,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 ?is e-text a-breve is repres5t$ by 7a1 a-macron by a1 c-dott$-ov] by 4c & e-ogonek by e11 etc4 ,aesc1 e? & ?orn h be5 exp&$ to ae1 dh & ?4 9 :i* ^! *>act]s are display$ prop]ly4 ,see #cdcaf-;h4htm or #cdcaf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cdcaf_/pg#cdcaf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cdca f_/cdcaf-;h4zip7 ,page numb]s enclos$ by curly braces 7example3 #be7 h be5 incorporat$ to facilitate ! use ( ! ,notes to ! ,read+s4 ,,an ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,prim] ,) ,gramm>1 ,notes1 & ,gloss>y by ,,h5ry ,,sweet1 ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ,revis$ ,ox=d ,at ! ,cl>5don ,press #aije ,pr9t$ 9 ,engl& ,at ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press v ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! want ( an introduction to ! /udy ( ,old-,engli% has long be5 felt4 ,v]non's ,anglo-,saxon ,guide 0 an admirable book = its "t1 b has long be5 completely antiquat$4 ,i 0 !re=e oblig$ to make my ,anglo-,saxon ,read] a some:at unsatisfactory compromise betwe5 an elem5t>y prim] & a manual = advanc$ /ud5ts1 b ,i always look$ =w>d to produc+ a /rictly elem5t>y book l ! pres5t "o1 :i* w\ld enable me to give ! l>g] "o a m sci5tific "*1 & w\ld at ! same "t s]ve z an introduction to x4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,e>le has br\ght out 8 ,book = ! beg9n] 9 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,b ?is "w is q unsuit$ to s]ve z an introduction to my ,read]1 & w be f\nd to diff] s totally 9 plan & execution f ! pres5t "o z to preclude all idea ( rivalry on my "p4 ,we "w on l9es :i* in/ead ( cla%+ c only div]ge m & m4 ,my ma9 pr9ciple has be5 to make ! book ! easie/ possible introduction to ! /udy ( ,old-,engli%4 ,poetry has be5 exclud$1 & a selection made f ! easie/ prose pieces ,i c\ld f9d4 ,old-,engli% orig9al prose is un=tunately limit$ 9 ext5t1 & ! mo/ suitable pieces 7su* z ! voyages ( ,oh!re & ,wulf/an7 are already giv5 9 ! ,read]2 ^! ,i c\ld n give ov] vi aga94 ,b ,i hope ! %ort extracts f ! ,*ronicle & ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,k+ ,edmund w be f\nd n want+ 9 int]e/4 ,= ! re/ ( ! selections ,i h _h to fall back on scriptural extracts1 :i* h ! great advantages ( simplicity & famili>ity ( subject4 ,! ,gospel extracts h be5 transf]r$ "h f ! ,read]1 :]e !y w be omitt$ 9 ! next edition4 ,! s5t5ces :i* head ! selections h be5 ga!r$ ma9ly f ! ,gospels1 ,aelfric's ,homilies1 & ! ,*ronicle4 ,!y are all ( ! simple/ possible "*1 only ^? hav+ be5 tak5 :i* w\ld be> isolation f _! context4 ,!y are int5d$ to s]ve bo? z an introduction & z a supplem5t to ! long] pieces4 ,!y are gr\p$ r\ghly into p>agraphs1 accord+ to ! grammatical =ms !y illu/rate4 ,?us ! fir/ p>agraph consi/s ma9ly ( examples ( ! nom9ative s+ul> ( n\ns & adjectives1 ! second ( accusative s+ul>s1 & s on4 ,! spell+ has be5 made rigor\sly uni=m ?r\gh\t on an e>ly ,we/-,saxon basis4 ,injuri\s z normaliz+ is to ! advanc$ /ud5t1 x is an absolute necessity = ! beg9n]1 :o wants to h ! def9ite results ( s*ol>%ip laid be=e him1 n ! confus$ & fluctuat+ spell+s :i* he _c yet int]pret intellig5tly4 ,ev5 = purely sci5tific purposes we require a /&>d ( comp>ison & classification1 z 9 ! arrangem5t ( words 9 a diction>y1 :]e we h to decide1 = in/ance1 :e!r to put ! orig9al ( he> "u e1 ie1 i or y4 ,! spell+ ,i "h adopt is1 9 fact1 ! "o ,i %\ld recomm5d = diction>y purposes4 ,f e>ly ,we/-,saxon x is an easy /ep bo? to late ,w4 ,s4 & to ! ,m]cian =ms f :i* ,mod]n ,engli% is d]iv$4 ,t ,i give ,aelfric 9 a spell+ slightly e>li] ?an 8 date is no m vii unreasonable ?an x is = a classical s*ol> to pr9t ,ausonius 7:o d\btless spoke ,lat9 ) an almo/ ,italian pronunciation7 9 ! same spell+ z ,virgil4 ,x is impossible to g into details1 b 9 d\btful or optional cases ,i h pref]r$ ^? =ms :i* seem$ mo/ in/ructive to ! /ud5t4 ,?us ,i h pref]r$ keep+ up ! di/9ction betwe5 ! indic4 bundon & ! subj4 bund51 al?\gh ! latt] is (t5 levell$ "u ! =m] ev5 9 e>ly ,,ms4 ,9 ! acc5tuation ,i h = ! pres5t reta9$ ! conv5tional quantities1 :i* are really 'prehi/oric' quantities1 z ,i h %[n else:]e 7,phil4 ,soc4 ,proc4 #ahhj1 #ahha74 ,x is no use try+ to disguise ! fact t ,old ,engli% philology 7ow+ ma9ly to its neglect 9 its native l&7 is /ill 9 an unsettl$ /ate4 ,9 ! ,gramm> ,i h cut d[n ! phonology to ! n>r[e/ limits1 giv+ only :at is necess>y to enable ! beg9n] to trace ! connection ( =ms )9 ! language itself4 ,d]ivation & syntax h be5 treat$ ) ! same fulness z ! inflections4 ,9 my op9ion1 to give inflections )\t expla9+ _! use is z absurd z x w\ld be to tea* ! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a ma*9e )\t expla9+ _! use1 & d]ivation is z mu* a fundam5tal elem5t ( a language z inflection4 ,! gramm> has be5 bas$ ?r\gh\t on ! texts1 f :i* all words & s5t5ces giv5 z examples h1 z f> z possible1 be5 tak54 ,?is ,i consid] absolutely ess5tial 9 an elem5t>y book4 ,:at is ! use ( a gramm> :i* gives a numb] ( =ms & rules :i* ! le>n] has no occasion to apply practically 9 8 read+8 ,simply to cut d[n an ord9>y gramm> & prefix x to a selection ( elem5t>y texts1 )\t any attempt to adapt !m to "o ano!r1 is a mo/ unju/ifiable proce$+4 viii ,9 ! ,gloss>y cognate & root words are giv5 only :5 !y occur 9 ! texts1 or else are easily recognizable by ! ord9>y ,engli% read]4 ,all ref]5ce to cognate languages has be5 avoid$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! beg9n] kn[s ,g]man1 ! lab\r ( le>n+ ,old ,engli% w be light5$ = him by "o half1 b he does n require to h ! analogies po9t$ out to him4 ,! same applies to ! relation betwe5 ,old & ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ! s\nds w\ld be q out ( place 9 ?is book1 & po/ulates a k ( ! int]m$iate /ages :i* ! beg9n] _c h4 ,! ,notes consi/ *iefly ( ref]5ces to ! ,gramm>1 & are int5d$ ma9ly = ^? :o /udy )\t a tea*]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 no su* ref]5ces are giv5 :]e ! passage itself is quot$ 9 ! ,gramm>4 ,on ! :ole ,i d n ?9k ! book c\ld be made mu* easi] )\t defeat+ its object4 ,?us1 in/ead ( simply ref]r+ ! /ud5t f /e1nt to /&an1 & !nce to ! ,gramm>1 ,i might h sav$ him all ?is tr\ble by putt+ '/e1nt1 #c sg4 pres4 ( /&an1 /&1' b ! result w\ld be 9 _m cases t he w\ld n look at ! ,gramm> at all--surely a mo/ undesirable result4 ,al?\gh ,i h giv5 ev]y?+ t ,i believe to be necess>y1 e tea*] may1 ( c\rse1 at 8 own discretion add su* fur!r illu/rations1 l+ui/ic1 hi/orical1 antiqu>ian1 or o!rwise1 z he ?9ks likely to in/ruct or int]e/ 8 pupils4 ,my ?anks are due to ,pr(essor ,skeat1 n only = con/ant advice & enc\ragem5t 9 plann+ & c>ry+ out ?is "w1 b also = help 9 correct+ ! pro(s4 ,9 conclusion ,i may be all[$ to express a hope t ?is little book may prove useful n only to "y beg9n]s1 b also to "s ( our ,pr(essors ( & ix ,exam9]s 9 ! ,engli% language1 mo/ ( :om are n[ beg9n+ to see ! importance ( a s\nd elem5t>y k ( ',anglo-,saxon'--a k :i* ,i believe ?is book to be capable ( imp>t+1 if /udi$ dilig5tly1 & n hurri$ly ca/ aside = a m ambiti\s "o4 ,,h5ry ,,sweet4 ,,hea? ,,/reet1 ,,hamp/ead1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahhb4 ,,preface ,,to ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ,i h put ?is book into :at mu/ be 7= "s "t at lea/7 its p]man5t =m1 mak+ su* additions & alt]ations z seem$ necess>y4 ,if ,i _h any opportunity ( tea*+ ! language1 ,i %\ld no d\bt h be5 able to introduce _m o!r improvem5ts2 z x is1 ,i h _h to rely ma9ly on ! sugge/ions & corrections k9dly s5t to me by v>i\s tea*]s & /ud5ts :o h us$ ?is book1 among :om my especial ?anks are due to ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,m\lton1 ( ,cambridge1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,/(fel1 ( ,am/]dam4 ,,h5ry ,,sweet4 ,,london1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahhd4 x ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,gramm> #a ,,texts #ee ,,notes #ia ,,gloss>y #ig #a ,,gramm>4 ,! olde/ /age ( ,engli% be=e ! ,norman ,conque/ is call$ ',old ,engli%1' :i* "n w be us$ ?r\gh\t 9 ?is ,book1 al?\gh ! "n ',anglo-,saxon' is /ill (t5 us$4 ,!re 7 sev]al dialects ( ,old ,engli%4 ,?is book deals only ) ! ,we/-,saxon dialect 9 its e>lie/ =m4 ,,s\nds4 ,,v[els4 ,! v[el-lett]s 9 ,old ,engli% _h ne>ly ! same values z 9 ,lat94 ,long v[els 7 occasionally m>k$ by 7'71 %ort v[els be+ left unm>k$4 ,9 ?is book long v[els are m>k$ by 7-74 ,! foll[+ are ! elem5t>y v[els & diph?ongs1 ) examples1 & key-words f ,engli%1 ,fr5* 7,f471 & ,g]man 7,g473-- a z 9 mann 7,g47 nama 7"n74 a fa!r /an 7/one74 ae man gla$ 7glad74 ae daed 7de$7#a4 e ete 7,f47 ic ete#b 7,i eat74 e see 7,g47 he 7he74 e1 m5 me1nn 7m574 #b i f9i 7,f47 cwic 7alive74 i sieh 7,g47 win 7w9e74 ie f9 ieldran 7ance/ors74 ie hieran 7he>74 o beau 7,f47 god 7god74 o s 7,g47 god 7good74 u s\ 7,f47 sunu 7son74 u gut 7,g47 nu 7n[74 y vecu 7,f47 synn 7s974 y gru5 7,g47 bryd 7bride74 ea ae a eall 7all74 ea ae a ea/ 7ea/74 eo e o weorc 7"w74 eo e o deop 7deep74 e & e1 are bo? writt5 e 9 ! ,,mss4 ,! diph?ongs are pron\nc$ ) ! /ress on ! fir/ elem5t4 ,^? :o f9d a difficulty 9 le>n+ /range v[el-s\nds may adopt ! foll[+ approximate pronunciation3-- a z 9 ask 7%ort7 nama 7n7ahm7ah74 a fa!r /an 7/ahn74 ae man gla$ 7glad74 ae !re aer 7air74 e1 e1 m5 ete 7etty71 me1nn 7m574 e !y he 7hay74 i1 ie f9 cwic 7quick71 ieldran 7ildr7ahn74 i1 ie see win 7we571 hieran 7he]7ahn74 o n god 7god74 o note god 7goad74 u full full 7full74 u fool nu 7noo74 y f9 synn 7z974 y see bryd 7bre$74 ea 7e-7ah eall 77e-7ahl74 ea ai-7ah ea/ 7ai-7ah/74 #c eo 7e-o weorc 7w7e-ork74 eo ai-o deop 7dai-op74 ,! pronunciation giv5 9 p>5!ses is ! ne>e/ t c be express$ 9 ,engli% lett]s z pron\nc$ 9 ,s\!rn ,engli%4 ,,consonants4 ,d\ble consonants mu/ be pron\nc$ d\ble1 or long1 z 9 ,italian4 ,?us sunu 7son7 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f sunne 7sun7 9 ! same way z p5ny is di/+ui%$ f p5knife4 ,s also 9 797 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f inn 7h\se72 not+ t 9 mod]n ,engli% f9al consonants 9 acc5t$ monosyllables aft] a %ort v[el are long1 our 9 & inn bo? hav+ ! pronunciation ( ,old ,engli% inn1 n ( ,o4,e4 94 c & g _h ea* a back 7guttural7 & a front 7palatal7 pron41 :i* latt] is 9 ?is book writt5 4c1 4g4 c k1 z 9 cene 7bold71 cnawan 7"k74 4c kj1 a k =m$ 9 ! j 7,engli% y7 position1 ne>ly z 9 ! old-fa%ion$ pron4 ( sky3 4ciri4ce 7*ur*71 /y4c4ce 7piece71 ?e1n4can 7?9k74 g initially & 9 ! comb9ation ng 0 pron4 z 9 'get'3 god 7good71 lang 7long72 o!rwise 7t is1 m$ially & f9ally aft] v[els & l1 r7 z 9 ,g]man sag53 dagas 7days71 burg 7city71 halga 7sa9t74 4g initially & 9 ! comb9ation n4g 0 pron\nc$ gj 7correspond+ to kj73 4ge 7ye71 4georn 7will+71 spre1n4gan 7scatt]72 o!rwise j 7z 9 'y'73 dae4g 7day71 wre4gan 7accuse71 he1r4gian 7ravage74 ,x is possible t 4g 9 4ge-bor5 7born7 & o!r unacc5t$ syllables 0 already pron\nc$ j4 4c4g 4g4g3 se14c4gan 7say71 hry4c4g 7back74 f _h ! s\nd ( v ev]y:]e :]e x 0 possible3--f>an 7g71 ( 7(71 (] 7ov]72 n1 ( c\rse1 9 (t 7(t571 or :5 d\bl$1 z 9 (frian 7(f]74 #d h initially1 z 9 he 7he71 _h ! same s\nd z n[4 ,ev]y:]e else x _h t ( ,scot* & ,g]man * 9 lo*3--heah 7high71 ,wealh 7,wel%man71 riht 7"r74 hw1 z 9 hwaet 7:at71 hwil 7:ile71 _h ! s\nd ( our :2 & hl1 hn1 hr diff]$ f l1 n1 r respectively precisely z : diff]s f w1 t is1 !y 7 ^! consonants devocaliz$1 hl be+ ne>ly ! same z ,wel% ll3--hla=d 7"l71 hlud 7l\d72 hnappian 7doze71 hnutu 7nut72 hra! 7quickly71 hreod 7re$74 r 0 always a /rong trill1 z 9 ,scot*3--raeran 7to raise71 her 7"h71 ^w 7^w74 s _h ! s\nd ( z3--se4can 7seek71 swa 7s71 wis 7wise71 a4risan 7rise72 n1 ( c\rse1 9 comb9ation ) h>d consonants1 z 9 /an 7/one71 fae/ 7firm71 ri4csian 7rule71 or :5 d\ble1 z 9 cyssan 7kiss74 ? _h ! s\nd ( our ? 7 dh7 9 !n3--?u 7?\71 ?+ 7?+71 so? 7true71 hae!n 7hea!n72 except :5 9 comb9ation ) h>d consonants1 :]e x _h t ( our ? 9 ?91 z 9 se4c? 7seeks74 ,note haef? 7has7 haevdh4 w 0 fully pron\nc$ :]ev] writt53--writan 7write71 niwe 7new71 seow 7s[$ pret474 ,,/ress4 ,! /ress or acc5t is m>k$ ?r\gh\t 9 ?is book1 :5ev] x is n on ! fir/ syllable ( a ^w1 by 747 prec$+ ! lett] on :i* ! /ress beg9s4 ,?us =44giefan is pron\nc$ ) ! same /ress z t ( =give1 &sw>u ) t ( answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phonology4 ,,v[els4 ,diff]5t v[els are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 v>i\s ways 9 ,o4,e41 ! mo/ important ( :i* are mutation 7,g]man umlaut7 & gradation 7,g4 ablaut74 #e ,! foll[+ *anges are mutations3-- a 44 e13--mann1 pl4 me1nn2 w& 7w\nd prt471 we1ndan 7to turn74 ea 7 a7 44 ie 7 e173--eald 7old71 ieldra 7old]72 feallan 7fall71 fiel? 7falls74 a 44 ae3--blawan 7to bl[71 blaew? 7bl[e?72 hal 7s\nd71 haelan 7heal74 u 44 y3--burg 7city71 pl4 byri4g2 trum 7/rong71 trymman 7to /r5g!n74 o 44 y3--gold1 gyld5 7gold572 coss 7a kiss71 cyssan 7to kiss74 e 44 i3--b]an 7to be>71 bire? 7be>e?72 cwe?an 7speak71 cwide 7spee*74 eo 7 e7 44 ie 7 i73--heord 7h]d71 hi]de 7%eph]d72 4ceorfan 7cut71 4ci]f? 7cuts74 u 44 o3--curon 7!y *ose71 4ge4cor5 7*os574 u 44 y3--cu? 7kn[n71 cy?an 7to make kn[n72 ful 7f\l71 a4fylan 7defile74 o 44 e3--sohte 7s\ght prt471 se4can 7to seek72 foda 7food71 fedan 7to fe$74 ea 44 ie3--heawan 7to hew71 hiew? 7hews72 team 7prog5y71 tieman 7teem74 eo 44 ie3--/eor 7rudd]71 /ieran 7/e]72 4ge4/reon 7possession71 4ges4trienan 7ga974 ,be=e proce$+ to gradation1 x w be desirable to describe ! o!r mo/ important v[el-relations4 a1 ae1 ea4 ,9 ,o4,e4 orig9al a is pres]v$ be=e nasals1 z 9 mann1 lang1 nama 7"n71 & be=e a s+le consonant foll[$ by a1 u1 or o1 z 9 dagas 7days71 dagum 7to days71 f>an 7g71 gafol 7pr(it71 & 9 "s words :5 e foll[s1 z 9 ic f>e 7,i g71 f>5 7gone74 ,be=e r1 l1 h foll[$ by ano!r consonant1 & be=e x x becomes ea1 z 9 he>d 7h>d71 eall 7all71 eald 7old71 eahta 7eight71 weaxan 7to gr[74 ,n 9 ba]/ 7p4 #g74 ,9 mo/ o!r cases x becomes ae3--dae4g1 7day71 dae4ges 7( a day71 fae/ 7firm71 wa] 7w>y74 #f e be=e nasals always becomes i3 comp>e b9dan 7to b9d71 pret4 b&1 ) b]an 7to be>71 pret4 ba]4 e be=e r 7g5]ally foll[$ by a consonant7 becomes eo3--eor! 7e>?71 heorte 7he>t74 ,n 9 b]/an 7p4 #g74 ,also 9 o!r cases3--seol= 7silv]71 he(on 7heav574 i be=e r cons4 becomes ie3--bi]? 7be>e?7 contr4 f bire?1 hi]de 7%eph]d7 f heord 7h]d71 wi]sa 7worse74 e1 be=e r1 or l cons4 (t5 becomes ie3--fi]d 7army7 f f>an1 bieldo 7boldness7 f beald1 ieldra 7eld]7 f eald4 ,by gradation ! v[els are relat$ z foll[s3-- e 7i1 eo7 44 a 7ae1 ea7 44 u 7o73-- b9dan 7inf471 b& 7pret471 bundon 7!y b\nd74 b]an 7inf471 ba] 7pret471 bor5 7pa/ p>tic474 4ceorfan 7cut71 4ce>f 7pret471 curfon 7!y cut71 corf5 7pa/ p>tic474 be1nd 7bond7 mutation ( b&1 byr-!n 7burd57 ( bor-en4 a 7ae1 ea7 44 ae3--spraec 7spoke71 spraecon 7!y spoke71 sprae4c 7spee*74 a 44 o3--f>an 7to g71 for 7pret471 for 7j\rney74 4ge4fera 7companion7 mutation ( for4 i 44 a 44 i3--writan1 wrat1 writon1 4ge4writ 7writ+1 sub/474 7be74lifan 7rema971 laf 7rema9s71 :5ce by mutation laefan 7leave74 eo 7u7 44 ea 44 u 7o73--4ceosan 7*oose71 4cez1 curon1 cor54 cys-t 7*oice74 7=74leosan 7lose71 lez 7loose71 a4liesan 7release71 losian 7to be lo/74 bugan 7b5d71 boga 7b[74 ,we see t ! laws ( gradation are mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ! conjugation ( ! /rong v]bs4 ,b !y run ?r\gh ! :ole language1 & a k ( ! laws ( gradation & mutation is ! ma9 key to ,o4,e4 etymology4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to supply int]m$iate /ages 9 connect+ two words4 ,?us le14c4gan 7lay7 _c be directly ref]r$ to li4c4gan 7lie71 b only to a =m 99lag-1 pres]v$ 9 ! pret]ite lae4g4 ,s also ble1ndan 7to bl9d7 c be ref]r$ only indirectly to ! adjective bl9d ?r\gh an int]m$iate 99bl&-4 ,aga91 ! root-v[el ( byr!n #g 7burd57 _c be expla9$ by ! inf9itive b]an 7be>71 b only by ! pa/ p>ticiple 4ge4bor54 ,9 ! same way hryre 7fall sb47 mu/ be ref]r$1 n to ! inf9itive hreosan1 b to ! pret]ite plural hruron4 ,! v[el-*anges 9 ! pret]ites ( v]bs ( ! 'fall'-conjugation 7#a7 feallan1 feoll1 c41 are due n to gradation1 b to o!r causes4 ,,consonants4 s becomes r 9 ! pret]ite plurals & pa/ p>ticiples ( /rong v]bs1 z 9 curon1 4ge4cor5 f 4ceosan1 waeron pl4 ( waes 7071 & 9 o!r =mations1 su* z hryre 7fall7 f hreosan4 ? becomes d "u ! same conditions1 z 9 wurdon1 4ge4word5 f weor?an 7become71 cwae? 7quo?71 pl4 cwaedon1 cwide 7spee*7 f cwe?an 7inf9474 r is (t5 transpos$1 z 9 i]nan 7run7 f orig9al 99r9nan 7cp4 ! sub/4 ryne71 b]/an 7bur/7 f 99bre/an1 ba]/ 7bur/ pret47 f brae/1 hors 7horse7 f 99hross4 ,! comb9ations cae-1 gae- become 4cea-1 4gea-1 z 9 4ceaf 7*aff7 f 99caef1 s4ceal 7%all7 f 99scael1 4geaf 7gave7 99gaef f 4giefan 7cp4 cwae? f cwe?an71 4geat 7gate7--cp4 faet 7vessel74 gae- (t5 becomes 4gea-1 z 9 4geafon 7!y gave71 ) :i* comp>e cwaedon 7!y said74 ge- becomes 4gie1 z 9 4giefan1 4gieldan 7pay7 f 99gefan1 99geldan--cp4 cwe?an1 delfan4 ,n 9 ! prefix 4ge- & 4ge 7ye74 ,:5 g comes be=e a consonant 9 inflection1 x (t5 becomes h1 z 9 he lieh? 7he lies7 f leogan 7m5tiri74 h aft] a consonant is dropt :5 a v[el foll[s1 ! prec$+ v[el be+ l5g!n$1 ?us ,wealh 7,wel%man7 has plural ,wealas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inflections4 ,,n\ns4 ,g5d]4 ,!re are ?ree g5d]s 9 ,o4,e4--mascul9e1 neut]1 & fem99e4 ,! g5d] is p>tly natural1 p>tly #h grammatical4 ,by ! natural g5d] names ( male be+s1 su* z se mann 7! man71 are mascul9e2 ( female be+s1 su* z seo dohtor 7! daught]71 are fem99e2 & ( "y creatures1 su* z ?aet 4cild 7! *ild71 neut]4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t ?aet wif 7woman7 is neut]4 ,grammatical g5d] is kn[n only by ! g5d] ( ! article & o!r words connect$ ) ! n\n1 &1 to "s ext5t1 by its =m4 ,?us all n\ns end+ 9 -a1 su* z se mona 7moon71 are mascul9e1 seo sunne 7sun7 be+ fem99e4 ,^? end+ 9 -dom1 -had1 & -s4cipe are also mascul9e3--se wisdom 7wisdom71 se 4cildhad 7*ildhood71 se freonds4cipe 7fri5d%ip74 ,^? 