,?is "w is lic5s$ "u a ,creative ,commons ,attribution #c4j ,unport$ ,lic5se1 http3_/_/creativecommons4org_/ ,,z5 ,,culture ,anyone :o exam9es ! ,z5 arts is imm$iately /ruck by h[ mod]n !y seem4 ,! c]amics ( #af?-c5tury ,z5 arti/s c\ld be int]*ang$ ) ! rugg$ pots ( our own contempor>y crafts movem5t2 anci5t calligraphies sugge/ ! mono*romes ( ,franz ,kl9e or ,willem de ,koon+2 ! app>5t nons5se & illogic ( ,z5 p>ables 7& ,no !at] & ,haiku poetry7 e/abli%$ ! limitations ( language long be=e ! !at] ( ! absurd2 #djj-ye>-old ,z5 ar*itecture seems to be a copy ( mod]n design ideas su* z modul> siz+1 expos$ woods1 raw mat]ials1 b>e walls1 unclutt]$ space & a ,cali=nia m>riage ( h\se & g>d54 ,z5 values exp]i5c+ ?+s ov] analyz+ !m4 ,p]haps if we c take ! p[] ( direct p]ception1 %>p5$ by ! devices ( ,z5 art1 back to ev]yday activities1 we w f9d a beauty 9 common objects t we previ\sly ignor$4 ,select$ ,reviews ,! notori\sly grumpy ,kirkus ,reviews said1 ,?omas ,hoov] has a consid]able gift = express+ 8 appreciation & und]/&+ ( v>i\s arts associat$ ) ,z54 4 4 4 ,^! are deftly treat$1 ) a concise synopsis ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ea*2 & toge!r ,hoov]'s discussions provide an excell5t introduction to ! ae/hetics ( ,japanese culture4 ,libr>y ,j\rnal said1 ,hoov] cov]s ! gr\nd 9 an easy & in=mative way1 describ+ ! orig9s ( ,z5 itself & ! ,z5 roots ( swordsman%ip1 ar*itecture1 food1 poetry1 drama1 c]amics1 & _m o!r areas ( ,japanese life4 ,! book is pack$ ) facts1 ! bibliography is excell5t1 ! illu/rations few b mo/ appropriate1 & ! /yle cle> & smoo?4 ,a mo/ useful book = all collections4 ,asian ,/udies decl>$1 ,highly recomm5d$4 ,,z5 ,,culture moves easily f ! political climate t gave rise to ,z5 to ! cultural areas - art1 ar*itecture1 !atre1 lit]ature1 fl[] arrangem5t1 design1 ar*]y1 swordsman%ip - :]e ,z5 has manife/$ itself4 ,z = ! influ5ce ( ! ,z5 ae/hetic1 ! ,h\/on ,*ronicle said1 ,hoov] sugge/s we ne$ only look ar\nd4 ,mod]n furniture is clean1 simple l9es 9 un/a9$1 unadorn$ woods4 ,& t old fad became a habit1 h\seplants4 ,^! are all expressions ( ideas born ) ,z53 und]/atem5t1 asymmetry1 intuitive p]ception1 nature wor%ip1 discipl9$ res]ve4 ,highly recomm5d$1 said ,! ,c5t] = ,tea*]s ( ,asian ,/udies4 ,we/]n intellectuals h tri$ to repres5t ! height ( ,buddhi/ my/icism )9 ! pages ( m]e books1 r$uc+ an ineffable exp]i5ce into a writt5 report4 ,pr$ictably su* attempts h fail$ mis]ably4 ,,z5 ,,culture by ,?omas ,hoov] comes ! close/ to succe$+1 said ,h>k ,publi%+4 ,,z5 ,,culture1 conc]n$ z x is ) ! process ( p]ception z mu* z ) actual works ( art1 c op5 our s5se s t we exp]i5ce anew ! arts ( bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 anci5t & mod]n4 decl>$ ! ,asian ,mail4 ,& to g multi-m$ia1 ,,nyc-,,fm 9 ,new ,york said1 ,hoov] takes u on a gr& t\r ( ,z5 ar*]y & swordsman%ip1 fl[] arrang+1 drama1 food1 g>d5+1 pa9t+1 poetry1 ar*itecture4 ,8 book is ess5tially "o by a connoisseur4 ,,books ,,by ,,?omas ,,hoov] ,nonfiction ,z5 ,culture ,! ,z5 ,exp]i5ce ,fiction ,! ,moghul ,c>ibbee ,wall ,/reet ,samurai 7,! ,samurai ,/rategy7 ,project ,da$alus ,project ,cyclops ,life ,blood ,syndrome ,all free z e-books at www4?oma%oov]4info ,?r\gh\t ! entire ,f> ,ea/ ( ,*9a1 ,korea1 & ,japan1 we see ! sy/em ( a unique culture :i* orig9at$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 rea*$ its m]idian 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies & began to decl9e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b :i* is /ill kept up 9 ,japan ev5 9 ?is day ( mat]ialism & me*anization4 ,x is call$ ,z5 ,culture4 ,,sohaku ,,ogata1 ,z5 = ! ,we/ ,,z5 ,,culture ,?omas ,hoov] ,r&om ,h\se ,new ,york ,copyright 7,c7 #aigg by ,?omas ,hoov] ,all rights res]v$ "u ,int]national & ,pan-,am]ican ,copyright ,conv5tions4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,r&om ,h\se1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 & simultane\sly 9 ,canada by ,r&om ,h\se ( ,canada ,limit$1 ,toronto4 ,,isbn #j-cid-dajgb-f ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,key ,words3 ,au?or3 ,?omas ,hoov] ,title3 ,z5 ,culture ,z5 ,hi/ory1 ,haiku1 ,z51 ,c]amics1 ,ar*]y1 ,l&scape ,g>d51 ,/one ,g>d51 ,ink ,l&scape1 ,z5 ,ar*itecture1 ,sword1 ,katana1 ,no ,!at]1 ,noh ,!at]1 ,japanese ,tea ,c]emony1 ,tea ,c]emony1 ,fl[] arrang+1 ,ikebana1 ,z5 ,c]amic ,art1 ,raku1 ,%9o1 ,ryoanji-ji ,,p]missions ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ! foll[+ = p]mission to repr9t previ\sly publi%$ mat]ial3 ,,ams ,press1 ,inc43 ,two ?ree-l9e poems f page #ge ( ,di>ies ( ,c\rt ,ladies ( ,old ,japan2 ,d\bl$ay ,company1 ,inc43 ,eight ,haiku poems f ,an ,introduction to ,haiku by ,h>old ,g4 ,h5d]son4 ,copyright 7,c7 #aieh by ,h>old ,g4 ,h5d]son2 ,! ,hokuseido ,press ,co4 ,ltd43 ,poem on page #ce ( ,! ,kob9 ,waka-,%u1 translat$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,honda4 ,poem on page #hb ( ,hi/ory ( ,haiku1 ,vol4 ,,ii by ,r4 ,h4 ,bly?2 ,p5gu9 ,books ,ltd43 ,a tanka f ',ise ,monogat>i' by ,ariw>a ,n>ihira4 ,repr9t$ f page #ga ( ,! ,p5gu9 ,book ( ,japanese ,v]se1 translat$ by ,ge(frey ,b[nas & ,an?ony ,?waite 7#aifd74 ,copyright 7,c7 #aigd by ,ge(frey ,b[nas & ,an?ony ,?waite2 ,%ambala ,publications1 ,inc4 7,b]keley1 ,cali=nia73 ,poems on pages #ae & #ah ( ,! ,sutra ( ,hui-,n5g2 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press3 ,poem on page #ia ( ,an ,introduction to ,japanese ,c\rt ,poetry by ,e>l ,m9]2 ,*>les ,e4 ,tuttle ,company1 ,inc43 ,?ree l9es ( v]se f page #acj ( ,! ,noh ,drama2 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press3 ,f\r-l9e ,haiku poem f page #ajd ( ,! ,ye> ( ,my ,life3 ,a ,translation ( ,issa's ,oraga ,h>u1 translat$ by ,nobuyuki ,yuasa4 ,copyright 7,c7 ,i#ifj1 #aigb by ,! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,?anks g to ,anne ,fre$good = edit+ ! manuscript & = h] _m helpful sugge/ions2 to ,pr(essor ,ronald ,f4 ,mill] = critical advice on ?+s ,we/]n1 rang+ f art to ae/hetics2 to ,pr(essor ,g>y ,d4 ,prideaux = introduc+ ! au?or to bo? ,japan & ,japanese l+ui/ics2 to ,tatsuo & ,kiyoko ,i%imoto = assi/ance 9 int]pret+ ,japanese ar*itecture2 & to o!rs :o h graci\sly review$ ! manuscript at v>i\s /ages & provid$ helpful sugge/ions1 includ+ ,julie ,hoov]1 ,lynn ,grifo1 ,anna ,/]n & ,ell5 ,o',h>a4 ,i am also grateful = guidance f ,pr(essors ,%ig]u ,matsugami & ,taka%i ,yo%ida1 =m]ly ( ,tottori ,univ]sity1 & f ! g>d5 arti/ ,masaaki ,ue%ima4 ,! insights ( yet o!rs1 lo/ 9 ye>s ( que/ion+ & rese>*1 are ackn[l$g$ "h 9 _s if n1 un=tunately1 9 "n4 ,japanese ,*ronology ,,jomon ,,culture 7#bjjj ,b4,c4 8-ca4 #cjj ,b4,c4 7 ,,yayoi ,,p]iod 7ca4 #cjj ,b4c-ca4 ,a4,d4 #cjj7 ,,m\nd ,,tomb ,,era 7ca4 ,a4,d4 #cjj-eeb7 ,,asuka ,,p]iod 7#eeb-fde7 ,buddhism introduc$ 7#eeb7 ,*9ese gov]nm5t & in/itutions copi$ ,,e>ly ,,n>a ,,p]iod 7#fde-gaj7 ,,late ,,n>a ,,p]iod 7#gaj-gid7 ,japan rul$ f replica ( ,*9ese capital ( ,*'ang-an built at ,n>a 7#gaj7 ,bronze ,buddha l>ge/ 9 _w d$icat$ at ,n>a 7#geb7 ,compilation ( e>ly poetry an?ology ,manyo%u 7#ghj7 ,s*ol>ly ,buddhi/ sects dom9ate ,n>a ,,heian ,,p]iod 7#gid-aahe7 ,capital e/abli%$ at ,heian-kyo 7,kyoto7 7#gid7 ,sai*o 7#gfg-hbb7 introduces ,t5dai ,buddhism f ,*9a 7#hjf7 ,kukai 7#ggd-hce7 introduces ,%+on ,buddhism f ,*9a 7#hjh7 ,la/ mission to ,tang c\rt ends direct ,*9ese influ5ce 7#hch7 ,tale ( ,g5ji writt5 by ,lady ,murasaki 7ca4 #ajjb-ajai7 ,hon5 7#aacc-abab7 f\nds ,pure ,l&1 or ,jodo1 sect 7#aage7 ,taira clan takes control ( gov]nm5t1 ou/+ ari/ocracy 7#aaei7 ,m9amoto clan replaces ,taira 7#aahe7 ,,kamakura ,,p]iod 7#aahe-accc7 ,w>rior outpo/ 9 ,kamakura becomes effective capital 7#aahe7 ,eisai 7#aada-abae7 introduces koan-ori5t$ ,r9zai sect ( ,z5 on ,kyu%u 7#aaia7 ,m9amoto ,yoritomo 7#aadg-aaii7 becomes %ogun 7#aaib7 ,hojo clan assumes real p[] 9 ,kamakura 7#abje7 ,%9ran 7#aagc-abfb7 f\nds rival ,amidi/ sect call$ ,true ,pure ,l&1 or ,jodo ,%9 7#abbd7 ,dog5 7#abjj-abec7 f\nds zaz5-ori5t$ ,soto ,z5 7#abcf7 ,ni*ir5 7#abbb-abhb7 f\nds new sect /ress+ *ants to ,lotus ,sutra 7#abec7 ,,a%ikaga ,,p]iod 7#aacc-aegc7 ,hojo reg5cy end$2 ,kamakura de/roy$ 7#accc7 ,emp]or ,godaigo briefly re/ores imp]ial rule 7#accd7 ,a%ikaga ,takauji 7#acje-aceh7 ou/s ,godaigo1 :o e/abli%es rival c\rt 7#accf7 ,takauji becomes %ogun1 beg9n+ ,a%ikaga era prop] 7#acch7 ,muso ,soseki 7#abge-acea7 conv9ces ,takauji to f\nd sixty-six ,z5 temples ?r\gh\t ,japan 7#acch7 ,l&scape g>d5s evolve to reflect ,z5 ae/hetic ideals ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu 7#aceh-adjh7 e/abli%es relations ) ,m+ ,*9a 7#adja7 ,zeami 7#acfc-addc71 enc\rag$ by ,yo%imitsu1 creates ,no !at] ,gold5 ,pavilion built by ,yo%imitsu 7begun #acid7 ,sung mono*romes import$1 inspir+ re-creation ( ,*9ese s*ools 7f\rte5? c5tury7 ,yo%imasa 7#adce-adij7 becomes %ogun 7#addc7 ,on9 ,w> beg9s1 to deva/ate ,kyoto = t5 ye>s 7#adfg7 ,silv] ,pavilion built by ,yo%imasa2 ,z5 ar*itecture 7#adhb7 ,tea c]emony beg9s to take classic %ape z a celebration ( ,z5 ae/hetics ,ses%u ,toyo 7#adbj-aejf71 greate/ ,japanese l&scape arti/ ,ab/ract /one g>d5s appe> 7ca4 #adij7 ,g5]al an>*y envelops c\ntry 7ca4 #aejj7 ,portuguese discov] ,japan1 introduce fire>ms 7#aedb7 ,francis ,xavi] arrives to prea* 7#aedi7 ,a%ikaga %ogunate ov]?r[n by ,oda ,nobunaga 7#aecd-aehb7 ,,momoyama ,,p]iod 7#aegc-afae7 ,nobunaga beg9s unification ( ,japan 7#aegc7 ,nobunaga assass9at$ 7#aehb7 ,hideyo%i 7#aecf-aeih7 assumes control & cont9ues unification 7#aehb7 ,s5 no ,rikyu 7#aebj-aeia7 propagates ,z5 ae/hetics ?r\gh tea c]emony ,city ( ,edo 7,tokyo7 f\nd$ 7#aeij7 ,hideyo%i unsuccessfully invades ,korea1 returns ) ,korean c]amic arti/s 7#aeib7 ,momoyama ,ca/le built by ,hideyo%i1 giv+ "n to ! age 7#aeid7 ,rise ( elaborate arts 9 opposition to ,z5 ae/hetic ideals ,tokugawa ,ieyasu 7#aedb-afaf7 appo9t$ %ogun 7#afjc7 ,ieyasu defeats =ces support+ ,hideyo%i's heir 7#afae7 ,,tokugawa ,,p]iod 7#afae-ahfh7 ,ieyasu f\nds ,tokugawa %ogunate 7#afae7 ,daimyo =c$ to beg9 sy/em ( att5dance on ,tokugawa 9 ,edo ,ba%o 7#afdd-afid71 greate/ ,haiku poet ,popul> arts ( ,kabuki & woodblock pr9ts arise 9 ,edo ,classic ,z5 culture no long] support$ by %ogunate ,haku9 7#afhe-agfh7 revives ,z5 & broad5s appeal ,z5 culture influ5ces popul> arts & crafts ,,major ,,*9ese ,,p]iods ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bbj7 ,six ,dyna/ies 7#bbj-ehi7 ,sui dyna/y 7#ehi-fah7 ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg7 ,five ,dyna/ies 7#ijg-ifj7 ,nor!rn ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-aabg7 ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y 7#aabg-abgi7 ,yuan 7,mongol7 dyna/y 7#abgi-acfh7 ,m+ dyna/y 7#acfh-afdd7 ,,z5 ,,culture ,=eword ,,anyone ,,:o ,,exam9es ! ,z5 arts is imm$iately /ruck by h[ mod]n !y seem4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fam\s /one g>d5s are ab/ract expressionism pure & simple1 creat$ out ( f\nd objects4 ,! c]amics ( ! sixte5?-c5tury ,z5 arti/s c\ld be int]*ang$ ) ! rugg$ pots ( our own contempor>y crafts movem5t & few p w\ld notice a diff]5ce4 ,anci5t ,z5 calligraphies1 bold & sla%+1 sugge/ ! mono*romes ( ,franz ,kl9e or ,willem de ,koon+1 & if ! ^w impressioni/ic has any real mean+ left1 ! spontane\s1 intuitive1 impulsive ,z5 pa9t]s %\ld h fir/ claim to x4 ,! app>5t nons5se & illogic ( ,z5 p>ables e/abli%$ ! limitations ( language long be=e ! !at] ( ! absurd decid$ to ridicule our mod]n d\blespeak2 inde$1 our new-f\nd skepticism ab\t language z a m$ium = communication 0 a commonplace to ,japanese arti/s :o creat$ bo? a drama 7! ,no7 & a poetry 7! ,haiku7 t neatly circumv5t reliance on m]e words = expression--& 9 two entirely diff]5t ways4 ,f\r-hundr$-ye>-old ,z5 ar*itecture appe>s to be virtually a copy ( contempor>y design ideas3 modul> siz+1 expos$ woods & mat]ials1 movable p>titions1 multifunctional rooms1 b>e walls & unclutt]$ space1 indirect light+ effects1 & a ,cali=nia m>riage ( h\se & g>d54 ,! celebrat$ tea c]emony might be consid]$ an e>ly =m ( ,japanese gr\p !rapy1 :ile ,z5 l&scape g>d5s are no?+ less ?an a ma/]ful deception masqu]ad+ z ! natural look4 ,if all ?is 7 n co9cid5ce en\gh1 consid] = a mom5t our pres5t-day arti/ic conv5tions & ae/hetic ideals4 ,l mu* ( :at we consid] mod]n1 ,z5 arts t5d to be z simple z possible1 ) clean1 ev5 sev]e1 l9es4 ,decoration = its own sake is virtually nonexi/5t2 ,z5 arti/s _h no m ta/e = ! ornate ?an we d today4 ,! works ( m$ieval ,z5 arti/s 7 r\gh & asymmetrical1 ) a skillful exploitation ( delib]ate imp]fections & blemi%es to make ! view] aw>e ( bo? ! mat]ials us$ & ! process ( creation4 ,if x is true t classic art makes "o aw>e ( ! =m & romantic art makes "o aw>e ( ! arti/1 ,z5 art makes "o aw>e ( ! "w ( art itself4 ,we h absorb$ into our ,we/]n culture almo/ unaw>es su* ,z5 cultural =ms & ae/hetic pr9ciples z ,japanese ideas ( ar*itecture1 g>d5s1 & fl[] arrang+4 ,o!r =ms1 su* z ,haiku poetry & ,z5-/yle c]amics1 we h borr[$ 9 a m op5-h&$ way1 freely ackn[l$g+ ! s\rce4 ,actually1 none ( ! ,z5 arts is really out ( our rea*1 & a critical foll[+ has develop$ 9 ! ,we/ = almo/ all ( !m4 ,! great ,iri% poet & dramati/ ,william ,butl] ,yeats embrac$ ! ,z5-inspir$ ,no drama1 al?\gh he probably knew next to no?+ ab\t ,z54 7,= t matt]1 we %\ld recall t no ,engli%-language books 7 writt5 on ,z5 until well into ! tw5tie? c5tury47 ,x seems fair to say t ! ,z5 arts h t\*$ u because !y express "s view ( ! _w t we h1 sev]al hundr$ ye>s lat]1 q indep5d5tly come to %>e4 ,yet = all ! seem+ famili>ity1 !re rema9s an ali5 quality4 ,we are n always aw>e ( ! really q extraord9>y m9d manipulation inh]5t 9 ,z5 art4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 does a ,japanese g>d5 (t5 seem mu* l>g] ?an x really is8 ,h[ does ! ,japanese- /yle room alt] human p]ception 9 su* a way t p's exp]i5ce ( ea* o!r is int5sifi$8 ,:y d ,z5 c]amics always manage to make "o take special notice ( _! surface8 ,?is subtle manipulation ( p]ception is all done by +5i\s b c>efully hidd5 tricks4 ,b s9ce ! ,z5 arts appe> s mod]n1 we are lull$ out ( look+ bel[ ! surface to f9d ! fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,mo/ important ( all1 x is easy to miss :at is surely ! mo/ significant quality ( ,z5 arts--_! ability to unlock our p[]s ( direct p]ception4 ,s9ce ,z5 tea*es t categories & sy/ematic analysis h9d] real und]/&+ ( ! out] 7or inn]7 _w1 _m ,z5 arts are specifically design$ to awak5 our lat5t ability to p]ceive directly4 ,!y appe> innoc5t en\gh on ! surface1 b !y involve a subtle m9d- massage n obvi\s to a casual obs]v]4 ,x is ?is add$ dim5sion ( ,z5 art t truly sets x ap>t f any?+ we h produc$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,9 ^! pages ,i w attempt to trace ! hi/ory & *>act]i/ics ( bo? ,z5 & ! ,z5 arts--to expla9 :]e !y came f1 :y !y arose1 :at !y 7 int5d$ to d1 & h[ !y g ab\t do+ x4 ,i h also includ$ "s ,we/]n-/yle analysis ( _! v non- ,we/]n qualities4 ,! ae/hetic ideas emb$d$ 9 ,z5 culture & its p]ception-induc+ works ( art are among ! mo/ /unn+ a*ievem5ts 9 _w art hi/ory4 ,z5 culture1 conc]n$ z x is ) ! process ( p]ception z mu* z ) actual works ( art1 c op5 our s5ses s t we exp]i5ce anew ! arts ( bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,cont5ts ,,"p ,i3 ,! ,beg9n+s3 ,prehi/ory to #accc #a4 ,z5 ,culture & ! ,c\nt] ,m9d #b4 #c4 ,! ,prelude to ,z5 ,culture #d4 #e4 ,! ,rise ( ,japanese ,buddhism #f4 #g4 ,! ,*ronicles ( ,z5 #h4 #i4 ,z5 ,ar*]y & ,swordsman%ip #aj4 ,,"p ,,ii3 ,! ,age ( ,high ,culture3 ,a%ikaga 7#accc-aegc7 #aa4 ,! ,great ,age ( ,z5 #ab4 #ac4 ,z5 & ! ,l&scape ,g>d5 #ad4 #h4 ,! ,/one ,g>d5s ( ,z5 #i4 ,z5 & ! ,ink ,l&scape #aj4 ,! ,z5 ,ae/hetics ( ,japanese ,ar*itecture #aa4 #ab4 ,! ,no ,!at] #ac4 ,,"p ,,iii3 ,! ,rise ( ,popul> ,z5 ,culture3 #aegc to ! ,pres5t #ad4 ,b\rgeois ,society & ,lat] ,z5 #ae4 #af4 ,! ,tea ,c]emony #ag4 #ah4 ,z5 ,c]amic ,art #ai4 #bj4 ,z5 & ,haiku #ba4 #bb4 ,private ,z53 ,fl[]s & ,food #bc4 #bd4 ,! ,lessons ( ,z5 ,culture #be4 ,,ref]5ces ,,bibliography ,,gloss>y ,"p ,i ,,! ,,beg9n+s3 ,,prehi/ory ,,to #accc ,,*apt] ,,"o ,z5 ,culture & ! ,c\nt] ,m9d ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ !y gr[4 ,mat!w #f3bh ,pre-,buddhi/ clay figure 7haniwa7 ,,! ,,z5 ,,tradition ext5ds back "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s to a w&]+ ,indian tea*] ( m$itation nam$ ,bodhidh>ma4 ,z ,indian gurus are fond ( do+1 ,bodhidh>ma left 8 homel& & j\rney$ abroad1 foll[+ :at 0 9 ^? days a well-beat5 trail to ,*9a4 ,^u rea*+ ,nank+1 he paus$ to visit ! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,wu1 a man kn[n to be a p>ticul>ly dev\t ,buddhi/4 ,! emp]or 0 delight$ to receive 8 fam\s ,indian gue/ & proce$$ imm$iately to boa/ ( 8 own accompli%m5ts4 ,i h built _m temples4 ,i h copi$ ! sacr$ sutras4 ,i h l$ _m to ! ,buddha4 ,!re=e1 ,i ask y3 ,:at is my m]it3 ,:at rew>d h ,i e>n$8 ,bodhidh>ma report$ly gr[l$1 ,none :atsoev]1 y\r ,maje/y4 ,! emp]or 0 />tl$ b p]si/$1 ,tell me !n1 :at is ! mo/ important pr9ciple or tea*+ ( ,buddhism8 ,va/ empt9ess1 ,bodhidh>ma repli$1 mean+1 ( c\rse1 ! void ( nonatta*m5t4 ,n kn[+ :at to make ( 8 gue/1 ! emp]or back$ away & inquir$1 ,:o exactly are y :o /&s be=e me n[8 ,to :i* ,bodhidh>ma admitt$ he _h no idea4 ,s5s+ t ! emp]or 0 n yet prep>$ = su* tea*+s1 ,bodhidh>ma left ! palace & travel$ to a m\nta9 mona/]y to beg9 a long c>e] ( m$itation4 ,ov] ! ye>s 8 reputation = wisdom gradually attract$ _m foll[]s--dissid5t ,*9ese :o reject$ classical ,buddhism & all its rigm>ole 9 favor ( ,bodhidh>ma's m$itation1 or dhyana1 a ,sanskrit t]m !y pron\nc$ z ,*'an--lat] to be call$ ,z5 by ! ,japanese4 ,?is tea*+ ( m$itation & va/ empt9ess %>$ v little ) o!r bran*es ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,*'an _h no sacr$ images because x _h no gods to wor%ip1 & x de-emphasiz$ ! scriptures1 s9ce its c5tral dogma 0 t dogma is useless4 ,h&$ d[n f ma/] to pupil 0 ! p>adoxical tea*+ t no?+ c be taught4 ,accord+ to ,*'an 7& ,z571 und]/&+ comes only by ignor+ ! intellect & he$+ ! in/9cts1 ! intuition4 ,?us ,z5 became ! religion ( ! antirational1 :at might be call$ ! c\nt] m9d4 ,! c\nt] m9d has tak5 on m concrete significance 9 rec5t ye>s ) ! discov]y t ! human m9d is n a s+le entity b is divid$ into two q diff]5t functional sections4 ,we n[ "k t ! left hemisph]e ( ! bra9 gov]ns ! logical1 analytical portion ( our lives1 :]eas ! "r hemisph]e is ! seat ( our intuitive1 nonv]bal p]ception & und]/&+4 ,z f> back z ! anci5t ,greeks1 we 9 ! ,we/ h ma9ta9$ an almo/ un%akable belief 9 ! sup]iority ( ! analytical side ( ! m9d1 & ?is belief may well be ! mo/ consi/5t di/+ui%+ quality ( ,we/]n philosophy4 ,by contra/1 ! ,ea/ 9 g5]al & ,z5 9 p>ticul> h advanc$ ! opposite view4 ,9 fact1 ,z5 ma/]s h delib]ately develop$ te*niques 7l illogical riddles or koan7 to discr$it ! logical1 v]bal side ( ! m9d s t ! intuitive p]ceptions ( ! "r hemisph]e1 ! c\nt] m9d1 may def9e reality4 ,:at is ! c\nt] m9d really l8 ,:at is !re ab\t x t has caus$ ,we/]n ?9k]s to disav[ its functions = s _m c5turies8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is n simple1 b ! pa? lead+ to x is directly be=e u4 ,z5 has produc$ a ri* culture :i* we may n[ exam9e at l5g?4 ,z ! s*ol>-diplomat ,sir ,george ,sansom has po9t$ out1 ,! influ5ce ( ,z5 ^u ,japan has be5 s subtle & p]vad+ t x has become ! ess5ce ( h] f9e/ culture4 ,& 9 ! classical culture ( ,japan x is possible to f9d ! mo/ reveal+ examples ( ! arts ( ! c\nt] m9d4 ,z5 culture invites u to exp]i5ce reality )\t ! int]v5+ di/ractions ( intellect1 categories1 analysis4 ,"h we may f9d ! be/ evid5ce ( :at ! intuitive side ( ! m9d c produce--evid5ce all ! m fasc9at+ because x repudiates _m ( ! mo/ *]i%$ assumptions ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,:5 exam9$ closely1 ,z5 culture 9 ,japan reveals at lea/ ?ree int]relat$ aspects or faces4 ,fir/ !re are ! f9e arts1 creations ( beauty b also devices :]eby ! ,z5 ma/]s transmit o!rwise inexpressible insights4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 ! ,z5 ma/]s did n tr\ble to inv5t new art =ms b r co-opt$ exi/+ ,japanese 7& sometimes ,*9ese7 =ms & revis$ !m to suit ,z5 purposes4 ,dur+ m$ieval times1 ! ,*9ese-/yle g>d5s s favor$ by ! ,japanese ari/ocracy 7 adopt$ = use ar\nd ,z5 temples1 b n be=e !y 7 fir/ conv]t$ into small-scale l&scape pa9t+s & lat] into mono*rome ab/ractions4 ,*9ese ink pa9t+1 bo? t ( ! ,sung academy & t ( ecc5tric ,*9ese ,*'an monks1 0 import$ & made ! (ficial art ( ,z54 ,ideas f ,%9to ar*itecture 7 comb9$ ) design details f ma9l& ,*'an mona/]ies to produce ! ,z5-inspir$ classic ,japanese h\se4 ,v>i\s types ( ru/ic dramatic skits popul> among ! ,japanese peasants 7 conv]t$ by ,z5 ae/hetes into a solemn !at] exp]i5ce call$ ! ,no1 ^: plays & n>rative poetry are s au/]e1 symbolic1 & pr(\nd z to seem a k9d ( ,z5 ,mass4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( popul> ,z5 culture1 poets revis$ ! /&>d ,japanese poetic =m1 :i* might be comp>$ loosely to ! ,we/]n sonnet1 into a %ort]1 epigrammatic expression ( ! ,z5 outlook--! sev5te5-syllable ,haiku4 ,z5 c]amics are a curi\s mixture ( ,japanese folk craft & ,*9ese te*nical sophi/ication2 fl[] arrang+ is a l9k betwe5 ,z5 & ! ,japanese love ( nature1 blossoms & beauty2 ev5 =mal ,japanese cuis9e is (t5 m a celebration ( ,z5 ideals ?an a response to hung]4 ,! fam\s ,japanese tea c]emony evolv$ f a ,*9ese p>ty game into a solemn episode = ! celebration ( ideal beauty1 inn] calm1 & ! ,z5 concept ( liv+4 ,! second face ( ,z5 culture is be/ se5 9 ! way 9 :i* ,japanese life diff]s f our own4 ,?is is n to sugge/ t e ,japanese is a liv+ exempl> ( ,z51 b r t _m ( ! peculi>ities--bo? good & bad--( ! way ( life we n[ ?9k ( z ,japanese are traceable to attitudes /emm+ f ,z54 ,9 ! milit>y sph]e1 ,z5 influ5ce began z a special approa* to swordsman%ip & ar*]y & end$ z a discipl9$ contempt = dea? beyond :at any o!r religion has inspir$1 save possibly 9 a few sa9ts4 ,9 ! milit>y arts1 z 9 o!r areas ( life1 ,z5 bo? l$ & foll[$ ,japanese culture--mold+ t culture & also pres5t+ a vehicle = ! expression ( t5d5cies f> old] ?an ,z51 among !m ! hi/oric ,japanese love ( nature1 ! acceptance ( h>d%ip z uplift+ to ! _s1 ! refusal to di/+ui% betwe5 ! religi\s & ! secul>1 & ! capacity = ! mo/ unpleasant sorts ( self-discipl9e4 ,x might be said t ! ideals ( ,z5 /ruck a respond5t *ord 9 ! ,japanese "*1 br++ h>mony :]e once !re _h be5 r&om notes4 ,z5 also br\ght some?+ new to ! ,japanese :i* might be describ$ z a religion ( tranquility1 or ! idea t tranquility is ! ma9 objective ( religion4 ,! und]side ( ?is tranquility is its s5se ( humor4 ,z51 ) its absurdi/ koan1 laughs at life mu* ! way ! ,m>x bro!rs did4 ,:at exactly c y make ( a philosophical sy/em ^: tea*] answ]s ! "q1 ,h[ d y see ?+s s cle>ly8 ) ! seem+ "o-l9]1 ,i close my eyes8 ,z5 has long us$ ! comic view ( life to deflate ^? :o />t believ+ 9 _! own sy/ems & categories4 ,x is easi] to be tranquil ab\t exi/5ce :5 y recognize ! po9tlessness ( solemnity4 ,! o!r side ( ! religion ( tranquility is ! ne$ to ma9ta9 peace ( m9d 9 ! face ( *aos4 ,sitt+ quietly 9 m$itation is ! traditional ma9/ay ( ,ea/]n religion1 b ,z5 manages to c>ry ! m5tal repose born ( m$itation back into daily life4 ,?is equanimity is ! product ( inn] res\rces br\ght into be+ by spiritual tra9+4 ,y ne$ n /udy ,z5 to h x1 b x is ,z5's mo/ tangible goal4 ,! ,japanese1 ^: ability to ignore ext]nal di/ractions 9 a hectic _w is possibly _! be/-kn[n national trait1 h delib]ately us$ ,z5 & ,z5 arts 7su* z ! tea c]emony1 fl[] arrang+1 or ink pa9t+7 to c\nt]act ! /resses ( mod]n life4 ,! foll[] ( ,z5 is protect$ f ! incursions ( ! _w by an inv]t$ 79 our ,we/]n t]ms7 und]/&+ ( :at is real & :at illusory4 ,"o ( ! all-"t favorite koan helps to make ?is cle>4 ,! koan describes ?ree monks wat*+ a bann] flutt] 9 ! breeze4 ,"o monk obs]ves1 ,! bann] is mov+1 b ! second insi/s1 ,! w9d is mov+4 ,f9ally1 ! ?ird monk says1 ,y are bo? wrong4 ,x is y\r m9d t is mov+4 ,! po9t "h is t1 9 mod]n times1 mo/ ,we/]n]s view ! physical _w z ! op]ative reality & ! unse51 nonphysical _w z an ab/raction 7com=t+ or n1 dep5d+ ^u our beliefs or imm$iate ne$s1 ! spiritual _w is said to gr[ less ab/ract to ^? 9 foxholes74 ,b ,z5 takes ! opposite tack2 x holds t true reality is ! fundam5tal unity ( m9d & matt]1 inn] _s & ext]nal _w4 ,:5 life is view$ 9 su* t]ms1 !re c be no success or failure1 happ9ess or unhapp9ess2 life is a :ole1 & y are simply "p ( x4 ,!re are no dualities1 h5ce !re is no?+ to worry ab\t4 ,! result is p]fect tranquility4 ,( c\rse1 "o small ?read rema9s to be ti$4 ,:at d y d ab\t daily life1 :]e ! _w c>ries on z ?\gh x really does exi/1 dualities & all8 ,q simply1 ,z5 w\ld h y treat ! physical _w exactly z foll[]s ( ,we/]n religions sometimes treat ! spiritual _w--z a conv5i5t fiction ^: ph5om5a y honor z ?\gh !y exi/$1 al?\gh y "k all ! :ile t !y are illusions4 ,! _w ( /rife & relative values may tr\ble ^? :o mi/ake x = ! real ?+1 b ! ,z5-man e*oes ! words ( ,hamlet1 ,we t h free s\ls1 x t\*es u n4 ,! _w is 9 fact mean+less4 ,x is "o's m9d t is mov+4 ,h[ev] />tl+ su* a doctr9e may be to ,we/]n rationali/s1 x has eng5d]$ su* ,japanese ph5om5a z ! samurai swordsm5 & ! kamikaze pilot1 bo? ( :om c\ld1 9 ! ,japanese phrase1 live z if already dead4 ,on a less dramatic scale1 x all[s ! mod]n ,japanese to be spiritually cont5t & enjoy m5tal repose 9 a cr[d$ subway1 or to f9d solitude 9 a pap]-wall$ h\se amid noisy neighbors4 ,!y wrap _! cocoon ( tranquility ab\t !m & become spiritually ap>t4 ,aga91 x is possible to enjoy ?is inn] repose )\t ,z51 b only 9 a ,z5 culture c\ld x become a national trait4 ,! ?ird face ( ,z51 ! deep conc]n ) & und]/&+ ( :at con/itutes beauty1 also prec$$ ,z5 culture 9 ,japan to "s degree4 ,z ) _m ( ! exi/+ ,japanese art =ms1 ! native s5se ( ta/e 0 co-opt$ by ,z5 culture & b5t to ! rules ( ,z54 ,ae/hetic disc]nm5t 0 z important = social advancem5t 9 m$ieval1 pre-,z5 ,japan z good gramm> is 9 ! ,we/ today1 & ! *>act]i/ic att5tion to small details1 ! g5u9e ability to notice ?+s1 f ! fea!r$ pa/el hues ( a p>tially op5$ blossom to ! color$ refractions 9 a drop ( dew1 0 already well develop$4 ,9 ! c5turies be=e ,z51 ! notion t ae/hetics 9 ,japan c\ld reflect a philosophical po9t ( view w\ld h seem$ /range4 ,b to ! ta/e-mak]s ( ,z5 culture ! arts 7 ! h&maid5 ( spiritual ideas2 _! arts _h to make a /atem5t1 & z a result art became an expression ( religion1 n s mu* a direct1 po9t-blank depiction ( religi\s motifs z 9 ,*ri/ian art1 b r a belief t art itself is an inh]5tly religi\s conc]n--an idea ,z5 %>es ) ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,b :]eas ! ,greeks /rove = p]fect =m z an exemplification ( man's k9%ip ) ! gods1 ! ,z5 arti/ c>efully avoids f9al p]fection1 n wi%+ to idealize a physical _w ^: v exi/5ce he f9ds problematical4 ,p]haps ! mo/ noticeable pr9ciple ( ,z5 art is its asymmetry2 we se>* 9 va9 = /raight l9es1 ev5 numb]s1 r\nd circles4 ,fur!rmore1 no?+ ev] seems to be c5t]$4 ,our fir/ impulse is to g into ! "w & /raight5 ?+s up--:i* is precisely ! effect ! arti/ int5d$4 ,symmetrical art is a clos$ =m1 p]fect 9 itself & froz5 9 complet5ess2 asymmetrical art invites ! obs]v] 91 to exp& 8 imag9ation & to become "p ( ! process ( creation4 ,! abs5ce ( bilat]al symmetry my/]i\sly compels ! obs]v] to rea* pa/ surface =m & t\* ! individuality ( a "w4 ,ev5 m important1 ,z5 asymmetry =cefully draws "o away f any m5tal connection "o might h betwe5 complet$ =m & notions ( completion & timelessness 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,z5 d5ies ! significance ( ! ext]nal _w & und]scores ! po9t by nev] depict+ x 9 /atic1 /able1 or clos$ t]ms4 ,greek art 0 a tribute to p]fection2 ,z5 art is a /atem5t1 if only implicit1 t ! objective _w %\ld nev] be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,! ideas taught by asymmetry 9 ! visual arts are p>allel$ 9 ! lit]>y arts by ! device ( sugge/ion4 ,?is quality1 fir/ se5 9 pre-,z5 ari/ocratic poetry1 0 br\ght to new heights by ! ,z5 ,haiku poets4 ,among o!r ?+s1 a ,haiku poem sets y up = ! la/ l9e1 :i* kicks y\r imag9ation sp9n+ into imag]y4 ,! mo/ fam\s ,haiku poem ( all probably demon/rates ?is quality z well z any3 ,an anci5t pond2 ,a frog leaps 93 ,! s\nd ( wat]4 ,try to /op y\rself f he>+ t spla% 9 y\r imag9ation1 or try to /ifle ! images & details y\r m9d wants to fill 94 ,j z ) ! (f-balance picture or g>d51 ! ,z5 poet has =c$ y to be a "p ( 8 creation4 ,b m significantly1 he has a*iev$ a dep? & rev]b]ation impossible ) m]e words4 ,explicit art ends ) itself2 sugge/ive art is z limitless & pr(\nd z "o's imag9ation c make x4 ,ano!r obvi\s quality ( ,z5 art is its simplicity4 ,aga9 "o ?9ks ( ! sp>5ess & purity 9 ,greek art1 & aga9 ! connection is wrong4 ,a m useful comp>ison w\ld be ) ! div]se1 textur$ arts ( ,india1 :e!r s5su\s /atu>y or fabrics decorat$ ov] e squ>e in*4 ,indian art is a celebration ( life & vigor1 :]eas ,z51 ) its philosophy t categories & di/9ctions d n exi/1 is naturally unsympa!tic to decorative multiplicity4 ,! happy result ( ?is r sob] outlook is t ,z5 art seems surpris+ly mod]n2 x is nev] clutt]$1 busy1 gaudy1 ov]done4 ,! =ms--:e!r 9 ! classic ,japanese h\se1 ! /one g>d51 or a simple c]amic pot--are inv>iably clean & elegant4 ,& by avoid+ ov]/atem5t1 ! ,z5 arti/ manages to convey ! impression ( discipl9$ re/ra9t1 ( hav+ held some?+ 9 res]ve4 ,! result is a feel+ ( /r5g?1 ! s5se t "o has only glimps$ ! p[] ( ! arti/ r ?an exp]i5c$ ev]y?+ he _h to (f]4 ,! ,z5 arti/ may d5y "o voluptu\sness1 b 9 ! empty spaces "o s5ses a hidd5 pl5itude4 ,along ) simplicity goes naturalness & lack ( artifice4 ,z5 art always seems spontane\s & impulsive1 nev] delib]ate1 ?\ght-out1 or contriv$4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 ! arti/ mu/ s ma/] 8 te*nique t x nev] int]f]es ) 8 int5tions4 ,aga9 ! lesson is contempt = ! mat]ial _w2 "o mu/ nev] give ! impression ( hav+ tak5 "o's art1 or inde$ life itself1 too s]i\sly4 ,?is deceiv+ s5se ( naturalness is p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ! lat] ,z5 c]amic art1 9 :i* pott]s w5t out ( _! way to give _! b[ls a co>se1 unev5 f9i%4 ,!y tri$ v h>d to give ! impression t !y 7 n try+ at all4 ,! jo9]y ( ! ,japanese h\se is fir/ assembl$ ) ! c>e ev5 an e>ly ,european cab9etmak] might f9d excessive2 & !n x is left unpoli%$1 to age naturally6 ,su* is ! inv]t$ snobb]y ( ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,ano!r quality ( ,z5 art is its und]/atem5t or re/ra9t4 ,x does n yield all its secrets on fir/ view+2 !re are always dep?s :i* become app>5t ) fur!r /udy4 ,?is /oreh\se ( lat5t pr(undity is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! n>rative poetry ( ! ,no drama1 :i*1 al?\gh sugge/ive 9 some?+ l ! mann] ( ! light] ,haiku poems1 has a cutt+ edge capable ( sl[ly p5etrat+ ! deep] emotions4 ,?r\gh language seem+ly conc]n$ only ) ext]nalities1 ! *>act]s ( ! ,no give u ! full s5se ( _! inn] angui%1 someh[ communicat+ to u sorr[s too deep = words4 ,9 ! same way1 ,z5-inspir$ /one g>d5s h hidd5 qualities4 ,unlike =mal ,european or ,p]sian g>d5s1 :i* are ma9ly surface & rew>d ! view] ) all _! decorative beauty on ! fir/ visit1 ,z5 g>d5s pres5t y ) new pleasures & insights ea* "t y /udy !m4 ,because x conceals its pr(undity1 ,z5 art is nev] fully kn[able on fir/ acqua9tance2 !re is always some?+ m :5 "o is prep>$ to receive x4 ,p]haps ! mo/ puzzl+1 yet curi\sly rew>d+1 ae/hetic pr9ciple 9 ,z5 art is its seem+ celebration ( ! ravages ( "t4 ,! ,z5 ,japanese consid] a ta/e = newness ! m>k ( ! ae/hetic p>v5u4 ,to be sure1 ,we/]n]s :o h acquir$ a pref]5ce = antiques are sometimes look$ ^u z m sophi/icat$ ?an ^? pref]r+ ! late/ ma*9e-made item2 yet ,z5 ta/e has an important diff]5ce--! ,japanese w\ld nev] re/ore an antique4 ,! signs ( age & we> are to !m its mo/ beautiful qualities4 ,?is convolut$ attitude actually began 9 pre-,z5 ari/ocratic times1 :5 c\rti]s conclud$ t ! reason *]ry blossoms or autumn leaves 7 s beautiful 0 _! %ort season4 ,soon1 ! m p]i%able some?+ 01 ! m ae/hetically satisfy+ x became4 7,"o un=tunate result ( ?is po9t ( view 0 a lot ( m$iocre poetry ab\t ! dew47 ,lat]1 ,z5 took ov] ?is attitude1 ext5d+ x to ?+s t p]i% sl[ly1 & be=e long1 ?+s old & worn out--already p]i%$1 9 a s5se--7 ?\ght ! mo/ beautiful ( all4 ,?is idea fitt$ well ) ! ,z5 notion t mat]ial ?+s 7 dross & %\ld n be accord$ excessive importance4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t ! idea works2 old objects1 desiccat$ & app>5tly us$ up1 h a nobility t makes "o contemplate et]nity & scorn ! fa%ions ( ! mom5t4 ,brok5 & pat*$ tea b[ls or fray$ scrolls seem+ly fall+ ap>t are inde$ m beautiful ?an !y 7 :5 new4 ,! pat9a ( age is a lesson t "t is =ev] & t y1 creature ( an h\r1 w\ld d well to "k humility 9 ! face ( et]nity4 ,f9ally1 ! ae/hetic pr9ciples ( ,z5 culture's ?ird face also reflect ! practical conc]ns ( its second face1 tranquility4 ,z5 art exudes an unmi/akable calm & repose ( ! _s4 ,contemplat+ a /one g>d5 or view+ ! measur$ movem5ts ( ! tea c]emony1 "o realizes t ,z5 art is c]ta9 ( itself1 & x imp>ts ?is c]ta9ty1 ?is g5tle voice ( inn] calm1 to "o's _s4 ,! ?+s t matt] are settl$1 & ^? t d n are w9n[$ out l *aff 9 ! w9d4 ,& "h y realize t ,z5 art is1 la/ & =emo/1 a virile creation ( /r5g? & surety4 ,p]haps ! mo/ />tl+ ?+ ab\t ! ,z5 creations ( ! c\nt] m9d is t few ,japanese are will+ ev5 to discuss !m1 let alone analyze !m4 ,z5 is ! enemy ( analysis1 ! fri5d ( intuition4 ,analysis is to art :at gramm> is to a liv+ language1 ! dull aft]?\ght ( ! s*ol>1 & ,z5 culture despises excessive int]pretation z a lee* on ! _s ( life4 ,! ,z5 arti/ und]/&s ! ends ( 8 art intuitively1 & ! la/ ?+ he w\ld d is create categories2 ! av[$ purpose ( ,z5 is to elim9ate categories6 ,! true ,z5-man holds to ! old ,taoi/ prov]b1 ,^? :o "k d n speak4 ,^? :o speak d n "k4 ,ask a ,japanese to expla9 a ,z5 rock g>d5 & he w inspect y blankly1 uncompreh5d+4 ,! "q w nev] h occurr$ to him1 & he may try to sp>e y emb>rassm5t by pret5d+ y nev] ask$ or by *ang+ ! subject4 ,%\ld y p]si/1 he may g out & take its dim5sions = y1 ?9k+ by ?is objective1 mod]n response to satisfy y\r ,we/]n requirem5ts4 ,:5 y /op ask+ & surr5d] to a k9d ( intuitive osmosis1 y w h begun ! j\rney into ! culture ( ! c\nt] m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,two ,! ,prelude to ,z5 ,culture ,x 0 a cle>1 moonlit night 4 4 4 ,h] ,maje/y 4 4 4 sat by ! edge ( ! v]&a :ile ,ukon no ,nai%i play$ ! flute = h]4 ,! o!r ladies 9 att5dance sat toge!r1 talk+ & laugh+2 b ,i /ay$ by myself1 lean+ aga9/ "o ( ! pill>s betwe5 ! ma9 hall & ! v]&a4 ',:y s sil5t8' said ,h] ,maje/y4 ',say some?+4 ,x is s sad :5 y d n speak4' ',i am gaz+ into ! autumn moon1' ,i repli$4 ',ah yes1' %e rem>k$1 ',t is j :at y %\ld h said4' ,f ,! ,pill[ ,book ( ,sei ,%onagon1 ca4 ,a4,d4 #iie ,,z5 ,,culture did n spr+ ^u ! ,japanese isl&s z an ali5 =ce1 dislodg+ native beliefs1 ideals1 & values4 ,x c\ld inde$ be argu$ t precisely ! opposite happ5$1 t ! ,japanese actually us$ ,z5 z a framework ov] :i* to organize _! own eclectic beliefs ab\t rev]5ce t[>d nature1 ae/hetics1 anti- intellectualism1 arti/ic =ms & ideals1 & basic attitudes t[>d life4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 lies some:]e betwe53 ,z5 did n re%ape ,japan1 b nei!r did ,japan re%ape ,z54 ,r1 ! two melt$ toge!r1 ) ! result+ amalgam (t5 seem+ to be all ,z51 :ile actually be+1 9 _m in/ances1 m]ely old] ,japanese beliefs & ideals 9 a new guise4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal qualities ( ,japanese civilization _h _! orig9s 9 high antiquity1 :5 ! ,japanese _h no writ+ & wor%ip$ gods f\nd among fields & groves4 ,^! e>ly ,japanese _h no religi\s doctr9es o!r ?an respect = ! natural _w & ! sanctity ( family & community4 ,!re 7 no comm&m5ts to be foll[$1 no concept ( evil4 ,su* moral tea*+s z exi/$ 7 t nature conta9s no?+ t c be consid]$ wick$1 & !re=e man1 too1 s9ce he is a *ild ( nature1 is exempt f ?is flaw4 ,! only %ameful act is uncleanl9ess1 an inconsid]ate brea* ( ! compact betwe5 man & nature4 ,! e>ly ,japanese left no evid5ce t !y brood$ ab\t nature or requir$ rituals to subdue x4 ,r1 ! natural _w 0 welcom$ z a joy\s if unpr$ictable companion to life1 ^: beauty alone 0 suffici5t to inspire love4 ,?is rev]5ce = nature1 :i* lay deep )9 ! ,japanese psy*e1 0 9 lat] c5turies to become a fundam5tal "p ( ,z5 culture4 ,l ! e>ly ,japanese1 ! foll[]s ( ,z5 believ$ ! _w ar\nd !m 0 ! only manife/ation ( god & did n bo!r ) sacr$ icons or idols1 pref]r+ to draw religi\s symbolism directly f ! _w z x /ood4 ,! fir/ arrivals on ! ,japanese ar*ipelago 7 a ,/one ,age p1 kn[n today z ,jomon1 :o left artifacts across a "t span beg9n+ 9 ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c4 & la/+ until ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,arriv+ 9 ,japan f nor!a/ ,asia via a l& bridge n[ subm]g$1 !y rema9$ prim>ily 9 ! nor?1 :]e !y liv$ 9 cov]$ pits1 buri$ _! dead 9 simple m\nds1 &1 mo/ importantly = ! lat] ,japanese1 develop$ a c]amic art ( l[-fir$ vessels & figur9es ^: lov+ aw>5ess ( mat]ial & =m re-em]g$ c5turies lat] z a *>act]i/ic ( ,z5 art4 ,! free1 semi-nomadic life ( ! ,jomon 0 disrupt$ ar\nd ! "t ( ,ari/otle by ! arrival ( v>i\s gr\ps ( invad]s kn[n collectively z ! ,yayoi4 ,^! ,bronze ,age w>riors ev5tually replac$ ! ,jomon1 fir/ driv+ !m f>!r into ! nor? & f9ally eradicat+ !m entirely4 ,! gods & culture ( ! ,yayoi indicate a tropical orig91 p]haps ! vic9ity ( ,s\? ,*9a4 ,!y settl$ 9 ! s\!rn isl&s1 :]e !y erect$ tropical dwell+s & began ! cultivation ( rice4 ,soon !y 7 mak+ implem5ts ( iron1 weav+ clo?1 & mold+ pott]y us+ ! :eel & high- temp]ature kilns4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,yayoi became ! ,japanese p4 ,= ! fir/ sev]al hundr$ ye>s ( ,yayoi hegemony1 _! c]amics1 al?\gh te*nically m sophi/icat$1 %[$ less arti/ic imag9ation ?an ^? ( ! ,jomon4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 h[ev]1 aft] ! consolidation ( _! l&s into a unifi$ /ate1 a new era ( arti/ic production began4 ,f ?is "t until ! introduction ( ,buddhism 9 ! six? c5tury1 an int]lude kn[n z ! ,m\nd ,tomb era1 ! arts ( ,japan blossom$1 produc+ "s ( ! f9e/ sculpture 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! ,yayoi m\nd tombs1 (t5 _m acres 9 size1 7 fill$ ) ! implem5ts ( _! ari/ocratic own]s 7mu* z 7 ! pyramid tombs ( ,egyptian ph>aohs71 & ar\nd _! p]imet]s 7 position$ holl[ clay /atues1 presumably z symbolic gu>dians4 ,^! reali/ic figures1 ord9>ily two or ?ree feet 9 height1 are today kn[n z haniwa4 ,fa%ion$ 9 s(t br[n clay1 !y portray$ virtually all ! p>ticipants 9 e>ly ,japanese life3 w>riors 9 armor1 horses /&+ at ! ready1 c\rti]s1 r[dy f>m]s1 fa%ionable la,thes-9-wait+1 & ev5 wild bo>4 ,! mak+ ( haniwa di$ out aft] ! six? c5tury1 z ,*9ese ,buddhi/ culture gradually took hold among ! ,japanese ari/ocracy1 b ! und]ly+ ae/hetic values 7 too fundam5tal to p]i%4 ,:5 ,z5 culture came to fl[] 9 m$ieval times1 all ! e>ly arti/ic values awoke f :at seems to h be5 only a slumb]2 monk-artisans return$ to an emphasis on natural mat]ials--:e!r 9 s(t clay tea b[ls1 9 unwork$ g>d5 rocks1 9 ! ar*itecture ( unf9i%$ woods1 or 9 a g5]al ta/e = unadorn$ simplicity4 ,^! m5 creat$ _! art & ar*itecture f seem+ly r\gh & imp]fect mat]ials out ( delib]ate *oice r ?an necessity--a pref]5ce r>e if n unique 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ! introduction ( pre-,z5 ,buddhism1 ! ,japanese dis[n$ _! native values & arti/ic in/9cts z !y slavi%ly copi$ ,*9ese culture & reproduc$ ! ornate & elaborate arts ( ma9l& ,buddhism4 ,! nature-wor%ip+ tribes ( ,japan 7 aw$ by ! seem+ly p[]ful religion ( ,*9a4 ,!y 7 no less impress$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*9ese emp]or rul$ 8 l&1 & %ortly aft] becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,*9a !y set ab\t copy+ ! ,*9ese =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,equally important1 ! previ\sly illit]ate ,japanese adopt$ a ,*9ese sy/em ( writ+--a confus+ arrangem5t :]eby ,*9ese symbols 7 us$ = _! phonetic value r ?an = _! mean+4 ,?is la/$ = sev]al c5turies1 until ! ,japanese f9ally gave up & creat$ a simplifi$ sy/em :i* includ$ _! own syllab>y or alphabet4 ,hav+ borr[$ ,*9ese adm9i/ration & ,*9ese writ+1 ! ,japanese next decid$ to re-create a ,*9ese city1 & 9 ! ye> #gaj !y consecrat$ ,n>a1 a m9iature replica ( ! ,t'ang capital ( ,*'ang-an4 ,! city 0 soon ov]fl[+ ) ,*9ese temples & pagodas4 ,newly orda9$ ,japanese prie/s *ant$ ,buddhi/ scriptures !y sc>cely und]/ood1 :ile ! native ari/ocracy /rode ab\t 9 ,*9ese co/ume recit+ v]ses ( ! ,t'ang poets4 ,japan _h nev] really _h a city be=e ,n>a1 & its population quickly rose to "s #bjj1jjj4 ,yet less ?an a c5tury aft] its f\nd+ x 0 ab&on$ by ! c\rt--possibly because ! new ,buddhi/ prie/hood 0 gett+ out ( h&-- & a new capital 0 laid out on ! site ( pres5t-day ,kyoto4 ,?is new city1 f\nd$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury & kn[n z ,heian1 0 delib]ately kept free ( ,buddhi/ dom9ation1 & )9 its prec9cts ! fir/ truly native high culture arose z ,*9ese models 7 gradually transc5d$4 ,no long] copi]s1 ! ari/ocrats ( ,heian turn$ inw>d to br+ =? a highly ref9$ secul> civilization4 ,to und]/& ! f\ndations ( ,z5 beauty1 x is necess>y to exam9e ?is ,heian culture 9 "s detail1 = _m ( ! ,z5 arts & ! ae/hetic rules lat] associat$ ) ,z5 arose 9 ^! e>ly ari/ocratic ye>s4 ,if civilization may be gaug$ by ! ext5t to :i* relations are m$iat$ by artificiality1 ?is w\ld surely be ! f9e/ example 9 all hi/ory4 ,etiquette & s5tim5tality 7 ! t\*/ones4 ,! c\rti]s occupi$ _! days ) elaborate c]emonies1 extravagant co/umes1 & lightweight v]sify+1 & _! nights ) highly ritualiz$ amor\s intrigues1 conduct$ 9 a fa%ion s =mal t ! c\rtly love ( ,prov5ce seems brusque 9 comp>ison4 ,initially ! c\rt _h model$ its behavior on ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 b 9 ! ye> #hid1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,heian1 relations ) ! ,t'ang c\rt 7 susp5d$4 ,!re 7 few =mal contacts ) ,*9a until ! com+ ( ,z5 sev]al c5turies lat]4 ,s9ce ! c\ntry 0 unifi$ & at peace1 int]e/ 9 affairs ( /ate gradually disappe>$ altoge!r1 free+ ! ari/ocracy to create a mi/y1 artificial _w all its own4 ,?is p]iod1 ^: ae/hetic values 7 ! precursor ( ,z5 art1 0 also ,japan's great age ( lit]ature4 ,! idl5ess ( ! c\rt provid$ an abundance ( free "t & equally abundant bor$om-- circum/ances t br\ght into be+ ri*1 textur$ psy*ological novels1 "s ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ reveal+ di>ies ( ! _w's lit]ature1 & a conc]n ) poetry nev] equal$ else:]e1 be=e or s9ce4 ,^! works ( lit]ature depict a society preoccupi$ ) beauty1 :]e life & art m]g$1 & f\nd$ on a conviction1 lat] to become +ra9$ 9 ,japanese life & ,z5 art1 t ! ability to appreciate beauty 0 ! mo/ important *>act]i/ic an individual c\ld possess4 ,p]haps ! mo/ unusual aspect ( ?is great age ( lit]ature is ! fact t ! "w 0 produc$ almo/ entirely by wom54 ,!irs 0 ! ae/hetic legacy t lat] became ! f\ndation = ,z5 ta/e1 includ+ ! ov]:elm+ importance ( bru%/roke calligraphy1 ! subtle s5se ( :at con/itutes beauty & :at excess1 ! vocabul>y ( ae/hetics1 ! elaborate conc]n ) ! use ( color1 & ! ref9em5t ( ! poetic =m t ev5tually l$ to ,z5 ,haiku4 ,ta/e 9 ! use ( color is an excell5t place to beg9 exam9+ ! ,heian h]itage1 = 9 lat] ye>s ! ,z5 arts w\ld be *>act]iz$ by mut$1 c>efully mat*$ natural %ades ^: application foll[$ sophi/icat$ rules ( ta/e4 ,! s]i\sness ) :i* colors 7 mat*$ by ,heian c\rti]s is reveal$ 9 a fam\s di>y ( ! era3 ,"o ( ! c\rt ladies' dresses _h a little fault 9 ! color comb9ation at ! wri/ op5+4 ,:5 %e w5t be=e ! royal pres5ce to fet* some?