,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,visc]a ,,9 ,,position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e ,,= ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,g5]al ,,read]s4 ,,fully ,,illu/rat$4 ,,by ,,joseph ,c4 ,,hut*ison1 ,m4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,pa?ological ,society1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,surgeon to ! ,brooklyn ,city ,hospital1 late ,presid5t ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,york3 ,,cl>k ,,mayn>d1 ,,publi%]s1 #e ,,b>clay ,,/reet4 #ahgb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgj1 ,by ,,cl>k ,,mayn>d4 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,/]eotyp$ by ,,little1 ,,r5nie ,,co4 #fde & #fdg ,broadway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,my ,,wife1 ,,^: ,,sympa?y ,,has1 ,,= ,,m ,,?an ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s1 ,,light5$ ,,! ,,c>es ,,incid5t ,,to ,,an ,,active ,,pr(essional ,,life1 ,,?is ,,humble ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 99 99 99 99 99 #c ,,preface4 ------o------ ,?is "w is design$ to pres5t ! lead+ facts & pr9ciples ( human ,physiology & ,hygi5e 9 cle> & concise language1 s t pupils 9 s*ools & colleges1 & read]s n famili> ) ! subjects1 may readily compreh5d !m4 ,anatomy1 or a description ( ! /ructure ( an organ1 is ( c\rse necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( its ,physiology1 or its uses4 ,en\gh ( ! =m] /udy has1 !re=e1 be5 introduc$1 to enable ! pupil to ent] intellig5tly ^u ! latt]4 ,famili> language1 z f> z practicable1 has be5 employ$1 r ?an t ( a te*nical "*4 ,) a view1 h[ev]1 to supply :at might seem to "s a defici5cy 9 ?is reg>d1 a ,pron\nc+ ,gloss>y has be5 add$1 :i* w enable ! inquir] to und]/& ! mean+ ( _m sci5tific t]ms n 9 common use4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w ! writ] has c>efully exam9$ all ! be/ mat]ial at 8 comm&1 & freely us$ x2 ! special object be+ to h x abrea/ ( ! pres5t k on ! subjects treat$1 z f> z su* is possible 9 a "w s elem5t>y z ?is4 ,! discussion ( disput$ po9ts has be5 avoid$1 x be+ manife/ly inappropriate 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,in/ruction 9 ! rudim5ts ( ,physiology 9 s*ools does n necessitate ! g5]al practice ( dissections1 or ( exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,! mo/ important subjects may be illu/rat$ by #d draw+s1 su* z are conta9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,models1 especially ^? con/ruct$ by ,,auz\x ( ,p>is1 dri$ prep>ations ( ! human body1 & ! organs ( ! l[] animals1 may also be us$ ) advantage4 ,! writ] desires to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ,r4 ,m4 ,,wyck(f1 ,m4,d41 = valuable aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ! manuscript = ! press2 & to ,r4 ,,cresson ,,/iles1 ,m4,d41 a skilful microscopi/ & physician1 = ! *apt] ,on ! ,use ( ! ,microscope 9 ! ,/udy ( ,physiology4 ,mr4 ,,avon ,c4 ,,burnham1 ! well-kn[n tea*] ( gymna/ics1 furni%$ ! draw+ ( ! p>lor gymnasium & ! directions = its use4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgj4 99 99 99 99 99 #e ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,framework ,,( ,,! ,,body #ae ,! ,bones--,_! =m & composition--,! ,prop]ties ( ,bone--,! ,skeleton--,! ,jo9ts--,! ,sp9al ,column--,! ,gr[? ( ,bone--,! ,repair ( ,bone4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,muscles #be ,! ,muscles--,flexion & ,ext5sion--,! ,t5dons--,contraction--,physical ,/r5g?--,necessity = ,ex]cise--,its ,effects--,=ms ( ,ex]cise--,walk+--,rid+--,gymna/ics--,op 5-air ,ex]cise--,sleep-- ,recreation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,integum5t1 ,,or ,,sk9 #da ,! ,integum5t--,its ,/ructure--,! ,nails & ,hair--,! ,complexion--,! ,sebace\s ,gl&s--,! ,p]spiratory ,gl&s--,p]spiration & its uses--,importance ( ,ba?+--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,ba?s--,mann] ( ,ba?+--,! ,b5efits ( ! ,sun--,importance ( ,w>m ,clo?+--,poison\s ,cosmetics4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,food #ec ,! ,s\rce ( ,food--,inorganic ,sub/ances--,wat]--,salt--,lime--,iron-- ,organic ,sub/ances--,album51 ,fibr91 & ,case9--,! ,fats or ,oils--,! ,sug>s1 ,/>*1 & ,gum--,/imulat+ ,sub/ances--,necessity ( a ,regulat$ ,diet4 #f ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,food ,,& ,,dr9k #fd ,necessity = ,food--,wa/e & ,repair--,hung] & ,?ir/--,am\nt ( ,food--,r5ovation ( ! ,body--,mix$ ,diet--,milk--,eggs--,meat--,cook+ --,vegetable ,food--,bread--,! ,potato--,fruits--,purity ( ,wat]--,action ( ,wat] ^u ,lead--,c(fee1 ,tea1 & ,*ocolate--,effects ( ,alcohol4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,dige/ion #hj ,! ,pr9cipal ,processes ( ,nutrition--,! ,g5]al ,plan ( ,dige/ion-- ,ma/ication--,! ,tee?--,pres]vation ( ! ,tee?--,insalivation--,! ,/oma* & ! ,ga/ric ,juice--,! ,movem5ts ( ! ,/oma*--,ga/ric ,dige/ion--,! ,inte/9es--,! ,bile & ,pancreatic ,juice--,inte/9al ,dige/ion--,absorption by means ( ,blood-vessels & ,lacteals--,! ,lymphatic or ,absorb5t ,sy/em--,! ,lymph--,conditions :i* affect ,dige/ion--,! ,quality1 ,quantity1 & ,temp]ature ( ! ,food--,! ,influ5ce ( ,ex]cise & ,sleep4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,circulation #aja ,! ,blood--,its ,plasma & ,corpuscles--,coagulation ( ! ,blood--,! ,uses ( ! ,blood--,transfusion--,*ange ( ,color--,! ,organs ( ! ,circulation--,! ,he>t1 ,art]ies1 & ,ve9s--,! ,cavities & ,valves ( ! ,he>t--,its ,vital ,en]gy--,passage ( ! ,blood ?r\gh ! ,he>t--,! ,frequ5cy & ,activity ( its ,movem5ts--,! ,pulse--,! ,sphygmograph--,! ,capill>y ,blood-vessels--,! ,rate ( ! ,circulation--,assimilation--,injuries to ! ,blood-vessels4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,respiration #abc ,! ,objects ( ,respiration--,! ,lungs--,! ,air-,passages--,! ,movem5ts ( ,respiration--,expiration & ,inspiration--,! ,frequ5cy ( ,respiration--,capacity ( ! ,lungs--,! ,air we ,brea!--,*anges 9 ! ,air f ,respiration--,*anges 9 ! ,blood--,int]*ange ( ,gases 9 ! ,lungs--,comp>ison betwe5 ,art]ial & #g ,v5\s ,blood--,respiratory ,labor--,impurities ( ! ,air--,du/--,c>bonic ,acid--,effects ( ,impure ,air--,nature's ,provision = ,purify+ ! ,air--,v5tilation--,animal ,heat4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #adh ,animal & ,vegetative ,functions--,s5sation1 ,motion1 & ,volition--,! ,/ructure ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,! ,:ite & ,gray ,sub/ances--,! ,bra9--,its ,convolutions--,c]ebellum--,! ,sp9al ,cord & its ,sy/em ( ,n]ves--,! ,ant]ior & ,po/]ior ,roots--,! ,sympa!tic ,sy/em ( ,n]ves--,! ,prop]ties ( ,n]v\s ,tissue--,excitability ( ,n]v\s ,tissues--,! ,functions ( ! ,sp9al ,n]ves & ,cord--,! ,direction ( ! ,fibres ( ! ,cord--,reflex ,activity & its ,uses--,! ,functions ( ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata & ! ,cranial ,ganglia--,! ,reflex ,action ( ! ,bra94 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,special ,,s5ses #agg ,! ,production ( ,s5sations--,v>iety ( ,s5sations--,g5]al ,s5sibility--,pa9 & its ,function--,special ,s5sation1 ,t\*1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,sight1 & ,he>+--,! ,h&1 ! ,organ ( ,t\*--,! ,s5se ( ,t\*--,delicacy ( ,t\*--,s5sation ( ,temp]ature & ,weight--,! ,tongue ! ,organ ( ,ta/e--,! ,n]ves ( ,ta/e--,! ,s5se ( ,ta/e1 & its ,relations ) ! o!r ,s5ses--,! ,influ5ce ( ,education on ! ,ta/e--,! ,nasal ,cavities1 or ! ,organs ( ,smell--,! ,olfactory ,n]ve--,! ,uses ( ! ,s5se ( ,smell--,! ,s5se ( ,sight--,light--,! ,optic ,n]ve--,! ,eyeball & its ,cov]+s--,! ,function ( ! ,iris--,! ,scl]otic1 ,*oroid1 & ,ret9a--,! ,te>s & _! ,function--,! ,movem5ts ( ! ,eyeball--,! ,function ( ,accommodation--,! ,s5se ( ,he>+ & ,s\nd--,! ,e>1 or ! organ ( ,he>+--,! ,ext]nal1 ,middle1 & ,int]nal ,e>4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,voice #bbg ,voice & ,spee*--,! ,l>ynx1 or ! ,organ ( ! ,voice--,! ,vocal ,cords--,! ,l>yngoscope--,! ,production ( ! ,voice--,! ,use ( ! ,tongue--,! diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,voice--,! ,*ange ( ,voice--,its ,compass--,purity ( ,tone--,v5triloquy4 #h ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,physiology #bcf ,! ,law ( ,tissues--,necessity ( ! ,microscope--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,microscopes--,additional ,app>atus--,prelim9>y ,/udies--,! ,/udy ( ,human ,tissues--,tissues ( ! ,inf]ior ,animals--,inc5tives to ,/udy4 ,,app5dix4 ,,poisons ,,& ,,_! ,,antidotes #bdg ,,gloss>y #beb #i ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,,frontispiece1 ,,visc]a ,,9 ,,position1 #a4 ,section ( bone1 #ag #b4 ,/ructure ( bone1 magnifi$1 #ag #c4 ,! skeleton1 #ah #d4 ,cells ( c>tilage1 #bj #e4 ,elb[-jo9t1 #ba #f4 ,sp9al column1 #bb #g4 ,! muscles1 #bd #h4 ,muscul> tissue1 magnifi$1 #be #i4 ,biceps muscle ( ! arm1 #bf #aj4 ,view ( knee-jo9t1 #bg #aa4 ,appliance = /r5g!n+ ! muscles1 #ce #ab4 ,appliance = /r5g!n+ ! muscles1 #ce #ac4 ,p>lor gymnasium1 #cf #ad4 ,root & transv]se section ( hair1 magnifi$1 #dc #ae4 ,granules ( potato />*1 #fa #af4 ,section ( ! trunk1 #ha #ag4 ,section ( a too?1 #hb #ah4 ,section ( ! jaws1 #hb #ai4 ,section ( ! jaws--"r side1 #hd #bj4 ,/ructure ( a saliv>y gl&1 #hg #ba4 ,head ( a horse1 %[+ saliv>y gl&1 etc4 #hg #bb4 ,section ( *e/ & abdom51 #ij #bc4 ,organs ( dige/ion1 #ia #bd4 ,! lacteals1 #ig #be4 ,blood corpuscles1 #ajb #bf4 ,blood corpuscles ( man & l[] animals1 #ajc #bg4 ,circulation ( ! blood1 #ajh #aj #bh4 ,he>t & l>ge vessels1 #aji #bi4 ,section ( ! he>t1 #aaj #cj4 ,=m ( ! pulse1 #aaf #ca4 ,valves ( ! ve9s1 #aag #cb4 ,web ( frog's foot1 magnifi$1 #aai #cc4 ,circulation 9 a frog's foot1 #aai #cd4 ,organs ( ! *e/1 #abd #ce4 ,l>ynx1 tra*ea1 & bron*ial tubes1 #abe #cf4 ,diagram ( ! /ructure ( ! air-cells1 #abe #cg4 ,section ( ! lungs1 #abf #ch4 ,section ( m\? & ?roat1 #abg #ci4 ,ciliat$ cells1 #abh #dj4 ,c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 #aea #da4 ,upp] surface ( ! c]ebrum1 #aec #db4 ,v]tical section ( ! bra91 #aed #dc4 ,base ( ! bra91 #aee #dd4 ,bra9 & sp9al cord1 #aef #de4 ,s5se ( t\*1 #ahe #df4 ,section ( nasal cavity1 #aic #dg4 ,front view ( ! eye1 #bjj #dh4 ,v]tical section ( eye1 #bjb #di4 ,diagram = bl9d po9t ( eye1 #bjg #ej4 ,ret9al image1 #baj #ea4 ,diff]5t %apes ( ! globe ( ! eye1 #bab #eb4 ,function ( accommodation1 #bad #ec4 ,diagram ( ! e>1 #bah #ed4 ,section ( ! e>1 #bba #ee4 ,section ( l>ynx & tra*ea1 #bbi #ef4 ,view ( vocal cords by ! l>yngoscope1 #bcb #eg4 ,diff]5t positions ( vocal cords1 #bcb #eh4 ,simple microscope1 #bch #ei4 ,comp\nd microscope1 #bci #fj4 ,h\sehold microscope1 #bdj #fa4 ,popul> microscope1 #bda #aa ,,introduction4 ------o------ ,! ,human ,body is ! abode ( an immortal _s1 & is ! mo/ complete & p]fect specim5 ( ! ,creator's h&iwork4 ,to exam9e its /ructure1 to asc]ta9 ! uses & modes ( action ( its v>i\s p>ts1 h[ to protect x f injury1 & ma9ta9 x 9 a heal?y condition1 is ! design ( ?is "w4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( k :i* are conc]n$ 9 ^! inve/igations1 are ! sci5ce ( ,human ,physiology & ! art ( ,hygi5e4 ,,physiology treats ( ! vital actions & uses ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( liv+ bodies1 :e!r vegetable or animal4 ,e liv+ ?+1 !re=e1 has a ,physiology4 ,we h a ,vegetable ,physiology1 :i* relates to plants2 & an ,animal ,physiology1 relat+ to ! animal k+dom4 ,! latt] is also divid$ into ,comp>ative ,physiology1 :i* treats ( ! inf]ior races ( animals1 & ,human ,physiology1 :i* tea*es ! uses ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! human body4 ,,hygi5e1 or ! art ( pres]v+ heal?1 is ! practical use ( ,physiology4 ,x tea*es u h[ to cultivate our bodily & m5tal p[]s1 s z to increase our /r5g? & to fit u = a high] enjoym5t ( life4 ,x also %[s u h[ to prev5t "s ( ! accid5ts :i* may befall ! body1 & to avoid disease4 ,x is prop] t we %\ld #ab und]/& ! con/ruction & p[]s ( our bodies2 b x is our duty1 z rational be+s1 to "k ! laws by :i* heal? & /r5g? may be ma9ta9$ & disease w>d$ (f4 ,!re are v>i\s means by :i* we ga9 important in=mation respect+ ! ,physiology ( man4 ,plants aid u 9 und]/&+ ! m9ute /ructure ( ! human body1 its circulation1 & absorption4 ,f inf]ior animals we le>n mu* 9 respect to ! work+s ( ! diff]5t organs1 z we call ^? p>ts ( ! sy/em :i* h a p>ticul> duty to p]=m4 ,9 "o ( !m1 z 9 ! foot ( ! frog1 we c /udy ! circulation ( ! blood2 9 ano!r1 we c /udy ! action ( ! bra94 ,by vivisection1 or ! lay+ b>e ( "s organ ( a liv+ animal1 we are able to inve/igate c]ta9 vital processes :i* are too deeply hidd5 9 ! human body to be /udi$ directly4 ,?is is n necess>ily a cruel proc$ure1 z we c1 by ! use ( an/hetics1 s blunt ! s5sibility ( ! animal "u op]ation1 t he ne$ n suff] :ile ! exp]im5t is be+ p]=m$4 ,!re are o!r means by :i* we ga!r our in=mation4 ,!re are occasionally m51 :o1 f "s accid5t1 pres5t c]ta9 p>ts1 naturally out ( view1 9 expos$ positions4 ,9 ^! cases1 our k is ( mu* great] value ?an :5 obta9$ f creatures l[] 9 ! scale ( be+ ?an man4 ,we are greatly aid$1 also1 by ! use ( v>i\s in/rum5ts ( mod]n inv5tion4 ,*ief among ^! is ! microscope1 :i* is1 z we %all le>n h]eaft]1 an arrangem5t & comb9ation ( l5ses 9 su* a way z greatly to magnify ! objects we wi% to exam9e4 #ac ,we h mu* to say ( ,life1 or vital activity1 9 ! c\rse ( our /udy ( ,physiology2 b ! mo/ t we "k ( x is se5 9 its results4 ,:at ,life is1 or :]e its precise position is1 we are n able to det]m9e4 ,we discov] "o ?+1 h[ev]1 t all ! p>ts ( ! body are unit$ toge!r ) wond]ful sympa?y1 s t "o "p _c be injur$ & o!r p>ts n suff] damage4 ,x is fur!r evid5t t all organs are n equally important 9 c>ry+ on ! "w ( ,life2 = "s may tempor>ily susp5d _! action1 )\t s]i\s results to ! sy/em1 :ile o!rs mu/ nev] cease f act+4 ,yet !re is no?+ sup]flu\s or )\t aim 9 our frames1 & no "p or organ c suff] h>m )\t actual loss to ! g5]al bodily heal?4 ,on ?is po9t ,sci5ce & ,holy ,writ /rictly agree4 99 99 99 99 99 #ad #ae ,,physiology1 ,,& ,,hygi5e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,framework ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,! ,bones--,_! ,=m & ,composition--,! ,prop]ties ( ,bone--,! ,skeleton--,! ,jo9ts--,! ,sp9al ,column--,! ,gr[? ( ,bone--,! ,repair ( ,bone4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! framework ( ! body8 ,! sup]/ructure8 ,s(tness & delicacy ( ! organs8 ,h[ protect$8 #a4 ,,! ,,bones4--,! framework :i* su/a9s ! human body is compos$ ( ! ,bones4 ,! sup]/ructure consi/s ( ! v>i\s organs on :i* ! processes ( life dep5d4 ,^! organs are s(t & delicately =m$1 &1 if unprotect$1 w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 rapidly be de/roy$ :5 subject$ to viol5ce1 h[ev] slight4 ,! bones1 hav+ great /r5g? & p[] ( resi/ance1 af=d ! protection requir$4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! m delicate ! organ8 ,example 9 relation to ! bra98 ,! eye8 ,! lungs8 ,! s]vices p]=m$ by ! bones8 #b4 ,! m delicate ! organ1 ! m completely does ,nature %ield x4 ,= example3 ! bra91 :i* is s(t 9 /ructure1 is enclos$ on all sides by a complete box ( bone2 ! eye1 ?\gh x mu/ be ne> ! surface ( ! body to comm& an ext5sive view1 is %elt]$ f injury )9 a deep recess ( bone2 ! lungs1 requir+ fre$om ( motion z well z protection1 are surr\nd$ by a l>ge case ( bone & muscle4 ,! bones s]ve o!r useful purposes4 ,!y give p]man5ce ( =m to ! body1 by #af hold+ ! s(t] p>ts 9 _! prop] places4 ,!y assi/ 9 movem5t1 by af=d+ po9ts ( atta*m5t to ^? organs :i* h p[] ( motion--! muscles4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,_! %ape & size8 ,( :at compos$8 ,possibility ( be+ sep>at$8 ,effect ( fire8 ,( dilute acid8 #c4 ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,bones4--,_! %ape & size v>y greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 b g5]ally !y are arrang$ 9 pairs1 "o bone = ea* side ( ! body4 ,!y are compos$ ( bo? m9]al & animal sub/ances1 unit$ 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]2 & we may sep>ate ea* ( ^! sub/ances f ! o!r = exam9ation4 ,fir/1 if we expose a bone to ! action ( fire1 ! animal sub/ance is driv5 (f1 or burn$ out4 ,we n[ f9d t1 ?\gh ! %ape ( ! bone is p]fectly reta9$1 :at is left is no long] t\gh1 & does n su/a9 weight z be=e4 ,aga91 we may remove ! m9]al portion1 :i* is a =m ( lime1 by plac+ a bone into a dilute acid4 ,! lime w be dissolv$ out1 & ! %ape ( ! bone rema9 z be=e2 b n[ its firmness has disappe>$1 & x may be b5t )\t break+4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,effect ( defici5cy ( +r$i5t8 ,usefulness ( ! lime8 ,( ! animal sub/ance8 ,effect ( _! union8 ,condition1 9 y\?8 ,old age8 #d4 ,if1 = any reason1 ei!r ( ^! +r$i5ts is disproportionate 9 ! bone dur+ life1 ! body is 9 dang]4 ,! lime is useful 9 giv+ rigidity ( =m1 :ile ! animal sub/ance insures t\ghness & ela/icity4 ,by _! union1 we are able to )/& great] %ocks & heavi] falls ?an w\ld be possible ) ei!r alone4 ,9 y\?1 ! p]iod ( greate/ activity1 ! animal con/itu5t is 9 excess3 a bone !n does n break s readily1 b1 :5 brok51 unites ) great rapidity & /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bones ( old p]sons are m easily brok51 & 9 "s cases fail to unite4 ,! m9]al matt] be+ !n 9 excess1 indicates t ! p]iod ( active ex]tion is draw+ to a close4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,/ructure ( bone enl>g$4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,9 :at respect admirably fa%ion$8 ,its =mation8 ,microscopic exam9ation8 ,! inf]5ce8 ,l9e ( beauty8 #e4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,bones4--,if we exam9e "o ( ! long bones1 :i* has be5 sawn ?r\gh l5g?wise1 we obs]ve t x is admirably fa%ion$ = af=d+ lightness z well z /r5g? 7,fig4 #a74 ,its ext]ior is h>d & resi/+1 b x is por\s at ! broad extremities1 :ile ?r\gh ! c5tral portion !re is a cavity or canal :i* conta9s an oily sub/ance1 call$ m>r[4 ,let u n[ take a ?9 section ( bone1 & exam9e x "u ! microscope2 we discov] t x is pi]c$ by num]\s f9e tubes 7,fig4 #b71 ab\t :i* lay]s ( bone-sub/ance are arrang$4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh a bone be z h>d z /one ext]nally1 x is by no means z heavy z /one1 by reason ( its light int]ior texture4 ,ano!r elem5t ( p[] is f\nd 9 ! curv$ outl9e ( ! bones4 ,! curv$ l9e is said to be ! l9e ( beauty1 z x c]ta9ly is ! l9e ( /r5g?1 & is uni=mly employ$ 9 ! bones ^: position exposes !m to accid5t4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,skeleton #ai ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,numb] ( bones8 ,skeleton8 ,! skull8 ,*e/8 ,! trunk8 ,! trunk & skull1 h[ ma9ta9$8 ,:at ( ! arms8 ,legs8 #f4 ,,! ,,skeleton4--,! numb] ( bones 9 ! human body exce$s two hundr$4 ,:5 ^! are jo9$ toge!r 9 ! prop] places1 !y =m :at is t]m$ ! ,skeleton 7,fig4 #c74 ,x embraces ?ree important cavities4 ,! fir/1 surm\nt+ ! frame1 is a box ( bone1 call$ ! skull2 bel[ ?is1 is a bony case1 or *e/2 & l[] d[n is a bony bas91 call$ ! pelvis4 ,! two latt] compose ! trunk4 ,! trunk & skull are ma9ta9$ 9 _! prop] relations by ! sp9al column4 ,bran*+ f ! trunk are two sets ( limbs3 ! arms1 :i* are atta*$ to ! *e/ by means ( ! coll>-bone & %\ld]-blade2 & ! legs1 directly jo9$ to ! l[] "p ( ! trunk4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,design ( ! cavities8 ,give ! examples4 #g4 ,! cavities ( :i* we h spok51 are design$ = ! lodgm5t & protection ( ! m delicate & p]i%able p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,?us1 ! skull1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! face1 %elt]s ! bra9 & ! organs ( f\r s5ses--sight1 he>+1 smell1 & ta/e4 ,! *e/ conta9s ! he>t1 lungs1 & great blood-vessels1 :ile ! l[] "p ( ! trunk su/a9s ! liv]1 /oma*1 & o!r organs4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,jo9t or articulation8 ,movable jo9ts1 h[ compact$8 ,! ligam5ts ( ! movable jo9ts8 ,:at is a spra98 ,consequ5ce ( a s]i\s spra98 #h4 ,,! ,,jo9ts4--,! po9t ( union ( two or m bones =ms a jo9t or articulation1 ! connection be+ made 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! k9d & am\nt ( motion desir$4 ,! movable jo9ts are compact$ toge!r by c]ta9 /rong fibr\s b&s1 call$ ligam5ts4 ,^! ligam5ts are ( a %9+1 silv]y :it5ess1 & v unyield+2 s mu* s1 t :5 sudd5 viol5ce is br\ght to be> 9 ! vic9ity ( a jo9t1 ! bone to :i* a ligam5t is atta*$ may be brok51 :ile ! ligam5t itself rema9s un9jur$4 ,:5 ?is connect+ mat]ial ( ! jo9ts is /ra9$ or lac]at$ by an #bj accid5t1 a spra9 is ! consequ5ce4 ,an injury ( ?is sort may be1 & frequ5tly is1 q z s]i\s z ! break+ ( a bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,cells ,,( ,,c>tilage4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,(fice ( ! ligam5t8 ,:at mu/ x h8 ,h[ accompli%$8 ,describe x4 ,synovia8 #i4 ,! ligam5t1 !n1 secures firmness to ! jo9t2 x mu/ also h flexibility & smoo?ness ( motion4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a beautiful me*anism ! p]fection ( :i* is only feebly imitat$ by ! mo/ +5i\s contrivance ( man4 ,! ends ( ! bones are cov]$ by a ?9 lay] ( c>tilage1 :i* be+ smoo? & ela/ic1 r5d]s all ! movem5ts ( ! jo9t v easy4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re is an arrangem5t introduc$ = lubricat+ ! jo9t1 by means ( a delicate sac conta9+ fluid4 ,?is fluid is con/antly suppli$ 9 small quantities1 b only s fa/ z x is us$ up 9 ex]cise4 ,9 appe>ance1 x is n unlike ! :ite ( an egg1 & h5ce its "n synovia1 or egg-l4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,:at d we obs]ve z reg>ds ! composition ( a jo9t8 ,! ligam5t & c>tilage8 ,:at v>ies8 ,example ( ! skull8 ,o!r examples8 ,! ball-&-socket jo9t8 #aj4 ,?us1 we obs]ve1 t two v diff]5t sub/ances ent] into ! composition ( a jo9t4 ,! ligam5t1 v unyield+1 af=ds /r5g?1 :ile ! c>tilage1 ela/ic & moi/1 gives ease & smoo?ness ( motion4 ,! am\nt ( motion provid$ = v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t jo9ts4 ,9 "s !re is none at all1 z 9 ! skull1 :]e "o bone is dove-tail$ into ano!r by :at are t]m$ sutures4 ,o!rs h a h+e-l motion1 su* z ^? ( ! elb[1 wri/1 ankle1 & knee2 ! mo/ complete ( ^! be+ ! elb[-jo9t 7,fig4 #e74 ,belong+ to ano!r class1 ! #ba ball-&-socket jo9t1 is t at ! %\ld]1 possess+ a fre$om ( motion great] ?an any o!r 9 ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,elb[ ,,jo9t4 ,a1 ,bone ( ! arm2 ,b1 ,c1 ,bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,:at is ! sp9al column8 ,:at does x connect & =m8 ,jo9ts ( ! v]tebr8 ,am\nt ( motion8 ,result8 #aa4 ,,! ,,sp9al ,,column4--,! sp9al column is (t5 spok5 ( z ! back-bone1 z if x 7 a s+le bone1 :ile1 9 reality1 x is compos$ ( a *a9 ( tw5ty-six small bones1 call$ v]tebr4 ,! sp9al column is a wond]ful piece ( me*anism4 ,x n only connects ! important cavities ( ! body1 z has already be5 %[n1 b1 also1 itself =ms a canal1 :i* conta9s ! sp9al cord4 ,! jo9ts ( ! v]tebr are rem>kable = ! ?ick lay]s ( c>tilage :i* sep>ate ! adjac5t surfaces ( bone4 ,! am\nt ( motion betwe5 any two ( ^! bones is n great2 b ^! little movem5ts1 tak5 toge!r1 admit ( v consid]able flexibility1 9 sev]al directions1 )\t endang]+ ! support+ p[] ( ! column4 #bb ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,ela/icity ( ! frame8 ,protection ( ! bra9 f %ocks8 ,tallness ( p]sons8 ,effects ( recl9+8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,,! ,,sp9al ,,column4 #ab4 ,! abundant supply ( int]v]tebral c>tilage has ano!r important use1 namely1 x adds greatly to ! ela/icity ( ! frame4 ,x is due1 9 "p1 to ?is ela/ic mat]ial1 & 9 "p to ! frequ5t curves ( ! sp9e1 t ! bra9 & o!r delicate organs are protect$ f ! %ock ( sudd5 falls or j>s4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! con/ant pressure ^u ^! jo9ts1 :ile ! body is erect1 dim9i%es ! ?ickness ( ! c>tilages2 s t a p]son is n s tall 9 ! ev5+ z 9 ! morn+4 ,! effects ( ?is compression pass away :5 ! body recl9es 9 a horizontal position4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,*ange 9 bone8 ,example--animal & madd]4 ,rapidity ( *ange 9 color8 ,wa/e & repair8 #ac4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bone4--,bone1 l all ! o!r tissues ( ! body1 is con/antly und]go+ *ange1 old mat]ial be+ )drawn1 & new p>ticles tak+ _! place4 ,?is has be5 %[n conclusively by exp]im5ts4 ,if an animal be f$ ) madd]--a r$ color+ matt]--= a day or two1 ! bones soon become t+$2 !n1 if ! madd] be discont9u$ = a few days1 ! orig9al color returns4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is mat]ial be alt]nately giv5 & )held1 at %ort int]vals1 ! bone w be m>k$ by a succession ( r$ & :ite r+s4 ,9 v "y animals1 all ! bones become color$ 9 a s+le day2 9 old] ones1 a long] "t is requir$4 ,! process ( wa/e & repair1 !re=e1 is con/antly tak+ place 9 ?is h>d sub/ance1 & ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 #bc #ad4 ,,! ,,repair ,,( ,,bone4--,nature's provision = unit+ brok5 bones is v complete4 ,at fir/1 blood is p\r$ out ar\nd ! ends ( ! bone1 z a result ( ! injury4 ,?is is gradually absorb$1 & gives place to a wat]y fluid1 :i*1 ?ick5+ f day to day1 acquires1 at ! end ( two weeks1 ! consi/5cy ( jelly4 ,?is beg9s to h>d51 by a deposit ( new bone-sub/ance1 until1 at ! expiration ( five or six weeks1 ! brok5 bone may be said to be unit$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill fragile1 & mu/ be us$ c>efully a few weeks long]4 ,! process ( h>d5+ cont9ues1 & mon?s mu/ pass be=e ! union c be said to be complete4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at useful purposes d ! bones s]ve8 #ae1 #af #b4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! composition ( ! bones4 #af #c4 ,( ! usefulness ( lime 9 ! bones4 #af #d4 ,( ! usefulness ( animal sub/ance 9 ! bones4 #af #e4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! /ructure ( ! bones4 #ag #f4 ,( ! /r5g? belong+ to ! bones4 #ae1 #af1 #ag #g4 ,:at is meant by ! human skeleton8 #ai #h4 ,give a description ( its con/ruction4 #ai #i4 ,:at is meant by a jo9t 9 ! human frame8 #ai #aj4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! movable jo9ts4 #ai1 #bj #aa4 ,:at (fice is p]=m$ by ! ligam5ts ( ! jo9ts8 #ai1 #bj #ab4 ,:at by ! c>tilage at ! jo9ts8 #bj #ac4 ,:at movable jo9ts are !re8 #bj1 #ba #ad4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( ! sp9al column4 #ba #ae4 ,:at prop]ties & p[]s does ! sp9al column possess8 #ba1 #bb #af4 ,:5 is a p]son tall] ?an at o!r times8 #bb #ag4 ,give ! reason = ?is4 #bb #ah4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! gr[? ( bone8 #bb #ai4 ,describe ! process by :i* a brok5 bone is repair$4 #bc 99 99 99 99 99 #bd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,muscles4 #be ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,muscles4 ,! ,muscles--,flexion & ,ext5sion--,! ,t5dons--,contraction--,physical ,/r5g?--,necessity = ,ex]cise--,its ,effects--,=ms ( ,ex]cise--,walk+--,rid+--,gymna/ics--,op 5-air ,ex]cise--,sleep--,recreation4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,:at are ! muscles8 ,_! numb]8 ,! design ( mo/ ( !m8 ,( a few8 #a4 ,,! ,,muscles4-- ,! great mass ( ! body ext]nal to ! skeleton1 is compos$ ( ! fle%1 or ,muscles1 :i* l>gely det]m9es its outl9e & weight4 ,! muscles are ! organs ( motion4 ,_! numb] is ab\t f\r hundr$1 & to ea* ( !m is assign$ a sep>ate & di/9ct (fice4 ,!y h all be5 /udi$1 "o by "o1 & a "n giv5 to ea*1 by ! anatomi/4 ,ea* is atta*$ to bones :i* x is design$ to move4 ,a few are circul> 9 =m1 & enclose cavities1 ! size ( :i* !y dim9i% by contraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,muscul> ,,tissue4 a1 b1 ,/rip$ muscul> fibres3 c1 ,! same m highly magnifi$4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! /ructure ( fle%8 ,its color1 etc48 ,! composition ( ! fibres8 ,h[ m>k$8 #b4 ,if we exam9e a piece ( fle%1 we obs]ve t x is s(t1 & ( a deep r$ color4 ,its /ructure appe>s to be compos$ ( lay]s & bundles ( small fibres4 ,let u fur!r exam9e ^! fibres "u ! microscope4 ,we n[ discov] t !y are1 9 turn1 made up ( /ill f9] fibres1 ( fibrill3 ^! are se5 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! fibres are beautifully #bf m>k$ by p>allel wavy l9es1 ab\t t5 ?\s& to an in*1 :i* give ! fibre its "n ( ! /rip$ muscul> fibre4 ,all ( ! volunt>y muscles pres5t ?is appe>ance4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,arrangem5t ( ! muscles8 ,_! action8 ,flexion & ext5sion8 ,action ( ! muscles :5 we /& erect8 #c4 ,,flexion ,,& ,,ext5sion4--,! muscles are1 = ! mo/ "p1 s arrang$ 9 pairs1 or correspond+ sets1 t :5 motion is produc$ 9 "o direction by "o set1 !re is1 opposite to x1 ano!r muscle1 or gr\p ( muscles1 :i* br+s ! limb back to its place4 ,:5 !y act alt]nately1 a to-&-fro movem5t results4 ,:5 a jo9t is b5t1 ! motion is call$ flexion2 & :5 x is made /raight aga91 x is call$ ext5sion4 ,:5 bo? sets act equally1 & at ! same mom5t1 no motion is produc$1 b ! body or limb is ma9ta9$ 9 a fix$ position3 ?is occurs :5 we /& erect4 ,! muscles :i* produce ext5sion are m p[]ful ?an ^? opposite to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,a1 ,biceps muscle ( ! arm3 ,b1 ,c1 ,its t5dons4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,k9ds ( muscles8 ,! volunt>y8 ,involunt>y8 ,! he>t8 ,give ! example4 ,! h&8 ,arm8 #d4 ,! muscles are also di/+ui%$1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! volunt>y & involunt>y muscles1 accord+ z !y are1 or are n1 "u ! control ( ! w4 ,! he>t is an example ( ! involunt>y v>iety4 ,we _c *ange its action 9 ! lea/ by an ef=t ( ! w4 ,:5 we sleep1 & ! w ceases to act1 ! he>t cont9ues to beat )\t cessation4 ,! volunt>y muscles1 on ! o!r h&1 are su* z are us$ only :5 we wi% or w to use !m--z ! muscles ( ! h& or arm 7,fig4 #i74 #bg ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,:at are ! t5dons or s9ews8 ,_! /r5g?8 ,color8 ,location8 ,t5don ( ,a*illes8 ,! fable8 ,muscles ( ! leg8 #e4 ,,! ,,t5dons4--,t5dons1 or s9ews1 are ! extremities ( muscles1 & are compactly fa/5$ ^u bone4 ,!y are v /rong1 & ( a silv]y :it5ess4 ,!y may be felt j b5ea? ! sk91 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 :5 ! muscles are be+ us$1 z at ! b5d ( ! elb[ or knee4 ,! l>ge/ t5don ( ! body is t :i* is ins]t$ into ! heel1 call$ ! t5don ( ,a*illes1 aft] ! h]o ( ! ,grecian poet1 ! fable relat+ t x 0 at ?is po9t t he receiv$ 8 dea?-w\nd1 no o!r "p ( 8 body be+ vuln]able4 ,! muscles :i* ext5d into ! leg unite to =m a s+le & v p[]ful t5don1 & enclose a small bone call$ ! knee-pan1 :i*1 act+ l a pulley1 greatly increases _! p[]1 & at ! same "t protects ! front ( ! knee-jo9t 7,fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,view ,,( ,,knee-,,jo9t4 ,a1 ,?igh bone3 ,b1 ,knee-pan3 ,c1 ,d1 ,leg bones4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,contraction ( ! muscles8 ,b5d+ ( ! arm or f+]8 ,o!r ag5cies8 ,automatic movem5ts8 ,9 cold-blood$ animals8 #f4 ,,muscul> ,,contraction4--,! muscles1 :5 act$ ^u by ! appropriate /imulus1 contract1 or s *ange #bh _! %ape1 t _! extremities are br\ght ne>] toge!r4 ,! b5d+ ( ! arm1 or ( a f+]1 is effect$ 9 ?is mann]1 by ! w2 b ! w is n ! only means ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,electricity1 a %>p bl[ ov] a muscle1 & o!r /imuli1 also cause x4 ,contraction does n always cease ) life4 ,9 man1 aft] dea? f *ol]a1 automatic movem5ts ( h&s & feet h be5 obs]v$1 la/+ n less ?an an h\r4 ,9 c]ta9 cold-blood$ animals1 z ! turtle1 contraction has be5 kn[n to take place = sev]al days aft] ! head has be5 cut (f4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,contractility8 ,give ! illu/ration4 ,:at 0 suppos$8 ,:at is ! case8 #g4 ,! prop]ty :i*1 9 muscle1 enables ^! movem5ts to take place is call$ contractility4 ,if we grasp a muscle :ile 9 ex]cise 7= example1 ! l>ge muscle 9 ! front ( ! arm71 we notice ! alt]nate swell+ & decrease ( ! muscle1 z we move ! =e>m to & fro4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ! muscle actually increas$ 9 volume dur+ contraction4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case2 = ! muscle1 :ile ga9+ 9 ?ickness1 loses 9 l5g? 9 ! same proportion2 & ?us1 ! volume rema9s ! same 9 action & at re/4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,:at fur!r 9 relation to contraction8 ,we>9ess ( a muscle8 ,beat+ ( ! he>t8 ,/&+ & walk+8 #h4 ,contraction is n ! p]man5t1 or normal1 /ate ( a muscle4 ,x _c long rema9 contract$1 b aft] a %ort] or long] "t1 x we>ies & is oblig$ to relax4 ,aft] a %ort re/1 x c !n aga9 contract4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! he>t c beat all ?r\gh life1 night & day1 by hav+1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 a brief int]val ( re/ betwe5 successive pulsations4 ,= ! same reason1 x is m fatigu+ to /& = any great l5g? ( "t 9 "o position1 ?an to be walk+ ! same p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,muscul> p[] ( animals8 ,h[ te/$8 ,man's p[]8 ,horse's8 ,! comp>ison8 #i4 ,,relative ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,animals4--,! am\nt ( muscul> p[] :i* diff]5t animals c ex]t1 has #bi be5 te/$ by exp]im5t4 ,by det]m9+ ! numb] ( p\nds :i* an animal c drag ^u a level surface1 & aft]w>d comp>+ t ) its own weight1 we c judge ( its muscul> =ce4 ,x is f\nd t man is able to drag a little less ?an 8 own weight4 ,a draught-horse c ex]t a =ce equal to ab\t two-?irds ( 8 weight4 ,! horse1 !re=e1 ?\gh va/ly heavi] ?an man1 is relatively n s p[]ful4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,p[] ( insects8 ,beetles8 ,give ! conclusion4 #aj4 ,insects are rem>kable = _! p[] ( c>ry+ objects l>g] & heavi] ?an !mselves4 ,_m ( !m c drag t51 & ev5 tw5ty times _! weight4 ,"s ( ! beetles h be5 kn[n to move bodies m ?an =ty times _! own weight4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f x be+ a fact t animals h /r5g? 9 proportion to _! weight & bulk1 ! rev]se ( t /atem5t seems to be ! law4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,diff]5ce 9 /r5g? ( individuals8 ,h[ caus$8 #aa4 ,,physical ,,/r5g?4--,! diff]5ce 9 /r5g?1 z se5 9 diff]5t individuals1 is n due to any orig9al diff]5ce 9 _! muscles4 ,nature gives ess5tially ! same k9d & am\nt ( muscles to ea* p]son1 & ! p[] ( "o1 or ! weakness ( ano!r1 arises1 9 great "p1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ^! organs are us$ or disus$4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,compla9t 9 relation to deg5]acy8 ,h[ true8 ,h[ det]m9$ by armor8 ,! fair supposition8 #ab4 ,_m au?ors compla9 ( ! physical deg5]acy ( m5 at ! pres5t day1 z comp>$ ) pa/ g5]ations4 ,!re is room = d\bt z to ! correctness ( ?is /atem5t4 ,c]ta9 exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 made ) ! metallic armor worn sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 by :i* x is f\nd t any man1 ( ord9>y height & muscul> developm5t1 c c>ry ! armor & wield ! weapons ( an age suppos$ to be greatly our sup]ior 9 /r5g?4 ,:5 we consid] t 9 ^? days1 only v /rong m5 c\ld endure ! h>d%ips ( soldi]-life1 #cj x is fair to suppose t our age has n s greatly deg5]at$ 9 respect to physical /r5g?4 ,sid5ote3 #ac ,action8 ,use ( organs8 ,tra9+ ( ! m9d8 ,! *ild's bra98 ,education ( ! body8 #ac4 ,,importance ,,( ,,ex]cise4--,action is ! law ( ! liv+ body4 ,e organ dem&s use to pres]ve x 9 full vigor1 & to obta9 f x its be/ s]vices4 ,! value ( t tra9+ ( ! m9d1 :i* we call education1 is ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,! *ild is e>ly put to s*ool1 & = _m ye>s cont9ues to /udy1 9 ord] t 8 bra91 :i* is ! great c5tre ( m5tal p[]1 may act heal?fully & ) =ce4 ,x is important t ! body1 also1 %\ld receive its education by ex]cise4 ,?is is especially true ( p]sons belong+ to c]ta9 classes ( society1 ^: occupation conf9es !m )9 doors1 & requires *iefly bra9-"w4 ,sid5ote3 #ad ,"w 9 ! op5 air8 ,a p]fect bus9ess8 ,! consequ5ce ( univ]sal p]fect bus9ess8 ,occupation ( *ildr58 #ad4 ,p]sons :o are engag$ 9 manual labor 9 ! op5 air obta9 all ! ex]cise necess>y = bodily heal? 9 _! regul> bus9ess3 _! ne$ is m likely to be a discipl9e or ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,a p]fect bus9ess ( life1 !re=e1 w\ld be "o :i* w\ld comb9e bo? physical & m5tal labor 9 _! prop] proportions4 ,if su* a bus9ess 7 possible = all ! human race1 life w\ld !reby be va/ly prolong$4 ,su* is1 9 fact1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! occupation p]ta9+ to "o p]iod ( life--*ildhood4 ,a "p ( ! "t is sp5t by ! *ild 9 improv+ 8 m9d by /udy1 & ano!r "p ( ! "t he has physical ex]cise 9 8 games & sports4 ,sid5ote3 #ae ,9 :at does ex]cise consi/8 ,effects ( x8 #ae4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,ex]cise4--,ex]cise consi/s 9 a well-regulat$ use ( ! volunt>y muscul> sy/em4 ,! effects1 h[ev]1 are n limit$ to ! p>ts us$4 ,o!r organs1 :i* are n "u ! control ( ! w1 are indirectly influ5c$ by x4 ,= in/ance1 ! he>t beats m rapidly1 ! sk9 acts m freely1 & #ca becomes hott]1 z well z ! p>ts b5ea? x1 & ! appetite & p[] ( dige/ion are increas$4 ,an increas$ exhalation f ! lungs & sk9 purifies ! curr5t ( ! circulation1 & ! body z a :ole ?rives "u its influ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,g5]al effect ^u ! muscles8 ,special effect8 ,effects ( inaction8 ,( excessive ex]cise8 #af4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ex]cise1 h[ev]1 is ^u ! muscles !mselves2 = by use !y become firm & l>ge1 & increase 9 p[]4 ,if we exam9e a muscle ?us improv$ by ex]cise1 we f9d t its fibres h become l>g] & m closely bl5d$ toge!r1 t its color is ( a d>k] r$1 & t ! supply ( blood-vessels has increas$4 ,)\t ex]cise ! muscle appe>s ?91 flabby1 & pale4 ,on ! o!r h&1 excessive ex]cise1 )\t suffici5t relaxation1 produces 9 ! muscle a condition n v diff]5t f t :i* foll[s disuse4 ,! muscle is worn out fa/] ?an nature builds x up1 & x becomes flabby1 pale1 & weak4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,( viol5t & spasmodic ef=ts8 ,/r5g?1 h[ atta9$8 ,give ! p>ticul>s4 #ag4 ,viol5t ex]cise is n b5eficial2 & spasmodic ef=ts to increase ! muscul> /r5g? are n calculat$ to secure su* a result4 ,/r5g? is ! result ( a gradual gr[?1 & is mo/ surely acquir$ if ! ex]cise be c>ri$ to a po9t %ort ( fatigue1 & aft] an adequate int]val ( re/4 ,to ga9 ! mo/ b5eficial results1 ! ex]cise %\ld be at regul> h\rs1 & dur+ a regul> p]iod4 ,! activity ( ! ex]cise1 & ! "t devot$ to x mu/ v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! /r5g? ( ! individual1 & %\ld be c>efully measur$ by x4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,:at may walk+ be call$8 ,:at fur!r is said ( walk+8 #ah4 ,,diff]5t ,,modes ,,( ,,ex]cise4--,!re are v few :o h n ! p[] to walk4 ,!re is requir$ = x no exp5sive app>atus1 nor does x dem& a p]iod ( prelim9>y tra9+4 ,walk+ may be call$ ! univ]sal ex]cise4 ,) c]ta9 =eign nations1 ! ,engli% #cb especially1 x is a v popul> ex]cise1 & is practis$ habitually by almo/ e class ( society2 by ! weal?y z well z by ^? :o h no c>riages2 by wom5 z well z by m54 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,:at is said ( runn+1 & o!r l movem5ts8 ,:at1 z relat$ to *ildhood8 ,:at in/ances are allud$ to8 ,example8 #ai4 ,runn+1 leap+1 & c]ta9 o!r m rapid & viol5t movem5ts1 are ! =ms ( ex]cise t are mo/ enjoy$ 9 *ildhood4 ,= ! *ild1 !y are n too sev]e1 b !y may be s prolong$ z to become injuri\s4 ,in/ances h be5 record$ :]e sudd5 dea? has result$ aft] viol5t play+1 f ov]tax+ ! he>t3 = example1 we h ! case ( a "y girl :o1 :ile skipp+ ! rope1 & endeavor+ to excel h] playmates by jump+ ! greate/ numb] ( times1 fell dead f rupture ( ! he>t4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,c>riage-rid+8 ,horseback-rid+8 #bj4 ,c>riage-rid+1 z a means ( passive ex]cise1 is p>ticul>ly well suit$ to invalids1 & p]sons advanc$ 9 life4 ,horseback ex]cise br+s into use a great] numb] ( muscles ?an any o!r "o ex]cise1 & ) x !re is an exhil>ation ( feel+ :i* refre%es ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,x is "o ( ! manlie/ ( ex]cises1 b n less suitable = wom5 ?an = m54 ,to be skilful 9 rid+1 x is be/ to beg9 its practice 9 y\?2 b !re are v few k9ds ( ex]cise ( :i* ! same is n equally true4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,boat+1 swimm+1 & skat+8 #ba4 ,= ^? :o live ne> /reams or bodies ( wat]1 !re are ! delightful recreations ( boat+1 swimm+1 & skat+4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! ex]cises h a practical importance aside f & above _! use 9 increas+ ! physical vigor4 ,?is is especially true ( boat+ & swimm+1 s9ce !y are (t5 ! means ( sav+ life4 ,practice 9 ^! ex]cises also tea*es self-reliance1 c\rage1 & pres5ce ( m9d4 ,p]sons :o h become pr(ici5t 9 ^! vigor\s ex]cises are g5]ally ! ones1 #cc :o1 9 times ( dang]1 are ! quicke/ to act & ! mo/ c]ta9 to d s ) judgm5t4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,:at k9d ( ex]cise yields ! be/ results8 ,:at advice is giv58 #bb4 ,,physical ,,culture4--,t =m ( ex]cise :i* int]e/s & excites ! m9d1 w yield ! be/ results2 b to "s p]sons no k9d ( ex]tion :atev] is1 at fir/1 agreeable4 ,!y %\ld1 nev]!less1 make a trial ( "s ex]cise1 9 ! expectation t1 z !y become pr(ici5t 9 x1 x w become m pleasant4 ,9 ex]cise1 z _m sets ( muscles %\ld be employ$ z possible1 op5-air ex]cise be+ ! be/4 ,p>lor gymna/ics1 & ! discipl9e ( ! gymnasium are desirable1 b !y %\ld n be ! sole reliance = physical culture4 ,no 9-door ex]cise1 h[ev] excell5t 9 itself1 c fill ! place ( he>ty & vigor\s activity 9 ! op5 air4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,physical culture among ! anci5ts8 ,9 ,greece8 ,9 s*ools & colleges at ! pres5t "t8 ,result to ! body & m9d8 #bc4 ,,gymna/ic ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges4--,9 ! sy/em ( education among ! anci5ts1 physical culture pr$om9at$4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 physical ex]cises 9 s*ools 7 prescrib$ & regulat$ by law1 & h5ce ^! s*ools 7 call$ gymnasia4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 on ! contr>y1 ?is culture is almo/ :olly unkn[n1 z a "p ( ! c\rse ( education1 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,9 a few ( our in/itutions ( le>n+1 h[ev]1 physical ex]cises h be5 introduc$1 ) manife/ advantage to ! /ud5ts1 & !y =m a "p ( ! regul> curriculum ( ex]cises1--z mu* s z ! recitations 9 geography1 gramm>1 or ,greek4 ,! good effect ( ! exp]im5ts1 z %[n 9 improv$ s*ol>%ip z well z increas$ bodily vigor1 9 ! in/itutions :]e ! plan has be5 tri$1 w1 x is hop$1 lead to its univ]sal adoption4 ,we %\ld !n he> less frequ5tly ( p>5ts be+ oblig$ to )draw _! *ildr5 f s*ool1 because !y become exhau/$ #cd or1 p]*ance1 h lo/ _! heal? f int5se & protract$ m5tal application4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! result ( gymna/ics 9 our colleges & o!r in/itutions ( le>n+8 #bd4 ,7 gymna/ics m common 9 our educational in/itutions we %\ld n s (t5 witness ! sad spectacle ( "y m5 & wom5 leav+ our colleges & sem9>ies1 ) f9i%$ educations x may be1 b ) con/itutions s impair$1 t ! life :i* %\ld be devot$ to ! accompli%m5t ( noble purposes mu/ be sp5t 9 se>* ( heal?4 ,sp9al curvatures1 :i*1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( physicians1 are n[ extremely frequ5t1 especially among ladies1 w\ld give place to ! /eady gait & erect c>riage :i* ,god design$ 8 human creatures %\ld ma9ta94 #be4 ,all ! ex]cises necess>y = ! prop] developm5t ( ! body may be obta9$ f ! use ( a few simple contrivances t e "o c h at home1 at little co/--less by f> ?an is sp5t = useless toys4 ,_m ( ^! may be made available 9 ! p>lor or *amb]1 ?\gh all ex]cises are f> m useful 9 ! op5 air4 ,a small portion ( ! day ?us sp5t w af=d agreeable recreation z well z useful ex]cise4 ,! ,indian club1 ! w&1 ! r+1 & ! dumb-bells answ] ord9>y purposes v well4 ,illu/rations are "h introduc$ ( a few simple contrivances t may be useful = g5]al ex]cises1 & are specially suitable = p]sons ) weak sp9es1 or ) sp9es t are ! subject ( lat]al curvature4 #bf4 ,"o ( ! simple/ appliances = /r5g!n+ ! muscles ( ! sp9e1 design$ *iefly to ex]cise ! muscles on ei!r side ( ! sp9e1 consi/s ( two wood5 h&les atta*$ to india-rubb] cords1 "o ( :i* is atta*$ to a hook made fa/ 9 ! ceil+1 or 9 ! top ( ! door-case2 & ! o!r to ano!r hook fa/5$ 9 ! wall1 door-po/1 or w9d[-cas+1 ab\t ! height #ce ( ! %\ld]4 ,:5 traction is made ) ! left h&1 x ex]cises ! muscles on ! left side ( ! sp9e1 :ile ^? on ! opposite side are left almo/ at re/1 ow+ to ! oblique direction giv5 to ! %\ld]s :5 ! "r h& grasps ! horizontal cord4 7,?is appliance w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ac47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 #cf #bg4 ,fig4 #aa %[s an appliance consi/+ ( two /rong ela/ic cords1 ) h&les1 secur$ to a hook 9 ! floor1 s arrang$ t ! pati5t has to /oop =w>d to rea* !m4 ,on rais+ ! body ! sp9al muscles are p[]fully ex]cis$4 ,fig4 #ab %[s o!r modes ( us+ ! ela/ic cords = /r5g!n+ ! sp9e & *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 #bh4 ,^! v>i\s appliances h be5 comb9$ s z to =m a sy/em ( gymna/ics suitable = p>lor use2 o!r appliances h be5 add$ by :i* ! muscles ( #cg ! legs may be call$ into action z well z ^? ( ! sp9e & upp] "p ( ! body 7,fig4 #ac74 ,comb9ations ( cords suitable = p>ticul> cases may also be made1 & by us+ "o or sev]al cords on ! same hook1 _! p[] may be adapt$ to ! /r5g? ( ! mo/ robu/ z well z to t ( ! invalid1 or ( ! mo/ delicate *ild4 ,! entire app>atus is q simple 9 its con/ruction & inexp5sive1 requir+ b little space1 & at ! same "t af=d+ a great v>iety ( ex]cises4 ,,ex]cises ,,t ,,may ,,be ,,practis$ ,,on ,,?is ,,app>atus4 ,,ex]cise ,i4 7,fig4 #ac74--,/& erect "u ! cords & place ! heels toge!r4 ,grasp ! h&les firmly1 keep+ ! knees & elb[s /iff1 & pull d[nw>d & =w>d until ! f+]s ne>ly t\* ! toes4 ,return sl[ly to ! erect position4 ,repeat4 ,,ex]cise ,,ii4 7,fig4 #ac74--,/& erect1 & hav+ grasp$ ! h&les ov]head firmly1 sep>ate !m & br+ !m d[n sl[ly until !y t\* ! sides3 !n return !m sl[ly to ! orig9al position4 ,repeat4 ,,ex]cise ,,iii4 7,fig4 #ac74--,/& erect1 heels toge!r1 grasp ! h&les ov]head1 & *>ge =w>d ) ! "r foot4 ,return to fir/ position1 & !n *>ge ) ! left4 ,repeat1 us+ ! "r & left foot alt]nately4 ,,ex]cise ,,iv4 7,fig4 #ac74--,/& erect1 heels toge!r4 ,grasp ! h&le ov]head1 & *>ge =w>d ) ! "r foot1 knee b5t4 ,rema9 9 ?is position & br+ ! arms d[n to ! sides s t ! arm & =e-arm may =m a "r angle4 ,/ill hold+ ! h&les1 ?ru/ =w>d1 fir/ ! "r h& & !n ! left1 until ! arm is /raight4 ,repeat4 ,return to fir/ position1 !n *>ge =w>d ) ! left foot1 p]=m+ ! same movem5ts z be=e4 ,,ex]cise ,v4 7,fig4 #ac74--;,9 ?is ex]cise we *ange to ! pulleys lead+ f ! side po/s1 :i* c be us$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 #a/4 ,/& erect1 heels toge!r1 fac+ "o ( ! po/s1 grasp ! h&le ) ! "r h&1 ! arm be+ ext5d$1 !n flex ! =e-arm on ! arm4 ,repeat4 ,p]=m ! same movem5ts ) ! left h&4 #b;d4 ,/& ) back to ! po/2 grasp ! pulley beh9d ) ! "r h&1 !n gradually br+ ! h& =w>d until x is ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e 9 front4 ,repeat4 ,p]=m ! same ex]cise ) ! left h&4 #ch ,,ex]cise ,,vi4 7,fig4 #ac74--,?is ex]cise is especially adapt$ to ! legs4 ,/irrups are s arrang$ t !y c be atta*$ to ! pulleys ov]head1 & c hang d[n to )9 ?ree or f\r feet ( ! floor4 ,place ! foot 9 ! /irrup1 & !n press d[n until x t\*es ! floor4 ,repeat4 ,ex]cise ! left foot 9 ! same way4 ,,ex]cise ,,vii4 7,fig4 #ac47--,?is ex]cise requires a little att5tion 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! app>atus4 ,"u ! pulleys 9 ! floor are pass$ ropes :i* c be atta*$ to ! snap-hooks t hold ! h&les ov]head4 ,/oop =w>d ) ! knees /iff1 & take hold ( ! h&les1 & !n raise ! body to ! erect position4 ,repeat4 ,,ex]cise ,,viii4 7,fig4 #ac74--,sit on ! floor or on a seat ?ree or f\r in*es high2 b5d =w>d1 take hold ( ! h&les1 & p]=m ! same movem5ts t y w\ld 9 r[+ a boat4 ,,ex]cise ,,ix4 7,fig4 #ac74--,! trapeze c n[ be let d[n2 take hold ( x ) bo? h&s1 su/a9+ ! weight ( ! body ) ! arms1 !n rotate ! body fir/ f "r to left1 !n f left to "r alt]nately4 ,?is ex]cise is especially suitable = females4 ,,ex]cise ,x4 7,fig4 #ac74--;,grasp ! trapeze z be=e1 be>+ all ! weight ) ! arms3 !n draw ! body up sl[ly until y c place ! *9 ov] ! b>s4 ,?is requires /r5g? ( muscle1 & might /ra9 if done too viol5tly2 if sl[ly p]=m$ !re is no dang]4 ,^! are b a few ( ! ex]cises t c be practis$ ) ?is app>atus4 ,z ^! become famili> !y c easily be modifi$1 & new ones c be arrang$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( p>ticul> cases4 ,mo/ ( ! ex]cises describ$ c be practis$ ) "o h& s z to /r5g!n ! muscles on "o side4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,ne$ ( repose8 ,h[ d we obta9 re/8 ,alfr$ ! ,great8 ,! eight-h\r division ( "t8 #bi4 ,,re/4--,we _c always be active3 repose mu/ succe$ labor4 ,we obta9 ?is re/ p>tly by susp5d+ all ex]tion1 z 9 sleep1 & p>tly by a *ange ( employm5t4 ,x is said t ,alfr$ ! ,great recomm5d$ t ea* day %\ld be divid$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,eight h\rs = "w1 eight h\rs = recreation1 & eight h\rs = sleep4 ,?is division ( "t is z good z any t c\ld n[ be made1 if x be borne 9 m9d t1 :5 ! "w is physical1 ! "t ( recreation %\ld #ci be devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! m9d2 & :5 m5tal1 we %\ld !n recreate by means ( physical ex]cise4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,cessation ( volunt>y activity8 ,temp]ature ( ! body8 ,consequ5ce8 ,body & m9d dur+ sleep8 ,nutrition8 ,describe x4 ,consequ5ces ( insuffici5t sleep8 #cj4 ,dur+ sleep1 all volunt>y activity ceases1 ! rapidity ( ! circulation & brea?+ dim9i%es1 & ! temp]ature ( ! body falls "o or two degrees4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! body ne$s w>m] cov]+s ?an dur+ ! h\rs ( wakefulness4 ,dur+ sleep1 ! body seems :olly at re/1 & ! m9d is also inactive1 if we except ^? involunt>y m5tal w&]+s :i* we call dreams4 ,nev]!less a v active & important physical process is go+ on4 ,nutrition1 or ! n\ri%+ ( ! tissues1 n[ takes place4 ,:ile ! body is 9 action1 ! process ( pull+ d[n pr$om9ates1 b 9 sleep1 t ( build+ up takes place m actively4 ,9 ?is way we are refre%$ ea* night1 & prep>$ = ! "w & pleasures ( ano!r day4 ,if sleep is insuffici5t1 ! effects are se5 9 ! lassitude & weakness :i* foll[4 ,wakefulness is v frequ5tly ! =]unn] ( insanity1 especially among ^? :o p]=m excessive m5tal labor4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,am\nt ( sleep 9 diff]5t p]sons8 ,cases8 ,fr$]ick ! ,great8 ,bonap>te8 ,in/ances ( long deprivation ( sleep8 #ca4 ,all p]sons d n require ! same am\nt ( sleep1 b ! av]age ( m5 ne$ f sev5 to n9e h\rs4 ,!re are well-au!nticat$ cases :]e individuals h rema9$ )\t sleep = _m days )\t app>5t injury4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great requir$ only five h\rs ( sleep daily4 ,bonap>te c\ld pass days ) only a few h\rs ( re/4 ,b ?is long cont9u$ abs5ce ( sleep is att5d$ ) dang]4 ,aft] loss ( sleep = a long p]iod1 9 "s in/ances1 /upor has come on s pr(\ndly1 t !re has be5 no awak+4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,in/ances ( sailors8 ,fr5* soldi]s8 ,dur+ torture8 #cb4 ,!re are in/ances relat$ ( sailors fall+ asleep #dj on ! gun-decks ( _! %ips :ile 9 action4 ,on ! retreat f ,mosc[1 ! ,fr5* soldi]s w\ld fall asleep on ! m>*1 & c\ld only be ar\s$ by ! cry1 ,! ,cossacks are com+6 ,tortur$ p]sons are said to h slept ^u ! rack 9 ! int]vals ( _! torture4 ,9 e>ly life1 :ile engag$ 9 a labori\s c\ntry practice1 ! writ] n unfrequ5tly slept s\ndly on horseback4 ,^! in/ances1 & o!rs1 %[ ! imp]ative dem& :i* nature makes = re/ 9 sleep4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! numb] & division ( ! muscles8 #be1 #bf #b4 ,describe ! /ructure ( ! muscles4 #be1 #bf #c4 ,_! arrangem5t 9 pairs & consequ5t action4 #bf #d4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! motion call$ flexion & t call$ ext5sion8 #bf #e4 ,describe _! action1 & /ate :i* are ! m p[]ful4 #bf #f4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y muscles8 #bf #g4 ,illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 #bf #h4 ,/ate all y c ( ! t5dons or s9ews4 #bg #i4 ,:at is meant by contraction ( ! muscles8 #bg1 #bh #aj4 ,9 h[ _m & :at ways may contraction be effect$8 #bh #aa4 ,:at is /at$ ( aft]-dea? contraction8 #bh #ab4 ,:y _c a muscle 9 life cont9ue contract$ a long "t8 #bh #ac4 ,h[ !n c ! con/ant beat+ ( ! he>t be expla9$8 #bh #ad4 ,h[ does ! /r5g? ( a man comp>e ) t ( a horse8 #bi #ae4 ,:at c y /ate 9 relation to ! relative /r5g? ( animals8 #bh1 #bi #af4 ,:at1 9 relation to physical /r5g?8 #bi #ag4 ,:at1 9 relation to physical deg5]acy8 #bi1 #cj #ah4 ,:at1 9 relation to ! importance ( ex]cise8 #cj #ai4 ,:at is ! effect ( ex]cise ^u ! he>t1 sk91 & appetite8 #cj1 #ca #bj4 ,h[ does ex]cise affect ! curr5t ( ! body's circulation8 #ca #ba4 ,h[ does judici\s ex]cise affect ! muscles8 #ca #bb4 ,:at is /at$ ( viol5t & spasmodic ex]cise8 #ca #bc4 ,( ! ex]cise ( walk+8 #ca1 #cb1 #cc #bd4 ,( runn+1 leap+1 & o!r modes ( ex]cise8 #cb #be4 ,( physical culture1 9 connection ) out-door ex]cises8 #cc #bf4 ,( ! importance ( gymna/ics 9 our s*ools & colleges8 #cc1 #cd #bg4 ,( ! importance ( re/ f labor or ex]cise8 #ch1 #ci #bh4 ,:at processes take place dur+ sleep8 #ci #bi4 ,:at effects foll[ insuffici5t sleep8 #ci 99 99 99 99 99 #da ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,integum5t1 ,,or ,,sk94 ,! ,integum5t--,its ,/ructure--,! ,nails & ,hair--,! ,complexion--,! ,sebace\s ,gl&s--,! ,p]spiratory ,gl&s--,p]spiration & its ,uses--,importance ( ,ba?+--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,ba?s--,mann] ( ,ba?+--,! ,b5efits ( ! ,sun--,importance ( ,w>m ,clo?+--,poison\s ,cosmetics4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,:at is ! sk98 ,p>ts directly b5ea?8 ,:at is %[n8 #a4 ,,! ,,integum5t4--,! sk9 is ! out] cov]+ ( ! body4 ,! p>ts directly b5ea? x are v s5sitive1 & require protection4 ,?is is %[n :5ev] by accid5t ! sk9 is brok51 pi]c$1 or torn (f1 ! b>$ surface be+ v t5d]1 & pa9ful to ! t\*4 ,nature has provid$ ! body ) a g>m5t t is s(t1 pliable1 close-fitt+1 & v ?91 & yet suffici5tly /rong to enable u to come 9 contact ) ! objects t surr\nd u1 )\t inconv5i5ce or suff]+4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,microscopic exam9ation8 ,:at is ! cutis8 ,! cuticle8 ,_! union8 ,h[ sep>at$8 ,:at fur!r is said ( ! cuticle8 #b4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,sk94--,:5 exam9$ ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 ! sk9 is f\nd to be made up ( two lay]s--! out] & ! inn]4 ,! inn] "o is call$ ! cutis1 or true sk92 ! out] "o is ! epid]mis1 or sc>f-sk94 ,! latt] is also kn[n z ! cuticle4 ,^! two lay]s are closely unit$1 b !y may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is sep>ation takes place :5ev]1 f a burn1 or o!r cause1 a bli/] is =m$2 a wat]y fluid is p\r$ out betwe5 ! two lay]s1 & lifts ! epid]mis f ! true sk94 ,( ! two lay]s1 ! cuticle is ! ?9n] 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! body1 & has ! appe>ance ( a :iti% membrane4 ,x is t\gh & ela/ic1 is )\t feel+1 & does #db n ble$1 :5 cut4 ,exam9e x m closely1 & we obs]ve t x is compos$ ( m9ute flat cells1 closely compact$1 & arrang$ lay] ^u lay]4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,we>+ out ( ! cuticle8 ,:at !n8 ,v>iety 9 ?ickness ( cuticle8 ,h[ acc\nt$ =8 #c4 ,! out] lay] is con/antly be+ worn out1 & falls f ! body 9 ! =m ( v f9e scales4 ,x is1 also1 cont9ually =m+ anew on ! surface ( ! inn] lay]4 ,its ?ickness v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,:]e expos$ to use1 x is ?ick1 h>d1 & horn-l1 z may be se5 on ! soles ( ! feet1 or on ! palms ( ! h&s1 especially ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to p]=m mu* manual labor4 ,?is is an admirable provision = ! increas$ protection ( ! s5sitive p>ts bel[ ! sk9 aga9/ all extraord9>y exposure4 ,ev5 ! liabilities ( ^! p>ts to injury1 are ?us k9dly provid$ = by ! ,h& t made u4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,location & (fice ( ! cutis8 ,:at fur!r is said ( x8 ,papill8 ,t\*8 #d4 ,! cutis1 or true sk91 lies b5ea? ! epid]mis1 & is its orig9 & support4 ,x is firm1 d5se1 ela/ic1 v s5sitive1 & is freely suppli$ ) blood-vessels4 ,x is closely connect$ ) ! tissues bel[ x1 b may be sep>at$ by means ( a %>p in/rum5t4 ,! surface ( ! cutis is n smoo?1 b is cov]$ "h & !re ) m9ute elevations1 call$ papill4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 r[s1 along f9e l9es1 or ridges1 su* z ^? :i* m>k ! palm & f+]s2 _! numb] is ab\t #hj to ! squ>e l9e 7a l9e be+ "o-twelf? ( an in*74 ,^! papill conta9 ! blood-vessels :i* c>ry ! supply ( blood ne$$ by ! ev]-wa/+ sk94 ,!y conta9 n]ves also1 & are l>gely conc]n$ 9 ! s5se ( t\*2 h5ce !y are p>ticul>ly abundant :]e ! t\* is mo/ delicate1 z at ! ends ( ! f+]s4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,:at are ! nails & hair8 ,! gr[? ( ! nail8 ,! rapidity ( its gr[?8 ,accid5t to ! nail8 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 a1 b4 ,,! ,,root ,,( ,a ,,hair4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,! sk9 =m+ ! hair sac4 #d4 ,sebace\s gl&s4 #e4 ,! hair sac4 c4 ,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,a ,,hair4 #e4 ,,! ,,nails ,,& ,,hair4--,^! are app5dages ( ! sk91 & al?