book & ,alex&reid1 z a m]e canvas on :i* to embroid] fl[]s ( fancy40#ag ,aga91 8,) ,anglo-,saxon hi/ory he deals slightly1 & despite 8 ard5t ,engli% patriotism--8 book op5s ) a vigor\s panegyric ( ,engl&1 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ext5d+ to ! pres5t day 7f :i* an an?ology ,de ,laudibus ,angli might be made7--he deals v h>%ly ) ,h>old ,godw9son40#ah 8,he _h a fit ( /iff ,odes 9 ! ,gray & ,coll9s mann]40 8,! ,h9d & ,pan!r 7! greate/ poem ev] writt5 9 ! tee? ( its subject704 8,8 volum9\s ,lat9 works h be5 tackl$ by a special ,wyclif ,society40 ,^! are a few ( ! gems 9 :i* e *apt] ab\nds4 ,( ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's indiff]5ce to exactness & accuracy 9 details & facts we ne$ g no fur!r = illu/rations ?an to 8 dates4 ,su* ?+s _c be reg>d$ z trifles 9 a book design$ to be a book ( ref]5ce4 ,we w give a few in/ances4 ,we are in=m$ on page #bch t ,as*am's ,s*oolma/] 0 publi%$ 9 #aefh2 x 0 publi%$1 z its title-page %[s1 9 #aegj4 ,hume's ,diss]tations 7 fir/ publi%$1 n 9 #agfb1 b 9 #ageg4 ,bale's flight to ,g]many 0 n 9 #aedg1 :5 su* a /ep w\ld h be5 unnecess>y1 b 9 #aedj4 ,pecock 01 we are told1 translat$ to ,*i*e/] 9 #aeej1 exactly n9ety ye>s aft] 8 dea?6 ,z if to p]plex ! read]s ( ?is book1 two s]ies ( dates are giv52 we h ! dates 9 ! n>rative & ! dates 9 ! index1 & no attempt is made to reconcile ! discrepancies4 ,accord+ly we f9d 9 ! n>rative t ,caxton 0 probably born 9 #adae--;9 ! index t he 0 born 9 #adbb2 9 ! n>rative t ,latim]1 ,fi%]1 ,gascoign & ,att]bury 7 born respectively 9 #adhi1 9 #adfe1 ab\t #aecg & 9 #afgb--;9 ! index t !y 7 born respectively 9 #adhe1 #adei1 #aebe & #affb2 9 ! n>rative ,gay 0 born 9 #afhh--;9 ! index he 0 born 9 #afhe4 ,9 ! n>rative ,coll9s dies 9 #agef1 & ,mrs4 ,br[n+ is born 9 #ahjf--;9 ! index ,coll9s dies 9 #agei1 & ,mrs4 ,br[n+ is born 9 #ahji4 ,! n>rative tells u t ,aubrey 0 born 9 #afbf1 & ,john ,dy] circa #afhh--;9 ! index t ,aubrey 0 born 9 #afbd & ,dy] circa #agjj4 ,9 ! index ,m>k ,pattison dies 9 #ahhd--;9 ! n>rative he dies 9 #ahhi4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury's eyes su* indiff]5ce to accuracy may be v5ial3 9 our op9ion x is no?+ less ?an sc&al\s4 ,x is assur$ly mo/ unfair to ^? :o w naturally expect to f9d 9 a book ( ref]5ce tru/wor?y in=mation4 ,we mu/ n[ conclude1 ?\gh we h v f> f exhau/$ ! li/ ( errors & mis/atem5ts1 ( absurdities 9 criticism & absurdities 9 !ory1 :i* we h not$4 ,bacon has obs]v$ t ! be/ "p ( beauty is t :i* a picture _c express4 ,x may be said1 ) equal tru?1 ( a bad book1 t :at is wor/ 9 x is precisely t :i* x is mo/ difficult to submit to tangible te/s4 ,9 o!r words1 x lies n s mu* 9 its errors & inaccuracies1 :i*1 aft] all1 may be m]e trifles & excresc5ces1 b x lies 9 its tone & col\r1 its flav\r1 its acc5t4 ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury appe>s to be con/itutionally incapable ( di/+ui%+ vulg>ity & co>s5ess f livel9ess & vig\r4 ,s f> f hav+ any pret5sion to ! f9] qualities ( ! critic1 he seems to take a boi/]\s pride 9 exhibit+ 8 grossness4 ,if our review ( ?is book %all seem unduly h>%1 we are sorry1 b a m exasp]at+ writ] ?an ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury1 ) 8 indiff]5ce to all t %\ld be de> to a s*ol>1 ! m+l$ co>s5ess1 triviality & dogmatism ( 8 tone1 ! audaci\s nons5se ( 8 g5]alisations1 & ! (f5sive vulg>ity ( 8 diction & /yle--a v well ( ,engli% defil$--we h nev] _h ! mis=tune to meet )4 ,turn :]e we w 9 ?is "w1 to ! op9ions express$ 9 x1 to ! s5tim5ts1 to ! v]dicts1 to ! /yle1 ! note is ! same1--! note ( ! ,das ,geme9e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ab3 ,page #cg4 ,footnote #ac3 ,e l driht5es rym6 e l dugua helm6 e l meotodes miht6 e l middane>d6 e l dg lehta6 e l drem godes6 e l engla ret6 e l uphe(on6 e l t ic eam ealles les c dremes1 t ic mid h&um ne mg he(on g]c ne mid egum ne mt up lcian ne hru mid erum ne sceal fre gehran re byrhte/an bman /efne4 --,satan4 edit4 ,gre91 #afd-agb4 ,footnote #ad3 ,"s ,rem>ks on ,lydgate4 ,gray1 ,ald9e ,ed4 v4 #bib-cba4 ,footnote #ae3 ,t ,lydgate's v]se %\ld occasionally be r\gh & halt+ is p>tly to be attribut$ to ! wret*$ /ate 9 :i* 8 text has come d[n to u f ! copyi/s1 & p>tly to ! arbitr>y way 9 :i* he v>ies ! acc5t4 ,8 h]oic c\plets 9 ! ,/orie ( ,!bes are c]ta9ly v unmusical4 ,= ! :ole "q ( 8 v]sification see ,dr4 ,s*ick1 ,introduction to 8 edition ( ,! ,temple ( ,glas1 pp4 liv4-lxiii41 & ,s*ipp]1 ,alt5glis*e ,metrik1 #dib-ejj4 ,b nei!r ( ^! s*ol>s does ju/ice to ! exquisite music ( 8 v]se at its be/4 ,footnote #af3 ,page #dgd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,page #aej4 ,footnote #ah3 ,page #fc4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides ,,ii4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,lit]ature#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,by ,edmund ,gosse4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w has pla9ly n pond]$ ! advice ( ,horace1 8,sumite mat]iam ve/ris1 qui scribitis1 quam viribus40 ,8 ambiti\s purpose is 8to give ! read]1 :e!r famili> ) books or n1 a feel+ ( ! evolution ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ! prim>y s5se ( ! t]m10 & he adds t 8to d ?is )\t relation to p>ticul> au?ors & p>ticul> works seems to me impossible40 ,?is may be conc$$2 =1 a feel+ ( ! evolution ( ,engli% or ( any o!r lit]ature1 )\t ref]5ce to p>ticul> au?ors & p>ticul> books1 w\ld be analog\s to ! capacity = feel+ )\t any?+ to feel4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ^? ( ,mr4 ,gosse's read]s :o wi% to h ! feel+ to :i* he ref]s w m]ely f9d ! conditions )\t :i*1 z he s ju/ly obs]ves1 ! said feel+ is impossible4 ,9 o!r words1 ref]5ces1 9 ! =m ( loose & desultory gossip1 to p>ticul> au?ors & p>ticul> works *ronologically arrang$1 are all t repres5t ! 8evolution0 ( :i* he is s anxi\s 8to give a feel+40 ,describ$ simply1 ! "w is an ord9>y manual ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 :i*1 ) ,mr4 ,humphry ,w>d's ,engli% ,poets1 ,sir ,h5ry ,craik's ,engli% ,prose ,writ]s1 ,*amb]s' ,cyclopdia ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 & ! l be=e him1 ! writ] tells aga9 ! n unfamili> /ory ( ! c\rse ( our ,lit]ature f ,*auc] to ! pres5t "t4 ,b ,mr4 ,gosse is no m]e compil]1 & br+s to 8 task c]ta9 qualifications ( 8 own1 a vague & inaccurate b ext5sive k ( our sev5te5?1 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5tury ,belles ,lettres2 & "h1 z a rule1 he c acquit himself cr$itably4 ,?\gh f> f a s\nd1 he is a sympa!tic critic2 he has an agreeable b some:at affect$ /yle1 & c gossip pleasantly & plausibly ab\t subjects :i* are )9 ! range indicat$4 ,b at ?is po9t1 z is pa9fully app>5t1 8 qualifications = be+ an hi/orian & critic ( ,engli% ,lit]ature end4 ,! mom5t he /eps out ( ?is area he is at ! m]cy ( 8 h&books2 s completely at _! m]cy t he does n ev5 "k h[ to use !m4 ,& x is "h t ,mr4 ,gosse becomes s irritat+1 p>tly because ( ! %e] audacity ) :i* m]e inf]5ces are sub/itut$ = facts & simple assumptions = d$uc$ g5]alizations1 & p>tly because ( ! habitual employm5t ( phraseology s vague & indet]m9ate t x is difficult to submit :at x conveys to positive te/4 ,^! are s]i\s *>ges to br+ aga9/ any writ]2 & if !y _c be abundantly sub/antiat$1 a /ill m s]i\s *>ge may ju/ly be urg$ aga9/ ! accus]4 ,to turn to ! "w4 ,on page #he ,mr4 ,gosse fav\rs u ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,fa]ie ,que5e3 8,a c]ta9 gr&eur :i* su/a9s ! ?ree great ,cantos ( ,tru?1 ,temp]ance1 & ,*a/ity fades away z we proce$4444 ,! /ructure ( x is loose & incoh]5t :5 we comp>e x ) ! epic gr&eur ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,ario/o & ,tasso40 ,x w\ld be difficult to mat* ?is2 e ^w :i* is n a blund] is an absurdity4 ,:]e are 8! ?ree great ,cantos08 ,c ,mr4 ,gosse possibly be ignorant t ! poem is divid$ into books1 ea* book conta9+ twelve ,cantos8 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t he has conf\nd$ books ) ,cantos1 :]e is ! great book deal+ ) #8,tru?'8 ,z he places x be=e #8,temp]ance1' we presume t he means ! fir/ book & t he has conf\nd$ #8,tru?' ) #8,hol9ess4' ,?is is pretty well1 to beg9 )4 ,:]e1 we next ask 9 amazem5t1 is ! #8gr&eur' :i* su/a9s ! prolix f>rago ( ! ?ird book1 & :i* #8fades away' z we proce$ to ! only book :i* almo/ rivals ! fir/ & second1 ! fif?1 & ! sublime/ portion ( ! :ole "w1 ! sup]b ,cantos :i* repres5t all t rema9s ( ! sev5?8 ,:at1 we gasp1 is ! mean+ ( ! #8epic gr&eur' ( ,ario/o8 & 8! loose & incoh]5t /ructure0 ( ! ,fa]ie ,que5e :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso8 ,c\ld any poem be m loose & incoh]5t 9 /ructure ?an ! ,orl&o1 or any t]m be less appropriate to its tone & /yle ?an #8gr&eur'8 ,on page #hj he actually tells u t ,fox's well-kn[n ,book ( ,m>tyrs 0 writt5 9 ,lat9 & translat$ by ,john ,day1 & t x is ,john ,day's translation ( ! ,lat9 orig9al :i* repres5ts t "w1 conf\nd+ ,fox's ,comm5t>ii ,r]um 9 ,ecclesi ge/>um1 etc41 pr9t$ at ,basil ) ! ,acts & ,monum5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & mak+ ,john ,day1 ! publi%] ( x1 ! translator ( x into ,engli%6 ,& ?is is 8 acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ works 9 our language4 ,( ,swift's ,s5tim5ts ( a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,man1 we h ! foll[+ acc\nt3 8,t su* a tract z ! ,s5tim5ts ( a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,man1 ) its gu/s ( irony1 its :ite heat ( prepo/]\s mod]ation1 l$ on t[>ds ,junius is obvi\s40 ,?is is an excell5t example ( ! confid5ce :i* may be plac$ 9 ,mr4 ,gosse's ass]tions4 ,( ?is pamphlet1 x may be suffici5t to say t !re is n a s+le t\* ( irony or satire 9 x2 t x /&s almo/ alone among ,swift's tracts = its p]fectly temp]ate & logical tone2 x is a calm appeal to pure reason4 ,!re is ! same audacity ( ass]tion 9 class+ ,fel?am's ,resolves ) ,hall's & ,ov]bury's ,"* ,sket*es1 & ,e>le's ,microcosmogonie z 8a typical example0 ( 8a curi\s s*ool ( comic or ironic portraiture1 p>tly e?ical & p>tly dramatic40 ,9 #afbe1 we are told t ,bacon complet$ ! ,sylva ,sylv>um4 ,if ,mr4 ,gosse knew any?+ ( ,bacon's philosophical writ+s1 he w\ld h kn[n t ! ,sylva ,sylv>um nev] 0 & nev] c\ld h be5 complet$1 = x 0 9 itself a fragm5t--a m]e collection ( mat]ials to be incorporat$ 9 ! ,phnom5a ,univ]si1 a "w :i* 0 to h be5 six times l>g] ?an ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,tillotson1 he speaks ( 8! s]5e & ins9uat+ p]iods0 ( ! elegant latitud9>ian :o 80 assidu\s 9 say+ :at he _h to say 9 ! mo/ graceful & intelligible mann] possible40 ,a m p]fect description ( ! v opposite ( ,tillotson's /yle c\ld h>dly be giv54 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,full]'s writ+s w be equally surpris$ to f9d him class$ ) ,j]emy ,taylor & ,h5ry ,m1 & to le>n t 8 /yle is #8florid & involv$1' di/+ui%$ by its #8long-w9d$ness' & #8exub]ance4' ,has ,mr4 ,gosse no appreh5sion ( 8 read]s turn+ to ! orig9als & te/+ 8 /atem5ts8 ,we h ano!r ( ^! bold ass]tions 9 ! acc\nt ( ,lydgate1 d]iv$1 we suspect1 f a ha/y g5]alization f a rem>k made ab\t him 9 ,mr4 ,w>d's ,briti% ,poets4 8,lydgate10 says ,mr4 ,gosse1 8_h a mo/ defective e>2 8 v]ses are n to be scann$4 ,8 e> 0 bad & tuneless40 ,any "o :o has read ,lydgate kn[s t1 if we except 8 h]oic c\plets1 a m musical poet is n to be f\nd 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 or1 inde$1 9 our language2 ! s(tness & smoo?ness ( 8 v]se1 :]ev] he writes 9 /anzas1 z he g5]ally does1 is inde$ 8 *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,^! rem>ks are m9or illu/rations ( an accompli%m5t 9 :i* ,mr4 ,gosse has no rival4 ,! ,euphui/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury drew1 = purposes ( simile & illu/ration1 on a fabul\s natural hi/ory :i* assum$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 animals1 h]bs1 & m9]als1 & ( c]ta9 prop]ties & qualities possess$ by !m4 ,?is gave great po9t & picturesqu5ess to _! /yle1 & ?\gh x 0 c]ta9ly mislead+ & occasionally p]plex+ to ^? :o w5t to !m = natural hi/ory1 x _h a mo/ *>m+ & impos+ effect4 ,mr4 ,gosse seems to h import$ a simil> fiction into criticism4 ,( ?is we h a mo/ amus+ illu/ration on page #aee4 ,speak+ ( ,h]rick ,mr4 ,gosse rem>ks1 8,9 ! mid/ ( ^! extravagances1 l ,meleag] w9d+ 8 pure :ite violets0--! ,italics are ours--8into ! gaudy g>l& ( late ,greek ,euphuism1 we f9d ,rob]t ,h]rick40 ,meleag]'s ,an?ology is n extant1 b ! d$ication is1 & f t d$ication we "k exactly f :at poets x 0 compil$4 ,x rang$ f ab\t ,b4,c4 #gjj till t[>ds ! close ( ! ,alex&rian ,age1 =1 ) ! exception ( ,antipat] ( ,sidon1 x is v d\btful :e!r he ins]t$ any epigrams by 8 contempor>ies1 b he admitt$ a hundr$ & ?irty-"o ( 8 own4 ,9 o!r words 8 collection compris$ epigrams compos$ by ! ma/]s prec$+ ! ,alex&rian ,age f ,ar*ilo*us d[nw>ds1 & by ^? :o1 dur+ t age & aft]w>ds1 cultivat$ ) scrupul\s c>e ! simplicity & purity ( ! e>ly models4 ,inde$1 ! poets repres5t$ 9 8 ,an?ology are1 ) "o exception1 ! arti/s ( ,greek epigram 9 its pure/1 simple/1 & *a/e/ =m4 ,t "o exception is himself4 ,9 him are fir/ app>5t ! dulcia vitia ( ! ,decad5ce2 he is full ( da9ty subtleties1 he is almo/ m ,ori5tal ?an ,greek1 8 /yle is lusci\s1 elaborate & florid4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! composition ( 8! gaudy g>l& ( late ,greek ,euphuism10 & su* ! nature ( ! 8pure :ite violets0 w\nd into x by ,meleag]4 ,x is amus+ to trace ,mr4 ,gosse's rodomontade to its s\rce4 ,9 ! well-kn[n d$ication to :i* we h ref]r$1 ,meleag] prettily comp>es ! v>i\s poets1 f ^: works he selects1 to fl[]s1 speak+ mode/ly ( 8 own contributions z 8e>ly :ite violets40 ,to critics l ,mr4 ,gosse ! re/ is easy4 ,meleag]1 he no d\bt argu$1 0 an excell5t poet2 he belong$ to a late age3 #8,euphuism'--a delightfully vague t]m1 is likely to *>act]ise a late age2 a poet :o comp>es 8 v]ses to :ite violets _h evid5tly a ta/e = simplicity1 & presumably1 !re=e1 0 no ,euphui/2 a gaudy g>l& is an excell5t set (f = pure :ite violets4 ,& s1 to ! great p]plexity ( s*ol>s1 b to ! great satisfaction ( ^? :o enjoy a pretty s5t5ce1 ,meleag] w cont9ue 8to w9d 8 pure :ite violets into ! gaudy g>l& ( late ,greek ,euphuism40 ,we h a simil> illu/ration ( ! same ?+ 9 ,mr4 ,gosse's acc\nt ( ,%aftesbury4 ,we are told t he 80 p]haps ! greate/ lit]>y =ce betwe5 ,dryd5 & ,swift02 t 8he des]ves remembrance z ! fir/ :o really broke d[n ! b>ri] :i* exclud$ ,engl& f tak+ h] prop] place 9 ! civilization ( lit]>y ,europe02 t 8he set an example = ! k9d ( prose :i* 0 to m>k ! c5tral ye>s ( ! c5tury02 t 88 /yle glitt]s & r+s1 & 444 yet s curi\s t "o m>vels t x %\ld h fall5 completely into neglect02 t 8he 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man :o develop$ !ories ( =mal virtue1 :o attempt$ to h>monize ! beautiful ) ! true & ! good02 t ! mod]n attitude ( m9d seems to meet u fir/ 9 ! graceful cosmopolitan writ+s ( ,%aftesbury2 t 8)\t a ,%aftesbury !re w\ld h>dly h be5 a ,rusk9 or a ,pat]40 ,su* amaz+ nons5se almo/ conf\nds refutation by its %e] absurdity4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ /atem5t1 x may be suffici5t to say t betwe5 ! p]iod ( ,dryd5's lit]>y activity & ! publication ( ,swift's ,battle ( ! ,books & ,tale ( a ,tub 7 fl\ri%+ ,hobbes1 ,izaak ,walton1 ,bunyan1 ,temple1 & ,locke2 t betwe5 ! publication ( ! ,tale ( a ,tub & ( ,%aftesbury's collect$ writ+s 7 fl\ri%+ ,addison1 ,/eele1 ,de ,foe1 ,arbu?not1 ,b]keley4 ,) reg>d to ! second /atem5t1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ a writ] :o _h be5 prec$$ by ,bacon1 ,hobbes & ,locke1 c\ld be describ$ z a writ] :o _h be5 ! fir/ 8to break d[n ! b>ri] :i* exclud$ ,engl& f tak+ h] prop] place 9 ! civilization ( lit]>y ,europe40 ,! tru? is1 t ,%aftesbury ex]cis$ no influ5ce at all on ,cont95tal ,lit]ature until long aft] our ,lit]ature _h g5]ally become influ5tial 9 ,france4 ,equally absurd & baseless is ! rem>k t he 8set an example ( ! k9d ( prose t 0 to m>k ! c5tral ye>s ( ! c5tury40 ,^: prose 0 affect$ by him8 ,bol+broke's8 or ,field+'s8 or ,ri*>dson's8 or ,middleton's8 or ,johnson's8 or ,goldsmi?'s8 or ,hume's8 or ,hawkeswor?'s8 or ,/]ne's8 or ,smollett's8 or ,*e/]field's8 t ( ! writ]s 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review8 or 9 ! ,adv5tur]8 or 9 ! ,_w8 or 9 ! ,connoisseur8 ,to say ( ,%aftesbury's /yle t 8x glitt]s & r+s10 is to say :at betrays utt] ignorance ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,z a rule1 x is diffuse1 involv$1 & cumbr\s1 affect$1 b ) an affectation :i* s$ul\sly aims at ! v opposite effects ( 8glitt]+ & r++40 ,:5 he is eloqu5t1 z 9 ! ,morali/s1 he imitates ! /yle ( ,plato2 8 vice is florid v]bosity2 x may be d\bt$ :e!r a s+le s5t5ce c\ld be f\nd to :i* ,mr4 ,gosse's description w\ld be applicable4 ,if1 x may be add$1 8 /yle _h 8fall5 completely into neglect10 x is some:at surpris+ t 8he %\ld set an example = ! k9d ( prose :i* 0 to m>k ! c5tral ye>s ( ! c5tury40 ,:5 we are told t he 0 8! fir/ ,engli%man :o attempt$ to h>monize ! beautiful ) ! true & ! good10 we ask 9 amazem5t :e!r ,mr4 ,gosse has ev] inspect$ ! ,hymns ( ,sp5s] & ! writ+s ( ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s2 & :5 he tells u t )\t a ,%aftesbury !re w\ld h>dly h be5 a ,rusk9 or a ,pat]1 we w\ld sugge/ to him t bo? ,rusk9 & ,pat] 7 p]haps n ignorant ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ,sp5s]1 a poem is attribut$ to him :i* he nev] wrote4 8,9 "o ( 8 e>ly pieces1 ,! ,oak & ,! ,bri>1 w5t f>10 etc41 ! oak & ! bri> is simply an episode 9 ! second eclogue ( ! ,%eph]d's ,cal5d>4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 probably f9d+ x quot$ 9 "s book ( selections1 has jump$ to ! conclusion t x is a sep>ate poem4 ,( ,mr4 ,gosse's qualifications = deal+ ) ,sp5s]1 we h1 by ! way1 an excell5t example 9 ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,sp5s]1 al?\gh he boa/$ ( 8 classical acquirem5ts1 0 s+ul>ly little affect$ by ,greek or ev5 ,lat9 ideas40 ,sp5s]'s ,hymns 9 hon\r ( ,love & 9 ,hon\r ( ,beauty are simply saturat$ ) ,platonism1 be+ inde$ directly d]iv$ f ! ,phdrus & ! ,symposium1 numb]less passages f :i* are int]wov5 ) ! poems4 ,! :ole s*eme ( ! ,fa]ie ,que5e 0 sugge/$ by1 & bas$ on1 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics ) elaborate p>ticul>ity1 ,ar?ur1 9 8 relation to ! sev]al knights1 correspond+ to ! virtue 9 its relation to ! o!r virtues4 ,! conclusion ( ! t5? canto ( ! fir/ book is simply an allegorical pres5tation ( ! relation ( ! to practical life4 ,! 8,ca/le ( ,m$9a0 9 ! second book is a m9utely te*nical exposition ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! mean1 modifi$ by ! ,platonic !ory ( morals3 ! ?ree mo!rs be+ ! 1 ! 1 & 1 ! ?ree daught]s1 ,elissa1 ,p]issa1 & ,m$9a1 be+ respectively ! ,ari/otelian 1 ! & ! 4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole passage is simply an allegory ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! mean4 ,! :ole ( ! n9? canto ( ! second book is f\nd$ on ! fam\s passage 9 ! ,timu describ+ ! anatomy ( man4 ,9 tru? ! poem teems ) ref]5ces to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ) passages imitat$ f ! ,greek poets1 z e s*ol> kn[s4 ,& ?is is a poet 8s+ul>ly little affect$ by ,greek ideas60 ,! same a/oni%+ ignorance is display$ 9 a rem>k ab\t ,milton4 ,we are told t 9 8 y\? he 0 8slightly subject$ to influ5ce f ,sp5s]40 ,if ,mr4 ,gosse _h any adequate acqua9tance ) ,milton & ,sp5s]1 he w\ld h kn[n t ,sp5s] 0 to ,milton almo/ :at ,hom] 0 to ,virgil1 t ,sp5s]'s influ5ce simply p]vades 8 poems1 n 8 y\?ful poems only1 b ,p>adise ,lo/ & ev5 ,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,on page #aid we f9d ?is s5t5ce3 8,f #affj onw>ds 444 :at ,france orig9ally1 & !n ,engl&1 *ose 0 ! imitatio vet]um1 ! ,lit]ature 9 prose & v]se :i* seem$ mo/ closely to copy ! models ( ,lat9 /yle4 ,ari/otle & ,horace 7 tak51 n m]ely z patt]ns1 b z arbit]s40 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to "k :at ,engli% au?or took ,ari/otle z a patt]n = /yle4 ,is ,mr4 ,gosse acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ,ari/otle's /yle8 ,%\ld he ev] become s1 he w probably h "s s5se ( ! immeasurable absurdity ( ass]t+ t our prose writ]s f #affj onw>ds took t /yle = _! model4 ,on a p> ) ?is is ! ass]tion t up to #afje ,bacon _h ma9ly issu$ 8 works 9 8,cic]onian ,lat940 ,is ,mr4 ,gosse aw>e ( ! mean+ ( 8,cic]onian ,lat908 ,v 8,cic]onian0 inde$ is ,bacon's ,lat9ity1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ! ,m$itationes ,sacr1 ! only "w publi%$ 9 ,lat9 by ,bacon up to #afje6 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say1 9 pass+1 t su* works z ,bacon _h publi%$ up to #afje 71 ) ! "o exception ref]r$ to1 all 9 ,engli%4 ,no?+1 x may be add$1 is s annoy+ 9 ?is book z its slu%y dilettantism4 ,mr4 ,gosse appe>s to be incapable ( accuracy & precision4 ,?us he tells u t ,*auc]'s exp$ition to ,italy 9 #acgb 0 8! fir/ ( sev]al ,italian exp$itions40 ,*auc]1 s f> z is kn[n1 visit$ ,italy1 aft] ?is1 exactly once4 ,aga91 he tells u t ! ,compla9t ( ,m>s & ! ,p>liam5t ( ,f[ls are int]e/+ z %[+ t ,*auc] _h completely ab&on$ 8 imitation ( ,fr5* models4 ,*auc] wrote sev]al poems 9 ! pure ,fr5* /yle1 & bas$ on ,fr5* models1 aft] ! date ( ^! poems4 ,su* w\ld be ! ,rondel ,m]ciless ,beauty sugge/$ by ,williamme d',ami5s1 ! ,compleynt ( ,v5us1 p>tly adapt$ & p>tly translat$ f ?ree ,ballades by ,sir ,otes de ,graunson1 & ! ,compleynt to 8 ,empty ,purse1 modell$ on a ,ballade by ,eu/a*e ,des*amps1 :ile ,fr5* influ5ce cont9u$ to modify 8 "w ?r\gh\t4 ,on page #bch we are told t ,?omson reviv$ ! ,sp5s]ian /anza2 x _h be5 reviv$ by ,pope1 ,prior1 ,%5/one1 & ,ak5side4 ,on page #aea we are in=m$ t ! fir/ in/alm5t ( ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory rema9$ unpr9t$ till #ageb1 & ! re/ ( x till #agei4 ,if ,mr4 ,gosse knew any?+ ab\t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable controv]sies ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 he w\ld h kn[n t ! great] "p ( x 0 pr9t$ & publi%$ betwe5 #agjb & #agjd1 & frequ5tly repr9t$ betwe5 #agjd & #agca4 ,!re is n a *apt] 9 ! book :i* does n teem ) errors4 ,triss9o's ,s(onisba 0 n ! only "w 9 :i* blank v]se _h atta9$ any prom95ce 9 ,italy ab\t #aeae2 x _h be5 employ$ 9 works equally prom95t1 by ,rucellai 9 8 ,rosmunda1 & 9 8 ,ore/e1 z well z 9 8 didactic poem ,l',api1 & by ,alamanni 9 8 ,antigone1 all ( :i* 7 compos$ )9 a few ye>s ( t date4 ,on page #abj we are told t ,davies 0 ! fir/ to employ1 on a long flight1 ! h]oic quatra92 x _h be5 employ$ by ,sp5s] 9 a poem ext5d+ to ne>ly a ?\s& l9es4 ,nor 0 ,surrey's essay 9 t]za rima 8! e>lie/ 9 ! language40 ,*auc] made ! same exp]im5t1 ?\gh a little irregul>ly1 9 ! ,compleynt to 8 ,lady4 ,we are told on page #gi t ,gascoigne 0 8! fir/ translator ( ,greek trag$y40 ,gascoigne nev] translat$ a l9e f ! ,greek4 ,8 ,joca/a1 to :i* presumably ! ref]5ce is made1 is simply an adaptation ( ,ludovico ,dolce's ,gioca/a4 ,on page #be we are in=m$ t 8,g[]'s ,fr5* v]se has ma9ly disappe>$40 ,g[] is n kn[n to h writt5 any?+ 9 ,fr5* except ! ,ballades & ! ,speculum ,m$itantis1 bo? ( :i* are extant1 z x is inexcusable 9 any hi/orian ( ,engli% ,lit]ature n to "k4 ,! acc\nt giv5 on page #be ( ! ,confessio ,amantis %[s t ,mr4 ,gosse is v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) :at he s flu5tly criticises1 or he w\ld h be5 aw>e t ! sev5? book is purely episodical & has no?+ :atev] to d ) 8,! lov]'s symptoms & exp]i5ce40 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,pope we are in=m$ t 8,boileau disc\rag$ love poetry & ,pope did n s]i\sly attempt x40 ,pope is ! au?or ( ! mo/ fam\s love poem 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,eloisa to ,abel>d1 to say no?+ ( ! ,elegy to an ,un=tunate ,lady1 ( ! beautiful hymn to ,love 9 ! second *orus 9 ! trag$y ( ,brutus1 & ! exquisite fragm5t suppos$ to h be5 address$ to ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 8,! satires ( ,pope10 he cont9ues1 8w\ld n h be5 writt5 b = ^? ( 8 ,fr5* pr$ecessor40 ,c ,mr4 ,gosse possibly be ignorant t ! satires ( ,pope are modell$ on ! ,satires & ,epi/les ( ,horace1 t !y owe absolutely no?+ to ,boileau1 n ev5 ! h9t = apply+ ,roman satire to mod]n times1 z he _h prec$5ts 9 8 own c\ntrym5 ,dryd5 & ,ro*e/]8 ,mr4 ,gosse's criticism is (t5 v amus+1 z "h1 speak+ ( ,gibbon3 8,p]haps he lean$ on ! /r5g? ( 8 /yle too mu*1 & sacrific$ ! ab/ract to ! concrete40 ,( all hi/orians :o h ev] liv$1 ,gibbon is ! mo/ 8ab/ract0 & has mo/ sacrific$ ! 8concrete0 to ! 8ab/ract10 z e /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s4 ,on a p> ) ?is is ! prodigi\s /atem5t 7p4 #bia7 t !re is 8an abs5ce ( emotional imag9ation0 9 ,burke6 ,t excell5t man1 ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 01 we are told1 9 ! habit ( us+ any ^w t occurr$ to him z hav+ a f9e s\nd & r\nd+ a s5t5ce well1 )\t mu* c>e = its mean+2 8& ?is10 says 8 biograph] 8he did s boldly & 9 su* an impos+ mann] t he w\ld sometimes /agg] ! wise/ p & make !m gasp aga940 ,?is is precisely ,mr4 ,gosse's me?od4 ,ab\t ! propriety ( 8 epi!ts & /atem5ts1 s long z !y s\nd well1 he nev] tr\bles himself2 sometimes !y are s vague z to mean any?+1 z (t5 !y h no mean+ at all1 z "h3 8,8 t is ,%elley's /yle1 c>efully consid]$1 is se5 to re/ on a basis built ab\t #agfj1 f :i* x is e mom5t spr++ & sp>kl+1 l a f\nta91 9 columns ( ebulli5t lyricism40 ,c\ld pure nons5se g fur!r8 ,we h ano!r illu/ration ( ! same audacity ( absurd ass]tion on page #bfj4 ,we are !re in=m$--,mr4 ,gosse is speak+ ( our prose lit]ature ab\t ! c5tre ( ! eighte5? c5tury--t 8,philosophy by ?is "t _h become deta*$ f belles lettres2 x 0 n[ q indiff]5t to ^? :o practis$ x1 :e!r _! s5t5ces 7 h>moni\s or no4444 ,philosophy 9 fact quitt$ lit]ature40 ,if !re 0 any p]iod 9 our prose lit]ature :5 philosophy 0 9 ! close/ alliance ) belles lettres1 & 0 mo/ /udi\s ( ! graces ( /yle1 x 0 betwe5 ab\t #agej & #agga4 ,9 ^? ye>s appe>$ ,hut*eson's ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy1 ,adam ,smi?'s ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t philosophical treatises ev] writt51 ,burke's ,treatise on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 ,reid's ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 ,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature ,pursu$1 ,beattie's ,essay on ,tru?1 to say no?+ ( ,hume's ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 8 ,political ,disc\rses1 & 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 all ( !m works pre-em95tly di/+ui%$ by ! graces ( /yle1 :ile s f> f philosophy quitt+ belles lettres1 x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s t ! f\ndations ( philosophical criticism 7 laid by ,burke1 ,h>ris1 ,hurd1 ,kames1 & o!rs4 ,mr4 ,gosse appe>s to h =gott5 t he _h himself told u 7p4 #bje7 t ,%aftesbury's /yle set ! example ( ! prose :i* 0 to m>k ! c5tral ye>s ( ! c5tury6 ,?us aga9 ,burton's ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly is 8an ent]ta9+ neurotic comp5dium02 ,bacon's ,essays are 8(t5 m]e notations 444 enl>g$ 9 _m cases m]ely to receive ! impressions ( a ,ma*iavellian +5uity40 ,%elley's ,triumph ( ,life is 8a noble b vague gnomic poem1 9 :i* ,petr>*'s ,trionfi are summ$ up & sometimes excell$40 ,keats' 8great odes are ,titanic & ,titianic40 ,on page #bhd we are in=m$ t = fifte5 ye>s aft] ! close ( #ahjj 8poetry may be said to h be5 /ation>y 9 ,engl&40 ,:5 we rememb] t )9 ^! ye>s appe>$ ! be/ ( ,wordswor?'s poems1 ! be/ ( ,col]idge's1 ! be/ ( ,scott's1 ! be/ ( ,crabbe's1 ! fir/ two cantos ( ,*ilde ,h>old1 ! be/ ( ,campbell's1 ! be/ ( ,moore's1 & ( ,s\!y's--we wond] :at c be meant1 till we read on to f9d t x 0 8on ! contr>y extremely active40 ,b 8its activity took ! =m ( ! gradual acceptance ( ! new romantic ideas1 ! sl[ expulsion ( ! old classic ta/e1 & ! multiplication ( examples ( :at _h once = all be5 supremely accompli%$ 9 ! holl[s ( ! ,quantocks40 ,9 o!r words1 its activity took ! =m ( its activity1 & its activity l$ to its becom+ /ation>y4 ,mr4 ,gosse is sometimes solemnly oracul>1 z "h3 8,x is a s5tim5tal error to suppose t ! w9ds ( ,god bl[ only ?r\gh ! gre5 tree2 x is sometimes ! dry tree :i* is peculi>ly fav\rable to _! passage40 ,x is n sometimes1 we submit1 b always t ! dry tree w be mo/ propiti\s to _! passage4 ,b we l ,mr4 ,gosse be/ :5 he is eloqu5t1 z "h3 8,9 ! *apel ( ,milton's bra91 entirely devot$ ?\gh x 0 to a ,biblical =m ( wor%ip1 !re 7 flutes & trumpets to accompany "o va/ comm&+ organ40 ,no wond] poor ,milton suff]$1 z we "k he did suff]1 f insomnia6 ,! /atem5t t 8s mis]able is ! pov]ty ( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 we h m5tion$ ,pecock & ,capgrave1 !re is no o!r prose writ] to be nam$10 is bad en\gh4 ,b to sum up ,pecock's "w ) ! rem>k1 8! matt] is p>adoxical & casui/ical reason+ on controv]sial po9ts1 9 :i* he secures ! sympa?y nei!r ( ! new ?\ght nor ! old10 is to demon/rate t ,mr4 ,gosse kn[s no?+ :atev] ab\t x4 ,! ,repressor is 9 _m important respects "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable works 9 our e>ly prose ,lit]ature4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at is ! mean+ ( ! foll[+3 8,! ma/]piece ( ,*ill+wor? /&s almo/ alone 9 a sort ( und]wood ( ,!ophra/ian "* sket*es40 ,does ,mr4 ,gosse suppose t ,engli% prose ,lit]ature 9 & ab\t #afcg is repres5t$ by ,hall's ,*>act]s ( ,vices & ,virtues1 by ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury's ,*>act]s1 & by ,e>le's ,microcosmographie1 :i* appe>$ respectively1 n 9 & ab\t #afcg1 b 9 #afjh1 9 #afad1 & 9 #afbh8 ,if ?is 0 ! und]wood 9 :i* ,*ill+wor?'s "w /ood1 x /ood also 9 a d5se =e/ repres5t$ by "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ prose writ+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 su* z ! great] "p ( ! writ+s ( ,bacon & ( ,raleigh1 ! ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 ,seld5's ,titles ( ,hon\r & ,m>e ,clausum1 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury's ,de ,v]itate1 ,fel?am's ,resolves1 ! be/ ( ,hall's writ+s1 ,pur*as' ,pilgrims1 ,b>clay's ,arg5is1 ! ,hi/ories ( ,spe$1 ,/[e1 ,hayw>d1 & ,raleigh1 ,heyl9's ,microcosmus1 ,prynne's ,hi/rio-,ma/ix1 & ! fam\s s]mons ( ,lancelot ,&rewes1 all ( :i* appe>$ betwe5 #afjh & #afcg4 ,^! are ! sort ( rem>ks 9 :i* ,mr4 ,gosse habitually indulges4 ,we h ano!r example 9 ! foll[+3 8,%elley's attitude to /yle is 9 ! ma9 retrograde10 a g5]alization bas$ on ! fact t he 0 no admir] ( 8! arabesque ( ! cockney s*ool40 ,b 7 ,%elley's *ief contempor>ies admir]s ( ! arabesque ( ! cockney s*ool1 or 7 !y affect$ by x8 ,0 ,wordswor?1 0 ,col]idge1 or ,s\!y1 or ,byron1 or ,crabbe1 or ,campbell1 or ,l&or8--a "q :i* ,mr4 ,gosse probably nev] /opp$ to ask himself4 ,on a p> ) ?is is ! absurd ass]tion t 8,engli% poetry 0 born aga9 dur+ ! autumn mon?s ( #agig40 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,lyrical ,ballads did n make1 b m>k1 an era 9 our poetry4 ,! revolution ( :i* !y 7 ! expression _h be5 matur+1 z surely b di/9ctly z ! social & political revolution m>k$ by ! assembly ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al t5 ye>s be=e4 ,!re 0 h>dly a note /ruck 9 ! ,lyrical ,ballads :i* _h n be5 /ruck 9 our poetry betwe5 #agdj & ! date ( _! appe>ance4 ,to call ?is compilation a ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,engli% ,lit]ature is ludicr\s4 ,mr4 ,gosse has no conception ev5 ( ! eras into :i* our ,lit]ature naturally falls1 or ( ! movem5ts :i* 9 ea* ( ^? eras def9$ !mselves4 ,no?+ c\ld be m mislead+ & inadequate ?an ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! hi/orians1 !ologians1 philosoph]s1 & critics1 _m ( :om--nay1 :ole s*ools ( :om--are n notic$ at all4 ,sidney's epo*-m>k+ little treatise is dismiss$ 9 f\r unmean+ l9es z 8an urbane & eloqu5t essay1 :i* lab\rs "u b "o disadvantage1 namely1 t :5 x 0 compos$ 9 #aeha !re 0 sc>cely any poesy 9 ,engl& to be def5d$4 ,?is 0 po/hum\sly pr9t$ 9 #aeie40 ,b5 ,jonson's n less rem>kable ,discov]ies are n ev5 m5tion$4 ,h[ writ]s l ,bacon1 ,hook]1 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,b]keley f>e we h n space to illu/rate4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 inde$1 judg+ by 8 excursions into ! realms ( !ology & philosophy1 has c]ta9ly be5 wise to assign m space to ,! ,fl[] & ! ,leaf ?an is assign$ to ,hobbes1 ,b>r[1 ,butl]1 & ,paley put toge!r4 ,we h by no means exhau/$ ! li/ ( blund]s & absurdities to be f\nd 9 ?is book2 b we h1 we fe>1 exhau/$ ! pati5ce ( our read]s1 & we mu/ br+ our exam9ation ( x to a close4 ,! melan*oly ?+ ab\t all ?is is ! p]fect impunity ) :i* su* works z ^! c be giv5 to ! public4 ,we h n ! smalle/ d\bt t ?is book has be5 extoll$ to ! skies 9 reviews :i* h n detect$ a s+le error 9 x1 & :i* h accept$ its g5]alizations & its criticisms ) unque/ion+ cr$ulity2 & we h z little d\bt t ^? s*ol>s :o h disc]n$ its defects & absurdities h *os51 f motives possibly ( k9dness1 possibly ( prud5ce1 & possibly 9 m]e contempt1 to ma9ta9 sil5ce ab\t !m4 ,_h x appe>$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 x w\ld in/antly h be5 expos$ & explod$1 inde$ no writ] w\ld h d>$ to insult s]i\s read]s by su* a publication4 ,:at e read] has a "r to dem& f ^? :o take ^u !mselves to in/ruct him are s9c]ity1 indu/ry1 & compet5ce2 & :at no critic has a "r to condone is o/5tati\s indiff]5ce on ! "p ( an au?or to ! responsibilities incurr$ by him 9 und]tak+ to tea* ! public4 ,! soon] ,mr4 ,gosse1 & writ]s l ,mr4 ,gosse1 come to und]/& t1 h[ev] +5i\sly express$1 reckless g5]alizations1 r&om ass]tions & ! speci\s semblance ( k1 erudition1 & au?ority may pass curr5t = a "t1 b are c]ta9 at la/ to be detect$ & expos$1 ! bett] = !mselves & ! bett] = _! read]s4 ,if1 too1 !y wi% ju/ice to be done to ! accompli%m5ts :i* !y really possess1 !y w d well to rememb] :at is impli$ 9 ! prov]b ,ne sutor ultra crepidam1 & :at ! ,g]mans mean by ,,v]mess5heit4 ,,log-,,roll+ ,,& ,,education ,we see no objection to ,mutual ,admiration ,societies2 !y are in/itutions :i* af=d mu* pleasure1 & c1 z a rule1 d little h>m4 ,if vanity be a foible1 x is a foible well wor? *]i%+1 & w be treat$ t5d]ly ev5 by a philosoph]4 ,=1 ( all ! illusions :i* give a ze/ to life1 ! illusions creat$ by ?is flatt]+ passion are ! mo/ delightful & inspir+4 ,!y are s easily evok$2 !y respond ) su* imp>tial obsequi\sness to ! call ( ! humble/ magician4 ,he has b to speak ! ^w--& !y are made2 to comm&--& !y are creat$4 ,a becomes :at ,b & ,c pron\nce him to be1 & :at ,a & ,c h done = ,b1 t w ,b & ,a d 9 turn = ,c4 ,x is a delici\s occupation1 no d\bt1 a fea/ = ea*1 9 :i* no crude surfeit reigns1 :]e1 9 ,bacon's phrase1 satisfaction & appetite are p]petually int]*angeable2 x is l ! h]bage 9 ! ,p>adise ( ! ,spani% poet1 8quanto mas se goza mas r5ace10--! m we enjoy x ! m x gr[s4 ,x is an old game--8,vetus fabula p] novos hi/riones03-- 8',twas1 #8,sir1 y\r law1' & #8,sir1 y\r eloqu5ce1' #8,y\rs ,c[p]'s mann] & y\rs ,talbot's s5se'2 ,?us we dispose ( all poetic m]it3 ,y\rs ,milton's g5ius & m9e ,hom]'s _s4 ,walk ) respect beh9d1 :ile we at ease ,weave laurel cr[ns & take :at "n we please4 #8,my de> ,tibullus6' if t w n d1 ,let me be ,horace1 & be ,ovid y40 ,& !re is ?is advantage4 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( magicians c1 or w1 comb9e1 ^! illusions may n only s]ve ea* magician = life1 b become1 = a "t1 simply indi/+ui%able f realities4 ,n[1 z we said be=e1 we see no great h>m 9 ?is4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 a v amiable & bro!rly employm5t2 & 7 x q dis9t]e/$ & hone/1 x w\ld be closely alli$ ) t virtue :i* ,/4 ,paul exalts above all virtues4 ,b ev]y?+ has or ought to h its limits4 ,:5 ,boswell attempt$ to def5d c]ta9 ,me?odi/s :o _h be5 expell$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 ,johnson retort$ t ! ,univ]sity 0 p]fectly "r--8,!y 7 exam9$1 & f\nd to be mighty ignorant fell[s40 8,b10 said ,boswell1 80 x n h>d to expel !m8 = ,i am told !y 7 good be+s40 8,i believe10 repli$ ! sage1 8t !y might be good be+s1 b !y 7 n fit to be 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,a c[ is a v good animal 9 ! field1 b we turn h] out ( a g>d540 ,to our c]ta9 k _m ( ^? :o owe _! reputation to ! art to :i* we are ref]r+ are good be+s1 & we h little d\bt t mo/ ( ^? :o are lea/ scrupul\s 9 practis+ x are good be+s also4 ,inde$ x may be conc$$ at once t !re is always a /rong presumption t memb]s ( ,mutual ,admiration ,societies belong to ?is class4 ,on ! reciprocity ( ess5tially ,*ri/ian virtues _! v exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( _! heads1 _! he>ts are pretty sure to be 9 ! "r place4 ,!y may1 x is true1 act m 9 ! _s ( ! precept t we %\ld d unto o!rs z we w\ld !y %\ld d unto u ?an 9 t ( ! precept :i* pron\nces t x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a trifle--"o ( ^? di/9ctions )\t diff]5ces :i* are s common 9 ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,b = ourselves we mu/1 z we h said be=e1 discrim9ate4 ,to ! c[ 9 ! field we h no objection2 x is ( ! c[ 9 ! g>d5 t we compla94 ,to drop metaphor3 !re are c]ta9 sph]es ( lit]>y activity 9 :i* ! circulation ( mutual puff]y by ?is clique or by t clique c d comp>atively little h>m to any "o or to any?+4 ,!re are "s subjects on :i* e read] is n only p]fectly compet5t to =m 8 own judgm5t1 b is pretty c]ta9 to d s4 ,he may amuse himself by see+ :at ! critics h to say1 & he may be induc$ by !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance to turn to ! book :i* is 9 "q1 b he is practically unaffect$ by any op9ions unless !y happ5 to co9cide ) 8 own4 ,su* is ! case ) books ( travel1 ) novels1 &1 z a rule1 ) poetry4 ,"h ! arts ( ! log-roll] are z h>mless z ! frolics ( :ales ) tubs4 ,no "o takes :at he sees s]i\sly except ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! pa/ime4 ,if ,mr4 ,a _c give ! g5]al public :at x appreciates1 no?+ t ,mr4 ,b c say w cajole t public into believ+ t x has :at x has n4 ,mr4 ,c & ,mr4 ,d may vocif]ate1 till !y are ho>se1 t 8,mr4 ,e is ! subtle/ & mo/ discrim9at+ critic t ! ,engli%-speak+ _w has ev] kn[n02 b if ,mr4 ,e's eulogies ( ,mr4 ,c's v]ses & ( ,mr4 ,d's novels are n corroborat$ by ! g5]al read]'s indep5d5t judgm5t1 ! fame ( ,messrs4 ,c & ,d w n ext5d beyond _! clique4 ,if 9 poetry or prose fiction tra% succe$s1 z x und\bt$ly does1 x succe$s n because ( ! skill ) :i* x has be5 puff$1 ?