+1 ! nobles & high c\rt (ficials notic$ x4 ,aft]w>ds1 %e regrett$ x deeply4 ,x 0 n s bad2 only "o color 0 a little too pale4#a ,episodes 9 ano!r di>y reveal ! importance atta*$ to prop]ly mat*$ %ades3 ,x is dawn & a woman is ly+ 9 b$ aft] h] lov] has tak5 8 leave4 ,%e is cov]$ up to h] head ) a light mauve robe t has a l9+ ( d>k violet4 4 4 4 ,! woman 4 4 4 we>s an unl9$ orange robe & a d>k crimson skirt ( /iff silk4 4 4 4 ,ne> by ano!r woman's lov] is mak+ 8 way home 9 ! mi/y dawn4 ,he is we>+ loose violet tr\s]s1 an orange hunt+ co/ume1 s lightly col\r$ t "o c h>dly tell :e!r x has be5 dy$ or n1 a :ite robe ( /iff silk1 & a sc>let robe ( glossy1 beat5 silk4#b ,?is int]e/ 9 ! colors 7& textures7 ( mat]ials rema9s a ,japanese *>act]i/ic to ?is day1 p]petuat$ by ,z5 & po/-,z5 ae/hetes1 :o s5sibly realiz$ t ?is outgr[? ( _! culture surpass$ t f\nd any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,z may be ga!r$ f ! passage above1 celibacy 0 n "p ( ! fa%ionable _w ( ,heian ,japan4 ,m>riages 7 sanction$ only aft] ! sexual compatibility ( ! c\ple _h be5 e/abli%$1 a ritual c>ri$ out by a "y man call+ at a "y lady's qu>t]s = sev]al nights runn+ be=e (ficially ann\nc+ 8 int5tions to h] p>5ts4 ,! secret visits 71 ( c\rse1 secret to no "o1 & at times a "y lady might initiate ! te/ by an op5 invitation4 ,su* a lett] also all[$ ! man to judge h] h&writ+ 9 advance & ?us n wa/e 8 "t c\rt+ a girl want+ 9 accompli%m5t4 ,! foll[+ di>y passage reveals ! curi\s ,heian association ( p5man%ip & sex3 ,i rememb] a c]ta9 woman :o 0 bo? attractive & good-natur$ & :o fur!rmore _h excell5t h&-writ+4 ,yet :5 %e s5t a beautifully writt5 poem to ! man ( h] *oice1 he repli$ ) "s pret5ti\s jott+s & did n ev5 bo!r to visit h]4 4 4 4 ,ev]yone1 ev5 p :o 7 n directly conc]n$1 felt indignant ab\t ?is call\s behavior1 & ! woman's family 0 mu* griev$4#c ,9 a society :]e bru%work 0 a prim>y te/ ( social acceptability1 x is n h>d to f9d ! roots ( ,japan's lat] great age ( ,z5 mono*rome pa9t+1 =1 z ,sir ,george ,sansom has po9t$ out1 to write beautifully is to solve c]ta9 fundam5tal problems ( art--p>ticul>ly :5 t writ+ is execut$ ) ! bru%4 ,! writ+ mat]ials us$ by ,heian c\rti]s & ! calligraphy !y set d[n became important tools = ! ,z5 arts4 ,writ]s made use ( :at ! ,*9ese call$ ! ,f\r ,treasures3 a bru% ( animal hair or bri/le1 a block ( solid ink made ( lampblack & glue1 a concave ink/one = gr9d+ & wett+ ! dri$ ink1 & a pap] or silk writ+ surface4 ,^! mat]ials are all ?\ght to h be5 introduc$ into ,japan by a ,korean ,buddhi/ prie/ sometime ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 b !y already _h a long hi/ory 9 ,*9a--possibly z mu* z a ?\s& ye>s4 ,) ^! mat]ials ! ,heian calligraph]--& lat] ! ,z5 mono*rome arti/--creat$ a subtle _w ( light & %ade4 ,! prep>ation = writ+ 7& lat]1 pa9t+7 is itself a ritual ( almo/ religi\s significance4 ,! ink1 call$ sumi1 mu/ be prep>$ fre% ea* "t x is us$3 a small am\nt ( wat] is introduc$ into ! concave portion ( ! ink/one1 & ! slightly moi/5$ ink block is sl[ly rubb$ aga9/ ! /one until ! prop] %ade is realiz$4 ,! bru% is soak$ ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 dri$ by /rok+ x on a scrap ( pap]1 dipp$ into ! new ink1 & appli$ directly to ! writ+ surface4 ,! writ] or arti/ holds ! bru% p]p5dicul> to ! pap] & spreads ! ink 9 quick /rokes1 :i* all[ = no mi/akes or ret\*+4 ,:]e ! male s*ol>s ( ! ,heian p]iod labor$ ) complex ,*9ese ideograms1 ! female arti/s & calligraph]s 7 able to "w 9 a new1 simplifi$ syllab>y ( approximately fifty symbols1 :i* _h be5 inv5t$ by a ,buddhi/ prie/ 9 ! e>ly ,heian era4 ,s9ce ?is new script 0 less angul> & geometrically =mal ?an ,*9ese writ+1 x l5t itself to a s5su\s1 free /yle ( calligraphy ^: rules lat] spill$ ov] into ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,! new wom5's script call$ = bru%/rokes t 7 a pir\ette ( movem5t & dynamic grace1 requir+ ! discipl9$ spontaneity t w\ld become ! ess5ce ( ,z5 pa9t+4 ,inde$1 all ! important te*nical aspects ( lat] ,z5 mono*rome art 7 pres5t 9 e>ly ,heian calligraphy3 ! use ( v>y+ %ades ( ink1 ! conc5tration on precise yet spontane\s bru%work1 ! use ( l9es flexible 9 wid? & coord9at$ ) ! ov]all composition1 & ! s5se ( ! "w z an individual ae/hetic vision4 ,! l9es record ! impulse ( ! bru% z x works an invisible sculpture above ! page2 ! trail ( ! bru%--n[ dry1 n[ flu%$ ) ink--is a l9e> record ( nuances 9 black across ! :ite space b5ea?4 ,! total ma/]y ( bru%work & ! ink l9e gave ! mono*rome arti/s a f\ndation ( absolute te*nical a*ievem5t1 & ! ,z5 calligraph]-poets a tradition ( spontaneity 9 keep+ ) ,z5 ideals4 ,ano!r legacy to ,z5 arti/s 0 ! creation ( spontane\s v]se1 :i* also %>p5$ ! faculties & requir$ a sure ma/]y ( te*nique4 ,s9ce virtually all communication 0 9 ! =m ( poems1 to move 9 polite circles a man or woman _h to be able to compose a v]se on any subject at a mom5t's notice4 ,a fam\s female noveli/ & di>i/ recall$ a typical episode3 ,! ,"l ,prime ,m9i/] 4 4 4 breaks (f a /alk ( a fl[]-maid5 :i* is 9 full bloom by ! s\? end ( ! bridge4 ,he peeps ov] my scre5 & says1 ,y\r poem on ?is6 ,if y delay s mu* ! fun is gone & ,i seiz$ ! *ance to run away to ! writ+ box1 hid+ my face-- ,fl[]-maid5 9 bloom-- ,ev5 m beautiful = ! bright dew1 ,:i* is p>tial1 & nev] favors me4 ,s prompt6 said he1 smil+1 & ord]$ a writ+ box to be br\ght = himself4 ,8 answ]- ,! silv] dew is nev] p>tial4 ,f h] he>t ,! fl[]-maid5's beauty4#d ,! quality ( su* impromptu v]se is necess>ily /ra9$1 b ! _s ( impulsive art reveal$ 9 ?is episode surviv$ to become an important quality ( ,z5 creations4 ,! ,heian era bequea!d _m arti/ic =ms & te*niques to lat] ,z5 arti/s1 b ev5 m important 0 ! attitude t[>d beauty develop$ by ! ,heian c\rti]s4 ,_! explicit contributions 7 a s5se ( ! value ( beauty 9 life & a language ( ae/hetics by :i* ?is value c\ld be transmitt$4 ,"o ( ! m la/+ attitudes develop$ 0 ! belief t transi5ce enhanc$ lovel9ess4 7,! idea ( transi5ce seems to be "o ( ! few ,buddhi/ concepts t ent]$ ,heian ae/hetics47 ,beauty 0 all ! m arre/+ = ! c]ta9ty t x mu/ p]i%4 ,! p]fect symbol = ?is1 naturally en\gh1 0 ! blossom ( ! *]ry tree1 z may be se5 f a poem tak5 at r&om f a ,heian-p]iod compilation4 ,o *]ry tree1 h[ y resemble ?is transitory _w ( ours1 = ye/]day y 7 abloom & gone today y\r fl[]s4#e ,_m ( ! lat] v]ities ( ,z5 art c be trac$ to ?is fir/ philosophical melan*oly ov] life's transi5ce :i* develop$ 9 ! ,heian era4 ,! vehicle = ?is h]itage 0 a special vocabul>y ( ae/hetic t]ms 7provid+ di/9ctions few ,we/]n]s c fully p]ceive7 :i* c\ld describe subtle out] qualities ( ?+s--& ! correspond+ inn] response by a cultivat$ obs]v]--by ! use ( f9e-gra9$ ae/hetic di/9ctions4#f ,! ^w t describ$ ! delicate disc]nm5t ( ! ,heian c\rti]s 0 miyabi1 :i* 0 us$ to indicate aspects ( beauty t only a highly ref9$ ta/e c\ld appreciate3 ! pale %ades ( dye 9 a g>m5t1 ! fragile geometry ( a dew-lad5 spid] web1 ! delicate petal ( a purple lotus1 ! texture ( ! pap] ( a lov]'s lett]1 pale yell[ cl\ds trail+ ov] a crimson sunset4 ,if ! beauty 7 m direct & less mut$1 x 0 describ$ z en1 or *>m+1 a t]m m>k+ ! type ( beauty z sprightly or m obvi\s4 ,! mo/ popul> ae/hetic t]m 0 aw>e1 :i* ref]s to a pleasant emotion evok$ unexpect$ly4 ,aw>e is :at "o feels :5 "o sees a *]ry blossom or an autumn maple4 7,?is int]nalization ( ae/hetic qualities 0 lat] to h great import = ! ,z5 arts1 ^: reliance on sugge/iv5ess %ift$ a heavy responsibility to ! p]ceiv]47 ,z ! notion ( beauty's transi5ce became /rong]1 ! t]m also came to include ! feel+ ( poignancy z well z pleasure & ! aw>5ess t delight mu/ p]i%4 ,^! t]ms ( ref9$ ari/ocratic disc]nm5t became ?or\ghly +ra9$ 9 ,japanese life & 7 pass$ on to ,z5 ae/hetics1 :i* add$ new t]ms t ext5d$ ! ,heian categories to rev]5ce = beauty pa/ its prime & = objects t reflect ! rigors ( life4 ,! ,z5 ae/hetes also add$ ! notion ( yug51 an ext5sion ( aw>e into ! region ( poignant =ebod+4 ,at a brilliant sunset "o's m9d feels aw>e1 b z ! %ad[s deep5 & night birds cry1 "o's s\l feels yug54 ,?us ! ,z5 arti/s c>ri$ ! ,heian ae/hetic response into ! inn] man & turn$ a sup]ficial emotion into a univ]sal insight4 ,! mo/ important aspect ( ! ,japanese "* to surface dur+ ! ,heian era1 at lea/ f ! /&po9t ( lat] ,z5 culture & ideals1 0 fai? 9 ! emotions ov] ! intellect4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! ,japanese reject$ = all "t a rigor\sly intellectual approa* to life4 ,z ,e>l ,m9] wrote 9 8 description ( pre-,z5 ,heian society1 ,! respect accord$ to correct or orig9al ideas 9 ! ,we/ has always be5 giv5 9 ,japan to propriety or s9c]ity ( feel+4 ,& j z someone )\t an idea 9 8 head is ar*etypally out ( our civilization1 s ! p]son )\t a true feel+ 9 8 he>t is ar*etypally out ( ! ,japanese4#g ,f su* an attitude x is n f> to ! ,z5 intuitive approa* to und]/&+4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ,japanese isolation saw a p ) a ri* nature religion ^: arts reveal$ deep appreciation = mat]ial & =m4 ,! com+ ( ,*9ese culture br\ght ) x ,buddhism1 :i* became a national religion & provid$ a vehicle = ! dissem9ation ( ,z54 ,f9ally1 ! ari/ocratic civilization ( ! ,heian era develop$ ,japanese s5sitivity to rem>kable levels1 provid+ lat] g5]ations ) a valuable framework ( ta/e & /&>ds4 ,! c\rt civilization ( ,heian 0 ultimately de?ron$ by m$ieval w>riors1 :o !mselves soon came "u ! sway ( ,z54 ,al?\gh ! ,z5 arti/-monks ( ! m$ieval era br\ght into be+ a new culture ) its own rules ( ta/e & behavior1 !y 7 always 9 ! debt ( ! e>li] ages4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,! ,rise ( ,japanese ,buddhism ,! new doctr9e ( ! ,buddha is exce$+ excell5t1 al?\gh difficult to expla9 & compreh5d4 7,message accompany+ ! fir/ image ( ! ,buddha to ent] ,japan1 ca4 ,a4,d4 #eeb7 ,,pre-,,buddhi/ ,,%9to ,,%r9e ,,dur+ ,,! ,,six? ,,c5tury ,b4,c41 9 ! ri* & reflective civilization fl\ri%+ 9 :at is today nor!a/ ,india & ,nepal1 a *ild 0 born to ! high-ca/e family ( ,gautama4 ,he 0 lat] kn[n by v>i\s names1 includ+ ,siddh>?a 7! "o :o has rea*$ ! goal71 ,sakyamuni 7sage ( ! ,sakyas71 or simply ,buddha 7! enlight5$74 ,8 *ildhood 0 idyllic1 & at ! age ( sixte5 he took a wife1 :o bore him a son4 ,z a y\? he 0 completely %elt]$ f ! sorr[s ( ! fle% ?r\gh ! (fices ( 8 fa!r1 :o comm&$ ! s]vants nev] to let him leave ! palace comp\nd4 ,yet f9ally1 ! leg5ds relate1 he manag$ to escape ?is b5ign prison long en\gh to enc\nt] old age1 sickness1 & dea?4 ,und]/&ably di/ress$1 he began pond]+ ! que/ions ( human mortality & suff]+1 a se>* :i* l$ him to a holy man1 ^: dev\tness seem$ to hold ! answ]s4 ,true to 8 convictions1 he r5\nc$ weal?1 family1 & position & emb>k$ ^u ! life ( an ascetic4 ,a spiritual novice at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 he travel$ = ! next six ye>s f sage to sage1 se>*+ = ! tea*+s t might release him f ! prison ( fle%4 ,f9ally1 ) disciples ( 8 own1 he left all 8 tea*]s & devot$ himself to m$itation = ano!r six ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* he 0 close to dea? f fa/+ & privation4 ,b he 0 no ne>] 8 goal1 & ab&on+ ! practices ( traditional religion1 he set out to beg = rice4 ,al?\gh 8 disciples imm$iately des]t$ him z unwor?y to be a tea*]1 he 0 undet]r$ & enjoy$ 8 fir/ full meal s9ce leav+ 8 fa!r's palace4 ,he !n _h a deep sleep & le>n$ 9 a dream t realization w\ld soon be 84 ,he proce$$ to a wood & began 8 f9al m$itation "u ! n[ leg5d>y ,bodhi tree--:]e he at la/ f\nd enlight5m5t4 ,gautama _h become ! ,buddha4 ,= ! next =ty-n9e ye>s he travel$ ! l5g? ( ,india prea*+ a h]etical doctr9e4 ,to appreciate :at he taught1 "o mu/ grasp :at he prea*$ aga9/4 ,at ! "t1 ! pr$om9ant religi\s sy/em 0 ,brahmanism1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! ,upani%ads1 a collection ( e>ly ,v$ic writ+s4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! univ]se 0 presid$ ov] by ! ,brahman1 an imp]sonal god-=m :i* 0 at once a pan!i/ic univ]sal s\l & an expression ( ! ord]1 or dh>ma1 ( ! cosmos4 ,?is univ]sal god-=m 0 also ?\ght to reside 9 man1 9 ! =m ( ! atman1 r\ghly translatable z ! s\l2 & ! individual 0 believ$ to be able to rise above 8 physical exi/5ce & exp]i5ce ! unit+ ( ?is atman ) ! l>g] god-=m ?r\gh practice ( a rigor\s physical & m5tal discipl9e1 :i* became kn[n z yoga4 ,n surpris+ly1 all =mal communications ) ! univ]sal god-=m _h to be *annel$ ?r\gh a special prie/ class1 :o call$ !mselves ,brahmans4 ,! ,buddha disput$ ^! beliefs4 ,he taught t !re 0 no univ]sal god & h5ce no int]nal s\l1 t !re is1 9 fact1 no exi/5ce 9 ! _w4 ,all p]ception to ! contr>y is illusory4 ,enlight5m5t !re=e consi/s n ( m]g+ "o's atman ) ! great] god-head1 b r 9 recogniz+ t !re actually is no?+ ) :i* to m]ge4 ,consequ5tly ! aim is to transc5d ! m tr\blesome aspects ( p]ception1 su* z pa91 by turn+ "o's back on ! _w--:i* is nonexi/5t 9 any case--& conc5trat+ on inn] peace4 ,! ,buddha /ress$ :at he call$ ! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s & ! ,eightfold ,pa?4 ,! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s recogniz$ t to live is to desire & h5ce to suff]1 & ! ,eightfold ,pa? 7"r views1 "r resolve1 "r spee*1 "r conduct1 "r livelihood1 "r ef=t1 "r m9dfulness1 "r conc5tration7 provid$ a prescription = ! resolution ( ?is suff]+4 ,foll[]s ( ! ,eightfold ,pa? und]/& t ! ext]nal _w is illusory & t its desires & suff]+ c be ov]come by a noble life1 guid$ by m5tal fixation on ! concept ( nonexi/5ce4 ,! orig9al tea*+s ( ! ,buddha are m a philosophy ?an a religion1 = !y admit no supreme god1 nor d !y propose any salvation o!r ?an t atta9able ?r\gh human dilig5ce4 ,! aim is temporal happ9ess1 to be realiz$ ?r\gh asceticism--:i* 0 taught z a practical means ( turn+ "o's back on ! _w & its incumb5t pa94 ,!re 7 no scriptures1 no sacr$ incantations1 no s\l1 no cycle ( rebir?1 no?+ beyond "o's exi/5tial life4 ,s9ce ! ,buddha left no writ+s or in/ructions reg>d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a religion 9 8 "n1 8 foll[]s call$ a c\ncil "s t5 ye>s aft] 8 dea? to am5d ?is ov]sight4 ,?is fir/ c\ncil produc$ ! e>lie/ canon ( ,buddhi/ tea*+s1 a gr\p ( sutras or texts purport+ to reproduce v>i\s dialogues betwe5 ! ,buddha & 8 disciples4 ,a second c\ncil 0 held exactly "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 suppos$ly to cl>ify po9ts rais$ 9 ! fir/ meet+4 ,b in/ead ( settl+ ! disagreem5t :i* _h aris51 ! meet+ pol>iz$ ! two po9ts ( view & %att]$ monoli?ic ,buddhism once & = all4 ,z ,buddhism spread across ,india into ,ceylon & ,s\!a/ ,asia1 a di/9ct sect>ian split develop$1 :i* might be describ$ z a controv]sy betwe5 ^? :o /rove to pres]ve ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha z au!ntically z possible & ^? :o 7 will+ to admit 7"s might say compromise )7 o!r religions4 ,! pur] =m1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,s\!a/ ,asia1 came to be call$ ,h9ayana1 or ! ,less] ,vehicle 7purport$ly because ( ! exclusion>y /rictness ( its views74 ,! o!r bran*1 compris+ ! beliefs t spread to ,*9a & !nce to ,japan1 0 describ$ z ,mahayana1 or ! ,great] ,vehicle4 ,?is division also result$ 9 two v]sions ( ! sutras be+ canoniz$4 ,t rev]$ by ! ,h9ayani/s is kn[n z ! ,pali ,canon & 0 set d[n 9 ! ,pali language 7a dialect ( ,indian ,sanskrit7 ar\nd #ajj ,b4,c4 ,! sutras ( ! eclectic ,mahayani/s grew ov] ! c5turies1 ) additions 9 ,sanskrit1 ,tibetan1 &1 lat]1 ,*9ese4 ,9 addition to ! orig9al ?\ghts ( ! ,buddha1 !y includ$ l>ge sections ( comm5t>y or second>y mat]ial4 ,! ,*9ese1 p>ticul>ly1 _h /rong speculative m9ds & ?\ght no?+ ( am5d+ ! tea*+s ( a simple ,indian tea*]4 ,! ,indians also f\nd ! ,buddha's ?\ght a %ade too au/]e = _! ta/es1 b in/ead ( embelli%+ x z ! ,*9ese did1 !y gradually pl[$ x back into ! !ological melange ( pan!i/ic ,h9duism until x f9ally lo/ any sep>ate id5tity4 ,buddhism is said to h (ficially rea*$ ,*9a dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 & aft] "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( adju/+ x to suit _! e/abli%$ tea*+s ( ,confucianism & ,taoism1 ! ,*9ese embrac$ x z _! own4 7,x 0 ! admittance ( ,taoi/ beliefs into ,*9ese ,buddhism t laid ! f\ndations = ! s*ool ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 ! p>5t ( ,japanese ,z547 ,buddhism did n replace ! two e>li] ,*9ese religions b1 r1 provid$ an alt]native spiritual framework :]e9 ! ,*9ese1 /ructur$1 ,confuciani/ b5t ( m9d c\ld be m]g$ ) _! ,taoi/ ye>n+ = my/ical philosophy to produce a native religion at once =mal & introspective4 ,dur+ ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? c5turies a virtual p>ade ( ,indian ,mahayana ,buddhi/ tea*]s travel$ nor? ar\nd ! high ,himalayas & into ,*9a1 !re to disp5se _! own respective br&s ( ! ,buddha's ?\ght4 ,! ,*9ese1 on _! "p1 set ab\t import+ ,indian ,sanskrit sutras & translat+ !m via a process :]eby ,indian philosophical concepts 7 r5d]$ directly by pre- exi/+ ,*9ese t]ms--! lit]al p\nd+ ( r\nd ,indian pegs into squ>e ,*9ese holes4 ,s9ce no m effective way has yet be5 f\nd to de/roy ! orig9ality ( =eign ideas ?an to translate !m ^w = ^w into ! ne>e/ native approximation1 ,*9ese ,buddhism became1 9 _m ways1 m]ely a re>rangem5t ( exi/+ ,*9ese philosop,thes4 ,! date ,*9ese ,buddhism 0 introduc$ to ,japan has traditionally be5 set at ,a4,d4 #eeb4 ,9 t ye>1 ! records /ate1 a ,korean mon>*1 fe>ful ( bellig]5t neighbors1 appeal$ to ! ,japanese = milit>y assi/ance1 accompany+ 8 plea ) a /atue ( ! ,buddha & a missal ( sutras4 ,s9ce ! ,japanese _h = _m c5turies res]v$ _! prim>y allegiance = _! sun-goddess1 ^: direct desc5dant ! emp]or 0 ?\ght to be1 !y 7 w>y ( new fai?s t might jeop>dize ! au?ority ( ! native deities4 ,aft] mu* high-level delib]ation x 0 decid$ to give ! ,buddha a trial p]iod to te/ 8 magical p[]s1 b un=tunately no soon] _h ! new image be5 set up ?an a pe/il5ce1 app>5tly smallpox1 swept ! l&4 ,! new ,buddha 0 swiftly consign$ to a dra9age canal by imp]ial decree4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] a new emp]or came to ! ?rone1 & he 0 p]suad$ to give ! ,buddha ano!r try by a political faction :i* ?\ght a new religion might und]m9e ! !ological position ( ! e/abli%$ nobility4 ,by odd co9cid5ce1 no soon] _h a new ,buddha be5 import$ ?an ano!r plague broke out4 ,! new ,buddha /atue & all accompany+ trapp+s 7 dispos$ (1 b ! plague only wors5$1 all[+ ! pro-,buddhi/ faction to turn ! trag$y to _! advantage by blam+ ^? :o _h desecrat$ ! /atue4 ,aft] m political maneuv]+1 ?is faction took ! some:at unprec$5t$ /ep ( assass9at+ ! hesitant emp]or 9 ord] to ensure a place = ,buddhism 9 ,japanese life4 ,f9ally ! fai? did cat* hold1 &1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 temples & pagodas 7 be+ built4 ,z int]e/ grew 9 bo? ! doctr9es ( ! ,buddha & ! political innovations ( ! new ,t'ang dyna/y1 :i* _h come to p[] 9 ,*9a 9 #fah1 ! ,japanese ari/ocracy began to copy ,*9ese civilization1 gradually ab&on+ mu* ( _! indig5\s culture4 ,al?\gh new ,japanese monks 7 soon writ+ & recit+ ,*9ese sutras1 ,buddhi/ ideas1 n[ twice remov$ f _! ,indian orig9s1 7 grasp$ imp]fectly if at all by mo/ ,japanese4 ,inde$1 few ( ! e>ly ari/ocracy :o pr(ess$ ,buddhism view$ x z any?+ o!r ?an a p[]ful new =m ( magic--a supplem5t to ! native gods1 or kami1 :o presid$ ov] h>ve/s & heal?4 ,giv5 ! difficulty ,japanese s*ol>s _h 9 und]/&+ ,*9ese texts1 x is easy to sympa?ize ) lat] ,z5 monks :o claim$ ! sutras 7 ma9ly a b>ri] to enlight5m5t4 ,?ree fundam5tal types ( ,buddhism prec$$ ,z5 9 ,japan3 ! e>ly s*ol>ly sects :i* came to dom9ate ,n>a2 ! lat] ari/ocratic s*ools ^: heyday 0 ! noble ,heian era2 &1 f9ally1 popul>1 p>ticipatory ,buddhism1 :i* rea*$ d[n to ! f>m]s & peasants4 ,! high po9t ( ,n>a ,buddhism 0 ! erection ( a giant ,buddha "s f\r /ories high ^: gild+ bankrupt$ ! t9y isl& nation b ^: psy*ological impact 0 su* t ,japan became ! _w c5t] ( ,mahayana ,buddhism4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,n>a ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t grew to su* proportions t ! secul> bran* ( gov]nm5t1 includ+ ! emp]or himself1 became n]v\s4 ,! solution to ! problem 0 elegantly simple3 ! emp]or simply ab&on$ ! capital1 leav+ ! weal?y & p[]ful temples to preside ov] a gho/ t[n4 ,a new capital 0 e/abli%$ at ,heian 7pres5t-day ,kyoto71 f> en\gh away to dissipate prie/ly m$dl+4 ,! second type ( ,buddhism1 :i* came to prom95ce 9 ,heian1 0 introduc$ z delib]ate policy by ! emp]or4 ,envoys 7 s5t to ,*9a to br+ back new & diff]5t sects1 enabl+ ! emp]or to fight ! ,n>a s*ools ) _! own ,buddhi/ fire4 ,& ?is "t ! w>y ari/ocracy saw to x t ! ,buddhi/ temples & mona/]ies 7 e/abli%$ well outside ! capital--a location t suit$ bo? ! new ,buddhi/s' pref]5ce = remot5ess & ! ari/ocracy's new cult ( ae/hetics r ?an religion4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,heian sects1 kn[n z ,t5dai aft] ! ,*9ese ,t'i5- t'ai s*ool1 0 introduc$ into ,japan 9 #hjf by ! ,japanese prie/ ,sai*o 7#gfg-hbb74 ,! ,t5dai /ress$ ! au?ority ( ! ,lotus ,sutra1 :i* recogniz$ ! ,buddha z bo? an hi/orical p]son & ! realization 9 human =m ( ! univ]sal _s--an id5tity imply+ ! on5ess ( ! lat5t ,buddha nature 9 all matt]1 animate & inanimate4 ,al?\gh ! s*ool 0 av[$ly eclectic1 embrac+ all ! ma9 ,mahayana doctr9es1 x 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! ,n>a s*ools1 :i* campaign$ unsuccessfully to conv]t ,t5dai novices4 ,sai*o c\nt]$ _! opposition by po9t+ out t 8 ,buddhism 0 bas$ on an actual sutra1 purport$ly ! ,buddha's own words1 :]eas ! s*ools ( ,n>a _h cont5t$ !mselves prim>ily ) wrangl+ ov] comm5t>ies or second>y int]pretations ( ! ,buddha's tea*+s4 ,sai*o also introduc$ ! "q ( individual morality1 a conc]n conspicu\sly abs5t 9 ,n>a ,buddhism4 ,! ,t5dai sect became dom9ant dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 :5 its c5t] on ,mt4 ,!i 7on ! outskirts ( ,kyoto7 swell$ to ov] ?ree ?\s& build+s4 ,al?\gh ,sai*o himself appe>s to h be5 b5ign 9 nature1 practic+ ! pr9ciples ( morality he taught1 9 lat] ye>s ! ,mt4 ,!i ,t5dai complex became ! base = an army ( irascible monks :o frequ5tly desc5d$ ^u ,kyoto to h>ass c\rti]s & citiz5s alike4 ,9 ! late sixte5? c5tury1 ! entire complex 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd & ?\s&s ( monks slaught]$ by a fi]ce %ogun :o 0 det]m9$ to /op ! int]v5tion ( ,t5dai monks 9 public affairs4 ,t5dai survives today z a religion prim>ily ( ! upp] classes1 ) a memb]%ip ( some?+ ov] a million1 b ev5 by ! end ( ! ,heian era x _h become ma9ly c]emonial4 ,! o!r ,buddhi/ sect to ga9 prom95ce dur+ ! ,heian era 0 ,%+on1 f\nd$ by a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,sai*o nam$ ,kukai 7#ggd- #hce74 ,he also w5t to ,*9a1 :]e he /udi$ tea*+s ( ! ,*e-y5 s*ool1 a type ( ,buddhism kn[n z esot]ic because ( its k9%ip to ! my/ical ,tantrism ( ,tibet4 ,! elaborate rituals ( ! ,japanese ,%+on temples 7 an imm$iate success ) ! c]emonially m9d$ ,heian ari/ocracy4 ,%+on 0 sup]b !at]1 ) *ants1 incantations1 sacr$ h& signs 7mudra71 & m$itation on ! sacr$ m&ala--geometrical diagrams purport$ly conta9+ ! key to ! cosmological mean+ ( reality4 ,! headqu>t]s = ! ,%+on s*ool 0 e/abli%$ on ,mt4 ,koya1 ne> ,kyoto b suffici5tly remov$ t ! monks 7 n tempt$ to dabble 9 /ate affairs4 ,nev]!less1 9 lat] ye>s x too became a /ronghold = m]c5>y w>rior-monks1 ) ! result t x also 0 *a/5$ by an outrag$ %ogun4 ,today !re are ,%+on mona/]ies 9 remote m\nta9 areas1 /&+ regal & awesome 9 _! =e/$ isolation1 & ! sect /ill claims ov] n9e million practition]s1 scatt]$ among a ho/ ( (f%oots4 ,! popul>1 p>ticipatory ,buddhism :i* foll[$ ! ari/ocratic sects 0 home-gr[n & ow$ little to ,*9ese prototypes4 ,mu* ( x c5t]$ ar\nd "o p>ticul> figure 9 ! ,buddhi/ pan!on1 ! b5ign1 sexless ,amida1 a ,buddhi/ sa9t :o presid$ ov] a ,we/]n ,p>adise or ,pure ,l& ( milk & honey accessible to all :o call$ on 8 "n4 ,amida has be5 "p ( ! confus+ assemblage ( deities wor%ip$ 9 ,japan = sev]al c5turies1 b ! simplicity ( 8 requirem5ts = salvation made him increas+ly popul> ) ! ,heian ari/ocrats1 :o _h begun to tire ( ! elaborate rigm>ole surr\nd+ magical-my/]y ,buddhism4 ,& z times became m & m un/able dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,heian era1 p se>*$ = a messianic figure to :om !y c\ld turn = com=t4 ,s x 0 t a once m9or figure 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,!r>*y became ! focus ( a new1 widespread1 & entirely ,japanese cult4 ,! figure ( ,amida1 a gatekeep] ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise1 seems to h ent]$ ,buddhism ar\nd ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 & 8 tea*+s h a suspici\sly famili> r+3 ,come unto me all ye :o are burd5$ & ,i w give y re/2 call on my "n & "o day y w be ) me 9 ,p>adise4 ,9 ,india at ?is "t !re 7 contacts ) ! ,ne> ,ea/1 & ,amida is ord9>ily repres5t$ z "o ( a tr9ity1 flank$ by two m9or deities4 ,h[ev]1 he is fir/ describ$ 9 two ,indian sutras :i* betray no h9t ( =eign influ5ce4 ,dur+ ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 ,amida became a !me ( ,mahayana lit]ature 9 ,*9a1 :5ce he ent]$ ,japan z "p ( ! ,t5dai s*ool4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 he 0 m]ely a subject = m$itation & 8 free assi/ into ,p>adise did n replace ! p]sonal initiative requir$ by ! ,eightfold ,pa?4 ,ar\nd ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 a ,japanese prie/ circulat$ a treatise decl>+ t salvation & rebir? 9 ! ,we/]n ,p>adise c\ld be realiz$ m]ely by pron\nc+ a magic =mula 9 praise ( ,amida1 kn[n z ! nembutsu3 ,namu ,amida ,butsu1 or ,praise to ,amida ,buddha4 ,?is exceptional new doctr9e attract$ little notice until ! late twelf? c5tury1 :5 a disaffect$ ,t5dai prie/ kn[n z ,hon5 7#aacc- #abab7 set out to tea* ! nembutsu across ! l5g? ( ,japan4 ,x became an imm$iate popul> success1 & ,hon51 possibly unexpect$ly1 f\nd himself ! ,m>t9 ,lu!r ( ,japan1 lead+ a re=mation aga9/ import$ ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,he prea*$ no admonitions to upright behavior1 decl>+ in/ead t recitation ( ! nembutsu 0 9 itself suffici5t evid5ce ( a p5it5t _s & "r-m9d$ int5tions4 ,x might be said t he *ang$ ,buddhism f :at 0 orig9ally a fai? all e?ics & no god to a fai? all god & no e?ics4 ,:at ,hon5 *ampion$ 0 actually a highly simplifi$ v]sion ( ! ,*9ese ,jodo s*ool1 b he avoid$ complicat$ !ological ex]cises1 leav+ ! doctr9al ju/ifications = 8 tea*+s vague4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to avoid cla%es ) ! prie/s ( ! old] sects :ile simultane\sly mak+ 8 v]sion ( ,jodo z accessible z possible to ! un$ucat$ laity4 ,! prospect ( ,p>adise beyond ! ,riv] 9 return = m9imal inve/m5t 9 ?\ght & de$ gave ,jodo wide appeal1 & ?is improbable vehicle f9ally br\ght ,buddhism to ! ,japanese masses1 simple folk :o _h nev] be5 able to und]/& or p>ticipate 9 ! s*ol>ly & ari/ocratic sects t _h gone be=e4 ,n surpris+ly1 ! popul>ity ( ,hon5's tea*+s ar\s$ enmity among ! old] s*ools1 :i* f9ally manag$ to h him exil$ = a brief p]iod 9 8 la/ ye>s4 ,jodo cont9u$ to gr[1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 8 abs5ce1 & :5 he return$ to ,kyoto 9 #abaa he 0 receiv$ z a triumphal h]o4 ,g>d5s began to be con/ruct$ 9 imitation ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise1 :ile ! nembutsu res\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! l& 9 mock]y ( ! old] s*ools4 ,! foll[]s ( ,jodo cont9u$ to be p]secut$ by ! ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t well into ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b today ,jodo /ill claims ! allegiance ( ov] five million believ]s4 ,an (f%oot ( ! ,jodo sect1 de/9$ to become ev5 m popul>1 0 />t$ by a pupil & colleague ( ,hon5 call$ ,%9ran 7#aagc-abfb71 :o also left ! ,t5dai mona/]y on ,mt4 ,!i to become a foll[] ( ,amida4 ,8 int]pretation ( ! ,amida sutras 0 ev5 simpl] ?an ,hon5's3 bas$ on 8 stu,thes he conclud$ t only "o truly s9c]e invocation ( ! nembutsu 0 en\gh to res]ve ! pleasures ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise = ! l[lie/ s9n]4 ,all subsequ5t *ant+s ( ! =mula 7 m]ely an indication ( appreciation & 7 n ess5tial to assure salvation4 ,%9ran also c>ri$ ! re=mation movem5t to great] l5g?s1 aboli%+ ! requirem5ts = monks 7:i* _h be5 ma9ta9$ by ! conciliatory ,hon57 & disc\rag+ celibacy among prie/s by 8 own example ( fa!r+ six *ildr5 by a nun4 ,?is la/ act1 ju/ifi$ by ,%9ran z a ge/ure to elim9ate ! division betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! p1 ar\s$ mu* unfavorable notice among ! m cons]vative ,buddhi/ factions4 ,%9ran 0 also firm 9 8 ass]tion t ,amida 0 ! only ,buddha t ne$ be wor%ip$1 a po9t d[nplay$ by ,hon5 9 ! int]e/ ( ecum5ical accord4 ,! conv5i5ce ( only "o nembutsu z a pr]equisite = ,p>adise1 comb9$ ) ! m lib]al attitude t[>d prie/ly requirem5ts1 caus$ ,%9ran's tea*+s to prosp]1 lead+ ev5tually to an indep5d5t sect kn[n z ,jodo ,%91 or ,true ,pure ,l&4 ,today ! ,jodo ,%91 ) close to fifte5 million foll[]s1 enjoys num]ical dom9ance ov] o!r =ms ( ,japanese ,buddhism4 ,! ,amadi/ salvation movem5t 0 confront$ by its only truly effective detractor 9 ! p]son ( ! extremi/ ,r5*o 7#abbb-abhb71 :o lat] took = himself ! "n ( ,ni*ir51 or ,sun ,lotus4 ,an e>ly novice 9 ! ,t5dai mona/]y1 he took a diff]5t tack f ! ,amida tea*]s1 decid+ t all ess5tial ,buddhi/ tru? 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,lotus ,sutra itself4 ,al?\gh ! ,t5dai s*ool _h orig9ally be5 f\nd$ on ! /udy ( ! ,lotus ,sutra1 he believ$ ! s*ool _h /ray$ f ! sutra's precepts4 ,d5\nc+ all sects imp>tially1 he took a fundam5tali/1 back-to-!-,lotus text = 8 s]mons4 ,s5s+ t mo/ ( 8 foll[]s might h tr\ble actually read+ a sutra1 he produc$ a *ant+ =mula ( 8 own :i* he claim$ w\ld d j z well4 ,?is ,lotus nembutsu 0 ! phrase namu myoho r5ge-kyo1 or ,praise to ! ,lotus ,sutra4 ,! *ant+ ,amidi/s _h met _! mat*4 ,! ,t5dai monks on ,mt4 ,!i did n receive ?is vulg>ization ( _! tea*+s k9dly1 & _! urg+s1 toge!r ) 8 intemp]ate pron\ncem5ts reg>d+ imm95t dang]s ( a ,mongol invasion1 l$ 9 #abfa to ,ni*ir5's bani%m5t to a di/ant prov9ce4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! tru? ( 8 w>n+s became all too app>5t & he 0 recall$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,b on 8 return he ov]play$ 8 h&1 (f]+ to save ! nation only if all o!r ,buddhi/ sects 7 elim9at$4 ,?is 0 too mu* = ! ,japanese rul+ circles2 !y turn$ in/ead to a new b& ( w>riors tra9$ 9 ,z5 milit>y tactics :o promptly repell$ ! invasion )\t ,ni*ir5's aid4 ,p]secution ( 8 sect cont9u$1 rea*+ a high po9t 9 ! mid- sixte5? c5tury1 :5 a b& ( rival ,t5dai monks burn$ tw5ty-"o ,ni*ir5 temples 9 ,kyoto1 slaught]+ all ! prie/s1 includ+ a reput$ ?ree ?\s& 9 ! la/ temple4 ,! sect has surviv$1 h[ev]1 & today ,ni*ir5 ,%o%u & its lay affiliate1 ! ,soka ,gakkai1 or ,value ,creation ,society1 claim ! memb]%ip ( "o ,japanese 9 sev5 & control ( ! c\ntry's ?ird l>ge/ political p>ty4 ,! ,soka ,gakkai rec5tly d$icat$ a va/ new temple at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,fuji1 said to be ! l>ge/ religi\s /ructure 9 exi/5ce4 ,) s]vices t (t5 resemble political conv5tions1 ! ,ni*ir5 sect has a*iev$ might once h be5 ?\ght impossible3 x has simplifi$ ev5 fur!r ! +5u\s philosophy ( its f\nd]1 embelli%+ ! praise ( ! ,lotus ,sutra ) m>*+ b&s & gymna/ic displays 9 sports-/adium convocations4 ,! ,japanese re=mation repres5t$ by ,amidism & ,ni*ir5 0 a natural outcome ( ! contempt = ! av]age man t *>act]iz$ ! e>ly sects4 ,x also op5$ ! door = ,z51 :i* f\nd an appeal among ! non-ari/ocratic w>rior class to equal t ( ! popul> ,buddhi/ sects among ! peasantry & b\rgeoisie4 ,z x happ5$1 ! w>riors :o became fir$ ) ,z5 also took control ( ! gov]nm5t away f ! ari/ocracy aft] ! twelf? c5tury1 ) ! result t ,z5 became ! un(ficial /ate religion ( ,japan dur+ its great p]iod ( arti/ic activity4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,! ,*ronicles ( ,z5 ,a special transmission outside ! sutras2 ,no reliance ^u words & lett]s2 ,direct po9t+ to ! v s\l2 ,see+ into "o's own ess5ce4 7,traditional ,homage to ,bodhidh>ma7 ,bodhidh>ma ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,z5 tradition t "o day :ile ! ,buddha 0 seat$ at ,vulture ,peak he 0 (f]$ a fl[] & reque/$ to prea* on ! law4 ,he took ! fl[]1 & hold+ x at arm's l5g?1 sl[ly turn$ x 9 8 f+]s1 all ! :ile say+ no?+4 ,x 0 !n t 8 mo/ kn[+ foll[] smil$ 9 und]/&+1 & ! sil5t tea*+ ( ,z5 0 born4 ,t wordless smile is believ$ to h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh tw5ty-eight successive ,indian patri>*s1 end+ ) ! fam\s ,bodhidh>ma 7ca4 ,a4,d4 #dgj-ecd71 :o travel$ to ,*9a 9 #ebj & f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,*'an ,buddhism1 becom+ ! fir/ ,*9ese patri>*4 ,:at ,bodhidh>ma br\ght to ,*9a 0 ! ,indian concept ( m$itation1 call$ dhyana 9 ,sanskrit1 ,*'an 9 ,*9ese & ,z5 9 ,japanese4 ,s9ce ! transmission ( ! wordless insights ( m$itation ?r\gh a ?\s& ye>s ( ,indian hi/ory mu/1 by def9ition1 h tak5 place )\t ! assi/ance ( writt5 scriptures or prea*+1 ! id5tity & role ( ! tw5ty-eight previ\s ,indian patri>*s mu/ be approa*$ ) caution4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! lat] ,*9ese ,*'an ,buddhi/s1 /riv+ = legitimacy ( _! s*ool 9 ! eyes ( colleagues f m e/abli%$ sects1 resurrect$ a l9e ( patri>*s f among ! names ( obscure ,indian monks & ev5tually w5t on to en%r\d ^! faceless names ) fanciful biographies4 ,^! ,indian patri>*s report$ly transmitt$ "o to ! o!r ! wordless secrets ( dhyana1 !reby avoid+ any ne$ to compose sutras1 z did ! less]-gift$ tea*]s ( ! o!r s*ools4 ,al?\gh ,bodhidh>ma cle>ly 0 an hi/orical figure1 he made no p]sonal claims to patri>*y & inde$ 0 di/+ui%$ m by individuality ?an by attempts to promulgate an or?odoxy4 ,arriv+ f ,india to tea* m$itation1 he 0 greet$ by an emp]or's boa/s ( traditional ,buddhism's /ature 9 ,*9a4 ,bodhidh>ma sc(f$ & m>*$ away1 report$ly cross+ ! ,yangtze on a re$ to rea* ! ,%ao-l9 mona/]y1 :]e he sat 9 solit>y m$itation fac+ a cliff = ! next n9e ye>s4 ,?is fam\s int]view & ,bodhidh>ma's response 7 ! real f\ndation ( ,z54 ,bodhidh>ma seems to h gone ess5tially unnotic$ by 8 contempor>ies1 & 9 ! fir/ record ( 8 life--,biographies ( ! ,high ,prie/s1 compil$ 9 #fde--;he is includ$ simply z "o ( a numb] ( dev\t ,buddhi/s4 ,he is next m5tion$ 9 ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 a s\rcebook ( ,z5 writ+s & records assembl$ 9 ! ye> #ajjd4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,bodhidh>ma1 l ! ,buddha1 seems n to h left a writt5 acc\nt ( 8 tea*+s1 al?\gh two essays are extant :i* are v>i\sly attribut$ to him & :i* probably ma9ta9 ! _s if n necess>ily ! lett] ( 8 views on m$itation4 ,! mo/ quot$ passage f ^! works1 & "o :i* encapsulates ! p>ticul> orig9ality ( ,bodhidh>ma1 is 8 praise ( m$itation1 or pi-kuan1 lit]ally wall gaz+4 ,?is t]m suppos$ly ref]s to ! leg5d>y n9e ye>s ( gaz+ at a cliff :i* has become "p ( ! ,bodhidh>ma /ory1 b x also may be tak5 z a metaphor = />+ at ! imp$im5t t reason places 9 ! pa? ( enlight5m5t until at la/ ! m9d hurdles ! rational faculties4 ,8 words are report$ z foll[s3 ,:5 "o1 ab&on+ ! false & embrac+ ! true1 & 9 simpl5ess ( ?\ght abides 9 pi-kuan1 "o f9ds t !re is nei!r selfhood nor o!rness4 4 4 4 ,he w n !n be guid$ by any lit]>y in/ructions1 = he is 9 sil5t communication ) ! pr9ciple itself1 free f conceptual discrim9ation1 = he is s]5e & n-act+4#a ,?is emphasis on m$itation & ! d5ial ( reason =m$ ! philosophical basis = ! new ,*9ese s*ool ( ,*'an4 ,by return+ to fir/ pr9ciples1 x 0 a d5ial ( all ! metaphysical baggage ) :i* ,mahayana ,buddhism _h burd5$ itself ov] ! c5turies1 & naturally en\gh !re 0 imm$iate opposition f ! m e/abli%$ sects4 ,"o ( ,bodhidh>ma's fir/ & mo/ ard5t foll[]s 0 ,hui-k'o 7#dhg-eic71 :o1 accord+ to ,! ,transmission ( ! ,lamp1 wait$ 9 va9 9 ! sn[s outside ,%ao-l9 mona/]y1 hop+ to receive an au,thence ) ,bodhidh>ma1 until at la/1 9 desp]ation1 he cut (f 8 arm to attract ! ,ma/]'s notice4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 :5 ,bodhidh>ma 0 prep>+ to leave ,*9a1 he left ?is pupil 8 copy ( ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra & bade him cont9ue ! tea*+s ( m$itation4 ,today ! "o-arm$ ,hui-k'o is rememb]$ z ! ,second ,patri>* ( ,*'an4 ,x seems odd t "o :o scorn$ lit]>y in/ruction %\ld h plac$ su* emphasis on a sutra1 b on c>eful read+ ! ,lankdvat>a1 a ,sanskrit text f ! fir/ c5tury1 proves to be a cog5t summ>y ( e>ly ,*'an tea*+s on ! function ( ! c\nt] m9d4 ,accord+ to ?is sutra1 ,transc5d5tal intellig5ce rises :5 ! intellectual m9d rea*es its limit &1 if ?+s are to be realiz$ 9 _! true & ess5ce nature1 its processes ( m5tation 4 4 4 mu/ be transc5d$ by an appeal to "s high] faculty ( cognition4 ,!re is su* a faculty 9 ! intuitive m9d1 :i* z we h se5 is ! l9k betwe5 ! intellectual m9d & ! ,univ]sal ,m9d4#b ,reg>d+ ! a*ievem5t ( self-realization by m$itation1 ! sutra /ates1 ,disciples may ?9k !y c exp$ite ! atta9m5t ( _! goal ( tranquilisation by entirely suppress+ ! activities ( ! m9d sy/em4 ,?is is a mi/ake 4 4 4 ! goal ( tranquilisation is to be rea*$ n by suppress+ all m9d activity b by gett+ rid ( discrim9ations & atta*m5ts4 4 4 4#c ,?is text1 toge!r ) ! ,taoi/ ideas ( ! ,t'ang ,*9ese1 became ! philosophical basis = e>ly ,*'an4 ,inde$1 traditional ,z5 owes mu* ( its ligh!>t$ irrev]5ce to ! e>ly ,taoi/s1 :o comb9$ _! love ( nature ) a :olesome disreg>d = /uffy philosophical pron\ncem5ts1 :e!r f s*ol>ly ,confuciani/s or ,indian sutras4 ,! ,taoi/s 7 also enemies ( atta*m5ts1 z exemplifi$ by an admonition ( ! fam\s ,*uang ,tzu1 ! f\r?-c5tury ,b4,c4 ,taoi/ ?9k] :o e/abli%$ mu* ( ! philosophical basis = ?is uniquely ,*9ese outlook t[>d life3 ,d n be an embodi] ( fame2 d n be a /oreh\se ( s*emes2 d n be an und]tak] ( projects2 d n be a proprietor ( wisdom4 4 4 4 ,be empty1 t is all4 ,! ,p]fect ,man uses 8 m9d l a mirror-- go+ aft] no?+1 welcom+ no?+1 respond+ b n /or+4#d ,bodhidh>ma1 practition] ( wall-gaz+ m$itation1 probably knew no?+ ( ,taoism1 b he seems to h s5s$ correctly t ,*9a w\ld provide a home = 8 ,buddhism ( nonatta*m5t4 ,! ,*9ese ( ! ,tang era 7#fah-ijg7 did inde$ f9d 9 8 tea*+s a sy/em rem>kably cong5ial to _! own ?\s&-ye>-old philosophy ( tao1 or ,! ,way4 ,ev5 ! practice ( dhyana1 or m$itation1 resembl$ 9 a s5se ! ,*9ese tradition ( ! ascetic1 solit>y h]mit1 mus+ on ! ess5ce ( nature 9 a remote m\nta9 retreat4 ,:e!r ,*'an 0 really ,buddhism masqu]ad+ z ,taoism or ,taoism disguis$ z ,buddhism has nev] be5 fully e/abli%$3 x conta9s elem5ts ( bo?4 ,b x 0 ! fir/ g5u9e m]g+ ( ,*9ese & ,indian ?\ght1 comb9+ ! ,indian ideas ( m$itation & nonatta*m5t ) ! ,*9ese practice ( nature rev]5ce & nature my/icism 7some?+ fundam5tally =eign to ! great body ( ,indian philosophy1 ei!r ,h9du or ,buddhi/74 ,! ,?ird ,patri>* aft] ,bodhidh>ma 0 also a w&]+ m5dicant tea*]1 b ! ,f\r? *ose to settle 9 a mona/]y4 ,?is introduction ( mona/ic ,*'an co9cid$ r\ghly ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 & x br\ght ab\t a dramatic rise 9 ! appeal ( ,*'an to ! ,*9ese laity4 ,x made ! new fai? respectable & an acceptable alt]native to o!r sects1 = 9 ! l& ( ,confucius1 tea*]s :o w&]$ ! c\ntryside begg+ _h nev] elicit$ ! respect t !y enjoy$ 9 ,india4 ,be=e long1 ! ,f\r? ,patri>* _h a foll[+ ( "s five hundr$ disciples1 :o con/ruct$ mona/]y build+s & till$ ! soil 9 addition to m$itat+ on ! sutras4 ,! ability to comb9e practical activities ) ! que/ = enlight5m5t became a hallm>k ( lat] ,z51 acc\nt+ = mu* ( its influ5ce 9 ,japan4 ,! ,fif? ,patri>*1 ,hung-j5 7#fje-fge71 cont9u$ ! mona/]y1 al?\gh at ano!r spot1 :i* 0 to be ! location ( an hi/oric turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*'an4 ,out ( x 0 to come ! ,six? ,patri>*1 ,hui-n5g 7#fch-gac71 sometimes kn[n z ! second f\nd] ( ,*9ese ,*'an1 ^: fam\s biographical treatise1 ,! ,sutra ( ,hui- n5g1 is rev]$ z "o ( ! holy books ( ,z54 ,9 ?is memoir he tells ( com+ to ! mona/]y ( ! ,fif? ,patri>* z an illit]ate b precoci\s y\?1 hav+ be5 spiritually awak5$ by happ5+ to he> a recitation ( ! ,vajrac*$ika ,sutra1 bett] kn[n z ! ,diamond ,sutra4 ,he made ! mi/ake ( reveal+ 8 brilliance & 0 imm$iately bani%$ by ! ,fif? ,patri>* to p\nd+ rice1 le/ he emb>rass ! m exp]i5c$ bro!rs & be 9 p]il ( 8 safety4 ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 he liv$ 9 obscurity = _m mon?s until "o day ! ,fif? ,patri>* call$ an assembly & ann\nc$ t ! disciple :o c\ld compose a /anza :i* w\ld reveal an und]/&+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,m9d w\ld be made ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,all ! monks assum$ t ! lead+ s*ol> ( ! mona/]y1 ,%5- hsiu1 w\ld naturally w9 ! conte/1 & all resolv$ n to bo!r compos+ l9es ( _! own4 ,! /ory tells t ,%5-hsiu /ruggl$ = f\r days & f9ally m\nt$ 8 c\rage to write an unsign$ v]se on a wall corridor at midnight4 ,our body is ! ,bodhi-tree1 ,& our m9d a mirror bright4 ,c>efully we wipe !m h\r by h\r1 ,& let no du/ alight4#e ,?is v]se c]ta9ly demon/rat$ ! concept ( ! m9d's nonatta*m5t to ph5om5a1 b p]haps x %[$ an atta*m5t ( ! m9d to itself4 ,9 any case1 x did n satisfy ! ,fif? ,patri>*1 :o recogniz$ its au?or & advis$ ,%5- hsiu privately to submit ano!r v]se 9 two days4 ,be=e he _h a *ance1 h[ev]1 ! illit]ate ,hui-n5g1 betwe5 sessions ( rice p\nd+1 *anc$ along ! hallway & ask$ t ! v]se be read to him4 ,^u he>+ x1 he dictat$ a /anza to be writt5 next to x4 ,!re is no ,bodhi-tree1 ,nor /& ( a mirror bright4 ,s9ce all is void1 ,:]e c ! du/ alight8#f ,! /ory says t all 7 amaz$1 & ! ,fif? ,patri>* imm$iately rubb$ away ! /anza le/ ! o!r monks become jeal\s4 ,he !n summon$ ,hui-n5g late at night1 exp\nd$ ! ,diamond ,sutra to him1 & pres5t$ him ) ! robe & begg+ b[l ( ,bodhidh>ma-- toge!r ) advice to flee s\? 9 ! int]e/ ( safety4 ,?us ,hui-n5g became ! ,six? ,patri>*1 began ! ,s\!rn s*ool ( ,*'an1 :i* w\ld lat] be transmitt$ to ,japan1 & e/abli%$ ! ,diamond ,sutra z ! fai?'s prim>y scripture4 ,& s x 0 t ! ,lankavat>a ,sutra ( ,bodhidh>ma1 a ri* moral & spiritual treatise1 0 replac$ by ! m easily und]/ood ,diamond ,sutra1 a repetitive & self- prais+ docum5t ^: message is t no?+ exi/s3 notions ( selfhood1 p]sonality1 entity1 & sep>ate individuality1 z really exi/+1 are errone\s--^! t]ms are m]ely figures ( spee*4 4 4 4 ,develop a pure1 lucid m9d1 n dep5d+ ^u s\nd1 flavor1 t\*1 odor1 or any quality 4 4 4 develop a m9d :i* alights ^u no ?