,?is "w is lic5s$ "u a ,creative ,commons ,attribution #c4j ,unport$ ,lic5se1 http3_/_/creativecommons4org_/ ,,! ,,z5 ,,exp]i5ce ,libr>y ,j\rnal call$ x1 ,! be/ hi/ory ( ,z5 ev] writt54 ,! tru? ( ,z5 has always resid$ 9 individual exp]i5ce r ?an 9 !oretical writ+s4 ,to give ! mod]n read] access to und]/&+ ( ?is tru?1 ,,! ,,z5 ,,exp]i5ce illum9es ,z5 z x 0 creat$ & %ap$ by ! p]sonalities1 p]ceptions1 & actions ( its ma/]s ov] ! c5turies4 ,beg9n+ ) ! tw9 roots ( ,z5 9 ,indian ,buddhism & ,*9ese ,taoism1 we foll[ x ?r\gh its initial fl[]+ 9 ,*9a "u ! ,fir/ ,patri>* ,bodhidh>ma2 its division into s*ools ( gradual & sudd5 enlight5m5t "u ,%5-hsui & ,%5-hui2 ! u%]+ 9 ( its gold5 age by ,hui-n5g2 ! developm5t ( %ock enlight5m5t by ,ma-tsu2 its poetic greatness 9 ! p]son ( ,han-%an2 ! p]fection ( ! use ( ! koan by ,ta-hui2 ! migration ( ,z5 to ,japan & its extraord9>y gr[? !re "u a succession ( t[]+ ,japanese spiritual lead]s4 ,ri* 9 hi/orical backgr\nd1 vivid 9 reveal+ anecdote & memorable quotation1 ?is long-ne$$ "w succe$s admirably 9 tak+ ,z5 f ! libr>y %elves & re/or+ its liv+1 human =m4 ,,books ,,by ,,?omas ,,hoov] ,nonfiction ,z5 ,culture ,! ,z5 ,exp]i5ce ,fiction ,! ,moghul ,c>ibbee ,wall ,/reet ,samurai 7,! ,samurai ,/rategy7 ,project ,da$alus ,project ,cyclops ,life ,blood ,syndrome ,all free z e-books at www4?oma%oov]4info ,,! ,,z5 ,,exp]i5ce ,?omas ,hoov] ,,signet1 ,,signet ,,classics1 ,,m5tor1 ,,plume1 ,,m]idian ,,& ,,nal ,,books are publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,! ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 ,inc41 #afcc ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york #ajjai4 ,fir/ ,pr9t+1 ,m>*1 #aihj #bcdefghi ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog+ 9 ,publication ,data ,bibliography ,z5 ,buddhism--,hi/ory4 ,prie/s1 ,z5--,biography4 ,,isbn #j-deb-bebbh-h ,copyright 7,c7#aihj by ,?omas ,hoov] ,all rights res]v$ www4?oma%oov]4info ,key words3 ,au?or3 ,?omas ,hoov] ,title3 ,! ,z5 ,exp]i5ce ,z5 ,hi/ory1 ,buddhism1 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,z5 ,hi/ory1 ,s5g-,*ao1 ,tao-%5g1 ,lao ,tzu1 ,*uang ,tzu1 ,kuo ,hsiang1 ,nag>juna1 ,s5g-*ao1 ,tao-,%5g1 ,bodhidh>ma1 ,hui'ko1 ,s5g-,ts'an1 ,tao-hs91 ,fa-jung1 ,hung-j51 ,%5- hsiu1 ,hui-n5g1 ,ma-tsu1 ,huai-hai1 ,nan'*uan1 ,*ao-,*\1 ,p'ang1 ,han- %an1 ,huang-po1 ,l9-,*i1 ,r9zai1 ,soto1 ,tung-%an1 ,ts'ao-%an1 ,kuei- %an1 ,yun-m51 ,fa-y51 ,ta-hui1 ,eisai1 ,dog51 ,haku9 ,,p]missions ,selections f ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? 7,tokyo3 ,! ,hokuseido ,press1 copyright 7,c7 #aifj1 #aifd by ,r4 ,h4 ,bly?1 copyright 7,c7 #aigh by ,fr$]ick ,franck71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( ,joan ,daves4 ,selections f ,cold ,m\nta9 by ,han-%an1 ,burton ,watson1 trans4 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigj71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,! ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,pang1 ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki et al41 trans4 7,new ,york3 ,john ,wea!rhill71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,an?ology ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature1 ,cyril ,bir*1 ed41 ,g>y ,snyd]1 trans4 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 copyright 7,c7 #aife by ,grove ,press71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,tao3 ,a ,new ,way ( ,?9k+ by ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 7,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 ,p]5nial ,libr>y1 copyright 7,c7 #aige by ,*ang ,*ung- yuan71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selection f ,a ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism by ,he9ri* ,s4 ,j4 ,dum\l91 ,paul ,pea*ey1 trans4 7,new ,york3 ,pan!on ,books1 #aifb71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selection by ,ikkyu f ,"s ,japanese ,portraits by ,donald ,ke5e 7,tokyo3 ,kodan%a ,int]national1 #aigi71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or4 ,selections f ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism by ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selection f ,! ,sutra ( ,hui-n5g1 ,price & ,wong1 trans4 7,b\ld]3 ,%ambala ,publications71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,philip ,yamplosky1 trans4 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,! ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku9 by ,philip ,yamplosky 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiga71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,z5 by ,john ,c4 ,h4 ,wu 7,taipei1 ,taiwan3 ,hwakang ,book ,/ore71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or4 ,selections f ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ! ,hui ,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation by ,john ,bl(eld 7,new ,york3 ,samuel ,weis]1 #aigb71 repr9jt$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog5 by ,yoho ,yukoi 7,new ,york3 ,john ,wea!rhill71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism by ,*ang ,*ung- yuan 7,new ,york3 ,v9tage1 #aifi71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,swampl& ,fl[]s by ,*ri/oph] ,cle>y 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 copyright 7,c7 #aigg by ,*ri/oph] ,cle>y71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po on ! ,transmission ( ,m9d by ,john ,bl(eld 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 copyright 7,c7 #aieh by ,john ,bl(eld71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( publi%]4 ,selections f ,z5-,man ,ikkyu1 a diss]tation by ,john ,san=d1 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,*apel ,hill1 repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or4 ,selections f ,z5 is ,et]nal ,life by ,ro%i ,jiyu-,k5nett 7,dh>ma ,publi%+1 copyright 7,c7 #aigf by ,ro%i ,jiyu-,k5nett71 repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or74 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,he>tfelt ?anks g to ,dr4 ,philip ,yampolsky ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 :o review$ ! manuscript 9 draft & cl>ifi$ _m po9ts ( fact & int]pretation4 ,i also am indebt$ to ! works ( a numb] ( ,z5 int]pret]s = ! ,we/1 includ+ ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,john ,bl(eld1 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 & ,*>les ,luk4 ,9 cases :]e ?is f+] po9t+ at ! moon mi/ak5ly aims a/ray1 ,i alone am responsible4 ,,cont5ts ,preface to ,z5 ,taoism3 ,! ,way to ,z5 ,lao ,tzu ,*uang ,tzu ,kuo ,hsiang3 ,a ,neo-,taoi/ ,! ,sev5 ,sages ( ! ,bamboo ,grove ,! ,buddhi/ ,roots ( ,z5 ,! ,buddha ,nag>juna ,kum>ajiva ,s5g-*ao ,tao-%5g ,! ,syn!sis ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ma/]s #a4 ,bodhidh>ma3 ,fir/ ,patri>* ( ,z5 #b4 ,hui-k'o3 ,second ,patri>* ( ,z5 #c4 ,s5g-,ts'an1 ,tao-hs91 ,fa-jung1 & ,hung-j53 ,f\r ,e>ly ,ma/]s #d4 ,%5-hsiu & ,%5-hui3 ,gradual & ,sudd5 ,ma/]s #e4 ,hui-n5g3 ,six? ,patri>* & ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,z5 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,z5 #f4 ,ma-tsu3 ,orig9ator ( ,%ock ,enlight5m5t #g4 ,huai-hai3 ,fa!r ( ,mona/ic ,*'an #h4 ,nan-*'uan & ,*ao-*\3 ,ma/]s ( ! ,irrational #i4 ,p'ang & ,han-%an3 ,layman & ,poet #aj4 ,huang-po3 ,ma/] ( ! ,univ]sal ,m9d ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,sect>ianism ,,& ,,! ,,koan #aa4 ,l9-*i3 ,f\nd] ( ,r9zai ,z5 #ab4 ,tung-%an & ,ts'ao-%an3 ,f\nd]s ( ,soto ,z5 #ac4 ,kuei-%an1 ,yun-m51 & ,fa-y53 ,?ree ,m9or ,h\ses #ad4 ,ta-hui3 ,ma/] ( ! ,koan ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,z5 ,,9 ,,japan #ae4 ,eisai3 ,! ,fir/ ,japanese ,ma/] #af4 ,dog53 ,fa!r ( ,japanese ,soto ,z5 #ag4 ,ikkyu3 ,z5 ,ecc5tric #ah4 ,haku93 ,japanese ,ma/] ( ! ,koan #ai4 ,reflections ,notes ,bibliography ,,! ,,z5 ,,exp]i5ce ,! sole aim ( ,z5 is to enable "o to und]/&1 realize1 & p]fect 8 own m9d4 ,g>ma ,c4 ,c4 ,*ang ,,preface ,,to ,,z5 ,lao ,tzu1 ,buddha1 ,confucius ,"s call x see+1 "s call x kn[+1 & "s describe x 9 religi\s t]ms4 ,:atev] ! "n1 x is our rea* = a new level ( consci\sness4 ,( ! _m =ms ?is se>* has tak51 p]haps ! mo/ intrigu+ is ,z54 ,gr[+ out ( ! wisdom ( ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,japan1 ,z5 became a p[]ful movem5t to explore ! less]-kn[n rea*es ( ! human m9d4 ,today ,z5 has come we/w>d1 :]e we are r$iscov]+ mod]n significance 9 its anci5t insights4 ,?is book is an attempt to enc\nt] ,z5 9 its pure/ =m1 by return+ to ! greate/ ,z5 ma/]s4 ,z5 tea*+s (t5 appe> deceptively simple4 ,?is misconception is comp\nd$ by ! ,z5 claim t explanations are mean+less4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 b m]ely because g5u9e ,z5 insights c arise only f individual exp]i5ce4 ,& al?\gh our exp]i5ce c be describ$ & ev5 analyz$1 x _c be transmitt$ or %>$4 ,at mo/1 ! tea*+s ( ,z5 c only cle> ! way to our deep] consci\sness4 ,! re/ is up to u4 ,z5 is bas$ on ! recognition ( two incompatible types ( ?\ght3 rational & intuitive4 ,rationality employs language1 logic1 reason4 ,its precepts c be taught4 ,intuitive k1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t4 ,x lurks emb$d$ 9 our consci\sness1 beyond words4 ,unlike rational ?\ght1 intuition _c be taught or ev5 turn$ on4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible to f9d or manipulate ?is intuitive consci\sness us+ our rational m9d--any m ?an we c grasp our own h& or see our own eye4 ,! ,z5 ma/]s devis$ ways to rea* ?is repress$ area ( human consci\sness4 ,"s ( _! te*niques--l m$itation--7 borr[$ f ,indian ,buddhism1 & "s--l _! antirational p>adoxes--may h be5 le>n$ f ,*9ese ,taoi/s4 ,b o!r inv5tions1 l _! j>r+ %\ts & bl[s1 em]g$ f _! own exp]i5ce4 ,?r\gh\t x all1 h[ev]1 _! words & actions 7 only a means1 nev] an end4 ,t end is an intuitive realization ( a s+le great insight--t we & ! _w ar\nd are "o1 bo? "p ( a l>g] encompass+ absolute4 ,our rational intellect m]ely obscures ?is tru?1 & consequ5tly we mu/ %ut x (f1 if only = a mom5t4 ,rationality con/ra9s our m9d2 intuition releases x4 ,! irony is t ! p]son glimps+ ?is mom5t ( high] consci\sness1 ?is ,on5ess1 enc\nt]s ! ultimate realization t !re is no?+ to realize4 ,! _w is /ill !re1 un*ang$4 ,b ! diff]5ce is t x is n[ an ext5sion ( our consci\sness1 se5 directly & n analytically4 ,& s9ce x is r$undant to be atta*$ to some?+ already a "p ( y1 !re is a sudd5 s5se ( fre$om f our agoniz+ bondage to ?+s4 ,along ) ?is also comes release f ! con/ra9ts ( artificial values4 ,creat+ sy/ems & categories is n unlike c\nt+ ! colors ( a ra9b[--bo? m]ely detract f our exp]i5ce ( reality1 :ile at ! same "t limit+ our appreciation ( ! _w's ri*ness4 ,& to decl>e some?+ "r or wrong is simil>ly ne>sight$4 ,z ,alan ,watts once obs]v$1 ,z5 unveils beh9d ! urg5t realm ( good & evil a va/ region ( oneself ab\t :i* !re ne$ be no guilt or recrim9ation1 :]e at la/ ! self is indi/+ui%able f ,god4 ,&1 we might add1 :]e ,god is also "o ) our consci\sness1 our self4 ,9 ,z5 all dualities dissolve1 absorb$ 9 ! l>g] reality t simply is4 ,none ( ^! ?+s is taught explicitly 9 ,z54 ,in/ead !y are discov]$ wait+ 9 our consci\sness aft] all else has be5 swept away4 ,a scornful twelf?-c5tury ,*9ese s*ol> summ>iz$ ! ,z5 me?od z foll[s3 ,s9ce ! ,z5 ma/]s nev] run ! risk ( expla9+ any?+ 9 pla9 language1 _! foll[]s mu/ d _! own pond]+ & puzzl+--f :i* a real ?re%+-out results4 ,9 ^! pages we w wat* ! ?re%+-out ( ,z5 itself--z its ma/]s unfold a new realm ( consci\sness1 ! ,z5 exp]i5ce4 ,,taoism3 ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,z5 ,taoism is ! orig9al religion ( anci5t ,*9a4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! idea t a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! ,tao1 und]lies all nature4 ,long be=e ! appe>ance ( ,z51 ,taoi/s 7 tea*+ ! sup]iority ( intuitive ?\ght1 us+ an anti-intellectualism t (t5 ridicul$ ! logic-b\nd limitations ( conv5tional ,*9ese life & lett]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,taoism 0 always upbeat & positive 9 its acceptance ( reality1 a quality t also rubb$ (f on ,z5 ov] ! c5turies4 ,fur!rmore1 _m ,taoi/ philosoph]s left writ+s ^: _w view seems almo/ ,z5-l4 ,! e>ly ,*9ese tea*]s ( m$itation 7call$ dhyana 9 ,sanskrit & ,*'an 9 ,*9ese7 absorb$ ! ,taoi/ tradition ( intuitive wisdom1 & lat] ,z5 ma/]s (t5 us$ ,taoi/ expressions4 ,x is fitt+1 !re=e1 t we briefly meet "s ( ! mo/ fam\s tea*]s ( ,*9ese ,taoism4 ,,lao ,,tzu ,"o ( ! mo/ influ5tial figures 9 anci5t ,*9ese lore is rememb]$ today m]ely z ,lao ,tzu 7,v5]able ,ma/]74 ,taoi/ leg5ds report he once disput$ 7& bett]$7 ! s*ol>ly ,confucius1 b t he f9ally despair$ ( ! _w & rode an oxc>t (f into ! we/1 paus+ at ! ,han-ku ,pass--on ! insi/5ce ( its keep]--to set d[n 8 insights 9 a five-?\s&-"* poem4 ,?is "w1 ! ,tao ,te ,*+ 7,! ,way & ! ,p[]71 0 an eloqu5t1 organiz$1 & lyrical /atem5t ( an important po9t ( view 9 ,*9a ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 an und]/&+ lat] to become an ess5tial elem5t ( ,*'an ,buddhism4 ,! ^w ,tao means _m1 _m ?+s--includ+ ! elan vital or life =ce ( ! univ]se1 ! h>moni\s /ructur+ ( human affairs1 &--p]haps mo/ important--a reality transc5d+ words4 ,taoi/s decl>$ !re is a k n accessible by language4 ,z ! ,tao ,te ,*+ ann\nces 9 its op5+ l9e1 ,! ,tao t c be put into words is n ! real ,tao4 ,also fundam5tal to ! ,tao is ! unity ( m9d & matt]1 ( ! "o :o kn[s & ! ?+ kn[n4 ,! und]/&+ ( a tru? & ! tru? itself _c be sep>at$4 ,! ,tao includes & unifies ^! into a l>g] reality encompass+ bo?4 ,! notion t our k is di/+ui%able f t kn[n is an illusion4 ,ano!r tea*+ ( ! ,tao ,te ,*+ is t intuitive insight surpasses rational analysis4 ,:5 we act on our spontane\s judgm5t1 we are almo/ always bett] (f4 ,*apt] #ai decl>es1 ,let ! p be free f disc]nm5t & rel9qui% intellection 4 4 4 ,hold to "o's orig9al nature 4 4 4 ,elim9ate artificial le>n+ & "o w be free f anxieties4#a ,! wise def] to a realm ( insight float+ 9 our m9d beyond its consci\s /ate4 ,taoi/s also que/ion$ ! value ( social organization1 hold+ t ! be/ gov]nm5t is ! "o gov]n+ lea/ & t ! wise deal ) ?+s ?r\gh non-int]f]5ce & tea* ?r\gh no-words4#b ,taoi/s typically refus$ to draw value judgm5ts on o!rs' behavior4 ,lao ,tzu asks1 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad8#c & concludes1 ,goodness (t5 turns out to be evil4#d ,!re is complete acceptance ( :at is1 ) no desire to make ?+s bett]4 ,lao ,tzu believ$ good & bad 7 bo? "p ( ,tao & !re=e1 ,ev5 if a man is unwor?y1 ,tao w nev] exclude him4#e ,if all ?+s are "o1 !re c be no critical diff]5tiation ( any "p4 ,?is conc5tration on inn] p]ception1 to ! exclusion ( practical conc]ns1 evok$ a criticism f ! ?ird-c5tury-,b4,c4 ,confucian philosoph] ,hsun ,tzu t has a curi\sly mod]n r+ ( social consci\sness4 ,lao ,tzu und]/ood look+ inw>d1 b knew no?+ ( look+ outw>d4 4 4 4 ,if !re is m]ely inw>d-look+ & nev] outw>d-look+1 !re c be no di/9ction betwe5 :at has value & :at has n1 betwe5 :at is preci\s & :at is vile1 betwe5 :at is noble & :at is vulg>4#f ,b ! refusal ( ,lao ,tzu to intellectualize :at is natural or to sit 9 judgm5t ov] ! _w 0 ! p]fect ,*9ese prec$5t = ,*'an4 ,,*uang ,,tzu ,! second important figure 9 ,taoism is ! almo/ equally leg5d>y tea*] rememb]$ z ,*uang ,tzu1 :o is usually plac$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 "s two c5turies aft] ,lao ,tzu4 ,an e>ly hi/orian tells t once ,*uang ,tzu 0 invit$ to ! c\rt to s]ve z a m9i/]1 an invitation he decl9$ ) a typical /ory3 ,an ox is select$ = a fe/ival & fatt5$ up = sev]al ye>s1 liv+ ! life ( weal? & indulg5ce--until ! day he is l$ away = sacrifice4 ,at t reckon+ :at w\ld he give to return to ! simple life1 :]e !re 0 pov]ty b also fre$om8 ,9 ,*uang ,tzu's own book ( wisdom1 he also d]id$ ! fai? 9 rationality common to ,*9ese s*ol>s4 ,to emphasize 8 po9t he devis$ a vehicle = assault+ ! app>atus ( logic--t be+ a nons5se /ory ^: po9t c\ld only be und]/ood intuitively41 ,!re has yet to be f\nd a m deadly weapon aga9/ pomp\s intellectualiz+1 z ! ,*'an ,buddhi/s lat] prov$ ) ! koan4 ,*uang ,tzu also knew h[ quickly com$y c\ld deflate1 & he us$ x ) consummate skill1 aga9 pav+ ! way = ! absurdi/ ,z5 ma/]s4 ,9 fact1 8 dialogues (t5 anticipate ! ,z5 mondo1 ! ex*anges betwe5 ma/] & pupil t h comic_//raight-man ov]tones4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 ,*uang ,tzu also sometimes anticipates tw5tie?-c5tury writ]s = ! ,!at] ( ! ,absurd1 su* z ,beckett or ,ionesco4 ,significantly1 ! ,columbia s*ol> ,burton ,watson sugge/s t ! mo/ fruitful pa? to ,*uang ,tzu is n to attempt to subject 8 ?\ghts to rational & sy/ematic analysis1 b to read & r]ead 8 words until "o has ceas$ to ?9k ( :at he is say+ & in/ead has develop$ an intuitive s5se ( ! m9d mov+ beyond ! words1 & ( ! _w 9 :i* x moves4#g ,?is is und\bt$ly true4 ,! effect ( comic p>ody on logic is s tell+ t ! only way to really und]/& ! message is to /op try+ to und]/& x4 ,conc]n+ ! limitations ( v]bal transmission1 ,*uang ,tzu tells a /ory ( a :eelmak] :o once advis$ 8 duke t ! book ( anci5t ?\ght ! man 0 read+ 0 no?+ b ! lees & scum ( bygone m54 ,! duke angrily dem&$ an explanation--& receiv$ a classic def5se ( ! sup]iority ( intuitive und]/&+ ov] language & logic4 ,i look at ! matt] 9 ?is way2 :5 ,i am mak+ a :eel1 if my /roke is too sl[1 !n x bites deep b is n /eady2 if my /roke is too fa/1 !n x is /eady1 b does n g deep4 ,! "r pace1 nei!r sl[ nor fa/1 _c get into ! h& unless x comes f ! he>t4 ,x is a ?+ t _c be put into words2 !re is an art 9 x t ,i _c expla9 to my son4 ,t is :y x is impossible = me to let him take ov] my "w1 & "h ,i am at ! age ( sev5ty1 /ill mak+ :eels4 ,9 my op9ion1 x mu/ h be5 ! same ) ! m5 ( old4 ,all t 0 wor? h&+ on di$ ) !m2 ! re/1 !y put into _! books4#h ,*uang ,tzu's p>able t p]haps be/ illu/rates ! ,taoi/ ideal conc]ns a cook :o _h discov]$ "o lives be/ by foll[+ nature's rhy?ms4 ,! cook expla9$ t 8 naturalness 0 easy aft] he le>n$ to let intuition guide 8 actions4 ,?is approa* he call$ practic+ ! ,tao1 b x is 9 fact ! objective ( ,z5 practice z well4 ,pr9ce ,w5 ,hui rem>k$1 ,h[ wond]fully y h ma/]$ y\r art4 ,! cook laid d[n 8 knife & said1 ,:at y\r s]vant really c>es = is ,tao1 :i* goes beyond m]e art4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to cut up ox51 ,i saw no?+ b ox54 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( practic+1 ,i no long] saw ! ox z a :ole4 ,i n[ "w ) my _s1 n ) my eyes4 ,my s5ses /op function+ & my _s takes ov]4#i ,:at he describ$ is ! elim9ation ( ! rational m9d1 :i* he ref]s to z ! s5ses1 & ! reliance ^u ! intuitive "p ( 8 m9d1 "h call$ ! _s4 ,he expla9$ h[ ?is intuitive approa* all[$ him to "w naturally4 ,a good cook *anges 8 knife once a ye> because he cuts1 :ile a m$iocre cook has to *ange 8 e mon? because he hacks4 ,i've _h ?is knife ( m9e = n9ete5 ye>s & h cut up ?\s&s ( ox5 ) x1 & yet ! edge is z if x 7 fre% f ! gr9d/one4 ,!re are spaces betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,! blade ( ! knife has no ?ickness4 ,t :i* has no ?ickness has pl5ty ( room to pass ?r\gh ^! spaces4 ,!re=e1 aft] n9ete5 ye>s1 my blade is z %>p z ev]4#aj ,lao ,tzu & ,*uang ,tzu did n see !mselves z f\nd]s ( any =mal religion4 ,!y m]ely describ$ ! obvi\s1 enc\rag+ o!rs to be a "p ( nature & n its antagoni/4 ,_! movem5t1 n[ call$ ,philosophical ,taoism1 0 eclips$ dur+ ! ,han ,dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bbj7 9 (ficial circles by v>i\s o!r sy/ems ( ?\ght1 mo/ p>ticul>ly ,confucianism 7:i* /ress$ ob$i5ce to au?ority-- bo? t ( eld]s & ( sup]iors--& rev]5ce = =maliz$ le>n+1 n to m5tion ! acceptance ( a /ructur$ hi]>*y z "p ( "o's l>g] social responsibility74 ,h[ev]1 t[>d ! end ( ! ,han era !re arose two new types ( ,taoism3 an ,esot]ic ,taoism t us$ physical discipl9es to manipulate consci\sness1 & a ,popul> ,taoism t came close to be+ a religion 9 ! traditional mold4 ,! fir/ 0 my/ical ,esot]ic ,taoism1 :i* pursu$ ! prolong+ ( life & vigor1 b ?is gave way dur+ lat] times to ,popul> ,taoism1 a metaphysical alt]native to ! com=tless1 arid ,confucianism ( ! s*ol>ly e/abli%m5t4 ,! po/-,han era saw ! ,philosophical ,taoism ( ,lao ,tzu & ,*uang ,tzu em]ge anew among ,*9ese intellectuals1 actually com+ to vie ) ,confucianism4 ,?is :ole era witness$ a turn+ away f ! accept$ values ( society1 z ! well-organiz$ gov]nm5t ( ! ,han era dissolv$ into political & intellectual confusion4 ,gov]nm5t 0 un/able & corrupt1 & ! ,confucianism :i* _h be5 its philosophical und]p9n+ 0 /ilt$ & unsatisfy+4 ,:5ev] a society breaks d[n1 ! belief sy/em support+ x naturally comes "u "q4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & f x em]g$ a natural opposition to ,confucianism4 ,"o =m ( ?is opposition 0 ! import$ religion ( ,buddhism1 :i* provid$ a spiritual solace miss+ 9 ! tea*+s ( ,confucius1 :ile ! o!r 0 a revival among intellectuals ( ,philosophical ,taoism4 ,,kuo ,,hsiang3 ,a ,,neo-,,taoi/ ,9 ?is disruptive environm5t1 c]ta9 intellectuals return$ aga9 to ! insights ( ,lao ,tzu & ,*uang ,tzu1 creat+ a movem5t today kn[n z ,neo-,taoism4 ,"o ( ! ?9k]s :o tri$ to re9t]pret orig9al ,taoi/ ideas = ! new times 0 ,kuo ,hsiang 7d4 ca4 #cab71 :o co- au?or$ a major docum5t ( ,neo-,taoism entitl$ ,comm5t>y on ! ,*uang ,tzu4 ,x focus$ on ! important ,taoi/ idea ( wu-wei1 once expla9$ z foll[s3 4 4 4to !m ! key concept ( ,taoism1 wu 7lit]ally1 nonexi/5ce71 is n no?+ness1 b pure be+1 :i* transc5ds =ms & names1 & precisely because x is absolute & complete1 c accompli% ev]y?+4 ,! sage is n "o :o )draws into ! life ( a h]mit1 b a man ( social & political a*ievem5ts1 al?\gh ^! a*ievem5ts mu/ be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh wu-wei1 'nonaction' or 'tak+ no unnatural action4' #a1aa ,?is concept ( wu-wei has also be5 describ$ z ab/a9+ f activity contr>y to nature & act+ 9 a spontane\s r ?an calculat$ fa%ion4 ,9 ,kuo ,hsiang's words3 ,be+ natural means to exi/ spontane\sly )\t hav+ to take any action4 4 4 4 ,by tak+ no action is n meant fold+ "o's arms & clos+ "o's m\?4 ,if we simply let ev]y?+ act by itself1 x w be cont5t$ ) its nature & de/9y4 7#ab7 ,kuo ,hsiang's comm5t>y exp&$ on almo/ all ! major ideas ( ,*uang ,tzu1 draw+ out ) logic :at orig9ally _h be5 set 9 absurdism4 ,criticiz+ ?is1 a lat] ,*'an monk obs]v$1 ,p say ,kuo ,hsiang wrote a comm5t>y on ,*uang ,tzu4 ,i w\ld say x 0 ,*uang ,tzu :o wrote a comm5t>y on ,kuo ,hsiang4#ac ,none!less1 ! idea ( wu-wei1 process$ ?r\gh ,buddhism1 em]g$ 9 diff]5t guise 9 lat] ,*'an1 influ5c+ ! concept ( no-m9d4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,sages ,,( ,,! ,,bamboo ,,grove ,o!r ,*9ese 7 cont5t m]ely to live ! ideas ( ,neo-,taoism4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,sev5 ,sages ( ! ,bamboo ,grove1 m5 "p ( a l>g] movem5t kn[n z ! ,s*ool ( ,pure ,conv]sation4 ,_! favorite pa/ime 0 to ga!r nor? ( ,loyang on ! e/ate ( "o ( _! memb]s1 :]e !y engag$ 9 ref9$ conv]sation1 wrote poetry & music1 & 7n incid5tally7 drank w9e4 ,to "s ext5t !y reflect$ ! recluse ideal ( old1 except t !y f\nd ! satisfaction ( ! s5ses no imp$im5t to introspection4 ,:at !y did =swe>1 h[ev]1 0 ! _w ( gett+ & sp5d+4 ,al?\gh m5 ( di/9ction1 !y reject$ fame1 ambition1 & worldly /ation4 ,!re is a /ory t "o ( ! ,sev5 ,sages1 a man nam$ ,liu ,l+ 7ca4 #bba-ccj71 habitually receiv$ gue/s :ile completely nak$4 ,8 response to adv]se comm5t 0 to decl>e1 ,i take ! :ole univ]se z my h\se & my own room z my clo?+4 ,:y1 !n1 d y ent] "h into my tr\s]s4#ad ,x is also told t two ( ! sages 7,juan ,*i1 #baj-fc1 & 8 nephew ,juan ,hsi57 (t5 sat dr9k+ ) _! family 9 su* conviviality t !y skipp$ ! nuisance ( cups & j drank directly f a w9e b[l on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 pigs w&]$ by1 ^! too 7 invit$ to sip f ! same *alice4 ,if "o exempts all nature--includ+ pigs-- f di/9ction1 discrim9ation1 & duality1 :y exclude !m z dr9k+ companions8 ,b p]haps ! mo/ significant insight ( ! ,sev5 ,sages ( ! ,bamboo ,grove 0 _! recognition ( ! limit$ uses ( language4 ,we are told1 ,!y engag$ 9 conv]sation 'til1 z !y put x1 !y rea*$ ! ,unnameable1 & '/opp$ talk+ & sil5tly und]/ood ea* o!r ) a smile4' #a,s ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,roots ,,( ,,z5 ,!re is a leg5d ! ,buddha 0 once h&$ a fl[] & ask$ to prea* on ! law4 ,! /ory says he receiv$ ! blossom )\t a s\nd & sil5tly :eel$ x 9 8 h&4 ,!n amid ! hu% 8 mo/ p]ceptive foll[]1 ,ka%yapa1 sudd5ly bur/ into a smile 4 4 4 & ?us 0 born ! wordless wisdom ( ,z54 ,! und]/&+ ( ?is sil5t insight 0 pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies1 indep5d5t ( ! scriptures1 f9ally em]g+ z ! ,*9ese s*ool ( ,*'an1 lat] call$ ,z5 by ! ,japanese4 ,x is said ! abs5ce ( e>ly writ+s ab\t ! s*ool is no?+ m ?an w\ld be expect$ ( a tea*+ :i* 01 by def9ition1 beyond words4 ,! ma/] ,w5-yu summ$ x up :5 he answ]$ a dem& = ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple ( ,*'an )1 ,if words c\ld tell y1 x w\ld become ! ,second ,pr9ciple4 ,?is v]sion ( ,z5's orig9 is satisfy+1 & = all we "k x may ev5 be true4 ,b !re are o!r1 consid]ably m sub/antive1 s\rces = ! ideas t came to fl[] z ,*'an4 ,taoism1 ( c\rse1 _h pl[$ away at ! ,confuciani/ clutt] re/ra9+ ! ,*9ese m9d1 b x 0 ,buddhism t gave ,*9a ! necess>y new philosophical /ructure--?is be+ ! metaphysical speculations ( ,india4 ,pure ,*9ese naturalism met ,indian ab/raction1 & ! result 0 ,*'an4 ,! s*ool ( ,*'an 0 9 "p ! graft+ ( fragile =eign ideas 7,buddhism7 onto a /urdy native species ( und]/&+ 7,taoism74 ,b its simplicity 0 9 _m ways a re-expression ( ! ,buddha's orig9al insights4 ,,! ,,buddha ,! hi/oric ,buddha 0 born to ! high-ca/e family ,gautama dur+ ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ! region t is today nor!a/ ,india & ,nepal4 ,aft] a *ildhood & y\? ( indulg5ce he turn$ to asceticism & = ov] half a decade rigor\sly foll[$ ! traditional ,indian practices ( fa/+ & m$itation1 only f9ally to reject ^! 9 despair4 ,h[ev]1 an auspici\s dream & "o f9al m$itation at la/ br\ght total enlight5m5t4 ,gautama ! seek] _h become ,buddha ! ,enlight5$1 & he set out to prea*4 ,x 0 n gods t conc]n$ him1 b ! m9d ( man & its sorr[+4 ,we are unhappy1 he expla9$1 because we are slaves to our desires4 ,ext+ui% desire & suff]+ goes ) x4 ,if p c\ld be taught t ! physical or ph5om5al _w is illusion1 !n !y w\ld cease _! atta*m5t to x1 !reby f9d+ release f _! self-de/ructive m5tal bondage4 ,! ,buddha neglect$ to set d[n ^! ideas 9 writt5 =m h[ev]1 p]haps unwisely leav+ ?is task to lat] g5]ations4 ,8 tea*+s subsequ5tly 7 recreat$ 9 ! =m ( s]mons or sutras4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ! ,buddhi/ movem5t split into two sep>ate philosophical camps1 kn[n today z ,!ravada & ,mahayana4 ,! ,!ravada ,buddhi/s-- f\nd prim>ily 9 s\!a/ ,asia1 ,sri ,lanka1 & ,burma--v5]ate ! e>ly writ+s ( ,buddhism 7kn[n today z ! ,pali ,canon7 & t5d to cont5t !mselves ) practic+ ! philosophy ( ! ,buddha r ?an enl>g+ ^u x ) speculative comm5t>ies4 ,by contra/1 ! foll[]s ( ,mahayana--:o include ! bulk ( all ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,tibet--left ! simple prescriptions ( ! ,buddha f> beh9d 9 _! creation ( a va/ new lit]ature 79 ,sanskrit1 ,tibetan1 & ,*9ese7 ( complex !ologies4 ,*9ese ,*'an grew out ( ,mahayana1 z ( c\rse did ,japanese ,z54 ,,nag>juna ,aft] ! ,buddha1 p]haps ! mo/ important ,buddhi/ figure is ! second-c5tury ,a4,d4 ,indian philosoph] ,nag>juna4 ,"s call him ! mo/ important ?9k] ,asia has produc$4 ,accord+ to ,tibetan leg5ds 8 p>5ts s5t him away f home at sev5 because an a/rolog] _h pr$ict$ 8 e>ly dea? & !y wi%$ to be sp>$ ! sight4 ,b he broke ! spell by ent]+ ,buddhi/ ord]s1 & w5t on to become ! fai?'s =emo/ philosoph]4 ,today ,nag>juna is fam\s = 8 analysis ( ! s-call$ ,wisdom ,books ( ,mahayana1 a set ( ,sanskrit sutras compos$ betwe5 #ajj ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 #ajj4 7,includ$ 9 ?is category are ,! ,p]fection ( ,wisdom 9 #h1jjj ,l9es1 z well z ! ,diamond ,sutra & ,he>t ,sutra1 bo? ess5tial scriptures ( ,z547 ,nag>juna 0 ! orig9ator ( ! ,middle ,pa?1 s nam$ because x /rove to def9e a middle gr\nd betwe5 affirmation ( ! _w & complete negation ( exi/5ce4 ,reality1 said ,nag>juna1 _c be realiz$ ?r\gh conceptual con/ructions1 s9ce concepts are conta9$ inside reality1 n vice v]sa4 ,consequ5tly1 only ?r\gh ! intuitive m9d c reality be approa*$4 ,8 "n = ?is reality beyond ! m9d's analysis 0 sunyata1 usually translat$ z empt9ess b sometimes z ! ,void4 7,sunyata is p]haps an unprovable concept1 b s too are ! ego & ! unconsci\s1 bo? hypo!tical con/ructs useful 9 expla9+ reality b impossible to locate on ! op]at+ table47 ,nag>juna's mo/-quot$ manife/o has ! logic-defy+ r+ ( a ,z5 3 ,no?+ comes into exi/5ce nor does any?+ disappe>4 ,no?+ is et]nal1 nor has any?+ any end4 ,no?+ is id5tical or diff]5tiat$4 ,no?+ moves hi!r & ?i!r4 ,z ! ,*'an tea*]s int]pret$ ! tea*+ ( sunyata1 ! ?+s ( ?is _w are all a m5tal creation1 s9ce ext]nal ph5om5a are transi5t & only exi/ = u because ( our p]ception4 ,consequ5tly !y are actually creat$ by our m9d 7or1 if y w1 a m univ]sal entity call$ ,m9d74 ,consequ5tly !y d n exi/ outside our m9d & h5ce are a void4 ,yet ! m9d itself1 :i* is ! only ?+ real1 is also a void s9ce its ?\ghts _c be locat$ by ! five s5ses4 ,! ,void is !re=e ev]y?+1 s9ce x includes bo? ! _w & ! m9d4 ,h5ce1 sunyata4 ,z a mod]n ,nag>juna s*ol> has describ$ sunyata1 or empt9ess1 x is a positive s5se ( fre$om1 n a deprivation ,?is aw>5ess ( 'empt9ess' is n a blank loss ( consci\sness1 an inanimate space2 r x is ! cognition ( daily life )\t ! atta*m5t to x4 ,x is an aw>5ess ( di/9ct entities1 ( ! self1 ( 'good' & 'bad' & o!r practical det]m9ations2 b x is aw>e ( ^! z empty /ructures4#af ,! ,z5 ma/]s f\nd ways to a*ieve ! cognition )\t atta*m5t po/ulat$ by ,nag>juna1 & !y paid him homage by mak+ him "o ( ! leg5d>y tw5ty-eight ,indian ,patri>*s ( ,z5 by po/hum\s decree4 ,,kum>ajiva ,! ,indian mission>y :o transmitt$ ! idea ( ,empt9ess to ,*9a 0 ,kum>ajiva 7#cdd-dac71 a swa%buckl+ guru :o1 m ?an any o!r individual1 0 responsible = plant+ sophi/icat$ ,mahayana ,buddhi/ ideas 9 ,*9ese soil4 ,be=e tell+ 8 /ory1 h[ev]1 x may be well to reflect briefly on h[ ,buddhism got to ,*9a 9 ! fir/ place4 ,al?\gh !re are records ( a ,buddhi/ mission>y 9 ,*9a z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #adh1 hi/orians are h>d press$ to f9d ! "n ( an out- &-out native ,*9ese ,buddhi/ be=e sometime 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,buddhism1 :i* at fir/ app>5tly 0 confus$ ) ,taoism1 seems to h come into fa%ion aft] ! ,neo-,taoi/s ran out ( creative /eam4 ,%ortly !reaft]1 ar\nd ,a4,d4 #bji1 intelligible ,*9ese translations ( ,indian ,mahayana sutras f9ally began to become available4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s ab\t ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 t rubb$ ,*9ese ! wrong way4 ,fir/ !re 7 ! practical matt]s3 ,buddhism all[$1 if n enc\rag$1 begg+1 celibacy1 & neglect ( ance/ors--all practices to rankle any traditional ,*9ese4 ,!n !re 7 fundam5tal philosophical diff]5ces3 ,buddhism (f]$ to break "o out ( ! ,h9du cycle ( rebir?1 some?+ ! ,*9ese _h n realiz$ !y ne$$2 & ,indian ?\ght 0 naturally ge>$ to cosmic "t1 ) its endless cycles ( eons1 :]eas ! ,*9ese saw "t z a l9e lead+ back to id5tifiable ance/ors4 ,e>ly mission>ies tri$ to ga9 acceptability = ,buddhism by expla9+ x 9 ,taoi/ t]ms1 includ+ /ret*+ ! two en\gh to f9d mat*+ concepts or ideas ) sup]ficial simil>ity1 & !y also let out ! my? t ! ,buddha 0 actually ,lao ,tzu1 :o _h gone on to ,india aft] leav+ ,*9a4 ,:5 b>b>ians sack$ ! ,nor!rn ,*9ese c5t] ( ,loyang 9 ! ye> #cac & took ov] ,nor? ,*9a's gov]nm5t1 _m ( its influ5tial ,confuciani/ s*ol>s fl$ to ! s\?4 ,^! emigres 7 disillusion$ ) ! social ideas ( ,confucianism & ready = a solace ( ! _s4 ,?us !y turn$ = com=t to ,buddhi/ ideas1 b us+ ,neo-,taoi/ t]m9ology & (t5 treat+ ,buddhism m z a subject = salon speculations ?an z a religion4 ,by translat+ ,buddhism into a ,neo-,taoi/ framework1 ^! s\!rn intellectuals effectively avoid$ hav+ to grapple ) ! new ideas 9 ,buddhi/ metaphysics4 ,9 ,nor? ,*9a1 ! ,buddhi/s took advantage ( ! new abs5ce ( compet+ ,confuciani/s to move into rul+ circles & assume ! role ( ! lit]ate class4 ,!y prea*$ a simple =m ( ,buddhism1 (t5 %amelessly dwell+ on magic & incantations to ar\se int]e/ among ! greate/ numb] ( foll[]s4 ,! common p 7 drawn to ,buddhism1 s9ce x provid$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,*9a a religion t seem$ to c>e = p's suff]+1 _! p]sonal gr[?1 _! salvation 9 an aft]life4 ,?us ,buddhism took hold 9 ,nor? ,*9a ma9ly because x provid$ hope & magic = ! masses & a political firewall aga9/ ,confucianism = ! new rul]s4 ,z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 !re=e1 ,buddhism 0 misund]/ood & enc\rag$ = ! wrong reasons 9 bo? nor? & s\?4 ,kum>ajiva1 :o w\ld *ange all ?is1 0 born 9 ,ku*a to an ,indian fa!r ( ! ,brahm9 ca/e & a "m ( noble blood4 ,:5 he 0 sev5 he & 8 "m travel$ to ,ka%mir to ent] ,buddhi/ ord]s toge!r4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( /udy+ ! ,!ravada sutras1 he mov$ on to ,ka%g>1 :]e he turn$ 8 att5tion to ,mahayana philosophy4 ,at age tw5ty we f9d him back 9 ,ku*a1 be+ orda9$ 9 ! k+'s palace & %>p5+ 8 und]/&+ ( ! ,mahayana scriptures4 ,he also1 we are told1 %>p5$ 8 non-,buddhi/ amor\s skills1 p]haps f9d+ consolation 9 ! illusory _w ( ! s5ses = ! holl[ empt9ess ( sunyata4 ,9 ! ye> #chb or #chc1 he 0 tak5 captive & remov$ to a remote area 9 nor!a/]n ,*9a1 :]e he 0 held prison] = almo/ two decades1 mu* to ! dismay ( ! rul]s 9 ,*'ang-an1 :o want$ no?+ m ?an to h ?is tea*] 7:o 0 by !n a fam\s ,buddhi/ s*ol>7 = _! own4 ,aft] sev5te5 ye>s _! pati5ce ran out & !y s5t an army to defeat 8 recalcitrant captors & br+ him back4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,*'ang-an 9 ! ye> #dja & imm$iately began a project crucial to ! future ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,a mod]n s*ol> ( ,*9ese religion tells :at happ5$ next4 4 4 4 ,*9ese monks 7 assembl$ f f> & ne> to "w ) him 9 translat+ ! sacr$ texts4 ,?is 0 a 'highly /ructur$ project1' sugge/ive ( ! coop]ative ent]prises ( sci5ti/s today4 ,!re 7 corps ( speciali/s at all levels3 ^? :o discuss$ doctr9al que/ions ) ,kum>ajiva1 ^? :o *eck$ ! new translations aga9/ ! old & imp]fect ones1 hundr$s ( editors1 sub-editors1 & copyi/s4 ,! quality & quantity ( ! translations produc$ by ^! m5 9 ! space ( eight ye>s is truly a/\nd+4 ,?anks to _! ef=ts ! ideas ( ,mahayana ,buddhism 7 pres5t$ 9 ,*9ese ) f> great] cl>ity & precision ?an ev] be=e4 ,sunyata--,nag>- juna's concept ( ! ,void--0 dis5tangl$ f ! ,taoi/ t]m9ology t _h obscur$ & di/ort$ x1 & ?is & o!r key doctr9es ( ,buddhism 7 made compreh5sible en\gh to lay ! intellectual f\ndations ( ! great age ( indep5d5t ,*9ese ,buddhism t 0 to foll[4#ag ,! ,*9ese rul]s contriv$ to put ,kum>ajiva's o!r devotion to use z well1 in/all+ a h>em ( t5 beautiful "y ,*9ese girls = him1 ?r\gh :om he 0 enc\rag$ to p]petuate a l9eage ( 8 own4 ,?is g5etic exp]im5t app>5tly came to no?+1 b two native ,*9ese /udy+ "u him1 ,s5g-*ao 7#chd-dad7 & ,tao-%5g 7ca4 #cfj- #dcd71 w\ld c>ry 8 contribution ?r\gh ! f9al /eps ne$$ to op5 ! way = ! developm5t ( ,*'an4 ,,s5g-,,*ao ,! %ort-liv$ ,s5g-*ao 0 born to a humble family 9 ! ,*'ang-an region1 :]e he report$ly got 8 indisp5sable gr\nd+ 9 ! ,*9ese classics by work+ z a copyi/4 ,he orig9ally 0 a confirm$ ,taoi/1 b aft] read+ ! sutra ( ,vimalakirti 7:i* describ$ a pi\s nobleman :o comb9$ ! secul> life ( a bon vivant bus9essman ) an inn] exi/5ce ( ,buddhi/ enlight5m5t1 a comb9ation in/antly attractive to ! practical ,*9ese71 ,s5g-*ao turn$ ,buddhi/4 ,9 ! ye> #cih1 at age fifte51 he travel$ to ! nor?we/ to /udy p]sonally "u ! fam\s ,kum>ajiva1 & he lat] return$ to ,*'ang-an ) ! ma/]4 ,conv]sant fir/ 9 ! ,taoi/ & !n 9 ! ,buddhi/ classics1 ,s5g- *ao began ! real syn!sis ( ! two t w\ld ev5tually evolve into ,*'an4 ,! ,*9a s*ol> ,walt] ,lieb5?al has writt5 t ! doctr9e ( ,nag>juna's ,middle ,pa?1 s9iciz$ by ,s5g-*ao1 em]g$ 9 ! lat] ,*'an ?9k]s cleans$ ( ! traces ( ,indian orig94 ,he decl>es1 ,s5g-*ao int]pret$ ,mahayana1 ! ,*'an f\nd]s ,hui- n5g & ,%5-hui re-?\ght x4#ah ,?ree ( ,s5g-*ao's treatises exi/ today z ! ,book ( ,*ao 7or ,*ao ,lun71 & !y give an idea ( h[ ,*uang ,tzu might h writt5 _h he be5 a ,buddhi/4 ,!re is ! di/ru/ ( words1 ! unmi/akable pref]5ce = imm$iate1 intuitive k1 & ! ma/]ful use ( wordplay & p>adox t leaves 8 mean+ ambigu\s4 ,mo/ important ( all1 he believ$ t tru? _h to be exp]i5c$1 n reason$ out4 ,tru? 0 :at lay beh9d words2 x %\ld nev] be confus$ ) ! words !mselves3 ,a ?+ call$ up by a "n may n appe> z :at x is expect$ to appe>2 a "n call+ up a ?+ may n lead to ! real ?+4 ,!re=e ! sph]e ( ,tru? is beyond ! noise ( v]bal tea*+4 ,h[ !n c x be made ! subject ( discussion8 ,/ill ,i _c rema9 sil5t4#ai ,! dean ( ,z5 s*ol>s1 ,he9ri* ,dum\l91 decl>es1 ,! relation%ip ( ,s5g-*ao to ,z5 is to be f\nd 9 8 ori5tation t[>d ! imm$iate & exp]i5tial p]ception ( absolute tru?1 & reveals itself 9 8 pref]5ce = ! p>adox z ! means ( express+ ! inexpressible4#bj ,dum\l9 also notes t ! ,book ( ,*ao reg>ds ! way to enlight5m5t z "o ( gradual progress4 ,h[ev]1 ! idea t tru? c be approa*$ gradually 0 disput$ by ! o!r major pupil ( ,kum>ajiva1 ^: insi/5ce t enlight5m5t mu/ arrive in/antane\sly has caus$ "s to decl>e him ! ideological f\nd] ( ,z54 ,,tao-,,%5g ,! fam\s ,tao-%5g 0 ! fir/ ,*9ese ,buddhi/ to advance ! idea ( sudd5 enlight5m5t1 & z a result he e>n$ ! enmity ( 8 imm$iate colleagues--& la/+ fame z hav+ anticipat$ "o ( ! fundam5tal innovations ( ,z5 ?\ght4 ,he fir/ /udi$ ,buddhism at ,lu-%an1 b 9 #dje he mov$ to ,*'ang-an1 becom+ = a :ile a "p ( ! cot]ie surr\nd+ ,kum>ajiva4 ,none ( 8 writ+s survive1 b ! "w ( a colleague1 ,hui-yuan1 is usually tak5 z repres5tative ( 8 ideas4 ,tao-%5g is kn[n today = two !ories4 ,! fir/ 0 t good de$s d n automatically br+ rew>d1 a repudiation ( ! ,indian ,buddhi/ concept ( m]it4 ,! o!r1 & p]haps m important1 deviation he prea*$ 0 t enlight5m5t 0 in/antane\s4 ,! reason1 he said1 0 simple3 s9ce ,buddhi/s say ! _w is "o1 no?+ is divisible1 ev5 tru?1 & !re=e ! subjective und]/&+ ( tru? mu/ come all at once or n at all4 ,prep>atory "w & progress t[>d ! goal ( enlight5m5t1 includ+ /udy & m$itation1 c\ld proce$ /ep-by-/ep & are :olesome & wor?:ile1 b to rea* ! o!r %ore1 z ! phrase 9 ! ,he>t ,sutra describes enlight5m5t1 requires a leap ov] a gulf1 a realization t mu/ hit y ) all its =ce ! fir/ "t4 ,:at exactly is x t y und]/& on ! o!r %ore8 ,fir/ y come to realize--z y c only realize intuitively & directly--t enlight5m5t 0 )9 y all along4 ,y become enlight5$ :5 y f9ally recognize t y already _h x4 ,! next realization is t !re actually is no o!r %ore1 s9ce rea*+ x means realiz+ t !re 0 no?+ to rea*4 ,z 8 ?\ghts h be5 quot$3 ,z to rea*+ ! o!r %ore1 if "o rea*es x1 "o is n rea*+ ! o!r %ore4 ,bo? n-rea*+ & n-n-rea*+ are really rea*+4 4 4 4 ,if "o sees ,buddha1 "o is n see+ ,buddha4 ,:5 "o sees !re is no ,buddha1 "o is really see+ ,buddha4#ba ,little wond] ,tao-%5g is sometimes cr$it$ z ! spiritual fa!r ( ,z54 ,he *ampion$ ! idea ( sudd5 enlight5m5t1 some?+ inimical to mu* ( ! ,buddhism t _h gone be=e1 & he di/ru/$ words 7comp>+ !m to a net :i*1 aft] x has caught ! fi% ( tru?1 %\ld be disc>d$74 ,he id5tifi$ ! ,taoi/ idea ( wu-wei or nonaction ) ! intuitive1 spontane\s appreh5sion ( tru? )\t logic1 op5+ ! door = ! ,*'an ma9/ay ( no- m9d z a way to ultimate tru?4 ,,! ,,syn!sis ,buddhism has always ma9ta9$ a skeptical attitude t[>d reality & appe>ances1 some?+ obvi\sly at odds ) ! :olehe>t$ celebration ( nature t *>act]izes ,taoism4 ,:]eas ,buddhism believes x w\ld be be/ if we c\ld simply ignore ! _w1 ! s\rce ( our psy*ic pa91 ! ,taoi/s want$ no?+ s mu* z to h complete union ) ?is same _w4 ,buddhism tea*es union ) ! ,void1 :ile ,taoism tea*es union ) ! ,tao4 ,at fir/ !y seem opposite directions4 ,b ! syn!sis ( ^! doctr9es appe>$ 9 ,z51 :i* taught t ! on5ess ( ! ,void1 :]e9 all reality is subsum$1 c\ld be und]/ood z an encompass+ :ole or cont9uum1 z 9 ! ,tao4 ,bo? are m]ely expressions ( ! ,absolute4 ,! ,buddhi/s unite ) ! ,void2 ! ,taoi/s ye>n to m]ge ) ! ,tao4 ,9 ,z5 ! two ideas reconcile4 ,) ?is philosophical prelude 9 place1 we may n[ turn to ! ma/]s :o creat$ ! _w ( ,z54 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ma/]s 4 4 4 9 :i* a six?-c5tury ,indian tea*] ( m$itation1 ,bodhidh>ma1 arrives 9 ,*9a to initiate :at w\ld become a ,buddhi/ s*ool ( m$itation call$ ,*'an4 ,aft] sev]al g5]ations z w&]]s1 ^! ,*'an tea*]s settle into a =m ( mona/ic life & gradually gr[ 9 prom95ce & recognition4 ,out ( ?is prosp]ity em]ges a split 9 ! eigh?-c5tury ,*'an movem5t1 betwe5 s*ol>ly urban tea*]s :o believe enlight5m5t is gradual & requires prep>ation 9 traditional ,buddhism1 & rural ,*'ani/s :o scorn society & insi/ enlight5m5t is exp]i5tial & sudd51 ow+ little to ! prosp]\s ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t4 ,!n a popul> tea*] ( rural ,*'an1 capitaliz+ on a civil disruption t mom5t>ily weak5s ! urban elite1 ga9s ! upp] h& & emasculates urban ,*'an ?r\gh 8 prea*+ t ! au!ntic l9e ( tea*+ mu/ be trac$ to an obscure tea*] 9 ! rural s\?1 n[ rememb]$ z ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g4 ,,*apt] ,,"o ,,bodhidh>ma3 ,,fir/ ,,patri>* ,,( ,,z5 ,!re is a ,z5 leg5d t a be>d$ ,indian monk nam$ ,bodhidh>ma 7ca4 #dgj-ecb71 son ( a ,s\? ,indian ,brahm9 k+1 appe>$ "o day at ! s\!rn ,*9ese port city ( ,canton1 sometime ar\nd ! ye> #ebj4 ,f !re he travel$ nor!a/ to ,nank+1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,yangtze ,riv]1 to honor an invitation f ,*9a's mo/ dev\t ,buddhi/1 ,emp]or ,wu ( ! ,liang ,dyna/y4 ,aft] a fam\s int]view 9 :i* 8 irrev]5ce left ! emp]or dismay$1 ,bodhidh>ma press$ onw>d to ! ,buddhi/ c5t]s ( ! nor?1 f9ally settl+ 9 at ! ,%ao-l9 mona/]y on ,mt4 ,sung = n9e ye>s ( m$itation />+ at a wall4 ,he !n transmitt$ 8 insights & a copy ( ! ,lankavat>a sutra to a successor & pass$ on--ei!r physically1 spiritually1 or bo?4 ,8 devotion to m$itation & to ! a=em5tion$ sutra 7 8 legacies to ,*9a4 ,he 0 lat] honor$ z fa!r ( ! ,*9ese ,dhyana1 or ,m$itation1 s*ool ( ,buddhism1 call$ ,*'an4 ,bodhidh>ma attract$ little notice dur+ 8 ye>s 9 ,*9a1 & ! fir/ hi/orical acc\nt ( 8 life is a brief m5tion 9 a *ronicle compil$ well ov] a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! fact1 id5tify+ him m]ely z a practition] ( m$itation4 ,h[ev]1 lat] /ories ( 8 life became increas+ly embelli%$1 z he 0 sl[ly elevat$ to ! (fice ( ,fir/ ,patri>* ( ,*9ese ,*'an4 ,8 life 0 made to fulfill admirably ! requirem5ts ( a leg5d1 z x 0 sl[ly envelop$ 9 symbolic anecdotes illu/rat+ ! tru? m ri*ly ?an did m]e fact4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ s*ol>s d agree t !re actually 0 a ,bodhidh>ma1 t he 0 a ,s\? ,indian :o came to ,*9a1 t he practic$ an int5sive =m ( m$itation1 & t a %ort treatise ascrib$ to him is probably m or less au!ntic4 ,al?\gh ! leg5d atta*$ to ?is un%av5 ,indian ,buddhi/ tells u fully z mu* ab\t e>ly ,*'an z x does ab\t ! man himself1 x is none!less ! fir/ page 9 ! book ( ,z54 ,bodhidh>ma1 ! ,tea*] ( ! ,law1 0 ! ?ird son ( a great ,brahm9 k+ 9 ,s\? ,india1 ( ! ,we/]n ,l&s4 ,he 0 a man ( wond]ful intellig5ce1 bright & f>-rea*+2 he ?or\ghly und]/ood ev]y?+ t he _h ev] le>n$4 ,z 8 ambition 0 to ma/] ! doctr9e ( ! ,mahayana1 he ab&on$ ! :ite dress ( a layman & put on ! black robe ( monkhood1 wi%+ to cultivate ! se$s ( hol9ess4 ,he practic$ contemplation & tranquillization2 he knew well :at 0 ! true significance ( worldly affairs4 ,inside & outside he 0 transpicu\s2 8 virtues 7 m ?an a model to ! _w4 ,he 0 griev$ v mu* ov] ! decl9e ( ! or?odox tea*+ ( ! ,buddha 9 ! remot] p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,he f9ally made up 8 m9d to cross ov] l& & sea & come to ,*9a & prea* 8 doctr9e 9 ! k+dom ( ,wei4#a ,*9a at ! "t ( ,bodhidh>ma's arrival 0 a politically divid$ l&1 ) ! new fai? ( ,buddhism (t5 supply+ a spiritual common d5om9ator4 ,bodhidh>ma happ5$ to appe> at a mom5t :5 an emp]or 9 ! nor?we/1 ! a=em5tion$ ,wu 7reign$ #ejb-di71 _h become a fanatic ,buddhi/4 ,%ortly aft] tak+ p[]1 ,wu actually ord]$ 8 imp]ial h\sehold & all associat$ ) ! c\rt to take up ,buddhism & ab&on ,taoism4 ,buddhi/ monks became c\rt advis]s1 op5+ ! imp]ial c(f]s to build _m lavi% & subsequ5tly fam\s temples4 ,emp]or ,wu l$ ,buddhi/ assemblies1 wrote le>n$ comm5t>ies on v>i\s sutras1 & actually donat$ m5ial "w at temples z a lay devotee4 ,he also arrang$ to h all ! ,*9ese comm5t>ies on ! sutras assembl$ & catalogu$4 ,conc]n$ ab\t ! sanctity ( life1 he bani%$ meat 7& w9e7 f ! imp]ial table & became s lax ab\t en=c+ crim9al /atutes1 p>ticul>ly capital puni%m5t1 t critics cr$it$ 8 good nature ) an increase 9 corruption & lawlessness4 ,:ile ! ,taoi/s und]/&ably hat$ him & ! ,confuciani/s br&$ him a di/ract$ ineffectual sov]eign1 ! ,buddhi/s saw 9 him a model emp]or4 ,q simply1 ,emp]or ,wu 0 to s\!rn ,*9ese ,buddhism :at ,emp]or ,con/ant9e 0 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! emp]or 0 kn[n = 8 hospitality to visit+ ,indian monks1 & x is entirely possible he did invite ,bodhidh>ma = an audi5ce4#b ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,emp]or ,wu began almo/ imm$iately to regale 8 visit+ dignit>y ) a *eckli/ ( 8 own d$ication to ! fai?1 m5tion+ temples built1 cl]gy inve/$1 sutras promulgat$4 ,! li/ 0 long1 b at la/ he paus$1 no d\bt puzzl$ by 8 gue/'s indiff]5ce4 ,prob+ = a response1 he ask$1 ,giv5 all ,i h done1 :at ,m]it h ,i e>n$8 ,bodhidh>ma sc[l$1 ,none :atsoev]1 y\r maje/y4 ,! emp]or 0 /unn$ by ?is reply1 b he press$ on1 try+ ano!r popul> "q4 ,:at is ! mo/ important pr9ciple ( ,buddhism8 ,?is second po9t ,bodhidh>ma report$ly answ]$ ) ! abrupt ,va/ empt9ess4#c ,! emp]or 0 equally puzzl$ by ?is answ] & 9 desp]ation f9ally inquir$ :o1 exactly1 0 ! be>d$ visitor /&+ be=e him--to :i* ,bodhidh>ma *e]fully admitt$ he _h no idea4 ,! int]view end$ z abruptly z x began1 ) ,bodhidh>ma excus+ himself & press+ on4 ,= 8 fir/ miracle1 he cross$ ! ,yangtze j outside ,nank+ on a re$ & head$ nor?4 ,! leg5d ( ,bodhidh>ma picks up aga9 9 ,nor? ,*9a1 ne> ! city ( ,loyang4 ,! /ories diff]1 b ! mo/ endur+ ones l9k 8 "n ) ! fam\s ,%ao-l9 mona/]y on ,mt4 ,sung4 ,!re1 we are told1 he m$itat$ = n9e ye>s fac+ a wall 7!reby inv5t+ wall gaz+7 until at la/1 a pi\s v]sion reports1 8 legs fell (f4 ,at "o "t1 relates ano!r ,z5 /ory1 he caught himself doz+ & 9 a fit ( rage tore (f 8 eyelids & ca/ !m contemptu\sly to ! gr\nd1 :]eupon bu%es ( ! tea plant--,z5's sacram5tal dr9k-- sprang =?4 ,ano!r /ory has him inv5t+ a ,*9ese /yle ( box+ z physical education = ! weakl+ monks at ,%ao-l91 !reby f\nd+ a classic ,*9ese discipl9e4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s episode surr\nd+ 8 /ay at ! ,%ao-l9 conc]ns ! monk ,hui-k'o1 :o 0 to be 8 successor4 ,! /ory tells t ,hui-k'o wait$ 9 ! sn[s outside ,%ao-l9 = days on end1 hop+ 9 va9 to attract ,bodhidh>ma's notice1 until f9ally 9 desp]ation he cut (f 8 own arm to attract ! ma/]'s att5tion4 ,bodhidh>ma advocat$ m$itation1 sutras1 & ! trapp+s ( traditional ,buddhism z a way to see into "o's own nature4 ,8 leg5ds repres5t ,z5 9 its =mative p]iod1 be=e ! m unor?odox me?ods = %ak+ disciples into a new mode ( consci\sness _h be5 devis$4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! /ories attribut$ to him by lat] writ]s s\nds suspici\sly l a ,z5 mondo 7! traditional consci\sness- te/+ ex*ange betwe5 ma/] & monk74 ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 ! disciple ,hui-k'o entreat$ ,bodhidh>ma1 say+1 ,ma/]1 ,i h n f\nd peace ( m9d4 ,i beg y to pacify my m9d = me4 ,bodhidh>ma repli$1 ,br+ me y\r m9d & ,i w pacify x = y4 ,hui-k'o 0 sil5t = a "t1 f9ally conc$+ he c\ld n actually f9d 8 m9d4 ,!re1 said ,bodhidh>ma1 ,i h pacifi$ x = y4 ,?is symbolic /ory illu/rates eloqu5tly ! concept ( ! m9d z a p]ceiv]1 some?+ t _c itself be subject to analysis4 ,logical introspection is impossible4 ,! m9d _c exam9e itself any m ?an ! eye c see itself4 ,s9ce ! m9d _c become ! object ( its own p]ception1 its exi/5ce c only be und]/ood intuitively1 z ,hui-k'o realiz$ :5 he tri$ to plumb its :]eab\ts objectively4 ,! actual tea*+s ( ,bodhidh>ma are n fully kn[n4 ,! fir/ notice ( ! blue-ey$ b>b>ian 7z lat] ,*9ese call$ him7 is 9 ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ hi/ory entitl$ ,fur!r ,biographies ( ,em95t ,prie/s1 usually dat$ ar\nd ! ye> #fde1 m ?an a c5tury aft] he came to ,*9a4 ,?is biography also conta9s ! brief text ( an essay attribut$ to ,bodhidh>ma4 ,at ! "t x 0 compil$1 ,bodhidh>ma _h n yet be5 ano9t$ ! ,fir/ ,patri>* ( ,z53 r he 0 m]ely "o ( a numb] ( prie/s tea*+ m$itation4 ,accord+ly !re w\ld h be5 no inc5tive to embelli% 8 /ory ) an apocryphal essay1 & = ?is reason mo/ au?orities ?9k x is au!ntic4#d ,a lat]1 m detail$ v]sion ( ! essay by ,bodhidh>ma is conta9$ 9 ! ,records ( ! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp 7,a4,d4 #ajjd74 ,?is latt] text is usually ! "o quot$1 & x is agre$ to be ! sup]ior lit]>y docum5t4#e ,we are 9 good company if we accept ?is essay z a m or less accurate record ( ! ?\ghts ( ! ,fir/ ,patri>*4 ,! text t ,bodhidh>ma left 0 meant to %[ o!rs ! sev]al ways to enlight5m5t4 ,!re are _m ways to ent] ! ,pa?1 b briefly speak+1 !y are two sorts only4 ,! "o is ,entrance by ,reason & ! o!r ,entrance by ,conduct4#f ,! fir/ ( ^! pa?s1 ! ,entrance by ,reason1 might m prop]ly be call$ entrance by pure insight4 ,! pa? advocat$ seems a bl5d+ ( ,buddhism & ,taoism1 by :i* ! sutras are us$ z a vehicle = lead+ ! seek] fir/ to m$itation1 & !n to a nonlit]>y /ate ( consci\sness 9 :i* all dualities1 all s5se ( oneself z ap>t f ! _w1 are eras$4 ,?is is an e>ly & eloqu5t summ>y ( ,z5's objectives4 ,by ,entrance by ,reason we mean ! realization ( ! _s ( ,buddhism by ! aid ( scriptural tea*+4 ,we !n come to h a deep fai? 9 ! ,true ,nature :i* is "o & ! same 9 all s5ti5t be+s4 ,! reason t x does n manife/ itself is due to ! ov]wrapp+ ( ext]nal objects & false ?\ghts4 ,:5 "o1 ab&on+ ! false & embrac+ ! true1 & 9 simpl5ess ( ?\ght1 abides 9 pi-kuan pure m$itation or wall-gaz+1 "o f9ds t !re is nei!r selfhood nor o!rness1 t ! masses & ! wor?ies are ( "o ess5ce1 & firmly holds on to ?is belief & nev] moves away !refrom4 ,he w n !n be guid$ by any lit]>y in/ructions1 = he is 9 sil5t communication ) ! pr9ciple itself1 free f conceptual discrim9ation1 = he is s]5e & n- act+4#g ,bodhidh>ma is giv5 cr$it = inv5t+ ! t]m pi-kuan1 ^: lit]al translation is wall-gaz+1 b ^: actual mean+ is anyone's guess4 ,pi-kuan is sometimes call$ a metaphor = ! m9d's confrontation ) ! b>ri] ( intellect--:i* mu/ ev5tually be hurdl$ if "o is to rea* enlight5m5t4 ,9 any case1 ?is text is an unmi/akable endorsem5t ( m$itation z a means = tranquiliz+ ! m9d :ile simultane\sly dissolv+ our impulse to discrim9ate betwe5 ourselves & ! _w ar\nd u4 ,x po9ts out t lit]>y in/ructions c g only s f>1 & at la/ !y mu/ be ab&on$ 9 favor ( reliance on ! intuitive m9d4#h ,! o!r ,pa? 7or ,tao7 he describ$ 0 call$ ! ,entrance by ,conduct & invokes 8 ,indian ,buddhi/ orig9s4 ,! description ( conduct 0 divid$ into f\r sections :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 7 int5d$ to subsume or include all ! possible types ( ,buddhi/ practice4 ,by ,entrance by ,conduct is meant ! ,f\r ,acts 9 :i* all o!r acts are includ$4 ,:at are ! f\r8 #a4 ,h[ to requite hatr$2 #b4 ,to be ob$i5t to k>ma2 #c4 ,n to seek aft] any?+2 & #d4 ,to be 9 accord ) ! ,dh>ma4#i ,! fir/ ,act ( ,conduct c\nsel$ ! believ] to endure all h>d%ips1 s9ce !y are paym5t = evil de$s committ$ 9 pa/ exi/5ces4 ,:at is meant by ,h[ to requite hatr$8 ,^? :o discipl9e !mselves 9 ! ,pa? %\ld ?9k ?us :5 !y h to /ruggle ) adv]se conditions3 ,dur+ ! innum]able pa/ ages ,i h w&]$ ?r\gh multiplicity ( exi/5ces1 all ! :ile giv+ myself to unimportant details ( life at ! exp5se ( ess5tials1 & ?us creat+ inf9ite occasions = hate1 ill-w1 & wrong-do+4 ,:ile no violations h be5 committ$ 9 ?is life1 ! fruits ( evil de$s 9 ! pa/ are to be ga!r$ n[4 ,nei!r gods nor m5 c =etell :at is com+ ^u me4 ,i w submit myself will+ly & pati5tly to all ! ills t befall me1 & ,i w nev] bemoan or compla94 ,9 ! ,sutra x is said n to worry ov] ills t may happ5 to y4 ,:y8 ,because ?r\gh intellig5ce "o c survey ! :ole *a9 ( causation4 ,:5 ?is ?\ght arises1 "o is 9 concord ) ! pr9ciple because he makes ! be/ use ( hatr$ & turns x into ! s]vice ( 8 advance t[>ds ! ,pa?4 ,?is is call$ ! way to requite hatr$4#aj ,! second ,rule ( ,conduct is to be reconcil$ to :atev] comes1 good or evil4 ,x seems to reflect ! ,taoi/ attitude t ev]y?+ is :at x is & consequ5tly value judgm5ts are irrelevant4 ,if good comes1 x is ! result ( m]itori\s de$s 9 a pa/ exi/5ce & w vani% :5 ! /ore ( causative k>ma is exhau/$4 ,! important ?+ to realize is t none ( x matt]s anyway4 ,we %\ld "k t all s5ti5t be+s are produc$ by ! int]play ( k>mic conditions1 & z su* !re c be no real self 9 !m4 ,! m+l$ y>ns ( pleasure & pa9 are all wov5 ( ! ?reads ( condition+ causes4 4 4 4 ,!re=e1 let ga9s & losses run _! natural c\rses accord+ to ! ev] *ang+ conditions & circum/ances ( life1 = ! ,m9d itself does n increase ) ! ga9s nor decrease ) ! losses4 ,9 ?is way1 no gales ( self- complac5cy w arise1 & y\r m9d w rema9 9 hidd5 h>mony ) ! ,tao4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ und]/& ! rule ( adaptation to ! v>iable conditions & circum/ances ( life4#aa ,! ?ird ,rule ( ,conduct 0 ! tea*+ ( ! ,buddha t a cessation ( seek+ & a turn+ t[>d nonatta*m5t br+s peace4 ,m5 ( ! _w rema9 unawak5$ = life2 ev]y:]e we f9d !m b\nd by _! crav+ & cl++4 ,?is is call$ atta*m5t4 ,! wise1 h[ev]1 und]/& ! tru?1 & _! reason tells !m to turn f ! worldly ways4 ,!y enjoy peace ( m9d & p]fect deta*m5t4 ,!y adju/ _! bodily movem5ts to ! vicissitudes ( =tune1 always aw>e ( ! empt9ess ( ! ph5om5al _w1 9 :i* !y f9d no?+ to covet1 no?+ to delight 94 4 4 4 ,ev]yone :o has a body is an heir to suff]+ & a /rang] to peace4 ,hav+ compreh5d$ ?is po9t1 ! wise are deta*$ f all ?+s ( ! ph5om5al _w1 ) _! m9ds free ( desires & crav+4 ,z ! scripture has x1 ,all suff]+s spr+ f atta*m5t2 true joy arises f deta*m5t4 ,to "k cle>ly ! bliss ( deta*m5t is truly to walk on ! pa? ( ! ,tao4#ab ,! f\r? ,rule ( ,conduct 0 to dissolve our p]ception ( object- subject dualities & view life z a unifi$ :ole4 ,?is m]g+ ( self & ext]ior _w ,bodhidh>ma calls pure m9d or pure reason4 ,! ,dh>ma is no?+ else ?an ,reason :i* is pure 9 its ess5ce4 ,?is pure ,reason is ! =mless ,=m ( all ,=ms2 x is free ( all defilem5ts & atta*m5ts1 & x kn[s ( nei!r self nor o!r4#ac ,hav+ set =? ?is r elegant /atem5t ( ,z5 & ,buddhi/ ideals1 z ascrib$ to ,bodhidh>ma1 x un=tunately is necess>y to add t x appe>s to h be5 tak5 directly f ! ,vajrasamadhi ,sutra 7attribut+ quotations f ! sutras to ,patri>*s 0 common71 ) ! sole exception ( ! t]m pi-kuan4#ad ,at ! v lea/1 ! leg5d at ?is "t does n portray ,bodhidh>ma z a despis] ( ! sutras4 ,he 01 9 fact1 us+ a sutra z a vehicle to promote 8 practice ( int5sive m$itation4 ,x is n kn[n :at role m$itation play$ 9 ,buddhism at ?is "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! s*ol> ,hu ,%ih que/ions h[ well x 0 und]/ood4 ,an e>ly ,buddhi/ hi/orian's ,biographies1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole p]iod ( e>ly ,buddhism 9 ,*9a f ! fir/ c5tury to ! ye> #eai1 conta9$ only #ba names ( 'practition]s ( dhyana 7m$itation7' out ( a total ( ab\t #dej4 ,& practically all ( ! #ba;dhyana monks 7 record$ because ( _! rem>kable asceticism & miracul\s p[]s4 ,?is %[s t 9 spite ( ! num]\s yoga manuals 9 translation1 & 9 spite ( ! high respect paid by intellectual ,buddhi/s to ! doctr9e & practice ( dhyana1 !re 71 z late z #ejj1 practically no ,*9ese ,buddhi/s :o really und]/ood or s]i\sly practic$ dhyana or ,z54#ae ,p]haps ,bodhidh>ma1 arriv+ 9 #ebj1 felt 8 praise ( m$itation1 us+ ! words ( an exi/+ sutra1 c\ld r\se ,*9ese int]e/ 9 ?is =m ( ,buddhism4 ,z x turn$ out1 he 0 successful beyond any?+ he c\ld h imag9$1 al?\gh 8 success took sev]al c5turies4 ,z ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki sums x up1 ,:ile !re 0 no?+ specifically ,z5 9 8 doctr9e ( ',two ,entrances & ,f\r ,acts1' ! tea*+ ( pi-kuan1 wall-contemplation1 0 :at made ,bodhidh>ma ! fir/ patri>* ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4#af ,suzuki int]prets pi- kuan z ref]r+ to ! m9d 9 a ?\ghtless /ate1 9 :i* m$itation has p]mitt$ ! rational m9d to be suppress$ entirely4 ,! use ( m$itation = ?is goal in/ead ( = develop+ magical p[]s1 z _h be5 ! goal ( e>li] dhyana ma/]s1 seems to h be5 ! pr(\nd new idea introduc$ to ,*9a by ,bodhidh>ma4#ag ,! passage ( ,bodhidh>ma is also swa!d 9 leg5d4 ,:at ev5tually happ5$ to ?is travel+ ,indian guru8 ,did he die ( poison1 z "o leg5d says2 or did he w&] (f to ,c5tral ,asia1 z ano!r reports2 or did he g to ,japan1 z /ill ano!r /ory w\ld h x8 ,! /ory t has be5 ! mo/ endur+ 7record$ 9 a ,sung "w1 ,*+-te *'uan-t5g-lu7 tells t aft] n9e ye>s at ! ,%ao-l9 mona/]y decid$ to return to ,india & call$ toge!r 8 disciples to te/ _! atta9m5t4 ,! fir/ disciple report$ly said1 ,z ,i view x1 to realize ! tru? we %\ld nei!r rely entirely on words & lett]s nor disp5se ) !m entirely1 b r we %\ld use !m z an in/rum5t ( ! ,way4 ,to ?is1 ,bodhidh>ma repli$1 ,y h got my sk94 ,next a nun came =w>d & said1 ,z ,i view x1 ! ,tru? is l an auspici\s sight+ ( ! ,buddhi/ ,p>adise2 x is se5 once & nev] aga94 ,to ?is ,bodhidh>ma repli$1 ,y h atta9$ my fle%4 ,! ?ird disciple said1 ,! f\r great elem5ts are empty & ! five sk&has con/itu5ts ( ! p]sonality3 body1 feel+s1 p]ception1 w1 & consci\sness are nonexi/5t4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no?+ t c be grasp$4 ,to ?is ,bodhidh>ma repli$1 ,y h atta9$ my bones4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ,hui-k'o's turn4 ,b he only b[$ to ! ma/] & /ood sil5t at 8 place4 ,to him ,bodhidh>ma said1 ,y h atta9$ my m>r[4#ah ,accord+ to a compet+ /ory1 ,bodhidh>ma di$ ( poison+ at ! age ( #aej & 0 buri$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,honan4#ai ,n too long !reaft] a lay ,buddhi/ nam$ ,sung ,yun1 :o 0 return+ to ,*9a aft] a trip to ,india to ga!r sutras1 met ,bodhidh>ma 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,turke/an4 ,! ,fir/ ,patri>*1 :o 0 walk+ b>efoot c>ry+ a s+le %oe1 ann\nc$ he 0 return+ to ,india & t a native ,*9ese w\ld arise to cont9ue 8 tea*+4 ,sung ,yun report$ ?is to ,bodhidh>ma's disciples on 8 return & !y op5$ ! ma/]'s grave1 only to f9d x empty save = ! o!r %oe4 ,h[ mu* ( ! /ory ( ,bodhidh>ma is leg5d8 ,! answ] does n really matt] all t mu*4 ,z ) ,moses1 if ,bodhidh>ma _h n exi/$ x w\ld h be5 necess>y to inv5t him4 ,al?\gh 8 fir/ full biography 7ca4 #fde7 makes no p>ticul> fuss ov] him1 less ?an a c5tury aft] ?is1 he 0 decl>$ ! f\nd] ( ,z51 provid$ ) a l9eage /ret*+ directly back ?r\gh ,nag>juna to ! ,buddha1 & furni%$ an excit+ anecdotal hi/ory4 ,yet z f\nd]s g1 he 0 a wor?y en\gh individual4 ,he does seem to h devis$ a /ra9 ( ,buddhi/ ?\ght t c\ld successfully be graft$ onto ! h>dy native ,*9ese ,taoi/ organism4 ,he also left an active disciple1 lat] to be kn[n z ! ,second ,patri>*1 ,hui-k'o1 s he mu/ h _h ei!r a *>ismatic p]sonality or a philosophical position t di/+ui%$ him f ! g5]al run ( m$itation ma/]s4 ,x is important to keep 9 m9d t ,bodhidh>ma1 man & my?1 0 ! product ( an e>ly =m ( ,z54 ,! lat] ma/]s ne$$ a l9eage1 & he 0 tapp$ = ! role ( ,fir/ ,patri>*4 ,! major problem ) ,bodhidh>ma 0 t _m ( 8 ideas 7 9 direct contradiction to ! position adopt$ by lat] ,z5 tea*+s4 ,= in/ance1 recall t he promot$ ! reliance on a sutra 7! ,lankavat>a72 & he heavily /ress$ m$itation 7some?+ lat] ,z5 ma/]s w\ld p>tially circumv5t74 ,! ,jesuit s*ol> ,he9ri* ,dum\l9 has decl>$ t ,bodhidh>ma's attribut$ tea*+ 9 no way deviates f ! great ,mahayana sutras4#bj ,x is1 9 fact1 a f> cry f lat] ,z5 ideas1 says ,john ,wu1 ! ,*9ese au?ority4#ba ,f9ally1 he left no claim to patri>*y1 nor did 8 fir/ biograph] (f] to d ?is = him4 ,p]haps ! evolution ( ,z5 is be/ demon/rat$ by ! sl[ *ange 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,bodhidh>ma1 culm9at+ 9 ! latt]-day portrayals ( him z a sc[l+ grump4 ,8 image became successively m misan?ropic ?r\gh ! c5turies1 p]haps z a way ( und]scor+ ! lat] ,z5 practice ( e/abli%+ a r dehumaniz$ relation%ip betwe5 ! ,z5 ma/] & pupil1 z ! ma/] %\ts1 beats a monk1 & de/roys 8 ego ?r\gh m]ciless "q-&- answ] sessions4 ,= all we "k1 ! wall-gaz+ ,brahm9 ( anci5t ,*9a may h _h a wry smile to g along ) 8 droll s5se ( humor4 ,p]haps x is fitt+ to close ) ! mo/ la/+ apocrypha associat$ ) 8 "n1 to wit ! /anza t lat] ma/]s attribut$ to him z an alleg$ summ>y ( 8 tea*+1 b :i* he1 promulgator ( ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra1 w\ld und\bt$ly h dis[n$3 ,a special transmission outside ! sutras2 ,no reliance ^u words & lett]s2 ,direct po9t+ to ! v m9d2 ,see+ into "o's own nature4 ,*apt] ,two ,,hui-,k',o3 ,,second ,,patri>* ,,( ,,z5 ,hui-k'o 7#dhg-eic7 fir/ ent]s ! hi/ory ( ,z5 z an eag] ,*9ese s*ol> devot$ to m$itation4 ,wi%+ to become a disciple ( ! fam\s ,indian monk :o _h rec5tly in/all$ himself at ! ,%ao-l9 mona/]y1 ,hui-k'o set up a vigil outside ! gate4 ,"t pass$ & ! sn[s began to fall1 b /ill ,bodhidh>ma ignor$ him1 decl>+1 ,! incomp>able doctr9e ( ,buddhism c only be compreh5d$ aft] a long h>d discipl9e1 by endur+ :at is mo/ difficult to endure & by practic+ :at is mo/ difficult to practice4 ,m5 ( inf]ior virtue are n all[$ to und]/& any?+ ab\t x4#a ,f9ally ,hui-k'o despair$ & resort$ to an extreme measure to demon/rate 8 s9c]ity3 he cut (f 8 own arm & (f]$ x to ! ma/]4 7,?is act report$ly has be5 repeat$ s9ce by an occasional ov]5?usia/ic ,z5 novice47 ,ev5 a s+lem9d$ ma/] ( m$itation l ,bodhidh>ma c\ld n ignore su* a ge/ure1 & he agre$ to accept ,hui-k'o z 8 fir/ ,*9ese disciple4 ,unlike ,bodhidh>ma1 ,hui-k'o is n a my/]i\s1 leg5d>y figure1 b r is rememb]$ by a detail$ hi/ory t int]acts p]iodically ) kn[n ev5ts 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4#b ,he came f ! ,*i family & 0 orig9ally nam$ ,s5g-k'o1 only lat] becom+ kn[n z ,hui-k'o4 ,! mo/ reliable report has him com+ f ,wu-lao1 ) a reputation z a s*ol>ly intellectual prec$+ him4 ,inde$ he seems to h be5 a ,*9ese s*ol> 9 ! f9e/ s5se1 ) a deep appreciation ( all ?ree major philosophies3 ,confucianism1 ,taoism1 & ,buddhism4 ,x 0 t[>d ! la/1 h[ev]1 t he sl[ly gravitat$1 f9ally ab&on+ 8 s*ol>ly secul> life & becom+ a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,he 0 ar\nd age =ty1 9 ! prime ( :at 0 to be a v long life1 :5 he fir/ enc\nt]$ ,bodhidh>ma at ! ,%ao-l9 mona/]y4 ,:e!r he lo/ 8 arm by self-mutilation1 z ! lat] ,z5 *ronicles say1 or :e!r x 0 sev]$ 9 a fight ) b&its1 z ! e>lie/ hi/ory reports1 may nev] be det]m9$4#c ,! lat] /ory is c]ta9ly m pi\s1 b ! e>li] w\ld seem m plausible4 ,= six ye>s he /udi$ m$itation ) ,bodhidh>ma1 gradually retreat+ f ! life ( ! s*ol> z he turn$ away f intellectualism & t[>d pure exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,bodhidh>ma f9ally decid$ to dep>t1 he call$ 9 all 8 disciples = ! fam\s te/+ ( _! atta9m5t rec\nt$ 9 ,*apt] l4#d ,hui-k'o1 by simply b[+ 9 sil5ce :5 ask$ :at he _h atta9$1 prov$ t 8 und]/&+ ( ! ma/]'s wordless tea*+ 0 sup]ior1 & x 0 he :o receiv$ ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra4 ,! ev5t report$ly 0 seal$ by a %ort refra91 n[ univ]sally decl>$ to be spuri\s1 9 :i* ,bodhidh>ma pr$ict$ ! lat] division ( ,*'an into five s*ools3 ,orig9ally ,i came to ?is l& ,to transmit ! ,dh>ma & to save all f error ,a fl[] ) five petals op5s2 ,( itself ! fruit w rip54#e ,z ! /ory goes1 ,hui-k'o rema9$ at ! ,%ao-l9 = a :ile long] & !n w5t und]gr\nd1 support+ himself ?r\gh m5ial "w & le>n+ ab\t ,*9ese peasant life fir/h&4 ,report$ly1 he want$ to tranquilize 8 m9d1 to acquire ! humility necess>y 9 a great tea*]1 & n incid5tally to absorb ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra4 ,:5 ask$ :y he1 an enlight5$ tea*]1 *ose to live among m5ial labor]s1 he w\ld reply t>tly t ?is life 0 be/ = 8 m9d & 9 any case :at he did 0 8 own affair4 ,x 0 a h>d exi/5ce1 b "o he believ$ prop]4 ,p]haps x 0 9 ?is =mative p]iod t ! inn] /r5g? ( ,*'an's fir/ ,*9ese ma/] 0 =g$4 ,hui-k'o's major conc]n dur+ ?is p]iod mu/ inevitably h be5 ! /udy ( ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra entru/$ him by ,bodhidh>ma4 ,! ,lankavat>a 0 n writt5 by a ,z5 ma/]1 nor did x come out ( ! ,z5 tradition1 b x 0 ! prim>y scripture ( ! fir/ two hundr$ ye>s ( ,*'an4 ,z ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki has not$1 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree ,*9ese translations ( ?is ,sanskrit sutra by ! "t ,bodhidh>ma came to ,*9a4#f ,h[ev]1 he is usually giv5 cr$it1 at lea/ 9 ,z5 records1 = orig9at+ ! movem5t lat] kn[n z ! ,lankavat>a s*ool4 ,z ! sutra 0 describ$ by a non-,*'an ,*9ese s*ol> 9 ! ye> #fde1 ,! entire emphasis ( its tea*+ is plac$ on ,prajna 7highe/ intuitive k71 :i* transc5ds lit]>y expression4 ,bodhidh>ma1 ! ,z5 ma/]1 propagat$ ?is doctr9e 9 ! s\? z well z 9 ! nor?1 ! gi/ ( :i* tea*+ consi/s 9 atta9+ ! unatta9able1 :i* is to h "r insight into ! tru? itself by =gett+ ^w & ?