,,! ,,op]atic ,,problem ,by ,w4 ,,johnson ,,gall[ay1 ,m4,p4 ,illu/ration ,london ,john ,long #f ,*&os ,/reet1 ,/r& #aijb ,preface ,la/ autumn1 hav+ to speak at an organ recital giv5 by my fri5d ,mr ,clegg1 ,i took ! opportunity ( giv+ :at enc\ragem5t lay 9 my p[]1 to ! ,corporation ( my native t[n1 9 an endeav\r !y _h made dur+ ! summ] mon?s to provide suitable music 9 ! v>i\s p>ks ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,to my great surprise t spee* 0 quot$ 9 j\rnals1 ( all %ades ( op9ion1 9 ! c\ntry1 & br\ght me also a va/ correspond5ce4 ,a copy ( ! spee* w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is book4 ,z ,i h long desir$ t ,op]a %\ld be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ^?1 ^: purses are n able to be> ! /ra9 ( ! high prices *>g$ 9 ,engl&1 & hav+ "s leisure be=e ,p>liam5t met ?is ye>1 ,i made inquiries reg>d+ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( runn+ ,op]a on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,i obta9$ a va/ mass ( mo/ int]e/+ in=mation4 ,h[ to make ! be/ use ( t in=mation 0 my difficulty4 ,x 0 mu* too bulky to compress into ! n>r[ limits ( a magaz9e article1 & besides1 mu* ( x _h no peculi> int]e/ = u 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,my *ief desire 0 to put x be=e ! public 9 a =m t w\ld ar\se int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,also1 ,i realis$ t ?is in=mation1 h[ev] valuable1 0 l ! des]t1 9 its unwieldy =m1 & )\t any attempt to outl9e ! conclusion to :i* x l$4 ,s aft] mu* trepidation ( ?\ght ,i det]m9$ to run ! gauntlet & m>* "r up to ! cannon's m\? ) a s*eme ( my own = ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em = ,national ,op]a 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is little book is ! result ( my ef=ts1 & ?\gh ,i d n pret5d t x (f]s a complete solution ( ! "q1 /ill less t x gives a c\p de grace to ! s*emes ( ^? :o h trodd5 ! same pa? be=e me1 ,i d hope x may help to call into exi/5ce "s plan = ! f\ndation ( ,op]a ^u a popul> basis4 ,to my critics--& _m ,i %all h--,i v5ture to say t1 h[ev] mu* !y disagree1 !y %\ld rememb] ,i lay no claim to complet5ess1 & ,i w gladly welcome any sugge/ions ?r[n out ) a real desire to p]fect my v imp]fect ideas4 ,b !re are two =ms ( criticism ,i wi% to meet 9 advance4 ,! fir/ is ! criticism ( ^?1 :o w say x is useless hop+ to get public money = a luxury1 :il/ ! nation is engag$ 9 a co/ly w>4 ,i frankly & freely admit ! =ce ( su* criticism1 b ,i w\ld urge 9 reply t a proposal l m9e has f> to travel1 be=e x takes its f9al %ape1 & "o _c hope to get ,p>liam5t to take ! matt] up until ! subject has be5 fully v5tilat$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& al?\gh at su* a "t our fir/ ?\ghts %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o are fight+ our battles 9 ! field1 surely no h>m1 & possibly mu* good1 may come f consid]+ h[ we c deal ) ! social problems :i* confront u4 ,! second =m ( criticism is p]haps m easily met1 namely1 ! criticism ( ^? :o look ^u all !atres & op]a h\ses z vici\s & contra bonos mores4 ,?is battle 0 f\ght by ,moli]e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,prescott1 9 8 delightful essay on ,moli]e1 tells u :at difficulties t au?or _h to face at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] on ^! v gr\nds4 ,! cl]gy1 al>m$ at ! !n rapidly-increas+ ta/e = dramatic exhibitions1 op5ly d5\nc$ ! !atre z an insult to ! ,deity1 & ,moli]e's fa!r anticipat$ 9 ! call+ 8 son _h *os5 no less 8 spiritual ?an 8 temporal p]dition4 ,yet :o is !re to-day :o w d5y t ,moli]e help$ to correct ! follies ( 8 age1 by expos+ !m to ridicule8 ,& if 9 provid+ ,national ,op]a = ! p1 we c assi/ 9 ! high] education ( ! community1 we may well ask ^? :o object on ! gr\nds ,i h nam$1 to rememb] t !re is no felicity ^u e>? :i* c>ries n its c\nt]poise ( mis=tunes1 & t ! evils !y fe> are n inh]5t only to ! /age1 b also exi/ 9 almo/ e o!r walk ( life4 ,illu/ration ,! ,op]atic ,problem ,op]a has1 s9ce its orig91 be5 consid]$ ! highe/ =m ( !atrical pa/ime4 ,! v appellation op]a indicates t 9 ! l& ( its bir? x 0 look$ ^u z ! "w p> excell5ce1 & to ?is day x is ! =m ( ,art :i* is inv>iably hon\r$ by exalt$ patronage1 & "o t p pay ! mo/ to enjoy4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to advance docum5t>y evid5ce 9 support ( ?is ass]tion2 moreov]1 x is beyond ! scope ( ?is book to m>%al all ! hi/orical facts4 ,my *ief consid]ation w be to deal ) ! prospect ( ,national ,op]a 9 ,engl&1 & to take ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s z ! basis = future action4 ,b "s retrospect %[+ t ! orig9ators ( op]a und]/ood its importance1 & knew admirably h[ to def9e its scope1 may prove int]e/+4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! preface to ,vitali's ,aretusa1 ! score ( :i* is 9 ! ,b>b]9i ,libr>y1 p]=m$ 9 ,rome on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #afbj1 is wor? quot+ 9 corroboration ( ! /atem5t3-- ,?is /yle ( "w 7op]a7 is a new /yle1 born a few ye>s ago at ,flor5ce1 ( ! noble intellig5ce ( ,mess] ,ottavio ,r9ucc9i1 :o1 de>ly belov$ by ! ,muses & gift$ ) especial tal5t = ! expression ( passions1 w\ld h x t ! p[] ( music alli$ to poetry1 t5d$ r to ga!r fre% /r5g? f ! comb9ation1 ?an to suff] dim9ution 9 consequ5ce4 ,he spoke ( x to ,signor ,jacopo ,corsi1 ,maec5as ( e m]it & mo/ enlight5$ amateur ( music1 prov+ t ! mission ( music unit$ to poetry %\ld be n to smo!r words ) noises1 b to help ^? words to a m eloqu5t expression ( passion4 ,signor ,corsi s5t = ,signor ,jacopo ,p]ri & ,signor ,giulio ,cacc9i1 em95t pr(essors ( s++ & c\nt]po9t1 & aft] hav+ discuss$ ! subject1 !y came to ! conclusion t !y _h f\nd ! means = rea*+ ! desir$ goal4 ,nor 7 !y mi/ak54 ,x is 9 ?is new musical /yle1 ! fable ( ,dafne to ! poem ( ,signor ,ottavio ,r9ucc9i1 0 compos$ & p]=m$ 9 ,flor5ce at ,signor ,jacopo ,corsi's1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! illu/ri\s ,c>d9al del ,monte1 a ,montalto1 & _! mo/ s]5e ,highnesses ! ,gr& ,duke & ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,tuscany4 ,! "w pleas$ !m s mu* t !y 7 absolutely bewild]$ 7attonitidi /upore74 ,?is /yle ( music acquir$ a /ill great] numb] ( fre% beauties 9 ,euridice1 a "w by ! same au?ors1 & !n 9 ,ariadne1 by ,signor ,claudio ,montev]di1 to-day ,mae/ro di ,capella at ,v5ice4 ,y\r mod]n !ori/ c\ld h>dly express 8 op]atic cre$ ) great] felicity ?an ! ,flor5t9e noble1 ,ottavio ,r9ucc9i1 & ! :ole quotation brea!s 9 its qua9t phraseology1 ! _s ( love = all t is new & beautiful 9 ,art1 :i* gave ,italy h] hegemony among/ o!r nations4 ,! op]atic spectacle1 :5 fir/ import$ into ,france1 0 a ,c\rt ent]ta9m5t = ! privileg$ few1 b x soon tempt$ private ent]prise1 & "h1 aga91 its importance1 z an attraction1 0 n und]rat$1 = ! fir/ impress>io1 "o ,pi]re ,p]r91 took good c>e to obta9 a monopoly = ! new /yle ( p]=mances1 :il/ ! royal privilege 7lett]s-pat5t71 grant$ to him1 sets out _! advantages 9 unmi/akable t]ms4,a ,!re9 ,l\is p> la grace de ,dieu1 etc41 conc$es to 8 ame et feal ,pi]re ,p]r9 ! exclusive rights ( op]atic p]=mances ?r\gh\t ,france1 n only t !y %\ld contribute to 8 own recreation1 or t ( ! public 9 g5]al1 b *iefly 9 ! hope t 8 subjects1 gett+ accu/om$ to ! ta/e ( music1 w\ld be l$ all b unconsci\sly to p]fect !mselves 9 ?is ! mo/ noble ( lib]al arts4 7,que nos sujets s'acc\/umant au g\/ de la musique1 se port]oi5t ins5siblem5t a se p]fectionn] en cet art1 l'un des plus nobles de lib]aux47 ,^! ,royal lett]s-pat5t 7 dat$ #affi1 demon/rat+ t two hundr$ & ?irty-two ye>s ago ,france recognis$ ! educational mission ( ! art ( music1 & its accessibility by ! means ( op]a4 ,! ta/e = ?is new ent]ta9m5t grew & spread ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & x is a matt] ( common k t ev]y:]e ! enc\ragem5t & support came f ! highe/ qu>t]s1 always hav+ = its object ! b5efit ( ! masses4 ,?us ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,greece h _! end[$ or subsidis$ !atres2 !y c boa/ ( an arti/ic musical pa/ & op]atic tradition1 & make a pr\d %[ ( creative & int]pret+ tal5t = ov] two c5turies4 ,x is equally well kn[n t ! patronage ?us accord$1 always took ! =m ( a monet>y subsidy grant$ ei!r by a ,sov]eign or by a municipality--at times = a p]iod ( ye>s1 at o!rs = a specifi$ occasion1 sometimes unconditionally1 sometimes "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 n[ limit$ to a giv5 figure1 !n giv+ ! manag] c>te blan*e4 ,! solicitude & fav\r %[n by ! ,/ate w5t at times ! l5g? ( tak+ a direct int]e/ 9 ! managem5t ( an op]a h\se1 z 0 ! case = a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ,france4 ,engl& alone 9 civilis$ ,europe rema9$ indiff]5t1 & took no active "p ei!r 9 fo/]+ or patronis+ ! new =m ( art2 & :il/ ! _s ( emulation 0 animat+ o!r /ates & nations t[>ds help+ native production1 ,engl& 0 satisfi$ to import spectacles & p]=m]s f abroad1 j z %e w\ld h import$ any o!r commodity4 ,true en\gh1 only ! be/ article 0 br\ght ov]1 & ! be/ price paid 9 ! highe/ m>ket4 ,if "o c\ld reckon up ! money ?us sp5t on =eign op]atic p]=mances )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 ! figures w\ld prove in/ructive--in/ructive1 t is1 ( ,engl&'s foolh>d9ess 9 ali5at+ s mu* national ca%1 )\t any b5efit to ! nation1 & to ! direct detrim5t ( native tal5t4 ,= ov] a c5tury ?is c\ntry has be5 ! happy dump+-gr\nd ( ,italian op]a & ,italian s+]s & danc]s2 = !re 0 a "t :5 a ballet & a prima ball]9a 7 ( p>am\nt importance 9 an op]atic season4 ,)9 late ye>s ,fr5*1 ,belgian1 ,g]man1 ,am]ican1 ,poli% & ev5 ,dut* s+]s h f\nd _! ,el-,dorado 9 ,engl&4 ,compos]s ( all nations h f\nd hospitality & pr(it4 ,=eign conductors1 virtuosi1 tea*]s & *orus-s+]s h tak5 up a p]man5t abode "h1 & ?+s h come to su* a pass t "o may well wond] :e!r !re is any room at all = an ,engli%man1 & :e!r ! "t has n arriv$ = a voice to be rais$ on behalf ( native arti/s & native art4 ,x is n z ?\gh native op]a _h fail$ to %[ signs ( life4 ,our failure to create a body ( art comp>able ) t ( ,g]many1 ,italy & ,france has sometimes be5 attribut$ to inh]5t lack ( ! dramatic in/9ct 9 music1 b t view is contradict$ by ! hi/orical facts4 ,f ! "t ( ,purcell1 ^: op]atic g5ius is beyond "q1 nei!r ! impulse to write on ! "p ( musicians nor ! capacity to appreciate on ! "p ( ! public has be5 lack+4 ,we f9d ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 break+ ?r\gh ! /ifl+ influ5ce ( exotic art1 an irrepressible t5d5cy t[>ds ! creation ( a purely native =m ( op]a4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,engli% or ,briti% compos]s return$ to ! task ) significant1 if tempor>y1 success4 ,! li/ is surpris+ly l>ge & almo/ cont9u\s d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x includes _m =ms ( art1 "s ( :i* h no pret5sion to a high /&>d1 b ! "o ?+ common to !m all is ! ye>n+ t[>ds "s sort ( musical drama :i* !y exhibit4 ,?is is se5 9 no?