,transcriber's note3 ,in this e-text a-breve is represented by 7a1 a-macron by a1 c-dotted-over by 4c and e-ogonek by e11 etc4 ,aesc1 eth and thorn have been expanded to ae1 dh and th4 in which these characters are displayed properly4 ,see #cdcaf-;h4htm or #cdcaf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#cdcaf_/pg#cdcaf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#cd caf_/cdcaf-;h4zip7 ,page numbers enclosed by curly braces 7example3 #be7 have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the ,notes to the ,readings4 ,,an ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,primer ,with ,grammar1 ,notes1 and ,glossary by ,,henry ,,sweet1 ,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,eighth ,edition1 ,revised ,oxford ,at the ,clarendon ,press #aije ,printed in ,england ,at the ,oxford ,university ,press v ,,preface ,,to ,,first ,,edition4 ,the want of an introduction to the study of ,old-,english has long been felt4 ,vernon's ,anglo-,saxon ,guide was an admirable book for its time1 but has long been completely antiquated4 ,i was therefore obliged to make my ,anglo-,saxon ,reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students1 but ,i always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one1 which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character1 and would at the same time serve as an introduction to it4 ,meanwhile1 however1 ,professor ,earle has brought out his ,book for the beginner in ,anglo-,saxon4 ,but this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my ,reader1 and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part4 ,we work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more4 ,my main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of ,old-,english4 ,poetry has been excluded1 and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces ,i could find4 ,old-,english original prose is unfortunately limited in extent1 and the most suitable pieces 7such as the voyages of ,ohthere and ,wulfstan7 are already given in the ,reader2 these ,i could not give over vi again4 ,but ,i hope the short extracts from the ,chronicle and the ,martyrdom of ,king ,edmund will be found not wanting in interest4 ,for the rest of the selections ,i have had to fall back on scriptural extracts1 which have the great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject4 ,the ,gospel extracts have been transferred here from the ,reader1 where they will be omitted in the next edition4 ,the sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the ,gospels1 ,aelfric's ,homilies1 and the ,chronicle4 ,they are all of the simplest possible character1 only those having been taken which would bear isolation from their context4 ,they are intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces4 ,they are grouped roughly into paragraphs1 according to the grammatical forms they illustrate4 ,thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives1 the second of accusative singulars1 and so on4 ,the spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early ,west-,saxon basis4 ,injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student1 it is an absolute necessity for the beginner1 who wants to have the definite results of scholarship laid before him1 not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently4 ,even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification1 as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary1 where we have to decide1 for instance1 whether to put the original of hear under e1 ie1 i or y4 ,the spelling ,i here adopt is1 in fact1 the one ,i should recommend for dictionary purposes4 ,from early ,west-,saxon it is an easy step both to late ,w4 ,s4 and to the ,mercian forms from which ,modern ,english is derived4 ,that ,i give ,aelfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more vii unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print ,ausonius 7who doubtless spoke ,latin with an almost ,italian pronunciation7 in the same spelling as ,virgil4 ,it is impossible to go into details1 but in doubtful or optional cases ,i have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student4 ,thus ,i have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic4 bundon and the subj4 bunden1 although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early ,,ms4 ,in the accentuation ,i have for the present retained the conventional quantities1 which are really 'prehistoric' quantities1 as ,i have shown elsewhere 7,phil4 ,soc4 ,proc4 #ahhj1 #ahha74 ,it is no use trying to disguise the fact that ,old ,english philology 7owing mainly to its neglect in its native land7 is still in an unsettled state4 ,in the ,grammar ,i have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits1 giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself4 ,derivation and syntax have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections4 ,in my opinion1 to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining their use1 and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection4 ,the grammar has been based throughout on the texts1 from which all words and sentences given as examples have1 as far as possible1 been taken4 ,this ,i consider absolutely essential in an elementary book4 ,what is the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading8 ,simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts1 without any attempt to adapt them to one another1 is a most unjustifiable proceeding4 viii ,in the ,glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts1 or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary ,english reader4 ,all reference to cognate languages has been avoided4 ,of course1 if the beginner knows ,german1 the labour of learning ,old ,english will be lightened for him by one half1 but he does not require to have the analogies pointed out to him4 ,the same applies to the relation between ,old and ,modern ,english4 ,to trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in this book1 and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the beginner cannot have4 ,the ,notes consist chiefly of references to the ,grammar1 and are intended mainly for those who study without a teacher4 ,as a general rule1 no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the ,grammar4 ,on the whole ,i do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object4 ,thus1 instead of simply referring the student from ste1nt to standan1 and thence to the ,grammar1 ,i might have saved him all this trouble by putting 'ste1nt1 #c sg4 pres4 of standan1 stand1' but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the ,grammar at all--surely a most undesirable result4 ,although ,i have given everything that ,i believe to be necessary1 every teacher may1 of course1 at his own discretion add such further illustrations1 linguistic1 historical1 antiquarian1 or otherwise1 as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils4 ,my thanks are due to ,professor ,skeat1 not only for constant advice and encouragement in planning and carrying out this work1 but also for help in correcting the proofs4 ,in conclusion ,i may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young beginners1 but also to some of our ,professors of and ix ,examiners in the ,english language1 most of whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of ',anglo-,saxon'--a knowledge which ,i believe this book to be capable of imparting1 if studied diligently1 and not hurriedly cast aside for a more ambitious one4 ,,henry ,,sweet4 ,,heath ,,street1 ,,hampstead1 ,march #ca1 #ahhb4 ,,preface ,,to ,,third ,,edition4 ,in the present edition ,i have put this book into what must be 7for some time at least7 its permanent form1 making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary4 ,if ,i had any opportunity of teaching the language1 ,i should no doubt have been able to introduce many other improvements2 as it is1 ,i have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various teachers and students who have used this book1 among whom my especial thanks are due to the ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,moulton1 of ,cambridge1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,stoffel1 of ,amsterdam4 ,,henry ,,sweet4 ,,london1 ,october #ae1 #ahhd4 x ,,contents4 ,page ,,grammar #a ,,texts #ee ,,notes #ia ,,glossary #ig #a ,,grammar4 ,the oldest stage of ,english before the ,norman ,conquest is called ',old ,english1' which name will be used throughout in this ,book1 although the name ',anglo-,saxon' is still often used4 ,there were several dialects of ,old ,english4 ,this book deals only with the ,west-,saxon dialect in its earliest form4 ,,sounds4 ,,vowels4 ,the vowel-letters in ,old ,english had nearly the same values as in ,latin4 ,long vowels were occasionally marked by 7'71 short vowels being left unmarked4 ,in this book long vowels are marked by 7-74 ,the following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs1 with examples1 and key-words from ,english1 ,french 7,f471 and ,german 7,g473-- a as in mann 7,g47 nama 7name74 a father stan 7stone74 ae man glaed 7glad74 ae daed 7deed7#a4 e ete 7,f47 ic ete#b 7,i eat74 e see 7,g47 he 7he74 e1 men me1nn 7men74 #b i fini 7,f47 cwic 7alive74 i sieh 7,g47 win 7wine74 ie fin ieldran 7ancestors74 ie hieran 7hear74 o beau 7,f47 god 7god74 o so 7,g47 god 7good74 u sou 7,f47 sunu 7son74 u gut 7,g47 nu 7now74 y vecu 7,f47 synn 7sin74 y gruen 7,g47 bryd 7bride74 ea ae a eall 7all74 ea ae a east 7east74 eo e o weorc 7work74 eo e o deop 7deep74 e and e1 are both written e in the ,,mss4 ,the diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element4 ,those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation3-- a as in ask 7short7 nama 7n7ahm7ah74 a father stan 7stahn74 ae man glaed 7glad74 ae there aer 7air74 e1 e1 men ete 7etty71 me1nn 7men74 e they he 7hay74 i1 ie fin cwic 7quick71 ieldran 7ildr7ahn74 i1 ie see win 7ween71 hieran 7heer7ahn74 o not god 7god74 o note god 7goad74 u full full 7full74 u fool nu 7noo74 y fin synn 7zin74 y see bryd 7breed74 ea 7e-7ah eall 77e-7ahl74 ea ai-7ah east 7ai-7ahst74 #c eo 7e-o weorc 7w7e-ork74 eo ai-o deop 7dai-op74 ,the pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in ,english letters as pronounced in ,southern ,english4 ,,consonants4 ,double consonants must be pronounced double1 or long1 as in ,italian4 ,thus sunu 7son7 must be distinguished from sunne 7sun7 in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife4 ,so also in 7in7 must be distinguished from inn 7house72 noting that in modern ,english final consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long1 our in and inn both having the pronunciation of ,old ,english inn1 not of ,o4,e4 in4 c and g had each a back 7guttural7 and a front 7palatal7 pron41 which latter is in this book written 4c1 4g4 c k1 as in cene 7bold71 cnawan 7know74 4c kj1 a k formed in the j 7,english y7 position1 nearly as in the old-fashioned pron4 of sky3 4ciri4ce 7church71 sty4c4ce 7piece71 the1n4can 7think74 g initially and in the combination ng was pron4 as in 'get'3 god 7good71 lang 7long72 otherwise 7that is1 medially and finally after vowels and l1 r7 as in ,german sagen3 dagas 7days71 burg 7city71 halga 7saint74 4g initially and in the combination n4g was pronounced gj 7corresponding to kj73 4ge 7ye71 4georn 7willing71 spre1n4gan 7scatter72 otherwise j 7as in 'you'73 dae4g 7day71 wre4gan 7accuse71 he1r4gian 7ravage74 ,it is possible that 4g in 4ge-boren 7born7 and other unaccented syllables was already pronounced j4 4c4g 4g4g3 se14c4gan 7say71 hry4c4g 7back74 f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible3--faran 7go71 of 7of71 ofer 7over72 not1 of course1 in oft 7often71 or when doubled1 as in offrian 7offer74 #d h initially1 as in he 7he71 had the same sound as now4 ,everywhere else it had that of ,scotch and ,german ch in loch3--heah 7high71 ,wealh 7,welshman71 riht 7right74 hw1 as in hwaet 7what71 hwil 7while71 had the sound of our wh2 and hl1 hn1 hr differed from l1 n1 r respectively precisely as wh differs from w1 that is1 they were these consonants devocalized1 hl being nearly the same as ,welsh ll3--hlaford 7lord71 hlud 7loud72 hnappian 7doze71 hnutu 7nut72 hrathe 7quickly71 hreod 7reed74 r was always a strong trill1 as in ,scotch3--raeran 7to raise71 her 7here71 word 7word74 s had the sound of z3--se4can 7seek71 swa 7so71 wis 7wise71 a4risan 7rise72 not1 of course1 in combination with hard consonants1 as in stan 7stone71 faest 7firm71 ri4csian 7rule71 or when double1 as in cyssan 7kiss74 th had the sound of our th 7 dh7 in then3--thu 7thou71 thing 7thing71 soth 7true71 haethen 7heathen72 except when in combination with hard consonants1 where it had that of our th in thin1 as in se4cth 7seeks74 ,note haefth 7has7 haevdh4 w was fully pronounced wherever written3--writan 7write71 niwe 7new71 seow 7sowed pret474 ,,stress4 ,the stress or accent is marked throughout in this book1 whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word1 by 747 preceding the letter on which the stress begins4 ,thus for44giefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of forgive1 andswaru with that of answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phonology4 ,,vowels4 ,different vowels are related to one another in various ways in ,o4,e41 the most important of which are mutation 7,german umlaut7 and gradation 7,g4 ablaut74 #e ,the following changes are mutations3-- a 44 e13--mann1 pl4 me1nn2 wand 7wound prt471 we1ndan 7to turn74 ea 7 a7 44 ie 7 e173--eald 7old71 ieldra 7older72 feallan 7fall71 fielth 7falls74 a 44 ae3--blawan 7to blow71 blaewth 7bloweth72 hal 7sound71 haelan 7heal74 u 44 y3--burg 7city71 pl4 byri4g2 trum 7strong71 trymman 7to strengthen74 o 44 y3--gold1 gylden 7golden72 coss 7a kiss71 cyssan 7to kiss74 e 44 i3--beran 7to bear71 bireth 7beareth72 cwethan 7speak71 cwide 7speech74 eo 7 e7 44 ie 7 i73--heord 7herd71 hierde 7shepherd72 4ceorfan 7cut71 4cierfth 7cuts74 u 44 o3--curon 7they chose71 4ge4coren 7chosen74 u 44 y3--cuth 7known71 cythan 7to make known72 ful 7foul71 a4fylan 7defile74 o 44 e3--sohte 7sought prt471 se4can 7to seek72 foda 7food71 fedan 7to feed74 ea 44 ie3--heawan 7to hew71 hiewth 7hews72 team 7progeny71 tieman 7teem74 eo 44 ie3--steor 7rudder71 stieran 7steer72 4ge4streon 7possession71 4ges4trienan 7gain74 ,before proceeding to gradation1 it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations4 a1 ae1 ea4 ,in ,o4,e4 original a is preserved before nasals1 as in mann1 lang1 nama 7name71 and before a single consonant followed by a1 u1 or o1 as in dagas 7days71 dagum 7to days71 faran 7go71 gafol 7profit71 and in some words when e follows1 as in ic fare 7,i go71 faren 7gone74 ,before r1 l1 h followed by another consonant1 and before x it becomes ea1 as in heard 7hard71 eall 7all71 eald 7old71 eahta 7eight71 weaxan 7to grow74 ,not in baerst 7p4 #g74 ,in most other cases it becomes ae3--dae4g1 7day71 dae4ges 7of a day71 faest 7firm71 waer 7wary74 #f e before nasals always becomes i3 compare bindan 7to bind71 pret4 band1 with beran 7to bear71 pret4 baer4 e before r 7generally followed by a consonant7 becomes eo3--eorthe 7earth71 heorte 7heart74 ,not in berstan 7p4 #g74 ,also in other cases3--seolfor 7silver71 heofon 7heaven74 i before r cons4 becomes ie3--bierth 7beareth7 contr4 from bireth1 hierde 7shepherd7 from heord 7herd71 wiersa 7worse74 e1 before r1 or l cons4 often becomes ie3--fierd 7army7 from faran1 bieldo 7boldness7 from beald1 ieldra 7elder7 from eald4 ,by gradation the vowels are related as follows3-- e 7i1 eo7 44 a 7ae1 ea7 44 u 7o73-- bindan 7inf471 band 7pret471 bundon 7they bound74 beran 7inf471 baer 7pret471 boren 7past partic474 4ceorfan 7cut71 4cearf 7pret471 curfon 7they cut71 corfen 7past partic474 be1nd 7bond7 mutation of band1 byr-then 7burden7 of bor-en4 a 7ae1 ea7 44 ae3--spraec 7spoke71 spraecon 7they spoke71 sprae4c 7speech74 a 44 o3--faran 7to go71 for 7pret471 for 7journey74 4ge4fera 7companion7 mutation of for4 i 44 a 44 i3--writan1 wrat1 writon1 4ge4writ 7writing1 subst474 7be74lifan 7remain71 laf 7remains71 whence by mutation laefan 7leave74 eo 7u7 44 ea 44 u 7o73--4ceosan 7choose71 4ceas1 curon1 coren4 cys-t 7choice74 7for74leosan 7lose71 leas 7loose71 a4liesan 7release71 losian 7to be lost74 bugan 7bend71 boga 7bow74 ,we see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs4 ,but they run through the whole language1 and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to ,o4,e4 etymology4 ,it is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words4 ,thus le14c4gan 7lay7 cannot be directly referred to li4c4gan 7lie71 but only to a form 99lag-1 preserved in the preterite lae4g4 ,so also ble1ndan 7to blind7 can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate 99bland-4 ,again1 the root-vowel of byrthen #g 7burden7 cannot be explained by the infinitive beran 7bear71 but only by the past participle 4ge4boren4 ,in the same way hryre 7fall sb47 must be referred1 not to the infinitive hreosan1 but to the preterite plural hruron4 ,the vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation 7#a7 feallan1 feoll1 c41 are due not to gradation1 but to other causes4 ,,consonants4 s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs1 as in curon1 4ge4coren from 4ceosan1 waeron pl4 of waes 7was71 and in other formations1 such as hryre 7fall7 from hreosan4 th becomes d under the same conditions1 as in wurdon1 4ge4worden from weorthan 7become71 cwaeth 7quoth71 pl4 cwaedon1 cwide 7speech7 from cwethan 7infin474 r is often transposed1 as in iernan 7run7 from original 99rinnan 7cp4 the subst4 ryne71 berstan 7burst7 from 99brestan1 baerst 7burst pret47 from braest1 hors 7horse7 from 99hross4 ,the combinations cae-1 gae- become 4cea-1 4gea-1 as in 4ceaf 7chaff7 from 99caef1 s4ceal 7shall7 from 99scael1 4geaf 7gave7 99gaef from 4giefan 7cp4 cwaeth from cwethan71 4geat 7gate7--cp4 faet 7vessel74 gae- often becomes 4gea-1 as in 4geafon 7they gave71 with which compare cwaedon 7they said74 ge- becomes 4gie1 as in 4giefan1 4gieldan 7pay7 from 99gefan1 99geldan--cp4 cwethan1 delfan4 ,not in the prefix 4ge- and 4ge 7ye74 ,when g comes before a consonant in inflection1 it often becomes h1 as in he liehth 7he lies7 from leogan 7mentiri74 h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows1 the preceding vowel being lengthened1 thus ,wealh 7,welshman7 has plural ,wealas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inflections4 ,,nouns4 ,gender4 ,there are three genders in ,o4,e4--masculine1 neuter1 and feminine4 ,the gender is partly natural1 partly #h grammatical4 ,by the natural gender names of male beings1 such as se mann 7the man71 are masculine2 of female beings1 such as seo dohtor 7the daughter71 are feminine2 and of young creatures1 such as thaet 4cild 7the child71 neuter4 ,note1 however1 that thaet wif 7woman7 is neuter4 ,grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun1 and1 to some extent1 by its form4 ,thus all nouns ending in -a1 such as se mona 7moon71 are masculine1 seo sunne 7sun7 being feminine4 ,those ending in -dom1 -had1 and -s4cipe are also masculine3--se wisdom 7wisdom71 se 4cildhad 7childhood71 se freonds4cipe 7friendship74 ,those in -nes1 -o 7from adjectives7 -raeden1 and -ung are feminine3--seo rihtwisnes 7righteousness71 seo bieldo 7boldness7 from beald1 seo mann-raeden 7allegiance71 seo scotung 7shooting74 ,compounds follow the gender of their last element1 as in thaet burg-4geat 7city-gate71 from seo burg and thaet 4geat4 ,hence also se wif-mann 7woman7 is masculine4 ,the gender of most words can be learnt only by practice1 and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article4 ,strong and ,weak4 ,weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n1 such as se mona1 plural monan2 seo sunne1 genitive sing4 thaere sunnan4 ,all the others1 such as se dae4g1 pl4 dagas1 thaet hus 7house71 gen4 sing4 thaes huses1 are strong4 ,cases4 ,there are four cases1 nominative1 accusative1 dative1 and genitive4 ,the acc4 is the same as the nom4 in all plurals1 in the sing4 of all neuter nouns1 and of all strong masculines4 ,masculine and neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom4 and acc41 and in the singular they differ only in the acc4 of weak nouns1 which in neuters is the same as the nom4 ,the dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um4 #i ,,strong ,,masculines4 7#a7 as-plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom#c4 stan 7stone74 ,nom4 stan-as4 ,dat4 stan-e4 ,dat4 stan-um4 ,gen4 stan-es4 ,gen4 stan-a4 ,so also dael 7part71 cyning 7king71 4cildhad 7childhood74 dae4g 7day7 changes its vowel in the pl4 7p4 #e73--;dae4g1 dae4ge1 dae4ges2 dagas1 dagum1 daga4 ,nouns in -e have nom4 and dat4 sing4 the same3--e1nde1 7end71 e1nde1 e1ndes2 e1ndas1 e1ndum1 e1nda4 ,nouns in -el1 -ol1 -um1 -en1 -on1 -er1 -or often contract3--e1n4gel 7angel71 e1n4gle1 e1n4gles2 e1n4glas1 e1n4glum1 e1n4gla4 ,so also nae4gel 7nail71 the4gen 7thane71 ealdor 7prince74 ,others1 such as aecer 7field71 do not contract4 h after a consonant is dropped in inflection 7p4 #g71 as in feorh 7life71 feore1 feores4 ,so also in ,wealh 7,welshman71 plur4 ,wealas4 ,there are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each4 7#b7 e-plurals4 ,a few nouns which occur only in the plur43--leode 7people71 leodum1 leoda4 ,so also several names of nations3--,e1n4gle 7,english71 ,de1ne 7,danes72 ,seaxe 7,saxons71 ,mier4ce 7,mercians71 have gen4 plur4 ,seaxna1 ,mier4cna4 7#c7 ,mutation-plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 fot 7foot74 ,nom4 fet4 ,dat4 fet4 ,dat4 fot-um4 ,gen4 fot-es4 ,gen4 fot-a4 ,so also toth 7tooth74 ,mann 7man71 me1nn1 mannes2 me1nn1 mannum1 manna4 #aj 7#d7 u-nouns4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 sun-u 7son74 ,nom4 sun-a4 ,dat4 sun-a4 ,dat4 sun-um4 ,gen4 sun-a4 ,gen4 sun-a4 ,so also wudu 7wood74 7#e7 r-nouns 7including feminines74 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 modor 7mother74 ,nom4 modor4 ,dat4 meder4 ,dat4 modr-um4 ,gen4 modor4 ,gen4 modr-a4 ,so also brothor 7brother72 faeder 7father71 dohtor 7daughter71 have dat4 sing4 faeder1 dehter4 7#f7 nd-nouns4 ,formed from the present participle of verbs4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 freond 7friend74 ,nom4 friend4 ,dat4 friend4 ,dat4 freond-um4 ,gen4 freond-es4 ,gen4 freond-a4 ,so also feond 7enemy74 ,those in -end inflect thus3--buend 7dweller71 buend1 buendes2 buend1 buendum1 buendra4 ,so also ,haelend 7saviour74 ,the -ra is an adjectival inflection4 ,,strong ,,neuters4 7#a7 u-plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 s4cip 7ship74 ,nom4 s4cip-u4 ,dat4 s4cip-e4 ,dat4 s4cip-um4 ,gen4 s4cip-es4 ,gen4 s4cip-a4 ,so all neuters with short final syllable1 such as 4ge4bed 7prayer71 4ge4writ 7writing71 4geat 7gate74 #aa ,faet 7vessel71 faete1 faetes2 fatu1 fatum1 fata 7p4 #e74 ,ri4ce 7kingdom71 ri4ce1 ri4ces2 ri4cu1 ri4cum1 ri4ca4 ,so also all neuters in e1 except eage and eare 7p4 #ac73 4ge4theode 7language71 sty4c4ce 7piece74 ,those in -ol1 -en1 -or1 c4 are generally contracted3--deofol 7devil71 deofles1 deoflu4 ,so also waepen 7weapon71 mynster 7monastery71 wundor 7wonder74 7#b7 ,unchanged plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 hus 7house74 ,nom4 hus4 ,dat4 hus-e4 ,dat4 hus-um4 ,gen4 hus-es4 ,gen4 hus-a4 ,so all others with long final syllables 7that is1 containing a long vowel1 or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant71 such as bearn 7child71 folc 7nation71 wif 7woman74 ,feoh 7money7 drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo3--feoh1 feo1 feos4 ,so also bleoh 7colour74 ,,strong ,,feminines4 7#a7 a-plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 7a7 ,nom4 4gief-u 7gift74 ,nom4 4gief-a4 ,acc4 4gief-e4 ,acc4 4gief-a4 ,dat4 4gief-e4 ,dat4 4gief-um4 ,gen4 4gief-e4 ,gen4 4gief-ena4 ,so also lufu 7love71 scamu 7shame74 ,duru 7door7 is an u-noun3 it has acc4 duru1 d41 g4 dura1 g4 pl4 dura4 ,observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel4 ,when it is long1 the u is dropped1 and the noun falls under 7b74 #ab ,,singular4 ,,plural4 7b7 ,nom4 sprae4c 7speech74 ,nom4 sprae4c-a4 ,acc4 sprae4c-e4 ,acc4 sprae4c-a4 ,dat4 sprae4c-e4 ,dat4 sprae4c-um4 ,gen4 sprae4c-e4 ,gen4 sprae4c-a4 ,so also straet 7street71 sorg 7sorrow74 ,some have the acc4 sing4 the same as the nom41 such as daed1 hand1 miht4 ,those in -ol1 -er1 -or1 c4 contract3--sawol 7soul71 sawle1 sawla1 sawlum4 ,so also 4ceaster 7city71 hlaedder 7ladder74 ,some in -en double the n in inflection3--byrthen 7burden71 byrthenne4 ,so also those in -raeden1 such as hierdraeden 7guardianship74 ,those in -nes also double the s in inflection3 godnes 7goodness71 godnesse4 7#b7 ,mutation-plurals4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 boc 7book74 ,nom4 be4c4 ,dat4 be4c4 ,dat4 boc-um4 ,gen4 be4c4 ,gen4 boc-a4 ,burg 7city71 byri4g1 burge2 byri4g1 burgum1 burga4 7#c7 ,indeclinable4 ,,singular4 ,nom4 bieldo 7boldness74 ,dat4 bieldo4 ,gen4 bieldo4 ,so also ieldo 7age74 ,for r-nouns1 see under ,masculines4 ,,weak ,,masculines4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 nam-a 7name74 ,nom4 nam-an4 ,acc4 nam-an4 ,acc4 nam-an4 ,dat4 nam-an4 ,dat4 nam-um4 ,gen4 nam-an4 ,gen4 nam-ena4 #ac ,so also all nouns in -a3--4ge4fera 7companion71 guma 7man71 4ge4leafa 7belief74 ,ieldran 7elders7 occurs only in the plural4 4,ge4fea 7joy7 is contracted throughout3--4gefea1 4gefean4 ,,weak ,,neuters4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 eag-e 7eye74 ,nom4 eag-an4 ,acc4 eag-e4 ,acc4 eag-an4 ,dat4 eag-an4 ,dat4 eag-um4 ,gen4 eag-an4 ,gen4 eag-ena4 ,so also eare 'ear4' ,,weak ,,feminines4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 sunn-e 7sun74 ,nom4 sunn-an4 ,acc4 sunn-an4 ,acc4 sunn-an4 ,dat4 sunn-an4 ,dat4 sunn-um4 ,gen4 sunn-an4 ,gen4 sunn-ena4 ,so also 4ciri4ce 7church71 faemne 7virgin71 heorte 7heart74 ,leo 7lion7 has acc41 c4 leon4 ,,proper ,,names4 ,native names of persons are declined like other nouns3--,aelfred1 gen4 ,aelfredes1 dat4 ,aelfrede2 ,ead-burg 7fem471 gen4 ,eadburge1 c4 ,foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names1 thus ,crist1 ,salomon have gen4 ,cristes1 ,salomones1 dat4 ,criste1 ,salomone4 ,sometimes they are declined as in ,latin1 especially those in -us1 but often with a mixture of ,english endings1 and the ,latin endings are used #ad somewhat loosely1 the accus4 ending being often extended to the other oblique cases2 thus we find nom4 ,cyrus1 gen4 ,cyres1 acc4 ,cyrum1 dat4 ,cyrum 7thaem cyninge ,cyrum74 ,almost the only names of countries and districts in ,old ,english are those taken from ,latin1 such as ,breten 7,britain71 ,ce1nt 7,kent71 4,germania 7,germany71 and those formed by composition1 generally with land1 such as ,e1n4gla-land 7land of the ,english1 ,england71 ,isr4ahela-theod 7,israel74 ,in both of these cases the first element is in the gen4 pl41 but ordinary compounds1 such as ,scot-land1 also occur4 ,in other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself3--on ,east-e1n4glum in ,east-anglia1 lit4 'among the ,east-anglians4' ,so also on ,angel-cynne in ,england1 lit4 'among the ,english race1' more accurately expressed by ,angelcynnes land4 ,uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined4 ,thus we find on ,ce1nt1 to ,hierusalem4 4,germania1 ,asia1 and other foreign names in -a take -e in the oblique cases1 thus gen4 4,germanie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives have three genders1 and the same cases as nouns1 though with partly different endings1 together with strong and weak inflection4 ,in the masc4 and neut4 sing4 they have an instrumental case1 for which in the fem4 and plur41 and in the weak inflection the dative is used4 ,,strong ,,adjectives4 ,adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fem4 sing4 nom4 and neut4 pl4 nom41 those with a long one drop it4 #ae ,,singular4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 7a7 ,nom4 cwic 7alive71 cwic1 cwic-u4 ,acc4 cwic-ne1 cwic1 cwic-e4 ,dat4 cwic-um1 cwic-um1 cwic-re4 ,gen4 cwic-es1 cwic-es1 cwic-re4 ,instr4 cwic-e1 cwic-e4 7cwicre74 ,,plural4 ,nom4 cwic-e1 cwic-u1 cwic-e4 _/ _/ ,dat4 cwic-um4 ,gen4 cwic-ra4 ,so also sum 7some71 faerlic 7dangerous74 ,those with ae1 such as glaed 7glad71 change it to a in dat4 gladum1 c4 ,those in -e1 such as blithe 7glad71 drop it in all inflections3--blithne1 blithu1 blithre4 ,those in -ig1 -el1 -ol1 -en1 -er1 -or often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel1 as in hali4g 7holy71 halges1 halgum2 mi4cel 7great71 mi4clu1 mi4cle4 ,not1 of course1 before consonants3--hali4gne1 mi4celne1 mi4celra4 ,those in -u1 such as 4gearu 7ready71 change the u into a w before vowels3--4gearwes1 4gearwe4 ,adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the u of the fem4 and neuter3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 7b7 ,nom4 ,sing4 god 7good71 god1 god4 ,plur4 gode1 god1 gode4 ,fea 7few7 has only the plural inflections1 dat4 feam1 gen4 feara4 ,heah 7high7 drops its second h in inflection and contracts3--heare1 nom4 pl4 hea1 dat4 heam1 acc4 sing4 masc4 heanne4 ,fela 7many7 is indeclinable4 #af ,,weak ,,adjectives4 ,the weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones3- ,,singular4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 god-a1 god-e1 god-e4 ,acc4 god-an1 god-e1 god-an4 ,dat4 god-an1 god-an1 god-an4 ,gen4 god-an1 god-an1 god-an4 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 god-an4 ,dat4 god-um4 ,gen4 god-ra4 ,the vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension4 ,,comparison4 ,the comparative is formed by adding -ra1 and is declined like a weak adjective3--leof 7dear71 leofra masc41 leofre fem41 leofran plur41 etc42 maere 7famous71 maerra4 ,the superlative is formed by adding -ost1 and may be either weak or strong3--leofost 7dearest74 ,the following form their comparisons with mutation1 with superlative in -est 7the forms in parentheses are adverbs73-- eald 7old71 ieldra1 ieldest4 lang 7long71 le1n4gra1 le1n4gest4 neah 7near71 7near71 niehst4 heah 7high71 hierra1 hiehst4 ,the following show different roots3-- god 7good71 be1tera1 be1tst4 yfel 7evil71 wiersa1 wierrest4 mi4cel 7great71 mara 7ma71 maest4 lytel 7little71 laessa 7laes71 laest4 #ag ,the following are defective as well as irregular1 being formed from adverbs3-- aer 7formerly71 aerra 7aeror71 aerest4 fore 7before71 4 4 4 forma1 fyrmest4 ut 7out71 yterra1 ytemest4 ,,numerals4 ,,cardinal4 ,,ordinal4 an1 one4 forma 7first74 twa1 two4 other4 threo1 three4 thridda4 feower1 four4 feortha4 fif1 five4 fif-ta4 siex1 six4 siex-ta4 seofon1 seven4 seofotha4 eahta1 eight4 eahtotha4 nigon1 nine4 nigotha4 tien1 ten4 teotha4 e1ndlufon1 eleven4 e1ndlyf-ta4 twe1lf1 twelve4 twe1lf-ta4 threo-tiene1 thirteen4 threo-teotha4 feower-tiene1 fourteen4 fif-tiene1 fifteen4 siex-tiene1 sixteen4 seofon-tiene1 seventeen4 eahta-tiene1 eighteen4 nigon-tiene1 nineteen4 twe1n-ti4g1 twenty4 thri-ti4g1 thirty4 feower-ti4g1 forty4 fif-ti4g1 fifty4 siex-ti4g1 sixty4 #ah hund-4seofon-ti4g1 seventy4 hund-4eahta-ti4g1 eighty4 hund-4nigon-ti4g1 ninety4 hund hundred4 hund-4teonti4g1 hund-4e1ndlufonti4g1 hundred and ten4 hund-4twe1lfti4g1 hundred and twenty4 thusend1 thousand4 ,an is declined like other adjectives4 ,twa is declined thus3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 twe4gen1 twa1 twa4 _/ _/ ,dat4 twaem4 ,gen4 twe4gra4 ,so also be4gen 7both71 ba1 baem1 be4gra4 ,threo is declined thus3-- ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 thrie1 threo1 threo4 _/ _/ ,dat4 thrim4 ,gen4 threora4 ,the others up to twe1nti4g are generally indeclinable4 ,those in -ti4g are sometimes declined like neuter nouns1 sometimes like adjectives1 and are often left undeclined4 ,when not made into adjectives they govern the genitive4 ,hund and thusend are either declined as neuters or left undeclined1 always taking a genitive3--eahta hund mila 7eight hundred miles71 feower thusend wera 7four thousand men74 ,units are always put before tens3--an and twe1nti4g 7twenty-one74 #ai ,the ordinals are always weak1 except other1 which is always strong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pronouns4 ,,personal4 ,,singular4 ,nom4 i4c 7,i71 thu 7thou74 ,acc4 me1 the4 ,dat4 me1 the4 ,gen4 min1 thin4 ,,dual4 ,nom4 wit 7we two71 4git 7ye two74 ,acc4 unc1 inc4 ,dat4 unc1 inc4 ,gen4 uncer1 incer4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 we 7we71 4ge 7ye74 ,acc4 us1 eow4 ,dat4 us1 eow4 ,gen4 ure1 eower4 ,,singular4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 he 7he71 hit 7it71 heo 7she74 ,acc4 hine1 hit1 hie4 ,dat4 him1 him1 hiere4 ,gen4 his1 his1 hiere4 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 hie 7they74 ,dat4 him4 ,gen4 hiera4 ,there are no reflexive pronouns in ,o4,e41 and the ordinary #bj personal pronouns are used instead3--hie 4ge4samnodon hie 7they collected themselves1 assembled72 hie a4baedon him wif 7they asked for wives for themselves74 ,self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun3--swa swa hie wys4cton him selfum 7as they wished for themselves74 ,,possessive4 ,min 7my71 thin 7thy71 ure 7our71 eower 7your71 and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives4 ,the genitives his 7his1 its71 hiere 7her71 hiera 7their7 are used as indeclinable possessives4 ,,interrogative4 ,masc4 and ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 hwa 7who71 hwaet 7what74 ,acc4 hwone1 hwaet4 ,dat4 hwaem1 hwaem4 ,gen4 hwaes1 hwaes4 ,instr4 hwy1 hwy4 ,hwelc 7which7 is declined like a strong adjective3 it is used both as a noun and an adjective4 ,,demonstrative4 ,,singular4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 se 7that1 the71 thaet1 seo4 ,acc4 thone1 thaet1 tha4 ,dat4 thaem1 thaem1 thaere4 ,gen4 thaes1 thaes1 thaere4 ,instr4 thy1 thon1 thy1 7thaere74 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 tha4 ,dat4 thaem4 ,gen4 thara4 #ba ,se is both a demonstrative and a definite article4 ,it is also used as a personal pronoun3--he 4ge4hierth min word1 and wyr4cth tha 7he hears my words1 and does them74 ,se as a demonstrative and pers4 pronoun has its vowel long4 ,,singular4 ,masc4 ,neut4 ,fem4 ,nom4 thes 7this71 this1 theos4 ,acc4 thisne1 this1 thas4 ,dat4 thissum1 thissum1 thisse4 ,gen4 thisses1 thisses1 thisse4 ,instr4 thys1 thys4 7thisse74 _/ _/ ,,plural4 ,nom4 thas4 ,dat4 thissum4 ,gen4 thissa4 ,other demonstratives1 which are used both as nouns and as adjectives1 are se ilca 7same71 which is always weak1 swelc 7such71 which is always strong4 ,,relative4 ,the regular relative is the indeclinable the1 as in aelc thara the thas min word 4ge4hierth 7each of those who hears these my words74 ,it is often combined with se1 which is declined3--se the who1 masc41 seo the1 fem41 c4 ,se alone is also used as a relative3--her is min cnapa1 thone ic 4ge44ceas 7here is my servant1 whom ,i have chosen72 sometimes in the sense of 'he who'3--her thu haefst thaet thin is 7here thou hast that which is thine74 ,,indefinite4 ,indefinites are formed with swa and the interrogative pronouns1 thus3--swa hwa swa1 swa hwel4c swa 7whoever71 swa hwaet swa 7whatever74 #bb ,an and sum 7some7 are used in an indefinite sense3--an mann1 sum mann 'a certain man1' hence 'a man4' ,but the indefinite article is generally not expressed4 ,ael4c 7each71 aeni4g 7any71 naeni4g 7no1 none71 are declined like other adjectives4 ,other 7other7 is always strong3--tha othre me1nn4 ,man1 another form of mann1 is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one1' ,french on3--his brothor ,horsan man of4slog 7they killed his brother ,horsa74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,verbs4 ,there are two classes of verbs in ,o4,e41 strong and weak4 ,the conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation1 that of weak verbs by the addition of d 7-ode1 -ede1 -de7 to the root-syllable4 ,the following is the conjugation of the strong verb bindan 7bind71 which will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs3-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 bind-e1 bind-e4 #b4 bind-est1 bintst1 bind-e4 #c4 bind-eth1 bint1 bind-e4 plur4 bind-ath1 bind-en4 ,pret4 sing4 #a4 band1 bund-e4 #b4 bund-e1 bund-e4 #c4 band1 bund-e4 plur4 bund-on1 bund-en4 ,imper4 sing4 bind2 plur4 bind-ath4 ,infin4 bind-an4 ,partic4 pres4 bind-ende2 pret4 4ge-4bund-en4 ,gerund4 to bind-enne4 ,for the plural bindath1 both indicative and imperative1 binde is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after #bc the verb3--we bindath 7we bind71 but binde we 7let us bind72 so also gath6 7go plur471 but ga 4ge6 7go ye74 ,the present participle may be declined like an adjective4 ,its declension when used as a noun is given above1 p4 #aj4 ,the past participle generally prefixes 4ge-1 as in 4ge4bunden1 4ge4numen from niman 7take71 unless the other parts of the verbs have it already1 as in 4ge4hieran 7hear71 4ge4hiered4 ,it is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well4 ,no 4ge is added if the verb has another prefix1 such as a-1 be-1 for-2 thus for44giefan 7forgive7 has the past participle for44giefen4 ,the past participle may be declined like an adjective4 ,traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form hat-te from hatan 7call1 name71 which is both present 'is called1' and preterite 'was called'3--se munuc hatte ,abbo 7the monk's name was ,abbo74 ,,strong ,,verbs4 ,in the strong verbs the plural of the pret4 indic4 generally has a different vowel from that of the sing4 7ic band1 we bundon74 ,the #bnd sing4 pret4 indic4 and the whole pret4 subj4 always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative 7thu bunde1 ic bunde1 we bunden47 ,the #bnd and #crd persons sing4 of the pres4 indic4 often mutate the root-vowel1 thus3-- a becomes e1 as in 7he7 ste1nt from standan 7stand74 ea ie fielth feallan 7fall74 e i cwithth cwethan 7say74 eo ie wierth weorthan 7happen74 a ae haett hatan 7command74 o e grewth growan 7grow74 ea ie hiewth heawan 7hew74 eo ie 4ciest 4ceosan 7choose74 u y lycth lucan 7close74 #bd ,the full ending of the #crd pers4 sing4 pres4 indic4 is -eth1 which is generally contracted1 with the following consonant-changes3-- -teth becomes -tt as in laett from laetan 7let74 -deth -tt bitt bidan 7wait74 -ddeth -tt bitt biddan 7pray74 -theth -thth cwithth cwethan 7say74 -seth -st 4ciest 4ceosan 7choose74 -ndeth -nt bint bindan 7bind74 ,double consonants become single1 as in he fielth from feallan4 ,before the -st of the #bnd pers4 consonants are often dropt1 as in thu cwist from cwethan1 thu 4ciest from 4ceosan2 and d becomes t1 as in thu bintst from bindan4 ,for the changes between s and r1 th and d1 g and h1 see p4 #g4 ,some verbs1 such as seon 7see71 drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel3--ic seo1 we seoth1 to seonne2 but he sihth4 ,there are seven conjugations of strong verbs1 distinguished mainly by the different formation of their preterites4 ,the following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book1 together with several others of the commoner ones4 ,i4 ',fall'-conjugation4 ,the pret4 sing4 and pl4 has eo or e1 and the past partic4 retains the original vowel of the infinitive4 #be 7a7 eo-preterites4 ea3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sing4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 feallan 7fall7 fielth feoll feollon feallen healdan 7hold7 hielt heold heoldon healden wealdan 7wield7 wielt weold weoldon wealden weaxan 7grow7 wiext weox weoxon weaxen a3-- blawan 7blow7 blaewth bleow bleowon blawen cnawan 7know7 cnaewth cneow cneowon cnawen sawan 7sow7 saewth seow seowon sawen e3-- wepan 7weep7 wepth weop weopon wopen ,wepan has really a weak present 7p4 #cj7 with mutation 7the original o re-appearing in the past partic471 but it makes no difference in the inflection4 o3-- flowan 7flow7 flewth fleow fleowon flowen growan 7grow7 grewth greow greowon growen rowan 7row7 rewth reow reowon rowen ea3-- beatan 7beat7 biett beot beoton beaten heawan 7hew7 hiewth heow heowon heawen hleapan 7leap7 hliepth hleop hleopon hleapen 7b7 e-preterites4 a3-- hatan 7command7 haett het heton haten ae3-- laetan 7let7 laett let leton laeten o3-- fon 7seize7 fehth feng fengon fangen hon 7hang7 hehth heng hengon hangen #bf ,,ii4 ',shake'-conjugation4 ,verbs in a 7ea7 and e1 7ie74 ,o in pret4 sing1 and pl41 a 7ae7 in partic4 pret4 ,standan drops its n in the pret4 ,the partic4 pret4 of swe1rian is irregular4 a3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third4 ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sing4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 faran 7go7 faerth for foron faren sacan 7quarrel7 saecth soc socon sacen scacan 7shake7 scaecth scoc scocon scacen standan 7stand7 ste1nt stod stodon standen ,the following shows contraction of original ea3-- slean 7strike7 sliehth slog slogon slae4gen e13-- he1bban 7lift7 he1fth hof hofon hafen s4cieppan 7create7 s4ciepth scop scopon scapen swe1rian 7swear7 swe1reth swor sworon sworen ,the presents of these verbs are inflected weak1 so that their imperative sing4 is he1fe and swe1re1 like that of we1nian 7p4 #cb74 ,swe1rian has indic4 swe1rige1 swe1rest1 like we1nian2 he1bban has he1bbe1 he1fst1 c4 like hieran 7p4 #cj74 ,,iii4 ',bind'-conjugation4 ,i 7ie1 e1 eo7 followed by two consonants1 one or both of which is nearly always a liquid 7l1 r7 or nasal 7m1 n7 in the infin41 a 7ae1 ea7 in pret4 sing41 u in pret4 pl41 u 7o7 in ptc4 pret4 ,findan has a weak preterite4 i3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4,,sing4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 bindan 7bind7 bint band bundon bunden drincan 7drink7 drincth dranc druncon druncen findan 7find7 fint funde fundon funden 