\ght4 ,lat] x grew & fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,hui-k'o 0 ! fir/ :o atta9$ to ! ess5tial und]/&+ ( x4 ,^? addict$ to ! lit]>y tea*+ ( ,buddhism 9 ,wei 7 av]se to becom+ associat$ ) ^! spiritual se]s4#g ,! ,lankavat>a purport$ly relays ! ?\ghts ( ! ,buddha :ile ensconc$ on a m\nta9 peak 9 ,sri ,lanka4 ,al?\gh ! "w is notori\sly disorganiz$1 vague1 & obscure1 x 0 to be ! /one on :i* ,hui-k'o %>p5$ 8 p5etrat+ enlight5m5t4 ,! major concept x advances is t ( ,m9d1 *>act]iz$ by ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki z absolute m9d1 to be di/+ui%$ f an empirical m9d :i* is ! subject ( psy*ological /udy4 ,:5 x beg9s ) a capital lett]1 x is ! ultimate reality on :i* ! entire _w ( individual objects dep5ds = its value4#h ,on ! "q ( ,m9d1 ! ,lankavat>a has ! foll[+ to say3 4 4 4 ! ignorant & ! simple m9d$1 n kn[+ t ! _w is :at is se5 ( ,m9d itself1 cl+ to ! multitud9\sness ( ext]nal objects1 cl+ to ! notions ( be+ & non-be+1 on5ess & o!rness1 bo?ness & n-bo?ness1 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 et]nity & non-et]nity4 4 4 4#i ,accord+ to ! ,lankavat>a1 ! _w & our p]ception ( x are bo? "p ( a l>g] conceptual entity4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,lankavat>a ca/ ! grave/ d\bt on ! actual exi/5ce ( ! ?+s we ?9k we see4 ,discrim9ation betwe5 oneself & ! re/ ( ! _w c only be false1 s9ce bo? are m]ely manife/ations ( ! same encompass+ ess5ce1 ,m9d4 ,our p]ception is too easily deceiv$1 & ?is is ! reason we mu/ n implicitly tru/ ! images t rea* our consci\sness4 4 4 4 ,it is l ^? wat] bubbles 9 a ra9fall :i* h ! appe>ance ( cry/al gems1 & ! ignorant tak+ !m = real cry/al gems run aft] !m4 4 4 4 ,they are no m ?an wat] bubbles1 !y are n gems1 nor are !y n-gems1 because ( _! be+ s compreh5d$ by "o p>ty & n be+ s compreh5d$ by ano!r4#aj ,reality lies beyond ^! petty discrim9ations4 ,! intellect1 too1 is p[]less to di/+ui% ! real f ! illusory1 s9ce all ?+s are bo? & nei!r at ! same "t4 ,?is conviction ( ! ,lankavat>a rema9$ at ! core ( ,z51 ev5 aft] ! sutra itself 0 supplant$ by simpl]1 m easily approa*$ lit]>y works4 ,z ,hui-k'o /udi$ ! ,lankavat>a & prea*$1 he gradually acquir$ a reputation = insight t transc5d$ 8 delib]ately unpret5ti\s appe>ance4 ,?r\gh\t x all1 he l$ an it9]ant life1 travel+ ab\t ,nor? ,*9a4 ,x is report$ t he f\nd 8 way to ! capital ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,wei k+dom aft] its division 9 ! ye> #ecd4 ,"h1 9 ! city ( ,yeh-tu1 he taught 8 v]sion ( dhyana & op5$ ! way to enlight5m5t = _m p4 ,?\gh unassum+ 9 mann] & dress1 he none!less ar\s$ antagonism f e/abli%$ ,buddhi/ circles because ( 8 success1 enc\nt]+ p>ticul> opposition f a conv5tional dhyana tea*] nam$ ,tao- huan4 ,accord+ to ,fur!r ,biographies ( ! ,em95t ,prie/s 7#fde71 ,tao-huan 0 a jeal\s tea*] :o _h 8 own foll[+ ( z _m z a ?\s&1 & :o res5t$ deeply ! nonscriptural approa* ,hui-k'o advocat$4 ,?is spiteful prie/ s5t v>i\s ( 8 foll[]s to monitor ,hui-k'o's tea*+1 p]haps ) an eye to accus+ him ( h]esy1 b all ^? s5t 7 s impress$ t none ev] return$4 ,!n "o day ! antagoni/ic dhyana ma/] met "o ( ^? =m] pupils :o _h be5 won ov] by ,hui-k'o's tea*+s4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki translates ! enc\nt] z foll[s3 ,:5 ,tao-huan happ5$ to meet 8 fir/ mess5g]1 he ask$3 ,h[ 0 x t ,i _h to s5d = y s _m times8 ,did ,i n op5 y\r eye aft] tak+ pa9s s mu* on my "p8 ,! =m] disciple1 h[ev]1 my/ically answ]$3 ,my eye has be5 "r f ! fir/1 & x 0 ?r\gh y t x came to squ9t4#aa ,! message w\ld seem to be t ,hui-k'o taught a return to "o's orig9al nature1 to ! primal man )\t artificial le>n+ or doctr9al pret5se4 ,out ( res5tm5t ! jeal\s dhyana ma/] report$ly caus$ ,hui-k'o to und]go (ficial p]secution4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 beg9n+ ar\nd #egd1 !re 0 a tempor>y b ?or\gh p]secution ( ,buddhism 9 ! capital city ( ,*'ang-an4 ,sometime e>li]1 an ambiti\s sorc]] & apo/ate ,buddhi/ nam$ ,wei _h decid$ to ga9 a bit ( notoriety = himself by attack+ ,buddhism1 !n a p[]ful =ce 9 ,*'ang-an4 ,9 ! ye> #efg he pres5t$ a docum5t to ! emp]or claim+ t ,buddhism _h all[$ unsavory social types to ent] ! mona/]ies4 ,he also attack$ wor%ip ( ! ,buddha image on ! gr\nd t x 0 un-,*9ese idolatry4 ,in/ead1 he propos$ a secul>iz$ *ur* t w\ld include all citiz5s1 ) ! gullible emp]or sugge/$ = ! role ( pope4 ,! emp]or 0 tak5 ) ! idea & aft] sev]al ye>s ( complex political maneuv]+1 he proscrib$ ,buddhism 9 ,nor? ,*9a4 ,z a result1 ,hui-k'o 0 =c$ to flee to ! s\?1 :]e he took up tempor>y resid5ce 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! ,yangtze ,riv]4 ,! p]secution 0 %ort-liv$1 s9ce ! emp]or responsible di$ soon aft] 8 decree1 :]eupon ,hui-k'o return$ to ,*'ang-an4 ,h[ev]1 ^! p]secutions may h actually contribut$ to ! spread ( 8 tea*+1 by =c+ him to travel into ! c\ntryside4 ,! only au!ntic fragm5t ( ,hui-k'o's ?\ght t has surviv$ records 8 answ] to an inquiry s5t by a lay devotee nam$ ,hsiang1 :o report$ly 0 seek+ spiritual atta9m5t alone 9 ! jungle4 ,! inquiry1 :i* seems m a /atem5t ?an a "q1 w5t z foll[s3 4 4 4 he :o aspires to ,buddhahood ?9k+ x to be indep5d5t ( ! nature ( s5ti5t be+s is to be lik5$ to "o :o tries to li/5 to an e*o by dead5+ its orig9al s\nd4 ,!re=e ! ignorant & ! enlight5$ are walk+ 9 "o passageway2 ! vulg> & ! wise are n to be diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,:]e !re are no names1 we create names1 & because ( ^! names1 judgm5ts are =m$4 ,:]e !re is no !oriz+1 we !orize1 & because ( ?is !oriz+1 disputes arise4 ,!y are all phantom creations & n realities1 & :o kn[s :o is "r & :o is wrong8 ,!y are all empty1 no sub/antialities h !y1 & :o kn[s :at is & :at is n8 ,s we realize t our ga9 is n real ga9 & our loss n real loss4 ,?is is my view & may ,i be enlight5$ if ,i am at fault8#ab ,?is "q1 if su* x is1 s\nds suspici\sly l a s]mon & /&s1 9 fact1 z an eloqu5t /atem5t ( ,z5 conc]ns4 ,hui-k'o report$ly answ]$ z foll[s1 9 a fragm5t ( a lett] t is 8 only kn[n extant "w4 ,y h truly compreh5d$ ! ,dh>ma z x is2 ! deepe/ tru? lies 9 ! pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,x is due to "o's ignorance t ! mani-jewel is tak5 = a piece ( brick1 b lo6 :5 "o is sudd5ly awak5$ to self-enlight5m5t x is realiz$ t "o is 9 possession ( ! real jewel4 ,! ignorant & ! enlight5$ are ( "o ess5ce1 !y are n really to be sep>at$4 ,we %\ld "k t all ?+s are su* z !y are4 ,^? :o ent]ta9 a duali/ic view ( ! _w are to be piti$1 & ,i write ?is lett] = !m4 ,:5 we "k t betwe5 ?is body & ! ,buddha1 !re is no?+ to sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 :at is ! use ( seek+ aft] ,nirvana z some?+ ext]nal to ourselves8#ac ,hui-k'o insi/s t all ?+s spr+ f ! "o ,m9d1 & consequ5tly ! ideas ( duality1 ( atta*m5t to ?is or t ph5om5on1 or ev5 ! possibility ( *oice1 are equally absurd4 ,al?\gh he knew all too well t enlight5m5t c\ld n be obta9$ f tea*+1 he /ill did n advocate a radical break ) ! traditional me?ods ( ! ,buddhi/ dhyana ma/]s4 ,8 /yle 0 unor?odox1 b 8 tea*+ me?ods 7 /ill conf9$ to lectures & m$itation4 ,?is l[-key approa* 0 /ill clos] to ! tradition ( ! ,buddha ?an to ! j>r+ te*niques ( sudd5 enlight5m5t de/9$ to erupt out ( ,*9ese ,*'an4 ,t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 ,hui-k'o 0 back 9 ,*'ang-an1 liv+ & tea*+ 9 ! same unassum+ mann]4 ,8 free-lance /yle seems to h cont9u$ to outrage ! m conv5tional tea*]s1 & a lat] /ory records a m>tyr's dea? = him4#ad ,"o day1 :ile a le>n$ ma/] 0 prea*+ inside ! ,k'uang-*\ ,temple1 ,hui-k'o *anc$ by & />t$ to *at ) ! pass]sby outside4 ,gradually a cr[d />t$ to collect1 until ev5tually ! lecture hall ( ! rev]$ prie/ 0 empti$4 ,?is fam\s prie/1 rememb]$ z ,pi5-ho1 accus$ ! ragg$ ,hui-k'o to ! magi/rate ,*e ,*'ung-j'an z a tea*] ( false doctr9e4 ,z a result he 0 arre/$ & subsequ5tly execut$1 an impi\s #ajf-ye>-old revolution>y4 ,*apt] ,?ree ,,s5g-,,ts',,an1 ,,tao-,,hs91 ,,fa-,,jung1 ,,& ,,hung-,,j53 ,,f\r ,,e>ly ,,ma/]s ,! ,fif? ,patri>*1,hung-j5 7left7 ,! ma/] succe$+ ,hui-k'o 0 ,s5g-ts'an 7d4 #fjf71 :o !n taught ,fa-jung 7#eid-feg7 & ,tao-hs9 7#ehj-fea71 ! latt] 9 turn pass+ ! robe ( ! patri>*y to ,hung-j5 7#fja-gd74 ,! ma/]s ,s5g- ts'an1 ,tao-hs91 & ,hung-j5 are honor$ today z ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif? ,patri>*s1 respectively1 & rev]$ z ! tor*be>]s ( ,*'an's =mative ye>s4 ,yet :5 we look = in=mation ab\t _! lives1 we f9d ! s\rces ?9 & diffuse4 ,"o reason probably is t be=e #gjj nobody realiz$ t ^! m5 w\ld "o day be elevat$ to f\nd+ fa!rs1 & consequ5tly no "o bo!r$ record+ details ( _! lives4 ,dur+ ! sev5? c5tury ! scatt]$ tea*]s ( dhyana seem to h gradually coalesc$ into a sort ( ad hoc movem5t--) sizable foll[+s gr[+ up ar\nd ! bett]-kn[n figures4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( respectability also em]g$1 if we c believe ! ref]5ces to imp]ial notice t />t appe>+ 9 ! *ronicles4 ,x w\ld seem t ! dhyana or ,*'an movem5t became a m or less coh]5t sect1 a recognizable if loosely def9$ s*ool ( ,buddhism4 ,h[ev]1 :at ! movem5t app>5tly 0 /riv+ to become 0 n s mu* a bran* ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a z a ,*9ese v]sion ( ,buddhism4 ,! m5 lat] rememb]$ z ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif? ,patri>*s h 9 common a /ruggle to b5d ,buddhi/ ?\ght to ,*9ese intellectual requirem5ts1 to s9icize ,buddhism4 ,:]eas !y succe$$ only 9 sett+ ! /age = ?is trans=mation 7^: realization w\ld await o!r h&s71 !y did e/abli% a p]sonality patt]n t w\ld set ap>t all lat] ma/]s3 a bli! irrev]5ce t ow$ z mu* to ,*uang ,tzu z to ,bodhidh>ma4 ,:5 read+ ! biographies t foll[1 x is useful to keep 9 m9d t ! explicit details may well h be5 cook$ up 9 lat] ye>s to satisfy a natural ,*9ese ye>n+ = anecdotes1 ) or )\t support+ in=mation4 ,yet ! fact t ! dhyana practition]s ev5tually became a movem5t 9 ne$ ( a hi/ory is itself pro( t ^! m5 & _! /ories 7 n complete inv5tions4 ,9 any case1 !y 7 rememb]$1 honor$1 & quot$ 9 lat] ye>s z ! leg5d>y f\nd]s ( ,*'an4 ,,s5g-,,tsan1 ,,! ,,?ird ,,patri>* 7d4 #fjf7 ,! "q ( ! ,second ,patri>* ,hui-k'o's successor 0 tr\blesome ev5 = ! anci5t ,*'an hi/orians4 ,! e>lie/ v]sion ( 8 biography 7writt5 9 #fde1 be=e ! sect ( ,*'an & its ne$ = a hi/ory exi/$7 decl>es1 ,be=e ,hui-k'o _h e/abli%$ a l9eage he di$1 leav+ no wor?y heirs4 ,:5 x lat] became necess>y = ,*'an to h an un9t]rupt$ patri>*y1 a revis$ hi/ory 0 prep>$ :i* suppli$ him an heir nam$ ,s5g-ts'an1 to :om he is said to h transmitt$ ! doctr9e4#a ,! /ory ( _! meet+ recalls ,hui-k'o's fir/ ex*ange ) ,bodhidh>ma1 save t ! roles are rev]s$4 ,! text implies t ,s5g-ts'an 0 suff]+ f leprosy :5 he fir/ enc\nt]$ ,hui-k'o1 & t he implor$ ! ,ma/] = relief 9 a mo/ un-,z5like way1 say+3 ,i am 9 great suff]+ f ?is disease2 please take away my s9s4 ,hui-k'o respond$ )1 ,br+ me y\r s9s1 & ,i w take !m away4 ,aft] a long sil5ce1 ,s5g-ts'an confess$1 ,i've look$1 b ,i _c f9d !m4 ,to :i* ,hui-k'o repli$1 e*o+ ,bodhidh>ma's classic rejo9d]1 ,behold1 y h j be5 cleans$4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory says ,hui-k'o greet$ ,s5g-ts'an ) ! words1 ,y are suff]+ f leprosy2 :y %\ld y want to see me8 ,to ?is ,s5g-ts'an respond$1 ,al?\gh my body is sick1 ! m9d ( a sick man & y\r own m9d are no diff]5t4 ,:atev] actually happ5$1 x 0 en\gh to conv9ce ,hui-k'o t he _h f\nd an enlight5$ be+1 "o :o p]ceiv$ ! unity ( all ?+s1 & he =?) transmitt$ to ,s5g-ts'an ! symbols ( ! patri>*y--! robe & begg+ b[l ( ,bodhidh>ma--tell+ him t he %\ld take refuge 9 ! ,buddha1 ! ,dh>ma 7! univ]sal tru? proclaim$ by ,buddha71 & ! ,sangha 7! ,buddhi/ organization or prie/hood74 ,s5g-ts'an repli$ t he knew ( ! ,sangha1 b :at 0 meant by ! ,buddha & ! ,dh>ma8 ,! answ] 0 t all ?ree 7 expressions ( ,m9d4#b ,?is ex*ange seems to h tak5 place :ile ,hui-k'o 0 9 ! nor!rn ,wei capital ( ,yeh-tu4#c ,9 lat] ye>s ,s5g-ts'an f\nd x necess>y to feign madness 7to escape p]secution dur+ ! anti- ,buddhi/ movem5t ( #egd71 & f9ally he w5t to hide on ,huan-kung m\nta9 = t5 ye>s1 :]e 8 m]e pres5ce report$ly 0 en\gh to tame ! wild tig]s :o _h t]roriz$ ! p !re4 ,! only surviv+ "w t purport$ly relays 8 tea*+ is a poem1 said to be "o ( ! e>lie/ ,*'an treatises1 :i* is call$ ! ,hs9-hs9- m+1 or ,on ! ,believ+ ,m9d4#d ,x />ts (f 9 a lyrical1 almo/ ,taoi/1 voice wor?y ( ,*uang ,tzu1 z x celebrates man's orig9al nature & ! folly ( /riv+4 ,!re is no?+ difficult ab\t ! ,great ,way ,b1 avoid *oos+6 ,only :5 y nei!r love nor hate1 ,does x appe> 9 all cl>ity4 ,d n be anti- or pro- any?+4 ,! conflict ( long+ & loa?+1 ,?is is ! disease ( ! m9d4 ,n kn[+ ! pr(\nd mean+ ( ?+s1 ,we di/urb our 7orig9al7 peace ( m9d to no purpose4#e ,next1 ! poem turns to an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,mahayani/ concept ( ! all-encompass+ ,m9d1 ! greate/ s+le tru? ( ! univ]se1 & ( ,nag>juna's ,void1 ! cosmic empt9ess ( sunyata4 ,?+s are ?+s because ( ! ,m9d4 ,! ,m9d is ! ,m9d because ( ?+s4 ,if y wi% to "k :at ^! two are1 ,!y are orig9ally "o ,empt9ess4 ,9 ?is ,void bo? 7,m9d & ?+s7 are "o1 ,all ! myriad ph5om5a conta9$ 9 bo?4#f ,! poem closes ) an affirmation ( ! ,*'an cr$o ( unity & ! abs5ce ( duality z a sign ( enlight5m5t4 ,9 ! ,_w ( ,reality ,!re is no self1 no o!r-?an-self4 4 4 4 ,all t c be said is ,no ,duality6 ,:5 !re is no duality1 all ?+s are "o1 ,!re is no?+ t is n includ$4 4 4 4 ,! believ+ m9d is n dual2 ,:at is dual is n ! believ+ m9d4 ,beyond all language1 ,= x !re is no pa/1 no pres5t1 no future4#g ,s9ce ! e>lie/ hi/orical s\rces ma9ta9 t ,s5g-ts'an left no writ+s1 "s h que/ion$ ! attribution ( ?is lilt+ "w to ! ,?ird ,patri>*4 ,:atev] its au?or%ip1 ! real importance ( ! poem lies 9 its subtle m]g+ ( ,taoism & ,buddhism4 ,we c wat* z ! voices ( anci5t ,*9a & anci5t ,india are bl5d$ toge!r into a p]fect h>mony until ! p>ts are insep>able4 ,x 0 a noble attempt to reconcile ,buddhi/ metaphysics ) ,*9ese philosophical concepts1 & x 0 successful 9 a limit$ way4 ,z = ,s5g-ts'an1 ! leg5ds tell t he f9ally 0 ov]come by 8 long+ = ! s\? &1 h&+ d[n ! symbols ( ! patri>*y to a prie/ nam$ ,tao-hs91 he vani%$4 ,,tao-,,hs91 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,patri>* 7#ehj-fea7 ,*9a1 ^: political turmoil _h s5t ! e>ly ,patri>*s scurry+ f "o small k+dom to ano!r1 f\nd unity & ! beg9n+s ( /ability "u a dyna/y kn[n z ! ,sui 7#eha-fah71 ! fir/ 9 ?ree & a half c5turies 7s9ce ! end ( ! ,han 9 #bbj7 able to unify ! l&4#h ,?is brief dyna/y 7:i* soon 0 replac$ by ! respl5d5t ,t'ang7 came to be dom9at$ by ! ,emp]or ,yang1 a crafty politician :o maneuv]$ ! ?rone away f an eld] bro!r-- p>tially1 x is said1 by demon/rat+ to 8 p>5ts 8 indep5d5ce ( m9d by ab&on+ all ! *ildr5 he begat 9 ! ladies' qu>t]s4 ,:]eas 8 fa!r _h und]tak5 ! r5ovation ( ! ,nor? ,*9ese capital ( ,*'ang-an--n incid5tally creat+ "o ( ! glories ( ! anci5t _w & ! site ( ! f9e/ mom5ts ( ! lat] ,t'ang ,dyna/y--,emp]or ,yang decid$ to recon/ruct ! city ( ,loyang1 "s two hundr$ miles to ! ea/4 ,! result 0 a ,we/]n ,capital at ,*'ang-an & an ,ea/]n ,capital at ,loyang1 ! latt] city soon to be ! location ( "s pivotal episodes 9 ,*'an hi/ory4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ,loyang1 a fairyl& ( palaces & g>d5s1 millions ( citiz5s 7 conscript$ & t5s ( ?\s&s di$ "u =c$ labor4 ,emp]or ,yang's o!r monum5t 0 a gr& canal1 l9k+ ! ,yell[ ,riv] 9 ! nor? ) ! ri* agricultural deltas ( ! ,yangtze 9 ! s\?1 ne> ,nank+4 ,! emp]or lov$ to be b>g$ d[n ?is va/ wat]way--j\rneys t unsympa!tic hi/orians h claim$ 7 m]ely excuses to seek sexual div]sions away f ! capital4 ,9 any case1 8 extravagances bankrupt$ ! c\ntry & br\ght ab\t 8 ov]?r[ by ! man :o w\ld become ! f\nd] ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y1 lat] to reign "u ! "n ( ,emp]or ,t'ai-tsung 7rul$ #fbf-di74 ,! ,t'ang is univ]sally reg>d$ z "o ( ! great ages ( man1 & x is also consid]$ ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,*'an4 ,! f\nd+ emp]or1 ,t'ai-tsung1 0 a wise & b5efic5t ,son ( ,heav51 z ,*9ese rul]s 7 /yl$4#i ,"u 8 influ5ce1 ! capital city ( ,*'ang-an became ! mo/ cosmopolitan metropolis 9 ! anci5t _w1 ) su* widespread influ5ce t :5 ! fir/ visit+ ,japanese came ^u x1 !y 7 s dazzl$ !y return$ home & built a replica = _! own capital city4 ,! city 0 laid out z a grid1 ) lavi% v]milion imp]ial palaces & g>d5s clu/]$ regally at "o end4 ,its inhabitants numb]$ upw>d ( two million1 :ile its int]national m>kets & fle%pots 7 cr[d$ ) trad]s f ! f>!/ rea*es ( ,asia & ,europe1 e*o+ ) a truly a/\nd+ cacophony ( tongues3 ,indian1 ,japanese1 ,turki%1 ,p]sian1 ,roman ,lat91 & ,arabic1 n to m5tion ! _m dialects ( ,*9ese4 ,*ri/ians mov$ among ! ,buddhi/s1 z did ,muslims & ,jews4 ,artisans work$ ) silv]1 gold1 jewels1 silks1 & porcela9s1 ev5 z poets ga!r$ 9 w9e %ops to nibble fruits & relax ) r\nd-ey$ =eign s]v+ girls4 ,su* 7 ! worldly attractions ( ,*'ang-an dur+ ! e>ly sev5? c5tury4 ,?is new sophi/ication & urbanization1 z well z ! political /ability t made x all possible1 0 also reflect$ 9 ! *ange 9 ,*'an--f a conc]n *iefly ( nomadic dhyana tea*]s hid+ 9 ! m\nta9s to ! focus ( settl$ agricultural communities c5t]$ 9 mona/]ies4 ,! gr[? 9 ,*'an t[>d an e/abli%$ place 9 ,*9ese life began to consolidate "u ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ,tao-hs91 ! man ^: life spann$ ! ,sui & ! e>ly ,t'ang dyna/ies4 ,he is be/ rememb]$ today = two ?+s3 ,fir/1 he 0 p>ticul>ly d$icat$ to m$itation1 practic+ x m avidly ?an _h any dhyana ma/] s9ce ,bodhidh>ma2 & second1 he is cr$it$ ) beg9n+ ! true mona/ic tradition = ,*'an4 ,8 =mation ( a self-support+ mona/ic community ) its own agricultural base und\bt$ly br\ght ,*'an a long way t[>d respectability 9 ,*9ese eyes1 s9ce x r$uc$ ! dep5d5ce on begg+4 ,it9]ant m5dicants1 ev5 if tea*]s ( dhyana1 _h nev] elicit$ ! admiration 9 ,*9a !y traditionally enjoy$ 9 ! ,indian homel& ( ! ,buddha4 ,begg+ 0 believ$ to fa%ion "*1 h[ev]1 & x nev] disappe>$ f ,*'an discipl9e4 ,inde$1 ,*'an is said to h enc\rag$ begg+ m ?an did any ( ! o!r ,*9ese ,buddhi/ sects1 b z a closely regulat$ =m ( moral tra9+4 ,tao-hs91 ^: family "n 0 ,ssu-ma1 came f ,honan1 b he left home at sev5 to /udy ,buddhism & met ! ,?ird ,patri>*1 ,s5g- ts'an1 :ile /ill 9 8 te5s4 ,:5 ,s5g-ts'an decid$ to drop out ( sight1 he ask$ ?is brilliant pupil to take up ! tea*+ ( dhyana & ,bodhidh>ma's ,lankavat>a ,sutra at a mona/]y on ,mt4 ,lu4 ,tao-hs9 agre$ & rema9$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 attract+ foll[]s & report$ly p]=m+ at lea/ "o notable miracle4 ,! /ory says t he sav$ a wall$ city f be+ />v$ out by b&its by organiz+ a program ( public sutra *ant+ among its p4 ,we are told t ! robb]s retir$ ( _! own accord :ile1 z ?\gh by magic1 previ\sly dry wells 9 ! city fl[$ aga94 ,"o day n too long !reaft] ,tao-hs9 notic$ an unusual purple cl\d hang+ ov] a ne>by m\nta94 ,tak+ ?is z a sign1 he proce$$ to settle !re 7! m\nta9 lat] became kn[n z ,%uang-f5g or ,tw9 ,peaks7 & f\nd ! fir/ ,*'an community1 presid+ ov] a virtual army ( "s five hundr$ foll[]s = ! next ?irty ye>s4 ,he is rememb]$ today z a *>ismatic tea*] :o f9ally /abiliz$ dhyana tea*+4 ,9 an age ( political turmoil1 _m intellectuals flock$ to ! new s*ool ( ,*'an1 ) its promise ( tranquil m$itation 9 uneasy times4 ,tao-hs9 app>5tly enc\rag$ 8 disciples to op]ate a =m ( commune1 9 :i* agriculture & its adm9i/ration 7 m]g$ ) ! practice ( m$itation4#aj ,9 s do+1 he seems n only to h revolutioniz$ ! respectability ( dhyana practice1 b also to h become some?+ ( a national figure himself4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is :at we may surmise f "o ( ! m durable leg5ds1 :i* has him defy+ an imp]ial decree to appe> be=e ! emp]or1 ,t'ai-tsung4 ,?is leg5d conc]ns an episode :i* alleg$ly took place ar\nd ! ye> #fde4 ,z ! /ory goes1 an imp]ial mess5g] arriv$ "o day at ! m\nta9 retreat to summon him to ! palace1 b ,tao-hs9 turn$ him d[n cold4 ,:5 ! mess5g] report$ ?is to ! emp]or1 ! response 0 to s5d back a r5ew$ invitation4 ,aga9 ! mess5g] 0 met ) a refusal1 along ) a *all5ge4 ,if y wi% my head1 cut x (f & take x ) y4 ,x may g b my m9d w nev] g4 ,:5 ?is reply rea*$ ! emp]or1 he aga9 dispat*$ ! mess5g]1 ?is "t be>+ a seal$ sword & a summons = ! ma/]'s head4 ,b he also includ$ a contradictory decree requir+ t ,tao-hs9 n be h>m$4 ,:5 ! ma/] refus$ a ?ird "t to come to ! palace1 ! mess5g] read ! decree t 8 head %\ld be sev]$4 ,tao-hs9 oblig+ly b5t ov]1 ) ! comm& ,cut x (f4 ,b ! mess5g] hesitat$1 admitt+ t ! imp]ial ord]s also =bade h>m+ him4 ,on he>+ ?is ,tao-hs9 report$ly ro>$ ) laught]1 say+1 ,y mu/ "k t y possess human qualities4#aa ,! ,f\r? ,patri>*'s tea*+s are n well kn[n1 o!r ?an = ! fact t he suppos$ly devis$ & promot$ new te*niques to help novices a*ieve int5sive m$itation4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt ( 8 tea*+ illu/rates 8 f]vor = dhyana4 ,sit e>ne/ly 9 m$itation6 ,! sitt+ 9 m$itation is basic to all else4 ,by ! "t y h done ?is = ?ree to five ye>s1 y w be able to w>d (f />vation ) a bit ( meal4 ,close ! door & sit6 ,d n read ! sutras1 & speak to no man6 ,if y w s ex]cise y\rself & p]si/ 9 x = a long "t1 ! fruit w be sweet l ! meat :i* a monkey takes f ! nut%ell4 ,b su* p are v r>e4#ab ,! de-emphasis on ! sutras po9ts ! way to lat] ,*'an4 ,int]e/+ly1 h[ev]1 ! usefulness ( sitt+ 9 m$itation w\ld also come "u review 9 only a few %ort ye>s1 :5 ! new /yle ( ,*'an appe>$4 ,! reports ( ,tao-hs9 say t ,hung-j51 :o 0 to become ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 0 "o ( 8 foll[]s & grasp$ ! inn] mean+ ( 8 tea*+4 ,x 0 ,hung-j5 :om he ask$ to con/ruct a mausoleum 9 ! m\nta9side1 ! site ( 8 f9al repose1 & :5 x 0 f9i%$ he retir$ !re = 8 la/ m$itation4 ,aft] he pass$ away1 8 body 0 wrapp$ 9 lacqu]$ clo?1 pres5t+ a vision s magnific5t t no "o c\ld be> to close ! mausoleum4 ,aside f 8 hi/orical place z ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ real community = ,*'an1 !re is little t c be said ) assurance ab\t ,tao-hs94 ,h[ev]1 a manuscript discov]$ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury 9 ! ,buddhi/ caves at ,tun-huang purport$ly conta9s a s]mon by ! ,f\r? ,patri>* entitl$ ,ab&on+ ! ,body4 ,! me?od ( ab&on+ ! body consi/s fir/ 9 m$itat+ on ,empt9ess1 :]eby ! consci\s m9d is empti$4 ,let ! m9d toge!r ) its _w be quiet$ d[n to a p]fect /ate ( tranquility2 let ?\ght be ca/ 9 ! my/]y ( quietude1 s t ! m9d is kept f w&]+ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,:5 ! m9d is tranquiliz$ 9 its deepe/ abode1 its entanglem5ts are cut asund]4 4 4 4 ,! m9d 9 its absolute purity is l ! ,void itself4#ac ,! text goes on to quote bo? ,lao ,tzu & ,*uang ,tzu1 z well z "s ( ! old] sutras1 & !re is a consid]able ref]5ce to ,nag>juna's ,empt9ess4 ,?is text1 real or spuri\s1 is "o m elem5t 9 ! m]g+ ( ,taoism & ,buddhism t 0 e>ly ,*'an1 ev5 z its analysis ( ! m9d /ate a*iev$ 9 m$itation anticipates lat] ,*'an tea*+s4 ,,fa-,,jung1 ,,! ,,/4 ,,francis ,,( ,,z5 7#eid-feg7 ,9 ! p>ade ( ,patri>*s1 we %\ld n ov]look ! mav]ick ,fa- jung1 a ma/] :o 0 nev] (ficially cr[n$ a ,patri>*1 b ^: humanity made him a leg5d4#ad ,fa-jung 7#eid-feg71 ^: family "n 0 ,wei1 0 born 9 a prov9ce on ! s\? bank ( ! ,yangtze ,riv] & 9 8 e>ly ye>s 0 a /ud5t ( ,confucian ?\ght4 ,b be=e long 8 ye>n+ = spiritual *all5ge l$ him to ,buddhism4 ,he f9ally settl$ 9 a rock cave 9 ! side ( a cliff ne> a fam\s mona/]y on ,mt4 ,niu-t'ou1 :]e 8 sanctity report$ly caus$ birds to appe> ) (f]+s ( fl[]s4 ,accord+ to ! ,z5 *ronicle ,transmission ( ! ,lamp 7#ajjd71 sometime betwe5 #fbg & #fdi ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ,tao-hs91 s5s$ t a fam\s ,buddhi/ 0 liv+ on ,mt4 ,niu-t'ou & w5t !re to se>* out ! man4 ,aft] _m days ( seek+1 he f9ally came ^u a holy figure seat$ atop a rock4 ,z ! two m$itation ma/]s 7 becom+ acqua9t$1 !re sudd5ly came ! ro> ( a tig] f ! bramble f>!r up ! m\nta94 ,tao-hs9 0 visibly />tl$1 caus+ ,fa-jung--fri5d ( ! animals--to obs]ve wryly1 ,i see x is /ill ) y4 ,8 mean+1 ( c\rse1 0 t ,tao-hs9 0 /ill enslav$ by ! ph5om5al _w1 0 n yet :olly deta*$ f 8 fe>s & p]ceptions4 ,aft] !y _h *att$ a :ile long]1 ,fa-jung f\nd occasion to leave 8 seat & att5d nature at a deta*$ location4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce ,tao-hs9 wrote ! ,*9ese "* = ! ,buddha's "n on ! v rock :]e he _h be5 sitt+4 ,:5 ,fa-jung return$ to resume 8 place1 he 0 mom5t>ily br\ght up %ort by ! prospect ( sitt+ on ! ,buddha's "n4 ,expect+ ?is1 ,tao-hs9 smil$ & said1 ,i see x is /ill ) y4 ,he _h %[n t ,fa-jung 0 /ill intimidat$ by ! trapp+s ( classical ,buddhism & _h n yet become a completely deta*$ ma/] ( ! pure ,m9d4 ,! /ory says t ,fa-jung fail$ to und]/& 8 comm5t & implor$ ,tao-hs9 to tea* him ,*'an1 :i* ! ,f\r? ,patri>* proce$$ to d4 ,tao-hs9's message1 once aga91 0 to c\nsel nondi/9ction1 nonatta*m5t1 nondiscrim9ation2 he said to abjure emotions1 values1 /riv+4 ,j be natural & be :at y are1 = t is ! "p ( y t is close/ to ! ,buddhi/ ideal ( m5tal fre$om4 ,!re is no?+ lack+ 9 y1 & y y\rself are no diff]5t f ! ,buddha4 ,!re is no way ( a*iev+ ,buddhahood o!r ?an lett+ y\r m9d be free to be itself4 ,y %\ld n contemplate nor %\ld y purify y\r m9d4 ,let !re be no crav+ & hatr$1 & h no anxiety or fe>4 ,be b\ndless & absolutely free f all conditions4 ,be free to g 9 any direction y l4 ,d n act to d good1 nor to pursue evil4 ,:e!r y walk or /ay1 sit or lie d[n1 & :atev] y see happ5 to y1 all are ! wond]ful activity ( ! ,great ,enlight5$ ,"o4 ,x is all joy1 free f anxiety--x is call$ ,buddha4#ae ,aft] ,tao-hs9's visit1 ! birds (f]+ fl[]s no long] appe>$3 evid5ce1 said ! lat] ,*'an tea*]s1 t ,fa-jung's physical be+ _h entirely vani%$4 ,8 s*ool on ,mt4 ,niu-t'ou fl\ri%$ = a "t1 tea*+ t ! goals ( ,*'an practice c\ld be realiz$ by contemplat+ ! ,void ( ,nag>juna4 ,z ,fa-jung int]pret$ ! tea*+s ( ! ,middle ,pa?3 ,all talk has no?+ to d ) "o's ,orig9al ,nature1 :i* c only be rea*$ ?r\gh sunyata4 ,no-?\ght is ! ,absolute ,reality1 9 :i* ! m9d ceases to act4 ,:5 "o's m9d is free f ?\ghts1 "o's nature has rea*$ ! ,absolute4#af ,al?\gh ,fa-jung's tea*+s happ5$ to be transmitt$ to ,japan 9 lat] ye>s1 ?r\gh ! accid5t ( a pass+ ,japanese pilgrim1 8 s*ool did n endure 9 ei!r c\ntry beyond ! eigh? c5tury4 ,8 0 ! fir/ spl9t] gr\p ( ,z51 & p]haps x lack$ ! innovation necess>y to survive1 because x clung too mu* to traditional ,buddhism4 ,z ,fa-jung's ye>s advanc$1 he 0 enc\rag$ to come d[n f 8 m\nta9 & live 9 a mona/]y1 :i* 8 bett] judgm5t ev5tually compell$ him to d4 ,x is report$ t aft] 8 f9al f>ewell to 8 disciples he 0 foll[$ d[n ! m\nta9 by ! lam5ts ( all its birds & animals4 ,a m ord9>y tea*] w\ld h be5 =gott51 b ?is belov$ ,/4 ,francis ( ,z5 became ! topic ( lectures & a ma/] rememb]$ ) rev]5ce ev] aft]4 ,,hung-,,j51 ,,! ,,fif? ,,patri>* 7#fja-gd7 ,! o!r well-kn[n disciple ( ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ,tao-hs91 0 ! man hi/ory has giv5 ! title ( ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j5 7#fja- #gd74 ,! *ronicles say t he came f ,tao-hs9's own prov9ce & impress$ ! ma/] deeply :51 at age f\rte51 he held 8 own ) ! ,f\r? ,patri>* 9 an introductory int]view4 ,z ! ex*ange has be5 describ$1 ,tao-hs9 ask$ ! "y w\ld-be disciple 8 family "n1 b s9ce ! ^w = family "n is pron\nc$ ! same z t = nature1 ,hung-j5 answ]$ ! "q z ?\gh x _h be51 ,:at is y\r 'nature'8--delib]ately mis9t]pret+ x 9 ord] to say1 ,my 'nature' is n ord9>y2 x is ! ,buddha-nature4 ,tao-hs9 report$ly inquir$1 ,b don't y h a 'family "n'8 ,to :i* ,hung-j5 clev]ly repli$1 ,no1 = ! tea*+s say t our 'nature' is empty4#ag ,hung-j5 w5t on to become ! successor to ! ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ) an e/abli%m5t :]e sev]al hundr$ foll[]s ga!r$4 ,! *ronicles h little to say ab\t ! actual life & tea*+s ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 b no matt]4 ,8 place 9 hi/ory is secur$ n s mu* = :at he said--!re is actually v little t c reliably be attribut$ to him--b r = 8 accid5tal appe>ance at ! great crossroads ( ,z54 ,hung-j5 & 8 mona/]y became ! symbol ( a great philosophical debate t occupi$ ! fir/ half ( ! eigh? c5tury1 a conflict to be exam9$ 9 detail 9 ! two *apt]s to foll[4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! *ronicles at lea/ agree t he 0 an em95t prie/ & well respect$1 a man to :om an e>ly-eigh?-c5tury docum5t attributes elev5 disciples ( note4#ah ,among ^? li/$ :o are p>ticul>ly important to ! ev5ts t foll[ are a monk nam$ ,%5-hsiu & ano!r nam$ ,hui-n5g1 ! m5 ^: names w\ld "o day be associat$ ) a celebrat$ midnight poetry conte/ 9 ,hung-j5's mona/]y4 ,?is conte/ ev5tually came to symbolize ! conflict betwe5 ! tea*+s ( gradual enlight5m5t & sudd5 enlight5m5t1 betwe5 intellectual & intuitive k1 betwe5 sophi/icat$ urban ,buddhism & unlett]$ rural tea*]s1 & betwe5 promot]s ( ! ab/ruse b *all5g+ ,lankavat>a ,sutra sanction$ by ,bodhidh>ma & ! cryptic ,diamond ,sutra4 ,q simply1 x 0 a battle betwe5 :at w\ld ev5tually be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn s*ools ( ,*'an1 & x conc]n$ two fundam5tally oppos+ views ( ! functions ( ! human m9d4 ,z ?+s turn$ out1 ! gradual1 ,nor!rn1 ,lankavat>a ,sutra faction w5t on = ye>s ?9k+ x _h won--or p]haps n really aw>e t !re 0 a battle 9 progress-- :ile ! anti-intellectual1 ,s\!rn1 ,diamond ,sutra faction 0 ga!r+ its /r5g? 9 ! h9t]l&s = a f9al surge to victory4 ,:5 ! ,s\!rn s*ool did /rike1 x won ! w> h&ily & !n proce$$ to reca/ ! hi/ory ( :at _h gone be=e1 ev5 go+ s f> z to put po/hum\s words ( praise = itself into ! m\?s ( ! once-haughty ,nor!rn ma/]s4 ,?us ! mighty 7 ev5tually br\ght l[ & ! humble lift$ up 9 ! annals ( ,*'an4 ,x is to ! two ma/]s ^: names are associat$ ) ?is battle t we mu/ turn next4 ,*apt] ,f\r ,,%5-,,hsiu ,,& ,,%5-,,hui3 ,,gradual ,,& ,,sudd5 ,,ma/]s ,:]eas ! ,*'an ,patri>*s ( e>li] times _h be51 m (t5 ?an n1 fracti\s tea*]s ignor$ by emp]ors & g5try alike1 ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y saw ,*'an ma/]s rise to (ficial em95ce1 receiv+ honors f ! highe/ (fice 9 ,*9a4 ,! fir/ half ( ! eigh? c5tury witness$ :at 0 to be ! greate/ battle )9 ! s*ool ( ,*'an1 b x 0 also ! "t :5 ,*'an 0 f9ally recogniz$ by ,*9ese rul+ circles4 ,! "n mo/ (t5 associat$ ) ?is imp]ial recognition is ! fam\s1 or p]haps infam\s1 ,empress ,wu4#a ,wu 0 n born to royalty1 b 9 ! ye> #fch1 :5 %e 0 ?irte51 %e 0 plac$ 9 ,emp]or ,t'ai-tsung's h>em z a concub9e ( relatively l[ rank4 ,disapprov+ hi/orians claim t "o day %e manag$ to cat* ! cr[n pr9ce1 ! heir app>5t to ! ag+ emp]or1 9 :at we today might euphemi/ically call ! ba?room1 & s$uc$ him at a mom5t :5 he 0 )\t b5efit ( tr\s]s4 ,?us %e 0 already on famili> t]ms ) ! next emp]or :5 h] (ficial husb&1 ,emp]or ,t'ai-tsung1 w5t to 8 ance/ors 9 ! summ] ( #fdi4 ,al?\gh %e 0 only tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 cu/om requir$ t %e jo9 all ! deceas$ emp]or's concub9es 9 retirem5t at a mona/]y--:i* ord9>ily w\ld h be5 ! la/ anyone he>d ( h]4 ,z x happ5$1 h[ev]1 ! new emp]or's fir/ wife 0 *ildless1 ) ! effect t he began devot+ increas+ att5tion to a favorite concub9e4 ,kn[+ ( ! emp]or's e>li] acqua9tance & infatuation ) ,wu1 ! b>r5 empress recall$ h] f ! conv5t1 int5d+ to div]t ! emp]or f 8 curr5t favorite4 ,! cure1 h[ev]1 turn$ out to be f> m deadly ?an ! ailm5t4 ,?r\gh an intrigue t app>5tly includ$ murd]+ h] own *ild by ! emp]or & !n blam+ ! empress1 ,wu soon _h bo? ! empress & ! compet+ concub9e 9 prison4 ,n cont5t ) m]e imprisonm5t = h] rivals1 %e w5t on to h !m bo? boil$ alive--aft] fir/ amputat+ _! h&s & feet1 elicit+ a dy+ curse f ! concub9e t %e w\ld return z a cat to haunt ,wu4 ,to escape ?is curse1 ,wu p]man5tly bann$ cats f ! imp]ial comp\nd1 & ev5tually p]suad$ ! emp]or to move ! gov]nm5t f ,*'ang-an to ,loyang1 :]e = ! next half c5tury %e tri$ to exorcise ! memory ( h] de$4 ,9 late #fhc ,wu's husb&1 ! emp]or1 di$1 & = a "t %e all[$ 8 son1 ! true heir1 to occupy ! ?rone--until %e c\ld f9d a pretext to take ov] ! gov]nm5t completely4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s aft] ! emp]or's dea?1 :5 ,wu 0 ag$ sixty1 %e became infatuat$ ) a lu/y p$dl] ( cosmetics & aphrodisiacs1 a man ^: virility _h made him a favorite ) v>i\s s]v+ ladies ar\nd ! palace4 ,to give him a respectable po/1 %e appo9t$ him abbot ( ! major ,buddhi/ mona/]y ( ,loyang--enabl+ him to satisfy1 z x 71 a d\ble (fice 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,8 antics & ^? ( 8 foll[]s did ! cause ( ,buddhism little good ov] ! next few ye>s4 ,:5 9 #fie 8 arrogance f9ally became too mu* ev5 = ,wu1 %e _h him /rangl$ by ! c\rt ladies & 8 body s5t back to ! mona/]y 9 a c>t4 ,al?\gh ,wu is rememb]$ today z an ard5t ,buddhi/1 "s h sugge/$ t h] devotions turn$ z mu* to ! claims ( =tune tell+ by ,buddhi/ nuns 7"s ( ^: organizations 9 ,loyang report$ly ran bro!ls on ! side7 z to a pi\s conc]n ) ,indian philosophy4 ,,%5-,,hsiu 7#fje-gjf71 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,six? ,,patri>* ,x is kn[n t ar\nd #gja ,empress ,wu invit$ an ag+ ,*'an monk nam$ ,%5-hsiu1 foll[] ( ! ,lankavat>a s*ool ( ,bodhidh>ma1 to come nor? to ! imp]ial capital f 8 mona/]y 9 c5tral ,*9a4#b ,he 0 ov] n9ety at ! "t & _h amass$ a lifelong reputation = 8 rigor\s practice ( dhyana4 ,%5-hsiu agre$ reluctantly1 report$ly hav+ to be c>ri$ on a pallet into ! pres5ce ( ! empress4 ,x is said t ,wu curtsi$ to him1 an unusual act = a head ( /ate1 & imm$iately mov$ him into ! palace1 :]e he seems to h become ! prie/-9- resid5ce4 ,z = :y ,empress ,wu w\ld h *os5 to honor a l9eage ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 x has be5 po9t$ out t %e 0 at ! "t attempt+ to supplant ! e/abli%$ ,t'ang ,dyna/y ( h] late husb& ) "o ( h] own4 ,& s9ce ! ,t'ang emp]ors _h honor$ a ,buddhi/ l9eage1 x 0 ess5tial t %e d ! same--b "o ( a diff]5t s*ool4 ,%5-hsiu 0 bo? em95t & unclaim$1 an ideal c&idate to become ! c\rt ,buddhi/ = h] fl$gl+ dyna/y--:i*1 ne$less to say1 0 nev] e/abli%$4 ,none!less1 ,%5-hsiu 0 giv5 ! title ( ,"l ( ! law ( ,*'ang-an & ,loyang1 & he prea*$ to va/ cr[ds drawn f ! entire nor!rn regions4 ,to solidify 8 em95ce1 ,wu _h mona/]ies built 9 8 honor at 8 bir?place1 at 8 m\nta9 retreat1 & 9 ! capital4 ,%5-hsiu1 :o briefly reign$ z ! ,six? ,patri>* ( ,*'an1 0 describ$ 9 ! e>ly *ronicles z a s5sitive & bright *ild :o1 out ( despair = ! _w1 e>ly on turn$ away f ,confucianism to become a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,at age =ty-six he f9ally f\nd 8 way to ! ,ea/ ,m\nta9 retreat ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j51 :]e he /udi$ "u ! ma/] until a*iev+ enlight5m5t4 ,z not$ previ\sly he 0 among ! elev5 mo/ prom95t individuals rememb]$ f ! mona/]y ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*4 ,he lat] left ! mona/]y & travel$ = almo/ two decades1 dur+ :i* "t ano!r ( ! /ud5ts ( ,hung-j51 ,fa-ju1 eclips$ him 9 fame & foll[]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,%5-hsiu seems to h be5 ! be/ kn[n ,ma/]1 ev5tually becom+ ! titul> head ( ! ,lankavat>a faction1 also to be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn s*ool--possibly because ,%5-hsiu br\ght x to ! urbaniz$1 sophi/icat$ capitals ( ,nor? ,*9a1 ,loyang & ,*'ang-an4 ,?is 0 ,*'an's mo/ imp]ial mom5t1 & no less ?an a /ate m9i/] compos$ ! memorial epitaph = ,%5-hsiu's grave/one4 ,al?\gh 8 specific tea*+s are n well kn[n1 a v]se survives f "o ( 8 s]mons t seems to sugge/ t ! tea*+s ( ,*'an 7 really tea*+s ( ! m9d & ow$ little to traditional ,buddhism4 ,! tea*+ ( all ! ,buddhas ,9 "o's own ,m9d orig9ally exi/s3 ,to seek ! ,m9d )\t "o's ,self1 ,is l runn+ away f ! fa!r4#c ,aft] he di$ a pupil nam$ ,p'u-*i 7d4 #gci7 c>ri$ on 8 organization 9 ! capital4 ,?is 0 ! high po9t ( (ficial ,*'an1 signify+ ! mom5t ( ! ,lankavat>a s*ool's greate/ pre/ige4 ,p]haps mo/ important1 ! success ( ,%5-hsiu 0 also ! success ( ,*'an1 or :at appe>$ to be success4 ,! sect _h ris5 f be+ ! passion ( homeless tea*]s ( dhyana to ! object ( imp]ial honors 9 ! mid/ ( ,*9a's f9e/ mom5t1 ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,! ,t'ang 0 an era to be rememb]$ =ev] = its poetry1 its art1 its ar*itecture1 its cultural brilliance4#d ,un=tunately = ,nor!rn ,*'an1 ?is cultural brilliance 0 beg9n+ to be ! prov9ce ( gr\ps o!r ?an ! blueblood$ g5try t traditionally _h controll$ ,*9a's culture4 ,! glories ( ! ,t'ang 7 to "s degree ! creation ( ! non-g5try1 & an outca/ w>rior w\ld be=e long br+ ! gov]nm5t to its knees1 ev5 z an obscure ,*'an ma/] f ! rural s\? 0 soon to erase ,%5-hsiu's seem+ly p]man5t place 9 hi/ory4 ,,%5-,,hui 7#fgj-gfb71 ,,! ,,m>t9 ,,lu!r ,,( ,,*',,an ,! ,david to ,%5-hsiu's ,golia? 0 a ma/] ) a simil>- s\nd+ "n3 ,%5-hui4 ,?is !ological /reet fight] 0 a native ( ! prov9ce ( ,hupeh1 "s di/ance s\? ( ! lavi% tw9 ,t'ang captials ( ,*'ang-an & ,loyang4#e ,he began z a ,taoi/ s*ol>1 b lat] turn$ to ,buddhism1 travel+ ev5 f>!r s\? ar\nd 8 =tie? ye> to become ! disciple ( a prie/ nam$ ,hui-n5g1 ^: temple 0 ,ts'ao-*'i1 j nor? ( ! s\!rn port city ( ,canton 9 ,kuangtung prov9ce4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,hui-n5g 7^: leg5d we w explore 9 ! next *apt]7 _h also be5 a disciple ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j51 /udy+ alongside ,%5-hsiu4 ,%5-hui is ?\ght to h /udi$ "u ,hui-n5g = ar\nd five ye>s1 until ! latt]'s dea? 9 #gac4 ,aft] ?is he travel$ ab\t ,*9a1 end+ up at ,hua-t'ai1 slightly nor!a/ ( ! capital ( ,loyang4 ,he seems to h be5 a man ( *>ismatic pres5ce1 "o :o inspir$ foll[]s easily4 ,!n1 9 ! ye> #gcb1 at a convocation ( ,*'an wor?ies at ! temple1 he m\nt$ ! plat=m &1 9 a hi/oric mom5t1 decl>$ t ! great ,*'an organizations ( ,*9a1 h]et(ore behold5 to ,%5-hsiu z ,six? ,patri>*1 7 foll[+ a false ma/]4#f ,! hi/orical significance ( ?is convocation & ,%5-hui's attack might be lik5$ to ! defiant act ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 :5 he *all5g$ *ur* hi]>*y 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,g]many4 ,) sup]b audacity1 ,%5-hui w5t on to spell out a new hi/ory ( ,*'an t support$ 8 claims4 ,8 revis$ *ronicle culm9at$ ) ! "n ( 8 old tea*] ,hui-n5g1 !ret(ore an obscure foll[] ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j51 :om he decl>$ ,six? ,patri>*4 ,he insi/$ t ,%5-hsiu1 ! man honor$ by ,empress ,wu1 _h pos$ falsely z ! heir ( ,hung-j54 ,! ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,%5-hsiu & 8 heir1 ,p'u-*i1 _h p]petrat$ a hi/orical deceit1 said ,%5-hui1 robb+ ! true ,six? ,patri>*1 ! s\!rn] ,hui-n5g1 ( 8 due recognition4 ,= ,%5-hui to h *all5g$ ! h&-pick$ s*ool ( ! rul+ family 0 an incr$ibly c\rage\s act1 b p]haps "o t 0 j audaci\s en\gh to w9 public sympa?y4 ,he t\t$ ?is new proposition m or less full-"t betwe5 ! ye>s #gcb & #gde1 z he travel$ ab\t ,nor? ,*9a & got to "k ! (ficials ( ! ,t'ang regime4 ,8 political /&+ gradually improv$ & he 0 ev5tually invit$ 79 #gde1 at age sev5ty-sev57 to ,loyang to assume lead]%ip ( ! great ,ho-tse temple4 ,al?\gh ! p>ticul> object ( 8 criticism1 ,%5-hsiu's disciple ,p'u-*i1 _h di$ 9 #gci1 ,%5-hui's attacks on ! l9eage cont9u$ undim9i%$4 ,politics f9ally caught up ) him1 h[ev]1 :5 a foll[] ( ,%5- hsiu's ,nor!rn ,*'an nam$ ,lu ,i1 :o j happ5$ to be *ief ( imp]ial c5sors1 accus$ him ( plott+ aga9/ ! gov]nm5t 7cit+ z evid5ce ! l>ge cr[ds he r\t9ely attract$74 ,f9ally1 ,emp]or ,hsuan-tsung 7gr&son ( ,empress ,wu7 himself summon$ ,%5-hui f ,loyang to ,*'ang-an1 :]e he que/ion$ ! ma/] & f9ally s5t him into exile 9 ! deep s\?4 ,?is 0 ab\t #gec4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t ,*9ese political hi/ory & ,*'an collide1 = ! ?rone 0 soon to ne$ ,%5-hui's help4 ,emp]or ,hsuan-tsung 7reign$ #gab-gef7 has be5 cr$it$ by _m ) ! wreck ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign ! capital _h be5 9 ! ea/ at ,loyang 7:]e ,empress ,wu _h mov$ x4 to escape h] memories71 b ! ari/ocracy 9 ! we/ successfully pressur$ him to br+ x back to ,*'ang-an4 ,9 8 decl9+ ye>s ,hsuan-tsung became infatuat$ ) ! wife ( 8 son1 a lady n[ infam\s 9 ,*9ese hi/ory z ,yang ,kuei-fei4 ,%e subsequ5tly 0 divorc$ by h] husb& & became a memb] ( ! emp]or's h>em 9 #gch1 com+ to enjoy enorm\s influ5ce 9 affairs ( /ate4 ,%e _h fir/ be5 br\ght to ! emp]or's att5tion by "o ( h] relatives1 & 9 typical ,*9ese /yle %e procur$ gov]nm5t po/s = all available memb]s ( h] family4 ,z ! poet ,tu ,fu 7#gab-ggj7 describ$ h] ma*9ations3 ,s _m c\rti]s n[ ?rong ar\nd ! c\rt ,t hone/ m5 mu/ tremble2 ,& x's said t ! gold plate f ! treasury ,has gone to ! k9sm5 ( ,lady ,yang4#g ,al?\gh none ( ^! blood relatives ev] rose to ! ri* opportunities ! situation af=d$1 ano!r ( h] favorites comp5sat$ abundantly = _! political ineptitude4 ,8 "n 0 ,an ,lu-%an1 a b>b>ian ( ,turki% extraction1 born 9 #gjc1 :o fir/ ent]$ ,*9a z a slave to an (fic] 9 a nor!rn g>rison ( ! empire4 ,aft] di/+ui%+ himself z a soldi]1 he came to ! att5tion ( ,yang ,kuei-fei1 :o 0 s *>m$ by ! man t %e adopt$ him z h] son4 ,be=e long he 0 a famili> figure at ! c\rt1 report$ly v fat & possess+ a flair = ent]ta9+ ! bor$ ari/ocracy by 8 flippancy4 ,ev5tually he 0 made gov]nor ( a fronti] prov9ce1 :]e "u pret5se ( a =eign ?reat he proce$$ to recruit an army ( al>m+ proportions & que/ionable allegiance4 ,mean:ile1 back 9 ! capital1 ,lady ,yang & h] relatives _h tak5 ov] ! gov]nm5t1 :]eupon !y unwisely decid$ t ,an ,lu-%an %\ld be br\ght "u firm] control4 ,) _! ho/ility provid+ him j ! pretext ne$$1 he m>*$ 8 new army t[>d ,*'ang-an1 paus+ only long en\gh to conqu] ,loyang & proclaim himself emp]or4 ,?is 0 9 ,janu>y #gef4 ,by ,july he _h also tak5 ,*'ang-an1 f :i* ! royal family _h already fl$4 ,conditions det]iorat$ suffici5tly t ! troops support+ ! ?rone dem&$1 & got1 ! head ( ,lady ,yang ,kuei-fei z ! price = cont9u$ support4 7,on imp]ial ord]s %e 0 /rangl$ by a eunu*47 ,9 ! meantime1 ! imp]ial ,t'ang =ces f\nd re9=cem5ts1 includ+ "s ,arab m]c5>ies4 ,aft] a battle outside ,*'ang-an :i* left ,an ,lu-%an's =ces 9 dis>ray1 ! rebel 0 murd]$1 "s say by 8 own son4 ,soon !reaft] ! victori\s m]c5>ies sack$ & loot$ ,loyang1 end+ =ev] its prom95ce 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,t'ang surviv$1 b x 0 p5niless aft] ! _m w> ye>s 9 :i* x c\ld n en=ce taxation4#h ,! "t 0 n[ #geg1 "s f\r ye>s aft] ,%5-hui's bani%m5t4 ,! de/itute gov]nm5t1 desp]ate = money1 decid$ to set up ord9ation plat=ms 9 ! major cities across ,*9a & raise ca% by sell+ c]tificates ( inve/iture = ,buddhi/ monks4 7,s9ce entry into ! prie/hood remov$ an individual f ! tax rolls1 x 0 accept$ practice = ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t to require an advance comp5sation47 ,%5-hui's oratorical gifts 7 sudd5ly rememb]$ by "s ( 8 =m] foll[]s1 & ! old h]etic 0 recall$ to assi/ 9 ! fundrais+4 ,he 0 su* an effective fundrais] 9 ! ru9$ city ( ,loyang t ! gov]nm5t commission$ special qu>t]s to be built = him on ! gr\nds ( 8 old temple1 ! ,ho-tse4 7,he 0 lat] to be rememb]$ z ! ,ma/] ( ,ho-tse47 ,! price = 8 coop]ation seems to h be5 ! (ficial acceptance ( 8 v]sion ( ,*'an's hi/ory4 ,9 8 battle ) ! ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,*'an he _h outliv$ 8 oppon5ts & ?r\gh a biz>re turn ( ev5ts _h f9ally won ! day4 ,solely ?r\gh 8 p]si/5ce1 ! obscure ,s\!rn ,*'an monk ,hui-n5g 0 in/all$ z ,six? ,patri>* 9 ,*'an hi/ories 7replac+ ,%5-hsiu71 & "o hi/ory w5t s f> z to decl>e ,%5-hui himself ! ,sev5? ,patri>*4 ,! philosophical significance ( :at ,%5-hui's ,s\!rn doctr9e br\ght to ,*'an has be5 describ$ z no?+ less ?an a revolution4 ,a mod]n ,z5 s*ol> has claim$ t ,%5-hui's revolution produc$ a complete replacem5t ( ,indian ,buddhism ) ,*9ese philosophy1 keep+ only ! "n4 ,%5-hui1 he claims1 swept aside all =ms ( m$itation or dhyana & replac$ x ) a concept call$ no-m9d3 ! doctr9es ( abs5ce ( ?\ght & see+ into "o's orig9al nature4#i ,p]haps ?is philosophical c\p d'etat may be/ be und]/ood by comp>+ ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn tea*+s4 ,! discr$it$ ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,%5-hsiu _h prea*$ t ! road to enlight5m5t mu/ be trav]s$ /ep by /ep1 t !re 7 9 fact two /ages ( ! m9d--! fir/ be+ a false m9d :i* p]ceives ! _w errone\sly 9 dualities1 & ! second a true m9d :i* is pure & transc5ds all discrim9ations & dualities1 p]ceiv+ ! _w simply z a unity4 ,"o proce$s f ! false m9d to ! true m9d /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! suppression ( errone\s ?\ght processes by ! practice ( dhyana or m$itation1 9 :i* ! m9d & ! s5ses sl[ly rea* a /ate ( absolute quietude4 ,! ,s\!rn s*ool took issue ) ?is !ory ( ! m9d on a numb] ( po9ts4 ,to beg91 !y said t if !re really is no duality 9 ! _w1 !n h[ c ! m9d be divid$ into false & true8 ,!y argu$ t ! answ] q simply is t !re is only "o m9d1 ^: _m functions are all m]ely expressions ( s+le true reality4 ,! unity ( all ?+s is ! true reality2 our m9ds are also "p ( ?is reality2 & ^u realiz+ ?is1 y h a*iev$ ! same enlight5m5t exp]i5ce once realiz$ by ! ,buddha4 ,!re is no false m9d & true m9d1 nor is !re any ne$ = a long program ( dhyana to sl[ly suppress false ?\ghts4 ,all t is ne$$ is to practice abs5ce ( ?\ght & !reby intuitively to realize a simple tru?3 ,"o unity p]vades ev]y?+4 ,?is realization !y call$ ,buddha-m9d1 & x c\ld only happ5 all at once 7n /ep by /ep71 at any "t & )\t w>n+4 ,?is mom5t ( primal realization !y call$ see+ into "o's orig9al nature4 ,al?\gh ,%5-hui is some:at vague ab\t exactly :at practice %\ld replace m$itation1 ! s*ol> ,walt] ,lieb5?al has inf]r$ ! foll[+ ab\t ,%5-hui's attitude t[>d sudd5 enlight5m5t z a replacem5t = m$itation3 ,he seems to h reject$ m$itation 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,in/ead ( me?odical endeavors design$ to promote religi\s progress he recomm5ds a *ange ( po9t ( view lead+ to non-atta*m5t4 4 4 4 ,non-atta*m5t 9 ?is case means t ext]nal objects are n all[$ to cat* our fancy44 4 4 ,a ?+ recollect$ is isolat$1 x is s+l$ out ( ! :ole1 & is ?us an illusion2 = all %ort ( ! undiff]5tiat$ cont9uum is illusive4 ,! s5ses "w z usual 4 4 4 b 'no desire is ar\s$4' 4 4 4 ,?is *ange happ5s sudd5ly1 t is1 x is n dep5d5t ^u prec$+ ex]tions2 x c be br\ght ab\t )\t fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ! /ages ( a c>e]4 ,t is :y x is call$ 'sudd5 awak5+4' #aj ,lieb5?al int]prets ,%5-hui z say+ t :]eas ! purpose ( m$itation %\ld be m]ely to erase our atta*m5t to physical ?+s1 x also removes our cognizance ( !m1 :i* is n necess>ily a requirem5t = nonatta*m5t4 ,x %\ld be possible = u to be aw>e ( ! _w )\t be+ atta*$ to x & enslav$ by x4 ,accord+ to ,%5-hui's s]mon3 ,:5 ?us my fri5ds are told to disc>d z useless all !y h le>n$ be=e1 !n ^? :o h sp5t fifty or m1 or only tw5ty ye>s practic+ m$itation1 he>+ ?is1 might be v mu* puzzl$4 4 4 4 ,fri5ds1 li/5 att5tively1 ,i speak to y ( self- deception4 ,:at does self-deception mean8 ,y1 :o h assembl$ 9 ?is place today1 are crav+ = ri*es & pleasures ( int]c\rse ) males & females2 y are ?9k+ ( g>d5s & h\ses4 4 4 4 ,! ,nirvana ,sutra says1 ,to get rid ( y\r passions is n ,nirvana2 to look ^u !m z no matt] ( y\rs1 t is ,nirvana4#aa ,s f> s good2 b h[ d we rea* ?is /ate ( recognition )\t atta*m5t8 ,app>5tly ! way is to someh[ f9d our orig9al /ate1 9 :i* we 7 naturally unatta*$ to ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,! way is to m5tally disassociate ourselves f ! turmoil ( society t surr\nds u & look inw>d1 t\*+ our orig9al nature4 ,9 ?is way1 bo? prajna & samadhi1 aw>5ess & non9volvem5t1 :i* h be5 describ$ z ! active & passive sides ( m$itation1 are a*iev$ simultane\sly4 ,n[1 let u p5etrate to t /ate 9 :i* we are n atta*$4 ,:at d we get to "k8 ,n be+ atta*$ we are tranquil & guileless4 ,?is /ate und]ly+ all motions & passions is call$ samadhi4 ,p5etrat+ to ?is fundam5tal /ate we enc\nt] a natural wisdom t is consci\s ( ?is orig9al tranquility & guilelessness4 ,?is wisdom is call$ prajna4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 samadhi & prajna is ?us def9$4 4 4 4 ,if n[ y p5etrate to t /ate 9 :i* y\r m9d is n atta*$1 & yet rema9s op5 to impressions1 & ?us are consci\s ( ! fact t y\r m9d is n atta*$1 !n y h rea*$ ! /ate ( orig9al blankness & tranquility4 ,f t /ate ( blankness & tranquility !re arises an inn] k ?r\gh :i* blue1 yell[1 r$1 & :ite ?+s 9 ?is _w are well di/+ui%$4 ,t is prajna4 ,yet no desires arise f ^! di/9ctions4 ,t is samadhi4 4 4 4 ,x foll[s t fre$om f atta*m5t 7to ext]nal ?+s1 :i* replaces m$itation 9 ,*'an ,buddhism71 enables y to look into ! he>t ( all ! ,buddhas ( ! pa/1 & yet x is no?+ else ?an :at y y\rselves exp]i5ce today4#ab ,p]haps ! mo/ revolution>y ?+ ab\t ?is approa* 0 t x seem$ to elim9ate ! ne$ = all ! traditional app>atus ( ,buddhism4 ,x _h little or no?+ to d ) organiz$ religion1 & ev5 less connection ) ! m\nta9s ( ,indian philosophy t _h gone be=e4 ,a ?\s& ye>s ( ,indian ?\ght _h be5 di/ill$ d[n to a s+le tru?3 ,! realization ( our orig9al nature comprises enlight5m5t4 ,if ?is 7 tak5 at face value1 !n !re 0 no long] any ne$ = ! ,buddhi/ community1 ! sutras1 ! *ant+1 ev5 m$itation4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 no long] any ne$ = ,buddhism4 ,x _h be5 r$uc$1 z ! ,*9ese s*ol> ,w+-tsit ,*an has obs]v$1 to a conc]n = ! m9d alone4 ,by r$ef9+ m$itation1 ,%5-hui _h laid ! f\ndations ( ,*9ese ,z5 :i* 0 no ,z5 at all4#ac ,z ,%5-hui n[ describ$ m$itation or dhyana3 ,sitt+ motionless is no dhyana2 introspection into y\r own m9d is no dhyana2 & look+ inw>d at y\r own calmness is no dhyana4#ad4 4 4 ,"h 9 my s*ool1 to h no ?\ghts is sitt+1 & to see "o's orig9al nature is dhyana 7,*'an74#ae ,:at happ5$ to ,indian m$itation8 ,no wond] ! s*ol> ,hu ,%ih has describ$ ?is new tea*+ z a ,*9ese revolt aga9/ ,buddhism4 ,! political triumph ( ,%5-hui made ,s\!rn ,*'an ! (ficial sect1 b x also meant t he1 n[ "o ( ! lead+ religi\s figures 9 ,*9a1 _h necess>ily become a "p ( ! rul+ e/abli%m5t4 ,little wond] t ! actual future ( ,*'an soon rev]t$ back to rural tea*]s1 m5 :o c\ld m conv9c+ly claim to despise ! ways ( ! _w1 z !y m$itat$ 9 _! seclud$ m\nta9 retreats f> f imp]ial patronage4 ,%5-hui's s*ool ( ,s\!rn ,*'an ( ,ho-tse temple1 :i* _h e/abli%$ dom9ance 9 ! nor?1 0 soon to be eclips$ by ^! new vigor\s b unlett]$ rural ,*'ani/s4#af ,int]e/+ly1 ! (ficial recognition ( ! c\rt seem$ to quickly ext+ui% any s*ool ( ,*'an t receiv$ x4 ,%5-hsiu 0 honor$ by ,empress ,wu1 & 8 s*ool 0 !n supplant$ by t ( ,%5-hui1 ^: own imp]ial recognition & honors 7 soon to be du/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*'an1 z ! new rural s*ool bur/ on ! sc5e & effectively took ov]4#ag ,! disord]s surr\nd+ & foll[+ ! rebellion ( ,an ,lu-%an are commonly consid]$ today z signal+ ! decl9e ( ! great age ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,!y c]ta9ly signifi$ ! atrophy ( ! w>-torn ,nor? ,*9ese capitals z ! political p[] 9 ,*9a4 ,loyang & ,*'ang-an came to be replac$ 9 economic influ5ce by ! s\?1 a region relatively unt\*$ by ! con/ant /ruggles ,nor? ,*9a _h to m\nt aga9/ b>b>ian invad]s4 ,nor!rn s*ol>s retir$ to ! pa/oral s\?1 :]e !y laz$ 9 peaceful g>d5s & recall$ ! great poets ( ! e>ly ,t'ang4 ,?us ,nor!rn urban ,*'an foll[$ ! g5]al demise ( ,nor? ,*9ese political /r5g?4 ,0 ,%5-hui really ! fa!r ( ! new m$itationless ,*'an ( ! m9d8 ,"s traditional s*ol>s claim x 0 n really ,%5-hui :o revolutioniz$ ,*'an1 b r 8 ma/]1 ! ,s\!rn tea*] ,hui- n5g4 ,= example1 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki believ$ t :]eas ,%5-hui 0 correct 9 equat+ m$itation ) ! primal k ( self call$ prajna1 he actually taught t ?is k came ab\t ?r\gh rational und]/&+ r ?an intuition4#ah ,x 0 ,hui-n5g1 said ,suzuki1 :o correctly und]/ood t prajna 0 intuition & :o knew t x c\ld be realiz$ only ?r\gh ! sudd5 pa? r ?an ?r\gh ! /ep-by-/ep pa?4 ,?is may well h be5 true4 ,j z ! ,apo/le ,paul int]pret$ ! tea*+s ( an obscure prov9cial tea*]1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & popul>iz$ !m among ! urban c5t]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 s ,%5-hui disp5s$ ! ideas ( ,hui-n5g 9 nor!rn cities1 possibly temp]+ !m :]e necess>y to ga9 acceptance f ! m rationally incl9$ urban ,*'ani/s4 ,to cont9ue ! analogy1 ,%5-hui 7l ,paul7 nev] quotes 8 m5tor directly 9 8 writ+s--some?+ he c]ta9ly w\ld h done if !re _h be5 any?+ to quote--b 9 a few decades !re w\ld be a full autobiography ( ,hui-n5g complete ) a s]mon4 ,%5-hui's own contribution 0 to op5 ! way = ! anti-m$itation rural s*ool to take ov] ,*'an4 ,we may n[ turn to ! leg5d>y ,hui-n5g1 rememb]$ z ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,*apt] ,five ,,hui-,,n5g3 ,,! ,,six? ,,patri>* ,,& ,,fa!r ,,( ,,mod]n ,,z5 ,! ma/] honor$ today z ! fa!r ( mod]n ,z5 0 an impov]i%$ c\ntry lad f ,s\? ,*9a1 ^: attribut$ autobiography1 ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ( ,hui-n5g1 is ! only sutra ( ,buddhism writt5 by a ,*9ese4#a ,9 ?is "w1 ,hui-n5g 7#fch-gac7 told ! /ory ( 8 rise f obscurity to fame4 ,he describ$ 8 fa!r z a high ,*9ese (ficial :o1 unju/ly bani%$ & r$uc$ to a common]1 di$ ( %ame :ile ,hui-n5g 0 /ill a small *ild4 ,to survive1 ! fa!rless boy & 8 "m sold wood 9 ! m>ketplace at ,han-hai1 ne> ,canton 9 ,s\? ,*9a4 ,!n "o day he *anc$ to ov]he> a man recit+ a passage f ! ,diamond ,sutra4 ,hui-n5g /opp$ to li/51 & :5 he he>d ! phrase ,let y\r m9d function freely1 )\t abid+ any:]e or 9 any?+1 he 0 sudd5ly awak5$4 ,^u inquiry1 he discov]$ t ! recit] 0 a foll[] ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j54 ,?is tea*]1 ! /rang] said1 taught t by recit+ ! ,diamond ,sutra x 0 possible to see into "o's own nature & to directly exp]i5ce enlight5m5t4 ,! ,diamond ,sutra 7sometimes call$ ! ,vajrac*$ika ,sutra7 became ! passion ( ,hui-n5g z well z ! t\*/one = ! new ,*9ese ,*'an4 ,an unusually brief "w1 x has be5 call$ ! ultimate di/illation ( ! ,buddhi/ ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt is repres5tative ( its tea*+4 ,all ! m9d's arbitr>y concepts ( matt]1 ph5om5a1 & ( all condition+ factors & all conceptions & ideas relat+ !reto are l a dream1 a phantasm1 a bubble1 a %ad[1 ! evanesc5t dew1 ! lightn+'s fla%4 ,e true disciple %\ld ?us look ^u all ph5om5a & ^u all ! activities ( ! m9d1 & keep 8 m9d empty & selfless & tranquil4#b ,! ,diamond ,sutra does n se>* ! philosophic heights ( ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra1 ! treatise rev]$ by ! e>ly dhyana s*ool ( ,bodhidh>ma1 & precisely = ?is reason x appeal$ to ! ,s\!rn s*ool--^: goal 0 ! simplification ( ,*'an4 ,hui-n5g c\ld n resi/ ! call & imm$iately set out = ! ,ea/ ,m\nta9 mona/]y ( ! ,fif? ,patri>*4 ,:5 he arriv$1 ,hung-j5 op5$ ! int]view by ask+ ! newcom] 8 orig94 ,he>+ t he 0 f ! ,canton region1 ! old prie/ sigh$1 ,if y're f ! s\? y mu/ be a b>b>ian4 ,h[ d y expect to become enlight5$8 ,to ?is ,hui-n5g %ot back1 ,! p 9 ! nor? & s\? may be diff]5t1 b enlight5m5t is ! same 9 bo? regions4 ,al?\gh ?is imp]t95ce caus$ ! ma/] to imm$iately recognize ,hui-n5g's m5tal gifts1 he said no?+ & simply put him to "w ?re%+ & p\nd+ rice4 7,?is ex*ange1 incid5tally1 w be recogniz$ z ! memorable fir/ enc\nt] betwe5 two g5]ations ( ma/]s1 an obligatory elem5t 9 all ! leg5ds ( ! e>ly ,patri>*s47 ,= ! next eight mon?s1 ! "y novice toil$ 9 obscurity1 nev] s mu* z see+ ! ,fif? ,patri>*4 ,!n "o day ! old prie/ call$ an assembly & ann\nc$ t he 0 ready to pass on ! robe ( ! patri>*y to ! "o :o c\ld compose a v]se %[+ an intuitive und]/&+ ( 8 own inn] nature4 ,! disciples talk$ ov] ?is *all5ge among !mselves & decid$1 ,! robe is c]ta9 to be h&$ d[n to ,%5-hsiu1 :o is head monk & ! natural heir4 ,he w be a wor?y successor to ! ma/]1 s we w n bo!r compos+ a v]se4 ,%5-hsiu1 ! same ma/] lat] exalt$ by ! ,empress ,wu 9 ,loyang1 knew :at 0 expect$ ( him & began /ruggl+ to compose ! v]se4 ,aft] sev]al days' ef=t1 he f\nd ! c\rage to write an unsign$ ga?a on a corridor wall 9 ! d>k ( night4 ,our body is ! ,bodhi-tree ,& our m9d a mirror bright4 ,c>efully we wipe !m h\r by h\r1 ,& let no du/ alight4#c ,:5 ! ,fif? ,patri>* saw ! v]se1 he conv5$ an assembly 9 ! corridor1 burn$ inc5se1 & decl>$ t !y all %\ld recite ! anonym\s passage4 ,aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 he summon$ ,%5-hsiu to 8 private qu>t]s & inquir$ if he 0 au?or ( ! v]se4 ,receiv+ an affirmative reply1 ! ma/] said1 ,?is v]se does n demon/rate t y h yet a*iev$ true und]/&+ ( y\r orig9al nature4 ,y h rea*$ ! front gate1 b y h n yet ent]$ into full und]/&+4 ,prep>e y\r m9d m fully & :5 y are ready1 submit ano!r ga?a4 ,x is a ,*'an commonplace t ,%5-hsiu's v]se /ress$ me?odical practice & 0 p]fectly logical--j ! opposite ( ! sudd51 anti-logical leap ( intuition t is true enlight5m5t4 ,%5-hsiu dep>t$1 b try z he might he c\ld n produce ! second ga?a4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,hui-n5g ov]he>d ! monks recit+ ,%5-hsiu's l9es4 ,al?\gh he recogniz$ t its au?or _h yet to grasp 8 own orig9al nature1 ,hui-n5g ask$ to be %[n ! v]se & all[$ to d homage to x4 ,aft] he 0 l$ to ! hall1 ! illit]ate lad f ! b>b>ian s\? ask$ to h a ga?a ( 8 own inscrib$ next to ! "o on ! wall4 ,!re is no ,bodhi-tree ,nor /& ( a mirror bright4 ,s9ce all is void1 ,:]e c ! du/ alight8#d ,al?\gh ! assembly 0 electrifi$ by ! insight conta9$ 9 ?is ga?a1 ! diplomatic old ,fif? ,patri>* publicly decl>$ t its au?or lack$ full und]/&+4 ,dur+ ! night1 h[ev]1 he summon$ "y ,hui-n5g to ! d>k5$ m$itation hall1 :]e he exp\nd$ ! ,diamond ,sutra to him & !n c]emonially pass$ to him ! robe ( ,bodhidh>ma1 symbol ( ! patri>*y4 ,he also advis$ him to travel imm$iately to ! s\?1 to /ay und]gr\nd = a "t 9 ! int]e/ ( safety1 & !n to prea* ! ,dh>ma to all :o w\ld li/54 ,hui-n5g dep>t$ t v night1 cross+ ! ,yangtze & head+ s\?--! ano9t$ ,six? ,patri>* at age tw5ty-f\r4 ,:5 ! o!r monks realiz$ :at _h happ5$1 !y ha/ily organiz$ a p>ty to retrieve ,hui-n5g & ! ,*'an relics4 ,f9ally "o ( ! pursu]s1 a burly =m] soldi]1 rea*$ ! new ,six? ,patri>* 9 8 hideaway4 ,sudd5ly ov]come by ! pres5ce ( ,hui-n5g1 he f\nd himself ask+ n = ! return ( ! robe b r = in/ruction4 ,hui-n5g oblig$ him )1 ,n ?9k+ ( good1 n ?9k+ ( evil1 tell me :at 0 y\r orig9al face be=e y\r "m & fa!r 7 born4 ,?is celebrat$ "q--:i* dramatizes ! ,z5 concept ( an orig9al nature 9 e p]son t prec$es & transc5ds artificial values su* z good & evil--caus$ ! pursu] to be enlight5$ on ! spot4 ,= ! next sev]al ye>s ,hui-n5g s\ght seclusion1 liv+ among hunt]s 9 ! s\? & conceal+ 8 id5tity4 ,! leg5ds say 8 k9dly nature caus$ him sometimes to secretly release animals f ! hunt]s' traps & t he w\ld accept only vegetables f _! /ewpots4 ,b ?is life z an anonym\s vagabond1 a ,patri>* :ile n ev5 a prie/1 c\ld n be 8 f9al call+4 ,"o day :5 ! "t felt "r 79 #fgf1 z he ne>$ =ty71 he r5\nc$ ! life ( a refugee & v5tur$ into ,canton to visit ! ,fa-hs+ temple4 ,"o aft]noon z he l+]$ 9 ! guise ( an anonym\s gue/1 he ov]he>d a gr\p ( monks argu+ ab\t a bann] flapp+ 9 ! breeze4 ,"o monk decl>$1 ,! bann] is mov+4 ,ano!r insi/$1 ,no1 x is ! w9d t is mov+4 ,al?\gh he 0 only a lay obs]v]1 ,hui-n5g c\ld n conta9 himself1 & he int]rupt$ !m ) 8 dramatic manife/o1 ,y are bo? wrong4 ,x is y\r m9d t moves4 ,! abbot ( ! temple1 /&+ ne>by1 0 dumb/ruck by ! pr(\nd insight ( ?is /rang]1 & on ! spot (f]$ to become 8 pupil4 ,hui-n5g decl9$ ! honor1 h[ev]1 reque/+ in/ead t 8 head be %av$ & he be all[$ to ent] ,buddhi/ ord]s1 a prie/ at la/4 ,he 0 %ortly acclaim$ by "o & all z ! ,six? ,patri>*1 & aft] a few mon?s 9 ,canton he decid$ to move to a temple ( 8 own at ,ts'ao-*'i1 :]e he taught = ! next f\r decades4 ,f ?is mona/]y came ! tea*+s t w\ld def9e ! fai?4 ,! =ego+ /ory1 p]haps ! mo/ fam\s 9 ! ,z5 canon1 is drawn ma9ly f ! a=em5tion$ ,plat=m ,sutra ( ,hui-n5g1 purport$ly an autobiography & s]mon pres5t$ to an assembly 9 8 lat] ye>s4#e 7,! sett+ 0 a temple ne> 8 mona/]y1 :]e he 0 invit$ to lecture "o day by ! local abbot4 ,x 0 transcrib$ by "o ( 8 disciples1 ince ,hui-n5g traditionally 0 said to h be5 illit]ate47 ,! docum5t has come d[n to u 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p is ! /ory j summ>iz$3 a poetry conte/ at ! mona/]y ( ! ,fif? ,patri>* 9 :i* ! man lat] to lead ,nor!rn ,*'an is humiliat$ by a bumpk91 :o himself mu/ !n flee ! wra? ( ! ,*'an e/abli%m5t & wait = recognition 9 ! s\?4 ,! second "p is a lecture t s*ol>s believe probably repres5ts ! g5]al outl9e ( ,hui-n5g's views on man's orig9al nature4 ,! ?ird "p is a highly embelli%$ acc\nt ( 8 lat] ye>s1 usually dismiss$ z ! pi\s inv5tion ( a m rec5t date4 ,! real life ( ,hui-n5g is a hi/orical puzzle t may well nev] be resolv$4 ,= example1 x is common to note t ! lat] ,*'an writ]s took great pa9s to r5d] ,hui-n5g z illit]ate & unlett]$ z possible1 ! m to emphasize 8 egalit>ianism4 7,?is 9 spite ( ! fact t ! s]mon attribut$ to him ref]s to at lea/ sev5 diff]5t sutras47 ,! facts 7 adju/$ to make a po9t3 ,if a simple illit]ate wood p$dl] c\ld become ,patri>*1 :at bett] pro( t ! fai? is op5 to all p8 ,_m ( ! traditional anecdotes surr\nd+ 8 e>ly ye>s are simil>ly suspect1 & 9 fact ! mo/ respect$ ,hui-n5g s*ol> has decl>$1 ,if we consid] all ! available mat]ial1 & elim9ate pati5tly all ! inconsi/5cies by pick+ ! mo/ likely leg5ds1 we c arrive at a fairly cr$ible biography ( ,hui-n5g4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we elim9ate ! leg5ds & ! undocum5t$ ref]5ces to ! ,six? ,patri>*1 we may conclude t !re is1 9 fact1 almo/ no?+ t we c really say ab\t him4#f ,yet does x really matt] :e!r ! leg5d is meticul\sly fai?ful to ! facts8 ,hui-n5g is z mu* a symbol z a hi/orical individual1 & x 0 ess5tial t 8 life h leg5d>y qualities4 ,9 8 case1 art may h help$ life along a bit1 b x 0 = a l>g] purpose4 ,! purpose 0 to =malize ! new philosophical ideas ( ,s\!rn ,*'an4 ,! second "p ( ! ,plat=m ,sutra1 :i* details 8 philosophical position1 has be5 *>act]iz$ z a ma/]piece ( ,*9ese ?\ght1 ! "w n ( a s*ol> b ( a natural sage ^: wisdom fl[$ spontane\sly f deep )94 ,yet x is commonly conc$$ t ! uniqu5ess ( 8 message lies n s mu* 9 its be+ orig9al 7:i* mo/ agree x is n7 b 9 its r5d]+ ( ! basic ideas ( ,buddhism into ,*9ese t]ms4#g ,buddhism itself seems at times to be 9 "q1 z ! ,six? ,patri>* disc\nts traditional obs]vances1 ev5 sugge/+ t ! ,buddhi/ ,we/]n ,p>adise1 kn[n z ! ,pure ,l&1 might be m]ely a /ate ( m9d4 ,! delud$ p]son conc5trates on ,buddha & wi%es to be born 9 ! o!r l&2 ! awak5$ p]son makes pure 8 own m9d4 4 4 4 ,if only ! m9d has no impurity1 ! ,we/]n ,l& is n f>4 ,if ! m9d gives rise to impurities1 ev5 ?\gh y invoke ! ,buddha & seek to be reborn 9 ! ,we/1 x w be difficult to rea* 4 4 4 b if y practice /raight=w>d m9d1 y w arrive !re 9 an in/ant4#h ,hui-n5g also que/ion$ ! traditional ,*'an practice ( sitt+ 9 m$itation1 decl>+ x to be m a m9d-set ?an a physical act 7if 8 ,sutra is au!ntic1 !n he pr$ates 8 pupil ,%5-hui on ?is po9t74 ,he also broke x ap>t into two diff]5t categories3 ! sitt+ & ! m$itation4 4 4 4 :at is ?is tea*+ t we call sitt+ 9 m$itation8 ,9 ?is tea*+ sitt+ means )\t any ob/ruction any:]e1 outw>dly & "u all circum/ances1 n to activate ?\ghts4 ,m$itation is int]nally to see ! orig9al nature & n become confus$4#i ,else:]e he is quot$ z decl>+ t protract$ sitt+ only %ackles ! body )\t pr(it+ ! m9d4#aj ,al?