,,! ,,japanese ,,_s ,,by ,,okakura-,,yo%isaburo ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,george ,,m]$i? ,,new ,,york ,,james ,,pott ,,co4 #aije ,,to ,,my ,,bro!r ,bell>io ,sir1 if ,i h made ,a fault 9 ignorance1 in/ruct my y\?3 ,i %all be will+1 if n able1 to le>n3 ,age & exp]i5ce w adorn my m9d ,) l>g] k2 & if ,i h done ,a wilful fault1 ?9k me n pa/ all hope ,= once4 ,phila/]1 ,act4 ,,ii4 ,sc4 ,i4 ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages owe _! exi/5ce to ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,:ite1 ^: ke5 int]e/ 9 comp>ative sociology l$ to ! op5+ ( special c\rses = its inve/igation 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,p4,j4 ,h>tog1 ,academic ,regi/r> ( ! ,univ]sity1 z well z to ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,e4,r4 ,edw>ds1 :o inspir$ me ) ! c\rage to take ! pres5t task on my inexp]i5c$ %\ld]s4 ,b above all ,i r5d] ! expression ( my deepe/ obligation to ,pr(essor ,walt] ,rippmann4 ,_h x n be5 = 8 fri5dly int]e/ & help1 ,i w\ld n h be5 able ?us to come be=e an ,engli% public4 ,= ! peculi>ities ( ?\ght & language1 :i*1 if no?+ else1 might at lea/ make ! booklet wor?y ( a p]usal1 ,i naturally assume ! full responsibility myself4 ,) ^! prefatory words1 ,i v5ture to submit ?is essay to ! l5i5t reception ( my read]s4 ,,introduction ,we h _h illum9at+ books ^u ,japan4 ,^? ( ,lafcadio ,he>n w always be rememb]$ = ! poetry he br\ght 9 !m to be> ^u ! poetic aspects ( ! c\ntry & ! p4 ,buddhism _h a fasc9ation = him1 z x _h = ,mr4 ,field+ 9 8 rem>kable book on ! practice ( ?is religion 9 ,burma4#a ,!re is also ! "w ( ,capta9 ,br9kley1 to :i* we are l>gely indebt$4 ,^! ,lectures by a son ( ! l&1 deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 are comp5di\s & explicit 9 a degree t enables u to =m a summ>y ( mu* t has be5 o!rwise p>tially obscure1 s t we get ne>] to ! secret ( ?is s+ul> race ?an we h _h ! *ance ( do+ be=e4 ,he traces ! c\rse ( ,confucianism1 ,laoism1 ,%9toism1 9 ! in/ruction x has giv5 to 8 c\ntrym5 = ! practice ( virtue1 z to :i* ,lao-tze in=ms u ) a piece ( ',*9ese metaphysics' t c be _h )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! diction>y3 ',sup]ior virtue is non-virtue4 ,!re=e x has virtue4 ,inf]ior virtue nev] loses sight ( virtue4 ,!re=e x has no virtue4 ,sup]ior virtue is non-ass]tive & )\t pret5sion4 ,inf]ior virtue ass]ts & makes pret5sions4' ,x is *ildi%ly subtle & easy to be und]/ood ( a "y p 9 ^: m9ds ,buddhism & ,%9toism =m$ a "p4 ,! ,japanese h _h ! advantage ( possess+ a native ,nobility :o 7 true nobles1 n invad]s & subjugators4 ,!y 71 9 ! highe/ s5se1 m5 ( honor to :om1 be=e ! "t ( ?is dreadful w>1 ,h>a-kiri 0 an imp]ative res\rce1 "u ! smalle/ suspicion ( disgrace4 ,h[ rigidly !y und]/ood & practis$ ,virtue1 9 ! s5se above cit$1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! way !y r5\nc$ _! privileges = ! sake ( ! commonweal :5 ! gates ( ,japan 7 ?r[n op5 to ! ,we/4 ,bu%ido1 or ! 'way ( ! ,samurai1' has become almo/ an ,engli% ^w1 s greatly has x impress$ u ) ! pr9ciple ( r5unciation on behalf ( ! ,c\ntry's welf>e4 ,?is spl5did conception ( duty has be5 display$ aga9 & aga9 at ,port ,ar?ur & on ! fields ( ,man*uria1 n only by ! ,samurai1 b by a glori\s commonalty imbu$ ) ! _s ( _! *iefs4 ,all ?is is %[n cle>ly by ,pr(essor ,okakura 9 ?is valuable book4 ,x proves to g5]al compreh5sion t su* a p mu/ be unconqu]able ev5 if tempor>ily defeat$2 & t is n ! pres5t prospect ( ?+s4 ,:o c\ld conqu] a race ( =ty millions hav+ ! contempt ( dea? :5 _! c\ntry's inviolability is at /ake6 ,dea?1 moreov]1 is despis$ by !m because !y d n believe 9 x4 ',! dep>t$1 al?\gh invisible1 are ?\ght to be lead+ _! e!real life 9 ! same _w 9 mu* ! same /ate z t to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ :ile on e>?4' ,& s1 ':5 ! fa!r ( a ,japanese family beg9s a j\rney ( any l5g?1 ! rais$ "p ( 8 room w be made sacr$ to 8 memory dur+ 8 tempor>y abs5ce2 8 family w ga!r 9 front ( x & ?9k ( him1 express+ _! devotion & love 9 words & gifts 9 k9d4 ,9 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( families t h "s "o or o!r ( _! memb]s fight+ = ! nation 9 ?is dreadful w>1 !re w n be ev5 "o solit>y h\se :]e ! "m1 wife1 or si/] is n practis+ ?is simple rite ( ende>m5t = ! belov$ & abs5t memb] ( ! family4' ,sp>tans 9 ! fight1 ,/oics 9 _! grief4 ,conc]n+ ! fooli% talk ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il1 a /udi\s p]usal ( ?is book w %[ x to be fatu\s4 ,x is at lea/ unlikely 9 an extreme degree t su* a p1 reckless ( life ?\gh !y be 9 front ( dang]1 b ,epicurean 9 _! :olesome love ( pleasure & pursuit ( beauty1 w be inflat$ to insanity by ! success ( _! arms4 ,^? writ]s :o h se5 some?+ malignant & inimical beh9d _! graci\s polit5ess1 h be5 m]e visitors on ! fr+e ( ! l&1 al>m$ by _! skill 9 manufactur+ weapons & explosives--= !y are inv5tive z well z imitative1 a p n to be trifl$ )2 b ?is 0 because _! in/9ct z well z _! emiss>ies w>n$ !m ( a press+ ne$ = ! means ( w>4 ,japan & ,*9a h _h exp]i5ce ( ,we/]n nations1 & t is at ! consci5ce ( suspici\s m9ds4 ,x may be =ese5 t :5 ! end has come1 ! ,kais]1 always hon\rably eag] = ! influ5ce ( 8 p1 w draw a glove ov] ! hi/oric ',mail$ ,fi/' & (f] x to !m frankly4 ,x w surely be accept$1 & t ( ,france1 we may hope2 ,russia z well4 ,engl& is h] ally--to rema9 s1 we tru/2 ,am]ica is h] fri5d4 ,%e has1 9 fact1 won ! admiration ( ,fri5d & ,foe alike4 ,,george ,,m]$i?4 #a ,! ,s\l ( a ,p4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,_s4 ,s9ce ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,m>co ,polo1 on 8 return to ,v5ice1 wrote ab\t ',cipango1' an isl&1 z he /at$1 '#aejj miles (f ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 fabul\sly ri*1 & inhabit$ by p ( agreeable mann]s1' _m a ,we/]n p5 has be5 wield$ to tell all k9ds ( tales conc]n+ ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 ,h] long seclusion2 h] anxi\s c>e to gu>d inviolate ! simple fai? :i* _h be5 gravely ?reat5$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*2 h] he>ty welcome ( ! hon\r$ gue/s f ! ,we/1 aft] c5turies ( indep5d5t gr[?2 ! sudd51 almo/ pa!tic1 *anges %e has gone ?r\gh 9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s 9 ord] to equip h]self = a place on ! _w's /age :]e p[]s play _! game ( balance2 ! lessons %e lately taught ! /ill slumb]+ ,*9a ?r\gh ! m\?s ( ?und]+ cannon3 all ?is has call$ into exi/5ce ! expression ( op9ions & comm5ts ( v v>y+ m]it & tone2 & especially s9ce ! out-break ( ! pres5t w>1 :5 ! daily news f ! sc5es ( action1 :]e my bre?r5 are fight+ = ! cause ( wrong$ ju/ice & m5ac$ lib]ty1 is %[+ ! _w page aft] page ( patriotism & loyalty1 writt5 unmi/akably 9 ! crimson lett]s ( h]oes' blood1--all ?is has giv5 occasion to ,europe & ,am]ica to ?9k ! matt] ov] afre%4 ,"h y h at lea/ a nation diff]5t 9 h] developm5t f any exi/+ p 9 ! ,occid5t4 ,gov]n$ f "t immemorial by ! imm$iate desc5dants ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 ^: m]ciful rule e>ly taught u to (f] !m our volunt>y tribute ( devotion & love1 we h bas$ our social sy/em on filial piety1 t necess>y outcome ( ance/or-wor%ip :i* presupposes altruism on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r loyalty & love ( ! fa!rl&4 ,diff]5t doctr9es ( religion & morality h f\nd _! way f _! cont95tal homes to ! silv]y %ores ( ! ,l& ( ! ,gods1 only to r5d] _! sev]al s]vices t[>ds consolidat+ & wid5+ ! s-call$ ',div9e ,pa?1' t national cult ^: unwritt5 t5ets h lurk$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s hidd5 9 ! mo/ sacr$ corn] ( our he>ts1 ^: pulse is ev] beat+ its rhy?m ( patriotism & loyalty4 ,buddhi/ metaphysics1 ,confucian & ,taoi/ philosophy1 h be5 fus$ toge!r 9 ! furnace ( ,%9toism = fifte5 c5turies & a half1 & t ap>t f ! out] _w1 9 ! isl& home ( ,japan1 :]e ! blue sky looks d[n on gay blossoms & gracefully slop+ m\nta9s4 ,! f9al amalgamation ( ^! =ces produces1 among o!r results1 ! works ( art & ! feats ( brav]y n[ be=e y1 ea* be>+ ! ineffaceable hall-m>ks ( ,japan's pa/ hi/ory4 ,surely "h y are face to face ) a p wor?y ( s]i\s inve/igation1 n only f ! dis9t]e/$ po9t ( view ( a folk-psy*ologi/4 ,x is a /udy :i* w op5 to any imp>tial obs]v] a new horizon1 m s ?an w\ld be ! case if he attempt$ ! sociological int]pretation ( a nation ! hi/ory ( ^: developm5t 0 almo/ id5tical ) t ( 8 own4 ,"h he meets totally diff]5t sets ( ?+s ) totally diff]5t ways ( look+ at !m2 & ?is gives him ample occasion to realise ! fact t human ?\ght & action may evolve 9 sev]al =ms & ?r\gh sev]al *annels be=e !y rea* _! respective culm9ation :]e !y all1 reg>dless ( _! orig9al diff]5ces1 melt into ! common sea ( tru?4 ,b ?is simple fact t ',god fulfills ,himself 9 _m ways1' z y\r ,t5nyson has x1 s necess>y to ensure fre$om f national bigotry & conv5tional ignorance1 s necess>y too = a prop] und]/&+ ( oneself z ! cumulative product ( a nation's hi/ory1 has n always be5 kept 9 m9d1 ev5 by ^? o!rwise well-mean+ au?ors1 ^: works h "s *>m z descriptive writ+1 b give only a sup]ficial & (t5 mislead+ acc\nt ( ! inn] life ( ! nation4 ,true1 a great deal ( excell5t "w has be5 a*iev$ by a numb] ( s*ol>s ( la/+ m]it1 f ,kaempfe's memorable "w fir/ publi%$ 9 its ,engli% translation z e>ly z #agbg1 d[n to ! admirable ,int]pretation writt5 la/ ye> by ! late ,mr4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 9 ^: dea? ,japan lo/ "o ( h] mo/ preci\s fri5ds1 possess+ z he did ! s*ol>'s insight & ! poet's p51 two heav5ly gifts seldom f\nd unit$ 9 a s+le man4 ,x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! rem>kable lab\r ( two le>n$ bodies1 ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 & ! ,deuts*e ,gesells*aft fr ,natur- und ,vlk]kunde ,o/asi5s1 bo? ) _! headqu>t]s 9 ,tky--9 ^: indefatigable rese>*es ! ',japan ,society' 9 ?is city has ably jo9$ s9ce #ahib--t mo/ valuable data h be5 con/antly br\ght to light1 furni%+ = future /ud5ts sure bases = wid] g5]alizations4 ,b ow+ to ! num]\s h9drances--"s ( :i* look almo/ insurm\ntable to ! ,we/]n inve/igator--a fair syn!tic int]pretation ( ,japan z a nation1 expla9+ all ! important =ces t und]lie ! psy*ic & physical ph5om5a1 /ill rema9s to be writt54 ,! mo/ =midable ( ! difficulties :i* meet a ,european or ,am]ican /ud5t at ! v ?re%old ( 8 rese>*es is ! totally diff]5t con/ruction ( ,japanese society1 a difficulty :i* makes x impossible to und]/& prop]ly any set ( ! ph5om5a belong+ to x ap>t f ! o!rs :i* surr\nd !m4 ,"o c\ld z well cut a s+le me% f a net )\t prejudice to ! neighb\r+ ones6 ,! prop] und]/&+ ( ?+s ,japanese !re=e presupposes fre$om f y\r conv5tional philosophy ( life1 & ! p[] ( view+ ?+s ?r\gh o!r p's eyes4 ,besides ?is ob/acle1 !re are _m o!rs2 = example1 t ( ! language4 ,l mo/ o!r nations 9 ! ,ea/1 we h be5 accu/om$1 up to ?is v day1 to use a writt5 language1 divid$ )9 itself into sev]al /yles1 :i* is consid]ably diff]5t f ! v]nacul>4 ,to make ?is /ate ( ?+s /ill m complicat$1 ,*9ese *>act]s are pr(usely resort$ to 9 ! native writ+s1 & are us$ n only z s _m ideographs = words ( ,*9ese orig91 b also to repres5t native words4 ,to make confusion worse conf\nd$1 !y are n infrequ5tly us$ z pure phonetic symbols )\t any fur!r mean+ atta*+ to !m4 ,s "o & ! same sign may be read 9 half a doz5 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! h9ts1 m or less sure1 giv5 by ! context4 ,all ?is makes ! /udy ( ,japanese imm5sely difficult4 ,x is difficult ev5 = a ,japanese ) ! be/ opportunities2 a hundr$ times m s1 !n1 = a ,we/]n s*ol> :o1 if he c>es to /udy ! subject at fir/ h& at all1 beg9s ?is /udy1 comp>atively speak+1 late 9 life1 :5 8 memory has well-nigh lo/ ! capacity ( be>+ su* an enorm\s burd56 ,/ill1 !re h be5 _m ,we/]n s*ol>s :o1 no?+ daunt$ by ! above-m5tion$ h9drances1 h done mu* valuable "w4 ,engli% names l ^? ( ,sir ,e4 ,sat[1 ,g4,w4 ,a/on1 ,b4,h4 ,*amb]la91 ,lafcadio ,he>n are to be gratefully rememb]$ by all future /ud5ts 9 ?is field ( inquiry1 z well z su* ,g]man s*ol>s z ,dr4 ,baelz & ,dr4 ,flor5z4 ,leav+ ! enum]ation ( g5]al works on ,japan1 ^: "n is legion1 = "s o!r "t1 let me m5tion "o or two ( ^? works ( ref]5ce :i* a w\ld-be ,engli% s*ol> ( ,japanese matt]s might f9d v useful4 ,fir/ ( all ,mr4 ,b4,h4 ,*amb]la9's ,?+s ,japanese--a book :i* gave bir? to ,mr4 ,j4,d4 ,hall's equally indisp5sable ,?+s ,*9ese--conta9+ 9 cyclopdic =m a m9e ( in=mation ab\t ,japan4 ,dr4 ,w5ck/]n's pa9/ak+ ,japanese ,bibliography1 ) ,m4 de ,losny's e>li] attempt z a supplem5t1 gives y ! li/ ( all writ+s on ,japan 9 ,european tongues t h appe>$ up to #ahie4 ,= ^? :o want good books on ! ,japanese language1 ,mr4 ,a/on's ,gramm> ( ! ,japanese ,writt5 ,language1 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's ,h&book ( ,colloquial ,japanese1 z well z ! same au?or's ,monzi-no-,%irubi1 a ,practical ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,japanese ,writ+1 are ! be/4 ,z = books on ! subject f ! p5 ( ! ,japanese !mselves1 ,dr4 ,nitobe's ,bu%ido1 ,explanations ( ! ,japanese ,?\ght1 & my bro!r ,k4 ,okakura's ,ideals ( ! ,ea/1 besides a volume by sev]al well-kn[n ,japanese1 entitl$ ,japan by ! ,japanese1 are to be specially m5tion$4#a #a ,pr(essor ,t4 ,in\ye's little pamphlet1 publi%$ fir/ 9 ,fr5*1 entitl$ ,sur le ,dveloppem5t des ,ides ,philosophiques au ,japon avant l',introduction de la ,civilisation ,europenne1 w give y "s idea ( our philosophic sy/ems4 ,= a s]i\s p]usal1 its ,g]man translation1 annotat$ & amplifi$1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,gramatzky 7,kurze b]si*t b] die ,entwicklung d] philosophis*5 ,ide5 9 ,japan1 ,b]l91 #ahig71 is to be pref]r$4 ,:at ,i myself propose to d 9 ?is essay is to give to ! be/ ( my ability1 & s f> z is possible ) ! scanty k & ! limit$ space at my disposal1 a simple /atem5t 9 pla9 language ( :at ,i ?9k to be ! fundam5tal tru?s necess>y = ! prop] und]/&+ ( my fa!rl&4 ,i am n va9 en\gh to attempt any orig9al solution ( ! old difficulty2 kn[+ z ,i d my own defici5cies1 ,i %\ld be well satisfi$ if ,i c\ld manage to give y "s k9d ( g5]al introduction to ! ,japanese views ( life4 ,s mu* = ! prelim9>y rem>ks4 ,let u n[ take a /ep fur!r & see :at factors are to be consid]$ z ! bases ( mod]n ,japan4 ',to :i* race d ! ,japanese belong8' is ! fir/ "q ask$ by any "o :o wants to approa* our subject f ! hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,un=tunately n mu* is kn[n z yet ab\t our place 9 racial sci5ce4 ,if we d n take into acc\nt ! inhabitants ( ! newly annex$ isl& ( ,=mosa1 we h1 r\ghly speak+1 two v diff]5t races 9 our :ole ar*ipelago--! hairy ,a9o & ! rul+ ,yamato race1 ! =m] be+ ! suppos$ aborig9es1 physically /urdy & well develop$1 ) _! *>act]i/ic abundant gr[? ( hair1 :o are at pres5t to be f\nd only 9 ! ,yezo isl& 9 ! nor!rn extremity ( ,japan1 & ^: numb]1 not)/&+ all ! c>e ( our gov]nm5t1 is fa/ dw9dl+1 ! sum total be+ n mu* m ?an #ae1jjj4 ,! ,a9o h a tradition t ! l& _h be5 occupi$ be=e !m by ano!r race ( dw>fi% /ature call$ ,koropokguru1 :o are id5tifi$ by "s s*ol>s ) ^? primitive pit-dwell]s kn[n 9 our hi/ory z ,tu*igumo1#b ^: traces1 al?