\gh v unlike ! cuticle z x appe>s on ! surface ( ! body1 !y are1 9 reality1 modifi$ =ms ( t lay] ( ! sk94 ,! nail gr[s f a fold ( ! cuticle at ! root1 & f ! "u surface4 ,z fa/ z x is =m$1 x is con/antly be+ pu%$ outw>d4 ,! rapidity ( its gr[? c be asc]ta9$ by fil+ a slight groove on its surface1 & notic+ h[ ! space betwe5 x & ! root ( ! nail increases1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks4 ,:5 ! nail is remov$ by any accid5t1 x w be replac$ by a new "o1 if ! root be n injur$4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,h[ are ! hairs produc$8 ,diff]5ce 9 _! l5g?8 #f4 ,! hairs are produc$ 9 a simil> mann]2 ! sk9 =m+ depressions1 or hair sacs1 f ! bottom ( :i* !y gr[ & are n\ri%$ 7,fig4 #ad74 ,!y are f\nd1 ( great] or less l5g?1 on almo/ all p>ts ( ! surface1 except ! palms ( ! h&s & soles ( ! feet4 ,on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 !y gr[ to great l5g?2 on o!r p>ts !y are s %ort1 t !y d n rise beyond ! hair sac 9 :i* !y orig9ate4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,root ( ! hair8 ,%aft8 ,firmness & s(tness ( ! hair8 #g4 ,! bulb1 or root1 f :i* ! hair arises1 is lodg$ 9 a small p\*1 or depression 9 ! sk94 ,! %aft is ! "p :i* gr[s out beyond ! level ( ! sk94 ,its gr[? is altoge!r 9 "o direction1 9 l5g? alone4 ,! out] "p ( ! hair is q firm1 :ile its #dd int]ior is s(t]1 & probably conveys ! fluids by :i* x is n\ri%$4 ,! hair is m glossy 9 heal? ?an at o!r times4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,(fice ( ! nail8 ,( ! hair8 ,give ! illu/rations4 #h4 ,! nail s]ves z a protection to ! end ( ! f+]1 & also enables u to grasp m firmly1 & to pick up small objects4 ,! hair1 too1 is a protection to ! p>ts x cov]s4 ,on ! head1 x %ields ! bra9 f extremes ( heat & cold1 & mod]ates ! =ce ( bl[s ^u ! scalp4 ,on ! body1 x is useful 9 af=d+ a m ext5sive surface = c>ry+ (f ! p]spiration4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,on :at does ! complexion dep5d8 ,light & d>k races8 ,freckles8 #i4 ,,complexion4--,9 ! deep] cells ( ! cuticle lies a pigm5t1 or color+ matt]1 consi/+ ( m9ute color$ gra9s4 ,on ?is pigm5t complexion dep5ds2 &1 accord+ z x is pres5t 9 less or great] am\nt1 occasions ! diff]5ce ( hue1 t exi/s betwe5 ! light & d>k races ( m51 & betwe5 ! blonde & brunette ( ! :ite races4 ,freckles are due to an irregul> increase ( color+ matt]4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,influ5ce ( ! sun8 ,h[ illu/rat$8 ,jews8 #aj4 ,! sun has a p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! developm5t ( ?is pigm5t1 z is %[n by ! sw>?y hue ( ^? ( ! :ite race :o h coloniz$ 9 tropical climates4 ,x is also well illu/rat$ by ! fact1 t among ! ,jews :o h settl$ 9 nor!rn ,europe1 !re are _m :o are fair complexion$1 :ile ^? resid+ 9 ,india1 are z d>k z ! ,h9doos ar\nd !m4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,:at is an ,alb9o8 ,:]e are ,alb9os f\nd8 #aa4 ,an ,alb9o is a p]son :o may be said to h no complexion2 t is1 !re is an entire abs5ce ( color+ matt] f ! sk91 hair1 & iris ( ! eye4 ,?is condition m frequ5tly occurs among ! d>k races1 & 9 hot climates1 al?\gh x has be5 obs]v$ 9 almo/ e race & clime4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,:at are sebace\s gl&s8 ,h[ d !y act8 ,sebace\s gl&s ( ! face8 ,h[ d !y act8 #ab4 ,,sebace\s ,,gl&s4--,!re are 9 ! sk9 c]ta9 #de small gl&s1 :i* produce an oily sub/ance1 call$ sebace\s matt]4 ,^! gl&s are little r\nd$ sacs1 usually connect$ ) ! hair-bulbs2 & ^u ^! bulbs1 !y empty _! product ( oil1 :i* acts z a natural & adequate dress+ = ! hair 7#d1 ,fig4 #ad74 ,a portion ( ! sebace\s matt] passes out ^u ! surface1 & prev5ts ! cuticle f becom+ dry & h>d4 ,! gl&s situat$ ^u ! face & =ehead1 op5 directly ^u ! sk94 ,9 ^!1 ! sebace\s matt] is liable to collect1 & become too h>d to fl[ (f naturally4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,black po9ts1 call$ worms8 ,animalcules8 ,s]vice p]=m$ by sebace\s matt]8 #ac4 ,^! gl&s on ! face & =ehead frequ5tly appe>1 on ! faces ( ! "y1 z small black po9ts1 :i* are incorrectly call$ worms4 ,x is true1 t occasionally liv+ animalcules are f\nd 9 ?is ?ick5$ sebace\s matt]1 b !y c only be detect$ by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,?is sebace\s matt] acts n only to keep ! sk9 flexible1 & furni% = ! hair an oily dress+1 b x especially s]ves to protect ! sk9 & hair1 f ! acridity aris+ f ! p]spiration4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,p]spiration8 ,sweat gl&s8 ,( :at d !y consi/8 ,dim5sion ( ! tubes8 #ad4 ,,! ,,p]spiratory ,,gl&s4--,! *ief product ( ! sk9's action is ! p]spiration4 ,= ! =mation ( ?is1 !re are furni%$ c\ntless numb]s ( little sweat-gl&s 9 ! true sk94 ,!y consi/ ( f9e tubes1 ) globe-l coils at _! deep] extremity4 ,_! m\?s or op5+s may be se5 ) an ord9>y magnify+ glass1 ^u ! f9e ridges :i* m>k ! f+]s4 ,^! tubes1 if uncoil$1 measure ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 diamet]1 !y are ab\t "o ?ree-hundr$? ( an in*1 & ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body !re are n f> f ?ree ?\s& ( ^! gl&s to ! squ>e in*4 ,_! :ole numb] 9 ! body is1 !re=e1 v great2 &1 9 fact1 x is comput$ if !y 7 all unit$1 end to end1 _! comb9$ measurem5t w\ld exce$ ?ree miles4 #df ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,:at is s5sible p]spiration8 ,ins5sible p]spiration8 #ae4 ,,! ,,s5sible ,,& ,,ins5sible ,,p]spiration4--,! pores ( ! sk9 are con/antly exhal+ a wat]y fluid2 b1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !re is no moi/ure app>5t ^u ! surface1 = x evaporates z rapidly z x is =m$4 ,?is is call$ ins5sible p]spiration4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( heat or ex]cise1 h[ev]1 ?is fluid is excret$ m abundantly1 & appe>s on ! surface 9 ! =m ( m9ute1 colorless drops4 ,x is !n t]m$ s5sible p]spiration4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,compon5ts ( p]spiration8 ,^u :at does p]spiration dep5d8 ,am\nt ( p]spiration daily8 #af4 ,wat] is ! *ief compon5t ( ?is fluid1 !re be+ ab\t n9ety-eight p>ts ( wat] to two p>ts ( solid matt]4 ,! quantity escap+ f ! body v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! occupation ( ! individual1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,! av]age daily am\nt ( ?is excretion1 9 ! adult1 is n f> f ?irty ounces1 ne>ly two p9ts1 or m ?an n9e gra9s ea* m9ute4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,:at does p]spiration set free f ! blood8 ,:at o!r s]vice does p]spiration p]=m8 ,expla9 ! process4 #ag4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,p]spiration4--,besides lib]at+ f ! blood ?is l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 ) ! effete matt] x conta9s1 ! p]spiration s]ves to regulate ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,t is to say1 z evaporation always dim9i%es temp]ature1 s ! p]spiration1 z x passes (f 9 ! =m ( f9e vapor1 cools ! surface4 ,accord+ly1 9 hot wea!r ?is function is mu* m active1 & ! cool+ influ5ce increases 9 proportion4 ,:5 ! air is already *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & does n readily receive ?is vapor ( ! body1 ! heat ( ! atmosph]e app>5tly increases1 & ! discom=t !refrom is relatively great]4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,effect ( int]ruption ( excretion8 ,:at exp]im5ts are m5tion$8 #ah4 ,! importance ( ?is excretion is %[n by ! effects t (t5 foll[ its tempor>y int]ruption1 namely1 heada*e1 fev]1 & ! o!r symptoms t accompany #dg tak+ cold4 ,:5 ! p]spiration is completely *eck$1 ! consequ5ces are v s]i\s4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ ^u c]ta9 small] animals1 z rabbits1 to asc]ta9 ! results ( clos+ ! p]spiratory tubes4 ,:5 !y are cov]$ by a coat+ ( v>ni% imp]vi\s to wat] & gases1 dea? ensues 9 f six to twelve h\rs2 ! att5dant symptoms resembl+ ^? ( suffocation4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,give ! /ory 9 relation to ! boy cov]$ ) gold foil4 #ai4 ,x is relat$ t1 at ! coronation ( "o ( ! ,popes ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 a little boy 0 *os5 to act ! "p ( an angel2 & 9 ord] t 8 appe>ance might be z gorge\s z possible1 he 0 cov]$ f head to foot ) a coat+ ( gold foil4 ,he 0 soon tak5 sick1 & al?\gh e kn[n means 7 employ$ = 8 recov]y1 except ! removal ( 8 fatal gold5 cov]+1 he di$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,give ! quotation4 ,p]spiration8 #bj4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,ba?+4--,f ^! consid]ations1 x is evid5t t heal? mu/ greatly dep5d ^u ! free action ( ! sk94 ,he :o keeps ! sk9 ruddy & s(t1 %uts _m gates aga9/ disease4 ,:5 ! wat]y portion ( ! p]spiration evaporates1 ! solid matt] is left beh9d on ! surface4 ,!re1 also1 rema9 ! scales ( ! worn-out cuticle1 & ! excess ( sebace\s matt]4 ,9 ord] to secure ! natural action ( ! sk91 ^! impurities require to be remov$ by ! frequ5t application ( wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,ablution 9 w>m climates8 ,:at advice is giv58 #ba4 ,9 w>m climates1 & dur+ hot wea!r1 ablution %\ld be m frequ5tly practis$4 ,= a p]son 9 good heal?1 a daily cold ba? is advisable4 ,to ?is %\ld be add$ occasionally a tepid ba?1 ) soap1 wat] alone n be+ suffici5t to remove impurities ( a greasy nature4 ,soap facilitates ?is1 by =m+ ) su* sub/ances a *emical mixture1 :i* is readily soluble 9 wat]1 & is by x remov$ f ! body4 #dh ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,liebig's maxim8 ,:at fur!r is add$8 #bb4 ,!re is a maxim by ! *emi/ ,liebig1 to ! effect1 t ! civilization ( a nation is high1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( soap t x consumes2 & t x is l[1 9 proportion to its use ( p]fumes4 ,9 "s degree1 we may apply ! same te/ to ! ref9em5t ( an individual4 ,! soap removes impurity2 ! p]fume cov]s1 :ile reta9+ x4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,:at is said ab\t cold ba?+8 #bc4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,ba?s4--,all p]sons are n alike able to use ! cold ba?4 ,:5 ! heal? is vigor\s1 & ! sy/em does n feel a %ock aft] su* a ba?1 a prompt reaction & gl[ ^u ! surface w %[ t x is b5eficial4 ,:]e ?is pleasurable feel+ is n exp]i5c$1 b r a *ill & s5se ( depression ensues1 we are w>n$ t ! sy/em w n1 ) impunity1 endure cold ba?+4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,:at is said ab\t w>m ba?+8 #bd4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d1 t ! w>m or hot ba? _c be cont9u$ s long1 or repeat$ s frequ5tly z ! cold1 on acc\nt ( ! en]vat+ effect ( unusual heat s appli$ to ! body4 ,= p]sons :o are n 9 robu/ heal?1 "o w>m ba? ea* week is suffici5t2 ?is class %\ld be c>eful to avoid e extreme 9 ref]5ce to ba?+1 clo?+1 & :atev] greatly affects ! action ( ! sk94 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,:at is said ab\t sea-ba?+8 #be4 ,sea-ba?+ is ev5 m invigorat+ ?an fre%-wat] ba?+4 ,^? :o _c endure ! fre% wat]1 are (t5 b5efit$ by ! salt-wat] ba?s4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ =1 9 "p1 by ! /imulant action ^u ! surface1 ( ! sal9e p>ticles ( ! sea-wat]2 b ! excit+ sc5es & circum/ances ( sea-ba?+ also ex]t an important influ5ce4 ,! op5-air ex]cise1 ! roll+ surf1 ! g5ial wea!r1 & usually ! *e]ful company1 add to its intr9sic b5efits4 #di ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,:at is said z to ! "t & mann] ( ba?+8 #bf4 ,,"t ,,& ,,mann] ,,( ,,ba?+4--,a p]son 9 s\nd heal? may take a ba? at almo/ any "t1 except directly aft] a full meal4 ,! mo/ appropriate "t is ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] a meal1 ! noon-h\r be+ probably ! be/4 ,= ! cold ba?1 tak5 rapidly1 no "t is bett] ?an imm$iately aft] ris+4 ,^? beg9n+ ! use ( cold ba?s %\ld fir/ try !m at #gj ,fahr41 & gradually use ^? ( a l[] temp]ature4 ,f five to tw5ty m9utes may be consid]$ ! prop] limit ( "t to rema9 9 a ba?2 b a s5sation ( *ill9ess is a signal to )draw in/antly1 :e!r at home1 or at ! sea-side4 ,two sea-ba?s may be tak5 daily2 "o ( any o!r k9d is suffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,condition ( ! body :5 ba?+8 ,direction1 aft] ba?+8 #bg4 ,! body %\ld be w>m1 r ?an cold1 :5 /epp+ into ! ba?2 & aft] x1 ! sk9 %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ ) a co>se t[el4 ,x is be/ to cont9ue friction until !re is a s5sation ( w>m? or gl[ ?r\gh\t ! entire surface4 ,?is reaction is ! te/ ( ! good effects ( ! ba?4 ,if reaction is /ill incomplete1 a %ort walk may be tak51 especially 9 ! sun%9e4 ,x is v cong5ial1 h[ev]1 bo? to heal? & com=t1 to re/ = a %ort "t directly aft] ba?+1 or to take "s light refre%m5t4 ,?is is bett] ?an sev]e ex]cise or a full meal4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,ba?+ among ! anci5ts8 ,ba?s ( ,rome8 #bh4 ,,ba?+ ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,! ,romans & o!r nations ( antiquity made great use ( ! vapor-ba? z a means ( pres]v+ ! heal?1 b m p>ticul>ly z a luxury4 ,_! me?od 0 n unlike t employ$ 9 nor!rn ,europe at ! pres5t day4 ,! public ba?s ( ,rome & o!r cities are among ! gr&e/ & mo/ int]e/+ monum5ts ( anci5t luxury & spl5dor2 & f _! ru9s h be5 recov]$ "s ( ! mo/ beautiful works ( art4 #ej ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,aft] ! ba?8 ,swimm+ among ! anci5ts8 #bi4 ,! ,!rm1 z ! ba?s ( ,rome 7 call$1 7 ( great ext5t1 built v sub/antially1 & ornam5t$ at va/ exp5se4 ,!y 7 practically free to all1 ! co/ ( a ba? hav+ be5 less ?an a c5t4 ,x is relat$ t "s p]sons ba!d sev5 times a day4 ,aft] ! ba? _! bodies 7 ano9t$ ) p]fum$ oil4 ,if ! wea!r 0 f9e1 !y pass$ directly f ! ,!rm into ! gymnasium1 & engag$ 9 "s g5tle ex]cise previ\s to tak+ ! midday meal4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree 9 ! aft]noon 0 ! favorite h\r = ?is anci5t luxury4 ,swimm+ 0 a favorite ex]cise1 & a k ( x 0 reg>d$ z necess>y to e educat$ man4 ,_! common expression1 :5 speak+ ( an ignorant p]son1 01 ,he c nei!r read nor swim4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,! ,sun-ba?8 ,! /ory ( ,pl9y8 #cj4 ,,! ,,sun-,,ba?4--,"s also 7 accu/om$ daily to ano9t !mselves1 & lie or walk 9 ap>tm5ts arrang$ = ! purpose1 ) nak$ bodies expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,!re is an int]e/+ allusion to ?is practice1 9 a lett] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y to ! hi/orian ,tacitus1 describ+ ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii by an eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,my uncle1 7,pl9y ! eld]17 0 at t "t 9 comm& ( ! fleet at ,mis5um4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 ab\t "o 9 ! aft]noon1 my "m desir$ him to notice a cl\d :i* seem$ ( unusual %ape & dim5sions4 ,he _h j return$ f tak+ ! b5efit ( ! sun1 & aft] a cold ba?1 & a slight repa/1 _h retir$ to 8 /udy4 ,!n foll[s a description ( ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii1 & ! dea? ( ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,b5efit ( ! sun8 ,effect ^u plants8 ,sk98 #ca4 ,we may judge some:at ( ! b5efits ( ! sun1 by obs]v+ ! unnatural & undevelop$ condition ( plants & animals :i* are depriv$ ( light4 ,plants become blan*$ & t5d]2 ! fi% ( #ea subt]ranean lakes1 :]e no light ent]s1 are und]siz$1 & h no eyes2 tadpoles kept 9 ! d>k d n develop into frogs2 m5 gr[+ up 9 m9es are sall[1 pale1 & de=m$4 ,besides ! well-kn[n effect ( sol> light 9 tann+ ! sk91 x also makes x ?ick] & bett] able to resi/ exposure2 ?\gh ! complexion may be !reby injur$1 ! heal? ga9s m ?an comp5sate = ! loss ( beauty4 ,to make good ! loss ( ! lily1 :]e ! sun has ca/ 8 ray1 he seldom fails to plant ! rose4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,direction ab\t clo?+8 ,expos+ limbs ( *ildr58 ,clo?+1 night & day8 #cb4 ,,clo?+4--,9 ref]5ce to clo?+1 we are f> m apt1 9 our *angeful climate1 to use too little ?an too mu*4 ,an aphorism ( ,bo]haave1 wor? rememb]+1 if n ( adopt+1 is1 ,we %\ld put (f our w9t] clo?+ on midsumm]'s day1 & put x on aga9 ! day aft]4 ,he also says1 ,only fools & begg>s suff] f ! cold2 ! latt] n be+ able to get suffici5t clo!s1 ! o!rs n hav+ ! s5se to we> !m4 ,! practice ( expos+ ! limbs & necks ( "y *ildr51 = ! alleg$ purpose ( h>d5+ !m1 is q haz>d\s4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t "s seem to be made t\gh by ! process2 b x is s only ) ! rugg$ *ildr51 ! delicate ones w inv>iably suff] "u ?is fanciful treatm5t4 ,z has be5 /at$ be=e1 ! sk9 is con/antly act+1 by night z well z by day4 ,x is !re=e conducive bo? to cleanl9ess & com=t to *ange entirely ! clo?+ on retir+ = ! night4 ,! day-clo?+ %\ld be air$ dur+ ! night1 & ! b$d+ %\ld be air$ 9 ! morn+1 = ! same reason4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,cosmetics8 ,pa9t]s' colic8 #cc4 ,,poison\s ,,cosmetics4--,! ext5sive use ( cosmetics = ! complexion is a f]tile s\rce ( disease4 ,! majority ( ^! prep>ations conta9 c]ta9 poison\s m9]al sub/ances1 *iefly lead4 ,n[1 ! sk9 rapidly absorbs ! f9e p>ticles ( lead1 & ! sy/em #eb exp]i5ces ! same evil effects t are obs]v$ among ! op]atives 9 lead works & pa9t]s1 namely1 pa9t]s' colic1 & p>alysis ( ! h&s1 call$ wri/-drop4 #cd4 ,c]ta9 hair-dyes also conta9 lead1 toge!r ) o!r noxi\s & fil?y +r$i5ts4 ,^! d n "w z great h>m z ! cosmetics1 s9ce !y are purposely kept away f ! sk91 b !y rob ! hair ( its vitality4 ,eye-wa%es1 too1 are made f solutions ( lead1 & _m an eye has be5 ru9$ by _! use4 ,!y deposit a :ite metallic scale on ! surface ( ! eye1 :i* becomes a p]man5t ob/ruction to ! vision4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sk91 & :at (fice does x p]=m8 #da #b4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! /ructure ( ! sk98 #da #c4 ,describe ! cuticle & tell its use4 #da1 #db #d4 ,describe ! cutis or true sk9 & tell its use4 #db #e4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! nature & gr[? ( ! nail8 #db1 #dc #f4 ,( ! nature & gr[? ( ! hair8 #db1 #dc1 #dd #g4 ,( ! (fices p]=m$ by ! nails & hair8 #dd #h4 ,h[ is ! diff]5ce 9 complexion 9 diff]5t p]sons acc\nt$ =8 #dd #i4 ,h[ is ! pres5ce ( freckles acc\nt$ =8 #dd #aj4 ,h[ does ,nature provide a dress+ = ! hair8 #dd1 #de #aa4 ,:at o!r s]vice d ! sebace\s gl&s p]=m8 #de #ab4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! p]spiratory gl&s4 #de #ac4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5sible & ins5sible p]spiration8 #df #ad4 ,/ate ! uses & importance ( p]spiration4 #df1 #dg #ae4 ,:at impurities ga!r naturally on ! sk98 #dg #af4 ,repeat :at is said ( ! importance ( ba?+4 #dg1 #dh #ag4 ,:5 %\ld we indulge 9 cold1 w>m1 & sea ba?+8 #dh1 #di #ah4 ,:at is ! effect 9 ea* case8 #dh #ai4 ,:at directions are giv5 z to ! "t & mann] = ba?+8 #di #bj4 ,:at is relat$ ( ba?+ among ! anci5ts8 #di1 #ej #ba4 ,:at is relat$ to %[ ! antiquity ( sun-ba?+8 #ej #bb4 ,:at are ! effects ( sun-ba?+8 #ej1 #ea #bc4 ,:at directions are giv5 9 relation to clo?+ ! body8 #ea #bd4 ,:at c y /ate ( poison\s cosmetics8 #ea1 #eb #be4 ,( hair-dyes & eye-wa%es8 #eb 99 99 99 99 99 #ec ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,food4 ,! ,s\rce ( ,food--,inorganic ,sub/ances--,wat]--,salt--,lime--,iron-- ,organic ,sub/ances--,album51 ,fibr91 & ,case9--,! ,fats or ,oils--,! ,sug>s1 ,/>*1 & ,gum--,/imulat+ ,sub/ances--,necessity ( a ,regulat$ ,diet4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! t]m food8 ,s\rce ( food8 ,ne$ ( prep>+ food8 #a4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,food4--,! t]m food includes all ^? sub/ances1 :e!r liquid or solid1 :i* are necess>y = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body4 ,! orig9al s\rce ( all food is ! e>?1 :i* ! poet has fitly /yl$ ! ,"m ( all liv+4 ,9 h] bosom1 & 9 ! atmosph]e ab\t h]1 are conta9$ all ! elem5ts on :i* life dep5ds4 ,b man is unable to obta9 n\ri%m5t directly f su* crude *emical =ms z he f9ds 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,!y mu/1 ) a few exceptions1 be prep>$ = 8 use1 by be+ trans=m$ into new & high] comb9ations1 m closely resembl+ ! tissues ( 8 own body4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,usefulness & hurtfulness ( plants8 ,:at !n mu/ man d8 ,p>ts ( ! same plant or tree8 #b4 ,?is trans=mation is effect$1 fir/1 by ! vegetable _w4 ,b all plants are n alike useful to man2 :ile "s are absolutely hurtful4 ,accord+ly1 he mu/ le>n to discrim9ate betwe5 t :i* is poison\s & t :i* is life-support+4 ,aga91 all p>ts ( ! same plant or tree are n alike b5eficial3 9 "s1 ! fruit1 9 o!rs1 ! leaves1 & 9 o!rs1 ! se$s only are suffici5tly ref9$ = 8 use4 ,^! he mu/ le>n to select2 he mu/ also le>n ! prop] modes ( prep>+ ea* k9d = 8 table1 :e!r by cook+ or o!r processes4 #ed ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( vegetable creation8 ,example ( ! bee8 ,cattle8 ,! inf]5ce8 #c4 ,aga91 c]ta9 =ms ( ! vegetable creation :i* are unfit1 9 _! crude /ate1 = man's food1 & :i* he rejects1 are *os5 z food by "s ( ! l[] animals1 & are1 by !m1 made ready = 8 use4 ,?us ! bee takes ! clov]1 t man _c eat1 & f x collects honey4 ,! cattle eat ! husks ( corn & ! dri$ grass1 t are by f> too co>se = man1 & 9 _! own fle% conv]t !m into tissues closely resembl+ 8 muscul> tissue4 ,9 ?is way1 by ! aid ( ! trans=m+ processes ( ! vegetable & animal creations1 ! simple *emical elem5ts ( ! m9]al k+dom are elaborat$ into our *oice articles ( food4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,:at classification8 ,def9e organic sub/ances4 ,inorganic4 ,organic1 h[ spok5 (8 ,! inorganic8 ,wat] & salt8 #d4 ,,inorganic ,,sub/ances4--,! sub/ances we use z food are classifi$ z organic & inorganic4 ,by organic sub/ances are meant ^? d]iv$ f liv+ =ms1 su* z vegetables & animals4 ,inorganic sub/ances are ^? simpl] inanimate =ms :i* belong to ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! =m] alone are commonly spok5 ( z food1 b ! latt] ent] v l>gely into ! con/itution ( ! body1 & mu/ !re=e be pres5t 9 our food4 ,) ! exception ( two articles1 wat] & common salt1 ^! sub/ances only ent] ! sy/em :5 bl5d$ ) organic sub/ances4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,wat] 9 physiology8 ,:]e f\nd8 ,computation8 ,wat] 9 ! tee?8 ,muscle1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts8 ,h[ asc]ta9$8 ,wat] 9 ! fluids ( ! body8 ,:at is ! advantage8 #e4 ,,wat]4--,wat]1 f a physiological po9t ( view1 is ! mo/ important ( all ! articles ( food4 ,x is ev]y:]e f\nd 9 ! body1 ev5 9 ! bones & ! tee?4 ,x has be5 comput$ t z l>ge a proportion z two-?irds ( ! body is wat]4 ,! tee?1 ! d5se/ ( ! solids 9 ! human sy/em1 conta9 t5 p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! muscles1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts are m ?an half wat]2 = x is f\nd t !y lose m ?an half _! #ee weight :5 dri$ ) mod]ate heat4 ,b x is 9 ! fluids ( ! body t wat] is f\nd mo/ abundantly4 ,x gives to !m ! p[] ( hold+ a great v>iety ( sub/ances 9 solution1 & is ! great highway by :i* new supplies are convey$ to ! po9t :]e !y are requir$1 & by :i* old p>ticles ( matt]1 t h s]v$ _! uses1 are br\ght to ! outlets ( ! body to be ?us remov$ f ! sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,l5g? ( "t man c d )\t food or wat]8 ,give ! comp>ison8 ,bulk ( dr9ks8 ,con/itu5t ( meats1 etc48 ,fruits8 #f4 ,man c rema9 a long] "t )\t solid food ?an )\t wat]4 ,he may be depriv$ ( ! =m] = t5 to twelve h\rs )\t great suff]+1 b deprivation ( wat] = ! same l5g? ( "t w produce bo? sev]e pa9 & great weakness4 ,! food %\ld conta9 n less ?an two p>ts ( wat] to "o ( solid nutrim5t4 ,wat] con/itutes ! great bulk ( all our dr9ks1 & is also a l>ge con/itu5t ( ! meats1 vegetables1 & fruits :i* come ^u ! table4 ,fruits1 especially1 conta9 x 9 great abundance1 &1 9 _! prop] season1 furni% mo/ agreeable & refre%+ supplies ( ! ne$$ fluid4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,salt1 h[ obta9$8 ,:]e f\nd8 ,9 ! human body8 ,importance ( salt8 ,:at else c y /ate ( ! value ( salt8 #g4 ,,common ,,salt4--,salt1 or sodium *loride1 z an article ( food1 is obta9$ *iefly f ! m9]al k+dom2 al?\gh plants conta9 x 9 small quantities1 & x is also f\nd 9 ! tissues ( ne>ly all animals us$ z food4 ,9 ! human body1 x is an +r$i5t ( all ! solids & fluids4 ,! importance ( salt to animal life 9 g5]al1 is %[n by ! great appetite = x manife/$ by dome/ic animals1 & also by ! habitual resort ( h]ds ( wild bea/s to ! salt-licks or spr+s4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :]e salt is obta9$ ) difficulty1 man places a v high price ^u x4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,exp]im5ts ^u animals8 #h4 ,exp]im5ts ^u dome/ic animals %[ t ! )drawal ( salt f _! food1 n only makes _! #ef hides r\gh & causes ! hair to fall out1 b also int]f]es ) ! prop] dige/ion ( food4 ,if x be )held p]si/5tly1 !y become entirely unable to appropriate n\ri%m5t1 & die ( />vation4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,salt1 h[ tak5 into ! sy/em8 ,its use 9 cook+8 ,consumption8 #i4 ,salt is usually tak5 into ! sy/em 9 suffici5t quantities 9 our food4 ,ev5 ! wat] we dr9k (t5 has traces ( x4 ,! habitual use ( mu* salt 9 cook+1 or z a season+ at ! table1 is n wise2 & :ile x may n lead to consumption1 z "s writ]s decl>e1 x is a bad habit 9 itself1 & leads to ! desire = o!r & m injuri\s condim5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,lime 9 ! bones8 ,:at does x imp>t8 ,*ief +r$i5t ( ! bones & tee?8 ,:]e else f\nd8 #aj4 ,,lime4--,?is is ! m9]al sub/ance :i* we h spok5 ( be=e z ent]+ v l>gely into ! composition ( ! bones4 ,x is ! important elem5t :i* gives solidity & p]man5ce to ! framework ^u :i* ! body is built4 ,calcium tri-phosphate1 or bone-e>?1 is ! *ief +r$i5t ( ! bones & tee?1 b is f\nd 9 ! c>tilages & o!r p>ts ( ! body 9 small] quantities4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,h[ does lime f9d its way into ! body8 ,e>ly life8 ,effect ( its d]ivation8 #aa4 ,h[ does ?is sub/ance f9d its way into ! body8 ,meat1 milk1 & o!r articles obta9$ f ! animal k+dom conta9 x1 & x is abundantly /or$ away also 9 ! gra9s f :i* our bread is made1 9 :eat1 rye1 & ,indian corn4 ,9 e>ly life1 :ile ! body is gr[+1 ! supplies ( ?is sub/ance %\ld be c>efully provid$4 ,! evil effects ( ! deprivation ( x are too (t5 & pa9fully evid5t 9 ! s(t5+ ( ! bones1 & 9 ! pr$isposition to curvature ( ! sp9e--de=mities :i* are mo/ deplorable & :i* cont9ue ?r\gh life4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,iron1 its abundance & diffusion8 ,:]e f\nd8 ,:at "p ( ! blood is x8 ,h[ suppli$ to ! sy/em8 ,9 case ( loss ( blood or wa/+ disease8 #ab4 ,,iron4--,?is sub/ance is probably ! mo/ abundant & widely diffus$ ( ! metals4 ,x is f\nd 9 #eg mo/ ( ! vegetables1 & is a v important compon5t ( animal tissues4 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( human blood 9 ab\t "o "p p] ?\s&4 ,ord9>ily1 ! food conveys to ! sy/em en\gh iron = its use1 b x mu/ sometimes be introduc$ sep>ately z a rem$y1 especially aft] great loss ( blood1 or aft] "s wa/+ disease4 ,"u its influ5ce ! blood seems to be rapidly re/or$1 & a natural color ( ! lips & sk9 replaces ! pallor caus$ by disease4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,soda1 pota%1 & magnesia8 ,h[ d !y occur8 #ac4 ,,o!r ,,inorganic ,,sub/ances4--,9 addition to ! sub/ances m5tion$1 ! m9]al k+dom supplies comp\nds ( soda1 pota%1 & magnesia1 :i* are ess5tial = ! use ( ! body4 ,!y occur 9 small quantities 9 ! body1 & ent] x 9 comb9ation ) ! v>i\s articles ( diet4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,organic sub/ances1 :5ce d]iv$8 ,:at d !y comprise8 ,gr\ps8 #ad4 ,,organic ,,sub/ances4--,^! sub/ances are d]iv$ f ! vegetable & animal creations4 ,!y comprise all ^? articles :i* are commonly spok5 ( z food1 & :i* are ess5tial to su/a9 ! body 9 life & /r5g?4 ,!y are divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 namely3 ! ,album9oid sub/ances1 ! ,fats1 & ,sug>s4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! ,album9oid class1 includes :at8 ,^! comp\nds con/itute :at8 ,! food8 ,_! importance8 ,_! prop]ties8 #ae4 ,,! ,,album9oids4--,?is class includes ?ree important nutritive sub/ances--7#a7 ,album51 :i* gives x its "n2 7#b7 ,fibr91 includ+ glut52 & 7#c7 ,case94 ,^! comp\nds con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! human body1 & ! food conta9s !m 9 proportionally l>ge quantities4 ,_! importance is s great1 & ! sy/em s promptly suff]s f _! abs5ce1 t !y h be5 /yl$ ! nutriti\s sub/ances4 ,! prop]ties :i* !y hold 9 common are1 t !y d n cry/allize1 & h a jelly-l =m1 except :5 heat is appli$ to !m1 :5 !y h>d51 or coagulate4 #eh ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,decomposition8 ,effect ( cold8 ,illu/rations8 ,elephants8 #af4 ,!y likewise decompose1 or putrefy1 "u ! influ5ce ( w>m? & moi/ure4 ,h5ce ! decay ( all dead animal tissues4 ,cold arre/s ?is process4 ,x is well kn[n t milk1 eggs1 & ! l1 keep mu* long] 9 w9t] ?an at o!r seasons4 ,! bodies ( elephants1 caught 9 ! ice _m hundr$ ye>s ago1 are occasionally borne by ! iceb]gs to ! coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 completely froz51 b pres]v$ almo/ p]fectly 9 =m & limb4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,9 :at sub/ances does album5 exi/8 ,:at fur!r is said ( ! egg8 #ag4 ,,album5 exi/s 9 milk1 meat1 ! gra9s1 & ! juices ( _m plants2 b ! pure/ =m is obta9$ f ! :ite ( egg4 ,:5 we consid] t an egg is compos$ *iefly ( album5 & wat]--namely1 six p>ts 9 sev52 & :5 we also consid] ! num]\s1 div]se1 & complex tissues--! muscles1 bones1 int]nal organs1 bill1 claws1 & fea!rs--) :i* ! *ick is equipp$ on leav+ 8 %ell1 we are impress$ ) ! importance ( ^! app>5tly simple con/itu5ts ( ! food & body4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,fibr91 glut51 clott+ ( ! blood8 #ah4 ,,fibr9 is d]iv$ f meats1 & exi/s 9 ! blood bo? ( man & ! l[] animals4 ,glut51 or vegetable fibr91 resembles closely true fibr91 & is abundantly furni%$ 9 :eat & o!r gra9s f :i* fl\r is commonly made4 ,animal fibr9 coagulates spontane\sly :5 x is remov$ f ! body1 & ?us causes ! clott+ ( ! blood4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,case98 ,its coagulation8 ,effect ( r5net8 ,mak+ ( *eese8 #ai4 ,,case9 is ! curdy +r$i5t ( milk1 & a highly important food-sub/ance4 ,its coagulation 9 milk takes place n f heat1 b by ! addition ( an acid1 & also :5 milk becomes s\r f exposure to ! air4 ,x is commonly effect$1 h[ev]1 by introduc+ a piece ( r5net1 a prep>ation made f a calf's /oma*4 ,! curds1 or case91 may !n be sep>at$ f ! :ey1 #ei & made into *eese1 by press+ x suffici5tly to drive (f ! wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,:at are ! fats8 ,! oils8 ,h[ suppli$8 ,h[ alike8 ,emulsify+8 ,example8 ,h[ d we "k x8 #bj4 ,,! ,,fats ,,or ,,oils4--,?is is ! second gr\p ( organic foods4 ,^? :i* are m solid are call$ fats3 ! m fluid ones are ! oils4 ,oleag9\s sub/ances are suppli$ 9 bo? animal & vegetable food2 b1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 !y are *emically mu* alike4 ,!y are insoluble 9 wat]1 & yet !y unite readily ) ! wat]y fluids ( ! body1 & are by !m convey$ to its v>i\s p>ts = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,?is is due to _! prop]ty ( emulsify+2 t is1 !y are held 9 susp5sion1 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 9 wat]4 ,ord9>y milk is an example ( an emulsion4 ,we "k t x conta9s fat2 = butt] is obta9$ f x1 &1 "u ! microscope1 ! m9ute oil-globules may be di/9ctly se54 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,:5ce are fatty articles ( food d]iv$8 #ba4 ,9 our c\ntry & climate1 & also 9 cold] climates1 fatty articles ( food are pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! animal creation1 su* z meat or fle%1 milk & butt]4 ,b mo/ ( ! bread-/uffs conta9 m or less fat or oil2 ,indian meal z mu* z n9e p>ts 9 a hundr$4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,appetite ( p]sons 9 cold climates8 ,:at d !y require8 ,^u :at mu/ !y rely8 ,:y8 ,! ,esquimaux8 ,lapl&]8 ,olive & palm8 #bb4 ,among p]sons liv+ 9 cold climates1 ! appetite = oleag9\s food is especially eag]2 & !y require l>ge quantities ( x to enable !m to resi/ ! depress+ influ5ces ( cold4 ,s9ce vegetation is scanty & innutriti\s1 & ! wat]s ( ! froz5 regions ab\nd 9 animal life1 !y mu/ rely :olly ^u a diet d]iv$ f ! latt] s\rce4 ,! ,esquimaux consumes daily f t5 to fifte5 p\nds ( meat or blubb]1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* is fat4 ,! ,lapl&] w dr9k tra9-oil1 & reg>ds tall[-c&les z a great delicacy4 ,9 hot climates1 on ! contr>y1 :]e fl\ri% ! olive #fj & ! palm1 ?is k9d ( food may be obta9$ f vegetable s\rces 9 abundant quantities4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,:i* are ! ?ird ( ! organic gr\ps8 ,:at d !y embrace8 ,po9ts ( resemblance8 #bc4 ,,! ,,sug>s1 ,,or ,,! ,,sac*>9e ,,sub/ances4--,^! con/itute ! ?ird1 & la/1 gr\p ( ! organic sub/ances1 :i* are employ$ z food4 ,?is gr\p embraces1 9 addition to ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,sug>1 ! v>ieties ( />* & gum1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$4 ,! two sub/ances la/ nam$ d n1 at fir/ sight1 pres5t _m po9ts ( simil>ity to sug>2 b !y closely resemble x 9 respect to _! ultimate *emical composition1 be+ made up ( ! same elem5ts1 9 ne>ly ! same proportions4 ,& _! (fice 9 ! sy/em is ! same1 s9ce !y are all *ang$ into sug> by ! processes ( dige/ion4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,orig9 ( ! sug>s8 ,ord9>y sug>8 ,beetroot8 ,maple-sug>8 ,grape-sug>8 ,cane-sug>8 #bd4 ,,sug> is *iefly ( vegetable orig92 ! animal v>ieties be+ obta9$ f honey & milk4 ,! mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ic ( ?is sub/ance is its agreeable1 sweet ta/e1 :i* makes x ev]y:]e a favorite article ( food4 ,b ?is quality ( sweetness is n possess$ by all ! v>ieties ( sug> 9 ! same degree2 t obta9$ f milk1 = in/ance1 has a comp>atively feeble ta/e1 b r imp>ts a gritty feel+ to ! tongue4 ,! o!r important prop]ties ( sug> are1 its p[] to cry/allize :5 evaporat$ f wat]y solutions1 su* z ! juices ( _m plants2 a t5d5cy to f]m5t1 by :i* process alcohol is produc$2 & a ready solubility 9 wat]4 ,?is latt] quality r5d]s x v easy ( dige/ion1 & m s ?an any o!r ( ! sac*>9e gr\p4 ,x is comput$ t ! annual production ( sug>1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 is m ?an "o million ( tons4 ,! k9d ( sug> t is 9 ord9>y use1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is prep>$ f ! juice ( ! sug>-cane1 :i* conta9s eighte5 p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,9 ,france x is manufactur$ f ! #fa beet root1 :i* holds ab\t n9e p] c5t42 ! maple-tree ( our climate yields a simil> sug>4 ,! sweet ta/e ( fruits is due to ! pres5ce ( grape-sug>3 ! :ite gra9s se5 on rais9s belong to ?is v>iety4 ,cane-sug> is m soluble ?an ! latt]1 & has twice ! sweet5+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,granules ,,( ,,potato ,,/>*4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,/>*1 h[ widely di/ribut$8 ,its qualities8 ,its con/itu5ts8 ,its solubility8 #be4 ,,/>*4--,?is is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ! vegetable pr9ciples4 ,x is ta/eless1 inodor\s1 & does n cry/allize4 ,x consi/s ( m9ute r\nd$ granules1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 reveal a some:at uni=m /ructure 7,fig4 #ae74 ,/>* w n dissolve 9 cold wat]1 b 9 boil+ wat] ! small gra9s bur/ op51 & may !n be dissolv$ & dige/$4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,h[ mu* />* 9 bread-/uffs8 ,9 rice8 ,unripe fruits8 ,ripe fruits8 #bf4 ,! bread /uffs1 :eat1 corn1 & rye fl\rs1 are m ?an "o-half />*4 ,rice1 :i* is ! /aff ( life to "o-?ird ( ! human family1 conta9s eighty p] c5t4 ,unripe fruits h mu* />* 9 !m1 :i* r5d]s !m indige/ible :5 eat5 uncook$2 = ! gra9s ( raw />* are b slightly act$ ^u )9 ! body4 ,b1 "u ! pot5t *emi/ry ( ! sun's ray1 ?is crude mat]ial is conv]t$ into sug>4 ,?us are ! fruits prep>$ by ! c>eful h& ( ,nature1 s t :5 ripe !y may be freely us$ )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,gum1 :]e f\nd8 ,its composition8 ,gum ,arabic8 #bg4 ,,gum is commonly f\nd 9 ^? articles :i* #fb also conta9 />*2 & has ! same *emical composition z ! latt]1 b is mu* less nutriti\s4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 gum-arabic & simil> sub/ances are l>gely employ$ z food4 ,p]sons :o travel by c>avan across va/1 s&y des]ts1 f9d su* sub/ances well adapt$ to _! wants1 s9ce !y are n p]i%able1 & are easily pack$ & c>ri$4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ?ree classes ( food pr9ciples8 ,:at besides8 ,:at is said ( !m8 ,"n ! articles n nutriti\s4 #bh4 ,,/imulat+ ,,sub/ances4--,! ?ree classes ( food-pr9ciples already consid]$--! ,album9oids1 ! ,fats1 & ! ,sug>s--comprise all ! m important organic +r$i5ts ( our food4 ,!re are1 besides1 a great v>iety ( color+ & flavor+ matt]s t /imulate or increase ! appetite = food by appeal+ to ! eye & ta/e2 b !y are n nutriti\s1 & are quickly sep>at$ f ! truly useful sub/ances1 & d n long rema9 9 ! body4 ,among ^! may be class$ spices1 flavors ( fruits1 tea1 c(fee1 & vegetable acids4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,:at is said ( exp]im5ts t h be5 tri$8 #bi4 ,,necessity ,,( ,a ,,regulat$ ,,diet4--,a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ 9 ord] to te/ ! relative value ( ! diff]5t nutritive pr9ciples4 ,!y h be5 practis$ to "s ext5t ^u man1 b *iefly ^u ^? inf]ior animals :i* require a simil> diet to man4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,:at has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! fir/ place8 ,example8 ,second demon/ration8 ,example8 ,give ! illu/ration 9 relation to conv]tibility4 #cj4 ,by ?is means x has be5 demon/rat$ t--fir/1 :5 any "o ( ^! sub/ances is eat5 exclusively1 ! body is imp]fectly n\ri%$1 & life is %ort5$4 ,dogs f$ exclusively ^u ei!r album51 fat1 or sug>1 soon die ( />vation4 ,second1 a diet long depriv$ ( ei!r ( ^! pr9ciples1 is a f]tile cause ( disease2 = example1 on %ip-bo>d1 :]e fre% vegetables are n dealt out = a long p]iod1 scurvy becomes preval5t among ! sailors4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 to a c]ta9 ext5t mutually conv]tible1 & ?us ! miss+ article is indirectly suppli$4 ,= #fc in/ance1 sug> *anges to fat 9 ! body2 & h5ce1 z is well kn[n1 ! h&s on a sug> plantation gr[ fat dur+ ! sug> season1 by p>tak+ freely ( ! rip5$ juices ( ! cane4 #ca4 ,t is ! be/ diet !re=e :i* conta9s "s ( ea* ( ^! pr9ciples1 9 due proportion2 & t is ! wor/ :i* excludes ! mo/ ( !m4 ,! crav+s & exp]i5ce ( man _h un]r+ly guid$ him to a correct regulation ( 8 diet1 long be=e ! *emi/ry ( food 0 und]/ood2 s t 8 ord9>y meals long ago comb9$ ^! v>i\s pr9ciples1 ! necessity & value ( :i* are n[ expla9$4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! t]m food8 #ec #b4 ,:at c y /ate 9 relation to ! s\rce ( food8 #ec #c4 ,:at discrim9ations & selections are necess>y8 #ec1 #ed #d4 ,h[ c y tell ! organic f ! inorganic sub/ances8 #ed #e4 ,:at relative position does wat] hold z an article ( food8 #ed #f4 ,9 :at p>ts ( ! body is wat] f\nd8 #ed1 #ee #g4 ,9 :at articles t we eat is x f\nd8 #ee #h4 ,if y 7 requir$ to g )\t wat] or solid food = a numb] ( days1 :i* w\ld y pref] to h1 & :y8 #ee #i4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! importance ( salt z an article ( food8 #ee1 #ef #aj4 ,h[ abundant is salt1 & h[ does x f9d its way into ! human sy/em8 #ee1 #ef #aa4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! importance ( lime 9 ! body8 #ef #ab4 ,:at1 ( ! importance ( iron8 #ef1 #eg #ac4 ,:at fur!r is /at$ ( o!r inorganic sub/ances8 #eg #ad4 ,:at 9 relation to organic sub/ances8 #eg #ae4 ,:at c y /ate 9 relation to ! album9oids8 #eg1 #eh #af4 ,:at1 9 relation to album58 #eh #ag4 ,:at1 9 relation to case98 #eh1 #ei #ah4 ,9 relation to ! fats or oils1 & h[ g5]ally consum$8 #ei1 #fj #ai4 ,:at d we und]/& by ! sug>s or sac*>9e sub/ances8 #fj #bj4 ,/ate :at y c ( sug>--its orig9 & v>i\s qualities4 #fj1 #fa #ba4 ,( />*--its v>ieties & qualities4 #fa #bb4 ,( ! abundance ( />*1 & its importance z a food pr9ciple4 #fa #bc4 ,:at is /at$ 9 relation to /imulat+ sub/ances8 #fb #bd4 ,( ! necessity = regulation 9 diet8 #fb1 #fc 99 99 99 99 99 #fd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,food ,,& ,,dr9k4 ,necessity = ,food--,wa/e & ,repair--,hung] & ,?ir/--,am\nt ( ,food--,r5ovation ( ! ,body--,mix$ ,diet--,milk--,eggs--,meat--,cook+--,veg etable ,food--,bread--,! ,potato--,fruits--,purity ( ,wat]--,action ( ,wat] ^u ,lead--,c(fee1 ,tea1 & ,*ocolate--,effects ( ,alcohol4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,:at foll[ activity8 ,examples8 ,necessity = food8 #a4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,food4--,activity is ev]y:]e foll[$ by wa/e4 ,! eng9e uses up coal & wat] to produce motion1 ! /ream we>s away its bank1 ! gr[+ corn-blade draws tribute f ! soil4 ,:5 ! human body acts1 & x is always 9 action dur+ life1 "s ( its p>ticles are worn out & ?r[n (f4 ,?is wa/e mu/ con/antly be repair$1 or ! body suff]s4 ,9 ?is fact is se5 ! necessity = food4 ,! p>ticles1 ?us worn out1 be+ h5ce=? useless1 are remov$ f ! body4 ,our food & dr9k are rapidly trans=m$ into a new supply ( liv+1 useful mat]ial1 to be 9 turn us$ up & replac$ by a fre%] supply4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,give ! !ory 9 relation to wa/e & repair4 #b4 ,,wa/e ,,& ,,repair4--,9 ?is way ! heal?ful body1 ?\gh always wa/+1 is always build+ up1 & does n greatly *ange 9 size1 =m1 or weight4 ,at two p]iods ( life ! processes ( wa/e & repair are n exactly balanc$4 ,9 e>ly life ! process ( build+ up is m active1 & 9 consequ5ce ! =m is plump1 & ! /ature increases4 ,repair n[ exce$s wa/e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 old age comes on1 ! wa/+ process is m active1 ! fle% & weight dim9i%1 ! sk9 falls 9 wr9kles1 & ! s5ses become dull4 ,only dur+ ! prime ( life--f ab\t tw5ty to sixty ye>s ( age--is ! balance exact betwe5 loss & ga94 #fe ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,sy/em depriv$ ( food8 ,w>n+8 ,:at is ! pa98 ,h[ prov$8 #c4 ,,hung] ,,& ,,?ir/4--,:5 ! sy/em is depriv$ ( its supply ( solid food dur+ a long] "t ?an usual1 nature gives w>n+ by ! s5sation ( hung]1 to repair ! losses t h tak5 place4 ,?is s5sation or pa9 appe>s to be locat$ 9 ! /oma*1 b x is really a di/ress ( ! sy/em at l>ge4 ,let a suffici5t quantity ( n\ri%m5t be introduc$ into ! sy/em 9 any o!r way ?an by ! m\?1 & x w appease hung] j z c]ta9ly z :5 tak5 9 ! usual mann]4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,feel+ ( ?ir/8 ,seat ( ! pa98 ,h[ prov$8 ,"t a p]son c exi/ )\t food8 #d4 ,! feel+ ( ?ir/1 9 l mann]1 is evid5ce t ! sy/em is suff]+ f ! want ( wat]4 ,! app>5t seat ( ! di/ress ( ?ir/ is 9 ! ?roat2 b ! injection ( wat] into ! blood-vessels is f\nd to qu5* ?ir/1 & by ! imm]sion ( ! body 9 wat]1 ! sk9 w absorb suffici5t to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! sy/em4 ,! l5g? ( "t t man c exi/ )\t food or dr9k is e/imat$ to be ab\t sev5 days4 ,if wat] alone be suppli$1 life w la/ mu* long]2 !re be+ cases record$ :]e m5 h liv$ tw5ty days & ov]1 )\t tak+ any solid food4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,am\nt ( food requir$8 ,! "y & o!rs8 ,^? liv+ 9 hot & cold climates8 ,habits8 #e4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,food4--,! quantity ( food requir$ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! individual & 8 mode ( life4 ,! "y1 & o!rs :o lead active lives1 or :o live 9 ! op5 air1 require m food ?an ! old1 ! inactive1 or ! s$5t>y4 ,^? :o live 9 cold regions require m ?an ! inhabitants ( hot climates4 ,habit1 also1 has mu* to d ) ! quantity ( food requir$4 ,"s habitually eat & dr9k m ?an !y actually ne$1 :ile a few eat less ?an !y %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,quantity ( food daily8 ,h[ divid$8 ,comp>e ) ! weight ( ! body8 #f4 ,! av]age daily quantity ( food & dr9k = a heal?y man ( active habits is e/imat$ at six p\nds4 ,?is am\nt may be divid$ 9 ab\t ! foll[+ #ff proportions3 ! m9]al k+dom furni%es ?ree & "o-half p\nds1 includ+ wat] & salt2 ! vegetable k+dom1 "o & "o-half p\nds1 includ+ bread1 vegetables1 & fruits2 ! animal k+dom1 "o p\nd1 compris+ meat1 eggs1 butt]1 & ! l4 ,?is quantity is ab\t "o tw5ty-f\r? ! weight ( ! body1 z x is g5]ally comput$2 ! av]age weight ( an adult man be+ plac$ at #adj p\nds4 ,a man1 !re=e1 consumes an am\nt ( solid & liquid nutrim5t e tw5ty-f\r days equal 9 weight to t ( 8 body1 a correspond+ am\nt be+ excret$1 or remov$ f ! sy/em 9 ! same "t4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,h[ (t5 !n might ! body be r5ew$8 ,:y is x n8 ,op9ion8 ,h[ correct8 ,:at fur!r is /at$8 #g4 ,,r5ovation ,,( ,,! ,,body4--,by ?is process1 s f> z weight is conc]n$1 ! body might be r5ew$ e tw5ty-f\r days2 b ^! p\nds ( food are n all real nutrim5t4 ,a consid]able portion ( t :i* we eat is innutriti\s1 & ?\gh useful 9 v>i\s ways1 is n de/9$ to repair ! losses ( ! sy/em4 ,an op9ion has prevail$ t ! body is r5ew$ ?r\gh\t once 9 sev5 ye>s2 h[ correct ?is may be x is n easy to decide1 b probably ! r5ovation ( ! body takes place 9 a mu* %ort] p]iod4 ,"s p>ts are v frequ5tly r5ew$1 ! nutritive fluids *ang+ m or less completely1 sev]al times dur+ ! day4 ,! muscles1 & o!r p>ts 9 frequ5t ex]cise1 *ange (t5 dur+ a ye>2 ! bones n s (t51 & ! enamel ( ! tee? probably nev] *anges aft] be+ once fully =m$4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,habits ( nations8 ,give ! diff]5t cases4 #h4 ,,mix$ ,,diet4--,! habits ( diff]5t nations 9 respect to diet exhibit ! wide/ & /range/ div]sity4 ,! civiliz$1 cook _! food1 :ile savages (t5 eat x 9 a raw /ate4 ,"s pref] x :5 fre%1 o!rs all[ x to rema9 until x has become ta9t$ ) decay4 ,^? dwell+ 9 ! f> nor? subsi/ almo/ :olly on #fg animal food1 :ile ^? liv+ 9 hot climates h b\ntiful supplies ( delici\s fruits ) :i* to satisfy all _! bodily wants4 ,"o race subsi/s ^u ! banana1 ano!r ^u ! blubb] ( seals4 ,9 temp]ate climates1 a diet compos$ p>tly ( vegetable & p>tly ( animal food is pref]r$4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! po9t to consid]8 ,vegetable diet8 ,l\is ,corn>o8 ,john ! ,bapti/8 #i4 ,! important po9t to consid] is1 h[ev]1 n "o ( orig91 b :e!r ! *emical pr9ciples 7m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 ent] into ! composition ( ! diet4 ,a purely vegetable diet may be select$ :i* w\ld conta9 all ! pr9ciples necess>y to su/a9 life4 ,x is record$ ( ,l\is ,corn>o1 a ,v5etian noble1 t he support$ himself com=tably = fifty-eight ye>s on a daily all[ance ( twelve ounces ( vegetable food1 & ab\t a p9t ( light w9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! food ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 consi/+ ( locu/s & wild honey1 is an example ( ! su/a9+ p[] ( a diet *iefly animal 9 its orig94 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,:at has be5 f\nd 9 our climate8 ,exclusive vegetable diet8 #aj4 ,9 our climate1 ^? :o lead active lives crave an all[ance ( animal food2 & x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t ) x !y c accompli% m "w & are less subject to fatigue1 ?an )\t x4 ,among nations :]e an exclusively vegetable diet is employ$1 indige/ion is a disord] especially preval5t4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,necessity = *ange 9 diet8 ,cont9u\s use ( ! same diet8 ,exception8 ,:y8 ,too ri* diet8 ,horses8 #aa4 ,! necessity = occasionally *ang+ or v>y+ ! diet1 is se5 9 ! fact t no s+le article comprises all ! necess>y pr9ciples ( food1 & t ! cont9u\s use ( any "o diet1 :e!r salt or fre%1 is foll[$ by defective nutrition & disease4 ,!re is "o exception to ?is rule3 9 infancy1 milk alone is be/ calculat$ to support life2 = !n ! dige/ive p[]s are incompletely develop$1 & ! food mu/ be pres5t$ 9 ! simple/ =m possible4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ #fh t too ri* diet is injuri\s1 j z truly z "o t is inadequate4 ,:5 ! food ( horses is too nutriti\s1 in/9ct leads !m to gnaw ! wood-"w ( _! mang]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,milk z a model food8 ,c['s milk8 ,! con/itu5ts :5 sep>at$8 #ab4 ,,diff]5t ,,articles ,,( ,,diet--,,milk4--,milk is ! e>lie/ nutrim5t ( ! human race1 & 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( its con/itu5ts1 may be reg>d$ z a model food1 no o!r s+le article be+ capable ( su/a9+ life s long4 ,c['s milk holds case91 "o ( ! album9oids1 ab\t five p>ts 9 "o hundr$2 a fatty pr9ciple1 :5 sep>at$1 kn[n z butt]1 ab\t f\r p>ts2 sug> ( milk f\r p>ts2 wat] & salts eighty-sev5 p>ts4 ,! case9 & fatty sub/ance are f> m dige/ible 9 milk1 ?an aft] !y h be5 sep>at$ f x 9 ! =m ( *eese & butt]4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,milk z a bev]age8 ,milk sold 9 cities8 ,h[ to detect ! *eat8 #ac4 ,s9ce milk1 9 itself1 is s ri* an article ( food1 ! use ( x z a bev]age is unwise1 unless ! quantity ( ! o!r articles consum$ be r$uc$ at ! same "t4 ,! milk sold 9 cities is apt to be dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! way to detect ! *eat is by te/+ ! specific gravity ( ! article4 ,good milk is ab\t #ajcj2 skimm$ milk #ajce2 b milk dilut$ "o-fif? is #ajbd4 ,an in/rum5t call$ ! lactomet] is also us$1 by :i* ! am\nt ( cream pres5t is asc]ta9$4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,composition ( eggs8 ,yolk8 ,h[ %\ld eggs be eat58 ,:y8 ,h[ boil$8 ,:y8 #ad4 ,,eggs4--,! egg is ab\t two-?irds wat]1 ! balance is pure album5 & fat 9 ne>ly equal proportions4 ,! fat is 9 ! yolk1 & gives x its yell[ color4 ,eggs conta9 none ( ! sug>-pr9ciples1 & %\ld be eat5 ) bread or vegetables t conta9 !m4 ,s(t-boil$ eggs are m :olesome ?an ^? :i* are h>d-boil$ or fri$1 z ! latt] require long] "t to dige/4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,meats1 :5ce d]iv$8 ,:y important8 ,fle% ( "y animals8 #ae4 ,,meats4--,! meats1 s call$1 are d]iv$ f ! muscul> p>ts ( v>i\s animals4 ,!y are mo/ #fi important articles ( food = adults1 inasmu* z !y are ri*ly /or$ ) album9oid sub/ances1 & conta9 m or less fat4 ,su* food is v n\ri%+ & easily dige/$ if eat5 :5 fre%1--veal & pork be+ exceptions4 ,! fle% ( "y animals is m t5d] &1 9 g5]al1 m dige/ible ?an t ( old] ones4 ,all meat is m t\gh imm$iately aft] ! kill+ ( ! animal1 b improves by be+ kept a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,pref]5ce ( p]sons8 ,v5ison8 ,mutton8 ,*eese8 ,uncook$ fle%8 #af4 ,"s p]sons pref] fle% t has begun to %[ signs ( decomposition1 or is unmi/akably putrid4 ,by "s1 v5ison is n consid]$ to h its prop] flavor until x is ta9t$4 ,9 ,engl&1 p pref] mutton t is 9 a simil> condition1 j z on ! cont95t ( ,europe _m delight 9 *eese t is 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 ,9 c]ta9 less civiliz$ c\ntries fle% is n only eat5 uncook$1 b 9 a m\ldy1 rott5 condition4 ,! use ( su* food is n always imm$iately injuri\s1 b x pr$isposes to c]ta9 diseases1 z indige/ion & fev]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,cold z a pres]v]8 ,meat 9 ,russia8 ,beef & pork1 h[ pres]v$8 ,salt$ meat z food8 ,scurvy8 #ag4 ,cold is "o means ( pres]v+ meat f decay4 ,9 ! m>kets ( nor!rn ,russia1 ! froz5 c>cases ( animals /& expos$ = sale 9 ! w9t] air = a consid]able "t1 & are sawn 9 pieces1 l /icks ( wood1 z ! pur*ases are made2 su* meat1 :5 ?aw$1 be+ entirely fit = food4 ,beef & pork are pres]v$ by salt+ d[n 9 br9e1 & 9 ?is condition may be c>ri$ on long voyages or kept = future use4 ,salt$ meat is n z nutriti\s z fre%1 s9ce ! br9e absorbs its ri* juices & h>d5s its fibres4 ,long cont9u$ use ( salt meats1 )\t fre% vegetables1 gives rise to ! disease call$ scurvy1 =m]ly v preval5t on %ipbo>d & 9 prisons2 b n[ sc>cely kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! antiquity ( ! cu/om ( cook+ food8 ,object ( cook+8 ,! oy/]8 ,raw meat z an occasional food8 #ah4 ,,cook+4--,! prep>ation ( food by ! ag5cy #gj ( fire is ( almo/ univ]sal practice1 ev5 among ! rude/ nations4 ,! object ( cook+ is to r5d] food m easy ( dige/ion by s(t5+ x1 to develop its flavor1 & to raise its temp]ature m ne>ly to t ( ! body4 ,a few articles ( fle%-food are eat5 uncook$ 9 civiliz$ l&s1 ! oy/] be+ an in/ance4 ,raw meat is occasionally eat5 by invalids ) weak dige/ive p[]s1 & by m5 tra9+ = a?letic conte/s4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,effect ( boil+ meat8 ,h[ may ! cook+ be done8 ,! prop] me?od8 ,effect8 ,mak+ ( s\p8 #ai4 ,9 boil+ meat1 ! wat] 9 :i* x is plac$ t5ds to dissolve its nutri5t juices4 ,9 fact1 ! cook+ may be s conduct$ z to rob ! meat ( its n\ri%m5t1 its t5d]ness1 & ev5 ( its flavor4 ,! prop] me?od1 9 ord] to pres]ve or promote ^! qualities1 is to place ! meat 9 boil+ wat]1 :i*1 aft] a few m9utes1 %\ld be r$uc$ 9 temp]ature4 ,9 ?is way ! int5se heat1 at fir/1 coagulates ! ext]ior lay]s ( album51 & imprisons ! delicate juices2 aft] t1 mod]ate heat be/ s(t5s x ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 s\p is to be made1 an opposite c\rse %\ld be pursu$2 = !n ! object is to extract ! juices & reject ! fibre4 ,meat1 = su* purpose1 %\ld be cut 9 small pieces & put into cold wat]1 :i* %\ld !n be gradually rais$ to boil+ heat4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,roa/+8 ,h[ %\ld x be done8 ,give ! philosophy ( ! process4 ,fry+8 #bj4 ,roa/+ is probably ! be/ me?od ( cook+ meat1 especially jo9ts or l>ge pieces1 z by ?is process ! meat is cook$ 9 its own juices4 ,roa/+ %\ld beg9 ) int5se heat1 & be cont9u$ at a mod]ate temp]ature1 9 ord] to prev5t ! dry+ out ( ! nutriti\s juices1 z by ?is process an out] coat+ or cru/ ( coagulat$ album5 is =m$4 ,dur+ ?is process ! meat loses "o-f\r? ( its weight1 b ! loss is almo/ :olly wat]1 evaporat$ by ! heat4 ,too #ga int5se or prolong$ heat w dry ! meat1 or burn x4 ,fry+ is ! wor/ possible me?od1 z ! heat$ fat1 by p5etrat+ ! meat1 or o!r article plac$ 9 x1 dries & h>d5s x1 & ?us r5d]s x indige/ible4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,:at is ,tri*9a8 ,h[ gu>d$ aga9/8 #ba4 ,,tri*9a4--,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ham1 sausages1 & o!r =ms ( pork1 %\ld nev] be eat5 9 a raw or imp]fectly cook$ condition4 ,! muscle ( ! pig is (t5 infe/$ by a m9ute animal p>asite1 or worm1 call$ tri*9a spiralis4 ,?is worm may be introduc$ alive into ! human body 9 pork food1 :]e x multiplies ) great rapidity1 & gives rise to a pa9ful & s]i\s disease4 ,?is disease has be5 preval5t 9 ,g]many1 & cases ( x occur f "t to "t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,:at "p ( fi% is eat58 ,:at does x resemble8 ,fi% z food = dige/ion8 ,fi% z a diet8 #bb4 ,,fi%4--,! "p ( fi% t is eat5 is ! muscle1 j z 9 ! case ( ! meats & p\ltry4 ,x closely resembles fle% 9 its composition1 b is m wat]y4 ,"s v>ieties are v easy ( dige/ion1 su* z salmon1 tr\t1 & cod2 o!rs are q indige/ible1 especially lob/]s1 clams1 & %ell-fi% g5]ally4 ,a diet 9 :i* fi% ent]s z ! *ief article1 is ill adapt$ to /r5g!n m9d or body1 :ile its cont9u$ use is said to be ! f]tile s\rce ( ne>ly e =m ( disease ( ! sk94 ,"s p]sons are s con/itut$ t !y c eat no k9d ( fi% )\t exp]i5c+ unpleasant results4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,li/ ( vegetable articles8 ,usefulness ( ! diff]5t vegetables8 ,/ry*nia8 ,:at fur!r is said 9 relation to ! n\ri%+ & o!r qualities ( vegetables8 #bc4 ,,vegetable ,,food4--,! li/ ( vegetable articles ( diet is a v long "o1 includ+ ! gra9s f :i* our bread-/uffs are made1 ! vegetables f ! g>d51 & ! fruits4 ,all ! products ( ! vegetable k+dom are n alike useful4 ,"s are positively hurtful2 inde$1 ! mo/ virul5t poisons1 z /ry*nia & prussic acid1 are obta9$ f c]ta9 vegetables4 ,aga91 ( su* #gb articles z h be5 f\nd good = food1 "s are m n\ri%+ ?an o!rs3 "s require v little prep>ation = use1 :ile o!rs are h>d & indige/ible1 & c only be us$ aft] und]go+ _m prep>atory processes4 ,great c>e mu/ !re=e be ex]cis$1 & _m exp]im5ts made1 be=e we c arrive at a complete k 9 ref]5ce to ^! articles ( diet4 ,tea1 c(fee1 & o!r sub/ances f :i* dr9ks are made1 are ( vegetable orig94 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,:eat8 ,/aff ( life8 ,:ite fl\r8 ,h>d-gra9 :eats8 ,bolt+8 ,graham bread8 #bd4 ,,bread4--,:eat is ! pr9cipal & mo/ valuable k9d ( gra9 = ! s]vice ( man4 ,bread made f :eat-fl\r has be5 9 use = _m hundr$s ( ye>s1 & on ?is acc\nt1 z well z because ( its highly n\ri%+ prop]ties1 has be5 aptly call$ ! /aff ( life4 ,we nev] become tir$ ( good bread z an article ( daily food4 ,! :ite k9ds ( fl\r conta9 m />* & less glut5 ?an ! d>k]1 & are !re=e less nutriti\s4 ,! h>d-gra9 :eat yields ! be/ fl\r4 ,9 gr9d+ :eat1 ! *aff or bran is sep>at$ by a process call$ bolt+4 ,unbolt$ fl\r is us$ = mak+ br[n or ,graham bread4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,leav5$ bread8 ,unleav5$8 ,hot bread8 #be4 ,! =m ( bread mo/ easily dige/$ is t :i* has be5 leav5$1 or r5d]$ por\s by ! use ( yea/1 or by "s simil> me?od4 ,unleav5$ bread requires mu* m ma/ication4 ,hot bread is un:olesome1 because x is n firm en\gh to be ?or\ghly ma/icat$1 b is conv]t$ into a pa/y1 heavy mass t is n easily dige/$4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,:eat5 bread8 ,bread & butt]8 ,exp]im5t on ! dog8 #bf4 ,:eat5 bread conta9s ne>ly e pr9ciple requisite = su/a9+ life1 except fat4 ,?is is commonly add$ 9 o!r articles ( diet1 especially 9 butt]1--bread & butt]1 consequ5tly1 =m+ an almo/ p]fect article ( #gc food4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t is record$3 ,a dog eat+ ad libitum ( :ite bread1 made ( pure :eat1 & freely suppli$ ) wat]1 did n live beyond fifty days4 ,he di$ at ! end ( t "t ) all ! signs ( gradual exhau/ion4 ,dea? took place1 n because !re 0 any?