,,ca!dral ,,cities ,,( ,,engl& ,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury ,,! ,,bapti/]y ,,& ,,*apt] ,,h\se ,,ca!dral ,,cities ,,( ,,engl& ,,by ,,george ,,gilb]t ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,coll9s1 ,r4,i4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,& ,,company #aijh ,copyright1 #aije ,,by ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,& ,,company ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aije ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,cambridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,introductory ,page #c ,,cant]bury #ag ,,durham #cg ,,li*field #eh ,,ox=d #fe ,,pet]bor\gh #hj ,,/4 ,,albans #ia ,,wells #ajb ,,worce/] #aah ,,*i*e/] #abi ,,*e/] #aci ,,ro*e/] #afb ,,ripon #agd ,,ely #ahc ,,gl\ce/] #bjb ,,h]e=d #bbd ,,l9coln #bce ,,ba? #bei ,,salisbury #bgj ,,exet] #bib ,,norwi* #cae ,,london #ccg ,,york #cga ,,w9*e/] #cig ,,we/m9/] #dad ,,illu/rations ,cant]bury1 ,! ,bapti/]y & ,*apt] ,h\se ,frontispiece f ! ,mead[s ,page #ai ,*ri/*ur* ,gateway #bc ,ca!dral1 ,int]ior ( ! ,nave #bg ,! ,norman ,/airway #cc ,durham1 ,framwellgate ,bridge #ci f ! ,railway #dc ,int]ior ( ,ca!dral1 look+ across ! ,nave into ,s\? ,transept #dg ,elvet ,bridge #ea ,ca!dral1 ! ,we/]n ,t[]s #ee ,li*field ,ca!dral4 ,! ,we/ ,front #fa ,ox=d4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,int]ior ( ,nave #fi ,gateway #ge ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral4 ,! ,we/ ,front #hc ,! ,m>ket ,place #hg ,/4 ,albans4 ,! ,ca!dral f ! ,walls ( ,old ,v]ulam #ie ,wells ,ca!dral & ! ,pools #ajc ,! ,ca!dral f ! ,fields #ajg ,! ,ru9s ( ! ,banquet+ ,hall #aac ,worce/]4 ,! ,ca!dral #abc ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral f ! ,nor?-,ea/ #acc ,*e/]4 ,ea/ ,gate ,/reet #ada ,! ,r[s #ade ,/4 ,w]burgh ,/reet #aea ,bi%op ,lloyd's ,palace & ,wat]gate ,/reet #aeg ,ro*e/]4 ,! ,ca!dral & ,ca/le #afg ,ripon4 ,! ,ca!dral #agg ,ely ,ca!dral4 ,! ,we/ ,front #ahe ,! ,m>ket ,place #ahi ,ca!dral1 ,int]ior ( ,nave #aic f ! ,f5s #aig ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral4 ,int]ior ( ! ,nave #bje ,! ,old ,p>liam5t ,h\se & ,ca!dral #baa ,ca!dral f ! ,paddock #bag ,h]e=d ,ca!dral4 ,! ,nor? ,transept #bbi ,l9coln ,ca!dral by ,moonlight #bci ,! ,/eep ,hill #bde ,ca!dral4 ,! ,we/ ,t[]s #bea ,ba?4 ,pult5ey ,bridge #bfc ,salisbury4 ,high ,/reet ,gateway into ! ,close #bgc ,! ,m>ket ,cross #bgg ,! ,cloi/]s #bha ,! ,ca!dral #bhg ,exet] ,ca!dral f ! ,palace ,g>d5s #bie ,mol's ,c(fee ,tav]n #cja ,ca!dral4 ,int]ior ( ! ,nave #cji ,norwi*4 ,! ,m>ket ,place #cai ,! ,a,ethelbert ,gate #cbe ,! ,ca!dral f ! ,nor?-,ea/ #cca ,/4 ,paul's & ,ludgate ,hill #cec ,york4 ,/onegate #cgc ,! ,%ambles #cgg ,boo?am ,b> #chc ,monk ,b> #chg ,micklegate ,b> #cia ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,! ,nor? ,aisle #cii f ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,hill #djc ,! ,ca!dral f ! ,dean]y ,g>d5 #djg ,/4 ,cross #daa ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,nor? ,transept #dai ,,ca!dral ,,cities ,,( ,,engl& ,introductory ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nts ( ! ,ca!dral ,cities ( ,engl&1 te*nical ar*itectural t]ms w necess>ily appe>1 & to ! end t !y %\ld be compreh5sive1 ,i give "h a slight sket* ( ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s =ms1 & ! reasons = _! nam+1 toge!r ) dates2 & to ! end t ,i may supply a gloss>y ( easy ref]5ce1 ,i place z side head+s 9 ?is introduction ! v>i\s expressions :i* w be met ) ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,?is1 ,i hope1 may relieve ! read] ( ! t$ium ( hav+ to turn to books ( ref]5ce at ea* mom5t1 & be+ subject$ to a con/ant reit]ation ( ! t]ms1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be frequ5tly employ$4 ,! ,ca!drals ( ,engl& may be said to comprise illu/rations ( ,anglo-,saxon1 ,go?ic1 & ,norman1 ) _! v>iations & comb9ations4 ,con/ant9e1 ,a4,d4 #cjf-ccg4--,romanesque4--,) ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 m especially :5 recognis$ 9 ,rome dur+ ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 arose ! m>vell\s developm5t ( ar*itecture1 f\nd$ ^u ! basis ( classical rema9s4 ,?is ,romanesque1 z ?is p]iod ( ar*itecture came to be call$1 p]meat$ lat] ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,basilica4--,reliev$ f imm$iate fe> ( p]secution1 ! ,*ri/ian ar*itects /raightway comm5c$ to conv]t ! basilica rema9s to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! ,new ,fai?4 ,! ,basilica1 z its d]ivation f ! ,greek ,basilike 7! royal h\se7 implies1 0 ! ,k+'s ,b5* ( ! ,romans4 ,x 0 a long rectangul> build+1 ) sometimes r[s ( columns introduc$ to divide ! space into a nave & aisles4 ,"o end t]m9at$ 9 an apse1 ( semi-circul> =mation1 :]e ! judge & 8 assessors 7 accu/om$ to sit4 ,?is apse ! ,*ri/ians utilis$ z a *ancel4 ,! approa* to ! build+ 0 ! atrium1 or =ec\rt1 some:at simil> to ! ,engli% ,ca!dral cloi/]1 b diff]5tly situat$4 ,a *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman build+s 0 ! r\nd ar*1 ma9ly compos$ ( brick or /one "w4 ,?is ! ,romans = _m ye>s _h us$ m 9 a decorative way ?an = utility1 b :i* became ( m /ructural significance 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,romanesque4--,six? to ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,9 ?is wise1 f ! rema9s ( ! ,basilica1 ) ! fur!r developm5t ( ! r\nd ar* to ! semi-circul> ar*1 ! ,*ri/ian ,romans gradually evolv$ ! /yle ( ar*itecture call$ ,romanesque1 i4e41 9 ! ,roman ,/yle4 ,?is /yle became preval5t ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? to ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 process ( "t transepts 7 add$ & ! *oir prolong$1 giv+ ! outl9e1 z x 71 ( a cross1 ! ,holy ,symbol ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,anglo-,saxon4--#ejj-ajff4--,?us ,romanesque may be said to be ! f\nta9-head ( ,anglo-,saxon1 ,norman ,prop]1 ,anglo-,norman1 & ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,dur+ ! ,roman occupation ( ,engl&1 mission>ies came to h] f ,rome1 ! metropolis1 & made conv]ts1 z !y did 9 o!r c\ntries1 & z mission>ies d n[adays 9 ,*9a & else:]e4 ,!y & travell+ m]*ants ins5sibly introduc$ ! /yle ( ar*itecture !n preval5t 9 ,italy1 namely1 ! ,romanesque4 ,ow+ to ! untutor$ nature ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 _! fir/ attempts at imitat+ :at w\ld appe> to !m entirely new1 toge!r ) ! difficulty ( procur+ skill$ lab\r1 7 necess>ily crude4 ,^! fir/ attempts may ju/ly come "u ! head+ ( ,anglo-,saxon4 ,:5 ! ,campanile or tall bell-t[]s came into exi/5ce 9 ,italy1 ,engl& imitat$4 ,anglo-,norman4--#ajff4--,! ,normans1 at ! ,conque/1 introduc$ _! r5d]+ ( ar*itecture1 :i* !y _h borr[$ f ! ,romanesque1 ) a suspicion ( ,lomb>dic1 & ev5 ,byzant9e /yles int]m+l$4 ,z !y c\ld n entirely at fir/ uproot ! local peculi>ities ( ! ,anglo-,saxon treatm5t ( /yle :i* !y f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 !y 9 a way graft$ ! ,norman ar*itecture on to ! exi/+ /yle4 ,?us x came to be call$ ,anglo-,norman4 ,at fir/ ! "w 0 heavi] 9 "* ?an ! ,norman prop]1 b x became light] t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,norman ,peculi>ities4--,! ,norman peculi>ities 7 ! build+ ( ! *ur* on a cruci=m plan1 ) a squ>e t[] plac$ ov] ! transepts :]e !y cross ! nave2 ! massive cyl9drical nave pi]s4 ,to relieve ! heav9ess ( ^! massive nave pi]s & doorways1 ! *evron1 or zigzag patt]n1 spiral & o!r groov+s 7 cut4 ,! m\ld+s 7 ( ! same "* z 9 ,france1 b t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury !y 7 by degrees disus$4 ,9 ! transition p]iod1 #aaed-aahi1 ! dog-too? ornam5t appe>s1 & occurs 9 comb9ation ) ! billet1 a circul> roll ) spaces cut away at int]vals1 z at ,cant]bury4 ,! ,normans also greatly employ$ arcades1 bo? blank & op54 ,! int]lac+ ( arcades 0 frequ5tly us$ by !m4 ,!y 7 =m$ by semi-circul> ar*es1 int]sect+ ea* o!r regul>ly4 ,?is int]lac+ is suppos$ by _m au?orities to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! po9t$ lancet ar*4 ,! ,norman arcades =m a prom95t feature 9 ! int]nal & ext]nal decoration ( _! build+s4 ,! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! l>g] *ur*es consi/$ ( ?ree /ages or ti]s4 ,! gr\nd /age c>ri$ semi-circul> ar*es1 above t came ! tri=ium1 or second /age ( two small] ar*es support$ by a column1 & )9 a l>g] ar*4 ,above ?is aga91 came ! ?ird /age or cl]e/ory1 ) two or m semi-circul> ar*es1 "o ( :i* 0 pi]c$ to admit ! light4 ,! nave 0 usually cov]$ by a flat ceil+1 & n vault$4 ,! crypts & aisles 7 vault$4 ,! doorways appe> to h be5 a special feature ) ! ,normans1 = !y 7 g5]ally v ri*ly ornam5t$1 & 7 greatly recess$4 ,! w9d[s 7 n>r[ & small 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,at a late p]iod ( ! /yle ! small circul> w9d[s became greatly enl>g$1 & x became necess>y to divide up ! space by ! introduction ( sl5d] columns radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,9 ,engl& ! semi-circul> apse1 t[>ds ! close ( ! /yle1 gradually gave place to ! squ>e apse1 :i* 0 m g5]ally adopt$4 ,go?ic4--,f\r? to ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,ano!r great & e>ly factor 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture is ! ,go?ic4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,go?s1 a ,teutonic race1 dwelt betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,vi/ula4 ,!y subv]t$ ! ,rome ,empire4 ,!y1 l o!r c\ntries1 receiv$ ! ,*ri/ian religion f ,rome4 ,ea* c\ntry aft] its own fa%ion endeav\r$ to imitate ! ar*itecture ( ,rome4 ,z ^! c\ntries 7 semi-b>b>\s & unpoli%$1 _! "w 0 necess>ily rude4 ,?is1 9 conjunction ) ! invasions ( ,italy by ! ,go?s1 l$ to ! t]m ,go?ic4 ,?is p]iod comm5c$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & 0 entirely *ang$ 9 ! twelf?1 by ! introduction ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,go?ic4--#aade-aeej4--,?is m>k$ a new era1 & e/abli%$ a new /yle ( ar*itecture1 ! transition f ! ,norman1 or ,romanesque1 to ! ,m$iaeval ,go?ic4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made to introduce new names 9 lieu ( ,go?ic1 = to "n any?+ ,go?ic 0 look$ ^u ) askance4 ,romanesque ,e>ly ,go?ic ,i,vth c5tury to ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,anglo-,saxon #ejj-ajff ,a4,d4 ,,anglo-,,norman ,william ,i #ajff4 ,william ,,ii #ajhg4 ,h5ry ,i4 #aajj4 ,/eph5 #aace4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 #aaed-aahi4 ,transition4 ,m$iaeval ,go?ic ,,e>ly ,,engli% 7,,fir/ ,,po9t$1 ,,or ,,lancet7 ,ri*>d ,i4 #aahi4 ,john4 #aaii4 ,,complete1 ,,or ,,geometrical ,,po9t$ ,edw>d ,i4 #abgb-acjg4 ,transition4 ,,decorat$ ,,middle ,,po9t$1 ,,or ,,curvil9e> ,edw>d ,,ii4 #acjg4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 #acbg-acgg4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,?ird ,,po9t$1 ,,or ,,rectil9e> ,ri*>d ,,ii #acgg4 ,transition4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 #acii4 ,h5ry ,v4 #adac4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 #adbb4 ,edw>d ,,iv4 #adfa4 ,edw>d ,v4 #adhc4 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 #adhc4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 #adhe ,tudor ,p]iod4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 #aeji-aedg ,) ! close ( ! ,tudor ,p]iod1 ,m$iaeval ,go?ic practically di$ out4 ,!re crept 9 !n ! ,engli% ,r5aissance1 foll[$ aft] by :at is call$ ,! ,revival ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,,engli% ,,r5aissance ab\t ,! ,elizabe?an1 or ,fir/ ,p]iod #aedg-afbj4 ,! ,anglo-,classic1 or ,second ,p]iod #afbj-agjb4 ,! ,anglo-,classic1 or ,?ird ,p]iod #agjb-ahjj4 ,! ,revival ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 #ahjj4 ,*>act]i/ics ,,anglo-,,saxon4--,anglo-,saxon may be briefly summ$ up z an inf]ior /yle ( ,romanesque1 m especially ! latt] "p1 :5 x 0 consid]$ necess>y to build 9 imitation ( ! ,roman way4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is p]iod ! advantages ( /one1 due to inconv5i5ce ( its c>riage or lack ( skill1 7 n widely kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! build+s 7 compos$ ( wood ) a ?at*$ ro(4 ,?\gh x is true sev]al build+s 7 also con/ruct$ ( /one1 & glass 0 us$1 yet x 0 only ) advanc$ k1 introduc$ by ,cont95tal workm51 :o came ov] 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 t ar*itecture approa*$ any?+ l a def9ite /yle4 ,x rea*$ ?is /age j a few ye>s be=e ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! ar*es 7 usually pla91 & always semi-circul>4 ,! columns 7 cyl9drical1 hexagonal1 or octagonal1 & ?ick 9 proportion to _! height4 ,! t[]s1 z a rule1 7 squ>e1 & n v l(ty4 ,!y 7 /rongly b crudely work$1 /rip pila/]s1 i4 e41 sl5d] columns1 be+ introduc$4 ,circul>-head$ op5+s s]v$ z upp] w9d[s ( ^! t[]s4 ,!y 7 divid$ into two lights by r\nd$ balu/]s1 sometimes ) caps heavily project$4 ,norman4--,! ,norman *ur*es 7 mo/ly cruci=m 9 plan1 ) a c5tral t[]4 ,! ea/ end 0 frequ5tly t]m9at$ by an apse4 ,va/ columns1 ei!r circul>1 octagonal1 or simply clu/]$1 sep>at$ ! aisles f ! naves4 ,! ar*es 7 *iefly semi-circul>1 ! r\nd ar* be+ us$ ev]y:]e = ornam5t4 ,! ,norman t[]s are also g5]ally squ>e1 ) a some:at /unt$ appe>ance4 ,_m h no buttresses :atev]1 :il/ o!rs are s]v$ ) broad1 flat1 %all[ projections1 :i* ass]t !mselves m = %[ ?an = utility4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! ,normans built _! build+s ) walls imm5sely ?ick ) an eye to /ability4 ,! heavy appe>ance ( _! t[]s is clev]ly reliev$ by ! introduction ( arcades ar\nd !m1 z at ,/4 ,albans1 & occasionally ri*ly ornam5t$1 z %[n at ,norwi* & ,w9*e/]4 ,at "o ( ! angles !re is frequ5tly a /one /aircase4 ,! upp] w9d[s ( ^! t[]s diff] little f ! ,anglo-,saxon1 except 9 t ! two lights are sep>at$ by a %aft or %ort column 9 place ( ! r\nd$ balu/]4 ,! ,norman doorways are a great feature4 ,!y are g5]ally adorn$ ) a s]ies ( columns ) enri*$ ar* m\ld+s spann+ f capital to capital4 ,_! vaults 7 heavily con/ruct$ at no great height f ! gr\nd1 & g5]ally appli$ to ! aisles ( *ur*es4 ,!y ex]t$ a great] ?ru/ on ! walls ?an ! lat] ,go?ic vaults4 ,norman4--,^! *ur*es are g5]ally to be f\nd p]*$ on comm&+ sites1 *os5 z natural places ( def5ce4 ,(t5 a riv] w\nd r\nd ! base1 & :]e x l$ %ort1 a moat 0 con/ruct$ on ! l&w>d side1 & borr[$ its wat] f ! riv]4 ,! activity ( ! ,norman build]s is a/\nd+1 & =ms a great contra/ to ! few ye>s be=e _! adv5t4 ,= a %ort "t ar*itecture suff]$ a p>alysis4 ,n till ! mu*-dread$ ,mill5nium 7#ajjj ,a4,d471 :5 x 0 ?