9 -nes1 -o 7f adjectives7 -raed51 & -ung are fem99e3--seo rihtwisnes 7righte\sness71 seo bieldo 7boldness7 f beald1 seo mann-raed5 7allegiance71 seo scotung 7%oot+74 ,comp\nds foll[ ! g5d] ( _! la/ elem5t1 z 9 ?aet burg-4geat 7city-gate71 f seo burg & ?aet 4geat4 ,h5ce also se wif-mann 7woman7 is mascul9e4 ,! g5d] ( mo/ words c be le>nt only by practice1 & ! /ud5t %\ld le>n ea* n\n ) its prop] def9ite article4 ,/rong & ,weak4 ,weak n\ns are ^? :i* =m _! inflections ) n1 su* z se mona1 plural monan2 seo sunne1 g5itive s+4 ?aere sunnan4 ,all ! o!rs1 su* z se dae4g1 pl4 dagas1 ?aet hus 7h\se71 g54 s+4 ?aes huses1 are /rong4 ,cases4 ,!re are f\r cases1 nom9ative1 accusative1 dative1 & g5itive4 ,! acc4 is ! same z ! nom4 9 all plurals1 9 ! s+4 ( all neut] n\ns1 & ( all /rong mascul9es4 ,mascul9e & neut] n\ns nev] diff] 9 ! plural except 9 ! nom4 & acc41 & 9 ! s+ul> !y diff] only 9 ! acc4 ( weak n\ns1 :i* 9 neut]s is ! same z ! nom4 ,! dative plural ( ne>ly all n\ns ends 9 -um4 #i ,,/rong ,,mascul9es4 7#a7 z-plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom#c4 /an 7/one74 ,nom4 /an-z4 ,dat4 /an-e4 ,dat4 /an-um4 ,g54 /an-es4 ,g54 /an-a4 ,s also dael 7"p71 cyn+ 7k+71 4cildhad 7*ildhood74 dae4g 7day7 *anges its v[el 9 ! pl4 7p4 #e73--;dae4g1 dae4ge1 dae4ges2 dagas1 dagum1 daga4 ,n\ns 9 -e h nom4 & dat4 s+4 ! same3--e1nde1 7end71 e1nde1 e1ndes2 e1ndas1 e1ndum1 e1nda4 ,n\ns 9 -el1 -ol1 -um1 -en1 -on1 -er1 -or (t5 contract3--e1n4gel 7angel71 e1n4gle1 e1n4gles2 e1n4glas1 e1n4glum1 e1n4gla4 ,s also nae4gel 7nail71 !4gen 7?ane71 ealdor 7pr9ce74 ,o!rs1 su* z aec] 7field71 d n contract4 h aft] a consonant is dropp$ 9 inflection 7p4 #g71 z 9 feorh 7life71 feore1 feores4 ,s also 9 ,wealh 7,wel%man71 plur4 ,wealas4 ,!re are o!r classes :i* are repres5t$ only by a few n\ns ea*4 7#b7 e-plurals4 ,a few n\ns :i* occur only 9 ! plur43--leode 7p71 leodum1 leoda4 ,s also sev]al names ( nations3--,e1n4gle 7,engli%71 ,de1ne 7,danes72 ,seaxe 7,saxons71 ,mi]4ce 7,m]cians71 h g54 plur4 ,seaxna1 ,mi]4cna4 7#c7 ,mutation-plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 fot 7foot74 ,nom4 fet4 ,dat4 fet4 ,dat4 fot-um4 ,g54 fot-es4 ,g54 fot-a4 ,s also to? 7too?74 ,mann 7man71 me1nn1 mannes2 me1nn1 mannum1 manna4 #aj 7#d7 u-n\ns4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 sun-u 7son74 ,nom4 sun-a4 ,dat4 sun-a4 ,dat4 sun-um4 ,g54 sun-a4 ,g54 sun-a4 ,s also wudu 7wood74 7#e7 r-n\ns 7includ+ fem99es74 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 modor 7"m74 ,nom4 modor4 ,dat4 med]4 ,dat4 modr-um4 ,g54 modor4 ,g54 modr-a4 ,s also bro?or 7bro!r72 fa$] 7fa!r71 dohtor 7daught]71 h dat4 s+4 fa$]1 deht]4 7#f7 nd-n\ns4 ,=m$ f ! pres5t p>ticiple ( v]bs4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 freond 7fri5d74 ,nom4 friend4 ,dat4 friend4 ,dat4 freond-um4 ,g54 freond-es4 ,g54 freond-a4 ,s also feond 7enemy74 ,^? 9 -end inflect ?us3--buend 7dwell]71 buend1 buendes2 buend1 buendum1 buendra4 ,s also ,hael5d 7savi\r74 ,! -ra is an adjectival inflection4 ,,/rong ,,neut]s4 7#a7 u-plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 s4cip 7%ip74 ,nom4 s4cip-u4 ,dat4 s4cip-e4 ,dat4 s4cip-um4 ,g54 s4cip-es4 ,g54 s4cip-a4 ,s all neut]s ) %ort f9al syllable1 su* z 4ge4b$ 7pray]71 4ge4writ 7writ+71 4geat 7gate74 #aa ,faet 7vessel71 faete1 faetes2 fatu1 fatum1 fata 7p4 #e74 ,ri4ce 7k+dom71 ri4ce1 ri4ces2 ri4cu1 ri4cum1 ri4ca4 ,s also all neut]s 9 e1 except eage & eare 7p4 #ac73 4ge4?eode 7language71 /y4c4ce 7piece74 ,^? 9 -ol1 -en1 -or1 c4 are g5]ally contract$3--de(ol 7devil71 de(les1 de(lu4 ,s also waep5 7weapon71 myn/] 7mona/]y71 wundor 7wond]74 7#b7 ,un*ang$ plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 hus 7h\se74 ,nom4 hus4 ,dat4 hus-e4 ,dat4 hus-um4 ,g54 hus-es4 ,g54 hus-a4 ,s all o!rs ) long f9al syllables 7t is1 conta9+ a long v[el1 or a %ort v[el foll[$ by m ?an "o consonant71 su* z be>n 7*ild71 folc 7nation71 wif 7woman74 ,feoh 7money7 drops its h 9 inflection & l5g!ns ! eo3--feoh1 feo1 feos4 ,s also bleoh 7col\r74 ,,/rong ,,fem99es4 7#a7 a-plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 7a7 ,nom4 4gief-u 7gift74 ,nom4 4gief-a4 ,acc4 4gief-e4 ,acc4 4gief-a4 ,dat4 4gief-e4 ,dat4 4gief-um4 ,g54 4gief-e4 ,g54 4gief-ena4 ,s also lufu 7love71 scamu 7%ame74 ,duru 7door7 is an u-n\n3 x has acc4 duru1 d41 g4 dura1 g4 pl4 dura4 ,obs]ve t all ^! n\ns h a %ort syllable be=e ! f9al v[el4 ,:5 x is long1 ! u is dropp$1 & ! n\n falls "u 7b74 #ab ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 7b7 ,nom4 sprae4c 7spee*74 ,nom4 sprae4c-a4 ,acc4 sprae4c-e4 ,acc4 sprae4c-a4 ,dat4 sprae4c-e4 ,dat4 sprae4c-um4 ,g54 sprae4c-e4 ,g54 sprae4c-a4 ,s also /raet 7/reet71 sorg 7sorr[74 ,"s h ! acc4 s+4 ! same z ! nom41 su* z daed1 h&1 miht4 ,^? 9 -ol1 -er1 -or1 c4 contract3--sawol 7s\l71 sawle1 sawla1 sawlum4 ,s also 4cea/] 7city71 hlaedd] 7ladd]74 ,"s 9 -en d\ble ! n 9 inflection3--byr!n 7burd571 byr!nne4 ,s also ^? 9 -raed51 su* z hi]draed5 7gu>dian%ip74 ,^? 9 -nes also d\ble ! s 9 inflection3 godnes 7goodness71 godnesse4 7#b7 ,mutation-plurals4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 boc 7book74 ,nom4 be4c4 ,dat4 be4c4 ,dat4 boc-um4 ,g54 be4c4 ,g54 boc-a4 ,burg 7city71 byri4g1 burge2 byri4g1 burgum1 burga4 7#c7 ,indecl9able4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 bieldo 7boldness74 ,dat4 bieldo4 ,g54 bieldo4 ,s also ieldo 7age74 ,= r-n\ns1 see "u ,mascul9es4 ,,weak ,,mascul9es4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 nam-a 7"n74 ,nom4 nam-an4 ,acc4 nam-an4 ,acc4 nam-an4 ,dat4 nam-an4 ,dat4 nam-um4 ,g54 nam-an4 ,g54 nam-ena4 #ac ,s also all n\ns 9 -a3--4ge4fera 7companion71 guma 7man71 4ge4leafa 7belief74 ,ieldran 7eld]s7 occurs only 9 ! plural4 4,ge4fea 7joy7 is contract$ ?r\gh\t3--4gefea1 4gefean4 ,,weak ,,neut]s4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 eag-e 7eye74 ,nom4 eag-an4 ,acc4 eag-e4 ,acc4 eag-an4 ,dat4 eag-an4 ,dat4 eag-um4 ,g54 eag-an4 ,g54 eag-ena4 ,s also eare 'e>4' ,,weak ,,fem99es4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 sunn-e 7sun74 ,nom4 sunn-an4 ,acc4 sunn-an4 ,acc4 sunn-an4 ,dat4 sunn-an4 ,dat4 sunn-um4 ,g54 sunn-an4 ,g54 sunn-ena4 ,s also 4ciri4ce 7*ur*71 faemne 7virg971 heorte 7he>t74 ,leo 7lion7 has acc41 c4 leon4 ,,prop] ,,names4 ,native names ( p]sons are decl9$ l o!r n\ns3--,aelfr$1 g54 ,aelfr$es1 dat4 ,aelfr$e2 ,ead-burg 7fem471 g54 ,eadburge1 c4 ,=eign names ( p]sons sometimes foll[ ! analogy ( native names1 ?us ,cri/1 ,salomon h g54 ,cri/es1 ,salomones1 dat4 ,cri/e1 ,salomone4 ,sometimes !y are decl9$ z 9 ,lat91 especially ^? 9 -u1 b (t5 ) a mixture ( ,engli% end+s1 & ! ,lat9 end+s are us$ #ad some:at loosely1 ! accus4 end+ be+ (t5 ext5d$ to ! o!r oblique cases2 ?us we f9d nom4 ,cyrus1 g54 ,cyres1 acc4 ,cyrum1 dat4 ,cyrum 7?aem cyn+e ,cyrum74 ,almo/ ! only names ( c\ntries & di/ricts 9 ,old ,engli% are ^? tak5 f ,lat91 su* z ,bret5 7,brita971 ,ce1nt 7,k5t71 4,germania 7,g]many71 & ^? =m$ by composition1 g5]ally ) l&1 su* z ,e1n4gla-l& 7l& ( ! ,engli%1 ,engl&71 ,isr4ahela-?eod 7,israel74 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases ! fir/ elem5t is 9 ! g54 pl41 b ord9>y comp\nds1 su* z ,scot-l&1 also occur4 ,9 o!r cases ! "n ( ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry is us$ = ! c\ntry itself3--on ,ea/-e1n4glum 9 ,ea/-anglia1 lit4 'among ! ,ea/-anglians4' ,s also on ,angel-cynne 9 ,engl&1 lit4 'among ! ,engli% race1' m accurately express$ by ,angelcynnes l&4 ,uncomp\nd$ names ( c\ntries are sometimes undecl9$4 ,?us we f9d on ,ce1nt1 to ,hi]usalem4 4,germania1 ,asia1 & o!r =eign names 9 -a take -e 9 ! oblique cases1 ?us g54 4,germanie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives h ?ree g5d]s1 & ! same cases z n\ns1 ?\gh ) p>tly diff]5t end+s1 toge!r ) /rong & weak inflection4 ,9 ! masc4 & neut4 s+4 !y h an in/rum5tal case1 = :i* 9 ! fem4 & plur41 & 9 ! weak inflection ! dative is us$4 ,,/rong ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives ) a %ort syllable be=e ! end+s take -u 9 ! fem4 s+4 nom4 & neut4 pl4 nom41 ^? ) a long "o drop x4 #ae ,,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 7a7 ,nom4 cwic 7alive71 cwic1 cwic-u4 ,acc4 cwic-ne1 cwic1 cwic-e4 ,dat4 cwic-um1 cwic-um1 cwic-re4 ,g54 cwic-es1 cwic-es1 cwic-re4 ,in/r4 cwic-e1 cwic-e4 7cwicre74 ,,plural4 ,nom4 cwic-e1 cwic-u1 cwic-e4 _/ _/ ,dat4 cwic-um4 ,g54 cwic-ra4 ,s also sum 7"s71 faerlic 7dang]\s74 ,^? ) ae1 su* z gla$ 7glad71 *ange x to a 9 dat4 gladum1 c4 ,^? 9 -e1 su* z bli! 7glad71 drop x 9 all inflections3--bli?ne1 bli?u1 bli?re4 ,^? 9 -ig1 -el1 -ol1 -en1 -er1 -or (t5 contract be=e inflections beg9n+ ) a v[el1 z 9 hali4g 7holy71 halges1 halgum2 mi4cel 7great71 mi4clu1 mi4cle4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 be=e consonants3--hali4gne1 mi4celne1 mi4celra4 ,^? 9 -u1 su* z 4ge>u 7ready71 *ange ! u into a w be=e v[els3--4ge>wes1 4ge>we4 ,adjectives ) long syllable be=e ! end+s drop ! u ( ! fem4 & neut]3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 7b7 ,nom4 ,s+4 god 7good71 god1 god4 ,plur4 gode1 god1 gode4 ,fea 7few7 has only ! plural inflections1 dat4 feam1 g54 feara4 ,heah 7high7 drops its second h 9 inflection & contracts3--heare1 nom4 pl4 hea1 dat4 heam1 acc4 s+4 masc4 heanne4 ,fela 7_m7 is indecl9able4 #af ,,weak ,,adjectives4 ,! weak inflections ( adjectives agree exactly ) ! n\n ones3- ,,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 god-a1 god-e1 god-e4 ,acc4 god-an1 god-e1 god-an4 ,dat4 god-an1 god-an1 god-an4 ,g54 god-an1 god-an1 god-an4 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 god-an4 ,dat4 god-um4 ,g54 god-ra4 ,! v[el- & consonant-*anges are z 9 ! /rong decl5sion4 ,,comp>ison4 ,! comp>ative is =m$ by add+ -ra1 & is decl9$ l a weak adjective3--le( 7de>71 le(ra masc41 le(re fem41 le(ran plur41 etc42 maere 7fam\s71 maerra4 ,! sup]lative is =m$ by add+ -o/1 & may be ei!r weak or /rong3--le(o/ 7de>e/74 ,! foll[+ =m _! comp>isons ) mutation1 ) sup]lative 9 -e/ 7! =ms 9 p>5!ses are adv]bs73-- eald 7old71 ieldra1 ielde/4 lang 7long71 le1n4gra1 le1n4ge/4 neah 7ne>71 7near71 nieh/4 heah 7high71 hierra1 hieh/4 ,! foll[+ %[ diff]5t roots3-- god 7good71 be1t]a1 be1t/4 yfel 7evil71 wi]sa1 wi]re/4 mi4cel 7great71 mara 7ma71 mae/4 lytel 7little71 laessa 7laes71 lae/4 #ag ,! foll[+ are defective z well z irregul>1 be+ =m$ f adv]bs3-- aer 7=m]ly71 aerra 7aeror71 aere/4 =e 7be=e71 4 4 4 =ma1 fyrme/4 ut 7out71 yt]ra1 yteme/4 ,,num]als4 ,,c>d9al4 ,,ord9al4 an1 "o4 =ma 7fir/74 twa1 two4 o!r4 ?reo1 ?ree4 ?ridda4 feow]1 f\r4 feor?a4 fif1 five4 fif-ta4 siex1 six4 siex-ta4 se(on1 sev54 se(o?a4 eahta1 eight4 eahto?a4 nigon1 n9e4 nigo?a4 tien1 t54 teo?a4 e1ndlufon1 elev54 e1ndlyf-ta4 twe1lf1 twelve4 twe1lf-ta4 ?reo-tiene1 ?irte54 ?reo-teo?a4 feow]-tiene1 f\rte54 fif-tiene1 fifte54 siex-tiene1 sixte54 se(on-tiene1 sev5te54 eahta-tiene1 eighte54 nigon-tiene1 n9ete54 twe1n-ti4g1 tw5ty4 ?ri-ti4g1 ?irty4 feow]-ti4g1 =ty4 fif-ti4g1 fifty4 siex-ti4g1 sixty4 #ah hund-4se(on-ti4g1 sev5ty4 hund-4eahta-ti4g1 eighty4 hund-4nigon-ti4g1 n9ety4 hund hundr$4 hund-4teonti4g1 hund-4e1ndlufonti4g1 hundr$ & t54 hund-4twe1lfti4g1 hundr$ & tw5ty4 ?us5d1 ?\s&4 ,an is decl9$ l o!r adjectives4 ,twa is decl9$ ?us3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 twe4gen1 twa1 twa4 _/ _/ ,dat4 twaem4 ,g54 twe4gra4 ,s also be4gen 7bo?71 ba1 baem1 be4gra4 ,?reo is decl9$ ?us3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 ?rie1 ?reo1 ?reo4 _/ _/ ,dat4 ?rim4 ,g54 ?reora4 ,! o!rs up to twe1nti4g are g5]ally indecl9able4 ,^? 9 -ti4g are sometimes decl9$ l neut] n\ns1 sometimes l adjectives1 & are (t5 left undecl9$4 ,:5 n made into adjectives !y gov]n ! g5itive4 ,hund & ?us5d are ei!r decl9$ z neut]s or left undecl9$1 always tak+ a g5itive3--eahta hund mila 7eight hundr$ miles71 feow] ?us5d w]a 7f\r ?\s& m574 ,units are always put be=e t5s3--an & twe1nti4g 7tw5ty-"o74 #ai ,! ord9als are always weak1 except o!r1 :i* is always /rong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 i4c 7,i71 ?u 7?\74 ,acc4 me1 ?e4 ,dat4 me1 ?e4 ,g54 min1 ?in4 ,,dual4 ,nom4 wit 7we two71 4gx 7ye two74 ,acc4 unc1 inc4 ,dat4 unc1 inc4 ,g54 unc]1 inc]4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 we 7we71 4ge 7ye74 ,acc4 us1 eow4 ,dat4 us1 eow4 ,g54 ure1 eow]4 ,,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 he 7he71 hit 7x71 heo 7%e74 ,acc4 h9e1 hit1 hie4 ,dat4 him1 him1 hi]e4 ,g54 81 81 hi]e4 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 hie 7!y74 ,dat4 him4 ,g54 hi]a4 ,!re are no reflexive pron\ns 9 ,o4,e41 & ! ord9>y #bj p]sonal pron\ns are us$ in/ead3--hie 4ge4samnodon hie 7!y collect$ !mselves1 assembl$72 hie a4baedon him wif 7!y ask$ = wives = !mselves74 ,self is us$ z an emphatic reflexive adjective agree+ ) its pron\n3--swa swa hie wys4cton him selfum 7z !y wi%$ = !mselves74 ,,possessive4 ,min 7my71 ?in 7?y71 ure 7our71 eow] 7y\r71 & ! dual unc] & inc] are decl9$ l o!r adjectives4 ,! g5itives 8 781 its71 hi]e 7h]71 hi]a 7_!7 are us$ z indecl9able possessives4 ,,int]rogative4 ,masc4 & ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 hwa 7:o71 hwaet 7:at74 ,acc4 hwone1 hwaet4 ,dat4 hwaem1 hwaem4 ,g54 hwaes1 hwaes4 ,in/r4 hwy1 hwy4 ,hwelc 7:i*7 is decl9$ l a /rong adjective3 x is us$ bo? z a n\n & an adjective4 ,,demon/rative4 ,,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 se 7t1 !71 ?aet1 seo4 ,acc4 ?one1 ?aet1 ?a4 ,dat4 ?aem1 ?aem1 ?aere4 ,g54 ?aes1 ?aes1 ?aere4 ,in/r4 ?y1 ?on1 ?y1 7?aere74 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 ?a4 ,dat4 ?aem4 ,g54 ?ara4 #ba ,se is bo? a demon/rative & a def9ite article4 ,x is also us$ z a p]sonal pron\n3--he 4ge4hier? min ^w1 & wyr4c? ?a 7he he>s my words1 & does !m74 ,se z a demon/rative & p]s4 pron\n has its v[el long4 ,,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 !s 7?is71 ?is1 ?eos4 ,acc4 ?isne1 ?is1 ?as4 ,dat4 ?issum1 ?issum1 ?isse4 ,g54 ?isses1 ?isses1 ?isse4 ,in/r4 ?ys1 ?ys4 7?isse74 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 ?as4 ,dat4 ?issum4 ,g54 ?issa4 ,o!r demon/ratives1 :i* are us$ bo? z n\ns & z adjectives1 are se ilca 7same71 :i* is always weak1 swelc 7su*71 :i* is always /rong4 ,,relative4 ,! regul> relative is ! indecl9able !1 z 9 aelc ?ara ! ?as min ^w 4ge4hier? 7ea* ( ^? :o he>s ^! my words74 ,x is (t5 comb9$ ) se1 :i* is decl9$3--se ! :o1 masc41 seo !1 fem41 c4 ,se alone is also us$ z a relative3--her is min cnapa1 ?one ic 4ge44cez 7"h is my s]vant1 :om ,i h *os572 sometimes 9 ! s5se ( 'he :o'3--her ?u haef/ ?aet ?in is 7"h ?\ ha/ t :i* is ?9e74 ,,indef9ite4 ,indef9ites are =m$ ) swa & ! int]rogative pron\ns1 ?us3--swa hwa swa1 swa hwel4c swa 7:oev]71 swa hwaet swa 7:atev]74 #bb ,an & sum 7"s7 are us$ 9 an indef9ite s5se3--an mann1 sum mann 'a c]ta9 man1' h5ce 'a man4' ,b ! indef9ite article is g5]ally n express$4 ,ael4c 7ea*71 aeni4g 7any71 naeni4g 7no1 none71 are decl9$ l o!r adjectives4 ,o!r 7o!r7 is always /rong3--?a o?re me1nn4 ,man1 ano!r =m ( mann1 is (t5 us$ 9 ! indef9ite s5se ( '"o1' ,fr5* on3--8 bro?or ,horsan man (4slog 7!y kill$ 8 bro!r ,horsa74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v]bs4 ,!re are two classes ( v]bs 9 ,o4,e41 /rong & weak4 ,! conjugation ( /rong v]bs is effect$ ma9ly by means ( v[el-gradation1 t ( weak v]bs by ! addition ( d 7-ode1 -ede1 -de7 to ! root-syllable4 ,! foll[+ is ! conjugation ( ! /rong v]b b9dan 7b9d71 :i* w s]ve to %[ ! end+s :i* are common to all v]bs3-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 b9d-e1 b9d-e4 #b4 b9d-e/1 b9t/1 b9d-e4 #c4 b9d-e?1 b9t1 b9d-e4 plur4 b9d-a?1 b9d-en4 ,pret4 s+4 #a4 b&1 bund-e4 #b4 bund-e1 bund-e4 #c4 b&1 bund-e4 plur4 bund-on1 bund-en4 ,imp]4 s+4 b9d2 plur4 b9d-a?4 ,inf94 b9d-an4 ,p>tic4 pres4 b9d-ende2 pret4 4ge-4bund-en4 ,g]und4 to b9d-enne4 ,= ! plural b9da?1 bo? indicative & imp]ative1 b9de is us$ :5 ! p]sonal pron\n foll[s imm$iately aft] #bc ! v]b3--we b9da? 7we b9d71 b b9de we 7let u b9d72 s also ga?6 7g plur471 b ga 4ge6 7g ye74 ,! pres5t p>ticiple may be decl9$ l an adjective4 ,its decl5sion :5 us$ z a n\n is giv5 above1 p4 #aj4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple g5]ally prefixes 4ge-1 z 9 4ge4bund51 4ge4num5 f niman 7take71 unless ! o!r p>ts ( ! v]bs h x already1 z 9 4ge4hieran 7he>71 4ge4hier$4 ,x is sometimes prefix$ to o!r p>ts ( ! v]b z well4 ,no 4ge is add$ if ! v]b has ano!r prefix1 su* z a-1 be-1 =-2 ?us =44giefan 7=give7 has ! pa/ p>ticiple =44gief54 ,! pa/ p>ticiple may be decl9$ l an adjective4 ,traces ( an old] passive voice are pres]v$ 9 ! =m hat-te f hatan 7call1 "n71 :i* is bo? pres5t 'is call$1' & pret]ite '0 call$'3--se munuc hatte ,abbo 7! monk's "n 0 ,abbo74 ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 ,9 ! /rong v]bs ! plural ( ! pret4 indic4 g5]ally has a diff]5t v[el f t ( ! s+4 7ic b&1 we bundon74 ,! #bnd s+4 pret4 indic4 & ! :ole pret4 subj4 always h ! v[el ( ! pret]ite plural indicative 7?u bunde1 ic bunde1 we bund547 ,! #bnd & #crd p]sons s+4 ( ! pres4 indic4 (t5 mutate ! root-v[el1 ?us3-- a becomes e1 z 9 7he7 /e1nt f /&an 7/&74 ea ie fiel? feallan 7fall74 e i c)? cwe?an 7say74 eo ie wi]? weor?an 7happ574 a ae haett hatan 7comm&74 o e grew? growan 7gr[74 ea ie hiew? heawan 7hew74 eo ie 4cie/ 4ceosan 7*oose74 u y lyc? luc 7close74 #bd ,! full end+ ( ! #crd p]s4 s+4 pres4 indic4 is -e?1 :i* is g5]ally contract$1 ) ! foll[+ consonant-*anges3-- -te? becomes -tt z 9 laett f laetan 7let74 -de? -tt bitt bidan 7wait74 -dde? -tt