+ :atsoev]4#g ,) ?is sutra z text1 ! ,s\!rn ,*'an ma/]s turn$ ev] f>!r away f intellectual inquiry1 s9ce ev5 ! m9d itself does n exi/4 7,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ! biography ( ! f\nd] ( ,s\!rn ,*'an 0 revis$ 9 lat] ve>s to r5d] him z uns*ool$ & illit]ate z possible1 ! bett] to emphasize ! lat] ,*'an's contempt = s*ol>s & s*ol>%ip47 ,by ! "t ( ,hui-n5g's dea?1 ,*9a 0 bask+ 9 ! cultural brilliance ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! sect ( ,s\!rn ,*'an1 :i* 0 at odds ) ! intellectual life ( ! ,t'ang1 0 ! ,buddhi/ sect mo/ prosp]+4 ,! ,t'ang became ! gold5 age ( ,*'an1 produc+ ! va/ majority ( great ,z5 ?9k]s z well z ! classic te*niques = tea*+ novices4 ,p]haps ! fact t ,*'an 0 outside ! ma9/ream ( ,*9ese culture dur+ ! ,t'ang p]iod contribut$ to ! indep5d5t "* ( its tea*]s2 dur+ ! lat] ,sung dyna/y1 :5 ,z5 became fa%ionable among s*ol>s & arti/s1 few dynamic tea*]s 7 to be f\nd4 ,! ma9 objective ( ! ,*'an tea*]s 0 to inculcate a basically ,taoi/ view ( ! _w us+ a ,buddhi/ framework4 ,su* fam\s ,taoi/s z ,*uang ,tzu _h long demon/rat$ ! irrelevance ( logical inquiry into ! m9d ?r\gh ! use ( absurdi/ /ories :i* conf\nd$ conv5tional und]/&+4 ,to ?is ! ,*'an tea*]s add$ ! ,buddhi/ tea*+ t ! m9d _c und]/& ext]nal reality because x is itself ! only reality4 ,! h& _c grasp itself2 ! eye _c see itself2 ! m9d _c p]ceive itself4 ,q obvi\sly1 no am\nt ( logical introspection c elicit ?is tru?2 !re=e ! m9d mu/ ab&on its po9tless que/+ & simply float ) exi/5ce1 ( :i* x is m]ely an undiff]5tiat$ "p4 ,b h[ c su* a tru? be taught8 ,tea*+ ideas is ! transmission ( logical con/ructions f "o m9d to ano!r1 & ! ess5ce ( ,z5 is t logical con/ructions are ! greate/ imp$im5t to enlight5m5t4 ,9 answ]1 ! ,z5 ma/]s took a page f ! ,taoi/s & began us+ nons5se conundrums1 lat] kn[n z koan1 z well z fru/rat+ "q-&-answ] sessions1 kn[n z mondo1 to und]m9e a novice's dep5d5ce on rational ?\ght4 ,a new monk w\ld be pres5t$ ) an illogical "q or problem by ! head ( a mona/]y1 :o w\ld !n monitor 8 response4 7,examples might include3 ,:y did ,bodhidh>ma come f ! ,we/1 t is1 f ,india to ,*9a8 ,does a dog h ,buddha-nature8 ,:at 0 y\r face be=e y\r "m 0 born87 ,if ! novice /ruggl$ to con/ruct a response us+ logical ?\ght processes1 he fad$2 if he intuitively & nondiscursively grasp$ ! tru? )9 ! koan1 he pass$4 ,?is pass-or-fail te*nique diff]5tiat$ ,*'an f all previ\s ,buddhi/ sects2 ,*'an all[$ = no gradual progress upw>d 9 ! spiritual ,!r>*y ?r\gh ! ma/]y ( rituals4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,tang dyna/y1 :5 ! numb] ( initiates 0 small1 ! great ma/]s ( ,*'an directly te/$ ! non-rational und]/&+ ( novices2 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,sung dyna/y x 0 necess>y to develop a m imp]sonal proc$ure1 su* z h&+ out ! same koan to a numb] ( novices dur+ a lecture4 ,! m effective ex*anges betwe5 ! old ,t'ang ma/]s & _! pupils began to be reus$ by lat] tea*]s 9 ! ,sung1 :o _h nei!r ! g5ius to create new *all5ges = _! novices nor ! "t to tailor-make a special problem = ea* new face appe>+ at ! mona/]y4 ,out ( ?is !re 0 gradually canoniz$ :at are n[ ! classic koan ( ,z54 ,late 9 ! ,tang & e>ly 9 ! ,sung p]iod ! koan !mselves began to be writt5 d[n & us$ z ! scriptures1 result+ 9 a catalog said to numb] ar\nd sev5te5 hundr$ today4 ,! koan is a uniquely ,z5 creation1 a brilliant te*nique develop$ by ! ,t'ang ma/]s = transmitt+ a religion :i* rev]$ no scriptures & _h no god4 ,x appe>s n[h]e else 9 ! va/ lit]ature ( _w my/icism4 ,sev]al ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! ,t'ang develop$ _! own s*ools ( ,*'an1 & ! two mo/ successful--! ,l9-*i 7,japanese ,r9zai7 & ! ,ts'ao-tung 7,japanese ,soto7--7 lat] transmitt$ to ,japan4 ,! ,r9zai s*ool pursu$ a te*nique ( sudd5 enlight5m5t2 ! ,soto s*ool1 gradual enlight5m5t4 ,^! t]ms c be mislead+1 h[ev]1 = sudd5 enlight5m5t may require m "t ?an gradual4 ,! gradual s*ool taught t by sitt+ 9 m$itation 7,japanese zaz57 = long p]iods ( "t--kept awake by ?ra%+s if necess>y--"o's m9d sl[ly acquires a deta*m5t f ! _w ( false reality p]ceiv$ by "o's discrim9at+ s5ses & ?us a*ive enlight5m5t4 ,x is a sl[1 cumulative process4 ,by contra/1 ! sudd5 s*ool de-emphasizes zaz5 9 favor ( /udy ( koan4 ,! /ud5t /ruggles ) koan1 build+ up a k9d ( hopeless t5sion :i* may la/ = ye>s1 until at la/ 8 logical processes sudd5ly %ort-circuit & he atta9s enlight5m5t4 ,practition]s ( ! sudd5 s*ool also use %\ts & beat+s to jolt novices out ( _! l9e>1 sequ5tial ?\ght patt]ns4 ,/ud5ts ( ! gradual s*ool are also invit$ to /udy koan1 & ^? 9 ! sudd5 s*ool are enc\rag$ to practice zaz51 b ea* s*ool believes its own approa* is be/4 ,al?\gh ! latt] ,t'ang era saw ! p]secution ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 ) ! com+ ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 ,*'an bask$ 9 ! (ficial enc\ragem5t ( ! c\rt4 ,! koan ( ,t'ang ma/]s 7 compil$ & stu,thed1 :ile ! sutras ( or?odox ,buddhism suff]$ f neglect4 ,b ! real future ( ,*'an ,buddhism 0 to lie ) ! ,japanese4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury a ,japanese ,t5dai monk nam$ ,eisai 7#aada-abae71 conclud+ t ,japanese ,buddhism _h become /agnant & lifeless1 j\rney$ to ,*9a to le>n ! developm5ts t _h tak5 place dur+ ! ye>s t ,japan _h isolat$ h]self4 ,he naturally w5t to a ,t'i5-t'ai mona/]y1 :i* _h be5 ! s\rce ( s mu* ,japanese ,buddhism1 b !re he discov]$ ,*9ese ,buddhi/s imm]s$ 9 ,*'an4 ,! new fai? seem$ a heal?y answ] to ,japanese ne$s1 & on a second visit he stu,thed ,*'an until he receiv$ ! seal ( enlight5m5t4 ,a fully accr$it$ ,z5 ma/]1 he return$ to ,japan 9 #aaia to f\nd ! fir/ ,r9zai temple1 on ! s\!rn isl& ( ,kyu%u4 ,al?\gh 8 introduction ( a new sect inspir$ ! cu/om>y opposition f ! ,t5dai monks on ,mt4 ,!i1 ! new fai? *all5g+ ! usefulness ( s*ol>%ip f\nd a receptive audi5ce among ! newly em]g5t w>rior class4 ,basically illit]ate1 ! w>riors (t5 felt !mselves intellectually inf]ior to ! lit]>y ari/ocracy1 & !y 7 delight$ to be in=m$ t a s*ol>ly m9d 0 an imp$im5t r ?an an asset 9 life4 ,!y also f\nd ,z5's emphasis on ! quick1 intuitive response agreeably 9 accord ) _! approa* to arm$ combat4 ,eisai soon f\nd himself invit$ to head a temple 9 ,kyoto & lat] 9 ! new w>rior capital ( ,kamakura4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ practical move 0 ! composition ( a treatise design$ to w9 = ,z5 a place 9 ! he>ts ( ! nationali/ic milit>y e/abli%m5t & at ! same "t to conciliate ! ,t5dai monks on ,mt4 ,!i4 ,9 8 ,propagation ( ,z5 = ! ,protection ( ! ,c\ntry he describ$ ,z5 z foll[s3 ,9 its rules ( action & discipl9e1 !re is no confusion ( "r & wrong4 4 4 4 ,outw>dly x favors discipl9e ov] doctr9e1 inw>dly x br+s ! ,highe/ ,inn] ,wisdom4#h ,al?\gh x may seem p>adoxical t a pacifi/ religion l ,z5 f\nd imm$iate favor ) ! r\gh w>rior class ( ,japan1 x _h an obvi\s appeal4 ,z ,sir ,george ,sansom has expla9$ x1 ,= a ?\ghtful w>rior1 ^: life always bord]$ on dea?1 !re 0 an attraction1 ev5 a p]suasion1 9 ! belief t tru? comes l ! fla% ( a sword z x cuts ?r\gh ! problem ( exi/5ce4 ,any l9e ( religi\s ?\ght t help$ a man und]/& ! nature ( be+ )\t ardu\s lit]>y stu,thes 0 likely to attract ! k9d ( w>rior :o felt t ! greate/ mom5ts 9 life 7 ! mom5ts :5 dea? 0 ne>e/4#i ,! ,japanese w>riors 7 captur$ by ! irrev]5t1 anti- s*ola/ic qualities ( ,r9zai1 ) its reliance ^u anecdotal koan & viol5t jolts ( enlight5m5t4 ,?us ! rul+ w>riors ( ,japan began /udy+ koan1 ev5 z ! peasantry at l>ge 0 *ant+ praises to ,amida & ! ,lotus ,sutra4 ,! ari/ocratic prie/ ,dog5 7#abjj-abec71 :o also left ! ,t5dai mona/]y = ,*9a & return$ to e/abli% ! m$itative1 gradual s*ool ( ,soto ,z51 is g5]ally consid]$ ! second f\nd] ( ,japanese ,z54 ,al?\gh he grudg+ly ackn[l$g$ ! usefulness ( koan z an aid to in/ruction1 ,dog5 consid]$ zaz5 m$itation ! "t-prov5 me?od ( ! ,buddha = ac,theving enlight5m5t4 ,= scriptural support1 he pref]r$ to g back to ! e>li] ,h9ayana sutras = _! m au!ntic acc\nts ( ! words ( ! ,buddha1 r ?an to rely on ,mahayana s\rces1 :i* _h be5 corrupt$ ov] ! c5turies by an elaborate metaphysics & poly!ism4 ,dog5 _h n orig9ally plann$ to />t a s*ool ( ,z5 b m]ely to popul>ize zaz51 to :i* end he wrote a small treatise1 ,g5]al ,tea*+s = ! ,promotion ( ,zaz51 :i* has become a classic4 ,?is 0 foll[$ a few ye>s lat] by a l>g]1 m g5]aliz$ "w :i* 0 to become ! bible ( ,japanese ,soto ,z51 ,%obog5zo1 or ,treasury ( ,k ,reg>d+ ! ,true ,dh>ma4 ,9 ?is "w he tri$ to /ress ! importance ( zaz5 :ile at ! same "t ackn[l$g+ ! usefulness ( in/ruction & koan :]e requir$4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* to set body & m9d "r3 "o is to he> ! tea*+ f a ma/]1 & ! o!r is to d pure zaz5 y\rself4 ,if y he> ! tea*+s ! consci\s m9d is put to "w1 :il/ zaz5 embraces bo? tra9+ & enlight5m5t2 9 ord] to und]/& ! ,tru?1 y ne$ bo?4#aj ,unlike ! conciliatory ,eisai1 ,dog5 0 uncompromis+ 9 8 rejection ( ! traditional s*ools ( ,buddhism1 :i* he felt _h /ray$ too f> f ! orig9al tea*+s ( ,gautama4 ,he 0 "r1 ( c\rse2 ! *ant+1 savior-ori5t$ popul> ,buddhi/s 9 ,japan 71 z ,edw9 ,reis*au] has not$1 practic+ a religion f> clos] to ,european ,*ri/ianity ( ! same p]iod ?an to ! fai? />t$ by ! ,buddha--an a!i/ic self-reliance aim$ at f9d+ release f all worldly atta*m5ts4 ,dog5's tru?s did n re/ well ) ! ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t ( 8 "t1 h[ev]1 & = ye>s he mov$ f temple to temple4 ,f9ally1 9 #abcf1 he manag$ to />t a temple ( 8 own1 & gradually he became "o ( ! mo/ rev]$ religi\s tea*]s 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,z 8 reputation grew1 ! milit>y lead]s invit$ him to visit !m & tea*1 b he w\ld h no "p ( _! life4 ,possibly z a result ( ,dog5's attitude1 ,soto ,z5 nev] became associat$ ) ! w>rior class1 b rema9$ ! ,z5 ( ! common p4 ,today ,soto 7) approximately six & a half million foll[]s7 is ! m popul> v]sion ( ,z51 :]eas ,r9zai 7) some?+ ov] two million foll[]s7 is ! ,z5 ( ^? int]e/$ 9 !ological d>+ & intellectual *all5ge4 ,hi/orically a religion at odds ) ! e/abli%m5t--f ,bodhidh>ma to ! ecc5tric ,t'ang ma/]s--,z5 9 ,japan f\nd itself sudd5ly ! religion ( ! rul+ class4 ,! result 0 a ,z5 impact 9 ,japan f> great] ?an any influ5ce ,*'an ev] realiz$ 9 ,*9a4 ,,*apt] ,,five ,z5 ,ar*]y & ,swordsman%ip 7,,! ,,kamakura ,,era--#aahe-accc7 ,! anti-s*ola/icism1 ! m5tal discipl9e--/ill m ! /rict physical discipl9e ( ! adh]5ts ( ,z51 :i* kept _! lives v close to nature--all appeal$ to ! w>rior ca/e4 4 4 4 ,z5 contribut$ mu* to ! developm5t ( a t\ghness ( inn] fib] & a /r5g? ( "* :i* typifi$ ! w>rior ( feudal ,japan4 4 4 4 ,edw9 ,reis*au]1 ,japan3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,,! ,,beg9n+s ( ! ,z5 era are ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! c5turies-long ,heian miracle ( peace came to an end4 ,! ,japanese ari/ocracy _h rul$ ! l& = hundr$s ( ye>s practically )\t draw+ a sword1 us+ diplomatic suasion s skillful t ,heian 0 probably ! only capital city 9 ! m$ieval _w entirely )\t =tifications4 ,?is _h be5 possible p>tly because ( ! rul+ class's will+ness to let taxable l&s slip f _! control--into ! h&s ( p[]ful prov9cial lead]s & ri* mona/]ies--r ?an />t a qu>rel4 ,= occasions :5 =ce 0 requir$1 !y delegat$ ! responsibility to two p[]ful milit>y clans1 ! ,taira & ! ,m9amoto1 :o roam$ ! l& to collect taxes1 quell upris+s1 & n incid5tally to =ge allegiances ) prov9cial *iefta9s4 ,! ,taira 7 9 *>ge ( ! we/]n & c5tral prov9ces ar\nd ,kyoto1 :ile ! ,m9amoto dom9at$ ! fronti] ea/]n prov9ces1 9 ! region "o day to hold ! w>rior capital ( ,kamakura4 ,! a/\nd+ longevity ( _! rule 0 a tribute to ! ari/ocrats' skill 9 play+ (f ^! two p[]ful families aga9/ ea* o!r1 b by ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury !y f\nd !mselves at ! m]cy ( _! bellicose ag5ts1 awak5+ "o day to discov] ruffians 9 ! /reets ( ,kyoto z brig&s & arm$ monks invad$ ! city to burn & pillage4 ,! real d[nfall ( ! anci5 regime began 9 ! ye> #aaef1 :5 a dispute arose betwe5 ! reign+ emp]or & a retir$ sov]eign simultane\sly ) a disagreem5t among ! ari/ocracy reg>d+ patronage4 ,bo? sides turn$ to ! w>riors = support--a =mula t prov$ to be extremely unwise4 ,! result 0 a feud betwe5 ! ,taira & ,m9amoto1 culm9at+ 9 a civil w> 7! ,gempei ,w>7 t la/$ five ye>s1 produc$ blood%$ on a scale previ\sly unkn[n 9 ,japan1 & end$ 9 victory = ! ,m9amoto4 ,a *iefta9 nam$ ,m9amoto ,yoritomo em]g$ z head ( a unifi$ /ate & lead] ( a gov]nm5t ^: p[] to comm& 0 beyond "q4 ,s9ce ,yoritomo's position _h no prec$5t1 he inv5t$ = himself ! title ( %ogun4 ,he also mov$ ! gov]nm5t f ,kyoto to 8 milit>y headqu>t]s at ,kamakura & proce$$ to lay ! gr\ndwork = :at w\ld be almo/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s ( unbrok5 w>rior rule4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t ,yoritomo in/itut$ is g5]ally1 if some:at inaccurately1 describ$ z feudalism4 ,! prov9cial w>rior families manag$ e/ates work$ by peasants ^: role 0 simil> to t ( ! ,european s]fs ( ! same p]iod4 ,! e/ate-own+ b>ons 7 m\nt$ w>riors1 new figures 9 ,japanese hi/ory1 :o protect$ _! l&s & _! family honor mu* z did ! ,european knights4 ,b in/ead ( glorify+ *ivalry & maid5ly honor1 !y respect$ ! rules ( battle & noble dea?4 ,among ! fi]ce/ fight]s ! _w has se51 !y 7 ma/]s ( p]sonal combat1 horseman%ip1 ar*]y1 & ! way ( ! sword4 ,_! pr9ciples 7 fe>lessness1 loyalty1 honor1 p]sonal integrity1 & contempt = mat]ial weal?4 ,!y became kn[n z samurai1 & !y 7 ! m5 ^: swords 7 rul$ by ,z54 ,battle = ! samurai 0 a ritual ( p]sonal & family honor4 ,:5 two oppos+ sides confront$ "o ano!r 9 ! field1 ! m\nt$ samurai w\ld fir/ dis*>ge ! tw5ty to ?irty arr[s at _! disposal & !n call out _! family names 9 hopes ( elicit+ foes ( simil>ly di/+ui%$ l9eage4 ,two w>riors w\ld !n *>ge "o ano!r br&i%+ _! long swords until "o 0 dism\nt$1 :]eupon h&-to-h& combat ) %ort knives comm5c$4 ,! los]'s head 0 tak5 z a trophy1 s9ce headge> proclaim$ family & rank4 ,to die a noble dea? 9 battle at ! h&s ( a wor?y foe br\ght no di%onor to "o's family1 & c[>dice 9 ! face ( dea? seems to h be5 z r>e z x 0 humiliat+4 ,frugality among ^! ,z5-inspir$ w>riors 0 z mu* admir$ z ! s(t liv+ ( ari/ocrats & m]*ants 0 scorn$2 & life itself 0 *eap1 ) w>riors ev] ready to commit ritual suicide 7call$ seppuku or h>akiri7 to pres]ve _! honor or to regi/] social prote/4 ,yoritomo 0 at ! height ( 8 p[] :5 he 0 kill$ accid5tally 9 a rid+ mi%ap4 ,hav+ murd]$ all ! compet5t memb]s ( 8 family1 le/ !y prove rivals1 he left no l9e except two ineffectual sons1 nei!r ( :om 0 wor?y to gov]n4 ,! p[] vacuum 0 fill$ by 8 9-laws ( ! ,hojo clan1 :o v %ortly elim9at$ all ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! ,m9amoto rul+ family & assum$ p[]4 ,n wi%+ to appe> outright usurp]s ( ! (fice ( %ogun1 !y inv5t$ a position kn[n z reg5t1 ?r\gh :i* !y manipulat$ a h&-pick$ %ogun1 :o 9 turn manipulat$ a p[]less emp]or4 ,x 0 an example ( indirect rule at its mo/ +5i\s4 ,hav+ skillfully remov$ ! ,m9amoto family f rul+ circles1 ! ,hojo ,reg5cy gov]n$ ,japan = ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ,z5 became ! mo/ influ5tial religion 9 ! l&4 ,x 0 also dur+ ?is "t t ,z5 play$ an important role 9 sav+ ,japan f :at 0 possibly ! greate/ ?reat to its survival up to t "t3 ! invasion attempts ( ,kublai ,khan4 ,9 #abfh ! ,great ,khan1 ^: ,mongol armies 7 9 ! process ( sack+ ,*9a1 s5t envoys to ,japan recomm5d+ tribute4 ,! ,kyoto c\rt 0 t]rifi$1 b n ! ,kamakura w>riors1 :o s5t ! ,mongols back empty-h&$4 ,! sequ5ce 0 repeat$ f\r ye>s lat]1 al?\gh ?is "t ! ,japanese knew x w\ld mean w>4 ,z expect$1 9 #abgd an invasion fleet ( ,mongols sail$ f ,korea1 b aft] inconclusive fight+ on a s\!rn bea*head ( ,kyu%u1 a timely /orm blew ! invad]s out to sea & inflict$ en\gh losses to d]ail ! project4 ,! ,japanese _h1 h[ev]1 le>n$ a sob]+ lesson ab\t _! milit>y prep>$ness4 ,9 ! c5tury ( int]nal peace betwe5 ! ,gempei ,w> & ! ,mongol l&+1 ,japanese fight+ m5 _h let _! skills atrophy4 ,n only 7 _! =maliz$ ideas ab\t honorable h&-to-h& combat totally inappropriate to ! tight =mations & p[]ful crossb[s ( ! ,asian armies 7a samurai w\ld ride out1 ann\nce 8 l9eage1 & imm$iately be cut d[n by a volley ( ,mongol arr[s71 ! ,japanese w>riors _h lo/ mu* ( _! moral fib]4 ,to correct bo? ^! faults ! ,z5 monks :o s]v$ z advis]s to ! ,hojo insi/$ t milit>y tra9+1 p>ticul>ly ar*]y & swordsman%ip1 be =maliz$1 us+ ! te*niques ( ,z5 discipl9e4 ,a sy/em ( tra9+ 0 ha/ily begun 9 :i* ! samurai 7 condition$ psy*ologically z well z physically = battle4 ,x prov$ s successful t x became a p]man5t "p ( ,japanese m>tial tactics4 ,! ,z5 tra9+ 0 urg5t1 = all ( ,japan knew t ! ,mongols w\ld be back 9 /r5g?4 ,"o ( ! ,mongols' major weapons _h be5 ! fe> !y inspir$ 9 ^? !y approa*$1 b fe> ( dea? is ! la/ conc]n ( a samurai ^: m9d has be5 discipl9$ by ,z5 ex]cises4 ,?us ! ,mongols 7 robb$ ( _! mo/ pot5t (f5sive weapon1 a po9t driv5 home :5 a gr\p ( ,mongol envoys appe>+ aft] ! fir/ invasion to pr(f] t]ms 7 summ>ily behead$4 ,along ) ! ,z5 milit>y tra9+1 ! ,japanese plac$ ! entire c\ntry on a w>time foot+1 ) e able-bodi$ man engag$ 9 con/ruct+ %orel9e =tifications4 ,z expect$1 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #abha ! ,khan laun*$ an invasion =ce ?\ght to h numb]$ well ov] #ajj1jjj m51 us+ vessels con/ruct$ by ,korean labor4 ,:5 !y began l&+ 9 s\!rn ,kyu%u1 ! samurai 7 !re & ready1 delight$ at ! prospect ( putt+ to use on a common adv]s>y ! milit>y skills !y _h evolv$ ov] ! decades ?r\gh slaught]+ "o ano!r4 ,!y h>ass$ ! ,mongol fleet f small vessels1 :ile on %ore !y fac$ ! invad]s man = man1 nev] all[+ _! l9e to break4 ,= sev5 weeks !y /ood firm1 & !n x 0 ,augu/1 ! typhoon mon?4 ,"o ev5+1 ! skies d>k5$ om9\sly 9 ! s\? & ! w9ds began to rise1 b be=e ! fleet c\ld )draw ! typhoon /ruck4 ,9 two days ! armada ( ,kublai ,khan 0 oblit]at$1 leav+ hapless on%ore advance p>ties to be cut to ribbons by ! samurai4 ,?us did ! ,z5 w>riors defeat "o ( ! l>ge/ naval exp$itions 9 _w hi/ory1 & 9 commemoration ! grateful emp]or nam$ ! typhoon ! ,div9e ,w9d1 ,kamikaze4 ,! symbols ( ! ,z5 samurai 7 ! sword & ! b[4 ,! sword 9 p>ticul> 0 id5tifi$ ) ! noble/ impulses ( ! individual1 a role /r5g!n$ by its hi/oric place z "o ( ! emblems ( ! div9ity ( ! emp]or1 rea*+ back into pre-,buddhi/ c5turies4 ,a samurai's sword 0 believ$ to possess a _s ( its own1 & :5 he exp]i5c$ disappo9tm5t 9 battle he might g to a %r9e to pray = ! _s's return4 ,n surpris+ly1 ! swordsmi? 0 an almo/ prie/ly figure :o1 aft] ritual purification1 w5t ab\t 8 task clad 9 :ite robes4 ,! ritual surr\nd+ swordmak+ _h a practical z well z a spiritual purpose2 x enabl$ ! e>ly ,japanese to pres]ve ! highly complex =mulas requir$ to =ge special /eel4 ,_! =mulas 7 c>efully gu>d$1 & ju/ifiably s3 n until ! pa/ c5tury did ! ,we/ produce comp>able metal4 ,inde$1 ! metal 9 m$ieval ,japanese swords has be5 favorably comp>$ ) ! f9e/ mod]n armorplate4 ,! secret ( ^! e>ly swords lay 9 ! +5i\s me?od develop$ = produc+ a metal bo? h>d & brittle en\gh to hold its edge & yet suffici5tly s(t & pliable n to snap "u /ress4 ,! proc$ure consi/$ ( hamm]+ toge!r a lam9at$ s&wi* ( /eels ( v>y+ h>dness1 heat+ x1 & !n fold+ x ov] aga9 & aga9 until x consi/$ ( _m ?\s&s ( lay]s4 ,if a truly fir/-rate sword 0 requir$1 ! int]ior core 0 made ( a s&wi* ( s(t metals1 & ! out] %ell fa%ion$ f v>y+ grades ( h>d] /eel4 ,! blade 0 !n heat$ repeat$ly & plung$ into wat] to t\gh5 ! sk94 ,f9ally1 all portions save ! cutt+ edge 7 coat$ ) clay & ! blade heat$ to a v precise temp]ature1 :]eupon x 0 aga9 plung$ into wat] ( a special temp]ature = j long en\gh to freeze ! edge b n ! int]ior core1 :i* 0 !n all[$ to cool sl[ly & ma9ta9 its flexibility4 ,! precise temp]atures ( blade & wat] 7 closely gu>d$ secrets1 & at lea/ "o visitor to a ma/] swordsmi?'s works :o sneak$ a f+] into ! wat] to discov] its temp]ature f\nd 8 h& sudd5ly *opp$ (f 9 an e>ly te/ ( ! sword4 ,! result ( ^! te*niques 0 a sword ^: razor- %>p edge c\ld repeat$ly cut ?r\gh armor )\t dull+1 b ^: int]ior 0 s(t en\gh t x r>ely broke4 ,! sword ( ! samurai 0 ! equival5t ( a two-h&$ /raight razor1 all[+ an exp]i5c$ w>rior to c>ve a man into slices ) consummate ease4 ,little wond] ! ,*9ese & o!r ,asians 7 will+ to pay extravagant prices 9 lat] ye>s = ^! exquisite in/rum5ts ( dea?4 ,little wond]1 too1 t ! samurai wor%ip$ 8 side>m to ! po9t :]e he w\ld r lose 8 life ?an 8 sword4 ,yet a sword alone did n a samurai make4 ,a classic ,z5 anecdote may s]ve to illu/rate ! ,z5 approa* to swordsman%ip4 ,x is told t a "y man j\rney$ to visit a fam\s ,z5 swordma/] & ask$ to be tak5 z a pupil1 indicat+ a desire to "w h>d & !reby r$uce ! "t ne$$ = tra9+4 ,t[>d ! end ( 8 int]view he ask$ ab\t ! l5g? ( "t :i* might be requir$1 & ! ma/] repli$ t x w\ld probably be at lea/ t5 ye>s4 ,dismay$1 ! "y novice (f]$ to "w dilig5tly night & day & inquir$ h[ ?is extra ef=t might affect ! "t requir$4 ,9 t case1 ! ma/] repli$1 x w require ?irty ye>s4 ,) a s5se ( increas+ al>m1 ! "y man !n (f]$ to devote all 8 en]gies & e s+le mom5t to /udy+ ! sword4 ,!n x w take sev5ty ye>s1 repli$ ! ma/]4 ,! "y man 0 spee*less1 b f9ally agre$ to give 8 life ov] to ! ma/]4 ,= ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 he nev] saw a sword b 0 put to "w hull+ rice & practic+ ,z5 m$itation4 ,!n "o day ! ma/] crept up beh9d 8 pupil & gave him a solid :ack ) a wood5 sword4 ,!reaft] he w\ld be attack$ daily by ! ma/] :5ev] 8 back 0 turn$4 ,z a result1 8 s5ses gradually %>p5$ until he 0 on gu>d e mom5t1 ready to dodge in/9ctively4 ,:5 ! ma/] saw t 8 /ud5t's body 0 al]t to ev]y?+ ar\nd x & oblivi\s ( all irrelevant ?\ghts & desires1 tra9+ began4 ,in/9ctive action is ! key to ,z5 swordsman%ip4 ,! ,z5 fight] does n logically ?9k out 8 moves2 8 body acts )\t rec\rse to logical plann+4 ,?is gives him a preci\s advantage ov] an oppon5t :o mu/ ?9k ?r\gh 8 actions & !n translate ?is logical plan into ! movem5t ( arm & sword4 ,! same pr9ciples t gov]n ! ,z5 approa* to und]/&+ inn] reality ?r\gh transc5d+ ! analytical faculties are us$ by ! swordsman to circumv5t ! "t-consum+ process ( ?9k+ ?r\gh e move4 ,to ?is te*nique ,z5 swordsm5 add ano!r vital elem5t1 ! complete id5tification ( ! w>rior ) 8 weapon4 ,! s5se ( duality betwe5 man & /eel is eras$ by ,z5 tra9+1 leav+ a s+le fight+ in/rum5t4 ,! samurai nev] has a s5se t 8 arm1 "p ( himself1 is hold+ a sword1 :i* is a sep>ate entity4 ,r1 sword1 arm1 body1 & m9d become "o4 ,z expla9$ by ! ,z5 s*ol> ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki3 ,:5 ! sword is 9 ! h&s ( a te*nician-swordsman skill$ 9 its use1 x is no m ?an an in/rum5t ) no m9d ( its own4 ,:at x does is done me*anically1 & !re is no non9tellection disc]nible 9 x4 ,b :5 ! sword is held by ! swordsman ^: spiritual atta9m5t is su* t he holds x z ?\gh n hold+ x1 x is id5tifi$ ) ! man himself1 x acquires a s\l1 x moves ) all ! subtleties :i* h be5 imb$d$ 9 him z a swordsman4 ,! man empti$ ( all ?\ghts1 all emotions orig9at+ f fe>1 all s5se ( insecurity1 all desire to w91 is n consci\s ( us+ ! sword2 bo? man & sword turn into in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s1 z x 71 ( ! unconsci\s4 4 4 4#a ,z5 tra9+ also r5d]s ! w>rior free f tr\bl+ frailties ( ! m9d1 su* z fe> & ra% ambition--qualities le?al 9 mortal combat4 ,he is focus$ entirely on 8 oppon5t's op5+s1 & :5 an opportunity to /rike pres5ts itself1 he requires no delib]ation3 8 sword & body act automatically4 ,! discipl9e ( m$itation & ! m9d-dissolv+ p>adoxes ( ! koan become in/rum5ts to =ge a fe>less1 automatic1 m9dless in/rum5t ( /eel-tipp$ dea?4 ,! me?ods develop$ by ,z5 ma/]s = tea*+ ar*]y diff] significantly f ^? us$ = ! sword4 ,:]eas swordsman%ip dem&s t man & weapon m]ge ) no ackn[l$gm5t ( "o's oppon5t until ! critical mom5t1 ar*]y requires ! man to become deta*$ f 8 weapon & to conc5trate entirely ^u ! t>get4 ,prop] te*nique is le>n$1 ( c\rse1 b ! ultimate aim is to =get te*nique1 =get ! b[1 =get ! draw1 & give "o's conc5tration entirely to ! t>get4 ,yet "h too !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ,z5 ar*]y & ,we/]n te*niques3 ! ,z5 ar*] gives no direct ?\ght to hitt+ ! t>get4 ,he does n /ra9 = accuracy1 b r lets accuracy come z a result ( intuitively apply+ p]fect =m4 ,be=e attempt+ to unravel ?is seem+ p>adox1 ! equipm5t ( ! ,japanese ar*] %\ld be exam9$4 ,! ,japanese b[ diff]s f ! ,we/]n b[ 9 hav+ ! h& grip approximately "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! bottom1 r ?an 9 ! middle4 ,?is p]mits a /&+ ar*] 7or a kneel+ "o1 = t matt]7 to make use ( a b[ long] ?an he is tall 7almo/ eight feet1 9 fact71 s9ce ! upp] "p may ext5d well above 8 head4 ,! bottom half ( ! b[ is scal$ to human proportions1 :ile ! upp] tip ext5ds f> ov] ! head 9 a sweep+ ar*4 ,x is ?us a comb9ation ( ! conv5tional b[ & ! ,engli% longb[1 requir+ a draw well beh9d ! e>4 ,?is b[ is unique to ,japan1 & 9 its eng9e]+ pr9ciples x surpasses any?+ se5 9 ! ,we/ until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,x is a lam9at$ composite ( supple bamboo & ! brittle wood ( ! wax tree4 ,! he>t ( ! b[ is made up ( ?ree squ>es ( bamboo s&wi*$ betwe5 two half-moon sections ( bamboo :i* comprise ! belly 7t side fac+ ! inside ( ! curve7 & ! back 7! side away f ! ar*]74 ,fill+ out ! edges ( ! s&wi* are two /rips ( wax-tree wood4 ,! elim9ation ( ! deadwood c5t] ( ! b[1 :i* is replac$ by ! ?ree /rips ( bamboo & two ( waxwood1 produces a composite at once p[]ful & light4 ,! arr[s too are ( bamboo1 an almo/ p]fect mat]ial = ! purpose1 & !y diff] f ,we/]n arr[s only 9 be+ light] & long]4 ,f9ally1 ! ,japanese b[/r+ is loos$ ) ! ?umb r ?an ! f+]s1 aga9 a dep>ture f ,we/]n practice4 ,if ! equipm5t diff]s f t ( ! ,we/1 ! te*nique1 :i* v]ges on ritual1 diff]s f> m4 ,! fir/ ,z5 ar*]y lesson is prop] brea? control1 :i* requires te*niques le>n$ f m$itation4 ,prop] brea?+ conditions ! m9d 9 ar*]y z x does 9 zaz5 & is ess5tial 9 develop+ a quiet m9d1 a re/ful _s1 & full conc5tration4 ,controll$ brea?+ also con/antly rem9ds ! ar*] t 8 is a religi\s activity1 a ritual relat$ to 8 spiritual "* z mu* z to ! m prosaic conc]n ( hitt+ ! t>get4 ,brea?+ is equally ess5tial 9 draw+ ! b[1 = ! arr[ is held out away f ! body1 call+ on muscles mu* less develop$ ?an ^? requir$ by ! ,we/]n draw4 ,a brea? is tak5 ) e sep>ate movem5t ( ! draw1 & gradually a rhy?m settles 9 :i* gives ! ar*]'s movem5ts a fluid grace & ! ritual cad5ce ( a dance4 ,only aft] ! ritual ma/]y ( ! p[]ful b[ has be5 realiz$ does ! ar*] turn 8 att5tion to loos+ ! arr[s 7n1 x %\ld be not$1 to hitt+ ! t>get74 ,! same use ( brea?+ applies1 ! goal be+ = ! release ( ! arr[ to come out ( spontane\s intuition1 l ! swordsman's attack4 ,! release ( ! arr[ %\ld dissolve a k9d ( spiritual t5sion1 l ! resolution ( a koan1 & x mu/ seem to occur ( itself1 )\t delib]ation1 almo/ z ?\gh x 7 indep5d5t ( ! h&4 ,?is is possible because ! ar*]'s m9d is totally unaw>e ( 8 actions2 x is focus$1 inde$ rivet$ 9 conc5tration1 on ! t>get4 ,?is is n done ?r\gh aim+1 al?\gh ! ar*] does aim--intuitively4 ,r1 ! ar*]'s _s mu/ be burn$ into ! t>get1 be at "o ) x1 s t ! arr[ is guid$ by ! m9d & ! %ot ( ! b[ becomes m]ely an int]v5+1 inconsequ5tial necessity4 ,all physical actions-- ! /ance1 ! brea?+1 ! draw1 ! release--are z natural & require z little consci\s ?\ght z a he>tbeat2 ! arr[ is guid$ by ! int5se conc5tration ( ! m9d on its goal4 ,?us x 0 t ! m>tial arts ( ,japan 7 ! fir/ to b5efit f ,z5 precepts1 a fact z ironic z x is a/\nd+4 ,yet m$itation & combat are ak9 9 t bo? require rigor\s self-discipl9e & ! d5ial ( ! m9d's ov]t functions4 ,f its beg9n+ z an aid 9 ! arts ( dea?1 ,z5 soon became ! guid+ pr9ciple = q ano!r =m ( art4 ,9 ye>s to come1 ,z5 w\ld be ! (ficial /ate religion1 %oguns w\ld become ,z5 patrons extraord9aire1 & a totally ,z5 culture w\ld rule ,japan4 ,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,high ,,culture3 ,,a%ikaga 7#accc-aegc7 ,,*apt] ,,six ,! ,great ,age ( ,z5 ,= we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4 ,p]icles1 ca4 #dcj ,b4,c4 ,,silv] ,,pavilion1 ,,kyoto #adhb ,gold5 ,pavilion1 ,kyoto ,,! ,,fl[]+ ( ,z5 culture might be describ$ z ! ,p]iclean age ( ,japan4 ,z ) fif?-c5tury ,greece1 ?is 0 ! era t produc$ ,japan's f9e/ classical art at ! same "t t rampant plagues & int]nec9e w>f>e bl$ ! l& z nev] be=e4 ,gov]nm5t1 su* z x 01 re/$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,a%ikaga clan1 m5 ev] ready to sacrifice ! g5]al good 9 fur!rance ( p]sonal int]e/s4 ,t ^! int]e/s happ5$ to include ,z5 & ! ,z5 arts probably br\ght scant solace to _! subjects1 b today we c weigh _! selfi%ness aga9/ ! culture !y sponsor$4 ,9 any case1 all :o admire ! classic ,z5 cultural =ms %\ld be aw>e t _! price includ$ ! he>tless taxation ( & disreg>d = ! entire peasant population ( ,japan4 ,! hi/orical backdrop = ! ,a%ikaga era reads l a ,jacobean trag$y peopl$ by cut?roat c\rti]s ev] al]t to advantage 9 *amb]s or 9 battle4 ,! political %ape ( ! ,a%ikaga era began to em]ge 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury z ! once inv9cible ,kamakura rule ( ! ,hojo family dissolv$1 plung+ ,japan into a half-c5tury ( w> & feud+ ov] ! id5tity ( ! rightful emp]or4 ,?r\gh\t mu* ( ! c5tury ! prov9cial daimyo w>lords & _! samurai w>r$ up & d[n ! l5g? ( ! l&1 support+ fir/ "o emp]or1 !n ano!r4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t & ! two c5turies foll[+ t ,z5 became ! (ficial /ate religion & ,z5 monks s]v$ z =eign diplomats1 dome/ic advis]s1 & arbit]s ( ta/e4 ,! political tr\bles t end$ ! ,kamakura w>rior gov]nm5t & unseat$ ! ,hojo seem to be traceable to ! w> aga9/ ! ,mongols4 ,x 0 a long & co/ly op]ation :i* left mo/ ( ! samurai impov]i%$ & ang]$ at a gov]nm5t t c\ld give !m only *e]ful ?anks r ?an ! l&s ( ! vanqui%$ z 0 traditional practice4 ,! g5]al discont5t f\nd a focus 9 ! ?ird decade ( ! f\rte5? c5tury :5 a ,kyoto emp]or nam$ ,godaigo attempt$ to unseat ! ,hojo & re-e/abli% g5u9e imp]ial rule4 ,aft] "s m9or skirmi%es1 ! ,hojo commission$ an able g5]al nani$ ,a%ikaga ,takauji 7#acje-aceh7 f an old ,m9amoto family to m>* on ,godaigo & settle ! difficulty4 ,along ! way ,takauji mu/ h ?\ght ?+s ov]1 = :5 he rea*$ ,kyoto in/ead ( attack+ ! emp]or's =ces he put ! ,hojo g>rison to ! sword4 ,%ortly !reaft]1 ano!r g5]al support+ ! imp]ial cause m>*$ out to ,kamakura & laid wa/e ! ,hojo capital4 ,! la/ few hundr$ ,hojo support]s committ$ suicide en masse1 & ! ,kamakura age 0 end$4 ,godaigo gleefully set up ! new ,japanese gov]nm5t 9 ,kyoto1 & soon x 0 l old times1 ) ari/ocrats runn+ ev]y?+4 ,9 a s]i\s miscalculation1 he assum$ t ! prov9cial w>lords _h jo9$ 8 cause out ( p]sonal loyalty r ?an ! m traditional motive ( gre$1 = he gave ! ,hojo e/ates to 8 favorite mi/resses :ile reg>d+ w>riors l ,takauji z h>dly m ?an ru/ic figures ( fun4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ano!r w> soon broke out4 ,?is "t ! conflict la/$ = decades1 ) almo/ unbelievable convolutions1 includ+ a numb] ( decades 9 :i* ,japan _h two emp]ors4 ,at "o po9t ,takauji f\nd x necess>y to poison 8 own bro!r1 & x has be5 e/imat$ t 8 milit>y exploits co/ "s sixty ?\s& lives1 n to m5tion ! g5]al ru9 ( ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,! end result 0 t ! =ces ( ,godaigo 7 defeat$1 leav+ ,japan 9 ! h&s ( ! ,a%ikaga family4 ,= all 8 bloodlett+1 ,takuji 0 also a patron ( ! ,z5 sect1 giv+ x a =mal place 9 ! national life & enc\rag+ its gr[? & dissem9ation4 ,"o ( 8 close/ advis]s 0 ! great ,z5 prelate ,muso ,soseki 7#abge-acea71 ^: influ5ce made ,r9zai ,z5 ! (ficial religion ( ! ,a%ikaga era4 ,an a/utely practical man1 ,muso e/abli%$ ! prec$5t = doctr9al flexibility :i* all[$ ,z5 to survive :ile emp]ors & %oguns came & w5t3 ,cle>-sight$ ma/]s ( ! ,z5 sect d n h a fix$ doctr9e :i* is to be held to at any & all times4 ,!y (f] :atev] tea*+ ! occasion dem&s & prea* z ! _s moves !m1 ) no fix$ c\rse to guide !m4 ,if ask$ :at ,z5 is1 !y may answ] 9 ! words ( ,confucius1 ,m5cius1 ,lao ,tzu or ,*uang ,tzu1 or else 9 t]ms ( ! doctr9es ( ! v>i\s sects & d5om9ations1 & also by us+ popul> prov]bs4#a ,l _m ,z5 tea*]s1 ,muso enjoy$ ! company ( ! p[]ful4 ,he began 8 c>e] 9 /atecraft z a support] & confidant ( ! ill- fat$ ,emp]or ,godaigo4 ,:5 ,godaigo 0 depos$1 he adju/$ 8 allegiance & became ! high prie/ ( ! ,a%ikaga h\se4 ,he 0 soon ! con/ant companion ( ,takauji1 advis+ him on policy1 flatt]+ 8 ta/e 9 ,z5 art1 & secretly try+ to give him a bit ( poli%4 ,al?\gh ,takauji c\ld sc>cely h _h "t = ext5sive m$itation amid 8 cont9ual bloodlett+1 ,muso prea*$ to him 9 odd mom5ts & soo!d 8 occasionally guilty consci5ce4 ,s9ce ,takauji 0 cle>ly haunt$ by 8 treatm5t ( ,godaigo1 ,muso sugge/$ t ! =m] emp]or's gho/ might f9d repose if a special ,z5 temple 0 built 9 8 memory4 ,! project 0 well und]way :5 funds ran l[1 :]eupon ! res\rceful ,muso sugge/$ s5d+ a trad+ vessel to ,*9a to raise =eign-ex*ange ca%4 ,! v5ture 0 s successful t be=e long regul> trade 0 e/abli%$-- naturally en\gh "u ! guidance ( ,z5 monks4 ,9 lat] ye>s a special bran* ( gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ devot$ exclusively to =eign trade & direct$ by well-travel$ prelates ( ,z54 7,! ,*9ese reg>d$ ?is trade z ! ex*ange ( ,*9ese gifts = ,japanese tribute1 b ! ,japanese 7 will+ to ov]look ! insult 9 ! int]e/ ( pr(it47 ,muso's o!r la/+ contribution to ! gr[? ( ,z5 influ5ce 0 p]suad+ ,takauji to build a ,z5 temple 9 ea* ( ! sixty-six prov9ces1 !reby ext5d+ /ate support ( ! religion outside ( ,kyoto rul+ circles4 ,takauji 0 ! f\nd] ( a l9e ( ,a%ikaga %oguns :o gave _! "n to ! next two c5turies ( ,japanese hi/ory4 ,8 entire life 0 sp5t on ! battlefield1 :]e he conc5trat$ 8 en]gies on /r5g!n+ ! %ogunate ?r\gh ! lib]al application ( arm$ might4 ,9 a s5se he prefigur$ ! attitude ( ,john ,adams1 :o once lam5t$ t he mu/ /udy w> s t 8 gr&sons might fa%ion art & ar*itecture4 ,inde$1 ,takauji's gr&son 0 ! fam\s ae/hete ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu 7#aceh-adjh71 :o asc5d$ to %ogun 9 #acfh & soon !reaft] br\ght to fl[] a r5aissance ( ! ,z5 arti/ic tradition ( ,sung ,*9a4 ,yo%imitsu 0 only n9e ye>s ( age :5 he became %ogun1 s ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 reign 7 guid$ by reg5ts ( ! ,hosokawa clan1 :o put to re/ any rema9+ dissid5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,yo%imitsu came ( age1 he felt secure en\gh 9 8 (fice to t\r ! c\ntry1 visit+ religi\s %r9es & e/abli%+ 8 place 9 ! pageant ( ,japanese hi/ory4 ,m significantly = ! rise ( ,z5 culture1 he also turn$ 8 eyes abroad1 enc\rag+ ! trade ) ,*9a by /abiliz+ political relations & becom+ ! be/ cu/om] = ! silks1 brocades1 porcela9s1 &--mo/ important--,sung pa9t+s br\ght back by ! ,z5 monks4 ,9 a v %ort "t1 ,yo%imitsu _h become addict$ to ! ,*9ese f9]y & antique ,*'an art ( ! ,sung :i* 8 monks 7 import+4 ,he 0 =tunate t ! c\ntry 0 /able & peaceful en\gh to all[ him 8 :ims1 especially s9ce he almo/ entirely lo/ int]e/ 9 all functions ( gov]nm5t save taxation1 :i* he f\nd necess>y to apply to ! peasants 9 ev] great] measure 9 ord] to support 8 patronage ( ! arts4 ,absorb$ ) ae/hetics & ,z5 art1 he became a cloi/]$ sov]eign ^: luckless subjects 7 left on _! own to wea!r =tunes t alt]nat$ betwe5 />vation & ! plague1 leav5$ by int]mitt5t w>s among prov9cial *iefta9s4 ,! peasantry1 h[ev]1 0 n bl9d to 8 call\s priorities1 & x is said t 8 reputation surviv$ into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ma9ta9$ by c\ntry folk :o w\ld trek to a c]ta9 temple to revile an old /atue ( ! ,a%ikaga %ogun4 ,8 p]sonal fail+s not)/&+1 ,yo%imitsu 0 ! key figure 9 br++ ab\t ! rise ( ,z5 art4 ,8 contributions 7 manifold3 he f\nd$ a ,z5 mona/]y :i* became ! s*ool = ! great l&scape pa9t]s ( ! era2 8 p]sonal patronage 0 l>gely responsible = ! developm5t ( ! ,no drama2 8 example & enc\ragem5t did mu* to br+ into be+ ! id5tification ( ,z5 ) l&scape g>d5 art2 8 own practice ( zaz5 "u ! guidance ( a fam\s ,z5 monk set an example = ! w>rior c\rt2 8 int]e/ 9 tea & poetry s]v$ bo? to set ! /age = ! developm5t ( ! tea c]emony z an ae/hetic ph5om5on & to temp] ! lit]>y ta/es ( 8 w>rior foll[]s2 &1 f9ally1 8 int]e/ 9 ,z5-inspir$ ar*itecture 0 responsible = ! creation ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ,z5 *apels 9 ,japan4 ,:5 ,yo%imitsu retir$ 9 #acid to ent] ,z5 ord]s1 leav+ ! gov]nm5t to 8 n9e-ye>-old son1 he ensconc$ himself 9 a palace 9 ! ,kyoto suburbs & proce$$ to build a *apel = ,z5 m$itation4 ,! ,gold5 ,pavilion1 or ,k9kaku-ji1 z x came to be kn[n1 0 a wood5 teah\se ?ree /ories high ^: ar*itectural beauty is n[ leg5d>y4 ,!re 7 few if any previ\s examples ( ?is type ( multi/ory /ructure1 al?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ t ! idea may h be5 copi$ f a comp>able temple 9 s\!rn ,*9a4 7,! turn-(-!- c5tury ,am]ican critic ,erne/ ,f5ollosa sugge/$ t x 0 model$ aft] ! /ructure ,kublai ,khan con/ruct$ = a g>d5 9 ,%ang-tu1 :i* ,col]idge call$ ,xanadu1 aft] ! translation ( ! "n by ,m>co ,polo3 ,9 ,xanadu did ,kubla ,khan_/,a /ately pleasure-dome decree47 ,:atev] its orig9s1 ! build+ sup]ficially resembl$ a l[-ris+ pagoda--ea* successive /ory 0 a m or less small] v]sion ( ! "o bel[4 ,! two l[] floors 7 us$ = ev5+ ent]ta9m5ts ( music1 poetry1 & inc5se1 :ile ! top floor 0 a t9y m$itation *apel 7^: ceil+ 0 cov]$ ) gold leaf1 !reby giv+ ! build+ its "n74 ,set 9 ! mid/ ( a beautiful l&scape g>d51 ! sweep+ ro(s1 pa9/ak+ wood5 jo9]y1 & exquisite unpa9t$ woods ( ! ,gold5 ,pavilion 7 a l&m>k ( ,z5 ta/e de/9$ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( ,japanese ar*itecture = c5turies4 ,! ,gold5 ,pavilion 0 ! cr[n+ act ( ,yo%imitsu's c>e]1 a fitt+ monum5t to ! man :o1 m ?an any o!r1 0 responsible = ! rise ( ,z5 culture4 ,"u 8 rule1 ,japanese monks fir/ br\ght back f ,*9a ! f9e/ examples ( ,*'an-inspir$ art1 f :i* !y d]iv$ & ma/]$ ! arti/ic pr9ciples ( ! vani%$ ,sung era & w5t on to re-create if n surpass ! great ,sung age ( arti/ic production4 ,! mom5tum = ,z5 culture produc$ by ,yo%imitsu la/$ ?r\gh ! reign ( 8 gr&son ,yo%imasa 7#adce- #adij71 ! la/ great ,a%ikaga patron ( ,z5 art4 ,z a %ogun1 ,yo%imasa 0 ev5 m di/ract$ by ,z5 ?an 8 fam\s gr&fa!r4 ,he conc5trat$ on enc\rag+ ! s*ool ( ,sung-/yle ink pa9t+1 ! ,z5 ritual ( c]emonial tea1 ! art ( fl[] arrang+1 & new /yles ( ,z5-influ5c$ ar*itecture4 ,un=tunately1 8 app>5tly h]$it>y abs5ce ( int]e/ 9 affairs ( /ate ultimately br\ght ab\t ! dis9tegration ( ! ,japanese political fabric4 ,z ! (fice ( %ogun weak5$ to ! po9t ( symbolism1 ,yo%imasa's p[] to tax became s frail t he 0 f9ally =c$ to borr[ f ! ,z5 mona/]ies4 ,! real p[] 9 ! l& pass$ to ! local feudal lords1 or daimyo1 m5 :o gov]n$ entire doma9s1 rais$ _! own armies1 & ex]cis$ f> great] p[] ?an ! samurai ( e>li] times4 ,:at rema9$ ( ,yo%imasa's p[] came to be ex]cis$ by 8 mi/resses & 8 s*em+ wife1 ,tomi-ko4 ,by 8 late tw5ties he 0 ready to retire entirely1 ! bett] to pursue ,z5 & its arts1 b none ( ! wom5 9 ! palace _h yet pres5t$ him ) a son :o c\ld become titul> %ogun4 ,by #adfd ,yo%imasa's pati5ce 0 exhau/$ & he turn$ to "o ( 8 bro!rs :o 0 9 mona/ic ord]s & p]suad$ him to beg9 an appr5tice%ip = ! %ogunate4 ,! bro!r wisely hesitat$1 po9t+ out t ,tomi-ko1 :o 0 /ill 9 h] tw5ties1 might yet produce a son2 b ,yo%imasa won him ov] ) solemn assurances t all sons :o arriv$ w\ld be made prie/s4 ,less ?an a ye> lat] ,tomi-ko did inde$ be> a son1 sett+ ! /age = ! /ruggle t w\ld ev5tually de/roy ,kyoto & signal ! decl9e ( ! ,a%ikaga age ( ,z5 culture4 ,z x happ5$1 !re 0 already an animosity betwe5 ,yo%imasa's pr9cipal advis]1 ,hosokawa ,katsumoto1 & ,hosokawa's fa!r-9-law1 ,yamana ,soz54 ,:5 ! *ild 0 born1 ,hosokawa1 a memb] ( ! hi/oric family ( ,a%ikaga reg5ts1 favor$ reta9+ ,yo%imasa's bro!r z %ogun1 s ! ambiti\s ,tomi-ko turn$ to ,yamana to enli/ 8 aid 9 rev]t+ ! (fice ( %ogun back to ,yo%imasa & !nce to h] son4 ,) a natural excuse = conflict f9ally at h&1 ! two old enemies ,yamana & ,hosokawa ga!r$ _! armies--bo? numb]+ ne> eighty ?\s&-- outside ,kyoto4 ,! imp5d+ trag$y 0 obvi\s to all1 & ,yo%imasa tri$ va9ly to disc\rage ! combatants4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 8 voice c\nt$ = no?+1 & 9 #adfg ! inevitable conflict1 n[ kn[n z ! ,on9 ,w>1 began4 ,! w> rag$ = a decade1 until virtually all ! maje/ic temples ( ,kyoto 7 burn$ & pillag$4 ,ironically1 "o ( ! few temples to escape de/ruction 0 ,yo%imitsu's ,gold5 ,pavilion1 :i* =tunately _h be5 situat$ well outside ! prec9cts ( ! ma9 city4 ,al?\gh bo? ,hosokawa & ,yamana ,!d 9 #adgc1 ! fight+ cont9u$1 z p>ticipants on bo? sides defect$1 *ang$ lead]s1 & f\ght among !mselves until no "o c\ld recall :at ! orig9al w> _h be5 ab\t4 ,f9ally1 aft] t5 full ye>s ( almo/ con/ant fight+1 x became app>5t t ! c>nage _h accompli%$ no?+4 ,"o d>k night ! two armies fold$ _! t5ts & /ole away--& ! w> 0 no m4 ,a rem>kably s5seless conflict1 ev5 by mod]n-day /&>ds1 ! ,on9 ,w> effectively oblit]at$ all evid5ce 9 ,kyoto ( ! m>vel\s ,heian civilization1 z well z ! e>ly ,a%ikaga1 leav+ no?