+ hurtful 9 ! bread1 b because ( ! abs5ce ( "o or m ( ! food-pr9ciples4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,/ate :at is said ( ! ,iri% potato8 #bg4 ,,! ,,potato4--,! common or ,iri% potato is ! vegetable mo/ ext5sively us$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita94 ,among ! poor] classes 9 ,irel& x is ! ma9 article ( food4 ,:ile x is n s ri* 9 nutriti\s sub/ances z _m o!rs1 x has "s v useful qualities4 ,x keeps well f season to season1 & m5 d n we>y ( its cont9u\s use4 ,x is m ?an two-?irds wat]1 ! balance be+ *iefly />*1 ) a little album54 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,sweet potato8 ,night%ades8 ,potatoes :5 g]m9at+8 #bh4 ,! sweet potato diff]s f ! :ite or common1 9 conta9+ m wat] & a small proportion ( sug>4 ,! common potato & ! tomato belong to ! same botanical ord] z ! night%ades1 b d n possess _! poison\s qualities1 unless we except potatoes t are 9 ! process ( g]m9ation or spr\t+1 :5 !y are f\nd injuri\s z food4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,fruits8 ,use ( ripe fruit8 ,nutrim5t !y conta98 ,/>* 9 unripe fruits8 ,cook+ ( unripe fruits8 #bi4 ,,fruits4--,^! are produc$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 great abundance1 & are rem>kable alike = _! v>iety & delici\s flavor2 consequ5tly !y are consum$ 9 l>ge quantities1 especially dur+ ! w>m] mon?s4 ,! mod]ate use ( ripe fruits1 9 _! season1 is b5eficial1 because !y (f] a pleasant sub/itute = ! m conc5trat$ diet t is us$ 9 cold wea!r4 ,! am\nt ( solid nutrim5t !y conta9 is1 h[ev]1 small4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 *]ries is sev5ty-five1 9 grapes eighty-"o1 9 apples eighty-two4 ,unripe fruits conta9 />*1 :i*1 dur+ ! process ( rip5+1 #gd is conv]t$ into sug>4 ,su* fruits are indige/ible & %\ld be avoid$3 cook+1 h[ev]1 9 "p removes ! objections to !m4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,h[ %\ld dr9k+-wat] be z reg>ds color & smell8 ,*emically pure wat]8 ,h[ obta9$8 ,agreeabl5ess ( p]fectly pure wat]8 #cj4 ,,pure ,,wat]4--,x is important t ! wat] we dr9k & use 9 ! prep>ation ( food %\ld be pure4 ,x %\ld be cle> & colorless1 ) little or no ta/e or smell1 & free f any great am\nt ( =eign +r$i5ts4 ,*emically pure wat] does n occur 9 nature3 x is only obta9$ by ! cond5sation ( /eam1 c>efully conduct$1 & is n z agreeable = dr9k+ purposes z ! wat] furni%$ by spr+s & /reams4 ,ra9-wat] is ! pure/ occurr+ 9 nature2 b ev5 ?is conta9s c]ta9 impurities1 especially ! portion :i* falls 9 ! e>ly "p ( a %[]2 = 9 its desc5t f ! cl\ds1 ! p>ticles float+ 9 ! air are caught by ! fall+ drops4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,spr+ & well wat]8 ,:5ce ! sp>kle1 or life8 ,! wat] supply ( cities8 ,croton wat]8 ,ridgewood8 #ca4 ,wat] f spr+s & wells always conta9s m or less =eign matt] ( m9]al orig94 ,?is imp>ts to ! dr9k its pleasant ta/e--! sp>kle1 or life1 com+ f ! gases absorb$ by ! wat] dur+ its passage "u gr\nd4 ,! ord9>y supply ( cities is f "s pure /ream or pond convey$ f a di/ance ?r\gh pipes1 ! limpid fluid conta9+ g5]ally only a small am\nt ( impurity4 ,croton wat]1 ! supply ( ,new ,york ,city1 is v pure1 & conta9s only f\r & a half gra9s to a gallon3 ! ,ridgewood wat] ( ,brooklyn holds ev5 less =eign matt]4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,impurities 9 dr9k+-wat]8 ,m9]al spr+s8 #cb4 ,dr9k+-wat] may conta9 z l>ge a proportion z sixty to sev5ty gra9s p] gallon ( impurity1 b a mu* l>g] quantity r5d]s x un:olesome4 ,! m9]al spr+ wat]s1 us$ popul>ly z m$ic9es1 are highly *>g$ ) m9]al sub/ances4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z #ge ! wat]s at ,s>atoga1 conta9 ?ree hundr$ gra9s & m to ! gallon4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,:at is /at$ ( ! action ( wat] ^u lead8 #cc4 ,,action ,,( ,,wat] ,,^u ,,lead4--,! dang] ( us+ wat] t has be5 9 contact ) c]ta9 metals is well kn[n4 ,lead is "o ( ! mo/ readily soluble1 & probably ! mo/ poison\s ( ^! sub/ances 9 common use4 ,:5 pure wat] & an unt>ni%$ surface ( lead come 9 contact1 ! wat] gradually corrodes ! metal1 & soon holds an appreciable quantity ( x 9 solution4 ,:5 ?is takes place ! wat] becomes highly injuri\s3 ! pur] ! wat]1 & ! m rec5t ! use ( ! metal1 ! great] w be ! dang]4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,lead 9 pipes & o!r ?+s8 ,advice8 ,:at takes place aft] ! articles ( lead h be5 us$ mu*8 ,:at is wise8 #cd4 ,9 cities1 lead pipes are commonly us$ to convey wat] ?r\gh ! h\ses2 lead be+ also us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ro(s1 ci/]ns1 & vessels = keep+ wat] & o!r liquids4 ,aft] ! articles ( lead h be5 9 use sev]al mon?s1 ! dang] ( lead-poison+ dim9i%es4 ,an insoluble coat+ ( ! sulphate ( lead =ms ^u ! expos$ surface1 ?us protect+ x f fur!r corrosion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a wise precaution1 at all times to reject ! wat] or o!r fluid t has be5 9 contact ) lead5 vessels ov] night1 or = a numb] ( h\rs4 ,all[ ! wat] 9 pipes to run freely be=e us+4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,c(fee z an article ( diet8 ,( :at does x consi/8 ,h[ does ! wat] affect ! c(fee8 ,! peculi> /imulant8 ,h[ does x affect mo/ p]sons8 #ce4 ,,c(fee4--,?is is an important addition to diet1 & if mod]ately us$ is b5eficial to p]sons ( adult age4 ,z commonly employ$1 x consi/s ( an infusion 9 boil+ wat] ( ! roa/$ & gr\nd b]ry4 ,! wat] extracts c]ta9 flavor+ & color+ matt]s1 b t :i* gives x its peculi> /imulant qualities is ! alkaloid caffe94 ,) mo/ p]sons its action is t ( a g5tle /imulant1 )\t any injuri\s reaction4 ,x produces a re/ful feel+ aft] exhau/+ ef=ts ( m9d or #gf body2 x tranquilizes1 b does n disqualify = labor2 & h5ce x is highly e/eem$ by p]sons ( lit]>y pursuits4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( c(fee8 ,m9]s ( ,belgium8 ,! ,c>avans8 ,among armies8 ,tak5 ) meals8 #cf4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( c(fee is1 t x dim9i%es ! wa/e ( ! tissues1 & consequ5tly p]mits ! p]=mance ( excessive labor ^u an economical & inadequate diet4 ,?is has be5 te/$ among ! m9]s ( ,belgium4 ,_! all[ance ( solid food 0 bel[ t f\nd necess>y 9 prisons & else:]e2 b1 ) ! addition ( ab\t f\r p9ts ( c(fee daily1 !y 7 enabl$ to und]go sev]e labor )\t r$uc+ _! muscul> /r5g?4 ,! c>avans :i* trav]se ! des]ts are support$ by c(fee dur+ long j\rneys & l5g!n$ privation ( food4 ,among armies x is indisp5sable 9 supplem5t+ _! imp]fect rations1 & 9 reliev+ ! s5se ( fatigue aft] great exposure & long m>*es4 ,:5 tak5 ) meals1 c(fee is also ?\ght to promote dige/ion4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,effects ( tea-dr9k+8 ,peculi> pr9ciple8 ,! tea bev]age1 h[ made8 ,black & gre5 tea8 ,excessive use ( tea or c(fee8 #cg4 ,,tea4--,! effects ( tea-dr9k+ are v simil> to ^? ( c(fee1 & are due to a peculi> pr9ciple call$ !94 ,?is pr9ciple is probably ! same z t f\nd 9 c(fee1 caffe91 s9ce ! *emical composition ( bo? is precisely alike4 ,tea1 z a bev]age1 is made f ! dri$ leaves ( ! plant by ! addition ( hot wat]2 if ! tea is boil$1 ! oil :i* gives x its agreeable flavor is driv5 (f ) ! /eam4 ,!re are two k9ds ( tea--! black & ! gre53 ! latt] is sometimes injuri\s1 produc+ wakefulness & o!r n]v\s symptoms4 ,! excessive use ( ei!r c(fee or tea w cause wakefulness4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,exp]im5ts made dur+ ,kane's exp$ition8 #ch4 ,dur+ ,dr4 ,kane's exp$ition 9 ! ,arctic regions1 ! effects ( ^! articles 7 comp>$4 ,aft] #gg repeat$ trials1 ! m5 took mo/ k9dly to c(fee 9 ! morn+ & tea 9 ! ev5+4 ,! c(fee seem$ to cont9ue its influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! day1 & !y seem$ to gr[ hungry less rapidly ?an aft] dr9k+ tea1 :ile tea soo!d !m aft] a day's h>d labor1 & ! bett] enabl$ !m to sleep4 ,!y bo? op]at$ ^u fatigu$ m5 l a *>m1 & _! sup]iority ov] alcoholic /imulants 0 v decid$4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,/ate :at is said ( *ocolate4 #ci4 ,*ocolate is made f ! se$s ( ! cocoa-tree1 a native ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,its effects resemble some:at ^? ( tea & c(fee1 b x is v ri* 9 nutrim5t4 ,l9nu1 ! botani/1 0 s fond ( ?is bev]age1 t he gave to ! cocoa-tree ! "n1 ,!obroma--! ,food ( ! ,gods4 ,its active pr9ciple is !obrom94 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,use ( alcoholic dr9ks1 h[ g5]al8 ,! rule giv58 #dj4 ,,alcohol4--,! li/ ( bev]ages t are consum$ = ! sake ( ! alcohol !y conta9 is a v long "o4 ,_! use is almo/ univ]sally preval5t1 e civiliz$ nation1 & ne>ly e b>b>\s "o1 hav+ its favorite alcoholic dr9k2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 ! nations :i* /& ! highe/ 9 civilization h ! greate/ v>ieties ( ^! bev]ages1--at ! same "t us+ !m ! mo/ intellig5tly & wisely4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,! bev]ages produc$ by f]m5tation8 ,! ard5t spirits8 ,gra9s & fruits employ$8 ,long use ( w9e8 ,( di/ill$ liquors8 #da4 ,! w9es & malt liquors t conta9 a small am\nt ( alcohol are produc$ by f]m5tation4 ,! bev]ages t hold a l>ge proportion ( alcohol1 ! ard5t spirits1 are made by di/illation4 ,enorm\s quantities ( gra9s & fruits are ?us ye>ly div]t$ f _! prop] uses z food2 "s ( ^! be+ corn1 :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 potatoes1 & rice2 also ! grape1 apple1 pe>1 pea*1 sug>-cane1 *]ry1 fig1 & orange4 ,w9e1 ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! grape1 has be5 9 use f "t immemorial1 :ile ! introduction ( di/ill$ liquors dates f a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 #gh ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,describe ! action ( alcohol ^u ! human sy/em8 ,exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,hayes & o!rs8 #db4 ,:at is ! physiological action ( alcohol8 ,its fir/ & mo/ evid5t action is /imulation3 ?is effect is transi5t1 & is foll[$ by a v>iable degree ( depression4 ,at fir/ x %>p5s ! appetite & quick5s dige/ion1 b its habitual use impairs bo?4 ,?is /imulation is effici5t 9 giv+ ! sy/em an artificial /r5g? dur+ "s tempor>y d]angem5t1 & 9 enabl+ ! endurance ( unusual fatigue or exposure4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,hayes1 & o!r explor]s ( ! pol> regions1 is t alcohol does n enable ! body to resi/ ! influ5ce ( cold1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is always injuri\s4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( alcohol8 ,h[ d we expla9 ! re/orative influ5ce ( w9es & liquors8 #dc4 ,ano!r prop]ty x has 9 common ) tea & c(fee4 ,x supports ! p[]s ( life1 economizes food1 & ret>ds ! wa/e ( tissues2 9 o!r words1 x banks ! fires1 & prev5ts _! burn+ wa/efully4 ,on ?is pr9ciple we expla9 ! re/orative influ5ce ( w9es or liquors dur+ exhau/+ diseases1 9 convalesc5ce1 & aft] excessive labors ( m9d or body4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,alcohol1 a poison8 ,mod]ate /imulants8 ,prevail+ op9ion8 ,h5ce8 #dd4 ,pure alcohol1 or an excessive quantity ( ard5t spirits1 is an und\bt$ poison1 & has be5 frequ5tly kn[n to produce fatal results4 ,/imulants 9 mod]ate quantities h be5 ?\ght to increase /r5g?1 & 9 ?is view !y h be5 call$ alcoholic foods4 ,?is is n n[ conc$$ by sci5tific m54 ,! prevail+ op9ion is1 t !y s]ve no useful purpose z an article ( diet1 & t _! b5eficial influ5ce is limit$ to cases :]e ! sy/em is enfeebl$1 :]e "s unnatural dem& is made ^u ! vital p[]s1 or :]e ! supply ( food is insuffici5t4 ,h5ce1 :ile alcohol has n ! p[] to build up1 x may ob/ruct ! process ( pull+ d[n4 #gi ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,h[ is ! necessity = food %[n8 #fd #b4 ,to :at process ( wa/e & repair is ! body con/antly subject$8 #fd #c4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! s5sations ( hung] & ?ir/8 #fe #d4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate hav+ relation to ! subject8 #fe #e4 ,:at c y /ate 9 reg>d to ! quantity ( food requir$ = ! support ( life8 #fe1 #ff #f4 ,:at circum/ances *ange ! ne$s ( p]sons1 old & "y1 z reg>ds food & dr9k8 #fe1 #fg #g4 ,:at becomes ( all ! food & dr9k we consume8 #ff #h4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate 9 relation to ! process ( r5ovation ?r\gh :i* ! body passes8 #ff #i4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! habits ( nations 9 respect to diet8 #ff1 #fg1 #fi #aj4 ,:at 9 relation to ! selection ( articles = food8 #fg #aa4 ,:at z respects ! necessity = *ang+ or v>y+ ! diet8 #fg #ab4 ,:at has be5 prov$ z reg>ds animal food8 #fg #ac4 ,( :at importance is milk z an article ( food8 #fg1 #fh #ad4 ,:at are ! con/itu5ts ( milk8 #fh #ae4 ,:at c y /ate ( eggs z an article ( food8 #fh #af4 ,( ! meats1 s call$1 z an article ( food8 #fh1 #fi #ag4 ,:at effect does cold h ^u meats8 #fi #ah4 ,9 :at o!r way may beef & pork be pres]v$8 #fi #ai4 ,:at c y /ate ( salt$ meat z food1 & ( its cont9u$ use8 #fi #bj4 ,:at *ange does meat und]go 9 ! cook+8 #gj1 #ga #ba4 ,:at directions are giv5 = boil+ meat8 #gj #bb4 ,:at = roa/+1 & ) :at results8 #gj1 #ga #bc4 ,:at is said ab\t ! fry+ ( meats8 #ga #bd4 ,give ! /atem5t 9 relation to tri*9a4 #ga #be4 ,/ate :at is said 9 relation to fi%4 #ga #bf4 ,:at is /at$ ( ! usefulness & o!r prop]ties ( ! products ( ! vegetable k+dom8 #ga1 #gb #bg4 ,:at fur!r is said ( vegetable food8 #ga1 #gb #bh4 ,:y is bread made ( :eat fl\r s important z an article ( food8 #gb #bi4 ,/ate :atev] else y c 9 relation to bread4 #gb1 #gc #cj4 ,give ! /atem5t respect+ ! potato4 #gc #ca4 ,:at is /at$ ( fruits1 ! use ( !m1 _! nutriti\s qualities1 etc48 #gc1 #gd #cb4 ,h[ g5]al is ! exi/5ce ( p]fectly pure wat]8 #gd #cc4 ,:at is /at$ 9 relation to dr9k+ wat]8 #gd1 #ge #cd4 ,h[ does ! action ( wat] ^u lead affect lead8 #ge #ce4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate on ! subject8 #ge #cf4 ,:at prop]ties has c(fee z an article ( diet8 #ge1 #gf #cg4 ,9 :at circum/ances has c(fee be5 f\nd peculi>ly b5eficial8 #gf #ch4 ,:at comp>ison is made betwe5 c(fee1 tea1 & *ocolate8 #gf #ci4 ,h[ are ! w9es1 & malt & o!r alcoholic bev]ages produc$8 #gg #dj4 ,:at articles are employ$ 9 _! production8 #gg #da4 ,describe ! physiological action ( alcohol4 #gh #db4 ,:at comp>ison is made betwe5 tea1 c(fee1 & alcohol8 #gh #dc4 ,:at c y /ate ( alcohol1 z a poison1 a /imulant1 & article ( diet8 #gh #dd4 ,:at1 !n1 c be said ( alcohol z a recomm5dation8 #gh 99 99 99 99 99 #hj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,dige/ion4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,processes ( ,nutrition--,! ,g5]al ,plan ( ,dige/ion--,ma/ication--,! ,tee?--,pres]vation ( ! ,tee?--,insalivation--,! ,/oma* & ! ,ga/ric ,juice--,! ,movem5ts ( ! ,/oma*--,ga/ric ,dige/ion--,! ,inte/9es--,! ,bile & ,pancreatic ,juice--,inte/9al ,dige/ion--,absorption by means ( ,blood-vessels & ,lacteals--,! ,lymphatic or ,absorb5t ,sy/em--,! ,lymph--,conditions :i* affect ,dige/ion--,! ,quality1 ,quantity1 & ,temp]ature ( ! ,food--,! ,influ5ce ( ,ex]cise & ,sleep4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,design ( food8 ,h[ accompli%$8 #a4 ,,nutrition4--,! great design ( food is to give nutrim5t or n\ri%m5t to ! body4 ,b ?is is n accompli%$ directly1 z ! food mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh c]ta9 prep>atory *anges1 z foll[s3 7#a71 ,dige/ion1 by :i* ! food is r$uc$ to a soluble condition2 7#b71 ,absorption1 by :i*1 :5 dige/$1 x is imbib$ into ! blood2 7#c71 ,circulation1 :i* c>ries ! enri*$ blood to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em2 & 7#d71 ,assimilation1 by :i* ea* tissue d]ives f ! blood ! mat]ials necess>y = its support4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,su/a9+ p[] ( food8 ,simile ( ! eng9e8 ,op]ation 9 ! human body8 #b4 ,by ^! means ! su/a9+ p[] ( food is gradually develop$ & employ$1 & ! vital ma*9]y kept 9 work+ ord]1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,to op]ate ! latt]1 ! =ce imprison$ )9 ! coal & wat] is set free & conv]t$ into motion by ! combu/ion ( ! fuel & ! vaporization ( ! wat]4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 :5 we come to /udy ^! op]ations 9 ! human body1 t !y are conduct$ sil5tly & h>moni\sly1 ) m>vell\s delicacy & complet5ess1 & )\t t friction1 & #ha consequ5t loss ( p[]1 :i* att5d ! work+ ( ! mo/ p]fect ma*9]y ( man's inv5tion4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,*ange ( food 9 dige/ion8 ,process ( dige/ion8 ,describe ! alim5t>y canal4 #c4 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,dige/ion4--,! great *ange :i* food und]goes 9 dige/ion is ess5tially a re=m+ process1 r$uc+ articles ( diet1 :i* are at fir/ m or less solid1 crude1 & co>se1 to a liquid & f9ely comm9ut$ condition1 suitable = absorption into ! blood4 ,! entire process ( dige/ion takes place 9 :at is call$ ! alim5t>y canal1 a n>r[1 tortu\s tube1 ab\t ?irty feet 9 its entire l5g?4 ,?is canal beg9s 9 ! m\?1 ext5ds !nce d[nw>d ?r\gh ! gullet to ! /oma* 7a receptacle 9 :i* ! pr9cipal "w ( dige/ion is p]=m$71 & !nce onw>d ?r\gh ! small & l>ge inte/9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,trunk ,,%[+ ,,! ,,cavities ,,( ,,! ,,*e/ ,,& ,,abdom54 ,a1 ,cavity ( ,*e/2 ,b1 ,diaphragm2 ,c1 ,abdom52 ,d1 ,e1 ,sp9al ,column4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,situation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es8 ,action ( ! food8 ,me*anical action8 ,*emical8 #d4 ,! /oma* & inte/9es are situat$ 9 ! cavity ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #af1 ,c1 & ,fig4 #bb71 & occupy ab\t two-?irds ( its space4 ,! action to :i* ! food is subject$ 9 ^! organs is ( two k9ds--me*anical & *emical4 ,by ! =m] x is cru%$1 agitat$1 & c>ri$ onw>d f "o po9t to ano!r2 by ! latt] x is *ang$ 9 =m ?r\gh ! solv5t p[] ( ! v>i\s dige/ive juices4 #hb ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,describe ! process ( ma/ication8 ,h[ _m & :at movem5ts8 #e4 ,,ma/ication4--,z soon z solid food is tak5 into ! m\?1 x und]goes ma/ication1 or *ew+4 ,x is caught betwe5 ! opposite surfaces ( ! tee?1 & by !m is cut & cru%$ into v small fragm5ts4 ,9 ! movem5ts ( *ew+1 ! l[] jaw plays ! *ief "p2 ! upp] jaw1 hav+ almo/ no motion1 acts simply z a po9t ( resi/ance1 to meet ! action ( ! =m]4 ,^! movem5ts ( ! l[] jaw are ( ?ree sorts3 a v]tical or cutt+1 a lat]al or gr9d+1 & a to-&-fro or gnaw+ motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,section ,,( ,a ,,too?4 a1 ,enamel2 b1 ,cavity2 c c1 ,roots2 d1 ,body ( ! ,too?4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,composition ( ! tee?8 ,enamel ( ! tee?8 ,int]ior ( tee?8 #f4 ,! tee? are compos$ ( a bone-l mat]ial1 & are held 9 place by roots runn+ deeply into ! jaw4 ,! expos$ portion1 or cr[n1 is protect$ by a ?9 lay] ( enamel 7,fig4 #ag1 a71 ! h>de/ sub/ance 9 ! body1 &1 l fl9t1 is capable ( /rik+ fire ) /eel4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ea* too? is a cavity1 conta9+ blood-vessels & a n]ve1 :i* ent] x ?r\gh a m9ute op5+ at ! po9t ( ! root 7,fig4 #ai74 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! milk tee?8 ,! p]man5t tee?8 #g4 ,!re are two sets ( tee?2 fir/1 ^? belong+ to ! e>li] ye>s ( *ildhood1 call$ ! milk tee?1 :i* are tw5ty 9 numb] & small4 ,at six or eight ye>s ( age1 :5 ! jaw exp&s1 & :5 ! gr[+ body requires a m p[]ful & num]\s set1 ! roots ( #hc ! milk tee? are absorb$1 & ! latt] are %$1 or fall out1 "o aft] ano!r 7,fig4 #ah71 to make room = ! p]man5t set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,jaws4 #a' #b' #c' #d' #e'1 ,! ,milk ,tee?2 #a to #h1 ,! ,g]ms ( ! ,p]man5t ,set4 ,sid5ote3 #h1 #i4 ,numb] ( tee?8 ,h[ di/ribut$8 #h4 ,!re are ?irty-two tee? 9 ! p]man5t set1 z _m be+ 9 "o jaw z ! o!r4 ,ea* half-jaw has eight tee?1 simil>ly %ap$ & arrang$ 9 ! same ord]3 ?us1 two incisors1 "o can9e1 two bicuspids1 & ?ree mol>s4 ,! front tee? are small1 %>p1 & *isel-edg$1 & are well adapt$ = cutt+ purposes2 h5ce _! "n incisors4 ,! can9es /& next1 "o on ea* side ( ! jaw2 ^! receive _! "n f _! resemblance to ! long1 po9t$ tusks ( ! dog 7,fig4 #ai74 #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,jaws--,,"r ,,side4 ,v1 ,a1 ,n1 ,ve9s1 ,art]ies1 & ,n]ves ( ! ,tee?4 ,! root ( "o too? 9 ea* jaw is cut v]tically to %[ ! cavity & ! blood-vessels1 etc41 )9 x4 #a to #h1 ,p]man5t ,tee?4 #i4 ,! bicuspids1 next 9 ord]1 are l>g] & h a broad] cr[n ?an ! =m]2 :ile beh9d !m are ! mol>s1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( ! entire set4 ,^! l>ge back tee?1 or gr9d]s1 pres5t a broad1 r\gh surface1 suitable = hold+ & cru%+ ! food4 ,! ?ird mol>1 or wisdom too?1 is ! la/ to be cut1 & does n appe> until ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 #he ,! ord] ( arrangem5t ( ! tee? is indicat$ by ! foll[+ d5tal =mula3-- ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,diff]5t =ms ( tee?8 ,human tee?8 ,! inf]5ce8 #aj4 ,x is int]e/+1 at ?is po9t1 to notice ! diff]5t =ms ( tee? 9 diff]5t animals1 & obs]ve h[ admirably _! tee? are suit$ to ! respective k9ds ( food ^u :i* !y subsi/4 ,9 ! c>nivora1 or fle%-fe$]s1 ! tee? are %>p & po9t$1 enabl+ !m bo? to seize _! prey1 & te> x 9 pieces2 :ile ! h]bivora1 or vegetable-fe$]s1 h broad1 blunt tee?1 ) r\gh cr[ns1 suitable = gr9d+ ! t\gh grasses & gra9s ^u :i* !y fe$4 ,human tee? p>take ( bo? =ms2 "s ( !m are %>p1 & o!rs are blunt2 !y are !re=e well adapt$ = ! ma/ication ( bo? fle% & vegetables4 ,h5ce we argue t1 al?\gh man may live exclusively ^u ei!r vegetable or animal food1 he %\ld1 :5 possible1 *oose a diet made up ( bo? v>ieties4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,clean+ ( tee?8 ,effects ( n clean+8 #aa4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4--,9 ord] t ! tee? %all rema9 9 a s\nd & s]viceable condition1 "s c>e is ( c\rse requisite4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y require frequ5t cleans+2 = e "t we take food1 "s p>ticles ( x rema9 9 ! m\?2 & ^!1 on acc\nt ( ! heat & moi/ure pres5t1 soon beg9 to putrefy4 ,?is n only r5d]s ! brea? v (f5sive1 b promotes decay ( ! tee?4 #hf ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,effects ^u ! saliva8 ,=mation ( t>t>8 ,h[ prev5t$8 ,h[ de/roy$8 #ab4 ,! saliva1 or moi/ure ( ! m\?1 und]goes a putrefactive *ange1 & becomes ! f]tile soil 9 :i* a c]ta9 m9ute fungus has its gr[?4 ,?is fluid1 too1 if all[$ to dry 9 ! m\?1 collects ^u ! tee? 9 ! =m ( an unsightly1 yell[ concretion1 call$ t>t>4 ,to prev5t ?is =mation1 & to remove o!r (f5sive sub/ances1 ! tee? %\ld be frequ5tly clean$ ) wat]1 appli$ by means ( a s(t too?-bru%4 ,! de/ruction ( ! t>t> fungus is be/ effect$ by ! use ( a weak solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,de/ruction ( ! enamel8 ,h[ gu>d$ aga9/8 #ac4 ,aga91 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! enamel1 ,nature's protection = ! tee?1 :5 once de/roy$1 is n =m$ anew2 & ! body ( ! too? ?us expos$1 is liable to rapid decay4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 c]ta9 articles are to be gu>d$ aga9/2 su* z %>ply acid sub/ances t corrode ! enamel1 & h>d sub/ances t break or scrat* x--z gritty too? p[d]s1 metal too? picks1 & ! %ells ( h>d nuts4 ,sudd5 alt]nations f heat to cold1 :5 eat+ or dr9k+1 also t5d to crack ! enamel4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,mix+ ( food ) ! saliva8 ,:at is ! saliva8 ,h[ secret$8 ,! saliv>y gl&s8 #ad4 ,,insalivation4--,:5 ! morsel ( food is cut & gr\nd by ! tee?1 x is at ! same "t also intimately mix$ ) ! saliva1 or fluids ( ! m\?4 ,?is con/itutes ! second /ep ( dige/ion1 & is call$ insalivation4 ,! saliva1 ! fir/ ( ! dige/ive solv5ts1 is a colorless1 wat]y1 & fro?y fluid4 ,x is secret$ 7i4 e4 sep>at$ f ! blood7 p>tly by ! muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! m\?2 b *iefly by ! saliv>y gl&s1 ( :i* !re are ?ree pairs situat$ ne> ! m\?4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! fl[ ( saliva8 ,! ?\ght ( food8 ,anxiety & grief8 ,animals f$ ^u dry & co>se food8 #hg #ae4 ,^! gl&s consi/ ( clu/]s ( v small p\*es1 ar\nd :i* a delicate network ( blood-vessels is arrang$3 !y empty into ! m\? by means ( little tubes1 or ducts4 ,! fl[ f ^! gl&s is at all times suffici5t to ma9ta9 a s(t & moi/ condition ( ! tongue & m\?2 b :5 !y are excit$ by ! pres5ce & ta/e ( food1 !y p\r =? ! saliva m freely4 ,ev5 ! m]e ?\ght ( food w at times cause ! saliva to fl[1 z :5 ! appetite is /imulat$ by ! sight or smell ( "s savory article2 s t ! common expression is correct t ! m\? wat]s = ! favorite articles ( food4 ,anxiety & grief prev5t its fl[1 & cause ! tongue to cleave to ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,9 ! horse & o!r animals1 t fe$ ^u dry & co>se fodd]1 & require an abundant supply ( saliva1 we f9d l>ge saliv>y gl&s1 z well z p[]ful muscles ( ma/ication4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,/ructure ,,( ,a ,,saliv>y ,,gl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,horse1 %[+ ! l>ge saliv>y gl& 7a71 its duct 7b71 ! muscles ( ma/ication 7c1 d1 e1 f1 & g74 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,importance ( ! process8 ,! fir/ place8 ,! second8 ,! ?ird8 #af4 ,! m+l+ ( ! saliva ) ! food seems a simple process1 b x is "o t plays an important "p #hh 9 dige/ion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x facilitates ! motions ( ma/ication1 by moi/5+ ! food & lubricat+ ! v>i\s organs ( ! m\?4 ,secondly1 x prep>es ! way = o!r dige/ive acts3 by ! action ( ! tee?1 ! saliva is =c$ into ! solid food1 s(t5s ! h>d] sub/ances1 & assi/s 9 conv]t+ ! :ole morsel into a semi-solid1 pulpy mass1 t c be easily swall[$1 & readily p]meat$ by o!r dige/ive fluids4 ,! saliva also1 by dissolv+ c]ta9 sub/ances1 z sug> & salt1 develops ! peculi> ta/e ( ea*2 :]eas1 if ! tongue be dry & coat$1 !y are ta/eless4 ,h5ce1 if sub/ances are insoluble1 !y are devoid ( ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,its f9al importance8 ,/>*8 ,h[ effect$8 ,ptyal98 #ag4 ,f9ally1 ! saliva has ! prop]ty ( act+ *emically ^u ! food4 ,z we h be=e /at$ 7,*ap4 ,,iv471 />*1 z />*1 _c ent] ! tissues ( ! body2 b1 9 ord] to become nutrim5t1 mu/ fir/ be *ang$ to grape sug>4 ,?is *ange is1 9 "p1 effect$ by ! saliva1 & takes place almo/ in/antly1 :5ev] x comes 9 contact ) cook$ />*4 ,?is important function is due to an organic +r$i5t ( ! saliva call$ ptyal94 ,?is sub/ance has be5 extract$ f ! saliva by ! *emi/1 & has be5 f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 to conv]t into sug> two ?\s& times its own weight ( />*4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,ea* ( ! processes8 ,:y is a k ( ! dige/ive functions important8 ,h[ %[n8 #ah4 ,,importance ,,( ,,ma/ication ,,& ,,insalivation4--,ea* ( ^! processes complem5ts ! o!r1 & makes ! entire "w available2 =1 by _! jo9t action1 !y prep>e ! food 9 ! be/ possible mann] = fur!r dige/ive *anges4 ,! k ( ^! prelim9>y functions w appe> ! m important1 :5 we reflect t !y are ! only ones :i* we c regulate by ! w4 ,=1 z soon z ! act ( swall[+ beg9s1 ! food n only passes out ( sight1 b beyond #hi control2 & ! subsequ5t acts ( dige/ion are consequ5tly involunt>y & unconsci\sly p]=m$4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,rapid eat+8 ,describe ! process & effects4 #ai4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t rapid eat+ int]f]es ) dige/ion4 ,h[ does ?is occur8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 rapid eat+1 ! fl[ ( ! saliva is insuffici5t to moi/5 ! solid p>ts ( ! food1 s t !y rema9 too h>d & dry to be easily swall[$4 ,?is leads to ! free & frequ5t use ( wat]1 or "s o!r bev]age1 at meals1 to wa% d[n ! food1--a mo/ p]nici\s practice4 ,= ^! fluids1 n only _c take ! place ( ! natural dige/ive juices1 b1 on ! contr>y1 dilute & weak5 !m4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,loss ( ta/e8 ,ano!r effect ( rapid eat+8 ,mi/akes8 #bj4 ,secondly1 ! saliva be+ l>gely ! m$ium ( ! s5se ( ta/e1 ! natural flavors ( ! food are n develop$1 & consequ5tly x appe>s comp>atively insipid4 ,h5ce ! desire = high-season$ food1 & pung5t sauces1 t bo? deprave ! ta/e & ov] excite ! dige/ive organs4 ,rapid eat+ also p]mits ! entrance ( injuri\s sub/ances :i* may escape detection by ! ta/e1 & be unconsci\sly receiv$ into ! sy/em4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! mo/ acrid & poison\s sub/ances h frequ5tly be5 swall[$ by mi/ake1 be=e ! s5se ( ta/e c\ld act1 & dem& _! rejection4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,effect ( imp]fectly brok5 food 9 ! /oma*8 ,dyspepsia8 ,ov]eat+8 #ba4 ,?irdly1 ! food1 be+ imp]fectly brok5 up by ! tee?1 is hurri$ onw>d to ! /oma*1 to be by x m ?or\ghly divid$4 ,b ! task ?us impos$ ^u ! /oma*1 x is n at all adapt$ to p]=m2 s t ! crude masses ( food rema9 a heavy burd5 )9 ! /oma*1 & a s\rce ( di/ress to t organ1 ret>d+ ! p]=mance ( its legitimate duty4 ,h5ce p]sons :o habitually eat too rapidly1 frequ5tly fall victims to dyspepsia4 ,rapid eat+ also conduces to ov]eat+4 ,! food is introduc$ s rapidly1 t ! sy/em has n #ij "t to recognize t its real wants are met1 & t its losses h be5 made good2 & h5ce ! appetite cont9ues1 al?\gh m nutrim5t has be5 swall[$ ?an ! sy/em requires1 or c heal?fully appropriate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,section ,,( ,,*e/ ,,& ,,abdom54 ,a1 ,he>t4 ,b1 ,! ,lungs4 ,c1 ,/oma*4 ,d1 ,! ,liv]4 ,e1 ,l>ge ,inte/9e4 ,g1 ,small ,inte/9e4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,gullet8 ,describe ! /oma* & its location4 ,effects ( gorm&iz+8 #bb4 ,,! ,,/oma*4--,z soon z ea* sep>ate portion ( food is ma/icat$ & insalivat$1 x is swall[$2 t is1 x is propell$ d[nw>d to ! /oma*1 ?r\gh a n>r[ muscul> tube ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 call$ ! oesophagus1 or gullet 7,fig4 #bc74 ,! /oma* is ! only l>ge expansion ( ! dige/ive canal1 & is ! mo/ important organ ( dige/ion4 ,x is a holl[1 pe>-%ap$ p\*1 hav+ a capacity ( ?ree p9ts1 9 ! adult4 ,its walls are ?9 & yield+1 & may become unnaturally di/5d$1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o subsi/ on a bulky1 innutriti\s diet1 & ( ^? :o habitually gorm&ize4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,he>t-orifice8 ,gatekeep]8 ,co9s1 etc48 ,indication ( ! s(t & yield+ texture ( ! /oma*8 #bc4 ,! /oma* has also two op5+s2 t by :i* food ent]s1 be+ situat$ ne> ! he>t1 is call$ ! c>diac1 or he>t orifice2 ! o!r is ! pylorus1 or gatekeep]1 :i* gu>ds ! entrance to ! inte/9es1 #ia &1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 p]mits only su* matt]s to pass x z h fir/ be5 prop]ly act$ ^u 9 ! /oma*4 ,co9s1 buttons1 & ! l are1 h[ev]1 readily all[$ to pass1 because !y c be ( no use if reta9$4 ,! s(t & yield+ texture ( ?is organ--! /oma*--indicates t x is n design$ to cru% & comm9ute solid articles ( food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,dige/ion4 ,o1 ,oesophagus4 ,s1 ,/oma*4 ,l1 ,liv]4 ,m1 ,pylorus4 ,c1 ,l>ge ,inte/9es4 ,p1 ,pancreas4 ,i1 ,small ,inte/9es4 ,n1 ,sple54 ,g1 ,gall-bladd]4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,:at is meant by ! ga/ric juice8 #bd4 ,,! ,,ga/ric ,,juice4--,we h se5 h[ ! pres5ce ( food 9 ! m\? excites ! saliv>y gl&s1 caus+ ! saliva quickly to fl[4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 food rea*es ! /oma*1 its inn] l9+1 ! muc\s membrane1 is at once excit$ to activity4 7,at fir/ its surface1 :i* :ile ! /oma* is empty pres5ts a pale p9k hue1 turns to a bright r$ color1 = ! m9ute blood-vessels :i* c\rse ?r\gh x1 are fill$ ) blood4 ,pres5tly a cle>1 colorless1 & acid fluid exudes1 drop by drop1 f its num]\s m9ute gl&s or tubules1 until f9ally ! surface is moi/5$ 9 e "p1 & ! fluid beg9s to m+le ) ! food4 ,?is fluid is t]m$ ! ga/ric juice4 #ib ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! ga/ric juice8 ,acidity ( ! ga/ric juice8 ,quantity ( ga/ric juice us$8 ,:at becomes ( x8 #be4 ,! ga/ric juice is ! prop] solv5t ( c]ta9 articles ( food1 especially ^? belong+ to ! album9oid class4 ,?is solv5t p[] is due to its peculi> +r$i5t1 peps92 9 dige/ion1 ?is sub/ance acts l a f]m5t2 t is1 x induces *anges 9 ! food simply by its pres5ce1 b does n itself und]go *ange4 ,! acidity ( ! ga/ric juice1 :i* is due to lactic acid1 is n accid5tal2 = we f9d t ! peps9 _c act 9 an alkal9e solution--t is1 "o :i* is n acid or neutral4 ,! quantity ( ga/ric juice secret$ daily is v l>ge1 probably n less ?an ?ree or f\r p9ts at ea* meal4 ,?\gh ?is fluid is at once us$ 9 ! r$uction ( ! food1 x is n lo/2 s9ce x is soon re-absorb$ by ! /oma*1 toge!r ) ^? p>ts ( ! food :i* x has dige/$ & holds 9 solution4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,muscul> coat ( ! /oma*8 ,expansion & contraction ( its fibres8 ,action ( ! fibres8 #bf4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*4--,! inn] coat+ ( ! /oma* is ! muc\s membrane1 :i*1 z we h se51 furni%es ! ga/ric juice4 ,next to ?is coat+ lies ano!r1 call$ ! muscul> coat1 compos$ ( involunt>y muscul> fibres1 "s ( :i* run circul>ly1 & o!rs 9 a longitud9al direction4 ,^! exp& to accommodate ! food z x is introduc$1 & contract z x passes out4 ,9 addition1 ^! fibres are 9 cont9ual motion :ile food rema9s 9 ! /oma*1 & !y act 9 su* mann] t ! cont5ts are g5tly turn$ r\nd f side to side1 or f "o end ( x to ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,p]i/altic movem5ts8 ,:at is said ( our consci\sness ( & p[] ov] ^! movem5ts8 ,describe ! movem5ts ( ! pylorus4 #bg4 ,by ^! incessant movem5ts ( ! /oma*1 call$ ! p]i/altic movem5ts1 ! ga/ric juice comes 9 contact ) all p>ts ( ! food4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n consci\s t ^! movem5ts take place1 nor h we ! p[] to control !m4 ,:5 su* portions ( ! food z are suffici5tly dige/$ approa* ! pylorus1 x #ic exp&s to all[ !m to pass out1 & x closes aga9 to conf9e ! residue = fur!r prep>ation4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,h[ has ! k & ! work+s ( ! /oma* be5 asc]ta9$8 ,/4 ,m>t98 ,h[ else8 #bh4 ,! k ( ^! & o!r int]e/+ & in/ructive facts has be5 obta9$ by actual obs]vation2 ! work+s ( ! /oma* ( a liv+ human be+ h be5 laid op5 to view & exam9$--! result ( a rem>kable accid5t4 ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 a ,canadian voyageur1 receiv$ a gun-%ot w\nd :i* laid op5 8 /oma*1 & :i*1 9 heal+1 left a p]man5t orifice ne>ly an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ ! obs]v] c\ld wat* ! progress ( dige/ion1 & exp]im5t ) diff]5t articles ( food4 ,s9ce t occurr5ce1 artificial op5+s into ! /oma* ( ! inf]ior animals h be5 repeat$ly made1 s t ! facts ( /oma*-dige/ion are v well asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,:at 0 =m]ly ?\ght8 ,:at d we n[ "k8 ,:at else d we n[ "k8 ,wat]1 salt1 & sug>8 ,absorption8 #bi4 ,,ga/ric ,,dige/ion4--,:at portions ( ! food are dige/$ 9 ! /oma*8 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t all ! great *anges ( dige/ion 7 wr\ght "h1 b lat] inve/igation has taught u bett]4 ,we n[ "k t ! fir/ *ange 9 dige/ion takes place 9 ! m\?1 9 ! p>tial conv]sion ( />* into sug>4 ,we also "k t1 ( ! ?ree organic food pr9ciples 7consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 two--! fats & ! sug>s--are b slightly affect$ by ! /oma*2 b t its action is conf9$ to t ?ird & v important class1 f :i* ! tissues are r5ew$1 ! album9oids4 ,a few articles ne$ no prep>ation be=e ent]+ ! sy/em1 z wat]1 salt1 & grape-sug>4 ,^! are rapidly tak5 up by ! blood-vessels ( ! /oma*1 :i* ev]y:]e und]lie its muc\s membrane 9 an intricate & mo/ delicate network4 ,9 ?is way ! function ( absorption beg9s4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,album9ose8 ,! process8 ,*yme8 #cj4 ,! album9oid sub/ances are spe$ily attack$ & #id dige/$ by ! ga/ric juice4 ,f :atev] s\rce !y are d]iv$1 vegetable or animal1 !y are all trans=m$ into ! same dige/ive product1 call$ album9ose4 ,?is is v soluble 9 wat]1 & is readily absorb$ by ! blood-vessels ( ! /oma*4 ,aft] a long] or %ort] "t1 v>y+ f "o to five h\rs1 accord+ to ! individual & ! quantity & quality ( 8 food1 ! /oma* w be f\nd empty4 ,n only has ! dige/$ food pass$ out1 b also ^? sub/ances :i* ! /oma* c\ld n dige/ or absorb h pass$ little by little ?r\gh ! pylorus1 to und]go fur!r action 9 ! inte/9es4 ,at ! "t ( its exit1 ! dige/$ food is ( a pulpy consi/5ce1 & d>k color1 & is !n kn[n z ! *yme4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,:at are ! inte/9es8 ,! small inte/9es8 ,! l>ge inte/9es8 ,_! /ructure8 #ca4 ,,! ,,inte/9es4--,! inte/9es1 or b[els1 are cont9u\s ) ! /oma*1 & consi/ ( a fle%y tube1 or canal1 tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?4 ,! small inte/9e1 ^: diamet] is ab\t "o in* & a half1 is tw5ty feet long & v tortu\s4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is mu* wid] ?an ! =m]1 & five feet long 7,fig4 #bc74 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ^! organs resembles t ( ! /oma*4 ,l x1 !y are provid$ ) a muc\s membrane1 or inn] l9+1 :5ce fl[ _! dige/ive juices2 &1 j outside ( ?is1 a muscul> coat1 :i* propels ! food onw>d f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,p]itoneum8 ,! "w ( dige/ion8 #cb4 ,moreov]1 bo? ! inte/9es & /oma* are envelop$ 9 ! folds ( ! same out] tunic or membrane1 call$ ! p]itoneum4 ,?is is s smoo? & s well lubricat$1 t ! inte/9es h ! utmo/ fre$om ( motion4 ,9 ! small inte/9es1 ! "w ( dige/ion is complet$1 ! l>ge inte/9e receiv+ f !m ! indige/ible residue ( ! food1 & 9 "t expell+ x f ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! pres5ce ( food 9 ! inte/9es8 ,bile8 #cc4 ,,inte/9al ,,dige/ion4--,z soon z ! food passes ! pylorus & beg9s to accumulate 9 ! upp] #ie "p ( ! inte/9es1 x excites ! fl[ ( a new dige/ive fluid1 :i* ent]s ?r\gh a small tube1 or duct1 ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! /oma*4 ,x is =m$ by ! union ( two di/9ct fluids--! bile & ! pancreatic juice4 ,! bile is secret$ by ! liv]1 :i* is ! l>ge/ gl& ( ! body1 & is situat$ on ! "r side & upp] "p ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! bile is con/antly =m$1 b x fl[s mo/ rapidly dur+ dige/ion4 ,dur+ ! int]vals ( dige/ion x is /or$ 9 ! gall-bladd]1 a small membran\s bag atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! liv]4 ,?is fluid is ( a gre5i%-yell[ color1 hav+ a peculi> smell1 & a v bitt] ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! pancreatic juice8 ,! jo9t action ( ^! fluids8 #cd4 ,! pancreatic juice is ! product ( a gl& call$ ! pancreas1 situat$ beh9d ! /oma*4 ,?is fluid is colorless1 viscid1 & )\t odor4 ,l ! dige/ive juices previ\sly describ$1 x owes its solv5t p[] to its peculi> f]m5t pr9ciple1 call$ pancreat94 ,by ! jo9t action ( ^! fluids1 ! fatty p>ts ( ! food are prep>$ = absorption4 ,by previ\s /eps ( dige/ion ! fats are m]ely sep>at$ f ! o!r compon5ts ( ! food2 b "h1 )9 ! inte/9es1 !y are r$uc$ to a /ate ( m9ute division1 or emulsion1 resembl+ ! condition ( butt] 9 milk1 be=e x has be5 *urn$4 ,!re results f ?is action a :ite & milky fluid1 t]m$ ! *yle1 :i* holds 9 solution ! dige/ible portions ( ! food1 & is spread ov] ! ext5sive absorb5t surface ( ! small inte/9es4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! muc\s membrane8 ,exp]im5ts on inf]ior animals8 #ce4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9es1 also1 secretes or produces1 a dige/ive fluid by means ( num]\s follicles1 or m9ute gl&s2 ?is is call$ ! inte/9al juice4 ,f exp]im5ts on ! inf]ior animals1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ?is fluid ex]ts a solv5t influ5ce ov] ea* ( ! ?ree organic food pr9ciples1 & 9 ?is way may supplem5t & complete ! action ( ! #if fluids previ\sly m5tion$1 viz43--( ! saliva 9 conv]t+ />* into sug>1 ( ! ga/ric juice 9 dige/+ ! album9oids1 & ( ! pancreatic juice & bile 9 emulsify+ ! fats4 ,sid5ote3 #cf1 #cg4 ,h[ mu* ?us f> has be5 done ) ! food8 ,! next process8 ,give ! fir/ way4 #cf4 ,,absorption4--,) ! elaboration ( ! *yle1 ! "w ( dige/ion is complet$2 b1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! food is yet outside ( ! body2 t is1 ! blood is n yet enri*$ by x1 & x is n 9 a position to n\ri% ! tissues4 ,! process by :i* ! liquefi$ food passes out ( ! alim5t>y canal into ! blood is call$ absorption4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 two ways2 fir/1 by ! blood-vessels4 ,we h se5 h[ ! inn] membrane ( ! /oma* is und]laid by a trac]y ( m9ute & num]\s vessels1 & h[ "s portions ( ! food are by !m absorb$4 ,! supply ( blood-vessels to ! inte/9es is ev5 great]2 p>ticul>ly to ! small inte/9es1 :]e ! "w ( absorption is m actively c>ri$ on4 #cg4 ,! absorb+ surface ( ! small inte/9es1 if consid]$ z a plane surface1 am\nts to n less ?an half a squ>e y>d4 ,besides1 ! muc\s membrane is =m$ 9 folds ) an imm5se numb] ( ?read-l prolongations1 call$ villi1 :i* indef9itely multiply its absorb+ capacity4 ,^! m9ute processes1 ! villi1 give ! surface ! appe>ance & smoo?ness ( velvet2 & dur+ dige/ion1 !y dip into ! canal1 &1 by means ( _! blood-vessels1 absorb its fluid cont5ts1 j z ! spongioles :i* t]m9ate ! rootlets ( plants1 imbibe moi/ure f ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,h[ is absorption effect$ 9 ano!r way8 ,describe x4 ,"n ( ! lacteals8 ,?oracic duct8 #ch4 ,secondly1 absorption is also effect$ by ! lacteals1 a set ( vessels peculi> to ! small inte/9es4 ,^! h _! beg9n+s 9 ! little villi j m5tion$1 side by side ) ! blood-vessels4 ,^! two sets ( absorb5ts run 9 diff]5t c\rses1 b _! de/9ation is ! same1 #ig :i* is ! "r side ( ! he>t4 ,! lacteals receive _! "n f _! milky-:ite appe>ance4 ,aft] a meal conta9+ a portion ( fat1 !y are !n di/5d$ ) *yle1 :i* !y are specially adapt$ to receive3 at o!r times !y are h>dly disc]nible4 ,! lacteals all unite to =m "o tube1 ! ?oracic duct1 :i* passes upw>d ?r\gh ! ?orax1 or *e/1 & empties into a l>ge ve91 situat$ j b5ea? ! left coll>-bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,! ,,lacteals4 ,a1 ,small ,inte/9e4 ,b1 ,lacteals4 ,c1 ,?oracic ,duct4 ,d1 ,absorb5ts4 ,e1 ,blood-vessel4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! absorb5ts8 ,lymph8 ,:at fur!r ( ! lymph8 #ci4 ,,! ,,absorb5ts4--,! lacteals belong to a class ( vessels kn[n z absorb5ts1 or lymphatics1 :i* ramify 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! body1 except ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,! fluid :i* circulates ?r\gh ! lymphatics ( ! limbs1 & all ! organs n conc]n$ 9 dige/ion1 is call$ lymph4 ,?is fluid is cle> & colorless1 l wat]1 & ?us diff]s f ! milky *yle :i* ! lacteals c>ry aft] dige/ion3 x consi/s *iefly ( ! wat]y "p ( ! blood1 :i* 0 n requir$ by ! tissues1 & is return$ to ! blood by ! absorb5ts or lymphatics4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,:at c y /ate z to ! "t requir$ = dige/ion8 #dj4 ,,circum/ances ,,affect+ ,,dige/ion4--,:at l5g? ( "t is requir$ = ! dige/ion ( food8 ,f obs]vations made1 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ! ,canadian #ih already ref]r$ to1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t1 at ! end ( two h\rs aft] a meal1 ! /oma* is ord9>ily empty4 ,h[ mu* "t is ne$$ to complete ! dige/ion ( food1 )9 ! small inte/9es1 is n c]ta92 b1 f :at we h le>n$ respect+ _! functions1 x mu/ be evid5t t x l>gely dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( />* & fat :i* ! food conta9s4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,circum/ances affect+ duration ( dige/ion8 ,fre% food8 #da4 ,9 addition to ! prep>ations :i* ! food und]goes 9 cook+1 :i* we h already consid]$1 _m circum/ances affect ! duration ( dige/ion2 su* z ! quality1 quantity1 & temp]ature ( ! food2 ! condition ( ! m9d & body2 sleep1 ex]cise1 & habit4 ,fre% food1 except new bread & ! fle% ( animals rec5tly sla91 is m rapidly dige/$ ?an t :i* is /ale2 & animal food m rapidly ?an t f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,food 9 conc5trat$ =m8 ,a l>ge quantity ( food8 ,exp]im5t on ! dog8 ,ice-wat]8 ,v>iety ( articles8 #db4 ,food %\ld n be tak5 9 too conc5trat$ a =m1 ! action ( ! /oma* be+ favor$ :5 x is some:at bulky2 b a l>ge quantity 9 ! /oma* (t5 ret>ds dige/ion4 ,if ! :ite ( "o egg be giv5 to a dog1 x w be dige/$ 9 an h\r1 b if ! :ite ( eight eggs be giv5 x w n disappe> 9 f\r h\rs4 ,a w9eglassful ( ice-wat] causes ! temp]ature ( ! /oma* to fall ?irty degrees2 & x requires a half-h\r be=e x w recov] its natural w>m?--ab\t a hundr$ degrees--at :i* ! op]ations ( dige/ion are be/ conduct$4 ,a v>iety ( articles1 if n too l>ge 9 am\nt1 is m easily dispos$ ( ?an a meal made ( a s+le article2 al?\gh a s+le indige/ible article may int]f]e ) ! r$uction ( articles t are easily dige/$4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,/rong emotion8 ,! tongue ( ! pati5t8 #dc4 ,/rong emotion1 :e!r ( excitem5t or depression1 *ecks dige/ion1 z d also a bad temp]1 anxiety1 long fa/+1 & bodily fatigue4 ,! majority ( ^! #ii conditions make ! m\? dry1 t is1 !y re/ra9 ! fl[ ( ! saliva2 & )\t d\bt !y r5d] ! /oma* dry also1 by prev5t+ ! fl[ ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,&1 z a g5]al rule1 we may decide1 f a p>*$ & coat$ tongue1 t ! condition ( ! /oma* is n v dissimil>1 & t x is unfit = ! p]=mance ( dige/ive labor4 ,?is is "o ( ! po9ts :i* ! physician be>s 9 m9d :5 he exam9es ! tongue ( 8 pati5t4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,eat+ betwe5 meals8 ,sev]e ex]cise8 ,sleep aft] meals8 #dd4 ,! practice ( eat+ at %ort int]vals1 or betwe5 meals1 z x is call$1 has its disadvantage1 z well z rapid eat+ & ov]-eat+1 s9ce x robs ! /oma* ( its ne$$ p]iod ( entire re/1 & ?us ov]tasks its p[]4 ,) ! exception ( infants & ! sick1 no p]sons require food m frequ5tly ?an once 9 f\r h\rs4 ,sev]e ex]cise ei!r directly be=e or directly aft] eat+ ret>ds dige/ion2 a p]iod ( repose is mo/ favorable to ! prop] action ( ! /oma*4 ,! natural incl9ation to re/ aft] a he>ty meal may be indulg$1 b %\ld n be c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( sleep+2 s9ce 9 t /ate ! /oma*1 z well z ! bra9 & ! muscles1 seeks release f labor4 #ajj ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at d y und]/& by nutrition8 #hj #b4 ,h[ is ! process ( nutrition c>ri$ on8 #hj #c4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate on ! subject8 #hj1 #ha #d4 ,describe ! g5]al plan ( dige/ion4 #ha #e4 ,h[ is ! process ( ma/ication c>ri$ on8 #hj1 #hb #f4 ,/ate :at y c 9 relation to ! =mation ( ! tee?4 #hb1 #hf #g4 ,:at1 9 relation to _! arrangem5t8 #hc1 #hd #h4 ,:at1 9 relation to ! process ( %$d+8 #hb1 #hc1 #hd #i4 ,9 relation to ! diff]5t =ms ( tee? 9 diff]5t animals8 #he #aj4 ,:at causes op]ate to injure or de/roy ! tee?8 #he1 #hf #aa4 ,:at sugge/ions & directions are giv5 = ! pres]vation ( ! tee?8 #he1 #hf #ab4 ,:at d y und]/& by insalivation8 #hj1 #hf #ac4 ,h[ is ! process ( insalivation c>ri$ on8 #hf1 #hg1 #hh #ad4 ,( :at importance is ! saliva to ! process8 #hg1 #hh #ae4 ,( :at importance are ma/ication & insalivation8 #hh1 #hi #af4 ,describe ! consequ5ces ( rapid eat+4 #hi1 #ij #ag4 ,:at becomes ( ! food directly aft] x has und]gone ma/ication & insalivation8 #ij #ah4 ,describe ! location & =mation ( ! /oma*4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib #ai4 ,describe ! process by :i* ! ga/ric juice is =m$4 #ia #bj4 ,:at are ! prop]ties & uses ( ! ga/ric juice8 #ib #ba4 ,:at are ! movem5ts ( ! /oma*1 & :at _! uses8 #ib1 #ic #bb4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate on ! subject8 #ic #bc4 ,:at portions ( ! food are dige/$ 9 ! /oma*8 #ic1 #id #bd4 ,:at are ! fir/ *anges ( dige/ion8 #ic #be4 ,describe ! location & =mation ( ! /oma*4 #id #bf4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate 9 relation to ! /oma*8 #id #bg4 ,describe ! process ( inte/9al dige/ion4 #id1 #ie1 #if #bh4 ,:at d y und]/& by absorption8 #hj1 #if #bi4 ,h[ is ! process ( absorption effect$8 #if1 #ig #cj4 ,:at are ! lacteals & ( :at use are !y8 #if1 #ig #ca4 ,:at l5g? ( "t is requir$ = ! dige/ion ( food8 #ig1 #ih #cb4 ,:at circum/ances1 ( food1 affect dige/ion8 #ih #cc4 ,:at circum/ances1 ( emotion1 affect dige/ion8 #ih1 #ii #cd4 ,:at sugge/ions & directions are giv5 ^u ! subject ( eat+ & dr9k+8 #ih1 #ii 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,he>t1 ,lungs1 ,art]ies ,ve9s4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,circulation4 ,! ,blood--,its ,plasma & ,corpuscles--,coagulation ( ! ,blood--,! ,uses ( ! ,blood--,transfusion--,*ange ( ,color--,! ,organs ( ! ,circulation--,! ,he>t1 ,art]ies1 & ,ve9s--,! ,cavities & ,valves ( ! ,he>t--,its ,vital ,en]gy--,passage ( ! ,blood ?r\gh ! ,he>t--,! ,frequ5cy & ,activity ( its ,movem5ts--,! ,pulse--,! ,sphygmograph--,! ,capill>y ,blood-vessels--,! ,rate ( ! ,circulation--,assimilation--,injuries to ! ,blood-vessels4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,:at is requir$ by e liv+ organism8 ,9 plants8 ,insects8 ,reptiles8 ,man8 #a4 ,,! ,,blood4--,e liv+ organism ( ! high] sort1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 requires = ! ma9t5ance ( life & activity1 a circulatory fluid1 by :i* nutrim5t is di/ribut$ to all its p>ts4 ,9 plants1 ?is fluid is ! sap2 9 insects1 x is a wat]y & colorless blood2 9 reptiles & fi%es1 x is r$ b cold blood2 :ile 9 ! nobl] animals & man1 x is ! r$ & w>m blood4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,importance & abundance ( blood8 ,dep5d5ce ( life8 ,abel8 ,mosaic law8 ,9 :at "p ( ! body is blood n f\nd8 ,quantity ( blood 9 ! body8 #b4 ,! blood is ! mo/ important1 z x is ! mo/ abundant1 fluid ( ! body2 & ^u its pres5ce1 "u c]ta9 def9ite conditions1 life dep5ds4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is frequ5tly1 & v prop]ly1 t]m$ ! vital fluid4 ,! importance ( ! blood1 z ess5tial to life1 0 recogniz$ 9 ! e>lie/ writ+s4 ,9 ! n>ration ( ! dea? ( ! murd]$ ,abel1 x is writt51 ! voice ( 8 blood crie? f ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,mosaic law1 proclaim$ ov] ?irty c5turies ago1 ! ,israelites 7 =bidd5 to eat food t conta9$ blood1 = ! reason t ! life ( ! fle% is 9 ! blood4 ,) ! exception ( a few tissues1 su* z ! hair1 ! nails1 & ! cornea ( ! eye1 blood ev]y:]e p]vades ! body1 z may be prov5 by punctur+ any "p ) a #ajb ne$le4 ,! total quantity ( blood 9 ! body is e/imat$ at ab\t "o-eigh? ( its weight1 or eighte5 p\nds4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,color ( blood8 ,its consi/5ce8 ,odor8 #c4 ,! color ( ! blood1 9 man & ! high] animals1 z is well kn[n1 is r$2 b x v>ies f a bright sc>let to a d>k purple1 accord+ to ! "p :5ce x is tak54 ,blood is ?ick] ?an wat]1 z ! adage truly /ates1 & has a glut9\s quality4 ,x has a fa9t odor1 resembl+ t peculi> to ! animal f :i* x is tak54 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,:at is /at$ ( ! blood z view$ "u ! microscope8 #d4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! blood no long] appe>s a simple fluid1 & its color is no long] r$4 ,x is !n se5 to be made up ( two di/9ct p>ts3 fir/1 a cle>1 colorless fluid1 call$ ! plasma2 & secondly1 ( a multitude ( m9ute solid bodies1 or corpuscles1 t float 9 ! wat]y plasma4 ,! plasma1 or nutritive liquid1 is compos$ ( wat] ri*ly *>g$ ) mat]ials d]iv$ f ! food1 viz41 album51 :i* gives x smoo?ness & swift motion2 fibr92 c]ta9 fats2 traces ( sug>2 & v>i\s salts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #be4--,,! ,,blood ,,corpuscles4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! little bodies call$ corpuscles4 #e4 ,,! ,,blood ,,corpuscles4--,9 man1 ^! rem>kable little bodies1 z ! ^w corpuscles signifies1 are ( a yell[ color1 b by _! va/ numb]s imp>t a r$ hue to ! blood4 ,!y are v small1 hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #a_/cejj ( an in*1 & be+ "o-f\r? ( t fraction 9 ?ickness2 s t if #c1ejj ( !m 7 plac$ 9 l9e1 side by side1 !y w\ld only ext5d "o in*2 or1 if #ajc pil$ "o above ano!r1 x w\ld take at lea/ #ad1jjj ( !m to /& an in* high4 ,al?\gh s small 9 size1 !y are v regul> 9 =m4 ,z se5 "u ! microscope1 !y are n globul> or sph]ical1 b flat1 circul>1 & disc-l1 ) c5tral depressions on ea* side1 some:at l a pe>l button t has n be5 p]=at$4 ,9 fre%ly-drawn blood !y %[ a disposition to arrange !mselves 9 little rolls l co9s 7,fig4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 a1 ,oval ,corpuscles ( a f[l4 b1 ,corpuscles ( a frog4 c1 ,^? ( a %>k4 ,! five small ones at ! upp] "p ( ! figure1 repres5t ! human corpuscles magnifi$ #djj times4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! size & %ape ( corpuscles8 ,:y is ! fact important8 #f4 ,! size & %ape ( ! blood corpuscles v>y 9 diff]5t animals1 s t x is possible to discrim9ate betwe5 ^? ( man & ! l[] animals 7,fig4 #bf74 ,?is is a po9t ( consid]able practical importance4 ,= example1 x is sometimes desirable to decide 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice ! s\rce1 :e!r f man or an inf]ior animal1 ( blood /a9s ^u ! clo?+ ( an accus$ p]son1 or ^u "s deadly weapon4 ,?is may be done by a microscopical exam9ation ( a m9ute portion ( ! dri$ /a91 previ\sly refre%$ by means ( gum-wat]4 ,c]ta9 celebrat$ cases are record$ 9 :i* ! guilt ( crim9als has be5 e/abli%$1 & !y h be5 condemn$ & puni%$ ^u ! evid5ce :i* sci5ce r5d]$ on ?is s+le po9t1 ! detect+ ( ! human f o!r blood4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! "* ( ! blood ( dead animals8 ,means ( detect+ su* blood8 #g4 ,! "* ( ! blood ( dead1 ext9ct1 & ev5 fossil animals1 su* z ! ma/odon1 has be5 asc]ta9$ by obta9+ & exam9+ traces ( x :i* _h be5 %ut up1 p]haps = ages1 9 ! circulatory canals ( bone4 ,a means ( detect+ blood 9 m9ute quantities is f\nd #ajd 9 ! spectroscope1 ! same in/rum5t by :i* ! con/itution ( ! heav5ly bodies has be5 /udi$4 ,if a solution conta9+ n m ?an "o-?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( ! color+ matt] ( ! corpuscle1 be exam9$1 ?is in/rum5t w detect x4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,:ite corpuscles8 ,total numb] ( corpuscles 9 ! body8 #h4 ,! corpuscles1 j describ$1 are kn[n z ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,besides ^!1 & float+ along 9 ! same plasma1 are ! :ite corpuscles4 ,^! are few] 9 numb]1 b l>g] & globul> 9 =m4 ,!y are colorless1 & _! motion is less rapid ?an t ( ! o!r v>iety4 ,! total numb] ( bo? v>ieties ( ^! little bodies 9 ! blood is enorm\s4 ,x is calculat$ t 9 a cubic in* ( t fluid !re are eighty-?ree millions1 & at lea/ five hundr$ times t numb] 9 ! :ole body4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! blood 9 its natural condition 9 ! body8 ,describe ! process by :i* ! coagulation ( blood takes place8 #i4 ,,coagulation4--,! blood1 9 its natural condition 9 ! body1 rema9s p]fectly fluid2 b1 )9 a few m9utes aft] its removal f its prop] vessels1 :e!r by accid5t or design1 a *ange takes place4 ,x beg9s to coagulate1 or assume a semi-solid consi/5ce4 ,if all[$ to /&1 aft] sev]al h\rs x sep>ates into two di/9ct p>ts1 "o ( !m be+ a d>k r$ jelly1 ! coagulum1 or clot1 :i* is heavy & s9ks2 & ! o!r1 a cle>1 /raw-color$ liquid1 call$ s]um1 :i* cov]s ! clot4 ,?is *ange is dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce 9 ! blood ( fibr91 :i* possesses ! prop]ty ( solidify+ "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 "o ( ^! circum/ances be+ :5 ! blood is sep>at$ f liv+ tissues4 ,! color ( ! clot is due to ! entanglem5t ( ! corpuscles ) ! fibr94 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,if coagulation 7 impossible8 ,h[ is x 9 fact8 #aj4 ,9 ?is law ( ! coagulation ( ! blood is our safegu>d aga9/ dea? by hmorrhage1 or aga9/ undue loss ( blood4 ,if coagulation 7 impossible1 ! #aje slighte/ injury 9 draw+ blood w\ld prove fatal4 ,:]eas n[1 9 va/ly ! l>g] proportion ( cases1 ble$+ ceases spontane\sly1 because ! blood1 z x coagulates1 /ops ! m\?s ( ! injur$ blood-vessels4 ,9 ano!r class ( cases1 :]e l>g] vessels are cut or torn1 x is simply necess>y to close !m by a tempor>y pressure2 = 9 a few m9utes ! clot w =m & seal !m up4 ,9 /ill m s]i\s cases1 :]e ! blood-vessel is ( l>ge size1 ! surgeon is oblig$ to tie a ligature ab\t x1 & ?us prev5t ! =ce ( ! blood-curr5t f wa%+ away ! clots1 :i*1 =m+ )9 & ar\nd ! vessel1 w\ld close x effectually4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,:at is wor?y ( rem>k8 ,coagulation ( ! blood ( inf]ior animals8 ,( ! blood ( birds8 #aa4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ?is peculi>ity is e>ly implant$ 9 ! blood1 ev5 be=e bir?1 & 9 advance ( any exi/+ necessity = x2 ?us anticipat+ & gu>d+ aga9/ dang]4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,( mo/ ( ! inf]ior animals1 :i*1 z comp>$ ) man1 are q helpless1 ! blood coagulates m rapidly1 & 9 ! case ( ! birds1 almo/ in/antly4 ,! relative composition ( fluid & coagulat$ blood may be ?us repres5t$3 ,fluid ,blood4 ,coagulat$ ,blood4 ,plasma----------,s]um---------,s]um --------,fibr9-------- ,corpuscles------,corpuscles-------,clot 4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! blood1 z a provid] & purifi]8 ,:at uses does ! blood subs]ve8 ,exp]im5ts8 ,transfusion8 #ab4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,blood4--,! blood is ! great provid] & purifi] ( ! body4 ,x bo? c>ries new mat]ials to all ! tissues1 & removes ! worn out p>ticles ( matt]4 ,?is is effect$ by ! plasma4 ,x bo? conveys oxyg5 & removes c>bonic acid4 ,?is is done ?r\gh ! corpuscles4 ,"s s+ul> exp]im5ts h #ajf be5 tri$ to illu/rate ! life-giv+ p[] ( ! blood4 ,an animal t has bl$ s freely z to be at ! po9t ( dy+1 is promptly br\ght back to life by an op]ation call$ transfusion1 by :i* fre% blood f a liv+ animal is inject$ into ! blood-vessels ( 8 body4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! case ( ! deaf & feeble dog8 ,horse8 ,dead dog8 #ac4 ,x is relat$ t a dog1 deaf & feeble f age1 _h he>+ & activity re/or$ to him by ! introduction into 8 ve9s ( blood tak5 f a "y dog2 &1 t a horse1 tw5ty-six ye>s old1 hav+ receiv$ ! blood ( f\r lambs acquir$ new vigor4 ,& fur!r1 t a dog1 j dead f an acute disease1 0 s f> reviv$ by transfusion1 z to be able to /& & make a few movem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,transfusion1 z a fa%ionable rem$y8 ,:at fur!r ( transfusion8 #ad4 ,transfusion has be5 practis$ ^u man4 ,at "o "t1 %ortly aft] ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood1 x became q a fa%ionable rem$y1 x be+ ?