4gieldan 7pay7 4gielt 4geald guldon golden 7on74ginnan 7begin7 -4ginth -gann -gunnon -gunnen #bg grindan 7grind7 grint grand grundon grunden iernan 7run7 p4 #g iernth arn urnon urnen 4ge-4limpan 7happen7 -limpth -lamp -lumpon -lumpen scrincan 7shrink7 scrincth scranc scruncon scruncen springan 7spring7 springth sprang sprungon sprungen swincan 7toil7 swincth swanc swuncon swuncen windan 7wind7 wint wand wundon wunden winnan 7fight7 winth wann wunnon wunnen e3-- berstan 7burst7 bierst baerst burston borsten bre4gdan 7pull7 444 brae4gd brugdon brogden delfan 7dig7 dilfth dealf dulfon dolfen sweltan 7die7 swilt swealt swulton swolten eo3-- beorgan 7protect7 bierhth bearg burgon borgen beornan 7burn7p4 #g biernth barn burnon burnen 4ceorfan 7cut7 4cierfth 4cearf curfon corfen feohtan 7fight7 fieht feaht fuhton fohten weorpan 7throw7 wierpth wearp wurpon worpen weorthan 7become7 wierth wearth wurdon worden ,,iv4 ',bear'-conjugation4 ,verbs in e 7i71 followed by a single consonant1 generally a liquid or nasal2 in brecan the liquid precedes the vowel4 ,a 7ae7 in pret4 sing41 ae 7a7 in pret4 pl41 o 7u7 in ptc4 pret4 ,cuman is irregular4 i3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sg4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 niman 7take7 nimth nam namon numen e3-- beran 7bear7 bierth baer baeron boren brecan 7break7 bricth braec braecon brocen s4ceran 7shear7 s4cierth s4cear s4cearon scoren stelan 7steal7 stilth stael staelon stolen teran 7tear7 44 taer taeron toren #bh u3-- cuman 7come7 cymth com comon cumen ,v4 ',give'-conjugation4 ,verbs in e 7i1 eo1 ie7 followed by single consonants1 which are not liquids or nasals4 ,this class differs from the last only in the ptc4 pret4 which keeps the vowel of the infinitive4 e3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sg4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 cwethan 7say7 cwithth cwaeth cwaedon cweden etan 7eat7 itt aet aeton eten sprecan 7speak7 spricth spraec spraecon sprecen wrecan 7avenge7 wricth wraec wraecon wrecen i3-- biddan 7pray7 bitt baed baedon beden li4c4gan 7lie7 lith lae4g laegon le4gen sittan 7sit7 sitt saet saeton seten thi4c4gan 7receive7 thi4geth theah thaegon the4gen ,all these have weak presents3--imper4 bide1 li4ge1 site1 thi4ge4 ,their is are mutations of the e which appears in their past partic4 ie3-- 4giefan 7give7 4giefth 4geaf 4geafon 4giefen 7on74gietan 7understand7 -4giett -4geat -4geaton -4gieten ,the following is contracted in most forms3-- seon 7see7 sihth seah sawon sewen ,,vi4 ',shine'-conjugation4 ,verbs in i1 with pret4 sing1 in a1 pl4 i1 ptc4 pret4 i4 ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sing4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 bidan 7wait7 bitt bad bidon biden bitan 7bite7 bitt bat biton biten drifan 7drive7 drifth draf drifon drifen #bi 7be7lifan 7remain7 -lifth -laf -lifon -lifen ridan 7ride7 ritt rad ridon riden ripan 7reap7 ripth rap ripon ripen 7a7risan 7rise7 -rist -ras -rison -risen s4cinan 7shine7 s4cinth scan s4cinon s4cinen snithan 7cut7 snithth snath snidon sniden stigan 7ascend7 sti4gth stag stigon sti4gen 7be7swican 7deceive7 -swicth -swac -swicon -swicen 4ge4witan 7depart7 -witt wat -witon -witen writan 7write7 writt wrat writon writen ,,vii4 ',choose'-conjugation4 ,verbs in eo and u1 with pret4 sing4 ea1 pl4 u1 ptc4 pret4 o4 ,fleon and teon contract4 ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,sing4 ,,pret4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,pret4 beodan 7offer7 biett bead budon boden breotan 7break7 briett breat bruton broten 4ceosan 7choose7 4ciest 4ceas curon coren fleogan 7fly7 fliehth fleag flugon flogen fleon 7flee7 fliehth fleah flugon flogen fleotan 7float7 fliett fleat fluton floten hreosan 7fall7 hriest hreas hruron hroren hreowan 7rue7 hriewth hreaw hruwon hrowen for4leosan 7lose7 -liest -leas -luron -loren s4ceotan 7shoot7 s4ciett s4ceat scuton scoten smeocan 7smoke7 smiecth smeac smucon smocen teon 7pull7 tiehth teah tugon togen a-threotan 7fail7 -thriett -threat -thruton -throten u3-- brucan 7enjoy7 brycth breac brucon brocen bugan 7bow7 byhth beag bugon bogen lucan 7lock7 lycth leac lucon locen lutan 7bow7 lytt leat luton loten scufan 7push7 scyfth s4ceaf scufon scofen #cj ,,weak ,,verbs4 ,there are three conjugations of weak verbs--7#a7 in -an1 pret4 -de 7hieran1 hierde1 'hear'72 7#b7 in -ian1 pret4 -ede 7we1nian1 we1nede1 'wean'72 7#c7 in -ian1 pret4 -ode 7lufian1 lufode1 'love'74 ,the verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive1 which those of the third conjugation very seldom have4 ,i4 an-verbs4 ,this class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs1 except in the pret4 and past partic41 which are formed by adding -de and -ed respectively1 with the following consonant changes4 -ndde becomes -nde as in se1nde from se1ndan 7send74 -llde -lde fylde fyllan 7fill74 -tde -tte mette metan 7find74 -pde -pte dypte dyppan 7dip74 -cde -hte taehte tae4can 7show74 ,the past partic4 is generally contracted in the same way3--se1nd1 mett1 taeht1 but some of them often retain the uncontracted forms3--fylled1 dypped4 ,when declined like adjectives they drop their e where practicable3--fylled1 plur4 fylde2 hiered1 hierde4 ,the #bnd and #crd pres4 sing4 ind4 are contracted as in the strong verbs4 7a7 ',hear'-class4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 hier-e 7hear71 hier-e4 #b4 hier-st1 hier-e4 #c4 hier-th1 hier-e4 plur4 hier-ath1 hier-en4 #ca ,pret4 sing4 #a4 hier-de1 hier-de4 #b4 hier-dest1 hier-de4 #c4 hier-de1 hier-de4 plur4 hier-don1 hier-den4 ,imper4 sing4 hier2 plur4 hier-ath4 ,infin4 hier-an4 ,ptc4 pres4 hier-ende2 pret4 hier-ed4 ,gerund4 to hier-enne4 ,further examples of this class are3-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,partic4 ,,pret4 aet4iewan 7show7 -iewth -iewde -iewed4 cythan 7make known7 cythth cythde cythed1 cydd fyllan 7fill7 fylth fylde fylled 7nea7lae4can 7approach7 -lae4cth -laehte -laeht laedan 7lead7 laett laedde laedd le14c4gan 7lay7 le14gth le14gde le14gd 4ge4liefan 7believe7 -liefth -liefde -liefed ne1mnan 7name7 ne1mneth ne1mnde ne1mned se1ndan 7send7 se1nt se1nde se1nd se1ttan 7set7 se1tt se1tte se1tt smean 7consider7 smeath smeade smead tae4can 7show7 tae4cth taehte taeht we1ndan 7turn7 we1nt we1nde we1nd 7b7 ',seek'-class4 ,in this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic41 besides undergoing other changes in some verbs4 ,those in double consonants 7and 4c4g7 simplify them in the contracted #bnd and #crd sing4 pres4 indic43--se1lle1 se1lst1 se1lth2 se14c1ge1 se14gst1 se14gth2 also in the imperative1 which is formed as in ,conj4 ,,ii3--se1le1 se14ge1 by4ge1 c4 #cb e13-- ,,infinitive4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,pret4 ,,partic4 ,,pret4 cwe1llan 7kill7 cwe1lth cwealde cweald re14c4can 7tell7 re14cth reahte reaht se14c4gan 7say7 se14gth sae4gde sae4gd se1llan 7give7 se1lth sealde seald we14c4can 7wake7 we14cth weahte weaht the1n4can 7think7 the1n4cth thohte thoht i3-- bringan 7bring7 bringth brohte broht y3-- by4c4gan 7buy7 by4gth bohte boht thyn4can 7appear7 thyn4cth thuhte th-uht wyr4can 7work7 wyr4cth worhte worht e3-- re4can 7care7 re4cth rohte roht se4can 7seek7 se4cth sohte soht ,,ii4 ',wean'-conjugation4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 we1n-i4ge 7wean71 we1n-i4ge4 #b4 we1n-est1 we1n-i4ge4 #c4 we1n-eth1 we1n-i4ge4 plur4 we1n-iath1 we1n-ien4 ,pret4 sing4 #a4 we1n-ede1 we1n-ede4 #b4 we1n-edest1 we1n-ede4 #c4 we1n-ede1 we1n-ede4 plur4 we1n-edon1 we1n-eden4 ,imper4 we1n-e1 we1n-iath4 ,infin4 we1n-ian4 ,partic4 pres4 we1n-iende2 pret4 we1n-ed4 ,gerund4 to we1n-ienne4 #cc ,so are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable1 such as fe1rian 7carry71 we1rian 7defend71 4ge4byrian 7befit74 ,there are not many of them4 ,,iii4 ',love'-conjugation4 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 luf-i4ge 7love71 luf-i4ge4 #b4 luf-ast1 luf-i4ge4 #c4 luf-ath1 luf-i4ge4 plur4 luf-iath1 luf-ien4 ,pret4 sing4 #a4 luf-ode1 luf-ode4 #b4 luf-odest1 luf-ode4 #c4 luf-ode1 luf-ode4 plur4 luf-odon1 luf-oden4 ,imper4 luf-a1 luf-iath4 ,infin4 luf-ian4 ,partic4 pres4 luf-iende3 pret4 luf-od4 ,gerund4 to luf-ienne4 ,so also ascian 7ask71 macian 7make71 weorthian 7honour71 and many others4 ,irregularities4 ,some verbs are conjugated partly after ,i1 partly after ,,iii4 ,such are habban 7have7 and libban 7live74 ,habban has pres4 indic4 haebbe1 haefst1 haefth2 habbath1 subj4 haebbe1 haebben1 pret4 haefde1 imper4 hafa1 habbath1 particc4 habbende1 haefd4 ,libban has pres4 libbe1 leofast1 leofath2 libbath1 subj4 libbe1 pret4 leofode1 imper4 leofa1 libbath1 particc4 libbende1 lifiende2 leofod4 ,fe1tian 7fetch7 has pret4 fe1tte4 ,,strong-,,weak ,,verbs4 ,the strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites1 from which new weak preterites are formed4 ,note the occasional second person sing4 in t4 #cd ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 wat 7know71 wite4 #b4 wast1 wite4 #c4 wat1 wite4 plur4 witon1 witen4 ,pret4 wiste4 ,imper4 wite1 witath4 ,infin4 witan4 ,partic4 pres4 witende2 pret4 witen4 ,the other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the #ast and #bnd sing4 pres4 indic41 in the plur4 indic41 in the pret41 in the infin4 and partic4 pret4 ,of several the last two forms are doubtful1 or do not exist4 ,ah 7possess71 age1 agon2 ahte2 agen 7only as adjective7#d4 ,cann 7know7 canst1 cunnon2 cuthe2 cunnan2 cuth 7only as adjective47 ,dearr 7dare71 durre1 durron2 dorste4 4,ge4man 7remember71 -manst2 -munde2 -munan4 ,mae4g 7can71 miht1 magon1 mae4ge 7subj472 mihte4 ,mot 7may71 most1 moton2 moste4 ,s4ceal 7shall71 s4cealt1 sculon1 scyle 7subj472 scolde4 ,thearf 7need71 thurfon1 thyrfe 7subj472 thorfte2 thurfan4 ,,anomalous ,,verbs4 7#a7 ,willan 7will7 shows a mixture of subj4 forms in the pres4 indic4 sing43-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 wile1 wile4 #b4 wilt1 wile4 #c4 wile1 wile4 plur4 willath1 willen4 ,pret4 wolde1 etc4 #ce ,similarly nyllan 7will not73-- ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 nyle1 nyle4 #b4 nylt1 nyle4 #c4 nyle1 nyle4 plur4 nyllath1 nyllen4 ,pret4 nolde1 etc4 7#b7 ,wesan 7be74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 eom2 beo1 sie2 beo4 #b4 eart2 bist1 sie2 beo4 #c4 is2 bith1 sie2 beo4 plur4 sind2 beoth1 sien2 beon4 ,pret4 sing4 #a4 waes1 waere4 #b4 waere1 waere4 #c4 waes1 waere4 plur4 waeron1 waeren4 ,imper4 wes1 wesath2 beo1 beoth4 ,infin4 wesan2 beon4 ,partic4 pres4 wesende4 ,the contracted negative forms are3--neom1 neart1 nis2 naes1 naere1 naeron2 naere1 naeren4 7#c7 ,don 7do74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 do1 do4 #b4 dest1 do4 #c4 deth1 do4 plur4 doth1 don4 ,pret4 dyde1 etc4 ,imper4 do1 doth4 ,infin4 don4 ,partic4 pres4 donde2 pret4 4ge4don4 #cf 7#d7 ,gan 7go74 ,,indicative4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 sing4 #a4 ga1 ga4 #b4 gaest1 ga4 #c4 gaeth1 ga4 plur4 gath1 gan4 ,pret4 eode1 eode4 ,imper4 ga1 gath4 ,infin4 gan4 ,partic4 pres4 gangende2 pret4 4ge4gan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,derivation4 ,,prefixes4 ,the following are the most important prefixes1 some of which are verbal1 being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them2 some nominal1 being confined to nouns and adjectives4 a- 7#a7 originally 'forth1' 'away1' as in a4risan1 'rise forth1' 'arise'2 a4faran1 'go away1''depart'2 but generally only intensive1 as in a4cwe1llan 7kill71 a4hreosan 7fall74 7#b7 'ever' in pronouns and particles1 where it gives an indefinite sense1 as in a-hwaer 7anywhere71 a-wiht 7anything74 ae4g- from a-4ge-1 the a being mutated and the e dropped1 has a similar meaning1 as in ae4g-hwelc 7each71 ae4gther ae4g-hwaether 7either74 be-1 originally 'by1' 'around' 7cp4 the preposition be71 7#a7 specializes the meaning of a transitive verb1 as in be4se1ttan 7beset1 surround71 be4s4cieran 7shear72 7#b7 makes an intransitive verb transitive1 as in be4the1n4can 7consider7 from the1n4can 7think72 7#c7 gives a privative meaning1 as in be4heafdian 7behead74 ,in some words1 such as be4cuman 7come71 it is practically unmeaning4 #cg for- 7which is distinct from the preposition for7 generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction1' as in for4don 7destroy71 for4weorthan 7perish74 ,of course1 if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning1 it acts merely as an intensitive1 as in for4breotan 7break up1 break71 for4scrincan 7shrink up74 ,it also modifies in a bad sense generally1 as in for4seon 7despise71 or negatives1 as in for4beodan 7forbid74 4ge- originally meant 'together1' as in 4ge4fera 7fellow-traveller1 companion7 from feran 7travel74 ,with verbs it often signifies 'completion1' 'attainment1' and hence 'success1' as in 4ge4gan 7conquer71 originally 'go over1' or 'reach1' 4ge4winnan 7win7 from winnan 7fight74 ,hence generally prefixed to hieran and seon1 4ge4hieran and 4ge4seon strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing1 seeing4' ,it is generally prefixed to past participles 7p4 #bc71 where it originally gave the meaning of completion--4ge4lufod 'completely loved4' mis- 'mis1' as in mis-daed 7misdeed74 n- ne 7not71 as in na 7not71 literally 'never1' naefre 7never71 naes 7was not7 ne waes4 on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition on4 ,it properly signifies 'separation1' as in on4lucan 7open7 from lucan 7lock1 close71 but is often practically unmeaning1 as in on44ginnan 7begin74 or-1 literally 'out of1' is privative1 as in orsorg 7unconcerned7 from sorg 7sorrow74 to- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition to 7which occurs in to4gaedre1 'together1' c471 but signifies 'separation1' as in to4berstan 7burst asunder71 to4bre4gdan 7shake off71 and hence 'destruction1' as in to4cwiesan 7crush to pieces1 bruise74 un- negatives1 as in un-4gesaeli4g 7unhappy74 #ch ,,endings4 7a7 ,,nouns4 ,personal4 -end1 from the present participle -ende1 '-er'3--,haelend 7healer1 ,saviour71 buend 7dweller74 -ere '-er'3--sawere 7sower71 mynetere 7money-changer1 minter7 from mynet 7coin74 -ing1 patronymic1 aetheling 7son of a noble1 prince7 from aethele 7noble74 ,abstract4 -nes1 fem4 from adjectives3--god-nes 7goodness71 rihtwisnes 7righteousness74 -uth1 -tho1 fem41 generally from adjectives3--4geoguth 7youth71 stre1n4gtho 7strength7 from strang4 -ung1 fem4 from verbs3--scotung 7shooting1 shot71 he1rgung 7ravaging71 from scotian1 he1rgian4 ,the following are also independent words3-- -dom1 masc43--wis-dom 7wisdom71 theow-dom 7servitude74 -had1 masc43--4cild-had 7childhood74 -raeden1 fem43--4ge4cwid-raeden 7agreement7 from cwide 7speech72 mann-raeden 7allegiance74 -s4cipe1 masc43--freond-s4cipe 7friendship74 ,concrete in waeter-s4cipe 7piece of water1 water74 7b7 ,,adjectives4 -en1 with mutation1 denotes 'material1' 'belonging to'3--gylden 7golden71 staenen 7of stone71 haethen 7heathen7 from haeth 7heath74 ,in seolcen 7silken7 there is no mutation4 -feald '-fold'3--hund-feald 7hundred-fold74 -i4g3--miht-i4g 7mighty72 hal-i4g 7holy7 from hal 7whole74 #ci -isc1 with mutation3--,e1n4glisc 7,english7 from ,angel2 me1nn-isc 7human7 from mann4 -ol3--swic-ol 7deceitful74 -iht1 with mutation1 denotes 'material1' 'nature'3--staen-iht 7stony74 -sum 'some'3--hier-sum 7obedient74 ,the following exist 7sometimes in a different form7 as independent words3-- -faest3--soth-faest 7truthful74 -full3--sorg-full 7sorrowful71 4ge4leaf-full 7believing1 pious74 -leas '-less'3--ar-leas 7dishonoured1 wicked74 -lic 7cp4 4ge4lic7 '-ly'3--folc-lic 7popular71 heofon-lic 7heavenly74 -weard '-ward'3--suthan-weard 7southward74 ,,verbs4 -lae4can3--an-lae4can 7unite71 4ge4thwaer-lae4can 7agree74 ,,adverbs4 -e1 the regular adverb-termination3--lange 7long71 4ge4lice 7similarly7 from lang1 4ge4lic4 ,sometimes -lice 7from -lic7 is used to form adverbs1 as blithe-lice 7gladly7 from blithe4 ,,derivations ,,from ,,participles4 ,many abstract words are formed from present participles 7often in a passive sense7 and past participles 7often in an active sense73-- -nes3--for44giefen-nes 7forgiveness71 4ge4re14ced-nes 7narrative71 welwillend-nes 7benevolence74 -lic3--unarimed-lic 7innumerable74 -lice3--welwillend-lice 7benevolently74 99 99 99 99 99 #dj ,,syntax4 ,,gender4 ,when masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun1 the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter3--hie 4ge4samnodon hie1 ealle tha heafod-me1nn1 and eac swelce wif-menn 444 and tha hie blithost waeron 444 7they gathered themselves1 all the chief men1 and also women 444 and when they were most merry 44474 ,here blithost is in the neuter plur4 ,,cases4 ,accusative4 ,some verbs of asking 7a question7 and requesting1 together with laeran 7teach71 take two accusatives1 one of the person1 and another of the thing3--hie hine ne dorston aeni4g thing ascian 7they durst not ask him anything72 we magon eow raed 4ge4laeran 7we can teach you a plan74 ,the accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time3 hwy stande 4ge her ealne dae4g idle8 7why stand ye here all the day idle87 ,dative4 ,the dative in ,old ,e4 is of two kinds1 7#a7 the dative proper1 and 7#b7 the instrumental dative1 interchanging with the regular instrumental4 ,it is not always easy to separate the two4 7#a7 ,the dative proper usually designates personal relations1 and is frequently used with verbs1 together with an accusative 7generally of the thing74 ,the dative is also used with adjectives4 ,it is used not only with verbs of giving1 c41 as in he sealde aelcum anne pe1ning 7he gave each a penny72 addressing1 as in ic eow se14c4ge 7,i say to you71 he thancode his ,dryhtne 7he thanked his ,lord72 but also with many verbs of benefiting1 influencing1 c41 as in ne do ic the nanne teonan 7,i do thee no injury71 hie noldon him liefan 7they would not allow #da them to do so72 thaem rethum stierde 7restrained the cruel ones74 ,also in looser constructions1 to denote the person indirectly affected1 benefited1 c41 as in by4c4gath eow ele 7buy for yourselves oil74 ,note especially the following idiom3 hie 4ge4sohton ,bretene ,brettum to fultume 7they came to ,britain as a help to the ,britains--to help them72 he clipode ,crist him to fultume 7he called ,christ to his help74 ,the dative is also used with adjectives of nearness1 likeness1 c43--,eadmund cyning clipode anne biscop the him 4ge4he1ndost waes 7,king ,edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him72 heofona ri4ce is 4ge4lic thaem mangere the sohte thaet gode me1regrot 7the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought the good pearl74 7#b7 ,the instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and manner of an action3 he 4ge4e1ndode yflum deathe 7he ended with an evil death74 ,hence its use to form adverbs1 as in s4ceafmaelum 7sheafwise74 ,it also signifies time when3--thrim 4gearum aer thaem the he forth4ferde 7three years before he died71 which is also expressed by the instrumental itself3--seo wolde e1fsian aelce 4geare thone sanct 7she used to cut the saint's hair every year72 thy feorthan 4geare his ri4ces 7in the fourth year of his reign74 ,a past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the ablative absolute in ,latin3 ,hubba be4laf on ,northhymbra-lande1 4ge4wunnenum si4ge mid waelhreownesse 7,h4 remained in ,northumbria1 victory having been won with cruelty74 ,genitive4 ,the genitive is often used in a partitive sense3--his feonda sum 7one of his enemies72 hiera fif waeron dysi4ge 7five of them were foolish74 ,hence it is generally used with fela1 as in fela wundra 7many miracles72 also with numerals when used as substantives 7p4 #ah74 ,the genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states1 such as #db joy1 desire1 remembering3--hie thaes fae4gnodon swithe 7they rejoiced at it greatly72 me leofre waere thaet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle with thaem the min folc moste hiera eardes brucan 7it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy 7possess7 their country72 ic thaes 4ge4wilni4ge 7,i desire that72 4gif he his feores rohte 7if he cared about his life72 he waes thaes ,haelendes 4ge4myndi4g 7he was mindful of--he remembered the ,saviour74 ,some of these verbs1 such as biddan 7ask71 take an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing3--he hine hlafes bitt 7he asks him for bread74 ,verbs of depriving1 restraining1 c41 have the same construction3--nis ,angel-cynn be4daeled ,dryhtnes halgena 7,england is not deprived of the ,lord's saints74 ,some verbs of giving1 c41 take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person3--him waes of4togen aelces fodan 7they were deprived of all food74 ,the genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun3--thu eart wierthe sle14ges 7thou art worthy of death72 on thaem 4geare the ,aelfred aetheling an and twe1nti4g 4geara waes 7in the year when ,prince ,alfred was twenty-one74 ,,concord4 ,adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively 7gode me1nn71 but also when the adjective follows the noun1 either predicatively or in apposition3--tha me1nn sind gode2 he 4ge4seah othre idle standan 7he saw others standing idle72 hie comon mid langum s4cipum1 na manigum 7they came with long ships1 not many74 ,,apposition4 ,in such expressions as 'the island of ,britain1' the second noun is not put in the genitive1 but the two are simply put in #dc apposition1 both being declined separately3--,breten ie4gland1 on ,bretene 7thaem7 ie4glande4 ,in 'king ,alfred1' c41 the proper name is put first in the same way3--,aelfred aetheling 7prince ,alfred72 on ,aethelredes cyninges dae4ge 7in the days of king ,aethelred74 ,there is a similar apposition with the adjective sum followed by a noun or pronoun1 as in sume tha me1nn 7some of the men72 tha tha he seow1 sumu hie feollon with we4g 7while he sowed1 some of them the seeds fell by the road74 ,sometimes the pronoun precedes1 as in tha baedon hie sume thaet ,samson moste him macian sum gamen 7then some of them asked that ,samson might make some sport for them74 ,another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following1 where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun1 and denoting a part of it3--hie 4ge4saeton suthanwearde ,bretene aerest 7they occupied the south of ,britain first72 suthanweard hit 7 thaet land7 haefdon ,peohtas 7the ,picts had the south part of it74 ,,adjectives4 ,the weak forms are used3 7#a7 after the definite article3--se aethela cyning 7the noble king72 thaes aethelan cyninges1 thaet gode me1regrot1 tha godan me1regrotu4 7#b7 after this3--thas earman landleode 7these poor people1 pl472 thes halga cyning 7this holy king71 thisses halgan cyninges4 7#c7 occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives1 and often after possessive pronouns3--thine dieglan gold-hordas 7thy hidden treasures74 7#d7 in the vocative3--thu yfla theow and slawa6 7thou bad and slothful servant72 eala thu leofa cyning6 7oh1 thou dear king74 ,note that other always keeps the strong form3 tha othru deor 7the other wild beasts74 ,so also do the possessive pronouns3 #dd thas min word 7these my words74 ,an in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to distinguish it from the weak ana 'alone'3 thaet an deorwierthe me1regrot 7the one precious pearl74 ,,articles4 ,the definite article is omitted as in ,modern ,english before names such as ,god1 and also before ,dryhten 7the ,lord71 ,deofol 7the ,devil71 although se ,deofol also occurs1 and names of nations3--,bretta cyning 7king of the ,britons74 ,it is omitted in many prepositional combinations1 not only in those where it is omitted in ,modern ,english also1 as in si4gefaest on sae and on lande 7victorious on sea and on land71 but also in many others3 4gewe1nde to wuda on44gean 7went back to the wood72 se flothe1re ferde eft to s4cipe 7the army of pirates went back to their ships72 he feng to ri4ce 7he took the government--came to the throne74 ,the definite article is1 on the other hand1 sometimes used where it would not be in ,modern ,e41 as in se mann 'man' 7men in general74 ,the indefinite article is often not expressed at all3--thaet dyde unhold mann 7an enemy did that72 he be4stealcode on land swa swa wulf 7he stole to land like a wolf74 ,or it is expressed by sum3 on thaem lande waes sum mann1 ,leofri4c 4ge4haten 7in that country was a man called ,l474 ,or by an1 as in ,modern ,english3--an wulf wearth a4se1nd to be4we1rienne thaet heafod with tha othru deor 7a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts74 ,,pronouns4 ,hwaet is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who'3--he nyste hwaet hie waeron 7he did not know who they were74 #de ,,verbs4 ,,number4 ,after aelc thara the 7each of-those-who7 the verb is put in the sing41 agreeing not with thara the but with aelc3--aelc thara the thas min word 4ge4hierth 7each of those who hear these my words74 ,when thaet or this is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be1' the verb is put in the plural3--thaet waeron tha aerestan s4cipu ,de1niscra manna the ,angel-cynnes land 4ge4sohton 7those were the first ships of ,danish men which came to the land of the ,english race74 ,impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person1 sometimes also with a genitive of the thing4 ,others1 such as thyn4can 7appear71 take a dative of the person3--waes him 4ge4thuht thaet hie be4hydden thaet heafod 7they thought they 7the ,danes7 had hidden the head74 ,,tenses4 ,there being no future inflection in ,old ,e41 the present is used instead3--ne a4byhth naefre ,eadmund ,hinguare 7,edmund will never submit to ,h472 ga 4ge on minne win4geard1 and ic se1lle eow thaet riht bith 7go ye into my vineyard1 and ,i will give you what is right74 ,as we see in this example1 there is a tendency to use beon in a future sense4 ,another example is 4gif ic beo 4ge4bunden mid seofon rapum1 sona ic beo 4ge4wield 7if ,i am bound with seven ropes1 ,i shall at once be overcome74 ,the future is sometimes expressed by will and shall1 as in ,modern ,english1 though generally with a sense of volition with the one1 and of necessity with the other1 the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites wolde and scolde3-- ,he 4ge4laehte ane leon the hine a4bitan wolde 7he seized a lion #df that was going to devour him72 hie wendon thaet hie scolden mare on4fon 7they expected to receive more74 ,the preterite has the meaning of the modern 7#a7 ,preterite and imperfect3--se sawere ut eode his saed to sawenne1 and tha tha he seow 444 7the sower went out to sow his seed1 and while he was sowing 44474 7#b7 ,perfect3--her is min cnapa1 thone ic 4ge4ceas 7here is my servant1 whom ,i have chosen72--ure cyning com nu her to lande 7our king has just landed here74 7#c7 ,pluperfect3--tha tha 4ge4comon the ymb tha e1ndlyftan tid comon 7when those came who had come at the eleventh hour74 ,periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed1 as in ,modern ,e41 by haebbe and haefde with the past participles1 and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively1 as in nu ic haebbe 4gestriened othru twa pund 7now ,i have gained two other pounds71 but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite4 ,the participle is undeclinable in the later language1 but originally it was declined1 being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by habban3 hie haefdon hiera cyning a4worpenne 7they had deposed their king74 ,the pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb aer 7before73--his sweora1 the aer waes for4slae4gen 7his neck1 which had been cut through74 ,the periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan3--siththan hie a4farene waeron 7after they had gone away74 ,here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected4 ,the periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration1 c43--an mann waes eardiende on ,israhela theode1 ,manue 4ge4haten 7a man dwelt in ,israel called ,manue74 #dg ,,passive4 ,the passive is formed with wesan or weorthan with the past participle4 ,these forms are very vague in meaning1 and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked1 but wesan appears to indicate a state1 weorthan an action4 wearth 4ge4lufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning3 an wulf wearth a4se1nd 7a wolf was sent72 mine leofe the4gnas1 the on hiera be1ddum wurdon of4slae4gene 7my beloved thanes1 who have been killed in their beds74 waes 4ge4lufod1 indicating a state1 is naturally pluperfect in meaning3--se aerendraca sae4gde his hlaforde hu him 4ge4andwyrd waes 7the messenger told his lord how he had been answered74 ,,subjunctive4 ,the subjunctive states something not as a fact1 as in the indicative1 but merely as an object of thought4 ,hence it is used to express wish1 conditions1 doubt1 c4 ,a4 ,in principal sentences4 ,wish and command 7often nearly equivalent to the imperative73--thaes him sie wuldor and lof a butan e1nde 7therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end72 ne he ealu ne drince naefre oththe win 7nor shall he ever drink ale or wine74 ,b4 ,in dependent sentences4 ,the chief cases are the following3-- 7#a7 ,in indirect narrative and question3 seo cwen sae4gde thaet hiere naere be healfum daele 4ge4sae4gd be ,salomones maertho 7the queen said that she had not been told about ,solomon's glory by half72 ic asci4ge hwaer seo offrung sie 7,i ask where the offering is72 me1nn woldon s4ceawian hu he lae4ge 7men #dh wished to see how he lay74 ,when the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain in itself1 and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker1 it is put in the indicative3--he hiere sae4gde on hwaem his miht waes 7he told her what his strength consisted in74 7#b7 ,after verbs of desiring and commanding3-- thaes ic 4ge4wilni4ge and 4ge4wys4ce mid mode thaet ic ana ne be4life aefter minum leofum the4gnum 7that ,i desire and wish with heart that ,i may not remain alone after my dear thanes74 7#c7 ,to express purpose3--thy laes 4ge thone hwaete a4wyrtwalien 7lest ye root up the wheat72--,dryhten as4tag nither1 to baem thaet he 4ge4sawe tha burg 7the ,lord descended1 in order that he might see the city74 7#d7 ,to express result3--thu naefst tha mihte thaet thu mae4ge him with4standan 7thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him74 7#e7 ,to express hypothetical comparison 7as if73--se wulf folgode forth mid thaem heafde1 swelce he tam waere 7the wolf followed on with the head1 as if he were tame72 he 4ge4laehte ane leon1 and to4brae4gd hie to sty4c4cum1 swelce he to4taere ti4c4cen 7he seized a lion and tore her to pieces1 as if he were rending a kid74 7#f7 ,in conditional clauses1 generally with 4gif or butan1 and in concessive clauses with theah1 theah the3--,god wat thaet ic nyle a4bugan fram his bige1ngum aefre1 swelte ic1 libbe ic 7,god knows that ,i will not swerve from his worship ever1 whether ,i die or live72 thas flotme1nn cumath1 and the cwicne 4ge4bindath1 butan thu mid fleame thinum feore 4ge4beorge 7these pirates will come and bind thee alive1 unless thou savest thy life with flight72 ,god hielt ,eadmund halne his lichaman oth thone mi4clan dae4g1 theah the he on moldan come 7,god will keep ,edmund #di with his body whole until the great day1 although he has come to earth--been buried74 ,sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the context3--clipiath to thissum 4gieftum swa hwelce swa 4ge 4ge4meten 7summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet1 if ye meet any one72 hie be4heton hiere s4ceattas with thaem the heo be4swice ,samson 7they promised her money in consideration of her betraying ,samson1 if she would44474 ,when the statement is assumed as unreal1 instead of merely hypothetical1 as in the above instances1 both clauses are put in the subjunctive1 the preterite being substituted for the present1 as in ,modern ,english also1 where if ,i were 444 implies ,i am not4444 ,the modern distinction between if ,i were and if ,i had been1 the former corresponding to the present indicative ,i am not1 the latter to the preterite ,i was not1 is not made in ,old ,english1 which uses gif ic waere in both instances4 ,sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought3--me leofre waere thaet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle with thaem the min folc moste hiera eardes brucan 7,i would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country71 where we must supply some such clause as 4gif hit swa beon mihte 7if it might be so--if it were possible to save my people by my death74 7#g7 ,in clauses dependant on a negative sentence3--nis nan thing the his mihte with4stande 7there is nothing that resists his might74 ,sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context1 as in se halga is maerra thonne me1nn mae4gen a4smean 7the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it74 7#h7 ,in other cases1 to express uncertainty1 futurity1 c43 thin ri4ce 4ge4witt fram the1 oth thaet thu wite thaet ,god 4ge4wielt manna ri4ca 7thy kingdom shall depart from thee1 till thou knowest that ,god rules the kingdoms of men72 uton #ej weorthian urne naman1 aer thaem the we sien to4daelde 4geond ealle eorthan6 7let us make our name famous1 before we are dispersed over the earth74 ,the preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive1 as in ,modern ,english4 ,scolde is used after verbs of desiring1 requesting and commanding3--biddende thone ,aelmihtigan thaet he him arian scolde 7praying the ,almighty to have mercy on him74 ,in the following example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun aerende3--he se1nde to thaem cyninge beotlic aerende1 thaet he a4bugan scolde to his mannraedenne1 4gif he his feores rohte 7he sent to the king an arrogant message1 that he was to turn to his allegiance1 if he cared about his life74 ,wolde is used after verbs of purpose3--se cyning eode inn thaet he wolde 4ge4seon tha the thaer saeton 7the king went in to see those who were sitting there74 ,,infinitive4 ,after verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense3--hie heton him se1ndan maran fultum 7they ordered that more forces should be sent to them74 ,so also after verbs of hearing1 c43--thaet maeste wael the we se14c4gan hierdon 7the greatest slaughter we have heard told of74 ,in such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted3 'ordered them to send 444' etc4 ,,gerund4 ,the gerund is used-- 7#a7 to express purpose3--ut eode se sawere his saed to sawenne 7the sower went forth to sow his seed74 7#b7 it defines or determines an adjective 7adverb or noun73 hit is scandlic ymb swelc to sprecenne 7it is shameful to speak of such things74 #ea ,,prepositions4 ,some prepositions govern the accusative1 such as thurh 7through71 ymbe 7about72 some the dative 7and instrumental71 such as aefter 7after71 aer 7before71 aet 7at71 be 7by71 binnan 7within71 butan 7without71 for 7for71 fram 7from71 of 7of71 to 7to74 ,some govern both accusative and dative1 such as ofer 7over71 on 7on1 in71 under 7under74 ,the general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative1 when rest is implied1 the dative4 ,thus on with the accusative signifies 'into1' with the dative 'in4' ,but this rule is not strictly followed1 and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest1 as in he his hus 4ge4timbrode ofer stan 7he built his house on a rock71 and conversely1 the dative with verbs of motion1 as in hie feollon on staenihte 7they fell on stony ground74 ,as regards the use and meaning of the prepositions1 it must be noticed that in is very seldom used1 its place being supplied by on1 the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by ofer1 as in the passage just quoted4 ,when a thing is referred to1 thaer is substituted for hit1 the preposition being joined on to the thaer1 so that1 for instance1 thaer-to corresponds to to him2 hie laeddon thone cyning to anum treowe1 and tie4gdon hine thaer-to 7they led the king to a tree1 and tied him to it74 ,so also her-beeastan is equivalent to 'east of this 7country74' ,prepositions sometimes follow1 instead of preceding the words they modify1 sometimes with other words intervening3 hie scuton mid gafelocum him to 7they shot at him with missiles72 hie cwaedon him be4tweonan 7they said among themselves72 thaem ,aelmihtigan to lofe1 the hie on 4ge4liefdon 7to the praise of the ,almighty1 in whom they believed71 where on #eb refers to the indeclinable the4 ,so also in thaet hus the he inne wunode 7the house he dwelt in74 ,where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed1 the preposition becomes an adverb3 se cyning se1nde his he1re to1 and for4dyde tha mannslagan 7the king sent his army to the place1 and destroyed the murderers74 ,,negation4 ,the negative particle is ne1 which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns1 as in nis ne is1 nan ne an4 ,the negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence1 and to all the words besides which admit the contracted forms3--to4cwiesed hreod he ne for4briett 7he breaks not the bruised reed71 hit na ne feoll 7it did not fall72 nan mann nyste nan thing 7no man knew anything74 ,so also with ne 444 ne 'neither 444 nor'3 ne flitt he ne he ne hriemth 7he neither disputes nor cries out74 ,,correlation4 ,correlation is often more fully expressed in ,old than in ,modern ,english1 as in tha tha me1nn slepon1 tha com his feonda sum 'when the men slept1 then came one of his enemies4' ,in tha tha 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together3--tha tha he seow1 sumu hie feollon with we4g 'then when he sowed1 some of them fell by the road4' ,in the following example the conjunction thaet is correlative with the pronoun thaet3--thaes ic 4ge4wilni4ge thaet ic ana ne be4life aefter minum leofum the4gnum--'that ,i desire1 that ,i may not remain alone after my dear thanes4' ,sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning3--he 4ge4brohte hine thaer he hine aer 4ge4nam 7he brought him to the place where he took him from74 #ec ,,word-,,order4 ,the ,old ,english word-order resembles that of ,german in many respects1 though it is not so strict1 thus3-- ,the verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group1 or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence3--tha cwaeth se cyning 7then said the king72 aerest waeron buend thisses landes ,brettas 7at first the ,britons were the inhabitants of this country72 on his dagum comon aerest threo s4cipu 7in his days three ships first came72 thaet baeron olfendas 7camels carried it72 maere is se ,god the ,daniel on be4liefth 7great is the ,god that ,daniel believes in74 ,the infinite often comes at the end of the sentence2 we magon eow raed 4ge4laeran 7we can teach you a plan74 ,the finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences1 an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle2 thaet waeron tha aerestan s4cipu ,de1niscra manna the ,angel-cynnes land 4ge4sohton 7those were the first ships of ,danish men which came to the land of the ,english race72 thaet maeste wael the we se14c4gan hierdon oth thisne andweardan dae4g 7the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day72 thaet hie thone ,godes mann a4bitan scolden 7in order that they should devour the man of ,god74 ,there is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also1 or1 at least1 to bring it near the end3 hiene man of4slog 7they killed him72 hie thaer si4ge namon 7they got the victory there74 99 99 99 99 99 #ed ,,general ,,table ,,of ,,endings4 ,,nouns4 ,,strong4 ,,weak4 ,m4 ,n4 ,f4 ,m4 ,n4 ,f4 ,sg4 ,n4 -- -- -7u7 -a -e -e ,a4 -- -- -7e7 -an -e -an ,d4 -e -e -e -an -an -an ,g4 -es -es -e -an -an -an _/ _/ ,pl4 ,n4 -as -7u7 -a -an ,d4 -um -um -um -um ,g4 -a -a -7en7a -ena ,,adjectives4 ,sg4 ,n4 -- -- -7u7 -a -e -e ,a4 -ne -- -7e7 -an -e -an ,d4 -um -um -re -an -an -an ,g4 -es -es -re -an -an -an ,i4 -e -e 7-re7 7-an -an -an7 ,pl4 ,n4 -e -7u7 -e _/ _/ _/ _/ -an ,d4 -um -um ,g4 -ra -ra ,,verbs4 ,,present4 ,,preterite4 ,indic4 ,subj4 ,indic4 ,subj4 ,sg4 #a4 -e2 -i4ge -7i4g7e - 2 -de -e2 -de #b4 -7e7st2 -ast -7i4g7e -e2 -dest -e2 -de #c4 -7e7th2 -ath -7i4g7e - 2 -de -e2 -de ,pl4 -ath2 -iath -7i7en -on2 -don -en2 -den ,imper4 sg4 -7a72 pl4 -7i7ath4 ,infin4 -7i7an4 ,partic4 pres4 -7i7ende2 pret4 -en1 -ed1 -od4 ,ger4 7i7enne4 99 99 99 99 99 #ee ,,texts4 ,i4 ,,sentences4 ,an on-4ginn is ealra thinga1 thaet is ,god ael-mihti4g4 ,se 4ge4leafa the bith butan godum weorcum1 se is dead2 this sind thara apostola word4 ,ic eom god hierde3 se goda hierde se1lth his agen lif for his s4ceapum4 ,ure ,a4liesend is se goda hierde1 and we cristene me1nn sind his s4ceap4 ,se mona his #e leoht ne se1lth1 and steorran of heofone feallath4 ,swa swa waeter a4dwaes4cth fyr1 swa a4dwaes4cth seo aelmesse synna4 ,ealle 4ge4s4ceafta1 heofonas and e1n4glas1 sunnan and monan1 steorran and eorthan1 eall nietenu and ealle fuglas1 sae and ealle fiscas ,god 4ge4scop and 4ge4worhte on siex dagum2 and #aj on thaem seofothan dae4ge he 4ge4e1ndode his weorc2 and he be4heold tha eall his weorc the he 4ge4worhte1 and hie waeron eall swithe god4 ,he ferde 4geond manigu land1 bodiende ,godes 4ge4leafan4 ,he for4let eall woruld-thing4 ,se cyning be4bead thaet man scolde ofer eall ,angel-cynn s4cipu wyr4can2 #ae and hiera waes swa fela swa naefre aer ne waes on nanes cyninges dae4ge4 ,se cyning het of4slean ealle tha ,de1niscan me1nn the on ,angel-cynne waeron4 ,tha ne mihton hie him nan word and-swarian1 ne nan mann ne dorste hine nan thing mare ascian4 ,hie fuhton #bj #ef on tha burg ealne dae4g1 and thohton thaet hie hie scolden a4brecan4 ,se eorl 4ge4we1nde west to ,ir-lande1 and waes thaer ealne thone winter4 ,aethelred cyning and ,aelfred his brothor fuhton with