\gh ?is may be a factor 9 its success1 b because x hits ! popul> ta/e4 ,! public is seldom deceiv$ except :5 x wi%es to be deceiv$4 ,log-roll+ has mu* to answ] =3 x loads our book/alls ) nons5se & rubbi%1 x imp$es ! production ( s\nd lit]ature1 x degrades ! /&>d ( ta/e1 x degrades ! /&>d ( aim & atta9m5t1 & indirectly x is 9 e way mis*iev\s to lit]ature4 ,b we v mu* "q :e!r 9 ! case ( publications :i* appeal directly to g5]al read]s1 & are )9 ! scope ( _! judgm5ts1 ! =tune ( a book is 9 any way affect$ by ! arts ( ! log-roll]4 ,amusem5t m+l$ ) impati5ce is probably ! prevail+ s5tim5t :5 ,mr4 ,c & ,mr4 ,d are l\d 9 ea* o!r's praises4 ,we rememb] ! amban /ra9s ( ,hayley & ,miss ,sew>d 9 ,porson's epigram3-- ,miss ,sew>d3 ,tuneful poet1 ,brita9's glory2 ,mr4 ,hayley1 t is y4 ,mr4 ,hayley3 ,ma'am1 y c>ry all be=e y2 ,tru/ me1 ,li*field ,swan1 y d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,sew>d3 ,ode1 didactic1 epic1 sonnet2 ,mr4 ,hayley1 y're div9e4 ,mr4 ,hayley3 ,ma'am1 ,i'll take my oa? ^u x1 ,y y\rself are all ! n9e4 ,or1 9 a less good-natur$ mood1 we may p]haps recall ) a c]ta9 satisfaction ,pope's cruel b pa!tic picture ( ! m9or log-roll]s ( 8 day3-- ,next plung$ a feeble b a desp]ate pack1 ,) ea* a sickly bro!r at 8 back4 ,sons ( a day6 j buoyant on ! flood1 ,!n numb]$ ) ! puppies 9 ! mud4 ,b !re are c]ta9 subjects & c]ta9 sph]es 9 :i* ! arts ( ! log-roll]1 if equally contemptible1 are n q s h>mless4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ! ,press has be5 teem+ ) books design$ to circulate among read]s :o are s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 belles lettres & criticism4 ,"s ( !m h appe>$ z volumes 9 a s]ies1 "s z indep5d5t monographs & manuals1 & "s 9 ! humbl] =ms ( editorial introductions & notes4 ,among !m may be f\nd works ( really di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 & works 9 e way wor?y ( su* s*ol>s2 & x is no d\bt works l ^! :i* h giv5 cr$it & au?ority g5]ally to publications ( ?is k9d4 ,! popul>ity ( ^! productions has be5 extraord9>y1 & _! manufacture has become "o ( ! mo/ lucrative ( hackney employm5ts4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,_! pr(ess$ purpose is ! dissem9ation ( s]i\s in/ruction1 is to become text-books 9 lit]>y hi/ory & 9 lit]>y criticism2 &1 z text-books on ^? subjects1 !y h made _! way1 or are mak+ _! way1 n m]ely into our public libr>ies1 b also into ! libr>ies ( ne>ly e educational in/itute 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$ x w\ld n be too mu* to say t if1 among g5]al read]s1 ab\t eighty 9 e hundr$ d]ive almo/ all !y "k ab\t ,engli% lit]ature1 bo? hi/orically & critically1 f ^! volumes1 9 our s*ools & colleges1 ! av]age numb] ( ^? ^: /udies are & ought to be indep5d5t ( !m is ye>ly dim9i%+4 ,x is ( ^! text-books & ( ! responsibilities incurr$ by ^? :o produce & circulate !m t we wi% to speak4 ,we h already comm5t$ on ! di/9ction :i* mu/ be drawn betwe5 :at is be/ & :at is inf]ior 9 ! publications to :i* we h be5 ref]r+2 &1 9 tru?1 ! diff]5ce is "o n ( degree b 9 k9d4 ,z our desire is1 9 ,swift's phrase1 to la% ! vice b sp>e ! "n1 we %all n specify ! works :i* we h select$ z typical ( log-roll+ 9 relation to education4 ,till we saw !m we _h no conception ( ! l5g?s to :i* ?is sort ( ?+ has run4 ,o/5sibly ! works be=e u are critical & biographical monographs design$ to become text-books = /ud5ts ( ,engli% lit]ature2 !y may be m correctly describ$ z complete epitomes ( ! art ( puff]y4 ,! writ]s beg9 by assum+ t ! objects ( _! ludicr\s adulation--:o are1 l !mselves1 contributors ( ! av]age ord] to curr5t p]iodicals1 & ! au?ors ( monographs simil> to _! own--are by g5]al cons5t critics ( classical au?ority4 ,! mo/ def]5tial ref]5ces are made to !m 9 almo/ e page4 ,n[ x is 8,goe! & ,mr4 ,s-&-s h obs]v$10 or 8,col]idge has rem>k$1 b ,mr4 ,s-&-s is incl9$ to ?9k10 etc4 ,sometimes x assumes ! =m ( a sort ( awful rev]5ce1 z 8,mr4 ,s-&-s is a little unc]ta91 b surely he m ?an h9ts10 or 8,mr4 ,s-&-s1 z we all "k1 0 once ( op9ion1 ?\gh he has rec5tly f\nd reason to alt]10 etc4 ,we saw n long ago 9 ! notes to a c]ta9 edition ( a classical au?or3 8,socrates & ,mr4 ,x---- ( ,tr9ity h obs]v$10 etc4 ,occasionally ?is homage expresses itself--& ?is is m s]i\s--9 ! =m ( long extracts f ,mr4 ,s-&-s's writ+s4 ,no?+ is m common 9 works l ^! ?an to f9d critics & writ]s ( classical au?ority ei!r completely ignor$1 or1 if cit$ at all1 cit$ only 9 ! connection :i* we h indicat$4 ,t ! g5tlem5 :o are ! subjects ( ?is grotesque flatt]y ei!r h paid or w pay _! fri5ds 9 k9d may1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 = grant$4 ,?us "o factiti\s reputation builds up ano!r1 & "o bad book u%]s 9 tw5ty :i* are worse4 ,macaulay has an amus+ passage 9 :i* he has collect$ ! names ( ^? :o1 accord+ to ,horace ,walpole1 7 8! fir/ writ]s0 9 ,engl& 9 #agec4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ,hume1 ,field+1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,ri*>dson1 ,smollett1 ,coll9s1 & ,gray w\ld at lea/ h _h a place among !m4 ,n at all4 ,!y 7 ,"l ,ba?1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,:i!d1 ,sir ,*>les ,williams1 ,mr4 ,soame ,j5yngs1 ,mr4 ,cambridge1 & ,mr4 ,cov5try2 9 o!r words1 a clique ( politicians & m5 ( fa%ion ( ! v titles ( ^: writ+s ev5 a read] tol]ably well read 9 ! lit]ature ( ^? times might excusably be ignorant4 ,we are n exagg]at+ :5 we say t ?is sy/em ( /r5u\s & well-direct$ mutual puff]y is1 9 our own "t1 lead+ to simil>ly p]v]t$ conceptions ab\t ! relative position ( ^? :o owe _! celebrity to ^! ignoble arts & ^? on ^: fame ,"t's te/ has set its seal1 n m]ely on ! "p ( ! g5]al public1 b on ! "p ( ^? :o are responsible = ! books introduc$ into s*ools & educational in/itutes4 ,we w give an illu/ration4 ,at a meet+ held n long ago1 = ! purpose ( prescrib+ books = a ,read+ ,society1 ! *oice lay betwe5 "s ( ,johnson's ,lives1 ,select ,essays by ,sa9te ,beuve1 & ,select ,essays by ,mat!w ,arnold on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r c]ta9 books typical ( ! lit]ature ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,! debate :i* ensu$ 0 v amus+4 ,a memb] ( ! committee1 a g5tleman ( cons]vative temp]1 /rongly urg$ ! claims ( ,johnson1 ,sa9te ,beuve1 & ,arnold1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,society to enc\rage ! /udy ( :at 0 excell5t & ( classical quality1 especially 9 criticism2 t x 0 n m]ely ! in=mation conta9$ 9 a book :i* _h to be consid]$1 b ! /yle1 ! tone1 ! t\*2 t ! monographs propos$ z an alt]native c\ld sc>cely be reg>d$ z ( ! fir/ ord]1 ei!r 9 expression or 9 matt]1 = he _h obs]v$1 ?\gh he _h only glanc$ at !m1 sev]al solecisms 9 gramm> & sev]al inaccuracies ( /atem5t2 & he conclud$ by add+ t o!r writ+s ( ^! p>ticul> au?ors ) :i* he happ5$ to be m famili> _h n prejudic$ him 9 _! fav\r4 ,^u t1 ano!r memb] ( ! c\ncil1 :o _h be5 busily conn+ ! ,press notices ins]t$ 9 ! monographs 9 "q1 plead$ _! claim to pref]5ce4 8,dr4 ,johnson10 he rem>k$1 80 no d\bt a great man 9 8 day1 b 8 day _h long be5 ov]2 no "o read him n[4 ,sa9te ,beuve & ,mat!w ,arnold might be classical & all t1 b !y 7 n up to date40 ,he c\ld n talk z an exp]t on lit]>y matt]s1 & !re=e he w\ld n contradict :at ! =m] speak] _h said1 8b !re c\ld be no d\bt t ,messrs4 ,s-&-s10 ! au?ors ( ! monographs 9 "q1 87 v big m5--bigg] m51 ,i %\ld ?9k 7glanc+ at ! ,press notices 9 8 h&71 ?an ,sa9te ,beuve & ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,at any rate1 ev]ybody has he>d ( !m2 &10 he cont9u$1 8li/5 to ?is40 ,he !n proce$$ to read out "s ( ! notices1 add+ t x 0 difficult1 if he might say s )\t (f5ce1 to reconcile :at 8 fri5d1 ! prec$+ speak]1 _h said ) :at 0 said 9 ^! notices4 ,he 0 a little /agg]$--=1 ?\gh a simple1 he 0 a %rewd man--:5 ! v rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ,mr4 ,a's eulogies ( ,mr4 ,b & ,mr4 ,b's eulogies ( ,mr4 ,a 0 po9t$ out to him1 & :51 9 ref]5ce to anonym\s te/imony1 he 0 rem9d$ t "o voice may h _m e*oes4 ,x 0 g5]ally felt1 m especially z ,mr4 ,a or ,mr4 ,b _h1 we believe1 m ?an "o acqua9tance among ! committee1 t ! debate 0 tak+ r an emb>rass+ turn4 ,! "q 0 !n put to ! vote1 & ! monographs 7 c>ri$ by a majority ( ?ree to "o4 ,:at occurr$ at ?is meet+ is occurr+ e day1 v>i\sly modifi$1 :]ev] ! *oice ( books is 9 "q1 :e!r 9 public libr>ies or 9 educational in/itutions4 ,a lit]ature1 ! sole cr$5tials ( :i* are d]iv$ f ^? :o produce & circulate x1 is gradually sup]s$+ t ( our classics4 ,we seem 9 tru? to be los+ all s5se ( ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! writ+s ( ! av]age man ( lett]s & ^? ( ! ma/]s4 ,,our ,,lit]>y ,,guides ,,iii4 ,,books ,,wor? ,,read+#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,books ,wor? ,read+4 ,a ,plea = ! ,be/ & an ,essay t[>ds ,selection1 ) ,%ort ,introductions4 ,by ,frank ,w4 ,raffety1 ,london4 ,7 x n = its melan*oly significance1 ?is w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ amus+ books :i* x has ev] be5 our =tune to meet )4 ,( ,mr4 ,frank ,w4 ,raffety we h n ! hon\r to "k any?+1 except :at we h ga!r$ f ?is little volume & f its title-page4 ,b he mu/ be a s+ul>ly int]e/+ g5tleman4 ,8 en?usiasm = books1 8 port5t\s ignorance ( !m2 8 /r5u\s desire to improve ! popul> ta/e by plead+ = ! be/1 8 in/9ctive t5d5cy to make 9 all cases = ! wor/2 8 sublime intol]ance ( ev]y?+ 9 lit]ature :i* falls %ort ( excell5ce1 8 m ?an sublime indiff]5ce to ! commone/ rules ( gramm> & syntax 9 express+ t intol]ance2 ! navet1 ! frankness1 ! recklessness ) :i* he displays 8 incompet5ce = ! task :i* he has und]tak5--9 ^! qualifications & accompli%m5ts ,mr4 ,raffety is n p]haps alone1 b he has c]ta9ly no sup]ior4 ,mr4 ,raffety aspires to guide 8 read]s ?r\gh ! *ief lit]atures ( ! _w4 ,n[ ! task ( a review]1 :o has a consci5ce1 is n always a *e]ful "o1 & we confess t1 :5 we _h g5]ally survey$ ,mr4 ,raffety's "w1 we resolv$ to amuse ourselves by try+ to discov] ( :i* ( ! lit]atures1 to :i* ,mr4 ,raffety con/itutes himself a guide1 ,mr4 ,raffety is probably mo/ ignorant4 ,x is a nice po9t4 ,let our read]s judge4 ,we w beg9 ) ,mr4 ,raffety & ! ,classics4 ,( ,!ognis1 ! mo/ volum9\s ( ! ,greek ,gnomic poets1 x is said t 8only a few s5t5ces0--,mr4 ,raffety is presumably "u ! impression t ,!ognis wrote 9 prose--8quot$ 9 ! works ( ,plato & o!rs survive40 8,! ,greek ,an?ology10 we are a/\nd$ to le>n1 8is by ,"l ,neaves0 & 8is "o ( ! be/ volumes 9 ! ,a4,c4,e4,r4 s]ies40 ,:at ,mr4 ,raffety no d\bt means is1 t ,"l ,neaves is ! au?or ( a monograph on ! ,greek an?ology1 z he c]ta9ly 04 ,) reg>d to ,h]odotus1 ,mr4 ,raffety has evid5tly got "s in=mation n g5]ally accessible4 ,8 ,hi/ory1 we are told1 8is a great prose epic4444 ,! second book is ( ! mo/ int]e/4 ,9 o!r works are ! hi/ories ( ,crsus1 ,cyrus10 etc4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at o!r works besides 8 ,hi/ory ,h]odotus has left4 ,( ! ,prome!us ,b\nd ( s*ylus ,mr4 ,raffety gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt4 ,x conta9s1 he says1 8! /ory ( ,prome!us & 8 defiance ( ,jupit]1 :o condemn$ him to be b\nd to a rock1 :]e he di$ r ?an yield40 ,we exhort ,mr4 ,raffety1 be=e 8 "w passes into a second edition1 to consult 8 ,classical ,diction>y4 ,( ! translations recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,raffety we %\ld v mu* l to get a sight ( ! translation ( ,p9d> by ,calv]ley1 ( ! jo9t translation ( ! same classic by ,messrs4 ,e4 ,my]s & ,a4 ,lang1 & ( ! jo9t translation ( ,?ucydides 8by ,j[ett & ,rev4 ,h4 ,dale1 #b vols40 ,( ,h]odotus1 ( s*ylus1 ( ,sophocles1 ( ,p9d>1 ( ,polybius1 ( ,demo/h5es1 :at are1 by g5]al cons5t1 e/eem$ ! be/ translations are n s mu* z m5tion$4 ,lat9 lit]ature f>es ev5 worse 9 ! h&s ( our guide4 ,mr4 ,raffety appe>s to "k no m ab\t ,catullus ?an t he 0 a writ] ( epigrams4 ,su* trifles z ! ,attis1 ! ,peleus & ,!tis1 ! ,julia & ,manlius m>riage song1 ! ,coma ,b]5ices1 ! love lyrics & ?r5odies he does n condesc5d to notice4 ,9 8guid+0 8 read]s to translations ( ,lucretius & ,juv5al1 ,munro's v]sion ( ! fir/ 9 prose & ,gif=d's v]sion ( ! second 9 v]se--:i* ,con+ton pron\nc$ to be ! be/ v]sion ( any ,roman classic 9 our language--are n s mu* z ref]r$ to4 ,nor1 aga91 9 ! case ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 are ! excell5t v]sions ( ,?ornton & ,coleman notic$4 ,tacitus1 :o is oddly describ$ z 8! =emo/ man ( ! day10 an e/imate :i* might h pleas$ b :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h surpris$ him1 *ronicl$1 we are told1 8! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,mr4 ,raffety's assurance on ?is po9t w probably disappo9t inquisitive read]s4 ,equally surpris+ are ! portions ( ! "w deal+ ) ! mod]n lit]atures4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! we le>n t 8! ,nibelung5 ,li$ is ! olde/ drama 9 ,europe02 t ! ,areopagitica & ! ,def5ce ( ! ,p ( ,engl& are ,milton's be/ prose writ+s--,mr4 ,raffety app>5tly n be+ aw>e t ! second "w is 9 ,lat91 & t if he means ! fir/ ,def5ce1 x is any?+ b "o ( ! be/ ( ,milton's writ+s4 ,we are also in=m$ t ,dryd5 0 mo/ valuable z a translator f ! ,greek & ,lat92 ,dryd5's v]sions f ! ,greek beg9 & end ) p>aphrases ( f\r ,idylls ( ,!ocritus1 ! fir/ book ( ! ,iliad & ! p>t+ ( ,hector & ,&roma*e f ! six?1 & are notori\sly ! v wor/ ?+s he ev] did4 ,sometimes ,mr4 ,raffety fairly takes our brea? away1 z :5 he in=ms u t ,gray's tomb c be se5 9 ! little *ur*y>d ( ,/oke ,pogis 8) ! ,elegy writt5 ^u x40 ,c ,mr4 ,raffety be acqua9t$ ) ! l5g? ( ! ,elegy & ) ! proportions ( a tomb/one8 ,*auc]1 we are in=m$1 wrote "s poems 9 ,italian4 ,we %\ld v mu* l to see !m1 & s probably w\ld ,pr(essor ,skeat1 = !y appe> to h escap$ ! notice ( all ,*auc]'s editors4 ,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub 0 writt51 we are told1 8aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,hobbes60 ,x is inde$ impossible to op5 ?is book any:]e )\t alight+ on "s mo/ discr$itable blund] or absurdity4 ,?us we are in=m$ t ,macaulay's essay on ,burleigh treats ( ! "t ( ,james ,i4--,burleigh1 z we ne$ h>dly say1 dy+ ne>ly five ye>s be=e ,james came to ! ?rone1 & ,macaulay's essay hav+ no ref]5ce at all to ,james ,i4's "t4 8,!re is10 says ,mr4 ,raffety1 8no m /irr+ lyric ?an ,! ,cott]'s ,saturday ,night10 a rem>k :i* %[s t ,mr4 ,raffety does n "k :at a lyric poem is4 ,b to look = blund]s 9 ,mr4 ,raffety's pages w\ld be to look = leaves 9 a summ] =e/4 ,8 critical rem>ks & biographical notes are truly delightful4 ,we wi% we _h space to quote "s ( !m4 ,( _! g5]al quality ! foll[+ pr(\nd rem>k is a fair specim53--8,dante requires /udy1 & an endeav\r aft] appreciation40 ,mr4 ,raffety is always anxi\s to conduct 8 read]s by %ort cuts & to save !m tr\ble4 ,macaulay's ,essays1 = example1 %\ld be read be=e 8 ,hi/ory2 8!y w be m easily tackl$10 he says1 8?an ! ,hi/ory 9 ! fir/ in/ance40 ,b on ! subject ( ,gibbon ,mr4 ,raffety is adamant1 be+ fully ( ! late ,pr(essor ,freeman's op9ion--8,:atev] else is read1 ,gibbon mu/ be read40 ,h[ ,gibbon is to be read1 or :y ,gibbon is to be read1 or 9 :at edition he %\ld be read1 ,mr4 ,raffety does n expla94 ,n[1 :at possible end c be s]v$ by books l ^!1 except to misguide & mis9=m8 ,"h is a writ]1 :o c]ta9ly leaves u ) ! impression t he _c read ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics 9 ! orig9al1 sett+ up z a director ( classical /udy1 & pron\nc+ ex ca!dr on ! m]its ( translations ( ^! classics4 ,8 k ( ! mod]n lit]ature is1 z is abundantly manife/1 ?\gh we h nei!r space nor pati5ce to illu/rate1 equally insuffici5t & unsub/antial1 & yet he und]takes to initiate & guide ! inexp]i5c$ 9 ^! /udies4 ,?is book is pres5t$ to ! public 9 a mo/ attractive =m1 be+ excell5tly pr9t$ on excell5t pap]1 & w naturally be tak5 s]i\sly by ^? to :om x appeals4 ,x is = ?is reason t we also h felt x our duty to take x s]i\sly4 ,&1 z we believe t e bad book /&s 9 ! way ( a good "o1 we c promise ,mr4 ,raffety1 & writ]s l ,mr4 ,raffety1 t we %all cont9ue to take !m s]i\sly4 ,,! ,,new ,,criticism#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,retrospective ,reviews4 ,a ,lit]>y ,log4 ,by ,ri*>d ,le ,galli5ne4 #b vols4 ,ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago ,horace obs]v$ t1 ?\gh e call+ presuppos$ "s qualification 9 ^? :o foll[$ x1 & a man :o knew no?+ ( m>9e affairs w\ld n und]take to manage a %ip1 or a man :o knew no?+ ( drugs to comp\nd prescriptions1 yet ev]ybody fanci$ himself compet5t to comm5ce poet4 ,qualifi$ or unqualifi$1 at x we all g1 he compla9s1 & scribble v]ses4 ,b times h *ang$1 & ^? :o 9 ,horace's day 7 ! pe/s ( poetry1 ) :i* !y c\ld amuse !mselves )\t mis*ief1 h n[ become ! pe/s ( ano!r k9d ( lit]ature 9 :i* _! div]sions are n q s h>mless4 ,:]e ! poeta/] once /ood ! critica/] n[ /&s4 ,! trans=mation ( ! "o pe/ into ! o!r1 :]e !y d n1 z !y (t5 d1 become bo?1 is easily acc\nt$ =1 & z ,dr4 ,johnson has s excell5tly expla9$ x1 we _c d bett] ?an transcribe 8 words4 8,criticism10 says ! ,doctor1 8is a /udy by :i* m5 gr[ important & =midable at a v small exp5se4 ,! p[] ( inv5tion has be5 conf]r$ by nature ^u few1 & ! lab\r ( le>n+ ^? sci5ces :i* may by m]e lab\r be atta9$ is too great to be will+ly endur$2 b e man c ex]t su* judgm5t z he has ^u ! works ( o!rs1 & he :om nature has made weak & idl5ess keeps ignorant may yet support 8 vanity by ! "n ( critic40 ,b critica/]s & _! patrons h improv$ on ?is--= 8he :om nature has made weak & idl5ess keeps ignorant0 may1 9 our "t1 n m]ely support 8 vanity1 b support himself4 ,till we inspect$ ! volumes be=e u1 we _h really no conception ( ! pass to :i* ?+s h n[ come 9 s-call$ criticism4 ,! writ] sits 9 judgm5t on mo/ ( ! au?ors :o h1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 be5 be=e ! public4 ,he passes s5t5ce n m]ely on curr5t noveli/s1 poets1 & essayi/s1 b on "s ( our classics1 & on books l ! late ,mr4 ,pat]'s ,lectures on ,plato & ,platonism & ,dr4 ,:>ton's edition ( ,sappho4 ,to any acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( criticism1 to any conception ( criticism 9 relation to pr9ciples1 to any le>n+1 to any s*ol>%ip1 to any k ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & ( ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 ei!r 9 our own language or 9 o!r languages1 he has n ! smalle/ pret5sion4 ,nor does he all[ ?is to be ga!r$ simply f ! "w itself1 :]e x is1 ne$less to say1 abundantly app>5t1 b ) a navet & impud5ce :i* are at once ludicr\s & exasp]at+ he glories 9 8 ignorance4 ,lit]ature & its int]pretation are to him :at ! ,bible & its int]pretation 7 to ! rant+ sect>ies ( ,dryd5's satire4 ,9 its explanation k & le>n+ 7 folly1 no?+ 0 ne$$ b 8grace40 8,no measure ta'en f k1 all f grace1 ,/udy & pa9s 7 n[ no m _! c>e1 ,texts 7 expla9$ by fa/+ & by pray]40 ,s to our critic k & le>n+ are ( equal unimportance--nay1 equally contemptible--& all t is ne$$ to take ! measure ( ,plato & ,wordswor? is1 9 8 own words1 8! capacity = appreciation40 ,) ?is v sl5d] outfit he sits d[n to ! "w ( criticism1 to enlight5 ! _w de omni scibili 9 lit]ature1 f ! lyrics ( ,sappho1 8! s+]1 a s+le petal ( ^: rose is m ?an ! :ole rose-g>d5 ( lat] wom5 s+]s10 to 8! /atesmanlike rea* & grasp0 ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,gosse's essays4 ,to discuss s]i\sly ! op9ions or impressions ( a writ] ( ?is k9d w\ld be z absurd z to attempt to fight gnats ) a sword1 & we %all m]ely cont5t ourselves ) transcrib+1 )\t comm5t1 a few ( ! aphorisms ) :i* ^! volumes are /udd$4 8,criticism is ! art ( praise40 8,%akespe>e is ! greate/ ,engli% poet1 n because he creat$ ,hamlet & ,le>1 b because he c\ld write t spee* ab\t ,p]dita's fl[]s & ,claudio's spee* on dea? 9 ,measure = ,measure40 8,! p]fection ( prose is ! essay1 ( poetry ! lyric1 & ! mo/ beautiful book is t :i* conta9s ! mo/ beautiful words40 ,^! specim5s w probably suffice4 ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne is also ( op9ion t 8culture is ma9ly a matt] ( temp]am5t0--t 8a man is born cultur$10 t m]e education & /udy are to su* a "o n simply sup]fluities1 b imp]t95ces4 8,:at matt]s x10 he eloqu5tly asks1 8t "o does n rememb] or ev5 has nev] read great writ]s8 ,our "o conc]n is to possess an organization op5 to great & ref9$ impressions40 ,a paltry s*ol>1 = example1 may be able to con/rue ,sappho1 b x is only 8an organization op5 to great & ref9$ impressions0 :i* c disc]n 79 a crib7 8! pa?os ( et]nity 9 "s tw5ty words0 ( 8?is passionate s+] ( ,lesbos40 ,plato may be /udi$ by poor p$ants1 b to an organization ( ?is k9d ! b9d+ ( a volume is suffici5t enlight5m5t2 8to m]ely hold 9 ! h& & turn ov] its pages is a c\nsel 9 /yle10 = d n 8! temp]ate beauty1 ! dry beauty belov$ ( ,plato1 f9d expression 9 ! sweet & /ately volume itself0 he is 8review+0 ! late ,mr4 ,pat]'s lectures on ,plato1 8) its smoo? night-blue b9d+1 its rose-leaf yell[ pages1 its s(t & yet grave type08 ,! value ( ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne's judgm5ts1 ( 8 praise1 & ( 8 c5sure1 :i*1 ludicr\s to relate1 are quot$ by "s publi%]s z recomm5dations1 or 8op9ions ( ! press10 may be e/imat$ by ^! dicta1 & by ?is !ory ( a critical education4 ,macaulay some:]e speaks ( a c]ta9 nondescript bro? :i*1 9 "s ,cont95tal inns1 0 kept con/antly boil+1 & copi\sly p\r$1 )\t di/9ction1 on e di% z x came up to table4 ,! writ] ( ^! essays appe>s1 metaphorically speak+1 to be provid$ ) a simil> abom9ation4 ,:atev] be 8 !me1 poem1 essay1 novel1 picture1 he contrives to s]ve x up ) ! same condim5t1 a sickly & nause\s comp\nd ( preciosity & s5tim5talism4 ,! melan*oly ?+ ab\t all ?is is ! pr(\nd unconsci\sness on ! "p ( ! au?or ( ^! volumes t he is excit+ ridicule2 t he is1 9 ,%akespe>e's phrase1 mak+ himself a motley to ! view4 ,b !re are consid]ations m melan*oly /ill4 ,we %\ld n h notic$ ^! volumes _h !y n be5 repres5tative & typical ( a s*ool ( s-call$ critics :i* is becom+ m & m prom95t4 ,incr$ible z x may seem1 !re are c]ta9 sections ( lit]>y society & ( ! g5]al public :i* take ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne & 8 dicta q s]i\sly1 & to :i* ! prodigi\s nons5se 9 ^! volumes does n pres5t itself z absurdity1 b z ! articles ( a cre$4 ,^! essays h1 moreov]1 appe>$ 9 publications ! names ( "s ( :i* c>ry au?ority4 ,x is1 !re=e1 high "t t "s /& %\ld be made1 "s prote/ ent]$ aga9/ writ+s :i* _c fail to corrupt popul> ta/e & to degrade ! /&>d ( popul> lit]ature4 ,( "o ?+ we are v c]ta91 t no self-respect+ lit]>y j\rnal :i* und]took to review ^! volumes c\ld all[ !m to pass )\t d5unciation4 ,( ,mr4 ,le ,galli5ne we "k no?+ p]sonally4 ,he is1 if we are rightly in=m$1 /ill a "y man1 & we w\ld 9 all k9dness exhort him to turn ! abilities :i* he und\bt$ly possesses to bett] acc\nt4 ,!re is mu* 9 ^! essays :i* %[s t he 0 int5d$ = some?+ bett] ?an to fur!r ! decad5ce4 ,if1 in/ead ( sne]+ at s*ol>s1 affect+ to despise le>n+ & /udy1 indulg+ 9 silly p>adoxes1 t9sel epigrams1 & absurd g5]alisations1 he w\ld read & ?9k1 & endeav\r to d ju/ice to himself & to 8 opportunities1 he might1 we make no d\bt1 obta9 an hon\rable reputation4 ,!re is mu* :i* is attractive 9 8 "w1 & 9 ! p]sonality reflect$ 9 x4 ,he is n a *>latan1 = ?\gh he is ignorant1 he is hone/4 ,g5ial & sympa!tic1 he has mu* real critical insight1 &1 9 go+ ?r\gh 8 volumes1 we h not$ _m rem>ks :i* 7 bo? s\nd & f9e4 ,at its be/ 8 /yle is excell5t1--cle>1 lively1 & engag+4 ,let him cease to play ! buffoon1 :i* c only end 9 8 ga9+ ! applause ( m]e fools & ! contempt ( e "o else4 ,,! ,,g5tle ,,art ,,( ,,self-,,adv]tisem5t ,! illu/ri\s ,b>num once obs]v$ t1 if a man's capital consi/$ ( a %ill+1 "o p5ny ( t %ill+ %\ld be sp5t 9 pur*as+ some?+1 & ! rema9+ elev5-p5ce %\ld be inve/$ 9 adv]tis+ :at 0 pur*as$4 ,!re 01 p]haps1 a t\* ( exagg]ation 9 t great man's rem>k1 b x 0 f\nd$ on a pr(\nd k bo? ( human nature & ( ! _w4 ,intr9sically no?+ is valuable2 ?+s are :at we make or imag9e !m4 ,ev5 ! diamond1 z a co/ly commodity1 exi/s on suffrage4 ,if a man _c p]suade 8 fell[-creatures t he has g5ius1 tal5t1 le>n+1 8'tw]e all alike z if he _h !m n40 ,:at ,p]sius asks ) a sne]1 8,scire tuum nihil e/1 nisi te scire hoc sciat alt]80--is y\r k no?+1 unless "s "o else "k t y are kn[+8--a wis] man w\ld ask 9 all s]i\sness4 ,%akespe>e 0 nev] ne>] ! tru? ?an :5 he wrote-- 8,no man is ! "l ( any?+1 ,?\gh 9 & ( him !re be mu* consi/+1 ,till he communicates 8 p>ts to o!rs2 ,nor do? he ( himself "k !m = aught1 ,till he behold !m =m$ 9 ! applause ,:]e !y are ext5d$40 ,& nev] 0 a man m mi/ak5 ?an ! old prea*] :o said to 8 congregation1 8,if y h a tal5t 9 y\r napk91 y %\ld take c>e n to hide x2 b if y h no tal5t1 b only a napk91 y %\ld n s fl\ri% y\r napk9 z to create ! impression t x is full ( tal5ts40 ,:y1 ?is is j :at n9e m5 9 t5 :o c\rt fame h to d4 ,nature is k9d1 b seldom pr(use4 ,if %e really end[s a man ) :at1 if trumpet$1 w\ld make him fam\s1 ! odds are %e c\ples ) h] gifts pride1 mode/y1 or self-respect1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 heavily h&icap him 9 ! race = reputation4 ,:5 %e does n end[ ) ! reality1 %e comp5sates by be/[+ ! p[] ( acquir+ ! cr$it = x4 ,%e is1 z a rule1 mu* too ?rifty to heap on ! same man ! ke5 pleasures ( g5u9e en?usiasm & ! sweets ( popul> applause4 ,an imp>tial "m1 %e loves all h] *ildr51 & divides h] fav\rs equally betwe5 %ams & true m54 ,?is ,*ur*ill m>ks 9 8 brutal way2 speak+ ( a c]ta9 contempor>y1 he describes him z end[$ ) 8,t l[ cunn+ :i* 9 fools supplies1 ,& amply too1 ! place ( be+ wise1 ,:i* ,nature1 k9d1 indulg5t p>5t1 gave ,to qualify ! blockhead = a knave40 ,b our bus9ess is n ) knaves & blockheads1 b ) 8g5tl] cattle10 & ! quotation dem&s an apology4 ,! importance ( ! art ( self-adv]tisem5t1 z mu/ be abundantly cle> f ! prec$+ rem>ks1 c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,?\gh x is p]haps /ill 9 its infancy1 its progress dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has be5 mo/ enc\rag+4 ,! old co>se me?ods s famili> to u 9 ! pa/1 & /ill successfully practis$ 9 ! pres5t--we mean mutual admiration cliques1 log-roll+1 & :at is vulg>ly kn[n z 8pull+ ! /r+s0--h be5 greatly improv$ ^u & ref9$4 ,b5tley's fam\s rem>k :51 expla9+ h[ x 0 t he took to comm5tat+1 he said1 t z he despair$ ( /&+ on 8 own legs 9 ! ,temple ( ,fame1 he got on to ! %\ld]s ( ! ,anci5ts1 appe>s to h sugge/$ "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( mod]n exp$i5ts4 ,?is consi/s ( 8gett+ up0 a memorial to "s di/+ui%$ man--a /atue1 x may be1 or mode/ bu/4 ,"s lab\r1 "s ability1 & "s le>n+ are involv$ 9 ! m cumbr\s device ( ,b5tley4 ,b "h all is simple & v easy4 ,y are on ! %\ld]s ( y\r great man at a b\nd1 & /& side by side ) him 9 a trice4 ,!re is no?+ :i* r$\nds to 8 cr$it :i* does n r$\nd to y\r own4 ,z ! ,r$ ,indian is "u ! impression t 9 possess+ himself ( a scalp he possesses himself ( ! virtues belong+ to ! =m] own] ( ! scalp1 s ?is tribute ( en?usia/ic admiration quietly assumes1 )\t tr\ble1 all t en?usia/ic admiration naturally implies4 ,is ! object ( y\r homage a poet1 a critic1 a s*ol>1 ! v fact t y pay him homage is1 9 itself1 te/imony ( y\r own "r to "o or o!r ( ^! hon\rable titles4 ,if1 moreov] x %\ld happ5 t y "k v little ab\t ! writ+s ( ! au?or :om y h elect$ to hon\r1 ?is is ( no consequ5ce2 = ( all ! disguises :i* ignorance c assume1 8en?usiasm0 is ! mo/ effective4 ,nor are ^! ! only advantages ( ?is p>ticul> me?od ( gett+ reputation4 ,! collection ( subscriptions & ! =mation ( a committee br+ y into contact1 or may1 if judici\sly manag$1 br+ y into contact ) all y\r di/+ui%$ contempor>ies2 & we "k :at ! prov]b says--8,noscitur a sociis0--a man is :at 8 companions are4 ,b no?+ is m effectual1 = purposes ( self-adv]tisem5t1 ?an a device :i* has lately be5 practis$ ) signal success4 ,?is consi/s ( scrap+ up an acqua9tance ) "s p]son1 ^: "n is n unkn[n to ! public1--ev5 a second-rate noveli/ w d--& wait+ till he dies4 ,z !re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( m51 s1 z we all "k1 !re is a mom5t at ! demise ( lit]>y m5 :5 ! voracity ( public curiosity kn[s nei!r di/9ction nor satiety4 ,?is is ! mom5t = ! self-adv]tis] to nick2 ?is is ! "t = him to float1 ) 8 defunct fri5d1 on ! lips ( m54 ,he w f9d read]s = any?+ he may *oose to pr9t--t lett] ) its exquisite complim5ts1 t conv]sation 9 :i* 8 poor atta9m5ts 7 s g5]\sly ov]-e/imat$1 or ! importance ( 8 slight lit]>y s]vices s mu* exagg]at$4 ,( c\rse1 ! value ( su* adv]tisem5ts w be 9 proportion to ! em95ce ( ! subject ( ! rem9isc5ces--& happy1 ?rice happy1 ^? :o 7 able to turn m5 l ,d>w91 ,t5nyson1 & ,br[n+ to ?is acc\nt2 _! reputation may be reg>d$ z made4 ,b x is n always necess>y to wait till great m5 die1 ?\gh x is an exp]im5t too bold & p]il\s = mo/ aspirants to make ?is sort ( capital out ( !m :ile !y are /ill alive4 ,/ill aud5tes =tuna juvat1 & x has be5 done4 ,a c]ta9 m9or poet publi%$ 9 an ,am]ican magaz9e1 n _m ye>s ago1 an article entitl$ 8,a ,day ) ,"l ,t5nyson10 9 :i* he repres5t$ ! ,laureate z turn+ ! conv]sation on 8 7! m9or b>d's7 poetry4 ,we are told h[ ! great man1 aft] f]v5tly reit]at+ a /anza ( t m9or b>d :i* pleas$ him1 reque/$ 8 son to take x d[n 9 writ+2 h[ t son1 ?\gh ! day 0 cold & bl[y1 took x d[n2 h[ ,t5nyson grasp$1 at p>t+1 8 bro!r poet's h&1 & begg$ 9 transport t he w\ld 8come aga9 & come (t540 ,he came1 we believe1 no m4 ,b :at ( t8 ,he _h accompli%$ a feat s simple & yet s orig9al t x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r :at ,mr4 ,burnum us$ to call 8 ma/]piece 0 9 any way comp>able to x4 ,to int]view a great man1 ev5 on an assumption ( equality1 is1 z we all "k1 a comp>atively easy matt]1 b to turn ! conv]sation ( ! great man into a seasonable puff ( y\rself requires a comb9ation ( qualities n (t5 unit$ 9 a s+le p]son4 ,! wor/ ( feats l ^! is t !y mu/ h a t5d5cy to make great m5 a little %y ( enc\rag+ ! acqua9tance ( ^? to :om !y c be s useful4 ,b simplicity1 z ,?ucydides rem>ks1 is "o ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( greatness1 & x is a quality v difficult to we> out4 ,if ,t5nyson's int]view] has ev] _h a rival 9 ! important art :i* has be5 discuss$--= ! b5efit ( y\?ful ambition--9 ?is article1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t t rival 0 ! ,rev4 ,aris ,willmott4 ,?is n[ almo/ =gott5 writ] 0 a v volum9\s au?or bo? 9 v]se & prose2 b 8 m]its 7 n appreciat$ by an ungrateful public s mu* z !y ought to h be54 ,he resort$1 !re=e1 to ! foll[+ exquisitely +5i\s device4 ,he publi%$ a h&some volume1 :i* is n[ be=e u1 entitl$ ,gems f ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ?us arrang$3 ,bacon1 ,rev4 ,aris ,willmott1 ,j]emy ,taylor1 ,rev4 ,aris ,willmott1 ,b>r[1 ,rev4 ,aris ,willmott1 s&wi*+ himself regul>ly ?r\gh ! prose classics1 & 9 ! same way ?r\gh ! poets--,%akespe>e1 ,rev4 ,aris ,willmott1 ,milton1 ,rev4 ,aris1 etc4 ,z bir?day books1 press notices1 int]views at home1 portraits ( di/+ui%$ au?ors 9 _! /udies1 & ! l are gett+ a little /ale1 we cordially recomm5d ?is rev4 g5tleman's exp$i5t--x may be judici\sly modifi$--to ! notice ( all :o are unable to di/+ui% fame f notoriety4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,lett]s#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,! ,lett]s ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son to 8 ,family & ,fri5ds4 ,select$ & ,edit$ ) ,notes & ,introduction by ,sidney ,colv94 #b vols4 ,! late ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son is a writ] :o has e title to commis]ation1 & ! appe>ance ( ! volumes be=e u may be said to m>k ! climax ( 8 mis=tunes4 ,diseas$ & sickly f 8 bir?1 ) 8 life frequ5tly hang+ on a ?read1 he probably nev] knew ! s5sation ( p]fect heal?4 ,dur+ ! impressionable ye>s ( e>ly y\? 8 surr\nd+s appe> to h be5 mo/ uncong5ial2 he 0 =c$ into a pr(ession = :i* he _h no ta/e & no aptitude4 ,9 con/ant /raits = money1 at times he 0 mis]ably poor2 8 appr5tice%ip to lett]s 0 long & ardu\s1 = he 0 n "o ( ,nature's fav\rites1 & atta9$ :at he did atta9 by unsp>+ & sev]e lab\r4 ,8 w&]+ & re/less life1 br++ him z x did into contact ) all phases ( humanity & ) all p>ts ( ! _w1 0 ( c\rse 9 _m respects fav\rable to 8 "w1 b x _h at ! same "t s]i\s disadvantages4 ,x gave him little "t = reflection2 x import$ a c]ta9 fev]i%ness into 8 en]gy1 & r5d]$ t conc5tration & /ead9ess1 )\t :i* no really great "w c be accompli%$1 impossible4 ,t 9 ^! circum/ances ,/ev5son %\ld h produc$ s mu*1 & s mu* :i* is ( a high ord] ( m]it1 is mo/ cr$itable to him1 & n a little surpris+4 8,he /&s10 says 8 fri5d ,pr(essor ,colv91 8z ! writ] :o 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has h&l$ ) ! mo/ ( fre%ness & inspirit+ p[] ! wide/ range ( e/abli%$ lit]>y =ms--! moral1 critical & p]sonal essay1 travels s5tim5tal & o!r1 p>ables & tales ( my/]y1 boys' /ories ( adv5ture1 memoirs2 nor let lyrical & m$itative v]se bo? ,engli% & ,scotti%1 & especially nurs]y v]se1 a new ve9 = g5ius to "w 91 be =gott540 ,) "s res]vation ?is may be conc$$1 & ?is is z f> z eulogy c legitimately be /ret*$4 ,b1 unhappily1 "s ( ,/ev5son's admir]s h made !mselves & _! idol ridicul\s1 by rais+ him to a position 8 claims to :i* are prepo/]\s4 ,if he be measur$ ) 8 contempor>ies ! comp>ison w g5]ally be 9 8 fav\r--he c]ta9ly did be/ :at hundr$s c d well4 ,8 essays h di/9ction & excell5ce2 8 novels1 travels1 & %ort tales1 ?\gh sc>cely entitl$ to ! praise ( orig9ality1 z !y /rike no new notes & are m]e v>iants ( ! "w ( ,scott1 ,k+/on1 ,ballantyne1 ,de ,qu9cey & ,poe1 be> ! impress ( g5ius z di/+ui%$ f m]e tal5t1 & reflect a v *>m+ p]sonality2 8 v]se1 too1 is pleas+ & skilful4 ,b :5 we are told t he w /& ! ?ird 9 a trio ) ,burns & ,scott1 & :5 we h to li/5 to s]i\s appeals to ,ed9burgh to raise a /atue to him beside ! au?or ( ,m>mion & ! ,wav]ley ,novels1 all :o truly appreciate 8 "w may well tremble = ! reaction :i* is c]ta9 to succe$ su* extravagant ov]e/imation4 ,! tru? is t poor ,/ev5son1 himself "o ( ! simple/1 s9c]e/ & mo/ mode/ ( m51 got involv$ ) a clique :o may be describ$ z manufactur]s ( factiti\s reputations1--! circulators ( a false curr5cy 9 criticism4 ,9 ^! days ( appeals to ! masses x is z easy to write up ! sort ( works :i* are address$ to !m--popul> essays1 tales & novels--z x is to write up ! commodities ( quack doctors & ! %>es ( bogus companies4 ,! production ( popul> lit]ature is n[ a trade1 & 9 "s cases ?is k9d ( puff]y is ! "w ( delib]ate fraud1 orig9at+ f v>i\s motives4 ,9 _m cases x simply spr+s f ignorance & critical incompet5ce1 curr5t criticism be+1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 ! h&s ( v "y m5 :o1 hav+ nei!r ! requisite k nor ! prop] tra9+1 are unable to judge a writ] comp>atively4 ,9 o!r cases x is to be attribut$ to good nature & ! t5d5cy 9 ! g5ial appreciation ( real m]it to indulge 9 extravagant expression4 ,b ! result is ! same4 ,a reputation1 s grotesquely out ( proportion to :at is really m]it$ t sob] p are incl9$ to suspect t all is impo/ure1 is gradually inflat$4 ,eulogy k9dles eulogy2 hyp]bole is heap$ on hyp]bole2 a ludicr\s importance is atta*$ to e trifle :i* falls1 or :i* ev] has fall51 f ?is ,press-creat$ ,feti%4 ,:ile he is alive he is enc\rag$1 or r importun$1 to =ce 8 p[] ( production to keep pace ) ! dem& = ev]y?+ be>+ 8 signature2 :5 he is dead ! v refuse ( 8 /udy f9ds eag] publi%]s4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ has obvi\sly _m advantages1 :i* are by no means conf9$ to ! object ( ! idolatry itself4 ,9 ! fir/ place x means bus9ess2 x is ! creation ( a goose :i* c lay gold5 eggs1 & x is1 9 ! second place1 a creation :i* reflects no little glory on ! creators4 ,is x no?+ to be ! satellites ( s radiant a lum9>y8 ,:5 ! famili> correspond5ce ( ! great man is pr9t$1 w n :at he 0 pleas$ to say1 ) all ! fri5dly lic5se ( private int]c\rse1 9 ! way ( complim5t & eulogy1 be proclaim$ f ! h\se-tops8 ,all ?is is exactly :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( poor ,/ev5son4 ,no man ev] took m ju/ly 8 own measure1 or w\ld h be5 m annoy$ at ! prepo/]\s eulogies ( :i* he has be5 made ! subject1 on ! "p ( int]e/$ or ill-judg+ fri5ds4 ,we wond] :at he w\ld himself h said1 c\ld he h se5 ! lett]s be=e u describ$1 z !y 7 describ$ 9 "o ( ! curr5t ,reviews1 z 8! mo/ exhau/ive & di/+ui%$ lit]>y correspond5ce :i* ,engl& has ev] se540 ,we entirely absolve ,pr(essor ,colv9 f any suspicion ( be+ actuat$ by unwor?y motives 9 publi%+ !m4 ,x is abundantly cle> t he has n publi%$ !m to puff himself1 t 8 lab\r has be5 a lab\r ( love1 & t he believ$ himself to be pi\sly fulfill+ a duty to 8 fri5d4 ,b !y ought nev] to h be5 giv5 to ! _w4 ,m ?an two-?irds h no?+ :atev] to ju/ify _! appe>ance 9 pr9t1 & m]ely %[1 :at w surprise ^? :o knew ,/ev5son by 8 lit]>y writ+s1 h[ vapid1 vulg> & commonplace he c\ld be4 ,9 _! slangy famili>ity & c>eless spontaneity !y rem9d u ( ,byron's1 b :at a contra/ d ^! trivial & too (t5 insipid tattl+s pres5t to ,byron's brilliance & po9t1 8 wit1 8 piquancy1 8 insight into life & m56 ,only "h & !re1 9 a t\* ( description1 or 9 a casual reflection1 d we f9d any?+ to di/+ui% !m f ! myriads ( lett]s :i* are int]*ang$ betwe5 "y m5 e day 9 ! ye>4 ,_! "o attraction lies 9 ! glimpses !y reveal ( ,/ev5son's own *>m+ p]sonality1 8 k9dl9ess1 8 sympa?y1 8 great mode/y1 8 manl9ess1 8 transp>5t tru?fulness & hone/y4 ,x is amus+ to wat* him ) "o ( 8 correspond5ts :o 0 evid5tly endeav\r+ to e/abli% a mutual ex*ange ( flatt]y4 ,! urbane skill ) :i* ?is g5tleman's p]si/5tly fulsome complim5ts are ei!r f5c$ or waiv$ aside1 ! ironical delicacy ) :i*1 :5 a return is extort$1 !y are repaid1 9 a measure /rictly adju/$ to des]t & yet c]ta9 n to disappo9t expectant vanity1 are q exquisite4 8,! suns g swiftly out10 he writes to him1 ref]r+ to ! dea? ( ,t5nyson & ,br[n+ & o!rs1 8& ,i see no suns to foll[1 no?+ b a univ]sal twilight ( ! demi-div9ities1 ) p>ties l y & me beat+ on toy drums1 & play+ on p5ny :i/les ab\t gl[-worms40 ,! indignant lett] to ! ,new ,york ,tribune1 9 def5ce ( ,james ,payn1 :o _h be5 accus$ ( plagi>is+ f "o ( ,/ev5son's fictions1 well des]ves plac+ on p]man5t record1 z an illu/ration ( 8 *ivalr\s loyalty to 8 fri5ds4 ,we are sorry1 we repeat1 t ^! lett]s h be5 giv5 to ! _w4 ,s f> z ,/ev5son's reputation is conc]n$ !y c only detract f x4 ,:5 !y illu/rate him on 8 be/ side !y m]ely emphasise :at 8 works illu/rate s abundantly t fur!r illu/ration is a m]e "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,:5 !y pres5t him1 z = ! mo/ "p !y d1 9 di%abille1 !y exhibit him v greatly to 8 disadvantage4 ,if ,pr(essor ,colv9 _h pr9t$ ab\t "o-?ird ( !m1 & reta9$ 8 excell5t elucidatory introductions1 :i* =m practically a biography ( ,/ev5son1 he w\ld h produc$ a "w = :i* all admir]s ( t mo/ pleas+ writ] w\ld h ?ank$ him4 ,z x is1 he has be5 guilty1 9 our op9ion1 ( a grave error ( judgm5t4 ,,lit]>y ,,iconoclasm#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,au?or%ip ( ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,a ,new ,criticism by ,j4 ,t4 ,t4 ,br[n4 ,among ! wor?ies ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re is no m int]e/+ & picturesque figure ?an ! ,poet-,k+ ( ,scotl&1 ,james ,i4 ,long be=e ! poem on :i* 8 fame re/s 0 giv5 to ! _w1 tradition _h assign$ him a high place among native mak]s1 & 8 c\ntrym5 _h be5 pr\d to add to ! names ( ,dunb> & ,d\glas1 ( ,h5ryson & ,lyndsay1 ! "n ( ! be/ ( _! k+s4 ,great 0 _! joy1 !re=e1 :51 9 #aghc1 ,william ,tytl] gave public pro( t ! good ,k+'s title to ! laurel 0 no m]e title by c\rtesy1 b t he _h be5 ! au?or ( a poem :i* c\ld fairly be reg>d$ z "o ( ! gems ( ,scotti% lit]ature4 ,!re _c1 9 tru?1 be two op9ions ab\t ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,x is a poem ( s+ul> *>m & beauty1 &1 ?\gh x is modell$ closely on c]ta9 ( ,*auc]'s m9or poems1 & is 9 o!r respects l>gely indebt$ to !m1 x is no s]vile imitation2 x be>s ! impress ( orig9al g5ius1 n s mu* 9 details & incid5t z 9 tone1 col\r1 & t\*2 x is a brilliant & mo/ memorable a*ievem5t1 & ,rossetti h>dly exagg]ates :5 he describes x z 8,m sweet ?an ev] a poet's he>t ,gave yet to ! ,engli% tongue40 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s x has be5 ! delight ( all :o c>e = ! poetry ( ! pa/1 & ! /ory x tells1 & tells s pa!tically1 is n[ among ! 