bitt biddan 7pray74 -!? -?? c)? cwe?an 7say74 -se? -/ 4cie/ 4ceosan 7*oose74 -nde? -nt b9t b9dan 7b9d74 ,d\ble consonants become s+le1 z 9 he fiel? f feallan4 ,be=e ! -/ ( ! #bnd p]s4 consonants are (t5 dropt1 z 9 ?u cwi/ f cwe?an1 ?u 4cie/ f 4ceosan2 & d becomes t1 z 9 ?u b9t/ f b9dan4 ,= ! *anges betwe5 s & r1 ? & d1 g & h1 see p4 #g4 ,"s v]bs1 su* z seon 7see71 drop ! h & contract be=e mo/ inflections beg9n+ ) a v[el3--ic seo1 we seo?1 to seonne2 b he sih?4 ,!re are sev5 conjugations ( /rong v]bs1 di/+ui%$ ma9ly by ! diff]5t =mation ( _! pret]ites4 ,! foll[+ li/s comprise all ! /rong v]bs t occur 9 ! texts giv5 9 ?is book1 toge!r ) sev]al o!rs ( ! common] ones4 ,i4 ',fall'-conjugation4 ,! pret4 s+4 & pl4 has eo or e1 & ! pa/ p>tic4 reta9s ! orig9al v[el ( ! inf9itive4 #be 7a7 eo-pret]ites4 ea3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 feallan 7fall7 fiel? feoll feollon feall5 healdan 7hold7 hielt heold heoldon heald5 wealdan 7wield7 wielt weold weoldon weald5 weaxan 7gr[7 wiext weox weoxon weax5 a3-- blawan 7bl[7 blaew? bleow bleowon blaw5 cnawan 7"k7 cnaew? cneow cneowon cnaw5 sawan 7s[7 saew? seow seowon saw5 e3-- wepan 7weep7 wep? weop weopon wop5 ,wepan has really a weak pres5t 7p4 #cj7 ) mutation 7! orig9al o re-appe>+ 9 ! pa/ p>tic471 b x makes no diff]5ce 9 ! inflection4 o3-- flowan 7fl[7 flew? fleow fleowon flow5 growan 7gr[7 grew? greow greowon grow5 rowan 7r[7 rew? reow reowon row5 ea3-- beatan 7beat7 biett beot beoton beat5 heawan 7hew7 hiew? heow heowon heaw5 hleapan 7leap7 hliep? hleop hleopon hleap5 7b7 e-pret]ites4 a3-- hatan 7comm&7 haett het heton hat5 ae3-- laetan 7let7 laett let leton laet5 o3-- fon 7seize7 feh? feng fengon fang5 hon 7hang7 heh? heng hengon hang5 #bf ,,ii4 ',%ake'-conjugation4 ,v]bs 9 a 7ea7 & e1 7ie74 ,o 9 pret4 s+1 & pl41 a 7ae7 9 p>tic4 pret4 ,/&an drops its n 9 ! pret4 ,! p>tic4 pret4 ( swe1rian is irregul>4 a3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird4 ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 f>an 7g7 fa]? for foron f>5 sacan 7qu>rel7 saec? soc socon sac5 scacan 7%ake7 scaec? scoc scocon scac5 /&an 7/&7 /e1nt /od /odon /&5 ,! foll[+ %[s contraction ( orig9al ea3-- slean 7/rike7 slieh? slog slogon slae4gen e13-- he1bban 7lift7 he1f? hof hofon haf5 s4cieppan 7create7 s4ciep? scop scopon scap5 swe1rian 7swe>7 swe1re? swor sworon swor5 ,! pres5ts ( ^! v]bs are inflect$ weak1 s t _! imp]ative s+4 is he1fe & swe1re1 l t ( we1nian 7p4 #cb74 ,swe1rian has indic4 swe1rige1 swe1re/1 l we1nian2 he1bban has he1bbe1 he1f/1 c4 l hieran 7p4 #cj74 ,,iii4 ',b9d'-conjugation4 ,i 7ie1 e1 eo7 foll[$ by two consonants1 "o or bo? ( :i* is ne>ly always a liquid 7l1 r7 or nasal 7m1 n7 9 ! inf941 a 7ae1 ea7 9 pret4 s+41 u 9 pret4 pl41 u 7o7 9 ptc4 pret4 ,f9dan has a weak pret]ite4 i3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 b9dan 7b9d7 b9t b& bundon bund5 dr9can 7dr9k7 dr9c? dranc druncon drunc5 f9dan 7f9d7 f9t funde fundon fund5 4gieldan 7pay7 4gielt 4geald guldon gold5 7on74ginnan 7beg97 -4gin? -gann -gunnon -gunn5 #bg gr9dan 7gr9d7 gr9t gr& grundon grund5 i]nan 7run7 p4 #g i]n? arn urnon urn5 4ge-4limpan 7happ57 -limp? -lamp -lumpon -lump5 scr9can 7%r9k7 scr9c? scranc scruncon scrunc5 spr+an 7spr+7 spr+? sprang sprungon sprung5 sw9can 7toil7 sw9c? swanc swuncon swunc5 w9dan 7w9d7 w9t w& wundon wund5 w9nan 7fight7 w9? wann wunnon wunn5 e3-- b]/an 7bur/7 bi]/ ba]/ bur/on bor/5 bre4gdan 7pull7 444 brae4gd brugdon brogd5 delfan 7dig7 dilf? dealf dulfon dolf5 sweltan 7die7 swilt swealt swulton swolt5 eo3-- beorgan 7protect7 bi]h? be>g burgon borg5 beornan 7burn7p4 #g bi]n? b>n burnon burn5 4ceorfan 7cut7 4ci]f? 4ce>f curfon corf5 feohtan 7fight7 fieht feaht fuhton foht5 weorpan 7?r[7 wi]p? we>p wurpon worp5 weor?an 7become7 wi]? we>? wurdon word5 ,,iv4 ',be>'-conjugation4 ,v]bs 9 e 7i71 foll[$ by a s+le consonant1 g5]ally a liquid or nasal2 9 brecan ! liquid prec$es ! v[el4 ,a 7ae7 9 pret4 s+41 ae 7a7 9 pret4 pl41 o 7u7 9 ptc4 pret4 ,cuman is irregul>4 i3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sg4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 niman 7take7 nim? nam namon num5 e3-- b]an 7be>7 bi]? ba] baeron bor5 brecan 7break7 bric? braec braecon broc5 s4ceran 7%e>7 s4ci]? s4ce> s4cearon scor5 /elan 7/eal7 /il? /ael /aelon /ol5 t]an 7te>7 44 ta] taeron tor5 #bh u3-- cuman 7come7 cym? com comon cum5 ,v4 ',give'-conjugation4 ,v]bs 9 e 7i1 eo1 ie7 foll[$ by s+le consonants1 :i* are n liquids or nasals4 ,?is class diff]s f ! la/ only 9 ! ptc4 pret4 :i* keeps ! v[el ( ! inf9itive4 e3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sg4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 cwe?an 7say7 c)? cwae? cwaedon cw$5 etan 7eat7 itt aet aeton et5 sprecan 7speak7 spric? spraec spraecon sprec5 wrecan 7av5ge7 wric? wraec wraecon wrec5 i3-- biddan 7pray7 bitt ba$ baedon b$5 li4c4gan 7lie7 li? lae4g laegon le4gen sittan 7sit7 sitt saet saeton set5 ?i4c4gan 7receive7 ?i4ge? !ah ?aegon !4gen ,all ^! h weak pres5ts3--imp]4 bide1 li4ge1 site1 ?i4ge4 ,_! is are mutations ( ! e :i* appe>s 9 _! pa/ p>tic4 ie3-- 4giefan 7give7 4gief? 4geaf 4geafon 4gief5 7on74gietan 7und]/&7 -4giett -4geat -4geaton -4giet5 ,! foll[+ is contract$ 9 mo/ =ms3-- seon 7see7 sih? seah sawon sew5 ,,vi4 ',%9e'-conjugation4 ,v]bs 9 i1 ) pret4 s+1 9 a1 pl4 i1 ptc4 pret4 i4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 bidan 7wait7 bitt bad bidon bid5 bitan 7bite7 bitt bat biton bit5 drifan 7drive7 drif? draf drifon drif5 #bi 7be7lifan 7rema97 -lif? -laf -lifon -lif5 ridan 7ride7 ritt rad ridon rid5 ripan 7reap7 rip? rap ripon rip5 7a7risan 7rise7 -ri/ -ras -rison -ris5 s4cinan 7%9e7 s4cin? scan s4cinon s4cin5 sni?an 7cut7 sni?? sna? snidon snid5 /igan 7asc5d7 /i4g? /ag /igon /i4gen 7be7swic 7deceive7 -swic? -swac -swicon -swic5 4ge4witan 7dep>t7 -witt wat -witon -wit5 writan 7write7 writt wrat writon writ5 ,,vii4 ',*oose'-conjugation4 ,v]bs 9 eo & u1 ) pret4 s+4 ea1 pl4 u1 ptc4 pret4 o4 ,fleon & teon contract4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 beodan 7(f]7 biett bead budon bod5 breotan 7break7 briett breat bruton brot5 4ceosan 7*oose7 4cie/ 4cez curon cor5 fleogan 7fly7 flieh? fleag flugon flog5 fleon 7flee7 flieh? fleah flugon flog5 fleotan 7float7 fliett fleat fluton flot5 hreosan 7fall7 hrie/ hrez hruron hror5 hreowan 7rue7 hriew? hreaw hruwon hr[5 =4leosan 7lose7 -lie/ -lez -luron -lor5 s4ceotan 7%oot7 s4ciett s4ceat scuton scot5 smeocan 7smoke7 smiec? smeac smucon smoc5 teon 7pull7 tieh? teah tugon tog5 a-?reotan 7fail7 -?riett -?reat -?ruton -?rot5 u3-- bruc 7enjoy7 bryc? breac brucon broc5 bugan 7b[7 byh? beag bugon bog5 luc 7lock7 lyc? leac lucon loc5 lutan 7b[7 lytt leat luton lot5 scufan 7pu%7 scyf? s4ceaf scufon sc(5 #cj ,,weak ,,v]bs4 ,!re are ?ree conjugations ( weak v]bs--7#a7 9 -an1 pret4 -de 7hieran1 hierde1 'he>'72 7#b7 9 -ian1 pret4 -ede 7we1nian1 we1n$e1 'wean'72 7#c7 9 -ian1 pret4 -ode 7lufian1 lufode1 'love'74 ,! v]bs ( ! fir/ two conjugations ne>ly all h a mutat$ v[el 9 ! pres5t & inf9itive1 :i* ^? ( ! ?ird conjugation v seldom h4 ,i4 an-v]bs4 ,?is class ( weak v]bs has ! same end+s z ! /rong v]bs1 except 9 ! pret4 & pa/ p>tic41 :i* are =m$ by add+ -de & -ed respectively1 ) ! foll[+ consonant *anges4 -ndde becomes -nde z 9 se1nde f se1ndan 7s5d74 -llde -lde fylde fyllan 7fill74 -tde -tte mette metan 7f9d74 -pde -pte dypte dyppan 7dip74 -cde -hte taehte tae4can 7%[74 ,! pa/ p>tic4 is g5]ally contract$ 9 ! same way3--se1nd1 mett1 taeht1 b "s ( !m (t5 reta9 ! uncontract$ =ms3--fyll$1 dypp$4 ,:5 decl9$ l adjectives !y drop _! e :]e practicable3--fyll$1 plur4 fylde2 hier$1 hierde4 ,! #bnd & #crd pres4 s+4 ind4 are contract$ z 9 ! /rong v]bs4 7a7 ',he>'-class4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 hier-e 7he>71 hier-e4 #b4 hier-/1 hier-e4 #c4 hier-?1 hier-e4 plur4 hier-a?1 hier-en4 #ca ,pret4 s+4 #a4 hier-de1 hier-de4 #b4 hier-de/1 hier-de4 #c4 hier-de1 hier-de4 plur4 hier-don1 hier-d54 ,imp]4 s+4 hier2 plur4 hier-a?4 ,inf94 hier-an4 ,ptc4 pres4 hier-ende2 pret4 hier-ed4 ,g]und4 to hier-enne4 ,fur!r examples ( ?is class are3-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,p>tic4 ,,pret4 aet4iewan 7%[7 -iew? -iewde -iew$4 cy?an 7make kn[n7 cy?? cy?de cy!d1 cydd fyllan 7fill7 fyl? fylde fyll$ 7nea7lae4can 7approa*7 -lae4c? -laehte -laeht laedan 7lead7 laett laedde laedd le14c4gan 7lay7 le14g? le14gde le14gd 4ge4liefan 7believe7 -lief? -liefde -lief$ ne1mnan 7"n7 ne1mne? ne1mnde ne1mn$ se1ndan 7s5d7 se1nt se1nde se1nd se1ttan 7set7 se1tt se1tte se1tt smean 7consid]7 smea? smeade smead tae4can 7%[7 tae4c? taehte taeht we1ndan 7turn7 we1nt we1nde we1nd 7b7 ',seek'-class4 ,9 ?is class ! mutat$ v[els lose _! mutation 9 ! pret]ite & pa/ p>tic41 besides und]go+ o!r *anges 9 "s v]bs4 ,^? 9 d\ble consonants 7& 4c4g7 simplify !m 9 ! contract$ #bnd & #crd s+4 pres4 indic43--se1lle1 se1l/1 se1l?2 se14c1ge1 se14g/1 se14g?2 also 9 ! imp]ative1 :i* is =m$ z 9 ,conj4 ,,ii3--se1le1 se14ge1 by4ge1 c4 #cb e13-- ,,inf9itive4 ,,?ird ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,p>tic4 ,,pret4 cwe1llan 7kill7 cwe1l? cwealde cweald re14c4can 7tell7 re14c? reahte reaht se14c4gan 7say7 se14g? sae4gde sae4gd se1llan 7give7 se1l? sealde seald we14c4can 7wake7 we14c? weahte weaht ?e1n4can 7?9k7 ?e1n4c? ?ohte ?oht i3-- br+an 7br+7 br+? brohte broht y3-- by4c4gan 7buy7 by4g? bohte boht ?yn4can 7appe>7 ?yn4c? ?uhte ?-uht wyr4can 7"w7 wyr4c? worhte worht e3-- re4can 7c>e7 re4c? rohte roht se4can 7seek7 se4c? sohte soht ,,ii4 ',wean'-conjugation4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 we1n-i4ge 7wean71 we1n-i4ge4 #b4 we1n-e/1 we1n-i4ge4 #c4 we1n-e?1 we1n-i4ge4 plur4 we1n-ia?1 we1n-i54 ,pret4 s+4 #a4 we1n-ede1 we1n-ede4 #b4 we1n-ede/1 we1n-ede4 #c4 we1n-ede1 we1n-ede4 plur4 we1n-edon1 we1n-ed54 ,imp]4 we1n-e1 we1n-ia?4 ,inf94 we1n-ian4 ,p>tic4 pres4 we1n-i5de2 pret4 we1n-ed4 ,g]und4 to we1n-i5ne4 #cc ,s are conjugat$ all weak v]bs ) a %ort mutat$ root syllable1 su* z fe1rian 7c>ry71 we1rian 7def5d71 4ge4byrian 7befit74 ,!re are n _m ( !m4 ,,iii4 ',love'-conjugation4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 luf-i4ge 7love71 luf-i4ge4 #b4 luf-a/1 luf-i4ge4 #c4 luf-a?1 luf-i4ge4 plur4 luf-ia?1 luf-i54 ,pret4 s+4 #a4 luf-ode1 luf-ode4 #b4 luf-ode/1 luf-ode4 #c4 luf-ode1 luf-ode4 plur4 luf-odon1 luf-od54 ,imp]4 luf-a1 luf-ia?4 ,inf94 luf-ian4 ,p>tic4 pres4 luf-i5de3 pret4 luf-od4 ,g]und4 to luf-i5ne4 ,s also ascian 7ask71 macian 7make71 weor?ian 7hon\r71 & _m o!rs4 ,irregul>ities4 ,"s v]bs are conjugat$ p>tly aft] ,i1 p>tly aft] ,,iii4 ,su* are habban 7h7 & libban 7live74 ,habban has pres4 indic4 haebbe1 haef/1 haef?2 habba?1 subj4 haebbe1 haebb51 pret4 haefde1 imp]4 hafa1 habba?1 p>ticc4 habb5de1 haefd4 ,libban has pres4 libbe1 le(a/1 le(a?2 libba?1 subj4 libbe1 pret4 le(ode1 imp]4 le(a1 libba?1 p>ticc4 libb5de1 lifi5de2 le(od4 ,fe1tian 7fet*7 has pret4 fe1tte4 ,,/rong-,,weak ,,v]bs4 ,! /rong-weak v]bs h = _! pres5ts old /rong pret]ites1 f :i* new weak pret]ites are =m$4 ,note ! occasional second p]son s+4 9 t4 #cd ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 wat 7"k71 wite4 #b4 wa/1 wite4 #c4 wat1 wite4 plur4 witon1 wit54 ,pret4 wi/e4 ,imp]4 wite1 wita?4 ,inf94 witan4 ,p>tic4 pres4 wit5de2 pret4 wit54 ,! o!r mo/ important weak-/rong v]bs are giv5 bel[ 9 ! #a/ & #bnd s+4 pres4 indic41 9 ! plur4 indic41 9 ! pret41 9 ! inf94 & p>tic4 pret4 ,( sev]al ! la/ two =ms are d\btful1 or d n exi/4 ,ah 7possess71 age1 agon2 ahte2 ag5 7only z adjective7#d4 ,cann 7"k7 can/1 cunnon2 cu!2 cunnan2 cu? 7only z adjective47 ,de>r 7d>e71 durre1 durron2 dor/e4 4,ge4man 7rememb]71 -man/2 -munde2 -munan4 ,mae4g 7c71 miht1 magon1 mae4ge 7subj472 mihte4 ,mot 7may71 mo/1 moton2 mo/e4 ,s4ceal 7%all71 s4cealt1 sculon1 scyle 7subj472 scolde4 ,!>f 7ne$71 ?urfon1 ?yrfe 7subj472 ?orfte2 ?urfan4 ,,anomal\s ,,v]bs4 7#a7 ,willan 7w7 %[s a mixture ( subj4 =ms 9 ! pres4 indic4 s+43-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 wile1 wile4 #b4 wilt1 wile4 #c4 wile1 wile4 plur4 willa?1 will54 ,pret4 wolde1 etc4 #ce ,simil>ly nyllan 7w n73-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 nyle1 nyle4 #b4 nylt1 nyle4 #c4 nyle1 nyle4 plur4 nylla?1 nyll54 ,pret4 nolde1 etc4 7#b7 ,wesan 7be74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 eom2 beo1 sie2 beo4 #b4 e>t2 bi/1 sie2 beo4 #c4 is2 bi?1 sie2 beo4 plur4 s9d2 beo?1 sien2 beon4 ,pret4 s+4 #a4 waes1 waere4 #b4 waere1 waere4 #c4 waes1 waere4 plur4 waeron1 waer54 ,imp]4 wes1 wesa?2 beo1 beo?4 ,inf94 wesan2 beon4 ,p>tic4 pres4 wes5de4 ,! contract$ negative =ms are3--neom1 ne>t1 nis2 naes1 naere1 naeron2 naere1 naer54 7#c7 ,don 7d74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 do1 do4 #b4 de/1 do4 #c4 de?1 do4 plur4 do?1 don4 ,pret4 dyde1 etc4 ,imp]4 do1 do?4 ,inf94 don4 ,p>tic4 pres4 donde2 pret4 4ge4don4 #cf 7#d7 ,gan 7g74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 s+4 #a4 ga1 ga4 #b4 gae/1 ga4 #c4 gae?1 ga4 plur4 ga?1 gan4 ,pret4 eode1 eode4 ,imp]4 ga1 ga?4 ,inf94 gan4 ,p>tic4 pres4 gang5de2 pret4 4ge4gan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,d]ivation4 ,,prefixes4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important prefixes1 "s ( :i* are v]bal1 be+ conf9$ to v]bs & words =m$ directly f !m2 "s nom9al1 be+ conf9$ to n\ns & adjectives4 a- 7#a7 orig9ally '=?1' 'away1' z 9 a4risan1 'rise =?1' 'arise'2 a4f>an1 'g away1''dep>t'2 b g5]ally only int5sive1 z 9 a4cwe1llan 7kill71 a4hreosan 7fall74 7#b7 'ev]' 9 pron\ns & p>ticles1 :]e x gives an indef9ite s5se1 z 9 a-hwaer 7any:]e71 a-wiht 7any?+74 ae4g- f a-4ge-1 ! a be+ mutat$ & ! e dropp$1 has a simil> mean+1 z 9 ae4g-hwelc 7ea*71 ae4g!r ae4g-hwae!r 7ei!r74 be-1 orig9ally 'by1' 'ar\nd' 7cp4 ! preposition be71 7#a7 specializes ! mean+ ( a transitive v]b1 z 9 be4se1ttan 7beset1 surr\nd71 be4s4ci]an 7%e>72 7#b7 makes an intransitive v]b transitive1 z 9 be4?e1n4can 7consid]7 f ?e1n4can 7?9k72 7#c7 gives a privative mean+1 z 9 be4heafdian 7behead74 ,9 "s words1 su* z be4cuman 7come71 x is practically unmean+4 #cg =- 7:i* is di/9ct f ! preposition =7 g5]ally has ! s5se ( 'loss' or 'de/ruction1' z 9 =4don 7de/roy71 =4weor?an 7p]i%74 ,( c\rse1 if ! v]b ) :i* x is comp\nd$ already has ?is mean+1 x acts m]ely z an int5sitive1 z 9 =4breotan 7break up1 break71 =4scr9can 7%r9k up74 ,x also modifies 9 a bad s5se g5]ally1 z 9 =4seon 7despise71 or negatives1 z 9 =4beodan 7=bid74 4ge- orig9ally meant 'toge!r1' z 9 4ge4fera 7fell[-travell]1 companion7 f feran 7travel74 ,) v]bs x (t5 signifies 'completion1' 'atta9m5t1' & h5ce 'success1' z 9 4ge4gan 7conqu]71 orig9ally 'g ov]1' or 'rea*1' 4ge4w9nan 7w97 f w9nan 7fight74 ,h5ce g5]ally prefix$ to hieran & seon1 4ge4hieran & 4ge4seon /rictly mean+ 'succe$ 9 he>+1 see+4' ,x is g5]ally prefix$ to pa/ p>ticiples 7p4 #bc71 :]e x orig9ally gave ! mean+ ( completion--4ge4lufod 'completely lov$4' mis- 'mis1' z 9 mis-daed 7misde$74 n- ne 7n71 z 9 na 7n71 lit]ally 'nev]1' naefre 7nev]71 naes 70 n7 ne waes4 on- z a v]bal prefix has no?+ to d ) ! preposition on4 ,x prop]ly signifies 'sep>ation1' z 9 on4luc 7op57 f luc 7lock1 close71 b is (t5 practically unmean+1 z 9 on44ginnan 7beg974 or-1 lit]ally 'out (1' is privative1 z 9 orsorg 7unconc]n$7 f sorg 7sorr[74 to- z a v]bal prefix has no?+ to d ) ! preposition to 7:i* occurs 9 to4ga$re1 'toge!r1' c471 b signifies 'sep>ation1' z 9 to4b]/an 7bur/ asund]71 to4bre4gdan 7%ake (f71 & h5ce 'de/ruction1' z 9 to4cwiesan 7cru% to pieces1 bruise74 un- negatives1 z 9 un-4gesaeli4g 7unhappy74 #ch ,,end+s4 7a7 ,,n\ns4 ,p]sonal4 -end1 f ! pres5t p>ticiple -ende1 '-er'3--,hael5d 7heal]1 ,savi\r71 buend 7dwell]74 -ere '-er'3--sa7 7s[]71 mynet]e 7money-*ang]1 m9t]7 f mynet 7co974 -+1 patronymic1 ae!l+ 7son ( a noble1 pr9ce7 f ae!le 7noble74 ,ab/ract4 -nes1 fem4 f adjectives3--god-nes 7goodness71 rihtwisnes 7righte\sness74 -u?1 -?o1 fem41 g5]ally f adjectives3--4geogu? 7y\?71 /re1n4g?o 7/r5g?7 f /rang4 -ung1 fem4 f v]bs3--scotung 7%oot+1 %ot71 he1rgung 7ravag+71 f scotian1 he1rgian4 ,! foll[+ are also indep5d5t words3-- -dom1 masc43--wis-dom 7wisdom71 ?eow-dom 7s]vitude74 -had1 masc43--4cild-had 7*ildhood74 -raed51 fem43--4ge4cwid-raed5 7agreem5t7 f cwide 7spee*72 mann-raed5 7allegiance74 -s4cipe1 masc43--freond-s4cipe 7fri5d%ip74 ,concrete 9 waet]-s4cipe 7piece ( wat]1 wat]74 7b7 ,,adjectives4 -en1 ) mutation1 d5otes 'mat]ial1' 'belong+ to'3--gyld5 7gold571 /aen5 7( /one71 hae!n 7hea!n7 f hae? 7hea?74 ,9 seolc5 7silk57 !re is no mutation4 -feald '-fold'3--hund-feald 7hundr$-fold74 -i4g3--miht-i4g 7mighty72 hal-i4g 7holy7 f hal 7:ole74 #ci -isc1 ) mutation3--,e1n4glisc 7,engli%7 f ,angel2 me1nn-isc 7human7 f mann4 -ol3--swic-ol 7deceitful74 -iht1 ) mutation1 d5otes 'mat]ial1' 'nature'3--/aen-iht 7/ony74 -sum '"s'3--hier-sum 7ob$i5t74 ,! foll[+ exi/ 7sometimes 9 a diff]5t =m7 z indep5d5t words3-- -fae/3--so?-fae/ 7tru?ful74 -full3--sorg-full 7sorr[ful71 4ge4leaf-full 7believ+1 pi\s74 -lez '-less'3--ar-lez 7di%on\r$1 wick$74 -lic 7cp4 4ge4lic7 '-ly'3--folc-lic 7popul>71 he(on-lic 7heav5ly74 -we>d '-w>d'3--su?an-we>d 7s\?w>d74 ,,v]bs4 -lae4can3--an-lae4can 7unite71 4ge4?waer-lae4can 7agree74 ,,adv]bs4 -e1 ! regul> adv]b-t]m9ation3--lange 7long71 4ge4lice 7simil>ly7 f lang1 4ge4lic4 ,sometimes -lice 7f -lic7 is us$ to =m adv]bs1 z bli!