+ m pla9ly ?an 9 ! ballad op]as ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* 7 inaugurat$ by ! imm5sely popul> ,begg>'s ,op]a 9 #agbh1 only "s ?irty ye>s aft] ,purcell's fl\ri%+ p]iod4 ,a /r+ ( ballads took ! public by /orm :5 ?r[n into a dramatic sett+4 ,arne's ambiti\s project ( build+ up 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury an ,engli% op]atic s*ool to rival ! ,italians 9 _! own doma9 indicates an in/ructive confid5ce 9 ! =ces ( 8 day4 ,x fail$ n s mu* f lack ( support z f active opposition on ! "p ( ^? undy+ enemies ( ! unaccu/om$1 :o play ! game ( foll[-my-lead] l a flock ( %eep4 ,!y did x !n4 ,!y d x n[4 ,?is failure did n det] ,arne's successors f freely foll[+ _! own op]atic b5t1 9 ! e>li] & less ambiti\s /yle4 ,! agreeable & di/9ctive national tal5t ( ,dibd91 ,arnold1 ,l9ley1 ,%ield1 ,horace1 ,hook1 ,braham & _m o!rs f\nd expression 9 a ho/ ( musically set plays1 :i* hugely delight$ ! public4 ,engli% musicians receiv$ enc\ragem5t & respond$ to x4 ,! #ahji ,engli% ,op]a ,h\se produc$ a quantity ( works1 & at ! same "t ,drury ,lane & ,cov5t ,g>d5 (f]$ a field ( activity to ,bi%op1 :o 0 a born op]atic compos] ( *>m+ & orig9al gifts4 ,to ?is p]iod belongs ,balfe1 :o may be said to m>k its culm9ation4 ,! ,siege ( ,ro*elle1 8 fir/ op]a1 0 br\ght out at ,drury ,lane 9 #ahce1 & ! ,bohemian ,girl1 8 mo/ successful "o1 9 #ahdc at ! same !atre4 ,?is op]a has be5 be=e ! public = ne>ly sixty ye>s1 & is /ill enjoy+ ! undim9i%$ fav\r ( popul> audi5ces4 ,wallace's ,m>itana1 :i* belongs to ! same p]iod1 is also v mu* alive to ?is day4 ,b>nett's ,m\nta9 ,sylph 7#ahcd7 & ,lod]'s ,night ,danc]s 7#ahdf7 met ) z mu* success & la/$ z long z f\r out ( five contempor>y ,italian works1 & !y 7 only among/ ! mo/ prom95t ( a numb] ( native op]as1 call$ =? 9 ?is p]iod ( sun%9e & receiv$ ) appreciation4 ,?is p]iod pass$ away1 & has n be5 r5ew$4 ,! promise held out by ,c>l ,rosa1 an impress>io ( enlight5m5t & ent]prise1 almo/ am\nt+ to g5ius1 0 baulk$ by 8 premature dea?1 & ! patriotic ef=t embodi$1 9 ! !atre :i* is n[ ! ,palace ,music ,hall end$ 9 worse ?an failure4 ,t well-meant b disa/r\s v5ture 0 ! heavie/ bl[ t ,engli% op]a has ev] receiv$1 = x ca/ ! %ad[ ( hopelessness ov] ! :ole ent]prise 9 ! eyes ( ! public 9 g5]al & ! !atrical & musical _w 9 p>ticul>4 ,naturally p]haps1 b mo/ unju/ly4 ,= ! g5]al disappo9tm5t & disillusion att5d+ ! failure ( ,ivanhoe ! critics 7 l>gely to blame 9 hold+ out expectations :i* c\ld n be realis$2 ! ?+ 0 doom$ to ev5tual collapse f ! outset4 ,x />t$1 x is true1 ) an unp>allel$ adv]tisem5t & amid univ]sal good wi%es2 x comm&$ popul> & fa%ionable patronage alike1 & e adv5titi\s attraction 0 provid$ ) a lavi% h&4 ,b x lack$ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( real success1 & _h to fight aga9/ insup]able difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /age 0 f> too small = gr& op]a1 :i* moves 9 a l>ge way1 requir+ l>ge spaces4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s mu/ /& out cle>1 ) abundant room = movem5t & ge/ure on a h]oic scale4 ,if !y are huddl$ or cr[d$ up aga9/ ! *orus--:i* also requires ample space--! action is confus$ & leaves an impression ( futility4 ,! effect is gone4 ,?is might n altoge!r prev5t enjoym5t ( a famili> "w by audi5ces accu/om$ to small !atres1 b x ru9s ! *ances ( a new piece conceiv$ on a l>g] scale1 & pres5t$ 9 ,london to playgo]s accu/om$ to m adequate bo>ds4 ,! /age at ! ambiti\s ,new ,op]a ,h\se 0 s small1 & ! =e%ort5+ s excessive 9 consequ5ce1 t 9 ! op5+ sc5e ( ,ivanhoe ,c$ric & 8 gue/s actually sat at meat 9 ,ro!rwood ,hall ) _! knees above ! table1 produc+ a ludicr\s effect4 ,& yet ! piece 0 project$ on ! mo/ pomp\s scale1 ) t\rnam5t1 siege1 fire1 solemn trial1 battle1 murd] & sudd5 dea?--9 %ort1 all ! details t require ! mo/ ample spaces4 ,! report]s 7 told1 ( c\rse1 t ! /age 0 ! l>ge/ 9 ,europe1 & !y may possibly h believ$ x4 ,at any rate1 !y told ! public s4 ,!y ought to h kn[n t ,ivanhoe _h no *ance s cramp$ & huddl$ toge!r4 ,! second ob/acle 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( an inadequate /age--to wit1 an ov]load$ book4 ,!re 7 too _m pr9cipal *>act]s4 ,!y clutt]$ up ! /age1 got 9 ea* o!r's way & di/ract$ att5tion f ! ma9 action4 ,a skilful noveli/ c dispose ( a great _m *>act]s 9 "o /ory2 a skilful dramati/ c put few] b /ill a good _m into "o play1 because !y are able to expla9 !mselves quickly & by-play is admissible4 ,9 gr& op]a x is o!rwise4 ,! *>act]s move on a high] emotional plane2 !y express !mselves 9 prolong$ phrases & acc5ts enl>g$ beyond ! mann] ( spee*1 consequ5tly !y require m "t & space4 ,x mu/ all be simple1 l>ge & cle>4 ,!re mu/ be no di/raction ( int]e/2 to h sev]al p]sons ( equal importance is fatal4 ,no musician c\ld h made a successful op]a ( su* a book z ,ivanhoe4 ,! tal5t1 skill & exp]i5ce ( ,sullivan did n fail to produce "s agreeable numb]s1 b !y fail$ mo/ egregi\sly to make gr& op]a4 ,a p]petual s5se ( disappo9tm5t p]vad$ ! piece2 x nev] rose to ! height dem&$ by ! situation1 save :5 t 0 comic1 & occasionally ! failure 0 absolutely pa9ful4 ,! music kept try+ to so>1 b 0 all ! "t *a9$ by ! leg4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,y _c s]ve two ma/]s1 nor c a man :o has devot$ a life to light musical composition1 sudd5ly comm& ! p[]s :i* c only be won by toil1 & tribulation1 & fai?ful devotion to a high ideal4 ,to cr[n ?is fabric ( %ortcom+s1 ! managem5t committ$ ! folly ( runn+ ,ivanhoe e night4 ,no ma/]piece c\ld h /ood a te/ ( ?is k9d4 ,& x 0 ?us1 ) ?is s+le un=tunate specim51 t ,engli% op]a 0 to be e/abli%$4 ,let no "o be ca/ d[n by ?is failure4 ,we may r po9t to ! attempt1 to ! widespread int]e/1 & to ! eag] if ill-f\nd$ hopes t accompani$ x1 z signs ( vitality4 ,!y indicate ! exi/5ce ( a dem&1 :ile ! recurr5t ef=ts ( rec5t1 & ( /ill liv+ compos]s--( ,gor+1 ,?omas1 ,cord]1 ,/an=d1 ,c[51 ,mack5zie1 ,m',cunn & ,de ,l>a--prove t ! dramatic in/9ct has n dep>t$ f ,briti% compos]s1 & t x is n hopeless to look = a supply 9 answ] to ! dem&4 ,! se$ only ne$s sy/ematic enc\ragem5t1 & intellig5t cultivation to be> fruit4 ,i firmly believe t ! "t is ripe = su* enc\ragem5t to come f an (ficial sph]e2 9 o!r words1 ,i advocate ,/ate int]v5tion 9 ! matt]1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a subsidis$ national op]a h\se on ! l9es successfully adopt$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,& t we may pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 let u exam9e h[ cont95tal nations f>e "u ! aegis ( ,/ate-aid$ ,art4 ,italy1 ,g]many & ,france pres5t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic in/ances1 & ,i w take a bird's-eye view ( ! op]atic ma*9]y 9 !m1 beg9n+ ) ,italy4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,"h is an extract ( ?is privilege3--,n\s avons au dit ,p]r91 accorde et octroye1 accordans et octroyons p> les pres5tes signees de notre ma9 la p]mission d'etablir en notre bonne ville de ,p>is et autres de no/rec ,royaume1 des ,academies composees de tel nombre et qualite de p]sonnes qu'il avis]a1 p\r y repres5t] et *ant] en public des op]a et repres5tations en musique et en v]s francais1 p>eilles et semblables a celles d',italie4 ,et p\r d$ommag] l',exposant1 des gr&s frais du'il convi5dra faire p\r les dites ,repres5tations1 tant p\r les ,!atres1 ,ma*9es1 ,decorations1 ,habits qu'autres *oses necessaires2 n\s luy p]mettons de pr5dre du public telles sommes qu'il avis]a et a cette f9 d'etablir des g>des et autres g5s necessaires a la porte des lieux ou se f]ont les dites ,repres5tations2 ,faisant tres expresses inhibitions et def5ces a t\tes p]sonnes de quelque qualite et condition qu'elles soi5t1 mesme aux (fici]s de no/re ,maison d'y entr] sans pay]1 et de faire *ant] de p>eils op]a ou ,repres5tations en musique et en v]s francais dans t\te l'ent5due de no/re ,royaume p5dant d\ze annees sans le cons5tem5t et p]mission du dit exposant1 a pe9e de dix huit mil livres d'am5de1 etc41 etc4 ,italy ,!re are ab\t five hundr$ !atres 9 ,italy1 & q "o half ( ^! h seasons ( op]a at v>i\s times ( ! ye>4 ,! traditional ,italian op]atic season beg9s on ! #bf? ,decemb] ( ea* ye> at ,san ,/efano ,day1 & is call$ ! ,c>nival ,season2 !n foll[s ,qu>esima or ,l5t ,season & ,primav]a or ,spr+ ,season--altoge!r "s five mon?s ( op]a4 ,besides ^! !re exi/ 7/agioni di fi]e7 %ort seasons ( "o or two weeks' duration1 at ! "t ( c]ta9 fam\s fairs4 ,!re are autumn seasons1 & sporadic p]=mances at fa%ionable summ] & ba?+ resorts4 ,i am q )9 /rict probability 9 ass]t+ t 9 ,italy two hundr$ odd !atres are devot$ to op]a ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,^! !atres may be briefly divid$ into two classes--municipal & private ones4 ,! latt] are run v mu* on ! same l9es z private !atres any:]e else1 & d n come )9 ! scope ( my consid]ation4 ,! ,/ate does n int]f]e 9 any way ) ,italian !atres1 & su* help z ^! receive comes ei!r f municipalities1 or especially =m$ associations ( in/itutions l9k$ by common int]e/ ) ! work+ ( a !atre4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( su* help is always t ( an act p]=m$ = ! public good1 or1 z x is (ficially t]m$1 p] ragioni di pubblica utilita1 & x naturally takes ! =m ( a monet>y subsidy4 ,?is suesidy v>ies accord+ to ! importance ( ! !atre1 ! rank ( ! city1 ! prospects ( ! season1 & its grant is altoge!r opportuni/ic & at times arbitr>y4 ,9 ! majority ( ,italian !atres boxes are propriet>y1 & ! pal*etti/i 7box-hold]s7 h a direct int]e/ & a vote ( "s weight 9 ! prospective arrangem5ts ( a season4 ,! impress>io desir\s ( runn+ an op]atic !atre mu/ submit 8 prospectus to ! box-hold]s at ! same "t he submits x to ! municipality f :i* he wi%es to obta9 8 contract1 & ( c\rse1 8 subsidy4 ,a !atrical bo>d 7,commissione ,teatrale71 compos$ ( local au?orities1 & box-hold]s exam9es ! prospectus1 & if ! decision is unfav\rable ano!r plan has to be submitt$ by ! same man1 or ano!r aspirant1 or p]haps ! ,commissione has a s*eme ( its own4 ,z a rule1 /ipulations comprise ei!r a novelty or a fav\rite op]a1 call$ 9 ?is case obligatory 7op]a d'obbligo71 a ballet1 or simply a specifi$ numb] ( p]=mances4 ,! l5g? ( ! season v>ies f eight days 7/agione di fi]a7 to two mon?s1 ! rep]tory may consi/ ( "o op]a or tw5ty1 :il/ ! figure ( ! subsidy is any?+ betwe5 ,l#bj & ,l#hjjj4 ,! av]age1 h[ev]1 is ?ree op]as = a m$ium season ( "o mon?