\ght possible by x to cure all =ms ( disease1 & ev5 to make ! old "y aga94 ,b ^! claims 7 soon f\nd extravagant1 & _m unhappy accid5ts occurr$ 9 its practice2 s t be+ =bidd5 by gov]nm5t & int]dict$ by ! ,pope1 x rapidly fell into disuse4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 x is sometimes resort$ to 9 extreme cases1 :5 !re has be5 a great & rapid loss ( blood2 & !re are ^u record sev]al in/ances :]e1 o!r means hav+ fail$1 life has be5 re/or$ or prolong$ by ! op]ation ( transfusion4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! seat ( ! reviv+ p[] ( ! blood8 ,:at fur!r is relat$8 #ae4 ,?is reviv+ p[] ( ! blood seems to reside 9 ! corpuscles2 = transfusion1 :5 attempt$ to be p]=m$ ) ! s]um alone1 has1 9 e case1 prov$ fruitless4 ,n[1 ?\gh s mu* dep5ds ^u ! blood & its corpuscles1 x is a mi/ake to suppose t 9 !m alone is ! seat ( life1 or t !y are1 9 an exclusive mann]1 alive4 ,all ! organs & p>ts ( ! body are mutually dep5d5t "o ^u ! o!r2 & ! complete usefulness #ajg ( ! blood1 or ( any o!r "p1 fl[s out ( ! h>moni\s action ( all ! p>ts4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,*anges 9 ! blood8 ,:at fur!r is /at$8 #af4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,color4--,! blood und]goes a v>iety ( *anges 9 its j\rney ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,z x visits ! diff]5t organs x bo? gives out & takes up mat]ials4 ,9 "o place x is enri*$1 9 ano!r x is impov]i%$4 ,by reason ( ^! alt]ations 9 its composition1 ! blood also *anges its color4 ,9 "o "p ( ! body x is bright r$1 or art]ial2 9 ano!r x is d>k blue1 or v5\s4 ,9 ! =m] case x is pure & fit = ! support ( ! tissues2 9 ! latt]1 x is impure & *>g$ ) effete mat]ials4 7,! details ( ! *ange f d>k to bright w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,respiration47 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,motion ( ! blood8 ,:at is meant by ! circulation ( ! blood8 ,h[ conf9$8 ,discov]y made by ,h>vey8 #ag4 ,,circulation4--,! blood is 9 con/ant motion dur+ life4 ,f ! he>t1 z a c5tre1 a curr5t is always sett+ t[>d ! diff]5t organs2 & f ^! organs a curr5t is con/antly return+ to ! he>t4 ,9 ?is way a ceaseless circul> movem5t is kept up1 :i* is call$ ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood4 ,?is /ream ( ! vital fluid is conf9$ to c]ta9 fix$ *annels1 ! blood-vessels4 ,^? bran*+ f ! he>t are ! art]ies2 ^? conv]g+ to x are ! ve9s4 ,! true c\rse ( ! blood 0 unkn[n be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 #afai x 0 discov]$ by ! illu/ri\s ,william ,h>vey4 ,l _m o!r great discov]]s1 he suff]$ p]secution & loss1 b unlike "s ( !m1 he 0 =tunate en\gh to conqu] & survive opposition4 ,he liv$ long en\gh to see 8 discov]y univ]sally accept$1 & himself honor$ z a b5efactor ( mank9d4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,circulation4 #aji ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,l>ge ,,vessels4 ,a1 ,"r ,v5tricle4 ,b1 ,left ,v5tricle4 ,c1 ,"r ,auricle4 ,d1 ,left ,auricle4 ,e1 ,aorta4 ,f1 ,pulmon>y ,art]y4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,(fice ( ! he>t8 ,location ( ! he>t8 ,its beat8 ,its %ape8 ,protection to ! he>t8 ,:at else is said 9 relation to ! he>t8 #ah4 ,,! ,,he>t4--,! he>t is ! c5tral eng9e ( ! circulation4 ,9 ?is wond]ful little organ1 h>dly l>g] ?an a man's fi/1 resides t sleepless =ce by :i*1 dur+ ! :ole ( life1 ! curr5t ( ! blood is kept 9 motion4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! middle & front "p ( ! *e/1 incl9+ to ! left side4 ,! he>tbeat may be felt & he>d betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs1 ne> ! brea/-bone4 ,! %ape ( ! he>t is conical1 ) ! apex or po9t d[nw>d & 9 front4 ,! base1 :i* is upw>d1 is atta*$ s z to hold x securely 9 its place1 :ile ! apex is freely moveable4 ,9 ord] t loss ( p[] f friction may be obviat$1 ! he>t is enclos$ betwe5 two lay]s ( s]\s membrane1 :i* =ms a k9d ( sac4 ,?is membrane is z smoo? z sat91 & itself secretes a fluid 9 suffici5t quantities to keep x at all times well lubricat$4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! he>t1 likewise1 is extremely delicate & smoo?4 #aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,a1 ,"r ,v5tricle4 ,b1 ,left ,v5tricle4 ,c1 ,"r ,auricle4 ,d1 ,left ,auricle4 ,e1 ,f1 ,inlets to ! ,v5tricles4 ,g1 ,pulmon>y ,art]y4 ,h1 ,aorta4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,=mation ( ! he>t8 ,"r & left he>t8 #ai4 ,,! ,,cavities ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4--,! he>t is holl[1 & s p>tition$ z to conta9 f\r *amb]s or cavities2 two at ! base1 kn[n z ! auricles1 f a fanci$ resemblance to ! e> ( a dog1 & two at ! apex or po9t1 call$ v5tricles4 ,an auricle & a v5tricle on ! same side1 communicate ) ea* o!r1 b !re is no op5+ f side to side4 ,x is cu/om>y to reg>d ! he>t z a d\ble organ1 & to speak ( its division into ! "r & left he>t4 ,= :ile bo? halves act toge!r 9 po9t ( "t1 ea* half su/a9s an entirely di/9ct portion ( ! labor ( ! circulation4 ,?us1 ! "r he>t always c>ries ! d>k or v5\s blood1 & ! left always circulates ! bright or art]ial blood4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,capacity ( ! *amb]s ( ! he>t8 ,:at wise provision is m5tion$8 ,! auricles8 #bj4 ,if we exam9e ! he>t1 we at once notice t ?\gh its v>i\s *amb]s h ab\t ! same capacity1 ! walls ( ! v5tricles are ?ick] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! auricles4 ,?is is a wise provision1 = x is by ! p[]ful action ( ! =m] t ! blood is =c$ to ! mo/ remote regions ( ! body4 ,! auricles1 on ! contr>y1 ne$ mu* less p[]1 = !y simply dis*>ge _! cont5ts into ! cavities ( ! he>t ne> at h& & bel[ !m--into ! v5tricles4 #aaa ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,sub/ance ( ! he>t8 ,its fibres8 ,its movem5ts8 ,! advantage ( su* movem5ts8 ,action ( ! he>t8 ,its p]iod ( repose8 #ba4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4--,! sub/ance ( ! he>t is ( a deep r$ color1 & its fibres resemble ^? ( ! volunt>y muscles by :i* we move our bodies4 ,b ! he>t's movem5ts are entirely involunt>y4 ,! advantage ( ?is is evid5t2 = if x dep5d$ ^u u to w ea* movem5t1 our entire att5tion w\ld be ?us engag$1 & we w\ld f9d no "t = /udy1 pleasure1 or ev5 sleep4 ,! action ( ! he>t consi/s 9 alt]nate contractions & dilatations4 ,dur+ contraction ! walls come =cibly toge!r1 & ?us drive out ! blood4 ,9 dilatation1 !y exp& & receive a r5ew$ supply4 ,^! movem5ts are call$ sy/ole & dia/ole4 ,! latt] may be call$ ! he>t's p]iod ( repose2 & al?\gh x la/s only dur+ two-fif?s ( a he>t-beat1 or ab\t a ?ird ( a second1 yet dur+ ! day x am\nts to m ?an n9e h\rs ( total re/4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,rem>kable prop]ty ( ! tissue ( ! he>t8 ,h[ %[n8 ,h[ int]e/+8 ,9 cold-blood$ animals8 ,he>t ( a turtle8 ,( a frog8 ,alligator8 #bb4 ,a rem>kable prop]ty ( ! tissue ( ! he>t is its int5se vitality4 ,= :ile x is m con/antly active ?an any o!r organ ( ! body1 x is ! la/ to "p ) its vital en]gy4 ,?is is especially int]e/+ 9 view ( ! fact t aft] life is app>5tly ext+ui%$1 z f dr[n+1 or poison+ by *lor(orm1 !re yet l+]s a sp>k ( vitality 9 ! he>t1 :i*1 by cont9u$ ef=t1 may be fann$ into a flame s z to revivify ! :ole body4 ,9 cold-blood$ animals ?is irritability ( ! he>t is especially rem>kable4 ,! he>t ( a turtle w pulsate1 & ! blood circulate = a week aft] its head has be5 cut (f2 & ! he>t w ?rob regul>ly _m h\rs aft] be+ cut out f ! creature's *e/4 ,! he>t ( a frog or s]p5t1 sep>at$ entirely f ! body1 w contract at ! end ( t5 or twelve h\rs3 t ( an alligator has be5 kn[n to beat tw5ty-eight h\rs aft] ! dea? ( ! animal4 #aab ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,c\rse ( ! blood ?r\gh ! he>t8 ,c\rse ( he>t-curr5ts8 #bc4 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,he>t4--,let u n[ trace ! c\rse ( ! blood ?r\gh ! sev]al cavities ( ! he>t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! v5\s blood1 r5d]$ d>k & impure by contact ) ! *ang+ tissues ( ! body1 returns to ! "r he>t by ! ve9s4 ,x ent]s & fills ! "r auricle dur+ its dilatation3 ! auricle !n contracts & fills ! "r v5tricle4 ,almo/ in/antly1 ! v5tricle contracts =cibly & hurries ! blood along ! great art]y ( ! lungs1 to be purifi$ 9 ^? organs4 ,secondly1 hav+ complet$ ! circuit ( ! lungs1 ! pure & bright art]ial blood ent]s ! left auricle4 ,?is n[ contracts & fills ! left v5tricle1 :i* cavity1 9 its turn1 contracts & s5ds ! blood =? on its j\rney aga9 ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,?is g5]al direction f "r to left is ! uni=m & undeviat+ c\rse ( he>t-curr5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,op5+s ( ! v5tricles8 ,h[ gu>d$8 ,h[ d ! valves op]ate8 ,! consequ5ce8 ,he>t-s\nds8 #bd4 ,! me*anism :i* en=ces & regulates x1 is z simple z x is beautiful4 ,ea* v5tricle has two op5+s1 an inlet & an outlet1 ea* ( :i* is gu>d$ by /rong curta9s1 or valves4 ,^! valves op5 freely to admit ! blood ent]+ f ! "r1 b close inflexibly aga9/ its return4 ,?us1 :5 ! auricle contracts1 ! inlet valve op5s2 b z soon z ! v5tricle beg9s to contract1 x closes promptly4 ,! cont5ts are !n1 s to speak1 corn]$1 & h b "o av5ue ( escape1 t ?r\gh ! outlet valve into ! art]ies beyond4 ,z soon z ! v5tricle beg9s to dilate aga91 ?is valve %uts tightly & ob/ructs ! passage4 ,! clos+ ( ^! valves occasions ! two he>t-s\nds1 :i* we he> at ! front ( ! *e/4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,he>t-beats8 ,! he>t z a susceptible organ8 ,heat1 ex]cise1 etc48 ,po/ure8 #be4 ,,frequ5cy ,,( ,,! ,,he>t',s ,,action4--,! alt]nation ( contraction & dilation con/itutes ! #aac he>tbeats4 ,^! foll[ ea* o!r n only ) great regul>ity1 b ) great rapidity4 ,! av]age numb] 9 an adult man is ab\t sev5ty-two 9 a m9ute4 ,b ! he>t is a susceptible organ1 & _m circum/ances affect its rate ( action4 ,heat1 ex]cise1 & food w increase its action1 z cold1 fa/+1 & sleep w decrease x4 ,po/ure1 too1 has a curi\s influ5ce2 = if :ile sitt+1 ! beats ( ! he>t numb] sev5ty-"o2 /&+ erect w increase !m to eighty-"o1 & ly+ d[n w l[] !m to sixty-six4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,m5tal emotions8 ,sudd5 excitem5t8 ,excessive joy8 ,! he>t-beat rate8 ,bonap>te & ,well+ton8 #bf4 ,! modify+ influ5ce ( m5tal emotions is v p[]ful4 ,sudd5 excitem5t ( feel+ w cause ! he>t to palpitate1 or ?rob viol5tly4 ,depress+ emotions sometimes tempor>ily int]rupt its movem5ts1 & ! p]son fa9ts 9 consequ5ce4 ,excessive joy1 grief1 or fe>1 has occasionally susp5d$ ! he>t's action entirely1 & ?us caus$ dea?4 ,! rate ( ! he>t-beat may be naturally above or bel[ sev5ty-two4 ,?us x is /at$ t ! pulse ( ! savage is always sl[] ?an t ( ! civiliz$ man4 ,bonap>te & ,well+ton 7 v mu* alike 9 _! he>t's pulsations1 :i* 7 less ?an fifty 9 ! case ( ea*4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,av]age numb] ( he>t-beats8 ,9 "o h\r8 ,ye>8 ,lifetime8 #bg4 ,,activity ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4--,! av]age numb] ( he>t-beats dur+ a lifetime may be consid]$ z at ! rate ( sev5ty-two p] m9ute1 al?\gh ?is e/imate is probably l[2 = dur+ sev]al ye>s ( e>ly life ! rate is above "o hundr$ a m9ute4 ,9 "o h\r1 !n1 ! he>t pulsates f\r ?\s& times2 9 a day1 "o hundr$ ?\s& times2 & 9 a ye>1 ne>ly ?irty-eight million times4 ,if we compute ! numb] dur+ a lifetime1 ?irty-n9e ye>s be+ ! pres5t av]age longevity ( civiliz$ mank9d1 we obta9 z ! va/ aggregate1 f\rte5 hundr$ millions ( pulsations4 #aad ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,am\nt ( blood expell$8 ,!ories ( ! anci5ts8 #bh4 ,aga91 if we e/imate ! am\nt ( blood expell$ by ea* contraction ( ! v5tricles1 at f\r ounces1 !n ! weight ( ! blood mov$ dur+ "o m9ute w am\nt to eighte5 p\nds4 ,9 a day x w be ab\t twelve tons2 9 a ye>1 f\r ?\s& tons2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a lifetime1 ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& tons4 ,^! l>ge figures indicate1 9 "s measure1 ! imm5se labor necess>y to c>ry on ! int]ior & vital op]ations ( our bodies4 ,9 ?is connection1 we call to m9d ! fanciful !ories ( ! anci5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! uses ( ! he>t4 ,!y reg>d$ x z ! abode ( ! s\l1 & ! s\rce ( ! nobl] emotions--brav]y1 g5]osity1 m]cy1 & love4 ,! words c\rage & cordiality are d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w signify+ he>t4 ,_m o!r words & phrases1 z he>ty1 he>t-felt1 to le>n by he>t1 & l>ge-he>t$1 %[ h[ t5aci\sly ^! explod$ op9ions h fa/5$ !mselves ^u our language4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t8 ,:y is ?is view inadequate8 #bi4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! t5d5cy is to ascribe purely me*anical functions to ! he>t4 ,?is view1 l ! old] "o1 is inadequate2 = x expresses only a small "p ( our k ( ?is organ4 ,! he>t is unlike a simple ma*9e1 because its motive p[] is n appli$ f )\t1 b resides 9 its own sub/ance4 ,moreov]1 x repairs its own wa/e1 x lubricates its own action1 & x modifies its movem5ts accord+ to ! v>y+ ne$s ( ! sy/em4 ,x is m ?an a m]e =ce-pump1 j z ! /oma* is some?+ m ?an a crucible1 & ! eye some?+ m ?an an optical in/rum5t4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,:at are ! art]ies8 ,_! walls8 ,_! membrane8 #cj4 ,,! ,,art]ies4--,! tube-l canals :i* c>ry ! blood away f ! he>t are ! art]ies4 ,_! walls are made ( t\gh1 fibr\s mat]ials1 s t !y su/a9 ! mighty impulse ( ! he>t1 & are n ruptur$4 ,9 common ) ! he>t1 ! art]ies h a #aae delicately smoo? l9+ membrane4 ,!y are also ela/ic1 & ?us re-en=ce ! action ( ! he>t3 !y always rema9 op5 :5 cut across1 & aft] dea? are always f\nd empty4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,e>ly anatomi/s8 ,! s]vice ( ! illu/ration8 #ca4 ,! e>ly anatomi/s obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on1 & suppos+ t ! same condition exi/$ dur+ life1 came to ! conclusion t ^! tubes 7 design$ to act z air-vessels1 h5ce ! "n art]y1 f a ,greek ^w :i* signifies conta9+ air4 ,?is circum/ance af=ds u an illu/ration ( ! confus$ notions ( ! anci5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! int]nal op]ations ( ! body4 ,cic]o speaks ( ! art]ies z convey+ ! brea? to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,! art]ial sy/em8 ,! bran*es & sub-bran*es ( ! art]ies8 #cb4 ,! art]ial sy/em spr+s f ! he>t by a s+le trunk1 l a m9ute & holl[ tree1 ) numb]less bran*es4 ,z ^! bran*es leave ! he>t !y divide & subdivide1 cont9ually gr[+ small] & small]1 until !y c no long] be trac$ ) ! nak$ eye4 ,if1 !n1 we cont9ue ! exam9ation by ! aid ( a microscope1 we see ^! small bran*es s5d+ (f /ill small] ones1 until all ! organs ( ! body are p5etrat$ by art]ies4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,successive undulations f ! he>t8 ,c\rse ( ! art]ies8 ,protection ( ! art]ies8 ,g5]al location ( ! art]ies8 #cc4 ,,! ,,pulse4--,) ea* contraction ( ! left he>t1 ! impulse causes a wave-l motion to trav]se ! entire art]ial sy/em4 ,if ! art]ies 7 expos$ to view1 we might see successive undulations spe$+ f ! he>t to ! smalle/ ( ! bran*es1 9 ab\t "o-six? "p ( a second4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( ! art]ies is z f> z possible f ! surface4 ,?is arrangem5t is c]ta9ly wise1 z x r5d]s !m less liable to injury1 ! w\nd+ ( an art]y be+ especially dang]\s4 ,x also protects ! art]ies f ext]nal & unequal pressure1 by :i* ! =ce ( ! he>t w\ld be #aaf c\nt]act$ & wa/$4 ,accord+ly1 we g5]ally f9d ^! vessels hugg+ close to ! bones1 or hid+ beh9d ! muscles & )9 ! cavities ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,:]e d ! art]ies lie8 ,if we apply ! f+]8 ,pulse8 ,:]e felt8 #cd4 ,9 a few situations1 h[ev]1 ! art]ies lie ne> ! surface2 & if we apply ! f+] to any ( ^! p>ts1 we w di/9ctly feel ! movem5t describ$1 tak+ place 9 h>mony ) ! he>t-beat4 ,?is is "p ( ! wave-motion j m5tion$1 & is kn[n z ! pulse4 ,all are m famili> ) ! pulse at ! wri/1 9 ! radial art]y2 b ! pulse is n peculi> to t position1 = x may be felt 9 ! c>otid ( ! neck1 9 ! temporal at ! temple1 & else:]e1 especially ne> ! jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pulse4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! pulse z an index8 ,( :at does x in=m ! physician8 ,in/rum5t = record+ pulsation8 #ce4 ,s9ce ! he>t-beat makes ! pulse1 :atev] affects ! =m] affects ! latt] also4 ,accord+ly1 ! pulse is a good index ( ! /ate ( ! heal?1 s f> z ! heal? dep5ds ^u ! action ( ! he>t4 ,x in=ms ! physician ( ! condition ( ! circulation 9 f\r p>ticul>s3 its rate1 regul>ity1 =ce1 & fullness2 & ne>ly e disease modifies 9 "s respect ! condition ( ! pulse4 ,a v +5i\s in/rum5t1 kn[n z ! sphygmograph1 or pulse-writ]1 has rec5tly be5 inv5t$1 by ! aid ( :i* ! pulse is made to write ^u pap] its own signature1 or r to sket* its own pr(ile4 ,?is in/rum5t %[s ) great accuracy ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pulses ( heal? & ^? ( disease4 ,9 ,fig4 #cj is trac$ ! =m ( ! pulse 9 heal?1 :i* %\ld be read f left to "r4 ,t "p ( ! trace #aag :i* is ne>ly p]p5dicul> co9cides ) ! contraction ( ! v5tricles2 :ile ! wavy portion m>ks _! dilatation4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,:at are ! ve9s8 ,h[ d !y =m8 ,:at d !y resemble8 #cf4 ,,! ,,ve9s4--,! vessels :i* convey ! blood on its return to ! he>t are ! ve9s4 ,!y beg9 9 ! sev]al organs ( ! body1 & at fir/ are extremely small2 b unit+ toge!r z !y advance1 !y con/antly increase 9 size1 rem9d+ u ( ! way 9 :i* ! f9e rootlets ( ! plant jo9 toge!r to =m ! l>ge roots1 or ( ! rills & rivulets t fl[ toge!r to =m ! l>ge /reams & riv]s4 ,9 /ructure1 ! ve9s resemble ! art]ies1 b _! walls are comp>atively inela/ic4 ,!y are m num]\s1 & communicate ) ea* o!r freely 9 _! c\rse1 by means ( int]lac+ bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,! ,,valves ,,( ,,! ,,ve9s4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,valves 9 ! ve9s8 ,:at are !y8 ,_! position8 ,exp]im5t ) ! cord8 #cg4 ,b ! *ief po9t ( di/9ction is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s4 ,^! are little folds ( membrane1 dispos$ 9 su* a way1 t !y only op5 to receive blood fl[+ t[>d ! he>t1 & close aga9/ a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,_! position 9 ! ve9s on ! back ( ! h& may be readily obs]v$1 if we fir/ ob/ruct ! return ( blood by a cord ti$ ar\nd ! =e>m or wri/4 ,9 a few m9utes ! ve9s w appe> swoll51 & ^u !m w be se5 c]ta9 prom95ces1 ab\t an in* ap>t4 ,^! latt] indicate ! location ( ! valves1 or1 r1 !y %[ t ! vessels 9 front ( ! valves are di/5d$ by ! blood1 :i* _c =ce a passage back ?r\gh !m4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,:at w be prov$ by ! exp]im5t8 ,:at inf]5ce is drawn8 #ch4 ,?is simple exp]im5t proves t ! true direction ( ! v5\s blood is t[>d ! he>t4 ,t ! color #aah ( ! blood is d>k1 w be evid5t1 if we comp>e ! h& ?us b\nd by a cord ) ! h& n s b\nd4 ,x also proves t ! ve9s lie sup]ficially1 :ile ! art]ies are b5ea? ! muscles1 well protect$ f pressure2 & t free communication exi/s f "o ve9 to ano!r4 ,if n[ we te/ ! temp]ature ( ! con/rict$ memb] by means ( a !rmomet]1 we w f9d t x is cold] ?an natural1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( blood is l>g] ?an usual4 ,f ?is fact we inf]1 t :atev] imp$es ! v5\s circulation t5ds to dim9i% vitality2 & h5ce1 articles ( clo?+ or con/ra9$ po/ures1 t conf9e ! body or limbs1 & h9d] ! circulation ( ! blood1 are to be avoid$ z injuri\s to ! heal?4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,capill>ies8 ,h[ reg>d$8 ,h>vey8 #ci4 ,,! ,,capill>ies4--,a ?ird set ( vessels completes ! li/ ( ! organs ( ! circulation1 namely1 ! capill>y vessels1 s call$ 7f ! ,lat9 ^w capill>is1 hair-l71 because ( _! extreme f95ess4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 small] ?an any hair1 hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #a_/cjjj ( an in*1 & c only be obs]v$ by ! use ( ! microscope4 ,^! vessels may be reg>d$ z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! la/ ( ! art]ies & ! fir/ ( ! ve9s4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! vessels 0 unkn[n to ,h>vey1 & 0 ! "o /ep want+ to complete 8 great "w4 ,! capill>ies 7 n discov]$ until #affa1 a %ort "t aft] ! inv5tion ( ! microscope4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! web ( a frog's foot8 ,describe x4 ,h[ g5]al is ! exi/5ce ( ! tissues8 #dj4 ,! circulation ( ! blood1 z se5 "u ! microscope1 9 ! transp>5t web ( a frog's foot1 is a spectacle ( r>e beauty1 possess+ m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 :5 we consid] t some?+ v simil> is tak+ place 9 our own bodies1 on a mo/ magnific5t scale4 ,x is l op5+ a secret page 9 ! hi/ory ( our own frames4 ,we !re see di/9ctly ! ?ree classes ( vessels ) _! mov+ cont5ts2 fir/1 ! art]y1 #aai ) its torr5t ( blood ru%+ d[n f ! he>t1 secondly1 ! ve91 ) its sl[1 /eady /ream fl[+ 9 ! opposite direction2 & betwe5 !m lies ! network ( capill>ies1 s f9e t ! corpuscles c only pass ?r\gh 9 s+le file4 ,! curr5t has "h an unc]ta9 or sway+ motion1 hurry+ fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n hesitat+1 & !n turn+ back 9 ! opposite direction1 & sometimes ! capill>ies contract s z to be entirely empty4 ,c]ta9 ( ! tissues are de/itute ( capill>ies2 su* are c>tilage1 hair1 & a few o!rs on ! ext]ior ( ! body4 ,9 all o!r /ructures1 networks ( ^! vessels are spread out 9 c\ntless numb]s3 s abundant is ! supply1 t x is almo/ impossible to puncture any "p ) ! po9t ( a ne$le )\t lac]at+ t5s1 or ev5 hundr$s ( ^! vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,web ,,( ,a ,,frog',s ,,foot1 slightly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,m>g9 ,,( ,,frog',s ,,web magnifi$ #cj diamet]s4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,ela/icity ( ! capill>ies8 ,gra9 ( s& 9 ! eye8 ,blu%8 ,o!r cases8 #da4 ,! capill>ies are ela/ic1 & may s exp& z to produce an effect visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if a gra9 ( s&1 or "s o!r =eign p>ticle1 lodge 9 ! eye1 x w become irritat$1 & 9 a %ort "t ! :ite ( ! eye w be blood-%ot4 ,?is appe>ance is due to an #abj increase 9 ! size ( ^! vessels4 ,a blu% is ano!r example ( ?is1 b ! excitem5t comes ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! cause is "s transi5t emotion1 ei!r ( pleasure or pa94 ,ano!r example is sometimes se5 9 purpli% faces ( m5 addict$ to dr9k+ br&y2 9 !m ! condition is a conge/ion ( ! capill>y circulation1 & is p]man5t1 ! vessels hav+ lo/ _! p[] ( ela/ic contraction4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,%[ :at "t is requir$ = a giv5 portion ( blood to travel once ar\nd ! body4 #db4 ,,rapidity ,,( ,,! ,,circulation4--,t ! blood moves ) great rapidity is evid5t f ! almo/ in/ant effects ( c]ta9 poisons1 z prussic acid1 :i* act ?r\gh ! blood4 ,exp]im5ts ^u ! horse1 dog1 & o!r inf]ior animals1 h be5 made to measure its velocity4 ,if a sub/ance1 :i* is capable ( a di/9ct *emical reaction 7z potassium f]rocyanide1 or b>ium nitrate71 be introduc$ into a ve9 ( a horse on "o side1 & blood be tak5 f a di/ant ve9 on ! o!r side1 its pres5ce may be detect$ at ! end ( tw5ty or ?irty-two seconds4 ,9 man1 ! blood moves ) great] spe$1 & ! circuit is complet$ 9 tw5ty-f\r seconds4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,"t requir$ = all ! blood to circulate completely ar\nd8 #dc4 ,:at l5g? ( "t is requir$ = all ! blood ( ! body to make a complete r\nd ( ! circulation8 ,?is "q _c be answ]$ ) absolute accuracy1 s9ce ! am\nt ( ! blood is subject to cont9ual v>iations4 ,b1 if we assume ?is to be "o-eigh? ( ! weight ( ! body1 ab\t eighte5 p\nds1 x w be suffici5tly correct = our purpose4 ,n[ to complete ! circuit1 ?is blood mu/ pass once ?r\gh ! left v5tricle1 ! capacity ( :i* is two ounces4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 all ! blood makes "o complete rotation e two m9utes2 pass+ successively ?r\gh ! he>t1 ! capill>ies ( ! lungs1 ! art]ies1 ! capill>ies ( ! extremities1 & ?r\gh ! ve9s4 #aba ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,:at is meant by assimilation8 ,:at c y say ( its use1 etc48 ,"t8 #dd4 ,,assimilation4--,! cr[n+ act ( ! circulation1 ! furni%+ ( supplies to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 is effect$ by means ( ! capill>ies4 ,! organs h be5 wa/$ by use2 ! blood has be5 enri*$ by ! products ( dige/ion4 ,"h1 )9 ! me%es ( ! capill>y network1 ! ne$y tissues & ! ne$$ nutrim5t are br\ght toge!r4 ,by "s my/]i\s *emi/ry1 ea* tissue selects & )draws f ! blood ! mat]ials x requires1 & conv]ts !m into a sub/ance l itself4 ,?is conv]sion ( lifeless food into liv+ tissue is call$ assimilation4 ,! process probably takes place at all times1 b ! p]iod especially favorable = x is dur+ sleep4 ,!n ! circulation is sl[]1 & m regul>1 & mo/ ( ! functions are at re/4 ,! body is !n l "s tru/y %ip1 :i* aft] a long voyage is haul$ up = repairs4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,:at is /at$ ( ! injuries to ! blood-vessels8 #de4 ,,injuries ,,to ,,! ,,blood-,,vessels4--,x is important to be able to discrim9ate betwe5 an art]y & a ve91 9 ! case ( a w\nd1 & if we rememb] ! physiology ( ! circulation we may readily d s4 ,=1 z we h already se51 hmorrhage f an art]y is mu* m dang]\s ?an t f a ve94 ,! latt] t5ds to cease spontane\sly aft] a %ort "t4 ,! art]ial blood fl[s away f ! he>t ) consid]able =ce1 9 jets2 its color be+ bright sc>let4 ,! v5\s blood fl[s t[>d ! he>t f t side ( ! w\nd fur!/ f ! he>t2 its /ream be+ cont9u\s & sluggi%2 its color d>k4 ,9 an injury to an art]y1 pressure %\ld be made betwe5 ! he>t & ! w\nd2 & 9 ! case ( a ve9 t p]si/5tly ble$s1 x %\ld be made ^u ! vessel beyond its po9t ( injury4 #abb ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,9 :at organisms is ! s-call$ circulatory fluid f\nd8 #aja #b4 ,h[ is x designat$ 9 ! diff]5t organisms8 #aja #c4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! importance ( blood to ! body8 #aja1 #aje #d4 ,( its great abundance1 color1 & composition8 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg #e4 ,describe ! corpuscles ( ! human blood4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd #f4 ,:at is said ( !m 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! l[] animals8 #ajc #g4 ,( ! importance ( sometimes detect+ human f o!r blood8 #ajc #h4 ,:at means h we ( detect+ blood 9 spots or /a9s8 #ajc1 #ajd #i4 ,:at is meant by coagulation ( ! blood8 #ajd #aj4 ,:at wisdom is !re 9 ! law ( ! blood's coagulation8 #ajd1 #aje #aa4 ,h[ is ?is wisdom made manife/8 #aje #ab4 ,9 :at cases is ! aid ( ! surgeon requir$8 #aje #ac4 ,:at are ! two great uses ( ! blood8 #aje #ad4 ,?r\gh :at m$iums is ! blood provid$ ) new mat]ial & reliev$ ( ! old mat]ial8 #aje #ae4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! op]ation call$ transfusion8 #ajf #af4 ,:at cases ( transfusion are report$ ( ! l[] animals8 #ajf #ag4 ,:at c y /ate ( transfusion z practis$ ^u man8 #ajf #ah4 ,:at fur!r c y say on ! subject8 #ajf1 #ajg #ai4 ,:at *anges take place 9 ! color ( ! blood 9 its j\rney ?r\gh ! sy/em8 #ajg #bj4 ,/ate all y c 9 relation to ! circulation ( ! blood4 #ajg #ba4 ,all1 9 relation to ! size1 %ape1 & location ( ! he>t4 #ajg1 #aji #bb4 ,h[ is ! loss ( p[] 9 ! he>t movem5ts obviat$8 #aji #bc4 ,give a description ( ! =mation ( ! he>t4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa #bd4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! v5tricles & auricles ( ! he>t8 #aaj #be4 ,describe ! action ( ! he>t4 #aaa #bf4 ,:at special vitality does ! tissue ( ! he>t possess8 #aaa #bg4 ,/ate all y c on ! subject4 #aaa #bh4 ,describe ! c\rse ( ! blood ?r\gh ! cavities ( ! he>t4 #aab #bi4 ,describe ! me*anism t regulates ! he>t-curr5ts4 #aab #cj4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! two he>t-s\nds at ! front ( ! *e/8 #aab #ca4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! frequ5cy ( ! he>t's action4 #aab1 #aac #cb4 ,( ! activity ( ! he>t4 #aac1 #aad #cc4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! art]ies8 #aad1 #aae #cd4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! art]ies & ! art]ial sy/em4 #aad1 #aae #ce4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! pulse8 #aae1 #aaf #cf4 ,9 :at "p ( ! body may ! pulse be felt8 #aaf #cg4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate ( ! pulse8 #aaf1 #aag #ch4 ,:at are ! ve9s8 #aag #ci4 ,:]e d !y exi/1 & h[ are !y =m$8 #aag #dj4 ,describe ! valves ( ! ve9s & _! uses4 #aag #da4 ,n[ give a full description ( ! con/ruction ( ! ve9s4 #aag #db4 ,:at fur!r c y /ate ( ! ve9s8 #aag1 #aah #dc4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! capill>ies8 #aah1 #aai #dd4 ,:at s]vice d ! capill>ies p]=m8 #aah1 #aai1 #aba #de4 ,describe ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! region ( ! he>t4 #aah1 #aai #df4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! rapidity ( ! blood's circulation8 #abj #dg4 ,( ! process kn[n z assimilation8 #aba #dh4 ,( injuries to ! blood-vessels8 #aba 99 99 99 99 99 #abc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,respiration4 ,! ,objects ( ,respiration--,! ,lungs--,! ,air-,passages--,! ,movem5ts ( ,respiration--,expiration & ,inspiration--,! ,frequ5cy ( ,respiration--,capacity ( ! ,lungs--,! ,air we brea!--,*anges 9 ! ,air f ,respiration--,*anges 9 ! ,blood--,int]*ange ( ,gases 9 ! ,lungs--,comp>ison betwe5 ,art]ial & ,v5\s ,blood--,respiratory ,labor--,impurities ( ! ,air--,du/--,c>bonic ,acid--,effects ( ,impure ,air--,nature's ,provision = ,purify+ ! ,air--,v5tilation--,animal ,heat--,spontane\s ,combu/ion4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sets ( capill>ies8 ,*ange effect$ by respiration or brea?+8 #a4 ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,respiration4--,9 "o set ( capill>ies1 or hair-l vessels1 ! blood is impov]i%$ = ! support ( ! diff]5t memb]s & organs ( ! body4 ,9 ano!r capill>y sy/em ! blood is refre%$ & aga9 made fit to su/a9 life4 ,! =m] belongs to ! great] or sy/emic circulation2 ! latt] to ! less] or pulmon>y1 s call$ f pulmo1 ! lungs1 9 :i* organs x is situat$4 ,! blood1 z s5t f ! "r side ( ! he>t to ! lungs1 is v5\s1 d>k1 impure1 & ( a nature unfit to circulate aga9 ?r\gh ! tissues4 ,b1 :5 ! blood returns f ! lungs to ! left side ( ! he>t1 x has become art]ial1 bright1 pure1 & no long] hurtful to ! tissues4 ,?is m>vell\s purify+ *ange is effect$ by means ( ! v famili> act ( respiration1 or brea?+4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,:at are ! lungs8 ,h[ _m lungs are !re8 ,lung-sub/ance8 ,its prop]ties8 ,! pleura8 #b4 ,,! ,,lungs4--,! lungs are ! special organs ( respiration4 ,!re are two ( !m1 "o on ea* side ( ! *e/1 :i* cavity !y1 ) ! he>t1 almo/ :olly occupy4 ,! lung-sub/ance is s(t1 ela/ic1 & sponge-l4 ,"u pressure ( ! f+]1 x crepitates1 or crackles1 & floats :5 ?r[n into wat]2 ^! prop]ties be+ #abd due to ! pres5ce ( air 9 ! m9ute air-cells ( ! lungs4 ,to facilitate ! movem5ts necess>y to ^! organs1 ea* ( !m is provid$ ) a d\ble cov]+ ( an exce$+ly smoo? & delicate membrane1 call$ ! pleura4 ,"o lay] ( ! pleura is atta*$ to ! walls ( ! *e/1 & ! o!r to ! lungs2 & !y glide1 "o ^u ! o!r1 ) utmo/ fre$om4 ,l ! membrane :i* envelops ! he>t1 ! pleura secretes its own lubricat+ fluid1 9 quantities suffici5t to keep x always moi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,*e/4 ,a1 ,lungs4 ,b1 ,he>t4 ,d1 ,pulmon>y ,art]y4 ,e1 ,tra*ea4 #abe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,l>ynx1 ,,tra*ea1 ,,& ,,bron*ial ,,tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,diagram ,,& ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,air-,,cells4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,communication ( ! lungs ) ! ext]nal air8 ,bron*ial tubes8 #c4 ,,! ,,air-,,passages4 --,! lungs communicate ) ! ext]nal air by means ( c]ta9 air-tubes1 ! longe/ ( :i*1 ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 runs along ! front ( ! neck 7,fig4 #cd1 ,e1 & #ce74 ,)9 ! *e/ ?is tube divides into two bran*es1 "o ent]+ ea* lung2 ^! 9 turn give rise to num]\s bran*es1 or bron*ial tubes1 z !y are call$1 :i* gradually dim9i% 9 size until !y are ab\t "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ea* ( ^! t]m9ates 9 a clu/] ( little p\*es1 or air-cells1 hav+ v ?9 walls1 & cov]$ ) a capill>y network1 ! mo/ intricate 9 ! body 7,fig4 #cf74 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,(fice ( ! bron*ial tubes8 ,:at fur!r c y /ate ( !m8 #d4 ,^! tubes are some:at flexible1 suffici5tly s to b5d :5 ! p>ts move 9 :i* !y are situat$2 b !y are greatly /r5g!n$ by b&s or r+s ( c>tilage :i* keep ! passages always op52 o!rwise !re w\ld be a con/antly-recurr+ t5d5cy to collapse aft] e brea?4 ,! lung-sub/ance ess5tially consi/s ( ^! bron*ial tubes & t]m9al air-cells1 ) ! blood-vessels ramify+ ab\t !m 7,fig4 #cg74 ,at ! top ( ! tra*ea is ! l>ynx1 a sort ( #abf box ( c>tilage1 across :i* are /ret*$ ! vocal cords4 ,"h ! voice is produc$ *iefly by ! passage ( ! respir$ air ov] ^! cords1 caus+ !m to vibrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,lungs4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,! epiglottis8 ,:5 x does n close 9 "t1 :at is ! consequ5ce8 #e4 ,ov] ! op5+ ( ! l>ynx is f\nd ! epiglottis1 :i* fits l ! lid ( a box at ! entrance to ! lungs1 & closes dur+ ! act ( swall[+1 s t food & dr9k %all pass backw>d to ! oesophagus1 or gullet 7,fig4 #ch74 ,occasionally x does n close 9 "t1 & "s sub/ance intrudes )9 ! l>ynx1 :5 we at once discov]1 by a *ok+ s5sation1 t some?+ has gone ! wrong way1 &1 by c\gh+1 we attempt to expel ! unwelcome intrud]4 ,! epiglottis is "o ( ! _m safegu>ds furni%$ by nature = our security & #abg com=t1 & is plann$ & put 9 place long be=e ^! organs are br\ght into actual use 9 brea?+ & 9 tak+ food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,section ,,( ,,m\? ,,& ,,?roat4 ,a1 ,! ,tongue4 ,b1 ,! ,uvula ,c1 ,vocal ,cord4 ,e1 ,epiglottis4 ,l1 ,l>ynx4 ,n1 ,tra*ea4 ,o1 ,oesophagus4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,l9+ ( ! air-passages8 ,ciliat$ cells8 ,_! uses8 ,! ?ree diseases ( ! lungs8 #abh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,ciliat$ ,,cells4 #f4 ,! air-passages are l9$ ?r\gh ne>ly _! :ole ext5t ) muc\s membrane1 :i* ma9ta9s ^! p>ts 9 a con/antly moi/ condition4 ,?is membrane has a peculi> k9d ( cells ^u its out] surface4 ,if exam9$ "u a p[]ful microscope1 we may see1 ev5 = a consid]able "t aft] _! removal f ! body1 t ^! cells h m9ute hair-l processes 9 motion1 :i* wave l a field ( gra9 "u ! influ5ce ( a breeze 7,fig4 #ci74 ,?is is a truly beautiful sight2 & s9ce x is f\nd t ^! little cilia1 z !y are call$1 always produce curr5ts 9 "o direction1 f )9 outw>d1 x is probable t !y s]ve a useful purpose 9 cat*+ & c>ry+ away f ! lungs du/ & o!r small p>ticles drawn 9 ) ! brea? 7,fig4 #ci74 ,! ?ree diseases :i* m commonly affect ! lungs1 z ! result ( exposure1 are pneumonia1 or inflammation ( ! lungs1 implicat+ pr9cipally ! air-cells2 bron*itis1 an inflammation ( ! l>ge bron*ial tubes2 & pleurisy1 an inflammation ( ! inve/+ membrane ( ! lungs1 or pleura4 ,among ! "y1 an affection ( ! tra*ea takes place1 kn[n z cr\p4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! act ( brea?+8 ,ext5sion ( ! *e/ by brea?+8 #g4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,respiration4--,! act ( brea?+ has two p>ts--7#a71 inspiration1 or draw+ air into ! lungs1 & 7#b71 expiration1 or expell+ x f ! lungs aga94 ,9 inspiration1 ! *e/ ext5ds 9 its l5g?1 bread?1 & height1 or wid?4 ,we c prove t ?is is ! case z reg>ds ! two latt]1 by obs]v+ ! effect ( a deep brea?4 ,! ribs are elevat$ by means ( num]\s muscles1 "s ( :i* occupy ! entire spaces betwe5 ^? bones4 ,b ! increase 9 l5g?1 or v]tically1 is n s app>5t1 z x is caus$ by a muscle )9 ! body call$ ! diaphragm1 x be+ ! ?9 p>tition :i* sep>ates ! *e/ f ! abdom51 ris+ l a dome )9 ! *e/4 7,fig4 #af74 #abi ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,contraction ( ! diaphragm8 ,p[] ( ! diaphragm8 ,effects ( ext5d+ ! walls ( ! *e/8 ,! habit ( tak+ frequ5t & deep inspirations8 #h4 ,) e inspiration1 ! diaphragm contracts1 & 9 s do+1 approa*es m ne>ly a plane1 or horizontal1 surface1 & ?us enl>ges ! capacity ( ! *e/4 ,laugh+1 sobb+1 hicc\gh+1 & sneez+ are caus$ by ! spasmodic or sudd5 contraction ( ! diaphragm4 ,! special p[] ( ?is muscle is important 9 secur+ endurance1 or long w9d1 z x is commonly express$2 :i* may be obta9$ ma9ly by practice4 ,x is possess$ 9 a m>k$ degree by ! m\nta9e]1 ! o>sman1 & ! tra9$ s+]4 ,z ! walls ( ! *e/ ext5d1 ! lungs exp&1 & ! air ru%es 9 to fill !m4 ,?is con/itutes an inspiration4 ,! habit ( tak+ frequ5t & deep inspirations1 9 ! erect position1 ) ! %\ld]s ?r[n back1 t5ds greatly to increase ! capacity & p[] ( ! organs ( respiration4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,expiration8 ,! me*anism ( expiration8 #i4 ,,expiration is a less p[]ful act ?an inspiration4 ,! diaphragm relaxes its contraction1 & asc5ds 9 ! =m ( a dome2 ! ribs desc5d & contract ! *e/2 :ile ! lungs !mselves1 be+ ela/ic1 assi/ to drive out ! air4 ,! latt] passes out ?r\gh ! same *annels by :i* x ent]$4 ,at ! end ( ea* expiration !re is a pause1 or p]iod ( repose1 la/+ ab\t z long z ! p]iod ( action4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,frequ5cy ( respiration8 ,effect ( hurri$ action ( ! he>t8 #aj4 ,,frequ5cy ,,( ,,respiration4--,x is usually e/imat$ t we brea! once dur+ e f\r beats ( ! he>t1 or ab\t eighte5 times 9 a m9ute4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a close relation betwe5 ! he>t & lungs1 & :atev] modifies ! pulse1 9 l mann] affects ! brea?+4 ,:5 ! action ( ! he>t is hurri$1 a l>g] am\nt ( blood is s5t to ! lungs1 &1 z ! consequ5ce1 !y mu/ act m rapidly4 ,occasionally1 ! he>t beats s v =cibly t ! lungs _c keep pace ) x1 & !n we exp]i5ce a peculi> s5se ( #acj di/ress f ! want ( air4 ,?is takes place :5 we run until we are out ( brea?4 ,at ! end ( e fif? or six? brea?1 ! inspiration is g5]ally long] ?an usual1 ! effect be+ to *ange m completely ! air ( ! lungs4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,respiration controll$ by ! w8 ,advantage ( ! k to u8 #aa4 ,al?\gh1 z a g5]al rule1 ! "w ( respiration goes on unconsci\sly & )\t ex]tion on our "p1 x is nev]!less "u ! control ( ! w4 ,we c increase or dim9i% ! frequ5cy ( its acts at pleasure1 & we c hold ! brea?1 or arre/ x altoge!r = a %ort "t4 ,f tw5ty to ?irty seconds is ord9>ily ! longe/ p]iod 9 :i* ! brea? c be held2 b if we fir/ expel all ! impure air f ! lungs1 by tak+ sev]al v deep inspirations1 ! "t may be ext5d$ to "o & a half or ev5 two m9utes4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$1 & act$ ^u1 be=e pass+ ?r\gh a burn+ build+1 or any place :]e ! air is v f\l4 ,! arre/ ( ! respiration may be /ill fur!r prolong$ by tra9+ & habit2 ?us x is said1 ! pe>l-fi%]s ( ,india c rema9 ?ree or f\r m9utes "u wat] )\t be+ compell$ to brea!4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,capacity ( ! lungs8 ,"t requir$ to r5ovate ! air 9 ! lungs8 ,9 tranquil respiration8 ,importance ( ! provision8 #ab4 ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,lungs4--,! lungs are n fill$ & empti$ by ea* respiration4 ,= :ile _! full capacity1 9 ! adult1 is ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty cubic in*es1 or m ?an a gallon1 ! ord9>y brea?+ air is only "o-sixte5? "p ( t volume1 or tw5ty cubic in*es1 be+ two-?irds ( a p9t4 ,accord+ly1 a complete r5ovation1 or rotation1 ( ! air ( ! lungs does n take place m frequ5tly ?an ab\t once 9 a m9ute2 & by ! gradual introduction ( ! ext]nal air1 its temp]ature is consid]ably elevat$ be=e x rea*es ! delicate pulmon>y capill>ies4 ,9 tranquil respiration1 less ?an two-?irds ( ! brea?+ p[] is #aca call$ into ex]cise1 leav+ a res]ve capacity ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty cubic in*es1 equival5t to ?ree & "o half p9ts4 ,?is provision is indisp5sable to ! cont9uation ( life2 o!rwise1 a slight emb>rassm5t ( respiration1 by an ord9>y cold1 = in/ance1 w\ld suffice to cut (f ! necess>y air1 & ! sp>k ( life w\ld be spe$ily ext+ui%$4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! atmosph]e8 ,h[ high or deep8 ,h[ ess5tial to life8 ,m>9e life 9 p]fectly pure wat] & air8 #ac4 ,,! ,,air ,,we ,,brea!4--,! e>? is envelop$ on all sides by an invisible fluid1 call$ ! atmosph]e4 ,x =ms a va/ & %oreless ocean ( air1 =ty-five miles deep1 encircl+ & p]vad+ all objects on ! e>?'s surface1 :i* is absolutely ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( all vegetable & animal life1--9 ! sea1 z well z on ! l& & 9 ! air4 ,at ! bottom1 or 9 ! l[] /rata ( ?is a]ial ocean1 we move & h our be+4 ,p]fectly pure wat] w n support m>9e life1 = a fi% may be dr[n$ 9 wat] f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$1 j z c]ta9ly z a m\se1 or any o!r l& animal1 w p]i% if put deeply into ! wat] = a l5g? ( "t4 ,! cause is ! same 9 bo? cases3 ! animal is depriv$ ( ! requisite am\nt ( air4 ,x is also /at$1 t if ! wat]-supply ( ! plant be depriv$ ( air1 its vital processes are at once *eck$4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,composition ( ! air8 ,prop]ties ( ! two gases8 #ad4 ,! air is n a simple elem5t1 z ! anci5ts suppos$1 b is =m$ by ! m+l+ ( two gases1 kn[n to ! *emi/ z oxyg5 & nitrog51 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! =m] to f\r p>ts ( ! latt]4 ,^! gases are v unlike1 be+ almo/ opposite 9 _! prop]ties3 nitrog5 is weak1 in]t1 & _c support life2 :ile oxyg5 is p[]ful1 & incessantly active2 & is ! ess5tial elem5t :i* gives to ! atmosph]e its p[] to support life & combu/ion4 ,! discov]y ( ?is fact 0 made by ! ,fr5* *emi/1 ,lavoisi]1 9 #aggh4 #acb ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,air once brea!d8 ,an animal 9 x8 ,a c&le8 ,analysis ( expir$ air8 ,*ange 9 volume8 #ae4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,f ,,respiration4--,air t has be5 once brea!d is no long] fit = respiration4 ,an animal conf9$ )9 x w soon] or lat] die2 s too1 a light$ c&le plac$ 9 x w be at once ext+ui%$4 ,if we collect a quantity ( expir$ air & analyze x1 we %all f9d t its composition is n ! same z t ( ! inspir$ air4 ,:5 ! air ent]$ ! lungs x 0 ri* 9 oxyg52 n[ x conta9s tw5ty-five p] c5t4 less ( t gas4 ,its volume1 h[ev]1 rema9s ne>ly ! same2 its loss be+ replac$ by ano!r & v diff]5t gas1 :i* ! lungs exhal$1 call$ c>bonic acid1 or1 z ! *emi/ t]ms x1 c>bon dioxide4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,:at else has ! expir$ air ga9$8 ,:5 & :]e notic$8 #af4 ,! expir$ air has also ga9$ moi/ure4 ,?is is notic$ :5 we brea! ^u a mirror1 or ! w9d[-pane1 ! surface be+ t>ni%$ by ! cond5sation ( ! wat]y vapor exhal$ by ! lungs4 ,9 cold wea!r1 ?is causes ! f9e cl\d :i* is se5 issu+ f ! no/rils or m\? ) ea* expiration1 & contributes 9 =m+ ! fea!ry cry/als ( ice :i* decorate our w9d[-panes on a w9t]'s morn+4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,nature ( ! wat]y vapor8 ,its effects ^u animals8 #ag4 ,?is wat]y vapor conta9s a v>iable quantity ( animal matt]1 ! exact nature ( :i* is unkn[n2 b :5 collect$ x spe$ily putrefies & becomes highly (f5sive4 ,f ! effects1 ^u small animals1 ( conf9em5t 9 _! own exhalations1 hav+ at ! same "t an abundant supply ( fre% air1 x is believ$ t ! organic matt]s ?r[n (f by ! lungs & sk9 are direct & active poisons2 & t to su* emanations f ! body1 m ?an to any o!r cause1 are due ! depress+ & ev5 fatal results :i* foll[ ! cr[d+ ( l>ge numb]s ( p]sons into places ( limit$ capacity4 #acc ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,give "s ( ! in/ances furni%$ by hi/ory4 #ah4 ,hi/ory furni%es _m pa9ful in/ances ( ! ill effects ( ov]cr[d+4 ,9 #agef1 ( "o hundr$ & =ty-six ,engli%m5 imprison$ 9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta1 only tw5ty-?ree1 at ! end ( eight h\rs1 surviv$4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,au/]litz1 ?ree hundr$ prison]s 7 cr[d$ into a cav]n1 :]e1 9 a few h\rs1 two-?irds ( _! numb] di$4 ,on bo>d a /eam-%ip1 dur+ a /ormy night1 "o hundr$ & fifty pass5g]s 7 conf9$ 9 a small cab91 b :5 morn+ came1 only eighty rema9$ alive4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,*ange 9 ! blood f blue to r$4 ,^u :at does ! *ange dep5d8 ,h[ %[n8 #ai4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,blood ,,f ,,respiration4--,! mo/ /rik+ *ange :i* ! blood und]goes by its passage ?r\gh ! lungs1 is ! *ange ( color f a d>k blue to bright r$4 ,t ?is *ange is dep5d5t ^u respiration has be5 fully prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,if ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 ( a liv+ animal be s compress$ z to exclude ! air f ! lungs1 ! blood 9 ! art]ies w gradually gr[ d>k]1 until its color is ! same z t ( ! v5\s blood4 ,:5 ! pressure is remov$ ! blood spe$ily resumes its bright hue4 ,aga91 if ! animal be made to brea! an atmosph]e conta9+ m oxyg5 ?an atmosph]ic air1 ! color *anges f sc>let to v]milion1 & becomes ev5 bright] ?an art]ial blood4 ,?is *ange ( color is n ( itself a v important matt]1 b x indicates a mo/ important *ange ( composition4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,:at does ! air lose & ga9 by respiration8 ,:at1 ! blood8 ,air z food8 #bj4 ,! air1 z we h se51 by respiration loses oxyg5 & ga9s c>bonic acid3 ! blood1 on ! contr>y1 ga9s oxyg5 & loses c>bonic acid4 ,! oxyg5 is ! food ( ! blood corpuscles2 :ile ! articles we eat & dr9k belong m p>ticul>ly to ! plasma ( ! blood4 ,! air1 !n1 x is pla91 is a sort ( food1 & we %\ld #acd und\bt$ly s reg>d x1 if x 7 n = ! fact t we require x con/antly1 in/ead ( tak+ x at /at$ int]vals1 z is ! case ) our articles ( diet4 ,aga91 z ! dem& ( ! sy/em = food is express$ by ! s5sation ( hung]1 s ! dem& = air is m>k$ by a pa9ful s5sation call$ suffocation4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,moi/ animal membranes8 ,h[ %[n ) ! bladd]8 #ba4 ,,int]*ange ,,( ,,gases ,,9 ,,! ,,lungs4--,z ! air & ! blood are n 9 contact1 !y be+ sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! walls ( ! air-cells & ( ! blood-vessels1 h[ c ! two gases1 oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 ex*ange places8 ,moi/ animal membranes h a prop]ty :i* enables !m to transmit gases ?r\gh _! sub/ance1 al?\gh !y are imp]vi\s to liquids4 ,?is may be beautifully %[n by susp5d+ a bladd] conta9+ d>k blood 9 a j> ( oxyg54 ,at ! end ( a few h\rs ! oxyg5 w h disappe>$1 ! blood w be bright] 9 color1 & c>bonic acid w be f\nd 9 ! j>4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,gase\s diffusion8 ,if oxyg5 be n receiv$8 ,if c>bonic acid be reta9$8 #bb4 ,if ?is int]*ange takes place outside ( ! body1 h[ mu* m p]fectly mu/ x take place )91 :]e x is favor$ by _m additional circum/ances6 ,! walls ( ! vessels & ! air-cells (f] no ob/acle to ?is process1 :i* is kn[n z gase\s diffusion4 ,bo? p>ts ( ! process are alike ( vital importance4 ,if oxyg5 be n receiv$1 ! organs cease to act2 & if c>bonic acid be reta9$ 9 ! blood1 its action is t ( a poison2 unconsci\sness1 convulsions1 & dea? foll[+4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance & composition ( ! blood8 ,temp]ature ( ! blood8 ,! blood :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs8 ,! consequ5ce8 #bc4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,art]ial ,,& ,,v5\s ,,blood4--,! foll[+ table pres5ts ! ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance & composition ( ! blood1 be=e & aft] its passage ?r\gh ! lungs3-- #ace ,v5\s ,blood4 ,art]ial ,blood4 ,color1 ,d>k blue1 ,sc>let4 ,oxyg51 #h p] c5t41 #ah p] c5t4 ,c>bonic ,acid1 #ae to #bj p] c5t41 #f p] c5t41 or less4 ,wat]1 ,m1 ,less4 ,! temp]ature ( ! blood v>ies consid]ably2 b ! art]ial /ream is g5]ally w>m] ?an ! v5\s4 ,! blood imp>ts heat to ! air :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs1 & consequ5tly ! cont5ts ( ! "r side ( ! he>t has a high] temp]ature ?an ! cont5ts on ! left side4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,:at d we le>n by means ( ! spectroscope8 ,c>ri]s ( oxyg58 ,blue blood 9 ! sy/em8 #bd4 ,by means ( ! spectroscope1 we le>n t ! *ange ( color 9 ! blood has its seat 9 ! corpuscles2 & t1 accord+ z !y reta9 oxyg51 or release x1 !y pres5t ! spectrum ( art]ial or v5\s blood4 ,!re evid5tly exi/s1 on ! "p ( ^! little bodies1 an aff9ity = ?is gas1 & h5ce !y h be5 call$ c>ri]s ( oxyg54 ,x 0 long ago ?\ght t blue blood 0 a trait peculi> to p]sons ( pr9cely & royal desc5t1 & boa/ful allusions to ! sang azure ( k+s & nobles are q (t5 met )4 ,physiology1 h[ev]1 in=ms u t blue blood fl[s 9 ! ve9s ( ! l[ z well z ! high1 & t s f> f its pres5ce indicat+ a m>k ( purity1 x1 9 reality1 repres5ts ! wa/e & decay ( ! sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,! am\nt ( air t passes 9 & out ( ! lungs8 #be4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,respiratory ,,labor4--,dur+ ord9>y calm respiration1 we brea! eighte5 times 9 a m9ute2 & tw5ty cubic in*es ( air pass 9 & out ( ! lungs ) e brea?4 ,?is is equival5t to ! use ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty cubic in*es1 or m ?an t5 p9ts ( air ea* m9ute4 ,f ?is we calculate t ! quantity ( air :i* h\rly trav]ses ! lungs is ab\t ?irte5 cubic feet1 or sev5ty-eight gallons2 & daily1 n #acf less ?an ?ree hundr$ cubic feet1 an am\nt ne>ly equal to ! cont5ts ( sixty b>rels4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,air absorb$ 9 its transit ?r\gh ! lungs8 ,! loss8 ,c>bonic acid exhal$8 ,effect ( excitem5t or ex]tion8 ,:at e/imate8 #bf4 ,( ?is l>ge volume ( air five p] c5t4 is absorb$ 9 its transit ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,! loss ?us su/a9$ is almo/ :olly ( oxyg51 & am\nts to fifte5 cubic feet daily4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid exhal$ by ! lungs dur+ ! day is some:at less1 be+ twelve cubic feet4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t or ex]tion1 ! brea?+ becomes m frequ5t & m pr(\nd2 & !n ! int]nal respiratory "w increases proportionately1 & may ev5 be d\ble t ( ! above e/imate4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 draw+ a full brea?1 a man ex]ts a muscul> =ce equal to rais+ two hundr$ p\nds plac$ ^u ! *e/4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,importance ( ! oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,injuri\s "* ( gases8 #bg4 ,,impurities ,,( ,,! ,,air4--,! oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e is ( su* prime importance1 & its proportion is s nicely adju/$ to ! wants ( man1 t any gas or volatile sub/ance :i* supplants x mu/ be reg>d$ z a hurtful impurity4 ,all gases1 h[ev]1 are n alike injuri\s4 ,"s1 if inhal$1 are necess>ily fatal2 ars5urett$ hydrog5 be+ "o ( ^!1 a s+le bubble ( :i* de/roy$ ! life ( its discov]]1 ,gehl54 ,o!rs are n directly dang]\s1 b by tak+ ! place ( oxyg51 & exclud+ x f ! lungs1 !y become s4 ,into ?is latt] class we place c>bonic acid4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,pung5cy ( gases8 ,! inf]5ce8 ,our safegu>d8 #bh4 ,mo/ ( ! actively poison\s gases h a pung5t or (f5sive odor2 &1 z may be inf]r$1 mo/ repugnant odors indicate ! pres5ce ( sub/ances unfit = respiration4 ,accord+ly1 z we _c see or ta/e ^! impurities1 ! s5se ( smell is our pr9cipal safegu>d aga9/ !m2 & we recognize ! design :i* has plant$ ?is s5se1 l a s5t9el at ! prop] entrance ( ! #acg air-passages1 ! no/rils1 to give u w>n+ ( approa*+ h>m4 ,take1 z an example1 ! ord9>y illum9at+ gas ( cities1 f :i* s _m accid5ts happ54 ,h[ _m m dea?s w\ld x cause if1 :5 a leak occurs1 we 7 n able to discov] ! escape ( ! gas by means ( its disagreeable odor4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! air ( rooms 9 :i* fev]-sick p]sons are conf9$8 #bi4 ,organic matt]s exi/ 9 increas$ measure 9 ! expir$ brea? ( sick p]sons1 & imp>t to x1 at times1 a putrid odor4 ,?is is especially true 9 diseases :i*1 l typhus & sc>let fev]1 are ref]able to a blood poison4 ,9 su* cases ! brea? is "o ( ! means by :i* nature seeks to expel ! (f5d+ mat]ial f ! sy/em4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o visit or adm9i/] to fev]-sick p]sons %\ld obey ! (t-repeat$ direction1 n to take ! brea? ( ! sick4 ,at su* times1 if ev]1 fre% air is dem&$1 n alone = ! sick1 b z well = ^? :o are 9 att5dance4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,animalcula 9 ! wat]8 ,du/ 9 ! air8 #cj4 ,,du/ ,,9 ,,! ,,air4--,att5tion has lately be5 direct$ to ! du/1 or haze1 t m>ks ! ray ( sun%9e across a %ad$ room4 ,j z1 _m ye>s ago1 x 0 discov]$ t myriads ( animalcula infe/$ mu* ( ! wat] we drank1 s n[ ! microscope reveals ! gay motes t dance along a sunbeam to be1 9 "p1 compos$ ( multitudes ( animal & vegetable =ms ( a v l[ grade1 ! g]ms ( f]m5tation & putrefaction1 & ! probable s\rces ( disease4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,! be/ air filt]8 ,! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,tyndall8 #ca4 ,x is f\nd t ! be/ filt] by :i* to sep>ate ?is float+ du/ f ! air is cotton wool1 al?\gh a h&k]*ief w imp]fectly answ] ! same purpose4 ,9 a lecture on ?is subject by ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 he rem>ks t1 by brea?+ ?r\gh a cotton wool respirator1 ! noxi\s air ( ! sick room is re/or$ to practical purity4 ,?us filt]$1 att5dants may brea! ! air unh>m$4 #ach ,9 all probability1 ! protection ( ! lungs w be ! protection ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,= x is exce$+ly probable t ! g]ms :i* lodge 9 ! air-passages are ^? :i* s[ epidemic disease 9 ! body4 ,if ?is be s1 !n disease c c]ta9ly be w>d$ (f by filt]s ( cotton wool4 ,by ?is means1 s f> z ! g]ms are conc]n$1 ! air ( ! highe/ ,alps may be br\ght into ! *amb] ( ! invalid4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,c>bonic acid 9 volcanic regions8 ,9 ,java8 ,at ,lake ,av]nus8 ,9 m9es8 #cb4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,! ,,air4--,we h already spok5 ( ?is gas z an exhalation f ! lungs1 & a s\rce ( impurity2 b x exi/s naturally 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! proportion ( "o half "p p] ?\s&4 ,9 volcanic regions x is p\r$ =? 9 enorm\s quantities f fissures 9 ! e>?'s surface4 ,be+ heavi] ?an air1 x sometimes settles into caves & depressions 9 ! surface4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ! isl& ( ,java1 !re is a place call$ ! ,valley ( ,poison1 :]e ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) ! bones ( birds1 tig]s1 & o!r wild animals1 :i* 7 suffocat$ by c>bonic acid :ile pass+4 ,! ,lake ,av]nus1 ! fabl$ entrance to ! inf]nal regions1 01 z its "n implies1 bird-less1 because ! birds1 :ile fly+ ov] x1 7 poison$ by ! gas & fell dead into its wat]s4 ,9 m9es1 c>bonic acid =ms ! dread$ *oke-damp1 :ile c>burett$ hydrog5 is ! fire-damp4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,9 ! op5 air8 ,am\nt ( c>bonic acid exhal$ by a man8 ,a gas-burn]8 ,a room fire8 ,f furnaces8 #cc4 ,9 ! op5 air1 m5 seldom suff] f c>bonic acid1 =1 z we %all see pres5tly1 nature provides = its rapid di/ribution1 & ev5 turns x to pr(itable use4 ,b its ill effects are pa9fully evid5t 9 ! abodes ( m51 9 :i* x is liable to collect z ! wa/e product ( respiration & ( t combu/ion :i* is necess>y = light+ & w>m+ our homes4 ,a man exhales1 dur+ repose1 n less ?an "o-half cubic foot ( c>bonic acid p] h\r4 ,"o gas-burn] lib]ates five cubic feet 9 ! #aci same "t1 & spoils ab\t z mu* air z t5 m54 ,a fire burn+ 9 a grate or /ove emits "s gase\s impurity1 & at ! same "t ab/racts f ! air z mu* oxyg5 z twelve m5 w\ld consume 9 ! same p]iod1 ?us increas+ ! relative am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,f furnaces1 z ord9>ily con/ruct$1 ?is gas1 ) o!r products ( combu/ion1 is con/antly leak+ & vitiat+ ! air ( tightly-clos$ ap>tm5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,effects ( inhal+ c>bonic acid alone8 ,9 small quantities8 #cd4 ,,effects ,,( ,,impure ,,air4--,c>bonic acid1 9 its pure =m1 is irrespirable1 caus+ rapid dea? by suffocation4 ,air conta9+ =ty p>ts p] ?\s& ( ?is gas 7! composition ( ! expir$ brea?7 ext+ui%es a light$ c&le1 & is fatal to birds2 :5 conta9+ "o hundr$ p>ts1 x no long] yields oxyg5 to man & o!r w>m-blood$ animals2 & is ( c\rse at once fatal to !m4 ,9 small] quantities1 ?is gas causes heada*e1 labor$ respiration1 palpitation1 unconsci\sness1 & convulsions4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,effects ( ! air 9 cr[d$ & badly v5tilat$ rooms8 #ce4 ,9 cr[d$ & badly v5tilat$ ap>tm5ts1 :]e ! atmosph]e relatively conta9s f six to t5 times ! natural am\nt ( c>bonic acid1 ! contam9at$ air causes dulness1 dr[s9ess1 & fa9tness2 ! d>k1 impure blood circulat+ ?r\gh ! bra91 oppress+ t organ & caus+ x to act l a blunt$ tool4 ,?is is a condition n uncommon 9 our s*ools1 *ur*es1 c\rt-rooms1 & ! l1 ! places ( all o!rs :]e x is desirable t ! m9d %\ld be al]t & free to act2 b1 unhappily1 an unse5 physiological cause is at "w1 disp5s+ we>9ess & /upor ov] juries1 audi5ce1 & pupils4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,a cause ( consumption8 ,h[ 0 ! fact illu/rat$8 #cf4 ,ano!r unmi/akable result ( liv+ 9 & brea?