8consecrat$ leg5ds0 :i* e "o *]i%es4 8,! be/ poet among k+s1 & ! be/ k+ among poets10 ! "n ( ! au?or ( ! ,k+is ,quair heads ! li/ ( royal au?ors4 ,! /anza :i* he employ$1 ?\gh inv5t$ or adopt$ by ,*auc]1 takes its title f ! ,k+1 & 8! rime royal0 w be 9 p]petual evid5ce ( 8 s]vices to poetry1 z ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews w be ( 8 s]vices to le>n+ & education4 ,no g5]ation has pass$1 f ,sir ,walt] ,scott to ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 & f ,mrs4 ,br[n+ to ,gabriel ,rossetti1 :i* has n be5 lavi% ( hon\r & homage to him4 ,b1 x seems1 we h all be5 "u a delusion4 ,our simple ance/ors believ$ t ,james 0 ! au?or ( ,peebles to ! ,play & ,*ri/'s ,kirk on ! ,gre52 b ,peebles to ! ,play & ,*ri/'s ,kirk on ! ,gre5 8are n[0--,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,t4 ,br[n is speak+--8relegat$ to ! anonym\s poetry ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 inexorably depos$ by ! int]nal evid5ce02 & ,mr4 ,br[n aspires to s5d ! ,k+is ,quair ! same way4 ,8 fell purpose is 8to deprive ,james ( 8 s++ g>m5t1 & r$uce him to ! humbl] rank ( a ,k+ ( ,scots40 ,!re is some?+ almo/ t]rible 9 ! exultation ) :i* ,mr4 ,br[n assumes t--! ,k+'s claim to e o!r poem attribut$ to him hav+ be5 completely demoli%$--x only rema9s to deprive him ( ! ,k+is ,quair1 to make 8 poetical bankruptcy complete4 ,& to ! demolition ( ! ,k+'s claim to ! 8,quair0 ,mr4 ,br[n ru?lessly proce$s4 ,n[ we h no int5tion ( ent]+ into ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! m9or poems to :i* ,mr4 ,br[n ref]s2 b we %all c]ta9ly break a lance ) ?is de/ructive critic 9 def5ce ( ,james's claim to ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,mr4 ,br[n cont5ds1 fir/1 t !re is no satisfactory ext]nal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,k+'s au?or%ip ( ! poem2 &1 secondly1 t ! int]nal evid5ce is almo/ conclusive aga9/ him4 ,:at are ! facts8 ,9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y is a ,,ms4 ! date ( :i* is unc]ta91 b x _c be assign$ to an e>li] p]iod ?an #adhh4 ,?is ,,ms4 conta9s c]ta9 poems ( ,*auc]1 ,hoccleve1 ,lydgate1 & o!rs1 toge!r ) ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,( ! ,k+is ,quair x is1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! only ,,ms41 & to x alone we owe ! pres]vation ( ! poem4 ,bo? title & colophon assign ! "w to ,james ,i41 ! words be+3 8,heireeft] foll[is ! quair ,maid be ,k+ ,james ( ,scotl& ye fir/1 callit ye ,k+is quair1 & ,maid quh5 8 ,ma4 wes 9 ,+l&10 ! colophon runn+1 8,explicit1 c41 c41 quod ,jacobus primus scotorum rex ,illu/rissimus40 ,?is is surely precise en\gh2 b ,mr4 ,br[n insi/s t ! /atem5t c>ries v little weight1 be+ no m ?an ! ipse dixit ( n m]ely an irresponsible1 b ( an unusually reckless copyi/4 ,! recklessness ( ?is copyi/ ,mr4 ,br[n d$uces f ! fact t1 ( t5 poems attribut$ to ,*auc] 9 ! same ,,ms41 five und\bt$ly d n belong to him4 ,on ?is we %all only rem>k t x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ^! poems h be5 attribut$ to ,*auc] 9 o!r ,,mss4 ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,br[n mu/ surely "k t x is a v diff]5t ?+ = a copyi/ to miss-assign a few %ort poems & to make a /atem5t s explicit z ! /atem5t "h made ) reg>d to ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,he mu/ ei!r h be5 guilty ( delib]ate fraud--& :at "r h we to assume ?is8--or he mu/ h be5 misl$1 an hypo!sis :i* is equally unw>rantable1 unless x be adequately support$4 ,& h[ does ,mr4 ,br[n proce$ to support x8 ,he cont5ds t we h no satisfactory evid5ce f o!r s\rces t ,james 0 ! au?or ( ! poem4 ,walt] ,b[]1 ! "o contempor>y hi/orian1 ?\gh he gives 9 8 ,scoti*ronicon an elaborate acc\nt ( ! ,k+'s accompli%m5ts1 is sil5t1 ,mr4 ,br[n triumphantly obs]ves1 ab\t 8 poetry4 ,?is may be conc$$4 ,b ,weldon is equally sil5t ab\t ! poetry ( ,james ,,vi41 & ,bu*anan ab\t ! poetry ( ,m>y4 ,& :at says ! next hi/orian1 ,john ,major8 8,9 ! v]nacul>0--we give ! passage 9 ,mr4 ,br[n's own v]sion--8he 0 a mo/ skilful compos]4444 ,he wrote a clev] little book ab\t ! ,que5 be=e he took h] to wife & :ile he 0 a prison]10 a pla9 ref]5ce to ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,te/imony to 8 poetical ability is also giv5 by ,hector ,boyes 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 8,9 l+u v]nacul tam ornata faciebat c>m9a1 ut poetam natum cr$idisses40 ,s say ,john ,bell5d51 ,john ,leslie1 & ,george ,bu*anan4 ,( ^! witnesses ,mr4 ,br[n coolly obs]ves t !y c>ry little or no weight1 because !y only e*o ea* o!r & ,major4 ,major1 ,mr4 ,br[n insi/s1 is 8! sole au?ority = ! ascription to ,james ( ! v]nacul> poems40 ,c]ta9ly fame 9 ! face ( su* critics z ,mr4 ,br[n is held on a v prec>i\s t5ure4 ,dunb>1 9 8 ,lam5t ( ! ,mak>is1 enum]ates1 cont9ues our critic1 tw5ty-"o ,scotti% poets1 b passes ,james ov] 9 sil5ce1 !re=e ,james's title to be+ a poet 0 unkn[n to him4 ,possibly2 b t ,dunb>'s li/ 0 n meant to be exhau/ive is prov$ by ! fact t he makes no m5tion ( a poet1 & ( a consid]able poet1 :o mu/ h be5 well kn[n to him1 ,?omas ( ,ercild\ne4 ,no?+ c be m mislead+ ?an d$uctions l ^!4 ,ovid has giv5 u an elaborate catalogue ( ! poets ( 8 "t1 b makes no m5tion ( ,manilius4 ,heywood & ,taylor h giv5 elaborate catalogues ( ! contempor>y ,elizabe?an dramati/s & make no m5tion ( ,cyril ,t\rneur4 ,addison has giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ,engli% poets1 & makes no m5tion ( ,%akespe>e4 ,if ,dante's & ,*auc]'s acqua9tance ) _! di/+ui%$ bre?r5 is to be e/imat$ by ^? :om !y notic$1 x mu/ h be5 f> m limit$ ?an we "k x1 by o!r evid5ce1 to h be54 ,lyndsay1 aga91 is cit$ z te/imony ( ignorance ( ,james's title to rank among poets2 b 9 ! li/1 9 :i* he is sil5t ab\t ,james1 he is sil5t ab\t poets s fam\s z ,b>b\r1 ,bl9d ,h>ry1 ,wynt[n1 ,k5n$y1 & ,d\glas4 ,mr4 ,br[n next proce$s to ! "q ( int]nal evid5ce4 ,he _c und]/& h[ x c\ld come to pass1 t a ,scot*man1 :o left 8 native c\ntry :5 he 0 "u twelve ye>s ( age1 & :o 0 educat$ by ,engli% tutors 9 ,engl&1 %\ld1 aft] eighte5 ye>s ( exile1 employ 8! ,l[l& ,scotti% dialect40 ,?is is surely n v difficult to expla94 ,no?+ s mu* ende>s 8 c\ntry to a man z exile1 & no?+ is m *]i%$ by a patriot ?an 8 native language4 ,t5 ye>s' exile among ! ,get did n corrupt ! ,lat9ity ( ,ovid1 & m ?an tw5ty ye>s' exile did n impair ! purity ( ,?ucydides' ,attic4 ,! ,k+ may h _h ,engli% tutors1 b ,wynt[n di/9ctly tells u t he 0 all[$ to reta91 z 8 companions1 f\r ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,:5 he s]v$ 9 ,france he _h a ,scotti% bodygu>d4 ,! docum5t 9 ! ,k+'s own h&writ+1 pr9t$ by ,*alm]s1 proves t 9 #adab he 0 conv]sant ) ! ,l[l& dialect4 ,9 all probability1 !re=e1 he c>efully *]i%$ 8 native language4 ,! cons5sus ( tradition places x beyond all d\bt t he compos$ poetry 9 ! v]nacul>1 & z he wrote ! ,k+is ,quair :5 he knew t he 0 ab\t to return to ,scotl& z its k+1 x 0 surely ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w t he %\ld compose a poem :i* told ! /ory ( himself & 8 "y bride1 :om he 0 introduc+ to 8 subjects z _! que51 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry4 ,b1 says ,mr4 ,br[n1 x is ! ,l[l& dialect1 ) inflexions peculi> to ,midl& ,engli%1 ) _m ,*auc]ian inflections engraft$ on x4 ,& :at m natural8 ,! ,midl& dialect 0 ! dialect ( 8 ,engli% tea*]s4 ,! poems ( ,*auc] he probably _h by he>t4 ,mr4 ,br[n's object 9 all ?is is to relegate ! ,k+is ,quair to t gr\p ( poems :i* are repres5t$ by ! ,romaunt ( ! ,rose1 ,! ,c\rt ( ,love1 & ,lancelot ( ! ,lak1 :i* appe>$ late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 :i* all ^! peculi>ities are v pron\nc$4 ,into philological details we h n space to ent]1 b ?is we w say4 ,we w admit t ane be=e a consonant1 ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 yt or x1 ! pron\ns ?aire & ?ame1 ! plural =m quhilkis1 ! employm5t ( ! v]b to d 9 ! emphatic conjugation & ! l1 are peculi>ities :i* belong to a p]iod n e>li] ?an ab\t #addj1 & t all ^! peculi>ities are to be f\nd 9 ! poem4 ,b1 we cont5d t ^! are j z likely to be due to ! transcrib] z !y are to ! au?or4 ,no?+ 0 s common ) copyi/s z to import into _! texts ! peculi>ities ( _! own dialects1 inde$ x 0 habitual ) !m4 ,?us ,hampole's ,pricke ( ,consci5ce 0 greatly alt]$ by s\!rn scribes4 ,?us1 9 ! ,bannatyne ,,ms41 ,*auc]'s m9or poems 7 simil>ly alt]$ by nor!rn scribes4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 ! v height ( ra%ness to dispute ! g5u95ess ( an orig9al1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( peculi>ities :i* might q well h be5 import$ into x by a copyi/4 ,! resemblances betwe5 ?is poem & ! ,c\rt ( ,love are1 we admit1 n likely to h be5 m]e co9cid5ces1 & we are q ready to admit t ! ,c\rt ( ,love 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h x n[1 mu/ be assign$ to a mu* lat] date1 m ?an a c5tury lat]1 ?an ! date 7#adbc7 assign$ to ! ,k+is ,quair4 ,b ?is is c]ta9--t _m1 & v _m1 ( ! resemblances betwe5 ! two poems are to be attribut$ to ! fact t ! writ]s 7 saturat$ ) ! influ5ce ( ,*auc]1 & delight$ 9 imitat+ & recall+ 8 poetry4 ,if1 aga91 x be assum$ t "o poem 0 ! exempl> ( ! o!r1 ?is is indisputable1 t ! ,c\rt ( ,love 0 modell$ on ! ,k+is ,quair1 & n ! ,k+is ,quair on ! ,c\rt ( ,love4 ,=1 sett+ aside peculi>ities :i* may be assign$ to transcrib]s1 !re c be little d\bt t ! ,c\rt ( ,love belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury at ! v e>lie/1 :ile ,mr4 ,br[n himself admits t ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,k+is ,quair may be approximately fix$ at #adhh4 ,no?+ c be m unsatisfactory ?an ,mr4 ,br[n's attempt to %[ t ! poem breaks d[n 9 autobiographical details1 & t x d]ives ^! details f ,wynt[n's ,*ronicle4 ,james does n m5tion ! exact ye> 9 :i* he 0 tak5 prison]4 ,he tells u t he comm5c$ 8 voyage :5 ! sun _h begun to drive 8 c\rse upw>d 9 ! sign ( ,aries1 t is1 on or ab\t ! #ab? ( ,m>*--& t he _h n f> pass$ ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 8bot n]e ab\t ! n[m] ( z]is ?re0--9 o!r words1 t he 0 ab\t t5 ye>s ( age4 ,h]eupon ,mr4 ,br[n1 assum+ t ,wynt[n gives ! date ( ! ,k+'s bir? correctly1 proce$s to po9t out t ! ,k+ 0 n at ?is "t 8ab\t t510 b t he 0 ab\t elev5 & a half2 & !n asks triumphantly :e!r ,james w\ld h be5 likely to =get 8 own age4 ,aga91 he cont5ds t ! ,k+'s capture c\ld n h tak5 place 9 ,m>*1 because x is highly probable t at ! end ( ,febru>y1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 ! ,k+ 0 9 ! ,t[]4 ,= ! fact t he 0 9 ! ,t[] at t date !re is n an iota ( pro(1 or ev5 ( tol]ably satisfactory presumptive evid5ce4 ,h[ ! au?or ( ! ,k+is ,quair c\ld h be5 indebt$ to ,wynt[n's ,*ronicle = ! autobiographical details x is1 inde$1 difficult to see4 ,! poem gives ,m>* z ! date ( ! capture2 ! ,*ronicle gives ,april4 ,accord+ to ! poem1 ! ,k+'s age at ! "t ( 8 capture 0 ab\t t52 accord+ to ! ,*ronicle1 ab\t elev5 & a half4 ,! ,*ronicle gives ! ye> ( ! capture2 ! poem does n4 ,! ,*ronicle gives details n to be f\nd 9 ! poem2 ! poem details n to be f\nd 9 ! ,*ronicle4 ,mr4 ,br[n has no au?ority :atev] = ass]t+ t ,book ,,ix4 *ap4 xxv4 ( ! ,*ronicle 0 c]ta9ly writt5 ye>s be=e ,james return$ to ,scotl&4 ,all we "k ab\t ! ,*ronicle is t x 0 f9i%$ betwe5 ! #crd ( ,septemb]1 #adbj1 & ! return ( ,james 9 ,april1 #adbd4 ,mr4 ,br[n mu/ =give u = express+ regret t he %\ld h wa/$ s mu* "t & le>n+1 9 attempt+ to support a p>adox :i* c only s]ve to p]plex & mislead4 ,s*ol>s1 especially 9 ^! days1 w\ld d well to rememb]1 t no?+ c ju/ify de/ructive criticism b a consci5ti\s desire1 on ! "p ( ^? :o apply x1 to correct error & to discov] tru?4 ,& !y w\ld also d well to pond] ov] ,bacon's weighty words3 8,l z _m sub/ances 9 ,nature :i* are solid d putrify & corrupt into worms1 s x is ! prop]ty ( good & s\nd k to putrify & dissolve into a numb] ( subtle1 idle1 un:olesome1 &1 z ,i may t]m !m1 v]miculate que/ions1 :i* h inde$ a k9d ( quickness & life ( _s1 b no s\ndness ( matt] nor goodness ( sub/ance40 ,,william ,,dunb>#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,william ,dunb>4 ,by ,oliphant ,smeaton4 ,ed9burgh3 ,oliphant4 ,boswell tells u t he once (f]$ to tea* ,dr4 ,johnson ! ,scot* dialect1 t ! sage might enjoy ! beauties ( a c]ta9 ,scot* pa/oral poem1 & receiv$ = 8 reply1 8,no1 sir2 ,i w n le>n x4 ,y %all reta9 y\r sup]iority by my n kn[+ x40 ,x w\ld n be true to say t ,dr4 ,johnson's indiff]5ce to ! ,scot* language & to ,scot* poetry has be5 %>$ by all cultivat$ ,engli%m51 b x has c]ta9ly be5 %>$ by a v l>ge majority 9 e g5]ation4 ,! sup]b m]it ( _m ( ! ,scot* ballads1 ! lyrics ( ,burns & ! novels ( ,scott h practically done little to dim9i% ?is majority & to induce ,engli% read]s to acquire ! k :i* ,dr4 ,johnson disda9$4 ,n9e ,engli%m5 out ( t5 read ,burns1 ei!r ) an eye uneasily fi%+ ! gloss>y at ! bottom ( ! page1 or ad s5sum1 t is1 9 cont5t$ ignorance ( ab\t ?ree words 9 e n9e4 ,& ?is is1 p]haps1 all t c reasonably be expect$ ( ! ,s\!rn]4 ,life is %ort2 ! _w ( ,scot* dr9k1 ,scot* religion & ,scot* mann]s is n1 z ,mat!w ,arnold obs]v$1 a lovely "o1 & ! "t :i* su* an accompli%m5t w\ld require w\ld be f> m pr(itably sp5t 9 acquir+1 say1 ! language ( ,dante & ,ario/o1 or ev5 ! language ( ! ,romanc]o ,g5]al & ( ,c]vantes4 ,a mod]n read] may /umble1 ) m or less intellig5ce1 ?r\gh a poem ( ,burns1 cat*+ ! g5]al s5se1 enjoy+ ! lilt1 & ev5 appreciat+ ! niceties ( rhy?m4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! ,scot* ( ! fifte5? c5tury--! gold5 age ( ! v]nacul> poetry1 ! age :5 poets 7 writ+ ?us3-- 8,catyvis1 wre*is1 & ock]>is1 ,hud-pykis1 hurd>is1 & gadd]>is1 ,all ) t w>lo w5t2 ,out ( ?air ?rottis ?ay s*ot on udd] ,hett molt9 gold1 me ?o*t1 a fudd] ,z fyre-flaw*t1 mai/ f]v5t1 ,ay z ?ay tumit !m ( s*ot1 ,feyndis fild ?ame new up to ! ?rott ,) gold ( allk9 pr5t40 ,! usual consequ5ces h be5 ! result ( ?is ignorance4 ,! ,scot* h _h x all _! own way 9 e/imat+ ! m]its ( _! v]nacul> classics1 & ! few outsid]s1 :e!r ,engli% or ,g]man1 :o h made ! ,scot* language & lit]ature a special subject ( /udy1 h v naturally n be5 will+ to und]e/imate ! value ( :at x has co/ !m lab\r to acquire1 & s h support$ ! exagg]at$ e/imates ( ! ,scot* !mselves4 ,:at ,voltaire s absurdly said ( ,dante1 t 8 reputation 0 safe because no intellig5t p read him1 is lit]ally true ( su* poets z ,h5ryson1 ,d\glas1 & ,dunb>4 ,we simply take !m on tru/1 &1 z ) mo/ o!r ?+s :i* are tak5 on tru/1 we seldom tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! titles & gu>antees4 ,x may be accept$ z an uncontroll$ tru? t ! _w is always "r1 & v exactly "r1 9 ! long run4 ,t my/]i\s tribunal :i*1 resolv$ into ! individuals :i* compose x1 seems resolv$ into e conceivable s\rce ( ignorance1 error1 & folly1 is ultimately infallible4 ,!re are no mismeasurem5ts 9 ! reputation ( au?ors ) :om read]s ( e class h be5 famili> = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,b1 9 ! case ( m9or writ]s :o appeal only to a m9ority1 critical lit]ature is ! record ( ! mo/ prepo/]\s e/imates4 ,! hi/ory ( ! build+ up ( ^! pseudo-reputations is g5]ally ! same 9 all cases4 ,fir/ we h ! obit] dictum ( "s fam\s man ^: op9ion naturally c>ries au?ority1 utt]$1 x may be1 c>elessly 9 conv]sation1 or committ$1 )\t delib]ation1 to pap]1 9 a lett] or occasional trifle4 ,!n comes "s little man1 :o takes up 9 deadly s]i\sness :at ! great man has said1 & out comes1 x may be1 an essay or article4 ,?is wakes up "s dre>y p$ant1 :o foll[s ) an 8edition0 or 8,/udy10 :i* naturally elicits f "s k9dr$ _s a sympa!tic review4 ,?us ! ball is set roll+1 or1 to *ange ! figure1 bray swells bray1 e*o answ]s to e*o1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,mean:ile1 all t is ( real int]e/ & importance 9 ! au?or ?us resuscitat$ is lo/ sight (2 9 advocat+ 8 factiti\s claims to att5tion 8 real claims are ignor$4 ,= ! true po9t ( view is sub/itut$ a false1 & ! :ole focus ( criticism1 s to speak1 is d]ang$4 ,! fir/ requisite 9 e/imat+ ! "w & relative position ( a p>ticul> au?or is ! la/ ?+ :i* ^! en?usia/s seem to consid]1 t is1 ! application ( /&>ds & t\*/ones d]iv$ n simply f ! /udy ( ! au?or himself1 b f acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( criticism1 & ) :at is excell5t 9 univ]sal lit]ature4 ,all ?is has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! poet :o is ! subject ( ! volume be=e u4 ,z ,mr4 ,rusk9 has pron\nc$ ,aurora ,leigh to be ! greate/ poem ( ?is c5tury1 s ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o has1 by ! way1 be5 s+ul>ly unju/ to ,lydgate & ,hawes1 pron\nc$ ,dunb> to be 8a poet unrivall$ by any t ,scotl& has ev] produc$40 a reckless judgm5t :i* he c\ld nev] h express$ delib]ately4 ,ellis foll[$ suit1 & 9 ,ellis' notice ,dunb> is 8! greate/ poet ,scotl& has produc$40 ,^! judgm5ts h1 9 effect1 be5 rev]b]at$ by successive writ]s & editors4 ,9 due "t1 "s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 appe>$ ! inevitable ,g]man monograph1 8,william ,dunb>3 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,g$i*te10 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s*ipp]1 to :om ,mr4 ,oliphant ,smeaton appropriately & rev]5tly inscribes ! pres5t monograph4 ,9 ,mr4 ,oliphant ,smeaton's "w ,dunb> assumes ! proportions :i* might be expect$--he is a 8mighty g5ius40 8,! pe]1 if n 9 a few qualities1 ! sup]ior ( ,*auc] & ,sp5s]4 ,by ! indefeasible passport ( ! supreme g5ius he has an indisputable title to ! apo/olic succession ( ,briti% poetry to t place betwe5 ,*auc] & ,sp5s]1 t place :i* c only be claim$ by "o ^: g5ius 0 co-ord9ate ) !irs40 ,z probably eight out ( e t5 ( ,mr4 ,smeaton's read]s w "k no?+ m ( ,dunb> ?an :at ,mr4 ,smeaton *ooses to tell !m1 & z we1 consid]+ ! space at our disposal1 _c refute him by a detail$ exam9ation ( ,dunb>'s works1 x is =tunate t he has giv5 u a succ9ct illu/ration ( ! value ( 8 critical judgm5t4 ,! foll[+ are f\r typical /anzas ( a poem :i* ,mr4 ,smeaton ranks ) ,milton's ,lycidas & ,%elley's ,adonais2 we give !m z ,mr4 ,smeaton gives !m1 mod]nis$3-- 8,i t 9 heal? 0 & gladness ,am tr\bl$ n[ ) great sickness4 ,enfeebl$ ) infirmity1 ,timor mortis conturbat me4 8,our pleasure "h is all va9 glory1 ,?is false _w is b transitory1 ,! fle% is brittle1 ! fi5d is slee1 ,timor mortis conturbat me4 8,! /ate ( man do? *ange & v>y1 ,n[ s\nd1 n[ sick1 n[ bly?1 n[ s>y ,n[ danc+ m]ry1 n[ l to dee1 ,timor mortis conturbat me4 8,no /ate on e>? "h /&s sick]1 ,z ) ! w9d waves ! wick]1 ,s waves ?is _w's vanity1 ,timor mortis conturbat me40 ,z ! foll[+ is pron\nc$ to be "o ( ! f9e/ /anzas ,dunb> ev] p5n$1 x is int]e/+ z illu/rat+ :at is1 9 ,mr4 ,smeaton's op9ion1 ! be/ "w ( ?is rival ( ,*auc] & ,sp5s]3-- 8,h m]cy1 love1 h m]cy1 lady bright2 ,:at h ,i wr\ght aga9/ y\r womankeid1 ,t y %\ld murd] me a sackless wight1 ,trespass+ on y nor 9 ^w nor de$8 ,t ye cons5t !reto1 ,o ,god =bid2 ,leave cruelty & save y\r man = %ame1 ,or ?r\gh ! _w q losd is y\r "n40 ,x may be add$ t :at are by f> ! f9e/ passages 9 ,dunb>'s poems are pass$ unnotic$ & unquot$ by ,mr4 ,smeaton4 ,inde$1 8 acqua9tance ) ,dunb>1 or1 at all ev5ts1 8 ta/e 9 selection1 is exactly on a p> ) t ( ,n$ ,s(tley's ) ,wall]4 8,z t admirable writ] has ! be/ & wor/ v]ses among our ,engli% poets1 ,n$10 says ,addison1 8has got all ! bad ones by he>t1 :i* he repeats ^u occasion to %[ 8 read+40 ,%\ld ,mr4 ,smeaton ev] meet 8 idol 9 ,hades1 we w\ld 9 all k9dness advise him to avoid an enc\nt]2 let him rememb] t ! fulsome eulogy is 8 own1 b t ! v]ses quot$ are ! poet's4 ,attempt$ murd]--s ! irate %ade might argue--is less s]i\s ?an compulsory suicide4 ,dunb> 0 und\bt$ly a man ( g5ius1 b a ref]5ce to ! poets :o imm$iately prec$$ him w make l>ge d$uctions f ! praises lavi%$ on him by 8 eulogi/s4 ,he /ruck no new notes4 ,! ,?i/le & ! ,rose & ,! ,gold5 ,t]ge are m]e e*oes ( ,*auc] & ,lydgate1 &1 9 "s degree1 ( ! au?or ( ,! ,k+'s ,quair1 & are inde$ full ( plagi>isms f !m4 ,! ,dance ( ! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s is probably little m ?an a fai?ful description ( a popul> mumm]y4 ,8 moral & religi\s poems _h _! prototypes1 ev5 9 ,scotl&1 9 su* poets z ,john/on & ,h5ryson4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ic is 8 v]satility1 :i* ranges f ! composition ( su* poems z ,! ,m]le & ! ,night+ale to ! ,twa ,m>yit ,wem5 & ! ,w$o1 f su* lyrics z ! ,m$itation 9 ,w9t] to su* lyrics z ! ,plea = ,pity4 ,mr4 ,smeaton calls him 8a giant 9 an age ( pigmies40 ,! au?or or au?oress ( ,! ,fl[] & ! ,leaf 0 inf9itely sup]ior to him 9 po9t ( /yle1 ,h5ryson 0 inf9itely sup]ior to him 9 orig9ality1 & ,gav9 ,d\glas at lea/ 8 equal 9 p[] ( expression & 9 description4 ,let u d ,dunb> ! ju/ice :i* ,mr4 ,smeaton has n done him1 & take him at 8 v be/4 ,"h is "p ( a picture ( a ,may morn+1-- 8,= mir? ( ,may1 wy? skippis & wy? hoppis ,! birdis sang ^u ! t5d] croppis1 ,) curi\se notis1 z ,v5us ,*apell cl]kis4 ,! rosis yong1 new spr$+ ( _! knoppis1 ,w> p[d]it bry*t ) hev9ly b]iall droppis2 ,?r\ bemes r$e1 birnyng z ruby sp]kis1 ,! skyes rang = s*\tyng ( ! l>kis40 ,?is is brilliant & picturesque rhetoric t\*$ into poetry by ! 8,v5us ,*apell cl]kis10 & ! magical note 9 ! la/ l9e2 s too ! t\* 9 ,! ,gold5 ,t]ge1 lik5+ ! fa]y %ip to 8blossom ^u ! spray40 ,b 9 8 allegorical poem he is too fond ( ! 8qua9te enamalit t]mes10 & 8 v]se has a c]ta9 metallic r+4 ,x w be admitt$1 we suppose1 t ! be/ ( 8 moral poems w\ld be ,! ,m]le & ! ,night+ale & 8,be ,m]rie ,man02 b ! utmo/ :i* c be said = !m is1 t ! philosophy is excell5t & its expression adequate2 t is1 t !y h little to di/+ui% !m f hundr$s ( o!r poems ( ! same class4 ,9 speak+ ( ,dunb>'s satires1 ,mr4 ,smeaton indulges himself 9 ! foll[+ nons5se1 8,f ! g5ial1 je/+1 & ironical incongruities ( ,horace & ,p]sius we are introduc$ at once into ! bitt]1 vitriolic sc\rg+s ( ,juv5al10 & 9 ! foll[+ rhodomontade1 tell+ u t !y unite 8! natural directness ( ,hall1 ! subtle dep? ( ,donne1 ! delicate hum\r ( ,breton1 ! /urdy vig\r ( ,dryd51 ! scald+1 vitriolic bitt]ness ( ,swift1 ! pung5cy ( ,*ur*ill1 ! rural smack ( ,gay1 unit$ to an approa* at lea/ to ! arti/ic p]fection ( ,pope40 ,/uff l ?is & indiscrim9ate eulogy are1 no d\bt1 mu* easi] to produce ?an an e/imate ( a writ]'s hi/orical position & importance4 ,( ! relation ( ,dunb> to 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ( 8 prototypes & models 9 ,fr5* & ,prov5al lit]ature1 ( ! influ5ce :i* he und\bt$ly ex]cis$ on subsequ5t poetry1 & especially on ,sp5s]1 ,mr4 ,smeaton has no?+ to say4 ,x nev] seems to occur to him t 8 h]o1 l e "o else1 mu/ h _h 8 limitations1 t 8! _m-sid$ness ( t g5ius :i* has a r+0--! metaphors are n ours1 b ,mr4 ,smeaton's--8almo/ ,%akespe>ian1 ab\t x10 c\ld h>dly h be5 di/+ui%$ by uni=mity ( excell5ce2 t 8t pa9t] ( contempor>y mann]s1 :o _h all ! vividness ( a ,callot1 unit$ to ! broad hum\r ( a ,t5i]s & ! m9ute t\* ( a ,meissoni]10 :o 8reflect$ 9 8 v]se ! mo/ delicate nuances1 z well z ! mo/ />tl+ col\rs ( ! age :]e9 he liv$10 mu/ h _h degrees 9 success4 ,we h s+l$ out ?is volume = special notice1 n because ( any intr9sic title x possesses to s]i\s att5tion1 b because x is typical ( a species ( lit]ature :i* is rapidly becom+ "o ( ! pe/s ( our "t4 ,:ile e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to sob]1 judici\s1 & compet5t reviews ( our old] writ]s1 e disc\ragem5t %\ld be giv51 out ( respect to ! dead1 z well z 9 ! int]e/s ( ! liv+1 to su* books z ! pres5t4 ,= !y are z mis*iev\s z !y are ridicul\s4 ,!y mis9=m2 !y mislead2 !y corrupt1 or t5d to corrupt1 ta/e4 ,aft] lay+ d[n a volume l ?is we feel1 & we expect ,dunb> w\ld h felt1 t !re is some?+ mu* m =midable ?an ! old horror1 8! c&id fri5d10 ev5 t indicat$ by ,tacitus--pessimum inimicorum g5us--laudantes4 ,a ,,gallop ,,?r\gh ,,engli% ,,lit]ature#be ,footnote #be3 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p f ! ,orig9s to ! ,r5aissance4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,juss]&4 ,!re is a breez9ess & hil>ity1 a gay irresponsibility & ab&on1 ab\t ,m4 ,juss]& :i* is p]fectly delightful4 ,he is ! v ,autolycus ( ,hi/ory & ,criticism4 ,:at m sob] /ud5ts1 :o h "s consci5ce to tr\ble !m1 are 8toil+ all _! lives to f9d0 appe>s to be 8 z a sort ( natural "r4 ,! f]tility ( 8 g5ius is su*1 t x seems to blossom spontane\sly into erudition4 ,l ! lilies he toils n1 b unlike ! lilies he sp9s1 & v pretty gossam] too4 ,x is impossible to take him s]i\sly4 ,! tru? is t ,m4 ,juss]& belongs to a class ( writ]s :i*1 ?anks to indulg5t publi%]s1 a m indulg5t public1 & mo/ indulg5t review]s1 is j n[ greatly 9 ! asc5dant4 8,encyclopdical heads10 :o took all k = _! prov9ce1 probably di$ ) ,bacon1 b encyclopdical heads :o take all ,lit]ature or all ,hi/ory = _! prov9ce appe> to be z common z ! 8excell5ce0 :i*1 9 opposition to ,mat!w ,arnold's op9ion1 ! ,am]ican lady ma9ta9$ 0 s abundant on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,^! are ! g5tlem5 :o complac5tly sit d[n 8to edit ! ,lit]atures ( ! _w10 or 8to trace ! developm5t ( ! human race1 f its picturesque cradle 9 ! valleys ( ,c5tral ,asia1 to its inf9ite ramifications 9 our own day0--)9 8! mod]ate compass ( an octavo volume40 ,m4 ,juss]&'s fir/ feat is to dispose ( "s six c5turies 9 n9ety-?ree pages1 9 a n>rative :i* simply tells ov] aga91 ?\gh c]ta9ly aft] a m jaunty fa%ion1 :at ,t5 ,br9k1 ,h5ry ,morley1 & o!rs h told mu* m s]i\sly1 &1 we may add1 mu* m effectively4 ,! ,norman ,conque/ & an acc\nt ( ! ,anglo-,norman lit]ature occupy ab\t a hundr$ & t5 pages1 :ile "s eighty pages m1 deal+ ) ! fusion ( ! races & ! gradual evolution ( ! ,engli% p & language1 br+ u to ,*auc]4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ,m4 ,juss]& w\ld h ju/ifi$ 8 survey ( a p]iod s (t5 review$ be=e1 ei!r by trac+1 ) m fulness & precision ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 ! successive /ages 9 ! developm5t ( our nationality & its expression 9 lit]ature1 or by add+ to our k ( ! *>act]i/ics & peculi>ities ( ! lit]ature itself4 ,he has done nei!r4 ,he has1 on ! contr>y1 obscur$ ! fir/ by ! con/ant introduction ( irrelevant matt]1 & he has app>5tly no notion ( ! relative importance ( ! au?ors on ^: works he dilates or t\*es4 ,?us ,ri*>d ,rolle ( ,hampole fills m space ?an ,layamon1 ^: "w is despat*$ 9 a page6 ,?us two l9es 9 a note suffice = ! ,ormulum1 two l9es = ,mannyng's ,h&lyng ( ,synne1 a s+ul>ly int]e/+ & significant "w1 t5 l9es = ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]1 :o is r p]plex+ly describ$ z 8a di/ant ance/or ( ,gibbon & ,macaulay10 :ile f\r pages are accord$ to ,tri/an & five to ! ,roman du ,r5>t4 ,h[ ! ,lat9 ,*ronicl]s f>e may be judg$ f ! fact t a little m ?an a page s]ves = ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 a l9e = ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 & two = ,giraldus ,cambr5sis4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,*auc] ,m4 ,juss]& does m ju/ice to 8 subject1 & x is to be regrett$ = 8 own sake t he has n conf9$ himself to su* essays4 ,he is nev] safe except :5 he is on ! beat5 pa?4 ,no?+ c\ld be m inadequate ?an ! section on ,g[]4 ,x c]ta9ly indicates t ,m4 ,juss]& is n v famili> ) ! ,confessio ,amantis4 ,n "o ^w is said ab\t ! rem>kable prologue1 & to dismiss su* a "w 9 less ?an ?ree pages1 obs]v+ t 8x conta9s a hundr$ & twelve %ort /ories1 two or ?ree ( :i* are v well told1 "o1 ! adv5ture ( ,flor5t1 be+1 p]haps1 relat$ ev5 bett] ?an 9 ,*auc]10 is n q :at we %\ld expect 9 a "w purport+ to n>rate ! 8lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,engli% p40 ,m4 ,juss]& has n ev5 tak5 ! tr\ble to keep pace ) mod]n inve/igation 9 8 subject1 b actually tells u t ,g[]'s ,speculum ,m$itantis is lo/6 ,if ,g[]'s writ+s are n ( mu* intr9sic value1 !y are ( imm5se importance f an hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,john de ,trevisa1 a mo/ important "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% prose1 is despat*$ 9 eight l9es ( m]e bibliographical in=mation1 )\t a ^w be+ said ab\t 8 great s]vices to our lit]ature1 & )\t any ref]5ce be+ made ei!r to ! rem>kable preface to 8 great "w1 or to 8 v]sion ( ! ,dialogue attribut$ to ,occam4 ,! only satisfactory *apt] 9 ! book is ! *apt] deal+ ) ,langl& & 8 works2 b x is c]ta9ly surpris+ t no acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( ! v rem>kable anonym\s poem entitl$ ,pi]s ,pl\ghman's ,cr$e4 ,aga91 :ole dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature1 su* z ! ,metrical ,romances1 ! ,laies1 ,fabliaux1 e>ly lyrics & ballads1 are mo/ inadequately treat$1 "s ( ! mo/ memorable & typical be+ n ev5 specifi$4 ,surely ,m9ot 0 n a man to be dismiss$1 ) a flippant joke1 9 half a page1 or ,k+ ,horn & ,havelok poems to be relegat$ to pass+ ref]5ce 9 a note4 ,b x is 9 deal+ ) ! lit]ature ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ,m4 ,juss]&'s sup]ficiality &1 to put x pla9ly1 incompet5ce = 8 ambiti\s task become mo/ deplorably app>5t4 ,9 treat+ ! e>li] p]iods he _h tru/wor?y guides ev5 9 common manuals1 & he c\ld n g f> wrong 9 accept+ _! g5]alizations & /atem5ts4 ,books easily atta9able1 & inde$ 9 ev]ybody's h&s1 c\ld enable him to dance airily ?r\gh ! ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature & ?r\gh ! p]iod betwe5 ,layamon & ,*auc]4 ,no "o c n[ v well g wrong 9 ,*auc] & 8 contempor>ies1 :o has at 8 side "s half-doz5 works :i* any libr>y c supply4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! lit]ature ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"h1 z e "o :o happ5s to h paid p>ticul> att5tion to x kn[s1 popul> manuals & hi/ories are mo/ mislead+ guides4 ,det]r$1 no d\bt1 by ! prolixity ( ! poetry & by ! comp>atively un9t]e/+ nature ( ! prose lit]ature1 mod]n hi/orians & critics h cont5t$ !mselves ) accept+ ! v]dicts ( ,w>ton & 8 foll[]s1 :o probably _h z little pati5ce z !mselves2 & s a k9d ( conv5tional e/imate has be5 =m$1 :i* appe>s & reappe>s 9 e manual & h&book4 ,we turn$1 !re=e1 ) mu* curiosity to ?is portion ( ,m4 ,juss]&'s "w4 ,we _h1 we own1 our suspicions ab\t 8 fir/-h& k ( ! lit]ature ?r\gh :i* he glid$ s easily 9 ! e>li] portions ( 8 book1 & "h1 we ?\ght1 w\ld be ! crucial te/ ( 8 pret5sion to orig9al s*ol>%ip4 ,w\ld he d volum9\s ,lydgate ! ju/ice :i*1 z ! speciali/ kn[s1 has s long be5 )held f him8 ,w\ld he po9t out ! /rong human int]e/ ( ,hoccleve2 ! great hi/orical int]e/ ( ,h>dyng2 ! p[] & beauty ( ! ballads2 or1 if he includ$ ,hawes )9 ! c5tury1 w\ld he %[ :at a s+ul>ly int]e/+ poem1 intr9sically & hi/orically1 ! ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure really is8 ,if1 aga91 he includ$ ! ,scot* poets1 h[ w\ld he deal ) ! problems pres5t$ by ,hu*[n8 ,w\ld he accord ! prop] tribute to ! g5ius ( ,dunb>2 w\ld he e/imate :at poetry owes respectively to ,james ,i41 ,h5ry ! ,m9/rel1 ,rob]t ,h5ryson1 & ,gav9 ,d\glas8 ,9 our prose lit]ature1 w\ld he comm5t on ! great importance ( ,pecock's memorable "w1 ( ,=tescue's two treatises1 ( ! ,pa/on ,lett]s1 ( ,caxton's v>i\s publications8 ,h[ w\ld he deal ) ! "o 8classical0 "w ( ! c5tury1 ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur8 ,n[1 ( ,lydgate1 8to enum]ate ^: pieces10 says ,w>ton1 8w\ld be to write ! catalogue ( a little libr>y10 x is n too mu* to say t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ ri*ly gift$ ( our old poets1 t z a descriptive poet he /&s almo/ on ! level ( ,*auc]1 t 8 pictures ( ,nature are among ! gems ( _! k9d1 t 8 pa?os is (t5 exquisite1 8t\*+10 z ,gray said ( him1 8! v he>t/r+s ( compassion ) s ma/]ly a h& z to m]it a place among ! greate/ ( poets40 ,8 hum\r is (t5 delightful1 & 8 pictures ( contempor>y life1 su* z 8 ,london ,lickp5ny & 8 ,prologue to ! ,/orie ( ,!bes1 are z vivid z ,*auc]'s4 ,9 v]satility he has no rival among 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,gray notices t1 at times1 he approa*es sublimity4 ,8 /yle (t5 is beautiful1--flu5t1 copi\s1 & at its be/ em95tly musical4 ,! influ5ce :i* he ex]cis$ on subsequ5t ,engli% & ,scot* lit]ature w\ld alone entitle him to a prom95t position 9 any hi/ory ( ,engli% poetry4 ,b ! h&books ?9k o!rwise1 & he occupies j ?ree pages 9 ,m4 ,juss]&'s "w1 ! only e/imate ( 8 "w be+ conf9$ to ! ass]tion t 8he 0 a wor?y man if ev] !re 0 "o1 indu/ri\s & prolific10 etc41 & ! only criticism is ! rem>k t 8 8prosody 0 r lax40 ,& ?is is h[ poor ,lydgate f>es at our hi/orian's h&s4 ,to ,hoccleve are assign$ j "o page & a few l9es4 ,h>dyng figures only 9 ! bibliography at ! bottom ( a page4 ,! ballads are despat*$ 9 fifte5 l9es4 ,hawes' ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure1 memorable alike bo? = ! precis5ess ) :i* x m>ks ! transition f ! poetry ( m$ivalism to t ( ! ,r5aissance1 = its probable influ5ce on ,sp5s]1 & = its intr9sic *>m1 its pa?os1 its picturesqu5ess1 & its sweet & pla9tive music1 is curtly dismiss$1 z ! h&books dismiss x1 z 8an allegory ( un5durable dulness40 ,if ,m4 ,juss]& w\ld ?r[ aside ! manuals & turn to ! orig9al1 he w\ld probably see reason to modify 8 v]dict4 ,our au?or's brea?less gallop ?r\gh ! ,scot* poets1 to :om he allots n9e pages1 c only be reg>d$ ) sil5t a/oni%m5t by read]s :o happ5 to kn[n any?+ ab\t ^? mo/ rem>kable m54 ,hu*[n is n s mu* z m5tion$4 ,! amaz+ nons5se :i* he writes 9 summ+ up ,dunb>1 we w transcribe1 ut ex uno discas omnia3 8,dunb>1 ) nev]-flagg+ _s1 attempts e /yle4444 ,8 fl[]s are too fl[]y1 8 od\rs too fragrant2 by mom5ts x is no long] a delight1 b almo/ a pa94 ,x is n suffici5t t 8 birds %\ld s+2 !y mu/ s+ among p]fumes1 & ^! p]fumes are col\r$40 ,has ,m4 ,juss]& ev] read ,! ,dance ( ! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s1 ,! ,twa ,m>yit ,wem5 & ! ,w$o1 & ! m9or poems ( ,dunb>8 ,if he has1 w\ld he pron\nce t ^! 8fl[]s0 are 8too fl[]y0--^! 8od\rs0 8too fragrant10 or w\ld he feel ! absurdity ( g5]aliz+ on ludicr\sly insuffici5t k8 ,8 v]dicts on ! o!r ,scot* poets are m>k$ by ! same sup]ficiality1 & we regret to add flippancy4 ,to class ,h5ryson among poets ^: /yle is 8florid0 & ^: roses are 8spl5did b too full-bl[n0 is to %[ t ,m4 ,juss]& kn[s z little ab\t him z he seems to "k ab\t ,dunb>4 ,9 all ,h5ryson's poems !re are only ?ree %ort passages :i* c\ld by any possibility be describ$ z florid4 ,! prose ( ! fifte5? c5tury f>es ev5 worse at 8 h&s4 ,capgrave is m5tion$ only 9 ! bibliography6 ,( ! int]e/ & importance ( ,pecock1 hi/orically & intr9sically1 he appe>s to h no conception2 on ! real significance ( ! ,repressor he nev] ev5 t\*es1 & h[ inde$ c\ld he 9 ! less ?an "o page :i* is assign$ to "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable writ]s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury8 ,a page suffices = ! ,pa/on ,lett]s1 & f\r l9es = ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur6 ,n[ we w\ld ask ,m4 ,juss]&1 9 all s]i\sness1 :at possible end c be s]v$ by a book ( ?is k9d1 except ! enc\ragem5t ( ev]y?+ t is dete/able to ! real s*ol>3 sup]ficiality1 want ( ?or\ghness1 & false assumption1 & :at is m1 ! public dissem9ation ( error1 & ( crude & mislead+ judgm5ts4 ,su* a "w z ! pres5t1 ! s\ndness & tru/wor?9ess ( :i* n9ety-n9e read]s 9 e hundr$ mu/ necess>ily take = grant$1 c only be ju/ifi$ :5 x proce$s f "o :o is a ma/] ( 8 imm5se subject1 f "o ^: g5]alizations are bas$ on amply suffici5t k1 ^: suppressions & omissions spr+ nei!r f c>elessness nor f ignorance1 b f discrim9ation1 & 9 ^: /atem5ts & judgm5ts implicit reliance c be plac$4 ,to none ( ^! qualifications has ,m4 ,juss]& ! smalle/ pret5sion4 ,we h no wi% to seem disc\rte\s to ,m4 ,juss]& or to say any?+ :i* c cause him annoyance1 b x is no m ?an simple duty 9 any critic ) a becom+ s5se ( responsibility to disc\nt5ance 9 e way ! production ( su* books z ^!4 ,!y are n only mis*iev\s 9 !mselves1 b !y =m prec$5ts = books :i* are m mis*iev\s /ill4 ,we l ,m4 ,juss]&'s en?usiasm1 b we w\ld exhort him to r$uce ! flatul5t dim5sions1 :i* 8 ambition has "h s unhappily assum$1 to t m temp]$ ambition :i* gave u ! monographs on ,pi]s ,pl\ghman & on ! ,tudor noveli/s4 ,,de ,,qu9cey ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,p]sonal ,recollections1 ,s\v5irs1 & ,anecdotes ( ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey & 8 ,fri5ds & ,associates4 ,writt5 & collect$ by ,james ,hogg4 ,to a ?\ghtful read] !re is1 p]haps1 no sadd] spectacle ?an ^? sixte5 volumes :i* repres5t all t rema9s to u ( ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey4 ,:at sup]b p[]s1 :at noble & manifold gifts1 :at capacity = invaluable & imp]i%able a*ievem5ts _h ,nature lavi%$ on ?is extraord9>y man6 ,metaphysics might = all "t h be5 a debtor to t vigor\s1 acute1 & subtle intellect1 at once s speculative & logical1 s inquisitive & discrim9at+4 /hetic criticism might h f\nd 9 him a second ,less+1 & lit]>y criticism a sup]ior ,sa9te-,beuve4 ,=1 9 addition to all t w\ld h enabl$ him to excel 9 ab/ract ?\ght1 he _h--& 9 ample measure--! qualities :i* make m5 consummate critics3 r>e p[] ( analysis1 ! nice/ p]ception1 s5sibility1 sympa?y1 good ta/e1 good s5se1 imm5se erudition4 ,he might h contribut$ ma/]pieces to ,!ology1 to ,hi/ory1 to ,economic ,sci5ce4 ,b !y "k n 8 "n4 ,he has set 8 seal on no?+ b on ,engli% /yle4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & fifty articles contribut$ to magaz9es & encyclopdias1 "s ( !m ( a high ord] ( lit]>y m]it1 _m ( !m simply wor?less1 ! majority ( !m conta9+ :at is inf]ior s disproportionately 9 excess ( :at is valuable t !y may be lik5$ to du/b9s1 ) jewels "h & !re glitt]+ among ! rubbi%2--?is is :at repres5ts him4 ,x is z a ma/] ( /yle1 by virtue ( :at he accompli%$ z a rhetorician & prose poet only1 t he w live4 ,b ?is1 comp>atively scanty z x is1 is ( pre-em95t1 ( unique value1 & w suffice to secure him a place = ev] among ! classics ( ,engli% prose4 ,he has also ano!r claim1 if n to our rev]5ce1 at lea/ to our curi\s att5tion & int]e/1--& t att5tion & int]e/ he c sc>cely fail to excite 9 e g5]ation1--8 autobiographical writ+s give u a picture1 & t ) fasc9at+ p[]1 ( "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y p]sonalities on record4 ,indiscrim9at+ admiration is among ! mo/ pleas+ traits ( y\?1 b 9 m5 ( mature ye>s x loses its attractiv5ess4 ,:5 x is no long] ! eff]vesc5ce ( juv5ile en?usiasm = :i* all make all[ance1 x becomes1 l ! levities ( boyhood affect$ 9 middle life1 m]ely vapid folly4 ,9 relation to its object x n only defeats its own ends1 b is apt to make recipi5t & donor alike ridicul\s4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,by "s curi\s law ( association :i* we _c pret5d to expla91 its almo/ inevitable ally is dulness1 & dulness ( a peculi>ly we>isome & exasp]at+ k9d4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ^! peculi>ities h become s al>m+ly epidemic t x really seems high "t to =m1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,morris's ,society = ! ,pres]vation ( ,anci5t ,monum5ts1 a ,society = ! ,pres]vation ( ,lit]>y ,reputations4 ,:5 ^? 8( :om to be disprais$ 7 no small praise0 take to eulogy & edit+1 an unhappy ,classic may well look to 8 true fri5ds4 ,x is no?+ less ?an appall+ to behold ! m\nta9s ( rubbi% n[ gradually accumulat+ ov] ! "w--! real "w--( su* poets z ,wordswor?1 ,%elley1 & ,keats2 rubbi% ( _! own1 rescu$ ) cruel indu/ry f ! oblivion to :i* !y w\ld !mselves h consign$ x1 rubbi% ( _! comm5tators & editors1 dulness & inanity unutt]able4 8,:at1 sir10 ask$ an ,eton boy ( ,foote1 80 ! be/ ?