\gh scanty1 are /ill to be met ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,yezo4 ,anyh[1 we see at ! fir/ dawn ( hi/ory ! aborig9es gradually rec$+ be=e ! conqu]+ ,yamato race1 :o are f\nd /eadily pu%+ on t[>ds ! nor!a/1 & :o f9ally e/abli%$ !mselves z a rul+ body "u ! div9e bann] ( ! fir/ emp]or ,jimmu1 f ^: accession we reckon our era1 ! pres5t ye> be+ ! #befe?1 accord+ to our recognis$ way ( c\nt+ dates4 #b ,pr(essor ,milne1 ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 vol4 viii4 p4 #hb4 ,sugge/ions1 audaci\s r ?an /rictly sci5tific1 h be5 put =w>d z to ! orig9al home bo? ( ! ,a9o & ! ,japanese4 ,! ,rev4 ,i4 ,dooman1 = in/ance1 propos$ 9 8 pap] read be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 9 #ahig to d]ive bo? f ! p :o _h be5 liv+1 accord+ to him1 on bo? sides ( ! great ,himalayan range4 ',! ,a9o1' he says1 '! fir/ inhabitants ( ^! 7,japanese7 isl&s1 belong to ! ,s\? ,himalayan ,c5tre2 :ile ! ,japanese1 ! second com]s1 belong to ! ,nor? ,himalayan1 commonly call$ ,altaic races4'#c ,b 9 face ( ! scanty k at our comm& ab\t ! respective sets ( p 9 "q1 su* :olesale conjecture _h bett] be po/pon$ until "s lat] "t1 :5 fur!r rese>* %all h suppli$ sur] data = our speculations4 ,z reg>ds ! ,a9o1 we mu/ = ! pres5t say1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 t1 rememb]+ h[ ! ,a9o race is isolat$ f all o!r liv+ races by its hair9ess & by ! extraord9>y flatt5+ ( ! tibia & hum]us1 x is n /range to f9d ! language isolat$ too4#d #c ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 vol4 xxv4 ,) respect to ! ,japanese prop]1 ! only ?+ kn[n ab\t _! racial aff9ity is ! !ory propos$ by ! ,g]man s*ol> ,dr4 ,baelz1 z ! result ( 8 elaborate measurem5ts bo? ( liv+ specim5s & skeletons4#e ,he consid]s ! ,yamato race to belong to ! ,mongolian /ock ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 f :]e !y proce$$ to ,japan by way ( ! ,corean p59sula4 ,!re are two di/9ct types noticeable among !m at pres5t1 "o *>act]is$ by a delicate1 ref9$ appe>ance1 ) oval face1 r oblique eyes1 slightly ,roman nose1 & a frame n vigor\s yet well proportion$2 ! o!r m>k$ out by broad] face1 project+ *eek bones1 flat nose1 & horizontal eyes1 :ile ! body is m robu/ & muscul>1 ?\gh n s well proportion$ & regul>4 ,! =m] is to be met ) among ! bett] classes & 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,japan1 :ile ! specim5s ( ! latt] are f\nd r among ! lab\r+ population1 & are m abundant 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,?is diff]5ce ( types1 ari/ocratic & plebeian1 :i* is /ill m conspicu\s among ! fair sex1 is ) good reason attribut$ to ! two-fold wave ( ,mongolian emigration :i* rea*$ our isl& 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! fir/ emigrants1 consi/+ ( co>s] tribes ( ! ,mongolian race1 l&$ mo/ probably on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ma9 isl& some:]e 9 ! pres5t ,idzumo prov9ce1 & settl$ d[n !re1 :ile ! second wave broke on ! %ores ( ,ky%4 ,^! emigrants seem to h belong$ to ! m ref9$ bran* ( ! great ,mongolian /ock4 ,?is hypo!sis is borne out by our my?ology1 :i* divides itself into two cycles1 "o c5tr+ at ,idzumo & ! o!r at ,ky%1 & :i* tell u h[ ! great-gr&fa!r ( ! fir/ great emp]or ,jimmu desc5d$ f heav5 on to ! peak ( ! m\nta9 ,taka*iho 9 ,hyga 9 ,ky%4 ,accompani$ by 8 bro!r1 he />t$ f ?is spot on 8 m>* ( conqu]+ migration to ,yamato1 fight+ & subdu+ on 8 way tribes :o on ! cont95t 7 once 8 ki? & k94 #d ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tky1 vol4 i4 #e ,die krp]li*5 ,eig5s*aft5 d] ,japan]1 vols4 xxviii4 & xxxii4 ( ,mit!ilung5 d] ,gesells*aft fr die ,natur- und ,vlk]kunde ,o/asi5s4 ,x might p]haps int]e/ y to "k some?+ ( our prevail+ idea ( p]sonal beauty1 especially z1 9 su* a homog5e\s nation z ! ,japanese1 rul$ f "t immemorial by "o & ! same l9e ( dyna/y1 x may help u to make "s vague conjectures z to ! physical appe>ances ( at lea/ "o ( ^? cont95tal tribes out ( :i* our nation has be5 =m$4 ,! /&>d ( beauty naturally fluctuates a little accord+ to sex & locality4 ,9 a lady1 = example1 mildness & grace are1 g5]ally speak+1 pref]r$ to t /r5g? or manl9ess ( expression :i* w\ld be ?\ght m becom+ 9 h] bro!r4 ,tky aga9 does n put s mu* /ress on ! fle%9ess ( limbs & face z does ,kyto4 ,b1 z a :ole1 !re is only "o ideal ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,s let me try to enum]ate all ! qualities usually consid]$ necess>y to make a beautiful woman4 ,%e is to possess a body n mu* exce$+ five feet 9 height1 ) comp>atively fair sk9 & proportionately well-develop$ limbs2 a head cov]$ ) long1 ?ick1 & jet-black hair2 an oval face ) a /raight nose1 high & n>r[2 r l>ge eyes1 ) l>ge deep-br[n pupils & ?ick eyela%es2 a small m\?1 hid+ beh9d its r$1 b n ?91 lips1 ev5 r[s ( small :ite tee?2 e>s n altoge!r small2 & long & ?ick eyebr[s =m+ two horizontal b slightly curv$ l9es1 ) a space left betwe5 !m & ! eyes4 ,( ! f\r ways 9 :i* hair c gr[ r\nd ! upp] edge ( ! =ehead1 viz41 horn$1 squ>e1 r\nd1 & ,fuji-%ap$1 "o ( ! la/ two is pref]r$1 a v high z well z a v l[ =ehead be+ consid]$ n attractive4 ,su* are1 r\ghly speak+1 ! elem5ts ( ,japanese female beauty4 ,eyes & eyebr[s ) ! out] ends turn+ consid]ably upw>ds1 ) :i* y\r arti/s depict u1 are due to ^? ,japanese col\r pr9ts :i* /rongly acc5tuate our dislike ( ! rev]se1 = /raight eyes & eyebr[s make a v bad impression on u1 sugge/+ weakness1 lascivi\sness1 & s on4 ,x mu/ also be und]/ood t 9 ,japan no su* v>iety ( types ( beauty is to be met ) z is notic$ "h 9 ,europe4 ,blue eyes & blond hair1 ! *>ms ( :i* we fir/ le>n to feel aft] a protract$ /ay among y1 are reg>d$ 9 a ,japanese z some?+ extraord9>y 9 no fav\rable s5se ( ! t]m6 ,a girl ) ev5 a slight t5d5cy to grey eyes or frizzly hair is look$ ^u z an unwelcome deviation f ! national type4 ,if we n[ consid] our my?ology1 ) a view to trac+ ! cont95tal home ( ! ,yamato race1 we f9d1 to our disappo9tm5t1 t our pres5t k is too scanty to all[ u to arrive at a conclusion4 ,inde$1 s long z ! g5]al sci5ce ( my?ology itself rema9s 9 t unsettl$ condition 9 :i* its y\? obliges x to l+]1 & especially s long z ! ,indian & ,*9ese bodies ( my?s--by :i* our my?ology is s unmi/akably influ5c$--d n receive m s]i\s sy/ematic treatm5t1 ! record$ /ories ( ! ,japanese deities _c be expect$ to supply u ) mu* indication z to our cont95tal home4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9 ab\t !m1 t !y 7 n free f influ5ces ex]t$ by ! diff]5t my?s preval5t among ! ,*9ese & ! ,indians at ! "t :5 !y 7 writt5 d[n 9 our e>lie/ hi/ory1 ! ,ko-ji-ki or ,records ( ,anci5t ,matt]1 complet$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gab4 ,!re is an excell5t ,engli% translation ( ! book1 ) an admirable introduction & notes1 by ,mr4 ,b4,h4 ,*amb]la94 ,accord+ to ?is book1 ! orig9al e!real *aos ) :i* ! _w began gradually congeal$1 & 0 f9ally divid$ into heav5 & e>?4 ,! male & female pr9ciples n[ at "w gave bir? to sev]al deities1 until a pair ( deities nam$ ,izanagi & ,izanami1 or ! ',male-:o-invites' & ! ',female-:o-invites1' 7 produc$4 ,!y m>ri$1 & produc$ fir/ ( all ! isl&s ( ,japan big & small1 & !n diff]5t deities1 until ! bir? ( ! ,fire-,god co/ ! div9e "m h] life4 ,%e subsequ5tly retir$ to ! ,l& ( ,d>kness or ,hades1 :]e h] sorr[ful consort desc5d$1 ,orpheus-l1 9 que/ ( 8 sp\se4 ,he fail$ to br+ h] back to ! out] _w1 =1 l ! ,greek musician1 he broke 8 promise n to look at h] 9 h] m pr(\nd retirem5t4 ,! result 0 disa/r\s4 ,izanagi b>ely escap$ f 8 n[ furi\s wife1 & on com+ back to daylight he wa%$ himself 9 a /ream1 9 ord] to purify himself f ! hide\s sights & ! pollution ( ! ne!r-_w4 ,?is cu/om ( lu/ration is1 by ! way1 kept up to ?is day 9 ! symbolic spr9kl+ ( salt ov] p]sons return+ f a fun]al--salt repres5t+ pure wat]1 z our "n = x1 '! fl[] ( ! waves1' well indicates4 ,our love ( cleanl9ess & ( ba?+ might be also recognis$ 9 ?is e>ly cu/om4 ,impurity1 :e!r m5tal or corporal1 has always be5 reg>d$ z a great evil1 & ev5 z a s94 ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! purification ( ! god ,izanagi 0 ! bir? ( ?ree important deities ?r\gh ! wa%+ ( 8 eyes & nose4 ,! ,moon-,god & ! ,sun-,goddess em]g$ f 8 wa%+ 8 "r & left eyes1 :ile ,susan[o1 _! y\nge/ bro!r1 ow$ 8 exi/5ce to ! wa%+ ( 8 nose2 ?ree illu/ri\s *ildr5 to :om ! div9e fa!r tru/$ ! dom9ion ( night1 day1 & ! seas4 ,! la/-m5tion$ deity1 ^: "n w\ld mean 9 ,engli% ',pr9ce ,impetu\s1' lo/ 8 fa!r's fav\r by 8 ob/9ate long+ to see ,izanami1 ! div9e "m1 9 ,hades1 & 0 expell$ f ! fa!r's pres5ce4 ,he ev5tually w5t up to heav5 to pay a visit to 8 si/]1 ! ,sun-,goddess1 :om he gravely (f5d$ by 8 mon/r\s outrages on h] p]son1 & :o 0 consequ5tly s angry t %e %ut h]self up 9 a rocky *amb]1 ?us caus+ d>kness 9 ! _w outside4 ,9 accordance ) ! delib]ate plans work$ out by an assembly ( a myriad gods1 %e 0 at la/ allur$ f h] cav]n by ! s\nds ( wild m]rim5t caus$ by ! burlesque danc+ ( a female deity1 & day reign$ once m4 ,! n[ rep5t+ (f5d] 0 driv5 d[n f heav51 & he w&]$ ab\t ! e>?4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is w&]+ t 9 ,idzumo he1 l ,p]seus1 rescu$ a beautiful "y maid f an eight-head$ s]p5t4 ,he won h] h& & liv$ v happily ) h] ev] aft]4 ,9 ! meantime ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ',high ,pla9 ( ,heav5' rip5$ to ! po9t t ! ,sun-,goddess began to ?9k ( s5d+ h] augu/ *ild to gov]n ! ',luxuriant-,re$-,pla9-,l&-(-,fre%-,rice -,e>s1' t is to say1 ,japan4 ,messages 7 previ\sly s5t to pacify ! l& = ! reception ( ! div9e rul]4 ,?is took mu* "t1 dur+ :i* a gr&son 0 born to ! ,sun-,goddess1 & 9 ! end x 0 ?is gr&son :o 0 designat$ to come d[n to e>? in/ead ( 8 fa!r4 ,on 8 dep>ture a =mal comm& to desc5d & rule ! l& n[ plac$ "u 8 c>e 0 accompani$ by ! pres5t ( a mirror1 a sword1 & a /r+ ( cresc5t-%ap$ jewels4 ,^! treasures1 /ill pres]v$ 9 our imp]ial h\sehold z regalia1 are g5]ally int]pret$ to mean ! ?ree virtues ( wisdom1 c\rage1 & m]cy--necess>y qualities = a p]fect rul]4 ,x 0 on ! high peak ( ,m\nt ,taka*iho t ! div9e rul] desc5d$ to e>?4 ,he settl$ d[n 9 ! c\ntry until 8 great-gr&son1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,emp]or ,jimmu1 f\nd$ ! empire & began t unique l9e ( rul]s :o h gov]n$ ! ',l& ( ! ,gods' = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ! pres5t emp]or be+ ! hundr$ & tw5ty-fir/ l9k 9 ! et]nal *a94 ,su* is1 9 brief1 ! /ory ab\t my c\ntry be=e x 0 br\ght "u ! rule ( "o c5tral gov]n+ body4 ,subject$ to sci5tific scrut9y ! :ole tale pres5ts _m gaps 9 logical sequ5ce4 ,x betrays1 besides1 traces ( an int]m+l+ ( ! e>ly beliefs ( o!r nations4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be said t ! div9e orig9 ( our emp]ors has inve/$ _! ?rone ) ! d\ble halo ( temporal & ( spiritual p[] f ! e>lie/ days ( _! asc5dancy2 & ! p1 !mselves ! desc5dants ( ^? patri>*s :o s]v$ "u ! bann]s ( ,emp]or ,jimmu1 or else ( ^? :o e>ly le>n$ to b[ !mselves d[n be=e ! div9e conqu]or1 h look$ up to ?is ?rone ) an ev]-gr[+ rev]5ce & pride4 ,9 primitive ,japan1 z 9 e o!r primitive human society1 ance/or-wor%ip 0 ! fir/ =m ( belief4 ,ea* family _h its own dep>t$ spirits ( =efa!rs to :om 0 d$icat$ a daily homage ( simple words & (f]+s 9 k9d4 ,! gu>dian gho/s dem&$ ( _! liv+ desc5dants t !y %\ld be good & brave 9 _! own way4 ,z ^! families ( ! same race & language ga!r$ !mselves ar\nd ! /ronge/ ( !m all1 imbu$ ) a firm belief 9 its div9e orig91 !y contribut$ 9 _! turn _! own my?s to ! imp]ial ones1 ?us ev5tually =m+ & consolidat+ a national cult2 & x 0 b natural t ! p's he>t %\ld come 9 c\rse ( "t to re-e*o 9 h>mony ) ! keynote /ruck by ! "o ?r\gh :om ! gods brea! et]nal life4 ,! :ole nation is b\nd by t sacr$ tie ( common belief & common ?\ght4 ,"h lies ! great gap t sep>ates1 = example1 ! ,*9ese cult ( fatalism f our ,pa? ( ,gods z a moral =ce4 ,! ,*9ese h believ$ f ! e>lie/ times 9 "o supreme god :om !y call$ ! ,div9e ,presid] 7,%ang-ti7 or ! ,augu/ ,heav5 7,hwang-t'i5 or simply ,t'i571 :o1 accord+ to _! notion1 c>efully selects a fit p]son f among sw>m+ mank9d to be ! tempor>y rul] ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 b only = s long z x pleases ! god to let him occupy ! ?rone4 ,at ! expiration ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 ! heav5ly mission 7,t'i5-m+7 is transf]r$ ?r\gh blood%$ & national disa/] to ano!r mortal1 :o ex]cises ! e>?ly rule until he or 8 desc5dants incur ! disfav\r ( ! ',heav5 above4' ,to ?is day ! ,*9ese ^w = revolution means ! 'r5ovation ( missions' 7kweh-m+74 ,?is fatali/ic idea1 :i* is b a natural outcome ( ! almo/ too democratic nature ( ! p ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire & ( ! frequ5t *anges ( dyna/ies x has _h to g ?r\gh1 is almo/ unkn[n 9 our isl& home 9 its grave/ aspects2 m ?an t1 ev] s9ce its introduction into ,japan1 ?is idea1 along ) ! ,indian doctr9e ( pitiless fate1 has gradually taught u to (f] a m resign$ & det]m9$ s]vice to our respective sup]iors :o culm9ate 9 ! div9e p]son ( ! ,emp]or himself4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t no attempt at ! =mal occupation ( ! ?rone has ev] be5 made1 ev5 on ! "p ( ^? p[]ful ,%oguns :o 7 ! real rul]s ( our c\ntry2 !y knew full well h[ dang]\s & fatal = !mselves x w\ld be to tamp] ) t h+e on :i* ! nation's religi\s life turns4 ,only once 9 our long hi/ory is !re an example ( an unsuccessful attempt 7& x is ! highe/ treason a ,japanese subject c ?9k (71 :5 a ,buddhi/ monk nam$ ,dky1 enc\rag$ by ! undue devotion ( ! rul+ empress1 tri$ to asc5d ! ?rone by means ( ! recognition ( ! high] temporal rank ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood ov] ! imp]ial m9i/ry ( ! native cult4 ,?is imm95t dang] 0 av]t$ by ! bold & resolute patriotism ( a ,%9to prie/1 ,wake-no-,kiyom>o1 :o1 9 ,lu!r-l defiance ( all p]il & p]sonal risks1 decl>$ fe>lessly1 9 ! v pres5ce ( ! haughty & m5ac+ head ( ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*1 ! div9e w1 ',japan is to "k no emp]or except 9 ! p]son ( ! div9e desc5dants ( ! ,sun-,goddess6' ,turn+ n[ to ! "q ( language1 we mu/ confess t ! l+ui/ic aff9ities ( ,japanese are z little cle>$ up z ! o!r problems we h be5 consid]+4 ,! only ?