+ f\l air is f\nd 9 c]ta9 diseases ( ! lungs1 especially consumption4 ,= _m ye>s ! b>racks ( #adj ! ,briti% army 7 con/ruct$ )\t any reg>d to v5tilation2 & dur+ ^? ye>s ! /ati/ics %[$ t consumption 0 ! cause ( a v l>ge proportion ( dea?s4 ,at la/ ! gov]nm5t began to improve ! condition ( ! build+s1 giv+ l>g] space & air-supply2 & z a consequ5ce1 ! mortality f consumption has dim9i%$ m ?an "o-?ird4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,h[1 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals8 ,t5d5cy ( c]ta9 occupations8 #cg4 ,! l[] animals conf9$ 9 ! impure atmosph]e ( m5ag]ies1 contract ! same diseases z man4 ,^? br\ght f a tropical climate1 & requir+ artificial w>m?1 g5]ally die ( consumption4 ,9 ! ,zoological g>d5s ( ,p>is1 ?is disease affect$ ne>ly all monkeys1 until c>e 0 tak5 to introduce fre% air by v5tilation2 & !n x almo/ :olly disappe>$4 ,! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 occupations to %ort5 life is well kn[n2 disease be+ occasion$ by ! fumes & du/ :i* arise f ! mat]ial employ$1 9 addition to ! unheal?ful condition ( ! work%op or factory :]e _m h\rs are pass$ daily4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,give ! fact z set =? 9 ! table4 #ch4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! comp>ative am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air "u diff]5t conditions & ! effects sometimes produc$3-- ,,proportion ,,( ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,9 #ajjj p>ts ( ,air4 ,air ( c\ntry4 4#d city4 4#e ,9 hospital1 well v5tilat$4 4#f ,9 s*ool1 *ur*1 etc41 fairly v5tilat$4 #a4b to #b4e ,9 c\rt-h\se1 factory1 etc41 )\t v5tilation4 #d4 to #dj4 ,9 b$room1 be=e be+ air$4 #d4e ,9 b$room1 aft] be+ air$4 #a4e ,con/antly brea!d1 caus+ ill heal?4 #b4 ,occasionally brea!d1 caus+ discom=t4 #c4 ,occasionally brea!d1 caus+ di/ress4 #aj4 ,expir$ air4 #dj4 ,air no long] yield+ oxyg5 #ajj4 #ada ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! diffusive p[] ( gases8 ,! add$ influ5ce ( ! w9ds8 #ci4 ,,nature',s ,,provision ,,= ,,purify+ ,,! ,,air4--,we h se5 t c>bonic acid is heavi] ?an air1 & is poison\s4 ,:y1 !n1 does x n s9k ^u & ov]:elm mank9d ) a sil5t1 invisible wave ( dea?8 ,among ! gases !re is a m pot5t =ce ?an gravity1 :i* =ev] precludes su* a trag$y4 ,x is kn[n z ! diffusive p[] ( gases4 ,x acts accord+ to a def9ite law1 & ) a resi/less en]gy compell+ ^! gases1 :5 9 contact1 to m+le until !y are ?or\ghly diffus$4 ,! add$ influ5ce ( ! w9ds is useful1 by insur+ m rapid *anges 9 ! air2 air 9 motion be+ p]fectly :olesome4 ,! ra9s also wa% ! air4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,h[ is ! con/ant purity ( ! air secur$8 ,expla9 ! process8 #dj4 ,we h se5 t ! :ole animal creation is con/antly ab/ract+ oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e1 & z con/antly add+ to x va/ volumes ( a gas injuri\s alike to all1 ev5 9 small quantities4 ,h[1 !n1 does ! air reta91 un*ang$1 its life-giv+ prop]ties8 ,! con/ant purity ( ! air is secur$ by means ( ! vegetable creation4 ,c>bonic acid is ! food ( ! plants1 & oxyg5 is its wa/e product4 ,! leaves are its lungs1 & "u ! /imulus ( sunlight a vegetable respiration is set 9 motion1 ! effects ( :i* are j ! rev]se ( ! function we h be5 consid]+4 ,?us nature purifies ! air1 & at ! same "t builds up beautiful & useful =ms ( life f elem5ts ( decay4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,:at process occurs 9 ! sea8 ,h[ is ! fact illu/rat$8 #da4 ,9 ! sea1 z 9 ! air1 ! same circle ( *anges is obs]v$4 ,m>9e animals consume oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid2 :ile m>9e plants consume c>bonic acid & lib]ate oxyg54 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 we may s arrange aqu>ia ) fi%es & sea-plants1 9 _! prop] comb9ations1 s t ea* supplies ! ne$s ( ! o!r1 & ! wat] requires seldom to be r5ew$4 ,?is #adb af=ds u1 on a small scale1 an illu/ration ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! two great k+doms ( nature2 z well z ( ^? comp5sat+ *anges :i* are tak+ place on su* a gr& scale 9 ! _w ab\t u4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,"* ( ! ext]nal air8 ,( ! air 9 our dwell+s8 ,:at becomes imp]ative8 ,imp]fect v5tilation ( our dwell+s8 #db4 ,,v5tilation4--,s9ce ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 z provid$ by nature1 is always pure1 & s9ce ! air 9 our dwell+s & o!r build+s is almo/ always impure1 x becomes imp]ative t !re %\ld be a free communication f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,?is we aim to accompli% by v5tilation4 ,z our h\ses are ord9>ily con/ruct$1 ! !ory ( v5tilation1 to make ! int]nal z pure z ! ext]nal air1 is seldom c>ri$ out4 ,doors1 w9d[s1 & flues1 ! natural means ( repl5i%+ ! air1 are too (t5 clos$1 almo/ h]metically1 aga9/ ! preci\s elem5t4 ,special means1 or special att5tion1 mu/ !re=e be us$ to secure ev5 a fair supply ( fre% air4 ,?is is /ill m true ( ^? places ( public resort1 :]e _m p]sons are cr[d$ toge!r4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,:at h9ts are giv5 = ! v5tilation ( our dwell+s8 #dc4 ,if !re are two op5+s 9 a room1 "o z a v5t = f\l air1 & ! o!r an inlet = atmosph]ic air1 & if ! op5+s be l>ge1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( air consum]s1 ! pr9cipal object w be atta9$4 ,?us1 a door & w9d[1 ea* op5+ into ! out] air1 w ord9>ily v5tilate a small ap>tm5t2 or a w9d[ alone w answ]1 if x be op5 bo? above & bel[1 & ! op5 space at ea* end be n less ?an "o in* = ea* occupant ( ! room1 :5 ! w9d[ is ab\t a y>d wide4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t is g5]ally f bel[ upw>d1 s9ce ! f\l1 heat$ air t5ds to rise2 b ?is is n ess5tial4 ,its rate ne$ n be rapid2 a draught1 or p]ceptible curr5t1 is nev] necess>y to good v5tilation4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air admitt$ may be w>m or cold4 ,x is ?\ght by _m t if ! #adc air is cold1 x is pure2 b ?is is an error1 s9ce cold air w receive & reta9 ! same impurities z w>m air4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,/ate :at ,flor5ce ,night+ale says ab\t inhal+ night air8 #dd4 ,%all we op5 our b$rooms to ! night air8 ,flor5ce ,night+ale says1 9 effect1 t night air is ! only air t we c !n brea!4 ,! *oice is betwe5 pure air )\t & impure air )94 ,mo/ p pref] ! latt]1--an unacc\ntable *oice4 ,an op5 w9d[1 mo/ nights 9 ! ye>1 c hurt no "o4 ,9 great cities1 night air is ! be/ & pure/ to be _h 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,i c\ld bett] und]/&1 9 t[ns1 %utt+ ! w9d[s dur+ ! day ?an dur+ ! night4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,w>m? ( ! bird z comp>$ ) t ( ! air8 ,( ! fi% & ! wat]8 ,heat 9 animals & plants8 ,h[ illu/rat$ ) ! !rmomet]8 #de4 ,,animal ,,heat4--,intimately connect$ ) respiration is ! production ( animal heat1 or ! p[] ( ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! body above t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! creature moves2 ?us1 ! bird is w>m] ?an ! air1 & ! fi% ?an ! wat]4 ,?is elevation ( temp]ature is a result ( ! v>i\s *emical *anges :i* are con/antly tak+ place 9 ! sy/em4 ,al?\gh common to all animals1 9 a great] or less degree1 heat is n peculi> to !m2 s9ce plants also g5]ate x1 especially at ! "t ( spr\t+ & fl[]+4 ,if a !rmomet] be plac$ 9 a clu/] ( g]anium fl[]s1 x w indicate a temp]ature sev]al degrees above t ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,am\nt ( heat 9 animals1 h[ apportion$8 ,z reg>ds ! birds8 ,frogs1 & o!r sluggi% animals8 ,arrangem5t made by zoologi/s8 #df4 ,among animals great diff]5ces are notic$ 9 ?is respect1 b ! degree ( heat produc$ is always proportional to ! activity ( respiration & ! am\nt ( oxyg5 consum$4 ,accord+ly1 ! birds1 ^: habits are extremely active1 & ^: brea?+ capacity is ! greate/1 h uni=mly ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,sluggi% animals1 on ! contr>y1 z frogs1 liz>ds1 & snakes1 h little ne$ = oxyg51 & h incompletely #add develop$ lungs2 ^! animals are cold to ! t\*1 t is1 !y h relatively a l[] temp]ature ?an man1 & _! positive temp]ature is b little above t ( ! ext]nal air4 ,accord+ly1 zoologi/s h s arrang$ ! animal k+dom t w>m-blood$ animals1 includ+ man1 ! birds1 & ! quadrup$s1 are classifi$ toge!r2 :ile ! cold-blood$ animals1 su* z ! fi%1 tortoise1 frog1 & all t h no v]tebral column1 are class$ by !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,/ate :at is said respect+ ! temp]ature ( ! human body4 #dg4 ,! temp]ature ( ! human body is ab\t #ajj ,fahr5heit1 & rema9s ab\t ! same ?r\gh w9t] & summ]1 9 ! tropics z well z 9 ! froz5 regions ( ! nor?4 ,x may *ange tempor>ily )9 ! range ( ab\t twelve degrees2 b any consid]able1 or long-cont9u$ elevation or dim9ution ( ! bodily heat is c]ta9 to result disa/r\sly4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,ability ( man to adapt himself to diff]5t climates8 ,9 :at does ! p[] to resi/ cold consi/8 ,:at is said ab\t w>m clo?+8 #dh4 ,man is able to adapt himself to all extremes ( climate2 &1 9 fact1 by means ( clo?+1 %elt]1 & food1 is able to create = himself an artificial climate :]e-ev] he *oses to reside4 ,! p[] to resi/ cold consi/s *iefly 9 prev5t+ ! heat :i* is g5]at$ by ! vital processes ( ! body f be+ lo/ by radiation4 ,w>m clo?+1 su* z we we> 9 w9t]1 has1 9 reality1 ! same temp]ature z t :i* is worn 9 summ]2 b1 by reason ( be+ ?ick & por\s1 x is a bad conductor ( heat1 & ?us prev5ts ! escape ( t produc$ by ! body4 ,if wooll5 fabrics 7 intr9sically w>m1 no "o w\ld wrap a piece ( flannel1 or blanket1 ar\nd a block ( ice to prev5t its melt+ 9 summ]4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,m5 9 an atmosph]e above ! boil+-po9t8 ,9 f\ndries & glass works8 #di4 ,! faculty ( g5]at+ heat expla9s h[ x is t we are enabl$ to resi/ ! effects ( cold2 b h[ does ! body )/& a temp]ature high] ?an its #ade own8 ,m5 h be5 kn[n to rema9 sev]al m9utes 9 an atmosph]e heat$ above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & yet ! temp]ature ( _! own bodies 0 n greatly elevat$4 ,^? :o labor 9 f\ndries & glass-works are habitually subject$ to v high degrees ( temp]ature1 b !y d n suff] 9 heal? m ?an ^? engag$ 9 _m o!r occupations4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,! regulation ( ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,give ! explanation4 #ej4 ,! regulation ( ! temp]ature ( ! body is effect$ by means ( p]spiration1 & by its evaporation4 ,s long z ! sk9 acts freely & ! air freely absorbs ! moi/ure1 ! heat ( ! body does n increase1 = :5ev] evaporation takes place1 x is att5d$ by ! ab/raction ( heat--t is1 ! "p becomes relatively cold]4 ,?is may be te/$ by moi/5+ "s "p ( ! surface ) cologne1 e!r1 or o!r volatile liquid1 & !n caus+ x to evaporate rapidly by fann+4 ,! pr9ciple t evaporation produces cold has be5 +5i\sly & practically employ$1 9 ! manufacture ( ice1 by means ( freez+ ma*9es4 ,sid5ote3 #ea1 #eb4 ,/ate :at is said ( spontane\s combu/ion4 #ea4 ,,spontane\s ,,combu/ion4--,is x possible t ! temp]ature ( ! liv+ body c be s increas$1 t its tissues w burn spontane\sly8 ,f "t to "t1 cases h be5 report$ 9 :i*1 by "s my/]i\s means1 consid]able portions ( ! human body h be5 consum$1 app>5tly by fire1 ! victim be+ f\nd dead1 or incapable ( expla9+ ! occurr5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! !ory has be5 curr5t t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! tissues ( ! body might become self-ignit$2 & ! fact t ?is s-call$ spontane\s combu/ion has ord9>ily tak5 place 9 ^? :o _h be5 addict$ to ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks1 has giv5 a color ( probability to ! op9ion4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! fle% ( ^! un=tunate p]sons becom+ saturat$ ) ! inflammable prop]ties ( ! alcohol ?us tak5 into ! #adf sy/em1 took fire ^u be+ expos$ to a flame1 z ( a light$ c&le1 or1 inde$1 )\t any ext]nal cause4 ,b1 :e!r ?is be possible or n1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 ?is /range k9d ( combu/ion has nev] be5 actually witness$ by any "o compet5t to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( x4 #eb4 ,! results t h be5 obs]v$ may be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! accid5tal ignition ( ! clo!s1 or o!r articles ne> ! body1 & by ! supposition t ! individual 0 at ! "t too mu* /upefi$ by intoxication1 to notice ! s\rce ( dang]1 & provide = 8 safety4 ,! highe/ temp]ature t has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! body1 ab\t #aab ,fahr5heit1 is too l[ to ignite ! vapor ( alcohol2 mu* less w x cause ! burn+ ( animal tissues4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t :5 ! tissues are fill$ ) alcohol1 combu/ion w m easily take place ?an :5 ! body is 9 a normal /ate2 b1 "u any condition1 ! combu/ion ( ! body requires a high] degree ( heat ?an c be g5]at$ by ! body itself1 or ! m]e proximity ( a light$ c&le1 or any cause ( a simil> "*4 #adg ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,:at is ! object ( respiration8 #abc #b4 ,:at are ! special organs ( respiration8 #abc #c4 ,9 :at organs does a *ange 9 ! blood take place8 #abc #d4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! *ange8 #abc1 #acc #e4 ,:]e are ! lungs situat$1 & :at is ! "* ( ! sub/ance ( :i* !y are compos$8 #abc1 #abe #f4 ,describe ! facilities provid$ = ! lung movem5ts4 #abd #g4 ,describe ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe4 #abd1 #abe1 #abg1 #abh #h4 ,describe ! bron*ial tubes1 & _! uses4 #abe1 #abf #i4 ,:at c y /ate 9 relation to ! epiglottis8 #abf1 #abg #aj4 ,:at are ! cilia & :at use d !y probably s]ve8 #abh #aa4 ,h[ may ! lungs be affect$ by n be+ prop]ly protect$8 #abh #ab4 ,describe ! movem5ts necess>y to ! act ( p]fect respiration4 #abh1 #abi #ac4 ,:at is ! diaphragm1 & :at is its (fice8 #abh1 #abi #ad4 ,h[ may ! organs ( respiration be s improv$ z to increase _! capacity & p[]8 #abi1 #acg #ae4 ,:at is /at$ 9 relation to ! frequ5cy ( respiration8 #abi1 #acj #af4 ,to :at ext5t may ! act ( respiration be subject$ to our wills8 #acj #ag4 ,:at may be said to be ! capacity ( ! lungs8 #acj1 #aca #ah4 ,h[ long does x take e p>ticle ( air 9 ! lungs to be expell$ & new air to take its place8 #acj #ai4 ,:at w\ld be ! consequ5ces1 if ! entire capacity ( ! lungs 7 con/antly us$8 #acj1 #aca #bj4 ,:at w\ld be ! consequ5ces to a fi% put into wat] f :i* ! air _h be5 completely exhau/$8 ,:y8 #aca #ba4 ,:at is ! air1 & :at are its p>ts8 #aca1 #acf1 #ach #bb4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! air t has be5 j brea!d8 #acb #bc4 ,:y is x t su* air is n fit = respiration8 #acb1 #aci #bd4 ,:at are ! effects1 z record$ 9 notable cases1 ( conf9em5t 9 places ! air ( :i* has be5 brea!d ov] & ov]8 #acc #be4 ,:at c y /ate ( *anges 9 ! blood f respiration8 #acc #bf4 ,:at ( ! air1 z an article ( food8 #acc1 #acd #bg4 ,:at1 on ! subject ( int]*ange ( gases 9 ! lungs8 #acd #bh4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 art]ial & v5\s blood4 #acd1 #ace #bi4 ,expla91 if y c1 ! cause ( ! diff]5ce4 #ace #cj4 ,/ate :at y c 9 relation to blue blood4 #ace #ca4 ,9 relation to ! am\nt ( labor ex]t$ 9 respiration4 #ace1 #acf #cb4 ,9 relation to ! delet]i\s prop]ties ( diff]5t gases4 #acf1 #acg #cc4 ,9 relation to ! du/ t floats 9 ! air4 #acg1 #ach #cd4 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( c>bonic acid gas8 #acb1 #ach1 #ada #ce4 ,9 :at places is c>bonic acid gas commonly f\nd8 #acb1 #ach1 #aci #cf4 ,describe ! effects ( c>bonic acid gas4 #acb1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada #cg4 ,:at are ! g5]al effects ( brea?+ any impure atmosph]e8 #aci1 #adj #ch4 ,:at are ,nature's provisions = purify+ ! air8 #ada1 #adb #ci4 ,:at h9ts & directions are giv5 on ! subject ( v5tilation8 #adb1 #adc #dj4 ,h[ does ! temp]ature ( ! body comp>e ) ! m$ium 9 :i* x lives8 #adc #da4 ,h[ is temp]ature ( ! body regulat$ & su/a9$8 #adc1 #add1 #ade #db4 ,/ate :at y c on ! subject ( spontane\s combu/ion4 #ade1 #adf 99 99 99 99 99 #adh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,animal & ,vegetative ,functions--,s5sation1 ,motion1 & ,volition--,! ,/ructure ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,! ,:ite & ,gray ,sub/ances--,! ,bra9--,its ,convolutions--,! ,c]ebellum--,! ,sp9al ,cord & its ,sy/em ( ,n]ves--,! ,ant]ior & ,po/]ior ,roots--,! ,sympa!tic ,sy/em ( ,n]ves--,! ,prop]ties ( ,n]v\s ,tissue--,excitability ( ,n]v\s ,tissues--,! ,functions ( ! ,sp9al ,n]ves & ,cord--,! ,direction ( ! ,fibres ( ! ,cord--,reflex ,activity1 & its ,uses--,! ,functions ( ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata & ! ,cranial ,ganglia--,! ,reflex ,action ( ! ,bra94 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,:at processes are kn[n z ! vegetative functions8 ,:y s call$8 ,:at prop]ties & functions does ! plant possess8 ,_! object8 #a4 ,,animal ,,functions4--,! vital processes :i* we h be5 consid]+1 9 ! ?ree previ\s *apt]s1 ( dige/ion1 circulation1 & respiration--belong to ! class ( functions kn[n z vegetative functions4 ,t is1 !y are common to vegetables z well z animals2 = ! plant1 l ! animal1 c orig9ate no?+1 n ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt]2 & yet x gr[s1 blossoms1 & be>s fruit1 by reason ( obta9+ & dige/+ ! nutrim5t :i* ! air & soil provide4 ,! plant has its circulatory fluid & *annels1 by :i* ! nutrim5t is di/ribut$ to all its p>ts4 ,x has1 also1 a curi\s app>atus 9 its foliage1 by :i* x ab/racts f ! air ^? gase\s elem5ts s necess>y to its support2 & ?us x accompli%es vegetable respiration4 ,^! vegetative functions h _! beg9n+ & end )9 ! organism ( ! plant2 & _! object is ! pres]vation ( ! plant itself1 z well z ( ! entire species4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,:at second set ( p[]s has ! animal8 ,:at functions are m5tion$8 ,! advantage !y give8 #b4 ,! animal1 9 addition to ^! vegetative functions1 has ano!r set ( p[]s1 by ! use ( :i* he becomes consci\s ( a _w ext]nal to himself1 & br+s #adi himself into active relations ) x4 ,by means ( ! vegetative processes1 8 life & species are ma9ta9$2 :ile1 by means ( c]ta9 animal functions1 he feels1 acts1 & ?9ks4 ,^! functions1 among :i* are s5sation1 motion1 & volition1 n only di/+ui% ! animal f ! plant1 b1 9 proportion to _! developm5t1 elevate "o creature above ano!r2 & x is by virtue ( 8 pre-em95t end[m5t1 9 ^! respects1 t man holds 8 position at ! head ( ! animal creation4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,animals ^: /ructure is simple8 ,z we approa* man8 ,dep5d5ce ( ! animal functions ( man8 #c4 ,among animals ^: /ructure is v simple1 ! hydra1 or fre%-wat] polyp1 be+ an example1 no special organs are emp[]$ to p]=m sep>ate functions2 b e "p is end[$ alike1 s t if ! animal be cut into pieces1 ea* portion has all ! prop]ties ( ! entire orig9al2 &1 if ! circum/ances be favorable1 ea* ( ! pieces w soon become a complete hydra4 ,z we approa* man1 9 ! scale ( be+s1 we f9d t ! organs multiply1 & ! functions become m complete4 ,! function ( motion1 ! in/rum5ts ( :i*--! muscles & bones--h be5 consid]$ 9 =m] *apt]s1 & all ! o!r animal functions ( man1 dep5d ^u ! set ( organs kn[n z ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! n]v\s tissues1 ( :at compos$8 ,:5 exam9$ by ! aid ( ! microscope8 ,! :ite sub/ance8 ,! gray sub/ance8 #d4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4--,! intimate /ructure ( ?is sy/em diff]s f any tissue :i* we h be=e exam9$4 ,x is compos$ ( a s(t1 pulpy sub/ance1 :i*1 e>ly 9 life1 is almo/ fluid1 b :i* gradually h>d5s ) ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 x is f\nd to be compos$ ( two di/9ct elem5ts3--7#a7 ! :ite sub/ance1 compos+ ! l>g] proportion ( ! n]v\s organs ( ! body1 :i* is =m$ ( delicate cyl9drical filam5ts1 ab\t #a_/fjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 t]m$ ! n]ve-fibres2 & 7#b7 ! gray sub/ance1 compos$ ( grayi%-r$1 or #aej a%5-color$ cells1 ( v>i\s sizes1 g5]ally possess+ "o or m (f-%oots1 :i* are cont9u\s ) ! n]ve-fibres j m5tion$4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,n]v\s c5tres & ganglia8 ,n]ves8 ,:at d !y s]ve8 ,c]ebro-sp9al sy/em8 #e4 ,! gray1 cellul> sub/ance con/itutes ! l>g] portion ( ^? important masses1 :i* be> ! "n ( n]v\s c5tres & ganglia 7f ganglion1 a knot71 & 9 :i* all ! n]ve-fibres unite4 ,^! :ite n]ve-fibres are f\nd comb9$ toge!r 9 long & d5se cords1 call$ n]ves 7f neuron1 a cord71 :i* s]ve to connect ! n]v\s c5tres ) ea* o!r1 & to place !m 9 communication ) all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body :i* h s5sibility or p[] ( motion4 ,t "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* is conc]n$ 9 ! animal functions1 comprises ! bra91 ! sp9al cord1 & ! n]ves :i* are d]iv$ !refrom2 ^! are1 toge!r1 call$ ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em 7,fig4 #dj72 :ile t o!r set ( organs1 :i* presides ov]1 & regulates ! vegetative functions1 is call$ ! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,location ( ! bra98 ,its weight8 ,its %ape8 ,( :at x consi/s8 ,:at organs at ! base8 #f4 ,,! ,,bra94--,! bra9 is ! great volume ( n]v\s tissue t is lodg$ )9 ! skull4 ,x is ! l>ge/ & mo/ complex ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 its weight1 9 ! adult1 be+ ab\t fifty ounces1 or "o-=tie? ( t ( ! :ole body4 ,! %ape ( ! bra9 is oval1 or egg-%ap$1 ) "o extremity l>g] ?an ! o!r1 :i* is plac$ po/]iorly 9 ! skull1 to ! concavity ( :i* x v closely con=ms4 ,! bra9 consi/s *iefly ( two p>ts2 ! c]ebrum1 or bra9 prop]1 & ! c]ebellum1 or little bra94 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are sev]al small] organs at ! base1 among :i* is ! comm5cem5t or expansion ( ! sp9al cord1 t]m$ ! m$ulla oblongata1 or oblong m>r[4 #aea ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,! ,,c]ebro-,,sp9al ,,sy/em4 #aeb ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! tissue ( ! bra98 ,:at1 !re=e1 is requir$8 ,bl[s on ! head8 ,membranes ( ! bra98 ,blood s5t to ! bra98 #g4 ,! tissue ( ! bra9 is s(t & easily alt]$ 9 %ape by pressure2 x !re=e requires to be plac$ 9 a well-protect$ position1 su* z is af=d$ by ! skull1 or cranium1 :i* is /rong )\t be+ cumbr\s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an ord9>y lifetime1 ?is bony box su/a9s _m bl[s1 ) little inconv5i5ce2 :ile1 if !y fell directly ^u ! bra91 !y w\ld at once1 & completely1 disorganize t /ructure4 ,)9 ! skull1 ! bra9 is envelop$ by c]ta9 membranes1 :i* at once protect x f friction1 & furni% x ) a supply ( nutri5t vessels2 !y are call$ ! ara*noid1 or spid]'s web1 ! dura mat] & ! pia mat]1 or ! t\gh & delicate cov]+s4 ,! supply ( blood s5t to ! bra9 is v lib]al1 am\nt+ to "o-fif? ( all t ! entire body possesses4 ,! bra9 ( man is heavi] ?an t ( any o!r animal1 except ! elephant & :ale4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,size ( ! bra9 prop]8 ,h[ divid$8 ,! ext]ior ( ! hemisph]es8 ,! int]ior8 #h4 ,,! ,,c]ebrum4--,! bra9 prop]1 or c]ebrum1 is ! l>ge/ ( ! intracranial organs1 & occupies ! entire upp] & front portion ( ! skull4 ,x is almo/ completely bisect$1 by a fissure1 or cleft1 runn+ ?r\gh x l5g?wise1 into two equal p>ts call$ hemisph]es4 ,! ext]ior ( ^! hemisph]es is gray 9 color1 consi/+ *iefly ( n]ve-cells1 arrang$ s z to =m a lay] ( gray matt] "o-fif? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & is abundantly suppli$ ) blood-vessels4 ,! int]ior ( ! bra91 h[ev]1 is compos$ almo/ :olly ( :ite sub/ance1 or n]ve-fibres4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! surface ( ! c]ebrum1 h[ m>k$8 ,! gray matt] ( ! surface8 ,ext5t ( ! entire bra9 surface8 ,s\rce ( n]v\s p[]8 ,:at fur!r8 #i4 ,! surface ( ! c]ebrum is divid$ by a consid]able numb] ( tortu\s & irregul> furr[s1 ab\t an in* deep1 into convolutions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,into ^! furr[s ! gray matt] ( ! surface is ext5d$1 &1 9 ?is mann]1 its quantity is va/ly increas$4 ,! ext5t ( ! entire surface ( ! bra91 #aec ) ! convolutions unfold$1 is comput$ to be equal to f\r squ>e feet2 & yet x is easily enclos$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! skull4 ,:5 x is /at$ t ! gray matt] is ! true s\rce ( n]v\s p[]1 x becomes evid5t t ?is arrangem5t has an important be>+ on ! m5tal capacity ( ! individual4 ,& x is notic$ t 9 *ildr51 be=e ! m9d is br\ght into vigor\s use1 ^! m>k+s or furr[s on ! surface are comp>atively %all[ & indi/9ct2 ! same fact is true ( ! bra9 9 ! less civiliz$ races ( mank9d & 9 ! l[] animals4 ,x is also noticeable1 t among animals1 ^? are ! mo/ capable ( be+ educat$ :i* h ! be/ developm5t ( ! c]ebrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebrum4 ,a1 ,longitud9al ,fissure4 ,b1 ,! ,hemisph]es4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,location ( ! little bra98 ,h[ divid$8 ,its surface & int]ior8 ,its subdivisions8 ,its size8 #aj4 ,,! ,,c]ebellum4--,! little bra9 is plac$ b5ea? ! po/]ior "p ( ! c]ebrum1 &1 l ! latt]1 is divid$ into hemisph]es4 ,l x1 also1 ! surface ( ! c]ebellum is compos$ ( gray matt]1 & its int]ior is *iefly :ite matt]4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 no convolutions1 b is subdivid$ by _m cresc5tic1 p>allel ridges1 :i*1 s5d+ d[n gray matt] deeply into ! #aed :ite1 c5tral portion1 gives ! latt] a some:at bran*$ appe>ance4 ,?is peculi> appe>ance has be5 call$ ! arbor vit1 or ! tree ( life1 f ! fact t :5 a section ( ! organ is made1 x be>s "s resemblance to ! trunk & bran*es ( a tree 7,fig4 #db1 ,f74 ,9 size1 ?is c]ebellum1 or little bra91 is less ?an "o-eigh? ( ! c]ebrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,a1 ,left ,hemisph]e ( ,c]ebrum4 ,b1 ,corpus ,callosum4 ,c1 ,optic ,?alamus4 ,d1 ,! ,pons ,v>olii4 ,e1 ,upp] extremity ( ! ,sp9al ,cord4 ,f1 ,! ,arbor ,vit4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,m$ulla oblongata8 ,cranial n]ves8 ,_! %ape & position8 #aa4 ,f ! "u surface ( ! c]ebrum1 & f ! front m>g9 ( ! c]ebellum1 fibres collect toge!r to =m ! m$ulla oblongata 7,fig4 #dc1 ,,ma71 :i*1 on issu+ f ! skull1 ent]s ! sp9al column1 & !n becomes kn[n z ! sp9al cord4 ,f ! base ( ! bra91 & f ! sides ( ! m$ulla orig9ate1 also1 ! cranial n]ves1 ( :i* !re are twelve pairs4 ,^! n]ves are r\nd cords ( gli/5+ :ite appe>ance1 &1 #aee l ! art]ies1 g5]ally lie remote f ! surface ( ! body1 & are well protect$ f injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! sp9al cord8 ,( :at compos$8 ,h[ divid$8 ,ea* half8 #ab4 ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4--,! sp9al cord1 or m>r[1 is a cyl9drical mass ( s(t n]v\s tissue1 :i* occupies a *amb]1 or tunnel1 fa%ion$ = x 9 ! sp9al column 7,fig4 #dd74 ,x is compos$ ( ! same sub/ances z ! bra92 b ! arrangem5t is exactly rev]s$1 ! :ite matt] encompass+ or surr\nd+ ! gray matt] in/ead ( be+ encompass$ by x4 ,! am\nt ( ! :ite sub/ance is also greatly 9 excess ( ! o!r mat]ial4 ,a v]tical fissure p>tly sep>ates ! cord into two lat]al halves1 & ea* half is compos$ ( two sep>ate bundles ( fibres1 :i* are nam$ ! ant]ior & po/]ior columns4 #aef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,a1 ,c]ebrum4 ,b1 ,c]ebellum4 ,d1 ,d1 ,sp9al ,cord4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,uses ( ^! columns8 ,importance ( ?is "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em8 ,h[ protect$8 #ac4 ,^! columns h entirely diff]5t uses1 & ea* ( !m unites ) a diff]5t portion ( ! n]ves :i* h _! orig9 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,! importance ( ?is "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em is app>5t f ! extreme c>e tak5 to protect x f ext]nal injury4 ,=1 :ile a v slight di/urbance ( its /ructure suffices to dis>m x ( its p[]1 yet s /aun* is its bony enclosure1 t only by v sev]e injuries is x put 9 p]il4 ,! ?ree membranes t cov] ! bra9 are cont9u$ d[nw>d s z to envelope & /ill fur!r %ield ?is delicate organism4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! sp9al n]ves8 ,! po/]ior root8 ,! n]ves1 h[ arrang$8 ,_! (fice8 #ad4 ,,! ,,sp9al ,,n]ves4--,! sp9al n]ves1 ?irty-"o pairs 9 numb]1 spr+ f ea* side ( ! cord by two roots1 an ant]ior & a po/]ior root1 :i* h ! same functions z ! columns be>+ simil> names4 ,! po/]ior root is di/+ui%$ by possess+ a ganglion ( gray matt]1 & by a some:at l>g] size4 ,! successive po9ts ( dep>ture1 or ! (f-%oot+ ( ^! n]ves1 occur at %ort & ne>ly regul> int]vals along ! c\rse ( ! sp9al cord4 ,soon aft] leav+ ^! po9ts1 #aeg ! ant]ior & po/]ior roots unite to =m ! trunk ( a n]ve1 :i* is di/ribut$1 by means ( bran*es1 to ! v>i\s organs ( t "p ( ! body :i* ?is n]ve is design$ to s]ve4 ,! sp9al n]ves supply *iefly ! muscles ( ! trunk & limbs & ! ext]nal surface ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! n]ve tissue8 ,its "*8 ,c\rse ( ea* n]ve fibre8 #ae4 ,! tissue compos+ ! n]ves is entirely ( ! :ite v>iety1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! n]ve-fibres2 ! same z we h obs]v$ =m+ a "p ( ! bra94 ,b ! n]ves1 in/ead ( be+ s(t & pulpy1 z 9 ! case ( ! bra91 are d5se 9 /ructure1 be+ h>d5$ & /r5g!n$ by means ( a fibr\s tissue :i* surr\nds ea* ( ^! delicate fibres1 & b9ds !m toge!r 9 gli/5+1 silv]y bundles4 ,delicate & m9utely f9e z are ^! n]ve-fibres1 x is probable t ea* ( !m pursues an unbrok51 isolat$ c\rse1 f its orig91 9 ! bra9 or else:]e1 to t p>ticul> po9t :i* x is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,=1 al?\gh _! extremities are (t5 only a hair's bread? di/ant f ea* o!r1 ! impression :i* any "o ( !m communicates is p]fectly di/9ct1 & is ref]r$ to ! exact po9t :5ce x came4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,h[ may we illu/rate ! fact8 ,! fibre connect+ ! bra9 ) a po9t 9 ! foot8 #af4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ 9 a simple mann]1 ?us3 if two f+]s be press$ closely toge!r1 & ! po9t ( a p9 be c>ri$ lightly across f "o to ! o!r1 ! eyes may be clos$1 & yet we c easily note ! precise in/ant :5 ! p9 passes f "o f+] to ! o!r4 ,if ! n]ve-fibres 7 less indep5d5t1 & if x 7 necess>y t !y %\ld bl5d ) & support ea* o!r1 all accuracy ( p]ception w\ld be lo/1 & all in=mation ?us af=d$ w\ld be po9tless & confus$4 ,^! silv]y ?reads mu/1 !re=e1 be spun out ) an inf9ite degree ( nicety4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 ! fibre :i* #aeh connects ! bra9 ) "s po9t on ! foot1--its l5g? _c be less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& times great] ?an its diamet]2 & yet x p]=ms its "w ) z mu* precision z fibres t are comp>atively mu* /rong] & less expos$4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves8 ,( :at does x consi/8 #ag4 ,,! ,,sympa!tic ,,sy/em4--,! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves rema9s to be describ$4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble *a9 ( ganglia1 situat$ on ea* side ( ! sp9al column1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! cavities ( ! trunk1 & along ! neck into ! head4 ,^! ganglia are made up = ! mo/ "p ( small collections ( gray n]ve-cells1 & are ! n]ve-c5tres ( ?is sy/em4 ,f ^!1 num]\s small n]ves are d]iv$1 :i* connect ! ganglia toge!r1 s5d out bran*es to ! cranial & sp9al n]ves1 & =m networks 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /oma* & o!r l>ge organs4 ,a consid]able portion ( !m also foll[s ! di/ribution ( ! l>ge & small blood-vessels1 9 :i* ! muscul> tunic appe>s4 ,bran*es also asc5d into ! head1 & supply ! muscles ( ! eye & e>1 & o!r organs ( s5se4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,association ( ! v>i\s regions ( ! body8 ,if "o memb] suff]s8 ,blu%+8 #ah4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! v>i\s regions ( ! body are associat$ ) ea* o!r by a n]v\s app>atus1 :i* is only indirectly connect$ ) ! bra9 & sp9al cord2 & ?us x is arrang$ t ! mo/ widely sep>at$ organs ( ! body are br\ght into close & active sympa?y ) ea* o!r1 s t1 if "o memb] suff]s1 all ! o!r memb]s suff] ) x4 ,f ?is fact1 ! "n sympa!tic sy/em1 or ! great sympa!tic n]ve1 has be5 giv5 to ! complicat$ app>atus we h briefly describ$4 ,blu%+ & pallor are caus$ by m5tal emotions1 z mode/y & fe>1 :i* produce opposite conditions ( ! capill>ies ( ! face by means ( ^! sympa!tic n]ves4 #aei ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,prop]ties ( n]v\s tissue8 ,(fice ( ! gray sub/ance8 ,( ! :ite8 ,! n]v\s c5tres8 ,:ite fibres8 #ai4 ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,tissue4--,we h se5 t 9 all p>ts ( ?is sy/em1 !re are only two =ms ( n]v\s tissue2 namely1 ! gray sub/ance & ! :ite sub/ance1 s call$ f _! diff]5ce ( color z se5 by ! nak$ eye2 or ! n]ve-cell1 & ! n]ve-fibre1 s call$ f _! microscopic appe>ance4 ,n[ ^! two tissues are n commonly m+l$ toge!r1 b ei!r =m sep>ate organs1 or di/9ct p>ts ( ! same organs4 ,?is leads u to ! conclusion t _! respective uses are di/9ct4 ,& ?is proves to be ! simple fact2 :]ev] we f9d ! gray sub/ance1 we mu/ look ^u x z p]=m+ an active "p 9 ! sy/em1 t is1 x orig9ates n]v\s impulses2 ! :ite matt]1 on ! contr>y1 is a passive ag5t1 & s]ves m]ely z a conductor ( n]v\s influ5ces4 ,accord+ly1 ! n]v\s c5tres1 compos$ s l>gely ( ! gray cells1 are ! great c5tres ( p[]1 & ! :ite fibres are simply ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! =m] communicate ) ! ne> & di/ant regions ( ! body "u _! control4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,:at comp>ison is made betwe5 ! bra9 & ! nation's capitol8 ,! vital prop]ty1 excitability8 ,:at example is giv58 #bj4 ,we may comp>e ! bra91 !n1 to ! capital1 or seat ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! v>i\s ganglia1 includ+ ! gray matt] ( ! cord1 l s _m subord9ate (ficial po/s1 are inve/$ ) au?ority ov] ! outly+ prov9ces2 & ! n]ves1 ) ! :ite matt] ( ! cord1 are ! highways ov] :i* messages g & return betwe5 ^! prov9ces & ! local or c5tral gov]nm5ts4 ,b bo? =ms ( n]v\s tissue possess ! same vital prop]ty1 call$ excitability2 by :i* t]m is meant1 t :5 a n]ve-cell or fibre is /imulat$ by "s ext]nal ag5t1 x is capable ( receiv+ an impression & ( be+ by x excit$ into activity4 ,a ray ( light1 = example1 fall+ ^u "o extremity ( a fibre 9 ! eye1 excites x ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?2 & its #afj o!r extremity1 )9 ! bra91 communicat+ ) a n]ve-cell1 ! latt]1 9 its turn1 is excit$1 & ! s5sation ( sight is produc$4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,*ange 9 ! n]v\s tissues8 ,n]ve =ce & electricity8 #ba4 ,:at sort ( *ange takes place 9 ! n]v\s tissue :5 its excitability is ar\s$1 is n kn[n2 c]ta9ly none is visible4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x has be5 ?\ght by "s1 t ! n]ve-fibre acts aft] ! mann] ( a telegraph wire2 t is1 x transmits its messages )\t und]go+ any mat]ial *ange ( =m4 ,b1 ?\gh ! comp>ison is a conv5i5t "o1 x is f> f be+ /rictly applicable2 & ! notion t n]ve-=ce is id5tical ) electricity has be5 fully prov$ to be incorrect4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,functions ( ! n]ves8 ,9 ! case ( ! n]ve ( a liv+ animal8 ,( ! human body8 #bb4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,n]ves4--,! n]ves are ! in/rum5ts ( ! two gr& functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ,s5sation & ,motion4 ,!y are n ! true c5tres ( ei!r function1 b !y are ! conductors ( influ5ces :i* occasion bo?4 ,if ! n]ve 9 a limb ( a liv+ animal be laid b>e1 & irritat$ by p9*+1 galvaniz+1 or ! l1 two results foll[1 namely3 ! animal exp]i5ces a s5sation1 t ( pa91 9 ! "p to :i* ! n]ve is di/ribut$1 & ! limb is ?r[n into convulsive action4 ,:5 a n]ve 9 a human body is cut by accid5t1 or de/roy$ by disease1 ! "p 9 :i* x ramifies loses bo? s5sation & p[] ( motion2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is p>alyz$4 ,we accord+ly say t ! n]ves h a tw(old use1 a s5sory & motor function4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,if an expos$ n]ve be divid$8 ,:at is prov$8 ,! c\rse ( ! s5sory set ( fibres8 ,( ! motor set8 ,to :at are !y lik5$8 #bc4 ,if a n]ve t has be5 expos$ be divid$1 & ! inn] end1 or t /ill 9 connection ) ! n]ve-c5tres1 be irritat$1 s5sation is produc$1 b no movem5t takes place4 ,b if ! out] end1 or t /ill connect$ ) ! limb1 be irritat$1 !n no pa9 is felt1 b #afa muscul> contractions are produc$4 ,?us we prove t !re are two di/9ct sets ( fibres 9 ! n]ves2 "o ( :i*1 ! s5sory fibres1 conduct t[>d ! bra91 & ano!r1 ! motor fibres1 conduct to ! muscles4 ,! =m] may be said to beg9 9 ! sk9 & o!r organs1 & end 9 ! bra92 :ile ! latt] beg9 9 ! n]v\s c5tres & end 9 ! muscles4 ,!y are l a d\ble l9e ( telegraph wires1 "o = inquiries1 ! o!r = responses4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! two roots ( ! sp9al n]ves8 ,:at has be5 f\nd8 ,diff]5ce ( ! two sorts ( fibres8 ,result ( _! union8 #bd4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! two roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 call$ f _! po9ts ( orig9 9 ! sp9al cord1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior roots4 ,^! h be5 sep>ately cut & irritat$ 9 ! liv+ animal1 & x has be5 f\nd t ! po/]ior root conta9s only s5sory fibres1 & ! ant]ior root has only motor fibres4 ,s t ! n]ves ( a limb may be injur$ 9 su* a way t x w reta9 p[] ( motion & yet lose s5sation2 or ! rev]se condition1 feel+ )\t motion1 may exi/4 ,betwe5 ^! two sorts ( fibres1 no diff]5ce ( /ructure c be f\nd2 & :]e !y h jo9$ to =m a n]ve x is impossible to di/+ui% "o sort f ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,transi5t p>alysis8 ,:5 su* is ! case ) ! leg8 ,:at o!r fact is obs]v$8 #be4 ,occasionally a n]ve is s compress$ z to be tempor>ily unable to p]=m its functions3 a transi5t p>alysis !n takes place4 ,?is is ! case :5 ! leg or arm gets asleep1 z x is express$4 ,:5 su* is ! condition ) ! leg1 & ! p]son sudd5ly attempts to walk1 he is liable to fall1 inasmu* z ! motor fibres _c convey ord]s to ! muscles ( ! limb4 ,ano!r fact is obs]v$3 !re is no s5sation 9 ?is n]ve at ! po9t ( its compression2 b ! :ole limb is numb1 & t+l+ s5sations are felt 9 ! foot1 ! po9t f :i* ! s5sory fibres arise4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,:at does ?is illu/rate8 ,s5sation8 ,! feel+ aft] a limb has be5 amputat$8 ,/rik+ ( ! funny bone8 #bf4 ,?is illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ! bra9 #afb int]prets all injuries ( ! trunk ( a n]ve4 ,s5sation or pa9 is n felt at ! po9t ( injury1 b is ref]r$ to ! out] extremities ( ! n]ve1 :]e impressions are habitually receiv$4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 aft] a limb has be5 amputat$ by ! surgeon1 ! pati5t appe>s to suff] pa9 9 ! memb] t has be5 sev]$ f ! body2 :ile "s =m ( irritation at ! end ( ! n]ve 9 ! w\nd1 or /ump1 is ! real s\rce ( 8 di/ress4 ,aga91 :5 ! funny-bone--t is1 ! uln> n]ve at ! elb[1--is accid5tally /ruck1 ! t+l+ s5sations ?us produc$ are ref]r$ to ! out] side ( ! h& & ! little f+]1 ! p>ts to :i* t n]ve is di/ribut$4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! sp9al n]ves1 & two f ! bra98 ,( ! rema9d]8 ,diff]5ce 9 ! n]ves8 ,h[ acc\nt$ =8 ,! rate ( conduction along a n]ve8 ,z comp>$ ) electricity8 #bg4 ,all ! sp9al n]ves1 & two f ! bra91 are conc]n$ 9 bo? s5sation & motion4 ,( ! rema9d] ( ! cranial n]ves1 "s are exclusively motor1 o!rs exclusively s5sory2 & /ill o!rs convey1 n ord9>y s5sations1 b special impressions1 su* z sight1 he>+1 & smell1 :i* we h yet to consid]4 ,h[ev] mu* ! functions ( ! n]ves seem to v>y1 !re is b little diff]5ce discov]able 9 ! n]ves !mselves1 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,:atev] diff]5ce exi/s mu/ be acc\nt$ = 9 consequ5ce ( ! n]ves communicat+ ) diff]5t portions ( ! gray matt] ( ! bra94 ,! rate ( motion ( a message1 to or f ! bra9 along a n]ve1 has be5 measur$ by exp]im5t ^u ! l[] animals1 & e/imat$ 9 ! case ( man at ab\t two hundr$ feet p] second4 ,z comp>$ ) t ( electricity1 ?is is a v sl[ rate1 b1 9 respect to ! size ( ! human body1 x is practically in/antane\s4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,functions ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior columns ( ! cord8 ,if ! cord be divid$8 #bh4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4--,z ! #afc ant]ior & po/]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves h sep>ate functions1 s ! ant]ior & po/]ior columns ( ! cord are di/9ct 9 function4 ,! =m] are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( motion1 ! latt] 9 s5sation4 ,if ! cord be divid$1 z be=e 9 ! case ( ! n]ve1 x is f\nd t ! p>ts bel[ ! po9t ( injury are depriv$ ( s5sation & ( ! p[] ( volunt>y motion on bo? sides ( ! body1 a =m ( p>alysis :i* is call$ p>aplegia4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,p>aplegia8 ,result & dang] to life8 ,:5 ! injury occurs 9 ! neck8 #bi4 ,?is =m ( disease1 p>aplegia1 is sometimes se5 among m51 g5]ally z ! result ( a fall1 or "s o!r sev]e accid5t1 by :i* ! bones ( ! sp9e are brok51 & ! cord is cru%$1 or pi]c$ by fragm5ts ( bone4 ,! p>ts :i* are suppli$ by n]ves f ! cord above ! po9t ( injury are z s5sitive & mobile z be=e4 ,! results are simil>1 :e!r ! division happ5s at a high] or l[] portion ( ! sp9al cord2 b ! dang] to life increases proportionally z ! injury approa*es ! bra94 ,:5 x occurs 9 ! neck1 ! muscles ( inspiration are p>alyz$1 s9ce !y are suppli$ by n]ves issu+ f t region2 & z a result ( ?is p>alysis1 ! lungs are unable to act1 & life is spe$ily br\ght to a close4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,exp]im5t ( cutt+ ! sp9al cord ( an animal8 ,:at inf]5ce is drawn8 #cj4 ,:5 ! sp9al cord ( an animal has be5 cut1 9 exp]im5t1 x may be irritat$ 9 a mann] simil> to t allud$ to :5 consid]+ ! n]ves4 ,if1 !n1 ! upp] cut surface be excit$1 x is f\nd t pa91 ref]able to ! p>ts bel[ ! cut1 is produc$2 b :5 ! l[] cut surface is irritat$1 no feel+ is manife/$4 ,s we conclude t 9 respect to s5sation1 ! sp9al cord is n its true c5tre1 b t x is m]ely a conductor1 & is !re=e ! great s5sory n]ve ( ! body4 ,:5 ! l[] surface ( ! cut is irritat$1 ! muscles ( ! #afd p>ts bel[ ! section are viol5tly contract$4 ,h5ce1 we conclude t1 9 respect to ! movem5ts ord]$ by ! w1 ! sp9al cord is n _! s\rce2 b t x acts only z a conductor1 & is1 accord+ly1 ! great motor n]ve ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,:at s+ul> fact is notic$8 ,:at does ! result %[8 #ca4 ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,fibres ,,( ,,! ,,cord4--,if "o lat]al half ( ! sp9al cord be cut1 or injur$1 a v s+ul> fact is obs]v$4 ,all volunt>y p[] ov] ! muscles ( ! correspond+ half ( ! body is lo/1 b ! s5sibility ( t side rema9s undim9i%$4 ,?is result seems to %[ t ! motor fibres ( ! cord pursue a direct c\rse1 :ile its s5sory fibres are b5t f _! c\rse4 ,& ?is has be5 prov$ to be ! fact2 = imm$iately aft] ! po/]ior roots--! conductors ( s5sory impressions--jo9 ! po/]ior columns1 !y ent] ! gray matt] ( ! cord1 & pass+ ov]1 asc5d to ! bra9 on ! opposite side4 ,accord+ly1 ! s5sory fibres f ! "r & left sides int]lace ea* o!r 9 ! gray matt]2 ?is arrangem5t has be5 t]m$ ! decussation1 or cross+ ( ^! fibres4 ,?is condition s]ves to expla9 h[ a disease or injury ( ! cord may cause a p>alysis ( motion 9 "o leg1 & a loss ( s5sation 9 ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,direction ( ! ant]ior or motor columns8 ,9 ! cord itself8 ,9 ! m$ulla oblongata8 ,! decussation8 #cb4 ,! direction ( ! ant]ior1 or motor columns ( ! cord1 is d[nw>d f ! bra94 ,9 ! cord itself1 ! c\rse ( ! motor fibres is = ! mo/ "p1 a direct "o2 b 9 ! m$ulla oblongata1 or upp] extremity ( ! cord1 & !re=e e>ly 9 _! c>e]1 ^! fibres decussate1 or cross f side to side 9 a mass2 & n sep>ately1 z 9 ! case ( ! po/]ior fibres j m5tion$4 ,?is arrangem5t is t]m$ ! decussation ( ! ant]ior columns ( ! m$ulla4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,result ( ! d\ble int]lac+ ( fibres8 ,:]e is ! seat ( pa9 :5 ! "r h& is hurt8 ,! mov+ ( ! foot8 ,loss ( s5sation 9 "o side ( ! body8 #cc4 ,f ?is d\ble int]lac+ ( fibres results a #afe cross$ action betwe5 ! orig9al & t]m9al extremity ( all n]ve-fibres :i* pass ?r\gh ! m$ulla2 namely1 ^? ( all ! sp9al n]ves4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! "r h& be hurt1 ! left side ( ! bra9 feels ! pa92 & if ! left foot move1 x is ! "r hemisph]e :i* dictates its movem5t4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 a loss ( s5sation & p[] ( motion affect+ ! "r side ( ! body alone is obs]v$1 ! physiologi/ und]/&s t ! bra9 has be5 invad$ by disease ^u its left side4 ,?is affection is t]m$ hemiplegia1 or ! half-/roke4 ,! full-/roke1 :i* (t5 foll[s ! rupture ( a blood-vessel 9 ! bra91 is commonly call$ p>alysis4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,:at o!r important use has ! cord8 ,:at is ! activity d5om9at$8 #cd4 ,,! ,,reflex ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,cord4--,we h already consid]$ ! cord z ! great motor & s5sory n]ve ( ! body1 b x has ano!r & extremely important use4 ,by virtue ( ! gray matt]1 :i* occupies its c5tral portion1 x plays ! "p ( an indep5d5t n]ve c5tre4 ,! sp9al cord n only conducts "s impressions to ! bra91 b x also arre/s o!rs2 &1 z x is express$1 reflects !m into movem5ts by its own p[]4 ,?is mode ( n]v\s activity is d5om9at$ ! ,reflex ,action ( ! cord4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,example ( ! f[l8 ,c5tip$e8 ,frog8 ,:at d !y prove8 #ce4 ,a famili> example ( ?is p[] ( ! cord is f\nd 9 ! viol5t movem5ts :i* agitate a f[l aft] its head has be5 cut (f4 ,! cold-blood$ animals also exhibit reflex movem5ts 9 an a/oni%+ degree4 ,a decapitat$ c5tip$e w run rapidly =w>d1 & w seem+ly /rive to ov]turn1 or else climb ov] ob/acles plac$ 9 its way4 ,a frog simil>ly mutilat$ w su/a9 its headless body ^u its feet1 9 ! /&+ po/ure1 j z x might d if x 7 /ill alive4 ,if pu%$ ov]1 x w rega9 its feet2 & if ! feet are irritat$1 x w #aff jump =w>d4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 9 ! l[] animals1 movem5ts may take place :i* are completely divorc$ f ! w1 s5sation1 & consci\sness2 = 9 ^? animals1 z well z 9 man1 ^! faculties h _! pr9cipal seat )9 ! bra94 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,:at is necess>y 9 mo/ cases to awak5 reflex movem5ts8 ,9 ! case ( ! f[l8 ,convulsions :i* foll[ decapitation8 #cf4 ,an irritation is necess>y1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to awak5 reflex movem5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! decapitat$ f[l1 its muscles are excit$ to convulsive action by reason ( its be+ ?r[n ^u ! h>d gr\nd & r\ghly h&l$4 ,let x be treat$ diff]5tly1 & ! convulsions w n take place3 let x be laid g5tly ^u s(t cotton1 & ! body w rema9 comp>atively quiet4 ,x may com=t "s p to "k t ! convulsions :i* foll[ decapitation are n att5d$ ) pa92 nor are !y a necess>y "p ( ! act ( dea?1 z "s suppose4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,actions 9 ! human body di/9ct f volunt>y ef=ts8 #cg4 ,9 ! human body1 likewise1 actions are excit$ t are entirely di/9ct f ! ord9>y volunt>y ef=ts4 ,x is n p]missible1 desirable1 nor ev5 necess>y to decapitate a man t ! body may be disconnect$ f 8 bra91 9 ord] to te/ ! effect ( irritation ^u ! sp9al cord2 al?\gh ! bodies ( behead$ crim9als h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u1 & caus$ to move by p[]ful galvanic batt]ies4 ,! resort to su* means ( exp]im5t is r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 deplorable cases ( disease & injury1 :i* effectually sev] all communication betwe5 ! bra9 & a l>ge "p ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,reflex action aft] injury ( ! cord8 ,:y n due to ! muscles8 #ch4 ,?us1 ! cord may be s f> injur$1 z ! result ( accid5t1 z to t]m9ate all s5sation & volunt>y motion 9 ! l[] half ( ! body1 ! pati5t seem+ly becom+ lifeless & p[]less f ! wai/ d[nw>d4 ,& yet1 by tickl+ or p9*+ ei!r foot1 ! leg #afg ( ! same side may be made to j]k1 or ev5 to kick ) consid]able =ce2 b1 unless ! pati5t is obs]v+ 8 limbs1 he is :olly unconsci\s ( ^! movem5ts1 :i* are1 !re=e1 p]=m$ indep5d5tly ( ! bra94 ,& !y are 9 n[ise due to ! muscles ( ! limb2 =1 if ! cord itself becomes diseas$ bel[ ! po9t ( injury1 ! muscles cease to contract4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,:at are ! requisites = ! production ( ?is =m ( n]v\s action8 #ci4 ,= ! production ( ?is =m ( n]v\s action ?ree ?+s are requisite--7#a7 a n]ve to conduct messages f ! surface ( ! body1 "o ( t v>iety =m]ly describ$ z s5sory1 b :i* are n[ incapable ( awak5+ s5sation2 7#b7 a portion ( un9jur$ sp9al cord :i* %all reflect or conv]t impressions into impulses2 & 7#c7 a motor n]ve to conduct impulses outw>d to ! muscles4 ,! p[] ( ! cord to en=ce reflex acts resides 9 ! gray matt]1 into :i* ! reflex n]ves ent] & f :i* !y dep>t1 by means ( _! po/]ior & ant]ior roots respectively4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,:y d we n readily recognize ! reflex activity ( ! cord 9 our own bodies8 ,h[ be/ /udi$ 9 o!rs8 ,example8 #dj4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,reflex ,,action4--,! reflex activity ( ! cord is exhibit$ 9 ! heal?y body 9 _m ways1 b s9ce x is nev] accompani$ ) s5sation1 we d n readily recognize x 9 our own bodies4 ,reflex movem5ts are be/ /udi$ 9 ! cases ( o!r p]sons1 :5 ! conditions enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 acts t are consci\sly1 & ^? t are unconsci\sly p]=m$4 ,= example1 if ! foot ( a p]son s\ndly asleep be tickl$ or p9*$1 x w be quickly )drawn f ! irritation4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,simil> movem5ts8 ,arm ( a p]son8 ,melt$ wax or heat$ co9 on ! h&8 #da4 ,simil> movem5ts may be obs]v$ 9 cases :]e ! consci\sness & s5sation are tempor>ily oblit]at$ by disease1 or by means ( n>cotic poisons4 ,if ! arm ( a p]son :o has be5 r5d]$ ins5sible by #afh *lor(orm1 be rais$1 & !n all[$ to fall1 x w be notic$ t ! limb does n drop in/antly1 l a lifeless memb]1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( rigidity rema9s 9 its muscles1 :i* resi/s or breaks ! =ce ( its desc5t4 ,aga91 :5 a sub/ance l melt$ seal+-wax1 or a heat$ co91 falls ^u ! h&1 ! limb is snat*$ away at once1 ev5 be=e ! feel+ ( pa9 has be5 recogniz$ by ! bra94 ,:5 jolt$ 9 a rapidly mov+ c>1 we involunt>ily /ep =w>d or backw>d1 s z to pres]ve ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,result ( heal?ful reflex activity8 ,:5 may ! reflex en]gy be defici5t8 #db4 ,^! & simil> acts are execut$ by ! same me*anism z t previ\sly describ$ 9 ! case ( p>alysis f an injury ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! muscles ?us call$ into play1 are ^? :i* are ord9>ily "u ! sway ( ! w1 b :i* 9 ^! cases act ?r\gh ?is reflex action ( ! cord1 altoge!r indep5d5tly ( ! w4 ,a heal?ful reflex activity produces an ela/icity1 or tone1 ( ! volunt>y muscul> sy/em1 :i*1 9 a great measure1 expla9s ! exi/5ce 9 ! "y & vigor\s ( a feel+ ( buoyancy & res]ve p[]4 ,its possessor is re/lessly active1 & x may appropriately be said ( him1 he rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race4 ,b ?is reflex en]gy may be defici5t4 ,?is is true :5 ! blood is poor & want+ 9 its solid +r$i5ts1 or ! circulation is feeble2 ! muscles1 !n1 are flabby & weak1 & ! p]son himself is said to be n]veless1 or indispos$ to ex]tion4 ,%iv]+ f cold1 & trembl+ f fe>1 may1 9 "p1 be ref]r$ to a tempor>y loss ( tone1 result+ f a p[]ful impression ^u ! bra94 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,excess ( ?is activity 9 disease8 ,hydrophobia1 etc48 ,! diff]5ce 9 sev]ity ( ! convulsions8 #dc4 ,an excess ( ?is activity may also be obs]v$ 9 disease4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! excitability ( ! cord is unnaturally ar\s$1 & frequ5t & viol5t movem5ts #afi ( ! limbs & body1 call$ convulsions1 are ! result4 ,! convulsions ( "y *ildr51 & ! n]v\s agitation ( *orea1 or ,/4 ,vitus's dance1 are reflex 9 "*2 z are also ! symptoms att5d+ poison+ by /ry*n9e1 & ^? t]rible diseases1 tetanus1 or lock$ jaw1 & hydrophobia4 ,! sev]ity ( ! convulsions is n ! same 9 all cases ( ^! disord]s2 b1 9 ^? la/ m5tion$ ! mo/ viol5t spasmodic movem5ts are provok$ by ! slighte/ =m ( irritation--su* z ! s\nd ( p\r+ wat]1 ! sight ( any glitt]+ object1 ! glanc+ ( a mirror1 ! contact ( cool air1 or ev5 ! t\* ( ! b$clo!s4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,ano!r v>iety ( reflex motions8 ,:at are !y8 ,:at is /at$ ( ! m9d 9 connection ) ^! movem5ts8 #dd4 ,ano!r v>iety ( reflex motions takes place 9 c]ta9 involunt>y muscles1 & ov] ^! ! cord ex]cises supreme control4 ,!y are pr9cipally ^? movem5ts :i* aid ! p]=mance ( dige/ion & nutrition1 ! valve-action ( ! pylorus1 & o!r movem5ts ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,9 ^! movem5ts ! m9d %>es no "p4 ,& x is well t ?is is s2 = s9ce ! m9d is l>gely occupi$ ) affairs ext]nal to ! body1 x acts irregul>ly1 becomes fatigu$1 & ne$s frequ5t re/4 ,! sp9al cord1 on ! contr>y1 is well fitt$ = ! =m ( "w on :i* dep5ds ! gr[? & support ( ! body1 z x acts uni=mly1 & ) a ma*9e-l regul>ity4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,consci\sness 9 ^! op]ations8 ,physical wants8 #de4 ,^! op]ations are n accompani$ by consci\sness2 =1 z a g5]al rule1 ! att5tion is only call$ to !m :5 !y become disord]$4 ,_m a p]son does n "k :]e 8 /oma* is situat$1 until he discov]s its position by reason ( a feel+ ( di/ress )9 x1 produc$ by giv+ t organ improp] "w to p]=m4 ,9 ?is mann] ! high] & nobl] faculties ( ! m9d are lib]at$ f ! simply r\t9e duties ( ! #agj body2 & we are ?us left to direct ! att5tion1 ! reason1 & ! w to ! accompli%m5t ( ! great ends ( our exi/5ce4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 we c\ld only f9d "t to att5d to our ord9>y physical wants4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,h[ _m objects may ! reflex activity be said to h8 ,/ate ! fir/4 ,! second4 ,! ?ird4 #df4 ,! objects ( ! reflex activity ( ! cord are ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x acts z ! protector ( man1 9 8 unconsci\s mom5ts4 ,x is 8 unse5 gu>dian1 always ready to act1 nev] gr[+ we>y1 & nev] requir+ sleep4 ,nor does its fai?ful action :olly cease ) ! cessation ( life 9 o!r p>ts4 ,9 ! second place1 x is ! regulator ( num]\s involunt>y motions t are necess>y to ! nutrition ( ! body4 ,"h its actions are entirely indep5d5t ( ! bra91 & are p]=m$ 9 a secret & automatic mann]4 ,&1 ?irdly1 x acts z a sub/itute1 & regulates involunt>y movem5ts 9 ! muscles usually "u ! influ5ce ( ! w4 ,x ?us takes ! place ( ! high] faculties 9 p]=m+ habitual acts1 & p]mits !m to ext5d _! op]ations m & m beyond ! body & its mat]ial wants4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,h[ does ! m$ulla oblongata resemble ! cord8 #dg4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,m$ulla ,,oblongata4--,! prolongation ( ! sp9al cord1 )9 ! skull1 has be5 previ\sly spok5 ( z ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,x resembles ! cord1 9 be+ compos$ ( bo? :ite & gray matt]1 & 9 conduct+ s5sory & motor influ5ces4 ,x likewise gives rise to c]ta9 n]ves1 :i* are "h call$ cranial n]ves 7f cranium1 ! skull74 ,all except two ( ^! important n]ves spr+ f ! m$ulla1 or ! p>ts imm$iately adjo9+ x2 ! exceptions are ! two n]ves tak+ "p 9 ! special s5ses ( sight & smell1 :i* n]ves h _! orig9 at ! base ( ! c]ebrum4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,:at f9al fact is obs]v$ 9 ! cross+ ( ! motor columns8 #dh4 ,! decussation1 or cross+ ( ! motor columns1 has be5 previ\sly describ$1 :5 treat+ ( ! #aga direction ( ! n]ve-fibres ( ! cord2 & ! s+ul> fact has be5 allud$ to1 t :5 "o side ( ! bra9 is injur$1 its effects are limit$ to ! opposite side ( ! body4 ,"o m fact rema9s to be obs]v$ 9 ?is connection1 namely1 ?is cross$ action does n usually take place 9 ! cranial n]ves4 ,accord+ly1 :5 apoplexy1 or ! rupture ( a blood-vessel1 occurs 9 ! "r hemisph]e ( ! c]ebrum1 ! left side ( ! body is p>alyz$1 b ! "r side ( ! face is affect$2 ?is is because t "p ( ! body is suppli$ by ! cranial n]ves4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve8 ,! feel+s ar\s$ by x8 ,! vital knot8 #di4 ,a portion ( ! m$ulla presides ov] ! important function ( respiration1 & f x arises ! pneumoga/ric n]ve1 s call$ because its bran*es s]ve bo? ! lungs & /oma*4 ,! feel+s ( hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! desire = air are ar\s$ by means ( ?is n]ve4 ,! w\nd+ ( ! gray matt] ( ! m$ulla1 ev5 ( a small portion ( x1 ne> ! orig9 ( ! pneumoga/ric n]ve1 at once /ops ! action ( ! lungs & causes dea?