\ght ! _w w\ld c]ta9ly come to an end1 _h pass$ did p take he>t aga91 & ar*itects make up = lo/ "t4 ,e>ly ,engli%4--,9 ?is p]iod ! massive ,norman walls gave way to walls r$uc$ 9 ?ickness4 ,! buttresses became ( m /ructural significance4 ,also1 fly+-buttresses gradually came into use to /r5g!n ! weakness ( ! upp] works1 caus$ by ! r$uction ( ! walls 9 ?ickness4 ,! pill>s 7 elongat$1 & ( slight con/ruction4 ,! doorways1 w9d[s & arcades 7 built ) poli%$ m>ble obta9$ f ! ,isle ( ,purbeck4 ,! sci5ce ( vault+ became m advanc$4 ,! t[]s 7 tall] & m elegant1 ) pla9 p>apets4 ,!y 7 g5]ally furni%$ ) w9d[s4 ,! l[] ones resembl$ mu* ! arr[-slit =mation ( ! ,norman /yle4 ,! upp] w9d[s 7 gr\p$ 9 twos & ?rees4 ,! broa*-spire n[ came into notice4 ,x 0 add$ on to ! squ>e t[]1 & at ! e>ly "p ( ?is /yle 0 l[ 9 height1 b gradually became tall]4 ,! circul>-head$ w9d[s ( ! ,normans gave place to ! n>r[-po9t$ lancets ( ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,^! admitt$ little light1 & necessitat$ a great] numb] ( w9d[s1 :i* 7 gr\p$ into c\plets or triplets4 ,geometrical4--,! w9d[1 by ! gradual process ( pi]c+ ! vacant spaces 9 ! w9d[-head1 c>ry+ m\ld+s ar\nd ! trac]y 7or ornam5tal fill+-971 & add+ cusps 7! po9t :]e foliations ( trac]y int]sect71 gave rise to ,geometrical "w4 ,! e>lie/ "w ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,decorat$4--,! t[]s are made to appe> light] by ! p>apets be+ ei!r embattl$ or pi]c$ ) elegant designs1 & p9nacles plac$ on !m4 ,! broa*-spires gave place to spires spr++ at once f ! octagon4 ,! buttresses are set angul>ly4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! ar*itects fail$ to ma9ta9 ! vig\r ( ! ,geometrical p]iod4 ,! ,decorat$ w9d[s are =m$ ( portions ( circles1 ) _! c5tres fall+ on ! int]section ( c]ta9 geometrical figures4 ,!re is a glori\s example af=d$ by ! we/ w9d[ at ,york4 ,p]p5dicul>4--,! t[]s are g5]ally ri*ly panell$ ?r\gh\t2 ! buttresses project boldly--sometimes squ>e1 or sometimes set at an angle1 b n close to ea* o!r4 ,! p9nacles are (t5 ri*ly canopi$4 ,! battlem5ts panell$1 & frequ5tly pi]c$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! p>apet n[ & !n is plac$ a p9nacle or a canopi$ ni*e4 ,cant]bury ,cantu>ia4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,( all ,ca!dral cities1 ,cant]bury1 or1 z x is also call$1 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 may possibly be consid]$ ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,?\gh n ! fir/ to spread ,*ri/ianity 9 ,brita91 x nev]!less firmly e/abli%$ x 9 ! end4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic evid5ce ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,engl& is m5tion$ by ,t]tullian1 9 #bjh4 ,& aga91 9 #cjd1 ,/4 ,alban _h be5 m>tyr$ dur+ ,diocletian's p]secution at ,v]ulam1 n[ kn[n z ,/4 ,alban's4 ,!n1 9 #cad1 ,*ri/ianity _h atta9$ su* a position 9 ,brita9 t x _h be5 consid]$ necess>y = ! ,bi%ops ( ,york & ,london to att5d at ! ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 9 ,france4 ,s t by ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?1 x is kn[n t !re exi/$ bi%ops1 ?\gh n till ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury 0 !re a settl$ ,*ur* 9 ,brita91 ) *ur*es1 alt>s1 ,scriptures1 & discipl9e4 ,^! exp\nd$ ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 & 7 9 t\* ) ,rome & ,pale/9e4 ,b ! arrival ( ,augu/9e1 9 #fjj1 decid$ly gave an impetus to ! la/+ e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 & ! :ole isl& quickly became conv]t$4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ianity _h long fl\ri%$ 9 ,rome1 x c\ld h>dly1 9 its e>ly /ages1 be expect$ to make itself greatly felt 9 ,brita91 ow+ to ! cont9ual tr\bl\s times caus$ by ! invasions fir/ by ! ,roman soldi]y1 !n by ! ,scots & ,picts f ,cal$onia 7n[ call$ ,scotl&71 & ! ,saxons1 :o came f ! riv] ,elbe1 & ! ,angles1 :o dwelt to ! nor? ( ! ,saxons1 9 ! di/ricts n[ call$ ,s*leswig & ,hol/e94 ,!n ! ,danes & ,nor?m5 l&$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ghg1 & practically ov]ran ! :ole k+dom4 ,all ^! tribes1 ea* 9 its turn1 deva/at$ ! c\ntry1 pillag+ & de/roy+ ev]y?+1 s t !re is little to m>vel at ! sl[ gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! isl&1 see+ t ! cl]gy 7 ! fir/ to suff]4 ,augu/9e may be said to h c]ta9ly reviv$ ,*ri/ianity & rescu$ ! ,*ur* f utt] oblivion1 b x 0 left till ! ,norman ,conque/ to erect ! wond]ful ar*itectural /ructures1 _m ( :i* exi/ till ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury ,,f ,,! ,,mead[s ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,cant]bury is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,! discov]y ( ,druidical rema9s cle>ly po9ts to ! practice ( religi\s rites ( ! ,britons prior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x appe>s also t ! ,romans f\nd x z a ,briti% t[n ( "s importance4 ,?is !ory1 lay+ aside m9or consid]ations1 is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! ,romans call$ x ,durov]num1 ! d]ivation ( :i* !y borr[$ f ! ,briti% words dwr a /ream1 & :]n swift1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 mo/ appropriate to ! ,/\r1 on ^: banks ! city 0 f\nd$4 ,! ,saxons on _! arrival call$ ! place ,cantw>abyrig4 ,f ?is1 no d\bt1 ,cant]bury owes ! orig9 ( its pres5t "n4 ,contr>y to ! ord9>y laws ( f\ndation1 !re appe>s to h be5 no "o 7locally7 covet\s ( ! hon\r ( m>tyrdom1 or possibly wor?y1 if m>tyr$1 ( recognition by ! ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! ,roman occupation ( ! city1 ,*ri/ianity /ruggl$1 probably kept alive by su* ( ! soldi]s :o _h be5 previ\sly conv]t$ 9 ,rome4 ,two *ur*es 7 built 9 ! second c5tury4 ,"o ( ^!1 9 #fjj1 0 consecrat$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,soissons1 & d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>t91 = ,b]?a1 a daught] ( ,*>ib]t1 a ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,p>is4 ,on h] m>riage ) ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t1 ! =emo/ k+ ( ! ,engli%1 x 0 /ipulat$ t h] religi\s incl9ations %\ld be protect$4 ,?r\gh h] influ5ce ! k+ became conv]t$4 ,to enc\rage ,*ri/ianity1 & to set a good example to 8 subjects1 ,e!lb]t welcom$ ,augu/9e & 8 =ty monks1 9 #eig1 gave him 8 palace1 :i* 0 spe$ily conv]t$ into a priory1 & help$ him to f\nd an abbey )\t ! city walls1 & int5d$ z a sepulture = ! ,ar*bi%ops4 ,?is abbey 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,z ,cant]bury 0 already recognis$ z ! metropolis1 or head ( ! ,/ate ( ,k5t1 9 t _! k+s _h _! royal resid5ce !re1 x 0 no difficulty = ,augu/9e1 z spiritual head1 to make x also a ,metropolitan ,see1 ! m s z1 by ! inve/iture ( ! ,pope1 he became ! fir/ ,ar*bi%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury ,,*ri/*ur* ,,gateway ,pope ,gregory's 7! ,great7 s*eme 9 s5d+ ,augu/9e 0 to divide ,engl& into two ,prov9ces1 ) ,metropolitans ( equal dignity at ,london & ,york1 & twelve ,suffragans to ea*4 ,b all t 8 emiss>y c\ld effect 0 to consecrate two bi%ops1 "o at ,ro*e/] 7,k5t7 & "o at ,essex4 ,z ,*ri/ianity took a firm] hold 9 ,engl&1 x 0 g5]ally to ,cant]bury t ! diff]5t portions ( ,engl& appli$ = mission>ies4 ,9 ?is f\ndation ,augu/9e has be5 foll[$ by a succession ( prelates1 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves equally 9 spiritual & temporal affairs ( ! ,/ate--m51 ea* ( :om made a great /ir dur+ 8 life1 & ^: names ev5 n[ are en%r9$1 z x 71 9 a halo ( romance4 ,!y repres5t ! intellect ( _! times2 _! lives %[ u ! difficulties !y enc\nt]$ 9 ov]com+ ! crass ignorance ( ! p on ^: behalf !y work$1 & ! risks & dang]s & petty tyranny !y suff]$ at ! h&s ( k+s1 ^: *ief amusem5ts 7 di/urb+ ! peace & lic5ti\s liv+4 ,^? :o h play$ ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 ecclesia/ical z well z 9 lay hi/ory are3 ,dun/an1 :o gov]n$ ) a tight h& ! k+dom dur+ ! reigns ( ,edr$ & ,edwy2 ,/ig&1 :o1 = 8 opposition to ,william ! ,conqu]or1 0 depos$ f ! ,see to make room = ,lanfranc2 ,lanfranc1 ^: memory is p]petuat$ n only ?r\gh 8 abilities z s*ol>1 /atesman & adm9i/rator1 b m especially z "o :o rebuilt ! ,ca!dral & z f\nd] ( sev]al religi\s e/abli%m5ts2 ! celebrat$ ,?omas a ,becket1 :o1 until he became ,ar*bi%op1 0 ! great fri5d ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & 0 ,*ancellor ( ,engl&4 ,on ! acceptance ( ! ,ar*bi%opric1 ,becket con/itut$ himself z a *ampion ( ! rights & claims ( ! ,*ur*1 & w\ld brook no int]f]5ce f ,h5ry 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s4 ,?is naturally creat$ a coolness betwe5 ! two1 :i* end$ 9 ,becket's retir+ to ,france = six ye>s4 ,on ,h5ry's promise to annul ! ,con/itution ( ,cl>5don1 9 #aagj1 ,becket return$1 only a few days aft] to be murd]$ 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,/eph5 ,langton1 :o 0 rais$ to ! ,see by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 9 defiance ( ,k+ ,john1 dur+ a qu>rel he _h ) ! ,*ur*2 ,cranm]1 :o1 = promot+ ! ,re=mation1 0 burnt at ! /ake 9 ,m>y's reign2 & ,laud1 :o 0 behead$ dur+ ! ,commonweal? ( ,cromwell = support+ ! measures ( 8 sov]eign1 ,*>les ,i4 ,augu/9e did n live to see ! completion ( 8 ,ca!dral4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,our ,savi\r1 & x is ev5 n[ usually call$ ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! ravages ( ! ,danes ! city suff]$ greatly1 & ! ,ar*bi%opric became vacant 9 #ajaa1 ?r\gh ! viol5t dea? dealt out to ,ar*bi%op ,alphage by ! ,danes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,canute1 aft] 8 usurpation ( ! ?rone1 rebuilt a great "p ( ! city & re/or$ ! ,ca!dral2 & ! monks 7 n =gott51 9 t ! rev5ue ( ! port ( ,s&wi* 0 made ov] to !m = _! support4 ,^! b5efits greatly help$ ! city to atta9 great importance1 & 9 ,doomsday ,book x is ent]$ "u ! title ( ,civitas ,cantu>iae4 ,9 #ajhj ! ,ca!dral 0 burnt d[n1 only to be re/or$ ) great] spl5d\r1 & d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 by ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 :o rebuilt ! mona/ic edifice1 erect$ ! ,ar*bi%op's palace1 f\nd$ & end[$ a priory d$icat$ to ,/4 ,gregory1 & built ! hospitals ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,9 #aafa ! city became almo/ ext9ct ?r\gh fire1 & at sev]al subsequ5t p]iods x suff]$ sev]ely f ! same cause4 ,9 #aagj ! great ev5t :i* /irr$ ! k+dom1 & :i* conv5i5tly m>ks ! />t+-po9t ( ! disa/r\s half ( ,h5ry ,,ii4's reign1 0 ! great means ( repl5i%+ ! treasury ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,9 t ye> ,becket 0 murd]$ z he 0 asc5d+ ! /eps lead+ f ! nave into ! *oir4 ,8 "n 0 subsequ5tly canonis$4 ,8 %r9e 0 visit$ f f> & ne> by e rank ( pilgrim1 :o seldom left )\t deposit+ fir/ "s sub/antial tok5 ( _! rev]5ce = ! sa9t4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ! murd] popul> feel+ 0 z great z ev]1 s t x 0 probably to propitiate ! p1 z mu* z to ask = ,div9e int]cession 9 8 tr\bl\s affairs1 t ,h5ry ,,ii4 p]=m$ a pilgrimage to ! %r9e & submitt$ himself to be sc\rg$ by ! monks4 ,ano!r s\rce ( great importance to ! ,ca!dral 0 ! in/itution ( ! ,jubilee by ! ,pope4 ,x commemorat$ e fifty ye>s ! dea? ( ,becket1 & till ! la/ "o1 celebrat$ 9 #aebj1 attract$ an imm5se numb] ( pilgrims1 :o gave a great impetus to trade 9 ! city4 ,! numb] & ri*ness ( _! (f]+s 7 incr$ible4 ,! dissolution ( ! priory ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* 0 gradually effect$2 ! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! m>tyr 7 "o by "o aboli%$2 8 %r9e 0 /ripp$ ( its gorge\s ornam5ts1 & ! bones ( ! sa9t 7 burnt to a%es & scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,a "p ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 conv]t$ into a royal palace by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 ?is palace ,que5 ,elizabe? held h] c\rt = a %ort "t4 ,dur+ h] reign !re 0 an influx ( ,walloons1 :o1 p]secut$ = _! religi\s t5ets1 _h fl$ f ! ,ne!rl&s & settl$ 9 ,cant]bury4 ,!y introduc$ ! weav+ ( silk & /uffs4 ,to !m ,que5 ,elizabe? allott$ ! crypt "u ! ,ca!dral z _! place ( wor%ip1 :]e ! s]vice is /ill p]=m$ 9 ,fr5* to _! desc5dants4 ,9 ?is ,ca!dral 0 solemnis$ ! m>riage ( ,*>les ,i4 ) ,h5rietta ,m>ia ( ,france1 9 #afbe4 ,dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,*>les ,i4 & ,cromwell ! ,ca!dral 0 wantonly mutilat$ & defac$ by ! foll[]s ( ,cromwell1 :o conv]t$ ! sacr$ edifice into /ables = 8 horses4 ,at ! ,re/oration1 ,*>les ,,ii41 on 8 return f ,france1 held 8 c\rt 9 ! royal palace at ,cant]bury = ?ree days4 ,?is mon>*1 9 #afgf1 grant$ a *>t] ( incorporation to ! refugee silk-weav]s settl$ 9 ! city4 ,^! refugees1 a few ye>s aft]1 7 consid]ably increas$ by ,fr5* artisans1 :o came ov] consequ5t on ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe4 ,to ^? admir]s ( =m & beauty ! wond]ful ar*itecture ( ! pres5t ,ca!dral mu/ satisfy _! e crav+4 ,to /ud5ts ! /udy ( ?is colossal build+ mu/ be a "w ( love1 enc\ragem5t1 & cont9u$ int]e/4 ,rebuilt soon aft] ! ,conque/ by ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 & wor?ily enl>g$ & enri*$ by 8 sev]al successors1 ! ,ca!dral is a cr[n+ "w ( gr&eur & magnific5ce1 exhibit+1 9 its highe/ p]fection1 e specim5 ( ar*itecture1 f ! e>lie/ ,norman to ! late/ ,engli%4 ,9 =m x is t ( a d\ble cross4 ,:]e ! nave & ! we/]n transepts int]sect1 !re spr+s up a l(ty & elegant t[] 9 ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle1 ) a spir$ p>apet & p9nacles1 ) octagonal turrets at ! angles1 t]m9at+ 9 m9>ets4 ,9 ! we/ end are two massive t[]s1 ( :i* ! nor?-we/ is ,norman1 & ! s\?-we/ is simil> 9 "*1 ?\gh embattl$1 & little inf]ior to ! c5tral t[]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notewor?y portions ( ?is ,ca!dral1 ?\gh x is h>dly possible to make a di/9ction1 are ! ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ) its beautiful fan trac]y dep5d+ f ! ro(2 ! small b beautiful ,lady ,*apel1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! ea/]n side ( ! transept by ! int]position ( a f9ely c>v$ /one scre52 & 9 t "p ( ! ,ca!dral1 call$ ,becket's ,cr[n1 is ! ,*apel ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 fam\s z ! site ( ! gorge\s ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas a ,becket4 ,9 ,becket's ,cr[n a s(t5$ light /eals ?r\gh ! pa9t$ w9d[4 ,! int]e/ 9 ?is w9d[ lies 9 ! fact t mo/ ( ! glass %[n is anci5t1 & x is ! fif? ( ! twelve w9d[s 9 ! ,tr9ity ,*apel :i* suff]$ sev]ely at ! h&s ( ! ,puritans 9 #afdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cant]bury ,,! ,,norman ,,/airway ,:at rema9$ ( ! anci5t glass 0 replac$1 z f> z possible 9 ! orig9al position1 by ! late ,mr4 ,george ,au/51 subsequ5tly to #ahec4 ,^! w9d[s repres5t ! miracles ( ,/4 ,?omas a ,becket betwe5 ! ye>s #abbj & #abdj4 ,betwe5 ! we/]n t[]s !re is a n>r[ entrance spann$ ov] by a %>ply po9t$ ar*1 enri*$ ) deeply recess$ m\ld+s4 ,above ?is are canopi$ ni*es1 ov] :i* is a l(ty w9d[ ( six lights ) ri*ly /a9$ glass4 ,! s\?-we/ por* con/itutes ! pr9cipal entrance1 & is highly enri*$ ) ni*es ( elegant design4 ,x belongs to a late p]iod ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,! ro( is mo/ elaborately gro9$1 & %ields are atta*$ at ! int]sections ( ! ribs4 ,9 ! same p]iod ( ,late ,engli% mu/ be includ$ ! f9e nave & ! we/]n transepts4 ,a gorge\s effect is giv5 by ! ri*ly gro9$ ro( support$ by eight l(ty pi]s1 :i* divide x (f on ea* side f ! aisles4 ,f ! ea/]n "p num]\s av5ues lead to ! _m *apels 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! int]ior1 & give a truly magnific5t effect4 ,all ^! *apels des]ve ! close/ /udy1 l ! re/ ( ! build+1 to ?or\ghly appreciate ! subtlety ( design1 & ! m>vell\s skill ( ! ar*itect4 ,durham ,dunholme4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,hac sunt 9 fossa ,b$ae ,v5]abilis ossa4 ,?\gh ,durham dates f ! t5? c5tury1 yet x is necess>y1 to und]/& ! gr[? ( its p[]1 to g back to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! exact date ( ! bir? ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t is unkn[n4 ,z a y\? he 0 admitt$ into ,melrose ,abbey1 :]e 9 ! c\rse ( f\rte5 ye>s he became monk & prior4 ,f !re he pass$ ano!r f\rte5 ye>s 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,l9disf>ne1 aft] :i* he retir$ to ,f>ne = n9e ye>s4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod he 0 p]suad$1 mo/ unwill+ly1 by ,egrid1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 to become ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1 a ,see 9 ,b]nicia1 z ,durham ,c\nty 0 !n call$4 ,b aft] two ye>s' (fice he retir$ to ,f>ne4 ,!re di$ ,/4 ,cu?b]t on ,m>* #bj1 ,a4,d4 #fhg1 9 ! ?irty-n9? ye> ( 8 mona/ic life1 /ill undecid$ z to :]e he %\ld be buri$4 ,h[ev]1 ! rema9s 7 rev]5tly pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,l9disf>ne1 till ! monks 7 compell$ to flee1 ow+ to ! invasion ( ! ,danes1 t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,?