+ b a scor*$ palette = ! f9al c5tury ( ,z5 art4 ,yo%imasa1 9 ! meantime1 _h long s9ce remov$ himself f affairs ( /ate4 ,s9ce 8 %ogun bro!r _h swit*$ sides dur+ ! w> & become a g5]al = ,yamana1 ! succession "q 0 simplifi$4 ,tomi-ko took "t out f h] vigor\s w>-pr(ite]+ to prevail ^u ,yo%imasa to appo9t h] son1 !n f\r ye>s old1 %ogun4 ,%e !reby became de facto %ogun h]self1 enc\rag+ ,yo%imasa 9 8 desire to retire :ile enri*+ h]self h&somely ) imag9ative new taxes4 ,! w> prov$ a w9dfall = ,tomi-ko1 :o l5t funds to bo? sides to keep x go+1 & h] cupidity play$ no small role 9 ! f9al de/ruction ( anci5t ,kyoto4 ,imm]s$ z he 0 9 ! _w ( ,z5 & ,z5 culture1 ,yo%imasa seem$ oblivi\s to ! sea ( (ficial corruption ar\nd him1 & inde$ !re 0 probably little he c\ld h done to prev5t x4 ,he lov$ ! ref9$ company ( wom5 & avoid$ w>riors1 ^: r\gh mann] (f5d$ him b 9 ^: h&s lay ! only real p[] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z ! gov]nm5t dis9tegrat$1 he made 8 own contribution z a connoisseur & patron ( ! f9e arts1 br++ to culm9ation ! movem5t 9 ,z5 art t left ,japan a legacy f> m la/+ ?an any t m]e diplomacy c\ld h left4 ,l 8 ,european c\nt]p>ts1 ! ,m$ici1 ,yo%imasa balanc$ 8 fail+s 9 politics ) faultless ae/hetic judgm5t1 end[+ ! ,z5 arts ) new /&>ds 9 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 g>d5+1 ! ,no !at]1 ! tea c]emony1 & c]emonial fl[] arrang+4 ,p]haps he %\ld n be fault$ = do+ :at he und]/ood be/4 ,yo%imasa also left a physical monum5t int5d$ to rival ! ,gold5 ,pavilion4 ,9 #adff1 z he contemplat$ retirem5t1 he began plans to con/ruct a villa = m$itation4 ,) ! outbreak ( w> he 0 =c$ = a numb] ( ye>s to devote 8 att5tions to ! repair ( ! imp]ial resid5ce1 b aft] ! w> he r5ew$ 8 int5tions to retire into ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,8 decision 0 /r5g!n$ by family tr\bles1 includ+ ,tomi-ko's displeasure ) ! numb] ( 8 mi/resses1 a problem t f9ally explod$ :5 h] "y son1 ! %ogun1 dem&$ to m>ry "o ( !m r ?an a girl ( ,tomi-ko's *oos+4 ,9 #adhb1 amid ! g5]al ru9 & confusion1 ,yo%imasa resolv$ to beg9 ! con/ruction ( 8 retirem5t villa4 ,f9ancial circum/ances _h *ang$ s9ce 8 orig9al plan eighte5 ye>s e>li]1 & 8 int]e/ 9 ,z5 0 ev5 deep]1 s in/ead ( ! sumptu\s palace once plann$1 he built a small pavilion ( exquisite ta/e & re/ra9t4 ,x /&s today1 a =]unn] ( ! traditional h\se1 & is kn[n z ! ,silv] ,pavilion1 or ,g9kaku-ji1 because ( ! popul> belief t he orig9ally plann$ to cov] portions ) silv] leaf4 ,g9kaku-ji has two /ories1 ! fir/ 9 ,z5 temple /yle & ! second 9 %o9 /yle4 ,! delib]ately unpa9t$ wood ext]ior ( ! two-/ory *apel has wea!r$ to ! color ( b>k1 & x has all ! dignity its five hundr$ ye>s dem&4 ,!re 7 almo/ a doz5 ,a%ikaga %oguns aft] ,yo%imasa1 b none _h any influ5ce on ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! c5tury aft] 8 retirem5t is kn[n z ! ,age ( ! ,c\ntry at ,w>1 & x is rememb]$ = almo/ cont9u\s civil /rife among daiymo1 ! prov9cial *iefta9s :o _h swall[$ up ! samurai4 ,9 ?is p]iod ,japan 0 less a nation ?an sev]al hundr$ small fiefdoms1 ea* controll$ by a p[]ful family & con/antly 9 arms aga9/ its neighbors4 ,little wond] t _m ( ! greate/ ,z5 arti/s left ,kyoto nev] to return2 ! capital 0 a desolate ru91 )\t p[] & )\t patrons4 ,?is condition prevail$ until late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 individuals ( suffici5t milit>y g5ius to reunite ! c\ntry aga9 appe>$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,z5 0 probably z p]vasive 9 m$ieval ,a%ikaga ,japan z ,*ri/ianity 0 9 m$ieval ,europe4 ,a ,z5 monk 0 ! fir/ ,a%ikaga %ogun's close/ advis]1 & 9 lat] ye>s ,z5 mona/]ies virtually took ov] =eign policy4 7,inde$1 ,z5 monks 7 ! only ,japanese educat$ en\gh to deal ) ! ,*9ese47 ,yo%imitsu =maliz$ ! relation%ip betwe5 ,z5 & ! /ate1 sett+ up an (ficial ,!r>*y among ! ,z5 temples 9 ,kyoto 7! s-call$ ,five ,m\nta9s or ,gozan1 ( ,t5ryu-ji1 ,%okoku-ji1 ,k5n9-ji1 ,t(uku-ji1 & ,manju-ji74 ,^! /ate temples became ! resid5t s*ools = ,z5 pa9t]s & arti/s & also provid$ diplomats & gov]nm5t (ficials = ! ,*9a trade4 7,!y made ,yo%imitsu s ard5t a ,s9ophile t he once _h "s ,japanese pirates :o 7 tr\bl+ ,*9ese trad+ vessels captur$ & boil$ alive47 ,"u ! reign ( ,yo%imasa ! ,*9a trade dw9dl$1 b ,z5 monks cont9u$ to influ5ce ! gov]nm5t 9 directions t be/ suit$ _! own int]e/s4 ,weal?y f _! comm]cial und]tak+s1 !y 7 9 a position to f9ance "s ( ,yo%imasa's m lavi% projects1 & 9 lat] ye>s !y help$ him design ! g>d5 ( ! ,silv] ,pavilion1 includ+ a deta*$ build+ = tea dr9k+ & m$itation--! =]unn] ( ! mod]n teah\se4 ,?is 0 ! f9e/ h\r ( ,z5 influ5ce 9 (ficial circles1 = ,yo%imasa 0 ! la/ ,a%ikaga %ogun ^: pref]5ces _h any influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ,japanese life4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! arti/s :o _h surr\nd$ him scatt]$ to ! prov9ces to f9d patrons4 ,)9 a decade ! ,silv] ,pavilion & its g>d5 7 virtually ab&on$4 ,z5 z a religion also w5t to ! prov9ces1 & gradually its foll[+ grew z sympa!tic tea*]s :o no long] c>$ = ! company ( ! mighty 7 cont5t to expla9 ! rew>ds ( nonatta*m5t to ! p at l>ge4 ,! _m faces ( ,japanese ,z5 7 p>adoxical inde$4 ,! ,kamakura w>riors turn$ to ,z5 = /r5g? on ! battlefield1 :]eas ! ,a%ikaga c\rt f\nd 9 x ae/hetic escapism & spiritual solace 9 a crumbl+ _w4 ,t an age su* z ! ,a%ikaga c\ld h n\ri%$ high arts has puzzl$ hi/orians = c5turies1 & no entirely satisfactory explanation has yet be5 advanc$4 ,p]haps art fl\ri%es be/ :5 social unre/ uproots easy conv5tions4 ,fif?-c5tury ,a!ns produc$ its mo/ endur+ art at a "t :5 ! l& 0 r5t by ! fratricidal ,peloponnesian ,w> & ! city itself 0 haunt$ by ! plague4 ,r5aissance ,flor5ce is ano!r example4 ,today ,kyoto1 l mod]n ,a!ns & mod]n ,flor5ce1 is a liv+ museum1 conc]n$ m ) traffic & t\ri/ hotels ?an ) ! long-=gott5 blood ba?s :i* once rag$ 9 its /reets4 ,seem+ly =gott51 too1 are ! w>r+ ,a%ikaga1 at ^: behe/ ! noble ,z5 arts ( ,japan 7 %ap$4 ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,z5 & ! ,l&scape ,g>d5 ,to see a ,_w 9 a gra9 ( s&1 ,& a ,heav5 9 a wild fl[]1 ,hold ,inf9ity 9 ! palm ( y\r h&1 ,& ,et]nity 9 an h\r4 ,william ,blake ,r5ge-ji ,temple1 ,kyoto ,t5ryu-ji ,temple1 ,kyoto1 ca4#acdc ,,= ,,at ,,lea/ a mill5nium be=e ! com+ ( ,z5 to ,japan1 g>d5s _h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ,*9a :i* 7 f\nd$ on und]ly+ religi\s motives1 b only ) ! rise ( ,z5 9 ,japan did g>d5s become delib]ately symbolic ( ! human que/ = inn] und]/&+4 ,dur+ ! ,heian era ,japanese ari/ocrats copi$ ,*9ese pleasure p>ks1 & dur+ ! ,kamakura _m ( !m 7 translat$ by practition]s ( ! ,jodo sect into fanciful reproductions ( ,amida's ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,aft] ! rise ( ,z5 influ5ce among arti/s & intellectuals ( ! ,a%ikaga age1 ! gay poly*rome ( ^! e>li] g>d5s 0 supplant$ by a sob] bl5d ( rocks1 trees1 s&1 & wat]--,japanese copies (1 fir/1 ,sung ,*9ese g>d5s &1 lat]1 ,sung mono*rome l&scape pa9t+s4 ,9 _! l&scape pa9t+ g>d5s1 ,z5 arti/s captur$ ! rev]5ce = nature :i*1 = !m1 0 a corn]/one ( ,z5 philosophy4 ,! orig9s ( ,f> ,ea/]n l&scape g>d5s h be5 trac$ to an obscure ,*9ese leg5d :i* pr$ates ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,x describes five holy isl&s1 situat$ (f ! %ores ( ,%antung prov9ce1 ^: peaks so>$ ?\s&s ( feet into ! ocean mi/ & ^: valleys 7 a p>adise ( p]fum$ fl[]s1 sn[-:ite birds1 & immortals :o pluck$ ! trees = pe>ls4 ,^! isl&]s1 :o liv$ 9 palaces ( preci\s metals1 enjoy$ et]nal y\? & _h ! capacity to levitate at w1 al?\gh = ext5d$ j\rneys !y might *oose to ride on ! backs ( docile fly+ cranes4 ,h[ev]1 l ,adam & ,eve1 ^! p>adise dwell]s want$ m4 ,s9ce _! isl&s 7 float+ r ?an atta*$ to b$rock1 !y compla9$ to ! rul+ deity1 reque/+ m sub/antial support4 ,! supreme rul] ( anci5t ,*9a 0 m und]/&+ ?an ! ,god ( ,mesopotamia2 in/ead ( evict+ ! isl& immortals1 he oblig+ly s5t out a flotilla ( giant tortoises to hold ! isl&s on _! backs & secure !m 9 place4 ,dur+ ! ,han era 7#bjf ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bbj7 v>i\s ,*9ese emp]ors report$ly s5t out exp$itions to locate ^! isl&s1 b !y 7 always unsuccessful4 ,f9ally1 ! ,han ,emp]or ,wu hit ^u ! notion t if he 7 to con/ruct an idealiz$ l&scape on 8 e/ate1 ! immortals might ab&on _! mi/y ocean isles = 8 p>k1 br++ ) !m ! secrets ( et]nal life4 ,a g>d5 p>k 0 built on a scale int5d$ to rival t ( p>adise2 & to make ! immortals feel ev5 m welcome1 v>i\s rocks symboliz+ cranes & tortoises 7 in/all$1 items ! ,japanese w\ld "o day include 9 _! g>d5s z symbols ( longevity4 ,no immortals mat]ializ$1 b ! ,*9ese l&scape g>d5 0 laun*$ 9 consid]able /yle4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ ,six ,dyna/ies era 7,a4,d4 #bbj-ehi71 ,*9ese g>d5s began to reflect ! beliefs ( ! new religion ( ,buddhism4 ,! lake-&-isl& g>d5s ( ! ari/ocracy ceas$ to repres5t ! leg5d ( ! mi/y isles & became in/ead a symbol ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise ( ,amida ,buddha4 ,z "t pass$1 ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,taoism deep5$ ! ,*9ese feel+ = nature itself )\t ref]5ce to any p>ticul> leg5d4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 z s*ol>s s\ght out m\nta9 retreats 9 ! rugg$ s\? ( ,*9a1 so>+ peaks came to be "p ( ! /&>d l&scape g>d51 a ne$ sometimes realiz$ by situat+ ! g>d5 aga9/ a backdrop ( di/ant m\nta9s or by pil+ up rocks on ! isl& 9 ! g>d5 lake4 ,! int]e/ 9 g>d5 art cont9u$ to gr[ dur+ ! ,t'ang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg71 z poets & philosoph]s increas+ly turn$ to nature = religi\s & arti/ic inspiration4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 _! p]ception ( nature 0 n idealiz$ 9 ! mann] ( ! ,flor5t9e l&scapi/s b r emphasiz$ ! rugg$1 untam$ qualities ( ! m\nta9s & /reams4 ,x 0 ?is s5se ( nature z ! embodim5t ( a free _s t !y tri$ to capture 9 _! g>d5s4 ,!irs 0 a rev]5ce = nature z x 0 9 ! wild2 if x mu/ be dome/icat$ into a g>d51 ! s5se ( fre$om %\ld be pres]v$ z f> z possible4 ,:5 ! ,%9to nature wor%ip]s ( ,japan enc\nt]$ ! advanc$ civilization ( ,*9a1 !y may h recogniz$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,taoi/ feel+ = nature a simil>ity to _! own beliefs4 ,x _h nev] occurr$ to ! ,japanese to con/ruct a dome/ic ab/raction ( nature = contemplation1 b ! new idea ( a g>d5 seems to h _h its appeal4 ,:5 a copy ( ! ,*9ese capital 0 creat$ 9 ,n>a1 ! ,japanese ar*itects 7 c>eful to include a numb] ( l&scape g>d5s ar\nd ! imp]ial palace4 ,aft] ! gov]nm5t mov$ to ,kyoto & laun*$ ! regal ,heian era1 a rage = ?+s ,*9ese became ! consum+ passion ( ! ,japanese ari/ocracy2 ,heian nobles built ,*9ese-/yle h\ses & lake-&-isl& g>d5s1 complete ) ,*9ese-/yle fi%+ pavilions ext5d+ out ov] a lake4 ,s9ce ^! pleasure p>ks 7 int5d$ = p>ties ( boat]s & /roll]s1 !y _h few religi\s ov]tones4 ,in/ead ! lake became a ?or\ghf>e = pleasure b>ges1 on :i* idle c\rti]s cruis$ ab\t dress$ 9 ,*9ese co/ume1 & recit+ ,*9ese v]ses4 ,^! g>d5s 7 ri* ) plum & *]ry trees1 p9es1 will[s1 & fl[]+ bu%es1 & (t5 includ$ a wat]fall ne> at h&1 9 keep+ ) ,*9ese conv5tion4 ,! c5tral isl& gradually lo/ its orig9al symbolism z an ,elysian holy isle z ! nobles l9k$ x to %ore ) /one footbridges4 ,9 ^! gr& p>ks ! ,heian nobles gave "s ( ! mo/ sophi/icat$ g>d5 p>ties ev] se54 ,aft] relations ) ,*9a fizzl$ to a /op ar\nd ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury1 ! ,japanese g>d5 began to evolve on its own4 ,x 0 always an emblem ( p[]1 mak+ x ess5tial t :5 ! w>rior gov]nm5t mov$ to ,kamakura a lead] no less impos+ ?an ,m9amoto ,yoritomo %\ld ov]see ! creation ( ! ma9 g>d5 at ! new capital4 ,significantly1 ! g>d5 9 ,kamakura 0 con/ruct$ z "p ( ! ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t1 r ?an z an ext5sion ( ,yoritomo's private e/ate4 ,p]haps ?is trans=mation ( ! g>d5 into ,buddhi/ temple art 0 a consequ5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise beliefs ( ,amadism 7a =]unn] _h be5 ! late-,heian ,we/]n ,p>adise g>d5 outside ,kyoto at ,uji72 p]haps x 0 ! fir/ implicit ackn[l$gm5t ( ! nature my/icism ( ,z52 or p]haps ! ,kamakura w>riors simply believ$ t a private g>d5 w\ld smack too mu* ( ! decad5ce ( ,kyoto4 ,:atev] ! reason1 ! com+ ( ,z5 seems to h be5 co9cid5tal ) a new attitude t[>d ! connection betwe5 g>d5s & religion4 ,! frivol\s poly*rome ( ! ,heian pleasure p>k 0 cle>ly a ?+ ( ! pa/2 g>d5s became solemn &1 z ! influ5ce ( ,z5 grew1 increas+ly symbolic ( religi\s ideas4 ,! monks :o visit$ ,*9a to /udy ,*'an 7z well z ,*'an monks :o migrat$ to ,japan7 71 ( c\rse1 famili> ) ! l&scape g>d5s ( ! ,sung ,*9ese4 ,^! g>d5s _h purg$ _m ( ! m decorative elem5ts ( ! ,t'ang-p]iod pleasure p>ks & reflect$ ! rev]5tial attitudes ( ! ,taoi/s & ,*'an ,buddhi/s t[>d ! natural _w4 ,at lea/ "o ( ^! ,sung-/yle g>d5s 0 produc$ 9 ,kyoto dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( r5ew$ contacts ) ,*9a4 ,oddly en\gh1 h[ev]1 x 0 ! ,sung ink pa9t+s t w\ld ev5tually h ! greate/ influ5ce on ,z5 l&scape g>d5s4 ,! ,sung pa9t+s captur$ p]fectly ! feel+ ,japanese ,z5 monks _h = ! natural _w1 lead+ !m to conclude t g>d5s too %\ld be mono*romatic1 di/ill$ v]sions ( a l>ge l&scape panorama4 ,n surpris+ly1 ! attitude t a g>d5 %\ld be a ?ree- dim5sional pa9t+ sp>k$ ! long m>* ( ,japanese g>d5 art into ! realm ( p]spective & ab/raction4 ,9 fact1 ! manipulation ( p]spective advanc$ m rapidly 9 ! g>d5 arts ?an 9 ! pictorial4 ,)\t go+ into ! ,*9ese sy/em ( p]spective 9 l&scape pa9t+1 let x be not$ t :]eas ! ,*9ese reli$ 9 "p ^u conv5tions reg>d+ ! placem5t ( objects on a canvas to sugge/ di/ance 7= example1 ! relative elevation ( v>i\s ti]s ( l&scape elem5ts on ! canvas 0 (t5 an indication ( _! di/ance71 ! ,z5 arti/s le>n$ to sugge/ di/ance ?r\gh direct alt]ation ( ! *>act]i/ics our eye uses to scale a sc5e4 ,& s9ce _m ( ^! g>d5s 7 meant to be view$ f "o vantage po9t1 !y became a l&scape pa9t+ execut$ 9 natural mat]ials4 ,! manipulation ( p]spective may be divid$ r\ghly into ?ree ma9 categories3 ! creation ( artificial dep? ?r\gh ov]t =e%ort5+1 !reby simulat+ ! effects ( di/ance on our visual s5se2 ! use ( psy*ological tricks t play on our in/9ctive presumptions reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s unse52 & ! ma/]ly oblit]ation ( all evid5ce ( artifice1 !reby r5d]+ ! deception invisible4 ,z5 g>d5]s' discov]y ( ! use ( =e%ort5+ 9 a g>d5 took place at almo/ ! same "t t ! ,flor5t9e arti/ ,uccello 7#acig- #adge7 began exp]im5t+ ) natural p]spective 9 8 l&scape oils4 ,al?\gh ?is example ( arti/ic conv]g5ce c h>dly be m ?an co9cid5ce1 c]ta9 ( ! devices 7 simil>4 ,z ! ,am]ican g>d5 ar*itect ,david ,engel has obs]v$1 ! ,japanese le>n$ t ! app>5t dep? ( a sc5e c\ld be enhanc$ by mak+ ! objects 9 ! di/ance small]1 less detail$1 & d>k] ?an ^? 9 ! =egr\nd4#a 7,9 ! g>d5 ( ,yo%imitsu's ,gold5 ,pavilion1 = example1 ! rocks on ! spectator side ( ! g>d5 lake are l>ge & detail$1 :]eas ^? on ! f> side are small] & smoo!r47 ,z "t w5t by1 ! ,japanese also le>n$ to use trees ) l>ge1 light-color$ leaves at ! front ( a g>d5 & d>k1 small-leaf$ foliage f>!r back4 ,to simulate fur!r ! effects ( di/ance1 !y made pa?s me&]+ t[>d ! re> ( a g>d5 gr[ n>r[]1 ) small] & small] /ones4 ,! pa?ways 9 a ,japanese g>d5 curve con/antly1 disrupt+ ! view]'s l9e ( sight1 until !y are f9ally lo/ among trees & foliage set at c>efully alt]nat$ levels2 /reams & wat]falls deceptively vani% & reappe> ar\nd & beh9d rocks & plant+s4 ,z5 arti/s also f\nd t g>d5 walls w\ld disappe> completely if !y 7 made ( d>k natural mat]ials or cam\flag$ by a bamboo ?icket1 a ?9 grove ( sapl+s1 or a grassy hillock4 ,_m me?ods ( psy*ological deception 9 a ,z5 g>d5 exploit in/9ctive visual assumptions 9 mu* ! same way t a judo exp]t uses 8 victim's body = its own undo+4 ,a common trick is to h a pa?way or /ream disappe> ar\nd a gr[? ( trees at ! re> ( a g>d5 9 su* a way t ! t]m9us is hidd51 lead+ ! view] to assume x actually cont9ues on into unse5 recesses ( ! l&scape4 ,ano!r su* device is ! placem5t ( int]mitt5t ob/ructive foliage ne> ! view]1 caus+ ! dim9ution 9 p]ception t ! m9d associates ) di/ance4 ,japanese g>d5]s fur!r enhance ! s5se ( size & dep? 9 a g>d5 plot by leav+ l>ge vacant areas1 ^: lack ( clutt] seems to exp& ! vi/a4 ,dw>f+ ( trees is also a common practice1 s9ce ?is promotes ! illusion ( great] di/ance4 ,& f9ally1 fl[]s are rigidly exclud$1 s9ce _! appe>ance w\ld totally de/roy all ! subtle tricks ( p]spective4 ,z5 g>d5 ma/]s pref] to display _! fl[]s 9 special vase arrangem5ts1 an art kn[n z ,ikebana4 ,! manipulation ( p]spective & ! psy*ological deception ( ! ,z5 g>d5 are always c>efully disguis$ by giv+ ! g>d5 an appe>ance ( naturalness & age4 ,g>d5 rocks are buri$ 9 su* a mann] t !y seem to be granite iceb]gs1 extrud+ a m]e tip f _! anci5t dep?s1 :ile ! edges ( g>d5 /ones are ne/l$ 9 b$s ( grass or obscur$ by applications ( moss1 add+ to ! s5se ( artless placem5t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! g>d5--trees1 /ones1 gravel1 grass--is arrang$ ) a c>eful bl5d+ ( areas into a seem+ly natural relation%ip & all[$ to develop a slightly unkempt1 %aggy appe>ance1 :i* ! view] in/9ctively associates ) an undi/urb$ natural sc5e4 ,x all seems z uncontriv$ z a virg9 =e/1 caus+ ! rational m9d to l[] its gu>d & all[+ ! g>d5 to delude ! view] ) its artificial dep?1 its psy*ological s5se ( ! inf9ite4 ,! trans=mation 9 g>d5 art ! ,z5 arti/s wr\ght c p]haps be/ be emphasiz$ by comp>+ ! traditional ,*9ese g>d5 ) ! ab/ract l&scape creat$ by ,japanese arti/s ( ! ,a%ikaga & lat] eras4 ',! ,japanese reg>d$ ! g>d5 z an ext5sion ( man's dwell+ 7x might be m accurate to say t !y saw ! dwell+ z an ext5sion ( ! g>d571 :ile ! ,*9ese consid]$ ! g>d5 a c\nt]poise = ! =mality ( indoor life1 a place to dis[n ! obligations & conv5tions ( society4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! av]age ,*9ese 0 culturally s*izophr5ic2 indoors he 0 a sob] ,confucian1 ob$i5t to c5turies-old dictates ( behavior1 b 9 8 g>d5 he return$ to ,taoism1 ! joy ( spl5dor 9 ! grass1 ( glory 9 ! fl[]4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! ,*9ese g>d5 0 m =mal ?an ! type t develop$ 9 ,japan1 & x includ$ num]\s complicat$ corridors & divisions4 ,! ,*9ese g>d5s ( ! ,t'ang ari/ocracy 7 int5d$ = /roll+ r ?an view+1 s9ce ! ,t'ang ae/hetes p>ticipat$ 9 nature r ?an m]ely contemplat+ x4 ,accord+ly1 ,*9ese g>d5s 7& ,heian copies ( !m7 includ$ ar*itectural features n includ$ 9 ! lat] ,z5 l&scapes4 ,! ,*9ese app>5tly believ$ t if "o is to duplicate ! lakes & m\nta9s1 !n all ! items normally se5 9 ! c\ntryside %\ld be !re1 includ+ ! artifacts ( man4 ,! ,*9ese g>d5 welcom$ ! physical pres5ce ( man1 :]eas ! l&scape g>d5s develop$ 9 ,japan are at _! f9e/ :5 view$ )\t p1 if only because ! pres5ce ( man acts z a y>d/ick to de/roy ! illusion ( p]spective & exagg]at$ di/ance4 7,h[ev]1 a ,z5-inspir$ =m ( ,japanese /roll g>d5 = use 9 connection ) ! tea c]emony did develop1 z w be not$ lat]47 ,! pla/] wall ( a ,*9ese g>d5 0 (t5 an integral elem5t ( ! decoration1 & its %ape & topp+ 7 "p ( ! ov]all ae/hetic effect4 ,! ,japanese1 on ! o!r h&1 *ose to de- emphasize ! pres5ce ( ! wall4 ,/at$ diff]5tly1 ! purpose ( ! wall ar\nd a ,*9ese g>d5 0 to keep outsid]s f see+ 91 :]eas ! wall ( a ,japanese g>d5 0 to prev5t ^? inside f hav+ to see out--a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 function & philosophy4 ,! dissimil>ity 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese attitudes t[>d g>d5 rocks also des]ves m5tion4 ,! ,japanese pref]r$ int]e/+ naturalness 9 _! /ones2 !y avoid$ bl&ness1 b 7 w>y ( freaki%1 di/ract+ %apes4 ,! ,*9ese1 9 contra/1 7 *>m$ by curiosities1 & !y s\ght out g>d5 rocks ) fanta/ic1 ev5 grotesque cont\rs4 ,?is pref]5ce seems to h gr[n out ( a desire to duplicate ! craggy m\nta9sides s (t5 se5 9 ,sung l&scape pa9t+s4 ,!y se>*$ = unnaturally %ap$ /ones 9 lake bottoms1 :]e ! action ( wat] _h honeycomb$ !m4 7,9 fact1 ?is p>ticul> passion1 :i* became kn[n z rock]y1 l$ to a bit ( =g]y dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,m+ era1 :5 ord9>y rocks 7 c>v$ to ! desir$ %ape & !n plac$ "u a wat]fall until !y 7 smoo!d suffici5tly to disguise ! deception47 ,! pres5ce ( s _m unnatural features 9 ,*9ese g>d5s t5d$ to give !m a rococo quality1 :i* ,z5 arti/s 7 c>eful to avoid1 & ! hemisph]ical1 symmetrical motif ( ,*9ese g>d5s 0 trans=m$ into ! angul>1 asymmetrical /yle t suit$ ,z5 ae/hetic !ory4 ,! fundam5tal impression a ,*9ese g>d5 gives is t ( skill$ artifice1 ( be+ a magical1 slightly fabul\s l&scape ( dreams4 ,z5 arti/s trans=m$ ?is into a symbolic exp]i5ce ( ! _w at l>ge1 di/ill$ into a controll$ space b sugge/+ ! inf9ite4 ,! result 0 to *ange a =m t has be5 ess5tially decorative into some?+ z ne> to pure art z c be wr\ght ) ! primeval elem5ts ( tree1 wat]1 & /one4 ,g>d5s _h be5 us$ be=e to approximate ?is or t mon>*'s conception ( p>adise1 b nev] be=e _h !y be5 employ$ to express an o!rwise ineffable und]/&+ ( ! moral au?ority ( ! natural _w4 ,z5 g>d5s diff] ev5 m greatly f ,we/]n g>d5 design4 ,! geometrical creations ( ,europe1 su* z ! palace g>d5 at ,v]sailles1 7 fa%ion$ to provide wide-op5 vi/as rea*+ t[>d ! horizon1 :ile ! naturali/ic ,z5 g>d5 is clos$ 9 ^u itself l a =m ( curv$ space1 produc+ ! illusion ( an inf9ite wild]ness 9 a few acres4 ,x is int5d$ prim>ily = view+2 !re are no grassy dells = loit]+4 ,x is expect$ to s]ve functions ord9>ily res]v$ = art 9 ! ,we/3 x bo? ab/racts & int5sifies reality1 be+ at once symbolic & explicit 9 design1 & ! emotion x evokes 9 ! view] gives him a deep] und]/&+ ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,! f\r g>d5s 9 ,kyoto t p]haps be/ demon/rate ! pr9ciples ( e>ly ,z5 l&scape 7 all con/ruct$ "u ! patronage ( ! ,a%ikaga3 ! fir/ two1 ,saiho-ji 7ca4 #acci7 & ,t5ryu-ji 7ca4 #acdc71 7 design$ by ! ,z5 monk ,muso "u ! reign ( ,takauji2 ! g>d5 ( ! ,gold5 ,pavilion 7#acig7 0 execut$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,yo%imitsu2 & ! g>d5 ( ! ,silv] ,pavilion 7#adhd7 0 guid$ by ,yo%imasa4 ,all f\r 7 creat$ on ! sites ( e>li] g>d5s dat+ f ! ,heian or ,kamakura eras :i* ,z5 arti/s bo? purifi$ & modifi$1 mak+ *anges r\ghly analog\s to ! rework+ ( a rococo m>ble /atue ( a rotund c\rti] into a free-/&+ muscul> nude4 ,x is also illu/rative ( ! age t ^! "o-"t private e/ates 7 trans=m$ into :at 7 to become ess5tially public p>ks1 albeit "u ! managem5t ( ,z5 temples4 ,! fir/ ( ! g>d5s to be design$ 0 ! "o at ,saiho-ji1 a temple on ! we/]n edge ( ,kyoto1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,moss ,temple1 or ,kok$]a4 ,dur+ ! ,heian & ,kamakura eras ?is site belong$ to a prom95t family :o con/ruct$ two temple g>d5s t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 honor ( ,amida & 8 ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,fa%ion$ long aft] contacts ) ,*9a _h be5 brok51 ^! ,amida g>d5s already dis[n$ _m ( ! decorative motifs 9 ! e>li]1 ,tang-/yle p>ks4 ,!y 7 self-conta9$ & natural & _h no pret5se ( be+ symbolic4 ,?is 0 to *ange1 h[ev]1 ar\nd ! "t t ,a%ikaga ,takauji assum$ p[]1 :5 ! own] hit ^u ! notion ( conv]t+ ^! g>d5s ( ! ,jodo sect into some?+ appropriate to ! new s*ool ( ,z54 ,! project 0 begun ) ! und]/&+ t ! fam\s ,z5 prie/ ,muso ,soseki w\ld come to preside ov] ! new temple z abbot1 & "w 0 begun "u 8 guidance4 ,! result+ g>d5 is on two levels1 l ! orig9al dual g>d5 ( ,amida1 b ! ,z5 design] us$ ! levels to sugge/ _m ( ! features ( a l>g] univ]se4 ,x 0 n yet a fully develop$ l&scape1 b r a contemplative retreat = /roll+ :i* /rove to emphasize m9or aspects ( ! natural features ( rocks1 ponds1 trees1 grasses1 & moss4 ,ev5 s1 _m ( ! features ( lat] l&scape g>d5s are traceable to ,muso's design "h1 p>ticul>ly ! rugg$ rockwork ( ! isl&s 9 ! l>ge lake on ! l[] level1 :i* lat] inspir$ ! rockwork ( ,yo%imitsu's ,gold5 ,pavilion g>d54 ,locat$ up ! hill is a dry cascade1 sugge/$ by ! skillful arrangem5t ( r\nd1 flat-topp$ /ones c>efully set 9 a place :]e wat] nev] ran4 ,already1 ! obligatory wat]fall ( ! ,*9ese g>d5 _h be5 ab/ract$ into a quiet symbolism4 ,! g>d5 bespeaks a sob]1 anci5t grace & dignity--& reveals ae/hetic concepts peculi> to ,z54 ,! g>d5 ( ,t5ryu-ji is at ! temple f\nd$ by ,takauji1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,muso1 z a site = ! repose ( ! s\l ( ! ,emp]or ,godaigo1 :om ,takauji _h driv5 out ( ,kyoto4 ,x w be recall$ t ! exp5se associat$ ) build+ ?is temple 0 ! occasion ( ,takauji's aga9 op5+ trade ) ,*9a1 an act t l$ to ! real explosion ( ,z5 art4 ,muso also became ! (ficial abbot ( ! temple & is ?\ght to h contribut$ to ! r$esign ( its g>d5--x _h previ\sly be5 "p ( an imp]ial c\ntry villa4 ,muso's contribution is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! g>d5 %[s evid5ce ( influ5ce f ! l&scape-pa9t+ design ( ,sung ,*9a & ! peculi>ly ,sung usage ( rock]y4 ,x may h be5 laid out e>li] by "s emigrant ,*9ese ,*'an monk :o 0 aw>e ( ! late/ ,sung g>d5 !ory4 ,! rock %apes are n grotesque1 h[ev]1 b r %[ ! crisp angul>ity lat] to become a ,japanese tradem>k4 ,a small islet ( ?ree /ones sugge/s ! ?ree levels ( a l&scape pa9t+1 & at ! back !re is a simulat$ wat]fall ( rugg$ dry /ones4 ,! lake & its isl&s are mono*romatic & sev]e1 & ! footbridge traditional to ,sung l&scape g>d5s is repres5t$ by ?ree long flat /ones cross+ a n>r[ portion ( ! re> "p ( ! lake4 ,?is g>d5 is probably ! only ,sung-/yle creation 9 ,japan1 b its impact on ,z5 g>d5]s 0 consid]able1 s9ce x %[$ ! effects ,*'an ,buddhism _h _h on ,*9ese g>d5 art4 ,muso und\bt$ly recogniz$ ! g>d5 z a wor?y model = ,z5 arti/s1 & he probably did no m ?an put a few f9al ,japanese t\*es on ! "w4 ,by ! "t ( ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu1 build] ( ! ?ird ,z5 l&scape g>d51 ,*'an g>d5 concepts 7 und\bt$ly bett] und]/ood 9 ,japan ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,yo%imitsu _h (t5 gone to ,saiho-ji to m$itate 9 ! g>d51 & he knew exactly :at 0 requir$ = ! l&scape g>d5 to surr\nd 8 ,gold5 ,pavilion4 ,he select$ a site kn[n z ! ,nor? ,hill ,villa1 an e/ate orig9ally built by an ari/ocratic family us+ funds !y _h got s]v+ z spies to report ! activities ( ! ,kyoto ari/ocracy to ! ,kamakura w>lords4 ,con/ruct$ 9 #abbd1 ! orig9al g>d5 repres5t$ ! la/ fl[]+ ( ! ,heian- 7or ,t'ang ,*9ese7 /yle g>d52 t is1 x 0 a purely decorative boat+ pond4 ,:5 ,yo%imitsu acquir$ ! site1 he imm$iately demoli%$ ! ,*9ese-/yle resid5ce ) its fi%+ pavilion project+ out onto ! lake4 ,!n he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! g>d51 p>+ d[n ! c5tral isl& & add+ small] isl&s by br++ 9 massive /ones f ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,to obta9 ! necess>y trees1 he simply select$ ^? t caught 8 eye 9 ! g>d5s ( ! p[]less ari/ocracy4 ,today ! g>d5 at ! ,gold5 ,pavilion cov]s approximately f\r & a half acres 7al?\gh x seems mu* l>g]71 ) a lake occupy+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total area4 ,! pavilion sits at ! lake's edge1 b 9 pa/ times be=e ! wat]s %ift$1 x 0 9 its mid/4 ,:5 view$ f ! pavilion1 z 0 ! orig9al int5tion1 ! g>d5 seems a l&scape vi/a4 ,sev]al ( ! small islets scatt]$ ab\t ! lake h _! own dw>f p9es1 :ile o!rs are no m ?an massive protrud+ /ones1 *os5 = an ab/ract resemblance to a tortoise or cane4 ,9 ! portion ( ! lake close/ to ! pavilion ev]y?+ is wr\ght 9 great detail1 :]eas /ones on ! f> side are vague & diffuse1 s t ! di/ant %orel9e seems lo/ 9 mi/y recesses4 ,! hillsides surr\nd+ ! g>d5 are cov]$ ) foliage1 & !re is no cle> dem>cation betwe5 ! g>d5 & ! hills4 ,execut$ at a "t :5 res\rces 7 almo/ limitless1 ! g>d5 ( ! ,gold5 ,pavilion is "o ( ! f9e/ ,z5 l&scape g>d5s ev] creat$4 ,x /&s z a wat]%$ betwe5 ! modification ( ,*9ese /yles & ! maturity ( ,japanese ,z5 art4 ,yo%imasa1 ar*itect ( ! f\r? great ,z5 l&scape g>d51 0 also fond ( ,saiho-ji & _h /udi$ its g>d51 z well z t ( ! ,gold5 ,pavilion1 ) great c>e4 ,b ! ,silv] ,pavilion & its g>d5 7 built aft] ! disa/r\s ,on9 ,w>1 :5 ! available res\rces 7 no?+ l ^? ( ! e>li] ,a%ikaga %oguns4 ,al?\gh he 0 surr\nd$ by a cot]ie ( ,z5 ae/heticians1 x appe>s ,yo%imasa design$ ! g>d5 himself1 assi/$ by a new class ( pr(essional g>d5 work]s drawn f ! outca/ eta class 7outca/ because !y 7 associat$ ) ! meat & hides indu/ry & ?us p>iahs to all good ,buddhi/s71 :o _h be5 engag$ by ! ,z5 prie/s to take c>e ( ! heavy "w involv$ 9 /one movem5t & placem5t4 ,_m ( ^! eta became fam\s = _! arti/ic disc]nm5t1 & "o1 ! fam\s ,z5-ami1 is reg>d$ z "o ( ! =emo/ g>d5 ar*itects ( ! ,a%ikaga era4 ,! g>d5 at ! ,silv] ,pavilion 0 model$ aft] ! "o at ,saiho-ji & made ! same use ( bold1 angul> /ones-- a mixture ( flat- topp$1 /raight-sid$ plat=m rocks & tall slim /ones rem9isc5t ( ,sung l&scape pa9t+s ( di/ant m\nta9s4 ,l ,saiho-ji1 ! g>d5 is on two levels1 ) ! re> rem9isc5t ( a m\nta9 wat]fall4 ,at "o side ( ! g>d5 ! pond is spann$ by a /one footbridge connect+ ei!r side ( ! %ore ) ! c5tral isl&4 ,%ap$ dw>f p9es ab\nd1 & ! surface ( ! wat]1 int]rupt$ "h & !re ) massive /ones1 is peaceful & s]5e4 ,little wond] ,yo%imasa pref]r$ 8 ta/eful pavilion & its di/ill$ microcosm ( l&scape to ! ravag$ ru9s ( ,kyoto4 ,"h he c\ld re/ 9 m$itation1 lett+ 8 eye travel ov] ! placid wat]s1 pa/ ! fl[]+ trees :i* fram$ ! symbolic wat]fall1 upw>d to ! silh\ette ( ! t[]+ p9es on ! f> hillside to wat* ! moon rise 9 ! ev5+1 ba?+ 8 _w 9 silv]4 ,9 ?is peaceful sett+ he c\ld reli% ! la/1 clos+ ye>s ( ! great ,a%ikaga age ( ,z5 art4 ,! art ( ! l&scape g>d5 did n end ) ,yo%imasa1 ( c\rse2 r1 x %ift$ 9 its direction & purpose4 ,already beg9n+ 0 ! next phase ( ,z5 g>d5 art1 ! ab/ract s&-&-/one g>d5s4 ,,*apt] ,,eight ,! ,/one ,g>d5s ( ,z5 ,& ?is our life1 exempt f public haunt1 ,f9ds tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+ brooks1 ,s]mons 9 /ones 4 4 4 ,z ,y ,l ,x ,dais5-9 ,temple1 ,kyoto1 ca4 #aeac ,ryoan-ji1 ,kyoyo1 #adij ,,9 ,,! ,,clos+ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! long ev5+ p>ties ( ,z5 ae/hetics 7 ov]2 ,kyoto lay 9 ru9s aft] ! ,on9 ,w>1 & a new1 sob] mood gripp$ ! l&4 ,virtually all ! temples & e/ates 9 ,kyoto1 toge!r ) _! g>d5s1 7 ab&on$ relics2 & ! once indulg5t patronage ( ari/ocrats & %oguns 0 gone =ev]4 ,a reflective1 contemplative mood settl$ ov] ! h\ses ( ,z54 ,out ( ?is era ( p5uri\s dis>ray develop$ a /yle ( temple g>d5 :i* _m hold to be ! mo/ pr(\nd expression ( ,z5 art3 ! dry l&scape1 or k>e sansui4 ,fa%ion$ f ! mo/ au/]e mat]ials1 s& & /one1 ^! wat]less vi/as 7 ! f9al /ep 9 ! creation ( ?ree-dim5sional reproductions ( ,sung ink pa9t+s4 ,!y cond5s$ ! univ]se into a s+le span1 & !y 7 prim>ily1 if n :olly1 mono*romatic4 ,m importantly1 !y 7 int5d$ exclusively = m$itation4 ,:]eas e>li] l&scape g>d5s _h always /riv5 = a quality ( sc5ic beauty1 ^! small temple g>d5s 7 meant to be a tra9+ gr\nd = ! _s1 a device :]e9 ! contemplative m9d might rea* out & t\* ! ess5ce ( ,z54 ,^! lat] ,z5 g>d5s 7 also r$uc$ 9 size & scope1 s9ce a temple y>d 9 su* dim9i%$ times c\ld n accommodate ! spaci\s p>ks once available to ! ari/ocracy4 ,/yliz$1 (t5 ab/ract repres5tations ( nature1 !y disp5s$ ) all decorative possibilities ! bett] to promote ! s]i\s bus9ess ( m$itation4 ,p]haps ! be/ example ( ?is type ( mono*rome pa9t+ g>d5 is ! fam\s creation at ,dais5-91 a "p ( ! ,daitoku-ji temple comp\nd 9 ,kvoto4 ,! s&-&-/one g>d5 "h is on all sides ( ! temple build+1 plac+ ! view] lit]ally 9 ! middle ( a ,sung l&scape4 ,! focus ( ! pa9t+1 h[ev]1 is 9 "o small corn] ( ! gr\nds1 :]e a pair ( head-high v]tical /ones h be5 us$ to repres5t ,sung m\nta9 peaks :ile /riat$ :ite s& plac$ ar\nd & among ! l>g] backgr\nd m\nta9s1 toge!r ) small] flat-topp$ rocks 9 ! =egr\nd1 sugge/ ! inru% ( wat] f a symbolic wat]fall4 ,! simulat$ /ream ( :ite s& w9ds among riv] rocks z x passes across ! front ( ! view+ plat=m4 ,includ$ 9 ! design are a /one bridge cross+ "o portion ( ! s&y /ream & a l>ge boat-%ap$ /one enhanc+ ! symbolism ( wat]4 ,! wat] seems to disappe> "u ! temple v]&a & em]ge on ! o!r side z a %imm]+ :ite sea4 ,adjac5t to ! tall m\nta9 /ones are sev]al ancill>y rocks approximately wai/-high1 ov] :i* fl[ rivulets ( :ite s&1 sugge/+ a cat>act captur$ 9 mono*rome4 ,j z an exp]t ,z5 pa9t] extracts ! details ( a sc5e 9 a few /rokes ( ! bru%1 s ! ma/] ( ,dais5-9 succe$$ 9 di/ill+ f ! natural _w precisely ^? elem5ts t excite ! _s4 ,?is classical k>e sansui g>d5 is ?\ght to h be5 design$ ar\nd #aeac1 recon/ruct$ f "o ( ! run-d[n temples left aft] ! ,on9 ,w>4 ,cr$it = ! design is traditionally 7b probably errone\sly7 giv5 to ! arti/ ,s'ami 7#adgb-aebe71 a well-kn[n pa9t]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 pa9t+ & g>d5 art 0 necess>ily blurr$1 s9ce ^! g>d5s 7 9 fact int5d$ to copy pa9t+s m ?an nature4 ,! true m>k ( a ,z5 pa9t] 0 8 ability to h&le rocks & m\nta9s 9 ! prescrib$ mann]1 ) %>p1 angul> bru%/rokes devoid ( s(tness or s5tim5tality4 ,naturally en\gh1 /ones ) ?is same quality 7 ess5tial = ! k>e sansui g>d5s1 b su* /ones 7 extremely r>e & priz$ almo/ beyond price4 ,trees c\ld be gr[n2 /ones _h to be f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s & mov$ someh[ to ,kyoto4 ,dur+ ! heyday ( ! ,kamakura & ,a%ikaga glory1 !re 7 res\rces at h& to f9d1 move1 & position /ones--& at times armies ( ov] a ?\s& m5 7 impress$ into s]vice = ?is task4 ,aft] ! ,on9 ,w> no su* battalions 7 available1 b !re 0 a ready s\rce ( sup]b /ones3 ! burn$-out temple & e/ate g>d5s ( old ,kyoto4 ,fur!rmore1 monks f _m ( ! e>li] temples _h sy/ematically pillag$ ! e/ates ( ,heian nobles = /ones1 us+ ! cream ( ! /one collections f e>li] c5turies to create _! small g>d5s4 ,s :5 ! build]s ( ,dais5-9 began to collect /ones1 !y _h ! f9e/ examples ( c5turies ( collect+ at _! disposal4 ,h5ce ! magnific5t /ones at ,dais5-9 actually repres5t ! creme de la creme ( g>d5 /onework1 ris+ pho5ix-l out ( ! de/ruction ( old] e/ates4 ,:at 7 ! qualities ( ^! /ones t !y %\ld h be5 haul$ = hundr$s ( miles & priz$ by %oguns & ,z5 ae/hetes alike8 ,:at did ,z5 arti/s look = :5 !y scav5g$ ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s = special rocks8 ,!y want$ rocks t look$ l ! m\nta9s & crags 9 ink pa9t+s4 ,?is meant light-color$ /ones ) /riat$ sides & %>p edges1 ) no h9t ( ! h& ( man ab\t !m4 ,!y look$ n s mu* = odd =mations z = natural %apes t possess$ an au?oritative1 monum5tal quality4 ,"o p>ticul>ly priz$ %ape 0 flat-topp$ & v]tical-sid$1 look+ l a massive tree /ump cut (f ab\t a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,ano!r valuable /one 0 %ap$ l a /eep-sid$ volcanic isl& :i*1 ne/l$ 9 a b$ ( s&1 gave ! impression ( ris+ f ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,oblong /ones ) l5g?wise /riations or incisions 7 valu$ = _! simil>ity to t[]+ v]tical m\nta9s2 & r\nd$1 flat-bottom$ /ones1 = _! resemblance to natural riv] rocks4 ,! subjective feel ( a /one 0 important2 p]fectly smoo? /ones or ^? ) no memorable *>act]i/ics _h no place 9 k>e sansui4 ,^? us$ mu/ h ! vigor\s face ( c5turies1 ! wea!r$ texture ( antiquity4 ,dais5-9 0 unque/ionably ! be/ ( ! ,z5 pa9t+ g>d5s3 possibly design$ by an exp]i5c$ ,z5 pa9t]1 x conta9$ ! f9e/ /ones f an entire era ( int5sive collect+2 & x 0 heir to c5turies ( g>d5 ma/]y1 f :i* 0 di/ill$ ! ess5ce ( l&scape art4 ,its und]/at$ au?ority is ! product ( a long developm5t ( su* ,z5 ideals z simplicity1 />kness1 au/]ity1 & sp>5ess4 ,"o w\ld be tempt$ to decl>e x ! f9e/ example ( ! ,z5 k>e sansui art 7 x n = an ev5 m /rik+ g>d5 ( ! same era3 ,ryoan-ji4 ,unlike ,dais5-91 ! g>d5 at ,ryoan-ji is n a symbolic m\nta9 sc5e4 ,x is in/ead a "w ( ab/ract art on a canvas ( s& :i* goes beyond a symbolic repres5tation ( a l&scape sc5e to provide a di/illation ( ! v univ]se4 ,x is int]nationally reg>d$ z ! v ess5ce ( ,z51 & x is almo/ impossible to describe1 9 ei!r words or pictures4 ,x has a _s t seems to rise up = ^? :o come into its pres5ce1 evok+ an imm$iate response ev5 9 someone :o has no und]/&+ ( ,z54 ,ryoan-ji 0 app>5tly built ar\nd #adij1 :i* makes x r\ghly contemporane\s ) ,yo%imasa's ,silv] ,pavilion4 ,z e>ly z #ihe ! site ( ,ryoan-ji _h be5 us$ z ! location ( a private *apel = retir$ ,heian emp]ors1 & 9 ! twelf? c5tury a gov]nm5t m9i/] ( ! ,heian took x ov] & con/ruct$ a c\ntry villa1 to :i* 8 gr&son add$ a lavi% ,*9ese-/yle lake & isl& g>d5 9 #aahi4 ,?us ! site _h abundant wat]1 some?+ miss+ f o!r k>e sansui g>d5s--al?\gh ! /yle dictat$ t no wat] be us$ 9 ! f9al ,z5 g>d54 ,aft] ! fall ( ,heian & ?r\gh\t ! ,kamakura deluge1 ! lake became a sort ( l+]+ anci5 regime t\*1 recall+ ! elegance ( =m] days4 7,! rema9s ( ! lake1 und\bt$ly mu* modifi$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 /ill survive z "p ( ! ,ryoan-ji temple complex47 ,! orig9al ,heian own]s reta9$ possession ( ! site until approximately #adej1 :5 x 0 pur*as$ by ,katsumoto ,hokusawa1 advis] to ! ,a%ikaga & "o ( ! in/igators ( ! ,on9 ,w>4 ,dur+ 8 p]iod ( own]%ip1 ,katsumoto built a c\ntry villa ov]look+ ! lake-&-isl& g>d51 & l ,yo%imitsu1 he reque/$ t 8 villa be made into a ,z5 temple :5 he ,!d4 ,z x turn$ out1 ! ,on9 ,w> caus$ 8 wi%es to be execut$ soon] ?an he might h expect$2 %ortly aft] ! villa 0 built ! e/ate 0 transf]r$ to ! ,myo%9-ji bran* ( ! ,r9zai sect1 :i* also controll$ a ne>by temple call$ ,ryoan-ji4 ,n long aft] ,katsumoto's dea?1 8 villa & o!r e/ate build+s 7 set on fire dur+ ! ,on9 ,w> & jo9$ ! g5]al ru9 ( mu* ( ! re/ ( ,kyoto4 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! burn$-out e/ate 0 re/or$ by ,katsumoto's son1 b 9 replac+ ! build+s he *ose a new /yle ( ,z5 ar*itecture kn[n z %o91 :i* includ$ a special bay w9d[ & desk model$ aft] ^? 9 ,*9ese ,*'an mona/]ies4 ,! %o9 /yle _h be5 rec5tly popul>iz$ 9 ,kyoto by ,yo%imasa1 :o *ose ! design = sev]al build+s surr\nd+ 8 ,silv] ,pavilion4 ,! %o9 w9d[ ov]look$ ! lake-&-isl& g>d51 b s9ce ! lat] ,z5 monks :o controll$ ! e/ate _h no int]e/ 9 decorative l&scape art1 !y wall$ (f a small c\rty>d 9 front ( ! w9d[ & in/all$ a flat k>e sansui g>d5 = contemplation1 :i* soon eclips$ 9 int]e/ ! old] lake-&- isl& l&scape4 ,%ortly !reaft] ! %o9 build+ 0 9 turn de/roy$ by fire1 giv+ ! monks an excuse to br+ 9 a pavilion ) a long view+ v]&a f ! neighbor+ ,seig5-9 temple4 ,?is v]&a1 :i* 0 position$ along ! long axis ( ! k>e sansui g>d51 n[ p]mits gr\p m$itation1 some?+ n possible f ! s+le w9d[ ( ! e>li] %o9 /ructure4 ,mod]n visitors to ,ryoan-ji /ill pass ?r\gh ! old] l&scape g>d5 en r\te to ! ma9 temple pavilion4 ,f ?is vantage po9t only ! out] wall ( ! s&-&-/one g>d5 c be se52 !re is no h9t ( :at lies inside4 ,on ! temple /eps ! fragrance ( inc5se m+les ) ! natural p]fume ( ! anci5t trees :i* l9e ! pa?ways ( ! lake4 ,z "o ent]s ! dimly light$ hallway ( ! temple1 /reet %oes are replac$ by noiseless1 cu%ion$ slipp]s4 ,%od 9 sil5ce1 visitors walk along ! temple hallways onto ! long hojo v]&a fac+ ! g>d51 :]e ! brilliance ( ! %imm]+ s& wa%es unexpect$ly ov] ! s5ses4 ,! effect is sudd5 & /rik+4 ,:at "o sees1 9 purely prosaic t]ms1 is an area ( rippl$ s& ab\t ! size ( a t5nis c\rt1 set ab\t ) fifte5 n p>ticul>ly unusual 7by ,a%ikaga /&>ds7 /ones array$ 9 five di/9ct clu/]s4 ,! :ite s& is rak$ l5g?wise 7a r\t9e task = a lay bro!r71 & conc5tric circles are trac$ ar\nd ea* ( ! /ones1 imp>t+ an illusion ( ripples4 ,9 ! g>d5 prop] !re is n a tree1 inde$ n a blade ( grass1 to be se52 ! only sugge/ion ( liv+ matt] is ! b$ ( anci5t moss 9 :i* ea* gr\p ( /ones lies ne/l$4 ,on ! ?ree sides ( ! g>d5 opposite ! v]&a /&s ! anci5t c\rty>d wall1 ^: oil-/a9$ e>!n br[n contra/s spl5didly ) ! pure :ite s&4 ,above ! wall1 :i* is capp$ ) black clay tile 9 ,*9ese fa%ion1 "o c see ! tall trees ( ! l&scape g>d51 obscur+ :at mu/ once h be5 a gr& view ( old ,kyoto to ! s\?4 ,ea* ( ! five clu/]s ( /ones seems balanc$ ar\nd its own c5t] ( gravity1 & ! clu/]s1 9 turn1 appe> to be balanc$ ) "o ano!r--) ! two gr\ps ( /ones on ! left be+ approximately equal 9 mass to ! ?ree gr\ps on ! "r4 ,z is ! case 9 mo/ ,a%ikaga g>d5s1 ea* gr\p+ is dom9at$ by "o obvi\sly ass]tive memb]1 aga9/ :i* ! small]1 less au?oritative /ones /ra9 = prom95ce1 produc+ a s5se ( t5sion4 ,simultane\sly1 !re is a feel+ ( /r5g? ab\t ea* ( ! gr\ps1 s9ce ea* clu/] is set on an isl& ( mossy soil1 :i* acts z a base to unite ! assemblages4 ,ae/hetic /ability is also a*iev$ by ! placem5t ( ! /ones at suffici5t dep? 7or app>5t dep?7 )9 _! ne/ ( moss s t only _! tips seem to protrude above ! floor ( ! g>d54 ,! /ones are set 9 two gr\ps ( two /ones1 two gr\ps ( ?ree1 & "o gr\p ( five4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\p+s displays "o or ano!r ( ! v>i\s ,a%ikaga g>d5 conv5tions4 ,bo? gr\ps ( two /ones make explicit use ( contra/+ %apes betwe5 _! memb]s1 a /&>d ,z5 device4 ,"o ( ! pairs is compos$ ( a long1 v]tical rock set l an upturn$ blade 9 ! s&1 ) a companion t is h>dly m ?an a negligible lump1 a tok5 foil4 ,! o!r pair has "o %>p-sid$ v]tical /one ) a flat plateau z a top1 accompani$ by a l>g] r\nd rock :i* spreads at ! base4 ,z has be5 not$1 ! ,a%ikaga g>d5]s priz$ flat-topp$ /ones highly because ( _! resemblance to ! angul> bru%/rokes ( c]ta9 ,z5 ink pa9t]s4 ,life1 9 ?is case1 0 made to imitate art1 or r sculptural art 0 made to imitate ! pictorial4 ,bo? pairs ( /ones are situat$ slightly (f ! l5g?wise axis ( ! g>d51 ma9ta9+ ! asymmetry consid]$ s ess5tial4 ,9 ! two gr\ps ( ?ree /ones1 ! int5t is to e/abli% ! visual pre-em95ce ( ! l>ge/ memb] & to flank x ) two comp>atively insignificant small] /ones--usually diff]5tiat$ 9 %ape & attitude--!reby =m+ a v]tical triangle ) ! peak ( ! l>ge/ /one repres5t+ ! apex4 ,?is p>ticul> arrangem5t 0 s common 9 ,a%ikaga g>d5s t x became kn[n z ! ?ree- deity /one sett+1 suppos$ly a pi\s ref]5ce to a ,buddhi/ leg5d b probably m]ely a conv5i5t tag = a /&>diz$ arti/ic device4 ,! la/ gr\p+ is five /ones1 s9ce arrangem5ts ( f\r 7 consid]$ too symmetrical by ,z5 g>d5]s4 ,9 ?is case1 ! gr\p is dom9at$ by "o l>ge c5tral b\ld] ) f\r ancill>y rocks spread ab\t its base l ! feet ( a granite bea/4 ,su*1 9 physical t]ms1 is ! arrangem5t ( ! g>d51 & :5 s describ$ x seems undes]v+ ( all ! acclaim4 ,its subjective qualities tell a bit m ( ! /ory4 ,x seems cle> t ! incl9ation ( ! /ones is int5d$ to evoke a s5se ( motion1 = !y h all be5 plac$ ) _! long] axis correspond+ to t ( ! g>d54 ,?is quality is fur!r enhanc$ by ! practice ( rak+ ! s& l5g?wise1 :i* makes ! obs]v]'s eye sweep f left to "r or "r to left4 ,& al?\gh ! ov]all purpose ( ! g>d5 is to induce m5tal repose1 x has a dynamic t5sion1 su* z a high-spe$ photograph ( surg+ rapids 9 a m\nta9 /ream might cat*4 ,b ! s&1 l ! blank spaces 9 a ,*9ese ink draw+1 is z important z ! placem5t ( ! /ones4 ,! empty areas bo? emphasize ! /ones & invite ! m9d to exp& 9 ! cosmological inf9ity !y sugge/4 ,?is int]action betwe5 =m & space is "o ( ! keys to ,ryoan- ji's compell+ sugge/iv5ess4 ,evok+ a s5se ( inf9ity 9 a /rictly conf9$ space1 x is a liv+ lesson 9 ! ,z5 concept ( no?+ness & nonatta*m5t4 ,x expresses a timelessness unkn[n 9 e>li] l&scape g>d5s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,heian era1 :i*1 ) _! fad+ blossoms & fall+ leaves1 7 attun$ to ! poignant transi5ce ( life4 ,9 ! ,ryoan-ji g>d51 ! ,heian ae/hetic concept ( aw>e1 ! ?\ght t beauty mu/ die1 has be5 replac$ by ! ,z5 idea ( yug51 :i* means1 among o!r ?+s1 pr(\nd sugge/iv5ess1 a r$uction to only ^? elem5ts 9 a creative "w t move ! _s1 )\t ! slighte/ concession to prett9ess or ornam5t4 ,! numb] & placem5t ( /ones seem arbitr>y1 b !y are intuitively p]fect--l a phrase f ,bee?ov5 t1 ) ! alt]ation ( a s+le note1 c\ld be trans=m$ into a comic tune4 ,l all ma/]pieces1 ,ryoan-ji has simplicity1 /r5g?1 inevitability4 ,betwe5 !m1 ! g>d5s at ,dais5-9 & at ,ryoan-ji encompass ! range ( k>e sansui g>d5+ 9 ,a%ikaga ,japan4 ,! fir/ is a symbolic l&scape ( p>*$ wat]falls & simulat$ /reams drawn 9 mono*romatic granite2 ! second1 a totally non-repres5tative ab/raction ( /one arrangem5ts 9 ! s&-cov]$ flat-g>d5 /yle4 ,! k>e sansui flat-g>d5 /yle1 9 p>ticul>1 has no real c\nt]p>t 9 _w art4 ,imag9e ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 or ,flor5t9es collect+ rocks1 /rew+ !m ab\t a b$ ( s& 9 a c\rty>d1 & call+ x religi\s art4 ,ryoan-ji seems /rik+ly mod]n today & 9 fact x 0 only aft] a critical foll[+ = ab/ract art develop$ 9 ! ,we/ t ! ,z5 k>e sansui 0 discov]$4 ,z rec5tly z ! #aicjs ,ryoan-ji 0 ignor$1 an unkempt s&pile ! monks r>ely bo!r$ to rake2 & only 9 #aifa 0 ! g>d5 at ,dais5-9 re/or$ to :at is believ$ to be its orig9al condition4 ,ryoan-ji is n[ ! mo/ celebrat$ site 9 ,japan & s int]nationally appreciat$ t a full-siz$ replica has be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,new ,york4 ,z5 g>d5]s 7 sophi/icat$ ae/heticians1 & "o c recognize 9 _! "w at lea/ two arti/ic te*niques t ! ,we/ did n discov] until ?is c5tury4 ,! fir/ is ! ,surreali/ pr9ciple1 d]iv$ f ! e>li] ,dadai/ idea1 ( objets tr\ves1 t is1 ! use ( ae/hetically int]e/+ natural or accid5tal mat]ials z "p ( an arti/ic composition4 ,! /ones ( ,ryoan-ji & o!r ,a%ikaga g>d5s 7 left 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 discov]$ & us$ 9 ! g>d5s z /ones1 yet !y 7 also symbols = some?