ealne thone he1re on ,aesces-dune4 ,se mann is e4ce on anum daele1 thaet is1 on thaere sawle2 #be heo ne 4ge4e1ndath naefre4 4,gif se biscop deth be his agnum willan1 and wile bindan thone un-scyldigan1 and thone scyldigan a4liesan1 thonne for4liest he tha miht the him ,god for44geaf4 ,theod winth on44gean theode1 and ri4ce on44gean ri4ce4 ,ealle me1nn eow hatiath for minum naman4 ,he 4ge4worhte #cj fela wundra binnan thaem fierste the he biscop waes4 ,he 4ge4haelde sum wif mid halgum waetre4 ,se cyning wearth of4slae4gen fram his agnum folce4 ,on thaem ilcan 4geare waes se mi4cla hungor 4geond ,angel-cynn4 ,se maesse-preost ascath thaet 4cild1 and cwithth3 ',with4saecst thu deofle8' ,thonne andwyrt #ce se god-faeder1 and cwithth3 ',ic with4sace deofle4' ,god aelmihtiga1 4ge4miltsa me synn-fullum6 ,aethelred cyning com ham to his agenre theode1 and he glaedlice fram him eallum on4fangen wearth4 ,crist1 ure ,dryhten1 be4bead his leornung-cnihtum thaet #dj hie scolden tae4can eallum theodum tha thing tha he self him taehte4 4,gif 4ge for44giefath mannum hiera synna1 thonne for4giefth eower se heofonlica ,faeder eowre synna4 ,ne mae4g nan mann twaem hlafordum theowian3 oththe he anne hatath and otherne lufath1 oththe he bith anum 4ge4hiersum and othrum un4gehiersum4 #de ,se cyning nam thaes eorles sunu mid him to ,e1n4gla-lande4 ,me1nn be4hofiath godre lare on thissum timan1 the is 4ge4e1ndung thisse worulde4 ,se lichama1 the is thaere sawle reaf1 andbidath thaes mi4clan domes2 and theah he beo to duste for4molsnod1 #ej #eg ,god hine a4raerth1 and 4ge4bringth to4gaedre sawle and lichaman to thaem e4can life4 ,hwelc faeder wile se1llan his 4cilde stan1 4gif hit hine hlafes bitt8 ,a44giefath thaem casere tha thing the thaes caseres sind1 and ,gode tha thing the ,godes sind4 ,seo sawol and-bidath thaes e4can aeristes4 #ee ,he waes cyning ofer eall ,e1n4gla-land twe1nti4g wintra4 ,god aelmihti4g is ealra cyninga cyning1 and ealra hlaforda hlaford4 ,deofol is ealra un-riht-wisra manna heafod1 and tha yflan me1nn sind his limu4 ,synnfulra manna death is yfel and earmlic1 for thaem the hie farath of thissum scortan life to e4cum #fj witum4 ,hu fela hlafa haebbe 4ge8 ,seofon1 and fea fisca4 ,ne 4ge4wilna thu othres mannes aehta6 ,on thaem landum eardodon ,e1n4gle1 aer thaem the hie hider on land comon4 ,hie fuhton on tha burg ealne dae4g1 ac hie ne mihton hie a4brecan4 ,tha eodon hie to hiera s4cipum4 ,thaer #fe beoth swithe mani4ge byri4g on thaem lande1 and on aelcre byri4g bith cyning4 ,god cwaeth to ,noe3 ',ic wile for4don eall mann-cynn mid waetre for hiera synnum1 ac ic wile 4ge4healdan the1 and thin wif1 and thine thrie suna4' ,an mann haefde twe4gen suna2 tha #gj cwaeth he to thaem ieldran3 'ga and wyr4c to4dae4g on minum win-4gearde4' ,tha cwaeth he3 'ic nyle3' eode theah siththan to thaem win4gearde4 ,he dyde his faeder willan4 ,se preost cwaeth to thaem folce3 ',ic eow bletsi4ge on naman thaes ,faeder1 thaes ,suna1 and thaes ,halgan ,gastes4' ,ara thinum faeder and #ge thinre meder6 ,sum wif com to ,criste1 and baed for hiere dehter4 ,seo dohtor wearth 4ge4haeled thurh 4ge4leafan thaere modor4 ,beoth 4ge4myndi4ge thara twe4gra worda the ,dryhten cwaeth on #eh his god-spelle6 ,he cwaeth3 ',for44giefath1 and eow bith for44giefen2 #hj se1llath1 and eow bith 4ge4seald4' ,twe4gen me1nn eodon into ,godes temple hie to 4ge4biddenne4 ,aelfred cyning for mid thrim s4cipum ut on sae1 and 4ge4feaht with feower s4cip-hlaestas ,de1niscra manna1 and thara s4cipa twa 4ge4nam1 and tha me1nn of4slae4gene waeron the #he thaer-on waeron4 ,tha comon threo s4cipu4 ,tha 4ge4fengon hie thara threora s4cipa twa1 and th-a me1nn of4slogon1 ealle butan fifum4 ,se witega a4wrat be thaem feower nietenum the him aet4iewdu waeron1 thaet hie haefden eagan him on aelce healfe4 ,an thara nietena waes on me1nniscre onsiene him aet4iewed1 #ij other on leon onsiene1 thridde on 4cealfes1 feorthe on earnes4 ,god thone aerestan mann rihtne and godne 4ge4scop1 and eall mann-cynn mid him4 ,aelfred ,aethelwulfing waes cyning ofer eall ,angel-cynn butan thaem daele the under ,de1na onwealde waes4 ,aelc god treow bierth gode waestmas1 and aelc #ie yfel treow bierth yfle waestmas2 ne mae4g thaet gode treow beran yfle waestmas1 ne thaet yfle treow gode waestmas4 ,eadigu sind eowru eagan1 for thaem the hie 4ge4seoth1 and eowru earan1 for thaem the hie 4ge4hierath4 ,swa hwa swa se1lth anum thurstigum me1nn 4ceald waeter on minum naman1 ne #ajj for4liest he his mede4 ,ne fare 4ge on haethenra manna we4ge6 ,god mann of godum gold-horde bringth god forth2 and yfel mann of yflum goldhorde bringth yfel forth4 ,gregorius se halga papa is rihtlice 4ge4cweden ,e1n4gliscre theode apostol4 ,tha he 4ge4seah thaet se maesta dael thaere theode #aje his lare for4sawon1 tha for4let he hie1 and 4ge44ceas tha haethnan leode4 4,gif se blinda blindne laett1 hie feallath be4gen on anne pytt4 ,se ,halga ,gast is lufu and willa thaes ,faeder and thaes ,suna2 and hie sind ealle 4ge4lice mihti4ge4 ,be1tere is seo sawol thonne se me1te1 and be1tera se lichama thonne his scrud4 #aaj #ei ,seo sawol is gast1 and be eorthlicum me1ttum ne leofath4 ,be4healdath thas fleogendan fuglas1 the ne sawath ne ne ripath1 ac se heofonlica ,faeder hie a4fett4 ,he cwaeth1 ',ic neom othrum mannum 4ge4lic2' swelce he cwaede1 ',ic ana eom rihtwis1 and tha othre sind synn-fulle4' #aae ,tha se ,haelend thanon for1 tha folgodon him twe4gen blinde1 cwethende3 '4,ge4miltsa unc1 ,davides sunu6' ,he cwaeth to him3 '4,ge4liefe 4git thaet ic inc mae4ge 4ge4haelan8' ,he cwaeth3 ',sie inc aefter incrum 4ge4leafan4' ,aethelstan cyning for inn on ,scot-land1 ae4gther 4ge mid land-he1re 4ge mid s4cip-he1re1 #abj and his mi4cel ofer4he1rgode4 ,se mann the ,god for44giett1 ,god for44giett eac hine4 ,farath1 and laerath ealle theoda6 ,laerath hie thaet hie healden eall tha thing the ic eow be4bead6 ,sume me1nn sae4gdon be him thaet he waere ,aelfredes sunu cyninges4 ,se ,haelend ascode his leornung-cnihtas1 ',hwone se14c4gath #abe me1nn thaet sie mannes ,sunu8' ,hwaet se14c4ge 4ge thaet ic sie8 ,thu eart thaes libbendan ,godes sunu4 ,crist cwaeth be his ,faeder3 '4,ge se14c4gath thaet he eower ,god sie1 and 4ge hine ne on4cneowon4' 4,gif hie thone halgan ,faeder on4cneowen1 thonne under4fengen hie mid 4ge4leafan his ,sunu1 the he a4se1nde #acj to middan-4gearde4 ,se we4g is swithe nearu and sticol se the laett to heofona ri4ce2 and se we4g is swithe brad and smethe se the laett to he1lle w7ite4 ,dysi4g bith se we4g-ferenda mann se the nimth thone smethan we4g the hine mis-laett1 and for4laett thone sticolan the hine 4ge4bringth to thaere byri4g4 ,thaet #ace ic eow se14c4ge on theostrum1 se14c4gath hit on leohte2 and thaet 4ge on eare 4ge4hierath1 bodiath uppan hrofum4 ,hie scufon ut hiera s4cipu1 and 4ge4we1ndon him be44geondan sae4 ,healdath and doth swa hwaet swa hie se14c4gath2 and ne do 4ge na1 aefter hiera weorcum3 hie se14c4gath1 and ne doth4 ,eall #adj hiera weorc hie doth thaet me1nn hie 4ge4seon4 ,hie lufiath thaet #fj man hie grete on straetum4 ,eala 4ge naeddran and naeddrena cynn1 hu fleo 4ge fram he1lle dome8 ,we sind ealle cuman on thissum and-weardan life1 and ure eard nis na her2 ac we sind her swelce we4g-ferende #ade me1nn3 an cymth1 other faerth4 ,hwelc mann se1lth his bearne naeddran1 4gif hit fisces bitt8 ,aelc thara the bitt1 he on4fehth2 and se the se4cth1 he hit fint4 ,ne gaeth aelc thara on heofona ri4ce the cwithth to me1 ',dryhten1 ,dryhten2' ac se the wyr4cth mines ,faeder willan the on heofonum is1 se gaeth on heofona #aej ri4ce4 ,nis hit na god thaet man nime bearna hlaf and hundum weorpe4 ,ic haebbe the4gnas under me3 and ic cwethe to thissum1 'ga1' and he gaeth2 and to othrum1 'cum1' and he cymth1 and to minum theowe1 'wyr4c this1' and he wyr4cth4 ,se ,haelend 4ge4nam tha fif hlafas1 and bletsode1 and to4braec1 #aee and to4daelde be4twix thaem sittendum2 swa 4ge4lice eac tha fiscas to4daelde2 and hie ealle 4ge4nog haefdon4 ,tha the thaer aeton waeron feower thusend manna1 butan 4cildum and wifum4 ,hie comon to him1 and to him 4gebaedon1 and thus cwaedon3 ',sothlice thu eart ,godes sunu4' ,ne wene 4ge thaet #afj ic come sibbe on eorthan to se1ndenne3 ne com ic sibbe to se1ndenne1 ac sweord4 ,he be4bead thaet hie saeten ofer thaere eorthan4 ,he sae4gde thaet ,north-manna land waere swithe lang and swithe smael4 ,hie ealle on thone cyning waeron feohtende1 oth thaet hie #afe hine ofslae4genne haefdon4 ,aelc mann the othre me1nn for4sihth bith fram ,gode for4sewen4 ,se the earan haebbe to 4ge4hierenne1 4ge4hiere4 ,god is us her to beonne4 ,god cwaeth to anum witegan1 se waes ,ionas 4ge4haten3 ',far to thaere byri4g1 and boda thaer tha word the ic the se14c4ge4' #agj #fa ,lufiath eowre fiend1 and doth wel thaem the eow yfel doth4 ,lufa ,dryhten thinne ,god on ealre thinre heortan1 and on ealre thinre sawle1 and on eallum thinum mode4 ,se the ne lufath his brothor1 thone the he 4ge4sihth1 hu mae4g he lufian ,god1 thone the he ne 4ge4sihth licham-lice8 ,se14ge us hwonne thas #age thing 4ge4weorthen1 and hwelc tacen sie thines to-cymes and worulde 4ge4e1ndunge4 ,se ,haelend cwaeth to anum his leornung-cnihta1 se waes haten ,philippus3 ',mid hwaem magon we by4c4gan hlaf thissum folce8' ,wel wiste ,crist hwaet he don wolde1 and he wiste #ahj thaet ,philippus thaet nyste4 ,god mae4g don eall thing2 we sculon wundrian his mihte1 and eac 4ge4liefan4 ,crist a4raerde ,lazarum of deathe1 and cwaeth to his leornung-cnihtum3 ',to4liesath his be1ndas1 thaet he gan mae4ge4' ,god is aelmihti4g1 and mae4g don eall thaet he wile4 4,ge nyton on hwelcre tide #ahe eower hlaford cuman wile4 ,for thaem beo 4ge 4gearwe2 for thaem the mannes ,sunu wile cuman on thaere tide the 4ge nyton4 ,se ,haelend cwaeth be his ,faeder3 ',ic hine cann1 and 4gif ic se14c4ge thaet ic hine ne cunne1 thonne beo ic leas1 eow 4ge4lic4' ,se deofol cwaeth to ,criste3 '4,gif thu sie ,godes sunu1 cweth #aij to thissum stanum thaet hie beon a4we1nde to hlafum4' ,tha and-wyrde se ,haelend1 and cwaeth3 ',hit is a4writen1 ne leofath se mann na be hlafe anum1 ac leofath be eallum thaem wordum the gath of ,godes muthe4' ,se ,haelend com to him1 thaer hie waeron 4ge4gadrode1 and cwaeth3 ',sie sibb be4twix #aie eow2 ic hit eom2 ne beo 4ge na a4fyrhte4' ,faeder ure1 thu the eart on heofonum1 sie thin nama 4ge4halgod4 ,we syngodon1 we dydon un-rihtlice2 se1le us for44giefnesse3 hwaet sculon we don8 #fb ,,ii4 ,,from ,,the ,,gospel ,,of ,,st4 ,,matthew4 ,,vii4 #bd-g4 ,aelc thara the thas min word 4ge4hierth1 and tha wyr4cth1 bith 4ge4lic thaem wisan were1 se his hus ofer stan 4get4imbrode4 ,tha com thaer re4gen and mi4cel flod1 and thaer bleowon windas1 and a4hruron on thaet hus1 and hit na ne feoll3 sothlice hit waes ofer stan 4ge4timbrod4 #e ,and aelc thara the 4ge4hierth thas min word1 and tha ne wyr4cth1 se bith 4ge4lic thaem dysigan me1nn1 the 4ge4timbrode his hus ofer sand-4ceosol4 ,tha rinde hit1 and thaer com flod1 and bleowon windas1 and a4hruron on thaet hus1 and thaet hus feoll2 and his hryre waes mi4cel4 #aj ,,xii4 #ah-ba4 ,her is min cnapa1 thone ic 4ge44ceas2 min 4ge4corena1 on thaem wel 4ge4licode minre sawle3 ic a4se1tte minne gast ofer hine1 and dom he bodath theodum4 ,ne flitt he1 ne he ne hriemth1 ne nan mann ne 4ge4hierth his stefne on straetum4 ,to4cwiesed hreod he ne for4briett1 and smeocende fleax he ne a4dwaescth1 #ae aer thaem the he a4weorpe dom to si4ge4 ,and on his naman theoda 4ge4hyhtath4 ,,xiii4 #c-h4 ,sothlice ut eode se sawere his saed to sawenne4 ,and tha tha he seow1 sumu hie feollon with we4g1 and fuglas comon and aeton tha4 ,sothlice sumu feollon on staenihte1 thaer hit #bj #fc naefde mi4cle eorthan1 and hraedlice up sprungon1 for thaem the hie naefdon paere eorthan diepan2 sothlice1 up sprungenre sunnan1 hie a4drugodon and for4scruncon1 for thaem the hie naefdon wyrtruman4 ,sothlice sumu feollon on thornas1 and tha thornas weoxon1 and for4thrysmdon tha4 ,sumu sothlice #be feollon on gode eorthan1 and sealdon waestm1 sum hund-fealdne1 sum siexti4g-fealdne1 sum thriti4g-fealdne14 ,,xiii4 #bd-cj4 ,heofona ri4ce is 4ge4worden thaem me1nn 4ge4lic the seow god saed on his aecere4 ,sothlice1 tha tha me1nn slepon1 tha com his feonda sum1 and ofer4seow hit mid coccele on4middan thaem #cj hwaete1 and ferde thanon4 ,sothlice1 tha seo wyrt weox1 and thone waestm brohte1 tha aet4iewde se coccel hine4 ,tha eodon thaes hlafordes theowas and cwaedon3 ',hlaford1 hu1 ne seowe thu god saed on thinum aecere8 hwanon haefde he coccel8' ,tha cwaeth he3 'thaet dyde unhold mann4' ,tha cwaedon tha #ce theowas3 ',wilt thu1 we gath and gadriath hie8' ,tha cwaep he3 ',nese3 thy laes 4ge thone hwaete a4wyrtwalien1 thonne 4ge thone coccel gadriath4 ,laetath ae4gther weaxan oth rip-timan2 and on paem riptiman ic se14c4ge thaem riperum3 gadriath aerest thone coccel1 and bindath s4ceaf-maelum to for4baernenne2 #dj and gadriath thone hwaete into minum be1rne4' ,,xiii4 #dd-h4 ,heofona ri4ce is 4ge4lic 4ge4hyddum gold-horde on thaem aecere4 ,thone be4hytt se mann the hine fint1 and for his blisse gaeth1 and se1lth eall thaet he ah1 and 4ge4by4gth thone aecer4 ,eft is heofona ri4ce 4ge4lic thaem mangere the sohte thaet gode #de me1re-grot4 ,tha he funde thaet an deor-wierthe me1regrot1 tha eode he1 and sealde eall thaet he ahte1 and bohte thaet me1regrot4 #fd ,eft is heofona ri4ce 4ge4lic a4se1ndum ne1tte on tha sae1 and of aelcum fisc-cynne gadriendum4 ,tha hie tha thaet ne1tt up #ej a4tugon1 and saeton be thaem strande1 tha 4ge4curon hie tha godan on hiera fatu1 and tha yflan hie a4wurpon ut4 ,,xviii4 #ab-ad4 4,gif hwelc mann haefth hund s4ceapa1 and him losath an of thaem1 hu1 ne for4laett he tha nigon and hund4nigonti4g on thaem muntum1 and gaeth1 and se4cth thaet an the for4wearth8 ,and 4gif #ee hit 4ge4limpth thaet he hit fint1 sothlice ic eow se14c4ge thaet he swithor 4ge4blissath for thaem anum thonne for thaem nigon and hund4nigontigum the na ne losodon4 ,,xx4 #a-af4 ,heofona ri4ce is 4ge4lic thaem hiredes ealdre1 the on aernemer4gen ut eode a4hyran wyrhtan on his win-4geard4 4,ge4wordenre #fj 4ge4cwid-raedenne thaem wyrhtum1 he sealde aelcum anne the1ning with his dae4ges weorce1 and a4se1nde hie on his win4geard4 ,and tha he ut eode ymbe undern-tid1 he 4ge4seah othre on straete idle standan4 ,tha cwaeth he3 ',ga 4ge on minne win4geard1 and ic se1lle eow thaet riht bith4' ,and hie tha #fe ferdon4 ,eft he ut eode ymbe tha siextan and nigothan tid1 and dyde thaem swa 4ge4lice4 ,tha ymbe tha e1ndlyftan tid he ut eode1 and funde othre standende1 and tha sae4gde he3 ',hwy stande 4ge her ealne dae4g idle8' ,tha cwaedon hie3 ',for thaem the us nan mann ne hyrde4' ,tha cwaeth he3 ',and #gj ga 4ge on minne win4geard4' ,sothlice tha hit waes aefen 4ge4worden1 tha sae4gde se win4geardes hlaford his 4ge4refan3 ',clipa tha wyrhtan1 and a44gief him hiera mede2 on44ginn fram thaem yt4emestan oth thone fyrmestan4' ,eornostlice tha tha 4ge4comon the ymbe tha e1ndlyftan #ge tid comon1 tha on4fengon hie aelc his pe1ning4 ,and tha the #fe thaer aerest comon1 wendon thaet hie scolden mare on4fon2 tha on4fengon hie syndri4ge the1ningas4 ,tha on4gunnon hie murcnian on44gean thone hiredes ealdor1 and thus cwaedon3 ',thas ytemestan worhton ane tid1 and thu dydest hie 4ge4lice us1 #hj the baeron byrthenna on thisses dae4ges haetan4' ,tha cwaeth he and-swariende hiera anum3 ',eala thu freond1 ne do ic the nanne teonan2 hu1 ne come thu to me to wyr4cenne with anum pe1ninge8 ,nim thaet thin is1 and ga2 ic wile thissum ytemestum se1llan eall swa mi4cel swa the4 ,oththe ne mot ic #he don thaet ic wile8 ,hwaether the thin eage manfull is for thaem the ic god eom8 ,swa beoth tha fyrmestan ytemeste1 and tha ytemestan fyrmeste2 sothlice mani4ge sind 4ge4clipode1 and fea 4ge4corene4' ,,xxii4 #b-ad4 ,heofona ri4ce is 4ge4lic thaem cyninge the macode his suna #ij 4giefta1 and se1nde his theowas1 and clipode tha 4ge4lathodan to thaem 4gieftum4 ,tha noldon hie cuman4 ,tha se1nde he eft othre theowas1 and sae4gde thaem 4ge4lathodum3 ',nu ic 4ge44gearwode mine feorme3 mine fearras and mine fuglas sind of4slae4gene1 and eall min thing sind 4gearu2 cumath to thaem 4gieftum4' ,tha #ie for4giemdon hie thaet1 and ferdon1 sum to his tune1 sum to his mangunge4 ,and tha othre namon his theowas1 and mid teonan 4ge4swe1n4cton1 and of4slogon4 ,tha se cyning thaet 4ge4hierde1 tha waes he ierre1 and se1nde his he1re to1 and for4dyde tha mann-slagan1 and hiera burg for4baernde4 #ajj ,tha cwaeth he to his theowum3 ',witodlice thas 4giefta sind 4gearwe1 ac tha the 4ge4lathode waeron ne sind wierthe4 ,gath nu to wega 4gelaetum1 and clipiath to thissum 4gieftum swa hwelce swa 4ge 4ge4meten4' ,tha eodon tha theowas ut on tha wegas1 and 4ge4gadrodon ealle tha the hie 4ge4metton1 gode and yfle2 #aje tha waeron tha 4gieft-hus mid sittendum mannum 4gefyldu4 ,tha eode se cyning inn1 thaet he wolde 4ge4seon tha the thaer #ff saeton1 and tha 4ge4seah he thaer anne mann the naes mid 4gieftlicum reafe 4gescrydd4 ,tha cwaeth he3 ',la1 freond1 humeta eodest thu inn1 and naefdest 4gieftlic reaf8' ,tha swigode he4 #aaj ,and se cyning cwaeth to his the4gnum3 '4,ge4bindath his handa and his fet1 and weorpath hine on tha yterran theostru2 thaer bith wop and totha grist-bitung4' ,witodlice mani4ge sind 4ge4lathode1 and fea 4ge4corene4 ,,xxv4 #a-ac4 ,thonne bith heofona ri4ce 4ge4lic thaem tien faemnum1 the tha #aae leoht-fatu namon1 and ferdon on44gean thone bryd-guman and tha bryd4 ,hiera fif waeron dysi4ge1 and fif gleawe4 ,and tha fif dysigan namon leohtfatu1 and ne namon nanne ele mid him2 tha gleawan namon ele on hiera fatum mid thaem leohtfatum4 ,tha se brydguma ielde1 tha hnappodon hie ealle1 and slepon4 #abj ,witodlice to middre nihte man hriemde1 and cwaeth3 ',nu se brydguma cymth1 farath him to44geanes4' ,tha a4rison ealle tha faemnan1 and gle1n4gdon hiera leohtfatu4 ,tha cwaedon tha dysigan to paem wisum3 ',se1llath us of eowrum ele1 for thaem ure leohtfatu sind a4cwe1n4ctu4' ,tha and4swarodon tha gleawan1 #abe and cwaedon3 ',nese2 thy laes the we and 4ge naebben 4genog3 gath to thaem 4ciependum1 and by4c4gath eow ele4' ,witodlice1 tha hie ferdon1 and woldon by4c4gan1 tha com se brydguma2 and tha the 4gearwe waeron eodon inn mid him to thaem 4gieftum2 and seo duru waes be4locen4 ,tha aet niehstan comon #acj tha othre faemnan1 and cwaedon3 ',dryhten1 ,dryhten1 laet us inn4' ,tha and-swarode he him1 and cwaeth3 ',soth ic eow se14c4ge1 ne cann ic eow4' ,witodlice1 waciath1 for thaem the 4ge nyton ne thone dae4g ne tha tid4 ,,xxv4 #ad-cj4 ,sum mann ferde on e1ltheodi4gnesse1 and clipode his #ace #fg theowas1 and be4taehte him his aehta4 ,and anum he sealde fif pund1 sumum twa1 sumum an3 ae4ghwelcum be his agnum mae4gne2 and ferde sona4 ,tha ferde se the tha fif pund under4feng1 and 4ge4striende othru fif4 ,and eall-swa se the tha twa under4feng1 4ge4striende #adj othru twa4 ,witodlice se the thaet an under4feng1 ferde1 and be4dealf hit on eorthan1 and be4hydde his hlafordes feoh4 ,witodlice aefter mi4clum fierste com thara theowa hlaford1 and dihte him 4ge4rad4 ,tha com se the tha fif pund under4feng1 and brohte othru fif1 and cwaeth3 ',hlaford1 fif pund thu sealdest #ade me2 nu ic 4ge4striende othru fif4' ,tha cwaep his hlaford to him3 ',beo blithe1 thu goda theow and 4ge4treowa3 for thaem the thu waere 4ge4treowe ofer lytlu thing1 ic 4ge4se1tte the ofer mi4clu2 ga into thines hlafordes blisse4' ,tha com se the tha twa pund under4feng1 and cwaeth3 ',hlaford1 twa pund thu #aej me sealdest2 nu ic haebbe 4ge4striened othru twa4' ,tha cwaeth his hlaford to him3 '4,ge4blissa1 thu goda theow and 4getreowa3 for thaem the thu waere 4ge4treowe ofer fea1 ofer fela ic the 4ge4se1tte2 ga on thines hlafordes 4ge4fean4' ,tha com se the thaet an pund under4feng1 and cwaeth3 ',hlaford1 ic wat thaet #aee thu eart heard mann3 thu ripst thaer thu ne seowe1 and gaderast thaer thu ne spre1n4gdest4 ,and ic ferde of4draedd1 and be4hydde thin pund on eorthan2 her thu haefst thaet thin is4' ,tha andswarode his hlaford him1 and cwaeth3 'thu yfla theow and slawa1 thu wistest thaet ic ripe thaer ic ne seowe1 #afj and ic gadri4ge thaer ic ne stredde3 hit 4ge4byrede thaet thu be4faeste min feoh myneterum1 and ic name1 thonne ic come1 thaet min is1 mid thaem gafole4 ,a4nimath thaet pund aet him1 and se1llath thaem the me tha tien pund brohte4 ,witodlice aelcum thara the haefth man se1lth1 and he haefth 4ge4nog2 thaem the naefth1 #afe thaet him thyn4cth thaet he haebbe1 thaet him bith aet4brogden4 ,and weorpath thone un4nyttan theow on tha yterran theostru2 thaer bith wop and totha grist4bitung4' #fh ,,iii4 ,,old ,,testament ,,pieces4 ,i4 ,aefter thaem sothlice ealle me1nn spraecon ane sprae4ce4 ,tha tha hie ferdon fram ,east-daele1 hie fundon anne feld on ,sennaar-lande1 and wunodon thaer-on4 ,tha cwaedon hie him be4tweonan3 ',uton wyr4can us ti4gelan1 