+ y ev] said80 8,well10 0 ! reply1 8,i once saw a *imney-sweep on a high pranc+1 high-mettl$ horse4 #8,!re1' said ,i1 #8goes ,w>burton on ,%akespe>e4'0 ,b x is n 9 ! ,w>burtons1 n 9 ! *imney-sweep]s1 t ! mis*ief lies2 x is 9 ^? :o may be call$ ! scav5g]s & sextons ( lit]ature1 9 ^? :o1 utt]ly unable to disc]n betwe5 :at is preci\s & :at is wor?less 9 a man's "w1 ?ru/ all1 )\t di/9ction1 into prom95ce1 & ?us n only enable an au?or to 8write himself d[n10 b1 by _! indiscrim9at+ eulogies1 assi/ him 9 8 suicide4 ,! subtle/ =m1 inde$1 :i* detraction c assume is ov]-praise1 = a man is ?us =c$ to give ! lie to 8 own reputation4 ,no "o1 p]haps1 has suff]$ s mu* f ill-judg+ admir]s z ,de ,qu9cey4 ,if ev] an au?or ne$$ a judici\s advis]1 :5 prep>+ 8 works = publication 9 a p]man5t =m1 & a judici\s editor1 :5 ! "t _h come = t f9al edition on :i* 8 title to future fame %\ld re/1 x 0 ! ,engli% opium-eat]4 ,b1 unhappily1 he _h no su* advis] 9 8 lifetime1 & he has _h no su* editor s9ce4 ,he consequ5tly repr9t$ mu* :i* ought nev] to h be5 repr9t$ at all1 & he omitt$ to repr9t "s ?+s :i* w\ld h done hon\r to him4 ,8 besett+ faults1 ev5 9 8 vig\r1 7 loquacity & sill9ess1 a habit ( 8draw+ out ! ?read ( 8 v]bosity f9] ?an ! /aple ( 8 argum5t0--a t5d5cy to p$dle & dawdle1 z well z to indulge 9 a sort ( pleasantry1 s att5uat$ z to bord] closely on inanity4 ,z he grew old] ^! habits became m confirm$4 ,8 pu]ility & g>rul\sness 9 8 lat] writ+s are (t5 intol]able4 ,b ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,9 revis+ "s ( 8 e>li] pap]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,confessions1 he n only import$ into !m tiresome irrelevancies & sup]fluities1 b1 9 em5d+1 ru9$ ! glori\s passages on :i* 8 fame z a rhetorician & prose poet re/s2 su* has be5 ! fate1 among o!rs1 ( ! exquisite description ( ! p[]s ( opium1--! sup]b passage beg9n+1 8,! t[n ( ,l44 repres5t$ ! e>? ) its sorr[s & its graves10#bg & ( ! dreams 9 ! second "p ( ! ,confessions1 p>ticul>ly ( ! sublime "o beg9n+1 8,! dream comm5c$ ) a music40#bh ,mr4 ,james ,hogg tells u t 8 design 9 publi%+ ! pres5t volume 0 t he might 8place a /one ^u ! cairn ( ! man0 :o _h treat$ him 8) an almo/ pat]nal t5d]ness40 ,we s9c]ely sympa?ize ) ,mr4 ,hogg's pi\s int5tion1 b we submit t ! true/ k9dness :i* he1 or any o!r admir] ( ,de ,qu9cey c\ld d him1 w\ld be n to augm5t b to light5 ! cairn :i* indiscreet admir]s are s indu/ri\sly pil+ ov] him4 ,to *ange ! figure1 ! be/ s]vice :i* c\ld be r5d]$ to ,de ,qu9cey w\ld be to relieve him ( 8 sup]flu\s baggage1 n to add to x4 ,8 fame w\ld /& mu* high]1 if 8 sixte5 volumes 7 vigor\sly we$$2 if ! sweep+s & refuse ( 8 /udy1 s injudici\sly giv5 to ! _w by ,dr4 ,japp & ,mr4 ,hogg1 7 giv5 in/ead to ! flames2 & if rem9isc5ts & biograph]s w\ld only leave him to tell1 9 8 own fa%ion1 8 own /ory1 especially z x is "o ( ^? /ories ! int]e/ ( :i* dep5ds purely on ! tell+4 ,we h already express$ our sympa?y ) ,mr4 ,hogg's pi\s int5tion4 ,x only rema9s = u to express our regret t ,mr4 ,hogg's piety %\ld h tak5 ! =m ( ! mo/ b>efac$ piece ( book-mak+ :i* we ev] rememb] to h met )4 ,addison1 if we are n mi/ak51 some:]e describes a man to :om a s+le volume af=d$ all ! amusem5t & v>iety ( a :ole libr>y1 =1 by ! "t he _h arriv$ at ! middle1 he _h completely =gott5 ! beg9n+1 & :5 he arriv$ at ! end1 he _h completely =gott5 ! :ole4 ,mr4 ,hogg appe>s to proce$ on ! assumption t x is pretty mu* ! same ) ! public & its memory1 t its capacity = amusem5t is p]man5t1 b t its recollection ( :at has amus$ x is s trea*]\s1 t repetition w be sure to h all ! attraction ( novelty4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 unhappily true4 ,b x is a tru? :i* no critic has a "r to conc$e4 ,all t is ( int]e/ 9 ?is volume is little m ?an ! lit]al reproduction1 9 ano!r %ape1 ( mat]ial embodi$ 9 a ,life ( ,de ,qu9cey1 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,japp1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,h4 ,a4 ,page1 9 #ahgg4 ,its exact composition is z foll[s4 ,elim9at+ ! preface & ! index1 ! book consi/s ( #cei pages4 ,( ^!1 sev5ty consi/ ( a dre>y r*auff by ,dr4 ,japp himself ( 8 own ,life ( ,de ,qu9cey1 & ( ! additional in=mation conta9$ 9 8 edition ( ! ,po/hum\s ,works4 ,next comes a s]ies ( rem9isc5ces1 extract$ f ,dr4 ,japp's ,life1 f ,dr4 ,g>nett's edition ( ! ,confessions1 f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 & f o!r s\rces all equally accessible4 ,!n ,mr4 ,hogg himself op5s fire ) ,days & ,nights ) ,de ,qu9cey4 ,an essay--8,on ! suppos$ ,scriptural ,expression = ,et]nity0--excell5tly illu/rat+ ,de ,qu9cey 9 8 s5ility1 is repr9t$1 ) awe-/ruck admiration1 f ! ,am]ican edition ( 8 works4 ,= ! purpose1 presumably1 ( add+ to ! bulk ( ! book1 ,moir's ballad1 ,de ,qu9cey's ,rev5ge1 is includ$1 ?\gh its sole connection ) ,de ,qu9cey is1 t x deals ) a leg5d conc]n+ ! possible ance/ors ( a possible bran* ( 8 possible family4 ,!n we h "o ( ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson ,,ll4,d4's ,outca/ ,essays1 8,on ! g5ius ( ,de ,qu9cey10 ! reason = ! hospitable ent]ta9m5t ( ! outca/ be+ by no means app>5t4 ,among o!r dre>y trifles is a repr9t ( a ,lat9 !me1 "o ( ,de ,qu9cey's college ex]cises4 ,z ,mr4 ,hogg has *os5 to repr9t & translate ?is1 x w\ld h be5 z well to pr9t & translate x correctly4 8,qu ansibus ob/ant0 %\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 8ausibus10 & 8oculi p]/r+untur0 _c possibly mean 8are spellb\nd10 b 8are dazzl$40 ,! republication ( ^! pieces 01 we repeat1 a great mi/ake1 ano!r lam5table illu/ration ( ! cruel wrong :i* (fici\s & ill-judg+ admir]s may inflict on a writ]'s reputation4 ,talleyr& once obs]v$ t1 a wise man w\ld be saf] ) a fooli% ?an ) a clev] wife1 = a fooli% wife c\ld only compromise h]self1 b a clev] wife might compromise h] husb&4 ,sub/itut+ #8unambiti\s' = #8fooli%' & #8ambiti\s' = #8clev]1' we are v mu* incl9$ to apply ! same rem>k to a great writ] & 8 fri5ds4 ,x requires a ,johnson to support a ,boswell1 & a ,goe! to support an ,eck]mann4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,works4 ,black's ,edit41 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bab1 comp>$ ) orig9al ,edit41 pp4 #aac-aad4 ,footnote #bh3 ,id41 p4 #bgb & orig9al ,edit41 pp4 #agg-agh4 ,,lee',s ,,life ,,( ,,%akespe>e#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,a ,life ( ,%akespe>e4 ,by ,sidney ,lee4 ,x is a pleasure to turn f ! slov5ly & p]functory "w1 f ! plausible *>latanry & pret5ti\s incompet5ce :i* x has s (t5 be5 our unwelcome duty to expose 9 ^! columns1 to su* a volume z ! volume be=e u4 ,x is books l ^! :i* retrieve ! hon\r ( ,engli% s*ol>%ip4 ,a wide range ( g5]al k1 imm5se special k1 scrupul\s accuracy1 bo? 9 ! inve/igation & pres5tation ( facts1 ! s\nd judgm5t1 ! tact1 ! insight :i* 9 labyr9?s ( *aotic traditions & conflict+ te/imony c disc]n ! clue to probability & tru?--^! are ! qualifications indisp5sable to a successful biograph] ( ,%akespe>e4 ,& ^! are ! qualifications :i* ,mr4 ,lee possesses1 9 l>g] measure ?an h be5 possess$ by any "o :o has essay$ ! task :i* he has "h und]tak54 ,a rank] & m tangl$ jungle ?an t pres5t$ by ! traditions1 ! apocrypha1 ! !ories1 ! conjectures :i* h gradually accumulat$ r\nd ! memory ( ,%akespe>e s9ce ! "t ( ,r[e1 c\ld sc>cely be conceiv$4 ,9 ?is jungle "s1 l ,*>les ,knight1 h altoge!r lo/ !mselves2 o!rs1 l ,joseph ,hunt]1 h /ruck out vigor\sly into wrong tracks1 & fl\nd]$ into quagmires4 ,halliwell ,phillipps1 sure-foot$ & w>y ?\gh he 01 c]ta9ly _h n ! clue to x4 ,b ,mr4 ,lee1 :o c pla9ly say ) ,comus1-- 8,i "k ea* lane1 & e alley gre51 ,d+le or bu%y dell ( ?is wild wood1 ,& e bosky b\rne f side to side1 ,my daily walks & anci5t neighb\rhood10 has ?ridd$ x1 & taught o!rs to ?rid x1 z no "o else has done4 ,& he w h 8 rew>d4 ,he has produc$ :at des]ves to be1 & :at w probably become1 ! /&>d life ( our great national poet4 ,mr4 ,lee's book is sub/antially a reproduction ( 8 article on ,%akespe>e1 contribut$ to ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 ! high m]its ( :i* h long be5 recognis$ by s*ol>s2 & he has c]ta9ly done well to make t article popul>ly accessible by repr9t+ x 9 a sep>ate =m4 ,b ! pres5t volume is n a m]e reproduction ( 8 contribution to ! ,diction>y2 x is mu* m4 ,he has "h fill$ out :at he c\ld !re sket* only 9 outl9e2 :at he c\ld !re /ate only z results & conclusions1 he "h illu/rates & ju/ifies by corroboration & pro(4 ,he has1 moreov]1 bo? 9 ! text & 9 ! app5dices1 br\ght toge!r a great mass ( int]e/+ & p]t95t collat]al matt] :i* ! scope ( ! ,diction>y necess>ily preclud$4 ,m ?an a c5tury ago ,george ,/eev5s wrote3 8,all t c be kn[n ) any degree ( c]ta9ty ab\t ,%akespe>e is t he 0 born at ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 m>ri$ & _h *ildr5 !re1 w5t to ,london1 :]e he comm5c$ actor1 wrote poems & plays1 return$ to ,/rat=d1 made 8 w1 di$1 & 0 buri$ !re40 ,&1 if we set aside probable inf]5ces1 ?is is all we d "k ( any importance ab\t 8 life4 ,8 p$igree _c c]ta9ly be trac$ beyond 8 fa!r4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! place ( 8 education--t he 0 educat$ at ! ,/rat=d ,gramm> ,s*ool is pure assumption4 ,8 life betwe5 8 bir? & ! publication ( ,v5us & ,adonis 9 #aeic1 is an absolute blank4 ,x is at lea/ d\btful :e!r ! suppos$ allusion to him 9 ,gre5e's ,groat's ,wor? ( ,wit1 & 9 ,*ettle's ,k9d ,he>t's ,dream h any ref]5ce to him at all2 x is /ill m d\btful :e!r ! ,william ,%akespe>e ( ,adrian ,qu9ey's lett]1 or ( ! ,rog]s & ,add5broke summonses1 or ! ,william ,%akespe>e :o 0 assess$ = prop]ty 9 ,/4 ,hel5s1 ,bi%opsgate1 0 ! poet4 ,we "k practically no?+ ( 8 life 9 ,london1 or ( ! date ( 8 arrival 9 ,london2 we are ignorant ( ! date ( 8 return to ,/rat=d1 ( 8 happ9ess or unhapp9ess 9 m>ri$ life1 ( 8 habits1 ( 8 la/ days1 ( ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,n a s5t5ce t fell f 8 lips has be5 au!ntically record$4 ,at lea/ "o-half ( ! alleg$ facts ( 8 biography is z purely apocryphal z ! life ( ,hom] attribut$ to ,h]odotus4 ,b probability1 z ,bi%op ,butl] says1 is ! guide ( life1 & on ! basis ( probability may be rais$1 x mu/ be own$1 a fairly satisfactory biography4 ,mr4 ,lee has n be5 able to contribute any new facts to ,%akespe>e's life1 :i* is c]ta9ly n 8 fault2 b he has giv5 u a recapitulation1 z lucid z x is exhau/ive1 ( all t ! indu/ry ( successive g5]ations ( memoriali/s f ,b5 ,jonson to ,halliwell ,phillipps has succe$$ 9 accumulat+1 & he has be5 z judici\s 9 :at he has reject$ z 9 :at he has adopt$4 ,f ! curse ( ! typical ,%akespe>ian biograph]--we mean ! /atem5t ( m]e inf]5ce & hypo!sis z fact--he is absolutely free4 ,he has done excell5t s]vice 9 giv+1 if n f9i%+1 at lea/ swa%+ bl[s to ! mon/r\s fictions ( ! !ori/s on ! sonnets1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,fitton-,pembroke m>e's ne/1 fictions :i* h be5 gradually g5]at+ a ,%akespe>e1 z purely apocryphal z ! ,rol& ( ! song or ! ,apollonius ( ,philo/ratus4 ,mr4 ,lee's mo/ rem>kable contribution to speculative ,%akespe>ian criticism1 9 :i*1 we are glad to say1 he does n (t5 indulge1 is 8 cont5tion t ! ,w4 ,h4 ( ! d$ication to ! sonnets 0 ,william ,hall1 a small piratical /ation]4 ,x is nev] wise to speak positively on :at mu/ necess>ily be1 till c]ta9 evid5ce is obta9able1 a matt] ( speculation4 ,b we are v mu* incl9$ to ?9k t ,mr4 ,lee's cont5tion has at lea/ some?+ 9 its fav\r4 ,our read]s w rememb] t "o ( ! *ief po9ts 9 ! enigma ( ! sonnets is ! d$ication1 & x runs ?us3 8,to ! onlie begett] ( ^! ensu+ ,sonnets1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 all happ9ess & t et]nitie promis$ by our ev]-liv+ poet wi%e? ! well-wi%+ adv5tur] 9 sett+ =?4 ,t4 ,t40 ,x has g5]ally be5 assum$ t ! 8,w4 ,h40 is ! y\? :o is ! h]o ( ! fir/ gr\p ( sonnets1 & ! poet's fri5d1 & he has commonly be5 id5tifi$ ei!r ) ,william ,h]b]t1 ?ird ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 or ) ,h5ry ,wrio!sley1 ?ird ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( ei!r hypo!sis--& on ea* hypo!sis n ,babels m]ely1 b cities ( ,babels h be5 rais$--are to an unprejudic$ m9d insurm\ntable4 ,mr4 ,lee ma9ta9s ) plausible +5uity1 b n1 we ?9k1 conclusively1 t !re is no pro( t ! y\? ( ! sonnets 0 nam$ 8,w0 at all4 ,8 analysis ( ! 8,w0 sonnets is a ma/]piece ( subtle +5uity1 & well des]ves c>eful att5tion4 ,he !n proce$s to adopt ! !ory t ! ^w 8begett]0 is n to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( 8inspir]10 b simply z 8procur]0 or 8obta9]0 ( ! sonnets = ,t4 ,t41 i4e41 ! publi%]1 ,?omas ,?orpe4 ,9 o!r words1 t ,?orpe d$icat$ ! sonnets to ,w4 ,h41 9 return = ,w4 ,h4 hav+ piratically obta9$ !m = him4 ,?is is at lea/ d\btful4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may reasonably be que/ion$ :e!r 8begett]0 c\ld h ! mean+ :i* is "h assign$ to x2 ! passages quot$ f ,hamlet 78acquire & beget a temp]ance07 & f ,dekk]'s ,satiro-ma/ix1 8,i h "s c\s9s g]man at ,c\rt %all beget y ! rev]sion ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,k+'s ,revels10 are any?+ b conclusive4 ,/ill1 ,?orpe1 :o is by no means rem>kable = ! purity ( 8 ,engli%1 may h us$ x 9 ! s5se :i* ,mr4 ,lee's !ory requires4 ,%akespe>e's sonnets1 z is well kn[n1 7 circulat+ among 8 fri5ds 9 manuscript1 & ,mr4 ,lee has discov]$ t "o ,william ,hall 0 well kn[n z an ,autolycus among publi%]s1 & _h already edit$1 "u ! initials ,w4 ,h41 a collection ( poems left by ! ,jesuit poet1 ,s\?well--9 o!r words _h already done = ! publi%]1 ,george ,eld1 :at x is assum$ t he n[ did = ,?omas ,?orpe4 ,mr4 ,lee's !ory is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 plausible1 & few w\ld hesitate to pron\nce x f> m probable ?an ! !ory :i* w\ld id5tify ! enigmatical initials ) ! names ( ,pembroke or ,s\?ampton4 ,! *apt]s deal+ ) ! sonnets are1 9 our op9ion ! mo/ valuable contribution :i* has ev] be5 made to ?is important prov9ce ( ,%akespe>ian /udy1 & x may be said ( ,mr4 ,lee1 z ,porson said ( ,b5tley1 t we may le>n m f him :5 he is wrong ?an f _m o!rs :5 !y are "r4 ,8 cont5tion is1 & x is support$ ) exhau/ive erudition1 t ^! poems are1 9 ! ma91 a concession to ! fa%ion1 !n s mu* 9 vogue1 ( sonnet writ+2 t _! !mes are ! conv5tional !mes treat$ 9 ^? compositions2 t "s ( !m 7 d$icat$ to ,s\?ampton1 t "s may be autobiographical1 b t !y are :olly miscellane\s1 & tell no consecutive /ory1 z s _m critics h errone\sly assum$4 ,we _c accept all ,mr4 ,lee's !ories & conclusions1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 t !y are support$ ) inf9itely m skill & le>n+ ?an any o!r !ories :i* h be5 broa*$ on ?is hopelessly baffl+ problem4 ,we w conclude by notic+ :at seem to u slight blemi%es 9 ?is admirable "w4 ,!re is no?+ to w>rant ! ass]tion on p4 #aeh t mo/ ( ,%akespe>e's sonnets 7 produc$ 9 #aeid1 :i* is to cut ! knot ( a mo/ difficult "q4 ,inde$1 ) respect to ! :ole "q ( ! sonnets1 ,mr4 ,lee is1 we v5ture to submit1 a little too dogmatic4 ,x is a "q :i* no "o c settle z positively z ,mr4 ,lee seems to settle x4 ,!re is surely no good1 or ev5 plausible reason = d\bt+ ! au!nticity ( ,titus ,&ronicus1 :atev] innum]able ,%akespe>ian critics may say1 ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce alike be+ almo/ conclusive = its g5u95ess4 ,!re is no?+ to w>rant ! supposition t ,%akespe>e 0 on bad t]ms ) 8 wife4 ,! fam\s beque/ 9 8 ,w 0 probably a delicate complim5t1 & we are surpris$ t ,mr4 ,lee %\ld n h notic$ ?is4 ,among ! te/imonies to ,%akespe>e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,mr4 ,lee %\ld h record$ t ( ,ar*bi%op ,%>p1 :o1 accord+ to ,speak] ,onsl[1 us$ to say 8t ! ,bible & ,%akespe>e _h made him ,ar*bi%op ( ,york40 ,mr4 ,lee mu/ also =give u = add+ t1 9 ?is "w at lea/1 /hetic criticism is n 8 /rong po9t1 & he w\ld h done well to keep x )9 ev5 n>r[] b\nds ?an he has done4 ,_m ( ^? :o w\ld be ! fir/ to admire 8 erudition & ! o!r s*ol>ly qualities :i* are s conspicu\s 9 e *apt] ( 8 book1 w1 we fe>1 take exception to mu* ( 8 criticism1 especially 9 relation to ! sonnets4 ,x is too positive2 x is unsympa!tic2 x is too me*anical4 ,b our debt to ,mr4 ,lee is s great1 t we feel almo/ a%am$ to make any d$uctions 9 our tribute ( gratitude4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,sonnets#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,! ,my/]y ( ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets3 an attempt$ ,elucidation4 ,by ,cum+ ,walt]s4 ,te/imony ( ! ,sonnets z to ! ,au?or%ip ( ! ,%akespe>ian ,plays & ,poems4 ,by ,jesse ,johnson4 ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets ,reconsid]$ & 9 "p ,re-arrang$1 ) ,introductory ,*apt]s1 ,notes & a ,repr9t ( ! ,orig9al #afji ,edition4 ,by ,samuel ,butl]4 ,!re goes a /ory t an +5u\s y\?1 :o _h ! privilege ( an introduction to ,"l ,beaconsfield1 resolv$ to make ! be/ ( ! occasion1 by extract+1 if possible1 f t a/ute political sage ! secret ( success 9 life4 ,x might take ! =m1 he ?\ght1 ( a little practical advice4 ,= t advice1 expla9+ ! object ) :i* x 0 ask$1 he accord+ly appli$4 8,yes10 said ,"l ,beaconsfield1 8,i ?9k ,i c give y "s advice :i* may possibly be ( use to y4 ,nev] tr\ble y\rself ab\t ,! ,man 9 ! ,iron ,mask1 & nev] get into a discussion ab\t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,lett]s ( ,junius40 ,9 all s]i\sness we ?9k x is high "t t ! 8closure0 %\ld be appli$ to a debate on ano!r 8my/]y0 ( :i* e "o mu/ be tir$ to dea?1 except p]haps ^? :o contribute to x4 ,if "s progress c\ld be made t[>ds ! solution ( ! ,my/]y ( ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets1 if !re 0 ! fa9te/ indication ( any dawn on ! d>kness1 ev5 ! we>i$ review] w\ld be pati5t4 ,b ! ?+ rema9s exactly :]e x 01 be=e ?is appall+ lit]>y epidemic set 94 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s sc>cely a mon? has pass$ )\t its 8monograph10 _m ( ^! treatises1 m]e replicas ( _! pr$ecessors1 diff]+ only 9 degrees ( /upidity & uselessness4 ,mr4 ,cum+ ,walt]s' volume1 s5sible en\gh & intellig5t1 we q conc$e1 simply ?ra%es ! /raw4 ,x pr(esses to be an orig9al contribution to ! "q4 ,!re is n a view or !ory 9 x1 :i* is n n[ a platitude to e "o :o has _h ! pati5ce to foll[ ?is controv]sy4 ,x analyses ! ,sonnets2 !y h be5 analys$ hundr$s ( times4 ,x asks :o 0 ,w4 ,h42 x answ]s ! "q z x has be5 answ]$ usque ad nauseam4 ,x discusses ! d>k lady1 & l&s u 9 ! same %ift+ quagmire ( op9ion 9 :i* ,mr4 ,tyl] & 8 coadjutors & oppon5ts h be5 fl\nd]+ = ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,x assumes1 x rejects1 x que/ions1 x sugge/s1 :at has be5 assum$1 reject$1 que/ion$1 & sugge/$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,inde$1 x may n[ be said ) lit]al tru? t1 unless "s fre% discov]y is made1 no?+ new1 :e!r 9 ! way ( absurdity or s5se1 c be advanc$ on ?is subject4 ,b books are multipli$ ) su* rapidity & 9 su* prodigi\s numb]s 9 ^! days1 t !y ?rive1 l cannibals1 on "o ano!r4 ,! la/ com] is simply its =gott5 pr$ecessor 9 disguise4 ,b platitude is ! v la/ *>ge t c be br\ght aga9/ ,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson's contribution to ! curiosities ( ,%akespe>ian criticism4 ,! !ory advanc$ "h is1 t ,%akespe>e nev] wrote ! ,sonnets at all1 t he 0 q unequal to _! composition1 t ! au?or ( !m 80 probably fifty1 p]haps sixty1 & t he 0 besides a man ( g5ius1 :i* ,%akespe>e c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,i w\ld n10 says ,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson1 8d5y to ,%akespe>e great tal5t4 ,8 success 9 & ) !atres c]ta9ly =bids u to d s4 ,t he _h a b5t or a tal5t = rhym+ or = poetry1 an e>ly & p]si/5t tradition & ! inscription ov] 8 grave indicate4 ,& o!rwise !re c\ld h>dly h be5 attribut$ to him s _m plays1 besides ^? writt5 by ! au?or ( ! ,sonnets40 ,%akespe>e may h be5 equal to trifles l ,hamlet or ,le>--= ,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson w\ld be ! la/ to dispute ! claim made = ,%akespe>e z a h>d-work+ playwright cle>+ 8 tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s a ye> 7,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson is calculat+ 8 income accord+ to ! pres5t "t7--b 8to ,%akespe>e work+ z an actor1 adapt] or p]haps au?or came a v great poet1 "o :o outclass$ all ! writ]s ( t day1 & x is ! poetry ( t great unkn[n :i*1 fl[+ into ,%akespe>e's "w1 comprises all or ne>ly all ( x :i* ! _w treasures or c>es to rememb]40 ,if we told ,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson1 & all :o resemble ,mr4 ,jesse ,johnson1 ! tru? ab\t _! productions1 we are q c]ta9 ( "o ?+--b ! "o ?+ ( :i* we are c]ta9 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be good ta/e 9 u to leave unsaid4 ,( a v diff]5t ord] is ,mr4 ,samuel ,butl]'s ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets ,reconsid]$4 ,?is is ! "w ( a s*ol>1 b ( a s*ol> m\nt$ on a hobby-horse ( unusually vigor\s mettle4 ,mr4 ,butl] beg9s ) a trem5d\s onslaught on ! !ories ( ! ,s\?amptonites1 ! ,h]b]ti/s & ! anti-autobiographical p>ty2 & 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w he has c]ta9ly mu* to say :i* is bo? p]t95t & plausible1 nay1 9 our op9ion1 conv9c+4 ,b he is less successful 9 con/ruction ?an 9 demolition4 ,8 own cont5tion is1 t ! ,sonnets are und\bt$ly autobiographical1 & v d]ogatory to ,%akespe>e's moral "*4 ,he is satisfi$ t 8,mr4 ,w4 ,h40 0 ! y\? :o inspir$ !m1 n ! y\? :o simply collect$1 or procur$ !m1 & gave !m to ,?orpe1 b t ?is y\? 0 nei!r ! ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton nor ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 nor1 inde$1 any "o ( sup]ior social rank to ! poet1 ?\gh ?is has always be5 assum$4 ,adopt+ ! !ory ( ,tyr:itt & ,malone t ! key to ! y\?'s "n is to be f\nd 9 ! sev5? l9e ( ! tw5tie? sonnet1-- 8,a man 9 hew all ,hewes 9 8 controll+40 & d$uc+1 ) !m1 f ,sonnets cxxxv41 cxxxvi4 & cxliii4 t ! y\?'s ,*ri/ian "n 0 ,william1 ,mr4 ,butl] believes1 z !y did1 t ! y\?'s "n 0 ,william ,hughes1 or ,hewes2 & ,mr4 ,butl] is incl9$ to id5tify him1 ?\gh he speaks1 ( c\rse1 by no means confid5tly1 ) a ,william ,hughes1 :o s]v$ z /ew>d 9 ! ,vangu>d1 ,swiftsure & ,dreadn\ght1 & :o di$ 9 ,m>*1 #afcf-g4 ,mr4 ,butl] supports 8 !ories ) hypo!ses :i* an imp>tial judge ( evid5ce w f9d x difficult to conc$e4 ,9 ! face ( ,sonnets xxxvi41 xxxvii4 & cxxiv4 ! cont5tion t ! y\? 0 n 9 a sup]ior social /ation to ! poet _c be ma9ta9$ ) any confid5ce4 ,!re are /ill grav] difficulties 9 ! way ( suppos+ t ! ,sonnets 7 writt5 betwe5 ,janu>y1 #aehe-f & ,decemb]1 #aehh4 ,t !y c\ld be ! "w ( a "y man betwe5 8 tw5ty-fir/ & 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 & h prec$$ by "s f\r ye>s ! composition ( ,v5us & ,adonis & ! ,rape ( ,lucrece1 is simply incr$ible2 b x is a "q :i* _c be argu$1 = we h no?+ b m]e hypo!sis to g ^u4 ,mr4 ,butl]'s arrangem5t & int]pretation ( ! ,sonnets are1 moreov]1 purely fanciful4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,butl] w\ld h u believe t "s ( ! ,sonnets 9 ! second gr\p1 f cxxvii4 to clii41 are address$ to & conc]n n ! woman1 b ! y\?1 he asks u to accept a !ory :i* is n only revolt+1 b :i* sets all probability at defiance4 ,simil>ly absurd1 he mu/ =give u = say+1 is 8 grotesquely repulsive int]pretation ( ,sonnet xxxiv4 ,nor is !re any?+ to ju/ify ! int]pretation plac$ on ,sonnets xxxiii4 & xxxiv4 or ! collocation ( cxxi4 ,all t c be said = ,mr4 ,butl]'s exce$+ly +5i\s & admirably argu$ !ory is1 t x supports a view ( ! "q :i*1 if x admits ( no positive confutation1 produces no conviction4 ,no !ory1 bas$ on an arbitr>y arrangem5t ( ^! poems & on positive d$uctions drawn1 or r /ra9$1 f mo/ ambigu\s evid5ce & f pure hypo!ses1 c possibly be satisfactory4 ,! problem pres5t$ 9 ^! ,sonnets is und\bt$ly ! mo/ fasc9at+ problem 9 all lit]ature1 & x is z exasp]at+ z x is fasc9at+4 ,x appe>s to be s simple1 x seems con/antly to be on ! v]ge ( its solution1 & yet ! mom5t we get beyond a c]ta9 po9t 9 inquiry1 ! m complex its app>5t simplicity is discov]$ to be1 ! m hopeless all prospect ( expla9+ ! enigma4 ,take ! difficulty ( assum+1 :at seems to be obvi\s1 t !y are autobiographical4 ,"h we h ! poet1 & t poet ,%akespe>e1 admitt+ ! _w into ! inn]mo/ secrets ( 8 life1 tak+ 8 contempor>ies1 )\t ! lea/ res]ve1 into 8 confid5ce1 invit+ & assi/+ !m to ! /udy ( 8 own morbid anatomy1 &1 9 a ^w1 /ripp+ himself b>e ) all ! %ameless ab&on ( ,jean ,jacques & ( ,casanova4 ,ev]y?+ t we "k ( ,%akespe>e seems to disc\nt5ance ! probability ( 8 hav+ any su* int5tion4 ,no anecdote1 ) ! smalle/ pret5ce to au!nticity1 c\ples 8 "n ) sc&al4 ,! !ory :i* id5tifies him ) ! ,w4 ,s4 ( ,willobie's ,avisa has no real basis to re/ on1 & )\t corroboration is absolutely inadmissible z evid5ce4 ,:atev] ,%akespe>e's private life may h be51 x is q cle> t he c>efully reg>d$ ! dec5cies1 & w\ld h be5 ! la/ man 9 ! _w to pose publicly 9 ! "* pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,sonnets4 ,if ! poems are autobiographical1 we c only conclude t !y 7 publi%$ )\t 8 cons5t1 & ev5 to 8 great annoyance4 ,?is may c]ta9ly h be5 ! case1 & is inde$ (t5 assum$ to h be5 s4 ,b ev5 !n x is1 to say ! lea/1 curi\s1 t !re %\ld h be5 no tradition ab\t ! extraord9>y /ory :i* !y tell1 especially consid]+ ! di/9ction ( ! dramatis p]son4 ,assum+ t ! y\?1 :o is _! h]o1 0 a real p]son1 he mu/1 judg+ f ,sonnets xxxvi41 xxxvii4 & cxxiv41 h be5 conspicu\s 9 ! society ( t "t2 assum+ ! rival poet to be a real p]son1 he mu/ h be5 equally conspicu\s 9 ano!r sph]e1 :ile ,%akespe>e himself1 at ! "t ! ,sonnets 7 publi%$1 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ poet & playwright 9 ,london4 ,x is1 !re=e1 extraord9>y t all traces ( an affair 9 :i* p]sons ( s mu* em95ce 7 involv$1 & :i* w\ld h furni%$ sc&al-mong]s ) ! topics 9 :i* su* gossips mo/ delight1 %\ld h entirely disappe>$4 ,we mu/ ei!r conclude t po/]ity has be5 v un=tunate 9 ! loss ( records :i* w\ld h ?r[n light on ! matt]1 or t ,%akespe>e's contempor>ies knew no?+ ( ! facts1 & cont5t$ !mselves ) ! poetry2 or1 la/ly1 t :at we may call ! fable ( ! ,sonnets1 ! drama 9 :i* ,w4 ,h41 8! d>k lady10 & ! rival poet play _! p>ts1 is z fictiti\s z ! plot ( ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream or ,! ,tempe/4 ,x is n our int5tion to support any ( ! num]\s !ories :i* pret5d to give u ! key to ^! ,sonnets1 /ill less to propose any new "o1 b simply to %[ t ! enigma pres5t$ by !m is z insoluble z ev]1 & t all attempts to ?r[ light on x h s]v$ to effect no?+ m ?an to make d>kness visible & confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,let u briefly review ! facts4 ,9 #afji1 ,?omas ,?orpe1 a well-kn[n ,elizabe?an booksell]1 publi%$ a small qu>to volume1 entitl$ ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets1 hav+ app>5tly n obta9$ !m f ! poet himself1 & to ?is volume 0 prefix$ ! foll[+ d$ication3--8,to ! onlie begett] ( ^! ensu+ ,sonnets1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 all happ9ess & t et]nitie promis$ by our ev]-liv+ poet wi%e? ! well-wi%+ adv5tur] 9 sett+ =?4 ,t4 ,t40 ,"h beg9s & ends all t is c]ta9ly kn[n ab\t ,w4 ,h4 & 8 relation to ^! poems4 ,no "o kn[s :o he 02 no "o kn[s :at is exactly meant by ! ^w 8begett]10 :e!r x is to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( inspir]1 :e!r t is to say ,w4 ,h4 is ! y\? celebrat$ 9 ! ,sonnets--8! ma/]-mi/ress0 ( ! poet's passion1 or :e!r x simply means ! p]son :o got or procur$ ! poems = ,?orpe1--9 :i* case ! id5tification ( ! initials is ( no consequ5ce1 unless we are to suppose t ! y\? :o inspir$ !m pres5t$ !m to ,?orpe4 ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee1 9 8 v able pap] 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,febru>y1 #ahih1 & 9 8 ,life ( ,%akespe>e1 argues t !re is no pro( t ! y\? ( ! ,sonnets 0 nam$ 8,w10 ?\gh ?is has always be5 assum$ to be ! case4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ! po9t mu/ be argu$ w be f\nd 9 ! puns on 8,w0 9 ,sonnets cxxxiv4-vi4 & cxliii4 ,x seems to u1 we mu/ own1 t ! balance ( probability1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly 9 fav\r ( ! affirmative1 decid$ly incl9es t[>ds x4 ,grant+ !n1--= x is1 aft] all1 only an hypo!sis1--t ! initials ,w4 ,h4 are ^? ( ! y\? celebrat$ 9 ! ,sonnets1 to :om are !y to be assign$8 ,! y\?1 :oev] he 01 is repres5t$ z be+ 9 a social position sup]ior to t ( ! poet2 he has app>5tly rank & title2 he has weal?2 he is "y & em95tly h&some1 8 beauty be+ ( a delicate1 effem9ate ca/2 he is highly cultivat$ & accompli%$2 he is on t]ms ( ! close/ intimacy ) ! poet1 by :om he is passionately belov$2 he lives a free1 loose life1 & he intrigues ) 8 fri5d's mi/ress4 ,pass+ by all prepo/]\s !ories ab\t ,william ,h>te1 ,william ,hughes1 ,william ,himself & ! l1 we come to ! two names :i* seem wor? s]i\s consid]ation1 ,william ,h]b]t1 ?ird ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 & ,h5ry ,wrio!sly1 ?ird ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton4 ,! ,pembroke !ory1 ) ,mr4 ,?omas ,tyl]'s coroll>y id5tify+ ! 8d>k lady0 ) ,m>y ,fitton1 has be5 adopt$ by ,dr4 ,br&es 9 8 "w on ,%akespe>e j publi%$4 ,b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ x are insup]able4 ,!y h be5 admirably discuss$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee 9 ! article to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :ile ,%akespe>e mu/ h be5 on t]ms ( m ?an bro!rly intimacy ) ! y\? ( ! ,sonnets1 !re is no evid5ce at all t he _h ev] be5 9 any o!r relation ) ! ,e>l ?an 9 ! ord9>y "o ( s]vant & patron4 ,! words ( ,hem+e & ,condell1 9 ! d$ication ( ! fir/ folio to ,pembroke & 8 bro!r1 m]ely /ate t !y _h bo? ( !m 8prosequt$0 him ) fav\r2 9 o!r words1 be5 to him :at !y _h be5 to _m o!r dramati/s & m5 ( lett]s2 & t is ! only evid5ce ( any connection betwe5 ,%akespe>e & ,pembroke4 ,tradition 0 c]ta9ly sil5t ab\t any relations betwe5 !m1 = ,aubrey1 z ,mr4 ,lee has po9t$ out1 ?\gh he has collect$ mu* in=mation ab\t bo?1 says no?+ ab\t _! acqua9tance%ip1 ?\gh he m5tions ,pembroke's connection ) ,mass+]1 & ,s\?ampton's ) ,%akespe>e4 ,b ,?orpe's d$ication is conclusive aga9/ ,pembroke4 ,9 #afji1 ,pembroke1 :o _h succe$$ to ! title on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 ,janu>y1 #afja1 0 ,"l ,*amb]la91 a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]1 & "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ noblem5 9 ,engl&4 ,is x cr$ible t ,?orpe w\ld address him z ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 m especially z 9 ! o!r works :i* he inscrib$ to him1--& he inscrib$ sev]al1--he is c>eful to give him all 8 titles1 & to address him ) ! mo/ fulsome s]vility8 ,aga91 ,pembroke1 z ,mr4 ,lee po9ts out1 0 nev] a 8,mi/]0 at all4 ,z ! elde/ son ( an e>l1 he 0 designat$ by c\rtesy ,"l ,h]b]t1 & z ,"l ,h]b]t he is always spok5 ( 9 contempor>y records4 ,! appellation 8,mr40 0 n1 z ,mr4 ,lee obs]ves1 us$ loosely1 z x is n[1 & c\ld nev] h be5 appli$ to any nobleman1 :e!r hold+ 8 title by "r or by c\rtesy4 ,:atev] all[ance may be made = a poet's passion & fancy1 "s weight mu/ be atta*$ to ! insi/5ce made 9 ! ,sonnets on ! y\?'s delicate & effem9ate beauty4 ,x is true t we h no portraits ( ,pembroke be=e he arriv$ at middle age1 b ^? portraits ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t he c\ld nev]1 at any "t1 h be5 di/+ui%$ by beauty ( ! type indicat$ 9 ! poems4 ,aga9/ all ?is ! advocates ( ! ,pembroke !ory h no?+ to place b conjectures1 a s]ies ( insignificant co9cid5ces & ! assumption t ! woman 9 ! ,sonnets is to be id5tifi$ ) ! woman :o bore ,h]b]t a *ild1 ,m>y ,fitton4 ,! publication ( ,sonnet xliv4 by ,jagg>d1 9 #aeii1 %[s t ! intrigue betwe5 ! y\? & ! d>k lady1 :i* is ! c5tral ev5t ( ! ,sonnets1 0 already1 & _h probably be5 = "s "t1 9 full c>e]1 :ile !re is no evid5ce t ,pembroke 0 involv$ ) ,m>y ,fitton be=e ! summ] ( #afjj4 ,b :at f9ally disposes ( ?is !ory is ! te/imony af=d$ by ,lady ,newdigate-,newdegate's rec5tly publi%$ ,gossip f a ,munim5t ,room4 ,indisp5sable requisites 9 ! lady ( ! ,sonnets are1 t %e %\ld be d>k1 a 8black beauty0 ) 8eyes rav5 black10 ) hair :i* resembles 8black wires10 & t %e %\ld be a m>ri$ woman2 b ! portraits--& !re are two ( !m--( ,m>y ,fitton1 %[ t %e _h a fair complexion1 ) br[n hair & grey eyes2 & %e rema9$ unm>ri$1 until long aft] h] connection ) ,pembroke _h ceas$4 ,! !ory :i* id5tifies ,w4 ,h4 ) ! ,e>l ( ,s\?ampton is slightly m plausible1 b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ x are1 9 tru?1 equally insup]able4 ,?is !ory has at lea/ "o great po9t 9 its fav\r4 ,%akespe>e 0 acqua9t$1 & x may be inf]r$ intimately acqua9t$1 ) ,s\?ampton1 z ! d$ications ( ,v5us & ,adonis & ! ,rape ( ,lucrece indicate4 ,( 8 affection & respect = ?is nobleman he has left an expression almo/ z rem>kable z ! language ( ! sonnets4 8,! love ,i d$icate to y\r lord%ip is )\t end4444 ,:at ,i h done is y\rs2 :at ,i h to d is y\rs3 be+ "p 9 all ,i h devot$ y\rs4 ,7 my wor? great]1 my duty w\ld %[ great]40 ,?is be>s a s+ul>ly close resemblance to ,sonnet xxvi41-- 8,"l ( my love1 to :om 9 vassalage ,?y m]it ha? my duty /rongly knit1 ,to !e ,i s5d ?is writt5 embassage ,to witness duty1 n to %[ my wit1 ,duty s great1 :i* wit s poor z m9e ,may make seem b>e1 9 want+ words to %[ x40 ,& !re is mu* 9 ! ,sonnets :i* c be made to co9cide ) :at we "k ( ,s\?ampton4 ,b1 z we pu% inquiry1 difficulties ( all k9ds beg9 to sw>m 9 on u4 ,! fir/ is1 z 9 ! case ( ,pembroke1 ) ! d$ication4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t 8,w4 ,h40 is n 8,h4 ,w40--! possibility ( ! appellation ( 8,mr40 be+ appli$ to "o :o _h be5 an ,e>l s9ce #aeha1 & :o _h twice be5 address$ 9 d$ications by 8 full titles1 & t by ,%akespe>e himself1 is a :olly inadmissible hypo!sis4 ,to argue t ?is 0 m]ely 8a bl9d10 is simply to beg ! "q4 ,if ! ,sonnets 7 address$ to ,s\?ampton1 !y mu/ h be5 writt5 betwe5 #aeic & #aeih4 ,9 #aeic ,s\?ampton 0 9 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 9 #aeih 9 8 tw5ty-six?2 ,%akespe>e1 respectively1 9 8 ?irty-fir/ & ?irty-fif? ye>4 ,n[1 :at is especially emphasiz$ 9 ! sonnets is ! y\?fulness ( ! "y man to :om !y are d$icat$1 & ! advanc$ age ( ! poet4 ,9 ,sonnet cviii4 ! y\? is address$ z 8a sweet boy10 9 cxxvi4 z 8a lovely boy10 9 liv4 z 8a beaute\s & lovely y\?02 9 xcv4 8 8budd+ "n0 is ref]r$ to1 :ile ! poet speaks ( himself z 8old10 z 8beat5 & *opp$ ) tann$ antiquity10 z be+ 8) ,"t's injuri\s h& cru%$ & o'erworn40 ,& s1 z has be5 m ?an once po9t$ out1 we h ?is anomaly--a man ( ?irty-f\r describ+ himself z a ?+ ( 8tann$ antiquity0 9 writ+ to 8a sweet & lovely boy0 ( tw5ty-five4 ,no "o c\ld h be5 less l ! effem9ate y\? ( ! ,sonnets ?an ,s\?ampton4 ,all we "k ab\t him1 includ+ 8 portraits1 indicates t he 0 em95tly mascul9e & manly4 ,aga91 x is matt] ( hi/ory t he greatly di/+ui%$ himself on ! ,azores exp$ition 9 #aeig1 acquitt+ himself ) s mu* gallantry t1 dur+ ! voyage1 he 0 knight$ by ,essex4 ,to ?is exp$ition1 :i* mu/ h involv$ "o ( ^? abs5ces ( :i* we he> s mu* 9 ! ,sonnets1 to ?is exploit & ?is hon\r1 :i* af=d$ s mu* opportunity = peculi>ly acceptable complim5t1 ,%akespe>e makes no ref]5ce at all4 ,!re is no?+ to indicate t ! y\? ( ! ,sonnets _h ga9$ any milit>y or political di/9ction1 _h tak5 any "p 9 public life1 or _h ev] be5 abs5t f ,engl&4 ,to assume ) ,mr4 ,lee t ! ,sonnets 7 writt5 9 or be=e #aeid1 & !re=e be=e ,s\?ampton _h become di/+ui%$1 is to involve ourselves 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,lee admits t ,sonnet cvii4 mu/ h ref]5ce to ! dea? ( ,elizabe? 9 #afjc4 ,) reg>d to ! suppos$ ref]5ces to ,s\?ampton's relations ) ,elizabe? ,v]non1 no c]ta91 or1 to speak m accurately1 no ev5 plausible inf]5ces c be drawn 9 any p>ticul>3 all t !y c be r$uc$ to are degrees ( improbability4 ,if1 aga91 we accept ! !ory ( ,tyr:itt & ,malone1 support$ by ,mr4 ,butl]1 & suppose t ,w4 ,h4 0 "s obscure p]son1 we are proce$+ on m]e hypo!sis1 & a hypo!sis s]i\sly %ak5 by ! pla9 mean+ express$ 9 ,sonnets xxxvi41 xxxvii41 & cxxiv4 ,! enigma ( ^! ,sonnets is1 we repeat1 z insoluble n[ z x 0 :5 inquiry 0 fir/ direct$ to !m4 ,:e!r !y are to be reg>d$ z autobiographical1 z dramatic /udies1 z a mixture ( bo?1 z a collection ( miscellane\s poems1 z writt5 to ord] = o!rs1 z m]e ex]cises 9 ! sonnet-cycle1 or z all ( ^! ?+s1 is alike unc]ta94 ,our k ( ! "t ( _! composition beg9s & ends ) ! facts1 t "s ( !m 71 presumably1 9 circulation 9 or be=e #aeih1 t two ( !m _h c]ta9ly be5 compos$ 9 or be=e #aeii1 & t all ( !m _h be5 writt5 by #afji4 ,! re/ is m]e conjecture2 & on m]e conjecture & m]e hypo!sis is bas$ e attempt to solve _! my/]y4 ,if c]ta9ty ab\t !m c ev] be arriv$ at1 x c only be atta9$ by evid5ce ( :i*1 z yet1 we h n ev5 an inkl+4 ,! probability is1 t x 0 ,%akespe>e's int5tion1 or r ,?orpe's int5tion1 to baffle curiosity1 &1 except 9 ! judgm5t ( fanatics1 he has c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,= our own "p we are v mu* incl9$ to suspect1 t !y ow$ _! orig9 to ! fa%ion ( compos+ sonnet-cycles1 t ^? cycles sugge/$ _! !mes & gave !m ! ply2 t ! beautiful y\?1 ! rival poet1 & ! d>k lady are pure fictions ( ! imag9ation2 & t ^! poems are autobiographical only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,v5us & ,adonis1 ! ,rape ( ,lucrece1 ,romeo & ,juliet & ,o!llo are autobiographical4 ,,l&scape ,,9 ,,poetry#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,l&scape 9 ,poetry f ,hom] to ,t5nyson4 ,by ,francis ,t4 ,palgrave4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely possible = a critic ( ,mr4 ,palgrave's ta/e & le>n+ to produce a treatise on any aspect ( poetry1 :i* w\ld n be full ( int]e/ & in/ruction1 & ! pres5t volume is a contribution1 & 9 "s respects a memorable contribution1 to a p>ticul>ly attractive subject ( critical inquiry4 ,its purpose is to trace ! hi/ory ( descriptive poetry 9 its relation1 t is to say1 to natural objects & m p>ticul>ly to l&scape1 by illu/rat+ its *>act]i/ics at diff]5t p]iods1 & among diff]5t nations4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,hom]ic poems1 ,mr4 ,palgrave reviews successively ! 8l&scape0 ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,hebrews1 ! m$ival ,italians1 ! ,celts1 ! ,anglo-,saxons1 & ( our own poets1 f ! pr$ecessors ( ,*auc] to ,"l ,t5nyson4 ,t a "w1 cov]+ an area s imm5se1 %\ld be f> less satisfactory 9 "s portions ?an 9 o!rs is no m ?an :at might be expect$1 & ,mr4 ,palgrave w\ld probably be himself ! fir/ to admit t1 except :5 he is deal+ ) ! classical poetry ( ,hellas1 ( anci5t & m$ival ,italy1 & ( our own c\ntry1 8 treatise has no pret5sion to adequacy4 ,ev5 )9 ^! b\nds !re is mu* :i* is irrelevant1 & mu* :i* is surpris+ly defective4 ,:]e1 z 9 a subject l ?is1 ! mat]ial at ! au?or's disposal is necess>ily s sup]abundant1 surely ! utmo/ c>e %\ld h be5 tak5 bo? to keep )9 ! limits ( ! !me propos$1 & to select ! mo/ p]t95t & typical illu/rations4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,palgrave illu/rates 8,hom]ic l&scape0 by ! simile describ+ ! heif]s frisk+ ab\t ! drove ( c[s 9 ! fold-y>d1 & ! 