\gh 9 dire dread & confusion1 ! monks =got n _! sacr$ tru/1 b c>ri$ ! holy rema9s ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t ) !m4 ,!y w&]$ _m a we>y day ?r\gh\t ! ,nor? ( ,engl& 9 se>* ( ,dunholme1 :i* ,eadn]1 a monk ( _! ord]1 decl>$ to !m _h be5 div9ely reveal$ to him z ! la/+ place ( re/ = ! holy & incorruptible body ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,!y seem$ to h _h great difficulty 9 locat+ ! :]eab\ts ( ,dunholme1 = accord+ to tradition !y 7 miracul\sly deliv]$ f _! nomadic life4 ,z !y proce$$ !y he>d a woman inquire ( ano!r if %e _h se5 h] c[1 :i* _h gone a/ray4 ,mu* to _! joy & relief !y he>d ! reply1 ,9 ,dunholme4 ,!reupon !y climb$ to ! summit ( ! ,hill ,isl&1 at ! base ( :i* !y _h arriv$1 z !y wi%$ to deposit _! corruptible burd5 on a spot s close to ,heav5 t x %\ld rema9 incorruptible1 & by its incorruptibility be a fitt+ f\ndation on :i* to build a %r9e wor?y ( _! ,sa9t & ! ,god :o hon\r$ him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,framwell ,,gate ,,bridge ,ab\t #iie _! idea 0 realis$ by ,bi%op ,ealdhune4 ,he f\nd$ a *ur*1 built 9 ! /yle usual !n 9 ,italy1 ( brick or /one ) r\nd ar*es4 ,?is /yle1 bas$ directly on ,italian models1 became preval5t ?r\gh\t all ,we/]n ,europe till ! elev5? c5tury1 & 9 ,engl& 0 kn[n z ,anglo-,saxon4 ,?is *ur* 0 erect$ ov] ! ,sa9t's re/+-place1 ^u ! rock em95ce call$ ,dunholme 7,hill ,isl&74 ,lat] on ! ,normans *ang$ ?is into ,duresne1 :5ce ,durham4 ,& a repres5tation ( a dun c[ & two female att5dants 0 plac$ ^u ! build+4 ,at ! same p]iod ! ,see 0 transf]r$ f ,l9disf>ne1 &1 toge!r ) ! gr[+ fame ( ! pres5ce ( ! incorruptible body ( ! ,sa9t1 attract$ pilgrims1 :o settl$ !re ) _! indu/ries4 ,?us 7 laid ! f\ndations ( ! great city4 ,9 ?is wise ,/4 ,cu?b]t became ! patron ,sa9t ( ,durham1 z well z ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ( ,s\!rn ,scotl&4 ,9 #ajgb ,william ! ,conqu]or f\nd x necess>y to erect1 across ! neck ( ! rock-em95ce1 ! ca/le1 to gu>d ! *ur* & its mona/]y4 ,9 #ajic ,bi%op ,c>ileph built a *ur* ( ,norman /ructure 9 place ( ,ealdhune's ,anglo-,saxon *ur*1 & *ang$ ! ,anglo-,saxon e/abli%m5t ( m>ri$ prie/s into a ,b5$ict9e abbey4 ,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ! c\nty became ,palat9ate1 & acquir$ ! indep5d5ce peculi> to ,c\nties ,palat9e4 ,! bi%ops ( ,durham 7 inve/$ ) temporal & spiritual p[]s1 ex]cis+ ! royal pr]ogatives1 su* z p>am\nt prop]ty 9 l&s1 & supreme jurisdiction1 bo? civil & milit>y1 wag+ w>1 "r ( =feiture1 & levy+ taxes4 ,^! privileges 7 grant$1 ow+ to ! remot5ess ( ,durham f ! metropolis & its proximity to ! w>like k+dom ( ,scotl&1 & all[$ ( ju/ice be+ adm9i/]$ at home1 !reby do+ away ) ! obligation ( ! inhabitants quitt+ _! c\nty1 & leav+ x expos$ to ho/ile invasions4 ,!y 7 also excus$ f milit>y s]vice across ! ,tees or ,tayne1 on ! plea t !y 7 specially *>g$ to keep & def5d ! sacr$ body ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,^? engag$ on ?is s]vice 7 call$ ,haliw] folc 7,holy ,w> folk74 ,b 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ! p[] ( ! ,see 0 mu* curtail$2 & ev5tually1 on ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,van ,milv]t 9 #ahcf1 x 0 depriv$ ( all temporal jurisdictions & privileges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,f ,,! ,,railway ,ar\nd ,c>ileph's f9e ,norman *ur* num]\s additions 7 made f "t to "t1 namely3 ,! ,galilee or ,we/]n ,*apel1 ( ! ,transitional ,p]iod4 ,! gradual *ange f ! ,norman to ! ,po9t$ /yle1 :i* took place betwe5 #aaed & #aahi1 dur+ ,h5ry ,,ii4's reign4 ,! ,ea/]n ,transept1 or ,n9e ,alt>s4 ,! ,we/]n ,t[]s1 built 9 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% ,/yle1 :i* 0 a fur!r developm5t ( ,! ,transitional4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! reigns ( ,ri*>d ,i4 to ,h5ry ,,iii41 #aahi to #abgb4 ,x is also kn[n z ,fir/ ,po9t$ or ,lancet4 ,! ,c5tral ,t[] 7,p]p5dicul>74 ,! ,w9d[s 7,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul>74 ,f #aaed1 ! comm5cem5t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4's reign1 ar*itecture acquir$ new *>act]i/ics 9 ea* reign1 or r ! ar*itects ( ea* reign attempt$ to improve on ! /yle ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,x began ) ! ,transition f ,norman to ,po9t$4 ,f t x pass$ to ,fir/ ,po9t$ or ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,!n to ,complete or ,geometrical ,po9t$4 ,?is 0 succe$$1 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4's "t1 by a m fl[+ /yle call$ ,middle ,po9t$1 ,curvil9e>1 or ,decorat$4 ,! graceful fl[+ l9es ( ?is p]iod culm9at$ 9 :at is kn[n z ,! ,?ird ,po9t$1 ,rectil9e>1 or ,p]p5dicul> ,/yle4 ,?is p]iod exi/$ f #acii to #aedf1 t is to say1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! ,galilee or ,we/]n ,*apel 0 built & d$icat$ z an (f]+ to ,! ,bless$ ,virg91 by ,bi%op ,pudsey1 betwe5 #aaec & #aaie2 & s]v$ z ! allott$ place ( wor%ip = wom51 :o 7 /rictly =bidd5 to approa* ! sacr$ %r9e ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,9 ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ?is *apel !re is an alt>-tomb ( blue m>ble4 ,?is is rev]$ z ! abid+-place ( ! e>?ly rema9s ( ! great monk & hi/orian1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,conc]n+ him1 tradition relates h[ ,elfr$1 ,! ,sacri/ ( ,durham1 9 #ajbb1 /ole ^! rema9s f ,j>r[ & pres]v$ !m 9 ,/4 ,cu?b]t's c(f9 till #aajd4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a gold & silv] %r9e by ,bi%op ,pudsey1 :i* 0 left 9 ! refectory till #acgj1 :5 ,ri*>d ( ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 a monk aft]w>ds buri$ "u ! blue /one on ! we/ ( ! pres5t tomb1 influ5c$ its removal to ! ,galilee ,*apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,int]ior ,,( ,,ca!dral ,,look+ ,,across ,,! ,,nave ,,into ,,s\? ,,transept ,!re ^u ! alt>-tomb1 m5tion$ be=e1 ! casket 0 plac$1 & 0 cov]$ by a gilt cov] ( wa9scot1 :i* 0 drawn up by a pulley :5 ! %r9e 0 visit$ by pilgrims4 ,^u ?is alt>-tomb !re is an inscription 9 ,lat91 9 curr5t use ( ! p]iod1 :i* runs ?us3 ,hac sunt 9 fossa ,b$ae ,v5]abilis ossa4 7,9 ?is tomb are ! bones ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e47 ,9 connection ) ?is inscription !re is a leg5d t ! six? ^w1 ,v5]abilis1 0 miracul\sly suppli$ by div9e int]v5tion to ! tir$ & till !n un9spir$ monk :o 0 p5n+ x4 ,h5ce ,b$e is kn[n g5]ally z ,! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,close by !re 0 an alt> to ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,! ,re=mation swept away ! orig9al tomb1 leav+ only a few traces beh9d1 & ! bones 7 buri$ "u its site2 & an alt>-tomb1 :i* /ill exi/s1 0 erect$ ov] !m4 ,e ,sunday & holiday at noon a monk 0 accu/om$ to asc5d ! iron pulpit b5ea? ! great we/ w9d[1 & f x to prea*4 ,?\gh ?is pulpit is gone1 !re /ill exi/s 9 close proximity a small *amb] ( ! "t ( ,bi%op ,langley1 :i* 0 obvi\sly ! rob+-room ( ! prea*]4 ,f #agge to #agie ?is magnific5t pile 0 giv5 ov] to ! t5d] m]cies ( "o ,james ,wyatt1 ar*itect1 :o1 b = timely int]v5tion on ! "p ( ,john ,c>t]1 w\ld h left little ( x to our pres5t view2 b1 alas6 by 8 *isell+ & int]f]5ce ) ! sup]ficial details ( ! ext]ior1 he has taught u a lesson 9 v&alism4 ,! ,ca!dral /ill survives ) surpass+ beauty1 & ! "n ( ! w\ld-be de/roy] is dead4 ,! ,galilee ,*apel 0 happily rescu$ 9 "t f utt] de/ruction at ! h&s ( ,james ,wyatt4 ,?is g5tleman _h already comm5c$ to pull d[n a portion ( x to make room = a coa*-road1 :i* he _h plann$ to facilitate ! connection betwe5 ! ca/le & ! college4 ,unhappily ! _s ( utility ( a mo/ mat]ial age all[$ ! ,*apt] ,h\se to be demoli%$1 b1 oddly en\gh1 ?is demolition1 toge!r ) ! peel+ ( ! ext]ior1 ! removal1 s to speak1 ( details & m9or embelli%m5ts ( ! gr& edifice1 h robb$ u ( no?+ ( its impressiv5ess1 b inde$ rem9d u1 z ! mutilat$ ,p>!non m>bles d1 ( ! irony ( man's va9 pr$ilection to mutilate ! beautiful1 :i* mu/ la/ = ev]4 ,?us aga9 !re is evid5ce 9 ! int]ior ( man's de/ructive p[] 9 ! mutilation ( ! ,neville tombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,elvet ,,bridge ,x seems /range t ! ,h\se ( ,god ! ,peacemak] & ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t ! incorruptible %\ld h be5 us$ z a prison-h\se ( corruptible be+s & peace-break]s1--legitimis$ murd]]s1--= "h 7 int]n$ ! ,scot* prison]s to ! numb] ( =ty-five hundr$1 aft] ! battle ( ,dunb>1 & ample scope ( amusem5t 0 giv5 = _! empty bra9s1 z _! ru?less ex]cise ( ! privilege records4 ,! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s /ill conta9s ! rema9s ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,:5 ! tomb 0 op5$ 9 #ahbg a numb] ( curi\s & int]e/+ books & ,,mss41 ! portable alt>1 ve/m5ts1 & o!r relics 7 f\nd4 ,^! are n[ plac$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y4 ,! ,ca!dral ,libr>y 0 =m]ly ! dormitory & refectories ( ! abbey1 z x 0 orig9ally /yl$4 ,9 ?is connection "o is l$ to speculate ^u ! possible e>ly evolution ( religi\s ?\ght ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & to half suspect t ! ,n9e ,alt>s 9 ! ,galilee ,*apel & ! ,woman's ,b> 7 ! remnants ( symbols ( pre-,*ri/ian era1 reta9$ = ! obvi\s purpose ( satisfy+ conv]ts to ! fai? /ill "y4 ,!re is a /rong flav\r ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,n9e ,muses ( pagan times1 & ( ! ,judaical laws ) reg>d to wom5 ei!r )9 or )\t ! places ( wor%ip4 ,tradition has x t ,/4 ,cu?b]t 0 a misogyni/1 & s /rong 0 x t ! prec9cts ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t 7 /rictly gu>d$ aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( wom54 ,to en=ce ?is ,! ,b\nd>y ,cross or ,woman's ,b> 0 con/ruct$ to limit _! approa*1 9 ! s\? ( ! nave4 ,by ?is attitude t[>ds wom5 ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 z a prie/1 only =e%ad[$ ! pres5t regime ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z reg>ds matrimonial obligations on ! "p ( its s]vants4 ,= s sa9tly a man mu/ n be tak5 z a hat] ( wom51 or 8 beatification z ! son ( a woman w\ld h no s5se1 & w\ld call 8 incorruptibility into "q1 & 8 sa9tl9ess ( "* 9 grave d\bt4 ,! *ief entrance to ! ,ca!dral 0 orig9ally 9 ! we/ end1 b :5 ,bi%op ,pudsey built ! ,galilee ,*apel1 a doorway 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! nor? end1 fram$ 9 a ri* & deeply recess$ ,norman ar*1 do+ away ) ! necessity ( ! great entrance4 ,fix$ to ! door is ! fam\s ,norman knock]1 susp5d$ f ! m\? ( a grotesque mon/]1 by :i* (f5d]s seek+ sanctu>y made _! pres5ce kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durham ,,! ,,we/]n ,,t[]s ,"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s features1 p]haps1 ( ! :ole ,ca!dral is ! impressive gr&eur ( its appe>ance to ! travell]1 approa*+ f any qu>t]1 :o sees ?is ,isl& ,hill capp$ by ! mighty /ructure1 so>+ up1 z x 71 into ! heav5s1 yet dom9at+ by its protect+ %ad[s ! city r\nd its base--! symbol mo/ beautifully conceiv$ ( ! aff9ity betwe5 e>? & heav51 & truly ! noble/ =m ( monum5t ( rev]5tial design t ! human bra9 c\ld h possibly conceiv$4 ,li*field ,licefelle4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,li*field1 ! anci5t ca!dral city ( ,/af=d%ire1 has ! be/ exi/+ type ( ! f\rte5?-c5tury ,engli% *ur*4 ,x is memorable also z ! bir?place ( ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,ald]man ,gilb]t ! ,corporation has pur*as$ ! h\se 9 :i* ,dr4 ,johnson 0 born1 ) 8 /atue opposite x1 & has op5$ x to ! public1 mu* 9 ! same way z t ( ,%akespe>e's at ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,li*field is ab\t sixte5 miles to ! nor? ( ,birm+ham1 & lies 9 a f]tile valley1 on a small tribut>y ( ! ,tr5t4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e1 9 8 acc\nts ( ?is city1 calls x ,licidfeld1 be+ suppos$ to mean ,field ( ! ,dead4 ,x appe>s t a l>ge numb] ( ,*ri/ians1 9 ! reign ( ,diocletian1 0 massacr$ j 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & ?us orig9at$ ! "n ,li*feld1 n[ alt]$ to ,li*field4 ,! t]m9ation feld 0 cle>ly introduc$ f ov] ! wat]1 = x /ill exi/s 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & be>s ! same mean+4 ,z to :at connection exi/s betwe5 licid & dead1 we _c cle>ly und]/&4 ,9 #ffi ,li*field became an episcopal see1 ov] :i* ,/4 ,*ad 0 ! fir/ bi%op4 ,he left beh9d him a "w1 9 ! =m ( 8 ,gospels4 ,= a %ort "t1 namely1 9 ! reign ( ,(fa1 x 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( an ar*bi%opric1 b ! ,primacy 0 re/or$ to ,cant]bury 9 #hjc4 ,! ,see ( ,li*field 01 9 #ajge1 transf]r$ to ,*e/]1 & f !re1 a few ye>s lat]1 to ,cov5try4 ,ev5tually1 9 #aadh1 ,li*field recov]$ its see4 ,9 #acje ! t[n receiv$ a *>t] ( incorporation1 & has s9ce return$ memb]s to ,p>liam5t4 ,x 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( a city by ,edw>d ,,vi41 #aedi4 ,! orig9al ,norman ,ca!dral no long] exi/s4 ,9 its /ead !re is a beautiful /ructure ( ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 dat+ ei!r f ! end ( ! twelf? or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,mr4 ,coll9s gives u an excell5t idea ( ! wond]ful & elaborate ar*itecture ( ! we/ front4 ,x seems t ! ar*itect g5]ally lavi%$ 8 be/ p[]s on ! we/ front1 z if to arre/ ! att5tion ( ! wor%ipp] prior to entry4 ,! we/ front 01 & is n[1 inv>iably ! *ief entrance to ! *ur*4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! entrance 0 "h specially situat$ ) a view ( cont9u+ ! fir/ great impression4 ,!re is no?+ gr&] & m impressive 9 ca!dral ar*itecture ?an to view ! gradual unfold+ ( ! int]ior z ! sight becomes m accu/om$ to ! sudd5 transition ( ! outside gl>e ( day to ! subdu$ light inside4 ,no?