,! ,kh$ive's ,c\ntry1 by ,george        
,manville ,f5n4     ,,! ,,kh$ive',s     
,,c\ntry1 ,,by ,,george ,,manville      
,,f5n4    ,,*apt] ,,"o4  ,man's olde/   
pursuit 0 und\bt$ly ! till+ ( ! soil4   
,he may 9 8 e>lie/ beg9n+s h comb9$ !re)
 a c]ta9 am\nt ( hunt+ :ile he 0 wait+ =
 8 crops to gr[1 & 0 =c$ into seek+ wild
 fruits & turn+ up & exp]im5t+ on !     
v>i\s =ms ( root1 le>n+1 too1 d\btless )
 pl5ty ( bitt] puni%m5t1 to di/+ui%     
betwe5 ! good & nutriti\s & ! poison\s &
 bad4  ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( fight+ w\ld ensue4  ,wild animals    
w\ld be enc\nt]$1 or fell[ savages w\ld 
res5t 8 intrusion ^u l&s :]e ! acorns 7 
mo/ pl5tiful1 or "s ta/y =m ( fungus    
grew4  ,b :e!r f natural b5t or         
necessity1 z well z f 8 beg9n+s record$ 
9 ! anci5t ,book1 he 0 a g>d5]1 & !     
natural outcome ( g>d5+ 01 z ideas      
exp&$1 8 becom+ a f>m]4  ,! _w has gone 
roll+ on1 & _m *anges h tak5 place1 b ^!
 pursuits rema9 unalt]$4  ,! love ( a   
g>d5 seems to be inborn2 & ?\gh probably

 !re are *ildr5 :o h nev] long$ to h "o 
( _! own1 !y are r>ities1 = ( :i*ev] sex
 !y be1 ! love ( ?is =m ( nature /ill   
rema9s4  ,!re are ^? :o g>d5 or f>m =   
pleasure1 & !re are ^?1 ( c\rse1 :o1    
ei!r on a l>ge or small scale1 cultivate
 ! soil = pr(it1 :ile ! grades betwe5   
are innum]able4  ,b "h 9 ,engl&1 t[>ds !
 end ( su* a season z we h _h--"o t may 
be surely t]m$ a record--"o is tempt$ to
 say1 ,:]e does ! pleasure or ! pr(it   
come 98  ,c]ta9ly dur+ ! pres5t p]iod1  
or cycle1 or :atev] x may be t]m$1 !    
,engli% climate is det]iorat+4  ,jo9$ to
 t ass]tion is ! pat5t fact t ! produce 
( ! g>d5 & f>m has l>gely gone d[n 9    
price ?r\gh ! *eapness ( ! =eign imports
 ?r[n ^u ! m>ket1 & ! man ) small or    
l>ge capital :o looks =w>d to mak+ a    
mode/ liv+ out ( ! l&1 )\t any dreams ( 
=tune1 may well pause be=e proce$+ to   
inve/ 8 bawbees1 & ask himself1 ,:]e    
%all ,i g8  ,?\s&s h debat$ ?is "q =    
g5]ations1 ) ! result t ! ,antipodes h  
be5 turn$ into ,anglo-,saxon f>ms2 ,van 

,diem5's ,l& has become ano!r ,engl&1 ) 
its mead[s1 h$g][s1 & or*>ds2 ,new      
,zeal&1 ! habitat ( tree-f]n & p9e1 has 
be5 trans=m$4  ,ev5 ! v surface has     
*ang$1 & ! l& t 9 ! pa/ h>dly boa/$ a   
f\r-foot$ animal is n[ ri* 9 its cattle2
 :ile ,au/ralia1 ! dry & %ad[less1 !    
c\ntry ( d[ns1 has be5 made alive )     
flocks1 its produce ma9ly tall[ & wool  
till mod]n ent]prise & *emi/ry r5d]$ x  
possible = ! froz5 mutton to rea* ,engl&
 unta9t$ aft] its long voyage across !  
tropics to our homes4  ,to keep to !    
temp]ate or cold regions1 ! "n ( ,canada
 or ! great ,nor?-,we/ spr+s up z does !
 corn :i* fills our gran>ies2 :ile ! m  
ent]pris+ cultivators ( ! soil1 :o h _h 
s\ls above ! ord9>y plodd+ ( ! f>m]'s   
life--! fancy till]s1 s to speak--) !   
t5d5cy t[>ds g>d5+1 produc$ our sug> f !
 ,we/ ,indies & ,briti% ,guiana1 &      
tobacco & cotton f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 long
 ere ! ,/>s & ,/ripes wav$ ov]head2     
:ile1 to j\rney ea/w>d1 ! g>d5s h       
fl\ri%$ 9 ,india & ,ceylon ) indigo1    

spices1 & c(fee2 & lat] on1 :]ev]       
suitable slopes & t]races 7 f\nd1 !     
,briton has plant$ ! attractive         
glossy-leav$ tea %rub1 until ! trade )  
,*9a = its fragrant popul> produce has  
wan$4  ,!re are pl5ty ( l&s ( promise = 
! cultivator1 un=tunately too (t5       
speculative & burd5$ by d\bt4  ,!y are  
frequ5tly h&icapp$ by di/ance1 extremes 
( climate1 & unsuitability to ! ,briti% 
con/itution4  ,z 9 ! pa/1 too1          
imag9ation (t5 plays its "p1 & ! w\ld-be
 emigrant hank]s aft] some?+ new1 9     
spite ( ! cl\d ( possible failure t may 
hov] on 8 horizon4  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a 
great attraction 9 ! unkn[n1 & untri$   
novelty is always tempt+4  ,b1 on ! o!r 
side1 !re is ! old & safe1 ! cultivation
 ( a l& :i* 9 ! pa/ has be5 _w-fam$ =   
its nev]-fail+ produce1 its mighty      
gran>ies1 & its va/ f]tility1 t c be    
trac$ back = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ^: soil1 f> f
 becom+ exhau/$1 is ev] be+ r5ew$1 & :i*
 at ! pres5t "t is und]go+ a            
trans=mation t w make its produce       

manifold4  ,( c\rse1 ! c\ntry :i*       
conta9s ^! qualities is ! famili> old l&
 ( ,egypt1 ! dom9ion ( ! ,kh$ive1 :i*1 9
 spite ( its wondr\s f]tility1 has _h   
little attraction = ! e>ne/ cultivator (
 ! e>?4  ,x has be5 ! gran>y ( ! _w =   
ages2 b its cultivation has be5 left to 
its own p1 :o h gone on ) _! old-"t     
b>b>ic tillage1 leav+ ,nature1 9 h]     
lavi% b\nte\sness1 to d ! re/4  ,9 e way
 wond]ful *anges are com+ ov] ,egypt1   
:]e = c\ntless ages ! policy ( ! p seem$
 to be devot$ entirely1 z f> z !        
vegetable _w 0 conc]n$1 to ! gr[? (     
food1 or su* fibr\s plants z prov$ _!   
suitability = ! manufacture ( ! light   
clo?+ !y requir$4  ,any attempt to      
p]man5tly beautify ! c\ntry by tak+     
advantage ( its f]tility1 & comm5c+ !   
plant+ to any great ext5t ( t :i* 0 s   
lack+ 9 ! %ape ( trees1 0 left 9        
abeyance till ! com+ into p[] ( ! great 
ance/or ( ! pres5t ,kh$ive1 ,mehemet    
,ali4  ,?is ?9k]1 ( broad intellect1    
made "s beg9n+s 9 ?is direction1 & lat] 

on ,ismail ,pa*a gave a great impetus   
!reto by enli/+ ! s]vices ( a clev]     
,fr5* g>d5]1 :o1 fully awak5$ at once to
 ! possibilities ( climate & l&1 & )    
ideas runn+ v mu* 9 fav\r ( l&scape     
g>d5+1 began to introduce & enc\rage !  
gr[? ( %ade trees1 a complete novelty 9 
a c\ntry :]e ! ideas ( ! p seem to t5d  
t[>ds plac+ _! dwell+s 9 ! full gl>e ( !
 sun4  ,g>d5s began to spr+ up1 trees 7 
plant$ 9 suitable places1 & ! />t hav+  
be5 once fairly made1 ! love ( imitation
 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ta/e or fa%ion1 
& plant+ has n[ gone on to su* an ext5t 
t !re are ^? :o are ready to ass]t t    
:ile ! face ( ,egypt is becom+ *ang$1 ! 
pres5ce ( ! rapidly-gr[+ & increas+     
trees is hav+ its effect1 ?r\gh !       
attraction & =mation ( cl\ds1 ^u !      
meteorology ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ?is         
cont9ues1 z x may1 to a va/ ext5t1 !    
f]tility ( ,egypt w no long] be conf9$  
to ! n>r[ /rips on ei!r side ( ! ,nile1 
b its des]ts may become physical        
features ( ! pa/4  ,! idea ( ^? 9 old5  

times 0 to pile up huge erections & to  
let :at came spontane\sly gr[ z 0 its   
wont4  ,n[ ! enlight5m5t ( ! new rul]s &
 ! leav5+ ( ,we/]n civilisation are     
work+ wond]s4  ,t to :i* ,ismail ,pa*a  
gave su* a fillip is be+ fo/]$ & advanc$
 by ! pres5t ,kh$ive1 &1 ! ball be+ well
 set roll+1 8 p are f9d+ out t ne>ly    
ev]y?+ t loves moi/ure & sun%9e w gr[   
prodigi\sly4  ,x takes "t1 ( c\rse1 b _m
 ( ! beautiful %ade trees t h be5 plant$
 h 9 =ty ye>s rea*$ a height ( eighty   
feet1 & become ri* 9 _! heavy foliage4  
,! v>ieties ( ! eucalyptus1 n always !  
mo/ beautiful ( trees f _! greyi%       
leafage & want ( %ad[1 are /ill a       
wond]ful addition to a dry & ?ir/y l&4  
,consid]+ _! orig9al habitat 9          
,au/ralia1 x 0 a =egone conclusion t !y 
w\ld d well "h1 & !y h prov$ to be mo/  
rapid ( gr[?4  ,!n !re is ! magnific5t  
,flamboy] des ,indes1 & scores ( o!r    
beautiful *ildr5 ( ,nature1 :i* only    
requir$ c>e & fo/]+ 9 _! t5d] ye>s to   
prove _! lik+ = _! new home4  ,endless  

are ! trees t1 once giv5 a />t1 leave   
beh9d _! scrubby1 />v$ appe>ance1 &     
become 9 maturity well able to c>e =    
!mselves & beautify ! prospect on e h&4 
,acacias1 ) _! p]fum$ blossoms2 ! deep  
gre5 %ady sycamore1 t good old fav\rite 
l ! plane ( ! ,levant2 ! fea!ry tam>isk1
 & scores ( ornam5tal trees1 fl\ri%     
well2 :ile1 comb9+ ! ornam5tal ) !      
useful1 !re is ! f9e1 sl[-gr[+ old      
mulb]ry1 ) its ri* juicy fruit1 & its   
sugge/ions ( ! s(t /raw-col\r$ or gold5 
yell[ ru/l+ silk2 = if ev] !re 0 a      
c\ntry fav\r$ by ,nature1 9 its dryness 
& abs5ce ( ra91 = ! prosp]ity ( !       
cat]pill> ( ! silkworm mo?1 x %\ld be   
,egypt1 :]e ent]prise & a s5sible use ( 
capital ought to leave ,asia & ,turkey 9
 ,europe beh9d4  ,leav+ trees & turn+ to
 fl[]s1 g>d5s 9 ,egypt c be made1 & are 
made1 p]fect p>adises 9 ! mean+ ( old   
,g]>d & ,p>k9son2 = ! c\ntry is a v     
ros]y1 :]e ! mod]n decorative sorts     
bloom well 9 company ) ! m highly sc5t$ 
old-fa%ion$ k9ds l>gely cultivat$ = !   

di/illation ( t wond]fully p]si/5t      
ess5tial oil1 ! otto or att> ( roses4   
,"h ! lov] ( a g>d5 & ( exotics c       
disp5se ) cons]vatory or ! protection ( 
glass1 &1 giv+ att5tion to moi/ure &    
%ade1 make 8 g>d5 flu% ruddily ) !      
po9settia1 & may also f9d endless       
pleasure 9 ! cultivation ( "s ( ! m     
beautiful v>ieties ( ! or*id family1 :i*
 "h 9 ,engl& dem& ! assi/ance ( a /ove4 
,p]haps ! mo/ attractive "t = ! visitor 
f ,engl&1 :o has ?\ghts ( settl+ 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 to see x at its be/ is :5 !     
,nile is ris+ to its height1 br++ d[n f 
,equatorial regions its full fl[ ( ri*es
 & ! means ( supply+ ! cultivator ) t   
:i* w rew>d him = 8 lab\rs b5ea? !      
torrid sun4  ,at ?is "t ! crops are     
approa*+ maturity2 ! va/ fields ( maize 
h be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( gre51 
wav+1 flag-l leaf1 & hidd5 immature cob1
 ) its beautiful1 delicate tassel1      
prelude ( ! gold5 amb] or black treasure
 t is to come & gladd5 ! eye ( !        
spectator 9 e direction4  ,! grassy     

millet1 or d\rra1 is equally beautiful 9
 its wavy-w9d-swept tracts2 ! cotton    
crops are ga!r+ /r5g? prior to ! swell+ 
& bur/+ ( ! silky boll2 & ! maje/ic     
sug>-cane t[]s up 9 its rapid progress1 
till ! :ole c\ntry is smil+ 9 prep>ation
 = ! gladsome laught] ( ! h>ve/ t is to 
come1 = x has be5 a busy "t4  ,!        
fellahe51 9 _! ?\s&s1 h be5 occupi$ 9 t 
wond]ful irrigation :i* has be5 ! c>eful
 di/ribution ?r\gh me&]+ canal1         
/raight-cut dyke1 & endless little rill1
 ( ! lurid ?ick wat] ( ! ,nile1 lad5 )  
its ri* plant-su/a9+ f]tility1 to !     
roots ( ! ?ir/y plants1 & /imulat+ !m   
b5ea? ! ard5t sun%9e into a gr[? t is   
almo/ />tl+4  ,9 o!r p>ts ! same wat]s  
are be+ +5i\sly l$ to ! cultivat$ l&s t 
are be+ made ready = ! m ord9>y gra9    
crops--! :eat1 ! homely b>ley1 & !      
,egyptian bean1 ! food ( man & bea/     
alike2 :ile 9 a c\ntry :]e grassy d[n & 
ord9>y mead[1 su* z =m ! pa/ure ( %eep1 
ox5 & k9e at home1 are unkn[n1 tract ^u 
tract is annually s[n ) ,egyptian clov]1

 l5tils1 & simil> crops--ready =        
imm$iate use z cattle food 9 :i* !      
animals c graze bit by bit z f> z _!    
te!r+ l9es w p]mit--= cutt+ & /ack+ up  
gre5 9 ! =m ( ensilage1 & consumption :5
 ! crops are pa/--or = hay4  ,! gran>y (
 ! _w1 ! va/ /ore-h\se = nations3 p h   
gone !re to buy1 b n to till2 & yet x   
pres5ts s _m qualities t ! wond] is t x 
%\ld h be5 s long neglect$2 :ile n[1 9  
its /ate ( trans=mation ?r\gh ! op5+ ( !
 great dam & ! cutt+ & =m+ ( miles m    
irrigat+ canal1 !re is no b\nd to :at   
may be done 9 ! future4  ,! "t seems to 
be approa*+ :5 ,egypt w no long] be     
spok5 ( z a n>r[ /rip ( f]tile soil     
runn+ f nor? to s\? & bord]+ ! ,nile1 = 
its future seems to be t ! b>r5 s& f>   
back f its banks w be turn$ into f]tile 
l&1 add+ its produce ( corn & cotton to 
! /ore-h\se ( ! _w4  ,z is well-kn[n1   
va/ tracts ( ,egypt are by nature /]ile2
 b ^u ^! b>r5 primaeval s&s !re has be5 
sup]impos$ = unc\ntable ages ! alluvium 
( ! ,nile1 s t1 z an old writ] says1    

,egypt itself may be look$ ^u z ! gift (
 "o ( ! mightie/ riv]s ( ! _w4  ,he     
speaks ( ! ,nile z be+ ! fa!r ( ?is     
c\ntry1 b\nte\s 9 its gift1 a /range1   
my/]i\s1 solit>y /ream :i* be>s d[n 9   
its bosom ! ri*es ( ! int]ior ( ,africa1
 c>ry+ onw>d f f> away s\? ! f]tility ( 
! luxuriant tropics1 & turn+ ! /]ile s& 
into ! ri*e/ soil ( ! _w4  ,x is ?is    
ri*ness ( ! s\? t has *ang$ ! ,delta f  
an arid wa/e into a sc5e ( mat*less     
beauty4  ,"o gazes ^u x f ! summit ( "o 
( ! pyramids or "s high citadel1 ov]    
cities & ru9s ( cities1 palm grove1 gre5
 savannah1 palace & g>d51 luxuriant     
cornfield1 & olive grove4  ,f> di/ant1  
%imm]+ 9 a silv]y haze & /ret*+ away    
into ! dimness ( ! horizon1 lies !      
b\ndless des]t1 n[ be+ rapidly reclaim$1
 consequ5t ^u ! great b>rage exp]im5ts =
 ! supply+ ( ! _m w9d+ canals ) ! f]tile
 wat]s ( ! p>5t riv]4  ,& ( ^! /ill gr[+
 di/ributors ( life1 ^! be>]s ( comm]ce1
 ! numb]s are almo/ beyond belief4  ,!y 
are ! ve9s & art]ies ( ! c\ntry1        

deposit+ z !y d ! ri* soil :i* furni%es 
abundance1 & !n act+ z ! wat]ways ^u    
:i*1 9 due "t1 ! h>ve/s are borne       
?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4  ,!re is
 a great discrepancy 9 ! reports z to ! 
numb] ( ^! canals1 & /atem5ts made &    
*ronicl$ a few ye>s back are n ( mu* use
 z /ati/ics at ! pres5t day2 :ile !     
completion ( ! great dam w give su* an  
impulse to _! =mation t ! mileage1 ev5  
if prop]ly e/imat$ n[1 w be useless z a 
basis t5 ye>s h5ce4  ,"o travell]1 9 8  
ignorance ( ! c\ntry1 e/imat$ ! numb] ( 
^! irrigat+ wat] di/ributors z only     
n9ety1 :ile ano!r ( ab\t ! same date    
gives ,upp] ,egypt alone six ?\s&4      
,probably1 ?\gh1 9 ?is in/ance he       
includ$ e bran* & bran*let t l$ ! wat]  
among/ ! cultivat$ l&s4  ,! wat] ( ^!   
canals1 r5ew$ z x is by ! annual ris+s (
 ! ,nile1 goes on /eadily *ang+1 :]ev] x
 is l$1 ! primaeval s& ( ! des]t into   
ri* deep soil1 aft] ! fa%ion1 b on a    
gr&] scale1 ( ! +5i\s way 9 :i* portions
 ( f5 & bog l& 9 nor? ,l9coln%ire & s\? 

,york%ire h be5 trans=m$ into f]tile    
f>ms4  ,z comp>$ to :at is go+ on 9     
,egypt1 ?is process is trivial 9 !      
extreme2 b by man's =e?\ght & +5uity _m 
a peat bog & wa/e t a=etime grew no?+ b 
re$ & ru% has be5 made1 by dra9+ & lead+
 ^u x ! muddy wat]s ( ! ,ouse1 ,tr5t1 & 
_! tidal tribut>ies1 into ri* & prosp]\s
 f>ms1 produc]s ( ! necessities ( life4 
,^! w>p f>ms1 z !y are t]m$1 /& high 9  
fav\r ) ! cultivators ( ! soil4  ,!y h  
tak5 ye>s to produce1 p]haps1 & !       
process has consi/$ ( b "o treatm5t4  ,9
 ,egypt1 on ! contr>y1 ?is deposit+ ( ! 
ri* mud goes on ye> by ye>1 add+ fre%   
soil & additional f]tility ea* season2 &
 ! possibilities ( increase are almo/   
)\t limit2 :ile ! dra9age produc$ by !  
fall+ ( ! ,nile1 ! s&y subsoil1 & !     
wond]ful evaporation ( ?is sunny1 almo/ 
ra9less l&1 entirely preclude ! newly   
f]tilis$ tracts becom+ s\r & /ale4  ,^? 
int]e/$ %\ld "k some:at ( ! con/itu5ts (
 ?is ,nile mud1 :i* is br\ght d[n f !   
s\? to be deposit$1 x mu/ be borne 9    

m9d1 ^u s& :i* 9 ! c\rse ( cultivation w
 naturally1 z x is m+l$ ) ! mud1 r5d] x 
op51 por\s1 & highly suitable =         
vegetable gr[?4  ,a r\gh analysis proves
 t q half ( ! deposit is argillace\s1 or
 clayey e>?1 "o f\r? c>bonate ( lime4   
,^! con/itu5ts alone %\ld be suffici5t  
to gladd5 ! he>t ( any f>m] or g>d5]1   
)\t c\nt+ ! iron1 c>bonate ( magnesia1 &
 silica4  ,s _m ( our agricultural      
outpo/s are only to be rea*$ by long &  
t$i\s j\rneys across ocean & !n inl&4   
,egypt is1 ( c\rse1 9 ,africa1 b only a 
few days' j\rney f our own %ores4  ,!   
sea transit is %ort & frequ5t2 & !      
c\ntry1 ! anci5t my/]i\s l& ( ! ,d>k    
,ages1 is rapidly be+ op5$ out by rail4 
,! climate1 9 spite ( ! heat1 is "o ( ! 
f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & its heal?9ess is         
prov]bial2 :ile1 be/ ( all = ! w\ld-be  
adv5tur]1 x is "u an enlight5$ rule1    
b5ea? :i* progress & civilisation are   
fl\ri%+ m & m4    ,,*apt] ,,two4        
,reports f ! highe/ qu>t]s supply       
abundant /ati/ics ( ! great advantage   

already manife/$ by ! completion ( !    
,nile ,b>rage4  ,! increase ( l&        
available = culture ?r\gh ! cons]vation 
( ! wat] t has always run to wa/e1 & !  
augm5t$ p[]s suppli$ = irrigation by    
hold+ up su* va/ bodies ( wat]1 h       
result$ 9 returns t are /rik+ 9 !       
extreme1 & ?is aft] s %ort a "t has     
elaps$ s9ce ! sluices 7 complet$ & !    
great dams put to ! te/4  ,! value ( l& 
& r5tals h gone up1 wat] has be5 utilis$
 at e>li] dates ?an 7 cu/om>y ( old1 &  
ev]y?+ po9ts n only to /ability b to a  
future = ,egypt su* z c\ld n h be5      
dream$ ( a score ( ye>s ago4  ,9        
connection1 !re=e1 ) its future         
prospects f an agricultural po9t ( view1
 & ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by ! ,gov]nm5t to 
^? :o are dispos$ to ent] ^u a bus9ess  
c>e] 9 ?is fav\r$ c\ntry1 s z to br+ to 
be> exp]i5ce1 ! k ( culture1 & ! use (  
improv$ implem5ts to add va/ly to       
,egypt's produce1 a %ort sket* ( :at has
 be5 done by "o ^: fai? 9 ! delta z a   
va/ agricultural c5tre has always be5   

/rong1 w n "h be out ( place4  ,we      
allude to ! ef=ts made by 8 ,highness ! 
,kh$ive 9 acquir+ & reclaim+ tracts ( l&
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairo & turn+ !m   
into f]tile f>ms4  ,a trip to "o ( ^!   
ne>e/ to ,cairo /ruck a visitor directly
 z be+ hall-m>k$ by ! /amp ,progress1 = 
x 0 rea*$ by a little model railway :i* 
skirts 8 ,highness's e/ates4  ,aft]     
leav+ ! /ation1 a %ort drive br+s !     
visitor almo/ at once to a s]ies ( sc5es
 indicat+ c>eful managem5t & model f>m+1
 ?\gh !re is mu* 9 x t is novel to an   
,engli% eye1 consequ5t on its be+       
contriv$ to suit ! exig5cies ( an ,ea/]n
 c\ntry :]e b little ra9 is kn[n to     
fall4  ,"o ( ! fir/ objects rea*$ ^u    
ent]+ ! cultivat$ l& 0 ! great gran>y or
 /ore1 compos$ ( spaci\s erections ( b  
"o /orey high1 l[-ro($1 & enclos+ a l>ge
 c5tral squ>e4  ,9 "s ( ^! build+s 7    
/or$ up sacks ( corn1 :ile 9 o!rs lay   
l>ge heaps ( ! newly pick$ cotton1 ( ^: 
cultivation m w be said else:]e4  ,! l& 
ar\nd ?is highly cultivat$ doma9 is v   

f]tile1 & ! air exhil>at+2 & at pres5t x
 is lett+ at ! rate ( #aj p\nds p]      
f$dan1 :i* repres5ts ! ,egyptian acre1  
some?+ l>g] ?an our own4  ,?is is !     
pres5t price1 = ent]prise s f> has done 
little ^u ?is side ( ,cairo 9 ! %ape (  
m>ket g>d5+1 al?\gh ! di/rict is only   
twelve m9utes by rail f ! c5tre ( ?is   
important city1 & "o h\r's di/ance = a  
walk+ horse & c>t4  ,atta*$ to ! build+ 
above ref]r$ to 7 well-erect$ ranges (  
cattle-%$s1 n occupi$ = fatt5+ purposes1
 b = ! culture ( ! f>m1 ?is culture be+ 
c>ri$ on n by horses1 b by ox5--        
buffaloes & ord9>y bullocks--:i* are    
regul>ly us$1 z at "o "t 9 ,old ,engl&1 
yok$ to ! pl\gh1 h>r[1 or roll]1 & on "s
 ( ! high gr\nds :i* are let by 8       
,highness1 = turn+ ! wat]-:eels1 ?\gh on
 ! model f>ms /eam p[] only is us$ = !  
purposes ( irrigation4  ,^! %$s are     
built 9 ! same fa%ion z ! gran>y1 a     
notewor?y po9t 9 connection ) ! big1    
sleek1 well-f$ occupants be+ t in/ead (1
 z 9 ,engli% fa%ion1 /&+ 9 "o long r[ ) 

_! backs to ! visitor1 !y are rang$ 9   
ranks1 fifty-six 9 all1 sideways to !   
spectator1 fac+ s _m fe$+ tr\ghs1 & ea* 
provid$ ) its te!r+ halt] & a slid+ iron
 r+ atta*$ to an iron b>1 giv+ fre$om to
 ea* animal to /& or lie d[n at its     
pleasure )\t any risk ( self-inflict$   
injury4  ,z a specim5 ( ! model-f>m-l   
erection ( ^! build+s1 x may be /at$ t !
 fe$+ tr\ghs are ( solid masonry1 made  
imp]vi\s & clean by an inn] l9+ ( z9c4  
,no p>titions are us$ to sep>ate ^!     
draught cattle1 b by ! arrangem5t ( !   
halt]+ !y c be kept at su* a di/ance t  
no two c\ld come into contact4 ,ev]y?+ 0
 beautifully clean1 ! great animals be+ 
amply suppli$ ) dry e>? = litt]1 its    
dis9fect+ qualities be+ admirable f a   
cleanly po9t ( view1 & valuable = !     
purposes ( ! f>m4  ,"o ( ! pr9cipal     
foods = cattle ^u ! f>m is ,tibn1 z x is
 call$ by ! ,egyptians--*opp$ or bruis$ 
/raw1 made m nutriti\s1 accord+ to !    
ne$s ( ! animal 9 fe$+1 by ! addition ( 
beans or b>ley2 & 9 ! progress across ! 

place a huge /ack ( ?is *aff-l prov5d] 0
 pass$1 "s t5 feet high1 b totally      
unprotect$ f ! wea!r by ?at*4  ,! reply 
to que/ions by ! manag] 0 simple 9 !    
extreme1 yet 9 itself a *apt] on !      
beautiful nature ( ! climate4  ,! reason
 :y ! /ack _h no protect+ ?at* 0 t !re 0
 no ne$1 ! ra9 0 s trifl+1 & :5 ! w9d & 
its habit ( scatt]+ /acks 0 m5tion$1 !  
inquir] 0 told t x did no h>m4  ,9 pass+
 "o enclosure %eep 7 enc\nt]$--a class (
 f>m+1 z /at$ else:]e1 little affect$ on
 acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( grass d[ns & ord9>y
 graz+ fields2 b ^! 7 9 a eal?y1 fl\ri%+
 /ate1 well fleec$1 ) a f9e :ite        
semi-transp>5t-look+ wool1 indicat+     
relation%ip to ! ,angora bre$1 specim5s 
( ! latt] be+ se5 lat] on 9 fold4  ,"s (
 ! fields _h be5 devot$ to ! gr[? (     
cotton4  ,?is _h lately be5 pick$ &     
transf]r$ to ! great /ore1 ! wood ( !   
beautiful plant s /or$ be+ yet ^u !     
gr\nd wait+ = transf] to ! /acks = fuel 
purposes1 x be+ utilis$ = ! /eam eng9es 
us$ ^u ! f>m1 especially = work+ !      

wat]-rais+ ma*9]y s ext5sively ne$$ 9   
?is occasionally ?ir/y l&4  ,f>!r on an 
implem5t 0 be+ us$ 9 prep>+ fields =    
irrigation2 & z 9 its simplicity (      
con/ruction x 0 dragg$ ov] ! great      
enclosure1 x drew up ! well-till$1      
friable soil into ridges or slightly    
rais$ portions ^: object 0 to regulate !
 fl[ ( irrigat+ wat] equally all ov] !  
field1 s t :5 x 0 flood$ no portion %\ld
 get m ?an its due %>e1 "o "p be+ swamp$
 :ile ano!r w\ld be comp>atively dry4   
,simple 9 ! extreme 9 its con/ruction1 z
 ! illu/ration %[s1 ! implem5t 0        
?or\ghly effici5t 9 ! way 9 :i* x did   
its "w1 ) b slight ex]tion on ! "p ( !  
sluggi% ox5 by :i* x 0 drawn4  ,all ?is 
0 novel1 yet p>adoxically old-_w &      
/range1 b 9 ! next field !re 0 a        
comb9ation ( ! old & new--a pair ( ox5  
us$ z 9 ,saxon times1 & d[n to n s _m   
ye>s back ev5 ne> ,london1 pati5tly     
plodd+ along b5ea? _! yoke & draw+ an   
emanation f our ,ea/]n c\nties 9 ! %ape 
( a ,ransome & ,sims' h>r[1 light &     

effective1 app>5tly z mu* at home &     
progress+ z easily z if on a ,suffolk   
f>m4  ,!re 0 a famili>ity ab\t ^! fields
 :i* took (f ! dead monotony ( ! level1 
= !y 7 surr\nd$ by good-siz$1 well-gr[n 
trees1 ^: aspect betok5$ heal? & a      
suitability ( climate1 :ile on a ne>]   
approa* !y %[$ _! =eignness to ! soil1  
prov+ to be a v>iety ( ! well-kn[n      
,sib]ian crab1 or *]ry apple1 belov$ (  
boys1 b "h gr[n 9 su* bulk z to sugge/  
be+ us$ = cru%+ & utilis+ 9 "s special  
way4  ,"o ?+ t /rikes ! ,european 9     
,egypt1 :5 pass+ beyond ! m c>efully    
cultivat$ portions ne> ! city1 is !     
abs5ce ( trees o!r ?an ! indig5\s palms2
 b "h1 9 ^! newly-reclaim$ portions1 mu*
 has be5 done1 z already m5tion$1 9 !   
way ( plant+4  ,= in/ance1 ! approa*es  
to a range ( build+s 9 connection ) ?is 
f>m 7 /udd$ ) acacias1 ornam5t+ :at     
prov$ to be ! pigeon h\ses :i* are su* a
 regul> adjunct to an ,egyptian         
cultivator's home4  ,_! occupants be> a 
/rong resemblance to our own blue rocks1

 or wood pigeons4  ,ano!r build+ 0 !    
dairy f>mh\se1 well-built1 simple1 & mo/
 suitable2 :ile 9 ! neighb\r+ fields !  
c[s 7 pa/ur+ aft] ! economical plan     
c>ri$ out 9 our ,*annel ,isl&s--:]e ea* 
milk-produc] is n all[$ to w&] ?r\gh &  
wa/e ! preci\s h]bage at h] own sweet w1
 b is te!r$ to a /ake--:ile ! calves _h 
an enclosure to !mselves4  ,"h 7 _m     
examples ( exp]im5ts be+ tri$ to improve
 ! bre$1 ! fav\rite animal be+ a cross  
betwe5 ! ,swiss--,frib\rg--& native2 & 9
 ?is cross-bre$+ only ^? prov$ to be    
advantage\s are reta9$4  ,su* z d n %[  
"s m>k$ advance ^u ! native /ock1 ei!r =
 bre$+ or ! production ( milk1 are sold4
  ,"o v f9e sire 0 close at h&--a ,swiss
 bull ) a noble head & %ort curv$ horns1
 f9e & long ( coat1 :i* ab\t br[ & neck 
=m$ itself into %ort1 crisp curls l ^? t
 clu/] ^u ! br[ ( ! classic ,h]cules4   
,?is gr& animal greatly resembl$1 save t
 x 0 mu* l>g]1 "o ( ! *oice & jeal\sly  
gu>d$ patri>*s ( a ,j]sey cattle-%$2    
:ile 8 home-l aspect 0 add$ to greatly  

by ! famili> r+ 9 ! nose1 :i* is n      
consid]$ necess>y = ! native animals4   
,a little f>!r on 7 ^? r unc\?-look+1   
heavily-horn$ animals1 ! buffaloes1 :i* 
run side by side 9 ,egyptian e/imation )
 ! ord9>y cattle = all practical        
purposes4  ,! improvem5t 9 _! bre$ is   
also /udi$ by ! addition ( fre% blood & 
! *oice ( sires rem>kable = special     
qualities4  ,"o p>ticul>ly good specim5 
0 po9t$ out1 di/+ui%$ by ! heavy hump   
=w>d1 a f9e bea/ lately br\ght f !      
,s\dan4  ,!re are two di/9ct bre$s (    
buffalo utilis$ 9 ?is c\ntry--!         
productions ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ^? f 
! latt] di/rict be+ reckon$ ! bett]4  ,9
 ?is portion ( ! f>m & ar\nd ! build+s  
fruit trees 7 pl5tiful1 div]sify+ ! sc5e
 & add+ greatly to its attractiv5ess1 & 
look+ novel to a visitor f ,europe1 :o  
saw an abundant gr[? ( ! ,seville or    
bitt] orange1 & ! cool1 gre5y-grey      
picturesque olive ( ,s\!rn ,europe & !  
,ea/4  ,among o!r fruit trees se5 "h 7  
"s be>+ long pods1 call$ *i> %amb> by ! 