8,sophoclean l&scape0 by ! simile ( ! bla/-impell$ wave roll+ up ! %+le1 he lays himself op5 to ! imputation ( draw+ at r&om on 8 commonplace book4 ,inde$1 ! pleasure ) :i* lov]s ( classical poetry w read ?is book _c fail to be m+l$ ) ! livelie/ surprise & disappo9tm5t4 ,take ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,if a read]1 tol]ably well v]s$ 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 7 ask$ = illu/rations ( ! p[] ) :i* natural ph5om5a are describ$1 to :at w\ld he turn8 ,c]ta9ly n to ,mr4 ,palgrave's meagre & trivial examples1 ?ree ( :i* alone h any title to p]t95ce4 ,he w\ld turn to ! w9t] l&scape 9 ,iliad1 xii4 #bgh-bhf1 to ! lift+ ( ! cl\d f ! l&scape 9 ,iliad1 xvi4 #bif3-- ' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 4 8,z :5 ,zeus1 ! ga!r] ( ! lightn+1 moves a ?ick cl\d f ! high head ( "s mighty m\nta91 & all ! cliffs & ! jutt+ crags & ! dells />t into light1 & ! immeasurable heav5 breaks op5 to its highe/02 to ! desc5t ( ! w9d on ! sea1 ,ib4 xi4 #cje-cjh3-- 1 2 1 ' 4 8,z :5 ! we/ w9d buffets ! cl\dlets ( ! bright5+ s\? w9d1 la%+ !m ) furi\s squall1 & ! big wave swells up & rolls along1 & ! spray is scatt]$ on high by ! bla/ ( ! c>e]+ gale02 or to ! pictures ( ! bill[-buffet$ headl&1 & ! wave bur/+ on ! %ip 9 ,iliad1 xv4 #fah-fbh2 or to ! /orm-cl\d com+ ov] ! sea 9 ,iliad1 iv4 #bgg2 or to ! desc5t ( ! w9d on ! /&+ corn1 ,iliad1 ii4 #adg4 ,he w\ld po9t1 above all1 to ! description ( ,calypso's grotto1 9 ,odyssey1 v4 #fc-gd2 to t ( ! h>b\r ( ,phorcys1 9 ,odyssey1 xiii4 #ig-aab2 to ! f\nta9 9 ! grove1 xvii4 #bje-baa4 ,mr4 ,palgrave comm5ts ju/ly on ,hom]'s m9ute obs]vation ( nature2 b he only gives "o illu/ration1 :]e x is notic$ 9 ,odyssey1 vi4 #id1 t ! sea1 9 beat+ on ! coa/1 8wa%$ ! pebbles clean40 ,he might h add$ ) propriety _m o!rs3 z ! 8e>? black5+ beh9d ! pl\gh10 9 ,iliad1 xviii4 #edh2 ! bats 9 ! cave1 ,odyssey1 xxiv4 #e-h2 ! birds escap+ f ! vultures1 ,iliad1 xxii4 #cjd1 #cje2 ! wasps 8wriggl+ z f> z ! middle10 1 ,iliad1 xii4 #afg2 ! dogs & ! lions1 ,iliad1 xviii4 #ehe1 #ehf4 ,mr4 ,palgrave obs]ves t ,hom] 80 n only famili> ) ! sea1 b lov$ x ) a love some:at unusual 9 poets40 ,we v5ture to submit t !re is n a l9e 9 ,hom] indicat+ t he 8lov$0 ! sea1 except = poetical purposes2 l mo/ ( ! ,greeks he probably dread$ x2 8 real feel+ t[>ds x is no d\bt indicat$ 9 8 own words3-- 4 --no?+ cru%es a man's _s m ?an ! sea4 ,mr4 ,palgrave ju/ly po9ts out t ,hesiod's rude prosaic /yle & matt] are n cong5ial to ! poetic l&scape1 yet x is only fair to ,hesiod to say1 t 8 poetry is n )\t vivid t\*es ( natural description1 z ! w9t] sc5e 9 ,works & ,days1 #ejd sqq41 & 8 description ( ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 #efe-efi1 %[4 ,pr(essor ,palgrave next glances at ! treatm5t ( nature 9 ! lyric poets1 & v prop]ly cites ! lovely fragm5t ( ,alcman3 ' ' 1 1 1-- b 9 translat+ x makes a truly extraord9>y blund]4 8,w\ld ,i 7 ! k+fi%]1 z he flies1 ) 8 mates 9 8 feeble age1 betwe5 w9d & wat]40 mean+1 z we ne$ h>dly say1 8reckless he>t02 x is exactly ,byron's1 8,) all h] reckless birds ^u ! w+40 ,9 ! quotations f ,sappho1 ,ibycus1 & ,p9d>1 ,mr4 ,palgrave has be5 judici\s & happy1 b surely he ought to h f\nd place = ! lovely fl[] cradle ( ,iamus 9 ! six? ,olympic ,ode1 & = ! moonlight ev5+ 9 ! ?ird ,olympian1--only sev5 words1 b :at a picture6--:ile1 9 ! popul> poetry1 ! omission ( ! ,swall[ ,song is inexplicable4#cb ,nor c we =give him ! omission ( ! magnific5t simile ( ! spr+ w9d cle>+ away ! cl\ds1 9 ! ?irte5? ( ! fragm5ts attribut$ to ,solon4 ,b x is 9 deal+ ) ! ,greek dramati/s t ,mr4 ,palgrave is mo/ defective 9 illu/ration4 ,x is n to ! op5+ ( ! ,prome!us1 or to ! conclusion1 or1 inde$1 to any ( ! passages f ?is poet :i* ,mr4 ,palgrave cites1 t we mu/ turn = s*ylean l&scape1 or = illu/ration ( ?is poet's p[] ( natural description4 ,x is to 8 brief picture--8 pictures ( sc5]y1 ?\gh s+ul>ly vivid1 are always brief--( ! airy seat 8aga9/ :i* ! wat]y cl\ds drift into sn[10 7,supplices1 #ggb-c71 :]e almo/ e ^w is a p]fect picture1 lit]ally begg>+ m]e translation2 x is to 8 description1 s magical 9 its rhy?m1 ( ! mid-day sea slumb]+ 9 summ] calm 7,agamemnon1 #edh-ej71 1 1 to 8 picture ( ! ke5 brisk w9d1 cle>+ ! cl\ds away1 to br+ into relief aga9/ ! sky ! d>k masses ( waves toss+ on ! horizon 7,agamemnon1 #aaeb-ed71 to 8 _w-fam\s 4 8,! multitud9\s laught] ( ! ocean waves40 --,prome!us1 #hi-ij4 ,mr4 ,palgrave has1 ( c\rse1 cit$ ) ref]5ce to ,sophocles ! great *orus 9 ! dipus ,coloneus1 b he has omitt$ to notice t1 if ,sophocles has n else:]e giv5 u s elaborate a piece ( natural description1 innum]able t\*es 9 ! dramas1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! fragm5ts1 %[ t he obs]v$ nature almo/ z m9utely z ,%akespe>e4 ,no?+ c\ld be m vivid ?an ! t\*es ( description 9 ! ,philoctetes4 ,f ,euripides ,mr4 ,palgrave cites no?+1 obs]v+ t he r>ely goes beyond some:at conv5tional phrases4 ,surely ,mr4 ,palgrave mu/ h =gott5 ! magnific5t description ( ,p>nassus1 z se5 f ! pla91 9 ! ,phniss1 ! glori\s description ( a moonlight night1 z repres5t$ on ! tape/ry1 9 ! ,ion1 ! vivid t\*es ( natural description 9 ! ,bac*1 t ( ! mead[ 9 ! ,hippolytus1 & ! *orus ab\t ,a!ns 9 ! ,m$ea1 to say no?+ ( ! *>m+ rural picture 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,phaeton4#cc ,to say ( ,ari/ophanes t1 9 8 treatm5t ( nature1 he r>ely goes beyond some:at common phrases1 is to say :at is refut$1 n m]ely 9 ! *orus ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,palgrave1 b 9 ! ,frogs & 9 ! ,birds4 ,he /&s next to ,hom] 9 8 ke5 s5sibility to ! *>m ( nature4 ,%elley himself might h writt5 ! *oruses ref]r$ to4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,alex&rian poets ,mr4 ,palgrave passes ov] ,apollonius ,rhodius & ,callima*us entirely1 & yet ! f9e picture ( ,delos giv5 by ,callima*us 9 ! ,hymn to ,delos is "o ( ! gems ( anci5t description1 & ,apollonius ,rhodius ab\nds ) ! mo/ graphic & *>m+ del9eations ( sc5]y & natural objects4 ,:at a beautiful description ( e>ly morn+ is ?is6-- ' 1 ' 1 4 ,argon4 i4 #abhj-abhc4 8,:at "t f heav5 ! bright glad morn com+ up f ! ,ea/ beg9s to %9e1 & pa? & road are all agleam1 & ! dew-bespangl$ pla9s are fla%+ ) ! radiant light40 ,h[ vivid too1 & ) ! vividness ( mod]n poetry1 are 8 descriptions ( ! cave ( ,hades & its neighb\rhood 7ii4 #gbi-gej71 & ! ,great ,syrtis 7iv4 #abcj-abde76 ,9 8 selections f ! ,greek ,an?ology ,mr4 ,palgrave is mu* happi]2 b "h aga9 he has _m omissions1 & among !m ! mo/ rem>kable illu/ration ( ,greek nature-pa9t+ to be f\nd 9 t collection--namely1 ,meleag]'s idyll giv+ an elaborate description ( a spr+ day1 :i* might h be5 writt5 by ,?omson 7,pal4 ,an?ology1 ix4 #cfc74 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+ t 7,pal4 ,an?41 v4 #add7 c h>dly mean 8lilies t w&] ov] ! hills10 b lilies 8t haunt ! hills10 & t 9 ,!ocritus1 vii4 #adb1 probably means 8buzz+0 bees1 n 8tawny40 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,roman poets ,mr4 ,palgrave is1 ) "o exception1 mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,f ! poets prec$+ ,lucretius1 amply z ! fragm5ts w\ld s]ve 8 purpose1 he gives only "o illu/ration4 ,we %\ld h expect$ ! vivid picture giv5 by ,accius 9 8 nomaus ( ! e>ly morn+3 8,=te ante ,auroram1 radiorum ard5tum indicem1 ,cum e somno 9 segetem agre/is cornutos ci5t1 ,ut rorul5tas t]ras f]ro rufidas ,prosc9dant1 glebasque arvo ex molli exsuscit5t40 8,p]*ance be=e ! dawn t h]alds ! burn+ rays1 :at "t ru/ics br+ =? ! ox5 f _! sleep into ! cornfields1 to break up ! r$ dew-spangl$ soil ) ! pl\gh%>e1 & turn up ! clods f ! s(t soil02 or ! wond]fully graphic description ( a sudd5 /orm at sea1 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,dulore/es ( ,pacuvius3 8,pr(ectione lti piscium lasciviam ,intu5tur1 nec tu5di cap]e satietas pote/4 ,int]ea prope jam occid5te sole inhorrescit m>e1 ,t5ebr conduplicantur1 noctisque et nimbum occcat nigror1 ,flamma int] nubes coruscat1 clum tonitru contremit1 ,gr&o mixta imbri l>gifico subita prcipitans cadit1 ,undique omnes v5ti erumpunt1 svi exi/unt turb9es1 ,f]vit /u pelagus40 8,glad at he>t :5 !y set out !y gaze at ! sport+ fi%1 & are nev] we>y ( look+ at !m4 ,mean:ile1 h>d ^u sunset1 ! sea ruffles1 d>kness ga!rs ?ick1 ! blackness ( ! /orm-cl\d$ night hides ev]y?+1 flame fla%es betwe5 ! cl\ds1 heav5 %akes ) ?und]1 hail1 m+l$ ) /ream+ ra91 da%es sudd5ly d[n1 f e qu>t] all ! w9ds te> =?1 wild :irlw9ds rise1 ! sea boils ) ! see?+ wat]s40 ,) ,lucretius1 inde$1 he deals fully1 & ?is portion ( 8 "w leaves little to be desir$4 ,b a ref]5ce to ! l9es to ,sirmio & "o illu/ration f ! ,peleus & ,!tis exhau/ 8 examples f ,catullus4 ,we %\ld h expect$ ! picture ( ! /ream leap+ f ! mossy rock into ! valley b5ea?1 9 ! ,epi/le to ,manlius1 ( ! morn+ *as+ away ! %ad[s 9 ! ,attis1 & ! lovely fl[] pictures 9 ! ,epi?alamia4 ,9 deal+ ) ,virgil mo/ ( ,mr4 ,palgrave's citations are practically irrelevant2 sc>cely any ( ! passages :i* be/ illu/rate ,virgil's p[] ( l&scape pa9t+ be+ ev5 ref]r$ to4 8,! neid10 says ,mr4 ,palgrave1 8may be briefly dismiss$4 ,natural description c h b little place 9 an epic40 ,& yet :at are ! passages to :i* any "o1 :o wi%es to illu/rate ! *>m & p[] ( ,virgil's pictures ( sc5]y1 w\ld naturally turn8 ,surely to ^!3 ! description ( ! rocky recess :i* %elt]$ neas's %ips 7neid1 i4 #aei-afh71 a picture wor?y ( ,salvator2 ! picture ( tna 7iii4 #egj-ehb71 :i* rivals ! picture ( x giv5 by ,p9d>1 a picture prais$ s ju/ly by ,mr4 ,palgrave himself2 ! description ( a calm night 7iv4 #ebb-ebg72 ! wave-buffet$1 gull-haunt$ rock 7v4 #abd-abh72 &1 above all1 ! sc5]y at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 ba!d 9 ! rays ( ! morn+ sun1 a picture unexcell$ ev5 by ,t5nyson4 ,nor ev5 9 ! ,georgics is any ref]5ce made to ! sup]b description ( a /orm 9 h>ve/ "t 7i4 #baf-ccd71 or to ! magnific5t w9t] piece 7iii4 #cdi-cgj74 ,! rem>ks ab\t ! indiff]5ce ( ,prop]tius to natural sc5]y are mo/ unju/4 ,:at a *>m+ picture is ?is6-- 8,grata domus ,nymphis humida ,?ynias91 ,quam supra null p5debant debita cur ,roscida des]tis poma sub arboribus2 ,et circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato ,c&ida purpureis mixta papav]ibus40 ,el41 ,i4 xx4 #ce-ci4 ,x may be conc$$ t ,ovid is conv5tional & commonplace 9 8 treatm5t ( nature2 b :y is ,val]ius ,flaccus1 ) 8 bold1 vivid t\*es1 left unnotic$8 ,:y does "o citation suffice = ! _m exquisite cameos :i* ought to h be5 giv5 f ,/atius8 ,ano!r inexplicable omission 9 ,mr4 ,palgrave's "w is ! poem entitl$ ,ros1 attribut$ to ,ausonius--a lovely poem1 inf9itely m beautiful ?an ! epigram quot$ by ,mr4 ,palgrave f ! ,lat9 ,an?ology1 & rivall+ ! fragm5t giv5 by him f ,tib]ianus4 ,mo/ read]s w\ld agree ) him 9 8 e/imate ( ,claudian1 b he might h add$ ! f9e description ( ,olympus 9 ! ,de ,consulatu ,!odori1 #bjj-baj3 8,ut altus ,olympi ,v]tex1 qui spatio v5tos hiemesque rel9quit1 ,p]petuum null tem]atus nube s]5um ,celsior exsurgit pluviis1 auditque ru5tes ,sub p$ibus nimbos1 et rauca tonitrua calcat20 :i* ,goldsmi?1 by ! way1 has borr[$ & p>aphras$ 9 ! ,des]t$ ,village1 toge!r ) its sublime application3 ,z "s tall cliff t lifts its awful =m ,swells f ! vale & midway leaves ! /orm1 ,?\gh r\nd its brea/ ! roll+ cl\ds are spread1 ,et]nal sun%9e settles r\nd its head4 ,space does n s]ve to foll[ ,mr4 ,palgrave ?r\gh 8 *apt]s on ,italian1 ,celtic1 & ,anglo-,saxon poetry1 9 all ( :i* 8 omissions are z rem>kable z 8 citations2 s we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) mak+ a few rem>ks on 8 treatm5t ( ! ,engli% poets4 ,x is pleas+ to see t1 guid$ by ,gray1 he has done ju/ice to ,lydgate1 b he has n notic$ ! di/+ui%+ peculi>ity ( ?is poet 9 8 description1 8 extraord9>y s5sitive appreciation ( col\r4 ,among ! ,scot* poets ( ! fifte5? c5tury a prom95t place %\ld h be5 giv5 to ,h5ryson :o is n ev5 m5tion$4 ,mr4 ,palgrave hurries ov] ! ,elizabe?an poets ) too mu* exp$ition1 & ! poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury f>e ev5 worse4 ,great inju/ice is done to ,?omson4 ,:y did n ,mr4 ,palgrave1 in/ead ( cit+ :at he calls ,?omson's 8cold0 tropical l&scape1 = ! purpose ( contra/+ x unfav\rably ) ,t5nyson's picture 9 ,eno* ,ard51 give u in/ead ! ,summ] morn+-- 8,at fir/ fa9t gleam+ 9 ! dappl$ ,ea/ 444 ,"y day p\rs 9 apace1 ,& op5s all ! lawny prospect wide1 ,! dripp+ rock1 ! m\nta9's mi/y tops ,swell on ! sight1 & bright5 ) ! dawn1 ,blue ?r\gh ! dusk ! smok+ curr5ts %9e10 or 8,! cl\ds t pass1 ,= ev] flu%+ r\nd a summ] sky02 or ! ra9b[ 9 ! ,l9es to ! ,memory ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton8 ,dy] may be some:at prosaic1 b he is n a poet to be despat*$ 9 a treatise on descriptive poetry1 )\t citation1 9 a few contemptu\s l9es3 h[ vivid is 8 picture ( a calm 9 ! tropics6-- 8,! dewy fea!r1 on ! cordage hung1 ,moves n2 ! flat sea %9es1 l yell[ gold ,fus$ 9 ! fire02 or 8 8,rocks 9 ev]-wild ,po/ure ( fall+02 or ! *>m+ l&scape 9 ,grong> ,hill ) su* t\*es z ^!3 8,! w9dy summit wild & high ,r\ghly ru%+ on ! sky02 or 8,ru%+ f ! woods ! spires ,seem f h5ce asc5d+ fires40 ,z ,wordswor? said1 8,dy]'s beauties are innum]able & ( a high ord]40 ,x is v surpris+ t no?+ %\ld h be5 said ab\t ,%5/one & ! ,w>tons1 ab\t ,scott ( ,amwell1 ,jago1 ,cr[e & ,b[les1 all ( :om are1 9 v>i\s ways1 rem>kable z descriptive poets4 ,& c]ta9ly ,mr4 ,palgrave does scant ju/ice to ,c[p]2 8 t\* may be prosaic1 b he always _h 8 eye on ! object1 & 8 l&scape lives4 ,surely1 by ! way1 ,mr4 ,palgrave is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t ,%elley app>5tly und]/ood ,ala/or to mean a 8w&]]02 he und]/ood x1 z ! preface %[s1 to mean1 :at x means s (t5 9 ,greek1 8"o "u ! spell ( an av5g+ deity40 ,"h we mu/ break (f4 ,mr4 ,palgrave's is an important "w1 & x is ! duty1 !re=e1 ( a critic to review x s]i\sly1 9 ! hope t1 %\ld x rea* a second edition1 :i* may be confid5tly anticipat$1 ,mr4 ,palgrave may be dispos$ to d a little m ju/ice to 8 mo/ int]e/+ subject4 ,s9ce ?is article 0 writt5 ,mr4 ,palgrave's lam5t$ dea? has unhappily r5d]$ all hope ( :at 0 anticipat$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 va94 ,b ! review has be5 repr9t$1 & ) "s additions1 9 ! hope t x may n be unacceptable z a contribution1 h[ev] slight & imp]fect1 to a subject ( great int]e/ to lov]s ( poetry4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,b]gk1 ,poet4 ,lyr4 ,c>m4 ,pop4 xxix4 ,footnote #cc3 ,nauck1 ,trag4 ,grc4 ,frag41 p4 #dgc4 ,,an ,,appreciation ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,palgrave ,a famili> figure 9 lit]>y circles1 a f9e critic1 a graceful & s*ol>ly m9or poet1 & "o ^: "n w long be held 9 affectionate remembrance by lov]s ( ,engli% poetry1 has pass$ away 9 ! p]son ( ,francis ,turn] ,palgrave4 ,x w\ld be absurd to place him beside ,mat!w ,arnold--to ^: g5ius1 to ^: *>act]i/ic accompli%m5ts1 to ^: au?ority & influ5ce1 he _h no pret5sion4 ,& yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 aft] ,arnold1 any o!r critic ( our "t contribut$ s mu* to educate public ta/e :]e1 9 ?is c\ntry1 x mo/ ne$s su* education4 ,if1 z a nurse ( poets & 9 poetic a*ievem5t1 ,engl& /&s second to no nation 9 ,europe1 9 no nation 9 ! _w has ! /&>d ( popul> ta/e be5 s l[1 has ! ins5sibility to :at is excell5t1 & ! p]v]se pref]5ce ( :at is m$iocre to :at is ( ! fir/ ord]1 be5 s signally1 s deplorably1 conspicu\s4 ,! g5]ation :i* produc$ ,wordswor? pref]r$ ,moore1 & no less a p]son ?an ! au?or ( ,vanity ,fair wrote3--8,old daddy ,wordswor? may bless 8 />s if he ev] gets high en\gh 9 ,heav5 to black ,tommy ,moore's boots40 ,:ile ! read]s ( ,keats might h be5 numb]$ on 8 f+]s1 ,rob]t ,montgom]y's ,satan & ,omnipres5ce ( ! ,deity 7 go+ ?r\gh _! twelf? editions4 ,dur+ _m ye>s1 = t5 read]s ( ,br[n+'s poems !re 7 a hundr$ ?\s& = ,m>t9 ,tupp]'s ,prov]bial ,philosophy1 :ile ! popul>ity ( ,mrs4 ,br[n+ 0 z a wan %ad[ to ! m]idian spl5d\r ( ,eliza ,cook4 ,:oev] w turn to ! criticism ( curr5t reviews & magaz9es =ty ye>s ago w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! dia!sis describ$ by ,mat!w ,arnold z 8on ! side ( beauty & ta/e1 vulg>ity2 on ! side ( morality & feel+1 co>s5ess2 on ! side ( m9d & _s1 un9tellig5ce40 ,:oev] w turn to n9e out ( ! t5 ,an?ologies1 mo/ 9 vogue be=e #ahfa1 w und]/&1 t ! same in/9ct :i* 9 ! ,d>k ,ages l$ man to pref] ,s$ulius & ,avitus to ,catullus & ,horace1 ,/atius to ,virgil1 & ,hros)a to ,t]5ce1 l$ ^! editors to analog\s selections4 ,mak+ e all[ance = ! co-op]ation ( o!r causes1 x w\ld h>dly be an exagg]ation to say t ! appe>ance ( ! ,gold5 ,treasury ( ,songs & ,lyrics 9 #ahfa initiat$ an era 9 popul> ta/e4 ,x rema9s n[ incomp>ably ! be/ selection ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4 ,its di/9ctive feature is ! *>act]i/ic :i* diff]5tiates x f all ! an?ologies :i* prec$$ or h foll[$ x4 ,x 0 to include no?+ :i* 0 n fir/-rate2 !re 0 to be no compromise ) ! second-rate2 if its gems v>i$1 z gems d 9 value1 ea* 0 to be ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,) pati5t & scrupul\s dilig5ce1 ! :ole body ( ,engli% poetry1 f ,surrey to ,wordswor?1 0 explor$ & sift$4 ,aft] due rejections1 ea* piece 9 ! residue 0 consid]$1 weigh$1 te/$4 ,& "h ,mr4 ,palgrave _h assi/ance1 m invaluable ?an any o!r an?ologi/ 9 ! _w has _h--t ( ! illu/ri\s poet to :om ! volume 0 d$icat$4 ,x may be safely said ( ,t5nyson t nature & culture _h qualifi$ him = be+ z great a critic z he 0 a poet4 ,8 ta/e 0 probably infallible2 8 t\*/ones & /&>ds 7 d]iv$ n m]ely f ! ma/]s :o _h taught him 8 own art1 b f a wond]fully ca?olic & sympa!tic communion ) all t 0 be/ 9 e sph]e ( influ5tial arti/ic activity4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t a book l ! ,gold5 ,treasury1 especially :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! notes1 :i* =m an admirable comm5t>y on ! text1 may be said to lay some?+ m ?an ! f\ndation ( a s\nd critical education4 ,:at ! ,gold5 ,treasury is to read]s ( a matur] age ! ,*ildr5's ,treasury is to y\ng] read]s4 ,x is a great pity t su* inf]ior works z _m :i* we c\ld "n are all[$1 9 our s*ools1 to supplant su* a "w z ,palgrave's4 ,! same exquisite ta/e & nice disc]nm5t m>k 8 o!r an?ologies1 8 selections f ,h]rick1 & ,t5nyson1 &1 ?\gh p]haps 9 a less degree1 8 ,treasury ( ,engli% ,sacr$ ,poetry1 & 8 rec5tly publi%$ supplem5t to ! ,gold5 ,treasury4 ,x is probably impossible to ov]-e/imate ! salut>y influ5ce :i* ^! works h ex]cis$4 ,!re is no argu+ on matt]s ( ta/e1 & exception might easily be tak51 sometimes1 to 8 dicta z a critic4 ,b ?is at lea/ mu/ be conc$$ by ev]ybody1 t 9 ! be/ & mo/ compreh5sive s5se ( ! t]m he 0 a man ( classical temp]1 ta/e1 & culture1 & t he _h all ! insight & disc]nm5t1 all ! in/9cts & sympa?ies1 :i* are ! result ( su* qualifications4 ,he _h no ta9t ( vulg>ity1 ( *>latanism1 ( ins9c]ity4 ,he nev] talk$ or wrote ! cant ( ! cliques or ( ! multitude4 ,he und]/ood & clung to :at 0 excell5t2 he _h no tol]ation = :at 0 common & second rate2 he 0 n ( ! cr[d4 ,he belong$ to ! same type ( m5 z ,mat!w ,arnold & ,william ,cory1 a type peculi> to our old ,univ]sities be=e ?+s took ! turn :i* !y are tak+ n[4 ,x w be long be=e we %all h su* critics aga91 & _! loss is incalculable4 ,z a s*ol> ,palgrave 0 r elegant ?an pr(\nd or exact1 &1 to judge f a s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ by him z ,pr(essor ( ,poetry at ,ox=d1 on ,l&scape 9 ,classical ,poetry1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 a "w :i* is "h review$1 8 acqua9tance ) ! ,greek & ,roman poets 01 if s*ol>ly & sympa!tic1 some:at sup]ficial4 ,b he 0 gett+ old1 & p]haps he _h lo/ 8 memory or 8 notes4 ,z a poet he 0 ! au?or ( f\r volumes1 ! e>lie/1 publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 entitl$ ,idylls & ,songs1 & ! late/1 publi%$ 9 #ahib1 ,am5ophis2 & o!r ,poems4 ,b 8 mo/ ambiti\s ef=t appe>$ 9 #ahhb1 ,visions ( ,engl&1 writt5 ) ! laudable purpose ( /irr+ up 9 ! "y ! _s ( patriotism4 ,8 poetry may be describ$1 n inaptly1 9 ! s5t5ce 9 :i* ,dr4 ,johnson sums up ! *>act]i/ics ( ,addison's v]ses3--8,poli%$ & pure1 ! production ( a m9d too judici\s to commit faults1 b n suffici5tly vigor\s to atta9 excell5ce40 ,p]haps !y s]v$ _! end 9 procur+ = him ! hon\rable appo9tm5t :i* he fill$ compet5tly = t5 ye>s--t ( ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,poetry at ,ox=d4 ,x may be said ( him z 0 said ( ,s\!y1 he 0 a good man & n a bad poet1 or ( ,agricola1 dec5tior quam sublimior fuit4 ,b z a critic ( ,belles ,lettres he 0 excell5t4 ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,& ,,mod]n ,,life#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,greek ,g5ius4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]1 ,litt4 ,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,london4 ,t a second edition ( ,pr(essor ,but*]'s essays on ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,greek ,g5ius %\ld h be5 call$ = s soon is assur$ly a v significant fact4 ,& x is significant 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x n only goes f> to refute ,"l ,col]idge's !ory t ,greek has lo/ its hold on mod]n life1 b x furni%es "o ( ! _m pro(s1 :i* we h rec5tly _h1 t p are beg9n+ to und]/& :at is n[ to be expect$ f classical s*ol>s1 if classical s*ol>s are to hold _! own 9 ! _w ( to-day1 & t s*ol>s are1 9 _! turn1 aw>e t !y no long] con/itute an esot]ic guild = esot]ic /udies4 ,! task ( ! purely philological lab\r] has be5 accompli%$4 ,dur+ m ?an f\r c5turies1 succe$+ s*ools ( lit]al critics h be5 toil+ to furni% mank9d ) ! means ( unlock+ ! treasures ( classical ,greece4 ,till )9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ! p[] ( read+ ! ,greek classics ) accuracy & ease 0 an accompli%m5t beyond ! rea* ( any b speciali/s4 ,unless a /ud5t 0 prep>$ to grapple ) ! difficulties ( unsettl$ & (t5 un9telligible texts1 to make 8 own gramm>--nay1 8 own diction>y--to *oose betwe5 conflict+ & contradictory int]pretations1 &1 9 a ^w1 to possess all t n[ w\ld be requir$ 9 a classical editor1 x w\ld be impossible = him to read1 ) any com=t1 a *orus ( s*ylus or ,sophocles1 an ode ( ,p9d>1 or a spee* 9 ,?ucydides4 ,b n[ all ^! difficulties h vani%$4 ,excell5t lexicons1 gramm>s1 comm5t>ies1 & translations1 ) settl$ texts1 & editions ( ! pr9cipal ,greek classics s satisfactory t practically !y leave no?+ to be desir$1 h r5d]$ :at 0 once ! monopoly ( m]e s*ol>s common prop]ty4 ,! p[] ( read+ ,greek ) accuracy & com=t is n[1 inde$1 )9 ! rea* ( any p]son ( av]age intellig5ce & indu/ry4 ,b prescription & tradition are t5aci\s ( _! privileges4 ,greek has s long be5 reg>d$ z ! inh]itance ( philologi/s1 t !y are n prep>$ to resign :at 0 once _! exclusive possession1 )\t a /ruggle4 ,x is useless to po9t out to !m t1 if ,greek is to ma9ta9 its place 9 mod]n education1 x c only ma9ta9 x by virtue ( its connection ) ! humanities1 by virtue ( its intr9sic value z ! expression ( g5ius & art1 & ( its hi/orical value z ! key to ! developm5t & *>act]i/ics ( ! classics ( ! mod]n _w2 by virtue1 9 f9e1 ( its relation to life1 & its relation to ,hi/ory & ,criticism4 ,! revival1 inde$1 ( ! trivium & quadrivium ( ! ,middle ,ages w\ld n be an absurd] ana*ronism ?an x is to draw no di/9ction betwe5 ! functions & aims ( classical s*ol>%ip1 :5 x 01 necess>ily1 conf9$ to philologi/s & speciali/s1 & its functions & aims at ! pres5t day4 ,x has be5 ! ob/9ate det]m9ation on ! "p ( academic bodies n to recognise ?is di/9ction1 b to pres]ve ,greek z ! monopoly ( ^? :o approa* x only on ! side ( philological specialism1 :i* has l$ to its complete dissociation 9 our s*ola/ic sy/em f :at con/itutes its *ief1 almo/ its sole title to pres]vation4 ,at ,cambridge1 = example1 x has be5 expressly exclud$ f ! only ,s*ool 9 :i* ! /udy ( ,lit]ature has be5 organiz$1 & an attempt to sub/itute ,mod]n ,languages 9 its place--= a degree 9 arts--0 only defeat$ by ! int]v5tion ( non-resid5t memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,at ,ox=d a s*eme = a 8,s*ool ( ,lit]ature10 9 :i* ,greek 0 to h no place1 might1 n long ago h be5 c>ri$1 & ! ca/+ vote ( ! proctor alone sav$ ! ,univ]sity f ?is disgrace1 & ,greek f a cru%+ bl[4#ce ,b1 =tunately = ! cause ( ,greek1 !re is e indication t a reaction1 too /rong = academic bodies to resi/1 is sett+ 94 ,s*ol>s are beg9n+ to see t :at ,socrates did = ,philosophy mu/ n[ be done = ,greek1 if ,greek is to hold its own4 ,?us1 x has pres]v$1 & no d\bt may pres]ve1 its esot]ic side2 b t :i* con/itutes its *ief1 its real importance--:i* ju/ifies its ret5tion 9 mod]n education--is n :at appeals1 & c only appeal1 9 ea* g5]ation1 to a small circle ( 8speciali/s0--its philological int]e/1 b :at appeals to lib]al intellig5ce1 to m5 z m51 to ! poet1 to ! philosoph]1 to ! orator1 to ! critic4 ,to ?is end1 to :at may be describ$ z ! vitalization ( ,greek1 all ! lab\rs ( ! late ,pr(essor ,j[ett 7 direct$2 & by 8 means ,plato1 ,?ucydides1 & ,ari/otle are br\ght into influ5tial relation ) mod]n life4 ,:at he effect$ = !m ,pr(essor ,jebb has effect$ = ,sophocles1 & n only has ?is unrivall$ ,greek s*ol> plac$ )9 ! rea* ( any p]son ( av]age intellig5ce all t is necess>y = ! elucidation ( ! language1 art1 & philosophy ( ! ,%akespe>e ( ! ,a!nian /age1 b he has n disda9$ to furni% a popul> manual ( ,hom]ic /udy1 & a popul> elem5t>y guide-book to ,greek lit]ature4 ,pr(essor ,lewis ,campbell has lab\r$ 9 ! same field & 9 ! same cause4 ,great also h be5 ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! popul>ization ( ,greek by ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,my]s1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,leaf1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 all ( :om h %[n1 bo? by _! publi%$ works & z lectur]s1 t ! ma/]pieces ( anci5t ,greece may become z intelligible & influ5tial 9 ! _w ( to-day z !y 7 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,we welcome ) joy ! adv5t ( ,pr(essor ,but*] among ^! prophets4 ,few names /& high] ?an 8 9 ! roll ( mod]n s*ol>s1 & assur$ly few mod]n s*ol>s possess1 9 s l>ge a measure1 ! p[] ( apply+ s*ol>%ip to ! purposes ( lib]al criticism & exegesis4 ,he has writt5 a delightful book1 9 a pleasant /yle1 full ( le>n+1 sugge/ive1 /imulat+1 a book :i* no /ud5t ( ,greek lit]ature c lay d[n )\t a he>ty feel+ ( gratitude to ! au?or4 ,porson said ( ,b5tley t m might be le>n$ f 8 "w :5 he 0 9 error ?an f ! "w ( a rival s*ol> :5 he 0 9 ! "r4 ,we %all n presume to accuse ,pr(essor ,but*] ( error1 b we are b\nd to say t !re is mu* 9 8 book :i* appe>s to u v que/ionable1 & mu* also f :i* we entirely diss5t4 ,pr(essor ,but*] discusses1 = example1 at great l5g?1 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,greek temp]1 b1 9 draw+ 8 conclusions1 he has n suffici5tly di/+ui%$ betwe5 :at 0 m or less accid5tal & :at 0 ess5tially peculi>4 ,! fact is t no?+ is s easy z g5]alisations ( ?is k9d1 if ! d$uction ( half tru? be our aim2 & no?+ s difficult if :ole tru?1 or tru? :i* may be accept$ )\t res]ve1 is to be ! result4 ,! mo/ mobile1 pla/ic1 ,protean p :o h ev] liv$1 _! activity1 )9 ! /rict limits ( classical lit]ature1 ext5d$ ov] ab\t six c5turies1 &1 if we protract x to ! po9t includ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,but*]'s illu/rations1 to m ?an n9e c5turies4 ,( _! lit]ature1 ?\gh we appe> to h ! be/ ( x1 n a ?ird "p has surviv$4 ,by an adroit use ( illu/ration1 x is1 !re=e1 easy to pr$icate any?+ ( !m4 ,g to s]i\s epic1 to s]i\s z di/+ui%$ f passionate lyric1 to trag$y1 to ?r5ody1 & !y 71 if y please1 ! grave/ p on e>?'s face2 g to ,ari/ophanes & to ! poets ( ! ,old ,com$y1 & !y 7 ! m]rie/2 g to ! ,ionic ,elegi/s & to ! fragm5ts ( ! ,new ,com$y1 & !y 7 ! sadde/ & mo/ cynical2 g to ,?ucydides1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & !y 71 l ,dante's sages1 ni tri/i ni lieti4 ,we d n qu>rel ) ,pr(essor ,but*]'s g5]al position 9 8 ,essay on ! melan*oly ( ! ,greeks1 or "q t !re exi/$ 9 c]ta9 moods a pr(\nd melan*oly & dissatisfaction ) life 9 ! ,greek temp]4 ,b ( :at intellig5t & reflective p or individual :o h ev] exi/$ is ?is n equally true8 ,:]e we d qu>rel ) ,pr(essor ,but*] is on ! foll[+ po9t1 ! po9t on :i* he *iefly re/s 9 prov+ t ! ,greeks 7 pre-em95tly di/+ui%$ by pessimi/ic melan*oly--an ass]tion t we d5y 9 toto4 ,he tells u t1 ) "o notable exception1 to :i* he subsequ5tly adds ?ree o!rs1 ! ,greeks reg>d$ hope n z a solace & support 9 life1 b z a sn>e & a delusion1 n z a p[] to cl+ to1 b z an influ5ce fraught ) mis*ief4 ,no?+ surely c be m errone\s4 ,! wise/ p :o h ev] liv$ are n likely to h conf\nd$ baseless & flighty desires or aspirations ) :at is impli$ 9 hope1 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,but*] has done s 9 ! illu/rations advanc$ by him 9 support ( 8 !ory4 ,all ?r\gh ,greek lit]ature1 f ,hesiod to ,!ocritus--n to g fur!r--! importance & wisdom ( *]i%+ hope1 z "o ( ! *ief supports ( life1 are emphatically dwelt on4 ,pr(essor ,but*] has surely misrepres5t$--c]ta9ly s*ylus & ! ,greeks g5]ally did n int]pret x 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he has done--! fable ( ,p&ora's *e/4 ,x 0 n 8z "p ( ! deadly gift ( ! goddess0 t hope 0 !re2 x 0 z ! "o bless+ amid ! cr[d ( ills4 8,z long z a man lives10 says ,!ognis1 8let him wait on hope4444 ,let him pray to ! gods2 & to ,hope let him sacrifice fir/ & la/0 7#aadc-aadf74 ,p9d>1 if he w>ns man aga9/ baseless1 wild1 or extravagant expectation1 is emphatic on ! wisdom ( *]i%+ hope4 ,x is 8! sweet nurse ( ! he>t 9 old age10 8! *ief helmsman ( man's v]satile w40 7,fragm5t1 #bcc47 8,a man %\ld *]i% good hope40 7,i/h41 vii4 #ae47 8,x is ! w+ on :i* so>+ manhood is support$40 7,py?ian1 viii4 #ic47 8,! wise10 says ,euripides1 8mu/ *]i% hope40 7,frag4 ( ,ino47 ,aga93 8,prud5t hope mu/ be y\r /ay 9 mis=tune40 7,id47 ,life1 he says 9 ! ,troades 7#fbh71 is pref]able to dea?1 9 t x has hopes4 ,a s5tim5t repeat$ by ,euripides aga9 9 ! ,h]cules ,fur5s 7#aje-f73 8,t man is ! brave/ :o tru/s to hope "u all circum/ances2 to be )\t hope is ! "p ( a c[>d40 ,s ,m5&]3 8,hold be=e y\rself ! %ield ( good hope40 7,inc]t4 ,frag4 xlvii47 ,! passages quot$ by ,pr(essor ,but*] f ,?ucydides are n to ! po9t4 ,x w\ld h be5 mu* m to ! po9t _h he quot$ ! passage 9 :i* ,p]icles eulogizes ^? :o 8committ$ to hope ! unc]ta9ty ( success0 7,,ii4 #db71 or ! passage 7,i4 #gj7 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! ,a!nians to ! ,lac$monians 9 civil & milit>y effici5cy is l>gely attribut$ to _! reliance on hope4 ,aga91 :at1 accord+ to ,cephalus1 9 ! ,republic1 is ! *ief solace ( old age8--8,! abid+ pres5ce ( sweet hope40 ,b x w\ld be easy to multiply indef9itely f ! ,greek classics :at ,pr(essor ,but*] calls 8r>e examples ( hope 9 ! happi] aspect40 ,! mo/ important *apt]s 9 ,pr(essor ,but*]'s "w--inde$ !y occupy ne>ly "o half ( x--are ^? deal+ ) ,ari/otle's !ory ( f9e art & poetry4 ,on no subject 9 criticism h !re be5 s _m misconceptions curr5t & influ5tial ev5 among s*ol>s1 orig9at+ = ! mo/ "p f mi/ranslations & misund]/&+s ( ! treatise 9 :i* !y f9d _! *ief embodim5t--! ,poetics4 ,?is has un=tunately come d[n to u 9 a v imp]fect & corrupt /ate1 &1 :at is m un=tunate /ill1 x became a classic 9 criticism long be=e x 0 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,?us1 9 ! clause 9 ! fam\s def9ition ( trag$y1 :]e ,ari/otle describes x z ' 1 8?r\gh pity & fe> effect+ ! purgation ( ^! emotions10 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% critics ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ignor+ ! words 1 h totally mis9t]pret$ ! passage1 & giv5 x a mean+ :i* 0 n only n int5d$ by ,ari/otle1 b :i* has falsifi$ 8 :ole !ory ( ! scope & functions ( trag$y4 ,an uns\nd text1 ! ins]tion ( be=e ! clause1 s5t ,less+ on a wrong track4 ,f ! mis9t]pretation ( ano!r passage 9 ! treatise 7,v4 #d7 has be5 d$uc$ ! fam\s doctr9e ( ! ,unities4 ,! mi/ranslation ( 9 ! def9ition ( ,trag$y1 & ( ! same ^w 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 ,poetry & ,hi/ory1 has l$ to misconceptions on o!r po9ts4 ,! s*ol>s :o did mo/ 9 ,engl& to place ! /udy ( ?is treatise on a s\nd foot+ 7 ,tw9+ & ,tyr:itt4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury x has receiv$ exhau/ive illu/ration f ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,/ahr1 ,susemihl1 ,vahl51 ,tei*mll]1 ,ueb]weg1 ,re9k5s1 ,jacob ,b]nays1 & o!rs2 :ile su* works z ,e4 ,mll]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,!orie d] ,kun/ bei d5 ,alt5 h ?r[n g5]al light on ! "q ( ,greek /hetics4 ,t ,pr(essor ,but*] has n be5 able to advance any?+ new 9 ^! essays is v cr$itable to him1 = ! simple reason t1 z all t is wor? say+ has be5 said1 8 sole res\rce1 _h he attempt$ to be orig9al1 w\ld h be5 p>adox & sophi/ry4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( ! ,ka?>sis1 x w probably be1 = all "t1 a case ( 8quot hom9es tot s5t5ti02 & we h c]ta9ly no int5tion ( accompany+ ,pr(essor ,but*] into ?is labyr9?4 ,we entirely agree ) him & ,b]nays t ! passage 9 ! ,politics 7,v4 viii4 #g7 settles conclusively at lea/ "o "p ( ! mean+1 b we diff] f ,b]nays1 9 cont5d+ t ! 8lu/ratio0 is includ$1 & f ,pr(essor ,but*]1 9 cont5d+ t ! 8lu/ratio0 is n effect$ m]ely by ! relief4 ,pr(essor ,but*] seems "h inde$ to be a little confus$1 or at all ev5ts confus+4 ,he fir/ expla9s 8ka?>sis0 z 8a purg+ away ( ! emotions ( pity & fe>10 & !n expla9s x z 8a purify+ ( !m02 b x is nei!r easy to und]/& h[ 8purg+ away0 is 8purify+10 nor :y we %\ld 8purify0 :at we 8purge away40 ,surely x is bett]--b we speak ) all submission--to take ! ^w 9 two diff]5t mean+s1 ! "o signify+ ! imm$iate effect ( trag$y 9 its direct appeal to ! passions ref]r$ to1 ! o!r n to its imm$iate1 b to its ult]ior & total effect 9 educat+ ! passions ?us excit$4 ,pr(essor ,but*]1 :o appe>s to belong to ! ,pat] ,s*ool1 dwells ) great complac5cy on ! fact t ,ari/otle 8attempt$ to sep>ate ! function ( /hetics f t ( morals10 t 8he made ! end ( art reside 9 a pleasurable emotion10 t he says 8no?+ ( any moral aim 9 poetry10 & t ?\gh he (t5 takes exception to ,euripides z an arti/1 8he atta*es no blame to him = ! immoral t5d5cy 9 "s ( 8 dramas10 s sev]ely c5sur$ by ,ari/ophanes4 ,if ,pr(essor ,but*] implies1 z he seems to imply by ?is1 t ,ari/otle w\ld l5d any c\nt5ance to ! mod]n art-=-art's-sake doctr9e1 & proce$$ on ! assumption t !re 0 no necess>y connection betwe5 /hetics & morals1 he does ,ari/otle v great inju/ice1 & is refut$ by ! ,poetics !mselves4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ,ari/otle lays /ress on ! fact t trag$y is1 l epic1 a repres5tation ( 8sup]ior or morally good *>act]s0 7 7--t ! *>act]s are to be good 774 ,9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] he says t no?+ c excuse ! exhibition ( moral depravity 771 unless x be "o ( ! ?+s implicit 9 ! plot2 & t among ! mo/ s]i\s objections :i* c be br\ght aga9/ a drama is t x is likely to d moral h>m 774 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] he %[s1--& on moral gr\nds1--:y ! protagoni/ 9 a trag$y %\ld n be a p]fectly good man or a p]fectly bad man4 ,inde$1 ! v def9ition ( trag$y refutes ,pr(essor ,but*]'s /atem5t4 ,x may be said1 no d\bt1 t ,ari/otle ma9ta9s t ! end ( poetry is pleasure1 b x mu/ be 8! prop] pleasure10 & 9 ! prop] pleasure moral satisfaction is impli$4#cf ,x is only by a quibble t ,pr(essor ,but*]'s !ory c be support$1 & x is a pity to quibble on subjects :i* may be s mis*iev\sly misund]/ood4 ,ari/otle 01 we suspect1 v mu* ne>] to ,b5 ,jonson & ,milton ?an to ,mr4 ,pat] 9 8 conception ( ! functions & scope ( poetry4 ,9 ! int]e/+ essay on ,sophocles !re are two /atem5ts :i* appe> to u v que/ionable4 ,x is surely n true to say t ,sophocles 0 8! fir/ ( ! ,greeks :o has cle>ly realiz$ t suff]+ is n always p5al40 ,:o c\ld h express$ ?is tru? m =cibly ?an s*ylus8 ,to say no?+ ( ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,agamemnon1 #afg-aga3-- 444 1 4 ' ' 1 ' 1-- ! doctr9e ( :i* is repeat$ 9 #bda-b ( ! same play1 & 9 o!r passages 9 8 dramas1 notably 9 ,*oephoroe1 #iej-iee1 & 9 ,eum5ides1 #die1 4 ,! fact t suff]+ & calamity h result$ 9 bless+ is emphasiz$ z /rongly 9 ! conclud+ drama ( ! ,ore/ean ,trilogy1 ! ,eum5ides1 z x is 9 ! dipus ,coloneus4 ,aga91 :5 ,pr(essor ,but*] says t 89 ,sophocles ! div9e righte\sness ass]ts itself n 9 ! aw>d ( happ9ess or mis]y to ! individual1 b 9 ! provid5tial wisdom :i* assigns to ea* individual 8 place & function 9 a univ]sal moral ord]10 he says :at x is v difficult to und]/&4 ,surely 9 ! case ( ea* "o ( ! protagoni/s 9 ,sophocles1 to employ ! ^w 9 its non-te*nical s5se1 _! des]ts are v exactly met$ out4 ,antigone delib]ately c\rts h] fate by sett+ ! law at defiance1 ?\gh %e knew :at ! p5alty 01 & falls1 b has h] comp5sation 9 ! applause ( h] own consci5ce & 89 ! fai? t looks ?r\gh dea?40 ,ajax paid ! p5alty1 z ! poet emphasizes1 = brutality & impi\s insol5ce2 dipus suff]s = 8 impetuosity & intemp]ance1 b1 8 puni%m5t exce$+ ! (f5ce1 ! balance is adju/$ = him 9 f9al triumph ov] ! sons :o _h wrong$ him1 9 procur+ bless+s = 8 protector1 9 ! peace ( ! s\l1 & 9 a glori\s dea?4 ,clytemne/ra & gi/hus well des]ve _! fate1 z1 9 addition to committ+ _! crime1 !y cont9ue o/5tati\sly to glory 9 x4 ,9 ! ,tra*9i ,h]cules is puni%$ = a base & c[>dly murd]1 foll[$ by an act ( cruel & indiscrim9ate v5geance1 retribution com+ on him ?r\gh ! si/] ( ! man ?us murd]$1 & ! daught] ( ! pr9ce on :om ?is iniquit\s v5geance _h be5 wreak$1 z ,deianeira1 b = ,iole1 w\ld n h s5t ! poison$ tunic4 ,sophocles has ev5 alt]$ ! leg5d to emphasize ! guilt ( ,h]cules4 ,! ,philoctetes1 inde$1 is ! only play :i* l5ds any support to ,pr(essor ,but*]'s /atem5t4 ,"h ! gods und\bt$ly condemn a man to a life ( torture t _! designs1 irrespective ( ! individual1 may be fulfill$1 & t ,troy may n fall be=e ! appo9t$ "t2 b h[ fully1 h[ nobly is he comp5sat$6 ,x seems to u t ! aw>d ( happ9ess & mis]y to ! individual1 9 accordance ) des]t1 is z conspicu\s 9 ! e?ics ( ,sophocles z x is 9 ! e?ics ( ,%akespe>e4 ,& x is ! m conspicu\s1 :5 we rememb] ! hamp]+ conditions "u :i* ,sophocles _h to "w1 ! limitations conv5tionally impos$ on ! treatm5t ( ! leg5ds4 ,we wi% we _h space to comm5t on ,pr(essor ,but*]'s admirable1 ?\gh some:at defective1 *apt] on ! dawn ( ,romanticism 9 ,greek poetry1 b we mu/ =be>1 & repeat our ?anks to him = a book full ( int]e/ & in/ruction1 n ! lea/ ( its *>ms be+ ! lively & graceful /yle 9 :i* x is writt54 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is bl[ has1 s9ce ^! words 7 writt51 be5 inflict$4 ,see supra pp4 #de-ge4 ,footnote #cf3 ,s he says1 ,poet41 xxvi41 ( epic & trag$y1 t ea* ought n to produce any *ance pleasure1 b ! pleasure prop] to x 7 1 i4e4 74 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,criticism#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,criticism4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,lit]ature4 ,by ,w4 ,basil ,worsfold4 ,london3 ,all54 ,bi%op ,w>burton said t !re 7 two ?+s :i* e man ?