--"o obligatory1 "o di repiego 7= a *ange7 & ano!r1 da de ,/9>si 7to be select$71 at ! *oice ( ! impress>io or 9 accord ) ! ,commissione4 ,five p]=mances weekly are ! or?odox numb]1 ,mondays & ,fridays be+ recognis$ z days ( re/4 ,if an agreem5t is arriv$ at1 ! impress>io is put 9 possession ( ! !atre = ! p]iod /ipulat$1 & sets ab\t runn+ 8 season4 ,he is giv5 b ! b>e build+ & seats2 he has to provide sc5]y1 co/umes1 or*e/ra & *orus 9 addition to 8 company ( arti/s4 ,sometimes or*e/ra & *orus are local in/itutions1 & !re are small places 9 :i* ! conductor is an employe ( ! municipality engag$ = a p]iod ( ye>s to play ! organ 9 *ur*1 tea* music at s*ools1 conduct op5-air conc]ts & also ! op]atic season4 ,9 su* a case a "p ( ! subsidy1 equival5t to all ! sal>ies1 is reta9$ to gu>d aga9/ accid5ts1 or else a sum is set ap>t = t purpose out ( a deposit lodg$ by ! impress>io ) ! ,commissione or ! municipality4 ,! budget ( ! manag] dep5ds on ! subsidy & ! subscription1 9 :i* box-hold]s mu/ p]=ce p>ticipate ow+ to ! sy/em ( +resso or entrance ticket--a sy/em :i* consi/s 9 *>g+ s mu* 7a uni=m price1 z a rule7 = entrance 9 addition to ! price ( y\r ticket4 ,+resso simply gives y ! "r to /&+ room1 or y may jo9 "s fri5ds 9 a box ( !irs2 & ?is me?od has be5 devis$ 9 view ( ! pal*etti/i1 ^: boxes w\ld o!rwise prove a pr(itless asset4 ,! pal*etti/i subscribe to ! +resso1 & ! g5]al public to seats & +resso comb9$4 ,b ! impress>io does n get 8 subscription until he has giv5 "o-half ( ! /ipulat$ p]=mances4 ,!re is a fur!r p]quisite1 call$ adobbo1 9 "s s\!rn ,italian !atres--! ,naples ,san ,c>lo1 = in/ance--:i* br+s 9 a goodi% sum ( money1 & consi/s 9 *>g+ two francs = att5dance 9 e box4 ,judg+ f ! "n adobbo1 x mu/ be a relic ( a "t :5 att5dance compris$ "s k9d ( fix+ y up 9 y\r box4 ,x is no?+ ( ! sort to-day1 & ,i am unable to expla9 :y1 aft] hav+ paid = y\r box & +resso1 y are *>g$ = ! adobbo1 :i* seems to me fir/ c\s9 to ! obnoxi\s petit banc 9 ,fr5* !atres4 ,besides ^! two elem5ts1 subv5tion & subscription1 ! impress>io has also ! res\rce ( rais+ ! prices ( seats1 & entrance tickets h[1 & :51 he pleases dur+ ! season1 ! fluctuation affect+1 h[ev]1 non-subscrib]s only4 ,z a rule1 ! op5+ night ( ! season1 & ! production ( a novelty are g5]ally s+l$ out = ! adoption ( ?is device2 b1 naturally en\gh1 y\r manag] has rec\rse to ! measure1 :5ev] an op]a ( 8 proves a sure draw1 & results1 j z mu* z cu/oms1 are !re to ju/ify ! exp$i5t4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! public fail to respond1 ! prices are l[]$ ) ! same alacrity ) :i* !y 7 rais$4 ,?us y may h to pay ,l#d = y\r /all1 say1 at ,la ,scala1 day aft] day1 or y may see on ,w$nesday = #e francs 7#ds47 a p]=mance y w\ld h _h to pay #ajj francs 7,l#d7 = _h y b\ght y\r ticket on ,monday4 ,?is pr9ciple p]vades ! uses & cu/oms ( ! ,italian !atrical _w1 & is applicable to ! lett+ ( scores by publi%]s1 :o1 untrammell$ by su* in/itutions z ! ,societe des ,auteurs 9 ,france1 or special laws z 9 ,spa91 c *>ge :at !y please = ! hire ( b& p>ts & scores4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! publi%] ( ,lucia di ,lamm]moor f lett+ ! music ( ! op]a = #ej francs 7,l#b7 to an impress>io at ,vigevano & *>g+ #bj1jjj francs 7,l#hjj7 to ano!r :o produces x1 say1 at ! ,arg5t9a ( ,rome1 ) ,melba 9 ! title-role4 ,! music publi%] 9 ,italy has a unique position among/ publi%]s1 b q ap>t f ?is1 he enjoys s _m pr]ogatives z to be almo/ ma/] ( ! op]atic situation 9 t c\ntry4 ,he c put :at value he pleases on ! lett+ ( ! score he owns1 & has ! absolute "r ov] ! heads ( ! ,!atrical ,bo>d to reject arti/s already engag$1 includ+ ! conductor4 ,he c take exception to co/umes & sc5]y & )draw 8 score z late z ! dress rehe>sal4 ,?is is call$ ! "r ( prote/a4 ,x does n foll[ t su* "r is ex]cis$ indiscrim9ately1 spitefully or frequ5tly1 b x is suffici5t t x exi/s1 & :at betwe5 ! ,commissione ,teatrale1 ! pal*etti/i & ! publi%]1 ! impress>io 9 ,italy is n precisely on a b$ ( roses4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( su* imp$im5ta1 ,italian op]a fl\ri%$ = well-nigh two c5turies1 & ,italian s+]s1 rep]tory & language 7 consid]$ all b synonym\s ) e op]atic ent]prise1 dur+ t p]iod4 ,?is asc5d5cy la/$ z long z prop] inc5tives = developm5t ( ! art 7 /eadily provid$ by responsible bodies2 9 o!r words1 s long z ! great !atres ( ,italy--,la ,scala at ,milan1 ,san ,c>lo at ,naples1 ,communale at ,bologna1 ,apollo at ,rome1 ,f5ice at ,v5ice1 ,c>lo ,felice at ,g5oa1 ,raggio transcrib]3 ,regio8 at ,tur91 ,p]gola at ,flor5ce1 etc4--7 9 receipt ( regul> subv5tions4 ,b political & economical *anges 9 ! c\ntry turn$ ! att5tion ( public bodies t[>ds o!r *annels1 & ! radical t5d5cies ( mo/ municipalities w5t dead aga9/ ! arti/ic int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 spite ( w>n+s f mo/ au?oritative qu>t]s1 ! opposition1 t[>ds subsidis+ :at 0 wrongly consid]$ ! play?+ ( ! ari/ocracy grew apace1 & ! cry became common t if dukes & c\nts1 & o!r nobles want$ _! op]a1 !y %\ld pay = x4 ,subsidies 7 )drawn "h1 susp5d$ !re1 cut %ort 9 ano!r place1 & altoge!r municipal adm9i/ration ( !atres ent]$ ^u a p]iod ! activity ( :i* ,i h already qualifi$1 z opportuni/ic & arbitr>y4 ,9 va9 did a great /atesman1 ,camillo ,cav\r1 argue ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ at all co/s1 ! "t-hon\r$ enc\ragem5t1 & help to pione]s ( ! ,italian op]a1 br++ ! discussion to an absolutely practical1 if n d[nright comm]cial1 level4 ,i d n und]/& a note ( music1 said he1 & c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 a drum & a viol91 b ,i und]/& v well t = ! ,italian nation1 ! art ( music is n only a s\rce ( glory1 b also ! prim>y cause ( an enorm\s comm]ce1 :i* has ramifications 9 ! :ole _w4 ,i believe !re=e t x is ! duty ( ! ,gov]nm5t to help s important an indu/ry4 ,! municipalities rema9$ obdurate1 & ! />t ( _! %ort-sight$ policy co9cid$ ) ! gradual decad5ce ( ,italian op]a1 until ?is =m ( ent]ta9m5t lo/ pre/ige1 & cu/om ) ! be/ ( its =m] cli5ts1 ,engl&1 ,russia & ,france4 ,we "k h[ ?+s on ?is c\nt /& ) u4 ,9 ,russia1 ,italian op]a1 =m]ly subsidis$ f ! ,imp]ial purse1 0 left to private ent]prise1 & all available funds & enc\ragem5t transf]r$ to national op]a h\ses2 :il/ 9 ,france ! reaction is su*1 t ev5 ! r>e production ( an ,italian op]a 9 "o ( ! ,fr5* !atres is tol]at$ & no?+ m4 ,g]many ,! organisation ( !atres 9 ! ,g]man ,empire is q diff]5t & widely diff]5t ! results6 ,let u take only ! ,c\rt !atres 7,h(!at]71 su* z ! op]a h\ses ( ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,dresd51 ,wiesbad51 ,/uttg>t1 ,c>lsruhe & ,d>m/adt 9 ,g]many1 ^? ( ,vi5na & ,prague 9 ,au/ria1 & ! municipal !atre ( ,frank=t4 ,^! !atres are "u ! g5]al direction ( ,c\rt dignit>ies1 su* z ,h4,e4 ,c\nt ,ho*b]g 9 ,b]l9 & ,h4,s4,h4 ,pr9ce von ,li*t5/e9 9 ,vi5na1 & "u ! effective managem5t ( ,imp]ial ,int5dants 9 ,vi5na & ,b]l91 a ,royal ,int5dant at ,muni*1 ,dresd51 ,wiesbad51 ,/uttg>t & ,prague1 ,gr&-,ducal at ,c>lsruhe & ,d>m/adt1 & municipal at ,frank=t4 ,! ,int5dants d n p>ticipate ei!r 9 ! risks or pr(its ( ! !atre1 b receive a fix$ ye>ly sal>y v>y+ betwe5 #bj1jjj & #cj1jjj m>ks 7,l#ajjj to ,l#aejj74 ,!y h absolute fre$om 9 ! reception ( works1 ! engagem5ts ( arti/s1 ! selection ( programmes & rep]tory1 & are answ]able only to ! ,sov]eign1 ^: ,civil ,li/ provides ! subsidy1 balances acc\nts1 & contributes to ! settl+ ( retir+ p5sions ( ! p]sonnel4 ,! ,b]l9 ,op]a ,h\se receives a ye>ly subv5tion ( #ijj1jjj m>ks1 or ,l#de1jjj4 ,! ,vi5na ,op]a ,h\se has #cjj1jjj flor9s 7ab\t ,l#be1jjj7 = a season ( t5 mon?s4 ,! deficit1 h[ev]1 if any1 is made good f ! ,emp]or's ,privy ,purse4 ,! ,k+ ( ,saxony puts #dhj1jjj m>ks 7,l#bd1jjj7 at ! disposal ( ,c\nt ,int5dant ,seeba*4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 #ahig only #dcg1jjj m>ks 7 actually sp5t4 ,! or*e/ra ( ! ,dresd5 ,op]a ,h\se does n figure 9 ! budget1 its memb]s be+ ,royal s]vants engag$ = life & paid by ! ,cr[n4 ,at ,muni* x is ! same1 ! or*e/ra be+ *>g$ to ! ,civil ,li/ ( ! ,reg5t ( ,bav>ia4 ,! co/ is #bej1jjj m>ks 7,l#ab1ejj71 & a simil> sum is grant$ to ,int5dant ,poss>t = ! two !atres he manages 7,h( & ,resid5z74 ,! season la/s elev5 mon?s4 ,wiesbad5 comes next ) a subv5tion ( #djj1jjj m>ks1 7,l#bj1jjj7 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many z ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,! season is ( t5 mon?s' duration4 ,! ,c\rt ,!atre at ,/uttg>t is op5 = t5 mon?s1 & ! ,royal subv5tion to ,b>on von ,putlitz1 ! ,int5dant1 is #cjj1jjj m>ks 7,l#ae1jjj74 ,! same sum is grant$ by ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,bad5 to ! ,c>lsruhe !atre = a season ( t5 mon?s4 ,! subv5tion ( ,d>m/adt is only #bej1jjj m>ks 7,l#ab1ejj71 ! season la/+ b n9e mon?s4 ,! ,/ates ( ,bohemia grant a sum ( #ahj1jjj flor9s 7,l#ae1jjj odd7 to ! !atres ( ,prague = a season ( elev5 mon?s4 #ajj1jjj flor9s 7,l#hjjj odd7 ( ?is sum are de/9$ = ! ,national ,t*eque ,!atre4 ,frank=t1 z an anci5t free city1 does n enjoy ! privileges ( pr9cely lib]ality1 & has to put up ) municipal help1 :i* am\nts to a ye>ly donation ( #bjj1jjj m>ks 7,l#aj1jjj7 = a season ( elev5 mon?s1 & !n ! ,conscript ,fa!rs contrive to get "o-half ( _! money back by exact+ a duty ( #cj pf5nigs on e ticket sold4 ,a syndicate1 ) a capital ( ,l#ab1ejj1 has be5 =m$ to help ! municipal in/itution4--,mr ,cla>4 ,! *ief advantages ( ,c\rt !atres consi/ 9 a gu>antee aga9/ possible deficit1 & fre$om f taxes2 & ?is enables ! ,int5dants to price ! seats 9 _! !atres1 9 a mann] :i* makes ! be/ op]a accessible to ! mo/ mode/ purse4 ,! prices ( /alls 9 ,g]man !atres v>y betwe5 #c & #f m>ks or #c to #d flor9s4 7#cs4 to #fs4 or #gs74 ,o!r seats are pric$ 9 proportion1 & a consid]able r$uction is made 9 fav\r ( subscrib]s4 ,^! are simply legion1 & at ,wiesbad5 ! managem5t h be5 compell$ to limit _! numb]4 ,! table bel[1 %[s at a glance ! price ( /alls 9 "s ( ! *ief ,g]man !atres4 ,i give ! av]age figure1 ! price v>y+ accord+ to ! ord] ( ! r[4 ,vi5na #d fls4 7ab\t #gs47 ,b]l9 #f mks4 7#fs47 ,muni* ,wiesbad5 #e mks4 7#es47 ,frank=t ,prague 7,nat4 ,?47 #c fls4 7ab\t #es47 7,g]man ,?47 #b4ej 7ab\t #ds47 ,dresd5 #d mks4 7#ds47 ,/uttg>t ,d>m/adt #c4ej 7#cs4 #f;d47 ,c>lsruhe #c mks4 7#cs47 ,! subscriptions are divid$ into f\r s]ies1 giv+ ea* ! "r to two p]=mances weekly1 b ( c\rse anyone c subscribe = m ?an "o s]ies4 ,a ye>ly subscription comprises--at ,b]l9 & ,prague1 #bhj p]=mances2 at ,vi5na1 #bfj2 at ,muni*1 #bbh2 at ,wiesbad51 #bjj2 & at ,frank=t1 #ahh4 ,to subscrib]s ! prices ( /alls are z foll[s3-- ,vi5na #c fls4 #g kr4 7#fs47 ,wiesbad5 #e mks4 7#es47 ,b]l9 #d4ej 7#ds4 #f;d47 ,frank=t #c4ea 7#cs4 #f;d47 ,muni* #c4dg 7#cs4 #f;d47 ,d>m/adt #b mks4 7#bs47 ,prague #a flor9 7#as4 #i;d47 ,^! figures suffice to prove ! colossal b5efit pr9cely patronage & subv5tion be/[ on ! !atre-go]1 9 putt+ a fav\rite ent]ta9m5t )9 ! rea* ( ! masses4 ,moreov]1 ! ,g]man op]a-go] is cat]$ = bo? 9 quality & quantity4 ,z reg>ds quality1 he has ! pick ( ! ma/]pieces ( e s*ool1 nation & rep]tory4 ,gluck1 ,spont9i1 ,*]ub9i1 ,aub]1 ,h]old1 ,boieldieu1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 & ,web] hobnob on ! ye>ly programmes ) ,wagn]1 ,v]di1 ,mascagni1 ,pucc9i1 ,giordano & ,leoncavallo1 to cite a few names only4 ,z reg>ds quantity1 ! foll[+ details speak = !mselves--,i take ! !atrical /ati/ics = ! ye> #ahie-ahif3-- ,! ,b]l9 ,op]a ,h\se produces #fj v>i\s works--#eb op]as & #h ballets4 ,! ,vi5na ,op]a ,h\se #gd works--#ec op]as & #ba ballets4 ,! ,new ,g]man ,!atre at ,prague--#de op]as1 #aa light op]as & two ballets4 ,! ,frank=t ,!atre--#fj op]as1 #aa op]ettes1 #d ballets & #ac great spectacul> pieces4 ,at ,c>lsruhe--#dg op]as & #a ballet4 ,at ,wiesbad5--#dc op]as & #f ballets4 ,at ,d>m/adt--#dh op]as1 #b op]ettes & #e ballets4 ,at ,hanov]--#cg op]as4 ,at ! ,national ,!atre1 ,prague--#dh op]as & #f ballets4 ,at ,/uttg>t--#ec op]as & #e ballets4 ,at ,muni*--#ec op]as & #b ballets4 ,at ,dresd5--#ef op]as1 #e ballets & #d oratorios4 ,^! are spl5did results ( ent]prise prop]ly enc\rag$1 & ,i am giv+ only a fraction ( ! in=mation 9 my possession1 = !re are no less ?an n9ety-f\r !atres 9 ,europe1 :]e op]a is p]=m$ 9 ,g]man1 & ( ^! sev5ty-n9e are suffici5tly well equipp$ to m\nt any great "w ( ,wagn]'s1 ,mey]be]'s1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ^! !atres produce e ye> "o new "w at lea/1 & ?us ! rep]tory is con/antly r5ew$ & augm5t$4 ,e ,g]man !atre has atta*$ to x a *oir s*ool1 :]e girls are admitt$ f _! fifte5? ye> & boys f _! sev5te5?4 ,!y are taught solfeggio & ! pr9cipal works ( ! rep]tory4 ,! classes are held 9 ! e>ly morn+1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! pursuit ( ! o!r avocations ( ! pupils2 b ea* receives1 nev]!less1 a small ye>ly sal>y ( #fjj m>ks 7,l#cj74 ,^! /udies la/ two ye>s1 & dur+ t "t ! pupils h (t5 to take "p 9 p]=mances1 receiv+ special remun]ation = _! s]vices4 ,:5 !y are consid]$ suffici5tly well prep>$1 !y pass an exam9ation1 & are appo9t$ *orus-s+]s at a sal>y ( #ajjj to #ahjj m>ks 7,l#ej to ,l#ij7 a ye>1 & are entitl$ besides to a special fee 7,spielgeld7 ( #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] p]=mance = an ord9>y *orus-s+]1 & #bs4 to #es4 = a soloi/4 ,if we reckon t a *orus-s+]1 c take "p on an av]age 9 "s #bej p]=mances 9 a ye>1 at an av]age fee (1 say1 #bs4 ea*1 we f9d t 8 income is increas$ by a sum ( ,l#be1 a v dec5t compet5ce4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 ! smalle/ ,g]man t[ns1 9 ! mo/ mode/ !atres1 !re exi/ p5sion funds = all !atrical arti/s & employes4 ,^! funds are f$3-- 7#a47 ,by a ye>ly donation f ! ,sov]eign's ,privy ,purse4 7#b47 ,by reta9+ f #a p] c5t4 to #e p] c5t4 on ! sal>ies ( memb]s4 7#c47 ,f b5efit conc]ts & p]=mances4 7#d47 ,f all k9ds ( donations1 legacies1 f9es1 etc4 ,at ,/uttg>t ! ,k+ takes *>ge ( all ! p5sions1 except ( ^? ( wid[s & orphans1 :o are provid$ = f ano!r fund4 ,at ,muni* ! ,k+ furni%es ! orig9al capital ) a sum ( #bjj1jjj m>ks 7,l#aj1jjj71 & to-day ! fund has ov] #a1jjj1jjj m>ks at its disposal4 ,eight ye>s' s]vice entitles a memb] to a full p5sion4 ,at ,prague six ye>s' s]vice ga9s a p5sion1 b ! av]age p]iod ?r\gh\t ,g]many is t5 ye>s4 ,!re are scores ( additional po9ts ( great int]e/1 9 connection ) ! work+ ( ,g]man subsidis$ !atres4 ,! above suffices1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! imm5se advantage ( a sy/em ( ,/ate-aid$ ,art1 a sy/em t might s]ve z a model to a c\ntry ab\t to emb>k on simil> ent]prises4 ,i w add "o detail m4 ,!re be+ no au?or's society 9 ,g]many1 z 9 ,france1 ! !atrical manag]s treat ) music publi%]s direct = ! p]=m+ rights ( scores :i* !y own4 ,! old rep]tory co/s1 z a rule1 v little1 & ! rights ( new works are *>g$ g5]ally f #e p] c5t4 to #g p] c5t4 on ! gross receipts4 ,moreov]1 b& p>ts & scores are n hir$1 z 9 ,italy1 b b\ght outright1 & rema9 9 ! libr>y ( ! !atre4 ,france ,9 ,france ! ,/ate int]v5es directly 9 !atrical matt]s 9 ,p>is only1 subsidis+ ! f\r *ief !atres ( ! capital--to wit1 ! ,op]a1 ! ,op]a ,comique1 ! ,com$ie ,francaise & ! ,odeon4 ,9 ! prov9ces !atres are subsidis$ by municipal c\ncils1 :o vote ea* ye> a c]ta9 sum = ! purpose4 ,! manag] is appo9t$ = "o ye> only1 subject to 8 acceptance ( ! cahi] des *>ges1 a contract embody+ a s*eme ( /ipulations devis$ by ! c\ncil1 & impos$ 9 return = ! subsidy grant$4 ,! lea/ infraction ( ! conditions laid !re9 br+s its p5alty ei!r 9 ! way ( a f9e or ! =feit ( ! contract4 ,! subsidies v>y accord+ to ! importance ( ! t[n1 ! !atres ( ,lyons1 ,bordeaux & ,m>seilles be+ ! ?ree be/ end[$4 ,less fav\r$ are places l ,r\51 ,lille1 ,nantes1 ,dijon1 ,nancy1 ,ang]s1 ,reims1 ,t\l\se1 etc41 &1 ?\gh ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies votes e ye> 9 ! ,budget ( ,f9e ,arts a consid]able sum = ! prov9ces1 ! subsidy is n allott$ to !atres1 b to cons]vatoires1 symphonic conc]ts & orpheonic societies4 ,two ye>s ago a ,deputy1 ,m4 ,g\jon1 obta9$ 9 ! ,*amb] ! vote ( a special grant = su* prov9cial !atres z _h di/+ui%$ !mselves by produc+ novelties4 ,b ! ,s5ate ?rew out ! proposal4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z if ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic 7 indiff]5t to ! fate ( ! prov9cial !atres or _! progress 9 ! field ( op]atic art4 ,b wor%ip ( ,p>is on "o side1 & a dislike to dec5tralisation on ! o!r1 are responsible = ! fact t all ef=ts are direct$ t[>ds "o *annel1 namely1 ! f\r be=e-nam$ ,p>isian !atres4 ,( ^!1 naturally en\gh only ! op]a h\se w engage my att5tion1 or m precisely "o alone1 ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se1 ,la ,!atre ,national de l',op]a1 !re be+ little practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! work+ ( t & ( ! y\ng] h\se1 ! ,!atre de l',op]a ,comique4 ,a few words1 foll[+ *ronologically ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! ,p>is ,op]a ,h\se has pass$ s9ce its orig91 may prove ( int]e/1 & s]ve to indicate h[ untir+ has be5 ! c>e ( successive ,gov]nm5ts ov] ! =tunes & ! evolution ( ! op]atic problem 9 ,france4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,pi]re ,p]r9 0 ! possessor ( ! fir/ op]atic privilege grant$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 #affi4 ,h>dly _h he be5 in/all$ :5 ,lulli began to intrigue aga9/ 8 managem5t1 & hav+ le>nt t ! pr(its ( ! fir/ ye> am\nt$ to ov] #abj1jjj livres1 he _h no re/ until he obta9$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,mme4 de ,montespan1 ! dismissal ( ,p]r9 & obta9$ ! po/ = himself4 ,9 fifte5 ye>s 8 net pr(its am\nt$ to #hjj1jjj livres6 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son-9-law1 ,franc9e1 :o held ! privilege ) v>i\s =tunes until #agad1 ! ,k+ int]v5+ m ?an once 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,9 #agae ! ,duc d',ant9 0 appo9t$ ,regisseur ,royal de l',academie by lett]s-pat5t ( ! ,k+1 :o up till !n consid]$ himself supreme *ief ( 8 ,academy4 ,9 #agbh ! managem5t pass$ into ! h&s ( ,guy5et1 ! compos]1 :o 9 turn made ov] ! ent]prise1 = a sum ( #cjj1jjj livres1 to a syndicate ( ?ree--,comte de ,sa9t-,gilles1 ,presid5t ,lebeuf & "o ,gru]4 ,?\gh _! privilege _h be5 r5ew$ = ?irty ye>s1 ! ,k+1 ,l\is ,,xv41 0 oblig$ to cancel x ow+ to ! sc&al ( a fete galante ! syndicate _h organis$ at ! ,academie ,royale1 & ,pr9ce de ,c>ignan 0 appo9t$ 9 #agca inspecteur-g5]al4 ,a capta9 ( ! ,pic>dy regim5t1 ,eug5e de ,?uret1 foll[$ 9 #agcc1 0 succe$$ 9 #agdd by ,b]g]1 & !n came ,trefonta9e1 ^: managem5t la/$ sixte5 mon?s--until ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #agid4 ,all ?is 0 a p]iod ( mismanagem5t & deficits1 & ! ,k+1 tir$ ( con/ant mi%aps & calls ^u 8 ex*equ]1 ord]$ ! city ( ,p>is to take ov] ! adm9i/ration ( 8 ,academy4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ! city _h _h en\gh ( x1 & ! ,k+ devis$ a fre% s*eme by appo9t+ six ,commissaires du ,roi pres la ,academie 7,papillon de la ,f]te1 ,m>es*el des ,entelles1 ,de la ,t\*e1 ,b\rb\lon1 ,heb]t & ,buffault71 :o _h "u _! ord]s a director1 two inspectors1 an ag5t & a ca%i]4 ,b ! comb9ation 0 %ort-liv$1 la/+ b>ely a ye>4 ,9 #aggh ! city ( ,p>is made "o m try by grant+ a subv5tion ( #hj1jjj livres by a ,sieur de ,vismos4 ,9 #aghj ! ,k+ took back f ! city ! op]atic concession--we mu/ be> 9 m9d x 0 a monopoly all ?is "t--appo9t+ a ,commissaire de sa ,maje/e 7,la ,f]te7 & a director 7,b]ton74 ,9 #agij ! op]a came once m "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! city1 & dur+ ! tr\bl\s times ( ! ,revolution *ang$ its "n ( ,academie ,royale to t ( ,!atre de la ,republique et des ,arts4 ,by an ,imp]ial decree ( ! #bi? ( ,july #ahjg ! op]a came "u ! jurisdiction ( ! fir/ ,*amb]la9 ( ! ,emp]or1 :il/ "u ! ,re/oration ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,k+'s ,h\sehold took ! responsibilities ( g5]al sup]vision4 ,"o ,pic>d 0 appo9t$ director "u bo? regimes1 & 0 succe$$ by ,papillon de la ,f]te & ,p]sius4 ,!n foll[$ ! %ort managem5t ( ,viotti1 & 9 #ahba ,f4 ,hab5eck 0 call$ to ! manag]ial *air4 ,! ,comte de ,blacas1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,k+'s ,h\sehold1 became sup]9t5d5t ( ,royal !atres1 & aft] him ! po/ 0 occupi$ by ! ,m>quis de ,lauri/on1 ! ,duc de ,d\deauville & ! ,vicomte ,so/h5es de la ,ro*ef\cauld4 ,hab5eck 0 replac$ by ,duplantis1 :o took ! title ( ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,op]a4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ,m4 de la ,ro*ef\cauld co/ ,k+ ,l\is ,philippe #iff1jjj francs 9 addition to ! ,/ate subv5tion1 & an extra subsidy ( #cjj1jjj francs d]iv$ f a toll levi$ 9 fav\r ( ! op]a on side %[s & fancy spectacles4 ,?is 0 9 #ahbh1 & 9 #ahcj ! ,k+1 f9d+ ! patronage ( ! op]a too on]\s = 8 ,civil ,li/1 resolv$ to ab&on ! !atre to private ent]prise4 ,dr ,v]on (f]$ to take ! direction ( ! op]a h\se1 at 8 own risk1 = a p]iod ( six ye>s ) a subsidy ( #hjj1jjj francs1 &1 ) ! exception ( a p]iod ( twelve ye>s 7#ahed-ahff71 ! adm9i/ration ( ! op]a 0 includ$ 9 ! duties ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,emp]or's ,h\sehold4 ,bo? ! subsidy & ! pr9ciple ( private ent]prise h rema9$ to ?is day z settl$ 9 #ahcj4 ,be=e !n1 = #aea ye>s1 ,fr5* op]a _h enjoy$ ! patronage & effective help ( ! ,sov]eign1 or ! *ief ( ! ,/ate1 v mu* on ! same sy/em z obta9s at ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many4,b ,dr ,v]on _h z successors1 ,,mm4 ,dupon*el1 ,leon ,pillet1 ,ne/or ,roqueplan1 ,p]r91 ,halanzi]1 ,vaucorbeil1 ,ritt & ,gailh>d1 ,b]tr& & ,gailh>d1 & f9ally ,pi]re ,gailh>d1 ! pres5t director ( ! ,!atre ,national de l',op]a4 ,! pres5t relations 9 ,france betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! director ( ! op]a are z foll[s3-- ,! ,p>is ,op]a ,h\se1 l all o!r !atres 9 ,france1 & = ! matt] ( t all in/itutions 9 ! doma9 ( ,art 9 t c\ntry1 is "u ! direct control & dep5d5ce ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts1 :o has absolute p[] 9 appo9t+ a director1 9 draw+ up ! cahi] des *>ges1 9 impos+ c]ta9 conditions & ev5 9 int]f]+ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! !atre4 ,! appo9tm5t1 call$ also ! grant+ ( ! privilege1 is = a numb] ( ye>s1 g5]ally sev51 & c be r5ew$ or n at ! wi% or :im ( ! ,m9i/]4 ,! cahi] des *>ges1 z already /at$1 is a contract embody+ ! conditions "u :i* ! privilege is grant$4 ,"s ( ^! are at times v casui/ic4 ,z reg>ds int]f]5ce1 "o c easily und]/& h[ a *ief c "l x ov] 8 subord9ate