+ we "k ab\t ! ,japanese language am\nts to ?is3 x belongs1 morphologically speak+1 to ! s-call$ agglut9ative languages1 e4g41 ^? :i* express _! grammatical functions by ! addition ( etymologically indep5d5t elem5ts--prefixes & suffixes--to ! un*angeable roots or base =ms4 ,g5ealogically1 to foll[ ! classification exp\nd$ by ,fri$ri* ,mll] 9 8 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 :o bas$ 8 sy/em on ,haeckel's division ( ! human race by ! nature & p>ticul>ly ! section ( ! hair1 ,japanese is "o ( ! languages or gr\ps ( languages spok5 by ! ,mongolian race4 ,b ?is *>act]isation ( our tongue does n help u mu*4 ,"o c\ld z well po9t to ! ,ea/ at l>ge to %[ :]e ,japan lies6 ,not)/&+ ! g5]al unc]ta9ty z reg>ds ! exact position ( our language1 ?is mu* is sure1 t ,japanese has1 9 spite ( ! imm5se numb] ( loan-words ( ,*9ese orig91 no fundam5tal connection ) ! monosyllabic language ( ,*9a1 ^: diff]5t syntactical nature & want ( common roots baffles ! attempts on ! "p ( "s speculative ,europeans to connect x ) our own tongue4 ,at ! same "t1 x is well kn[n among compet5t s*ol>s t ,japanese1 ) its mo/ di/ant dialect ,lu*uan1 be>s great k9%ip to ! ,corean1 ,man*urian1 & ,mongolian languages4 ,x %>es ) !m1 besides ! dislike ( comm5c+ a ^w ) a trill$ s\nd or ) a sonant1 almo/ ! same rules = ! arrangem5t ( ! compon5t elem5ts ( a s5t5ce4 ,accord+ to ! ,japanese syntax1 ! foll[+ rules c1 = in/ance1 be appli$ to ,corean )\t alt]ation3-- #a4 ,all ! qualify+ words & phrases are put be=e ^? !y qualify4 ,attributive adjectives & adv]bs1 & _! equival5ts1 are plac$ be=e n\ns & v]bs !y modify4 #b4 ,! grammatical subject /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #c4 ,pr$icative elem5ts are at ! end ( a s5t5ce4 #d4 ,direct & indirect objects foll[ ! subject4 #e4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces prec$e ! pr9cipal ones4 ,"o ?+ wor?y ( notice is ! fact t1 not)/&+ ! mo/ conv9c+ /ructural simil>ity t exi/s betwe5 ^! affiliat$ languages1 !y conta91 comp>atively speak+1 few words 9 common1 ev5 among ! num]als & p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* h play$ su* an important "p 9 ,indo-,european philology4 ,we mu/ /ill wait a long "t be=e a bett] k ( l+ui/ic aff9ity reveals su* decisive l9ks ( connection z w enable u to trace our ,japanese home on ! cont95t4 ,let u n[ consid] :at 7 ! effects ( ! cont95tal civilisation on ! m5tal developm5t ( ! ,japanese )9 _! insul> home4 ,be=e ent]+ into details ab\t ! v>i\s cont95tal doctr9es implant$ 9 our c\ntry f ,*9a & ,india1 x may be well to tell y some?+ ( ! m5tal attitude ( ! ,japanese 9 fac+ a new =m ( culture1 9 _m s5ses f> sup]ior to _! own4 ,no?+ def9ite c p]haps be said ab\t x2 b :5 we grope along ! ma9 cord ( hi/orical ph5om5a we ?9k we f9d t ! ,japanese z a :ole are n a p ) mu* aptitude = deep metaphysical ways ( ?9k+4 ,!y are n ( ! calibre f :i* y expect a ,kant or a ,s*op5hau]4 ,w>like by nature m ?an any?+ else1 !y h be5 kn[n f ! v beg9n+ to h _h ! soldi]-l simplicity & ! easy cont5tm5t ( m5 ( action--qualities :i* ! practical nature ( ,confucian e?ics _h ample *ance to develop4 ,! ab/ruse conceptions ( ,*9ese or ,indian orig9 h be5 receiv$ into ! ,japanese m9d j z !y 7 prea*$1 & usually we h n tr\bl$ ourselves to ?9k !m out aga92 b 9 accordance ) our peculi>ly quick habit ( p]ceiv+ ! inn] mean+ ( ?+s1 we h g5]alis$ !m /raight away & turn$ !m imm$iately into s _m work+ pr9ciples4 ,!re are any numb] ( in/ances ( slight h9ts giv5 by "s p on ! cont95t & work$ out to suit our own purposes into maxims ( imm$iate & practical value4 ,ideals 9 _! orig9al home are ideals no long] 9 our isl& home4 ,!y are int]pret$ into s _m realities ) a direct be>+ on our daily life4 ,we h be5 & are1 ev5 to ?is day1 always 9 ne$ ( "s new h9ts & sugge/ions to "w up into s _m dynamic =ces = practical use4 ,^u ,europe & ,am]ica ! full p[] ( our m5tal se>*light is n[ play+1 9 que/ ( ^? new ideas = future developm5t = :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to draw ma9ly on ,*9a & ,india4 ,ev5 su* a commonplace ?+ z ! dr9k+ ( a cup ( tea becomes 9 our h&s some?+ m3 x becomes a tra9+ 9 /oic s]5ity1 9 ! capacity ( smil+ at life's tr\bles & di/urbances4 ,"s day y might le>n f u a new philosophy bas$ on ! use ( motor c>s & telephones z appli$ to life & conduct6 ,?is1 z y w see1 expla9s :y we h fail$ to produce any orig9al ?9k]s2 ?is is :y we h to recognise our indebt$ness = almo/ all ! important ideas :i* h br\ght ab\t social innovation ei!r to ,*9a or to ,india1 or else to ! mod]n ,we/]n nations2 & ?is not)/&+ s _m national idiosyncrasies & *>act]i/ics :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! productions ( our art & 9 our life & ways1 & :i* are ev5 z h&fuls ( gra9 ga!r$ 9 =eign fields & brew$ into a national dr9k ( utt]ly ,japanese flav\r4 ,we are1 ,i ?9k1 a p ( ! ,pres5t & ! ,tangible1 ( ! broad ,daylight & ! pla9ly ,visible4 ,! und5iable proclivity ( our m9d 9 fav\r ( det]m9ation & action1 z contra/$ ) delib]ation & calm1 makes x an uncong5ial gr\nd = ! sublimity & gr&eur ( t 'loa!d melan*oly1 ( ,c]b]us & blacke/ midnight born1' to take deep root 9 x4 ,pure reason+ z su* has _h = u little value beyond ! help x af=ds u 9 h>b\r+ our drift+ ?\ght 9 "s ne>e/ port1 :]e we c foll[ any peaceful occupation r ?an be fight+ :at we %\ld call a useless fight ) tr\bl$ bill[s & unfa?omable dep?s4 ,su*1 accord+ to my p]sonal view1 are ! facts ab\t our m5tality consid]$ g5]ally4 ,& n[ x is necess>y to speak ( ! ma9 waves ( cult & culture t successively wa%$ our %ores4 ,! fir/ m5tion 9 our hi/ory ( ! introduction ( ! ,*9ese le>n+ into ! imp]ial h\sehold places x 9 ! reign ( ! fifte5? emp]or -j91 9 ! ye> #bhd aft] ,*ri/ accord+ to ! e>lie/ native records1 b accord+ to m tru/wor?y rec5t computation#f consid]ably lat] ?an t date4 ,we are told t a c]ta9 pr9ce 0 put "u ! tutor%ip ( a le>n$ ,corean s*ol> ( ,*9ese1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( ! emp]or1 came ov] to ,japan ) ! ,confucian ,analects 7,iun-y7 & "s o!r ,*9ese classics z a tribute f ! ,k+ ( ,kud>a4 ,b long be=e ! le>n+ ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire f\nd its way ?r\gh ,corea into our imp]ial c\rt1 x _h 9 all probability be5 mak+ its sil5t influ5ce felt "h & !re among ! ,japanese p4 ,great sw>ms ( immigrants _h s\ght a f9al place ( re/ 9 our sea-girt c\ntry f _m p>ts ( ,*9a1 :]e rag+ tyranny & m5ac+ despotism made life intol]able ev5 = ,*9ese meekness2 ^!1 & ! b&s ( d>+ invad]s :i* ,japan s5t out f "t to "t to ! ,corean & ,*9ese coa/s1 _h giv5 u _m opportunities ( com+ into contact ) ! le>n+ preval5t among our cont95tal neighb\rs4 ,9 ?is mann] ,*9ese lit]ature1 ) its gr\ndwork ( ,confucian e?ics1 surr\nd$ by ! /range lore d]iv$ f ,taoism1 & p]haps also f ,h9du s\rces1 _h be5 gradually b surely attract+ ! ev]-increas+ att5tion ( our w>like =efa!rs1 :o 7 to become 9 c\rse ( "t its devot$ admir]s4 #f ,cp4 ,brams5's ,japanese ,*ronological ,tables4 ,n[1 ,confucianism pure & simple1 z taught by ! sage ,kung-foo-tsze 7#eea-dgh ,b4,c471 f :om ! doctr9e d]iv$ its "n1 01 not)/&+ ! cont5tion ( ! fam\s ,engli% s9ologue ,dr4 ,legge1 no?+ m & no?+ less ?an an aggregate ( e?ical ideas consid]$ 9 _! application to ! conduct & duties ( our ev]yday life4 ',! great tea*] nev] all[$ himself to be consid]$ an exp\nd] ( any new sy/em ( ei!r religi\s or metaphysical ideas4 ,he 0 cont5t to call himself 'a transmitt] & n a mak]1 believ+ 9 & lov+ ! anci5ts4' ,true to ! _s ( ^! words1 & mo/ probably hav+ no o!r c\rse op5 to him on acc\nt ( 8 extremely utilit>ian turn ( m9d1 he devot$ 8 :ole life to ! elucidation ( ! ,true ,pa? ( human life1 z exemplifi$ by ^? half-my?ical rul]s ( old ,*9a1 ,ya1 ,%un1 etc41 f :om he d]iv$ 8 ideals & 8 images ( p]fect man 9 fle% & blood4 ,^! e>ly k+s 7 ( c\rse no creation ( ,confucius himself2 ! only ?+ he did 0 to place ! =ms1 :i* popul> tradition _h h&$ d[n surr\nd$ by leg5d>y halos1 9 high relief be=e ! p1 z p]fect models to regulate ! e>?ly conduct ( ! individuals z memb]s ( a society4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ! anci5t classics :i* he compil$ & p]petuat$ 0 t ( "o transmitt+ fai?fully4 ,he /udi$ !m1 & exhort$ & help$ 8 disciples to d ! same1 b he did n alt] !m1 nor ev5 dige/ !m into _! pres5t =m4'#g ,9 ord] to f9d concrete examples to %[ 8 e?ical views m positively1 he wrote a hi/ory ( 8 native /ate ,lo f #gbb to #dhd ,b4,c41 9 :i*1 :ile fai?fully record+ ev5ts1 he took e opportunity to jot d[n 8 moral judgm5t ^u !m 9 ! t]se words & phrases he knew s well h[ to wield4 ,z ab/ract reason+ _h little *>m = 8 practical m9d1 he sy/ematically avoid$ indulg+ 9 discussions ( a metaphysical nature4 ',h[ c we "k any?+ ( an ,aft]-life1 :5 we are s ignorant ev5 ( ! ,liv+1' 0 8 answ] :5 ask$ by "o ( 8 disciples ab\t ,dea?4 ,ance/or-wor%ip he sanction$1 z might naturally be expect$ f 8 en?usia/ic advocacy ( ?+s anci5t1 & also f ! importance he atta*$ to filial piety1 :i* /rikes ! keynote ( 8 e?ical ideas4 ,b "h too 8 indiff]5ce to ! spiritual side ( ! "q is v rem>kable4 ,p]haps he f\nd ! holy alt> ( 8 day s mu* encumb]$ by ! pres5ce ( innum]able feti%es & demons1 t he felt little incl9ation to approa* & sweep !m away4 ',to give oneself1' he said on "o occasion1 'to ! duties due to m51 & :ile respect+ spiritual ?+s to keep alo( f !m1 may be call$ wisdom4' #g ,legge's ,! ,religion ( ,*9a1 p4 #acg4 ,! ma9 features :i* he advocat$ are f\nd well reflect$ 9 ! fir/ twelve out ( sixte5 articles ( ! s-call$ sacr$ ,edict1 publi%$ by ! fam\s ,k'ang ,hsi 7#afed-agbb71 ! second emp]or ( ! pres5t ,man*u dyna/y1 9 #afgj ,a4,d41 :i* embody ! ess5tial po9ts ( ,confucianism1 z adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n ev]yday ,*9ese life4 #a4 ,e/eem mo/ highly filial piety & bro!rly submission1 9 ord] to give due prom95ce to ! social relations4 #b4 ,behave ) g5]osity to ! bran*es ( y\r k9dr$1 9 ord] to illu/rate h>mony & b5ignity4 #c4 ,cultivate peace & concord 9 y\r neighb\rhood1 9 ord] to prev5t qu>rels & litigation4 #d4 ,recognise ! importance ( husb&ry & ! culture ( ! mulb]ry-tree1 9 ord] to ensure suffici5cy ( food & clo?+4 #e4 ,%[ t y prize mod]ation & economy1 9 ord] to prev5t ! lavi% wa/e ( y\r means4 #f4 ,make mu* ( ! colleges & sem9>ies1 9 ord] to make correct ! practice ( ! s*ol>s4 #g4 ,disc\nt5ance & bani% /range doctr9es1 9 ord] to exalt correct doctr9es4 #h4 ,describe & expla9 ! laws1 9 ord] to w>n ! ignorant & ob/9ate4 #i4 ,exhibit cle>ly propriety & g5tle c\rtesy1 9 ord] to improve mann]s & cu/oms4 #aj4 ,lab\r dilig5tly at y\r prop] call+s1 9 ord] to give well-def9$ aims to ! p4 #aa4 ,in/ruct sons & y\ng] bro!rs1 9 ord] to prev5t !m do+ :at is wrong4 #ab4 ,put a /op to false accusations1 9 ord] to protect ! hone/ & ! good4 ,"h too y see :at an important place filial piety occupies1 :i* ,confucius himself priz$ s highly4 ,! ,hsiao ,k+1 or ! ',sacr$ ,book ( ,filial ,piety1' :i* is suppos$ to record conv]sations held betwe5 ,confucius & 8 disciple ,tsang ,ts'an on t weighty subject1 has ! foll[+ passage3 ',he :o 7prop]ly7 s]ves 8 p>5ts 9 a high situation w be free f haught9ess2 9 a l[ situation he w be free f insubord9ation2 :il/ among 8 equals he w n be qu>relsome4 ,9 a high position haught9ess leads to ru92 among ! l[ly insubord9ation means puni%m5t2 among equals qu>relsom5ess t5ds to ! wield+ ( weapons4' ,^! words1 nave z !y are1 express ! exalt$ position filial affection occupies 9 ! eyes ( ,confucianism4 ',dutiful subjects are to be f\nd 9 ! p]sons ( filial sons1' & aga91 ',filial piety is ! s\rce :5ce all o!r good actions take _! rise1' are o!r say+s express+ its importance4 ,along ) ?is virtue1 o!r =ms ( moral =ce1 su* z m]cy1 uprightness1 c\rage1 polit5ess1 fidelity1 & loyalty1 h be5 duly consid]$ & comm5d$ by ! great tea*] himself & 8 disciples4 ,among ^!1 ,m5cius 7#cgc-bhi ,b4,c47 is mo/ ent]pris+ & attractive1 dige/+ & sy/ematis+ ) a great deal ( philosophic tal5t ! r fragm5t>y ideas ( 8 great ma/]4 ,x is he :o1 among o!r ?+s1 in=ms u1 on ! assum$ au?ority ( a passage 9 ! ,%u-,k+1 h[ ! sage ,%un made x a subject ( 8 anxi\s solicitude to tea* ! five con/itu5t relation%ips ( society1 viz41 affection betwe5 fa!r & son2 relations ( righte\sness betwe5 rul] & subject2 ! assign+ ( _! prop] sph]es to husb& & wife2 di/9ction ( prec$5ce betwe5 old & "y2 & fidelity betwe5 fri5d & fri5d--an idea :i* has play$ su* an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,ori5tal m9d4 ,su* 7 ! ma9 features ( ,confucianism :5 x fir/ rea*$ ,japan1 "s c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,b x 0 n until "s "t aft] ! introduction ( ,buddhism f ,corea dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,kimmei1 9 #eeb ,a4,d41 t ,confucianism & ,*9ese le>n+ began to take firm root & make _! influ5ce felt among u4 ,p>adoxical z x looks1 x is ,buddhism t s greatly help$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*9ese sage to e/abli% itself z a rul+ factor 9 ,japanese society4 ,?is curi\s /ate ( ?+s came ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,! gospel ( ,%kya-muni has1 ev] s9ce its introduction into our c\ntry1 be5 made accessible only ?r\gh ! ,*9ese translation1 :i* dem&$ a consid]able k ( ! writt5 language ( ! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,! ke5 & f>-rea*+ spiritual int]e/ ar\s$ by ,buddhism gave a fre% & vigor\s impulse to ! /udy ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 already increas+ly cultivat$ = "s c5turies4 ,n[1 ! k ( ,*9ese 9 its writt5 =m has1 until q rec5tly1 always be5 imp>t$ by a pa9ful p]usal ( ! ,*9ese classics & ,*9ese books deeply imbu$ ) ,confucianism4 ,x 0 only aft] a consid]able am\nt ( k ( ?is difficult language _h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is unnatural way1 t "o came 9 contact ) ! works ( au?ors n /rictly or?odox4 ,?is way ( tea*+ ,*9ese ?r\gh ,confucian texts1 :i* we adopt$ f ,*9a's fai?ful ag5t1 ,corea1 necess>ily l$ f ! v beg9n+ to an intimate acqua9tance ) ! ma9 aspects ( ! ,confucian morals 9 our upp] classes1 among :om alone ! /udy 0 at fir/ pursu$ ) any s]i\sness4 ,al?\gh skill$ 9 w>like arts1 g5tle & loyal 9 dome/ic life1 our =efa!rs 7 simple 9 mann]s & ?\ght 9 ^? old5 days :5 book-le>n$ reasons ( duty _h n yet sup]s$$ ! nave obs]vance ( ! dictates ( ! he>t & ( responsibility to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,!y possess$ no lett]s ( _! own1 & consequ5tly no lit]ature1 except 9 unwritt5 songs & leg5d>y lore sung f m\? to m\?1 tell+ ( ! gods & m5 :o =m$ ! glori\s pa/ ( ! ,yamato race4 ,s x is n difficult to imag9e ! dazzl+ effect :i* ! ,*9ese le>n+1 ) its ri*ness & its p$antry1 ) its elaborate sy/em ( civil gov]nm5t & its philosophy1 produc$ ^u our untra9$ eyes4 ,gradually b /eadfa/ly x _h be5 ga9+ gr\nd1 & mak+ its sl[ way f ! topmo/ rung to ! bottom ( ! social ladd]1 :5 ! introduction ( ,buddhism quick5$ ! n[ resi/less progress4 ,! w\ld-be prie/s & advocates ( ! ,indian cre$ felt a fre% impulse & spiritual ne$ to le>n ! ,*9ese language1 = :i* !y _h long ent]ta9$ a high e/imation4 ,ow+ to ! extremely secul> "* ( ! ,confucian e?ics on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 to ! fact t ,buddhi/s d5y ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal god1 & are eag] to m9i/] salvation ?r\gh any adequate means s long z x does n contradict ! ,law ( ! ,univ]se ^u :i* ! :ole doctr9e is bas$1 ,buddhism f\nd 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,*9ese sage & 8 foll[]s n only no enemy1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a helpful fri5d4 ,x f\nd t ! sacr$ books ( ,confucian doctr9e conta9$ only 9 a slightly diff]5t =m ! five comm&m5ts laid d[n by ,%kya-muni himself = ! regulation ( ! conduct ( a layman1 viz43-- #a4 ,n to de/roy life nor to cause its de/ruction4 #b4 ,n to /eal4 #c4 ,n to commit adult]y4 #d4 ,n to tell lies4 #e4 ,n to indulge 9 intoxicat+ dr9ks2 or ! ,buddhi/ w>n+ aga9/ ! t5 s9s2 ?ree ( ! body--tak+ life1 !ft1 adult]y2 f\r ( spee*--ly+1 sl&]1 abuse1 & va9 conv]sation2 ?ree ( ! m9d--covet\sness1 malice1 & scepticism4 ,x saw also t ,confucian writ+s embrac$ its fifty precepts#h detail$ "u ! five diff]5t secul> relation%ips ( #a4 ,p>5ts & *ildr54 #b4 ,pupils & tea*]s4 #c4 ,husb&s & wives4 #d4 ,fri5ds & companions4 #e4 ,ma/]s & s]vants4 ,our e>ly ,buddhi/s !re=e did n see :y !y %\ld try to suppress ! exi/+ ,confucian moral code & supplant x ) _! own :i* brea!d ! same _s1 only because x _h n gr[n on ,indian soil4 #h ,cp4 ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #add4 ,?us enc\rag$ by ! n[ influ5tial advocates ( ! tea*+ ( ,buddha1 !mselves admir]s ( ! ,*9ese le>n+1 ,confucianism began ) r5ew$ vig\r to ex]cise a great influ5ce on ! future ( ! ,japanese4 ,?is took place dur+ ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 ! reorganisation ( ! ,japanese gov]nm5t aft] ! model ( t ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire made our educational sy/em q ,*9ese4 ,9 addition to a univ]sity1 !re 7 _m prov9cial s*ools :]e c&idates = ! gov]nm5t s]vice 7 in/ruct$4 ,m$ic9e1 ma!matics1 includ+ a/ronomy & law1 taught ?r\gh ,*9ese books1 along ) ! all-important tea*+ 9 ! ,confucian e?ics & 9 ,*9ese lit]ature g5]ally1 7 ! bran*es ( /udy cultivat$ "u ! guidance ( pr(essors ^: call+ _h become h]$it>y among a c]ta9 numb] ( le>n$ families4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next two c5turies we see sev]al private in/itutions f\nd$ by great nobles ( ! c\rt1 ) an end[m5t 9 l& = _! support4 ,! native sy/em ( writ+ :i* _h gradually em]g$ out ( ! phonetic use ( ,*9ese ideographs made x possible = ,japanese ?\ght1 hi!rto express$ only 9 an uncong5ial =eign g>b1 to appe> 9 purely ,japanese attire4 ,?us we f9d ! dawn ( ,japanese civilisation appe>+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,! air 0 replete ) ! ,buddhi/ ?\ght ( aft]-life & ! ,confucian ideas ( broad-day morality4 ,! sonor\s read+ ( ! ,book ( ,filial ,piety 0 he>d all ov] ! c\ntry1 e*o+ ) ! l\d recital ( ! ,myh-r5ge-ky 7or ,saddh>ma ,pund>ika ,stra74 ,dur+ ! d>k & dre>y ,middle ,ages :i* foll[$ ?is gold5 p]iod1 & :i* 7 br\ght ab\t by ! deg5]ation ( ! rul+ nobles & by ! gradually ris+ p[] ( ! milit>y class1 ,*9ese le>n+ fl$ to ! protect+ h&s ( ,buddhi/ prie/s2 & 9 its quiet refuge )9 ! mona/]y walls x cont9u$ to brea! its humble exi/5ce1 until x f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury a p[]ful patron 9 ! great f\nd] ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate4 ,! education ( ! common p1 too1 seems to h be5 kept up by ! monks--a fact /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ^w t]a-koya1 '*ur* sem9>y1' a t]m us$1 until =ty ye>s ago1 to express ! t9y private s*ools = *ildr54 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! education ?us giv5 0 always ( an exclusively secul> "*1 bas+ itself on ! ,confucian morals4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( ,laoism1 let me say some?+ ab\t ! s-call$ or?odox =m ( ! tea*+ ( ,confucius1 :i* is "o ( ! late/ developm5ts ( t doctr9e4 ,or?odox ,confucianism1 z repres5t$ by ! fam\s ,*9ese philosoph] & comm5tator ( ! ,confucian canon1 ,*u-,hsi 7#aacj-abjj71 f\nd its admir] 9 a ,japanese s*ol>1 ,fujiw>a-no-,seigwa 7#aefj-afai71 :o 9 8 y\? _h jo9$ ! prie/hood1 :i* h[ev] he aft]w>ds r5\nc$4 ,he gave lectures on ! ,*9ese classics at ,kyto4 ,he 0 held 9 great e/eem by ,tokugawa ,iyeyasu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,tokugawa l9e ( ,%oguns1 :o embrac$ ! ,*9ese sy/em ( e?ics z prea*$ by ,*u-,hsi4 ,dur+ ! two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( ! ,tokugawa rule1 ?is sy/em1 "u ! h]$it>y direction ( ! desc5dants ( ,haya%i ,razan 7#aehc-afeg71 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ disciples ( ,seigwa1 0 recognis$ z ! e/abli%$ doctr9e4 ,accord+ to ! some:at hazy ideas ( ,*u-,hsi's philosophy1 :i* ,i ask y\r p]mission to sket* "h on acc\nt ( ! high public e/eem 9 :i* we h held !m = ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 ! ultimate basis ( ! univ]se is ,inf9ity1 or ,tai ,kieh1 :i*1 ?\gh conta9+ )9 itself all ! g]ms ( all =ms ( exi/5ce & excell5ce1 is utt]ly void ( =m or s5sible qualities4 ,x consi/s ( two qualities1 li & *i1 :i* may be r\ghly r5d]$ into '=ce-elem5t' & 'matt]-elem5t4' ,^! are self-exi/5ces1 are pres5t 9 all ?+s1 & are f\nd 9 _! =mation4 ,! '=ce-elem5t1' or li1 we are told1 is ! p]fection ( heav5ly virtue4 ,x is 9 inanimate ?+s z well z 9 man & o!r animate be+s1 & p]vades all space4 ,! 'matt]-elem5t1' or *i1 is end[$ ) ! male & ! female pr9ciples1 or positive & negative pol>ities1 z we might call !m4 ,x is1 moreov]1 *>act]is$ by ! five con/itu5t qualities ( wood1 fire1 e>?1 metal1 & wat]4 ,h5ce its o!r "n1 ,wu-hsi5g1 or ',five ,qualities4' ,?+s & animals1 except human be+s1 get only portions ( ! =ce-elem5t1 b man receives x 9 full1 & ?is becomes 9 8 p]son s+1 or real human nature4 ,he has ?us )9 him ! p]fect mirror ( ! heav5ly virtue & complete p[] ( und]/&+4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 a sage & an ord9>y man4 ,to bo? ! =ce-elem5t is uni=mly giv54 ,b ! matt]-elem5t1 f :i* is d]iv$ 8 =m & mat]ial exi/5ce1 & :i* con/itutes ! basis ( 8 m5tal disposition1 is diff]5t 9 quality 9 diff]5t m54 ,man's real nature1 or s+1 al?\gh orig9ally p]fect1 becomes affect$ on ent]+ into him1 or is modifi$ by 8 m5tal disposition1 :i* diff]s accord+ to ! diff]5t /ate ( ! matt]-elem5t4 ,?us a second nature is =m$ out ( ! orig9al4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is second & ta9t$ human nature t man acts well or ill4 ,:5 a man does evil1 t is ! result ( 8 m5tal disposition cov]+ or int]f]+ ) 8 orig9al p]fect nature4 ,wipe ?is vap\r ( corrupt$ ?\ght f ! surface ( y\r m5tal mirror & x w %9e out z brightly z if x _h nev] be5 cov]$ by a tempor>y mi/4#i #i ,cp4 ,t4 ,haga's ,note on ,japanese ,s*ools ( ,philosophy4 ,t4,a4,s4,j41 vol4 xx4 pt4 i4 p4 #acd4 ,synoptically express$ & appli$ to ! microcosm ,*u-,hsi's sy/em w be z foll[s3-- ,,man ,=ce-,elem5t,orig9al ,nature ( ,man4 ,diff]5t ,human ,*>act]s4 ,inf9ity ,male-,pr9ciple ,wood-quality4 ,fire- ,matt]-,elem5t ,e>?- ,metal- ,female-,pr9ciple,wat]- ,dispositions lat5t 9 ,matt]4 ,su* is1 9 its outl9e1 ,*u-,hsi's view1 :i* receiv$ ! sanction ( ! rul+ ,tokugawa family4 ,b x 0 n )\t its oppon5ts 9 ,japan z well z 9 ,*9a4 ,already 9 8 own "t1 ,lu-,%ang-,%an 7b4 #aadj ,a4,d47 ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to ! high-s\nd+ erudition ( ,*u-,hsi1 t ! purification ( ! he>t 0 ! fir/ & ma9 po9t ( /udy4#aj ,! same prote/ 0 m sy/ematically urg$ aga9/ x by 8 great foll[]1 ,wang ,yang-m+ 7#adgb-aebh ,a4,d471 :o f\nd w>m & able admir]s 9 ,japan 9 su* s*ol>s z ,nakae ,tju 7#afjc-afgh71 ,kumazawa ,hanzan 7#afai-afia71 & ,o%io ,*sai 7#agid-ahcg74 ,among o!r great oppon5ts ( ! or?odox philosophy1 su* names z ,x ,j9sai 7#afbe-agjf7 & 8 son ,tgai 7#afgj-agcf71 ,kaib>a ,ekk5 7#afcj-agad71 ,ogy ,sorai 7#afff-agbh71 are to be m5tion$4 ,^! s*ol>s1 gett+ _! fundam5tal ideas f o!r ,*9ese ?9k]s1 & eag] to rema9 fai?ful to ! true _s ( ,confucianism itself1 po9t$ out _m inconsi/5cies 9 ,*u-,hsi's !ory1 & 7 ( ! op9ion t m real good 0 to be a*iev$ 9 proce$+ /raight to action "u ! guidance ( consci5ce :i* 0 heav5 & all1 ?an 9 indulg+ 9 idle talk ab\t ! subtlety ( human nature4 #aj ,fab]'s ,doctr9es ( ,confucius1 p4 #cc4 ,! philosophy ( ,*u-,hsi1 al?\gh he calls himself ! true expon5t ( ,confucianism1 is n at all ,confucian4 ,x is greatly indebt$ to ,buddhism & ,taoism1 or bett]1 ,laoism1 t is to say1 to ! philosophy orig9at$ by ,lao-tze 7b4 #fjd ,b4,c471 "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s t ,*9a has ev] produc$4 ,s9ce ,laoism1 ?r\gh ! wond]ful ,tao-teh-k+1 a small book by ,lao-tze himself1 b especially ?r\gh ,*wang-tze1 a "w 9 t5 books by 8 fam\s foll[] ,*wang-*[1 has ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce on our ?\ght = twelve c5turies1 a ^w ab\t x may n be out ( place be=e we g on to consid] ! doctr9e ( ,%kya-muni4 ,9 ,lao-tze we f9d ! p]fect opposite ( ,confucius1 bo? 9 ! turn ( 8 m9d & 9 8 views & me?ods ( sav+ ! _w4 ,lao-tze endeav\r$ to re=m humanity by w>n+ !m to ca/ (f all human artifice & to return to nature4 ,?is may be tak5 z ! :ole t5or ( 8 doctr9e3 ,d n try to d any?+ ) y\r petty w1 because x is ! way to h9d] & spoil ! spontane\s gr[? ( ! true virtue t p]meates ! univ]se4 ,to foll[ ,nature's dictates1 :ile help+ x to develop itself1 is ! v c\rse sanction$ & foll[$ by all ! sages wor?y ( ! "n4 ,make away ) y\r ',ego' & le>n to value simplicity & humiliation2 = 9 total 'altruism' exi/s ! completion ( self1 & 9 humble cont5tm5t & yield+ pliancy are to be f\nd real gr&eur & true /r5g?4 ,"u ! title ',dimm+ ,radiance' he says3#aa-- ',heav5 endures & e>? is la/+4 ,& :y c heav5 & e>? endure & be la/+8 ,because !y d n live = !mselves4 ,on t acc\nt c !y endure4 ',!re=e ! ,true ,man puts 8 p]son beh9d & 8 p]son comes to ! front4 ,he surr5d]s 8 p]son & 8 p]son is pres]v$4 ,is x n because he seeks n 8 own8 ,= t reason he accompli%es 8 own4' ,aga9 we he> him ',disc\rs+ on ,virtue'3-- ',sup]ior virtue is non-virtue4 ,!re=e x has ,virtue4 ,inf]ior virtue nev] loses sight ( virtue4 ,!re=e x has no virtue4 ,sup]ior virtue is non-ass]tive & )\t pret5sion4 ,inf]ior virtue ass]ts & makes pret5sions4' #aa ,cp4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,c>us's ,lao-tze ,tao-teh-k+4 ,he talks ab\t ',return+ to ,simplicity'3 ',quit ! s-call$ sa9tl9ess2 leave ! s-call$ wisdom alone2 & ! p's ga9 w be increas$ by a hundr$fold4 ,ab&on ! s-call$ m]cy2 put away ! s-call$ righte\sness2 & ! p w return to filial devotion & pat]nal love4 ,ab&on y\r s*em+2 put away y\r devices2 & ?ieves & robb]s w no long] exi/4' ,su* is ! g5]al purport ( ! doctr9e exp\nd$ by ,lao-tze4 ,x is well to rememb] t ?is doctr9e1 :i* we may call = di/9ction's sake ,laoism1 has intr9sically v little to d ) t =m ( belief n[ s preval5t among ! ,*9ese1 & :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,taoism4 ,al?\gh ?is "n itself is d]iv$ f ,lao-tze's own ^w ,tao1 mean+ ,reason or ,true ,pa?1 & al?\gh ! foll[]s ( ,taoism see 9 ! great philosoph] its fir/ reveal]1 x is 9 all probability no?+ m ?an a new aspect & new appellation assum$ by t aborig9al ,*9ese cult :i* 0 bas$ on nature- & ance/or-wor%ip4 ,ev] s9ce _! appe>ance 9 hi/ory ! ,*9ese h _h _! belief 9 ,%ang-ti1 9 spirits1 & 9 natural ag5cies4 ,?is cult f\nd1 at an e>ly date1 9 ! my/ic int]pretation & solution ( life z express$ by ,lao-tze & 8 foll[]s1 ! means ( fre% developm5t4 ,! philosophical ideas ( ^! ?9k]s 7 n prop]ly und]/ood1 & words & phrases mo/ly metaphorical 7 con/ru$ 9 su* a mann] t !y came to mean some?+ q diff]5t f :at ! orig9al writ]s wi%$ to sugge/4 ,su* an idea1 = in/ance1 z ! dea?lessness ( a ,true ,man by virtue ( 8 incorporation ) ! gr& ,tru? ,tao t p]vades ,heav5 & ,e>?1 brea?+ 9 ! et]nity ( ! univ]se1 0 easily mis9t]pret$ 9 a v matt]-(-fact mann]1 e4g41 anybody :o realis$ ,tao c\ld !n enjoy ! mu*-wi%$-= fre$om f actual dea?4 ,y see h[ easy x is = an ord9>y m9d to pass f "o to ! o!r :5 x he>s ,*wang-tze say3-- ',fire _c burn him :o is p]fect 9 virtue1 nor wat] dr[n him2 nei!r cold nor heat c affect him injuri\sly2 nei!r bird nor bea/ c hurt him4'#ab ,or aga93-- ',?\gh heav5 & e>? 7 to be ov]turn$ & fall1 !y w\ld occasion him no loss4 ,8 judgm5t is fix$ on t 9 :i* !re is no elem5t ( falsehood1 & :ile o!r ?+s *ange1 he *anges n4'#ac #ab ,cp4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxix4 #ac ,cp4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxix4 ,we want no great flight ( imag9ation !re=e to foll[ ! traces ( developm5t ( ! pres5t =m ( ,taoism ) its occult aspects4 ,! et]nity attribut$ to a ,true ,man 9 its ,laoi/ s5se begot ! idea ( a dea?less man 9 fle% & blood end[$ ) all k9ds ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,?is 9 turn produc$ ! notion t ^! sup]human be+s knew "s secret means to pres]ve _! life & c\ld "w o!r wond]s4 ,h]balism1 al*emy1 geomancy1 & o!r magic arts owe _! orig9 to ?is f\nta9-head ( primitive sup]/ition4 ,!re is little room = reasonable d\bt t 9 ?is way ,taoism1 al?