natives4  ,! fruit ( ^! trees1 :i* is   
long & gre51 b :i* turns black soon aft]
 pick+1 seem$ at a di/ance l a huge     
bean1 sugge/+ t ! fruit 0 ak9 to ! c>ob 
or locu/ bean1 ?is idea be+ emphasis$ by
 ! sweet glut9\s pulp 9 :i* ! se$s 7    
buri$4  ,?is pulp is pleasant to ! ta/e1
 b slightly bitt]1 & is l>gely us$ by ! 
natives boil$ up ) wat]1 z a dr9k on    
acc\nt ( its m$ic9al qualities4  ,tak5  
all 9 all1 ! visit to ! ,kh$ive's f>m 0 
mo/ attractive1 & pregnant ) pro(s ( !  
f]tility ( ! well-t5d$ l&1 = on e side 7
 examples ( ! successful culture ( _m ( 
! agricultural products treat$ ( 9      
detail f ! notes ( ! /ud5t-l sup]9t5d5t1
 :o has all 9 8 *>ge4  ,! place1 z be=e 
said1 may be reg>d$ z a model & example 
( :at c be done ) l& t has be5 look$ ^u 
= ages z s mu* des]t1 :5 all t 0 requir$
 0 indu/ry1 application1 & ! +5uity     
necess>y = ext5d+ ! action ( ! ,nile    
flood4  ,nature has always be5 ready to 
d ! re/4  ,! ,kh$ive has ano!r tract (  
f>m l&1 :i* he pur*as$ "s "t back1 ab\t 

two kilometres f ! e/ate j describ$1 at 
,k\bbeh4 ,?is is ,mo/orod1 :]e he has a 
simple-look+ villa4  ,on ! way "h "o ( !
 fir/ ?+s t attract ! att5tion ( an     
,engli%man is t home-l contrivance s (t5
 miss+ 9 =eign c\ntries--a h$ge divid+ !
 fields f ! roadway & sep>at+ !m f ea*  
o!r4  ,^! 7 unkn[n be=e ! "t ( ,abbas   
,helmi ! ,second1 & :at may be done 9 "t
 to come 9 ! surr\nd+s ( f>ms by means (
 ! simple1 well cut back haw?orn rema9s 
to be prov$4  ,"h ! %rubby gr[?1 *os5 = 
its neat =m & comp>atively rapid        
developm5t1 is ! bitt] orange4  ,at     
,mo/orod _m ( ! surr\nd+s are m>k$ by ! 
en]getic proce$+s ( ! practical f>m]4   
,"h /eam is at "w1 l ! pati5t slave x   
is1 =m+ ! motive p[] 9 "o case = rais+  
wat] = all f>m+ purposes1 9 ano!r sett+ 
9 action ! mills1 :i* rapidly turn out &
 clean ! meal gr\nd f :eat & ,indian    
corn4  ,build+s are "h conta9+ ! v>i\s  
gra9s & se$s2 o!rs are ! /oreh\ses = "o 
or o!r ( ! ?ree pick+s produc$ 9 !      
cultivation ( cotton2 & at ! entrance ( 

e build+1 j inside ! door1 !re is a pit*
 p9e wood frame1 ) its glass cov]+1 & a 
pap] on :i* is a record ( ! am\nt &     
nature ( :atev] is br\ght 9 or tak5 out 
( ! build+ 9 ! %ape ( corn1 cotton1 se$1
 or :atev] may be /or$4  ,"h1 9         
opposition to mu* t is mod]n1 !re is a  
l>ge1 old-fa%ion$ ,egyptian /able1 v    
?ick ( wall4  ,! build+ is divid$ into  
two *amb]s1 connect$ & lit f ov]head1 ! 
light com+ ?r\gh ! ro( ( wood & raft]s  
?ickly ?at*$ ) re$s4  ,^! raft]s are    
support$ by ?ick r\nd columns =m$ ( !   
anci5t1 sun-dri$ brick = :i* ,egypt has 
long be5 fam$4  ,ne> by some?+ ( !      
old-_w fa%ion ( ! place 0 visible 9 a   
typical gr9d+ mill su* z may be se5 9   
common use 9 pretty well e village4  ,x 
_h a *amb] to itself1 & diff]$ little f 
^? :i* might h be5 se5 9 ,engl& fifty or
 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 set 9 action by an  
(t5 bl9dfold$ horse1 b "h work$ by a    
bullock4  ,ornam5tation is n want+ at   
,mo/orod1 = ! villa has its g>d5        
bright5$ by fruit trees1 & ! pill>-/emm$

 palms1 ) _! leafy cr[ns1 are frequ5t   
objects 9 ! transp>5t1 sunny air4       
,close at h& is ! village on ! ,kh$ivial
 e/ate4  ,9 x ! /reets are n>r[ & !     
h\ses ( "o height1 ?or\ghly wat]pro(1 & 
( ! famili> con/ruction1 ( sun-dri$     
bricks cov]$ ) :ite pla/]1 &1 be+ ( an  
e>li] date 9 ! improvem5t ! ,kh$ive is  
/riv+ = 9 ! poor] class dwell+s1 n to be
 comp>$ ) ! spick & span new h\ses he   
has lately _h erect$ at ,m>i\t1 n f> f  
,alex&ria4  ,h>d by ?is village is a v  
l>ge b>n or /ack y>d ) m native pigeon  
h\ses1 ! :ole ( ! surr\nd+s be+         
extremely qua9t & picturesque4  ,aga91 a
 %ort di/ance onw>d /&s ! native village
 ( ,mo/orod1 ) its attractive little    
mosque & a tomb erect$ to ! memory ( a  
sa9t4  ,! ,ismailia ,canal supplies wat]
 to ! ,k\bbeh & ,mo/orod e/ates1 & 9 ?is
 neighb\rhood is a good deal ( v        
valuable agricultural l&1 "s portions ( 
:i* are let to ! fellahe5 = ?ree mon?s 9
 a ye>1 s z to enable !m to gr[ a crop (
 maize4  ,h]eab\ts1 te!r$ 9 ! clov]     

fields1 a h]d ( ! ,kh$ive's camels are  
pa/ur$1 _m ( ^! be+ br$ = c>ry+         
purposes1 o!rs 7! slight] ( build7 =    
rid+ & spe$4  ,! sc5e is attractive f   
its v]dure1 b comp>atively treeless1    
?\gh x is wor?y ( m5tion t two solit>y  
weep+ will[s d _! be/ to adorn !        
l&scape--a pla9 ) ! sugge/ions ( home 9 
! %ape ( lapw+s1 or birds be>+ a v /rong
 resemblance1 :i* fly up "h & !re4  ,?is
 e/ate is close to ,heliopolis--! anci5t
 ,on--:]e almo/ ! only sugge/ions ( !   
,city ( ! ,sun are ! sun%9e & a great   
squ>e piece ( :ite /one1 be>+           
hi]oglyphs1 & 9 p]fect pres]vation1 :ile
 9 ! di/ance /&s up 9 solit>y /ate !    
f>-fam$ ,obelisk4    ,,*apt] ,,?ree4    
,words1 words1 words6 quo? ,hamlet1 & ! 
read] ( ?is sket* ( ! possibilities 9 ! 
way ( cultivation (f]$ by ! ,kh$ive's   
dom9ions may be dispos$ to contemptu\sly
 say ! same4  ,b 9 ! foll[+ pages x is  
propos$ to give pro( ( :at may be done 9
 an ord9>y way by "o :o is g>d5] =      
pleasure & heal?1 suppli] ( ord9>y      

produce to ! m>ket1 or f>m] ^u a l>g]   
scale1 )\t look+ = a mom5t ^u ! va/     
increase t is b\nd to foll[ ! wid] &    
wid] di/ribution ( t life ( su* a       
l&--abundant wat]1 n m]ely = irrigation1
 b 9 ?is case *>g$ ye> by ye> ) ! ri*   
f]tilis+ mud ( ! va/ equatorial regions 
regul>ly borne d[n by ! ,nile 9 flood4  
,among ! fir/ que/ions an int5d+ settl] 
might ask respect+ ! c\ntry t he int5ds 
to make 8 tempor>y or future home w\ld  
naturally be1 ,:at is ! place l8  ,:at  
sort ( seasons are !y8  ,egypt is a     
c\ntry :i* may be said to be bless$ )   
f\r seasons4 ,!re is t :i* beg9s 9 ,july
 ) ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 :5 = ab\t two
 mon?s ! :ole c\ntry ( ! ,delta may be  
lik5$ to a va/ lake dott$ ) isl&s       
repres5t$ by ! t[ns & villages4         
,naturally1 !n1 ! air is moi/1 & morn+s 
& ev5+s h _! mi/s4  ,9 ! second season1 
answ]+ to our w9t] & e>ly spr+1 we h    
cold nights2 b ! days are hot1 & !      
vegetation is rapid & luxuriant4  ,!    
?ird1 correspond+ to our spr+1 is ! lea/

 attractive2 :ile ! f\r?1 :i* cont9ues  
until ! ris+ ( ! ,nile1 is 9 ! highe/   
degree delightful4  ,ev]yone has prais$ 
! ,egyptian nights--cl\dless skies1 an  
int5sely bright moon1 s bright t at     
h>ve/ "t1 = reasons 9 connection ) !    
%$d+ ( ! gra91 x is ! cu/om among/ !    
f>m]s & cultivators ( ! soil to take    
advantage ( ! coolness & light to       
comm5ce g>n]+ _! crops at midnight4  ,s 
bright is ! moon 9 ?is extraord9>ily    
cle> atmosph]e t ! peasantry :o sleep 9 
! op5 air are c>eful to %ade _! eyes f !
 rays1 :i* are (t5 said to produce a m  
pa9ful effect ?an ^? ( ! sun4  ,^! pages
 conta9 ! exp]i5ce ( long ye>s ( pati5t 
/udy ( ! cultivation ( ,egypt1 ( t c>ri$
 on by ! native1 :o = ages pa/ has look$
 to ! soil = 8 su/5ance4  ,& ( 8        
practical k1 t :i* is valuable has be5  
adopt$2 :ile exp]im5t1 exp]i5ce1 & !    
effects ( mod]n cultivation h run ) x   
side by side4  ,e g>d5] & f>m] kn[s1    
h[ev] enlight5$ he may be & fond ( !    
mod]n ways ( do+ ?+s1 t x is n wise to  

look slight+ly ^u old-fa%ion$ cu/oms4   
,exp]i5tia docet is a well-kn[n maxim1 &
 ! exp]i5ce taught (t5 by g5]ations (   
disappo9tm5ts is wor?y ( all respect4   
,m5 g on cultivat+ & gr[+ c]ta9 ?+s :i* 
excite ! contempt ( a /rang]1 b too (t5 
he lives to le>n t !re 0 good reason = !
 practice1 h5ce1 animat$ by ! _s (      
respect = ! old1 :ile /riv+ to introduce
 ! new & improv$1 ! notes & descriptions
 h]e9 conta9$ may be dep5d$ ^u z be+    
?or\ghly practical & well wor?y !       
att5tion ( e cultivator :o has at he>t !
 future ( ! ,delta & ! high] irrigat$   
l&s ( ,egypt4  ,fur!r1 x may be presum$ 
t e read] is fully acqua9t$ ) ! fact t  
l[] ,egypt possesses a climate )\t      
extreme v>iations ( temp]ature2 t w9t]  
is h>dly kn[n b z a "n2 & t1 ?\gh *anges
 h tak5 place ( late ye>s1 probably f   
increas$ cultivation & plant+1 ! ra9fall
 is extremely small4  ,& yet ! f]tility 
( ,egypt is prov]bial1 & due to ?is     
annual flood+ ( ! l&s by ! ,nile1       
:i*--aft] ! fa%ion1 already ref]r$ to1 (

 ! nor!rn midl&s ( ,engl&1 :]e s _m     
acres h be5 flood$ & dra9$ aft] a l5g!n$
 deposit ( mud1 or w>p1 z x is t]m$--   
become ri* 9 ! extreme4  ,! w>p+ 9      
,york%ire & ,l9coln%ire is an artificial
 & protract$ process1 c>ri$ out once    
only2 ! w>p+ ( ! l& ( ,egypt is natural1
 & repeat$ ye> by ye>2 :ile z soon z !  
wat] has run (f1 ! coat+ ( mud1 ri* 9   
all ! qualities ( f]tility1 is ready to 
be>1 aft] ! m]e/ scrat*+ ( ! soil1 its  
abundant "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree crops 9 a 
ye>4  ,"h are possibilities1 !n1 = !    
cultivator :o is ready to br+ to be> all
 ! appliances ( mod]n sci5ce1 !         
discov]ies ( practical agricultural     
*emi/ry1 &1 above all1 ! me*anical &    
+5i\s inv5tions s admirable 9 a flat1   
op5 c\ntry1 unbrok5 by h$ge or tree4    
,among ! m9or objects famili> to ! t\ri/
 9 8 j\rney up ! ,nile are ! v>i\s means
 ( rais+ wat] = ! irrigation ( ! crops4 
,^! h be51 & /ill cont9ue to be 9 _m    
places extremely primitive1 =1 z be=e   
/at$1 ! fellahe5 9 _! cons]vative fa%ion

 are prone to cl+ to ! inv5tions ( _!   
=efa!rs4  ,h5ce !y may /ill be se5      
labori\sly at "w ) _! %ado(s1 sakiehs1 &
 o!r wat]-:eels work$ by h& or mule p[]1
 rais+ ! f]tilis+ fluid to a suffici5t  
height to be dis*>g$ & fl[ ( itself1    
spread+ ov] ! pat*es ( l& requir+       
irrigation4  ,b ^! clumsy contrivances  
are giv+ place 9 ! newly-reclaim$ &     
cultivat$ p>ts ( ! ,delta to mod]n      
ma*9]y1 urg$ by motive p[]1 notably by  
/eam1 ?\gh to a great ext5t advantage is
 tak5 ( ! w9d2 = x is a common ?+ to see
 9 ! l&scape ! circul> disc-l object1 z 
not$ at a di/ance1 =m$ by a w9dmill )   
its _m fans1 or vans1 /&+ at ! edge ( "s
 canal or by "o ( ! _m wells t h be5 dug
 ^u ! high] gr\nds4  ,= ?\gh tract aft] 
tract may be des]t1 pres5t+ no?+ b co>se
 gr[? & s& ready to drift be=e ! w9d1   
!re is n mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ wat]1    
notably 9 ! wide plateau kn[n z ,m>i\t1 
spread+ out 9 ! direction ( ! ,libyan   
,des]t f ,alex&ria4  ,"h ! s9k+ ( wells 
results 9 ! f9d+ ( wat] at dep?s v>y+ f 

tw5ty to =ty feet1 & bor+ to a great]   
dep? w\ld d\btless produce a full]      
supply1 = 9 s flat & por\s a l&1 )9 easy
 measurable di/ance ( ! great inl& sea1 
!re is e probability t an inexhau/ible  
supply is )9 t\*4  ,& n[adays ! v>i\s   
+5i\s contrivances ( ! me*anical eng9e] 
are always ready1 & at small co/1 to    
supplem5t dur+ ! dry times ! abundant   
supply (f]$ by ! great riv]4  ,( c\rse1 
?is deals solely ) ! high] gr\nds t are 
n rea*$ )\t me*anical help by !         
dam-suppli$ network ( canals t already  
ve9s ! c\ntry1 & projects = ! increase (
 :i* are1 s9ce ! op5+ ( ! great works at
 ,assi\t & ,ass\an1 ei!r "u             
consid]ation1 or already plann$4  ,!    
sl[1 clumsy h& lab\r ( ! %ado( & !      
awkw>d cattle-work$ sakieh1 or e>!n pot 
surr\nd$ wat]-:eel1 is n[ be+ sup]s$$ 9 
! l>g] tracts ( cultivation by su* +5i\s
 pieces ( me*anism z ! c5trifugal pump1 
work$ by /eam1 & s contriv$ t x c be    
utilis$ on ! bank ( riv] or canal1 & ) a
 suction tube turn$ d[n at any angle1 s 

t x c be l[]$ into any ( ! common wells 
t are sunk 9 all directions4  ,!        
portable /eam eng9e us$ 9 connection    
!re) is "o ( ! gr&e/ slaves (           
civilisation1 play+ its "p on ! l>ge    
f>ms = traction1 ?re%+1 /raw *opp+1 or  
o!r ( ! _m necessities ( cultivation4   
,by means ( ^! c5trifugal pumps aft] !  
middle ( ,novemb] on l>ge e/ates ! wat] 
has to be =c$ into ! s]vice 7e/ate7     
canals4  ,a t5-horse p[] eng9e1 driv+ a 
t5-in* pump1 w irrigate ! same numb] (  
acres 9 twelve h\rs1 lift+ ! wat] five  
feet1 ! co/ ( rais+ wat] be+ two %ill+s 
p] acre4  ,! small occupi]s ( l&        
sometimes raise _! supply f wells &     
canals by means ( ,p]sian :eels or      
,ar*im$ean screws4    ,,*apt] ,,f\r4    
,at ,cairo :5 ! ,nile comm5ces its      
annual rise1 = ! fir/ few days its t9t  
seems to be gre52 b ! g5]al tone dur+ ! 
inundation is ( a dirty r$1 ( c\rse due 
to its be+ ?ick5$ ) ! mud br\ght d[n f !
 s\?4  ,dur+ ?is ris+1 irrigation c be  
s5t freely fl[+ ov] all cultivat$ l&s1 z

 ! riv] cont9ues ab\t ! level ( ! banks 
till ! middle ( ,novemb]4  ,9 simple    
language1 irrigation means ! turn+ (    
des]t into ri*ly f]tile produc+ l&4  ,a 
great deal has be5 said & done1 b ev]y?+
 po9ts to ! fact t1 h[ev] great &       
productive a g>d5 ,egypt has be5 =      
c\ntless ye>s1 x is /ill almo/1 z x 71 9
 its infancy4  ,! erection ( t /up5d\s  
piece ( eng9e]+1 ! ,ass\an ,dam1 has    
already _h effects t h surpass$ !       
expectations ( its projectors2 & writ+  
^u ?is subject1 ,sir ,william           
,willcocks1 a g5tleman ^: k ( ! position
 is ( ! highe/ value1 po9ts out a s]ies 
( facts t are almo/ />tl+ 9 _!          
sugge/ions4  ,he draws att5tion to !    
fact t !re are /ill two million acres ( 
excell5t l& wait+ to be reclaim$ aft] ! 
simple fa%ion h]e9 describ$1 & !n       
requir+ to be irrigat$ to ! full ext5t  
ne$$--t is to say1 p]5nially4  ,^! are  
l>ge figures to deal )1 b ,egypt is a   
va/ c\ntry1 & its p[]s ( production     
almo/ beyond belief2 b ev]y?+ is b\nd up

 9 ! "o ne$--wat] supply2 & x is ?is    
furni%+ ( life to plants1 & enabl+ !m to
 f9d x lat5t1 z x 71 9 ! f>-spread+     
pla9s t are z yet b s& & du/1 t is tak+ 
! att5tion ( our great eng9e]s4  ,"h !y 
f9d room to ex]t _! p[]s4  ,x is only a 
ye> ago t we _h ! inauguration ( ! fir/ 
great /ride2 & n[ we are told t ! ?ir/y 
c\ntry asks = m4  ,to fully c>ry out !  
p]5nial irrigation t %all f]tilise ! two
 million acres /ill wait+1 ! c\ntry     
requires "o milli>d ( cubic metres (    
wat] p] five hundr$ ?\s& acres--t is to 
say1 f\r times t quantity4 ,at ! pres5t 
"t1 ) ! height to :i* x has be5 already 
erect$1 ! ,ass\an ,dam holds up &       
supplies "o milli>d ( ^! cubic metres ( 
wat] 9 all1 a suffici5cy = five hundr$  
?\s& acres ( agricultural & g>d5 l&4  ,x
 is propos$ to raise x tw5ty-"o feet    
high]1 ) ! result t its hold+ p[]s w be 
s va/ly increas$ t ! supply w be d\bl$1 
& h5ce be suffici5t = ano!r five hundr$ 
?\s& acres4  ,b ev5 !n !re w be a       
milli>d acres /ill wait+ = a supply (   

wat] to ! ext5t ( two milli>ds ( cubic  
metres ( wat] = !mselves4  ,:5ce is ?is 
supply to come8  ,! eng9e]s are ready ) 
_! answ]1 & only ask = ! capital1 n to  
float "s mad s*eme1 b to spread         
b\nte\sly ! ri* wat] :i* turns1 z above 
said1 ! des]t into f]tile l&4  ,! plan1 
or project1 is to =m a huge res]voir 9 !
 ,wady ,rayan1 :i* w ) ease supply !    
wat] ne$$ at a co/ ( ab\t two million   
p\nds--a l>ge sum ( money1 b ridicul\sly
 small 9 comp>ison ) ! results4  ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1 a drawback 9 connection ) ?is
 res]voir--a weakness1 s to speak1 :i*  
alone w\ld r5d] its value que/ionable1 =
 :ile 9 ,april & ,may1 dur+ ! flood "t1 
its supply w\ld be enorm\s1 x w\ld fall 
(f v mu* 9 ,june1 & furni% b v little 9 
,july4  ,b n[ 9 connection !re) we f9d !
 tru? ( ! old prov]bial say+1           
,co-op]ation is /r5g?4  ,alone x w\ld be
 weak1 b if made n[ & work$ 9 connection
 ) ! ,ass\an ,res]voir x becomes /rong1 
& ! two be+ tapp$ 9 turn z ! ne$ arose1 
! comb9ation w\ld h trem5d\s results1 "o

 res]voir s help+ ! o!r t suffici5t wat]
 c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to keep up a p]5nial 
supply4  ,to give ,sir ,william         
,willcocks' words3    ,let u n[ imag9e t
 bo? res]voirs are full ( wat]1 & x is  
,april #a/4  ,! ,wady ,rayan ,res]voir w
 be op5$ on to ! ,nile &   give all !   
wat] ne$$ 9 t mon?1 :ile ! ,ass\an      
,res]voir   w be ma9ta9$ at its full    
level4  ,9 ,may ! ,wady ,rayan ,res]voir
   w give ne>ly ! :ole supply1 & !      
,ass\an ,res]voir w give   a little4  ,9
 ,june ! ,wady ,rayan ,res]voir w give a
 small "p (   ! supply1 & ! ,ass\an     
,res]voir w give ! great] "p4  ,9       
,july ! ,wady ,rayan ,res]voir w give   
no?+1 & ! ,ass\an   ,res]voir w give !  
:ole supply requir$4  ,work+ toge!r 9   
?is h>moni\s & beautiful mann]1 ^!      
res]voirs1 :i* are !   true complem5ts (
 ea* o!r w easily provide ! :ole ( !    
wat] ne$$ = ,egypt4  ,n[1 ?is rais+ ( ! 
,ass\an ,dam to ! height propos$ means  
an exp5diture ( five hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 
& ! "t = ! completion ( ?is addition &  

rais+ ( ! works two ye>s1 at ! end ( :i*
 p]iod1 z we h se51 its p[] = irrigation
 w be d\bl$2 :ile to make ! additional  
res]voir1 & enable x to dis*>ge its va/ 
extra supply at ! co/ nam$1 w take ?ree 
ye>s2 f\r ye>s w !n be requir$ to br+ ! 
wat] to its prop] height--sev5 ye>s 9   
all2 s t 9 t "t full arrangem5ts c be   
made = ! p]5nial irrigation ( ! :ole (  
,egypt4  ,huge sums ( money ^! to sp5d  
or put into ! soil1 two millions & a    
half /]l+2 b let u see :at !re is to be 
said on ! cr$it side4  ,take "o po9t    
alone4  ,! increase 9 ! cotton crop (   
,egypt w\ld be mo/ ext5sive1 & its value
 enorm\s4  ,!n !re is ! l& itself4 ,"h  
we h s _m extra acres1 only p>tially    
irrigat$1 b :i* by ?is rais+ ( ! supply 
( wat] w be *ang$ f p>tial supply l&    
into con/ant--t is1 ea* acre w be enabl$
 to tap ! res]voirs at all times ( !    
ye>1 accord+ to ! cultivator's ne$1 ) ! 
consequ5t rise 9 value ( ! l& ( ?irty   
p\nds p] f$dan1 or acre2 & t means1     
accord+ to ,sir ,william ,willcocks1 an 

increase 9 ! weal? ( ,egypt to ! ext5t (
 sixty million p\nds4  ,f "o bold /roke6
  ,sixty million p\nds = ! exp5diture ( 
five4 ,n bad1 ?is1 = ! eng9e]s4  ,b     
/ill1 x is b ! beg9n+ ( :at may be done 
9 ! ,kh$ive's c\ntry1 = x is full (     
sugge/ions to be c>ri$ out by an        
ent]pris+ p = ! mak+ ( ! native & ^? (  
our own c\ntry :o are prep>$ to look f> 
ahead4  ,! am\nt ( l& to be reclaim$ is 
enorm\s2 & :at l&6 ,= c\ntless ages !   
,nile has fl[$ d[n1 br++ ) x its f]tile 
mud1 deposit+ "s by ! way1 c>ry+ o!r "s 
out to sea1 to be lo/ 9 ! dep?s ( !     
,m$it]ranean2 b /ill1 z "t roll$ on1    
add+ to1 & rais+ high]1 ! huge ,delta   
?r\gh :i* ! v>i\s m\?s made _! way2 s t 
9 ^! l[e/ portions ( ,egypt ! dep? ( ri*
 soil mu/ be enorm\s4  ,"h lie ! lakes &
 canals ( old5 =mation1 %all[$ & *ok$ ) 
mud1 & r5d]$ almo/ impassable = transit1
 b only wait+ = ! eng9e]s to contrive   
mod]n works1 ! result ( survey & level1 
fe$+ canals & ! =m+ ( res]voirs to      
supply irrigation wat] = free+ ! l& (   

its salt1 mak+ easy ! navigation ( !    
di/rict1 & simplify+ ! conveyance ( its 
gra9 & o!r crops4  ,all ?is developm5t  
is await+ ent]prise & capital l[ d[n 9 !
 ,delta4  ,b ! eng9e]s h n /opp$ ne>    
home & ! ,kh$ive's capital2 !y h ca/ _! 
eyes af> across t va/ ext5t ( b>b>ism1 !
 re-conqu]$ ,s\dan1 :]e1 bord]+ ^u !    
,nile1 x is (t5 wat]1 wat] ev]y:]e1 & n 
a drop = ! crops to dr9k4  ,sir ,william
 ,g>/9 has be5 busy "h1 survey+ & exam9+
 :at c be done t[>ds & beyond ,kh>t\m4  
,"h ri* tracts ( f]tile l& are ly+ on   
bo? sides ( ! ,blue ,nile1 to ! ext5t1  
r\ghly speak+1 ( "s ?ree millions (     
acres4  ,?is l& ( ,upp] ,egypt is z ri* 
9 its capabilities z t ( ! ,delta2 b x  
has qualities :i* ! latt] does n        
possess1 & is m suitable = ! production 
( excell5t cotton1 :i* c be s[n z a     
flood crop & reap$ 9 w9t]1 an advantage 
:i* ! seasons w n p]mit 9 ,egypt4  ,"h1 
aga91 !n1 is an op5+ = ent]prise &      
capital 9 ! future1 = x mu/ n be =gott5 
t ! ,suak9-,b]b] ,railway1 well 9       

progress1 op5s up ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 "o 
:i* "s ( ^! days w be br\ght well 9 t\* 
) ,liv]pool & ! nor!rn manufactur+ t[ns1
 z ! cotton-gr[+ capabilities ( ,upp]   
,egypt ext5d4    ,,*apt] ,,five4  ,9 a  
c\ntry :i* dep5ds ^u floods & _! deposit
 = its f]tility1 "o ( ! fir/ que/ions   
likely to be ask$ by a practical man is1
 ,:at ab\t ! dra9s8  ,he kn[s p]fectly  
well1 f read+ & report1 t ! evaporation 
( ! wat]s t h = ! "t be+ turn$ va/      
tracts ( l& lit]ally into swamps mu/ be 
enorm\s1 b at ! same "t "s plan = c>ry+ 
(f ! sup]abundant moi/ure mu/ be 9 =ce4 
,let him le>n at once t 9 ,egyptian     
agriculture !re are no und]gr\nd til$   
dra9s 9 use2 b op5 ones are =m$ ^u l& t 
requires improv+1 su* z ! rice fields & 
^? :i*1 :5 cultivation has comm5c$1 are 
f\nd to be impregnat$ ) salts1 :ile a   
great deal is done by ! ,gov]nm5t1 "u ^:
 direction l>ge ma9 cuts are dug to dra9
 (f ! wat] on l[-ly+ l&s4  ,on ! ri*    
soils wat] may be ly+ to a dep? ( f\r   
in*es aft] a flood1 b x is s readily    

absorb$ t 9 six h\rs none w be left on !
 ,surface2 b infiltration f irrigation  
canals sometimes damages ! crops        
alongside1 & 9 su* a case z t a small   
cat* dra9 w prev5t fur!r mis*ief4  ,)   
reg>d to irrigation1 two sy/ems are     
c>ri$ out1 ! "o peculi> to ,l[] ,egypt1 
! o!r be+ utilis$ 9 ,upp]4  ,9 ,l[]     
,egypt ! canal is us$ = ! supply ( wat] 
to ! crops4  ,9 ,upp] ,egypt ! mann]    
adopt$ is te*nically t]m$ ! bas9 sy/em4 
,9 ?is latt] me?od embankm5ts are =m$ to
 enclose tracts ( l& well )9 rea* ( !   
,nile flood1 :i* may conta9 f two ?\s&  
to =ty ?\s& acres1 accord+ to ! means (1
 or facilities (f]$ to1 ! agriculturi/4 
,aft]w>ds ! proce$+s are exce$+ly       
simple4  ,:5 ! inundation is at its     
greate/ height1 op5+s are made & ! wat] 
is all[$ to fl[ f ! riv] till ! s&y     
surface is cov]$ to a dep? ( six feet4  
,!n ! matt]1 susp5d$ 9 ! muddy wat]s1 is
 sl[ly deposit$ & goes on s9k+ till     
,novemb]1 :5 op5+s are made into canals1
 & ! wat] is all[$ to sl[ly dra9 (f &   

make its way back into ! riv]1 :5 !     
surface ( gli/5+ mud t is left is       
consid]$ ripe = cultivation1 & accord+  
to ! season may measure p]haps f\r in*es
 9 dep?4  ,z soon z ! wat] is gone1 !   
f>m+ op]ations beg91 & 9 ! simple/ &    
probably ! olde/ =m4  ,!re is no?+ m to 
be done 9 ^! cases1 no pl\gh+ or h>r[+2 
b :eat1 b>ley1 beans1 clov]1 l9se$1 &   
l5tils are s[n broadca/ by ! pati5t     
lab\r]s1 ! s[]s (t5 s9k+ knee deep 9 !  
mud z !y sl[ly plod or almo/ wade to &  
fro4  ,! next proce$+ is ! bury+ ( !    
se$1 :i* is g5]ally effect$ by draw+ a  
l>ge beam ( timb] ov] ! muddy surface1  
?\gh at times1 :5 ! consi/5cy is great]1
 ! se$ is cov]$ 9 by h&-hoe+4  ,t is    
all1 & ! agriculturi/ leaves ! re/ = !  
"t be+ to ! ef=ts ( ! sun4  ,g]m9ation  
soon beg9s1 & rapid gr[? succe$s 9 !    
moi/ mud2 :ile ^! crops d n ne$ or      
receive any fur!r irrigation except f   
ra91 :i* may fall two or ?ree times 9 ! 
c\rse ( gr[?4  ,b !re are times :5 no   
ra9 at all w come to help ! crops1 :i*1 

h[ev]1 seem to suff] v little1 f !      
simple fact t ! ?or\gh saturation ( !   
subsoil by ! flood1 & ! con/ant g5tle   
evaporation go+ on1 make up to a c]ta9  
ext5t = ! want ( g5ial %[]s1 & ! failure
 seems to be conf9$ to ! /raw alone1 :i*
 is %ort] ?an if its gr[? _h be5        
influ5c$ by ! dropp+ cl\ds4  ,! floods (
 ,european l&s are1 ( c\rse1 only       
occasional1 accid5ts due to a preval5ce 
( /orm wat]s1 :i* ! regul> riv]s & !    
artificial dra9age ( ! c\ntry h n p[] to
 c>ry (f2 :ile g5]ally !y la/ b a %ort  
"t1 & in/ead ( be+ b5eficial are        
de/ructive4  ,! ,nile fl[ is 9 e respect
 ! rev]se4 ,in/ead ( be+ occasional & ( 
%ort duration1 x is a "p ( ,nature's    
r\t9e1 & p]fectly wondr\s 9 its         
regul>ity2 :ile 9 place ( be+ tempor>y1 
z 9 ! floods ( our own isl&s1 we h "h a 
la/+ ov]fl[4  ,aga91 a flood 9 ! ,briti%
 ,isl&s1 :]e ! riv]s bur/ _! banks &    
spread ov] mead[-l& & arable fields1    
leaves ! soil s\r$1 sodd51 & obnoxi\s to
 ! plants :i* are /ill alive1 :ole crops