+ c be m symbolical ( religion 9 *ur* /ructure ?an to obs]ve ! tr5d ( ar*itectural l9es 9 p]spective4 ,if ! eye foll[ ! upw>d c\rse ( ! c5tral & side aisles1 & ! d[nw>d sweep ( ! caps ( columns1 ar*es & walls dim9i%+ 9 true p]spective l9es1 x w be se5 t !y conv]ge to ! holie/ place ( ! sacr$ edifice--! alt>1 ! po9t ( sight = all4 ,?is ,ca!dral receiv$1 l o!r mighty build+s1 simil> ill-treatm5t dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,x 0 conv]t$ into /ables by ! p>liam5t>y troops1 :o creat$ havoc among/ its ri* sculptures4 ,9 #afea x 0 set on fire1 &1 by ord] ( ,p>liam5t1 0 /ripp$ ( its lead1 & left to neglect & decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li*field ,,! ,,we/ ,,front ,! damage 0 repair$ by ,bi%op ,hackett 9 #afga4 ,! ,re/oration has n long be5 complet$1 v>i\s improvem5ts hav+ be5 made4 ,"u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,wyatt1 ! *oir 0 enl>g$ by ! removal ( ! scre5 9 front ( ! ,lady ,*apel4 ,! transepts are ri*ly ornam5t$1 & conta9 c]ta9 portions ( ,norman ar*itecture4 ,! w9d[s are work$ 9 beautiful trac]y4 ,! *oir is 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel is an elegant design by ,bi%op ,langton4 ,= ! c5tral w9d[ 0 pa9t$ ,! ,resurrection1 by ,egg+ton1 f a design by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,9 ?is same *apel !re 0 ! ri* %r9e to ,/4 ,*ad1 :i* 0 demoli%$ at ! ,dissolution4 ,!re is a great c5tral t[] ( two hundr$ & eighty-five feet 9 height1 besides two we/]n spires "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree feet4 ,! total l5g? ( ! build+ f ea/ to we/ is ab\t f\r hundr$ feet4 ,by ! nor? aisle is ! ,*apt]-h\se4 ,x is a t5-sid$ build+ ( great beauty1 ) a vault$ ro( support$ on a c5tral clu/]$ column4 ,! memory ( ,bi%ops ,hackett1 ,langton1 & ,patti%ul is kept alive by _! monum5ts1 :i* escap$ ! ravages ( ,cromwell's troops4 ,a monum5t to ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 a bu/ ( ,g>rick1 & a mutilat$ /atue ( ,capta9 ,/anley1 s]ve to rem9d u ( _! dep>ture f ?is _w4 ,*antrey is responsible = a monum5t to ! memory ( ! infant *ildr5 ( ,mrs4 ,rob9son4 ,ox=d ,ox5=d4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,! greatness ( ! city ( ,ox=d1 a contraction ( ,ox5=d1 z qua9tly depict$ on ! armorial %ield by an ill-drawn ox mak+ t5tative ef=ts to cross a =d repres5t$ by horizontal zigzag waves1 consi/s 9 its magnific5t colleges1 n huddl$ toge!r1 b dott$ 9 all directions4 ,"s au?orities d]ive ! "n f ,ouse=d1 f ! riv] ,ouse1 n[ ! ,isis1 & t ! weal?y abbey1 erect$ on an isl& 9 ?is riv]1 0 nam$ ,ous5ey1 or ,osney1 f ! same s\rce4 ,didanus1 an e>ly ,saxon pr9ce1 is cr$it$ ) a mona/ic e/abli%m5t1 ab\t ! ye> #gcj1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y & ,all ,sa9ts1 & f\nd$ = twelve si/]s ( noble bir?4 ,8 daught] ,frideswide 0 fir/ abbess1 & 0 aft] dea? canonis$ & buri$ 9 ! abbey d$icat$ to ,/4 ,frideswide4 ,! orig9 ( ! city is attribut$ by "s hi/orians to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools by ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 x is demon/rat$ to h exi/$ _m ye>s prior to ?is mon>*'s reign1 z f> back z #hjb1 by an act ( confirmation by ,pope ,m>t9 ,,ii41 :i* sets x =? z an anci5t academy ( le>n+4 ,x has its m>ket-place & o!r ess5tials1 l e t[n2 b take away ! colleges1 & ) !m sweep away all ! traditions t h sprung up & con/itut$ t univ]sity :i* brooks no rival except+ ,cambridge1 ! city w\ld no long] be a city1 b1 at ! mo/1 an ov]gr[n village4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! colleges 7 ! gradual developm5t ( mona/ic in/itutions4 ,! hall ( n[adays & ! kit*5s & butt]y-hat* are simply ! survivals ( ! refectory ( ! m$iaeval days4 ,! compulsory morn+ att5dance ( /ud5ts1 on mo/ days dur+ t]m-"t1 to pray]s 9 *apel1 is aga9 a survival ( ! matut9al devotions ( ! monks4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( mona/icism ! inmates ( ! ecclesia/ical build+s 7 ! only recipi5ts ( le>n+ & expon5ts ( illum9at$ manuscripts1 9 addition to ! k ( "s trade or o!r4 ,a few1 p]haps1 ( ! laity1 :o 7 fav\rites & might possibly be admitt$ z novices1 7 p]mitt$ to p>take ( ?is k1 b be+ br\ght up 9 ! conv5t _! sympa?y & gratitude w\ld be entirely ) _! b5efactors4 ,nev]!less1 z "t w5t on & a ?ir/ = k ( lett]s increas$1 ?is introduction ( novices became ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge to ! d[nfall ( ! mona/ic p[]1 :i* 0 consummat$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ! ye> #aebe4 ,on ! site ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,frideswide ,c>d9al ,wolsey f\nd$ a college1 !n nam$ ,c>d9al ,college1 b n[ kn[n z ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,on ! disgrace ( ?is fam\s prelate1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 complet$ ! e/abli%m5t1 "u ! "n ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?'s ,college4 ,x is necess>y to make ?is slight m5tion ( ! college1 = no d\bt its great accommodation influ5c$ ! removal ( ! episcopal see f ,osney1 & con/itut$ ! elevation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,frideswide into a ca!dral4 ,?is removal necessitat$ ! *ange ( "n to ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 "u :i* is compris$ ! sacr$ edifice & college4 ,?is has giv5 rise to a unique position4 ,! ,ca!dral is n only a ca!dral ( ! city1 b is a noble & imm5se *apel ( ! college1 & ! ,dean occupies ! s+ul> position n only z ! ,dean ( ! *ur* b also z ! ,dean ( ! college4 ,spread out be=e ! *ief & only entrance ( ! *ur* is ,tom ,quadrangle1 ) a pav$ walk ext5d+ all r\nd1 & rais$ a few /eps above ! circul> c>riage drive :i* encloses a lawn1 ) ! pond fam\s = ! duck+ ( /ud5ts unpopul> ) _! contempor>ies4 ,!re are evid5ces1 at "o "t1 ( ! exi/5ce ( pill>s support+ a ro(1 cov]+ ! :ole ext5t ( ! broad-flagg$ pavem5t ( ?is quadrangle4 ,! pr9cipal entrance to ?is quadrangle is ?r\gh ,tom ,t[]1 f :i* daily1 ab\t n9e 9 ! ev5+1 ! huge bell booms =? "o hundr$ & "o /rokes1 ! signal = all colleges to close _! portals1 & ! deal+ out ( pecuni>y f9es to all late-com]s4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is t[]1 up to ! two small] t[]s1 is ,wolsey's1 :il/ ! upp] & incongru\s half is ! conception ( ,wr54 ,9 spite ( ?is1 x is a noble-look+ /ructure1 z c be se5 by look+ at ! wat]-col\r ( ,mr4 ,coll9s4 ,! ,ca!dral _c /rictly be t]m$ impos+1 z s little ( x is visible ext]nally4 ,x is hemm$ 9 on all sides by ! college prec9cts1 & jamm$1 z x 71 into a corn]1 pres5ts a r undignifi$ appe>ance1 & n at all 9 accordance ) ! usual pr\d position ( a ca!dral4 ,x %[s to be/ advantage :5 view$ f ! side ( ! riv] ,?ames1 exhibit+1 z x does1 its beautiful spire4 ,?is spire1 ( ,e>ly ,engli% ar*itecture1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! k+dom1 ?\gh =m+ no "p ( ! orig9al design4 ,x is plant$ on ! top ( ! c5tral t[] ( ! ,ca!dral1 :i* is a cruci=m ,norman /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ox=d ,,*ri/*ur*4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,! int]ior pres5ts _m int]e/+ portions ( s+ul> beauty & design2 ! ar*es ( ! nave1 :i* h be5 p>tly demoli%$1 are 9 a d\ble s]ies1 ! t[] spr++ f corbels on ! pi]s4 ,! rema9s ( ! nave1 transepts & *oir ar*es date f ! twelf? c5tury2 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,frideswide1 or1 z x is n[ kn[n1 ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,! beautifully gro9$ ro( ( ! *oir is decorat$ ) p5dants1 pres5t+ a ri* appe>ance4 ,! ,lat9 ,*apel has sev]al w9d[s 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1 :il/ ! ,dean's ,*apel possesses a monum5t 9 ! same /yle1 ) beautiful canopi$ ni*es1 & ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,frideswide1 mo/ elaborately design$ 9 ! ,late /yle ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,dur+ ! ,p>liam5t>y w> _m w9d[s 7 de/roy$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! v>i\s vicissitudes ( ! city 9 hi/ory4 ,x suff]$ t]rible visitations f ! ,danes1 :o burnt x on ?ree sep>ate occasions4 ,= refus+ to submit to ! ,conqu]or1 9 #ajfg1 ,ox=d 0 tak5 by /orm & giv5 to ,rob]t ,d',oily4 ,william ,rufus held a c\ncil 9 ! t[n "u ,lanfranc1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ) o!r bi%ops assi/+1 to defeat a conspiracy =m$ aga9/ him by ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux1 9 fav\r ( ,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y4 ,/eph5 assembl$ a c\ncil ( ! nobility "h1 to :om he promis$ to aboli% ! tax call$ ,dane ,gelt1 & to re/ore ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,by way ( digression x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,flem+s /ill use ! ^w geld 7money71 :i* is a corruption ( gelt4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,?omas a ,becket fell out ! mon>* held a p>liam5t at ,ox=d to und]m9e ! ,pope's au?ority1 :o _h laid an int]dict on ! k+dom4 ,9 #aafg he aga9 summon$ "h ano!r p>liam5t1 to p>tition ,irel& among fai?ful subjects :o _h a*iev$ ! conque/ ( x4 ,! citiz5s ( ,ox=d contribut$ h&somely to ! ransom ( ,ri*>d ,i4 :5 deta9$ prison] 9 ,au/ria4 ,k+ ,john manag$ "h 9 #abjd1 ?r\gh ! aid ( a p>liam5t1 to raise lib]al supplies4 ,/eph5 ,langton1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 held "h a synod = re=m+ ecclesia/ical abuses4 ,p>liam5t 0 aga9 assembl$ 9 ?is anci5t city by ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 :i* he assum$ ! gov]nm5t1 & revok$ ! grant ( ,magna ,*>ta & ! ,*>t] ( ,=e/s1 on ! plea t he sign$ !m :5 a m9or4 ,9 #acai ,pondras1 son ( a tann] at ,exet]1 caus$ "s commotion at ,ox=d1 decl>+ t he 0 ! rightful heir ( ,edw>d ,i41 & _h be5 /ol5 & ex*ang$ = ! reign+ pr9ce1 ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,= ! impo/ure he 0 execut$ at ,nor?ampton4 ,lat] on a conspiracy 0 =m$ to assass9ate ,h5ry ,,iv41 at a t\rnam5t to be held "h1 & to re/ore ! depos$ mon>*1 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 to ! ?rone4 ,x signally fail$1 & ! ,e>ls ( ,k5t & ,salisbury1 ,sir ,?omas ,bl\nt1 & o!rs 7 execut$ ne> ,ox=d4 ,! next ev5t ( importance 0 ! influ5ce ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o rais$ ,ox=d to ! dignity ( a see1 sep>at+ x f ! ,diocese ( ,l9coln4 ,wolsey also left 8 m>k1 z he inv>iably did :]ev] he w5t4 ,dur+ ,h5ry ,,viii4's reign ,erasmus1 a native ( ,holl&1 came to ,ox=d to aid ! progress ( le>n+4 ,he taught ,greek1 b ! viol5ce ( ! popi% p>ty drove him f !nce1 z ! /udy ( ! anci5t language 0 deem$ a dang]\s innovation4 ,9 #aeee ,ox=d witness$ ! t]rible dea? ( ,latim] & ,ridley1 condemn$ to be burn$ at ! /ake4 ,_! ,prote/ant t5d5cies _h incurr$ ,que5 ,m>y's res5tm5t1 & a brass cross let into ! c5tre ( ! road1 ne> ,balliol ,college1 m>ks ! site1 & is a pa!tic rem9d] ( _! m>tyrdom4 ,soon aft] ,cranm] foll[$1 recant+ all belief 9 ! ,pope's supremacy1 & 9 transub/antiation4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,cranm] 0 in/rum5tal 9 gett+ ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 ! ,comm&m5ts1 & ! ,litany translat$ into ,engli%1 = hi!rto x _h be5 cu/om>y to conduct ! ,*ur* s]vices 9 ,lat94 ,9 #afbe & #affe k+ & ,p>liam5t hurri$ly retreat$ f ! plague 9 ,london to adj\rn to ,ox=d4 ,9 ! ,p>liam5t>y w> ,ox=d play$ a prom95t "p1 & 9 #afha ,*>les ,,ii4 dissolv$ ,p>liam5t at ,we/m9/]1 only to assemble a new "o 9 ! univ]sity city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ox=d ,,*ri/*ur* ,,gateway ,b ! great ev5ts t g to ! mak+ ( ,engl&'s hi/ory h be5 contribut$ by m5 ^: names are inscrib$ ^u ! books ( ! v>i\s colleges ( ,ox=d4 ,! ,ca!dral ,college1 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 claims ! ?ree great ,engli% revivali/s3 ,wycliffe2 ! *ief ( ! ,loll>ds2 ,john ,wesley1 f\nd] ( ,me?odism2 & ,pusey4 ,samuel ,wesley1 ! fa!r ( ,samuel1 ,john1 & ,*>les1 ent]$ ,exet] ,college z a paup] s*ol>is1 & 0 an em95t div9e4 ,8 son ,samuel1 ! intimate associate ( ,pope1 ,swift1 & ,prior1 wrote squibs aga9/ ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 ! ,:igs1 & ! ,l[ ,*ur* div9es1 & 0 a memb] ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 z well z ,*>les4 ,^! ?ree bro!rs compil$ ! ,book ( ,psalms & ,hymns1 ,*>les alone compos$ & publi%$ "s f\r ?\s& hymns1 besides leav+ ab\t two ?\s& 9 manuscript4 ,pusey1 born ne> ,ox=d 9 #ahjj1 ent]$ z a common] & di$ z a canon ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 at ! age ( eighty-two4 ,! great s*ol> ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,john ,keble1 became memb] ( t college at ! age ( fifte51 & :5 n9ete5 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ,oriel1--a v pr\d di/9ction1 = ,oriel 0 !n ! great c5tre ( ! mo/ fam\s intellects 9 ,ox=d4 ,to ?is society belong$ ,cople/on1 ,davison1 ,:ately1 & soon aft] ,keble's election ,arnold1 ,pusey1 & ,newman became memb]s4 ,newman1 ^: t5d5cies 7 9 turn ,evangelical & ,calv9i/ic1 to become f9ally c>d9al1 matriculat$ at ,tr9ity ,college4 ,among/ o!r fam\s memb]s ( ,wolsey's f\ndation mu/ be includ$ ! /atesm5 ,william ,glad/one & ! late ,m>quis ( ,salisbury4 ,o!r di/+ui%$ inmates ( ?is college are ,an?ony ,a%ley ,coop]1 ! sev5? e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 :o int]e/$ himself 9 ! practical welf>e ( ! work+ classes2 & ,john ,rusk91 au?or ( ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 ^: fa!r _h at fir/ conceiv$ ! ambition ( see+ him become bi%op2 ,cecil ,rhodes1 ! ,imp]iali/1 ^: heal? 0 s unc]ta9 t at "o "t 8 doctor gave him only six mon?s to live1 acquir$ weal? 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & came home to be admitt$ to ,oriel1 ,ox=d4 ,! au?or ( ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 "u ! nom de plume ( ,lewis ,c>roll1 0 also a /ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,z ,*>les ,lutridge ,dodgson he wrote _m important works on ma!matics4 ,^!1 ) a ho/ ( o!r celebrat$ m5 ( all ! v>i\s colleges1 h all %$ lu/re ^u _! alma mat]2 &1 z long z old traditions be rev]$ & foll[$1 ,ox=d ne$ nev] fe> a decl9e4 ,! beautiful build+s1 collegiate & ecclesia/ical1 ! wond]ful univ]sity libr>ies1 ,! ,bodleian & ,! ,a%molean1 ! sumptu\s plate & silv] ( ! colleges1 are "s ( ! great features ( ?is ca!dral city4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! hi/ory ( ?is prom95t seat ( le>n+4 ,pet]bor\gh ,/4 ,petrius de ,burgh4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,?is anci5t ca!dral city ( ,pet]bor\gh is mo/ curi\sly situat$4 ,on fir/ look+ at ! map x is extremely difficult to det]m9e (f-h& to :i* ( ! ?ree c\nties1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,hunt+don%ire1 or ,cambridge%ire1 x belongs4 ,x is true "p ( ! city lies 9 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,happily = ,nor?ampton%ire1 ! ne> proximity ( ! riv] ,n5e probably decid$ ! wor?y monks to select t site = ! mona/]y4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 ^: sa9tly "n 0 evid5tly borr[$ to designate ! "n ( ! bor\gh1 & to displace ! orig9al appellation1 :i* 0 ,m$eswelham/$1 or ,m$e%amp/$1 tak5 out ( complim5t to a :irlpool 9 ! riv] ,aufona1 n[ ! ,n5e4 ,?\gh we are told t ?is mona/]y 0 f\nd$1 ab\t #fee1 by a royal ,*ri/ian conv]t1 ,pa$a1 ! fif? k+ ( ,m]cia1 & f9i%$ by 8 bro!r1 ,wulfh]e1 9 atonem5t = 8 crime 9 connection ) ! premature dea? ( 8 sons = _! ,*ri/ian proclivities--?\gh we are told ?is1 nev]!less we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! wor?y bre?r5 7 *iefly responsible = ! selection ( ! site4 ,if we come to consid] closely ! locality ( ea* mona/ic in/itution1 we g5]ally /umble across a riv]1 h[ev] small & humble x may appe>4 ,& :y is ?is8 ,simply = ! fi%1 :i* 0 c>efully pres]v$ & enc\rag$ to multiply4 ,ev5 to ?is day all monks1 nuns1 & /rict foll[]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic p]suasion rigidly adh]e to ! obs]vance ( eat+ fi%1 in/ead ( fle%1 on e ,friday & fa/ day1 ?\gh n[adays x is n cu/om>y = !m to cat* fi% 9 its natural elem5t4 ,9 ! good old days ! holy fri>s _h to dep5d pr9cipally ^u ! yield ( ! riv] = ,friday's requirem5ts1 if p]*ance ! mona/]y 0 situat$ f> inl&4 ,travell+ 9 m$iaeval times 0 some:at prec>i\s & sl[4 ,?is mona/]y w\ld be 9 all probability a wood5 erection ( ,anglo-,saxon /yle4 ,philologi/s demon/rate t getimbrian--to con/ruct ( wood--0 ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w = build4 ,if ?is argum5t holds good1 x acc\nts n only = ! sc>city ( ,old ,engli% lapid>y rema9s1 b also = _! peculi> "*4 ,till ! arrival ( masons 9 #fgb f ! cont95t1 ! build+s _h be5 compos$ mo/ly ( wood cov]$ ) ?at*4 ,only t[>ds ! close ( ! t5? c5tury1 ) a bett] k ( /one-"w1 did ar*itects develop a def9ite /yle 9 ,engl&4 ,) ! arrival ( ! ,danes1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 ! t[n 0 sack$1 ! monks 7 massacr$1 & ! mona/ic build+s 7 burnt4 ,= m ?an a c5tury x rema9$ 9 oblivion1 till ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ,e!lwold1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 ,k+ ,edg>1 & 8 weal?y *ancellor ,adulph1 produc$ a mona/]y1 ov] :i*1 9 recognition ( 8 pecuni>y assi/ance1 ,adulph 0 made abbot4 ,z usual1 ! ,norman ,conque/ left its m>k 9 ! %ape ( a ca/le to protect ! t[n1 & to in/il :olesome awe 9 ! ,engli%4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 t a fire caus$ great injury to ! t[n & mona/]y4 ,?