\ght himself compet5t to d1 to manage a small f>m & to drive a :isky4 ,_h ,w>burton liv$ 9 our "t1 he w\ld probably h add$ a ?ird--to set up = a critic4 ,:at ! au?or ( ! be/ critical treatise 9 ! ,greek language pron\nc$ to be ! f9al fruit ( long exp]i5ce1 culture1 & /udy1 direct$ & illum9$ by c]ta9 natural qualifications1 has n[ come to be repres5t$ by ! idle & irresponsible gossip ( any "o :o c gossip agreeably4 ,agreeable gossip & good criticism are1 z ,sa9te-,beuve & o!rs h %[n1 f> f be+ incompatible1 ! mis=tune is t !y %\ld be conf\nd$2 b conf\nd$ !y are1 & ! confusion is ! curse ( curr5t lit]ature4 ,we h rec5tly obs]v$1 ) conc]n1 t ! rubbi% :i* us$ =m]ly to be %ot into novels & poems is n[ be+ %ot into criticism1 & t !re appe>s to be a gr[+ impression t ! accompli%m5ts :i* qualify "y m5 = sp9n+ cobwebs 9 fiction & manufactur+ v]sicles c1 ) a little managem5t1 s]ve to set !m up z critics4 ,!re is n mu* m difficulty 9 =m+ an op9ion ab\t a book ?an !re is 9 read+ x1 & z criticism 9 ! h&s ( ^! fribbles becomes little m ?an ! di?yrambic expression ( t op9ion1 ! pr(ession ( criticism is "o 9 :i* x is delightfully easy to graduate4 ,x requires nei!r le>n+ nor k1 nei!r culture nor discipl9e4 ,x is nei!r sci5ce nor art2 x is ! gift ( nature1 a sort ( 8lyric inspiration40 ,) pr9ciples1 ) t\*/ones1 ) /&>ds1 x has no?+ :atev] to d4 ,its bus9ess is to declaim1 to co9 phrases1 to juggle ) fancies & to say 8good ?+s40 ,a writ]1 !re=e1 :o tries to recall criticism to a s5se ( its responsibilities & true functions des]ves all sympa?y & enc\ragem5t4 ,x is refre%+ to turn f ! sort ( ?+ to :i* we h ref]r$ to su* a "w z ,mr4 ,worsfold has giv5 u4 ,8 design is 8to pres5t an acc\nt ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( lit]>y criticism10 :i* he pr(esses to trace f ,plato to ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,mr4 ,worsfold's !sis simply /at$ is t criticism--& he deals ) criticism *iefly 9 its application to poetry--has pass$ successively ?r\gh five /ages4 ,) ! ,greeks x conc]n$ itself pr9cipally ) =m4 8,! fir/ "q x ask$ ) !m 0 n1 z ) u1 ,:at is ! ?\ght8 b ,:at is ! =m80 ,by ,addison--= "h ,mr4 ,worsfold makes a prodigi\s leap ov] "s tw5ty c5turies--x 0 furni%$ ) a new te/1 & x ask$1 ,h[ does a giv5 poem affect ! imag9ation8 ,by ,less+ a return 0 made to ! =mal criticism ( ! anci5ts1 b he adopt$ also ,addison's crit]ion1 & add$ def9it5ess to x4 ,victor ,c\s9 foll[$ 9 #ahah ) 8 lectures1 entitl$1 ,du ,vrai1 du ,beau1 et du ,bi51 & enl>g$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! sci5ce by a complete !ory ( beauty & art1 develop$ ma9ly out ( ,plato4 ,la/ly came ,mat!w ,arnold1 :o ext5d$ ! realm /ill fur!r1 by ! addition ( c]ta9 o!r important t\*/ones ( poetic excell5ce4 ,at ! pres5t "t a gradual limitation ( ! scope ( its rules1 & a gradual ext5sion ( ! scope ( its pr9ciples1 are ! t5d5cies mo/ disc]nible 9 criticism4 8,an enlight5$ criticism no long] aims at direct+ ! arti/ by =mulat+ rules :i*1 if !y 7 valid1 w\ld only t5d to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! f9e & ! te*nical arts4 ,x all[s him to "w by :atev] me?ods he may *oose1 & x is cont5t to e/imate 8 m]it n by ref]5ce to 8 me?od b by ref]5ce to 8 a*ievem5t1 z measur$ by pr9ciples ( univ]sal validity40 ,all ?is is exce$+ly +5i\s1 & has 9 x a measure ( tru?1 b1 l mo/ g5]alisations on va/ & complicat$ subjects1 x is m plausible ?an s\nd4 ,! /ages 9 ! progress ( criticism are n s %>ply def9$ z ,mr4 ,worsfold w\ld h u believe4 ,if ,greek criticism 7 repres5t$ only by ,plato & ! extant works ( ,ari/otle1 ,engli% by ,addison & ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,g]man by ,less+1 & ,fr5* by ,victor ,c\s91 :at ,mr4 ,worsfold po/ulates might1 aft] a mann]1 pass mu/]4 ,b by f> ! great] portion ( ,greek criticism has p]i%$2 x exi/s only 9 fragm5ts1 & to ! mo/ important & rem>kable "w on ?is subject :i* has come d[n to u f antiquity1 ! ,treatise on ! ,sublime1 ,mr4 ,worsfold does n ev5 ref]4 ,if he _h done s1 & _h he consid]$ :at is scatt]$ fragm5t>ily ?r\gh ! ,greek writ]s1 or may be ga!r$ f ! titles ( treatises :i* are lo/1 he w\ld h se5 t mu* :i* he supposes to m>k developm5t 9 criticism has long be5 old4 ,innum]able passages 9 ! m9or ,greek critics1 9 ,plut>* & 9 ! ,s*olia1 especially if we add :at is to be f\nd 9 ,roman writ]s1 d]iv$ no d\bt f ,greek s\rces1 amply w>rant d\bt :e!r1 aft] all1 x is n ) criticism z x is1 to use ,goe!'s expression1 ) wit1 8,alles ,ges*eidte i/ s*on g$a*t word51 man muss nur v]su*51 es no* e9mal zu d5k540 ,at all ev5ts1 x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ,greek criticism1 9 its application to poetry1 is repres5t$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,x w\ld be almo/ z absurd to g to ,plato = typical ,greek criticism on poetry z x w\ld be to g to ,h5ry ,m or ! ,puritan ,div9es = typical ,engli% criticism4 ,he approa*$ x only z su* a philosoph] w\ld be likely to approa* x4 ,he reg>d$ art & lett]s g5]ally simply z means ( educational discipl9e & culture1 or z m]e play?+s1 ( :i* ! be/ to be expect$ 0 h>mless pleasure4 ,he despis$ poetry n only z an appeal1 & a p]turb+ appeal1 to ! s5ses & ! passions1 b z repres5t+ ! %ad[s ( %ad[s4 ,x may be pron\nc$ ) confid5ce t1 _h he s]i\sly appli$ himself to lit]>y & arti/ic criticism1 he w\ld h be5 "o ( ! subtle/ & pr(\nde/ critics :o ev] liv$1 & w\ld probably h anticipat$1 s f> z pr9ciples are conc]n$1 all t ,mr4 ,worsfold attributes to ,addison1 to ,less+1 & to ,victor ,c\s92 b1 l our own ,rusk91 he 0 wilful & fanatical4 ,/ill less is ,greek criticism repres5t$ by ,ari/otle4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree mislead+ to g5]alize f su* a "w z ! ,poetics4 ,x is n m]ely a fragm5t1 b a fragm5t de=m$ by desp]ate corruption1 hopeless int]/ices & contemptible int]polations4 ,if x conf9es itself1 or 9 ! ma9 conf9es itself1 to =mal criticism1 x is simply because x 0 design$ to deal ) t p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( criticism1 n because its au?or suppos$ t ! *ief "q :i* conc]n$ criticism 0 =m4 ,aga91 if by =m ,mr4 ,worsfold und]/&s1 z he appe>s to d1 expression & /ructure1 he v mu* misrepres5ts ! ,treatise4 ,ari/otle's crit]ion ( poetry is n its =mal expression1 = he di/9ctly decl>es t x is n metre :i* makes a poem1 & ev5 seems to ma9ta9 t a poem may be compos$ )\t metre4 ,9 ,ari/otle's def9ition & conception ( poetry z ! concrete expression ( ! univ]sal1 9 8 def9ition ( ! scope & functions ( trag$y1 & 9 innum]able occasional rem>ks we h ! g]ms ( mu*1 & ( v mu*1 :i* ,mr4 ,worsfold w\ld attribute to ! lat] developm5ts ( criticism4 ,ari/otle1 x is true1 d]iv$ 8 canons f an analysis ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,greek poetry1 b x is do+ him great inju/ice to say1 t he w\ld make all epics ,hom]ic1 & all plays ,sophoclean1 & mo/ errone\s to assume t mod]n criticism comm5c$ at ?is po9t4 ,ari/otle di/9ctly que/ions :e!r trag$y _h z yet p]fect$ its prop] types or n 7,poet41 ,,iv4 #aa71 & 9 discuss+ ! prop] l5g? ( trag$y he makes a rem>k :i* %[s t su* a plot z ! plot ( ,hamlet or ! plot ( ,le> w\ld h be5 q compatible ) 8 canons4#ch ,! tru? is t ,mr4 ,worsfold has gone too f>2 he has conf\nd$ ! v>i\s aspects ( criticism ) /ages 9 its developm5t4 ,ari/otle dealt ma9ly ) =m1 because x 0 8 bus9ess to deal ) =m4 ,plato approa*$ poetry f a p>ticul> po9t ( view1 because x 0 f t p>ticul> po9t ( view t x conc]n$ him4 ,_h ,mr4 ,worsfold tak5 8 /& 9 8 review ( anci5t criticism on ! treatise attribut$ to ,long9us1 he w\ld h se5 t :at he s /rangely attributes to ,addison & lat] writ]s _h long be5 anticipat$4 ,?is rem>kable "w :i*1 s9ce its translation into ,fr5* by ,boileau 9 #afgd1 has _h m influ5ce on criticism bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t ?an any o!r "w t c\ld be nam$1 w\ld alone %[ h[ mu* we owe to ! ,greeks4 ,x has analyz$ & def9$1 = all "t1 ! ess5tial virtues & ! ess5tial vices ( diction & /yle1 & has trac$ !m to _! s\rces4 ,x has furni%$ u ) infallible crit]ia 9 judg+ rhetoric & poetry4 ,take its analysis ( ! 8gr& /yle10 :i* is describ$ compreh5sively z 1 8! e*o ( a great s\l02 x has1 ! ,treatise tells u1 five *>act]i/ics--ri*ness & gr&eur ( conception 7 72 vehem5t & inspir$ passion 7 71 ! due =mation ( figures1 :i* are tw(old--fir/ ^? ( ?\ght1 & secondly ^? ( expression 7 1 1 72 noble diction 7 1 72 dignifi$ & elevat$ composition 7 74 ,no?+ c\ld be m ma/]ly ?an its detail$ analysis ( ea* ( ^! qualities1 & ( ! pseudo =ms :i* !y assume1 z ! result ( /imulat$ en?usiasm4 ,h[ admirable1 too1 is its te/ ( ! sublime 9 ! sev5? *apt]2 its criticism ( ,sappho1 g5]aliz+ :at con/itutes ! *>m & p[] ( lyric1 9 ! t5? *apt]2 its analysis ( ! eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es1 aga9 g5]aliz+ ! *>act]i/ics ( oratory 9 p]fection 7*ap4 xvii472 its demon/ration ( ! inf]iority ( correct m$iocrity to ! faulty irregul>ities ( inspir$ g5ius2 its admirable rem>ks ab\t ! relation ( ,art to ,nature4 ,l ! ,poetics1 x has come d[n to u 9 a v mutilat$ =m1 & has evid5tly be5 int]polat$ by "s inf]ior h&1 :i* no d\bt acc\nts = ! exasp]at+ triviality ( "s ( ! sections4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 we h ref]5ces to ! _m losses :i* ,greek criticism has su/a9$1 ! au?or ref]r+ to treatises writt5 by him on ,x5ophon1 on ,composition1 & on ! ,passions4 ,x is impossible to give an adequate acc\nt ( ! evolution ( criticism )\t a v c>eful survey ( ! *ief contributors to criticism 9 ea* g5]ation1 & su* a survey ,mr4 ,worsfold has n attempt$4 ,to ,lat9 criticism he nev] ev5 ref]s4 ,& yet x has _h great influ5ce on critical lit]ature4 ,! ,romans1 x is true1 contribut$ sc>cely any?+ new to criticism1 except t :i* p]ta9s to oratory4 ,we "k en\gh ( ,v>ro1 ) :om ,roman criticism may be said to beg91 to feel confid5t t he c\ld h _h no pret5sion to ! f9] qualities ( ! critic4 ,( ! five treatises compos$ by him1 only "o1 ! 1 appe>s to h be5 purely critical1 & x almo/ c]ta9ly drew l>gely on ,greek s\rces4 ,horace d]iv$ ! mat]ial ( ! ,ars ,poetica f a ,greek writ]1 ,neoptolemus ( ,p>ium4 ,mu* ( ,qu9ctilian's criticism is demon/rably a compilation f ,greek writ]s4 ,! be/ critic ( poetry among ! ,romans is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 ,petronius1 occasional & scanty ?\gh 8 rem>ks are4 ,b ( prose lit]ature ,rome produc$ two really great critics--! "o 0 ,cic]o1 ! o!r 0 ,tacitus4 ,! ,brutus & ! ,dialogus de ,oratoribus are ma/]pieces1 equal to any?+ :i* has come d[n to u f ! ,greeks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important critical pr9ciples ev] enunciat$ we owe to ,cic]o4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate t ! te/ ( excell5ce 9 oratory lay1 9 its appeal+ equally to ! multitude & to ! mo/ fa/idi\s ( connoisseurs4 ,! mo/ consummate rhetorician :i* ! _w has ev] se51 he 0 at ! same "t a consummate critic ( 8 art4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( criticism has1 inde$1 = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 be5 practically 8 monopoly2 x may be que/ion$ :e!r any?+ c be add$1 s f> z ! te*nique ( rhetoric is conc]n$1 to :at may be trac$ to 8 writ+s4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,dialogus de ,oratoribus is l>gely hi/orical1 b nev] h ! causes :i* inspire & n\ri%1 or depress & />ve1 eloqu5ce be5 m eloqu5tly & brilliantly expla9$4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t x 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat9 critics t ,greek criticism became influ5tial on mod]n lit]ature4 ,mr4 ,worsfold has v prop]ly drawn att5tion to ! f9e passage ab\t poetry 9 ! second book ( ,bacon's ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 b he says n a ^w ab\t ,sidney's rem>kable treatise1 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ contributions to ! criticism ( poetry :i* has ev] be5 made1 or ab\t ! admirable rem>ks 9 ,b5 ,jonson's ,discov]ies4 ,! int]e/ ( ,elizabe?an criticism1 z repres5t$ by ^! works--& !y are ! only works on ?is subject ( any value produc$ dur+ ! ,elizabe?an p]iod--lies p>tly 9 its return to ,ari/otelian canons1 & p>tly 9 ! importance :i*1 9 accordance ) ! anci5ts1 x atta*es to ! didactic elem5t 9 poetry4 ,?is is express$ v eloqu5tly 9 ,b5 ,jonson's d$ication ( ! ,fox3-- 8,if m5 w imp>tially & n asqu9t look t[>d ! (fices & function ( a poet1 !y w easily conclude to !mselves ! impossibility ( a man's be+ ! good poet )\t be+ fir/ ! good man1--he t is able to in=m "y m5 to all good discipl9e1 inflame "y m5 to all good virtues1 keep old m5 9 _! be/ & supreme /ate1 or1 z !y decl9e to *ildhood1 recov] !m to _! fir/ /ate1 t comes =? ! int]pret] & arbit] ( nature1 a tea*] ( ?+s div9e no less ?an human40 ,?is 0 precisely ,sp5s]'s conception ( "o ( ! *ief functions ( poetry4 ,?us ! ,elizabe?an critics1 :o 7 foll[$ aft]w>ds by ,milton1 if !y did n =mally discuss ! relation ( /hetic to e?ic1 insi/$ on _! ess5tial connection 9 ! high] =ms ( poetry4 ,ev5 9 ! succe$+ age1 :5 poetry lo/ all its high s]i\sness & mu* ( its moral dignity1 criticism1 if x did n always insi/ on ! application ( ?is te/1 /ill reta9$ x4 ,dryd5 c\ld write1 8,i am satisfi$ if v]se cause delight1 = delight is ! *ief1 if n ! only end1 ( poesy02 b 9 add+ 8in/ruction c be admitt$ b 9 ! second place1 = poesy only in/ructs z x delights10 he half correct$ 8 =m] /atem5t1 &1 inde$1 simply rev]t$ to :at ,ari/ophanes1 ,b5 ,jonson1 & ,milton w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to admit4 ,b to return to ,mr4 ,worsfold4 ,a v s]i\s defect 9 8 "w is 8 omission ( all notice ( ,boileau & ,dryd51 & ( ! critics contempor>y ) !m 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t mu* is attribut$ to ,addison :i* belongs to !m1 & ,addison's importance z a critic is mu* ov]rat$4 ,aga91 ( ! _m memorable contributions to ?is bran* ( lit]ature 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,g]many1 :i* 7 made betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! ,abb ,dubos's ,rflexions critiques sur la posie et la pe9ture 9 #agai1 & ! lectures ( ,col]idge & ,s*legel ab\t #ahab1 all t is said is repres5t$ by :at is said ( ,less+4 ,?\gh a long *apt] is giv5 to ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,mat!w ,arnold's ma/]1 ,sa9te-,beuve1 is1 if we rememb] rightly1 n s mu* z nam$4 ,dr4 ,johnson divid$ critics into ?ree classes--^? :o "k ! rules & judge by !m1 ^? :o "k no rules b judge entirely by natural ta/e1 ^? :o "k ! rules b are above !m4 ,?is has be5 true 9 all ages1 & suffici5tly disposes ( ,mr4 ,worsfold's hypo!sis ab\t ! /ages ?r\gh :i* criticism has pass$4 ,all t c be said is1 t at c]ta9 times !re has be5 a t5d5cy1 det]m9$ ( c\rse by ! "* ( ! p>ticul> age1 t[>ds ! pr$om9ance ( a p>ticul> critical me?od & ( p>ticul> po9ts ( view4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x w\ld be p]il\s to g4 ,x has be5 ! task ( ! pres5t age to develop ea* ( ^! me?ods to ! full1 & ! mo/ au?oritative critics ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s might easily be rang$ "u "o ( ^? classes4 ,! s\nde/ & mo/ valuable "p ( ,mr4 ,worsfold's book is ! "p deal+ ) ! criticism ( ! la/ few ye>s4 ,8 *apt] on ,mat!w ,arnold1 9 p>ticul>1 is admirable1 & 8 rem>ks on ! functions ( criticism at ! pres5t "t1 d$uc$ z !y h be5 f ,wordswor?1 ,arnold & ,rusk91 are 9 a high degree in/ructive & int]e/+4 ,9 po9t+ out t criticism %\ld n conf9e itself m]ely to ! inve/igation ( te*nical excell5ce1 & to all t is impli$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,art = ,art's sake1 b %\ld recognise t !re are limits beyond :i* ! arti/ %\ld n ex]cise 8 te*nical skill1 he recalls u to pr9ciples :i* x is well t criticism %\ld n =get4 ,we q agree ) him t !re is n[ an increas+ t5d5cy to recognise ^! limits1 & to lay mo/ /ress on ! int]pretation ( ! ideal elem5t 9 lit]ature & art4 ,t is c]ta9ly ! mod]n note4 ,we h express$ our reasons = diss5t+ f ,mr4 ,worsfold's hi/orical view ( ! evolution ( criticism1 b 8 book is full ( int]e/1 & w amply repay ! att5tion ( s]i\s read]s4 ,x is a book :i* does n des]ve to be lo/ 9 ! cr[d4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ch3 ' 1 4 1 1 1 4 7,poet41 vii4 #g47 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,greek ,,poetry#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,antima*us ( ,colophon & ! ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,greek ,poetry4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,m4 ,b5ecke4 ,! editor ( ?is book _c be congratulat$ ei!r on 8 compet5ce or on 8 discretion4 ,to hurry into ! _w a "w :i* is n m]ely a fragm5t1 b :i* cries = revision1 suppression1 & correction 9 almo/ e page1 is a lit]>y crime ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & des]ves ! sev]e/ ca/igation4 ,( ! au?or ( ! "w1 :o appe>s to h be5 a "y man ( "s atta9m5ts & ( mu* promise1 we desire to speak ) all g5tl5ess2 we :olly absolve him f blame1 = we h no "r to assume t he w\ld himself h giv5 to ! _w :at 8 editor admits 0 intra p5etralia ,ve/1 & :at we hope & believe he w\ld himself h committ$ em5daturis ignibus1 _h he arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion4 ,b ! dissem9ation ( error is no light ?+1 especially 9 relation to subjects :i* are ( great int]e/1 &1 f an hi/orical & lit]>y po9t ( view1 ( great importance4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! _m amiable & indu/ri\s tutors at ,ox=d & ,cambridge :o1 unless !y are put on _! gu>d1 w unsuspici\sly fill _! note-books ) ! nons5se ( ?is volume1 & imp>t x1 by degrees1 to ! li/5+ cr$ulity ( y\?1 we feel we h no alt]native b to p]=m a pla91 if pa9ful1 duty4 ,we repeat1 we absolve ! au?or f all blame2 ! sole culprit is ! editor4 ,t ,solomon 0 ! au?or ( ! ,iliad1 ,poggio ! au?or ( ! ,annals ( ,tacitus1 & ,bacon ! au?or ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 are hypo!ses sc>cely less mon/r\sly absurd ?an ! !sis prop\nd$ 9 ?is volume4 ,mr4 ,b5ecke's ma9 cont5tions are 8t a pure love betwe5 man & woman seem$ to ! e>ly ,greeks0 7t is1 to ^? :o liv$ be=e ! latt] end ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>7 a %e] impossibility2 t 89 extant ,greek poetry !re is no trace ( romantic love poetry address$ to wom5 prior to ! "t ( ,asclepiades & ,philetas02 t 89 ! works ( ^! writ]s ?is elem5t sudd5ly appe>s n 9 ! nature ( an exp]im5t b z a lead+ motive02 t ! appe>ance ( ?is elem5t 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,antima*us1 8:o 0 ! fir/ man :o _h ! c\rage to say t a woman 0 wor? lov+1 & :o may ?us be reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( ! romantic elem5t 9 lit]ature40 ,z we h n space to refute ?is nons5se 9 detail1 we w give "s examples ( ! way 9 :i* x is support$4 ,fir/ come misrepres5tations & blund]s4 ,to emphasize ! degradation ( wom51 passages 9 translation are twi/$ & p]v]t$ almo/ beyond recognition4 ,?us ! c\plet ( ,catullus-- 8,tunc te dilexi1 non tantum ut vulgus amicam1 ,s$ pat] ut natos diligit et g5]os0-- is actually p>aphras$ 8,i lov$ y1 n z a man loves a woman1 b z a man loves a y\?40 ,! c\plet 9 :i* ,antigone says1 8,if my husb& di$1 ,i c\ld get ano!r1 & 7 ,i depriv$ ( him too1 ,i c\ld be a "m by ano!r man0-- 1 1 ' 1 ' -- is translat$ 8,if my husb& _h di$1 ,i c\ld h m>ri$ ano!r1 if he _h fail$ to get me *ildr51 ,i c\ld h committ$ adult]y40 ,! 8ma9 motive ( ! ,iliad10 we are in=m$1 7p4 #gf71 8is ! love ( ,a*illes = ,patroclus40 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,ajax 8is meant to c5tre on ,teuc]1 ! amasius ( ! dead ,ajax40 ,t ! ,alce/is may n be press$ into ! s]vice ( ^? :o w\ld ma9ta9 t ! ,greeks knew h[ to respect wom51 ! key to x is to be f\nd 89 ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ,admetus & ,apollo0767 ,! revolt+ co>s5ess & flippant vulg>ity :i* m>k ! book1 &1 :i* d v little cr$it to ,ox=d tra9+1 are illu/rat$ by ! rem>ks employ$ to disp>age ^! types ( womanhood :i* ! writ] well kn[s w\ld refute 8 !ory4 ,?us ( ,nausicaa1 8%e is always reg>d$ z a *>m+ type ( woman2 b1 aft] all1 h[ "o naturally ?9ks ( h] is 7sic7 z a *>m+ type ( wa%]woman02 ( ,p5elope1 8%e longs = ! return ( h] husb&1 no d\bt2 b :at really grieves h] ab\t ! suitors is n _! sugge/ions z to 8 dea?1 b ! quantity ( pork !y eat40 ,on a p> ) ?is sort ( ?+ is ! rem>k ab\t a play ( ,sophocles1 :i*1 by ! way1 is n extant1 t 8x m]ely drew ! usual picture ( ! gods play+ %ove-halfp5ny ) human s\ls0 7p4 #dg72 or flippant vulg>ity l ! foll[+--,admetus expresses 88 deep regret t he _c accompany ,alce/is1 z ,*>on does n issue return tickets40 ,if ?is is ! hum\r ( "y ,ox=d1 ! progress ( :i* we he> s mu* has be5 pur*as$ at a heavy price4 ,b to cont9ue4 ,on page #bg we are confront$ ) ! a/\nd+ /atem5t t 8x is 9 ,anacreon t we f9d = ! fir/ "t love-poetry address$ to a woman40 ,:y1 ,h]mesianax 7#ae1 #af7 di/9ctly /ates t ,musu wrote love-poetry to 8 wife or mi/ress1 ,antiope1 & t ,hesiod wrote _m poems 9 hon\r ( 8 love1 ,eoia 7,id4 #bb-bd74 ,alcu notori\sly wrote love-poems to ,sappho1 z we ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric to "k2 bo? ,alcman1 ! lov] ( ,egido & ,megalo/rate1 &1 probably ,ibycus also wrote love-poetry to wom54 ,x is m]e special plead+ to cont5d t ,mimn]mus did n write poetry to ! mi/ress ( 8 affections1 to :om1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 8 erotic poetry 0 address$4 ,h]mesianax di/9ctly /ates t ,mimn]mus 0 passionately 9 love ) ,nanno1 & c]ta9ly implies t 8 love-poetry 0 address$ to h] 7#ce-ch74 ,x is true t two ( ! fragm5ts ( ,ar*ilo*us are ambigu\s1 b "o is n2 &1 if we may judge by a s+le l9e 7,fr4 #ga71 8 love = ,neobule express$ itself 9 a mann] indi/+ui%able f ,petr>*'s ve9--8,w\ld t ,i might t\* ,neobule's h&03 4 ,x is cle> t wom5 _h a prom95t place 9 ! poetry ( ,/esi*orus1 & 9 8 poem entitl$ ,calyce we seem to h _h an anticipation ( ! mod]n love romance4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 we are in=m$ t ! ,greeks _h no love-poetry address$ to1 or conc]n+ wom51 be=e ,anacreon4 ,! me?ods adopt$ = m9imiz+ or disguis+ ! importance ( wom5 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey are v amus+4 8,! ,trojan w> 0 ! "w ( a woman2 b h[ v little t woman appe>s 9 ! ,iliad40 ,%e appe>s q z frequ5tly & impos+ly z ! action admits1 & %e & ,&roma*e are pa9t$ z elaborately z any ( ! dramatis p]son 9 ! poem4 ,inde$1 x w\ld n be too mu* to say t1 ) ! exception ( ,a*illes & ,agamemnon1 !y leave ! deepe/ impression on u4 8,a woman has be5 manag+ ! affairs ( ,odysseus = tw5ty ye>s 9 an exempl>y fa%ion2 b ! h]o ( ! ,odyssey on 8 return pref]s to associate ) ! sw9eh]d40 ,comm5t is sup]flu\s4 ,no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! prom95ce :i* is giv5 to wom5 bo? 9 ! ,iliad & 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,to cite su* writ]s z ,simonides ( ,amorgus1 ,phocylides & ,!ognis1 z au?orities on ! position ( wom51 is z absurd1 9 ,san*o ,panza's phrase1 z to look = pe>s on an elm4 ,! ,greek ,trag$ies are treat$ aft] ! same fa%ion z ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,we are told t ! rem>kable prom95ce giv5 9 ,sophocles's plays to ! affection betwe5 bro!r & si/] af=ds conclusive pro( t ! nature ( mod]n love betwe5 man & woman 0 unkn[n to him2 & we are also in=m$1 t ! relations betwe5 ,electra & ,ore/es1 & ,antigone & ,polynices 8are absolutely ^? ( mod]n lov]s40 ,x w\ld be difficult to say :i* is m absurd1 ! d$uction or ! /atem5t4 ,:at love c\ld be m loyal & m passionate ?an ,hmon's love = ,antigone8 ,! prom95ce giv5 by ,sophocles to ! love betwe5 bro!r & si/] has its orig9 f ! same cause z ! v small "p play$ by lov]s 9 ! ,greek trag$ies g5]ally4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a poet :o took 8 plot f ! =tunes ( ! h\ses ( ,pelops or ,laius c\ld only "w )9 ! limits ( tradition2 9 ! second place1 love romances1 unless involv+ deep tragical issues z 9 ! ,tra*9i1 ! ,m$ea1 & ! ,hippolytus1 7 totally incompatible ) ! ,greek idea ( trag$y4 ,b we mu/ hurry to ! gr& discov]y made by ! au?or ( ?is volume4 ,some:]e ab\t #dje ,b4,c4 fl\ri%$ ,antima*us1 ( ,colophon1 ! au?or ( a volum9\s epic1 & ( sev]al o!r poems4 ,he _h ! mis=tune to lose 8 wife ,lyde1 &1 to beguile 8 sorr[1 he compos$ a long elegy 9 h] hon\r4 ,( ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( ?is act let our au?or speak4 8,:5 ,antima*us fir/ sat d[n 9 8 empty h\se at ,colophon to write an elegy to 8 dead wife1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly he 0 initiat+ ! greate/ arti/ic revolution t ! _w has ev] se540 ,asclepiades & ,philetas foll[$ him z imitators1 & ! ?+ 0 done4 ,woman 0 at la/ 8connect$ ) #8romance4'0 ,our au?or admits ! difficulty ( suppos+ t 8any "o man c\ld inv5t & popul>ize an entirely new emotion02 b sugge/s t if we reg>d x z 8simply due to ! readju/m5t ( an already exi/+ emotion10 t is 1 su* a supposition is 8no long] absurd40 ,x is n only absurd b mon/r\s4 ,! tru? almo/ c]ta9ly is1 t ! love betwe5 man & woman 9 anci5t ,greece diff]$ v little f ! love betwe5 man & woman z x exi/s n[4 ,m>riage 01 x is true1 purely a matt] ( bus9ess2 mo/ wives aspir$ to no?+ m ?an ! managem5t ( ! nurs]y & ! h\sehold1 & mo/ wom5 be+ )\t education1 & liv+ 9 seclusion1 c\ld sc>cely associate1 intellectually at lea/1 on equal t]ms ) _! husb&s or lov]s4 ,b ?is proves no?+ m ?an m>iages de conv5ance1 & love bas$ on ! fasc9ation ex]cis$ by s5su\s attraction prove n[4 ,!n1 z 9 our own "t1 !re 7 m>riages & m>riages1 liaisons & liaisons4 ,! /ory :i* ,plut>* tells ( ,callias 7,cimon4 iv47 %[s t m>riage 0 (t5 bas$ on love4 ,! pictures giv5 ( ,hector & ,&roma*e 9 ! ,iliad1 ( ,alc9\s & ,arete1 ( ,ulysses & ,p5elope1 ( ,m5elaus & ,hel5 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! *>m+ acc\nt ( ,is*oma*us & 8 "y wife 9 ! conomics ( ,x5ophon1 ! noble & pa!tic /ory ( ,pan!ia & ,abradatas 9 ! ,cyropdeia1 ! /ory :i*1 9 8 life ( ,agis1#dj ,plut>* tells ( ,*ilonis1 &1 9 ! ,morals1 ( ,camma1#da & innum]able o!r leg5ds1 traditions1 & anecdotes1 prove t wom5 c\ld inspire & return z pure & z *ivalr\s a love z any ( ! h]o9es ( *ivalry4 ,! poet :o c\ld write ab\t m>riage z ,hom] does 9 ! ,six? ,odyssey w\ld h _h little to le>n f mod]n ref9em5t4#db ,! love :i* ,critobulus describes himself z hav+ = ,am&ra1 9 ! ,symposium ( ,x5ophon1 & ! rem>ks made by ,socrates 9 t dialogue embody ! mo/ exalt$ conceptions ( ! passion ( love betwe5 ! sexes4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,plut>* on ?is subject are indi/+ui%able f ! mo/ ref9$ notions ( ! mod]n _w1 z is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,amatorius1 ! ,conjugalia ,prcepta1 & 9 ! rem>ks on m>riage 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,essay on ,moral ,virtue4 ,if ,ajax & ,h]cules became brutes1 ,tecmessa & ,deianeira 7 n ! only wom5 :o h discov]$ t m5 are1 too (t51 ,may :5 !y woo1 & ,decemb] :5 !y w$4 ,x is ridicul\s to suppose t a p ^: popul> poetry c\ld pres5t su* types ( womanhood z ,arete1 ,antigone1 ,alce/is1 ,deianeira1 ,electra1 ,mac>ia1 ,iphig5ia1 ,evadne1 & ,polyx5a1 :o c\ld boa/ su* poetesses z ,sappho1 ,er9na1 ,cor9na1 ,myrtis1 & ,damophila1 & ^: society 0 grac$ by su* wom5 z ,aspasia1 ,diotima1 ,gna?na1 ,h]pyllis1 ,metaneira1 & ,leontium1 %\ld h giv5 expression to passion1 s5tim5t1 & romance only 9 4 ,:at ! au?or ( ?is book1 & :at o!rs :o are fond ( g5]aliz+ ab\t ! ,greeks1 =get1 is1 t ( a once va/ & volum9\s lit]ature we h only fragm5ts4 ,t portion ( _! poetry :i* w\ld h ?r[n light on ! subject "h discuss$ has p]i%$4 ,x is c]ta91 = example1 t ( _! lyric poetry a v l>ge portion 0 erotic1 ( t portion exactly "o poem has surviv$ 9 its entirety1 :ile a few hundr$ scatt]$ l9es1 torn f _! context1 repres5t ! re/ t has come d[n to u4 ,we "k1 aga91 t 9 "s hundr$s ( _! dramas1 9 ! ,middle & ,new ,com$y t is to say1 ! plots turn$ on love--( ^! dramas n a s+le "o is pres]v$4 ,b ! reflection ( "s tw5ty ( !m 9 ,t]5ce & ,plautus1 & sev]al scatt]$ fragm5ts1 cle>ly indicate1 t ! passion betwe5 ! sexes involv$ z mu* s5tim5t & romance z x does 9 our ,elizabe?an dramati/s4 ,9 :at respect d ,*>9us & ,pamphilus 9 ! ,&ria & ,antipho 9 ! ,phormio--m]e replicas1 ( c\rse1 ( ,greek orig9als--diff] f mod]n lov]s8 ,:at c\ld be m romantic ?an ! love /ory :i* =m$ ! plot ( ! ,phasma ( ,m5&]8 ,x is fair to our au?or to say t he fully admits ?is1 9 ! only tol]ably satisfactory "p ( 8 book1 ! *apt] on ,wom5 9 ,greek ,com$y4 ,! great blot on ,greek life1 to :i* ,mr4 ,b5ecke gives s mu* prom95ce1 has probably _h f> too mu* importance atta*$ to x1 p>tly1 p]haps1 ow+ to its acc5tuation 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 & p>tly ow+ to t rage = sc&al\s tittle-tattle1 s unhappily *>act]i/ic ( anci5t anecdote-mong]s f ,ion to ,a!nu4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dj3 ,agis1 xvii41 xviii4 ,footnote #da3 ,de ,muli]um ,virtutibus4 ,footnote #db3 ,see p>ticul>ly l9es #ahj-ahe4 ,,mr4 ,,/eph5 ,,phillips' ,,poems#dc ,footnote #dc3 ,poems4 ,by ,/eph5 ,phillips4 ,london & ,new ,york ,john ,lane4 ,! acc5t "h is unmi/akable1 x is ! acc5t ( a new & a true poet4 ,mr4 ,phillips gives u no m]e v>iations on famili> melodies1 no clev] copies ( classical ar*etypes1 & :at is m1 he has n employ$ any illegitimate means ( attract+ att5tion & giv+ di/9ction to 8 "w4 ,an audaci\s *oice ( subjects1 ! adoption ( ! /ones :i* ! build]s h reject$1 &1 x may be add$1 disda9$1 has1 :5 c\pl$ ) elaborate affectations & ecc5tricities ( treatm5t & /yle1 (t5 enabl$ m$iocrity to pass1 tempor>ily at lea/1 = g5ius1 & ! speci\s c\nt]feit ( orig9ality = ! ?+ itself4 ,b ^! poems are m>k$ by simplicity1 s9c]ity1 spontaneity4 ,if a discordant note is sometimes /ruck1 "h 9 an ov]-/ra9$ conceit1 & !re 9 an incongru\s t\* ( preciosity or false s5tim5t1 ?is is b an accid5t2 9 ess5tials all is g5u9e4 ,nature & passion affect to be speak+1 & nature & passion really speak4 ,a poet1 ( :om ?is may be said ) tru?1 has pass$ ! l9e :i* divides tal5t f g5ius1 ! true s+] f ! accompli%$ arti/ or imitator4 ,he has tak5 8 place1 :]ev] t place may be1 among au!ntic poets4 ,to t high hon\r ! pres5t volume und\bt$ly entitles ,mr4 ,phillips4 ,x w\ld n[1 p]haps1 be premature to say m ?an 8,+5s om5 habet magni cl>ique triumphi10 b we may pr$ict ) confid5ce t1 if fate is k9d & 8 muse is true to him1 he has a di/+ui%$ future be=e him4 ,x may be safely said t no poet has made 8 db ) a volume :i* is at once ( su* extraord9>y m]it & s ri* 9 promise4 ,mr4 ,phillips is n a poet :o has 8"o pla9 passage ( few notes40 ,he /rikes _m *ords1 & /rikes !m (t5 ) ?rill+ p[]4 ,! awful /ory n>rat$ 9 ,! ,wife is conceiv$ & embodi$ ) really ,dantesque int5sity & vividness2 x has ! ma/]'s sugge/ive res]vation1 smit+ phrase1 & clairvoyant picture word+1 z 89 ! r$ %awl sacr$ly %e burn$10 8smil$ at him ) h] lips1 n ) h] eyes02 :ile 8,"m & *ild t food toge!r ate0 is1 9 pregnancy ( tragic sugge/iv5ess1 almo/ wor?y to /& ) ! 8poscia1 pi *e il dolor1 pot il digiuno40 ,equally di/+ui%$1 ?\gh on ano!r plane ( int]e/1 is ,! woman ) ! dead ,s\l1 ! s\l :i* c\ld once 8wond]1 laugh1 & weep10 b ov] :i* ! days began to fall 8dismally1 z ra9 on ocean ble>10 till-- 8,exi/5ce lean1 9 sky dead grey ,)hold+ /eadily1 />v$ x away40 ,if ! pa?os 9 ^! poems is almo/ 8too deep = te>s10 x is g5tl] 9 ! second & ?ird ( ! lyrics1 :i* are z exquisite z !y are affect+4 ,! idea 9 ! l9es ,to ,milton ,bl9d1 is wor?y ( ,milton's own sublime conceit1 t ! d>kness :i* _h fall5 on 8 eyes 0 b ! %ad[ ( ,god's protect+ w+s4 ,! :ole poem1 inde$1 is a beautiful p>aphrase ( ! noble passage 9 ! ,second ,def5ce ( ! ,p ( ,engl&3 8,= ! ,div9e law0--we give x 9 ! ,engli% translation--8n only %ields me f injury1 b almo/ r5d]s me too sacr$ to attack1 n inde$ s mu* f ! privation ( my sight z f ! ov]%ad[+ ( ^? heav5ly w+s :i* seem to h occasion$ ?is obscurity2 & :i*1 :5 occasion$1 he is wont to illum9ate ) an int]ior light m preci\s & m pure40 ,9 ,! ,lily1 :i* is a little obscure--a fault aga9/ :i* ,mr4 ,phillips w\ld d well to gu>d1 = he frequ5tly (f5ds 9 ?is respect--we h ! note ( ,petr>*1 b ,petr>* w\ld n h end$ ! poem s flatly4 ,t5nyson is recall$1 too ne>ly p]haps1 9 8,by ! ,sea10 b x is a poem ( great *>m & beauty4 ,! ,new ,de ,pr(undis is1 unhappily1 ! key to ,mr4 ,phillips' *>act]i/ic mood2 x rem9ds u ( ! curse impos$ on ! worldl+ 9 ,br[n+'s ,ea/] ,day1 be=e he has le>n$ ! use ( life & d\bt4 ,mr4 ,phillips' two mo/ ambiti\s poems are ,*ri/ 9 ,hades & ,m>pessa4 ,9 ,*ri/ 9 ,hades he fails1 z ,mrs4 ,br[n+ fail$ 9 ,! ,drama ( ,exile4 ,he attempts a !me--a /up5d\s !me--to :i* 8 g5ius is n equal1 & :i* c\ld only h be5 adequately treat$ by su* poets z ,dante & ,milton1 9 ! maturity ( _! p[]s4 ,x has nei!r basis nor sup]/ructure4 ,x is :at ! ,greeks w\ld call 8meteoric0 z di/+ui%$ f 8sublime40 ,x is a weird1 wild1 & *aotic dream2 & yet = all ?is its appeal to ! he>t & ! imag9ation is pi]c+ & direct4 ,l ,t5nyson1 ,mr4 ,phillips has ! art ( unfold+ ! full significance ( a few sugge/ive words 9 a great classic2 & no?+ c\ld be m effective ?an ! use to :i* he has appli$ ! fam\s l9es :i* ,hom] places 9 ! m\? ( ,a*illes4 ,poetry has few ?+s m pa!tic ?an ,hom]'s picture ( ,hades & ! dead1 & t pa?os ,mr4 ,phillips has giv5 u 9 qu9tess5ce1 z few w\ld "q aft] read+ ! l9es :i* describe ,p]sephone ye>n+ = h] return to ! spr+-illum9$ _w1 ! spee* ( ! ,a!nian gho/1 & ! woman's address to ,*ri/4 ,if ! _w depict$ has some?+ ( ,horace's arti/ic mon/]1 or1 to *ange ! image1 some?+ ( ! an>*y ( dreams 9 its composition1 ! vividness & picturesqu5ess ) :i* p>ticul> figures & sc5es are fla%$ into light & def9ition is extraord9>ily impressive4 ,x is s ) ! c5tral figure1 ,*ri/2 x is s ) ,prome!us2 & ! contra/ betwe5 ^! m>tyrs = man has bo? pa?os & gr&eur4 ,!re is m orig9ality1 m p[] 9 ,*ri/ 9 ,hades ?an 9 ,m>pessa1 b ,m>pessa has m balance1 m sanity1 m ( ! /uff out ( :i* good & abid+ poetry is made1 ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,! "o sav\rs ( ! spasmodic s*ool1 ! productions ( :i* h r>ely be5 f\nd to h ! pr9ciple ( life1 h[ev] ri* !y may h be5 9 promise2 ! o!r is a return to a s*ool 9 :i* mo/ ( ^? :o h ga9$ p]man5t fame h /udi$4 ,& we are glad to f9d a "y poet !re4 ,b x w\ld be do+ ,mr4 ,phillips great inju/ice n to note t1 ?\gh he has _h _m pr$ecessors 9 ! semi-classical1 semi-romantic re-treatm5t ( ! ,greek my?s1 notably ,keats 9 ,hyp]ion1 ,wordswor? 9 ,dion & ,laodamia1 ,l&or 9 8 ,hell5ics1 & ,t5nyson 9 none & ,ti?onus1 he has treat$ 8 !me ) a di/9ction :i* is all 8 own1 & has impress$ on x an int5se individuality4 ,9 comp>ison ) ^! ma/]s he may be paup]1 b he is paup] 9 suo re4 ,x w\ld be easy to po9t to faults 9 ,mr4 ,phillips' "w4 ,8 s5se ( rhy?m1 ev5 all[+ = :at are pla9ly delib]ate exp]im5ts 9 discord1 seems (t5 curi\sly defective4 ,h[ /iff & limp+1 = example1 is ! foll[+3-- 8,o pity u1 ,= ,i w\ld ask ( !e only to look ,^u ! wond]ful sunlight & to smell ,e>? 9 ! ra94 ,is n ! lab\r] ,return+ heavy ?r\gh ! ,augu/ %eaves ,aga9/ ! sett+ sun1 :o gladly smells ,8 supp] f ! op5+ door--is he ,n happi] ?an ^! melan*oly k+s8 ,h[ good x is to live1 ev5 at ! wor/6 ,god 0 s lavi% to u once1 b "h ,he ha? rep5t$1 jeal\s ( ,8 beams40 ,l9es1 aga91 l 8,pi]c$ h]1 & od\r full ( arr[s 010 8,realizes all ! uncol\r$ dawn10 8,yet foll[$ a riddl$ memorable flag10 are1 no d\bt1 extreme in/ances1 b !y are typical ( _m bad l9es4 ,occasionally he falls flat on "s h>% prosaic phrase1 l 8beautiful indol5ce 0 on our bra9s40 ,nor is he always happy 9 8 attempts at novelty 9 phraseology1 z 9 8 employm5t ( ! words 8liable10 8inaccurate10 8pung5t02 & ^! faults 9 rhy?m & diction are ! m rem>kable1 z ! really subtle ma/]y ov] rhy?mic expression :i* he exhibits at times1 & 8 s+ul>ly felicit\s epi!ts1 turns1 & phrases are among 8 mo/ /rik+ gifts4 ,take a few out ( v _m3 8,a bleak magnific5ce ( endless hope10 8,t common trivial face1 ( endless ne$s10 8,! my/ic riv]1 float+ wan10 8,& ! moi/ ev5+ fall[1 ri*ly d>k10 8,t pale/ rose sweet on ! night ( life40 ,h[ noble is ! rhy?m & imag]y ( ! foll[+3-- 8,all ! dead ,! melan*oly attraction ( ,jesus felt3 ,& millions1 l a sea1 wave ^u wave1 ,heav$ dream+ to t moonlight face1 or ran ,9 wond]ful long ripples1 sorr[-*>m$4 ,t[>d him1 9 fad$ purple1 pac+ came ,dead emp]ors1 & sad1 unflatt]$ k+s2 ,unlucky capta9s1 li/less armies l$3 ,poets ) music froz5 on _! lips ,t[>d ! pale brilliance sigh$40 ,& x w\ld be easy to multiply illu/rations f ,m>pessa & ,by ! ,sea4 ,occasionally !re is a c]ta9 incongruity betwe5 ! =m & ! matt]4 ,a poem s ess5tially1 s int5sely reali/ic z ,! ,wife %\ld n h su* qua9tnesses z 8pald 9 h] ?\ght40 ,nor %\ld we h 8,! con/able1 ) lift$ h&1 ,conduct+ ! or*e/ral ,/r&02 nor %\ld a railway /ation be describ$ z a 8moond t]m9us40 ,no?+ is s dis5*ant+ z affectation4 ,"o _c b add t ^! poems1 welcome z !y are1 w\ld h be5 m welcome /ill1 _h !y be5 less pr(\ndly melan*oly4 ,_! monoton\s sadness1 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* !y dwell on all ^? grim & melan*oly realities :i* poetry %\ld help u to =get1 or *e] u 9 endur+1 is n m]ely _! lead+1 b _! p]vad+ *>act]i/ic4 ,?is note w1 we hope1 *ange4 ,leop>di is immortal1 & c\ld n be sp>$2 b "o ,leop>di is en\gh = a s+le c5tury4 ,,! ,,illu/ri\s ,,obscure#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,we/ ,c\ntry ,poets3 ,_! ,lives & ,works1 etc4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,portraits4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,ke>ley ,wright1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,london3 ,elliot ,/ock4 #ahif4 ,"s n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago ,horace obs]v$ t !re 0 "o ?+ :i* nei!r gods1 nor m51 nor book/alls w\ld tol]ate 9 a poet--& t 0 m$iocrity4 ,! v]dict ( gods1 m51 & ! book/alls is probably /ill :at x 0 !n2 b to su* tribunals ! rhyme/]s ( our "t c af=d to be q indiff]5t4 ,pap] & pr9t+ are *eap2 small poets & small critics are n[ s num]\s t !y =m a _w1 & a popul\s _w1 9 !mselves2 &1 well und]/&+ ! tru? ( ! old prov]b1 8,concordi1 p>v res crescunt10 !y mutually manufacture ! wrea?s ) :i* !y cr[n ea* o!r's mode/ vanity4 ,!re are hundr$s ( 8poets0 & 8critics0 ( :om ! great _w kn[s no?+1 :o are ?us enabl$1 9 _! little day1 to ta/e all ! sweets ( fame1 & 8walk ) inw>d glory cr[n'd40 ,to wage s]i\s w> aga9/ su* a tribe z ?is w\ld be z absurd z to break butt]flies ^u a :eel2 b we really ?9k x high "t t "s prote/ %\ld be made aga9/ ! indef9ite multiplication ( ! rubbi% = :i* ^! p & _! patrons are responsible1 & /ill m aga9/ its importation into :at purports to be a contribution to s]i\s lit]ature4 ,z long z ^! g5iuses conf9e !mselves to _! prop] sph]e1 ! poets' corn]s ( prov9cial newspap]s1 we h no?