-lice 7gladly7 f bli!4 ,,d]ivations ,,f ,,p>ticiples4 ,_m ab/ract words are =m$ f pres5t p>ticiples 7(t5 9 a passive s5se7 & pa/ p>ticiples 7(t5 9 an active s5se73-- -nes3--=44gief5-nes 7=giv5ess71 4ge4re14ced-nes 7n>rative71 welwill5d-nes 7b5evol5ce74 -lic3--unarim$-lic 7innum]able74 -lice3--welwill5d-lice 7b5evol5tly74 99 99 99 99 99 #dj ,,syntax4 ,,g5d]4 ,:5 mascul9e & fem99e be+s are ref]r$ to by ! same adjective or pron\n1 ! adjective or pron\n is put 9 ! neut]3--hie 4ge4samnodon hie1 ealle ?a heafod-me1nn1 & eac swelce wif-m5n 444 & ?a hie bli?o/ waeron 444 7!y ga!r$ !mselves1 all ! *ief m51 & also wom5 444 & :5 !y 7 mo/ m]ry 44474 ,"h bli?o/ is 9 ! neut] plur4 ,,cases4 ,accusative4 ,"s v]bs ( ask+ 7a "q7 & reque/+1 toge!r ) laeran 7tea*71 take two accusatives1 "o ( ! p]son1 & ano!r ( ! ?+3--hie h9e ne dor/on aeni4g ?+ ascian 7!y dur/ n ask him any?+72 we magon eow raed 4ge4laeran 7we c tea* y a plan74 ,! accusative is us$ adv]bially to express duration ( "t3 hwy /&e 4ge her ealne dae4g idle8 7:y /& ye "h all ! day idle87 ,dative4 ,! dative 9 ,old ,e4 is ( two k9ds1 7#a7 ! dative prop]1 & 7#b7 ! in/rum5tal dative1 int]*ang+ ) ! regul> in/rum5tal4 ,x is n always easy to sep>ate ! two4 7#a7 ,! dative prop] usually designates p]sonal relations1 & is frequ5tly us$ ) v]bs1 toge!r ) an accusative 7g5]ally ( ! ?+74 ,! dative is also us$ ) adjectives4 ,x is us$ n only ) v]bs ( giv+1 c41 z 9 he sealde aelcum anne pe1n+ 7he gave ea* a p5ny72 address+1 z 9 ic eow se14c4ge 7,i say to y71 he ?ancode 8 ,dryhtne 7he ?ank$ 8 ,"l72 b also ) _m v]bs ( b5efit+1 influ5c+1 c41 z 9 ne do ic ?e nanne teonan 7,i d !e no injury71 hie noldon him liefan 7!y w\ld n all[ #da !m to d s72 ?aem re?um /ierde 7re/ra9$ ! cruel ones74 ,also 9 loos] con/ructions1 to d5ote ! p]son indirectly affect$1 b5efit$1 c41 z 9 by4c4ga? eow ele 7buy = y\rselves oil74 ,note especially ! foll[+ idiom3 hie 4ge4sohton ,bret5e ,brettum to fultume 7!y came to ,brita9 z a help to ! ,brita9s--to help !m72 he clipode ,cri/ him to fultume 7he call$ ,*ri/ to 8 help74 ,! dative is also us$ ) adjectives ( ne>ness1 lik5ess1 c43--,eadmund cyn+ clipode anne biscop ! him 4ge4he1ndo/ waes 7,k+ ,edmund summon$ a bi%op :o 0 ne>e/ at h& to him72 he(ona ri4ce is 4ge4lic ?aem mang]e ! sohte ?aet gode me1regrot 7! k+dom ( ! heav5s is l ! m]*ant :o s\ght ! good pe>l74 7#b7 ,! in/rum5tal dative is us$ to d5ote ! in/rum5t & mann] ( an action3 he 4ge4e1ndode yflum dea! 7he end$ ) an evil dea?74 ,h5ce its use to =m adv]bs1 z 9 s4ceafmaelum 7%eafwise74 ,x also signifies "t :53--?rim 4gearum aer ?aem ! he =?4ferde 7?ree ye>s be=e he di$71 :i* is also express$ by ! in/rum5tal itself3--seo wolde e1fsian aelce 4geare ?one sanct 7%e us$ to cut ! sa9t's hair e ye>72 ?y feor?an 4geare 8 ri4ces 79 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign74 ,a pa/ p>ticiple ) a n\n 9 ! in/rum5tal dative is us$ l ! ablative absolute 9 ,lat93 ,hubba be4laf on ,nor?hymbra-l&e1 4ge4wunn5um si4ge mid waelhreownesse 7,h4 rema9$ 9 ,nor?umbria1 victory hav+ be5 won ) cruelty74 ,g5itive4 ,! g5itive is (t5 us$ 9 a p>titive s5se3--8 feonda sum 7"o ( 8 enemies72 hi]a fif waeron dysi4ge 7five ( !m 7 fooli%74 ,h5ce x is g5]ally us$ ) fela1 z 9 fela wundra 7_m miracles72 also ) num]als :5 us$ z sub/antives 7p4 #ah74 ,! g5itive is (t5 us$ l an accusative to d5ote ! object ( v>i\s emotions & m5tal /ates1 su* z #db joy1 desire1 rememb]+3--hie ?aes fae4gnodon swi! 7!y rejoic$ at x greatly72 me le(re waere ?aet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle ) ?aem ! min folc mo/e hi]a e>des bruc 7x w\ld be pleasant] to me to fall 9 fight t my p might enjoy 7possess7 _! c\ntry72 ic ?aes 4ge4wilni4ge 7,i desire t72 4gif he 8 feores rohte 7if he c>$ ab\t 8 life72 he waes ?aes ,hael5des 4ge4myndi4g 7he 0 m9dful (--he rememb]$ ! ,savi\r74 ,"s ( ^! v]bs1 su* z biddan 7ask71 take an accusative ( ! p]son & a g5itive ( ! ?+3--he h9e hlafes bitt 7he asks him = bread74 ,v]bs ( depriv+1 re/ra9+1 c41 h ! same con/ruction3--nis ,angel-cynn be4dael$ ,dryhtnes halg5a 7,engl& is n depriv$ ( ! ,"l's sa9ts74 ,"s v]bs ( giv+1 c41 take a g5itive ( ! ?+ & a dative ( ! p]son3--him waes (4tog5 aelces fodan 7!y 7 depriv$ ( all food74 ,! g5itive is (t5 us$ to def9e an adjective or n\n3--?u e>t wi]! sle14ges 7?\ art wor?y ( dea?72 on ?aem 4geare ! ,aelfr$ ae!l+ an & twe1nti4g 4geara waes 79 ! ye> :5 ,pr9ce ,alfr$ 0 tw5ty-"o74 ,,concord4 ,adjectives agree ) _! n\ns n only :5 us$ attributively 7gode me1nn71 b also :5 ! adjective foll[s ! n\n1 ei!r pr$icatively or 9 apposition3--?a me1nn s9d gode2 he 4ge4seah o?re idle /&an 7he saw o!rs /&+ idle72 hie comon mid langum s4cipum1 na manigum 7!y came ) long %ips1 n _m74 ,,apposition4 ,9 su* expressions z '! isl& ( ,brita91' ! second n\n is n put 9 ! g5itive1 b ! two are simply put 9 #dc apposition1 bo? be+ decl9$ sep>ately3--,bret5 ie4gl&1 on ,bret5e 7?aem7 ie4gl&e4 ,9 'k+ ,alfr$1' c41 ! prop] "n is put fir/ 9 ! same way3--,aelfr$ ae!l+ 7pr9ce ,alfr$72 on ,ae!lr$es cyn+es dae4ge 79 ! days ( k+ ,ae!lr$74 ,!re is a simil> apposition ) ! adjective sum foll[$ by a n\n or pron\n1 z 9 sume ?a me1nn 7"s ( ! m572 ?a ?a he seow1 sumu hie feollon ) we4g 7:ile he s[$1 "s ( !m ! se$s fell by ! road74 ,sometimes ! pron\n prec$es1 z 9 ?a baedon hie sume ?aet ,samson mo/e him macian sum gam5 7!n "s ( !m ask$ t ,samson might make "s sport = !m74 ,ano!r k9d ( apposition occurs 9 in/ances l ! foll[+1 :]e we h an adjective agree+ ) a foll[+ n\n1 & d5ot+ a "p ( x3--hie 4ge4saeton su?anwe>de ,bret5e aere/ 7!y occupi$ ! s\? ( ,brita9 fir/72 su?anwe>d hit 7 ?aet l&7 haefdon ,peohtas 7! ,picts _h ! s\? "p ( x74 ,,adjectives4 ,! weak =ms are us$3 7#a7 aft] ! def9ite article3--se ae!la cyn+ 7! noble k+72 ?aes ae!lan cyn+es1 ?aet gode me1regrot1 ?a godan me1regrotu4 7#b7 aft] ?is3--?as e>man l&leode 7^! poor p1 pl472 !s halga cyn+ 7?is holy k+71 ?isses halgan cyn+es4 7#c7 occasionally aft] o!r demon/rative & indef9ite adjectives1 & (t5 aft] possessive pron\ns3--?ine dieglan gold-hordas 7?y hidd5 treasures74 7#d7 9 ! vocative3--?u yfla ?eow & slawa6 7?\ bad & slo?ful s]vant72 eala ?u le(a cyn+6 7oh1 ?\ de> k+74 ,note t o!r always keeps ! /rong =m3 ?a o?ru deor 7! o!r wild bea/s74 ,s also d ! possessive pron\ns3 #dd ?as min ^w 7^! my words74 ,an 9 ! s5se ( '"o' keeps ! /rong =m to di/+ui% x f ! weak ana 'alone'3 ?aet an deorwi]! me1regrot 7! "o preci\s pe>l74 ,,articles4 ,! def9ite article is omitt$ z 9 ,mod]n ,engli% be=e names su* z ,god1 & also be=e ,dryht5 7! ,"l71 ,de(ol 7! ,devil71 al?\gh se ,de(ol also occurs1 & names ( nations3--,bretta cyn+ 7k+ ( ! ,britons74 ,x is omitt$ 9 _m prepositional comb9ations1 n only 9 ^? :]e x is omitt$ 9 ,mod]n ,engli% also1 z 9 si4gefae/ on sae & on l&e 7victori\s on sea & on l&71 b also 9 _m o!rs3 4gewe1nde to wuda on44gean 7w5t back to ! wood72 se flo?e1re ferde eft to s4cipe 7! army ( pirates w5t back to _! %ips72 he feng to ri4ce 7he took ! gov]nm5t--came to ! ?rone74 ,! def9ite article is1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes us$ :]e x w\ld n be 9 ,mod]n ,e41 z 9 se mann 'man' 7m5 9 g5]al74 ,! indef9ite article is (t5 n express$ at all3--?aet dyde unhold mann 7an enemy did t72 he be4/ealcode on l& swa swa wulf 7he /ole to l& l a wolf74 ,or x is express$ by sum3 on ?aem l&e waes sum mann1 ,le(ri4c 4ge4hat5 79 t c\ntry 0 a man call$ ,l474 ,or by an1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%3--an wulf we>? a4se1nd to be4we1ri5ne ?aet heafod ) ?a o?ru deor 7a wolf 0 s5t to protect ! head aga9/ ! o!r wild bea/s74 ,,pron\ns4 ,hwaet is us$ int]rogatively ( p]sons :]e we %\ld use ':o'3--he ny/e hwaet hie waeron 7he did n "k :o !y 774 #de ,,v]bs4 ,,numb]4 ,aft] aelc ?ara ! 7ea* (-^?-:o7 ! v]b is put 9 ! s+41 agree+ n ) ?ara ! b ) aelc3--aelc ?ara ! ?as min ^w 4ge4hier? 7ea* ( ^? :o he> ^! my words74 ,:5 ?aet or ?is is connect$ ) a plural pr$icate by means ( ! v]b 'to be1' ! v]b is put 9 ! plural3--?aet waeron ?a aere/an s4cipu ,de1niscra manna ! ,angel-cynnes l& 4ge4sohton 7^? 7 ! fir/ %ips ( ,dani% m5 :i* came to ! l& ( ! ,engli% race74 ,imp]sonal v]bs take an accusative ( ! p]son1 sometimes also ) a g5itive ( ! ?+4 ,o!rs1 su* z ?yn4can 7appe>71 take a dative ( ! p]son3--waes him 4ge4?uht ?aet hie be4hydd5 ?aet heafod 7!y ?\ght !y 7! ,danes7 _h hidd5 ! head74 ,,t5ses4 ,!re be+ no future inflection 9 ,old ,e41 ! pres5t is us$ in/ead3--ne a4byh? naefre ,eadmund ,h+u>e 7,edmund w nev] submit to ,h472 ga 4ge on minne win4ge>d1 & ic se1lle eow ?aet riht bi? 7g ye into my v9ey>d1 & ,i w give y :at is "r74 ,z we see 9 ?is example1 !re is a t5d5cy to use beon 9 a future s5se4 ,ano!r example is 4gif ic beo 4ge4bund5 mid se(on rapum1 sona ic beo 4ge4wield 7if ,i am b\nd ) sev5 ropes1 ,i %all at once be ov]come74 ,! future is sometimes express$ by w & %all1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 ?\gh g5]ally ) a s5se ( volition ) ! "o1 & ( necessity ) ! o!r1 ! idea ( simple futurity com+ out mo/ cle>ly 9 ! pret]ites wolde & scolde3-- ,he 4ge4laehte ane leon ! h9e a4bitan wolde 7he seiz$ a lion #df t 0 go+ to dev\r him72 hie wendon ?aet hie scold5 mare on4fon 7!y expect$ to receive m74 ,! pret]ite has ! mean+ ( ! mod]n 7#a7 ,pret]ite & imp]fect3--se sa7 ut eode 8 saed to saw5ne1 & ?a ?a he seow 444 7! s[] w5t out to s[ 8 se$1 & :ile he 0 s[+ 44474 7#b7 ,p]fect3--her is min cnapa1 ?one ic 4ge4cez 7"h is my s]vant1 :om ,i h *os572--ure cyn+ com nu her to l&e 7our k+ has j l&$ "h74 7#c7 ,plup]fect3--?a ?a 4ge4comon ! ymb ?a e1ndlyftan tid comon 7:5 ^? came :o _h come at ! elev5? h\r74 ,p]iphra/ic t5ses are sometimes =m$1 z 9 ,mod]n ,e41 by haebbe & haefde ) ! pa/ p>ticiples1 & (t5 h ! mean+s ( ! mod]n p]fect & plup]fect respectively1 z 9 nu ic haebbe 4ge/rien$ o?ru twa pund 7n[ ,i h ga9$ two o!r p\nds71 b ev5 ! plup]fect (t5 has ! s5se ( a simple pret]ite4 ,! p>ticiple is undecl9able 9 ! lat] language1 b orig9ally x 0 decl9$1 be+ really an adjective 9 apposition to ! n\n or pron\n gov]n$ by habban3 hie haefdon hi]a cyn+ a4worp5ne 7!y _h depos$ _! k+74 ,! plup]fect s5se is (t5 indicat$ by ! addition ( ! adv]b aer 7be=e73--8 sweora1 ! aer waes =4slae4gen 78 neck1 :i* _h be5 cut ?r\gh74 ,! p]iphra/ic =ms ( intransitive v]bs are =m$ ) wesan3--si??an hie a4f>5e waeron 7aft] !y _h gone away74 ,"h ! p>ticiple always agrees ) ! n\n or pron\n ) :i* x is connect$4 ,! p]iphrases ) ! pres5t p>ticiple h no di/9ctive mean+s ( duration1 c43--an mann waes e>di5de on ,israhela ?eode1 ,manue 4ge4hat5 7a man dwelt 9 ,israel call$ ,manue74 #dg ,,passive4 ,! passive is =m$ ) wesan or weor?an ) ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,^! =ms are v vague 9 mean+1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two auxili>ies is n cle>ly m>k$1 b wesan appe>s to indicate a /ate1 weor?an an action4 we>? 4ge4lufod is g5]ally pret]ite or p]fect 9 mean+3 an wulf we>? a4se1nd 7a wolf 0 s5t72 mine le(e !4gnas1 ! on hi]a be1ddum wurdon (4slae4gene 7my belov$ ?anes1 :o h be5 kill$ 9 _! b$s74 waes 4ge4lufod1 indicat+ a /ate1 is naturally plup]fect 9 mean+3--se aer5draca sae4gde 8 hla=de hu him 4ge4&wyrd waes 7! mess5g] told 8 "l h[ he _h be5 answ]$74 ,,subjunctive4 ,! subjunctive /ates some?+ n z a fact1 z 9 ! indicative1 b m]ely z an object ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce x is us$ to express wi%1 conditions1 d\bt1 c4 ,a4 ,9 pr9cipal s5t5ces4 ,wi% & comm& 7(t5 ne>ly equival5t to ! imp]ative73--?aes him sie wuldor & l( a butan e1nde 7!re=e let !re be to him praise & glory ev] )\t end72 ne he ealu ne dr9ce naefre o?! win 7nor %all he ev] dr9k ale or w9e74 ,b4 ,9 dep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,! *ief cases are ! foll[+3-- 7#a7 ,9 indirect n>rative & "q3 seo cwen sae4gde ?aet hi]e naere be healfum daele 4ge4sae4gd be ,salomones maer?o 7! que5 said t %e _h n be5 told ab\t ,solomon's glory by half72 ic asci4ge hwaer seo (frung sie 7,i ask :]e ! (f]+ is72 me1nn woldon s4ceawian hu he lae4ge 7m5 #dh wi%$ to see h[ he lay74 ,:5 ! /atem5t 9 ! indirect n>ration is p]fectly c]ta9 9 itself1 & n m]ely accept$ on ! au?ority ( ! speak]1 x is put 9 ! indicative3--he hi]e sae4gde on hwaem 8 miht waes 7he told h] :at 8 /r5g? consi/$ 974 7#b7 ,aft] v]bs ( desir+ & comm&+3-- ?aes ic 4ge4wilni4ge & 4ge4wys4ce mid mode ?aet ic ana ne be4life aeft] minum le(um !4gnum 7t ,i desire & wi% ) he>t t ,i may n rema9 alone aft] my de> ?anes74 7#c7 ,to express purpose3--?y laes 4ge ?one hwaete a4wyrtwali5 7le/ ye root up ! :eat72--,dryht5 as4tag ni!r1 to baem ?aet he 4ge4sawe ?a burg 7! ,"l desc5d$1 9 ord] t he might see ! city74 7#d7 ,to express result3--?u naef/ ?a mihte ?aet ?u mae4ge him )4/&an 7?\ ha/ n ! p[] t ?\ can/ )/& him74 7#e7 ,to express hypo!tical comp>ison 7z if73--se wulf folgode =? mid ?aem heafde1 swelce he tam waere 7! wolf foll[$ on ) ! head1 z if he 7 tame72 he 4ge4laehte ane leon1 & to4brae4gd hie to /y4c4cum1 swelce he to4taere ti4c4cen 7he seiz$ a lion & tore h] to pieces1 z if he 7 r5d+ a kid74 7#f7 ,9 conditional clauses1 g5]ally ) 4gif or butan1 & 9 concessive clauses ) ?eah1 ?eah !3--,god wat ?aet ic nyle a4bugan fram 8 bige1ngum aefre1 swelte ic1 libbe ic 7,god kn[s t ,i w n sw]ve f 8 wor%ip ev]1 :e!r ,i die or live72 ?as flotme1nn cuma?1 & ?e cwicne 4ge4b9da?1 butan ?u mid fleame ?inum feore 4ge4beorge 7^! pirates w come & b9d !e alive1 unless ?\ save/ ?y life ) flight72 ,god hielt ,eadmund halne 8 li*aman o? ?one mi4clan dae4g1 ?eah ! he on moldan come 7,god w keep ,edmund #di ) 8 body :ole until ! great day1 al?\gh he has come to e>?--be5 buri$74 ,sometimes ! idea ( 'if' mu/ be got f ! context3--clipia? to ?issum 4gieftum swa hwelce swa 4ge 4ge4met5 7summon to ?is w$d+ :omsoev] ye meet1 if ye meet any "o72 hie be4heton hi]e s4ceattas ) ?aem ! heo be4swice ,samson 7!y promis$ h] money 9 consid]ation ( h] betray+ ,samson1 if %e w\ld44474 ,:5 ! /atem5t is assum$ z unreal1 in/ead ( m]ely hypo!tical1 z 9 ! above in/ances1 bo? clauses are put 9 ! subjunctive1 ! pret]ite be+ sub/itut$ = ! pres5t1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli% also1 :]e if ,i 7 444 implies ,i am n4444 ,! mod]n di/9ction betwe5 if ,i 7 & if ,i _h be51 ! =m] correspond+ to ! pres5t indicative ,i am n1 ! latt] to ! pret]ite ,i 0 n1 is n made 9 ,old ,engli%1 :i* uses gif ic waere 9 bo? in/ances4 ,sometimes ! 'if'-clause has to be suppli$ 9 ?\ght3--me le(re waere ?aet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle ) ?aem ! min folc mo/e hi]a e>des bruc 7,i w\ld r fall 9 fight t my p might possess _! c\ntry71 :]e we mu/ supply "s su* clause z 4gif hit swa beon mihte 7if x might be s--if x 7 possible to save my p by my dea?74 7#g7 ,9 clauses dep5dant on a negative s5t5ce3--nis nan ?+ ! 8 mihte )4/&e 7!re is no?+ t resi/s 8 might74 ,sometimes ! negation mu/ be ga!r$ f ! context1 z 9 se halga is maerra ?onne me1nn mae4gen a4smean 7! sa9t is m illu/ri\s ?an m5 c conceive ! sa9t is s illu/ri\s t no m5 c conceive x74 7#h7 ,9 o!r cases1 to express unc]ta9ty1 futurity1 c43 ?in ri4ce 4ge4witt fram ?e1 o? ?aet ?u wite ?aet ,god 4ge4wielt manna ri4ca 7?y k+dom %all dep>t f !e1 till ?\ kn[e/ t ,god rules ! k+doms ( m572 uton #ej weor?ian urne naman1 aer ?aem ! we sien to4daelde 4geond ealle eor?an6 7let u make our "n fam\s1 be=e we are disp]s$ ov] ! e>?74 ,! pret]ite subjunctive is (t5 express$ by %\ld & w\ld ) an inf9itive1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,scolde is us$ aft] v]bs ( desir+1 reque/+ & comm&+3--bidd5de ?one ,aelmihtigan ?aet he him arian scolde 7pray+ ! ,almighty to h m]cy on him74 ,9 ! foll[+ example ! v]b ( comm&+ is und]/ood f ! n\n aer5de3--he se1nde to ?aem cyn+e beotlic aer5de1 ?aet he a4bugan scolde to 8 mannraed5ne1 4gif he 8 feores rohte 7he s5t to ! k+ an arrogant message1 t he 0 to turn to 8 allegiance1 if he c>$ ab\t 8 life74 ,wolde is us$ aft] v]bs ( purpose3--se cyn+ eode inn ?aet he wolde 4ge4seon ?a ! ?aer saeton 7! k+ w5t 9 to see ^? :o 7 sitt+ !re74 ,,inf9itive4 ,aft] v]bs ( comm&+ ! inf9itive (t5 seems to h a passive s5se3--hie heton him se1ndan maran fultum 7!y ord]$ t m =ces %\ld be s5t to !m74 ,s also aft] v]bs ( he>+1 c43--?aet mae/e wael ! we se14c4gan hierdon 7! greate/ slaught] we h he>d told (74 ,9 su* cases an indef9ite pron\n has be5 omitt$3 'ord]$ !m to s5d 444' etc4 ,,g]und4 ,! g]und is us$-- 7#a7 to express purpose3--ut eode se sa7 8 saed to saw5ne 7! s[] w5t =? to s[ 8 se$74 7#b7 x def9es or det]m9es an adjective 7adv]b or n\n73 hit is sc&lic ymb swelc to sprec5ne 7x is %ameful to speak ( su* ?+s74 #ea ,,prepositions4 ,"s prepositions gov]n ! accusative1 su* z ?urh 7?r\gh71 ymbe 7ab\t72 "s ! dative 7& in/rum5tal71 su* z aeft] 7aft]71 aer 7be=e71 aet 7at71 be 7by71 b9nan 7)971 butan 7)\t71 = 7=71 fram 7f71 ( 7(71 to 7to74 ,"s gov]n bo? accusative & dative1 su* z (] 7ov]71 on 7on1 971 "u 7"u74 ,! g5]al rule is t :5 motion is impli$ !y take ! accusative1 :5 re/ is impli$1 ! dative4 ,?us on ) ! accusative signifies 'into1' ) ! dative '94' ,b ?is rule is n /rictly foll[$1 & we (t5 f9d ! accusative us$ ) v]bs ( re/1 z 9 he 8 hus 4ge4timbrode (] /an 7he built 8 h\se on a rock71 & conv]sely1 ! dative ) v]bs ( motion1 z 9 hie feollon on /aenihte 7!y fell on /ony gr\nd74 ,z reg>ds ! use & mean+ ( ! prepositions1 x mu/ be notic$ t 9 is v seldom us$1 its place be+ suppli$ by on1 ! mean+ 'on' be+ 9 its turn (t5 express$ by (]1 z 9 ! passage j quot$4 ,:5 a ?+ is ref]r$ to1 ?aer is sub/itut$ = hit1 ! preposition be+ jo9$ on to ! ?aer1 s t1 = in/ance1 ?aer-to corresponds to to him2 hie laeddon ?one cyn+ to anum treowe1 & tie4gdon h9e ?aer-to 7!y l$ ! k+ to a tree1 & ti$ him to x74 ,s also her-beea/an is equival5t to 'ea/ ( ?is 7c\ntry74' ,prepositions sometimes foll[1 in/ead ( prec$+ ! words !y modify1 sometimes ) o!r words int]v5+3 hie scuton mid gafelocum him to 7!y %ot at him ) missiles72 hie cwaedon him be4tweonan 7!y said among !mselves72 ?aem ,aelmihtigan to l(e1 ! hie on 4ge4liefdon 7to ! praise ( ! ,almighty1 9 :om !y believ$71 :]e on #eb ref]s to ! indecl9able !4 ,s also 9 ?aet hus ! he inne wunode 7! h\se he dwelt 974 ,:]e ! n\n modifi$ by su* a preposition is n express$1 ! preposition becomes an adv]b3 se cyn+ se1nde 8 he1re to1 & =4dyde ?a mannslagan 7! k+ s5t 8 army to ! place1 & de/roy$ ! murd]]s74 ,,negation4 ,! negative p>ticle is ne1 :i* drops its e be=e "s common v]bs & pron\ns1 z 9 nis ne is1 nan ne an4 ,! negative p>ticle is prefix$ to e f9ite v]b 9 a s5t5ce1 & to all ! words besides :i* admit ! contract$ =ms3--to4cwies$ hreod he ne =4briett 7he breaks n ! bruis$ re$71 hit na ne feoll 7x did n fall72 nan mann ny/e nan ?