\gh deplorable1 z x at fir/ appe>$1 x nev]!less gave bir? to ! pres5t ,norman ca!dral *ur*1 :i* ,abbot ,salisbury comm5c$ to build 9 #aaah1 two ye>s aft] ! accid5t4 ,at ! same "t ! site ( ! t[n 0 transf]r$ f ! ea/]n side ( ! mona/]y to ! pres5t situation nor? ( ! ,n5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pet]bor\gh ,,! ,,we/ ,,front ,six ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 to wit1 9 #aeda1 ,pet]bor\gh 0 sep>at$ f ! ,diocese ( ,l9coln & 0 creat$ into an episcopal see4 ,! la/ abbot ( ,pet]bor\gh 0 appo9t$ fir/ bi%op1 ) ! abbot's h\se z ! episcopal palace1 & ! mona/]y *ur* z ! ca!dral4 ,to ?is build+1 ! ,norman ef=t ( ,abbot ,salisbury1 0 graft$ ! ar*itecture ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,no p5 c s adequately describe ! magnific5ce ( ! we/ front ( ?is ca!dral z ! bru% ( ,mr4 ,coll9s4 ,?is arti/ has done full ju/ice to 8 subject1 :i* has evid5tly be5 a "w ( love to him4 ,9 8 r5d]+ he has bo? successfully caught ! true _s ( ! *ur*'s gr&eur1 & has manag$ to incorporate 8 di/9ct individuality4 ,mr4 ,coll9s has %[n ! same qualities ) reg>d to ! m>ket-place4 ,! ?ree l(ty & beautiful ar*es ( ?is we/ front are ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,p]haps a j>r+ note to its f9e composition is ! small por*1 ov] :i* !re is a *apel to ,/4 ,?omas a ,becket4 ,a squ>e t[] at ! nor?-we/ angle & ano!r simil> "o at ! s\?-we/ angle ( ! nave enri* ! g5]al effect4 ,! nave itself is ,norman1 & is sep>at$ f ! aisles by f9ely clu/]$ pi]s & ar*es ( ! same /yle1 b light] ?an usual 9 "*4 ,! ea/ end is circul>1 & !re are sev]al *apels ( ! ,engli% /yle subsequ5t to ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,!y are elegantly design$ ) fan trac]y1 & ! w9d[s1 s9ce _! orig9al f\ndation1 appe> to h be5 enri*$ ) trac]y4 ,on ! s\? side !re is ! %r9e to ,/4 ,tibba1 & close to x ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots 0 buri$4 ,h] rema9s 7 aft]w>ds exhum$ & remov$ to ,we/m9/]4 ,! nor? side 0 grac$ ) a tomb to ,que5 ,ca!r9e ( ,arragon4 ,uneasy 0 h] re/1 = ,cromwell's troops laid sacrilegi\s h&s on ! tomb4 ,h] royal memory is n[ p]petuat$ by a commonplace m>ble slab4 ,n cont5t ) ?is ! ,r\ndheads1 z ! p>liam5t>y =ces 7 call$1 defac$ ! ,ca!dral1 loot$ its plate & ornam5ts1 & pull$ d[n "p ( ! cloi/]s1 ! *apt] h\se1 & ! episcopal palace4 ,:at rema9s ( ! cloi/]s exhibit specim5s ( ,e>ly ,norman1 d[n to ! lat] p]iods ( ,engli% ar*itecture1 & give "s idea ( _! =m] gr&eur4 ,besides its beauties1 ?is ca!dral af=ds an excell5t /udy ( ar*es1 illu/rat+ ! subtleties ( e transitional p]iod 9 ar*itecture1 f ,norman to p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pet]bor\gh ,,! ,,m>ket ,,place ,! *oir1 by ,john de ,sez1 is ,e>ly ,norman4 ,m>t9 ( ,bec took fifte5 ye>s1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 to realise ! completion ( ! aisles ( bo? transepts4 ,! rema9+ portions ( ! transepts & ! c5tral t[] 7 design$ by ,william de ,wat]ville1 f #aaee to #aage4 ,un=tunately1 ! insecurity ( ?is t[] caus$ x to be pull$ d[n 9 #ahhc1 & attempts 7 imm$iately made to sub/itute ano!r4 ,! nave belongs to ! latt] "p ( ! ,norman p]iod4 ,to be correct1 its date1 #aagg to #aaic1 cle>ly indicates x %\ld be includ$ r 9 ! ,transition p]iod1 :i* 0 !n tr5d+ t[>ds ! ,lancet ( ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,?is same ,transition mu/ also claim ! we/]n transepts by ,abbot ,&rew1 #aaic to #abjj4 ,! pa9t$ ro( ( wood1 add$ by ,abbot ,b5$ict1 #aagg to #aaic1 is a fair example ( ! fa%ion preval5t 9 ,europe at t p]iod4 ,ano!r object ( int]e/ is ! decorat$ w9d[s1 :i* 7 plac$ ?r\gh\t ?is *ur* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,a di/9ctive feature is ! exi/5ce ( ! ,close1 exhibit+ int]e/+ rema9s ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,to m ?or\ghly ensure ! privacy ( ! ca!dral1 its prec9cts 7 enclos$1 v mu* l a college at a univ]sity1 ei!r )9 a solid wall enclosure or g5]ally surr\nd$ by dwell+s = ! ecclesia/ics4 ,?\gh ! ca!dral might be 9 ! d5se/ qu>t] ( ! t[n1 yet1 on clos+ its gates1 x secur$ complete sev]ance f ! city4 ,! ca!dral close at ,salisbury is q ! be/ specim5 extant 9 ,engl&4 ,en passant we w\ld m5tion among ! _m em95t m5 t ,pet]bor\gh is ju/ly pr\d (1 ,b5$ict1 :o 0 abbot 9 #aahj1 & f\nd$ an hospital1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,/4 ,?omas a ,becket1 ^: biograph] & ard5t admir] he 02 & an em95t ,engli% hi/orian 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,john1 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,pet]bor\gh2 ,ar*deacon ,paley1 a celebrat$ div9e & morali/1 :o di$ 9 #ahje2 & ,sir ,john ,hill1 a popul> writ] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 conclusion1 we _c help draw+ att5tion to ! great g5]al1 /atesman1 & contempor>y ( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 :o 0 call$ aft] ?is city1 & kn[n 9 ! reigns ( ,anne & ,george ,i4 ,! title ( ,e>l ( ,pet]bor\gh 0 conf]r$ by ,*>les ,i4 on ! family ( ,mordaunt1 & wor?ily borne by ! celebrat$ soldi]-/atesman4 ,/4 ,albans ,/4 ,albanus4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,"u ! title ( ,oppidum1 ! /ronghold ( ,cassivelaunus1 ,/4 ,albans is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,caes> & ,tacitus4 ,at ! "t ( ,caes>'s fir/ visit to ,engl&1 :i* 0 9 #df ,b4,c41 ! ,britons l$ a w&]+ life1 & x 0 only 9 w> "t t !y ga!r$ toge!r & took refuge 9 t[ns4 ,tacitus & ,caes> describe ! ,britons z p :o _h no cities1 t[ns1 or build+s ( any durable mat]ials4 ,! sites ( _! t[ns 7 *os5 ) a view to turn+ to good acc\nt all ! assi/ance t ,nature c\ld l5d1 su* z woods1 dit*es1 & bogs4 ,?\gh ,caes> names no p>ticul> t[n1 yet he describes 8 attack & occupation ( ! ,oppidum ov] :i* ,cassivelaunus 0 ! *ief4 ,& f :at is kn[n ( ! progress & di/ance ( ,caes> f ! ,?ames1 !re seems no d\bt t ,v]ulamium1 z x 0 !n & aft]w>ds call$1 is id5tical ) t ( ! /ronghold ( ! ,britons4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! l[ gr\nd on ! banks ( ! riv] ,v]4 ,caes>'s occupation 0 brief4 ,until ! conque/ ( ,brita9 by ,claudius 9 #dc ,a4,d4 x rema9$ an important city 9 ! h&s ( ! ,britons4 ,f9ally1 9 #dbj ,a4,d41 ! ,romans quitt$ ,brita94 ,dur+ _! /ay !y _h greatly op5$ up ! c\ntry1 con/ruct+ ! fam\s high roads1 "o ( :i* is ! great ,nor? ,road1 call$ ,watl+ ,/reet1 :i* /ret*es f ,london to ,york4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,v]ulamium1 z we %all /ill cont9ue to call ,/4 ,albans = a :ile1 0 occupi$ by ! ,saxons4 ,!y *ang$ ! site ( ! ,roman city f ! l[ gr\nd1 on :i* n[ /&s ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 to ! high] gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t !y r5am$ x ,watl+-cea/]1 aft] ,watl+ ,/reet1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,f ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,v]ulamium arose 9 ! t5? c5tury ! celebrat$ mona/]y 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,alban4 ,to acc\nt = ! erection ( ?is build+ x is necess>y to give a brief sket* ( its patron sa9t4 ,dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ! ye> #cjd ,a4 ,d41 a di/+ui%$ citiz51 ,alban ( ,v]ulamium1 ( ,roman orig91 b conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 suff]$ m>tyrdom = giv+ %elt] to ,amphibalus1 a ,*ri/ian4 ,= ?is crime he 0 execut$ on ! site ( ! pres5t abbey1 & 9 #ggb 0 canonis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s aft]1 9 #gic1 ,(fa1 ! ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 0 v mu* ex]cis$ 9 m9d z to ! be/ means ( expiat+ 8 murd] ( ,a,ethelbert4 ,greatly to 8 relief1 he 0 bidd5 9 a vision to seek ! rema9s ( ,/4 ,alban1 & ov] !m1 :5 f\nd1 to erect a mona/]y4 ,9 accordance ) ^! in/ructions he1 ) ,higb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,li*field1 ! ,bi%ops ( ,leice/] & ,l9dsey1 & a huge assembly ( cl]gy & laity1 visit$ ! hill1 :]e ! ,proto-m>tyr ( ,engl&1 z ,/4 ,alban came to be kn[n1 _h suff]$4 ,!re ! holy rema9s 7 discov]$4 ,ov] !m ,(fa f\nd$ ! abbey1 ) a mona/]y = "o hundr$ monks ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pres5t abbey really dates f ! elev5? c5tury4 ,at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury ! ru9s ( ! old ,roman city ( ,v]ulamium 7 brok5 up to s]ve z mat]ials = ! new *ur* build+s4 ,b ow+ to ! unsettl$ "* ( ! times ! erection 0 delay$1 till ,william ! ,conqu]or 0 firmly possess$ ( ! ?rone1 :5 ,paul ( ,ca51 a relative ( ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 0 appo9t$ abbot 9 #ajgg4 ,he built ! magnific5t ,norman /ructure1 bas$ ^u ! plans ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,ca5--! same *ur* :i* s]v$ z a model = ,lanfranc1 :5 he built ,cant]bury4 ,?\gh f9i%$ = "s ye>s pa/1 x 0 only consecrat$ 9 #aaae4 ,z 0 inv>iably ! cu/om1 ! *ur* 0 built 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note ! evolution ( ! cross4 ,prior to ! ,*ri/ian era ! cross 0 look$ ^u ) disfav\r4 ,to be crucifi$ 0 to und]go a mo/ ignom9i\s =m ( puni%m5t1 & x 0 only s]v$ out to malefactors ( ! wor/ description4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld h be5 a suffici5t *eck 9 ^? times to ! gr[? ( vice4 ,b 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity ! cross came to be reg>d$ z ! holie/ symbol ( ,! ,sacrifice made = ! good ( mank9d4 ,:5 conv]ts met !y =m$ on ! gr\nd ! sign ( ! cross1 9 ord] to di/+ui% fri5ds f foes4 ,! m]e fact ( a sev]e puni%m5t met$ out consequ5t on discov]y ( ?is secret passport s]v$ only to increase ! rev]5ce held = ! symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,albans ,,f ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,old ,,v]ulam ,z soon z "t & opportunity all[$ places ( wor%ip 7 erect$1 & ! natural =m adopt$ w\ld be t ( ! cross1 = :i* !y _h suff]$ s mu* p]secution1 & :i* typifi$ ! f\ndation ( _! fai? & hopes ( salvation4 ,z !y assembl$ 9 *ur* !y w\ld be s5sible ( ! prevail+ influ5ce ( ! emblem4 ,9 e direction1 look :]e !y w\ld1 !y w\ld always see ! holy sign4 ,! ro( w\ld reveal to ! gaze ! same =m z t on ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 ! walls1 z !y so>$ upw>ds1 out-l9$1 ti] ^u ti]1 ! ,*ri/ian sign1 capp$ at ! la/ by a mighty cross1 :i* ca/ its protect+ %ad[s ar\nd & ov] ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! alt> came to be plac$ at ! head ( ! cross4 ,! transept1 cross+ x at "r angles1 =m$ ! arms1 & ! nave ! upright4 ,! alt> 0 always situat$ at ! ea/ end1 aga9 illu/rat+ a l9k ) ! pagan times1 :5 wor%ipp]s turn$ t[>ds ! sun4 ,z "t progress$ *apels 7 erect$ along ! sides1 caus+ ! walls to be pi]c$ & ar*$4 ,^! *apels 7 9 hon\r1 fir/ly1 ( ,! ,bless$ ,virg91 & !n ( ! lead]s ( ,! ,fai?1 :o _h be5 canonis$ z sa9ts on acc\nt ( m>tyrdom4 ,b ! ma9 build+ 0 always d$icat$ to ! ,god ,head4 ,by a special grant 9 #aaed1 giv5 by ,pope ,adrian ,,iv41 :o 0 born ne> ,/4 ,albans1 & :o 0 ! only ,engli%man ev] appo9t$ to ! ,papal ,see1 ! abbots ( ,/4 ,albans 7 all[$ ! privilege ( we>+ a mitre4 ,add$ to ?is dignity he 0 giv5 prec$5ce ov] all 9 ,engl&1 :e!r !y 7 k+1 ar*bi%op1 bi%op1 or legate4 ,he also ex]cis$ supreme episcopal jurisdiction ov] all cl]gy & laity 9 all l&s p]ta9+ to ! mona/]y4 ,! fir/ abbot 0 ,willgod1 nom9at$ by ,k+ ,(fa4 ,! la/ "o 0 ,ri*>d ,boreman1 o!rwise ,/ev5a*e4 ,9 all !re 7 =ty-"o f ! f\ndation to ! suppression1 :i* took place 9 #aecd4 ,9 t ye> ! mona/]y 0 seiz$ by ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o all[$ p5sions to ! monks1 & an annuity to ! abbot4 ,ab\t #adhj ! abbey 0 among/ ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to set up a pr9t+ press4 ,on ?is ! fir/ ,engli% translation ( ! ,bible 0 pr9t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 spite ( e lov+ c>e ex]cis$1 ! relics ( ,/4 ,alban enjoy$ little re/4 ,9 ,wulru?'s reign z f\r? abbot1 ! abbey suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! ,danes4 ,!y c>ri$ away ) !m ! bones ( ! ,proto-m>tyr to ,d5m>k1 & !re plac$ !m 9 a conv5t at ,ow5ses4 ,!y 7 f\nd & br\ght back to ! abbey4 ,aga91 sev5ty ye>s lat]1 ! ,danes ravag$ ! c\ntry4 ,b ?is "t ,a,elfric ,,ii41 elev5? abbot1 resort$ to artifice4 ,he hid ! bones 9 ! walls ( ! *ur*1 & s5t bogus relics to ! mona/]y at ,ely1 giv+ ! monks special *>ges to gu>d !m well4 ,on ! retirem5t ( ! ,danes f ! c\ntry1 ,a,elfric s5t po/ ha/e to reclaim ^! bones4 ,ely at fir/ demurr$1 b1 giv+ way 9 ! end1 s5t back "s sub/itut$ bones4 ,?is disquiet$ ! sa9t4 ,he appe>$ to ,gilb]t1 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 & to him disclos$ ! fraud1 enjo9+ him to br+ to light ! true bones f _! hid+-place4 ,?is 0 solemnly done4 ,b ,ely unexpect$ly disclos$ ! artifice !y _h practis$1 & claim$ t !y 7 9 possession ( ! true relics4 ,z nei!r p>ty w\ld yield1 ! relics ( ,/4 ,alban = a hundr$ ye>s receiv$ rev]5tial & imp>tial homage bo? at ,/4 ,albans & at ,ely4 ,ev5tually ,ely disclaim$ _! "r1 on ! appeal ( ,rob]t de ,gorham1 ! eighte5? abbot1 to ! ,pope4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 ! city ( ,/4 ,albans play$ a prom95t "p4 ,9 #adee ,h5ry ,,vi4 set up 8 royal /&>d on ! nor? side ( ! t[n1 :il/ ! ,yorki/s1 "u ! ,duke ( ,york & ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 ! ,k+mak]1 encamp$ 9 ! fields ea/ ( ! t[n4 ,on ,may #c ( ! same ye> 9 ,holywell ,/reet & its adjac5t roads f\ght ! two armies to decide ! succession to ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,! ,yorki/s ga9$ ! victory4 ,! k+ 0 tak5 a w\nd$ prison]4 ,on ,febru>y #ag1 #adfa1 ,/4 ,albans 0 = ! second "t ! sc5e ( a t]rible battle4 ,! ,lanca/rians1 ) ,que5 ,m>g>et at _! head1 defeat$ ! ,yorki/s "u ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 & re/or$ ,h5ry ,,vi4 to ! ?rone4 ,! pr9cipal portions n[ 9 exi/5ce ( ! orig9al ,norman *ur* by ,paul ( ,ca5 are ! t[]1 ! ea/]n bays ( ! nave1 & ! transepts4 ,?\gh x exhibits specim5s ( ar*itecture ( diff]5t p]iods1 & has und]gone mu* re/oration1 ! ma9 ar*itectural outl9es1 z conceiv$ by ,paul1 h be5 adh]$ to all ! "t4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 succe$$ by ,sir ,edmund ,beckett1 made ext5sive r5ovations4 ,! only rem9d] ( ! once va/ mona/ic build+s is ! great gateway1 )9 a few y>ds ( ! we/ entrance to ! abbey4 ,wells ,welle4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,wells1 a city1 hav+ sep>ate jurisdiction1 locally 9 ! hundr$ ( ,wells-,=um1 ,c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,?us runs a description ( ?is place1 & is a fair sample ( mo/ cities4 ,we ?9k a little explanation an5t ! hundr$ may possibly make t t]m m cle> ( und]/&+1 & may n be amiss4 ,! description1 %ort z x is1 has q a cond5s$ hi/ory ( its own1 b only conveys a hazy idea ( ! /atus ( ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wells ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,! ,,pools ,9 ! days ( hea!nism1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,engl& 0 p>tition$ into sev]al k+doms1 ! size ( :i* 0 regulat$ by ! might ( _! respective k+s4 ,ea* tribe1 or k+dom1 0 rul$ by a tribal *ief1 or folk-k+4 ,he 0 *os5 by ! tribe1 & ! k+-%ip became 9 "t practically h]$it>y4 ,to ma9ta9 8 p[] he _h to respect & keep ! cu/oms ( 8 p4 ,)\t _! cons5t he c\ld pass no law2 he c\ld t\* no freeman's life or h]itage )\t cons5t ( law1 :i* gave ! freeman ! "r ( def5d+ 8 cause be=e 8 fell[-freem52 he presid$1 at regul> annual int]vals1 at ! folk-moot1 or tribal assembly1 & at ! great fea/s & sacrifices4 ,c\nsellors & wise m5 assi/$ ! k+ ) advice4 ,8 m>riages 7 ! result ( fav\rable & pacific negotiations ) o!r tribes4 ,he 0 call$ ^u to travel ?r\gh\t 8 k+dom & see t ju/ice 0 prop]ly adm9i/]$ & evil & oppression suppress$4 ,he 0 almo/ reg>d$ z a demi-god1 & 8 crimes 7 suppos$ to be puni%$ by ! gods1 :o d5i$ good seasons & br\ght ab\t o!r calamities4 ,! k+ 0 all[$ a little army1 or comitatus z x 0 call$1 ( paid reta9]s1 to ma9ta9 adequate discipl9e1 & to =m 8 bodygu>d4 ,^! k+s1 *os5 by ! p at ! tribal-moot1 9 hea!n times 7 ?ron$ on ! holy /one & c>ri$ ab\t on a %ield1 & 9 ,*ri/ian times 7 consecrat$4 ,9 accordance ) ! ext5sion ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+dom1 :i* became ! k+dom ( ! ,engli%1 ! c\rt increas$4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 a treasur]1 a *ancellor1 & o!r (ficials look+ aft] ! k+'s plate1 clo!s1 & horses 7 add$ to ! royal h\sehold4 ,:5 9 addition to ^! 