\gh ! "n itself 0 ( lat] developm5t1 has be5 9 its ma9 features ! religion ( ,*9a p> excell5ce f ! v dawn ( its hi/ory4 ,x has f ! beg9n+ f\nd a cong5ial soil 9 ! he>t ( ! ,*9ese p1 :o /ill cont9ue to embrace ! cult ) great en?usiasm1 & 9 ^: helpless cr$ulity ! ,taoi/ prie/s ( to-day1 borr[+ mu* help f ! occult sides ( ,buddhism & ,h9duism1 /ill f9d an easy prey = _! necromantic arts4 ,n s ) ,laoism4 ,"o may well wond] h[ su* an uncong5ial doctr9e ev] came to spr+ f ! soil ( mat]iali/ic ,*9a4 ,"s sugge/ t ,lao-tze 0 a ,brahman1 & n a ,*9ese at all4 ,ano!r explanation ( ?is anomaly is to be f\nd 9 ! attempt$ division ( ! :ole ,*9ese civilisation into two geographically di/9ct gr\ps1 ! rigid ,nor!rn & ! m romantic ,s\!rn types3 ,laoism belong+ to ! latt]1 :ile ,confucianism belongs to ! =m]4 ,9 any case1 ! resemblance 9 _m respects betwe5 ! doctr9e introduc$ by ,lao-tze & ! high] =m ( ,buddhism is v /rik+4 ,let me take ?is opportunity ( say+ some?+ ab\t ! religion ( ,%kya-muni1 :i* has occupi$ our m9d & he>t = ! pa/ fifte5 c5turies4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 let me say t ,i am n unaw>e ( ! absurdity ( try+ to give y any?+ l a fair idea ( a _m-sid$ & extremely complicat$ sy/em ( human belief su* z ,buddhism 9 ! %ort space :i* is at my disposal4 ,v f> f x4 ,ev5 a brief summ>y ( its ma9 features w\ld take an able speak] at lea/ a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,s ,i humbly conf9e myself to giv+ y "s h9ts on ! belief1 ab\t :i* mo/ ( y1 ,i presume1 h already _h occasion to he> some?+1 ! religion :i* took its orig9 among ! p :o claim _! desc5t f ! same ,aryan /ock to :i* y y\rselves belong4 ,^? :o w\ld c>e to read ab\t x w f9d an excell5t supply ( k 9 two little books call$ ,buddhism & ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 writt5 respectively by ,dr4 ,rhys ,davids & ! late ,rev4 ,s4 ,beal1 n to m5tion ! late ,sir ,moni] ,williams' /&>d "w4 ,a p]usal ( ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,lloyd's pap] read be=e ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 9 #ahid1 entitl$ ',developm5ts ( ,japanese ,buddhism1' is v desirable4 ,!re are also two *apt]s devot$ to ?is doctr9e 9 ,lafcadio ,he>n's la/ "w1 ,japan4 ,?is enum]ation might almo/ exempt me f mak+ any attempt to describe x myself4 ,buddhism has1 to beg9 )1 two di/9ct =ms1 philosophical & popul>1 :i* may practically be tak5 z two diff]5t religions4 ,philosophical ,buddhism--or at lea/ ! true/ =m ( x--is a sy/em bas$ ^u ! recognition ( ! utt] imp]man5cy ( ! ph5om5al _w 9 all its =ms & /ates4 ,x believes 9 no ,god or gods :atev] z a p]sonal motive p[]4 ,! only ?+ et]nal is matt]1 or ess5ce ( matt]1 ) ! ,k>ma1 or ,law ( cause & effect1 dwell+ incorporat$ 9 x4 ,?r\gh ! nev]-ceas+ work+ ( ?is law innum]able =ms ( exi/5ce develop1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! appe>ance ( /ability !y tempor>ily assume1 are1 9 consequ5ce ( ! action & reaction ( ! v law to :i* !y owe _! exi/5ce1 con/antly subject to ev]la/+ *anges4 ,con/ancy is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ?is univ]se ( ph5om5a4 ,x is !re=e an act ( unspeakable ignorance on ! "p ( human be+s1 !mselves a product ( ! immutable ,k>ma1 to atta* a con/ant value to ?is dreamy _w & all[ !mselves to lose _! m5tal h>mony 9 ! que/ ( %ad[y desires & ( _! %ad[y satisfaction1 ?us plung+ !mselves into ! b\ndless sea ( mis]y4 ,true salvation is to be s\ght 9 ! complete negation ( egoism & 9 ! unconditional absorption ( ourselves 9 ! fundam5tal law ( ! univ]se4 ,%kya-muni 0 no m ?an "o ( a s]ies ( tea*]s ^: mission x is to %[ u h[ to get rid ( our fatal ignorance ( ?is gr& tru?1 an ignorance :i* is at ! root ( all ! discont5t & mis]y ( our selfi% exi/5ce4 ,v diff]5t f ?is is ! aspect assum$ by ! popul> =m ( ,buddhism4 ,?is is a sy/em built up on ! bl9d wor%ip ( p]sonifi$ psy*ic ph5om5a1 orig9ally meant m]ely z conv5i5t symbols = _! bett] contemplation1 & 9 ! trans=mation ( ! human tea*]s ( tru? into s _m p]sonal gods4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,buddhism1 s ess5tially a!i/ic1 has come to be reg>d$ by ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian m9d z poly!ism1 or z a degrad$ =m ( idolatry4 ,n[1 9 all ! _m sects ( ,buddhism :i* h be5 plant$ 9 ! soil ( ,japan s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 "s ( :i* soon )]$1 :ile o!rs took deep root & grew new bran*es1 ^! two phases h always be5 recognis$ & utilis$ 9 _! prop] sph]e z means ( salvation4 ,= ! populace !re 0 ! l[] ,buddhism1 :ile ! m elevat$ classes f\nd satisfaction 9 ! high] =m & 9 an explanation ( t ,true ,pa? :i* lies hidd5 b5ea? ! complicat$ symbolic sy/em4 ,( ! sects :i* h ex]cis$ great influ5ce on ,japanese m5tality1 ! foll[+ are specially to be m5tion$3 ! ,t5dai1 ! ,%+on1 ! ,z51 ! ,hokke1 & ! ,jodo1 ) its (fspr+ ! ,ikk sect4 ,ea* ( ^! *ose its own means ( rea*+ enlight5m5t f among ^? indicat$ by ,%kya-muni1 b did n on t acc\nt entirely reject ! means ( salvation pref]r$ by ! o!rs4 ,"s give long li/s ( categories & anti!ses1 & seek to def9e ! tru? ) a m ?an ,ari/otelian precision ( detail1 :ile o!rs ?9k x advisable to realise x by d9t ( fai? alone4 ,b among ^! means ( salvation ! practice advocat$ by ! ,z5 sect is wor?y ( special consid]ation 9 ?is place1 z x has ex]cis$ great influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! ,japanese _s4 ,z5 means 'ab/raction1' /&+ = ! ,sanskrit ,dhyna4 ,x is "o ( ! six means ( arriv+ at ,nirvna1 namely1 7#a7 *>ity2 7#b7 morality2 7#c7 pati5ce2 7#d7 en]gy2 7#e7 contemplation2 & 7#f7 wisdom4 ,?is practice1 :i* dates f a "t ant]ior to ,%kya himself1 consi/s ( an 'ab/ract contemplation1' int5d$ to de/roy all atta*m5t to exi/5ce 9 ?\ght & wi%4 ,f ! e>lie/ "t ,buddhi/s taught f\r diff]5t degrees ( ab/ract contemplation by :i* ! m9d frees itself f all subjective & objective trammels1 until x rea*es a /ate ( absolute indiff]5ce or self-annihilation ( ?\ght1 p]ception1 & w4#ad #ad ,e4 ,j4 ,eitel's ,h&book ( ,*9ese ,buddhism1 p4 #di4 ,y might p]haps wond] h[ a me?od s utt]ly unpractical & speculative z t ( try+ to arrive at f9al enlight5m5t by pure contemplation c\ld ev] h tak5 root 9 ,japan1 among a p :o1 g5]ally speak+1 h nev] tr\bl$ !mselves mu* ab\t ?+s ap>t f _! actual & imm$iate use4 ,an explanation ( ?is is n f> to seek4 ,eisai1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,r9zai s*ool1 ! bran* ( ! ,contemplative sect fir/ e/abli%$ on our soil1 came back to ,japan f 8 second visit to ,*9a 9 #aaib ,a4,d4#ae ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! %ort-liv$ rule ( ! ,m9amoto clan 7#aahf-abai7 0 ne>+ ! end ( its real supremacy4 ,only fifte5 ye>s be=e t ! _w _h se5 ! d[nfall ( ano!r mighty clan4 ,! battle ( ,dann\ra put an end to ! ,heike asc5dancy aft] an incessant s]ies ( desp]ate battles ext5d+ ov] a c5tury1 giv+ our soldi]-l qualities en\gh occasion = an excell5t s*ool+4 ,! :ole c\ntry dur+ ?is p]iod _h be5 "u ! rag+ sway ( ,m>s1 :o swept ) 8 fi]y brea? ! blossoms ( human prosp]ity1 & ! p high & l[ 7 oblig$ to recognise ! folly ( cl++ to %ad[y desires & to le>n ! urg5t necessity = fac+ e em]g5cy ) some?+ ak9 to indiff]5ce4 ,to pass f gl[+ life into ! cold grasp ( dea? ) a smile1 to meet ! h>de/ decrees ( fate ) ! resolute calm ( /oic =titude1 0 ! quality dem&$ ( e man & woman 9 t /ormy age4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 diff]5t milit>y clans _h be5 =m+ !mselves 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,japan & prep>+ to wage an endless s]ies ( furi\s battles aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,9 half a c5tury too came ! "o solit>y invasion ( our :ole hi/ory :5 a =eign p[] d>$ to ?reat5 u ) de/ruction4 ,! mighty ,kublei1 gr&son ( ! great ,g5ghis ,khan1 haughty ) 8 resi/less army1 ^: deva/at+ intrepidity taught ev5 ,europe to tremble at ! m5tion ( 8 "n1 despat*$ an embassy to ! ,japanese c\rt to dem& ! subjection ( ! c\ntry4 ,! message 0 ref]r$ to ,kamakura1 !n ! seat ( ! ,hj reg5cy1 & 0 ( c\rse indignantly dismiss$4 ,enrag$ at ?is1 ,kublei equipp$ a l>ge numb] ( vessels ) ! *oice/ soldi]s ,*9a c\ld furni%4 ,! invad+ =ce 0 successful at fir/1 & committ$ massacres 9 ,iki & ,tsu%ima1 isl&s ly+ betwe5 ,corea & ,japan4 ,! position 0 m5ac+2 ev5 ! /eel n]ves ( ! tra9$ ,samurai felt t /range ?rill a patriot kn[s4 ,%9to prie/s & ,buddhi/ monks 7 equally busy at _! pray]s4 ,a new embassy came f ! ?reat5+ ,mongol lead]4 ,! imp]i\s ambassadors 7 tak5 to ,kamakura1 to be put to dea? z an unmi/akable sign ( contemptu\s refusal4 ,a trem5d\s ,*9ese fleet ga!r$ 9 ! boi/]\s bay ( ,g5kai 9 ! summ] ( #abha4 ,at la/ ! ev5+ came ) ! om9\s gl[ on ! horizon t =etells an approa*+ /orm4 ,x 0 ! plan ( ! conqu]+ army victori\sly to l& ! next morn+ on ! holy soil ( ,ky%4 ,b dur+ ?is critical night a fe>ful typhoon1 kn[n to ?is day z ! ',div9e ,/orm1' arose1 break+ ! jet-black sky ) its trem5d\s ro> ( ?und] & ba?+ ! glitt]+ arm\r ( our soldi]s gu>d+ ! coa/l9e 9 :ite fla%es ( dazzl+ light4 ,! v heav5 & e>? %ook be=e ! mighty ang] ( nature4 ,! result 0 t ! dawn ( ! next morn+ saw ! :ole fleet ( ! pr\d ,yuan1 t _h d>k5$ ! wat] = miles1 swept completely away into ! bottomless sea ( ,g5kai1 to ! great relief ( ! horror-/rick5 populace1 & to ! unspeakable disappo9tm5t ( our det]m9$ soldi]s4 ,out ( ! hundr$ ?\s& w>riors :o mann$ ! invad+ %ips1 only ?ree are record$ to h surviv$ ! de/ruction to tell ! dismal tale to _! cre/fall5 great ,khan6 #ae ,f\r ye>s lat] ! fir/ temple ( ?is s*ool 0 op5$ 9 ,hakata "u ! patron%ip ( ! ,emp]or ,gotoba4 ,!n aft] a %ort int]val ( a score ( peaceful ye>s1 ,japan 0 plung$ aga9 into ano!r s]ies ( int]nal di/urbances1 f :i* %e c h>dly be said to h em]g$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ord] & re/ 7 br\ght back by ! able h& ( ,tokugawa ,iyeyasu4 ,dur+ all ^! tr\bl\s days1 ! orig9al ,contemplative sect1 p>allel$ soon aft] its e/abli%m5t 9 ,japan by a new s*ool call$ ,st1 z x 0 aga9 supplem5t$ by ano!r1 ! baku s*ool1 five c5turies aft]w>ds1 f\nd ample mat]ial to propagate its special me?od ( enlight5m5t4 ,?is sect1 :i* drew its patrons f ! rul+ classes ( ,japan1 0 unanim\sly look$ up to z be/ calculat$ to imp>t ! secret p[] ( p]fect self-control & undi/urbable peace ( m9d4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ultimate riddance 9 ! ,buddhi/ s5se1 ! entrance into cold ,nirvna1 0 n :at our practical m9d want$ to realise4 ,x 0 ! /oic indiff]5ce1 enabl+ man to meet aft] a mom5t's ?\ght1 or almo/ in/9ctively1 any h>d%ips t human life might impose1 t _h br\ght ab\t its o!rwise /range popul>ity4 ,ano!r *>m x (f]$ to ! p ( ! illit]ate ,middle ,ages1 :5 !y _h to att5d to o!r ?+s ?an a leisurely pursuit ( lit]ature1 0 its sy/ematic neglect ( book-le>n+4 ,tru? 0 to be directly read f he>t to he>t4 ,! int]v5tion ( words & writ+ 0 reg>d$ z a h9drance to its true und]/&+4 ,a rudim5t>y symbolism express$ by ge/ures 0 all t a ,z5 prie/ really reli$ ^u = ! communication ( ! doctr9e4 ,ev]ybody ) a he>t to feel & a m9d to und]/& ne$$ no?+ fur!r to beg9 & f9i% 8 que/ ( ! desir$ fre$om f life's ev]la/+ torm5ts4 ,! self-control t enables u n to betray our inn] feel+ ?r\gh a *ange 9 our expression1 ! measur$ /eps ) :i* we are taught to walk into ! hide\s jaws ( dea?--9 %ort1 all ^? qualities :i* make a pres5t ,japanese ( truly ,japanese type look /range1 if n que]1 to y\r eyes1 are 9 a mo/ m>k$ degree a product ( t direct or indirect influ5ce on our pa/ m5tality :i* 0 ex]cis$ by ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( ,dhyna taught by ! ,z5 prie/s4 ,ano!r b5efit :i* ! ,z5 sect conf]r$ on u is ! heal?y influ5ce x ex]cis$ on our ta/e4 ,! love ( nature & ! desire ( purity t we _h %[n f ! e>lie/ days ( our hi/ory1 took1 "u ! lead+ idea ( ! ,contemplative sect1 a new developm5t1 & began to %[ t s]5e dislike ( l\dness ( =m & col\r4 ,t app>5t simplicity ) a fulness ( mean+ beh9d x1 l a ,dhyna symbol itself1 :i* we f9d s p]vad+ly manife/$ 9 our works ( art1 especially 9 ^? ( ! ,a%ikaga p]iod 7#adjj-afjj ,a4,d471 is c]ta9ly to be c\nt$ among ! mo/ valuable results :i* ! ,z5 doctr9e quick5$ u to produce4 ,9 %ort1 s f>-rea*+ is ! influ5ce ( ! ,contemplative sect on ! =mation ( ! ,japanese _s z y f9d x at pres5t1 t an adequate int]pretation ( its manife/ations w\ld be out ( ! "q unless bas$ on a c>eful /udy ( ?is bran* ( ,buddhism4 ,s long z ! ,z5 sect is n duly consid]$1 ! :ole set ( ph5om5a peculi> to ,japan--f ! all-p]vad+ laconism to ! h>a-kiri--w rema9 a seal$ book4 ,?is fact is my excuse = hav+ deta9$ y = s long on ! subject4 ,i n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( our own native cult4 ,%9to1 or ! ',pa? ( ! ,gods1' is ! "n by :i* we di/+ui% ! body ( our national belief f ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 or any o!r =m ( religion4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is appellation1 l ,nippon 7:i* corresponds to y\r ^w ,japan71 is no purely ,japanese t]m4 ,buddhism is call$ ,bupp 7f ,butsu1 ,buddha1 & h1 doctr9e7 or ,bukky 7ky1 tea*+72 ,confucianism is kn[n z ,juky 7,ju1 lit]ati72 & bo? t]ms are tak5 f ! ,*9ese4 ,9 keep+ ) ^! we h ,%9to 7,%91 deity1 & to1 way74 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 9 "s measure expla9s ! r un/able condition 9 :i* ,buddhism on its fir/ arrival f\nd our national cult4 ,x has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 its ma9 aspects no?+ m ?an a =m ( ance/or-wor%ip bas$ on ! c5tral belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! imp]ial l9e4 ,a sy/ematis$ cre$ x nev] 0 & has nev] become1 ev5 if we take into consid]ation ! attempts at its consolidation made by su* s*ol>s z ,yamazaki-,ansai 7#afah-afhb71 :o 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury tri$ to =malise x 9 accordance ) ,*u-,hsi's philosophy1 or1 lat] /ill1 by su* eag] revivali/s z ,hirata-,atsutane 7#aggf-ahdc71 etc4 ,at ! "t :5 ,%9toism _h to meet its mighty foe f ,india1 its :ole me*anism 0 v simple4 ,x consi/$ 9 a numb] ( primitive rites1 su* z ! recital ( ! liturgy1 ! (f]+ ( eatables to ! dep>t$ spirits ( deifi$ ance/ors1 patri>*al1 tribal1 or national4 ,?is nave cult 0 z innoc5t ( ! cunn+ ideas & subtle =malisms ( ! rival cre$ z its %r9es 7 free f ! decorations & equipm5ts ( an ,indian temple4 ,s1 al?