\gh ,hui-n5g sev]ely took to task ^? :o dep5d$ on m$itation1 !re is no evid5ce t he =bade x entirely4 ,:at he did reject 0 a fixation on m$itation1 a confusion--to use a lat] ,z5 expression--( ! f+] po9t+ at ! moon ) ! moon itself4 ,ev5 s1 ?is 0 a radical move4 ,hui-n5g pres5ts u ) ! />tl+ prospect ( a dhyana tea*] que/ion+ ! function ( dhyana--until !n ! v basis ( ! s*ool4 ,yet ! sutra is f> f be+ all negative4 ,x has a numb] ( positive messages1 includ+ ! foll[+3 ,all p are born 9 an enlight5$ /ate1 a condition 9 :i* good & evil are n di/+ui%$4 ,nor are !re di/ract+ discrim9ations1 atta*m5ts1 & p]turbations ( ! _s 9 ?is primal e/ate4 7,a v simil> view is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! poetry ( ,william ,wordswor?1 to give only "o example f ,we/]n ?\ght4#aa7 ,b if man's orig9al nature is pure & un/a9$1 h[ !n does evil ent] into a p]son's "*8 ,he faces ?is classic !ological "q head-on3 ,good fri5ds1 al?\gh ! nature ( p 9 ?is _w is f ! outset pure 9 itself1 ! t5 ?\s& ?+s are all )9 _! own natures4 ,if p ?9k ( all ! evil ?+s1 !n !y w practice evil2 if !y ?9k ( all ! good ?+s1 !n !y w practice good4 ,?us x is cle> t 9 ?is way all ! dh>mas 7aspects ( humanity7 are )9 y\r own natures1 yet y\r own natures are always pure4 ,! sun & moon are always bright1 yet if !y are cov]$ by cl\ds1 al?\gh !y are bright1 bel[ !y are d>k5$1 & ! sun1 moon1 />s1 & planets _c be se5 cle>ly4 ,b if sudd5ly ! w9d ( wisdom %\ld bl[ & roll away ! cl\ds & mi/s1 all =ms 9 ! univ]se appe> at once4 4 4 4 ,if a s+le ?\ght ( good evolves1 intuitive wisdom is born4 ,z "o lamp s]ves to dispel a ?\s& ye>s ( d>kness1 s "o fla% ( wisdom de/roys t5 ?\s& ye>s ( ignorance4#ab ,z ,hui-n5g view$ x1 !re is lat5t )9 u all ! condition ( enlight5m5t1 ! /ate t prec$es our conc]n ) good & evil4 ,x c be reclaim$ ?r\gh an intuitive acqua9tance ) our own inn] natures4 ,?is is well summ>iz$ by ! ,hui-n5g s*ol> ,philip ,yampolsky3 ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ma9ta9s t ! nature ( man is f ! outset pure1 b t 8 purity has no =m4 ,b by self-practice1 by endeavor+ = himself1 man c ga9 insight into ?is purity4 ,m$itation1 prajna1 true reality1 purity1 ! orig9al nature1 self- nature1 ! ,buddha nature1 all ^! t]ms1 :i* are us$ con/antly ?r\gh\t ! s]mon1 indicate ! same undef9$ ,absolute1 :i* :5 se5 & exp]i5c$ by ! individual himself1 con/itutes enlight5m5t4#ac ,?is condition ( orig9al innoc5ce t is enlight5m5t c be reclaim$ ?r\gh no-?\ght1 a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d floats1 unatta*$ to :at x enc\nt]s1 mov+ freely ?r\gh ph5om5a1 unp]turb$ by ! incursions & attractions ( ! _w1 lib]at$ because x is its own ma/]1 tranquil because x is pure4 ,?is is ! condition 9 :i* we 7 born & x is ! condition to :i* we c return by practic+ no-?\ght4 ,al?\gh x happ5s to be simil> to ! condition t c be realiz$ ?r\gh ardu\s m$itation1 ,hui-n5g app>5tly did n believe t m$itation 0 requir$4 ,?is primal condition ( ! m9d1 ?is glimpse into our orig9al nature1 c\ld be realiz$ in/antane\sly if our m9d 7 receptive4 ,b :at is ?is /ate call$ no-?\ght8 ,accord+ to ,hui-n5g3 ,to be un/a9$ 9 all environm5ts is call$ no-?\ght4 ,if on ! basis ( y\r own ?\ghts y sep>ate f environm5t1 !n1 9 reg>d to ?+s1 ?\ghts are n produc$4 ,if y /op ?9k+ ( ! myriad ?+s1 & ca/ aside all ?\ghts1 z soon z "o in/ant ( ?\ght is cut (f1 y w be reborn 9 ano!r realm4 4 4 4 ,because man 9 8 delusion has ?\ghts 9 relation to 8 environm5t1 het]odox ideas /emm+ f ^! ?\ghts arise1 & passions & false views are produc$ f !m4#ad ,yampolsky *>act]izes no-?\ght z foll[s3 ,?\ghts are conceiv$ z advanc+ 9 progression f pa/ to pres5t to future1 9 an un5d+ *a9 ( successive ?\ghts4 ,atta*m5t to "o in/ant ( ?\ght leads to atta*m5t to a succession ( ?\ghts1 & ?us to bondage4 ,by cutt+ (f atta*m5t to "o in/ant ( ?\ght1 "o may1 by a process unexpla9$1 cut (f atta*m5t to a succession ( ?\ghts & ?us atta9 to no-?\ght1 :i* is ! /ate ( enlight5m5t4#ae ,precisely h[ ?is condition ( no-?\ght enlight5m5t is a*iev$ is n expla9$ 9 ! ,plat=m ,sutra & 9 fact has be5 ! major conc]n ( ,z5 ev] s9ce4 ,! "o ?+ t all w agree is t ! h>d] "o tries to atta9 x1 ! m difficult x becomes4 ,x is !re inside1 wait+ to be releas$1 b x c be rea*$ only ?r\gh ! intuitive m9d4 ,& x happ5s sudd5ly1 :5 we lea/ expect4 ,! ma/] ,hui-n5g /&s at ! wat]%$ ( ,z5 hi/ory4 ,inde$ he may be ! wat]%$1 9 ! embodi$ =m ( a leg5d4 ,!re seems reason to suspect t he 0 canoniz$ well aft] ! fact1 z 0 ,bodhidh>ma4 ,b :]eas ,bodhidh>ma provid$ an an*or = ! orig9al =mation ( a sep>ate ,dhyana sect 9 ,*9ese ,buddhism1 ,hui-n5g became ! rally+ symbol = a new type ( ,*'an1 "o :olly ,*9ese1 & "o t seem$ to disc\nt ,bodhidh>ma's old ma9/ay1 m$itation4 ,he became ! ,*9ese answ] to ! ,indian ,bodhidh>ma4 ,hui-n5g r$ef9$ ! specific *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*'an goal & describ$ 9 non!ological t]ms ! m9d /ate 9 :i* duality is bani%$4 ,b he fail$ to g ! next /ep & expla9 h[ to get !re4 ,all he did 0 po9t out 7to use ! t]m9ology ( logic7 t m$itation n only 0 n a suffici5t condition = enlight5m5t1 x might n ev5 be a necess>y condition4 ,:at !n 0 requir$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q 0 to be work$ out dur+ ! next phase ( ,*'an1 ! s-call$ ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 :5 a new s*ool ( ,s\!rn ,*'an explod$ 7to use a common description7 9 ! s\? & w5t on to take ov] all ( ,*'an4 ,^! new tea*]s seem to h accept$ ,hui-n5g z _! patron1 al?\gh ! direct connection is n entirely cle>4 ,^! ma/]s le>n$ h[ to impose a torture *amb] on ! logical m9d1 br++ to x su* humiliations t x f9ally annihilat$ ego or self & surr5d]$ to prajna1 intuitive wisdom4 ,!y devis$ sy/ematic ways to produce ! /ate ( no-?\ght t ,hui-n5g & ,%5-hui app>5tly c\ld only invoke4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,z5 4 4 4 4 9 :i* tea*]s ( rural1 ,s\!rn ,*'an beg9 to exp]im5t ) new ways to precipitate ! sudd5 enlight5m5t exp]i5ce1 ev5 br++ into "q ! role ( m$itation4 ,along ) ! se>* = new te*niques goes ! attempt to def9e precisely :at enlight5m5t is & to =malize ! transmission process4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,*'an mona/]ies become indep5d5t organizations & ,*'an a recogniz$1 if ecc5tric1 ,buddhi/ sect4 ,! iconocla/ic1 self- support+ ,*'an e/abli%m5ts ride out a p]secution ( ,buddhism 9 ! mid-n9? c5tury t effectively de/roys all o!r ,buddhi/ s*ools 9 ,*9a4 ,?is is ! great creative era ( ,*'an1 9 :i* ! sect secures its own id5tity & creates its own texts = use by lat] g5]ations4 ,*apt] ,six ,,ma-,,tsu3 ,,orig9ator ,,( ,,%ock ,,enlight5m5t ,ma-tsu 7"r7 & ,layman ,p'ang ,if ,hui-n5g 0 ! ,six? ,patri>*1 !n :o 0 ! sev5?8 ,al?\gh sev]al ( 8 foll[]s are m5tion$ 9 ! ,plat=m ,sutra1 ! only "o :o seems to h made any diff]5ce 9 ,*'an hi/ory 0 ,%5-hui 7#fgj-gfb71 :o successfully de/roy$ ! ,nor!rn s*ool ( ,%5-hsiu 7#fje-gjf7 & elevat$ ,hui-n5g4 ,al?\gh ,%5-hui 0 giv5 ! accolade ( ,sev5? ,patri>* 9 "s p>ts ( ! nor?1 hi/ory 0 to be writt5 else:]e4 ,%5-hui's s*ool ( ,s\!rn ,*'an 0 soon compromis+ ) ! rema9+ ,nor!rn ,*'ani/s--conc$+ t ! /udy ( ! sutras c\ld g along h& 9 h& ) sudd5 enlight5m5t--& he seems to h enjoy$ a little too mu* 8 role z imp]ial socialite4 ,! only memb] ( ,%5-hui's s*ool to realize any hi/orical prom95ce 0 ,tsung-mi 7#ghj-hda71 ^: fame atta*es n to 8 orig9al ?\ght b r to 8 s*ol>ly writ+s describ+ ! v>i\s sects ( ,*'an4#a ,a litt]ateur & fri5d ( ! fam\s poet ,po ,*u-i 7#ggb-hdf71 he also tri$ unsuccessfully to m$iate betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! /ep-by-/ep sutra-read+ ,buddhi/s ( ! cities & ! all-at-once1 anti-lit]>y propon5ts ( sudd5 enlight5m5t 9 ! c\ntry1 b he succe$$ only 9 br++ ! hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,*'an to a dignifi$ close4#b ,! ,*9ese s*ol> ,hu ,%ih skillfully p9po9ts :y ! social success ( ,%5-hui's new ,s\!rn s*ool 9 ! nor? actually contribut$ to its decl9e4 ,z he saw x3 ,! explanation is simple4 ,z5nism c\ld n fl\ri% z an (ficially patroniz$ religion1 b only z an attitude ( m9d1 a me?od ( ?9k+ & a mode ( liv+4 ,an (ficially patroniz$ tea*] ( ,buddhism is oblig$ to p]=m all ! traditional rituals & c]emonies :i* ! true ,z5ni/ despises4 ,%5-hui succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ,z5nism z a /ate religion1 b by s do+ he almo/ kill$ x4 ,all fur!r developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z5 _h to come f ^? great tea*]s :o valu$ simple life & intellectual fre$om & indep5d5ce m ?an worldly recognition4#c ,& 9 fact j su* tea*]s _h begun spr++ up l mu%rooms4 ,on lonely m\nta9tops1 tea*]s ( sudd5 enlight5m5t 7 exp]im5t+ ) new ways to transmit wordless insight4 ,!y seem to h despis$ traditional ,buddhism1 p]haps p>tly because ,buddhism--by :i* is meant ! cultural eliti/s & ari/ocrats 9 ! capitals ( ,*'ang-an & ,loyang--_h s long despis$ !m4 7,recall ! ,fif? ,patri>*'s greet+ to ,hui-n5g3 ,if y're f ! s\?1 y mu/ be a b>b>ian47 ,al?\gh traditional ,buddhism 7includ+ tea*]s ( dhyana7 cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 & ! city ( ,*'ang-an rema9$ a model = ,asian civilization1 ! political p[] ( ! ,t'ang gov]nm5t 9 ! nor? gradually )]$4 ,& z x decl9$1 s too did ! =tunes ( ! traditional ,*'an e/abli%m5ts t _h fl\ri%$ "u imp]ial patronage4 ,! new ,*'an tea*]s ( ! ,s\!rn s*ool may h felt smug 9 _! new pre/ige & indep5d5ce1 b !y /ill 7 subject to ! +ra9$ ,*9ese desire = a l9eage4 7,p]haps 9 ! l& ( ,confucius1 spiritual ance/ors 7 ess5tial to dignity47 ,! triumph ( ! leg5d ( ,hui-n5g 9 ! nor? _h n be5 lo/ on ! ,*'ani/s else:]e1 & x effectively meant t = any ,*'an s*ool to h respectability nationwide1 x _h to be able to trace its l9eage back to ?is illit]ate s\!rn] & 8 temple at ,ts'ao- *'i4 ,un=tunately ?is turn$ out to be difficult1 s9ce by ! "t ,hui-n5g actually came to be recogniz$ z ! ,six? ,patri>*1 he _h be5 dead = half a c5tury & !re 7 few ,*9ese :o ev5 knew fir/h& ( 8 exi/5ce--& none besides ,%5-hui :o ev] claim$ to h /udi$ "u him4 ,h[ !n c\ld he be made ! f\nd] ( ! ,*'an s*ools bloom+ all ov] ,*9a8 ,! s*ol> ,hu ,%ih has speculat$ some:at knavi%ly on h[ ,hui-n5g's l9eage may h be5 creat$ aft] ! fact3 ,by ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eigh? c5tury1 !re began to be a great /amp$e ( almo/ all ! ,*'an s*ools to get on ! b&wagon ( ! s*ool ( ,hui-n5g4 4 4 4 ,hui-n5g di$ e>ly 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & 8 disciples 7 mo/ly unkn[n ascetics :o liv$ & di$ 9 _! hilly retreats4 ,"o c\ld easily h paid a visit to "s ( !m4 ,s 9 ! la/ decades ( ! c5tury1 "s ( ^? unkn[n names 7 rememb]$ or discov]$4 ,two ( ! names ?us exhum$ f obscurity 7 ,huai-jang ( ! ,h5g ,m\nta9s 9 ,hunan1 & ,hs+-ssu ( ! ,*'+-yuan ,m\nta9s ( ,kiangsi4 ,nei!r ( ^! names appe>$ 9 e>li] v]sions ( ,hui-n5g's life /ory4#d ,^! two ma/]s1 ,nan-yueh ,huai-jang 7#fgg-gdd7 ( ,hunan & ,*'+- yuan ,hs+-ssu 7d4 #gdj7 ( ,kiangsi1 7 made ! miss+ l9ks betwe5 ,hui-n5g & ! two s*ools ( ,*'an t w\ld "o day become ,japanese ,r9zai & ,soto1 respectively4 ,s9ce ! l9eage mo/ important = ! e>ly ye>s ( ,*'an's ,gold5 ,age 0 t :i* w\ld "o day be ! ,r9zai s*ool1 ! tradition ( ,huai-jang w be exam9$ "h fir/4 ,z not$ above1 al?\gh ! leg5d says t ,huai-jang once /udi$ "u ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g1 support+ hi/orical evid5ce is n readily f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 he is ?\ght to h /udi$ "u ano!r foll[] ( ! ,fif? ,patri>* ,hung-j5 & to h be5 a "p ( ! g5]al sc5e ( ,s\!rn ,*'an4#e ,8 actual function may h be5 to supply a direct l9e ( desc5t betwe5 ,hui- n5g & ! man :o 0 to be ! creator ( ,r9zai ,z5 z we "k x today4 ,t man is ! fam\s ,ma-tsu ,tao-i 7#gji-ghh71 :o ev5 if n a direct spiritual desc5dant ( ,hui-n5g 0 c]ta9ly a product ( ! same excit+ p]iod ( intellectual f]m5t4 ,accord+ to ! m or less contempor>y record left by ! nor!rn hi/orian ,tsung-mi1 ,ma-tsu 7:i* means ,patri>* ,ma7 0 a native ( ,sze*uan :o 0 orda9$ a monk at an e>ly age by a ,korean ma/] 9 8 home prov9ce4#f ,"y ,ma travel$ on1 z 0 common ) beg9n+ ,*'an monks1 & 7s say ! lat] leg5ds7 f9ally came to ! mona/]y ( ,huai-jang1 locat$ on ,mt4 ,nan-yueh4 ,! /ory ( _! fir/ enc\nt] became a /&>d among lat] ,*'an ma/]s1 = x is a p>ticul>ly effective discr$it+ ( t onetime ,*'an ma9/ay1 m$itation1 :i* became ana!ma to ! m revolution>y ,s\!rn s*ool4 ,z ! /ory goes1 ,huai-jang "o day came ^u ,ma-tsu absorb$ 9 m$itation & proce$$ to "q ! purpose ( 8 long b\ts ( dhyana4 ,ma-tsu imm$iately repli$1 ,i want to become a ,buddha1 an enlight5$ be+4 ,say+ no?+1 ,huai-jang quietly pick$ up a brick & />t$ rubb+ x on a /one4 ,aft] a "t ,ma-tsu's curiosity be/$ him & he inquir$1 ,:y are y rubb+ t brick on a /one8 ,huai-jang repli$1 ,i am poli%+ x into a mirror4 ,ma-tsu probably knew by ?is "t t he _h be5 set up1 b he _h to foll[ ?r\gh3 ,b h[ c y make a mirror by poli%+ a brick on a /one8 ,! celebrat$ answ] 03 ,h[ c y become enlight5$ by sitt+ 9 m$itation8 ,! po9t1 driv5 home "t & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! eigh? c5tury1 0 t enlight5m5t is an active1 n a passive1 condition4 ,& ,ma- tsu himself 0 to become ! =emo/ expon5t ( enlight5m5t z a natural "p ( life4 ,ma-tsu always made a pr(\nd impression on 8 contempor>ies1 & no small "p may be attributable to 8 peculi> physical traits4 ,z ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp describes him3 ,9 appe>ance & be>+ he 0 mo/ /rik+4 ,he gl>$ z a tig] does & he ambl$ l a c[4 ,he c\ld t\* 8 nose ) 8 tongue1 & on ! soles ( 8 feet 7 :eel-%ap$ m>ks physical qualities also attribut$ to ! ,buddha4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( #gac-da he /udi$ ! dhyana 4 4 4 "u ,ma/] ,huai-jang1 :o !n _h n9e disciples4 ,( ^! only ,ma-tsu receiv$ ! sacr$ m9d seal4#g ,h[ev]1 8 real immortality d]ives f 8 contribution to ! ars5al ( me?ods = %ock+ novices into enlight5m5t4 ,x w be recall$ t ! leg5d>y ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g1 neglect$ to expla9 exactly :at a p]son %\ld d to see into "o's own nature4 ,ma-tsu app>5tly 0 ! fir/ ma/] :o develop$ non-m$itative tricks = nudg+ a disciple into ! /ate ( no-?\ght4 ,he 0 an exp]im5t]1 & he pione]$ a numb] ( me?ods t lat] 7 p]fect$ by 8 foll[]s & ! desc5dants ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ma/] to ask a novice an unansw]able "q1 & !n :ile ! p]son /ruggl$ = an answ]1 to %\t 9 8 e> 7he lik$ ! syllable ,ho67--hop+ to jolt ! pupil into a non-duali/ic m9d /ate4 ,ano!r simil> te*nique 0 to call out someone's "n j z ! p]son 0 leav+ ! room1 a surprise t seem$ to br+ ! p]son up %ort & cause him to sudd5ly exp]i5ce 8 orig9al nature4 ,a simil> device 0 to deliv] ! /ud5t a %>p bl[ z he pond]$ a po9t1 us+ viol5ce to focus 8 att5tion completely on reality & abort ratioc9ation4 ,o!r tricks includ$ respond+ to a "q ) a seem+ly irrelevant answ]1 caus+ ! /ud5t to s5se ! irrelevancy ( 8 "q4 ,he w\ld also sometimes s5d a pupil on a goose *ase betwe5 himself & "s o!r enlight5$ individual at ! mona/]y1 p]haps 9 ! hope t b\nc+ ! novice f "o p]sonality to ano!r w\ld someh[ %ake 8 complac5cy4 ,:atev] ! te*nique1 8 goal 0 always to =ce a novice to uncov] 8 orig9al nature = himself4 ,he did ?is by nev] giv+ a /raight answ] or a pr$ictable response & !re=e nev] all[+ a disciple to lapse into a passive m5tal mode4 ,ma-tsu also seems to h simplifi$ ! idea ( :at con/itutes enlight5m5t4 ,z he def9$ x1 see+ into "o's own nature simply meant und]/&+ 7intuitively1 n rationally7 :o y are & :at y are4 ,?is tru? c\ld be taught ) :atev] me?od seem$ appropriate at a giv5 mom5t4 ,z ,hu ,%ih s eloqu5tly describes 8 tea*+1 4 4 4 any ge/ure or motion1 or ev5 sil5ce1 might be us$ to communicate a tru?4 ,recall ! ,buddha once enlight5$ a foll[] by hold+ up a fl[]4 ,ma-tsu develop$ ?is idea into a p$agogical me?od = ! new ,z54 ,!re is no ne$ to seek any special faculty 9 ! m9d = ! enlight5m5t4 ,e behavior is ! m9d1 ! manife/ation ( ! ,buddha-nature4 ,snapp+ a f+]1 fr[n+ or /ret*+ ! br[1 c\gh+1 smil+1 ang]1 sorr[1 or desire 4 4 4 is ! function+ ( ! ,buddhahead3 x is ! ,tao1 ! ,way4 ,!re is no ne$ to p]=m any special act1 be x dhyana or wor%ip1 9 ord] to a*ieve ! ,tao4 ,to be natural is ! ,way4 ,walk naturally1 sit naturally1 sleep naturally1 live naturally--t is ! ,way4 ,let ! m9d be free3 d n purposely d evil2 nor purposely d good4 ,!re is no ,law to abide1 no ,buddhahood to atta94 ,ma9ta9 a free m9d & cl+ to no?+3 t is ,tao4#h ,?us x seems t ! mo/ preem95t ,*'an ma/] ( ! eigh? c5tury n only repudiat$ all ! app>atus ( traditional ,buddhism1 he also simplifi$ enlight5m5t d[n to a q secul> condition ( acceptance ( ! natural /ate ( human affairs4 ,= in/ance1 al?\gh he 0 famili> ) ! great ,mahayana sutras1 ,ma-tsu nev] m5tions ,hui-n5g or ! ,diamond ,sutra4 ,8 ,*'an1 express$ 9 simple ev]yday language1 seems m]ely s _m ways ( f9d+ out :o y are & :at y are4 ,fur!rmore1 !re seems to be no?+ specifically t y c d to accel]ate ! occurr5ce ( sudd5 enlight5m5t1 o!r ?an use traditional practices to make y\r psy*e z uncomplicat$ z possible & !n wait = ! mom5t to /rike 7he1 ( c\rse1 exp]im5t$ to f9d ways to accel]ate ! arrival ( t mom5t74 ,b he has no?+ enc\rag+ to say ab\t ! effectiv5ess ( m$itation z an aid to f9d+ ! desir$ non-rational insight1 :i* he sometimes describ$ us+ ! borr[$ t]m ,tao3 ,cultivation is ( no use = ! atta9m5t ( ,tao4 ,! only ?+ t "o c d is to be free ( defilem5t4 ,:5 "o's m9d is /a9$ ) ?\ghts ( life & dea?1 or delib]ate action1 t is defilem5t4 ,! grasp+ ( ! ,tru? is ! function ( ev]yday-m9d$ness4 ,ev]yday-m9d$ness is free f int5tional action1 free f concepts ( "r & wrong1 tak+ & giv+1 ! f9ite or ! inf9ite4 4 4 4 ,all our daily activities--walk+1 /&+1 sitt+1 ly+ d[n--all response to situations1 our deal+s ) circum/ances z !y arise3 all ?is is ,tao4#i ,ma-tsu ev5tually left ,huai-jang 7if1 9 fact1 he ev] met him 9 ! fir/ place7 & presid$ ov] a community ( ,*'an disciples at ,k'ai- yuan temple 9 ,kiangsi4 ,?is 0 to be ! incubator = ! greate/ ?9k]s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & ! sett+ = "s ( ! f9e/ ,*'an anecdotes4 ,! anecdote1 incid5tally1 is ! p]fect ,*'an tea*+ device1 s9ce x =ces ! li/5] to f9d its mean+ 9 8 own inn] exp]i5ce4 ,! s]mon provid$ ! !oretical basis = an idea1 b ! anecdote %[$ ! !ory 9 action & made ! li/5] %>e 9 a real exp]i5ce1 if only vic>i\sly4 ,b fir/ we w beg9 ) a s]mon cr$it$ to him1 9 :i* he summ>izes ! philosophical position he held4 ,!re 0 no?+ p>ticul>ly new ab\t 8 und]/&+2 x 0 8 me?od t 0 novel4 ,8 s]mon said1 9 ess5ce1 t reality is m]ely our m9d1 & t enlight5m5t compris$ ! nonrational recognition ( ?is4 ,all ( y %\ld realize t y\r own m9d is ,buddha1 t is1 ?is m9d is ,buddha's ,m9d4 4 4 4 ,^? :o seek = ! ,tru? %\ld realize t !re is no?+ to seek4 ,!re is no ,buddha b ,m9d2 !re is no ,m9d b ,buddha4#aj ,aga9 !re is ! c\nsel aga9/ discrim9ations betwe5 good & evil1 s9ce ! orig9al ,m9d transc5ds ^!3 ,d n *oose :at is good1 nor reject :at is evil1 b r be free f purity & defilem5t4 ,!n y w realize ! empt9ess ( s94#aa ,?is is n a prea*m5t ( values2 r x is ! insight t !re is a reality beyond our puny discrim9ations4 ,if y c a*ieve ?is l>g] p]spective1 !n good & evil become an inconsequ5tial "p ( ! l>g] fl[ ( life4 ,8 s]mon !n returns to ! !me ( ! m9d z ! arbit] ( reality1 recall+ ! ,void ( ,nag>juna & po9t+ out t ev5 ! work+s ( ! m9d are ephem]al & possess no self-nature4 ,?\ghts p]petually *ange & _c be grasp$ because !y possess no self-nature4 ,! ,triple ,_w ( desire1 =m1 & beyond-=m is no?+ m ?an "o's m9d4 ,! multitud9\s univ]se is no?+ b ! te/imony ( "o ,dh>ma tru?4 ,:at are se5 z =ms are ! reflections ( ! m9d4 ,! m9d does n exi/ by itself2 its exi/5ce is manife/$ ?r\gh =ms4 4 4 4 ,if y are aw>e ( ?is m9d1 y w dress1 eat1 & act spontane\sly 9 life z x transpires1 & !reby cultivate y\r spiritual nature4 ,!re is no?+ m t ,i c tea* y4#ab ,! ess5ce ( ?is tea*+ is t reality is1 = u1 m]ely :at our m9d says x is1 & enlight5m5t or becom+ a ,buddha is m]ely com+ to t]ms ) ourselves & ) ?is tricky m9d t con/antly devises our reality = u4 ,?is cr$o is rememb]$ mo/ vividly 9 two anecdotes t 7 lat] en%r9$ 9 a fam\s collection ( koans call$ ! ,wu-m5 ,kuan 7or ,mumonkan 9 ,japanese74 ,9 bo? ( ^! anecdotes1 ,ma-tsu is ask$1 ,:at is ,buddha8--mean+ :at is ! spirituality t all seek4 ,9 "o he repli$1 ,m9d is ,buddha 7,mumonkan1 ,case #cj71 & 9 ! o!r anecdote he said1 ,no m9d1 no ,buddha 7,mumonkan1 ,case #cc71 :i* m]ely affirms t spirituality is 9 ! m9d1 & = its realization "o mu/ realize ! m9d4#ac ,9 ei!r in/ance he is m]ely foll[+ ! e>li] idea t !re is no reality & ?us no enlight5m5t outside ! m9d4 ,^! two ex*anges are "p ( a s+le anecdote ( ,ma-tsu record$ 9 ! *ronicles4 ,a monk ask$ :y ! ,ma/] ma9ta9$1 ,! ,m9d is ! ,buddha4 ,! ,ma/] answ]$1 ,because ,i want to /op ! cry+ ( a baby4 ,! monk p]si/$1 ,:5 ! cry+ has /opp$1 :at is x !n8 ,n ,m9d1 n ,buddha1 0 ! answ]4 ,h[ d y tea* a man :o does n uphold ei!r ( ^!8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,i w\ld tell him1 ',n ?+s4' ,! monk aga9 que/ion$1 ,if y met a man free f atta*m5t to all ?+s1 :at w\ld y tell him8 ,! ,ma/] repli$1 ,i w\ld let him exp]i5ce ! ,great ,tao4#ad ,z ! s*ol> ,john ,wu has po9t$ out1 ,?is dialogue reveals an important secret ab\t ,ma-tsu's art ( tea*+4 ,sometimes he us$ a positive =mula1 sometimes he us$ a negative =mula4 ,on ! surface !y are contradictory to ea* o!r4 ,b :5 we rememb] t he 0 us+ !m 9 answ]+ p]sons ( diff]5t grades ( atta9m5ts & intellig5ce1 ! contradiction disappe>s at once 9 ! light ( a high] unity ( purpose1 :i* 0 9 all cases to lead ! que/ion] to transc5d 8 pres5t /ate4#ae ,ano!r example ( a seem+ly contradictory position is record$ z a koan 9 ano!r fam\s collection1 ! ,blue ,cliff ,record 7,case #c74 ,9 ?is anecdote1 ,ma-tsu is ask$ "o day ab\t 8 heal?1 & he respond$ )1 ,sun-fac$ ,buddhas1 ,moon-fac$ ,buddhas4#af ,accord+ to a ,buddhi/ tradition1 a ,sun-fac$ ,buddha lives = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 a ,moon-fac$ ,buddha lives only a day & a night4 ,p]haps he 0 propos+ ^! two contradictory cases to demon/rate ! irrelevance ( an inquiry aft] 8 physical /ate4 ,x w\ld h be5 f> bett] if ! "q _h conc]n$ 8 m9d4 ,a /ory describ+ h[ ,ma-tsu h&l$ o!r tea*]s :o w&]$ by depicts v well ! way t he c\ld und]m9e logic & categorization4 ,9 a p>ticul>ly fam\s anecdote1 a visit+ tea*] propos$ a condition ( duality1 a condition equival5t to t ( a swit* t c be ei!r (f or on4 ,hav+ p]mitt$ ! tea*] to adopt ?is v un-,z5 position1 ,ma-tsu proce$s to demoli% him4 ,! /ory goes z foll[s3 ,a monk :o lectur$ on ,buddhism came to ! ,ma/] & ask$1 ,:at is ! tea*+ advocat$ by ! ,*'an ma/]s8 ,ma-tsu pos$ a c\nt]que/ion3 ,:at tea*+s d y ma9ta98 ,! monk repli$ t he _h lectur$ on m ?an tw5ty sutras & sa/ras4 ,! ,ma/] exclaim$1 ,are y n a lion8 ,! monk said1 ,i d n v5ture to say t4 ,! ,ma/] puff$ twice & ! monk comm5t$1 ,?is is ! way to tea* ,*'an4 ,ma-tsu retort$1 ,:at way d y mean8 & ! monk said1 ,! way ! lion leaves ! d54 ,! ,ma/] became sil5t4 ,imm$iately ! monk rem>k$1 ,?is is also ! way ( ,*'an tea*+4 ,at ?is ! ,ma/] aga9 ask$1 ,:at way d y mean8 ,! lion rema9s 9 8 d54 ,:5 !re is nei!r go+ out nor rema9+ 91 :at way w\ld y say ?is 08 ,! monk made no answ]4 4 4 4#ag ,ma-tsu _h pos$ a seem+ly unansw]able "q1 at lea/ a "q t logic c\ld n answ]4 ,?is provocative ex*ange1 lat] to be kn[n z a mondo1 0 a new tea*+ te*nique t dep>t$ significantly f ! e>li] me?ods ( ,hui-n5g & ,%5-hui1 :o m\nt$ a plat=m1 gave a s]mon1 & !n politely receiv$ que/ions f ! audi5ce4 ,b h[ did ,ma-tsu h&le ?is "q :5 x 0 pres5t$ to him8 ,he fell back on ! fact t reality is :at we make x1 & all ?+s return to ! m9d4 ,he once h&l$ ess5tially ! same "q t he put to ! visit+ monk1 %[+ h[ x c be done4 ,8 response is ! ess5ce ( ,z54 ,a monk once drew f\r l9es 9 front ( ,ma-tsu4 ,! top l9e 0 long & ! rema9+ ?ree 7 %ort4 ,he !n dem&$ ( ! ,ma/]1 ,besides say+ t "o l9e is long & ! o!r ?ree are %ort1 :at else c\ld y say8 ,ma-tsu drew "o l9e on ! gr\nd & said1 ,?is c\ld be call$ ei!r long or %ort4 ,t is my answ]4#ah ,language is deceptive4 ,b if x is us$ to con/ruct an anti-logical "q1 x c equally be us$ to con/ruct an anti-logical reply4 ,ma-tsu discov]$ & ref9$ :at seems to h elud$ ! e>li] tea*]s su* z ,hui-n5g & ,huai-jang3 namely1 ! trigg] me*anism = sudd5 enlight5m5t4 ,z not$ e>li]1 he orig9at$ ! use ( %\t+ & bl[s to precipitate enlight5m5t1 te*niques to become celebrat$ 9 lat] decades 9 ! h&s ( m5 su* z ,huang-po & ,l9-*i1 ma/]s :o %ap$ ! ,r9zai sect4 ,z a typical example1 !re is ! /ory ( a monk com+ to him to ask1 ,:at 0 ! purpose ( ,bodhidh>ma's com+ f ! ,we/8 :i* is ,*'an p>lance = ,:at is ! basic pr9ciple ( ,z58 ,z ! monk b[$ rev]5tly be=e ! old ma/] wait+ = ! reply t w\ld br+ x all toge!r1 ,ma-tsu knock$ him to ! gr\nd1 say+1 ,if ,i d n /rike y1 p all ov] ! c\ntry w laugh at me4 ,! hapless monk pick$ himself up (f ! gr\nd &--sudd5ly realiz+ he _h j ta/$ ! only reality !re is--0 enlight5$ on ! spot4#ai ,obvi\sly1 e box] does n exp]i5ce enlight5m5t :5 he receives a knock\t pun*4 ,! bl[ ( enlight5m5t is meant to rattle ! que/ion+ m9d & to disrupt1 if only = an in/ant1 its cl++ to ab/ractions & logic4 ,x seems almo/ z ?\gh enlight5m5t 7 a physical ph5om5on t sometimes c be/ be a*iev$ by a physical process--su* z a bl[ or a %\t4 ,! viol5ce seem$ to "w bo? ways1 = ! monks (t5 gave him a dose ( 8 own m$ic9e4 ,an example is report$ 9 ! foll[+ /ory3 ,x happ5$ once t 8 disciple ,y9-f5g 0 pu%+ along a c>t1 :ile ,ma-tsu 0 sitt+ on ! road ) 8 feet /ret*$ out4 ,y9- f5g reque/$ him to draw back 8 feet1 b ,ma-tsu said1 ,:at is /ret*$ out is n to be drawn back aga96 ,y9-f5g retort$1 ,once advanc$1 !re is no turn+ backw>d6'' ,disreg>d+ ! ma/]1 he kept pu%+ ! c>t until x ran ov] & injur$ 8 feet4 ,ma-tsu return$ to ! hall ) an axe 9 8 h&1 say+1 ,let ! "o :o a few mom5ts ago injur$ my feet ) 8 c>t come =w>d6 ,y9- f5g1 n to be daunt$1 came =w>d /ret*+ 8 neck 9 front ( ! ma/]4 ,! ma/] peacefully put d[n 8 axe4#bj ,! significance ( ?is /ory1 if x has any significance1 is t x conveys ! atmosph]e ( ,*'an mona/]ies ar\nd #gej4 ,x demon/rates t ! lead] ( a mona/]y _h to w9 8 spurs4 ,he _h to be t\gh]1 m audaci\s1 & fa/] ?an anybody else4 ,dur+ ! ,t'ang x 0 common to use ! ox z a metaphor = all t is uncontrollable 9 human nature4 ,! ox 0 n necess>ily bad2 x j _h to be gov]n$4 ,! rigor ) :i* ?is control 0 appli$ at ,ma-tsu's mona/]y is illu/rat$ 9 ! /ory conc]n+ "o ( ! disciples1 a =m] hunt] :o ,ma-tsu enc\nt]$ "o day work+ 9 ! mona/]y kit*54 ,:at are y do+8 ask$ ! ma/]--a "q t nev] got a /raight answ] f an enlight5$ ,*'an monk4 ,i am h]d+ an ox1 ! man repli$1 a metaphorical way ( say+ he 0 try+ to discipl9e himself4 ,& h[1 %ot back ,ma-tsu1 d y g ab\t t5d+ x8 ,! monk repli$1 ,:5ev] x />ts to g to grass i4e41 self-indulg5ce1 ,i yank x back by ! no/rils ! t5d] "p ( ! great animal4 ,to :i* ,ma-tsu admir+ly repli$1 ,if y really c d t by y\rself1 !n ,i may z well retire4#ba ,?is /ory illu/rates ! emphasis on self-control t 0 a "p ( ! ,*'an mona/]ies4 ,yet self-control 0 only to be practic$ = :at x gave 9 return4 ,!re 7 no value judgm5ts or rules t _h to be foll[$4 ,! po9t 0 to d :at seem$ ! mo/ rew>d+4 ,= example1 !re is a /ory t a local gov]nor ask$ ,ma-tsu1 ,ma/]1 %\ld ,i eat meat & dr9k w9e8 ,! ma/] did n give him a reply t impli$ a value judgm5t1 b r outl9$ ! rew>ds ( ! two possible pa?s3 ,to eat & dr9k is y\r natural "r1 to ab/a9 f meat & w9e is y\r *ance = great] bless$ness4#bb ,ma-tsu (t5 us$ ! /ructure ( language1 ) its natural capacity = p>allels1 z a tea*+ tool 9 itself4 ,ano!r "t a monk ask$1 :at is ! mean+ ( ,bodhidh>ma com+ f ! ,we/8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( y\r ask+ at ?is mom5t8 repli$ ! ,ma/]4#bc ,! monk 0 int]e/$ 9 ab/ract issues 7us+ ! ,*'an metaphor = enlight5m5t's mean+72 ,ma-tsu rem9d$ him t ! only reality t matt]$ 0 8 own be+1 8 own ne$s4 ,& he did x us+ almo/ id5tical language4 ,ma-tsu 0 con/antly te/+ 8 disciples1 keep+ !m on _! toes & re9=c+ _! enlight5m5t4 ,!re is ! /ory t "o ev5+ :ile enjoy+ ! moonlight ) ?ree ( 8 disciples 7includ+ ! two mo/ fam\s1 ,huai-hai & ,nan- *'uan71 he ask$ !m ! "q :at %\ld we d "r n[1 ?is v mom5t8--a typical ,z5 *all5ge4 ,"o ( ! monks said1 ,x w\ld be be/ to be /udy+ ! sutras ( ! anci5ts :o h a*iev$ enlight5m5t4 ,! monk ,huai-hai1 :o 0 lat] to receive ,ma-tsu's mantle1 c\nt]$1 ,x w\ld be good to practice m$itation4 ,at t po9t ,nan-*'uan1 ! ?ird monk1 simply rose1 %ook ! sleeves ( 8 robe1 & sil5tly walk$ away4 ,ma-tsu ackn[l$g$ ?is z ! "r answ] & decl>$1 ,! sutra scriptures are returnable to ! ,buddhi/ canon1 & m$itation to ! undiff]5tiat$ ocean1 b ,nan-*'uan alone leaps ov] & transc5ds ^!4#bd ,nan-*'uan's response 0 a triumph ( physical action & simplicity ov] religiosity & ab/raction4 ,ma-tsu is report$ 9 ! *ronicles to h _h #aci enlight5$ disciples1 _m ( :om w5t on to become ,*'an lead]s 9 _! own di/ricts4 ,! mo/ out/&+ 7 ! monks ,huai-hai & ,nan-*'uan & a layman nam$ ,p'ang--all ?ree ( :om are today rememb]$ 9 anecdotes t h become ,*'an scriptures4 ,b o!rs 7 probably j z active & enlight5$4 ,s\!rn ,*'an 0 exp&+1 ) m\nta9top retreats blossom+ ev]y:]e4 ,_m tea*]s probably h be5 =gott5 only because !y _h no disciples :o took ! pa9s to transcribe & pres]ve _! tea*+s4 ,ma-tsu himself also app>5tly wrote no?+1 b he 0 m =tunate 9 8 disciples4 ,9 any case1 he report$ly di$ 9 ! typical ,*'an way4 ,he pr$ict$ 8 dea? a mon? 9 advance1 & :5 ! "t came1 he ba!d1 assum$ ! m$itation po/ure1 & sil5tly pass$ on4 ,*apt] ,sev5 ,,huai-,,hai3 ,,fa!r ,,( ,,mona/ic ,,*',,an ,among ! _m celebrat$ disciples ( ,ma-tsu1 ! man ^: influ5ce has be5 mo/ p]vasive ?r\gh\t ! succe$+ c5turies 0 ,po- *ang ,huai-hai 7#gbj-had74 ,he is ! ma/] cr$it$ ) f\nd+ ! fir/ :olly ,*'an mona/]y1 ) devis+ a special set ( rules = ,*'an discipl9e1 & ) writ+ a closely argu$ treatise on sudd5 enlight5m5t4 ,:]eas ,ma-tsu & o!rs ( 8 disciples su* z ,nan- *'uan exp]im5t$ ) ways to help novices break ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( reason1 ,huai-hai exam9$ ! ph5om5on ( enlight5m5t itself & describ$ ! m5tal /ate ( prep>$ness necess>y to rea* ! ,o!r ,%ore4 ,huai-hai has be5 some:at unju/ifiably neglect$ by ! mod]n ,z5 movem5t1 p]haps because 8 expository /yle did n l5d itself to memorable anecdotes or koan cases4 ,! acc\nts ( ,huai-hai's orig9 are contradictory1 b he seems to h begun 8 ,buddhi/ /udies e>ly1 becom+ ! pupil ( a ma/] nam$ ,tao-*ih 9 a small t[n 9 ! pres5t-day prov9ce ( ,*ekiang4#a 7,x 0 ?is ma/] :o gave him ! religi\s "n ,huai-hai1 or ,ocean ( ,wisdom47 ,aft] he came to maturity1 ! /ory goes1 he he>d ( ! great ma/] ,ma-tsu 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi1 & he travel$ !re to /udy4 ,among ! _m anecdotes surr\nd+ ,huai-hai's /ay ) ,ma-tsu1 p]haps ! f9e/ is t ( ! auspici\s fir/ enc\nt]4 ,! /ory says t :5 ,huai-hai arriv$1 ! old ma/] imm$iately ask$ :at previ\s temple he _h travel$ f1 foll[$ by3 ,:at d y come "h to f9d8 ,huai-hai repli$1 ,i h come to discov] ! tru? ( ,buddha4 ,to ?is ,ma-tsu repli$1 ,:at c y expect to le>n f me8 ,:y d y ignore ! treasure 9 y\r own h\se & w&] s f> abroad8 ,und]/&ably puzzl$1 ,huai-hai ask$1 ,:at is ?is treasure t ,i h be5 ignor+8 ,to :i* came ! celebrat$ reply3 ,! "o :o que/ions me at ?is mom5t is y\r treasure4 ,ev]y?+ is complete 9 x4 ,x is lack+ 9 no?+1 & fur!rmore ! ?+s x possesses are inexhau/ible4 ,consid]+ t y c use ?is treasure freely1 :y !n d y p]si/ 9 w&]+ abroad8 ,x is said t ) ^! words ,huai-hai sudd5ly _h an intuitive1 non-rational acqua9tance ) 8 own m9d4#b ,among ! o!r classic tales ( ,huai-hai's appr5tice%ip "u ,ma-tsu is ! (t5 repeat$ acc\nt ( ! day ! two ( !m 7 walk+ toge!r along a pa? :5 sudd5ly a flock ( migratory geese 0 he>d pass+ ov]head4 ,ma-tsu turn$ to 8 pupil & ask$1 ,:at 0 t s\nd8 ,huai-hai innoc5tly repli$1 ,x 0 ! cry ( wild geese4 ,ma-tsu paus$ & !n dem&$ ( 8 pupil1 ,:]e h !y gone8 ,huai-hai said1 ,!y h fl[n away4 ,?is 0 an unacceptably drab1 /raight=w>d answ] = a ,z5 man1 & 9 disgu/ ,ma-tsu :irl$1 grabb$ ,huai-hai's nose1 & twi/$ x until 8 disciple cri$ out 9 panic1 caus+ ,ma-tsu to obs]ve1 ,s y ?\ght !y _h fl[n away4 ,yet !y 7 "h all ! "t4#c ,! leg5ds say t ?is ex*ange1 9 ! typical h>% /yle ( ,ma- tsu1 caus$ ,huai-hai to confront 8 orig9al nature4 ,:at ,ma-tsu _h done 0 to give 8 pupil a vivid lesson 9 ! concept ( an indivisible unity :i* p]vades ! _w2 ?+s d n come & g-- !y are !re always1 "p ( a p]man5t fabric4 ,huai-hai 0 be+ invit$ to /op view+ ! _w z a fragm5t$ collection ( elem5ts & see x r z a unifi$ :ole4 ,! int]actions ( ma/] & novice 7 always dynamic4 ,= example1 ano!r /ory says t "o day ,ma-tsu ask$ ,huai-hai h[ he w\ld tea* ,*'an4 ,huai-hai respond$ by hold+ up a du/ :isk v]tically4 ,ma-tsu cont9u$ by ask+ him1 ,is ?is all !re is8 ,is !re no?+ m8 ,huai-hai repli$ by ?r[+ d[n ! :isk4 7,"o int]pret] has said t rais+ ! du/ :isk reveal$ ! m9d's function1 :]eas ?r[+ x d[n return$ function to ! m9d's sub/ance47#d ,accord+ to "s v]sions ( ?is episode1 ,ma-tsu respond$ by %\t+ at ! top ( 8 lungs1 r5d]+ ,huai-hai deaf = ?ree days4 ,?is %\t is said to h be5 ! occasion ( ,huai-hai's f9al enlight5m5t4 ,huai-hai seems to h be5 a k9dly man1 w>m & p]sonable1 n giv5 to ! r\ghh\se me?ods ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,in/ead ( flamboyance1 we f9d a fri5dly type :o conc5trat$ on guid+ a community ( disciples 7sometimes call$ a ,z5 =e/7 & giv+ a help+ h& to all4 ,we w pass ov] ! _m o!r anecdotes involv+ 8 /ay ) ,ma-tsu & turn in/ead to 8 m significant contributions to ! gr[? ( ,*'an4#e ,^! fall into two major categories3 ,fir/1 he f\nd$ ! fir/ :olly ,*'an mona/]y & = x =mulat$ a set ( mona/ic rules t are today /ill respect$ 9 ,z5 mona/]ies2 & second1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,s\!rn ,*'an ma/]s to explore ! psy*ology ( sudd5 enlight5m5t & to write a lucid analysis ( ! m5tal prep>ation x requir$4 ,be=e detail+ ,huai-hai's contribution to mona/ic ,*'an1 p]haps x w\ld be well to recall briefly ! "* ( ! traditional ,buddhi/ mona/]y 9 ,*9a dur+ ! ,t'ang 7#fah-ijg7 era4 ,buddhi/ mona/]ies _h long be5 gov]n$ by a set ( rules kn[n z ! v9aya4 ,^! rules prescrib$ ev]y?+ f ! color ( ! robes = ! prie/hood to ! p5alties atta*$ to eat+ onions or g>lic 7=bidd5 prim>ily because !y 7 ?\ght to be /imulants1 n necess>ily because ( _! social liabilities 9 close qu>t]s74 ,!re 7 also "s specific & q solemn comm&m5ts--= example1 monks or nuns c\ld be expell$ f ! community = /eal+1 kill+1 ly+1 or sexual congress4 ,orig9at+ 9 ,india1 ^! rules _h be5 subsequ5tly transplant$ to ,*9a1 :]e !y gradually 7 made ev5 m /rict1 al?\gh _! en=cem5t app>5tly 0 n always rigor\s4 ,p]haps because ( ?is laxity ! ,t'ang regime e/abli%$ p5alties ev5 m sev]e ?an ^? impos$ by ! ,buddhi/ au?orities4 ,= example1 :]eas ! v9aya indirectly c\nt5anc$ ! eat+ ( meat 7?r\gh ! loophole t all *>itable gifts mu/ be accept$ s9ce !y give ! laity m]it1 & if a gift happ5$ to be meat x /ill _h to be consum$ = ! sake ( ! donor71 ! ,t'ang gov]nm5t prescrib$ ?irty days ( h>d labor = monks caught p>tak+4 ,s9ce citiz5s ent]+ ,buddhi/ ord]s 7 tak5 (f ! tax rolls1 ! gov]nm5t took pa9s to ensure t mona/ic life 0 rigor\s en\gh to disc\rage simple tax dodg]s4#g ,al?\gh ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ s*ools 7 almo/ all memb]s ( ! side ( ,buddhism kn[n z ,mahayana1 !y app>5tly foll[$ ! rules ( ,!ravada ,buddhism1 s9ce ! latt] 7 cle>] & m easily und]/ood4#h ,huai-hai decid$ to m]ge ! two sets ( rules & f !m to devise a new set ( guidel9es specifically = ,*'an1 !reby creat+ a code ( mona/ic discipl9e t ev5tually w\ld rule ,z5 behavior ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! record conc]n+ h[ ! ,*'an mona/ic sy/em initially 0 e/abli%$ is less detail$ ?an we might wi%4 ,! leg5d>y ,f\r? ,patri>*1 ,tao-hs91 0 said to h be5 ! fir/ dhyana ma/] to settle d[n 9 "o place & nurture a b& ( disciples4 ,dhyana tea*]s seem to h alli$ !mselves ) ! conv5tional ,buddhi/s 9 ! decades t foll[$1 liv+ 9 _! mona/]ies mu* z ! h]mit crab f9ds a home 9 ! %ells ( o!r species4 ,if _! numb]s 7 l>ge !y might h _! own sep>ate qu>t]s1 b !y /ill _h to respect ! rules ( _! ho/ sect1 :i* m (t5 ?an n 0 ! ,v9aya s*ool4#i ,gradually1 h[ev]1 a trans=mation occurr$1 z ,*'an ma/]s became increas+ly di/+ui%able f ! lead]s ( o!r sects & ,*'an itself grew to increas+ proportions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\?4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! man :o made mona/ic ,*'an a reality 0 ,ma-tsu's pupil ,po-*ang ,huai-hai4 ,9 ! record$ anecdotes ,huai-hai is *>act]iz$ z a level-head$1 pragmatic man :om "o c easily imag9e hav+ sup]ior adm9i/rative ability4 ,z ,john ,wu *>act]izes 8 rules1 ,x 0 ?is rule ( ,huai-hai t in/itut$ = ! fir/ "t ! ,z5 mona/ic sy/em4 ,9 its emphasis on moral discipl9e & its matt] ( factness1 x is comp>able to ! ,holy ,rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,! duties ( ! ,abbot & v>i\s function>ies "u him are meticul\sly def9$4 ,! daily life ( ! monks is regulat$ 9 detail4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ are ! rites ( tak+ v[s & ! univ]sal duty ( work+ 9 ! fields4#aj ,x is difficult to say exactly :at 0 ! nature ( ! rules ,huai- hai =mulat$1 s9ce 8 orig9al precepts h be5 reca/ a numb] ( times d[n ?r\gh ! ye>s1 ) ! e>lie/ surviv+ v]sion be+ t pres]v$ 9 a #abhb ,*9ese ,yuan ,dyna/y docum5t call$ ! ,holy ,rule ( ,po-*ang ,huai-hai4 ,if we look beyond ! details1 h[ev]1 we see t 8 emphasis on ! creation ( a self-support+ mona/ic e/abli%m5t 0 9 a s5se a fur!r s9icization ( ,indian ,buddhism1 ?r\gh ! rejection ( begg+ z ! prim>y means ( support4 7,begg+ 0 n ab&on$ entirely1 s9ce x is valuable = tea*+ humility2 in/ead x 0 reta9$ 9 a regulat$1 symbolic =m1 b made a second l9e ( economic def5se47 ,! mona/]ies 7 int5d$ to survive on _! own1 s9ce ,huai-hai insi/$ t m$itation & wor%ip be integrat$ ) physical labor4 ,:]eas ! ideal ,indian holy man 0 "o :o reli$ on begg+1 ,huai-hai believ$ t 9 ,*9a x 0 holi] to "w = a liv+4 ,?is 0 ! core ( 8 tea*+s1 z symboliz$ 9 8 fam\s manife/o3 ,a day )\t "w is a day )\t food4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m sympa!tically receiv$ among ! ,*9ese1 & ,huai-hai is probably rightly cr$it$ ) inoculat+ ,*'an aga9/ ! gov]nm5tal p]secution ( #hde t de/roy$ s _m o!r ,buddhi/ sects4 ,he practic$ :at he prea*$1 & ev5 :5 he rea*$ old age he cont9u$ to toil 9 ! fields4 ,9 fact1 8 disciples f9ally became s conc]n$ = 8 heal? t !y took ! unprec$5t$ /ep ( hid+ 8 g>d5+ hoe4 ,b true to 8 rule1 he refus$ to eat until x 0 return$4 ,p]haps we c inf] some?+ ( ,huai-hai's regulations f ! r\t9e 9 contempor>y ,z5 mona/]ies 7( ! ,r9zai sect74#aa ,monks rise well be=e light 7be=e !y c see ! l9es 9 ! palm ( _! h&71 & aft] _! morn+ toilet !y ga!r 9 ! ma9 hall = sunrise devotions--9 ?is case rapid *ant+ ( scriptures1 a device m = develop+ p[]s ( conc5tration ?an = piety4 ,!y !n return to ! m$itation hall1 :]e *ant+ resumes4 ,next comes breakfa/1 usually pla9 rice ) a mode/ vegetable g>ni%1 & !n back to ! m$itation hall = c]emonial tea & ann\ncem5ts ( ! day's s*$ule4 ,aft]w>d ea* monk meets individually ) ! ma/] 9 8 qu>t]s1 :]e ! monk's enlight5m5t is te/$ & a koan may be assign$4 7,! ma/]1 incid5tally1 enjoys a private room2 ! monks sleep toge!r 9 a common hall1 arrang$ accord+ to rank47 ,aft] ?is1 ! monks att5d to ! g>d5 & gr\nds ( ! mona/]y1 & lat] 9 ! morn+ !re may be begg+ or visits to lay patrons = donations4 ,aft] lun* 7! ma9 meal2 its leftov]s are supp]7 !re is m "w 9 ! g>d5 ( ! mona/]y1 plant+ & h>ve/+1 z well z repair+ ! build+s or o!r ma9t5ance *ores4 ,lat] on !re may be m *ant+1 z well z clean+ & upkeep ( ! int]ior ( ! build+s4 ,& 9 betwe5 !re may be m$itation4 ,!n z nightfall desc5ds ! ev5+ bell r+s out to signify ! "w day's end+4 ,dur+ ! ev5+ ! monk may m$itate m or receive fur!r in/ruction f ! ma/] or 8 bro!rs4 ,f9ally1 late 9 ! ev5+1 to b$--at ! end ( a long day4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re are also _m special days on :i* meals1 c]emonies1 or activities may assume a diff]5t "*4 ,x is significant t ! mona/]ies ( e>ly ,*'an are said n to h _h a ,buddha hall or a place = wor%ip2 r !y _h only a ,dh>ma or lecture hall1 9 :i* ! ma/] gave a talk1 foll[$ by %>p ex*anges ) 8 disciples1 :o (t5 7 r[dy & sometimes left at w to demon/rate _! indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,^! 7 places ( irrev]5ce & unfett]$ intellectual inquiry2 & app>5tly !re 0 no en=c$ /udy ( ! traditional ,buddhi/ lit]ature4 ,) mona/]ies ( _! own :]e !y c\ld d z !y pleas$1 ! ,*'an ma/]s f\nd _! rebellion complete4 ,!irs n[ 0 an unhamp]$ se>* = ! p]5nial philosophy4 ,) ?is 9 m9d we may n[ turn to ! psy*ological tea*+s ( ! lawgiv] ,huai-hai4 ,unlike ! piecemeal /ory ( 8 contribution to mona/ic life1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 _s m ?an 9 lett]1 ! writ+s on enlight5m5t t be> 8 "n are r firmly attribut$4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a significant new aspect ( ,*'an hi/ory1 s9ce 8 "w repres5ts "o ( ! olde/ docum5ts actually compos$ by a ma/]--z comp>$ to a s]mon transcrib$ & edit$ by "s foll[]4 ,accord+ to ! extant writ+s1 aft] ,huai-hai _h /udi$ ) ,ma-tsu = sev]al ye>s1 he return$ to 8 home temple to c>e = 8 fir/ ma/]1 ,tao-*ih1 :o 0 by !n ag$ & ill--an act ( duty any ,*9ese w\ld imm$iately und]/&4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is return visit ) 8 old ma/] t he compos$ a treatise sett+ =? ! !oretical basis ( sudd5 enlight5m5t4 ,x is said t :5 ?is docum5t 0 %[n to ,ma-tsu1 he comp>$ ,huai-hai to a great pe>l ^: lu/] p5etrat$ all "t & space4 7,curi\sly1 ,ma- tsu himself appe>s n to h made a great fuss ab\t ! mean+ ( sudd5 enlight5m5t1 seem+ly tak+ ! !ory = grant$ & mov+ along to ! practice47 ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huai-hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation 0 compos$ 9 ! =m ( an imag9>y "q-&-answ] session1 9 :i* ,huai-hai effectively int]view$ himself on ! "q ( sudd5 enlight5m5t & ! specific problems a p]son might enc\nt] 9 try+ to prep>e = x4 ,he /ress$ t "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s to d 0 to susp5d mak+ value judgm5ts ab\t ?+s1 s9ce ?is leads almo/ directly to splitt+ ?+s into camps ( good & bad1 likes & dislikes4 ,?is op5s "o to ! _w ( categories & dualities1 j ! opposite f on5ess4 ,accord+ to ,huai-hai1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is /rive =3 4 4 4 total rel9qui%m5t ( ideas z to ! dual nature ( good & bad1 be+ & non-be+1 love & av]sion1 void & non-void1 conc5tration & di/raction1 pure & impure4 ,by giv+ all ( !m up1 we atta9 to a /ate 9 :i* all opposites are se5 z void4 4 4 4 ,once we atta9 t /ate1 n a s+le =m c be disc]n$4 ,:y8 ,because our self-nature is immat]ial & does n cat* a s+le ?+ =eign to itself4 ,t :i* conta9s no s+le ?+ is true ,reality4 4 4 4#ab ,! desire to avoid love & av]sion is inextricably ti$ ) ! fre$om f di/9ctions1 duality1 judgm5ts1 or prejudices3 ,wisdom means ! ability to di/+ui% e sort ( good & evil2 dhyana means t1 ?\gh mak+ ^! di/9ctions1 y rema9 :olly unaffect$ by love or av]sion = !m4#ac ,else:]e he describes ?is goal z3 ,be+ able to behold m51 wom5 & all ! v>i\s sorts ( appe>ances :ile rema9+ z free f love & av]sion z if !y 7 actually n se5 at all4 4 4 4#ad ,9 ?is mann] we c op]ate on ! pr9ciple ( unity1 ev5 9 a _w :]e appe>ances h multiplicity4 ,b h[ exactly c we say t all ?+s are "o8 ,x is n some?+ t c be fully und]/ood ) ! rational m9d1 & initially x mu/ be tak5 p>tly on fai?1 z a hold+ action until we c und]/& x intuitively4 ,8 translator ,john ,bl(eld uses ! traditional ,buddhi/ analogy ( ! sea1 :i* is bo? con/antly *ang+ & yet et]nally *angeless3 ,contemplation ( ! movem5t & %ift+ composition ( sea-waves is a useful symbolical approa*2 =1 n only are ! waves & ! sea id5tical 9 sub/ance1 b also a giv5 wave does n pres]ve its individual id5tity = a s+le mom5t z ! wat] compos+ x is nev] = an in/ant entirely ! same2 ?us1 by ! "t x rea*es u f a di/ance1 e drop x conta9s w be o!r ?an ! drops compos+ x :5 we saw x fir/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sea-wat] is sea-wat] & ! wave is entirely compos$ ( t4 ,ea* wave is void--a m]e fluctuat+ appe>ance id5tical 9 sub/ance ) e o!r wave & ) ! entire ocean4 4 4 4#ae ,waves are a p]fect metaphor = ! idea ( ev]y?+ & no?+ at once1 s9ce !y are bo? ephem]al & "p ( a l>g] reality1 ! sea1 out ( :i* !y em]ge1 assume a physical appe>ance1 & !n dissolve4 ,!y seem to exi/1 yet y _c grasp & hold !m4 ,!y are bo? exi/+ & nonexi/5t4 ,?us !y resemble ! ,void1 a k9d ( en]gy t manife/s itself ?r\gh div]se illusory objects ( ! s5ses1 b :i* is itself ungraspable1 *angeless unity4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 p]haps x is easi] to und]/& ,huai-hai :5 he decl>es3 ,! nature ( ! ,absolute is void & yet n void4 ,h[ s8 ,! m>vell\s sub/ance ( ! ,absolute1 hav+ nei!r =m nor %ape1 is !re=e undiscov]able2 h5ce x is void4 ,nev]!less1 t immat]ial1 =mless sub/ance conta9s functions z num]\s z ! s&s ( ! ,ganges1 functions :i* respond unfail+ly to circum/ances1 s x is also describ$ z n void4#af ,by focus+ on ?is idea ( unity 9 an ,absolute1 we also int]act ) our own p]ception ( "t4 ,s9ce x is important t ! m9d n dwell on any?+1 naturally en\gh ?is applies to "t z well z space4 ,if y want to und]/& ! non-dwell+ m9d v cle>ly1 :ile y are actually sitt+ 9 m$itation1 y mu/ be cognizant only ( ! m9d4 4 4 4 ,:atev] is pa/ is pa/1 s d n sit 9 judgm5t ^u x2 = :5 m9d+ ab\t ! pa/ ceases ( itself1 x c be said t !re is no long] any pa/4 ,:atev] is 9 ! future is n "h yet1 s d n direct y\r hopes & long+s t[>ds x2 =1 :5 m9d+ ab\t ! future ceases ( itself1 x c be said t !re is no future4 ,:atev] is pres5t is n[ at h&2 j be consci\s ( y\r non-atta*m5t to ev]y?+--non-atta*m5t 9 ! s5se ( n all[+ any love or av]sion = any?+ to ent] y\r m9d2 =1 :5 m9d+ ! pres5t ceases ( itself1 we may say t !re is no pres5t4#ag ,he has tak5 ! idea ( ! n[ to an int]e/+ new dim5sion4 ,by cutt+ (f ?\ghts ( pa/ & future1 y n only save y\rself m5tal angui%1 y also no long] ne$ di/+ui% ! idea ( ! pres5t 4 4 4 & y h j elim9at$ a major aspect ( atta*m5t4 ,huai-hai is n bl9d to ! difficulty ( su* rigor\s m9d control1 & he (f]s "s ( ! fir/ practical advice f a ,*'an ma/] = controll+ ! m9d4 ,n surpris+ly1 x is an admonition to /op try+ s h>d1 to j focus on goals r ?an =c+ ! m9d's behavior4 ,= example1 if y are m$itat+ & y\r m9d wants to me&] & look = some?+ to dwell on1 :at %\ld y d8 ,%\ld y\r m9d w&] away1 d n foll[ x1 :]eupon y\r w&]+ m9d w /op w&]+ ( its own accord4 ,%\ld y\r m9d desire to l+] some:]e1 d n foll[ x & d n dwell !re1 :]eupon y\r m9d's que/+ = a dwell+ place w cease ( its own accord4 ,!reby1 y w come to possess a non-dwell+ m9d--a m9d :i* rema9s 9 ! /ate ( non-dwell+4 ,if y are fully aw>e 9 y\rself ( a non-dwell+ m9d1 y w discov] t !re is j ! fact ( dwell+1 ) no?+ to dwell ^u or n to dwell ^u4 ,?is full aw>5ess 9 y\rself ( a m9d dwell+ ^u no?+ is kn[n z hav+ a cle> p]ception ( y\r own m9d or1 9 o!r words1 z hav+ a cle> p]ception ( y\r own nature4#ah ,by way ( wrapp+ up 8 treatise1 he summ>izes 8 te*nique = sudd5 illum9ation 9 a bold manife/o3 ,y %\ld "k t sett+ =? ! pr9ciple ( deliv]ance 9 its entirety am\nts only to ?is--,,:5 ,,?+s ,,happ51 ,,make ,,no ,,response3 ,,keep ,,y\r ,,m9ds ,,f ,,dwell+ ,,on ,,any ,,?+ ,,:atsoev]3 ,,keep ,,!m ,,=ev] ,,/ill ,,z ,,! ,,void ,,& ,,utt]ly ,,pure4#ai ,p]haps x is "t we ask$ :at exactly is ! po9t ( all ?is4 ,:5 we h a*iev$ 8 goal1 we h effectively cut (f all atta*m5ts1 rationality1 disc]nm5t1 values1 s5sations4 ,b :y w\ld we want to d ?is 9 ! fir/ place8 ,huai-hai answ]s t by releas+ ourselves f ?is enslav+ bondage to our ego & its atta*m5ts1 we become ! ma/]s ( our own be+1 free to exp]i5ce ! _w b no long] at its m]cy4 ,& fur!rmore we no long] h ev5 to ?9k ab\t be+ 9 ! /ate ( no-?\ght4 ,x is ?is natural /ate ( wisdom t is our goal4 ,conc5tration 7dhyana7 involves ! /ill+ ( y\r m9d 4 4 4 s t y rema9 :olly unmov$ by surr\nd+ ph5om5a4 ,wisdom means t y\r /illness ( m9d is n di/urb$ by y\r giv+ any ?\ght to t /illness1 t y\r purity is unm>r$ by y\r ent]ta9+ any ?\ght ( purity & t1 9 ! mid/ ( su* pairs ( opposites z good & evil1 y are able to di/+ui% betwe5 !m )\t be+ /a9$ by !m &1 9 ?is way1 to rea* ! /ate ( be+ p]fectly at ease & free ( all dep5d5ce4#bj ,?is is ! /ate call$ enlight5m5t1 a new way ( exp]i5c+ reality t relies entirely ^u intuition4 ,!n we realize t all ?is "t our rational m9d has be5 lead+ u along1 tell+ u t appe>ances are real & yet keep+ u f really exp]i5c+ ?+s fir/h&1 s9ce ! rational m9d believes 9 names1 categories1 duality4 ,consequ5tly1 be=e ?is sudd5 mom5t ( intuitive und]/&+1 we saw ! _w z ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 ) ourselves z subject & ! falsely p]ceiv$ ext]ior _w z object4 ,aft] ?is exp]i5ce we see ?+s cle>ly1 b we p]ceive !m = :at !y really are--creations ( m9d z devoid ( g5u9e sub/ance z ! _w we create 9 our dreams or ! ocean's waves t we c see b _c hold4 ,kn[+ ?is1 we c reg>d ! _w dispassionately1 no long] caught 9 ! web ( ego involvem5t t enslaves ^? n yet enlight5$4 ,s9ce ?is :ole _w view only c be und]/ood intuitively1 x is n surpris+ t x mu/ "o day dawn on y :5 y lea/ expect1 l a sudd5 inspiration t hits y aft] logic has fail$4 ,huai-hai's in/ructions are int5d$ to be prep>ations = ?is mom5t1 attributes to adopt t w make y ready & receptive :5 y\r sudd5 enlight5m5t hits4 ,huai-hai's concept ( sudd5 enlight5m5t 0 q /raight=w>d1 & x app>5tly 0 n absolutely necess>y t m$itation be employ$4 7,9 fact1 he has def9$ dhyana z a /ate ( m9d1 n an action47 ,enlight5m5t is release f ! ego1 ! prim>y ?+ /&+ 9 ! way ( m5tal peace 9 a _w ( gett+ & sp5d+1 ( conflict & competition4 ,! anci5t ,*'an ma/]s knew well ! griefs & m5tal di/ress t haunt ! he>t ( man1 & ?9k]s su* z ,huai-hai explor$ its cure m fully ?an we realize today4 ,*apt] ,eight ,,nan-,,*',,uan ,,& ,,*ao-,,*\3 ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,! ,,irrational ,nan-*'uan ,p'u-yuan ,! be/-rememb]$ disciple ( ,ma-tsu 0 ,nan-*'uan ,p'u-yuan 7#gdh- #hce71 f\nd] ( a fam\s mona/]y & a brilliant if %ort-liv$ l9eage ^: f9e/ example 0 8 pupil ,*ao-*\ ,ts'ung-%5 7#ggh- #hig74 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp reports t ,nan-*'uan 0 born 9 ! ,nor? ,*9a prov9ce ( ,honan4#a ,he began /udy ( m$itation at age t51 & accord+ to ! ,biographies ( ,em95t ,monks compil$ 9 ! ,sung 7,sung kao-s5g *uan7 he w5t to /udy ,buddhism on ,mt4 ,sung1 ne> ,loyang1 :5 he 0 ?irty & became a prie/ ( traditional ,buddhism1 app>5tly ( ! ,v9aya s*ool4#b ,aft] 8 ord9ation1 he travel$ to v>i\s ( ! bett]-kn[n mona/]ies1 p]fect$ 8 k ( ,buddhi/ scriptures1 & l&$ f9ally at ! m\nta9 e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*'an ma/] ,ma-tsu4 ,! leg5d says t al?\gh !re 7 eight hundr$ foll[]s ( ,ma- tsu1 ! precoci\s ,nan-*'uan 0 imm$iately elevat$ to ! position ( ! =emo/ disciple1 & none ( ! o!rs v5tur$ to debate ) him4#c ,he f9ally a*iev$ 8 complete enlight5m5t "u ! old ma/]4 ,x is n cle> :5 he arriv$ or h[ long he /ay$ ) ,ma- tsu1 b he report$ly left ! mona/]y 9 #gie--;z he ne>$ fifty--& f\nd$ 8 own community on ,mt4 ,nan-*'uan1 a location 9 ,anhwei prov9ce nor? ( ,kiangsi1 build+ ! orig9al lodg+ ) 8 own h&s & attract+ sev]al hundr$ disciples4 ,8 mo/ fam\s foll[]1 aside f ! lat] ma/] ,*ao-*\1 0 ! layman ,lu ,hsuan1 ! prov9cial gov]nor ( ! ,hsuan di/rict4 ,! /ory says t aft] resid+ 9 8 m\nta9 retreat = ?irty ye>s1 )\t once v5tur+ out1 he f9ally acc$$ to ! reque/s ( ! gov]nor to come d[n & tea* ,*'an to ! p on ! pla94 ,he ?us enjoy$ a great fame z a tea*] ( ,*'an1 al?\gh today he is rememb]$ by anecdotes r ?an by any attribut$ writ+s4 ,! gov]nor seems to h be5 puzzl$ by "s ( ! tea*+s ( ,s5g-*ao 7#chd-dad71 ! e>ly1 pre-,*'an ,buddhi/4 ,he specifically ask$ ,nan-*'uan ! mean+ ( a /atem5t 9 ,! ,book ( ,*ao t all ?+s come f ! same s\rce & accord+ly !re c be no diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 :i* are !mselves ! same1 by virtue ( a common orig94 ,! /ory says t ,nan-*'uan po9t$ to a pat* ( peonies 9 ! g>d5 & said1 ,gov]nor1 :5 p ( ! pres5t day see ^! blossoms1 x is z if !y see !m 9 a dream4#d ,! po9t se]ns to be t ! un5light5$ _c fully p]ceive ! fl[] z x really is1 _c exp]i5ce x directly & purely4 ,in/ead x is approa*$ z an object ap>t f ! view]1 ! subject4 ,x is n se5 z an ext5sion ( 8 or h] own reality4 ,! ord9>y m9d p]mits ?is di*otomy ( nature1 b 9 ! ,z5 m9d1 man & fl[] become "o1 m]g$ into a seamless fabric ( life4 ,?is is ! k9d ( /atem5t t 9 lat] ye>s w\ld be isolat$ f ! *ronicles & made into a public case or koan1 a tea*+ device = novices4 ,its mean+ is n meant to be disc]n$ ?r\gh ! logical processes1 & ev5 less ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4 ,:5 a lat] ma/] 0 ask$ :at ,nan-*'uan _h meant1 he answ]$ ) ! equally enigmatic ,pass me a brick4#e ,! o!r celebrat$ /ory ab\t ! gov]nor is p]haps easi] to und]/&4 ,! /ory says t "o day ,lu ,hsuan pos$ ! foll[+ problem to ,nan-*'uan3 ,:at if ,i told y t a man _h rais$ a goose 9 a bottle1 wat*+ x gr[ until "o day he realiz$ t x _h gr[n too l>ge to pass ?r\gh ! bottle's neck8 ,s9ce he did n want to break ! bottle or kill ! goose1 h[ w\ld he get x out8 ,nan-*'uan began quietly1 ,my e/eem$ gov]nor1 & !n he %\t$1 ,,! ,,goose ,,is ,,out6 ,! /ory says t ,lu ,hsuan sudd5ly 0 enlight5$ on ! spot4#f ,nan-*'uan _h %[n t "o :o pos$ a hypo!tical "q c\ld be answ]$ by an equally hypo!tical response4 ,!re is a common ,*'an 7& ,taoi/7 ref]5ce to a tru? be+ caught 9 ! net ( words4 ,"h ,nan-*'uan %[s h[ to extract tru? f v]bal encumbrances4 ,ano!r anecdote rec\nts a simil> incid5t3 ,a monk said to ,nan-*'uan1 ,!re is a jewel 9 ! sky2 h[ c we get hold ( x8 ,nan-*'uan said1 ,cut d[n bamboos & make a ladd]1 put x up 9 ! sky1 & get hold ( x6'' ,! monk said1 ,h[ c ! ladd] be put up 9 ! sky8 ,nan-*'uan said1 ,h[ c y d\bt y\r gett+ hold ( ! jewel8#g ,_m ( 8 f9e/ ex*anges ) pupils are pres]v$ 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp4 ,= maximum impact x is p]haps be/ to lean back & let 8 wordplay wa% ov] ! rational m9d l a cool1 cleans+ surf4 ,z ) ! ,taoi/ ,*uang ,tzu1 ! be/ way to compreh5d ?is antilogical ph5om5on is to =get ab\t try+ to grasp x intellectually1 = only !n c we und]/&4 ,! ,gov]nor said1 ,!re is a piece ( /one 9 my h\se4 ,sometimes x /&s up & sometimes x lies d[n4 ,n[1 c x be c>v$ into ! image ( ,buddha8 ,yes1 x is possible1 answ]$ ! ,ma/]4 ,b x is impossible to d s8 c\nt]$ ! ,gov]nor4,x is impossible6 ,x is impossible6 exclaim$ ! ,ma/]4#h ,?is dialogue s\nds almo/ z ?\gh x 7 f an undiscov]$ sc5e f ,wait+ = ,godot1 z ,vladimir & ,e/ragon te/ ! mean+lessness ( language4 ,& = pure ,ionesco1 x is h>d to top ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,once ,ma/] ,nan-*'uan told ,kuei-tsung & ,ma-yu t he 0 go+ to take !m ) him to visit ,nan-yang ,hui-*ung1 ! ,national ,tea*]4 ,be=e !y began _! j\rney1 ,nan-*'uan drew a circle on ! road & said1 ,z soon z y give a "r answ] we w be on our way4 ,!reupon ,kuei-tsung sat d[n inside ! circle & ,ma-yu b[$ 9 woman's fa%ion4 ,! ,ma/] said to !m1 ,judg+ by ?is answ]1 x w n be necess>y to g4#i ,! attitude ( ,nan-*'uan t[>d conv5tional pieties1 z well z t[>d ! societal1 rationali/ic conc]ns ( ,confucianism1 are p]haps be/ illu/rat$ by ! f>ewell he gave to 8 di/+ui%$ foll[]3 ,:5 ,gov]nor ,lu 0 ab\t to return to 8 (fice 9 ,hsuan-*5g1 he came to bid ! ,ma/] good-bye4 ,! latt] ask$ him1 ,gov]nor1 y are go+ back to ! capital4 ,h[ w y gov]n ! p8 ,! ,gov]nor repli$1 ,i w gov]n !m ?r\gh wisdom4 ,! ,ma/] rem>k$1 ,if ?is is true1 ! p w suff] = x4#aj ,nan-*'uan _h a refre%+ lack ( pomposity t w\ld h well s]v$ a good _m o!r ,z5 ma/]s1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,:5 ! ,ma/] 0 wa%+ 8 clo!s1 a monk said1 ,ma/]6 ,y /ill are n free f '?is'8 ,ma/] ,nan-*'uan repli$1 lift+ ! clo!s1 ,:at c y d ab\t '?is'8#aa ,?is calls to m9d ! anecdote conc]n+ ,alex&] ! ,great1 :o :5 ask$ if he 0 a god z _h be5 widely report$1 respond$ by sugge/+ t ! "q be direct$ to ! man :o c>ri$ out 8 *amb] pot4 ,8 attitude t[>d ! great ,*'an tea*]s ( ! pa/ seems simil>ly lack+ 9 awe4 ,a monk inquir$1 ,f patri>* to patri>* !re is a transmission4 ,:at is x t !y transmit to "o ano!r8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five4 ,! monk ask$1 ,:at is t :i* 0 possess$ by ! anci5ts8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,:5 x c be possess$1 ,i w tell y4 ,! monk said dubi\sly1 ,ma/]1 :y %\ld y lie8 ,! ,ma/] repli$1 ,i d n lie4 ,! ,six? ,patri>* ,hui-n5g li$4#ab ,nan-*'uan 0 accu/om$ to ! r\gh-&-tumble ( ,ma-tsu's mona/]y1 a place ( %\t+1 beat+1 h>angues1 insults1 m9dless int]views1 mislead+ clues1 & m9d-fatigu+ irrelevancies4 ,yet x 0 all done ) a high int5sity & int5d$ = ! q noble purpose ( =c+ a disciple to f9d 8 own fir/ nature1 8 own enlight5m5t4 ,! mona/]y z x develop$ "u ^! wild m5 ( ,s\!rn ,*'an 0 no?+ less ?an a high-pressure cell = ^? :o *ose to ent]4 ,al?\gh ^! new te*niques = %ak+ non9tellectual insights into ,*'an novices 7 ess5tially ! inv5tion ( ,ma-tsu1 !y 7 transplant$1 ref9$1 & exp&$ by m5 l ,nan-*'uan1 ^: new mona/]y seems to h _h ! same deadly-s]i\s zan9ess z ,ma-tsu's4 ,*ao-*\ ,ts'ung-%5 ,"s ( ! mo/ in/ructive anecdotes associat$ ) ,nan-*'uan are ^? involv+ 8 /> pupil1 ,*ao-*\ ,ts'ung-%5 7#ggh-hig71 :o came to be "o ( ! major figures ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,*'an & "o ( ! be/-rememb]$ ( ! wild ,s\!rn ma/]s4 ,al?\gh 8 real "n 0 ,ts'ung-%51 he is rememb]$ 9 hi/ory 7z are _m ,*'an ma/]s7 by ! "n ( ! m\nta9 :]e he held =? dur+ 8 mature ye>s4 ,he 0 born 9 ,ts'ao-*\ 9 ,%antung & e>ly on became a novice monk at a local mona/]y4 ,h[ev]1 ! urge to travel 0 irresi/ible & he left be=e be+ orda9$1 arriv+ at ,nan- *'uan's mona/]y :ile /ill a lad4 ,! traditional fir/ ex*ange typifies _! long & fruitful relation%ip4 ,nan-*'uan op5$ ) ! /&>d "q3 ,:]e h y j come f8 ,i h j left ,%ui-hsiang nam$ = a fam\s /ate ( ,buddha4 ,h y se5 ! /&+ image ( ,buddha8 ,:at ,i see is n a /&+ image ( ,buddha b a sup9e ,enlight5$ ,"o6 ,are y y\r own ma/] or n8 ,yes1 ,i am4 i4e41 ,i already h a ma/]4 ,:]e is ?is ma/] ( y\rs8 ,9 ! middle ( ! w9t] ! wea!r becomes bitt]ly cold4 ,i wi% all bless+s on y1 sir4 ,at ?is1 ,nan-*'uan decid$ t ?is visitor 0 promis+ & p]mitt$ him to become 8 disciple4#ac ,*ao-*\'s /range answ] seems to h be5 8 own way ( signify+ he _h *os5 ,nan-*'uan z 8 future ma/]4 ,nan-*'uan1 = 8 own "p1 seems to h recogniz$ 9 ?is quizzical rep>tee all ! mak+s ( a great ,*'an wor?y4 ,! exploits ( ,nan-*'uan & ,*ao-*\ =m ! core ( ! great anecdotal lit]ature ( ,*'an's ,gold5 ,age4 ,nei!r 0 a great innovator1 a great writ]1 or a great organiz]1 b toge!r !y 7 able to explore ! highe/ limits ( ! dialogue z a vehicle = enlight5m5t4 ,& _! dialogues1 incid5tally1 did n always necess>ily require words4 ,"o day1 9 ! mona/]y ( ,nan-*u'an1 ! monks ( ! ea/ & we/ w+ _h a dispute ov] ! possession ( a cat4 ,!y all came to ,nan-*'uan = arbitration4 ,hold+ a knife 9 "o h& & ! cat 9 ! o!r1 ,nan-*'uan said1 ,if any "o ( y c say ! "r ?+1 ?is cat w be sav$2 o!rwise x w be cut into two pieces4 ,none ( ! monks c\ld say any?+4 ,nan-*'uan !n kill$ ! cat4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 ,*ao-*\ return$ to ! mona/]y1 ,nan-*'uan ask$ him :at he w\ld h said _h he be5 !re at ! "t4 ,*ao-*\ took (f 8 /raw s&als1 put !m ^u 8 head1 & walk$ out4 ,:]eupon ,nan-*'uan comm5t$1 ,oh1 if only y _h be5 "h1 ! cat w\ld h be5 sav$4#ad ,*ao-*\'s response us$ no language & 0 devoid ( di/9ctions1 be+ nei!r positive nor negative4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ /ories 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 & "o t is probably ri*] if we avoid subject+ x to too mu* comm5t>y4 ,! po9t 0 specifically int5d$ to be z simple z possible1 b ?is v simplicity is di/urb+ to ! complicat$ intellectual m9d4 ,!re is a p>ticul>ly tell+ /ory ( ! ex*ange ,*ao-*\ held ) ,nan-*'uan conc]n+ ! ,tao1 mean+ ! way to enlight5m5t3 ,:5 ,*ao-*\ ask$ 8 ma/]1 ,:at is ! ,tao8 ! latt] repli$1 ,tao is no?+ else ?an ! ord9>y m9d4 ,is !re any way to approa* x8 pursu$ ,*ao-*\ fur!r4 ,once y int5d to approa* x1 said ,nan-*'uan1 y are on ! wrong track4 ,b>r+ consci\s int5tion1 ! disciple cont9u$ to inquire1 h[ c we atta9 to a k ( ! ,tao8 ,to ?is ! ma/] repli$1 ,tao belongs nei!r to k nor to no-k4 ,= k is b illusive p]ception1 :ile no-k is m]e confusion4 ,if y really atta9 true compreh5sion ( ! ,tao1 un%ad[$ by ! slighte/ d\bt1 y\r vision w be l ! inf9ite space1 free ( all limits & ob/acles4 ,its tru? or falsehood _c be e/abli%$ artificially by ext]nal pro(s4 ,at ^! words ,*ao-*\ came to an enlight5m5t4 ,only aft] ?is did he take 8 v[s & become a pr(ess$ monk4#ae ,nan-*'uan's ass]tion t ,tao is no?+ else ?an ! ord9>y m9d1 b t x _c be rea*$ by delib]ate se>*+1 is ! long/&+ commonplace ( ,*'an4 ,h[ev]1 he "h adds an int]e/+ new ass]tion3 ,he claims "h t al?\gh ! p]son f9d+ ?is enlight5m5t has no d\bt ( its reality1 x _c be prov$ or disprov$ by any objective te/s4 ,!re is no way t ! enlight5$ p]son c be %[n objectively to h a*iev$ 8 goal4 ,! ,*'an ma/]s c\ld te/ enlight5m5t by mat*+ ! claimant's illogic aga9/ _! own2 if 8 craz9ess mat*$1 !n ! disciple pass$4 ,b !re is1 by def9ition1 no objective te/ ( enlight5m5t4 ,b !n1 h[ d y te/ ! ultimate realization t !re is no?+ to realize o!r ?an :at y knew all along8 ,q simply1 ! ma/]'s intuition is ! f9al au?ority4 ,_! dialogues frequ5tly 7 full ( electricity1 z witness ano!r ex*ange t end$ q diff]5tly3 ,*ao-*\ ask$1 ,tao is n ext]nal to ?+s2 ! ext]nality ( ?+s is n ,tao4 ,!n :at is ! ,tao t is beyond ?+s8 ,! ma/] /ruck him4 ,!reupon ,*ao- *\ took hold ( ! /ick & said1 ,f n[ on1 d n /rike a man by mi/ake4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,we c easily diff]5tiate betwe5 a dragon & a snake1 b nobody c fool a ,*'an monk4#aj ,*ao-*\ "h seems to be decl>+ to ,nan-*'uan t 8 enlight5m5t is g5u9e4 ,& ,nan-*'uan1 = 8 "p1 is ass]t+ t ! ,ma/]'s judgm5t1 n ! monk's1 is ! f9al crit]ion4 ,9 ano!r incid5t ,*ao-*\ actually has ! la/ ^w4 ,once ,nan-*'uan said to ,*ao-*\1 ,n[adays x is be/ to live & "w among memb]s ( a diff]5t species f u4 7,?is recalls ! ,buddhi/ prov]b3 ,x is easi] to save ! bea/s ?an to save mank9d47 ,*ao-*\1 h[ev]1 ?\ght o!rwise4 ,he said1 ,leav+ alone ! "q ( 'diff]5t1' let me ask y :at is 'species' anyway8 ,nan-*'uan put bo? ( 8 h&s on ! gr\nd1 to indicate ! species ( ! quadrup$s4 ,*ao-*\1 approa*+ him f beh9d1 trampl$ him to ! gr\nd1 & !n ran into ! ,nirvana ,hall cry+1 ,i rep5t1 ,i rep5t4 ,nan-*'uan1 :o appreciat$ 8 act ( trampl+1 did n und]/& ! reason ( 8 rep5tance4 ,s he s5t 8 att5dant to ask ! disciple :at 0 he rep5t+ =4 ,*ao-*\ repli$1 ,i rep5t t ,i did n trample him twice ov]4#ag ,9 spite ( su* occasional bur/s ( exub]ance1 ,*ao-*\ seems ov]all to h be5 comp>atively mild-mann]$ = a ,*'an ma/]4 ,he r>ely *ose to b]ate or beat 8 disciples1 z did ,ma-tsu or 8 own ma/]1 ,nan-*'uan4 ,9 _m ways1 ,*ao-*\ 0 ! f9e/ hope = ! l9eage ( ,nan-*'uan1 b he seems n to h be5 ov]ly conc]n$ ) its cont9uation4 ,9 fact1 x is some:at ironic t ,huai-hai1 :o 0 m an organiz] ?an a creator1 end$ up ) a l9eage p]petuat+ 8 l9e d[n to ! pres5t day1 :]eas ,nan-*'uan's l9eage effectively end$ ) 8 disciple ,*ao-*\1 al?\gh bo? m5 7 rem>kable tea*]s4 ,9 fact1 ,*ao-*\ almo/ nev] did settle d[n to run a mona/]y4 ,aft] ,nan-*'uan di$ he resum$ 8 travels & = _m ye>s roam$ across ,*9a1 visit+ ) o!r ,*'an ma/]s4 ,he seems to h gradually work$ 8 way back nor?1 = x 0 9 ! nor? t he realiz$ 8 mo/ la/+ fame & influ5ce4 ,b 8 reputation 0 ga9$ be=e he _h a mona/]y ( 8 own & )\t ! aid ( p]man5t disciples4 ,! real acclaim seems to h be5 associat$ ) a j\rney to a fam\s ,buddhi/ pilgrimage site1 ,mt4 ,wut'ai1 9 ! nor!a/]n edge ( ,%5si prov9ce1 :]e he prea*$ a s]mon t br\ght him wide recognition4 ,al?\gh he lov$ no?