 & plantations be+ (t5 swept away1 :ile 
^? t rema9 are on ! high road to p]i%+ f
 rott5ness4  ,9 ,egypt ! subsoil ( s& is
 ready to absorb1 & ! ard5t sun to      
rapidly dry1 ! surface ( ! mud z soon z 
! flood s9ks1 aft] its /ay ( mon?s2 :ile
 ! rapidity ( gr[? soon makes up = !1 s 
to speak1 dormant /ate ( ! cultivat$    
gr\nd t has be5 flood$1 &1 z a=esaid1 ! 
wat] dep>ts1 leav+ its f]tilis+ ri*es   
beh9d4  ,!n1 z /at$1 foll[s )\t fur!r   
till+ ! s[+ ( ! crops1 :i* result 9     
abundant gr[?4  ,?is annual regul>ity is
 only m>r$ by ! ext5t ( ! inundation1   
:i* is calculat$ & divid$ by !          
,egyptians into high flood1 mean flood1 
& poor flood1 accord+ to h[ f> ! wat]s  
ext5d :5 !y leave _! natural b$4  ,x is 
calculat$ t 9 ! fir/ case1 :5 ! ,nile   
has rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 x has ris5 to
 ?irty-?ree feet2 9 ! second case1 !    
mean flood1 ?irty feet2 & 9 ! ?ird1 or  
poor flood1 tw5ty-?ree feet above its   
b$4  ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! high] ! flood
 ! wid] spread is ! inundation1 & !     

deep] ! deposit ( f]tile mud left ^u !  
l& :5 ! riv] has return$ to its ord9>y  
limits4  ,/ay-at-home p are accu/om$ to 
look ^u ,holl& z ! l& ( canals1 & ! face
 ( ?is c>efully cultivat$ c\ntry is     
monum5tal z a specim5 ( a nation's      
indu/ry 9 cutt+ wat]ways = ! d\ble      
purpose ( dra9+ & traffic1 :ile its     
dra9s are z admirable z !y are great4   
,wide tracts ( l& h be5 turn$ f s&y     
wa/es & swamps into f]tile mead[s &     
c>efully cultivat$ fields by ! ,dut*    
eng9e]s1 :o h also left traces ( _!     
h&iwork ^u ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl& 9 !      
dra9age ( ! f5s4  ,b1 leav+ ! suppos$   
canals ( ! planet ,m>s to ! imag9ations 
( a/ronom]s1 x is safe to say t ,egypt  
be>s (f ! palm = works ( ?is            
description4  ,! anci5ts knew ( _!      
value1 & enorm\s cuts 7 made by ! help (
 slave lab\r1 & 7 left to survive !     
roll+ away ( c5turies1 & :]e n duly c>$ 
=1 & fill$ up by ! drift+ s&1 h la9     
ready to be cle>$ out1 deep5$ & br\ght  
into use aga94  ,^! h be5 add$ to1 till 

at ! pres5t "t x c be said t ! sy/em (  
canals connect$ ) ! ma9 riv] = !        
purposes ( portage & = p]5nial          
irrigation _c be equall$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 
,! b>rage ( ! ,delta is ( incalculable  
value1 s9ce by clos+ ! sluices ! head ( 
wat] is rais$ & irrigation made m easy1 
:ile ! works ( ?is description lately   
c>ri$ out ^u ! ,nile at ,assi\t &       
,ass\an cons]ve imm5se bodies ( wat]1   
:i* h =m]ly fl[$ regul>ly d[n to ! sea1 
c>ry+ ) !m millions ( tons ( f]tilis+   
mud or w>p1 ) ! equatorial wa%+s ( !    
ri*1 untrodd5 l&4  ,?is solution (      
plant-mak+ soil has gone on d[nw>d t[>ds
 ! sea f untold ages1 =m+ by degrees !  
va/ ,delta1 beside t :i* 0 lo/ to !     
s]vice ( man1 m]ely *ok+ up & mak+ %all[
 ! _m wat]c\rses into :i* ! ,nile wat]s 
h be5 brok5 up1 & alt]+ ! positions (   
anci5t ports & m>itime cities n[ di/ant 
f ! sea4    ,,*apt] ,,six4  ,a good old 
,engli% g>d5] once said1 ,y c't gr[ ?+s 
well )\t pl5ty ( manure1 & ?is !        
,egyptians f\nd out ye>s ago4 ,!y h !   

great advantage ( ! f]tile mud deposit$ 
by ! riv]1 b to br+ x to its highe/ /ate
 ( production l& seems to ask = ! crude 
=m ( animal plant food z well z !       
vegetable & m9]al4  ,x is to be presum$ 
t !re mu/ be a great deal ( vegetable   
f]tilisation swept d[n by ! ,nile 9 a   
decay$ /ate f ! =e/s & swamps ( ,c5tral 
,africa1 b ,egypt itself is no l& ( =e/s
 & t wondr\s help to vegetation1 leaf   
m\ld1 may be said to be entirely abs5t1 
:ile ! ord9>y animal excreta s c>efully 
collect$ 9 mo/ civilis$ c\ntries =      
application to ! l& is sadly want$ &    
neglect$ "h = f>m & g>d5 purposes4  ,x  
is c>efully collect$1 x is true1 & dri$2
 b "h1 9 a c\ntry :]e wood is exce$+ly  
sc>ce1 x is us$ = fuel4  ,z a rule1 !   
result+ a%es are reg>d$ z ( little wor?1
 :]eas !y conta91 9 a m9]al =m1 s _m ( !
 con/itu5ts ( vegetable life t1 if      
pres]v$1 !y w\ld be mo/ valuable4  ,9   
fact1 ! fellahe5 look ^u ! a%es 9 ! same
 light z !y are reg>d$ "h 9 ,engl&1 if  
!y are ?\ght ( at all1 z a co>se +r$i5t 

to mix ) a clayey soil to light5 x 9 !  
place ( s&4 ,b 9 ^! isl&s !re is !      
excuse t = ! mo/ "p !y are coal a%es &  
want+ 9 f]tilis+ p[]s4  ,:]e !y are wood
 or vegetable a%es ! ,engli% cultivator 
has long kn[n _! value f ! ext5t to :i* 
!y are impregnat$ ) pota%4  ,/ill1 !re c
 be no d\bt t ! a% ( ! ,egyptian fuel1  
?\gh n return$ to ! e>? 9 a             
well-?\ght-out & bus9ess-l way1 does    
play its "p to "s ext5t 9 re/or+ exhau/$
 soil4  ,! t]m f>my>d manure is common (
 application1 b an ,engli% f>m] w\ld    
look at x 9 amazem5t & n "k 8 good old  
fri5d aga91 = ! ,egyptian f>my>d manure 
seems to h be5 inv5t$ by ! sanit>ians ( 
our dry e>? sy/em1 be+ compos$ (        
desiccat$ ,nile mud :i* has be5 c>efully
 spread ov] ! floors ( ! cattle-%$s z   
litt] :]ev] bullocks1 c[s1 horses1 %eep1
 etc41 are kept4  ,9 ?is f9e1 dry /ate1 
! once mud1 n[ e>?1 is rem>kably        
absorb5t & sweet5+2 mo/ heal?y1 too1 = !
 animals1 :o are n se5 "h trampl+ ne>ly 
knee deep 9 ! soon-made foetid swamp ( a

 c\ntry crew-y>d4  ,moreov] ! e>? is    
frequ5tly remov$--to be kept ly+ 9 !    
manure heap = ab\t a ye> to mature1 :5 x
 is consid]$ ready = use1 & ! cattle    
enclosures & %$s ( a f>m are rem>kably  
:olesome & clean4  ,?is dry mud is "o   
great s\rce ( plant food = ! f>m1 b x is
 l>gely supplem5t$ by :at ! ,egyptians  
t]m c\fri1 or sabbakh4 ,?is is n always 
available1 & dep5ds ^u ! position ( !   
f>m2 b !re are p>ts ( ! ,delta :]e1 to  
all appe>ance1 ! tract be+ reclaim$ or  
tak5 up = br++ into cultivation is s mu*
 level1 or ne>ly level1 l&1 ) a m\nd or 
slight elevation "h & !re :]e ! w9ds h  
drift$ ! s& app>5tly to a consid]able   
dep?4  ,except to ! eye ( ! exp]i5c$ !re
 is no?+ to %[ t fl\ri%+ cities &       
villages h exi/$ !re 9 ! pa/2 b _m ( ^! 
slight elevations are ! sites :]e teem+ 
populations once exi/$1 & all has gone  
back1 ) "s few exceptions--du/ to du/4  
,! exceptions are :]e ! spade ( ! fellah
 comes ^u ! rema9s ( a tomb or prie/ly  
edifice1 ^!1 z is well-kn[n1 be+ ! la/+ 

"p ( man's "w1 :i* are be+ discov]$     
con/antly ev5 n[1 ) _! build]s'1        
sculptors'1 & pa9t]s' h&iwork look+1 :5 
! s& has be5 remov$1 almo/ z fre% &     
un9jur$ z if !y 7 ! traces ( two or ?ree
 g5]ations back in/ead ( hav+ be5 buri$ 
_m c5turies ago4  ,^! solid rema9s1 or  
ru9s1 may be comp>atively few2 b 9 all  
probability h be5 surr\nd$ by an enorm\s
 population1 ^: h\ses1 orig9ally built (
 ! sun-dri$ ,egyptian brick1 h 9 ! c\rse
 ( "t gone back1 l ev]y?+ animal t      
surr\nd$ !m1 to a r\gh e>? ready = !    
work]'s spade1 :i* digs up f an almo/   
inexhau/ible m9e--) no?+ to tell ( ! pa/
 b a few brok5 %>ds--a spl5did f]tilis] 
= ! f>m4  ,b ?is c\fri manure requires  
discrim9ation 9 its use1 too /rong an   
application be+ likely to prove hurtful 
to a crop1 see+ t analysis %[s t its    
plant-fe$+ qualities are due to ! salts 
x conta9s--sometimes z mu* z #ab p] c5t1
 ( salt1 soda1 ammonia1 saltpetre1      
phosphates1 & ! l4  ,! value to an      
,engli% f>m] ( su* a m9e ( artificial   

*emical manure z ?is may be conceiv$1 & 
x w\ld make ! eyes bright5 ( "o "h :o   
/r5g!ns 8 l& by applications ( m>l1 or  
else has to cont5t himself ) a top      
dress+ ( *alk f "s pit sunk 9 a corn] ( 
8 hold+4  ,fairly pl5tiful /ill 9       
,egypt1 !re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be a limit to 
?is supply4  ,! tak+ up ( l& is go+     
/eadily on1 & consequ5tly ! rema9s (    
city aft] city h be5 & are be+ rapidly  
us$ up1 ?us necessitat+ ! e/abli%m5t (  
plans ^u a practical basis = !          
re/oration ( l& :i* %\ld n be exhau/$ by
 heavy crops )\t ! cultivator mak+ a    
prop] return4 ,"o ( our /ud5ts (        
agriculture1 9 a public address1 deals  
l>gely ) ! necessity = ! dissem9ation ( 
a practical k ( ! ne$s ( ! l&4  ,he     
speaks ( ! great wa/e ( f]tilis+ matt] 9
 ! way 9 :i* ! refuse /alks ( two ( !   
greate/ crops ( ! ,delta--cotton &      
sug>-cane--are burn$ 9 ! furnaces (     
eng9es1 = :i* purpose !y are mo/        
valuable :5 x is tak5 into consid]ation 
t fuel wood is a r>ity & coal a luxury (

 exorbitant price4  ,b aft] burn+1 s    
ignorant h ! p be51 t ! tons ^u tons 9 !
 aggregate ( ?is ri* a% f ! eng9e fires 
:i* consume ! refuse ( ! enorm\s crops (
 sug>-cane annually gr[n1 h be5 look$ ^u
 z comp>atively valueless1 9 spite ( !  
fact t ! a% conta9s almo/ all t is      
requir$ = ! gr[? ( s exhau/ive a crop1 &
 x has be5 ei!r ca/ away or sold = a    
trifle1 to be us$ up 9 ! manufacture (  
bricks4  ,he adds1 9 words full (       
pregnant mean+1 t ev5 ! f]tile alluvium 
( ! ,nile ,valley _c long su/a9 ?is     
treatm5t )\t exhau/ion1 9 spite ( ! mu* 
t is done by ! fe$+ (f & pl\gh+ 9 ( !   
legum9\s crops1 :i* play a great "p 9   
giv+ back :at has be5 tak5 away4  ,f>ms 
"h1 too1 are (t5 f\nd ) a l>ge dovecote1
 z allud$ to 9 ! description ( !        
,kh$ive's e/ates2 = ! ,egyptian         
cultivator has a f9e sub/itute = ! guano
 ( ! ,p]uvian ,*9*a ,isl&s 9 t ( !      
pigeons :i* are kept 9 flocks = ! sake (
 ?is /rong f]tilis]4  ,und\bt$ly !y mu/ 
take sev]e toll f ! crops1 :e!r gre5 or 

fit = h>ve/+1 ?\gh p]haps ?is is        
c\nt]balanc$ by ! fact t ! birds mu/ ga9
 a good subsi/5ce ^u ! gra9 t w\ld be   
wa/$ or g back to ! soil1 s mu* be+ %$  
at +a!r+ "t 9 consequ5ce ( ! heat4  ,?is
 c>efully-sav$ f]tilis] is us$ by !     
,egyptian = apply+ to vegetables & su*  
productions z wat] melons & o!r plants (
 ! g\rd family1 :i* dep5d mu* = _! size 
on /imulation4  ,! application ( special
 comm]cial manures to ,egyptian crops   
may be said to be /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal   
/age4  ,on ! ri*e/ & mo/ f]tile soils !y
 are n requir$1 b on ! poor] soils _!   
effect is v app>5t4  ,= ! cotton crop1  
sup]phosphate & nitrate ( soda1 9 !     
proportion ( #c to #d hundr$weights     
sup]phosphate to #a4be hundr$weight     
nitrate ( soda1 mix$ & appli$ to an     
acre1 give a pr(itable return 9 an      
increas$ yield ( cotton4 ,o!r manures1  
su* z pota%1 h be5 tri$1 b did n prove  
satisfactory4  ,sulphate ( ammonia &    
nitrate ( soda give good results on poor
 l& if appli$ to ! :eat crop4  ,z n m   

?an half en\gh f>my>d manure c be       
produc$ on l>ge e/ates = f]tilis+ !     
v>i\s crops1 att5tion w be turn$ to     
*emicals %\ld !y prove to be pr(itable  
aft] exhau/ive exp]im5ts4    ,,*apt]    
,,sev54  ,aft] :at has be5 writt5 ab\t !
 wat] navigation ( ?is c\ntry1 a few    
words may be said respect+ ! means (    
conduct+ ! l& traffic4  ,9 ! pa/ ! great
 riv] & its ,delta m\?s1 supplem5t$ by !
 canals1 =m$ ! ma9 roads = ! conveyance 
( produce4  ,n[ ! iron track has begun  
to make its way1 & ! long creep+ tra9s (
 trucks & c>riages may be se5 glid+ ov] 
! pla91 drawn by ! mighty p[] ( old     
,george ,/eph5son's inv5tion1 ?\gh 9 ?is
 hot c\ntry ! famili> trail ( s(t :iti% 
grey vap\r is (t5 want+1 dy+ out at once
 z x does 9 ! rays ( ! ard5t sun4  ,9   
addition1 ,egypt is be+ treat$ z ,brita9
 0 "s two ?\s& ye>s ago by ! ,romans1 :o
 well grasp$ ! value ( a good trunk     
road1 & :ile ^? 7 =m$ = milit>y purposes
 & ! hold+ 9 *eck ( ! subject race1 ^! 9
 connection ) ! ,kh$ive's peaceful rule 

& = ! advance ( agriculture are devot$  
to ! c>ry+ ( produce f m>ket to m>ket1  
or to "s railway /ation1 & ?is1 too1 at 
mu* less co/ ?an 9 ! old5 days1 :5 mo/ (
 ! gra9 0 borne f ! place ( its gr[? ^u 
camel back1 or slung 9 bags on ei!r side
 ( ! pati5t1 vigor\s1 & h&some donkeys  
:i* are rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,a         
correspond5t ( ! ,morn+ ,po/ writes3    
,:ile ,upp] ,egypt is n[h]e m ?an a     
f]tile /rip1 bord]$ by   two des]ts1 !  
comp>atively l>ge area ( ! ,delta1 its  
int]section by a multitude ( canals1 & !
 abs5ce ( a l>ge   sy/em ( metall$      
roads1 h long r5d]$ necess>y an         
improvem5t   ( communications 9 ! int]e/
 bo? ( ! fellahe5 & ( !   ,european or  
,levant9e l&[n]s4  ,agricultural roads  
(f] b a   p>tial solution ( !           
difficulties caus$ by ^! conditions2    
donkeys1 mules1 & camels are /ill highly
 useful1 & w long be   ext5sively us$ = 
! transport ( commodities ov] a %ort    
di/ance1 or 9 cases :]e "t is no object 
to ! transport]2 b   x is unnecess>y to 

dilate on ! defects ( animal comp>$ )   
me*anical transport4  ,bran*es ( ! ,nile
 & ! canals :i* 9   ! maps cov] ! ,delta
 ) su* a network ( blue l9es are also ( 
great value1 b ! numb] ( canals :i* are 
p]5nially navigable   is limit$1 & !    
canal b>ge is n[h]e r5[n$ = spe$1 :ile  
sail+ boats _c use c]ta9 canals at all 9
 ! dry season1 &   _! use ( o!rs is (t5 
att5d$ by ! risk ( gr\nd+4  ,en passant1
 ,mr ,wallace m5tions a s+ul> fact 9    
connection ) ! mak+ ( ! trunk roads4  ,9
 ,europe we are accu/om$ to see !m kept 
z level z is consi/5t ) ! co/ ( mak+1 & 
rais$ above ! level :ile provid$ ) prop]
 dra9s to c>ry (f ! too abundant wat]4  
,"h x has be5 f\nd t to give ! road mu* 
rise above ! surr\nd+ levels is a       
mi/ake1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge am\nt (   
salt ! unr$eem$ di/ricts conta94  ,!    
salt rises to ! surface1 =m+ an         
effloresc5ce z 9 ! ,am]ican pla9s1 &    
especially 9 ! /iff l&s x has a t5d5cy  
to int]f]e ) ! ways ( nature1 :]e !     
p>ticles adh]e toge!r1 caus+ !m to fall 

ap>t 9 ! %ape ( du/1 :i* is "o ( !      
objectionable features ( an ,egyptian   
road4  ,anyone :o has read ab\t ,egypt w
 recall matt]s full ( sugge/ion ( likely
 difficulties reg>d+ ! keep+ op5 ( a    
road1 :ile ^? :o h travell$ ?r\gh !     
c\ntry h mu* to say ab\t ! preval5ce (  
du/4  ,h[ _m discov]ies 9 ! pa/ h be5   
made ( wondr\s relics t h la9 buri$ =   
ages cov]$ 9 deeply--& pres]v$--by !    
drift+ du/ or s&6  ,&1 ) reg>d to ?is   
drift+1 att5tion has be5 drawn by ,mr   
,wallace1 9 8 agricultural address1 to a
 s+ul> physical fact 9 connection ) !   
%ift+ ( ! s&4  ,?is might be expect$ to 
foll[1 on ! :ole1 ! c\rse ( ! prevail+  
w9ds1 & be c>ri$ ma9ly 9 _! direction2 b
 !re are s+ul> v>iations1 probably due  
to local waves or curr5ts ( air ne> !   
surface ( ! e>?4  ,9 "o consid]able     
portion ( ! l& ( ,go%5 ! s& is swept f  
s\? to nor?1 :ile 9 ano!r "p1 along !   
we/ bank ( ! ,nile1 at ! nor? ( ,cairo1 
its direction is f ea/ to we/4  ,b a    
great deal ( ! rais+ & drift+ ( ! f9]   

portions ( ! e>? is dep5d5t ^u :e!r !   
w9d be moi/ure-lad5 or ! rev]se4  ,if ! 
air be moi/1 a breeze bl[+ at ! rate (1 
say1 f\r miles an h\r f ! nor? w h no   
effect ^u ! deep du/1 :ile "o f ! arid  
s\?1 possess$ ( ab\t half ! o!r's =ce1 w
 raise ! almo/ impalpable soil 9 cl\ds4 
,b1 z else:]e1 n[ t ,egypt is awak5+ f  
h] long slumb]1 ! s& is giv+ way to !   
soil4  ,! correspond5t ( ! ,morn+ ,po/  
gives "s v t]se & exhau/ive acc\nts ( ! 
railway sy/em n[ ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ,delta1 
& dwells ^u ! fact t ! agricultural     
light railways-- simil> to ! "o m5tion$ 
e>li] 9 ^! pages1 made by ! ,kh$ive to 8
 e/ates ne> ,cairo--h be5 a di/9ct      
success1 & he goes on to say t3    ,!   
broad-gauge ,/ate railways ( ! ,egyptian
 ,delta may be r\ghly   comp>$ ) ! /icks
 ( a fan4  ,conv]g+ at ,cairo1 !        
headqu>t]s ( ! railway adm9i/ration1 & !
 goal ( !   prov9cial l9es1 ! railways  
div]ge to ,alex&ria1 to ,dess\k 9   !   
nor? ( ! ,delta1 on ! ,rosetta bran* ( !
 ,nile1 to   ,damietta1 to ,salahieh 9 !

 nor?-ea/1 & to ,ismailia4  ,sev]al     
l9es l9k ! important t[ns on ^! bran*es2
 = example1   ,mans\rah is connect$ ) ! 
,salahieh l9e1 & a railway along !      
coa/ connects ,alex&ria & ,rosetta2 b   
l>ge areas1 notably 9 !   cr[d$ ,m5\fieh
 ,prov9ce1 9 ,beh]ah1 & 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( !
   ,delta1 lack$ facilities = rapid     
transmission ( goods &   pass5g]s to !  
l>g] t[ns s]v$ by ! ,/ate l9es until !  
adv5t ( ! agricultural railways4  ,x    
w\ld be unnecess>y &   unpr(itable to   
enum]ate all ! agricultural l9es :i* h  
be5   con/ruct$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4  ,_!  
di/ribution may be   und]/ood if1       
return+ to ! fan metaphor1 !y are reg>d$
 z   ?reads runn+ betwe5 & g5]ally      
connect+ ! div]g+ /icks   ( ! fan (     
,/ate l9es4  ,s successful h ^! l9es be5
 t applications h be5 made = p]mission  
reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( fre% railways to 
ext5d 9 v>i\s directions = ov] ano!r    
?ree hundr$ miles1 mo/ ( ^! be+ 9 !     
,m5\fieh ,prov9ce1 :]e des]t l& is be+  
reclaim$4 ,mr ,gunn's report gives !    

mileage cov]$ s9ce #ahif1 :5 !          
concessions 7 grant$3  ,9 #ahig !re 7   
fifty-f\r miles ( railway op51 9 #ahii  
#dcj miles1 & 9 #aijb #fgc4  ,)9 a ye>  
or two !re w be at lea/ "o ?\s& miles   
op5 = traffic4  ,&1 by ! way1 "o ( !    
pr9cipal uses made ( ^! l9es ( rails is 
= ! conveyance ( ! anci5t deposits (    
sabbakh or c\fri f di/rict to di/rict--!
 ri* f]tilis] to ! comp>atively b>r5    
l&s--! old-_w traces ( civilisation to !
 new1 to p>ts ( ,egypt :i* h be5 writt5 
d[n = ages z des]t1 b :i* are n[ f\nd to
 become great suppli]s ( produce t c be 
easily consign$ to ! _m m>kets op5+ up  
at home & abroad4    ,,*apt] ,,eight4   
,)\t d\bt ! ,delta is a spl5did region =
 settlem5t = any "y agriculturi/ :o     
possesses heal?1 en]gy1 & a natural     
t5d5cy t[>ds ^? indu/ri\s habits peculi>
 to ! successful m5 ( our c\ntry1 :o h  
always be5 will+ to metaphorically &    
really take (f _! coats & d :atev] is   
necess>y by way ( example4  ,to succe$ 9
 ,egypt we mu/ take x = grant$ t he     

possesses mod]ate means1 or1 say1 v     
mod]ate means1 j suffici5t to make a    
small comm5cem5t by hir+2 or1 f> bett]1 
by ! pur*ase ( l&1 :i* c n[ safely be   
done ) good legal security & at a price 
t be=e long w 9 all probability b\nd    
upw>ds to d\ble or ev5 quadruple its    
pres5t figure4  ,b ! ?or\ghly good /]l+ 
advice ( ! au?ority already             
quot$--advice simil> 9 nature has (t5   
be5 be=e giv5 to int5d+ settl]s 9       
,au/ralia--is t a ye> at lea/ %\ld fir/ 
be sp5t 9 ga9+ a k ( ! c\ntry1 :ile     
le>n+ a suffici5cy ( ! common language  
to enable a man to direct ! lab\r]s :o w
 be "u him 9 _! field "w4  ,&1 :at is ( 
equal importance1 ! int5d+ settl]1 h[ev]
 great may h be5 8 exp]i5ce1 %\ld be    
ready to ca/ aside prejudice 9 fav\r ( 8
 own preconceiv$ op9ions1 & /udi\sly    
take note ( :y ?is or t c\rse is foll[$ 
out by old cultivators2 he mu/ le>n t   
amid/ a great deal ( *aff t he may ca/  
aside !re are _m gra9s ( good s\nd      
:eat--o!rwise1 excell5t de>ly b\ght bits