and aelan hie on fyre6' ,witodlice hie haefdon ti4gelan for #e stan and tierwan for weal-lim4 ,and hie cwaedon3 ',uton timbrian us 4ceastre1 and stiepel oth heofon heanne6 uton weorthian urne naman1 aer thaem the we sien to4daelde 4geond ealle eorthan6' ,witodlice ,dryhten a4stag nither1 to thaem thaet he 4ge4sawe #aj tha burg and thone stiepel1 the ,adames bearn 4ge4timbrodon4 ,and he cwaeth3 'this is an folc1 and ealle hie sprecath an laeden1 and hie be4gunnon this to wyr4cenne3 ne 4ge4swicath hie aer thaem the hit 4gearu sie2 sothlice uton cuman and to4daelan hiera sprae4ce6' #ae ,swa ,dryhten hie to4daelde of thaere stowe 4geond ealle eorthan4 ,and for thaem man ne1mnde tha stowe ,babel for thaem the thaer waeron to4daelde ealle sprae4ca4 ,,ii4 ,god wolde pa fandian ,abrahames 4ge4hiersumnesse1 and clipode his naman1 and cwaeth him thus to3 ',nim thinne #bj an-ce1nnedan sunu ,isaac1 the thu lufast1 and far to thaem #fi lande ,visionis hrathe1 and 4ge4offra hine thaer uppan anre dune4' ,abraham tha a4ras on thaere ilcan nihte1 and ferde mid twaem cnapum to thaem fierlenum lande1 and ,isaac samod1 #be on assum ridende4 ,tha on thaem thriddan dae4ge1 tha hie tha dune 4ge4sawon1 thaer thaer hie to scoldon to of4sleanne ,isaac1 tha cwaeth ,abraham to thaem twaem cnapum thus3 ',andbidiath eow her mid thaem assum sume hwile6 ic and thaet 4cild gath unc to 4ge4biddenne1 #cj and wit siththan cumath sona eft to eow4' ,abraham tha het ,isaac beran thone wudu to thaere stowe1 and he self baer his sweord and fyr4 ,isaac tha ascode ,abraham his faeder3 ',faeder min1 ic asci4ge hwaer seo offrung sie2 her is wudu and fyr4' ,him andwyrde se faeder3 ',god fores4ceawath1 #ce min sunu1 him self tha offrunge4' ,hie comon tha to thaere stowe the him 4ge4sweotolode ,god2 and he thaer weofod a4raerde on tha ealdan wisan1 and thone wudu 4ge4logode swa swa he hit wolde habban to his suna baernette1 siththan he of4slae4gen wurde4 ,he 4ge4band tha his #dj sunu1 and his sweord a4teah1 thaet he hine 4ge4offrode on tha ealdan wisan4 ,mid thaem the he wolde thaet weorc be44ginnan1 tha clipode ,godes e1n4gel arodlice of heofonum3 ',abraham6' ,he andwyrde sona4 ,se e1n4gel him cwaeth to3 ',ne a4cwe1le thu #de thaet 4cild1 ne thine hand ne a4stre14ce ofer his sweoran6 ,nu ic on4cneow sothlice thaet pu on4draetst swithe ,god1 nu pu pinne an-ce1nnedan sunu woldest of4slean for him4' ,tha be4seah ,abraham sona under baec1 and 4ge4seah thaer anne ramm be4twix thaem bremlum be thaem hornum 4ge4haeftne1 #ej and he haefde thone ramm to thaere offrunge1 and hine thaer of4snath ,gode to lace for his sunu ,isaac4 ,he het tha stowe ,dominus videt1 thaet is ',god 4ge4sihth1' and 4giet is 4ge4sae4gd swa1 ,in monte ,dominus videbit1 thaet is1 ',god 4ge4sihth on dune4' #gj ,eft clipode se e1n4gel ,abraham1 and cwaeth3 ',ic sae4gde #ee thurh me selfne1 sae4gde se ,aelmihtiga1 nu thu noldest arian thinum ance1nnedum suna1 ac the waes min e14ge mare thonne his lif1 ic the nu bletsi4ge1 and thinne of-spring ge4mani4g-fielde swa swa steorran on heofonum1 and swa swa sand-4ceosol on sae2 thin ofspring s4ceal agan hiera feonda 4geatu4 ,and on #fj thinum saede beoth ealle theoda 4ge4bletsode1 for thaem the thu 4ge4hiersumodest minre haese thus4' ,abraham tha 4ge44cierde sona to his cnapum1 and ferdon him ham sona mid heofonlicre bletsunge4 ,,iii4 ,sum cwen waes on suth-daele1 ,saba 4ge4haten1 snotor and #fe wis4 ,tha 4ge4hierde heo ,salomones hlisan1 and com fram thaem suthernum 4ge4maerum to ,salomone binnan ,hierusalem mid mi4celre fare1 and hiere olfendas baeron sutherne wyrta1 and deor-wierthe 4gimm-stanas1 and un-4gerim gold4 ,seo cwen tha haefde sprae4ce with ,salomon1 and sae4gde him swa hwaet #gj swa heo on hiere heortan 4ge4thohte4 ,salomon tha hie laerde1 and hiere sae4gde ealra thara worda and4giet the heo hine ascode4 ,tha 4ge4seah seo cwen ,salomones wisdom1 and thaet maere tempel the he 4ge4timbrod haefde1 and tha lac the man ,gode offrode1 and thaes cyninges mani4g-fealde the4gnunga1 and waes #ge to thaem swithe of4wundrod thaet heo naefde furthor nanne gast1 for thaem the heo ne mihte na furthor smean4 ,heo cwaeth tha to thaem cyninge3 ',soth is thaet word the ic 4ge4hierde on minum earde be the and be thinum wisdome1 ac ic nolde 4ge4liefan aer thaem the ic self hit 4ge4sawe4 ,nu haebbe ic a4fandod #hj thaet me naes be healfum daele thin maertho 4ge4cyped4 ,mare is thin wisdom and thin weorc thonne se hlisa waere the ic 4ge4hierde4 ,eadige sind thine the4gnas and thine theowas1 the simle aet4foran the standath1 and thinne wisdom 4ge4hierath4 4,ge4bletsod sie se aelmihtiga ,god1 the the 4ge44ceas and 4ge4se1tte #he #ga ofer ,israhela ri4ce1 thaet thu domas se1tte and riht-wisnesse1' ,heo for44geaf thaeem cyninge tha hund4twe1lfti4g punda goldes1 and un4gerim deorwierthra wyrta and deorwierthra 4gimmstana4 ,salomon eac for44geaf thaere cwene swa hwaes swa heo 4giernde aet him2 and heo 4ge4we1nde on44gean to hiere ethle mid hiere #ij the4gnum4 ,salomon tha waes 4ge4maersod ofer eallum eorthlicum cyningum1 and ealle theoda 4ge4wilnodon thaet hie hine 4ge4sawen1 and his wisdom 4ge4hierden1 and hie him mani4gfeald lac brohton4 ,seo cwen haefde 4ge4tacnunge thaere halgan 4ge4lathunge ealles #ie cristenes folces1 the com to thaem 4ge4sibbsuman ,criste to 4ge4hierenne his wisdom and tha god-spellican lare tha he a4stealde1 and be on4liehtunge thaes sothan 4ge4leafan1 and be thaem toweardan dome1 be urre sawle un-deadlicnesse1 and be hyhte and wuldre thaes 4ge4maenelican aeristes4 #ajj ,seo cwen com to ,salomone mid mi4clum lacum on golde and on deorwierthum 4gimmstanum and wyrt-braethum2 and thaet baeron olfendas4 ,seo 4ge4leaffulle 4ge4lathung1 the cymth of aelcum earde to ,criste1 bringth him thas fore-sae4gdan lac aefter gastlicum and4giete4 ,heo offrath him gold thurh sothne #aje 4ge4leafan1 and wyrtbraethas thurh 4ge4bedu1 and deorwierthe 4gimmas thurh fae4gernesse godra theawa and hali4gra mae4gna4 ,be thisse 4ge4lathunge cwaeth se witega to ,gode3 ,adstitit regina a dextris tuis1 in vestitu deaurato1 circumdata varietate1 thaet is1 'seo cwen ste1nt aet thinre swithran1 on ofergyldum #aaj 4gierlan1 ymb4scrydd mid mani4gfealdre fagnesse4' ,seo gastlice cwen1 ,godes 4ge4lathung1 is 4ge4gle1n4ged mid deorwierthre fraetwunge and mani4gfealdum bleo godra drohtnunga and mihta4 ,heo sae4gde ,salomone ealle hiere diegolnessa1 and seo #aae 4ge4lathung 4ge4openath ,criste hiere inn-4gehy4gd and tha dieglan 4ge4thohtas on sothre andetnesse4 ,olfendas baeron tha deorwierthan lac mid thaere cwene #gb into ,hierusalem2 for thaem the tha haethnan1 the aer waeron 4ge4hoferode thurh 4gitsunge and atollice thurh leahtras1 baeron1 #abj thurh hiera 4ge44cierrednesse and 4ge4leafan1 tha gastlican lac to ,cristes handum4 ,seo cwen wundrode ,salomones wisdomes1 and his 4ge4timbrunga1 and the4gnunga2 and seo 4ge4lathung wundrath ,cristes wisdomes1 for thaem the he is soth wisdom1 and eall wisdom is #abe of him4 ,he 4ge4timbrode tha healican heofonas and ealne middan4geard1 and ealle 4ge4sceafta 4ge4se1tte on thrim thingum1 in mensura1 et pondere1 et numero1 thaet is1 on 4ge4mete1 and on he1fe1 and on 4ge4tele4 ,cristes the4gnung is ure haelo and folca a4liesednes1 and tha sind 4ge4saeli4ge the him the4gniath to #acj 4ge4cwemednesse on thaem gastlicum 4ge4rynum4 ,seo cwen sae4gde thaet hiere naere be healfum daele 4ge4sae4gd be ,salomones maertho1 and seo gastlice cwen1 ,godes 4ge4lathung1 oththe 4ge4hwelc hali4g sawol1 thonne heo cymth to thaere heofonlican ,hierusalem1 thonne 4ge4sihth heo mi4cle maran maertho #ace and wuldor thonne hiere aer on life thurh witegan oththe apostolas 4ge4cydd waere4 ,ne mae4g nan eage on thissum life 4ge4seon1 ne nan eare 4ge4hieran1 ne nanes mannes heorte a4smean tha thing the ,god 4gearcath thaem the hine lufiath4 ,tha thing we magon be44gietan1 ac we ne magon hie a4smean1 #adj ne us naefre ne a4thriett thara goda 4ge4nyhtsumnes4 ,crist is ealra cyninga cyning1 and swa swa ealle theoda woldon 4ge4seon thone 4ge4sibbsuman ,salomon1 and his wisdom 4ge4hieran1 and him mislicu lac brohton1 swa eac nu of eallum theodum 4ge4wilniath me1nn to 4ge4seonne thone 4ge-sibbsuman #ade ,crist thurh 4ge4leafan1 and thone godspellican wisdom 4ge4hieran1 and hie him dae4g-hwaemlice tha gastlican lac 4ge4offriath on mani4gfealdum 4ge4metum4 ,,iv4 ,on ,cyres dagum cyninges wre4gdon tha ,babiloniscan thone #gc witegan ,daniel1 for thaem the he to4wearp hiera deofol-4gield1 #aej and cwaedon an-modlice to thaem fore-sae4gdan cyninge ,cyrum3 ',betae4c us ,daniel1 the urne god ,bel to4wearp1 and thone dracan a4cwealde the we on be4liefdon2 4gif thu hine for4ste1ntst1 we for4dilgiath the and thinne hired4' ,tha 4ge4seah se cyning thaet hie an-mode waeron1 and niedunga #aee thone witegan him to handum a4s4ceaf4 ,hie tha hine a4wurpon into anum seathe1 on thaem waeron seofon leon1 thaem man sealde dae4ghwaemlice twa hritheru and twa s4ceap1 ac him waes tha of4togen aelces fodan siex dagas1 thaet hie thone ,godes mann a4bitan scolden4 #afj ,on thaere tide waes sum other witega on ,judea-lande1 his nama waes ,abacuc1 se baer his rifterum me1te to aecere4 ,tha com him to ,godes e1n4gel1 and cwaeth3 ',abacuc1 ber thone me1te to ,babilone1 and se1le ,daniele1 se the sitt on thara leona seathe4' ,abacuc andwyrde thaem e1n4gle3 ',la leof1 ne 4ge4seah #afe ic naefre tha burg1 ne ic thone seath nat4' ,tha se e1n4gel 4ge4laehte hine be thaem feaxe1 and hine baer to ,babilone1 and hine se1tte bufan thaem seathe4 ,tha clipode se ,abacuc3 'thu ,godes theow1 ,daniel1 nim thas lac the the ,god se1nde6' ,daniel cwaeth3 ',min ,dryhten ,haelend1 sie the lof #agj and weorth-mynd thaet thu me 4ge4mundest4' ,and he tha thaere sande breac4 ,witodlice ,godes e1n4gel thaer-rihte mid swiftum flyhte 4ge4brohte thone disc-the4gn1 ,abacuc1 thaer he hine aer 4ge4nam4 ,se cyning tha ,cyrus on thaem seofothan dae4ge eode dreori4g #age to thara leona seathe1 and inn be4seah1 and efne tha ,daniel sittende waes 4ge4sundfull on4middan thaem leonum4 ,tha clipode se cyning mid mi4celre stefne3 ',maere is se ,god the ,daniel on be4liefth4' ,and he tha mid thaem worde hine a4teah of thaem scraefe1 and het inn weorpan tha the hine aer for4don woldon4 #ahj ,thaes cyninges haes wearth hraedlice 4ge4fre1mmed1 and thaes witegan ehteras wurdon a4scofene be4twix tha leon1 and hie #gd thaer-rihte mid graedigum 4ceaflum hie ealle to4taeron4 ,tha cwaeth se cyning3 ',forhtien and on4draeden ealle eorth-buend ,danieles ,god1 for thaem the he is ,a4liesend and ,haelend1 #ahe wyr4cende tacnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorthan4' ,v4 ,nabochodonosor1 se haethena cyning1 4ge4he1rgode on ,godes folce1 on ,judea-lande1 and for hiera man-daedum ,god thaet 4ge4thafode4 ,tha 4ge4nam he tha mathm-fatu1 gyldenu and silfrenu1 binnan ,godes temple1 and to his lande mid him #aij 4ge4laedde4 ,hit 4ge4lamp eft siththan thaet he on swefne ane 4ge4sihthe be him selfum 4ge4seah1 swa swa him siththan a4eode4 ,aefter thissum ymb twelf monath1 eode se cyning binnan his healle mid ormaetre up-ahafennesse1 he1riende his weorc and his miht1 and cwaeth3 ',hu1 ne is this seo mi4cle ,babilon1 #aie the ic self 4ge4timbrode to cyne-stole and to thrymme1 me selfum to wlite and wuldre1 mid minum agnum mae4gne and stre1n4gtho8' ,ac him clipode thaerrihte to swithe e14geslic stefn of heofonum1 thus cwethende3 ',thu ,nabochodonosor1 thin ri4ce 4ge4witt fram the1 and thu bist fram mannum a4worpen1 #bjj and thin wunung bith mid wildeorum1 and thu itst gaers1 swa swa oxa1 seofon 4gear1 oth thaet thu wite thaet se healica ,god 4ge4wielt manna ri4ca1 and thaet he for44giefth ri4ce thaem the he wile4' ,witodlice on thaere ilcan tide waes theos sprae4c 4ge4fylled #bje ofer ,nabochodonosor1 and he arn to wuda1 and wunode mid wildeorum1 leofode be gaerse1 swa swa nieten1 oth thaet his feax weox swa swa wif-manna1 and his nae4glas swa swa earnes clawa4 ,eft siththan him for44geaf se aelmihtiga ,wealdend his 4ge4witt1 #baj and he cwaeth3 ',ic ,nabochodonosor a4hof min eagan up to heofonum1 and min and4giet me wearth for44giefen1 and ic tha bletsode thone hiehstan ,god1 and ic he1rede and wuldrode #ge thone the leofath on e4cnesse1 for thaem the his miht is e4ce1 and his ri4ce ste1nt on mae4gthe and on mae4gthe4 ,ealle eorth-buend #bae sind to nahte 4ge4tealde on his with4metennesse4 ,aefter his willan he deth ae4gther 4ge on heofone 4ge on eorthan1 and nis nan thing the his mihte with4stande1 oththe him to cwethe 'hwy dest thu swa8' ,on thaere tide min and4giet 4ge4we1nde to me1 and ic be4com to weorth-mynde mines cyne-ri4ces1 and min #bbj me1nnisce hiw me be4com4 ,mine witan me sohton1 and min maertho wearth 4ge4eacnod4 ,nu eornostlice ic maersi4ge and wuldri4ge thone heofonlican cyning1 for thaem the eall his weorc sind soth1 and his wegas riht-wise1 and he mae4g 4ge4eath-medan tha the on modi4gnesse farath4' #bbe ,thus 4ge4eathmedde se aelmihtiga ,god thone modigan cyning ,nabochodonosor4 #gf ,,iv4 ,,samson4 ,an mann waes eardiende on ,israhela theode1 ,manue 4ge4haten1 of thaere mae4gthe ,dan2 his wif waes un-tiemend1 and hie wunodon butan 4cilde4 ,him com tha gangende to ,godes e1n4gel1 and cwaeth thaet hie scolden habban sunu him 4ge4maenne2 'ne he ealu ne drince naefre oththe win1 ne naht #e fules ne thi4c4ge2 se bith ,gode hali4g fram his 4cildhade2 and man ne mot hine e1fsian oththe be4s4cieran1 for thaem the he on44ginth to a4liesenne his folc1 ,israhela theode1 of ,philistea theowte4' ,heo a4ce1nde tha sunu1 swa swa hiere sae4gde se e1n4gel1 and #aj het hine ,samson2 and he swithe weox2 and ,god hine bletsode1 and ,godes gast waes on him4 ,he wearth tha mihti4g on mi4celre stre1n4gtho1 swa thaet he 4ge4laehte ane leon be we4ge1 the hine a4bitan wolde1 and to4brae4gd hie to sty4c4cum1 swelce he to4taere sum eathelic ti4c4cen4 #ae ,he be4gann tha to winnenne with tha ,philisteos1 and hiera fela of4slog and to scame tucode1 theah the hie onweald haefden ofer his leode4 ,tha ferdon tha ,philistei forth aefter ,samsone1 and heton his leode thaet hie hine a44geafen to hiera onwealde1 thaet hie wrecan mihten hiera teon-raedenne mid tintregum #bj on him4 ,hie tha hine 4ge4bundon mid twaem baestenum rapum and hine 4ge4laeddon to thaem folce4 ,and tha ,philisteiscan thaes fae4gnodon swithe2 urnon him to44geanes ealle hlydende2 woldon hine tintre4gian for hiera teonraedenne4 ,tha to4brae4gd ,samson be4gen his earmas1 thaet tha rapas to-burston the he mid #be #gg 4ge4bunden waes4 ,and he 4ge4laehte th a sona sumes assan 4cinn-ban the he thaer funde1 and 4ge4feaht with hie1 and of4slo4g an thusend mid thaes assan 4cinnbane4 ,he wearth tha swithe of4thyrst for thaem wundorlican sle14ge1 and baed thone heofonlican ,god thaet he him a4se1nde drincan1 for thaem the on thaere #cj neawiste naes nan waeters4cipe4 ,tha arn of thaen 4cinnbane of anum teth waeter2 and ,samson tha dranc1 and his ,dryhtne thancode4 ,aefter thissum he ferde to ,philistea lande1 into anre byri4g on hiera onwealde1 ,gaza 4ge4haten4 ,and hie thaes fae4gnodon2 #ce be4se1tton tha thaet hus the he inne wunode2 woldon hine 4ge4niman mid thaem the he ut eode on aerne-mer4gen1 and hine of4slean4 ,hwaet tha ,samson hiera sierwunga under44geat2 and a4ras on middre nihte to4middes his feondum1 and 4ge4nam tha burg-4geatu1 and 4ge4baer on his hry4c4ge mid thaem postum1 #dj swa swa hie be4locenu waeron1 up to anre dune to ufeweardum thaem cnolle2 and eode swa or-sorg of hiera 4ge4sihthum4 ,hine be4swac swa4theah siththan an wif1 ,dalila 4ge4haten1 of thaem haethnan folce1 swa thaet he hiere sae4gde1 thurh hiere swicdom #de be4paeht1 on hwaem his stre1n4gtho waes and his wundorlicu miht4 ,tha haethnan ,philistei be4heton hiere s4ceattas with thaem the heo be4swice ,samson thone strangan4 ,tha ascode heo hine 4georne mid hiere olae4cunge on hwaem his miht waere2 and he hiere andwyrde3 '4,gif ic beo 4ge4bunden mid seofon #ej rapum1 of sinum 4geworhte1 sona ic beo 4ge4wield4' ,thaet swicole wif tha be44geat tha seofon rapas1 and he thurh sierwunge swa wearth 4ge4bunden4 ,and him man cythde thaet thaer comon his fiend2 tha to4braec he sona tha rapas1 swa swa he1fel-thraedas2 and thaet wif nyste on hwaem his miht #ee waes4 ,he wearth eft 4ge4bunden mid eall-niwum rapum2 and he tha to4braec1 swa swa tha othre4 ,heo be4swac hine swa4theah1 thaet he hiere sae4gde aet #gh niehstan3 ',ic eom ,gode 4ge4halgod fram minum 4cildhade2 and ic naes naefre 4ge4e1fsod1 ne naefre be4scoren2 and 4gif ic beo #fj be4scoren1 thonne beo ic un-mihti4g1 othrum mannum 4ge4lic2' and heo let tha swa4 ,heo tha on sumum dae4ge1 tha tha he on slaepe lae4g1 for44cearf his seofon loccas1 and a4weahte hine siththan2 tha waes he swa unmihti4g swa swa othre me1nn4 ,and tha ,philistei #fe 4ge4fengon hine sona1 swa swa heo hine be4laewde1 and 4ge4laeddon hine on4we4g2 and heo haefde thone s4ceatt1 swa swa him 4ge4wearth4 ,hie tha hine a4ble1ndon1 and 4ge4bundenne laeddon on heardum racenteagum ham to hiera byri4g1 and on cwearterne #gj be4lucon to langre fierste3 heton hine grindan aet hiera hand-cweorne4 ,tha weoxon his loccas and his miht eft on him4 ,and tha ,philistei full4blithe waeron3 thancodon hiera ,gode1 ,dagon 4ge4haten1 swelce hie thurh his fultum hiera feond 4ge4wielden4 #ge ,tha ,philistei tha mi4cle feorme 4ge4worhton1 and 4ge4samnodon hie on sumre up-flora1 ealle tha heafod-me1nn1 and eac swelce wif-me1nn1 threo thusend manna on mi4celre blisse4 ,and tha tha hie blithost waeron1 tha baedon hie sume thaet ,samson moste him macian sum gamen2 and hine man sona #hj 4ge4fe1tte mid swithlicre wafunge1 and heton hine standan be4twix twaem staenenum sweorum4 ,on thaem twaem sweorum stod thaet hus eall 4ge4worht4 ,and ,samson tha plegode swithe him aet4foran2 and 4ge4laehte tha sweoras mid swithlicre mihte1 and slog hie to4gaedre thaet hie sona to4burston2 and #he thaet hus tha a4feoll eall1 thaem folce to deathe1 and ,samson forth mid1 swa thaet he mi4cle ma on his deathe a4cwealde thonne he aer cwic dyde4 #gi ,v4 ,,from ,,the ,,chronicle4 ,breten ie4g-land is eahta hund mila lang1 and twa hund mila brad2 and her sind on thaem ie4glande fif 4ge4theodu3 ,e1n4glisc1 ,brettisc1 ,scyttisc1 ,pihtisc1 and ,boc-laeden4 ,aerest waeron buend thisses landes ,brettas4 ,tha comon of ,armenia1 and 4ge4saeton suthan-wearde ,bretene aerest4 ,tha #e 4ge4lamp hit thaet ,peohtas comon suthan of ,scithian mid langum s4cipum1 na manigum2 and tha comon aerest on ,north-ibernian up2 and thaer baedon ,scottas thaet hie thaer mosten wunian4 ,ac hie noldon him liefan1 for thaem the hie cwaedon thaet hie ne mihten ealle aet4gaedre 4ge4wunian thaer4 #aj ,and tha cwaedon tha ,scottas3 ',we magon eow hwaethre raed 4ge4laeran3 we witon other ie4gland her-be4eastan2 thaer 4ge magon eardian1 4gif 4ge willath2 and 4gif hwa eow with4ste1nt1 we eow fultumiath thaet 4ge hit mae4gen 4ge4gan4' ,tha ferdon tha ,peohtas1 and 4geferdon this land northan-weard2 #ae suthan-weard hit haefdon ,brettas1 swa swa we aer cwaedon4 ,and tha ,peohtas him a4baedon wif aet ,scottum on tha 4ge4rad thaet hie 4ge4curen hiera cyne-cynn a on tha wif-healfe4 ,thaet hie heoldon swa lange siththan4 ,and tha 4ge4lamp ymbe 4geara ryne thaet ,scotta sum dael #bj 4ge4wat of ,ibernian on ,bretene1 and thaes landes sumne dael 4ge4eodon2 and waes hiera he1re-toga ,reoda 4ge4haten3 fram thaem hie sind 4ge4ne1mnede ,dalreodi4 #hj ,anno #ddi4 ,her ,martianus and ,valentinus on4fengon ri4ce1 and ri4csodon seofon winter4 #be ,and on hiera dagum1 ,he1n4gest and ,horsa1 fram ,wyrt4georne 4ge4lathode1 ,bretta cyninge1 4ge4sohton ,bretene on thaem ste1de the is 4ge4ne1mned ,ypwines-fleot1 aerest ,brettum to fultume1 ac hie eft on hie fuhton4 ,se cyning het hie feohtan on44gean ,peohtas2 and hie swa #cj dydon1 and si4ge haefdon swa hwaer swa hie comon4 ,hie tha se1ndon to ,angle1 and heton him se1ndan maran fultum2 and heton him se14c4gan ,bret-weala nahtnesse and thaes landes cysta4 ,hie tha se1ndon him maran fultum4 ,tha comon tha me1nn of thrim mae4gthum 4,germanie3 of ,eald-seaxum1 of #ce ,e1n4glum1 of ,iotum4 ,of ,iotum comon ,cant-ware and ,wiht-ware--thaet is seo mae4gth the nu eardath on ,wiht--and thaet cynn on ,west-seaxum the man nu44giet haett ',iotena cynn4' ,of ,eald-seaxum comon ,east-seaxe1 and ,suth-seaxe1 and ,west-seaxe4 #dj ,of ,angle comon--se a siththan stod weste be4twix ,iotum and ,seaxum--,east-e1n4gle1 ,middel-e1n4gle1 ,mier4ce1 and ealle ,northhymbre4 #dee4 ,her ,he1n4gest and ,horsa fuhton with ,wyrt4georne thaem cyninge in thaere stowe the is 4ge4cweden ,ae4gles-threp2 #de and his brothor ,horsan man of4slog4 ,and aefter thaem ,he1n4gest feng to ri4ce1 and ,aesc his sunu4 #deg4 ,her ,he1n4gest and ,aesc fuhton with ,brettas in thaere stowe the is 4ge4cweden ,cre14c4gan-ford1 and thaer of4slogon feower thusend wera4 ,and tha ,brettas tha for4leton ,ce1nt-land1 #ej and mid