+ m ?an w&]+ ! craggy m\nta9s ( ,*9a1 fri5ds tri$ to conv9ce him to settle d[n--z relat$ 9 an incid5t :5 he 0 ne> eighty1 aft] _m ye>s ( w&]+3 ,once1 z he 0 visit+ ,*u-yu1 ! latt] said1 ,a man ( y\r age %\ld try to f9d a place to settle d[n & tea*4 ,:]e is my abid+ place8 ,*ao-*\ ask$ back4 ,:at8 said 8 ho/1 ,) s _m ye>s on y\r head1 y h n ev5 come to "k :]e y\r p]man5t home is6 ,*ao-*\ said1 ,= ?irty ye>s ,i h roam$ freely on horseback4 ,today1 = ! fir/ "t ,i am kick$ by an ass6#ah ,he f9ally did settle d[n1 at eighty1 accept+ an invitation to come & live at ! ,kuan-y9 mona/]y 9 ,*ao-*\ 9 nor!a/]n ,*9a1 :]e he /ay$ until 8 dea? "s =ty ye>s lat]4 ,8 lack ( int]e/ 9 worldly1 adm9i/rative details is illu/rat$ by ! /ory t dur+ 8 =ty ye>s z abbot ( ! mona/]y he in/all$ no new furni%+s & made no attempt to collect alms4 ,p]haps ?is tells u :y ,huai-hai's l9e won ! day4 ,yet ,*ao-*\ 0 ! popul> favorite4 ,8 pref]5ce = colloquial language ende>$ him to ! p4 ,he tri$ to demon/rate t enlight5m5t c be f\nd & subsequ5tly height5$ ?r\gh ord9>y ev]yday activities4 ,! foll[+ anecdote sugge/s 8 idea ( ,buddhism _h little to d ) ! ,buddha3 ,ma/] ,*ao-*\ 0 ask$ by a monk1 ,:o is ! ,buddha8 ,! "o 9 ! %r9e1 0 ! answ]4 ,isn't x a clay /atue t sits 9 ! %r9e8 ! monk w5t on4 ,yes1 t is "r4 ,!n :o is ! ,buddha8 ! monk repeat$4 ,! "o 9 ! %r9e1 repli$ ! ,ma/]4 ,a monk ask$1 ,:at is my own self8 ,h y f9i%$ y\r rice gruel8 ask$ ! ,ma/]4 ,yes1 ,i h f9i%$ x1 repli$ ! monk4 ,!n g & wa% y\r di%es1 said ! ,ma/]4 ,:5 ! monk he>d ?is1 he 0 sudd5ly awak5$4#ai ,! ?ru/ ( ?is anecdote is t ?r\gh ! ev]yday do+ ( :at ne$s to be done1 we c f9d au!ntic values & our orig9al nature4 ,z ! mod]n s*ol> ,*ang ,*ung-yuan po9ts out1 ,?is simple activity ( ! ,*'an monk1 wa%+ ! di%es aft] eat+ gruel1 is ! mo/ ord9>y ?+1 ! sort ( activity t is completely spontane\s & requires no m5tal ef=t4 ,:ile engag$ 9 x1 a man is free f ass]tion & negation4#bj ,:5 we are do+ manual tasks we exp]i5ce !m directly2 we d n h to intellectualize ab\t !m4 ,?is act+ )\t ?\ght1 )\t judgm5ts ( good or bad1 is 9 fact a p>able ( enlight5m5t4 ,s x 0 t ,*ao-*\ c\ld s effectively use rote tasks z a tea*+ device1 = !y %[$ a novice h[ he c\ld free 8 m9d f its enslavem5t to op9ions & values4 ,?is /ress on ! mean+fulness ( daily manual activities1 z di/9ct f philosophical speculation1 seems to h be5 ! major position ( ,*ao-*\4 ,?is attitude is p>ticul>ly borne out 9 ano!r celebrat$ ,*ao-*\ anecdote4 ,"o morn+1 z ,*ao-*\ 0 receiv+ new arrivals1 he ask$ "o ( !m1 ,h y be5 "h be=e8 ,yes1 ! latt] repli$4 ,help y\rself to a cup ( tea1 he said4 ,!n he ask$ ano!r1 ,h y be5 "h be=e8 ,no1 ,y\r ,rev]5ce1 ?is is my fir/ visit "h4 ,*ao-*\ aga9 said1 ,help y\rself to a cup ( tea4 ,! ,prior ( ! mona/]y took ,*ao-*\ to task1 say+1 ,! "o _h be5 "h be=e1 & y gave him a cup ( tea4 ,! o!r _h n be5 "h1 & y gave him likewise a cup ( tea4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,*ao- *\ call$ out1 ,prior6 ,yes1 respond$ ! ,prior4 ,help y\rself to a cup ( tea6#ba ,beh9d ?is possibly deceptive simplicity1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ h be5 a p5etrat+ intellig5ce1 = a v l>ge numb] ( 8 anecdotes 7 important en\gh to become en%r9$ 9 ^? fam\s collections ( koans ! ,mumonkan & ! ,blue ,cliff ,record4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n is ! foll[+3 ,a monk ask$1 ,s9ce all ?+s return to ,"o1 :]e does ?is ,"o return to8 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,ts+-*\1 ,i _h a robe made :i* weigh$ sev5 *9 p\nds repli$ ! ,ma/]4#bb ,! answ] is a p]fect example ( no-?\ght1 ! anti-logic condition 9 :i* rationality is dis5gag$4 ,to attempt to subject x to analysis w\ld be to miss ! entire po9t4 ,an ev5 m fam\s koan1 & "o t has become ! traditional />t+ po9t = beg9n]s1 is ! foll[+3 ,a monk ask$ ,*ao-*\1 ,has a dog ! ,buddha ,nature8 ,*ao-*\ answ]$1 ,mu4#bc ,"h ! ^w mu1 mean+ no?+ness or un1 is an elegant resolution ( a p]plex+ ,z5 dilemma4 ,_h ,*ao-*\ answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 he w\ld h be5 tacitly in/igat+ a duali/ic view ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* a dog & a man are all[$ to be discuss$ z sep>ate objects4 ,b to h respond$ negatively w\ld h be5 to ev5 m /rongly betray ! ,z5 tea*+ ( ! ,on5ess p]meat+ all ?+s4 ,an answ] 0 call$ =1 b n an explanation4 ,s ! ma/] respond$ ) a nonword--a s\nd t has be5 adopt$ 9 lat] ,z5 practice z symbolic ( ! unity ( all ?+s4 ,?is wisdom made ,*ao-*\ su* a leg5d 9 8 own lifetime t _m monks f ! s\? came nor? to try to te/ him1 b he always outwitt$ !m1 ev5 :5 he 0 well pa/ a hundr$4 ,p]haps x w\ld be well to r\nd out 8 /ory ) a g>l& ( "s ( ! ex*anges he _h ) new monks3 ,a new arrival said apologetically to ! ma/]1 ,i h come "h empty-h&$6 ,lay x d[n !n6 said ! ma/]4 ,s9ce ,i h br\ght no?+ ) me1 :at c ,i lay d[n8 ask$ ! visitor4 ,!n g on c>ry+ x6 said ! ma/]4#bd ,"o day ,*ao-*\ fell d[n 9 ! sn[1 & call$ out1 ,help me up6 ,help me up6 ,a monk came & lay d[n beside him4 ,*ao-*\ got up & w5t away4#be ,a monk ask$1 ,:5 a begg> comes1 :at %all we give him8 ,! ma/] answ]$1 ,he is lack+ 9 no?+4#bf ,:5 a monk ask$ him1 ,:at is ! real significance ( ,bodhidh>ma's com+ f ! we/8 8 answ] 01 ,! cypress tree 9 ! c\rty>d4 ,:5 ! monk prote/$ t ,*ao-*\ 0 only ref]r+ to a m]e object1 ! ,abbot said1 ,no1 ,i am n ref]r+ y to an object4 ,! monk !n repeat$ aga9 ! "q4 ,! cypress tree 9 ! c\rty>d6 said ! ,abbot once m4#bg ,a monk bes\ght him to tell him ! mo/ vitally important pr9ciple ( ,*'an4 ,! ma/] excus$ himself by say+1 ,i mu/ n[ g to make wat]4 ,?9k ev5 su* a trifl+ ?+ ,i h to d 9 p]son4#bh ,*ao-*\ 0 ( a unique bre$ ( ,gold5 ,age ma/]s1 :o creat$ ,*'an's f9e/ mom5t4 ,ev5 ,*ao-*\ knew ?is1 = he is quot$ z recogniz+ t ,*'an _h already pass$ ?r\gh its mo/ dynamic epo*4 ,n9ety ye>s ago1 he said1 ,i saw m ?an eighty enlight5$ ma/]s 9 ! l9eage ( ,ma-tsu2 all ( !m 7 creative spirits4 ,( late ye>s1 ! pursuit ( ,*'an has become m & m trivializ$ & ramifi$4 ,remov$ ev] f>!r f ! orig9al _s ( m5 ( supreme wisdom1 ! process ( deg5]ation w g on f g5]ation to g5]ation4#bi ,*ao-*\ di$ 9 8 "o hundr$ & tw5tie? ye>1 surely "o ( ! mo/ v5]able ,*'an ma/]s4 ,=tunately 8 pessimi/ic assessm5t ( ,*'an's future 0 only p>tly correct4 ,al?\gh he himself _h no illu/ri\s heirs1 !re 7 o!r ,s\!rn ,*'an ma/]s :o w\ld ext5d ! l9eage ( ,ma-tsu into :at w\ld "o day be ! ,r9zai s*ool1 among ^! a layman nam$ ,p'ang & ! ma/] ,huang-po4 ,*apt] ,n9e ,p',,ang ,,& ,,han-,,%an3 ,,layman ,,& ,,poet ,han-%an ,ea* ( ! bett]-kn[n disciples ( ,ma-tsu exemplifi$ "s p>ticul> aspect ( ,*'an3 ,:]eas ,po-*ang ,huai-hai advanc$ ,*'an's organizational & analytical side1 ,nan-*'uan embodi$ ! illogical1 psy*ologically jolt+ approa* to ! tea*+4 ,b :at ab\t ! ,*'an outside ! mona/]ies8 ,did ,ma-tsu's influ5ce ext5d to ! lay community8 ,al?\gh little has be5 pres]v$ to help answ] ^! que/ions1 we d h ! /ories ( two ,*'an poets :o op]at$ outside ! mona/ic sy/em3 ,layman ,p'ang 7#gdj8-haa7 & ,han-%an 7#gfj8-hdj874 ,!y 7 "p ( a movem5t call$ *u-%ih1 lay believ]s :o 7 drawn to ,buddhism b reject$ ! =mal practices1 pref]r+ to rema9 outside ! e/abli%m5t & seek enlight5m5t on _! own4#a ,h[ev]1 ,p'ang /udi$ "u ,ma-tsu himself1 & ,han-%an sometimes e*o$ ! ma/]'s tea*+s 9 8 v]se4 ,layman ,p'ang ,! man kn[n to hi/ory z ,layman ,p'ang 0 born 9 ! mid-eigh? c5tury4#b ,he grew to manhood 9 ! city ( ,h5g-yang1 :]e 8 ,confuciani/ fa!r s]v$ z a middle-level (ficial4 ,al?\gh he 0 educat$ 9 all ! classics1 he became a practic+ ,buddhi/ e>ly & nev] falt]$ 9 8 devotion4 ,sometime aft] m>ry+ he became s obsess$ ) ! classic ,*9ese ideal ( a spiritual-poetic h]mitage t he actually _h a ?at*$ cottage built adjac5t to 8 h\se4 ,"h he sp5t "t ) 8 wife--& n[ a daught] & son--m$itat+1 compos+ poetry1 & engag+ 9 *>act]i/ically ,*9ese mus+s4 ,a /ory relates t he 0 sitt+ 9 8 ?at*$ cottage "o day :5 he became exasp]at$ ) ! difficulties ( 8 pa? & decl>$1 ,h[ difficult x is6 ,h[ difficult x is6 ,my /udies are l dry+ ! fib]s ( t5 ?\s& p\nds ( flax by hang+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,8 wife ov]he>d ?is outbur/ & contradict$ him1 ,easy1 easy1 easy4 ,x's l t\*+ y\r feet to ! gr\nd :5 y get out ( b$4 ,i h f\nd ! tea*+ "r 9 ! tops ( fl[]+ plants4 ,8 daught]1 ,l+-*ao1 he>d bo? outbur/s & %[$ !m ! tru? ) h] ass]tion1 ,my /udy is nei!r difficult nor easy4 ,:5 ,i am hungry ,i eat4 ,:5 ,i am tir$ ,i re/4#c ,!n "o day1 ?\ght to h be5 sometime betwe5 ! ye>s #ghe & #gij1 ,p'ang decid$ to g ! f9al /ep & sev] 8 ties ) ! mat]ialism t weigh$ him d[n4 ,aft] donat+ 8 h\se = a temple1 he load$ 8 rema9+ possessions into a boat--:i* he proce$$ to maneuv] into ! middle ( a riv] & s9k4 ,we d n "k if 8 wife & son welcom$ ?is f9al fre$om f mat]ial enslavem5t1 b 8 daught] seems to h approv$1 = %e help$ him w5d 8 n[-p5uri\s way ?r\gh ! _w by assi/+ him 9 mak+ & sell+ bamboo h\sehold articles4 ,free at la/1 ,p'ang travel$ ab\t f place to place ) no fix$ abode1 liv+1 s ! leg5ds say1 l a leaf4 ,! image ( ,p'ang & 8 daught] z it9]ant p$dl]s1 w&]+ f place to place1 made a se>+ impression on ! ,*9ese m9d1 & = c5turies he has be5 admir$ 9 ,*9a--admir$1 b n necess>ily emulat$4 ,:om did ,p'ang g to visit8 ,he seems to h kn[n p]sonally e major ,*'an figure 9 ,*9a4 ,! fir/ ma/] visit$ 0 ! fam\s ,%ih-t'ou 7#gjj-gij71 sometime rival ( ,ma-tsu4 7,x w be recall$ t ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g1 _h among 8 disciples a ma/] call$ ,huai-jang 7#fgg-gdd71 tea*] ( ,ma-tsu & head ( ! l9eage ( n[ ,japanese ,r9zai4 ,ano!r ( ! ,six? ,patri>*'s leg5d>y foll[]s 0 ,hs+-ssu d4 #gdj1 ^: pupil ,%ih-t'ou is connect$ to ! l9e t became ,japanese ,soto4 ,ma-tsu & ,%ih-t'ou head$ ! two major movem5ts ( ,s\!rn ,*'an 9 ! eigh? c5tury47#d ,9 #ghf ,p'ang appe>$ at ! retreat ( ,%ih-t'ou on ! m\nta9 call$ ,nan-yueh4 ,he greet$ ,%ih-t'ou by ask+ him "o ( ! /&>d ,*'an que/ions1 :i* ,%ih-t'ou answ]$ by quietly plac+ a h& ov] ,p'ang's m\?-- caus+ ! ,layman's fir/ enlight5m5t exp]i5ce4 ,p'ang /udi$ "u ,%ih-t'ou--al?\gh probably 9 a nonmona/ic capacity--= "s "t1 until "o day ,%ih-t'ou decid$ to te/ him4 ,tell me1 began ,%ih-t'ou1 h[ h y practic$ ,*'an aft] com+ "h to ?is m\nta98 ,p'ang %ot back 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]1 say+1 ,!re is really no?+ words c reveal ab\t my daily life4 ,%ih-t'ou cont9u$1 ,x is j because ,i "k words _c t ,i ask y n[4 ,at ?is1 ,p'ang 0 mov$ to (f] a v]se3 ,my daily activities are n unusual1 ,i'm j naturally 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,grasp+ no?+1 disc>d+ no?+1 ,9 e place !re's no h9drance1 no conflict4 ,my sup]natural p[] & m>vel\s activity3 ,draw+ wat] & c>ry+ firewood47#e7 ,! decl>ation t draw+ wat] & c>ry+ firewood 7 miracul\s acts demon/rat$ ,p'ang's und]/&+ ( ev]yday- m9d$ness--! tea*+ ( no-tea*+1 ! approa* ( no-approa*4#f ,! /ory says t ,%ih-t'ou ackn[l$g$ ! ,layman's enlight5m5t1 & w5t on to inquire :e!r ,p'ang wi%$ to ex*ange 8 paup]'s robe ( :ite = a monk's raim5t ( black4 ,p'ang reput$ly answ]$ him ) an abrupt ,i w d :at ,i l4 ,app>5tly conclud+ t he _h absorb$ all ( ,%ih-t'ou's tea*+1 ,p'ang arose & abs5t$ himself1 head+ = ,kiangsi & ! ma/] ,ma-tsu4 ,p'ang's adv5tures ) ,ma-tsu are n p>ticul>ly well record$1 giv5 ! two ye>s he report$ly /udi$ "u ! ma/]4 ,h[ev]1 ! acc\nt ( _! meet+ has become a ,*'an /&>d4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 ,p'ang ask$ ,ma-tsu1 ,:at k9d ( man is he :o has no companion among all ?+s8 ,ma-tsu answ]$1 ,aft] y swall[ all ! wat] 9 ! ,we/ ,riv] 9 "o gulp1 ,i w tell y4 ,x is said t :5 ,p'ang he>d ?is1 he 0 sudd5ly aw>e ( ! ess5ce ( ,*'an4#g ,if ?is ex*ange seems puzzl+1 ) its subtle wordplay t weaves 9 & out betwe5 realism & symbolism1 :at ab\t ano!r record$ ex*ange betwe5 ! two3 ,"o day ! ,layman address$ ,ma-tsu1 say+3 ,a man ( unobscur$ orig9al nature asks y please to look upw>d4 ,ma-tsu look$ /raight d[n4 ,! ,layman said3 ,y alone play m>vel\sly on ! /r+less *'9 lute4 ,ma-tsu look$ /raight up4 ,! ,layman b[$ l[4 ,ma-tsu return$ to 8 qu>t]s4 ,j n[ bungl$ x try+ to be sm>t1 !n said ! ,layman4#h ,! mod]n ma/] ,*>les ,luk speculates t ,p'ang's reque/ to ,ma-tsu to look up at an enlight5$ man 0 int5d$ to trap ! old ma/]3 ,9 reply ,ma-tsu look$ d[n to reveal ! function+ ( ! enlight5$ m9d4 ,p'ang !n prais$ ! ma/] = play+ s well on ! /r+less lute4 ,!reat ,ma-tsu look$ up to return function+ to ! enlight5$ m9d4 4 4 4 ,9 ,*'an p>lance1 look+ d[n is 'function1' :i* means ! m9d w&]+ outside to deliv] liv+ be+s1 & look+ up is return+ function to 'sub/ance' 7! m9d7 aft] ! "w ( salvation has be5 done4 ,p'ang's act ( pro/rat+ is 'function' & ,ma-tsu's return to ! abbot's room means return+ function to 'sub/ance' to end ! dialogue1 = no?+ fur!r c be add$ to reveal sub/ance & function4#i ,al?\gh ! ,layman decl9$ mona/ic ord]s1 he app>5tly c\ld hold 8 own ) ! be/ ( ,ma-tsu's foll[]s1 z well z ) o!r ,*'an monks he enc\nt]$ 9 8 travels4 ,(t5 monks s\ght him out m]ely to mat* wits4 ,a typical ex*ange is report$ ) a foll[] ( ,%ih-t'ou nam$ ,p'u-*i1 :o once came to te/ ,p'ang3 ,"o day ,p'u-*i visit$ ! ,layman4 ,i recall t :5 ,i 0 9 my "m's womb ,i _h a c]ta9 ^w1 said ! ,layman4 ,i'll %[ x to y1 b y mu/n't hold x z a pr9ciple4 ,y're /ill sep>at$ f life1 said ,p'u-*i4 ,i j said y mu/n't hold x z a pr9ciple1 rejo9$ ! ,layman4 ,h[ c ,i n be aw$ by a ^w t a/\nds p8 said ,p'u-*i4 ,und]/&+ su* z y\rs is en\gh to a/oni% p1 repli$ ! ,layman4 ,! v /atem5t 'don't hold x z a pr9ciple' has become a pr9ciple1 said ,p'u-*i4 ,y're sep>at$ n only by "o or two lives1 said ! ,layman4 ,x's all "r = y to reprove a rice-gruel -eat+ monk l me1 return$ ,p'u-*i4 ,! ,layman snapp$ 8 f+]s ?ree times4#aj ,! precise mean+ ( ?is ex*ange w n be tackl$ "h1 b ,p'ang app>5tly came (f on top4 ,n[ & !n1 h[ev]1 ,p'ang seems to h be5 equal$ or be/$4 ,!re is a /ory ( an ex*ange he _h ) "o ( ! monks at ,ma-tsu's mona/]y1 nam$ ,%ih-l94 ,"o day ,%ih-l9 said to ! ,layman3 ,i h a "q ,i'd l to ask4 ,don't sp>e y\r words4 ,please g on1 said ! ,layman4 ,h[ y d sp>e words6 exclaim$ ,%ih-l94 ,unwitt+ly by ?is discussion we've fall5 into a sn>e ( words1 said ! ,layman4 ,%ih-l9 cov]$ 8 e>s4 ,y adept1 y adept6 cri$ ! ,layman4#aa ,ano!r "t ,p'ang is rem9isc5t ( ,*ao-*\ 9 demon/rat+ t x is possible to hold "o's own )\t ! use ( words4 ,! ,layman 0 once ly+ on 8 c\* read+ a sutra4 ,a monk saw him & said3 ,layman6 ,y mu/ ma9ta9 dignity :5 read+ a sutra4 ,! ,layman rais$ up "o leg4 ,! monk _h no?+ to say4#ab ,layman ,p'ang /udi$ "u ,ma-tsu = two ye>s1 b he f9ally decid$ to resume 8 life z a w&]+ /ud5t ( ,*'an4 ,he left ,ma-tsu decl>+ ! family 8 s\rce ( /r5g?1 or s x w\ld seem f 8 p>t+ v]se pres5t$ to ! ma/]4 ,i've a boy :o has no bride1 ,i've a girl :o has no groom2 ,=m+ a happy family circle1 ,we speak ab\t ,bir?less4#ac ,& (f he w5t to travel1 a completely enlight5$ man aft] 8 /ay 9 ,kiangsi4 ,he turn$ increas+ly to poetry dur+ ^! ye>s ( w&]+ across ! c5tral "p ( ,*9a1 compos+ "s ( 8 mo/ s5sitive v]se4 ,"o poem 9 p>ticul> seems to capture ! c>efree _s ( ^! ye>s ( w&]+s3 ,! wise man1 p]ceiv+ weal? & lu/1 ,kn[s !m to be empty illusion2 ,food & clo!s su/a9 body & life-- ,i advise y to le>n be+ z is4 ,:5 x's "t1 ,i move my h]mitage & g1 ,& !re's no?+ to be left beh9d4#ad ,"o ( ,layman ,p'ang's mo/ endur+ companions 0 ! monk ,tan-hsia ,t'i5-jan1 kn[n = 8 irrev]5ce4 ,! foll[+ is typical ( ! ex*anges record$ betwe5 ! two3 ,:5 ! ,layman 0 walk+ ) ,tan-hsia "o day he saw a deep pool ( cle> wat]4 ,po9t+ to x ) 8 h&1 he said3 ,be+ z x is we c't diff]5tiate x4 ,( c\rse we c't1 repli$ ,tan-hsia4 ,! ,layman scoop$ up & ?rew two h&fuls ( wat] on ,tan-hsia4 ,don't d t1 don't d t6 cri$ ,tan-hsia4 ,i h to1 ,i h to6 exclaim$ ! ,layman4 ,:]eupon ,tan-hsia scoop$ up & ?rew ?ree h&fuls ( wat] on ! ,layman1 say+3 ,:at c y d n[8 ,no?+ else1 repli$ ! ,layman4 ,"o seldom w9s by a fluke1 said ,tan-hsia4 ,:o lo/ by a fluke8 return$ ! ,layman4#ae ,to attempt to explicate ?is ex*ange w\ld be to ride ! w9d4 ,!y are 9 a completely diff]5t reality f t 9 :i* m]e books are writt5 & read4 ,:at occupi$ ,madam ,p'ang dur+ ! ,layman's w&]+s is n kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 %e seems well on ! way to enlight5m5t h]self4 ,a /ory says t "o day %e w5t to a ,buddhi/ temple to make an (f]+ ( food4 ,! prie/ ask$ h] ! purpose ( ! (f]+ s t he c\ld po/ ! cu/om>y notice id5tify+ ! "n ( a donor & ! date & purpose ( ! gift4 ,?is 0 call$ transf]r+ m]it1 s9ce ! k ( h] good de$ w\ld be transf]r$ f h]self to o!rs4 ,x is report$ t ,mrs4 ,p'ang took h] comb1 /uck x 9 ! back ( h] hair1 & ann\nc$ to ! /unn$ prie/1 ,transf]5ce ( m]it is accompli%$4#af ,%e seem$ a "p ( ,p'ang's enlight5m5t1 ev5 if n a companion 9 8 travels4 ,ev5tually ,p'ang & 8 daught]1 ,l+-*ao1 end$ up back 9 ! nor?1 ne> ,hsiang-yang1 ! city ( 8 bir?1 :i* he _h left :5 a v small *ild4 ,b in/ead ( mov+ into ! t[n1 !y liv$ 9 a cave ab\t tw5ty miles to ! s\?4 ,& to ?is cave (t5 j\rney$ a di/+ui%$ visitor--,prefect ,yu ,ti ( ,hsiang prov9ce1 an important (ficial :o _h le>n$ ( ,p'ang's v]se & 8 reputation = ,*'an tea*+4 ,orig9ally a vici\s & arrogant dictator :o delight$ 9 p]secut+ ,buddhi/s1 he _h be5 conv]t$ by a ,*'an monk & _h become a /rong support] ( ! fai?4 ,9 fact1 x is ,yu ,ti :om we mu/ ?ank = our k ( ,p'ang1 = x 0 he :o collect$ ! poetry & /ories ( ! ,layman aft] 8 dea?4 ,p'ang liv$ 9 8 cave ) ,l+-*ao = two ye>s1 & !n he sudd5ly decl>$ t x 0 "t to die4 ,9 a dramatic ge/ure1 he assum$ a m$itat+ po/ure & ask$ ,l+-*ao to g outside & tell him :5 ! sun rea*$ high noon1 at :i* "t he w\ld pass on4 ,%e w5t out1 b quickly return$ to ann\nce t x 0 already noon b t !re 0 an eclipse4 ,p'ang jump$ up & ran out to see ?is ev5t1 b :ile he 0 gone ,l+-*ao seat$ h]self 9 8 place1 fold$ h] h&s1 & di$ h]self4 ,p'ang return$ f h] div]sion>y ann\ncem5t1 saw :at _h happ5$1 & decl>$1 ,h] way 0 always swift4 ,n[ %e has gone ahead ( me4 ,9 respect he po/pon$ 8 own dea? = a week4#ag ,he>+ ( ?is episode1 ,prefect ,yu ,ti ru%$ to ! sc5e4 ,! ,layman address$ him )1 ,i pray y to hold all t is ?\ght to be real z empty1 & nev] take t :i* is empty z be+ real4 ,f>ewell4 ,! _w is m]ely a %ad[1 an e*o4#ah ,he !n laid 8 head on ! prefect's knee & di$4 ,he left a reque/ t 8 body be cremat$ & 8 a%es scatt]$ across ! wat]s ( ne>by lakes & riv]s4 ,:5 ,p'ang's wife he>d ( ! dea? ( h] husb& & daught]1 %e said1 ,t /upid girl & ignorant old man h gone away )\t tell+ me4 ,h[ unbe>able4#ai ,%e !n relay$ ! news to h] son1 :o 0 9 ! fields hoe+4 ,he too subsequ5tly di$ miracul\sly1 :ile /ill /&+ up4 ,= h] own "p1 ,madam ,p'ang j\rney$ ab\t ! c\ntryside bidd+ h] fri5ds f>ewell1 & !n seclud$ h]self1 :]e x 0 nev] kn[n4 ,& ) h] pass+ ends ! saga ( ,layman ,p'ang4 ,?is real-life individual 0 honor$ z ,*9a's answ] to ! my?ical ,indian bus9essman ,vimalakirti1 :o comb9$ enlight5m5t ) ! life ( ! m>ket4 ,han ,%an ,an ev5 m elusive figure is ! h]mit ,han-%an1 ^: "n means ,cold ,m\nta91 ! site :]e he suppos$ly resid$4 ,he is an almo/ totally l5g5d>y "*1 = we actually "k no?+ = sure ab\t :5 he liv$ 7! curr5t be/ guess is late eigh? to e>ly n9? c5tury74 ,almo/ ev]y?+ kn[n ab\t him has be5 glean$ f 8 poems & f a presumably contemporane\s preface to ^! poems compos$ by a my/]i\s h& untraceable to any hi/orical ,*9ese individual4 ,8 0 "s ( ! mo/ confessional1 yet joy\s1 v]se p5n$ 9 ,t'ang ,*9a1 & he has be5 claim$ by ! ,*'ani/s z "o ( !irs--al?\gh he might j z easily h be5 a ,taoi/ conv]sant 9 ,buddhi/ j>gon4 ,han-%an embodi$ ! ar*etypal h]o ( ! ,*9ese imag9ation3 a memb] ( ! rural g5try :o gave up 8 /aid family life & "s sort ( s*ol>ly c>e] to become a w&]+ poet4 ,z he describes 8 own e>ly life 9 ! ye>s be=e 8 w&]+s3 ,f my fa!r & "m ,i inh]it$ l& en\gh ,& ne$ n envy o!rs' or*>ds & fields ,creak1 creak goes ! s\nd ( my wife's loom2 ,back & =? my *ildr5 prattle at _! play4 99 99 99 ,! m\nta9 fruits *ild 9 h& ,i pluck2 ,my paddy field along ) my wife ,i hoe4 ,& :at h ,i got inside my h\se8 ,no?+ at all b "o /& ( books4#bj ,s we h a g5tleman s*ol>1 com=tably well (f1 ) wife & *ildr5 & an idyllic life undi/urb$ by ! incursions ( ! _w4 ,x is all too p]fect by half1 & sure en\gh sometime be=e 8 ?irtie? ye> 8 life 0 disrupt$ by an 7undescrib$7 ev5t s cata/rophic t 8 wife & family turn$ him out3 ,i took along books :5 ,i ho$ ! fields1 ,9 my y\?1 :5 ,i liv$ ) my old] bro!r4 ,!n p began to talk2 ,ev5 my wife turn$ aga9/ me4 ,n[ ,i've brok5 my ties ) ! _w ( r$ du/2 ,i sp5d my "t w&]+ & read all ,i want4 ,:o w l5d a dipp] ( wat] ,to save a fi% 9 a c>riage rut4#ba ,j :5 ?is sad ev5t took place we d n "k4 ,h[ev]1 by ! "t ,han-%an 0 ?irty he f\nd himself on ,cold ,m\nta91 "p ( ! ,t'i5-tai m\nta9 range & ne> ! t[n ( ,t'ang-hs+4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,i 0 born into ! _w4 ,a ?\s&1 t5 ?\s& miles ,i've roam$1 ,by riv]s :]e ! gre5 grass lies ?ick1 ,beyond ! bord] :]e ! r$ s&s fly4 ,i brew$ potions 9 a va9 se>* = life ev]la/+4 ,i read books1 ,i sang songs ( hi/ory1 ,& today ,i've come home to ,cold ,m\nta9 ,to pill[ my head on ! /ream & wa% my e>s4#bb ,he describ$ 8 life 9 ! m\nta9s 9 a numb] ( v]ses t (t5 seem m ,taoi/ ?an ,buddhi/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ lyrical foll[s3 ,ev] s9ce ! "t :5 ,i hid 9 ! ,cold ,m\nta9 ,i h kept alive by eat+ ! m\nta9 fruits4 ,f day to day :at is !re to tr\ble me8 ,?is my life foll[s a de/9$ c\rse4 ,! days & mon?s fl[ ceaseless z a /ream2 ,our "t is brief z ! fla% /ruck on a /one4 ,if ,heav5 & ,e>? %ift1 !n let !m %ift2 ,i %all /ill be sitt+ happy among ! rocks4#bc ,he 0 a contradictory individual1 "o m9ute solemn 9 8 se>* = ,m9d1 & ! next m9ute a buoyant bon vivant1 writ+ v]ses t seem almo/ a ,t'ang v]sion ( our own c>pe diem3 ,( c\rse !re are "s p :o are c>eful ( money1 ,b n ,i among !m4 ,because ,i dance too mu*1 my g>m5t ( ?9 clo? is worn4 ,my bottle is empty1 = ,i spurt out ! w9e :5 we s+4 ,eat a full meal4 ,don't tire y\r feet4 ,! day :5 we$s are spr\t+ ?r\gh y\r skull1 ,y w regret :at y h be54#bd ,! life he describes = himself is "o imm]s$ 9 poetry4 ,he is ! compleat poet1 ^: only conc]n is writ+ 7n publi%+7 v]se4 ,once at ,cold ,m\nta91 tr\bles cease-- ,no m tangl$1 hung-up m9d1 ,i idly scribble poems on ! rock cliff1 ,tak+ :atev] comes1 l a drift+ boat4#be ,b if 8 poems 7 writt5 on a rock cliff1 h[ !n 7 !y pres]v$8 ,!reon hangs a tale1 or m likely a leg5d4 ,at "s unkn[n "t1 ,han-%an's v]ses 7"s ?ree hundr$7 7 collect$ & suppli$ ) a preface4#bf ,! p]son :o takes cr$it = sav+ ,han- %an f a c\ntry poet's oblivion id5tifies himself z ,lu-*'iu ,y91 a high (ficial4 ,z x happ5s1 ! ,t'ang ,*9ese 7 v fussy ab\t keep+ records on su* ?+s z high (ficials1 & a ,lu-*'iu ,y9 is n rememb]$ among _! ranks4 ,consequ5tly1 "s h speculat$ t ! au?or ( ! preface 0 9 fact a ,buddhi/ prie/ :o wi%$ to rema9 anonym\s4 ,at any rate1 accord+ to ! /ory1 our (ficial fir/ he>d ( ,han-%an ^u becom+ ill j be=e a plann$ trip to a new prefecture &1 aft] fail+ to be help$ by a doctor1 0 cur$ by a w&]+ prie/1 :o !n told him t 9 ! prefecture ( 8 de/9ation he w\ld ne$ fur!r protection f bodily ills4 ,lu-*'iu ,y9 ask$ him = ! "n ( a ma/]1 & ! prie/ told him to be on ! look\t = two ecc5tric-appe>+ kit*5 s]vants at ! ,kuo- *'+ mona/]y d9+ hall1 nam$ ,han-%an & ,%ih-te4 ,:5 he arriv$ at 8 new po/1 he imm$iately s\ght out ?is mona/]y & 0 amaz$ to le>n ! /ory 0 true4 ,p ar\nd ! temple said1 ,yes1 !re is a ,han-%an4 ,he lives alone 9 ! hills at a place call$ ,cold ,m\nta91 b he (t5 comes d[n to ! temple to visit 8 fri5d1 ,%ih-te4 ,! cook1 ,%ih-te1 x turn$ out1 sav$ leftov]s = 8 fri5d ,han-%an1 :o w\ld come & take !m away 9 a bamboo tube1 m]rily laugh+ & jok+ along ! l5g? ( ! temple v]&a z he c>t$ away 8 booty4 ,once ! monks caught him & expos$ 8 sy/em1 b he only laugh$ all ! m4 ,8 appe>ance 0 t ( a />v+ begg>1 b 8 wisdom 0 t ( a man ( enlight5m5t4 ,lu-*'iu ,y9 anxi\sly press$ on to ! kit*51 :]e sure en\gh he f\nd ,han-%an & ,%ih-te1 t5d+ ! /oves & w>m+ !mselves ov] ! fire4 ,:5 he b[$ l[ to !m1 !y broke into gales ( laught] & %\t$ ,,ho back at him4 ,! o!r monks 7 sc&aliz$ & wond]$ al\d :y a di/+ui%$ (ficial w\ld b[ to a pair ( ne'er-d-wells4 ,b be=e he c\ld expla91 ! pair clasp$ h&s & bolt$ out ( ! temple4 7,! giggl+ ,han-%an & ,%ih-te became a /aple ( ,z5 art = a mill5nium !reaft]47 ,det]m9$ to retrieve !m1 he arrang$ = ! mona/]y to provide !m p]man5t accommodations & left a package ( clo!s & inc5se = !m4 ,:5 !y fail$ to reappe>1 he _h a be>] c>ry 8 gifts & accompany him up into ! m\nta9s4 ,f9ally !y glimps$ ,han-%an1 :o yell$1 ,?ief6 ,?ief6 at !m & retreat$ to ! op5+ ( a cave4 ,he !n bade !m f>ewell )1 ,ea* ( y m5 %\ld /rive to y\r utmo/6 ,:]eupon he disappe>$ into ! cave1 :i* itself !n clos$ ^u him1 leav+ no trace4 ,! preface says ,han-%an 0 nev] se5 aga94 ,9 homage ! disappo9t$ ,lu-*'iu ,y9 _h 8 poems collect$ f :]e !y _h be5 compos$--on scraps ( bamboo1 wood1 /ones1 cliffs1 & on ! walls ( h\ses4 ,?us !re came to be ! collect$ oeuvre ( ,han-%an4 ,han-%an's poems support at lea/ "p ( ?is some:at fanciful /ory4 ,he does seem to h be5 ,buddhi/ 9 outlook1 & z "o ( 8 translators1 ,burton ,watson1 has decl>$1 4 4 4 to judge f 8 poetry1 ,han-%an 0 a foll[] ( ! ,*'an sect1 :i* plac$ great emphasis on individual ef=t & 0 less w>y ( emotionalism ?an e>li] ,buddhism _h be54 4 4 4 ,?\gh he writes at times 9 a mood ( s]5ity1 at o!r times he appe>s despond5t1 angry1 arrogant1 or wildly elat$4 4 4 1#bg ,z did ,layman ,p'ang1 ,han-%an seems to h believ$ t ! ,way is f\nd 9 ev]yday-m9d$ness1 a po9t ( view mo/ =cefully exp\nd$ by ,ma-tsu4 ,z ,han-%an decl>es 9 "o ( 8 poems3 ,z = me1 ,i delight 9 ! ev]yday ,way1 ,among mi/-wrapp$ v9es & rocky caves4 ,"h 9 ! wild]ness ,i am completely free1 ,) my fri5ds1 ! :ite cl\ds1 idl+ =ev]4 ,!re are roads1 b !y d n rea* ! _w2 ,s9ce ,i am m9dless1 :o c r\se my ?\ghts8 ,on a b$ ( /one ,i sit1 alone 9 ! night1 ,:ile ! r\nd moon climbs up ,cold ,m\nta94#bh ,_m ( 8 v]ses re9=ce ! belief t he 0 inde$ a foll[] ( ,s\!rn ,*'an4 ,= example1 he seem$ to believe t ! m9d itself is ! ,buddha t all seek4 ,talk+ ab\t food won't make y full1 ,babbl+ ( clo!s won't keep out ! cold4 ,a b[l ( rice is :at fills ! belly2 ,x takes a suit ( clo?+ to make y w>m4 ,& yet1 )\t /opp+ to consid] ?is1 ,y compla9 t ,buddha is h>d to f9d4 ,turn y\r m9d )96 ,!re he is6 ,:y look = him abroad8#bi ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 = all 8 r traditional ,*'an s5tim5ts & admonitions1 he 0 mu* m 9 t\* ) human conc]ns ?an 7 mo/ foll[]s ( ,*'an4 ,= "o ?+1 he liv$ alone 9 ! m\nta9s1 an isolat$ ascetic cut (f f human contact1 & ! result+ lonel9ess 0 some?+ ^? caught up 9 ! riot\s give-&-take ( a ,*'an mona/]y nev] knew4 ,he gives voice to ?is lonel9ess 9 a t\*+ poem4 ,i look f> (f at ,t'i5-t'ai's summit1 ,alone & high above ! cr[d+ peaks4 ,p9es & bamboos s+ 9 ! w9d t sways !m ,sea tides wa% b5ea? ! %9+ moon4 ,i gaze at ! m\nta9's gre5 bord]s bel[ ,& discuss philosophy ) ! :ite cl\ds4 ,9 ! wild]ness1 m\nta9s & seas are all "r1 ,b ,i wi% ,i _h a companion 9 my se>* = ! ,way4#cj ,! admission ( lonel9ess & ne>-despair 9 _m ( 8 v]ses has always be5 a tr\blesome po9t = ,z5 comm5tators4 ,! enlight5$ man is suppos$ to be immune to ! misgiv+s ( ! he>t1 focus$ z he is on on5ess & nondi/9ction4 ,b ,han-%an worri$ a good bit ab\t old age1 & he also miss$ 8 family1 z he admits1 albeit ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a dream3 ,la/ night 9 a dream ,i return$ to my old home ,& saw my wife weav+ at h] loom4 ,%e held h] %uttle pois$1 z ?\gh lo/ 9 ?\ght1 ,z ?\gh %e _h no /r5g? to lift x fur!r4 ,i call$4 ,%e turn$ h] head to look1 ,b h] eyes 7 blank--%e didn't "k me4 ,s _m ye>s we've be5 p>t$ ,! hair at my temples has lo/ its old color4#ca ,b p]haps x is ?is non-,*'an quality1 ?is mortal t\*1 t elevates ,han-%an to ! rank ( a great lyrical poet4 ,he actually manages to be bo? a plausible ,buddhi/ & a vuln]able human be+4 ,few o!r poets 9 ,*9ese lett]s manag$ to comb9e g5u9e ,buddhism ) su* memorable v]se4 ,z ,burton ,watson has obs]v$1 ,9 ! works ( mo/ fir/-rate ,*9ese poets1 ,buddhism figures v slightly1 usually z little m ?an a vague mood ( resignation or a picturesque embelli%m5t 9 ! l&scape--! m\nta9 temple fall+ into melan*oly ru91 ! old monk "o visits on an out+ 9 ! hills4 ,han-%an1 h[ev]1 is a /rik+ exception to ?is rule4 ,! collection ( poetry attribut$ to him 4 4 4 is p]meat$ ) deep & compell+ religi\s feel+4 ,= ?is reason he holds a place ( special importance 9 ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,he prov$ t x 0 possible to write great poetry on ,buddhi/1 z well z ,confucian & ,taoi/1 !mes2 t ! cold ab/ractions ( ,mahayana philosophy c\ld be trans=m$ into p]sonal & impassion$ lit]ature4 4 4 4 ,! language ( 8 poems is simple1 (t5 colloquial or ev5 slangy 4 4 4 b _m ( 8 images & t]ms are drawn f ! ,buddhi/ sutras or ! say+s ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool ( ,z51 ^: doctr9e ( ! ,buddha z pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( all m5--( ,buddha z ! m9d itself-- he s (t5 ref]s to4 ,at ! same "t he is solidly )9 ! ,*9ese poetic tradition1 8 language aga9 & aga9 e*o+ ! works ( e>li] poets4 4 4 4#cb ,) ,han-%an we return repeat$ly to ! _w ( ,cold ,m\nta91 :i* 0--z ano!r ( 8 translators1 ,ar?ur ,waley1 has po9t$ out--z mu* a /ate ( m9d z a locality4 ,x 0 ?is1 toge!r ) 8 advice to look )91 t f9ally gives ,han-%an 8 haunt+ voice ( ,*'an4 ,he seems n to h c>$ = ! sup]cili\s ma/]s :o dom9at$ ! competitive _w ( ! mona/]ies4 ,he invit$ !m to jo9 him 9 ! rigor\s b rew>d+ _w ( ,cold ,m\nta91 :]e ! m9d 0 ,buddha & ! he>t 0 home4 ,:5 m5 see ,han-%an ,!y all say he's crazy ,& n mu* to look at-- ,dress$ 9 rags & hides4 ,!y don't get :at ,i say ,i don't talk _! language4 ,all ,i c say to ^? ,i meet3 ,try & make x to ,cold ,m\nta94#cc ,*apt] ,t5 ,,huang-,,po3 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,m9d ,p]haps ! mo/ ?\ghtful ,z5 philosoph] ( !m all 0 ,huang-po 7d4 #hej871 :o pick$ up :]e ! e>li] tea*]s _h left (f & br\ght to a close ! great creative era ( ,*'an4 ,he also /ood at ! v edge ( ! tumultu\s wat]%$ 9 ,*9ese ,buddhism1 b>ely liv+ pa/ ! #hde ,great ,p]secution t sma%$ ! p[] ( all ! ,buddhi/ s*ools except t ( ! reclusive ,s\!rn ,*'ani/s4 ,orig9ally nam$ ,hsi-yun1 ! ma/] mov$ at a "y age f 8 bir?place 9 pres5t-day ,fuki5 to ,mt4 ,huang-po 9 ! same prov9ce1 ! locale t gave him 8 ,*'an title4 ,8 biography decl>es t 8 voice 0 articulate & melliflu\s1 8 "* op5 & simple4#a ,he lat] decid$ to make a pilgrimage to see ! fam\s ,ma-tsu1 b :5 he arriv$ 9 ,kiangsi he 0 told t ! ma/] _h di$4#b ,po-*ang ,huai-hai 0 /ill !re1 h[ev]1 & consequ5tly ,huang-po settl$ d[n to /udy ) him in/ead4 ,huang-po is kn[n to u today prim>ily ?r\gh ! accid5t ( hav+ a foll[] obsess$ by ! writt5 ^w4 ,?is man1 ,pei ,hsiu1 0 also a high ,*9ese (ficial :o s]v$ z gov]nor 9 two ( ! prov9ces :]e ,huang-po at v>i\s times resid$4 ,he /udi$ "u ,huang-po bo? times 7all day & night1 s he claim$7 & lat] produc$ an anecdotal summ>y ( ! ma/]'s tea*+s n[ kn[n z ,on ! ,transmission ( ,m9d4#c ,?is docum5t 0 ext5sive1 repres5t+ "o ( ! mo/ detail$ descriptions ( an e>ly ma/]'s ?\ghts4 ,pei ,hsiu also reports 9 8 preface 7dat$ #heh7 t he s5t 8 "w back to ,kuang ,t'ang mona/]y on ,mt4 ,huang-po to h x au!nticat$ by ! old monks !re :o /ill rememb]$ ! say+s ( ! ma/]4#d ,by ! "t ( ,huang-po ! issue ( gradual v]sus sudd5 enlight5m5t 0 decisively resolv$ 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,he !re=e turn$ in/ead to two major rema9+ que/ions3 #a7 h[ enlight5m5t fits into ! m5tal _w1 & #b7 h[ ?is intuitive insight c be transmitt$4 ,be=e he 0 ?r\gh he _h advanc$ ^! issues significantly & _h laid ! philosophical basis = ! next phase ( ,*'an 9 ,*9a--to be dom9at$ by ! s*ool ( 8 pupil ,l9- *i4 ,huang-po /ruggl$ ) a fundam5tal dilemma ( ,*'an3 h[ ! wordless wisdom ( intuition c be pass$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,enlight5m5t necess>ily has to be intuitive1 & t means traditional tea*+ me?ods are useless4 ,!re are no conceptual =mulations or concepts4 ,x is by def9ition wordless4 ,x has to be realiz$ intuitively by ! novice1 by himself4 ,! ma/]s _h isolat$ a type ( k t words c\ld n transmit4 ,x 0 ?is transmission ( wordless insight1 ( ,m9d1 t obsess$ ,huang-po4 ,8 tea*+s are well summ>iz$ by 8 biograph] ,pei ,hsiu1 :o decl>$3 ,hold+ 9 e/eem only ! intuitive me?od ( ! ,highe/ ,vehicle1 :i* _c be communicat$ 9 words1 he taught no?+ b ! doctr9e ( ! ,"o ,m9d2 hold+ t !re is no?+ else to tea*1 9 t bo? m9d & sub/ance are void4 4 4 4 ,to ^? :o h realiz$ ! nature ( ,reality1 !re is no?+ old or new1 & conceptions ( %all[ness & dep? are mean+less4 ,^? :o speak ( x d n attempt to expla9 x1 e/abli% no sects1 & op5 no doors or w9d[s4 ,t :i* is be=e y is x4 ,beg9 to reason ab\t x & y w at once fall into error4#e ,he seems to h be5 preoccupi$ ) ! issue ( transmission ev5 dur+ ! e>ly days ( /udy+ "u ,huai-hai4 ,8 v fir/ "q to ! old] ma/] report$ly 0 ,h[ did ! e>ly ,*'an ma/]s guide _! foll[]s8 ,huai-hai answ]$ ?is v un-,*'an "q ) sil5ce1 an impli$ rebuke4 ,:5 ,huang-po press$ ! po9t1 ,huai-hai call$ him a disappo9t+ disciple & said he _h be/ bew>e or he 7,huang-po7 w\ld be ! man :o lo/ ,*'an4#f ,9 a lat] episode1 h[ev]1 ,huai-hai designates ,huang-po z a successor 9 ,dh>ma1 via a fam\s transmission ex*ange 9 :i* ,huang- po f9ally demon/rates wordless communication4 ,"o day ,huai-hai ask$ ,huang-po1 ,:]e h y be58 ,! answ] 0 t he _h be5 at ! foot ( ! ,ta-hsiung ,m\nta9 pick+ mu%rooms4 ,huai-hai cont9u$1 ,h y se5 any tig]s8 ,huang-po imm$iately ro>$ l a tig]4 ,huai-hai pick$ up an ax z if to *op ! tig]4 ,huang-po sudd5ly slapp$ ,huai-hai's face4 ,huai-hai laugh$ he>tily1 & !n return$ to 8 temple & said to ! assembly1 ,at ! foot ( ! ,ta-hsiung ,m\nta9 !re is a tig]4 ,y p %\ld wat* out4 ,i h already be5 bitt5 today4#g ,?is enigmatic utt]ance by ,huai-hai has be5 tak5 by _m to signify t ,huang-po 0 be+ ackn[l$g$ z a wor?y be+1 p]haps ev5 a successor4 ,! s*ol> ,*ang ,*ung-yuan has obs]v$ t ! g5ius ( ?is response 0 its fre$om f ! trap ( logical ass]tion or negation4#h ,! act signifi$ fre$om f ! alt]natives ( words or sil5ce4 ,c\ld x be t ) ?is incid5t we h f9ally captur$ a wordless transmission8 ,huang-po also _h a numb] ( ex*anges 9 lat] ye>s ) ,nan-*'uan 7#gch-hbd71 ano!r ( 8 s5iors :o _h /udi$ at ! feet ( old ,ma-tsu4 ,z ! /ory is report$ 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp3 ,"s "t lat] ,huang-po 0 ) ,nan-*'uan4 ,all ! monks 9 ,nan- *'uan's mona/]y 7 go+ out to h>ve/ cabbage4 ,nan-*'uan ask$ ,huang-po1 ,:]e are y go+8 ,huang-po answ]$1 ,i am go+ to pick cabbage4 ,nan-*'uan w5t on1 ,:at d y use to pick cabbage8 ,huang- po lift$ 8 sickle4 ,nan-*'uan rem>k$1 ,y take ! objective position z a gue/1 b y d n "k h[ to preside z a ho/ 9 ! subjective position4 ,huang-po !reupon knock$ on ! gr\nd ?ree times ) 8 sickle4#i ,:5 ,bl(eld translates ?is puzzl+ episode f ,on ! ,transmission ( ,m9d1 he comm5ts t he has be5 unable to f9d a mod]n ,z5 ma/] :o c\ld expla9 its mean+4#aj ,h[ev]1 ,nan-*'uan's f9al rem>k que/ions ! degree ( ,huang-po's enlight5m5t1 & "s assume ! latt] knock$ on ! gr\nd to signify defeat4#aa ,z did o!r ma/]s1 ,huang-po also employ$ sil5ce z a tea*+ device1 us+ x to tea* wordless insight by example4 ,"o p>ticul>ly po9t$ /ory involves none o!r ?an 8 biograph]1 ! (ficial ,pei ,hsiu4 ,9 ,pei ,hsiu's introduction to 8 transcript ( ,huang-po's tea*+s he says t !y fir/ met 9 #hdc :5 he invit$ ! ma/] to lecture at ,lung-hs+ ,temple 9 ,*ung-l+1 ! di/rict :i* he gov]n$4 ,six ye>s lat]1 9 #hdi1 ! gov]nor 0 9 *>ge ( ,wan- l+1 & he aga9 invit$ ! ma/] to come & tea*1 ?is "t at ! local ,k'ai-yan temple4#ab ,:5 ,huang-po arriv$ 9 ,wan-l+1 = :at 0 to be ! second tea*+ session ) ,pei ,hsiu1 ! /ory says t ! gov]nor made ! mi/ake ( pres5t+ ! ma/] ) a writt5 exposition ( ! tea*+s ( ,*'an4 ,huang-po greet$ ?is ) sil5ce1 8 exposition ( ,*'an4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] invit$ ! ,ma/] to ! city & pres5t$ 8 own writt5 int]pretation ( ,*'an to him4 ,! ,ma/] took x & put x on ! table4 ,he did n read x4 ,aft] a %ort sil5ce1 he ask$ ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,d y und]/&8 ,! m9i/] answ]$1 ,i d n und]/&4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,x w\ld be bett] if y c\ld und]/& imm$iately ?r\gh inn] exp]i5ce4 ,if x is express$ 9 words1 x won't be our tea*+4#ac ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp reports t aft] ?is episode at ,wan- l+1 ! _s ( ,huang-po's s*ool became widespread s\? ( ! ,yangtze ,riv]4#ad ,?is ex*ange br+s out ! ess5ce ( ,huang-po's conc]ns4 ,8 mo/ insi/5t conviction 0 t ,*'an _c be taught1 t x mu/ be someh[ ga9$ intuitively4 ,he 0 contemptu\s ( conceptual ?\ght1 believ+ x to be ! greate/ h9drance to a*iev+ intuitive insight4 ,! problem is ! mi/ak5 belief t ,z5 c someh[ be taught & und]/ood if only "o grasps ! concepts4 ,b concepts only s]ve to ob/ruct intuition2 ,z5 intuition c "w only outside concepts4 ,z ,huang-po phras$ x3 ,s9ce ,z5 0 fir/ transmitt$1 x has nev] taught t m5 %\ld seek = le>n+ or =m concepts4 ,/udy+ ! ,way is j a figure ( spee*4 ,x is a me?od ( ar\s+ p's int]e/ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,9 fact1 ! ,way is n some?+ :i* c be /udi$4 ,/udy leads to ! ret5tion ( concepts & s ! ,way is entirely misund]/ood4#ae ,! use ( ! rational m9d 9 ! /udy ( ,*'an is only mean+ful at ! beg9n+4 ,b once ! fi% ( intuitive insight has be5 sn>$ 9 ! net ( ! rational m9d's k51 ! net mu/ be disc>d$4 ,else:]e he lik5s ! ext5d$ use ( analytical ?\ght to ! %ovel+ ( dung4#af ,concepts1 x turns out1 are only "o ( ! m9d's _m con/ructs4 ,! m9d also provides our p]ception ( concrete objects1 !reby creat+ !m to suit its ne$s4 ,hills are hills4 ,wat] is wat]4 ,monks are monks4 ,laym5 are laym54 ,b ^! m\nta9s1 ^! riv]s1 ! :ole _w itself1 toge!r ) ! sun1 moon1 & />s--n "o ( !m exi/s outside y\r m9ds6 4 4 4 ,ph5om5a d n arise indep5d5tly1 b rely ^u 7! m5tal7 environm5t 7we create74#ag ,s9ce reality is creat$ by ! m9d1 we w nev] "k :at is real & :at is illusion4 ,examples ( ?is are commonplace4 ,! electron is bo? a wave & a p>ticle1 dep5d+ ^u our po9t ( view4 ,:i* is reality8 ,fur!rmore1 concepts limit4 ,by treat+ ! _w us+ rational con/ructs1 we =ce x into a limit$ cage4 ,b :5 we deal ) x directly1 x is mu* m complex & au!ntic4 ,to cont9ue ! example1 ! electron may be some?+ mu* m complex ?an ei!r a wave or a p>ticle1 s9ce x behaves at times l ei!r or bo?4 ,x may 9 fact be some?+ = :i* our rationality-b\nd m9d has no concept4 ,! illusory _w we ?9k we see ar\nd u1 deceptively br\ght to u by our untru/wor?y s5ses1 leads u to conceptual ?\ght & to logical categories z a means to attempt its und]/&+4 ,! result+ intellectual turmoil is j ! opposite ( ! tranquility t is ,*'an4 ,b avoidance ( conceptual ?\ght leads to a s]5e1 direct1 & mean+ful und]/&+ ( ! _w ar\nd u1 )\t unsettl+ m5tal involvem5t4 ,ord9>y p all indulge 9 conceptual ?\ght bas$ on environm5tal ph5om5a1 h5ce !y feel desire & hatr$4 ,to elim9ate environm5tal ph5om5a1 j put an end to y\r conceptual ?9k+4 ,:5 ?is ceases1 environm5tal ph5om5a are void2 & :5 ^! are void1 ?\ght ceases4 ,b if y try to elim9ate environm5t )\t fir/ putt+ a /op to conceptual ?\ght1 y w n succe$1 b m]ely increase its p[] to di/urb y4#ah ,:at is worse1 reliance on mislead+ p]ception blocks out our exp]i5ce ( our own pure m9d4 ,p 9 ! _w _c id5tify _! own m9d4 ,!y believe t :at !y see1 or he>1 or feel1 or "k1 is m9d4 ,!y are block$ by ! visual1 ! auditory1 ! tactile1 & ! m5tal1 s !y _c see ! brilliant _s ( _! orig9al m9d4#ai ,:5 he 0 ask$ :y ,z5 /ud5ts %\ld n =m concepts z o!r p d1 he repli$1 ,concepts are relat$ to ! s5ses1 & :5 feel+ takes place1 wisdom is %ut out4#bj ,huang-po is s adamant aga9/ ! deceiv+ _w ( ! s5ses he ev5 comes d[n h>d on ! pleasures ( ! g\rmet4 ,?us1 !re is s5sual eat+ & wise eat+4 ,:5 ! body suff]s ! pangs ( hung] & accord+ly y provide x ) food1 b )\t gre$1 t is call$ wise eat+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y glutton\sly delight 9 purity & flav\r1 y are p]mitt+ ! di/9ctions :i* arise f wrong ?9k+4 ,m]ely seek+ to gratify ! organ ( ta/e )\t realiz+ :5 y h tak5 en\gh is call$ s5sual eat+4#ba ,! po9t "h seems to be t ! use ( ! s5ses = pleasure is an abuse & di/racts "o f ! illusion ( ! _w1 :i* itself obscures our m9d f u4 ,! ideal man he describes 9 t]ms ( "o :o c rema9 passive ev5 :5 confront$ by a manife/ation ( good or ( evil4 ,he comm5ds ! p]son :o has ! "* to rema9 alo(1 ev5 :5 9 ! ,buddhi/ heav5 or ! ,buddhi/ hell3 ,if he %\ld behold ! glori\s sight ( all ! ,buddhas com+ to welcome him1 surr\nd$ by e k9d ( gorge\s manife/ation1 he w\ld feel no desire to approa* !m4 ,if he %\ld behold all sorts ( horrific =ms surr\nd+ him1 he w\ld exp]i5ce no t]ror4 ,he w\ld j be himself1 oblivi\s ( conceptual ?\ght & "o ) ! ,absolute4 ,he w\ld h atta9$ ! /ate ( uncondition$ be+4#bb ,tru? is elusive4 ,x is impossible to f9d x by look+ = x4 ,& ! _w ( ! s5ses & ! conceptual ?\ght x eng5d]s are actually imp$im5ts to discov]+ real tru?4 ,he provides an analogy 9 ! /ory ( a man :o se>*es abroad = some?+ t he _h all along4 ,suppose a w>rior1 =gett+ t he 0 already we>+ 8 pe>l on 8 =ehead1 7 to seek = x else:]e1 he c\ld travel ! :ole _w )\t f9d+ x4 ,b if someone :o knew :at 0 wrong 7 to po9t x out to him1 ! w>rior w\ld imm$iately realize t ! pe>l _h be5 !re all ! "t4#bc ,he concludes t ! w>rior's f9d+ 8 pe>l _h no?+ to d ) 8 se>*+ = x1 j z ! f9al realization ( intuitive wisdom has no?+ to d ) ! graduat$ practice ( ! traditional ,buddhi/s4 ,s1 if y /ud5ts ( ! ,way are mi/ak5 ab\t y\r own real ,m9d 4 4 4 y w indulge 9 v>i\s a*ievem5ts & practices & expect to atta9 realization by su* graduat$ practices4 ,b1 ev5 aft] aeons ( dilig5t se>*+1 y w n be able to atta9 to ! ,way4 ,^! me?ods _c be comp>$ to ! sudd5 elim9ation ( conceptual ?\ght1 ! c]ta9 k t !re is no?+ at all :i* has absolute exi/5ce1 no?+ on :i* to lay hold1 no?+ on :i* to rely1 no?+ 9 :i* to abide1 no?+ subjective or objective4 ,x is by prev5t+ ! rise ( conceptual ?\ght t y w realize ,bodhi 7enlight5m5t72 &1 :5 y d1 y w j be realiz+ ! ,buddha :o has always exi/$ 9 y\r own ,m9d6#bd ,! traditional practices nei!r help nor h9d] f9d+ ! way1 s9ce !y are unrelat$ to ! f9al fla% ( sudd5 enlight5m5t-- :i* is 9 y\r m9d f ! beg9n+1 ready to be releas$4 ,:at !n did he tea*1 if !re is no?+ to be taught8 ,! answ] seems to be to /op seek+1 = only !n does wisdom come4 ,fur!rmore1 to /udy a doctr9e ( nonatta*m5t puts y 9 ! compromis+ position ( becom+ atta*$ to nonatta*m5t itself4 ,if y /ud5ts ( ! ,way wi% to become ,buddhas1 y ne$ /udy no doctr9es :atev]1 b le>n only h[ to avoid seek+ = & atta*+ y\rselves to any?+4 4 4 4 ,rel9qui%m5t ( ev]y?+ is ! ,dh>ma1 & he :o und]/&s ?is is a ,buddha1 b ! rel9qui%m5t ( ,,all delusions leaves no ,dh>ma on :i* to lay hold4#be ,b j h[ does ,huang-po manage to practice :at he prea*es8 4 4 4 ,mo/ /ud5ts ( ,z5 cl+ to all sorts ( s\nds & =ms4 ,:y d !y n copy me by lett+ ea* ?\ght g z ?\gh x 7 no?+1 or z ?\gh x 7 a piece ( rott5 wood1 a /one1 or ! cold a%es ( a dead fire8 ,or else1 by j mak+ :atev] slight response is suit$ to ea* occasion8#bf ,8 f9al admonitions 7 organiz$ by ,pei ,hsiu & summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 report$ z ,huang-po's answ] to ! "q ( :at guidance he _h to (f] ^? :o f\nd 8 tea*+ difficult4 ,i h ,,no?+ to (f]4 4 4 4 ,all y ne$ to rememb] are ! foll[+3 ,fir/1 le>n h[ to be entirely unreceptive to s5sations aris+ f ext]nal =ms1 !reby purg+ y\r bodies ( receptivity to ext]nals4 ,second1 le>n n to pay att5tion to any di/9ctions betwe5 ?is & t aris+ f y\r s5sations1 !reby purg+ y\r bodies ( useless disc]nm5ts betwe5 "o ph5om5on & ano!r4 ,?ird1 take great c>e to avoid discrim9at+ 9 t]ms ( pleasant & unpleasant s5sations1 !reby purg+ y\r bodies ( va9 discrim9ations4 ,f\r?1 avoid pond]+ ?+s 9 y\r m9d1 !reby purg+ y\r bodies ( discrim9atory cognition4#bg ,huang-po /ruggl$ mightily ) ! problem ( transmission4 ,s9ce ! doctr9e 0 pass$ m9d-to-m9d1 he 0 oblig$ to f9d a transmission t someh[ circumv5t$ ! ne$ = words1 some?+ to br+ a novice up aga9/ 8 own orig9al nature4 ,8 contribution "h 0 n revolution>y3 ,he ma9ly advocat$ ! te*niques p]fect$ by ,ma-tsu1 includ+ ro>s & %\ts1 beat+s1 call+ out a disciple's "n unexpect$ly1 or j rema9+ sil5t at a critical mom5t to und]score ! inability ( words to assi/4 ,he also us$ ! te*nique ( cont9ually contradict+ a pupil1 until ! pupil f9ally realiz$ t all 8 talk+ _h be5 j s _m obscur+ concepts4 ,b j :at 0 ?is m9d t 0 be+ transmitt$8 ,8 answ] 0 t no?+ 0 transmitt$1 s9ce ! :ole po9t 0 j to j> loose ! intuition ( ! p]son be+ taught4 ,once ,huang-po 0 ask$1 ,if y say t m9d c be transmitt$1 !n h[ c y say x is no?+8 ,he answ]$1 ,to a*ieve no?+ is to h ! m9d transmitt$ to y4 ,! que/ion] press$1 ,if !re is no?+ & no m9d1 !n h[ c x be transmitt$8 ,huang-po answ]$1 ,y h he>d ! expression 'transmission ( ! m9d' & s y ?9k !re mu/ be some?+ transmitt$4 ,y are wrong4 ,?us ,bodhidh>ma said t :5 ! nature ( ! m9d is realiz$1 x is n possible to express x v]bally4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 no?+ is obta9$ 9 ! transmission ( ! m9d1 or if any?+ is obta9$1 x is c]ta9ly n k4#bh ,he f9ally concludes t ! subject _c really ev5 be discuss$1 s9ce !re are no t]ms = ! process t transpires4 ,j z sunyata--t empt9ess or ,void ^: exi/5ce means t conceptual ?\ght is empty & rational con/ructs inadequate--is n some?+ t c be transmitt$ z a concept1 s too is ! ,dh>ma or tea*+1 z well z ,m9d1 t ess5ce we %>e ) a l>g] reality4 ,ev5 /atem5ts t concepts are po9tless mu/ fall back on language & consequ5tly are actually !mselves m]ely make-d approximations1 z are all descriptions ( ! process ( transmission4 ,he f9ally gives up on words entirely1 decl>+ t none ( ! t]ms he has us$ has any mean+4 ,a transmission ( ,void _c be made ?r\gh words4 ,a transmission 9 concrete t]ms _c be ! ,dh>ma4 4 4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ,m9d is n ,m9d & transmission is n really transmission4#bi ,he 0 work+ on ! v real problem ( ! transmission ( und]/&+ t op]ates 9 a "p ( ! m9d :]e spee* & logic _c ent]4 ,z ,john ,wu has po9t$ out1 9 a s5se ,huang-po _h come back full circle to ! insights ( ,*uang ,tzu3 good & evil are mean+less2 intuitive k is m pr(\nd ?an spee*-b\nd logic2 !re is an und]ly+ unity 7= ,*uang ,tzu x 0 ! ,tao or ,way2 = ,huang-po1 ! ,univ]sal ,m9d7 t repres5ts ! ineffable absolute4#cj ,9 effect1 ,huang-po laid x all out1 cle>$ ! way1 & def9$ ,*'an once & = all4 ,! ,p]5nial ,philosophy 0 nev] m /rongly /at$4 ,! exp]im5tal age ( ,*'an ?us drew to a close1 its job f9i%$4 ,) 8 dea? at ! midpo9t ( ! n9? c5tury1 !re 0 little m to be inv5t$4#ca ,x 0 "t n[ = ,*'an to =malize its dialectic1 z well z to meet society & make its m>k 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ 0 tak5 c>e ( by ,huang-po's /> pupil1 ,l9-*i1 & ! second 0 precipitat$ by ! =ces ( de/9y4 ,! dea? ( ,huang-po co9cid$ ) a critical in/ant 9 ,*9ese hi/ory ^: consequ5ces = future g5]ations 7 enorm\s4 ,once be=e ,*9ese politics _h affect$ ,*'an1 produc+ a situation 9 :i* ,s\!rn ,*'an w\ld /eal ! m>* on ,nor!rn ,*'an4 ,& n[ ano!r traumatic episode 9 ,*9ese affairs w\ld effectively de/roy all ,buddhi/ sects except ,s\!rn ,*'an1 leav+ ! way cle> = ?is pursuit ( intuitive wisdom--once relegat$ to w&]+ tea*]s ( dhyana--to become ! only vital ,buddhi/ sect left 9 ,*9a4 ,z not$ previ\sly1 res5tm5t t[>d ,buddhism _h always smold]$ 9 ,*9ese society4 ,p]iodically ! cons]vative ,*9ese tri$ to drive ?is =eign belief sy/em f _! soil1 or fail+ t1 at lea/ to br+ x "u control4 ,! usual compla9ts revolv$ ar\nd ! mona/]ies' hold+s ( tax-free l&s1 _! removal ( able-bodi$ m5 & wom5 f society into nonproductive mona/ic life1 & ! mona/ic v[s ( celibacy s anti!tical to ! ,*9ese ideals ( ! family4 ,! ,*'an mona/]ies1 delib]ately or n1 work$ h>d to defuse _m ( ^! compla9ts4 ,inde$1 "s w\ld say t ,*'an manag$ to *ange ,buddhism into some?+ ! ,*9ese c\ld p>tially /oma*4 ,*'ani/s 7 j ! opposite ( p>asitical on society1 s9ce !y practic$ ,po-*ang ,huai-hai's injunction ( a day )\t "w be+ a day )\t food4 ,also1 ! un?9k+ piety ( traditional ,buddhi/s 0 revil$ by ,*'ani/s4 ,fur!rmore1 ,*'an disp5s$ ) mu* ( ! rigm>ole & p>aph]nalia favor$ by ! ,buddhi/ sects t /uck to its ,indian orig9s m closely4 ,! res5tm5t felt t[>d ,buddhi/s 0 summ>iz$ 9 a docum5t issu$ 9 #hai by a s*ol>-bureaucrat nam$ ,han ,yu4#cb ,8 recital ( ,buddhism's fail+s came d[n p>ticul>ly h>d on ! fact t ! ,buddha _h n be5 ,*9ese4 ,han ,yu advocat$ a complete suppression ( ?is p]nici\s e/abli%m5t3 ,re/ore its p to human liv+6 ,burn its books6 ,& conv]t its build+s to human dwell+s6#cc ,z res5tm5t t[>d ! worldly influ5ce ( ,buddhism grew dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 !re came to p[] an emp]or :o decid$ to act4 ,! ,emp]or ,wu-tsang 7r4 #hda-df7 is n[ ?\ght to h gone mad z a prelude to 8 p]secution ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,b 8 edicts 7 effective none!less4 ,! /ate _h begun tight5+ its grip on ,buddhism :5 he came into p[] 9 #hda1 b 9 ,augu/ #hde he issu$ ! edict t ultimately _h ! effect ( de/roy+ traditional ,buddhism & urbaniz$ ,nor!rn ,*'an 9 ,*9a4 ,ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s he de/roy$ #d1fjj big temples & mona/]ies & ov] #dj1jjj small] temples & retreats4 ,he fre$ #aej1jjj male & female slaves or temple att5dants & evict$ "s #bfe1jjj monks & nuns1 =c+ !m back into secul> life4 7,?is 0 out ( a total ,*9ese population e/imat$ to be ar\nd #bg million47 ,& n incid5tally1 ! /ate reclaim$ sev]al million acres ( prop]ty t _h belong$ to ! mona/]ies4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to oblit]ate virtually all ! great ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5ts1 includ+ ! ,buddhi/ /rongholds 9 ! capitals ( ,*ang-an & ,loyang1 :i* 7 r$uc$ to only two temples & ?irty monks 9 ea* ( ! two cities4#cd ,! irony ( ! ,great ,p]secution 0 t x actually seem$ to invigorate ,s\!rn ,*'an4 ,= "o ?+1 ^! rural ,*'an tea*]s _h long be5 iconocla/s & outca/s !mselves1 z !y dis[n$ o/5tati\s temples & ev5 ! scriptures4 ,almo/ z mu* a philosophy z a religion1 ,s\!rn ,*'an _h long kn[n h[ to d )\t imp]ial favor & l>gess4 ,& :5 a fur!r edict came d[n dem&+ t all ,buddhi/ p>aph]nalia1 includ+ /atues & pa9t+s1 be burn$1 ! outca/ ,*'an mona/]ies _h ! lea/ to lose1 s9ce !y _h ev5 done a bit ( burn+ !mselves--if we are to believe ! /ory ( ,tan-hsia 7#gch-hbd71 a fam\s ,*'an monk :o once burn$ a ,buddhi/ /atue = w>m?4 ,s\!rn ,*'an tea*]s j melt$ = a "t back into secul> life1 f :i* !y _h nev] be5 f> 9 any case4#ce ,! result ( all ?is 0 t aft] #hdf ! only sect ( ,buddhism ) any /r5g? at all 0 rural ,*'an4 ,*9ese ,buddhism lit]ally became synonym\s ) ,s\!rn ,*'an--a f> cry f ! almo/ fugitive exi/5ce ( ! sect 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,& :5 ,buddhism became fa%ionable aga9 dur+ ! ,sung1 ,s\!rn ,*'an became a h\se religion1 z ,nor!rn _h once be54 ,! result 0 t ,*'an gradually lo/ its iconocla/ic "*4 ,b out ( ?is la/ phase ( ,*'an develop$ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful tools ev] = enlight5m5t1 ! fam\s ,z5 koan1 ^: creation pres]v$ some?+ out ( ! dynamism ( ,*'an's e>ly c5turies4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,sect>ianism ,,& ,,! ,,koan 4 4 4 9 :i* ! ,*'an movem5t div]sifies into a v>iety ( s*ools1 ea* behold5 to a ma/] or ma/]s advocat+ an individualiz$ pa? to enlight5m5t4 ,f ?is p]iod ( p]sonality & exp]im5tation gradually em]ge two ma9 ,*'an pa?s1 ! ,l9-*i & ! ,ts'ao-tung 7lat] call$ ,r9zai & ,soto 9 ,japan74 ,! ,l9-*i s*ool concludes t enlight5m5t c be precipitat$ 9 a prep>$ novice ?r\gh %\ts1 jolts1 & m5tal p>adoxes4 ,! ,ts'ao-tung relies m heavily on ! traditional practice ( m$itation to gradually release enlight5m5t4 ,! fai? gr[s 9 numb]s1 b quality decl9es4 ,to ma9ta9 ,*'an's intellectual vigor1 !re em]ges a new te*nique1 call$ ! koan1 :i* uses episodes f ,*'an's ,gold5 ,age to *all5ge novices' m5tal complac5cy4 ,?is inv5tion becomes ! hallm>k ( ! lat] ,l9-*i sect1 & ?r\gh ! ref9em5t ( ! koan te*nique ,*'an enjoys a r5aissance ( creativity 9 ,*9a4 ,*apt] ,elev5 ,,l9-,,*i3 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,r9zai ,,z5 ,! ,great ,p]secution ( #hde br\ght to a close ! creative ,gold5 ,age ( ,*'an1 :ile also leav+ ,*'an z ! dom9ant =m ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an e/abli%m5t ,buddhism = ,*'an to di/+ui% itself aga9/1 ! sect proce$$ to evolve its own int]nal sect>ianism4 ,!re arose :at are today kn[n z ! five h\ses1 regional v]sions ( ,*'an t diff]$ 9 m9or b significant ways4#a ,yet !re 0 no animosity among ! s*ools1 m]ely a fri5dly rivalry4 ,9 fact1 ! tea*]s !mselves ref]r$ back to ! prophecy attribut$ to ,bodhidh>ma t ! fl[] ( dhyana ,buddhism w\ld "o day h five petals4 ,! ma/]s :o f\nd$ ! five s*ools 7 all individuali/s ( idiosyncratic "*4 ,yet ! times 7 su* t = ! mo/ "p _! fl[]s bloom$ glori\sly only a few decades be=e sl[ly fad+4 ,h[ev]1 two ( ! sects did prosp] & ev5tually w5t on to take ov] ! g>d54 ,^! two h\ses1 ! ,l9-*i & ! ,ts'ao-tung1 bo? 7 conc]n$ ) dialectics & became ! =]unn]s ( ! two ,z5 sects 7,r9zai & ,soto7 ev5tually to fl\ri% 9 ,japan4 ,( ! two1 ! ,l9-*i is mo/ directly traceable back to ! e>li] ma/]s1 s9ce its f\nd] actually /udi$ "u ! ma/] ,huang-po4 ,! ma/] kn[n today z ,l9-*i 7d4 #hff87 0 born 9 ! prefecture ( ,nan-hua1 9 :at today is ,%antung prov9ce4#b ,he report$ly 0 brilliant1 well behav$1 & fill$ ) ! filial devotion expect$ ( good ,*9ese boys4 ,drawn e>ly to ,buddhism1 al?\gh n necess>ily to ,*'an1 he %av$ 8 head & became a monk :ile /ill "y4 ,8 e>ly /udies 7 ( ! sutras1 z well z ! v9aya or ,buddhi/ rules & ! sa/ra or comm5t>ies4 ,b 9 8 e>ly tw5ties he decid$ t he 0 m int]e/$ 9 intuitive wisdom ?an or?odoxy & consequ5tly took ! road 9 se>* ( a ma/]4 ,?us he arriv$ at ! mona/]y ( ,huang-po already a fully orda9$ monk4 ,b 8 le>n+ 0 traditional & 8 p]sonality t ( a timor\s fl$gl+ monk4 ,= ?ree ye>s he dutifully att5d$ ! ma/]'s s]mons & practic$ all ! obs]vances ( ! m\nta9 community1 b 8 advancem5t 0 m9imal4 ,f9ally ! head disciple sugge/$ t he visit ,huang-po = an int]view to try to ga9 insight4 ,! "y man oblig+ly w5t 9 to see ! ma/] & ask$ him ! /&>d op5]3 ,:at is ! real mean+ ( ,bodhidh>ma's com+ f ! ,we/8 ,huang-po's wordless response 0 to lay him l[ ) a bl[ ( 8 /ick4 ,l9-*i scurri$ away 9 p]plexity & relat$ ! /ory to ! head disciple1 :o enc\rag$ him to return1 :i* he did twice m4 ,b ea* "t he receiv$ ! same h>% reception4 ,he 0 f9ally s demoraliz$ t he ann\nc$ plans to leave ! mona/]y & seek enlight5m5t else:]e4 ,! head monk relat$ ?is to ,huang-po toge!r ) ! op9ion t ?is "y novice %[$ significant promise4 ,s :5 ,l9-*i came to bid ,huang-po f>ewell1 ! ma/] sympa!tically direct$ him to ! mona/]y ( a k9dly ne>by tea*]1 ! ma/] ,ta-yu4 ,p]haps x 0 all plann$1 b :5 ,l9-*i arriv$ at ! second mona/]y & relat$ 8 unhappy treatm5t at ! h&s ( ,huang-po ! ma/] ,ta-yu li/5$ pati5tly & !n decl>$1 ,huang-po treat$ y ) great compassion4 ,he m]ely want$ to relieve y\r di/ress4 ,^u he>+ ?is ,l9-*i sudd5ly und]/ood t ,huang-po 0 transmitt+ ! wordless insight to him1 ! und]/&+ t ,*'an lies n 9 ! words produc$ 9 ! abbot's room b r 9 ! realization ( 8 intuitive m9d4 ,x sudd5ly 0 all s obvi\s t ! "y monk c\ld n conta9 8 joy & decl>$1 ,s ,huang- po's ,buddhism is actually v simple2 !re's no?+ to x aft] all6 ,?is /ruck ! ma/] ,ta-yu z ei!r imp]t95t or a significant break?r\gh1 s he grabb$ ,l9-*i & yell$1 ,y scamp6 ,a m9ute ago y compla9$ t ,huang-po's tea*+ 0 impossible to und]/& & n[ y say !re is no?+ to x4 ,:at is x y j realiz$8 ,speak quickly6 7,only 9 a spontane\s utt]ance is !re real1 uncalculat$ evid5ce ( enlight5m5t47 ,l9-*i's answ] 0 to pummel ,ta-yu 9 ! ribs ?ree times ) 8 fi/4 ,! old] ma/] !n dis*>g$ him 7or p]haps kick$ him out7 ) ! obs]vation1 ,y\r tea*] is ,huang-po1 & !re=e y d n conc]n me4 ,?us ! enlight5$ "y novice trudg$ back up ! m\nta9 to ,huang-po's mona/]y4 ,! ma/] greet$ him ) ! puzzl$ obs]vation3 ,hav5't y come back a bit too soon8 ,y only j left4 ,9 response ,l9-*i b[$ & said1 ,x's because y've be5 s k9d to me t ,i came back s quickly1 & he proce$$ to relate ! /ory ( 8 sudd5 enlight5m5t4 ,to :i* ,huang-po decl>$1 ,:at a big m\? t old man has4 ,! next "t ,i see him ,i'll give him a ta/e ( my /aff4 ,to ?is ,l9-*i yell$1 ,:y wait6 ,i c give x to y n[1 & proce$$ to slap ! ma/]'s face4 ,! />tl$ ,huang-po decl>$1 ,?is crazy monk is pluck+ ! tig]'s :isk]s4 ,:]eupon ,l9-*i emitt$ ! fir/ ( :at 0 to be a lifetime ( %\ts1 affirm+ 8 wordless insight4 ,! satisfi$ ,huang-po call$ an att5dant & said1 ,take ?is crazy fell[ to ! assembly hall4 ,?is is a p]fect example ( sudd5 enlight5m5t t took _m ye>s to a*ieve4 ,l9-*i _h be5 a plodd+1 e>ne/ "y man until ! mom5t ( 8 sudd5 enlight5m5t1 :i* occurr$ ov] a seem+ly uncalculat$ rem>k by a tea*] n ev5 8 own ma/]4 ,9 fact1 all ,huang-po _h done 0 to assail him ) a /aff4 ,b ,l9-*i 0 trans=m$ sudd5ly f a milksop to ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 probably ! greate/ radicalization s9ce ! ,apo/le ,paul 0 /ruck d[n on ! road to ,damascus4#c ,/ill1 ,l9-*i's sudd5 enlight5m5t _h come ab\t at ! end ( a highly discipl9$ p]iod ( prep>ation4 ,z he lat] describ$ x3 ,9 bygone days ,i devot$ myself to ! v9aya & also delv$ into ! sutras & sa/ras4 ,lat]1 :5 ,i realiz$ t !y 7 m$ic9es = salvation & displays ( doctr9es 9 writt5 words1 ,i once & = all ?rew !m away1 & se>*+ = ! ,way1 ,i practic$ m$itation4 ,/ill lat] ,i met great tea*]s4 ,!n x 01 ) my ,dh>ma ,eye becom+ cle>1 t ,i c\ld disc]n all ! old tea*]s "u ,heav5 & tell ! false ones f ! true4 ,x is n t ,i und]/ood f ! mom5t ,i 0 born ( my "m1 b t1 aft] exhau/ive inve/igation & gr9d+ discipl9e1 9 an in/ant ,i knew ( myself4#d ,l a re=m$ addict1 he rail$ mo/ aga9/ 8 own rec5t practices4 ,he proce$$ to d5\nce all ! trapp+s ( ,buddhism1 ev5 ! ,*'an ,patri>*s !mselves1 z he %att]$ ! *a9s ( 8 =m] beliefs3 ,foll[]s ( ! ,way1 if y want insight into ,dh>ma z is1 j don't be tak5 9 by ! delud$ views ( o!rs4 ,:atev] y enc\nt]1 ei!r )9 or )\t1 slay x at once3 on meet+ a buddha slay ! buddha1 on meet+ a patri>* slay ! patri>*1 on meet+ an arhat slay ! arhat1 on meet+ y\r p>5ts slay y\r p>5ts1 on meet+ y\r k9sman slay y\r k9sman1 & y atta9 emancipation4 ,by n cleav+ to ?+s1 y freely pass ?r\gh4#e ,aft] 8 enlight5m5t1 he _h _m ex*anges ) ,huang-po 9 :i* he came (f ahead z (t5 z n4 ,x is also int]e/+ t _m ( ! int]actions involv$ ! manual labor ( ! mona/]y1 an indication ( ! significance ( "w 9 ,*'an life4 ,"o fam\s j\/ betwe5 ,l9-*i & ,huang-po w5t z foll[s3 ,"o day ,ma/] ,l9-*i w5t ) ,huang-po to d "s "w 9 :i* all ! monks p>ticipat$4 ,l9-*i foll[$ 8 ma/] :o1 turn+ 8 head1 notic$ t ,l9-*i 0 c>ry+ no?+ 9 8 h&4 ,:]e is y\r hoe8 ,somebody took x away4 ,come "h3 let u discuss some?+1 comm&$ ,huang-po & z ,l9- *i drew ne>]1 he ?ru/ 8 hoe into ! gr\nd & cont9u$1 ,!re is no "o 9 ! _w :o c pick up my hoe4 ,h[ev]1 ,l9-*i seiz$ ! tool1 lift$ x up1 & exclaim$1 ,h[ !n c\ld x be 9 my h&s8 ,today we h ano!r h& ) u2 x is n necess>y = me to jo9 94 ,& ,huang-po return$ to ! temple4#f ,?is /ory c be int]pret$ _m ways4 ,john ,wu says1 ,obvi\sly he 0 us+ ! hoe z a po9t] to ! great function ( tea*+ & transmitt+ ! lamp ( ,*'an4 4 4 4 ,?is 0 a symbolic way ( say+ t 9 a my/]i\s mann] ! *>ge 0 n[ 9 8 h&s4#g ,h[ev]1 z ,freud once rem>k$ conc]n+ ! celebrat$ phallic symbolism ( 8 /ogie1 ,sometimes1 madam1 x's j a cig>1 & "o suspects t 9 ?is little slap/ick episode1 ! hoe might possibly be j a hoe4 ,ano!r ex*ange betwe5 ,huang-po & ,l9-*i may h m dialectical significance4 ,accord+ to ! /ory3 ,"o day ,huang-po ord]$ all ! monks ( ! temple to "w 9 ! tea g>d54 ,he himself 0 ! la/ to arrive4 ,l9-*i greet$ him1 b /ood !re ) 8 h&s re/+ on ! hoe4 ,are y tir$8 ask$ ,huang-po ,i j />t$ work+2 h[ c y say t ,i am tir$8 ,huang-po imm$iately lift$ 8 /ick & /ruck ,l9-*i1 :o !n seiz$ ! /ick1 & ) a pu%1 made 8 ma/] fall to ! gr\nd4 ,huang-po call$ ! sup]visor to help him up4 ,aft] do+ s1 ! sup]visor ask$1 ,ma/]1 h[ c y let su* a madman insult y l t8 ,huang-po pick$ up ! /ick & /ruck ! sup]visor4 ,l9-*i1 digg+ ! gr\nd by himself1 made ?is rem>k3 ,let all o!r places use cremation2 "h ,i w bury y alive4#h ,( ,l9-*i's f9al quip1 :i* t5ds to take ! edge (f a really fir/-rate absurdi/ anecdote1 ,john ,wu makes ! foll[+ obs]vation1 ,?is 0 a trem5d\s utt]ance1 ! fir/ au!ntic ro>+1 z x 71 ( a "y lion4 ,x 0 tantam\nt to decl>+ t 8 old conv5tional self 0 n[ dead & buri$1 ) only ! ,true ,self liv+ 9 him2 t ?is dea? may & %\ld take place long be=e "o's physical decease2 t x is :5 ?is dea? has tak5 place t "o becomes "o's ,true ,self :i*1 be+ unborn1 _c die4 ,f t "t on1 !re c\ld no long] be any d\bt 9 ,huang-po's m9d t 8 disciple 0 ?or\ghly enlight5$1 de/9$ to c>ry on & bright5 ! tor* ( ,*'an4#i ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 x does seem cle> t ,l9-*i's pron\nc$ p]sonality appeal$ to old ,huang-po1 :o lov$ to mat* wits ) him z he came & w5t ar\nd ! mona/]y4 ,he ev5 all[$ ! "y ma/] lib]ties he d5i$ o!rs4 ,= example1 ,l9-*i once %[$ up dur+ ! middle ( a summ] m$itation retreat1 some?+ /rictly =bidd54 ,he !n decid$ to leave be=e x 0 ov]1 some?+ equally unprec$5t$3 ,"o day aft] half ! summ] session _h already pass$1 ,l9-*i w5t up ! m\nta9 to visit 8 ma/] ,huang-po :om he f\nd read+ a sutra4 ,l9-*i said to him3 ,i ?\ght y 7 ! p]fect man1 b "h y are app>5tly a dull old monk1 swall[+ black beans ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,l9-*i /ay$ only a few days & !n bid f>ewell to ,huang-po1 :o said3 ,y came "h aft] ! summ] session _h />t$1 & n[ y are leav+ be=e ! summ] session is ov]4 ,i came "h simply to visit y1 ,ma/]6 ,)\t ado1 ,huang-po /ruck him & *as$ him away4 ,aft] hav+ walk$ a few li1 ,l9-*i began to d\bt 8 enlight5m5t 9 ,*'an1 s he return$ to ,huang-po = ! re/ ( ! summ]4#aj ,"s "t aft] ,l9-*i receiv$ ! seal ( enlight5m5t f ,huang- po1 he decid$ to g 8 own way & dep>t$ = ! prov9ce ( ,hopei1 :]e he became ! prie/ ( a small temple on ! banks ( a riv]4 ,?is little temple 0 call$ ,ov]look+ ! ,=d1 or l9- *i 9 ,*9ese1 & x 0 f ?is locale t he took 8 "n4 ,aft] he 0 !re = a "t1 h[ev]1 "s local fight+ broke out1 =c+ him to ab&on 8 pa/oral riv]bank location4 7,?is di/urbance may well h be5 connect$ ) ! disruptions ( ! #hde p]secution ( ,buddhism47 ,b ev5 :5 9 ! middle ( a w> he seems to h always be5 a man ( ,*'an4 ,!re is an episode t /rongly resembles ! eighte5?-c5tury essayi/ ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson's kick+ a /one to refute ,b]keley's proposition t matt] is nonexi/5t3 ,"o day ! ,ma/] ent]$ an army camp to att5d a fea/4 ,at ! gate he saw a /aff (fic]4 ,po9t+ to an op5-air pill>1 he ask$3 ,is ?is secul> or sacr$8 ,! (fic] _h no reply4 ,/rik+ ! pill>1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,ev5 if y c\ld speak1 ?is is /ill only a wood5 po/4 ,!n he w5t 94#aa ,=tunately1 ,*'an 0 n a sect t requir$ a lot ( p>aph]nalia1 & ,l9-*i m]ely mov$ into ! ne>by t[n1 :]e ! gr& m>%al donat$ 8 h\se = a temple4 ,he ev5 hung up a plaque ) ! "n ,l9-*i1 j to make ! ma/] feel at home4 ,b ?+s may h heat$ up too mu*1 = ,l9-*i lat] travel$ s\? to ! prefecture ( ,ho1 :]e ! gov]nor1 ,c\nselor ,wang1 honor$ him z a ma/]4 ,!re is a tell+ conv]sation betwe5 ! two t reveals mu* ab\t ! tea*+ ( ,*'an at ! "t4 ,app>5tly ! ,*'ani/s _h completely ab&on$ ev5 any pret5se ( traditional ,buddhism--aga9 a =tuit\s developm5t1 consid]+ traditional ,buddhism's imm95t de/ruction4 ,"o day ! ,c\nselor ,wang visit$ ! ,ma/]4 ,:5 he met ! ,ma/] 9 front ( ! ,monks' ,hall1 he ask$3 ,d ! monks ( ?is mona/]y read ! sutras8 ,no1 !y don't read sutras1 said ! ,ma/]4 ,!n d !y le>n m$itation8 ask$ ! ,c\nselor4 ,no1 !y don't le>n m$itation1 answ]$ ! ,ma/]4 ,if !y nei!r read sutras nor le>n m$itation1 :at 9 ! _w are !y do+8 ask$ ! ,c\nselor4 ,all ,i d is make !m become buddhas & patri>*s1 said ! ,ma/]4#ab ,l9-*i ev5tually travel$ on1 f9ally settl+ at ! ,hs+-hua temple 9 ,tam+ prefecture1 :]e he took up 8 f9al resid5ce4 ,x 0 "h t a record ( 8 s]mons 0 transcrib$ by a humble heir nam$ ,ts'un-*iang4 ,! result 0 ,! ,record ( ,l9-*i1 "o ( ! pure/ ex]cises 9 ! dialectics ( ! nondialectical und]/&+4 ,b1 z ,he9ri* ,dum\l9 obs]v$1 ,z5 has nev] exi/$ 9 pure exp]i5ce only1 )\t admixture ( !oretical tea*+s or me?odical practice1 z x has sometimes be5 idealiz$4 ,x c\ld n exi/ 9 t fa%ion1 = my/icism1 l all o!r human exp]i5ce1 is dep5d5t on ! actual conditions ( human life4#ac ,inde$1 ,l9-*i 0 "o ( ! fir/ to develop :at might be call$ a dialectic ( irrationality4 ,he lov$ categories & analysis 9 ! s]vice ( nonconceptual inquiry1 & :at he creat$ 7 guides to ! un*>t$ seas ( ! intuitive m9d4 ,l9-*i is be/ kn[n = 8 use ( ! %\t4 ,he %>$ ! conc]n ( ,huang-po & ,ma-tsu ) ! problem ( wordless transmission & to _! rep]tory ( beat+s & sil5ces he add$ ! yell1 ano!r way to affirm insights t _c be reason$4 ,we may speculate t ! %\t 0 r l a wat]$-d[n v]sion ( ! beat+1 requir+ less ef=t b /ill able to />tle at a critical in/ant4#ad ,he seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly fond ( classify+ ?