 ( exp]i5ce4 ,fe/9a l5te is a gr& old   
,roman prov]b1 & ! newcom] to ,egypt w  
ga9 9 ! end by n be+ 9 too great a hurry
 to />t4  ,unlike ! ,briti% f>m]1 !     
agriculturi/ 9 ,egypt has at h& an      
abundant supply ( lab\r4  ,h\s$ 9 ! mud 
huts or sun-dri$ brick h\ses adjo9+ !   
e/ates1 ! lab\r] is at all h\rs ready to
 respond to ! dem&4  ,he receives "o or 
two acres ( l& let at a r$uc$ r5tal2 he 
is a day lab\r] only1 & c abs5t himself 
at pleasure to att5d to 8 craft4  ,8    
wage v>ies f sixp5ce to t5p5ce p] day ( 
t5 h\rs 9 summ] & eight h\rs 9 w9t]4    
,he provides 8 own food4  ,9 disposition
 ?is peasant is cont5t$1 good-natur$1 n 
res5tful1 & ( good physique4  ,he is    
also v untru?ful1 unreliable at 8 "w1   
lazy1 cunn+1 & unconscionable z to !    
quality & quantity ( ! task he is put   
to--9 %ort1 a ?or\gh eye-s]vant4  ,he   
requires con/ant sup]vision1 :5 he w d  
good "w "u a try+ sun4  ,he promises    
fair1 b p]=ms badly4  ,if he commits a  
fault & is que/ion$ z to h[ x happ5$1 "o

 c inv>iably dep5d ^u 8 tell+ an untru?4
  ,:5 work+ on 8 own plot he is mo/     
dilig5t1 b 8 me?ods are n always ! be/1 
& he does n get ! full b5efit f ! soil1 
ow+ to want ( intellig5ce z to ! rules (
 good husb&ry4  ,on a l>ge e/ate1 %\ld  
extra h&s be want$ = a special occasion1
 a hundr$ to two hundr$ m5 c be _h on "o
 night's notice be+ giv5--a delightful  
/ate ( affairs 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 ?\gh  
"h ! f>m] does n (t5 suff] f 8 hay or   
corn crops be+ unh>ve/$ ?r\gh !         
r$undance ( ra94  ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( !  
fellahe5 are p]fectly illit]ate1 :i*    
acc\nts = _! want ( read9ess to take up 
! initiative4  ,!y h no ?ir/ = k & love 
9 agricultural matt]s to keep runn+ 9 ! 
old rut4  ,exactness1 tid9ess1 & pride 9
 8 "w are qualities v r>ely f\nd 9 a    
fellah4  ,slov5l9ess 9 ! p]=mance (     
duties is *>act]i/ic ( ! paid day       
lab\r]1 & to a less] degree :5 work+ on 
8 own acc\nt4  ,9 ,brita91 = in/ance1   
:]e d we f9d ! bre$] ( /ock :o excels 8 
neighb\rs except 9 ! %rewd f>m] :o1 at  

great tr\ble & /udy1 & by pati5t        
exp]im5t+1 atta9s to success8  ,n only  
s1 b he is l ! leav5 :i* leav5e? ! :ole 
lump by rais+ ! /&>d ( a di/rict4  ,!   
apa?y ( ! fellah is %[n 9 ! lack ( bre$+
 9 horses1 cattle1 & %eep 9 ,egypt1 :i* 
is due to want ( select+ suitable sires1
 c>e 9 re>+1 & ! l4  ,! soil responds to
 ?or\gh tillage 9 a m>k$ degree1 b too  
little c>e is be/[$ ^u ?is "q (         
cultivation1 z ! fellah is prone to     
scamp 8 "w & leave "p ( 8 l& solid--t   
is1 n ?or\ghly /irr$4  ,:5 expos$ to !  
sun ! soil cracks & op5s into fissures1 
sometimes z wide z five in*es4  ,!      
fellah is (t51 too1 c>eless 9 provid+ a 
good b$ = ! se$1 & irregul> g]m9ation is
 ! result4  ,if ! l& is judici\sly wat]$
 & time\sly pl\gh$ 9 a friable          
condition1 x c be br\ght to a f9e til?  
)\t mu* extra tr\ble4  ,z x is all      
soil--no?+ 9 ! %ape ( a bad subsoil     
exi/s1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,great             
,brita9--deep cultivation is ?or\ghly   
b5eficial1 br++1 z x does1 unexhau/$    

soil to ! top4  ,g5]ally 9 ! prep>ation 
( ! l& = ! cotton crop1 ) its deep-se>*+
 roots1 a dep? ( twelve in*es is atta9$4
  ,d\btless mu* ( ! apa?y ( ! lab\r+ man
 among/ ! fellahe5 is due1 z 9 ! case ( 
! rice-fe$+ ,h9doo1 to 8 be+ to s great 
an ext5t a veget>ian4  ,) him ! /aff (  
life consi/s pr9cipally ( an exce$+ly   
h>d k9d ( bread1 bak$ almo/ to biscuit1 
& compos$ ( maize1 or d\rra1 !          
small-gra9$ millet2 & ! result ( !      
fellahe5 h\sewife's ef=ts 9 ?is k9d (   
food prep>ation necessitates dipp+ or   
soak+ 9 wat] be=e ! bread c be p>tak5 ( 
at a meal4  ,b 9 su* a spl5did g>d5 l& z
 ,egypt1 :]e cultivat$ produce atta9s   
maturity at s rapid a rate1 & :]e )     
c>eful managem5t & su* a spr+ & summ]-l 
climate two or ev5 ?ree crops (         
vegetables c be obta9$ 9 a ye>1 x may   
easily be suppos$ t ! peasant c provide 
himself ) a con/ant supply ( gre5 food2 
& he c]ta9ly takes advantage ( 8        
position1 indulg+ freely 9 ! ord9>y     
vegetables common 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,we/1 & 

supplem5t+ !m ) ! delici\s gre5 maize s 
popul> ) ! ,am]ican p4  ,?is latt] gra9 
is "o ( ! /aple foods1 :5 x has come to 
maturity1 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,delta4   
,x is gr\nd into a co>se fl\r1 & m+l$ ) 
a small proportion ( b>ley2 :ile 9      
addition1 to give flav\r & a slight     
/imulus to ! dige/ive organs :i* are    
br\ght to be> ^u "o ( ! h>de/ gra9s 9   
assimilation1 a small portion ( !       
peculi> clov]-l1 _m-se$$ plant1         
f5ugreek1 is add$4  ,maize gives place  
to a great ext5t 9 ,upp] ,egypt to      
millet or d\rra among/ ! poor] ord]s2 b 
! bett]-class "w-p1 :o e>n mu* high]    
wages ?an ! agricultural lab\r]1 are n[ 
tak+ to ! g5]al use ( :eat5 bread4      
,al?\gh ! ord9>y fellah p>takes ( s     
simple a diet1 & may be want+ 9 en]gy1  
lov+ z he does to glide ?r\gh life 9 !  
same old groove t 0 =m$ by 8 =efa!rs1 he
 is a well-built1 heal?y1 muscul>       
individual1 & is n to be beat5 by any   
coolie z a work] "u a torrid sun4  ,mu* 
( 8 "w consi/s ( rais+ wat] =           

irrigation1 & if /ati/ics c\ld be       
produc$ z to ! numb] ( gallons t he s5ds
 trickl+ among/ ! roots ( ! crop1 or    
moi/5+ ! l& previ\sly 9 _! prep>ation1  
ord9>y figures w\ld almo/ fail4         
,suffice x to say t x is imm5se4  ,ev5  
n[ he cl+s (t5 ( necessity to ! old1 old
 %ado(--t :i* is repres5t$ 9 !          
engrav+--:i*1 9 spite ( its ,egyptian   
"n1 is only our old fri5d ( ! suburban  
brickfield1 a long pole balanc$ ^u a po/
 9 scale beam fa%ion1 ) a bucket at "o  
end ( ! pole1 a weight at ! o!r1 equal  
to t ( ! wat] :i* is rais$ f some:]e    
bel[ = p\r+ into a receptacle1 ready to 
be dipp$ aga91 p]haps1 & s5t high] by   
means ( ano!r %ado( f>!r up4  ,! work] (
 ?is primitive wat] di/ribut]1 9 8      
cotton robe1 is "o ( ! commone/ objects 
se5 ^u ! banks4  ,! photograph well     
depicts ! /urdy fellah at 8 task4  ,9   
addition1 !re is ! old-_w sakieh1 a mu* 
m complicat$ affair2 = "h1 9 ! pa/1     
primitive +5uity turn$ its h& to        
me*anical con/ruction1 & produc$ aft]   

mu* toil ! manual lab\r-sav+ & ox- or   
buffalo-enli/+ wat]-:eel1 work+ aft] !  
fa%ion ( "o ( our riv] dr$ges1 b clumsy 
( ! clumsy1 & hav+1 9 place ( ! metal   
scoops1 s _m e>!nw>e pots1 held 9 _!    
places to ! p]iph]y ( ! wat]-:eel by z  
_m cords1 z w be se5 9 ! engrav+4       
,/ill1 x is effective 9 its way1 & !    
yok$ ox5 :i* supply ! motive p[] t turns
 ! heavy :eels raise va/ quantities (   
wat] ye> aft] ye>4  ,! sakieh is qua9t1 
old-_w1 & picturesque1 & x has s]v$ its 
purpose s well1 = :o c say h[ f> back 9 
! pa/1 t x nev] seems to h occurr$ to ! 
l[] ord] ( ,egyptian m9d t any          
improvem5t c\ld be made4  ,t has be5    
left to ! ,we/1 & n[ t "u ! pres5t      
progressive =w>d movem5t ( ,egyptian    
agriculture ,european1 & especially     
,briti%1 wat]-rais+ & di/ribut+ ma*9es  
are be+ utilis$1 ! fate ( ! sakieh seems
 to be t soon] or lat] x w m]ely live to
 be spok5 ( z a curiosity1 only se5 9 "s
 arti/'s repres5tation ( ! pa/4  ,!     
fellah's habitation has n v>i$ ) ! ye>s2

 z 9 antiquity1 s n[4  ,! primitive clay
 hut is simplicity itself4  ,z x is     
figur$ 9 ! qua9t tomb pictures1 s x is  
to-day 9 ! suburbs & villages--its      
furniture a wood5 *e/ or two1 its cook+ 
ut5sils a few e>!n pots4  ,b 8 hut is   
pr9cipally 8 sleep+ place1 = 8 life is  
pretty well pass$ b5ea? ! broad canopy (
 heav54  ,he rises ) ! dawn to beg9 8   
day's "w at ! pl\gh1 or to h&le 8 heavy 
hoe4  ,at ano!r "t ! dem&s ( ! crops =  
wat] or = ! mud-lad5 f]tilis+ cont5ts ( 
! great /ream1 take him to ! %ado( or to
 guide ! bullock or buffalo turn+ !     
wat]-:eel4  ,z else:]e1 ! fellah's wife 
is ! s\l ( 8 humble home4  ,%e toils    
busily & pati5tly ?r\gh ! duties ( h]   
little dome/ic c5tre1 c>es = h] eld]s1  
cooks1 & f9ds "t to fe$ ! cattle &      
collect ! sun-dri$ fuel f (f ! p>*$     
soil1 to come back m>*+ homew>d1 /rong &
 /atuesque1 be>+ ! pil$-up basket ^u h] 
head2 :ile x is %e :o1 :ile h] "l is    
busily l[]+ & rais+ ! %ado(1 desc5ds    
knee deep into ! riv] or canal to fill !

 great1 heavy1 amphora-l e>!n pot & !n  
be> x back to h] home1 classically      
picturesque 9 h] drap]y z %e balances ! 
clumsy vessel ^u %\ld] or head1 & be>s !
 life-giv+ fluid onw>d ) a /eady1 easy  
sw+4  ,x is %e :o makes ! d\rra1 or     
maize bread1 & %apes & /it*es ! cotton  
clo?+1 :i* is ! only we> ( all h]       
circle4  ,unlike h] si/] ( ! city1 %e   
does n %r9k s mu* f ! gaze ( ! o!r sex1 
b /ill to "s ext5t keeps up ! tradition2
 ?\gh we>+ no veil %e w hold up a       
portion ( h] drap]y at ! com+ ( !       
pass]-by1 or p]haps only place h] h&    
be=e h] m\?4  ,woman-l1 9 spite ( h]    
m5ial toil1 %e believes 9 p]sonal c>e1 &
 h] long black hair is c>efully dress$ &
 gli/5s ) ,palma ,*ri/i oil4  ,%e pa9ts1
 too1 z ( old1 ! m>ks appe>+ ^u h] *9 & 
=ehead1 :ile a /r+ ( attractive glass   
beads decorates & hangs susp5d$ f h]    
neck4  ,! old5 ,egyptian co/ume is t    
pr9cipally affect$ by ! fellah4 ,x      
consi/s ( a closely-fitt+ cap ( felt or 
cotton & a long robe ( ! latt] mat]ial1 

deeply dy$ ( an indigo blue4  ,%irt &   
draw]s are ( ! same mat]ial1 :ile 9 "s  
cases a "y buck among/ 8 p w adorn      
himself1 l ,joseph ( old1 9 a ve/ ( _m  
col\rs1 borr[$ f ! ,arab1 ! ,p]sian1 or 
! ,turk4  ,z above intimat$1 ! fellah   
believes 9 a life ( leisure1 & f9ds x r 
difficult to make ! fir/ />t at 8 daily 
toil4  ,9 ! old5 days ! lot ( ! fellah 0
 n q s happy z x might h be54  ,he      
suff]$ f en=c$ lab\r1 & does n seem to h
 _h mu* *ance ( appeal4  ,b he _h "o    
notable ?+ 9 8 fav\r1 = a riv] :5 9     
flood is subject to hav+ huge portions (
 its banks und]m9$ & swept away 9 a /ate
 ( muddy solution2 &1 z 0 frequ5tly !   
case1 ! peasant cultivator1 :o = ! sake 
( ! irrigation _h 8 hold+ z ne> ! bank z
 he c\ld contrive to get1 0 (t5 a great 
suff]]1 be+ 9 ! possession be=e ! flood 
( a consid]able /rip ( cultivat$ l&1    
:ile aft] ! inundation x 0 a m9us       
quantity1 leav+ him to beg9 life aga94  
,"h1 h[ev]1 ! law ( ! l& 0 v equitable  
^u 8 behalf1 giv+ him lib]ty to g ei!r  

up or d[n /ream to select an equal      
quantity ( ! l& he _h lo/ t 0 new &     
unappropriat$1 & no "o said him nay4  ,&
 n[1 ?anks to ! j & easy /ate ( !       
,gov]nm5t1 ! native work+ ,egyptian is  
f> bett] (f ) reg>d to 8 condition ?an  
he appe>s to h be5 at any "t 9 ! pa/4   
,prosp]ity surr\nds him1 & ! less]      
hold]s ( l&1 say ( f f\r to t5 f$dans or
 acres1 rapidly gr[ well-to-d & di/ance 
! l>g] proprietors4  ,! ext5t n[ ( ! l& 
"u cultivation is va/ly 9 excess ( :at x
 04  ,! p are gr[+ m en]getic--^? ( !   
bett] class-- & are le>n+ fa/1 :ile ! _s
 ( emulation is increas+ among/ !m z !y 
wak5 up to :at mod]n civilisation w     
a*ieve4 ,_! ,gov]nm5t1 too1 is work+ h>d
 on _! behalf1 a college hav+ be5       
e/abli%$ at ,ghizeh = ! purpose (       
in/ruct+ ! sons ( native l&[n]s & ( !   
work+ fellahe5 class 9 m advanc$        
agriculture1 fitt+ !m 9 ! k necess>y = !
 prosecution ( agriculture accord+ to ! 
be/ =ms1 ! prop] rotations ( crops1     
selections ( f]tilis]s1 natural &       

*emical1 &1 above all1 /ockbre$+ & all t
 has be5 le>n$ ( late 9 connection ) !  
dairy4  ,9 brief1 mu* z has be5 said ( !
 ,egypt ( ! pa/ be+ ! g>d5 ( ! _w1 x    
bids fair to become 9 ! future s great a
 contra/ t old ,egypt w pale into       
insignificance 9 ! bright light ( ! new4
    ,,*apt] ,,n9e4  99,horses994--,!re  
are no heavy horses us$ "h1 su* z !     
,%ire or ,clydesdale1 z ! pl\gh+ is done
 by ox54  ,! ,arab horses--or !y might  
be class$ z ponies--measure f f\rte5 to 
f\rte5 & a half h&s high4  ,!y are n (  
great sub/ance1 b light 9 ! bone1 leggy1
 n>r[-*e/$1 ?\gh sure-foot$ & h>dy4     
,horse bre$+ is n att5d$ ) mu* success1 
z reg>ds ! production ( high-class /ock1
 & re-m\nts = ! ,army & ,police h to be 
pur*as$ 9 ,syria4  ,! /ories "o reads   
:ile at s*ool ab\t ! ,arab & 8 /e$      
receive a rude %ock :5 "o witnesses !   
unm]ciful way 9 :i* ! ,arab ov]loads &  
:ips 8 horses4  ,!y are n true horsem51 
a fact :i* is app>5t 9 _! me?ods ( tra9+
 horses to h>ness4  ,! ,gov]nm5t has    

suppli$ /ud horses to v>i\s di/ricts to 
try & improve ! bre$4  ,on ! f>m horses 
are us$ = c>t+1 etc4  ,!y are f$ on     
b>ley & brok5 /raw 7tibn71 ! =m] a bad  
=m ( prov5d] = ! horse1 unless its      
h>%ness be ameliorat$ by cru%+4         
99,cattle994--,! "w-bullocks are /rong1 
docile animals1 & d ! pl\gh+1 ?re%+1    
rais+ wat]1 etc4  ,"o pair is yok$ to a 
pl\gh4  ,f\r pairs are suffici5t to "w a
 f>m ( "o hundr$ acres4 ,_! daily fe$ is
 n9e p\nds ( beans & tw5ty-five p\nds ( 
/raw4  ,! beans are split1 & are eat5   
uncook$4  ,mo/ e/ates h to pur*ase _!   
ox51 z v few c[s are kept = bre$+       
purposes4  ,! fellahe5 keep "o or two1 &
 re> ! "y bulls4  ,:]e ! soil is ri*e/ !
 cattle are be/4  ,9 summ] ! fellah     
all[s 8 "y /ock to get into poor        
condition1 & ?is has an effect on _!    
gr[?4  ,he has--among/ _m o!r ?+s--/ill 
to le>n ab\t e>ly maturity4  ,)9 rec5t  
ye>s "w-bullocks h ris5 enorm\sly 9     
price1 ow+ to m but*]'s meat be+ consum$
 by ! fellahe5 & ! ,european visitors4  

,! price ( a pair ( good bullocks is #de
 p\nds at ! age ( f\r ye>s4  ,^! cattle 
resemble ^? ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 b are   
l>g]4  ,!y are v (t5 defici5t 9 dep? (  
rib & *e/ measurem5t1 holl[-back$1 &    
n>r[ across ! lo9s1 z well z leggy1 & !y
 %[ want ( /r5g? ( =e>m4  ,^! are "s ( !
 defects :i* may be eradicat$ by c>e 9  
select+1 mat+1 etc4  ,c[s are kept & br$
 f by ! fellahe51 :o re> ! "y bulls1    
:ile1 z we h se51 ! c[s are us$ =       
pl\gh+4  ,!y are n a bre$ ( deep milk]s1
 b ! milk is ri* 9 butt] fat1 #e p] c5t1
 be+ common2 & sixte5 p\nds ( milk w    
give two p\nds ( cream1 or "o p\nd (    
butt]1 :i* is 9 dem& at f #a %ill+ #f   
p5ce to #b %ill+s p] p\nd4  ,cross+ )   
,european bulls has be5 tri$ lately1 ) a
 measure ( success4  ,"s idea ( !       
*>act]s ( ^! animals may be ga!r$ by    
comp>+ ! illu/rations repres5t+ bo?     
buffalo & ord9>y bull ) ! exp]im5tal    
cross-br$ animals re>$ ^u ! ,kh$ivial   
f>ms4  ,x has be5 f\nd t crosses betwe5 
,frib\rg bulls 7,swiss7 & native c[s    

improve ! milk+ qualities & also produce
 an animal ) bett] po9ts ( bre$+1 )\t   
dim9i%+ ! usefulness = draught purposes4
  ,f9e specim5s are to be se5 at !      
pres5t "t ^u ! ,kh$ive's f>ms4  ,a      
practice common to ! c\ntry is t :5 ! c[
 is milk$ h] calf is ti$ up beside h] & 
all[$ aft]w>ds to p>take ( its %>e4  ,if
 ?is rule be n obs]v$1 ! c[ w n give up 
h] milk4  99,buffaloes994--,l>ge        
specim5s ( ^! peculi> & useful animals h
 be5 br$ ^u ! ,kh$ive's /ock f>m1 great 
ent]prise hav+ be5 ex]cis$ = ! purposes 
( improvem5t bo? z draught animals & =  
dairy purposes4  ,"o ( ! sires is a     
magnific5t bull lately br\ght by 8      
,highness's ord]s f ! ,s\dan4  ,bo?     
bulls & c[s are yok$ = f>m lab\r 9 !    
fields1 :ile ! latt]1 z dairy /ock1 are 
9 great fav\r1 _! milk be+ ri*] 9       
butt]-produc+ qualities ?an t ( ! ord9>y
 dairy c[ ( ,europe4  ,elev5 p\nds (    
buffalo milk w *urn "o p\nd ( butt]1 b !
 quality is n s good1 be+ pale 9 col\r1 
& oily4  ,! yield ( milk p] tw5ty-f\r   

h\rs is ab\t ?irty p\nds4               
99,donkeys994--,unlike ! despis$ donkey 
( ,engl&1 ! ass ( ,egypt is "o ( ! mo/  
useful ( animals4  ,x is a h>dy1 pati5t 
burd5-be>]1 b v (t5 ill-treat$1 not)/&+ 
its good s]vices4  ,x is employ$ on !   
f>m = c>ry+ manure 9 bags slung across !
 back1 & is l>gely us$ = ! saddle4  ,a  
well-br$1 g5]\sly treat$ donkey is (t5 (
 a goodly size4  99,mules994--,^! are   
employ$ = c>t+1 rais+ wat]1 & o!r f>m   
"w4  ,!y are v /rong & useful4          
99,%eep994--,egypt is n a pa/oral       
c\ntry1 & b scant att5tion is paid to ^!
 animals4  ,!y are consid]$ a sort (    
by-product4  ,:5 att5tion is paid to !m1
 h[ev]1 !y yield excell5t pr(it4  ,! ram
 lambs at five mon?s sell at f sixte5 to
 tw5ty %ill+s4  ,no c>e is be/[$ on     
selection1 & bre$+ f we$y rams r5d]s !  
/ock defici5t 9 quality4  ,! duties ( ! 
%eph]d are light1 z ! flock is always "u
 8 eye at pa/ures4  ,a v good idea ( !  
,egyptian %eep c be ga!r$ f !           
illu/ration4  ,b ! "t is rapidly        

approa*+ :5 all ?is may be *ang$2 =     
%eep-f>m+ may be look$ ^u f its d\ble   
advantage ( _! increas+ popul>ity = food
 purposes & _! value = ! ext5sion ( a   
sy/em ( animal manur+1 & ?us supply+1 by
 fe$+ (f crops1 "o ( ! great wants ( !  
c\ntry4  ,to a great ext5t ! poor class 
,egyptian has be5 a veget>ian1 b1 ) !   
increase ( ri*es & prosp]ity 9 ! c\ntry1
 ,mr ,wallace 9 8 address speaks ( !    
gr[+ dem& = animal food1 especially     
mutton2 :ile he rem9ds 8 li/5]s t "o ( !
 ways 9 :i* an ,arab hon\rs 8 gue/ is by
 furni%+ 8 fea/ ) a :ole roa/ lamb4  ,! 
,prophet ,mohamm$1 9 8 sanit>y laws to 8
 foll[]s1 tea*es !m to p>take ( mutton1 
9 8 wisdom & k ( its sup]iority to !    
fle% ( ! ox1 :i* is consid]$ unclean1   
po9t+ to ! fact t ev5 9 8 day cattle 7  
kn[n to be affect$ ) "s =m (            
tub]culosis1 :i* might possibly be eat5 
& ?us imp>t$ to ! un=tunate p>tak] ( !  
un:olesome food4  ,a special *oice (    
site = %eep-f>m+ is necess>y1 z a matt] 
( c\rse2 b portions ( ! c\ntry may      

easily be select$ :]e !y c be kept )    
advantage--9 ! ,nub>ea1 = in/ance4  ,= n
 only is ! l& itself und]go+ *ange 9 its
 nature1 b politically z well4  ,"u !   
pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t & ! protection to !
 cultivator :i* has be5 ! natural       
result1 ! f>m] is becom+ fre$ f ! risks 
( ! pa/2 =1 un=tunately1 9 consequ5ce ( 
a c]ta9 inborn notion t has exi/$ among 
! native ,egyptian t ev]y?+ he covets   
may be annex$1 x has be5 f\nd absolutely
 necess>y by ! gr[] ( %eep to keep an   
exce$+ly %>p eye ov] 8 tempt+ flocks1   
:i* h _h to be dealt ) z if !y 7 9 an   
enemy's l&4  ,driv5 into folds at night1
 ?is has n be5 suffici5t2 = z !re is a  
want "h ( t bre$ ( savage dogs fo/]$ =  
_! protection by ! ,albanian %eph]ds1 ! 
,egyptian %eph]d has to be supplem5t$ by
 wat*m5 ready to /& s5try ov] ! flocks  
by night4  ,%eep fe$+ progresses well   
dur+ ! "t ( ! gr[+ crops2 b z ^! pass   
away1 t =m ( f>m+ & fe$+ :i* may be     
look$ ^u z q mod]n 9 its application has
 prov$ mo/ advantage\s to ! keep] (     

%eep3 we mean ! plan :i* agitat$ !      
public m9d to s great an ext5t a decade 
or two back--ensilage--:5 our c\ntry    
rang ) reports ( exp]im5tal build+ (    
co/ly silos1 or ! s9k+ 9 suitable places
 ( cem5t-l9$ tanks 9 :i* ! newly-cut    
crops ( gre5 cattle food 7 pil$ or      
/ack$1 ramm$ d[n = pres]vation1 & made  
into :at "o faceti\s writ] /igmatis$ z  
cattle jam4 ,! idea ( ! inexp]i5c$ 0 t  
?is treatm5t ( ! gre5 grass or clov]    
w\ld result ei!r 9 rott+ or f]m5tation1 
) spontane\s combu/ion to foll[1 z 9 !  
case ( a too hurri$ly made hay or corn  
rick 9 a moi/ h>ve/ "t4  ,b ! op]ations 
( ,nature are z wondr\s z !y are puzzl+1
 & x 0 f\nd 9 our own c\ntry t ! crop   
pres]v$ 9 its silo c\ld be kept = a     
reasonable l5g? ( "t1 & !n cut out 9 an 
appetis+ /ate1 ready = ! cattle 9 a     
season ( sc>city4  ,answ]+ s well 9     
,europe1 ) its frequ5t ra9s &           
sup]abundant moi/ure1 x is b\nd to be   
successful 9 comp>atively ra9less       
,egypt1 :]e ! clov] c be cut at ! exact 

necess>y p]iod & kept ready = use z     
requir$--a fact :i* is likely to give a 
great impetus to %eep-rais+ 9 su* a     
pa/ureless c\ntry z ! ,delta4    ,,*apt]
 ,,t54  ,!re is e probability ( a small 
capitali/1 "o :o might beg9 ) almo/ no?+
 besides s mu* l& & a suffici5cy to tide
 himself ov] ! fir/ few mon?s1 mak+ a   
fair success by ! e/abli%+ ( a p\ltry   
f>m4  ,9 ,engl& we are fav\r$ e ye> )   
reports ( ! trials t h be5 made 9 ?is   
bran* ( f>m+2 & z a rule x seems t bad  
wea!r1 ! cold1 & ! co/ ( keep+1 run away
 ) mo/ ( ! pr(its4  ,inde$1 ! writ]'s   
exp]i5ce po9ts to ! fact t few z yet h  
made a satisfactory liv+ by keep+ f[ls 9
 ?is ra9y isl&1 :ile up to ! pres5t day 
our supplies are kept up by ! *ick5s &  
eggs tak5 into m>ket f ord9>y f>ms1 or  
collect$ by huck/]s f ! cottages ov]    
wide di/ricts4  ,?is applies z mu* to   
,france z to ,engl&1 = we are indebt$ to
 ! =m] c\ntry = millions ( ! eggs ) :i* 
! metropolis is suppli$4  ,9 ,egypt1 :]e
 !re is pl5ty ( room & abundant sun%9e1 

f[ls might be mu* improv$ by ! *oice (  
suitable k9ds1 :ile "s managem5t w\ld be
 requir$ z to ! means ( fe$+1 ?\gh "o   
sugge/ion may be made t1 if adopt$1     
ought to prove ( great assi/ance to !   
f[l & egg f>m]4  ,!re is "o peculi>ity 9
 ! gr[+ ( gra9 9 ,egypt1 & ?is is       
noticeable 9 ! h>ve/+1 ! heat ( ! sun   
be+ s great t ! corn ( v>i\s k9ds rip5s 
) su* rapidity t if mu* ( x be n cut d[n
 & c>ri$ 9 ! comp>ative coolness ( !    
night mu* ( x is %$ 9 ! fields & is     
wa/$4  ,"h is a great opportunity = !   
p\ltry f>m]1 or ! f>m] :o m]ely keeps a 
few f[ls 9 connection ) 8 g5]al         
cultivation2 = at su* times1 9 a c\ntry 
:]e d\ble crops prolong ! h>ve/1 great  
numb]s ( p\ltry 9 k9ds w\ld be          
self-fe$+1 & f> sup]ior 9 quality to _m 
t are br\ght into ! ,cair5e & ,alex&rian
 m>kets4  ,/ill1 at ! pres5t "t !       
occupation has be5 mu* improv$1 = n only
 are ! native m>kets suppli$1 b         
exportation ( eggs is on ! increase4    
,f> (f z ,egypt may be1 ! metropolis is 

to "s ext5t suppli$ ) its produce1 b to 
no?+ l ! ext5t t %\ld be ! case1 = !    
,london egg m]*ants w n buy mummies1 :i*
 is ! cant t]m = ,egyptian eggs1 save = 
ab\t two mon?s 9 ! ye>1 :5 ! ,european  
supplies are sc>ce4  ,?is fact--"o :i*  
is well wor?y ! att5tion ( p\ltry f>m+  
aspirants--is entirely ! fault ( !      
,egyptian gr[]1 = ! ,london m]*ants'    
compla9t is p]fectly ju/ifiable4  ,x is 
?is--t ! ,egyptian eggs are exce$+ly    
small1 & s badly pack$ = transit by ^?  
:o seem ?or\ghly ignorant ( ! prov]bial 
fact t eggs are eggs1 t ! breakage is   
enorm\s1 :ile ! entire loss falls on !  
ag5ts4  ,simil> compla9ts us$ to be made
 reg>d+ ! eggs import$ into ,europe f   
,morocco & ,algi]s1 b "h ^? connect$ ) !
 trade h woke up to _! %ortcom+s &      
introduc$ bett] f[ls--! lay]s ( l>g]    
eggs--& h also giv5 great] att5tion to !
 pack+ ( ?is exce$+ly brittle m]*&ise4  
,h5ce ! result has be5 mo/ satisfactory1
 & ! trade has rapidly increas$4  ,egypt
 be+1 !n1 9 mu* ! same latitude z       

,morocco & ,algi]s1 !re is no reason    
:atev] :y ! =m] c\ntry %\ld n improve   
its production ( p\ltry s z to va/ly    
increase ! dem& by rais+ ! quality ( its
 supplies4  ,physiologi/s seem v mu*    
beh9dh& 9 acc\nt+ = ! t]rible de/ruction
 :i* comes ^u c\ntries f "t to "t4      
,africa1 ! anci5t home ( plagues1 is    
only n[ recov]+ f t frightful deva/ation
 :i* affect$ graz+ animals1 ! wild z    
sev]ely z ! dome/icat$4  ,f s\? to nor? 
?is great portion ( ! globe 0 swept by !
 ,teutonically-nam$ ,r9d]pe/4  ,cattle (
 all k9ds1 & ! droves ( antelope-l      
creatures :i* roam$ ! wilds1 p]i%$ almo/
 l vegetation be=e ! hot1 sweep+ bla/ ( 
a volcano or =e/ fire4  ,&1 ?\gh little 
kn[n outside1 ,nor!rn ,africa has _h a  
tr\ble t seems to h be5 special to      
dome/icat$ birds1 a fact :i* %[s t      
p\ltry f>m+ 9 ,egypt is n all c\leur de 
rose1 & t he :o w\ld v5ture ^u su* a    
pursuit enjoys no immunity f risks1 b   
mu/ take 8 *ance ) ! vegetable & fruit  
gr[]s :o1 l ^? 9 o!r c\ntries1 h _!     

difficulties to face4  ,"o visitation 0 
productive rec5tly ( t]rible deva/ation 
among/ f[ls4  ,?is 0 n ! famili> gapes (
 ! ,briti% p\ltry-y>d1 b is describ$ z a
 k9d ( *ol]a1 s bad t villages h be5    
los+ _! entire /ock1 ) ! natural        
consequ5ce t ! m>ket prices ( p\ltry &  
eggs h greatly increas$--*>ges1 9 fact1 
hav+ d\bl$ & ev5 trebl$4  ,exp]im5ts h  
be5 tri$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! disease & 
! mann] ( treat+ x1 b s f> ! only       
successful way ( deal+ ) ! tr\ble seems 
to h be5 by isolation4  ,b !re appe>s to
 be e probability ( ! disease prov+ only
 ( a tempor>y nature1 & t ! production (
 p\ltry w be z easy1 simple1 &          
remun]ative z ( old2 =1 z may easily be 
und]/ood1 p\ltry f>m+ is b\nd to be (   
va/ importance 9 a hot c\ntry4 ,e       
travell] recalls :at a /aple food a     
s-call$ *ick5 is 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 :ile 
9 ! va/ pla9s ( ,india almo/ e native   
cottage has its f[ls to meet ! dem& ( an
 enorm\s consumption4  ,( ! quality !   
less said ! bett]4  ,! aim ( ! possessor

 ( a p\ltry-y>d 9 ,we/]n ,europe is to  
produce a plump1 squ>e1 s-to-speak1     
solid f[l1 broad & full ( brea/4  ,!    
,indian bird seems to h be5 gift$ by    
,nature--9 m]ciful consid]ation ( its   
be+1 l mo/ gall9ace\s birds1 %ort &     
holl[ ( w+ & a bad fli]1 & also ( its   
hav+ to run = its life to escape        
immolation & consumption--) an abundance
 ( sk9ny leg1 & x nev] seems to h       
occurr$ to ! ryot t he might improve !  
bre$4  ,ev5 9 civilis$ ,egypt !re is mu*
 to be done 9 ?is direction1 & an ample 
field is op5 to ! p\ltry f>m] to improve
 ! quality ( ! f[l1 ) success att5d+ him
 if he w be cont5t to g wat*fully to "w 
& make 8 exp]im5ts ^u a s\nd basis1 )\t 
be+ too ready to look ) contempt ^u !   
exp]i5ce-taught native ways4  ,"o ?+ is 
wor?y ( rem>k = ! b5efit ( ! w\ld-be    
p\ltry f>m]1 & t is 9 connection ) !    
m>ket+1 = x is almo/ a rule t no "o 9   
,egypt buys a dead f[l4  ,9 ,we/]n      
,europe1 ( c\rse1 ! common practice is  
to s5d ! fatt$ *ick5s = sale pluck$ &   

neatly truss$4  ,9 ,egypt x is diff]5t1 
f ! fe> le/ x %\ld h di$ f natural      
causes4  ,! result ( ?is /yle ( v5dition
 is ! repell5t way 9 :i* p\ltry are     
hawk$ ab\t ! /reets ( ! t[n1 rais+      
feel+s = ! ne$ ( m                      
prev5tion-(-cruelty-to-animals          
e/abli%m5ts1 ?\gh x w\ld be h>d "w to   
int]f]e ) a cu/om :i* has a good deal ( 
reason on its side1 =1 waiv+ !          
possibilities ( pur*as+ a bird t may h  
be5 kill$ by accid5t1 or possibly h di$ 
f disease1 climatic reasons mu/ be tak5 
into consid]ation4  ,egypt is at times  
int5sely hot1 &1 :atev] may be ! fancies
 ( epicures 9 connection ) game1 !      
g\rmet has yet to be f\nd ) a pref]5ce =
 hav+ 8 *ick5s high4  ,/ill1 z a=esaid1 
!re is some?+ repell5t 9 ! way 9 :i* !  
doom$ birds are treat$4  ,9 ,engl& a    
,prev5tion (fic] soon summons ! huck/]  
:o ov]cr[ds 8 p\ltry 9 a crate & does n 
supply !m ) food or wat]2 b 9 ,egypt x  
is "o ( ! common objects ( ! /reets to  
see a bun* ( f[ls ti$ toge!r by ! legs &

 sw++ f ! v5dor's h&1 we>ily curv+ up _!
 necks s z to get _! heads 9 ! normal   
position1 :ile e n[ & !n a case may be  
f\nd :]e ! sell] f9ds t he requires     
refre%m5t & call\sly ?r[s 8 load ^u !   
gr\nd1 :ile 9 ,ea/]n fa%ion he takes 8  
seat at a cafe to sip 8 cup & smoke a   
cig>ette4    ,,*apt] ,,elev54  ,9 su* a 
climate z has be5 describ$ ,egypt (f]s e
 inducem5t = ! plant+ ( fruit trees t   
are likely to fl\ri% "u its ard5t sun4  
,attempts h be5 made1 & ) fair success1 
b ! rais+ ( fruit has n rea*$ t /ate (  
excell5ce w>rant$ by f]tility & !       
conditions ( ! climate4  ,exam9ation v  
soon %[s ! reasons = ?is lack (         
prosp]ity1 :i* is cle>ly ! fault ( !    
,egyptian g>d5] 9 8 want ( sy/em1 8     
easy1 c>eless indiff]5ce1 & 8 cl++ to ! 
old-fa%ion$ way ( plant+ a fruit tree1  
namely1 plac+ x 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd &    
leav+ x to itself4  ,! fir/ ?+s t /rike 
obs]v]s 9 visit+ ,egyptian g>d5s are !  
ov]cr[d+ ( ! trees1 ! neglect (         
precautions to keep !m free f we$s1 & 9 