+ 7no man knew any?+74 ,s also ) ne 444 ne 'nei!r 444 nor'3 ne flitt he ne he ne hriem? 7he nei!r disputes nor cries out74 ,,correlation4 ,correlation is (t5 m fully express$ 9 ,old ?an 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 z 9 ?a ?a me1nn slepon1 ?a com 8 feonda sum ':5 ! m5 slept1 !n came "o ( 8 enemies4' ,9 ?a ?a ':5' ! two correlatives are br\ght imm$iately toge!r3--?a ?a he seow1 sumu hie feollon ) we4g '!n :5 he s[$1 "s ( !m fell by ! road4' ,9 ! foll[+ example ! conjunction ?aet is correlative ) ! pron\n ?aet3--?aes ic 4ge4wilni4ge ?aet ic ana ne be4life aeft] minum le(um !4gnum--'t ,i desire1 t ,i may n rema9 alone aft] my de> ?anes4' ,sometimes a ^w is us$ to include bo? ! demon/rative & ! relative mean+3--he 4ge4brohte h9e ?aer he h9e aer 4ge4nam 7he br\ght him to ! place :]e he took him f74 #ec ,,^w-,,ord]4 ,! ,old ,engli% ^w-ord] resembles t ( ,g]man 9 _m respects1 ?\gh x is n s /rict1 ?us3-- ,! v]b comes be=e its nom9ative :5 ! s5t5ce is head$ by an adv]b or adv]bial gr\p1 or :5 ! object or pr$icate is put at ! head ( ! s5t5ce3--?a cwae? se cyn+ 7!n said ! k+72 aere/ waeron buend ?isses l&es ,brettas 7at fir/ ! ,britons 7 ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry72 on 8 dagum comon aere/ ?reo s4cipu 79 8 days ?ree %ips fir/ came72 ?aet baeron olf5das 7camels c>ri$ x72 maere is se ,god ! ,daniel on be4lief? 7great is ! ,god t ,daniel believes 974 ,! inf9ite (t5 comes at ! end ( ! s5t5ce2 we magon eow raed 4ge4laeran 7we c tea* y a plan74 ,! f9ite v]b (t5 comes at ! end 9 dep5d5t s5t5ces1 an auxili>y v]b (t5 com+ aft] an inf9itive or p>ticiple2 ?aet waeron ?a aere/an s4cipu ,de1niscra manna ! ,angel-cynnes l& 4ge4sohton 7^? 7 ! fir/ %ips ( ,dani% m5 :i* came to ! l& ( ! ,engli% race72 ?aet mae/e wael ! we se14c4gan hierdon o? ?isne &we>dan dae4g 7! greate/ slaught] t we h he>d tell ( up to ?is pres5t day72 ?aet hie ?one ,godes mann a4bitan scold5 79 ord] t !y %\ld dev\r ! man ( ,god74 ,!re is a t5d5cy to put ! v]b at ! end 9 pr9cipal s5t5ces also1 or1 at lea/1 to br+ x ne> ! end3 hi5e man (4slog 7!y kill$ him72 hie ?aer si4ge namon 7!y got ! victory !re74 99 99 99 99 99 #ed ,,g5]al ,,table ,,( ,,end+s4 ,,n\ns4 ,,/rong4 ,,weak4 ,m4 ,n4 ,f4 ,m4 ,n4 ,f4 ,sg4 ,n4 -- -- -7u7 -a -e -e ,a4 -- -- -7e7 -an -e -an ,d4 -e -e -e -an -an -an ,g4 -es -es -e -an -an -an _/ _/ ,pl4 ,n4 -z -7u7 -a -an ,d4 -um -um -um -um ,g4 -a -a -7en7a -ena ,,adjectives4 ,sg4 ,n4 -- -- -7u7 -a -e -e ,a4 -ne -- -7e7 -an -e -an ,d4 -um -um -re -an -an -an ,g4 -es -es -re -an -an -an ,i4 -e -e 7-re7 7-an -an -an7 ,pl4 ,n4 -e -7u7 -e _/ _/ _/ _/ -an ,d4 -um -um ,g4 -ra -ra ,,v]bs4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pret]ite4 ,indic4 ,subj4 ,indic4 ,subj4 ,sg4 #a4 -e2 -i4ge -7i4g7e - 2 -de -e2 -de #b4 -7e7/2 -a/ -7i4g7e -e2 -de/ -e2 -de #c4 -7e7?2 -a? -7i4g7e - 2 -de -e2 -de ,pl4 -a?2 -ia? -7i7en -on2 -don -en2 -d5 ,imp]4 sg4 -7a72 pl4 -7i7a?4 ,inf94 -7i7an4 ,p>tic4 pres4 -7i7ende2 pret4 -en1 -ed1 -od4 ,g]4 7i7enne4 99 99 99 99 99 #ee ,,texts4 ,i4 ,,s5t5ces4 ,an on-4ginn is ealra ?+a1 ?aet is ,god ael-mihti4g4 ,se 4ge4leafa ! bi? butan godum weorcum1 se is dead2 ?is s9d ?ara apo/ola ^w4 ,ic eom god hi]de3 se goda hi]de se1l? 8 ag5 lif = 8 s4ceapum4 ,ure ,a4lies5d is se goda hi]de1 & we cri/5e me1nn s9d 8 s4ceap4 ,se mona 8 #e leoht ne se1l?1 & /eorran ( he(one fealla?4 ,swa swa waet] a4dwaes4c? fyr1 swa a4dwaes4c? seo aelmesse synna4 ,ealle 4ge4s4ceafta1 he(onas & e1n4glas1 sunnan & monan1 /eorran & eor?an1 eall niet5u & ealle fuglas1 sae & ealle fiscas ,god 4ge4scop & 4ge4worhte on siex dagum2 & #aj on ?aem se(o?an dae4ge he 4ge4e1ndode 8 weorc2 & he be4heold ?a eall 8 weorc ! he 4ge4worhte1 & hie waeron eall swi! god4 ,he ferde 4geond manigu l&1 bodi5de ,godes 4ge4leafan4 ,he =4let eall woruld-?+4 ,se cyn+ be4bead ?aet man scolde (] eall ,angel-cynn s4cipu wyr4can2 #ae & hi]a waes swa fela swa naefre aer ne waes on nanes cyn+es dae4ge4 ,se cyn+ het (4slean ealle ?a ,de1niscan me1nn ! on ,angel-cynne waeron4 ,?a ne mihton hie him nan ^w &-sw>ian1 ne nan mann ne dor/e h9e nan ?+ mare ascian4 ,hie fuhton #bj #ef on ?a burg ealne dae4g1 & ?ohton ?aet hie hie scold5 a4brecan4 ,se eorl 4ge4we1nde we/ to ,ir-l&e1 & waes ?aer ealne ?one w9t]4 ,ae!lr$ cyn+ & ,aelfr$ 8 bro?or fuhton ) ealne ?one he1re on ,aesces-dune4 ,se mann is e4ce on anum daele1 ?aet is1 on ?aere sawle2 #be heo ne 4ge4e1nda? naefre4 4,gif se biscop de? be 8 agnum willan1 & wile b9dan ?one un-scyldigan1 & ?one scyldigan a4liesan1 ?onne =4lie/ he ?a miht ! him ,god =44geaf4 ,?eod w9? on44gean ?eode1 & ri4ce on44gean ri4ce4 ,ealle me1nn eow hatia? = minum naman4 ,he 4ge4worhte #cj fela wundra b9nan ?aem fi]/e ! he biscop waes4 ,he 4ge4haelde sum wif mid halgum waetre4 ,se cyn+ we>? (4slae4gen fram 8 agnum folce4 ,on ?aem ilcan 4geare waes se mi4cla hungor 4geond ,angel-cynn4 ,se maesse-preo/ asca? ?aet 4cild1 & c)?3 ',)4saec/ ?u de(le8' ,?onne &wyrt #ce se god-fa$]1 & c)?3 ',ic )4sace de(le4' ,god aelmihtiga1 4ge4miltsa me synn-fullum6 ,ae!lr$ cyn+ com ham to 8 ag5re ?eode1 & he gla$lice fram him eallum on4fang5 we>?4 ,cri/1 ure ,dryht51 be4bead 8 leornung-cnihtum ?aet #dj hie scold5 tae4can eallum ?eodum ?a ?+ ?a he self him taehte4 4,gif 4ge =44giefa? mannum hi]a synna1 ?onne =4gief? eow] se he(onlica ,fa$] eowre synna4 ,ne mae4g nan mann twaem hla=dum ?eowian3 o?! he anne hata? & o!rne lufa?1 o?! he bi? anum 4ge4hiersum & o?rum un4gehiersum4 #de ,se cyn+ nam ?aes eorles sunu mid him to ,e1n4gla-l&e4 ,me1nn be4hofia? godre lare on ?issum timan1 ! is 4ge4e1ndung ?isse worulde4 ,se li*ama1 ! is ?aere sawle reaf1 &bida? ?aes mi4clan domes2 & ?eah he beo to du/e =4molsnod1 #ej #eg ,god h9e a4raer?1 & 4ge4br+? to4ga$re sawle & li*aman to ?aem e4can life4 ,hwelc fa$] wile se1llan 8 4cilde /an1 4gif hit h9e hlafes bitt8 ,a44giefa? ?aem cas]e ?a ?+ ! ?aes cas]es s9d1 & ,gode ?a ?+ ! ,godes s9d4 ,seo sawol &-bida? ?aes e4can aeri/es4 #ee ,he waes cyn+ (] eall ,e1n4gla-l& twe1nti4g w9tra4 ,god aelmihti4g is ealra cyn+a cyn+1 & ealra hla=da hla=d4 ,de(ol is ealra un-riht-wisra manna heafod1 & ?a yflan me1nn s9d 8 limu4 ,synnfulra manna dea? is yfel & e>mlic1 = ?aem ! hie f>a? ( ?issum scortan life to e4cum #fj witum4 ,hu fela hlafa haebbe 4ge8 ,se(on1 & fea fisca4 ,ne 4ge4wilna ?u o?res mannes aehta6 ,on ?aem l&um e>dodon ,e1n4gle1 aer ?aem ! hie hid] on l& comon4 ,hie fuhton on ?a burg ealne dae4g1 ac hie ne mihton hie a4brecan4 ,?a eodon hie to hi]a s4cipum4 ,?aer #fe beo? swi! mani4ge byri4g on ?aem l&e1 & on aelcre byri4g bi? cyn+4 ,god cwae? to ,noe3 ',ic wile =4don eall mann-cynn mid waetre = hi]a synnum1 ac ic wile 4ge4healdan ?e1 & ?in wif1 & ?ine ?rie suna4' ,an mann haefde twe4gen suna2 ?a #gj cwae? he to ?aem ieldran3 'ga & wyr4c to4dae4g on minum win-4ge>de4' ,?a cwae? he3 'ic nyle3' eode ?eah si??an to ?aem win4ge>de4 ,he dyde 8 fa$] willan4 ,se preo/ cwae? to ?aem folce3 ',ic eow bletsi4ge on naman ?aes ,fa$]1 ?aes ,suna1 & ?aes ,halgan ,ga/es4' ,ara ?inum fa$] & #ge ?inre med]6 ,sum wif com to ,cri/e1 & ba$ = hi]e deht]4 ,seo dohtor we>? 4ge4hael$ ?urh 4ge4leafan ?aere modor4 ,beo? 4ge4myndi4ge ?ara twe4gra worda ! ,dryht5 cwae? on #eh 8 god-spelle6 ,he cwae?3 ',=44giefa?1 & eow bi? =44gief52 #hj se1lla?1 & eow bi? 4ge4seald4' ,twe4gen me1nn eodon into ,godes temple hie to 4ge4bidd5ne4 ,aelfr$ cyn+ for mid ?rim s4cipum ut on sae1 & 4ge4feaht ) feow] s4cip-hlae/as ,de1niscra manna1 & ?ara s4cipa twa 4ge4nam1 & ?a me1nn (4slae4gene waeron ! #he ?aer-on waeron4 ,?a comon ?reo s4cipu4 ,?a 4ge4fengon hie ?ara ?reora s4cipa twa1 & ?-a me1nn (4slogon1 ealle butan fifum4 ,se witega a4wrat be ?aem feow] niet5um ! him aet4iewdu waeron1 ?aet hie haefd5 eagan him on aelce healfe4 ,an ?ara niet5a waes on me1nniscre onsiene him aet4iew$1 #ij o!r on leon onsiene1 ?ridde on 4cealfes1 feor! on e>nes4 ,god ?one aere/an mann rihtne & godne 4ge4scop1 & eall mann-cynn mid him4 ,aelfr$ ,ae!lwulf+ waes cyn+ (] eall ,angel-cynn butan ?aem daele ! "u ,de1na onwealde waes4 ,aelc god treow bi]? gode wae/mas1 & aelc #ie yfel treow bi]? yfle wae/mas2 ne mae4g ?aet gode treow b]an yfle wae/mas1 ne ?aet yfle treow gode wae/mas4 ,eadigu s9d eowru eagan1 = ?aem ! hie 4ge4seo?1 & eowru earan1 = ?aem ! hie 4ge4hiera?4 ,swa hwa swa se1l? anum ?ur/igum me1nn 4ceald waet] on minum naman1 ne #ajj =4lie/ he 8 mede4 ,ne f>e 4ge on hae!nra manna we4ge6 ,god mann ( godum gold-horde br+? god =?2 & yfel mann ( yflum goldhorde br+? yfel =?4 ,gregorius se halga papa is rihtlice 4ge4cw$5 ,e1n4gliscre ?eode apo/ol4 ,?a he 4ge4seah ?aet se mae/a dael ?aere ?eode #aje 8 lare =4sawon1 ?a =4let he hie1 & 4ge44cez ?a hae?nan leode4 4,gif se bl9da bl9dne laett1 hie fealla? be4gen on anne pytt4 ,se ,halga ,ga/ is lufu & willa ?aes ,fa$] & ?aes ,suna2 & hie s9d ealle 4ge4lice mihti4ge4 ,be1t]e is seo sawol ?onne se me1te1 & be1t]a se li*ama ?onne 8 scrud4 #aaj #ei ,seo sawol is ga/1 & be eor?licum me1ttum ne le(a?4 ,be4healda? ?as fleog5dan fuglas1 ! ne sawa? ne ne ripa?1 ac se he(onlica ,fa$] hie a4fett4 ,he cwae?1 ',ic neom o?rum mannum 4ge4lic2' swelce he cwaede1 ',ic ana eom rihtwis1 & ?a o?re s9d synn-fulle4' #aae ,?a se ,hael5d ?anon for1 ?a folgodon him twe4gen bl9de1 cwe!nde3 '4,ge4miltsa unc1 ,davides sunu6' ,he cwae? to him3 '4,ge4liefe 4gx ?aet ic inc mae4ge 4ge4haelan8' ,he cwae?3 ',sie inc aeft] incrum 4ge4leafan4' ,ae!l/an cyn+ for inn on ,scot-l&1 ae4g!r 4ge mid l&-he1re 4ge mid s4cip-he1re1 #abj & 8 mi4cel (]4he1rgode4 ,se mann ! ,god =44giett1 ,god =44giett eac h9e4 ,f>a?1 & laera? ealle ?eoda6 ,laera? hie ?aet hie heald5 eall ?a ?+ ! ic eow be4bead6 ,sume me1nn sae4gdon be him ?aet he waere ,aelfr$es sunu cyn+es4 ,se ,hael5d ascode 8 leornung-cnihtas1 ',hwone se14c4ga? #abe me1nn ?aet sie mannes ,sunu8' ,hwaet se14c4ge 4ge ?aet ic sie8 ,?u e>t ?aes libb5dan ,godes sunu4 ,cri/ cwae? be 8 ,fa$]3 '4,ge se14c4ga? ?aet he eow] ,god sie1 & 4ge h9e ne on4cneowon4' 4,gif hie ?one halgan ,fa$] on4cneow51 ?onne "u4feng5 hie mid 4ge4leafan 8 ,sunu1 ! he a4se1nde #acj to middan-4ge>de4 ,se we4g is swi! ne>u & /icol se ! laett to he(ona ri4ce2 & se we4g is swi! brad & sme! se ! laett to he1lle w7ite4 ,dysi4g bi? se we4g-fer5da mann se ! nim? ?one sme?an we4g ! hine mis-laett1 & =4laett ?one /icolan ! h9e 4ge4br+? to ?aere byri4g4 ,?aet #ace ic eow se14c4ge on ?eo/rum1 se14c4ga? hit on leohte2 & ?aet 4ge on eare 4ge4hiera?1 bodia? uppan hrofum4 ,hie scufon ut hi]a s4cipu1 & 4ge4we1ndon him be44geondan sae4 ,healda? & do? swa hwaet swa hie se14c4ga?2 & ne do 4ge na1 aeft] hi]a weorcum3 hie se14c4ga?1 & ne do?4 ,eall #adj hi]a weorc hie do? ?aet me1nn hie 4ge4seon4 ,hie lufia? ?aet #fj man hie grete on /raetum4 ,eala 4ge naeddran & naeddr5a cynn1 hu fleo 4ge fram he1lle dome8 ,we s9d ealle cuman on ?issum &-we>dan life1 & ure e>d nis na her2 ac we s9d her swelce we4g-fer5de #ade me1nn3 an cym?1 o!r fa]?4 ,hwelc mann se1l? 8 be>ne naeddran1 4gif hit fisces bitt8 ,aelc ?ara ! bitt1 he on4feh?2 & se ! se4c?1 he hit f9t4 ,ne gae? aelc ?ara on he(ona ri4ce ! c)? to me1 ',dryht51 ,dryht52' ac se ! wyr4c? mines ,fa$] willan ! on he(onum is1 se gae? on he(ona #aej ri4ce4 ,nis hit na god ?aet man nime be>na hlaf & hundum weorpe4 ,ic haebbe !4gnas "u me3 & ic cwe! to ?issum1 'ga1' & he gae?2 & to o?rum1 'cum1' & he cym?1 & to minum ?eowe1 'wyr4c ?is1' & he wyr4c?4 ,se ,hael5d 4ge4nam ?a fif hlafas1 & bletsode1 & to4braec1 #aee & to4daelde be4twix ?aem sitt5dum2 swa 4ge4lice eac ?a fiscas to4daelde2 & hie ealle 4ge4nog haefdon4 ,?a ! ?aer aeton waeron feow] ?us5d manna1 butan 4cildum & wifum4 ,hie comon to him1 & to him 4gebaedon1 & ?us cwaedon3 ',so?lice ?u e>t ,godes sunu4' ,ne wene 4ge ?aet #afj ic come sibbe on eor?an to se1nd5ne3 ne com ic sibbe to se1nd5ne1 ac sweord4 ,he be4bead ?aet hie saet5 (] ?aere eor?an4 ,he sae4gde ?aet ,nor?-manna l& waere swi! lang & swi! smael4 ,hie ealle on ?one cyn+ waeron feoht5de1 o? ?aet hie #afe h9e (slae4genne haefdon4 ,aelc mann ! o?re me1nn =4sih? bi? fram ,gode =4sew54 ,se ! earan haebbe to 4ge4hier5ne1 4ge4hiere4 ,god is us her to beonne4 ,god cwae? to anum witegan1 se waes ,ionas 4ge4hat53 ',f> to ?aere byri4g1 & boda ?aer ?a ^w ! ic ?e se14c4ge4' #agj #fa ,lufia? eowre fiend1 & do? wel ?aem ! eow yfel do?4 ,lufa ,dryht5 ?inne ,god on ealre ?inre heortan1 & on ealre ?inre sawle1 & on eallum ?inum mode4 ,se ! ne lufa? 8 bro?or1 ?one ! he 4ge4sih?1 hu mae4g he lufian ,god1 ?one ! he ne 4ge4sih? li*am-lice8 ,se14ge us hwonne ?as #age ?+ 4ge4weor!n1 & hwelc tac5 sie ?ines to-cymes & worulde 4ge4e1ndunge4 ,se ,hael5d cwae? to anum 8 leornung-cnihta1 se waes hat5 ,philippus3 ',mid hwaem magon we by4c4gan hlaf ?issum folce8' ,wel wi/e ,cri/ hwaet he don wolde1 & he wi/e #ahj ?aet ,philippus ?aet ny/e4 ,god mae4g don eall ?+2 we sculon wundrian 8 mihte1 & eac 4ge4liefan4 ,cri/ a4raerde ,laz>um ( dea!1 & cwae? to 8 leornung-cnihtum3 ',to4liesa? 8 be1ndas1 ?aet he gan mae4ge4' ,god is aelmihti4g1 & mae4g don eall ?aet he wile4 4,ge nyton on hwelcre tide #ahe eow] hla=d cuman wile4 ,= ?aem beo 4ge 4ge>we2 = ?aem ! mannes ,sunu wile cuman on ?aere tide ! 4ge nyton4 ,se ,hael5d cwae? be 8 ,fa$]3 ',ic h9e cann1 & 4gif ic se14c4ge ?aet ic h9e ne cunne1 ?onne beo ic lez1 eow 4ge4lic4' ,se de(ol cwae? to ,cri/e3 '4,gif ?u sie ,godes sunu1 cwe? #aij to ?issum /anum ?aet hie beon a4we1nde to hlafum4' ,?a &-wyrde se ,hael5d1 & cwae?3 ',hit is a4writ51 ne le(a? se mann na be hlafe anum1 ac le(a? be eallum ?aem wordum ! ga? ( ,godes mu!4' ,se ,hael5d com to him1 ?aer hie waeron 4ge4gadrode1 & cwae?3 ',sie sibb be4twix #aie eow2 ic hit eom2 ne beo 4ge na a4fyrhte4' ,fa$] ure1 ?u ! e>t on he(onum1 sie ?in nama 4ge4halgod4 ,we syngodon1 we dydon un-rihtlice2 se1le us =44giefnesse3 hwaet sculon we don8 #fb ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,,vii4 #bd-g4 ,aelc ?ara ! ?as min ^w 4ge4hier?1 & ?a wyr4c?1 bi? 4ge4lic ?aem wisan 71 se 8 hus (] /an 4get4imbrode4 ,?a com ?aer re4gen & mi4cel flod1 & ?aer bleowon w9das1 & a4hruron on ?aet hus1 & hit na ne feoll3 so?lice hit waes (] /an 4ge4timbrod4 #e ,& aelc ?ara ! 4ge4hier? ?as min ^w1 & ?a ne wyr4c?1 se bi? 4ge4lic ?aem dysigan me1nn1 ! 4ge4timbrode 8 hus (] s&-4ceosol4 ,?a rinde hit1 & ?aer com flod1 & bleowon w9das1 & a4hruron on ?aet hus1 & ?aet hus feoll2 & 8 hryre waes mi4cel4 #aj ,,xii4 #ah-ba4 ,her is min cnapa1 ?one ic 4ge44cez2 min 4ge4cor5a1 on ?aem wel 4ge4licode minre sawle3 ic a4se1tte minne ga/ (] h9e1 & dom he boda? ?eodum4 ,ne flitt he1 ne he ne hriem?1 ne nan mann ne 4ge4hier? 8 /efne on /raetum4 ,to4cwies$ hreod he ne =4briett1 & smeoc5de fleax he ne a4dwaesc?1 #ae aer ?aem ! he a4weorpe dom to si4ge4 ,& on 8 naman ?eoda 4ge4hyhta?4 ,,xiii4 #c-h4 ,so?lice ut eode se sa7 8 saed to saw5ne4 ,& ?a ?a he seow1 sumu hie feollon ) we4g1 & fuglas comon & aeton ?a4 ,so?lice sumu feollon on /aenihte1 ?aer hit #bj #fc naefde mi4cle eor?an1 & hra$lice up sprungon1 = ?aem ! hie naefdon paere eor?an diepan2 so?lice1 up sprung5re sunnan1 hie a4drugodon & =4scruncon1 = ?aem ! hie naefdon wyrtruman4 ,so?lice sumu feollon on ?ornas1 & ?a ?ornas weoxon1 & =4?rysmdon ?a4 ,sumu so?lice #be feollon on gode eor?an1 & sealdon wae/m1 sum hund-fealdne1 sum siexti4g-fealdne1 sum ?riti4g-fealdne14 ,,xiii4 #bd-cj4 ,he(ona ri4ce is 4ge4word5 ?aem me1nn 4ge4lic ! seow god saed on 8 aec]e4 ,so?lice1 ?a ?a me1nn slepon1 ?a com 8 feonda sum1 & (]4seow hit mid coccele on4middan ?aem #cj hwaete1 & ferde ?anon4 ,so?lice1 ?a seo wyrt weox1 & ?one wae/m brohte1 ?a aet4iewde se coccel h9e4 ,?a eodon ?aes hla=des ?eowas & cwaedon3 ',hla=d1 hu1 ne seowe ?u god saed on ?inum aec]e8 hwanon haefde he coccel8' ,?a cwae? he3 '?aet dyde unhold mann4' ,?a cwaedon ?a #ce ?eowas3 ',wilt ?u1 we ga? & gadria? hie8' ,?a cwaep he3 ',nese3 ?y laes 4ge ?one hwaete a4wyrtwali51 ?onne 4ge ?one coccel gadria?4 ,laeta? ae4g!r weaxan o? rip-timan2 & on paem riptiman ic se14c4ge ?aem rip]um3 gadria? aere/ ?one coccel1 & b9da? s4ceaf-maelum to =4ba]n5ne2 #dj & gadria? ?one hwaete into minum be1rne4' ,,xiii4 #dd-h4 ,he(ona ri4ce is 4ge4lic 4ge4hyddum gold-horde on ?aem aec]e4 ,?one be4hytt se mann ! h9e f9t1 & = 8 blisse gae?1 & se1l? eall ?aet he ah1 & 4ge4by4g? ?one aec]4 ,eft is he(ona ri4ce 4ge4lic ?aem mang]e ! sohte ?aet gode #de me1re-grot4 ,?a he funde ?aet an deor-wi]! me1regrot1 ?a eode he1 & sealde eall ?aet he ahte1 & bohte ?aet me1regrot4 #fd ,eft is he(ona ri4ce 4ge4lic a4se1ndum ne1tte on ?a sae1 & ( aelcum fisc-cynne gadri5dum4 ,?a hie ?a ?aet ne1tt up #ej a4tugon1 & saeton be ?aem /r&e1 ?a 4ge4curon hie ?a godan on hi]a fatu1 & ?a yflan hie a4wurpon ut4 ,,xviii4 #ab-ad4 4,gif hwelc mann haef? hund s4ceapa1 & him losa? an ( ?aem1 hu1 ne =4laett he ?a nigon & hund4nigonti4g on ?aem muntum1 & gae?1 & se4c? ?aet an ! =4we>?8 ,& 4gif #ee hit 4ge4limp? ?aet he hit f9t1 so?lice ic eow se14c4ge ?aet he swi?or 4ge4blissa? = ?aem anum ?onne = ?aem nigon & hund4nigontigum ! na ne losodon4 ,,xx4 #a-af4 ,he(ona ri4ce is 4ge4lic ?aem hir$es ealdre1 ! on aernem]4gen ut eode a4hyran wyrhtan on 8 win-4ge>d4 4,ge4word5re #fj 4ge4cwid-raed5ne ?aem wyrhtum1 he sealde aelcum anne ?e1n+ ) 8 dae4ges weorce1 & a4se1nde hie on 8 win4ge>d4 ,& ?a he ut eode ymbe und]n-tid1 he 4ge4seah o?re on /raete idle /&an4 ,?a cwae? he3 ',ga 4ge on minne win4ge>d1 & ic se1lle eow ?aet riht bi?4' ,& hie ?a #fe ferdon4 ,eft he ut eode ymbe ?a siextan & nigo?an tid1 & dyde ?aem swa 4ge4lice4 ,?a ymbe ?a e1ndlyftan tid he ut eode1 & funde o?re /&5de1 & ?a sae4gde he3 ',hwy /&e 4ge her ealne dae4g idle8' ,?a cwaedon hie3 ',= ?aem ! us nan mann ne hyrde4' ,?a cwae? he3 ',& #gj ga 4ge on minne win4ge>d4' ,so?lice ?a hit waes aef5 4ge4word51 ?a sae4gde se win4ge>des hla=d 8 4ge4refan3 ',clipa ?a wyrhtan1 & a44gief him hi]a mede2 on44ginn fram ?aem yt4eme/an o? ?one fyrme/an4' ,eorno/lice ?a ?a 4ge4comon ! ymbe ?a e1ndlyftan #ge tid comon1 ?a on4fengon hie aelc 8 pe1n+4 ,& ?a ! #fe ?aer aere/ comon1 wendon ?aet hie scold5 mare on4fon2 ?a on4fengon hie syndri4ge ?e1n+as4 ,?a on4gunnon hie murcnian on44gean ?one hir$es ealdor1 & ?us cwaedon3 ',?as yteme/an worhton ane tid1 & ?u dyde/ hie 4ge4lice us1 #hj ! baeron byr!nna on ?isses dae4ges haetan4' ,?a cwae? he &-sw>i5de hi]a anum3 ',eala ?u freond1 ne do ic ?e nanne teonan2 hu1 ne come ?u to me to wyr4cenne ) anum pe1n+e8 ,nim ?aet ?in is1 & ga2 ic wile ?issum yteme/um se1llan eall swa mi4cel swa ?e4 ,o?! ne mot ic #he don ?aet ic wile8 ,hwae!r ! ?in eage manfull is = ?aem ! ic god eom8 ,swa beo? ?a fyrme/an yteme/e1 & ?a yteme/an fyrme/e2 so?lice mani4ge s9d 4ge4clipode1 & fea 4ge4cor5e4' ,,xxii4 #b-ad4 ,he(ona ri4ce is 4ge4lic ?aem cyn+e ! macode 8 suna #ij 4giefta1 & se1nde 8 ?eowas1 & clipode ?a 4ge4la?odan to ?aem 4gieftum4 ,?a noldon hie cuman4 ,?a se1nde he eft o?re ?eowas1 & sae4gde ?aem 4ge4la?odum3 ',nu ic 4ge44ge>wode mine feorme3 mine fe>ras & mine fuglas s9d (4slae4gene1 & eall min ?