+s into gr\ps ( f\r1 & "o ( 8 mo/ fam\s classifications 0 ( ! %\t itself4 ,he once demon/rat$ ! %\t to a hapless monk z foll[s3 ,! ,ma/] ask$ a monk3 ,sometimes a %\t is l ! jewel$ sword ( a _s ,k+ i4e41 extremely h>d & durable2 sometimes a %\t is l ! gold5-hair$ lion cr\*+ on ! gr\nd i4e41 /rong1 taut1 & p[]ful2 sometimes a %\t is l a we$-tipp$ fi%+ pole i4e41 prob+ & attract+ ! unw>y2 & sometimes a %\t doesn't function z a %\t4 ,h[ d y und]/& ?is8 ,z ! monk fumbl$ = an answ]1 ,l9-*i gave a %\t4#ae ,8 philosophy ( ! %\t z a device = cutt+ (f sequ5tial reason+ 0 ?us demon/rat$ by example4 ,b ! "q ^? :o relate ?is /ory nev] resolve is3 ,:i* ( ! f\r %\ts 0 ! %\t he us$ on ! /ud5t8 ,john ,wu 9 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,z5 speculates t ?is %\t 0 ( ! fir/ category1 s9ce x 0 meant to cut (f ! monk's sequ5tial ?\ght1 b t seems a r simpli/ic mix+ ( ! metaphorical ) ! concrete4#af7 ,l9-*i also 0 n av]se to ! use ( ! /ick 9 ! pursuit ( reality1 z ! foll[+ example illu/rates4 ,! /ory also %[s t ! use ( ! /ick 0 mean+ful only if x 0 unexpect$4 ,once ! ,ma/] address$ ! assembly4 ,li/51 all ( y6 ,he :o wants to le>n ,dh>ma mu/ nev] worry ab\t ! loss ( 8 own life4 ,:5 ,i 0 ) ,ma/] ,huang-po ,i ask$ ?ree times = ! real mean+ ( ,buddhism1 & ?ree times ,i 0 /ruck z if tall re$s :ipp$ me 9 ! w9d4 ,i want ^? bl[s aga91 b :o c give !m to me n[8 ,a monk came =? f ! cr[d1 answ]+3 ,i c give !m to y6 ,ma/] ,l9-*i pick$ up a /ick & h&$ x to him4 ,:5 ! monk tri$ to grab x1 ! ,ma/] /ruck him in/ead4#ag ,!re also is a /ory indicat+ t ,l9-*i believ$ t :5 ! %\t fail$ to "w1 ! /ick might be requir$4 ,! ,ma/] took ! high seat 9 ! ,hall4 ,a monk ask$1 ,:at ab\t ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ! ,buddha-dh>ma8 ,! ,ma/] rais$ 8 :isk4 ,! monk %\t$4 ,! ,ma/] /ruck him4 ,ano!r monk ask$3 ,:at ab\t ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ! ,buddha- dh>ma8 ,aga9 ! ,ma/] rais$ 8 :isk4 ,! monk %\t$4 ,! ,ma/] also %\t$4 ,! monk falt]$2 ! ,ma/] /ruck him4#ah ,yet ano!r s]ies ( ex*anges s\nds a simil> !me4 ,! ,ma/] ask$ a monk1 ,:]e d y come f8 ,! monk %\t$4 ,! ma/] salut$ him & motion$ him to sit d[n4 ,! monk he/itat$4 ,! ,ma/] hit him4 ,see+ ano!r monk com+1 ! ,ma/] rais$ 8 :isk4 ,! monk b[$ l[4 ,! ,ma/] hit him4 ,see+ /ill ano!r monk com+1 ! ,ma/] aga9 rais$ 8 :isk4 ,! monk paid no att5tion4 ,! ,ma/] hit him too4#ai ,he 0 also *all5g$ by a nun1 "o ( ! few record$ in/ances ( a ma/] actually mat*+ wits ) a woman :o _h tak5 ,*'an ord]s4 ,! ,ma/] ask$ a nun3 ,well-come or ill-come8 ,! nun %\t$4 ,g on1 g on1 speak6 cri$ ! ,ma/]1 tak+ up 8 /ick4 ,aga9 ! nun %\t$4 ,! ,ma/] hit h]4#bj ,:at ,l9-*i also br\ght to ,*'an 0 a dialectical inquiry into ! relation%ip betwe5 ma/] & pupil1 toge!r ) a simil> analysis ( ! m9d /ates t lead to enlight5m5t4 ,he seems rem>kably sophi/icat$ = ! n9? c5tury1 & inde$ we w\ld be h>d press$ to f9d ?is k9d ( psy*ological analysis any:]e 9 ! ,we/ t e>ly4 ,! puzzl+1 contradictory quality ab\t all ?is is t ,l9-*i believ$ f]v5tly 9 intuitive intellig5ce1 & 9 ! uselessness ( words--ev5 w>n+ t que/ions 7 irrelevant3 ,does anyone h a "q8 ,if s1 let him ask x n[4 ,b ! in/ant y op5 y\r m\? y are already way (f4#ba ,among 8 dialectical creations 7 v>i\s f\rfold categorizations ( ! intangible4 ,we h already se5 8 f\r categories ( ! %\t4 ,he also creat$ ! f\r categories ( relation%ip betwe5 subject & object1 also sometimes call$ ! ,f\r ,processes ( ,lib]ation f ,subjectivity & ,objectivity4 ,"s believe ?is s]v$ to /ructure ! f\r /&po9ts or po9ts ( view :i* ,l9-*i us$ 9 in/ruct+ 8 /ud5ts4#bb ,l9-*i's orig9al proposition1 ! basis ( all ! lat] comm5t>y1 is provid$ 9 ,! ,record ( ,l9- *i z foll[s3 ,at ! ev5+ ga!r+ ! ,ma/] address$ ! assembly1 say+3 ,sometimes ,i take away man & d n take away ! surr\nd+s2 sometimes ,i take away ! surr\nd+s & d n take away man2 sometimes ,i take away bo? man & ! surr\nd+s2 sometimes ,i take away nei!r man nor ! surr\nd+s4#bc ,z ,*ang ,*ung-yuan describes ^! f\r arrangem5ts1 ! fir/ is to take away ! man b n 8 objective situation1 i4e41 to take away all int]pretation & j exp]i5ce ! _w )\t subjective associations4#bd 7,?is is q simil> to ! approa* ( ! ,japanese haiku poem1 9 :i* a description ( some?+ is provid$ completely devoid ( int]pretation or explicit emotional response47 ,! second arrangem5t is to let ! man rema9 b take away objectivity4 ,z ,john ,wu int]prets ?is1 ,9 ! second /age1 p ( normal vision1 :o see m\nta9s z m\nta9s & riv]s z riv]s1 mu/ be rem9d$ ( ! "p t _! own m9d contributes to ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 & t :at !y naively take = objectivity is inextricably mix$ ) subjectivity4 ,once aw>e ( subjectivity1 "o is initiat$ into ! fir/ /ages ( ,*'an1 :5 "o no long] sees m\nta9s z m\nta9s & riv]s z riv]s4#be ,?is is m]ely ! ,*'an commonplace t non-atta*m5t or objectivity lib]ates "o's self f bondage to ! outside & ?us leads to enlight5m5t4#bf ,z ,dum\l9 describes ^!1 ,9 ! fir/ & second /ages1 illusion dep>ts fir/ f ! subject & !n f ! object2 cl++ to subjective intellectual p]ception & to ! objective _w is ov]come4#bg ,l9-*i's ?ird /age is to take away bo? ! man & 8 objective situation4 ,9 o!r words1 x is lib]ation f 4 4 4 ! atta*m5ts ( bo? subjectivity & objectivity4 ,l9-*i's fam\s ',ho6' 4 4 4 (t5 s]v$ ?is purpose4#bh ,9 a bl[ ( a ma/]'s /aff or a %\t !re is no?+ "o c grasp1 ei!r objectively or subjectively4 ,?is is ! next-to-la/ /age 9 ! progression t[>d lib]ation f ! m9d's tyranny4 ,9 ! f\r? /age we f9d ! f9al condition1 9 :i* objectivity & subjectivity cease to be di/+ui%able4 ,:at ?is means is t !re is no intellectuation at all1 t ! _w simply is4 ,z ,dum\l9 decl>es1 reality is compreh5d$ 9 its f9al on5ess4#bi ,or z ! /ory says3 ,be=e enlight5m5t1 m\nta9s are m\nta9s & riv]s are riv]s2 dur+ ! /udy ( ,z51 m\nta9s are n m\nta9s & riv]s are n riv]s2 b :5 !re f9ally is enlight5m5t1 m\nta9s are aga9 m\nta9s & riv]s are riv]s4 ,9 ?is f9al /ate ! di/9ction & confrontation ( subject & object dissolve1 z we are f9ally at "o ) ! nameless _w4 ,ano!r ( ,l9-*i's fam\s dialectical categories is 8 ,f\rfold ,relation%ip possible ,betwe5 ,que/ion] & ,answ]] or ,betwe5 ,gue/ & ,ho/4 ,! po9t ( ! /ructure he sets up is to elucidate ! int]action ( ma/] & novice1 b he does s us+ metaphor ( ho/ & gue/--:]e ! ho/ repres5ts ! univ]sal ,self & ! gue/ ! ego-=m self4#cj ,l9-*i's s]mon on ! subject w5t z foll[s3 ,a true /ud5t gives a %\t1 & to />t ) holds out a /icky lacqu] tray4 ,! tea*]1 n disc]n+ t ?is is an objective circum/ance1 goes aft] x & p]=ms a lot ( antics ) x4 ,! /ud5t aga9 %\ts b /ill ! tea*] is unwill+ to let g4 ,?is is 4 4 4 call$ ! gue/ exam9es ! ho/4 ,sometimes a tea*] w pr(f] no?+1 b ! in/ant a /ud5t asks a "q1 robs him ( x4 ,! /ud5t1 hav+ be5 robb$1 resi/s to ! dea? & w n let g2 ?is is call$ ! ho/ exam9es ! gue/4 ,sometimes a /ud5t comes =? be=e a tea*] 9 con=mity ) a /ate ( purity4 ,! tea*]1 disc]n+ t ?is is an objective circum/ance1 seizes x & fl+s x into a pit4 ,:at an excell5t tea*]6 exclaims ! /ud5t1 & ! tea*] replies1 ,bah6 ,y c't tell good f bad6 ,!reupon ! /ud5t makes a deep b[2 ?is is call$ ! ho/ exam9es ! ho/4 ,or aga91 a /ud5t w appe> be=e a tea*] we>+ a cangue & b\nd ) *a9s4 ,! tea*] fa/5s on /ill m *a9s & cangues = him4 ,! /ud5t is s delight$ t he c't tell :at is :at3 ?is is call$ ! gue/ exam9es ! gue/4#ca ,9 ! fir/ category1 accord+ to ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ! ego meets ! univ]sal ,self4#cb ,9 ! second category ! univ]sal ,self enc\nt]s ! ego-=m self4 ,9 ! ?ird category1 ! univ]sal ,self ( "o meets ! univ]sal ,self ( ano!r1 & 9 ! f\r? category ! ego ( "o enc\nt]s ! ego ( ano!r4 ,or if we are to int]pret ?is 9 ! concrete1 9 ! fir/ enc\nt]1 an enlight5$ ma/] meets an un5light5$ novice2 9 ! second an enlight5$ novice meets an un5light5$ ma/] 7:i* did happ572 9 ! ?ird an enlight5$ ma/] meets an enlight5$ novice2 & 9 ! f\r? category an un5light5$ ma/] meets an un5light5$ novice1 to ! mutual delusion ( bo?4#cc ,l9-*i has be5 call$ ! mo/ p[]ful ma/] 9 ! entire hi/ory ( ,*'an1 & n )\t reason4 ,8 m9d 0 capable ( op]at+ at sev]al levels simultane\sly1 enabl+ him to ov]lay v practical in/ruction ) a compreh5sive dialectic4 ,he believ$ 9 complete spontaneity1 total fre$om ( ?\ght & de$1 & a tea*+ approa* t has be5 call$ ! lightn+ me?od--because x 0 swift & unpr$ictable4 ,he 0 uncompromis+ 9 8 approa*1 & he 0 also extremely critical ( ! /ate ( ,*'an 9 8 "t--a criticism probably ju/ifi$4 ,he f\nd bo? monks & ma/]s want+4 ,x seems t ,*' an _h become fa%ionable1 ) ! result t !re 7 _m ma/]s :o 7 m foll[]s ( ! tr5d ?an foll[]s ( ! ,way4 ,s :]eas ,huang-po (t5 rail$ aga9/ o!r sects ( ,buddhism1 ,l9-*i res]v$ 8 ire = o!r foll[]s ( ,*'an 7!re be+ few o!r ,buddhi/ sects left to criticize74 ,he ev5 d5\nc$ 8 own /ud5ts1 :o (t5 mimick$ 8 %\t+ )\t p]ceiv+ 8 disc]nm5t 9 its use4 ,he f9ally _h to set /&>ds = ?is1 ann\nc+ to ! assembly "o day t h5ce=? only ^? :o c\ld tell ! enlight5$ f ! un5light5$ w\ld h ! "r to %\t4 ,y all imitate my %\t+1 he said1 b let me give y a te/ n[4 ,"o p]son comes out f ! ea/]n hall4 ,ano!r p]son comes out f ! we/]n hall4 ,at _! meet+1 !y simultane\sly %\t4 ,d y possess en\gh disc]nm5t to di/+ui% ! gue/ f ! ho/ i4e41 ! un5light5$ f ! enlight5$8 ,if y h no su* disc]nm5t1 y are =bidd5 h]eaft] to imitate my %\t+4#cd ,8 major conc]n seems to h be5 t 8 /ud5ts resi/ intellection4 ,l9-*i himself 0 able to speculate philosophically :ile /ill a natural man1 us+ conceptual ?\ght only :5 x s]v$ 8 purpose4 ,b p]haps 8 /ud5ts c\ld n1 = he con/antly _h to rem9d !m t /riv+ & le>n+ 7 c\nt]productive4 ,foll[]s ( ,tao6 ,l9-*i said1 ! way ( ,buddhism admits ( no artificial ef=t2 x only consi/s 9 do+ ! ord9>y ?+s )\t any fuss--go+ to ! /ool1 mak+ wat]1 putt+ on clo!s1 tak+ a meal1 sleep+ :5 tir$4 ,let ! fools laugh at me4 ,only ! wise "k :at ,i mean4#ce ,or z he said at ano!r "t3 ,! mom5t a /ud5t bl9ks 8 eyes1 he's already way (f4 ,! mom5t he tries to ?9k1 he's already diff]$4 ,! mom5t he ar\ses a ?\ght1 he's already deviat$4 ,b = ! man :o und]/&s1 x's always "r "h be=e 8 eyes4#cf ,! problem1 he believ$1 0 t too _m tea*]s _h />t$ tea*+ & expla9+ r ?an =c+ /ud5ts to exp]i5ce tru? = !mselves4 ,?us ^! tea*]s _h no "r to criticize _! monks1 s9ce !y !mselves _h fail$ 9 _! responsibility4 ,!re are tea*]s all ar\nd :o c't di/+ui% ! false f ! true4 ,:5 /ud5ts come ask+ ab\t 4 4 4 ! objective surr\nd+s & ! subjective m9d1 ! bl9d old tea*]s imm$iately />t expla9+ to !m4 ,:5 !y're rail$ at by ! /ud5ts !y grab _! /icks & hit !m1 %\t+1 ,:at insol5t talk6 ,obvi\sly y tea*]s y\rselves are )\t an eye s y've no "r to get angry ) !m4#cg ,& f9ally1 9 8 old age1 ,l9-*i became some?+ ( a monum5t himself1 a te/+ po9t = enlight5m5t 9 a _w :]e true tea*]s 7 r>e4 ,he ev5 compla9$ ab\t x4 ,he>+ ev]y:]e ( old man ,l9-*i1 y come "h int5d+ to bait me ) difficult que/ions & make x impossible = me to answ]4 ,fac$ ) a demon/ration ( ! activity ( my :ole body1 y /ud5ts j />e blankly & c't move y\r m\?s at all2 y're at su* a loss y don't "k h[ to answ] me4 ,y g ar\nd ev]y:]e ?ump+ y\r own *e/s & :ack+ y\r own ribs1 say+1 ,i und]/& ,*'an6 ,i und]/& ! ,way6 ,b let two or ?ree ( y come "h & y c't d a ?+4 ,bah6 ,c>ry+ t body & m9d ( y\rs1 y g ar\nd ev]y:]e flapp+ y\r lips l w9n[+ fans & deceiv+ villag]s4#ch ,8 s*ool prosp]$1 becom+ ! lead+ expression ( ,*'an 9 ,*9a z well z a vital =ce 9 ! ,z5 t lat] arose among ,japan's samurai4 ,& 8 dialectical tea*+s became ! philosophical basis = lat] ,z51 some?+ he himself probably w\ld h deplor$4 7,lat] tea*]s seem to h giv5 ,l9-*i's categories m importance ?an he actually int5d$1 = he pr(ess$ to loa! sy/ems & 0 9 fact mu* m conc]n$ ) enlight5m5t z pure exp]i5ce47 ,9 any case1 :5 he decid$ t 8 days 7 ?r\gh he put on 8 f9e/ robes1 seat$ himself 9 ! m$itation po/ure1 made a brief /atem5t1 & pass$ on4 ,! ye> is said to h be5 #hff or #hfg4 ,*apt] ,twelve ,,tung-,,%an ,,& ,,ts',,ao-,,%an3 ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,soto ,,z5 ,tung-%an ,virtually all ! ma/]s enc\nt]$ up to ?is po9t h be5 traceable to ,ma-tsu1 desc5dant 9 ,dh>ma ( ! leg5d>y ,huai-jang & 8 ma/]1 ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g4 ,?is 0 ! l9e t became ,japanese ,r9zai ,z51 _m c5turies lat]4 ,h[ev]1 ,hui-n5g _h ano!r foll[]1 a %ad[y figure rememb]$ z ,*'+-yuan ,hs+-ssu 7d4 #gdj7 ^: l9e also 0 p]petuat$ to pres5t-day ,japan4#a ,8 =emo/ pupil 0 ,%ih-t'ou 7#gjj-ij71 & a common description ( ! eigh?-c5- tury ,*'an e/abli%m5t 03 ,9 ,kiangsi ! ma/] 0 ,ma-tsu2 9 ,hunan ! ma/] 0 ,%ih-t'ou4 ,p w5t back & =? betwe5 !m all ! "t1 & ^? :o nev] met ^! two great ma/]s 7 completely ignorant4#b ,%ih-t'ou j\/$ ) ,ma-tsu1 & !y (t5 swapp$ /ud5ts4 ,ma-tsu s5t 8 pupils on _! way ) a w9k & ! advice t ,%ih-t'ou 0 slipp]y4#c ,?is leg5d>y ma/] 0 =ebe> ( ?ree ( ! five h\ses ( ,*'an aris+ aft] ! ,great ,p]secution ( #hde1 al?\gh ! only "o ( ! ?ree surviv+ is ! ,ts'ao-tung1 :i* arose dur+ ! lat] ,t'ang 7#fah- #ijg7 & e>ly ,five ,dyna/ies 7#ijg-ifj7 p]iod & rema9s today z ,japanese ,soto4 ,"o ( ! c(\nd]s ( ! ,ts'ao-tung h\se 0 kn[n z ,tung-%an ,liang-*ieh 7#hjg-hfi71 :o 0 born 9 pres5t day ,*ekiang b ev5tually f\nd 8 way to :at is n[ nor!rn ,kiangsi prov9ce4#d ,z did mo/ great ma/]s1 he took ,buddhi/ ord]s e>ly1 & "o ( ! mo/ endur+ /ories ( 8 life has him conf\nd+ 8 eld]s--an ev5t common to _m spiritual biographies4 ,he began z a novice 9 ! ,v9aya sect1 an organization (t5 m conc]n$ ) ! lett] ( ! law ?an its _s4 ,"o day he 0 ask$ to recite ! ,he>t ,sutra1 b :5 he came to ! phrase ,!re is no eye1 e>1 nose1 tongue1 body1 or m9d1 he wond]+ly t\*$ 8 own face & !n inquir$ ( 8 ma/]1 ,i h eyes1 e>s1 nose1 tongue1 & s =?2 h[1 !n1 c ! sutra say !re are no su* ?+s8#e ,! ,v9aya ma/] 0 dumbf\nd$ by 8 iconoclasm & sugge/$ t 8 b5t ( m9d w\ld be m readily cultivat$ 9 ! ,*'an sect4 ,s (f he w5t to ,mt4 ,sung1 :]e he subsequ5tly 0 orda9$ at ! precoci\s age ( tw5ty-"o4 ,aft]w>d he travel$ across ,*9a1 typical = "y monks ( ! age4 ,ironically en\gh1 consid]+ t 8 l9e ev5tually rival$ ,ma- tsu's1 8 fir/ /op 0 ! mona/]y ( ,nan-*'uan1 "o ( ! =emo/ disciples ( ,ma-tsu4 ,z he arriv$1 ,nan-*'uan 0 ann\nc+ a memorial s]vice to be conduct$ ! next day on ! anniv]s>y ( 8 ma/]'s dea?1 a /&>d ,*9ese cu/om4 ,nan-*'uan rem>k$1 ,:5 we s]ve food = ,ma/] ,ma-tsu tomorr[1 ,i d wond] :e!r he w come = x4 ,none ( ! monks made a reply b ,tung-%an came =? out ( ! cr[d & said1 ,z soon z he has companions he w come4 ,he>+ ?is1 ,nan-*'uan prais$ him3 ,al?\gh ?is man is "y1 he is wor?y ( be+ tra9$4'' ,tung- %an said to him1 ,ma/]1 y %\ld n make a slave out ( an honorable p]son4#f ,tung-%an /udi$ briefly ) ,nan-*'uan mak+ a "n = himself 9 ! process & !n travel$ on4 ,he lat] l&$ at ! mona/]y ( a tea*] nam$ ,yun-y51 b aft] a successful p]iod ( /udy he ann\nc$ 8 int5tion to aga9 cont9ue d[n ! road4 ,yun-y51 h[ev]1 prote/$ los+ 8 /> pupil4 ,aft] y leave "h1 x w be v h>d = u to see ea* o!r aga91 said ,ma/] ,yun-y54 ,x w be v h>d = u n to see ea* o!r aga91 answ]$ ,tung-%an4 4 4 4 ,!n ,yun-y5 said to him1 ,y mu/ be v c>eful1 z y are c>ry+ ?is great ?+4 ,tung-%an 0 puzzl$4 ,lat] :5 he 0 cross+ ! wat] & saw 8 image reflect$1 he sudd5ly und]/ood ! tea*+ ( ,yun-y54#g ,by ! ye> #hfj ,tung-%an _h a mona/]y ( 8 own & 0 besieg$ by disciples4 ,he subsequ5tly mov$ to ,tung-%an 7,mt4 ,tung7 9 :at is today ,kiangsi prov9ce1 ! locale t provid$ 8 hi/oric "n4 ,8 respect = ,yun-y5's enigmatic wisdom 0 expla9$ ye>s lat]4 ,"o day1 :5 ! ,ma/] 0 conduct+ ! annual memorial s]vice = ,ma/] ,yun-y51 a monk ask$ him3 ,:at in/ruction did y receive f ! late ,ma/] ,yun-y58 ,al?\gh ,i 0 !re ) him1 he gave me no in/ruction1 answ]$ ! ,ma/]4 ,!n :y %\ld y conduct ! memorial s]vice = him1 if he did n in/ruct y8 p]si/$ ! monk4 4 4 4 ,x is nei!r = 8 moral "* nor 8 tea*+ ( ,dh>ma t ,i respect him4 ,:at ,i consid] important is t he nev] told me any?+ op5ly4#h ,yet ,tung-%an does n seem completely aga9/ ! cultivation ( enlight5m5t1 z 7 "s ( ! o!r1 m radical ,*'ani/s4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ report$ enc\nt]3 ,a gov]nm5t (fic] want$ to "k :e!r !re 0 anyone approa*+ ,*'an ?r\gh cultivation4 ,! ,ma/] answ]$3 ,:5 y become a labor]1 !n !re w be someone to d cultivation4#i ,! (fic]'s "q w\ld h elicit$ a %\t f ,l9-*i1 a bl[ f ,huang-po1 & advice f ,*ao-*\ to g wa% 8 rice b[l4 ,al?\gh ,tung-%an may h avoid$ ! delib]ate absurdities ( ! ,l9-*i ma/]s1 8 utt]ances are (t5 puzzl+ none!less4 ,"p ( ! reason is t he pref]r$ ! metaphor to ! concrete example4 ,unlike ! rep>tee ( ! absurdi/ ,l9-*i ma/]s1 8 ex*anges are n delib]ately illogical4 ,in/ead we f9d a simple reluctance to say any?+ /raight4 ,b if y foll[ ! symbolic language1 y realize x is m]ely ano!r clev] way ( nev] tea*+ ) words1 :ile /ill us+ language4 ,8 frequ5t speak+ 9 metaphors c be appreciat$ by ! foll[+ ex*ange1 :i* uses language eme%$ 9 symbols4 ,monk3 ,) :at man ( ,tao %\ld "o associate1 s t "o w he> con/antly :at "o has nev] he>d8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,t :i* is "u ! same cov]let ) y4 ,monk3 ,?is is /ill :at y1 ,ma/]1 c he> y\rself4 ,:at is x t "o w he> con/antly :i* "o has nev] he>d8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,x is n ! same z wood & /one4 4 4 4 ,monk3 ,:o is he 9 our c\ntry t holds a sword 9 8 h&8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,x is ,ts'ao-%an4 ,monk3 ,:om d y want to kill8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,all ^? :o are alive w die4 ,monk3 ,:5 y happ5 to meet y\r p>5ts1 :at %\ld y d8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,:y %\ld y h any *oice8 ,monk3 ,h[ ab\t y\rself8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,:o c d any?+ to me8 ,monk3 ,:y %\ld y n kill y\rself1 too8 ,! ,ma/]3 ,!re is no place on :i* ,i c lay my h&s4#aj ,! ,*'an tea*]s delib]ately avoid$ specifics1 s9ce ^! might cause /ud5ts to />t worry+ ab\t ! precise def9ition ( words & end up bogg$ d[n 9 conceptual qu&ries1 neglect+ _! real nature--:i* _c be rea*$ us+ words4#aa ,b fur!r ?an ?is1 ! monk ?9ks he w trap ! ma/] by ask+ him if 8 injunction to kill includes 8 own p>5ts4 7,rememb] ,l9-*i's ,on meet+ y\r p>5ts1 slay y\r p>5ts47 ,b ,tung-%an answ]$ by accus+ ! monk--indirectly--( mak+ discrim9ations4 ,z = self-murd]1 ,tung- %an ma9ta9s 8 immat]ial self-nature is inde/ructible4#ab ,! dialectic ( ,tung-%an1 subsequ5tly elaborat$ by 8 /> pupil1 ,ts'ao-%an1 repres5ts "o ( ! la/ great expressions ( ,*9ese metaphysical ?\ght4 ,he def9$ a sy/em ( five positions or relations betwe5 ! ,p>ticul> or ,relative & ! ,univ]sal or ,absolute1 def9$ z foll[s4#ac ,9 ! fir/ /ate1 call$ ! ,univ]sal )9 ! ,p>ticul>1 ! ,absolute is hidd5 & obscur$ by our preoccupation ) ! _w ( appe>ances4 ,h[ev]1 ! _w ( appe>ances is 9 fact a "p ( ! l>g] _w ( ,absolute reality4 ,:5 we h a*iev$ a true und]/&+ ( ! objective _w we realize t x is no m real ?an our s5ses make x1 & consequ5tly x repres5ts n absolute reality b m]ely our p]ception4 ,?is realization leads to ! second phase4 ,9 ! second /ate1 call$ ! ,p>ticul> )9 ! ,univ]sal1 we recognize t objective reality mu/ always be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh our subjective app>atus1 j z ! ,absolute mu/ be approa*$ ?r\gh ! relative1 s9ce all p>ticul>ities m]ely exemplify ! ,absolute4 ,ev5 good & bad are "p ( ?is same ,univ]sality4 ,x is all real1 b simply t--no values are atta*$1 s9ce x is all "p ( exi/5ce4 ,?is1 says ! s*ol> ,john ,wu1 is ! /ate ( enlight5m5t4#ad ,9 dialectical t]ms1 ?is r\nds out ! comp>ison ( ! ,p>ticul> & ! ,univ]sal1 ) ea* %[n to be "p ( ! o!r4 ,b !y mu/ ultimately be resolv$ back into sunyata1 ! ,void t encompasses ev]y?+4 ,nei!r ! ,univ]sal or ,absolute1 nor ! p>ticul>s t give x physical =m1 are ! ultimate reality4 ,!y bo? are m]ely sy/ems 9 ! all-encompass+ ,void4 ,! ?ird & f\r? /ages he def9es exemplify a*iev+ enlight5m5t by ,univ]sality alone & a*iev+ enlight5m5t by ,p>ticul>ity alone4 ,! ?ird /age1 enlight5m5t ?r\gh ,univ]sality1 leads "o to m$itate on ! ,absolute1 ^u ! s+le wordless tru? t def9es ! p>ticul> ar\nd u z "p ( itself4 7,x s\nds rem>kably simil> to ! ,tao47 ,?is m$itation is done )\t props1 language1 or any ( ! physical _w 7! p>ticul>7 surr\nd+ u4 ,enlight5m5t ?r\gh ! ,p>ticul>1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce ) ! ph5om5al _w1 0 ! f\r? /age4 ,?is receiv$ ! mo/ att5tion f ! ,l9-*i sect--^: ma/]s w\ld answ] ! "q ,:at is ! mean+ ( ,*'an8 ) ,! cypress tree 9 ! c\rty>d or ,?ree p\nds ( flax4#ae ,at ! fif? /age1 enlight5m5t rea*es ! ,void1 ! /ate t _c be conta9$ 9 a concept1 s9ce all concepts are inside x4 ,:5 y f9ally rea* ?is /ate ( wordless insight1 y realize t bo? words & wordlessness are m]ely "p ( ?is l>g] reality4 ,action & nonaction are equally legitimate responses to ! _w4 ,tung-%an demon/rat$ ?is :5 he 0 ask$1 ,:5 a snake is swall[+ a frog1 %\ld y save ! frog's life8 ,to ?is he answ]$1 ,to save ! frog is to be bl9d i4e41 to ultimate on5ess & !re=e to discrim9ate betwe5 frog & snake2 n to save ! frog is n to let =m & %ad[ appe> i4e41 to ignore ! ph5om5a4#af ,p]haps ,tung-%an 0 demon/rat+ t he 0 free ( discrim9ation betwe5 ei!r option4#ag ,! "q ( ! subjective & ! objective1 ! ,univ]sal & ! ,p>ticul>1 p]meat$ ,tung-%an's tea*+s4 ,once ! ,ma/] ask$ a monk :at 8 "n 04 ,! monk answ]$ t 8 "n 0 s-&-s4 ,! ,ma/] !n ask$3 ,:at "o is y\r real self8 ,! "o :o is j fac+ y4 ,:at a pity6 ,:at a pity6 ,! m5 ( ! pres5t day are all l ?is4 ,!y take :at is 9 ! front ( an ass or at ! back ( a horse & call x !mselves4 ,?is illu/rates ! d[nfall ( ,buddhism4 ,if y _c recognize y\r real self objectively1 h[ c y see y\r real self subjectively8 ,h[ d y see y\r real self subjectively8 ! monk imm$iately ask$4 ,y h to tell me t y\rself4 ,if ,i 7 to tell y myself1 x w\ld be see+ myself objectively4 ,:at is ! self t is kn[n subjectively8 ,to talk ab\t x 9 su* a way is easy to d1 b to cont9ue our talk+ makes x impossible to rea* ! tru?4#ah ,!re also is a poem1 kn[n z ! ,pao-*+ ,san-mei1 traditionally attribut$ to ,tung-%an4#ai ,"o quatra9 w give ! flavor ( ! v]se3 ,! man ( wood s+s1 ,! woman ( /one gets up & dances1 ,?is _c be done by passion or le>n+1 ,x _c be done by reason+4#bj ,?is has be5 int]pret$ z ! idea ( ,univ]sality p5etrat+ into ,p>ticul>ity4 ,! wood5 man s++ & ! /one maid5 danc+ are expla9$ z evid5ce ( ! p[] ( ,univ]sality4#ba ,tung-%an _h a numb] ( di/+ui%+ qualities4 ,he (t5 us$ ,taoi/ language 9 8 tea*+s1 quot+ ,*uang ,tzu to make a po9t4 ,report$ly he nev] us$ ! %\t or ! /ick to %ock a novice into self-aw>5ess4 ,& :]eas 8 dialogues (t5 us$ metaphors t at fir/ appe> obscure1 !re are nev] ! delib]ate absurdities ( ! ,l9-*i ma/]s1 :o frequ5tly answ]$ a p]fectly reasonable "q ) a delib]ate inanity m]ely to demon/rate ! absurdity ( words4 ,unlike ! ,l9-*i ma/]s1 he seems less conc]n$ ) ! process ( transmission ?an ) :at exactly is transmitt$4 ,tung-%an view$ words z did ,*uang ,tzu1 namely z ! net 9 :i* to cat* ! fi%4 ,:]eas ! ,l9-*i ma/]s view$ enlight5m5t z a totality1 ,tung- %an tea*]s believ$ t enlight5m5t arriv$ 9 /ages1 & !y 7 conc]n$ ) id5tify+ :at ^! /ages 74 ,?is 01 9 fact1 ! purpose ( 8 five categories ( ,p>ticul>ity & ,univ]sality1 :i* became a "p ( ! hi/oric dialectic ( ,z5 enlight5m5t4 ,ironically1 ) ! em]g5ce ( ! idea ( /ages1 we seem back to a concept ( gradual enlight5m5t--arriv$ at because ! ,*9ese m9d c\ld n resi/ !oretical speculations4 ,tung-%an's dea?b$ sc5e 0 almo/ wor?y ( comic op]a4 ,"o day 9 ! ?ird mon? ( #hfi he made kn[n 8 resolve to die &1 %av+ 8 head & donn+ 8 =mal robes1 ord]$ ! gong to be /ruck z he seat$ himself 9 m$itation4 ,b 8 disciples began sobb+ s di/urb+ly t he f9ally despair$ ( dy+ 9 peace &1 op5+ 8 eyes1 *id$ !m4 ,^? :o are ,buddhi/s %\ld n atta* !mselves to ext]nalities4 ,?is is ! real self-cultivation4 ,9 liv+ !y "w h>d2 9 dea? !y are at re/4 ,:y %\ld !re be any grief8#bb ,he !n in/ruct$ ! head monk to prep>e (f]+s ( food to ignorance = ev]yone at ! mona/]y1 int5d+ to %ame all ^? :o /ill clung to ! emotions ( ! fle%4 ,! monks took a full week to prep>e ! meal1 kn[+ x 0 to be 8 la/ supp]4 ,& sure en\gh1 ^u d9+ he bade !m f>ewell &1 aft] a c]emonial ba?1 pass$ on4 ,! mo/ fam\s disciple ( ,tung-%an1 ,ma/] ,ts'ao-%an 7#hdj-ija71 0 born z ,p5-*i on ! ,fuki5 coa/4 ,pass+ ?r\gh an e>ly int]e/ 9 ,confucianism1 he left home at n9ete5 & became a ,buddhi/4 ,he 0 orda9$ at age tw5ty-five & seems to h f\nd frequ5t occasion to ,visit ,tung-%an4 ,!n "o day !y _h an enc\nt] t catapult$ ,ts'ao-%an into ! position ( favor$ pupil4 ,! ex*ange began ) a "q by ,tung-%an3 ,:at is y\r "n8 ,my "n is ,ts'ao-%an4 ,say some?+ t[>d ,ultimate ,reality4 ,i w n say any?+4 ,:y don't y speak ( x8 ,x is n call$ ,ts'ao-%an4#bc ,x is said t ,tung-%an gave ,ts'ao-%an private in/ruction aft] ?is & reg>d$ 8 capability highly4 ,! anecdote1 if we may v5ture a guess1 seems to ass]t t ! ,univ]sal _c be rea*$ ?r\gh language1 & h5ce he c\ld only conv]se ab\t 8 objective1 physical =m4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( /udy1 ,ts'ao-%an decid$ to /rike out on 8 own1 & he ann\nc$ ?is int5tion to ,tung-%an4 ,! old] ma/] !n inquir$3 ,:]e are y go+8 ,i g :]e x is *angeless4 ,h[ c y g :]e x is *angeless8 ,my go+ is no *ange4#bd ,ts'ao-%an subsequ5tly left 8 ma/] & w5t w&]+ & tea*+4 ,f9ally1 9 late summ] ( #ija1 ! /ory says t ,ts'ao- %an "o ev5+ inquir$ ab\t ! date1 & e>ly ! next morn+ he di$4 ,al?\gh ! record$ ex*anges betwe5 ,tung-%an & ,ts'ao-%an are limit$ to ! two r brief enc\nt]s giv51 ! y\ng] ma/] actually seems to h be5 ! mov+ =ce beh9d ! dialectical con/ructions ( ! ,ts'ao-tung s*ool4 ,! anci5t records1 su* z ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 all decl>e t ,ts'ao-%an 0 inspir$ by ! ,five ,/ates ( ,univ]sality & ,p>ticul>ity to become a great ,buddhi/4 ,z ,dum\l9 judges1 ,x 0 ,ts'ao-%an :o fir/1 9 ! _s ( & 9 accordance ) ! ma/]'s tea*+s1 arrang$ ! five ranks 9 _! transmut$ =m & expla9$ !m 9 _m ways4 4 4 4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 /em f ,tung- %an1 :o = t reason mu/ be consid]$ to be _! orig9ator4#be ,! ultimate conc]n ( bo? ! ,ts'ao-tung & ,l9-*i doctr9es 0 enlight5m5t4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t ,ts'ao-tung ma/]s believ$ quiet m$itation 0 ! way1 r ?an ! m9d-%att]+ te*niques ( ,l9-*i4 ,ts'ao-tung 7,soto ,z57 /rives to soo! ! _s r ?an delib]ately in/igate psy*ic turmoil1 z sometimes does ! ,l9-*i 7,r9zai74 ,! aim is to be 9 ! _w b n ( x2 to occupy ! physical _w b transc5d x m5tally1 alo( & s]5e4 ,a fur!r diff]5ce has be5 id5tifi$ by ! ,briti% s*ol> ,sir ,*>les ,eliot1 :o concludes t :]eas ,l9-*i reg>ds ! k ( ! ,buddha nature 444 z an end 9 itself1 all-satisfy+ & all-engross+1 ! ,ts'ao-tung 4 4 4 held t x is necess>y to h enlight5m5t aft] ,enlight5m5t1 t is to say t ! inn] illum9ation mu/ display itself 9 a good life4#bf ,?us ,eliot sugge/s ! ,ts'ao-tung took some?+ ( an int]e/ 9 :at y d1 9 di/9ction to ! ,l9-*i s*ool1 :i* pref]r$ to focus on inn] wisdom4 ,! ,ts'ao-tung sect1 at lea/ 9 its e>ly =ms1 0 fully z dialectical 9 outlook z 0 ! ,l9-*i4 ,9 ?is x 0 m]ely c>ry+ on1 to "s ext5t1 ! example ( its =ebe> ,%ih-t'ou1 :o 0 himself rememb]$ z deeply int]e/$ 9 !oretical & intellectual speculations4 ,today ! ,ts'ao-tung sect is diff]5tiat$ f ! ,l9-*i prim>ily by its me?ods = tea*+ novices4 ,!re is no disagreem5t ab\t ! goal1 m]ely ab\t ! pa?4 ,x is int]e/+ t ! :ole bus9ess ( ! ,five ,ranks seems n to h surviv$ ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,ts'ao-tung's real contribution 0 ess5tially to revive ! approa* ( ,nor!rn ,*'an1 ) its /ress on m$itation1 intellectual inquiry1 /ages ( enlight5m5t1 & ! idea t ,*'an is n entirely inn]- direct$ b may also h "s place 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,?is is ! real a*ievem5t ( ,ts'ao- tung1 & ! quality t enabl$ x to survive & become ,soto4 ,*apt] ,?irte5 ,,kuei-,,%an1 ,,yun-,,m51 ,,& ,,fa-,,y53 ,,?ree ,,m9or ,,h\ses ,yun-m5 7left7 ,! five h\ses or sects ( ,*'an t arose aft] ! ,great ,p]secution ( #hde did n all appe> simultane\sly1 nor did !y enjoy equal influ5ce4 ,:]eas ! ,l9-*i & ! ,ts'ao-tung 7 de/9$ to survive & f9d _! way to ,japan1 ! ?ree o!r h\ses 7 treat$ less k9dly by hi/ory4 ,none!less1 9 ! se>* = enlight5m5t1 ea* ( ! ?ree o!r h\ses contribut$ te*niques1 insights1 & orig9al ideas t enri*$ ! ,z5 tradition4 ,x is ) ! /ories ( ! ma/]s :o f\nd$ ! ?ree ext9ct h\ses t we close out ! era prec$+ ! ,sung ,dyna/y & ! rise ( ! koan4 ,,kuei-,,%an1 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,kuei-,,yang ,,sect ,?is e>lie/ ( ! five h\ses 0 f\nd$ by a contempor>y ( ,huang-po & foll[] ( ! ,ma-tsu tradition kn[n by ! "n ,kuei- %an 7#gga-hec74 ,"u 8 orig9al "n1 ,l+-yu1 he left home at fifte5 to become a monk1 /udy+ "u a local ,v9aya ma/] 9 pres5t-day ,fuki5 prov9ce4 ,he lat] 0 orda9$ at ,hang*[1 :]e he assidu\sly absorb$ ! v9aya & sutras ( bo? ,!ravada & ,mahayana4#a ,!n at age tw5ty-?ree he travel$ to ,kiangsi & became a pupil ( ! fam\s ,*'an lawgiv] ,po-*ang ,huai-hai4 ,! mom5t ( ,kuei-%an's enlight5m5t at ! h&s ( ,huai-hai is a ,z5 classic4 ,z ! /ory goes3 ,"o day z he 0 wait+ ^u ,huai-hai1 ! latt] ask$ him to poke ! /ove1 to see :e!r !re 0 any fire left 9 x4 ,kuei-%an pok$ b f\nd no fire4 ,huai-hai rose to poke x himself1 & succe$$ 9 discov]+ a little sp>k4 ,%[+ x to 8 disciple1 he ask$1 ,is ?is n fire8 ,!reupon ,kuei-%an became enlight5$4#b ,j :y ?is seem+ly trivial incid5t %\ld trigg] enlight5m5t is cle>ly a matt] t mu/ be approa*$ intuitively4#c ,kuei-%an receiv$ 8 "n f ,mt4 ,kuei1 :]e he 0 s5t to f\nd a mona/]y by ,po-*ang ,huai-hai4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 selection reveal almo/ m ?an we w\ld wi% to "k ab\t ! ,*'an mona/ic _w at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,x happ5$ t ,huai-hai 0 consid]+ ! idea ( f\nd+ a new mona/]y on ,mt4 ,kuei 9 ,hunan prov9ce4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 unc]ta9 :e!r ! v5ture w\ld fl\ri%1 & consequ5tly he turn$ = advice to a w&]+ =tunetell] nam$ ,ssu-ma4#d ,?is se] respond$ t ,mt4 ,kuei 0 an ideal location & w\ld support fifte5 hundr$ monks4 ,h[ev]1 ,huai- hai himself w\ld n prosp] !re1 s9ce ,y are a bony1 ascetic man & x is a fle%y1 s5su\s m\nta94 ,! advice 0 to f9d somebody else4 ,huai-hai cons5t$ & began call+ 9 8 c&idates = ,ssu-ma to exam9e4 ,! fir/ to be summon$ 0 ! head monk--:om ,ssu-ma ask$ to produce a deep c\gh & !n walk sev]al /eps4 ,! wiz5$ old my/ic wat*$ c>efully & !n :isp]$ to ,huai-hai t ?is 0 n ! man4 ,next to be call$ 9 0 ,kuei-%an1 curr5tly adm9i/rator ( ! mona/]y4 ,ssu-ma took "o look & nodd$ 8 approval to ,huai-hai4 ,t night ,huai-hai summon$ ,kuei-%an & assign$ 8 new mission3 ,g to ,mt4 ,kuei & f\nd ! mona/]y t w p]petuate my tea*+s4 ,:5 ! head monk discov]$ he _h be5 pass$ ov] he 0 outrag$ & at ! next morn+'s convocation dem&$ t ,huai-hai ju/ify ?is slight4 ,! ma/] repli$3 ,if y c make an out/&+ response 9 front ( ! assembly1 y %all receive ! appo9tm5t4 ,huai-hai !n po9t$ to a pit*] & said to him1 ,d n call ?is a pit*]4 ,:at1 in/ead1 %\ld y call x8 ,! head monk answ]$1 ,x _c be call$ a wood5 w$ge4 ,ma/] ,huai-hai did n accept ?is1 & turn$ to ,kuei- %an1 dem&+ 8 answ]4 ,kuei-%an kick$ ! pit*] & knock$ x ov]4 ,ma/] ,huai-hai laugh$ & said1 ,our head monk has lo/ 8 bid = ,m\nt ,kuei4#e ,! head monk's reply _h be5 intellectualiz+ wordplay1 caught up 9 ! _w ( names & categories4 ,kuei-%an's reply 0 spontane\s1 wordless1 & devoid ( di/9ctions4 ,8 0 a m9d t c\ld transc5d rationality4 ,kuei-%an did e/abli% ! mona/]y & f x a %ort-liv$ s*ool4 ,h[ev]1 ,kuei-%an's memory 0 p]petuat$ l>gely ?r\gh a brilliant pupil lat] kn[n z ,yang-%an 7#hjg-hhc7 ow+ to 8 f\nd+ a mona/]y on ,mt4 ,yang 9 ,kiangsi prov9ce4 ,toge!r _! tea*+s became kn[n z ! ,kuei-yang s*ool1 ! fir/ ( ! five h\ses4 ,! ex*anges betwe5 ,kuei-%an & ,yang-%an report$ 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp are among ! mo/ electric 9 all ,*'an4 ,9 ! foll[+ !y j\/ ov] ! di/9ction betwe5 function ( wisdom 7:i* is reveal$ ?r\gh action7 & sub/ance or self-nature 7:i* is reveal$ ?r\gh nonaction74 ,once :5 all ! monks 7 out pick+ tea leaves ! ,ma/] said to ,yang-%an1 ,all day z we 7 pick+ tea leaves ,i h he>d y\r voice1 b ,i h n se5 y y\rself4 ,%[ me y\r orig9al self4 ,yang-%an !reupon %ook ! tea tree4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,y h atta9$ only ! function1 n ! sub/ance4 ,yang-%an rem>k$1 ,i d n "k h[ y y\rself w\ld answ] ! "q4 ,! ,ma/] 0 sil5t = a "t4 ,yang-%an comm5t$1 ,y1 ,ma/]1 h atta9$ only ! sub/ance1 n ! function4 ,ma/] ,kuei-%an respond$1 ,i absolve y f tw5ty bl[s6#f ,comm5tators diff] on :o won ?is ex*ange & :e!r ,kuei-%an 0 really satisfi$4 ,ano!r /ory relates simil> fa/-witt$ b s]i\s rep>tee4 ,two ,*'an monks came f a rival community & said1 ,!re is n a man "h :o c und]/& ,*'an4 ,lat]1 :5 all ! monks w5t out to ga!r firewood1 ,yang-%an saw ! two1 :o 7 re/+2 he took a piece ( firewood & ask$ !m1 ,c y talk 7ab\t x78 ,z bo? rema9$ sil5t1 ,yang-%an said to !m1 ,d n say t !re is no "o "h :o c und]/& ,*'an4 ,:5 he return$ to ! mona/]y1 ,yang-%an report$ to ! ma/]1 ,today1 two ,*'an monks 7 expos$ by me4 ,! ma/] ask$1 ,h[ did y expose !m8 ,yang-%an relat$ ! incid5t & ! ma/] said1 ,i h n[ expos$ y z well4#g ,! translator ,*>les ,luk sugge/s t ,kuei-%an _h expos$ ,yang- %an by %[+ t he /ill di/+ui%$ betwe5 himself & ! o!r monks4 ,yet ano!r /ory1 rem9isc5t ( ,nan-*'uan1 fur!r dramatizes ! s*ool's tea*+ ( nondiscrim9ation4 ,! report rec\nts a pres5t t ,kuei-%an s5t to ,yang-%an1 n[ also a ma/] & co-f\nd] ( _! s*ool3 ,kuei-%an s5t ,yang-%an a p>cel conta9+ a mirror4 ,:5 he w5t to ! hall1 ,yang-%an held up ! mirror & said to ! assembly1 ,please say :e!r ?is is ,kuei-%an's or ,yang-%an's mirror4 ,if someone c give a correct reply1 ,i w n sma% x4 ,z no "o answ]$1 ! ma/] sma%$ ! mirror4#h ,kuei-%an's answ] to "o pupil :o reque/$ t he expla9 ,*'an to him 0 to decl>e3 ,if ,i %\ld exp\nd x explicitly = y1 9 ! future y w reproa* me = x4 ,anyway1 :atev] ,i speak /ill belongs to me & has no?+ to d ) y4#i ,?is monk1 :o lat] became ! fam\s ma/] ,hsiang-y51 subsequ5tly burn$ 8 sutras & w&]$ ! c\ntryside 9 despair4 ,!n "o day :ile cutt+ grass he nick$ a piece ( brok5 tile aga9/ "s bamboo1 produc+ a %>p snap t sudd5ly trigg]$ 8 enlight5m5t4 ,9 elation he hurri$ back to 8 cell 9 ! ab&on$ mona/]y :]e he 0 liv+ & burn$ inc5se to ,kuei-%an1 decl>+1 ,if y _h brok5 ! secret to me !n1 h[ c\ld ,i h exp]i5c$ ! wond]ful ev5t ( today4#aj ,! real contribution ( ! ,kuei-yang sect is agre$ to be ! f9al di/9ction ,yang-%an made betwe5 ! ,*'an ( m$itation 7bas$ on ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra7 & in/antane\s ,*'an 7t completely divorc$ f ! sutras74 ,9 ?is f9al revision ( ,*'an hi/ory1 traditional or ,patri>*al ,*'an 0 r$ef9$ z ! anti-sutra e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s\!rn s*ool1 :ile ! tea*+ ( ! ,lankavat>a1 :i* actually _h be5 ! basis ( ! fai? until ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 0 scorn$ z an ab]ration4 ,he emphasiz$1 9 a s5se1 ,*'an's ultimate dis[n+ ( ,buddhism--?r\gh a new1 manufactur$ hi/ory4 ,kuei-%an di$ 9 ! prescrib$ mann]3 ,aft] a ritual ablution he seat$ himself 9 ! m$itation po/ure & pass$ on ) a smile4 ,he 0 buri$ on ,mt4 ,kuei1 home ( 8 mona/]y4 ,8 foll[]s & ^? ( 8 pupil ,yang-%an compos$ ! ,kuei-yang s*ool1 an e>ly attempt to =malize ! anti-sutra position ( ,ma-tsu4#aa ,h[ev]1 !y 7 supplant$ by o!r mu* m successful foll[]s ( ,huai-hai1 su* z ,huang-po & ,l9-*i1 ^: s*ool became ! real p]petuator ( ,ma- tsu's iconoclasm4 ,,! ,,yun-,,m5 ,,sect ,! ,ma/] ,yun-m5 7#hfb_/d-idi7 0 born 9 ,kiangsu prov9ce 7"s say ,*ekiang7 to a family ^: circum/ances =c$ !m to place him 9 a ,v9aya temple z a novice4 ,b 8 inquir+ m9d ev5tually turn$ to ,*'an1 & (f he w5t to a ma/]1 ) 8 fir/ t>get be+ ! fam\s ,mu-*\1 disciple ( ,huang-po4 7,mu-*\ is rememb]$ z ! monk :o s5t ,l9-*i 9 = 8 fir/ ?ree )]+ int]views ) ,huang-po47 ,= two days runn+1 ,yun-m5 tri$ to ga9 entry to see ! ma/]1 b ea* "t he 0 eject$4 ,! ?ird day he succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,mu-*\1 :o grabb$ him & dem&$1 ,speak6 ,speak6 ,b be=e ,yun-m5 c\ld op5 8 m\?1 ! ma/] %ov$ him out ( ! room & slamm$ ! door1 cat*+ 8 leg & break+ x 9 ! process4 ,! unexpect$ bolt ( pa9 %oot+ ?r\gh ,yun-m5's body sudd5ly br\ght 8 fir/ enlight5m5t4#ab ,he j\rney$ on1 /udy+ ) sev]al fam\s ma/]s1 until f9ally he inh]it$ a mona/]y f a retir+ ma/] :o s5s$ 8 g5ius4 ,yun-m5 0 "o ( ! be/-kn[n figures f ,*'an's wan+ ,gold5 ,age1 & /ories ( 8 ex*anges ) monks became a major s\rce ( koans4#ac ,he loa!d words & =bade 8 foll[]s to take notes or write d[n 8 s]mons4 7,h[ev]1 8 talks 7 secretly record$ by a foll[] :o att5d$ 9 a pap] robe & kept notes on ! g>m5t47 ,z did ! e>li] ma/]s1 he /ruggl$ mightily ) ! problem ( h[ to prev5t novices f becom+ atta*$ to 8 words & phrases4 ,yun-m5 came to ! assembly aga9 & said3 ,my "w "h is some?+ t ,i _c help4 ,:5 ,i tell y to p5etrate directly into all ?+s & to be non-atta*$ to !m1 ,i h already conceal$ :at is )9 y4 ,yet y all cont9ue look+ = ,*'an among my words1 s t y may a*ieve enlight5m5t4 ,) myriad deviations & artificialities1 y raise endless que/ions & argum5ts4 ,?us1 y m]ely ga9 tempor>y satisfactions f v]bal conte/s1 repeat$ly qu>rel ) words1 & deviate ev5 fur!r f ,*'an4 ,:5 w y obta9 x1 & re/8#ad ,he firmly believ$ t all tea*+ 0 useless2 t all explanations d m h>m ?an good2 & t1 9 fact1 no?+ wor?:ile c ev] be taught4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,if ,i %\ld give y a /atem5t t w\ld tea* y h[ to a*ieve ,*'an imm$iately1 dirt w\ld already be spread on top ( y\r head4 4 4 4 ,to grasp ,*'an1 y mu/ exp]i5ce x4 ,if y h n exp]i5c$ x1 d n pret5d to "k4 ,y %\ld )draw inw>dly & se>* = ! gr\nd ^u :i* y /&2 !reby y w f9d out :at ,tru? is4#ae ,"o ( ,yun-m5's s]mons reveals mu* ab\t ! gr[+ pa9s ( ,*'an4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! novices seems to h be5 /eadily det]iorat+1 & 8 *>act]ization ( ! run-(-!- mill novices ( 8 "t pres5ts a picture ( wan+ dynamism4 ,success 0 cle>ly br++ a m frivol\s /ud5t to ! mona/]ies1 & we s5se "h ! w>n+ ( a man :o rightly fe>$ = ! future quality ( ,*'an4 ,fur!rmore1 "s monks1 idle & n s]i\s 9 _! /udies1 ga!r toge!r try+ to le>n ! say+s ( ! anci5ts1 & attempt to reveal _! own nature ?r\gh memoriz+1 imag9+1 prophesy+4 ,^! p (t5 claim t !y und]/& :at ,dh>ma is4 ,:at !y actually d is simply talk !mselves into endless entanglem5ts & use m$itation to pass ! "t4#af ,he also felt ! traditional pilgrimages f ma/] to ma/] _h become h>dly m ?an a glorifi$ v]sion ( sightsee+4 ,d n wa/e y\r "t w&]+ ?\s&s ( miles1 ?r\gh ?is t[n & t1 ) y\r /aff on y\r %\ld]1 w9t]+ 9 "o place & sp5d+ ! summ] 9 ano!r4 ,d n seek out beautiful m\nta9s & riv]s to contemplate4 4 4 4 ,the fundam5tal ?+ = y to d is to obta9 ! ess5ce ( ,*'an4 ,!n y\r travels w n h be5 9 va94 ,if y f9d a way to guide y\r und]/&+ "u a sev]e ma/] 4 4 4 wake up1 hang up y\r b[l-bag1 & break y\r /aff4 ,sp5d t5 or tw5ty ye>s ( /udy "u him until y are ?or\ghly enlight5$4#ag ,he also advis$ t !y try to simplify _! se>*1 t !y try to realize h[ uncomplicat$ ,*'an really is4 ,let me tell y t any?+ y c directly po9t at w n lead y to ! "r trail4 4 4 4 ,besides dress+1 eat+1 mov+ b[els1 releas+ wat]1 :at else is !re to d8#ah ,yun-m5 0 "o ( ! mo/ dynamic ma/]s ( ! late n9? & e>ly t5? c5tury1 provid+ new twi/s to ! hi/oric problem ( nonlanguage transmission4 ,8 celebrat$ solution 0 ! s-call$ "o-^w answ]4 ,sev]al ( ^! are pres]v$ 9 ! two major koan collections ( lat] ye>s4 ,two ( ! bett]-kn[n foll[3 ,a monk ask$ ,yun-m51 ,:at is ! tea*+ t transc5ds ! ,buddha & patri>*s8 ,yun-m5 said1 ,a sesame bun4#ai ,a monk ask$ ,yun-m51 ,:at is ,buddha8 ,yun-m5 repli$1 ,a dri$ piece ( %it4#bj ,! "o-^w 0 8 v]sion ( ! bl[ & ! %\t4 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? is p>ticul>ly fond ( ,yun-m5 & sugge/s he may h _h ! ke5e/ intellect ( any ,*'an ma/]--& ev5 goes s f> z to decl>e him ! greate/ man ,*9a has produc$4#ba ,at ! v lea/ ,yun-m5 0 9 ! great tradition ( ! iconocla/ic ,t'ang ma/]s1 ) a t\* t be>s comp>ison to ,huang-po4 ,& he probably 0 wise 9 attempt+ to /op copyi/s1 = 8 tea*+s ev5tually 7 r$uc$ to yet ano!r abom9able sy/em1 z seem$ irresi/ible to ! ,*9ese foll[]s ( ! five h\ses4 ,a lat] disciple produc$ :at is kn[n z ! ,?ree propositions ( ! h\se ( ,yun-m54 ,x is n difficult to imag9e ! b>ny>d response ,yun-m5 w\ld h _h to ?is sy/ematization ( 8 ?\ght4#bb ,! s*ool ( ?is mo/ eloqu5t ( ,*'an ma/]s la/$ ?r\gh ! ,sung dyna/y1 b its failure to f9d a transplant 9 ,japan ev5tually meant t hi/ory w\ld pass x by4 ,none!less1 ! cutt+ intellect ( ,yun-m5 0 "o ( ! bright />s 9 ! con/ellation ( ,*'an1 provid+ :at is possibly its pure/ antirational /atem5t4 ,,! ,,fa-,,y5 ,,sect ,! ma/] kn[n z ,fa-y5 7#hhe-ieh71 f\nd] ( ! ?ird %ort-liv$ h\se ( ,*'an1 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,fa-y5's novel me?od = trigg]+ enlight5m5t 0 to repeat back ! que/ion]'s own qu]y1 !reby isolat+ ! words & dra9+ !m ( _! mean+4 ,x 0 8 v]sion ( ! %\t1 ! sil5ce1 ! s+le ^w4 ,& :]eas ! ,l9-*i s*ool 0 conc]n$ ) ! ,f\r ,processes ( ,lib]ation f ,subjectivity & ,objectivity & ! ,ts'ao-tung s*ool con/ruct$ ! five relations betwe5 ,p>ticul>ity & ,univ]sality1 ! ,fa-y5 s*ool inv5t$ ! ,six ,attributes ( ,be+4#bc ,! ,six ,attributes ( ,be+ 7totality & diff]5tiation1 sam5ess & diff]5ce1 becom+ & disappe>+7 7 adapt$ f ! doctr9e ( ano!r ,buddhi/ sect1 & 9 fact lat] attempts by "o ( ,fa-y5's disciples to comb9e ,*'an & ,pure ,l& ,buddhism h be5 cr$it$ ) accel]at+ ! disappe>ance ( 8 s*ool4 ,accord+ to ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 ! ma/] rememb]$ z ,fa-y5 0 born z ,w5-i1 ne> ,hang*[4 ,he became a ,*'an novice at age sev5 & 0 orda9$ at tw5ty4 ,le>n$ 9 bo? ,buddhi/ & ,confuciani/ lit]ature 7?\gh n1 significantly en\gh1 9 ! ,taoi/ classics71 he !n got ! w&]lu/1 z 0 common1 & head$ s\? to seek out m ,*'an tea*]s4 ,he end$ up 9 ,kiangsi prov9ce 9 ! city ( ,fu*\1 :]e to escape ! flood+s ( a ra9/orm he f\nd himself "o ev5+ 9 a local mona/]y4 ,he /ruck up a conv]sation ) ! ma/] !re1 :o sudd5ly ask$ him3 ,:]e are y go+1 sir8 ,i %all cont9ue my foot travels along ! road4 ,:at is t :i* is call$ foot travel8 ,i d n "k4 ,n-kn[+ mo/ closely approa*es ! ,tru?4#bd ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp /ates t he 0 enlight5$ on ! spot & decid$ to settle d[n = a p]iod ( /udy4 ,he ev5tually became a fam\s tea*] himself1 %eph]d+ z _m z a ?\s& /ud5ts at "o "t4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ (t5 repeat$ ex*anges conc]n$ ! "q ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! moon 7i4e41 enlight5m5t7 & ! f+] po9t+ at ! moon1 7i4e41 ! tea*+ lead+ to enlight5m5t74 ,x 0 a common obs]vation t /ud5ts confus$ ! f+] po9t+ at ! moon ) ! moon itself1 :i* is to say !y confus$ talk ab\t enlight5m5t ) ! /ate4 ,"o day a monk came along :o ?\ght he 0 sm>t en\gh to get ar\nd ! dilemma4 ,a monk ask$1 ,z = ! f+]1 ,i w n ask y ab\t x4 ,b :at is ! moon8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,:]e is ! f+] t y d n ask ab\t8 ,s ! monk ask$1 ,z = ! moon1 ,i w n ask y ab\t x4 ,b :at is ! f+]8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,! moon6 ,! monk *all5g$ him1 ,i ask$ ab\t ! f+]2 :y %\ld y answ] me1 '! moon'8 ,! ,ma/] repli$1 ,because y ask$ ab\t ! f+]4#be ,at age sev5ty-f\r ,fa-y5 di$ 9 ! mann] ( o!r great ma/]s1 calmly & seat$ 9 ! m$itation po/ure4 ,"p ( ! l9eage ( ,%ih-t'ou & an (f%oot ( ! bran* ( ,*'an t w\ld become ,soto1 he 0 a k9dly individual ) none ( ! viol5ce & hi/rionics ( ! liveli] ma/]s4 ,h[ev]1 8 s*ool la/$ only briefly be=e pass+ into hi/ory4 ,none!less1 a numb] ( disciples initially p]petuat$ 8 memory1 & 8 wisdom is pres]v$ 9 v>i\s ,sung-p]iod compilations ( ,*'an s]mons4 ,*apt] ,f\rte5 ,,ta-,,hui3 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,koan ,to confront ! koan--! mo/ discuss$1 lea/ und]/ood tea*+ concept ( ! ,ea/--is to address ! v ess5ce ( ,z5 itself4 ,9 simple t]ms ! koan is m]ely a brief /ory--all ! enc\nt]s betwe5 two monks relat$ "h c\ld be koans4 ,dur+ ! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi7 ^! /ories 7 organiz$ into collections1 comm5t$ ^u1 & /ructur$ into a sy/em ( /udy--:i* involv$ m$itat+ on a koan & arriv+ at an intuitive answ] acceptable to a ,z5 ma/]4 ,fac$ ) ! ?reat5+ intellectualism ( ! ,sung s*ol>s1 ,*'ani/s creat$ ! koan out ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! old] ma/]s1 mu* ! way a lif]aft might be con/ruct$ f ! timb]s ( a /orm-torn %ip4 ,b be=e we exam9e ?is raft1 x w\ld be well to look aga9 at ! %ip4 ,x w be recall$ t ,*'an grew out ( bo? ,buddhism & ,taoism1 extract+ f !m ! belief t a fundam5tal unify+ quality transc5ds all ! div]sity ( ! _w1 includ+ ?+s t appe> to be opposite4 ,h[ev]1 ,*'an taught t ?is _c be und]/ood us+ intellectualism1 :i* rationally makes di/9ctions & relates to ! _w by r$uc+ x to concepts & sy/ems4 ,"o reason is t all rationality & concepts are m]ely "p ( a l>g]1 encompass+ ,reality2 & try+ to rea* ?is ,reality intellectually is l try+ to describe ! outside ( a build+ :ile trapp$ inside4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( ?\ght--n behold5 to concepts1 sy/ems1 discrim9ations1 or rationality--t c rea* ?is new und]/&+4 ,x is intuition1 :i* op]ates 9 a mode entirely diff]5t f rationality4 ,x is holi/ic1 n l9e>2 x is unself-consci\s & noncritical2 & x doesn't bo!r ) any ( ! rational sy/ems ( analysis we h inv5t$ = ourselves4 ,b s9ce we c't call on x at our pleasure1 ! next be/ ?+ we c d is cle> ! way = x to op]ate--by %utt+ (f ! rational "p ( ! m9d4 ,!n intuition />ts hesitantly com+ out ( ! %ad[s4 ,n[1 if we c>efully wait = ! "r mom5t & !n sudd5ly create a di/urbance t mom5t>ily %ort-circuits ! rational m9d--! way %ock suppresses our s5se ( pa9 9 ! fir/ mom5ts ( a s]i\s accid5t--we may get a glimpse ( ! intuitive m9d 9 full fl[]4 ,9 t in/ant we intuitively und]/& ! on5ess ( ! _w1 ! ,void1 ! great] ,reality t words & rationality h nev] all[$ u to exp]i5ce4 ,! ,z5 tea*]s h a v effici5t te*nique = mak+ all ?is happ54 ,!y fir/ discr$it rationality = a novice by mak+ him feel fooli% = us+ x4 ,ea* "t ! novice submits a rational solution to a koan1 he receives a humiliat+ rebuff4 ,aft] a :ile ! /ra9 beg9s to tell4 ,9 ! same way t a milit>y boot camp de/roys ! ego & self-id5tity ( a recruit1 ! ,z5 ma/] sl[ly erodes ! novice's confid5ce 9 8 own logical p[]s4 ,at ?is po9t 8 intuitive m9d beg9s ov]com+ its previ\s repression4 ,di/9ctions sl[ly />t to seem absurd1 because e "t he makes "o he is ridicul$4 ,little by little he dissolves 8 s5se ( object & subject1 kn[] & kn[n4 ,! fruit n[ is almo/ ready to fall f ! tree4 7,al?\gh enlight5m5t _c be made to happ51 x c be made possible47 ,ent] at ?is po9t ! unexpect$ bl[1 ! %\t1 ! click ( bamboo1 ! brok5 leg4 ,if ! /ud5t is caught unaw>es1 rationality may be mom5t>ily %ort-circuit$ & sudd5ly he glimpses--,reality4 ,! irony is t :at he glimpses is no diff]5t f :at he saw be=e1 only n[ he und]/&s x intuitively & realizes h[ simpli/ic & conf9+ are rational categories & di/9ctions4 ,m\nta9s are once aga9 m\nta9s2 riv]s are once aga9 riv]s4 ,b ) "o vital diff]5ce3 ,n[ he is n atta*$ to !m4 ,he travels ?r\gh ! _w j z always1 b n[ he is at "o ) x3 no di/9ctions1 no critical judgm5ts1 no t5sion4 ,aft] all t prep>atory m5tal angui% !re is no app>5t ext]nal *ange4 ,b int]nally he is enlight5$3 ,he ?9ks diff]5tly1 he und]/&s diff]5tly1 & ultimately he lives diff]5tly4 ,*'an began by work+ out ! "q ( :at ?is enlight5m5t really is4 ,prior to ,ma-tsu ! se>* 0 m = ! nature ( enlight5m5t ?an = its transmission4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9al phase ( ,*'an4 ,z "t w5t by1 h[ev]1 ! conc]n %ift$ m & m f def9+ enlight5m5t--:i* ! ,*'an ma/]s believ$ _h be5 done suffici5tly--to /ruggl+ ) ! process4 ,aft] ,ma-tsu1 ,*'an turn$ its att5tion to auxili>y means = help+ along transmission3 p>adoxical words & actions1 %\ts1 beat+s1 & ev5tually ! koan4#a ,! koan1 !n1 is ! f9al /ep 9 ! auxili>y means4 ,a succ9ct analysis ( ! koan te*nique is provid$ by ,ru? ,f4 ,sasaki 9 ,z5 ,du/3 ,briefly1 koans consi/$ ( que/ions ! e>ly ma/]s _h ask$ individual /ud5ts1 toge!r ) ! answ]s giv5 by ! /ud5ts2 que/ions put to ! ma/]s by /ud5ts 9 p]sonal talks or 9 ! c\rse ( ! ma/]s' lectures1 toge!r ) ! ma/]s' answ]s2 /atem5ts ( =mulas 9 :i* ! ma/]s _h po9t$ to ! pr(\nd ,pr9ciple2 anecdotes f ! daily life ( ! ma/]s 9 :i* _! attitudes or actions illu/rat$ ! function+ ( ! ,pr9ciple2 & occasionally a phrase f a sutra 9 :i* ! ,pr9ciple or "s aspect ( x 0 cry/alliz$ 9 words4 ,by pres5t+ a /ud5t ) "o or ano!r ( ^! koans & obs]v+ 8 reaction to x1 ! degree or dep? ( 8 realization c\ld be judg$4 ,! koans 7 ! crit]ia ( atta9m5t4#b ,call$ kung-an 9 ,*9ese 7mean+ a case or a problem71 ! koan 0 a response to two major *all5ges t beset ,*'an 9 ! ,sung era3 ,fir/1 ! l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts t appe>$ at ,*'an mona/]ies z a result ( ! demise ( o!r sects meant t "s new means 0 ne$$ to pres]ve p]sonaliz$ att5tion 7"s ma/]s report$ly _h "o ?\s& or ev5 two ?\s& foll[]s at a mona/]y72 & second1 !re 0 a noticeable decl9e 9 ! spontaneity ( bo? novices & ma/]s4 ,! ma/]s _h lo/ mu* ( ! creative fire ( ,*'an's ,gold5 ,age1 & ! novices 7 caught up 9 ! intellectual1 lit]>y _w ( ! ,sung1 to ! po9t t intellectualism actually ?reat5$ ! vitality ( ! sect4 ,! koan1 !n1 0 ! answ] to ?is dilemma4 ,x sy/ematiz$ in/ruction su* t l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts c\ld be treat$ to ! f9e/ antirational tradition ( ! ,*'an sect1 & x rescu$ ! dynamism ( ! e>li] c5turies4 ,al?\gh m5tion ( kung-an occurs 9 ! ,*'an lit]ature be=e ! end ( ! ,t'ang era 7#fah-ijg71 ! ref]5ce 0 to a ma/]'s use ( a p>ticul>ly effectual "q on m ?an "o /ud5t4 ,?is 0 /ill an in/ance ( a ma/] us+ 8 own que/ions or p>adoxes4 ,! koan 9 its true =m--t is1 ! use ( a classic incid5t f ! lit]ature1 pos$ z a conundrum--is said to h be5 creat$ :5 a desc5dant ( ,l9-*i1 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 int]view$ a novice ab\t "s ( ,l9-*i's say+s4#c ,?is sy/ematic use ( ! exi/+ lit]ature 0 f\nd effective1 & soon a new tea*+ te*nique 0 9 ! mak+4 ,examples ( classic koans already h be5 se5 ?r\gh\t ?is book1 s9ce _m ( ! ex*anges ( ! e>ly ma/]s 7 lat] isolat$ = use z kung-an4 ,b !re are _m1 _m o!rs1 ,p]haps ! be/- kn[n koan ( all "t is ! ex*ange betwe5 ,*ao-*\ 7#ggh-hig7 & a monk3 ,a monk ask$ ,*ao-*\4 ,does a dog h ,buddha nature i4e41 is a dog capable ( be+ enlight5$8 ,*ao-*\ answ]$1 ,mu a ^w ^: /rict mean+ is no?+ness4#d ,quick1 :at does x mean8 ,speak6 ,speak6 ,if y 7 a ,*'an novice1 a ma/] w\ld be gl>+ at y dem&+ an imm$iate1 intuitive answ]4 7,a favor$ resolution ( ?is1 incid5tally1 is simply ,mu1 b bell[$ ) all ! =ce ( ! univ]se's inh]5t ,on5ess beh9d x4 ,& if y try to fake x1 ! ma/] w "k47 ,or take ano!r koan1 drawn completely at r&om4 ,:5 ! monks assembl$ be=e ! noon meal to he> 8 lecture1 ! ,ma/] ,fa-y5 #hhe-ieh po9t$ at ! bamboo bl9ds4 ,two monks simultane\sly w5t & roll$ !m up4 ,fa-y5 said1 ,"o ga91 "o loss4#e ,don't ?9k6 ,respond in/antly6 ,don't say a ^w unless x's "r1 ,don't make a move t isn't intuitive4 ,& above all1 don't analyze4 ,yun-m5 #hfb_/d-idi ask$ a monk1 ,:]e h y come "h f8 ,! monk said1 ,f ,hsi-*'an4 ,yun-m5 said1 ,:at words are be+ (f]$ at ,hsi-*'an ^! days8 ,! monk /ret*$ out 8 h&s4 ,yun-m5 /ruck him4 ,! monk said1 ,i hav5't f9i%$ talk+4 ,yun- m5 !n ext5d$ 8 own h&s4 ,! monk 0 sil5t1 s ,yun-m5 /ruck him4#f ,y w]5't !re4 ,y're n ! monk4 ,b n[ y've got to d some?+ to %[ ! ma/] y grasp :at w5t on 9 t ex*ange4 ,:at 0 spontane\s to ! old] ma/]s y mu/ grasp 9 a secondh&1 sy/ematiz$ situation4 ,& if y c't answ] ! koan "r 7x %\ld be /ress$1 incid5tally1 !re is n necess>ily a fix$ answ]71 y _h be/ g & m$itate1 try to grasp x non9tellectually1 & return tomorr[ to try aga94 ,(f y g to m$itate on ,mu or ,"o ga91 "o loss1 & ! m5tal t5sion />ts build+4 ,ev5 ?\gh y "k y ar5't suppos$ to1 y analyze x intellectually f e angle4 ,b t j height5s y\r exasp]ation4 ,!n sudd5ly "o day some?+ dawns on y4 ,elat$1 y g to ! ma/]4 ,y yell at him1 or b>k l a dog1 or kick 8 /aff1 or /& on y\r h&s1 or recite a poem1 or decl>e1 ,! cypress tree 9 ! c\rty>d1 or p]haps y j rema9 sil5t4 ,he w "k 7intuitively7 if y h brok5 ?r\gh ! bonds ( reason1 if y h transc5d$ ! intellect4 ,!re's no?+ q l ! koan 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w3 hi/orical episodes t h to be reliv$ intuitively & respond$ to4 ,z ,ru? ,f4 ,sasaki notes1 ,collections ( 'old cases1' z ! koans 7 sometimes call$1 z well z attempts to put ! koans into a fix$ =m & to sy/ematize !m to "s ext5t1 7 already be+ made by ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,we also f9d a few ma/]s giv+ _! own alt]nate answ]s to "s ( ! old koans & occasionally app5d+ v]ses to !m4 ,9 _m cases ^! alt]nate answ]s & v]ses ultimately became atta*$ to ! orig9al koans & 7 h&l$ z koans supplem5t>y to !m4#g ,ironically1 koans became s useful1 inde$ ess5tial1 9 ! p]petuation ( ,*'an t !y soon 7 rev]$ z texts4 ,collections ( ! bett] koans appe>$1 & next came accretions ( support+ comm5t>ies--:5 ! :ole po9t 0 suppos$ to be circumv5t+ reliance on words6 ,b comm5t>ies always seem$ to develop spontane\sly out ( ,*'an4 ,today two major collections ( koans are g5]ally us$ by /ud5ts ( ,z54 ,^! are ! ,mumonkan 7to use ! m famili> ,japanese "n7 & ! ,hekiganroku 7aga9 ! ,japanese "n7 or ,blue ,cliff ,record4#h ,ma/]s may "w a /ud5t ?r\gh bo? ^! collections z he travels ! road to enlight5m5t1 ) a new koan be+ assign$ aft] ea* previ\s "o has be5 successfully resolv$4 ,! ,blue ,cliff ,record 0 ! fir/ ( ! two collections4 ,x began z a gr\p+ ( "o hundr$ kung-an by a ma/] nam$ ,hsueh-t\ ,*'ung-hsi5 7#ihj-ajeb7 ( ! s*ool ( ,yun-m54 ,?is ma/] also atta*$ a small poem to ea* koan1 int5d$ to direct ! /ud5t t[>d its mean+4 ,! book enjoy$ sizable circulation ?r\gh\t ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & sometime !reaft] a ,l9-*i ma/] nam$ ,yuan-wu ,k'o-*'9 7#ajfc-aace7 decid$ to embelli% x by add+ an introduction to ea* koan & a long-w9d$ comm5t>y on bo? ! koan & ! poem suppli$ by ! previ\s collector4 7,9 ! case ( ! poem we n[ h comm5t>y on comm5t>y--! ultimate a*ievem5t ( ! !ologian's art6 ,h[ev]1 ma/]s today (t5 omit ,yuan-wu's comm5t>ies1 giv+ _! own int]pretation in/ead4#i7 ,! comm5tator1 ,yuan-wu1 0 ! tea*] ( ,ta-hui1 ! dynamic ma/] ( ! ,l9-*i l9eage :om we w meet "h4 ,! ,mumonkan1 a %ort] "w1 0 assembl$ 9 #abbh by ! ,*'an monk ,wu-m5 ,hui-k'ai 7#aahc-abfj7 & consi/s ( =ty-eight koans1 toge!r ) an explanatory comm5t & a v]se4 ,"s ( ! koans 9 ! ,mumonkan also appe> 9 ! ,blue ,cliff ,record4 ,! ,mumonkan is usually pref]r$ 9 ! ,japanese summ]1 s9ce its koans are brief] & less fatigu+4#aj ,! koan 0 an inv5tion ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi71 an era ( consolidation 9 ! ,*9ese empire aft] ! demise ( ! ,t'ang & passage ( a w>-torn int]lude kn[n z ! ,five ,dyna/ies 7#ijg-fj74 ,al?\gh ,sung ,*'an seem$ to be boom+1 ,buddhism 9 g5]al cont9u$ ! decl9e t began ) ! ,great ,p]secution ( #hde4 ,= example1 ! numb] ( regi/]$ monks dropp$ f ar\nd #djj1jjj 9 #ajba to approximately half t numb] a scant half-c5tury lat]4#aa ,b ! monks :o did come probably _h high] education ?an previ\sly1 = ! ,sung educational sy/em 0 ! _w's be/ at ! "t4 ,colleges 7 e/abli%$ nationwide1 n j 9 ! sophi/icat$ metropolitan areas1 & s*ol>%ip fl\ri%$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 good = ,*'an is n a simple "q4 ,! h>dy rural monks :o _h pass$ beyond ! ,buddhi/ scriptures made ,*'an :at x 04 ,c\ld ! p[]s ( ! antirational be pres]v$ 9 an atmosph]e :]e ! greate/ respect 0 res]v$ = ^? :o sp5t ye>s memoriz+ ! ,*9ese classics8 ,! answ] to ?is 0 to re/ ) ! koan4 ,! ,*'an ma/] ,ta-hui 7#ajhi-aafc71 :o p]fect$ ! koan te*nique1 0 rumor$ to be a re9c>nation ( ,l9-*i4 ,born 9 ,anhwei prov9ce1 locat$ ab\t halfway betwe5 ! old] capitals ( ! nor? & ! ,*'an c5t]s 9 ! s\?1 he 0 said to be bo? pi\s & precoci\s1 becom+ a devot$ monk at age sev5te5 :ile assidu\sly read+ & absorb+ ! tea*+s ( ! five h\ses4#ab ,at age n9ete51 he began 8 obligatory travels1 roam+ f ma/] to ma/]4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ tea*]s report$ly int]view$ him on ! koans 9 ! collection n[ kn[n z ! ,blue ,cliff ,record1 b he did s by n speak+ a ^w & !reby =c+ ,ta-hui to "w !m out = himself4 ,ta-hui also exp]im5t$ ) ! ,ts'ao-tung tea*+s1 b e>ly on began to "q ! /raitlac$1 quieti/ic approa* ( t h\se4 ,he f9ally 0 direct$ to ! ,sze*uan tea*] ,yuan-wu ,k'o-*'9 ( ! ,l9-*i s*ool1 beg9n+ ! association t w\ld move him to ! =efront ( ! /ruggle to save ,*'an via ! koan4 ,ta-hui exp]i5c$ 8 fir/ enlight5m5t "u ,yuan-wu1 9 ! ma/]'s temple 9 ! ,nor!rn ,sung capital ( ,pi5-liang4 ,z ! /ory is report$3 ,"o day :5 ,yuan-wu _h tak5 ! high seat 9 ! lecture hall1 he said3 ,a monk ask$ ,yun-m53 ',f :5ce come all ! buddhas8' ,yun- m5 answ]$3 ',! ,ea/ ,m\nta9 walks ov] ! wat]4' ,b if ,i 7 ask$1 ,i w\ld n answ] t way4 ',f :5ce come all ! buddhas8' ,a fragrant breeze comes ( itself f ! s\?1 & 9 ! palace pavilion a refre%+ coolness /irs4 ,at ^! words ,ta-hui sudd5ly atta9$ enlight5m5t4#ac ,aft] ?is he grew 9 exp]i5ce & wisdom1 ev5tually tak+ ov] _m temple duties f ,yuan-wu4 ,he soon became a "p ( ! ,*'an e/abli%m5t 9 ! nor? & 9 #aabf 0 ev5 pres5t$ ) an (ficial robe & title f a m9i/]4 ,!n sudd5ly1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is tranquillity1 outside =ces int]v5$ to *ange dramatically ! c\rse ( ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,= _m ye>s previ\s1 ,*9a _h be5 ?reat5$ by nomadic peoples f ! nor? & we/1 peoples :om ! ,*9ese haughtily id5tifi$ z b>b>ians4 ,! ,sung emp]ors1 cloi/]$ g5tlem5 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! t]m1 _h ma9ta9$ peace 9 _! sl[ly %r9k+ doma9 by buy+ (f bellig]5t neighbors & occasionally ev5 c$+ bord] t]ritories4 ,!y ?\ght _! tr\bles f9ally might be eas+ some:at :5 _! ho/ile neighbors 7 ov]:elm$ by a new w>r+ tribe f ,man*uria4 ,b aft] a s]ies ( humiliat+ incid5ts1 ! ,*9ese f\nd !mselves ) m]ely a new enemy1 ?is "t m p[]ful ?an any be=e4 ,*9a 0 at la/ on ! v]ge ( be+ ov]:elm$1 some?+ x _h =e/all$ = _m c5turies4 ,ev5 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 :i* ! ,*9ese n[ us$ to fire rocket- propell$ arr[s1 c\ld n save !m4 ,be=e long ! b>b>ians m>*$ on ! capital1 & aft] "s ye>s ( ,*9ese attempts at appeasem5t1 ! invad]s c>ri$ (f ! emp]or & 8 entire c\rt to ,man*uria4 ,! ye> 0 #aabg1 :i* m>k$ ! end ( ! ,*9ese dyna/y n[ kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,sung 7#ifj-aabg74 ,aft] ?is di%e>t5+ setback a son ( ! =m] emp]or mov$ s\? & set up a new capital 9 ! coa/al city ( ,hang*[1 ^: *>ms ! ,*9ese 7 fond ( comp>+ favorably ) heav5 79 ! refra91 ,heav5 above2 ,hang*[ bel[74 ,?is new regime1 kn[n z ! ,s\!rn ,sung 7#aabg-abgi71 witness$ yet ano!r trans=mation ( ,*'an4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ,s\!rn ,*'an came to resemble eigh?-c5tury ,nor!rn ,*'an1 9 its close association ) ! c\rt & ! intellig5tsia4 ,:5 political discord =c$ ! ,nor!rn ,sung gov]nm5t to flee s\?1 ! ma/] ,yuan-wu 0 assign$ a mona/]y 9 ! s\!rn prov9ce ( ,kiangsi by ! emp]or1 & ,ta-hui accompani$ him !re1 aga9 z head monk4 ,aft] f\r ye>s1 ,ta-hui aga9 decid$ to migrate-- ?is "t alone--to ,sze*uan & !re to build a seclud$ h]mitage4 ,aft] ano!r move he 0 summon$ 9 #aacg by ! prime m9i/]1 himself also a =m] pupil ( ,yuan-wu1 to come & e/abli% a temple ne> ! new s\!rn capital ( ,hang*[4 ,be=e long he _h collect$ almo/ two ?\s& disciples & 0 becom+ kn[n z ! re9c>nation ( ,l9-*i1 possibly because he 0 giv+ new life to ! ,l9-*i sect4 ,b !n 8 politics got him 9 tr\ble & he 0 bani%$ = almo/ fifte5 ye>s to v>i\s remote outpo/s1 dur+ :i* "t he began to write ext5sively4#ad ,f9ally1 9 #aaeh1 he 0 ord]$ back to ,hang*[ to take ov] 8 old temple4 ,s9ce by !n old age 0 encroa*+1 he 0 p]mitt$ to retire at ?is temple & live (f imp]ial patronage4 ,x is said t 8 pupils swell$ to sev5te5 hundr$ :5 he return$ & t :5 he di$ 9 #aafc he left n9ety- f\r enlight5$ heirs4#ae ,ta-hui is reg>d$ today z ! great *ampion ( ! koan me?od1 & he 0 celebrat$ dur+ 8 life = a runn+ disagreem5t he _h ) ! ,ts'ao-tung 7lat] ,soto7 s*ool4 ,9 a s5se1 ?is dispute drew ! di/9ctions t /ill divide ,z5 into two camps4 ,! issue seems to h boil$ d[n to ! matt] ( :at "o does ) "o's m9d :ile m$itat+4 ,! ,ts'ao-tung ma/]s advocat$ :at !y call$ ,sil5t ,illum9ation 7mo-*ao7 ,*'an1 :i* ,ta-hui pref]r$ to call ,sil5t ,illum9ation ,het]odox 7mo-*ao-hsieh7 ,*'an4 ,! ,ts'ao-tung ma/] ,*5g-*ueh1 ) :om he argu$1 believ$ t enlight5m5t c\ld be a*iev$ ?r\gh sitt+ motionless & sl[ly br++ tranquillity & empty nonatta*m5t to ! m9d4 ,! koans 7 recogniz$ to be useful 9 pres]v+ ! orig9al _s ( ,*'an1 b _! bra9-fatigu+ convolutions 7 n p]mitt$ to di/urb ! m5tal repose ( m$itation4 ,ta-hui1 9 contra/1 believ$ t ?is sil5t m$itation lack$ ! dynamism s ess5tial to ! sudd5 exp]i5ce ( enlight5m5t4 ,8 own approa* to enlight5m5t came to be call$ ,introspect+-!-,koan 7k'an-hua7 ,*'an1 9 :i* m$itation focus$ on a koan4#af ,ano!r ( ,ta-hui's objections to ! ,sil5t ,illum9ation s*ool seems to h be5 its natural drift t[>d quietism1 t[>d ! divorc+ ( m5 f ! _w ( affairs4 ,?is he believ$ l$ n[h]e & 0 m]ely r5\nc+ humanity r ?an illum9at+ x4 ,^! days !re's a bre$ ( %av5-head$ outsid]s i4e41 rival ma/]s ^: own eyes are n cle>1 :o j tea* p to /op & re/ & play dead4 4 4 4 ,!y tea* p to keep ! m9d /ill1 to =get feel+s accord+ to circum/ances1 to practice sil5t illum9ation4 4 4 4 ,to say t :5 "o has put ?+s to re/ to ! po9t t he is unaw>es & unkn[+1 l e>?1 wood1 tile1 or /one1 ?is is n unkn[+ sil5ce--?is is a view ( wrongly tak+ too lit]ally words t 7 7only7 exp$i5t means to free bonds4#ag ,he seem$ to be c\nsel+ nev] to =get t m$itation is only a means1 n an end4 ,in/ead ,ta-hui advocat$ m$itat+ deep] & ev] deep] into a koan1 focus+ on ! words until !y lose _! flavor4 ,!n f9ally ! bottom falls out ( ! bucket & enlight5m5t hits y4 ,?is ,introspect+ ! ,koan =m ( ,*'an 7call$ ,kanna ,z5 by ! ,japanese7 became ! /&>d = ! ,r9zai sect1 ^: /ud5ts 7 enc\rag$ to m$itate on a koan until x gradually infiltrat$ ! m9d4 ,z "o comm5tator has expla9$1 ,! ess5tial is to imm]se oneself pati5tly & :olehe>t$ly 9 ! koan1 ) unwav]+ att5tion4 ,"o mu/ n be look+ = an answ] b look+ at ! koan4 ,! 'answ]1' if x comes1 w come ( its own accord4#ah ,z describ$ by ,ta-hui3 ,j /eadily g on ) y\r koan e mom5t ( y\r life4 4 4 4 ,:e!r walk+ or sitt+1 let y\r att5tion be fix$ ^u x )\t int]ruption4 ,:5 y beg9 to f9d x entirely devoid ( flavor1 ! f9al mom5t is approa*+3 d n let x slip out ( y\r grasp4 ,:5 all ( a sudd5 some?+ fla%es out 9 y\r m9d1 its light w illum9e ! entire univ]se1 & y w see ! spiritual l& ( ! ,enlight5$ ,ones4 4 4 4#ai ,! important ?