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! importance ( ?is "p1 x has be5 t]m$ ! vital knot4 ,we f9d1 also1 t its location )9 ! skull is exce$+ly well protect$1 x be+ q beyond ! rea* ( any ord9>y =m ( h>m f )\t4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,! uses ( ! small] gray masses at ! base ( ! bra98 #ej4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,cranial ,,ganglia4--,! uses ( ! small] gray masses ly+ at ! base ( ! bra9 are n well asc]ta9$2 &1 on acc\nt ( _! position1 s remote f ! surface1 x w\ld1 at fir/1 seem well-nigh impossible to /udy !m4 ,b1 f ! results foll[+ diseases 9 ^! p>ts1 & f exp]im5ts ^u inf]ior animals1 !y are becom+ gradually bett] und]/ood2 & !re is reason to believe t ev5tually ! physiological (fice ( ea* "p w be cle>ly asc]ta9$ & def9$4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 b n #agb absolutely prov51 t ! ant]ior masses1 l ! ant]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves & ! ant]ior columns ( ! cord1 are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( motion2 9 fact1 t !y are ! c5tral organs ( t function4 ,! po/]ior gray masses are1 on ! contr>y1 suppos$ to be ! seat ( s5sation4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,function ( ! c]ebellum8 ,:5 x is diseas$8 #ea4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebellum4--,! function ( ! c]ebellum1 or little bra91 is ! direction ( ! movem5ts ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,:5 ?is organ is ! seat ( disease or injury1 x is usually obs]v$ t ! p]son is unable to execute ord]ly & regul> acts1 b moves 9 a confus$ mann] z if 9 a /ate ( intoxication4 ,l ! l>g] bra91 or c]ebrum1 x appe>s to be devoid ( feel+2 b x takes no "p 9 ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,:]e is ! seat ( ! m9d8 ,! subord9ation ( ! o!r organs8 ,! gray matt]8 #eb4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,c]ebrum4--,! c]ebrum1 or bra9 prop]1 is ! seat ( ! m9d2 or1 speak+ m exactly1 x is ! mat]ial in/rum5t by :i* ! m9d acts2 &1 z x occupies ! highe/ position 9 ! body1 s x fulfils ! l(tie/ uses4 ,all ! o!r organs are subord9ate to x3 ! s5ses are its mess5g]s1 :i* br+ x in=mation f ! out] _w1 & ! organs ( motion are its s]vants1 :i* execute its comm&s4 ,"h1 z 9 ! n]v\s app>atus ( l[] grade already consid]$1 ! gray matt] is ! elem5t ( p[]2 &1 9 proportion z ?is sub/ance increases 9 ext5t1 & 9 proportion to ! numb] ( convolutions 9 ! hemisph]es1 d ! m5tal faculties exp&4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,:at is /at$ ( m5 9 connection ) ! size ( _! bra98 ,) ! bra9s ( o!r animals8 #ec4 ,!re h be5 a few1 b only a few1 m5 ( di/+ui%$ ability ^: bra9s h be5 comp>atively small 9 size2 ! rule be+ t great m5 possess l>ge bra9s4 ,! relative weight ( ! bra9 ( man1 z #agc comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! body1 does n1 9 all in/ances1 exce$ t ( ! inf]ior animals2 ! can>y & o!r s++-birds h a great] relative am\nt ( n]v\s matt] ?an man2 b man surpasses all o!r creatures 9 ! size ( ! hemisph]es ( ! c]ebrum1 & 9 ! am\nt ( gray sub/ance :i* !y conta94 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,s5sitiv5ess ( ! bra9 sub/ance8 ,! removal ( a portion ( ! bra98 ,/ate ! rem>kable case m5tion$8 #ed4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ?is c]ebral sub/ance is ins5sitive1 & may be cut )\t caus+ pa94 ,! removal ( a consid]able quantity ( ! bra9 has tak5 place1 z ! result ( accid5t1 )\t caus+ dea?1 & )\t ev5 affect+ s]i\sly ! intellect4 ,a rem>kable case ( injury ( ! bra9 is record$1 9 :i*1 f ! accid5tal explosion ( gunp[d] us$ 9 bla/+ a rock1 ! tamp+-iron 0 driv5 directly ?r\gh ! skull ( a man4 ,?is iron rod1 ?ree feet & sev5 in*es long1 an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ m ?an ?irte5 p\nds1 ent]$ ! head bel[ ! e> & pass$ out at ! top ( ! skull1 c>ry+ ) x portions ( ! bra9 & fragm5ts ( bone4 ,! man su/a9$ ! loss ( sight on "o side1 b o!rwise recov]$ 8 heal? & ! use ( 8 faculties4 ,moreov]1 disease has occurr$1 compromis+ a l>ge portion ( ! bra91 )\t impair+ ! faculties ( ! m9d1 :5 ! disease 0 limit$ to "o side only4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,?\ght1 emotion1 & w8 ,:at p[] d !y give u8 #ee4 ,impressions convey$ to ! hemisph]es f ! ext]nal _w ar\se ! m5tal op]ations call$ ?\ght1 emotion1 & ! w4 ,^! are ! godlike attributes :i* enable man to subjugate a _w1 & aft]w>d cause him to sigh = o!r worlds to conqu]2 :i* enable him to acqua9t himself ) ! prop]ties ( planets millions ( miles di/ant f him1 & :i* give him t creative p[] by :i* he builds & peoples ! new worlds ( poetry & art4 #agd ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,are ! bra9 & ! m9d id5tical8 #ef4 ,all ^! m5tal acts1 & _m o!rs1 are develop$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! bra92 n t ! bra9 & ! m9d are ! same1 or t ! bra9 secretes memory1 imag9ation1 or ! ideas ( tru? & ju/ice1 z ! /oma* secretes ! ga/ric juice4 ,b r1 z ! n]ve ( ! eye1 /imulat$ by ! subtile waves ( light1 occasions ! notion ( color1 s ! bra91 call$ into action by ! my/]i\s influ5ces ( ! immat]ial s\l1 gives rise to all ! intellectual1 emotional1 & volunt>y activities ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,:at d we "k ( ! c]ebrum & its p[]s8 #eg4 ,! c]ebrum1 accord+ to our pres5t k ( x1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a s+le organ1 :i* produces diff]5t results1 accord+ z x is act$ ^u by ! immat]ial m9d 9 diff]5t ways4 ,rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev]1 seem to prove t ! faculty ( language is dep5d5t ^u a small "p ( ! left hemisph]e ( ! c]ebrum1 ne> ! temple4 ,at lea/1 9 almo/ e in/ance :]e ?is "p is diseas$1 ! pati5t c no long] express himself 9 spee* & writ+4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! reflex function ( ! organs )9 ! skull8 ,! reflex p[] ( ! m$ulla8 ,respiration8 #eh4 ,,! ,,reflex ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,bra94--,! reflex function ( ! organs )9 ! skull is v active & important4 ,l t ( ! cord1 x protects ! body by involunt>y movem5ts1 x regulates ! s-call$ vegetative acts1 & x takes ! place ( ! w 9 controll+ ! volunt>y muscles1 :5 ! att5tion is turn$ 9 o!r directions4 ,! reflex p[] ( ! m$ulla gov]ns ! acts ( respiration1 :i* are absolutely & cont9u\sly ess5tial to life4 ,respiration is1 z we h se51 p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( ! w2 b ?is is due 9 "p to ! fact t respiration is indirectly conc]n$ 9 "o ( ! animal functions1 t ( spee*4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,:at else does reflex action occasion8 ,w9k+8 ,o!r examples8 #ei4 ,reflex action also occasions c\gh+ & sneez+1 #age :5ev] improp] sub/ances ent] ! air-passages4 ,w9k+ is an act ( ! same sort1 & s]ves bo? to %ield ! eyes f too great gl>e ( light1 & to pres]ve !m by keep+ ! cornea moi/4 ,look+ at ! sun or o!r /rong light1 causes sneez+ by reflex action4 ,laugh+1 :e!r caus$ by tickl+ ! feet or by "s happy ?\ght1 & also sobb+1 are reflex acts1 tak+ place by means ( ! respiratory muscles4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,muscles call$ into play by c]ta9 reflex movem5ts8 ,! somnambuli/8 #fj4 ,c]ta9 ( ! protective reflex movem5ts call into play a l>ge numb] ( muscles1 z 9 ! balanc+ ( ! body :5 walk+ along a n>r[ l$ge1 or on a slipp]y pavem5t4 ,! dodg+ motion ( ! recruit1 :5 ! fir/ cannon ball passes ov] 8 head1 is reflex & involunt>y4 ,! fact t ^! involunt>y1 reflex acts are p]=m$ ) great precision1 w expla9 :y x is t accid5ts seldom befall ! somnambuli/1 or sleep-walk]1 al?\gh he (t5 v5tures 9 mo/ p]il\s places4 ,sid5ote3 #fa4 ,:at is said ( walk+ & o!r acts 9 connection ) ! (fice p]=m$ by ! m$ulla & sp9al cord8 #fa4 ,walk+1 sitt+1 & o!r acts ( daily life1 become automatic1 or reflex1 f habit3 ! m9d is seldom direct$ to !m1 b delegates _! control to ! m$ulla & sp9al cord4 ,?us a p]son 9 walk+1 may trav]se sev]al miles :ile absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 or 9 argum5t ) a companion1 & yet be consci\s ( sc>cely "o 9 a ?\s& ( ! acts t h be5 necess>y to c>ry 8 body f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,by ?is admirable & beautiful provision1 ! m9d is releas$ f ! *>ge ( ! ord9>y me*anical acts ( life1 & may devote itself to ! ex]cise ( its nobl] faculties4 ,& x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! great] ! use ( ^! faculties1 ! m "w does ! reflex function assume & p]=m2 & ?us ! employm5t ( ! "o insures ! improvem5t ( ! o!r4 #agf ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,,page #a4 ,/ate fully :at is meant by ! t]m vegetable function4 #adh #b4 ,to :at is man indebt$ = 8 position z ! head ( ! animal creation8 #adh1 #adi #c4 ,:at c y /ate on ! subject ( special organs = sep>ate functions8 #adi #d4 ,describe1 z fully z y c1 ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 #adi1 #aej #e4 ,describe ! bra91 its location1 size1 %ape1 & /ructure4 #aej1 #aeb #f4 ,describe ! bra9 prop]1 or c]ebrum4 #aeb1 #aec1 #agd #g4 ,:at connection is notic$ betwe5 ! c]ebrum & m5tal p[]8 #aec1 #agb1 #agd #h4 ,describe ! little bra91 or c]ebellum4 #aec1 #aed1 #agb #i4 ,describe ! sp9al cord4 #aed1 #aee1 #aef #aj4 ,:at are ! sp9al n]ves1 & h[ are !y arrang$8 #aef1 #aeg #aa4 ,:at is ! "* & sub/ance ( _! tissues8 #aeg #ab4 ,/ate h[ ! n]ve-fibres p]=m _! (fice1 & give ! illu/ration4 #aeg1 #aeh #ac4 ,describe ! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves4 #aeh #ad4 ,/ate :at is meant by ! prop]ties ( n]v\s tissue1 & give ! illu/ration4 #aei1 #afj #ae4 ,expla9 :at is meant by ! functions ( ! n]ves1 & give ! illu/ration4 #afj1 #afa1 #afb #af4 ,:at is meant by a transi5t p>alysis ( a n]ve8 ,give ! illu/ration4 #afa1 #afb #ag4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! rate ( message-motion along a n]ve8 #afb #ah4 ,:at are ! functions ( ! sp9al cord8 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe #ai4 ,/ate :at y c ( ! =m ( p>alysis kn[n z p>aplegia4 #afc #bj4 ,:at exp]im5ts1 ) results1 ^u ! sp9al cord are not$8 #afc1 #afd #ba4 ,expla9 h[ injury ( ! cord may produce p>alysis ( motion 9 "o leg1 & at ! same "t a loss ( s5sation 9 ! o!r4 #afd #bb4 ,expla9 h[1 if ! "r h& be hurt1 ! left side ( ! bra9 is made to feel ! pa94 #afe #bc4 ,n[1 expla9 z fully z y c ! direction ( ! fibres ( ! cord4 #afd1 #afe #bd4 ,:at is und]/ood by ! reflex action ( ! cord8 #afe #be4 ,:at exp]im5ts are m5tion$ to prove ?is p[] ( ! cord8 #afe1 #aff #bf4 ,:at are ! uses ( ! reflex action ( ! cord8 #afg-agj #bg4 ,:at illu/rations are m5tion$ to %[ su* uses8 #afg-agj #bh4 ,:at is ! m$ulla oblongata8 #aed1 #agj #bi4 ,:at are ! functions ( ! m$ulla oblongata8 #agj1 #aga #cj4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! functions ( ! cranial ganglia8 #aga1 #agb #ca4 ,:at are ! functions ( ! c]ebellum8 #agb #cb4 ,:at is ! function ( ! c]ebrum8 #agb1 #agd #cc4 ,9 :at way does ! size ( ! bra9 g5]ally indicate ! "* ( ! man8 #agb1 #agc #cd4 ,:at facts %[ t ! gray sub/ance ( ! bra9 is ins5sitive8 #agc #ce4 ,^u :at does ! faculty ( language seem to dep5d8 #agd #cf4 ,:at has be5 obs]v$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t8 #agd #cg4 ,( :at importance is ! reflex action ( ! bra98 #agd1 #age #ch4 ,9 :at ways is ?is importance made manife/8 #agd1 #age 99 99 99 99 99 #agg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,special ,,s5ses4 ,! ,production ( ,s5sations--,v>iety ( ,s5sations--,g5]al ,s5sibility--,pa9 & its ,function--,special ,s5sation1 ,t\*1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,sight1 & ,he>+--,! ,h&1 ! ,organ ( ,t\*--,! ,s5se ( ,t\*--,delicacy ( ,t\*--,s5sation ( ,temp]ature & ,weight--,! ,tongue ! ,organ ( ,ta/e--,! ,n]ves ( ,ta/e--,! ,s5se ( ,ta/e & its ,relations ) ! o!r ,s5ses--,! ,influ5ce ( ,education on ! ,ta/e--,! ,nasal ,cavities1 or ! organs ( ,smell--,! ,olfactory ,n]ve--,! ,uses ( ! ,s5se ( ,smell--,! ,s5se ( ,sight--,light--,! ,optic ,n]ve--,! ,eyeball & its ,cov]+s--,! ,function ( ! ,iris--,! ,scl]otic1 ,*oroid1 & ,ret9a--,! ,te>s & _! ,function--,! ,movem5ts ( ! ,eyeball--,! ,function ( ,accommodation--,! ,s5se ( ,he>+ & ,s\nd--,! ,e>1 or ! organ ( ,he>+--,! ,ext]nal1 ,middle1 & ,int]nal ,e>4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,true c5tre ( s5sation8 ,place ( ! m9d's impressions8 ,:at is x conv5i5t to say8 ,:at fur!r is /at$8 #a4 ,,production ,,( ,,s5sations4--,we h already se5 t ! true c5tre ( s5sation is "s organ )9 ! skull1 probably among ! gray masses at ! base ( ! bra92 b ! m9d nev] p]ceives impressions at t po9t2 b1 on ! contr>y1 always ref]s !m to ! ext]nal organs ( s5sation4 ,h5ce1 x is conv5i5t to say1 t ^? out] p>ts possess ! prop]ty ( s5sibility4 ,= in/ance1 we say t we he> ) ! e>1 ta/e ) ! tongue1 & feel ) ! f+]s4 ,t ?is is n ! exact tru? is prov5 by ! fact1 t :5ev] ! n]ve connect+ "o ( ^! organs ) ! bra9 is sev]$1 x at once loses its capacity = s5sation4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,consci\sness8 ,dur+ sleep8 ,9 pr(\nd ins5sibility8 #b4 ,consci\sness1 ano!r faculty ( ! bra91 is necess>y to complete a s5sation4 ,dur+ sleep1 & 9 o!r unconsci\s /ates1 ! usual impressions are pres5t$ to #agh ! e>1 ! nose1 & ! sk91 b !y fail to excite s5sations1 because ! n]ve-c5tres are inactive4 ,9 pr(\nd ins5sibility1 f *lor(orm or e!r1 a limb may be remov$ )\t occasion+ ! lea/ feel+4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,s5sibility 9 animals8 ,9 ! e>?-worm8 ,9 man8 #c4 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,s5sations4--,all animals h "s degree ( s5sibility4 ,x is ( c\rse feeble & indi/9ct 9 ! l[] =ms ( life1 b increases 9 p[] & v>iety z we asc5d ! scale4 ,9 ! e>?-worm1 ! n]v\s sy/em is v simple1 ! s5sibility be+ mod]ate & alike 9 all p>ts3 h5ce1 if its body be cut into two pieces1 ea* piece w h ! same degree ( feel+ z be=e4 ,z we approa* man1 h[ev]1 ! s5sations multiply & become m acute2 ! organs are m complex1 & special p>ts are end[$ ) special gifts4 ,^! special organs _c be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body )\t ! loss ( ! functions !y are design$ to ex]cise4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! l[e/ =m ( s5sation8 ,! highe/8 ,s5sations1 h[ modifi$8 ,:at fur!r c y /ate z to habitual impressions8 #d4 ,! l[e/ =m ( s5sation1 t ( simple contact1 is possess$ by ! l[e/ ( ! animal creation4 ,! highe/ =ms are ^? by :i* we are enabl$ to "k ! prop]ties ( ext]nal objects1 su* z %ape1 size1 s\nd1 & color4 ,a v>iety ( means ( communicat+ ) ! out] _w is ! necess>y possession ( a high intellig5ce4 ,s5sations are modifi$ by use4 ,!y become m acute & p[]ful by mod]ate ex]cise2 or1 !y are dull$ by undue excitem5t4 ,! =m] is %[n by ! acute he>+ ( ! ,indian1 by ! %>p sight ( ! sailor1 & by ! delicate t\* ( ! bl9d4 ,! latt] is exemplifi$ by ! impair$ he>+ ( ! boil]-mak]1 & ! deprav$ ta/e ( him :o uses pung5t condim5ts ) 8 food4 ,aga91 impressions habitually pres5t$ may n be consci\sly felt2 z is ! case ) ! rumbl+ ( c>riages 9 a neighbor+ #agi /reet1 or ! regul> tick+ ( a clock4 ,all s5sations become less vivid ) ! advance ( age1 especially he>+ & vision4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,g5]al s5sibility8 ,:at h we se5 z reg>ds ! bra98 ,( :at o!r /ructures is ! same true8 #e4 ,,g5]al ,,s5sibility4--,!re is a prop]ty possess$ by ne>ly all p>ts ( ! human body :i* we call g5]al s5sibility4 ,we h rec5tly se5 t ! bra9 is :olly ins5sitive1 & may be cut or p9*$ )\t pa94 ,! same is true ( ! nails1 hair1 ! sc>f-sk9 or ext]nal cov]+ ( ! body1 & a few o!r /ructures4 ,9 ^! p>ts no n]ves are f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s5sibility ( ! true sk91 & ( muc\s membranes1 z ( ! eye & nose1 is exquisite1 ^! organs hav+ a l>ge supply ( s5sory n]ve-fibres4 ,! bones & t5dons h less ( ^! fibres1 & are only mod]ately s5sitive4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! cause ( s5sibility8 ,pa9ful "p 9 a surgical op]ation8 ,b5umb+ ! surface8 ,h[ done by e!r8 #f4 ,! s5sibility ( any "p ( ! body1 !n1 dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( n]ves pres5t2 &1 z a rule1 ! n]v\s supply is proportional to ! importance ( ! "p1 & to its liability to injury4 ,:51 !re=e1 a surgical op]ation is p]=m$1 ! mo/ pa9ful "p ( x is ! incision ?r\gh ! sk92 ! muscles1 c>tilage1 & bone be+ comp>atively )\t s5sation4 ,h5ce1 if we c\ld b5umb ! surface1 c]ta9 ( ! less] op]ations might be und]gone )\t great inconv5i5ce4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 v successfully accompli%$ by means ( ! cold produc$ by ?r[+ a spray ( e!r1 or ( "s o!r rapidly evaporat+ liquid1 ^u ! "p to be cut4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,tickl+8 ,int]nal s5sations8 ,! n]ves ( g5]al s5sibility8 #g4 ,tickl+ is a modification ( g5]al s5sibility4 ,at fir/1 x excites a pleasurable s5sation1 b ?is soon passes into pa94 ,x is only pres5t 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! s5se ( t\* is feeble4 ,b all impressions are n receiv$ f )\t3 !re are1 also1 c]ta9 int]nal #ahj s5sations1 z !y are call$1 :i* dep5d ^u ! condition ( ! int]nal organs1 su* z appetite1 hung]1 ?ir/1 ! s5se ( satisfaction aft] tak+ food1 dizz9ess :5 look+ d[n f "s l(ty position1 lassitude1 dr[s9ess1 fatigue1 & o!r feel+s ( com=t or discom=t4 ,g5]al s5sibility1 :e!r ( ! int]nal or ext]nal organs ( ! body1 *iefly dep5ds ^u ! s5sory fibres ( ! sp9al n]ve4 ,! face1 h[ev]1 is suppli$ by ! s5sory cranial n]ves4 ,! sympa!tic sy/em has a l[ grade ( feel+ 9 heal?2 b disease 9 ! p>ts s]v$ by x ar\ses an int5se degree ( pa94 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,connection betwe5 pa9 & s5sibility8 #h4 ,,! ,,s5sation ,,( ,,pa94--,:at !n is pa98 ,is x id5tical ) ord9>y s5sibility8 ,!re seems to be "s necess>y connection betwe5 ! two feel+s1 = !y take place ?r\gh ! same *annels1 & !y are alike int5se 9 ! same situations4 ,b s5sibility habitually contributes to our s\rces ( pleasure1 ! v opposite ( pa92 h5ce1 ^! feel+s _c be id5tical4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 pa9 & s5sibility4 #i4 ,pa9 mu/1 !re=e1 be a modification ( ! g5]al s5sibility1 :i* foll[s an excessive degree ( excitem5t ( ! n]ves2 !re be+ a natural limit to ! am\nt ( /imulation :i* !y w su/a94 ,s long z ?is limit is obs]v$1 ! "p excit$ may be said to be simply s5sitive2 b :5 x is exce$$1 ! impression becomes pa9ful4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 s5sibility & pa9 is well %[n by ! effects ( sunlight ^u ! eye4 ,! indirect illum9ation ( ! sun ar\ses only ! =m] feel+1 & is indisp5sable to our com=t & exi/5ce2 :ile ! direct ray receiv$ into ! eye occasions great pa94 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,dread ( pa98 ,h[ may its value be appreciat$8 ,example4 #aj4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,pa94--,! dread ( pa9 is a valuable monitor to ! body4 ,x puts u on our gu>d 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]2 tea*es mod]ation 9 ! use ( our #aha p[]s2 indicates ! approa* ( disease2 & calls att5tion to x :5 pres5t4 ,! ^w disease1 9 fact1 accord+ to its orig9al use1 _h ref]5ce simply to ! pa91 or want ( ease1 :i* commonly att5ds disord]$ heal?4 ,:5 we obs]ve ! s]i\s mi%aps :i* occur :5 s5sibility & pa9 are abs5t1 we _c fail to appreciate its value4 ,= example1 a p>alytic 9 tak+ a foot-ba?1 =gets to te/ its temp]ature1 & putt+ 8 limbs into wat] :ile x is too hot1 is sev]ely scald$ )\t kn[+ x4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,! case ( ! travell]8 ,gra9 ( s&8 ,! sun & *ild8 #aa4 ,a travell]1 ov]come by cold & fatigue1 lies d[n & falls asleep ne> a l>ge fire1 & :5 he is ar\s$ 9 ! morn+1 x is discov]$ t "o ( 8 feet has be5 ins5sibly de/roy$4 ,a gra9 ( s&1 lodg+ 9 an ins5sitive eye1 may cause inflammation & ev5 ! loss ( sight4 ,if int5se light 7 n pa9ful to ! eye1 _m a *ild w\ld innoc5tly gaze ^u ! glories ( ! sun to ! ru9 ( 8 sight4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,mission ( pa98 ,pa9ful impressions comp>$ ) ^? ( pleasure8 #ab4 ,pa9 is1 inde$1 a pres5t evil1 b its relations ) ! future prove its mission m]ciful4 ,pa9ful impressions _c be recollect$ f pa/ exp]i5ce2 & !y _c be call$ into exi/5ce by ! fancy4 ,consid]$ 9 ! light ( results1 pa9 has a use above t ( pleasure2 = :ile ! immod]ate pursuit ( ! latt] leads to h>m1 ! t5d5cy ( pa9 is to re/rict ! hurtful c\rses ( life1 & 9 ?is mann] to protect ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,:at does ,mag5die say ( ! relation ( pa9 to pleasure8 #ac4 ,! relations ( pa9 to pleasure are ?us describ$ by ! em95t physiologi/1 ,mag5die3--,by ^! s5sations ,nature induces u to concur 9 ! ord] :i* %e has e/abli%$ among organiz$ be+s4 ,?\gh x may appe> l sophi/ry to say t pa9 is ! %ad[ ( pleasure1 yet x is c]ta9 t ^? :o h exhau/$ ! ord9>y s\rces ( pleasure h rec\rse to ! #ahb causes ( pa91 & gratify !mselves by _! effects4 ,d we n see 9 all l>ge cities1 t m5 :o are debau*$ & deprav$ f9d agreeable s5sations1 :]e o!rs exp]i5ce only intol]able pa98 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! law ( ,nature z reg>ds pa9ful s5sations among animals8 #ad4 ,z to pa9ful s5sation among ! inf]ior animals1 ! plan ( ,nature seems to be1 t ! high] ! intellig5ce ( ! creature1 & ! m complete its p[] ( def5ce1 ! m acute is its s5sibility4 ,we inf]1 !re=e1 t animals l[ 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 & helpless1 are n v liable to suff] pa94 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! s5sation ( contact & pa98 ,special s5sations ( man8 ,h[ reg>d$8 #ae4 ,,special ,,s5sation4--,! s5sations ( simple contact & pa9 are felt by ne>ly all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 & are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! g5]al s5sibility2 b1 s f> z ! objects :i* surr\nd u are conc]n$1 ^! impressions are vague & passive 9 "*1 & in=m ! m9d ( none ( ! prop]ties or p[]s ( ^! objects4 ,besides ^! feel+s1 !re=e1 man is end[$ ) c]ta9 special s5sations1 :i* are positive & di/9ct 9 "*1 & :i* he c call into ex]cise at w1 & employ 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,= reasons relat+ to ! orig9al con/itution ( ! body1 ^! s5sations are to be reg>d$ z modifications ( ! g5]al s5sibility already allud$ to1 con/ruct$ ) special ref]5ce to ! diff]5t =ces ( ,nature1 ( :i* we h any k1 su* z heat1 motion1 gravity1 sunlight1 & ! l4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,:at are ! special s5ses8 ,special organs = !m8 #af4 ,^! di/9ct & active faculties are t]m$ ! special s5ses1 & are five 9 numb]1 viz41 ,t\*1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,sight1 & ,he>+4 ,= ! ex]cise ( ^! s5ses1 special organs are furni%$1 su* z ! h&1 ! tongue1 ! nose1 ! eye1 & ! e>4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! n]ves ( special s5se t]m9ate1 v>ies 9 ! #ahc case ( ea* organ1 s t ea* is adapt$ to "o set ( s5sations alone1 & is incapable ( p]ceiv+ any o!r4 ,?us ! n]ve ( he>+ is excit$ by ! undulations ( s\nd1 & n by ^? ( light1 :ile ! rev]se is true ( ! n]ve ( sight2 & ! n]ve ( smell c appreciate nei!r ( !m1 be+ capable only ( tak+ cognizance ( ! odor\s prop]ties ( bodies4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,:at is said 9 relation to "o m ?an ! five s5ses8 #ag4 ,by "s writ]s six s5ses are accord$ to man2 ! additional "o be+ ei!r ! s5se ( temp]ature1 = z we %all pres5tly see ?is is n ! same z t\*2 or accord+ to o!rs1 ! muscul> s5se by :i* we are enabl$ to e/imate ! weights ( bodies4 ,! latt] also diff]s 9 "s respects f ! s5se ( t\*4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! s5se ( t\*1 h[ preval5t8 ,:at is said ( ! h&8 #ah4 ,,organs ,,( ,,t\*4--,! s5se ( t\* is possess$ by ne>ly all portions ( ! g5]al surface ( ! body1 b x f9ds its highe/ developm5t 9 ! h&s4 ,! human h& is prop]ly reg>d$ z ! model organ ( t\*4 ,! m9ute /ructure ( ! sk9 fits x admirably = ?is =m ( s5sation3 ! cuticle1 or sc>f-sk91 is f9e & flexible1 :ile ! cutis1 or true sk91 conta9s multitudes ( n]ve-filam5ts1 arrang$ 9 r[s ( papill1 or cone-l projections1 ab\t "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are #bj1jjj ( ^! papill 9 a squ>e in* ( ! palm> surface ( ! h&4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! n]ves ( ! cutis are ! in/rum5ts by :i* impressions are receiv$ & transmitt$ to ! bra91 yet ! cuticle is ess5tial to ! s5sation ( t\*4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t :5ev] ! true sk9 is laid b>e1 z by a burn or bli/]1 ! only feel+ t x exp]i5ces f contact is "o ( pa91 n t ( t\*4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,(fice ( ! cuticle8 ,tips ( ! f+]s8 ,! f+]s ) ?umb8 #ai4 ,! (fice ( ! cuticle is ?us made evid5t3 x is to %ield ! n]ve filam5ts f direct contact ) #ahd ext]nal objects4 ,at ! tips ( ! f+]s1 :]e t\* is mo/ delicate1 ! sk9 re/s ^u a cu%ion ( ela/ic mat]ial1 & receives firmness & p]man5ce ( %ape by means ( ! nail plac$ ^u ! less s5sitive side4 ,besides ^! favorable conditions1 ! =m ( ! arm is su*1 & its motions are s easy & v>i$1 t we are able to apply ! te/ ( t\* 9 a great numb] ( directions4 ,! sl5d]1 tap]+ f+]s1 ) _! pliant jo9ts1 toge!r ) ! /rong opposable ?umb1 enable ! h& to mold itself ^u & grasp a great v>iety ( objects2 s t great z are ! delicacy & grace ( ! h&1 x is n want+ 9 ! elem5ts ( p[]4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,:at special importance is attribut$ to ! h&8 #bj4 ,its beauty & adaptation to ! wants ( man h made ! h& an attractive !me = philosoph]s4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 always agree 9 _! conclusions4 ,"o has ! op9ion t man has acquir$ 8 intellig5ce & a*iev$ 8 place z "l ( creation1 because he has ?is organ4 ,buffon1 9 effect1 decl>es t ) f+]s twice z num]\s & twice z long1 we w\ld become proportionally wis]2 b ,gal5 long ago took a m reasonable view1 :5 he taught t man is ! wise/ ( animals1 n because he possesses ! h&2 b because he is ! wise/ & und]/&s its use1 ! h& has be5 giv5 to him2 = 8 m9d1 n 8 h& has taught him ! arts4 ,ano!r has well said1 t no "o c /udy c>efully ! human h& & fail to be conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! simplicity ( t\*8 ,:at does x tea* u8 #ba4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*4--,t\* is ! simple/ ( ! s5ses4 ,x is t :i* ! *ild fir/ calls into ex]cise 9 solv+ ! e>ly problems ( exi/5ce2 & x is t :i* is 9 ! mo/ con/ant use ?r\gh\t life4 ,we are br\ght by ! t\* into ! mo/ intimate relations ) ext]nal objects1 & by x we le>n ! great] numb]1 if n ! mo/ important1 ( ! prop]ties ( #ahe ^! objects2 su* z size1 figure1 solidity1 motion1 & smoo?ness or r\ghness ( surface4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,importance ( ! s5se ( t\* to ! developm5t ( ! o!r s5ses8 #bb4 ,! s5se ( t\* assi/s ! o!r s5ses1 especially t ( sight1 giv+ f\ndation & reality to _! p]ceptions4 ,)\t x1 ! impressions receiv$ by ! eye w\ld be z vague & unreal z ! figures t float ?r\gh our dreams4 ,a boy :o _h be5 bl9d f bir?1 at ! age ( twelve ye>s receiv$ sight by means ( a surgical op]ation3 at fir/1 he 0 unable to di/+ui% betwe5 a globe & a circul> c>d1 ( ! same color1 be=e he _h t\*$ !m4 ,aft] t1 he at once recogniz$ ! diff]5ce 9 _! =m4 ,he knew ! peculi>ities ( a dog & a cat by feel+1 b n by sight1 until "o day1 happ5+ to take up ! cat1 he recogniz$ ! connection ( ! two sorts ( impressions1 ^? ( t\* & sight2 & !n1 putt+ ! cat d[n1 he said3 ,s1 puss1 ,i %all "k y next "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,liability ( t\* to err8 ,describe ! illu/ration4 #bc4 ,t\* is consid]$ ! lea/ liable to error ( all ! s5ses2 yet1 if t "p ( ! sk9 by :i* ! s5se is ex]cis$ is remov$ f its cu/om>y position1 a false impression may be creat$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by an exp]im5t1 :i* dates f ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,if we cross ! middle f+] beh9d ! #ahf =ef+]1 & !n roll a m>ble1 or "s small object1 ^u ! tips ( ! f+]s 7see ,fig4 #de71 ! impression w be t two m>bles are felt4 ,if ! f+]s1 ?us transpos$1 be appli$ to ! end ( ! tongue1 two tongues w be felt4 ,:5 ! nose is accid5tally de/roy$1 ! surgeon sometimes p]=ms an op]ation = ! purpose ( =m+ a new "o1 by transplant+ a p>tially remov$ piece ( ! sk9 ( ! =ehead ^u ! injur$ "p3 !n1 if ! new nose be t\*$ or p9*$1 ! feel+ is ref]r$ to ! =ehead4 ,?is fact illu/rates "o important tru?1 t ! n]ves w re-unite aft] !y h be5 cut1 & feel+ w be re/or$3 if x 7 o!rwise1 a succession ( slight cuts ^u ! f+]s w\ld s]i\sly impair _! tactile s5sibility4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! delicacy ( t\*8 ,exp]im5ts ) a pair ( compasses8 #bd4 ,,! ,,delicacy ,,( ,,t\*4--,al?\gh ! h& is ! prop] organ ( ?is s5se1 yet x is ex]cis$ by v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 _! degree ( s5sibility be+ proportional to ! numb] ( papill !y conta94 ,! v>y+ degrees ( tactile delicacy ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface h be5 measur$1 9 an +5i\s mann]1 by means ( a pair ( compasses1 tipp$ ) small pieces ( cork4 ,! two po9ts ( ! compasses are t\*$ at ! same mom5t to ! sk91 ! eyes be+ clos$1 & x is f\nd t1 9 s5sitive p>ts1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts may be q slight1 & yet ea* be pla9ly felt2 :ile1 9 less s5sitive p>ts1 ! po9ts ( ! compasses are felt z a s+le po9t1 al?\gh !y are sep>at$ "o or two in*es4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts & results8 #be4 ,at ! tips ( ! f+]s1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts be+ "o-tw5tie? ( an in*1 a d\ble impression is felt4 ,! di/ance mu/ be twice z great1 = ! palm2 f\r times z great1 = ! lips2 &1 on ! =ehead1 x mu/ be tw5ty times great]4 ,at ! middle ( ! back1 :]e ! t\* is lea/ acute1 ! po9ts mu/ be #ahg sep>at$ m ?an two in*es be=e !y c be sep>ately felt4 ,!re=e1 ! s5se ( t\* 9 ! f+]s is said to be fifty times m delicate ?an ^u ! po/]ior surface ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,exquisite delicacy ( t\*8 ,! same among ! bl9d8 #bf4 ,exquisite delicacy ( t\* is atta9$ by practice4 ,?is is %[n 9 _m ( ! light] & m graceful employm5ts ( daily life4 ,)\t x1 ! skill ( ! pa9t]1 sculptor1 & musician w\ld be rude inde$4 ,by tra9+1 also1 ! physician acquires ! tactus eruditus1 or discrim9at+ t\*2 b among ! bl9d1 delicacy ( t\* is mo/ rem>kable1 & x "h f9ds its highe/ value2 = its possession1 9 a measure1 comp5sates ! loss ( sight by enabl+ !m to read1 by means ( rais$ lett]s1 to "w ) c]ta9 tools1 & ev5 to play ^u musical in/rum5ts4 ,a p]son born )\t sight1 & )\t he>+ or voice1 may1 by ! education ( ! t\*1 be rescu$ f app>5t imbecility1 & be taught n only to read & write1 b ev5 to p]=m h\sehold & o!r useful labors4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,rival c&idates = ! six? s5se8 ,give ! two reasons on ! subject4 #bg4 ,,s5sations ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,weight4--,ea* ( ^! s5sations has be5 describ$ by ! physiologi/s z a special s5se1 & !y are rival c&idates1 s to speak1 = ! position & title ( ! six? s5se4 ,9 ! s5sation ( temp]ature1 or ! !rmal s5se1 t\* be>s a "p1 b ! two feel+s appe> to be di/9ct4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we obs]ve1 fir/ly1 t !y are n alike int5se 9 ! same situations2 z1 = example1 ! sk9 ( ! face & elb[1 :]e ! s5se ( t\* is feeble1 is v s5sitive to impressions ( heat & cold4 ,secondly1 ! ability to recognize temp]ature may be lo/ by p>alysis1 :ile ! s5sibility ( t\* rema9s unaffect$4 ,:5 ! sk9 comes 9 contact ) a v hot sub/ance1 ! s5sation felt is t ( pa91 n ( t\*4 ,9 l mann]1 a #ahh v cold sub/ance causes pa91 n ! feel+ ( cold4 ,s t a r$-hot iron1 & solid c>bonic acid 7! temp]ature ( :i* is #ajh bel[ z]o71 feel alike2 & ea*1 if press$ slightly1 w produce a bli/]4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! muscul> s5se8 ,/ate :at is said to illu/rate ! subject4 #bh4 ,! muscul> s5se1 by "s consid]$ di/9ct f t\*1 gives rise to ! s5sations ( weight1 & o!r =ms ( ext]nal resi/ance4 ,t ?is feel+ exi/s1 is %[n by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t4 ,if ! h& be plac$ flat ^u a table1 & a some:at heavy weight be put into x1 t\* alone is ex]cis$ & a feel+ ( pressure results2 b if ! h& be rais$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( muscul> ef=t mu/ be put =?1 & ?us ! s5sation ( weight is recogniz$4 ,?r\gh ! muscul> s5se1 precision ( ef=t is r5d]$ possible2 = by x we le>n to adju/ ! =ce ex]t$ to ! weight ( ! object to be lift$1 mov$1 or c>ri$4 ,)\t x1 all our movem5ts w\ld necess>ily become ill-regulat$ & spasmodic4 ,9 cases ( disease1 :]e ! s5sibility ( ! l[] limbs is lo/1 :ile p[] ( motion rema9s1 ! pati5t is able to /& erect s long z he c see 8 limbs2 b j z soon z 8 eyes are clos$1 he beg9s to wav]1 & w fall unless support$4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! organ ( ta/e8 ,! tongue8 ,its p[]s ( motion8 #bi4 ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,ta/e4--,! tongue is ! special organ ( ! s5se ( ta/e2 b ! back "p ( ! m\? also possesses ?is faculty4 ,! tongue is a muscul> organ1 ! muscles compos+ x be+ s num]\s & int]wov5 z to give x ! fre$om & v>iety ( motion :i* x possesses4 ,x c curve itself upw>d or d[nw>d2 x c ext5d or contract itself2 &1 ) its po9t1 c sweep ! cavity ( ! m\?1 9 all directions1 9 ! se>* = scatt]$ p>ticles ( food4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,peculi>ities ( ! tongue8 ,uses ( ! papill8 #cj4 ,! upp] surface ( ! tongue is peculi>1 be+ m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( innum]able papill1 "s ( #ahi :i* are ( microscopic size1 resembl+ ^? t ab\nd 9 ! f+]s1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body t h ! s5se ( t\*4 ,o!rs are mu* l>g]1 & give to ! tongue its r\ghness ( feel+ & appe>ance4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^! papill1 ! tongue receives impressions ( t\* & temp]ature1 z well z ta/e3 inde$1 its extremity is fully z delicate1 9 respect to tactile s5sations1 z ! tips ( ! f+]s !mselves4 ,x c recognize ! two po9ts ( ! compasses :5 sep>at$ n m ?an "o-tw5ty-f\r? ( an in*2 ! back ( x is mu* less s5sitive to t\*1 :ile at ! same "t x is m highly s5sitive to impressions ( ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,resemblance to ! p>ts ( ! tongue8 ,p[]s & functions ( ! p>ts8 #ca4 ,ea* lat]al half ( ! tongue resembles ! o!r 9 /ructure1 & ea* receives ! same numb] ( n]ves--?ree4 ,"o ( ^! regulates motion1 ! o!r two are n]ves ( special s5se4 ,"o ( ! latt] supplies ! front half ( ! tongue1 & is call$ ! gu/atory n]ve4 ,?is is a bran* ( ! great cranial n]ve1 call$ ! fif? pair1 :i* ramifies 9 all p>ts ( ! face4 ,! back ( ! tongue is end[$ ) ! p[] ( ta/e ?r\gh a n]ve kn[n z ! glosso-ph>yngeal1 because x is di/ribut$ bo? to ! tongue & ?roat4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! n]v\s supply ( ! tongue becomes significant1 :5 we le>n1 z we %all pres5tly1 t ea* "p ( x p]ceives a diff]5t class ( flavors4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,ta/e8 ,:at are ! requisites to ta/e8 #cb4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,ta/e4--,ta/e is ! special s5se by means ( :i* we discov] ! savors1 or flavor+ prop]ties ( ! sub/ances1 :i* come 9 contact ) ! tongue4 ,m]e contact ) ! surface ( ! tongue1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t1 b contact ) ! extremities ( ! n]ves ( ta/e )9 ! papill is requir$4 ,9 ord] t ! sub/ance to be ta/$ may p5etrate ! #aij cells cov]+ ! n]ves1 x mu/ ei!r be liquid 9 =m1 or readily soluble 9 ! wat]y secretion ( ! m\?1 ! saliva4 ,! tongue mu/ be moi/ also4 ,if ! sub/ance be insoluble1 z glass or s&1 or ! tongue dry1 ! s5se ( ta/e is n awak5$4 ,9 sickness1 :5 ! tongue is heavily coat$1 ! ta/e is v defective1 or1 z is frequ5tly express$1 no?+ ta/es aright4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,portions ( ! tongue end[$ ) ta/e8 ,:]e else does ! s5se lodge8 ,:at is /at$ 9 respect to sweet & bitt] flavors8 ,reflex effects m5tion$8 #cc4 ,all portions ( ! tongue are n alike end[$ ) ! s5se ( ta/e1 t function be+ limit$ to ! po/]ior ?ird1 & to ! m>g9 & tip ( ?is organ4 ,! s(t palate1 also1 possesses ! s5se ( ta/e2 h5ce1 an article t has an agreeable flavor may v prop]ly be spok5 ( z palatable1 z is (t5 done4 ,all p>ts ( ! tongue d n p]ceive equally well ! same flavors4 ,?us1 ! front extremity & m>g91 :i* is ! portion suppli$ by ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 p]ceives m acutely sweet & s\r ta/es2 b ! base ( ! tongue1 suppli$ by ! glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve1 is especially s5sitive to salt & bitt] sub/ances4 ,! n]ve ( ! front "p ( ! tongue1 z be=e /at$1 is 9 active sympa?y ) ^? ( ! face1 :ile ! relations ( ! o!r n]ve are *iefly ) ! ?roat & /oma*2 s t :5 an int5sely s\r ta/e is p]ceiv$1 ! c\nt5ance is involunt>ily di/ort$1 & is said to we> an acid expression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v bitt] ta/e affects c]ta9 int]nal organs1 & occasions a s5sation ( nausea1 or sickness ( ! /oma*4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,:at is /at$ ( ! relations ( ta/e ) o!r s5ses8 #cd4 ,,relations ,,( ,,ta/e ,,) ,,o!r ,,s5ses4--,ta/e is n a simple s5se4 ,c]ta9 o!r s5sations1 z ^? ( t\*1 temp]ature1 smell1 & pa91 are bl5d$ & confus$ ) x2 & c]ta9 s-call$ ta/es are really s5sations ( ano!r k9d4 ,?us an a/r+5t ta/e1 l t ( alum1 is m prop]ly an a/r+5t feel+1 & #aia results f an impression made ^u ! n]ves ( t\*1 t ramify 9 ! tongue4 ,9 l mann]1 ! qualities kn[n z smoo?1 oily1 wat]y1 & mealy ta/es1 are dep5d5t ^u ^! same n]ves ( t\*4 ,a burn+ or pung5t ta/e is a s5sation ( pa91 hav+ its seat 9 ! tongue & ?roat4 ,a cool+ ta/e1 l t ( m9t1 p]ta9s to t modification ( t\* call$ ! s5se ( temp]ature4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,its dep5d5ce on smell8 on sight8 #ce4 ,ta/e is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! s5se ( smell4 ,a consid]able numb] ( sub/ances1 l vanilla1 c(fee1 & g>lic1 :i* appe> to possess a /rong & di/9ct flavor1 h 9 reality a p[]ful odor1 b only a feeble ta/e4 ,:5 ! s5se ( smell is int]f]$ ) by hold+ ! nose1 x becomes difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 sub/ances ( ?is class4 ,! same effect is frequ5tly obs]v$ :5 smell is blunt$ dur+ an ord9>y cold 9 ! head4 ,sight also contributes to ta/e4 ,) ! eyes clos$1 food appe>s comp>atively insipid2 & a p]son smok+ tobacco 9 ! d>k is unable to det]m9e by ! ta/e :e!r 8 cig> is light$ or n4 ,accord+ly1 x is n a bad plan to close ! nose & %ut ! eyes :5 ab\t to swall[ "s disagreeable m$ic9e4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,! *ief use ( ! s5se ( ta/e8 ,! position ( its organs8 ,! rule z reg>ds :olesome & un:olesome food8 ,rem>ks respect+ ! rule8 #cf4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,education ,,on ,,! ,,ta/e4--,! *ief use ( ! s5se ( ta/e appe>s to be to act z a guide 9 ! selection ( prop] food4 ,h5ce its organs are prop]ly plac$ at ! entrance ( ! dige/ive canal4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^? articles :i* gratify ! ta/e are :olesome2 :ile ! opposite is true ( ^? :i* impress x disagreeably4 ,?is /atem5t is m exact 9 ref]5ce to ! e>ly ye>s ( life ?an to lat] ye>s1 :51 by reason ( mis*iev\s habits1 ! s5se ( ta/e has become dull$ or p]v]t$4 ,! desires ( a *ild are simple2 he is fully satisfi$ ) pla9 & :olesome articles ( diet1 & mu/ usually le>n to l ^? #aib :i* h a /rongly m>k$ flavor4 ,accord+ly1 x is f> easi] at ?is age to enc\rage ! pref]5ce = pla9 food1 & ?us e/abli% heal?ful habits1 ?an lat] 9 life to uproot habits ( indulg5ce 9 /imulat+ sub/ances1 aft] _! ill effects beg9 to manife/ !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,div]sity 9 ta/es ( m58 ,h[ %[n8 ,! education ( ! s5se ( ta/e8 #cg4 ,! ta/es ( m5 pres5t ! mo/ s+ul> div]sities1 p>tly ! result ( necessity & p>tly ( habit or education4 ,! ,esquimaux l ! rank smell ( :ale oil1 :i* is a k9d ( food admirably suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( _! icy climate2 & travell]s :o g f our climate to !irs are n sl[ to develop a lik+ = ! same articles t ! natives !mselves enjoy4 ,! s5se ( ta/e is r5d]$ v acute by education1 z is %[n 9 an especial mann] by ^? :o become pr(essional ta/]s ( tea & w9e4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,location ( ! s5se ( smell8 ,! nose8 ,ro( ( ! m\?8 #ch4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,smell--,,! ,,nasal ,,cavities4--,! s5se ( smell is locat$ 9 ! delicate muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! int]ior ( ! nose4 ,t prom95t feature ( ! face1 ! nose1 :i* is m]ely ! front b\nd>y ( ! true nasal organ1 is compos$ p>tly ( bone & p>tly ( c>tilage4 ,! upp] "p ( x is unit$ ) ! skull by means ( a few small bones2 to :i* circum/ance is due its p]man5ce ( %ape4 ,! l[] portion1 or tip ( ! nose1 conta9s sev]al ?9 pieces ( c>tilage1 :i* r5d] x flexible & bett] able to resi/ ! effects ( bl[s & pressure4 ,beh9d ! nose we f9d q a spaci\s *amb]1 sep>at$ f ! m\? by ! h>d palate1 =m+ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & by ! s(t palate 7see ,fig4 #df72 & divid$ into two cavities by a c5tral p>tition runn+ f be=e backw>d4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,cavities ( ! nose8 ,ob/ruction ( ! passage ( air ?r\gh !m8 #ci4 ,^! nasal cavities1 con/itut+ ! true beg9n+ ( ! air-passages1 ext5d f ! nose backw>d to ! #aic upp] op5+ ( ! ?roat1 & rise z high z ! junction ( ! nose ) ! =ehead4 ,! inn] wall ( ea* cavity is /raight & smoo?2 b f ! out] wall !re jut into ea* cavity ?ree small scroll-l bones4 ,! /ructure ( ^! bones is v light1 & h5ce !y h be5 call$ ! spongy bones ( ! nose4 ,9 ?is mann]1 :ile ! ext5t ( surface is greatly increas$ by ! =mation ( ^! w9d+ passages1 ! cavities are r5d]$ extremely n>r[2 s mu* s1 9 fact1 t a mod]ate swell+ ( ! muc\s membrane :i* l9es !m1 z f a cold1 is suffici5t to ob/ruct ! passage ( air ?r\gh !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,nasal ,,cavity4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! special n]ve ( smell8 ,its location8 #dj4 ,,! ,,n]ve ,,( ,,smell4--,! int]nal surface ( ! nasal passages is cov]$ by a delicate & s5sitive muc\s membrane4 ,its surface is q ext5sive1 foll[+ z x does1 all ! inequalities produc$ by ! curv$ spongy bones ( ! nose4 ,! upp] portion ( x alone is ! seat ( smell1 s9ce t "p alone receives bran*es f ! fir/ pair ( cranial n]ves1 or ! olfactory n]ve1 :i* is ! special n]ve ( smell 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,9 ,fig4 #df is %[n ! di/ribution ( ?is n]ve1 9 ! =m ( an intricate network ^u ! two upp] spongy bones4 ,! n]ve itself 7#a7 does n issue f ! skull1 b re/s ^u a ?9 bone :i* sep>ates x f ! cavity ( ! nose2 & ! bran*es :i* proce$ f x pass ?r\gh ?is bone by means ( num]\s small op5+s4 ,! #aid engrav+ repres5ts ! out] surface ( ! "r nasal cavity2 ! ?ree wave-l inequalities1 ^u :i* ! n]v\s network is spread out1 are due to ! spongy bones4 ,! left cavity is suppli$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,bran*es ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves8 ,nasal mucus8 ,birds8 #da4 ,! n]ves :i* ramify ov] ! l[] "p ( ! membrane1 & :i* end[ x ) s5sibility to t\* & pa91 are bran*es ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves4 ,an irritation appli$ to ! p>ts :]e ?is n]ve is di/ribut$ occasions sneez+1 t is1 a spasmodic contraction ( ! diaphragm2 ! object ( :i* is ! expulsion ( ! irritat+ cause4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! olfactory n]ve-fibres t]m9ate is peculi>4 ,unlike ! extremities ( o!r n]ves1 :i* are cov]$ 9 by a great] or less ?ickness ( tissue1 ^! come directly to ! surface ( ! muc\s membrane1 & ?us come into v close contact ) ! odor\s p>ticles t are c>ri$ along by ! respir$ air4 ,! surface is at all times kept 9 a moi/ condition by an abundant fl[ ( nasal mucus2 o!rwise x w\ld become dry1 h>d1 & ins5sitive f ! cont9ual passage ( air to & fro 9 brea?+4 ,birds1 :i* respire m actively ?an m51 h a special gl&1 = secret+ a lubricat+ fluid1 locat$ 9 ! air-passages ( ! head4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,smell8 ,t\*8 ,ta/e8 ,design ( smell8 ,invisible & gase\s p>ticles8 ,! extreme f95ess ( ! p>ticles8 ,musk8 ,9 o!r cases8 #db4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,smell4--,smell is ! special s5se :i* enables u to appreciate odors4 ,t\*1 z we h se51 is l>gely conc]n$ ) solid bodies2 & ta/e1 ) fluids1 or ) solids 9 solution4 ,smell1 on ! o!r h&1 is design$ to af=d u in=mation 9 ref]5ce to sub/ances 9 a volatile or gase\s =m4 ,invisible & subtile p>ticles emanate f odor\s bodies1 & are br\ght by ! respir$ air 9 contact ) ! t]m9al filam5ts ( ! olfactory n]ve1 ^u :i* an agreeable or disagreeable impression is produc$4 #aie ,! f95ess ( ! p>ticles t con/itute odors is (t5 s extreme1 t !y elude all attempts to measure or weigh !m4 ,a piece ( musk1 = in/ance1 may be kept = sev]al ye>s1 con/antly emitt+ p]fume1 )\t any appreciable loss ( weight4 ,9 o!r cases1 a loss ( sub/ance is p]ceptible1 su* z ! ess5tial oils1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! ord9>y p]fumes4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,aid giv5 by smell8 ,! highe/ use ( ! s5se8 ,expla9 ! mann]4 #dc4 ,smell1 l ta/e1 aids u 9 ! *oice ( prop] food1 lead+ u to reject su* articles z h a rank or putrid odor1 & :i* are1 z a rule1 unfit to be eat54 ,! highe/ usefulness ( ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 ! protection x af=ds to ! organs ( respiration4 ,/ation$ at ! gateways ( ! air-passages1 x exam9es ! curr5t ( air z x ent]s1 & w>ns u ( ! pres5ce ( noxi\s gases1 & ( o!r & g5]ally invisible enemies to heal?4 ,n all dang]\s vapors are (f5sive1 b almo/ all (f5sive vapors are unfit to be brea!d4 ,a numb] ( small /iff hairs gr[ f ! m>g9 ( ! no/rils to prev5t ! entrance ( du/ & o!r atmosph]ic impurities1 :i* w\ld be alike injuri\s to ! olfactory muc\s membrane & to ! lungs4 ,! b5evol5t design ( ! ,mak] ( our bodies may be obs]v$ 9 all p>ts ( _! me*anism2 b1 probably1 9 none is x m cle>ly display$ ?an 9 connection ) ! s5se ( smell4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,s5se ( smell 9 ! inf]ior animals8 ,h[1 & 9 :at cases1 illu/rat$8 #dd4 ,! s5se ( smell is develop$ 9 a rem>kable degree 9 c]ta9 ( ! inf]ior animals1 & is especially acute 9 ref]5ce to ! peculi> emanations t appe> to *>act]ize ! diff]5t animals4 ,! lion & o!r c>nivor\s bea/s sc5t _! prey f a great di/ance2 & ! fox-h\nd is able to track ! fox ?r\gh ?ickets & ov] op5 c\ntry = _m miles2 :ile ! timid1 helpless h]bivora1 su* z ! de] & %eep1 f9d 9 ! #aif s5se ( smell a means ( protection aga9/ _! natural enemies1 ( ^: approa* !y are 9 ?is mann] w>n$4 ,by tra9+ ?is s5se 9 ! dog1 & mak+ x subs]vi5t to 8 use1 man is able to hunt ) success c]ta9 %y & v fleet animals1 :i* o!rwise he c\ld b seldom approa*4 ,among m51 individuals diff] greatly 9 respect to ! developm5t ( ?is s5se2 & especially 9 c]ta9 savage tribes x is f\nd to be extremely delicate4 ,humboldt /ates t ! natives ( ,p]u c1 by ?is s5se1 di/+ui% 9 ! d>k betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t races4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,:at is sight8 ,:at in=mation does x furni%8 ,composite visual s5sations8 #de4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,sight4--,sight1 or ,vision1 is ! special s5se by means ( :i* we appreciate ! color1 =m1 size1 di/ance1 & o!r physical prop]ties ( ! objects ( ext]nal nature4 ,prim>ily1 ?is s5se furni%es u ) in=mation conc]n+ ! diff]5t %ades ( color & ! diff]5t degrees ( brightness3 ^! are ! simple s5sations ( sight1 su* z ! yell[ness & glitt] ( a gold co94 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are composite visual s5sations1 produc$ by ! jo9t action ( ! o!r s5ses & by ! use ( ! memory & judgm5t2 su* z1 9 ! case ( ! co91 its r\ndness1 solidity1 size1 its di/ance & direction f u4 ,s t _m ( our s5sations1 commonly consid]$ z due to sight1 are 9 reality ! results ( intellectual processes :i* take place in/antane\sly & unconsci\sly4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,comp>ison betwe5 sight & he>+8 ,relative capacity ( deaf & bl9d8 #df4 ,?is faculty n only has value 9 ! practical e-day affairs ( life1 b x contributes s l>gely to ! culture ( ! intellect & to our high] =ms ( pleasure1 t "s writ]s are dispos$ to rate x z ! fir/ & mo/ valuable ( ! s5ses4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t ! s5se ( he>+ does n yield 9 importance to t ( sight2 & !y cite 9 support ( _! position #aig ! fact t ! bl9d are commonly *e]ful & gay1 :ile ! deaf are incl9$ to be morose & melan*oly4 ,9 respect to ! relative capacity = receiv+ education 9 ! deaf & bl9d1 x is f\nd t ! =m] le>n m quickly1 b _! atta9m5ts are n pr(\nd2 :ile ! bl9d acquire m sl[ly1 b are able to /udy m ?or\ghly4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,sight1 unlike ! o!r s5ses8 ,9 ! case ( ! />s8 #dg4 ,,light4--,,! ,,optic ,,n]ve4--,unlike ! s5ses previ\sly consid]$--t\*1 ta/e1 & smell--sight does n br+ u into imm$iate contact ) ! bodies t are exam9$2 b1 by x1 we p]ceive ! exi/5ce & qualities ( objects t are at a great] or less di/ance f u4 ,9 ! case ( ! />s1 ! di/ance is incalculable1 :ile ! book we read is remov$ b a few in*es4 ,light is ! ag5t :i* gives to ?is s5se its wide range4 ,! nature ( ?is my/]i\s =ce is n kn[n1 & x is n "h to be discuss$2 s9ce its /udy belongs m prop]ly to ! prov9ce ( natural philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,! undulatory !ory ( light8 ,:at does ! !ory suppose8 #dh4 ,x is suffici5t1 9 ?is connection1 to /ate t ! !ory ( light n[ g5]ally accept$1 & :i* be/ expla9s ! facts ( optics1 is t kn[n z ! undulatory !ory4 ,?is !ory supposes t !re exi/s an intangible1 ela/ic m$ium1 :i* fills all space1 & p5etrates all transp>5t sub/ances1 & :i* is ?r[n into exce$+ly rapid undulations or waves1 by ! sun & e o!r lum9\s body2 ! undulations be+ propagat$ ) extreme rapidity1 & mov+ n less ?an #ahf1jjj miles 9 a second4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! s5sation ( light8 ,optic n]ve8 #di4 ,^! waves are ?\ght to produce 9 ! eye ! s5sation ( light1 9 ! same mann] z ! sonor\s vibrations ( ! air produce 9 ! e> ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,t "p ( ! eye :i* is s5sitive to ^! waves is ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,x is s5sitive #aih to no o!r impression ?an t ( light1 & x is ! only n]ve :i* is act$ ^u by ?is ag5t4 ,! optic n]ve1 also call$ ! second pair ( cranial n]ves1 is ! means ( communication betwe5 ! eye & ! bra94 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,! two n]ves con/itut+ ! pair ( n]ves8 #ej4 ,! two n]ves con/itut+ ! pair1 arise f ganglia ly+ at ! base ( ! c]ebrum1 "o ( !m on ea* side2 f :i* po9ts !y advance to ! eyes1 be+ unit$ toge!r 9 ! middle ( _! c\rse 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,x 7,fig4 #dc--b74 ,by ?is union ! two eyes are enabl$ to act h>moni\sly1 & 9 "s respects to s]ve z a d\ble organ4 ,& by reason ( ?is same intimate n]v\s communication1 :5 s]i\s disease affects "o eye1 ! fell[-eye is extremely liable to become ! seat ( sympa!tic inflammation2 & ?is1 if neglect$1 almo/ c]ta9ly results 9 hopeless bl9dness4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,:y is ! eye call$ ! w9d[ ( ! s\l8 ,:y1 ! subject ( en?usia/ic /udy8 #ea4 ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,sight4--,,! ,,eye4--,! proximity ( ! eye to ! bra91 & ! important "p x p]=ms 9 giv+ expression to ! emotions1 h giv5 x ! "n ( ! w9d[ ( ! s\l4 ,! exce$+ beauty ( its ext]nal p>ts1 & ! high value ( its function1 h long made ?is organ ! subject ( en?usia/ic /udy4 ,x is *iefly )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is /udy has be5 successful & fruitful ( practical results4 ,sev]al +5i\s in/rum5ts h be5 inv5t$ = ! exam9ation ( ! eye 9 heal? & disease1 & new op]ations h be5 devis$ = ! relief ( bl9dness & ( impair$ vision4 ,z a result1 x is n[ a well-m>k$ fact t1 9 civiliz$ l&s1 ! numb] ( ^? :o suff] f loss ( sight is proportionally mu* less ?an 9 c\ntries :]e sci5ce is less kn[n & cultivat$4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,! mo/ obvi\s fact8 ,! consequ5ce8 ,! next ?+ notic$8 ,its range ( view8 ,( :at does ! organ ( vision consi/8 #eb4 ,! mo/ obvi\s fact 9 respect to ! app>atus ( #aii sight is t !re are two eyes1 :i* may ei!r act toge!r z "o1 & be fix$ ^u "o object1 or "o eye may be us$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t ! loss ( "o eye does n necessitate bl9dness1 &1 9 fact1 x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! sight ( "o eye may be long impair$ or lo/ be=e ! fact is discov]$4 ,we next notice t x is plac$ at ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( ! body1 9 front1 & ne> ! bra94 ,x also comm&s a wide range ( view1 be+ itself mov$ ) great rapidity1 & be+ fur!r aid$ by ! free motion ( ! head & neck4 ,! organ ( vision consi/s ess5tially ( two p>ts3 ! optical in/rum5t itself--! eyeball--& its envelop+ p>ts1 or ! case 9 :i* ! in/rum5t is kept free f h>m4 ,! latt]1 :i* are ext]nal1 & :i* we %all fir/ consid]1 are *iefly ! ,orbits1 ! ,eyelids1 & ! app>atus = ! ,te>s4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! protection ( ! eyeball aga9/ injury8 ,! ov]hang+ br[8 ,! op5+ = ! optic n]ve8 #ec4 ,,! ,,orbits4--,! eyeball1 :i* is a delicate organ1 is well def5d$ aga9/ ext]nal injury )9 ! orbits or bony sockets ( ! head4 ,^! are deep conical holl[s1 b\nd$ 9 "p by ! bones ( ! skull1 & 9 "p by ^? ( ! nose & *eek4 ,! orbit juts out beyond ! mo/ expos$ portion ( ! eyeball1 z may be se5 by lay+ a book ov] ! eye1 :5 x w be f\nd t no "p ( ! eyeball1 unless x be v prom95t1 w be t\*$ by ! book2 s t ! only direction 9 :i* an injury is liable to be receiv$ is imm$iately 9 front ( ! eye4 ,! ov]hang+ br[ is itself cov]$ by a lay] ( ?ick sk91 /udd$ ) %ort1 /\t hairs1 :i* are s b5t z to prev5t ! p]spiration f runn+ into ! eye & obscur+ vision4 ,?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! orbit1 ! n]ve ( sight passes outw>d f ! bra94 ,! orbit also conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( a fatty tissue1 ^u :i*1 z ^u an ela/ic cu%ion1 ! eye re/s4 #bjj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,front ,,view ,,( ,,"r ,,eye4 7,natural ,size47 #a4 ,! ,la*rymal1 or te> gl&1 ly+ b5ea? ! upp] eyelid4 #b4 ,! ,nasal ,duct is %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,! 99 m>ks ! orifice 9 ! l[] lid4 ,! c5tral black spot is ! pupil2 surr\nd+ x is ! iris2 & ! triangul> :ite spaces are ! visible portion ( ! scl]otic4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,:at are ! eyelids8 ,! upp] lid8 ,! l[] "o8 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! eye8 #ed4 ,,! ,,eyelids4--,! eyelids are two movable curta9s1 or folds1 :i*1 :5 %ut1 cov] ! front "p ( ! orbit1 & hide ! eye f view4 ,! upp] lid is ! l>g]1 has a curv$ m>g91 & moves freely1 :ile ! l[] lid is comp>atively %ort & /raight1 & has b a slight degree ( motion 7,fig4 #dg74 ,sk9 cov]s ! ext]ior ( ! lids1 :ile a f9e muc\s membrane l9es _! inn] surface1 & is likewise spread out ov] ! entire front ( ! eyeball4 ,?is membrane1 :i* is call$ ! ,conjunctiva1 is highly s5sitive1 & ?us plays an important "p 9 protect+ ! eye aga9/ ! lodgm5t ( s&1 a%es1 *aff1 & o!r =eign p>ticles t are bl[n ab\t 9 ! air4 ,?is s5sitive membrane w n endure ! pres5ce ( ^! p>ticles4 ,if any f9d access1 x causes a con/ant w9k+1 a fl[ ( te>s1 & o!r signs ( irritation1 until x is remov$4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! eyela%es8 ,! little po9ts )9 ! l9e ( ! la%es8 ,( :at use are ^! gl&s8 #ee4 ,! long1 silky eyela%es1 :i* g>ni% ! edges ( ! lids1 act l a sieve to prev5t ! entry ( du/ & ! l2 & toge!r ) ! lids1 !y regulate ! am\nt ( light :i* is p]mitt$ to ent] ! eye1 s t x is %ield$ f a sudd5 flood or gl>e ( light4 ,! little po9ts se5 9 ! figure j )9 ! l9e ( ! la%es1 especially on ! l[] lid1 repres5t ! m\?s ( num]\s little sebace\s gl&s 7,fig4 #dh1 ,d1,d71 su* z are always #bja f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( hairs4 ,^! gl&s supply a ?ick1 oily mat]ial :i* greases ! edges ( ! lids & prev5ts _! adh]+ toge!r1 & likewise prev5ts ! ov]fl[ ( ! te>s ^u ! *eek4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! location ( ! la*rymal gl&8 ,! use ( ! gl&8 #ef4 ,,! ,,la*rymal ,,fluid1 ,,or ,,! ,,te>s4--,j )9 ! out] "p ( ! bony ar* ( ! br[1 :]e ! bone may be felt to be %>p] ?an 9 o!r positions1 is lodg$ a little organ call$ ! la*rymal gl&1 ! situation ( :i* is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg1 #a4 ,?is is ! gl& :5ce fl[s ! wat]y secretion1 commonly call$ ! te>s1 :i* is design$ to p]=m an exce$+ly important duty 9 lubricat+ ! lids1 & 9 keep+ ! expos$ surface ( ! eyeball moi/ & transp>5t4 ,=1 )\t ?is or "s simil> liquid1 ! front ( ! eye w\ld spe$ily become dry & lu/reless1 l t ( a fi% :i* has be5 remov$ f ! wat]3 ! simple exposure ( ! eye to ! air w\ld !n suffice to de/roy vision4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,:5 does ! secretion ( ! te>s occur8 ,! secretion n us$ = ! eye8 ,location ( ! nasal duct8 ,its use8 ,! ov]fl[ ( te>s 9 old p8 #eg4 ,?is secretion ( ! te>s takes place at all times1 dur+ ! night z well z ! day2 b x is seldom notic$1 except :5 "u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong m5tal emotion1 :e!r ( sorr[ or happ9ess1 x is p\r$ =? 