7 add$ ! bi%ops1 abbots1 & ! ald]m51 :o _h succe$$ ! tribal k+s 9 ! sev]al folks1 or %ires1 on _! absorption into ! ,we/ ,saxon k+dom1 ! k+ 0 recognis$ z ! head ( ! ,witema-gemot1 or ,concilium ,sapi5tium1 z ! meet+ ( wisem5 0 call$4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ! k+ no long] w5t ab\t to get ! cons5t ( ea* folk-moot to a c]ta9 law1 b conv5$ ! heads ( ea* %ire-moot at "s conv5i5t c5tral spot4 ,?is conv5+ ( moots1 or ,mycel-gemot1 became ! ,magnum ,concilium ( ! ,normans1 & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury develop$ into ! ,high ,c\rts & ,p>liam5t4 ,b5ea? ! %ire-moots came ! hundr$-moots1 & lat] on ! hall-moots4 ,! orig9 ( ! hundr$ appe>s1 by "s au?orities1 to be bas$ on ! milit>y organisation4 ,x is suppos$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be a gr\p+ ( a suffici5t numb] ( free home/eads to furni% at lea/ "o hundr$ & tw5ty fully-arm$ freem5 = w> s]vice1 & to supply full-qualifi$ jurors = ! cases ( ! di/rict4 ,?is hundr$-moot 0 presid$ ov] by a "l or an hundr$-eld]1 & dis*>g$ ! duties = ! di/rict mu* 9 ! same way z ! %ire-moot did = ! c\nty4 ,x 0 a crim9al & civil c\rt ) its gr& jury1 & en=c$ ! att5dance ( p]sons f ea* manor )9 ! hundr$4 ,:5 ! k+ 0 abs5t f ! %ire-moot1 ! ealdorman 7ald]man7 ( ! %ire presid$1 & to wat* ! royal int]e/s 0 nom9at$ ! %ire-reeve1 or %]iff 7scirg]efa71 *os5 f ! bett] class ( ! freehold]s4 ,we are told t ! laws ( ,engl& 7 f> 9 advance ( ^? 9 ,france4 ,9 fact1 ! ,engli% _h writt5 laws at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 & ! ,normans _h none4 ,x h>dly seems cr$ible t ! conqu]$ 71 9 "s respects1 m civilis$ ?an _! conqu]ors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wells ,,f ,,! ,,fields ,x 0 only aft] ! ,conque/ t ! ,doomsday ,book came into exi/5ce4 ,aft] ! ,conque/ ! %]iff became simply a royal (fic]4 ,he 0 ! f9ancial repres5tative ( ! ,cr[n )9 8 di/rict4 ,n[ 8 f9ancial duties no long] exi/1 & 8 judicial are almo/ nil4 ,our g5]al k ( him is t he is suppos$ to be 9 at ! dea? ( a murd]]1 & t he is someh[ or o!r associat$ ) ! bailiff--%]iff's (fic]1 z he is /yl$4 ,mr4 ,coll9s pres5ts u ) ?ree int]e/+ graphic descriptions4 ,?is city owes its "n to ! num]\s spr+s1 & m p>ticul>ly to t ( ,/4 ,&rew's ,well1 ^: wat]1 ris+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! episcopal palace1 fl[s ?r\gh ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! city4 ,ina1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 nam$ x ?us4 ,he1 9 #gjd1 f\nd$ a collegiate *ur* & d$icat$ x to ,/4 ,&rew ! ,apo/le4 ,?is f\ndation 0 h&somely end[$ by ,cynewulf 9 #gff1 & fl\ri%$ till #ije4 ,wells 0 !n erect$ into a see4 ,?is *ange 0 consequ5t on an edict ( ,edw>d ! ,eld] = ! revival ( religion1 :i* _h be5 br\ght d[n to a l[ ebb by ! frequ5t & t]rible incursions ( ! ,danes4 ,to combat ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,pligrund1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 consecrat$ sev]al new bi%ops1 ( :om ,aldhelm1 =m]ly ,abbot ( ,gla/onbury1 became fir/ bi%op ( ,wells4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor made 8 *apla91 ,giso1 ! ?irte5? bi%op to ! ,see1 & at ! same "t enri*$ x by ! confiscat$ prop]ty ( ,godw91 ,e>l ( ,k5t1 & ,h>old1 ,e>l ( ,wessex1 8 son1 :om he _h driv5 into exile4 ,h>old1 9 spite ( 8 exile1 made an incursion into ,som]set%ire1 levi$ mail on 8 =m] t5antry1 & eas$ ! *ur* ( its treasures4 ,9 ! meantime ,giso 0 be+ consecrat$ at ,rome4 ,on 8 return he 0 =tunate en\gh to ga9 "s comp5sation f ! que51 :o 0 si/] to ,h>old4 ,b1 un=tunately = ,giso1 ,h>old 0 aga9 receiv$ into fav\r4 ,he promptly procur$ ! bani%m5t ( ,giso1 & on 8 succession lat] to ! ?rone /raightway resum$ all 8 e/ates1 :i* ,edw>d ! ,confessor _h grant$ to ! ,*ur*1 & ?us impov]i%$ ! ,see4 ,bi%op ,giso's opportunity came ) ! ,conque/1 :5 he 0 re9/at$4 ,william1 9 8 second ye> ( reign1 re/or$ to ! ,bi%opric1 ) "s small d$uction1 all ,h>old's e/ates4 ,giso augm5t$ ! numb] ( canons1 & built a cloi/]1 hall1 & dormitory1 & enl>g$ & beautifi$ ! *oir ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,john de ,villula1 8 successor1 swept away ^! build+s1 & on _! site built a palace4 ,villula's "n 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory is closely associat$ ) a memorable ev5t :i* caus$ consid]able commotion & rivalry betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ,wells & ,ba?4 ,he remov$ ! ,see ( ! diocese to ,ba?1 & assum$ ! title ( ,bi%op ( ,ba?4 ,feel+ ran high1 & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 0 appeal$ to4 ,8 +5uity propos$ t ! prelates %\ld be /yl$ ,bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells1 t an equal numb] ( delegates f bo? cities %\ld elect him1 & t _! in/allation %\ld take place 9 bo? *ur*es4 ,yet1 lat]1 ! det]m9ation ( ! diocese's headqu>t]s became aga9 a vex$ "q1 "u ,bi%op ,sav>icus1 :o 0 closely alli$ to ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,ri*>d ,i4's lib]ty 0 grant$ him by ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria on "o condition besides ! ransom1 t ! !n vacant ,abbey ( ,gla/onbury %\ld be annex$ to ! ,see ( ,ba? & ,wells4 ,sav>icus aft]w>ds *ang$ ! seat ( 8 diocese to ,gla/onbury1 & /yl$ himself ,bi%op ( ,gla/onbury4 ,! seat 0 f9ally settl$ 9 #abje1 aft] 8 dea?1 by ! monks "u 8 successor1 ,joscelyne de ,wells4 ,gla/onbury petition$ ,rome1 fav\rably1 to be re9/at$ z an abbey1 on condition ( rel9qui%+ a h&some portion ( its rev5ue to ! ,see4 ,joscelyne assum$ ! bi%opric title ( ,ba? & ,wells1 :i* has rema9$ to ?is day4 ,! dea? ( ?is prelate 0 ! signal = fur!r dispute 9 ano!r direction4 ,! monks ( ,ba? endeav\r$ to ex]cise1 9 opposition to ! ,canon ( ,wells1 ! "r ( elect+ ! successor to ! ,see4 ,all dispute 0 settl$ by ! ,pope1 :o manag$ to draw clos] ! union ( ! *ur*es4 ,at ! ,re=mation ! mona/]y ( ,ba? 0 suppress$1 & ?\gh ! "n ( ! ,see 0 reta9$1 all ecclesia/ical au?ority & ! "r ( elect+ ! ,bi%op 7 ve/$ 9 ! ,dean & ,*apt] ( ,wells1 :i* !n became ! sole *apt] ( ! ,diocese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wells ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,banquet+ ,,hall ,! ,*apt] ,h\se is a beautiful octagonal build+1 ea* side measur+ fifty feet4 ,its f9ely gro9$ ro( is held up by a c5tral clu/]$ column ( ,purbeck m>ble4 ,b5ea? x !re is a crypt display+ a v good example ( pla9 gro9+4 ,! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,ca!dral 0 laid by ,wiffel9e1 ! second bi%op ( ! diocese1 & complet$ by ,bi%op ,joscelyne 9 #abci4 ,?is cruci=m /ructure 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,&rew4 ,on ! s\? ! cloi/]s =m ?ree sides ( a quadrangle4 ,! prevail+ /yle ( ! ar*itecture ( ?is *ur* is ! ,e>ly ,engli%1 ) ! introduction ( ! ,decorat$ & subsequ5t p]iods4 ,! we/ front is divid$ into comp>tm5ts by buttresses1 & is ri*ly embelli%$ ) canopi$ ni*es1 conta9+ /atues ( k+s1 popes1 c>d9als1 bi%ops1 & abbots4 ,ev5 ! mullions ( ! we/ w9d[ & ! l[] /ages ( ! we/]n t[]s are simil>ly treat$4 ,^! t[]s1 l ! c5tral t[]1 are cr[n$ ) p>apets elegantly pi]c$4 ,! nave & transepts display ! gr& simplicity & elegance ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,! =m] is sep>at$ f ! aisles by a s]ies ( clu/]$ columns & f9ely po9t$ ar*es1 above :i* are plac$ a tri=ium ( lancet-%ap$ ar*es1 & a range ( cl]e/ory w9d[s ) elegant trac]y 9 ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle ins]t$4 ,! *oir belongs to ! ,decorat$ /yle4 ,! ,ca!dral conta9s sev]al *apels4 ,9 "o !re is ! anci5t clock f ,gla/onbury4 ,x has an a/ronomical dial1 & figures ( knights 9 arm\r are set 9 motion by ma*9]y4 ,an anci5t font 9 ! s\? transept is ( ! same date z ?is portion ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,( monum5ts !re is ! elaborate effigy ( ,bi%op ,beck+ton2 & 9 ! *oir ! grave-/one ( ,bi%op ,joscelyne is ! sole relic ( :at 0 once an impos+ m>ble monum5t be>+ a brass effigy4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! nave ,k+ ,ina 0 buri$4 ,! hall1 by ,villula1 0 demoli%$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 = ! sake ( its mat]ials4 ,its rema9s ev5 n[ cle>ly indicate its orig9al spl5d\r4 ,9 l5g? x 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,on ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies ,h5ry ,,viii4 remodell$ ! !n exi/+ e/abli%m5t & ref\nd$ x4 ,?is mon>*'s "n rem9ds u t ,c>d9al ,wolsey & ,ar*bi%op ,laud 7 prelates ( ?is see4 ,! em95t hi/orian1 ,polydore ,v]gil1 0 ar*deacon 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! ye> #afcd 0 born 9 ?is city pi\s ,dr4 ,george ,bull1 ,bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,see is ! hi/ory ( ! city4 ,worce/] ,wirece/ra4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,ap>t f its beautiful ,ca!dral1 ?is anci5t city has ga9$ notoriety f its fam\s manufacture ( porcela94 ,:o is !re :o has n he>d ( ,old ,worce/] *9a8 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( *9a clay1 *9a /one f ,cornwall1 feldsp> f ,sw$51 fire-clay f ,/\rbridge & ,broseley1 m>l1 fl9t1 & calc9$ bones1 ,dr4 ,wall evolv$ ^? exquisite creations ( ,worce/] *9a :i* n[ claim univ]sal admiration & obta9 fabul\s prices4 ,x has be5 said t = political reasons ! jo9t ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,wall1 a physician2 ,william ,davies1 an apo!c>y2 & ,edw>d ,cave1 ! f\nd] ( ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 gave bir? to ! f\ndation ( ! ,worce/] ,porcela9 ,company4 ,?is desirable ev5t took place 9 #agea1 six ye>s aft] ! invasion ( ! ,pret5d]'s arm$ =ces1 :i* p5etrat$ z f> z ,d]by4 ,:e!r ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is indu/ry help$ ,george ,,ii4's p>ty to ga9 votes 9 ! c\nty aga9/ ! num]\s support]s ( ! ,pret5d]1 :o made _! pres5ce felt 9 ,worce/]1 or n1 is n[ ( little consequ5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is bran* ( art cle>ly demon/rates ! insecure foot+ ( politics1 & ass]ts ! triumph ( its f\nd]s4 ,mr4 ,coll9s gives u ano!r pro( t art is long by 8 skilful r5d]+ ( ! beautiful portion ( ,worce/] ,ca!dral "h %[n4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! ,roman invasion ( ,engl&1 two ,briti% tribes1 ! ,cornavii & ,dobuni1 7 9 "p own]%ip ( ,worce/]%ire4 ,?is ,briti% settlem5t 0 promptly annex$ by ! ,romans z a milit>y /ation1 & 0 includ$ 9 ! division call$ ,flavia ,caes>i5sis4 ,!y nam$ x ,vigorna1 b be+ l[ & woody x (f]$ little attraction to !m1 & receiv$ little att5tion at _! h&s4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,saxon ,oct>*y ?is t]ritory became includ$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,m]cia4 ,l _m ( ! ,engli% t[ns t s]v$ z ,roman milit>y po/s1 ! ,saxons graft$ ! ,roman appellation ce/] = a camp1 to ,wigorna4 ,wigorna-ce/] gradually *ang$ to ,worce/]4 ,! city's advancem5t 0 tempor>ily *eck$ by ! ravages ( ! ,danes1 :o burnt x m ?an once4 ,9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,bi%op ( ,li*field1 ! ,see ( ! city 0 f\nd$ by ,ar*bi%op ,!odore1 9 #fgc1 ?\gh n f9ally e/abli%$ till #ghj4 ,x !n sev]$ its connection ) ! ,see ( ,li*field4 ,save = pr$atory incursions ( ! ,danes1 especially on two occasions1 :5 ! ,dane *ief ,canute 01 9 #ajaf1 defeat$ by ,edmund ,ironsides ne> ,blockley2 & at ano!r "t1 :5 ! ,danes deem$ x necess>y1 9 #ajda1 to puni% ! ,saxons = refus+ to pay !m tribute call$ danegelt1--save = ^! little mis=tunes1 little else int]f]$ ) ! gradual gr[? ( ! city's prosp]ity4 ,naturally1 ) increas$ prosp]ity1 ! city fre$ itself f bondage to ,danes4 ,at ! date ( ! ,conque/ x _h ev5 atta9$ suffici5t importance to h a m9t4 ,! exi/5ce ( v>i\s ,engli% m9ts at t p]iod1 z %[n "h1 & 9 ,ox=d & o!r t[ns1 accord+ to _! importance & ! exig5cies ( ! neighb\rhood1 mu/ h be5 solely due to ! geographical p>tition ( ,engl&4 ,prior to ! ,conque/ we notice ! frequ5t di/ribution & r$i/ribution ( ,engl& into k+doms1 9 ratio to ! sup]ior p[] or /ratagem ( "o k+ ov] ano!r4 ,by ?is is made evid5t ! lack ( unity & support aga9/ ! common foe1 ! =eign invad]4 ,ea* k+dom ( necessity issu$ its own curr5cy1 besides fram+ its own laws to suit ! "* ( ! subjects & ! nature ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,?\gh ea* k+ attempt$ to re/ore ?is *aos to ord] by ! simple process ( grabb+ 8 neighb\rs' l& dur+ ! int]mission ( ho/ilities aga9/ =eign invad]s1 x 0 only ,alfr$ ! ,great :o really attempt$ "s s*eme ( unity--& !n fail$ to accompli% :at seem$ an impossibility4 ,b ?is impossibility 0 entirely ov]come by ,william ! ,conqu]or1 :o /raightway grasp$ ! situation4 ,he erect$ ca/les ev]y:]e1 ) ! tw(old purpose ( curb+ ! ,saxons & keep+ out _! =m] foes4 ,"u 8 rule int]nal diss5sions 7 quell$1 effete cu/oms 7 aboli%$1 new & necess>y laws 7 introduc$1 ar*itecture 0 enc\rag$1 trade 0 fo/]$1 & a recognis$ curr5cy 0 adopt$4 ,all ?is c be readily ga!r$ at a glance into t m>vell\s book he caus$ to be drawn up1 call$ ,doomsday ,book4 ,9 x a correct valuation ( all prop]ty1 f ! noble "l's d[n to ! agricultural implem5ts ( ! peasant1 is ent]$1 ) ! position ( e *ur* & ca/le extant conspicu\sly m>k$ on ! *>t 9 ,lat94 ,he wi%$ to ?or\ghly gauge ! res\rces ( 8 rec5t conque/4 ,) ?is in=mation he ga9$ an index to ! complete e/abli%m5t ( 8 sov]eignty ov] ,engl&4 ,?is may be consid]$ a digression1 b we submit t a brief sket* ( ! wond]ful *ange t took place "u ?is mon>* is ess5tial to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory alike ( ca!dral & city4 ,no o!r reign+ pr9ce ( ,engl&1 be=e or s9ce ,william's reign1 has left su* la/+ evid5ces ( 8 p]sonality except x be ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o is insep>able ) ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! draw+ ( ,mr4 ,coll9s gives an excell5t idea ( ! "* ( ,worce/] ,ca!dral4 ,its site is on ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv] ,sev]n1 & is ! mo/ important build+ ( ! city4 ,yet x _c be comp>$ to ! massive gr&eur ( ,ripon4 ,?