_m cases ! m>k$ abs5ce ( prun+ dealt out
 judici\sly by "o :o kn[s a fruit tree &
 its ne$s--pl5ty ( light & air1 !       
removal ( cross gr[?1 & ! fo/]+ ( be>+  
wood1 "h frequ5tly injur$ by rank gr[?4 
,!n1 aga91 ! ,egyptian g>d5] is z       
ob/9ate & cons]vative z 8 prototype 9 ! 
we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&1 :o leaves 8     
anci5t apple-trees ( ! or*>d to gr[ "o  
into ! o!r & become cov]$ ) grey li*51  
:ile he religi\sly avoids ! replac+ (   
old & unpr(itable trees by "y ones4  ,! 
result ( exp]i5ce is--& ! k ( :at ! l& w
 d makes x c]ta9--t 9 ! foll[+ out ( ?is
 defective sy/em may be trac$ ! want (  
quality1 flav\r1 & quantity ( "s        
,egyptian fruits4  ,( ^! x mu/ be       
rememb]$ t ! settl] & comm5c] ( _!      
cultivation w\ld h to deal ) sev]al t   
are new to him 9 ! way ( gr[+1 z well z 
^? ( ! cool] p>ts ( ,europe4  ,egypt    
sugge/s to ! read] ! anci5t             
civilisation1 ) its pyramids1 temples1 &
 o!r monum5ts ( its old-"t gr&eur1 !    
great riv]1 &1 above all1 ! des]t2 b to 

come back f ^! to ! simple & ord9>y     
pursuit ( g>d5+1 ! settl] w\ld be able  
to surr\nd himself1 z 9 ,cali=nia &     
,florida1 b )\t ! bitt] disappo9tm5ts   
produc$ by fro/s1 ) sev]al v>ieties ( ! 
gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides--oranges1 to
 wit--! sweet1 ! bitt]1 ! deeply t9t$   
blood orange1 & ! m&>94  ,all ( !m gr[  
well 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & produce beautiful 
& pr(itable crops ( fruit1 z may be     
judg$ by ! foll[+4  ,! sweet & m&>9     
trees w be>1 ^u a good av]age tree1 f   
?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ oranges ea*--t
 is to say1 good1 sweet1 juicy fruit1 & 
^! w sell readily :olesale at ab\t two  
%ill+s p] hundr$2 :ile1 9 ! way (       
drawbacks = "o :o expects to make an    
income f 8 sales1 x w be f\nd "h t1 j z 
at home1 ! tree t 9 "o season be>s an   
exceptionally heavy crop is r %y 9 its  
production 9 ! next4  ,! words t foll[  
des]ve to be writt5 9 italics = ! b5efit
 ( ^? :o "k ! ravages & f\lness t come  
^u an orange tree 9 company ) ! v>ieties
 ( scale4  ,!re are no insect pe/s1     

nei!r1 z has be5 intimat$1 are !re fro/s
 to de/roy ! bloom4  4 propos ( ?is     
bloom1 !re is a practice pursu$ 9 ,egypt
 :i* may seem /range to an ,engli%      
g>d5]1 b :i* adds l>gely to ! pr(its ( !
 orange gr[]1 & is d\btless b5eficial to
 ! tree1 reliev+ x z x may f ! /ra9 (   
ov]be>+4  ,:5 ! bitt] orange is 9 full  
fl[] ! trees are %ak51 & m ?an half ( ! 
blossoms are sold = ! purpose (         
di/illation4  ,! ess5ce produc$ is us$ =
 mix+ ) dr9k+ wat]1 or = flav\r+        
bev]ages1 :ile ! price receiv$ = !      
petals is ab\t two-p5ce-halfp5ny p]     
p\nd4  ,9 addition to ! oranges1 :i* are
 9 season f ,novemb] until ,m>*1 & keep 
fruit+ 9 beautiful repetition1 lemons ( 
sev]al v>ieties are gr[n1 & are         
m>ketable at ! same "t ( ye>4  ,^! are a
 mo/ popul> fruit among ! ,egyptians1   
l>gely utilis$ z a k9d ( season+ 9 !    
prep>ation ( cook$ di%es1 & also mu*    
priz$ = ! mak+ ( summ] bev]ages 9 ?is   
hot & ?ir/y l&4  ,^! are ev5 bett]      
fri5ds to ! g>d5] gr[+ = ! m>ket ?an    

oranges1 = !y are sure cropp]s1 & comm& 
a good price4  ,abundance may be writt5 
) reg>d to summ] fruits1 ! li/ numb]+   
apricots1 pe>s1 plums1 pea*es1 apples1  
grapes1 figs1 ! cu/>d apple1            
pomegranate1 melon1 & banana4  ,( ^!1   
bananas1 apricots1 pomegranates1 & figs 
may be class$ z ! mo/ pr(itable fruits (
 ! summ] season4  ,b p accu/om$ to !    
,engli% ,moorp>k & ,gros ,pe*e apricot1 
:i*1 :5 well-gr[n ^u a s\? wall or 9 an 
or*>d-h\se1 is "o ri* bag ( r$di% amb]1 
delici\sly flav\r$ honey-l juice1 w\ld  
be mu* disappo9t$ 9 ! abundant apricots 
:i* are produc$ ^u /&>d trees = !       
,egyptian m>ket4  ,!y are f9ely flav\r$1
 b small1 h>d1 & fibr\s2 & an exp]i5c$  
cultivator ( fruit trees /ates t x is v 
probable t ! defici5cy 9 quality & !    
reason t s f> x has n ?riv$ to p]fection
 is1 p>adoxical z x may s\nd1 t x       
matures too quickly1 :i* is ano!r way ( 
say+ t ! climate is too f9e = x4  ,/ill1
 !re is e reason to believe t skilful   
managem5t & *oice acclimatisation1 or ! 

rais+ ( new sorts1 may result 9 !       
production ( f9] apricots ?an ^? n[ gr[n
 9 ,engl&1 :]e 9 "s p>ts a manife/      
det]ioration has be5 9 progress1 s great
 t gr[]s are de/roy+ _! apricots &      
replac+ !m ) fruit trees m suit$ to our 
sunless climate4  ,"s ye>s back a       
novelty made its appe>ance 9 ! ,alex&ria
 di/rict4  ,?is 0 a v]itable plague (   
,egypt1 ?\gh und\bt$ly a visitant f     
abroad4  ,x 0 a banana disease1 :i* 9   
its inroads play$ great havoc among/ !  
plantations4  ,sci5tific exam9ation 0   
br\ght to be>1 & ! cause 0 f\nd to be a 
p>asitic nematode :i* attack$ ! roots ( 
! plant4  ,=tunately ! tr\ble 0 local1 &
 ! infection limit$ 9 its area1 :ile at 
! pres5t "t _m ( ! plantations are free 
f ! pe/4  ,) reg>d to pea*es1 ! way is  
op5 to ! ent]pris+ & clev] cultivator1 =
 ) su* a con/ant supply ( sun%9e mu*    
ought to be done 9 ! way ( gr[+ ?is que5
 ( fruits4  ,_m ( u "h 9 ,engl&1 :o h to
 tru/ to trees labori\sly tra9$ aga9/ a 
wall1 or spread out & ti$ 9 to wires at 

! co/ ( _m a back & neck a*e1 b5ea? !   
slop+ glass ( an or*>d-h\se1 h read )   
wat]+ m\?s ( ! /&>d trees ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 :]e ! fall5 pea*es are ga!r$ up 
9 b>r[fuls & consid]$ ( no acc\nt4      
,abundance rules !re1 & possibly x may  
be t ?is is due to ! int5sely hot summ]s
 ( ! ,/ates & _! frigidly cold w9t]s2 = 
?is seems to be ! nature ( ! climate 9 !
 c\ntry f :i* ! pea* sprang & took its  
,lat9 "n1 ,p]sica2 = !re1 foll[+ ^u !   
summ] heats1 w9t] comes d[n f ! m\nta9s 
int5sely cold4  ,?is balance is want+ 9 
,egypt1 :]e1 s f>1 pea*es h n prov$ to  
be a success4  ,! trees gr[ well & be>  
fruit t is fairly l>ge 9 size1 b does n 
possess ! f9e aromatic1 juicy flav\r ( a
 well-matur$ ,engli% pea* gr[n ^u a wall
 & only protect$ dur+ ! "t ( fro/1 ^?   
rais$ "u glass1 save 9 size & appe>ance1
 nev] approa*+ ! op5-air fruit4  ,!     
,egyptian pea*es are h>d & fibr\s1 z    
well z want+ 9 ! piquant bitt] almond   
flav\r s mu* e/eem$4  ,possibly !       
selection ( bett] k9ds may make a great 

*ange 9 ! h&s ( c>eful cultivators1 b 9 
common fairness x is "r to say t !      
successful production ( ?is fav\rite    
fruit 9 ,egypt is op5 to d\bt4  ,s f>1  
too1 ano!r /one fruit1 ! plum1 is n     
ext5sively gr[n1 :ile ! plums produc$ 9 
! ,egyptian g>d5 _c comp>e ) ^? import$ 
f ,europe4  ,b ?is fruit is n su* an    
ari/ocrat among ! lusci\s beauties ( !  
g>d5 z ! exact+ pea*1 & !re is no?+ to  
prev5t1 ei!r 9 soil or climate1 a f9]   
quality be+ gr[n 9 ! ,delta4  ,:at is   
ne$$ is ! selection ( new & suitable    
v>ieties1 accompani$ by c>eful wat*+ (  
results2 9 fact1 ! intellig5t managem5t 
( a good exp]im5tal g>d5]1 n "o ak9 to t
 ( ,egypt1 :o selects ) extreme         
cons]vatism ! easie/ way to 8 desir$    
ends4  ,he consequ5tly devotes 8 "t to  
^? fruits :i* fl\ri% easily & well4  ,8 
att5tion has be5 giv5 pr9cipally to !   
gr[+ ( ! citrus family1 to ! exclusion (
 su* fruits z pe>s & plums1 :i* are     
import$ f ,syria & ,turkey4  ,9 fact1 9 
spite ( ! possibilities ( ! ,delta1 h[  

great is ! want ( ent]prise may readily 
be se5 :5 x is /at$ t ! value ( !       
imports ( fruit may am\nt to _m ?\s&    
p\nds p] annum4  ,un=tunately1 our two  
mo/ home-l & famili> fruits--apples &   
pe>s--d n succe$ "h1 ! climate be+ f>   
too hot4  ,pe>s h a v small %>e ( ! l&1 
& ! fruit is n ( ! be/ quality4 ,b :ile 
x is d\btful ab\t ! apple1 ?is d\bt     
ought n to ext5d to ! pe>1 :i* is a lov]
 ( heat1 &1 z reg>ds ! bett] sorts1     
delicate & t5d] 9 its con/itution4  ,!re
 c be no d\bt t if a c>eful selection ( 
"s ( ! be/ ,fr5* & ,belgian v>ieties 7  
introduc$1 a fair me$ ( success w\ld be 
! result1 = x seems almo/ contr>y to    
reason t su* k9ds z ! fragrant ,doy5ne  
de ,comice & ,gl\ ,morceau1 :i* fail z  
/&>ds 9 ! inclem5cy ( an ,engli% season1
 & crack & speck if !y are n protect$ by
 a wall1 %\ld n succe$ 9 ,egypt if !y   
are giv5 a fair trial4  ,n t !re is mu* 
ne$ = exp]im5t 9 a c\ntry :i* c gr[ its 
grapes glori\sly 9 ! op5 air1 ! v9es n  
ask+ = ! help ( glass4  ,"s half doz5   

v>ieties are produc$ 9 ,egypt1 & fl\ri% 
well "u treatm5t ( ! simple/ k9d4  ,!   
cultivation ( ! v9e ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( 
! prov9ce ( ,fay\m4  ,9 ?is latt]       
di/rict a :ite grape1 call$ aft] its    
habitat ! ,fay\mi1 is ! fav\rite 9 !    
m>ket1 & x is ! e>lie/ t rip5s4  ,!     
b]ries are m$ium siz$1 b ! flav\r is    
excell5t & ! fruit v juicy4  ,!re is    
little "q ( tra9+ or trellis "w1 =1     
some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! v9ey>ds 9     
,france1 ! v9es are gr[n z bu%es ( ab\t 
two feet high2 & ! result1 ?\gh n !     
production ( ! bun*es ( ! ,vale (       
,e%col1 is /ill abundance4  ,two        
v>ieties are gr[n 9 ! ,delta & ,cairo   
di/ricts1 namely ,r\my--a k9d d]iv$ f   
,greece--& ,%awi%i4  ,"h1 z oppos$ to ! 
cultivation 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fay\m1 ! v9es
 are mo/ly tra9$ on lattice "w s z to =m
 :at ! old g>d5]s call$ a p]gola1 or    
cov]$ way4  ,bo? ^! v>ieties are heavy  
cropp]s1 be>+ bun*es ^: b]ries are ( a  
gre5i% r$1 :ile ! flav\r is v good4     
,egypt is a l& ( v9es & v9ey>ds1 mu*    

space be+ giv5 to ! cultivation ( !     
grape1 ?\gh n = ! purposes ( c>t+ to !  
w9epress1 ! ,moslem religion be+        
antagoni/ic to ! grape's f]m5t$ juice4  
,ea* di/rict has its fav\r$ k9d1 & 9 t (
 ,alex&ria & along ! %ore ( !           
,m$it]ranean ! v9e is abundantly gr[n   
close to ! gr\nd1 ! soil be+ pure s&4   
,!re is a peculi>ity 9 ! cultivation "h1
 = ,v-%ap$ tr5*es are cut to a dep? ( f 
six to n9e feet4  ,!n v9e %oots are     
plant$ 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 :]e ! "y    
rootlets !y put =? are )9 rea* ( wat]4  
,vegetation is rapid1 & ! canes         
gradually cov] ! slopes on ei!r side1   
:ile 9 two ye>s ! v9es beg9 to be>4  ,! 
bu%es receive no irrigation f above1    
only dep5d+ ^u ! s-call$ w9t] ra9s1 :i* 
are fairly frequ5t ne> ! sea1 &1 z has  
be5 %[n1 ga9+ _! support f b5ea? ! s& at
 ! bottom ( ! tr5*4  ,b ?\gh no         
irrigation is br\ght to be>1 ^! gr\nd   
v9]ies require annually an application (
 manure if ! be/ results are to be      
obta9$4  ,z ! l& ( ! ,delta is          

practically level1 x af=ds sc>cely any  
opportunities = ! gr[? ( ! grape v9e ^u 
sunny slopes1 ?is be+ ! only in/ance 9  
,egypt :]e grapes are gr[n ) ?is        
exposure1 :ile ^! slopes are all        
artificially made4  ,z reg>ds insect    
pe/s1 !y may be almo/ class$ z nil1 & ! 
gr[] w n he> ( ?rip & scale1 mealie bug1
 or r$ spid]1 s t ! cultivation is      
conduct$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions2 
b ! ubiquit\s sp>r[ is ev5 !re1 &1      
unless means are tak5 to sc>e away or   
de/roy him1 8 ravages among/ ! sweet    
b]ries are great4  ,"h1 too1 z may be   
suppos$ :]e grapes are produc$ to s     
great an ext5t1 ! ?9n+ ( ! b]ries is n  
resort$ to1 & consequ5tly !y are n s    
l>ge z might be expect$ f ! heat ( !    
climate & ! fav\rable conditions "u :i* 
!y are gr[n1 nor is ! flav\r s f9e z t (
 ! beautiful bun*es s c>efully t5d$ &   
wat*$ "u glass 9 an ,engli% v9]y2 b !y  
comm& a ready sale at ab\t twop5ce p]   
p\nd :5 ! fruit is ripe1 f ! beg9n+ (   
,june4    ,,*apt] ,,twelve4  ,t delici\s

 ,european fruit1 ! /rawb]ry1 by nature 
a dwell] 9 cool & ,alp9e regions1 0 n   
kn[n 9 ,egypt till )9 =ty ye>s ago4     
,plant$ z an exp]im5t by someone famili>
 ) its qualities1 x seems to h pass$ r  
an unfav\rable "t 9 popul> e/imation2 b 
x is n[ gradually ga9+ 9 fav\r1 & ! area
 "u cultivation is /eadily ext5d+4  ,!  
fruit is ripe 9 ,novemb]1 & f9ds a ready
 sale at t5p5ce p] p\nd2 :ile1 if !     
cultivation is good & well-manag$1 !    
return to ! plant] may be reckon$ at =ty
 p\nds = ! produce ( an acre4  ,to an   
,engli%man famili> ) ! /rawb]ry & its   
gr[?1 "o kn[+ ! botanical "* ( ! plant &
 ! love ( its roots = a ri* clay l&1 x  
seems surpris+ t x %\ld fl\ri% s well 9 
! s&y soil ( ,egypt4  ,b1 ( c\rse1 ?is  
is expla9$ by ! ye>ly deposit ( ri*     
silt1 or w>p1 ! result ( ! annual       
floods4  ,=tunately = ! gr[]1 he is n   
tr\bl$ z 9 ,engl& by woodl& birds1 !    
,ea/]n crops suff]+ v little f _!       
ravages1 :ile ! plant enjoys almo/ an   
immunity f ! attacks ( insect plagues4  

,9 ! goodly li/ ( lusci\s fruits we n[  
come to figs--n ! ov]gr[n1 sickly fruit 
t only rip5s "u v fav\rable circum/ances
 9 ,engl&1 b ! ri* sac*>9e bag ( emb$d$ 
se$ t we "k be/ 9 its dri$ & press$ =m z
 ! common fig4  ,its cultivation is     
spread ov] ! :ole ,delta & ! ,fay\m1 :]e
 its milky1 succul5t /ems & d>k gre5    
leaves fl\ri% ?or\ghly well4 ,! trees1 z
 a rule1 gr[ to a height ( n9e or t5    
feet1 are well bran*$1 & f9d great fav\r
 ) ! native g>d5]1 = !y possess !       
admirable qualities ( requir+ n mu*     
att5tion1 v little manure1 & no prun+4  
,jo9$ to ?is1 ! trees are v prolific1 & 
! lusci\s fruit f9ds great fav\r ) ! p4 
,ano!r popul> fruit :i* gr[s )\t mu*    
att5tion save irrigat+1 & t to a v      
mod]ate degree1 is ! prickly pe>4  ,"h 9
 ,engl& ! melon is look$ ^u z a         
delicacy4  ,g>d5]s vie "o ) ! o!r 9 its 
production1 & se$sm5 pu% =w>d ?is       
fa%ionable fruit by adv]tis+ _! own     
special specim5s ( prize k9ds1 & ^! may 
be almo/ class$ z legion4  ,9 ,egypt !  

v>ieties are r\ghly divid$ into two1 !  
sweet & ! wat] melon1 & !y bo? fl\ri%   
wond]fully4  ,!y are s[n 9 ,febru>y &   
,m>*1 & ?rive be/ 9 light loam1 :ile _! 
p]iod ( gr[? ext5ds to ab\t f\r mon?s4  
,9 _! rapid developm5t !y atta9 to a    
goodly size4  ,= in/ance1 a wat] melon  
may rea* ! weight ( ?irty p\nds1 :ile f 
a m>ket+ po9t ( view1 tak+ l>ge & small 
toge!r1 s z to /rike an av]age1 !       
:olesale price may be plac$ at fivep5ce 
p] melon1 & ! cultivator ( an acre ( l& 
devot$ to ?is produce may reckon on     
receiv+ f =ty to sixty p\nds--pretty    
satisfactory = ! f\r mon?s ( gr[? & ! l&
 ready = plant+ ) "s o!r crop suitable  
to ! season1 = ! gr[] has no dre>y mon?s
 ( w9t] to int]v5e4  ,! cultivation ( ! 
sweet melon is simil> to t ( its        
relative1 b ! fruit is f9] 9 flav\r & ! 
plants n s prolific4 ,consequ5tly !     
gr[]'s receipts are mu* small]1 a fair  
computation ( ! returns f an acre be+ f 
ab\t ?irty to =ty p\nds4 ,!re is ano!r  
disadvantage1 too1 9 ! gr[? ( ?is fruit4

  ,x mu/ be consum$ )9 "s t5 days aft]  
be+ fully ripe1 :]eas ! /urdy wat] melon
 w keep good = ov] a mon?4  ,9 spite ( !
 good qualities ( ! melon1 its ease (   
gr[?1 & ! m>ket requirem5ts1 no?+ l     
suffici5t are gr[n1 ! dem& be+ suppli$  
by ! importation ( l>ge quantities f    
neighb\r+ c\ntries4  ,?is popul> fruit  
is always look$ ^u z delici\sly refre%+ 
& f9e 9 flav\r1 b x may be m5tion$ "h h[
 mu* climate has to d ) ! quality ( !   
fruit4  ,"s ye>s ago a fri5d1 aft] a    
prolong$ /ay 9 ,egypt1 pres5t$ ! writ] )
 a few se$s ( ! ,egyptian melon4  ,^! 7 
plant$ "h 9 ,engl& & nurs$ up "u glass )
 all ! c>e t good g>d5+ & wat*+ c\ld    
be/[4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done to ! exotic plants 
t a c]ta9 am\nt ( exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ melons
 c\ld supply1 & a c\ple ( !m fl\ri%$    
exce$+ly--"u glass1 be x rememb]$1 9 a  
heat$ h\se--blossom$1 & bore sev]al f9e 
l>ge gre5 fruit1 ^: increase 0 wat*$ &  
matur+ wait$ =1 b 9 va94  ,presumably   
!re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( fragrance & rip5+1
 = ! fruit *ang$ col\r & gave =? !      

famili> od\r2 b ! anticipations ( enjoy+
 a delici\s ,egyptian melon 7 n         
fulfill$4 ,a good ripe vegetable m>r[   
w\ld h put ei!r ( !m to ! blu%4         
,pumpk9s1 big & g\rd-l 9 gr[?--pa/i*es1 
z !y are commonly call$--are mo/        
abundant 9 ! e>ly w9t] mon?s1 & are     
l>gely br\ght d[n ! riv] f ,upp] ,egypt 
9 b>ges or feluccas ) graceful late5    
sails4  ,!y =m a pleasant addition to ! 
food ( ! poor1 :ile 9 _! gr[?1 fav\r$ z 
!y are by a hot sun1 ri* soil1 & a      
suffici5cy ( moi/ure1 _! increase is    
almo/ fabul\s1 & anyone ( curi\s ta/e & 
pl5ty ( pati5ce1 aid$ by a p[]ful       
magnify+ glass1 might 9 all probability 
be gratifi$ by see+ ! creep+ gr[? ( !   
wat]y v9e & ! /eady swell+ out ( its    
heavy e>?-support$ fruit4  ,ano!r fruit 
^u our li/ is ! pomegranate1 ( late ye>s
 made famili> ^u ! b>r[s 9 ! ,london    
/reets1 & look+ :5 cut op5 some?+ l an  
un:olesome blood orange t has abort$ &  
tak5 to gr[+ an enorm\s excess ( pips   
emb$d$ 9 jelly )9 a h>d5$ peel4  ,9     

spite ( ! ent]prise :i* has br\ght !    
fruit "h1 x seems h>dly likely to br+ ! 
%ipp]s mu* rew>d2 b x is ext5sively gr[n
 9 ,egypt1 is 9 great dem&1 & v         
pr(itable4  ,to cont9ue ) unfamili>     
fruits1 we may next "n ! great date     
palm1 :i* may be look$ ^u z ! mo/ common
 tree to be f\nd 9 ,egypt1 gr[+ z x does
 all ov] bo? ! upp] & l[] regions1 z    
well z on ! s&y %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean  
,sea4  ,no wond] t x is s l>gely plant$1
 = its fruit is ev]y:]e consum$ by ! p z
 a portion ( _! food4  ,! tree beg9s to 
be> five ye>s aft] plant+1 & %\ld take !
 record z a pr(itable fri5d ( man1 = "u 
fav\rable conditions x w g on be>+ = a  
hundr$ ye>s or m1 :ile a good tree w    
be>1 on an av]age1 ov] a hundr$weight ( 
fruit1 :i* is dispos$ ( among/ ! p at ! 
popul> price ( "o p5ny p] p\nd4  ,!     
fruit rip5s 9 ,septemb]1 & :]e ! trees  
are select$1 are ( ! be/ v>iety & well  
att5d$ to1 ! pr(its are v good1         
especially if !y are plant$ 9 a g>d51   
:]e _! tuft ( leaves1 rais$ high ^u _!  

tall1 smoo? /ems1 ?r[s s little %ade t !
 gr\nd b5ea? c be pr(itably plant$ ) o!r
 crops1 su* z ! ord9>y dome/ic          
vegetables ( our own c\ntry1 h>icot     
beans1 peas1 sp9a*1 etc4  ,! l>ge1 d>k1 
r$-sk9n$1 h>d date1 a fri5d writes f    
,cairo1 has long be5 pl5tiful1 & =ms "o 
( ! /aple foods ( ! populace4  ,b       
to-day--i4e41 mid-,octob]--! s(t1 small 
lusci\s date 0 s]v$ at table4  ,?is is a
 mo/ delici\s fruit4  ,x ta/es = all !  
_w l c>amel t(fee1 ?\gh ( c\rse mu*     
s(t]4 ,^! dates are wond]fully *eap4    
,!y d n1 h[ev]1 keep m ?an twelve h\rs  
aft] pick+1 & !n beg9 to f]m5t & ta/e l 
be]4  ,!y are mo/ pl5tiful1 & !re is1 no
 d\bt1 mu* wa/e4  ,i %\ld ?9k t a /rong 
spiritu\s liquor c\ld be di/ill$ f !m4  
,o!r fruits may be m5tion$1 su* z !     
qu9ce1 loquat1 lotus1 & t fav\rite (    
f>!r ea/1 ! delici\s mango2 b ^! are n  
ext5sively cultivat$1 & may v well be   
exclud$ f a li/ ( fruits t might be     
pr(itably gr[n = m>ket purposes4  ,!    
wond] is t ! mango has be5 neglect$1    

comp>atively1 up to n[4  ,/ill1 !       
,egyptians are wak+ up to its value1 =  
dur+ #aijc !re has be5 9 ,cairo a v     
pl5tiful supply ( ?is lusci\s fruit1 :i*
 be>s "s semblance 9 ! eat+ to a v ri* &
 juicy apricot1 resembl+ x also 9 col\r4
  ,! old say+ ( ! ,anglo-,indian :o     
makes x a fav\rite1 9 spite ( a slight  
suspicion ( turp5t9e 9 its flav\r1 is   
d\btless well-kn[n to ! read]--t :i*    
sugge/s t ! be/ way ( combat+ !         
sup]abundant juice & its gu%+ ways is to
 sit 9 "o's ba? :5 p>tak+ ( ! fruit4  ,9
 summ+ up ! prospects ( fruit gr[+ 9    
,egypt1 ,mr ,wright /ates t he has no   
hesitation 9 say+ t ! conditions = g>d5+
 9 ,egypt are c]ta9ly f> m fav\rable ?an
 9 su* an unc]ta9 climate z t ( ,engl&1 
:]e 9 "o night s mu* blossom may be     
de/roy$ by fro/2 :ile 9 ,egypt "o nev]  
he>s ( su* a ?+ z a total failure (     
crop4    ,,*apt] ,,?irte54  ,to take a  
/ride n[ f ! delici\s & attractive to ! 
homely & useful1 b at ! same "t m g5]al 
& pr(itable gr[+ crops ( ,egypt1 let u  

turn to ! g>d5]'s ma9/ay--8 vegetables4 
,"h ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes a visitor to ?is 
semi-tropical l& is ! famili>ity ( _m ( 
! g>d5 crops--"s1 to use an old-fa%ion$ 
t]m1 gr[n out ( k2 o!rs p]haps want+ 9 !
 qualities ( ! home c\ntry4  ,mo/       
famili> ( all--c]ta9ly ! mo/ homely &   
ext5sively gr[n1 ) great pr(it1 is !    
cabbage1 9 ?ree v>ieties--! ,:ite       
,drumhead1 ! ,r$ ,drumhead1 & ! ,savoy4 
,"h a little unfamili>ity /eps 91 & t is
 9 ! usage1 = ! cabbage 9 ,egypt is     
utilis$ by ! p z a salad z well z =     
cook+4  ,f a g>d5]'s po9t ( view ! head 
is n s l>ge & h>d1 ! vegetable n =m+ a  
solid he>t z x does 9 ,engl&4  ,b ?is   
may be acc\nt$ = by want ( suffici5t    
manure & att5tion--good g>d5+1 9 %ort--&
 p]haps ! climate is n :olly to blame4  
,! caulifl[] fl\ri%es fairly well "u    
simil> cultivation to ! cabbage1 b be+ m
 delicate requires great] att5tion2     
diff]+ f ! latt]1 ! heads are well =m$1 
b x is necess>y to %ade !m :5 com+ to   
p]fection1 ! clean1 :ite gr[? be+ liable

 to be damag$ by ! too ard5t sun4  ,good
 caulifl[]s comm& a ready sale at bett] 
prices ?an are to be _h 9 ,london z a   
rule1 ! av]age co/ be+ f                
twop5ce-halfp5ny to fivep5ce p] head4   
,ano!r v famili> crop is se5 l>gely 9   
,egypt--! leek4  ,?is is a pr(itable    
vegetable1 :i* gr[s to a good size1 is  
easily cultivat$1 & realises a total p] 
acre ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds4  ,! c>rot1    
too1 is l>gely gr[n--9 two v>ieties1 !  
native & ! ,greek4  ,! native k9d is s[n
 9 ,septemb]1 & is ready = lift+ 9      
,janu>y2 :ile ! ,greek v>iety1 s[n 9 !  
same mon?1 is also us$ = ! production ( 
a summ] crop 9 ,febru>y4  ,a deep soil  
is necess>y1 :ile its s&y nature 9      
,egypt is mo/ suitable = ?is root1 & :5 
c>efully cultivat$ a fair return may be 
expect$4  ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sively gr[n   
vegetables1 a v g5]al fav\rite almo/    
ev]y:]e except 9 ,engl&1 is ! g>lic4  ,x
 does well 9 ,egypt1 (t5 9 plots ( z mu*
 z two acres1 & has ! advantages ( n    
requir+ great c>e 9 cultivation1 nor mu*

 wat]2 :ile an av]age crop w yield ( !  
silv]y bulbs en\gh to be valu$ at ab\t  
fifte5 p\nds p] acre4  ,! onion1 aga91  
proves itself to be a mo/ ?riv+         
inhabitant ( ?is ,ea/]n c\ntry1 gr[+    
h>d1 firm1 clean-sk9n$1 & heal?y4  ,9   
?is sunny clime x is ext5sively gr[n1 & 
n m]ely = home use4 ,! k9d mo/ popul> is
 ! r$ ,spani% onion1 & x is cultivat$   
bo? 9 ,upp] ,egypt & ,l[]1 !re be+ ?is  
peculi>ity ( diff]5ce1 namely1 t !      
,spani% onion gr[s to a l>g] size 9 !   
s\?1 :ile ! flav\r ( ^? gr[n 9 ! ,delta 
is sup]ior4  ,a few words w n be out (  
place respect+ ! cultivation ( ?is      
vegetable 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 :]e x is gr[n 
mo/ ext5sively z a f>m crop = export4   
,! se$ is s[n 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1       
transplantation takes place 9 ,m>*1 &1  
all go+ well1 ! crop is ready = lift+ 9 
,june or ,july4  ,aft] ! transplant+ no 
irrigation is requir$4  ,! yield is     
approximately f\r to five tons p] acre1 
& ! m>ket price two p\nds p] ton4  ,!   
next vegetable on our li/ :5 gr[n 9     