+ l>g] ?an !mselves4 ,! second mod]n arti/ic pr9ciple f\nd 9 ,z5 g>d5s is ! reliance on ab/ract expressionism4 ,flat g>d5s l ,ryoan-ji are n meant to depict a natural sc5e2 !y are ex]cises 9 ! symbolic arrangem5t ( mass & space4 ,! ,z5 g>d5]s actually creat$ a new mode ( arti/ic expression1 anticipat+ ! ,we/ by sev]al c5turies4 ,p]haps ,ryoan-ji w5t unnotic$ = s long because x 0 n explicitly int5d$ z a "w ( art1 b r z a /atem5t 9 physical t]ms ( ! ess5ce ( my/ical tru?4 ,"o's reaction ^u fir/ com+ into ! pres5ce ( ,ryoan-ji is l ! fam\s ,we/]n my/ic ,mei/] ,eckh>t's description ( ! realization ( ,on5ess1 call$ satori 9 ,z53 ,!n at once1 ,god comes into y\r be+ & faculties1 = y are l a des]t1 despoil$ ( all t 0 p>ticul>ly y\r own4 4 4 4 ,ryoan-ji pres5ts ?is des]t 9 physical t]ms1 a place ( no atta*m5ts & no antagoni/ic pol>ities4 ,?is is ,z5 art at its mo/ noble2 beauty & ae/hetics are pres5t1 b !y are second>y to a realm ( ! spiritual4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,z5 & ! ,ink ,l&scape ,he>d melodies are sweet1 b ^? unhe>d ,are sweet]2 !re=e1 ye s(t pipes1 play on2 ,n to ! s5sual e>1 b1 m ende>$1 ,pipe to ! _s ditties ( no tone4 ,john ,keats ,ses%u 7#adbj-aejf7 ,%9 /yle ,,a%ikaga ,,mono*rome ink pa9t+ is "o ( ! f9e/ mom5ts ( ,japanese art4 ,mono*rome pa9t+1 :i* began 9 ,*9a z a logical ext5sion ( bru% calligraphy1 came to be ! ultimate m$ium = ! transmission ( ,japanese ,z54 ,a ,z5 pa9t] has be5 describ$ z a man :o /udies te*nique = tw5ty ye>s & !n ?r[s himself on ! m]cy ( inspiration4 ,! works ( ,z5 arti/s (t5 seem to h be5 toss$ (f )\t ef=t1 b ?is is ! delib]ate deception ( ! consummate ma/]4 ,l ! sla% ( ! ,z5 swordsman1 ! absolute accuracy ( ! ,z5 arti/'s bru%/roke c come only f "o ^: m9d & body are "o4 ,! purpose ( ,z5 pa9t+ is to p5etrate beyond ! p]ceptions ( ! rational m9d & its support+ s5ses1 to %[ n nature's surface b its v ess5ce4 ,! arti/ pa9ts ! enlight5m5t ( a mom5t1 & !re is !re=e no "t to labor ov] ea* /roke2 ! te*nique mu/ fl[ ?\ghtlessly1 f deep )91 captur+ ! fleet+ images ( ! inn] s5se1 beyond m9d & beyond ?\ght4 ,to wat* a ,z5 pa9t] is to receive a lesson 9 ! discipl9e ( ,z54 ,z he sets out to create a "w1 he fir/ br+s to h& ! ess5tial arti/ic mat]ials3 bru%1 ink/one1 ink1 pap]4 ,kneel+ on ! floor1 he spreads ! pap] out be=e him1 & z he gr9ds & mixes ! ink1 beg9s to envision ! outl9e & scope ( 8 "w4 ,l a samurai w>rior be=e a battle1 he bani%es ?\ghts ( ! _w & 9 a /ate ( contemplation organizes 8 en]gies = a bur/ ( action4 ,:5 ! ink is ready1 ! pap] smoo!d1 an appropriate bru% te/$ = po9t & feel1 & 8 spirits compos$1 he /rikes4 ,! ink is absorb$ almo/ imm$iately by ! fibr\s rice pap] pref]r$ by ,z5 arti/s1 all[+ no alt]ation ( a l9e once x has be5 set d[n4 ,if ! arti/ is dissatisfi$ ) a /roke1 he attempts no corrections b te>s up ! "w & beg9s ano!r4 ,9 contra/ to conv5tional ,we/]n oil pa9t+1 :i* all[s = ret\*+1 an ink bru%/roke on pap] 7or silk1 :i* is sometimes us$7 becomes dull & lifeless if x is pa9t$ ov]1 & corrections are always obvi\s :5 ! pa9t+ dries4 ,! "w mu/ fl[ out ( ! ,z5 discipl9e ( no-m9d4 ,! arti/ nev] pauses to evaluate 8 "w2 ! ink fl[s 9 an un5d+ flurry ( /rokes--heavy or sp>+1 light or d>k1 z requir$--produc+ a s5se ( rhy?m1 movem5t1 =m1 & ! arti/'s vision ( life's inn] music4 ,! discipl9e ( ink pa9t+ 0 only "o ( ! qualities t ende>$ x to ,z5 pa9t]s4 ,equally important 0 ! und]/at$1 sugge/ive art x made possible4 ,le>n+ f ! ,*9ese1 ,a%ikaga ,japanese discov]$ t black ink1 c>efully appli$ to sugge/ all ! tones ( light & %ade1 c\ld be m expressive & pr(\nd ?an a ra9b[ ( colors4 7,a simil> lesson has be5 le>n$ by mod]n photograph]s1 :o (t5 f9d black & :ite a m$ium m p5]at+ ?an color47 ,! ,*9ese pa9t]s ( ! ,t'ang & ,sung dyna/ies 7 ! fir/ to discov] t black ink c\ld be made to ab/ract all pigm5ts & !reby sugge/1 m believably ?an actual color pa9t+s1 ! real tones f\nd 9 nature4 ,:]eas ! m$ium ( ink has be5 us$ 9 ! ,we/ prim>ily = l9e draw+s & li?ographs1 ! ,ea/]n arti/s use ink to produce ! illusion ( color--an illusion s p]fect t view]s mu/ at times rem9d !mselves t a sc5e is n 9 full poly*rome4 ,& j z ! seem+ly unf9i%$ arti/ic /atem5t nudges ! view] into p>ticipat+ 9 a "w1 ! sugge/ive m$ium ( mono*rome ) its impli$ r ?an explicit hues tricks ! view] into unwitt+ly supply+ 8 own colors4 ,! ,z5 insight t ! palette ( ! m9d is ri*] ?an t ( ! bru% has be5 be/ describ$ by a ,japanese arti/ & critic1 :o expla9$ ! ri* sugge/iv5ess ( black ink1 call$ sumi by ! ,japanese3 ,at fir/ glance1 ?is bit ( ink on a %eet ( :ite pap] seems dull & pla91 b z "o gazes at x1 x trans=ms itself into an image ( nature--a small "p ( nature1 to be sure1 se5 dimly1 z ?\gh ?r\gh a mi/1 b a "p t may guide "o's _s to ! magnific5t :ole4 ,arm$ ) pigm5ts by ! doz51 arti/s h tri$ = c5turies to reproduce ! true colors ( nature1 b at be/ !irs has be5 a limit$ success4 ,! sumi-e ink pa9t+1 by r$uc+ all colors to %ades ( black1 is able1 p>adoxically1 to make "o feel _! g5u9e nuances4 4 4 4 ,by recogniz+ t ! real colors ( nature _c be reproduc$ exactly1 ! sumi-e arti/ has grasp$ "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal tru?s ( nature4 ,he is1 !re=e1 m 9 tune ) h] ?an ! pa9t] :o tries to engage h] 9 oils & wat] colors4#a ,z5 pa9t+ seems to h be5 creat$1 l ! religion itself1 by antis*ola/ic ?9k]s ( ! latt] ,t'ang dyna/y4 ,! ecc5tric monks :o inv5t$ koan p>adoxes also seem to h be5 fond ( calligraphy & mono*rome pa9t+4 ,^! monks1 toge!r ) non- ,buddhi/ pa9t]s at odds ) academic /yles1 lov$ to outrage _! cons]vative colleagues by fl++ ink at ! pap] & sme>+ x ab\t ) _! h&s1 _! hair1 or sometimes ! body ( an assi/ant4 ,ev5 ^? :o re/rict$ !mselves to ! bru% delight$ 9 c>icature & unconv5tional /yles4 ,! s*ool ( pa9t+ repres5t$ by disaffect$ ,tang lit]ati & ,*'an monks came to be well respect$ 7mu* l ! ab/ract expressioni/ s*ool ( today7 & 0 giv5 ! "n ( untrammel$ class4 ,dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y1 ,*'an monks became respectable memb]s ( ,*9ese society1 & gradually ?ree di/9ct types ( ,*'an-influ5c$ pa9t+ 7 e/abli%$4 ,"o1 kn[n 9 ,japanese z z5kiga1 featur$ didactic figure pa9t+s 7z5ki-zu7 illu/rat+ ,*'an p>ables1 depict+ ,bodhidh>ma 9 "s leg5d>y situation1 record+ ! critical mom5t ( a koan1 or simply illu/rat+ a ,z5 adept practic+ self- discipl9e ?r\gh "s humble task4 ,! second type 0 portraiture1 kn[n z *9zo4 ,^! solemn1 rev]5tial /udies ( well-kn[n tea*]s1 sometimes execut$ 9 mut$ pa/els z well z 9 ink1 cle>ly 7 int5d$ to repres5t ! physical lik5ess ( ! sitt] z closely z possible4 ,!y mu/ be rank$ among ! _w's f9e/ portraits4 ,! insight into "* 9 ! *9zo is n s h>% z t ( ,rembr&t nor s =mal z t ( ! ,r5aissance ,flor5t9es1 b z sympa!tic psy*ological /udies !y h r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,! ?ird type ( pa9t+ associat$ ) ,*'an is ! mono*rome l&scape4 ,l&scape 0 n orig9ally a major ,*'an subject1 b ,*'an monks exp]im5t$ ) ! traditional ,*9ese treatm5t ( su* sc5es & s influ5c$ ,*9ese l&scape pa9t+ t ev5 academic pa9t+s dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y reflect$ ! spontane\s insights ( ,*'an philosophy4 ,l&scapes repres5t ,*9ese pa9t+ at its f9e/1 & ! ,japanese ,z5 pa9t]s :o embrac$ ! =m made x ! great art ( ,z54 ,! te*nical ma/]y ( l&scape pa9t+ _h be5 a*iev$ late 9 ! ,t'ang dyna/y :5 ! problems ( p]spective1 placem5t1 & vantage po9t 7 solv$4 ,! classic rules = ! g5re1 :i* 7 =maliz$ dur+ ! e>ly ,sung dyna/y1 7 respect$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s !reaft] 9 bo? ,*9a & ,japan4 ,"o mu/ appreciate ^! rules if "o is to und]/& ! ,f> ,ea/]n l&scape4 ,to beg9 )1 ! objective is n photographic accuracy1 b a repres5tation ( an emotional response to nature1 captur+ ! ess5tials ( a l&scape r ?an ! p>ticul> elem5ts t happ5 to be pres5t 9 a s+le locale4 7,9 fact1 ,japanese ,z5 l&scapi/s frequ5tly pa9t$ ,*9ese sc5es !y _h nev] se547 ,nature is glorifi$ z a s\rce ( m$itative insight1 & ! arti/'s spontaneity is express$ )9 a rigid framework4 ,c]ta9 specific items are expect$ to appe> 9 e pa9t+3 m\nta9s1 trees1 rocks1 fl[+ wat]1 roads1 bridges1 wildlife1 h\ses 7or at lea/ ?at*$ huts74 ,! m\nta9sides v>y ) ! seasons1 be+ lu% & s5su\s 9 spr+1 v]dant & moi/ 9 summ]1 crisp & ripe 9 autumn1 & au/]ely b>e 9 w9t]4 ,! t9y human figures %[ ! dignity ( retir$ ,sung (ficials at a h]mitage2 !re are no g5u9e f>m]s or fi%]m54 ,! pa9t+s h no vani%+ po9t2 rec$+ l9es rema9 p>allel & d n conv]ge4 ,! position ( ! view] is t ( someone susp5d$ 9 space1 look+ d[n on a panorama t curves up & ar\nd 8 range ( sight4 ,to depict di/ances ext5d+ f ! imm$iate =egr\nd to di/ant m\nta9 ranges1 a pa9t+ is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct ti]s1 ea* repres5t+ a sc5e at a p>ticul> di/ance f ! view]4 ,^! include a ne> tableau close en\gh to %[ ! individual leaves on ! trees & ripples on ! wat]1 a middle section :]e only ! bran*es ( ?ree trees are del9eat$ & wat] is usually depict$ z a wat]fall1 & a f> section conta9+ m\nta9 peaks4 ,s9ce ^! ?ree levels repres5t quantum jumps 9 di/ance1 fog or mi/ is (t5 introduc$ to assi/ 9 slic+ ! pa9t+ into ?ree planes4 ,^! l&scape conv5tions 7 ! subject ( volumes ( analysis & int]pretation dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,accord+ to ! pa9t] ,han ,*o 9 a "w dat$ #aaba3 ,9 pa9t+s ( panoramic l&scapes1 m\nta9s are plac$ 9 ranges "o above ! o!r2 ev5 9 "o foot's space !y are deeply lay]$2 4 4 4 & prop] ord] is adh]$ to by fir/ arrang+ ! v5]able m\nta9s foll[$ by ! subs]vi5t ones4 ,x is ess5tial t 4 4 4 =e/s cov] ! m\nta94 ,= ! =e/s ( a m\nta9 are its clo!s1 ! vegetation its hair1 ! vapor & mi/s its facial expressions1 ! sc5ic elem5ts its ornam5ts1 ! wat]s its blood vessels1 ! fog & mi/s its expressions ( mood4#b ,two *>act]i/ics ( ,sung l&scape pa9t+s t 7 lat] to become important elem5ts 9 ! canon ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory 7 ! use ( empty space z a =m ( symbolism1 lat] to be f\nd 9 all ( ,z5 art f rock g>d5s to ! ,no !at]1 & ! specific treatm5t ( rocks & trees1 elem5ts t ! ,z5 s*ool w\ld "o day take z metaphors = life itself4 ,^! *>act]i/ics h be5 eloqu5tly describ$ by ! ,we/]n critics ,osvald ,sir5 & ,erne/ ,f5ollosa1 respectively3 ,we h>dly ne$ dwell on ! well-kn[n fact t ! ,*9ese pa9t]s1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :o work$ 9 ,indian ink1 utiliz$ space z a mo/ important means ( arti/ic expression1 b x may be po9t$ out t _! ideas ( space & _! me?ods ( r5d]+ x 7 f> f ! same z 9 ,european art4 ,space 0 n to !m a cubic volume t c\ld be geometrically con/ruct$1 x 0 some?+ illimitable & incalculable :i* might be1 to "s ext5t1 sugge/$ by ! relation ( =ms & tonal values b :i* always ext5d$ beyond e mat]ial indication & c>ri$ a sugge/ion ( ! inf9ite4#c ,! wond]ful twi/$ trees1 mighty m\nta9 p9es & c$>s1 lov$ by ^! e>ly ,*9ese & lat] ,japanese1 :i* our ,we/]n sup]ficial view fir/ ascrib$ to "s b>b>ian ta/e = mon/rosities1 really exhibit ! deep ,z5 ?9k] 9 _! great knots & scaly limbs t h wre/l$ ) /orms & fro/s & e>?quakes--an almo/ id5tical process ?r\gh :i* a man's life-/ruggles ) enemies1 mis=tunes1 & pa9s h /amp$ !mselves into ! wr9kles & /rong muscul> planes ( 8 f9e old face4 ,?us nature becomes a va/ & picturesque _w = ! pr(\nd /udy ( "*2 & ?is fails to lead to didactic ov]weight+ & lit]>y conceit1 z x w\ld d ) u1 because "*1 9 its two s5ses ( human individuality & nature individuality1 are se5 to become "o4#d ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 two di/9ct /yles ( l&scape pa9t+ develop$1 :i* today are kn[n z ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn1 reflect+ _! geographical locations4 ,al?\gh x is extremely dang]\s to v5ture g5]alizations ab\t pa9t+ s*ools1 x might be said t ! ,nor!rn s*ool produc$ comp>atively =mal1 symmetrical works done 9 %>p1 angul>1 ax-l bru%/rokes :i* di/+ui%$ cle>ly betwe5 ink l9e & ink wa% & 9 :i* ! di/ant m\nta9s 7 g5]ally portray$ z crisply z ! =egr\nd4 ,9 contra/1 ! ,s\!rn s*ool z a rule pref]r$ a m romantic treatm5t ( l&scape elem5ts1 ) r\nd$ hills & mi/y valleys4 ,di/ant m\nta9s 7 portray$ 9 grad$ wa%es ( ink1 sugge/+ my/]i\s recesses ba!d 9 fog1 :ile ! middle gr\nd 0 fill$ ) roll+ hills mell[$ by a s5se ( diffuse light+4 ,a ,*9ese critic ( ! p]iod describ$ a ,nor!rn arti/'s "w z all bru% & no ink1 & a ,s\!rn arti/'s z all ink & no bru%--a simplifi$ b basically accurate *>act]ization ( ! two s*ools4 ,! ,nor!rn /yle 0 orig9ally c5t]$ ar\nd ! nor!rn capital ( ,kaif5g & ! ,s\!rn ar\nd ,nank+ 9 ! ,yangtze valley1 b :5 ! ,sung c\rt fl$ to ! ,s\? aft] ! fall ( ! nor!rn capital 9 #aabg1 ! /yles ( ! two s*ools 7 m]g$ to "s degree 9 a new academy t 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! lovely s\!rn city ( ,hang*[4 ,pa9t]s ( ! ,s\!rn ,sung dyna/y1 z ?is lat] era came to be kn[n1 (t5 7 ma/]s ( bo? /yles1 sometimes produc+ jagg$ ,nor!rn l&scapes1 sometimes mi/y ,s\!rn vi/as1 or sometimes comb9+ ! two 9 a s+le pa9t+4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 z ! mood ( ! age grew increas+ly romantic & ,*'an ,buddhism became m influ5tial 9 academic circles1 ! jagg$ bru%/rokes ( ! ,nor!rn pa9t]s retreat$ f>!r & f>!r into ! mi/1 leav+ ! l&scapes increas+ly metaphorical1 ) contort$ trees & rugg$1 textur$ rocks4 ,?is new lyrical /yle1 :i* pr$om9at$ 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,sung pa9t+ academy1 0 prim>ily ! creation ( two arti/s1 ,ma ,yuan 7active ca4 #aaij-abbd7 & ,hsia ,kuei 7active ca4 #aahj-abcj71 ^: works 7 to become ! models = ,a%ikaga ,z5 l&scapes4 ,!y bo? exp]im5t$ ) asymmetry & ! delib]ate juxtaposition ( traditional l&scape elem5ts4 ,space became an elem5t 9 its own "r1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! works ( ,ma ,yuan1 ^: "o-corn] compositions 7 (t5 virtually blank save = a bottom corn]4 ,an eclectic /yli/1 he frequ5tly depict$ ! =egr\nd 9 ! ax-cut bru%/rokes & %>p diagonals ( ! ,nor?1 :ile di/ant m\nta9s 9 ! same pa9t+ 7 treat$ by ! s(t1 grad$ wa%es ( ! ,s\?4 ,hsia ,kuei did mu* ! same1 except t he took a m>k$ int]e/ 9 l9e & (t5 pa9t$ =egr\nd trees & rocks 9 %>p silh\ette4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 aft] ! ,m+ dyna/y came to p[]1 ,*9ese ta/es rev]t$ to a pref]5ce = ! ,nor!rn /yle1 b 9 ,japan ! s-call$ ,ma-,hsia lyric s*ool 0 rev]$ & copi$ by ,z5 arti/s :o f\nd ! subjective treatm5t ( nature a p]fect expression ( ,z5 doctr9es conc]n+ intuitive insight4 ,! ,s\!rn ,sung academy did n delib]ately produce ,*'an art2 x 0 ! ,japanese :o id5tifi$ ! ,ma-,hsia /yle explicitly ) ,z54 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 an expressioni/1 ,*'an s*ool ( art-- ! heir ( ! e>li] ,t'ang ecc5trics--arose & produc$ a spontane\s /yle ( pa9t+ z unpr$ictable z ,z5 itself4 ,! c5t] = ?is prote/ s*ool ( l&scape art 0 n ! ,sung academy b r a ,*'an mona/]y ne> ,hang*[1 & its lead] 0 a monk nam$ ,mu-*'i 7ca4 #abaj-;ca4 #abhj71 :o pa9t$ all subjects--l&scapes1 ,*'an koan1 & expressioni/ic /ill-lifes--) bru%/rokes at once skillfully controll$ & deceptively casual4 ,8 0 a discipl9$ spontaneity4 ,a ma/] ( te*nique1 he delib]ately disreg>d$ all ! conv5tions4 ,z "t pass$1 v>i\s /aid pa9t]s ( ! ,sung academy he>d 8 sir5 call ( ec/asy & ab&on$ _! =mal /yles1 end+ _! days dr9k+ ) ! ,*'an monks 9 mona/]ies ar\nd ,hang*[1 lo/ 9 ! %e] exhil>ation ( ink & bru%4 ,:5 ,japanese monks began travel+ to ,*9a1 _! fir/ enc\nt] ) l&scape pa9t+ 0 9 ^! mona/]ies4 ,consequ5tly1 ! /yles & ! pa9t+s ( ! ,*'an ,mu-*'i s*ool 7 ! fir/ to be s5t to ,japan4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 aft] ! ,nor!rn s*ool ( pa9t+ 0 aga9 9 vogue 9 ,*9a1 ,m+ ,*9ese 7 only too happy to unload outdat$ ,s\!rn ,sung mono*romes on ! eag] ,japanese4 ,! emiss>ies ( ,yo%imitsu 7z well z e>li] travel+ monks7 _h _! pick ( ^! works1 ) ! result t ! v be/ examples ( ! spontane\s ,mu-*'i & ! lyric ,ma-,hsia /yles ( ,sung pa9t+ are today 9 ,japan4 ,! pa9t+s ( ,mu-*'i1 ! fir/ ,*9ese mono*rome art to be se5 9 ,japan1 7 an in/ant success1 & ,z5 monks rapidly took up ! /yle4 ,! mo/ successful imitator 0 a ,japanese prie/-pa9t] nam$ ,m9*o 7#acea-adca71 :o be=e long 0 produc+ l&scapes virtually indi/+ui%able f ,mu-*'i's4 ,x 0 almo/ z ?\gh ,mu-*'i _h ris5 f ! dead & begun a new c>e] 9 ,japan a c5tury lat]4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! l&scapes ( ! ,ma-,hsia s*ool f\nd _! way to ,japan1 & be=e long a second ,sung dyna/y 0 9 full sw+ "u ! ,a%ikaga4 ,japanese ,z5 _h f\nd its art1 & soon ,yo%imitsu _h e/abli%$ a pa9t+ academy at ! temple ( ,%okoku-ji1 :]e pa9t]-monks ga!r$ to /udy ea* new boatload ( ,sung works & to vie ) "o ano!r 9 imitat+ ,*9ese bru% /yles4 ,! head ( ! ,z5 academy 0 ! prie/ ,josetsu 7active ca4 #adjj- #adac71 :o took full control aft] ,yo%imitsu's dea? 9 #adjh4 ,josetsu's fam\s ,man ,cat*+ a ,catfi% ) a ,g\rd1 a p>able ( ! elusiv5ess ( true k1 is a p]fect example ( ,japanese ma/]y ( ,sung /yles1 ) its %>p =egr\nd bru%work & mi/y di/ant m\nta9s4 ,! ,z5 academy dom9at$ ,japanese art until well aft] ! ,on9 ,w>1 explor+ & copy+ ! great ,sung works1 bo? ^? 9 ! lyric academic /yle & ^? 9 ! spontane\s ,*'an /yle4 ,josetsu 0 succe$$ by 8 pupil ,%ubun 7fl\ri%+ #adbc-;d4 ca4 #adfj71 ^: va/ 7attribut$7 output ( hang+ scrolls & sixfold scre5s 0 a precise re-creation ( ! ,sung lyric /yle4 ,he 0 n a m]e imitator1 b r a legitimate memb] ( a s*ool long vani%$1 ) a g5u9e und]/&+ ( ! ideals t _h motivat$ ! ,s\!rn ,sung arti/s4 ,%ubun 0 a p]fect ma/]1 a ,z5 ,raphael1 :o s discipl9$ 8 /yle t x seem$ ef=tless4 ,8 pa9t+s are ?+s ( beauty 9 :i* ! p]sonality ( ! arti/ has disappe>$1 z 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,sung ma/]s1 result+ 9 works s p]fectly ( a type t !y /& z a f\ndation on :i* o!rs might legitimately beg9 to innovate4 ,h[ev]1 "u ,%ubun's successor ,sotan 7#adad-adha71 ! academy cont9u$ to copy ! te*niques ( dead ,sung arti/s 7z s (t5 happ5s :5 art is in/itutionaliz$71 produc+ works t %[$ no glimm] ( orig9ality4 ,z5 art _h rea*$ maturity & 0 ready to become its own ma/]2 b x ne$$ an arti/ :o w\ld place m tru/ 9 8 own g5ius ?an 9 ! dictates ( ! academy4 ,! individual :o respond$ to ?is ne$ is today look$ ^u z ! f9e/ ,japanese arti/ ( all "t4 ,ses%u ,toyo 7#adbj-aejf7 0 a pupil ( ,%ubun & v ne>ly ! contempor>y ( ,sotan4 ,pa9t+ out ( a pr(\nd s5se ( ! _s ( ,z51 ,ses%u 0 able to dismantle ! compon5ts ( ,sung l&scapes & reassemble !m into an individual /atem5t ( ,z5 philosophy4 ,x is ?\ght t he became a ,z5 prie/ e>ly 9 life & sp5t 8 =mative ye>s 9 an obscure rural village on ! ,inl& ,sea4 ,h[ev]1 records %[ t at ! age ( ?irty- sev5 he 0 a prie/ 9 a reasonably high position at ,%okoku-ji1 "u ! patronage ( ,yo%imasa1 & a memb] ( ! academy presid$ ov] by ,%ubun4 ,he app>5tly /udi$ "u ,%ubun until %ortly be=e ! ,on9 ,w>1 :5 he left ,kyoto = a city on ! s\?we/]n coa/ & soon 0 on 8 way to ,*9a abo>d a trad+ vessel4 ,travel+ z a ,z5 prie/ & a pa9t] ( "s reputation1 ,ses%u 0 imm$iately welcom$ by ! ,*'an c5t]s ( pa9t+ on ! ma9l& & by ! ,m+ c\rt 9 ,pek+4 ,al?\gh he 0 able to see & /udy _m ,sung pa9t+s n available 9 ! ,kyoto ,a%ikaga collection1 he 0 disappo9t$ 9 ! ,m+ arti/s he enc\nt]$ & return$ to ,japan decl>+ he _h f\nd no wor?y tea*] 9 ,*9a except h] /reams & m\nta9s4 ,he also pron\nc$ ,josetsu & ,%ubun ! equals ( any ,*9ese pa9t]s he _h met--probably ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory su* a /atem5t c\ld h gone un*all5g$4 ,he nev] aga9 return$ to ,kyoto1 b e/abli%$ a /udio 9 a we/]n seaside village1 :]e he receiv$ ! mighty & pass$ 8 ye>s 9 pa9t+1 ,z5 m$itation1 & pilgrimages to temples & mona/]ies4 ,accord+ to ! traditional acc\nt1 he decl9$ an opportunity to become ,sotan's successor z head ( ! ,kyoto academy1 recomm5d+ t ! po/ be giv5 to ,kano ,masanobu 7#adcd-aecj71 :o did 9 fact assume a position z (ficial pa9t] to ! %ogun 9 ! #adhjs4 ,x lat] pass$ to ,masanobu's son ,kano ,motonobu 7#adgf-aeei74 ,?is laun*$ ! decorative ,kano s*ool ( pa9t+ :i* dom9at$ ,japanese art = c5turies !reaft]4 ,ses%u 0 a r5egade /yli/ :o ma/]$ ! ,sung =mulas ( ,%ubun e>ly 9 8 c>e] & !n develop$ /rik+ new dim5sions 9 ink pa9t+4 ,despite 8 scornful assessm5ts ( ,m+ art1 he le>n$ a great deal 9 ,*9a :i* he lat] us$1 includ+ an e>?y realism t fre$ him f ,%ubun's sublime p]fection1 a s5se ( design t all[$ him to produce l>ge decorative sixfold scre5s :i* /ill reta9$ ! ,z5 _s1 &1 p]haps mo/ importantly1 ! ,*'an- inspir$ ''flung ink te*nique :i* took him into ! realm ( semi- ab/raction4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he became fam\s = two di/9ct /yles :i*1 ?\gh n )\t ,*9ese prec$5ts1 7 /rongly individuali/ic4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 kn[n z %91 ! poli%$ =mulas ( ,%ubun 7 supplant$ by a controll$ boldness1 ) rocks & m\nta9s outl9$ 9 d>k1 angul> bru%/rokes seem+ly hewn ) a *isel4 ,! l&scapes 7 n s mu* sublimely unatta9able z caught & work$ to 8 w4 ,! rev]5ce = nature rema9$1 b "u 8 h& ! depiction 0 almo/ cubi/2 ! ess5ce ( a vi/a 0 extract$ 9 an intricate1 d5se design ( angul> planes fram$ 9 p[]ful l9es4 ,delicacy 0 replac$ by dom9ance4 ,precursors ( ?is /yle c be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,ma ,yuan & ,hsia ,kuei1 bo? ( :om exp]im5t$ 9 ! h>d1 ,nor!rn-influ5c$ te*niques ( bru%/roke1 b x 0 ,ses%u :o 0 ! true ma/] ( ! te*nique4 ,writ+ 9 #aiab1 ! ,am]ican critic ,erne/ ,f5ollosa decl>$ him to be ! greate/ ma/] ( ! /raight l9e & angle 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w's art4 ,ses%u's second major /yle 0 s1 an ab/raction 9 wa% comb9+ ! tonal ma/]y ( ! ,s\!rn ,sung s*ool ) ! flung ink1 or haboku1 ( ! ,*'an s*ool--a /yle 9 :i* l9e is almo/ entirely ignor$1 ) ! elem5ts ( ! l&scape be+ sugge/$ by c>efully v>i$ tones ( wa%4 ,a view] famili> ) ! traditional elem5ts ( ! ,sung l&scape c id5tify all ! requir$ compon5ts1 al?\gh mo/ are ackn[l$g$ only by blurr$ /reaks & seem+ dabs ( ink :i* appe> to h be5 appli$ ) a sponge r ?an a bru%4 ,9 contra/ to ! cubi/ treatm5t ( ! %9 /yle1 ! s def9es no planes b all[s elem5ts ( ! l&scape to bl5d into "o ano!r ?r\gh c>efully controll$ v>iations 9 tonality4 ,z ef=tless z ! /yle appe>s to be1 x is 9 fact a supreme example ( ma/]y ( ! bru%1 an in/rum5t int5d$ = c>v+ l9es r ?an subtle %ad+ & bl5d+ ( wa%4 ,because ,ses%u *ose to live 9 ! seclud$ prov9ces1 he did n p]petuate a s*ool1 b arti/s 9 ,kyoto & else:]e drew on 8 g5ius to invigorate ,z5 pa9t+4 ,"o arti/ inspir$ by him 0 ,s'ami1 a memb] ( ! ,ami family :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! academy's heyday4 ,! e>li] memb]s ( ! family _h produc$ acceptable works 9 ! /&>d ,sung /yle1 b ,s'ami di/+ui%$ himself 9 a numb] ( /yles1 includ+ ! s4 ,! o!r arti/ directly influ5c$ by ,ses%u 0 ! prov9cial ,sesson 7ca4#aejb- ca4#aehi71 :o took "p ( ! e>li] ma/]'s "n z 8 own & became adept 9 bo? %9 & s te*niques4 ,al?\gh he1 too1 avoid$ /rife-ridd5 ,kyoto1 he became fam\s ?r\gh\t ,japan1 & 8 works sugge/ :at ! academy might h produc$ _h ,ses%u *os5 to rema9 "p ( ! ,z5 e/abli%m5t4 ,yet ev5 9 ,sesson's "w "o c detect a poli%$1 ef=tless elegance t seems to trans=m ,ses%u's h>d-e>n$ p[] into an easy grace1 a c]ta9 sign t ! creative phase ( ,z5 art _h end$4 ,! ,a%ikaga era ( ,japanese mono*rome l&scape is really ! /ory ( a few inspir$ individuals1 arti/s ^: works spann$ a p]iod ( some?+ m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,z m5 ( ,z51 !y f\nd ! l&scape an ideal expression ( rev]5ce = ! div9e ess5ce !y p]ceiv$ 9 nature4 ,to contemplate nature 0 to contemplate ! univ]sal god1 & to contemplate a pa9t+ ( nature1 or bett] /ill to pa9t nature itself1 0 to p]=m a sacram5t4 ,! l&scape pa9t+ 0 _! v]sion ( ! ,buddhi/ icon1 & its mono*rome ab/raction 0 a pr(\nd expression ( ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,l ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,a%ikaga arti/s wor%ip$ ?r\gh pa9t+4 ,! result is an art =m %[+ no gods b resonant ) spirituality4 ,,*apt] ,,t5 ,! ,z5 ,ae/hetics ( ,japanese ,ar*itecture ,ar*itecturally ! ,z5-inspir$ ,silv] ,pavilion's *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! compromise :i* x exhibits betwe5 religi\s & dome/ic types1 & a new /yle ( liv+ ap>tm5ts 7call$ %o97 :i* speciali/s reg>d z ! true =]unn] ( ! ,japanese dwell+4 ,george ,b4 ,sansom1 ,japan3 ,a ,%ort ,cultural ,hi/ory ,traditional ,z5-/yle h\se ,traditional int]ior w_/ ,z5 art alcove ,,ask ,,any ,,japanese :y ! traditional ,japanese h\se is bitt]ly cold 9 w9t] & uncom=tably hot 9 summ]1 & he w unfail+ly tell y t ! design is hi/orically adapt$ to ! climate4 ,inquire ab\t 8 purpose 9 reject+ furniture1 ?us to kneel daylong on a /raw floor mat1 & he w expla9 t ! mat is m com=table4 ,"q 8 pref]5ce = sleep+ on a wadd$ cotton floor pallet in/ead ( a conv5tional mattress & spr+s1 & he w reply t ! floor provides sur] re/4 ,:at he w n say1 s9ce he assumes a ,we/]n] _c compreh5d x1 is t ?r\gh ^! seem+ physical privations he f9ds %elt] = ! inn] man4 ,! exquisite traditional ,japanese h\se has be5 comp>$ to an outsiz$ umbrella erect$ ov] ! l&scape1 n dom9at+ its surr\nd+s b provid+ a %ad$ space = liv+ amid nature4 ,! outside resembles a tropical hut1 :ile ! inside is an int]work+ ( ,mondrian geometries4 ,toge!r !y repres5t ! culm9ation ( a long tradition ( def9+ & h&l+ int]ior space1 us+ natural mat]ials1 & integrat+ ar*itecture & sett+4 ,! ,japanese h\se is "o ( ^? all too r>e e>?ly creations t transc5d ! m]ely utilit>ian1 t att5d z closely to man's int]ior ne$s z to 8 physical com=t4 ,! classic h\se evolv$ ov] two mill5nia ?r\gh ! adaptation & bl5d+ ( two dissimil> ar*itectural traditions--! tropical nature %r9e1 :i* 0 "p ( ! ,%9to religion ( ! e>ly immigrants to ,japan1 & ! ,*9ese model1 beg9n+ ) ! palace ar*itecture ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y & culm9at+ 9 ! designs us$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,*9ese ,*'an ,buddhism4 ,! e>ly immigrants1 ! ,yayoi1 today are believ$ to h arriv$ f po9ts some:]e to ! ,s\?1 br++ a !ology t defi$ ! e>?1 ! sun1 & all ! processes ( nature4 ,_! %r9es to ^! gods 7 l conv5tional ,oceanic huts4 ,?anks to a peculi> quirk ( ,%9to1 :i* dictates t c]ta9 ( ^! wood-&-?at* %r9es be dismantl$ & built anew e two decades1 x is /ill possible to see ^! lovely /ructures ess5tially z !y 7 two mill5nia ago4 ,sp>tan & elegant 9 _! simplicity1 !y 7 lyrically describ$ by ! n9ete5?- c5tury ,we/]n ,japanophile1 ,lafcadio ,he>n3 ,! typical %r9e is a w9d[less oblong build+ ( un-pa9t$ timb] ) a v /eep ov]hang+ ro(2 ! front is a gable end2 & ! upp] "p ( ! p]petually clos$ doors is a wood5 latticework--usually a grat+ ( b>s closely set & cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,9 mo/ cases ! /ructure is rais$ slightly above ! gr\nd on wood5 pill>s2 & ! que] peak$ facade1 ) its visorlike ap]tures & ! fanta/ic projections ( beamwork above its gable-angle1 might rem9d ! ,european travel] ( old go?ic =ms ( dorm] ,!re is no artificial color4 ,! pla9 wood soon turns1 "u ! action ( ra9 & sun1 to a natural gray v>y+ accord+ to surface exposure f a silv]y tone ( bir* b>k to a somb] gray ( basalt4#a ,al?\gh ! e>ly immigrants liv$ fir/ 9 caves & lat] 9 ro($ pits dug into ! e>?1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era ! ari/ocracy 0 build+ elevat$ dwell+s on po/s1 ) ro(s support$ n by ! walls b by a c5tral horizontal ridge pole susp5d$ betwe5 two l>ge columns at ei!r end ( ! /ructure4#b ,x 01 9 fact1 id5tical to ! ,%9to %r9e design describ$ by ,he>n4 ,z a home = ! ,%9to gods1 ?is tropical design may well h be5 adequate1 s9ce nature spirits are presumably adapt$ to ! rigors ( a ,japanese w9t]1 b ! ,yayoi mu/ h f\nd t x en=c$ an unwelcome communion ) ! seasons4 ,ev5 s1 ,he>n's description c\ld be appli$ almo/ )\t alt]ation to ! ext]nal qualities ( ! traditional dwell+ z x f9ally evolv$4 ,"o /ill f9ds ! ?at* ro(1 ! use ( pill>s to susp5d ! floor above ! gr\nd1 unf9i%$ natural wood1 & ! virtual abs5ce ( nails4 ,dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies ,a4,d4 ! e>ly ,japanese became aw>e ( ! complex ,*9ese culture on ! ,asian ma9l&1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury !y _h =sworn ! primitive tropical ar*itecture ( ,%9to & begun to surr\nd !mselves ) palaces & temples model$ on ! ,*9ese4 ,dur+ ! ,heian era1 a ,*9ese-inspir$ ari/ocrat dwell+ develop$ :i* repres5t$ a compromise betwe5 ,japanese requirem5ts & ,*9ese models4 ,al?\gh influ5c$ by ,t'ang ,*9ese palaces1 x 0 ! fir/ indig5\s ,japanese ar*itectural /yle & is kn[n z %9d54 ,! %9d5 mansion 0 a sprawl+ complex dom9at$ by a ma9 build+ fac+ a pond1 ar\nd :i* 7 flank$ ancill>y /ructures connect$ to x by op5 gall]ies protect$ only by a ro(4 ,^! op5 gall]ies1 be+ v mu* ! fa%ion1 7 also built ar\nd ! outside ( all ! l>g] rooms & s]v$ z passageways4 ,!re 7 no solid walls inside ! build+s2 privacy 0 obta9$ by curta9s & two-"p horizontal doors h+$ at ! top & atta*$ to ! ceil+4 ,adopt+ ,*9ese con/ruction me?ods1 ,japanese began ro(+ ! build+s ) d>k clay tiles in/ead ( native ?at*1 & walls 7 frequ5tly surfac$ ) clay r ?an wood planks or wov5 /raw4 ,ext]ior woods 7 pa9t$ ,*9ese v]milion in/ead ( be+ left to age naturally4 ,furni%+s 7 meag]1 & rooms 7 n id5tifi$ accord+ to usage2 ! build+ 0 "o l>ge area tempor>ily divid$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,in/ead ( *airs !re 7 movable floor mats ( wov5 /raw1 :ile ar\nd ! ext]ior ( ! rooms !re 7 heavy %utt]s2 ^! c\ld be remov$ 9 summ] or replac$ by light bamboo bl9ds1 :i* roll$ d[n l w9d[ %ades4 ,light+ 0 n a prom95t feature ( %9d5 mansions1 & 9 w9t] ! ari/ocracy huddl$ ar\nd a smoky fire 9 almo/ total d>kness1 ! price ( see+ be+ to op5 ! bl9ds & freeze4 ,! %9d5 /yle suppress$ = a "t ! indig5\s affection = simplicity & unadorn$ natural mat]ials reveal$ 9 ! e>li]1 pre-,heian dwell+s4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 nev] really naturaliz$1 & x 0 ev5tually to be rememb]$ 9 ,japan's ar*itectural hi/ory l>gely z an ab]rant int]lude1 ^: major legacy 0 ! s5se ( op5ness or fluid space 9 ! classic ,z5 h\se4 ,:5 ! samurai w>riors ( ! ,kamakura era 7#aahe-- #accc7 assum$ p[]1 !y did n imm$iately dis[n ! ar*itectural /yles ( ! ,heian nobles1 b m]ely add$ 7or1 9 "s cases1 remov$7 features 9 response to _! m>tial ne$s & _! new ,z5 outlook4 ,z ! c\ntry 0 at w>1 !re 0 no logic 9 deta*$ rooms & op5 gall]ies1 & ! samurai imm$iately tight5$ up ! design1 putt+ ! entire h\se "u "o ro(4 ,!y elim9at$ ! pond & add$ a surr\nd+ bo>d f5ce = protection1 ev5 z int]ior curta9s & h+$ doors 7 replac$ by slid+ doors ( pap] ov] a wood5 frame4 ,& z rooms became m cle>ly id5tifi$1 !y 7 def9$ 9 t]ms ( function4 ,! e>ly influ5ce ( ,z5 0 se5 mo/ noticeably 9 ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! ornam5tal aspects ( %9d5 design z ! samurai came to prize au/]ity & frugality4 ,dur+ ! ,a%ikaga era 7#accc-aegc7 :i* foll[$1 :5 ,z5 monks assum$ ! role ( advis]s & scribes = ! illit]ate milit>y rul]s1 a special writ+ desk1 call$ a %o91 appe>$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! m influ5tial samurai4 ,! %o9 0 a w9d[ alcove ) a rais$ sill1 :i* ov]look$ a private g>d5 & 0 us$ by ! monks = read+ & writ+4 ,next to ?is 0 a *igai-dana1 a wall cab9et recess$ 9 a ni*e & us$ = /or+ pap]s & writ+1 ut5sils4 7,^! new dome/ic appo9tm5ts _h be5 lift$ by ! ,z5 monks directly f ! *ief abbot's /udy 9 ,*9ese ,*'an mona/]ies47 ,! %o9 /udy room imm$iately became a focus ( fa%ion among ! samurai1 ev5 ^? :o c\ld nei!r read nor write1 & be=e long x 0 ! f9e/ room 9 a h\se4 ,gue/s began to be receiv$ !re & ano!r feature f ,z5 mona/]ies 0 add$3 ! art-display alcove1 or tokonoma4 7,9 ,*9ese ,*'an mona/]ies ! tokonoma 0 a special %r9e be=e :i* monks burn$ inc5se1 drank c]emonial tea1 & contemplat$ religi\s artwork4 ,t su* a %r9e %\ld appe> 9 a reception room ( a social-climb+ samurai's h\se is vivid te/imony to ! p]vasive influ5ce ( ! ,z5 monk advis]s47 ,! samurai also add$ an entry ve/ibule call$ a g5kan1 /ill ano!r feature drawn f ,z5 temples4 ,z a result ( all ^! additions & modifications1 %9d5 ar*itecture 0 completely trans=m$ into a functional samurai h\se ^: /yle became kn[n z %o94 ,=gott5 7 ! ,*9ese tile ro(s & v]milion pa9t2 ?at* & unf9i%$ woods reappe>$4 ,p>adoxically1 ! supplant+ ( %9d5 design by %o9 0 9 _m ways m]ely ! ou/+ ( a ,t'ang ,*9ese /yle by a ,sung ,*9ese /yle4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,t'ang ar*itecture _h be5 t ( ! ,*9ese c\rt1 :]eas ! ,sung 0 drawn f ,*'an mona/]ies & co9cid5tally conta9$ _m ( ! ae/hetic ideals ( ! e>li] native ,japanese dwell+s & %r9es4 ,by ! wan+ ye>s ( ! ,a%ikaga era1 ! %o9 design _h influ5c$ virtually e aspect ( ,japanese ar*itecture1 br++ into be+ almo/ all ! qualities ( :at is n[ ?\ght ( z ! traditional ,japanese h\se4 ,! movable floor mats 7 replac$ by wall-to-wall tatami1 wov5 /raw mats b\nd ) a d>k fabric b& at ei!r end & /&>diz$ to a size ( approximately ?ree by six feet4 ,soon rooms 7 be+ def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! numb] ( tatami requir$ = ! floor--& modul> ar*itecture _h be5 inv5t$4 ,slid+1 b removable pap] p>titions call$ fusuma became ! /&>d room divid]s1 & ! tokonoma became less a religi\s %r9e ?an a secul> display case :]e v]tical mono*rome scrolls & fl[] arrangem5ts 7 put on view4 ,oddly en\gh1 "o ( ! few ,*9ese innovations ! ,japanese p]si/5tly *ose to ignore 0 ! *air4 ,z a result1 a ,japanese resid5ce has always ma9ta9$ an entry ve/ibule :]e footwe> is remov$1 some?+ unnecess>y = ! ,*9ese1 :o _h no reason to consid] ! floor a c\* & c\ld keep _! %oes on4 ,"o important side effect ( ?is *oice is t eye level 9 ! ,japanese room--t is1 ! level f :i* ! room1 its art1 & its appo9tm5ts are view$--has rema9$ significantly l[] ?an 9 h\ses ) furniture1 a *>act]i/ic t influ5ces ! placem5t ( art z well z ! lay\t ( ! accompany+ g>d54 ,! culm9at+ /yle ( ,japanese ar*itecture 0 ! sukiya h\se1 ess5tially a free-h& r5d]+ ( ! =mal samurai %o94 ,! sukiya /yle reflect$ a numb] ( ae/hetic & ar*itectural ideas embodi$ 9 ! ,z5-inspir$ ,japanese teah\se1 & x all[$ = consid]able exp]im5tation ) mat]ials & design4 ,less p[]ful & m delicate ?an ! %o91 x 0 9 _m ways ! ultimate ext5sion ( ,z5 au/]ity1 ev5 to ! po9t :]e walls 7 (t5 left unpla/]$4 ,! %o9 _h be5 ! h\se ( w>riors2 ! sukiya 0 a /yle = ! common man & z su* has contribut$ significantly to ! ov]all tradition ( ,japanese ar*itecture4 ,%o9 & sukiya h\ses1 heirs to ! legacy ( ,z5 monks & lat] ,z5 ae/hetes1 are ! ref]5ce po9t = :at is n[ und]/ood to be ! traditional ,japanese dwell+4 ,! deceptively fragile appe>ance ( ! h\se makes x appe> at fir/ an impractical inv5tion = a l& fac$ ) recurr5t e>?quakes4 ,yet its lightness & flexibility1 l ^? ( a judo exp]t1 actually contribute to its safety4 ,"p ( ! reason is its f\ndation1 :i* floats ) ! e>? r ?an be+ an*or$ rigidly4 ,! traditional h\se is n held up by walls b by /\t columns1 almo/ a half-foot 9 diamet]1 emb$d$ at _! base 9 ni*es sunk into l>ge1 individually plac$ /ones :i* are only p>tially buri$4 ,^! columns rea* ?r\gh ! h\se to ! ceil+1 ^: weight secures !m 9 _! prec>i\s f\ndation4 ,9 ord9>y h\ses1 ! ro( is a /eeply slop+1 f\r-sid$ pyramid ^: light und]frame is cov]$ ) multiple lay]s ( %+les made f ! t\gh b>k ( ! h9oki tree4 ,a second set ( %ort] po/s1 simil>ly support$ bv p>tially buri$ /ones1 holds up ! plat=m t is ! floor1 a wood5 deck ( closely fitt$ planks set ab\t two feet above ! e>?4 ,! out] p]imet] ( ! floor+ becomes a v]&a or walkway1 call$ ! engawa1 & ! inn] space is p>tition$ into rooms by light walls ( pap]1 pla/]1 & wood5 grillwork4 ,! out] walls ( ! h\se1 :i* s]ve no /ructural purpose1 are slid+ latticework panels call$ %oji1 :i* are cov]$ ) transluc5t :ite rice pap]1 ba?+ ! ext]ior rooms 9 a s(t daytime light4 ,! %oji1 ord9>ily in/all$ 9 pairs approximately six feet high & ?ree feet wide1 unite r ?an divide ! int]ior & ext]ior2 dur+ ! summ] !y slide op5 to provide fre% air & direct communication ) ! outdoors4 ,if great] insulation or safety is requir$1 a second set ( slid+ panels1 or amado1 simil> 9 appe>ance to ,we/]n doors1 may be in/all$ outside ! %oji4 ,betwe5 columns too n>r[ to accommodate a pair ( %oji !re may be a solid wall consi/+ ( a two-in*-?ick lay] ( clay press$ into a bamboo & rice-/raw framework & f9i%$ inside & out ) a ?9 v5e] ( smoo? :ite pla/]4 ,simil> walls may be built inside ! h\se :]e appropriate1 & !y & ! columns are ! h\se's only solid surfaces4 ,! dull :ite color & silk5 texture ( ! pla/] walls contra/ pleasantly ) ! expos$ natural gra9 ( ! support+ columns4 ,int]ior rooms are sep>at$ by p>titions consi/+ ( light wood5 frames cov]$ 9 heavy opaque pap]1 (t5 decorat$ ) unobtrusive designs4 ,^! pap] walls1 call$ fusuma1 are susp5d$ f tracks atta*$ to ov]head crossbeams4 ,!y slide to =m in/ant doorways1 or :5 remov$ entirely1 conv]t two small] rooms into "o l>ge ap>tm5t4 ,fusuma provide little privacy betwe5 rooms except a visual scre51 & x is rumor$ t ?is undesir$ communication increas+ly inhibits lovemak+ by mod]n p>5ts4 ,! ov]head crossbeams1 in/all$ betwe5 ! columns at a height ( slightly ov] six feet1 are simil> to ! columns 9 diamet] & appe>ance4 ,! ceil+ ( ! rooms is r\ghly two feet above ! crossbeams1 or kamoi1 ) ! int]v5+ space usually fill$ ei!r by a v]tical op5 wood5 latticework1 ! ramma1 or a pla/]-&-bo>d comb9ation1 ! nage%i4 ,on ext]ior walls ( ! ramma is ord9>ily a solid ext5sion ( ! %oji :i* inhibits air fl[ f ! outside4 ,! kamoi1 nage%i1 & ramma h a /ructural z well z ae/hetic obligation2 !y are ! only solid lat]al supports betwe5 ! upright columns4 ,! ceil+ itself is a light wood latticework ov] :i* has be5 laid a plat=m ( ?9 bo>ds /ill 9 _! natural /ate1 z is all ! woodwork4 ,visitors ent] ?r\gh ! g5kan portico1 :]e /reet %oes are replac$ by s(t-sol$ slipp]s1 to prev5t scrat*es on ! expos$ wood5 v]&a & hallways4 ,at ! entrance to a tatami-c>pet$ room1 ! slipp]s too are rel9qui%$1 & ho/ & gue/s are bo? 9 /ock+ feet1 a /ate t enc\rages famili>ity4 ,! reception room is empty z a cell1 & z x basks 9 ! diffuse light ( ! %oji1 x seems susp5d$ 9 "t--he$less ( ! season4 ,! only furniture may be a small c5tral table ar\nd :i* gue/s & ho/ seat !mselves on squ>e cu%ions4 ,or p]haps !re are lamps ) rice-pap] %ades1 "o or two knee-high *e/s ( draw]s1 & if ! wea!r requires x1 "o or m *>coal brazi]s1 ei!r a small moveable hiba*i = h& w>m+ or a l>g] heat] sunk into a c5t] recess 9 ! floor+1 (t5 b5ea? ! table1 or bo?4 ,! purpose ( ^! is app>5tly m symbolic ?an functional1 = !y d little to influ5ce ! temp]ature 9 ! pap]-wall$ rooms4 ,arrangem5ts = summ] cool+ are equally metaphysical2 ! %oji are simply ?r[n op5 9 hopes ( sn>+ wayw>d breezes1 ^: meag] cool+ is enhanc$ psy*ologically by ! t9kle ( w9d bells hung 9 ! v]&as4 ,! ae/hetic focus ( ! room is ! tokonoma1 or picture recess1 set into "o ( ! pla/] walls1 ) a rais$ dais = its floor & an artificial1 l[]$ ceil+4 ,! tokonoma has a small %oji- cov]$ w9d[ at "o side :i* illum9ates a hang+ scroll1 & !re is usually an inc5se burn] 79 recognition ( its orig9al mona/ic function7 or a simple fl[] arrangem5t on its floor4 ,adjac5t to ! tokonoma is ! *igai-dana1 a %elv$ /orage area hidd5 by slid+ panels1 :i* may be us$ to /ore kimonos or b$d+ r ?an ! writ+ implem5ts ( ,z5 monks z 9 ! pa/4 ,! tokonoma & *igai-dana are sep>at$ by a ?9 divid+ wall ^: out] edge is front$ by a s+le poli%$ po/1 ! toko- ba%ira1 a natural tree trunk /ripp$ ( its b>k to reveal its gn>l$ surface texture4 ,! toko-ba%ira has ! quality ( poli%$ driftwood1 int5d$ to br+ a t\* ( raw nature to ! o!rwise au/]e & mona/ic ambi5ce ( ! room4 ,z ! gue/ kneels on ! cu%ions & sips gre5 tea1 ! ho/ may slide aside a re> %oji to reveal ! ro(less g>d5 ( ! inn] c\rty>d1 8 private ab/raction ( ! natural l&scape4 ,fl[]s are purposely abs5t1 b 9 _! place may be t9y %ap$ p9es1 a pond1 & rec$+1 rocky pa?ways4 ,! mossy /ones gli/5 ) dew 7or ) wat] f a rec5t d\s+ by ! ho/ 9 prep>ation = 8 gue/s71 & ! air is fre% ) ! sc5t ( gre5]y4 ,only ^u c>eful inspection does ! deception evaporate & ! g>d5 reveal itself to be a t9y plot surr\nd$ by a bamboo & pla/] f5ce2 ! natural _w has be5 extract$ & encapsulat$ into a s+le view1 at once z au!ntic z ! =e/ & z artfully detail$ z a ,flemi% m9iature4 ,?is view--a h]itage ( ,z5 %o9 design--is vital to ! ae/hetic magic ( ! h\se1 = x br+s ! works ( man & nature toge!r 9 a way t blurs _! di/9ction4 ,ext]ior space is unit$ ) int]ior space j z ,z5 philosophy id5tifies ! ext]nal _w z an ext5sion ( man's inn] life4 ,inde$1 all ! subjective aspects ( ! ,japanese h\se are ,z5- inspir$4 ,! mo/ app>5t design feature is ! clean l9es t m>k ! b\nd>ies ( space1 f ! geometrical del9eation ( floor areas1 br\ght out by ! d>k b9d+s ( ! tatami1 to ! expos$ skeletal framework ( columns & horizontal beams4 ,by delib]ately exclud+ curv$ l9es 7^: impli$ s5suality w\ld be at odds ) ,z5 ideals ( au/]ity7 9 ! p>tition+ ( space1 ! h\se a*ieves a geometrical =mality bo? elegant & pure4 ,?is s5se ( free space is fur!r realiz$ by ! rigor\s exclusion ( extrane\s ornam5tation 7aga9 a ,z5 ae/hetic precept7 & by plac+ all ess5tial furni%+s 9 ! c5t] ( ! room r ?an ar\nd ! sides1 z 9 ! ,we/4 ,design ae/hetics are also s]v$ by ! emphasis on ! natural texture ( mat]ials & ! contra/ realiz$ :5 diff]5t mat]ials 7su* z clay walls & expos$ wood7 are plac$ side by side4 ,f9ally1 ! indirect light+ provid$ by ! %oji gives daytime rooms a subjective s5se ( p]petual aft]noon1 mell[+ ! visual prop]ties ( ! mat]ials1 s(t5+ h>% colors to pa/els1 & enhanc+ ! ov]all feel+ ( naturalness 9 ! expos$ woods4 ,! removable p>titions1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 create a s5se ( int]dep5d5t yet fluid space s />tl+ to ,we/]n]s t x is (t5 ! fir/ ?+ !y notice 9 a ,japanese h\se4 ,! concept is1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f a basic philosophical presumption inh]5t 9 all ,z5 art1 f ink pa9t+s to c]amics1 t fre$om is mo/ ke5ly p]ceiv$ :5 x is ex]cis$ )9 a rigor\s framework ( con/ra9ts & discipl9e4 ,m important1 & m difficult to def9e1 is ! ,z5 concept ( %ibui1 ! /udi$ re/ra9t t might be describ$ z kn[+ :5 to /op4 ,%ibui1 p]haps m ?an any o!r ae/hetic pr9ciple1 typifies ! influ5ce ( ,z5 on ,japanese ideals4 ,x means _m ?+s1 includ+ ! abs5ce ( all t is n ess5tial2 a s5se ( discipl9$ /r5g? delib]ately held 9 *eck to make :at is done seem ef=tless2 ! abs5ce ( ! ornate & ! explicit 9 favor ( ! sob] & ! sugge/ive2 & ! elegance t c be realiz$ :5 ! pure/ ( natural mat]ials are integrat$ 9 a =mal1 balanc$ or*e/ration4#c ,9 addition to ! ae/hetic aspects1 !re is also a quality ( psy*ological sugge/ion /emm+ f ,z5 9 ! ,japanese h\se4 ,z5 monks e>ly realiz$ t ! cell-l au/]ity ( a room c\ld be us$ to manipulate ! consci\sness ( ^? caught 9 its prec9cts4 ,! impact ( ?is 0 well describ$ by ! e>ly-tw5tie?