+ to say4 ,b x becomes q ano!r matt] :5 ! skill ( an +5i\s projector enables--we are really sorry to h to speak s h>%ly--a rabble ( poeta/]s to figure side by side ) poets ( classical fame1 & to appe> 9 all ! dignity ( contributors to a national an?ology4 ,yet su* is ! design ( ?is volume1 :i* 01 x seems1 publi%$ by subscription1 ! subscrib]s be+ = ! mo/ "p ! v>i\s c&idates = poetical fame1 :o h oblig+ly s5t _! portraits & _! biographies = ins]tion 9 ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright's 8monum5tal "w40 ,z ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright's collection beg9s ) ! fifte5? c5tury1 & includes ! really em95t poets :o happ5 to h be5 born 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 _m ( 8 wor?ies are naturally apud plures1 b ! majority1 9 ^: hon\r ! an?ology appe>s to h be5 compil$1 adorn ! liv+4 ,& v gratify+ x mu/ be = ^! g5tlem51 & = ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright himself--= he also has a ni*e--to f9d !mselves side by side ) ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ,h]rick1 ,gay1 & ,col]idge4 ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright's 8company ( mak]s0 is c]ta9ly a motley "o4 ,fir/ comes among 8 liv+ b>ds an inspir$ port] at ! ,teignm\? railway /ation1 :o asks 9 rapture1-- 8,along ! glitt'r+ /reets ( gold1 ,amid ! brilliant gl>e1 ,%all we ,god's bann] !re unfold1 ,8 righte\s helmet we>80 ,at no great di/ance foll[s1 ) a portrait look+ int5sely intellectual1 8! manag] ( ! ,bri/ol & ,s\? ,wales ,railway ,waggon ,company1 ,limit$10 ^: poems are describ$ z 8lack+ "h & !re logical sequ5ce & lit]>y me?od10 b 8ev9c+ und\bt$ly a great poetical disposition & philosophical drift40 ,! two poems :i* illu/rate ?is poet's g5ius af=d v little pro( ei!r ( 8a great poetical disposition0 or ( 8a philosophical drift10 b pa9fully conclusive pro( t mu* m is lack+ ?an 8logical sequ5ce & lit]>y me?od10 ! lack ( :i* may c]ta9ly be conc$$ z well4 ,next comes ,mr4 ,jonas ,coak]1 8! l&lord ( ! ,w>r5 ,h\se ,inn10 ^: v]ses 8disclose a poetic _s1 &1 _h he possess$ ! advantages ( education1 w\ld d\btless h attract$ "s att5tion40 ,mr4 ,coak] is 9 ! ma9 autobiographical4 8,i drew my brea? fir/ on ! moor1 ,!re my =efa!rs dwell$2 ,its hills & dales ,i've trav]s$ o'er1 ,its des]t p>ts beheld4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x's (t envelop'd 9 a fog1 ,because x's up s high40 ,& ,mr4 ,coak] cont9ues 9 ! same /ra9 fur!r ?an we c>e to transcribe4 ,!n we h ,mr4 ,john ,goodw91 8=m]ly a coa*-gu>d1 :o sung ( ! days :5 !re 0 su* a ?+1 if we may s phrase x1 z ! poetry ( locomotion40 ,9 8 poetry1 we are told1 8!re is a g5u9e r+10 z "h1 = example3-- 8,i m9d ! "t1 :5 ,i 0 gu>d1 ,! "l1 ! duke1 or squire ,w\ld travel by ! old /age-coa*1 ,or po/-*aise !y w\ld hire40 ,mr4 ,*>les ,*orley1 :o is1 we are in=m$1 submanag] ( ! ,truro ,sav+s ,bank1 9 v]ses :i* are presumably a p>ody ( ,sir ,william ,jones' ,imitation ( ,alcu1 inquires1 n )\t a c]ta9 propriety1 8,:at con/itutes a m9e80 ,on a p> ) all ^! are ! v]ses ( ! b>d :o 89 summ] hawk$ gooseb]ries & 9 w9t] %oelaces10 & ^? ( ! 8un$ucat$ j\rneyman woolcomb]40 ,n[1 we ne$ h>dly say t ! humble vocations ( ^! poets are nei!r d]ogatory to !m nor 9 any way detrim5tal to m]it :]e m]it exi/s2 b !re is no m]it :atev] 9 ! poems assign$ to !m 9 ?is volume2 !y are simply su* poems z hawk]s1 woolcomb]s1 railway port]s1 & submanag]s ( prov9cial banks--8:o p5 a /anza :5 !y %\ld engross0--might be expect$ to write4 ,! same may be said ( almo/ e copy ( v]ses1 produc$ by amateurs1 to be f\nd 9 ?is collection4 ,we h sc>cely notic$ a s+le poem :i* rises above m$iocrity2 a v l>ge proportion are bel[ ev5 a m$iocre /&>d--!y are simply rubbi%4 ,9 "o poet only1 among ^? ^: names 7 n be=e kn[n to u1 d we disc]n g5ius1 & t is 9 ,mr4 ,john ,dryd5 ,hosk51 ^: poem1 entitl$ ,my ,ma/]s1 is really excell5t4 ,! editor ( ?is an?ology is pla9ly incompet5t1 bo? 9 po9t ( ta/e & critical disc]nm5t1 & 9 po9t ( k1 = ! task :i* he has und]tak54 ,! fir/ is prov$ by ! extracts :i* he has select$ f ! works ( well-kn[n poets4 ,col]idge1 = example1 is repres5t$ by two comp>atively inf]ior poems1 ,! ,devil's ,?\ghts & ,fancy 9 ,nubibus2 ,?omas ,c>ew1 by two %ort poems1 "o ( :i* is probably ! wor/ he ev] wrote2 ,h]rick1 by two ( 8 v wor/2 ,pra$1 by two ( ! feeble/ & lea/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 poems2 ,walcot1 by m]e tra%4 ,x is q possible t _! less illu/ri\s bre?r5 may h suff]$ f ! deplorable inability ( ?is editor to disc]n betwe5 :at is good & :at is bad4 ,c]ta9ly ,cap]n1 :o 0 a poet ) a t\* ( g5ius1 suff]s1 = ! lyric giv5 is v f> inde$ f repres5t+ or illu/rat+ 8 be/ or ev5 8 *>act]i/ic "w4 ,9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,alex&] ,b>clay1 :o1 by ! way1 is call$ ,&rew 9 ! ,preface1 ,mr4 ,wright says no?+ ab\t 8 mo/ important poems--8 ,eclogues4 ,if ,eu/ace ,budgell is includ$ among ! poets1 :y are n 8 poems specifi$ & repres5t$8 ,( ,a>on ,hill x is obs]v$ t 8nei!r 8 reputation z a poet nor 8 connexion ) ! c\nty ( ,devon is suffici5t to w>rant m ?an a m]e notice ( 8 "n40 ,a>on ,hill 0 ! au?or ( m ?an "o poem ( conspicu\s m]it4 ,! v]ses attribut$ on page #dhh to ,sir ,william ,yonge 7 writt5 by ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 ,b ^! are trifles4 ,:at we wi% to prote/ aga9/ is ! foi/+ ( su* volumes z ^! on our libr>ies2 & x is appall+ to le>n t x is ! int5tion ( ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright1 if he is suffici5tly enc\rag$ by subscrib]s1 to foll[ ?is ) ano!r simil> collection4 ,if poets l ^! wi% to gratify _! vanity1 let !m n gratify x to ! detrim5t ( s]i\s lit]ature2 =1 if ! few c discrim9ate1 ! _m _c1 & ! multiplication ( works l ^! mu/ infallibly t5d to l[] ! /&>d ( curr5t lit]ature1 by fur!r+ ! disa/r\s 8cult ( ! av]age man40 ,9 our op9ion criticism c h no m imp]ative duty ?an to disc\nt5ance & disc\rage 9 e way su* projectors z ,mr4 ,ke>ley ,wright & su* poets z ^? = ^: m]its he & critics l him /& sponsors4 ,,virgil ,,9 ,,engli% ,,hexamet]s#de ,footnote #de3 ,! ,eclogues ( ,virgil4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,hexamet] ,v]se by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,george ,osborne ,morgan1 ,b>t41 ,q4,c41 ,m4,p4 ,london4 ,sir ,george ,osborne ,morgan has s]v$ 8 g5]ation 9 mu* m important capacities ?an ^? ( a s*ol> & a translator ( ,virgil1 & _h ?is little "w1 !re=e1 be5 less m]itori\s ?an x is1 no critic ) a s5se ( ! becom+ w\ld deal h>%ly ) x4 ,b x *all5ges & des]ves s]i\s consid]ation1 n only z an attempt to solve a problem ( s+ul> int]e/ to /ud5ts ( classical poetry1 b z a some:at ambiti\s contribution to ! lit]ature ( translation4 ,sir ,osborne ,morgan is1 h[ev]1 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t 9 translat+ ,virgil into 8 own metre he 8has und]tak5 a task :i* has nev] be5 attempt$ be=e40 ,9 #aehc ,ri*>d ,/anihur/ publi%$ a translation ( ! fir/ f\r books ( ! neid 9 ,engli% hexamet]s2 &1 if ,sir ,osborne w turn to ,webbe's ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie1 publi%$ z e>ly z #aehf1 he w f9d v]sions 9 ,engli% hexamet]s ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,eclogues1 :ile ,abraham ,fraunce1 9 a curi\s volume1 entitl$ ,! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke's ,ivy ,*ur*1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aeia1 has1 among ! o!r hexamet]s 9 ! collection1 giv5 a v]sion ( ! ,second ,eclogue 9 ?is measure4 ,b ,sir ,osborne ,morgan has be5 m imm$iately anticipat$ 9 8 exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahch ,dr4 ,james ,blundell publi%$ anonym\sly1 "u ! title ( ,hexametrical ,exp]im5ts1 v]sions 9 hexamet]s ( ! ,fir/1 ,f\r?1 ,six?1 & ,t5? ,eclogues1 & to ?is translation he prefix$ an elaborate preface1 v9dicat+ ! employm5t ( ! hexamet] 9 ,engli%1 & expla9+ its me*anism to ! unle>n$4 ,inde$1 ,blundell arriv$ at ! same conclusion z ,sir ,osborne ,morgan1 t ! prop] m$ium = an ,engli% translation ( hexametrical poems 9 ,greek & ,lat9 is ! ,engli% hexamet]4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 ha/5 to add t ,sir ,osborne has little to fe> f a comp>ison ) 8 pr$ecessors1 :o h1 inde$1 done _! be/ to refute by example _! own !ory4 ,x may be obs]v$1 9 pass+1 t ! translations ( ,virgil into rhym$ decasyllabic v]se are f> m num]\s ?an ,sir ,osborne ,morgan seems to suppose4 ,he is1 he says1 acqua9t$ only ) two--! v]sion by ,dryd5 & ,joseph ,w>ton--n seem+ to be aw>e t ,w>ton translat$ only ! ,georgics & ,eclogues1 pr9t+ ,pitt's v]sion ( ! neid4 ,! :ole ( ,virgil 0 translat$ into ?is measure by ,john ,ogilvie betwe5 #afdi-ej1 & by ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale ab\t #agaf1 :ile v]sions ( ! neid1 ! ,georgics1 & ! ,eclogues1 9 ! same metre1 h ab\nd$ 9 e era ( our lit]ature1 f ,gawa9 ,d\glas's translation ( ! neid pr9t$ 9 #aeec1 to ,ar*deacon ,wrangham's v]sion ( ! ,eclogues 9 #ahcj4 ,x is no reproa* to ,sir ,osborne ,morgan t1 9 ! occupations ( a busy political life1 8 s*ol>%ip %\ld h become a little ru/y1 b x is a pity t he %\ld s (t5 h all[$ himself to be caught tripp+1 :5 a little timely c\nsel 9 ! correction ( 8 pro( %eets might h prev5t$ ?is4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,eclogue ! l9e 8,non insueta graves temptabunt pabula fetas0 is translat$ 8,"h no unwont$ h]b %all tempt ! travail+ cattle40 ,:at x really means is1 no *ange ( fodd]1 no fodd] :i* is /range to !m1 %all 8infect0 or 8try0 ! pregnant cattle1 8insueta0 be+ us$ 9 exactly ! same s5se z 9 ,eclogue ,v4 #ef1 8insuetum miratur lim5 ,olympi10 & 8tempt>e0 z x is us$ 9 ,georg4 ,,iii4 #dda1 & commonly 9 classical ,lat94 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 que/ionable :e!r 9 ! c\plet-- 8,paup]is et tuguri conge/um cspite culm51 ,po/ aliquot1 mea regna vid5s1 mirabor ari/as80-- ! la/ l9e c mean 8,gaze on ! /raggl+ corn1 ! rema9s ( :at once 0 my k+dom40 8,ari/as0 is mu* m likely to be a metonymy = 8messes10 i4e4 8annos10 l 9 ,sophocles' ,tra*9i1 #fi1 ' 1 a confirmative illu/ration :i* seems to h escap$ ! comm5tators2 b x is difficult to say1 & ,sir ,osborne has1 x mu/ be own$1 excell5t au?ority = 8 int]pretation4 ,9 ,eclogue ,,iii4 ! some:at difficult passage 8pocula ponam ,fag9a4444 ,l5ta quibus torno facili sup]addita vitis ,diffusos h$]a ve/it pall5te corymbos0-- i4e4 8:]e ! limb] v9e wrea!d r\nd !m by ! deft grav+ tool is tw9$ ) pale ivy's spread+ clu/]s10--is translat$3 8,ov] ^: side ! v9e by a t\* ( ! grav+ tool add$ ,mantles its clu/]+ grapes 9 ! pal] leaves ( ! ivy40 ,?is is q wrong4 8,corymbos0 _c possibly mean clu/]s ( grapes1 b clu/]s ( ivy b]ries1 8h$] pall5te0 be+ sub/itut$1 aft] ,virgil's mann]1 = 8h$] pall5tis40 ,9 ,eclogue ,,iv4 #bd !re is no reason = suppos+ t ! 8fallax h]ba v55i0 is hemlock2 x is mu* m likely to be aconite4 ,9 l9e #de 8s&yx0 %\ld be translat$ n 8purple0 b 8crimson10 vague z ! col\r indicat$ by 8purple0 is4 ,9 ,eclogue ,v4 8,si quos aut ,phyllidis ignes1 ,aut ,alconis habes laudes1 aut jurgia ,codri0 is n 8,phyllis's fi]y loves y w\ld s+ or ! qu>rels ( ,codrus10 b 8y\r passion = ,phyllis1 y\r invectives aga9/ ,codrus10 8ignes0 be+ us$ f> m becom+ly = a man's love ?an = a woman's4 ,s1 aga91 8pro purpureo n>cisso0 _c mean :at nature nev] saw1 8purple daffodil10 b ! :ite n>cissus4 ,9 ,eclogue ,,viii4 8,sophocleo tua c>m9a digna co?urno0 is turn$ by :at is obvi\sly a lapsus calami1 8wor?y ( ,sophocles' sock40 ,a s*ol> l ,sir ,osborne ,morgan does n ne$ rem9d+ t ! 8sock0 is a metonymy = ,com$y1 z ,milton anglicizes x 9 ,l',allegro1 8if ,jonson's le>n$ sock be on40 ,9 ! exquisite passage 9 ,eclogue ,,viii4 #da-- 8,jam fragiles pot]am ab t]r cont+]e ramos0-- to translate 8fragiles0 z 8frail0 is to miss ! :ole po9t ( ! epi!t4 ,:at ,virgil means is1 8,i c\ld j rea* ! bran*es f ! gr\nd & break !m (f02 if x is to be translat$ by "o epi!t1 x mu/ be 8brittle40 ,aga9 9 ! ,n9? ,eclogue ! words 8qu se subduc]e colles ,incipiunt1 mollique jugum demitt]e clivo10 d n mean 8:]e ! hills ) g5tle depression /eal away into ! pla910 b ! v opposite3 i4e4 8,:]e ! hills beg9 to draw !mselves up f ! pla910 ! asc5t be+ contemplat$ f bel[4 ,9 ,eclogue ,,ix41 9 turn+ ! c\plet 8,nam neque adhuc ,v>io videor1 nec dic]e ,c9n ,digna1 s$ argutos int] /rep]e ans] olores10 ! translator has no au?ority = turn+ ! la/ v]se into 8a cackl+ goose 9 a *orus ( cygnets10 = !re is no tradition t cygnets sang1 & goose %\ld h be5 pr9t$ ) a capital lett] to pres]ve ! pun1 ! allusion be+ to a poeta/] nam$ ,ans]4 ,un=tunately = ! ,engli% translator1 our lit]ature c boa/ no c\nt]p>t to 8,ans]0 totidem lit]is1 b ,goose pr9t$ ) a capital is ne> en\gh to pres]ve1 or sugge/ ! s>casm4 ,!re is ano!r slip 9 ,eclogue ,x43 8,f]ulas0 is n 8w&s ( will[0 b 8f5nel40 ,occasionally a t\* is introduc$ :i* is nei!r au?oriz$ by ! orig9al1 nor true to nature4 ,!re is no?+1 = in/ance to w>rant1 9 ,eclogue ,i4 #ef1 ! epi!t 8odor\s0 z appli$ to ! will[1 nor does 8salictum0 mean a 8will[0 b a 8will[-b$ or plantation40 ,to translate 8ubi tempus erit0 by 8:5 ! h\r %all h /ruck0 rem9ds u ( ,%akespe>e's fam\s ana*ronism 9 ,julius ,cs> & is z surpris+ 9 ! "w ( a s*ol> z ! l5g!n+ ( ! p5ultimate 9 arbutus1 8,sweet is ! %[] to ! blade1 ,to ! newly wean$ kid ! arbutus40 ,z a rule1 ! translator turns difficult passages v skilfully1 b ?is is n ! case ) ! c\plet :i* concludes ! 8,pollio03-- 8,incipe1 p>ve pu]3 cui non ris]e p>5tes ,nec deus hunc m5s1 dea nec dignata cubili e/02 t is1 ! 8babe on :om ! p>5t nev] smil$1 no god ev] deem$ wor?y ( 8 bo>d1 no goddess ( h] b$0--9 o!r words1 he c nev] enjoy ! rew>ds ( a h]o l ,h]cules2 b !re is nei!r s5se nor skill1 & some?+ v l a s]i\s grammatical error1 9 8,:o kn[s n ! smile ( a p>5t1 ,nei!r ! bo>d ( a god nor ! b$ ( a goddess is wor?y40 ,b to turn f comp>ative trifles4 ,no "o :o reads ?is v]sion ( ! ,eclogues c d\bt t ,sir ,osborne ,morgan has prov$ 8 po9t1 t ! ,engli% hexamet]1 :5 skilfully us$1 is ! measure be/ adapt$ = reproduc+ ,virgil's music 9 ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ passage 7,ec4 ,,vii4 #de-dh7 is happily turn$2 let u place ! orig9al beside ! translation3-- 8,muscosi fontes et somno mollior h]ba1 ,et qu vos r> viridis tegit arbutus umbr1 ,sol/itium pecori def5dite3 jam v5it /as ,torrida1 jam lto turg5t 9 palmite gemm40 8,moss-gr[n f\nta9s & sw>d m s(t ?an ! s(te/ ( slumb]s1 ,arbutus tree t fl+s ov] bo? its flick]+ %ad[s1 ,%elt] my flock f ! sun4 ,already ! summ] is on u1 ,summ] t scor*es up all6 ,see ! bud on ! glad v9e is swell+40 ,aga9 7,ec4 ,x4 #da-dh73-- 8,s]ta mihi ,phyllis leg]et1 cant>et ,amyntas3 ,hic gelidi fontes1 hic mollia prata1 ,lycori1 ,hic nemus3 hic ipso tecum consum]] vo4 ,nunc insanus amor duri me ,m>tis 9 armis ,tela int] m$ia atque adv]sos det9et ho/es3 ,tu procul a patri--nec sit mihi cr$]e tantum6-- ,alp9as1 ah dura1 nives et frigora ,rh5i ,me s9e sola vides40 8,phyllis w\ld ga!r me fl[]s & ,amyntas a melody *ant me2 ,cool is ! f\nta9's wave & s(t is ! mead[1 ,lycoris2 ,%ady ! grove6 ,"h ) !e ,i w\ld die ( old age 9 ! gre5wood4 ,mad is ! lu/ ( w>1 t n[ 9 ! he>t ( ! battle ,*a9s me :]e d>ts fall fa/1 & ! *>ge ( ! foem5 is fi]ce/1 ,f>1 f> away f y\r home--,oh1 w\ld t ,i might n believe x-- ,lo/ amid ,alp9e sn[s or ! froz5 desolate ,rh9el&1 ,lonely )\t me y w&]40 ,_m o!r felicit\s passages might be quot$2 inde$1 !re is no ,eclogue )\t !m2 b ! translator is n sure-foot$1 &1 if he occasionally illu/rates ! hexamet] 9 its excell5ce1 he illu/rates1 unhappily too (t51 "s ( its wor/ defects4 ,two qualities are indisp5sable to ! success ( ?is measure 9 ,engli%4 ,our language1 unlike ! classical languages1 be+ acc5tual & n quantitative1 if ! long syllable is n repres5t$ :]e ! /ress naturally falls1 & ! %ort syllables :]e x does n fall1 ! effect is sometimes grotesque1 sometimes di/ress+1 & always unsatisfactory4 ,no?+1 = example1 c\ld be worse 9 _! v>i\s ways ?an ! foll[+3-- 8,wept :5 y saw !y 7 giv5 ! lad1 & _h y n manag$40 8,let n ! froz5 air h>m y40 8,scatt] ! s& ) 8 h9d ho(s40 8,! pliant gr[? ( ! osi]40 8,wor?y ( ,sophocles' sock1 trumpet-tongu$ ?r\gh ! ,univ]se e*o40 8,own'd x himself1 & yet he w\ld n deliv] x to me40 ,a v nice e>1 too1 is requir$ to adju/ ! collocation ( words 9 :i* ei!r v[els or consonants pr$om9ate1 & ! relative position ( monosyllabic & polysyllabic words1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! =m] 9 our language increas+ enorm\sly ! difficulty4 ,no measure1 moreov]1 s easily runs into intol]able monotony--a monotony :i* ,cl\gh s\ght to avoid by ov]weight+ 8 v]ses ) spondees1 & :i* ,longfell[ illu/rates by ! cloy+ pr$om9ance ( ! dactylic movem5t4 ,sir ,osborne ,morgan tells u t he took ,k+sley z 8 model4 ,k+sley's hexamet]s are respectable1 b !y h no di/9ction1 & he _h c]ta9ly n a good e>4 ,longfell['s are f> bett]1 & are sometimes exquisitely felicit\s1 z 9 a c\plet l ! foll[+1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( "o ^w1 is flawless3-- 8,m5 ^: lives glid$ on l ! riv]s t wat] ! woodl&s1 ,d>k5'd by %ad[s ( e>?1 b reflect+ an image ( ,heav540 ,probably ! be/ hexamet]s :i* h be5 compos$ 9 ,engli% are ^? 9 ,william ,watson's ,hymn to ! ,sea & ^? 9 :i* ,hawtry translat$ ,iliad ,,iii4 #bcd-bdd1 & ! p>t+ ( ,hector & ,&roma*e 9 ! ,six? ,iliad1 models--^! v]sions--n m]ely ( translation1 b ( hexametrical /ructure4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 magical effects1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,virgilian hexamet]1 produc$ by an exquisite b audaci\s tact 9 ! employm5t ( lic5ces1 :i* c nev] be reproduc$ 9 ,engli%4 ,su* w\ld be-- 8,nam neque ,p>nassi vobis juga1 nam neque ,p9di ,ulla moram fec]e1 neque ,aonie ,aganippe4 ,illum etiam lauri1 etiam flev]e myric2 ,p9if] illum etiam sol sub rupe jac5tem ,mnalus et gelidi flev]unt saxa ,lyci40 ,milton1 & ,milton alone among ,engli%m51 _h ! secret ( ?is music1 b he elicit$ x f ano!r in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,edition ,,( ,,?omson#df ,footnote #df3 ,! ,poetical ,works ( ,james ,?omson4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,memoir & ,critical ,app5dices1 by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,tovey4 #b vols4 ,london4 8,jacob ,?omson1 e9 v]gess5] ,di*t] des a*tzehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts0--a =gott5 poet ( ! eighte5? c5tury--su* is ! title ( a rec5t monograph on ! au?or ( ,! ,seasons by ,dr4 ,g4 ,s*m$+4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,s*m$+ is1 h[ev]1 s oblig+ z to pron\nce t1 9 8 op9ion1 ?is ought n to be ,?omson's fate2 t !re rema9s 9 8 "w1 especially 9 ,! ,seasons m]it en\gh to entitle him to be 8enroll$ among poets10 & to f9d appreciation1 at all ev5ts 9 s*ools & read+ societies4 ,dr4 ,s*m$+ may re/ assur$ t ,?omson's fame is q safe4 ,x has no d\bt suff]$1 z t ( all ! poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury has suff]$1 by ! great revolution :i* has1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ n9ety ye>s1 pass$ ov] lit]>y ta/es & fa%ions4 ,b dur+ ! pres5t c5tury !re h be5 no less ?an tw5ty editions ( 8 poems1 to say no?+ ( sep>ate editions ( ,! ,seasons2 :ile 8 works1 or portions ( !m1 h be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 ,italian1 mod]n ,greek1 & ,russian4 ,only two ye>s ago ,m4 ,lon ,morel1 9 8 ,j4 ,?omson1 sa vie et ses uvres1 publi%$ an elaborate & admirable monograph on ?is 8=gott5 poet40 ,& n[ ,mr4 ,tovey1 :o1 we are glad to see1 has be5 appo9t$ ,cl>ke ,lectur] at ,cambridge1 has giv5 u a new biography ( him & a new edition ( 8 works1 mak+1 if we are n mi/ak51 ! ?irty-second memoir ( him & ! tw5ty-fir/ edition ( 8 works :i* h appe>$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,?is is pretty well = a =gott5 poet6 ,mr4 ,tovey's "n is a suffici5t gu>antee = accurate & s*ol>ly "w4 ,b x might naturally be ask$1 :at is !re to ju/ify ano!r edition ( ?is poet1 :5 s _m editions are already 9 ! field & s easily accessible8 ,we h little difficulty 9 answ]+ ?is "q4 ,! special features ( ,mr4 ,tovey's edition are z important z !y are int]e/+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has giv5 u a mu* full] biography ?an has hi!rto appe>$ 9 ,engli%2 9 ! second place1 he has ?r[n mu* int]e/+ light on ! political be>+ ( ,?omson's dramas2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 he has giv51 :at no o!r editor ( ,?omson has giv51 a full collation ( ,?omson's own ,,ms4 corrections1 pres]v$ 9 ,mit=d's copy1 n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! critical notes h co/ him1 he says1 & we c q believe x1 mu* "t & lab\r1 & 9 8 preface he half apologizes = :at may seem 8a ridicul\s trave/y ( m important lab\rs40 ,!re 0 no necessity = su* an apology3 he obs]ves ju/ly t he has 8n sp5t m pa9s on ,?omson's text ?an s _m ( our s*ol>s be/[ ^u "s ,greek & ,lat9 poets ^: intr9sic m]it is no great] ?an ,?omson's40 ,to s]i\s read]s ^! critical notes w con/itute ! mo/ valuable "p ( ,mr4 ,tovey's lab\rs2 !y are1 9 tru?1 ! speciality ( ?is p>ticul> edition1 & w make x indisp5sable to all /ud5ts ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ poet4 ,& n[ ,mr4 ,tovey w1 we tru/1 =give u if1 ) due def]5ce1 we po9t out :at seem to u to be defects 9 8 "w4 ,! fir/ ?+ t might h be5 expect$ f s le>n$ & c>eful an editor ( ,?omson 0 an adequate discussion ( ! great problem ( ! au?or%ip ( ,rule ,britannia1 & ! second an exposure ( "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y 8m>e's-ne/s0 to be f\nd 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,b no?+1 we regret to say1 c be m p]functory & inadequate ?an ! two notes 9 :i* ! fir/ "q is hurri$ ov] ) ref]5ces to ,notes & ,qu]ies1 & no?+ m irritat+ ?an ! confusion worse conf\nd$ 9 :i* ,mr4 ,tovey leaves ! second4 ,we %all !re=e make no apology = ent]+ some:at at l5g? into bo? ^! que/ions4 ,& fir/ = ! au?or%ip ( ,rule ,britannia4 ,! facts are ^!4 ,9 #agdj ,?omson & ,mallet wrote1 9 conjunction1 a masque entitl$ ,alfr$1 :i*1 on #a/ ,augu/ 9 t ye>1 0 repres5t$ be=e ! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales at ,clifd54 ,x 0 9 two acts1 & x conta9$ six lyrics1 ! la/ be+ ,rule ,britannia1 :i* is entitl$ an 8,ode10 ! music be+ by ,dr4 ,arne4 ,9 #agde ,arne turn$ ! piece into an op]a1 & also into 8a musical drama40 ,by ?is "t ! lyric _h become v popul>1 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t x _h be5 def9itely attribut$ to ei!r ( ! coadjutors4 ,9 #agdh ,?omson di$4 ,9 #agea ,mallet re-issu$ ,alfr$1 b 9 ano!r =m4 ,x 0 entirely remodell$1 & almo/ entirely re-writt51 &1 9 an adv]tisem5t prefix$ to ! "w1 he says3 8,accord+ to ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! fable ,i 0 oblig$ to reject a great deal ( :at ,i _h writt5 9 ! o!r3 nei!r c\ld ,i reta91 ( my fri5d's "p1 m ?an ?ree or f\r spee*es1 & a "p ( "o song40 ,n[1 ( ! p>ts reta9$ f ! =m] "w1 !re 7 ! fir/ ?ree /anzas ( ,rule ,britannia1 ! ?ree o!rs be+ excis$1 & _! place suppli$ by ?ree /anzas writt5 by ,"l ,bol+broke4 ,if ,mallet is to be believ$1 !n1 8"p ( "o song0 mu/ ref]1 ei!r to a song 9 ! ?ird sc5e ( ! second act1 beg9n+ 8,f ^? et]nal regions bright10 or to ,rule ,britannia1 = ^! are ! only lyrics 9 :i* portions ( ! lyrics 9 ! =m] edition are reta9$4 ,rule ,britannia is1 x is true1 entitl$ 8,an ,ode0 9 ! =m] edition1 & ! o!r lyric 8,a ,song10 s t ,mallet w\ld c]ta9ly seem to imply t :at he _h reta9$ ( 8 fri5d's "w 0 ! portion ( ! song ref]r$ to1 & n ,rule ,britannia4 ,b1 z ,mallet 0 notori\sly a man :o c\ld n be believ$ on oa?1 & 0 an adept 9 all ^? bad arts by :i* little m5 fil* hon\rs :i* d n belong to !m1 if he is to be all[$ to h any title to ! hon\r ( compos+ ?is lyric1 x ought to re/ on some?+ bett] ?an ! ambiguity betwe5 ! ^w 8,ode0 & ! ^w 8,song40 ,!re is no evid5ce t1 :ile bo? 7 alive1 ei!r ,?omson or ,mallet claim$ ! au?or%ip2 b ?is is c]ta91 x 0 pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh1 dur+ ,mallet's lifetime1 9 ! second edition ( a well-kn[n song book1 entitl$ ,! ,*>m]1 ) ,?omson's initials app5d$ to x4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,mallet _h fri5ds 9 ,ed9burgh1 & x is equally c]ta9 t nei!r he nor any ( 8 fri5ds rais$ any objection to its ascription to ,?omson4 ,9 #agdc1 9 #agei1 & 9 #agfb ,mallet publi%$ collections ( poems1 b 9 none ( ^! collections does he lay claim to ,rule ,britannia1 &1 ?\gh x 0 pr9t$ 9 song-books 9 #agdi1 #agej1 & #agfa1 x is 9 no case assign$ to ,mallet4 ,none ( 8 contempor>ies1 s f> z we "k1 attribut$ x to him1 & x is rem>kable t1 9 a brief obitu>y notice ( him :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e 9 #agfe1 he is spok5 ( z ! au?or ( ! fam\s ballad ,william & ,m>g>et1 b n a ^w is said ab\t ,rule ,britannia4 ,a fur!r presumption 9 ,?omson's fav\r is ?is3 9 all probability ,dr4 ,arne1 :o set x to music1 knew ! au?or%ip1 & he surviv$ bo? ,?omson & ,mallet1 dy+ 9 #aggh4 ,! song _h become v popul> & celebrat$1 s t if ,mallet _h desir$ to h ! cr$it ( its composition1 x is /range t he %\ld n h laid claim to x1 _h 8 claim be5 a good "o4 ,b if 8 claim 0 n good1 he c\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to claim ! au?or%ip1 z ,dr4 ,arne w\ld h be5 9 8 way4 ,x is q possible t ! ambiguity 9 ! adv]tisem5t to ! rec5sion ( #agea 0 design$2 x c]ta9ly left ! "q op51 & we _c b ?9k !re is some?+ v suspici\s 9 :at foll[s ! s5t5ce 9 ,mallet's adv]tisem5t1 :]e he speaks ( 8 hav+ us$ s little ( 8 fri5d's "w4 8,i m5tion ?is expressly10 he adds1 8t1 :atev] faults are f\nd 9 ! pres5t p]=mance1 !y may be *>g$1 z !y ought to be1 entirely to my acc\nt40 ,a va9] & m unscrupul\s man ?an ,mallet nev] exi/$2 &1 :ile x is simply incr$ible t he %\ld n h claim$ :at w\ld h con/itut$ 8 *ief title to popul>ity z a poet1 _h he be5 able to d s1 x is 9 exact accordance ) 8 e/abli%$ "* t he %\ld1 z he did 9 ! adv]tisem5t ( #agea1 h left himself an opportunity ( ass]t+ t claim1 %\ld ^? :o 7 privy to ! secret h pr$eceas$ him1 & ?us enabl$ him to d s ) impunity4 ,! int]nal evid5ce--& on ?is alone ! "q mu/ n[ be argu$--seems to u conclusive 9 ,?omson's fav\r4 ,! ,ode is simply a translation into lyrics ( :at f9ds embodim5t 9 ,?omson's ,britannia1 9 ! f\r? & fif? p>ts ( ,lib]ty1 & 9 8 ,v]ses to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,com+ to details1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ?ird /anza-- 8,/ill m maje/ic %alt ?\ rise1 ,m dreadful f ea* =eign /roke2 ,z ! l\d bla/ t te>s ! skies ,s]ves b to root ?y native oak0-- 0 sugge/$ by ,horace's 8,duris ut ilex tonsa bip5nibus ,nigr f]aci frondis 9 ,algido1 ,p] damna1 p] cdes1 ab ipso ,ducit opes animumque f]ro40 ,n[1 n only 0 ,horace1 z innum]able imitations & rem9isc5ces prove1 "o ( ,?omson's fav\rite poets1 b ,?omson has1 9 ! ?ird "p ( ,lib]ty translat$ ?is v passage3-- 8,l an oak1 ,nurs'd on f]aci\s ,algidum1 ^: b\ghs ,/ill /rong] %oot b5ea? ! rigid axe ,by loss1 by slaught]1 f ! /eel itself ,e'en =ce & _s drew40 ,he has1 else:]e1 two o!r rem9isc5ces ( ! same passage1 once 9 ! ?ird "p ( ,lib]ty-- 8,e tempe/ sung ,innoxi\s by1 or bade x firm] /&0-- & once 9 ,sophonisba 7,act ,v4 sc4 ii473-- 8,?y root$ wor? ,has /ood ^! w9try bla/s1 gr[n /rong] by !m40 ,! epi!t 8azure0 employ$ 9 ! fir/ /anza is1 ) 8c]ulean0 & 8a]ial10 "o ( ! ?ree commone/ epi!ts 9 ,?omson1 ! ?ree occurr+ at lea/ tw5ty times 9 8 poetry4 ,a some:at cursory exam9ation ( 8 works has enabl$ u to f9d t 8azure0 or 8azur$0 alone occurs t5 times4 8,g5]\s10 too1 9 ! ,lat9 s5se ( ! t]m1 is ano!r ( 8 fav\rite words1 x be+ us$ no less ?an sixte5 times 9 ,britannia & ,lib]ty alone4 ,ano!r ( 8 fav\rite allusions is to ,engl&'s 8native oaks40 ,?us 9 ,britannia he speaks (-- 8,y\r oaks1 peculi> h>d5'd1 %oot ,/rong into /urdy gr[?20 9 ! la/ "p ( ,lib]ty we f9d 8,let h] own naval oak be basely torn10 & 9 ! same "p ( ! poem he speaks ( ! 8v5]able oaks0 & 8k9dr$ floods40 ,! epi!t 8manly0 & ! phrase 8! fair0--8manly he>ts to gu>d ! fair0--are also peculi>ly ,?omsonian1 be+ repeat$ly employ$ by him1 ! phrase 8! fair0 occurr+ 9 8 poetry at lea/ six times1 if n (t5]4 8,flame10 too1 is ano!r ( 8 fav\rite words4 8,all _! attempts to b5d !e d[n ,w b ar\se10 etc41 is exactly ! s5tim5t 9 ,britannia4 8,y\r he>ts ,swell ) a sudd5 c\rage1 gr[+ /ill ,z dang] gr[s40 ,! /anza beg9n+ 8,to !e belongs10 etc41 is simply a lyrical p>aphrase ( ! passage 9 ,britannia comm5c+ 8,oh fir/ ( human bless+s10 & ( a c\plet 9 ! la/ "p ( ,lib]ty3-- 8,! w9ds & seas are ,brita9's wide doma92 ,& n a sail b by p]mission spreads40 ,! c\plet 8,all ?9e %all be ! subject ma91 ,& e %ore x circles ?9e0 is simply ! e*o ( a c\plet 9 ! fif? "p ( ,lib]ty-- 8,all ocean is h] own1 & e l& ,to :om h] rul+ ?und] ocean be>s40 ,! phrase 8bless$ isle10 z appli$ to ,engl&1 he employs ?ree times 9 ,lib]ty4 ,aga91 ! /anza 9 :i* ,rule ,britannia is writt5 is ! /anza 9 :i* ! majority ( ,?omson's m9or lyrics are writt51 & ! rhy?m & cad5ce1 n less ?an ! tone1 col\r & s5tim5t1 are exactly 84 ,mallet 0 und\bt$ly an accompli%$ man & a respectable poet1 z 8 ballad ,william & ,m>g>et1 8 ,edw9 & ,emma1 & 8 ,birks ( ,inv]may suffici5tly prove1 b he has writt5 no?+ tol]able 9 ! ve9 ( ,rule ,britannia4 ,neatness1 & t5d]ness bord]+ on effem9acy1 m>k 8 *>act]i/ic lyrics1 &1 if we except a few l9es 9 8 ,tyburn & ! eight conclud+ l9es 9 a poem entitl$ ,a ,fragm5t1 !re is no virility 9 8 poetry at all4 ,( ! patriotism & ard5t love ( lib]ty :i* p]vade ,?omson's poems1 & :i* gl[ s int5sely 9 ,rule ,britannia1 he has absolutely no?+4 ,nor are !re any analogues or p>allels 9 8 poems to ?is lyric ei!r 9 =m--= if we are n mi/ak51 he has nev] employ$ ! /anza 9 :i* x is writt5--or 9 imag]y1 or phraseology4 ,l ,?omson1 :om1 9 8 n>rative blank-v]se poems1 he s]vilely imitates1 he is fond ( ! words 8azure0 & 8a]ial02 & ! ^w 8azure0 is ! only v]bal co9cid5ce l9k+ ! phraseology ( 8 ackn[l$g$ poems ) ! lyric 9 "q4 ,x may be add$1 too1 t a man :o 0 capable ( ! j+l+ rubbi% ( su* a masque z ,britannia1 & :o _h ! execrable ta/e to sub/itute ,bol+broke's /anzas = ! /anzas :i* !y sup]s$e1 c\ld h>dly h be5 equal to ! production ( ?is lyric4 ,we believe1 !n1 t !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! hon\r ( compos+ ,rule ,britannia belongs to ,?omson ! b>d1 & n to ,mallet ! fribble4 ,b to return to ,mr4 ,tovey & ! 8m>e's-ne/0 to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,?is m>e's-ne/ is ! assumption t ,pope assi/$ ,?omson 9 revis+ ,! ,seasons4 ,s9ce ,rob]t ,bell's edition ?is has come to be receiv$ z an e/abli%$ fact1 b we propose to %[ t x re/s on a hypo!sis demon/rably baseless4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 an int]leav$ copy ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,london edition ( ,?omson's works1 dat$ #agch1 & ! "p ( ! volume :i* conta9s ,! ,seasons is full ( manuscript deletions1 corrections1 & additions4 ,^! are 9 two h&writ+s1 ! "o be+ unmi/akably ! h&writ+ ( ,?omson1 ! o!r beyond all "q ! h&writ+ ( "s "o else4 ,almo/ all ^! corrections 7 ins]t$ 9 ! edition prep>$ = ! press 9 #agdd1 & n[1 consequ5tly1 =m "p ( ! pres5t text4 ,! corrections 9 ! h& :i* is n ! h& ( ,?omson are1 9 _m cases1 ( extraord9>y m]it1 %[+ a f95ess ( e> & delicacy ( t\* q above ! rea* ( ,?omson himself4 ,we w give two or ?ree samples4 ,?omson _h writt5 9 ,autumn #bij seqq43-- 8,) h>ve/ %9+ all ^! fields are ?9e1 ,& if my ru/ics may presume s f>1 ,_! ma/]1 too1 :o !n inde$ 7 ble/ ,to make ! daught] ( ,aca/o s40 ,! unkn[n corrector sub/itutes ! pres5t read+3-- 8,! fields1 ! ma/]1 all1 my fair1 are ?9e2 ,if to ! v>i\s bless+s :i* ?y h\se ,has lavi%$ on me ?\ wilt add t bliss1 ,t de>e/ bliss1 ! p[] ( bless+ !e60 ,! o!r is fam\s4 ,?omson _h writt53-- 8,?\ghtless ( beauty1 %e 0 beauty's self1 ,recluse among ! woods1 if ,city-dames ,w deign _! fai?4 ,& ?us %e w5t compell'd ,by /rong necessity1 ) z s]5e ,& pleas$ a look z pati5ce c put on1 ,to glean ,palemon's fields40 ,= ^! vapid & dissonant v]ses is sub/itut$ by ! corrector1 :o v prop]ly reta9s ! fir/ v]se1 :at is n[ ! text3-- 8,recluse amid ! close emb['r+ woods1 ,z 9 ! holl[ brea/ ( ,ap5n9e1 ,b5ea? ! %elt] ( encircl+ hills1 ,a myrtle rises1 f> f human eyes1 ,& brea!s its balmy fragrance o'er ! wild4 ,s fl\ri%$ bloom+1 & unse5 by all1 ,! sweet ,lav9ia10 etc4 ,! trans=mation ( a s+le l9e is (t5 mo/ felicit\s3 ?us 9 ,w9t] ! flat l9e 8,?r\gh ! lone night t bids ! waves arise0 is gr&ly alt]$ into 8,?r\gh ! black night t sits imm5se ar\nd40 ,?us1 9 ,spr+1 ,?omson _h m]ely writt5 8,^: ag$ oaks & v5]able gloom ,invite ! noisy rooks20 b 8 corrector alt]s & ext5ds ! passage into 8,^: ag$ elms & v5]able oaks ,invite ! rooks1 :o high amid ! b\ghs ,9 e>ly spr+ _! airy city build1 ,& caw ) ceaseless clam\r40 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t ,! ,seasons ,?omson's indebt$ness to 8 corrector is incalculable2 _m ( ! mo/ felicit\s t\*es are due to him4 ,n[1 :o 0 ?is corrector8 ,let ,mr4 ,tovey answ]4 8,x has long be5 accept$ z a fact among s*ol>s t ,pope assi/$ ,?omson 9 ! composition ( ,! ,seasons4 ,our orig9al au?ority is1 we suppose1 ,w>ton40 ,! tru? is t our orig9al au?ority = ?is /atem5t is nei!r ,w>ton nor any o!r writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b simply ! conjecture ( ,mit=d--9 o!r words1 ,mit=d's m]e assumption t ! h&writ+ ( ! corrector is ! h&writ+ ( ,pope2 &1 if we are n mi/ak51--= ,mit=d may h giv5 e>li] curr5cy to x 9 "s o!r place--! conjecture appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,mit=d's edition ( ,gray1 publi%$ 9 #ahad4 ,9 8 copy ( ! volume1 conta9+ ! ,,ms4 notes1 he bol/]s up 8 /atem5t by two ass]tions & ref]5ces3 8,t ,pope saw "s pieces ( ,?omson's 9 manuscript is cle> f a lett] 9 ,b[les's ,supplem5t1 page #aid0 7an obvi\s mispr9t = #bid74 ,b on turn+ to ! ref]5ces all t we f9d is--x is 9 a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #agch_/i--8;,i h yet se5 b ?ree acts ( ,mr4 ,?omson's1 b ,i am told1 & believe by :at ,i h se5 t x excels 9 ! pa!tic02 ! ref]5ce is pla9ly to ,?omson's trag$y1 ,edw>d & ,eleonora4 ,aga91 ,mit=d writes3 8,on ,?omson's submitt+ 8 poems to ,pope0 7see ,w>ton's edition1 vol4 viii41 page #cdj71 & aga9 we get no pro(4 ,all t ,pope says is1 8,i am j tak5 up0--he is writ+ to ,a>on ,hill "u date ,novemb] #agcb--8;by ,mr4 ,?omson 9 ! p]usal ( a new poem he has br\ght me20 ?is new poem be+ almo/ c]ta9ly ,lib]ty1 9 ! composition ( :i* ,?omson 0 !n engag$4 ,s f> f ! tradition hav+ any c\nt5ance f ,w>ton1 x is z c]ta9 z any?+ c be1 t ,w>ton knew no?+ ab\t x4 ,9 8 ,essay on ,pope he gives an elaborate acc\nt ( ,! ,seasons1 & he has m ?an once ref]r$ to ,pope & ,?omson toge!r2 b he says n a ^w1 ei!r 9 ?is ,essay or 9 8 edition ( ,pope's ,works1 ab\t ,pope hav+ correct$ ,?omson's poetry4 ,if ,pope assi/$ ,?omson1 to ! ext5t indicat$ 9 ^! corrections1 su* an incid5t1 consid]+ ! fame ( ,?omson & ! fame ( ,pope1 mu/ h be5 kn[n to "s at lea/ ( ! innum]able editors1 biograph]s1 & anecdoti/s betwe5 #agdb & #ahad4 ,x c\ld h>dly h escap$ be+ record$ by ,murdo*1 ,mallet1 or ,w>burton1 by ,ruffhead1 by ,savage or ,sp5ce1 by ,!ophilus ,cibb] or ,johnson4 ,x is incr$ible t su* an int]e/+ secret %\ld h be5 kept ei!r by ,?omson himself or by ,pope4 ,aga91 :oev] ! corrector 01 he _h a f9e e> = blank v]se1 & mu/ inde$ h be5 a ma/] ( x4 ,!re is no pro( t ,pope ev] wrote 9 blank v]se2 inde$1 we h ! express te/imony ( ,lady ,wortley ,montagu t he nev] attempt$ x1 & 8 ,%akespe>e conclusively proves t he _h any?+ b a nice e> = its rhy?m4 ,) all ?is collat]al evid5ce aga9/ ! probability ( ! corrector be+ ,pope1 we come to ! evid5ce :i* %\ld settle ! "q1 ! evid5ce ( h&writ+4 ,!re is no lack ( mat]ial = =m+ an op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,pope's autograph ,,mss4 are abundant1 illu/rat+ 8 h& at e p]iod 9 8 life4 ,x is amaz+ to f9d ,mit=d ass]t+ t 8 fri5ds ,ellis & ,combe1 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 _h no d\bt ab\t ! h& ( ! corrector be+ ! h& ( ,pope4 ,mr4 ,tovey c&idly admits t1 8if ! be/ au?orities at ! ,museum _m ye>s ago 7 positive t ! h&writ+ 0 ,pope's1 _! successors at ! pres5t "t are equally positive t x is n40 ,su* is ! v decid$ op9ion ( ,mr4 ,w>n]2 su*1 also1 z ,mr4 ,tovey ackn[l$ges1 is ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,c\r?ope1 & su*1 we v5ture to ?9k1 w be ! op9ion ( e "o :o w take ! tr\ble to comp>e ! h&s4 ,mr4 ,tovey himself is pla9ly v uneasy1 & inde$ goes s f> z to say t 8x has all along be5 p]plex+ to me h[ ! op9ion t ?is 0 ,pope's h&writ+ c\ld ev] h be5 confid5tly0 7! italics are 87 8ent]ta9$02 & yet 9 8 notes he foll[s ,bell1 & ins]ts ^! corrections ) ,pope's initials4 ,we se>* 9 va9 among ^? :o are kn[n to h be5 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,?omson = a probable claimant4 ,x c\ld n1 z 8 o!r /upid revisions ( ,?omson's v]ses suffici5tly %[1 h be5 ,lyttleton4 ,mallet's blank v]se is conclusive aga9/ 8 hav+ _h any h& 9 ! corrections4 ,coll9s & ,hammond are out ( ! "q4 ,x is j possible1 ?\gh h>dly likely1 t ! corrector 0 ,arm/rong4 ,he 0 on v intimate t]ms ) ,?omson4 ,8 own poem proves t he c\ld sometimes write excell5t blank v]se1 b ! t\* & rhy?m ( ! corrections are1 x mu/ be admitt$1 n ! t\* & rhy?m ( ,arm/rong4 ,:at has long1 !re=e1 be5 repres5t$ & circulat$ z an undisput$ fact--namely1 t ,pope assi/$ ,?omson 9 ! revision ( ,! ,seasons--re/s n1 z all ,?omson's mod]n editors h suppos$1 on ! traditions ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & on ! te/imony ( au!nticat$ h&writ+1 b on a m]e assumption ( ,mit=d4 ,t ! volume 9 "q really belong$ to ,?omson1 & t ! corrections are orig9als1 h>dly admits ( d\bt1 ?\gh ,mit=d gives nei!r ! p$igree nor ! hi/ory ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ lit]>y relic4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! corrections are ,?omson's own1 & t ! diff]5ces 9 ! h&writ+ are attributable to ! fact t 9 "s cases he 0 8 own scribe1 t 9 o!rs he employ$ an amanu5sis2 b ! intr9sic unlik5ess ( ! corrections1 made 9 ! /range h&1 to 8 *>act]i/ic /yle r5d]s ?is improbable4 ,9 any case !re is no?+ to w>rant ! assumption t ! corrector 0 ,pope4 ,,catullus ,,& ,,lesbia4#dg ,footnote #dg3 ,! ,lesbia ( ,catullus4 ,arrang$ & translat$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,trem5he]e4 ,london4 ,p]haps ! be/ ?+ 9 ?is _w is y\?1 & ! poetry ( ,catullus is its v inc>nation4 ,! 8"y ,catullus0 he 0 to 8 contempor>ies1 & ! "y ,catullus he w be to ! end ( "t4 ,to turn ov] 8 pages is to recall ! days :5 all )9 & all )\t conspire to make exi/5ce a p]petual fea/1 :5 life's "l is pleasure1 its end enjoym5t1 its law impulse1 be=e exp]i5ce & satiety h disillusion$ & disgu/$1 & we are /ill 9 ,dante's phrase1 8tratt&o l'ombre come cosa salda40 ,& ! poet ( y\? _h ! good =tune n to survive y\?2 ( ! dregs & lees ( ! life he *ose he _h no ta/e4 ,:ile ! cup :i* 8b sp>kles ne> ! brim0 0 /ill sp>kl+ = him1 dea? da%$ x f 8 lips4 ,at ?irty 8 tale 0 told1--& a radiant figure1 a sunny memory & a gold5 volume 7 immortal4 ,revell+ alike 9 ! _w ( nature1 & 9 ! _w ( man1 at once simple & int5se1 at once playful & pa!tic1 8 poetry has a fre%ness z ( ! morn+1 an ab&on z ( a *ild at play4 ,he has n1 inde$1 escap$ ! ta9t ( ,alex&r9ism any m ?an ,burns escap$ ! ta9t ( ! pseudo-classicism ( ! conv5tional s*ool ( 8 day1 b ?is is ! only note ( falsetto disc]nible 9 :at he has left u4 ,x is :5 we comp>e him ) ,horace1 ,prop]tius1 & ,m>tial t 8 incomp>able *>m is mo/ felt4 ,z a lyric poet1 except :5 patriotic1 & :5 deal+ ) moral ideas1 ,horace is z commonplace z he is ins9c]e2 he _h no passion2 he _h little pa?os2 he _h n mu* s5tim5t2 he _h no real feel+ = nature1 he 0 little m ?an a consummate craftsman1 to adopt an expression f ,scalig] 8ex ali5is +5iis poeta1 ex suo tantum v]sificator40 ,9 8 ,greek models he f\nd n m]ely 8 =m1 b 8 inspiration4 ,mo/ ( 8 love odes h all ! appe>ance ( be+ m]e /udies 9 fancy4 ,:5 he attempts ?r5ody he is z frigid z ,c[ley4 ,^: he>t 0 ev] t\*$ by ! v]ses to ,virgil on ! dea? ( ,qu9tilian1 or by ! v]ses to ,valgius on ! dea? ( 8 son8 ,! real ,horace is ! ,horace ( ! ,satires & ,epi/les1 & ! real ,horace _h z little ( ! temp]am5t ( a poet z ,la ,fonta9e & ,prior4 ,prop]tius _h passion1 & he _h c]ta9ly "s feel+ = nature1 b he 0 an incurable p$ant bo? 9 temp] & 9 habit4 ,m>tial appli$ ! epigram1 9 elegiacs & 9 h5decasyllabics1 to ! same purposes to :i* x 0 appli$ by ,catullus1 ) m brilliance & f9i%1 b he _h n ! p[] ( in=m+ trifles ) emotion & s\l4 ,:at became ) ,catullus ! spontane\s expression ( ! dom9ant mood1 became 9 ! h&s ( ,m>tial ! m]e t\r de =ce ( ! +5i\s wit4 ,catullus is ! mo/ ,greek ( all ! ,roman poets2 ,greek 9 ! simplicity1 *a/ity & propriety ( 8 /yle1 9 8 exquisite responsiv5ess to all t appeals to ! s5ses & ! emotions1 9 8 ard5t & ab\nd+ vitality4 ,b1 9 8 en?usiasm = nature1 9 ! int5sity ( 8 dome/ic affections1 & 9 8 occasional t\*es ( moral e>ne/ness--& we h seldom to g f> = !m--he 0 ,roman4 ,8 sket*es f nature are delightful4 ,:at c\ld be m p]fect ?an ! foll[+8 ,has ev5 ,t5nyson equall$ x8-- ,hic1 qualis flatu placidum m>e matut9o ,horrificans ,zephyrus proclivas incitat undas1 ,auror exori5te1 vagi sub lum9a solis2 ,qu t>de primum clem5ti flam9e puls ,proc$unt1 levit]que sonant plangore ca*9ni3 ,po/1 v5to cresc5te1 magis magis increbescunt1 ,purpureque procul nantes a luce refulg5t4 8,z 9 e>ly morn+ :5 ,zephyr's brea?1 ruffl+ ! /illy sea1 /irs x into slant+ waves up aga9/ ! gl[ ( ! travell+ sun2 & at fir/1 :ile ! impell+ breeze is g5tle1 !y move 9 sl[ procession1 & ! pla% ( _! ripples is n l\d2 b !n1 z ! breeze fre%5s1 !y cr[d fa/] & fa/] on1 & f> out at sea1 z !y float1 fla% back ! spl5d\r ( ! crimson+ day 9 _! front40 ,or1 aga91 9 ! epi/le to ,manlius-- ,qualis 9 a]ii pelluc5s v]tice montis ,rivus muscoso prosilit e lapide4 ,h[ vivid is ! picture ( ! ris+ sun & ( e>ly morn+ 9 ! ,attis1 #ci-da4 ,ubi oris aurei sol radiantibus oculis ,lu/ravit !ra album1 sola dura1 m>e f]um1 ,pepulitque noctis umbras vegetis sonip$ibus4 ,9 8 8,asian ,myrtle1 9 all ! beauty ( its blossom-lad5 bran*es1 :i* ! ,wood-,nymphs fe$ ) honey dew to be _! toy30-- ,floridis velut enit5s ,myrtus ,asia ramulis1 ,quos ,hamadryades ,de ,ludicrum sibi roscido ,nutriunt humore4-- --:o does n recognise ,mat!w ,arnold's 8natural magic08 ,fl[]s he lov$1 z ,%akespe>e lov$ !m4 ,:at t5d]ness !re is 9 ! image ( ! love t p]i%$-- ,prati ,ultimi flos1 prt]eunte po/quam ,tactus aratro e/1 7xi4 #ai-ba47 --9 ! beautiful simile1 s (t5 imitat$ 9 e language 9 ,europe1 :]e ! unm>ri$ maid5 is comp>$ to ! uncropp$ fl[]1 lxii41 #ci-de2 or :]e 9 ! ,alba p>!nice1 ,luteumve papav]1 7lxi4 #aid-e47 he sees ! symbol ( maid5hood2 or :]e ,ariadne is comp>$ to ! myrtles on ! banks ( ! ,eurotas1 & to ! 