if s m9d$4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out ! anomaly ( ! director's position :o is consid]$ at ! same "t a ,gov]nm5t (ficial & a tradesman--a dualism t compels him to conciliate ! attitude ( a dis9t]e/$ /&>d-be>] ( national art ) ! natural desire ( an adm9i/rator to run 8 ent]prise = pr(it4 ,let me cite a typical in/ance4 ,( all ! works 9 ! rep]tory ( ! op]a1 ,g\nod's ,fau/ /ill holds ! fir/ place 9 ! fav\r ( ! public1 & is inv>iably play$ to full or1 at lea/1 v excell5t h\ses1 s t :5ev] bus9ess is gett+ slack ,fau/ is trott$ out z a trump c>d4,c ,ano!r sure attraction is ,wagn]'s ,walku]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a good _m op]as by native compos]s h fail$ to take ! public fancy1 & h _h to be ab&on$ be=e !y rea*$ a m9imum (1 say1 tw5ty p]=mances 9 "o ye>4 ,n[1 :5 ! director sees t 8 novelty is play$ to empty h\ses he ha/5s to put on ,fau/ or ! ,walku]e1 b ! mom5t he does x up goes a cry ( compla9t1 & a repro( foll[s--,y are n subsidis$ to play ,fau/ or op]as by =eign compos]s1 b to produce & uphold ! works ( native musicians2 y are n a tradesman1 b a high dignit>y 9 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,f9e ,arts1 & s on4 ,at o!r times1 :5 9 a case ( litigation1 ! director wi%es to avail himself ( ! pr]ogatives ( ?is dignity1 he is simply ref]r$ to ! ,tribunal de ,comm]ce1 z any tradesman4 ,m9i/]ial int]f]5ce is ex]cis$1 h[ev]1 only 9 cases ( flagrant maladm9i/ration1 & !n !re are1 ( c\rse1 directors & directors1 j ! same z !re are ,m9i/]s & ,m9i/]s4 ,x is ne$less to g ov] ! :ole gr\nd ( ! cahi] des *>ges1 ! v>i\s p>agraphs ( :i* w\ld =m a good-siz$ pamphlet4 ,! c>d9al po9ts ( ! /ipulations betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties are1 t ! director ( ! ,p>is ,op]a ,h\se receives on 8 appo9tm5t possession ( ! !atre r5t free1 ) all ! /ock ( sc5]y1 co/umes & prop]ties1 ) all ! adm9i/rative & arti/ic p]sonnel1 ! rep]tory1 & a ye>ly subsidy ( #hjj1jjj francs 7,l#cb1jjj74 ,9 return = ?is he b9ds himself to produce e ye> a numb] ( works by native compos]s1 & to m\nt ^! 9 a mann] capable ( uphold+ ! highe/ /&>d ( art1 & wor?y ( ! great traditions ( ! h\se4 ,?is implies1 among o!rs1 t e new "w mu/ be m\nt$ ) newly-inv5t$ sc5]y & fre%ly-devis$ co/umes1 & t 9 g5]al1 no "o set ( sc5]y1 or equipm5t ( w>drobe1 c s]ve = two diff]5t op]as1 ev5 7 !re an id5tity ( situations or hi/orical p]iod or any o!r po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,?us1 if !re are 9 ! op]a rep]tory fifty works1 necessitat+1 say1 a ca!dral1 a public squ>e1 a l&scape or an int]ior1 ! direction mu/ provide fifty diff]5t ca!drals1 fifty diff]5t public squ>es1 fifty v>y+ l&scapes1 etc4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to co/umes1 n only1 ( ! pr9cipal arti/s1 b ( ! *orus & ! ballet4 ,only ! clo!s & co/umes ( def9itely ab&on$ works c be us$ aga9 by special p]mission ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,z reg>ds ! new works t a director is b\nd to produce e ye>1 n only is _! numb] /ipulat$1 b ! numb] ( acts !y are to conta91 & _! "* is specifi$ z well4 ,?is is 9 ord] to avoid ! possible occurr5ce ( a production1 say1 ( two works ea* 9 "o act1 aft] :i* ex]tion a director might consid] himself quit ( ! obligation4 ,x is pla9ly set out t ! director mu/ produce 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> un gr& ouvrage1 un petit ouvrage1 & a ballet ( s _m acts ea*--total1 eight1 n9e or t5 acts1 accord+ to ! /ipulations4 ,moreov]1 he is b\nd to produce ! "w ( a prix de ,rome--t is to say1 ( a pupil ( ! ,cons]vatoire1 :o has receiv$ a fir/ prize = composition1 & has be5 s5t at ! exp5se ( ! ,gov]nm5t to sp5d ?ree ye>s at ! ,villa ,m$icis ( ! ,academie de ,france 9 ,rome4 ,ow+ to circum/ances1 ! ,m9i/] himself designates ! c&idates = ?is ex-(ficio di/9ction1 guid$ by priority ( prizes4 ,! director _h rec\rse to ?is measure ?r\gh ! fault ( ! prix de ,rome !mselves1 :o1 ov] & ov] aga91 ei!r _h no?+ ready = him or else submitt$ works entirely unsuitable = ! h\se4 ,! ,m9i/]'s nom9ation relieves ! director ( responsibility 9 su* cases4 ,works ( =eign compos]s produc$ at ! op]a1 d n c\nt 9 ! numb] ( acts /ipulat$ by ! cahi] de *>ges1 ! respective p>agraphs be+ drawn up 9 fav\r ( native compos]s2 nor c any excess 9 ! numb] ( acts produc$ 9 "o ye> be c>ri$ ov] to ! next ye>4 ,among/ ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,p>is op]a director1 is ! absolute monopoly ( 8 rep]tory 9 ! capital--works 9 ! public doma9 except$--& ! "r to claim = 8 !atre ! s]vices ( ^? :o ga9 ! fir/ prizes at ! f9al exam9ations ( ! op]atic classes at ! ,cons]vatoire4 ,t[>ds ! work+ exp5ses ( 8 !atre ! director has1 fir/ly1 ! subv5tion & ! subscription1 &1 secondly1 ! alea ( ! box-(fice sales4 ,! subv5tion ( #hjj1jjj francs divid$ by ! numb] ( obligatory p]=mances gives close ^u ,l#agj t[>ds ea*1 & ! subscription av]ages ,l#djj a night1 or ,l#egj z a m9imum ) :i* ! curta9 is rais$1 & x is ! manag]'s bus9ess to see t 8 exp5ses d n exce$ ! sum4 ,! h\se full receipts be+ v little ov] ,l#hjj at usual prices1 ! m>g9 is n v sugge/ive ( huge pr(its4 ,inde$1 ) ! con/antly ris+ pret5sions ( /> arti/s1 spoilt by ! ,engli%1 & ,am]ican m>kets1 & ! fa/idi\s ta/es ( 8 patrons1 ! ,p>is op]a director has "s difficulty 9 mak+ bo? ends meet4 ,)9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ! two ,exhibition seasons h sav$ ! managem5t f f9ancial disa/]1 & ?is only by p]=m+ e day1 ,sundays sometimes includ$4 ,"s fifty new works by native compos]s h be5 produc$ at ! op]a s9ce ! op5+ ( ! new h\se 9 #ahgf1 & six by =eign compos]s--,aida1 ,otello1 ,loh5gr91 ,tannhaeus]1 ,walku]e1 & ,mei/]s+]4 ,! maximum ( p]=mances falls to ,romeo et ,juliette1 ?is op]a head+ also ! figure ( av]age receipts ) #ag1fgd francs 7ab\t ,l#ejg74 ,elev5 works h _h ! mis=tune to figure only betwe5 ?ree & n9e times on ! bill4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! sup]vision ex]cis$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts1 ! /ricte/ wat* is kept ov] manag]ial do+s by ! ,societe des ,auteurs1 a legally con/itut$ body :i* repres5ts ! au?ors' rights1 & is alone emp[]$ to treat 9 _! names ) !atrical manag]s1 to collect ! fees1 to gu>d ! execution ( contracts & ev5 to impose f9es4 ,?us is national art 9 ,france n only subsidis$ & patronis$1 b safegu>d$ & protect$4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,x may be ( int]e/ to note t dur+ ?is p]iod no less ?an #edc diff]5t works1 mo/ly by native compos]s1 _h be5 produc$4 ,! la/ op]a produc$ "u ! old regime on ! #crd ( ,augu/ #ahbi 0 ,ross9i's ,guillaume ,tell4 ,c ,dur+ #aijj ,fau/ 0 play$ ?irty-n9e times to an av]age h\se ( #ah1cig francs 7ab\t ,l#gcj7 9 a rep]tory ( tw5ty-five op]as1 & ! ,walku]e elev5 times to an av]age ( #ai1dag francs 7ab\t ,l#ggg74 ,! ,engli% ,national ,op]a ,h\se ,?ree factors det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( any giv5 !atre & h to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to my propos$ ,national ,op]a ,h\se1 namely1 tradition1 cu/om1 & ent]prise4 ,i h prov$ we possess an op]atic tradition1 & z reg>ds cu/om no "o w dispute ! preval5ce ( a ta/e = op]a4 ,inde$1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 ,i c v\* = a feel+ ak9 to ye>n+ 9 ! great masses ( ! music-lov+ public aft] op]atic music1 ev5 :5 /ripp$ ( !atrical p>aph]nalia1 su*1 = example1 z "o gets at purely or*e/ral conc]ts4 ,x is suffici5t to foll[ ! ,que5's ,hall ,wagn] conc]ts to be conv9c$ t ! flatt]+ patronage !y comm& is z mu* a tribute to ! rem>kably arti/ic p]=mance ( ,mr ,h5ry ,wood1 z x is due to ! economy ( 8 programmes4 ,aga91 9 ! prov9ces1 ,i h obs]v$1 times out ( numb]1 cr[d$ audi5ces li/5+ ) evid5t delight1 n only to popul> op]as excell5tly done by ! ,moody-,mann]s' ,company1 b to p]=mances ( ,tri/an & ,siegfri$1 :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 c\ld n give ! li/5]s an adequate idea ( ! real gr&eur ( ^! works4 ,b ! love ( op]a is !re1 & s deeply root$1 t1 r ?an be )\t x1 p are will+ to accept :at !y c get4 ,?is mu*1 !n1 = tradition & cu/om4 ,z reg>ds ent]prise 9 ! op]atic field1 x c be tw(old--ei!r ! result ( private initiative1 work+ its own ends indep5d5tly1 or else x is organis$1 guid$1 & help$1 (ficially4 ,x is "u ! =m] aspect t we h kn[n x1 s f>1 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z we are acqua9t$ ) x1 especially 9 ,london1 we f9d x want+1 f ! po9t ( view ( our special purpose4 ,n t x %\ld be s1 = ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 managem5t1 z at pres5t organis$1 c\ld prove an ideal comb9ation = ! fur!rance ( national art1 7 its aims 9 accordance ) univ]sal1 &1 (t-express$1 desire4 ,:at bett] c be imag9$ ?an a !atre conduct$ by a ga!r+ repres5tative (1 nobility1 fa%ion1 & weal?8 ,x is "u su* auspices t op]a orig9at$1 & t native art sprang to life & prosp]$ ev]y:]e2 & x is to ^! "o has ! "r to turn1 ) hope & tru/1 9 ,engl&4 ,b :5 weal? & fa%ion /oop f ! p$e/al assign$ to !m by tradition1 & b>t] ! hon\r$ "p ( ,maec5as = t ( a deal]1 !y lose ! "r to be consid]$ z factors 9 an art problem1 & _! ent]prise may be dismiss$ f our att5tion4 ,= ! aim ( an op]a h\se1 wor?y ( a great c\ntry l ,engl&1 %\ld n be to make mo/ money ) any agglom]ation ( p]=m]s1 & make%ift mise-en-sc5e1 b to uphold a high /&>d ( ,art4 ,b ! elim9ation ( private ent]prise f my s*eme is b "o m argum5t 9 fav\r ( (ficial int]v5tion1 & ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs w /& u 9 good /ead4 ,( ! ?ree sy/ems ( ,/ate subsidis$ !atres1 z set out 9 my expose ( op]atic sy/ems 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 ! ideal "o is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,g]man1 :]e ! ,sov]eign's ,privy ,purse gu>antees ! work+ ( ,c\rt !atres1 & secures ! future ( respective p]sonnels4 ,b ! adoption ( ?is plan1 or ! :olesale appropriation ( any "o o!r1 _c be advocat$1 if only because ! inh]5t trait ( all our in/itutions is t !y are n import$1 b ! natural outcome ( hi/orical1 or social1 circum/ances4 ,my purpose w be s]v$ z well1 if ,i select ! sali5t features ( ea* sy/em4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 admitt+ ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate control 9 op]atic matt]s1 ,i w make ! fur!rance ( national art a condition s9e qua non ( ! v exi/5ce ( a subsidis$ !atre1 & p]=mances 9 ! ,engli% language obligatory4 ,secondly1 ,i w adopt ! ,g]man sy/em ( prevoyance1 9 organis+ old age p5sions = !atrical p]sonnels4 ,?irdly1 ,i w borr[ f ,italy ! idea ( municipal int]v5tion1 all ! m z ! municipal elem5t has become1 ( late1 an all-important factor 9 ! economy ( our civic life1 & seems all b indicat$ to take active "p 9 a fre% phase ( t life4 ,i d n see h[ any objection c be rais$ to ! pr9ciple ( ^! ?ree po9ts1 ?