-c5tury travel] ,ralph ,adams ,cram3 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ! great spaci\s ap>tm5ts1 airy & full ( mell[ light1 t is curi\sly satisfy+1 & "o feels ! abs5ce ( furniture only ) a s5se ( relief4 ,free f ! rivalry ( cr[d$ furni%+s1 m5 & wom5 take on a q s+ul> quality ( dignity & importance4#d ',! s+ul> quality ( dignity & importance is "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal discov]ies ( ,z5 int]ior design]s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( decorative di/ractions1 "o mu/ conc5trate on 8 own m9d & on ! m9ds ( o!rs pres5t4 ,ho/ & gue/ f9d _! focus on "o ano!r has be5 delib]ately enhanc$1 break+ d[n ! b>ri]s ( sep>at5ess & individual id5tity4 ,ea* ^w1 ea* ge/ure is r5d]$ ri*]1 m significant4 ,he9ri* ,engel1 :o und]/ood ! s\rce ( ! my/]i\s effects :i* ,ralph ,adams ,cram c\ld only describe 9 bewild]m5t1 has expla9$ ?is ph5om5on3 ,! individual int]ior room provides an environm5t t requires man's pres5ce & p>ticipation to fill ! void4 ,room 9 ! ,we/]n resid5ce is human )\t man's pres5ce1 = man's memory l+]s 9 ! multiple devices ( decoration1 furniture1 & utility4 ,room 9 ! ,japanese resid5ce becomes human only ?r\gh man's pres5ce4 ,)\t him1 !re is no human trace4 ,?us1 ! empty room provides ! v space :]e man's _s c move freely & :]e 8 ?\ghts c rea* ! v limits ( _! pot5tial4#e ,/at$ diff]5tly1 ! ,japanese room =ces introspection on ^? :o ent] x alone--a function completely 9 keep+ ) ! int]e/s ( ,z54 ,s\ls :o h felt ! weight ( too mu* lib]ty 7& undes]v$ decorator's lic5se7 w f9d "h a solemn retreat & a height5$ s5se ( int]nal aw>5ess4 ,"h z nev] be=e "o's m9d is "o's own1 undi/ract$ by ! prosaic implem5ts ( liv+ ) :i* ,we/]n]s ord9>ily engulf !mselves4 ,"o %\ld be w>n$1 h[ev]1 t ?is lib]ation ( ! consci\sness is p[]ful /uff4 ,! ,japanese ,z5 room is a conc5tration cell :i*1 al?\gh x c unite ! m9ds ( ^? :o %>e x1 c (t5 tell ^? :o ent] x alone m ?an !y want to "k ab\t _! own int]ior lives4 ,! re/ra9+ discipl9e taught by ,z5 has bo? made ! traditional ,japanese h\se possible & reconcil$ its inhabitants to ! practical difficulties ( liv+ 9 x4 ,al?\gh few ,we/]n]s w\ld accept ! inconv5i5ce & sometime discom=t ( ^! h\ses1 _m ( ! e>ly ,z5 design]s' ideals h begun to be se5 9 ar*itecture & design 9 ! ,we/4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,japanese integration ( h\se & environm5t influ5c$ ,frank ,lloyd ,wright & t a purg+ ( ornam5tation 0 ! cr$o ( ! ,bauhaus4 ,! ,japanese pr9ciple ( modul> design is n[ influ5tial 9 ! ,we/1 & we h f9ally discov]$ ! possibilities = multiple uses ( space1 ) mod]n effici5cy ap>tm5ts t comb9e all liv+ functions1 f d9+ to ent]ta9+ to sleep+1 9 a s+le room4 ,int]e/ has gr[n rec5tly 9 ! texture ( int]ior mat]ials1 :i* x is n[ realiz$ provide a necess>y visual w>m?1 & !re is increas+ integration ( liv+ areas ) g>d5s1 patios1 & ! outdoors1 & a bless$ r$uction 9 sup]flu\s decoration1 ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( emphasis on clean l9es1 op5 space1 & ! quality ( light4 ,p]haps mo/ important ( all1 we 9 ! ,we/ are f9ally tak+ to he>t :at ! ,japanese ,z5 monks knew 9 m$ieval times3 t dome/ic ar*itecture & int]iors c & %\ld fulfill a requirem5t 9 our lives t is ord9>ily s]v$ by art4 ,,*apt] ,,elev5 ,! ,no ,!at] ,x is n1 l our !atre1 a place :]e e f95ess & subtlety mu/ give way2 :]e e f95ess ( ^w or ( ^w-cad5ce is sacrific$ to ! broad effect2 :]e ! pa9t mu/ be put on ) a broom4 ,x is a /age :]e e subsidi>y art is b5t precisely ^u uphold+ ! fa9te/ %ade ( diff]5ce2 :]e ! poet may be sil5t :ile ! ge/ures consecrat$ by f\r c5turies ( usage %[ mean+4 ,ezra ,p\nd & ,erne/ ,f5ollosa1 ,classic ,noh ,!atre ( ,japan ,noh actor ) mask ,noh /age ) *orus ,,! ,,a%ikaga age ( ,z5 art is rememb]$ today n only = g>d5s1 pa9t+1 & ar*itecture b also = drama & poetry4 ,! lead+ political figure ( ! era1 ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu1 0 himself an accompli%$ poet 9 ! %ort v]se =ms once s popul> ) ,heian c\rti]-ae/hetes4 ,b ! mo/ exalt$ poetry ( ! age 0 t writt5 = ! ,no drama1 a lit]>y art =m born ( ,z5 & at once z au/]e z a /one g>d5 & z sugge/ive z a mono*rome pa9t+4 ,! ,no is p]=m$ today virtually z x 0 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 & 9 its ritual symbolism x seems at times a cross betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,mass & an ,aes*ylean trag$y4 ,! ess5ce ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory is evok$ ?r\gh\t its haunt+ poetry1 its und]/at$ b int5se /yle ( act+1 its delicately c>v$ masks1 & its m\rnful music & songs4 ,l o!r ,z5 arts1 ! ,no 0 fa%ion$ out ( mat]ials f di/ant times & places4 ,! fir/ ,japanese dramatic arts 7 d]iv$ f v>i\s =ms ( ,*9ese f>ces & c\rt dances4 ,! f>ces1 or gigaku1 7 popul> ) ! ,n>a ari/ocracy1 :ile ! dances1 or bugaku1 came into favor ) ! m ref9$ ,heian c\rt4 ,al?\gh ! bugaku =m und\bt$ly influ5c$ ,japanese ideas on ! bl5d+ ( drama & dance1 by ! end ( ! ,heian era x _h become a lifeless c]emony = ! emp]or & 8 c\rt--a role x /ill enjoys on occasions :5 p]=mances are /ag$ = ! imp]ial family4 ,! real orig9s ( ! ,no are traceable to a some:at lu/i] ,*9ese import1 a circus-type ent]ta9m5t call$ by ! ,japanese s>ugaku4 ,9 addition to ! display ( v>i\s physical feats ( d>+1 ! s>ugaku includ$ f>cical playlets & sugge/ive1 sometimes indec5t dances4 ,a common !me seems to h be5 ! lampoon+ ( cl]gy1 bo? ,buddhi/ & ,%9to4 7,9 ?is respect1 ! developm5t ( native drama 9 ,japan ran p>allel ) ! resurg5ce ( dramatic art 9 ,europe aft] ! ,middle ,ages1 z citiz5s on bo? sides ( ! globe taunt$ ! !ological enslavem5t ( feudal society by burlesques & dances ridicul+ hypocritical au?ority figures47 ,! /udi$ indec5cy ( e>ly s>ugaku 0 und\bt$ly int5d$ to p>ody ! pomposity ( ,%9to rituals4 ,b z "t w5t by1 ! ru/ic dance-/ories evolv$ into a m /ructur$ drama1 ! s>ugaku-no- ,no1 :i* 0 ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,japanese equival5t ( ! ,european morality play4 ,! e>li] f>ces 7 trans=m$ into com$ies kn[n z kyog5 79 :i* wily s]vants repeat$ly trick$ _! ma/]s71 :i* today s]ve z int]lude pieces to relieve ! gravity ( a program ( ,no plays1 j z ! e>ly ,greek satyr plays 7 p]=m$ aft] a trilogy ( trag$ies 9 ! ,a!nian !at]4 ,9 ! e>ly v]sions ( ! s>ugaku-no-,no1 ! p]=m]s sang & danc$1 b z ! =m matur$ a *orus 0 add$ to supply ! v]ses dur+ c]ta9 segm5ts ( ! dance4 ,by ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ab\t ! "t ( ,*auc]'s bir?1 ,japanese ,no 0 already an e/abli%$ dramatic =m1 conta9+ all ! major elem5ts x has today4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 m]ely village drama1 & s x might h rema9$ except = a *ance occurr5ce 9 ! ye> #acgd4 ,9 t ye> ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu1 already %ogun at age sev5te51 att5d$ a p]=mance ( ! s>ugaku-no-,no = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ent]ta9m5t 0 a great favorite ) 8 subjects1 & he 0 try+ to e/abli% himself z a man ( ! p4 ,a p>ticul>ly well-kn[n actor 0 s*$ul$ to p]=m 9 ,kyoto1 & ,yo%imitsu w5t to see him4 ,! actor 0 ,kannami 7#accc-achd71 today fam\s z ! fa!r ( ! ,no4 ,yo%imitsu 0 excit$ by ,kannami1 b he 0 ev5 m en?rall$ by ! actor's h&some elev5-ye>-old son ,zeami 7#acfc- #addd71 :o also appe>$ 9 ! play4 ,yo%imitsu became ,kannami's patron1 b "y ,zeami he took to 8 c\* 7a common en\gh occurr5ce 9 samurai circles ( ! age74 ,zeami 0 devot$ to ! ,no1 ev5 z ,yo%imitsu became devot$ to ,zeami1 & ?us began ! long m>riage ( ,z5 culture & ! ,no !at]4 ,?r\gh ,yo%imitsu ! s>ugaku-no-,no came "u ! influ5ce ( ! circle ( ,z5 ae/hetes surr\nd+ him1 & :at _h once be5 a broad popul> ent]ta9m5t became an ari/ocratic art4 ,support$ by ,yo%imitsu's patronage1 ,zeami became ! ,%akespe>e ( ! ,no1 writ+ ! f9e/ plays 9 ! rep]toire z well z sev]al volumes ( essays on ae/hetic !ories & act+ te*nique4 ,al?\gh ,zeami claim$ to h le>n$ ev]y?+ f 8 fa!r1 ! au/]e & poetic ,no t came to p]fection dur+ ! ,a%ikaga 0 l>gely 8 own creation4 ,8 poetry has nev] be5 equal$1 & 8 h&book ( te*nique has rema9$ ! ,no actor's bible4 ,yet he might nev] h be5 he>d ( _h x n be5 = ,yo%imitsu1 :o1 9 ! words ( ,donald ,ke5e1 f\nd ! ,no brick & left x m>ble4 ,! classic ,no /age is a spl5did example ( ,z5-influ5c$ ar*itecture4 ,! /age is a plat=m ( gold51 poli%$ wood cov]$ by a heavy ar*$ ro( support$ by /\t pill>s at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,! entire /ructure projects out into ! audi5ce1 almo/ z ?\gh a wood5 %r9e _h be5 recon/ruct$ 9 ! middle ( ! auditorium4 ,! actors approa* ! plat=m along a wide entry ramp t leads (f /age "r to a curta9$ entranceway at ! re> ( ! auditorium4 ,! ramp has ?ree small p9e trees spac$ ev5ly along its l5g?1 :ile on ! backdrop ( ! /age prop] !re is a pa9t+ ( a massive gn>l$ p9e4 ,z ?\gh to sugge/ ,%9to orig9s = ! drama1 ! /age & entrance ramp are symbolically sep>at$ f ! audi5ce by an encircl+ expanse ( :ite s&1 spann$ at ! v front ( ! /age by a small symbolic wood5 /air4 ,! act+ plat=m is squ>e1 approximately tw5ty feet by tw5ty1 ) an additional re> area to accommodate ! musicians & ano!r area at /age left :]e ! *orus kneels4 ,und]nea? ! /age1 unse5 by ! audi5ce1 are a numb] ( l>ge clay pots1 a traditional ac\/ic device to amplify ! resonance ( ! actors' voices4 ,! few prop]ties us$ 9 ! plays are introduc$ & remov$ ?r\gh an auxili>y entrance at ! re> ( ! /age4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! play is signal$ (f/age by ! high- pit*$ wail ( a bamboo flute4 ,two att5dants ) bamboo poles lift back ! v>iegat$ brocade curta9 cov]+ ! doorway to ! ramp1 & ! musicians1 ei!r ?ree or f\r 9 numb]1 ent] s+le file & position !mselves 9 ! prescrib$ ord] along ! re> ( ! /age--! flauti/ sitt+ on ! floor ,japanese /yle1 & ! two major drumm]s on /ools !y c>ry ) !m4 7,if a bass drum is requir$1 its play] mu/ jo9 ! flauti/ on ! floor47 ,! ,no flute is n p>ticul>ly unusual1 except = an exceptionally /rid5t tone1 b ! two prim>y ,no drums are unlike any?+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,al?\gh !y are ( diff]5t sizes1 bo? resemble a l>ge h\rglass ) an ox hide drawn ov] ei!r end & held taut by heavy lea!r cords4 ,! small] drum1 ^: hide surface ! play]s mu/ p]iodically s(t5 ) 8 brea?1 is held on ! play]'s "r %\ld] & /ruck ) ! "r h&4 ,its s\nd is a muffl$1 fun]eal boom1 l[] 9 pit* ?an t ( ! o!r1 l>g] drum1 ! l>g] drum is held on ! play]'s left knee & /ruck ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 :i* may be protect$ by ?imbles ( lea!r or ivory4 ,x produces a %>p1 urg5t click1 us$ to punctuate ! cad5ce ( ! p]=mance4 ,! bass drum us$ 9 c]ta9 dramas is play$ ) drum/icks 9 ! ,we/]n mann]4 ,! drumm]s also sometimes provide rhy?m by int]ject+ monosyllabic %\ts betwe5 drumbeats4 ,z ! musicians ent]1 s does ! *orus1 eight or t5 m5 dress$ 9 =mal ,japanese black tie kimonos4 ,!y seat !mselves ,japanese /yle 9 two r[s along /age left1 :]e !y mu/ rema9 immobile = ! duration ( ! play 7:i* may be well ov] an h\r74 ,s9ce y\ng] ,japanese are less resign$ to ! p]si/5t a*e accompany+ ! traditional seat+ po/ure ?an _! eld]s1 ! *orus usually t5ds to be well on 9 ye>s4 ,! *orus fills 9 dialogue = ! actors dur+ dance sequ5ces2 x makes no comm5t>y on ! action z does ! *orus 9 ,greek trag$y1 nor does x h any special id5tity z "p ( ! ca/4 ,its memb]s m]ely take up ! voice ( ! actors f "t to "t l a dispassionate1 heav5ly *oir4 ,) *orus & or*e/ra pres5t1 ! ov]ture beg9s4 ,! fir/ s\nds are ! pi]c+ lam5t ( ! flute & ! insi/5t crack ( ! drums1 aga9/ :i* ! drumm]s emit deep-?roat$1 /rangl$ cries4 ,?is /unn+ eruption ( s\nd signals ! entrance ( ! dramatis p]sonae z ! brocade curta9 is aga9 drawn aside = ! fir/ ca/ memb]1 usually a waki1 or support+ actor1 :o ent]s ) measur$1 delib]ate pace onto ! entrance ramp1 :]e he advances ) a slid+1 me*anical tread t[>d ! /age4 ,! waki1 (t5 repres5t+ an it9]ant monk dress$ 9 subdu$ black robes1 beg9s tell+ ! /ory1 ei!r 9 8 own voice or aid$ by ! *orus1 e/abli%+ ! locale & circum/ances ( ! sc5e ab\t to unfold1 aft] :i* he retires to a corn] ( ! /age & seats himself to await ! entrance ( ! protagoni/1 or %ite4 ,! brocade curta9 p>ts aga9 to reveal ! %ite1 ri*ly co/um$ & frequ5tly mask$1 :o approa*es to s+ & dance out 8 /ory be=e ! wait+ waki4 ,! %ite's spl5did co/ume contra/s /rik+ly ) ! au/]ity ( ! /age & ! o!r co/umes4 ,on fir/ appe>ance ! %ite ord9>ily is int5d$ to be a human =m1 albeit (t5 a tr\bl$ "o1 b z 8 tale unfolds he becomes n s mu* an actual be+ z ! p]sonification ( a s\l4 ,if ! play is 9 two p>ts1 9 ! second "p he may assume 8 real id5tity1 (t5 only h9t$ 9 ! fir/1 ( a _s f ! dead4 ,prefigur+ ! ,%akespe>ean soliloquy1 ! confessional song ( ! %ite speaks = ! univ]sal consci\sness z he p\rs out 8 tortur$ inn] emotions4 ,z ! %ite s+s1 ! kn[+ waki s]ves z confessor & provides a foil = any dialogue4 ,! play climaxes ) ! dance ( ! %ite1 a /iff1 /yliz$1 sculptural sequ5ce ( mann]$ po/ures & ge/ures :i* draw heavily ^u traditional ,%9to sacr$ dances4 ,) ?is *oreographic resolution ! play closes1 & all exeunt s+le file z !y ent]$--to ! re/ra9$ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! audi5ce4 ,! ,no rep]toire conta9s five prim>y categories ( plays4 ,!re are god plays1 9 :i* ! %ite is a sup]natural _s1 frequ5tly disguis$1 ^: div9ity is made manife/ dur+ ! f9al dance4 ,9 w>rior plays1 ! %ite may be a m>tial figure f ! ,kamakura era :o speaks 9 univ]sal t]ms ab\t 8 own p]sonal trag$y4 ,woman plays are lyric evocations ( a beautiful woman1 (t5 a c\rtesan1 :o has be5 wrong$ 9 love4 ,! f\r? category includes a grab bag ( dramas (t5 focus+ on an hi/orical episode or on ! %ite be+ driv5 to madness by guilt or1 9 ! case ( a woman1 jeal\sy4 ,f9ally1 !re are demon plays1 9 :i* ! %ite is a v5geful ogre1 (t5 sport+ a fl[+ r$ or :ite wig1 :o erupts into a fr5zi$ dance to demon/rate 8 sup]natural displeasure ov] "s ev5t4 ,_m ( ! classic plays are a /udy ( ! tortur$ m5tal _w ( ! dead4 ,ev5 9 w>rior plays & woman plays ! c5tral "* is frequ5tly a _s f ! ne!r _w :o returns to *ronicle a grievance or to exact "s =m ( retribution f a liv+ individual4 ,plot is delib]ately suppress$4 ,in/ead ( a /ory1 ! play explores an emotional exp]i5ce or a /ate ( m9d--hatr$1 love1 long+1 fe>1 grief1 & occasionally happ9ess4 ,! traditional compon5ts ( ,we/]n drama--confrontation1 conflict1 *>act]ization1 self-realization1 developm5t1 resolution--are almo/ entirely abs5t4 ,9 _! place is ! ritualiz$ read+ ( an emotional /ate t r>ely gr[s or resolves dur+ ! play2 x is simply describ$4 ,! arti/ic cont5t ( ! ,no is embodi$ 9 ! masks1 dances1 & poetry1 all ( :i* des]ve to be exam9$4 ,! masks c>v$ = ! ,no drama are ! only repres5tative sculptur$ art =m ( ,z52 inde$1 ,z5 0 basically responsible = ! disappe>ance ( a sev]al-hundr$-ye>-old tradition ( ,buddhi/ sculpture 9 ,japan4 ,dur+ ! late ,kamakura era1 ,japanese wood sculpture w5t ?r\gh a phase ( />tl+ realism2 b ! ,z5 monks _h no use = icons or /atues ( ,buddhi/ sa9ts1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,a%ikaga era ,japanese /atu>y 0 ess5tially a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,japanese g5ius = wood c>v+ _h a second life 9 ! ,no masks4 ,no plays requir$ masks = eld]ly m51 demons1 & sublime wom5 ( all ages4 7,! ,no rigidly exclud$ wom5 f ! /age1 z did ! ,kabuki until rec5t times47 ,no masks1 especially ! female1 h a quality unique 9 ! hi/ory ( !at]3 !y are capable ( m ?an "o expression4 ,no masks 7 c>v$ 9 su* a way t ! play ( light1 :i* c\ld be *ang$ by ! tilt ( ! actor's head1 br\ght out diff]5t expressions4 ,x 0 a brilliant idea1 completely 9 keep+ ) ! ,z5 concept ( sugge/iv5ess4 ,no companies today treasure _! anci5t masks1 :i* frequ5tly h be5 h&$ d[n )9 ! tr\pe = c5turies1 & c]ta9 old masks are z fam\s z ! actors :o use !m4 ,= reasons lo/ to hi/ory1 ! masks are some:at small] ?an ! human face1 ) ! unhappy result t a heavy actor's j[ls are visible ar\nd ! sides & bottom4 ,!y also cup ov] ! face1 muffl+ to "s ext5t ! actor's deliv]y4 ,! guttural ,no songs1 :i* are deliv]$ f deep 9 ! *e/ & s\nd l a curi\s =m ( t5or g>gl+1 are r5d]$ ev5 m un9telligible by ! mask4 ,?is specializ$ ,no diction1 :i* ent]$ ! =m aft] x _h pass$ f popul> ent]ta9m5t to c\rtly art1 is extremely difficult to und]/&2 today ev5 cognosc5ti resort to libretti to foll[ ! poetry4 ,! sl[-motion movem5t ar\nd ! /age1 :i* goes by ! "n ( dance 9 ! ,no1 is "o ( its m enigmatic aspects = ,we/]n view]s4 ,z ,r4 ,h4 ,bly? has describ$ x1 ! /illness is n immobility b is a p]fect balance ( oppos$ =ces4#a ,su* movem5ts z d transpire are subtle1 res]v$1 & sugge/ive4 ,!y are to ,we/]n ballet :at ! gu>d$ /rokes ( a haboku ink l&scape are to an eighte5?-c5tury oil canvas4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 a p]fect di/illation ( human movem5t1 extract+ all t is significant--mu* z a preci\s metal is tak5 f ! impure e>?4 ,! feel+ is =mal1 pure1 & int5se4 ,z describ$ 9 a volume by ,william ,!odore de ,b>y3 ,:5 a ,no actor sl[ly raises 8 h& 9 a play1 x corresponds n only to ! text he is p]=m+1 b mu/ also sugge/ some?+ beh9d ! m]e repres5tation1 some?+ et]nal--9 ,t4 ,s4 ,eliot's words1 a mom5t 9 & out ( "t4 ,! ge/ure ( an actor is beautiful 9 itself1 z a piece ( music is beautiful1 b at ! same "t x is ! gateway to some?+ else1 ! h& t po9ts to a region z pr(\nd & remote z ! view]'s p[]s ( reception w p]mit4 ,x is a symbol1 n ( any "o ?+1 b ( an et]nal region1 ( an et]nal sil5ce4#b ,! evocation ( an emotion beyond expression--( ?\ghts t d (t5 lie too deep = te>s--is ! special ,z5 ae/hetic realm ( yug54 ,! quality1 height5$ to almo/ un5durable levels by poetry1 is t ( a ,z5 l&scape3 sp>se1 mono*romatic1 sugge/ive4 ,univ]sal human emotions are cloak$ 9 obscurity r ?an set =? explicitly4 ,! passion is op5-end$1 a =ebod+ sonnet ) ! la/ l9e left = ! li/5] to complete4 ,zeami & o!r ,no poets believ$ t ! deepe/ s5tim5ts _c be convey$ by language2 ! poetry m]ely sets ! /age & !n s5ds ! li/5]'s imag9ation sp9n+ into ! realm ( pure emotion1 !re to discov] an und]/&+ too pr(\nd = spee*4 ,9 ,we/]n t]ms1 if ,k+ ,le> 7 a %ite1 he w\ld speak 9 und]/at$ t]ms ( ! d>kness ( ! hea? r ?an *ronicle 8 own angui%4 ,! concept ( yug51 ! incomplet5ess t trigg]s1 poetic emotions 9 ! li/5]'s m9d is1 z has be5 previ\sly not$1 an ext5sion ( ! ,heian concept ( aw>e4 ,l yug51 aw>e describes n only ! prop]ties ( "s ext]nal ph5om5on b also ! int]nal response to t ph5om5on4 ,aw>e orig9ally meant ! emotional lift & s5se ( poignancy exp]i5c$ 9 contemplat+ a ?+ ( beauty & reflect+ on its transi5ce4 ,yug5 ext5ds ?is into ! realm ( et]nal v]ities2 n only beauty b all life fades1 happ9ess always dissolves1 ! s\l passes alone & desolate4 ,9 an art =m t transmits yug51 none ( ?is is /at$2 "o is =c$ to feel ^! tru?s ?r\gh sugge/ion1 ! degree ( feel+ dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! s5sitivity ( ! individual4 ,"o c f9d excell5t examples ( yug5 9 almo/ any ,no drama ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 l ! foll[+ f ,! ,banana ,tree 7,ba%o71 by ,komp>u-,z5*iku3 ,already ! ev5+ sun is sett+ 9 ! we/1 ,%ad[s deep5 9 ! valleys1 ,! cries ( hom+ birds gr[ fa9t4#c ,"h ! s5se ( univ]sal lonel9ess at nightfall1 ! empt9ess "o feels 9 a desolate locale1 ! ,go?ic coldness t p5etrates f ! physical s5ses into "o's int]ior emotions1 are all mu* m fully realiz$ ?r\gh ! simple evocation ( ! sc5e ?an w\ld be possible by detail+ !m explicitly4 ,! m\rnful call ( ev5+ birds 9 ! bleak1 empty1 w9dswept fields cuts1 l ! ,no flute1 to ! v core ( "o's feel+s4 ,! ,no is p]haps ! mo/ difficult ,z5 art = ,we/]n]s to enjoy4 ,! re/ra9$ action transmits virtually no?+ ( :at is occurr+ on/age1 & ! poetry does n translate well4 7,z ,rob]t ,fro/ once obs]v$1 9 translations ( poetry1 x is ! poetry t is lo/47 ,! music is h>% to ! ,we/]n e>2 ! *orus int]rupts at int]vals t seem puzzl+2 ! /range cries & dances befog ! m9d4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! concept ( yug5 is n a natural "p ( ,we/]n ae/hetics4 ,! measur$ cad5ces ( ! ,no h1 = ! ,we/]n]1 all ! my/]y ( a religi\s c]emony wr\ght by a race ( pi\s b phlegmatic ,m>tians4 ,yet we c admire ! taut surface beauty & ! /rangely tw5tie?-c5tury atonality ( ! =m4 ,its enigmatic remot5ess not)/&+1 ! ,no rema9s "o ( ! greate/ expressions ( ,a%ikaga ,z5 art4 ,"s ( ,zeami's texts are rank$ among ! mo/ complex & subtle ( all ,japanese poetry4 ,= six hundr$ ye>s ! ,no has be5 a secul> ,z5 ,mass1 9 :i* "s ( mank9d's deepe/ ae/hetic responses are explor$4 ,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,popul> ,,z5 ,,culture3 #aegc ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,*apt] ,,twelve ,b\rgeois ,society & ,lat] ,z5 ,god has giv5 u ! ,papacy2 let u enjoy x4 ,pope ,leo ,x1 #aeac ,,! ,,a%ikaga 0 ! la/ era 9 ,japan entirely )\t k ( ,europe4 ,9 #aedb a ,portuguese trad+ vessel b\nd = ,macao w5t agr\nd on a small isl& (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,japan1 & ! fir/ ,europeans 9 hi/ory set foot on ,japanese soil4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s ! ,portuguese _h op5$ trade ) ,japan1 & f\r ye>s aft] t ,francis ,xavi]1 ! fam\s ,jesuit mission>y1 arriv$ to conv]t ! hea!n natives to ! ,*ur*4 ,= ! eclectic ,japanese1 :o _h receiv$ half a doz5 br&s ( ,buddhism ov] ! c5turies1 "o additional religion m or less h>dly matt]$1 & !y li/5$ ) int]e/ to ! new prea*+1 f> f bl9d to ! fact t ! t[ns ) ! mo/ new ,*ri/ians receiv$ ! mo/ new trade4 ,inde$1 ! ,japanese appe> to h fir/ int]pret$ ,*ri/ianity z an exotic =m ( ,buddhism1 ^: prie/s borr[$ ! anci5t ,buddhi/ idea ( pray] beads & v5]at$ a goddess ( m]cy rem>kably l ! ,buddhi/ ,kannon4 ,9 addition to br++ a new fai?1 ! ,portuguese1 ^: arm$ m]*ant %ips 7 capable ( disc\rag+ pirates1 7 soon 9 full comm& ( ! trade betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan--a m]cantile ent]prise once controll$ by ,z5 monks4 ,/ill1 ! direct influ5ce ( ,europe 0 n pron\nc$4 ,al?\gh !re 0 a brief passion = ,european co/ume among ,japanese d&ies 7simil> to ! ,heian passion = ,t'ang ,*9ese dress71 ! ,japanese by & l>ge _h little use = ,european goods or ,european ideas4 ,h[ev]1 "o ,european inv5tion won ,japanese he>ts =ev]3 ! smoo?bore musket4 ,! ,japanese1 s5s+ imm$iately t ! ,we/ _h f9ally f\nd a practical use = ! anci5t ,*9ese idea ( gunp[d]1 soon made ! musket _! =emo/ in/rum5t ( social *ange4 ,ov]night a ?\s& ye>s ( classical milit>y tactics 7 swept aside1 :ile ! ,japanese g5ius = metal-work+ turn$ to muskets r ?an swords4 ,musket factories sprang up across ! l&1 copy+ & (t5 improv+ on ,european designs1 & be=e long ,japanese w>lords 7 us+ ! musket ) great] effect ?an any ,european ev] _h4 ,! well-mean+ ,jesuits1 :o _h arriv$ ) ! mission ( rescu+ ,japanese s\ls1 _h succe$$ only 9 revolutioniz+ ,japanese capacity = combat4 ,! musket 0 to be an important +r$i5t 9 ! f9al unification ( ,japan1 ! dream ( s _m %oguns & emp]ors 9 ages pa/4 ,! process1 :i* requir$ sev]al bloody decades1 0 presid$ ov] by ?ree milit>y m5 ( unque/ion$ g5ius3 ,oda ,nobunaga 7#aecd-aehb71 ,toyotomi ,hideyo%i 7#aecf-aeih71 & ,tokugawa ,ieyasu 7#aedb-afaf74 ,! "* ( ^! ?ree m5 is portray$ 9 a ,japanese allegory describ+ _! respective attitudes t[>d a bird reluctant to s+4 ,nobunaga1 ! initiator ( ! unification movem5t & "o ( ! crude/ m5 :o ev] liv$1 ord]$ bluntly1 ,s+ or ,i'll wr+ y\r neck4 ,hideyo%i1 possibly ! mo/ skillful diplomat 9 ,japanese hi/ory1 told ! bird1 ,if y don't want to s+1 ,i'll make y4 ,ieyasu1 :o ev5tually inh]it$ ! fruits ( ! o!rs' labor1 pati5tly advis$ ! bird1 ,if y won't s+ n[1 ,i'll wait until y w4 ,today ! ye>s dom9at$ by ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i are kn[n z ! ,momoyama era1 & ! foll[+ two c5turies ( peace presid$ ov] by ,ieyasu & 8 desc5dants are ref]r$ to z ! ,tokugawa4 ,aft] ! ,on9 ,w>1 :i* _h de/roy$ ! p[] ( ! ,a%ikaga %ogunate & ! ari/ocratic ,z5 culture ( ,kyoto1 ,japan _h become a collection ( feudal fiefdoms4 ,! emp]or & ,a%ikaga %oguns 9 ,kyoto 7 titul> rul]s ( a l& !y 9 no way gov]n$4 ,into ?is regional balance ( p[] came ,nobunaga1 :o began 8 milit>y c>e] by kill+ 8 bro!r 9 a family dispute & tak+ control ( 8 home prov9ce4 ,%ortly !reaft] he defeat$ a p[]ful regional w>lord :o _h invad$ ! prov9ce ) an army f> outnumb]+ 8 own4 ,! victory made him a national figure ov]night & de/roy$ ! balance ( dynamic t5sion t _h pres]v$ ! sy/em ( autonom\s daimyo fiefs4 ,rival daimyo1 covet\s ( _! neighbors' l&s1 ru%$ to enli/ 8 aid until1 9 #aefh1 he m>*$ into ,kyoto & in/all$ a %ogun ( 8 own *oos+4 ,:5 ! ,buddhi/s on ,mt4 ,hiei object$ to ,nobunaga's practices ( l& confiscation1 he m>*$ up ! hill & sack$ ! premises1 burn+ ! build+s to ! gr\nd & kill+ e la/ man1 woman1 & *ild4 ,?is /yle ( ecum5icity _h be5 practic$ (t5 en\gh among ! ,buddhi/s !mselves z "o sect w>r$ aga9/ ! o!r1 b nev] be=e _h a secul> rul] d>$ su* a feat4 ,?is act & ! program ( sy/ematic p]secution t foll[$ m>k$ ! end ( g5u9e ,buddhi/ influ5ce 9 ,japan4 ,nobunaga's armies ( musket-wield+ foot soldi]s 7 on ! v]ge ( consolidat+ 8 au?ority ov] all ,japan :5 he 0 unexpect$ly murd]$ by "o ( 8 g5]als4 ,! clique responsible = ! attempt$ c\p 0 dispat*$ 9 %ort ord] by ,nobunaga's lead+ g5]al1 ! a=em5tion$ diplomat ,hideyo%i4 ,hideyo%i1 :o lat] became kn[n z ! ,napoleon ( ,japan1 0 n ( samurai blood & _h 9 fact begun 8 milit>y c>e] z ,nobunaga's s&al hold]4 ,he 0 soon provid+ ! w>lord ) a/ute milit>y advice1 & x 0 only a matt] ( "t until he 0 a tru/$ lieut5ant4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 7& la/7 %ogun ( peasant /ock1 & 8 sudd5 rise to p[] caus$ ari/ocratic eyebr[s to be rais$ all across ,japan4 ,physically unimpos+1 he 0 "o ( ! sem9al figures 9 _w hi/ory1 widely ackn[l$g$ to h be5 ! be/ milit>y /rategi/ 9 ! sixte5?-c5tury _w1 & he complet$ ! process ( unification4 ,! anecdotes surr\nd+ 8 life are n[ *]i%$ leg5ds 9 ,japan4 ,= example1 a favorite milit>y /ratagem 0 to br+ a recalcitrant daimyo to ! v br9k ( ru9 & !n fall back1 (f]+ an incr$ibly g5]\s peace4 ,h[ev] unwise su* a tactic might be 9 ! ,we/1 x _h ! effect 9 ,japan ( conv]t+ a desp]ate enemy into an indebt$ subord9ate4 ,) ! c\ntry at peace1 =eign trade fl\ri%+1 & a rigor\s sy/em ( taxation 9 =ce1 ,hideyo%i f\nd himself ) an excess ( "t & money4 ,8 response 0 to laun* ! ,momoyama age ( ,japanese art4 ,) m p[] ?an any rul] s9ce ,a%ikaga ,yo%imitsu1 he 0 9 a position to direct ta/e1 if n to dictate x4 ,?is "t !re 7 few ,z5 monks 9 att5dance to advise him on exp5ditures 7,hideyo%i cont9u$ to keep ! ,buddhi/s "u close gu>d1 a practice z pleas+ to ! ,jesuits z 8 h>em 0 displeas+71 & 8 flamboyant ta/e _h full reign4 ,momoyama art became1 9 _m ways1 ! anti!sis ( ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,hideyo%i ord]$ huge scre5s to be cov]$ 9 gold leaf & decorat$ ) explicit /ill-lifes pa9t$ 9 vibrant prim>y colors4 ,yet he 0 no /rang] to ,z5 ideals2 he kept a fam\s tea-c]emony ae/hete z advis] & lavi%$ huge sums on ! special c]amics requir$ = ?is ritual4 ,9 _m ways1 ! ,z5 tea c]emony & tea c]amics became = ,hideyo%i :at ,z5 g>d5s1 pa9t+1 & ! ,no 7 = ! ,a%ikaga4 ,8 patronage n only inspir$ a fl\ri%+ ( c]amic art2 ! tea c]emony n[ became ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* ,z5 canons ( ta/e & ae/hetics 7 transmitt$ to ! common man4 ,! patronage ( ! ,a%ikaga _h fur!r$ ,z5 art among ! samurai & ! ari/ocracy2 ,hideyo%i's patronage op5$ x to ! p at l>ge4 ,ironically1 ! ,z5 arts pr(it$ f ,hideyo%i's milit>y blund]s z well z f 8 patronage4 ,at "o po9t 9 8 c>e] he decid$ to invade ,*9a1 b 8 armies1 pr$ictably1 nev] got pa/ ,korea4 ,! ent]prise 0 unwor?y ( 8 milit>y g5ius1 & puzzl$ hi/orians h speculat$ t x may actually h be5 m]ely a div]sion = 8 unemploy$ samurai1 int5d$ to remove !m tempor>ily to =eign soil4 ,! mo/ significant booty br\ght back f ?is disa/r\s v5ture 7n[ sometimes kn[n z ! pott]y campaign7 0 a gr\p ( ,korean pott]s1 ^: rugg$ folk c]amics add$ new dim5sions to ! equipm5t ( ! tea c]emony4 ,hav+ maneuv]$ ! %ogunate away f ,nobunaga's heirs1 ,hideyo%i became increas+ly n]v\s ab\t succession z 8 heal? began to fail1 fe>+ t 8 heirs might be simil>ly depriv$ ( _! bir?right4 ,! problem 0 p>ticul>ly acute1 s9ce 8 only son1 ,hideyori1 0 five ye>s old & sc>cely able to def5d ! family int]e/s4 ,9 #aeih1 z ! end approa*$1 ,hideyo%i =m$ a c\ncil ( daimyo head$ by ,tokugawa ,ieyasu to rule until 8 son came ( age1 & on 8 dea?b$ he =c$ !m to swe> !y w\ld h& ov] ! %ogunate :5 ! "t came4 ,ne$less to say1 no?+ ( ! sort happ5$4 ,tokugawa ,ieyasu 0 no /rang] to ! brutal politics ( ! age1 hav+ once ord]$ 8 own wife's execution :5 ,nobunaga suspect$ h] ( treason1 & he sp5t ! fir/ five ye>s aft] ,hideyo%i's dea? consolidat+ 8 p[] & de/roy+ rival daimyo4 ,:5 ,hideyo%i's son came ( age1 ,ieyasu 0 ready to move4 ,hideyori 0 liv+ 9 ! family citadel at ,osaka def5d$ by an army ( dis5fran*is$ samurai & disaffect$ ,*ri/ians1 b ,ieyasu held ! p[]4 ,9 ! ensu+ bloodba? ,hideyo%i's l9e 0 eras$ f ! e>?1 & ! ,*ri/ians' faulty political judgm5t caus$ _! fai? ev5tually to be =bidd5 to all ,japanese "u ?reat ( dea?4 ,*ri/ianity cont9u$ to be practic$ on a surreptiti\s basis1 h[ev]1 z ! ,*ri/ians f\nd %elt] 91 ( all places1 ! ,z5 mona/]ies4 ,) ! pass+ ( ,hideyo%i's l9e1 ! ,tokugawa family became ! only p[] 9 ,japan1 a l& at la/ unifi$ & ) an impos$ peace4 ,view+ =eign influ5ces z a s\rce ( dome/ic unre/1 ! ,tokugawa mov$ to br+ d[n a curta9 ( isolationism ar\nd _! %ores3 ,*ri/ian ,europeans 7 expell$ & ,japanese 7 =bidd5 to travel abroad4 ,ieyasu e/abli%$ a new capital at ,edo 7n[ ,tokyo7 & requir$ ! local daimyo to sp5d a l>ge am\nt ( "t & money 9 att5dance4 ,?us he craftily legitimatis$ 8 own position :ile simultane\sly weak5+ t ( ! daimyo--a te*nique us$ ) equal effect almo/ a c5tury lat] by ,l\is ,,xiv1 :5 he mov$ 8 c\rt f ,p>is to ,v]sailles to conta9 ! ,fr5* ari/ocracy4 ,cont5t ) ! /atus quo1 memb]s ( ! ,tokugawa family felt x c\ld be/ be pres]v$ by extreme cons]vatism1 s !y s5t =? a volley ( decrees =maliz+ all social relation%ips4 ,"t 0 br\ght to a /op1 p]mitt+ ! ,tokugawa to rule unh9d]$ until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 aga9 op5$ to =eign trade "u ! guns ( ,am]ican w>%ips4 ,dur+ ! ,tokugawa regime ano!r ,*9ese religion assum$ ! place 9 ! he>ts ( ! %oguns t ,buddhism _h enjoy$ 9 c5turies pa/4 ,?is 0 ,confucianism1 m a philosophy ?an a religion1 :i* 9 its orig9al =m _h taught a respect = le>n+1 ! ready acceptance ( a /ructur$ hi]>*y1 & unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to au?ority 7t ( bo? eld]s & sup]iors74 ,! ,tokugawa p]v]t$ ,confucianism to e/abli% a ca/e sy/em among _! subjects1 sep>at+ !m into ! samurai class1 ! peasant class1 & ! m]*ant & artisan classes--! ord] giv5 "h d5ot+ _! suppos$ /atus4 ,h[ev]1 z ! ,japanese social sy/em began to evolve1 ! idea backfir$1 caus+ great difficulties = ! gov]nm5t4 ,! reasons = ?is are int]e/+1 = !y be> directly ^u ! ev5tual role ( ,z5 culture 9 ,japanese life4 ,= c5turies1 ,japan's major s\rce ( income _h be5 agriculture4 ,! samurai 7 local l&hold]s :o employ$ peasants to gr[ _! rice & :o 7 behold5 to a local daimyo = protection4 ,money play$ no l>ge "p 9 ! economy1 s9ce mo/ daily ne$s c\ld be obta9$ by b>t]4 ,b ! sudd5 weal? br\ght into be+ by ! ,european trad]s _h no?+ to d ) ! am\nt ( rice a samurai's peasants c\ld produce2 x accru$ in/ead to ! m]*ants 9 port cities4 ,fur!rmore1 ! accommodations requir$ to keep ! daimyo & _! families 9 ! capital city ( ,edo call$ = artisans & m]*ants 9 great numb]4 ,?us ! ,tokugawa gov]nm5t _h mi/ak5ly decre$ ! agricultural samurai & peasants ! backbone ( ! economy at ! v mom5t 9 hi/ory :5 ,japan 0 f9ally develop+ an urban1 curr5cy-bas$ culture4 ,pr$ictably1 ! urban m]*ants1 :o 7 at ! bottom ( ! ,confuciani/ social sy/em1 soon _h _! suppos$ social bett]s1 ! samurai1 completely 9 hock4 ,! ,tokugawa /ruggl$ h>d to keep ! t[nspeople1 n[ ! controll]s ( ! economy1 9 _! place4 ,m]*ants 7 =bidd5 to build elaborate h\ses or we> elaborate clo!s1 & !y 7 expect$ to def] to ! p5uri\s samurai 9 all ?+s4 ,japan _h nev] be=e _h a b\rgeoisie--! traditional divisions 7 ari/ocracy1 w>riors1 & peasants-- & consequ5tly popul> ta/e _h nev] really be5 reflect$ 9 ! arts4 ,mu* to ! dismay ( ! ,tokugawa 7& to ! detrim5t ( classical ,z5 culture71 ?is 0 *ang+4 ,:ile ! ari/ocrats & w>rior families 9 ,kyoto pres]v$ ! old] arts ( ,z51 9 ! b\rgeois city ( ,edo !re 7 new popul> art =ms l ! ,kabuki !at] & ! woodblock pr9t1 bo? eons remov$ f ! ,no & ! mono*rome l&scape4 ,classical ,z5 culture 0 l>gely conf9$ to ari/ocratic ,kyoto1 :ile 9 boi/]\s ,edo ! t[nspeople turn$ to explicit1 excit+ arts full ( color & drama4 ,9 spite ( ?is democratic turn ( ev5ts1 ! ,z5 ae/hetics ( ,kyoto cont9u$ to be felt1 l>gely ?r\gh ! tea c]emony1 :i* _h be5 (ficially enc\rag$ 9 ! ,momoyama age ( ,hideyo%i4 ,lat] 9 ! ,tokugawa era ! poetic =m ( ,haiku develop$1 & x too 0 highly influ5c$ by ! ,z5 idea ( sugge/iv5ess4 ,dome/ic ar*itecture also ma9ta9$ ! ideals ( ,z51 z did ,ikebana1 or fl[] arrang+1 & ! ,japanese cuis9e1 :i* employ$ ,z5 c]amics4 ,?us ,z5 ae/hetics seep$ into middle-class culture 9 _m =ms1 temp]+ ta/e & provid+ rigid rules = mu* ( :at are today ?\ght ( z ! traditional arts & crafts ( ! ,japanese4 ,traditional ,buddhism did n f>e well dur+ ! ,momoyama & ,tokugawa ages3 ! milit>i/ic ,buddhi/ /rongholds 7 ei!r put to r\t or de/roy$ entirely dur+ ! ,momoyama1 & ,confucianism _h consid]ably m influ5ce "u ! ,tokugawa ?an did ,buddhism4 ,! great upsurge ( ,buddhism ) its fi]y tea*]s & believ+ %oguns 0 ov]1 z ! fai? settl$ into empty ritual & a decid$ly second>y /ation 9 a basically secul> /ate4 ,! only ,buddhi/ sect demon/rat+ any vigor at all 0 ,z54 ,! brief fl\ri%+ ( ,z5 dur+ ! ,tokugawa era 0 actually a revival1 = ! fai? _h become /atic & un9spir$ dur+ ! ye>s ( ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i4 ,! =maliz$ practice ( ,z5 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 describ$ by a visit+ ,jesuit ,fa!r3 ,! solit>y philosoph]s ( ! ,z5%u sect1 :o dwell 9 _! retreats 9 ! wild]ness1 d n philosophize ) ! help ( books & treatises writt5 by illu/ri\s ma/]s & philosoph]s z d ! memb]s ( ! o!r sects ( ! ,indian gymnosophi/s4 ,in/ead !y give !mselves up to contemplat+ ! ?+s ( nature1 despis+ & ab&on+ worldly ?+s2 !y mortify _! passions by c]ta9 enigmatic & figurative m$itations & consid]ations koan :i* guide !m on _! way at ! beg9n+4 4 4 4 so ! vocation ( ^! philosoph]s is n to cont5d or dispute ) ano!r ) argum5ts1 b !y leave ev]y?+ to ! contemplation ( ea* "o s t by himself he may atta9 ! goal by us+ ^! pr9ciples1 & ?us !y d n tea* disciples4#a ,! good ,fa!r 0 describ+ a ,z5 fai? t _h become a set piece1 devoid ( controv]sy b also devoid ( life4 ,! man :o br\ght ,z5 out ( its slumb] & re/or$ its vigor 0 ! my/ic ,haku9 7#afhe-agfh71 :o reviv$ ! koan s*ool ( ,r9zai & produc$ ! mo/ fam\s koan ( all times3 ,y "k ! s\nd ( two h&s clapp+2 :at is ! s\nd ( "o h& clapp+8 ,haku9 gave a new1 my/ical dim5sion to ! ,r9zai s*ool ( ,z51 ev5 z ,hui-n5g creat$ non9tellectual ,*9ese ,*'an ,buddhism out ( ! f\nd+ ideas ( ,bodhidh>ma4 ,haku9 0 also a poet1 a pa9t]1 & ! au?or ( _m comm5t>ies on ! sutras4 ,yet ev5 :5 he enjoy$ national fame1 he nev] lo/ 8 mode/y or 8 desire = enlight5m5t4 ,haku9 liv$ ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 ! small rural village ( 8 bir?4 ,a s5sitive1 impressionable *ild1 he 0 e>ly torm5t$ by an irrational fe> ( ! fires ( ! ,buddhi/ hell z dwelt ^u by ! prie/s ( 8 "m's sect1 ! ,ni*ir54 ,= relief he turn$ to ! ,lotus ,sutra1 b no?+ he read seem$ to ease 8 m9d4 ,f9ally he became a w&]+ ,z5 monk1 se>*+ f temple to temple = a ma/] :o c\ld give him enlight5m5t4 ,he /udi$ "u v>i\s fam\s tea*]s & gradually a*iev$ high] & high] levels ( aw>5ess4 ,at ! age ( ?irty-two he return$ to 8 home village & assum$ control ( ! ram%ackle local ,z5 temple1 :i* he ev5tually made ! c5t] ( ,r9zai ,z5 9 ,japan4 ,^w ( 8 spiritual int5sity spread & soon novices 7 flock+ to him4 ,8 humility & humanity 7 a %9+ light 9 ! spiritual d>k age ( ! ,tokugawa1 & he brea!d life & und]/&+ back into ,z54 ,despite ,haku91 (ficial ,z5 nev] rega9$ its influ5ce 9 ,japan4 ,som$ay p]haps ! mod]n-day ,we/]n int]e/ 9 ,z5 w give x new life some:]e outside ,japan1 b ?is life w almo/ c]ta9ly be l>gely secul>4 ,inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ,z5 9 ! ,momoyama & ,tokugawa ages 0 already m pron\nc$ 9 ! secul> _w ?an 9 ! spiritual4 ,! b\rgeois arts ( ^! lat] ye>s 7 notably less pr(\nd ?an ^? ( ! ,a%ikaga1 b ! _s ( ,z5 spread to become infus$ into ! v ess5ce ( ,japanese life1 mak+ ! ev]yday bus9ess ( liv+ an expression ( popul> ,z5 culture4 ,,*apt] ,,?irte5 ,! ,tea ,c]emony ,*az5 i*imi 7,z5 & tea are "o47 ,traditional ,japanese expression ,! dewy pa? to teah\se ,,! ,,tea ,,c]emony comb9es all ! faces ( ,z5--art1 tranquility1 ae/hetics4 ,x is 9 a s5se ! ess5ce ( ,z5 culture4 ,yet ?is ,z5 ritual has be5 expla9$ to ! ,we/ 9 s _m volumes ( wordy gu% t almo/ any description1 includ+ ! above1 des]ves to be met ) skepticism4 ,!re has to be m to ! tea c]emony ?an meets ! eye--& !re is4 ,b be=e unravel+ ! unse5 ?reads ( ?is ,z5 fabric1 let u pause = a mom5t to consid] ! bev]age itself4 ,! dr9k+ ( tea seems almo/ to h be5 ! _w's second olde/ pr(ession4 ,"o leg5d claims t tea 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #bgcg ,b4,c41 :5 leaves f a tea bu% accid5tally dropp$ into ! campfire cauldron ( a ,*9ese emp]or- ae/hete4 ,e>ly ,*9ese texts are sometimes vague ab\t ! id5tity ( m$ic9al plants1 b x is cle> t by ! "t ( ,confucius 7ar\nd #ejj ,b4,c47 tea 0 a well-kn[n dr9k4 ,dur+ ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg71 tea leaves 7 treat$ ) smoke & compress$ into a semimoi/ cake1 slices ( :i* w\ld subsequ5tly be boil$ to produce a bev]age--a me?od t 0 p]petuat$ = _m c5turies 9 ,russia4 ,! ,*9ese spic$ ?is boil$ tea ) salt1 a holdov] f ev5 e>li] times :5 a v>iety ( unexpect$ condim5ts 7 add$1 includ+ orange peel1 g+]1 & onions4 ,! ref9$ c\rti]s ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi7 app>5tly f\nd brick tea out ( keep+ ) _! delicate ta/es1 = !y replac$ x ) a dr9k 9 :i* f9ely gr\nd tea leaves 7 bl5d$ ) boil+ wat] directly 9 ! cup4 ,:ipp$ ) a bamboo :isk1 ?is mixture sup]ficially resembl$ %av+ la!r 9 texture1 al?\gh ! color c\ld be a f9e jade gre5 if fre% leaves 7 us$4 7,?is gre5 p[d]$ tea 0 ! dr9k "o day to become en%r9$ 9 ! ,z5 tea c]emony47 ,! ,*9ese *ronicle ( tea ends ) ! ,m+ dyna/y 7#acfh-afdd71 :i* saw ! rise ( ! famili> /eep+ process1 n[ ! commonly accept$ practice worldwide4 ,our ignorance ( ! e>li] me?ods ( tea prep>ation may be attribut$ to ! ,we/'s discov]y ( ,*9a aft] ! old] me?ods _h be5 disc>d$4 ,unlike its mi/y orig9s 9 ,*9a1 ! use ( tea 9 ,japan is well au!nticat$4 ,9 ! ye> #gib ! ,japanese emp]or surpris$ ! c\rt by hold+ a l>ge tea p>ty at :i* ,buddhi/ monks & o!r notables 7 invit$ to sample a curi\s bev]age discov]$ by 8 emiss>ies to ! ,t'ang c\rt4 ,tea dr9k+ soon became a fa%ionable pa/ime1 occupy+ a position comp>able to tak+ c(fee 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,europe1 b tea rema9$ an exp5sive import & little ?\ght 0 giv5 to cultivation 9 ,japan4 ,?is *ang$ e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury :5 tea dr9k+ came to be associat$ ) ! new ,buddhi/ sects ( ,t5dai & ,%+on4 ,"u ! sup]vision ( ! c\rt1 tea gr[+ 0 begun ne> ,kyoto1 :]e ! emp]or bless$ ! bu%es ) a special sutra 9 ! spr+ & autumn4 ,tea rema9$ an ari/ocratic habit = sev]al c5turies !reaft] & did n become really popul> until ! late twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! fam\s ,z5 tea*] ,eisai re9troduc$ ! bev]age ^u 8 return f ,*9a4 ,eisai also br\ght back new se$s = plant+1 ! prog5y ( :i* are /ill gr[+4 ,*9ese ,*'an monks _h long be5 devot$ to tea4 ,9 fact1 a fam\s b apocryphal leg5d attributes ! tea bu% to ,bodhidh>ma1 relat+ t dur+ 8 n9e ye>s ( m$itation outside ,%ao-l9 mona/]y he f\nd himself nodd+ & 9 ang] tore (f 8 eyelids & flung !m to ! gr\nd1 :]eupon tea plants sprang =?4 ,!re 0 a reason = ! leg5d4 ,tea _h long be5 us$ to =e/all dr[s9ess dur+ long p]iods ( m$itation4 7,a cup ( mod]n /eep$ tea conta9s an av]age ?ree-qu>t]s ( a gra9 ( caffe9e1 ab\t half ! am\nt 9 a cup ( c(fee47 ,! dr9k+ ( tea became ritualiz$ 9 ,*'an mona/]ies1 :]e ! monks w\ld congregate be=e an image ( ,bodhidh>ma & take a sacram5t ( tea f a s+le %>$ b[l 9 8 memory4 ,?is ritual 0 gradually adopt$ by ,japanese ,z5 mona/]ies1 provid+ ! =]unn] ( ! solemn mom5t ( %>$ tea :i* became ! basis ( ! tea c]emony4 ,! ,japanese ari/ocracy & ! w>rior class also took up tea1 & borr[+ a cu/om f ! ,sung c\rt1 gave tea-ta/+ p>ties1 simil> to mod]n w9e-ta/+ affairs4 ,f ! "t ( ,a%ikaga ,takauji to ,a%ikaga ,yo%imasa1 ^! p>ties 7 an accompanim5t to _m ( ! c\rtly ev5+s sp5t admir+ ,sung c]amics & discuss+ ,sung art !ories4 ,al?\gh ,z5 monks play$ a prom95t role 9 ^! ae/hetic ga!r+s1 ! dr9k+ ( tea 9 mona/]ies seems to h be5 a sep>ate activity4 ,?us ! c]emonial dr9k+ ( tea develop$ 9 two p>allel s*ools3 ! ari/ocracy us$ x 9 ref9$ ent]ta9m5ts :ile ! ,z5 monks drank tea z a pi\s celebration ( _! fai?4 ,^! two s*ools 7 ev5tually m]g$ into ! ,z5- inspir$ ga!r+ kn[n simply z ! tea c]emony1 *a-no-yu4 ,b fir/ !re 0 ! p]iod :5 ea* influ5c$ ! o!r4 ,z5 ae/hetic !ory gradually crept into ! ari/ocratic tea p>ties1 z ta/e turn$ away f ! poli%$ ,sung c]amic cups t[>d ord9>y pott]y4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! tradition ( delib]ate und]/atem5t lat] to be s important 9 ! tea c]emony4 ,z5 ideals took ov] ! w>rior tea p>ties4 ,dur+ 8 reign1 ,yo%imasa 0 p]suad$ by a fam\s ,z5 monk-ae/hetician to con/ruct a small room = dr9k+ tea mona/]y-/yle4 ,! mood 9 ?is room 0 all ,z51 f ! calligraphic scroll hang+ 9 ! tokonoma art alcove to ! c]emonial fl[] arrangem5ts & ! s+le cup %>$ 9 a sob] ritual4 ,aft] ?is1 ^? :o w\ld s]ve tea _h fir/ to /udy ! tea rituals ( ! ,z5 mona/]y4 ,fur!rmore1 w>riors came to believe t ! ,z5 tea ritual w\ld help _! fight+ discipl9e4 ,by ! sixte5? c5tury ! discipl9e & tranquility ( ! c]emony _h become fix$1 b ! full developm5t ( *a-no-yu z a vehicle = pres]v+ ,z5 ae/hetic !ory 0 yet to come4 ,gradually1 "o by "o1 ! ornate aspects ( ! e>li] ,sung tea p>ties 7 purg$4 ,! idea took hold t tea %\ld be drunk n 9 a room p>tition$ (f f ! re/ ( ! h\se1 b 9 a special ?at*-ro($ hut con/ruct$ specifically = ! purpose1 giv+ tea dr9k+ an air ( conspicu\s pov]ty4 ,! elaborate vessels & int]ior appo9tm5ts favor$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 supplant$ 9 ! sixte5? by rugg$1 folk-/yle pott]y & an int]ior decor z re/ra9$ z a mona/]y4 ,by /ress+ an artificial pov]ty1 ! c]emony became a liv+ embodim5t ( ,z5 ) its di/a/e = mat]ialism & ! _w ( gett+ & sp5d+4 ,x rema9$ = a sixte5?