\gh its beauty c\ld n entirely be m>r$ by re/oration1 yet1 hav+ be5 all[$ to get out ( repair1 ! task 0 entru/$ 9 #aheg to ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 ! ca!dral ar*itect4 ,he has manag$ to sweep away a great "p ( ! old "w1 & 9 "s in/ances has replac$ ! orig9al by conjectural "w ( ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,worce/] ,,! ,,ca!dral ,b to rev]t to ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,ca!dral1 ,bi%op ,oswald appe>s to h absorb$ ! secul> monks ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! ,bi%op's *ur*1 into a mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>y1 !reby *ang+ ! secul> /ate ( ! canons to t ( ! mona/ic4 ,?is bi%op1 9 #ihc1 f9i%$ ! build+ ( a new mona/ic ca!dral4 ,by ! "t t ! ,normans ca/ _! influ5ce ov] ,worce/]1 ,bi%op ,wulf/an _h ga9$ s mu* fame = sa9tl9ess t x is record$ he 0 ! only ,engli% prelate left 9 *>ge ( 8 see4 ,b subsequ5t hi/ory some:at disc\nts 8 holy "* & demon/rates 8 read9ess to con=m ) new cu/oms4 ,he met ! ,normans half-way by und]tak+ to build a great *ur* ( /one1 aft] ! ,norman /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,9 #ajhh he suff]$ int]ruption ?r\gh ,wel% raids1 b f9ally signalis$ ! end ( 8 lab\rs by hold+ a synod 9 ! crypt 9 #ajid4 ,ano!r notable f\ndation ( 8 is ! ,comm&]y1 9 #ajie1 believ$ to be "o ( ! r>e/ specim5s ( e>ly h\se ar*itecture n[ extant4 ,we _c be too grateful = 8 contribution to *ur* ar*itecture1 ?\gh only ! out] walls ( ! nave1 ! aisles1 a "p ( ! transept walls1 "s %afts1 & ! crypt rema9 z evid5ces ( 8 ,norman adaptability4 ,"h x is well to acc5tuate ! fact t ! crypt 7#ajhd7 is apsidal1 & t only ?ree o!r examples ( ?is /yle exi/1 namely at ,w9*e/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,cant]bury1 all dat+ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! nave 7#aage7 0 mu* injur$ by ! collapse ( ! c5tral t[]4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ?\gh dead "s two hundr$ ye>s1 ! sa9tly "* ( ,wulf/an suff]$ no dim9ution1 & 0 turn$ to pr(itable use by ! monks soon aft] #abjc1 ! ye> ( 8 canonisation4 ,! magnific5t (f]+s to 8 %r9e became s num]\s & ri* t ! monks 7 enabl$ to f9i% ! ,ca!dral 9 #abaf--surely ! mo/ fitt+ memorial to ! great f\nd]4 ,!y cont9u$ _! lab\rs by add+ a ,lady *apel1 soon aft]1 9 ! ea/ end1 & rebuild+ ! *oir 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! nave 0 recon/ruct$1 ! ,decorat$ /yle be+ introduc$ 9 ! nor? side & ! ,p]p5dicul> 9 ! s\?4 ,! ,*apt] ,h\se is a r\nd build+ ) a /one ro( re/+ on a c5tral pill>1 & dates f ! ,late ,norman p]iod4 ,! ,refectory belongs to ! ,decorat$1 & ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle claims ! cloi/]s4 ,! c5tral t[] is j ov] "o hundr$ & sixty feet 9 height4 ,z c be se5 by ! draw+1 ! plan ( ! build+ is a pure cross4 ,!re are two transept aisles1 & only second>y transepts to ! *oir exi/4 ,a notewor?y circum/ance is t ,/4 ,hel5's1 ,worce/]1 is ! e>lie/ recipi5t ( a *antry 7#abhh74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ memorial 9 ?is ca!dral is ,k+ ,john's1 9 ! *oir1 said to be ! e>lie/ sepul*ral effigy ( an ,engli% k+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,*antry ,*apel !re is an alt>-tomb to ,ar?ur1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales & son to ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o di$ 9 #aejb4 ,john ,baud51 bi%op1 & au?or ( ,icon ,basilike1 has a monum5t4 ,bi%op ,h\gh's memory is p]petuat$ by ! "w ( ,r\billac1 & t ( ,mrs4 ,digby by ! sculpture ( ,*antrey4 ,to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! city w\ld be long & unnecess>y4 ,suffice x to say t ! city cont9ually *ang$ h&s dur+ ! civil w>s4 ,9 #abfe1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 close ^u ! fronti] ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 0 f\ght ! battle ( ,eve%am1 9 :i* ,h5ry ,,iii4's son surpris$ & defeat$ ,e>l ,simon de ,mont=d1 "o "t a royal fav\rite4 ,?is result put an end to ! conf$]acy ( ! b>ons4 ,cantilupe1 ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 0 implicat$ 9 t he fav\r$ ! ,e>l's cause1 :o _h )drawn previ\s to ! battle1 to ! fri5dly t]ritory ( ,worce/]'s ,see1 & _h re/$ at ,eve%am ,abbey4 ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,james ,,ii4 respectively paid ! city a %ort visit4 ,x suff]$ ext5sively by ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! p>liam5t>y troops f\lly defil$ ! ,ca!dral1 & did consid]able damage to ! city1 :i* 0 ,royali/4 ,"h x 0 t ,*>les ,,ii41 ) 8 ,scotti% army1 0 defeat$ by ,cromwell1 :o _h tak5 up a position on ,r$ ,hill )\t ! city gates4 ,=tune & disguise help$ ,*>les to escape1 & f "h he began 8 adv5tur\s j\rney to ,boscobel4 ,! ca!dral city has s9ce increas$ /eadily 9 prosp]ity4 ,besides ! ,worce/] ,*9a ,company1 f\nd$ 9 #agea1 & /ill fl\ri%+1 a ,company ( ,glov]s 0 incorporat$ 9 #affa1 & is an important indu/ry4 ,^!1 9 addition to hop-gr[+1 help to keep up ! trade prosp]ity ( ,worce/]4 ,! ,see has enri*$ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome by f\r sa9ts1 & has yield$ to ! ,engli% ,/ate sev]al ,"l ,*ancellors & ,"l ,treasur]s4 ,*i*e/] 7,doomsday ,book47 ,9 a geographical acc\nt ( ?is city x is giv5 z be+ locally 9 ! hundr$ ( ,box & ,/ockbridge1 rape ( ,*i*e/]1 c\nty ( ,sussex4 ,! orig9 ( ?is t]m rape1 comes f ! ,icel&ic hreppr1 mean+ a village or di/rict4 ,f ! ,icel&ic v]b1 hreppa1 to cat*1 obta91 arose ! ,anglo-,saxon r5d]+--hrepian1 hreppan1 to t\*4 ,rape came ?us to be "o ( six divisions ( ! c\nty ( ,sussex1 possibly by reason ( _! ne>ness to ea* o!r4 ,x =m$ ! int]m$iate betwe5 ! %ire & ! hundr$4 ,a sket* ( ! %ire & ! hundr$ is treat$ 9 ! description ( ,wells4 ,aft] ?is slight digression1 we w imm$iately ent] ^u ! hi/ory ( ,*i*e/]4 ,its f\ndation dates1 ) c]ta9ty1 f ! "t :5 ,engl& =m$ a portion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,ab\t ! ye> #dg ,a4,d41 ,flavius ,vespasian conqu]$ ?is "p ( ,engl&4 ,he e/abli%$ a camp on ! site ( ! pres5t city1 close to ! road n[ kn[n z ,/ane ,/reet1 ?r[+ up an entr5*m5t ?ree miles long4 ,?is is attribut$ to be ! ,regnum ( ! ,belgae1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,it9]>y ( ,anton9e4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ?is1 if x be borne 9 m9d t1 situat$ almo/ on ! s\? seabo>d ( ,engl& z ,*i*e/] is1 x might q conceivably be expect$ to be class$ accid5tally z =m+ a "p ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,belgae1 ?\gh geographically wrong4 ,! advantage ( a site at ! foot ( a small spur ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 )9 easy di/ance ( ! sea1 ?\gh inl&1 w\ld (f] great attractions to ! ,roman invad]4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,engl& %[s u t invasions took effect g5]ally on ! s\? & ea/ coa/s ( ! isl&4 ,! conqu]$ tribes travell$ we/w>ds1 retreat+ be=e ! fi]ce invad]4 ,little seems to h be5 kn[n ab\t ! ,roman occupation ( ,*i*e/] till ! accid5tal turn+ up ( a ,sussex m>ble slab on ! site ( ! pres5t c\ncil *amb]4 ,?is discov]y took place ab\t ! ye> #agac4 ,f ?is a little in=mation is glean$ ab\t ! ,roman build+s4 ,! slab be>s a defac$ inscription 9 ,lat91 ! miss+ lett]s ( :i* hav+ be5 suppli$1 give a conjectural read+4 ,x appe>s t ,*i*e/] 0 ! seat ( a ,briti% k+1 ,cogidubnus2 & t "u ! auspices ( a c]ta9 ,pud5s1 a temple ( ,neptune & ,m9]va 0 erect$ out ( complim5t to ,claudius4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is /one seems also to h be5 borne out by ,tacitus1 :o m5tions 9 8 writ+s ! exi/5ce ( ,cogidubnus z a native k+ possess$ ( indep5d5t au?ority4 ,?is k+1 also1 is said to be ! fa!r ( ,claudia1 :o figures 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,! conjectural read+ aga9 leads u to suppose t ! city 0 occupi$ by a l>ge numb] ( craftsm51 :o1 9 fact1 7 responsible = ! erection ( ! temple m5tion$ above1 besides ! walls & o!r build+s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,saxon p]iod 9 ! fif? c5tury ! city 0 de/roy$ by ,o,ella4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,cissa1 :o rebuilt x & call$ x ,cissa's ,cea/]--,cissa aft] 8 own "n1 & ,cea/] 9 recognition ( ! ,romans hav+ occupi$ x4 ,! city aft]w>ds became ! seat ( ! ,s\? ,saxon k+s1 & rema9$ ?us till ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,wulfh]e1 ! ,m]cian1 !n invad$ x & made ,a!lwald1 its k+1 prison]4 ,^u 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity ! k+ 0 re9/at$4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds kill$ 9 battle by ,ceadwalla ( ,wessex1 :o conqu]$ ! k+dom ( ! ,s\? ,saxons4 ,9 #hjc ,egb]t manag$ to make a union ( ! sev]al ,saxon k+doms4 ,?is ev5t caus$ consid]able prosp]ity to ,*i*e/]4 ,f anci5t p5ny-pieces discov]$1 we le>n t ,k+ ,edg>1 9 ! ye> #ifg1 _h e/abli%$ a m9t "h1 ?us cle>ly indicat+ ! importance ( ! city4 ,x suff]$ a t]rible decl9e ?r\gh ! deva/ations ( ! ,danes2 s mu* s1 t sc>cely two hundr$ h\ses & only "o *ur* exi/$ at ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,h[ev]1 f #ajgj ! =tunes ( ! city began to m5d rapidly4 ,?is :olesome *ange 0 caus$ prim>ily by ! removal ( ! ,see f ,selsea1 :]e x _h rema9$ = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 to ,*i*e/]4 ,z fir/ bi%op ( ,*i*e/]1 ,/ig&1 ! *apla9 to ,william ! ,conqu]or1 0 appo9t$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 a ca!dral 0 built & consecrat$ by ,bi%op ,ralph4 ,x 0 soon de/roy$ by fire4 ,on its site ! same prelate erect$ a second /ructure ( f> great] magnific5ce1 a consid]able portion ( :i* is /ill extant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*i*e/] ,,f ,,! ,,nor!a/ ,9 #aahi ! city aga9 suff]$ f a t]rible fire1 :i* also caus$ great damage to ! ,ca!dral4 ,?is build+1 h[ev]1 0 repair$ & greatly enl>g$ by ,bi%op ,siff$4 ,8 ef=ts1 ) ^? ( ,ralph1 =m ! basis ( ! pres5t ca!dral4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ar*itecture embraces ! ,norman & ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$ /yles4 ,a beautiful t[] arose f ! c5tre1 surm\nt$ by an octagonal spire ?ree hundr$ feet high1 ) two t[]s on ! we/1 ( :i* ! upp] c\rses ( "o 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! p>liam5t>y w>4 ,on ! nor? is se5 a f9e bell-t[] & lant]n1 connect$ by fly+ buttresses ) octagonal turrets spr++ f ! angles4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 aft] a /ubborn def5ce by ! ,royali/ citiz5s1 ! city 0 compell$ to surr5d] to ,cromwell's troops4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is reign ! nor?-we/ t[] 0 batt]$ d[n1 & 9 #afdh ,cromwell ord]$ ! de/ruction ( ! ca!dral cloi/]s1 ! ,bi%op's ,palace1 ! ,dean]y1 & ! ,canons' h\ses4 ,! ,bi%op's ,palace 0 repair$ 9 #agbe1 & conta9s a *apel built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,a g5]al & great re/oration ( ! ,ca!dral 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahcj1 b 9 spite ( e precaution ! t[] & spire fell d[n 9 #ahfa4 ,"u ! guidance ( ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott ! necess>y repairs 7 und]tak54 ,! cloi/]s 7 re/or$ ab\t ! ye> #ahij4 ,besides 8 gr& contribution to ! *ur*'s ar*itecture1 ,/orey's memory is p]petuat$ by ! v f9e octagonal cross 9 ! ,decorat$ ,engli% /yle4 ,x /&s fifty feet high1 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n1 f :i* ! f\r pr9cipal /reets run out at "r angles t[>ds ! c\ntry4 ,^! /reets1 9 old5 days1 l$ to f\r gates 9 ! embattl$ walls :i* surr\nd$ ! city4 ,! la/ ( ^! gates 0 tak5 d[n 9 #aggc4 ,besides ! cross1 ,/orey f\nd$ 9 #adig ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 :]e ,ar*bi%op ,juxon1 ! le>n$ ,seldon1 ! poet ,coll9s1 & ,dr4 ,hurdis1 ,pr(essor ( ,poetry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 receiv$ _! elem5t>y education4 ,among/ o!r s*ools f\nd$ 0 "o by ,oliv] ,:itby1 9 #agjb1 to af=d free nautical education to twelve boys2 namely1 f\r f ,*i*e/]1 & f\r f ea* ( ! villages ( ,we/ ,wett]+ & ,h>t+4 ,?\gh ,*i*e/] is connect$ by a %ort canal ) ! sea1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( %ipp+ is done1 x c h>dly be consid]$ z an important port4 ,x lies f\rte5 miles nor?-ea/ ( ,engl&'s greate/ naval port1 ,portsm\?4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,*i*e/] is only five miles s\? ( ,goodwood1 ! fam\s city = horse-races4 ,! municipal & p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,*i*e/]1 incorporat$ z city 9 ! ye> #abac1 is almo/ surr\nd$ by a small /ream call$ ! ,lavant1 & is pleasantly situat$ at ! end ( a small spur ( ! ,s\? ,d[n ,hills4 ,x is consid]$ z "o ( ! pr9cipal cattle m>kets 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,accommodation = sev]al ?\s&s ( cattle 0 arrang$ 9 #ahga by ! ,corporation4 ,!re are also ! ,guildhall1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! *apel ( a conv5t ( ,grey ,fri>s2 ! corn-ex*ange1 ! m>ket-h\se1 museum1 & infirm>y4 ,bradw>d9e & ,juxon1 bo? ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury2 ,lawr5ce ,som]cote1 a great canoni/ & writ]2 ! poets ,coll9s & ,hayley1 ^: memory has be5 p]petuat$ by a tablet design$ by ,flaxman 9 ! ,ca!dral1 7 all born 9 ?is city4 ,! ,diocese ( ,*i*e/] cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ext5t ( ,sussex4 ,9 conclusion we w\ld draw ! att5tion to ! qua9t design on ! ,bi%op's armorial %ield4 ,x depicts ! curi\s device ( a mitr$ prelate hold+ a sword 9 8 m\?4 ,he is seat$1 presumably1 on a ?rone1 :i* mu* resembles a squ>e block ( m>ble1 look$ at p]spectively4 ,p]haps x is meant = ! ,holy ,/one4 ,bo? ! ,bi%op's arms are out/ret*$4 ,9 8 left h& an op5 book is held1 :il/ 8 "r is palm upw>ds4 ,:y ! ,bi%op holds ! sword 9 8 m\?1 :5 8 "r h& is free1 x is h>d to say4 ,possibly ! arms 7 fir/ drawn up = a w>like bi%op1 or x may mean t ! sword is ! sword ( ,ju/ice4 ,9 all probability ! correct mean+ is convey$ by ! twelf? v]se 9 ,hebrews iv41 :]e9 x sets =? t ! sword 9 ! ,bi%op's m\? is symbolical ( ,! ,^w ( ! ,"l1 :i* is %>p] ?an any two-edg$ sword1 & ! ,book ( ! ,law is 9 8 left h&1 :il/ ! "r h& is ext5d$ 9 bless+ or 9 supplicat+ pray]4 ,*e/] ,ce/re4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,?is fam\s place occupies a s+ul> position4 ,x is a city & c\nty ( itself1 a municipal c\nty s9ce #ahhh1 & a p>liam5t>y bor\gh1 besides be+ an episcopal city1 a seaport1 & c\nty t[n ( ,*e%ire4 ,*e/] is also ! capital ( ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire4 ,x is situat$ on a rocky elevation1 on ! nor? bank ( ! ,riv] ,dee1 by :i* ! city is p>tly encircl$4 ,j sev5te5 miles nor? ( x lies ! great manufactur+ & seaport t[n ( ,liv]pool4 ,at "o "t ,*e/] 0 a palat9e city1 enjoy+ all ! privileges peculi> to t dignity4 ,?is practically conf]r$ indep5d5t au?ority on a city f> situat$ f ! ,metropolis4 ,! head ( ! city 0 a little k+1 & enjoy$ discretion>y p[]4 ,9 a brief sket* ( ?is1 9 ! acc\nt ( ,durham1 is cle>ly %[n ! mutual advantages accru+1 especially 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 su* z incursions ( ! enemy1 to bo? ! city ?us hon\r$ & ! ,metropolis ,london4 ,! geographical position ( ,*e/] 9 ! extreme we/ ( ,engl&1 & its proximity to ! re/less ,wel%1 dem&$ "s su* p[] to cope1 at a mom5t's notice1 ) any unexpect$ ev5t f t qu>t]4 ,?is ne>ness to ,wales contribut$ 9 a great measure to ! importance ( ?is city1 z w be pres5tly %[n4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic hi/ory ( ,*e/] ascribes its orig9 to ! ,briti% tribe call$ ! ,cornavii4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,roman invasion !y inhabit$ t "p ( ,engl& :i* n[ is kn[n z ! c\nties ( ,*e/]1 ,salop1 ,/af=d1 ,w>wick1 & ,worce/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,ea/gate ,,/reet ,! city !y call$ ,co] ,leon ,vawr--,city ( ,leon ! ,great4 ,?is "n is suppos$ to h be5 giv5 out ( complim5t to ,leon1 son ( ,brut ,d>i51 ! eigh? k+ ( ,brita94 ,by "s hi/orians ?is orig9 is conte/$4 ,!y say t ?is ,wel% "n ( ,co] ,leon ,vawr indicat$ ! city or camp ( ! ,great ,legion4 ,!y also supply ,co] ,leon1 or ,dwfyr ,dwy1 & r5d] _! mean+ into ! city ( ! ,legion on ! ,dee1 f its connection ) t p4 ,! city 0 also call$ ,deunana & ,deva1 aft] ! same riv]4 ,h[ev]1 x is conclusively prov$ t "h ! ,tw5tie? ,roman ,legion e/abli%$ a /ation aft] ! defeat ( ,c>actacus1 :o1 aft] hav+ made a mighty ef=t to )/& ?is second invasion ( ,engl& by ! ,romans1 0 tak5 prison]4 ,he & 8 wife & family 7 tak5 to ,rome1 &1 accord+ to cu/om1 7 p>ad$ ?r\gh ! /reets = ! b5efit ( ! public1 b aft]w>ds hon\rably treat$4 ,?is second occupation ( ,engl& la/$ f #dc ,a4,d4 till ! ,romans f9ally dep>t$ 9 #ddf ,a4 ,d4 ,! fir/ 0 a %ort /ay by ,julius ,caes> 9 ,b4,c41 "s n9ety-sev5 ye>s previ\s4 ,9 #df ,a4,d41 )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! l&+ ( ! ,romans1 ,*e/] 0 e/abli%$ z a ,roman camp1 dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius1 ! ,roman ,emp]or4 ,f ! disposition ( ! f\r pr9cipal /reets1--,nor?gate ,/reet1 ,ea/gate ,/reet1 ,bridge ,/reet1 & ,we/gate ,/reet1 toge!r ) ! walls surr\nd+ ! city1 & ! selection ( a rocky site on ! bank ( a fair-siz$ riv]1 ,*e/] gives a good illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,romans w5t to "w4 ,f a det]m9$ c5tre ^! roads run out to _! respective gates 9 ! b\nd>y walls1 9 ! direction ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! walls ( ?is city are ! only ones 9 ,engl& t are p]fect 9 _! entire circuit ( two miles1 ?