quantity looks wond]fully famili> &     
home-l4  ,x is ! arti*oke--n t ( tub]\s 
& sunfl[]-l gr[?1 b ! deeply cut1       
acan?us-l leav$ ornam5tal plant (       
,engli% g>d5s1 ) its maje/ic ?i/le-l    
purple head4  ,?is is "o ( ! be/-pay+   
g>d5 crops1 ^! heads be+ greatly 9 dem& 
by ,europeans1 ?\gh n mu* s\ght aft] by 
! natives4  ,9 ! culture x w be f\nd t !
 gr[? is excell5t = f\r ye>s1 :5        
transplant+ becomes necess>y & %\ld be  
resort$ to4  ,asp>agus is decid$ly "o ( 
! be/-pay+ crops 9 ,egypt1 & naturally  
always 9 great dem& by ! ,europeans :o  
visit or pass ?r\gh ! c\ntry 9          
ev]-increas+ numb]s4  ,! cultivation is 
! same good old-fa%ion$ /yle practis$ 9 
,engl&1 ! b$s be+ well prep>$ & g5]\sly 
treat$ ) /imulants4  ,all t is requir$  
to secure a f9e crop is prop] att5tion  
"u skill$ direction1 = !re are no       
drawbacks f fro/1 ! gr[] nev] f9d+ !    
/urdy gre5i% purple %oots ( ye/]day     
droop+ ov] & de/roy$ by ! morn+'s fro/4 
,well treat$1 ! b$s w rema9 good = f t5 

to fifte5 ye>s1 a v mode/ computation   
?is1 = if well-manag$ & n cut too h>d1 a
 good asp>agus plantation ought to rema9
 prosp]\s = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4  ,z !  
result ( 8 g5]\s treatm5t 9 ! way (     
/imulants1 ! gr[] may expect to receive 
:olesale f two %ill+s to five %ill+s p] 
hundr$ %oots1 accord+ to _! size4  ,t   
easily-cultivat$ :olesome vegetable1    
sp9a*1 is l>gely gr[n f ,septemb] till  
,janu>y2 :ile n[ may be add$1 mo/       
ext5sively rais$1 a vegetable new to    
,occid5tal eyes1 9 company ) ?ree m :i* 
h long p]iods ( gr[?1 well fitt+ "o to  
succe$ ! o!r4  ,! fir/ is a small-fl[]$ 
mall[1 ^: p]iod is f ,septemb] to       
,octob]--x is mu* reli%$ by ! poor]     
,egyptians z a cook$ vegetable resembl+ 
sp9a*2 purslane is ano!r v easily-gr[n  
plant1 ^: p]iod is f ,m>* to ,septemb]2 
,jews' mall[1 too1 is a vegetable       
greatly e/eem$ by ! natives4  ,?is is   
cultivat$1 & also f\nd gr[+ wild 9 !    
fields4  ,x is mu* 9 dem& z a summ]     
vegetable4  ,okra is ano!r di% held 9   

high e/imation2 x is n difficult to gr[1
 & =ms a good pay+ crop4  ,to return to 
! famili> vegetables ( ,we/]n g>d5s1 we 
h a great fav\rite 9 ! %ape ( ! h>icot  
bean4  ,?is gr[s exce$+ly well 9 ,egypt1
 on condition ( its be+ well suppli$ )  
wat]1 :ile ! rapidity ( its matur+ is   
m>vell\s1 %[+1 z x does1 ! beauty ( !   
,egyptian climate & ! p[] ( ! sun1 = x  
is fit to pick ?irty days aft] s[+1 & ! 
l& ready = ano!r crop1 a fact :i* seems 
almo/ incr$ible4  ,! next on ! li/ (    
pr(itable vegetables is ! ord9>y broad  
bean1 b ?is is n ext5sively gr[n1 z x is
 only consum$ by ! upp] class natives1 !
 poor] p pref]r+ ! ord9>y horse bean1   
:i* is gr[n z a w9t] crop4  ,^! beans   
are a v common article ( food1 & are    
b\ght by ! peasantry1 ready boil$1 9 mo/
 public places4  ,!y are also l>gely    
employ$ z prov5d] = ! work+ cattle4  ,! 
roots ( an arum & ( ! lotus1 too1 are   
l>gely consum$1 & no wond] 9 ! case ( ! 
latt] 9 su* a dreamy l&2 b ! effects are
 n q ! same z ! =m] ,laureate describ$4 

,! turnip1 s popul> 9 ,engl&1 f9ds      
little fav\r1 ?\gh x is easily rais$ z a
 m$ium-pay+ crop1 &1 odd z x may s\nd1 x
 is pr9cipally us$ pickl$4  ,colocass is
 g5]ally gr[n ^u ! f>m4  ,! tub]s are   
l>ge1 ab\t ! size ( an ,engli% turnip4  
,?is is a spl5did pay+ crop1 :i* is     
l>gely consum$ z a vegetable & =ms "o ( 
! /aple foods ( ! fellahe54  ,! sweet   
potato is also a common vegetable "h1 b 
! "n s\nds =eign to an ,engli%          
cultivator4  ,x is a plant ) tub]\s     
roots ( a :ite col\r1 mo/ly eat5 roa/$1 
&1 l ! colocass1 x is a fav\rite food ( 
! f>m lab\r]4  ,! value ( ! produce ( an
 acre may be e/imat$ at t5 p\nds1 & !   
duration ( ! crop is ab\t f\r mon?s4  ,!
 cucumb] ?rives v well 9 ,egypt1 &1 (   
c\rse1 !re is no necessity = !          
protection ( glass4  ,x is z popul> z 9 
,engl&1 b p]haps m utilis$1 la/+ well   
?r\gh summ] into autumn1 & proves to be 
a v pay+ crop1 provid$ x has a pl5tiful 
supply ( wat]4  ,?is may also be said ( 
! two v>ieties ( vegetable m>r[1 ! gre5 

& :ite1 :i* are l>gely rais$4  ,! fruits
 are mo/ popul> :5 v "y1 & are mu*      
reli%$ :5 treat$ z ! cucumb] is 9       
,engl&--t is to say1 s]v$ z a salad1    
?\gh x is cook$ z well4  ,?is1 l !      
cucumb]1 is a m$ium-pay+ crop4  ,z = !  
latt]1 x has be5 a fav\rite object (    
culture1 dat+ "r back to ! days ( !     
,israelites4  ,! allusion to ! cucumb] w
 be recall$1 & all species ( ?is family 
are cultivat$ ) assiduity4  ,n t !re is 
any?+ wond]ful 9 ?is1 = 9 a hot c\ntry  
fruits & vegetables ( rapid gr[?1 & :i* 
cause little tr\ble1 are sure to be     
affect$4  ,we say rapid gr[? advis$ly1 =
 9 fav\rable seasons ! %oot ( a cucumb] 
may be almo/ se5 to gr[1 a*iev+ z x     
does1 at times1 a l5g? ( tw5ty-f\r in*es
 9 a day & night4  ,! ord9>y salads &   
h]bs ( ! ,engli% g>d5 are easily rais$1 
& =m pr(itable crops1 available summ] & 
w9t]1 & are highly e/eem$4  ,among o!r  
plants we h poppies1 madd]1 indigo1 flax
 & hemp2 :ile 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fay\m "o v 
*>m+ =m ( g>d5+ is practis$1 namely !   

gr[? ( ! rose tree1 f :i* is prep>$ !   
rose wat] s popul> all ?r\gh ! ,ea/4  ,z
 = fl[]s ( all descriptions1 :]e !y are 
sc>ce x is ! fault ( ! p1 = _m ( our mo/
 brilliant k9ds1 especially ! m t5d]1   
:i* are rais$ 9 our isl&s only ) c>e1   
bright5 ! l& & fl\ri% ev]y:]e l we$s4   
,our ornam5tal ho?\se gr[?1 ! eggplant1 
"h =ms a mo/ important vegetable1 :i* is
 ext5sively cultivat$4  ,x is simil> to 
! aub]g9e1 :i* is us$ 9 ,france & se5   
occasionally 9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,m>ket2 b ! 
ye>s glide by1 & its bids = popul> fav\r
 h met ) b little success4  ,x is !     
rev]se 9 ,egypt1 :]e its use is g5]al1  
:e!r z a cook$ vegetable1 pickl$1 or 9  
its raw /ate4  ,x dem&s a ri*1 deep     
soil1 & is rais$ 9 bo? v>ieties1 :ite & 
black1 = use 9 summ] & autumn1 & proves 
to be v pr(itable to ! gr[]4    ,,*apt] 
,,f\rte54  ,p]haps ! mo/ successful     
vegetable t has be5 introduc$ into      
,engl& is ! tomato4  ,=ty or fifty ye>s 
ago a punnet or two ( ! attractive vivid
 sc>let fruit might be se5 9 season at  

,cov5t ,g>d5 ,m>ket4  ,!y 7 kn[n z      
love-apples1 & probably 7 b\ght &       
consum$2 b _! gr[? into fav\r 0 v sl[   
be=e becom+ a fa%ion1 &1 ) mo/ p1 an    
acquir$ ta/e4  ,! tomato =ms a summ]    
production ( ! ,engli% m>ket g>d5]1 :o  
is rivall$ by ! gr[]s ( ! ,*annel       
,isl&s2 & x is s5t into m>ket daily by !
 ton2 :ile1 :5 ! inclem5cy ( our climate
 r5d]s fir+ absolutely necess>y1 !      
ent]pris+ gr[]s ( ! ,can>ies keep up !  
supply4 ,fl\ri%+ s well j (f ! we/ coa/ 
( ,africa1 x is only natural t ! tomato 
%\ld f9d a cong5ial home 9 ! f]tile ,ea/
 ( ! great ,cont95t1 & x is ext5sively  
gr[n ) increas+ success 9 ,egypt4  ,z an
 example ( ! tomato be+ treat$ z a      
pr(itable crop1 "h is an in/ance ( :at  
has be5 done 9 ! way ( m>ket g>d5+ 9 !  
di/rict ( ,alex&ria1 & may be done aga9 
by ^? p]sev]+ cultivators :o are /ruggl+
 to make a mod]ate liv+4  ,a fa!r & two 
gr[n-up sons may r5t a plot ( l& (1 say1
 f\r acres 9 ext5t1 ! r5t ( :i* p]haps  
rea*es t5 p\nds p] annum1 ! g>d5] hav+  

to raise wat] = irrigation purposes4  ,!
 occupation ( ! l& w\ld comm5ce on !    
fir/ ( ,augu/4  ,! soil may be class$ z 
pure s&1 :i* naturally requires a lib]al
 application ( f>my>d manure4  ,! ord9>y
 tillage hav+ be5 c>ri$ out1 !          
cultivator beg9s by transplant+ se$l+   
tomatoes ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4  ,n 
be+ prep>$ to plant ! :ole ( 8 f\r acres
 ) tomatoes1 he s[s on ano!r "p         
vegetable m>r[s1 :i* 9 ?is hot climate  
are ready = pluck+ 9 six weeks1 ! plants
 cont9u+ to be> = a mon?2 :ile directly 
?is supply is f9i%$ ano!r crop ( m>r[s  
may be s[n on ! same l&4  ,mean:ile1 !  
tomatoes are pu%+ =w>d to be ready by ! 
fir/ ( ,janu>y at a "t :5 ! price is    
g5]ally good1 ?\gh probably 9 no o!r    
vegetable is !re s great a v>iance 9 !  
am\nt x w fet*1 dep5d5t1 ( c\rse1 on !  
sc>city or pl5tifulness ( ! crop4  ,x w 
be news1 probably1 = ! ,briti% gr[] :5  
he reads t ! :olesale price ( tomatoes 9
 ,egypt v>ies f "o f>?+ to fivep5ce p]  
p\nd4  ,p]haps he may op5 8 eyes a      

little wid] :5 he reads t a fair e/imate
 ( ! gross return f gr[+ tomatoes = !   
m>ket supply ( ,alex&ria w v>y f t5     
p\nds to fifty p\nds or m p] acre2 &1 ( 
c\rse1 ?is is 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 =m+ an     
almo/ imm$iate return1 & ) no prelim9>y 
outlay = glass h\ses4  ,b !re are always
 drawbacks 9 g>d5+2 & "o ( ^!1 :i* may  
occasionally m> success1 is caus$ on ?is
 l& s ne> ! sea by ! fogs4  ,^!1 if !y  
attack ?is delicate plant1 s fam\s "h at
 home = develop+ aphides & fungoid      
diseases1 l _! un=tunate relatives !    
potatoes1 de/roy ! leaves1 black5 !m1   
h9d] ! sett+ ( ! blossom1 & g5]ally     
r$uce ! crop4  ,sev]al m5 h be5 kn[n to 
engage 9 ?is cultivation 9 !            
neighb\rhood ( ,alex&ria dur+ ! la/ five
 ye>s1 & app>5tly !y h f9ancially       
improv$ _! position4  ,leav+ !          
ari/ocratic tomato & turn+ to its poor  
relative ! potato1 x might h be5 hop$ t 
9 su* a hot1 s&y l& z ,egypt1 :]e ?\s&s 
( acres (f] ! same facilities1 & are    
made z ri* & f]tile z ! fam\s w>p-l&    

potato tracts ( nor? ,l9coln%ire & s\?  
,york%ire1 a home w\ld h be5 f\nd :]e x 
w\ld fl\ri% free f disease4             
,un=tunately1 ! in=mation to be giv5 to 
! horticultural or agricultural gr[] ^u 
?is po9t is n good2 9 fact1 q suffici5t 
to make ! writ] sugge/ t x %\ld be a    
crop to be left alone4  ,c]ta9ly potato 
gr[+ is tempt+2 ! cultivation is simple1
 ! crops heavy & v pr(itable if--?is is 
a v l>ge if1 & means s mu*1 especially  
connect$ ) wea!r & disease4 ,exp]i5ce ( 
long ye>s employ$ 9 g>d5+ & f>m+ 9      
,egypt sugge/s t if ! cultivation ( !   
potato is ent]$ ^u x is be/ to be gr[n  
on ! f>m or by l>ge m>ket g>d5]s4  ,good
 quality potatoes1 su* z are m>ket$ 9   
,engl&1 are r>ely f\nd 9 ,egypt4  ,!    
crop is g5]ally gr[n f se$ import$ f    
,france & ,italy1 & a s&y soil is *os54 
,two crops1 h[ev]1 c be tak5 f ! l& p]  
annum4  ,! fir/ is plant$ 9 ,octob]1 &  
%\ld be ready = lift+ 9 ! beg9n+ (      
,febru>y1 a p]iod ( five mon?s2 !       
second1 plant$ 9 ,febru>y1 is ready =   

h>ve/+ 9 ,june--! duration ( "t = ! crop
 to be on ! l&1 "o hundr$ & t5 days4  ,x
 s\nds novel to a ,briti% gr[] to speak 
( a w9t] & a summ] crop ( potatoes1 two 
crops 9 ! ye>2 b ?is is s1 & ! w9t] may 
yield ?ree tons p] acre1 :ile ! summ]   
produces five to six2 :ile ! curr5t     
price p] ton return$ to ! gr[] is ab\t  
sev5 p\nds4  ,z ?is is ! mo/ popul> (   
vegetables1 & ! dem& always s great =   
good1 well-gr[n new potatoes1 exp]im5ts 
h be5 tri$ = rais+ ^! 9 ! neighb\rhood (
 ,cairo & s5d+ !m pack$ 9 boxes to      
arrive 9 ,engl&1 :5 !y w\ld be eag]ly   
b\ght up 9 ! m>ket z luxuries1 at !     
beg9n+ ( ,m>*4  ,"h are ! returns ( !   
exp]im5t4  ,f fifte5 to eighte5 p\nds p]
 ton 7 realis$2 c>riage1 freight1 & o!r 
exp5ses am\nt$ to ?ree p\nds p] ton1    
leav+ a m>g9 ( pr(it ov] ! price 9      
,egypt ( f five p\nds to eight p\nds    
/]l+4  ,en\gh ?is to make ! ,delta wor?y
 ! "n ( a l& ( promise1 & especially m s
 :5 x c be1 & is1 ann\nc$ t x is a      
c\ntry :]e !re is no potato disease4  ,9

 exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 !re is !     
drawback ( cold wea!r1 :i* ret>ds ! gr[?
 ( ! w9t] crop4  ,ano!r objection is t  
all ! se$ potatoes--& ^! are heavy (    
freight--h to be import$1 z /or+ ?r\gh\t
 ! summ] is impracticable4  ,x is only  
fair to say1 h[ev]1 on behalf ( our good
 old mealy fri5d1 ! famili> object ( e  
man's table1 t 9 8 guise ( a =eign]--an 
,african--he w be mu* bett] if he is let
 alone & n subject$ to ! tricks ( trade1
 :i* recoil ^u & t5d to spoil 8 "*4  ,= 
9 ! h>ve/+ ( ! crop a bad practice has  
aris5 ) ! ,egyptian m>ket g>d5]1 :o     
g5]ally c>ries on 8 op]ations 9 !       
neighb\rhood ( "s irrigation canal      
connect$ ) ! ,nile1 :]e he has1 s to    
speak1 abundance ( cons]v$ wat] always  
on tap ready to give 8 fields a heavy   
wat]+4  ,?is he be/[s ^u 8 potatoes j   
be=e turn+ !m out ( ! gr\nd1 z he f9ds t
 x greatly increases ! weight ( ! tub]s2
 b x spoils _! quality1 & makes !m :at a
 ,london] calls waxy1 & a nor? c\ntryman
 sad4  ,"o ought n to close "o's li/ (  

g>d5 or f>m productions )\t add+ ! names
 ( a few s-call$ spices1 or             
flav\r-produc+ plants1 :i* are always 9 
/eady dem& & fl\ri% well 9 ! valley ( ! 
,nile4  ,among ^! are ! capsicum1 ! gre5
 & ! r$1 :i* are mo/ easy ( culture1 &  
come to maturity rapidly ) ! same       
treatm5t z is accord$ to ! tomato4  ,!re
 is also ! less] k9d1 or *illi2 ! c>away
 fam\s = its se$s1 ! cori&]1 & dill2    
:ile z to ! famili> mu/>d1 x h>dly asks 
= cultivation at all1 b gr[s rapidly &  
rip5s well1 :ile ! se$1 :5 gr\nd into ! 
famili> condim5t1 is pung5t & aromatic 9
 ! extreme4  ,z is well-kn[n1 a f9e     
class ( tobacco is gr[n pretty l>gely 9 
! ,delta4  ,x is want+ 9 ! /r5g? ( !    
k9ds rais$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,unit$  
,/ates4  ,x is excell$1 too1 9 pot5cy by
 ! products ( ! ,ea/ ,indies2 b x is ( a
 v delicate flav\r & mu* lik$1 ?\gh n s 
popul> z t ( ,turkey 9 ,europe & ,asia4 
,b ?is is p>tially due to want ( usage  
on ! "p ( smok]s1 :o are n accu/om$ to !
 pung5cy & f9e aroma :i* app]ta9 to !   

,egyptian tobacco z comp>$ ) ! ,turki%4 
,b ! ,nor? ,african is rem>kably good   
all ! same1 & fl\ri%es spl5didly1 !re   
always be+ abundance ( sun%9e at ! pick+
 "t & excell5t opportunity = hay+ !     
crop4  ,=1 aft] all said & done1 a great
 deal ( ! aroma ( tobacco dep5ds ^u !   
f]m5t+ process x goes ?r\gh 9 be+ dri$ &
 press$1 j z a well-made crop ( grass1  
hay1 or clov]1 is dep5d5t ^u ! skill ( !
 f>m] & 8 *oice ( wea!r4    ,,*apt]     
,,fifte54  ,suppos+ an ent]pris+        
p]sonage to h tak5 up a tract ( ! des]t 
(1 say1 "o hundr$ acres 9 ,egypt1 :]e   
divisions mu/ n be look$ = 9 ! way (    
f5ce or h$ge1 b dep5d5ce plac$ ^u !     
irrigat+ dra91 x w be z well to give a  
li/ ( ! f>m implem5ts he w\ld require1 &
 _! co/--always presum+ t he is prep>$  
to be cont5t1 c]ta9ly at fir/1 ) !      
ord9>y contrivances ( ! c\ntry1 :i* are 
r\gh1 b v *eap4  ,necess>ies are giv5   
"h1 & no?+ m2 :ile ! accompany+         
illu/rations spread ?r\gh ! text af=d a 
v good idea ( ! objects t w become      

famili> ^u 8 pione] l&4  ,f\r native    
pl\ghs1 exce$+ly r\gh 9 con/ruction1 =  
tickl+ ! soil t is to laugh ) a h>ve/1  
_! co/ ab\t t5 %ill+s ea*2 a baulk wood1
 to be drawn by ox51 mules1 or donkeys1 
ov] ! yield+ surface & act ! "p ( a     
roll]1 six %ill+s2 a ridg+ box1 = prep>+
 ! l& = potatoes or sug>-cane1 two      
%ill+s2 two scrap]s1 eight %ill+s2 *a9s1
 six %ill+s2 "o lorry1 five p\nds2 two  
box c>ts at f\r p\nds ea*2 two ?re%+    
norags at eight p\nds ea*2 total1       
?irty-two p\nds t5 %ill+s4  ,( c\rse1 x 
is op5 to ! man ( ent]prise to inve/ 9 !
 diff]5t +5i\s contrivances ( ! ,briti% 
agricultural implem5t mak]1 su* z !     
admirable inv5tion ! ,pat5t ,turn-,wre/ 
,pl\gh1 inv5t$ by ,mr ,?omas ,wright1 ^:
 exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( ! ,kh$ive's 
l& result$ 9 8 br++ to p]fection an     
implem5t exactly suit$ to ,egyptian     
ne$s4  ,! li/ giv5 above names all t is 
absolutely necess>y 9 a c\ntry :]e !    
till] ( ! soil is s munific5tly aid$ by 
! almo/ incessant sun%9e & abundant     

wat]4  ,b ! f>m implem5t p> excell5ce ( 
! fellahe51 ! tool :i* is to him :at !  
%ovel is to ! ,briti% navvy1 an in/rum5t
 ) :i* ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( mov+ !    
soil c be done1 is ! fas1 ! broad-head$ 
hoe se5 c>ri$ by ! two fellahe5 lab\r]s 
9 ! engrav+ accompany+ ?is *apt]4  ,x is
 "o ( ! fir/ inv5tions ( ! cultivator1 &
 n s v f> remov$ f its pi]c$ fl9t       
repres5tative occasionally turn$ up     
among/ ! weapons & tools ( primitive    
man2 b :5 bronze1 & lat] on iron1 began 
to yield to ! inv5tor1 & ! action ( fire
 0 utilis$ by ! ,tubal ,ca9s ( _! day1 !
 broad-head$ hoe began to develop2 & we 
h x spread1 9 a v simil> =m to t /ill   
us$ 9 ,egypt1 all r\nd ! _w :]e m5      
comm5c$ to till ! soil4  ,= we see x to 
?is day v simil> 9 %ape 9 ^? two va/    
agricultural c\ntries1 ,india & ,*9a1   
:ile 9 ,egypt x is h&l$ by ! fellahe5   
lab\r] 9 a way :i* is beyond praise4  ,!
 native pl\gh1 z se5 by ! photographic  
reproduction1 is a v primitive implem5t1
 ! date ( ^: inv5tion mu/ be s\ght = by 

an exam9ation ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ic grav+s
 9 m>ble to be f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian tombs1
 :]e ! pursuits ( ! old-"t inhabitants  
are record$ 9 a /yle t is absolutely    
wondr\s4  ,x consi/s ( a pole ( wood    
measur+ ab\t t5 feet 9 l5g?1 :i* is     
/rongly bolt$ to ! sole or body ( !     
pl\gh4  ,?is soie1 :i* measures ?ree    
feet1 is %od ) a %>e resembl+ a po9t$   
%ovel4 ,! end ( ! pole is atta*$ by a   
rope to ! yoke1 :i* lies across ! necks 
( ! bullocks1 buffaloes1 or ev5         
camels--z se5 9 ! case ( ! ,norag1 drawn
 r\nd & r\nd ov] ! ?re%+-floor--:i* are 
utilis$ by ! ,egyptian cultivator       
accord+ to 8 means1 :ile ! lab\r] guides
 ! pl\gh by ! aid ( an upright h&le4    
,?is implem5t does n turn ov] ! soil1 & 
may be prop]ly class$ z a "o-t9$        
cultivator4  ,!re is a qua9tness &      
old-_w look1 z %[n 9 ! photographs1 9 ! 
mixture ( =ces1 a huge buffalo bull be+ 
mat$ ) a small native ox1 a bullock ) "s
 f9e-gr[n ass1 :ile c[s are frequ5tly   
yok$ toge!r to help & drag ! light      

pl\gh4  ,:e!r horses ( ! type ( our     
heavy1 sl[-go+ f>m bre$ w f9ally "w _!  
way to ! front rema9s to be se52 b at   
pres5t !y h h>dly begun to ou/ ! old-_w 
yokes ( /rangely assort$ bea/s f ! turn+
 up ( ! soil4  ,x is m probable1 unless 
! fuel difficulty /&s 9 ! way1 t ! l>g] 
tracts w be fur!r br\ght into           
cultivation by means ( /eam & ! deep    
subsoil pl\ghs :i* d su* an imm5sity (  
"w 9 a s+le day4  ,z w be not$ 9 !      
description1 ! mod]n native pl\gh is    
s+le /ilt$1 & x might be suppos$ 9 a    
c\ntry l ?is t su* an implem5t _h be5 9 
use ev] s9ce ! pl\gh's inv5tion2 b z 9  
_m o!r records t h be5 une>!d1 engrav5 9
 /one 9 ! wond]ful pictorial writ+s f\nd
 9 temple & tomb1 we h pro( t ?is 0 n   
always ! case2 = 9 ! days ( !           
agricultural ,k+ ,ti1 :o is suppos$ to  
date back to ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 t is "s   
five ?\s& ye>s 9 ! dim pa/1 !re is a    
repres5tation ( a pl\gh 9 use ) two     
h&les1 v mu* ! same 9 %ape z ^? br\ght  
out q lately & kn[n z ! ,am]ican *ill$1 

^! be+ guid$ 9 our own old famili> way4 
,! ,baulk wood us$ z a h>r[ or roll] is 
drawn by two bullocks1 & answ]s its     
purpose 9 smoo?+ ! v s&y soil fairly    
well4  ,! ,ridg+ ,box1 or ,baitana1 is  
us$ = rais+ l[ ridges on ! flat to reta9
 ! wat] = irrigation purposes4  ,!      
,scrap] is a box ) two h&les = levell+  
high l& & e>n+ ! s& to l[] portions4  ,!
 ,norag is a massive frame fitt$ ) ?ree 
or f\r axles1 ^u :i* are fix$ /eel discs
 tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] & ) f\r or five  
discs alt]nately on ea* axle4  ,?is is  
drawn by a pair ( bullocks ov] ! cut    
gra9 till x is ?re%$ out4  ,?is implem5t
 is1 by long pro(1 mo/ effectual 9 its  
action1 = :5 drawn ov] ! gra9 %eaves x  
acts 9 a two-fold way1 loos5+ ! e>1 or1 
9 ! cases ( "s legum9\s crops1 !        
pods--&1 ( c\rse1 va/ly help$ by !      
tread+ ( ! ox5's ho(s--s t ! gra9 falls 
?r\gh "r to ! bottom & is cov]$ by fre% 
quantities1 %eaves1 or ! l1 ( ! crop t  
is be+ ?re%$4  ,its second action is t !
 edges ( ! discs are con/antly bruis+ & 

half cutt+ ! /raw or /alks1 :i* 9 a dry 
season or f want ( effective irrigation 
are (t5 h>d & woody4  ,x mu/ be und]/ood
 t ! /raw is n us$2 z 9 ,engl&1 = litt]1
 b z ! mo/ important food = cattle1 &   
?is action ( ! ,norag1 ) its %>p discs1 
s bruises & *ops up ! /raw t x becomes  
s(t5$ 9 its h>%ness1 & f> bett] = !     
animals to :i* x is suppli$ = food4  ,9 
fact1 dur+ ! "t :5 x is mo/ suppli$ to !
 cattle1 :i* is dur+ ! summ] or lea/    
abundant season1 x is a "w ( necessity  
to make x m attractive to ! animals1 ?is
 bruis+ & cutt+ br++ =? ! flav\r ( su*  
juices z /ill rema9 9 ! plant1 mak+ x   
slightly aromatic & c]ta9ly m palatable 
z food4  ,we 9 ,engl& h n be5 ignorant (
 ! value 9 cattle fe$+ ( endeav\r+ to   
give "s ze/ to ! co>s] k9ds ( fodd] :i* 
economy necessitates 9 ! case ( !       
,briti% f>m]4  ,poor hay1 mu/y gra91    
consequ5t ^u a bad h>ve/1 & unsatisfy+  
*aff1 are eat5 by un=tunate cattle1 :i*1
 suff]+ z x 7 f ,hobson's *oice ( hav+ t
 or none1 eat ! prov5d] suppli$ )\t     

prote/2 b ,nature res5ts x = !m1 & !y %[
 x 9 _! poor condition4 ,( c\rse1 9 !   
case ( a well-br$ horse ! matt] is      
diff]5t2 he snuffs at & bl[s ^u !       
untempt+ cont5ts ( 8 mang]1 & !n turns  
away 9 disgu/ f t :i* 8 clov5-ho($      
companions pati5tly *ew4  ,b 9 _m a case
 ?is damag$ gra91 hay1 or /raw has be5  
made attractive by a spr9kle ( "o ( !   
sav\ry cattle foods t 7 inv5t$ & imitat$
 "s =ty or fifty ye>s ago1 a portion ( !
 +r$i5ts 9 "o k9d consi/+ ( ! brok5 up &
 /ickily sweet locu/ bean & ! cont5ts ( 
its pod1 ) a da% ( ! bitt] & aromatic   
f5ugreek4  ,b 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! ra9 does s
 little t[>ds injur+ ! /raw or /alk1 su*
 mu/y f>e seldom falls to ! lot ( !     
native cattle1 :ile ?is *opp$ or bruis$ 
/raw1 ! tibn already m5tion$1 is        
con/antly prep>$ at ! "t ( ?re%+ by !   
action ( ! +5i\sly con/ruct$ ,norag4    
,no "o c see ! spot laid d[n = !        
reception ( ! h>ve/ produce 9 ,egypt--s 
mu* h>d-beat5 e>? ^u :i* ! peas1 beans1 
or gra9 ( v>i\s sorts are ?r[n1 ready = 

! ox5 to drag ov] x ?is peculi> revolv+ 
:eel$ or disk$ implem5t--)\t be+ rem9d$ 
( ! place :]e ! plague 0 /ay$--!        
?re%+-floor ( ,araunah ! ,jebusite2 nor 
c he help comp>+ ! native pl\gh1 t      
simple sc>ifi]1 ) antique agricultural  
till]s ( ! soil depict$ on ! mo/ anci5t 
sculpture or p5n$ 9 old5 manuscripts1 z 
9 use by anci5t nations z well z by our 
,saxon ance/ors4  ,! pl\ghs ( ! ,we/ _m1
 _m c5turies back are almo/ precisely ! 
same z ^? we see 9 ! ,egypt ( to-day1   
save 9 ! cases :]e he :o drives ! pl\gh 
has to deal ) a h>d & heavy e>? cru/ f> 
diff]5t to ! light & s&y soil ( ,egypt1 
^: lab\r] guides a pl\gh ) "o h&2 = 9 "o
 antique repres5tation ( pl\gh+ ! lab\r]
 /e]s ! agricultural implem5t ) 8 left &
 wields 9 8 "r a heavy axe1 ^: purpose  
is to break ! clods prior to ! pass+ ( !
 implem5t he /e]s4  ,+5i\sly con/ruct$1 
b t is all t c be said ( ! native ?re%+ 
ma*9e1 = among/ ! poor] class           
cultivators its manufacture is almo/    
inconceivably r\gh1 & clumsy 9 !        