+ is to conc5trate totally on a koan4 ,?is conc5tration ne$ n necess>ily be conf9$ to m$itation1 z ,ta-hui illu/rates us+ "o ( ! m celebrat$ "o-^w /atem5ts ( ,yun-m54 ,a monk ask$ ,yun-,m51 ,:at is ,buddha8 ,yun-,m5 said1 ,a dry piece ( %it4 ,j br+ up ?is say+4 4 4 4,don't ask to draw realization f ! words or try 9 y\r confusion to assess & expla94 4 4 4 ,j take y\r confus$ unhappy m9d & %ift x onto ,a dry piece ( %it4 ,once y hold x !re1 !n ! m9d 4 4 4 w naturally no long] op]ate4 ,:5 y become aw>e t x's n op]at+1 don't be afraid ( fall+ into empt9ess4 4 4 4 ,9 ! conduct ( y\r daily activities1 j always let g & make y\rself va/ & expansive4 ,:e!r y're 9 quiet or noisy places1 con/antly ar\se y\rself ) ! say+ ,a dry piece ( %it4 ,z ! days & mon?s come & g1 ( itself y\r pot5tial w be purifi$ & rip54 ,above all y mu/ n ar\se any ext]nal d\bts besides3 :5 y\r d\bts ab\t ,a dry piece ( %it are sma%$1 !n at once d\bts num]\s z ! s&s ( ! ,ganges are all sma%$4#bj ,al?\gh ,ta-hui 0 a /rong advocate ( ! koan1 he 0 /aun*ly aga9/ its be+ us$ 9 a lit]>y s5se4 ,:5ev] a /ud5t />ts analyz+ koans intellectually1 comp>+ "o aga9/ ano!r1 try+ to und]/& rationally h[ !y affect 8 nonrational intellig5ce1 he misses ! :ole po9t4 ,! only way x c "w is if x is fre%4 ,only !n does x elicit a response f our spontane\s intellig5ce1 our intuitive m9d4 ,b ! ,sung tr5d t[>d intellectualism 0 almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! pre/ige ( ! ,*9ese g5tleman--:o c\ld quote ! anci5t poets1 compose v]se himself1 & analyze enlight5m5t--0 ! great nemesis ( ,*'an4 ,g5tlem5 ( affairs :o /udy ! pa? (t5 und]/& rationally )\t gett+ to ! reality4 ,)\t discussion & ?\ght !y are at a loss1 ) no place to put _! h&s & feet--!y won't believe t :]e !re is no place to put "o's h&s & feet is really a good situation4 ,!y j want to get !re 9 _! m9ds by ?9k+ & 9 _! m\?s to und]/& by talk+--!y sc>cely realize !y've already gone wrong4#ba ,equally bad 0 ! ,*'an /ud5t :o memoriz$ koans r ?an try+ to und]/& !m intuitively4 ,a g5tleman reads widely 9 _m books basically 9 ord] to augm5t 8 innate k4 ,in/ead1 y h tak5 to memoriz+ ! words ( ! anci5ts1 accumulat+ !m 9 y\r brea/1 mak+ ?is y\r task1 dep5d+ on !m = some?+ to take hold ( 9 conv]sation4 ,y are f> f kn[+ ! int5t ( ! sages 9 exp\nd+ ! tea*+s4 ,?is is :at is call$ c\nt+ ! treasure ( o!rs all day long )\t hav+ half a c5t ( y\r own4#bb ,ta-hui rightly recogniz$ 9 su* s*ol>%ip an imp5d+ de/ruction ( ,*'an's innate vigor4 ,at "o po9t1 9 desp]ation1 he ev5 de/roy$ ! orig9al pr9t+ blocks = ! be/-kn[n koan collection ( ! "t1 ! ,blue ,cliff ,record compil$ by 8 ma/]1 ,yuan-wu4#bc ,b ! tr5d cont9u$ none!less4 ,*'an 0 n ov] yet1 h[ev]4 ,x turns out t ! sect did n cont9ue to fly ap>t & div]sify z might be suspect$1 b r x actually consolidat$4 ,al?\gh ! ,kuei-yang & ,fa-y5 h\ses fizzl$ comp>atively quickly1 ! ,yun-m5 la/$ consid]ably long]1 ) an id5tifiable l9e ( transmission la/+ virtually ?r\gh\t ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,! ,ts'ao-tung h\se langui%$ = a :ile1 b ) ,sil5t ,illum9ation ,*'an x came back /rongly dur+ ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,l9-*i split into two factions 9 ! e>ly elev5? c5tury1 :5 two pupils ( ! ma/] ,*'u-yuan 7#ihf-ajcf7 decid$ to g _! own way1 ,"o ( ^! ma/]s1 kn[n z ,huang-lung ,hui-nan 7#ajjb-ajfi71 />t$ a s*ool :i* subsequ5tly 0 transmitt$ to ,japan by ! ,japanese ma/] ,eisai1 :]e x became kn[n z ,oryo ,z54 ,h[ev]1 ?is s*ool did n la/ long 9 ,*9a or ,japan1 becom+ moribund aft] a few g5]ations4 ,! o!r disciple ( ,*'u-yuan 0 a ma/] nam$ ,yang-*'i ,fang-hui 7#iib-ajdi71 ^: s*ool 7kn[n 9 ,japanese z ,yogi ,z57 ev5tually became ! only s*ool ( ,*9ese ,*'an1 absorb+ all o!r sects :5 ! fai? w5t into its f9al decl9e aft] ! ,sung4 ,ta-hui 0 "p ( ?is s*ool1 & x 0 ! bran* ( ! ,l9-*i sect t ev5tually took hold 9 ,japan4 ,9 clos+ our j\rney ?r\gh ,*9ese ,*'an we mu/ note t ! fai? cont9u$ on /rongly ?r\gh ! ,sung l>gely because ! gov]nm5t began sell+ ord9ations = its own pr(it4 ,*'an also cont9u$ to fl\ri% dur+ ! ,mongol-dom9at$ ,yuan ,dyna/y 7#abgi- #acji71 ) _m prie/s f ,japan com+ to ,*9a = /udy4 ,dur+ ! ,m+ ,dyna/y 7#acfh-afdd71 x m]g$ ) ano!r s*ool ( ,buddhism1 ! ,pure ,l& ,salvationi/ sect1 & *ang$ dra/ically4 ,al?\gh ,m+-/yle ,*9ese ,*'an /ill p]si/s today1 ma9ly outside ,*9a1 its practice be>s scant resemblance to ! orig9al tea*+s4 ,= ! practice ( ! classical ,*'an describ$ "h we mu/ n[ turn to ,japan4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,z5 ,,9 ,,japan 4 4 4 9 :i* ,*'an is import$ to ,japan by traditional ,buddhi/s disillusion$ ) ! spiritual decad5ce ( exi/+ ,japanese sects4 ,?r\gh a =tuit\s association ) ! ris+ milit>y class1 ,*'an is ev5tually elevat$ to ! mo/ influ5tial religion ( ,japan4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 x evolves into a political & cultural r ?an a spiritual =ce4 ,al?\gh "s ,japanese attempt to re/ore ,*'an's orig9al vigor by delib]ately attack+ its ,high ,*ur* in/itutions1 few ,japanese ,z5 tea*]s respect its orig9al tea*+s & practice4 ,japanese tea*]s contribute little to ! ,*'an 7,z57 exp]i5ce until f9ally1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a spiritual lead] appe>s :o n only re/ores ! orig9al vitality ( ! fai?1 b goes on to ref9e ! koan practice & revolutionize ! relation%ip ( ,z5 to ! common p4 ,?is inspir$ tea*]1 ,haku91 creates mod]n ,z54 ,*apt] ,fifte5 ,,eisai3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,japanese ,,ma/] ,!re is a twelf?-c5tury /ory t ! fir/ ,japanese monk :o j\rney$ to ,*9a to /udy ,*'an return$ home to f9d a summons f ! ,japanese c\rt4 ,!re1 9 a meet+ rem9isc5t ( ! ,*9ese sov]eign ,wu & ! ,indian ,bodhidh>ma "s sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ,japan's emp]or comm&$ him to describe ! tea*+s ( ?is /range new cult4 ,! bemus$ monk 7rememb]$ by ! "n ,kakua7 repli$ ) no?+ m ?an a melody on 8 flute1 leav+ ! c\rt flabb]ga/$4#a ,b :at m ideal expression ( ,*9a's wordless doctr9e8 ,z 9 ! ,*9a ent]$ by ,bodhidh>ma1 m$ieval ,japan already knew ! tea*+s ( ,buddhism4 ,9 fact1 ! ,japanese rul+ classes _h be5 ,buddhi/ = half a mill5nium be=e ,*'an (ficially came to _! att5tion4 ,h[ev]1 contacts ) ,*9a 7 susp5d$ midway dur+ ?is "t1 leav+ ,japanese ,buddhi/s out ( t\* ) ! _m *anges 9 ,*9a--! mo/ significant be+ ,*'an's rise to ! dom9ant ,buddhi/ sect4#b ,consequ5tly ! ,japanese _h he>d almo/ no?+ ab\t ?is sect :5 contacts resum$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,to _! amazem5t !y discov]$ t ,*9ese ,buddhism _h become ,*'an4 ,! /ory ( ,*'an's transplant 9 ,japan is also ! /ory ( its pres]vation1 s9ce x 0 de/9$ to )] away 9 ,*9a4 ,p]haps we %\ld review briefly h[ traditional ,buddhism got to ,japan 9 ! fir/ place4 ,dur+ ! six? c5tury1 ab\t ! "t ( ,bodhidh>ma1 a /atue ( ! ,buddha & "s sutras 7 transmitt$ to ,japan z a gift_/bribe f a ,korean mon>* seek+ milit>y aid4 ,he claim$ ,buddhism 0 v p[]ful al?\gh difficult to und]/&4 ,n all ,japanese1 h[ev]1 7 ov]joy$ ) ! appe>ance ( a new fai?4 ,! lea/ pleas$ 7 ^? employ$ by ! exi/+ religion1 ! ,japanese cult ( ,%9to1 & !y successfully discr$it$ ,buddhism = sev]al decades4 ,b a numb] ( c\rt intrigues 7 und]way at ! "t1 & "o faction got ! idea t ,buddhism w\ld be helpful 9 und]m9+ ! ,%9to-bas$ rul+ clique4 ,ev5tually ?is new faction triumph$1 & by ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,japanese 7 con/ruct+ ,buddhi/ temples & pagodas4#c ,o!r imports connect$ ) ^! e>ly ma9l& contacts 7 ,*9ese writ+ & ! ,*9ese /yle ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,japanese ev5 recreat$ ! ,t'ang capital ( ,*'ang-an1 consecrat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury z ,n>a1 _! fir/ real city4 ,! gr[+ ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t soon ov]:elm$ ,n>a ) a ho/ ( sects & temples1 culm9at+ 9 #geb ) ! unveil+ ( a bronze m$itat+ ,buddha l>g] ?an any /atue 9 ! _w4 ,japan 0 n[ awa% 9 ?irdh& ,buddhism1 z ,*9ese mission>ies patroniz+ly exp\nd$ ,sanskrit scriptures !y !mselves only vaguely und]/ood4 ,buddhism's reputation = p[]ful magic soon demoraliz$ ! simple religion ( ,%9to1 ) its unpret5ti\s %r9es & rites1 & ?is b5ign nature rev]5ce 0 increas+ly pu%$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,! impact ( ,buddhism became s ov]:elm+ t ! al>m$ emp]or f9ally ab&on$ ,n>a entirely to ! ,buddhi/s1 & at ! close ( ! eigh? c5tury set up a new capital 9 c5tral ,japan1 kn[n today z ,kyoto4 ,! emp]or also decid$ to discr$it ! ,n>a ,buddhi/s on _! own t]ms1 s5d+ to ,*9a = new1 compet+ sects4 ,back came emiss>ies ) two new s*ools1 :i* soon assum$ dom9ance ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,t5dai1 nam$ aft] ! ,*9ese ,t'i5- t'ai s*ool4 ,its tea*+s c5t]$ on ! ,lotus ,sutra1 :i* taught t ! human ,buddha p]sonifi$ a univ]sal _s1 evid5ce ( ! on5ess p]meat+ all ?+s4 ,! ,t5dai s*ool 0 in/all$ on ,mt4 ,hiei1 9 ! outskirts ( ,kyoto1 giv+ bir? to an e/abli%m5t ev5tually to numb] sev]al ?\s& build+s4 ,! monks on ,mt4 ,hiei became ! au?ority on ,buddhi/ matt]s 9 ,japan = sev]al c5turies !reaft]1 & lat] !y also began m$dl+ 9 affairs ( /ate1 sometimes ev5 resort+ to arms4 ,t5dai 01 & p]haps to "s degree /ill is1 a fai? = ! =tunate few4 ,x did n /ress an idealiz$ h]eaft]1 s9ce x s]v$ a class--! idle ari/ocracy-- p]fectly com=table 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,9 any case1 x became ! major ,japanese ,buddhi/ sect dur+ ! ,heian era 7#gid-aahe71 a "t ( ari/ocratic rule4 ,! o!r important1 & also ari/ocratic1 v]sion ( ,buddhism prec$+ ,z5 0 call$ ,%+on1 f ! ,*9ese s*ool ,*5-y51 a magical-my/]y sect ?riv+ on secrecy & esot]ic symbolism4 ,x appeal$ less to ! intellect ?an did ,t5dai & m to ! ta/e = ent]ta9m5t among ! bor$ ari/ocrats4 ,al?\gh ,%+on mona/]ies (t5 7 situat$ 9 remote m\nta9\s areas1 ! intrigue ( _! engag+ c]emonies 7featur+ effloresc5t iconography1 *ants1 & complex liturgies7 & _! evocative m&alas 7geometrical pa9t+s full ( symbolism7 made ?is sect a !atrical success4 ,?is s-call$ ,esot]ic ,buddhism ( ,%+on grew s popul> t ! sob] ,t5dai sect 0 oblig$ to />t add+ rituali/ic complexity into its own practices4#d ,! ,japanese gov]nm5t broke (f relations ) ,*9a less ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,kyoto1 ar\nd ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,f !n until ! mid-twelf? c5tury ma9l& contacts virtually ceas$1 & consequ5tly bo? ,japanese culture & ,japanese ,buddhism gradually evolv$ away f _! ,*9ese models4 ,! ,japanese ari/ocracy became obsess$ ) ae/hetics1 f9]y1 & ref9$ lovemak+ accompani$ by poetry1 p]fumes1 & fl[]s4#e ,!y di/ill$ ! vigor\s ,t'ang culture to a ref9$ ess5ce1 r l extract+ a delicate liqueur f a /\t potion4 ,! ,buddhi/ *ur* also grew decad5t1 ev5 z x grew ev] m p[]ful & om9\s4 ,! prie/hood became ! appo9tm5t ( la/ resort = o!rwise unemployable c\rti]s1 & inde$ ,buddhism f9ally deg5]at$ l>gely into an ent]ta9m5t = ! rul+ class1 ^: memb]s 7 amus$ & div]t$ by its rites4 ,?is c>efree ari/ocracy also all[$ increas+ am\nts ( weal? & l& to slip into ! h&s ( corrupt religi\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,= _! own "p1 ! ,buddhi/s began =m+ armies ( monks to protect _! new weal?1 & !y ev5tually w5t on to engage 9 int]-temple w>s & ?reat5 ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! ,japanese ari/ocracy pres]v$ its privileg$ position ?r\gh ! unwise policy ( us+ an em]g+ milit>y class to ma9ta9 ord]4 ,^! pr(essional soldi]s seem to h aris5 f ! ari/ocacy itself4 ,japanese emp]ors _h a l>ge numb] ( wom5 at _! disposal1 ?r\gh :om !y scatt]$ a ho/ ( prog5y1 n all ( :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ idle 9 ,kyoto4 ,a numb] ( ^! 7 s5t to ! prov9ces1 :]e !y 7 to gov]n untam$ outly+ areas4 ,?is cont9u$ until "o day ! c\rt 9 ,kyoto awoke to f9d t ,japan 0 9 fact controll$ by ^! rural clans & _! m\nt$ w>riors1 ! samurai4#f ,9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! samurai effectively seiz$ ,japan1 & _! /rongman inv5t$ = himself ! title ( %ogun1 proce$+ to in/itute :at became almo/ eight c5turies ( unbrok5 w>rior rule4 ,! age ( ! common man _h arriv$1 & "o ( ! %ogun's fir/ acts 0 to transf] ! gov]nm5t away f ari/ocratic ,kyoto1 ^: sophi/icat$ society made him uncom=table1 to a w>rior camp call$ ,kamakura1 ne> ! site ( mod]n ,tokyo4 ,! rule ( ,japan pass$ f p]fum$1 poetry-writ+ ae/hetes to fi]ce1 (t5 illit]ate swordsm54 ,co9cid5t ) ?is c\p1 ! decad5ce & irrelevance ( traditional ,buddhism _h begun to weigh heavily ^u a new gr\p ( spiritual re=m]s4 ,be=e long ,t5dai & ,%+on 7 *all5g$ by new fai?s recogniz+ ! exi/5ce & spiritual ne$s ( ! common p4 ,"o =m ?is re=mation took 0 ! appe>ance ( new sects provid+ spiritual com=t to ! masses & ! possibility ( et]nal salvation ?r\gh "s simple act1 usually ! repetition ( a sacr$ *ant4 ,"o1 & lat] two1 su* sects 7,jodo & ,jodo ,%97 focus$ on ! ,buddhi/ figure ,amida1 ^: ,p>adise or ,pure ,l& 9 ! h]eaft] 0 op5 to all ^? call+ ^u 8 "n 7by *ant+ a sort ( ,buddhi/ ,hail ,m>y call$ ! nembutsu1 ,praise to ,amida ,buddha74 ,ano!r simplifi$ sect prea*$ a fundam5tali/ return to ! ,lotus ,sutra & 0 l$ by a firebr& nam$ ,ni*ir51 :o also creat$ a *ant = 8 l>gely illit]ate foll[]s4 ,a =mula gu>antee+ ,p>adise _h p>ticul> appeal to ! samurai1 ^: day- to-day exi/5ce 0 dang]\s & unc]ta94 ,! sc&aliz$ ,t5dai monks vigor\sly oppos$ ?is home-gr[n populi/ movem5t1 occasionally ev5 burn+ d[n temples to disc\rage its gr[?4 ,b ! ,pure ,l& & ,ni*ir5 sects cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 s9ce ! common p f9ally _h a ,buddhism all _! own4 ,!re 7 o!rs1 h[ev]1 :o believ$ t ! ari/ocratic sects c\ld be re=m$ f )9--by import+ !m afre% f ,*9a1 f ! s\rce4 ,^! re=m]s hop$ t ,buddhism 9 ,*9a _h ma9ta9$ its integrity & discipl9e dur+ ! sev]al c5turies ( sep>ation4 ,& by =tunate co9cid5ce1 ,japanese contacts ) ! ma9l& 7 be+ reop5$1 mak+ x aga9 all[able to und]take ! p]il\s sea voyage to ,*9a4 ,b :5 ! fir/ twelf?-c5tury ,japanese pilgrims rea*$ ! ma9l&1 !y 7 /unn$ to f9d t traditional ,buddhism _h be5 almo/ completely supplant$ by ,*'an4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,japanese pilgrims return+ f ,*9a p]=ce return$ ) ,z51 s9ce little else rema9$4 ,h[ev]1 ,z5 0 n orig9ally br\ght back to replace traditional ,buddhism1 b r z a /imulant to re/ore ! rigor t _h dra9$ out ( mona/ic life1 includ+ =mal m$itation & respect or discipl9e4#g ,cr$it = ! introduction ( ,l9-*i ,z5 7call$ ,r9zai7 9 ,japan is traditionally giv5 to ! ari/ocratic prie/ & travel] ,myoan ,eisai 7#aada-abae74h ,he began 8 c>e] z a "y monk 9 ! ,t5dai complex ne> ,kyoto1 b 9 ! summ] ( #aafh he accompani$ a ,%+on prie/ on a trip to ,*9a1 l>gely to sightsee & to visit ! home ( ! ,t'i5-t'ai sect z a pilgrim4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,t'i5-t'ai s*ool mu/ h be5 a m]e %ad[ ( its =m] self by ?is "t1 & naturally en\gh ,eisai became famili> ) ,*'an4 ,b he 0 h>dly a firebr& = ,z51 = :5 he return$ to ,japan he cont9u$ practice ( traditional ,buddhism4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 9 #aahg1 ,eisai aga9 j\rney$ to ,*9a1 ?is "t plann+ a pilgrimage on to ,india & ! ,buddhi/ holy places4 ,b ! ,*9ese refus$ him p]mission to travel beyond _! bord]s1 leav+ ,eisai no *oice b to /udy !re4 ,he f9ally atta*$ himself to an ag+ ,*'an monk on ,mt4 ,t'i5-t'ai & manag$ to receive ! seal ( enlight5m5t be=e return+ to ,japan 9 #aaia1 q probably ! fir/ ,japanese ev] c]tifi$ by a ,*9ese ,*'an ma/]4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 totally committ$ to ,z54 ,8 ,*'an tea*] 0 also occupi$ ) o!r ,buddhi/ s*ools1 & :at ,eisai br\ght back 0 a ,buddhi/ cocktail bl5d$ f sev]al diff]5t traditions4#i ,b he did proce$ to build a temple to ! ,huang-lung 7,japanese ,oryo7 bran* ( ! ,l9-*i sect on ! s\!rnmo/ ,japanese isl&1 ,kyu%u 7! location ne>e/ ,*9a71 9 ! prov9cial t[n ( ,hakata4 ,almo/ z important1 he also br\ght back ! tea plant 7^: brew 0 us$ 9 ,*9a to keep dr[sy monks awake dur+ m$itation71 !reby in/itut+ ! long m>riage ( ,z5 & tea4 ,al?\gh 8 prov9cial temple w5t un*all5g$1 lat] attempts to introduce ?is new sect into ,kyoto1 ! /ronghold ( traditional ,buddhism1 met fi]ce resi/ance f ! e/abli%m5t1 p>ticul>ly ,t5dai4 ,b ,eisai cont5d$ t ,z5 0 a useful sect & t ! gov]nm5t w\ld reap practical b5efits f its protection4 ,8 spirit$ def5se ( ,z51 entitl$ ,propagation ( ,z5 = ! ,protection ( ! ,c\ntry1 argu$ t its enc\ragem5t w\ld be good = ,japanese ,buddhism & !re=e good = ,japan4#aj ,z 9 ,india1 s 9 ,*9a its tea*+ has attract$ foll[]s & disciples 9 great numb]s4 ,x propagates ! ,tru? z ! anci5t ,buddha did1 ) ! robe ( au!ntic transmission pass+ f "o man to ! next4 ,9 ! matt] ( religi\s discipl9e1 x practices ! g5u9e me?od ( ! sages ( old4 ,?us ! ,tru? x tea*es1 bo? 9 sub/ance & appe>ance1 p]fects ! relation%ips ( ma/] & disciple4 ,9 its rules ( action & discipl9e1 !re is no confusion ( "r & wrong4 4 4 4 ,/udy+ x1 "o discov]s ! key to all =ms ( ,buddhism2 practic+ x1 "o's life is br\ght to fulfillm5t 9 ! atta9m5t ( enlight5m5t4 ,outw>dly x favors discipl9e ov] doctr9e1 inw>dly x br+s ! ,highe/ ,inn] ,wisdom4 ,?is is :at ! ,z5 sect /&s =4#aa ,he also po9t$ out h[ un-,japanese x w\ld be to d5y ,z5 a he>+3 ,japan has be5 op5-m9d$ 9 ! pa/1 :y %\ld %e reject a new fai? n[8 ,9 our c\ntry ! emp]or %9es 9 spl5dor & ! influ5ce ( 8 virtu\s wisdom spreads f> & wide4 ,emiss>ies f ! di/ant l&s ( ,s\? & ,c5tral ,asia pay _! respects to 8 c\rt4 ,lay m9i/]s conduct ! affairs ( gov]nm5t2 prie/s & monks spread abroad religi\s tru?4 ,ev5 ! tru?s ( ! ,f\r ,h9du ,v$as are n neglect$4 ,:y !n reject ! five s*ools ( ,z5 ,buddhism8#ab ,eisai 0 ! classic tactician1 kn[+ well :5 to fight & :5 to retire1 & he decid$ 9 #aaii on a div]sion>y retreat to ,kamakura1 leav+ beh9d ! ho/ile1 competitive atmosph]e ( ari/ocratic ,kyoto4 ,?r\gh 8 political connections1 he manag$ to get in/all$ z head ( a new temple 9 ,kamakura1 beg9n+ ,z5's long association ) ! ,japanese w>rior class4 ,eisai seems to h done well 9 ,kamakura1 = n long aft] he arriv$1 ! curr5t /rongman gave him f9anc+ = a ,z5 temple 9 ,kyoto1 nam$ ,k5n9-ji & complet$ 9 #abje4 ,eisai return$ ! favor by assi/+ 9 ! repair ( temples ravag$ by ! rec5t w>s4 ,x 0 report$ly = a lat]1 h>d-dr9k+ rul] t ,eisai compos$ 8 second classic "w1 ,dr9k ,tea & ,prolong ,life1 :i* *ampion$ ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ?is exotic ,*9ese bev]age1 decl>+ x a re/orative t tun$ up ! body & /r5g!n$ ! he>t4 ,9 ! great c\ntry ( ,*9a !y dr9k tea1 z a result ( :i* !re is no he>t tr\ble & p live long lives4 ,our c\ntry is full ( sickly-look+1 sk9ny p]sons1 & ?is is simply because we d n dr9k tea4 ,:5ev] "o is 9 poor spirits1 "o %\ld dr9k tea4 ,?is w put ! he>t 9 ord] & dispel all illness4 ,:5 ! he>t is vigor\s1 !n ev5 if ! o!r organs are ail+1 no great pa9 w be felt4 4 4 4 ,! he>t is ! sov]eign ( ! five organs1 tea is ! *ief ( ! bitt] foods1 & bitt] is ! *ief ( ! ta/es4 ,= ?is reason ! he>t loves bitt] ?+s1 & :5 x is do+ well all ! o!r organs are prop]ly regulat$4 4 4 4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! :ole body feels weak1 devitaliz$1 & depress$1 x is a sign t ! he>t is ail+4 ,dr9k lots ( tea1 & "o's en]gy & spirits w be re/or$ to full /r5g?4#ac ,?is fir/ ,z5 tea*] 0 c]ta9ly no ,l9-*i4 ,he 0 m]ely a ,t5dai prie/ :o import$ ,l9-*i's sect f ,*9a hop+ to br+ discipl9e to 8 s*ool2 he e/abli%$ an ecum5ical mona/]y at :i* bo? ,z5 & esot]ic ,t5dai practices 7 taught2 he consort$ ) lead]s ^: place 0 ow$ to a milit>y c\p d'etat2 & he appe>$ to advocate ,z5 on transp>5tly practical1 sometimes almo/ political1 gr\nds4 ,he compromis$ ) ! exi/+ cults to ! end1 ev5 refus+ to l5d aid to o!r1 m pure-m9d$ advocates ( ,*'an :o _h ris5 9 ,kyoto 9 ! meantime4#ad ,b ,eisai 0 a colorful figure :om hi/ory has *os5 to rememb] z ! f\nd] ( ,z5 9 ,japan1 z well z 7p]haps equally important7 ! fa!r ( ! cult ( tea4 ,eisai end$ 8 days z abbot ( ! ,kyoto temple ( ,k5n9-ji & lead] ( a small ,z5 community t 0 c>eful n to qu>rel ) ! p[]s ( ,t5dai & ,%+on1 :i* also _h alt>s 9 ! temple4 ,eisai's ,z5 began 9 ,japan z a m9or infusion ( ,buddhism's orig9al discipl9e1 b ?r\gh an accommodation ) ! w>rior e/abli%m5t1 he accid5tally plant$ ! se$s ( ,*'an 9 f]tile soil4 ,gradually ! numb] ( ,z5 practition]s grew1 z m & m ( ! samurai recogniz$ 9 ,z5 a practical philosophy t accord$ well ) _! ne$s4 ,z ,paul ,v>ley has expla9$3 ,z5 4 4 4 /resses cultivation ( ! intuitive faculties & places a high premium on discipl9e & self-control4 ,x rejects rational decision- mak+ z artificial & delusory1 & insi/s t action mu/ come f emotion4 ,z su*1 ,z5 prov$ p>ticul>ly cong5ial to ! m$ieval samurai1 :o liv$ ) viol5ce & imm95t dea? & :o s\ght to develop su* ?+s z 'spontaneity ( conduct' & a 'tranquility ( he>t' to meet ! rig\rs ( 8 pr(ession4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,z51 lat] samurai !ori/s especially ass]t$ t ! true w>rior mu/ be con/antly prep>$ to make ! ultimate sacrifice ( 8 life 9 ! s]vice ( 8 "l--)\t a mom5t's reflection or consci\s consid]ation4#ae ,x c only be ironic t :at began 9 ,*9a z a s*ool ( m$itation1 !n became an iconocla/ic movem5t us+ koans to beat d[n ! analytical faculties f9ally em]g$ 79 an amalgam ) o!r tea*+s7 9 ,japan z a psy*ological ma9/ay = ! soldi]s ( a milit>y dictator%ip4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r ,japanese s*ool ( ,z5 t introduc$ its practice 9 a =m m closely resembl+ orig9al ,*'an4 ,?is 0 ! movem5t />t$ by ,dog51 ^: life we may n[ exam9e4 ,*apt] ,sixte5 ,,dog53 ,,fa!r ,,( ,,japanese ,,soto ,,z5 ,! ,soto ma/] ,dog5 7#abjj-ec7 is probably ! mo/ rev]$ figure 9 all ,japanese ,z54 ,yet until rec5tly he has be5 comp>atively unkn[n abroad1 p]haps because t great popul>iz] ( ,z5 9 ! ,we/1 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 foll[$ ! ,r9zai s*ool & manag$ to ess5tially ignore ,dog5 ?r\gh\t 8 volum9\s writ+s4 ,b x 0 ,dog5 :o fir/ insi/$ on int5sive m$itation1 :o produc$ ! fir/ ,japanese writ+s expla9+ ,z5 practice1 & :o con/ruct$ ! fir/ real ,z5 mona/]y 9 ,japan1 e/abli%+ a set ( mona/ic rules /ill obs]v$4 ,moreov]1 ! /r5g? ( 8 "* has inspir$ _m ,z5 ma/]s to foll[4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to contradict ! s*ol> ,dum\l91 :o decl>$ him ! /ronge/ & mo/ orig9al ?9k] t ,japan has s f> produc$4#a ,born ,janu>y #b ( ! ye> #abjj an illegitimate son ( a noble ,fujiw>a "m & a pr9cely fa!r1 ,dog5's circum/ances f ! />t 7 ari/ocratic4#b ,ar\nd him swirl$ ! lit]>y life ( ! c\rt1 ! p[]ful c5turies-old position ( ! ,fujiw>a1 & ! ref9$ decad5ce ( anci5t ,kyoto4 ,al?\gh 8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 two1 8 privileg$ education cont9u$ at ! h&s ( 8 "m & half- bro!r4 ,he mo/ c]ta9ly le>n$ to read & write classical ,*9ese1 z well z to v]sify & debate--all skills t he w\ld "o day put to ext5sive use4 ,8 poetic s5sitivity 7some?+ traditionally priz$ by ! ,japanese above logic & precision ( ?\ght7 0 enc\rag$ by all he met 9 ! ho?\se atmosph]e ( anci5t ,kyoto4 ,?is idyllic1 protect$ life 0 %att]$ at age sev5 ) ! sudd5 dea? ( 8 "m4 ,b %e set ! c\rse ( 8 life :51 at ! la/1 %e bade him become a monk & rea* out to suff]+ mank9d4 ,a popul> tradition has x t at 8 "m's fun]al ,dog5 s5s$ 9 ! ris+ inc5se ! imp]man5ce ( all ?+s4 ,aft] ! %ock ( 8 "m's dea? he 0 adopt$ by an uncle z family heir & set on ! way to a reluctant c>e] 9 /atecraft4 ,b z he approa*$ age twelve1 ! "t :5 a =mal c]emony w\ld signify 8 entry into ! male circle ( ari/ocracy1 8 res]vations ov]:elm$ him & he slipp$ away to visit ano!r uncle1 a prie/ liv+ 9 ! foo?ills ( ,mt4 ,hiei4 ,:5 ,dog5 begg$ to be all[$ to turn 8 back on ! ari/ocratic _w ( ,kyoto & fulfill 8 "m's dy+ wi% by becom+ a monk ! family 0 dismay$4 ,b f9ally !y rel5t$1 & he 0 orda9$ ! foll[+ ye> z a ,t5dai bro!r on ,mt4 ,hiei4 ,already a s*ol> ( ! ,*9ese classics1 he n[ turn$ to ! lit]ature ( ,t5dai ,buddhism4 ,b soon he 0 snagg$ on a problem t has haunt$ !ologians ,ea/ & ,we/ = _m c5turies4 ,9 ,*ri/ian t]ms x is ! ,calv9i/ "q ( :e!r man is already sav$ by pr$e/9ation or :e!r he mu/ e>n 8 salvation4 ,dog5 =mulat$ ?is 9 a ,buddhi/ context z foll[s3 ,z ,i /udy bo? ! exot]ic & ! esot]ic s*ools ( ,buddhism1 !y ma9ta9 t man is end[$ ) ! ,dh>ma-nature by bir?4 ,if ?is is ! case1 :y _h ! ,buddhas ( all ages--und\bt$ly 9 possession ( enlight5m5t--to seek enlight5m5t & engage 9 spiritual practice8#c ,9 o!r words1 if man already has ! ,buddha nature1 :y mu/ he /ruggle to realize x by ardu\s discipl9es8 ,conv]sely1 if ! ,buddha nature mu/ be acquir$1 h[ c x be inh]5t 9 all ?+s1 z 0 taught8 ,?is p]plex+ p>adox1 :i* no "o 9 ,japan's ,t5dai ,vatican on ,mt4 ,hiei c\ld resolve1 f9ally drove ,dog5 w&]+ 9 se>* ( o!r tea*]s4 ,he initially /opp$ at ,eisai's temple1 ,k5n9-ji1 long en\gh to be taught ! basics ( ,r9zai ,z5 practice1 b !n he travel$ on4 ,ev5tually1 ?\gh1 he return$ to ,k5n9-ji1 & 9 #abag1 began ,z5 /udy "u ,eisai's disciple1 ,myoz5 7#aahd-abbe74 ,( 8 relation%ip ) ?is ,r9zai ma/] he lat] decl>$3 ,ev] s9ce ,i awak5$ to ! ,bodhi-m9d & s\ght ! supreme ,tru? ,i made _m visits to ,buddhi/ ma/]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 ?us t ,i happ5$ to meet ! ,v5]able ,myoz5 at ,k5n9-ji4 ,n9e ye>s quickly pass$ z ,i /udi$ ! ,way "u him4 ,dur+ t p]iod ,i _h ! opportunity to le>n f him1 to "s ext5t1 ! tra9+ me?ods ( ! ,r9zai ,z5 sect4 ,to ! ,v5]able ,myoz51 lead+ disciple ( my late ma/] ,eisai1 0 rightly transmitt$ ! highe/ supreme ,law & he 0 unp>allel$ among 8 fell[ disciples 9 le>n+ & virtue4#d ,dog5 may h be5 impress$ z mu* by ! leg5d ( ,eisai z by ! %\t+ & beat+ ( ! ,r9zai sect1 = he (t5 spr9kl$ /ories ab\t ,eisai ?r\gh 8 writ+s & s]mons !reaft]4 ,b ,dog5 /ill c\ld n f9d cont5tm5t1 ev5 ) ! ,r9zai he receiv$ at ,k5n9-ji1 & at age tw5ty-?ree he resolv$ to g to ,*9a & exp]i5ce ,*'an tea*+s fir/h&4 ,s 9 ! spr+ ( #abbc he & ,myoz5 %ipp$ out = ,*9a1 int5d+ to visit ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5ts !re4 7,ano!r reason = 8 ha/y decision to g to ,*9a = /udy may h be5 a s]ies ( political upheavals involv+ arm$ monks1 :i* result$ 9 "s ( 8 high-plac$ relations be+ bani%$--:ile a s]ies ( executions took place47#e ,aft] a r\gh b spe$y voyage across ! ,ea/ ,*9a ,sea1 !y arriv$ at ,m+-*\1 d[n ! coa/ f ! ,sung capital ( ,hang*[4 ,myoz5 c\ld n wait & head$ /raight = ! ,*'an complex on ,mt4 ,t'i5- t'ung4 ,h[ev]1 ! m cauti\s ,dog5 *ose to /ay abo>d %ip until midsumm]1 eas+ himself into ,*9ese life sl[ly4 ,b ev5 !re he exp]i5c$ an example ( ,*'an f]vor & devotion t impress$ him deeply1 if only because x 0 s diff]5t f :at he _h se5 9 ,japan4 ,?is lesson 0 at ! h&s ( a sixty-ye>-old ,*9ese cook f a ,*'an mona/]y :o visit$ ! %ip to pur*ase "s ,japanese mu%rooms4 ,dog5 became involv$ 9 an animat$ conv]sation ) ! old monk &1 s9ce 8 mona/]y 0 ov] t5 miles away1 out ( c\rtesy invit$ him to /ay ! night on bo>d %ip4 ,h[ev]1 ! old t5zo monk 7"o 9 *>ge ( mona/]y meals7 insi/$ on return+1 say+ duty call$4 ,b1 ,dog5 press$1 surely !re mu/ be o!rs :o c\ld cook 9 su* a l>ge mona/]y1 & besides cook+ 0 h>dly ! po9t ( ,z54 ,z ,dog5 lat] recall$ 8 own words3 ,v5]able sir6 ,:y don't y d zaz5 ,z5 m$itation or /udy ! koan ( anci5t ma/]s8 ,:at is ! use ( work+ s h>d z a t5zo monk8 ,on he>+ my rem>ks1 he broke into laught] & said1 ,good =eign]6 ,y seem to be ignorant ( ! true tra9+ & mean+ ( ,buddhism4 ,9 a mom5t1 a%am$ & surpris$ at 8 rem>k1 ,i said to him1 ,:at are !y8 ,if y und]/& ! true mean+ ( y\r "q1 y w h already realiz$ ! true mean+ ( ,buddhism1 he answ]$4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 unable to und]/& :at he meant4#f ,su* 7 ! ex*anges betwe5 ,japanese ,buddhi/ s*ol>s & ,*'an mona/]y cooks 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 midsumm] ( #abbc1 ,dog5 f9ally mov$ a%ore & ent]$ ! temple on ,mt4 ,t'i5-t'ung call$ ,*+-te-ssu4 ,8 int5se /udy br\ght no seal ( enlight5m5t1 b x did eng5d] sev]e disappo9tm5t ) ! /&>ds ( ,*'an mona/]ies 9 ,*9a4 ,al?\gh ! s*ool t ,dog5 f\nd 0 a bran* ( ,l9-*i traceable back to ! koan ma/] ,ta-hui1 diff]5t f ! fad+ s*ool ,eisai _h enc\nt]$1 ,dog5 lat] w\ld d5\nce imp>tially ! g5]al run ( all ,*'an ma/]s he met 9 ,*9a4 ,al?\gh !re are 9 ,*9a a great numb] ( ^? :o pr(ess !mselves to be ! desc5dants ( ! ,buddhas & patri>*s1 !re are few :o /udy tru? & accord+ly !re are few :o tea* tru?4 4 4 4 ,?us ^? p :o h n ! slighte/ idea ( :at ! great ,way ( ! ,buddhas & patri>*s is n[ become ! ma/]s ( monks4 4 4 4 ,recit+ a few words ( ,l9-*i & ,yun-m5 !y take !m = ! :ole tru? ( ,buddhism4 ,if ,buddhism _h be5 exhau/$ by a few words ( ,l9-*i & ,yun-m51 x c\ld n h surviv$ till today4#g ,aft] /udy+ = two ye>s :ile simultane\sly nos+ ab\t o!r ne>by mona/]ies1 ,dog5 f9ally decid$ to travel1 hop+ o!rs ( ! five h\ses _h ma9ta9$ discipl9e4 7,he also seems to h exp]i5c$ "s discrim9ation z a =eign] 9 ,*9a47 ,b ! f>!r he w5t1 ! m despond5t he became2 n[h]e 9 ,*9a c\ld he f9d a tea*] wor?y to succe$ ! anci5t ma/]s4 ,he f9ally resolv$ to ab&on ,*9a & return to ,japan4 ,b at ?is mom5t fate took a turn t--9 retrospect--_h enorm\s importance = ! future ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,a monk he met on ! road told him t ,t'i5-t'ung n[ _h a new abbot1 a truly enlight5$ ma/] namd ,ju-*+ 7#aafc-abbh74 ,dog5 return$ to see & 0 receiv$ w>mly1 be+ invit$ by ,ju-*+ to ignore c]emony & approa* him z an equal4 ,! tw5ty-five-ye>-old ,japanese monk 0 elat$1 & settl$ d[n at la/ to und]take ! /udy he _h come to ,*9a =4 ,! ma/] ,ju-*+ became ,dog5's ideal ( :at a ,z5 tea*] %\ld be1 & ! habits--p]haps ev5 ! ecc5tricities--( ?is ag+ tea*] 7 translat$ by ,dog5 into ! model = monks 9 ,japan4 ,ju-*+ 01 above all ?+s1 uncompromis+ 9 8 advocacy ( m$itation or zaz54 ,he might ev5 h *all5g$ ,bodhidh>ma = ! title ( its all-"t practition]1 & x 0 f ,ju-*+'s ,*'an 7:i* may also h includ$ koan /udy7 t ,dog5 took 8 cue4 ,al?\gh ,*'an 0 /ill widespread1 ,ju-*+ seems to h be5 ! only rema9+ advocate ( int5sive m$itation 9 ,*9a1 & a *ance int]section ( hi/ory br\ght ?is tea*+ to ,japan4 ,significantly1 he 0 "o ( ! few ,ts'ao-tung ma/]s ev] to lead ! important ,t'i5-t'ung mona/]y1 traditionally head$ by a memb] ( ! ,l9-*i s*ool4 ,ju-*+ 0 a model ma/]3 /rict b k9dly2 simple 9 habits1 diet1 dress2 immune to ! attractions ( c\rt recognition2 & an uncompromis+ advocate ( virtually r\nd-!- clock m$itation4 ,b he nev] ask$ any?+ ( 8 monks he did n also dem& ( himself1 ev5 :5 advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,he w\ld /rike nodd+ monks to refre% _! att5tion1 :ile lam5t+ t age _h s dim9i%$ ! /r5g? 9 8 arm x 0 erod+ 8 ability to create good monks4 ,ju-*+ w\ld m$itate until elev5 9 ! ev5+ & !n be up aga9 by two-?irty or ?ree ! next morn+1 back at zaz54 ,he frequ5tly develop$ sores on 8 backside f su* p]petual sitt+1 b no?+ det]r$ him4 ,he ev5 decl>$ ! pa9 made him love zaz5 all ! m4 ,! /ory ( ,dog5's f9al enlight5m5t at ! h&s ( ,ju-*+ is a classic ( ,japanese ,z54 ,9 ! m$itation hall "o e>ly morn+ all ! monks 7 sitt+ 9 m$itation :5 ! man next to ,dog5 doz$ (f--a common en\gh occurr5ce 9 e>ly-morn+ sessions4 ,b :5 ,ju- *+ came by on a r\t9e inspection & saw ! sleep+ monk1 he 0 = "s reason p>ticul>ly rankl$ & ro>$ out1 ,zaz5 means ! dropp+ away ( m9d & body6 ,:at w y get by sleep+8 ,dog51 sitt+ ne>by1 0 at fir/ />tl$1 b !n an indescribable calm1 an ec/atic joy wa%$ ov] him4 ,c\ld x be t ?is 0 ! mom5t he _h be5 hop+ =8 ,c\ld x be t ! fruit _h be5 ready to fall f ! tree1 ) ?is j ! %ake ne$$8 ,dog5 ru%$ to ,ju-*+'s room aft]w>d & burn$ inc5se1 to signify 8 enlight5m5t exp]i5ce4 ,?r[+ himself at ! ma/]'s feet1 he decl>$1 ,i h exp]i5c$ ! dropp+ away ( m9d & body4 ,ju-*+ imm$iately recogniz$ 8 enlight5m5t to be g5u9e 7mod]n ma/]s report$ly c disc]n a novice's /ate m]ely by ! way he r+s a gong7 & he repli$1 ,y h inde$ dropp$ body & m9d4 ,b wait a m9ute1 ,dog5 caution$4 ,don't sanction me s easily4 ,h[ d y really "k ,i've a*iev$ enlight5m5t8 ,to :i* ,ju-*+ repli$ simply1 ,body & m9d h dropp$ away4 ,dog5 b[$ 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 ackn[l$gm5t4 ,& ?us1 9 ,may #abbe1 0 ! greate/ ,z5 tea*] 9 ,japan enlight5$4 ,9 ! fall ,ju-*+ conf]r$ ^u ,dog5 ! seal ( patri>*al succession ( 8 l9e ( ! ,ts'ao-tung sect4#h ,dog5 /ay$ on = two m ye>s /udy+ "u ,ju-*+1 b f9ally he decid$ to return aga9 to ,japan4 ,:5 !y p>t$1 ,ju-*+ gave 8 ,japanese protege ! patri>*al robe1 8 own portrait 7call$ *9so1 a symbol ( transmission71 & bade him f>ewell4 ,s did ,dog5 return to ,japan 9 ! fall ( #abbg1 tak+ ) him ! koan collection ,blue ,cliff ,record1 :i* he copi$ 8 la/ night 9 ,*9a4 ,b he also br\ght ! fire ( a p[]ful idea1 pure m$itation1 t =m$ ! basis = ! ,japanese ,soto s*ool ( ,z54 ,dog5 return$ to ,eisai's old temple ( ,k5n9-ji1 :]e he proce$$ to write ! m9or classic ,a ,univ]sal ,recomm5dation = ,zaz51 introduc+ ! idea ( int5se m$itation to 8 c\ntrym54 ,y %\ld pay att5tion to ! fact t ev5 ! ,buddha ,sakyamuni _h to practice zaz5 = six ye>s4 ,x is also said t ,bodhidh>ma _h to d zaz5 at ,%ao-l9 temple = n9e ye>s 9 ord] to transmit ! ,buddha-m9d4 ,s9ce ^! anci5t sages 7 s dilig5t1 h[ c pres5t-day tra9ees d )\t ! practice ( zaz58 ,y %\ld /op pursu+ words & lett]s & le>n to )draw & reflect on y\rself4 ,:5 y d s1 y\r body & m9d w naturally fall away1 & y\r orig9al ,buddha-nature w appe>4#i ,x 0 ! op5+ %ot 9 a campaign to make pure ,z5 ! mean+ful alt]native to ! decad5t traditional ,buddhism ( ! ari/ocracy & ! new ,salvationi/ sect ( ,pure ,l&4 ,b fir/ ! ,japanese _h to be taught h[ to m$itate1 s he wrote a m$itation h&book t expla9$ exactly h[ & :]e to und]take ?is traditional ,buddhi/ practice4 ,8 directions are wor? quot+ at l5g?4 ,n[1 9 do+ zaz5 x is desirable to h a quiet room4 ,y %\ld be temp]ate 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 =sak+ all delusive relation%ips4 ,sett+ ev]y?+ aside1 ?9k nei!r ( good nor evil1 "r nor wrong4 ,?us1 hav+ /opp$ ! v>i\s functions ( y\r m9d1 give up ! idea ( becom+ a ,buddha4 ,?is holds true n only = zaz5 b = all y\r daily actions4 ,usually a ?ick squ>e mat is put on ! floor :]e y sit & a r\nd cu%ion on top ( t4 ,y may sit 9 ei!r ! full or half lotus position4 ,9 ! =m]1 fir/ put y\r "r foot on y\r left ?igh & !n y\r left foot on y\r "r ?igh4 ,9 ! latt]1 only put y\r left foot on ! "r ?igh4 ,y\r clo?+ %\ld be worn loosely b neatly4 ,next1 put y\r "r h& on y\r left foot & y\r left palm on ! "r palm1 ! tips ( ! ?umbs lightly t\*+4 ,sit upright1 lean+ to nei!r left nor "r1 front nor back4 ,y\r e>s %\ld be on ! same plane z y\r %\ld]s & y\r nose 9 l9e ) y\r navel4 ,y\r tongue %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! ro( ( y\r m\? & y\r lips & tee? clos$ firmly4 ,) y\r eyes kept cont9u\sly op51 brea! quietly ?r\gh y\r no/rils4 ,f9ally1 hav+ regulat$ y\r body & m9d 9 ?is way1 take a deep brea?1 sway y\r body to left & "r1 !n sit firmly z a rock4 ,?9k ( non?9k+4 ,h[ is ?is done8 ,by ?9k+ beyond ?9k+ & non?9k+4 ,?is is ! v basis ( zaz54#aj ,?is fir/ little essay 0 meant to provide ,japan a ta/e ( ! real ,z5 he _h exp]i5c$ 9 ,*9a1 & x 0 ! beg9n+ ( an a/\nd+ lit]>y output4 ,dog5 ass]t$ t s9ce ! ,buddha _h m$itat$ & ,bodhidh>ma _h m$itat$1 ! mo/ valuable ?+ to d is m$itate4 ,n surpris+ly1 he receiv$ a cold response f ! o!r s*ools 9 ,kyoto1 bo? ! ,t5dai sects & ! o!r ,z5 tea*]s :o1 l ,eisai1 taught a syncretic ,z5 ( compromise ) e/abli%m5t ,buddhism4 ,8 rigid doctr9e 0 socially awkw>d = ! syncretic ,z5 monks at ,k5n9-ji--:o season$ _! practice ) *ants & esot]ic c]emonies--& ,dog5 f9ally decid$ to sp>e !m fur!r emb>rassm5t by retir+ to a m\nta9 retreat4 ,(f he w5t to ano!r temple1 ,an'yo91 :]e he began to elaborate on ! role ( m$itation 9 ,z5 practice1 writ+ ano!r essay1 entitl$ ,b5d[a or ,lecture on ,tra9+1 design$ to provide a m dialectical def5se = zaz54 ,writt5 9 ! =m ( eighte5 que/ions & answ]s1 ! ,lecture on ,tra9+ 0 int5d$ to fur!r ju/ify ! int5se m$itation he _h describ$ e>li]4 ,?is essay lat] became ! initial section ( a massive book today kn[n z ! ,%obog5zo 7,treasure ( ,k ,reg>d+ ! ,true ,dh>ma71 :i* 0 gu>d$ z a secret treasure ( ! ,soto s*ool = _m c5turies4 ,"q3 4 4 4 ,= mo/ p ! natural way to enlight5m5t is to read ! scriptures & recite ! nembutsu ,praise to ,amida ,buddha4 ,s9ce y d no?+ m ?an sit cross-legg$1 h[ c ?is m]e sitt+ be a means ( ga9+ enlight5m5t8 ,answ]3 4 4 4 ,( :at use is x to read ! scriptures & recite ! nembutsu8 ,x is useless to imag9e t ! m]its ( ,buddhism come m]ely f us+ "o's tongue or voice2 if y ?9k su* ?+s embrace all ( ,buddhism1 ! ,tru? is a long way f y4 ,y %\ld only read ! scriptures s z to le>n t ! ,buddha 0 tea*+ ! necessity ( gradual & sudd5 tra9+ & t f ?is y c realise enlight5m5t2 d n read !m s z to make a %[ ( wisdom ) useless intellection4 4 4 4 ,j to cont9ually repeat ! nembutsu is equally useless1 = x is a frog :o croaks bo? day & night 9 "s field4 4 4 4 ,!y :o d no?+ 4 4 4 m ?an /udy ! scriptures 4 4 4 nev] und]/& ?is1 s j /op x & !reby cure y\r delusions & d\bts4 ,j foll[ ! tea*+s ( a true ma/] &1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,zaz51 f9d ! utt]ly joyful enlight5m5t ( ,buddha4#aa ,x is n surpris+ to f9d ,dog5 firm 9 ! belief t m$itation is sup]ior to ! practices ( two compet+ movem5ts3 ! traditional sutra v5]ation ( ! ,t5dai sect & ! ,pure ,l& s*ools' *ant+ ( ! nembutsu to ,amida ,buddha4 ,b :at ab\t ! ,r9zai ,z5 tea*+ t enlight5m5t is sudd5 & _c be induc$ by gradual practice8 ,he next attacks ?is position3 ,"q3 ,bo? 9 ,india & ,*9a1 f ! beg9n+ ( "t to ! pres5t day1 "s ,z5 tea*]s h be5 enlight5$ by su* ?+s z ! s\nd ( /ones /rik+ bamboos1 :il/ ! color ( plum blossoms cle>$ ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,! ,buddha 0 enlight5$ at ! sight ( ! morn+ />1 :il/ 8 foll[] ,an&a und]/ood ! ,tru? ?r\gh see+ a /ick fall4 ,z well z ^!1 _m ,z5 tea*]s ( ! five s*ools aft] ! ,six? ,patri>* 7 enlight5$ by only s mu* z a ^w4 ,did all ( !m practise ,zaz58 ,answ]3 ,f old5 times d[n to ! pres5t day1 all :o 7 ev] enlight5$1 ei!r by colors or s\nds1 practis$ ,zaz5 )\t ,zaz5 & became in/antane\sly enlight5$4#ab ,:at exactly is he say+ "h8 ,x w\ld seem t he is convolut+ ! e>ly tea*+ ( ! ,s\!rn sect1 :i* propos$ t m$itation is a m9d process t might also be duplicat$ by o!r means4 ,dog5 seems to be argu+ t zaz5 is efficaci\s s9ce all :o became enlight5$ 7 really m$itat+ 9 daily life1 :e!r !y realiz$ x or n4 ,! ,s\!rn s*ool claim$ t dhyana c\ld be any?+ & !re=e x seem$ ancill>y2 ,dog5 claims x c\ld be any?+ & !re=e x is ess5tial4 ,dog5 also came back to 8 orig9al doctr9al dilemma1 ! "q t _h s5t him w&]+ f tea*] to tea*] 9 ,japan :ile /ill a y\?3 ,:y /rive = enlight5m5t if all creatures are ,buddhas to beg9 )8 ,he f9ally felt qualifi$ to address 8 own qu&>y4 ,"q3 ,!re are ^? :o say t "o has only to und]/& t ?is m9d itself is ! ,buddha 9 ord] to und]/& ,buddhism1 & t !re is no ne$ to recite ! scriptures or und]go bodily tra9+4 ,if y und]/& t ,buddhism is inh]5t 9 y\rself1 y are already fully enlight5$ & !re is no ne$ to seek = any?+ fur!r f any:]e4 ,if ?is is s1 is !re any s5se 9 tak+ ! tr\ble to practice ,zaz58 ,answ]3 ,?is is a v griev\s mi/ake1 & ev5 if x %\ld be true & ! sages %\ld tea* x1 x is impossible = y to und]/& x4 ,if y w\ld truly /udy ,buddhism1 y mu/ transc5d all op9ions ( subject & object4 ,if x is possible to be enlight5$ simply by kn[+ t ! self is1 9 its self-nature1 ! ,buddha1 !n !re 0 no ne$ = ,%akyamuni to try s dilig5tly to tea* ! ,way4#a ,:e!r ?is answ] resolves ! p>adox w be left to ! judgm5t ( o!rs4 ,b = all 8 int5sities & ecc5tricities1 ,dog5 0 c]ta9ly a p[]ful new ?9k]1 cle>ly ! /ronge/ dialectician 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese ,z54 ,he 0 also a magnetic p]sonality :o attract$ _m foll[]s1 & by #abcc he _h s outgr[n ! space at ,an'yo9 t a l>g] temple 0 imp]ative 7:i* became available ?anks to 8 ari/ocratic connections74 ,8 next move 0 to ,ko%o-ji1 a temple ne> ,kyoto1 :]e he sp5t ! succe$+ t5 ye>s 9 int5se lit]>y creativity1 :]e he con/ruct$ ! fir/ truly indep5d5t ,z5 mona/]y 9 ,japan1 & :]e he f\nd a wor?y disciple1 ,k\n ,ejo 7#aaih-abhj71 :o s]v$ z head monk & ultimately z 8 successor4 ,x 0 "h1 beg9n+ 9 #abcc1 t ,dog5 f9ally recreat$ ,*9ese ,*'an totally 9 ,japan1 "r d[n to an ar*itectural replica ( a ,sung-/yle mona/]y & an uncompromis+ discipl9e rem9isc5t ( 8 old ,*9ese ma/] ,ju-*+4 ,aft] settl+ 9 at ,ko%o-ji he began1 9 late #abce1 a fundrais+ drive = ! purpose ( build+ ! fir/ ,z5-/yle monks' hall 7sodo7 9 ,japan4 ,he believ$ t ?is build+1 view$ by ! lawgiv] ,po-*ang ,huai-hai z ! he>t ( a ,*'an mon/]y1 0 ess5tial if he 7 to effectively tea* m$itation4 ,! doors w\ld be op5 to all1 s9ce ! onetime ari/ocrat ,dog5 0 n[ v mu* a man ( ! p1 welcom+ ri* & poor1 monks & laym51 m5 & wom54#ad ,:5 ! m$itation hall op5$ 9 #abcf1 ,dog5 signal$ ! occasion by po/+ a set ( rules = behavior rem9isc5t ( ,huai-hai's laws set d[n 9 eigh?-c5tury ,*9a4 ,a quick skim ( ^! rules tells mu* ab\t ! "* ( ! ma/] ,dog54 ,no monk %all be admitt$ to ?is m$itation hall unless he has an e>ne/ desire = ! ,way & a /rong det]m9ation n to seek fame & pr(it4 4 4 4 ,all monks 9 ?is hall %\ld try to live 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 j z milk bl5ds well ) wat]4 4 4 4 ,y %\ld n walk ab\t 9 ! outside _w2 b if unavoidable1 x is p]missible to d s once a mon?4 4 4 4 ,keep ! sup]visor ( ?is hall in=m$ ( y\r :]eab\ts at all times4 4 4 4,nev] speak ill ( o!rs nor f9d fault ) !m4 4 4 4 ,nev] loit] 9 ! hall4 4 4 4 ,we> only robes ( pla9 mat]ial4 4 4 4 ,nev] ent] ! hall drunk ) w9e4 4 4 4 ,nev] di/urb ! tra9+ ( o!r monks by invit+ outsid]s1 lay or cl]ical1 into ! hall4 4 4 4#ae ,dog5 ma9ta9$ ?is fir/ pure ,z5 mona/]y = a decade1 dur+ :i* "t he compos$ =ty m sections ( 8 classic ,%obog5zo4 ,& dur+ ?is "t ! tree ( ,z5 took root 9 ,japanese soil firmly & surely4 ,b ?+s c\ld n g smoo?ly =ev]4 ,dog5's p[]ful fri5ds at c\rt protect$ him z long z !y c\ld1 b ev5tually 8 popul>ity became too mu* = ! jeal\s ,t5dai monks on ,mt4 ,hiei to be>4 ,to fight _! c5sure he appeal$ to ! emp]or1 claim+ 7z _h ,eisai be=e him7 t ,z5 0 good = ,japan4 ,b ! o!r s*ools imm$iately fil$ oppos+ briefs ) ! emp]or & ! c\rt1 culm9at+ 9 a judici>y proce$+ ) di/+ui%$ cl]ics be+ conv5$ to he> bo? sides4 ,z might h be5 expect$ !y rul$ aga9/ ,dog51 criticiz+ him = be+ obsess$ ) zaz5 & ignor+ ! sutras1 etc4 ,x probably 0 ?is political setback t p]suad$ him to quit ! ,kyoto vic9ity 9 #abdc & move to ! prov9ces1 :]e he c\ld tea* 9 peace4#af ,he camp$ out 9 v>i\s small ,t5dai mona/]ies 7:]e he wrote ano!r tw5ty-n9e *apt]s ( ! ,%obog5zo7 until 8 f9al temple1 call$ ,eihei-ji1 or ,et]nal ,peace1 0 complet$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( pres5t-day ,fukui prefecture4 ,?is site became ! c5t] ( ,soto ,z5 9 ,japan1 ! pr9cipal mona/]y ( ! sect4 ,dog5 himself 0 approa*+ eld] /atesmanhood1 & 9 #abdg he 0 summon$ to ! w>rior headqu>t]s ( ,kamakura by none o!r ?an ! mo/ p[]ful man 9 ,japan1 ! w>rior ,hojo ,tokiyori4 ,! rul] want$ to le>n ab\t ,z51 & ,dog5 correctly p]ceiv$ x w\ld be unheal?y to refuse ! invitation4 ,! w>riors 9 ,kamakura w\ld mo/ likely h be5 famili> ) ! syncretic ,r9zai ,z5 ( ,eisai1 :i* focus$ on ! use ( ! koan4 ,= 8 own "p1 ,dog5 did n reject ! koan out ( h& 7he left a collection ( ?ree hundr$72 r he judg$ x a device int5d$ to create a mom5t>y glimpse ( satori1 or enlight5m5t1 ^: real value 0 ma9ly z a metaphor = ! enlight5m5t exp]i5ce--an exp]i5ce he believ$ c\ld be realiz$ 9 full only ?r\gh gradual practice4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ! ,way ,buddhism ! prime ess5tial is sitt+ 7zaz574 4 4 4 ,by reflect+ ^u v>i\s public-cases 7koan7 & dialogues ( ! patri>*s1 "o may p]haps get ! s5se ( !m b x w only result 9 "o's be+ l$ a/ray f ! way ( ! ,buddha1 our f\nd]4 ,j to pass ! "t 9 sitt+ /raight1 )\t any ?\ght ( acquisition1 )\t any s5se ( a*iev+ enlight5m5t--?is is ! way ( ! ,f\nd]4 ,x is true t our pr$ecessors recomm5d$ bo? ! koan & sitt+1 b x 0 ! sitt+ t !y p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u4 ,!re h be5 "s :o atta9$ enlight5m5t ?r\gh ! te/ ( ! koan1 b ! true cause ( _! enlight5m5t 0 ! m]it & effectiv5ess ( sitt+4 ,truly ! m]it lies 9 ! sitt+4#ag ,dog5 sp5t ! w9t] ( #abdg-dh 9 ,kamakura tea*+ m$itation1 & 0 9 turn (f]$ ! po/ ( abbot 9 a new ,z5 mona/]y be+ built = ! w>rior capital4 ,b ,dog5 politely decl9$1 p]haps believ+ ! ,salvationi/ sects & ! syncretic ,z5 ( ,eisai 7 /ill too /rong among ! samurai = 8 pure m$itation to cat* hold4#ah ,or possibly he s5s$ 8 heal? 0 beg9n+ to fail & he want$ to retire to 8 belov$ m\nta9 mona/]y1 :]e ! politics ( ,kyoto & ,kamakura c\ld n rea*4 ,maybe ,dog5's _m nights ( int5se m$itation 9 heat & cold _h tak5 _! toll1 or ! long h\rs ( writ+ & rewrit+ 8 manual ( ,z5 _h sapp$ 8 /r5g?4 ,9 any case1 8 heal? det]iorat$ rapidly aft] ,kamakura until f9ally1 9 #abec1 all realiz$ t ! end 0 ne>4 ,he appo9t$ ! fai?ful head monk ,ejo 8 successor at ,eihei-ji1 & on ! insi/5ce ( 8 disciples 0 !n tak5 to ,kyoto = m$ical c>e4 ,h[ev]1 no?+ c\ld be done1 & on ,augu/ #bh he said f>ewell1 dy+ 9 ! gr& tradition--sitt+ 9 zaz54 ,9 ! long run1 ,dog5 seems ! "o we %\ld ackn[l$ge z ! true f\nd] ( ,z5 9 ,japan2 pure ,z5 fir/ _h to be introduc$ be=e x c\ld gr[4 ,b at ! "t ( ,dog5's dea? x 0 n at all obvi\s t ,soto ,z51 or any ,z5 = t matt]1 w\ld ev] survive to become an indep5d5t sect 9 ,japan4#ai ,p]haps ,dog5 felt ?is too1 = 8 lat] writ+s became increas+ly /rid5t 9 _! d5unciation ( ! ,salvationi/ sects & ! syncretic ,r9zai s*ools4 ,he ?\ght ( himself z above sect>ianism1 claim+ t zaz5 0 n a sect b r an expression ( pure ,buddhism4 ,& p]haps x 0 aft] all only an accid5t t ! tea*] :o _h taught him to m$itate happ5$ to be a memb] ( ! ,ts'ao-tung s*ool4 ,aft] ,dog5's dea?1 8 small community p]sev]$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 isolat$ & at fir/ pres]v+ 8 tea*+4 ,b ev5tually int]nal disputes pull$ ! community ap>t1 & ! temple fell inactive = a "t4 ,fur!rmore1 8 tea*+ ( int5sive m$itation 0 soon dilut$ by ! introduction ( rituals f ! esot]ic s*ools ( traditional ,buddhism4 ,9 ?is new =m x began to proselytize & spread outw>d1 p>ticul>ly 9 prov9cial areas1 :]e its simplicity appeal$ to common folk4#bj ,x also welcom$ wom51 some?+ n necess>ily /ress$ 9 all ! ,buddhi/ sects4 ,al?\gh ,soto 0 by ?is "t pretty mu* a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 ,*9a1 ) ! la/ recogniz$ ,*9ese ,soto ma/] dy+ ab\t a c5tury aft] ,dog51 ! s*ool prosp]$ 9 ,japan1 :]e today x has ?ree foll[]s = e "o ( ,r9zai4 ,*'an /ill _h ,r9zai ma/]s 9 ,*9a1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! next phase ( ,z5 !y w\ld />t emigrat+ to tea* ! ,japanese 9 ,kamakura4 ,! result 0 t ,soto became ! l[-key home-gr[n ,z51 :ile ,r9zai became a vehicle = import+ ,*9ese culture to ! w>rior class4 ,x is to ?is dynamic p]iod ( w>rior ,r9zai ,z5 t we mu/ n[ look = ! next great ma/]s4 ,*apt] ,sev5te5 ,,ikkyu3 ,,z5 ,,ecc5tric ,! e>lie/ ,japanese ma/]s br\ght ,*'an f ,*9a 9 ! hope t its discipl9e w\ld revitalize traditional ,buddhism4 ,s9ce ,eisai's temple 0 ! fir/ to include ,*'an practice1 he has receiv$ cr$it = f\nd+ ,japanese ,r9zai ,z54 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 has glorifi$ matt]s some:at1 = 9 fact ,eisai 0 little m ?an a ,t5dai prie/ :o dabbl$ a bit 9 ,*'an practice & enjoy$ a gift = advanc+ himself ) ! ,kamakura w>lords4 ,nor 0 ,dog5 inspir$ to e/abli% ! ,soto sect 9 ,japan4 ,he too 0 m]ely a re=m] :o *anc$ across a ,*9ese ,soto ma/] devot$ to m$itation4 ,x 0 ! p[]ful discipl9e ( m$itation t ,dog5 s\ght to introduce into ,japan1 n a sect>ian bran* ( ,z54 ,only lat] did ,dog5's movem5t become a proselytiz+ ,z5 sect4 ,^! & o!r ?irte5?-c5tury ,japanese re=m]s import$ ,*'an = ! simple reason t x 0 ! pure/ expression ( ,buddhism left 9 ,*9a4 ,dur+ ! e>ly era ,z5 focus$ on ,kyoto & ,kamakura & 0 ma9ly a re=mation )9 ! ,t5dai s*ool4 ,! ,japanese und]/&+ ( ,*'an 0 hesitant & inconclusive--to ! po9t t few ,japanese ( ! mid-?irte5? c5tury actually realiz$ a new =m ( ,buddhism 0 9 ! mak+4#a ,ov] ! next c5tury & a half1 h[ev]1 a revolution began1 z ,z5 at fir/ gradually & !n precipit\sly became ! preoccupation ( ,japan's rul+ class4 ,! ,z5 explosion came ab\t via a comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,we h se5 t ! w>rior rul] ,hojo ,tokiyori 7#abbg- #fc7 0 int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool & (f]$ ,dog5 a temple 9 ,kamakura1 an invitation ,dog5 refus$4 ,h[ev]1 9 #abdf an emigre ,*'an ma/] f ! ,*9ese ma9l& nam$ ,lan-*'i 7#abab-gh7 appe>$ 9 ,japan un9vit$1 hav+ he>d ( ,japanese int]e/ 9 ,*'an4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,kyoto1 :]e he f\nd ,z5 /ill subject to ho/ile sect>ianism1 & !n to ,kamakura1 :]e he manag$ 9 #abdi to meet ,tokiyori4 ,! ,japanese /rongman 0 delight$ & proce$$ to h ! temple ( ano!r sect conv]t$ to a ,z5 e/abli%m5t1 mak+ ,lan-*'i abbot4 ,%ortly aft]1 ,tokiyori complet$ con/ruction ( a ,sung-/yle ,z5 mona/]y 9 ,kamakura1 aga9 putt+ ,lan-*'i 9 *>ge4 ,?is ,*9ese monk1 m]ely "o ( _m 9 8 native ,*9a1 _h become head ( ! lead+ ,z5 temple 9 ,japan4 ,:5 ^w got back1 a ho/ ( ent]pris+ ,*9ese cl]ics began p\r+ into ! isl& nation seek+ _! =tune4#b ,?us began ! next phase ( e>ly ,japanese ,z51 fuel$ by ! invasion ( ,*9ese ,*'an monks4 ,?is movem5t occupi$ ! rema9d] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & 0 spurr$ along by unsettl$ conditions 9 ,*9a--namely ! imm95t fall ( ! ,s\!rn ,sung ,dyna/y to ! ,mongols & a concurr5t p[] /ruggle )9 ,*'an itself1 :i* induc$ monks f ! less p[]ful e/abli%m5ts to seek gre5] pa/ures4#c ,9 #abfc a s5ior ,*'an cl]ic nam$ ,wu-an 7#aaig-abgf7 arriv$ 9 ,kamakura & 0 also made an abbot by ,tokiyori4#d ,! fir/ monk1 ,lan-*'i1 !reupon mov$ to ,kyoto & began proselytiz+ 9 ! old capital4 ,wu-an subsequ5tly c]tifi$ ,tokiyori ) a seal ( enlight5m5t1 mak+ ! milit>y /rongman ( ,japan an ackn[l$g$ ,*'an ma/]4 ,tokiyori's int]e/ 9 ,z5 did n g unnotic$ by ! w>riors ar\nd him1 & 8 advocacy1 comb9$ ) ! influx ( ,*9ese monks appe>+ to tea*1 initiat$ ! ,z5 b&wagon 9 ,kamakura4 ,tokiyori di$ 9 #abfc1 & 8 "y son ,tokimune 7#abea--hd71 :o came to p[] five ye>s lat]1 initially %[$ no int]e/ 9 ,z5 practice4 ,b he 0 /ill 9 8 te5s 9 #abfh :5 !re appe>$ 9 ,japan envoys f ,kublai ,khan dem&+ tribute4 ,! ,mongols 7 at t mom5t complet+ _! sack ( ,*9a1 & ,japan seem$ ! next /ep4 ,undet]r$1 ! ,japanese answ]$ all ,mongol dem&s ) haughty insults1 ) ! n-unexpect$ result t 9 #abgd ,kublai laun*$ an invasion fleet4 ,al?\gh 8 %ips f\nd]$ 9 a =tuit\s /reak ( bad wea!r1 ! ,japanese knew t !re w\ld be m4 ,x 0 !n t ,tokimune began /r5g!n+ 8 discipl9e ?r\gh ,z5 m$itation & t\gh5+ 8 in/9cts ) koans4 ,he /udi$ "u a newly arriv$ ,*9ese ma/] ^: limit$ ,japanese necessitat$ _! communicat+ ?r\gh a translator4 7,:5 ! enlight5$ ,*9ese f\nd cause to /rike 8 all-p[]ful /ud5t1 he prud5tly pummel$ ! int]pret] in/ead47#e ,! samurai also began to take an int]e/ 9 ,z51 :i* naturally appeal$ to ! w>rior m5tality because ( its emphasis on discipl9e1 on exp]i5ce ov] education1 & on a r\gh- &-tumble practice includ+ debates ) a ma/] & bl[s = ! los]--all cong5ial to m5 ( simple1 uns*ool$ ta/es4 ,= _! own "p1 ! p]ceptive ,*9ese mission>ies1 hamp]$ by ! language b>ri]1 r5d]$ ,z5 z simpli/ic z possible to help ! fai? compete ) ! ,salvationi/ sects among ! (t5 illit]ate w>riors4 ,9 #abha ! ,mongols laun*$ ano!r invasion =ce1 ?is "t #ajj1jjj m5 /rong1 b !y 7 held (f sev]al weeks by ! /eel-n]v$ samurai until a typhoon 7lat] nam$ ! ,kamikaze or ,div9e ,w9d7 provid5tially sank ! fleet4 ,! ext5t to :i* ,z5 tra9+ aid$ ?is victory c be debat$1 b ! c\rage ( ,tokimune & 8 soldi]s und\bt$ly b5efit$ f its rigor\s discipl9e4 ,! ,japanese rul] himself gave ,z5 heavy cr$it & imm$iately began build+ a commemorative ,z5 mona/]y 9 ,kamakura4 ,by ! "t ( ,tokimuni's premature dea? 9 #abhd1 ,r9zai ,z5 _h be5 effectively e/abli%$ z ! fai? ( ! ,kamakura rul]s4 ,8 successor cont9u$ ! developm5t ( ,z5 e/abli%m5ts1 support$ by new ,*9ese ma/]s :o also began tea*+ ,*9ese culture 7calligraphy1 lit]ature1 ink pa9t+1 philosophy7 to ! ,kamakura w>riors along ) _! ,z54 ,s9ce ! fai? 0 def9itely beg9n+ to boom1 ! gov]nm5t prud5tly publi%$ a li/ ( re/rictions = ,z5 mona/]ies1 includ+ an abolition ( arms 7a traditional problem ) ! o!r sects7 & a limit on ! numb] ( pretty boys 7novices7 t c\ld be qu>t]$ 9 a comp\nd to tempt ! monks4 ,! maximum numb] ( monks 9 ea* mona/]y also 0 prescrib$1 & sev]e rules 7 e/abli%$ gov]n+ discipl9e4 ,out ( ?is era 9 ! late ?irte5? c5tury evolv$ an organization ( ,z5 temples 9 ,kyoto & ,kamakura bas$ on ! ,sung ,*9ese model ( five ma9 mona/]ies 7call$ ! five m\nta9s or gozan7 & a network ( t5 (ficially recogniz$ subsidi>y temples4 ,fur!rmore1 ,*9ese culture became s fa%ionable 9 ,kamakura t collections ( ,sung art began appe>+ among ! illit]ate prov9cial w>riors--an e>ly h>b+] ( ! ,japanese evolution ( ,z5 f asceticism to ae/hetics4#f ,! creation ( ! gozan sy/em at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury gave ,z5 a =mal role 9 ! religi\s /ructure ( ,japan4 ,z5 0 n[ fa%ionable & _h p[]ful fri5ds1 a p]fect comb9ation to fo/] gr[? & influ5ce4 ,on ! sometimes po9t$ urg+ ( ! gov]nm5t1 temples f o!r sects 7 conv]t$ to ,z5 e/abli%m5ts by local au?orities ?r\gh\t ,japan4#g ,! c\rt & ari/ocracy 9 ,kyoto also began tak+ an int]e/ 9 pure1 ,sung-/yle ,r9zai4 ,temples 7 built 9 ,kyoto 7or conv]t$ f o!r sects71 & ev5 ! cloi/]$ emp]ors began to m$itate 7p]haps se>*+ less = enlight5m5t ?an = ! rumor$ occult p[]s74 ,:5 ! ,kamakura regime collaps$ 9 ! mid-f\rte5? c5tury & w>riors ( ! newly asc5d5t ,a%ikaga clan return$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t to ,kyoto1 ! old capital 0 already well acqua9t$ ) ,z5's political importance4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ,r9zai ,z5 _h made mu* visible headway 9 ,japan--! rul+ classes increas+ly m$itat$ on koans1 & ,*9ese monks op]at$ new ,sung-/yle mona/]ies--! dep? ( und]/&+ seems disappo9t+ly sup]ficial ov]all4 ,! gozan sy/em soon turn$ s political1 z mona/]ies compet$ = (ficial favor1 t be=e long e/abli%m5t ,z5 0 almo/ devoid ( spiritual cont5t4 ,9 _m ways1 ,japanese ,z5 became decad5t almo/ f ! />t4 ,! imm5se pre/ige ( import$ ,*9ese art & ideas1 toge!r ) ! p[]ful role ( ! ,z5 cl]ics z virtually ! only gr\p suffici5tly educat$ to ov]see relations ) ! cont95t1 meant t e>ly on1 ,z5's cultural role became z tell+ z its spiritual place4 ,p]haps ! condition ( ,z5 is be/ illu/rat$ by not+ t ! mo/ fam\s prie/ ( ! era1 ,muso ,soseki 7#abge-acea71 0 actually a p[]ful political figure4 ,?is ,z5 prelate1 :o nev] visit$ ,*9a1 came to prom95ce :5 he s]v$ fir/ an ill-fat$ emp]or-- subsequ5tly depos$--& lat] ! ,a%ikaga w>rior :o depos$ him4 ,muso 0 in/rum5tal 9 ! ,japanese gov]nm5t's e/abli%m5t ( regul> trade ) ! ma9l&4 ,he 0 also responsible = a revision ( ! gozan adm9i/rative sy/em1 e/abli%+ 79 #acch7 (ficial ,z5 temples 9 all sixty-six prov9ces ( ,japan & spread+ ! p[] base ( ! fai?4 ,al?\gh ,muso is today honor$ z an important ,japanese ma/]1 he actually pref]r$ a syncretic ,z5 int]m+l$ ) esot]ic rites & app>5tly und]/ood v little ( real ,z54 ,a prototype = _m ,z5 lead]s to come1 he 0 a s*ol>1 ae/hetician1 & ar*itect ( "s ( ! great cultural monum5ts 9 ,kyoto1 p]sonally design+ sev]al ( ! capital's f9e/ temples & l&scape g>d5s4 ,?us by ! mid-f\rte5? c5tury ,z5 _h become h>dly m ?an an umbrella = ! import ( ,*9ese te*nology1 art1 & philosophy4#h ,! monks 71 by ,muso's own admission1 m (t5 ?an n %av5-head$ laym5 :o came to ,z5 to le>n pa9t+ & to write a /ilt$ =m ( ,*9ese v]se z "p ( a gozan lit]>y movem5t4 ,! ov]all situation has be5 well summ>iz$ by ,philip ,yampolsky3 ,! monks 9 temples 7 all poets & lit]>y figures44 4 4 ,the use ( koans1 p>ticul>ly ^? d]iv$ f ! ,blue ,cliff ,record1 became a lit]>y & educational device r ?an a me?od = ! practice ( ,z54#i ,he fur!r notes t 4 4 4 ) ! gozan sy/em froz5 9 a bureaucratic mold1 prie/s ) adm9i/rative tal5ts ga9$ 9 asc5d5cy4 ,9 ! headqu>t]s temples m5 int]e/$ 9 lit]>y pursuits )drew completely f temple affairs & devot$ !mselves exclusively to lit]ature4 ,to be sure1 prie/s gave lectures & cont9u$ to write comm5t>ies4 ,b ! gozan prie/s seem$ to conc]n !mselves m & m ) trivialities4 ,by ! mid-fifte5? c5tury ,z5 tea*+ _h virtually disappe>$ 9 ! temples1 & ! prie/s devot$ !mselves ma9ly to c]emonial & adm9i/rative duties4#aj ,au!ntic ,z5 practice _h become almo/ completely emasculat$1 ov]%ad[$ by ! rise ( a ,z5-inspir$ cultural movem5t f> out/ripp+ ,*9ese prototypes4 ,! political convolutions ( f\rte5?-c5tury ,japan1 z well z ! organizational %5anigans ( ! (ficial ,r9zai ,z5 sect1 ne$ n deta9 u fur!r4#aa ,we ne$ only note t ! gozan sy/em1 :i* s effectively gave ,z5 an (ficial pres5ce ?r\gh\t ,japan1 also meant t ! in/itution pres5t 0 ,z5 9 "n only4 ,significantly1 h[ev]1 a few major mona/]ies elect$ n to p>ticipate 9 ! (ficial sy/em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important 0 ! ,daitoku-ji 9 ,kyoto1 :i* manag$1 by n becom+ "p ( ! e/abli%m5t1 to ma9ta9 "s au!nticity 9 its practice4 ,& out ( ! ,daitoku-ji tradition !re came f "t to "t a few ,z5 monks :o /ill und]/ood :at ,z5 0 suppos$ to be ab\t1 :o und]/ood x 0 m ?an pa9t+1 g>d5s1 poetry1 & p[]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! iconocla/ic ?r[backs to au!ntic ,z5 0 ! leg5d>y ,ikkyu ,sojun 7#acid-adha74 ,! ma/] ,ikkyu1 a brea? ( fre% air 9 ! /ifl+1 hypocritical _w ( in/itutionaliz$ ,z51 seems almo/ a re9c>nation ( ! e>ly ,*'an ma/]s ( ! ,t'ang4#ab ,h[ev]1 8 p5*ant = dr9k+ & womaniz+ is m rem9isc5t ( ! ,taoi/s ?an ! ,buddhi/s4 ,hi/orical in=mation on ,ikkyu & 8 writ+s is spread among v>i\s docum5ts ( unev5 reliability4 ,! major s\rce is a pi\s *ronicle alleg$ly compil$ by 8 disciple ,bokusai f fir/h& in=mation4 ,:]eas ?is docum5t has ! virtue ( be+ contemporane\s ) 8 life1 x has ! drawback ( be+ abbreviat$ & selectively edit$ to omit unflatt]+ facts4 ,!n !re is a collection ( tales f ! ,tokugawa era 7#afae-ahfh7 :i* are heavily embelli%$ :5 n totally apocryphal4 ,! pic>esque "* creat$ 9 ! ,tokugawa ,tales l$ "o comm5tator to lik5 ,ikkyu to ! fabul\s ,sufi philosoph]-vagabond ,nasrud91 :o also became a vehicle to transmit folk wisdom4#ac ,^! tales seem to h develop$ ar\nd ,ikkyu simply because 8 devil-may-c>e attitude1 comb9$ ) 8 antis*ol>ly pose1 made him a p]fect peg on :i* to hang all sorts ( didactic 7n to m5tion ,rabelaisian7 anecdotes4 ,f9ally1 !re is a va/ body ( 8 own poetry & prose1 z well z a collection ( calligraphy n[ widely admir$ = its spontaneity & p[]4 ,bokusai's *ronicle id5tifies ,ikkyu's "m z a lady-9-wait+ at ! imp]ial palace ( ,emp]or ,gokomatsu1 :o *ose f "t to "t to %[ h] favor4 ,:5 %e 0 discov]$ to be ) *ild1 ! empress _h h] s5t away1 *>g+ t %e 0 sympa!tic to a compet+ political faction4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ma/] ,ikkyu 0 born 9 ! h\se ( a common] on ,new ,ye>'s ,day ( ! ye> #acid1 ! natural son ( an emp]or & a daught] ( ! w>rior class4 ,at age five 8 "m made him acolyte 9 a ,z5 mona/]y1 a move "s sugge/ 0 = 8 physical safety1 le/ ! %ogun decide to d away ) ?is emp]or's son z a pot5tial ?reat4 ,8 s*ool+ 9 ?is gozan era 0 ari/ocratic & classical1 f\nd$ on ,*9ese lit]ature & ! ,buddhi/ sutras4 ,by age elev5 he 0 /udy+ ! ,vimalakirti ,sutra & by ?irte5 he 0 int5sively read+ & writ+ ,*9ese poetry4 ,"o ( 8 works1 writt5 at age fifte5 & entitl$ ,spr+ ,f9]y1 demon/rates a delicate s5sibility rem9isc5t ( ,john ,keats3 ,h[ _m passions cl+ to ?is w&]]'s sleeves8 ,multitudes ( fall+ blossoms m>k ! passion ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,a p]fum$ breeze across my pill[2 ,am ,i asleep or awake8 ,"h & n[ melt into an indi/9ct ,spr+ dream4#ad ,! poet "h has return$ f a walk only to f9d ! p]fume ( fl[]s cl++ to 8 clo!s1 confus+ 8 s5se ( reality & place4 ,x recalls ,keats' night+ale--,fl$ is t music3--,d ,i wake or sleep8 ,9 ?is e>ly poem we cat* a glimpse ( ! s5suali/ ,ikkyu w\ld "o day become4 ,at age eighte5 he became a novice to a reclusive monk ( ! ,myo%9- ji bran* ( ,z5 9 ,kyoto2 b :5 8 m5tor di$ two ye>s lat] he w&]$ = a "t disconsolate & suicide-prone4 ,!n at tw5ty-two he decid$ to try = an int]view ) ,kaso ,soton 7#aceb-adbh71 ! ,daitoku-ji-tra9$ ma/] kn[n to be ! /]ne/ tea*] 9 ,japan4 ,z 0 traditional1 ! ma/] at fir/ %ut him out & refus$ an audi5ce4 ,ikkyu resolv$ to wait outside until dea?1 tak+ ! dew = 8 ro( & ! grasses = 8 b$4 ,he slept at night "u an empty boat & /ood all day 9 front ( ,kaso's retreat4 ,aft] ,kaso repeat$ly fail$ to disc\rage him1 ev5 once d\s+ him ) wat]1 ! ma/] rel5t$ & invit$ ,ikkyu 9 = an int]view4 ,!y 7 made = ea* o!r & = _m ye>s !reaft] ,ikkyu & ,kaso pursu$ deep matt]s tirelessly4 ,ikkyu came to rev]e ,kaso1 probably "o ( ! few au!ntic ma/]s ( ! age1 & he /ay$ to s]ve ?is tea*] = almo/ a decade1 ev5 ?\gh life ) ,kaso 0 ardu\s4 ,s9ce !y liv$ ne> a major lake1 ,ikkyu w\ld ea* night m$itate 9 a borr[$ fi%]man's boat until dawn4 ,:5 8 purse w5t flat1 he w\ld j\rney to ! capital & sell inc5se or *eap clo?+ to poor h\sewives--aft]w>ds return+ to ! mona/]y 9 ! same /raw s&als1 hat1 & cloak4#ae ,aft] ?ree ye>s ,kaso gave him ! ,z5 "n ,ikkyu1 a recognition ( 8 progress4 ,ikkyu's enlight5m5t occurr$ 9 8 tw5ty-six? ye> :51 :ile m$itat+ 9 ! boat1 he 0 />tl$ by ! cry ( a cr[4 ,he ru%$ back at dawn & report$ ?is to 8 ma/]4 ,kaso respond$1 ,y h rea*$ ! /age ( an arhat "o :o has ov]come ego1 b n t ( a ,ma/]1 novice4 ,ikkyu repli$1 ,!n ,i'm p]fectly happy z an arhat & don't ne$ to be a ,ma/]4 ,kaso respond$1 ,well1 !n1 y really are a ,ma/] aft] all4#af ,al?