-c5tury ,z5 tea*] to br+ all ! ae/hetic ideas 9 ! tea c]emony toge!r 9 a rigid sy/em4 ,he 0 ,s5 no ,rikyu 7#aeba-aeia71 :o began z ! tea in/ructor ( ,nobunaga & cont9u$ to play ! same role = ,hideyo%i4 ,hideyo%i 0 devot$ to ! tea c]emony1 & "u 8 patronage ,rikyu =maliz$ ! classic rules "u :i* *a-no-yu is practic$ today4 ,! mo/ fam\s anecdote f ,rikyu's life is ! incid5t rememb]$ z ! tea p>ty ( ! morn+ glory4 ,z ! son ( a m]*ant 9 a port city1 ,rikyu develop$ a ta/e = ! new & exotic4 ,at "o "t he began ! cultivation ( import$ ,european morn+ glories1 a novel fl[] to ! ,japanese1 :i* he sometimes us$ = ! floral display accompany+ ! tea c]emony4 ,hideyo%i1 le>n+ ( ^! new fl[]s1 in=m$ ,rikyu t he wi%$ to take morn+ tea ) him 9 ord] to see ! blossoms at _! f9e/4 ,on ! select$ date1 ,hideyo%i arriv$ to f9d t all ! fl[]s 9 ! g>d5 _h be5 pluck$2 n a s+le petal 0 to be se54 ,und]/&ably out ( temp]1 he proce$$ to ! tea hut--!re to discov] a s+le morn+ glory1 /ill wet ) ! dews ( dawn1 /&+ 9 ! tokonoma alcove1 a p]fect illu/ration ( ! ,z5 precept ( suffici5cy 9 re/ra9t4 ,tea c]emonies today are held 9 special backy>d g>d5s1 equipp$ = ! purpose ) a wait+ %elt] at ! entrance & a t9y teah\se at ! f> end4 ,:5 "o arrives at ! appo9t$ "t1 "o jo9s ! two or ?ree o!r gue/s 9 ! g>d5 %$ = a wait+ p]iod design$ to enc\rage a relax$ /ate ( m9d & ! requisite ,z5 tranquility4 ,! tea g>d51 kn[n z ! roji1 or dewy pa?1 diff]s f conv5tional ,japanese temple g>d5s 9 t x is m]ely a passageway betwe5 ! wait+ %elt] & ! teah\se4 ,s9ce ! feel+ is meant to be t ( a m\nta9 pa?1 !re are no ponds or elaborate /one arrangem5ts4 ,! only natural rocks 9 evid5ce are ! /epp+ /ones !mselves1 b along ! pa? are a c>v$ /one 9 ! %ape ( a wat] bas9 & a bamboo dipp]1 s t "o c r9se "o's m\? be=e tak+ tea1 & a /one lant]n to provide illum9ation = ev5+ ga!r+s4 ,! unpret5ti\s /ones ( ! walkway1 set deep 9 natural mossy b$s1 divide ! g>d5 into two p>ts1 w9d+ ?r\gh x l a curv+1 natural pa?4 ,dott$ ab\t ! g>d5 are c>efully prun$ p9e trees1 azalea bu%es clipp$ into huge globes1 or p]haps a t[]+ cryptom]ia ^: ar*+ bran*es protect gue/s aga9/ ! aft]noon sun4 ,al?\gh ! g>d5 floor is swept clean1 x may /ill h a vagrant leaf or p9e ne$le /rewn "h & !re4 ,z "o waits = ! ho/'s appe>ance1 ! g>d5 sl[ly beg9s to impose a k9d ( magic1 draw+ "o away f ! outside _w4 ,:5 all ! gue/s h arriv$1 !y s\nd a wood5 gong1 & ! ho/ sil5tly appe>s to beckon !m to ! tea room4 ,ea* gue/ 9 turn /ops at ! wat] bas9 = a sip4 ,at clos] range1 ! teah\se turns out to be a ru/ic ?at*-ro($ hut ) gray pla/] walls & an asymmetrical support+ framework ( h&-hewn woods4 ,! floor is pit*$ above ! gr\nd z 9 ! traditional h\se1 b in/ead ( a doorway !re is a small squ>e hole ?r\gh :i* "o mu/ climb on 8 knees--a psy*ological design feature int5d$ to ensure t all worldly dignity is left outside4 ,only ! humble c ent] "h1 = ea* mu/ kneel 9 ! sight ( ! o!rs pres5t4 ,! int]ior ( ! tea room may feel cramp$ at fir/4 ,al?\gh ! room is virtually b>e1 !re seems little space left aft] ! o!r gue/s h knelt ab\t ! c5tral he>?4 ,! room is 9 ! sukiya /yle favor$ by ,rikyu1 ) ! walls a pat*work ( dull pla/]1 raw wood1 a few %oji rice-pap] w9d[s1 & a small tokonoma art alcove4 ,! only decoration is a s+le object on ! tokonoma dais & ! hang+ scroll aga9/ ! back wall4 ,?is impression ( simple ru/icity is delib]ately deceptive1 h[ev]1 = ! tea room is actually fa%ion$ f ! f9e/ available woods & co/s consid]ably m p] unit area ?an ! ho/'s home4 ,x is ironic t ! s5se ( pov]ty & anti-mat]ialism p]vad+ ! tea room c be a*iev$ only at enorm\s exp5se1 yet ?is deceit is "o ( ! out/&+ creations ( ,z5 culture4 ,! room & its psy*ological impact h be5 eloqu5tly analyz$ by ! ,z5 s*ol> ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki4 ,z ,i look ar\nd1 9 spite ( its obvi\s simplicity ! room betrays e m>k ( ?\ghtful design+3 ! w9d[s are irregul>ly ins]t$2 ! ceil+ is n ( "o patt]n2 ! mat]ials us$1 simple & un-ornam5tal 4 4 4 ! floor has a small squ>e op5+ :]e hot wat] is boil+ 9 an arti/ically-%ap$ iron kettle4 ,! pap]$ %oji cov]+ ! w9d[s admit only s(t light1 %utt+ out direct sun%9e4 4 4 4 ,z ,i sit "h quietly be=e ! fireplace1 ,i become consci\s ( ! burn+ ( inc5se4 ,! odor is s+ul>ly n]ve soo?+4 4 4 4 ,?us compos$ 9 m9d1 ,i he> a s(t breeze pass+ ?r\gh ! ne$le leaves ( ! p9e tree2 ! s\nd m+les ) ! trickl+ ( wat] f a bamboo pipe into ! /one bas94#a ,! tea c]emony is int5d$ to engage all ! s5ses1 soo?+ ea* 9 turn4 ,z describ$ by ,suzuki1 ! organs ( sight1 he>+1 & smell are all embrac$ ev5 be=e ! c]emony beg9s4 ,! purpose1 ( c\rse1 is to create a feel+ ( h>mony & tranquility conducive to ! rev]5tial _s ( ! ,z5 sacram5t4 ,! surr\nd+s massage y\r m9d & adju/ y\r attitude4 ,?is po9t is p>ticul>ly /ress$ by ,suzuki4 ,:]e tranquility is lack+1 ! art w lose its significance altoge!r4 4 4 4 ,! mass+ ( rocks1 ! trickl+ ( wat]1 ! ?at*$ hut1 ! old p9e trees %elt]+ x1 ! moss-cov]$ /one lant]n1 ! sizzl+ ( ! kettle wat]1 & ! light s(tly filt]+ ?r\gh ! pap] scre5s--all ^! are meant uni=mly to create a m$itative frame ( m9d4#b ,if a multic\rse c]emony is 9 /ore1 a light meal ( hors d'oeuvres & sake is s]v$ fir/4 ,if ! d9n] h\r is ne>1 x may 9 fact be a sub/antial repa/1 all ( :i* is eat5 f lacqu] or porcela9 b[ls set on a tray on ! floor4 ,aft] ! food is consum$1 ! gue/s file out ( ! teah\se & wait = ! ho/ to ann\nce ! beg9n+ ( ! actual tea c]emony4 ,:5 !y return1 ! ambi5ce ( ! tea room has be5 subtly *ang$3 ! hang+ scroll has vani%$ f ! tokonoma to be replac$ by a simple vase conta9+ "o or two p>tially op5$ buds2 & a *e]ful *>coal fire1 season$ ) p9e ne$les & a t\* ( inc5se1 gl[s f ! sunk5 he>? 9 ! c5t] ( ! room !re4 ,wat] is boil+ 9 a kettle1 emitt+ a s\nd t sugge/s w9d 9 a p9e =e/1 a subtle aural effect caus$ by small bits ( iron atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,beside ! seat$ ho/ are ! implem5ts ( ! c]emony3 a lacqu] or c]amic tea caddy ) ! p[d]$ gre5 tea 7koi*a71 a j> ( cold wat] = repl5i%+ ! kettle1 a bamboo dipp]1 a new bamboo :isk1 a receptacle = wa/e wat]1 a l95 napk9 = ! b[l1 &1 f9ally1 ! tea b[l itself1 be/ describ$ z a ,z5 lov+ cup or *alice4 ,all ! ut5sils h be5 select$ = _! special ae/hetic qualities1 b ! b[l is always ! un*all5g$ piece de resi/ance & may well be an heirloom f ! h& ( a sev5te5?-c5tury pott]4 ,ea* gue/ is also provid$ ) t9y sweet cakes1 to salve 8 m\? aga9/ ! bitt] tea4 ,) ev]y?+ at h&1 ! ho/ beg9s to prep>e ! :ipp$ gre5 tea4 ,x is a seat$ dance1 an or*e/rat$ ritual1 z delib]ate1 pac$1 & =mal z ! elevation ( ! ho/ 9 a ,ca?olic ,mass4 ,all ! ge/ures h be5 practic$ = ye>s1 until !y fit toge!r 9 a fluid motion4 ,fir/ ! b[l is r9s$ ) hot wat] f ! kettle & wip$ ) a napk94 ,next ! bamboo scoop is us$ to transport ! p[d]$ koi*a f ! caddy into ! b[l1 aft] :i* boil+ wat] is add$ f ! bamboo dipp]4 ,! ho/ !n proce$s1 ) measur$ motions1 to bl5d ! tea ) ! bamboo :isk1 gradually trans=m+ ! dry p[d] & boil+ wat] into a jade bl5d z exquisitely beautiful z x is h>%ly bitt]4 ,! gue/ ( honor has ! fir/ ta/e4 ,tak+ ! b[l1 he salutes ! ho/ & !n samples ! prep>ation1 complim5t+ ! ho/ on its quality4 ,aft] two m precise sips1 he wipes ! lip ) a napk9 he has br\ght = t purpose1 rotates ! b[l1 & passes x to ! next gue/1 :o repeats ! ritual4 ,! la/ to dr9k mu/ empty ! b[l4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 only ! ho/ is d5i$ a ta/e ( 8 h&iwork4 ,aft] ! =mal dr9k+ ( koi*a1 ! b[l is r9s$ & a second bat* ( tea is made--?is "t a ?9n] v>iety kn[n z usu*a4 ,al?\gh x is also :ipp$ ,sung-/yle1 x is consid]ably light] 9 consi/5cy & ta/e4 ,aft] ! second cup ( tea1 ! =mal "p ( ! c]emony is complet$1 & ! gue/s are at lib]ty to relax1 enjoy sweets1 & discuss ,z5 ae/hetics4 ,! focus ( conv]sation is usually ! tea b[l1 :i* is pass$ ar\nd = all to admire 9 detail4 ,comm5ts on ! fl[] arrangem5t are also 9 ord]1 z is a bit ( poetry appropriate to ! season4 ,:at is n discuss$--inde$1 :at no "o wants to discuss--is ! _w outside ! g>d5 gate4 ,ea* gue/ is at "o ) himself1 8 place1 & ! natural sett+4 ,values h be5 subtly guid$ into p]spective1 spirits purifi$1 appreciation ( beauty rew>d$2 = a fleet+ mom5t ! mat]ial _w ( dualities has become z insub/antial z a dream4 ,! tea c]emony is ! great p>able ( ,z5 culture1 :i* tea*es by example t ! mat]ial _w is a t,thef depriv+ u ( our mo/ valuable possessions--naturalness1 simplicity1 self-k4 ,b x is also mu* m2 its und]ly+ ae/hetic pr9ciples are ! f\ndation ( latt]-day ,z5 culture4 ,x is a p]fect bl5d+ ( ! ?ree faces ( ,z54 ,fir/ !re are ! physical art =ms !mselves3 ! tea c]emony deeply influ5c$ ar*itectural ta/es1 br++ into be+ ! in=mal sukiya /yle to replace ! rigid %o9 =mulas ( ! samurai h\se2 ! art ( fl[] arrangem5t1 or ,ikebana1 owes mu* to ! floral arrangem5ts requir$ = ! c]emony2 pa9t+ & calligraphy 7 influ5c$ by ! und]/at$ decorative requirem5ts ( ! tokonoma hang+ scroll2 lacqu] w>e develop$ 9 directions design$ to complem5t ! arti/ic pr9ciples ( ! c]emony ut5sils2 &1 f9ally1 ! gr[? ( ,japanese c]amic art f ! fifte5? c5tury onw>d 0 l>gely due to ! p>ticul> ae/hetic & practical ne$s ( ! tea c]emony4 ,! second face ( ,z51 tranquility 9 a tr\bl$ _w1 f\nd its f9e/ expression 9 *a-no-yu1 :i* demon/rates z no s]mon ev] c\ld ! ,z5 approa* to life4 ,! ?ird face ( ,z5 is t ( ae/hetics4 ,by becom+ a vehicle = ! transmission ( ,z5 ae/hetic pr9ciples1 *a-no-yu has pres]v$ ,z5 culture = all times4 ,x has giv5 ! p at l>ge a /&>d ( ta/e1 gu>antee+ t c]ta9 basic ideals ( beauty w always be pres]v$ aga9/ ! ravages ( me*anical civilization4 ,& x is 9 ?is connection t we mu/ exam9e ! special features ( ! tea c]emony introduc$ by ,hideyo%i's tea ma/]1 ,s5 no ,rikyu4 ,to ! anci5t ,z5 ideas ( yug5 & sabi he br\ght ! new concept ( wabi4 ,yug51 ! realization ( pr(undity ?r\gh op5-end$ sugge/ion1 f\nd its f9e/ expression 9 ,no poetry4 ,sabi grew out ( ! ,heian admiration = lovely ?+s on ! v]ge ( ext9ction4 ,by ! p]iod ?is curi\s attitude 0 ext5d$ to ?+s already old1 & s ent]$ ! idea ( sabi1 a t]m d5ot+ objects agreeably mell[$ ) age4 ,sabi also br\ght melan*oly ov]tones ( lonel9ess1 ( age left beh9d by "t4 ,new objects are ass]tive & /riv+ = att5tion2 old1 worn objects h ! quiet1 peaceful air t exudes tranquility1 dignity1 & "*4 ,al?\gh !re is no ^w 9 a ,we/]n language precisely equival5t to sabi1 ! ideal is well und]/ood4 ,= example1 we say t ! sunburn$ face ( a fi%]man has m "* ?an t ( a be>dless y\?4 ,b to ! ,japanese sabi is fir/ & =emo/ ! ess5ce ( beauty1 :e!r 9 a wea!r$ h\se or temple1 ! fray$ gold5 ?reads ( fabric b9d+ a ,z5 scroll1 a )]$ b\gh plac$ 9 ! tokonoma alcove1 or an anci5t kettle ru/y ) "t4 ,! ideal ( sabi1 :i* became "p ( ! ,z5 ae/hetic canon ( beauty1 0 p]fectly at home 9 ! tea c]emony1 :]e ev5 ! ut5sils 7 delib]ately *os5 = _! wea!r$ look4 ,sabi1 h[ev]1 seem$ an incomplete ideal to ,s5 no ,rikyu4 ,! fact t ri* objects are old does n make !m less ri*4 ,sabi c /ill encompass snobb]y4 ,z tea ma/] = bo? ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i1 ,rikyu 0 s pa9$ by _! o/5tation t he ev5tually revolutioniz$ ! tea c]emony & creat$ a new ae/hetic /&>d3 wabi1 a delib]ate re/ra9t1 :i* is exemplifi$ 9 8 tea p>ty ( ! s+le morn+ glory4 ,wabi1 n[ a corn]/one ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory1 is well describ$ 9 a poem by ,rikyu1 :i* includes ! l9es3 ,h[ mu* does a p]son lack himself1 ,:o feels ! ne$ to h s _m ?+s4 ,9 a s5se1 wabi is ! glorification ( artificial pov]ty1 artificial because !re mu/ be ! elem5t ( =c$ re/ra9t & 9 g5u9e pov]ty !re is no?+ to re/ra94 ,! wabi tea c]emony p]mits no h9t ( weal? to be 9 evid5ce2 ^? :o ent] ! tea g>d5 mu/ leave _! worldly /atus at ! gate4 ,simil>ly1 ! sukiya-/yle teah\se mu/ look l a ru/ic hut--n made out ( some?+ new1 = t w\ld de/roy sabi1 b n out ( exp5sive antique woods1 ei!r4 ,?is ideal ext5ds ev5 to ! floral arrangem5t1 "o or at mo/ two buds2 ! clo!s "o we>s1 simple n dressy2 ! pots & cups1 pla9 & undecorat$4 ,wabi purg$ ! tea c]emony ( all its l+]+ ari/ocratic qualities1 br++ into be+ *a-no-yu z x is practic$ today4 ,today _m ,japanese1 ev5 ^? :o practice nei!r tea dr9k+ nor ,z51 "k & appreciate ! ideals pres]v$ 9 ! c]emony4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! concept ( wabi has become ! rally+ po9t = ^? :o regret ! intrusions ( ! mod]n ,we/ into traditional ,japanese culture1 & *a-no-yu is valu$ z nev] be=e z a lesson 9 life's true values4 ,,*apt] ,,f\rte5 ,z5 ,c]amic ,art ,?\1 sil5t =m1 do/ tease u out ( ?\ght ,z do? et]nity4 ,john ,keats1 ,ode on a ,grecian ,urn ,%9o tea b[l ,raku tea b[l ,,al?\gh ,,japan _h be5 a nation ( pott]s almo/ f prehi/oric times1 x 0 only aft] ! rise ( ,z5 influ5ce & a popul> int]e/ 9 ! tea c]emony t c]amics 0 rais$ f craft to high art4 ,! great age ( ,japanese c]amics occurr$ sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft] ! h]oic p]iods ( ,*9ese c]amic art 9 ! ,t'ang & ,sung dyna/ies1 b1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! ,japanese ev5tually equal$ & 9 "s ways surpass$ _! ma9l& tea*]s4 ,! ,/one ,age ,jomon tribes 9 ,japan creat$ "s ( ! ri*e/ figur9e art ( any ( ! _w's prehi/oric peoples4 ,^! ,jomon figur9es1 fir$ at l[ temp]atures & r>ely ov] six or eight in*es 9 height1 are a classic puzzle to an?ropologi/s & art hi/orians1 = !y sometimes seem ,polynesian1 sometimes pre- ,columbian1 & sometimes pure ab/raction 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 ,jomon figur9es c\ld pass z works ( ,picasso or ,miro4 ,at times ! features ( ! body 7 r5d]$ recognizably1 b usually !y 7 totally /yliz$ & integrat$ into ! figure z "p ( "s l>g] int]e/ 9 mat]ial & pure =m4 ,x 0 a noble beg9n+ = :at w\ld be a p]man5t ,japanese int]e/ 9 ! look & feel ( natural clay4 ,:5 ! ,jomon 7 displac$ ar\nd ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 by ! ,yayoi1 _! beautiful figur9e art disappe>$1 & = sev]al c5turies ,japan produc$ ma9ly p$e/rian crocks & dr9k+ vessels4 ,! few figur9es creat$ reta9$ little ( ! sophi/icat$ ,jomon ab/raction4 ,ar\nd ! turn ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 h[ev]1 ,yayoi pott]s f\nd _! meti]1 & began ! fam\s haniwa figur9es1 holl[-ey$ /atuettes 9 s(t br[n clay :i* 7 us$ to decorate ari/ocratic tombs1 & simple b elegant vases & wat] pots 9 l[- fir$ br[n clay1 :i* (t5 7 dy$ ) c9nab> & :i* give evid5ce ( be+ ?r[n on "s =m ( primitive :eel4 ,?is dome/ic w>e 0 9 su* dem& t a class ( pr(essional pott]s came into be+--inevitably lead+ to a gradual fall+ (f ( ! individuali/ic "* ( ! pots1 z craftsm5 began to mass- produce :at _h previ\sly be5 a p]sonal art =m4 ,! ,korean ,buddhi/ culture :i* rea*$ ,japan 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies br\ght ! ,japanese new te*niques = high-fir+ _! /onew>e pots1 introduc+ a process :]eby a%es f ! kiln 7 all[$ to adh]e to ! surface ( a piece to produce a natural glaze4 ,^! new high-temp]ature pots _h a h>d surface texture & an a%5- gray color1 :ile ! exi/+ native w>es ( l[-fir$ por\s clays reta9$ _! natural br[n hues4 ,typically ! av]age ,japanese pref]r$ ! natural-color$1 s(t clay vessels1 & s ! two types ( pott]y cont9u$ to be produc$ side by side = sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 ) ! ari/ocracy *oos+ ! h>d-surfac$ ma9l&-/yle gray works & ! common p cont9u+ to use ! simpl]1 und]rat$ br[n vessels1 :i* 7 (t5 fa%ion$ by h&4 ,! importance ( ?is in/9ctive ,japanese reaction = ! lat] acceptance ( ,z5-inspir$ c]amic art _c be ov]-/ress$4 ,n only did ! ,japanese love ( natural clay make !m reject glazes = c5turies aft] !y _h le>n$ ! necess>y te*niques1 !y also seem to h _h little spontane\s int]e/ 9 decorat+ _! pots or us+ high-fir+ or me*aniz$ te*niques = _! production1 p]haps because ! te*nology came betwe5 man & object1 di/anc+ ! pott] too f> f 8 h&iwork4 ,japanese pott]s *]i%$ _! regional individuality1 & !y cont9u$ to express _! p]sonal s5sibilities 9 _! "w1 s !re 7 a multiplicity ( rural kilns & a wide v>iety ( /yles4 ,! passion = ,*9ese culture dur+ ! ,n>a p]iod ( ! eigh? c5tury l$ to a brief fl+ ) ,tang ,*9ese-/yle ?ree-color glaz$ w>es among ! imitative ,japanese ari/ocracy2 b ^! seem to h be5 too mu* at odds ) native in/9cts1 = !y 7 soon =gott54 ,aft] ! gov]nm5t mov$ to ,kyoto & laun*$ ! ,heian era1 bo? ! indig5\s pott]y te*niques--! l[-fir$1 br[n1 por\s pots = ! common p & ! high-fir$1 gray1 poli%$ b[ls = ! ari/ocracy--cont9u$ to ?rive side by side4 ,h[ev]1 te*nical advances 9 ! high-fir+ kilns br\ght ab\t subtle *anges 9 ! mock-glazes ( ! ari/ocratic w>es4 ,x 0 discov]$ t if !y 7 fir$ 9 an atmosph]e :]e !re 0 abundant oxyg51 ! fus$ p>ticles ( fuel$ a% on ! surface w\ld turn amb]1 :]eas if oxyg5 0 exclud$ f ! kiln1 ! surface a% w\ld fuse to a pa/el gre54 ,?us by v>y+ ! bak+ process1 ,heian pott]s c\ld produce a v>iety ( light colors1 creat+ a pott]y consid]ably m delicate ?an _h be5 possible be=e4 ,aside f ?is ref9$ te*nique = fir+1 h[ev]1 ! ,japanese /eadfa/ly refus$ to *ange _! traditional me?ods ( mak+ pots4 ,= ?is reason1 ,japanese c]amics 7 delib]ately kept at a te*nically primitive /age until ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury :ile ! ,*9ese 7 mak+ consid]able advances 9 ! art4 ,dur+ ! ye>s f ! n9? to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :ile ! ,japanese isolat$ !mselves f ! ma9l&1 ! ,sung ,*9ese 7 le>n+ ( new glazes f> m subtle & ref9$ ?an ^? employ$ dur+ ! ,t'ang4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,japanese monks j\rney$ to ,*9a to /udy ! new fai? ( ,z51 !y 7 dazzl$ by ! sophi/icat$ new ,*9ese w>es !y enc\nt]$4 ,?r\gh ! (fices ( ,z5 a second revolution 9 ,japanese c]amics occurr$4 ,! in/rum5t = ?is second revolution 7accord+ to tradition7 0 ! prie/ ,dog51 f\nd] ( ,japanese ,soto ,z51 :o on "o ( 8 trips to ,*9a 0 accompani$ by a ,japanese pott] kn[n z ,to%iro4 ,to%iro /ay$ 9 ,*9a = six ye>s1 /udy+ ! ,sung te*niques ( glaz+1 & on 8 return he op5$ a kiln at ,seto1 :]e he began copy+ ,sung glaz$ w>es4 ,al?\gh he has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( modem ,japanese c]amics1 8 attempts to duplicate ! highly prais$ ,sung products 7 n entirely successful4 ,fur!rmore1 ! w>es he did produce1 decorative & ?ick-glaz$1 f\nd no acceptance except among ! ari/ocracy & prie/hood1 bo? ( :om favor$ ,seto w>es = ! new pa/ime ( dr9k+ ,*9ese tea4 ,b :ile ! ,z5 ae/hetes & tea dr9k]s amus$ !mselves ) ,seto's fake ,sung celadons1 ! common]s cont9u$ to use unglaz$ /onew>e4 ,all ?is *ang$ dramatically ar\nd ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ) ! rise ( an urban middle class & ! sudd5 popul>ity ( ! ,z5 tea c]emony among ?is new b\rgeoisie4 ,z51 :i* _h br\ght ,*9ese glazes to ,japan 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 sp>k$ ! em]g5ce ( a brilliant era ( glaz$ c]amic art 9 ! sixte5?4 ,no long] cont5t ) primitive /onew>e or reproductions ( ,*9ese vessels1 ! pott]s ( ,japan f9ally develop$ native /yles at once uniquely ,japanese & z sophi/icat$ z any ! _w has se54 ,x 0 ano!r triumph = ,z5 culture4 ,rural kilns ) long traditions ( /onew>e wat] vessels conv]t$ to ! production ( tea-c]emony w>es1 & ?r\gh\t ! l& ! se>* 0 on = color$ glazes4 ,! craze rea*$ su* heights t ! %ogun g5]als ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i rew>d$ _! successful milit>y comm&]s n ) decorations b ) "s p>ticul>ly covet$ tea-c]emony ut5sils4 ,al?\gh c]amic tea caddies & wat] j>s 7 requir$ = ! c]emony1 ! real emphasis 0 on ! dr9k+ b[l1 = ?is 0 ! piece t 0 h&l$ & admir$ at close range4 ,a prop] b[l1 9 addition to be+ beautiful1 _h to be l>ge en\gh & deep en\gh to all[ suffici5t tea = ?ree or f\r dr9k]s to be :isk$2 x _h no h&le & consequ5tly _h to be ( a light1 por\s1 nonconduct+ clay ) a ?ick1 r\gh glaze to act z a fur!r insulator & to p]mit safe h&l+ betwe5 dr9k]s2 ! rim _h to be ?ick & tilt$ slightly inw>d1 to provide ! p>ticipants ) a pleasant s5sation :ile dr9k+ & to m9imize dripp+4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! b[ls 7 z functionally specializ$ 9 _! own way z a br&y snift] or a *ampagne glass ( today4 ,a numb] ( /yles ( tea b[l develop$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 reflect+ ! arti/ic visions ( v>i\s regional pott]s & ! diff]5t clays available4 ,:at ^! b[ls _h 9 common1 beyond _! ess5tial functional *>act]i/ics1 0 an adh]5ce to ! specializ$ dictates ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory4 ,equally important1 !y 7 a tribute to ! hi/oric ,japanese rev]5ce = natural clay4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y 7 glaz$1 portions ( ! und]ly+ clay texture 7 (t5 all[$ to %[ ?r\gh1 & ! ov]all impression 0 t ! glaze 0 us$ to emphasize ! texture ( ! und]ly+ clay1 n disguise x4 ,! colors ( ! glazes 7 natural & organic1 n h>d & artificial4 ,! social unre/ prec$+ ! rise ( ,nobunaga caus$ a numb] ( pott]s to leave ! ,seto area1 site ( ! fake ,sung production1 & resettle 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9o1 :]e ?ree basic /yles ( tea b[l ev5tually came to prom95ce4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! ,*9ese-/yle tea vessel1 :i* _h be5 ! ma9/ay ( ! old] ,seto kilns4 ,yell[ glazes1 once ! monopoly ( ,seto1 7 also us$ at ,m9o1 b diff]5t clays1 comb9$ ) advanc+ te*nical compet5ce & a new will+ness to exp]im5t1 produc$ a new ,seto w>e t 0 a ri* yell[ & consid]ably m ,japanese ?an ,*9ese4 ,second !re 0 a new1 ?or\ghly ,z5-/yle b[l develop$ by ! ,m9o pott]s4 ,x 0 broad]-bas$ ?an ! ,*9ese /yle1 ) virtually /raight sides1 & x 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick1 creamy (f-:ite glaze4 ,w>m & ende>+ 9 appe>ance1 ) a fl[+ s5su\s texture invit+ to ! t\*1 x became kn[n z ,%9o4 ,"s say ,%9o b[ls 7 nam$ aft] a celebrat$ ma/] ( ! tea c]emony1 :ile o!rs ma9ta9 ! t]m 0 tak5 f ! ,japanese ^w = :ite1 %iro4 ,:atev] ! case1 ?is 0 ! fir/ glaz$ w>e ( truly native orig9s2 & x m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new ,japanese attitude t[>d pott]y4 ,no long] inhibit$ by rev]5ce = ,*9ese prototypes1 ! mak]s ( ,%9o let _! spontaneity run wild4 ,! new :ite glaze 0 delib]ately appli$ 9 a haphaz>d mann]1 (t5 cov]+ only "p ( ! b[l or be+ all[$ to drip & run4 ,sometimes "p ( ! glaze 0 wip$ (f aft] x _h be5 appli$1 leav+ ?9 spots :]e ! br[n "u-clay c\ld %[ ?r\gh aft] ! fir+4 ,or bubbles1 bums1 & soot 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! glaze z x 0 fir$4 ,sometimes ! :ite glaze 0 ba!d 9 a d>k] coat+ 9 :i* incisions 7 made to all[ ! :ite to %[ ?r\gh4 ,at o!r times1 sket*y designs1 seem+ly ?r[n d[n ) a half-dry bru%1 7 scribbl$ on ! :ite b[ls s t !y appe>$ to be cov]$ ) ,z5 graffiti4 ,?r\gh\t all ^! innovations1 ! pott]s seem$ to want to produce works z r\gh1 co>se1 & unsophi/icat$ z possible4 ,be=e long !y _h a gray glaze z well1 & f9ally !y produc$ a %9y black glaze ^: precise =mulation rema9s "o ( ! unsolv$ my/]ies ( ,momoyama art4 ,! next color to ent] ! ,m9o rep]tory1 aft] yell[1 :ite1 gray1 & black1 0 a /unn+ gre54 ,?is 0 ! ?ird /yle ( ,m9o tea b[l1 & x 0 inv5t$ by a disciple ( ,rikyu ^: "n1 ,oribe1 has be5 giv5 to an incr$ible v>iety ( w>es--tea b[ls1 tea caddies1 wat] j>s1 inc5se burn]s1 & a ho/ ( di%es = s]v+ food4 ,sometimes ! w>es 7 solid gre51 b ,oribe also _h a habit ( spla%+ ! gre5 ov] "o section ( a piece1 or all[+ x to run into "o corn] ( a plate & freeze !re 9 a limpid puddle4 ,! portions ( ,oribe w>es n cov]$ ) ! spla% ( gre5 7 dull %ades1 rang+ f gray to r$di% br[n1 & on ?is backgr\nd arti/s began to pa9t decorative designs- fl[]s1 geometrical figures1 ev5 small sket*es or /ill-lifes--some?+ new & revolution>y = ,japanese c]amics1 b ! =]unn] ( ! pr(usion ( decorative w>es t appe>$ aft] ! ,momoyama4 ,%9o _h brok5 ! bonds ( ! c5turies ( unglaz$ /onew>e & prop] copies ( ,*9ese pots by introduc+ a native /yle ( glaz+ & a new ae/hetic fre$om2 ,oribe l$ ! way into a new _w ( any?+- goes pott]y1 ) half-glazes1 pa9t$ decorative motifs1 & exp]im5tation 9 new1 hi!rto unkn[n %apes & types ( vessels4 ,:ile ! native ,japanese pott]s at ,m9o 7 exp&+ _! craft1 ano!r important developm5t ) f>-rea*+ consequ5ces = ! ,z5 arts 0 tak+ place 9 ! f> s\? ( ! ,japanese ar*ipelago ne> ! ,korean p59sula4 ,! c]amic arts ( ,korea 7 q advanc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) high-fir$ glaz$ w>es z heavy & /urdy z ! peasant /ock f :i* !y sprang4 ,b ! pots 7 made by build+ up coils ( clay & beat+ !m into a solid wall$ vessel r ?an ?r[+ !m on a :eel4 ,?is comb9ation ( high & l[ seems to h appeal$ to ! ,japanese clans liv+ ne> ! ,korean ma9l&1 = !y br\ght a numb] ( ,korean pott]s to ! s\!rn city ( ,k>atsu & />t$ an indu/ry4 ,! /aple product ( ! ,korean craftsman 0 a crude m$ium-siz$ b[l ) slop+ sides1 us$ 9 _! homel& = individual s]v+s ( rice4 ,! primitive quality ( ^! b[ls p]fectly suit$ ! gr[+ inv]se snobb]y ( ! tea c]emony1 & soon ,japanese ae/hetes 7 dr9k+ tea & admir+ ! ,z5 beauty 9 ! ,korean rice b[l4 ,:ile ! ,m9o pott]s 7 delib]ately mak+ ! ,sung tea b[l r\gh] & r\gh] 7t is1 add+ wabi71 ^? 9 ,k>atsu f\nd !mselves ) a =eign b[l ready-made = tea4 ,:5 ,hideyo%i invad$ ,korea dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 he & 8 g5]als 7 c>eful to kidnap z _m ,korean pott]s z possible1 :om !y settl$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,japan4 ,no long] re/rict$ to a small area 9 ! s\?1 ! ,koreans inject$ a vigor\s transfusion ( peasant ta/e into all ( ,japanese c]amic art1 ext+ui%+ ! la/ remnants ( ! ref9$ ,sung ideals4 ,! ,momoyama tea ma/]s 7 giv5 a new b /ill =eign /&>d ( ru/ic *ic p]fectly 9 accord ) wabi tea4 ,n surpris+ly1 x 0 ,s5 no ,rikyu :o syn!siz$ ! new native fre$om & ! fre% influx ( ma9l& te*nology to create ! undisput$ glory ( ,japanese c]amics--! fam\s raku4 ,unque/ionably ,japan's mo/ orig9al contribution to ! hi/ory ( c]amics1 raku is produc$ 9 a mann] entirely diff]5t f e>li] te*niques1 & x is impossible to speak ( raku )\t speak+ ( ,z54 ,z might be expect$1 raku 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ,z5 c5t] ( ,kyoto1 a city ) no previ\s hi/ory ( c]amic production1 & x came into be+ :5 ,rikyu happ5$ to take a fancy to ! ro( tiles be+ produc$ by a ,korean workman nam$ ,*ojiro4 ,rikyu hit ^u ! notion t ! texture & feel ( ^! tiles w\ld be p]fect = wabi- /yle tea1 & he enc\rag$ ,*ojiro 9 ! mak+ ( a few tea b[ls ) ! mat]ials & fir+ te*niques us$ = tiles4 ,! b[ls ,*ojiro made 7 nei!r ?r[n on a :eel nor built up f coils1 b mold$ & c>v$ l sculpture4 ,a mixture ( clays 0 fir/ bl5d$ to ga9 ! desir$ consi/5cy ( lightness & pla/icity1 aft] :i* a spatula & knife 7 us$ to %ape a r\gh-sid$1 textur$ b[l ^: s5se ( process 0 flaunt$ r ?an obscur$--an ov]t tactile quality p]haps fir/ se5 9 ! ,we/ 9 ! r\gh-hewn sculptures ( ,rod94 ,^! b[ls 7 fir$ 9 a mo/ unconv5tional mann]3 r ?an be+ plac$ cold 9 a wood- burn+ kiln & gradually heat$1 bak$1 & cool$ ov] a p]iod ( days1 !y1 l ! tiles1 7 ?ru/ directly into a torrid *>coal kiln = a bli/]+ !rmal %ock1 :i* gave !m an in/ant look ( ! ravag$ face ( anci5t sabi4 ,raku w>es 7 fir/ made 9 black ) an iron-l glaze t is almo/ l froz5 lava1 b ! lat] rep]tory includ$ glazes t 7 p>tly or :olly r$ or (f-:ite4 ,unlike ! ,%9o & ,oribe b[ls1 raku pieces 7 n decorat$ ) designs or spots ( color2 !y 7 wabi & sabi ) unpret5ti\s1 wea!r$ grace4 ,! la/ t]m y ?9k ( :5 see+ raku is ornate4 ,rikyu f\nd raku b[ls p]fect = ! tea c]emony2 !y 7 au/]e1 p[]ful1 seem+ly wr5*$ f melt$ rock4 ,9 %ape !y 7 broad-bas$ ) g5tly r\nd$1 "o might almo/ say organically r\nd$1 sides lead+ to an undulat+ lip1 wrapp+ 9 slightly ov] ! tea1 !reby hold+ ! heat & prev5t+ drips4 ,n only 7 !y light & por\s1 all[+ = m9imal heat conduction & com=table h&l+1 _! c5t] ( gravity 0 s l[ !y 7 almo/ impossible to tip ov]1 p]mitt+ easy :isk+ ( ! p[d]$ tea z !y re/$ on ! tatami-matt$ floor ( ! tea room4 7,x %\ld be not$ t special b[ls = summ] usage de-emphasiz$ c]ta9 ( ^! *>act]i/ics3 !y 7 ?9n]-wall$ & %all[]1 s9ce ! object 9 hot mon?s 0 to dissipate heat r ?an cons]ve x47 ,b ! mo/ appeal+ qualities ( ! raku 7 its sculptural s5se ( natural pla/ic =m & its s(t1 bubbly1 almo/ liquid glaze1 :i* virtually invites "o to hold x 9 8 lips4 ,also1 ! colors ( ! glazes j happ5 to contra/ beautifully ) ! pale sea-gre5 ( ! p[d]$ tea4 ,?is 0 ! end ( ! se>* = ! p]fect ,z5 tea b[l1 & ,hideyo%i 0 s pleas$ ) ,*ojiro's h&iwork t he gave ! pott]'s family a seal be>+ ! ^w t w\ld give ! =m its "n3 raku1 mean+ pleasure or com=t4 ,*ojiro's desc5dants became ! raku dyna/y1 z g5]ation aft] g5]ation !y set ! /&>ds = o!rs to foll[4 ,hideyo%i's act ( (ficial recognition meant t ,japanese pott]s 7 no long] m]ely craftsm51 b fully accr$it$ arti/s4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ,japanese c]amics became di/+ui%$ 9 _m areas--f ! traditional w>es produc$ at a multiplicity ( local kilns to a va/ new nationwide porcela9 indu/ry produc+ decorative works = bo? export & home consumption4 ,tea-c]emony vessels 7 creat$ 9 great pr(usion z well1 b1 un=tunately1 g5u9e art _c be mass- produc$4 ,by ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! great age ( ,z5 c]amic art 0 ov]1 nev] to be recov]$4 ,today ! e>ly w>es ( ! ,z5 ,momoyama arti/s comm& _! weight 9 gold1 p]haps plat9um4 ,?is is ! great irony ( ! wabi tea vessels1 if n ( all ,z5 culture4 ,tea b[ls1 ! major expression ( ,z5 art1 seem at once bo? primitive & /rik+ly mod]n4 ,to beg9 to und]/& ?is contradiction we mu/ g back to our own n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! ,we/1 :5 ta/es ran to decoration = its own sake & ! rule ( p]fect1 symmetrical1 poli%$ =m 0 ! ae/hetic ideal4 ,into ?is smug1 s]5e sea ( ae/hetic sureties1 :i* 9 "s ways rea*$ back to ! anci5t ,greeks1 ! ,engli% critic ,john ,rusk9 ?rew a b\ld] :5 he wrote3 ,nev] dem& an exact f9i% = its own sake1 b only = "s practical or noble end4 4 4 4 the dem& = p]fection is always a sign ( a misund]/&+ ( ! ends ( art4 4 4 4 ,imp]fection is 9 "s sort ess5tial to all we "k ( life4 ,x is ! sign ( life 9 a mortal body4 4 4 4 ,to bani% imp]fection is to de/roy expression1 to *eck ex]tion1 to p>alyze vitality4 ,all ?+s are lit]ally bett]1 loveli]1 & m belov$ = ! imp]fections :i* h be5 div9ely appo9t$4#a ,rusk9 0 r$iscov]+ a l>ge piece ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory :ile lay+ ! gr\ndwork = _m ( our mod]n ideals ( beauty4 ,to see ! simil>ity1 let u exam9e = a mom5t a few ( ! f9] po9ts ( ,z5 ae/hetic !ory z exemplifi$ 9 ! classic tea b[ls4 ,9 =m ! b[ls are frequ5tly asymmetrical & imp]fect2 ! glaze seems to be a species ( moss /ill 9 ! process ( spread+ ov] portions ( ! sides x someh[ nev] manag$ to rea*1 & x is unev51 m>r$ by cracks1 lumps1 scrat*es1 & =eign contam9ants4 ,if imp]fection is ! goal1 ^! b[ls ext5d well beyond ,rusk9's orig9al /&>ds4 ,b n only are !y imp]fect1 !y also seem old & wea!r$1 ) ! natural pat9a ( a dri$-up riv]b$4 ,!y %[ absolutely no evid5ce t any consci\s attempt 0 made to create a "w ( art2 !y appe> to be completely functional4 ,x is all a deception4 ,ma/] pott]s sp5d lit]ally decades p]fect+ ! ,z5 art ( ! controll$ haphaz>d4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples !y honor is wabi1 :i* deplores nonfunctional decorative objects1 poli%$ surfaces1 artificiality 9 %ape or color1 & any?+ unnatural to ! mat]ials us$4 ,works ( art )\t wabi may h sup]ficial ext]nal beauty1 b !y =feit inn] w>m?4 ,b[ls out ( %ape1 ) cracks1 blobs1 & a%es 9 ! glaze1 invite u to p>take ( ! process ( creation ?r\gh _! asymmetry & imp]fection4 ,!y also lead u pa/ ! surface by virtue ( its be+ delib]ately m>r$4 ,mak+ a b[l ) wabi is consid]ably m difficult ?an mak+ a smoo?1 symmetrical1 p]fectly glaz$ piece4 ,! creation ( contriv$ accid5ts1 on :i* mu* ( ! illusion ( artlessness dep5ds1 is p>ticul>ly difficult4 ,ev]y:]e !re are sc>s1 contam9ants1 spotty glaze--all z delib]ate z ! decoration on a ,dresd5 plate2 connoisseur%ip consi/s 9 admir+ h[ ! arti/ manag$ to make x seem s natural & unavoidable4 ,! same skill goes to make a piece look old1 ! ess5tial quality ( sabi4 ,by sugge/+ long ye>s ( use1 ! b[ls acquire humility & ri*ness4 ,!re is no ne$ to we> ! new (f 9 ord] to give !m "*2 !y are already mell[ & unpret5ti\s4 ,! pott]'s g5ius has gone to create ! s5se ( we>1 a quality consid]ably m difficult to realize ?an an aura ( newness4 ,! pott] wants ! ,z5 connoisseur to und]/& :at he has done3 to see ! clay1 to feel & admire its texture1 to appreciate ! reasons = ! type & color ( ! glaze4 ',! pieces are c>efully contriv$ to draw att5tion to bo? _! orig9al elem5ts & ! process by :i* ^! elem5ts 7 bl5d$4 ,= example1 a b[l ^: glaze only p>tially cov]s its clay provides a l9k ) ! natural _w f :i* x came4 ,its texture spr+s out1 l t ( a piece ( natural driftwood4 ,at ! same "t1 ! bald clay1 ! /reaks ( glaze1 ! h&-=m$ sculpture1 all[ "o to recognize ! mat]ials & ! process ( =mation4 ,:5 ! pott] keeps no secrets1 "o ent]s into ! exhil>ation ( 8 mom5t ( creation4 ,once aga91 ?is is a delib]ate ae/hetic device1 rem9d+ "o t ! pott] is an individual arti/1 n a faceless craftsman4 ,! look & feel ( ,z5 c]amics make !m seem =]unn]s ( ! mod]n craft-pott]y movem5t1 b few mod]n pott]s are bless$ ) ! ri* legacy ( ,z5 ae/hetic ideals t made ^! c]amics possible4 ,! secret lies deep 9 anci5t ,z5 culture1 :i* taught ! ,momoyama ma/]s h[ ! difficult c\ld be made to seem ef=tless4 ,,*apt] ,,fifte5 ,z5 & ,haiku ,music1 :5 s(t voices die1 ,vibrates 9 ! memory-- ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley ,,haiku ,,is ,,reg>d$ by _m z ! supreme a*ievem5t ( ,z5 culture4 ,! suppos$ly wordless doctr9e ( ,z5 has be5 accompani$ ?r\gh\t its hi/ory by volumes ( koan riddles1 sutras1 & comm5t>ies1 b until ,haiku 0 inv5t$ x _h nev] enjoy$ its own poetic =m1 nor might x ev] h if ! rise ( popul> ,z5 culture _h n happily co9cid$ ) a p>ticul>ly receptive /age 9 ! evolution ( traditional ,japanese poetry--an accid5t seiz$ ^u by a great lyric poet ( ! e>ly ,edo p]iod to create an excit+ new ,z5 =m4 ,haiku today is a worldwide cult1 ) ,cali=nia poets /riv+ to capture 9 ,engli% ! sp>5ess & fleet+ images t seem s ef=tless 9 ! ,japanese ( ! e>ly ,z5 ma/]s4 ,on fir/ acqua9tance ,japanese seems an unlikely language = poetry4 ,x is a syllabic tongue ) ea* syllable end+ 9 a v[el or ! nasal n2 consequ5tly !re are only five true rhymes 9 ! entire language4 ,italian poets ov]came a some:at simil> h&icap1 b _! language is /ress$1 :i* ,japanese is n4 ,) no usable rhymes & no /ress1 h[ c ! music ( poetry be creat$8 ,ov] ! c5turies1 ! ,japanese solv$ ?is problem by replac+ met] ) a sy/em ( fix$ syllables--ei!r five or sev5--= ea* l9e4 7,?is means t "s l9es ( ,japanese poetry may h only "o ^w1 b ! sy/em seems to "w47 ,9 place ( rhyme1 ,japanese poets le>n$ to or*e/rate ! pit* ( individual v[els )9 a s+le l9e to give a s5se ( music4 ,?is device 0 illu/rat$ by ! ,am]ican poet ,k5ne? ,rexro? us+ a poem f ! classical era4 7,! v[els are pron\nc$ z 9 ,italian47 ,fu-ta-ri yu-ke-d ,yu-ki su-gi ga-ta-ki ,a-ki ya-ma wo ,i-ka-de ka ki-mi ga ,hi-to-ri ko-ge na-mu ,9 8 analysis ( ?is p>ticul> poem1 ,rexro? has po9t$ out t ! fir/ & la/ l9es conta9 all five v[els 9 ! language1 :]eas ! middle l9es conta9 v>i\s comb9ations & repetitions1 :i* produce a pron\nc$ musical effect4#a ,! ability to create su* music )\t rhyme1 "o ( ! f9] a*ievem5ts ( ,japanese poetry1 is f> m difficult ?an might at fir/ be imag9$ & leads naturally to assonance1 or ! close repetition ( v[el s\nds1 & allit]ation1 ! repetition ( simil> consonant s\nds4 ,"s ( ! v[els h psy*ological ov]tones1 at lea/ to ! s5sitive ,japanese e>3 u is s(t1 a is %>p & resonant1 o connotes vagu5ess t+$ ) pr(undity4#b ,v>i\s consonants also convey an emotional s5se 9 a simil> mann]4 ,ano!r clev] device ( ! e>ly ,japanese v]sifi]s 0 ! use ( words ) d\ble mean+s4 ,"o example ( ?is is ! s-call$ pivot ^w1 :i* occurs approximately halfway ?r\gh a poem su* z ! above & s]ves bo? to complete ! s5se ( ! fir/ "p ( ! poem ) "o mean+ & to beg9 a new s5se & direction ) its second mean+4 ,?is c at times produce a *ildi% effect1 & x does n always elevate ! ov]all dignity ( ! v]se4 ,ano!r use ( d\ble mean+ is f> m dem&+4 ,s9ce ! ,japanese kana script is entirely phonetic & all[s = no di/9ction 9 spell+ betwe5 homonyms1 words :i* s\nd alike b h diff]5t mean+s1 x is possible to c>ry two or m ideas ?r\gh a poem4 7,a some:at labor$ example 9 ,engli% might be1 ,my tonights hold !e m1 ,my two knights hold ! moor4 ,if ^! 7 writt5 alike & pron\nc$ alike1 !n ! poem c\ld mean ei!r or bo?47 ,! fir/ mean+ may be a concrete example ( a lov] p9+ = 8 love1 & ! second a metaphor4 ,ideally1 ! two mean+s support ea* o!r1 produc+ a resonance said to be truly rem>kable4 ,! e>ly ,japanese poets ov]came ! limitations ( ! ,japanese language bo? by attun+ _! e>s to ! music ( ! words & by capitaliz+ on ! l>ge incid5ce ( homonyms4 ,!y settl$ ! matt] ( met]1 z not$1 by prescrib+ ! numb] ( syllables p] l9e1 ) ! pr9cipal =m be+ five l9es ) syllable c\nts ( #e1g1e1g1 & #g4 ,?is ?irty-"o-syllable poem1 kn[n z ! waka1 became ! ,japanese sonnet & by f> ! mo/ popul> poetic =m dur+ ! ,heian era4 ,almo/ all a poet c d 9 five l9es1 h[ev]1 is to record a s+le emotion or obs]vation4 ,! m$ium gov]n$ ! message1 caus+ ,japanese poets e>ly on to explore _! he>ts m ?an _! m9ds4 ,! waka became a cry ( passion2 a g5tle confirmation ( love2 a lam5t = ! brevity ( blossoms1 color$ leaves1 ! seasons1 life itself4 ,a sampl+ ( waka f ! e>ly classical era %[s ! ae/hetic s5se ( ! seasons & lyric *>m ( ^! v]ses4 ,tsuki ya aranu ,c x be t ! moon has *ang$8 ,h>u ya muka%i no ,c x be t ! spr+ ,h>u n>anu ,is n ! spr+ ( old times8 ,waga mi hitotsu wa ,is x my body alone ,moto no mi ni%ite ,t is j ! same8#c ,judg$ on its conc5trat$ p[] alone1 = ?is is virtually all an ,engli% read] c evaluate1 ?is poem is a ma/]piece4 ,its cont5t c be cond5s$ into five l9es because mu* ( its impact lies 9 its sugge/iv5ess4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 clos$-end$1 ) no philosophical implications o!r ?an a wry look at human p]ceptions4 ,haiku add$ new dim5sions to ,japanese poetry4 ,! e>ly ari/ocratic era gave ,japanese poetry its =m1 ! five-l9e waka1 & its subject matt]1 nature & ! emotions4 ,lat] ! famili> ,japanese idea t life is b a fleet+ mom5t & all ?+s mu/ blossom & fade 0 add$4 ,"o critic has not$ t z ?is idea took hold1 poems gradually *ang$ f praise ( ! plum blossom1 :i* la/s = weeks1 to praise ( ! *]ry blossom1 :i* fades 9 a matt] ( days4 ,hisakata no ,on a day 9 spr+ ,hik>i nodokeki ,:5 ! light ?r\gh\t ! sky ,h>u no hi ni ,w>ms ) tranquility4 ,%izugokoro naku ,:y is x ) unsettl$ he>t ,hana no *iru ran ,t ! *]ry fl[]s fall8#d ,japanese poetry ( ! pre-,z5 p]iod has be5 h&$ to u prim>ily 9 a few fam\s collections4 ,! fir/ great an?ology ( ,japanese poetry is ! ,manyo%u1 a volume ( v]ses f ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a glance ?r\gh ! ,manyo%u %[s t ! e>lie/ poets did n conf9e !mselves to five-l9e v]ses1 b indulg$ 9 long] v]ses on h]oic subjects1 kn[n z *oka4 ,! tone1 z ,donald ,ke5e has obs]v$1 is (t5 m mascul9e ?an fem99e1 t is1 m vigor\s ?an ref9$4 ,z s5sibilities s(t5$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,heian era & native v]se became ! pr]ogative ( wom51 :ile m5 /ruggl$ ) ! m important language ( ,*9a1 ! fem99e tone prevail$ to su* an ext5t t male writ]s pos$ z wom5 :5 us+ ! native script4 ,! next great collection ( v]se1 ! ,kok9%u1 publi%$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 0 virtually all five- l9e waka conc]n$ ) seasons1 birds1 fl[]s1 & fad+ love1 & embrac+ ! ae/hetic ideals ( aw>e1 miyabi1 & yug54 ,z ! ari/ocratic culture gradually lo/ control 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 a new v]se =m1 d]iv$ f ! waka1 came into be+3 r5ga4 ,?is =m consi/$ ( a /r+ ( v]ses 9 ! repeat$ sequ5ce ( #e1g1e & #g1g syllables p] l9e--9 reality a relat$ s]ies ( waka b ) ! diff]5ce t no two consecutive two-or ?ree-l9e v]se sequ5ces c\ld be compos$ by ! same individual4 ,at fir/ ?is new =m seem$ to (f] hope ( free+ poets f ! increas+ly conf9+ range ( subject matt] prescrib$ = ! waka4 ,un=tunately1 ! opposite happ5$4 ,be=e long ! r5ga 0 saddl$ ) a set ( rules cov]+ :i* v]se %\ld m5tion :at season2 at :at po9t ! moon1 *]ry blossoms1 & ! l %\ld be not$2 & s =?4 ,little creativity 0 possible "u su* re/rictions4 ,v]sify+ became1 9 fact1 a p>ty game mu* 9 favor ) prov9cial samurai & peasants alike 9 times4 ,:ile ! rema9+ ,kyoto ari/ocrats tri$ to keep _! r5ga 9 ! _s ( ! classical waka1 ) allusions to ,*9ese poems & delicate melan*oly1 ! prov9cials ?rew r5ga p>ties ^: only ae/hetic conc]n 0 adh]5ce to ! rules ( ! game4 ,dur+ ! ,a%ikaga age1 r5ga & sake p>ties 7 ! mo/ popul> =ms ( ent]ta9m5t1 b r5ga's only g5u9e contribution to ,japanese poetry 0 ! use ( ! v]nacul> by prov9cial poets1 :i* f9ally broke ! /ranglehold ( ,heian fem99e ae/hetics4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,momoyama era1 l9k$ v]se _h run its c\rse & ! "t 0 ripe = a new =m4 ,! new =m 0 ,haiku1 :i* 0 no?+ m ?an ! fir/ ?ree l9es ( a r5ga4 ,! waka _h be5 ari/ocratic1 & ! be/ r5ga prov9cial1 b ! ,haiku 0 ! creation ( ! new m]*ant class4 7,to be rigor\sly correct1 ! =m 0 at fir/ call$ haikai1 aft] ! fir/ v]se ( ! r5ga1 :i* 0 call$ ! hokku4 ,! t]m ,haiku actually came into use 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury47 ,al?\gh ! ,haiku 0 a response to ! dem&s ( ! m]*ant class1 its compos]s almo/ imm$iately split into two oppos+ gr\ps1 sup]ficially simil> 9 outlook to ! old] classical & prov9cial s*ools4 ,"o gr\p e/abli%$ a fix$ set ( rules specify+ a m or less artificial language1 :ile ! o!r turn$ to epigrams 9 ! spee* ( ! p4 ,! =m 0 on ! way to becom+ yet ano!r p>ty game :5 a dis5*ant$ foll[] ( ! second s*ool broke away & creat$ a p]sonal revolution 9 ,japanese v]se4 ,?is 0 ! man n[ consid]$ ,japan's f9e/ poet1 :o f9ally br\ght ,z5 to ,japanese poetry3 ! fam\s ,haiku ma/] ,ba%o 7#afdd-afid74 ,ba%o 0 born a samurai 9 an age :5 x 0 little m ?an an empty title1 reta9$ by decree ( ! ,edo 7,tokyo7 gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 =tunate to be 9 ! s]vice ( a prosp]\s daimyo :o transmitt$ 8 int]e/ 9 ,haiku to ,ba%o at an e>ly age4 ,?is idyllic life end$ abruptly :5 ,ba%o 0 tw5ty-two3 ! "l di$1 & he 0 left to %ift = himself4 ,8 fir/ response 0 to ent] a mona/]y1 b aft] a "t w5t to ,kyoto to /udy ,haiku4 ,by ! "t he 0 ?irty he _h mov$ on to ,edo to tea* & write4 ,at ?is po9t he 0 m]ely an adequate v]sifi]1 b 8 te*nical compet5ce attract$ _m to :at became ! ,ba%o s*ool1 z well z mak+ him a welcome gue/ at r5ga ga!r+s4 ,8 poems 9 ! ,haiku /yle seem to h reli$ heavily on /rik+ similes or metaphors3 ,r$ pepp] pods6 ,add w+s to !m1 & !y are dragonflies6#e ,?is v]se is c]ta9ly op5-end$ ins(> z x creates a rev]b]ation ( images 9 ! m9d1 &1 :at is m1 ! effect is a*iev$ by ! comp>ison ( two concrete images4 ,!re is no comm5t2 ! images are simply ?r[n out to give ! m9d a />t+ po9t4 ,b ! ov]all impact rema9s m]ely decorative art4 ,x reflects ! concept ( aw>e1 or a pleas+ recognition ( beauty1 r ?an yug51 ! ext5sion ( aw>5ess into a region beyond words4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t ?irty-five1 ,ba%o creat$ a ,haiku t began to t\* ! deep] regions ( ! m9d4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,k>e-eda ni ,on a )]$ bran* k>asu-no tom>i-k]i a cr[ has settl$-- aki-no-kure autumn nightfall4#f ,z a simple juxtaposition ( images ! poem is /rik+ en\gh1 b x also evokes a comp>ison ( ! images1 ea* ( :i* enri*es ! o!r4 ,! m9d is /ruck z ) a hamm]1 br++ ! s5ses up %ort & releas+ a flood ( associations4 ,its only %ortcom+ is t ! sc5e is /atic2 x is a pa9t+1 n a happ5+ ( ! sort t c sometimes trigg] ! sudd5 s5se ( ,z5 enlight5m5t4 ,p]haps ,ba%o realiz$ t 8 art _h n yet drunk deeply en\gh at ! well ( ,z51 = a few ye>s aft] ?is poem 0 writt5 he became a s]i\s ,z5 /ud5t & began to travel ar\nd ,japan soak+ up images4 ,8 travel di>ies ( ! la/ ye>s are a k9d ( ,haiku poetics1 9 :i* he ext5ds ! idea ( sabi to include ! aura ( lonel9ess t c surr\nd common objects4 ,z5 deta*m5t ent]$ 8 v]ses2 all p]sonal emotion 0 dra9$ away1 leav+ images objective & devoid ( any comm5t>y1 ev5 impli$4 ,m important1 ! ,z5 idea ( transi5ce appe>$4 ,n ! transi5ce ( fall+ *]ry blossoms b ! fleet+ in/ant ( ,z5 enlight5m5t4 ,:]eas ! antilogic koan anecdotes 7 int5d$ to lead up to ?is mom5t1 ,ba%o's ,haiku 7 ! mom5t ( enlight5m5t itself1 z 9 8 be/-kn[n poem3 ,furu-ike ya ,an anci5t pond kawazu tobi-komu ,a frog jumps 9 mizu-no-oto ,! s\nd ( wat]4 ,^! deceptively simple l9es capture an int]section ( ! timeless & ! ephem]al4 ,! poem is said to h describ$ an actual occurr5ce1 an ev5+ brok5 by a spla%4 ,! poet imm$iately spoke ! la/ two l9es ( ! poem1 ! ephem]al portion1 & mu* "t 0 !n devot$ to creat+ ! rema9+ /atic & timeless "p4 ,?is 0 z x %\ld be1 = ! inspiration ( a ,haiku mu/ be g5u9e & sugge/ its own l9es at ! mom5t x occurs4 ,z5 es*ews delib]ation & rational analysis2 no?