\gh ,i am fully aw>e ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ea*2 difficulties mo/ly born ( ! diffid5ce 9 comp>+ ! /atus ( op]atic art abroad1 ) its actual /ate 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ,i am endeav\r+ to give help to ! creation ( a national art1 & n promot+ a plan ( competition ) ! op]atic inh]itance ( c\ntries :i* h _h su* help = ov] two c5turies4 ,we are mak+ a beg9n+1 & we mu/ p]=ce beg9 ab ovo1 do+ ev]y?+ t has be5 left undone1 & undo+1 at times1 "s ?+s t h be51 & are be+1 done4 ,let me say1 at once1 to avoid misappreh5sion1 t ,i ref] "h to ! majority ( ! ,anglicis$ v]sions ( =eign libretti4 ,!y are unsatisfactory1 to put x v mildly1 &1 w h to be re-writt5 aga9 be=e1 ^! op]as c be sung ) arti/ic dec5cy 9 ,engli%4 ,! classes ( our great musical in/itutions w h to be reorganis$ entirely1 f ! curriculum ( education to exam9ations4 ,?is is a crude /atem5t ( ! case1 ! details c always be elaborat$ on ! model ( t f9e nurs]y ( arti/s1 ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire4 ,we mu/ n be det]r$ by ! possible sc>city ( native pr(essors1 able to imp>t ! indisp5sable k4 ,d n let u =get t ! initial in/ructors ( op]atic art came f ,italy to ,france1 toge!r ) ! introduction ( _! new art2 b1 f> f monopolis+ tuition1 !y =m$ pupils ( native elem5ts1 & ^! 9 turn became in/ructors1 int]pret]s1 or creators4 ,! same ?+ w happ5 aga91 if necess>y1 let u by all means import ballet ma/]s1 pr(essors ( deportm5t1 s++ tea*]s1 & :oev] c tea* u :at we d n "k1 & _c be taught by our own m54 ,pupils w be =m$ soon en\gh1 & ! =eign elem5t gradually elim9at$4 ,d n let u =get1 ei!r1 t /ale/ ( commonplaces t ,rome 0 n built 9 a day4 ,we are n try+ to improvise g5ii1 or make a complete art1 by wi%+ = ! ?+1 b we are lay+ f\ndations = a future ar*itecture1 e detail ( :i* w be due to native ent]prise1 & ! :ole a national pride4 ,to look = imm$iate results w\ld be z idle z to expect ,wagn]s1 & ,v]dis1 or ,jean de ,reszkes1 & ,t]n9as1 turn$ out e ye> f our s*ools1 simply because we h a subsidis$ op]a h\se1 & reorganis$ musical classes4 ,we are b\nd to arrive at results1 & no "o c say h[ great !y may be1 or h[ soon !y may be arriv$ at4 ,! unexpect$ s (t5 happ5s4 ,n s _m ye>s ago1 = example1 op]atic creative g5ius seem$ ext9ct 9 ! l& ( its bir?1 & ! all-p]vad+ wave ( ,wagn]ism ?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( musical ,italy1 :51 lo6 !re came ! surprise ( ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana1 & ! /ill great] surprise ( ! en?usiasm ) :i* ! "w 0 receiv$ 9 ,g]many1 & ! no less a/oni%+ rise ( a new op]atic s*ool 9 ,italy1 & its triumphant progress ?r\gh\t ! musical _w4 ,:o c say :at impulse native creative tal5t w receive 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 x is c>$ = z x c]ta9ly des]ves8 ,! "q arises n[ ( ! mo/ practical mann] 9 :i* ?is c>e c be ex]cis$8 ,plans h be5 put =w>d m ?an once1--discuss$1 & disc>d$4 ,?is means little4 ,any *ild c pick a plan to pieces1 & prove its unwor?9ess4 ,goodwill means ev]y?+1 & a firm conviction t 9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts ! community does its duty = reasons ( public welf>e4 ,i put m tru/ 9 ^! ?an 9 ! actual m]it ( my s*eme1 b1 su* z x is1 ,i submit x = consid]ation1 :i*1 ,i hope1 w be z s]i\sly s9c]e1 z ! _s 9 :i* x is c\rt$4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! int]e/s ( ! ,national ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,london1 %\ld be look$ aft] by a ,bo>d "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d be+ select$ f among ! ,c\nty ,c\ncillors1 ! ,dep>tm5t itself1 & "s musicians ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority4 ,! enli/+ ( ! int]e/ ( ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t w\ld sanction ! !ory ( ! educational mission ( ! v5ture2 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil comes into ! s*eme1 = f9ancial & adm9i/rative purposes2 ! selection ( musicians ne$s no explanation1 b a proviso %\ld be made t ! g5tlem5 *os51 h no p]sonal int]e/ at /ake4 ,z ,i said be=e1 we h to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & s ! duties ( ! ,bo>d w\ld be3-- #a4 ,! build+ ( a ,national ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,london4 #b4 ,! draw+ up ( a s*$ule ( /ipulations on ! l9es ( ! ,fr5* cahi] des *>ges regulat+ ! "w ( ! !atre4 #c4 ,! appo9tm5t ( a manag]4 #d4 ,! sup]vision ( ! execution ( ! /ipulations embodi$ 9 ! s*$ule4 #e4 ,! provision ( funds = ! subsidy4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts1 ,i d n at all agree ) ^? :o wi% e new op]a h\se con/ruct$ 9 s]vile imitation ( ! ,bayreu? model4 ,su* a !atre w\ld only be available = op]atic p]=mances ( a special k9d1 b ! /ructure ( ! auditorium w\ld result 9 ! uni=mity ( prices :i* goes dead aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( a !atre meant = ! masses z well z = ! classes4 ,all t ,i ne$ say "h is1 t our ,national ,op]a ,h\se %\ld be built 9 ,london1 & accord+ to ! newe/ inv5tions1 appliances & mo/ mod]n requirem5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! second po9t1 en\gh has be5 said ab\t describ+ =eign sy/ems to %[ h[ a s*$ule ( /ipulations %\ld be drawn up1 :5 ! "t comes4 ,conc]n+ ! appo9tm5t ( a manag]1 x goes )\t say+ t ! director ( our ,national ,op]a ,h\se mu/ be an ,engli%man born & br$1 & a man ( unimpea*able comm]cial integrity & ackn[l$g$ !atrical exp]i5ce4 ,su* a selection w make ! task ( ! ,bo>d 9 sup]vis+ ! "w an extremely easy "o4 ,! provision ( funds is ! crucial po9t ( ! s*eme4 ,be=e go+ into details1 let me appeal to ! memory ( ! ,briti% public once m1 pray+ t x w rememb] t e ye> "s ,l#ej1jjj or ,l#fj1jjj ( national ca% is sp5t 9 t5 or twelve weeks to subsidise ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,italian arti/es 9 ,london4 ,x is b reasonable to suppose t if an au?oritative appeal = funds on behalf ( ,national ,op]a 7 made1 at lea/ half ( ?is money w\ld be =?com+ = ! purpose4 ,& s ,i w\ld advocate su* an appeal z ! fir/ /ep t[>ds solv+ ! f9ancial problem ( my s*eme4 ,secondly1 !re w\ld h to be a fir/ ,p>liam5t>y grant & an initial disbursem5t ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil funds1 all t[>ds ! build+ ( ! op]a h\se4 ,x is impossible to "n ! necess>y sum2 b "o c ei!r proce$ ) :at "o w ev5tually h1 or regulate exp5diture accord+ to e/imates4 ,! h\se once built & ! manag] appo9t$1 bo? ,p>liam5t>y & ,c\nty ,c\ncil grants w h to be r5ew$ e ye>1 ! sum-total be+ apportion$ to ! probable exp5ses ( e p]=mance1 ! numb] ( p]=mances & ! l5g? ( ! op]atic season4 ,! be/ plan to foll[ "h w\ld be to h a season (1 say n9e or t5 mon?s1 ) f\r p]=mances a week4 ,! manag] w\ld receive ! h\se r5t free1 b %\ld on 8 side %[ a work+ capital repres5t+ at lea/ half ! figure ( ! annual subsidy1 &1 fur!r1 lodge ) ! ,bo>d a deposit aga9/ em]g5cies4 ,consid]+ ! initial exp5ses ( ! fir/ managem5t1 :5 ev]y?+1 f insignificant props to great sets ( sc5]y w h to be furni%$ 9 consid]able quantities1 !re %\ld be no *>ges on ! manag]'s pr(its 9 ! beg9n+1 = a ye> or two4 ,b lat] on1 #aj p] c5t4 (f ! gross receipts ( e p]=mance might be collect$1 "o "p ( ! proce$s go+ t[>ds a s9k+ fund to defray ! co/ ( ! con/ruction ( ! h\se1 & ! o!r t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a fund = old age p5sions = ! p]sonnel ( ! op]a h\se4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( income t w\ld g t[>ds indemnify+ ! (ficial outlay might be f\nd 9 a toll levi$ on ! pur*as] ( #b;d4 9 e #ajs4 on all tickets f #ajs4 upw>ds1 ( #a;d4 on tickets betwe5 #es4 & #ajs41 & ( #a_/b;d4 on all tickets bel[ #es4 ,i w\ld make also compulsory a uni=m *>ge ( #f;d4 = e complim5t>y ticket giv5 away4 ,x is well-nigh impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( my s*eme to g into details ( figures1 especially conc]n+ ! (ficial exp5diture4 ,b1 z figures h _! eloqu5ce1 we may v5ture on a =eca/ ( su* returns z might be reasonably expect$ to meet ! outlay4 ,i take x = grant$ t our op]a h\se w be built ( suffici5t dim5sions to accommodate an audi5ce ( #cjjj1 & arrang$ to make an av]age ( ,l#gjj gross receipts 7subv5tion includ$7 p] p]=mance possible4 ,tak+ ! numb] ( p]=mances 9 an op]atic season at #afj to #ahj1 f\r p]=mances a week 9 a season ( n9e or t5 mon?s1 we get a total ( receipts f ,l#aab1jjj to ,l#abf1jjj1 or1 ,l#aa1bjj to ,l#ab1fjj1 repaid ye>ly = ! initial exp5ses ( ! subsidis+ bodies1 z p] my sugge/ion ( #aj p] c5t4 tak5 (f ! gross receipts4 ,! toll levi$ on tickets sold %\ld av]age f ,l#addf1 #acs4 #d;d4 to ,l#afej annually1 ) an av]age audi5ce ( #gej 9 ea* class ( toll = ea* p]=mance3 altoge!r betwe5 ,l#ab1fdf & ,l#ad1bej ( gr& total ( returns4 ,f a purely f9ancial po9t ( view1 ^! might be consid]$ poor returns = an exp5diture 9 :i* items easily figure by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i am n advocat+ a speculation1 & secondly1 !re are o!r returns inh]5t to my v5ture1 "o & all affect+ ! well-be+ ( ! community m surely ?an a lucrative inve/m5t ( public funds4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,national ,op]a ,h\se gives1 fir/ ( all1 p]man5t employm5t to a numb] ( p engag$ !re91 & :i* may be put d[n r\ghly at #hjj betwe5 ! p]=m+ & non-p]=m+ p]sonnel4 ,su* is1 at lea/1 ! figure at all great cont95tal op]a h\ses4 ,9 ,vi5na1 ! p]=m+ p]sonnel1 includ+ *orus1 or*e/ra1 b&1 ballet1 sup]s & ! pr9cipal s+]s1 numb]s close ^u #djj4 ,!n foll[s ! body ( v>i\s in/ructors1 regisseurs1 /age manag]s1 repetiteurs1 accompani/s1 etc41 !n come all ! /age h&s1 c>p5t]s1 sc5e-%ift]s1 ma*9i/s1 electricians1 sc5ograph]s1 modell]s1 wig-mak]s1 co/umi]s1 prop]ty m51 dress]s1 etc41 etc41 etc41 & on ! o!r side ( ! footlights !re are u%]s1 ticket collectors1 & ! :ole ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,?us "o s+le in/itution provides #hjj p n only ) p]man5t employm5t b ) old age p5sions4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! prop] work+ ( a l>ge op]a h\se necessitates a great deal ( extrane\s aid & calls to life a :ole microcosm ( work]s1 trad] manufactur]s & indu/ries ( all k9ds4 ,let u take "h ! /ati/ics = ! city ( ,milan to bett] grasp my mean+4 ,! figures are (ficial1 & are tak5 f a report pres5t$ to ! municipality "s "t ago1 & prove !re is a bus9ess side ( vital importance atta*$ to ! prop] work+ ( ! local subsidis$ !atre1 ,la ,scala4 ,! foll[+ are ! items ( :at !y call giro d'aff>i1 or1 9 p>aphrase1 ( ! op]atic turn-ov]1 & all are (ficial figures4 ,! receipts ( ,la ,scala repres5t dur+ ! season ! sum ( #a1cjj1jjj fr4 7,l#eb1jjj7 ,out ( :i* a p]sonnel ( #haf1 exclusive ( pr9cipal arti/es1 receive sal>ies4 ,!re are 9 ,milan elev5 op]atic ag5cies transact+ e ye> an av]age ( #cjj1jjj francs' 7,l#ab1jjj7 wor? ( bus9ess1 or altoge!r #c1cjj1jjj fr4 7,l#acb1jjj7 ,!re are n9e !atrical newspap]s ) an av]age income ( #ae1jjj francs 7,l#fjj7 ea*1 or altoge!r #ace1jjj fr4 7,l#e1djj7 ,tak+ only ! n9ete5 pr9cipal s++ & ballet ma/]s1 & putt+ d[n _! e>n+s at ! mode/ sum ( #fjjj francs 7,l#bdj7 ea*1 we get a total ( #aad1jjj fr4 7,l#d1efj7 ,! *ief !atrical co/umi]s alone1 f\r 9 numb]1 return an av]age bus9ess ( #hj1jjj francs 7,l#cbjj7 ea*1 or #cbj1jjj fr4 7,l#ab1hjj7 ,!atrical jewell]s1 prop]ty mak]s1 hose manufactur]s1 arm\r]s1 sc5e-pa9t]s1 may be put d[n = #bej1jjj fr4 7,l#aj1jjj7 ,! !atrical & arti/ic population 9 ,milan1 ye> 91 ye> out1 av]ages #cjjj p]sons1 & may be divid$ into ?ree classes ( #ajjj p]sons ea*1 accord+ to _! exp5diture4 ,say #ajjj p]sons sp5d+ #djjj francs 7,l#afj7 ea*1 :i* makes #d1jjj1jjj francs 7,l#afj1jjj72 #ajjj p]sons sp5d+ #ajjj francs 7,l#dj1jjj72 #ajjj p]sons sp5d+ #hjj francs 7,l#cb71 :i* makes #hjj1jjj francs 7,l#cb1jjj71 a total ( #e1hjj1jjj fr4 7,l#bcb1jjj7 ,! pian(orte deal]s let ab\t #djj in/rum5ts e ye> at #ab francs a mon? #eg1hjj fr4 7,l#b1cab7 ,tak+ into acc\nt only eight ( ! op]a companies 7,monte ,video1 ,new ,york1 ,c>acas1 ,santiago1 ,madrid1 ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,rio & ,lisbon7 engag$ 9 ,milan1 & select$ exclusively f ,italian arti/es1 we get a total ( #be1ebe1jjj fr4 7,l#a1jba1jjj7 ,add+ all ^! toge!r1 we get a gr& total ( #cf1hja1hjj fr4 7,l#a1dgb1jgb7 ,v ne>ly a million & a half /]l+ turn$ ov] 9 op]atic1 bus9ess 9 "o city4 ,& !re are scores ( m9or items1 all s\rces ( pr(it1 t h to be neglect$4 ,b ,i mu/ po9t out t no less ?an #agde families d]ive employm5t & a regul> income f ! !atrical indu/ry ( ,milan4 ,x is q true t ! capital ( ,lomb>dy enjoys a position :i* is unique n only 9 ,italy b 9 ! :ole _w1 z ! *ief op]atic m>ket1 & !re is no?