+ s9d 4ge>u2 cuma? to ?aem 4gieftum4' ,?a #ie =4giemdon hie ?aet1 & ferdon1 sum to 8 tune1 sum to 8 mangunge4 ,& ?a o?re namon 8 ?eowas1 & mid teonan 4ge4swe1n4cton1 & (4slogon4 ,?a se cyn+ ?aet 4ge4hi]de1 ?a waes he i]re1 & se1nde 8 he1re to1 & =4dyde ?a mann-slagan1 & hi]a burg =4ba]nde4 #ajj ,?a cwae? he to 8 ?eowum3 ',witodlice ?as 4giefta s9d 4ge>we1 ac ?a ! 4ge4la?ode waeron ne s9d wi]!4 ,ga? nu to wega 4gelaetum1 & clipia? to ?issum 4gieftum swa hwelce swa 4ge 4ge4met54' ,?a eodon ?a ?eowas ut on ?a wegas1 & 4ge4gadrodon ealle ?a ! hie 4ge4metton1 gode & yfle2 #aje ?a waeron ?a 4gieft-hus mid sitt5dum mannum 4gefyldu4 ,?a eode se cyn+ inn1 ?aet he wolde 4ge4seon ?a ! ?aer #ff saeton1 & ?a 4ge4seah he ?aer anne mann ! naes mid 4gieftlicum reafe 4gescrydd4 ,?a cwae? he3 ',la1 freond1 humeta eode/ ?u inn1 & naefde/ 4gieftlic reaf8' ,?a swigode he4 #aaj ,& se cyn+ cwae? to 8 !4gnum3 '4,ge4b9da? 8 h&a & 8 fet1 & weorpa? h9e on ?a yt]ran ?eo/ru2 ?aer bi? wop & to?a gri/-bitung4' ,witodlice mani4ge s9d 4ge4la?ode1 & fea 4ge4cor5e4 ,,xxv4 #a-ac4 ,?onne bi? he(ona ri4ce 4ge4lic ?aem tien faemnum1 ! ?a #aae leoht-fatu namon1 & ferdon on44gean ?one bryd-guman & ?a bryd4 ,hi]a fif waeron dysi4ge1 & fif gleawe4 ,& ?a fif dysigan namon leohtfatu1 & ne namon nanne ele mid him2 ?a gleawan namon ele on hi]a fatum mid ?aem leohtfatum4 ,?a se brydguma ielde1 ?a hnappodon hie ealle1 & slepon4 #abj ,witodlice to middre nihte man hriemde1 & cwae?3 ',nu se brydguma cym?1 f>a? him to44geanes4' ,?a a4rison ealle ?a faemnan1 & gle1n4gdon hi]a leohtfatu4 ,?a cwaedon ?a dysigan to paem wisum3 ',se1lla? us ( eowrum ele1 = ?aem ure leohtfatu s9d a4cwe1n4ctu4' ,?a &4sw>odon ?a gleawan1 #abe & cwaedon3 ',nese2 ?y laes ! we & 4ge naebb5 4genog3 ga? to ?aem 4ciep5dum1 & by4c4ga? eow ele4' ,witodlice1 ?a hie ferdon1 & woldon by4c4gan1 ?a com se brydguma2 & ?a ! 4ge>we waeron eodon inn mid him to ?aem 4gieftum2 & seo duru waes be4loc54 ,?a aet nieh/an comon #acj ?a o?re faemnan1 & cwaedon3 ',dryht51 ,dryht51 laet us inn4' ,?a &-sw>ode he him1 & cwae?3 ',so? ic eow se14c4ge1 ne cann ic eow4' ,witodlice1 wacia?1 = ?aem ! 4ge nyton ne ?one dae4g ne ?a tid4 ,,xxv4 #ad-cj4 ,sum mann ferde on e1l?eodi4gnesse1 & clipode 8 #ace #fg ?eowas1 & be4taehte him 8 aehta4 ,& anum he sealde fif pund1 sumum twa1 sumum an3 ae4ghwelcum be 8 agnum mae4gne2 & ferde sona4 ,?a ferde se ! ?a fif pund "u4feng1 & 4ge4/riende o?ru fif4 ,& eall-swa se ! ?a twa "u4f5g1 4ge4/riende #adj o?ru twa4 ,witodlice se ! ?aet an "u4feng1 ferde1 & be4dealf hit on eor?an1 & be4hydde 8 hla=des feoh4 ,witodlice aeft] mi4clum fi]/e com ?ara ?eowa hla=d1 & dihte him 4ge4rad4 ,?a com se ! ?a fif pund "u4feng1 & brohte o?ru fif1 & cwae?3 ',hla=d1 fif pund ?u sealde/ #ade me2 nu ic 4ge4/riende o?ru fif4' ,?a cwaep 8 hla=d to him3 ',beo bli!1 ?u goda ?eow & 4ge4treowa3 = ?aem ! ?u waere 4ge4treowe (] lytlu ?+1 ic 4ge4se1tte ?e (] mi4clu2 ga into ?ines hla=des blisse4' ,?a com se ! ?a twa pund "u4feng1 & cwae?3 ',hla=d1 twa pund ?u #aej me sealde/2 nu ic haebbe 4ge4/rien$ o?ru twa4' ,?a cwae? 8 hla=d to him3 '4,ge4blissa1 ?u goda ?eow & 4getreowa3 = ?aem ! ?u waere 4ge4treowe (] fea1 (] fela ic ?e 4ge4se1tte2 ga on ?ines hla=des 4ge4fean4' ,?a com se ! ?aet an pund "u4feng1 & cwae?3 ',hla=d1 ic wat ?aet #aee ?u e>t he>d mann3 ?u rip/ ?aer ?u ne seowe1 & gad]a/ ?aer ?u ne spre1n4gde/4 ,& ic ferde (4draedd1 & be4hydde ?in pund on eor?an2 her ?u haef/ ?aet ?in is4' ,?a &sw>ode 8 hla=d him1 & cwae?3 '?u yfla ?eow & slawa1 ?u wi/e/ ?aet ic ripe ?aer ic ne seowe1 #afj & ic gadri4ge ?aer ic ne /redde3 hit 4ge4byr$e ?aet ?u be4fae/e min feoh mynet]um1 & ic name1 ?onne ic come1 ?aet min is1 mid ?aem gafole4 ,a4nima? ?aet pund aet him1 & se1lla? ?aem ! me ?a tien pund brohte4 ,witodlice aelcum ?ara ! haef? man se1l?1 & he haef? 4ge4nog2 ?aem ! naef?1 #afe ?aet him ?yn4c? ?aet he haebbe1 ?aet him bi? aet4brogd54 ,& weorpa? ?one un4nyttan ?eow on ?a yt]ran ?eo/ru2 ?aer bi? wop & to?a gri/4bitung4' #fh ,,iii4 ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,pieces4 ,i4 ,aeft] ?aem so?lice ealle me1nn spraecon ane sprae4ce4 ,?a ?a hie ferdon fram ,ea/-daele1 hie fundon anne feld on ,s5naar-l&e1 & wunodon ?aer-on4 ,?a cwaedon hie him be4tweonan3 ',uton wyr4can us ti4gelan1 & aelan hie on fyre6' ,witodlice hie haefdon ti4gelan = #e /an & ti]wan = weal-lim4 ,& hie cwaedon3 ',uton timbrian us 4cea/re1 & /iepel o? he(on heanne6 uton weor?ian urne naman1 aer ?aem ! we sien to4daelde 4geond ealle eor?an6' ,witodlice ,dryht5 a4/ag ni!r1 to ?aem ?aet he 4ge4sawe #aj ?a burg & ?one /iepel1 ! ,adames be>n 4ge4timbrodon4 ,& he cwae?3 '?is is an folc1 & ealle hie spreca? an la$51 & hie be4gunnon ?is to wyr4cenne3 ne 4ge4swica? hie aer ?aem ! hit 4ge>u sie2 so?lice uton cuman & to4daelan hi]a sprae4ce6' #ae ,swa ,dryht5 hie to4daelde ( ?aere /owe 4geond ealle eor?an4 ,& = ?aem man ne1mnde ?a /owe ,babel = ?aem ! ?aer waeron to4daelde ealle sprae4ca4 ,,ii4 ,god wolde pa f&ian ,abrahames 4ge4hiersumnesse1 & clipode 8 naman1 & cwae? him ?us to3 ',nim ?inne #bj an-ce1nn$an sunu ,isaac1 ! ?u lufa/1 & f> to ?aem #fi l&e ,visionis hra!1 & 4ge4(fra h9e ?aer uppan anre dune4' ,abraham ?a a4ras on ?aere ilcan nihte1 & ferde mid twaem cnapum to ?aem fi]l5um l&e1 & ,isaac samod1 #be on assum rid5de4 ,?a on ?aem ?riddan dae4ge1 ?a hie ?a dune 4ge4sawon1 ?aer ?aer hie to scoldon to (4sleanne ,isaac1 ?a cwae? ,abraham to ?aem twaem cnapum ?us3 ',&bidia? eow her mid ?aem assum sume hwile6 ic & ?aet 4cild ga? unc to 4ge4bidd5ne1 #cj & wit si??an cuma? sona eft to eow4' ,abraham ?a het ,isaac b]an ?one wudu to ?aere /owe1 & he self ba] 8 sweord & fyr4 ,isaac ?a ascode ,abraham 8 fa$]3 ',fa$] min1 ic asci4ge hwaer seo (frung sie2 her is wudu & fyr4' ,him &wyrde se fa$]3 ',god =es4ceawa?1 #ce min sunu1 him self ?a (frunge4' ,hie comon ?a to ?aere /owe ! him 4ge4sweotolode ,god2 & he ?aer we(od a4raerde on ?a ealdan wisan1 & ?one wudu 4ge4logode swa swa he hit wolde habban to 8 suna ba]nette1 si??an he (4slae4gen wurde4 ,he 4ge4b& ?a 8 #dj sunu1 & 8 sweord a4teah1 ?aet he h9e 4ge4(frode on ?a ealdan wisan4 ,mid ?aem ! he wolde ?aet weorc be44ginnan1 ?a clipode ,godes e1n4gel arodlice ( he(onum3 ',abraham6' ,he &wyrde sona4 ,se e1n4gel him cwae? to3 ',ne a4cwe1le ?u #de ?aet 4cild1 ne ?ine h& ne a4/re14ce (] 8 sweoran6 ,nu ic on4cneow so?lice ?aet pu on4draet/ swi! ,god1 nu pu pinne an-ce1nn$an sunu wolde/ (4slean = him4' ,?a be4seah ,abraham sona "u baec1 & 4ge4seah ?aer anne ramm be4twix ?aem bremlum be ?aem hornum 4ge4haeftne1 #ej & he haefde ?one ramm to ?aere (frunge1 & h9e ?aer (4sna? ,gode to lace = 8 sunu ,isaac4 ,he het ?a /owe ,dom9us videt1 ?aet is ',god 4ge4sih?1' & 4giet is 4ge4sae4gd swa1 ,9 monte ,dom9us videbit1 ?aet is1 ',god 4ge4sih? on dune4' #gj ,eft clipode se e1n4gel ,abraham1 & cwae?3 ',ic sae4gde #ee ?urh me selfne1 sae4gde se ,aelmihtiga1 nu ?u nolde/ arian ?inum ance1nn$um suna1 ac ?e waes min e14ge mare ?onne 8 lif1 ic ?e nu bletsi4ge1 & ?inne (-spr+ ge4mani4g-fielde swa swa /eorran on he(onum1 & swa swa s&-4ceosol on sae2 ?in (spr+ s4ceal agan hi]a feonda 4geatu4 ,& on #fj ?inum saede beo? ealle ?eoda 4ge4bletsode1 = ?aem ! ?u 4ge4hiersumode/ minre haese ?us4' ,abraham ?a 4ge44ci]de sona to 8 cnapum1 & ferdon him ham sona mid he(onlicre bletsunge4 ,,iii4 ,sum cwen waes on su?-daele1 ,saba 4ge4hat51 snotor & #fe wis4 ,?a 4ge4hierde heo ,salomones hlisan1 & com fram ?aem su!rnum 4ge4maerum to ,salomone b9nan ,hi]usalem mid mi4celre f>e1 & hi]e olf5das baeron su!rne wyrta1 & deor-wi]! 4gimm-/anas1 & un-4gerim gold4 ,seo cwen ?a haefde sprae4ce ) ,salomon1 & sae4gde him swa hwaet #gj swa heo on hi]e heortan 4ge4?ohte4 ,salomon ?a hie laerde1 & hi]e sae4gde ealra ?ara worda &4giet ! heo h9e ascode4 ,?a 4ge4seah seo cwen ,salomones wisdom1 & ?aet maere tempel ! he 4ge4timbrod haefde1 & ?a lac ! man ,gode (frode1 & ?aes cyn+es mani4g-fealde !4gnunga1 & waes #ge to ?aem swi! (4wundrod ?aet heo naefde fur?or nanne ga/1 = ?aem ! heo ne mihte na fur?or smean4 ,heo cwae? ?a to ?aem cyn+e3 ',so? is ?aet ^w ! ic 4ge4hierde on minum e>de be ?e & be ?inum wisdome1 ac ic nolde 4ge4liefan aer ?aem ! ic self hit 4ge4sawe4 ,nu haebbe ic a4f&od #hj ?aet me naes be healfum daele ?in maer?o 4ge4cyp$4 ,mare is ?in wisdom & ?in weorc ?onne se hlisa waere ! ic 4ge4hierde4 ,eadige s9d ?ine !4gnas & ?ine ?eowas1 ! simle aet4=an ?e /&a?1 & ?inne wisdom 4ge4hiera?4 4,ge4bletsod sie se aelmihtiga ,god1 ! ?e 4ge44cez & 4ge4se1tte #he #ga (] ,israhela ri4ce1 ?aet ?u domas se1tte & riht-wisnesse1' ,heo =44geaf ?aeem cyn+e ?a hund4twe1lfti4g punda goldes1 & un4gerim deorwi]?ra wyrta & deorwi]?ra 4gimm/ana4 ,salomon eac =44geaf ?aere cwene swa hwaes swa heo 4gi]nde aet him2 & heo 4ge4we1nde on44gean to hi]e e?le mid hi]e #ij !4gnum4 ,salomon ?a waes 4ge4maersod (] eallum eor?licum cyn+um1 & ealle ?eoda 4ge4wilnodon ?aet hie h9e 4ge4saw51 & 8 wisdom 4ge4hierd51 & hie him mani4gfeald lac brohton4 ,seo cwen haefde 4ge4tacnunge ?aere halgan 4ge4la?unge ealles #ie cri/5es folces1 ! com to ?aem 4ge4sibbsuman ,cri/e to 4ge4hier5ne 8 wisdom & ?a god-spellican lare ?a he a4/ealde1 & be on4liehtunge ?aes so?an 4ge4leafan1 & be ?aem towe>dan dome1 be urre sawle un-deadlicnesse1 & be hyhte & wuldre ?aes 4ge4maenelican aeri/es4 #ajj ,seo cwen com to ,salomone mid mi4clum lacum on golde & on deorwi]?um 4gimm/anum & wyrt-brae?um2 & ?aet baeron olf5das4 ,seo 4ge4leaffulle 4ge4la?ung1 ! cym? ( aelcum e>de to ,cri/e1 br+? him ?as =e-sae4gdan lac aeft] ga/licum &4giete4 ,heo (fra? him gold ?urh so?ne #aje 4ge4leafan1 & wyrtbrae?as ?urh 4ge4b$u1 & deorwi]! 4gimmas ?urh fae4gernesse godra ?eawa & hali4gra mae4gna4 ,be ?isse 4ge4la?unge cwae? se witega to ,gode3 ,ad/itit reg9a a dextris tuis1 9 ve/itu deaurato1 circumdata v>ietate1 ?aet is1 'seo cwen /e1nt aet ?inre swi?ran1 on (]gyldum #aaj 4gi]lan1 ymb4scrydd mid mani4gfealdre fagnesse4' ,seo ga/lice cwen1 ,godes 4ge4la?ung1 is 4ge4gle1n4ged mid deorwi]?re fraetwunge & mani4gfealdum bleo godra drohtnunga & mihta4 ,heo sae4gde ,salomone ealle hi]e diegolnessa1 & seo #aae 4ge4la?ung 4ge4op5a? ,cri/e hi]e inn-4gehy4gd & ?a dieglan 4ge4?ohtas on so?re &etnesse4 ,olf5das baeron ?a deorwi]?an lac mid ?aere cwene #gb into ,hi]usalem2 = ?aem ! ?a hae?nan1 ! aer waeron 4ge4h(]ode ?urh 4gitsunge & atollice ?urh leahtras1 baeron1 #abj ?urh hi]a 4ge44ci]r$nesse & 4ge4leafan1 ?a ga/lican lac to ,cri/es h&um4 ,seo cwen wundrode ,salomones wisdomes1 & 8 4ge4timbrunga1 & !4gnunga2 & seo 4ge4la?ung wundra? ,cri/es wisdomes1 = ?aem ! he is so? wisdom1 & eall wisdom is #abe ( him4 ,he 4ge4timbrode ?a healican he(onas & ealne middan4ge>d1 & ealle 4ge4sceafta 4ge4se1tte on ?rim ?+um1 9 m5sura1 et pond]e1 et num]o1 ?aet is1 on 4ge4mete1 & on he1fe1 & on 4ge4tele4 ,cri/es !4gnung is ure haelo & folca a4lies$nes1 & ?a s9d 4ge4saeli4ge ! him !4gnia? to #acj 4ge4cwem$nesse on ?aem ga/licum 4ge4rynum4 ,seo cwen sae4gde ?aet hi]e naere be healfum daele 4ge4sae4gd be ,salomones maer?o1 & seo ga/lice cwen1 ,godes 4ge4la?ung1 o?! 4ge4hwelc hali4g sawol1 ?onne heo cym? to ?aere he(onlican ,hi]usalem1 ?onne 4ge4sih? heo mi4cle maran maer?o #ace & wuldor ?onne hi]e aer on life ?urh witegan o?! apo/olas 4ge4cydd waere4 ,ne mae4g nan eage on ?issum life 4ge4seon1 ne nan eare 4ge4hieran1 ne nanes mannes heorte a4smean ?a ?+ ! ,god 4ge>ca? ?aem ! h9e lufia?4 ,?a ?+ we magon be44gietan1 ac we ne magon hie a4smean1 #adj ne us naefre ne a4?riett ?ara goda 4ge4nyhtsumnes4 ,cri/ is ealra cyn+a cyn+1 & swa swa ealle ?eoda woldon 4ge4seon ?one 4ge4sibbsuman ,salomon1 & 8 wisdom 4ge4hieran1 & him mislicu lac brohton1 swa eac nu ( eallum ?eodum 4ge4wilnia? me1nn to 4ge4seonne ?one 4ge-sibbsuman #ade ,cri/ ?urh 4ge4leafan1 & ?one godspellican wisdom 4ge4hieran1 & hie him dae4g-hwaemlice ?a ga/lican lac 4ge4(fria? on mani4gfealdum 4ge4metum4 ,,iv4 ,on ,cyres dagum cyn+es wre4gdon ?a ,babiloniscan ?one #gc witegan ,daniel1 = ?aem ! he to4we>p hi]a de(ol-4gield1 #aej & cwaedon an-modlice to ?aem =e-sae4gdan cyn+e ,cyrum3 ',betae4c us ,daniel1 ! urne god ,bel to4we>p1 & ?one dracan a4cwealde ! we on be4liefdon2 4gif ?u h9e =4/e1nt/1 we =4dilgia? ?e & ?inne hir$4' ,?a 4ge4seah se cyn+ ?aet hie an-mode waeron1 & niedunga #aee ?one witegan him to h&um a4s4ceaf4 ,hie ?a h9e a4wurpon into anum sea!1 on ?aem waeron se(on leon1 ?aem man sealde dae4ghwaemlice twa hri!ru & twa s4ceap1 ac him waes ?a (4tog5 aelces fodan siex dagas1 ?aet hie ?one ,godes mann a4bitan scold54 #afj ,on ?aere tide waes sum o!r witega on ,judea-l&e1 8 nama waes ,abacuc1 se ba] 8 rift]um me1te to aec]e4 ,?a com him to ,godes e1n4gel1 & cwae?3 ',abacuc1 b] ?one me1te to ,babilone1 & se1le ,daniele1 se ! sitt on ?ara leona sea!4' ,abacuc &wyrde ?aem e1n4gle3 ',la le(1 ne 4ge4seah #afe ic naefre ?a burg1 ne ic ?one sea? nat4' ,?a se e1n4gel 4ge4laehte h9e be ?aem feaxe1 & h9e ba] to ,babilone1 & h9e se1tte bufan ?aem sea!4 ,?a clipode se ,abacuc3 '?u ,godes ?eow1 ,daniel1 nim ?as lac ! ?e ,god se1nde6' ,daniel cwae?3 ',min ,dryht5 ,hael5d1 sie ?e l( #agj & weor?-mynd ?aet ?u me 4ge4munde/4' ,& he ?a ?aere s&e breac4 ,witodlice ,godes e1n4gel ?aer-rihte mid swiftum flyhte 4ge4brohte ?one disc-!4gn1 ,abacuc1 ?aer he h9e aer 4ge4nam4 ,se cyn+ ?a ,cyrus on ?aem se(o?an dae4ge eode dreori4g #age to ?ara leona sea!1 & inn be4seah1 & efne ?a ,daniel sitt5de waes 4ge4sundfull on4middan ?aem leonum4 ,?a clipode se cyn+ mid mi4celre /efne3 ',maere is se ,god ! ,daniel on be4lief?4' ,& he ?a mid ?aem worde h9e a4teah ( ?aem scraefe1 & het inn weorpan ?a ! h9e aer =4don woldon4 #ahj ,?aes cyn+es haes we>? hra$lice 4ge4fre1mm$1 & ?aes witegan eht]as wurdon a4sc(5e be4twix ?a leon1 & hie #gd ?aer-rihte mid graedigum 4ceaflum hie ealle to4taeron4 ,?a cwae? se cyn+3 ',=hti5 & on4draed5 ealle eor?-buend ,danieles ,god1 = ?aem ! he is ,a4lies5d & ,hael5d1 #ahe wyr4cende tacnu & wundru on he(onan & on eor?an4' ,v4 ,nabo*odonosor1 se hae!na cyn+1 4ge4he1rgode on ,godes folce1 on ,judea-l&e1 & = hi]a man-daedum ,god ?aet 4ge4?afode4 ,?a 4ge4nam he ?a ma?m-fatu1 gyld5u & silfr5u1 b9nan ,godes temple1 & to 8 l&e mid him #aij 4ge4laedde4 ,hit 4ge4lamp eft si??an ?aet he on swefne ane 4ge4sih! be him selfum 4ge4seah1 swa swa him si??an a4eode4 ,aeft] ?issum ymb twelf mona?1 eode se cyn+ b9nan 8 healle mid ormaetre up-ahaf5nesse1 he1ri5de 8 weorc & 8 miht1 & cwae?3 ',hu1 ne is ?is seo mi4cle ,babilon1 #aie ! ic self 4ge4timbrode to cyne-/ole & to ?rymme1 me selfum to wlite & wuldre1 mid minum agnum mae4gne & /re1n4g?o8' ,ac him clipode ?aerrihte to swi! e14geslic /efn ( he(onum1 ?us cwe!nde3 ',?u ,nabo*odonosor1 ?in ri4ce 4ge4witt fram ?e1 & ?u bi/ fram mannum a4worp51 #bjj & ?in wunung bi? mid wildeorum1 & ?u it/ ga]s1 swa swa oxa1 se(on 4gear1 o? ?aet ?u wite ?aet se healica ,god 4ge4wielt manna ri4ca1 & ?aet he =44gief? ri4ce ?aem ! he wile4' ,witodlice on ?aere ilcan tide waes ?eos sprae4c 4ge4fyll$ #bje (] ,nabo*odonosor1 & he arn to wuda1 & wunode mid wildeorum1 le(ode be ga]se1 swa swa niet51 o? ?aet 8 feax weox swa swa wif-manna1 & 8 nae4glas swa swa e>nes clawa4 ,eft si??an him =44geaf se aelmihtiga ,weald5d 8 4ge4witt1 #baj & he cwae?3 ',ic ,nabo*odonosor a4hof min eagan up to he(onum1 & min &4giet me we>? =44gief51 & ic ?a bletsode ?one hieh/an ,god1 & ic he1r$e & wuldrode #ge ?one ! le(a? on e4cnesse1 = ?aem ! 8 miht is e4ce1 & 8 ri4ce /e1nt on mae4g! & on mae4g!4 ,ealle eor?-buend #bae s9d to nahte 4ge4tealde on 8 )4met5nesse4 ,aeft] 8 willan he de? ae4g!r 4ge on he(one 4ge on eor?an1 & nis nan ?+ ! 8 mihte )4/&e1 o?! him to cwe! 'hwy de/ ?u swa8' ,on ?aere tide min &4giet 4ge4we1nde to me1 & ic be4com to weor?-mynde mines cyne-ri4ces1 & min #bbj me1nnisce hiw me be4com4 ,mine witan me sohton1 & min maer?o we>? 4ge4eacnod4 ,nu eorno/lice ic maersi4ge & wuldri4ge ?one he(onlican cyn+1 = ?aem ! eall 8 weorc s9d so?1 & 8 wegas riht-wise1 & he mae4g 4ge4ea?