8fl[]s ( div]se hues :i* ! spr+ breezes evoke02 &1 aga91 ! exquisite simile pictur+ ! husb&'s love b9d+ fa/ ! bride's ?\ghts1 z a tree is entw9$ 9 ! cl++ clasp ( ! gadd+ ivy-- ,m5tem amore rev9ci5s1 ,ut t5ax h$]a huc et huc ,arborem implicat errans4 ,!n we h ! g>l& ( ,priapus ) its felicit\s epi!ts 7xix41 xx474 ,x may be said ( ,catullus z ,%elley said ( 8 ,ala/or-- ,e sight ,& s\nd f ! va/ e>? & ambi5t air ,s5t to 8 he>t _! *oice/ impulses4 ,:at rapture inspires & in=ms ! l9es to 8 ya*t1 & to ,sirmio1 z well z ! ,jam v] egelidos ref]t tepores6 ,z ! au?or ( ! ,attis ,catullus /&s alone among poets4 ,!re 01 s f> z we "k1 no?+ l x be=e1 & !re has be5 no?+ l x s9ce4 ,if x be a /udy f ! ,greek1 z x is g5]ally suppos$ to be1 x is v difficult to conjecture at :at p]iod its orig9al c\ld h be5 produc$4 ,!re is no?+ at all resembl+ x :i* has come d[n f ! lyric p]iod2 its !me is n "o :i* w\ld h be5 likely to attract ! ,attic poets4 ,if its model 0 ! "w ( "s ,alex&rian1 we c only say t su* a poem mu/ h be5 an ev5 great] anomaly 9 t lit]ature ?an ,sm>t's ,song to ,david is to our own lit]ature1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be urg$ t x is equally anomal\s 9 ,lat9 poetry1 & t1 if resolv$ into its elem5ts1 x has mu* m aff9ity ) :at may be trac$ to ,greek ?an to ,roman s\rces4 ,9 its comp\nd epi!ts1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! s+ul> use ( 8=o10 s pla9ly sub/itut$ = ! ,greek & its associations1 x c]ta9ly reads l a translation f ! ,greek2 & yet1 9 ! total impression made by x1 ! poem has n ! air ( a translation1 b ( an orig9al1 & ( an orig9al /ruck out1 9 inspiration1 at :ite heat4 ,only by an extraord9>y ef=t ( imag9ative sympa?y are we n[ able to realize to ourselves ! trag$y ( ! ,attis1 :ile its ru%+ galliambics :irl u ?r\gh ! panorama ( its swift-succe$+ pictures4 ,b home to e he>t mu/ come ! poems :i* ,catullus d$icates to ! memory ( 8 bro!r1 & ! poem 9 :i* he tries to soo! ,calvus = ! dea? ( ,qu9tilia4 ,multas p] g5tes1 et multa p] aequora vectus ,adv5io has mis]as1 frat]1 ad inf]ias1 ,ut te po/remo don>em mun]e mortis1 ,et mutum nequidquam alloqu]] c9]em3 ,qu&oquidem =tuna mihi tete ab/ulit ipsum3 ,heu mis] indigne frat] adempte mihi6 ,nunc tam5 int]ea prisco qu m p>5tum ,tradita sunt tri/i mun]e ad inf]ias1 ,accipe1 frat]no multum manantia fletu3 ,atque 9 p]petuum1 frat]1 ave atque vale4 8,_m are ! peoples1 _m ! seas ,i h pass$ ?r\gh to be "h1 de> bro!r1 at ?is1 ?9e untimely grave1 t ,i might pay !e dea?'s la/ tribute1 & greet1--h[ va9ly1--! du/ t has no response4 ,= well ,i "k ,=tune ha? b]eft me ( ?y liv+ self--,ah6 hapless bro!r1 cruelly torn f me6 ,yet "h1 see1 be ! (f]+s :i*1 f ( old1 ! cu/om ( our fa!rs ha? h&$ d[n z a sad oblation to ! grave--take !m--!y are /ream+ ) a bro!r's te>s4 ,& n[--= ev]more--bro!r1 hail & f>ewell60 ,c\ld pa?os g fur!r8 ,h[ exquisite1 too1 is ! foll[+3-- ,si quidquam mutis gratum acceptumque sepulcris ,accid]e a no/ro1 ,calve1 dolore pote/1 ,quum desid]io vet]es r5ovamus amores1 ,atque olim amissas flemus amicitias3 ,c]te non tanto mors immatura dolori e/ ,qu9tili1 quantum gaudet amore tuo4#dh ,%akespe>e m]ely unfold$ :at 0 includ$ "h1 :5 he wrote ^? haunt+ l9es3-- ,:5 to ! sessions ( sweet sil5t ?\ght ,i summon up remembrance ( ?+s pa/1 ,i sigh ! lack ( _m a ?+ ,i s\ght1 ,& ) old woes new wail my de> "t's wa/e ,!n c ,i dr[n an eye1 unus'd to fl[1 ,= preci\s fri5ds hid 9 dea?'s dateless night1 ,& weep afre% love's long-s9ce cancell'd woe1 ,& moan ! exp5se ( _m a vani%'d sight4 ,nev]1 too1 has any poet giv5 su* pa!tic expression to a sorr[1 :i* to ! "y is ev5 h>d] to be> ?an ! loss inflict$ by dea?1 ! p]fidy & trea*]y ( fri5ds4 ,! v]ses to ,alph5us 7xxx471 to ! anonym\s fri5d 9 lxviii41 & ! epigram to ,rufus 7lxxvii471 are indescribably t\*+4 ,:at inf9ite sadness !re is 93-- ,si tu oblitus es1 at ,dii mem9]unt1 mem9it ,fides1 ,qu te ut pniteat po/modo facti faciet tui4 ,:at passion ( grief 93-- ,heu1 heu1 no/r crudele v55um ,vit1 heu1 heu1 no/r pe/is amiciti6 ,b no?+ t ,catullus has left u equals 9 fasc9at+ int]e/1 or exce$s 9 *>m1 ! poems inspir$ by ! woman :o 0 at once ! bliss & ! curse ( 8 life-- ,lesbia no/ra1 ,lesbia illa1 ,illa ,lesbia1 quam ,catullus unam ,plusquam se1 atque suos amavit omnes4 ,:e!r %e is to be id5tifi$ ) ! si/] ( ,p4 ,clodius ,pul*]1 & ! wife ( ,metellus ,cel]1 seems to u1 9 spite ( ! argum5ts ( ,s*wab]1 ,munro1 ,ellis1 & ,sell>1 extremely d\btful4 ,x is a po9t :i* ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 & is1 inde$1 ( little importance4 ,t %e 0 a woman ( sup]b & comm&+ beauty1 a false wife1 a false mi/ress1 & ( immeasurable pr(ligacy1 ,catullus has himself told u4 ,!re c\ld only be "o end to a passion ( :i* su* a sir5 0 ! object2 &1 exquisite z ! poems are :i* prec$e ! break+ ( ! spell1 x is 9 ! poems record+ ! gradual process ( dis5*antm5t1 & ! /ruggle betwe5 ! old love & ! new loa?+1 t ,catullus t\*es u mo/4 ,h[ pi]c+ is ! pa?os ( su* a poem z ! ,si qua recordanti 7lxxvi471 or ! epigram 9 :i* he says t he loves & loa!s1 b kn[s n :y1 only kn[s t x is s1 & t he is on ! rack3-- ,odi et amo4 ,qu>e id faciam1 =tasse requiris4 ,nescio3 s$ fi]i s5tio et excrucior4 ,or :]e he says t1 pe/ z %e is1 he _c curse a love :o is de>] to him ?an bo? 8 eyes3-- ,cr$is me potuisse me mal$ic]e vit1 ,ambobus mihi qu c>ior e/ oculis8 ,non potui1 nec1 si possem1 tam p]dite am>em4 ,& he suff]$ ! m1 z he _h lavi%$ on h] ! pure/ affections ( 8 he>t4 ,8 love = h]--su* 0 8 own expression--0 n simply t :i* m5 ord9>ily feel = _! mi/resses1 b su* z ! fa!r feels = 8 sons & 8 sons-9-law3-- ,dilexi tum te1 non tantum ut vulgus amicam1 ,s$ pat] ut gnatos diligit et g5]os4 ,b %ameless z %e is1 & x is an impossibility = h] to be o!rwise1 he _c ab&on h]4 ,d :at %e w he is h] slave4 ,8 m9d1 he says1 0 s /rait5$ by h] frailty1 s begg>$ by its own devotion1 t1 ev5 if %e became virtu\s1 he c\ld n love h] ) absolute goodwill1 & if %e /uck at no?+--dra9$ vice to its v dregs--he c\ld n give h] up3-- ,huc e/ m5s d$ucta tu1 mea ,lesbia1 culp ,atque ita se (ficio p]didit ipsa suo1 ,ut jam nec b5e velle queam tibi1 si optima fias1 ,nec desi/]e am>e1 omnia si facias4 ,he comp>es himself to a man lab\r+ "u a cruel & incurable disease1 a disease :i* is p>alys+ 8 en]gy1 & dra9+ life ( its joy3-- ,me mis]um adspicite1 et si vitam purit] egi1 ,eripite hanc pe/em p]niciemque mihi1 ,qu mihi subrep5s imos1 ut torpor1 9 artus ,expulit ex omni pectore ltitias4 ,ne>ly sixte5 hundr$ ye>s _h to pass be=e ! _w 0 to h any p>allel to ^! poems4 ,& ! p>allel is c]ta9ly a rem>kable "o4 ,9 ! 8,d>k ,lady0 ( ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets1 ,lesbia lives aga92 9 ! lov] ( ! d>k lady1 ,lesbia's victim4 ,once m a false wife & a false mi/ress1 n inde$ beautiful1 b ) p[]s ( fasc9ation s irresi/ible t de=mity itself becomes a *>m1 makes havoc ( a poet's peace4 ,once m a passion1 z degrad$ z x is degrad+1 s[s feuds among fri5ds1 & 8infects ) jeal\sy ! sweetness ( affiance40 ,once m rises ! bitt] cry ( a s\l1 consci\s ( ! unspeakable degradation ( a ?raldom :i* x is agony to endure1 & f :i* x w\ld be agony to be emancipat$4 ,comp>e = in/ance3-- ,my love is z a fev]1 long+ /ill ,= t :i* long] nurse? ! disease1 ,fe$+ on t :i* do? pres]ve ! ill1 ,! unc]ta9 sickly appetite to please4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pa/ cure ,i am1 n[ reason is pa/ c>e1 ,& frantic mad ) ev]more unre/1 ,my ?\ghts & my disc\rse z madman's are1 7,sonnet cxlvii47 ) ,catullus1 lxxvi4 ,&3-- ,:5ce ha/ ?\ ?is becom+ ( ?+s ill1 ,t 9 ! v refuse ( ?y de$s ,!re is su* /r5g? & w>rantise ( skill1 ,t 9 my m9d ?y wor/ all be/ exce$s4 ,:o taught !e h[ to make me love !e m1 ,! m ,i he> & see j cause ( hate8 7,sonnet cl47 ) ,catullus1 lxxii41 lxxiii41 lxxv42 :ile ,sonnet cxxxvii4 pres5ts a gha/ly p>allel ) ,catullus1 lviii4 ,aga91 h[ exactly analog\s is ! adjuration to ,qu9tius 9 ,epigram lxxxii41 ) :at f9ds expression 9 ,sonnets xl4-xlii41 & ,sonnet cxx4 ,b x w\ld be t$i\s z well z sup]flu\s to cite p>ticul> p>allels :]e ! :ole position--:i* may be summ$ up 9 ! two words ( ,catullus1 8,odi et amo10--is id5tical4 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t ,catullus is 8 range & 8 v]satility4 ,x is truly extraord9>y t ! same p5 %\ld h giv5 u su* f9i%$ social portraits z 8,suff5us i/e0 7xxii471 8,ad ,furium0 7xxiii471 8,9 ,egnatium0 7xxxix472 ! p]fection ( su* s]i\s fool+ z we f9d 9 ! 8,lugete1 ,o ,v5]es0 7iii471 &1 if we may apply su* an expression to ! mo/ delici\s love poem ev] writt51 ! 8,acme & ,septimius0 7xlv472 ( su* humor\s fool+ z we f9d 9 ! 8,v>us me meus ad suos amores0 7x471 ! 8,o ,colonia qu cupis0 7xvii471 ! 8,ade/e1 h5decasyllabi10 ! 8,oramus1 si =te non mole/um0 7lv472 su* epic z we h 9 ! 8,peleus & ,!tis02 su* triumphs ( ri*ness1 spl5d\r1 & grace z we h 9 ! ?ree m>riage poems2 su* a sup]b expression ( ! highe/ imag9ative p[]1 p5etrat$ ) passion & en?usiasm1 z we h 9 ! ,attis2 su* conc5trat$ invective & satire z m>k "s ( ! lampoons2 su* mock h]oic z we h 9 ! ,coma ,b]5ices2 su* pi]c+ pa?os z p5etrates ! autobiographical poems1 & ! poems d$icat$ to ,lesbia4 ,catullus has be5 comp>$ to ,keats1 b ! comp>ison is n a happy "o4 ,8 ne>e/ analogy among mod]n poets is ,burns4 ,bo? 71 9 ,t5nyson's phrase1 8d[]$ ) ! love ( love1 ! scorn ( scorn10 &1 9 ! poems ( bo?1 ^? passions f9d ! int5se/ expression4 ,bo? _h an exquisite sympa?y ) all t appeals1 ei!r 9 nature or 9 humanity1 to ! s5ses & ! affections4 ,bo? 7 s5suali/s & lib]t9es )\t be+ effem9ate1 or )\t be+ ei!r deprav$ or h>d5$4 ,9 bo?1 inde$1 an inf9ite t5d]ness is p]haps ! pr$om9at+ feature4 ,bo? _h hum\r1 t ( ,catullus be+ ! m cau/ic1 t ( ,burns ! m g5ial4 ,bo? 7 di/+ui%$ by s9c]ity & simplicity2 bo? wag$ w> ) *>latanry & bas5ess4 ,burns _h ! ri*] nature & 0 ! great] z a man2 ,catullus 0 ! m accompli%$ arti/4 ,b x is "t to turn to ! book :i* has recall$ ,catullus & ,lesbia4 ,mr4 ,trem5he]e has1 ) great +5uity1 succe$$ 9 concoct+ by a process ( elaborate dovetail+ a v pretty romance :i* he divides into n9e *apt]s1 ! fir/ be+ 8,! ,bir? ( ,love10 ! second1 ?ird & f\r?1 8,possession10 8,qu>rels0 & 8,reconciliation10 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 8,d\bt10 8,a ,bro!r's ,dea?0 & 8,unfai?fulness10 ! la/ two1 8,avoidance0 & 8,! ,dea? ( ,love40 ,! *ief objection to ?is is t x is = ! mo/ "p fanciful1 & is absolutely )\t w>rant1 ei!r f tradition or f probability4 ,_m ( ! poems press$ into ! s]vice ( 8 n>rative by ,mr4 ,trem5he]e h no?+ :atev] to d ) ,lesbia4 ,su* w\ld be xiii41 8,! invitation to ,fabullus10 xiv41 8,! ,acme & ,septimius40 ,! translations are v unequal4 ,( _m ( !m x may be said 9 ,dogb]ry's phrase t !y 8are tol]able & n to be endur$10 or to borr[ an expression f ,byron 8s middl+ bad 7 bett]40 ,?us ! p[]ful poem to ,gellius 7xci47 is att5uat$ into3-- ',twas n t ,i e/eem'd y 7 ,z con/ant or incapable ,( vulg> bas5ess1 b t %e ,= :om great love 0 wa/+ me1 ,! spice ( ince/ lack$ = y2 ,& ?\gh we 7 old fri5ds1 'tis true1 ,t seem'd poor cause to my poor m9d1 ,n s to y\rs4 ,sometimes ! v]sions are dete/able4 ,no?+ c\ld be worse ?an to turn3-- ,nulli illum pu]i null optav]e puell ,no m is %e glad to ! eyes ( a lad1 ,to ! lasses a pride1-- or ,dulcis pu]i ebrios ocellos z ,h] m9ion's passion-sodd5 eyes1-- :i* might d v well = a co>se phrase l 8,9 ,v5]em putres10 b n = 8,ebrios40 ,b sometimes ! r5d]+s are v felicit\s4 ,z "h3-- ,quid vis8 qulubet esse notus optas ,eris3 qu&oquidem meos amores ,cum long volui/i am>e pn4 ,co/ :at x may1 y'll w9 r5[n6 ,y %all1 su* long+ y exhibit ,bo? = my mi/ress--& a gibbet6 ,& ! foll[+ is happy3-- ,nullum amans v]e1 s$ id5tidem omnium ,ilia rump5s4 ,nec meum respectet1 ut ante1 amorem ,qui illius culp cecidit2 velut prati ,ultimi flos1 prt]eunte po/quam ,tactus aratro e/4 ,ah1 %ameless1 loveless lu/1 sweet1 seek no m ,to w9 love back1 by ?9e own fault x fell1 ,9 ! f> corn] ( ! field ?\gh hid1 ,t\*'d by ! pl\gh at la/1--! fl[] is dead4 ,! foll[+ also is neat & skilful1 b h[ inf]ior to ! almo/ t]rible impressiv5ess ( ! orig9al3-- ,o ,di si vo/rm e/ mis]]i1 aut si quibus unquam ,extrem jam ips 9 morte tuli/is opem4 ,me mis]um adspicite1 et si vitam purit] egi1 ,eripite hanc pe/em p]niciemque mihi1 ,qu mihi subrep5s imos1 ut torpor1 9 artus ,expulit ex omni pectore ltitias4 ,oh ,god6 if ,?9e be pity1 & if ,?\ ,e'en 9 ! jaws ( dea? ere n[1 ,ha/ wr\ght salvation--look on me2 ,& if my life seem fair to ,!e ,o te> ?is plague1 ?is curse away1 ,:i* ga9+ on me day by day1 ,a creep+ sl[ p>alysis1 ,ha? driv5 away all happ9ess4 ,six love /ories /& out conspicu\s 9 ! records ( poetry--^? :i* f9d expression 9 ! ,elegies ( ,prop]tius1 9 ! ,sonnets & ,canzoni ( ,dante & ,petr>*1 9 ! ,sonnets ( ,camo5s1 9 ! ,a/rophel & ,/ella ( ,sidney1 9 ! ,sonnets ( ,%akespe>e4 ,b nev] has passion1 nev] has pa?os1 ?rill$ 9 int5s] or m pi]c+ utt]ance ?an 9 ! poems :i* t fatal 8,clytemne/ra quadrant>ia0--to employ ! phrase :i* may actually h be5 appli$ to h]--inspir$1 & 9 :i* ! rapture & loa?+ & despair ( ,catullus f\nd a voice4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dh3 8,if ! sil5t dead c feel any pleasure1 or solace f our sorr[1 ,calvus1 :51 9 wi/ful regret1 we recall pa/ loves1 & weep = ! fri5d%ips sev]$ long ago1 !n be sure t ,qu9tilia's grief = h] e>ly dea? is n s great z ! joy %e feels 9 kn[+ y\r love = h]40 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,%akespe>e#di ,footnote #di3 ,! ,religion ( ,%akespe>e4 ,*iefly f ! writ+s ( ! late ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,simpson4 ,by ,h5ry ,seba/ian ,b[d54 ,london4 ,?is book1 :i* is p>tly a compilation f ! uncollect$ writ+s ( ! late ,ri*>d ,simpson & p>tly ! composition ( ,fa!r ,b[d5 himself1 is an attempt to %[ t ,%akespe>e 0 a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,x conta9s mu* int]e/+ in=mation2 x is well writt51 & we h read x ) pleasure4 ,) mu* :i* we f9d 9 x we entirely concur & are 9 full sympa?y4 ,we take ,%akespe>e q z s]i\sly z ,fa!r ,b[d5 does4 ,we believe t ! greate/ ( dramatic poets is also "o ( ! greate/ ( moral tea*]s1 t 8 !ology & e?ics des]ve ! mo/ c>eful /udy1 & t !y h1 too frequ5tly1 be5 ei!r neglect$ or mis9t]pret$4 ,we agree ) ,fa!r ,b[d5 t no?+ c\ld be s\nd] & m p]si/5tly emphasis$ ?an ! e?ical elem5t 9 ?is poet's dramas2 t 8 e?ics are1 9 ! ma91 ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t s f> f ,%akespe>e be+ simply an agno/ic & hav+ no religion at all1 z ,bir* & o!rs h cont5d$1 he is1 if n =mally1 at lea/ 9 ess5ce1 z religi\s z s*ylus & ,sophocles4 ,& n[ ,fa!r ,b[d5 mu/ =give u if we are unable to g fur!r ) him4 ,we h no prejudice aga9/ ,roman ,ca?olicism1 or aga9/ any ( ! cre$s 9 :i* religi\s fai? & rev]5ce h f\nd expression1--8,tros ,rutulusve fuat nullo discrim9e agetur40 ,our sole wi% is1 if possible1 to get at ! tru?4 ,x is ( comp>atively little consequ5ce n[ to :at =m ( religion ,%akespe>e belong$1 b x w\ld be at lea/ int]e/+1 if x c\ld be %[n t any p>ticul> sect c\ld legitimately claim him4 ,9 discuss+ ?is "q we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 ,%akespe>e's "t1 z 9 ! "t ( ! anci5ts1 religion _h two aspects1 its private & its public4 ,9 its public aspect x 0 a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! /ate1 an ess5tial portion ( ! political fabric4 ,till ! ,re=mation !re _h be5 practically no s*ism & no difficulty4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation a mo/ p]plex+ problem pres5t$ itself4 ,roman ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism1 9 a long & t]rible conflict1 /ruggl$ = ! ma/]y4 ,at ! accession ( ,elizabe? ! victory _h be5 won1 s f> z ,engl& 0 conc]n$1 by ,prote/antism1 & ,prote/antism 0 ! accept$ religion ( ! nation4 ,z su*1 x 0 ! duty ( e loyal citiz5 to uphold x2 x became ) ! ?rone "o ( ! two pill>s on :i* ! fabric ( ! /ate re/$4 ,roman ,ca?olicism became id5tifi$ ) ! political rivals & enemies ( ,engl&4 ,prote/antism became id5tifi$ ) h] lov]s & uphold]s4 ,?us ! ,*ur* & ! ,?rone became indissoluble1 at once ! symbols1 c5tres1 & securities ( political h>mony & union4 ,?is acc\nts = ! attitude ( ,hook]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e & ,bacon t[>ds ,episcopalian ,prote/antism on ! "o h&1 & t[>ds ,puritanism on ! o!r4 ,ab\t ,%akespe>e's political op9ions !re c be no d\bt at all1 =1 if we except ! ,com$ies1 he prea*es !m emphatically 9 almo/ e drama :i* he has left u4 ,!y 7 ^? ( an uncompromis+ & intol]ant ,royali/1 9 ^: eyes ! only security = all t is de> to ! patriot lay 9 implicit ob$i5ce to ! w ( ! sov]eign1 & 9 uphold+ a sy/em to :i* t w 0 law4 ,t he %\ld1 !re=e1 h _h any sympa?y ) ! ,roman ,ca?olics is1 on a priori gr\nds1 exce$+ly improbable4 ,we turn to 8 ,dramas1 & :at d we f9d8 ,x w\ld be no exagg]ation to say1 t !re is n a l9e 9 !m :i* indicates t he reg>d$ ! ,roman ,ca?olics ) fav\r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y ab\nd 9 po9ts direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,?us he twice goes out ( 8 way1 once 9 ,h5ry ,v4#ej & once 9 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 to obs]ve t 8miracles h ceas$40 ,!re is a bitt] sne] at !m 9 ! ref]5ce to ! sanctimoni\s pirate & ! comm&m5ts1 9 ,measure = ,measure4#ea ,!re c be little d\bt t ! words 9 ! port]'s spee* 9 ,macbe?1 8"h's an equivocator t c\ld swe> 9 bo? ! scales aga9/ ei!r scale1 :o committ$ treason en\gh = ,god's sake1 yet c\ld n equivocate to ,heav510 h s>ca/ic ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( equivocation av[$ by ,g>nett & popul>ly associat$ ) ! ,jesuits2 :ile ! rem>k ab\t ! fitness ( 8! nun's lip to ! fri>'s m\?0#eb 9 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well is ano!r concession to ,prote/ant prejudice4 ,9 ,k+ ,john su* a spee* z ! foll[+ may be dramatic1 b :o c d\bt t x express$ ! poet's own s5tim5ts8-- ,tell him ?is tale2 & f ! m\? ( ,engl& ,add ?us mu* m1--t no ,italian prie/ ,%all ti! or toll 9 our dom9ions2 ,b1 z we "u ,heav5 are supreme head1 ,s1 "u ,him1 t great supremacy1 ,:]e we d reign1 we w alone uphold1 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( a mortal h&3 ,s tell ! ,pope2 all rev]5ce set ap>t ,to him1 & 8 usurp'd au?ority4 ,k+ ,john is1 inde$1 simply ! manife/o ( ,prote/antism aga9/ papal aggression4 ,:at c\ld be m contemptible ?an ! "* ( ,p&ulph & ! "p :i* he plays8 ,is x cr$ible t ,%akespe>e c\ld h _h any sympa?y ) a religion ^: m9i/] is "o :om he repres5ts z say+3 ,m]itori\s %all t h& be call$1 ,canoniz$1 & wor%ipp$ z a sa9t1 ,t takes away by any secret c\rse ,?y hateful life4 ,9 ,h5ry ,,viii41 aga91 we h an elaborate eulogy ( ! ,re=mation1 ,cranm] be+ pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light1 ,g>d9] 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable1 :ile ,wolsey is almo/ z dete/able z ,p&ulph4 ,x is really pitiable to see ! %ifts to :i* ! au?ors ( ?is book are r$uc$ to make out _! !ory4 ,!y h ev5 press$ into its s]vice ,jordan's palpable & long-explod$ =g]y ( ,john ,%akespe>e's ,w1 & ! fact t ,john ,%akespe>e's "n is f\nd on a li/ ( ,recusants1 :5 x is1 9 t v li/1 expressly /at$ t he _h abs5t$ himself f *ur*1 simply f fe> ( process = debt4 ,passages 9 ! dramas are simil>ly p]v]t$4 ,%akespe>e's ho/ility to ! ,prote/ants induc$ him1 we are told1 to p\r contempt on ,oldca/le by depict+ him z ,fal/aff4 ,8 del9eation ( ,malvolio1 & 8 frequ5t sne]s at ! ,puritans1 are attribut$ to ! same motive4 ,! fam\s l9es 9 ,hamlet1 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,gho/1 are cit$ to prove 8 belief 9 purgatory2 ! comical p5ances impos$ on ,biron & 8 fri5ds 9 ,love's ,lab\r ,lo/ to prove 8 belief 9 p5ance4 ,:5 9 ,le> x is said ( ,cordelia t3-- ,%e %ook ,! holy wat] f h] heav5ly eyes4 we are to see ano!r indication ( ,%akespe>e's religion z 8!y h a ,ca?olic r+ ab\t !m40 ,s5tim5ts :i* are common to all sects ( ,*ri/ians are reg>d$ z peculi> to ,roman ,ca?olicism2 m]e dramatic utt]ances are =c$ into illu/rations ( suppos$ p]sonal convictions4 ,:at is habitually & sy/ematically ignor$ is1 t ,%akespe>e1 be+ a dramatic poet1 mu/ necess>ily make 8 *>act]s express !mselves dramatically1 & t1 z he 0 depict+ times prec$+ ! ,re=mation1 8 s5tim5ts & expressions v naturally took ! col\r ( ! _w 9 :i* 8 *>act]s mov$4 ,! wond] is n t ?is %\ld h occurr$1 b t ,%akespe>e %\ld1 9 spite ( ! gross ana*ronism ( su* a process1 h s ,prote/antiz$ pre-,re=mation times4 ,we are q will+ to conc$e to ,fa!r ,b[d5 t !re is en\gh to w>rant u 9 assum+ t ,%akespe>e did n reg>d ! ,puritans ) fav\r4 ,b 8 dislike to !m arose n f ! fact t !y 7 ,prote/ants1 b t !y 7 n or?odox ,prote/ants4 ,he 0 oppos$ to !m = ! same reasons t ,elizabe? & ,james1 ,hook] & ,bacon 7 oppos$ to !m4 ,_! ho/ility to 8 pr(ession1 _! sanctimoni\s cant1 & ! surly asceticism ( _! lives1 no d\bt contribut$ to 8 prejudice aga9/ !m4 ,nor are we 9 any way ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ,%akespe>e accept$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unw>rant$ ?an :at is assum$ by ,fa!r ,b[d5 9 ! foll[+ passage4 ,he is speak+ ( ,%akespe>e's attitude 9 relation to dea?4 8#8,rip5ess is all'2 & he %[s u 9 all 8 p5it5ts h[ t rip5ess is secur$1 s9 =giv51 & heav5 won on ! l9es ( ,ca?olic dogma & by ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*40 ,:at are ! facts8 ,%akespe>e's retic5ce ab\t a future /ate1 & :at may await man1 9 ! =m ( rew>d & puni%m5t h]eaft]1 is "o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics4 ,nei!r ,cordelia nor ,desdemona1 nei!r ,con/ance nor ,imog5 9 _! d>ke/ h\rs expresses any confid5ce 9 ! f9al m]cy & ju/ice ( ,heav54 ,o!llo1 fall+ by a fate z t]rible z x 0 undes]v$1 dies )\t a syllable ( hope4 8,! re/ is sil5ce0 are ! om9\s words ) :i* ,hamlet takes leave ( life4 ,:5 ,gl\ce/] believes himself to be /&+ on ! br9k ( dea?1 9 ! f>ewell :i* he takes ( ! _w he has no anticipation ( any o!r2 all he contemplates is 8to %ake pati5tly 8 great affliction (f40 ,s die ,le>1 ,hotspur1 ,romeo1 ,antony1 ,eros1 ,enob>bus1 ,macbe?1 ,beau=t1 ,m]cutio1 ,la]tes4 ,s die ,brutus1 ,coriolanus1 ,k+ ,john4 ,9 ! ,duke's spee* 9 ,measure = ,measure1 :]e he is prep>+ ,claudio to meet dea?1 dea? is m]ely contemplat$ z an escape f ! pa9s & discom=ts ( life4 ,macbe? w\ld #8jump' ! _w to come if he c\ld escape puni%m5t 9 ?is4 ,prosp]o sugge/s no hope ( any wak+ f ! 8r\nd+ sleep40 ,ev5 ,isabella1 d$icat$ z %e 0 to religion1 9 =tify+ ,claudio aga9/ 8 fate draws no weapon f ! arm\ry ( fai?4 ,x is j ! same 9 ! dirge 9 ,cymbel9e1 9 ! soliloquy ( ,po/humus1 9 ! consolations address$ by ! gaol] to ,po/humus4#ec ,! la/ passage is p]haps m rem>kable ?an any1 because x %[s ! utt] ambiguity ( ! directe/ expression :i* ! poet has left on ! subject4 ,gaol4--,look y1 sir1 y "k n :i* way y g4 ,po/4--,yes1 inde$ d ,i1 fell[4 ,gaol4--,y\r dea? has eyes 9 's head !n2 ,i h n se5 him s pictur$3 y mu/ ei!r be direct$ by "s t take ^u !m to "k1 or take ^u y\rself1 t :i* ,i am sure y d n "k2 or jump ! aft] inquiry on y\r own p]il2 & h[ y %all spe$ 9 y\r j\rney's end1 ,i ?9k y'll nev] return to tell "o4 ,po/4--,i tell !e1 fell[1 !re are none want eyes to direct !m ! way ,i am go+1 b su* z w9k1 & w n use !m4 ,cymbel9e1 ,v4 #d4 ,%akespe>e1 9 tru?1 nev] attempts to lift ! veil :i* = liv+ man c be rais$ only by ,revelation4 ,! sil5ce ( 8 philosophy1--= we mu/ n conf\nd occasional s5tim5ts & m]e dramatic utt]ances ) :at ju/ifies u 9 d$uc+ t philosophy1--9 relation to a life aft] ?is1 is unbrok54 ,x is1 inde$1 rem>kable t he repres5ts su* speculations1--! dwell+ on su* problems1--z m likely to di/urb1 p]plex1 & hamp] u1 ?an to give u any com=t4 ,z ,hamlet puts x 9 ! well-kn[n l9es3-- ,! native hue ( resolution ,is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght1 ,& ent]prises ( great pi? & mom5t1 ,) ?is reg>d1 _! curr5ts turn awry1 ,& lose ! "n ( action4 ,did he believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l & 9 a future /ate8 ,:o c say8 ,:at we c say is1 t if we require affirmative evid5ce ( su* a fai?1 we %all seek = x 9 va94 ,9 ! ,sonnets1 :]e he seems to speak f himself1 ! only immortality to :i* he ref]s is ! p]man5ce ( ! impression :i* 8 g5ius z a poet w leave--immortality 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,cic]o & ,tacitus h s eloqu5tly int]pret$ ! t]m4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if !re is no?+ to w>rant a conclusion 9 ! affirmative1 !re is no?+ to w>rant "o 9 ! negative4 ,8 attitude is precisely t ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,e?ics2 a life beyond ?is is nei!r affirm$ nor d5i$1 b ! scale ( probability incl9es t[>ds ! negative1 & 8 moral philosophy proce$s on ! assumption t life is ! end ( life4#ed ,goe! has said t man 0 n born to solve ! problems ( ! univ]se1 b to attempt to solve !m1 t he might keep )9 ! limits ( ! kn[able4 ,& x is )9 ! limits ( ! kn[able t ,%akespe>e's !ology conf9es itself4 ,/>t+ simply1 z ,g]v9us says1 f ! po9t1 t man is born ) p[]s & faculties :i* he is to use1 & ) p[]s ( self-regulation & self-det]m9ation :i* are to direct aright ! p[]s ( action1 ! 8,:5ce we are10 & ! 8,:i!r we are go+10 are problems = :i* he has no solution4#ee ,m5 mu/ endure ,_! go+ h5ce e'en z _! com+ hi!r3 ,rip5ess is all4 ,& = rip5ess or unrip5ess1 man's w is responsible4 ,he w\ld probably h agre$ ) ! say+ ( ,h]aclitus1 4 ,?r\gh\t 8 ,dramas all is explicable1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,macbe?1 )\t ref]5ce to sup]naturalism4 ,p]fectly intelligible effects foll[ p]fectly intelligible causes2 ! moral law solves all4 ,b especially conspicu\s is ! abs5ce ( ! !ological elem5t :]e we %\ld especially h look$ = x4 8,m5 & wom510 says ,brew]1 8are made to dra9 ! cup ( mis]y to ! dregs2 b1 z f ! dep?s into :i* !y h fall51 by _! own weakness1 or by ! weakness ( o!rs1 ! poet nev] raises !m1 9 violation ( ! inexorable laws ( nature1 s nei!r does he put a new song 9 _! m\?s1 or any expression ( confid5ce 9 ,god's righte\s deal+4 ,) z h>d & precise a h& z ,bacon does he sund] ! cele/ial f ! t]re/rial k+dom1 ! ?+s ( e>? f ! ?+s ( heav540#ef ,8 !ology1 inde$1 9 its application to life1 seems to resolve itself into ! recognition ( univ]sal law1 div9ely appo9t$1 immutable1 inexorable1 ubiquit\s1 controll+ ! physical _w1 controll+ ! moral _w1 v9dicat+ itself 9 ! smalle/ facts ( life1 & 9 ! mo/ /up5d\s convulsions ( nature & society4 ,9 morals x is ma9ta9$ by ! obs]vance ( ! mean on ! "o h&1 & ! due fulfilm5t ( duty & obligation on ! o!r4 ,9 politics x is ma9ta9$ by ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! /ate1 & ( ! /ate to ! high] law4 ,hook] says ( ,law1 t z h] voice is ! h>mony ( ! _w1 s h] seat is ! bosom ( ,god4 ,! ,law ,%akespe>e recognises2 ( ! ,law-giv] he is sil5t4 ,z he is dumb be=e ! my/]y ( dea?1 s is he equally retic5t 9 ! face ( t o!r my/]y4 ,he has no?+ ( ! an?ropomorphism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ( ,milton4 ,nor has he ev] express$ himself z ,goe! has done 9 ! fam\s passage 9 ,fau/1 beg9n+3 8,w] d>f ihn n5n540 ,9 two important respects he seems to diff] f ! ,*ri/ian conception4 ,he repres5ts no miracul\s int]positions ( ,provid5ce1 no susp5sion ( natural laws 9 fav\r ( ! righte\s1 & to ! detrim5t ( ! wick$4 ,he is too rev]5d to say ) ,goe!1 t man1 s f> z direction 9 action goes1 is practically 8 own div9ity4 ,b he does say & repres5t--& t repeat$ly--:at is express$ 9 su* passages z ^!3-- ,our rem$ies (t 9 ourselves d lie ,:i* we ascribe to ,heav53 ! fat$ sky ,gives u full scope4 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well4 ,m5 at "s "t are ma/]s ( _! fate4 ,julius ,cs>4 ,omission to d :at is necess>y ,seals a commission to a blank ( dang]4 ,troilus & ,cressida4 ,& we h no "r to expect t ,provid5ce w cancel x4 ,if de$s d n g ) pray]1 pray] is n likely to be ( mu* avail4 ,s ! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii43-- ,! means t ,heav5 yields mu/ be embrac'd ,& n neglect$2 else if ,heav5 w\ld ,& we w n1 ,heav'n's (f] we refuse3-- :ile ! words :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,leon9e 9 ,p]icles are1 we feel1 significant3-- ,pray3 b be n t$i\s1 ,= ! ,gods are quick ( e>1 & ,i am sworn ,to d my "w ) ha/e4 ,he has no sympa?y ) pi\s recluses4 ,he has depict$ no sa9t or religi\s en?usia/1 or writt5 a l9e to indicate t he _h any respect = _! ideals4 ,) him1-- ,spirits are n f9ely t\*$ ,b to f9e issues4 ,!y say be/ m5 are m\ld$ out ( faults1 ,&1 = ! mo/1 become mu* m ! bett] ,= be+ a little bad4 ,mo/ subject is ! fatte/ soil to we$s are typical axioms 9 8 philosophy ( life4 ,& ! ne>e/ approa*es he has giv5 u to ! sa9tly type ( "* are ! s5tim5tal pieti/s1 ,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,ri*>d ,,ii41 bo? ( :om are failures1 & bord] closely on moral imbecility4 ,on ! spiritual & moral efficacy ( fai?1 he has n[h]e laid /ress4 ,9 8 innum]able reflections on life & man1 9 8 maxims & precepts1 !re is1 z a rule1 sc>cely any flav\r ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,!y are j su* z might be expect$ f a pure rationali/4 ,su* is ! philosophy ( ,hamlet1 ( ,jacques1 ( ! ,duke 9 ,measure = ,measure1 & ( ,prosp]o4 ,ev5 ,fri> ,laur5ce1 ?\gh an ecclesia/ic1 reasons & advises j z a ,/oic philosoph] might h done4 ,! fri>s 9 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 & 9 ,measure = ,measure1 ! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury & ,york 9 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,h5ry ,v41 & ,c>d9al ,beau=t 9 ,h5ry ,,vi41 act & speak l m]e m5 ( ! _w4 ,a bulky volume w\ld sc>cely sum up ! e?ical & political reflections scatt]$ up & d[n 8 plays2 a few pages w\ld comprise all t c\ld be put d[n z exclusively !ological4 ,?is complete subord9ation ( ! !ological elem5t to ! e?ical is ! m conspicu\s :5 we comp>e 8 dramas ) ! ,hom]ic ,epics1 & ) ! trag$ies ( s*ylus & ,sophocles4 ,& yet if a ?\ghtful p]son1 aft] go+ att5tively ?r\gh ! ?irty-six plays1 7 ask$ :at ! prevail+ impression made on him 01 he w\ld probably reply ! pr(\nd rev]5ce :i* ,%akespe>e %[s univ]sally = religion--8 deep s5se ( ! my/]i\s relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ,god & man4 ,we feel t 8 sil5ce on transc5d5tal subjects spr+s n f indiff]5ce1 b f awe4 ,! rem>kable words :i* he places 9 ! m\? ( ,lafeu1 9 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well 7,act ,,ii4 #c71 m]ely sum up :at we he> sotto voce 9 v>i\s =ms ( expression ?r\gh\t 8 dramas2 8we h our philosophical p]sons1 to make mod]n & famili>1 ?+s sup]natural & causeless4 ,h5ce x is t we make trifles ( t]rors1 ensconc+ ourselves into seem+ k1 :5 we %\ld submit ourselves to an unkn[n fe>40 ,& ! same rev]5ce & humility f9d a voice 9 ! v]ses 9 :i*1 9 all probability1 he took leave ( ! _w ( active life4 ,n[ my *>ms are all ov]?r[n1 ,& :at /r5g? ,i h's m9e own1 ,:i* is mo/ fa9t4 444 ,n[ ,i want ,spirits to en=ce1 art to en*ant1 ,& my end+ is despair ,unless ,i be reliev$ by pray]1 ,:i* pi]ces s t x assaults ,m]cy itself1 & frees all faults4 ,no poet has dwelt m on ! duty & moral efficacy ( pray]1 on ! omnipres5ce ( ,god1 & on ! fact t 9 consci5ce we h a ,div9e monitor4 ,( ! respect :i* ,%akespe>e ent]ta9$ = ,*ri/ianity z a cre$1 ( 8 conviction ( its compet5cy to fulfil & satisfy all ! ends ( religion 9 m5 ( ! highe/ type ( intellig5ce & ability1 we require no fur!r pro( ?an 8 ,h5ry ,v4 ,h5ry ,v4 is und\bt$ly 8 ideal man1 z ,!seus 9 ! dipus ,coloneus is ! ideal man ( ,sophocles4 ,& ,h5ry ,v4 is pre-em95tly a ,*ri/ian4 ,:]ev] ,%akespe>e ref]s to ! p]son & to ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 x is always ) peculi> t5d]ness & solemnity4 ,8 e?ics are 9 "o respect ess5tially ,*ri/ian1 & t is 9 _! emphatic insi/5ce on ! virtues ( m]cy & =giv5ess ( injuries4 ,9 ,measure = ,measure1 he /ret*$ ! fir/ z f> z ! ,ma/] ,himself /ret*$ x1 at ! elev5? h\r1 to ! p5it5t ?ief4 ,& 9 ! ,tempe/1 t play :i* seems to embody 9 allegory ,%akespe>e's mature & f9al philosophy ( life1 :o does n recognise ! symbol ( ,him :o rules1 n m]ely 9 ju/ice & righte\sness1 b 9 b5evol5ce & m]cy1 :5 ,prosp]o1 ) s9n]s & traitors & foes 9 8 p[]1 proclaims-- ,! r>] action is ,9 virtue ?an 9 v5geance3 !y be+ p5it5t1 ,! sole drift ( my purpose do? ext5d ,n a fr[n fur!r4 ,he /ruck ?is note 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( 8 plays3-- ,:o by rep5tance is n satisfi$1 ,is nor ( heav51 nor e>?3 = ^! are pleas'd4 ,by p5it5ce ?' ,et]nal's wra?'s appeas'd4#eg & ! note vibrates ?r\gh 8 works4 ,x is ! cr[n+ moral ( ,measure = ,measure2 x is "o ( ! dom9ant notes 9 ,cymbel9e4 ,he also reflects ,*ri/ianity 9 ! beautiful optimism :i* disc]ns 9 evil ! ag5t ( good1 & 9 calamity & sorr[ ! b5evol5ce & m]cy ( ,god4 ,?is is ! philosophy :i* p5etrates :at 7 probably 8 la/ ?ree dramas1 ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale1 ,cymbel9e1 & ,! ,tempe/4 ,9 ^! respects1 !n1 x may fairly be ma9ta9$ t ,%akespe>e is ,*ri/ian4 ,= ! re/ 8 dramas might1 s f> z _! philosophy is conc]n$1 h come d[n to u f classical antiquity4 ,no?+ c be m ,greek ?an ! ma9 basis on :i* 8 e?ics re/--! obs]vance ( ! mean1 & ! recognition ( ! relation ( virtue to ! becom+4 ,:5 ,claudio says3-- ,z surfeit is ! fa!r ( mu* fa/1 ,s e scope by ! immod]ate use ,turns to re/ra9t2 :5 ,norfolk says3-- ,! fire t m\nts ! liquor till 't o'erfl[ ,9 seem+ to augm5t x wa/es x2 :5 ,fri> ,laur5ce tells u t3-- ,virtue itself turns vice1 be+ misappli$1 ,& vice sometime 's by action dignifi$2 & ,portia t ,!re is no good )\t respect1 we h n only ! keys to 8 e?ics b ! texts = s]mons :i* f9d liv+ illu/rations 9 ! fall ( ,angelo1 ( ,coriolanus1 ( ,timon1 & ( _m o!rs ( 8 protagoni/s4 ,?us d 8 e?ics temp] & readju/ = ! sph]e ( work+ life1 ^? ( ! ,div9e ,en?usia/ :o legislat$1 9 "s respects1 too exclusively p]haps1 = a k+dom :i* is n ( ?is _w4 ,& s1 8 #8religion' be+1 to borr[ an expression ( 8 own1 8z broad & g5]al z ! cas+ air10 x has come to pass1 t ,%akespe>e has be5 claim$ z an or?odox ,prote/ant by ,knight1 ,bi%op ,wordswor?1 & ,tr5*2 z an or?odox ,roman ,ca?olic by ,m4 ,rio1 ,mr4 ,simpson1 & ,fa!r ,b[d52 & z a simple agno/ic by ,g]v9us1 ,kreysig1 & ,pr(essor ,caird4 8,he ha?10 says ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne speak+ ( himself1 8"o common & au!ntic philosophy :i* he le>nt 9 ! s*ools1 :]eby he reasons & satisfies ! reason ( o!r m53 ano!r m res]v$ & drawn f exp]i5ce :]eby he satisfies 8 own40 ,x may be1 x may q well be1 = he has left no?+ to ju/ify conclusion to ! contr>y1 t ! words ( ,%akespe>e's ,w--m]e =mula ?\gh !y be--are ! expression ( :at he 8res]v$0 to satisfy himself1 & t he accept$ ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4 ,x may be1 t :at we are c]ta9ly w>rant$ 9 conclud+ ab\t him1 repres5ts all t c be conclud$1 namely1 t3-- ,he at lea/ believ$ 9 s\l1 0 v sure ( ,god4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ej3 ,act ,i4 ,sc4 i4 ,?is is a v po9t$ ref]5ce1 b 9 ! second in/ance1 9 ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 ,act ,,ii4 ,sc4 i41 8,!y say miracles are pa/10 he gives a turn to ! expression :i* conv]ts x into a rebuke ( ,rationalism4 ,footnote #ea3 ,act ,i4 ,sc4 ii4 ,footnote #eb3 ,act ,,ii4 ,sc4 ii4 ,footnote #ec3 ,9 opposition to ^! may1 x is true1 be cit$ ,o!llo's words to ,desdemona--,o!llo1 ,v4 #b3 ! ,duke's rem>k ab\t putt+ ! unrep5tant ,b>n>d9e to dea?--,measure = ,measure1 ,,iv4 #c3 ! dy+ spee*es ( ,buck+ham & ,ca?>9e 9 ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,iv4 #b3 ,la]tes on ,ophelia1--,hamlet1 ,v4 #a4 ,b ^! passages1 & o!rs l !m1 _c be cit$ z evid5ce to ! contr>y2 !y are m]ely dramatic utt]ances4 ,footnote #ed3 ,cf4 ,e?ics1 ,i4 x4 #aa1 & ,,iii4 vi4 #f4 ,footnote #ee3 ,%akespe>e ,comm5t>ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #fbj-a4 ,footnote #ef3 ,article on ,%akespe>e1 ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july1 #ahga1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #eg3 ,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona3 ,v4 #d4 ,,index ,,accius quot$1 #bdd ,,addison1 #ae3 #bgb3 #bha ,,s*ylus1 #ei2 quot$1 #fb2 8 descriptions ( ,nature1 #bda2 8 !ology1 #bfg3 #bfa3 #cfd ,,alc,,u1 #bhg ,,alcman quot$1 #bdj ,,alamanni1 #abc ,,anacreon1 #bhf ,,an?ology1 ,greek1 #aaf3 #aag3 #bdc ,,antima*us ( ,colophon1 8 ,poems1 #bhi ,,antipat] ( ,sidon1 #aaf ,,apollonius ,,rhodius1 #gh2 beauty ( 8 descriptions1 #bdb-c ,,ar*ilo*us quot$1 #bhg ,,ario/o quot$1 #gi2 8 ,orl&o1 #aac ,,ari/ophanes1 #bdb3 #bfj3 #bhj2 8 c5sure ( ,euripides1 #bfe ,,ari/otle1 #fc3 #fg2 influ5ce on ,sp5s]1 #abj-a2 /yle1 #abb2 8 doctr9e ( ! 1 #bfd-e2 8 /hetics1 #bfe-f2 ,poetics1 #bgd-f2 8 ,rhetoric1 #bhg ,,arm/rong1 ,dr4 ,john1 8 connection ) ,?omson1 #ccc ,,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #fc2 quot$1 #ba3 #aje3 #ajf3 #aid3 #bgb-c ,,a!n,,u1 #bic ,,ausonius1 8 ,ros1 #bdf ,,avitus1 #bea ,,bacon1 ,"l1 8 ,sylva ,sylv>um1 #aad2 8 ,lat9 /yle1 #abb2 quot$1 #ahb2 on poetry1 #bgi ,,b>clay1 8 ,arg5is1 #abi ,,b>num1 ! late ,mr41 on ,adv]tisem5t1 #aeh ,,beaconsfield1 ,"l1 quot$1 #bai ,,b5ecke1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,m41 8 ,antima*us ( ,colophon & ,position ( ,wom5 9 ,greek ,poetry review$1 #bee-ic ,,b5tley1 ,ri*>d1 #aef ,,b]nays1 ,pr(41 on ! 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