mi4cle e14ge flugon to ,lunden-byri4g4 #dgc4 ,her ,hen4gest and ,aesc 4ge4fuhton with ,wealas1 and 4ge4namon un-arimedlicu he1re-reaf1 and tha ,wealas flugon tha ,e1n4gle swa swa fyr4 #ghg4 ,her nam ,beorht-ri4c cyning ,offan dohtor ,ead-burge4 #ee ,and on his dagum comon aerest threo s4cipu2 and tha se #ha 4ge4refa thaer to rad1 and hie wolde drifan to thaes cyninges tune1 thy he nyste hwaet hie waeron2 and hine man of4slog4 ,thaet waeron tha aerestan s4cipu ,de1niscra manna the ,angel-cynnes land 4ge4sohton4 #fj #hea4 ,her 4,ceorl ealdor-mann 4ge4feaht with haethne me1nn mid ,defena-s4cire aet ,wi4c4gan-beorge1 and thaer mi4cel wael 4ge4slogon1 and si4ge namon4 ,and thy ilcan 4geare ,aethelstan cyning and ,ealhhe1re dux mi4celne he1re of4slogon aet ,sand-wic on ,ce1nt2 and nigon #fe s4cipu 4ge4fengon1 and tha othru 4ge4fliemdon2 and haethne me1nn aerest ofer winter saeton4 ,and thy ilcan 4geare com feorthe healf hund s4cipa on ,te1mese-muthan1 and braecon ,cantwara-burg1 and ,lunden-burg1 and 4ge4fliemdon ,beorhtwulf ,mier4cna cyning mid his #gj fierde2 and ferdon tha suth ofer ,te1mese on ,suthri4ge2 and him 4ge4feaht with ,aethelwulf cyning and ,aethelbeald his sunu aet ,ac-lea mid ,west-seaxna fierde1 and thaer thaet maeste wael 4ge4slogon on haethnum he1re the we se14c4gan hierdon oth thisne andweardan dae4g1 and thaer si4ge namon4 #ge #hfg4 ,her for se he1re of ,east-e1n4glum ofer ,humbre-muthan to ,eoforwic-4ceastre on ,north-hymbre4 ,and thaer waes mi4cel un-4gethwaernes thaere theode be4twix him selfum1 and hie haefdon hiera cyning a4worpenne ,osbryht1 and un-4gecyndne cyning under4fengon ,aellan4 ,and hie late on 4geare to thaem #hj 4ge44cierdon thaet hie with thone he1re winnende waeron2 and hie theah mi4cle fierd 4ge4gadrodon1 and thone he1re sohton aet ,eoforwic-4ceastre2 and on tha 4ceastre braecon1 and hie sume inne wurdon2 and thaer waes un-4gemetlic wael ge4slae4gen ,northanhymbra1 sume binnan1 sume butan1 and tha cyningas #he be4gen ofslae4gene2 and seo laf with thone he1re frith nam4 #hb ,,vi4 ,,king ,,edmund4 ,sum swithe 4ge4laered munuc com suthan ofer sae fram sancte ,benedictes stowe1 on ,aethelredes cyninges dae4ge1 to ,dunstane aer4ce-biscope1 thrim 4gearum aer thaem the he forth4ferde1 and se munuc hatte ,abbo4 ,tha wurdon hie aet sprae4ce1 oth thaet ,dunstan reahte be sancte ,eadmunde1 swa swa ,eadmundes #e sweord-bora hit reahte ,aethelstane cyninge1 tha tha ,dunstan 4geong mann waes1 and se sweord-bora waes for4ealdod mann4 ,tha 4ge4se1tte se munuc ealle tha1 4ge4re14cednesse on anre bec1 and eft1 tha tha seo boc com to us1 binnan feam 4gearum1 tha a4we1ndon we hit on ,e1n4glisc1 swa swa hit her4aefter #aj ste1nt4 ,se munuc tha ,abbo binnan twaem 4gearum 4ge4we1nde ham to his mynstre1 and wearth sona to abbode 4ge4se1tt on thaem ilcan mynstre4 ,eadmund se eadiga1 ,east-e1n4gla cyning1 waes snotor and weorthfull1 and weorthode simle mid aethelum theawum thone #ae aelmihtigan ,god4 ,he waes eath-mod and 4ge4thungen1 and swa an-raed thurh4wunode thaet he nolde a4bugan to bismerfullum leahtrum1 ne on nawthre healfe he ne a4hielde his theawas1 ac waes simle 4ge4myndi4g thaere sothan lare3 '4,gif thu eart to heafod-me1nn 4ge4se1tt1 ne a4he1fe thu the1 ac beo be4twix #bj mannum swa swa an mann of him4' ,he waes cysti4g waedlum and widewum swa swa faeder1 and mid wel-willendnesse 4ge4wissode his folc simle to riht-wisnesse1 and thaem rethum stierde1 and 4ge4saeli4glice leofode on sothum 4ge4leafan4 #be #hc ,hit 4ge4lamp tha aet niehstan thaet tha ,de1niscan leode ferdon mid s4cip-he1re1 he1rgiende and sleande wide 4geond land1 swa swa hiera 4ge4wuna is4 ,on thaem flotan waeron tha fyrmestan heafod-me1nn1 ,hinguar and ,hubba1 4ge4anlaehte thurh deofol1 and hie on ,northhymbra-lande 4ge4le1ndon mid aescum1 and #cj a4weston thaet land1 and tha leode of4slogon4 ,tha 4ge4we1nde ,hinguar east mid his s4cipum1 and ,hubba be4laf on ,northhymbra-lande1 4ge4wunnenum si4ge mid wael-hreownesse4 ,hinguar tha be4com to ,east-e1n4glum rowende on thaem 4geare the ,aelfred aetheling an and twe1nti4g 4geara waes1 se the ,west-seaxna #ce cyning siththan wearth maere4 ,and se fore-sae4gda ,hinguar faerlice1 swa swa wulf1 on lande be4stealcode1 and tha leode slog1 weras and wif1 and tha un4gewittigan 4cild1 and to bismere tucode tha bilewitan ,cristenan4 ,he se1nde tha siththan sona to thaem cyninge beotlic aerende1 thaet he #dj a4bugan scolde to his mann-raedenne1 4gif he his feores rohte4 ,se aerend-raca com tha to ,eadmunde cyninge1 and ,hinguares aerende him arodlice a4bead3 ',hinguar ure cyning1 cene and si4gefaest on sae and on lande1 haefth fela theoda 4ge4weald1 and com nu mid fierde faerlice her to lande1 thaet #de he her winter-setl mid his werode haebbe4 ,nu haett he the daelan thine dieglan gold-hordas and thinra ieldrena 4ge4streon arodlice with hine1 and thu beo his under-cyning1 4gif thu cwic beon wilt1 for thaem the thu naefst tha miht thaet thu mae4ge him with4standan4' #ej ,hwaet tha ,eadmund cyning clipode anne biscop the him tha 4ge4he1ndost waes1 and with hine smeade hu he thaem rethan ,hinguare andwyrdan scolde4 ,tha forhtode se biscop for thaem faerlican 4ge4limpe1 and for thaes cyninges life1 and cwaeth thaet him raed thuhte thaet he to thaem 4ge4buge the #ee him bead ,hinguar4 ,tha swigode se cyning1 and be4seah to thaere eorthan1 and cwaeth tha aet niehstan cynelice him to3 ',eala thu biscop1 to bismere sind 4ge4tawode thas earman #hd land-leode1 and me nu leofre waere thaet ic on 4ge4feohte feolle with thaem the min folc moste hiera eardes brucan4' #fj ,and se biscop cwaeth3 ',eala thu leofa cyning1 thin folc lith of4slae4gen1 and thu naefst thone fultum thaet thu feohtan mae4ge1 and thas flot-me1nn cumath1 and the cwicne 4ge4bindath1 butan thu mid fleame thinum feore 4ge4beorge1 oththe thu the swa 4ge4beorge thaet thu buge to him4' ,tha cwaeth ,eadmund cyning1 #fe swa swa he full4cene waes3 'thaes ic 4ge4wilni4ge and 4ge4wys4ce mid mode thaet ic ana ne be4life aefter minum leofum the4gnum1 the on hiera be1ddum wurdon mid bearnum and wifum faerlice of4slae4gene fram thissum flot-mannum4 ,naes me naefre 4ge4wunelic thaet ic worhte fleames1 ac ic wolde swithor sweltan1 #gj 4gif ic thorfte1 for minum agnum earde1 and se aelmihtiga ,god wat thaet ic nyle a4bugan fram his bi-ge1n4gum aefre1 ne fram his sothre lufe1 swelte ic1 libbe ic4' ,aefter thissum wordum he 4ge4we1nde to thaem aerend-racan the ,hinguar him to se1nde1 and sae4gde him un4forht3 ',witodlice #ge thu waere nu wierthe sle14ges1 ac ic nyle a4fylan on thinum fulum blode mine claenan handa1 for thaem the ic ,criste folgi4ge1 the us swa 4ge4bysnode2 ac ic blithelice wile beon of4slae4gen thurh eow1 4gif hit swa ,god fore-s4ceawath4 ,far nu swithe hrathe1 and se14ge thinum rethan hlaforde1 ne a4byhth naefre ,eadmund #hj ,hinguare on life1 haethnum he1re-togan1 butan he to ,haelende ,criste aerest mid 4ge4leafan on thissum lande 4ge4buge4' ,tha 4ge4we1nde se aerend-raca arodlice on4we4g1 and 4ge4mette be we4ge thone wael-hreowan ,hinguar mid ealre his fierde fuse to ,eadmunde1 and sae4gde thaem arleasan hu him 4ge4andwyrd #he waes4 ,hinguar bebead tha mid bieldo thaem s4cip-he1re thaet hie thaes cyninges anes ealle cepan scolden1 the his haese for4seah1 and hine sona bindan4 ,hwaet tha ,eadmund cyning1 mid thaem the ,hinguar com1 stod innan his healle1 thaes ,haelendes 4ge4myndi4g1 and a4wearp #ij his waepnu3 wolde 4ge4efenlae4can ,cristes 4ge4bysnungum1 the #he for4bead ,petre mid waepnum to winnenne with tha waelhreowan ,iudeiscan4 ,hwaet tha arleasan tha ,eadmund 4ge4bundon1 and 4ge4bismrodon huxlice1 and beoton mid saglum1 and swa siththan laeddon thone 4ge4leaffullan cyning to anum eorth-faestan #ie treowe1 and tie4gdon hine thaer-to mid heardum be1ndum1 and hine eft swungon langlice mid swipum2 and he simle clipode be4twix thaem swinglum mid sothum 4ge4leafan to ,haelende ,criste2 and tha haethnan tha for his 4ge4leafan wurdon wodlice ierre1 for thaem the he clipode ,crist him to fultume3 #ajj hie scuton tha mid gafelocum him to1 swelce him to gamene1 oth thaet he eall waes be4se1tt mid hiera scotungum1 swelce iles byrsta1 swa swa ,sebastianus waes4 ,tha 4ge4seah ,hinguar1 se arleasa flotmann1 thaet se aethela cyning nolde ,criste with4sacan1 ac mid anraedum 4ge4leafan hine aefre clipode3 het hine tha #aje be4heafdian1 and tha haethnan swa dydon4 ,be4twix thaem the he clipode to ,criste tha44giet1 tha tugon tha haethnan thone halgan to sle14ge1 and mid anum swe1n4ge slogon him of thaet heafod1 and his sawol sithode 4ge4saeli4g to ,criste4 ,thaer waes sum mann 4ge4he1nde 4ge4healden1 thurh ,god be4hydd thaem haethnum1 #aaj the this 4ge4hierde eall1 and hit eft sae4gde1 swa swa we hit se14c4gath her4 ,hwaet tha se flot-he1re ferde eft to s4cipe1 and be4hyddon thaet heafod thaes halgan ,eadmundes on thaem thi4c4cum bremlum1 thaet hit be4byr4ged ne wurde4 ,tha aefter fierste siththan hie #aae a4farene waeron1 com thaet land-folc to1 the thaer to lafe waes1 thaer hiera hlafordes lic lae4g butan heafde1 and wurdon swithe sari4ge for his sle14ge on mode1 and huru thaet hie naefden thaet heafod to thaem bodi4ge4 ,tha sae4gde se s4ceawere the hit aer 4ge4seah1 thaet tha flotme1nn haefden thaet heafod mid him2 and #abj waes him 4ge4thuht1 swa swa hit waes full4soth1 thaet hie behydden thaet heafod on thaem holte for4hwega4 ,hie eodon tha e1ndemes ealle to thaem wuda1 se4cende 4ge4hwaer1 4geond thyflas and bremlas1 4gif hie a-hwaer mihten #hf 4ge4metan thaet heafod4 ,waes eac mi4cel wundor thaet an wulf #abe wearth a4se1nd1 thurh ,godes wissunge1 to be4we1rienne thaet heafod with tha othru deor ofer dae4g and niht4 ,hie eodon tha se4cende and simle clipiende1 swa swa hit 4ge4wunelic is thaem the on wuda gath oft1 'hwaer eart thu nu1 4ge4fera8' ,and him andwyrde thaet heafod1 'her1 her1 her2' and swa 4ge4lome #acj clipode andswariende him eallum1 swa oft swa hiera aeni4g clipode1 oth thaet hie ealle be4comon thurh tha clipunge him to4 ,tha lae4g se graega wulf the be4wiste thaet heafod1 and mid his twaem fotum haefde thaet heafod be4clypped1 graedi4g and hungri4g1 and for ,gode ne dorste thaes heafdes on4byr4gan1 ac #ace heold hit with deor4 ,tha wurdon hie of4wundrode thaes wulfes hierd-raedenne1 and thaet hali4ge heafod ham fe1redon mid him1 thanciende thaem ,aelmihtigan ealra his wundra4 ,ac se wulf folgode forth mid thaem heafde1 oth thaet hie to tune comon1 swelce he tam waere1 and 4ge4we1nde eft siththan #adj to wuda on44gean4 ,tha land-leode tha siththan le14gdon thaet heafod to thaem halgan bodi4ge1 and be4byri4gdon swa hie selest mihton on swelcre hraedunge1 and 4ciri4can a4raerdon sona him on4uppan4 ,eft tha on fierste1 aefter fela 4gearum1 tha seo he1rgung 4ge4swac1 #ade and sibb wearth for44giefen thaem 4ge4swe1n4ctan folce1 tha fengon hie to4gaedre1 and worhton ane 4ciri4can weorthlice thaem halgan1 for thaem the ge4lome wundru wurdon aet his byr4genne1 aet thaem 4ge4bed-huse thaer he be4byr4ged waes4 ,hie woldon tha fe1rian mid folclicre weorthmynde thone halgan lichaman1 and #aej le14c4gan innan thaere 4ciri4can4 ,tha waes mi4cel wundor thaet he waes eall swa 4ge4hal swelce he cwic waere1 mid claenum lichaman1 and his sweora waes 4ge4haeled1 the aer waes for4slae4gen1 and waes swelce an seolcen thraed ymbe his sweoran1 mannum to sweotolunge hu he ofs4lae4gen waes4 ,eac swelce tha wunda1 #aee the tha waelhreowan haethnan mid 4ge4lomum scotungum on his lice macodon1 waeron 4ge4haelde thurh thone heofonlican ,god2 #hg and he2 lith swa onsund oth thisne and-weardan dae4g1 and-bidiende aeristes and thaes e4can wuldres4 ,his lichama us cythth1 the lith un-formolsnod1 thaet he butan for4li4gre her on #afj worulde leofode1 and mid claenum life to2 ,criste sithode4 ,sum widewe wunode1 ,oswyn 4ge4haten1 aet thaes halgan byr4genne1 on 4ge4bedum and faestennum manigu 4gear siththan4 ,seo wolde e1fsian aelce 4geare thone sanct1 and his nae4glas 4ceorfan sieferlice mid lufe1 and on scrine healdan to hali4g-dome #afe on weofode4 ,tha weorthode thaet land-folc mid 4ge4leafan thone sanct1 and ,theodred biscop thearle mid 4giefum on golde and on seolfre1 thaem sancte to weorthmynde4 ,tha comon on sumne sael un-4gesaelige theofas eahta on anre nihte to thaem ar-weorthan halgan3 woldon stelan tha #agj mathmas the me1nn thider brohton1 and cunnodon mid craefte hu hie inn cuman mihten4 ,sum slog mid sle14c4ge swithe tha haespan1 sum hiera mid feolan feolode ymb4utan1 sum eac under4dealf tha duru mid spadan1 sum hiera mid hlaeddre wolde on4lucan thaet eag-thyrel2 ac hie swuncon on idel1 and earmlice #age ferdon1 swa thaet se halga wer hie wundorlice 4ge4band1 aelcne swa he stod strutiendne mid tole1 thaet hiera nan ne mihte thaet morth 4ge4fre1mman ne hie thanon a4styrian2 ac stodon swa oth mer4gen4 ,me1nn tha thaes wundrodon1 hu tha weargas hangodon1 sum on hlaeddre1 sum leat to 4ge4delfe1 #ahj and aelc on his weorce waes faeste 4ge4bunden4 ,hie wurdon tha 4ge4brohte to thaem biscope ealle1 and he het hie a4hon on heam 4gealgum ealle2 ac he naes na 4ge4myndi4g hu se mildheorta ,god clipode thurh his witegan thas word the her standath3 ,eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses1 'tha the man laett #ahe to deathe a4lies hie ut simle4' ,and eac tha halgan canones bec 4ge4hadodum for4beodath 4ge biscopum 4ge preostum to beonne ymbe theofas1 for thaem the hit ne 4ge4byreth thaem the beop 4ge4corene ,gode to the4gnienne thaet hie 4ge4thwaerlae4can scylen on aeni4ges mannes deathe1 4gif hie beoth ,dryhtnes #aij #hh the4gnas4 ,eft tha ,theodred biscop s4ceawode his bec1 he siththan be4hreowsode mid 4geomrunge thaet he swa rethne dom se1tte thaem un4gesaeligum theofum1 and hit be4sargode aefre oth his lifes e1nde1 and tha leode baed 4georne thaet hie him mid faesten fullice thrie dagas1 biddende thone ,aelmihtigan thaet he him #aie arian scolde4 ,on thaem lande waes sum mann1 ,leofstan 4ge4haten1 ri4ce for worulde1 un-4gewitti4g for ,gode2 se rad to thaem halgan mid ri4cetere swithe1 and het him aet4iewan orgellice swithe thone halgan sanct1 hwaether he 4ge4sund waere2 ac swa hrathe #bjj swa he 4ge4seah thaes sanctes lichaman1 tha a4wedde he sona1 and wael-hreowlice grymetode1 and earmlice 4ge4e1ndode yflum deathe4 ,this is thaem 4ge4lic the se 4ge4leaffulla papa ,gregorius sae4gde on his 4gese1tnesse be thaem halgan ,laurentie1 the lith on ,rome-byri4g1 thaet me1nn wolden s4ceawian hu he lae4ge 4ge #bje gode 4ge yfle2 ac ,god hie 4ge4stilde swa thaet thaer swulton on thaere s4ceawunge seofon me1nn aet4gaedre2 tha 4geswicon tha othre to s4ceawienne thone martyr mid me1nniscum 4ge4dwylde4 ,fela wundra we 4ge4hierdon on folclicre sprae4ce be thaem #baj halgan ,eadmunde1 the we her nyllath on 4ge4write se1ttan1 ac hie wat 4ge4hwa4 ,on thissum halgan is sweotol1 and on swelcum othrum1 thaet ,god aelmihti4g mae4g thone mann a4raeran eft on domes dae4ge onsundne of eorthan1 se the hielt ,eadmund halne his lichaman oth thone mi4clan dae4g1 theah the he on moldan come4 #bae ,wierthe waere seo stow for thaem weorthfullan halgan thaet hie man weorthode and wel 4ge4logode mid claenum ,godes theowum to ,cristes theowdome2 for thaem the se halga is maerra thonne me1nn mae4gen a4smean4 ,nis ,angel-cynn be4daeled ,dryhtnes halgena1 thonne on ,e1n4gla-lande li4c4gath swelce halgan swelce #bbj thes halga cyning1 and ,cuthberht se eadiga and sancte ,aethelthryth on ,eli4g1 and eac hiere sweostor1 onsund on lichaman1 4ge4leafan to trymmunge4 ,sind eac fela othre on #hi ,angel-cynne halgan1 the fela wundra wyr4cath1 swa swa hit wide is cuth1 thaem ,aelmihtigan to lofe1 the hie on 4ge4liefdon4 #bbe ,crist 4ge4sweotolath mannum thurh his maere halgan thaet he is aelmihti4g ,god the wyr4cth swelc wundru1 theah the tha earman ,iudeiscan hine eallunga with4socen1 for thaem the hie sind a4wier4gde1 swa swa hie wys4cton him selfum4 ,ne beoth nan wundru 4ge4worht aet hiera byr4gennum1 for thaem the hie ne #bcj 4ge4liefath on thone lifiendan ,crist2 ac ,crist 4ge4sweotolath mannum hwaer se goda 4ge4leafa is1 thonne he swelc wundru wyr4cth thurh his halgan wide 4geond thas eorthan1 thaes him sie wuldor and lof a mid his heofonlicum ,faeder and thaem ,halgan ,gaste1 a butan e1nde4 #bce #ia ,,notes4 ,the references marked ',gr4' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar2 paragraph-references in 7 7 are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar4 ,i4 ,,sentences4 ,line #b4 se4 ,gr4 #ba4 #a4 this sind4 ,gr4 #de4 #b4 l4 #f4 se1lth4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #g4 seo aelmesse4 ,gr4 #dd4 #c4 l4 #ab4 4geworhte4 ,gr4 #df4 7#c74 l4 #af4 hiera4 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 naefre 444 ne 444 nanes4 ,gr4 #eb4 #b4 ne waes is usually contracted into naes2 the full form is used here because the waes is emphatic4 l4 #ag4 het ofslean4 ,gr4 #ej4 #d4 l4 #bc4 ,aethelred cyning4 ,gr4 #db4 #f4 l4 #bd4 ,aesces-dun1 sf4 ,ashdown1 literally 'hill 7or down7 of the ashtree4' l4 #bg4 wile here denotes repetition1 'is in the habit of4' ,cp4 l4 #eb4 l4 #bh4 thonne is correlative with gif 7l4 #bf71 ,gr4 #eb4 #c4 l4 #cg4 aelmihtiga4 ,gr4 #dc4 7#d74 l4 #dc4 eower se heofonlica ,faeder4 ,this insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent4 l4 #ej4 beo4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#f74 l4 #eb4 to1 for4 l4 #ef4 twe1nti4g wintra4 ,gr4 #ah4 l4 #eh4 ,deofol4 ,gr4 #dd4 #a4 l4 #fj4 scortan4 ,gr4 #dc4 7#b74 l4 #fa4 fisca4 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 l4 #fc4 paem1 those4 hider on land1 lit4 hither on to land1 to this land4 l4 #gd4 bletsian4 ,the older form of this word is bledsian4 ,it is a derivative of blod1 like ri4csian from ri4ce1 with mutation of the root vowel4 ,its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood1' and hence1 in heathen times1 to 'consecrate1' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim4 l4 #hj4 godspell4 ,the original form of this word was probably godspell 'good tidings1' a literal translation of the ,greek euaggelion4 #ib ,afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group1 or else god was directly substituted for god1 as giving a more evident meaning1 the result being that the word was taken in the sense of ',god's tidings4' ,in this form it was adopted into ,icelandic 7gudhspiall7 and ,old ,high ,german 7gotespel71 having been introduced by the ,old ,english missionaries4 bith4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #hb4 hie4 ,gr4 #ai4 l4 #hi4 him on aelce healfe1 lit4 'to 7for7 themselves on each side1' on every side 7of themselves74 l4 #ib4 rihtne4 ,gr4 #db4 #e4 l4 #ic4 ,aethelwulf-ing4 ,gr4 #ch4 l4 #aja4 fare 4ge4 ,gr4 #bb4 #g4 l4 #ajf4 forsawon4 ,a plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in ,o4 ,e41 as in other languages4 l4 #ajg4 4gif se blinda blindne laett4 4gif here takes the indic41 instead of the subj4 7,gr4 #dh4 #f71 because the case is not assumed to be unreal4 ,so also in ,v4 #ac1 where the opposition 7withste1nt7 is assumed as certain1 and ,,vi4 #ai4 l4 #aad4 cwaede4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#e74 l4 #aah4 mae4ge4 ,compare ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a74 l4 #aai4 sie4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,a74 l4 #abj4 ,scotland is here used in its older sense of ',ireland4' ,compare the first extract from the ,chronicle1 p4 #gi below4 l4 #aba4 his4 ,gr4 #da4 #c4 l4 #abc4 healden4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#b74 l4 #abd4 waere4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a74 l4 #acb4 se the4 ,gr4 #ba4 l4 #ace4 thaet4 ,gr4 #ba2 #eb4 #c4 l4 #acg4 on eare4 ,gr4 #ea4 #b4 l4 #ach4 4gewe1ndon him1 lit4 'they went for-themselves'2 a reflexive pronoun in the dative1 ,gr4 #dj4 7#a71 is often added to verbs of motion4 l4 #aci4 do 4ge4 ,gr4 #bb4 l4 #adb4 grete4 ,compare ,gr4 #di4 7#h74 l4 #ade4 swelce1 adverb1 'as it were4' l4 #aea4 nime4 ,gr4 #di4 7#g74 l4 #afa4 come4 ,compare mae4ge1 l4 #aah above4 l4 #aff4 ofslae4genne4 ,gr4 #df4 #e4 l4 #agf4 4geweorthan4 ,gr4 #dg4 7,b4 #a47 l4 #ahj4 wolde4 ,gr4 #de4 #e4 l4 #aia4 beon4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#b74 #ic ,,ii4 ,,from ,,the ,,gospel ,,of ,,st4 ,,matthew4 l4 #a4 thas min word4 ,gr4 #dc4 #h4 l4 #af4 aweorpe4 ,gr4 #di4 7#h74 l4 #bj4 hit refers back to saed1 l4 #ah4 l4 #bb4 up sprungenre sunnan4 ,gr4 #da4 #b4 l4 #bh4 is 4geworden4 ,an over-literal rendering of the ,latin factum est4 l4 #cb4 hine1 reflexive1 ,gr4 #ai4 l4 #dj4 to forbaernenne4 ,we see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt1' as in the modern ,e4 'a house to let4' ,compare ,gr4 #ej4 #d1 7#a74 l4 #eb4 on hiera fatu4 ,compare l4 #acg4 l4 #fj4 4gewordenre 4gecwidraeenne thaem wyrhtum4 ,a very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original1 'conventione autem facta cum operariis4' thaem wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the