+ mu/ come betwe5 object & p]ception at ! critical mom5t4 ,) ?is poem ,ba%o inv5t$ a new =m ( ,z5 lit]>y art1 & ,haiku 0 nev] ! same aft]w>d4 ,to write ?is k9d ( poem1 ! arti/ mu/ completely dis5gage--if only = an in/ant--all 8 int]pretive faculties4 ,8 m9d becomes "o ) ! _w ar\nd him1 all[+ 8 craft to op]ate in/9ctively 9 record+ ! image he p]ceives4 ,= a mom5t he is privy to ! inexpressible tru? ( ,z5--t ! transi5t is m]ely "p ( ! et]nal--& ?is in/antane\s p]ception moves directly f 8 s5ses to 8 inn]mo/ und]/&+1 )\t hav+ to travel ?r\gh 8 int]pretive faculties4 ,e>li] ,z5 writ+s 9 bo? ,japan & ,*9a _h describ$ ?is process1 b none _h captur$ ! ph5om5on itself4 ,by cat*+ ! mom5t>y at ! v in/ant ( its collision ) ! et]nal1 ,ba%o c\ld produce a high-spe$ snap%ot ( ! trigg] me*anism ( ,z5 enlight5m5t4 ,9 a mod]n metaphor1 ! ,haiku became a ,z5 hologram1 9 :i* all ! in=mation necess>y to re-create a l>ge ?ree-dim5sional ph5om5on 0 cod$ into a m9uscule key4 ,any int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on w\ld be r$undant to a ,z5 adept1 s9ce ! philosophical significance w\ld re-create itself spontane\sly f ! critical images record$ 9 ! poem4 ,?us a p]fect ,haiku is n ab\t ! mom5t ( ,z5 enlight5m5t2 x is t mom5t froz5 9 "t & ready to be releas$ 9 ! li/5]'s m9d4 ,haiku is ! mo/ dehumaniz$ ( all poetry4 ,in/ead ( ! arti/'s s5sations & feel+s1 we get simply ! names ( ?+s4 ,by ,we/]n /&>ds !y are h>dly poems at all1 m]ely a r abbreviat$ li/4 ,z ! critic-poet ,k5ne? ,yasuda has po9t$ out1 a ,haiku poet does n give u mean+1 he gives u objects t h mean+2 he does n describe1 he pres5ts4#g ,& unlike ! poetry ( ! ,no1 ,haiku seems a =m /rangely devoid ( symbolism4 ,! tone seems matt]-(- fact1 ev5 :5 t\*+ ^u ! mo/ pot5tially emotional ( subjects4 ,take1 = example1 ,ba%o's poem compos$ at ! grave ( "o ( 8 belov$ pupils4 ,tsuka mo ugoke ,grave m\nd1 %ake too6 waga naku koe wa ,my wail+ voice-- aki-no-kaze ! autumn w9d4#h ,no betrayal ( emotion "h1 simply a comp>ison ( 8 grief- ridd5 voice1 a transi5t ?+1 ) ! et]nal autumn w9d4 ,x is a ,z5 mom5t ( recognition1 devoid ( emotion or self-pity1 & yet someh[ our sympa?ies spr+ alive1 t\*+ u 9 a way t ! e>ly classical poems on ! passage ( "t nev] c\ld4 ,love 9 ,haiku is direct$ t[>d nature z mu* z t[>d man or woman4 ,"p ( ! reason may be ! /yli/ic requirem5t t e ,haiku tell ! read] ! season4 ,?is is done by ! s-call$ season ^w1 :i* c ei!r be an outright nam+ ( ! season 7su* z ! autumn w9d above7 or "s m5tion ( a season-dep5d5t natural ph5om5on1 su* z a blossom1 a color$ leaf 7gre5 or br[n71 a summ] bird or insect1 sn[1 & s on4 ,! tone is always lov+1 nev] accusatory 7a tribute to ! nature rev]5ce ( anci5t ,japan71 & x c be ei!r light or solemn4 ,*irps ( insects1 songs ( birds1 sc5ts ( blossoms1 usually s]ve z ! transi5t elem5t 9 a ,haiku1 :]eas wat]1 w9d1 sun%9e1 & ! season itself are ! et]nal elem5ts4 ,ume-ga-ka ni ,) ! sc5t ( plums notto hi-no d]u on ! m\nta9 road--sudd5ly1 yama-ji kana sunrise comes6#i ,?is is nature poetry at its f9e/1 full ( all ! deta*$ rev]5ce & affection ( ,z54 ,x is also impassive & accept+3 nature is !re to be enjoy$ & to tea* ! lessons ( ,z54 ,ba%o's ,haiku discov] an in/ant ( height5$ aw>5ess & pass x on unalt]$ & )\t comm5t4 ,! poem is z uncolor$ ) emotion z is ! _w x s dispassionately describes4 ,x is up to ! read] to "k ! prop] response4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be said t ,ba%o's poems mu/ be int]pret$ on sev]al levels3 n only d !y describe a mom5t 9 ! life ( ! _w1 !y are also symbols or metaphors = deep] tru?s1 :i* _c be /at$ explicitly4 ,und]nea? a vivid image ( a physical ph5om5on is a ,z5 code po9t+ t[>d ! nonphysical4 ,n only 0 ,ba%o ,japan's f9e/ lyric poet1 he 0 also among ! f9e/ int]pret]s ( ,z54 ,ba%o left a l>ge foll[+4 ,! ,haiku 0 e/abli%$ z ,japan's =emo/ poetic =m1 & to t\* ^u e ,haiku poet w\ld require an encylop$ia4 ,h[ev]1 ?ree o!r ,haiku ma/]s 7 out/&+4 ,! fir/ is ,buson 7#agae-aghc71 also a well-kn[n pa9t]1 ^: bli! if some:at mann]$ /yle reflect$ ! gradual dissolution ( sev]e ,z5 ideals 9 favor ( ! light] t\* pref]r$ by ! prosp]\s m]*ant class4 ,buson 0 also ma/] ( ! classical d\ble ent5dre s belov$ by ! ari/ocratic poets ( ! classical era4 ,! fir/ example giv5 "h is a subtle ref]5ce to ! !me ( transi5ce1 set 9 ! context ( an ex*ange ( love poems1 :ile ! second is a some:at ribald je/ ab\t ! "o-night /&4 ,h5-ka naki ,no poem y s5d ao-nyobo yo 9 answ]--,oh1 "y lady6 kure-no h>u ,spr+time ne>s its end4#aj ,mijika yo ya ,! %ort night is ?r\gh3 kemu%i-no ue ni on ! hairy cat]pill>1 tsuyu-no-tama little beads ( dew4#aa ,buson c\ld also be s]i\s & mov+ :5 he tri$1 z ) ! foll[+1 "o ( 8 mo/ admir$ works4 ,mi-ni-%imu ya ,! pi]c+ *ill ,i feel3 bo-sai-no ku%i my dead wife's comb1 9 our b$room1 neya ni fumu "u my heel 4 4 4#ab ,buson cle>ly _h less ,z5 ab\t him ?an ,ba%o1 b 8 v]ses suit$ ! temp] ( 8 age1 & he /rongly influ5c$ bo? /ud5ts & contempor>ies1 al?\gh n ! next great ,haiku ma/]1 ,issa 7#agfb- #ahbf71 :o 0 a romantic prov9cial ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 immune to ! fancy phras+ ( ! sophi/icat$ ,buson s*ool4 ,issa is ! s5tim5tal favorite 9 ! canons ( ,japanese ,haiku4 ,he us$ simple1 ev5 colloquial language1 & he br\ght he>tfelt love to all ?+s he t\*$1 great & small4 ,al?\gh he 0 n imm]s$ 9 ! heavi] aspects ( ,z51 8 ligh!>t$ approa* to life 0 well 9 accord ) ! latt] clays ( ! ,z5 revival4 ,8 ,haiku /yle seems ! lit]>y equival5t ( ! comic ,z5 draw+s ( ,haku9 7#afhe--agfh7 or ,s5gai 7#agea-ahcg74 ,!re is also a ,z5 quality to 8 rejection ( ! lit]>y conv5tions ( ! "t4 ,yet ,issa 0 n consci\sly a rebel2 r1 he 0 a simple1 s9c]e man :o wrote s9c]ely ( simple ?+s4 ,8 approa* to nature 0 z hone/ 9 its own way z ,ba%o's1 b ,issa 0 happy to let 8 own p]sonality & response %9e ?r\gh1 :ile ,ba%o delib]ately circumv5t$ 8 own emotions4 ,orphan$ at an e>ly age & see+ to ! grave all ! *ildr5 born dur+ 8 lifetime 7z well z two ( 8 ?ree wives71 ,issa seems to h kn[n little b h>d%ip4 ,mu* ( 8 life 0 sp5t z an it9]ant poet-prie/1 an occupation t all[$ him to le>n ! life ( ! p :ile also keep+ him close to ! e>?4 ,a comp5dium ( 8 life's exp]i5ces & a f9e sampl+ ( 8 ,haiku 7 record$ 9 8 fam\s book ,! ,ye> ( ,my ,life1 :i* seems to h be5 8 answ] to ,ba%o's travel di>ies4 ,h[ev]1 8 humanity 0 f> di/ant f ,ba%o's lonely sabi4 ,= cond5s$ effect1 comp>e ! foll[+ ) ,wordswor?'s ,solit>y ,reap]4 ,yabu-kage ya ,9 ! ?icket's %ade1 tatta hitori-no & all alone1 %e's s++-- ta-ue-uta ! rice-plant+ maid4#ac ,p]haps 8 mo/ t\*+ poem1 :i* %ames into oblivion all ! transi5t dew po/ur+ ( a ?\s& ye>s ( classical ,japanese v]se1 is ! fam\s ,haiku writt5 on ! dea? ( "o ( 8 *ildr54 ,tsuyu-no-yo wa ,! _w ( dew tsuyu-no-yo nag>a ,is ! _w ( dew s>i nag>a ,& yet 4 4 4 ,& yet 4 4 4#ad ,issa's ru/ic1 p]sonal voice 0 n a /yle to be copi$1 ev5 if ! city poets _h wi%$ to d s1 & ,haiku seems to h fall5 into ! h&s ( =mula v]sifi]s dur+ ! mid- n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! wan+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 ! la/ ( ! f\r great ,haiku ma/]s rose to prom95ce3 ,%iki 7#ahfg-aijb71 ^: life ( con/antly fail+ heal? 0 z adv]sity-plagu$ z ,issa's1 b :o actively took up ! fight aga9/ ! ins9c]e p>lor v]sifi]s !n rul+ ,haiku4 ,no w&]+ poet-prie/1 ,%iki 0 a newspap]man1 critic1 & editor ( v>i\s ,haiku little magaz9es4 ,! ,z5 influ5ce t rul$ ,ba%o's lat] poetry is miss+ 9 ,%iki1 b ! objective imag]y is !re-- only 9 a t\gh1 mod]n guise4 ,%iki's v]se is an int]e/+ example ( h[ simil> 9 ext]nal appe>ance ! godless au/]ity ( ,z5 is to ! exi/5tial a!ism ( our own c5tury4 7,?is sup]ficial simil>ity is und\bt$ly ! reason s mu* ( ,z5 art seems mod]n to u today--x is at odds ) bo? classical & romantic ideals47 ,?us a completely secul> poet l ,%iki c\ld revolutionize ,haiku z a =m ( art-=-art's-sake )\t hav+ to ackn[l$ge op5ly 8 debt to ,z54 ,hira-hira to ,a s+le butt]fly ,kaze ni nig>ete ,flutt]+ & drift+ ,*o hitotsu ,9 ! w9d4#ae ,) ! poems ( ,%iki1 ! influ5ce ( ,z5 _h s p]meat$ ,haiku t x 0 tak5 = grant$4 ,mu* ! same _h occurr$ ) all ! ,z5 arts2 z ! dynamic aspects ( ! fai? fad$ away1 all t 0 left 7 ! art =ms & ae/hetic ideals ( ,z5 culture4 ,! rules ( ! anci5t ,z5 ma/]s 7 !re z a !me = ! mod]n arts1 b ma9ly z a !me on :i* !re c\ld be v>iations4 ,z5 culture z an entity 0 sl[ly dissolv+1 becom+ 9 mod]n times m]ely a "p ( a l>g] cultural h]itage4 ,,*apt] ,,sixte5 ,private ,z53 ,fl[]s & ,food ,european food-- ,e wret*$ plate ,is r\nd4 ,traditional ,japanese poem ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,z5 culture f ! mansions ( ! samurai to ! h\ses ( ! b\rgeoisie meant ultimately t ,z5 ae/hetics w\ld t\* ev5 ! mo/ r\t9e features ( daily life4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 is ?is m noticeable ?an 9 ,japanese cuis9e & fl[] arrang+4 ,z we h se51 ! tea c]emony 0 ! great pres]v] ( high] ,z5 ideals ( art1 b ?is c]emony1 = all its pret5sions to ref9$ pov]ty1 is ess5tially ! prov9ce ( ! prosp]\s4 ,x requires space = a g>d51 a special--& frequ5tly exp5sive--h\se1 & ut5sils ^: prop]ly wea!r$ look c be obta9$ only at a price4 ,ev5 a simple ,z5 g>d5 is h>dly available to a mod]n ,japanese liv+ 9 a c9d]block ap>tm5t build+4 ,ev]yone1 h[ev]1 c practice ! classical art ( arrang+ fl[]s 9 a mann] reflect+ ! precepts ( ,z54 ,a fl[] arrangem5t is to a l>ge g>d5 :at a ,haiku is to an epic poem--a symbolic1 abbreviat$ =m ^: cond5s$ sugge/iv5ess c encapsulate ! l>g] _w4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,z5 ideals ( wabi1 or delib]ate und]/atem5t1 & sabi1 ! pat9a ( "t1 c be captur$ almo/ z well 9 ! display ( food--9 bo? its arti/ic arrangem5t on a plate & ! ta/eful c]amics employ$--z 9 ! arts & c]amics ( ! tea c]emony4 ,?us a prop]ly conceiv$ s]v+ ( seasonal & subtly flavor$ foods accompani$ by a ,z5-inspir$ fl[] arrangem5t c be an ev]vday v]sion ( ! tea c]emony & its g>d51 embody+ ! same ae/hetic pr9ciples 9 a surrogate =m j z dem&+ ( ,z5 ta/e & s5sibility4 ,x w be recall$ t ,z5 itself is said to h orig9at$ :5 ! ,buddha sil5tly turn$ a blossom 9 8 h& be=e a ga!r+ on ,vulture ,peak4 ,! lotus blossom 0 "o ( ! =emo/ symbols ( classical ,buddhism = _m c5turies2 inde$ ! e>lie/ ,japanese fl[] arrangem5ts may h be5 m]ely a lotus float+ 9 a wat]- fill$ vessel set be=e a ,buddhi/ alt>4 ,to ! anci5t ,buddhi/s1 ! fl[] 0 a symbol ( nature1 a mom5t>y explosion ( beauty & fragrance embody+ all ! my/]ies ( life's cycle ( bir? & dea?4 ,! e>ly ,japanese1 :o saw 9 nature ! expression ( life's _s1 naturally f\nd ! fl[] a cong5ial symbol = an ab/ract philosophy l ,buddhism4 ,9 ! ye>s prec$+ ,z5's arrival 9 ,japan1 a p>allel b ess5tially secul> ta/e = fl[]s p]meat$ ! ari/ocratic c\rt civilization ( ! ,heian1 :]e lov]s atta*$ sprays ( blossoms to lett]s & eulogiz$ ! plum & *]ry z symbols ( life's transi5t happ9ess4 ,inde$1 x is h>dly an exagg]ation to describe blossoms z ! =emo/ symbol ( ,japan's great age ( love poetry4 ,exactly :5 ! ,japanese began ! practice ( arrang+ fl[]s 9 pots = decorative purposes has nev] be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,p]haps n surpris+ly1 ! fir/ well- kn[n expon5t ( floral art seems to h be5 ! fam\s ,z5 ae/hete ,a%ikaga ,yo%imasa 7#adce-adij71 build] ( ! ,silv] ,pavilion4 ,h[ev]1 ,yo%imasa m]ely popul>iz$ an art t 0 consid]ably m anci5t4 ,ikebana1 or fl[] arrang+1 _h = "s "t be5 transmitt$ z a k9d ( secret cult by a l9e ( prie/s :o _h call$ !mselves ,ik5obo4 ,j :at role ,z5 & ,z5 art !ory play$ 9 ?is prie/ly art is que/ionable1 = e>ly /yles 7 florid & decorative4 ,at fir/ glance1 x may seem /range t ! fl[] arrangem5ts ( ! ,ik5obo prie/s %\ld h captur$ ! int]e/ ( ,yo%imasa & 8 circle ( ,z5 ae/hetes dur+ ! high age ( ,z5 culture1 s9ce ! ,ikebana ( ?is p]iod1 f> f %[+ ! sp>5ess *>act]i/ic ( ,z5 g>d5 arts1 0 an exub]ant symbol ( ! _w at l>ge1 r l a complex m&ala diagram ( "s esot]ic sect :]e9 all compon5ts ( ! univ]se are repres5t$ 9 a /ructur$ spatial relation%ip4 ,?is e>ly /yle ( =mal fl[] arrang+1 n[ kn[n z ,rikka1 0 lat] codifi$ into sev5 specific elem5ts1 ea* symboliz+ "s aspect ( nature--! sun1 ! %ade1 & s =?4 ,!re 7 ?ree ma9 bran*es 9 an arrangem5t & f\r support+ bran*es1 ea* ) a special "n & a special ae/hetic-symbolic function4 ,z ) mo/ art =ms prec$+ ! mod]n age1 ! di/9ction betwe5 religi\s symbolism & purely ae/hetic pr9ciples 0 n well def9$1 & arti/s (t5 pref]r$ to use philosophical explanations z a means ( transmitt+ ^? rules ( =m !y in/9ctively recogniz$ to be mo/ satisfy+4 ,n surpris+ly1 giv5 ! ,z5 ideals ( ! age1 ,rikka-/yle fl[] arrangem5ts 7 asymmetrical & int5d$ to sugge/ naturalness z f> z possible4 ,al?\gh complex1 !y 7 by no means artificial1 seem+ in/ead a happy accid5t ( nature4 ,z ) ,z5 g>d5s1 great artifice 0 us$ to give ! impression ( naturalness4 ,s9ce ! elaborate ,rikka /yle 0 support$ by an equally elaborate !ory & requir$ total discipl9e1 fl[] arrang+ acquir$ _m ( ! qualities ( a high art4 ,c]ta9ly ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s 9 ! ,we/ nev] approa*$ any?+ l ! =mality & rules ( te*nique surr\nd+ ,japanese floral displays1 & = ?is reason we sometimes h difficulty 9 accept+ ! idea t x c be consid]$ a g5u9e art =m4 ,b !n we h nev] s]i\sly consid]$ ! fl[] a prim>y religi\s symbol--a role t1 to ! ,ea/]n m9d1 automatically makes x a c&idate = arti/ic expression4 ,! religion ( ,z51 ) no p>ticul> god to deify1 turn$ to fl[]s & g>d5s z symbols ( ! _s ( life4 ,! influ5ce ( ,z5 on ! ,rikka arrangem5t 0 m implicit ?an direct1 & a :olly ,z5 fl[] /yle _h to await ! com+ ( ! fam\s tea-c]emony ma/]1 ,s5 no ,rikyu4 ,rikyu pr$ictably f\nd ! ,rikka /yle entirely too lavi% = und]/at$ wabi ae/hetics & introduc$ a new /yle kn[n z ,nageire1 :i* 0 in=mal & spontane\s 9 appe>ance4 ,s9ce x 0 = display at ! tea c]emony1 x 0 call$ *abana1 or tea fl[]s4 ,in/ead ( an elaborate sev5-po9t design1 ! teah\se ,nageire-/yle consi/$ ( "o or two blossoms /uck 9 a pot )\t any h9t ( artificiality4 ,! ,nagi]e 0 n1 ( c\rse1 an undiscipl9$ art--x 0 m]ely int5d$ to seem s4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to position ! bud & its few surr\nd+ sprigs into a p]fect arti/ic composition t w\ld seem natural & spontane\s4 ,! *abana v]sion ( ! ,nageire /yle is ! ultimate ,z5 /atem5t 9 liv+ mat]ials4 ,p>$ d[n f ! ,rikka /yle1 x became a p[]ful1 direct expression ( ,z5 ideals4 ,! diff]5ce has be5 well express$ by ,%ozo ,sato3 ,rikka arrangem5ts grew ultimately f a philosophic attempt to conceive ( an organiz$ univ]se1 :]eas ,nageire arrangem5ts repres5t an antiphilosophic attempt to a*ieve imm$iate on5ess ) ! univ]se4 ,! ,rikka arrangem5t is an appropriate (f]+ to be plac$ be=e "o ( ! _m icons ( traditional ,buddhism1 b ! ,nageire arrangem5t is a direct l9k betwe5 man & 8 natural surr\nd+s4 ,"o /yle is conceptual & ideali/ic2 ! o!r1 in/9ctive & naturali/ic4 ,! diff]5ce is simil> to t betwe5 ! ardu\s philosophic /udy associat$ ) traditional ,buddhism & ! direct enlight5m5t ( ,z5 ,buddhism4 7,! ,art ( ,arrang+ ,fl[]s4 ,new ,york3 ,abrams1 #aife74 ,al?\gh ! ,nageire is /ill ! pref]r$ /yle = ! teah\se1 x is a bit too au/]e1 n to m5tion dem&+1 = ! av]age ,japanese home4 ,! ris+ middle class ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies s\ght a compromise betwe5 ! ,rikka & ,nageire1 & f9ally develop$ a simplifi$ ,rikka /yle kn[n z ,seika1 :i* made use ( only ! ?ree ma9 /ems ( ! full ,rikka arrangem5t4 ,today v>i\s /yles fl\ri%1 toge!r ) exp]im5tal mod]n s*ools :i* p]mit rocks1 driftwood1 & o!r natural mat]ials 9 _! compositions4 ,yet ?r\gh\t all ! s*ools--& !y numb] 9 ! ?\s&s--! idea rema9s t fl[]s are a %or?& repres5tation ( man's connection ) nature4 ,z5 ideals are nev] f> di/ant1 ev5 9 ! mo/ ab/ract mod]n compositions4 ,if ! ,japanese attitude t[>d fl[]s diff]s f t ( ! ,we/1 _! approa* to d9+ diff]s ev5 m4 ,! almo/ univ]sal ,we/]n attitude t[>d ,japanese cuis9e 0 voic$ _m c5turies ago by ! ,european visitor ,b]n>do d ,avila ,giron1 :o decl>$1 ,i w n praise ,japanese food = x is n good1 albeit x is pleas+ to ! eye1 b in/ead ,i w describe ! clean & peculi> way 9 :i* x is s]v$4#b ,beauty c\nts z heavily z ta/e at a =mal table1 & to say ,japanese food is s]v$ is l call+ ! memb]s ( a /r+ qu>tet fiddl]s4 ,! ,japanese devote m arti/ic res\rces to ! rites ( food ?an any o!r p on e>?4 ,entire magaz9es are devot$ to supply+ h\sewives ) ! late/ cul9>y creations3 n new recipes b new ways to display di%es creat$ accord+ to well-kn[n =mulas4 ,a new condim5t is n s\ght s mu* z a new color1 & a new sauce is ( less int]e/ ?an a new sauc]4 ,inde$1 a f9e re/aurant may prize its c]amics almo/ z mu* z its *ef4 ,yet = all its beauty1 ! food seems to be oddly defici5t 9 pron\nc$ flavors4 ,?is *>act]i/ic a ,japanese w be ! fir/ to admit1 b ) pride r ?an apology4 ,/rong flavors are to a mod]n ,japanese :at bold colors 7 to ! ,heian ae/hetes--unref9$1 obvi\s gratifications = ^? lack+ 9 cultivat$ disc]nm5t4 ,a connoisseur is "o :o c di/+ui% ! subtle diff]5ce 9 ta/e among v>i\s species ( raw mu%rooms or diff]5t f]m5tations ( bean curd4 ,a cultivat$ ,japanese c tell y n only :at species ( raw fi% he is ta/+1 b ! numb] ( h\rs x has be5 away f ! sea4 ,a consci5ti\s ,japanese *ef w\ld no m ?9k ( s]v+ a vegetable n scrupul\sly fre% ?an he w\ld dr[n x 9 a heavy sauce4 ,fur!rmore1 he w\ld mo/ pref] to s]ve x entirely raw1 !reby pres]v+ intact all its subtle natural flavor & texture4 ,japanese cuis9e1 :i* is a wat]-bas$ art z comp>$ to ! oil- bas$ cook+ ( ,*9a or ! butt]-bas$ di%es ( ,france1 is n[ kn[n & appreciat$ worldwide4 ,d9+ 9 a ,japanese re/aurant 9 ! f>-flung corn]s ( ! globe c be z =mal z a f9e ,cont95tal meal or z exp$i5t z a grill$-*ick5-&-noodle emporium4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r =mal or casual1 x w lack ! air ( solicitude t a really disc]n+ ,japanese ho/ c br+ to a specially plann$ banquet4 ,s9ce d9+ at 8 own home w\ld d no honor to y1 ! gue/1 *ances are he w ent]ta9 y at an inn or re/aurant :]e he kn[s ! *ef1 b he w /ill plan ! meal1 work+ out all ! f9] details ) ! cook4 ,!re w be few surprises on ! m5u1 = ! food is gov]n$ by ! season4 ,only ! fre%e/ vegetables-- pref]ably ^? rip5+ to _! f9e/ t week--& ! prime/ sea f>e w be p]mitt$4 ,^u ent]+ ! d9+ room y w "k y h be5 select$ z ! gue/ ( honor :5 y are reque/$ to sit ) y\r back to ! art alcove1 or tokonoma1 a practice dat+ f r[di] days ( ! ambu% :5 ?is repres5t$ ! "o location 9 a pap]-wall$ room sure to be back$ by a solid wall4 ,aft] seat+ =malities are resolv$1 ! ho/ w call = tea4 ,if ! season is spr+1 ! v>iety select$ may be %9*a1 a da9ty gre5 brew /eep$ f ! fre%ly pluck$ e>ly leaves ( ! ,japanese tea bu%4 ,:5 y realize t ev5 y\r bev]age has be5 br\ght fre% f ! fields1 y beg9 to und]/& ! subtleties ( seasonal ta/es 9 /ore4 ,inde$1 9 late spr+ & summ] ! table w pres5t delicacies only h\rs f ! soil4 ,fir/ to arrive may be a tray cr[d$ ) c]amic sauc]s1 no two alike 9 %ape or glaze1 ea* (f]+ a condim5t or plant ( ! season4 ,slices ( d>k1 pickl$ g+]1 ! traditional a/r+5t1 may be arrang$ on a dim9utive r\nd plate ( blue & :ite porcela91 :i* /&s adjac5t to a r\gh-textur$1 gray squ>e b[l heap$ ) sliv]s ( fre% cucumb]1 its brilliant gre5 contra/+ ) ! spla% ( vell[ f a b\quet ( its own blossoms spr9kl$ across "o corn] ( ! di%4 ,^! may be jo9$ by t5d] bamboo %oots f ! hillside4 7,sl[ly y beg9 to notice t ! color & texture ( ea* di% has be5 *os5 to contra/ & complem5t ^? ( its cont5ts47 ,add$ to ?is fanciful c\rse may be a pale br[n di% ( lotus-root sliv]s1 ea* g>ni%$ ) a m\nd ( gre5 hors]adi%4 ,next at h& might well be a pale yell[ sauc] hold+ %eets ( dri$ seawe$ alongside a ?9 slice ( ! por\s :ite ,japanese turnip1 slic$ s ?9 z to be transp>5t4 ,if ! season is fall in/ead ( spr+1 !re c\ld be a ?9 rectangul> di% ) a cr9kl$ black glaze conta9+ a s+le maple leaf1 on :i* might be display$ ?9ly slic$ raw mu%rooms skew]$ ) p9e ne$les & set 9 a display ( g\rd /r&s4 ,next may come a cold omelet1 ^: fluffy /rata ( egg h be5 wrapp$ l a c9namon roll ar\nd lay]s ( d>k seawe$4 ,! omelet's ext]ior w h be5 glaz$ to an almo/ c]amic poli% & g>ni%$ ) a :ite radi% sauce1 light & piquant4 ,aft] ! omelet may come fi%1 raw sa%imi 9 a ple?ora ( v>ieties f fre%wat] c>p to sea bream to ! 7sometimes le?al7 fugu4 ,! subtleties 9 ta/e & texture betwe5 ! _m species available are to ! ,japanese :at f9e w9es are to ! ,we/]n connoisseur4 ,yet ! *ef's real g5ius has gone into ! c>eful cutt+ & display ( ! fi%4 ,! r$ back meat ( ! tuna mu/ be cut into ?ick slices because ( its t5d]ness1 b ! fatty p9k meat f ! belly c be cut into ?9 /rips4 ,! size ( ! slices gov]ns h[ !y are display$4 ,! display & g>ni%+ ( ! sa%imi is an important te/+ gr\nd = ! *ef's arti/ic orig9ality4 ,aft] all1 ! fi% are raw1 & beyond mak+ sure t !y are fre% & ( high quality1 !re is little to be done ab\t ! flavor4 ,!re=e ! *ef mu/ become an arti/ if ! sa%imi are to be memorable4 ,! banquet may cont9ue ) s\p1 (t5 creat$ f fi% /ock & f]m5t$ soybean pa/e call$ miso4 ,! s\p arrives 9 clos$ lacqu] b[ls1 on ! lids ( :i* w be embelli%$ a design ( ! season1 p]haps a bamboo %oot or a *rysan!mum blossom4 ,b5ea? ?is lid is a tranquil sea ( semitransp>5t m>9e bro?1 t9t$ amb] & season$ ) delicate gre5 scallion r+s & cubes ( bl& :ite soybean curd4 ,! bottom ( ! b[l may %elt] a family ( ?umbnail- siz$ baby clams1 /ill ne/l$ 9 _! op5 %ells4 ,! s\p h9ts ( ! field & ! sea1 b 9 delicate nuances1 l an ink pa9t+ execut$ 9 a few sugge/ive /rokes4 ,! p>ade ( t9y di%es cont9ues until ! ho/'s imag9ation falt]s or y\r appetite is conqu]$4 ,gre5 beans1 asp>agus1 lotus root1 c>rots1 tree leaves1 legumes 4 4 4 ! v>ieties ( plants w seem virtually endless4 ,ea* ta/e & texture w be slightly diff]5t1 ea* color subtly or*e/rat$4 ,yet x all seems p]fectly natural1 z ?\gh ! _w ( m\nta9 & sea _h someh[ pres5t$ itself at y\r table to be sampl$4 ,y become acutely aw>e ( ! natural ta/e ( ! plants rip5+ 9 ! fields outside at t v mom5t4 ,b to enjoy ?is cuis9e y mu/ %>p5 y\r s5ses2 no flavor is all[$ to be dom9ant1 no spice ov]:elm+4 ,y mu/ rea* out ) y\r s5sibilities & attune y\rself to ! _w ar\nd y4 ,! haute cuis9e ( ,japan is kn[n z kaiseki1 ! "n ( ! special meal s]v$ ) ! ,z5 tea c]emony4 ,kaiseki is ! great pres]v] ( cuis9e ae/hetics 9 ,japan4 ,! tea c]emony1 ! supreme transmitt] ( ,z5 culture1 also happ5s to be ! pres]v] ( ,japan's f9e/ ideals 9 ! realm ( food4 ,! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( kaiseki is t ! foods s]v$ %\ld be natural1 ev5 z an unpa9t$ traditional h\se reveals its fre% woods4 ,:]eas artificiality w\ld draw a d9]'s _s away f ! real _w1 naturalness br+s him clos] to x4 ,! colors1 ( bo? ! foods & ! c]amics1 are meant to sugge/ nature4 ,! s]v+s are simple1 nev] elaborate or contriv$1 & ! foods *os5 mu/ nev] be obvi\sly exp5sive4 ,a ho/ is expect$ to display 8 skill & imag9ation 9 comb9+ delicate flavors1 n 8 weal? or extravagance 9 be+ able to buy ! mo/ exp5sive items he c f9d4 ,aga9 x is ! ,z5 idea ( wabi1 a delib]ate turn+ away f ! o/5tati\s4 ,b to speak ( ,z5 d9+ 9 t]ms ( flavor is to miss a good "p ( ! pleasure4 ,! display ( glaz$ c]amic di%es on a ,japanese table is c>efully or*e/rat$ by color & %ape to =m a unifi$1 naturali/ic1 asymmetrical ae/hetic :ole4 ,! s5sitive ,japanese reg>ds ! ,we/]n weakness = m>%al$ arrays ( mat*$ *9a z a demon/ration ( limit$ arti/ic vision4 ,all ! concepts ( beauty develop$ 9 ! tea c]emony h be5 transmitt$ to ! ,japanese =mal d9+ exp]i5ce1 & a dim5sion has be5 add$3 9 a =mal meal ! c]amics are decorat$ ) foods2 ! v>i\s foods are position$1 d[n to ! la/ bean1 ) c>e almo/ wor?y ( ! /ones 9 a ,z5 g>d51 & ! color & texture ( ea* is attun$ to ! color & texture ( its di%4 ,?us d9+ becomes a display ( art & design t te/s ! ae/hetic disc]nm5t ( bo? ho/ & gue/4 ,p]haps 9 no o!r l& is ! s]v+ ( food s manife/ly bo? a =m ( art & an expression ( philosophy4 ,b x seems less incr$ible if view$ m]ely z ! la/ convolution ( ,z5 culture4 ,f monks to mod]n h\sewives1 ,z5 culture has t\*$ e aspect ( ,japanese life4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r voices & o!r rooms 9 ! complex _w ( ,japanese cultural hi/ory1 b :5 y ?9k ( ! f9e/ mom5ts 9 ,japanese civilization1 m (t5 ?an n y f9d y\rself ?9k+ ( ,z54 ,,*apt] ,,sev5te5 ,! ,lessons ( ,z5 ,culture ,x is n surpris+ if ! religi\s ne$1 ! believ+ m9d1 & ! philosophical speculations ( ! educat$ ,european are attract$ to ! symbols ( ! ,ea/1 j z once be=e ! he>t & m9d ( m5 ( antiquity 7 gripp$ by ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,c>l ,gu/av ,jung1 ,ar*etypes ( ! ,collective ,unconsci\s ,,e ,,major ,,z5 cultural =m is design$ to op]ate on ! m9d 9 "s manipulative1 non-,we/]n fa%ion4 ,if we look c>efully1 we f9d t n "o ( ! ,z5 =ms has a real c\nt]p>t 9 ,we/]n culture4 ,z5 ar*]y & swordsman%ip seem almo/ a species ( hypnotism4 ,z5 g>d5s are a bag ( tricks & specifically design$ to deceive "o's p]ception4 ,z5 pa9t+ is a product ( ! nonrational c\nt] m9d2 al?\gh x requires tra9+ at lea/ z rigor\s z any t a ,we/]n academy c\ld supply1 at ! critical mom5t ! tra9+ is =gott5 & ! "w becomes :olly spontane\s4 ,no drama uses clev] devices ( sugge/ion to pu% ! m9d into areas ( und]/&+ too pr(\nd = words1 :ile ! op5-end$ ,haiku is a sp>k ignit+ an explosion ( imag]y & nonrational p]ception 9 ! li/5]'s m9d4 ,! traditional ,japanese h\se is a psy*ological *amb] f floor to ceil+4 ,z5 c]amics by subtle deceptions de/roy our impulses to categorize1 =c+ u to exp]i5ce directly mat]ials1 process1 & =m4 ,! tea c]emony is /ill ano!r ex]cise 9 delib]ately alt]+ "o's /ate ( m9d1 ?is "t "u ! guise ( a simple social occasion4 ,x seems almo/ z if ! ,z5 arts 7 int5d$ to be an object lesson to u on ! limitations ( ! s5ses 9 def9+ reality4 ,j z ! koan taunt ! logical m9d1 ! ,z5 arts1 by toy+ ) p]ception1 rem9d u t !re is a reality n subject to ! five s5ses4 ,9 ,ea/]n philosophy1 al?\gh see+ involves ! s5ses1 x mu/ ultimately transc5d !m4 ,z5 culture has be5 devis$ ov] ! c5turies to br+ u 9 t\* ) a portion ( ourselves we 9 ! ,we/ sc>cely "k--our nonrational1 nonv]bal side4 ,:]eas ,*'an ma/]s ( a ?\s& ye>s ago 7 devis+ m9d ex]cises to %ort-circuit & defeat ! limit+ *>act]i/ics ( ! rational side ( ! m9d1 ! idea ( ! c\nt] m9d has only rec5tly f\nd exp]im5tal validation--& h5ce intellectual respectability--9 ! rationali/ ,we/4 7,z "o example ( _m1 rec5t exp]im5ts at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity f\nd t que/ions dem&+ 4 4 4 v]bal 4 4 4 processes result 9 ! greate/ left bra9 hemisph]ical activation 4 4 4 :ile emotional que/ions elicit ! greate/ "r hemisph]ic activation4#a7 ,app>5tly n only did ! ,*'an ma/]s intuitively realize ! exi/5ce ( ! nonv]bal half ( ! m9d dur+ ! ,t'ang era 7#fah- #ijg71 b !y1 & lat] ! ,japanese1 us$ x to create a spectrum ( art & cultural =ms :i* exploits1 /r5g!ns1 & %>p5s ^! same nonv]bal faculties4 ,z5 cultural =ms are ! p]fect physical pro( ( ! /r5g? ( ! c\nt] m9d4 ,ev5 ^? us+ language 7! ,no & ,haiku7 rely m on sugge/ion ?an on words4 ,inde$1 ! v language ( ,japan 0 rec5tly describ$ by a ,japanese s*ol> 9 t]ms t make x s\nd almo/ l an intuitive1 c\nt]-m9d ph5om5on3 ,engli% is a language int5d$ /rictly = communication4 ,japanese is prim>ily int]e/$ 9 feel+ out ! o!r p]son's mood1 9 ord] to "w out "o's own c\rse ( action bas$ on "o's impression4#b ,?is diff]5ce 9 approa* to language1 9 :i* x is se5 z a virtual b>ri] to communicat+ :at is really significant 7"o's subjective response71 appe>s to be a side effect ( ,z5 culture4 ,z a ,japanese critic rec5tly obs]v$1 ,a coroll>y to ! ,japanese attitude t[>d language might be call$ ! ae/hetics ( sil5ce---mak+ a virtue ( retic5ce & a vulg>ity ( v]balization or op5 expression ( "o's inn] ?\ghts4 ,?is attitude c be trac$ to ! ,z5 ,buddhi/ idea t man is capable ( arriv+ at ! highe/ level ( contemplative be+ only :5 he makes no attempt at v]balizations & disc\nts oral expression z ! height ( sup]ficiality4#c ,f9ally1 ,z5 cultural =ms use ! nonv]bal1 nonrational p[]s ( ! m9d to produce 9 ! p]ceiv] a complete s5se ( id5tification ) ! object4 ,if a ,z5 art "w is truly successful1 ! p]ceiv] has no s5se ( ,i & x4 ,if reflection or analysis is requir$1 ! "w is ( no m use ?an a joke ^: pun* l9e ne$s explanation4 ,"o's m9d mu/ imm$iately exp]i5ce some?+ beyond ! "w4 ,ev5 z ! eye _c see itself )\t a mirror1 s x is ) ! m9d4 ,! induc+ ( introspection turns out to be a delib]ate function ( ,z5 art--! =c+ ( ! m9d pa/ ! surface =m ( an art "w & into a direct exp]i5ce ( a great] tru?4 ,! ,z5 arts are1 we realize at la/1 completely int]naliz$4 ,!y dep5d z mu* on ! p]ception ( ! view] or p>ticipants z !y d on any ( _! own inh]5t qualities4 ,= ?is reason !y c be sp>+ & re/ra9$4 7,!y also happ5 to be p]fectly suit$ to a l& t1 ov] ! c5turies1 has be5 z physically impov]i%$ z ,japan47 ,by us+ small- scale1 sugge/ive arts t dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! special p]ception ( ! audi5ce = _! impact1 ,z5 arti/s 7 able to provide imm5se satisfaction ) only a m9or inve/m5t ( res\rces4 ,x is r l ! relation ( radio to television drama4 ,giv5 an audi5ce ) a good imag9ation1 a radio dramati/ or a ,z5 arti/ c a*ieve ! int5d$ effect ?r\gh sugge/ion4 ,?is is :at ,sir ,george ,sansom _h 9 m9d :5 he rem>k$ ^u ! important "p play$ by ae/hetic feel+ 9 ! enri*m5t ( ,japanese life4 ,among ,japanese ( all classes1 an in/9ctive aw>5ess ( beauty seems to comp5sate = a /&>d ( well-be+ :i* to ,we/]n judgem5t seems poor & bleak4 ,_! habit ( f9d+ pleasure 9 common ?+s1 _! quick appreciation ( =m & color1 _! feel+s = simple elegance1 are gifts :i* may well be envi$ by u :o dep5d s mu* = our happ9ess ^u quantity ( possessions & complexity ( app>atus4 ,su* happy conditions1 9 :i* frugality is n ! enemy ( satisfaction1 are p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive features 9 ! cultural hi/ory ( ,japan4#d ,z5 culture1 work+ ) ! already highly develop$ vocabul>y & capacity = p]ception develop$ 9 ! ,heian era1 unlock$ p[]ful new te*niques t h made ,japanese culture a special case 9 ! annals ( _w civilization4 ,p]haps ! be/ case 9 po9t is ! /one g>d5 at ,ryoan-ji1 :i* is a triumph ( pure sugge/iv5ess4 ,x is cle>ly a symbol--b a symbol ( :at8 ,x is cle>ly an invitation to op5 "o's p]ception--b op5 x to :at8 ,! "w gives no h9t4 ,) ,ryoan-ji ,z5 arti/s f9ally p]fect$ ! device ( sugge/iv5ess to ! po9t :]e x c\ld /& on its own4 ,! g>d5 seems almo/ to be a natural object1 l a sunset or a piece ( driftwood4 ,! impact ( a traditional ,z5 room is simil>4 ,x simply amplifies :atev] p[]s ( und]/&+ ! view] already possesses4 ,( itself x is a void4 ,by rely+ s /rongly on p]ception1 ! ,japanese h creat$ a /rik+ly orig9al way ( us+ & exp]i5c+ art4 ,we/]n critics = sev]al hundr$ ye>s h argu$ ab\t ! function ( art1 ! responsibilities ( ! audi5ce vis-a-vis a "w ( art1 ! v>y+ types ( p]ception1 & s on1 b !y h nev] dealt ) ! peculi> ph5om5on ( ,z5 art1 :]e ! "w c be m]ely a device to />t ! m9d go+4 ,h[ d y write a critical analysis ( a "w ( art t only takes %ape aft] x gets inside y\r head8 ,x is int]e/+ to wat* critic aft] critic /ruggl+ ) ,ryoan-ji1 try+ to expla9 its p[]1 only to collapse at la/ 9 defeat4#e ,simil>ly1 ! mo/ effective ,haiku are ^? ab\t :i* ! lea/ c be said4 ,ryoan-ji takes y\r brea? away :5 y fir/ see x2 l a good ,haiku x slams y aga9/ a mom5t ( direct exp]i5ce4 ,yet :5 y try to analyze x1 y f9d !re is no?+ significant to say4 ,ryoan-ji may n ev5 be a "w ( art by our ,we/]n def9ition2 x may be "s sort ( m9d device = :i* we h no ^w4 ,simil>ly1 ,haiku's relation to ,we/]n poetry may be limit$ to typography4 ,! arts ( ! ,we/--pa9t+1 poetry1 drama1 lit]ature1 sculpture--are all enhanc$ by critical analysis4 ,:5 we speak ( ,milton1 we really speak ( ,milton z se5 ?r\gh _m lay]s ( critical explanation & int]pretation4 ,! ,z5 arts h inspir$ no su* body ( critical analysis1 p]haps because !y d n h _m ( ^? qualities we normally ?9k ( z ae/hetic4 ,does ,ryoan-ji h beauty 9 any conv5tional s5se8 ,x m]ely exi/s4 ,x is1 if any?+1 anti-art4 ,if we 9 ! ,we/ wi% to borr[ f ! complex _w ( ,z5 culture1 we mu/ fir/ beg9 to tra9 & int5sify our p[]s ( p]ception4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 "o is tempt$ to speculate t ! ,japanese mu/ h le>n$ to turn ^! p[]s d[n z well z up4 ,h[ else c "o expla9 ! ,japanese ability to ignore s mu* ( ! blight ( mod]n civilization :ile ma9ta9+ a national feti% = su* purely ae/hetic ph5om5a z *]ry blossoms8 ,z ,donald ,ri*ie obs]v$1 ,japan is ! mo/ mod]n ( all c\ntries p]haps because1 hav+ a full & secure pa/1 x c af=d to live 9 ! in/antane\s pres5t4#j ,alongside all ! ae/hetic indignities ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! anci5t s5se ( ta/e appe>s to h surviv$ undim9i%$4 ,a conc]n = beauty is /ill v mu* a "p ( ev]yday life 9 ,japan4 ,:]eas ! appreciation ( art is usually ! pursuit ( a privileg$ few 9 ,we/]n c\ntries1 9 ,japan ! ae/hetic quality ( ev]yday objects is commonly ackn[l$g$ to be fully z important z _! function4 ,x is n uncommon to discov] a ru/ic day labor] arrang+ fl[]s1 practic+ ! tea c]emony1 or fa%ion+ a g>d5 9 8 sp>e "t4 ,! peasant may be z sure a judge ( tea b[ls z ! pr9ce4 ,ev5 ! mat* boxes f ! sleazie/ b>s are m9or works ( art1 z are bundles & packages f ev5 ! mo/ mod]n comm]cial e/abli%m5ts4 ,a s5se ( beauty is n consid]$ unmanly2 inde$1 x is reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! good life1 h>k+ all ! way back to ! virile samurai4 ,z5 culture's prim>y lesson is t we %\ld />t try+ to exp]i5ce art & ! _w ar\nd u r ?an analyz+ !m4 ,:5 we d ?is1 we f9d t ev]y?+ sudd5ly comes alive4 ,if we c take ?is p[] ( direct p]ception1 %>p5$ by ! devices ( ,z5 art1 back to ev]yday activities1 we w f9d a beauty 9 common objects t we previ\sly ignor$4 ,fl[]s--inde$ individual petals--become objects ( ! mo/ int5se lovel9ess4 ,:5 we see ! _w ) a ,z5-hon$ aw>5ess1 our s5se ( ! beauty 9 objects supplants our desire to possess !m4 ,if we all[ ! anci5t creators ( ,z5 culture to t\* our lives1 we op5 wid] ! doors ( p]ception4 99 99 99 ,ref]5ces ,,*apt] #b ,,! ,,prelude ,,to ,,z5 ,,culture #a4 ,! ,di>y ( ,murasaki ,%ikibu1 f ,di>ies ( ,c\rt ,ladies ( ,old ,japan1 trans4 ,omori1 ,annie ,%epley1 & ,ko*i ,doi 7,tokyo1 #aice2 repr9t ed41 ,new ,york1 ,,ams ,press71 p4 #adg4 #b4 ,! ,pill[ ,book ( ,sei ,%onagon1 trans4 ,ivan ,morris 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifg71 p4 #dj4 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #bad4 #d4 ,! ,di>y ( ,murasaki ,%ikibu1 p4 #gd4 #e4 ,! ,kok9 ,waka-%u1 trans4 ,h4 ,h4 ,honda 7,tokyo3 ,hoku-seido ,press1 #aigj71 p4 #ce4 #f4 ,see ,wm4 ,!odore de ,b>y1 ed41 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 vol4 #a 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh74 #g4 ,e>l ,m9]1 ,an ,introduction to ,japanese ,c\rt ,poetry 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifh71 p4 #i4 ,,*apt] #d ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,z5 #a4 ,essays 9 ,z5 ,buddhism3 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 trans4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki 7,london3 ,grove ,press1 #aidi71 p- #aha4 #b4 ,translat$ 9 ,a ,buddhi/ ,bible1 ed4 ,dwight ,godd>d 7,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #aigj71 p4 #cae4 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #cbc4 #d4 ,*uang ,tzu1 ,basic ,writ+s1 trans4 ,burton ,watson 7,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aifd71 p4 #id4 #e4 ,! ,sutra ( ,hui ,n5g1 trans4 ,a4 ,f4 ,price & ,wong ,m\- ,lam 7,b]keley3 ,%ambala1 #aifi7 p4 #a #e4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #g4 ,! ,diamond ,sutra1 trans4 ,a4 ,f4 ,price & ,wong ,m\-,lam 7,b]keley3 ,sliambala1 #aifi71 p4 #cg4 #h4 de ,b>y1 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 #a3 #bcf4 #i4 ,george ,sansom1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japan to #accd 7,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh71 p4 #dbi4 #aj4 ,dog5 ,z5ji1 ,sell+ ,wat] by ! ,riv]1 trans4 ,jiyu ,k5nett 7,new ,york3 ,pan!on1 #aigb71 p4 #aae4 ,,*apt] #e ,,z5 ,,ar*]y ,,& ,,swordsman%ip #a4 ,d4 ,t4 ,suzuki1 ,z5 & ,japanese ,culture 7,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j43 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiei71 p4 #adf4 ,,*apt] #f ,,! ,,great ,,age ,,( ,,z5 #a4 de ,b>y1 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 #a3 #bee4 ,,*apt] #g ,,z5 ,,& ,,! ,,l&scape ,,g>d5 #a4 ,david ,h4 ,engel1 ,japanese ,g>d5s = ,today 7,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aiei74 ,,*apt] #i ,,z5 ,,& ,,! ,,ink ,,l&scape #a4 ,seiroku ,noma1 ,arti/ry 9 ,ink 7,new ,york3 ,cr[n1 #aieg71 p4 #c4 #b4 ,two ,twelf?-,c5tury ,texts on ,*9ese ,pa9t+1 trans4 ,r4 ,j4 ,ma$a 7,ann ,arbor3 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,pap]s 9 ,*9ese ,/udies1 ,no4 #h1 #aigj71 p4 #ag4 #c4 ,osvald ,sir51 ,! ,*9ese on ! ,art ( ,pa9t+ 7,new ,york3 ,s*ock51 #aifc71 p4 #ig4 #d4 ,erne/ ,f4 ,f5ollosa1 ,epo*s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,art 7,new ,york3 ,dov]1 #aifc71 #b3 #aa4 7,repr9t47 ,,*apt] #aj ,,! ,,z5 ,,ae/hetics ,,( ,,japanese ,,ar*itecture x4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glean+s 9 ,buddha-,fields 7,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aiga71 p4 #a4 7,repr9t47 #b4 ,= a full] discussion ( e>ly ,japanese ar*itecture1 see ,ar?ur ,drexl]1 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,japan 7,new ,york3 ,arno ,press1 #aiee7 #c4 ,an excell5t discussion ( %ibui may be f\nd 9 ,an?ony ,we/'s essay1 ,:at ,japan ,has ,t ,we ,may ,pr(itably ,borr[1 ,h\se ,beautiful1 ,augu/ #aifj4 #d4 ,ralph ,adams ,cram1 ,impressions ( ,japanese ,ar*itecture 7,new ,york3 ,dov]1 #aiff7 p4 #abg4 7,repr9t47 #e4 ,he9ri* ,engel1 ,! ,japanese ,h\se 7,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aifd7 pp4 #cgc-cgd4 ,,*apt] #aa ,,! ,,no ,,!at] #a4 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly?1 ,ea/]n ,culture 7,tokyo3 ,hokuseido1 #aidi71 #a3 #adf4 #b4 de ,b>y1 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition1 #a3 #bgh4 #c4 ,*>les ,k4 ,tuttle1 ,! ,noh ,drama 7,nippon3 ,giakujutsu ,%9kokai1 #aiee71 p4 #acj4 ,,*apt] #a #b ,,b\rgeois ,,society ,,& ,,lat] ,,z5 #a4 ,joao ,rodrigues1 ,?is ,isl& ( ,japan1 trans4 ,mi*ael ,coop] 7,tokyo3 ,kodan%a1 #aigc71 pp4 #bgb-bgc4 ,,*apt] #ac ,,! ,,tea ,,c]emony #a4 ,suzuki1 ,z5 & ,japanese ,culture1 p4 #bii4 #b4 ,ibid41 p4 #cje4 ,,*apt] #ad ,,z5 ,,c]amic ,,art #a4 ,rusk91 ,john1 ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 ,volume ,,ii 7#ahec71 f ,select$ ,prose ( ,rusk91 ,mat!w ,hodg>t1 ed4 7,new ,york3 ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y1 #aigj71 pp4 #aai & #abd4 #b4 ,,*apt] #ae ,,z5 ,,& ,,haiku #a4 ,see ,k5ne? ,rexro?1 ,"o ,hundr$ ,poems f ! ,japanese 7,new ,york3 ,new ,directions1 #aifd74 #b4 ,see ,ge(frey ,b[nas & ,an?ony ,?waite1 eds41 ',i'he ,p5gu9 ,book ( ,japanese ,v]se 7,baltimore3 ,p5gu91 #aifd74 #c4 ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #d4 ,m9]1 ,an ,introduction to ,japanese ,c\rt ,poetry1 p4 #ia4 #e4 ,h>old ,g4 ,h5d]son1 ,an ,introduction to ,haiku 7,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4,y43 ,d\bl$ay ,an*or1 #aieh71 p4 #ah4 #f4 ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #g4 ,see ,k5ne? ,yasuda1 ,! ,japanese ,haiku 7,rutl&1 ,vt43 ,tuttle1 #aieg74 #h4 ,h5d]son1 ,an ,introduction to ,haiku1 p4 #ci4 #i4 ,ibid41 p4 #di4 #aj4 ,ibid41 p4 #id4 #aa4 ,ibid41 p4 #ajh4 #ab4 ,ibid41 p4 #aac4 #ac4 ,ibid41 p4 #adf4 #ad4 ,issa1 ,! ,ye> ( ,my ,life1 trans4 ,nobuyuki ,yuasa 7,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aifj71 p4 #ajd4 #ae4 ,r4 ,h4 ,bly?1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,haiku 7,tokyo3 ,hokuseido1 #aifd71 #b3 #hb4 ,,*apt] #af ,,private ,,z53 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,food #a4 ,sato1 ,%ozo4 ,! ,art ( ,arrang+ ,fl[]s4 ,new ,york3 ,abrams1 #aife4 #b4 #c4 ,quot$ 9 ,mi*ael ,coop]1 ed41 ,!y ,came to ,japan 7,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aife71 p4 #aid4 #d4 ,,*apt] #ag ,,! ,,lessons ,,( ,,z5 ,,culture #a4 ,g>y ,e4 ,s*w>tz1 ,ri*>d ,j4 ,davidson1 & ,fo/] ,ma]1 ,"r ,hemisph]e ,lat]alization = ,emotion 9 ! ,human ,bra93 ,int]actions ) ,cognition1 ,sci5ce1 ,octob] #ag1 #aige1 p4 #bhg4 #b4 ,frank ,gibney1 ,! ,japanese & ,_! ,language1 ,enc\nt]1 ,m>* #aige1 p4 #ce4 #c4 ,masao ,kunihiro1 ,indig5\s ,b>ri]s to ,communication1 ,! ,:eel ,ext5d$1 ,spr+ #aigd1 p4 #ac4 #d4 ,george ,sansom1 ,japan3 ,a ,%ort ,cultural ,hi/ory1 rev4 ed4 7,new ,york3 ,appleton-,c5tury-,cr(ts1 #aifb74 #e4 ,! be/ analysis to date is ,eliot ,deuts*1 ,an ,invitation to ,contemplation1 ,/udies 9 ,comp>ative ,ae/hetics1 ,monographs ( ! ,society = ,asian & ,comp>ative ,philosophy1 ,no4 #b1 ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii ,press1 #aige4 #f4 ,donald ,ri*ie1 ,! ,inl& ,sea 7,new ,york3 ,wea!rhill1 #aiga71 p4 #fj4 ,bibliography ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory de ,b>y1 ,wm4 ,!odore1 ed4 ,s\rces ( ,japanese ,tradition4 #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh4 ,hall1 ,john ,:itney4 ,japan1 ,f ,prehi/ory to ,mod]n ,times4 ,new ,york3 ,delacorte1 #aigj4 ,hane1 ,mikiso4 ,japan1 ,a ,hi/orical ,survey4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]s1 #aigb4 ,morris1 ,ivan4 ,! 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