extreme4 ,no v]bal description c\ld     
compete ) t af=d$ by ! photo-engrav+ t  
accompanies ^! pages1 depict+1 z x does1
 ! r\gh1 effective implem5t1 its        
att5dants ) _! qua9t =ks & rakes1 &1    
above all1 ! driv]1 :o adds 8 weight to 
! f>m+ implem5t & %\ld]s 8 v m]ciful    
spe$-induc+ w& = ! b5efit ( 8 mix$ yoke4
  ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an awkw>d team1 b n 
infrequ5t2 & ! ,egyptian f>m] :o fir/   
attempt$ ?is application ( =ce mu/ h be5
 z ecc5tric z he 0 +5i\s :5 he c\pl$ on 
ei!r side ( su* a r\gh pole a pati5t    
camel & a native bull4  ,b someh[1 & by 
a c>eful division ( lab\r & adju/m5t ( !
 yoke1 ! two pati5t bea/s may be se5    
plodd+ on r\nd & r\nd ! smoo?1 level1   
mod]n repres5tative ( ! old ,biblical   
?re%+-floor4  ,! m regul> yoke atta*$ to
 ! ,norag1 :i* f its cutt+ & bruis+     
qualities has be5 translat$ by ! ,fr5*  
,ha*e paille1 or *op-/raw--?is be>s     
a/\nd+ simil>ity to ! :op-/raw %>$ by ! 
old-fa%ion$ ,briti% bucolic ) 8         
flail--is se5 9 ! o!r photograph ( !    

pair ( native c[s1 ?\gh v frequ5tly x is
 drawn by a yoke ( ox51 by ! big1 clumsy
 buffaloes1 or ev5 by a yoke consi/+ (  
"o ( ea*1 ! ox5 tak+ ! palm = _!        
/urd9ess & /ay+ p[]4  ,?is mode ( ?re%+ 
& bruis+ & *opp+ ! /raw is c>ri$ out 9 a
 simil> mode 9 p>ts ( ,india4  ,"h ?\gh 
^! old ways are giv+ place to ! use (   
mod]n ma*9]y1 :i* is readily adopt$ by !
 ,egyptian1 :o naturally does n f9d 9 ! 
?re%+ ma*9e ! old fail+ compla9$ ( by ! 
,briti% f>m]1 to wit1 t x bruis$ & broke
 up ! /raw1 r5d]+ x unfit to use z ?at*+
 or to make into ! neat1 pale gold5     
trusses once s famili> 9 ! m>ket4  ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 an unpleasant feature 9 !    
native ?re%+ 9 connection ) ! samples ( 
corn4  ,z may be suppos$1 :5 ! ?re%+ is 
at an end & ! tibn /ack$1 or r pil$ 9 a 
heap1 leav+ ! gra9 to be %ovell$ up1 no 
am\nt ( w9n[+ & sift+ c remove f x a    
c]ta9 am\nt ( sully+ br\ght ab\t by !   
con/ant trampl+ ( ! ox54  ,?is has1 9 ! 
pa/1 act$ inimically to ! success ( !   
f9e1 h>d1 dry1 %ot-l gra9 ( ,egypt 9    

=eign m>kets2 b 9 ^! days ( advance n   
only has ! bullock-work$ ,european ?re%+
 ma*9e made its way into ! ,egyptian    
fields1 b x is no uncommon ?+ = !       
pleasant hum ( ! /eam ?re%] to be he>d  
:]e ! +5i\s ma*9]y ( ,engl& is c>ry+ on 
its untir+ lab\r ( ?re%+ out1 w9n[+1 &  
fill+ its sacks ( gra91 z mu* at home z 
if x 7 ^u "s ,york%ire or ,l9coln%ire   
f>m4  ,x w n be out ( place1 aft] deal+ 
) ! ,egyptian tibn1 to /ate "h t        
exp]i5c$ cultivators h f\nd ! advantage 
( c>efully fe$+ _! work+ bullocks s z to
 obta9 = !m ! good1 s\nd /am9a :i* w be 
naturally foll[$ by ! be/ am\nt ( "w4   
,?is !y f9d by spr9kl+ among/ ! *opp$   
/raw or tibn suppli$ ab\t "o-?ird 9     
weight ( beans1 n cru%$ or gr\nd1 b ei!r
 :ole or split2 = x has be5 notic$ t !  
draught animals fl\ri% bett] ^u ?is food
 ?an ^u bean meal2 :ile ! process (     
splitt+1 ,mr ,wallace /ates1 saves !    
bean f ! attack ( "o ( ! ,egyptian      
f>m]'s m9or plagues--! weevil2 =1 z if  
gov]n$ by "s wondr\s in/9ct 9 _!        

prep>ations = ! cont9uation ( _!        
species1 & a desire to ensure = !m good 
:olesome food ^u :i* to fe$1 ^!         
creatures d n lay _! eggs 9 damag$ gra94
  ,( late ye>s _m ( ! ,european         
implem5ts h be5 introduc$-- ,ransomes'  
?re%]s & /raw--bruis]s1 "o-way or       
balance pl\ghs1 h>r[s1 clod-cru%]s1     
horse-hoes1 ,norwegian h>r[s1 spr+-too? 
cultivators1 /eam pl\ghs & cultivators1 
m[]s1 reap]s1 & b9d]s1 maize-%ell]s1 se$
 grad]s1 broadca/-s[+ ma*9es1 & se$     
drills4  ,european pl\ghs1 z !y inv]t ! 
e>?1 are naturally ! mo/ b5eficial to ! 
gr[? ( ! crop1 z by br++ ! "u-soil to ! 
surface to receive b5efit f ! sun & air1
 !y greatly improve ! root range ( !    
plants4  ,/eam pl\gh+ is gradually ga9+ 
9 fav\r1 ow+ to ! sc>city ( "w-bullocks4
  ,a few ( ! l>ge proprietors h rec5tly 
pur*as$ plants or entire ge>4  ,! scy! =
 cutt+ clov] has be5 f\nd1 too1 a great 
improvem5t ^u ! antique native fa%ion ( 
pull+ by h&1 ! sav+ ( exp5se be+ sev5ty 
p] c5t4  ,b a great drawback to !       

adoption ( ,european implem5ts is !     
av]sion ( ! ,egyptian f>m lab\r] to any 
innovation1 8 want ( intellig5ce 9 h&l+ 
:at to him appe>s complicat$ ma*9]y1 & 8
 unwill+ness to le>n4  ,"h1 ?\gh1 9     
common ju/ice x mu/ be said t he does n 
/& alone1 = ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,briti% f>m]
 9 mo/ ( our c\nties1 & 8 battles ) !   
pig-head$ cons]vatism ( 8 m51 w\ld =m an
 amus+ *ronicle4  ,! clumsy implem5t ( 8
 =efa!rs1 inv5t$1 hi/orians say1 "s five
 ?\s& ye>s ago1 is 9 ! native's eyes    
p]fectly "r1 & c\ld n be bett]2 & he    
pref]s to g on bli/]+ or h>d5+ 8 h&s 9  
:at he looks ^u z ! good old ways1 until
 he is =c$ to h&le mod]n ma*9es1 & !n by
 v1 v sl[ degrees he beg9s to see1 b n  
be=e he has brok5 _m1 or put !m out (   
ge>4  ,b un=tunately ! f>m lab\r] is n !
 sole (f5d]1 z ! hi/ory ( ! introduction
 ( me*anism ( any k9d w tell4    ,,*apt]
 ,,sixte54  ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t    
,egypt & its soil2 b 9 giv+ "h an acc\nt
 ( its possibilities & prospects =      
cultivation 9 ! ways ( mod]n f>m+1 "s   

repetition is necess>y4  ,x is fair to  
say t ! soil ( ,egypt is "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 
! _w4  ,x is alluvial1 rang+ f ! heavy  
argillace\s to light loam4  ,x v>ies1   
too1 9 its f]tility1 & 9 l[-ly+ l&s is  
frequ5tly impregnat$ ) salt4  ,?is is   
g5]ally ow+ to want ( dra9age4  ,:5     
prop]ly treat$ & flood$ ) wat] x soon   
becomes :at is te*nically kn[n z sweet1 
& available = ! gr[? ( crops4  ,v ri*   
soils are to be f\nd 9 ! prov9ces (     
,m5\fieh & ,*>kieh1 :ile ^? ( ,beh]ah   
are flat & g5]ally l[-ly+2 b ! dep? may 
range up to =ty feet6  ,! prep>ation ( !
 l& = ! v>i\s crops is n :at may be t]m$
 difficult1 al?\gh 9 ! heavy black l&s  
p[]ful draught ox5 are requir$ = !      
pl\ghs & o!r implem5ts4  ,b ) irrigation
 at comm&1 & abundance ( moi/ure becom+ 
m & m common 9 connection ) ! mod]n dams
 & canals1 if ! l& be h>d & bak$ x c be 
flood$ ) wat] z requir$1 :5 x quickly   
becomes 9 a friable condition1 & h5ce   
comp>atively easy to break up4  ,9 !    
,delta su* conditions are nev] exp]i5c$ 

z frequ5tly are enc\nt]$ ^u ! heavy     
clays 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! l& becomes s h>d t
 x _c be till$4  ,possess+ ! qualities (
 ri*ness1 va/ dep? ( soil1 & a glori\s  
climate1 x is n surpris+ t ) ! /eady    
developm5ts ( ! ,kh$ive's c\ntry & !    
safety & security enjoy$ "u 8 enlight5$ 
rule1 accompani$ by ! example he is     
sett+ 9 8 exp]im5ts = ! advancem5t (    
,egyptian agriculture1 ! price ( l& has 
ris5 enorm\sly4  ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s "o  
hundr$ p\nds p] acre is q a common      
figure2 b t :i* is unreclaim$ c /ill be 
pur*as$ = f fifte5 to ?irty p\nds4      
,?is1 ( c\rse1 necessitates an          
additional outlay1 :i* is1 aft] all1 q a
 mod]ate sum1 ^u improvem5ts1 :5 x w    
yield a good return ( pr(it4  ,!        
,egyptian agriculturi/ divides 8 ye>    
into ?ree portions3  ,summ]1 f ,april   
#a/ to ,augu/ #a/4  ,nileh1 f ,augu/ #a/
 to ,decemb] #a/4  ,w9t]1 f ,decemb] #a/
 to ,april #a/4  ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 
! ,egyptian w9t] w\ld be bett] nam$     
balmy spr+4  ,z ?is little "w is writt5 

prim>ily = ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 !     
progress ( a fav\r$ c\ntry1 & :o may    
possibly be look+ t[>ds ! ,ea/ ) ! eyes 
( inve/m5t1 or = a future home :]e !y   
may lead a ,virgilian or bucolic life1 x
 is propos$ to give "h a simple1        
bus9ess-l acc\nt ( ! v>i\s processes &  
prep>ations made = ! gr[? & h>ve/+ ( !  
diff]5t crops s[n 9 ! above seasons3--  
,w9t] ,crops3 ,clov]1 b>ley1 beans1 &   
:eat4  ,summ] ,crops3 ,cotton &         
sug>-cane1 & also maize4  ,nileh ,crop3 
,maize alone4  ,rotation4--,a ?ree ye>s'
 rotation is ! "o g5]ally practis$1     
al?\gh !re is a t5d5cy to limit x to two
 ye>s4  ,x w\ld be z well to consid] !  
crops z !y succe$ ea* o!r1 beg9n+ ) !   
cotton4  ,a great deal ( int]e/ atta*es 
to ! gr[? ( cotton 9 ,egypt4  ,x 0      
l>gely cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1
 & its products utilis$1 b aft] a "t--x 
is impossible to say h[ long1 possibly  
dur+ ! great *anges t took place dur+   
incursions1 conque/s1 or *ange (        
rul]s--its gr[? di$ out to su* an ext5t 

t a few g5]ations back1 z an article (  
utility1 its cultivation _h pretty well 
ceas$1 & cotton 0 sc>cely kn[n1 save z a
 decorative %rub 9 ! g>d5s ( ,cairo4  ,b
 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,kh$ive's ance/or1    
,mehemet ,ali1 a man ( great =esight1   
full ( det]m9ation = ! advance ( 8 p1 he
 completely grasp$ ! idea t ,egypt 0 "o 
( ! mo/ suitable ( c\ntries = !         
cultivation ( ! cotton tree1 & t x ought
 to be produc$ 9 8 dom9ions in/ead (    
dep5d5ce be+ plac$ ^u importation f o!r 
l&s4  ,9 pursuance ( ?is idea1 he began 
to make exp]im5ts1 te/+ x1 s to speak1  
by =m+ plantations4  ,^! turn$ out s    
well t he proce$$ to take fur!r /eps1 & 
) great ent]prise comm5c$ ! cultivation 
^u a l>ge scale4  ,_m ?\s&s ( !         
,egyptian acres 7 plant$ 9 ! l[]        
prov9ces1 & to a f> great] ext5t plant+ 
0 c>ri$ on 9 ! ri* l&s ( ,upp] ,egypt   
bord]+ on ! ,nile4  ,! little trees     
respond$ freely to ! ,egyptian          
cultivation2 ! ri*1 irrigat$ soil1 ye>ly
 repl5i%$ by ! s$im5t left by ! floods1 

prov$ t ! anci5ts 7 "r1 & :]ev] ! l& 0  
deep ! results 7 mo/ fav\rable2 :ile :]e
 a bad selection _h be5 made1 & ! soil 0
 %all[ & inf]ior1 ! return ( ! pods1 or 
te*nically bolls1 0 poor4  ,! me?od (   
its cultivation w be giv5 9 ext5so f>!r 
on1 b x w be z well to note "h1 9 reg>d 
to ! ent]prise :i* turn$ ,egypt into its
 pres5t /ate z "o ( ! great cotton-gr[+ 
c\ntries ( ! _w1 t ! se$ 0 orig9ally    
import$ f ,brazil1 ?\gh x is und\bt$ly a
 native ( ,nor!rn ,africa2 & at ! pres5t
 "t ! returns are v great4  ,!          
prep>ation ( ! l& = ! gr[? ( cotton     
comm5ces 9 ,janu>y4  ,! se$ is s[n f !  
middle ( ,febru>y till ! middle ( ,m>*1 
& ! cropp+ h>ve/$1 or pick$1 ab\t ! end 
( ,novemb]2 :ile previ\s to ! la/ pick+ 
( ! s(t woolly pods1 clov] se$ is s[n   
among/ ! /&+ cotton trees4  ,?is1 s to  
speak1 /ol5 crop provides a supply =    
horses1 cattle1 & %eep till ! end (     
,june2 = x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,egypt  
is n a l& ( fields & mead[s enclos$ by  
h$g][s2 h5ce graz+ = cattle is ! result 

( =esight1 & has to be provid$ z        
requir$4  ,on ! l& n s[n ) clov]1 & at !
 end ( ! cotton h>ve/1 aft] ! little    
trees h be5 uproot$1 a crop ( beans is  
s[n1 :i* becomes ready = h>ve/+ 9       
,april2 & n[ !re is a p]iod 9 :i* !     
agriculturi/ may take 8 *oice ( s[+ :at 
may be t]m$ cat* crops1 or fall[+ 8 l& =
 five mon?s4  ,9 ?is he is guid$ by     
position & ! facility (f]$ = ! disposal 
( su* easy crops z wat] melons or maize1
 :i* c be tak5 aft] beans4  ,x is at !  
end ( ,octob] t he beg9s to ?9k ( 8 ma9 
crops1 :5 :eat & b>ley are s[n1 to be   
h>ve/$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,may to ! end (     
,june4  ,!n foll[s ! ma9 crop ( maize1  
:i* occupies ! l& f ,july #ae? to       
,novemb] #ae?4  ,previ\s to ! h>ve/+ (  
?is ma9 crop ( maize1 clov] is aga9 s[n1
 & f ?is "o or two pa/ur+s are obta9$   
be=e ! l& is brok5 up once m = ! succe$+
 important crop ( cotton1 ?is complet+ !
 rotation4  ,! sug>-cane has n be5 giv5 
a place 9 ?is rotation1 z x is          
pr9cipally gr[n 9 ,upp] ,egypt = !      

manufacture ( sug>1 :ile we are deal+ ) 
! ri* l&s ( ! ,delta & ! f>m+ !re4  ,b  
we may "h rem>k t ! ,egyptians are z    
fond ( ! gre5 sug>-cane z an article (  
diet z ! blacks ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :o may
 be se5 mun*+ its lusci\s sac*>9e at all
 times & seasons4  ,!re is some?+ m 9   
?is among ! ,egyptians ?an !            
gratification ( a sweet palate1 = x is  
eat5 l>gely f ! great fai? ( ri* & poor 
alike 9 its tonic qualities4  ,gasab1 or
 z !y pron\nce x 9 ,cairo 'asab1 is     
consid]$ to be "o ( ! greate/ re/or]s = 
^? :o f weak heal? or excess are :at we 
call 9 mod]n phraseology run d[n--p]haps
 z pleasant1 pl5tiful1 & economical a   
m$icam5t z c\ld be us$4  ,x is a common 
sight = ! ,european to see ! poor1      
pati5t1 ov]lad51 & und]f$ donkeys com+  
into ,cairo e morn+ heavily lad5 ) !    
juicy c>ies t h be5 gr[n 9 ! neighb\r+  
fields4  ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ! above       
rotation t a crop ( clov] prec$es &     
succe$s ! cotton4  ,we n[ proce$ to a   
te*nical /atem5t ( ! treatm5t ( an      

,egyptian f>m2 n m]ely a description (  
f>m+ 9 ,egypt1 b ( ! managem5t ( a f>m  
bas$ ^u ! c>eful obs]vations ( "o :o has
 pass$ _m ye>s 9 ! ,delta & has made !  
cultivation & cropp+ ( its peculi> soil 
a ?or\gh life /udy4  ,9 fact1 ! tracts (
 l& "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce (f] !mselves z     
specim5s wor?y ( copy+ by all :o seek to
 make ! l& ( ,egypt pr(itable & well    
pay+ 9 return = ! capital1 l>ge or      
small1 t may be inve/$ !re4  ,?is be+   
said1 we at once plunge aga9 9 m$ias    
res1 &1 at ! risk ( be+ too =mal &      
te*nical1 recapitulate ! crops 9 _!     
ord]4  ,cotton4  ,foll[$ by ,clov]1 or  
,beans1 or bo?4  ,foll[$ by ,fall[1 or  
cat* crops ( ,maize or ,wat] ,melons4   
,:eat & ,b>ley4  ,foll[$ by ?ree mon?s' 
fall[1 or ,maize1 ma9 crop1 & cat* crop 
( ,sesame4  ,clov]--,fa*l on l& aft]    
,maize & ,clov] ,misc[y aft] ,fall[4    
,!n ,cotton4    ,,*apt] ,,sev5te54  ,we 
w take an e/ate ( ?ree hundr$ acres1 &  
on inspection1 say 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 !   
crops occupy+ ! l& "u ! foll[+ rotation 

w be z "u3--  ,?ree ,ye>s' ,rotation4   
,m>*4    #ajj ,acres ,cotton   #ej acres
 ,clov]   #ej acres ,beans   #hj acres  
,:eat   #bj acres ,b>ley  ,two ,ye>s'   
,rotation4  ,m>*4    #aej ,acres ,cotton
   #cj acres ,clov]   #dj acres ,beans  
#fj acres ,:eat   #bj acres ,b>ley  ,)9 
! la/ few ye>s !re has be5 a t5d5cy to  
increase ! cotton crop & adopt ! two    
ye>s' rotation2 b x is n a good         
practice1 z x t5ds to exhau/ion ( !     
soil1 especially :]e !re is a want (    
f>my>d manure4  ,! c]eal crops also     
suff] f ! consequ5t lat5ess ( s[+4  ,two
 crops (f ! same l& p] annum3 ,:eat1 s[n
 ,novemb] #ae?1 h>ve/$ ,may #cj?2 maize1
 s[n ,july #ae? & h>ve/$ ,novemb] #ae?4 
,or clov]1 s[n ,novemb] #a/1 fir/ crop  
,janu>y #a/1 #c p\nds2 second crop ,m>* 
#ae?1 #c p\nds4  ,s[ cotton 9 end (     
,m>*4  ,gr\nd cle>1 ,novemb]4  ,probable
 gross return p] acre1 #bd p\nds4  ,we  
might multiply in/ances :]e two sep>ate 
crops c be gr[n on ! same l& 9 twelve   
mon?s1 su* z maize foll[$ by potatoes1  

etc42 b x may be safely /at$ t a v small
 area ( a well-appo9t$ f>m is all[$ to  
lie fall[1 ! l& be+ cont9ually "u "s    
crop or ano!r4  ,a few rem>ks on !      
be=e-m5tion$ crops z to cultivation3--  
,cotton is ! pr9cipal crop 9 ! rotation1
 & gives f> ! be/ monet>y return1 :ile  
at ! pres5t "t reports f ! ,egyptian    
,s\dan are beg9n+ to speak v highly ( ! 
alluvial tracts betwe5 ! ,:ite & ,blue  
,niles z be+ m fav\rable to ! gr[? (    
cotton ?an ! l[] portions ( ! ,nile     
,valley1 :ile af=d+ t5 times ! area = ! 
plant+ ( ?is important /aple t c be _h 9
 ! l[] portions ( ! ,delta4  ,9 fact1   
matt]s seem to prove t ,upp] ,egypt is  
go+ to develop into ! f9e/ cotton-gr[+  
c\ntry 9 ! _w4  ,! prep>ation comm5ces 9
 ,janu>y1 & g5]ally ?ree pl\gh+s are    
requir$ to br+ ! l& into a prop] til?4  
,! m ?or\gh ! cultivation ! bett] = !   
crop4  ,! l& is !n ?r[n into ridges     
measur+ f cre/ to cre/ ?ree feet4  ,!n a
 pair ( ridges is drawn across !        
longitud9al ridges1 ! di/ance betwe5 ea*

 pair ( ridges 7:i* =m a wat]way7 be+   
tw5ty-two y>ds4  ,betwe5 ^! pairs--i4e4 
elev5 y>ds di/ance f ea*--a s+le ridge  
is made4 ,?is acts z a p>tition to /op !
 wat]4  ,six ridges are irrigat$ by     
all[+ ! wat] to fl[ f ^! cross-wat]ways1
 & ! reason = conf9+ ! l5g? ( ! ridges  
to elev5 y>ds is to ensure ! ev5ness ( !
 irrigation z to height ( wat] level1 z 
! gr\nd may h slight fall1 & if ! :ole  
l5g? ( ! ridges 7 to be wat]$ at once ! 
wat] w\ld rise too high at ! l[] p>ts   
be=e ! high] levels 7 prop]ly soak$4  ,!
 s[+ comm5ces ,febru>y #ae?4  ,boys &   
girls drop ! se$ 9 clu/]s (1 say1 twelve
 se$s 9 set-holes made by a po9t$ /ick  
on "o side ( ! ridge1 two-?irds f !     
bottom ( ! furr[1 & at a di/ance (      
sixte5 in*es betwe5 ea* set-hole4  ,aft]
 plant+1 ! ridges are wat]$1 c>e be+    
tak5 n to all[ ! wat] to rise to ! level
 ( ! se$4  ,suffici5t moi/ure =         
g]m9ation is d]iv$ f capill>ity4  ,!    
se$s %oot & ! plants appe> above gr\nd 9
 f t5 to twelve days4  ,tw5ty-five days 

elapse1 & !n a light h&-hoe+ is giv51   
:ile aft] fifte5 days m ! plants are    
?9n$1 two or ?ree be+ all[$ to rema9 9  
ea* set-hole4  ,imm$iately aft] ?9n+ !  
"y plants receive _! fir/ wat]+4  ,aft]1
 say1 twelve days a second h&-hoe+ is   
giv51 & aga9 aft] twelve days a ?ird4   
,!n comes ! second wat]+1 by means (    
tr5* & canal4  ,aft] an int]val ( t5    
days ano!r h&-hoe+ is giv51 & ?is f9i%es
 ! task1 z ! cotton trees h atta9$ a    
height :i* precludes ! possibility ( us+
 ! implem5t4  ,at int]vals ( f t5 to    
fifte5 days six wat]+s are giv54  ,?is  
br+s ! gr[] to ! "t--ab\t ,septemb]     
#aj?--:5 ! crop is ready = ! fir/ pick+4
  ,wom51 boys1 & girls pluck ! cotton f 
! trees4  ,eight to twelve ( ! work]s   
may pick an acre p] day1 & !y receive z 
paym5t "o %ill+ p] #ajj p\nds4  ,at !   
conclusion ( ! pick+ ! field is irrigat$
 aga91 & aft] tw5ty-five days ! second  
crop is dealt )4  ,ano!r irrigation     
foll[s1 "t is giv5 = developm5t1 & !n   
comes ! ?ird & la/ pick+4  ,! cotton    

trees are next cut close to ! gr\nd or  
pull$ up by ! roots1 & are utilis$ z    
fuel4  ,an av]age crop on good l& may   
produce #a1hij p\nds ( raw cotton1 :i*  
on be+ g9n$ w yield #fjj p\nds ( fibre4 
,! raw cotton--i4e4 9 se$--is sold p]   
#cge p\nds at1 say1 #c p\nds4  ,?is w g9
 out1 say1 #aje p\nds fibre & #bje p\nds
 se$2 s t ! total wor? ( ! crop may be  
e/imat$ at #ah p\nds1 exclusive ( !     
value ( ! wood1 :i* may be plac$ at #d  
%ill+s p] acre4  ,^! figures are (t5    
exce$$ :]e ! cultivation is well att5d$ 
to4  ,co/ ( rais+ "o acre ( cotton 9    
,egypt4   ,y                            
,yp\nds s4 d4 ,y                        
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,three ,pl\gh+s               ,y 
#j #ab #j,y                             
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,one ,ridg+                    ,y
        #j #d #j,y                      
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,dressing ,ridges                
,y        #j #b #j,y                    

----------------------------------------
---- ,y,planting                        
,y       #j #j #aj,y                    
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,seed                            
,y        #j #e #j,y                    
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,wages = ,n9e ,irrigations     ,y
        #j #e #f,y                      
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,six ,irrigations by ,pump       
,y       #j #ae #j,y                    
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,three ,irrigations by ,free ,fl[
 ,y        #j #j #j,y                   
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,three ,cultivations by ,hoe     
,y        #j #g #j,y                    
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,three ,pick+s                 ,y
        #a #j #j,y                      
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,pulling ,trees                  
,y        #j #c #j,y                    
----------------------------------------

---- ,y                                 
,y#c p\nds #ad #d,y                     
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,farmyard ,manure &              
,application,y       #j #aj #j,y        
----------------------------------------
---- ,y,total                           
,y        #d #d #d,y   ,! v>ieties (    
cotton gr[n 9 ,l[] ,egypt are           
,mit-,afifi1 ,abbassi1 ,yannovit*2 9    
,upp] ,egypt1 ,a%m\ni4  ,g5]ally speak+1
 ! quality ( ,egyptian cotton is ( a    
high grade4 ,its fibre is long1 f9e1 &  
at ! same "t /rong4  ,un=tunately ?is   
c\ntry has pe/s1 n l ! old ,biblical    
plagues1 b :i* give mu* tr\ble & d a    
c]ta9 am\nt ( damage to ! cotton crop4  
,among ^! are ! cotton cat]pill> & !    
boll-worm1 ! =m] be+ propagat$ f eggs   
deposit$ by a mo?1 :i* d great damage if
 all[$ to hat*1 by ! l>va fe$+ ^u !     
plant4 ,if ! leaves ^u :i* ! eggs are   
deposit$ are pull$ & burn$1 ?is         
mitigates ! de/ruction s f> z x is      
successfully c>ri$ out4 ,! boll-worm    

bores into & fe$s ^u ! he>t ( ! "y      
bolls1 & !reby totally de/roys !m = !   
production ( fibre4  ,up to ! pres5t no 
rem$y has be5 f\nd to prev5t ! ravages (
 ^! pe/s4  ,! damage may am\nt to #bj p]
 c5t4  ,fogs & dews 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]  
also cause injury to ! bolls4  99,beans 
aft] ,cotton994--,?is crop may be s[n at
 any "t dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 ! e>li] 
! bett]4  ,! beans may be ei!r s[n      
broadca/ or dropp$ into ! furr[1 beh9d !
 native pl\gh4  ,! quantity ( se$       
requir$ is two & a half bu%els4  ,! l&  
mu/ be v moi/1 or an irregul> g]m9ation 
( ! se$ w be ! result4 ,! crop receives 
! fir/ wat]+ ?irty days aft] s[+1 or    
imm$iately be=e fl[]+1 & aga9 :5 ! beans
 h =m$ 9 ! pod4  ,h>ve/ w comm5ce ab\t !
 middle ( ,april4  ,m51 wom51 & boys    
pull ! crop by h&1 break+ ! /alks close 
to ! gr\nd1 sometimes uproot+ !m1 b a   
small s]rat$ hook is also us$ to cut !  
/alks4  ,six h&s w reap "o acre p] day1 
& ! paym5t is 9 k9d1 at ! rate ( "o %eaf
 p] ?irty4  ,! crop is !n c>t$ to !     