-medan ?a ! on modi4gnesse f>a?4' #bbe ,?us 4ge4ea?medde se aelmihtiga ,god ?one modigan cyn+ ,nabo*odonosor4 #gf ,,iv4 ,,samson4 ,an mann waes e>di5de on ,israhela ?eode1 ,manue 4ge4hat51 ( ?aere mae4g! ,dan2 8 wif waes un-tiem5d1 & hie wunodon butan 4cilde4 ,him com ?a gang5de to ,godes e1n4gel1 & cwae? ?aet hie scold5 habban sunu him 4ge4maenne2 'ne he ealu ne dr9ce naefre o?! win1 ne naht #e fules ne ?i4c4ge2 se bi? ,gode hali4g fram 8 4cildhade2 & man ne mot h9e e1fsian o?! be4s4ci]an1 = ?aem ! he on44gin? to a4lies5ne 8 folc1 ,israhela ?eode1 ( ,phili/ea ?eowte4' ,heo a4ce1nde ?a sunu1 swa swa hi]e sae4gde se e1n4gel1 & #aj het h9e ,samson2 & he swi! weox2 & ,god h9e bletsode1 & ,godes ga/ waes on him4 ,he we>? ?a mihti4g on mi4celre /re1n4g?o1 swa ?aet he 4ge4laehte ane leon be we4ge1 ! h9e a4bitan wolde1 & to4brae4gd hie to /y4c4cum1 swelce he to4taere sum ea!lic ti4c4cen4 #ae ,he be4gann ?a to w9n5ne ) ?a ,phili/eos1 & hi]a fela (4slog & to scame tucode1 ?eah ! hie onweald haefd5 (] his leode4 ,?a ferdon ?a ,phili/ei =? aeft] ,samsone1 & heton 8 leode ?aet hie h9e a44geaf5 to hi]a onwealde1 ?aet hie wrecan miht5 hi]a teon-raed5ne mid t9tregum #bj on him4 ,hie ?a h9e 4ge4bundon mid twaem bae/5um rapum & h9e 4ge4laeddon to ?aem folce4 ,& ?a ,phili/eiscan ?aes fae4gnodon swi!2 urnon him to44geanes ealle hlyd5de2 woldon h9e t9tre4gian = hi]a teonraed5ne4 ,?a to4brae4gd ,samson be4gen 8 e>mas1 ?aet ?a rapas to-bur/on ! he mid #be #gg 4ge4bund5 waes4 ,& he 4ge4laehte ? a sona sumes assan 4cinn-ban ! he ?aer funde1 & 4ge4feaht ) hie1 & (4slo4g an ?us5d mid ?aes assan 4cinnbane4 ,he we>? ?a swi! (4?yr/ = ?aem wundorlican sle14ge1 & ba$ ?one he(onlican ,god ?aet he him a4se1nde dr9can1 = ?aem ! on ?aere #cj neawi/e naes nan waet]s4cipe4 ,?a arn ( ?aen 4cinnbane ( anum te? waet]2 & ,samson ?a dranc1 & 8 ,dryhtne ?ancode4 ,aeft] ?issum he ferde to ,phili/ea l&e1 into anre byri4g on hi]a onwealde1 ,gaza 4ge4hat54 ,& hie ?aes fae4gnodon2 #ce be4se1tton ?a ?aet hus ! he inne wunode2 woldon h9e 4ge4niman mid ?aem ! he ut eode on aerne-m]4gen1 & h9e (4slean4 ,hwaet ?a ,samson hi]a si]wunga "u44geat2 & a4ras on middre nihte to4middes 8 feondum1 & 4ge4nam ?a burg-4geatu1 & 4ge4ba] on 8 hry4c4ge mid ?aem po/um1 #dj swa swa hie be4loc5u waeron1 up to anre dune to ufewe>dum ?aem cnolle2 & eode swa or-sorg ( hi]a 4ge4sih?um4 ,h9e be4swac swa4?eah si??an an wif1 ,dalila 4ge4hat51 ( ?aem hae?nan folce1 swa ?aet he hi]e sae4gde1 ?urh hi]e swicdom #de be4paeht1 on hwaem 8 /re1n4g?o waes & 8 wundorlicu miht4 ,?a hae?nan ,phili/ei be4heton hi]e s4ceattas ) ?aem ! heo be4swice ,samson ?one /rangan4 ,?a ascode heo h9e 4georne mid hi]e olae4cunge on hwaem 8 miht waere2 & he hi]e &wyrde3 '4,gif ic beo 4ge4bund5 mid se(on #ej rapum1 ( s9um 4geworhte1 sona ic beo 4ge4wield4' ,?aet swicole wif ?a be44geat ?a se(on rapas1 & he ?urh si]wunge swa we>? 4ge4bund54 ,& him man cy?de ?aet ?aer comon 8 fiend2 ?a to4braec he sona ?a rapas1 swa swa he1fel-?raedas2 & ?aet wif ny/e on hwaem 8 miht #ee waes4 ,he we>? eft 4ge4bund5 mid eall-niwum rapum2 & he ?a to4braec1 swa swa ?a o?re4 ,heo be4swac h9e swa4?eah1 ?aet he hi]e sae4gde aet #gh nieh/an3 ',ic eom ,gode 4ge4halgod fram minum 4cildhade2 & ic naes naefre 4ge4e1fsod1 ne naefre be4scor52 & 4gif ic beo #fj be4scor51 ?onne beo ic un-mihti4g1 o?rum mannum 4ge4lic2' & heo let ?a swa4 ,heo ?a on sumum dae4ge1 ?a ?a he on slaepe lae4g1 =44ce>f 8 se(on loccas1 & a4weahte h9e si??an2 ?a waes he swa unmihti4g swa swa o?re me1nn4 ,& ?a ,phili/ei #fe 4ge4fengon h9e sona1 swa swa heo h9e be4laewde1 & 4ge4laeddon h9e on4we4g2 & heo haefde ?one s4ceatt1 swa swa him 4ge4we>?4 ,hie ?a h9e a4ble1ndon1 & 4ge4bund5ne laeddon on he>dum rac5teagum ham to hi]a byri4g1 & on cwe>t]ne #gj be4lucon to langre fi]/e3 heton h9e gr9dan aet hi]a h&-cweorne4 ,?a weoxon 8 loccas & 8 miht eft on him4 ,& ?a ,phili/ei full4bli! waeron3 ?ancodon hi]a ,gode1 ,dagon 4ge4hat51 swelce hie ?urh 8 fultum hi]a feond 4ge4wield54 #ge ,?a ,phili/ei ?a mi4cle feorme 4ge4worhton1 & 4ge4samnodon hie on sumre up-flora1 ealle ?a heafod-me1nn1 & eac swelce wif-me1nn1 ?reo ?us5d manna on mi4celre blisse4 ,& ?a ?a hie bli?o/ waeron1 ?a baedon hie sume ?aet ,samson mo/e him macian sum gam52 & h9e man sona #hj 4ge4fe1tte mid swi?licre wafunge1 & heton h9e /&an be4twix twaem /aen5um sweorum4 ,on ?aem twaem sweorum /od ?aet hus eall 4ge4worht4 ,& ,samson ?a plegode swi! him aet4=an2 & 4ge4laehte ?a sweoras mid swi?licre mihte1 & slog hie to4ga$re ?aet hie sona to4bur/on2 & #he ?aet hus ?a a4feoll eall1 ?aem folce to dea!1 & ,samson =? mid1 swa ?aet he mi4cle ma on 8 dea! a4cwealde ?onne he aer cwic dyde4 #gi ,v4 ,,f ,,! ,,*ronicle4 ,bret5 ie4g-l& is eahta hund mila lang1 & twa hund mila brad2 & her s9d on ?aem ie4gl&e fif 4ge4?eodu3 ,e1n4glisc1 ,brettisc1 ,scyttisc1 ,pihtisc1 & ,boc-la$54 ,aere/ waeron buend ?isses l&es ,brettas4 ,?a comon ( ,arm5ia1 & 4ge4saeton su?an-we>de ,bret5e aere/4 ,?a #e 4ge4lamp hit ?aet ,peohtas comon su?an ( ,sci?ian mid langum s4cipum1 na manigum2 & ?a comon aere/ on ,nor?-ib]nian up2 & ?aer baedon ,scottas ?aet hie ?aer mo/5 wunian4 ,ac hie noldon him liefan1 = ?aem ! hie cwaedon ?aet hie ne miht5 ealle aet4ga$re 4ge4wunian ?aer4 #aj ,& ?a cwaedon ?a ,scottas3 ',we magon eow hwae?re raed 4ge4laeran3 we witon o!r ie4gl& her-be4ea/an2 ?aer 4ge magon e>dian1 4gif 4ge willa?2 & 4gif hwa eow )4/e1nt1 we eow fultumia? ?aet 4ge hit mae4gen 4ge4gan4' ,?a ferdon ?a ,peohtas1 & 4geferdon ?is l& nor?an-we>d2 #ae su?an-we>d hit haefdon ,brettas1 swa swa we aer cwaedon4 ,& ?a ,peohtas him a4baedon wif aet ,scottum on ?a 4ge4rad ?aet hie 4ge4cur5 hi]a cyne-cynn a on ?a wif-healfe4 ,?aet hie heoldon swa lange si??an4 ,& ?a 4ge4lamp ymbe 4geara ryne ?aet ,scotta sum dael #bj 4ge4wat ( ,ib]nian on ,bret5e1 & ?aes l&es sumne dael 4ge4eodon2 & waes hi]a he1re-toga ,reoda 4ge4hat53 fram ?aem hie s9d 4ge4ne1mn$e ,dalreodi4 #hj ,anno #ddi4 ,her ,m>tianus & ,val5tinus on4fengon ri4ce1 & ri4csodon se(on w9t]4 #be ,& on hi]a dagum1 ,he1n4ge/ & ,horsa1 fram ,wyrt4georne 4ge4la?ode1 ,bretta cyn+e1 4ge4sohton ,bret5e on ?aem /e1de ! is 4ge4ne1mn$ ,ypw9es-fleot1 aere/ ,brettum to fultume1 ac hie eft on hie fuhton4 ,se cyn+ het hie feohtan on44gean ,peohtas2 & hie swa #cj dydon1 & si4ge haefdon swa hwaer swa hie comon4 ,hie ?a se1ndon to ,angle1 & heton him se1ndan maran fultum2 & heton him se14c4gan ,bret-weala nahtnesse & ?aes l&es cy/a4 ,hie ?a se1ndon him maran fultum4 ,?a comon ?a me1nn ( ?rim mae4g?um 4,germanie3 ( ,eald-seaxum1 ( #ce ,e1n4glum1 ( ,iotum4 ,( ,iotum comon ,cant-w>e & ,wiht-w>e--?aet is seo mae4g? ! nu e>da? on ,wiht--& ?aet cynn on ,we/-seaxum ! man nu44giet haett ',iot5a cynn4' ,( ,eald-seaxum comon ,ea/-seaxe1 & ,su?-seaxe1 & ,we/-seaxe4 #dj ,( ,angle comon--se a si??an /od we/e be4twix ,iotum & ,seaxum--,ea/-e1n4gle1 ,middel-e1n4gle1 ,mi]4ce1 & ealle ,nor?hymbre4 #dee4 ,her ,he1n4ge/ & ,horsa fuhton ) ,wyrt4georne ?aem cyn+e 9 ?aere /owe ! is 4ge4cw$5 ,ae4gles-?rep2 #de & 8 bro?or ,horsan man (4slog4 ,& aeft] ?aem ,he1n4ge/ feng to ri4ce1 & ,aesc 8 sunu4 #deg4 ,her ,he1n4ge/ & ,aesc fuhton ) ,brettas 9 ?aere /owe ! is 4ge4cw$5 ,cre14c4gan-=d1 & ?aer (4slogon feow] ?us5d w]a4 ,& ?a ,brettas ?a =4leton ,ce1nt-l&1 #ej & mid mi4cle e14ge flugon to ,lund5-byri4g4 #dgc4 ,her ,h54ge/ & ,aesc 4ge4fuhton ) ,wealas1 & 4ge4namon un-arim$licu he1re-reaf1 & ?a ,wealas flugon ?a ,e1n4gle swa swa fyr4 #ghg4 ,her nam ,beorht-ri4c cyn+ ,(fan dohtor ,ead-burge4 #ee ,& on 8 dagum comon aere/ ?reo s4cipu2 & ?a se #ha 4ge4refa ?aer to rad1 & hie wolde drifan to ?aes cyn+es tune1 ?y he ny/e hwaet hie waeron2 & h9e man (4slog4 ,?aet waeron ?a aere/an s4cipu ,de1niscra manna ! ,angel-cynnes l& 4ge4sohton4 #fj #hea4 ,her 4,ceorl ealdor-mann 4ge4feaht ) hae?ne me1nn mid ,def5a-s4cire aet ,wi4c4gan-beorge1 & ?aer mi4cel wael 4ge4slogon1 & si4ge namon4 ,& ?y ilcan 4geare ,ae!l/an cyn+ & ,ealhhe1re dux mi4celne he1re (4slogon aet ,s&-wic on ,ce1nt2 & nigon #fe s4cipu 4ge4fengon1 & ?a o?ru 4ge4fliemdon2 & hae?ne me1nn aere/ (] w9t] saeton4 ,& ?y ilcan 4geare com feor! healf hund s4cipa on ,te1mese-mu?an1 & braecon ,cantw>a-burg1 & ,lund5-burg1 & 4ge4fliemdon ,beorhtwulf ,mi]4cna cyn+ mid 8 #gj fi]de2 & ferdon ?a su? (] ,te1mese on ,su?ri4ge2 & him 4ge4feaht ) ,ae!lwulf cyn+ & ,ae!lbeald 8 sunu aet ,ac-lea mid ,we/-seaxna fi]de1 & ?aer ?aet mae/e wael 4ge4slogon on hae?num he1re ! we se14c4gan hierdon o? ?isne &we>dan dae4g1 & ?aer si4ge namon4 #ge #hfg4 ,her for se he1re ( ,ea/-e1n4glum (] ,humbre-mu?an to ,e(orwic-4cea/re on ,nor?-hymbre4 ,& ?aer waes mi4cel un-4ge?waernes ?aere ?eode be4twix him selfum1 & hie haefdon hi]a cyn+ a4worp5ne ,osbryht1 & un-4gecyndne cyn+ "u4fengon ,aellan4 ,& hie late on 4geare to ?aem #hj 4ge44ci]don ?aet hie ) ?one he1re w9n5de waeron2 & hie ?eah mi4cle fi]d 4ge4gadrodon1 & ?one he1re sohton aet ,e(orwic-4cea/re2 & on ?a 4cea/re braecon1 & hie sume inne wurdon2 & ?aer waes un-4gemetlic wael ge4slae4gen ,nor?anhymbra1 sume b9nan1 sume butan1 & ?a cyn+as #he be4gen (slae4gene2 & seo laf ) ?one he1re fri? nam4 #hb ,,vi4 ,,k+ ,,edmund4 ,sum swi! 4ge4laer$ munuc com su?an (] sae fram sancte ,b5$ictes /owe1 on ,ae!lr$es cyn+es dae4ge1 to ,dun/ane a]4ce-biscope1 ?rim 4gearum aer ?aem ! he =?4ferde1 & se munuc hatte ,abbo4 ,?a wurdon hie aet sprae4ce1 o? ?aet ,dun/an reahte be sancte ,eadmunde1 swa swa ,eadmundes #e sweord-bora hit reahte ,ae!l/ane cyn+e1 ?a ?a ,dun/an 4geong mann waes1 & se sweord-bora waes =4ealdod mann4 ,?a 4ge4se1tte se munuc ealle ?a1 4ge4re14cednesse on anre bec1 & eft1 ?a ?a seo boc com to us1 b9nan feam 4gearum1 ?a a4we1ndon we hit on ,e1n4glisc1 swa swa hit her4aeft] #aj /e1nt4 ,se munuc ?a ,abbo b9nan twaem 4gearum 4ge4we1nde ham to 8 myn/re1 & we>? sona to abbode 4ge4se1tt on ?aem ilcan myn/re4 ,eadmund se eadiga1 ,ea/-e1n4gla cyn+1 waes snotor & weor?full1 & weor?ode simle mid ae!lum ?eawum ?one #ae aelmihtigan ,god4 ,he waes ea?-mod & 4ge4?ung51 & swa an-raed ?urh4wunode ?aet he nolde a4bugan to bism]fullum leahtrum1 ne on naw?re healfe he ne a4hielde 8 ?eawas1 ac waes simle 4ge4myndi4g ?aere so?an lare3 '4,gif ?u e>t to heafod-me1nn 4ge4se1tt1 ne a4he1fe ?u ?e1 ac beo be4twix #bj mannum swa swa an mann ( him4' ,he waes cy/i4g waedlum & widewum swa swa fa$]1 & mid wel-will5dnesse 4ge4wissode 8 folc simle to riht-wisnesse1 & ?aem re?um /ierde1 & 4ge4saeli4glice le(ode on so?um 4ge4leafan4 #be #hc ,hit 4ge4lamp ?a aet nieh/an ?aet ?a ,de1niscan leode ferdon mid s4cip-he1re1 he1rgi5de & sle&e wide 4geond l&1 swa swa hi]a 4ge4wuna is4 ,on ?aem flotan waeron ?a fyrme/an heafod-me1nn1 ,h+u> & ,hubba1 4ge4anlaehte ?urh de(ol1 & hie on ,nor?hymbra-l&e 4ge4le1ndon mid aescum1 & #cj a4we/on ?aet l&1 & ?a leode (4slogon4 ,?a 4ge4we1nde ,h+u> ea/ mid 8 s4cipum1 & ,hubba be4laf on ,nor?hymbra-l&e1 4ge4wunn5um si4ge mid wael-hreownesse4 ,h+u> ?a be4com to ,ea/-e1n4glum row5de on ?aem 4geare ! ,aelfr$ ae!l+ an & twe1nti4g 4geara waes1 se ! ,we/-seaxna #ce cyn+ si??an we>? maere4 ,& se =e-sae4gda ,h+u> faerlice1 swa swa wulf1 on l&e be4/ealcode1 & ?a leode slog1 w]as & wif1 & ?a un4gewittigan 4cild1 & to bism]e tucode ?a bilewitan ,cri/5an4 ,he se1nde ?a si??an sona to ?aem cyn+e beotlic aer5de1 ?aet he #dj a4bugan scolde to 8 mann-raed5ne1 4gif he 8 feores rohte4 ,se aer5d-raca com ?a to ,eadmunde cyn+e1 & ,h+u>es aer5de him arodlice a4bead3 ',h+u> ure cyn+1 cene & si4gefae/ on sae & on l&e1 haef? fela ?eoda 4ge4weald1 & com nu mid fi]de faerlice her to l&e1 ?aet #de he her w9t]-setl mid 8 w]ode haebbe4 ,nu haett he ?e daelan ?ine dieglan gold-hordas & ?inra ieldr5a 4ge4/reon arodlice ) h9e1 & ?u beo 8 "u-cyn+1 4gif ?u cwic beon wilt1 = ?aem ! ?u naef/ ?a miht ?aet ?u mae4ge him )4/&an4' #ej ,hwaet ?a ,eadmund cyn+ clipode anne biscop ! him ?a 4ge4he1ndo/ waes1 & ) h9e smeade hu he ?aem re?an ,h+u>e &wyrdan scolde4 ,?a =htode se biscop = ?aem faerlican 4ge4limpe1 & = ?aes cyn+es life1 & cwae? ?aet him raed ?uhte ?aet he to ?aem 4ge4buge ! #ee him bead ,h+u>4 ,?a swigode se cyn+1 & be4seah to ?aere eor?an1 & cwae? ?a aet nieh/an cynelice him to3 ',eala ?u biscop1 to bism]e s9d 4ge4tawode ?as e>man #hd l&-leode1 & me nu le(re waere ?aet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle ) ?aem ! min folc mo/e hi]a e>des bruc4' #fj ,& se biscop cwae?3 ',eala ?u le(a cyn+1 ?in folc li? (4slae4gen1 & ?u naef/ ?one fultum ?aet ?u feohtan mae4ge1 & ?as flot-me1nn cuma?1 & ?e cwicne 4ge4b9da?1 butan ?u mid fleame ?inum feore 4ge4beorge1 o?! ?u ?e swa 4ge4beorge ?aet ?u buge to him4' ,?a cwae? ,eadmund cyn+1 #fe swa swa he full4cene waes3 '?aes ic 4ge4wilni4ge & 4ge4wys4ce mid mode ?aet ic ana ne be4life aeft] minum le(um !4gnum1 ! on hi]a be1ddum wurdon mid be>num & wifum faerlice (4slae4gene fram ?issum flot-mannum4 ,naes me naefre 4ge4wunelic ?aet ic worhte fleames1 ac ic wolde swi?or sweltan1 #gj 4gif ic ?orfte1 = minum agnum e>de1 & se aelmihtiga ,god wat ?aet ic nyle a4bugan fram 8 bi-ge1n4gum aefre1 ne fram 8 so?re lufe1 swelte ic1 libbe ic4' ,aeft] ?issum wordum he 4ge4we1nde to ?aem aer5d-racan ! ,h+u> him to se1nde1 & sae4gde him un4=ht3 ',witodlice #ge ?u waere nu wi]! sle14ges1 ac ic nyle a4fylan on ?inum fulum blode mine claenan h&a1 = ?aem ! ic ,cri/e folgi4ge1 ! us swa 4ge4bysnode2 ac ic bli!lice wile beon (4slae4gen ?urh eow1 4gif hit swa ,god =e-s4ceawa?4 ,f> nu swi! hra!1 & se14ge ?inum re?an hla=de1 ne a4byh? naefre ,eadmund #hj ,h+u>e on life1 hae?num he1re-togan1 butan he to ,hael5de ,cri/e aere/ mid 4ge4leafan on ?issum l&e 4ge4buge4' ,?a 4ge4we1nde se aer5d-raca arodlice on4we4g1 & 4ge4mette be we4ge ?one wael-hreowan ,h+u> mid ealre 8 fi]de fuse to ,eadmunde1 & sae4gde ?aem arleasan hu him 4ge4&wyrd #he waes4 ,h+u> bebead ?a mid bieldo ?aem s4cip-he1re ?aet hie ?aes cyn+es anes ealle cepan scold51 ! 8 haese =4seah1 & h9e sona b9dan4 ,hwaet ?a ,eadmund cyn+1 mid ?aem ! ,h+u> com1 /od innan 8 healle1 ?aes ,hael5des 4ge4myndi4g1 & a4we>p #ij 8 waepnu3 wolde 4ge4ef5lae4can ,cri/es 4ge4bysnungum1 ! #he =4bead ,petre mid waepnum to w9n5ne ) ?a waelhreowan ,iudeiscan4 ,hwaet ?a arleasan ?a ,eadmund 4ge4bundon1 & 4ge4bismrodon huxlice1 & beoton mid saglum1 & swa si??an laeddon ?one 4ge4leaffullan cyn+ to anum eor?-fae/an #ie treowe1 & tie4gdon h9e ?aer-to mid he>dum be1ndum1 & h9e eft swungon langlice mid swipum2 & he simle clipode be4twix ?aem sw+lum mid so?um 4ge4leafan to ,hael5de ,cri/e2 & ?a hae?nan ?a = 8 4ge4leafan wurdon wodlice i]re1 = ?aem ! he clipode ,cri/ him to fultume3 #ajj hie scuton ?a mid gafelocum him to1 swelce him to gam5e1 o? ?aet he eall waes be4se1tt mid hi]a scotungum1 swelce iles byr/a1 swa swa ,seba/ianus waes4 ,?a 4ge4seah ,h+u>1 se arleasa flotmann1 ?aet se ae!la cyn+ nolde ,cri/e )4sacan1 ac mid anraedum 4ge4leafan h9e aefre clipode3 het h9e ?a #aje be4heafdian1 & ?a hae?nan swa dydon4 ,be4twix ?aem ! he clipode to ,cri/e ?a44giet1 ?a tugon ?a hae?nan ?one halgan to sle14ge1 & mid anum swe1n4ge slogon him ( ?aet heafod1 & 8 sawol si?ode 4ge4saeli4g to ,cri/e4 ,?aer waes sum mann 4ge4he1nde 4ge4heald51 ?urh ,god be4hydd ?aem hae?num1 #aaj ! ?is 4ge4hierde eall1 & hit eft sae4gde1 swa swa we hit se14c4ga? her4 ,hwaet ?a se flot-he1re ferde eft to s4cipe1 & be4hyddon ?aet heafod ?aes halgan ,eadmundes on ?aem ?i4c4cum bremlum1 ?aet hit be4byr4ged ne wurde4 ,?a aeft] fi]/e si??an hie #aae a4f>5e waeron1 com ?aet l&-folc to1 ! ?aer to lafe waes1 ?aer hi]a hla=des lic lae4g butan heafde1 & wurdon s)e sari4ge = 8 sle14ge on mode1 & huru ?aet hie naefd5 ?aet heafod to ?aem bodi4ge4 ,?a sae4gde se s4ceaw]e ! hit aer 4ge4seah1 ?aet ?a flotme1nn haefd5 ?aet heafod mid him2 & #abj waes him 4ge4?uht1 swa swa hit waes full4so?1 ?aet hie behydd5 ?aet heafod on ?aem holte =4hwega4 ,hie eodon ?a e1ndemes ealle to ?aem wuda1 se4cende 4ge4hwaer1 4geond ?yflas & bremlas1 4gif hie a-hwaer miht5 #hf 4ge4metan ?aet heafod4 ,waes eac mi4cel wundor ?aet an wulf #abe we>? a4se1nd1 ?urh ,godes wissunge1 to be4we1ri5ne ?aet heafod ) ?a o?ru deor (] dae4g & niht4 ,hie eodon ?a se4cende & simle clipi5de1 swa swa hit 4ge4wunelic is ?aem ! on wuda ga? (t1 'hwaer e>t ?u nu1 4ge4fera8' ,& him &wyrde ?aet heafod1 'her1 her1 her2' & swa 4ge4lome #acj clipode &sw>i5de him eallum1 swa (t swa hi]a aeni4g clipode1 o? ?aet hie ealle be4comon ?urh ?a clipunge him to4 ,?a lae4g se graega wulf ! be4wi/e ?aet heafod1 & mid 8 twaem fotum haefde ?aet heafod be4clypp$1 graedi4g & hungri4g1 & = ,gode ne dor/e ?aes heafdes on4byr4gan1 ac #ace heold hit ) deor4 ,?a wurdon hie (4wundrode ?aes wulfes hi]d-raed5ne1 & ?aet hali4ge heafod ham fe1r$on mid him1 ?anci5de ?aem ,aelmihtigan ealra 8 wundra4 ,ac se wulf folgode =? mid ?aem heafde1 o? ?aet hie to tune comon1 swelce he tam wa]e1 & 4ge4we1nde eft si??an #adj to wuda on44gean4 ,?a l&-leode ?a si??an le14gdon ?aet heafod to ?aem halgan bodi4ge1 & be4byri4gdon swa hie sele/ mihton on swelcre hra$unge1 & 4ciri4can a4raerdon sona him on4uppan4 ,eft ?a on fi]/e1 aeft] fela 4gearum1 ?a seo he1rgung 4ge4swac1 #ade & sibb we>? =44gief5 ?aem 4ge4swe1n4ctan folce1 ?a fengon hie to4ga$re1 & worhton ane 4ciri4can weor?lice ?aem halgan1 = ?aem ! ge4lome wundru wurdon aet 8 byr4genne1 aet ?aem 4ge4b$-huse ?aer he be4byr4ged waes4 ,hie woldon ?a fe1rian mid folclicre weor?mynde ?one halgan li*aman1 & #aej le14c4gan innan ?aere 4ciri4can4 ,?a waes mi4cel wundor ?aet he waes eall swa 4ge4hal swelce he cwic waere1 mid claenum li*aman1 & 8 sweora waes 4ge4hael$1 ! aer waes =4slae4gen1 & waes swelce an seolc5 ?raed ymbe 8 sweoran1 mannum to sweotolunge hu he (s4lae4gen waes4 ,eac swelce ?a wunda1 #aee ! ?a waelhreowan hae?nan mid 4ge4lomum scotungum on 8 lice macodon1 waeron 4ge4haelde ?urh ?one he(onlican ,god2 #hg & he2 li? swa onsund o? ?isne &-we>dan dae4g1 &-bidi5de aeri/es & ?aes e4can wuldres4 ,8 li*ama us cy??1 ! li? un-=molsnod1 ?aet he butan =4li4gre her on #afj worulde le(ode1 & mid claenum life to2 ,cri/e si?ode4 ,sum widewe wunode1 ,oswyn 4ge4hat51 aet ?aes halgan byr4genne1 on 4ge4b$um & fae/5num manigu 4gear si??an4 ,seo wolde e1fsian aelce 4geare ?one sanct1 & 8 nae4glas 4ceorfan sief]lice mid lufe1 & on scrine healdan to hali4g-dome #afe on we(ode4 ,?a weor?ode ?aet l&-folc mid 4ge4leafan ?one sanct1 & ,?eodr$ biscop !