\gh at ! />t ,buddhism met ) "s ob/9ate resi/ance at ! h& ( ! ,%9toi/s1 :o attribut$ ! visitations ( pe/il5ce t foll[$ ! introduction ( ! =eign belief to ! ang] ( ! native gods1 its sup]iority 9 organisation soon ov]came ^! difficulties2 especially f ! "t :5 ! great ,buddhi/ prie/ ,kkai 7#ggd-hce ,a4,d47 hit ^u ! +5i\s b mis*iev\s idea ( solv+ ! dilemma by ! e/abli%m5t ( :at is g5]ally kn[n 9 our hi/ory z ,rybu-,%9to1 or d\ble-fac$ ,%9to4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 a ,%9to god 0 to be reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( a correspond+ ,indian deity1 :o made 8 appe>ance 9 ,japan ?r\gh metamorphosis = ,japan's bett] salvation--a doctr9e :i* is no m ?an a clev] application ( ! notion kn[n 9 ,india z ,nirmanakya4 ,?is inc>nation !ory op5$ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! expansion ( ,buddhism 9 ,japan1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( elev5 c5turies1 dur+ :i* ,%9toism 0 plac$ 9 a v awkw>d position4 ,x 0 at la/ re/or$ to its orig9al purity at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ,meiji p]iod1 & t only aft] a c5tury ( det]m9$ endeav\r on ! "p ( native ,%9toi/ s*ol>s4 ,f ^! words y might p]haps conclude t ,buddhism succe$$ 9 supplant+ ! native cult1 at lea/ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b1 /range to say1 if we judge ! case n by outw>d appe>ances1 b by ! religi\s conviction t lurks 9 ! dep? ( ! he>t1 we _c b recognise ! und5iable fact t no real conv]sion has ev] be5 a*iev$ dur+ ! pa/ elev5 c5turies by ! doctr9e ( ,buddha4 ,our actual self1 not)/&+ ! diff]5t clo!s we h put on has ev] rema9$ true 9 its _s to our native cult4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we are /ill ,%9toi/s to ?is day--,buddhi/s1 ,*ri/ians1 & all--s long z we are born ,japanese4 ,?is might s\nd to y some:at p>adoxical4 ,"h is ! explanation3-- ,= an av]age ,japanese m9d 9 pres5t ,japan1 ?anks to ! ance/or-wor%ip practis$ consci\sly or unconsci\sly f "t immemorial1 x is n altoge!r easy to imag9e ! _s ( ! deceas$1 if x believes 9 "o at all1 to be some?+ diff]5t & di/ant f our actual liv+ self4 ,! dep>t$1 al?\gh invisible1 are ?\ght to be lead+ _! e!real life 9 ! same _w 9 mu* ! same /ate z t to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ :ile on e>?4 ,l ! little *ild s t\*+ly describ$ by ,wordswor?1 we _c see :y we %\ld n c\nt ! s-call$ dead /ill among ! exi/+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is t ( tangibility or visibility1 b no?+ m4 ,! raison d'tre ( ?is illusive notion is1 ( c\rse1 n f> to seek4 ,any book on an?ropology or e?nology w\ld tell y h[ sleep1 trance1 dream1 halluc9ation1 reflection 9 /ill wat]1 etc41 help to build up ! _s-_w 9 ! untaught m9d ( primitive man4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! orig9s h l$ to some?+ f> high]1 to some?+ ( real value to our nation1 & to some?+ :i* is a moral =ce 9 our daily lives t may well be comp>$ to :at is efficaci\s 9 o!r cre$s4 ,notice ! fact t ,buddhism f ! mom5t ( its introduction 9 ! six? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ to ?is v day has on ! :ole rema9$ ! religion1 s to say1 ( night & gloomy dea?1 :ile ,%9toism has always reta9$ its firm hold on ! popul> m9d z ! cult1 if ,i might s express x1 ( daylight & ! liv+ dead4 ,f ! v dawn ( our hi/ory we read ( patri>*s1 *iefta9s1 & national h]oes deifi$ & wor%ipp$ z s _m gu>dian spirits ( families1 ( clans1 or ( ! c\ntry4 ,nor has ?is process ( deification come to an end yet1 ev5 9 ?is age ( air%ip & subm>9e boat4 ,we cont9ue to erect %r9es to m5 ( m]it4 ,?is may look v /range to y1 b is n y\r poet ,sw9burne "r :5 he s+s-- ',:oso takes ! _w's life on him & 8 own lays d[n1 ,he1 dy+ s1 lives4' ,might n ^! l9es expla91 :5 duly ext5d$1 ! subtle feel+ t lurks beh9d our app>5tly incompreh5sible cu/om ( speak+ ) ! dep>t$ ov] ! alt>8 ,! pres5t deification1 is1 l y\r cu/om ( erect+ monum5ts to m5 ( m]it1 a way ( mak+ ! be/ "p ( a man's c>e] legible to ! com+ g5]ations4 ,! numb]less %r9es y n[ f9d scatt]$ all ov] ,japan are only s _m *apt]s writt5 9 unmi/akable *>act]s ( ! lessons our belov$ & rev]$ h]oes & good m5 h left u = our edification & amelioration4 ,x is 9 ! sunny space )9 ! simple rail+ ( ^! ,%9to %r9es1 :]e ! smil+ pres5ce ( ! patron _s ( a deifi$ =efa!r or a great man is s cle>ly felt1 t our *ildhood has play$ = t5s ( c5turies its games ( innoc5t joy4 ,mon?ly & ye>ly fe/ivals are obs]v$ )9 ! div9e enclosure ( a gu>dian god1 :5 a :ole community "u 8 protection let !mselves g 9 good-natur$ laught] & gleeful mir? be=e ! fav\r+ eyes ( _! div9e patron4 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is jovial feel+ f t gloomy s5sation ) :i* we approa* a ,buddhi/ temple1 recall+ dea? & ! mis]y ( life f e corn] ( its my/]i\s int]ior4 ,su* s]i\sness has nev] be5 cong5ial to ! gay ,japanese m9d ) its /rong love ( op5ness & light4 ,until dea? />es u "r 9 ! face1 we d n c>e to be religi\s 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,true1 we say & ?9k t we believe 9 dea?1 b all ! :ile ?is s-call$ dea? is no?+ else ?an a new life 9 ?is pres5t _w ( ours l$ 9 a sup]natural way4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! fa!r ( a ,japanese family beg9s a j\rney ( any l5g?1 ! rais$ "p ( 8 room w be made sacr$ to 8 memory dur+ 8 tempor>y abs5ce2 8 family w ga!r 9 front ( x & ?9k ( him1 express+ _! devotion & love 9 words & gifts 9 k9d4 ,9 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( families t h "s "o or o!r ( _! memb]s fight+ = ! nation 9 ?is dreadful w> ) ,russia1 !re w n be ev5 "o solit>y h\se :]e ! "m1 wife1 or si/] is n practis+ ?is simple rite ( ende>m5t = ! belov$ & abs5t memb] ( ! family4 ,& if he die on ! field1 ! m5tal attitude ( ! poor b]eav$ t[>ds ! nev]-return+ does n %[ any sub/antial diff]5ce4 ,! tempor>ily dep>t$ w n[ be reg>d$ z ! =ev] dep>t$1 b n z lo/ or pass$ away4 ,8 ess5tial self is ev] pres5t1 only n visible4 ,daily (f]+s & salutations cont9ue 9 exactly ! same way z :5 he 0 abs5t = a "t4 ,ev5 9 ! m9d ( ! mod]n ,japanese ) its extremely agno/ic t5d5cies1 !re is /ill "o corn] sacr$ to ?is inh]it$ feel+4 ,y c\ld soon] conv9ce an ord9>y ,european ( ! non-exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,:5 x gets dusk e bird kn[s :i!r to w+ its way home4 ,ev5 s ) u all :5 ! night ( ,dea? spreads its d>k folds ov] our mortal m9d6 ,b ask a mod]n ,japanese ( ord9>y education 9 ! broad daylight ( life1 if he believes 9 a ,god 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se2 or 9 ,buddha z ! creator2 or 9 ! ,%9to deities2 or else 9 any o!r p]sonal ag5cy or ag5cies1 z orig9at+ & presid+ ov] ! univ]se2 & y w\ld imm$iately get an answ] 9 ! negative 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$4 ,d y ask :y8 ,fir/1 because our s*ool education ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse has1 ev] s9ce its re-e/abli%m5t ?irty-five ye>s ago1 be5 altoge!r free f any tea*+ ( a d5om9ational nature4 ,! e?ical f\ndations necess>y = ! build+ up ( "* are imp>t$ ?r\gh an adequate comm5t>y on ! moral say+s & maxims d]iv$ mo/ly f ,*9ese classics4 ,secondly1 because ! little k ab\t natural sci5ce :i* we obta9 at s*ool seems to make x impossible to an*or our rational selves on any?+ o!r ?an an imp]sonal law4 ,?irdly1 because we d n see any conv9c+ reason :y morals %\ld be bas$ on ! tea*+ ( a special d5om9ation1 9 face ( ! fact t we c be upright & brave )\t ! help ( a cre$ ) a ,god or deities at its o!r end4 ,s1 = ! av]age m9d ( ! educat$ ,japanese some?+ l mod]n sci5tific agno/icism1 ) a /rong t5d5cy t[>ds ! mat]iali/ic monism ( rec5t times1 is j :at pleases & satisfies x mo/4 ,if n s def9itely ?\ght out1 & if express$ ) mu* less le>n$ t]m9ology1 ! ?\ght among our educat$ classes z reg>ds sup]natural ag5cies has dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies be5 mu* ! same4 ,! ,confucian w>n+ aga9/ m$dl+ ) ?+s sup]natural1 ! a!i/ic views & h]mit-l conduct ( ! adh]5ts ( ,laoism1 & ! high] ,buddhism1 all contribut$ t[>ds ! consolidation ( ?is m5tal attitude ) a consci\s or unconsci\s belief 9 ! exi/+ _s-_w4 ,except = ! philosophy :i* !y knew h[ to utilise = _! practical purposes1 ! educat$ felt no *>m 9 religion4 ,! l[] =m ( ,buddhism ) its pan!on has be5 held z some?+ only = ! ag$ & ! weak4 ,= ! execution ( ! religi\s rites1 at fun]als or on o!r occasions 7except 9 ! r>e in/ances :5 "s families = a special reason ( _! own pref]r$ ! ,%9toi/ =m71 we h unanim\sly drawn on ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood1 j 9 ! same way z y g to y\r family doctor or attorney 9 case ( a bodily or legal complication1 kn[+ well t religion z we h und]/ood x is some?+ z mu* outside ! pale ( ! layman z m$ic9e & law4 ,= ! prop] conduct ( our daily life z memb]s ( society1 ! body ( ,confucian morality re/+ on ! tripod ( loyalty1 filial piety1 & hone/y1 has be5 ! only /&>d :i* high & l[ h alike recognis$4 ,^! e?ical ideals1 :5 embrac$ by t =midable w>rior ca/e :o play$ su* an important "p 9 feudal ,japan1 =m ! code ( unwritt5 morality kn[n among u z ,bu%ido1 :i* means ! ,pa? ( ! ,samurai4 ,?is la/ ^w1 :i* has f\nd its way into y\r language1 is ! sub/antival d]ivative f ! v]b samurau 7to s]ve71 &1 l its ,engli% c\nt]p>t 'knight' 7,old ,engli% cniht71 has rais$ itself f its orig9al s5se ( a reta9] 7cp4 ,g]man ,kne*t7 to ! mean+ 9 :i* x is n[ us$4 ,to be a ,samurai 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w has be5 ! highe/ aspiration ( a ,japanese4 ,y\r t]m 'g5tleman1' :5 und]/ood 9 its be/ s5se1 w\ld convey to y an approximate idea if y add$ a da% ( soldi] blood to x4 ,rectitude1 c\rage1 b5evol5ce1 polit5ess1 v]acity1 loyalty1 & a pr$om9at+ s5se ( hon\r--^! are ! *ief col\rs ) :i* a noveli/ 9 ! days ( yore us$ to pa9t an ideal ,samurai2 & 8 li/ ( desirable qualities 0 n consid]$ complete )\t a well-develop$ body & an expression ( ! face t 0 manly b 9 no way brutal4 ,no special /ress 0 at fir/ laid on ! cultivation ( ?9k+ p[] & book-le>n+1 ?\gh !y 7 n altoge!r disc\rag$2 x 0 ?\ght t ^! accompli%m5ts might develop o!r qualities detrim5tal to ! pr9cipal "*1 su* z sophi/ry or p$antry4 ,to h good s5se en\gh to keep 8 "n hon\rable1 & to act in/ead ( talk+ clev]ly1 0 ! *ief ambition ( a ,samurai4 ,b ?is view gradually became obscur$4 ,x lo/ its fe>ful rigidity 9 c\rse ( "t1 z ! _w became m & m sure ( a la/+ peace4 ,lit]ature & music h gradually add$ s(t5+ t\*es to its some:at brusque features4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be always rememb]$ t ! keynote ( ,bu%ido 0 f ! v beg9n+ an indomitable s5se ( hon\r4 ,?is 0 all 9 all to ! m9d ( ! ,samurai1 ^: sword at 8 side rem9d$ him at e movem5t ( ! importance ( 8 good "n4 ,! c>e ) :i* he pres]v$ x rea*$ 9 "s cases to a pa!tic extreme2 he pref]r$1 = example1 an in/ant suicide to a reputation on :i* d\bt _h be5 ca/1 h[ev] falsely4 ,! v cu/om ( seppuku 7bett] kn[n z h>a-kiri71 a =m ( suicide n kn[n 9 e>ly ,japan1#af is an outcome ( ?is love ( an un/a9$ "n1 orig9at+1 9 my op9ion1 9 ! metaphorical use ( ! ^w h>a 7abdom571 :i* 0 ! suppos$ organ = ! begett+ ( ideas4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is curi\s localisation ( ! ?9k+ faculty1 ! ^w h>a came to d5ote at ! same "t int5tion or idea4 ,!re=e1 9 cutt+ op5 7kiru7 8 abdom51 a p]son ^: motives _h come to be suspect$ meant to %[ t 8 inside 0 free f any trace ( ideas n wor?y ( a ,samurai4 ,?is explanation is1 ,i ?9k1 amply su/a9$ by ! con/ant use to ?is v day ( ! ^w h>a 9 ! s5se ( "o's ideas4 #af ,! fir/ m5tion 9 books ( a simil> mode ( dea? dates f ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,b x does n seem t ! cu/om became univ]sal until a consid]ably lat] p]iod4 ,s ,bu%ido1 z y w n[ see1 0 itself b a manife/ation ( ^? same =ces already at "w 9 ! =mation ( ,japanese ?\ght1 l ,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 etc4 ,b z x has play$ a mo/ important "p 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n ,japan1 ,i ?\ght x m prop] to consid] x z an indep5d5t factor 9 ! hi/ory ( our civilisation4 ,_h x n be5 = ?is all-d>+ _s ( ,bu%ido1 ,japan w\ld nev] h be5 able to make ! gigantic progress :i* %e has be5 a*iev+ 9 ^! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,z soon z our ports 7 flung op5 to ! reception ( ,we/]n culture1 ,samurai1 n[ deeply consci\s ( _! new mission1 took leave ( ^? /]n b fai?ful fri5ds1 _! belov$ swords1 n )\t mu* reluctance1 ev5 z did ,sir ,b$iv]e1 9 ord] to take up ! m peaceful p51 :i* !y 7 det]m9$ to wield ) ! same knightly _s4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ,bu%ido t has urg$ our ,japan on = ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 & w cont9ue to urge h] on1 on =ev]1 onw>d to h] ideals ( ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful4 ,look to ! spot :]e e ,japanese sabre & e ,japanese bayonet is at pres5t po9t+ ) its icy edge ( det]m9$ patriotism 9 ! dre>y fields ( ,man*uria1 or ?9k ( ! intrepid h]oes on our m5-(-w> & our torp$o-boats amid bl9d+ sn[/orms & ! gl>e ( ho/ile se>*lights1 & y\r eyes w inv>iably end at ! magic ,pa? ( ! ,samurai4 ,hav+ ?us f> foll[$ my enum]ation ( ! v>i\s factors 9 ! =mation ( ! pres5t ?