person affected 7,gr4 #da74 l4 #fg4 dyde thaem swa 4gelice4 ,the ,latin has simply 'fecit similiter4' ,the sense is 'did like to it' 7like his former proceeding71 the swa being pleonastic4 l4 #hf4 thaet4 ,gr4 #ba4 l4 #ij4 suna1 dative1 'for his son4' l4 #ajf4 4giefthus4 hus must here be taken in the sense of 'hall1' 'chamber4' ,in ,icelandic the plural hus is regularly used to denote the group of buildings 7often detached7 constituting a house or homestead1 the kitchen1 for instance1 which was originally detached1 being still called eldhus 7fire-house74 l4 #ajg4 thaet he wolde geseon4 ,this clause is due to a confusion of two constructions1 7#a7 he wolde 4geseon1 7#b7 thaet 7in order that7 he 4ge4sawe4 ,,iii4 ,,old ,,testament ,,pieces4 ,the first two pieces are taken from ,aelfric's translation of the ,heptateuch1 first published by ,thwaites in his ,heptateuchus1 and afterwards by ,grein as vol4 i4 of his ,bibliothek der angelsaechsischen ,prosa--,genesis xi4 and xxii4 ,the other three are from ,aelfric's ,homilies 7edited by ,thorpe7--ii4 #ehd foll41 i4 #egj1 ii4 #dcb4 l4 #d4 him betweonan4 ,gr4 #ea4 #e4 l4 #ac4 laeden4 ,this word is the ,latin latina 7 lingua latina7 used first in the sense of ',latin language1' then of language generally4 #id l4 #ag4 for thaem 444 for thaem the1 correlative1 the first demonstrative1 the second relative4 l4 #bh4 to scoldon4 ,this use of s4ceal with a verb of motion understood is very common4 l4 #cf4 him self4 him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to ,god--literally1 ',god him-self will appoint for him-self4' ,in such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself1 themselves4 ll4 #df1 #dg4 nu 444 nu1 correlative1 now 444 now that1 the second nu being almost causal 7since74 l4 #ea4 haefde 444 to1 took 444 for4 l4 #eb4 ,gode to lace4 ,gr4 #dj4 7#a74 l4 #eg4 min e14ge1 objective genitive1 'the fear of me4' mare1 neut4 'a greater thing1' 'something more important4' l4 #ha4 mare4 ,cp4 l4 #eg4 l4 #hb4 waere4 ,gr4 #di4 7#g74 l4 #hi4 hwaes is governed by 4giernde1 by 'attraction4' l4 #ace4 mi4cle1 adverb4 l4 #acg4 waere4 ,gr1 #di4 7#g74 l4 #aec4 beliefan is a later form for 4geliefan4 l4 #aef4 to handum4 ,cp4 l4 #abb above4 l4 #agd4 aer 4genam4 ,gr4 #df4 #f4 l4 #bjj4 fram mannum4 fram here1 as usual1 denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions4 l4 #bjb4 wite4 ,compare ,gr4 #dh4 7#c7 and #di4 7#h74 ,,iv4 ,,samson4 ,from ,aelfric's translation of the ,book of ,judges in ,thwaites' ,heptateuch4 l4 #h4 on4ginth to aliesenne1 will release1 on4ginnan is often used pleonastically in this way4 l4 #ce4 ,gaza 4gehaten4 ,when a name together with 4gehaten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined1 contrary to the general principle 7,gr4 #db4 #f74 l4 #da4 swa swa hie belocenu waeron1 locked as they were4 ufeweardum thaem cnolle4 ,gr4 #dc4 #b4 l4 #df4 waes1 consisted4 l4 #ea4 4geworhte4 ,we should expect 4geworhtum 7,gr4 #db4 #e74 ,perhaps the nom4 is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause--the of sinum 4geworhte sind4 #ie l4 #gd4 ,dagon 4gehaten4 ,compare l4 #ce4 swelce1 'on the ground that'--'because 7as they said74' l4 #ha4 heton4 ,compare l4 #ajf4 l4 #hg4 forth is often used pleonastically in this way with mid4 ,v4 ,,from ,,the ,,chronicle4 l4 #b4 her sind1 there are here4 her is here used analogously to thaer1 as in ,,ii4 #c and the modern ,e4 there are4 ,cp4 also l4 #ab below4 4getheodu1 languages as the test of nationality4 ,it is believed that ,latin was still spoken as a living language by the ,romanized ,britons at the time of the venerable ,bede 7eighth century71 from whose ,church ,history this section was taken by the compilers of the ,chronicle4 l4 #e4 ,armenia is an error for ,armorica4 l4 #f4 ,scithie1 ,scythia4 l4 #h4 ,northibernie1 ,north of ,ireland4 l4 #bd4 her1 at this date--at this place in the series of entries which constitute the ,chronicle4 l4 #bf4 ,wyrt4georn is the regular development of an earlier 99,wurtigern from the ,british ,vortigern4 l4 #bh4 ,ypwinesfleot has not been identified2 some say ,ebbsfleet4 l4 #de4 ,ae4glesthrep1 ,aylesthorpe1 a village near ,aylesford4 l4 #di4 ,cre14c4ganford1 ,crayford4 l4 #eb4 ,the diction of this passage1 with its alliteration and simile1 shows that it is taken from some old poem4 l4 #fa4 haethne me1nn1 ,danes4 l4 #fb4 mid ,defena-s4cire1 literally 'together with ,devonshire1' that is 'with a force of ,devonshire men4' l4 #fd4 dux is here written instead of ealdormann4 ,so also we find rex for cyning4 l4 #fe4 ,sandwic1 ,sandwich4 l4 #fh4 feorthe healf hund1 fourth half three and a half4 ,this is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers1 as in the ,german viertehalb4 l4 #ga4 ,suthri4ge1 ,surrey4 l4 #gc4 ,aclea1 ,ockley4 l4 #gf4 se he1re1 the ,danish army4 he1re got a bad sense1 through its association with he1rgian 7to harry71 and hence is applied only to a plundering1 marauding body of men4 ,in the ,laws he1re is defined as #if a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number4 ,the national ,english army 7militia7 is called fierd1 l4 #ga1 #c above4 ,humbremutha1 mouth of the ,humber4 l4 #gg4 ,eoforwic1 ,york2 a corruption of ,eboracum4 l4 #hd4 inne wurdon1 got in4 l4 #he4 sume4 ,compare ,,iv4 #ea4 ,,vi4 ,,king ,,edmund4 ,from ,aelfric's ,lives of the ,saints1 now published for the ,early ,english ,text ,society by ,prof4 ,skeat4 ,the present life has been printed only by ,thorpe1 in his ,analecta ,anglosaxonica from a very late ,,ms4 ,it is here given from the older ,,ms41 ,cott4 ,jul4 ,e4 #g4 ,it will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose1 that is1 with the letter-rime of poetry1 but without its metrical form4 ,the alliteration is easily discernible3--com suthan ofer sae fram sancte ,benedictes stowe2 dae4ge1 to ,dunstane1 c4 l4 #a4 sancte is an ,english modification of the ,latin genitive sancti4 l4 #e4 sancte is here the ,e4 dative inflection1 sanct having been made into a substantive4 l4 #ci4 bilewit 99bile-hwit 7with the regular change of hw into w between vowels7 literally 'white 7tender7 of bill1' originally1 no doubt1 applied to young birds1 and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle1' 'simple4' l4 #gj4 worhte fleames4 ,this construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent4 l4 #gf4 waere1 subj4 ,gr4 #dh4 7#f74 l4 #he4 fuse4 ,the correct reading is probably fusne1 but the plural fuse may be taken to refer to ,hinguar and his men collectively4 l4 #adi4 4gebedhus4 ,the ,welsh bettws1 as in ,bettws-y-coed 'chapel in the wood1' still preserves the ,o4 ,e4 form nearly unchanged4 l4 #agf4 swa thaet does not denote result here1 but is explanatory--'namely by being bound4444' l4 #agh4 hie1 reflexive4 l4 #agi4 thaes 444 hu1 correlative4 l4 #ahe4 ,the reference is apparently to ,proverbs xxiv4 #aa1 which 7in the ,vulgate7 runs thus3 ',erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem4' l4 #bjj4 hwaether1 7that he might see7 whether 444 l4 #bae4 lichaman1 instrumental dative 7,gr4 #da7 of defining4 l4 #bbb4 ,eli4g ael-ieg 'eel-island4' #ig ,,glossary4 ,the order is strictly alphabetical 7th following t7 except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge 7gebed under b1 c474 ,the following abbreviations are used 3-- sm41 sn41 sf4 masc41 neut41 fem4 substantive4 sv4 strong verb4 wv4 weak verb4 swv4 strong-weak verb 7preterito-present74 ,the others require no explanation4 ,the numbers after sv4 refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar4 ,words in are ,latin 7and ,greek7 originals or cognate ,old ,e4 words4 ,the latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar4 ,a1 av4 ever1 always4 abbod1 sm4 abbot ,latin abbatem4 a-4beodan1 sv4 #g1 w4 dat4 7offer71 announce4 a-4biddan1 sv4 #e1 ask for1 demand4 a-4bitan1 sv4 #f1 devour4 a-4ble1ndan1 wv4 blind blind4 a-4brecan1 sv4 #d1 break into1 take 7city74 a-4bugan1 sv4 #g1 bend2 swerve1 turn4 ac1 cj4 but4 a-4ce1nnan1 wv4 bring forth1 bear 7child74 a-4cwe1llan1 wv4 kill4 a-4cwe1n4can1 wv4 extinguish4 a-4drugian1 wv4 dry up1 intr4 dry4ge4 a-4dwaes4can1 wv4 extinguish4 aecer1 sm4 field4 aethele1 aj4 noble1 excellent4 aetheling1 sm4 prince4 aefen1 sm4 evening4 aefre1 av4 ever1 always4 aefter1 av41 prep4 w4 dat4 after--aefter thaeem1 after that1 afterwards2 according to1 by4 ae4g-hwelc1 prn4 each4 ae4gther1 prn4 either1 each--cj4 ae4gther 4ge 444 4ge1 both 444 and ae4g hwaether4 aeht1 sf4 property ahte1 agan4 aelan1 wv4 burn4 ael4c1 aj4 each4 aelmesse1 sf4 alms1 charity ,greek eleemosune4 ael-mihtig41 aj4 almighty4 aeni4g1 aj4 any an4 aer1 prep4 w4 dat4 before 7of time71 aer thaem the1 cj4 before4 aer1 av4 formerly1 before2 superl4 aerest1 adj4 and adv41 first4 aer4ce-biscop1 sm4 archbishop ,latin archiepiscopus4 aerende1 sn4 errand1 message4 #ih aerend-raca1 sm4 messenger4 ae-rist1 sfm4 7rising again71 resurrection arisan4 aerne-mergen1 sm4 early morning4 aesc1 sm4 7ash-tree72 war-ship4 aet1 prp4 w4 dat4 at2 deprivation1 from2 origin1 source--abaedon wif aet him1 'asked for wives from them2' specification1 defining--wurdon aet sprae4ce1 'fell into conversation4' aet-4bre4gdan1 sv4 #c 7snatch away71 deprive of4 aet-4foran1 prp4 w4 dat4 before4 aet-4gaedre1 av4 together4 aet-iewan1 wv4 w4 dat4 show4 aeton1 see etan4 a-4fandian1 wv4 experience1 find out findan4 a-4faran1 sv4 #b1 go away1 depart4 a-4feallan1 sv4 #a1 fall4 a-4fedan1 wv4 feed4 a-4fylan1 wv4 defile ful4 a-fyrht1 aj4 frightened past partic4 of a4fyrhtan from forht4 agan1 swv4 possess4 a-4gan1 sv4 happen4 agen1 aj4 own originally past partic4 of agan4 a-44giefan1 sv4 #e1 w4 dat4 give1 render4 ah1 see agan4 a-4he1bban1 sv4 #b1 raise1 exalt4 a-4hieldan1 wv4 incline4 a-4hon1 sv4 #a1 hang1 trans4 a-4hreosan1 sv4 #g1 fall4 ahte1 see agan4 a-hwaer1 av4 anywhere4 a-4hyran1 wv4 hire4 a-4liesan1 wv4 7loosen71 release2 redeem leas4 a-4liesed-nes1 sf4 redemption4 a-liesend1 sm4 redeemer4 an1 aj4 one 7always strong72 a certain one1 certain2 alone 7generally weak72 gen4 pl4 anra in anra ge-hwel4c1 'each one4' an-ce1nned1 aj4 7past partic47 7only-born71 only 7child74 and1 cj4 and4 and-bidian1 wv4 w4 gen4 wait1 expect bidan4 andet-nes1 sf4 confession4 andettan1 wv4 confess4 and-4giet1 sn4 sense1 meaning2 understanding1 intelligence4 and-swarian1 wv4 w4 dat4 answer andswaru4 and-swaru1 sf4 answer swe1rian4 and-weard1 aj4 present4 and-wyrdan1 wv4 w4 dat4 answer word4 ,angel1 sm4 ,anglen 7a district in ,slesvig74 ,angel-cynn1 sn4 ,english nation1 ,england4 a-4niman1 sv4 #d1 take away4 an-lae4can1 wv4 unite4 an-mod1 aj4 unanimous4 an-mod-lice1 av4 unanimously4 an-raed1 aj4 7of one counsel7 constant1 firm1 resolute4 apostol1 sm4 apostle4 ar1 sf4 mercy2 honour4 a-4raeran1 wv4 raise1 build arisan4 arian1 wv4 w4 dat4 honour2 spare1 have mercy on ar4 a-4risan1 sv4 #f1 arise4 ar-leas1 aj4 wicked4 arn1 see iernan4 arod1 aj4 quick1 bold4 arod-lice1 av4 quickly1 readily1 boldly4 ar-weorth1 adj4 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swipe1 sm4 whip4 swithe1 av4 very1 much1 greatly1 violently--cp4 swithor1 rather1 more4 swith-lic1 aj4 excessive1 great4 swithre1 sf4 right hand cp4 of swithe with hand understood4 swulton1 see sweltan4 swuncon1 see swincan4 swungon1 see swingan4 syndri4g1 aj4 separate sundor4 syn-full1 aj4 sinful4 syngian1 wv4 sin4 synn1 sf4 sin4 #aac ,t4 ,tacen1 sn4 sign1 token2 miracle4 tacnian1 wv4 signify4 4ge4tacnung1 sf4 signification1 type4 tae4can1 wv4 w4 dat4 show2 teach4 talu1 sf4 number getel4 tam1 aj4 tame4 tawian1 wv4 ill-treat4 team1 sm4 progeny teon4 4ge4tel1 sn4 number4 te1llan1 wv4 count1 account--te1llan to nahte1 count as naught talu4 ,te1mes1 sf4 ,thames ,tamisia4 tempel1 sn4 temple ,latin templum4 teon1 sv4 #g1 pull1 drag4 teona1 sm4 injury1 insult4 teon-raeden1 sf4 humiliation4 teth1 see toth4 ti4c4cen1 sn4 kid4 tid1 sf4 time2 hour4 tie4gan1 wv4 tie4 tieman1 wv4 teem1 bring forth team4 tien1 num4 ten4 tierwe1 sf4 tar4 ti4gele1 wf4 tile ,latin tegula4 tima1 sm4 time4 timbrian1 wv4 build4 4ge4timbrung1 sf4 building4 tintre4g1 sn4 torture4 tintregian1 wv4 torture4 to1 prp4 w4 dat4 7av47 to--to abbode 4gese1tt1 made abbot2 time1 at--to langum fierste1 for a long time2 adverbial1 to scande1 ignominiously2 fitness1 purpose1 for--thaem folce 7dat47 to deathe1 to the death of the people1 so that the people were killed2 to thaem thaet1 cj4 in order that--to thaem 7swithe7 444 thaet1 so 7greatly7 444 that4 to1 av4 too4 to-4berstan1 sv4 #c1 burst1 break asunder4 to-4brecan1 sv4 #d1 break in pieces1 break through4 to-4bre4gdan1 sv4 #c1 tear asunder4 to-4cwiesan1 wv4 crush1 bruise4 to-cyme1 sm4 coming cuman4 to-4dae4g1 av4 to-day4 to-4daelan1 wv4 disperse2 separate1 divide4 to-4gaedre1 av4 together4 to-44geanes1 prp4 w4 dat4 towards--him to4geanes1 to meet him4 tol1 sn4 tool4 to-4liesan1 wv4 loosen leas4 to-4middes1 prp4 w4 dat4 in the midst of4 to-4teran1 sv4 #d1 tear to pieces4 toth1 sm4 tooth4 to-weard1 aj4 future4 to-4weorpan1 sv4 #c1 overthrow1 destroy4 treow1 sn4 tree4 4ge4treowe1 aj4 true1 faithful4 trum1 aj4 strong4 trymman1 wv4 strengthen trum4 trymmung1 sf4 strengthening1 encouragement4 tucian1 wv4 ill-treat4 tugon1 see teon4 tun1 sm4 village1 town4 twa1 twaem1 see twe4gen4 twe4gen1 num4 two4 twe1lf1 num4 twelve4 twe1nti4g1 num4 w4 gen4 twenty4 ,th4 ,tha1 av4 cj4 then2 when--tha tha1 when1 while--correlative tha 444 tha1 when 444 7then74 tha1 thaem1 c41 see se4 thaer1 av4 there--thaerto1 c4 thereto1 to it2 where--thaer thaer1 correl4 where4 thaere1 see se4 thaer-rihte1 av4 immediately4 thaes1 av4 therefore2 wherefore4 thaes1 thaet1 see se4 thaet1 cj4 that4 4ge4thafian1 wv4 allow1 permit4 tha-44giet1 av4 still1 yet4 thanc1 sm4 thought2 thanks4 thancian1 wv4 w4 gen4 of thing and dat4 of person1 thank4 #aad thanon1 av4 thence1 away4 thas1 see this4 the1 rel4 prn4 who--se the1 who2 av4 when4 the1 see thu4 theah1 av4 cj4 though1 yet1 however--theah the1 although4 thearf1 swv4 need4 thearle1 av4 very1 greatly4 theaw1 sm4 custom1 habit2 theawas1 virtues1 morality4 the4gen1 sm4 thane2 servant4 the4gnian1 wv4 w4 dat4 serve4 the4gnung1 sf4 service1 retinue4 the1n4can1 wv4 think1 expect thanc4 theod1 sf4 people1 nation4 4ge4theode1 sn4 language4 theof1 sm4 thief4 theos1 see thes4 theostru1 spl4 darkness4 theow1 sm4 servant4 theow-dom1 sm4 service4 theowian1 wv4 w4 dat4 serve4 theowot1 sn4 servitude4 thes1 prn4 this4 thi4c4ce1 aj4 thick4 thi4c4gan1 sv4 #e1 take1 receive2 eat1 drink4 thin1 see thu4 thing1 sn4 thing4 this1 thissum1 c41 see thes4 4ge4poht1 sm4 thought4 thohte1 see the1n4can4 thone1 see se4 thonne1 av4 cj4 then2 when2 because4 thonne1 av4 than4 thorfte1 see thearf4 thorn1 sm4 thorn4 thraed1 sm4 thread4 threo1 see thrie4 thridda1 aj4 third4 thrie1 num4 three4 thrim1 see thrie4 thriti4g1 num4 thirty4 thriti4g-feald1 aj4 thirtyfold4 thrymm1 sm4 glory4 thu1 prn4 thou4 thuhte1 see thyn4can4 4ge4thungen1 aj4 excellent1 distinguished4 thurh1 prp4 w4 acc4 through2 causal1 through1 by4 thurh-4wunian1 wv4 continue4 thurst1 sm4 thirst4 thursti4g1 aj4 thirsty4 thus1 av4 thus4 thusend1 sn4 thousand4 4ge4thwaer-lae4can1 wv4 agree4 thy1 instr4 of se2 av4 because4 thyfel1 sm4 bush4 thy4laes1 cj4 lest4 thyn4can1 wv4 impers4 w4 dat4 me thyn4cth1 methinks the1n4can4 thyrel1 sn4 hole thurh4 ,u4 ,ufe-weard1 aj4 upward1 at the top of4 un-arimed-lic1 aj4 innumerable4 unc1 see ic4 un-4gecynd1 aj4 strange1 of alien family4 un-dead-lic-nes1 sf4 immortality4 under1 prp4 w4 dat4 and acc4 under4 under-cyning1 sm4 under-king4 under-4delfan1 sv4 dig under4 under-4fon1 sv4 #a1 receive1 take4 under-44gietan1 sv4 #e1 understand4 undern-tid1 sf4 morning-time4 un-forht1 aj4 dauntless4 un-for-molsnod1 aj4 7past partic47 undecayed4 un-4gehiersum1 aj4 w4 dat4 disobedient4 un-hold1 aj4 hostile4 un-4gemetlic1 aj4 immense4 un-mihti4g1 aj4 weak4 un-nytt1 aj4 useless4 un-rihtlice1 av4 wrongly4 un-rihtwis1 aj4 unrighteous4 un-4gerim1 sn4 countless number or quantity4 un-4gerim1 aj4 countless4 un-4gesaeli4g1 aj4 unhappy1 accursed4 un-scyldi4g1 aj4 innocent4 un-tiemend1 aj4 barren from pres4 partic4 of tieman4 #aae un-4gethwaer-nes1 sf4 discord4 un-4gewitti4g1 aj4 foolish4 up1 av4 up4 up-ahafen-nes1 sf4 conceit1 arrogance4 up-flor1 sf4 7dat4 sing4 -a7 upper floor1 upper story4 uppan1 prp4 w4 dat4 on1 upon4 urnon1 see iernan4 us1 see ic4 ut1 av4 out4 utan1 av4 outside4 uton1 defect4 verb1 w4 infin4 let us--uton gan1 let us go6 ,w4 ,wacian1 wv4 be awake1 watch4 waedla1 sm4 poor man4 wael1 sn4 slaughter--wael 4ge4slean1 make a slaughter4 wael-hreow1 aj4 cruel4 waelhreow-lice1 av4 cruelly1 savagely4 waelhreownes1 sf4 cruelty4 waepen1 sn4 weapon4 waer1 aj4 wary4 waeron1 waes1 see wesan4 waestm1 sm4 7growth72 fruit4 waeter1 sn4 water4 waeter-s4cipe1 sm4 piece of water1 water4 wafung1 sf4 7spectacle71 display4 -ware1 pl4 7only in composition7 dwellers1 inhabitants originally defenders1 cp4 we1rian4 wat1 see witan4 4gewat1 see 4gewitan4 we1 see ic4 4ge4weald1 sn4 power1 command4 wealdan1 sv4 #a1 w4 gen4 rule4 ,wealh1 sm4 7pl4 ,wealas71 sm4 ,welshman1 ,briton 7originally foreigner74 weall1 sm4 wall4 weall-lim1 sm4 7wall-lime71 cement1 mortar4 wearg1 sm4 felon1 criminal originally wolf1 then proscribed man1 outlaw4 weaxan1 sv4 #a1 grow1 increase4 we4g1 sm4 way1 road4 we4g-ferende1 aj4 7pres4 partic47 way-faring4 wel1 av4 well4 wel-willend-nes1 sf4 benevolence4 wenan1 wv4 expect1 think4 4ge4we1ndan1 wv4 turn2 go windan4 we1nian1 wv4 accustom1 wean 4gewuna4 weofod1 sn4 altar4 weorc1 sn4 work4 weorpan1 sv4 #c1 throw4 weorth1 sn4 worth4 weorth1 aj4 worth1 worthy4 weorthan1 sv4 #c1 happen2 become--w4 aet sprae4ce1 enter into conversation4 4ge4weorthan1 sv4 #c1 impers4 w4 dat4--him 4gewearth1 they agreed on4 weorth-full1 aj4 worthy4 weorthian1 wv4 honour1 worship2 make honoured1 exalt4 weorth-lice1 aj4 honourably4 weorth-mynd1 sf4 honour4 weox1 see weaxan4 wepan1 sv4 #a1 weep4 wer1 sm4 man4 we1rian1 wv4 defend waer4 werod1 sn4 troop1 army4 wesan1 sv4 be4 west1 av4 west4 ,west-seaxe1 smpl4 ,west-saxons4 weste1 aj4 waste1 desolate4 wid1 aj4 wide4 wide1 av4 widely1 far and wide4 widewe1 sf4 widow4 4ge4wieldan1 wv4 overpower1 conquer wealdan4 wierthe1 aj4 w4 gen4 worthy weorth4 wif1 sn4 woman2 wife4 wif-healf1 sf4 female side4 wif-mann1 sm4 woman4 wiht1 sf4 wight1 creature1 thing4 ,wiht1 sf4 ,isle of ,wight ,vectis4 ,wiht-ware1 pl4 ,wight-dwellers4 wilde1 aj4 wild4 wildeor1 sn4 wild beast4 willa1 sm4 will4 #aaf willan1 swv4 will1 wish2 of repetition1 be used to4 4ge4wilnian1 wv4 w4 gen4 desire4 win1 sn4 wine4 wind1 sm4 wind4 windan1 sv4 #c1 wind4 win-4geard1 sm4 vineyard4 winnan1 sv4 #c1 fight4 4ge4winnan1 sv4 #c1 win1 gain4 winter1 7pl4 winter71 sm4 winter2 in reckoning year4 winter-setl1 sn4 winter-quarters4 wis1 aj4 wise4 wis-dom1 sm4 wisdom4 wise1 sf4 7wise71 way4 4ge4wiss1 aj4 certain4 4ge4wissian1 wv4 guide1 direct4 4ge4wissung1 sf4 guidance1 direction4 wiste1 see witan4 wit1 see ic4 wita1 sm4 councillor1 sage4 witan1 swv4 know4 4ge4witan1 sv4 #f1 depart4 wite1 sn4 punishment2 torment4 witega1 sm4 prophet4 witod-lice1 av4 truly1 indeed1 and witan4 4ge4witt1 sn4 wits1 intelligence1 understanding witan4 with1 prp4 w4 dat4 and acc4 towards2 along--with we4g1 by the road2 hostility1 against--fuhton with ,brettas1 fought with the ,britons2 association1 sharing1 c41 with2 defence1 against2 exchange1 price1 for--with thaem the1 in consideration of1 provided that4 with-4meten-nes1 sf4 comparison4 with-4sacan1 sv4 #b1 w4 dat4 deny4 with-4standan1 sv4 #b1 w4 dat4 withstand1 resist4 wlite1 sm4 beauty4 wod1 aj4 mad4 wod-lice1 av4 madly4 wolde1 see willan4 wop1 sm4 weeping wepan4 word1 sn4 word1 sentence2 subject of talk1 question1 answer1 report4 4geworden1 see weorthan4 worhte1 see wyr4can4 woruld1 sf4 world4 woruld-thing1 sn4 worldly thing4 wrecan1 sv4 #e1 avenge4 wre4gan1 wv4 accuse4 4ge4writ1 sn4 writing writan4 writan1 sv4 #f1 write4 wudu1 sm4 wood4 wuldor1 sn4 glory4 wuldrian1 wv4 glorify1 extol4 wulf1 sm4 wolf4 4ge4wuna1 sm4 habit1 custom wunian4 wund1 sf4 wound4 wundor1 sn4 wonder2 miracle4 wundor-lic1 aj4 wonderful1 wondrous4 wundor-lice1 av4 wonderfully1 wondrously4 wundrian1 wv4 w4 gen4 wonder4 4ge4wunelic1 aj4 customary4 wunian1 wv4 dwell1 stay1 continue 4gewuna4 wunung1 sf4 dwelling4 4gewunnen1 see 4gewinnan4 wyr4can1 wv4 work1 make2 build2 do1 perform weorc4 wyrhta1 sm4 worker4 wyrt1 sf4 herb1 spice2 crop4 wyrt-braeth1 sm4 spice-fragrance1 fragrant spice4 wyrtruma1 sm4 root4 wys4can1 wv4 wish4 ,y4 ,yfel1 aj4 evil1 bad4 yfel1 sn4 evil4 ymbe1 prp4 w4 acc4 around2 of time1 about1 at4 ymb-4scrydan1 wv4 clothe1 array4 ymb-4utan1 av4 round about4 yterra1 aj4 comp4 outer2 superl4 ytemest1 outermost1 last ut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,where no key-word is given for a long vowel1 it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one1 only lengthened4 #b ,both vowels4 #c ,wherever the acc4 is not given separately1 it is the same as the nom4 #d ,so also nah ne 7not7 ah4