9 excess1 s z to ov]fl[ ! lids4 ,/rong light or a rapid breeze w1 among _m o!r causes1 excite ! fl[ ( ! te>s4 ,t portion ( ?is secretion :i* is n us$ 9 moi/5+ ! eye is c>ri$ (f into ! nose by a canal situat$ ne> ! inn] angle ( ! eye1 call$ ! nasal duct4 ,?is duct is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 #b1 & is connect$ ) ea* lid by delicate tubes1 :i* are indicat$ by dott$ l9es 9 ! figure2 ! a/]isk m>ks ! little op5+ 9 ! l[] lid1 by :i* ! te>s ent] ! nasal duct4 ,by g5tly turn+ ! inn] "p ( t lid d[nw>d1 & look+ 9 a mirror1 #bjb ?is small la*rymal po9t may be se5 9 y\r own eye4 ,9 old p1 ^! po9ts become ev]t$1 & d n conduct ! te>s to ! nasal cavity1 s t !y are inconv5i5c$ by an ov]fl[ ( te>s ^u ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 7,enl>g$47 ,c1 ,! ,cornea4 ,a1 ,! ,aque\s ,humor4 ,i1 ,! ,iris4 ,p1 ,! ,pupil4 ,l1 ,! ,cry/all9e ,l5s4 ,h1 ,! ,ligam5t ( ! ,l5s4 ,b1 ,! ,cili>y ,process4 ,v1 ,! ,cavity conta9+ ! ,vitre\s ,humor4 ,s1 ,! ,scl]otic4 ,*1 ,! ,*oroid4 ,r1 ,! ,ret9a4 ,n1 ,! ,optic ,n]ve4 ,,dd1 ,! ,eyelids4 ,x1 ,! ,levator ,muscle ( ! ,upp] ,lid4 ,y1 ,! ,upp] ,/raight ,muscle ( ! ,eye4 ,z1 ,! ,l[] ,/raight ,muscle4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! wat]y fluid pass+ ov] ! eyeball8 ,design ( ! arrangem5t8 ,w9k+8 #eh4 ,?us we obs]ve t ! gl& :i* =ms ! te>s is plac$ at ! out] "p ( ! eye1 :ile _! means ( exit is at ! inn] angle ( ! eye2 :i* fact r5d]s x necess>y t ?is wat]y fluid %all pass ov] ! surface ( ! eyeball be=e x c escape4 ,?is arrangem5t _c be accid5tal1 b ev9ces design1 = x ?us secures ! p]fect lubrication ( ! surface ( ! eye1 & cleanses x f ! small] p>ticles ( du/ #bjc :i* may ent] x1 9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! lids & la%es4 ,! act ( w9k+1 :i* is g5]ally unconsci\sly p]=m$1 & :i* takes place six or m times 9 a m9ute1 assi/s ?is passage ( ! te>s across ! eye1 & is especially frequ5t :5 ! secretion is mo/ abundant4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,describe ! %ape ( ! eyeball4 ,its /ructure4 #ei4 ,,! ,,eyeball4--,! rem>kable optical in/rum5t call$ ! eyeball1 or ! globe ( ! eye1 ^u :i* sight dep5ds1 is1 z ! "n indicates1 sph]ical 9 %ape4 ,x is n a p]fect sph]e1 s9ce ! front "p projects some:at beyond ! re/1 & at ! po/]ior "p ! optic n]ve 7,fig4 #dh1 ,n7 is unit$ to x1 resembl+ ! junction ( ! /em ) a fruit4 ,9 its long diamet]1 t is1 ! horizontal or f side to side1 x measures a little m ?an an in*2 9 o!r directions x is r less ?an an in*4 ,9 /ructure1 ! ball ( ! eye is firm1 & its t5se r\nd cont\r may 9 "p be felt by press+ ! f+]s ov] ! clos$ lids4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,( :at is ! eyeball compos$8 ,/ate h[4 #fj4 ,! eyeball is compos$ *iefly ( ?ree int]nal1 transp>5t m$ia1 call$ humors2 & ?ree inve/+ coats1 or tunics4 ,! =m] are ! aque\s humor1 ,fig4 #dh1 ,a1 ! cry/all9e l5s ,l1 & ! vitre\s humor ,v4 ,( ^! ! l5s alone is solid4 ,! ?ree coats ( ! eyeball are call$ ! scl]otic ,s1 ! *oroid ,,*1 & ! ret9a ,r4 ,?is arrangem5t exi/s 9 respect to five-six?s ( ! globe ( ! eye1 b 9 ! ant]ior "o-six?1 ^! coats are replac$ by ! cornea ,c1 :i* is ?9 & transp>5t1 s t ! rays ( light pass freely ?r\gh x1 z ?r\gh a cle> w9d[-pane4 ,sid5ote3 #fa4 ,! %ape ( ! cornea8 ,its /ructure8 ,! :ite ( ! eye8 #fa4 ,9 %ape1 ! cornea is circul> & prom95t1 resembl+ a m9iature wat*-glass1 ab\t #a_/be ( an in* ?ick4 ,9 /ructure1 x resembles horn 7z ! "n signifies71 or ! nail ( ! f+]1 & is de/itute ( #bjd blood-vessels4 ,! ,scl]otic 7f scl]os1 h>d7 is compos$ ( d5se1 :ite fibr\s tissue1 & gives to ! eyeball its firmness ( figure & its :ite color2 9 front1 x con/itutes ! "p commonly call$ ! :ite ( ! eye4 ,x is "o ( ! /ronge/ tissues 9 ! body2 x possesses v few vessels1 & is n v s5sitive4 ,x af=ds protection to ! extremely delicate int]ior p>ts ( ! eye2 & ! little muscles :i* effect its movem5ts are ins]t$ into ! scl]otic a %ort di/ance beh9d ! cornea 7see ,fig4 #dh1 ,y1 ,z74 ,x is p]=at$ po/]iorly to admit ! optic n]ve4 ,sid5ote3 #fb4 ,! second or middle coat ( ! eyeball8 ,its d>k color8 #fb4 ,! ,*oroid is ! second or middle coat ( ! eyeball1 & lies closely atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( ! scl]otic4 ,unlike ! latt] tunic1 its /ructure is s(t & t5d]1 x is d>k 9 color1 & possesses a great abundance ( blood-vessels4 ,its d>k color is due to a lay] ( d>k br[n or *ocolate-color$ cells spread out ov] its inn] surface4 ,?is d>k lay] s]ves to absorb ! rays ( light aft] !y h trav]s$ ! transp>5t /ructures 9 front ( x2 if ! rays 7 reflect$ f side to side )9 ! eye1 in/ead ( be+ ?us absorb$1 confus$ vision w\ld result f ! multitude ( images :i* w\ld be impress$ ^u ! optic n]ve4 ,sid5ote3 #fc4 ,simil> me*anism 9 microscopes8 ,! alb9os8 ,:ite rabbits8 #fc4 ,?is me*anism has be5 unconsci\sly imitat$ by ! opticians1 :o1 :5 !y make a microscope or telescope1 take c>e t ! int]ior ( its tube %all be coat$ ) a ?ick lay] ( black pa9t or lamp-black2 = )\t x1 a cle> del9eation ( ! object to be view$ is impossible4 ,! alb9os1 9 :om ^! d>k cells ( ! *oroid are want+1 h imp]fect vision1 especially 9 ! daytime & 9 /rong lights4 ,! d>k cells are also want+ 9 :ite rabbits1 & o!r animals t h r$ or p9k eyes2 _! vision appe>s to be imp]fect 9 ! pres5ce ( a bright light4 #bje ,sid5ote3 #fd4 ,:at is ! iris8 ,its con/ruction8 ,h[ is ! size ( ! pupil regulat$8 #fd4 ,,! ,,iris4--,cont9u\s ) ! *oroid1 9 ! front "p ( ! globe ( ! eye1 is a ?91 circul> curta91 :i* occasions ! br[n1 blue1 or gray color ( ! eye 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,on acc\nt ( ! v>ieties ( its color1 ?is membrane has receiv$ ! "n ,iris1 :i* is ! ,greek ^w = ra9b[ 7see ,fig4 #dh1 ,i74 ,a front view ( x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! iris is pi]c$ 9 its c5tre by a r\nd op5+1 call$ ! pupil 7,p71 :i* is con/antly v>y+ 9 size4 ,9 old5 times x 0 spok5 ( z ! apple ( ! eye4 ,! h9d] surface ( ! iris1 except 9 alb9os1 has a lay] ( d>k color+ matt] resembl+ t ( ! *oroid4 ,! iris is a muscul> organ1 & conta9s two di/9ct sets ( fibres2 "o ( :i* is circul>1 :ile ! o!r radiates outw>d f ! pupil4 ,! action ( ^! sets ( fibres regulates ! size ( ! pupil2 = :5 ! circul> set acts1 ! pupil contracts1 & :5 ! o!r set acts1 ! op5+ exp&s4 ,_! action is involunt>y1 & dep5ds on ! reflex sy/em ( n]ves1 :i* causes ! contraction ( ! pupil :5 a /rong light falls ^u ! eye1 & its expansion :5 ! illum9ation is feeble4 ,sid5ote3 #fe4 ,! admission ( light to ! eye8 ,! action ( ! iris "u diff]5t circum/ances8 ,! lu/re ( ! eye1 h[ affect$ 9 y\? & old age8 #fe4 ,! iris1 accord+ly1 s]ves a v useful purpose 9 regulat+ ! admission ( light to ! eye4 ,x1 h[ev]1 does n act in/antane\sly2 & h5ce1 :5 we pass quickly f a d>k room into ! bright sunlight1 ! vision is at fir/ confus$ by ! gl>e ( light1 b z soon z ! pupil contracts1 ! ability to see becomes p]fect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we ent] a d>k ap>tm5t1 su* z a cell>1 = a %ort "t we c see no?+ cle>ly2 b z soon z ! pupil exp&s & admits m light1 we are enabl$ to di/+ui% ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,animals ( ! cat species1 & o!rs :i* pr[l ar\nd aft] nightfall1 are enabl$ to see 9 ! d>k by #bjf hav+ ! iris v dilatable4 ,! size ( ! pupil affects ! lu/re ( ! eye4 ,:5 x is l>ge1 z x usually is dur+ y\?1 ! eye appe>s cle> & brilliant2 :ile 9 old age ! pupil is small & ! eye is dull4 ,! brilliancy ( ! eye is 9 "p1 at lea/1 dep5d5t ^u ! reflection ( light f ! front surface ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,sid5ote3 #ff4 ,means us$ to increase ! beauty ( ! eye8 ,! injuri\s consequ5ces8 #ff4 ,c]ta9 poison\s vegetables h ! prop]ty ( caus+ ! pupil to dilate1 & h be5 us$ 9 small doses to increase ! beauty ( ! eye4 ,"o ( ^! drugs has be5 s l>gely us$ by ! ladies = ?is purpose1 t x has receiv$ ! "n belladonna1 f ! ,italian words mean+ beautiful lady4 ,?is haz>d\s practice has result$ m ?an once 9 ! dea? ( ! p]son desir+ ?us to increase h] p]sonal attraction4 ,! common ,engli% "n = belladonna is deadly night%ade4 7,9 ! diagram on page #bad ! %ape & relations ( ! iris are m accurately %[n ?an 9 ! figure ref]r$ to above47 ,sid5ote3 #fg4 ,:at "p does ! ret9a con/itute8 ,h[ =m$8 ,its texture8 ,color8 ,s5sitiv5ess8 #fg4 ,,! ,,ret9a con/itutes ! ?ird & inn] coat ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,?is1 ! important "p ( ! eye t is s5sitive to light1 is a k9d ( n]v\s membrane1 =m$ by ! expansion ( ! ultimate filam5ts ( ! optic n]ve4 ,its texture is s(t1 smoo?1 & v ?92 x is transluc5t & ( an opal9e1 or grayi%-:ite color4 ,x is s5sitive to light alone2 & if any =m ( me*anical irritation be appli$ to x1 ! s5sations ( t\* & pa9 are n exp]i5c$1 b fla%es ( fire1 sp>ks1 & o!r lum9\s appe>ances are p]ceiv$4 ,?us an electric %ock giv5 to ! eye-ball occasions a fla% ( light2 & a sudd5 fall1 or a bl[ ^u ! eye1 is (t5 app>5tly accompani$ by ! vision ( />s4 ,sid5ote3 #fh4 ,specific en]gy ( ! optic n]ve8 ,trial 9 ,g]many8 #fh4 ,^! ph5om5a are due to :at is t]m$ ! #bjg specific en]gy ( ! optic n]ve1 :i* n]ve1 9 common ) ! o!r n]ves ( special s5se1 obeys a g5]al law ( nature1 :i* requires t1 :5ev] "o ( ^! n]ves is /imulat$1 x %all respond ) ! s5sation peculi> to itself4 ,^! fla%es ( ret9al light h no p[] to illum9ate ext]nal objects1 al?\gh ! opposite ( ?is /atem5t has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,on ! occasion ( a rem>kable trial 9 ,g]many1 x 0 claim$ by a p]son :o _h be5 sev]ely assault$ on a v d>k night1 t ! fla%es ( light caus$ by repeat$ bl[s ^u ! head enabl$ him to see ) suffici5t di/9ctness to recognize 8 assailant4 ,b ! evid5ce ( sci5tific m5 entirely refut$ ?is claim1 by pron\nc+ t ! eye1 "u ! circum/ances nam$1 0 incapacitat$ = vision4 ,too int5se light occasions a feel+ ( pa91 b x is ( a peculi> k9d1 & is t]m$ dazzl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,sid5ote3 #fi4 ,s5sitiv5ess ( all p>ts ( ! ret9a8 ,exp]im5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! bl9d spot4 #fi4 ,all p>ts ( ! ret9a are n equally s5sitive1 & s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! po9t ( entry ( ! n]ve ( sight1 9 ! back "p ( ! eyeball1 is entirely ins5sible to light1 & is call$ ! bl9d spot4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is po9t may be prov5 by a simple exp]im5t4 ,hold ! accompany+ figure1 on page #bjg1 directly 9 front ( & p>allel ) ! eyes4 ,close ! left eye1 & fix ! sight /eadily on ! left-h& circle2 !n1 by gradually v>y+ ! di/ance ( ! figure f ! eye1 at a c]ta9 di/ance 7ab\t six in*es71 ! "r-h& circle w disappe>1 #bjh b ne>] or fur!r ?an t1 x w be pla9ly se54 ,! o!r eye may be also tri$1 ) a simil> result3 if ! gaze be direct$ to ! "r-h& circle1 ! left "o w seem to disappe>4 ,! exp]im5t may be repeat$ by us+ two black buttons on ! m>ble top ( a bureau1 or on "s o!r :ite surface4 ,! bl9d spot does n practically int]f]e ) vision1 s9ce ! eye is seldom fix$ immovably on an object1 & ! ins5sitive p>ts ( ! two eyes c nev] be direct$ ^u ! same object at ! same "t4 ,sid5ote3 #gj4 ,duration ( impressions ^u ! ret9a8 ,h[ illu/rat$8 #gj4 ,impressions made ^u ! ret9a are n at once lo/1 b p]si/ a measurable l5g? ( "t1 & !n gradually fade away4 ,?us1 a bright light or color1 gaz$ at int5tly1 _c be imm$iately dismiss$ f sight by clos+ or turn+ away ! eyes4 ,a /ick light$ at "o end1 if :irl$ ar\nd rapidly 9 ! d>k1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an unbrok5 lum9\s r+2 & ! spokes ( a rapidly revolv+ c>riage-:eel seem to be m]g$ into a plane surface4 ,if an object move too rapidly to produce ?is sort ( la/+ impression1 x is invisible1 z 9 ! case ( a cannon-ball pass+ ?r\gh ! air 9 front ( u4 ,sid5ote3 #ga4 ,:at fur!r illu/ration8 ,w9k+1 :y x is n notic$4 ,ease ) :i* ! ret9a is fatigu$ or depriv$ ( s5sibility8 ,h[ %[n8 #ga4 ,if a c>d1 pa9t$ ) two prim>y colors--z r$ & yell[--be made to rotate swiftly1 ! eye p]ceives nei!r ( !m di/9ctly2 b ! c>d appe>s pa9t$ ) _! second>y color--orange4 ,! av]age duration ( ret9al images is e/imat$ at "o-eigh? ( a second2 & x is because !y ?us endure1 t ! act ( w9k+1 :i* takes place s frequ5tly1 b s quickly1 is n notic$ & does n int]rupt ! vision4 ,! ret9a is easily fatigu$ or depriv$ ( its s5sibility4 ,aft] look+ /eadfa/ly at a bright light1 or at a :ite object on a black gr\nd1 a d>k spot1 correspond+ 9 %ape to ! bright object1 #bji pres5ts itself 9 :atev] direction we look4 ,?is spot passes away z ! ret9a resumes its activity4 ,sid5ote3 #gb4 ,h[ fur!r %[n8 ,h[ is ! result acc\nt$ =8 ,color-bl9dness8 #gb4 ,if a bright color be gaz$ at int5tly1 & ! eyes !n be turn$ to a :ite surface1 a spot w appe>2 b its color w be ! complem5t ( t ( ! object4 ,fix ! eye ^u a r$ waf] ^u a :ite gr\nd1 & on remov+ ! waf] a gre5i% spot ( ! same %ape takes its place4 ,?is result happ5s because a c]ta9 portion ( ! ret9a has exhau/$ its p[] to p]ceive ! r$ ray1 & p]ceives only its complem5t>y ray1 :i* is gre54 ,! color ?us sub/itut$ by ! exhau/$ ret9a is call$ a physiological or accid5tal color4 ,9 "s p]sons ! ret9a is incapable ( di/+ui%+ diff]5t colors1 :5 !y are said to be affect$ ) color-bl9dness4 ,?us1 r$ & gre5 may appe> alike1 & !n a *]ry-tree1 full ( ripe fruit1 w seem ( ! same color 9 e "p4 ,railroad accid5ts h occurr$ because ! eng9e] ( ! tra91 :o 0 color-bl9d1 has mi/ak5 ! color ( a signal4 ,sid5ote3 #gc4 ,! location ( ! cry/all9e l5s8 ,h[ support$8 ,its color & texture8 ,%ape8 ,size8 #gc4 ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,l5s4--,across ! front ( ! eye1 j beh9d ! iris1 is situat$ ! ,cry/all9e l5s1 enclos$ )9 its own capsule4 ,x is support$ 9 its place p>tly by a delicate circul> ligam5t1 & p>tly by ! pressure ( adjac5t /ructures4 ,x is colorless & p]fectly transp>5t1 & has a firm b ela/ic texture4 ,9 %ape x is d\bly convex1 & may be rudely comp>$ to a small lemon-drop4 ,! front face ( ! l5s is flatt] ?an ! o!r1 & is 9 contact ) ! iris ne> its pupill>y m>g91 z is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram on page #bad4 ,x is only "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick4 ,sid5ote3 #gd4 ,cat>act8 ,aque\s humor8 ,vitre\s humor8 #gd4 ,:5 ?is little body becomes opaque1 & no long] af=ds free passage to ! rays ( light1 z (t5 happ5s #baj ) ! advance ( age1 an affection t]m$ cat>act is produc$4 ,betwe5 ! cry/all9e l5s & ! cornea is a small space :i* conta9s ! aque\s humor 7see ,fig4 #dh1 ,a74 ,?is humor consi/s ( five or six drops ( a cle>1 colorless liquid v mu* l wat]1 z its "n implies4 ,t "p ( ! globe ( ! eye ly+ beh9d ! l5s is occupi$ by ! vitre\s humor1 s call$ f its fanci$ resemblance to melt$ glass 7,fig4 #dh1 ,v74 ,?is humor is a transp>5t1 jelly-l mass1 enclos$ )9 an exce$+ly ?9 membrane4 ,x lies v closely appli$ to ! ret9a1 or n]v\s membrane ( ! eye1 & con/itutes fully two-?irds ( ! bulk ( ! eyeball4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,! ,,ret9al ,,image4 ,sid5ote3 #ge4 ,:at is a l5s & its focus8 ,! m9iature image1 h[ produc$8 #ge4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,l5s4--,a convex l5s has ! prop]ty ( conv]g+ ! rays ( light :i* pass ?r\gh x2 & ! po9t at :i* x causes !m to meet is t]m$ its focus4 ,if a l5s ( ?is description1 su* z a magnify+ or burn+-glass1 be held 9 front ( an op5 w9d[1 9 su* a position z to all[ its focus to fall ^u a piece ( pap]1 x w be f\nd to depict ^u ! pap] a m9iature image ( ! sc5e outside ( ! w9d[4 ,x w be fur!r notic$ t ! image is inv]t$1 or upside d[n1 & t ! pap] #baa at ! place ^u :i* ! image is ?r[n is mu* bright] ?an any o!r "p4 ,sid5ote3 #gf4 ,h[ are figures pa9t$ ^u ! ret9a8 ,h[ prov$8 #gf4 ,n[ all ! transp>5t /ructures ( ! eye1 b especially ! cry/all9e l5s1 op]ate ^u its po/]ior "p1 or ret9a1 z ! convex l5s acts ^u ! pap]2 t is1 !y pa9t ^u ! ret9a a bright inv]t$ m9iature ( ! objects t appe> 9 front ( ! eye 7,fig4 #ej74 ,t ?is actually takes place may be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,if ! eyeball ( a :ite rabbit1 ! walls ( :i* are transp>5t1 be exam9$ :ile a light$ c&le is held be=e ! cornea1 an image ( ! c&le-flame may be se5 ^u ! ret9a4 ,sid5ote3 #gg4 ,:at c be said 9 respect to ! =m & /ructure ( ! cry/all9e l5s8 #gg4 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! cry/all9e l5s end[ x ) a rem>kable degree ( refractive p[]1 & enable x to conv]ge all ! rays ( light t ent] x ?r\gh ! pupil1 to a focus exactly at ! surface ( ! ret9a4 ,:5 ?is l5s is remov$ f ! eye1 z is frequ5tly done = ! cure ( cat>act1 x is f\nd t ! rays ( light !n h _! focus ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* beh9d ! ret9a2 t ! image is f\r times l>g] ?an 9 ! heal?y eye1 t x is less brilliant1 & t its outl9e is v indi/9ct4 ,f ?is we le>n t "o ( ! uses ( ! cry/all9e l5s is to make ! ret9al image bright & %>ply-def9$1 at ! same "t t x r$uces its size4 ,inde$1 ! small size ( ! image is a great advantage1 z x enables ! limit$ surface ( ! ret9a to receive1 at a glance1 impressions f a consid]able field ( vision4 ,sid5ote3 #gh4 ,h[ is ! inv]t$ image ^u ! ret9a pres5t$ 9 its true position to ! m9d8 #gh4 ,z ! image ^u ! ret9a is inv]t$1 h[ does ! m9d p]ceive ! object 9 its true1 erect position8 ,_m explanations h be5 advanc$1 b ! simple/ & mo/ satisfactory appe>s to be f\nd 9 ! fact t #bab ! ret9a obs]ves no diff]5ce1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! "r & left or ! upp] & l[] positions ( objects4 ,9 fact1 ! m9d is nev] consci\s ( ! =mation ( a ret9al image1 & until in/ruct$1 has no k t x exi/s4 ,consequ5tly1 our k ( ! relative location ( ext]nal objects mu/ be obta9$ f "s o!r s\rce ?an ! ret9a4 ,! probable s\rce ( ?is k is ! habitual comp>ison ( ^? objects ) ! position ( our own bodies3 ?us1 to see an elevat$ object1 we "k we mu/ raise ! head & eyes2 & to see "o at our "r h&1 we mu/ turn ! head & eyes to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,! ,,diff]5t ,,%apes ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,n1 ,! ,natural ,eye4 ,m1 ,! ,%ort-sight$ ,eye4 ,h1 ,! ,long-sight$ ,eye4 ,s1 ,p>allel ,rays f ! ,sun4 ,sid5ote3 #gi4 ,! uni=m p]fection ( ! eye8 ,examples8 ,! mo/ common imp]fection8 #gi4 ,,long-,,sight ,,or ,,hyp]opia1 ,,& ,,%ort-,,sight ,,or ,,myopia4--,! eye is n 9 all cases p]fectly =m$4 ,= example1 p]sons may f bir? h ! cornea too prom95t or too flat1 or ! l5s may be too ?ick or too ?94 ,9 ei!r ( ^! conditions sight w be m or less defective f ! fir/1 & ! defect w n t5d to disappe> z life advances4 ,! mo/ common imp]fection1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! %ape ( ! globe2 :i* may be %ort 7,fig4 #ea1 ,h71 z comp>$ ) ! natural eye1 ,n1 or x may be too long1 ,m4 ,sid5ote3 #hj4 ,h[ is long-sight expla9$8 ,%ort-sight8 #hj4 ,:5 ! globe is %ort1 objects c only be cle>ly #bac se5 t are at a di/ance1 & ! condition ( ! vision is kn[n z long-sight1 or hyp]opia4 ,x w be obs]v$1 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #ea1 t ! focus ( ! rays ( light w\ld fall beh9d ! ret9a ( ?is eye4 ,:5 ! globe is too long1 objects c only be cle>ly se5 t are v ne> to ! eye2 & ! condition result+ f ?is defect is t]m$ %ort-sight1 or myopia4 ,! focus ( ! rays ( light is1 9 ?is case1 =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! eye 9 front ( ! ret9a4 ,sid5ote3 #ha4 ,long-sight1 h[ common8 ,) :at mu/ x n be conf\nd$8 ,k9d ( glasses = %ort-sight8 ,:y8 ,squ9t8 #ha4 ,long-sight1 or hyp]opia1 is common among s*ool*ildr51 ne>ly z mu* s z %ort-sight1 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! defect kn[n z ! f> sight ( old p2 al?\gh 9 bo? affections ! sight is improv$ by ! use ( convex glasses4 ,*ildr5 n infrequ5tly discov] t !y see mu* bett] :5 !y *ance to put on ! spectacles ( old p]sons4 ,= ! relief ( %ort-sight1 concave glasses %\ld be employ$2 z !y s scatt] ! rays ( light z to br+ ! focus to ! ret9a1 & ?us cause ! vision ( remote objects to become at once di/9ct4 ,t =m ( squ9t1 9 :i* ! eyes are turn$ inw>d1 is g5]ally dep5d5t ^u long-sight1 :ile t r>] =m1 :5 !y turn outw>d1 is due to %ort-sight4 ,sid5ote3 #hb4 ,:at is /at$ 9 connection ) ! op]a-glass8 ,exp]im5t ) p5cil & di/ant object8 #hb4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,accommodation4--,if1 aft] look+ ?r\gh an op]a-glass at a v di/ant object1 x is desir$ to view ano!r ne>] at h&1 x w be f\nd impossible to obta9 a cle> vision ( ! second object unless ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t is alt]$2 :i* is effect$ by means ( ! screw4 ,if an object1 l ! end ( a p5cil1 be held ne> ! eye1 9 a l9e ) ano!r object at ! o!r side ( ! room1 or out ( ! w9d[1 & ! eye be fix$ fir/ ^u "o & !n ^u ! o!r1 x w be f\nd t :5 ! p5cil is cle>ly se51 ! #bad fur!r object is indi/9ct2 & :5 ! latt] is se5 cle>ly1 ! p5cil appe>s indi/9ct2 & t x is impossible to see bo? cle>ly at ! same "t4 ,accord+ly1 ! eye mu/ h ! capacity ( adju/+ itself to di/ances1 :i* is 9 "s mann] comp>able to ! action ( ! screw ( ! op]a-glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,! ,,function ,,( ,,accommodation4 ,! "r half ( ! diagram %[s ! eye at re/4 ,! left half %[s ! l5s accommodat$ = ne> vision4 ,sid5ote3 #hc4 ,function ( accommodation8 ,9 :at does x consi/8 ,h[ is ! function expla9$8 #hc4 ,?is1 :i* has be5 call$ ! function ( accommodation1 is "o ( ! mo/ admirable ( all ! p[]s ( ! eye1 & is ex]cis$ by ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 a *ange 9 ! curvature ( ! front surface ( ! l5s1 p>tly ?r\gh its own ela/icity1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! action ( ! cili>y muscle4 ,:5 ! eye is at re/1 t is1 :5 accommodat$ = a di/ant object1 ! l5s is flatt] & its curvature dim9i%$ 7see ,fig4 #eb72 b :5 /rongly accommodat$ = ne> vision ! l5s becomes ?ick]1 its curvature increases1 & ! image on ! ret9a is made m %>p & di/9ct4 ,s9ce a /rong light is n requir$ 9 view+ ne> objects1 ! pupil contracts1 z is %[n 9 ! left-h& half ( ! diagram4 #bae ,sid5ote3 #hd4 ,*ange ( sight ) ! approa* ( old age8 ,expla9 ! *ange8 #hd4 ,,old-,,sight1 ,,or ,,presbyopia4--,b ?is m>vell\sly beautiful me*anism becomes worn ) use2 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ! l5s1 l o!r /ructures ( ! body1 becomes h>d] ) ! approa* ( old age4 ,! mat]ial compos+ ! l5s becomes less ela/ic1 ! p[] to increase its curvature is gradually lo/1 & z a consequ5ce1 ! p]son is oblig$ to hold ! book fur!r away :5 read+1 & to seek a /rong] light4 ,9 a ^w1 ! function ( accommodation beg9s to fail1 & is ab\t ! fir/ evid5ce t m>ks ! decl9e ( life4 ,by look+ at ! la/ prec$+ diagram1 & rememb]+ t ! increas$ curvature ( ! l5s _c take place1 x w be at once und]/ood :y old-sight is b5efitt$ 9 ne> vision by ! convex l5s1 su* z ! spectacles ( old p conta94 ,x acts z a sub/itute = ! defici5cy ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,sid5ote3 #he4 ,he>+ or audition8 ,:at is s\nd8 ,h[ propagat$ commonly8 ,/one ?r[n 9 wat]8 #he4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,he>+4--,,s\nd4--,he>+1 or audition1 is ! special s5se by means ( :i* we are made acqua9t$ ) s\nd4 ,:at is s\nd8 ,x is an impression made ^u ! organs ( he>+1 by ! vibrations ( ela/ic bodies4 ,?is impression is commonly propagat$ by means ( ! air1 :i* is ?r[n into delicate undulations1 9 all directions f ! vibrat+ sub/ance4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into smoo? wat]1 a wave ( circul> =m is set 9 motion1 f ! po9t :]e ! /one /ruck1 :i* con/antly increases 9 size & dim9i%es 9 =ce1 z x advances4 ,sid5ote3 #hf4 ,s\nd-wave 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,its %ape8 ,rate ( motion8 ,s\nd1 9 wat]1 air1 & solid bodies8 #hf4 ,some:at resembl+ ?is1 is ! undulation1 or s\nd-wave1 :i* is imp>t$ by a sonor\s vibration to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,its %ape1 h[ev]1 is sph]ical1 r ?an circul>1 s9ce x radiates upw>d1 d[nw>d1 & obliquely z well z horizontally1 l ! wave #baf 9 wat]4 ,! rate ( motion ( ?is sph]ical wave ( air is ab\t #ajej feet p] second1 or "o mile 9 five seconds4 ,9 wat]1 s\nd travels f\r times z fa/ z 9 air1 & /ill m rapidly ?r\gh solid bodies2 along an iron rod1 its velocity is equal to two miles p] second4 ,sid5ote3 #hg4 ,! e>? z a conductor ( s\nd8 ,to :at has ! we/]n ,indian be5 taught8 ,solid sub/ances z conductors8 ,z reg>ds s\nd1 9 :at respect is air necess>y8 ,s\nd 9 a vacuum8 #hg4 ,! e>?1 likewise1 is a good conductor ( s\nd4 ,x is said t ! ,indian ( our we/]n prairies c1 by li/5+ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 he> ! advance ( a troop ( cavalry1 :ile !y are /ill out ( sight1 & c ev5 discrim9ate betwe5 _! tread & t ( a h]d ( buffaloes4 ,solid sub/ances also convey s\nds ) great] p[] ?an air4 ,if ! e> be press$ aga9/ "o end ( a long beam1 ! scrat*+ ( a p9 at ! o!r extremity may be di/9ctly he>d1 :i* w n be at all audible :5 ! e> is remov$ f ! beam4 ,al?\gh air is n ! be/ m$ium = convey+ s\nd1 x is necess>y = its production4 ,s\nd _c be produc$ 9 a vacuum1 z is %[n by r++ a bell 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump1 = x is !n entirely inaudible4 ,b let ! air be readmitt$ gradually1 !n ! tones become m & m di/9ct1 & :5 ! receiv] is aga9 full ( air1 !y w be z cle> z usual4 #hh4 ,all sonor\s bodies d n vibrate ) ! same degree ( rapidity1 & ^u ?is fact dep5ds ! pit* ( ! s\nds t !y respectively produce4 ,! m frequ5t ! numb] ( vibrations )9 a giv5 "t1 ! high] w be ! pit*2 & ! few] _! numb]1 ! l[] or grav] w x be4 ,n[1 ! rate ( ! successive vibrations ( diff]5t notes has be5 measur$1 & x has ?us be5 f\nd t if !y are less ?an sixte5 9 a second1 no s\nd is audible2 :ile if !y exce$ #fj1jjj p] second ! s\nd is v fa9t1 & is pa9ful to ! #bag e>4 ,! extreme limit ( ! capacity ( ! human e> may be consid]$ z includ$ betwe5 ^! po9ts2 b ! s\nds :i* we ord9>ily he> are embrac$ betwe5 #ajj & #c1jjj vibrations p] second4 #hi4 ,! e>1 :i* is ! prop] organ ( he>+1 is ! mo/ complicat$ ( all ! /ructures t are employ$ 9 ! reception ( ext]nal impressions4 ,! p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ are num]\s1 & "s ( !m are extremely small & delicate4 ,ne>ly all ^! p>ts are locat$ 9 an irregul>ly %ap$ cavity holl[$ out 9 ! temporal1 or temple1 bone ( ea* side ( ! head4 ,t "p ( ! bone 9 :i* ! auditory cavity is plac$ has ! d5se/ /ructure ( all bones ( ! body1 & has !re=e be5 call$ ! petr\s1 or rocky "p ( ! temporal bone4 ,9 /udy+ ! e>1 x is necess>y to consid] x z divid$ into ?ree portions1 :i* are call$1 f _! relative positions1 ! ext]nal e>1 ! middle e>1 & ! int]nal e>4 7,9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ec1 ,a1 ! fir/ is n %ad$1 ! second is lightly %ad$1 & ! la/ has a d>k backgr\nd47 ,sid5ote3 #ij4 ,( :at does ! ext]nal portion ( ! organ ( he>+ consi/8 ,describe ! portal ( t organ kn[n z ! e>4 ,its use8 #ij4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,e>4--,! ext]nal portion ( ! organ ( he>+1 designat$ 9 ,fig4 #ec1 ,a1 includes1 fir/1 t out] "p 7a71 :i* is commonly spok5 ( z ! e>1 b :i* 9 fact is only ! portal ( t organ2 &1 secondly1 ! auditory canal 7b74 ,! =m] consi/s ( a flat flexible piece ( c>tilage1 project+ slightly f ! side ( ! head1 atta*$ to x by ligam5ts1 & suppli$ ) a few weak muscles4 ,its surface is unev51 & curi\sly curv$1 & f its resemblance to a %ell1 x has be5 call$ ! con*a4 ,x probably s]ves to collect s\nds1 & to give !m an inw>d direction2 al?\gh its removal is said n to impair ! acut5ess ( he>+ m ?an a few days4 #bah ,sid5ote3 #ia4 ,! e> 9 ! animals ( delicate he>+8 ,rabbit8 ,fi%es8 #ia4 ,9 ^? animals ^: he>+ is m delicate ?an t ( man1 ! correspond+ organ is ( great] importance1 x be+ l>g] & suppli$ ) muscles ( great] p[]1 s t x s]ves z a natural k9d ( e>-trumpet1 :i* is easily movable 9 ! direction ( any s\nd t attracts ! att5tion ( ! animal4 ,bold1 pr$ace\s animals g5]ally h ! concavity ( ?is organ direct$ =w>d1 :ile 9 timor\s animals1 l ! rabbit1 x is direct$ backw>d4 ,fi%es h no out] e>1 b s\nds are transmitt$ directly ?r\gh ! solid bones ( ! head1 to ! int]nal organ ( he>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,! ,,e> ,,& ,,its ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts4 ,a1 ,diagram ( ! ,e>4 a1 b1 ,ext]nal ,e>4 c1 ,membrane tympani4 d1 ,middle ,e>4 e1 ,int]nal ,e>4 ,b to ,b'''1 ,bones ( ! ,middle ,e> 7magnifi$74 ,c1 ,! ,labyr9?s1 or ,int]nal ,e> 7highly magnifi$74 ,sid5ote3 #ib4 ,:at is ! auditory canal8 ,describe x4 #ib4 ,! auditory canal 7,fig4 #ec1 ,a1 b71 :i* is cont9u\s ) ! out] op5+ ( ! e>1 is a bl9d passage1 an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?1 its inn] extremity be+ b\nd$ by a closely-fitt+1 circul> membrane4 ,?is canal is ( oval =m1 is direct$ =w>d & inw>d1 #bai & is slightly curv$2 s t ! inn] end is ord9>ily conceal$ f view4 ,! p\* ( ! sk9 :i* l9es ?is passage is smoo? & ?91 especially at ! l[] end1 :]e x cov]s ! membrane j m5tion$4 ,sid5ote3 #ic4 ,h[ is x gu>d$ & protect$8 ,e>-wax8 #ic4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! no/rils1 a numb] ( small1 /iff hairs g>ni% ! m>g9 ( ! auditory canal1 & gu>d x1 to "s ext5t1 aga9/ ! entrance ( insects & o!r =eign objects4 ,! sk91 too1 cov]+ its out] half1 is furni%$ ) a belt ( little gl&s :i* secrete a yell[1 viscid1 & bitt] sub/ance1 call$ e>-wax1 :i* is especially obnoxi\s to small insects4 ,z ! out] lay] ( ?is wax-l mat]ial loses its useful prop]ties1 x becomes dry1 & falls out ( ! e> 9 ! =m ( m9ute1 ?9 scales1 a fre% supply be+ furni%$ f ! little gl&s b5ea?4 ,9 its =m1 ! auditory canal resembles ! tube ( an e>-trumpet1 & s]ves to convey ! waves ( s\nd to ! middle portion ( ! e>4 ,sid5ote3 #id4 ,:at is ! middle e>8 ,:y call$ tympanum8 #id4 ,,! ,,middle ,,e>1 ,,or ,,tympanum4--,! middle e> is a small cavity1 or *amb]1 ( irregul> %ape1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* across f side to side1 & half an in* long 7see ,fig4 #ec1 ,a1 d74 ,f ! peculi> arrangem5t ( its v>i\s p>ts x has v prop]ly be5 call$ ! tympanum1 or ! drum ( ! e>4 ,! middle e>1 l ! ext]nal canal1 conta9s air4 ,sid5ote3 #ie4 ,:at is ! membrana tympani8 ,describe x4 #ie4 ,! circul> membrane1 already m5tion$ z clos+ ! auditory canal1 is ! p>tition :i* sep>ates ! middle f ! ext]nal e>1 & is call$ ! membrana tympani 7c71 & may be consid]$ z ! out] head ( ! drum ( ! e>4 ,x is sometimes itself spok5 ( z ! drum1 b ?is is incorrect2 s9ce a drum is n a membrane1 b is ! holl[ space across :i* ! membrane is /ret*$4 ,?is membran\s drum-head is v t5se & ela/ic1 & s ?9 z to be almo/ transp>5t2 #bbj its m>g9 is fa/5$ into a circul> groove 9 ! adjac5t bone4 ,ea* wave ( s\nd t imp+es aga9/ ?is delicate membrane causes x to vibrate1 & x1 9 turn1 excites movem5ts 9 ! p>ts beyond4 ,sid5ote3 #if4 ,:at are ! ossicles8 ,_! numb] & names8 ,_! arrangem5t8 #if4 ,)9 ! tympanum is arrang$ a *a9 ( rem>kable little bones1 or ossicles4 ,!y are *iefly ?ree 9 numb]1 & f _! peculi> %apes be> ! foll[+ names3 malleus1 or ! mallet2 incus1 or ! anvil2 & /apes1 or ! /irrup4 ,a f\r?1 ! smalle/ bone 9 ! body1 9 e>ly life int]v5es betwe5 ! incus & /apes1 b at a lat] p]iod x becomes a "p ( ! incus4 ,x is call$ ! orbicul> bone4 ,small z are ^! ossicles--& !y1 toge!r1 weigh only a few gra9s--!y h _! little muscles1 c>tilages1 & blood-vessels1 z p]fectly arrang$ z ! l>g] bones ( ! body4 ,"o end ( ! *a9 ( ossicles1 ! mallet1 is atta*$ to ! membrane ( ! tympanum1 or out] drum-head1 :ile ! o!r end1 ! /irrup1 is firmly jo9$ by its foot-piece to a membrane 9 ! opposite side ( ! cavity4 ,! *a91 accord+ly1 hangs susp5d$ across ! drum betwe5 ! two membranes2 & :5 ! out] "o vibrates "u ! influ5ce ( ! s\nd-wave1 ! *a9 sw+s inw>d & transmits ! vibration to ! entrance ( ! inn] e>4 ,sid5ote3 #ig4 ,! ,eu/a*ian tube8 ,describe x1 & /ate its use4 #ig4 ,! musical in/rum5t1 ! drum1 is n complete if ! air )9 be p]fectly conf9$3 we !re=e f9d 9 all in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d a small op5+ 9 ! side1 ?r\gh :i* air may pass freely4 ,by ?is means ! pressure ( ! air ^u ! vellum :i* =ms ! head ( ! drum is made equal ^u all sides1 & ! resonance ( ! drum rema9s unaffect$ by ! v>y+ d5sity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x w1 !re=e1 emit its prop] s\nd1 :e!r x be /ruck 9 ! r>ifi$ air ( ! m\nta9-top1 or 9 ! cond5s$ air ( a m9e4 ,! tympanum1 #bba or drum ( ! e>1 9 l mann] has an op5+ by means ( :i* x communicates freely ) ! ext]nal air4 ,?is op5+ is a n>r[ canal1 ab\t an in* & a half long1 call$ ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 aft] ! "n ( its discov]]1 ,eu/a*ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,e>4 ,a1 ,! ,con*a4 ,b1 ,auditory ,canal4 ,c1 ,membrane ( ! ,drum1 7! l[] half47 ,d1 ,a small muscle4 ,e1 ,incus1 or ,anvil4 ,m1 ,malleus1 or ,mallet4 ,i1 ,eu/a*ian ,tube4 ,g1 ,semicircul> ,canals4 ,h1 ,co*lea1 or snail's %ell4 ,sid5ote3 #ih4 ,:at c y /ate ( ! action ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube8 #ih4 ,! c\rse ( ?is passage is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ed1 ,i1 direct$ d[nw>d & inw>d3 its o!r extremity op5s into ! upp] "p ( ! ?roat4 ,! passage itself is ord9>ily clos$1 b :5ev] ! act ( swall[+ or gap+ takes place1 ! orifice 9 ! ?roat is /ret*$ op51 & ! air ( ! cavity ( ! tympanum may !n be r5ew$4 ,air may at w be made to ent] ?r\gh ?is tube1 by clos+ ! m\? & nose1 & !n try+ #bbb to =ce air ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a di/9ct crackle or click+ s\nd is p]ceiv$1 due to ! movem5t ( ! membranes1 & ( ! little bones ( ! e>4 ,sid5ote3 #ii4 ,:at o!r purpose does ! ,eu/a*ian tube s]ve8 ,h[ is ?is %[n8 ,?roat-deafness8 ,prim>y use ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube8 #ii4 ,! ,eu/a*ian tube s]ves1 also1 z an escape-pipe = ! fluids :i* =m )9 ! middle e>2 & h5ce1 :5 its l9+ membrane becomes ?ick5$1 9 consequ5ce ( a cold1 or sore ?roat1 & ! passage is ?us m or less *ok$ up1 ! fluids are unable to escape z usual1 & !re=e accumulate )9 ! e>4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 ! vibrations ( ! membrane are int]f]$ )2 ! s\nds he>d appe> muffl$ & indi/9ct2 & a tempor>y difficulty ( he>+1 :i* is kn[n z ?roat-deafness1 is ! result4 ,?is result resembles ! effect produc$ by int]rupt+ ! vibrations ( a sonor\s body1 su* z all are famili> )2 if ! f+] be plac$ ^u a piano-/r+ or bell :5 x is /ruck1 ! prop] s\nd is no long] fully & cle>ly emitt$4 ,b ! prim>y use ( ?is tube is to af=d a free communication betwe5 ! middle e> & ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 & ?us secure an equal pressure ^u bo? sides ( ! membrane ( ! drum ( ! e>1 h[ev] ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e may v>y4 ,if1 f undue t5sion ( ! membranes1 pa9 is exp]i5c$ 9 ! e>s1 :5 asc5d+ into a r>e atmosph]e1 z 9 a balloon1 or desc5d+ into a d5se "o1 z 9 a div+-bell1 x may be reliev$ by repeat+ ! act ( swall[+1 f "t to "t1 9 ord] t ! inn] & out] pressure may ?us be promptly equaliz$4 ,sid5ote3 #ajj4 ,! ess5tial "p ( ! organ ( he>+8 ,its location8 ,=mation8 #ajj4 ,,! ,,int]nal ,,e>1 ,,or ,,labyr9?4--,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! organ ( he>+ is ! di/ribution ( ! auditory n]ve4 ,?is is f\nd )9 ! cavity ( ! int]nal e>1 :i*1 f its exce$+ly tortu\s %ape1 #bbc has be5 t]m$ ! labyr9? 7see ,fig4 #ec1 ,c74 ,?is cavity is holl[$ out 9 d5se bone1 & consi/s ( ?ree p>ts2 ! ve/ibule 7a71 or ante-*amb]1 :i* is connect$ ) ! o!r two2 ! co*lea 7b71 or snail's %ell2 & ! ?ree semicircul> canals 7c74 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! n]ve ( he>+ is di/ribut$ is rem>kable1 & is peculi> to ?is n]ve4 ,9 ! ve/ibule & ! canals its fibres are spread out ov] ! inn] surface1 n ( ! bony cavity b ( a membran\s bag1 :i* con=ms to & p>tially fills t cavity2 & :i* floats 9 x1 be+ bo? fill$ & surr\nd$ ) a cle>1 limpid fluid4 ,sid5ote3 #aja4 ,:]e is ! e>-s& f\nd8 ,give ! !ory z to its use4 #aja4 ,a s+ul> addition to ! me*anism ( he>+ is obs]v$ )9 ?is membran\s bag ( ! labyr9?4 ,?is consi/s ( two small oval e>-/ones1 & a quantity ( f9e p[d] ( a calc>e\s nature1 :i* is call$ e>-s&4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ^! s&y p>ticles are se5 to lie scatt]$ ^u & among ! delicate filam5ts ( ! auditory n]ve2 & x is probable1 t z ! tremul\s s\nd-wave trav]ses ! fluid ( ! ve/ibule1 ! s& rises & falls ^u ! n]ve filam5ts1 & ?us int5sifies ! sonor\s impression4 ,sid5ote3 #ajb4 ,9 ! co*lea or snail's %ell8 ,key-bo>d 9 ! int]nal e>8 ,! ve/ibules8 ,semicircul> canals8 #ajb4 ,9 ! co*lea1 or snail's %ell1 :i* conta9s ! fluid1 b no membrane1 ! n]ve ramifies ^u a spiral %elf1 :i*1 l ! co*lea itself1 takes two & a half turns1 gr[+ cont9u\sly small] z x w9ds upw>d4 ,z _m z ?ree ?\s& n]ve fibres ( diff]5t l5g?s h be5 c\nt$ !re92 :i*1 x has be5 ?\ght1 =m ! gr&1 yet m9utely small key-bo>d1 ^u :i* /rike all ! musical tones t are de/9$ to be convey$ to ! bra94 ,! ve/ibule1 x is also suppos$1 takes cognizance ( noise z di/+ui%$ f musical s\nds2 :ile ! (fice ( ! semicircul> canals is1 9 "p at lea/1 to prev5t int]nal e*oes1 or rev]b]ations4 #bbd ,sid5ote3 #ajc4 ,) :at does ! ve/ibule communicate8 ,:at is ! !ory by :i* s\nd is conduct$ to ! bra98 #ajc4 ,! ve/ibule communicates ) ! *a9 ( bones ( ! middle e> by means ( a small op5+1 call$ ! oval w9d[1 or f5e/ra ovalis4 ,across ?is w9d[ is /ret*$ ! membrane1 :i* has already be5 allud$ to z be+ jo9$ to ! /irrup-bone ( ! middle e>4 ,?r\gh ?is w9d[1 !n1 ! s\nd-wave1 :i* trav]ses ! ext]nal & middle e>1 arrives at la/ at ! labyr9?4 ,! limpid fluid :i* ! latt] conta9s1 & :i* ba!s ! t]m9al fibres ( ! n]ve ( he>+1 is ?us agitat$1 ! n]ve-fibres are excit$1 & a sonor\s impression is conduct$ to ! bra91 or1 z we say1 a s\nd is he>d4 ,sid5ote3 #ajd4 ,! =mation ( ! organ ( he>+ ) a view to its protection8 #ajd4 ,,protection ,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,he>+4--,f :at has be5 se5 ( ! complicat$ p>ts :i* compose ! organ ( he>+1 x is evid5t t :ile _m ( !m possess an exquisite delicacy ( /ructure1 ,nature has well & amply provid$ = _! protection4 ,we h obs]v$ ! conceal$ situation ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! me*anism ( ! e>1 ! l5g? ( its cavity1 its p>titions1 ! h>dness ( its walls1 & its communication ) ! atmosph]e2 all ^! provisions r5d]+ unnecess>y any sup]vision or c>e on our "p 9 ref]5ce to ! int]ior ( ! e>4 ,b 9 respect to its ext]nal p>ts1 :i* are "u our control & )9 ! rea* ( h>m1 x is o!rwise4 ,we may bo? obs]ve ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 !m1 & le>n ! means necess>y to protect !m4 ,sid5ote3 #aje4 ,dang] to :i* ! he>+ may be subject$8 ,advice8 #aje4 ,"o s\rce ( dang] to ! he>+ consi/s 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! e>1 especially by ! introduction ( cold wat] into ! auditory canal4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! unpleasant s5sation ( di/5sion & ! confusion ( s\nds :i* accompany ! fill+ ( ! e> ) wat] :5 ba?+3 ! weight ( ! #bbe wat] )9 x really di/5ds ! membrane1 & ! cold *ills ! adjac5t s5sitive p>ts4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! frequ5t introduction ( cold wat] & its cont9u$ pres5ce 9 ! e> enfeeble ! s5se ( he>+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove wat] f ! e> aft] ba?+1 by hold+ ! head on "o side1 &1 at ! same "t1 slightly exp&+ ! out] orifice1 s t ! fluid may run out4 ,= a l reason1 ! hair ab\t ! e>s %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 wet1 b %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ z soon z possible4 ,sid5ote3 #ajf4 ,! g5]al rule z to ! use ( wat] = ! e>8 #ajf4 ,x may be /at$ z a g5]al rule1 to :i* !re are b few exceptions1 t no cold liquid %\ld ev] be all[$ to ent] ! e>4 ,:5 a wa% or injection is r5d]$ necess>y1 x %\ld always be w>m$ be=e use4 ,! introduction ( cold air is likewise hurtful1 especially :5 x p\rs ?r\gh a crevice directly into ! e>1 z x may (t5 d ?r\gh ! brok5 or p>tially clos$ w9d[ ( a c>4 ,! avoidance ( ?is evil gives rise to ano!r almo/ z great2 namely1 ! introduction ( cotton or o!r s(t sub/ances into ! e> to prev5t x f cat*+ cold4 ,?is k9d ( protection t5ds to make ! "p unnaturally susceptible to *anges ( temp]ature1 & its security seems to dem& ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ! w>m cov]+4 ,z a consequ5ce ( its pres5ce1 s\nds are n naturally convey$1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! n]ve ( he>+ is gradually impair$4 ,sid5ote3 #ajg4 ,*ief s\rce ( injury to ! e>8 ,directions = remov+ =eign objects f ! e>8 ,( a live insect8 #ajg4 ,! *ief s\rce ( injury1 h[ev]1 to ! e> is f ! introduction ( solid sub/ances into ! auditory canal1 ) ! design ( remov+ insects or o!r =eign objects t h f\nd _! way into ! e>2 or ) ! design ( scrap+ out ! e>-wax4 ,= displac+ a =eign object1 x is usually suffici5t to syr+e ! e> g5tly ) w>m wat]1 ! head be+ s held t ! #bbf fluid easily escapes4 ,if a live insect has ga9$ entrance to ! e>1 x may fir/ be suffocat$ by p\r+ a little oil ^u x1 & aft]w>d remov$ by syr++ ! e> z j m5tion$4 #ajh4 ,! removal ( e>-wax is g5]ally unnecess>y2 =1 z we h be=e se51 ,nature provides t ! excess ( x %all become dry1 & !n spontane\sly fall out 9 ! =m ( f9e scales4 ,! dang] f ! introduction ( solid implem5ts into ! out] e> is *iefly f\nd 9 ! fact t ! membrane :i* lies at ! bottom ( x is v fragile1 & t any injury ( x is liable to be p]man5t1 & to p]man5tly impair ! he>+ ( ! injur$ e>4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,give z full /atem5ts z y c on ! foll[+ subjects3 #a4 ,production ( s5sation #agg1 #agh #b4 ,v>iety ( s5sations #agh1 #agi #c4 ,g5]al s5sibility #agi1 #ahj #d4 ,! s5sation ( pa9 #ahj #e4 ,! uses ( pa9 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb #f4 ,special s5sation #ahb1 #ahc #g4 ,organs ( t\* #ahc1 #ahd #h4 ,! s5se ( t\* #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf #i4 ,! delicacy ( t\* #ahf1 #ahg #aj4 ,s5sations ( temp]ature & weight #ahg1 #ahh #aa4 ,! organ ( ta/e #ahh1 #ahi #ab4 ,! s5se ( ta/e #ahi1 #aij #ac4 ,relations ( ta/e1 etc4 #aij1 #aia #ad4 ,influ5ce ( education1 etc4 #aia1 #aib #ae4 ,! s5se ( smell #aib1 #aic #af4 ,! n]ve ( smell #aic1 #aid #ag4 ,uses ( ! s5se ( smell #aid1 #aie #ah4 ,! s5se ( sight #aif1 #aig #ai4 ,light1 & ! optic n]ve #aig1 #aih #bj4 ,! organ ( sight #aih1 #aii #ba4 ,! orbits #aii #bb4 ,! eyelids #bjj1 #bja #bc4 ,! la*rymal fluid #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc #bd4 ,! eyeball #bjc1 #bjd #be4 ,! iris #bje1 #bjf #bf4 ,! ret9a #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji #bg4 ,! cry/all9e l5s #bji1 #baj #bh4 ,uses ( ! l5s #baj1 #baa1 #bab #bi4 ,long & %ort sight #bab1 #bac #cj4 ,function ( accommodation #bac1 #bad #ca4 ,old sight1 or presbyopia #bae #cb4 ,he>+ & s\nd #bae1 #baf1 #bag #cc4 ,! ext]nal e> #bag1 #bah1 #bai #cd4 ,! middle e> #bai-bbb #ce4 ,! int]nal e> #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd #cf4 ,protection ( ! s5se ( he>+ #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf 99 99 99 99 99 #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,voice4 ,voice & ,spee*--,! ,l>ynx1 or ! ,organ ( ! ,voice--,! ,vocal ,cords--,! ,l>yngoscope--,! ,production ( ! ,voice--,! ,use ( ! ,tongue--,! diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,voice--,! ,*ange ( ,voice--,its ,compass--,purity ( ,tone--,v5triloquy4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! utt]+ ( s\nds by animals8 ,h[ produc$8 #a4 ,,voice ,,& ,,spee*4--,9 common ) ! majority ( ! nobl] animals1 man possesses ! p[] ( utt]+ s\nds1 :i* are employ$ z a means ( communication & expression4 ,9 man1 ^! s\nds con/itute ! voice2 9 ! animals1 !y are designat$ z ! cry4 ,! song ( ! bird is a modification ( its cry1 :i* is r5d]$ possible f ! fact t its respiratory function is rem>kably active4 ,! s\nds ( ! animals are g5]ally1 b n always1 produc$ by means ( _! brea?+ organs4 ,among ! insects1 !y are sometimes produc$ by ! extremely rapid vibrations ( ! w+s 9 ! act ( flight1 z 9 ! case ( ! musquito2 or !y are produc$ by ! rubb+ toge!r ( h>d portions ( ! ext]nal cov]+ ( ! body1 z 9 ! cricket4 ,almo/ all k9ds ( m>9e animals are voiceless4 ,! tamb\r-fi% & a few o!rs h1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( mak+ a sort ( noise 9 ! wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! evid5ce ( man's sup]ior end[m5t8 ,:at is /at$ ( ! idiot8 ,p>rot8 ,rav58 #b4 ,b man alone possesses ! faculty ( spee*1 or ! p[] to use articulate s\nds 9 ! expression ( ideas1 & 9 ! communication ( m9d ) m9d4 ,spee* is ?us an evid5ce ( ! sup]ior end[m5t ( man1 & involves ! culture ( ! intellect4 ,an idiot1 :ile he #bbh may h complete vocal organs & full p[] ( utt]+ s\nds or cries1 is entirely incapable ( spee*2 &1 z a rule1 ! excell5ce ( ! language ( any p w be f\nd to be proportional to _! developm5t ( bra94 ,man1 h[ev]1 is n ! only be+ t has ! p[] to =m articulate s\nds1 = ! p>rot & ! rav5 may also be taught to speak by rote2 b man alone atta*es mean+ to ! words & phrases he employs4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,spee* & he>+8 ,a deaf *ild8 ,p]son hav+ no e> = music8 ,impair$ he>+8 ,:at d ! examples %[8 #c4 ,spee* is intimately relat$ to ! s5se ( he>+4 ,a *ild born deaf is1 ( necessity1 dumb also2 n because ! organs ( spee* are imp]fect1 = he c utt] cries & may be taught to speak1 & ev5 to conv]se 9 a rude & h>% k9d ( language2 b because he c =m no accurate notion ( s\nd4 ,& a p]son1 ^: he>+ is n delicate1 or z x is commonly express$1 :o has no e> = music1 _c s+ correctly4 ,a p]son :o has impair$ he>+ commonly talks 9 an unnaturally l\d & monoton\s voice4 ,^! examples %[ ! necess>y relation ( intellig5ce & ! s5se ( he>+ ) t =m ( articulate voice1 :i* is t]m$ spee*4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,organ ( ! voice8 ,:]e situat$8 ,( :at is its framework compos$8 #d4 ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,! ,,voice4--,! ess5tial organ ( ! voice is ! ,l>ynx4 ,?is has be5 previ\sly allud$ to 9 its relation to ! function ( respiration2 &1 9 ! *apt] on t subject1 are figur$ ! front view ( t organ 7,fig4 #ce71 & its connection ) ! tra*ea1 tongue1 & o!r neighbor+ p>ts 7,fig4 #ch74 ,x is situat$ at ! upp] "p ( ! neck1 at ! top ( ! tra*ea1 or tube by :i* air passes into & out ( ! lungs4 ,! framework ( ! l>ynx is compos$ ( f\r c>tilages1 :i* r5d] x at once v /rong & suffici5tly flexible to enable x to move accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! voice4 #bbi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,l>ynx ,,& ,,tra*ea4 ,a1 ,! ,epiglottis4 ,b1 ,! ,?yroid ,c>tilage4 ,c1 ,aryt5oid ,c>tilage4 ,d1 ,v5tricle ( ! ,l>ynx4 ,e1 ,cricoid ,c>tilage4 ,f1 ,"r ,vocal ,cord4 ,h1 ,! ,tra*ea4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,names1 =mation1 & situation ( ! c>tilages8 #e4 ,! names ( ! c>tilages are 7#a7 ! ?yroid1 :i* is a broad ?9 plate1 b5t 9 ! middle & plac$ 9 ! c5tral l9e ( ! front "p ( ! neck1 :]e x is kn[n z ! pomum ,adami1 or ,adam's apple 7,fig4 #ee1 ,b71 & :]e x may be felt mov+ up & d[n ) ea* act ( swall[+2 7#b7 ! cricoid1 :i* is %ap$ l a seal r+1 ) ! broad "p plac$ po/]iorly 7,fig4 #ee1 ,e74 ,at ! top ( ! cricoid c>tilage are situat$ ! two small aryt5oid c>tilages1 ! "r "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 ,c4 ,^! latt] little organs are mu* m movable ?an ! o!r two1 & are v important 9 ! production ( ! voice4 ,!y h a true ball & socket jo9t1 & sev]al small muscles :i* contract & relax ) z p]fect regul>ity & accuracy z any ( ! l>g] muscles ( ! body4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,l9+ ( ! int]ior ( ! l>ynx8 ,! epiglottis8 #f4 ,! int]ior ( ! l>ynx is l9$ ) a v s5sitive muc\s membrane1 :i* is mu* m closely adh]5t to ! p>ts b5ea? ?an is usually ! case ) membranes ( ?is description4 ,! epiglottis 7,a71 consi/+ ( a s+le leaf-%ap$ piece ( c>tilage1 is atta*$ to ! front "p ( ! l>ynx4 ,x is ela/ic1 easily mov$1 & fits accurately ov] ! entrance to ! air-passages bel[ x4 ,its (fice is to gu>d ^! delicate passages & ! lungs aga9/ ! intrusion ( food & o!r =eign #bcj articles1 :5 ! act ( swall[+ takes place4 ,x also assi/s 9 modify+ ! voice4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,:]e are ! vocal cords8 ,! false cords8 ,! true cords8 #g4 ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords4--,)9 ! l>ynx1 & /ret*$ across x f ! ?yroid c>tilage 9 front to ! aryt5oid c>tilages beh9d1 are plac$ ! two sets ( folds1 call$ ! vocal cords4 ,! upp] ( ^!1 "o on ea* side1 are ! false cords1 :i* are comp>atively fix$ & inflexible4 ,^! are n at all ess5tial to ! =mation ( vocal s\nds1 = !y h be5 injur$1 9 ^? l[] animals ^: l>ynx resembles t ( man1 )\t mat]ially affect+ _! *>act]i/ic cries4 ,bel[ ^!1 "o on ea* side1 are ! true vocal cords 7,fig4 #ee1 ,f71 :i* pursue a simil> direction to ! false cords1 namely1 f be=e backw>d4 ,b !y are compos$ ( a highly ela/ic1 ?\gh /rong tissue1 & are cov]$ ) a ?91 tightly-fitt+ lay] ( muc\s membrane4 ,_! edges are smoo? & %>ply def9$1 & :5 !y meet1 z !y d 9 ! =mation ( s\nds1 !y exactly mat* ea* o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,:]e is ! v5tricle ( ! l>ynx8 ,! ess5tials to ! =mation ( ! tones & modulation ( ! voice8 #h4 ,betwe5 ! true & false vocal cords is a depression on ea* side1 :i* is t]m$ ! v5tricle ( ! l>ynx 7,fig4 #ee1 ,d74 ,! integrity ( ^! true cords1 & _! free vibration1 are ess5tial to ! =mation ( ! tones & ! modulation ( ! natural voice4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t1 if "o or bo? ( ^! cords are injur$ or become diseas$1 voice & spee* are compromis$2 or :5 ! muc\s membrane cov]+ !m becomes ?ick5$1 9 consequ5ce ( a cold1 ! vocal s\nds are r5d]$ husky & indi/9ct4 ,:5 an op5+ is made 9 ! ?roat bel[ ! cords1 z n infrequ5tly happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( an attempt to commit suicide1 voice is impossible except :5 ! op5+ is clos$ by ext]nal pressure4 #bca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,l>yngoscope4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,v>iation 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! true cords ( ! voice8 ,exp]im5t ) ! mirror8 #i4 ,! int]val or space betwe5 ! true cords ( ! voice is con/antly v>y+1 n only :5 _! vocal function is 9 ex]cise1 b also dur+ ! act ( respiration4 ,e "t ! lungs are inflat$1 ! space increases to make wide ! entrance = ! air2 & dim9i%es slightly dur+ expiration4 ,s t ^! little cords move g5tly to & fro 9 rhy?m ) ! expansion & contraction ( ! *e/ 9 brea?+4 ,^! movem5ts & o!rs may be se5 to take place1 if a small mirror atta*$ to a long h&le be plac$ back into ! upp] "p ( ! ?roat2 ! h&le ne> ! mirror mu/ be b5t at an angle ( #de1 s t we may look ar\nd ! corn]1 s to speak1 beh9d ! tongue4 ,! position :i* ! mirror mu/ assume w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #ch4 ,a view ( :at may be se5 "u favorable circum/ances1 dur+ tranquil inspiration is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! vocal cords are !re %[n z n>r[1 :ite b&s1 on ea* side ( ! c5tral op5+1 & s9ce ! image is inv]t$1 ! epiglottis appe>s upp]mo/4 ,! r+s p>tly se5 ?r\gh ! op5+ belong to ! tra*ea4 ,?is little mirror is ! ess5tial "p #bcb ( an in/rum5t1 :i* is call$ ! l>yngoscope1 &1 simple z x may seem1 x is acc\nt$ "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! rec5tly inv5t$ appliances ( ! m$ical art4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! =mation ( true vocal tones8 #aj4 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,voice4--,dur+ ord9>y tranquil brea?+ no s\nd is produc$ 9 ! l>ynx1 true vocal tones be+ =m$ only dur+ =cible expiration1 :51 by an ef=t ( ! w1 ! cords are br\ght close toge!r1 & are /ret*$ s z to be v t5se4 ,! space betwe5 !m is !n r$uc$ to a n>r[ slit1 at times n m ?an #a_/ajj ( an in* 9 wid?2 & ! column ( expir$ air be+ =c$ ?r\gh x causes ! cords to vibrate rapidly1 l ! /r+s ( a musical in/rum5t4 ,?us ! voice is produc$ 9 its _m v>ieties ( tone & pit*2 its int5sity1 or l\dness1 dep5d+ *iefly ^u ! p[] ex]t$ 9 expell+ ! air f ! lungs4 ,:5 ! note is high1 ! space is dim9i%$ bo? 9 l5g? & wid?2 b :5 x is l[1 ! space is wid] & long] 7,fig4 #eg1 ,b1 ,c71 & ! numb] ( vibrations is few] )9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords4 ,a1 ,! position dur+ inspiration4 ,b1 ,9 ! =mation ( l[ notes4 ,c1 ,9 ! =mation ( high notes4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,to :at is ! p]sonal quality ( ! voice ma9ly due8 ,:at aids are !re8 #aa4 ,! p]sonal quality ( ! voice1 or t :i* enables u to recognize a p]son by 8 spee*1 is ma9ly due to ! peculi> %ape ( ! ?roat1 nose1 & m\?1 & #bcc ! resonance ( ! air conta9$ )9 ^? cavities4 ,! walls ( ! *e/ & ! tra*ea take "p 9 ! resonance ( ! voice1 ! air )9 !m vibrat+ at ! same "t ) ! p>ts above !m4 ,?is may be te/$ by t\*+ ! ?roat or brea/-bone1 :5 a /rong vocal ef=t is made4 ,! tee? & ! lips also are important1 z is %[n by ! unnatural tones emitt$ by a p]son :o has lo/ ! =m]1 or by "o :o is affect$ ) ! de=mity kn[n z h>e-lip4 ,! tongue is useful1 b n indisp5sable to spee*2 ! case ( a woman is report$1 f :om ne>ly ! :ole tongue _h be5 torn out1 b :o c\ld1 nev]!less1 speak di/9ctly & ev5 s+4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,v>ieties ( voice8 ,! b>itone8 ,! voice 9 e>ly y\?8 #ab4 ,,! ,,v>ieties ( voice are said to be f\r 9 numb]2 two1 ! bass & t5or1 belong+ to ! male sex2 & two1 ! contralto or alto1 & soprano1 peculi> to ! female4 ,! b>itone voice is ! "n giv5 to a v>iety int]v5+ betwe5 ! bass & t5or4 ,9 man1 ! voice is /rong & grave2 9 woman1 s(t & high4 ,9 infancy & e>ly y\?1 ! voice is ! same 9 bo? sexes1 be+ ( ! soprano v>iety3 t ( boys is bo? cle> & l\d1 & be+ susceptible ( consid]able tra9+1 is highly priz$ 9 ! *oral s]vices ( ! *ur* & ca!dral4 ,at ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age ! voice is said to *ange2 t is1 x becomes ho>se & un/eady by reason ( ! rapid gr[? ( ! l>ynx4 ,9 ! case ( ! girl1 ! *ange is n v m>k$1 except t ! voice becomes /rong] & has a wid] compass2 b 9 ! boy1 ! l>ynx ne>ly d\bles its size 9 a s+le ye>1 ! vocal cords gr[ ?ick]1 long]1 & co>s]1 & ! voice becomes mascul9e 9 "*4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is *ange1 ! use ( ! voice 9 s++ is injudici\s4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! range ( ! voice8 ,result ( c>eful tra9+ ( ! vocal organs8 #ac4 ,! ord9>y range ( ea* ( ! f\r v>ieties ( #bcd ! voice is ab\t two octaves2 b ?is is exce$$ 9 ! case ( sev]al celebrat$ vocali/s4 ,madame ,p>epa-,rosa has a compass ( ?ree full octaves4 ,:5 ! vocal organs h be5 subject$ to c>eful tra9+1 & are br\ght "u complete control ( ! w1 ! t5sion ( ! cords become exact1 & _! vibrations become exce$+ly precise & true4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! voice is said to possess purity ( tone1 & c be he>d at a great di/ance1 & above a multitude ( o!r s\nds4 ,! p[] ( a pure voice to make itself he>d 0 rec5tly exemplifi$ 9 a /rik+ mann]3 at a musical fe/ival held 9 an audi5ce-room ( extraord9>y size1 & amid an or*e/ra ( a ?\s& in/rum5ts & a *orus ( twelve ?\s& voices1 ! arti/ nam$ above also sang2 yet su* 0 ! purity & /r5g? ( h] voice t its notes c\ld be cle>ly he>d ris+ above ! va/ waves ( s\nd produc$ by ! full accompanim5t ( *orus & or*e/ra4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! production ( ! articulate s\nds8 ,:at exp]im5t is m5tion$8 #ad4 ,9 ! production ( ! articulate s\nds ( spee*1 ! l>ynx is n directly conc]n$1 b ^? s\nds really dep5d ^u alt]ations 9 ! %ape ( ! air-passages above t organ4 ,t spee* is n necess>ily due to ! action ( ! l>ynx is prov5 by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t4 ,let an ela/ic tube be pass$ ?r\gh ! no/ril to ! back ( ! m\?4 ,!n1 :ile ! brea? is held1 cause ! tongue1 tee?1 & lips to g ?r\gh ! =m ( pron\nc+ words1 & at ! same "t1 let a second p]son bl[ ?r\gh ! tube into ! m\?4 ,spee*1 pure & simple1 or1 9 o!r words1 a :isp] is produc$4 ,/ill fur!r cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 :ile p]mitt+ vocal s\nds to be made1 & !re w be produc$ a l\d & :isp]+ spee* at ! same mom5t2 ?us %[+ t voice & spee* are ! result ( two di/9ct acts4 ,sigh+1 9 l mann]1 is #bce produc$ 9 ! m\? & ?roat2 if1 h[ev]1 a vocal s\nd be add$1 ! sigh is *ang$ into a groan4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,:at is v5triloquism8 ,indication ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w8 ,h[ are ! v5triloqu\s s\nds produc$8 #ae4 ,,v5triloquism is a peculi> modification ( natural spee*1 :i* consi/s 9 s manag+ ! voice t words & s\nds appe> to issue1 n f ! p]son1 b f "s di/ant place1 z f ! *imney1 cell>1 or ! int]ior ( a *e/4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w v5triloquism 7t is1 speak+ f ! belly71 indicates ! e>ly belief t ?is mode ( spee* 0 dep5d5t ^u ! possession & use ( "s special organ besides ! l>ynx & m\?2 b at ! pres5t "t1 x is kn[n t x is produc$ by ^! organs alone1 & t ! s\rces ( deception consi/ on ! "p ( ! p]=m]1 9 ! dext]\s managem5t ( ! voice1 toge!r ) a tal5t = mimicry2 &1 on ! "p ( ! auditory1 9 ! liability ( ! s5se ( he>+ to error 9 respect to ! direction ( s\nds4 ,! v5triloqui/ n only seems to ?r[ 8 voice1 z x is said1 or simulates ! s\nd z x usually appe>s at a di/ance ) b little motion ( ! lips & face1 b he imitates ! voices ( an infant & ( a feeble old man1 ( a drunk5 man disput+ ) an exasp]at$ wife1 ! brok5 language ( a =eign]1 ! cry ( an animal 9 di/ress1 demon/rat+ t ! p]=m] mu/ be pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( mimicry4 ,v5triloquism 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,romans & ,greeks2 & x is ?