\gh x 0 cu/om>y = monks to receive a c]tificate f _! ma/] atte/+ to _! enlight5m5t1 ! matt] ( ,ikkyu's c]tificate is problematical4 ,he himself refus$ to give out c]tificates1 & he is depict$ 9 ,bokusai's *ronicle z p]iodically tak+ out 8 own & reque/+ x be de/roy$ by 8 disciples-- aft] :i* x seem$ to miracul\sly appe> aga9 sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,! quantity ( inv5tion & accretion atta*$ to ,ikkyu's disappe>+ c]tificate has fo/]$ speculation t he nev]1 9 fact1 actually receiv$ a seal4 ,9 any case1 he probably w\ld h de/roy$ 8 own seal ( enlight5m5t 9 lat] ye>s4 ,8 life grew progressively m unconv5tional ) "t1 j ! opposite ( mo/4 ,beg9n+ z a classici/ 9 ! f9e/ ,kyoto tradition1 he _h gone on to become a spiritual recluse 9 ! m\nta9s "u a h>% m$itation ma/]4 ,aft] all ?is tra9+ he !n took ! road1 becom+ a w&]+ monk 9 ! traditional ,t'ang mode4 ,well1 almo/ 9 ! traditional mode4 ,he seem$ to w&] into bro!ls & w9e %ops almo/ z (t5 z into ,z5 temples4 ,he consort$ ) high & l[1 m]*ant & common]1 male & female4 ,our record ( ^! explorations1 bo? geographic & social1 is 9 8 writ+s1 p>ticul>ly 8 poetry4 ,he also h>bor$ a v5detta aga9/ ! complac5cy & corruption ( ,japanese ,z5 & its ma/]s1 p>ticul>ly ! new abbot ( ,daitoku-ji1 an old] man nam$ ,yoso :o _h once be5 a fell[ disciple ( 8 belov$ ,kaso4 ,:5 ,ikkyu 0 =ty-six he 0 invit$ by ,yoso to head a subtemple 9 ! ,daitoku-ji comp\nd4 ,he accept$1 mu* to ! delight ( 8 admir]s1 :o began br++ ! temple donations 9 gratitude4 ,h[ev]1 aft] only t5 days ,ikkyu conclud$ t ,daitoku-ji too _h become m conc]n$ ) c]emony ?an ) ! pres]vation ( ,z51 & he wrote a fam\s prote/ poem z a p>t+ ge/ure--claim+ he c\ld f9d m ( ,z5 9 ! meat1 dr9k1 & sex traditionally =bidd5 ,buddhi/s4 ,= t5 days 9 ?is temple my m9d's be5 9 turmoil1 ,my feet are entangl$ 9 endless r$ tape4 ,if "s day y get ar\nd to look+ = me1 ,try ! fi%-%op1 ! w9e p>lor1 or ! bro!l4#ag ,ikkyu's attack on ! comm]cialization ( ,z5 0 n )\t cause4 ,! s*ol> ,jan ,covell obs]ves t 9 ,ikkyu's "t1 ,r9zai ,z5 _h sunk to a l[ po9t & enlight5m5t 0 'sold1' p>ticul>ly by ^? temples associat$ ) ! ,%ogunate4 ,z5 temples also made money 9 sake-brew+ & ?r\gh usury4 ,9 ! mid-fifte5? c5tury "o ,z5 temple1 ,%okoku-ji1 furni%$ all ! advis]s to ! ,%ogunate's gov]nm5t & receiv$ mo/ ( ! bribes4 ,! imp]ial-sanction$ temple ( ,daitoku-ji 0 only on ! fr+e ( ?is corruption1 b ,ikkyu felt he c\ld n criticize x en\gh4#ah ,ironically1 ,ikkyu also attack$ ! writ+ ( ,z5 poetry--9 8 poems4 ,he 0 really attack+ ! lit]>y gozan movem5t1 ! preoccupation ( monks :o =sook ,z5 to conc5trate on produc+ =gettable v]se 9 =mal ,*9ese4 ,!y put _! poetry be=e1 inde$ 9 place (1 ,z5 practice4 ,ikkyu us$ 8 poetry 7lat] collect$ z ! ,crazy ,cl\d ,poems or ,ky\n-%u7 z a means ( express+ 8 enlight5m5t1 z well z 8 criticism ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,x also1 z (t5 z n1 celebrat$ s5sual ov] spiritual pleasures4 ,:]eas ! ,t'ang ma/]s creat$ illogic & /ruggl$ ) intuitive transmission1 ,ikkyu *e]fully gave 9 to ! exi/5tial life ( ! s5ses4 ,9 ! introduction to "o poem he told a p>able expla9+ 8 priorities4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 an old woman :o support$ a retir$ h]mit = "s tw5ty ye>s4 ,= a long "t1 %e s5t a "y girl to s]ve 8 food4 ,"o day %e told ! girl to ?r[ h] arms ar\nd ! monk & ask him h[ he felt4 ,:5 ! girl did s1 ! monk told h]1 ,i am l a )]$ tree propp$ up aga9/ a cold b\ld] aft] ?ree w9t]s )\t w>m?4 ,! girl w5t back to ! old woman & made h] report4 ,tw5ty ye>s wa/$ fe$+ a phony layman6 exclaim$ ! woman4 ,!n %e ran him (f & burnt 8 hut to ! gr\nd4 ,! gr&mo!rly old woman tri$ to give t rascal a ladd]4 ,to provide ! pure monk ) a nice bride4 ,if tonight ,i 7 to be made su* a proposition1 ,! )]$ will[ w\ld put =? new spr+ gr[?4#ai ,a p>ticul>ly lyrical exploration ( s5suality is f\nd 9 a poem entitl$ ,a ,woman's ,body has ! ,fragrance ( ,n>cissus1 :i* celebrates ! ess5ce ( sexuality4 ,"o %\ld gaze long at ! fairy hill !n asc5d x4 ,midnight on ! ,jade b$ amid ,autumn dreams ,a fl[] op5+ b5ea? ! ?ru/ ( ! plum bran*4 ,rock+ g5tly betwe5 ! fairy's ?ighs4#bj ,ikkyu's am\rs seem to h produc$ a numb] ( natural prog5y4 ,9 fact1 !re is ! leg5d t "o ( ,ikkyu's mo/ devot$ foll[]s1 a monk nam$ ,jotei1 0 9 fact 8 illegitimate son4 ,accord+ to ! ,tokugawa ,tales1 !re 0 a once-ri* fan mak] 9 ,sakai ^: bus9ess _h decl9$ to ! po9t t he _h to sell 8 %op & /& on ! /reetcorn] hawk+ fans4 ,!n "o day ,ikkyu came by c>ry+ "s fans decorat$ ) 8 own fam\s calligraphy & ask$ ! man to take !m on commission4 ,naturally !y all sold imm$iately &1 by subsequ5t m]*&is+ ( ,ikkyu's works1 ! man's bus9ess ev5tually 0 re/or$4 ,9 gratitude he grant$ ,ikkyu 8 daught]1 f :i* union sprang ,ikkyu's natural son1 ,jotei4 ,?is /ory is que/ionable b x does illu/rate ! reputation ,ikkyu enjoy$1 bo? z arti/ & lov]4 ,fur!rmore1 he wrote t\*+ & suspici\sly fa!rly poems to a little girl nam$ ,%oko4 ,wat*+ ?is f\r-ye>-old girl s+ & dance1 ,i feel ! pull ( ties t are h>d to dismiss1 ,=gett+ my duties ,i slip into fre$om4 ,ma/] ,abbot1 ^: ,z5 is ?is8#ba ,:5 ,ikkyu 0 9 8 sev5ties1 dur+ ! disa/r\s civil conflict kn[n z ! ,on9 w>1 he _h a love affair ) a =ty-ye>-old temple att5dant nam$ ,mori4 ,on languid aft]noons %e w\ld play ! ,japanese koto or h>p & he ! wi/ful-s\nd+ %akuha*i1 a long bamboo flute sometimes c>ri$ by monks z a weapon4 ,?is late- life love affair occasion$ a numb] ( erotic poems1 includ+ "o t claims h] re/oration ( 8 virility 7call$ by ! ,*9ese euphemism jade /alk7 *e]$ 8 disciples4 ,h[ is my h& l ,mori's h&8 ,self confid5ce is ! vassal1 ,fre$om ! ma/]4 ,:5 ,i am ill %e cures ! jade /alk ,& br+s joy back to my foll[]s4#bb ,ikkyu also left a numb] ( prose fables & s]mons t portray a m sob] p]sonality ?an does 8 (t5 iconocla/ic v]se4 ,"o classic "w1 writt5 9 #adeg & call$ ,skeletons1 has become a ,z5 classic4 ,9 ! section giv5 bel[ he explores ! ,buddhi/ idea ( ! ,void & no?+ness3 ,let me tell y some?+4 ,human bir? is analog\s to /rik+ up a fire--! fa!r is fl9t1 ! "m is /one & ! *ild is ! sp>k4 ,once ! sp>k t\*es a lamp wick x cont9ues to exi/ ?r\gh ! second>y support ( ! fuel until t is exhau/$4 ,!n x flick]s out4 ,! lovemak+ ( ! p>5ts is ! equival5t ( /rik+ ! sp>k4 ,s9ce ! p>5ts too h no beg9n+1 9 ! end !y1 too1 w flick] out4 ,ev]y?+ gr[s out ( empty space f :i* all =ms d]ive4 ,if "o lets g ! =ms !n he rea*es :at is call$ ! orig9al gr\nd4 ,b s9ce all s5ti5t be+s come f no?+ness we c use ev5 ! t]m orig9al gr\nd only z a tempor>y tag4#bc ,x seems un=tunate t ,ikkyu's prose is n bett] kn[n today4#bd ,9 fact ! be/-kn[n acc\nts ( ,ikkyu are ! apocryphal tales t atta*$ to him dur+ ! ,tokugawa era4 ,a typical episode is ! foll[+1 entitl$ ,ikkyu ,does ,magic1 9 :i* ! pic>esque ,z5-man uses 8 natural res\rces to ?w>t ! blu/] ( a haughty prie/ f "o ( ! s*ol>ly ari/ocratic sects--j ! ?+ gu>ante$ to please ! common man4 ,once ,ikkyu 0 tak+ ! ,yodo no ,kawase f]ry on 8 way to ,sakai4 ,!re 0 a yamabu%i m\nta9 ascetic ( ,esot]ic ,buddhism on bo>d :o began to "q him4 ,hey1 ,y\r ,rev]5ce1 :at sect are y8 ,i belong to ! ,z5 sect1 repli$ ,ikkyu4 ,i don't suppose y\r sect has miracles ! way our sect does8 ,no1 actually we h lots ( miracles4 ,b if x's miracles1 :y don't y %[ ! sort ( miracles t y\r p h8 ,well1 said ! yamabu%i1 ,by virtue ( my magic p[]s ,i c pray up ,fudo a fi]ce gu>dian deity ( ,buddhism be=e y\r v eyes & make him /& "r !re on ! pr[ ( ! boat4 ,&1 ) ! beads ( 8 ros>y ! man began to invoke fir/ ,kongo & !n ,seitaka ,esot]ic ,buddhi/ deities4 ,at ?is1 all ! pass5g]s began to look back & =? wond]+ :at 0 go+ to happ54 ,!n1 j z he _h said1 !re on ! pr[ ( ! boat1 ! =m ( ,fudo appe>$ surr\nd$ by a halo ( danc+ flames4 ,!n ! yamabu%i made a f]oci\s face & told him1 ,y'd all bett] (f] him a pray]4 ,?is made ! o!r pass5g]s v uneasy-- all t is b ,ikkyu1 :o 0 completely unruffl$4 ,well1 spat out ! yamabu%i1 ,h[ ab\t y1 ,z5 monk8 ,h[ are y go+ to deal ) my miracle8 ,by produc+ a miracle ( my own4 ,f my v body ,i w cause wat] to issue =? & ext+ui% ! flames ( y\r ,fudo4 ,y'd bett] />t y\r pray]s up aga94 ,& ,ikkyu began to pee mightily all ov] ! flames until at la/ ! yamabu%i's magic 0 c\nt]act$ & ! entire image melt$ away4 ,!reupon ! pass5g]s on ! boat all b[$ to ,ikkyu = 8 wond]ful display4#be ,ironically1 ! real-life ,ikkyu sp5t 8 twilight ye>s re/or+ ,daitoku-ji aft] its de/ruction 7along ) ! re/ ( ,kyoto7 f ! t5-ye> ,on9 w> 7#adfg-gg71 by tak+ ov] ! temple & us+ 8 contacts 9 ! m]*ant community to raise funds4 ,he _h ov] a hundr$ disciples at ?is "t1 a popul>ity t sadd5$ him s9ce e>li] 7&1 he ?\ght1 m des]v+7 ma/]s _h _h _m few] foll[]s4 ,?us 9 ! la/ decade ( 8 life he f9ally ex*ang$ 8 /raw s&als & re$ hat = ! robes ( a pre/igi\s abbot ov] a major mona/]y4 ,8 own ambival5ce on ?is he confess$ 9 a poem3 ,fifty ye>s a ru/ic w&]]1 ,n[ mortifi$ 9 purple robes4#bf ,ikkyu's contributions to ,z5 culture are also significant4 ,he help$ inspire ! secul> ,z5 ritual kn[n today z ! tea c]emony1 by enc\rag+ ! man today rememb]$ z its f\nd]4 ,he also support$ "o ( ! be/-kn[n dramati/s ( ! ,no !at] & 0 himself a ma/] calligraph]1 an art closely ak9 to pa9t+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & reg>d$ by _m z ev5 m dem&+4#bg ,he ev5 creat$ a soybean di% 7natto7 n[ a /aple ( ,z5 mona/ic cuis9e4 ,b z 8 biograph] ,james ,san=d has po9t$ out1 ! real life ( ?is truly great ,japanese ma/] has all b elud$ u4 ,8 poetry is 9 classical ,*9ese & virtually unkn[n2 8 prose lies l>gely unread2 & ! ,tokugawa leg5d ( ,ikkyu is almo/ entirely apocryphal4 ,?is la/ trave/y has ext5d$ ev5 to fictionaliz+ 8 role z a *ild at ! mona/]y2 !re is n[ a popul> television c>toon s]ies 9 ,japan ab\t ! irrepressible acolyte ,ikkyu4 ,san=d speculates t 8 attraction = contempor>y ,japanese is t1 9 ! leg5d ( ,ikkyu1 x is possible = ! mod]n ,japanese m9d to re-discov] 'native' examples (1 & ju/ification =1 individualism-- a t]m & concept ^: full assimilation into mod]n ,japanese culture has = ov] fifty ye>s be5 block$ by a legacy ( residual ,neo- ,confucian norms left ov] f ,japan's repressive pa/4#bh ,x does seem true t ! ,z5-man ,ikkyu repres5ts a safety valve 9 ,japanese society1 bo? !n & n[4 ,he br\ght ! impulsive c&or ( ,z5 to ! _w ( affairs1 demon/rat+ by example t aft] enlight5m5t x is necess>y to return to a _w :]e m\nta9s are aga9 m\nta9s1 riv]s aga9 riv]s4 ,& by reject+ (ficial ,z51 ,ikkyu may well h be5 ! mo/ ,z5like ( all ,japanese ma/]s4 ,*apt] ,eighte5 ,,haku93 ,,japanese ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,koan ,! clos+ era ( ! ,japanese middle ages1 9 ! decades foll[+ ,ikkyu's dea?1 is n[ kn[n z ! ,c5tury ( ! ,c\ntry at ,w>4 ,japan became a l& ( qu>rel+ fiefdoms1 & ,z51 too1 drift$ = want ( lead]%ip & inspiration4 ,! ev5tual reunification ( ! c\ntry late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 l$ by a brutal milit>y /rategi/ nam$ ,oda ,nobunaga 7#aecd-hb74 ,z "p ( 8 takeov] he oblit]at$ ! milit>i/ic ,buddhi/ complex on ,mt4 ,hiei by "o day simply slaught]+ all its monks & burn+ ! e/abli%m5t to ! gr\nd1 !reby end+ p]man5tly ! real influ5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ,japanese politics4 ,nobunaga 0 succe$$ by an ev5 m accompli%$ milit>i/1 ,toyotomi ,hideyo%i 7#aecf-ih71 :o br\ght to ! %ogunate a flair = diplomacy & cunn+ compromise4 ,hideyo%i solidifi$ ,japan only to h yet ano!r w>lord1 ,tokugawa ,ieyasu 7#aedb-afaf71 maneuv] its rule into ! h&s ( 8 own family--inaugurat+ ! two & a half c5turies ( totalit>ian isolationism kn[n today z ! ,tokugawa era 7#afae-ahfh74 ,he also mov$ ! capital to ! city ^: mod]n "n is ,tokyo1 at la/ leav+ hi/oric ,kyoto 9 repose4 ,"u ! ,tokugawa a new middle class ( urban m]*ants & craftsm5 arose1 & ) x came a v]sion ( ,z5 = common p1 ) ma/]s :o c\ld t\* ! conc]ns ( ! work+ class4 ,among ^! belov$ ma/]s mu/ c]ta9ly be rememb]$ ! monk ,takuan 7#aegc- #afde7 f ,ikkyu's rebuilt ,daitoku-ji temple1 :o introduc$ ,z5 tea*+s to ?is new audi5ce1 & ! w&]+ tea*] ,bankei 7#afbb- #ic71 ^: k9dly1 my/ical int]pretation ( on5ess ?r\gh zaz5 e>n$ him wide fame4 ,ov]all1 h[ev]1 ,r9zai ,z5 rema9$ spiritually dormant until ! middle ( ! ,tokugawa era1 :5 !re appe>$ "o ( ! mo/ truly inspir$ ,z5 tea*]s ( all "t4 ,! ma/] ,haku9 7#afhf-agfi7 0 born z ,sugiyama ,iwajiro 9 ,h>a1 a small village at ! base ( ,mt4 ,fuji4 ,he 0 ! y\nge/ ( five *ildr5 9 a family ( mode/ means1 an orig9 t may h help$ him und]/& ! conc]ns ( ! poor4 ,z he tells 8 /ory1 he 0 sev5 or eight :5 8 "m took him to he> a prie/ f ! ,salvationi/ ,ni*ir5 sect prea* on ! torm5t+ ,buddhi/ hells4 ,he 0 t]rifi$ & secretly began day & night recit+ ! ,lotus ,sutra 7:i* claims to protect f ! p]ils ( fire or wat] ^? :o *ant ! prop] incantation74 ,! fe> ( hell1 ) its boil+ caldrons1 s p]meat$ 8 "y m9d t he ev5 became le>y ( ! traditional ,japanese ba?1 !n (t5 tak5 9 a r\nd tub fir$ f ! bottom ) wood4 ,he claim$ ?is fe> ( ! ba? f9ally conv9c$ him to become a monk4 ,"o day :5 ,i 0 tak+ a ba? ) my "m1 %e ask$ t ! wat] be made hott] & _h ! maid add wood to ! fire4 ,gradually my sk9 began to prickle ) ! heat & ! iron ba?-cauldron began to rumble4 ,sudd5ly ,i recall$ ! descriptions ( ! hells t ,i _h he>d & ,i let out a cry ( t]ror t res\nd$ ?r\gh ! neighborhood4 ,f ?is "t on ,i det]m9$ to myself t ,i w\ld leave home to become a monk4 ,to ?is my p>5ts w\ld n cons5t1 yet ,i w5t con/antly to ! temple to recite ! sutras4 4 4 4#a ,b aft] sev]al ye>s ( /udy & *ant+1 he 0 dismay$ to f9d he /ill felt pa9 7:5 he te/$ himself "o day ) a hot pok]74 ,he resolv$ to int5sify 8 devotion & at age fifte5 he ent]$ a local ,z5 temple 7aga9/ 8 p>5ts' wi%es7 & 0 orda9$ z a monk4 ,haku9 pursu$ 8 /udy ( ! ,lotus ,sutra1 ! prim>y scripture v5]at$ at ?is temple 7an illu/ration ( h[ f> ,japanese ,z5 _h travel$ f its tradition ( m$itation & koans71 b aft] a ye> he conclud$ x 0 j ano!r book1 no diff]5t f ! ,confucian classics4 ,he !re=e began to drift f temple to temple until1 at n9ete51 he exp]i5c$ ano!r spiritual crisis4 ,9 a book ( religi\s biographies he came across ! /ory ( ! ,*9ese monk ,y5-t'ou 7#hbh-hg71 :o _h be5 attack$ & murd]$ by b&its1 caus+ him to emit screams he>d a full ?ree miles away4 ,haku9 0 plung$ into depression4 ,i wond]$ :y su* an enlight5$ monk 0 unable to escape ! swords ( ?ieves4 ,if su* a ?+ c\ld happ5 to a man :o 0 l a unicorn or pho5ix among monks1 a dragon 9 ! sea ( ,buddhism1 h[ 0 ,i to escape ! /aves ( ! demons ( hell aft] ,i di$8 ,:at use 0 !re 9 /udy+ ,z58#b ,he !reupon took up 8 /aff & set out z an it9]ant seek]1 only to meet disappo9tm5t aft] disappo9tm5t--until f9ally he decid$ to put 8 future 9 ! h&s ( *ance4 ,"o day z ! abbot ( a temple 0 air+ its libr>y outside1 ,haku9 decid$ to select a book at r&om & let x decide 8 fate4 ,he pick$ a volume ( biographies ( ,*9ese ,*'an wor?ies & op5+ x read ( an elev5?-c5tury ,l9- *i ma/] :o kept awake 9 m$itation by bor+ into 8 own ?igh ) a wood drill4 ,! /ory galvaniz$ ,haku91 & he v[$ to pursue ,z5 tra9+ until enlight5m5t 0 84 ,haku9 claims t at age tw5ty-f\r he _h 8 fir/ really mov+ satori exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 9 a temple 9 ,niigata prefecture1 m$itat+ on ! ,mu koan 7,q3 ,does a dog h ,buddha-nature8 ,a3 ,mu671 & s int5se 0 8 conc5tration t he ev5 =got sleep+ & eat+4 ,!n "o day 4 4 4 ,sudd5ly a great d\bt manife/$ itself be=e me4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ,i 7 froz5 solid 9 ! mid/ ( an ice %eet ext5d+ t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles4 ,a purity fill$ my brea/ & ,i c\ld nei!r g =w>d nor retreat4 ,to all int5ts & purposes ,i 0 out ( my m9d & ! ,mu alone rema9$4 ,al?\gh ,i sat 9 ! ,lecture ,hall & li/5$ to ! ,ma/]'s lecture1 x 0 z ?\gh ,i 7 he>+ a discussion f a di/ance outside ! hall4 ,at times x felt z ?\gh ,i 7 float+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is /ate la/$ = sev]al days4 ,!n ,i *anc$ to he> ! s\nd ( ! temple bell & ,i 0 sudd5ly trans=m$4 ,x 0 z if a %eet ( ice _h be5 sma%$ or a jade t[] _h fall5 ) a cra%4#c ,elat$ ) 8 trans=mation1 he imm$iately trekk$ back to an e>li] ma/] & pres5t$ a v]se = approval4 ,! ma/]1 h[ev]1 0 n impress$4 ,! ,ma/]1 hold+ my v]se up 9 8 left h&1 said to me3 ,?is v]se is :at y h le>n$ f /udy4 ,n[ %[ me :at y\r intuition has to say1 & he held out 8 "r h&4 ,i repli$3 ,if !re 7 some?+ intuitive t ,i c\ld %[ y1 ,i'd vomit x out1 & ,i made a gagg+ s\nd4 ,! ,ma/] said3 ,h[ d y und]/& ,*ao-*\'s ,mu8 ,i repli$3 ,:at sort ( place does ,mu h t "o c atta* arms & legs to x8 ,! ,ma/] twi/$ my nose ) 8 f+]s & said3 ,"h's "s place to atta* arms & legs4 ,i 0 nonpluss$ & ! ,ma/] gave a he>ty laugh4#d ,aga9 & aga9 he tri$ to extract a seal f ?is ma/]1 b always 9 va94 ,"o ( ^! fruitless ex*anges ev5 left him ly+ 9 a mud puddle4 ,"o ev5+ ! ,ma/] sat cool+ himself on ! v]&a4 ,aga9 ,i br\ght him a v]se ,i _h writt54 ,delusions & fancies1 ! ,ma/] said4 ,i %\t$ 8 words back at him 9 a l\d voice1 :]eupon ! ,ma/] seiz$ me & ra9$ tw5ty or ?irty bl[s ) 8 fi/s on me1 & !n pu%$ me (f ! v]&a4 ,?is 0 on ! f\r? day ( ! fif? mon? aft] a long spell ( ra94 ,i lay /ret*$ out 9 ! mud z ?\gh dead1 sc>cely brea?+ & almo/ unconsci\s4 ,i c\ld n move2 mean:ile ! ,ma/] sat on ! v]&a ro>+ ) laught]4#e ,he f9ally despair$ ( receiv+ ! seal ( enlight5m5t f ?is tea*]1 al?\gh he did h fur!r spiritual exp]i5ces "u ! man's rigor\s guidance--exp]i5ces ,haku9 int]pret$1 p]haps rightly1 z satori4 ,feel+ w&]lu/ he aga9 took to ! road1 ev]y:]e exp]i5c+ increas+ly deep satori4 ,9 s\!rn ,ise he 0 enlight5$ :5 sudd5ly swamp$ 9 a d[np\r4 ,ne> ,osaka he 0 fur!r enlight5$ "o ev5+ 9 a temple monks' hall by ! s\nd ( fall+ sn[4 ,9 ,gifu prefecture he _h an ev5 deep] exp]i5ce dur+ walk+ m$itation 9 a monks' hall4 ,he also _h a m5tal & physical collapse ab\t ?is "t1 no d\bt result+ f ! /ra9 ( 8 int5sive asceticism4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #agaf1 he /udi$ 9 ,kyoto = a "t1 b ! next ye> he return$ to ! ,%o9-ji temple ne> 8 orig9al home at ,h>a4 ,we>y ( life at ?irty-two1 he /ill 0 undecid$ ab\t 8 future4 ,back at ! temple :]e he _h />t$1 he no long] _h any idea ( :at to d4 ,!n a revelation appe>$3 ,"o night 9 a dream my "m came & pres5t$ me ) a purple robe made ( silk4 ,:5 ,i lift$ x1 bo? sleeves seem$ v heavy1 & on exam9+ !m ,i f\nd an old mirror1 five or six in*es 9 diamet]1 9 ea* sleeve4 ,! reflection f ! mirror 9 ! "r sleeve p5etrat$ to my he>t & vital organs4 ,my own m9d1 m\nta9s & riv]s1 ! great e>? seem$ s]5e & bottomless4 4 4 4 ,aft] ?is1 :5 ,i look$ at all ?+s1 x 0 z ?\gh ,i 7 see+ my own face4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,i und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! say+1 ,! enlight5$ _s sees ! ,buddha-nature )9 8 eye4#f ,) ?is dream he f9ally a*iev$ full satori4 ,he resolv$ t ! old ram%ackle temple w\ld be 8 f9al home4 ,he _h f\nd enlight5m5t !re & !re he w\ld /ay1 8 own ma/] at la/4 ,& sure en\gh1 ,haku9 nev] mov$ aga94 ,in/ead1 ! p ( ,japan--high & l[--came to see him4 ,8 simple c\ntry temple became a magnet = monks & laym5 seek+ real ,z54 ,by =ce ( 8 own "*1 & mo/ c]ta9ly )\t 8 consci\s int5tion1 he gradually became ! lead+ religi\s figure 9 ,japan4 ,by ! end ( 8 life he _h br\ght ! koan practice back to a c5tral place 9 ,z5 & _h effectively creat$ mod]n ,r9zai4 ,haku9 0 ! legitimate heir ( ! ,*9ese koan ma/] ,ta-hui1 & ! fir/ tea*] s9ce to actually exp& ! philosophical dim5sions ( ,z54 ,x w be recall$ t ,ta-hui advocat$ ,introspect+-!- ,koan m$itation1 call$ k'an-hua ,*'an 9 ,*9ese & ,kanna ,z5 9 ,japanese1 :i* he put =? 9 opposition to ! ,sil5t ,illum9ation m$itation ( ! ,soto s*ool4 ,haku9 himself claim$ t he fir/ tri$ ! quieti/ic approa* ( tranquil m$itation 7albeit on a koan71 b he 0 unable to cle> 8 m9d ( all di/ractions4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y ! cont5t ( my koan m$itation 0 poor4 ,i 0 conv9c$ t absolute tranquility ( ! s\rce ( ! m9d 0 ! ,buddha ,way4 ,?us ,i despis$ activity & 0 fond ( quietude4 ,i w\ld always seek out "s d>k & gloomy place & engage 9 dead sitt+4 ,trivial & mundane matt]s press$ aga9/ my *e/ & a fire m\nt$ 9 my he>t4 ,i 0 unable to ent] :olehe>t$ly into ! active practice ( ,z54#g ,?us ,haku9 conclud$ t m]ely foll[+ ,ta-hui's injunction to m$itate on a koan 0 n ! entire answ]4 ,he !n decid$ ! only way t ,z5 c\ld be l9k$ mean+fully to daily life 0 if a practition] c\ld actually m$itate :ile go+ ab\t daily affairs4 ,?is idea 0 r radical1 al?\gh x probably w\ld n h unduly di/urb$ ! ,t'ang ma/]s4 ,haku9 0 aga9 ext5d+ bo? ! def9ition ( enlight5m5t1 z x int]sects ) ! real _w1 & ! means ( its realization4 ,he 0 say+ to m$itate on a koan 9 su* a mann] t y c cont9ue y\r daily life b be oblivi\s to its di/ractions4 ,he invok$ ! ,*9ese ma/]s to support ! idea4 ,! ,z5 ,ma/] ,ta-hui has said t m$itation 9 ! mid/ ( activity is immeasurably sup]ior to ! quieti/ic approa*4 4 4 4 ,:at is mo/ wor?y ( respect is a pure koan m$itation t nei!r kn[s nor is consci\s ( ! two aspects1 ! quiet & ! active4 ,?is is :y x has be5 said t ! true practic+ monk walks b does n "k he is walk+1 sits b does n "k he is sitt+4#h ,haku9 r$ef9$ m$itation to include a physically active aspect z well z m]ely a quiet1 sitt+ aspect4 ,& "u ?is new def9ition anyone1 ev5 laym51 c\ld m$itate at any "t1 9 any place4 ,haku9 did n exclude sitt+ 9 m$itation2 he tri$ to broad5 ! def9ition to include ! k9d ( ?+ he believ$ w\ld really produce mean+ful enlight5m5t4 ,9 addition1 m$itation 9 action takes away ! excuse ( mo/ laym5 = n practic+ introspection-- & :at is m1 x br+s respect f o!rs4 ,d n say t worldly affairs & pressures ( bus9ess leave y no "t to /udy ,z5 "u a ,ma/]1 & t ! confusions ( daily life make x difficult = y to cont9ue y\r m$itation4 ,ev]yone mu/ realize t = ! true practic+ monk !re are no worldly c>es or worries4 ,suppos+ a man accid5tally drops two or ?ree gold co9s 9 a cr[d$ /reet sw>m+ ) p4 ,does he =get ab\t ! money because all eyes are ^u him8 444 ,a p]son :o conc5trates solely on m$itation amid ! press & worries ( ev]yday life w be l ! man :o has dropp$ ! gold co9s & devotes himself to seek+ !m4 ,:o w n rejoice 9 su* a p]son8#i ,haku9 realiz$ t m$itat+ 9 ! middle ( di/ractions 0 initially m difficult--) few] %ort-t]m rew>ds--?an sitt+ quietly alone4 ,h[ev]1 if y want to make ! height5$ aw>5ess ( ,z5 a "p ( y\r life1 !n y mu/ m$itate 9 daily life f ! v fir/4 ,j z y _c le>n to swim 9 ! ocean by sitt+ 9 a tub1 y _c relate y\r ,z5 to ! _w's pressures1 /ress1 & t5sions if x is =ev] %elt]$ 9 sil5t1 lonely isolation4 ,if ?is is difficult at fir/1 p]sev]e & look t[>d ! ultimate rew>ds4 ,frequ5tly y may feel t y are gett+ n[h]e ) practice 9 ! mid/ ( activity1 :]eas ! quieti/ic approa* br+s unexpect$ results4 ,yet re/ assur$ t ^? :o use ! quieti/ic approa* c nev] hope to ent] into m$itation 9 ! mid/ ( activity4 ,%\ld by *ance a p]son :o uses ?is approa* ent] into ! du/s & confusions ( ! _w ( activity1 ev5 ! p[] ( ord9>y und]/&+ :i* he _h seem+ly atta9$ w be entirely lo/4 ,dra9$ ( all vitality1 he w be inf]ior to any m$iocre1 tal5tless p]son4 ,! mo/ trivial matt]s w upset him1 an inord9ate c[>dice w afflict 8 m9d1 & he w frequ5tly behave 9 a mean & base mann]4 ,:at c y call accompli%$ ab\t a man l ?is8#aj ,quieti/ic m$itation is easi]1 naturally1 b a p]son :o practices x w turn out to be j z insecure & petty z someone n enlight5$ at all4 ,:at is equally important1 leisure-"t m$itation t sep>ates our spiritual life f our activities is m]ely hid+ f reality4 ,y _c come home f ! job & sudd5ly turn on a m$itation exp]i5ce4 ,he cites ! case ( someone :o excuses himself to m$itate1 b :o is !n s h>ri$ & t5se x does no good4 ,ev5 %\ld !re be su* a ?+ z 4 4 4 rea*+ a /ate :]e ! great illum9ation is releas$ by means ( dead sitt+ & sil5t illum9ation 4 4 4 p are s involv$ 9 ! num]\s duties ( _! h\sehold affairs t !y h sc>cely a mom5t 9 :i* to practice conc5trat$ m$itation4 ,:at !y d !n is to plead illness &1 neglect+ _! duties & ca/+ aside responsibilities = _! family affairs1 !y %ut !mselves up 9 a room = sev]al days1 lock ! door1 arrange sev]al cu%ions 9 a pile1 set up a /ick ( inc5se1 & proce$ to sit4 ,yet1 because !y are exhau/$ by ord9>y worldly c>es1 !y sit 9 m$itation = "o m9ute & fall asleep = a hundr$1 & dur+ ! little bit ( m$itation t !y manage to accompli%1 _! m9ds are beset by c\ntless delusions4#aa ,b :at is worse1 ^! p !n blame _! c>e]s1 assum+ !y ne$ m isolation4 ,b ?is is l ! aspir+ ocean swimm] 9 ! tub mi/ak5ly desir+ less wat]4 ,!y furr[ _! br[s1 draw toge!r _! eyebr[s1 & be=e "o kn[s x !y are cry+ out3 ,our (ficial duties int]f]e ) our practice ( ! ,way2 our c>e]s prev5t our ,z5 m$itation4 ,x w\ld be bett] to resign f (fice1 disc>d our seals1 g to "s place beside ! wat] or "u ! trees :]e all is peaceful & quiet & no "o is ab\t1 !re 9 our own way to practice dhyana contemplation1 & escape f ! endless cycle ( suff]+4 ,h[ mi/ak5 ^! p are6#ab ,hav+ det]m9$ m$itation 9 ! mid/ ( activity is ! only mean+ful practice1 he next address$ ! "q ( h[ to g ab\t x4 ,he expla9$ t we c d x by mak+ our activities into m$itation4 ,:at is ?is true m$itation8 ,x is to make ev]y?+3 c\gh+1 swall[+1 wav+ ! arms1 motion1 /illness1 words1 action1 ! evil & ! good1 prosp]ity & %ame1 ga9 & loss1 "r & wrong1 into "o s+le koan4#ac ,he gave an example ( h[ to *ange ! implem5ts ( daily liv+ into a ,buddhi/ metaphor1 9 ?is case by a w>rior's mak+ 8 clo!s1 sword1 & saddle into a m$itation hall ( ! m9d4 ,make y\r skirt & upp] g>m5ts into ! sev5- or n9e- /rip$ monks' robe2 make y\r two-edg$ sword into y\r re/+ bo>d or desk4 ,make y\r saddle y\r sitt+ cu%ion2 make ! m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & great e>? ! sitt+ plat=m2 make ! :ole univ]se y\r own p]sonal m$itation cave4 4 4 4 ,?ru/+ =? ! c\rage\s m9d d]iv$ f fai?1 comb9e x ) ! true practice ( introspection4#ad ,if m$itation be>s no relation%ip to life1 :at good is x8 ,x is m]ely self-c5t]$ gratification4 ,?is he condemn$1 po9t+ out t if ev]yone did no?+ b m$itate on 8 own inn] conc]ns1 society at l>ge w\ld fall ap>t4 ,& ultimately ,z5 w\ld be blam$4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is inn]-direct$ preoccupation ) self-aw>5ess is bad ,z54 ,haku9 simil>ly taught t a ,z5 :i* ignor$ society 0 holl[ & mean+less1 & its monks ( no use to anybody4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly /]n ) conv5tional ,z5 /ud5ts1 :o 7 cont5t 9 _! own enlight5m5t & ignor$ ! ne$s ( o!rs4 ,m$itation 9 action = ! monk meant ! same z = a layman1 ) "o significant diff]5ce4 ,:]eas ! layman c\ld br+ m$itation to 8 obligatory life ( affairs1 ! monk mu/ br+ ! life ( ! _w to 8 m$itation4 ,j to hide & m$itate on y\r own orig9al nature produces inadequate enlight5m5t1 :ile also %utt+ y (f f any *ance to help o!r p1 o!r s5ti5t be+s4 ,! anci5t ma/]s knew1 said ,haku91 t a p]son truly enlight5$ c\ld travel ?r\gh ! _w & n be di/ract$ by ! s-call$ five desires 7weal?1 fame1 food1 sleep1 & sex74 ,! enlight5$ be+ is aw>e (1 b n entic$ by1 s5sual gratification4 ,! ,?ird ,patri>* ,s5g-ts'an1 d4 #fjf has said3 ,if "o wi%es to ga9 true intimacy ) enlight5m5t1 "o mu/ n %un ! objects ( ! s5ses4 ,he does n mean "h t "o is to delight 9 ! objects ( ! s5ses b1 j z ! w+s ( a wat]f[l d n get wet ev5 :5 x ent]s ! wat]1 "o mu/ e/abli% a m9d t w cont9ue a true koan m$itation )\t int]ruption1 nei!r cl++ to nor reject+ ! objects ( ! s5ses4#ae ,b ,haku9 ask$ some?+ ( a ,z5 novice ev5 m difficult ?an t ask$ by ! ,*9ese ma/]s ( old--:o m]ely dem&$ t a monk reject ! _w1 turn 8 back1 & %ut out its di/ractions4 ,9 contra/1 ,haku9 insi/s t he m$itate :ile out 9 ! _w1 actively imm]s+ himself 9 its attractions4 ,! old] ,*'an ma/]s advis$ a monk to ignore ! _w1 to treat x m]ely z a backdrop to 8 preoccupation ) inn] aw>5ess2 ,haku9 says to te/ y\r m$itation outside1 s9ce o!rwise x s]ves = no?+4 ,& today ,r9zai monks are expect$ to sil5tly m$itate dur+ all activities1 includ+ work+ 9 ! y>d ( ! mona/]y1 h>ve/+ vegetables1 or ev5 walk+ ?r\gh ! t[n = _! =mal begg+4 ,haku9 n only r$ef9$ m$itation1 he also revitaliz$ koan practice among full-"t ,z5 monks & ultimately br\ght on a r5aissance ( ,r9zai ,z5 itself4 ,he =maliz$ ! idea ( sev]al /ages ( enlight5m5t 7bas$ on 8 own exp]i5ce ( increas+ly deep satori7 z well z a practice t support$ ?is gr[?4 ,b mo/ ( all ,haku9 0 dismay$ by :at he consid]$ to be ! complete misund]/&+ ( koan practice 9 ,japan4 ,monks _h memoriz$ s _m anecdotes ab\t ! anci5t ,*9ese ma/]s t !y ?\ght !y c\ld signify ! resolution ( a koan by "s ins9c]e !atrics4 #j;f ! monks :o move ab\t l cl\ds & wat]1 eight or n9e out ( t5 w boa/ l\dly t !y h n ! slighte/ d\bt ab\t ! ess5tial mean+ ( any ( ! sev5te5 hundr$ koans t h be5 h&$ d[n4 4 4 4 ,if y te/ !m ) "o ( ^! koans1 "s w raise _! fi/s1 o!rs w %\t katsu1 b mo/ ( !m w /rike ! floor ) _! h&s4 ,if y press !m j a little bit1 y w f9d t !y h 9 no way se5 into _! own natures1 h no le>n+ :atsoev]1 & are only illit]ate1 boori%1 sightless m54#af ,haku9 brea!d new life back into koan !ory4 ,= in/ance1 he seems ! fir/ ,japanese ma/] to take a psy*ological int]e/ 9 ! koan & its work+s4 ,he believ$ a koan %\ld eng5d] a great d\bt 9 ! m9d ( a novice1 & ?r\gh ?is great d\bt lead him to ! fir/ enlight5m5t or k5%o4#ag ,initially he _h advocat$ ! ,mu koan = beg9n]s1 b late 9 life he came up ) ! fam\s ,:at is ! s\nd ( "o h& clapp+8#ah ,z he describ$ ?is koan 9 a lett] to a laywoman3 ,:at is ! ,s\nd ( ! ,s+le ,h&8 ,:5 y clap toge!r bo? h&s a %>p s\nd is he>d2 :5 y raise ! "o h& !re is nei!r s\nd nor smell4 4 4 4 ,?is is some?+ t c by no means be he>d ) ! e>4 ,if conceptions & discrim9ations are n mix$ )9 x & x is q ap>t f see+1 he>+1 p]ceiv+1 & kn[+1 & if1 :ile walk+1 /&+1 sitt+1 & recl9+1 y proce$ /raight=w>dly )\t int]ruption 9 ! /udy ( ?is koan1 !n 9 ! place :]e reason is exhau/$ & words are end$1 y w sudd5ly 4 4 4 break d[n ! cave ( ignorance44 4 4 ,at ?is "t ! basis ( m9d1 consci\sness1 & emotion is sudd5ly %att]$4#ai ,b ?is is n ! end2 r x is ! beg9n+4 ,aft] a disciple has p5etrat$ ?is koan1 he receives koans ( increas+ difficulty4 ,f ,haku9's own exp]i5ce he knew t satori exp]i5ces c\ld be repeat$ & c\ld become ev] deep] & m mean+ful4 ,al?\gh he himself nev] *ose to ov]tly sy/ematize & categorize koans1 8 heirs did n hesitate to d s1 creat+ ! /ructure t is mod]n ,r9zai ,z54 ,h[ did ,z5 f9ally em]ge1 aft] all ! c5turies & ! convolutions8 ,z ,haku9's desc5dants taught ,z51 a monk ent]+ ! mona/]y 0 assign$ a koan *os5 by ! ma/]4 ,he 0 expect$ to m$itate on ?is koan until 8 k5%o1 8 fir/ glimm] ( satori1 :i* might require two to ?ree ye>s4 ,aft] ?is a new phase ( /udy began4 ,! monk 0 !n expect$ to "w 8 way ?r\gh a program ( koans1 requir+ z mu* z a decade m1 aft] :i* he might m$itate on 8 own1 9 seclusion1 = a "t long]4#bj ,! ma/] work$ ) monks individually 7a practice reput$ly left ov] f ! "t :5 ,*9ese-speak+ ma/]s _h to communicate 9 writ+7 via a face-to-face int]view 7s5z57 rem9isc5t ( a ,m>9e ,corps drill in/ructor h>ass+ a recruit4 ,! monk w\ld b[ to ! ma/]1 seat himself1 & submit 8 attempt at resolution ( ! koan4 ,! ma/] might ei!r ackn[l$ge 8 insight1 give him "s oblique guidance1 or simply greet him ) /ony sil5ce & r+ = ! next recruit--signify+ an unsatisfactory answ]4 ,haku9 made 8 disciples m$itate2 he made !m /ruggle ?r\gh koan aft] koan2 he made mona/ic discipl9e z rigor\s z possible2 & he taught t x is n en\gh m]ely to be int]e/$ 9 y\rself & y\r own enlight5m5t4 ,b he insi/$ t if y foll[ all 8 tea*+s1 if y m$itate ! "r way & "w ?r\gh increas+ly difficult koans1 y too c f9d ! enlight5m5t he f\nd1 an enlight5m5t t express$ itself 9 an enorm\s physical vitality4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,i am pa/ sev5ty n[ my vitality is t5 times z great z x 0 :5 ,i 0 ?irty or =ty4 ,my m9d & body are /rong & ,i nev] h ! feel+ t ,i absolutely mu/ lie d[n to re/4 ,%\ld ,i want to ,i f9d no difficulty 9 refra9+ f sleep = two1 ?ree1 or ev5 sev5 days1 )\t suff]+ any decl9e 9 my m5tal p[]s4 ,i am surr\nd$ by ?ree- to five-hundr$ dem&+ /ud5ts1 & ev5 ?\gh ,i lecture on ! scriptures or on ! collections ( ! ,ma/]s' say+s = ?irty to fifty days 9 a r[1 x does n exhau/ me4#ba ,haku9 0 a prolific writ] & always aw>e ( 8 audi5ce4 ,= 8 lay foll[]s1 he wrote 9 simple ,japanese & relat$ 8 tea*+s to ! ne$s & limitations ( secul> life4 ,= 8 monk disciples he wrote 9 a m s*ol>ly /yle4 ,& f9ally1 we h _m long elegant lett]s compos$ = v>i\s dignit>ies ( gov]nm5t & ! ari/ocracy4 ,he also 0 an arti/ ( note1 produc+ "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,z5- /yle pa9t+s ( any ,japanese4 ,l 8 writ+s1 ^! works are vigor\s1 impulsive1 & dynamic4 ,he seems to h be5 an inspiration = _m lat] ,z5 arti/s1 includ+ ,s5gai 7#agej-ahcg7 & ! ,z5 poet ,ryokan 7#ageh-ahca74bb ,haku9 di$ 9 8 sleep at age eighty-?ree4 ,dur+ 8 life he _h ree/abli%$ ,r9zai ,z5 9 ,japan 9 a =m fully z rigor\s z ev] practic$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,t'ang & ,sung ,*9a1 & he _h simultane\sly discov]$ a way ?is ,z5 c\ld be made accessible to laym51 ?r\gh m$itation 9 activity4 ,:]eas previ\s ,japanese tea*]s _h let koan practice atrophy 9 ord] to attract a great] numb] ( foll[]s1 ,haku9 simultane\sly made ,z5 bo? m au!ntic & m popul>4 ,8 g5ius !reby sav$ traditional ,z5 9 its classical =m1 :ile at la/ mak+ x accessible & mean+ful 9 mod]n life4 ,*apt] ,n9ete5 ,,reflections ,:at is ! resili5ce ( ,z5 t has all[$ x to survive & fl\ri% ov] all ! c5turies1 ev5 ?\gh frequ5tly at odds philosophically ) its milieu8 ,& :y h ! insights ( obscure rural tea*]s f ! ,*9ese & ,japanese ,middle ,ages rema9$ p]t95t to mu* ( mod]n life 9 ! ,we/8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :y has !re be5 a consi/5t criticism ( ,z5 7f e>ly ,*9a to ! pres5t day7 condemn+ x z a retreat f reality--or worse1 a preoccupation ) self amid/ a _w t calls = social consci5ce8 ,^! que/ions are complex1 b !y %\ld be ackn[l$g$ 9 any inquiry into ,z5 ?\ght4 ,!y are also matt]s ( op9ion3 ^? wi%+ to see ,z5 z un:olesome are fix$ 9 _! critical views1 j z ^? committ$ to ,z5 practice are un%akably /eadfa/4 ,:at foll[s is also op9ion1 ev5 ?\gh an attempt has be5 made to ma9ta9 balance4 ,,social ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,z5 ,a di/+ui%$ mod]n ,z5 ma/] 0 once ask$ if ,z5 foll[]s look$ only inw>d1 ) no conc]n = o!rs4 ,he repli$ t 9 ,z5 ! di/9ction betwe5 oneself & ! _w 0 ! fir/ ?+ to be dissolv$4 ,consequ5tly1 m]e self-love is impossible2 x resolves naturally into a love ( all ?+s4 ,/at$ 9 ?is way1 ,z5 tea*+s become1 9 a tw9kl+1 a pr(\nd moral philosophy4 ,:]e !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! univ]se & ourselves1 ! v concept ( ! ego is inappropriate4 ,we _c ?9k ( ourselves )\t simultane\sly ?9k+ ( o!rs4 ,z5 is n1 !re=e1 an obsession ) ! self1 b r an obsession ) ! univ]se1 ) all ?+s--f nature to ! social bett]m5t ( all4 ,al?\gh ,z5 initially =ces a novice to focus on 8 own m9d1 ?is is only to enable him or h] to atta9 ! insight to m]ge ) all ?+s1 great & small4 ,true ,z5 introspection ev5tually mu/ lead to ! dissolution ( ! self4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 we no long] ne$ ! *id+ ( a ,gold5 ,rule4 ,x is fair to "q :e!r ?is p>ticul> view ( social consci5ce1 :i* might be describ$ z m passive ?an active1 adequately refutes ! *>ge ( me-ism 9 ,z54 ,b p]haps less is sometimes m 9 ! long run4 ,!re is no great hi/ory ( ,z5 *>ity1 b !n !re h be5 few if any bloody ,z5 ,crusades & little ( ! religi\s p]secution s common to ,we/]n moral sy/ems4 ,p]haps ! humanism 9 ,z5 takes a g5tl]1 less flamboyant =m4 ,9 ! scales ( h>m & help x seems z noble z any ( ! _w's o!r spiritual practices4 ,,z5 ,,& ,,creativity ,z5 ga9$ f ,taoism ! insight t total reliance on logical ?\ght /ifles ! human m9d4 ,logic1 !y f\nd1 is be/ suit$ to analyz+ & categoriz+--functions today increas+ly delegat$ to ! comput]4 ,:]eas ! logical mode ( ?\ght c only manipulate ! _w view ( giv5 p>adigm1 intuition c inspire g5u9e creativity1 s9ce x is n %ackl$ by ! nagg+ analytical m9d1 :i* (t5 s]ves only to intimidate imag9ative ?\ght4 ,z5 /ruggl$ rel5tlessly to deflate ! pomposity ( man's rationality1 !reby releas+ ! pot5tial ( intuition4 ,al?\gh mu* rese>* has aris5 9 rec5t times to pursue ! same effect--f bra9/orm+ to drugs--,z5 *all5g$ ! problem _m c5turies ago1 & its p[]ful tools ( m$itation & ! koans /ill taunt our mod]n %ortcuts4 ,,z5 ,,& ,,m9d ,,rese>* ,t ,z5 ideas %\ld f9d a place 9 psy*oanalysis is n surpris+4 ,m$itation has long be5 us$ to /ill ! di/raught m9d4 ,japanese rese>*]s h /udi$ ! effects ( m$itation on bra9 activity = _m ye>s1 & n[ simil> /udies are also und]way 9 ! ,we/4 ,! connection betwe5 ,z5 enlight5m5t & a height5$ /ate ( consci\sness has be5 exam9$ by psy*ologi/s z div]se z ,eri* ,fromm & ,rob]t ,orn/e94 ,b p]haps mo/ significantly1 our rec5t rese>* 9 ! hemisph]ic specialization ( ! bra9--:i* sugge/s our left hemisph]e is ! seat ( language & rationality :ile ! "r dom9ates intuition & creativity-- appe>s to validate c5turies-old ,z5 insights into ! di*otomy ( ?\ght4 ,z5 rese>* on ! m9d's complem5t>y modes may well light ! pa? to a full] und]/&+ ( ! div]se p[]s ( ! human m9d4 ,,z5 ,,& ,,! ,,arts ,at times ! anci5t ,*9ese & ,japanese art =ms influ5c$ by ,z5 seem actually to anticipate _m ( ! ae/hetic pr9ciples we n[ call mod]n4 ,sixte5?-c5tury ,z5 c]amics c\ld easily pass z creations ( a contempor>y pott]1 & anci5t ,*9ese & ,japanese inks & calligraphies recall ! mod]n mono*rome avant-g>de4 ,z5 /one g>d5s at times seem pure ab/ract expressionism1 & ! ,z5- influ5c$ l&scape g>d5s ( ,japan c manipulate our p]ception us+ tricks only rec5tly und]/ood 9 ! ,we/4 ,japanese haiku poetry & ,no drama1 creat$ "u ,z5 influ5ce1 anticipate our mod]n di/ru/ ( language2 & contempor>y ar*itecture (t5 e*oes traditional ,japanese design--) its pref]5ce = clean l9es1 op5 spaces1 emphasis on natural mat]ials1 simplicity1 & ! integration ( h\se & g>d54 ,ae/hetic ideals em]g+ f ,z5 art focus heavily on naturalness1 on ! emphasis ( man's relation to nature4 ,! ,z5 arti/s1 z d _m mod]ns1 lik$ a s5se ( ! mat]ials & process ( creation to come ?r\gh 9 a "w4 ,b !re is a subtle diff]5ce4 ,! ,z5 arti/s frequ5tly includ$ 9 _! works devices to ensure t ! message rea*$ ! view]4 ,= example1 ,z5 c]amics are always int5d$ to =ce u to exp]i5ce !m directly & )\t analysis4 ,! trick 0 to make ! surface seem curi\sly imp]fect1 almo/ z ?\gh ! arti/ 7 c>eless 9 ! application ( a f9i%1 leav+ x unev5 & r\gh4 ,at times ! glaze seems /ill 9 ! process ( fl[+ ov] a piece1 unev5 & m>r$ by a%es & lumps4 ,!re is no s5se ( prett9ess3 in/ead !y feel old & m>r$ by long use4 ,b ! arti/ consci\sly is =c+ u to exp]i5ce ! piece = itself1 n z j ano!r item 9 ! category ( b[l4 ,we are l$ into ! process ( creation1 & our aw>5ess ( ! piece is height5$--j z an unf9i%$ pa9t+ beckons u to pick up a bru%1 ,?is device ( draw+ u into involvem5t1 common to ,z5 arts f haiku to ink pa9t+1 is "o ( ! great insights ( ,z5 creativity1 & x is some?+ we 9 ! ,we/ are only n[ le>n+ to use effectively4 ,,z5 ,,& ,,p]ception ,"o ( ! major insights ( ,z5 is t ! _w %\ld be p]ceiv$ directly1 n z an array ( embodi$ names4 ,z not$1 ! ,z5 arts re9=ce ?is attitude by delib]ately ?w>t+ v]bal or analytical appreciation4 ,we are =c$ to approa* !m ) our logical faculties 9 abeyance4 ,?is insi/5ce on direct p]ception is "o ( ! greate/ gifts ( ,z54 ,no o!r major sy/em ( ?\ght *ampions ?is insight s cle>ly & =?rightly4 ,z5 w\ld h our p]ception ( ! _w1 inde$ our v ?\ghts1 be nonv]bal4 ,by exp]i5c+ nature directly1 & by ?9k+ 9 pure ideas r ?an ) int]naliz$ spee*1 we c immeasurably enri* our exi/5ce4 ,! dawn1 ! fl[]1 ! breeze are n[ exp]i5c$ m exquisitely--9 _! full reality4 ,z5 work$ h>d to debunk ! my/]i\s p[] we mi/ak5ly ascribe to names & concepts1 s9ce ! ,z5 ma/]s knew ^! s]ve only to sep>ate u f life4 ,%utt+ (f ! con/ant babble 9 our head is difficult1 b ! ri*ness ( exp]i5ce & imag]y t em]ges is a/\nd+4 ,x is z ?\gh a scre5 betwe5 u & our surr\nd+s has sudd5ly dropp$ away1 putt+ u 9 t\* ) ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,z5 ,,life ,! he>t ( ,z5 is practice1 sitt+1 physical discipl9e4 ,= ^? wi%+ to exp]i5ce ,z5 r ?an m]ely speculate ab\t x1 !re is no o!r way4 ,koans c be /udi$1 b )\t ! guidance ( practice "u a ma/]1 !y are h>dly m ?an an intellectual ex]cise4 ,only 9 =mal m$itation c !re be ! real beg9n+ ( und]/&+4 ,z5 philosophy1 & all t c be transmitt$ 9 words1 is an abom9ation to ^? :o really und]/&4 ,!re's no escap+ ! ,taoi/ adage1 ,^? :o speak d n "k1 ^? :o "k d n speak4 ,words c po9t ! way1 b ! pa? mu/ be travel$ 9 sil5ce4 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,preface ,,to ,,z5 #a4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,tao3 ,a ,new ,way ( ,?9k+ 7,new ,york3 ,p]5nial ,libr>y1 #aigg71 p4 #d4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #f4 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 #d4 ,ibid41 p4 #ade4 #e4 ,ibid41 p4 #aec4 #f4 ,quot$ 9 ,max ,kalt5m>k1 ,lao ,tzu & ,taoism 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifi71 p4 #bj4 #g4 ,burton ,watson1 ,introduction to ,! ,complete ,works ( ,*uang ,tzu 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifh71 p4 #g4 #h4 ,ar?ur ,waley1 ,?ree ,ways ( ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,*9a 7,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y43 ,d\bl$ay1 undat$ repr9t ( #aici edition71 p4 #ae4 #i4 ,gai-fu ,f5g & ,jane ,engli%1 trans41 ,*uang ,tsu 7,new ,york3 ,v9tage ,books1 #aigd71 p4 #ee4 #aj4 ,ibid4 #cji #aa4 ,wm4 ,!odore de ,b>y1 ,w+-tsit ,*an1 & ,burton ,watson1 ,s\rces ( ,*9ese ,tradition1 ,vol4 #a 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifj71 p4 #bdj4 #ab4 ,ibid41 pp4 #bdc-bdd4 #ac4 ,quot$ by ,fung ,yu-lan1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy 7,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,publi%+ ,co41 ,inc41 #aidh71 p4 #bcj4 #ad4 ,quot$ 9 ibid41 p4 #bce4 #ae4 ,d4 ,h[>d ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,religions 7,new ,york3 ,holt1 ,r9eh>t & ,w9/on1 #aifh71 p4 #ajf4 #af4 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,/r5g1 ,empt9ess3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,religi\s ,mean+ 7,na%ville3 ,ab+don ,press1 #aifg71 pp4 #aei-fj4 #ag4 ,ar?ur ,f4 ,wright1 ,buddhism 9 ,*9ese ,hi/ory 7,/an=d3 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiei71 p4 #fc4 #ah4 ,walt] ,lieb5?al1 ,*ao ,lun3 ,! ,treatises ( ,s5g-*ao 7,hong ,kong3 hong ,kong ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifh71 p4 #fb4 #bdb _/ ,,notes #aj1 #aa7a7a11 pp4 fifi f7#g4 #bj4 ,helnri* ,dum\l91 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,badtihism 7,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #ajjj71 i4 #fj1 #ba4 ,quot$ by ,fung ,yu ,ian1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( 7,*9ese ,philosophy1 p1 #beb1 #a4 ,,bodhidh>ma3 ,,fir/ ,,patri>* ,,( ,,z5 #b4 #a4 ,translat$ by ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aifa71 p4 #a #gi4 ,?is is a translation ( a passage f ! ,records ( ! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp compil$ 9 #ajjd by ,tao-yuan4 ,a simpl] v]sion ( ! /ory c be f\nd 9 ! orig9al s\rce docum5t1 ! ,fur!r ,biographies ( ,em95t ,prie/s 7,hsu kao-s5g *uan71 prep>$ ar\nd ! ye> #fde by ,tao hsuan1 & translat$ ,9 ,cat's ,yawn1 publi%$ by ! ,fir/ ,z5 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aid #g4 ,! /ory is repeat$ also 9 ! ,*'uan fg- pao *i1 prep>$ ca1 #gjj #aj by ,tu ,fei1 #b4 ,! fact t ?is episode does n appe> 9 ! e>lie/ /ory ( ,bodhidh>ma's life makes "o skeptical ab\t its au!nticity4 ,x is kn[n t ,emp]or ,wu welcom$ ano!r fam\s ,indian mission>y1 ,p>am>?a1 :o l&$ 9 ,canton 9 #edj 7,smi?1 ,*9ese ,religions1 p4 #abj74 ,?is monk esp\s$ ! ,ideali/ic s*ool ( ,buddhism1 :i* 0 at odds ) ! s*ool ( ,*'an4 ,x seems possible t ! /ory ( ,bodhidh>ma's meet+ 0 con/ruct$ to c\nt] ! pre/ige t ,wu's ,int]e/ und\bt$ly gave ! ,ideali/ic s*ool4 #c4 ,! ,buddhi/ concept ( ,m]it might be lik5$ to a spiritual sav+s acc\nt1 ,m]it accrues on ! record ( "o's good de$s & provides sev]al =ms ( rew>d 9 ?is _w & ! next1 ,! ,idea t good de$s d n eng5d] ,m]it seems to h be5 pione]$ by ,tao-%5g 7ca1 #cfj #dcd71 ! ,*9ese orig9ator ( ! idea ( ,sudd5 ,enlight5m5t1 ,empt9ess is1 ( c\rse1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,middle ,pa? ( ,nag>juna1 ,! implication t ,emp]or ,wu 0 />tl$ by ?is concept is wor? a rais$ eyebr[1 ,sunyata or empt9ess 0 h>dly unkn[n ,9 ! ,buddhi/ s*ools ( ! "t4 ,?is :ole /ory is suspect1 be+ fir/ f\nd ,9 ! ,*'uan fa-pao *i ( ,tu ,fei 7ca4 #gjj #aj71 b n 9 ! e>li] biography1 ! ,hsu kao- s5g *uan 7,fur!r ,biographies ( ,em95t ,prie/s ,i1 compil$ by ,tao- hsuan ar\nd #fde1 ,!re is1 incid5tally1 ano!r compet+ /ory ( a monk nam$ ,bodhidh>ma 9 ,*9a1 ,he 0 describ$ z a ,p]sian & 0 report$ 9 ,yang ,i ,isuan-*ih's ,buddhi/ ,mona/]ies ,9 ,loyang 7,lo-yang ,*'leh-lan-*i71 writt5 ,9 #edg1 to h be5 associat$ ) ! ,yung- n+ mona/]y1 :i* w\ld h be5 possible only betwe5 ! ye>s #eaf & #ebh4 ,?is ,p]sian figure app>5tly claim$ to be #aej ye>s 9 age1 & he mo/ probably came to ,*9a via ! trad+ port ( ,canton us$ by ,p]sians4 ,?is fact has be5 us$ by "s to ca/ d\bt on ! m accept$ /ory ( a ,s\? ,indian monk nam$ ,bodhidh>ma arriv+ at ,canton betwe5 #ebj & #ebe4 ,p]haps a leg5d>y ,p]sian 0 trans=m$ into a leg5d>y ,indian by ! ,dhyana s*ool1 or p]haps x 0 a diff]5t individual4 #d4 ,?is is ! conclusion ( ! lead+ ,z5 s*ol> today1 ,philip ,yampolsky1 9 ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ( ,! ,six? ,patri>* 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifg71 p4 #aj4 #e4 ,engli% translations ( v>i\s v]sions ( ?is essay may be f\nd ,9 ,cat's ,yawn by ! ,fir/ ,z5 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica2 ,9 ,i74 ,t1 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies2 & 9 ,john ,c4 ,h4 ,wu1 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,z5 7,taipei3 ,unit$ ,publi%+ ,c5t]1 #aijg74 ,conc]n+ ?is essay1 ,philip ,yampolsky 7private communication7 has not$1 ,:]eas a v]sion exi/s ,9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 v>i\s texts h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,tun-huang docum5ts & else:]e1 s t a m complete v]sion is available4 ,x is consid]$ au!ntic1 #f4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,ann ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #ahj4 #g4 ,ibid41 pp4 #ahj-ha4 #h4 ,?is po9t is enl>g$ consid]ably 9 an essay attribut$ to ,bodhidh>ma b mo/ likely apocryphal1 :i* ,is translat$ ,9 ,d4 ,t1 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,?ird ,s]ies 7,new ,york3 ,samuel ,weis]1 ,inc41 #aiga7 pp4 #bd-cj1 #i4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #aha4 #aj4 ,suzuki1 ,ibid4 #aa4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #dj #ej4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 #ad4 ,suzuki translates ! passage f ! ,vajrasamadhi ,sutra 9 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 pp4 #ahc-hd4 ,portions are z foll[s3 ,said ! ,buddha3 ,! two entrances are ',entrance by ,reason' & ',entrance by ,conduct1' ',entrance by ,reason' means to h a deep fai? 9 t all s5ti5t be+s are id5tical 9 ess5ce ) ! true nature :i* is nei!r unity nor multiplicity2 only x is becl\d$ by ext]nal objects1 ,! nature 9 itself nei!r dep>ts nor comes4 ,:5 a man 9 s+l5ess ( ?\ght abides 9 *ueh-kuan1 he w cle>ly see into ! ,buddha-nature1 ( :i* we _c say :e!r x exi/s or exi/s n1 & 9 :i* !re is nei!r selfhood nor o!rness4 4 4 4 ,suzuki translates ! t]m *ueh-kuan z be+ awak5$ or enlight5$1 #ae4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 ,*9ese ,social & ,political ,sci5ce ,review1 #ae1d 7,janu>y #aicb71 p4 #dhc1 ,philip ,yampolsky 7private communication7 has que/ion$ ?is g5]alization ( ,hu ,%ih1 not+1 ,!re 7 few practic+ ',z5' ,buddhi/s1 b o!r ,*9ese ,buddhi/s probably m$itat$ s]i\sly1 al?\gh n exclusively4 #af4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p1 #ahf4 #ag4 ,see ,hu ,%ih1 ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dhb3 ,b ! :ole sy/em ( dhyana practice1 ev5 9 its concise =m z pres5t$ 9 ! translat$ manuals1 0 n fully und]/ood by ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s4 4 4 4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is ! foll[+ quotation f ,hui-*iao1 ! s*ol>ly hi/orian ( ,buddhism & au?or ( ! fir/ s]ies ( ,buddhi/ ,biographies :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #eai4 ,9 8 g5]al summ>y ( ! biographies ( practition]s ( dhyana1 ,hui-*iao said3 ',b ! app>5t utility ( dhyana lies 9 ! atta9m5t ( magic p[]s4 4 4'4' #ah4 ,suzuki 7,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #aia71 po9ts out1 ,nag>juna says 9 8 fam\s comm5t>y on ! ,prajnap>amita sutra1 ',moral conduct is ! sk91 m$itation is ! fle%1 ! high] und]/&+ is ! bone1 & ! m9d subtle & good is ! m>r[4' ,s9ce ?is comm5t>y mu/ h be5 common k1 ! int]e/ 9 ,bodhidh>ma's alleg$ ex*ange ) 8 disciples lies 9 8 reca/+ ( a common co9age4 #ai4 ,f ! ,*'uan fa-pao *i 7ca4 #gjj-aj7 ( ,tu ,fei1 z describ$ by ,yampolsky1 ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patria*4 ,?is /ory happ5s to p>allel closely ! po/hum\s cap]s ascrib$ to c]ta9 fam\s religi\s ,taoi/s ( ! age4 #bj4 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #gb4 #ba4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #eb4 #bb4 #b4 ,,hui-,k',o3 ,,second ,,patri>* ,,( ,,z5 #a4 ,translat$ 9 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4#aij4 #b4 ,he is well docum5t$ 9 ,tao-hsuan's ,hsu kao-s5g *uan or ,fur!r ,biographies ( ,em95t ,prie/s 7,a4,d4 #fde74 ,select$ portions ( ?is biography are relat$ 9 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*2 & ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 :i* =m ! basis = mu* ( ! hi/orical in=mation report$ "h4 ,o!r useful s\rces are ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism2 & ,*\ ,hsiang- kuang1 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a 7,allahabad1 ,india3 ,indo-,*9ese ,lit]ature ,publications1 #aifj74 #c4 ,! ,fur!r ,biographies ( ,em95t ,prie/s by ,tao-hsuan decl>es t b&its 7 responsible = sev]+ 8 arm1 b ! #gaj ,*uan fa-pao *i ( ,tu ,fei pi\sly refutes ?is v]sion1 presumably s9ce ef=ts 7 />t+ to get und]way to con/ruct a ,z5 l9eage1 & dramatic episodes ( int]action 7 ess5tial4 ,?is lat] "w 0 also ! fir/ to report t ,bodhidh>ma 0 poison$ & !n lat] se5 walk+ back to ,india4 #d4 ,z report$ by ,dum\l9 7,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #gc71 ?is /ory1 :i* is typical ( lat] ,*'an tea*+ me?ods1 fir/ appe>s "s five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,bodhidh>ma's dea?1 9 ! ,*+-te *'uan- t5g-lu 7#ajjd74 #e4 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #gd4 #f4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,/udies 9 ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra 7,london3 ,r\tl$ge ,kegan ,paul1 #aicj7 pp4 #d-g4 #g4 ,ibid1 p4 #ei4 #h4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,manual ( ,z5 ,buddhism 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aifj71 pp4 #ej-ea4 #i4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,! ,lankavat>a ,sutra 7,london3 ,r\tl$ge ,kegan ,paul1 #aicb71 p4 #gi4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 #aa4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #aic4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #aid4 #ac4 ,ibid41 pp4 #aid-ie4 #ad4 ,*\ ,hsiang-kuang1 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #bd4 #c4 ,,s5g-,,ts',,an1 ,,tao-,,hs91 ,,fa-,,jung1 ,,& ,,hung-,,j53 ,,f\r ,,e>ly ,,ma/]s #a4 ,z usual1 ! biography c be trac$ 9 ?ree s\rces4 ,! e>lie/1 ! ,hsu kao-s5g *uan ( ,tao-hsuan 7#fde71 app>5tly does n m5tion ,s5g-ts'an1 or if x does s x gives him a diff]5t "n4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,*'uan fa-pao *i ( ,tu ,fei 7#gaj7 he receives a p]functory biography4 ,! m embelli%$ tale1 giv+ ex*anges & a copy ( 8 suppos$ poem1 is to be f\nd 9 ! lat] "w1 ! ,*+-te *'uan-t5g-lu 7#ajjd74 ,dum\l9 7,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism7 provides a discussion ( ! e>lie/ hi/orical notices ( ,s5g-ts'an4 ,! #gaj v]sion ( ! hi/ory is translat$ 9 ,cat's ,yawn 7p4 #ad7 & ! #ajjd v]sion is repeat$ 9 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #b4 ,suzuki1 :o rec\nts ?is la/ /ory 9 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies 7p4 #aie71 po9ts out id5tical insights 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! ,vimalakirti ,sutra4 #c4 ,report$ly ,hui-k'o also transmitt$ 8 copy ( ! ,lankavat>a to ,s5g-ts'an1 decl>+ t aft] only f\r m g5]ations ! sutra w\ld cease to h any significance 7,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #aa74 ,z ?+s turn$ out1 ?is 0 m or less :at happ5$1 z ! ,lankavat>a 0 replac$ 9 ! ,*'an s*ools by ! m easily und]/ood ,diamond ,sutra4 ,! ,lankavat>a s*ool 0 de/9$ to be %ort-liv$ & to provide no?+ m ?an a sacr$ relic = ! dynamic ,*'an tea*]s :o w\ld foll[4 #d4 ,suzuki po9ts out 7,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #aif7 t ! ,*9ese ^w hs9 c mean m9d1 he>t1 s\l1 & _s1 be+all or any at a giv5 "t4 ,he provides a full translation ( ! poem1 z does ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? 9 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #a 7,tokyo3 ,hokuseido ,press1 #aifj74 #e4 ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ajj4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #aja4 #g4 ,ibid41 p4 #ajc4 #h4 ,a detail$ discussion ( ?is era may be f\nd 9 ,woodbridge ,b+ham1 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y 7,new ,york3 ,octagon ,books1 #aigj74 #i4 ,8 biography may be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,p4 ,fitzg]ald1 ,son ( ,heav5 7,new ,york3 ,,ams ,press ,inc41 #aiga71 repr9t ( #aicc ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press edition4 #aj4 ,see ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #gh4 #aa4 ,?is /ory is translat$ 9 ,cat's ,yawn1 p4 #ah4 #ab4 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 pp4 #gh-gi4 #ac4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 p4 #bh4 #ad4 ,a lucid acc\nt ( ,fa-jung may be f\nd 9 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 trans41 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism 7,new ,york3 ,r&om ,h\se1 #aifi2 pap]back edition1 ,v9tage1 #aiga71 :i* is a beautiful translation ( portions ( ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp 7,*+-te *'uan-t5g-lu71 ! text f #ajjd4 ,?is text 0 a major s\rce = ! abbreviat$ biography giv5 "h4 #ae4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ai4 #af4 ,ibid41 p4 #e4 #ag4 ,a v]sion ( ?is ex*ange is giv5 9 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #bjb4 #ah4 ,see ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #af4 #d4 ,,%5-,,hsiu ,,& ,,%5-,,hui3 ,,gradual ,,& ,,sudd5 ,,ma/]s #a4 ,= an excell5t biography see ,c4 ,p4 ,fitzg]ald1 ,! ,empress ,wu 7,vanc\v]3 ,univ]sity ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #aifh74 ,curi\sly1 n[h]e 9 ?is biography is !re m5tion ( h] lioniz+ ( ! ,*'an ma/] ,%5-hsiu1 some?+ t figures l>gely 9 all ,*'an hi/ories4 #b4 ,a biography ( ,%5-hsiu f ,*'an s\rces may be f\nd 9 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,fur!r details may be f\nd 9 ,hu ,%ih1 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a3 ,its ,hi/ory & ,me?od1 ,philosophy ,ea/ & ,we/1 #c1 #a 7,april #aiec71 pp4 #c-bd4 ,see also ,k5ne? ,*'en1 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a 7,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifd74 #c4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #bad4 #d4 ,two books t give some?+ ( ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ,t'ang ,*9a are biographies ( its two lead+ poets3 ,ar?ur ,waley1 ,! ,poetry & ,c>e] ( ,li ,po 7,london3 ,george ,all5 ,unw91 ,ltd41 #aiej72 & ,a4 ,r4 ,davis1 ,tu ,fu 7,new ,york3 ,twayne ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #aiga74 #e4 ,= a detail$ biography ( ,%5-hui1 see ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 #f4 ,! s*ol> :o br\ght ! significance ( ,%5-hui to ! att5tion ( ! _w 0 ,hu ,%ih1 ^: l&m>k ,engli%-language pap]s on ,z5 are ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a3 ,its ,hi/ory & ,me?od & ,! ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,^! works draw ^u ! manuscripts discov]$ ?is c5tury 9 ! ,tun-huang caves 9 ! m\nta9s ( f> nor?we/ ,*9a4 ,^! manuscripts cl>ifi$ _m ( ! my/]ies surr\nd+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*'an1 enabl+ s*ol>s = ! fir/ "t to di/+ui% betwe5 real & manufactur$ hi/ory--s9ce "s ( ! works 7 writt5 be=e ,*'an hi/orians began to embroid] ^u ! kn[n facts4 ,a brief b useful acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( ^! caves & ! subsequ5t removal ( _m ( ! manuscripts to ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london & ! ,biblio!que ,nationale 9 ,p>is may be f\nd 9 ,cat's ,yawn4 ,! be/ discussion ( ! significance ( ^! f9ds & ( ,hu ,%ih's lifelong int]pretive "w is provid$ by ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,reg>d+ ! circum/ances ( ?is s]mon1 ,walt] ,lieb5?al 7,! ,s]mon ( ,%5-hui1 ,asia ,major1 ,n4,s4 #c1 #b #aieb1 p4 #acd7 says1 ,!re are only two opportunities to deliv] addresses 9 ! ritual ( ,buddhi/ mona/]ies1 "o dur+ ! uposa?a c]emony held mon?ly :5 ! pratimoksa rules are read to ! memb]s ( ! community & !y are admoni%$ to confess _! s9s1 "o dur+ ! initiation c]emony held once or twice a ye>4 ,= ! purpose ( initiation special plat=ms are rais$1 "o = monks & "o = nuns1 inside ! comp\nds ( "s especially select$ mona/]ies4 #g4 ,quot$ 9 ,hilda ,hookham1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9a 7,new ,york3 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,press1 ,inc41 #aigb2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 #aigb71 p4 #age4 #h4 ,discussions ( ! adv5tures ( ,an ,lu-%an may be f\nd 9 mo/ g5]al surveys ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 includ+ ,hookham1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9a1 ,wolfram ,eb]h>d1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*9a 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifj72 ,k5ne? ,scott ,lat\rette1 ,! ,*9ese3 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,culture 7,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aifb72 ,john ,a4 ,h>rison1 ,! ,*9ese ,empire 7,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt ,brace ,jovanovi*1 ,inc41 #aigb72 & ,r5e ,gr\sset1 ,! ,rise & ,spl5d\r ( ! ,*9ese ,empire 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifb74 #i4 ,?is is ! int]pretation ( ,hu ,%ih4 ,= translations ( ! major works ( ,%5-hui1 see ,walt] ,lieb5?al1 ,! ,s]mon ( ,%5-hui1 pp4 #acb-ee2 & ,wm4 ,!odore de ,b>y1 ed41 ,s\rces ( ,*9ese ,tradition1 ,vol4 #a41 pp4 #cef-fj4 ,also see ,edw>d ,conze1 ed41 ,buddhi/ ,texts ,?r\gh ! ,ages 7,ox=d3 ,bruno ,cassir]1 #aied71 exc]pt$ 9 ,wade ,bask91 ed41 ,classics 9 ,*9ese ,philosophy 7,tot[a1 ,n4 ,j43 ,littlefield1 ,adams1 #aigd74 ,a %ort translation is also provid$ 9 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 pp4 #cg ff4 ,! fulle/ translation ( ! works ( ,%5-hui f\nd 9 ! ,tun-huang caves is 9 ,jacques ,g]net1 ,entret_/ens du ,maitre de ,dhyana ,*5-h\ei du ,ho-tso 7,hanoi3 ,publications de l'ecole frangaise d',extreme-,ori5t1 ,vol4 #ca1 #aidi74 ,an ,engli% translation ( a portion ( ?is text may be f\nd 9 ,w+-tsit ,*an1 ,a ,s\rce ,book 9 ,*9ese ,philosophy 7,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifc74 #aj4 ,lieb5?al1 ,s]mon ( ,%5-hui1 pp4 #acf ff4 #aa4 ,ibid41 p4 #add4 #ab4 ,ibid41 pp4 #adf1 #adg1 #adi4 #ac4 ,see ,hu ,%ih1 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 #ad4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dic4 #ae4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #aa4 #af4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn s*ools ( ,*'an dur+ ! eigh? c5tury are explor$ 9 ! works ( ,hu ,%ih1 ,philip ,yampolsky1 & ,walt] ,lieb5?al not$ else:]e 9 ^! notes4 ,o!r g5]al surveys ( ,*9ese religion & culture t h useful analyses ( ! "q include ,w+-tsit ,*an1 ,s\rce ,book 9 ,*9ese ,philosophy1 pp4 #dbe ff41 ,d4 ,h[>d ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,religions2 & ,fung ,yu-lan1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy4 #ag4 ,a /udy ( ! la/ di/+ui%$ memb] ( ,%5-hui's s*ool1 ! s*ol> ,tsung-mi 7#ghj-hda71 may be f\nd 9 ,jeffrey ,br\ghton1 ,kuei- f5g ,tsung-mi3 ,! ,conv]g5ce ( ,*'an & ! ,tea*+s 7,ph4 ,d4 diss]tation1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 #aige74 #ah4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,z53 ,a ,reply to ,hu ,%ih1 ,philosophy ,ea/ & ,we/1 #c1 #a 7,april #aiec71 pp4 #be-df4 #ai4 #e4 ,,hui-,,n5g3 ,,! ,,six? ,,patri>* ,,& ,,fa!r ,,( ,,mod]n ,,z5 #a4 ,a numb] ( ,engli% translations ( ! ,plat=m ,sutra are 9 exi/5ce4 ,among ! mo/ au?oritative mu/ c]ta9ly be c\nt$ ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*2 & ,w+-tsit ,*an1 ,! ,plat=m ,scripture 7,new ,york3 ,/4 ,john's ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifc74 ,a widely circulat$ translation is 9 ,a4 ,f4 ,price & ,wong ,m\-,lam1 ,! ,diamond ,sutra & ! ,sutra ( ,hui-,n5g 7,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aifi74 ,ano!r well-kn[n v]sion is f\nd 9 ,*>les ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+3 ,?ird ,s]ies 7,new ,york3 ,samuel ,weis]1 ,inc41 #aiga74 ,two less]-kn[n translations are ,paul ,f4 ,fung & ,george ,d4 ,fung1 ,! ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>* on ! ,pri/9e ,or?odox ,dh>ma 7,san ,francisco3 ,buddha's ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 #aifd72 & ,hsuan ,hua1 ,! ,six? ,patri>*'s ,dh>ma ,jewel ,plat=m ,sutra 7,san ,francisco3 ,buddhi/ ,text ,translation ,society1 #aiga74 #b4 ,f ! ,diamond ,sutra1 conta9$ 9 ,dwight ,godd>d1 ed41 ,a ,buddhi/ ,bible 7,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #aigj71 p4 #ajb4 ,ano!r v]sion may be f\nd 9 ,price & ,wong1 ,diamond ,sutra & ! ,sutra ( ,hui-n5g4 ,an ext5d$ comm5t>y may be f\nd 9 ,*>les ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 pp4 #adi-bjh4 ,lat] ,*'ani/s h ma9ta9$ t ,hung-j5 taught bo? ! ,diamond ,sutra & ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra1 ! respective scriptures ( :at came to be call$ ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn s*ools ( ,*'an4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ s*ol>s today believe t 8 major emphasis 0 on ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra1 n ! ,diamond ,sutra z ! leg5d ( ,hui-n5g w\ld h4 #c4 ,f ,price & ,wong1 ,diamond ,sutra & ! ,sutra ( ,hui-n5g1 p4 #ae4 #d4 ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #e4 ,! e>lie/ v]sion ( ! ,plat=m ,sutra is t f\nd 9 ! ,tun- huang caves & translat$ by ,yampolsky & ,*an4 ,?is manuscript ,yampolsky dates f ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,a mu* lat] v]sion1 dat$ #aaec1 0 f\nd 9 a temple 9 ,kyoto1 ,japan1 9 #aicd4 ,?is is said to be a copy ( a v]sion dat+ f #ifg4 ,! /&>d v]sion up until ?is c5tury 0 a mu* long] "w :i* dates f #abia4 ,z a g5]al rule ( ?umb ) ! e>ly ,*'an writ+s1 ! %ort] ! "w1 ! bett] ! *ance x is e>ly & au!ntic4 ,= ?is reason1 ! %ort] ,tun-huang works are n[ believ$ to be ! mo/ au?oritative & be/ acc\nt ( ! ?\ghts ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 #f4 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #fi4 #g4 ,! mo/ obvi\s problem ) attribution ( ! ,plat=m ,sutra to ,hui-n5g is t _m ( ! sections ( ! s]mon appe> almo/ v]batim 9 ,! ,s]mon ( ,%5-hui1 indicat+ t ei!r "o 0 a copy ( ! o!r or !y _h a common s\rce 7:i* c\ld h be5 ! simple sett+ d[n ( a v]bal tradition74 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,%5-hui1 :o praises ,hui-n5g to ! skies 9 8 s]mon1 nev] claims to be quot+ ! ma/]4 ,in/ead1 he pron\nces z 8 own a numb] ( passages t "o day w\ld be f\nd 9 ! "w attribut$ to ,hui-n5g4 ,! s*ol> ,hu ,%ih has drawn ! mo/ obvi\s conclusion & has decl>$ t ,%5-hui & 8 s*ool m or less creat$ ! leg5d ( ,hui-n5g--lock1 /ock1 & sutra4 ,o!rs refuse to g ?is f>1 pref]r+ in/ead to conclude t ,%5-hui & ,hui-n5g are m]ely two repres5tatives ( ! same s*ool4 #h4 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #aeg4 #i4 ,yampolsky1 ,ibid41 p4 #adj #aj4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #hb4 #aa4 ,see especially ,intimations ( ,immortality3 ,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+3 ,! ,s\l t rises ) u1 our life's ,/>1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 & come? f af>3 ,n 9 entire =getfulness1 ,& n 9 utt] nak$ness1 ,b trail+ cl\ds ( glory d we come 4 4 4 #ab4 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 pp4 #ada-db4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #aag4 #ad4 ,f ibid41 pp4 #ach-ci4 ,= int]pretive comm5t see ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,! ,z5 ,doctr9e ( ,no ,m9d 7,new ,york3 ,samuel ,weis]1 #aigb74 #ae4 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 pp4 #aaf-ag4 #af4 #f4 ,,ma-,,tsu3 ,,orig9ator ,,( ,,%ock ,,enlight5m5t #a4 ,see ,br\ghton1 ,kuei-f5g ,tsung-mi3 ,! ,conv]g5ce ( ,*'an & ! ,tea*+s4 ,x 0 also ar\nd ?is "t t ! idea ( tw5ty-eight ,indian ,patri>*s ( ,z51 culm9at+ 9 ,bodhidh>ma1 0 f9ally iron$ out & made "p ( ! ,z5 tradition4 #b4 ,see ,ar?ur ,waley1 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,po ,*u-i 7,london3 ,all5 ,unw91 #aidi74 #c4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dig4 #d4 ,hu-,%91 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #ah4 #e4 ,= "s ( ,huai-jang's attribut$ tea*+s1 see ,*>les ,luk1 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+ 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aige71 pp4 #cb-cg4 ,! reliability ( ?is text %\ld be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 if we accept ,philip ,yampolsky's essay 9 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #ec3 ,huai-jang 7#fgg-gdd7 4 4 4 is kn[n z a disciple ( ,hui-n5g4 ,in=mation ab\t him is bas$ on s\rces compos$ mu* lat] ?an 8 dea?2 no m5tion is made ( him 9 any eigh?