+ t indicates ?is arti/ic c5tre is likely to be %ift$1 mu* less to ,london ?an any:]e else4 ,b x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ mu* ,engli% money goes t[>ds ! f9e total ( ! ,milanese op]atic turn-ov]4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n h our tw5ty odd trades1 z 9 ,milan1 & at lea/ #agde h\seholds ^: mat]ial exi/5ce w\ld be def9itely secur$ ?r\gh _! association ) a ,national ,op]a ,h\se4 ,if ,i am n writ+ 9 va91 our results %\ld be inf9itely great]1 diff]+ f cont95tal ones z a franc or a m>k diff]s f a p\nd /]l+4 ,& %\ld ! great prov9cial t[ns foll[ ! lead ( ,london1 entru/+ _! municipalities ) ! creation & organisation ( op]a h\ses1 if ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1 ,glasg[1 ,%effield1 ,brad=d1 ,dubl91 ,hull1 ,s\?ampton1 ,plym\?1 ,wolv]hampton1 etc41 w turn a "p ( _! weal? t[>ds promot+ a s*eme ( ! greate/ importance to ! art ( ! nation2 if all t goes to =eign pockets = =eign art is us$ = patriotic purposes--!n ,engl& w be able to %[ an op]atic turn-ov] wor?y ( h] supremacy 9 o!r sph]es4 ,= e ,italian h\sehold liv+ on op]a we w h t51 & prosp]ity w reign :]e1 s f>1 art & an arti/ic education h br\ght only bitt] disappo9tm5t4 ,i am writ+ ( ,music z a pr(ession 9 ,engl&4 ,! multiplication ( our music s*ools seems to be accept$ z a great matt] ( congratulation1 & we are p]petually he>+ ! big drum beat5 ov] ! increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts to :om a ?or\gh musical education has be5 giv52 b :o asks :at becomes ( !m all8 ,(t-met adv]tisem5ts (f]+ music lessons at #f;d4 an h\r are p]haps an answ]4 ,x w\ld be pr(itless to pursue ?is topic1 b all w agree t x is f> bett] to s+ 9 an op]atic *orus at #cjs4 or ,l#b p] week ?an be "o ( ! items 9 a panorama ( vani%$ illusions & /ruggl+ pov]ty1 ! true spectacle ( ! s++ _w 9 ,london4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,national ,op]a 9 ,engl&1 putt+ arti/ic consid]ations aside1 pres5ts ! foll[+ mat]ial & comm]cial advantages1 viz41 provision ( p]man5t employm5t = artisans1 me*anics1 workm5 & manual lab\r]s2 an impulse to v>i\s special indu/ries1 "s develop$1 "s improv$1 o!rs creat$2 an hon\rable occupation to hundr$s kept out1 s f>1 f an exclusive & ov]-cr[d$ pr(ession1 & a provision = old age4 ,9 o!r words1 ! solution ( ! op]atic problem 9 ,engl& might prove a /ep t[>ds ! solution ( a "p ( ! social problem4 ,t my s*eme = ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,engli% ,national ,op]a ,h\se is p]fect1 ,i d n claim = a mom5t4 ,t my plans might be qualifi$ z vision>y & my hope ( see+ a national art call$ to life ?r\gh ! means ,i advocate consid]$ an idle dream is n unlikely4 ,b my conviction 9 ! matt] is s9c]e1 & ,i c meet ! sceptics ) ! words ( ! old h]aldic motto :i* apologises = ! fiction ( a fabul\s orig9 ( a pr9cely h\se3 etiamsi fabula1 nobilis e/4 ,,op]a ,,= ,,! ,,p ,op]a = ! ,p ,! c]emony ( op5+ a new organ1 ! gift ( ,mrs ,gall[ay1 0 p]=m$ by ,mr ,w4 ,johnson ,gall[ay1 ,m4,p41 9 ! ,city ,road ,mission ,hall1 ,man*e/]1 on ,friday ev5+1 ,septemb] #f1 9 ! pres5ce ( a cr[d$ ga!r+4 ,a ,recital 0 giv5 by ,mr ,david ,clegg4 ,mr ,gall[ay1 ,m4,p41 :o took ! *air1 9 op5+ ! proce$+s1 said3--,on an occasion su* z ?is1 x w n1 ,i am sure1 be deem$ sup]flu\s if ,i take a brief bird's-eye view ( ! hi/ory ( music1 & 9 a--comp>atively speak+--few s5t5ces trace its progress t[>ds ! position x n[ holds among ! arts ( mod]n life4 ,music1 9 "o =m at lea/1 has be5 ) u s9ce ! creation ( man1 = we may reasonably believe t 9 8 mo/ elem5t>y /age1 he discov]$ "s vocal phrases :i* gave him a c]ta9 rude pleasure to repeat1 or *ant1 9 association ) 8 fell[s4 ,travell]s1 :o h p5etrat$ ! conf9es ( remote & savage c\ntries1 h told u ( ! curi\s *ant+ ( _! inhabitants :5 engag$ 9 :at1 to !m1 7 _! religi\s & fe/al celebrations2 & z we _c conceive man 9 a m primitive condition1 we may take x1 t 9 prehi/oric times !re 0 a limit$ melodic =m1 :i* af=d$ t peculi> delight to ! savage m9d1 t ! glori\s polyphonic comb9ation ( to-day1 give to ! cultur$ races ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n civilisation4 ,our slight k ( ! art1 9 its e>ly /ate we owe to su* records1 z h be5 h&$ d[n to u f t :i* may be t]m$ ! gold5 era ( civilisation 9 ,egypt4 ,long be=e ! sway ( ! ,ptolemies--ages be=e ,cleopatra took captive h] ,roman ,conqu]or--music =m$ n only an indisp5sable "p 9 religi\s & ,/ate functions1 b ent]$ l>gely into ! social life ( ! p1 & ( ?is !re is indisputable evid5ce 9 ! hi]oglyphics & c>v+s1 to be f\nd on ! seem+ly imp]i%able monum5ts1 :i* ! rese>*es ( ar*aeologi/s h reveal$ to ! k ( man4 ,( anci5t ,hebrew music we d n "k mu*1 b we may assume1 t dur+ ! ,captivity !y le>n$ n a little f _! ,egyptian ma/]s1 al?\gh x does n appe>--judg+ f ! h>%] & m blatant "* ( _! in/rum5ts--t !y atta9$ ! degree ( ref9em5t a*iev$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,x w\ld seem1 f ! _m allusions conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 t ! ,jews 7 m p>ticul>ly attract$ t[>ds ! vocal1 r ?an ! in/rum5tal1 side ( ! art4 ,_m a famili> biblical phrase w probably crop up 9 our m9d4 ,! psalms t are sung dur+ ,div9e ,s]vice teem ) su* ref]5ces4 ,o s+ unto ! ,"l a new song1 ,h[ %all we s+ ! ,"l's song 9 a /range l&8 are suffici5t to illu/rate my mean+1 & among ! daught]s ( ,judea su* names z ,miriam1 ,deborah1 & ,judi?1 are especially kn[n to u = _! accompli%m5t 9 ! vocal art1 & z examples ( ! mann]1 9 :i* x 0 cultivat$ by ! wom5 ( ,israel4 ,among ! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 ! ,greeks mo/ assur$ly _h ! ke5e/ p]ception & appreciation ( ! beauties & value ( music4 ,9 ! ,h]oic age x play$ a significant "p 9 _! sacr$ games1 & = a man to ackn[l$ge an ignorance ( ! pr9ciples ( musical art1 0 to confess himself1 an untutor$ boor4 ,9 ! great trag$ies ( ,sophocles & ,euripides x figur$ l>gely bo? vocally & in/rum5tally1 &1 ev5 z ! ,wel% h _! ,ei/$dfod1 s ! classic ,greeks _h _! competitions1 9 :i* *oirs f v>i\s cities /rove = vocal supremacy & ! hon\rs ( prize-w9n]s4 ,t o!r great race ( anci5t times :i* fatt5$ on ! spoils ( ,europe & ,asia--,i ref] to ! ,romans--treat$ ! art ) less conc]n1 & employ$ x 9 a crud] =m at ! celebration ( _! victories & ,bac*analian revels4 ,!y did little or no?+ to fo/] or develop x1 al?\gh x is said t "o ( _! mo/ fam\s--or p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say infam\s--rul]s 0 s devot$ to music1 t he fiddl$ :ile 8 capital 0 burn+4 ,b we may reasonably h our d\bts z to ,n]o's claim to rank z ! ,s>asate ( 8 "t1 = al?\gh he made public appe>ances z a virtuoso 9 8 *ief cities1 & *all5g$ all com]s to trials ( skill1 ! importance ( 8 record$ victories is some:at dim9i%$1 by ! fact1 t 8 judges 7 suffici5tly wise 9 _! g5]ation1 to inv>iably aw>d him ! hon\r ( pre-em95ce4 ,x is a prud5t judge :o recognises a despotic ,emp]or's arti/ic--& o!r--p[]s4 ,) ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity came a new era 9 ! art1 & 9 ! #d? c5tury1 we f9d t a ,s*ool ( ,s++ 0 e/abli%$ at ,rome1 = ! express purpose ( practis+ & /udy+ ,*ur* music4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ano!r c\ple ( c5turies _h elaps$1 t ! s\nd ( music bas$ on def9ite laws 0 he>d b5ea? an ,engli% sky4 ,y h to travel back 9 m9d to t memorable procession ( devot$ monks1 :i*1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! sa9tly ,augu/9e1 w5d$ its way into ! little city ( ,cant]bury1 s++ its ,litany ( ! ,*ur*1 & />tl+ ,pagan ,brita9 ) its joyful alleluia4 ,sl[ly1 v sl[ly1 ! art progress$1 b f\r m c5turies 7 to pass be=e x 0 e/abli%$ on any?+ l a true sci5tific basis1 & x is su* m5 z ,hucbald1 a ,flemi% monk1 ,guido ,d',arezzo & ,franco ( ,cologne :o laid ! f\ndation ( our :ole sy/em ( polyphonic music4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i t\* on t broad] expanse1 ! era ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool1 :i* began to atta9 notewor?y prom95ce 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ae? c5tury1 x w\ld be z well1 p]haps1 to dwell = a few mom5ts on ! hi/ory ( ! noble in/rum5t :i* is ! cause ( our =ega!r+ "h to-day4 ,9 a v e>ly *apt] 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis we are told t ,jubal 0 ! fa!r ( all su* z h&le ! h>p & ! organ1 & !re=e he ranks 9 hi/ory z ! fir/ tea*] ( music4 ,x is commonly ass]t$1 t ! emolum5ts ( ! mod]n organi/ d n come well )9 ! designation ( pr9cely1 &1 judg+ f ! limit$ population 9 ^? ,adamite days1 we may well assume t ,jubal's liv+ 0 almo/ z prec>i\s z ^? wor?y ,%etl& ,isl&]s :o dep5d$ = _! subsi/5ce on wa%+ "o ano!r's clo!s4 ,) wise =e?