>le mid 4giefum on golde & on seolfre1 ?aem sancte to weor?mynde4 ,?a comon on sumne sael un-4gesaelige ?e(as eahta on anre nihte to ?aem ar-weor?an halgan3 woldon /elan ?a #agj ma?mas ! me1nn ?id] brohton1 & cunnodon mid craefte hu hie inn cuman miht54 ,sum slog mid sle14c4ge swi! ?a haespan1 sum hi]a mid feolan feolode ymb4utan1 sum eac "u4dealf ?a duru mid spadan1 sum hi]a mid hlaeddre wolde on4luc ?aet eag-?yrel2 ac hie swuncon on idel1 & e>mlice #age ferdon1 swa ?aet se halga w] hie wundorlice 4ge4b&1 aelcne swa he /od /ruti5dne mid tole1 ?aet hi]a nan ne mihte ?aet mor? 4ge4fre1mman ne hie ?anon a4/yrian2 ac /odon swa o? m]4gen4 ,me1nn ?a ?aes wundrodon1 hu ?a we>gas hangodon1 sum on hlaeddre1 sum leat to 4ge4delfe1 #ahj & aelc on 8 weorce waes fae/e 4ge4bund54 ,hie wurdon ?a 4ge4brohte to ?aem biscope ealle1 & he het hie a4hon on heam 4gealgum ealle2 ac he naes na 4ge4myndi4g hu se mildheorta ,god clipode ?urh 8 witegan ?as ^w ! her /&a?3 ,eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eru]e ne cesses1 '?a ! man laett #ahe to dea! a4lies hie ut simle4' ,& eac ?a halgan cones bec 4ge4hadodum =4beoda? 4ge biscopum 4ge preo/um to beonne ymbe ?e(as1 = ?aem ! hit ne 4ge4byre? ?aem ! beop 4ge4cor5e ,gode to !4gni5ne ?aet hie 4ge4?waerlae4can scyl5 on aeni4ges mannes dea!1 4gif hie beo? ,dryhtnes #aij #hh !4gnas4 ,eft ?a ,?eodr$ biscop s4ceawode 8 bec1 he si??an be4hreowsode mid 4geomrunge ?aet he swa re?ne dom se1tte ?aem un4gesaeligum ?e(um1 & hit be4sargode aefre o? 8 lifes e1nde1 & ?a leode ba$ 4georne ?aet hie him mid fae/5 fullice ?rie dagas1 bidd5de ?one ,aelmihtigan ?aet he him #aie arian scolde4 ,on ?aem l&e waes sum mann1 ,le(/an 4ge4hat51 ri4ce = worulde1 un-4gewitti4g = ,gode2 se rad to ?aem halgan mid ri4cet]e swi!1 & het him aet4iewan orgellice swi! ?one halgan sanct1 hwae!r he 4ge4sund waere2 ac swa hra! #bjj swa he 4ge4seah ?aes sanctes li*aman1 ?a a4wedde he sona1 & wael-hreowlice grymetode1 & e>mlice 4ge4e1ndode yflum dea!4 ,?is is ?aem 4ge4lic ! se 4ge4leaffulla papa ,gregorius sae4gde on 8 4gese1tnesse be ?aem halgan ,laur5tie1 ! li? on ,rome-byri4g1 ?aet me1nn wold5 s4ceawian hu he lae4ge 4ge #bje gode 4ge yfle2 ac ,god hie 4ge4/ilde swa ?aet ?aer swulton on ?aere s4ceawunge se(on me1nn aet4ga$re2 ?a 4geswicon ?a o?re to s4ceawi5ne ?one m>tyr mid me1nniscum 4ge4dwylde4 ,fela wundra we 4ge4hierdon on folclicre sprae4ce be ?aem #baj halgan ,eadmunde1 ! we her nylla? on 4ge4write se1ttan1 ac hie wat 4ge4hwa4 ,on ?issum halgan is sweotol1 & on swelcum o?rum1 ?aet ,god aelmihti4g mae4g ?one mann a4raeran eft on domes dae4ge onsundne ( eor?an1 se ! hielt ,eadmund halne 8 li*aman o? ?one mi4clan dae4g1 ?eah ! he on moldan come4 #bae ,wi]! waere seo /ow = ?aem weor?fullan halgan ?aet hie man weor?ode & wel 4ge4logode mid claenum ,godes ?eowum to ,cri/es ?eowdome2 = ?aem ! se halga is maerra ?onne me1nn mae4gen a4smean4 ,nis ,angel-cynn be4dael$ ,dryhtnes halg5a1 ?onne on ,e1n4gla-l&e li4c4ga? swelce halgan swelce #bbj !s halga cyn+1 & ,cu?b]ht se eadiga & sancte ,ae!l?ry? on ,eli4g1 & eac hi]e sweo/or1 onsund on li*aman1 4ge4leafan to trymmunge4 ,s9d eac fela o?re on #hi ,angel-cynne halgan1 ! fela wundra wyr4ca?1 swa swa hit wide is cu?1 ?aem ,aelmihtigan to l(e1 ! hie on 4ge4liefdon4 #bbe ,cri/ 4ge4sweotola? mannum ?urh 8 maere halgan ?aet he is aelmihti4g ,god ! wyr4c? swelc wundru1 ?eah ! ?a e>man ,iudeiscan h9e eallunga )4soc51 = ?aem ! hie s9d a4wi]4gde1 swa swa hie wys4cton him selfum4 ,ne beo? nan wundru 4ge4worht aet hi]a byr4gennum1 = ?aem ! hie ne #bcj 4ge4liefa? on ?one lifi5dan ,cri/2 ac ,cri/ 4ge4sweotola? mannum hwaer se goda 4ge4leafa is1 ?onne he swelc wundru wyr4c? ?urh 8 halgan wide 4geond ?as eor?an1 ?aes him sie wuldor & l( a mid 8 he(onlicum ,fa$] & ?aem ,halgan ,ga/e1 a butan e1nde4 #bce #ia ,,notes4 ,! ref]5ces m>k$ ',gr4' are to ! pages & p>agraphs ( ! gramm>2 p>agraph-ref]5ces 9 7 7 are to ! numb]$ p>agraphs 9 ! gramm>4 ,i4 ,,s5t5ces4 ,l9e #b4 se4 ,gr4 #ba4 #a4 ?is s9d4 ,gr4 #de4 #b4 l4 #f4 se1l?4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #g4 seo aelmesse4 ,gr4 #dd4 #c4 l4 #ab4 4geworhte4 ,gr4 #df4 7#c74 l4 #af4 hi]a4 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 naefre 444 ne 444 nanes4 ,gr4 #eb4 #b4 ne waes is usually contract$ into naes2 ! full =m is us$ "h because ! waes is emphatic4 l4 #ag4 het (slean4 ,gr4 #ej4 #d4 l4 #bc4 ,ae!lr$ cyn+4 ,gr4 #db4 #f4 l4 #bd4 ,aesces-dun1 sf4 ,a%d[n1 lit]ally 'hill 7or d[n7 ( ! a%tree4' l4 #bg4 wile "h d5otes repetition1 'is 9 ! habit (4' ,cp4 l4 #eb4 l4 #bh4 ?onne is correlative ) gif 7l4 #bf71 ,gr4 #eb4 #c4 l4 #cg4 aelmihtiga4 ,gr4 #dc4 7#d74 l4 #dc4 eow] se he(onlica ,fa$]4 ,?is ins]tion ( ! def9ite article betwe5 a possessive pron\n & an adjective is frequ5t4 l4 #ej4 beo4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#f74 l4 #eb4 to1 =4 l4 #ef4 twe1nti4g w9tra4 ,gr4 #ah4 l4 #eh4 ,de(ol4 ,gr4 #dd4 #a4 l4 #fj4 scortan4 ,gr4 #dc4 7#b74 l4 #fa4 fisca4 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 l4 #fc4 paem1 ^?4 hid] on l&1 lit4 hi!r on to l&1 to ?is l&4 l4 #gd4 bletsian4 ,! old] =m ( ?is ^w is bl$sian4 ,x is a d]ivative ( blod1 l ri4csian f ri4ce1 ) mutation ( ! root v[el4 ,its orig9al mean+ 0 to 'spr9kle ) blood1' & h5ce1 9 hea!n times1 to 'consecrate1' especially to consecrate an alt> by spr9kl+ x ) ! blood ( ! victim4 l4 #hj4 godspell4 ,! orig9al =m ( ?is ^w 0 probably godspell 'good tid+s1' a lit]al translation ( ! ,greek euaggelion4 #ib ,aft]w>ds ! fir/ v[el 0 %ort5$ be=e ! foll[+ consonant-gr\p1 or else god 0 directly sub/itut$ = god1 z giv+ a m evid5t mean+1 ! result be+ t ! ^w 0 tak5 9 ! s5se ( ',god's tid+s4' ,9 ?is =m x 0 adopt$ into ,icel&ic 7gudhspiall7 & ,old ,high ,g]man 7gotespel71 hav+ be5 introduc$ by ! ,old ,engli% mission>ies4 bi?4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #hb4 hie4 ,gr4 #ai4 l4 #hi4 him on aelce healfe1 lit4 'to 7=7 !mselves on ea* side1' on e side 7( !mselves74 l4 #ib4 rihtne4 ,gr4 #db4 #e4 l4 #ic4 ,ae!lwulf-+4 ,gr4 #ch4 l4 #aja4 f>e 4ge4 ,gr4 #bb4 #g4 l4 #ajf4 =sawon4 ,a plural v]b aft] a s+ul> n\n ( multitude is common 9 ,o4 ,e41 z 9 o!r languages4 l4 #ajg4 4gif se bl9da bl9dne laett4 4gif "h takes ! indic41 in/ead ( ! subj4 7,gr4 #dh4 #f71 because ! case is n assum$ to be unreal4 ,s also 9 ,v4 #ac1 :]e ! opposition 7)/e1nt7 is assum$ z c]ta91 & ,,vi4 #ai4 l4 #aad4 cwaede4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#e74 l4 #aah4 mae4ge4 ,comp>e ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a74 l4 #aai4 sie4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,a74 l4 #abj4 ,scotl& is "h us$ 9 its old] s5se ( ',irel&4' ,comp>e ! fir/ extract f ! ,*ronicle1 p4 #gi bel[4 l4 #aba4 84 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 l4 #abc4 heald54 ,gr4 #dh4 7#b74 l4 #abd4 waere4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a74 l4 #acb4 se !4 ,gr4 #ba4 l4 #ace4 ?aet4 ,gr4 #ba2 #eb4 #c4 l4 #acg4 on eare4 ,gr4 #ea4 #b4 l4 #ach4 4gewe1ndon him1 lit4 '!y w5t =-!mselves'2 a reflexive pron\n 9 ! dative1 ,gr4 #dj4 7#a71 is (t5 add$ to v]bs ( motion4 l4 #aci4 do 4ge4 ,gr4 #bb4 l4 #adb4 grete4 ,comp>e ,gr4 #di4 7#h74 l4 #ade4 swelce1 adv]b1 'z x 74' l4 #aea4 nime4 ,gr4 #di4 7#g74 l4 #afa4 come4 ,comp>e mae4ge1 l4 #aah above4 l4 #aff4 (slae4genne4 ,gr4 #df4 #e4 l4 #agf4 4geweor?an4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a47 l4 #ahj4 wolde4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #aia4 beon4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#b74 #ic ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 l4 #a4 ?as min ^w4 ,gr4 #dc4 #h4 l4 #af4 aweorpe4 ,gr4 #di4 7#h74 l4 #bj4 hit ref]s back to saed1 l4 #ah4 l4 #bb4 up sprung5re sunnan4 ,gr4 #da4 #b4 l4 #bh4 is 4geword54 ,an ov]-lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,lat9 factum e/4 l4 #cb4 h9e1 reflexive1 ,gr4 #ai4 l4 #dj4 to =ba]n5ne4 ,we see "h h[ out ( ! active '9 ord] to burn x' may be develop$ ! passive '9 ord] t x may be burnt1' z 9 ! mod]n ,e4 'a h\se to let4' ,comp>e ,gr4 #ej4 #d1 7#a74 l4 #eb4 on hi]a fatu4 ,comp>e l4 #acg4 l4 #fj4 4geword5re 4gecwidraeenne ?aem wyrhtum4 ,a v /iff adaptation ( ! ablative absolute ( ! orig9al1 'conv5tione autem facta cum op]>iis4' ?aem wyrhtum is to be tak5 z a dative ( ! p]son affect$ 7,gr4 #da74 l4 #fg4 dyde ?aem swa 4gelice4 ,! ,lat9 has simply 'fecit similit]4' ,! s5se is 'did l to x' 7l 8 =m] proce$+71 ! swa be+ pleona/ic4 l4 #hf4 ?aet4 ,gr4 #ba4 l4 #ij4 suna1 dative1 '= 8 son4' l4 #ajf4 4gief?us4 hus mu/ "h be tak5 9 ! s5se ( 'hall1' '*amb]4' ,9 ,icel&ic ! plural hus is regul>ly us$ to d5ote ! gr\p ( build+s 7(t5 deta*$7 con/itut+ a h\se or home/ead1 ! kit*51 = in/ance1 :i* 0 orig9ally deta*$1 be+ /ill call$ eldhus 7fire-h\se74 l4 #ajg4 ?aet he wolde geseon4 ,?is clause is due to a confusion ( two con/ructions1 7#a7 he wolde 4geseon1 7#b7 ?aet 79 ord] t7 he 4ge4sawe4 ,,iii4 ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,pieces4 ,! fir/ two pieces are tak5 f ,aelfric's translation ( ! ,heptateu*1 fir/ publi%$ by ,?waites 9 8 ,heptateu*us1 & aft]w>ds by ,gre9 z vol4 i4 ( 8 ,biblio!k d] angelsae*sis*5 ,prosa--,g5esis xi4 & xxii4 ,! o!r ?ree are f ,aelfric's ,homilies 7edit$ by ,?orpe7--ii4 #ehd foll41 i4 #egj1 ii4 #dcb4 l4 #d4 him betweonan4 ,gr4 #ea4 #e4 l4 #ac4 la$54 ,?is ^w is ! ,lat9 lat9a 7 l+ua lat9a7 us$ fir/ 9 ! s5se ( ',lat9 language1' !n ( language g5]ally4 #id l4 #ag4 = ?aem 444 = ?aem !1 correlative1 ! fir/ demon/rative1 ! second relative4 l4 #bh4 to scoldon4 ,?is use ( s4ceal ) a v]b ( motion und]/ood is v common4 l4 #cf4 him self4 him is ! reflexive dative ( int]e/ ref]r+ to ,god--lit]ally1 ',god him-self w appo9t = him-self4' ,9 su* con/ructions we see ! orig9 ( ! mod]n himself1 !mselves4 ll4 #df1 #dg4 nu 444 nu1 correlative1 n[ 444 n[ t1 ! second nu be+ almo/ causal 7s9ce74 l4 #ea4 haefde 444 to1 took 444 =4 l4 #eb4 ,gode to lace4 ,gr4 #dj4 7#a74 l4 #eg4 min e14ge1 objective g5itive1 '! fe> ( me4' mare1 neut4 'a great] ?+1' 'some?+ m important4' l4 #ha4 mare4 ,cp4 l4 #eg4 l4 #hb4 waere4 ,gr4 #di4 7#g74 l4 #hi4 hwaes is gov]n$ by 4gi]nde1 by 'attraction4' l4 #ace4 mi4cle1 adv]b4 l4 #acg4 waere4 ,gr1 #di4 7#g74 l4 #aec4 beliefan is a lat] =m = 4geliefan4 l4 #aef4 to h&um4 ,cp4 l4 #abb above4 l4 #agd4 aer 4genam4 ,gr4 #df4 #f4 l4 #bjj4 fram mannum4 fram "h1 z usual1 d5otes ! ag5t 'by' 9 passive con/ructions4 l4 #bjb4 wite4 ,comp>e ,gr4 #dh4 7#c7 & #di4 7#h74 ,,iv4 ,,samson4 ,f ,aelfric's translation ( ! ,book ( ,judges 9 ,?waites' ,heptateu*4 l4 #h4 on4gin? to alies5ne1 w release1 on4ginnan is (t5 us$ pleona/ically 9 ?is way4 l4 #ce4 ,gaza 4gehat54 ,:5 a "n toge!r ) 4gehat5 is put 9 apposition to ano!r n\n x is left undecl9$1 contr>y to ! g5]al pr9ciple 7,gr4 #db4 #f74 l4 #da4 swa swa hie beloc5u waeron1 lock$ z !y 74 ufewe>dum ?aem cnolle4 ,gr4 #dc4 #b4 l4 #df4 waes1 consi/$4 l4 #ea4 4geworhte4 ,we %\ld expect 4geworhtum 7,gr4 #db4 #e74 ,p]haps ! nom4 is due to confusion ) ! con/ruction ) a relative clause--! ( s9um 4geworhte s9d4 #ie l4 #gd4 ,dagon 4gehat54 ,comp>e l4 #ce4 swelce1 'on ! gr\nd t'--'because 7z !y said74' l4 #ha4 heton4 ,comp>e l4 #ajf4 l4 #hg4 =? is (t5 us$ pleona/ically 9 ?is way ) mid4 ,v4 ,,f ,,! ,,*ronicle4 l4 #b4 her s9d1 !re are "h4 her is "h us$ analog\sly to ?aer1 z 9 ,,ii4 #c & ! mod]n ,e4 !re are4 ,cp4 also l4 #ab bel[4 4ge?eodu1 languages z ! te/ ( nationality4 ,x is believ$ t ,lat9 0 /ill spok5 z a liv+ language by ! ,romaniz$ ,britons at ! "t ( ! v5]able ,b$e 7eigh? c5tury71 f ^: ,*ur* ,hi/ory ?is section 0 tak5 by ! compil]s ( ! ,*ronicle4 l4 #e4 ,arm5ia is an error = ,armorica4 l4 #f4 ,sci?ie1 ,scy?ia4 l4 #h4 ,nor?ib]nie1 ,nor? ( ,irel&4 l4 #bd4 her1 at ?is date--at ?is place 9 ! s]ies ( entries :i* con/itute ! ,*ronicle4 l4 #bf4 ,wyrt4georn is ! regul> developm5t ( an e>li] 99,wurtig]n f ! ,briti% ,vortig]n4 l4 #bh4 ,ypw9esfleot has n be5 id5tifi$2 "s say ,ebbsfleet4 l4 #de4 ,ae4gle/hrep1 ,ayle/horpe1 a village ne> ,ayles=d4 l4 #di4 ,cre14c4gan=d1 ,cray=d4 l4 #eb4 ,! diction ( ?is passage1 ) its allit]ation & simile1 %[s t x is tak5 f "s old poem4 l4 #fa4 hae?ne me1nn1 ,danes4 l4 #fb4 mid ,def5a-s4cire1 lit]ally 'toge!r ) ,devon%ire1' t is ') a =ce ( ,devon%ire m54' l4 #fd4 dux is "h writt5 in/ead ( ealdormann4 ,s also we f9d rex = cyn+4 l4 #fe4 ,s&wic1 ,s&wi*4 l4 #fh4 feor! healf hund1 f\r? half ?ree & a half4 ,?is is ! regul> way ( express+ fractional numb]s1 z 9 ! ,g]man vi]tehalb4 l4 #ga4 ,su?ri4ge1 ,surrey4 l4 #gc4 ,aclea1 ,ockley4 l4 #gf4 se he1re1 ! ,dani% army4 he1re got a bad s5se1 ?r\gh its association ) he1rgian 7to h>ry71 & h5ce is appli$ only to a plund]+1 m>aud+ body ( m54 ,9 ! ,laws he1re is def9$ z #if a gang ( ?ieves m ?an ?irty-five 9 numb]4 ,! national ,engli% army 7militia7 is call$ fi]d1 l4 #ga1 #c above4 ,humbremu?a1 m\? ( ! ,humb]4 l4 #gg4 ,e(orwic1 ,york2 a corruption ( ,eboracum4 l4 #hd4 inne wurdon1 got 94 l4 #he4 sume4 ,comp>e ,,iv4 #ea4 ,,vi4 ,,k+ ,,edmund4 ,f ,aelfric's ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 n[ publi%$ = ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society by ,pr(4 ,skeat4 ,! pres5t life has be5 pr9t$ only by ,?orpe1 9 8 ,analecta ,anglosaxonica f a v late ,,ms4 ,x is "h giv5 f ! old] ,,ms41 ,cott4 ,jul4 ,e4 #g4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pres5t piece is 9 allit]ative prose1 t is1 ) ! lett]-rime ( poetry1 b )\t its metrical =m4 ,! allit]ation is easily disc]nible3--com su?an (] sae fram sancte ,b5$ictes stowe2 dae4ge1 to ,dun/ane1 c4 l4 #a4 sancte is an ,engli% modification ( ! ,lat9 g5itive sancti4 l4 #e4 sancte is "h ! ,e4 dative inflection1 sanct hav+ be5 made into a sub/antive4 l4 #ci4 bilewit 99bile-hwit 7) ! regul> *ange ( hw into w betwe5 v[els7 lit]ally ':ite 7t5d]7 ( bill1' orig9ally1 no d\bt1 appli$ to "y birds1 & !n us$ metaphorically 9 ! s5se ( 'g5tle1' 'simple4' l4 #gj4 worhte fleames4 ,?is con/ruction ( wyrcan ) a g5itive is frequ5t4 l4 #gf4 waere1 subj4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#f74 l4 #he4 fuse4 ,! correct read+ is probably fusne1 b ! plural fuse may be tak5 to ref] to ,h+u> & 8 m5 collectively4 l4 #adi4 4geb$hus4 ,! ,wel% bettws1 z 9 ,bettws-y-co$ '*apel 9 ! wood1' /ill pres]ves ! ,o4 ,e4 =m ne>ly un*ang$4 l4 #agf4 swa ?aet does n d5ote result "h1 b is explanatory--'namely by be+ b\nd4444' l4 #agh4 hie1 reflexive4 l4 #agi4 ?aes 444 hu1 correlative4 l4 #ahe4 ,! ref]5ce is app>5tly to ,prov]bs xxiv4 #aa1 :i* 79 ! ,vulgate7 runs ?us3 ',erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem4' l4 #bjj4 hwae!r1 7t he might see7 :e!r 444 l4 #bae4 li*aman1 in/rum5tal dative 7,gr4 #da7 ( def9+4 l4 #bbb4 ,eli4g ael-ieg 'eel-isl&4' #ig ,,gloss>y4 ,! ord] is /rictly alphabetical 7? foll[+ t7 except t words ) ! prefix ge are put 9 ! ord] ( ! lett] t foll[s ! ge 7geb$ "u b1 c474 ,! foll[+ abbreviations are us$ 3-- sm41 sn41 sf4 masc41 neut41 fem4 sub/antive4 sv4 /rong v]b4 wv4 weak v]b4 swv4 /rong-weak v]b 7pret]ito-pres5t74 ,! o!rs require no explanation4 ,! numb]s aft] sv4 ref] to ! classes ( /rong v]bs 9 ! gramm>4 ,words 9 are ,lat9 7& ,greek7 orig9als or cognate ,old ,e4 words4 ,! latt] are only ref]r$ to :5 ! connection c be prov$ by ! phonetic laws giv5 9 ! gramm>4 ,a1 av4 ev]1 always4 abbod1 sm4 abbot ,lat9 abbatem4 a-4beodan1 sv4 #g1 w4 dat4 7(f]71 ann\nce4 a-4biddan1 sv4 #e1 ask =1 dem&4 a-4bitan1 sv4 #f1 dev\r4 a-4ble1ndan1 wv4 bl9d bl9d4 a-4brecan1 sv4 #d1 break into1 take 7city74 a-4bugan1 sv4 #g1 b5d2 sw]ve1 turn4 ac1 cj4 b4 a-4ce1nnan1 wv4 br+ =?1 be> 7*ild74 a-4cwe1llan1 wv4 kill4 a-4cwe1n4can1 wv4 ext+ui%4 a-4drugian1 wv4 dry up1 intr4 dry4ge4 a-4dwaes4can1 wv4 ext+ui%4 aec]1 sm4 field4 ae!le1 aj4 noble1 excell5t4 ae!l+1 sm4 pr9ce4 aef51 sm4 ev5+4 aefre1 av4 ev]1 always4 aeft]1 av41 prep4 w4 dat4 aft]--aeft] ?aeem1 aft] t1 aft]w>ds2 accord+ to1 by4 ae4g-hwelc1 prn4 ea*4 ae4g!r1 prn4 ei!r1 ea*--cj4 ae4g!r 4ge 444 4ge1 bo? 444 & ae4g hwae!r4 aeht1 sf4 prop]ty ahte1 agan4 aelan1 wv4 burn4 ael4c1 aj4 ea*4 aelmesse1 sf4 alms1 *>ity ,greek eleemosune4 ael-mihtig41 aj4 almighty4 aeni4g1 aj4 any an4 aer1 prep4 w4 dat4 be=e 7( "t71 aer ?aem !1 cj4 be=e4 aer1 av4 =m]ly1 be=e2 sup]l4 aere/1 adj4 & adv41 fir/4 a]4ce-biscop1 sm4 ar*bi%op ,lat9 ar*iepiscopus4 aer5de1 sn4 err&1 message4 #ih aer5d-raca1 sm4 mess5g]4 ae-ri/1 sfm4 7ris+ aga971 resurrection arisan4 aerne-m]g51 sm4 e>ly morn+4 aesc1 sm4 7a%-tree72 w>-%ip4 aet1 prp4 w4 dat4 at2 deprivation1 f2 orig91 s\rce--abaedon wif aet him1 'ask$ = wives f !m2' specification1 def9+--wurdon aet sprae4ce1 'fell into conv]sation4' aet-4bre4gdan1 sv4 #c 7snat* away71 deprive (4 aet-4=an1 prp4 w4 dat4 be=e4 aet-4ga$re1 av4 toge!r4 aet-iewan1 wv4 w4 dat4 %[4 aeton1 see etan4 a-4f&ian1 wv4 exp]i5ce1 f9d out f9dan4 a-4f>an1 sv4 #b1 g away1 dep>t4 a-4feallan1 sv4 #a1 fall4 a-4fedan1 wv4 fe$4 a-4fylan1 wv4 defile ful4 a-fyrht1 aj4 fright5$ pa/ p>tic4 ( a4fyrhtan f =ht4 agan1 swv4 possess4 a-4gan1 sv4 happ54 ag51 aj4 own orig9ally pa/ p>tic4 ( agan4 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