-c5tury "w4 4 4 4 #f4 ,jeffrey ,br\ghton 7,kuei-f5g ,tsung-mi1 p4 #bg7 po9ts out t ,ma- tsu's ma/]'s te*nique = a*iev+ no-m9d 0 to *ant a phrase until runn+ out ( brea?1 at :i* "t ! activities ( ! m9d w\ld seem to t]m9ate--a reaction ! m skeptical might call physiological4 ,brea? control & brea? ex]cises1 x w be recall$1 h always figur$ l>gely 9 ,indian m$itative practices4 #g4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #adh4 ,! discussion ( ,ma-tsu 9 ?is volume suppli$ valuable backgr\nd = ! analysis provid$ "h4 #h4 ,hu ,%ih1 ,developm5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dih4 #i4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #acj4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #adi4 #aa4 ,ibid4 #ab4 ,ibid4 #ac4 ,!re are _m translations ( ! ,mumonkan4 ,"o ( ! m rec5t & s*ol>ly is by ,z5kai ,%ibayama1 ,z5 ,comm5ts on ! ,mumonkan 7,new ,york3 ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 #aige74 #ad4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aej4 #ae4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #ie4 #af4 ,! mo/ rec5t & ! mo/ detail$ translation ( ! ,blue ,cliff ,record is by ,?omas & ,j4 ,c4 ,cle>y1 ,! ,blue ,,ci iff ,record1 #c vols4 7,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aigg74 #ag4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aea4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4#aea4 #ai4 ,?is /ory is rec\nt$ 9 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #ajj4 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #ajb4 #ba4 ,rec\nt$ 9 ,ibid41 p4 #ajb4 #bb4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'ari ,buddhism1 pp4 #aej-eb4 #bc4 ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 #bd4 ,see ,luk1 ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+1 p4 #df4 #be4 #g4 ,,huai-,,hai3 ,,fa!r ,,( ,,mona/ic ,,*',,an #a4 ,?is location is giv5 by ,john ,bl(eld 9 ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,hui-,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation 7,london3 ,ryd] ,co41 #aifb2 pap]back repr9t1 ,new ,york3 ,weis]1 #aigb71 p4 #bi4 ,*>les ,luk 7,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+1 p4 #ej7 says3 ,huai-hai1 ! ,dh>ma-successor ( ,ma ,tsu1 0 also call$ ,pai ,*ang ,po ,*'ang aft] ! m\nta9 :]e he /ay$ at ,hung ,*\ 7n[ ,nan*ang1 capital ( ,kiangsi prov9ce74 ,pai ,*ang means3 ,pai1 "o hundr$1 & ,*ang1 a measure ( t5 feet1 i4e41 ,"o-?\s&-foot m\nta94 ,h[ev]1 ,luk id5tifies ! bir?place ( ,huai-hai z ,*ang ,lo 9 mod]n ,fuki5 prov9ce1 z does ,*\ ,hsiang- kuang 9 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 #b4 ,?is /ory is repeat$ 9 v>i\s places1 includ+ ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z52 & ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,hui ,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation4 ,?is latt] ref]5ce is z "p ( a docum5t kn[n z ! ,tsung-*+ ,record1 be+ a record$ dialogue ( ! ma/] tak5 d[n by a monk nam$ ,tsung-*+1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,huai-hai4 #c4 ,?is /ory is ,case #ec ( ! ,hekiganroku or ,blue ,cliff ,record1 a ,sung ,dyna/y p]iod collection ( ,*'an /ories & _! int]pretation4 ,! be/ curr5t translation is probably 9 ,cle>y & ,cle>y1 ,blue ,cliff ,record1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ceg4 #d4 ,see ,luk1 ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+1 p4 #df4 #e4 ,/ories involv+ him may be f\nd 9 ! ,mumonkan1 ,cases #b & #dj1 & 9 ! ,hekiganroku or ,blue ,cliff ,record1 ,cases #ec1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb4 ,! mo/ complete acc\nt+ ( anecdotes may be f\nd 9 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+s ( ,hui-,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation2 & ,?omas ,cle>y1 ,say+s & ,do+s ( ,pai-*ang 7,los ,angeles3 ,c5t] ,publicatons1 #aigi74 #f4 ,k5ne? ,k4 ,s4 ,*'en1 7,! ,*9ese ,trans=mation ( ,buddhism ,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigc1 p4 #ie7 says1 ,besides ! ,v9aya controll+ ! conduct ( ! ,buddhi/ cl]gy1 ! basic code gov]n+ ,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ monks & nuns dur+ ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y 0 ! ,tao-s5g-ke 7,rules conc]n+ ,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ cl]gy71 =mulat$ dur+ ! ,*5-kuan era1 probably #fcg4 ,?is ,tao- s5g-ke is no long] extant1 h[ev]1 b ! ,japanese "w ,soni-ryo1 :i* gov]ns ! conduct ( ! community ( monks & nuns 9 ,japan1 0 bas$ on x4 ,!re=e a /udy ( ! ,soni-ryo w\ld give u a good idea ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,tao-s5g-ke4 4 4 4 ,c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,t'ang codes sup]s$$ ! mona/ic code & call$ = p5alties = (f5ses :i* w5t beyond ^? specifi$ 9 ! ,soni-ryo or ! ,buddhi/ ,v9aya4 #g4 ,= a s*ol>ly discussion ( ! economic role ( ,buddhism 9 ,t'ang ,*9a1 see ,d4 ,c4 ,twit*ett1 ,mona/ic ,e/ates 9 ,t'ang ,*9a1 ,asia ,major1 7#aiee-ef71 pp4 #abc-df4 ,he expla9s t ! ,t'ang gov]nm5t 0 always a trifle uneasy ab\t ! pres5ce ( un-tax$ mona/ic e/abli%m5ts1 & n )\t reason4 ,buddhism 9 ,t'ang ,*9a 0 big bus9ess4 ,! l>ge mona/]ies 7 b5efici>ies ( gifts & beque/s f ! ari/ocracy1 z well z f ! palace itself4 7,eunu*s1 along ) palace ladies1 7 p>ticul>ly g5]\s47 ,laym5 (t5 w\ld bequea? _! l&s to a mona/]y1 sometimes includ+ 9 ! w a curse on anyone :o might lat] wi% to take ! l& away f ! *ur*4 ,^! gifts 7 ?\ght to ensure bett] =tunes 9 ! _w to come1 :ile simultane\sly resolv+ tax difficulties = ! donor4 ,= ! mona/]ies !mselves ?is weal? c\ld only accumulate1 s9ce x nev] _h to be divid$ among sons4 ,aft] ,an ,lu- %an's rebellion1 a flavor ( feudalism _h p5etrat$ ,*9ese society1 & huge tracts came to be held by ! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies1 to :i* entire e/ates 7 sometimes donat$4 ,z a result1 ! ,buddhi/s _h enorm\s economic p[]1 al?\gh we may suspect ! iconocla/ic dhyana e/abli%m5ts 9 ! s\? enjoy$ little ( x4 #h4 ,see ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 pp4 #ajb-jc4 #i4 ,see ,he9ri* ,dum\l9 & ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z5 7,new ,york3 ,fir/ ,z5 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 #aiec71 p4#ac4 ,int]e/+ly1 ! ,v9aya sect1 f\nd$ by ,tao-hsuan 7#eif-ffg71 0 prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! laws ( mona/ic discipl9e4 ,! famili>ity ( ,*'an tea*]s ) ! conc]ns ( ?is sect may h contribut$ to ! desire to create rules = _! own assemblies4 #aj4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #aji4 #aa4 ,see ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,! ,z5 ,monk's ,life 7,new ,york3 ,olympia ,press1 #aigb72 ,e%9 ,ni%imura1 ,unsui3 ,a ,di>y ( ,z5 ,mona/ic ,life 7,honolulu3 ,univ]sity ,press ( ,hawaii1 #aigc72 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 pp4 #cad-cfb2 & ,koji ,sato1 ,! ,z5 ,life 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill_/,tanko%a1 #aigg74 ,a succ9ct summ>y ( ,z5 mona/ic life is also provid$ by ,sir ,*>les ,eliot 9 ,japanese ,buddhism 7,london3 ,r\tl$ge ,kegan ,paul1 #aice71 p4 #djf4 #ab4 ,see ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ of,hui ,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation1 p4 #eb4 #ac4 ,ibid41 pp4 #fj-fa4 #ad4 ,ibid41 p4 #dh4 #ae4 ,ibid41 p4 #acc4 #af4 ,ibid41 p4 #gg4 #ag4 ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4 #ef4 #ai4 ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #ed4 #h4 ,,nan-,,*',,uan ,,& ,,*ao-,,*\3 ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,! ,,irrational #a4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aec4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #agh4 #c4 ,accord+ to a biographical sket* ( ,nan-*'uan giv5 by ,cle>y & ,cle>y 9 ,blue ,cliff ,record1 p4 #bfb4 #d4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #afj4 ,?is 0 also incorporat$ 9 ! ,blue ,cliff ,record z ,case #dj 7,ibid41 p4 #bib71 :]e ! ,sung-era comm5t>y is actually m obscure ?an :at x attempts to expla94 #e4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #acf4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #acf4 #g4 ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #eg4 #h4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aei4 #i4 ,ibid41 p4 #aeg4 ,?is anecdote is also ,case #fi ( ! ,blue ,cliff ,record4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #afa4 #aa4 ,ibid4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #afb4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #afd4 ,translation ( a ,t'ang text1 ,! ,say+s ( ,*ao- *\1 is provid$ by ,yoel ,h(fman1 ,radical ,z5 7,brookl9e1 ,mass43 ,autumn ,press1 #aigh74 #ad4 ,rec\nt$ by ,g>ma ,c4 ,c4 ,*ang 9 ,! ,practice ( ,z5 7,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aiei71 p4 #bd4 ,?is is also ,case #ad ( ! ,mumonkan & ,cases #fc & #fd ( ! ,blue ,cliff ,record4 #ae4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #abg4 ,?is is also ,case #ai ( ! ,mumonkan4 #af4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aei4 #ag4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #abi4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4 #acc4 #ai4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #afi4 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #adj4 #ba4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #acf4 #bb4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aga4 #bc4 ,?is is ,case #a ( ! ,mumonkan1 "h quot$ f a v readable new translation by ,katsuki ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics3 ,mumonkan #f- ,hekiganroku 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg71 p4 #bg4 #bd4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #add-de4 #be4 ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #gg4 #bf4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #ade4 #bg4 ,ibid41 p4 #aci4 #bh4 ,ibid41 p4 #adf4 #bi4 ,ibid41 p4 #add4 #cj4 #i4 ,p',,ang ,,& ,,han-,,%an3 ,,layman ,,& ,,poet #a4 ,see ,burton ,watson1 ,cold ,m\nta9 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigj71 p4 #ac4 ,?is concept ( ! ,z5 layman has longbe5 a "p ( ,z5 practice 9 ,japan1 & = ?is reason bo? ,layman ,p'ang & ! poet ,han-%an are favorite ,*'an figures ) ! ,japanese4 ,9 fact1 ! eighte5?-c5tury ,japanese ma/] ,haku9 wrote a comm5t>y on ,han-%an4 #b4 ,see ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki1 ,yo%itaka ,iriya1 & ,dana ,r4 ,frasi]1 ,! ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,p'ang 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aiga71 p4 #ah4 #c4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ade4 ,?is /ory is fam\s & f\nd 9 _m s\rces4 #d4 ,z evid5c$ by a common say+ ( ! "t3 ,9 ,kiangsi ! ,ma/] is ,ma-tsu2 9 ,hunan ! ,ma/] is ,%ih-t'ou4 ,p g back & =? betwe5 !m all ! "t1 & ^? :o d n "k ^! two great ,ma/]s are completely ignorant4 ,yampolsky1 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 p4 #ee4 #e4 ,sasaki et al41 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,p'ang1 p4 #df4 #f4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ade4 #g4 ,see ,ibid41 p4 #age4 #h4 ,sasaki et al41 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,p'ang1 p4 #dg4 #i4 ,luk1 ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+1 p4 #db4 #aj4 ,sasaki et al41 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,p'ang1 p4 #eh4 #aa4 ,ibid41 p4 #fi4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #ga #ac4 ,ibid41 p4#dg4 #ad4 ,ibid41 p4 #hh4 #ae4 ,ibid41 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,! translators expla9 ! la/ two v]ses z foll[s3 ,?is is d]iv$ f ! old ,*9ese prov]b3 ',to w9 by a fluke is to fall into a fluke' 7& ?us to lose by a fluke74 ,conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ?is ex*ange1 x w\ld seem t wat] is "h be+ us$ z a metaphor = ! undiff]5tiat$ ,void1 :i* subsumes ! tempor>y individuality ( its p>ts ! way ! sea is undiff]5tiat$1 yet conta9s waves4 ,:5 ,tan-hsia accepts ?is premise a little too automatically1 ,p'ang is =c$ to %[ him 7via a spla%7 t wat] 7& by ext5sion1 physical manife/ations ( ! compon5ts ( ! ,void7 c also assume a physical reality t imp+es on daily life4 ,tan-hsia tries feebly to respond by return+ ! spla%1 b he cle>ly lo/ ! ex*ange4 #af4 ,ibid4 p4 #gc4 #ag4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #agf4 ,also see ,sasaki et al41 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,lay man ,p'ang1 p4 #ge4 #ah4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #agg4 #ai4 ,sasaki et al41 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,layman ,p'ang1 p4 #db4 ,watson1 ,cold ,m\nta91 p4 #ej4 ,watson expla9s t ! #bj4 ,ar?ur ,waley1 #bg ,poems by ,han-%an1 ,enc\nt]1 #c1 #c 7,septemb] #aied71 p4 #c4 #ba4 op5+ l9e ab\t tak+ along books :ile hoe+ 9 ! field 0 ,f ! /ory ( an impov]i%$ s*ol> ( ! =m] ,han ,dyna/y :o 0 s fond ( le>n+ t he c>ri$ 8 copies ( ! ,confucian classics along :5 he w5t to "w 9 ! fields4 ,! la/ l9e is ,an allusion to ! p]*1 /r&$ 9 a c>riage rut 9 ! road1 :o ask$ ! philosoph] ,*uang ,tzu = a dipp]ful ( wat] s t he c\ld g on liv+4 #bb4 #bc4 ,ibid41 p4 #ef4 #bd4 #bc4 ,waley1 #bg ,poems by ,han-%an1 p4 #f4 #bd4 ,f ,wu ,*i-yu1 ,a ,/udy ( ,han ,%an1 ,t'oung ,pao1 #de1 #d-e 7#aieg71 p4 #dcb4 #bf4 ,g>y ,snyd]1 ,han-%an1 ,9 ,cyril ,bir*1 ed41 ,an?ology ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature1 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aife71 p4 #bja4 #bg4 #bh4 ,see ,ibid41 pp4 #aid-if4 #bi4 #bg4 ,see ,watson1 ,cold ,m\nta91 p4 #ad4 ,watson says1 ,z5 comm5tators h !re=e be5 =c$ to reg>d ,han-%an's pr(essions ( lonel9ess1 d\bt1 & disc\ragem5t n z revelations ( 8 own feel+s b z vic>i\s recitals ( ! ills ( un5light5$ m5 :i* he c /ill sympa?ize )1 ?\gh he himself has transc5d$ !m4 ,he ?us becomes ! traditional ,bodhisattva figure--compassionate1 9 ! _w1 b n ( x4 ,watson rejects ?is int]pretation4 #bh4 ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #bi4 ,ibid41 p4 #hh4 #cj4 ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #ca4 ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 #cb4 ,ibid41 pp4 #aa-ab4 #cc4 ,snyd]1 ,han-%an1 p4 #bjb4 #aj4 ,,huang-,,po3 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,m9d #a4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ajb4 #b4 ,?is probably 0 dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! eigh? c5tury1 s9ce ,ma-tsu di$ 9 #ghh4 #c4 ,?is volume actually consi/s ( two books1 kn[n z ! ,*un-*\ ,record 7#hdc7 & ! ,wan-i+ ,record 7#hdi74 ,!y are translat$ & publi%$ toge!r by ,john ,bl(eld z ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po4 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aieh74 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! s\rce = biographical & anecdotal mat]ial lat] includ$ 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 portions ( :i* are translat$ 9 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan4 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism4 ,ano!r translation ( biographical1 didactic1 & anecdotal mat]ial may be f\nd 9 ,*>les ,luk1 ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+1 ^: s\rce is unattribut$ b :i* possibly c\ld be a translation ( ! #afjb "w ,records ( ,po9t+ at ,! ,moon1 a compilation ( ,*'an mat]ials4 #d4 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po1 p4 #bh4 #e4 ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 #f4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ajc4 #g4 ,ibid4 #h4 ,ibid41 p4 #ij4 #i4 ,ibid41 p4 #ajc4 #aj4 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po1 p4 #ii4 #aa4 ,?is ge/ure ( defeat is report$ else:]e to h be5 a triple pro/ration4 ,huang-po app>5tly claim$ victory 9 ^! ex*anges :5 he ei!r kept sil5t or walk$ away4 #ab4 ,wan-l+ is report$ by ,*ang ,*ung-yuan to be ! mod]n t[n ( ,hsuan-*'eng 9 s\!rn ,anhwei prov9ce 7,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #abc74 ,accord+ to ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp ! prime m9i/] built a mona/]y & invit$ ,huang-po to come lecture !re1 :i* ! ma/] did4 ,! mona/]y 0 !n nam$ aft] a m\nta9 :]e ! ma/] _h once liv$4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #ajd4 #ad4 ,ibid4 #ae4 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po1 p4 #ee4 #af4 ,ibid41 p4 #acj4 #ag4 ,ibid41 pp4 #ha-hb4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4 #dd #ai4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #hg4 #bj4 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po1 p4 #ec4 #ba4 ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 #bb4 ,ibid41 p4 #df4 #bc4 ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 #bd4 ,ibid4 #be4 ,ibid41 p4 #dj4 #bf4 ,ibid41 p4 #fa4 #bg4 ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 #bh4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #he4 #bi4 ,bl(eld1 ,z5 ,tea*+s ( ,huang ,po1 p4 #ej4 #cj4 ,see ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z54 #ca4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan reports "s disagreem5t ov] ! actual date ( ,huang-po's dea?4 ,x seems t he is report$ to h di$ 9 #hdi 9 ,records ( ,buddhas & ,patri>*s 9 ,v>i\s ,dyna/ies1 :]eas ! ye> ( 8 dea? is giv5 z #hee 9 ! ,g5]al ,records ( ,buddhas & ,patri>*s4 #cb4 ,exc]pts f ! ,han ,yu treatise are provid$ 9 ,edw9 ,o4 ,reis*au]1 ,enn9's ,travels 9 ,t'ang ,*9a 7,new ,york3 ,ronald ,press1 #aiee71 pp4 #bba ff4 ,?is rec\nt+ ( a visit by a n9?-c5tury ,japanese monk to ,*9a reveals indirectly h[ lack+ 9 influ5ce ! ,*'ani/s actually 74 ,9 a di>y ( _m ye>s ,*'an is m5tion$ only r>ely1 & !n 9 tones ( o!r ?an respect4 ,he view$ ! ,*'ani/s w>ily & describ$ !m z extremely unruly m5 at he>t 7p4 #agc74 ,h[ev]1 8 trip 9 ,*9a 0 sev]ely di/urb$ by ! sudd5 eruption ( ! ,great ,p]secution1 mak+ him s fe>ful t he actually de/roy$ ! ,buddhi/ art he _h collect$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 #cc4 ,see ,hu ,%ih1 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 #cd4 ,see ,ibid4 #ce4 ,k5ne? ,*'en1 9 ,! ,economic ,backgr\nd ( ! ,hui-,*'ang ,suppression ( ,buddhism1 ,h>v>d ,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,/udies1 #ai 7#aief71 po9ts out t ! imp]ial decree requir$ ! turn+ 9 only ( /atues made f metals hav+ economic value4 ,^? made f clay1 wood1 & /one c\ld rema9 9 ! temples4 ,he uses ?is to support 8 cont5tion t ! ma9 driv+ =ce beh9d ! ,great ,p]secution 0 ! inord9ate economic p[] ( ! ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5ts4 #cf4 #aa4 ,,l9-,,*i3 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,r9zai ,,z5 #a4 ,a discussion ( ! five h\ses ( ,*'an may be f\nd 9 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 pp4 #ajf-bb2 & ,dum\l9 & ,sasaki1 ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z51 pp4 #ag-cb4 ,useful summ>ies ( _! tea*+s also may be f\nd 9 ,*\ ,hsiang-kuang1 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 #b4 ,acc\nts ( ,l9-*i's life are f\nd 9 ,! ,record ( ,l9-*i1 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 ,! ,five ,lamps ,meet+ at ! ,s\rce1 & ,f+] ,po9t+ at ! ,moon4 ,! mo/ reliable s\rce is probably ,! ,record ( ,l9-*i1 s9ce ?is 0 compil$ by 8 foll[]7s74 ,! def9itive translation ( ?is "w c]ta9ly mu/ be t by ,ru? ,f4 ,sasaki1 ,! ,record$ ,say+s ( ,*'an ,ma/] ,l9-*i ,hui-*ao ( ,*5 ,prefecture1 7,kyoto1 ,japan3 ,in/itute ( ,z5 ,/udies1 #aige7 & rec5tly re-issu$ by ,heian ,int]national1 ,inc41 ,s\? ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,ano!r v]sion1 ,! ,z5 ,tea*+s ( ,r9zai1 translat$ by ,irmg>d ,s*loegl 7,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aigf71 is less satisfactory4 ,! ,l9-*i exc]pts f ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp may be f\nd 9 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism4 ,exc]pts f ,! ,five ,lamps ,meet+ at ! ,s\rce & ,f+] ,po9t+ at ! ,moon are provid$ 9 ,*>les ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies 7,b]keley3 ,%ambhala1 #aiga74 ,translations ( 8 s]mons1 say+s1 etc4 toge!r ) comm5t>y may also be f\nd 9 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z52 ,*\ ,hsiang-kuang1 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a2 & ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #c4 #c4 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? is suspici\s t ,l9-*i's /ory 0 enhanc$ some:at = dramatic purposes1 claim+ 7,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #aea71 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,l9-*i's enlight5m5t is rec\nt$ 'dramatically1' t is to say m9imiz+ 8 previ\s und]/&+ ( ,z5 9 ord] to br+ out ! great *ange aft] enlight5m5t4 #d4 ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,l9-*i1 pp4 #bd-be4 #e4 ,ibid41 p4 #be4 #f4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 pp4 #aag-ah4 #g4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #aid4 #h4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aah4 #i4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #aie4 #aj4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #aai4 #aa4 ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,l9-*i1 p4 #dc4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #de4 #ac4 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #abb4 #ad4 ,( ,l9-*i's %\t1 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? says 7,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #aed73 ,! %\t is a w>-cry1 b ! fight is a sort ( %ad[- box+4 ,! univ]se %\ts at u1 we %\t back4 ,we %\t at ! univ]se1 & ! e*o comes back 9 ! same way4 ,b ! %\t+ & ! e*o+ are cont9u\s1 &1 spiritually speak+1 simultane\s4 ,?us ! %\t is n an expression ( any?+2 x has no 7sep>able7 mean+4 ,x is pure en]gy1 )\t cause or effect1 rhyme or reason4 #ae4 ,aft] ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,l9-*i1 p4 #dg4 #af4 ,see ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #bja4 #ag4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 pp4 #aba-bb4 #ah4 ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,l9-*i1 p4 #d4 #ai4 ,ibid41 p4 #da4 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #dh4 #ba4 ,ibid41 p4 #b4 #bb4 ,ibid41 p4 #gj4 #bc4 ,ibid41 p4 #f4 #bd4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ih4 #be4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #bjd-je4 #bf4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ii4 #bg4 ,dum\l91 ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z51 p4 #bb4 #bh4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ii4 #bi4 ,dum\l91 ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z51 p4 #bc4 #cj4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s of,ch'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ie4 #ca4 ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s o_/,l9-*i1 pp4 #bg-bh4 #cb4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ie4 #cc4 ,he9ri* ,dum\l9 7,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z51 p4 #bb7 notes t ?is is m]ely play+ (f ! well-kn[n f\r propositions ( ,ind ian ,buddhi/ logic3 exi/5ce1 nonexi/5ce1 bo? exi/5ce & nonexi/5ce1 & nei!r exi/5ce nor nonexi/5ce4 #cd4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #bjb4 #ce4 ,ibid41 p4 #bjc4 #cf4 ,sasaki1 ,record$ ,say+s ( ,l9-*i4 p4 #bi4 #cg4 ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #ch4 ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #ci4 #ab4 ,,tung-,,%an ,,& ,,tsao-,,%an3 ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,soto ,,z5 #a4 ,philip ,yampolsky1 9 ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*1 alleges t ,hs+-ssu 0 resurrect$ f anonymity because ,%ih-t'ou 7#gjj- #ij7 0 9 ne$ ( a connection to ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,! my/]i\s ma/] ,hs+-ssu comes into prom95ce well ov] a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 8 actual life 0 n *ronicl$ by any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,nei!r1 = t matt]1 0 ! life ( 8 pupil ,%ih-t'ou1 al?\gh ! latt] left a h]itage ( disciples & a burgeon+ movem5t to p]petuate 8 memory4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 #c4 ,! /ories atta*$ to ,%ih-t'ou are v>i$ & que/ion$ by mo/ au?orities4 ,= example1 !re is ! /ory t he 0 enlight5$ by read+ ,s5g-*au's ,*ao-,jun 7,! ,book ( ,*ao7 b t 8 philosophy came f ,lao ,tzu4 #d4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #eh4 #e4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #aga4 #f4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #eh4 #g4 ,ibid41 p4 #fj4 #h4 ,ibid41 pp4 #fa-fb4 #i4 ,ibid41 pp4 #fd-fe4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #gf4 #aa4 ,?is is elaborat$ by ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #aff4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #agd4 #ac4 ,ext5d$ discussions ( ?is concept are provid$ by ,*ang ,*ung- yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 pp4 #da-eg2 & by ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #agg-hb4 #ad4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #agi4 #ae4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #di4 #af4 ,see ,luk1 ,*an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #aci4 #ag4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #ej4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4 #fi4 #ai4 ,:5 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? translates ?is poem 9 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #b1 call$ ! ,hokyozammai 9 ,japanese1 he includes a gr& dose ( skepticism conc]n+ its real au?or%ip1 s9ce he believes ! poem unwor?y ( ! ma/] 7p4 #aeb74 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #aeg4 #ba4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #dh4 #bb4 ,ibid41 p4 #gj4 #bc4 ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #bd4 ,ibid41 p4 #gb4 #be4 ,dum\l91 ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z51 p4 #bf4 #cj4 ,eliot1 ,japanese ,buddhism1 p4 #afh4 #ca4 #ac4 ,,kuei-,,%an1 ,,yun-,,m51 ,,& ,,fa-,,y53 ,,?ree ,,m9or ,,h\ses #a4 ,acc\nts ( ! lives & tea*+s ( ! ma/]s ( ! ,kuei-yang s*ool c be f\nd 9 a numb] ( translations1 includ+ ,*ang ,*ung- yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism2 & ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+s1 ,second ,s]ies4 ,bo? provide translations f ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp4 ,o!r s\rces appe> to be us$ 9 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 :i* includes a lively discussion ( ,kuei-%an & ! ,kuei-yang sect4 #b4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #aei4 #c4 ,*>les ,luk 7,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #eh7 makes a valiant try at explication :5 he says1 ,huai-hai want$ him to p]ceive 't :i* gave ! ord]' & 't :i* obey$ x4' 4 4 4 ,huai-hai cont9u$ to p]=m 8 great function by press+ ! /ud5t h>d1 insi/+ t ! latt] %\ld p]ceive 't' :i* arose f ! seat1 us$ ! pok]1 rais$ a little fire1 %[$ x to him & said1 ',is ?is n fire8' 4 4 4 ,?is "t ! /ud5t c\ld actually p]ceive ! reply by means ( 8 self-nature4 4 4 4 ,h5ce 8 enlight5m5t4 #d4 ,see ,ibid41 p4 #eh4 ,ssu-ma seems to h _h a good record 9 pr$ict+ mona/ic success1 & he 0 mu* 9 dem&4 ,al?\gh ! reliance on a =tunetell] seems some:at out ( "* = a ,*'an ma/]1 we %\ld rememb] t =tunetell+ & future pr$iction 9 ,*9a are at lea/ z old z ! ,i ,*+4 #e4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #bjb4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #bjd4 #g4 ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #fg4 #h4 ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #i4 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #afg4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #afg4 #aa4 ,john ,wu 7,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 p4 #afe7 says1 ,! /yle ( ! h\se ( ,kuei-yang has a *>m all ( its own4 ,x is n z /eep & %>p- edg$ z ! h\ses ( ,l9-*i & ,yun-m51 nor z close-knit & res\rceful z ! h\se ( ,ts'ao-tung nor z speculative & broad z ! h\se ( ,fa-y51 b x has great] dep? ?an ! o!rs4 #ab4 ,see ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #bfi4 ,o!r translations ( ,yun-m5 anecdotes1 z well z int]pretations & appreciations1 c be f\nd 9 ,luk1 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+1 ,second ,s]ies2 ,*\1 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a2 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z52 & ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #b4 #ac4 ,he _h six koans out ( =ty-eight 9 ! ,mumonkan & eighte5 koans out ( a hundr$ 9 ! ,hekiganroku4 ,p]haps 8 ext5sive repres5tation 9 ! second collection is attributable to ! fact t its compil]1 ,*'ung-hsi5 7#ihj-ajbe71 0 "o ( ! la/ surviv+ repres5tatives ( ,yun-m5's s*ool4 #ad4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism p4 #bhd4 #ae4 ,ibid41 p4 #bhf4 #af4 ,ibid41 p4 #bbi4 #ag4 ,ibid41 p4 #bbh4 #ah4 ,ibid41 p4 #bbi4 #ai4 ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics3 ,mumonkan ,hekiganroku1 p4 #cdi4 ,?is koan is f ,hekiganroku1 ,case #gg4 #bj4 ,f ! ,mumonkan1 ,case #ba4 ,! ,*9ese t]m us$ 0 kan-%9 *ueh1 :i* ,*ang ,*ung-yuan 7,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #cjj7 *>act]izes z foll[s3 ,?is may be translat$ ei!r ( two ways3 a piece ( dri$ excrem5t or a bamboo /ick us$ = clean+ z toilet tissue is today4 #ba4 ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #adb4 #bb4 ,^? ) insatiable curiosity may consult ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #bdd ff4 #bc4 ,translations ( 8 tea*+s f ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp are provid$ by ,*ang ,*ung3yuan 9 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism & by ,*>les ,luk 9 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+s1 ,second ,s]ies4 ,a translation ( a completely diff]5t s\rce1 :i* v>ies significantly on all ! major anecdotes1 is provid$ 9 ,john ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z54 ,a translation1 presumably f a ,japanese s\rce1 ( "s ( 8 tea*+s is suppli$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? 9 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #b4 ,he9ri* ,dum\l9 (f]s a brief assessm5t ( 8 influ5ce 9 8 two books3 ,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z5 & ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism4 #bd4 ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 p4 #bch4 ,a completely diff]5t v]sion may be f\nd 9 ,wu1 ,gold5 ,age ( ,z51 pp4 #bcb-cc4 #be4 ,buddhism ,*ang ,*ung-yuan1 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an1 p4 #bdb4 #bf4 #ad4 ,,ta-,,hui3 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,koan #a4 ,see ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #abh4 #b4 ,is%u ,miura & ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/ 7,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt1 ,brace ,_w1 #aiff71 pp4 #aj-aa4 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #aj4 ,?is individual is id5tifi$ z ,nan-yuan ,hui-yang 7d4 #icj74 #d4 ,?is is ,case #a 9 ! ,mumonkan1 usually ! fir/ koan giv5 to a beg9n+ /ud5t4 #e4 ,?is is ,case #bf ( ! ,mumonkan4 ,! v]sion giv5 "h is aft] ! translation 9 ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics3 ,mumonkan ,hekiganroku1 p4 #hi4 #f4 ,?is is ,case #ed ( ! ,hekiganroku4 ,! v]sion giv5 is aft] ,ibid41 p4 #bif1 & ,cle>y & ,cle>y1 ,blue ,cliff ,record1 p4 #cfb4 #g4 ,is%u & ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/1 p4 #ac4 #h4 ,!re are a numb] ( translations ( ! ,mumonkan curr5tly available 9 ,engli%4 ,! mo/ rec5t is ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics3 ,mumonkan ,hekiganroku2 b p]haps ! mo/ au?oritative is ,z5kei ,%ibayama1 ,z5 ,comm5ts on ! ,mumonkan1 trans4 ,sumiko ,kudo 7,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,lr ,r[1 #aigd2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 #aige74 ,o!r translations are ,nyog5 ,s5zaki & ,paul ,reps1 ,! ,gateless ,gate1 9 ,paul ,reps1 ed41 ,z5 ,fle%1 ,z5 ,bones 7,rutl& & ,tokyo3 ,tuttle1 #aieg72 ,sohkau ,ogata1 ,! ,mu ,mon ,kwan1 9 ,z5 = ! ,we/ 7,new ,york3 ,dial1 #aiei72 & ,r4 ,h4 ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #d1 ,mumonkan 7,tokyo3 ,hokuseido1 #aiff74 ,?ree translations ( ! ,blue ,cliff ,record are curr5tly available 9 ,engli%4 ,!re is ! e>ly & unsatisfactory v]sion by ,r4 ,d4 ,m4 ,%aw 7,london3 ,mi*ael ,joseph1 #aifa74 ,a readable v]sion is provid$ 9 ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics1 al?\gh ?is excludes "s ( ! traditional comm5t>y4 ,! au?oritative v]sion is c]ta9ly t by ,cle>y & ,cle>y1 ,blue ,cliff ,record4 #i4 ,?is is ! case ) ! v]sion provid$ 9 ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics4 #aj4 ,see ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #abh4 #aa4 ,see ,l4 ,c>r+ton ,goodri*1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese ,p 7,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aidc71 p4 #afa4 #ab4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive collection ( ,ta-hui's writ+s is translat$ 9 ,*ri/oph] ,cle>y1 ,swampl& ,fl[]s3 ,! ,lett]s & ,lectures ( ,z5 ,ma/] ,ta ,hui 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aigg74 ,exc]pts are also translat$ by ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,second ,s]ies4 ,biographical in=mation may also be f\nd 9 ,is%u & ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/4 #ac4 ,translat$ 9 ,is%u & ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/1 p4 #afc4 #ad4 ,a "w kn[n today z ! ,*5g-fa-y5-tsang4 ,see ,is%u & ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/1 p4 #afc4 #ae4 ,see ,ibid4 #af4 ,see ,ibid4 #ag4 ,translat$ by ,cle>y1 ,swampl& ,fl[]s1 pp4 #abi-cj4 #ah4 ,see ,sekida1 ,two ,z5 ,classics1 p4 #ag4 #ai4 ,suzuki1 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #ajc4 #bj4 ,cle>y1 ,swampl& ,fl[]s1 p4 #fd4 #ba4 ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 #bb4 ,ibid41 p4 #ad4 #be4 ,b he de/roy$ !m 9 va94 ,ar\nd #acjj a monk manag$ to assemble mo/ ( ! koans & comm5t>y f scatt]$ s\rces & put ! book back into pr9t4 ,! problem cont9ues to ?is day2 !re is n[ available a book ( answ]s to a numb] ( koans--,yoel ,h(fman1 ,! ,s\nd ( ,"o ,h& ,clapp+ 7,new ,york3 ,basic ,books1 #aige74 ,"o review] ( ?is book obs]v$ sadly1 ,n[ if only gett+ ! 'answ]' 7 ! same z gett+ ! po9t4 #bf4 #ae4 ,,eisai3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,japanese ,,ma/] #a4 ,?is anecdote is 9 ,m>t9 ,*>les ,collcutt1 ,! ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan 7,ph4,d4 diss]tation1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #aige74 #b4 ,al?\gh !re 7 v>i\s attempts to introduce ,*'an into ,japan prior to ! twelf? c5tury1 no?+ ev] seem$ to /ick4 ,dum\l9 7,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 pp4 #ach-ci7 summ>iz$ ^! ef=ts z foll[s3 ,! fir/ c]ta9 in=mation we possess reg>d+ ,z5 9 ,japan goes back to ! e>ly p]iod ( h] hi/ory4 ,! out/&+ ,japanese ,buddhi/ monk dur+ t age1 ,do%o1 0 attract$ to ,z5 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 ,*9ese tea*]1 ,hsuan-tsang1 "u :om he /udi$ ! ,yogac>a philosophy 7#fec74 4 4 4 ,do%o ?us came into imm$iate contact ) ! tradition ( ,bodhidh>ma & br\ght ! ,z5 ( ! patri>*s to ,japan4 ,he built ! fir/ m$itation hall1 at a temple 9 ,n>a4 4 4 4 ,a c5tury lat]1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 a ,*9ese ,z5 ma/] came to ,japan4 ,?is 0 ,tao-hsuan1 :o belong$ to ! nor!rn sect ( ,*9ese ,z5 9 ! ?ird g5]ation aft] ,%5-hsiu4 ,respond+ to an invitation f ,japanese ,buddhi/ monks1 he took up resid5ce 9 ,n>a & contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ,japanese culture dur+ ! ,tempyo p]iod 7#gbi-gdi74 4 4 4 ,! contemplative elem5t 9 ! ,t5dai tradition1 :i* held an important place f ! beg9n+1 0 /r5g!n$ 9 bo? ,*9a & ,japan by repeat$ contacts ) ,z54 ,a fur!r /ep 9 ! spread ( ,z5 occurr$ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury :5 ,i-k'ung1 a ,*9ese ma/] ( ! ,l9-*i sect1 visit$ ,japan4 ,he came at ! invitation ( ! ,empress ,ta*ibana ,ka*iko1 wife ( ! ,emp]or ,saga1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,%[a era 7#hcd-hdh71 to tea* ,z51 fir/ at ! imp]ial c\rt & lat] at ! ,danr9ji temple 9 ,kyoto1 :i* ! empress _h built = him4 ,h[ev]1 ^! fir/ ef=ts 9 ! sy/ematic propagation ( ,z5 accord+ to ! ,*9ese patt]n did n meet ) la/+ success4 ,i-k'ung 0 unable to laun* a vigor\s movem5t4 ,disappo9t$1 he return$ to ,*9a1 & = ?ree c5turies ,z5 0 inactive 9 ,japan4 ,ano!r opportunity = ! ,japanese to le>n ab\t ,*'an 0 miss$ by ! fam\s ,japanese pilgrim ,enn91 :o 0 9 ,*9a to witness ! ,great ,p]secution ( #hde1 b :o paid almo/ no att5tion to ,*'an1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! obsession ( unruly ne'er-d-wells4 #c4 ,a numb] ( books provide in=mation conc]n+ e>ly ,japanese hi/ory & ! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! introduction ( ,buddhism to ,japan4 ,g5]al hi/orical works ( p>ticul> relevance include3 ,john ,:itney ,hall1 ,japan1 f ,prehi/ory to ,mod]n ,times 7,new ,york3 ,delacorte1 #aigj72 ,mikiso ,hane1 ,japan1 ,a ,hi/orical ,survey 7,new ,york3 ,scribn]'s1 #aigb72 ,edw9 ,o4 ,reis*au]1 ,japan3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #crd ed4 7,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aifd72 & ,george ,b4 ,sansom1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 #c vols4 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh-fc74 ,/udies ( e>ly ,japanese ,buddhism may be f\nd 93 ,masah>u ,anesaki1 ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,religion 7,london3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn]1 #aicj3 reissue1 ,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aifc72 ,william ,k4 ,bunce1 ,religions 9 ,japan 7,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aiee72 ,*'en1 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a2 ,eliot1 ,japanese ,buddhism2 ,%9%o ,hanayama1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,buddhism 7,tokyo3 ,bukkyo ,d5do ,kyokai1 #aiff72 & ,e4 ,dale ,saund]s1 ,buddhism 9 ,japan 7,philadelphia3 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,press1 #aifd74 #d4 ,9 fact1 ! popul>ity ( esot]ic rituals 0 su* t !y 7 an important "p ( e>ly ,z5 practice 9 ,japan4 #e4 ,?is _w is well describ$ by ,ivan ,morris 9 ,! ,_w ( ! ,%9+ ,pr9ce3 ,c\rt ,life 9 ,anci5t ,japan 7,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aifd74 ,a discussion ( ! relation ( ?is ae/hetic life to ! =mation ( ,japanese ,z5 may be f\nd 9 ,?omas ,hoov]1 ,z5 ,culture 7,new ,york3 ,r&om ,h\se1 #aigg2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,v9tage1 #aigh74 #f4 ,"o ( ! mo/ readable acc\nts ( ! rise ( ! ,japanese milit>y class may be f\nd 9 ,paul ,v>ley1 ,samurai 7,new ,york3 ,delacorte1 #aigj2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,dell1 #aigb74 #g4 ,?is !ory is advanc$ eloqu5tly 9 ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! ,*'an sect 9 ,*9a itself actually ent]$ a phase ( decad5ce1 ) ! inclusion ( esot]ic rites & an ecum5ical movem5t t advocat$ ! *ant+ ( ! nembutsu by ,*'ani/s--"s ( :om claim$ !re 0 great simil>ity betwe5 ! psy*ological aspects ( ?is me*anical *ant & ^? ( ! koan4 #h4 ,acc\nts ( ,eisai's life may be f\nd 9 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism2 & 9 ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan4 #i4 ,see ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan4 #aj4 ,see ,saund]s1 ,buddhism 9 ,japan1 p4 #bba4 #aa4 ,translat$ 9 ,wm4 ,!odore de ,b>y1 ed4 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 ,vol4 #a 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh71 pp4 #bcf- #cg4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #bcg4 #ac4 ,de ,b>y1 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 pp4 #bci-dj4 #ad4 ,aga9 ! be/ discussion ( ?is intrigue is provid$ by ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan4 #ae4 #af4 ,v>ley1 ,samurai1 p4 #de4 #ag4 #ag4 ,,dog53 ,,fa!r ,,( ,,japanese ,,soto ,,z5 #ah4 #a4 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism1 p4 #aea4 ,?is /atem5t may be fa9t praise1 = ,japan has nev] be5 especially not$ = its religi\s ?9k]s4 ,z philosoph]s1 ! ,japanese h be5 great arti/s & poets4 ,p]haps no culture c d ev]y?+4 #b4 ,biographical in=mation on ,dog5 may be f\nd 9 ,hee-,j9 ,kim1 ,dog5 ,kig5--,my/ical ,reali/ 7,tucson3 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,press1 #aige72 ,yuho ,yokoi1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog5 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigf72 & ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism4 ,translations ( 8 writ+s maybe f\nd 9 ,dog5 ,kig5--,my/ical ,reali/ & ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog5 z well z 9 ,jiyu ,k5nett1 ,z5 is ,et]nal ,life 7,em]yville1 ,calif43 ,dh>ma1 #aigf72 ,dog51 ,record ( ,?+s ,he>d f ! ,treasury ( ! ,eye ( ! ,true ,tea*+ trans1 by ,?omas ,cle>y 7,b\ld]1 ,colo43 ,great ,ea/]n ,book ,company1 #aigh72 ,francis ,dojun ,cook1 ,h[ to ,raise an ,ox 7,los ,angeles3 ,c5t] ,publications1 #aigh72 & ,kos5 ,ni%iyama & ,john ,/ev51 ,%obog5zo3 ,! ,eye & ,treasury ( ! ,true ,law 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg74 #c4 ,kim1 ,dog5 ,kig5--,my/ical ,reali/1 p4 #be4 #d4 ,yokoi1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog51 p4 #bh4 #e4 ,see ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan4 #f4 ,kim1 ,dog5 ,kig5--,my/ical ,reali/1 p4 #bi4 #g4 ,ibid41 p4 #ce4 #h4 ,see ,yokoi1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog51 p4 #cb4 #i4 ,ibid41 pp4 #de--df4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #df4 #aa4 ,k5nett1 ,z5 ,is ,et]nal ,life1 pp4 #ada-db4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #aeb4 #ac4 ,ibid41 pp4 #aej-ea4 #ad4 ,dog5's attitude t[>d wom5 0 revolution>y = 8 "t4 ,a sampl+ is provid$ 9 ,kim1 ,dog5 ,kig5--,my/ical ,reali/1 pp4 #ed-ee3 ,"s p1 fooli% 9 ! extreme1 also ?9k ( woman z no?+ b ! object ( s5sual pleasures1 & see h] ?is way )\t ev] correct+ _! view4 ,a ,buddhi/ %\ld n d s4 ,if man dete/s woman z ! sexual object1 %e mu/ dete/ him = ! same reason4 ,bo? man & woman become objects1 ?us be+ equally involv$ 9 defilem5t4 4 4 4 ,:at *>ge is !re aga9/ woman8 ,:at virtue is !re 9 man8 ,!re are wick$ m5 9 ! _w2 !re are virtu\s wom5 9 ! _w4 ,! desire to he> ,dh>ma & ! se>* = enlight5m5t d n necess>ily rely on ! diff]5ce 9 sex4 #ae4 ,yokoi1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog51 pp4 #ce-cf4 #af4 ,see ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,tra9+ 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #ei4 #ag4 ,translat$ 9 de ,b>y1 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 ,vol4 #a41 p4 #bdg4 #ah4 ,see ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #fb4 #ai4 ,see ,ibid41 pp4 #fb ff4 #bj4,see ,philip ,yampolsky1 trans41 ,! ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku93 ,select$ ,writ+s1 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiga71 p4 #e4 #ai4 ,,ikkyu3 ,,z5 ,,ecc5tric #bj4 #a4 ,?is view is advanc$ conv9c+ly by ,collcutt 9 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #aac ff4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #hj4 #c4 ,?is w\ld seem to be "o ( ! reasons = :at became ( a ho/ ( emigrat+ ,*'an tea*]s z sub-sects ( ! ,yogi bran* /ruggl$ = asc5d5cy ov] ea* o!r4 #d4 ,wu-an's /r5g? ( m9d is illu/rat$ by a /ory relat$ 9 ,collcutt1 ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #hd3 ,wu-an is said to h %ock$ ! religi\s s5sibilities ( _m w>riors & monks :51 9 :at has be5 int]pret$ z a delib]ate attempt to sev] ! connection betwe5 ,z5 & pray] 9 ,japanese m9ds1 he publicly refus$ to wor%ip be=e ! /atue ( ,jizo 9 ! ,buddha ,hill ( ,k5*o-ji on ! gr\nds t :]eas ,jizo 0 m]ely a ,bodhisattva1 he1 ,wu-an1 0 a ,buddha4 #e4 ,relat$ 9 ,ibid41 p4 #hh4 #f4 ,collcutt 7,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #aad7 po9ts out t ! w>rior int]e/ 9 ,z5 & its ,*9ese cultural trapp+s %\ld also be cr$it$ p>tly to _! desire to /& up to ! snobb]y ( ! ,kyoto ari/ocracy4 ,by mak+ !mselves emiss>ies ( a pre/igi\s =eign civilization1 ! w>rior class a*iev$ a bit ( cultural "o-upman%ip on ! ,kyoto snob set4 #g4 ,collcutt 7,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan1 p4 #ajf7 reports t ?is conv]sion ( temples to ,z5 0 n always spontane\s4 ,!re is ! /ory ( "o local gov]nor :o 0 call$ to ,kamakura & 9 ! c\rse ( a public assembly ask$ po9t$ly :e!r 8 family _h yet built a ,z5 mona/]y 9 _! home prov9ce4 ,! t]rifi$ (ficial decl>$ he _h built a mona/]y = a hundr$ ,z5 monks1 & !n rac$ home to />t con/ruction4 #h4 ,a discussion ( ! contribution ( ,z5 to ,japanese civilization may be f\nd 9 ,hoov]1 ,z5 ,culture4 ,an old] survey is ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,z5 & ,japanese ,culture 7,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j43 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiei74 #i4 ,yampolsky1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #h4 #aj4 ,philip ,yampolsky1 ,muroma*i ,z5 & ! ,gozan ,sy/em1 9 ,john ,w4 ,hall & ,toyoda ,take%i1 eds41 ,japan 9 ! ,muroma*i ,age 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aigg71 p4 #cai4 #aa4 ,"o ( ! be/ political hi/ories ( ?is era is ,sansom1 ,hi/ory ( ,japan4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,z51 ! be/ "w appe>s to be ,m>t9 ,collcutt1 ,! ,z5 ,mona/ic ,in/itution 9 ,m$ieval ,japan 7,cambridge3 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press1 9 press71 a revis$ v]sion ( ! diss]tation cit$ above4 #ab4 ,engli% s\rces on ,ikkyu are less common ?an might at fir/ be suppos$4 ,! mo/ exhau/ive /udy & translation ( orig9al ,ikkyu writ+s to date is c]ta9ly t ( ,james ,san=d1 ,z5-,man ,ikkyu 7,ph4,d4 diss]tation1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #aigb74 ,!re is also a lively & *>act]i/ically insightful essay by ,donald ,ke5e1 ,! ,portrait ( ,ikkyu1 9 ,ar*ives ( ,asian ,art1 ,vol4 #bj 7#aiff-fg71 pp4 #ed-fe4 ,?is essay has be5 collect$ 9 ,donald ,ke5e1 ,l&scapes & ,portraits 7,palo ,alto3 ,kodan%a ,int]national1 #aiga74 ,ano!r "w ( ,ikkyu s*ol>%ip is ,sonja ,arntz51 ,a ,pres5tation ( ! ,poet ,ikkyu ) ,translations f ! ,ky\n%u ',mad ,cl\d ,an?ology' 7,unpubli%$ !sis1 ,univ]sity ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,vanc\v]1 #aiff74 #ac4 ,see ,?omas ,cle>y1 ,! ,orig9al ,face3 ,an ,an?ology ( ,r9zai ,z5 7,new ,york3 ,grove ,press1 #aigh71 p4 #ac4 ,an example ( a ,nasrud9-esque p>able told ab\t ,ikkyu is ! /ory ( 8 approa*+ ! h\se ( a ri* man "o day to beg = food we>+ 8 torn robes & /raw s&als4 ,! man drove him away1 b :5 he return$ ! foll[+ day 9 ! luxuri\s robe ( a ,buddhi/ prelate1 he 0 invit$ 9 = a banquet4 ,b :5 ! food arriv$ ,ikkyu remov$ 8 robe & (f]$ ! food to x4 #ad4 ,san=d1 ,z5-,man ,ikkyu1 p4 #dh4 #ae4 ,ibid41 p4 #fh4 #af4 ,ibid4 pp4 #hj-ha4 #ag4 ,translat$ by ,ke5e1 ,l&scapes & ,portraits1 p4 #bce4 ,pr(essor ,ke5e 7p]sonal communication7 has provid$ a revis$ &1 he believes1 m fully accurate translation ( ?is v]se z foll[s3 ,aft] t5 days ( liv+ 9 ?is temple my m9d's 9 turmoil2 ,r$ /r+s1 v long1 tug at my feet4 ,if "o day y get ar\nd to look+ = me1 ,try ! re/aurants1 ! dr9k+ places or ! bro!ls4 ,he notes t ! r$ /r+s ( ! second l9e ref] to ! ties ( physical atta*m5t to wom5 t drew ,ikkyu f ! temple to ! pleasure qu>t]s4 #ah4 ,jon ,covell & ,yamada ,sob91 ,z5 at ,daitoku-ji 7,new ,york3 ,kodan%a ,int]national1 #aigd71 p4 #cf4 #ai4 ,san=d1 ,z5-,man ,ikkyu1 p4 #bba4 #bj4 ,ibid41 p4 #bbf4 #ba4 ,ibid41 p4 #bce4 #bb4 ,ibid41 p4 #bbe4 #bc4 ,ibid41 pp4 #bec-ed4 ,a translation may also be f\nd 9 ,cle>y1 ,orig9al ,face2 & 9 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? & ,n4 ,a4 ,waddell1 ,ikkyu's ,skeletons1 ,! ,ea/]n ,buddhi/1 ,n4,s4 #g1 #c 7,may #aigc71 pp4 #aaa-be4 ,also see ,bly?1 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics1 ,vol4 #g4 #bd4 ,san=d claims 7,z5-,man ,ikkyu1 p4 #cda7 t ,ikkyu's prose is almo/ totally unkn[n 9 ,japan4 #be4 ,ibid41 pp4 #cbf-bg4 #bf4 ,ibid41 p4 #agb4 #bg4 ,jan ,covell 7,z5 at ,daitoku-ji1 p4 #ch7 says1 ,ikkyu's own ink pa9t+s are unpret5ti\s & seem+ly artless1 always ) ! flung-ink te*nique4 ,8 calligraphy is rank$ among hi/ory's greate/ 4 4 4 #cb4 ,san=d1 ,z5-,man ,ikkyu1 p4 #cdb4 #cc4 #ba4 ,,haku93 ,,japanese ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,koan #bb4 #a4 ,yampolsky1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #aaf4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! def9itive "w by & ab\t ,haku9 9 ,engli% & has be5 us$ = all ! quotations t foll[4 ,ano!r translation ( "s ( ,haku9's works is ,r4 ,d4 ,m4 ,%aw1 ,! ,emboss$ ,teakettle 7,london3 ,george ,all5 ,unw91 #aifc74 ,a %ort translation ( ,haku9's writ+s may be f\nd 9 ,cle>y1 ,orig9al ,face4 ,p]haps ! mo/ incisive biographical & int]pretive mat]ial may be f\nd1 respectively1 9 ,dum\l91 ,hi/ory ( ,z5 ,buddhism2 & ,is%u & ,sasaki1 ,z5 ,du/4 #b4 ,yampolsky1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #aag4 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #d4 ,ibid41 pp4 #aah-ai4 #e4 ,ibid41 p4 #aai4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #aba4 #g4 ,ibid41 pp4 #ca-cb4 #h4 ,ibid41 p4 #cc4 #i4 ,ibid41 p4 #di4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #cc4 #aa4 ,ibid41 pp4 #eb-ec4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #ec4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #eh4 #ad4 ,ibid4 #ae4 ,ibid41 p4 #ce4 #af4 ,ibid41 pp4 #fc-fd4 #ag4 ,! great ball ( d\bt1 kn[n 9 ,*9ese z i-t'uan1 0 a classic ,z5 phrase & has be5 trac$ by ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki 7,z5 ,du/1 p4 #bdg7 back to a t5?-c5tury ,*9ese monk1 :o claim$ 9 a poem1 ,! ball ( d\bt )9 my he>t_/,0 z big z a big wick] basket4 ,haku9's analysis ( ! great ball ( d\bt is translat$ 9 ,z5 ,du/1 p4 #dc4 #ah4 ,haku9's inv5tion ( 8 own koans1 :i* 7 kept secret & nev] publi%$1 is a significant dep>ture f ! usual te*nique ( simply tak+ situations f ! classic lit]ature1 & demon/rates bo? 8 creativity & 8 intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,x also raises ! "q ( :e!r !y really 7 koans "u ! traditional def9ition ( public case or :e!r !y %\ld be giv5 a diff]5t "n4 #ai4 ,yampolsky1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #afd4 #bj4 ,! koan sy/em ( ,haku9 is discuss$ by ,yampolsky 9 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #ae2 & by ,sasaki1 9 ,! ,z5 ,koan1 pp4 #bg-cj4 #ba4 ,yampolsky1 ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku91 p4 #cb4 #bb4 ,see ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,s5gai3 ,! ,z5 ,ma/] 7,gre5wi*1 ,conn43 ,new ,york ,graphic ,society1 #aiga72 ,burton ,watson1 ,ryokan3 ,z5 ,monk-,poet ( ,japan 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigg72 & ,john ,/ev5s1 ,"o ,robe1 ,"o ,b[l3 ,! ,z5 ,poetry ( ,ryokan 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg74 ,,bibliography ,anesaki1 ,masah>u4 ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,religion4 ,london3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn]1 #aicj 7reissue1 ,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aifc74 ,arntz51 ,sonja4 ,a ,pres5tation ( ! ,poet ,ikkyu ) ,translations f ! ,ky\n%u ',mad ,cl\d ,an?ology4' ,ma/]'s !sis1 ,univ]sity ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,vanc\v]1 #aiff4 ,bask91 ,wade1 ed4 ,classics 9 ,*9ese ,philosophy4 ,tot[a1 ,n4 ,j43 ,littlefield1 ,adams1 #aigd4 ,b]ry1 ,?omas4 ,buddhism4 ,new ,york3 ,?omas ,y4 ,cr[ell ,co41 #aige4 ,b+ham1 ,woodbridge4 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,new ,york3 ,octagon1 #aigj4 ,bir*1 ,cyril4 ,an?ology ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aife4 ,bl(eld1 ,john4 ,! ,secret & ,sublime3 ,taoi/ ,my/]ies & ,magic4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton1 #aigc4 ,bl(eld1 ,john1 trans4 ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,huang ,po4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aieh4 ------- ,! ,z5 ,tea*+ ( ,hui ,hai on ,sudd5 ,illum9ation4 ,london3 ,ryd]1 #aifb2 pap]back repr9t1 ,new ,york3 ,weis]1 #aigb4 ,bloodwor?1 ,d5nis4 ,! ,*9ese ,look+ ,glass4 ,new ,york3 ,dell1 #aiff4 ,bly?1 ,r4 ,h4 ,z5 & ,z5 ,classics4 #g ,vols4 ,tokyo3 ,hokuseido1 #aifj-aigj4 ----- & ,n4 ,a4 ,waddell1 ,ikkyu's ,skeletons1 ,! ,ea/]n ,buddhi/1 ,n4,s4 #g1 #c4 ,br\ghton1 ,jeffrey4 ,kuei-,f5g ,tsung-,mi3 ,! ,conv]g5ce ( ,*'an & ! ,tea*+s4 ,ph4,d4 diss]tation1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 #aige4 ,bunce1 ,william ,k4 ,religions 9 ,japan4 ,rutl&3 ,tuttle1 #aiee4 ,bynn]1 ,witt]4 ,! ,jade ,m\nta94 ,new ,york3 ,v9tage1 #aieg4 ,*ai1 ,*'u1 & ,w9b]g ,*ai4 ,confucianism4 ,new ,york3 ,b>ron's ,educational ,s]ies1 #aigc4 ----- ,! ,humani/ ,way 9 ,anci5t ,*9a3 ,ess5tial ,works ( ,confucianism4 ,new ,york3 ,bantam1 #aife4 ,*an1 ,w+-tsit1 trans4 ,! ,plat=m ,scripture4 ,new ,york3 ,/4 ,johns ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifc4 ------,a ,s\rce ,book 9 ,*9ese ,philosophy4 ,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifc4 ----- ,trans=mation ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 ,philosophy ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,,vii 7#aieg-eh7 pp4 #ajg-af4 ,*ang1 ,g>ma ,c4 ,c4 ,! ,practice ( ,z54 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aiei2 pap]back edition1 ,p]5nial ,libr>y1 #aigj4 ,*ang1 ,*ung-yuan4 ,creativity & ,taoism3 ,a ,/udy ( ,*9ese ,philosophy1 ,art1 & ,poetry4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aigj4 ----- ,tao3 ,a ,new ,way ( ,?9k+4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aige2pap]back edition1 ,p]5nial ,libr>y1 #aigg4 ----- trans4 ,orig9al ,tea*+s ( ,*'an ,buddhism 7,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp74 ,new ,york3 ,r&om ,h\se1 #aifi2 pap]back edition1 ,v9tage1 #aiga4 ,*att]jee1 ,h41 ed4 ,mula-,madhyamaka-,k>ika ( ,nag>juna4 ,calcutta3 ,k4 ,l4 ,mukhopadhyay1 #aifb4 ,*au1 ,bhik%u ,?i* ,m9h4 ,hsuan ,tsang1 ,! ,pilgrim ,er ,s*ol>4 ,nha- trang1 ,vietnam3 ,vietnam ,buddhi/ ,in/itute1 n4d4 ,*51 ,c4 ,m4 ,! ,ligh?\se 9 ! ,ocean ( ,*'an4 ,kalimpong3 ,buddhi/ ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aife4 ,*'en1 ,k5ne?4 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigb4 ----- 4 ,buddhism3 ,! ,light ( ,asia4 ,new ,york3 ,b>ron's ,educational ,s]ies1 ,inc41 #aifh ----- 4 ,! ,*9ese ,trans=mation ( ,buddhism4 ,pr9ceton3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aigc4 ----- 4 ,! ,economic ,backgr\nd ( ! ,hui-*'ang ,suppression ( ,buddhism1 ,h>v>d j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,/udies1 #ai1 7#aief71 pp4 #fg-aje4 ,*iang1 ,yee4 ,! ,*9ese ,eye4 ,bloom+ton3 ,indiana ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifd4 ,*\1 ,hsiang-kuang4 ,dhyana ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,allahabad1 ,india3 ,indo- ,*9ese ,lit]ature ,publications1 #aifj4 ,cle>y1 ,*ri/oph]1 trans4 ,swampl& ,fl[]s3 ,! ,lett]s & ,lectures ( ,z5 ,ma/] ,ta ,hui4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aigg4 ,cle>y1 ,?omas1 trans4 ,! ,orig9al ,face4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aigh4 ----- 1 ,say+s & ,do+s ( ,pai-*ang4 ,los ,angeles3 ,c5t] ,publications1 #aigi4 ----- 1 & ,j4 ,c4 ,cle>y1 trans4 ,! ,blue ,cliff ,record4 #c vols4 ,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aigg4 ,conze1 ,edw>d1 ed4 ,buddhi/ ,texts ,?r\gh ! 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,developm5t ( ,*9ese ,z54 ,new ,york3 ,fir/ ,z5 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 #aiec4 ,eb]h>d1 ,wolfram4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aigg4 ,eliot1 ,sir ,*>les4 ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,new ,york3 ,b>nes ,noble1 #aifi4 ,f5g1 ,gai-fu1 & ,jane ,engli%1 trans4 ,*uang ,tsu4 ,new ,york3 ,v9tage1 #aigd4 ----- 4 ,tao ,te-,*+4 ,new ,york3 ,v9tage1 #aigb4 ,fir/ ,z5 ,in/itute ( ,am]ica4 ,cat's ,yawn4 ,new ,york3 #aidg4 ,fitzg]ald1 ,c4 ,p4 ,*9a--,a ,%ort ,cultural ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york3 ,praeg]1 #aifa4 ----- 4 ,! ,empress ,wu4 ,vanc\v]3 ,univ]sity ( ,briti% ,columbia1 #aifh4 ----- 4 ,son ( ,heav53 ,a ,biography ( ,li ,%ih-m91 ,f\nd] ( ! ,t'ang ,dyna/y4 ,cambridge3 ,univ]sity ,press1 #aicc4 ,fr$]ic1 ,l\is4 ,daily ,life 9 ,japan at ! ,"t ( ! ,samurai4 ,tokyo3 ,tuttle1 #aigb4 ,fung1 ,paul ,f41 & ,george ,d4 ,fung1 trans4 ,! ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>* on ! ,pri/9e ,or?odox ,dh>ma4 ,san ,francisco3 ,buddha's ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 #aifd4 ,fung ,yu-,ian4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,philosophy4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aidh2 pap]back edition1 ,free ,press1 #aiff4 ----- 4 ,! ,_s ( ,*9ese ,philosophy4 ,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #aifb4 ,g]net1 ,jacques4 ,biographie du ,matre ,*5-h\ei de ,ho-tso1 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #bdi 7#aiea71 pp4 #bi-fj4 ----- 4 ,complem5t aux ,entreti5s du ,maitre de ,dhyana ,*5-h\ei 7#ffh-gfj71 ,,befeo1 #dd1 #b 7#aied71 pp4 #dec-ff4 ----- 4 ,daily ,life 9 ,*9a on ! ,eve ( ! ,mongol ,invasion4 ,trans4 ,h4 ,m4 ,wright4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aifb4 ----- 4 ,entreti5s du ,maitre de ,dhyana ,*5-b\ei du ,ho-tso1 ,hanoi1 #aidi4 7,publications de l'ecole frangaise d',extreme-,ori5t1 ,vol4 #ca74 ,giles1 ,h]b]t ,a4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aibc4 ,godd>d1 ,dwight1 ed4 ,a ,buddhi/ ,bible4 ,new ,york3 ,dutton1 #aich2 pap]back edition1 ,bo/on3 ,beacon1 #aigj4 ,goodri*1 ,l4 ,c>r+ton4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese ,p1 #d? edn4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aifc4 ,graham1 ,a4 ,c4 ,poems ( ! ,late ,t'ang4 ,baltimore3 ,p5gu91 #aife4 ,gr\sset1 ,r5e4 ,9 ,! ,foot/eps ( ! ,buddha4 ,new ,york3 ,grossman1 #aiga4 ----- 4 ,! ,rise & ,spl5d\r ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifb4 ,hall1 ,john ,:itney4 ,japan1 ,f ,prehi/ory to ,mod]n ,times4 ,new ,york3 ,delacorte1 #aigj4 ----- 1 & ,toyoda ,take%i1 eds4 ,japan 9 ,! ,muroma*i ,age4 ,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aigg4 ,hanayama1 ,%9%o4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,tokyo3 ,bukkyo ,d5do ,kyokai1 #aiff4 ,h>rison1 ,john ,a4 ,! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt ,brace ,jovanovi*1 #aigb4 ,h(fmann1 ,yoel4 ,radical ,z54 ,brookl9e1 ,mass43 ,autumn ,press1 #aigh4 -------4 ,! ,s\nd ( ,"o ,h& ,clapp+4 ,new ,york3 ,basic ,books1 #aige4 ,hookham1 ,hilda4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,new ,york3 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,press1 ,inc41 #aigb2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 #aigb4 ,hoov]1 ,?omas4 ,z5 ,culture4 ,new ,york3 ,r&om ,h\se1 #aigg2 pap]back edition1 ,v9tage1 #aigh4 ,hsuan ,hua4 ,! ,six? ,patri>*'s ,dh>ma ,jewel ,plat=m ,sutra4 ,san ,francisco3 ,buddhi/ ,text ,translation ,society1 #aiga4 ,hu ,%ih4 ,*'an 7,z57 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a3 ,its ,hi/ory & ,me?od1 ,philosophy ,ea/ & ,we/1 #c1 #a 7,april #aiec71 pp4 #c-bd4 ----- 4 ,! 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,*9ese3 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,culture4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aifd4 ,lau1 ,d4 ,c4 ,lao ,tzu--,tao ,te ,*+4 ,baltimore3 ,p5gu91 #aifc4 ----- 4 ,m5cius4 ,baltimore3 ,p5gu91 #aigj4 ,legge1 ,james4 ,a ,record ( ,buddhi/ic ,k+doms4 ,new ,york3 ,dov]1 #aife4 ,lev5son1 ,joseph ,r41 & ,franz ,s*urmann4 ,*9a3 ,an ,int]pretive ,hi/ory4 ,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifi4 ,lieb5?al1 ,walt]4 ,*ao ,lun3 ,! ,treatises ( ,s5g-*ao4 ,hong ,kong3 ,hong ,kong ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifh4 ----- 4 ,*9ese ,buddhism ,dur+ ! #d? & #e? ,c5turies1 ,monum5ta ,nipponica1 #aa 7#aiee71 pp4 #dd-hc4 ----- 4 ,! ,s]mon ( ,%5-hui1 ,asia ,major1 ,n4 ,s4 #c1 #b 7#aieb71 pp4 #acb-ee4 ,l+1 ,trevor4 ,! ,buddha4 ,baltimore3 ,p5gu91 #aigc4 ,luk1 ,*>les4 ,*'an & ,z5 ,tea*+s4 #c vols4 ,london3 ,rid]1 #aifj-fb4 ----- 4 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,m9d ,outside ! ,tea*+4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aige4 ----- 4 ,! ,vimalakirti ,nirdesa ,sutra4 ,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aigb4 ,mc,naughton1 ,william4 ,! ,taoi/ ,vision4 ,ann ,arbor3 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 #aiga4 ,miura1 ,is%u1 & ,ru? ,full] ,sasaki4 ,z5 ,du/4 ,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt1 ,brace ,_w1 #aiff4 ,morris1 ,ivan4 ,! ,_w ( ! ,%9+ ,pr9ce3 ,c\rt ,life 9 ,anci5t ,japan4 ,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aifd4 ,munro1 ,donald ,j4 ,! ,concept ( ,man 9 ,e>ly ,*9a4 ,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifi4 ,ni%imura1 ,e%94 ,unsui3 ,a ,di>y ( ,z5 ,mona/ic ,life4 ,honolulu3 ,univ]sity ,press ( ,hawaii1 #aigc4 ,ni%iyama1 ,kos51 & ,john ,/ev5s4 ,%obog5zo3 ,! ,eye & ,treasury ( ! ,true ,law4 ,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg4 ,ogata1 ,sohaku4 ,z5 = ! ,we/4 ,new ,york3 ,dial1 #aiei4 ,p>due1 ,pet] ,a4 ,buddhism3 ,a ,hi/orical ,introduction to ,buddhi/ ,values & ! ,social & ,political ,=ms !y h ,assum$ 9 ,asia4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aiga4 ,price1 ,a4 ,f41 & ,wong ,m\-,lam1 trans4 ,! ,diamond ,sutra & ! ,sutra ( ,hui ,n5g4 ,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aifi4 ,pullyblank1 ,edw94 ,! ,backgr\nd ( ! ,rebellion ( ,an ,lu-%an4 ,london3 #aiee4 ,ramanan1 ,k4 ,v5kata4 ,nag>juna's ,philosophy4 ,new ,delhi3 ,motilal ,ban>sidass1 #aige4 ,rei*elt1 ,k>l ,ludvig4 ,tru? & ,tradition 9 ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,new ,york3 ,p>agon1 #aifh4 ,reis*au]1 ,edw9 ,o4 ,enn9's ,travels 9 ,t'ang ,*9a4 ,new ,york3 ,ronald ,press1 #aiee4 ----- 4 ,japan3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #crd4 ed4 ,new ,york3 ,knopf4 #aifd4 ,reps1 ,paul1 ed4 ,z5 ,fle%1 ,z5 ,bones4 ,rutl& & ,tokyo3 ,tuttle1 #aieg4 ,rob9son1 ,ri*>d ,h4 ,! 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,z5 ,tea*+s ( ,r9zai4 ,b]keley1 ,calif43 ,%ambhala1 #aigf4 ,sekida1 ,katsuki1 trans4 ,two ,z5 ,classics3 ,mumonkan ,er ,hekiganroku4 ,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg4 ,%af]1 ,edw>d4 ,! ,la/ ,ye>s ( ,*'ang-an4 ,ori5s ,extremus1 #b 7,octob] #aifc71 pp4 #acc-gi4 ,%aw1 ,r4 ,d4 ,m4 ,! ,emboss$ ,teakettle4 ,london3 ,all5 ,unw91 #aifc4 ----- 1 trans4 ,! ,blue ,cliff ,records4 ,london3 ,mi*ael ,joseph1 #aifa4 ,%ibayama1 ,z5kei4 ,z5 ,comm5ts on ! ,mumonkan4 ,trans4 ,sumiko ,kudo4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aigd4 ,%oko1 ,watanabe4 ,japanese ,buddhism3 ,a ,critical ,appraisal4 ,tokyo3 ,japanese ,cultural ,society1 #aigj4 ,smi?1 ,d4 ,h[>d4 ,*9ese ,religions4 ,new ,york3 ,holt1 ,r9eh>t & ,w9/on1 #aifh4 ,snyd]1 ,g>y4 ,han-%an1 9 ,cyril ,bir*1 ed41 ,an?ology ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature4 ,new ,york3 ,grove1 #aife4 ,/ev5s1 ,john4 ,"o ,robe ,"o ,b[i3 ,! ,z5 ,poetry ( ,ryokan4 ,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigg4 ,/r5g1 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,empt9ess3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,religi\s ,mean+4 ,na%ville3 ,ab+don1 #aifg4 ,suzuki1 ,daisetz ,t4 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism 7,fir/ ,s]ies74 ,london3 ,rid]1 #aidi2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,grove1#aifa4 ----- 4 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism 7,second ,s]ies74 ,london3 ,rid]1 #aiec2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,weis]1 #aiga4 ----- 4 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism 7,?ird ,s]ies74 ,london3 ,rid]1 #aiec2 pap]back edition1 ,new ,york3 ,weis]1 #aiga4 -----4 ,! 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,religion ( ,*9a4 ,new ,york3 ,free ,press1 #aiea4 ,wel*1 ,holmes4 ,taoism3 ,! ,p>t+ ( ! ,way4 ,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #aieg4 ,wilhelm1 ,ri*>d1 trans4 ,! ,secret ( ! ,gold5 ,fl[]4 ,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt1 ,brace1 #aica4 ,wright1 ,ar?ur ,f4 ,buddhism & ,*9ese ,culture3 ,phases ( ,int]action1 ,j\rnal ( ,asian ,/udies1 #ah 7#aieg-eh7 pp4 #ag-db4 ----- 4 ,buddhism 9 ,*9ese ,hi/ory4 ,/an=d3 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiei4 ,wu1 ,john ,c4 ,h4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,z54 ,taipei1 ,taiwan3 ,committee on ,compilation ( ! ,*9ese ,libr>y1 #aifg4 ,wu1 ,*i-yu4 ,a ,/udy ( ,han ,%an4 ,t'oung ,pao1 #d-e 7#aieg74 ,yamada1 ,k\n4 ,gateless ,gate4 ,los ,angeles3 ,c5t] ,publications1 #aigi4 ,yampolsky1 ,philip ,b4 ,! ,plat=m ,sutra ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifg4 ----- trans4 ,! ,z5 ,ma/] ,haku93 ,select$ ,writ+s4 ,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiga4 ,yokoi1 ,yuho4 ,z5 ,ma/] ,dog54 ,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aigf4 ,,books ,,by ,,?omas ,,hoov] ,nonfiction ,z5 ,culture ,! ,z5 ,exp]i5ce ,fiction ,! 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