\ght t ! my/]i\s responses t 7 said to issue f ! sacr$ trees & %r9es ( ! oracles at ,dodona & ,delphi1 7 really utt]$ by prie/s :o _h ! p[] ( produc+ ?is =m ( spee*4 99 99 99 99 99 #bcf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,microscope ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,physiology4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! w ( ! ,creator1 by :at obey$8 ,! p[] ( a muscle8 ,am\nt ( duty p]=m$ by ! liv]8 #a4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,tissues4--,! w ( an inf9ite ,creator is obey$ by atoms z well z by worlds4 ,he has se5 fit to commit all ! functions ( life to /ructures or tissues s small z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,a muscle1 = example1 z we h already le>n$1 is compos$ ( innum]able filam5ts1 visible only by ! aid ( ! microscope2 & ! p[] ( ! muscul> mass is b ! sum ( ! contractile p[] ( ! filam5ts :i* ent] into its composition4 ,aga91 ea* cell ( ! liv]1 invisible to unassi/$ sight1 is a secret+ organ1 & ! liv] p]=ms z mu* duty z ! sum ( ^! m9ute organs r5d]s possible & no m4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,necessity = us+ ! microscope8 ,! advantages ga9$ by its use8 #b4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,! ,,microscope4--,if1 !re=e1 we w\ld "k ! real /ructure ( ! human body1 we mu/ make use ( ! microscope4 ,we are n at lib]ty ei!r to use x or n2 we mu/ h rec\rse to x 9 ord] to obta9 a real k ( ! human body4 ,our eyes are con/ruct$ = ! common (fices ( life1 to provide = our wants & gu>d u f ! ord9>y s\rces ( dang]2 b by arm+ !m ) l5ses1 ! real /ructure ( plants & animals is reveal$ to our intellig5ce2 & enemies1 o!rwise invisible1 t lie 9 wait 9 ! air we brea!1 & 9 our daily food & dr9k1 to de/roy life1 are gu>d$ aga9/4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,:at are convex l5ses8 ,k9d ( l5ses us$ 9 microscopes8 ,exp]im5t8 ,picture ?r[n ^u ! eye8 ,d]ivation ( ! ^w microscope8 #c4 ,,convex ,,l5ses1 or magnify+ glasses1 are disks ( glass or o!r transp>5t sub/ance1 :i* h ! #bcg prop]ty ( pictur+ ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye an image ( an object l>g] ?an ! image produc$ !re )\t _! aid4 ,! glasses us$ 9 microscopes are ei!r d\ble convex l5ses 7a7 or plano-convex l5ses 7b74 ,if a d\ble convex l5s or a plano-convex "o be plac$ ov] a hole 9 ! %utt] ( a d>k5$ room1 or ov] ! key-hole ( a door1 & a piece ( pap] be held at a prop] di/ance1 a picture ( all objects 9 front ( ! l5s w be ?r[n on ! pap]1 z 9 ! cam]a-obscura or ! magic-lant]n4 ,n[1 9 ! same mann]1 a l5s ?r[s a picture ( objects to :i* x is direct$ on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 & :5 t picture is l>g] ?an ! image made 9 ! eye by ! object1 )\t ! aid ( ! l5s1 x is magnifi$1 or ! l5s has s]v$ z a microscope1 s call$1 f its use 9 see+ small objects1 f mikros1 small1 & skopeo1 to see4 ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,k9ds ( microscope8 ,:at are simple microscopes8 #d4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,microscopes4--,microscopes are ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,! glasses ( magnify+ spectacles1 l ^? commonly us$ by ag$ p]sons1 are simple microscopes4 ,magnify+ glasses1 m\nt$ 9 frames su* z are = sale by opticians & o!rs1 = ! detection ( c\nt]feit money1 are simple microscopes1 & are useful 9 /udy+ ! co>s] /ructure ( plants & animals4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,con/ruction ( ! mo/ p[]ful simple microscopes8 ,9 practice8 ,a d\blet8 ,triplet8 ,:y are comp\nd microscopes sup]ior to simple ones8 #e4 ,! mo/ p[]ful simple microscopes are made by melt+ 9 a flame a ?read ( spun glass1 s z to =m a #bch m9ute globule or bead1 :i*1 :5 set 9 a piece ( metal & us$ to exam9e objects on a plate ( glass held up to ! light1 gives a high magnify+ p[]4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd bett] to use sev]al magnify+ glasses ( mod]ate p[]1 ?an a simple l5s alone ( high p[]4 ,a comb9ation ( two l5ses is call$ a d\blet--( ?ree1 a triplet4 ,all simple microscopes ?r[ an enl>g$ image ( ! object ^u ! ret9a4 ,comp\nd microscopes are s con/ruct$ t ! enl>g$ image ( an object is aga9 magnifi$ by a second l5s1 & h5ce _! magnify+ p[] is va/ly sup]ior to t ( simple microscopes4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,expla91 by means ( ! diagram1 ! action ( ! comp\nd microscope4 #f4 ,! accompany+ diagrams w expla9 ! action ( ! comp\nd microscope comp>$ ) t ( ! simple microscope4 ,9 ,fig4 #eh1 :i* repres5ts ! work+ ( ! simple microscope1 ! rays f ! object 7a b71 pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s 7,l71 =m an image 7a' b'7 9 ! ret9a ( ! eye 7,e71 & z all images are inv]t$ 9 ! eye1 ! object is se5 z all o!r objects are1 & appe>s erect4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei is se5 ! action ( ! comp\nd microscope4 ,an inv]t$ image 7a' b'7 ( ! object 7a b7 is magnifi$ by ! second l5s 7,l'71 & an erect image is ?r[n ^u ! ret9a1 :i*1 z all o!r objects se5 erect ) ! nak$ eye are inv]t$1 gives to ! image a contr>y direction1 or inv]ts x to ! m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,simple ,,microscope4 #bci ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,portions1 9 a comp\nd microscope8 ,! glasses8 #g4 ,a ,,comp\nd ,,microscope consi/s ( two portions3 ! optical portion1 or ! l5ses1 & ! me*anical portion1 or ! in/rum5t :i* be>s ! l5ses4 ,! glasses ( a comp\nd microscope are two3 ! object-glass 7,d71 ,fig4 #fj1 & ! l[] l5s ( ,fig4 #ei1 & ! ocul> or eye-piece 7,a71 ,fig4 #fj1 & ! upp] piece ( ,fig4 #ei4 ,bo? ! object-glass & ! eye-piece may1 & usually d1 consi/ ( m ?an "o l5s1 =1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 bett] results are obta9$ by a comb9ation ( l5ses ( mod]ate p[] ?an by s+le l5ses ( high p[] & great curvature4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,h[ to *oose a microscope8 ,h[ to use x8 #h4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose ,,& ,,use ,a ,,microscope4--,no attractiv5ess 9 ! me*anical "p ( a microscope c comp5sate = inf]ior l5ses2 & ! v fir/ consid]ation 9 ! *oice ( an in/rum5t %\ld be ! excell5ce ( ! optical "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! use ( ! in/rum5t1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to keep ! l5ses clean1 free f du/1 n to press ! object-glass ^u ! object "u obs]vation1 & n to wet x 9 ! wat] 9 :i* mo/ objects are exam9$4 ,a good microscope requires its own table2 & :5 n 9 use %\ld be cov]$ by a bell glass or a clean l95 clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,comp\nd ,,microscope4 #bdj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,a1 ,eye-piece4 ,b1 ,body4 ,c1 ,coll>4 ,d1 ,object-glass4 ,e1 ,/age4 ,f1 ,h+e4 ,g1 ,mirror4 ,h1 ,/&4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! be/ in/rum5t8 ,:at special requisites %\ld be insi/$ ^u8 ,:y1 z to a horizontal /age8 #i4 ,! me*anical portion ( ! in/rum5t v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,t "o is ! be/ :i* is simple/1 ! mo/ solid & easily manag$4 ,! /age 7,e71 ^u :i* ! object is plac$1 %\ld n be movable3 x %\ld be solid & firm4 ,! screw by :i* ! focal di/ance is adju/$1 & :i* #bda is 9 con/ant use1 %\ld be s plac$ t x c be work$ by ! h& re/+ on ! table3 o!rwise fatigue is soon induc$4 ,! direction ( ! tube c>ry+ ! glasses %\ld be p]p5dicul>1 & ! /age !re=e horizontal4 ,mo/ objects 9 human anatomy are exam9$ 9 wat] or 9 o!r liquids1 or !y are !mselves liquids2 h5ce an oblique /age is (t5 inconv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 #bdb ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,slides8 ,cov]s1 squ>e & circul>8 ,h[ kept8 #aj4 ,,additional ,,app>atus4--,z almo/ all objects 9 human anatomy are exam9$ by transmitt$ light ?r[n up f ! mirror 7,g1 ,fig4 #fj7 b5ea? ! /age ?r\gh ! object to ! eye1 !y mu/ be plac$ ^u /rips ( cle> glass ab\t ?ree in*es long & "o in* wide1 commonly call$ slides4 ,^! %\ld be procur$ ) ! microscope4 ,aga91 mo/ objects se5 ) high p[]s require to be cov]$ ) a ?9 plate ( glass1 v prop]ly call$ a cov]1 t ! moi/ure ( ! specim5 may n t>ni% ! object-glass4 ,squ>e or circul> cov]s ( v ?9 glass are !re=e provid$2 & a good supply ( ^! %\ld be always on h&4 ,^! glasses %\ld be kept 9 a cov]$ di% fill$ ) a mixture ( alcohol & wat]4 ,simple wat] w n remove ! fatty matt] :i* exi/s 9 all animal tissues1 &1 !re=e1 ! glasses _c be ?or\ghly clean$ ) x alone4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,clean+ ! glasses8 ,knives1 scissors1 etc48 ,v>i\s liquids8 #aa4 ,:5 glasses are requir$ = use1 !y %\ld be remov$ f ! liquid & wip$ clean & dry ) a s(t l95 h&k]*ief4 ,delicate knives1 scissors1 ne$les m\nt$ 9 h&les1 =ceps1 pipettes or little tubes = tak+ up wat]1 %\ld be obta9$2 ^! are ess5tial to all microscopical /udy4 ,! table %\ld be suppli$ ) glass-/opp]$ bottles conta9+ ! v>i\s liquids ord9>ily us$ 9 ! /udy ( physiology4 ,?us1 t9cture ( iod9e is indisp5sable 9 /udy+ vegetable /ructure1 acetic acid 9 ! /udy ( animal tissues2 & o!r articles w h to be add$ f "t to "t1 z y\r progress 9 /udy dem&s !m4 #bdc ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,bodies1 9 air & wat]8 ,! exam9ation ( />*8 #ab4 ,,prelim9>y ,,/udies4--,9 ord] to prep>e ! way = ! /udy ( any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce ) ! aid ( ! microscope--= ! microscope is b an eye1 & c be turn$ 9 almo/ any direction = purposes ( inve/igation--x is necess>y to become acqua9t$ ) ! _m objects :i* are liable to complicate ! exam9ation ( p>ticul> /ructures4 ,bo? air & wat] are full ( float+ bodies1 & ! mo/ common ( ^! %\ld fir/ occupy ! att5tion4 ,9 ! city1 p>ticles ( />* are always float+ 9 ! air4 ,take a v m9ute portion ( :eat fl\r1 place x 9 ! middle ( a clean glass slide1 drop ^u x a drop ( pure wat]1 cov] x ) a plate ( ?9 glass1 & exam9e x ) a p[] ( f "o hundr$ to six hundr$ diamet]s4 ,x w be f\nd to be compos$ ( m9ute gra9s or granules1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are made up ( coats or lay]s1 l an onion1 arrang$ ar\nd a c5tral spot call$ ! hilum4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! exam9ation ) solution ( iod9e8 ,advice respect+ o!r articles8 #ac4 ,make ano!r prep>ation 9 ! same mann]1 &1 aft] add+ ! wat] & be=e cov]+ ) ! ?9 glass cov]1 add a small drop ( a solution ( iod9e4 ,n[1 ^u exam9+ ! specim51 e gra9 w be se5 to be ( a beautiful deep blue color4 ,aft] ?us /udy+ :eat />*1 ! />* ( ,indian corn1 ( arr[root1 & ( v>i\s gra9s %\ld be exam9$ 9 l mann]1 & _! resemblances & diff]5ces not$4 ,! granules ( potato-/>* are z di/9ctly m>k$ z any4 7,see ,fig4 #ae1 page #fa47 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,directions = exam9+ cotton & o!r fibres8 ,vegetable hairs8 #ad4 ,fibres ( cotton1 l9t1 & wool are liable to be f\nd 9 e specim5 prep>$ = microscopical exam9ation4 ,9 ord] to /udy ^!1 any cotton1 wooll51 or l95 fabric1 or g>m5t1 may be scrap$1 & ! scrap+s plac$ on a piece ( glass moi/5$ ) wat]1 cov]$ ) ! ?9 glass plate or cov] z be=e1 & #bdd exam9$ ) ! same magnify+ p[]1 namely1 f "o hundr$ to six hundr$ diamet]s4 ,vegetable hairs or d[n are con/antly float+ 9 air & wat]4 ,^! are ( v v>i\s =ms1 are simple or gr\p$1 & =m v int]e/+ objects ( /udy4 ,!y are readily procur$ f ! epid]mis or out] membrane ( ! leaves or /ems ( plants1 by section ) a delicate knife4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,directions = exam9+ v>i\s tissues8 ,d[n ( mo?s1 & o!r /ructures8 #ae4 ,! tissues ( plants1 epid]mis1 ducts1 & woody fibres are con/antly f\nd 9 microscopic prep>ations4 ,!y may be /udi$ 9 delicate sections made ) a %>p knife1 or by te>+ vegetable tissues ap>t ) ne$les4 ,! d[n ( mo?s1 ! hairs ( diff]5t animals1 ! fibres ( pap]1 ! mo/ common animalcules 9 wat]1 ! du/ ( %elves1 & g5]ally ! /ructures f\nd 9 all vegetable & animal sub/ances by :i* we are surr\nd$1 %\ld be /udi$ z a prelim9>y to any special l9e ( microscopical inve/igation4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,directions = exam9+ a drop ( blood8 #af4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,human ,,tissues4--,:5 ?is has be5 done & famili>ity ) ! use ( ! in/rum5t has be5 obta9$1 proce$ to ! /udy ( ! human body1 = human physiology is our subject4 ,if ! end ( ! f+] be prick$ ) a p91 a drop ( blood may be procur$ = exam9ation4 ,place ?is on "o ( ! glass slides1 cov] x ) a ?9 piece ( glass1 press d[n ! cov] s z to make a ?9 lay]1 & !n exam9e ) ! magnify+ p[] j m5tion$4 ,d n add wat]1 = t w cause ! blood corpuscles to disappe>4 ,if ! drop ( blood is plac$ "u ! microscope at once aft] be+ drawn f ! f+]1 mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a w be obs]v$4 ,! r$ corpuscles w be se5 to arrange !mselves 9 r[s1 l piles ( co91 :ile ! blood is coagulat+4 ,! sph]ical1 :ite corpuscles w #bde be left out ( ! r[s ( r$ disks1 &1 if ! highe/ p[] be us$1 w be se5 to *ange _! %ape con/antly4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,exam9ation ( ! scales ( ! m\?8 ,d&ruff8 #ag4 ,if y scrape ) a dull knife ! inside ( ! *eek1 ! flatt5$ scales ( pavem5t epi!lium1 or ( ! ins5sible cov]+ :i*1 analog\s to ! sc>f-sk9 on ! out] surface ( ! body1 l9es ! cavities ( its int]ior1 may be readily /udi$4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( transp>5t tiles1 ea* enclos+ a r\nd or oval body1 call$ its nucleus4 ,d&ruff & ! scrap+s f ! sk9 ( ! body are compos$ ( scales l ^? ( ! m\?1 b !y diff] some:at 9 be+ h>d5$ by horny matt]1 & 9 hav+ a v fa9t c5tral body or nucleus4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,9 :at1 z respects ! tissues1 d ! w>m blood$ animals diff]8 ,/atem5t ( ,milne ,edw>ds8 #ah4 ,,! ,,tissues ,,( ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,animals4--,! w>m-blood$ animals d n diff] 9 ! tissues1 or microscopic /ructures1 t compose !m1 b only 9 ! am\nt & arrangem5t ( ^! tissues4 ,milne ,edw>ds says ^! tissues d n diff] mu* 9 diff]5t animals1 b _! mode ( association v>ies2 & x is *iefly by reason ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! comb9ation ( ^! associations 9 v>i\s degrees1 t ea* species possesses ! anatomical prop]ties & *>act]s :i* are peculi> to x4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,h[ to procure mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! tissues ( man8 #ai4 ,h5ce ! but*]'s /all w furni% all ! mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! microscopic tissues4 ,! /ructure ( ! he>t1 lungs1 liv]1 bra91 & muscle may all be /udi$1 & well /udi$1 by us+ m9ute pieces ( ! fle% ( ! l[] animals1 especially ( ! quadrup$s4 ,su* portions ( ^! animals z are n expos$ = sale c be readily obta9$ by ord] f ! slaught]-h\se4 ,to exam9e ) ! p[]s ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 x is only necess>y to cut (f #bdf exce$+ly small pieces1 te> !m ap>t ) ne$les1 or make v delicate sections ) a %>p knife4 #bj4 ,,inc5tives ,,to ,,/udy4--,a complete k ( all m9ute /ructures is n to be expect$ at once1 = y are "h introduc$ into a new realm ( ,nature1 a _w ( little ?+s z va/1 z wond]ful1 & z c>efully con/ruct$ z ! />ry firmam5t1--t o!r realm ( gr& objects :i* ! a/ronom] nightly scans ) ! telescope4 ,x w n appe> s+ul>1 !re=e1 if1 at fir/1 y feel /range & awkw>d 9 ?is new creation4 ,) a little p]sev]ance1 h[ev]1 & ) ! att5tion direct$ t[>d simple objects at ! outset1 x w n be long be=e an increas+ exp]i5ce w eng5d] confid5ce4 #ba4 ,if to all ?is !re be add$ an en?usia/ic /udy ( ! /&>d au?orities on ! subject1 ! rate ( progress w be by s mu* ! m rapid4 ,z comp>$ ) simil> /udies1 few possess m int]e/ ?an microscopy1 & to ! "o :o pursues x ) fondness1 x con/antly af=ds s\rces ( pleasure & agreeable surprises2 & 9 ! end1 (t5 leads to new & valuable additions to ! sum ( human k4 ,! dep?s :i* ! microscope is employ$ to fa?om are no m completely kn[n1 ?an are ! heights above u explor$ & compreh5d$ by ! a/ronom]4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,topical ,,review4 ,/ate :at y c on ! foll[+ subjects3 #a4 ,voice & spee* #bbg1 #bbh #b4 ,! organ ( ! voice #bbh1 #bbi #c4 ,! vocal cords #bcj1 #bca #d4 ,! production ( ! voice #bcb1 #bcc #e4 ,! v>ieties ( voice #bcc1 #bcd #f4 ,v5triloquism #bce #g4 ,! law ( ! tissues #bcf #h4 ,necessity ( ! microscope #bcf #i4 ,convex l5ses #bcf1 #bcg #aj4 ,k9ds ( microscope #bcg1 #bch #aa4 ,*oos+ a microscope #bci1 #bdb #ab4 ,prelim9>y /udies #bdc1 #bdd #ac4 ,! /udy ( human tissues #bdd #ad4 ,! /udy ( ! inf]ior animals #bde 99 99 99 99 99 #bdg ,,app5dix4 ------o------ ,,poisons ,,& ,,_! ,,antidotes4 ,accid5ts f poison+ are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 t e "o %\ld be able to adm9i/] ! m common antidotes1 until ! s]vices ( a physician c be obta9$4 ,z _m poisons be> a close resemblance to articles 9 common use1 no dang]\s sub/ance %\ld be br\ght into ! h\sehold )\t hav+ ! ^w poison pla9ly writt5 or pr9t$ on ! label2 & any package1 box1 or vial1 )\t a label1 %\ld be at once de/roy$1 if ! cont5ts are n positively kn[n4 ,:5 a heal?y p]son is tak5 sev]ely & sudd5ly ill soon aft] "s sub/ance has be5 swall[$1 we may suspect t he has be5 poison$4 ,9 all cases :]e poison has be5 tak5 into ! /oma*1 x %\ld be quickly & ?or\ghly evacuat$ by "s active emetic1 :i* c be spe$ily obta9$4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by dr9k+ a tumbl]ful ( w>m wat]1 conta9+ ei!r a tablespoonful ( p[d]$ mu/>d or ( common salt1 or two teaspoonfuls ( p[d]$ alum 9 two tablespoonfuls ( syrup4 ,:5 vomit+ has already tak5 place1 x %\ld be ma9ta9$ by copi\s draughts ( w>m wat] or mucilag9\s dr9ks1 su* z gum-wat] or flaxse$ tea1 & tickl+ ! ?roat ) ! f+] until !re is reason to believe t all ! poison\s sub/ance has be5 expell$ f ! /oma*4 ,! foll[+ li/ embraces only ! m common poisons1 toge!r ) su* antidotes z are usually at h&1 to be us$ until ! physician arrives4 ,,poisons4 ,,acids4--,hydro*loric acid2 muriatic acid 7spirits ( salt72 nitric acid 7aqua =tis72 sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol74 ,,antidote4--,an antidote %\ld be giv5 at once to neutralize ! acid4 ,/rong soapsuds is an effici5t rem$y1 & c always be obta9$4 ,x %\ld be foll[$ by copi\s draughts ( w>m wat] or flaxse$ tea4 ,*alk1 magnesia1 soda or sal]atus 7) wat]7 or #bdh lime-wat]1 are ! be/ rem$ies4 ,:5 sulphuric acid has be5 tak51 wat] %\ld be giv5 sp>+ly1 because1 :5 wat] unites ) ?is acid1 int5se heat is produc$4 ,oxalic acid4 ,,antidote4--,oxalic acid resembles ,epsom salts 9 appe>ance1 & may easily be mi/ak5 = x4 ,! antidotes are magnesia1 or *alk mix$ ) wat]4 ,,prussic ,,acid2 oil ( bitt] almonds2 laurel wat]2 cyanide ( potassium 7us$ 9 electrotyp+74 ,,antidote4--,cold d\*e to ! sp9e4 ,*lor9e wat]1 or wat] ( ammonia l>gely dilut$1 %\ld be giv51 & ! vapor aris+ f !m may be inhal$4 ,,alkalies ,,& ,,_! ,,salts4--,,ammonia 7h>t%orn71 liquor or wat] ( ammonia4 ,,potassa3--cau/ic pota%1 /rong ley1 c>bonate ( potassa 7pe>la%71 nitrate ( potassa 7saltpetre74 ,,antidote4--,give ! vegetable acids dilut$1 z weak v9eg>1 acetic1 citric1 or t>t>ic acids dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,ca/or oil1 l9se$ oil1 & sweet oil may also be us$2 !y =m soaps :5 mix$ ) ! free alkalies1 :i* !y ?us r5d] h>mless4 ,! poison\s effects ( saltpetre mu/ be c\nt]act$ by tak+ mucilag9\s dr9ks freely1 s z to produce vomit+4 ,,alcohol4--,br&y1 w9e2 all spiritu\s liquors4 ,,antidote4--,give z an emetic gr\nd mu/>d or t>t> emetic4 ,if ! pati5t _c swall[1 introduce a /oma* pump2 p\r cold wat] on ! head4 ,,gases4--,*lor9e1 c>bonic acid gas1 c>bonic oxide1 fumes ( burn+ *>coal1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 illum9at+ or coal-gas4 ,,antidote4--,= poison+ by *lor9e1 inhale1 cauti\sly1 ammonia 7h>t%orn74 ,= ! o!r gases1 cold wat] %\ld be p\r$ ^u ! head1 & /imulants cauti\sly adm9i/]$2 artificial respiration4 7,see ,m>%all ,hall's ,ready ,me?od1 page #bej47 ,,metals4--,antimony1 t>t> emetic1 w9e ( antimony1 etc4 ,,antidote4--,if vomit+ has n occurr$1 x %\ld be produc$ by tickl+ ! ?roat ) ! f+] or a fea!r1 & ! abundant use ( w>m wat]4 ,a/r+5t infusions1 su* z common tea1 oak b>k1 & solution ( tann91 act z antidotes4 ,,ars5ic4--,:ite ars5ic1 ,f[l]'s solution1 fly-p[d]1 cobalt1 ,p>is gre51 etc4 ,,antidote4--,produce vomit+ at once ) a tablespoonful or two ( p[d]$ mu/>d 9 a glass ( w>m wat]1 or ) ipecac4 ,! antidote is hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron4 ,if ,f[l]'s solution has be5 tak51 lime-wat] mu/ be giv54 #bdi ,,copp]4--,acetate ( copp] 7v]digris71 sulphate ( copp] 7blue vitriol71 food cook$ 9 dirty copp] vessels1 or pickles made gre5 by copp]4 ,,antidote4--,milk or :ite ( eggs1 ) mucilag9\s dr9ks 7flaxse$ tea1 etc471 %\ld be freely giv54 ,,iron4--,sulphate ( iron 7copp]as71 etc4 ,,antidote4--,c>bonate ( soda 9 "s mucilag9\s dr9k1 or 9 wat]1 is an excell5t antidote4 ,,lead4--,acetate ( lead 7sug> ( lead71 c>bonate ( lead 7:ite lead71 wat] kept 9 lead5 pipes or vessels1 food cook$ 9 vessels glaz$ ) lead4 ,,antidote4--,induce vomit+ ) gr\nd mu/>d or common salt 9 w>m wat]4 ,! antidote = soluble prep>ations ( lead is ,epsom salts2 = ! insoluble =ms1 sulphuric acid l>gely dilut$4 ,,m]cury4--,bi*loride ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate71 ammoniat$ m]cury 7:ite precipitate71 r$ oxide ( m]cury 7r$ precipitate71 r$ sulphuret ( m]cury 7v]milion74 ,,antidote4--,! :ite ( eggs1 or :eat fl\r beat5 up ) wat] & milk1 are ! be/ antidotes4 ,,silv]4--,nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic74 ,,antidote4--,give a teaspoonful ( common salt 9 a tumbl] ( wat]4 ,x decomposes ! salts ( silv] & de/roys _! activity4 ,,z9c4--,sulphate ( z9c1 etc4 7:ite vitriol74 ,,antidote4--,! vomit+ may be reliev$ by copi\s draughts ( w>m wat]4 ,! antidote is c>bonate ( soda adm9i/]$ 9 wat]4 ,,n>cotic ,,poisons4--,opium 7laudanum1 p>egoric1 salts ( morphia1 ,godfrey's cordial1 ,dalby's c>m9ative1 soo?+ syrup1 *ol]a mixtures71 aconite1 belladonna1 hemlock1 /ramonium1 digitalis1 tobacco1 hyosciamus1 nux vomica1 /ry*n9e4 ,,antidote4--,evacuate ! /oma* by ! mo/ active emetics1 z mu/>d1 alum1 or sulphate ( z9c4 ,! pati5t %\ld be kept 9 motion1 & cold wat] da%$ on ! head & %\ld]s4 ,/rong c(fee mu/ be giv54 ,! physician w use ! /oma* pump & electricity4 ,9 poison+ by nux vomica or /ry*n9e1 etc41 *lor(orm or e!r %\ld be inhal$ to quiet ! spasms4 ,,irritant ,,vegetable ,,poisons4--,croton oil1 oil ( sav9e1 poke1 oil ( tansy1 etc4 ,,antidote4--,if vomit+ has tak5 place1 x may be r5d]$ easi] by copi\s draughts ( w>m wat]4 ,b if symptoms ( ins5sibility h come on )\t vomit+1 x ought to be imm$iately excit$ by gr\nd mu/>d mix$ ) w>m wat]1 or "s o!r active emetic #bej & aft] its op]ation an active purgative %\ld be giv54 ,aft] evacuat+ z mu* ( ! poison z possible1 /rong c(fee or v9eg> & wat] may be giv5 ) advantage4 ,,poison\s ,,fi%4--,cong] eel1 mussels1 crabs1 etc4 ,,antidote4--,evacuate1 z soon z possible1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & b[els by emetics 7gr\nd mu/>d mix$ ) w>m wat] or p[d]$ alum71 & ca/or oil1 dr9k+ freely at ! same "t ( v9eg> & wat]4 ,e!r1 ) a few drops ( laudanum mix$ ) sug> & wat]1 may aft]w>d be tak5 freely4 ,,poison\s ,,s]p5ts4--,,antidote4--,a ligature or h&k]*ief %\ld be appli$ mod]ately tight above ! bite1 & a cupp+-glass ov] ! w\nd4 ,! pati5t %\ld dr9k freely ( alcoholic /imulants conta9+ a small quantity ( ammonia4 ,! physician may inject ammonia into ! ve9s4 ,,poison\s ,,insects4--,/+s ( scorpion1 hornet1 wasp1 bee1 etc4 ,,antidote4--,a piece ( rag moi/5$ ) a solution ( c>bolic acid may be kept on ! affect$ "p until ! pa9 is reliev$2 & a few drops ( c>bolic acid may be giv5 frequ5tly 9 a little wat]4 ,! /+ may be remov$ by mak+ /rong pressure ar\nd x ) ! b>rel ( a small wat*-key4 ,,dr[n+4 ,,m>%all ,,hall',s ,,ready ,,me?od ( treatm5t 9 asphyxia f dr[n+1 *lor(orm1 coal gas1 etc4 #a/4 ,treat ! pati5t in/antly on ! spot1 9 ! op5 air1 freely expos+ ! face1 neck1 & *e/ to ! breeze1 except 9 sev]e wea!r4 #b;d4 ,9 ord] to cle> ! ?roat1 place ! pati5t g5tly on ! face1 ) "o wri/ "u ! =ehead1 t all fluid1 & ! tongue itself1 may fall =w>d1 & leave ! entrance into ! w9dpipe free4 #c;d4 ,to excite respiration1 turn ! pati5t slightly on 8 side1 & apply "s irritat+ or /imulat+ ag5t to ! no/rils1 z v]atr9e1 dilute ammonia1 etc4 #d?4 ,make ! face w>m by brisk friction2 !n da% cold wat] ^u x4 #e?4 ,if n successful1 lose no "t2 b1 to imitate respiration1 place ! pati5t on 8 face1 & turn ! body g5tly1 b completely on ! side1 & a little beyond2 !n aga9 on ! face1 & s on1 alt]nately4 ,repeat ^! movem5ts1 delib]ately & p]sev]+ly1 #bea fifte5 times only 9 a m9ute4 7,:5 ! pati5t lies on ! ?orax1 ?is cavity is compress$ by ! weight ( ! body1 & expiration takes place4 ,:5 he is turn$ on ! side1 ?is pressure is remov$1 & 9spiration occurs47 #f?4 ,:5 ! prone position is resum$1 make a uni=m & effici5t pressure along ! sp9e1 remov+ ! pressure imm$iately1 be=e rotation on ! side4 7,! pressure augm5ts ! expiration3 ! rotation comm5ces 9spiration47 ,cont9ue ^! measures4 #g?4 ,rub ! limbs upw>d1 ) firm pressure & ) en]gy4 7,! object be+ to aid ! return ( v5\s blood to ! he>t47 #h?4 ,sub/itute = ! pati5t's wet clo?+1 if possible1 su* o!r cov]+ z c be in/antly procur$1 ea* by/&] supply+ a coat or cloak1 etc4 ,meantime1 & f "t to "t1 to excite inspiration1 let ! surface ( ! body be slapp$ briskly ) ! h&4 #i?4 ,rub ! body briskly till x is dry & w>m1 !n da% cold wat] ^u x1 & repeat ! rubb+4 ,avoid ! imm$iate removal ( ! pati5t1 z x involves a dang]\s loss ( "t--also1 ! use ( bell[s1 or any =c+ in/rum5t2 also1 ! w>m ba?1 & all r\gh treatm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 #beb ,,gloss>y4 ------o------ ,,ab-,,d,,m5 7,lat9 abdo1 to conceal74 ,! l>ge/ cavity ( ! body conta9+ ! liv]1 /oma*1 inte/9es1 etc42 ! belly4 ,,ab-,,sor,,b5ts 7,l4 ab & sorbeo1 to suck up74 ,! vessels :i* take "p 9 ! process ( absorption4 ,,ab-,,sorp,,tion4 ,! process ( suck+ up fluids by means ( an animal membrane4 ,,ac-,,com-,,mo-,,da,,tion ( ! ,eye4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! %ape ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 :i* accommodates or adju/s ! eye = ne> & remote vision4 ,,ac,,id1 ,,lactic 7,l4 lac1 milk74 ,! acid +r$i5t ( s\r milk2 ! ga/ric juice also conta9s x4 ,,al-,,bu,,m51 or ,album9 7,l4 albus1 :ite74 ,an animal sub/ance resembl+ :ite ( egg4 ,,al-,,bu,,mi-,,nose 7f album574 ,a soluble animal sub/ance produc$ 9 ! /oma* by ! dige/ion ( ! album9oid sub/ances4 ,,al-,,bu,,m9-,,oid sub/ances4 ,a class ( proximate pr9ciples resembl+ album52 !y may be d]iv$ f ei!r ! animal or vegetable k+doms4 ,,al,i-,,m5t 7,l4 alo1 to n\ri%74 ,t :i* af=ds n\ri%m5t2 food4 ,,al-,i-,,m5t,a-,,ry ,,ca-,,nal 7f alim5t74 ,a long tube 9 :i* ! food is dige/$1 or prep>$ = reception into ! sy/em4 ,,an-,s-,,!t,,ics 7,greek1 ,greek3 an1 an1 )\t1 ,greek3 ai/hesia1 ai/hesia1 feel+74--,^? m$ic9al ag5ts :i* prev5t ! feel+ ( pa91 su* z *lor(orm1 laugh+-gas1 etc4 ,,an-,i-,,mal,,cule 7,l4 animalculum1 a small animal74 ,appli$ to animals :i* c only be se5 ) ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,animalculum 7plural1 animalcula7 is us$ ) ! same mean+4 ,a-,,or,,ta 7,gr4 ,greek3 aorteomai1 aorteomai1 to be lift$ up74 ,! l>ge/ art]y ( ! body1 & ma9 trunk ( all ! art]ies4 ,x arises f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,! "n 0 fir/ appli$ to ! two l>ge bran*es ( ! tra*ea1 :i* appe> to be lift$ up by ! he>t4 #bec ,a,,que-,,ous ,,humor 7,l4 aqua1 wat]74 ,a few drops ( wat]y colorless fluid occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! cornea & cry/all9e l5s4 ,a-,,ra*,,noid ,,mem,,brane 7,gr4 ,greek3 ara*ne1 ara*ne1 a cobweb1 & ,greek3 eidos1 eidos1 l74 ,an extremely ?9 cov]+ ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,x lies betwe5 ! dura mat] & ! pia mat]4 ,,ar,,bor ,,vi,t 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 ! tree ( life2 a "n giv5 to ! peculi> appe>ance pres5t$ by a section ( ! c]ebellum4 ,,ar,,t]-,y 7,gr4 ,greek3 a]1 a]1 air1 & ,greek3 t]e91 t]e91 to conta974 ,a vessel by :i* blood is convey$ away f ! he>t4 ,x 0 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to conta9 air2 h5ce ! "n4 ,,ar-,,tic-,u-,,la,,tion 7,l4 articulo1 to =m a jo9t74 ,! m or less movable union ( bones1 etc42 a jo9t4 ,a-,,ryt,e-,,noid ,,c>,,ti-,,la-,,ges 7,gr4 ,greek3 aruta9a1 aruta9a1 a pit*]74 ,two small c>tilages ( ! l>ynx1 resembl+ ! m\? ( a pit*]4 ,,z-,,sim-,i-,,la,,tion 7,l4 ad1 to1 & similis1 l74 ,! conv]sion ( food into liv+ tissue4 ,,au-,,di,,tion 7,l4 audio1 to he>74 ,! act ( he>+ s\nds4 ,,au,,di-,,to-,,ry ,,n]ve4 ,"o ( ! cranial n]ves2 x is ! special n]ve ( he>+4 ,,au,,ri-,,cle 7,l4 auris1 ! e>74 ,a cavity ( ! he>t4 ,,b>,i-,,tone 7,gr4 ,greek3 b>us1 b>us1 heavy1 & ,greek3 tonos1 tonos1 tone74 ,a v>iety ( male voice betwe5 ! bass & t5or4 ,,bel-,,la-,,don,,na 7,x4 beautiful lady74 ,a vegetable n>cotic poison4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( enl>g+ ! pupil1 & ?us increas+ ! brilliancy ( ! eye2 s call$ f its use by ,italian ladies4 ,,bi-,,cus,,pid 7,l4 bi1 two1 & cuspis1 prom95ce74 ,! "n ( ! f\r? & fif? tee? on ea* side ( ! jaw2 possess+ two prom95ces4 ,,bile4 ,! gall1 or peculi> secretion ( ! liv]2 a viscid1 yell[i% fluid1 & v bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,,bron*,i 7,gr4 ,greek3 bronkos1 bronkos1 ! w9dpipe74 ,! two fir/ divisions or bran*es ( ! tra*ea2 "o ent]s ea* lung4 ,,bron*,i-,,al ,,tubes4 ,! small] bran*es ( ! tra*ea )9 ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 t]m9at+ 9 ! air-cells4 ,,bron*-,i,,tis 7f bron*ia1 & itis1 a suffix signify+ inflammation74 ,an inflammation ( ! l>g] bron*ial tubes2 a cold affect+ ! lungs4 ,,cal-,,ca,,re-,,ous 7,l4 calx1 lime74 ,conta9+ lime4 ,,ca-,,nal 7,l474 ,9 ! body1 any tube or passage4 ,,ca-,,n9e 7,l4 canis1 a dog74 ,"n giv5 to ! ?ird too? on ea* #bed side ( ! jaw2 9 ! upp] jaw x is also kn[n z ! eye-too?3 po9t$ l ! tusks ( a dog4 ,,cap,,il-,,la-,,ry 7,l4 capillus1 a hair1 capillaris hair-l74 ,! "n ( ! extremely m9ute blood-vessels :i* connect ! art]ies ) ! ve9s4 ,,c>,,bon ,,diox-,,ide 7,,co#b74 ,*emical "n = c>bonic acid gas4 ,,c>-,,bon,,ic ,a-,,cid4 ,! gas :i* is pres5t 9 ! air expir$ f ! lungs2 a wa/e product ( ! animal k+dom1 & a food ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,,c>,,di-,,ac 7,gr4 ,greek3 k>dia1 c>dia1 ! he>t74 ,! c>diac orifice ( ! /oma* is ! upp] "o1 & is ne> ! he>t2 h5ce its "n4 ,,c>-,,niv,o-,,r\s 7,l4 caro1 fle%1 & voro1 to dev\r74 ,subsi/+ ^u fle%4 ,,ca-,,rot,,id ,,ar-,,te-,,ry4 ,! l>ge art]y ( ! neck1 supply+ ! head & bra94 ,,c>,,ti-,,lage4 ,a solid b flexible mat]ial1 =m+ a "p ( ! jo9ts1 air-passages1 no/rils1 etc42 gri/le4 ,,ca,,se-,,ine 7,l4 caseus1 *eese74 ,! album9oid sub/ance ( milk2 x =ms ! basis ( *eese4 ,,c]-,e-,,bel,,lum 7dim9utive = c]ebrum1 ! bra974 ,! little bra91 situat$ b5ea? ! po/]ior ?ird ( ! c]ebrum4 ,,c],e-,,brum 7,l474 ,! bra9 prop]1 occupy+ ! entire upp] portion ( ! skull4 ,x is ne>ly divid$ into two equal p>ts1 call$ hemisph]es1 by a cleft ext5d+ f be=e backw>d4 ,,*o,,roid 7,gr4 ,greek3 *orion1 *orion1 a membrane or cov]+74 ,! middle tunic or coat ( ! eyeball4 ,,*yle 7,gr4 ,greek3 *ulos1 *ulos1 juice74 ,! milk-l fluid =m$ by ! dige/ion ( fatty articles ( food 9 ! inte/9es4 ,,*yme 7,gr4 ,greek3 *umos1 *umos1 juice74 ,! pulpy liquid =m$ by dige/ion )9 ! /oma*4 ,,cil,i-,a 7pl4 ( cili-um1 an eyela%74 ,m9ute1 vibratile1 hair-l processes f\nd ^u ! cells ( ! air-passages1 & o!r p>ts t are habitually moi/4 ,,cir-,,cu-,,la,,tion 7,l4 circulus1 a r+74 ,! circuit1 or c\rse ( ! blood ?r\gh ! blood-vessels ( ! body1 f ! he>t to ! art]ies1 ?r\gh ! capill>ies into ! ve9s1 & f ! ve9s back to ! he>t4 ,,co-,,ag-,u-,,la,,tion 7,l4 coagulo1 to curdle74 ,appli$ to ! process by :i* ! blood clots or solidifies4 ,,co*,,le-,a 7,l4 co*lea1 a snail-%ell74 ,! spiral cavity ( ! int]nal e>4 #bee ,,con*,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 kon*1 kon*e1 a mussel-%ell74 ,! ext]nal %ell-%ap$ portion ( ! ext]nal e>4 ,,con-,,junc-,,ti,,va 7,l4 con & jung1 to jo9 toge!r74 ,a ?9 lay] ( muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! eyelids & cov]s ! front ( ! eyeball2 ?us jo9+ ! latt] to ! lids4 ,,con-,,trac-,,til,i-,,ty 7,l4 con & traho1 to draw toge!r74 ,! prop]ty ( a muscle :i* enables x to contract1 or draw its extremities clos] toge!r4 ,,con-,,vo-,,lu,,tions 7,l4 con & volvo1 to roll toge!r74 ,! tortu\s fold+s ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! bra94 ,,con-,,vul,,sion 7,l4 convello1 to pull toge!r74 ,a m or less viol5t agitation ( ! limbs or body4 ,,cor,,ne-,a 7,l4 cornu1 a horn74 ,! transp>5t1 horn-l sub/ance :i* cov]s ! ant]ior fif? ( ! eyeball4 ,,cor,,pus-,,cles1 ,,blood 7,l4 dim4 ( corpus1 a body74 ,! small biconcave disks :i* give to ! blood its r$ color2 ! :ite corpuscles are globul> & l>g]4 ,,cos-,,met,,ic 7,gr4 ,greek3 kosme1 kosmeo1 to adorn74 ,beautify+2 appli$ to articles :i* are suppos$ to increase ! beauty ( ! sk91 etc4 ,,cra,,ni-,,al 7,l4 cranium1 ! skull74 ,p]ta9+ to ! skull4 ,! n]ves :i* arise f ! bra9 are call$ cranial n]ves4 ,,cri,,coid 7,gr4 ,greek3 krikos1 krikos1 a r+74 ,a c>tilage ( ! l>ynx1 resembl+ a seal-r+ 9 %ape4 ,,crys,,tal-,,l9e ,,l5s 7,l4 cry/allum1 a cry/al74 ,"o ( ! s-call$ humors ( ! eye2 a d\ble convex body situat$ 9 ! front "p ( ! eyeball4 ,,cu,,ti-,,cle 7,l4 dim4 ( cutis1 ! sk974 ,! sc>f-sk92 also call$ ! epid]mis4 ,,cu,,tis 7,gr4 ,greek3 skutos1 skutos1 a sk9 or hide74 ,! true sk91 ly+ b5ea? ! cuticle2 also call$ ! d]ma4 ,,de-,,cus-,,sa,,tion 7,l4 decussis1 ! ,roman num]al t51 ,x74 ,a reciprocal cross+ ( fibres f side to side4 ,,di,a-,,phragm 7,gr4 ,greek3 diaphrass1 diaphrasso1 to divide by a p>tition74 ,a l>ge1 ?9 muscle :i* sep>ates ! cavity ( ! *e/ f ! abdom52 a muscle ( respiration4 ,,dif-,,fus,,ion ,,( ,,gases4 ,! p[] ( gases to become intimately m+l$1 )\t ref]5ce to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,,duct 7,l4 duco1 to lead74 ,a n>r[ tube2 ! ?oracic duct is ! ma9 trunk ( ! absorb5t vessels4 ,,du-,o-,,de,,num 7,l4 duodeni1 twelve74 ,! fir/ division ( ! small inte/9es1 ab\t twelve f+]s-bread? long4 #bef ,,du,,ra ,,ma,,t] 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 ! h>d "m2 ! t\gh membrane :i* envelops ! bra94 ,,dys-,,pep,,si-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 dus1 dus1 difficult1 & ,greek3 pept1 pepto1 to dige/74 ,difficult or pa9ful dige/ion2 a disord]$ condition ( ! /oma*4 ,e-,,mul,,sion 7,l4 emulgeo1 to milk74 ,oil 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,,en-,,am,,el 7,fr4 email74 ,! d5se mat]ial :i* cov]s ! cr[n ( ! too?4 ,,en,,er-,,gy1 ,specific1 ( a ,n]ve4 ,:5 a n]ve ( special s5se is excit$1 :atev] be ! cause1 ! s5sation exp]i5c$ is t peculi> to ! n]ve2 ?is is said to be ! law ( ! specific en]gy ( ! n]ves4 ,,ep-,i-,,glot,,tis 7,gr4 ,greek3 epi1 epi1 ^u1 & ,greek3 glttis1 glottis1 ! entrance to ! w9dpipe74 ,a leaf-%ap$ piece ( c>tilage :i* cov]s ! top ( ! l>ynx dur+ ! act ( swall[+4 ,,ex-,,cre,,tion 7,l4 exc]no1 to sep>ate74 ,! sep>ation f ! blood ( ! wa/e p>ticles ( ! body2 also ! mat]ials excret$4 ,,ex-,,pi-,,ra,,tion 7,l4 expiro1 to brea! out74 ,! act ( =c+ air out ( ! lungs4 ,,ex-,,t5,,sion 7,l4 ex1 out1 & t5d1 to /ret*74 ,! act ( re/or+ a limb1 etc41 to its natural position aft] x has be5 flex$1 or b5t2 ! opposite ( ,flexion4 ,,fe-,,nes,,tra 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 a w9d[2 ! op5+ betwe5 ! middle & int]nal e>4 ,,fi,,br9 7,l4 fibra1 a fibre74 ,an album9oid sub/ance f\nd 9 ! blood2 9 coagulat+ x assumes a fibr\s =m4 ,,flex,,ion 7,l4 flecto1 to b5d74 ,! act ( b5d+ a limb1 etc4 ,,fol,,li-,,cle 7,l4 dim4 ( follis1 a bag74 ,a little p\* or depression 9 a membrane2 x has g5]ally a secretory function4 ,,fun,,g\s ,,gr[?s 7,l4 fungus1 a mu%room74 ,a l[ grade ( vegetable life4 ,,gan,,gli-,,on 7,gr4 ,greek3 ganglion1 ganglion1 a knot74 ,a knot-l swell+ 9 ! c\rse ( a n]ve2 a small] n]ve-c5tre4 ,,gas,,tric 7,gr4 ,greek3 ga/r1 ga/]1 /oma*74 ,p]ta9+ to ! /oma*4 ,,gl& 7,l4 glans1 an acorn74 ,an organ consi/+ ( follicles & ducts1 ) num]\s blood-vessels int]wov52 x sep>ates "s p>ticul> fluid f ! blood4 ,,glos,,s-,,ph>-,,yn-,,ge,,al ,,n]ve 7,gr4 ,greek3 glssa1 glossa1 ! tongue1 & ,greek3 ph>unx1 ph>unx1 ! ?roat74 ,! n]ve ( ta/e supply+ ! po/]ior ?ird ( ! tongue2 x also supplies ! ?roat4 ,,glu,,t5 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 glue3 ! glut9\s album9oid +r$i5t ( :eat4 #beg ,,gran,,ule 7,l4 dim4 ( granum1 a gra974 ,a little gra92 a microscopic object4 ,,gus-,,ta,,tion 7,l4 gusto1 to ta/e7 ,! s5se ( ta/e4 ,,gus,,ta-,,to-,,ry ,,n]ve4 ,! n]ve ( ta/e supply+ ! front "p ( ! tongue2 a bran* ( ! fif? pair4 ,h,m,,or-,,rhage 7,gr4 ,greek3 haima1 haima1 blood1 & ,greek3 rhgnumi1 regnumi1 to bur/74 ,ble$+1 or ! loss ( blood4 ,,hem-,i-,,ple,,gia 7,gr4 ,greek3 hmisus1 hemisus1 half1 & ,greek3 plss1 plesso1 to /rike74 ,p>alysis1 or loss ( p[]1 affect+ "o side ( ! body4 ,,hem,i-,,sph]es 7,gr4 ,greek3 sphaira1 sphaira1 a sph]e74 ,half a sph]e1 ! lat]al halves ( ! c]ebrum1 or bra9 prop]4 ,,he-,,pat,,ic 7,gr4 ,greek3 hp>1 hep>1 ! liv]74 ,p]ta9+ to ! liv]4 ,,h]-,,biv,o-,,r\s 7,l4 h]ba1 an h]b1 & voro to dev\r74 ,appli$ to animals t subsi/ ^u vegetable food4 ,,hu,,mor 7,l474 ,moi/ure3 ! humors are transp>5t cont5ts ( ! eyeball4 ,,hy-,,dro-,,pho,,bi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 hudor1 hudor1 wat]1 & ,greek3 phobe1 phobeo1 to fe>74 ,a disease caus$ by ! bite ( a rabid dog or o!r animal4 ,9 a p]son affect$ ) x1 convulsions are occasion$ by ! sight ( a glitt]+ object1 l wat]1 by ! s\nd ( runn+ wat]1 & by almo/ any ext]nal impression4 ,,hy,,gi-,,ene 7,gr4 ,greek3 hugieia1 huygieia1 heal?74 ,! art ( pres]v+ heal? & prev5t+ disease4 ,,hy,,p]-,o-,,pi-,a4 ,abbreviat$ f ,,hy,,p]-,,met-,,ro,,pi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 hup]1 hup]1 beyond1 ,greek3 metron1 metron1 ! measure1 & ,greek3 ps1 ops1 ! eye74 ,a defect ( vision dep5d5t ^u a too %ort eyeball2 s call$ because ! rays ( light are br\ght to a focus at a po9t beh9d ! ret9a2 ! true f> sight4 ,,9-,,ci,,sor 7,l4 incid1 to cut74 ,appli$ to ! f\r front tee? ( bo? jaws1 :i* h %>p cutt+ edges4 ,,9,,cus 7,l74 ,an anvil2 ! "n ( "o ( ! bones ( ! middle e>4 ,,9-,,sal-,i-,,va,,tion 7,l4 91 & saliva1 ! fluid ( ! m\?74 ,! m+l+ ( ! saliva ) ! food dur+ ! act ( *ew+4 ,,9-,,spi-,,ra,,tion 7,l4 91 & spiro1 spiratum1 to brea!74 ,! act ( draw+ 9 ! brea?4 ,,9-,,teg,u-,,m5t 7,l4 91 & teg1 to cov]74 ,! sk91 or out] cov]+ ( ! body4 ,,9-,,tes,,t9e 7,l4 9tus1 )974 ,! "p ( ! alim5t>y canal :i* is cont9u\s ) ! l[] end ( ! /oma*2 also call$ ! inte/9es1 or ! b[els4 ,i,,ris 7,l4 iris1 ! ra9b[74 ,! ?9 muscul> r+ :i* lies #beh betwe5 ! cornea & cry/all9e l5s1 & :i* gives ! eye its br[n1 blue1 or o!r color4 ,,ju,,gu-,,l> 7,l4 jugulum1 ! ?roat74 ,! "n ( ! l>ge ve9s :i* run along ! front ( ! neck4 ,,lab,y-,,r9? 7,gr4 ,greek3 labur9?os1 labur9?os1 a build+ ) _m w9d+ passages74 ,! v tortu\s cavity ( ! inn] e>1 compris+ ! ve/ibule1 semicircul> canals1 & ! co*lea4 ,,la*,,ry-,,mal ,,app>atus 7,l4 la*ryma1 a te>74 ,! organs = =m+ & convey+ away ! te>s4 ,,lac,,te-,,als 7,l4 lac1 lactis1 milk74 ,! absorb5t vessels ( ! small inte/9es2 dur+ dige/ion !y are fill$ ) *yle1 :i* has a milky appe>ance4 ,,la-,,ryn,,g-,,scope 7,gr4 ,greek3 l>unx1 l>unx1 ! l>ynx1 & ,greek3 skope1 skopeo1 to look at74 ,! in/rum5t by :i* ! l>ynx may be exam9$ 9 ! liv+ subject4 ,,l>,,ynx 7,gr474 ,! c>tilag9\s tube situat$ at ! top ( ! w9dpipe1 or tra*ea2 ! organ ( ! voice4 ,,l5s 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 a l5til2 a piece ( transp>5t glass or o!r sub/ance s %ap$ z ei!r to conv]ge or disp]se ! rays ( light4 ,,lig,a-,,m5t 7,l4 lig1 to b9d74 ,a /rong1 fibr\s mat]ial b9d+ bones or o!r solid p>ts toge!r2 x is especially necess>y to give /r5g? to jo9ts4 ,,lig,a-,,ture4 ,a ?read ( silk or o!r mat]ial us$ 9 ty+ ar\nd an art]y4 ,,lymph 7,l4 lympha1 spr+-wat]74 ,! colorless1 wat]y fluid convey$ by ! lymphatic vessels4 ,,lym-,,phat,,ic ,,vessels4 ,a sy/em ( absorb5t vessels4 ,,mal,,le-,,u 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 ! mallet2 "o ( ! small bones ( ! middle e>4 ,,m>,,r[4 ,! s(t1 fatty sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! c5tral cavities ( ! bones3 ! sp9al m>r[1 h[ev]1 is compos$ ( n]v\s tissue4 ,,mas-,,ti-,,ca,,tion 7,l4 mastico1 to *ew74 ,! act ( cutt+ & gr9d+ ! food to pieces by means ( ! tee?4 ,,me-,,dul,,la ,,ob-,,lon-,,ga,,ta4 ,! oblong m>r[1 or n]v\s cord1 :i* is cont9u\s ) ! sp9al cord )9 ! skull4 ,,mem-,,bra,,na ,,tym,,pan-,i 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 ! membrane ( ! drum2 a delicate p>tition sep>at+ ! out] f ! middle e>2 x is sometimes incorrectly call$ ! drum ( ! e>4 ,,mem,,brane4 ,a ?9 lay] ( tissue s]v+ to cov] "s "p ( ! body4 ,,mi,,cro-,,scope 7,gr4 ,greek3 mikros1 mikros1 small1 & ,greek3 skope1 skopeo1 to #bei look at74 ,an optical in/rum5t :i* assi/s 9 ! exam9ation ( m9ute objects4 ,,mo,,l> 7,l4 mola1 a mill74 ,! "n appli$ to ! ?ree back tee? ( ea* side ( ! jaw2 ! gr9d]s1 or mill-l tee?4 ,,mo,,tor 7,l4 moveo1 motum1 to move74 ,caus+ motion2 ! "n ( ^? n]ves :i* conduct to ! muscles ! /imulus :i* causes !m to contract4 ,,mu,,c\s ,,membrane4 ,! ?9 lay] ( tissue :i* cov]s ^? int]nal cavities or passages :i* communicate ) ! ext]nal air4 ,,mu,,cus4 ,! glairy fluid :i* is secret$ by muc\s membranes1 & :i* s]ves to keep !m 9 a moi/ condition4 ,,my-,o,,pi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 mu1 muo1 to contract1 & ,greek3 ps1 ops1 ! eye74 ,a defect ( vision dep5d5t ^u an eyeball t is too long1 r5d]+ di/ant objects indi/9ct2 ne>-sight4 ,,na,,sal 7,l4 nasus1 ! nose74 ,p]ta9+ to ! nose2 ! nasal cavities conta9 ! di/ribution ( ! special n]ve ( smell4 ,,n]ve 7,gr4 ,greek3 neuron1 neuron1 a cord or /r+74 ,a gli/5+1 :ite cord ( cyl9drical %ape1 connect+ ! bra9 or sp9al cord ) "s o!r organ ( ! body4 ,,n]ve ,,cell4 ,a m9ute1 r\nd & a%5-gray cell f\nd 9 ! bra9 & o!r n]v\s c5tres4 ,,n]ve ,,fi,,bre4 ,an exce$+ly sl5d] ?read ( n]v\s tissue f\nd 9 ! v>i\s n]v\s organs1 b especially 9 ! n]ves2 x is ( a :ite color4 ,,nu-,,tri,,tion 7,l4 nutrio1 to n\ri%74 ,! processes by :i* ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body is accompli%$4 ,,oe-,,soph,a-,,gus 7,gr474 ,lit]ally1 t :i* c>ries food4 ,! tube lead+ f ! ?roat to ! /oma*2 ! gullet4 ,o-,,le-,,ag,i-,,n\s 7,l4 oleum1 oil74 ,( ! nature ( oil3 appli$ to an important gr\p ( food-pr9ciples--! fats4 ,,ol-,,fac,,to-,,ry 7,l4 olfacio1 to smell74 ,p]ta9+ to ! s5se ( smell4 ,,oph-,,?al,,mo-,,scope 7,gr4 ,greek3 oph?almos1 oph?almos1 ! eye1 & ,greek3 skope1 skopeo1 to look at74 ,an in/rum5t devis$ = exam9+ ! int]ior ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,,op,,tic 7,gr4 ,greek3 opt1 opto1 to see74 ,p]ta9+ to ! s5se ( sight4 ,,or,,bit 7,l4 orbis1 ! socket74 ,! bony socket or cavity 9 :i* ! eyeball is situat$4 ,,os,,mose 7,gr4 ,greek3 smos1 osmos1 a ?ru/+ or impulsion74 ,! process by :i* liquids are impell$ ?r\gh a moi/ membrane4 ,,os,,se-,,ous 7,l4 os1 a bone74 ,consi/+ (1 or resembl+ bone4 ,,pal,,ate 7,l4 palatum1 ! palate74 ,! ro( ( ! m\?1 consi/+ ( ! h>d & s(t palate4 #bfj ,,pal,,m>4 ,relat+ to ! palm ( ! h&4 ,,pan,,cre-,,z 7,gr4 ,greek3 pas1 ,greek3 pantos1 pas1 pantos1 all1 & ,greek3 kreas1 kreas1 fle%74 ,a long1 flat gl& situat$ ne> ! /oma*2 9 ! l[] animals ! analog\s organ is call$ ! sweet-bread4 ,,pa-,,pil,l 7,l4 papilla74 ,! m9ute prom95ces 9 :i* t]m9ate ! ultimate fibres ( ! n]ves ( t\* & ta/e4 ,,pa-,,ral,y-,,sis4 ,a disease ( ! n]v\s sy/em m>k$ by ! loss ( s5sation1 or volunt>y motion1 or bo?2 palsy4 ,,p>-,a-,,ple,,gi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 p>aplss1 p>aplesso1 to /rike amiss74 ,a =m ( p>alysis affect+ ! l[] half ( ! body4 ,,pa-,,tel,,la 7,l4 dim4 ( patina1 a pan74 ,! knee-pan2 a small bone4 ,,pel,,vis 7,l474 ,lit]ally a bas92 ! bony cavity at ! l[] "p ( ! trunk4 ,,pep,,s9 7,gr4 ,greek3 pept1 pepto1 to dige/74 ,! organic pr9ciple ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,,p]-,i-,,/al,,tic ,,move,,m5ts 7,gr4 ,greek3 p]i/ell1 p]i/ello1 to contract74 ,! sl[1 wave-l movem5ts ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,,p]-,i-,,to-,,ne,,um 7,gr4 ,greek3 p]ite91 p]ite9o1 to /ret* ar\nd74 ,! inve/+ membrane ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 & o!r abdom9al organs4 ,,p]-,,spi-,,ra,,tion 7,l4 p]spiro1 to brea! ?r\gh74 ,! sweat1 or wat]y exhalation ( ! sk92 :5 visible1 x is call$ s5sible p]spiration1 :5 invisible1 x is call$ ins5sible p]spiration4 ,,pe,,tr\s 7,gr4 ,greek3 petra1 petra1 a rock74 ,! "n ( ! h>d portion ( ! temporal bone1 9 :i* is situat$ ! drum ( ! e> & labyr9?4 ,,ph>,,ynx 7,gr4 ,greek3 ph>unx1 ph>unx1 ! ?roat74 ,! cavity betwe5 ! back ( ! m\? & gullet4 ,,phys-,i-,,ol,o-,,gy 7,gr4 ,greek3 phusis1 phusis1 nature1 & ,greek3 logos1 logos1 a disc\rse74 ,! sci5ce ( ! functions ( liv+1 organiz$ be+s4 ,,pi,a ,,ma,,t] 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 ! t5d] "m2 ! inn]mo/ ( ! ?ree cov]+s ( ! bra94 ,x is ?9 & delicate2 h5ce ! "n4 ,,pleu,,ra 7,gr4 ,greek3 pleura1 a rib74 ,a membrane cov]+ ! lung & l9+ ! *e/4 ,!re is "o = ea* lung4 ,,pleu,,ri-,,sy4 ,an inflammation affect+ ! pleura4 ,,pneu-,,mo-,,gas,,tric 7,gr4 ,greek3 pneumn1 pneumon1 ! lungs1 & ,greek3 ga/r1 ga/]1 ! /oma*74 ,! "n ( a n]ve di/ribut$ to ! lungs & /oma*2 x is ! pr9cipal n]ve ( respiration4 ,,pneu-,,mo,,nia 7,gr474 ,an inflammation affect+ ! air-cells ( ! lungs4 #bfa ,,pres-,,by-,o,,pi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 presbus1 presbus1 old1 & ,greek3 ps1 ops1 ! eye74 ,a defect ( ! accommodation ( ! eye1 caus$ by ! h>d5+ ( ! cry/all9e l5s2 ! f>-sight ( adults & ag$ p]sons4 ,,proc,,ess 7,l4 proced1 processus1 to proce$1 to g =?74 ,any projection f a surface4 ,also1 a me?od ( p]=mance2 a proc$ure4 ,,pty,a-,,l9 7,gr4 ,greek3 ptualon1 ptualon1 saliva74 ,! peculi> organic +r$i5t ( ! saliva4 ,,pul,,mo-,,na-,,ry 7,l4 pulmo1 pulmonis1 ! lungs74 ,p]ta9+ to ! lungs4 ,,pulse 7,l4 pello1 pulsum1 to beat74 ,! /rik+ ( an art]y aga9/ ! f+]1 occasion$ by ! contraction ( ! he>t1 commonly felt at ! wri/4 ,,pu,,pil 7,l4 pupilla74 ,! c5tral1 r\nd op5+ 9 ! iris1 ?r\gh :i* light passes into ! dep?s ( ! eye4 ,,py-,,lo,,rus 7,gr4 ,greek3 pulros1 puloros1 a gate-keep]74 ,! l[] op5+ ( ! /oma*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! small inte/9e4 ,,re,,flex ,,action4 ,an involunt>y action ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 by :i* an ext]nal impression conduct$ by a s5sory n]ve is reflect$1 or conv]t$ into a motor impulse4 ,,res-,,pi-,,ra,,tion 7,l4 respiro1 to brea! frequ5tly74 ,! function ( brea?+1 compris+ two acts3 inspiration1 or brea?+ 91 & expiration1 or brea?+ out4 ,,ret,i-,,na 7,l4 rete1 a net74 ,! inn]mo/ ( ! ?ree tunics or coats ( ! eyeball1 be+ an expansion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,,sac,,*a-,,r9e 7,l4 sac*>um1 sug>74 ,( ! nature ( sug>2 appli$ to ! important gr\p ( food sub/ances :i* embraces ! diff]5t v>ieties ( sug>1 />*1 & gum4 ,,sa-,,li,,va 7,l474 ,! moi/ure or fluids ( ! m\?1 secret$ by ! saliv>y gl&s1 etc4 ,,scle-,,rot,,ic 7,gr4 ,greek3 sklros1 skl]os1 h>d74 ,! t\gh1 fibr\s out] tunic ( ! eyeball4 ,,se-,,ba,,ce\s 7,l4 sebum1 fat74 ,resembl+ fat1 ! "n ( ! oily secretion by :i* ! sk9 is kept flexible & s(t4 ,,se-,,cre,,tion 7,l4 sec]no1 secretum1 to sep>ate74 ,! process ( sep>at+ f ! blood "s ess5tial important fluid2 :i* fluid is also call$ a secretion4 ,,sem-,i-,,cir,,cu-,,l> ,,canals4 ,a portion ( ! int]nal e>4 ,,s5-,,sa,,tion4 ,! p]ception ( an ext]nal impression by ! n]v\s sy/em2 a function ( ! bra94 ,,s5-,,si-,,bil,i-,,ty1 ,,g5]al4 ,! p[] possess$ by ne>ly all p>ts #bfb ( ! human body ( recogniz+ ! pres5ce ( =eign objects t come 9 contact ) !m4 ,,se,,rum 7,l474 ,! wat]y con/itu5t ( ! blood1 :i* sep>ates f ! clot dur+ ! process ( coagulation4 ,,skel,e-,,ton 7,gr474 ,! bony framework ( an animal1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 _! prop] relative positions4 ,,spec,,tro-,,scope 7f spectrum & ,greek3 skope1 scopeo1 to exam9e ! spectrum74 ,an in/rum5t employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! spectrum ( ! sun or any o!r lum9\s body4 ,,sphyg,,mo-,,graph 7,gr4 ,greek3 sphugmos1 sphugmos1 ! pulse1 & ,greek3 graph1 grapho1 to write74 ,an +5i\s in/rum5t by means ( :i* ! pulse is del9eat$ ^u pap]4 ,,/a,,pes 7,l474 ,lit]ally1 a /irrup2 "o ( ! small bones ( ! tympanum1 or middle e>1 resembl+ some:at a /irrup 9 %ape4 ,,sym-,,pa-,,!t,,ic ,,sy/em ,,( ,,n]ves4 ,a d\ble *a9 ( n]v\s ganglia1 connect$ toge!r by num]\s small n]ves1 situat$ *iefly 9 front ( & on ea* side ( ! sp9al column4 ,,syn-,o,,vi-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 sun1 sun1 & ,greek3 on1 oon1 resembl+ an egg74 ,! lubricat+ fluid ( jo9ts1 s call$ because x resembles ! :ite ( egg4 ,,sys,,to-,,le 7,gr4 ,greek3 su/ell1 su/ello1 to contract74 ,! contraction ( ! he>t1 by :i* ! blood is expell$ f t organ4 ,,tac,,tile 7,l4 tactus1 t\*74 ,relat+ to ! s5se ( t\*4 ,,tem,,po-,,ral 7,l4 tempus1 "t1 & tempora1 ! temples74 ,p]ta9+ to ! temples2 ! "n ( an art]y3 s call$1 because ! hair beg9s to turn :ite ) age 9 t portion ( ! scalp4 ,,t5,,don 7,l4 t5d1 to /ret*74 ,! :ite1 fibr\s cord or b& by :i* a muscle is atta*$ to a bone2 a s9ew4 ,,tet,a-,,nus 7,gr4 ,greek3 te91 te9o1 to /ret*74 ,a disease m>k$ by p]si/5t contractions ( all or "s ( ! volunt>y muscles2 ^? ( ! jaw are sometimes solely affect$3 ! disord] is !n t]m$ lock$-jaw4 ,,?o,,rax 7,gr4 ,greek3 ?rax1 ?orax1 a brea/plate74 ,! upp] cavity ( ! trunk ( ! body1 conta9+ ! lungs1 he>t1 etc42 ! *e/4 ,,?y,,roid 7,gr4 ,greek3 ?ureos1 ?ureos1 a %ield74 ,! l>ge/ ( ! c>tilages ( ! l>ynx2 its angul> projection 9 ! front ( ! neck is call$ ,adam's apple4 ,,tra,,*e-,a 7,gr4 ,greek3 tra*us1 tra*us1 r\gh74 ,! w9dpipe1 or ! l>ge/ ( ! air-passages2 compos$ 9 "p ( c>tilag9\s r+s1 :i* r5d] its surface r\gh & unev54 ,,trans-,,fu,,sion 7,l4 transfund1 to p\r f "o vessel to ano!r74 #bfc ,! op]ation ( inject+ blood tak5 f "o p]son into ! ve9s ( ano!r2 o!r fluids ?an blood are sometimes us$4 ,,tri*-,i,,na ,,spi-,,ra,,lis4 7,l47 ,a m9ute species ( p>asite or worm1 :i* infe/s ! fle% ( ! hog1 & :i* may be introduc$ into ! human sy/em by eat+ pork n ?or\ghly cook$4 ,,tym,,pa-,,num 7,gr4 ,greek3 tumpanon1 tumpanon1 a drum74 ,! cavity ( ! middle e>1 resembl+ a drum 9 be+ clos$ by two membranes1 & 9 hav+ communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,u,,vu-,,la 7,l4 uva1 a grape74 ,! small p5dul\s body atta*$ to ! back "p ( ! palate4 ,,vas,,cu-,,l> 7,l4 vasculum1 a little vessel74 ,p]ta9+ to1 or conta9+ blood-vessels4 ,,ve,,n\s 7,l4 vena1 a ve974 ,p]ta9+ to1 or conta9$ )9 a ve94 ,,v5-,,ti-,,la,,tion4 ,! introduction ( fre% air into a room or build+1 9 su* a mann] z to keep ! air )9 x 9 a pure condition4 ,,v5-,,tril,o-,,quism 7,l4 v5t]1 ! belly1 & loquor1 to speak74 ,a modification ( natural spee* by :i* ! voice is made to appe> to come f a di/ance4 ,! anci5ts suppos$ t ! voice 0 =m$ 9 ! belly2 h5ce ! "n4 ,,v5,,tri-,,cles ( ! he>t4 ,! two l>ge/ cavities ( ! he>t1 situat$ at its apex or po9t4 ,,v],,te-,,bral ,,column 7,l4 v]tebra1 a jo9t74 ,! back-bone1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-f\r sep>ate bones1 call$ v]tebr1 firmly jo9t$ toge!r2 also call$ ! sp9al column & sp9e4 ,,ves,,ti-,,bule4 ,a portion ( ! int]nal e>1 communicat+ ) ! semicircul> canals & ! co*lea2 s call$ f its fanci$ resemblance to ! ve/ibule or por* ( a h\se4 ,,vil,,li 7,l4 villus1 ! nap ( clo?74 ,m9ute ?read-l projections f\nd ^u ! int]nal surface ( ! small inte/9e1 giv+ x a velvety appe>ance4 ,,vit,,re-,,ous 7,l4 vitrum1 glass74 ,hav+ ! appe>ance ( glass2 appli$ to ! humor occupy+ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! cavity ( ! eyeball4 ,,viv-,i-,,sec,,tion 7,l4 vivus1 alive1 & seco1 to cut74 ,! practice ( op]at+ ^u liv+ animals1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ "s physiological process4 ,,vocal ,,cords4 ,two ela/ic b&s or ridges situat$ 9 ! l>ynx2 !y are ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! organs ( ! voice4 99 99 99 99 99 #bfe ,,index4 ------o------ ,a4 ,,page ,absorb5t vessels1 #ig ,absorption1 #if by blood-vessels1 #if by ! lacteals1 #if ( ! food1 #if ,accommodation1 function (1 #bac ,a*illes1 t5don (1 #bg ,adam's apple1 #bbi ,air1 atmosph]ic1 #aca ,*anges 91 9 respiration1 #acb ,c>bonic acid 91 #ach ,composition (1 #aca ,du/ 9 !1 #acg ,effects ( impure1 #aci ,impurities 91 #acf ,matt]s 9 ! expir$1 #acb ,provision = purify+1 #ada ,r5ovation by v5tilation1 #adb ,air-cells ( ! lungs1 #abe ,air-passages1 #abe ,alb9os1 #dd ,album51 #eh ( ! blood1 #ajb ,album9oid sub/ance1 #eg ,v>ieties (1 #eg ,prop]ties (1 #eg-eh ,album9ose1 #id ,alcoholic liquors1 #gg ,physiological action (1 #gh ,alim5t>y canal1 #ha ,animal functions1 #adc ,animal heat1 #adc h[ produc$1 #adc regulat$ by p]spiration1 #ade ,animals1 relative /r5g? (1 #bh ,apoplexy1 #aga ,aque\s humor1 #baj ,ara*noid membrane1 #aeb ,arbor vit1 #aed ,art]ial blood1 #ajg-ace diff]s f v5\s1 #ace ,art]ies1 #aad ,arrangem5t (1 #aae ,c>otid1 #aaf ,di/ribution (1 #aae ,pulsation (1 #aae ,radial1 #aaf ,temporal1 #aaf ,aryt5oid c>tilage1 #bbi ,asphyxia1 #bej ,assimilation1 #hj1 #aba ,audition1 #bae ,auditory canal1 #bah n]ve1 #bbb ,auricles ( ! he>t1 #aji ,b4 ,back-bone1 #ba ,ba?+1 #dg ,importance (1 #dg ,"t & mann] (1 #di ,ba?s1 #dh ,diff]5t k9ds (1 #dh ,belladonna1 #bjf dilates ! pupil1 #bjf ,use z a cosmetic1 #bjf ,bile1 #ie ,secretion (1 9 ! liv]1 #ie ,accumulation (1 9 ! gall-bladd]1 #ie ,uses (1 #ie ,bili>y duct1 #ie ,bladd]1 ,gall-1 #ie ,ble$+1 h[ /opp$1 #aba ,bl9d-spot1 #bjg ,blood1 #aja ,art]ial1 #ajg-ace ,*ange ( color1 #ajg ,circulation (1 #ajg1 #acc ,coagulation (1 #aje ,composition (1 #ajb corpuscles1 #ajb1 #ajc fluid1 #aje ,microscopic appe>ance (1 #ajb ,respiratory *anges 91 #acc ,uses ( !1 #aje ,v5\s1 #ajg1 #ace ,blood-vessels1 #aad1 #aah ,absorption by1 #if ,injuries to !1 #aba ,body1 r5ovation ( !1 #ff ,bones1 #ae ,=m & composition (1 #af ,gr[? (1 #bb ,microscopic /ructure (1 #ag ,repair (1 #bc ,/ructure (1 #ag ,uses (1 #ae ,b[els1 #id ,bra91 #aej ,anatomical /ructure (1 #aeb ,function ( !1 #agb ,injuries ( !1 #agc ,membranes ( !1 #aeb ,reflex action ( !1 #agd #bff ,bread1 #gb ,bron*ial tubes1 #abe ,bron*itis1 #abh ,c4 ,canals1 ,semicircul>1 #bbc ,capill>y blood-vessels1 #aah ,circulation 9 !1 #aah ,c>bonic acid1 #acb exhal$ f ! lungs1 #acb 9 ! air1 #ach ret5tion 9 ! blood1 #acd ,c>tilage1 #bj ,aryt5oid1 #bbi ,cricoid1 #bbi ,?yroid1 #bbi ,case91 #eh ,cat>act1 #baj ,cells1 ,n]ve1 #aej1 #aei ,ciliat$1 #abh ,c]ebellum1 #aec ,function ( !1 #agb ,c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em1 #aej ,c]ebrum1 #aeb ,function ( !1 #agb ,*eese1 #eh ,*e/1 ,framework (1 #ai ,cont5ts ( !1 #ai ,*ocolate1 #gg ,*orea1 #afi ,*oroid coat ( ! eye1 #bjd ,*yle1 #ie ,*yme1 #id ,cilia1 #abh ,circulation1 #ajg 9 ! frog's foot1 #aai ( ! blood1 #ajg ,rapidity (1 #abj ?r\gh ! he>t1 #aab ?r\gh ! lungs1 #abc ,clo?+1 #ea ,coagulation ( milk1 #eh ( ! blood1 #ajd ,co*lea1 #bbc ,c(fee1 #ge ,effects (1 #ge1 #gf ,coll>-bone1 #ai ,color-bl9dness1 #bji ,column1 ,sp9al1 #ba ,combu/ion1 ,spontane\s1 #ade ,complexion1 #dd ,con*a ( ! e>1 #bag ,conjunctiva1 #bjj ,contraction ( he>t1 #aaa ( muscles1 #bg ,convulsions1 #afi ,cook+1 #gj ,cords1 ,vocal1 #abf1 #bcj ,cornea1 #bjc ,corpuscles1 ,blood1 #ajb ,cosmetics1 #ea ,cranial ganglia1 #aej ,functions (1 #aga ,cranial n]ves1 #aed ,cranium1 #ai ,cricoid c>tilage1 #bbi ,cry/all9e l5s1 #bji ,uses (1 #baj ,cuticle1 #da ,function (1 #ahc ,cutis1 #db ,d4 ,decussation ( motor & s5sory fibres ( sp9al cord1 #afd ,d5tition ( infancy1 #hb ,diaphragm1 ,movem5ts ( !1 9 respiration1 #abh1 #abi ,dia/ole ( ! he>t1 #aaa ,diet1 ,mix$1 #ff1 #he ,necessity = *ang+1 #fg ,necessity ( a regulat$1 #fb ,! be/1 #fc ,dige/ion1 #hj ,circum/ances affect+1 #ig ,ga/ric1 #ic ,inte/9al1 #id ,nature (1 #ha ,organs (1 #ha-ia ,dr[n+1 #bej ,duct1 ,bili>y1 #ie ,nasal1 #bja ,pancreatic1 #ie ,?oracic1 #ig ,dura ,mat]1 #aeb ,e4 ,e>1 #bag ,ext]nal1 #bag ,int]nal1 #bbb ,middle1 #bai ,=eign bodies 91 #bbe ,drum ( !1 #bai ,bones ( !1 #bbj ,e>-s&1 #bbc ,e>-/ones1 #bbc ,e>-wax1 #bai ,eggs1 #fh ,composition (1 #fh ,emulsion ( fats1 9 dige/ion1 #ie ,enamel ( ! tee?1 #hb ,epiglottis1 #abf1 #bbi ,uses (1 #abf1 #bbj ,eu/a*ian tube1 #bba ,ex]cise1 #cj ,diff]5t modes (1 #ca ,effects (1 #cj ,importance (1 #cj ,op5-air1 #cc ,expiration1 #abh ,movem5ts (1 #abi ,ext5sor muscles1 #bf ,eye1 #aih ,eyeball1 #bjc ,eyela%es1 #bjj ,eyelids1 #bjj ,f4 ,fats1 #ei ,emulsion (1 #ei ,s\rce (1 9 food1 #ei ,f5e/ra ovalis1 #bbd ,fibres1 ,muscul>1 #be #bfg ,fibres1 ,n]v\s1 #adi ,fibr9e 9 food1 #eh ( ! blood1 #ajb ,fi%1 z food1 #ga ,flexor muscles1 #bf ,food1 #ec ,animal1 #fg ,daily quantity (1 #fe ,+r$i5ts (1 #ed-fb ,necessity =1 #fd ,s\rce (1 #ec ,vegetable1 #ga ,g4 ,gall-bladd]1 #ie ,ganglia1 cranial1 ,functions ( !1 #aga ,gases1 ,int]*ange (1 9 ! lungs1 #acd ,ga/ric dige/ion1 #ic ,ga/ric juice1 #ia ,action (1 #ic ,daily quantity (1 #ib ,g5]al s5sibility1 #agi ,gl&s1 ,p]spiratory1 #de ,saliv>y1 #hf ,sebace\s1 #dd ,gloss>y1 #beb ,glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve1 #ahi ,gullet1 #ij ,gum1 #fa z food1 #fb ,gu/atory n]ve1 #ahi ,gymna/ics1 #cc-ch = s*ools & colleges1 #cc ,h4 ,hair1 #db ,uses (1 #dd ,he>+1 ,s5se (1 #bae ,protection (1 #bbd ,he>t1 #ajg ,cavities ( !1 #aji1 #aaj ,circulation ?r\gh !1 #aab ,frequ5cy ( action1 #aab ,movem5ts ( !1 #aaa ,valves ( !1 #aab ,heat1 ,animal1 #adc ,production (1 #adc ,regulation (1 #ade ,hemiplegia1 #afe ,humor1 ,aque\s1 #baj ,cry/all9e1 #bji ,vitre\s1 #baj ,hung]1 #fe ,seat ( ! 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