\ght1 h[ev]1 ,jubal's bro!r _h devot$ himself to eng9e]+4 ,he 0 ! in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron1 & !re=e1 we may conclude !re 0 money 9 ! family1 & t ! man ( comm]ce 0 g5]\s to ! man ( music1 ev5 z we ( to-day are ev] ready to respond to ! dem&s = assi/ance1 on behalf ( our local *oral societies1 & musical organisations4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$1 t ! organ presid$ ov] by ,jubal bore any resemblance :atev]1 to ! /ately in/rum5t1 :i* w n[ voice its glori\s tone )9 ^! walls1 = ! fir/ "t 9 public4 ,! primitive organ ( mank9d has its pres5t-day aff9ity 9 ! *>m+ in/rum5t1 :i*1 9 ! h&s & m\? ( a precoci\s juv5ile1 has su* a p[]ful & /imulat+ effect on ! cultivat$ e>s & s5sitive n]ves ( ! mod]n amateur4 ,x is n possible = me to g into any detail1 ) reg>d to ! sl[ & m>vell\s developm5t ( t triumph ( human skill1 :i* is truly kn[n z ! k+ ( in/rum5ts4 ,f ^? simple pieces ( re$1 cut (f j bel[ ! knot1 :i* =m$ ! pipes ( ! syr9x1 to ! complicat$1 elaborate & p]fect ma*9]y :i* is hidd5 b5ea? ! organ case !re1 is ! same degree ( diff]5ce1 z !re is betwe5 ! r\gh-hewn canoe ( ! savage1 & ! wond]ful p]fection ( ! l9]s1 :i* run _! weekly race across ! broad ,atlantic4 ,x 0 n until ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury1 t ! fir/ rude /eps 7 tak5 t[>ds ! =mation ( ! mod]n keybo>d2 !n x 0 t huge keys or lev]s began to be us$1 & ^! keys 7 f #c to #e in*es wide1 #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & f a foot & a half to a y>d 9 l5g?4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ! organ ( ! #d? c5tury _h its impressive p[]s1 if we may place reliance on words attribut$ to ! ,emp]or ,julian1 ! ,apo/ate1 :o wrote3 ,i see a /range sort ( re$s2 !y mu/1 me?9ks1 h sprung f no e>?ly1 b a braz5 soil4 ,wild are !y1 nor does ! brea? ( man /ir !m1 b a bla/ leap+ =? f a cav]n ( ox-hide1 passes )91 b5ea? ! roots ( ! poli%$ re$s2 :ile a lordly man1 ! f+]s ( ^: h&s are nimble1 /&s & t\*es "h & !re1 ! concordant /ops ( ! pipes2 & ! /ops1 z !y lightly rise & fall1 =ce out ! melody4 ,& 9 its gr[?1 z 9 ! gr[? ( "y *ildr51 ! organ has _h its %>e ( infantile vicissitudes4 ,ev5 z late z ! #ac? c5tury x lay "u ! ban ( ! ecclesia/ics1 & 0 deem$ too pr(ane & sc&al\s = ,*ur* use4 ,aga91 9 #afdd1 ,p>liam5t issu$ an ord9ance :i* comm&$ t all organs & ! frames & cases :]e9 !y /& 9 all ,*ur*es & ,*appells a=esaid %all be tak5 away & utt]ly defac$1 & none o!r h]eaft] set up 9 _! places4 ,at ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 we are told1 ! ,soldi]s broke d[n ! organs & pawn$ ! pipes at sev]al ,ale ,h\ses = pots ( ,ale4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ?is opposition to ! organ1 m especially z ,david 9 ! la/ ( 8 psalms enjo9$ ! p to praise ,god ) /r+$ in/rum5ts & organs4 ,true1 inde$1 ,job1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ pessimi/ic moods1 plac$ x on record t ! wick$ rejoice at ! s\nd ( ! organ1 b evid5tly ,job _h no s\l = music--0 s unmusical1 9 fact1 t he is wor?y to be associat$ ) a c]ta9 em95t div9e ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 ^: musical in/9ct 0 s defici5t t he only knew ,god ,save ! ,que5 0 be+ sung by ! p ris+ & d(f+ _! hats4 ,be=e t\*+ ^u t sci5tific developm5t ( ! art1 :i*1 broadly speak+1 began ) ! adv5t ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool & rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t )9 ! r\nd$ walls ( ,bayreu?1 we may well give a mom5t's consid]ation to ^? melodies1 :i* travell$ _! unwritt5 way ?r\gh ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 & :i* we "k1 by ! few examples t h come d[n to u1 to h be5 racy ( ! soil t gave !m bir?2 ! folk song ( ! c\ntry is m *>act]i/ic ( its p1 ( _! temp]am5t & psy*ology1 ?an any o!r attribute ( _! national exi/5ce4 ,we1 9 ,engl&1 h little en\gh to po9t to 9 ?is way2 9 a s5se !re is no?+ peculi>ly individual 9 our music z a :ole4 ,b ) ! old melodies ( ,irel&1 t ev] seem to tremble betwe5 a te> & a smile1 & 9 ! qua9t pa?os ( ,scotl&'s airs1 & ! well-def9$ beauty ( typical ,wel% songs1 we recognise ! true spee* ( ! he>t & ! outp\r+ ( ! natural man4 ,g]many is /ill ri*] 9 its folk music1 & ! ,pole & ! ,russian1 ! ,hung>ian & ! ,gaul1 c ea* po9t to a m9e ( orig9al melody :i* has provid$ latt]-day compos]s ) ! basis ( _! mo/ beautiful works4 ,nor mu/ ! importance ( ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,m9nes+]s be ov]look$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is int]e/+ phase ( musical art4 ,!y x 0 :o kept alive & spread abroad ! traditional songs ( ! p1 & by _! accompli%m5t actually work$ z an educational =ce on ! p !mselves4 ,read]s ( ,*auc] w be> 9 m9d _m an allusion to ! m9/rel's art ( 8 p]iod1 & well ?r\gh ! ,norman & ,plantaganet epo*s4 ,) m9/relsy ! raft]s sung1 ,( h>ps1 t f reflect$ light ,f ! pr\d gall]y glitt]$ bright ,to cr[n ! banquet's solemn close1 ,!mes ( ,briti% glory rose2 ,& to ! /r+s ( v>i\s *imes ,attemp]'d ! h]oic rhymes4 ,to ! ,flemi%1 or ,ne!rl& ,s*ool ( music we owe an art sy/em1 t ex]cis$ a pot5t influ5ce on e =m ( composition1 & c\nt]po9t 0 ! especial /udy ( its foll[]s1 until1 z inv>iably happ5s1 te*nical skill 0 reg>d$ ) a great] degree ( fav\r ?an g5u9e inspiration4 ,b ! ,s*ool unque/ionably produc$ a va/ numb] ( v f9e masses1 motets1 & mu* f9e s]vice music4 ,!n f ,belgium ! musical _s travell$ to ,italy1 & be=e ! #af? c5tury _h fulfill$ half its appo9t$ c\rse1 ! p[]s ( ,pale/r9a _h indelibly /amp$ ,italian art1 & 8 g5ius _h elevat$ ! ecclesia/ical music ( ! age1 to ! l(ty /&>d ( its associations4 ,!n su* musicians came to m9d z ,montev]di & ,c>issimi1 ! latt] ( :om made cle> ! pa?1 = ^? great writ]s ( oratorio1 ^: names we hold 9 su* rev]5ce1 & ^: works we love ) su* unwav]+ devotion4 ,g]man art 0 late 9 ! field1 & correspond+ly sl[ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its developm5t2 ?us we owe x little z a pione] 9 ! art4 ,b :5 ! ,teuton bur/ ^u ! _w 9 all 8 greatness1 he fir/ came 9 ! colossal p]sonality ( ,john ,seba/ian ,ba*1 & !n foll[$ ,haydn1 ,moz>t & ,bee?ov51 to be succe$$ by o!rs1 :o 7 well qualifi$ to take unto !mselves ! mantles ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i h done e>ly ,g]man art "s inju/ice1 = x mu/ n be =gott51 t to ! era ( ! great ,re=mation1 we owe ^? ,lu!ran *orales1 su* z ! fam\s ,e9' fe/e ,burg1 :i* 7 z effective 9 /irr+ & enc\rag+ ! rank & file ( ! re=m]s1 z 7 ! ?rill+ words ( ,lu!r1 & 8 e>ne/ & en?usia/ic fell[-work]s4 ,& x 0 due to ! cu/om ( accompany+ ^! *orales1 t ,g]many own$1 be=e ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ! f9e/ s*ool ( organi/s 9 ,europe4 ,engli% music has always lean$ m t[>ds ! sacr$1 ?an ! secul> side ( ! art4 ,! names ( ,m>becke1 ,?omas ,tallis1 ,byrd1 ,f>rant1 ,gibbons1 ,lawes1 ,bl[ & ,purcell are kn[n to e *oir-boy & village *ori/]4 ,_! an!ms & *ants are "p & p>cel ( ! musical programme ( e p>i% *ur*1 & ! f9e example1 set by ^! ,elizabe?an & ,/u>t writ]s has be5 well foll[$1 by ,cr(t1 ,weldon1 ,boyce1 & ne>]1 & belong+ to our own times1 ,wesley1 ,goss & ,sullivan4 ,& x is ! sacr$ 9 music1 :i* to-day makes ! /ronge/ appeal to ! he>t ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,9 ! congregational s++ 9 *ur*es1 9 ! ov]:elm+ att5tion :i* an ,engli% audi5ce w be/[ on su* an oratorio z ! ,messiah1 we realise t a *ord is /ruck1 :i* vibrates ?r\gh ! :ole ( our be+1 :i* lifts u into a /ate ( semi-exultation1 & moves u l ! words ( "s great /atesman4 ,i w n discuss ! "q1 ( :e!r a drama or an op]a has mo/ p[] ov] its audi5ce1 b ,i w fe>lessly affirm1 t ap>t f ! drama !re is no art t has ! same s\l-/irr+ influ5ce1 z ! art ( music4 ,! simple h>monies ( our ,anglican hymns suffice = ! untaught peasant1 & ! broad sweep ( a ,h&elian *orus holds captive musical amateurism4 ,b !re is a music t rea*es to high] heights1 embraces )9 its sph]e a wid] doma91 & goes deep d[n into ! my/]ies ( nature--into ! abysses ( ! s\l2 b su* music is an op5 book only = ! musical /ud5t4 ,x lives4 ,x exi/s4 ,x swells ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&2 & ye> by ye> its influ5ce increases1 its p[] becomes m dom9ant1 & its gl[+ beauties m vividly appreciat$4 ,p are beg9n+ to compreh5d ! wondr\s message1 s5t to u by su* compos]s z ,ludwig ,bee?ov51 & ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,!y are beg9n+ to und]/& ! voice ( t mo/ m>vell\s ( all in/rum5ts--m m>vell\s ?an ! organ itself1 = its keybo>d is human bra9s1 & its /ops are human h&s4 ,i mean ! mod]n or*e/ra4 ,! _w's f9e/ music has be5 writt5 = t in/rum5t2 ! div9e/ melodies h be5 giv5 x to int]pret1 & ! mo/ significant factor 9 ! ,engli% art life ( ! pres5t is ! gr[+ en?usiasm ) :i* music1 9 its highe/ & mo/ ab/ract =m & beauty1 is li/5$ to1 by ^? :o1 9 political phraseology1 are summ$ up 9 t t]se & compreh5sive expression ,! ,masses4 ,i look ) mu* great] confid5ce to music1 ?an ,i d to ,p>liam5t1 = ! means ( prev5t+ crime & intemp]ance--inde$1 z "o ( ! mo/ p]man5t cures ( all vice & discont5t4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 lat] ye>s by local au?orities1 t[>ds enabl+ ! public to h )9 easy & reasonable rea* su* music z c be provid$ by b&s & local or*e/ra4 ,b ?is is only ! beg9n+4 ,i tru/ ! day may n be f> di/ant1 :5 local au?orities w see _! way to provid+ at *eap prices ! be/ ( op]as1 z is done s l>gely on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,we rightly & wisely provide libr>ies1 te*nical s*ools1 & _m o!r =ms ( in/ructive recreation1 b :y are we 9 ,engl& to lag beh9d o!r c\ntries 9 provid+ t mo/ in/ructive =m ( ent]ta9m5t--namely1 op]a4 ,i h nev] kn[n a true lov] ( music :o 0 n a good citiz54 ,& :at a prev5tive aga9/ idl5ess1 ! cause ( s mu* crime4 ,once produce op]a at a price :i* all c af=d to pay to he>1 & c anyone d\bt1 t _m a man & woman w *oose x1 9 pref]5ce to an ev5+ 9 a public-h\se or a music-hall4 ,i nev] rememb] li/5+ to an op]a1 h[ev] poor or badly p]=m$1 t ,i h n ga9$ "s /r5g? ) :i* to cont9ue ! desp]ate /ruggle ( ! battle ( life--:i* is v mu* m ?an ,i c say1 = in/ance1 = spee*es 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he :o loves music has a s]vant at 8 comm& :i* w ev] r5d] him will+ & delightful s]vice2 he :o loves music br+s himself into subjection1 to "o ( ! mo/ elevat+ & purify+ influ5ces ( civilisation1 & he :o loves music & w practise x1 becomes a valuable & agreeable factor 9 ! social life ( ! community4 ,!re are no selfi% re/rictions 9 music4 ,! pa9t] mu/ keep himself to 8 canvas1 & ! actor to 8 /age1 b s+]s & in/rum5tali/s h a /&+ 9 ! humble p>l\rs ( ! poor1 & 9 ! luxuri\sly-uphol/]$ draw+-rooms ( ! ri*2 !y h a coign ( vantage 9 ! *oir /alls ( *ur*es & on ! plat=ms ( conc]t halls4 ,music (f]s h] fav\rs alike to ! mode/ read] ( ! ,tonic ,sol-fa ,notation1 & to ! piani/ :o c ma/] ! difficulties ( ! ,bee?ov5 ,sonatas4 ,! *orus s+] enjoys ! same measure ( gratification z ! lead+ soloi/1 & ! /ud5t ) 8 score 9 8 h& is j z great a k+ z ! conductor4 ,9 speak+ briefly on su* a va/ & int]e/+ subject1 "o mu/ necess>ily leave volumes unsaid t ought to be said4 ,i h b casually t\*$ on ! beg9n+s ( musical art1 & ! utmo/ ,i c hope = is t ,i h succe$$ 9 ar\s+ "s degree ( curiosity 9 ! m9ds ( ^?1 :o h %[n b little reg>d = musical lit]ature1 & :i* w h ! effect ( ultimately lead+ !m to devote m ( _! "t & att5tion to good musical p]=mances4 ,col/on ,coy4 ,limit$1 ,pr9t]s1 ,ed9burgh4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #i ,mantev]de *ang$ to ,montev]di ,page #ad snn%9e *ang$ to sun%9e ,page #ca ?reatre *ang$ to !atre ,page #de ,o!llo o*ang$ to ,otello ,page #ge g5uis *ang$ to g5ius ,page #ge ,montev]de *ang$ to ,montev]di ---------------------------------------- -------