\ght 9 ,japan1 "s ( y might p]haps be curi\s to "k :at ,*ri/ianity has contribut$ t[>ds ! g5]al /ock ( mod]n ,japanese m5tality4 ,x mu/ surely h ex]cis$ a v heal?y influ5ce on our m9d s9ce its re-introduction at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ,meiji p]iod4 ,"s h inde$ gone s f> z to say t we owe ! :ole success we h up to n[ a*iev$ 9 ?is rem>kable w> to ! holy inspiration we drew f ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i indorse ?is op9ion to its full ext5t1 b only if we are to und]/& by ,8 tea*+ t :ole body ( tru? & love :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* we us$ 9 =m] days to call by o!r names1 su* z ,bu%ido1 ,confucianism1 etc4 ,b if y insi/ on hav+ x und]/ood 9 a n>r[ sect>ian s5se1 ) a p]sonal ,god & rigid =malities z its ma9 features1 !n ,i %\ld say t ,i _c agree ) y1 = ?is ,*ri/ianity occupies r an awkw>d place 9 our ,japanese m9d1 f9d+ itself some:]e betwe5 ! national wor%ip ( ! liv+ dead1 & mod]n agno/icism1 or sci5tific monism4 ,9 our e>li] fi%]y = new k 9 ! ,we/]n seas1 fi% o!r ?an ^? fit = our table 7 caught & dress$ along ) "s really n\ri%+2 ! result 0 disa/r\s1 & we gradually came to le>n m caution ?an at fir/4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics1 m en?usia/ic ?an discreet1 committ$ :olesale outrages on our h>mless ways ( fai? 9 ! e>ly days ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* did mu* to leave 9 bad repute ! cre$ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& s9ce ! prohibition aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 0 remov$1 _m a mission>y has be5 s p>ticul> ab\t ! plate 9 :i* ! tru? is s]v$ z to make u d\bt1 ) reason1 if t be ! _s ( ! immortal ,tea*]4 ,! tru? & poetry t brea! 9 y\r ,gospels h be5 too (t5 p>aphras$ 9 ! s5seless prose ( m]e =malism4 ,o!rwise ,*ri/ianity w\ld h r5d]$ u bett] help 9 our et]nal m>* t[>ds ! ideal emancipation4 ,!re rema9s /ill "o highly important ?+ to be consid]$ z a =mative elem5t ( ! ,japanese _s4 ,i mean ! l&scape & ! physical aspects ( ,japan 9 g5]al4 ,x is well kn[n t an intimate connection exi/s betwe5 ! m9d & ! nature :i* surr\nds x4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation ( ! developm5t ( ,hell5ic sculpture & ( ! ,greek climate1 or ( ! ,teutonic my?ology & ! physical condition ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 w br+ conviction on t po9t4 ,is n ! effect ( ! blue sky on ,italian pa9t+1 & ! influ5ce ( ! dusky heav5 on !1 pictorial art ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 cle>ly traceable 9 ! productions ( ! old ma/]s8 ,a /udy ( ,london psy*ology at ! pres5t mom5t w nev] be complete )\t special *apt]s on y\r op5 spaces & y\r fogs4 ,9 ord] to convey any?+ l an adequate idea ( ! physical aspects ( ,japan f ! geographical & meteorological po9ts ( view1 x w\ld be necess>y to furni% a detail$ acc\nt ( ! c\ntry1 ) a long li/ ( /ati/ical tables & ! ample help ( lant]n slides4 ,b on ?is occasion ,i mu/ be cont5t ) nam+ "s ( ! typical features ( our surr\nd+s4 ,japan1 z y "k1 is a long & n>r[ s]ies ( isl&s1 /ret*+ f frigid ,kam*atka 9 ! nor? to half-tropical ,=mosa 9 ! s\?4 ,! :ole c\ntry is m\nta9\s1 ) comp>atively little flat l&1 & is p]=at$ ) a great numb] ( volcanoes1 ! active ones alone numb]+ above fifty at pres5t4 ,) ?is is connect$ ! annoy+ frequ5cy ( e>?quakes1 & ! agreeable abundance ( !rmal spr+s--two ph5om5a t _c rema9 )\t effect on ! p's "*4 ,!re are two o!r natural ag5cies to be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,"o is ! ,kuro-%io1 or ,black ,/ream1 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! deep black col\r :i* ! ocean curr5t displays 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,?is w>m ocean riv]1 hav+ a temp]ature ( #bg c5tigrade 9 summ]1 beg9s its c\rse 9 ! tropical regions ne> ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & on rea*+ ! s\!rn isles is divid$ by !m into two unequal p>ts4 ,! great] portion ( x skirts ! ,japanese isl&s on _! ea/]n coa/1 imp>t+ to !m t w>m & moi/ atmosph]e :i* is "o s\rce ( ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! beauty ( ! vegetation4 ,! effect ( ! ,kuro-%io ^u ! climate & productions ( ! l&s along :i* x fl[s may be fairly comp>$ ) t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* 9 situation1 direction1 & volume x resembles4 ,to ?is mo/ noticeable cause ( ! climatic condition ( ! ,japanese isl&s mu/ be add$ ano!r ag5cy closely relat$ to x 9 its effect4 ,our ar*ipelago lies 9 ! region ( ! nor!a/ monsoon1 :i* affects 9 a m>k$ degree ! climate ( all ^? p>ts ov] :i* ! w9ds bl[4 ,al?\gh ! same monsoon bl[s ov] ! ea/]n c\ntries ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 ! insul> "* ( ,japan1 & ! proximity ( ! above-m5tion$ w>m curr5t on bo? sides ( ! isl&s1 give to ! w9ds :i* prevail a "* !y d n possess on ! cont95t4 ,al?\gh ! effect ( ! *ill & fro/ ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,japan1 ) its heavy sn[fall & cov]$ sky1 _c be )\t its depress+ influ5ce on human nature 9 t "p ( ! isl&1 ?is has n play$ any s]i\s role 9 ! =mation ( ! ,japanese "* z a :ole4 ,x is only at a r rec5t date t ! nor!rn prov9ces began to contribute _! %>e to ! g5]al progress ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is c v easily be expla9$ by ! gradual advance ( ,japanese civilisation f ! s\?we/ to ! nor!a/4 ,until comp>atively lately ! cold] region ( ,japan nor? ( ! #cg? degree ( latitude has rema9$ v ne>ly inactive 9 our hi/ory4 ,x is almo/ exclusively 9 ! m sunny s\?1 ext5d+ d[n to ! #ca/ degree1 t ! ma9 activity ( ! ,japanese m9d & h& has be5 %[n4 ,& ! effect is ! sunn9ess ( "* & r hot temp]am5t :i* we1 z a :ole1 %>e 9 a m>k$ degree ) ! s\!rn ,europeans1 z contra/$ ) ! some:at gloomy calm & delib]ation notic$ bo? among ori5tal & occid5tal nor!rn]s4 ,not)/&+ ! comp>atively high am\nt ( ra9fall1 ! fact rema9s t z a nation we h sp5t mo/ ( our life "u ! s]5e canopy ( blue sky *>act]i/ic ( a volcanic c\ntry4 ,m\nta9s1 graceful r ?an sublime1 & f]tile pla9s ) ri* v]dure1 its beauties *ang+ sl[ly f ! :ite blossoms ( spr+ to ! crimson leaves ( autumn1 h af=d$ u _m welcome sights to re/ our eyes ^u2 :ile ! azure /ret* ( wat]1 brok5 agreeably by scatt]$ isles1 wa%es to-day z x did 9 ! days ( ! gods ! :ite %ore1 r5d]$ conspicu\s by ! ev]la/+ gre5 ( ! p9e trees1 :i* skirts ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 ,! w9t]1 ?\gh x beg9s its dre>y c\rse ) a %ort p]iod ( w>m days kn[n z ! ,little ,spr+1 is ( c\rse n )\t its bleak morn+s ) cutt+ w9ds & icy wrea?s4 ,b ! fact t ev5 z f> nor? z ,tky no elaborate sy/em ( w>m+ rooms is at all develop$1 & t ! occasional fall+ ( sn[ is hail$ ev5 by ag$ m5 ( lett]s1 & /ill m by ! num]\s poeta/]s1 z a fit occasion = a p$e/rian excursion to "s neighbor+ localities = a bett] appreciation ( ! silv]y _w1 s]ves to %[ h[ mild ! cold is 9 s\? ,japan4 ,a p on :om ! surr\nd+ nature always smiles s indulg5tly c be little expect$ to be driv5 to turn _! ?\ghts 9 ! direction ( _! own self1 & ?us to develop su* a /rong s5se ( individuality z *>act]ises ! rigid nor!rn]s2 nor are ! nations pant+ "u a scor*+ sun likely to %>e our fri5dly feel+s t[>ds nature1 = ) !m ,fa!r ,sun is too rigor\s to all[ a peaceful enjoym5t ( 8 works4 ,all ?r\gh ! f\r seasons1 :i* are almo/ too v>i$ ev5 = a ,?omson's p51 ev5tful ) ! con/ant calls ( "o aft] ano!r ( our fl[]y visitors--beg9n+ ) ! noble plum t peeps ) its t9y yell[i%-:ite eyes f "u ! spotless repose ( fleecy sn[1 & end+ 9 ! gay v>iety ( ! *rysan!mum--we h too _m allurem5ts f outside n to leap into ! widespread arms ( ,"m ,nature & dream away our simple1 our cont5t$ life 9 h] lap4 ,true1 !re also are 9 ,japan _m in/ances ( brok5 he>ts seek+ _! f9al re/ "u ! gre5 turf ( an untimely grave1 or else 9 ! grey mantle ( ! ,buddhi/ monkhood4 ,b 9 !m1 aga91 we see ! *>act]i/ic det]m9ation & action ( a ,japanese at "w4 ,to indulge 9 ,hamlet-l mus+1 deep 9 ! gr& d\bt & sublime melan*oly ( ! nev]-slumb]+ "q ',to be1 or n to be8' is some?+1 s to say1 too damp to occur 9 ! sunny ?\ght ( our op5-air life4 ,if ask$ to "n ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^? physical ph5om5a :i* h ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce on our m9d1 no ,japanese w hesitate to m5tion our mo/ belov$ ,fuji-no-yama4 ,?is is ! highe/ & ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! great m\nta9s 9 ! ma9 gr\p ( ! ,japanese isl&s4 ,gracefully conical 9 %ape1 lift+ its sn[clad head aga9/ a s]5e backgr\nd #ab1cfe feet above ! sea1 x has f ! e>lie/ "t be5 ! object ( unceas+ admiration = ! surr\nd+ ?irte5 prov9ces1 & :]e x /&s out ( ! rea* ( ! nak$ eye1 w+$ words f ! poet's lyre1 & fly+ leaves f ! arti/'s bru%1 h c>ri$ its nev]-tir+ praise to all ! nooks & corn]s ( ! ,l& ( ! ,gods4 ,"h is "o ( ! e>lie/ odes to ,fujiyama1 conta9$ 9 a collection ( lyrical poems call$ ,man-y-%1 or ',myriad ,leaves1' by ,pr9ce ,moroe 7di$ ,a4,d4 #geg71 some:]e 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eigh? c5tury3-- ,!re on ! bord]1 :]e ! l& ( ,kahi ,do? t\* ! fronti] ( ,suruga's l&1 ,a beaute\s prov9ce /ret*$ on ei!r h&1 ,see ,fujiyama re> 8 head on high6 ,! cl\ds ( heav'n 9 rev'r5t wond] pause1 ,nor may ! birds ^? giddy heights essay1 ,:]e melt ?y sn[s amid ?y fires away1 ,or ?y fi]ce fires lie qu5*'d b5ea? ?y sn[s4 ,:at "n might fitly tell1 :at acc5ts s+1 ,?y awful1 godlike gr&eur8 ',tis ?y brea/ ,t holde? ,n>usaha's flood at re/1 ,?y side :5ce ,fujikaha's wat]s spr+4 ,great ,fujiyama1 t['r+ to ! sky6 ,a treasure art ?\ giv'n to mortal man1 ,a god-protector1 wat*+ o'er ,japan3 ,on !e = ev] let me fea/ m9e eye6 ,?is n[ ext9ct volcano1 besides inspir+ poetical ef=ts1 has be5 an inexhau/ible subject = our pictorial art2 x is en\gh to m5tion ! fam\s sets ( col\r pr9ts1 repres5t+ ! ?irty-six or ! hundr$ aspects ( ! fav\rite m\nta91 by ,hiro%ige1 ,hokusai1 etc4 ,! gr\ps ( rural pilgrims t annually sw>m f all p>ts ( ,japan dur+ ! two hotte/ mon?s ( ! ye> to pay _! pi\s visit to ! ,holy ,m\nt ,fuji1 return to _! respective villages deeply inspir$ ) a feel+ ( rev]5ce & ( love = ! wond]s & beauty ( ! rem>kable dawn !y witness$ f its summit4 ,!re is _m ano!r t[]+ m\nta9 ) its set ( pilgrims1 b none c vie ) ,fujiyama = maje/ic grace4 ,m beautiful ?an sublime1 m s]5e ?an impos+1 x has be5 f "t immemorial a sil5t influ5ce on ! ,japanese "*4 ,:o w\ld d5y t x has reflect$ 9 its s]5ity & grace z se5 on a bright day all ! ideals ( ! ,japanese m9d8 ,ano!r fav\rite emblem ( our _s is ! *]ry blossom4 ,! *]ry tree1 :i* we cultivate1 n = its fruit1 b = ! annual tribute ( a bran*ful ( its fl[]s1 has done mu*1 especially 9 ! developm5t ( ! gay side ( our "*4 ,its blossoms are void ( t sweet dep? ( sc5t y\r rose possesses1 or ! calm repose t *>act]izes ,*9a's emblematic peony4 ,a sunny gaiety & a read9ess to scatt] _! he>t-%ap$ petals ) a ,samurai's indiff]5ce to dea? are :at make !m s de> to our simple & det]m9$ view ( life4 ,!re is an ode kn[n to e ,japanese by ! great ,motoori ,nor9aga 7#agcj-ahja ,a4,d47 :i* runs z foll[s3-- ,%iki%ima no ,yamata-gokoro wo ,hito toha ba1 ,asahi ni nih(u ,jamazakura-bana4 7,%\ld any "o ask me :at ! _s ( ,japan is l1 ,i w\ld po9t to ! blossoms ( ! wild *]ry tree ba?+ 9 ! beams ( ! morn+ sun47 ,^! words1 laconic z !y are1 repres5t1 9 my op9ion1 ! fundam5tal tru? ab\t ! ,japanese m5tality--its weak places z well z its /r5g?4 ,!y give an incomp>able key to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! :ole p1 ^: ideal x has ev] be5 to live & to die l ! *]ry blossoms1 b5ea? :i* !y h ^! t5s ( c5turies sp5t _! happie/ h\rs e spr+4 ,! m5tion ( a ,japanese poem gives me an opportunity to say some?+ ab\t ,japanese poetry4 ,l o!r e>ly p1 our =efa!rs 9 ar*aic "t lik$ to express _! ?\ghts 9 a measur$ =m ( language4 ,! :ole /ructure ( ! tongue be+ naturally melodi\s1 on acc\nt ( its consi/+ ( op5 syllables ) cle> & sonor\s v[els & little ( ! h>% consonantal elem5ts 9 !m1 ! numb] ( syllables 9 a l9e has be5 almo/ ! only feature t di/+ui%$ our poetry f ord9>y prose composition4 ,! ta/e = a l5g!n$ =m ( poems _h lo/ gr\nd e>ly1 & already at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! epigrammatic =m exemplifi$ above1 consi/+ ( ?irty-"o syllables1 e/abli%$ itself z ! ord9>y type ( ! ,japanese odes4 ,?is =m subdivides itself into two p>ts1 viz41 ! upp] half conta9+ ?ree l9es ( five1 sev51 & aga9 five syllables1 & ! l[] half consi/+ ( two l9es ( sev5 syllables ea*4 ,?is simplicity has made x impossible to express 9 x any?+ m ?an a pi?y appeal to our lyrical nature2 epic poetry 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w has nev] be5 develop$ by u4 ,b x mu/ be notic$ t x is ?is simplicity ( =m ( our poetical expression t has put x )9 ! rea* ( almo/ ev]ybody4 ,to all ( u )\t di/9ction ( class & sex has be5 accord$ ! sacr$ pleasure ( satisfy+ & ?us develop+ our poetical nature1 s long z we _h a subject to s+ & c\ld c\nt syllables up to ?irty-"o4 ,! language resort$ to 9 su* a composition 0 at fir/ ! same z t 9 use 9 ev]yday life4 ,b aft]w>ds z succe$+ =ms ( ! v]nacul> gradually deviat$ f ! classical type1 a special gramm> along ) a special vocabul>y _h to be /udi$ by ! w\ld-be poet4 ,?is 0 avoid$1 h[ev]1 by ! developm5t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ( a popul> & /ill %ort] =m ( ode call$ ,hokku1 ) mu* less /rict regulations ab\t syntax & phraseology4 ,?is ultra-%ort v>iety ( ,japanese poetry1 consi/+ only ( sev5te5 syllables1 is 9 =m ! upp] half ( ! regul> poem4 ,"h is an example3-- ,asagaho ni ,tsurube tor>ete ,morai-midzu4 ,sket*y z x is1 ?is tells u t ! compos] ,*iyo1 'hav+ gone to h] well "o morn+ to draw wat]1 f\nd t "s t5drils ( ! convolvulus _h tw9$ !mselves ar\nd ! rope4 ,z a poetess & a woman ( ta/e1 %e c\ld n br+ h]self to di/urb ! da9ty blossoms4 ,s1 leav+ h] own well to ! convolvuli1 %e w5t & begg$ wat] ( a neighbor'--a pretty little vignette1 surely1 & express$ 9 five words4 ,?is new movem5t1 :i* owes its real developm5t to a rem>kable man call$ ,ba% 7#afdd-afdi71 a my/ic ( ! ,z5 sect to ! tip ( 8 f+]s1 _h an aim t 0 /rictly practical4 ',he wi%$ to turn m5's lives & ?\ghts 9 a bett] & a high] direction1 & he employ$ "o bran* ( art1 namely poetry1 z ! vehicle = ! e?ical influ5ce to ^: ex]cise he devot$ 8 life4 ,! v ^w poetry 7or haikai7 came 9 8 m\? to /& = morality4 ,did any ( 8 foll[]s transgress ! code ( pov]ty1 simplicity1 humility1 long-suff]+1 he w\ld rebuke ! (f5d] ) a ,?is is n poetry1 mean+ ,?is is n "r4 ,8 k ( nature & 8 sympa?y ) nature 7 at lea/ z intimate z ,wordswor?'s1 & 8 sympa?y ) all sorts & conditions ( m5 0 f> m intimate2 = he nev] isolat$ himself f 8 k9d1 b liv$ *e]fully 9 ! _w4'#ag ,n[1 ?is =m ( popul> lit]ature by virtue ( its accessibility ev5 to ! poore/ amateurs f ! l[e/ ranks ( ! p1 0 m>k$ly in/rum5tal1 z ! n[ classical =m ( poetry _h be5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! cultivation ( ta/e & good mann]s among all classes ( ! ,japanese nation4 ,ev5 among ! rick%a m5 ( to-day y f9d _m su* humble poets1 tak+ snap%ots z !y run along ! /ony pa? ( _! mis]able life4 ,i wond] if y\r hansom driv]s are equally aspir+ 9 ?is respect4 #ag ,b4,h4 ,*amb]la9's ,ba% & ! ,japanese ,epigram1 ,t4,a4,s4,j41 vol4 xxx4 pt4 ii4 ,9 all ^! phases ( ! developm5t ( our poetry1 we notice1 z "o ( its peculi>ities1 a /rong incl9ation to ! ex]cise ( ! witty side ( our nature4 ,ev5 if we leave out ( consid]ation ! s-call$ 'pill[ ^w' 7makura-kotoba71 s pr(usely resort$ to 9 our anci5t poems1 "p ( :i* 7 no?