?re%+-floor1 spread out to dry1 & ?re%$ 
by ! ,norag2 or1 z mod]n implem5ts are  
creep+ into use1 by a /eam ?re%+ ma*9e  
made by "o ( ! fam\s ,engli% firms4     
,?is crop does n receive any manure1 b  
requires a ri*1 heavy soil1 :5 "u       
fav\rable conditions a yield may be     
expect$ ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five    
bu%els p] acre--price p] five bu%els1 #a
 p\nd4  ,occasionally ?is crop is damag$
 by hot bla/s--,khams9 w9ds--:i* %rivel 
! bean1 especially if !y occur :5 x is  
s(t4  ,we h also ! pe/ ( broomrape2 & if
 badly infe/$ by ?is we$1 great         
de/ruction foll[s to ! crop4  ,beans are
 ! ma9 fe$ ( work+ bullocks1 mil* c[s1 &
 donkeys4  ,cat* crops1 on l& aft]      
beans4  99,maize 7summ]7994--,s[n end ( 
,april1 ready to be pull$ aft] sixty    
days4  ,?is crop is consum$ by !        
natives1 :o roa/ ! cobs4  ,co/ ( rais+  
"o acre1 #b p\nds #aj %ill+s1 exclusive 
( r5t4  ,gross value ( crop may be      
approximately #aj p\nds4  99,wat]       
,melons994--,s[n at ! same date1 ripe   

aft] eighty days4  ,co/ ( rais+1 #c     
p\nds #aj %ill+s4  ,probable value ( !  
produce ( an acre1 #ab p\nds4  ,aft] ^! 
crops h be5 h>ve/$ ! l& is fall[$ = ?ree
 mon?s4  ,dur+ ! fall[ x receives two or
 ?ree pl\gh+s1 & is flood$ ) wat] to    
prep>e x = s[+ ! c]eal crops4           
99,egyptian ,clov] 7,trifolium          
,alex&r9um7994--,aft] ,cotton4--,?is    
crop may be t]m$ ! pres]v] ( ,egyptian  
agriculture1 s9ce1 z previ\sly allud$   
to1 x provides pa/urage = horses1       
cattle1 %eep1 camels1 mules1 & donkeys1 
= a p]iod ( sev5 mon?s1 & also tak+ into
 acc\nt its b5eficial effects on ! soil1
 re/or+ f]tility by root residue conta9+
 nitrog54  ,s[n 9 ! end ( ,octob] among/
 ! /&+ cotton trees1 ! se$ falls ^u !   
newly irrigat$ soil & takes root1 no    
cov]+ be+ requir$4  ,sixty p\nds ( se$  
is suffici5t = an acre4  ,! fir/ crop   
%\ld be ready = pa/ur+ at ! beg9n+ (    
,janu>y2 second crop1 sev5ty-five days2 
?ird crop1 =ty days2 f\r? crop1         
?irty-five days' int]val4  ,?is v>iety  

is nam$ ,misc[y1 & /&s copi\s wat]+4  ,!
 fir/ & second crops conta9 ab\t eighty 
p] c5t1 ( moi/ure4  ,! ?ird crop may be 
made into hay1 & ! f\r? crop--"p        
only--may be ?re%$ to furni% se$4  ,!   
gross weight ( ! f\r crops1 cut gre51   
may be e/imat$ at ?irty tons1 or five   
tons ( hay4  ,! "w-bullocks1 c[s1       
buffaloes1 horses1 etc41 are te!r$ by a 
rope atta*$ to _! =e-legs & fix$ to a   
peg driv5 into ! gr\nd1 ! cattlem5 mov+ 
! animals =w>d z requir$4  ,! cattle lie
 out at night :ile pa/ur+ on ! clov]4   
,if ! crop ( clov] is ne> a l>ge t[n :]e
 dairym5 require gre5 pa/ure1 ! price p]
 f$dan1 to be consum$ on ! l&1 may be   
put at #d p\nds1 #c p\nds1 #c p\nds #aj 
%ill+s1 #c p\nds #aj %ill+s = ! f\r     
crops1 or a total ( #ad p\nds4  ,gr[]s  
are sometimes tr\bl$ by attacks (       
cut-worms1 :i* ravage ! "y %oots (      
clov]2 b flood+ ) wat] (t5 de/roys !    
pe/4  ,!re is also ! p>asitic we$ ,dodd]
 7,cuscuta ,trifolii71 :i* occasionally 
does damage to ! crop4  ,! co/ ( five   

bu%els ( clov] se$ v>ies f "o p\nd #aj  
%ill+s to #c p\nds #aj %ill+s1 accord+  
to supply & dem&4  ,! v>iety ,fa*l clov]
 occupies a sep>ate place 9 ! rotation1 
& w be treat$ lat]4                     
99,:eat994--,v>ieties3 ,common :eat1    
,boc*i1 & ,indian4  ,! ,boc*i1 a :ite   
:eat1 is ext5sively gr[n4  ,! ?ird1 a   
r$di% :eat1 has rec5tly be5 introduc$ f 
,india1 & gives good crops4  ,egyptian  
:eats are h>d1 b are defici5t 9         
album9oids4  ,un=tunately1 c>e is n tak5
 9 select+ ! se$1 & _m samples are badly
 mix$ ) r$ & :ite v>ieties4  ,! crop is 
s[n on fall[ l& aft] clov] & beans4  ,! 
l&1 previ\s to s[+ ! se$1 has receiv$ a 
wat]+4  ,fifte5 to tw5ty days aft]1 !   
se$--two & a half bu%els--is s[n        
broadca/1 & is pl\gh$ 9 by ! native     
pl\gh4 ,! s[+ is v (t5 imp]fectly p]=m$1
 ! di/ribution ( ! se$ be+ v irregul>4  
,! next process is roll+ by draw+ a     
baulk ( wood 7see illu/ration71 ?ree    
y>ds long1 ov] ! l&2 !n ridges are made 
sev5 y>ds ap>t to regulate ! ev5        

di/ribution ( wat]4  ,some:]e ab\t      
twelve days aft] ! s[+ ! %oots appe>    
above gr\nd1 :5 ! braird is ab\t f\r    
in*es high4  ,occasionally !re is an    
attack ( grub1 or cut-worm2 b ! damage  
is nev] s]i\s1 a wat]+ de/roy+ ! pe/1 & 
"s se$ s[n on ! blanks caus$ by ! worm  
soon make good ! damage4  ,roll+ ) a    
press roll] has be5 f\nd to mat]ially   
/op ! de/ruction4  ,eighty days aft]    
s[+1 or :5 ! crop has atta9$ a height ( 
two feet1 x receives its fir/ wat]+2 =ty
 days aft]w>ds its second & la/4  ,sixty
 days aft] ! f9al irrigation ! crop w be
 ripe = h>ve/4  ,! me?od (              
h>ve/+--reap+--is by small h& hooks1 m51
 wom51 & boys turn+ out to "w at        
midnight1 reap+ till sev5 a4m41         
subsequ5tly ga!r+ ! unb\nd %eaves into  
r[s1 & aft]w>ds glean+1 f9i%+ up ab\t   
n9e a4m4  ,! =em5 !n di/ribute to !     
reap]s "o %eaf = ?irty-five1 z paym5t 9 
k9d4  ,! reason = reap+ ! crop by night 
is t1 if p]=m$ 9 ! daytime1 :ile ! heat 
is great1 ! gra9 w\ld %$1 ! dews at     

night prev5t+ ?is loss4  ,reap+ by      
self-b9d]s has be5 tri$1 b ! %$d+ ( gra9
 0 excessive1 z !y c\ld only be work$ 9 
! daytime2 :ile ! f>m lab\r] 0 n        
qualifi$ to "w su* a complicat$ ma*9e4  
,lab\r is s *eap t x is n necess>y to   
resort to lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y4  ,! %eaves 
7unb\nd7 are transport$ f ! fields to ! 
?re%+-floor by camels1 c>ts drawn by    
ox51 or mules4  ,! %eaves are !n plac$ 9
 a circle measur+ tw5ty y>ds 9 diamet]4 
,f\r1 five1 or m pairs ( ox51 ea* pair  
atta*$ to a ,norag1 circle r\nd on ! top
 ( ! gra91 & :5 x has be5 ?re%$ out & ! 
/raw cut & bruis$ by ! revolv+ discs & !
 feet ( ! ox51 x is ?r[n into a heap 9 !
 c5tre4  ,fre% %eaves are add$ to !     
circle z !y arrive4  ,:5 all ! gra9 has 
be5 ?re%$ ! next process is ! w9n[+ by  
?r[+ ! cut /raw & gra9 into ! air       
v]tically by means ( a five-prong$ wood5
 =k4  ,! cut /raw1 ,tibn1 is c>ri$ by ! 
w9d to a di/ance1 :ile ! gra9 falls ne> 
to ! op]ator4  ,! paym5t to ! w9n[] is  
at ! rate ( f\rp5ce p] five bu%els4     

,?re%+ & f9i%+ ma*9es1 made 9 ,engl&1   
simil> to ! "o illu/rat$1 are us$ on all
 ! l>ge e/ates1 & p]=m ! "w quick] &    
*eap] ?an ! ,norag1 & ( c\rse !y are mu*
 clean]1 ! /raw n be+ trampl$ & defil$4 
,!y are complicat$1 ow+ to ! fact t !   
/raw mu/ be *opp$ & r5d]$ s(t to ! t\*1 
z ! ox5 w n eat x :5 x is n bruis$--a   
s]i\s matt]1 ?is1 9 a c\ntry :]e cattle 
are almo/ entirely f$ ^u /raw4  ,x might
 be argu$ t1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! :eat & o!r   
/alks might be cut up by ma*9]y into    
*aff2 b ! explanation is simple4  ,!    
haulm or /alk ( c]eals 9 a hot c\ntry l 
,egypt gr[s h>d] & m woody ?an t ( cold]
 climates1 & :5 simply cut up into *aff 
! product is s h>% t ! un=tunate animals
 f9d t x soon produces sor5ess ( ! m\?1 
& reject x 9 consequ5ce z be+ unfit =   
food4  ,! sample ( gra9 aft] be+ ?re%$  
by ! ,norag is (t51 h[ev]1 mix$ )       
p>ticles ( e>?1 z "s ( ! crop has be5   
pull$ up by ! roots4 ,b z mo/ ( ! :eat  
is consum$ 9 ! c\ntry ! p d n object to 
a dirty sample4  ,! total value ( "o (  

^! crops may be tak5 at n9e p\nds #aj   
%ill+s p] acre4  ,! co/ ( rais+ "o acre 
( :eat1 pl\gh+1 lab\r1 wat]+1 up till   
h>ve/+1 may be e/imat$ at "o p\nd #aj   
%ill+s1 & ! yield may be ?irty-five     
bu%els gra9 & "o & a half tons /raw4  ,!
 weight ( gra9 p] imp]ial bu%el is      
sixty-f\r p\nds1 & ! price p] five      
bu%els "o p\nd4  ,alg]ian & ,italian    
:eats h be5 tri$1 & ! results h be5     
fairly enc\rag+4 ,engli% v>ieties h also
 be5 exp]im5t$ )1 b inv>iably h result$ 
9 failure ?r\gh bad g]m9ation4          
99,b>ley994--,! native v>iety1 ,baladi1 
is ma9ly gr[n4  ,! head is f\r-r[$1 &   
ab\t two & a half in*es long4  ,x is s[n
 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4  ,se$+1 ! same z
 = :eat4  ,se$1 two bu%els p] acre4     
,fir/ wat]+1 sixty days aft] s[+2 second
 & la/ wat]+1 fifty days aft] ! fir/4   
,h>ve/ comm5ces ,april #ae?4  ,reap+ !  
same z = :eat4  ,co/ ( rais+ "o acre1 "o
 p\nd #e %ill+s4  ,yield ( a good av]age
 crop1 sixty bu%els gra9 & "o & a qu>t] 
tons /raw4  ,! weight ( gra9 p] bu%el is

 fifty-sev5 p\nds1 & ! price t5 %ill+s  
p] five bu%els4  ,total value p] acre1  
#g p\nds #aj %ill+s4  ,! b>ley is f$ to 
horses mules1 donkeys1 & camels1 :ile ! 
natives make x into bread aft] mix+ x ) 
:eat 9 equal proportions4  ,egyptian    
b>ley gr[n 9 ! ,delta is n good = malt+ 
purposes1 ! gra9 n be+ plump4  ,9 #ahic1
 by way ( exp]im5t1 a few =eign v>ieties
 7 gr[n 9 ,egypt1 pr9cipally ) a view to
 provid+ a good malt+ sample4  ,scot*   
,*evali] b>ley gave ! be/ results4  ,a  
sample f ! crop ( #ahie1 gr[n f se$     
rais$ 9 ! c\ntry1 0 aw>d$ ! fir/ prize =
 b>ley gr[n out ( ,engl& at ! ,brew]s'  
,exhibition1 ,london4  ,! yield 0 n s   
heavy z ) native b>ley1 be+ z eight is  
to twelve2 b x furni%$ m /raw4  ,! money
 value 9 ,engl& 0 ,*evali]1 #a p\nd #i  
%ill+s1 z comp>$ to #ag %ill+s = native 
b>ley2 b ! ,european b>leys are m       
difficult to gr[1 & if n reap$ be=e     
becom+ dead ripe ! heads break (f & fall
 to ! gr\nd4  ,b>ley is gr[n on !       
,libyan ,des]t 7,m>i\t71 we/ f          

,alex&ria1 & is entirely dep5d5t on !   
ra9s 9 w9t]4  ,x is s[n by ! ,b$\9s 9   
,octob]--to await ! ra9s :i* may fall 9 
,novemb] or ,decemb]--& also aft] a     
ra9fall4  ,z ! ,b$\9 is n an            
agriculturi/1 he scatt]s "o & a qu>t]   
bu%els p] acre1 & scrat*es ! gr\nd by ! 
aid ( a small pl\gh1 to :i* is yok$ a   
camel or donkey4  ,?is soil is ( a ri*  
yell[ col\r1 s&y loam1 f9e level tracts 
( x ext5d+ to a ?\s& acres or m4  ,to   
obta9 a good supply ( wat]1 wells are   
dug to a dep? ( =ty feet or s1 & !      
supply is fairly good4  ,p]5nial        
irrigation c be resort$ to by means ( ^!
 wells4  ,if ! ra9s are propiti\s1 !    
,b$\9 may reap crops ( b>ley1 )         
extremely v>i$ returns1 runn+1 z !y d1 f
 two & a half to tw5ty bu%els p] acre1 !
 price receiv$ on ! spot be+ #ae %ill+s 
p] five bu%els4  ,n9ety p] c5t1 ( !     
b>ley goes to ,engl& = malt+4  ,next    
come1 9 ! rotation1  99,maize           
7,nileh7994--,ma9 crop on l& aft] c]eal 
crops4  ,s[n end ( ,july4  ,se$1 ab\t "o

 bu%el p] acre1 dropp$ 9 ! furr[ by a   
boy imm$iately beh9d ! pl\gh4  ,fir/    
wat]+1 tw5ty-five days aft] s[+2 second 
fifte5 days aft]2 ?ird twelve days1 f\r?
 twelve days1 fif? t5 days1 six? eight  
days1 & sev5? eight days1 sev5          
irrigations be+ necess>y 9 ?is dry &    
?ir/y l& = ! production ( ! crop4  ,"o  
cultivation is giv5 by h& hoe aft] !    
fir/ wat]+4  ,! maize gr[s quickly1     
atta9+ to a height ( sev5 feet1 &       
occupies ! gr\nd "o hundr$ days4  ,co/ (
 rais+1 two p\nds #f %ill+s4  ,yield p] 
acre1 fifty bu%els2 value1 #h p\nds #aj 
%ill+s4  ,maize is a mo/ important crop 
9 ,egypt1 z ^u ?is gra9 ! natives dep5d 
= ! bulk ( _! food4  ,gr\nd into fl\r & 
mix$ ) ,f5ugreek se$1 x is bak$ into    
bread4  ,five v>ieties ( ?is gra9 are   
gr[n1 b ! be/ k9ds are kn[n by ! natives
 z ,baladi1 ,biltani1 & ,nab-el-,gamal4 
,z ,indian corn is a surface fe$] a     
lib]al application ( f>my>d manure is   
necess>y to secure a full crop4  ,h>ve/ 
beg9s 9 ! middle ( ,novemb]4  ,! /alks  

are cut & c>t$ to ! ?re%+-floor4  ,!n ! 
cobs are pull$ f ! /alks & spread out to
 dry = ?irty days1 :5 !y are put into ! 
gran>ies4  ,to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! cobs1 
h& %ell]s are employ$1 or x is beat5 out
 by /icks4  ,= a cat* crop on l& aft]   
:eat & b>ley1 ,sesame may be s[n 9 !    
beg9n+ ( ,june4  ,!re are two v>ieties1 
! ,r$ & ! ,:ite4 ,six p\nds ( se$ w s[  
"o acre1 broadca/$ & pl\gh$ 9 by !      
native implem5t4  ,! duration ( ! gr[?  
is five mon?s4  ,! crop receives "o     
h&-hoe+ & five wat]+s4  ,x is h>ve/$ 9  
,octob] be=e x becomes dead ripe1 to    
prev5t ! %$d+ ( se$4  ,sesame is gr[n = 
! sake ( ! oil1 :i* x yields to ! ext5t 
( ov] fifty p] c5t4  ,?is oil is us$ =  
dome/ic purposes1 especially by ! upp]  
class ,egyptians4  ,! production ( se$  
p] acre is ab\t tw5ty-five bu%els1 valu$
 at #ac p\nds4  ,9 "s p>ts ( ,upp]      
,egypt a great deal ( l& is s[n ) !     
,d\rra 7,holcus d\ta71 :i* is l>gely    
consum$ by ! peasantry1 =m+1 z x does1  
"o ( _! /aple foods4  ,x is a v useful &

 suitable plant4  ,x is sometimes eat5 l
 maize or ,indian corn 9 a gre5 /ate1   
be+ previ\sly roa/$ on ! fire1 or gre5 l
 sug>-cane4  ,its pi?1 :5 dri$1 is us$ z
 />*2 :ile ! leaves make excell5t       
prov5d] = cattle4  ,we n[ h to consid] !
 la/ crop 9 ! rotation1 namely clov]    
prec$+ cotton4  ,z "p ( ! l& aft] :eat &
 b>ley has rema9$ fall[1 & advantage has
 be5 tak5 to level1 clean1 & flood )    
,nile wat] ri* 9 deposits1 ,misc[y clov]
 is s[n broadca/1 :5 ! surface ( ! l& is
 cov]$ ) ?ree in*es ( wat]4  ,z ! wat]  
s9ks into ! soil ! se$ g]m9ates ^u !    
surface1 :i* is n[ compos$ ( f9e silt4  
,s[n 9 ! middle ( ,septemb]1 ! fir/ crop
 %\ld be ready = cutt+ or pa/ur+ ab\t   
,novemb] #e?4  ,dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? !   
crop has receiv$ ?ree wat]+s4           
,imm$iately aft] ! cle>+ a wat]+ is     
giv51 & ! second cutt+ %\ld be ready 9  
sev5ty days4  ,aft] eat+ (f1 ! l& is    
pl\gh$ = ! cotton crop4  ,fa*l clov] is 
/rong] 9 ! /em ?an t kn[n z ,misc[y1 &  
gr[s z a tall1 luxuriant crop4  ,x is   

s[n among/ ! /alks ( ! maize 9 ! end (  
,octob]1 ! l& hav+ previ\sly be5 wat]$1 
& by ! "t ! maize is ready = cutt+1 !   
clov] has atta9$ a height ( five in*es4 
,! crop %\ld be ready = cutt+ ab\t !    
middle ( ,janu>y4  ,g5]ally x is dispos$
 ( by ! acre--to be cut & remov$ f ! l&1
 & sold 9 bun*es to be f$ to c>riage    
horses1 precisely z ! gre5 t>es & clov] 
are br\ght into ,london 9 bun*es dur+ ! 
spr+ "t ( ! ye>4  ,! value ( "o cutt+ is
 #e p\nds p] acre4  ,unlike ! ,misc[y   
v>iety1 ! ,fa*l only yields "o crop1 z !
 roots fail4  ,! l& is !n brok5 up = !  
crop ( cotton4  ,?is f9i%es ! ?ree ye>s'
 rotation4    ,,*apt] ,,eighte54  ,x w  
be int]e/+ to add a few rem>ks on a     
sy/em ( cultivation :i* is practis$ on  
tracts adjo9+ ! ,des]t4  ,! l& has be5  
pur*as$ at a price (1 say1 #ag p\nds p] 
acre1 & ! next proce$+ has be5 to level 
x--by ! free use ( ! ,cassabia1 or      
scrap]1 :i*1 9 r\ghe/ prep>ation1 is    
drawn ov] & ov] ! s& & guid$ some?+ aft]
 ! fa%ion ( a pl\gh--& !n br++ x into   

communication by canalis+ ) ! ne>e/     
di/ributor ( ! ,nile wat]1 :ile 9 ?is   
c\ntry ( exce$+ly *eap lab\r ! co/ ( ^! 
prep>ations = cultivation may be set d[n
 at ab\t #aj p\nds p] acre4  ,?is done1 
! pur*as] has ! option ( c>ry+ on !     
cultivation himself1 or lett+ x to !    
fellahe51 :o w take x readily & pay a   
r5t ( #d p\nds p] acre or f$dan4  ,!    
fellah n[ crops 8 l& z foll[s1 & ! read]
 w notice ! v>iation 9 ! products !     
native causes 8 fields to br+ =?4  ,he  
beg9s )3  99,e>? ,nuts                  
7,ara*idis7994--,s[n f ,april #a/ till  
,july #a/4 ,duration ( crops1 six mon?s4
  ,wat] e five days till high ,nile1 :5 
no wat] is requir$4  ,yield p] acre1    
sixty bu%els1 value #aj p\nds4          
99,sesame994--,yield1 fifte5 bu%els2    
value1 #g p\nds4  99,*ick ,peas994--,s[n
 f ,april #a/ to ,july #a/4  ,duration (
 crop1 six mon?s4  ,yield p] acre1 ?irty
 bu%els2 value1 #f p\nds4  99,maize     
7,oswego7994--,s[n ,m>* #ae? till ,april
 #ae?4  ,duration ( crop1 sev5 mon?s2   

value ( crop1 #i p\nds4                 
99,potatoes994--,fir/ crop plant$       
,octob]4  ,duration1 ?ree & a half      
mon?s4  ,yield1 ?ree & a half tons2 #ag 
p\nds #aj %ill+s4                       
99,potatoes994--,second crop plant$     
,febru>y #ae?4  ,duration1 ?ree mon?s4  
,yield1 ?ree & a half tons2 #ag p\nds   
#aj %ill+s4  99,lup9s994--,s[n ,novemb] 
#a/4  ,duration ( crop1 sev5 mon?s4     
,av]age yield1 fifte5 bu%els2 #b p\nds  
#h %ill+s4  ,clov]1 b>ley1 beans1       
,syrian maize1 & h5na1 a dye plant4  ,to
 beg9 )1 ! l& is "h g5]ally pure s&1 b  
aft] flood+ ) ,nile wat]1 :i* is (t5    
available )\t pump+--i4e4 free fl[--! s&
 gets mix$ ) ! ,nile mud & a good soil  
is rapidly =m$4  99,sug>-,cane994--,?is1
 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ products ( ! ,ea/]n 
soil1 beautiful 9 =m1 & attractive 9 e  
/age1 f its e>ly gre5 gr[? ?r\gh !      
tassell+1 or fl[]+1 up to ! "t :5 !     
swell+ cobs are *ang+ f _! attractive   
gre5 to gold5 yell[1 amb]1 & br[ni% or  
purple black1 is cultivat$ bo? 9 ,upp] &

 ,l[] ,egypt4  ,x is gr[n 9 two         
v>ieties1 ! native & ! ,greek1 & ! col\r
 ( ! rip5$ canes =ms a gradation1 pass+ 
f light yell[ ?r\gh /rip$ r$ & yell[1 & 
r$4  ,! cultivation is1 z /at$1         
pr9cipally c>ri$ on 9 ,upp] ,egypt-- = !
 manufacture ( sug>4  ,if x is plant$ 9 
! ,delta x is = sale to ! natives1 by   
:om x is consum$ raw1 & by suck+ !      
juice4  ,! f>m] :o plants 8 l& )        
sug>-cane beg9s by ?or\ghly well prep>+ 
! soil1 & ridges x z if he 7 ab\t to    
plant potatoes1 ^! ridges measur+ ab\t  
?irty in*es f cre/ to cre/4  ,! canes   
are cut into l5g?s ( "o y>d1 plac$ 9 !  
furr[1 & cov]$ ) ! soil4  ,plant+       
comm5ces 9 ,febru>y1 ! ridges be+ wat]$ 
imm$iately aft]1 & ! "y %oots appe> aft]
 tw5ty days4  ,! crop is wat]$ e fifte5 
days1 & at long] int]vals aft] ! ,nile  
has ris54  ,! l& is h&-ho$ ?ree times1 &
 ! cane %\ld be ready = cutt+ 9 ,decemb]
 & ,janu>y4  ,! value ( an av]age crop  
sold /&+--9 ,l[] ,egypt--may range f #bj
 to #be p\nds p] acre4  ,!n ! tra%+s    

cov]+ ! ridges are burn$1 a wat]+ giv5  
ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 & ! old roots     
spr\t aga91 :5 !re is a second crop1 &  
aga9 ! foll[+ ye> by repeat+1 a ?ird    
crop f ! "o plant+4  ,! ?ird crop is n s
 pr(itable1 z ! roots become exhau/$4   
,! sug>-cane requires a lib]al dress+ ( 
manure ea* ye>4  ,! yield ( tra%$ canes 
may run f six tons ! fir/ ye>1 five tons
 ! second ye>1 & f\r tons ! ?ird ye>1 & 
! p]c5tage ( sug> may be e/imat$ f      
f\rte5 to fifte5 p] c5t4    ,,*apt]     
,,n9ete54  ,rice is ext5sively cultivat$
 9 ! di/ricts ( ,rosetta1 ,damietta1    
,f\ah1 & ,fac\s2 b x is ! op9ion ( a v  
excell5t au?ority t rice cultivation & !
 gr[? ( ?is gra91 :i* is se5 at its be/ 
9 ! swamps ( ,asia1 w gradually die out 
( ,egypt & become a ?+ ( ! pa/4  ,=1    
giv5 ample wat] & a level ( mud 9 :i* ! 
plant] may ?ru/ 9 ! plant 9 its e>ly    
gre5 /ate ( blades1 an abundant crop is 
pretty sure2 b n[ t ,egypt is becom+ m &
 m 9 a /ate ( transition1 ) good dra9age
 ext5d+1 & mod]n applications at "w = ! 

prop] wa%+ & purify+ ( a soil t is      
impregnat$ ) salt & soda1 ?is c\ntry w  
no long] be ! paddy field ( yore1 & !   
culture ( rice may well be relegat$ to !
 mud swamps ( ! c\ntries f>!r ea/4  ,!re
 is no cause = regret "h1 =1 9 comp>ison
 ) ^? easi] ( production1 rice is f> f  
be+ "o ( ! be/ crops t c be s[n4  ,among
 f>m]s & g>d5]s !re is a t]m kn[n z     
sickness ( ! l&1 m>k$ by a want ( vig\r 
9 its productions2 & 9 ,egypt ?is may be
 produc$ by ! want ( t great su/a9] (   
plant life1 decay+ vegetable matt]1 or !
 impregnation ( ! soil ) "s =m ( salt1  
soda 9 ! ma94  ,) ! improv$ f>m+ n[ go+ 
on1 ! natural soil1 :i* 0 once ready    
en\gh 9 its production ( rice1 is       
rapidly *ang+ its "*1 con/ant tillage1 !
 flood+ & wa%+ :i* c>ry out ! effloresc+
 salts1 & ! con/ant addition ( vegetable
 manures1 aid$ by "o or two crops (     
clov]1 be+ ! ag5ts :i* are work+ ?is    
alt]ation4  ,!re are five v>ieties (    
rice gr[n 9 ,egypt1 namely ,sultani1    
,f9o1 ,sabe9i1 ,indian1 & ,japan4  ,9   

reg>d to quality1 ! ,f9o occupies ! fir/
 place4  ,! s[+ comm5ces 9 ! middle (   
,april1 & cont9ues till ,june4 ,! crop  
occupies ! l& f ?ree to six mon?s1      
accord+ to ! v>iety gr[n4  ,! rice =    
se$+ is put into wat] = twelve days1 !n 
tak5 out & dra9$ = two m4  ,x is        
subsequ5tly empti$ out ( ! sacks on to a
 floor & cov]$ ) hay1 to rema9 f\r days 
till heat+ & g]m9ation take place4  ,!n 
! se$ is s[n on ! l&1 :i* is cov]$ ) f\r
 in*es ( wat]1 ?is be+ dra9$ (f aft]    
?ree days1 leav+ ! se$ = twelve h\rs    
expos$ to ! sun4 ,!n wat] is all[$ to   
fl[ on to ! plot once m1 & a portion to 
dra9 (f1 ! surface at ?is lat] /age     
always hav+ a cov]+ ( f f\r to five     
in*es 9 dep?1 s t ! irrigation is always
 fre%4  ,?is is cont9u$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! 
crop4  ,! h>ve/+ is 9 ,octob] &         
,novemb]1 & ! yield ( an acre may av]age
 fifty bu%els ( ,paddy1 :i*1 :5 %ell$1  
or husk$1 w give tw5ty bu%els ( clean   
rice1 valu$ at #f p\nds #aj %ill+s p]   
tw5ty bu%els4  ,! /raw may be e/imat$ at

 a ton p] acre1 & be valu$ at "o p\nd p]
 ton4  ,rice is "o ( ! *ief foods ( !   
,egyptian1 & x is an excell5t crop to   
gr[ on newly r$eem$ l&1 provid$ t wat]  
is abundant2 = ! soil is impregnat$ )   
salt1 & aft] a few crops h be5 tak5 (f !
 l& becomes sweet1 9 consequ5ce ( !     
p]petual flood+4  ,x c !n be cropp$ )   
clov] & cotton1 b requires mu* lab\r 9 !
 way ( we$+1 transplant+ to fill up     
blanks1 & att5tion to irrigation4  ,aft]
 pay+ r5t & work+ exp5ses ! m>g9 ( pr(it
 is n great4  ,! size ( ! plots ranges f
 half to "o & a half acres4  ,! pat*es  
are encircl$ by dra9s or dit*es1 :i*    
dis*>ge into ! ma9 irrigat+ sy/em4      
,,*apt] ,,tw5ty4  ,if arm$ ) ! little   
ent]prise & capital necess>y = mak+ a   
comm5cem5t 9 f>m+ or gr[+ fruit &       
vegetables 9 ,egypt = ! m>ket1 a        
cultivator w\ld f9d t l& c\ld be obta9$ 
)9 easy rea* ( ! great t[ns ( !         
,delta--,cairo & ,alex&ria--at a v      
mod]ate price2 b x is only "r to add t  
?is price1 consequ5t ^u ! great         

irrigation s*emes 9 progress1 is /ill   
ris+ by leaps & b\nds4  ,= ! soil1 :]e  
rea*able by ! flood wat]s ( ! ,nile1 n[ 
cons]v$ & c>ri$ 9 e direction by        
irrigation canals1 is practically       
inexhau/ible1 &1 z previ\sly /at$1 is   
(t5 ( great dep?4  ,! l& is to be       
pur*as$ ) prop] titles & regi/ration1   
giv+ ! necess>y security to an ali5 :o  
is desir\s ( mak+ 8 home 9 ! ,delta1 or 
r5t$1 if pref]r$1 at a mod]ate          
consid]ation1 includ+ wat] = irrigation4
  ,! c\ntry is well polic$1 !re is      
fre$om f contact ) ! inhabitants ( !    
surr\nd+ des]t1 & a cultivator w\ld h to
 deal ) a quiet1 docile p1 fairly       
indu/ri\s--t is to say1 lov]s ( "w aft] 
! fa%ion ( ! calm1 placid ,moslem1 :o   
takes life z x is1 & seems to make x "o 
( 8 t5ets t !re is no ne$ to hurry4  ,he
 possesses none ( ! hurry & ru% ( ,we/]n
 civilisation2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he is    
pati5t1 ignorant1 fairly tea*able1 &    
will+ to "w = exce$+ly mod]ate daily    
paym5t4  ,! supply ( ?is lab\r "u a     

k9dly1 solv5t1 & hone/ly pay+ ma/] is   
abundant & nev] fails4  ,! illu/rations 
( ! fellahe5 f>m lab\r]s & _! wives are 
typical ( ! class ( p ) :om he w\ld h to
 deal1 & if ! new adv5tur] object$ to ! 
class ( hut !y occupy1 & _h l(ty ideas  
ab\t model dwell+s & ! introduction (   
light] implem5ts 9 place ( ! clumsy1    
adze-l hoes ) :i* !y are arm$ r ?an     
furni%$1 ! advice giv5 to him w\ld be to
 foll[ t ( ! old ,lat9 prov]b1 ,fe/9a   
l5te1 & g by degrees 9 t1 z 9 mo/ ( !   
o!r matt]s ( culture1 = x takes "t to   
alt] cu/om & *ange old-fa%ion$ r\t9e4   
,x may be "h add$ t all great advance & 
rev]sals ( cu/om %\ld be cauti\sly      
attempt$ ) ! l&4  ,/ill ,nature is easi]
 to deal ) ?an man1 & less likely to    
res5t alt]ation :5 attempt$ by a        
practis$ h&4  ,z a :ole1 = ! enc\ragem5t
 ( ^? :o wi% to try ! exp]im5t 9 a =eign
 l&1 let !m und]/& t f>m+ 9 ,egypt is   
*ild's play comp>$ to t 9 ,great        
,brita94  ,!re are no wet hay & c]eal   
h>ve/s1 !re is nei!r sn[ nor fro/ to    

damage ! crops1 no high w9ds1 no floods1
 no gr\nd game to d mis*ief3  ,9 !      
season ( hay-mak+1 ) no possibility ( a 
drop ( ra9 fall+1 ! fellah makes ! wor/ 
( all hay by all[+ x to be burnt to an  
indige/ible fibre--w\ld t he _h a tra9+ 
9 ! unc]ta9 climate ( ,great ,brita96   
,! :eat is h>ve/$ :5 dead ripe4  ,"p may
 be cut1 & "p may be all[$ to rema9 =   
six weeks )\t det]ioration4  ,a contra/ 
?is to ! h>ve/s 9 bonnie ,scotl&1 :]e ! 
corn has la9 sodd5 until x has rott$    
away 9 ! deplorable wea!r ( ! ye> #aijc4
  ,!re is a good old prov]b t is        
applicable to mo/ ?+s--c]ta9ly to f>m+ 9
 ,egypt4  ,x is t ! less !re is to d1 ! 
worse x is done4  ,v]ily x is s "h4     
,nature is mo/ k9dly1 & ) ample moi/ure1
 abundant f]tilisation1 & pl5te\s       
sun%9e1 %e does pretty well half ( !    
fellahs' "w ?or\ghly well1 :ile _! half 
to complete ! op]ations is c>ri$ out ) a
 c>eless indiff]5ce to success t is     
deplorable4  ,! p's wants are few1 & n[ 
t "u a g5]\s rule !y h lib]ty & paym5t =

 ! "w !y p]=m1 !y seem q cont5t to plod 
on 9 easy slo?fulness4 ,suffici5t = !   
day is ! evil !re(1 s :y we> !mselves   
out by toil & ! /ruggle = ?+s bett] ?an 
^? :i* surr\nd !m8  ,all ?is 9          
connection ) ! possibilities ( ?is      
c\ntry raises ! "q1 ,c ! practice (     
,egyptian agriculture be improv$8  ,!   
answ] ( "o :o has toil$ among/ ! p =    
ye>s1 ^: "w has be5 t ( reclaim+ tracts 
( des]t l&1 mak+ endless exp]im5ts z to 
! be/ suit$ crops = ,egypt & ! be/ ways 
( produc+ !m1 is3 ,emphatically1 yes6   
,,! ,,end4