+ b a nave sort ( jeu de mots1 & ! abundant use ( o!r plays on words ( lat] developm5t1 kn[n z kakekotoba1 jo1 %ku1 etc4 7haikai-no-uta71 x is notewor?y t poems ( a comic nature f\nd a special place 9 ! e>lie/ imp]ial collection ( ,japanese odes nam$ ,kok9%ifu1' :i* 0 compil$ 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ijh4 ,?is species has fl\ri%$ ev] s9ce "u ! "n ( ,kyka1 & also gave rise to a %ort5$ =m 9 sev5te5 syllables1 call$ haikai-no-hokku4 ,:5 9 ! h& ( ,ba% ?is latt] =m develop$ itself into some?+ high] & m s]i\s1 ! witty & satirical ,s5ry1 also 9 sev5te5 syllables1 came to take its place4 ,"o ?+ to be specially not$ 9 ?is connection is ! introduction f ,*9a ( ! idea ( poetic t\rnam5ts1 ! beauty ( :i* consi/$ 9 ! (fh& & quick composition ( "o long s]ies ( odes by sev]al p]sons sitt+ toge!r1 ea* supply+ 9 turn ei!r ! upp] half or ! l[] half z ! case might be1 ! two 9 comb9ation giv+ a poetical s5se4 ,?is usage ( capp+ v]ses kn[n z r5ga came to be v popul>1 f ! ,c\rt d[nw>d1 z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,aft] a :ile ! same practice 0 appli$ to comic poetry1 ?us produc+ ! s-call$ haikai-no-r5ga1 or comic l9k$ v]ses4 ,?is c\pl+ ( v]ses gave pl5ty ( occasion = %>p5+ "o's wit z well z "o's skill 9 extemporis+4 ,x is to a lat] attempt to express all ^! subtleties 9 ! upp] half ( ! poem compos$ by "o p]son t ! pres5t kokku ow$ its orig94 ,y c easily imag9e ! effect su* an ex]cise produc$ on ! popul> m9d4 ,besides ! moral good :i* ?is lit]>y pursuit has br\ght to ! populace1 x has giv5 a fre% opportunity = ! cultivation ( our habit ( atta*+ s5se to app>5tly mean+less gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 & our fondness ( laconic utt]ance & symbolic repres5tation1 n to say any?+ ab\t our love ( nature & simplicity4 ,all ?is t5ds 9 my view to %[ t we ,japanese h a /rong lik+ = wit 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,we try to solve a "q1 n by t sl[] b sur] way ( calm delib]ation & untir+ lab\r l ! cool-head$ ,g]mans1 b by an inc&esc5t fla% ( inspiration l ! hot-blood$ ,fr5*m54 ,?is fact is s+ul>ly pres]v$ 9 ! e>li] s5se ( ! n[ sacr$ ^w ,yamato-dama%1 :i* _h n its pres5t mean+1 viz41 '! _s ( ,japan' 9 ! mo/ elevat$ s5se ( t t]m1 b signifi$ '! wit ( ! ,japanese' z contra/$ ) ! 'le>n+ ( ! ,*9ese' 7wakon z oppos$ to kansai74 ,! ^w tama%1 :i* n[ expresses ! idea ( '_s1' corresponds 9 ! comp\nd 9 "q to ! ,fr5* esprit 9 su* comb9ations z homme d'esprit or jeu d'esprit4 ,turn+ n[ to ! consid]ation ( o!r sets ( ph5om5a1 z an illu/ration ( ! ,japanese "*1 let me tell y some?+ ab\t ! tea-c]emony & k9dr$ rites4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,*a-no-e 7or ,*a-no-yu71 or tea-meet+1 ?is mu*-spok5-( art orig9at$ among ! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 :o le>n$ to appreciate ! bev]age f ! ,*9ese4 ,inde$1 ! tea-plant itself 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,japan along ) ! "n ,*a 7,*9ese ,*'a7 f ! ,cele/ial ,empire1 9 ! t5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ c5turies its cultivation & ! prep>ation ( ! dr9k 0 monopolis$ by ! prie/hood1 if we except ! cases ( a few well-to-d m5 ( lett]s4 ,?is fact is ga!r$ f ! frequ5t m5tion ( tea-cups (f]$ to ! emp]or on ! occasion ( an imp]ial visit to a ,buddhi/ mona/]y4 ,dur+ all ?is "t a s5se ( some?+ preci\s & ari/ocratic 0 atta*$ to ?is aromatic bev]age1 :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( r>e drug ( /range virtue 9 rais+ depress$ spirits1 & ev5 ( cur+ c]ta9 diseases4 ,?is high appreciation ( ! dr9k1 z well z ! ne$ ( c]emony 9 (f]+ x to exalt$ p]sonages1 gradually develop$ 9 ! h&s ( monks ) pl5ty ( leisure & a good k ( ! high praise accord$ to its virtues by ! ,*9ese savants1 into a v complicat$ rite z to ! way ( s]v+1 & ( be+ s]v$ )1 a cup ( tea4 ,a pr9t repres5t+ a man clad z a ,buddhi/ prie/ 9 ! act ( sell+ ! bev]age 9 ! /reet at a p5ny a cup is pres]v$ f a date z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %[+ t ! dr9k _h !n come to f9d cu/om]s ev5 among ! common p4 ,b ! c]emony ( ,*a-no-e1 z su*1 nev] made its way among !m until _m c5turies aft]4 ,x 0 at fir/ fo/]$ & elaborat$ only among ! ari/ocracy4 ,already 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! luxury & extravagance ( ! ,a%ikaga ,%ogunate rea*$ its z5i? 9 ! p]son ( ,yo%imasa 7#adce-adij71 ! tea-c]emony 0 "o ( ! fav\rite pa/imes ( ! highe/ classes4 ,yo%imasa himself 0 a great patron & connoisseur ( ! complicat$ rite1 z well z ( o!r bran*es ( art1 su* z l&scape g>d5+ & ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s4 ,!re are two diff]5t phases ( ! tea-c]emony1 ! regul> c\rse & ! simplifi$ c\rse1 kn[n among u z ! ',great ,tea' & ! ',small ,tea4' ,9 ei!r case1 x might be def9$ 9 its pres5t =m z a sy/em ( cultivat+ good mann]s z appli$ to daily life1 ) ! s]v+ & dr9k+ ( a cup ( tea at its c5tre4 ,! ma9 /ress is laid on ensur+ outw>dly a graceful c>riage1 & inw>dly pres5ce ( m9d4 ,z ) ! national =m ( wre/l+ kn[n z ju-jitsu1 ) its c>eful analysis ( e pu% & pull d[n to ! m9ute/ details1 s ) ! ,*a-no-e1 e move ( body & limb 9 walk+ & sitt+ dur+ ! :ole c]emony has be5 fully /udi$ & work$ out s z to give x ! mo/ graceful =m conceivable4 ,at ! same "t ! calm & self-control %[n by ! p>tak] 9 ! rite is reg>d$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! p]=mance1 )\t :i* ultimate success 9 x w be q impossible4 ,s x is m a physical & moral tra9+ ?an a m]e amusem5t or a simple qu5*+ ( ?ir/4 ,b ?is orig9al s5se has n always be5 kept 9 view ev5 by ! s-call$ ma/]s ( ! tea-c]emony1 :o1 l y\r danc+-ma/]s1 are g5]ally consid]$ to be ! m5 to tea* u social etiquette4 ,?us1 div]t$ f its orig9al idea1 ! ,*a-no-e is g5]ally f\nd to deg5]ate into a body ( conv5tional & mean+less =malities1 :i*1 ev5 9 its mo/ abbreviat$ =m z ! ',small ,tea1' is some?+ v tiresome1 if n worse4 ,to sit la japonaise 7n la turque1 :i* is n consid]$ polite7 = an h\r1 if n = h\rs toge!r1 on ! matt$ floor to see ! celebration ( ! monoton\s rite1 d>+ to talk only little1 & ev5 !n n above a :isp]1 9 ! smalle/ imag9able tea-room1 is n :at ev5 a born ,japanese ( ! pres5t day c mu* appreciate1 mu* less s ,europeans1 :o w\ld pref] be+ put 9 ! /ocks1 unless !y be !mselves ,*a-j9 or tea-c]emoniali/s1 t is to say1 ecc5trics4 ,h[ to op5 ! slid+-door2 h[ to %ut x ea* "t2 h[ to br+ & arrange ! sev]al ut5sils1 ) _! sev]al prescrib$ ways ( be+ h&l$1 into ! tea-room2 h[ to sit d[n noiselessly 9 front ( ! boil+ kettle :i* hangs ov] a brasi]2 h[ to op5 ! lid ( ! kettle2 h[ to put tea-p[d] 9 ! cup2 h[ to p\r hot wat] ov] x2 h[ to /ir ! n[ gre5 wat] ) a bamboo bru%2 h[ to give ! mixture a head ( foam2 h[ & :]e to place ! cup ready = ! expect+ dr9k]--?is on ! "p ( ! p]son play+ ! ho/ or ho/ess2 & n[ on ! "p ( ! gue/--h[ to take a sweet f ! di% be=e him 9 prep>ation = ! com+ aromatic dr9k2 h[ to take up ! cup n[ giv5 him2 h[ to hold x ) bo? h&s2 h[ to give x a g5tle /ir2 h[ to dr9k x up 9 ?ree sips & a half2 h[ to wipe (f ! trace ( ! sipp+ left on ! edge ( ! cup2 h[ to turn ! cup horizontally r\nd2 h[ to put x d[n )9 ! rea* ( 8 ho/ or ho/ess1 etc41 etc41 ad inf9itum--^! are "s ( ! ess5tial items to be le>n$ & practis$4 ,& = e "o ( !m !re is a prescrib$ =m ev5 to ! slighte/ move & curve 9 :i* a f+] %\ld be b5t or /ret*$1 always 9 /rict accordance ) ! attitude ( o!r bodies 9 direct connection ) x4 ,! :ole c]emony 9 its deg5]at$ =m is an aggregate ( an imm5se numb] ( comme il faut's1 ) practically no m>g9 = p]sonal ta/e4 ,b ev5 beh9d its pres5t frigidity we _c fail to disc]n ! true idea & ! good x has work$ 9 pa/ c5turies4 ,x has done a great deal ( good1 especially 9 ^? r\gh days at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 great w>riors return+ blood-/a9$ f ! field ( battle le>n$ h[ to b[ _! haughty necks 9 admiration ( ! curves ( beauty1 & h[ to li/5 to ! silv]y note ( a boil+ tea-kettle4 ,!y c\ld n help _! /]n faces melt+ into a nave smile 9 ! s]5e simplicity ( ! tea-room1 ^: arrangem5t1 true to ! ,z5 ta/e to ! v la/ detail ( its /ructure1 %[$ a /udi$ avoidance ( o/5tation 9 =m & col\r4 ,to ?is day x is always ?is ,z5 ta/e t rules supreme 9 ! decoration ( a ,japanese h\se4 ,visit a ,japanese g5tleman ^: ta/e is n yet badly influ5c$ by ! ,we/]n love ( %[ & symmetry 9 8 dwell+3 y w f9d ! room & ! :ole arrangem5t free f any?+ ( an o/5tati\s nature4 ,! col\r ( ! walls & slid+-doors w be v subdu$1 b n on t acc\nt gloomy4 ,9 ! ni*e y w see "o or a s+le set ( kakemono1 or pictures1 at ! foot ( :i*1 j 9 ! middle ( ! slightly rais$ floor ( ! ni*e1 we put "s object ( decoration--a sculpture1 a vase ) fl[]s1 etc4 ,^! are bo? c>efully *ang$ 9 accordance ) ! season1 or else 9 h>mony ) ! rul+ idea ( ! day1 :5 ! room is decorat$ 9 celebration ( "s ev5t or gue/4 ,?is rule applies to ! o!r objects connect$ ) ! room--ut5sils1 cu%ions1 scre5s1 etc4 ,! ,european way ( arrang+ a room is1 g5]ally speak+1 r revolt+ to our ta/e4 ,we take c>e n to %[ any?+ b :at is absolutely necess>y to make a room look agreeable1 keep+ all o!r ?+s beh9d ! sc5es4 ,?us we secure to e object ( art t we all[ 9 our pres5ce a fair opportunity ( be+ appreciat$4 ,?is is n usually ! case 9 a ,european dwell+4 ,i h v (t5 felt less cr[d$ 9 a museum or 9 a baza> ?an 9 y\r draw+-rooms4 ',y "k s well h[ to expose to view :at y h1' ,i h frequ5tly _h occasion to say to myself1 'b y h /ill mu* to le>n f u h[ to hide1 = exposition is1 aft] all1 a v poor means ( %[+4' ,to return to ! ma9 po9t1 we owe to ! ,*a-no-e mu* ( ! pres5t /&>d ( our ta/e1 :i* is1 9 its turn1 no?+ m ?an ! ,z5 ways ( look+ at ?+s z appli$ to ev]yday life4 ,?is is no wond]1 :5 we rememb] t x 0 9 ! ta/eful h&s ( ! ,z5 prie/s t ! :ole c]emony rea*$ its p]fection4 ,inde$1 ! ^w *a is a t]m :i* conveys to ?is day ! ma9 features ( ! ,contemplative sect to our m9d4 ,9 connection ) ! tea-c]emony1 !re are "s si/] arts :i* h be5 equally effective 9 ! prop] cultivation ( our ta/e4 ,l&scape g>d5+1 9 :i* our object is to make an idealis$ copy ( "s natural sc5e1 is an art t has be5 lov$ & practis$ among u = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 al?\gh x 0 n indig5\s l mo/ ?+s ,japanese4 ,?is practice ( pa9t+ ) tree & /one soon gave rise to ano!r art1 ! m9iature reproduction ( a fav\rite natural sc5e on a piece ( bo>d1 & ?is is ! =]unn] ( ! lat] bonkei1 or ! tray-l&scape1 & its si/] bonsai1 or ! art ( symbolis+ an ab/ract idea1 su* z c\rage1 maje/y1 etc41 by means ( ! gr[? ( a dw>f tree4 ,! same love t we feel = a symbolic repres5tation is also to be trac$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s4 ,! practice ( pres]v+ cut bran*es1 g5]ally ( fl[]+ trees1 9 a vase fill$ ) wat] is (t5 m5tion$ 9 our classical lit]ature4 ,b x 0 fir/ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t x assum$ its pres5t aspect1 :51 9 conjunction ) ! ,*a-no-e1 x f\nd a great patron 9 t mo/ influ5tial dilettante ,%ogun ,yo%imasa4 ,already 9 8 "t !re 7 a great _m pr9ciples to be le>n$ conc]n+ ! way to give ! longe/ life & ! mo/ graceful =m to ! bran*es put 9 a vase1 besides inve/+ ! :ole composition ) a symbolic mean+4 ,up to ?is day we look ^u ?is art z v helpful = ! cultivation ( ta/e among ! fair sex1 :o receive long c\rses ( in/ruction by ! g5]ally ag$ ma/]s ( floral arrangem5t1 :o1 along ) _! tea*+ 9 ! treatm5t ( plants1 "k h[ to in/il e?ics 9 _! "y pupils1 tak+ ! f9i%$ vase ( fl[]s z ! subject ( conv]sation4 ,! ma/]s ( ! tea-c]emony are also well v]s$ 9 arrang+ fl[]s 9 t simple mann] :i* is yet full ( mean+ call$ *a-bana1 or ! ',z5 type ( floral art4' ,y see h[ mu* all ^! arts h contribut$ to ! production ( our ta/e1 ^: ideals are ! dislike ( l\dness & love ( symbolic repres5tation1 ) a delicate feel+ = ! beauty ( l9e z se5 9 ?+s mov+ or at re/4 ,?is la/ quality mu/ h be5 imm5sely augm5t$ by ! l9e> "* ( our draw+1 & also by ! great importance we are accu/om$ to atta* to ! %ape & ! /rokes ( ! *>act]s :5 we are le>n+ to write4 ,all ^! qualities y w see exemplifi$ 9 any ,japanese "w ( art--f a l>ge picture d[n to a t9y wood5 c>v+4 ,take up a girl's silk dress & exam9e x c>efully1 & note h[ ! l9+ is dy$ & embroid]$ ) z great1 if n great] c>e1 9 ord] to make x h>monise 9 col\r & design ) ! visible surface & add "s exquisite mean+4 ,d n =get to look at ! back :5 y come across a lacqu]$ box1 = x is n only ! surface t receives our c>eful att5tion4 ,& above all1 y mu/ always keep 9 m9d t our arti/s ?9k x a duty to be sugge/ive r ?an explicit1 & to leave some?+ ( _! mean+ to be div9$ by ^? :o contemplate _! works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "t is n[ come to conclude my essay at an exposition ( ! ,japanese _s4 ,i ?9k ,i h giv5 y occasion to see some?+ ( bo? ! /rong & ! weak sides ( my c\ntrym52 = x is j :]e our fav\rable qualities lie t y w also f9d ! correspond+ weaknesses4 ,! usual *>ges br\ght aga9/ u1 t we are precoci\s1 unpractical1 frivol\s1 fickle1 etc41 are n wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion1 because !y are all ( !m easily expla9$ z b ! att5dant ph5om5a ( ! transitory age f :i* we are j em]g+4 ,ev5 ! m s\nd accusation ( our want ( orig9ality mu/ be reconsid]$ 9 face ( s _m facts to ! contr>y1 facts :i* %[ u to be at lea/ 9 small ?+s v orig9al1 almo/ 9 ! ,fr5* s5se ( t ^w4 ,t we h always be5 ready to borr[ h9ts f o!r c\ntries is 9 a great measure to be expla9$ by ! consid]ation t we _h f ! v beg9n+ ! disadvantage & ! advantage ( hav+ z neighb\rs nations ) a great />t 9 ! race-c\rse ( civilisation4 ,! cause ( our be+ small 9 great ?+s1 :ile great 9 small ?+s1 c be p>tly f\nd 9 ! f9ancial conditions ( ! c\ntry & 9 ! non-individual nature ( ! culture we h receiv$4 ,^! delicate que/ions w h to be rais$ aga9 "s c5turies h5ce1 :5 a heal?y admixture ( ! ,european civilisation has be5 tri$--a civilisation ! effect ( :i* has be51 on ! :ole1 s b5eficial to our developm5t1 t we feel x a mo/ agreeable duty gratefully to ackn[l$ge our imm5se obligation to ! nations ( ! ,we/4