\gh ! gateways h all be5 rebuilt )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,on ! dep>ture ( ! ,roman soldi]y1 ,engl& rev]t$ to ! ,britons1 :o appe>$ to h be5 helpless1 s long _h !y reli$ ^u _! late conqu]ors = protection4 ,f !m ,*e/] 0 tak5 by ,e!lfri?1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 :o defeat$ !m "u ! ,k+ ( ,p[ysl& 9 #fjg4 ,! ,britons1 h[ev]1 rega9$ possession & ma9ta9$ x till #hbh1 :5 ,egb]t1 :o 0 !n ! sole mon>* ( ,engl&1 annex$ x to 8 possessions4 ,! ,saxons1 dur+ _! occupation ( ! city1 nam$ x ,legancae/] & ,legece/]4 ,! ,danes1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 caus$ sev]e damages4 ,on _! retreat ,e!lfr$a1 ,c\ntess ( ,m]cia1 repair$ ! walls4 ,on h] dea? ! ,britons once m became ! city's ma/]s1 b 7 driv5 out aga9 by ,edw>d ! ,eld]4 ,a!l/an1 x is said1 reviv$ its m9t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #igb ,edg> assembl$ a naval =ce on ! riv] ,dee4 ,to demon/rate 8 supremacy he caus$ himself to be r[$ by eight tribut>y k+s f 8 palace on ! s\? bank ( ! riv] to ! ,conv5t ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john's4 ,to increase ! desir$ effect1 we are told t he took ! helm1--! symbol ( gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,! ,,r[s ,on ! division ( ,engl&1 9 #ajaf1 betwe5 ,canute & ,edmund ,ironside1 ,canute ga9$ possession ( ,m]cia1 9 :i* 7 includ$ ,*e/] & ,nor?umbria4 ,*e/] rema9$ z a city ( ,m]cia1 gov]n$ by its e>l1 till ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,william !n be/[$ x ) ! e>ldom on 8 nephew ,hugh ,lupus4 ,he 01 9 view ( ! proximity ( ,wales1 inve/$ ) sov]eign or palat9e au?ority ov] ! tract ( c\ntry n[ repres5t$ by ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire & ! coa/-l9e ( ,fl9t%ire z f> z ,rhuddlan4 ,*e/] 0 made ! seat ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,at t "t x is describ$ 9 ,doomsday ,book z ,ce/re1 & z possess+ f\r hundr$ & ?irty-"o h\ses )9 its walls4 ,= ov] two c5turies aft] ! ,conque/ ?is city =m$ an important milit>y /ation = ! def5ce ( ! ,engli% bord] aga9/ ! ,wel%4 ,! ,norman ,e>l ,ranulph ,i4 grant$ ! fir/ *>t]1 ?\gh its purport proves t ,*e/] already enjoy$ c]ta9 municipal rights4 ,on acc\nt ( its g>rison x 0 frequ5tly visit$ by reign+ mon>*s4 ,*e/] 0 captur$ by ! ,e>l ( ,d]by1 :o held x = ! ,cr[n dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ! b>ons4 ,! conte/ 0 end$ ) ! defeat ( ! b>ons at ! battle ( ,eve%am1 close to ,worce/]4 ,"h1 9 #acjj1 x 0 t ! ,wel% *iefta9s paid homage to ! fir/ ,engli% ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! infant son ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 erect$ ! e>ldom ( ,*e/] into a pr9cipality to be held only by ! elde/ son ( ! ,k+4 ,?is 0 resc9d$ 9 ! next reign4 ,9 fact1 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 0 made captive by ,h5ry ( ,lanca/]1 & 0 imprison$ 9 a t[] ov] ! gateway ( ! ,ca/le4 ,! city suff]$ greatly dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,x 0 visit$ by ,que5 ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 ! wife ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,?is que5 play$ a prom95t "p ) reg>d to ! claim to ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,%e 0 daught] to ,r5e1 :o 0 a relation ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,he 0 titul> k+ ( ,sicily1 b )\t t]ritories4 ,?\gh ,m>g>et br\ght to ,h5ry a ri* d[]1 he 0 p]suad$ to cons5t to ! d$uction ( a l>ge portion ( ,ma9e & ,anj\ to h] fa!r ,r5e4 ,dur+ ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]'s life1 :o _h /rongly oppos$ ! royal m>riage1 ,m>g>et & h] coadjutor1 ! ,duke ( ,suffolk1 _h n d>$ to c>ry into effect ! agreem5t !y _h extract$ f ,h5ry4 ,! ,duke ( ,york1 :o 0 reg5t 9 ,france1 ?r\gh 8 integrity1 0 also a s]i\s ob/acle4 ,%e & ,suffolk _h him recall$1 & ! reg5cy giv5 to ,beau=t1 ,duke ( ,som]set1 nephew to ,c>d9al ,beau=t4 ,york felt injur$1 & took rev5ge by ass]t+ 8 claim to ! ,cr[n4 ,by 8 fa!r he 0 desc5d$ f ,edw>d ,,iii4's f\r? son4 ,f 8 "m1 ! la/ ( ! ,mortim]s1 he inh]it$ t family's claim f ,lionel1 ! second son ( ! same k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,john ( ,gaunt1 f :om ,h5ry ,,vi4 0 desc5d$1 0 ,edw>d's ?ird son4 ,?us ,york1 ?r\gh 8 "m1 _h a prior claim4 ,^! rival claims caus$ confusion & tumult ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,engli% possessions 9 ,france 7 lo/ "o aft] ! o!r1 till 9 #adea only ,calais rema9$4 ,! misgov]nm5t ( ! reg5cy 9 ,france "u ,som]set contra/$ mo/ unfav\rably ) t ( ,york4 ,9 ^! tr\bl\s times ,engl& look$ t[>ds ,york z ! only "o to be tru/$1 :o !n became ,protector dur+ ! ,k+'s m5tal weakness4 ,he imprison$ ! ,duke ( ,som]set4 ,! latt] z soon z he 0 free assembl$ an army1 & 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,/4 ,albans1 ! fir/ ,w> ( ! ,roses4 ,8 foll[]s1 ! ,lanca/rians1 7 defeat$ by ! ,duke ( ,york1 & ! ,k+ made prison]4 ,ev5tually ,york decl>$ himself4 ,by ,act ( ,p>liam5t he & 8 heirs 7 con/itut$ successors to ! ?rone ( ,engl& aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,m>g>et1 h[ev]1 defeat$ ! ,yorki/s 9 battle1 9 :i* ,york 0 sla94 ,he left beh9d him ?ree sons1--,edw>d1 ,george1 & ,ri*>d1--! fir/ ( :om lat] on depos$ ,h5ry ,,vi4 & became ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,we h v5tur$ to give ?is brief sket* ( ! orig9 ( ^! rival claims1 9 t mo/ ( ! ca!dral cities 7 affect$ by ! =tunes or mis=tunes ( _! fav\r$ p>ty4 ,*e/]1 9 ! ye>s #aejg1 #aeag1 & #aeej1 suff]$ f a t]rible visitation ( ! sweat+ sickness4 ,f #afjb to #afje ! plague made x necess>y to susp5d all ! city fairs1 & to hold ! assizes at ,nantwi*4 ,?is epidemic occurr$ aga9 ) great loss ( life to ! inhabitants1 betwe5 #afdg-dh4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ?is city ( ,*e/] endur$ great sacrifices = its loyalty to ,*>les ,i4 ,! ,k+ came !re 9 #afdb1 :5 ! citiz5s gave him great pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,n till aft] a memorable siege1 la/+ f #afdc to #afdf1 did ! citiz5s agree to surr5d]4 ,! g>rison 7 all[$ to m>* out ) all ! hon\rs ( w>1 ! safety ( ! p]sons & prop]ty ( ! citiz5s ) lib]ty ( trade 7 secur$1 & ! sanctity ( ! sacr$ build+s & _! title-de$s pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,/4 ,,w]burgh ,,/reet ,sir ,*>les ,boo?1 9 #afei1 ) ! aid ( ! citiz5s1 ov]came ! g>rison ( ,*>les ,,ii41 !n an exile1 b 0 aft]w>ds defeat$ by ,lamb]t1 ,cromwell's g5]al4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,monm\?1 9 #afhc1 /irr$ ! populace to a tumult4 ,among/ o!r excesses ! mob sp5t its fury 9 =c+ ! ca!dral doors1 break+ ! pa9t$ glass1 de/roy+ ! font1 & o!r regrettable damage to ?is build+4 ,9 #afhh ! city 0 tak5 by ! ,roman ,ca?olic lords1 ,molyneux & ,a%ton1 = ,james ,,ii41 :o1 aft] all1 r5d]$ fur!r ef=ts useless by 8 abdication4 ,"u ,william ,,iii4 ,*e/] 0 includ$ 9 ! six cities = ! resid5ce ( an assay ma/]1 & 0 p]mitt$ to issue silv] co9age4 ,! la/ important milit>y ev5t t took place 9 ?is city 0 9 ! ,rebellion ( #agde1 :5 x 0 =tifi$ aga9/ ! ,pret5d]4 ,9 ar*itecture ! great *>act]i/ic is ! qua9t way ! h\ses h be5 built4 ,! /reets h be5 cut out ( ! rock bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! l&4 ,! h\ses appe> to h be5 built into ! rock1 or r to h be5 pil$ up aga9/ x4 ,! %ops are level ) ! /reets1 & ov] !m runs a balu/rad$ gall]y4 ,/eps at c]ta9 int]vals lead ! way d[n into ! /reets4 ,^! gall]ies are call$ by ! inhabitants ,! ,r[s4 ,^! ,r[s are h\ses ) %ops4 ,ov]hang+ ! %ops1 l ! eaves ( a h\se1 are ! upp] /ories1 to :i* additional flights ( /eps give access4 ,two explanations are giv5 = ?is unusual con/ruction ( h\ses3 "o1 t ! ,r[s1 or prom5ades1 are ! remnants ( ! anci5t ve/ibules ( ! ,roman h\ses2 ! o!r t !y 7 probably orig9at$ to af=d ready def5ce aga9/ ! sudd5 raids ( ! ,wel%4 ,! latt] appe>s ! m likely4 ,! ,r[s1 f _! position to ! /reets1 w\ld af=d ! besieg$ great] facilities ( %elt] & attack4 ,9 ,bridge ,/reet & ,ea/gate ,/reet ! ,r[s are made pleasant prom5ades4 ,?\gh _m ( ! h\ses h be5 rebuilt1 !y /ill reta9 ! old "*4 ,9 addition to ^! int]e/+ build+s !re 0 ! ca/le built by ! ,conqu]or1 ( :i* !re rema9s only a l>ge squ>e t[]1 call$ ,julius ,agricola's ,t[]4 ,! front has be5 entirely r5ew$4 ,?is t[] s]v$ probably z a place ( conf9em5t ( ! ,e>l ( ,d]by4 ,"h 7 imprison$ ,ri*>d ,,ii4 & ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond4 ,j %ortly be=e ! ,revolution ,james ,,ii4 he>d ,mass 9 ! second *amb]4 ,?\gh ! ,ca!dral has be5 left to ! la/1 its hi/ory is no less int]e/+ ?an ! o!r features ( ,*e/]4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 orig9ally ! *ur* atta*$ to ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,w]burgh1 "u :i* "n its ecclesia/ical site is m5tion$ 9 ,doomsday ,book4 ,x 0 fir/ d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 b ,e!lfrida aft]w>ds transf]r$ _! patronage to t ( ! ,saxon sa9t1 ,walmgha1 ! daught] ( ,wulph51 ,k+ ( ,m]cia4 ,besides ?is pr9cess ! great b5efactors 7 ,le(ric1 ,e>l ( ,m]cia1 & ,hugh ,lupus1 :o sub/itut$ ,b5$ict9e monks = secul> canons4 ,on ! dissolution ( ! abbey1 9 lieu ( ! abbot & monks1 a dean1 preb5d>ies1 & m9or canons 7 appo9t$1 ! la/ abbot be+ made dean4 ,"h x is z well to rememb] t a *ur* 0 call$ an abbey1 :atev] its =m] d5om9ation might h be51 if an abbot became its head4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! "n m9/] is d]iv$ f a mona/]y1 & ca!dral is due to ! fact t ! bi%op _h 8 ca!dra1 or ?rone1 plac$ 9 ! sacr$ build+ = 8 own use4 ,at ! dissolution ! ,ca!dral ( ,*e/] 0 d$icat$ to ,*ri/ & ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,?\gh !re are "s int]e/+ rema9s ( ! abbey1 ! pres5t build+ 0 built 9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! diocese ( ,*e/] dates at ! p]iod ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds incorporat$ ) t ( ,li*field1 b 9 #ajge1 ,pet]1 ,bi%op ( ,li*field re/or$ ! ,see to ,*e/]4 ,8 successor1 h[ev]1 remov$ x = ! second "t to ,li*field4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 9 #aeda1 creat$ six new sees1 9 :i* he includ$ ,*e/]4 ,) a portion ( ! possessions ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,w]burgh1 :i* 0 dissolv$1 he end[$ ! new see4 ,! fir/ bi%op aft] ! dissolution 0 ,john ,bird4 ,9 #ageb ! palace ( ! bi%op 0 rebuilt by ,bi%op ,ke5e4 ,! ca!dral site is on ! ea/]n side ( ,nor?gate ,/reet4 ,except+ ! we/]n end1 x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a heavy1 irregul> pile1 :5 view$ ext]nally4 ,! int]ior is v impressive1 & conta9s portions 9 ! ,norman1 & 9 ! ,e>ly & ,decorat$ /yles ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,x possesses a cl]e/ory 9 ! ,lat] /yle4 ,"s *apels 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 are to ! ea/ ( ! nor? transept4 ,! s\? transept1 sep>at$ f ! ,ca!dral by a wood5 scre51 =ms ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,oswald4 ,! /yle ( ! ,bi%op's ?rone1 sometimes kn[n z ,/4 ,w]burgh's ,%r9e1 belongs to ! ,e>ly p]iod ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ea/]n walk ( ! cloi/] /&s ! ,*apt] ,h\se1 ( ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 built by ,e>l ,r&ulph ! ,fir/4 ,x s]v$ z ! burial-place ( ! e>ls ( ! orig9al ,norman l9e1 except ,ri*>d1 :o p]i%$ by %ipwreck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,bi%op ,,lloyd',s ,,palace ,,& ,,wat]gate ,,/reet ,! sacr$ edifice has f "t to "t und]gone ext5sive rep>ations4 ,z a port ,*e/] 0 at "o "t mo/ important1 b ?r\gh ! silt+ up ( ! ,*annel 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 x lo/ a consid]able am\nt ( its %ipp+ trade4 ,9 spite ( ! ,*annel be+ deep5$ 9 #ahbd1 its %ipp+ prosp]ity _c be said to h advanc$ h& 9 h& ) ! progress ( ! city1 ?\gh x possibly may be great] ?an x 0 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! great ,*e/] ,canal comes f ,nantwi*1 passes ?r\gh ,*e/]1 & m]ges into ! ,ellesm]e ,canal1 :i* w9ds up nor?w>ds to ! riv] ,m]sey4 ,?us ! city is connect$ ) ,liv]pool4 ,z ! cr[ flies1 ! c\ntry trav]s$ f ,london to ,*e/] is mo/ int]e/+4 ,! track passes ?r\gh ! c\nties ( ,middlesex1 ,buck+ham%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 ) its fam\s t[ns1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ! bir?place ( ,%akespe>e1 & ,cov5try1 ?r\gh ,/af=d%ire1 fam\s = its beautiful old *9a & its ,ca!dral at ,li*field1 & f9ally into ,*e%ire1 ! c\nty conta9+ ,*e/] & ,nor?wi*4 ,among ! _m em95t m5 born at ,*e/] 0 ,r&olph ,caldecott1 9 #ahdf4 ,he is h&$ d[n to po/]ity z ! fam\s illu/rator ( ! works ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+4 ,b ! a*ievem5t t ga9$ him ! greate/ acclame 0 a s]ies ( col\r$ books = *ildr54 ,!y began 9 #ahgh ) ,john ,gilp9 & ,! ,h\se t ,jack ,built1 & end$ ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 9 #ahhf1 ) ! ,elegy on ,madame ,blaize & ,! ,great ,panj&rum ,himself4 ,9 ! crypt ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 8 memory is p]petuat$ ?r\gh ! great arti/ic expression ( a bro!r arti/1 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t1 ,r4 ,a4 ,?us1 9 ?is brief sket*1 an attempt has be5 made to give a categorical hi/ory ( "o ( ,engl&'s mo/ anci5t cities f its e>lie/ occupation by ! ,briti% ,cornavii1 & its subsequ5t ev5ts d[n to ! royal visit 9 #ahfi by ! !n ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 n[ our ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 on :i* occasion he op5$ ! new t[nhall4 ,x w\ld require f> great] space to record e feature ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ,*e/] ?an c be allott$ )9 ! pres5t limitations4 ,to ! antiqu>ian ,*e/] furni%es a mo/ int]e/+ & absorb+ /udy1 & w 9 all likelihood cont9ue to d s = _m ye>s to come yet4 ,to ^? int]e/$ 9 horse-rac+ ! f9e race-c\rse attracts annually a great conc\rse to ,*e/]4 ,ro*e/] ,r\ce/re4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,9 ! illu/ration is se5 to great advantage ! temporal & spiritual p[] ( ,ro*e/]3 ! ,/ate1 z repres5t$ by ! ,norman keep2 ! ,*ur*1 z symbolis$ by ! ca!dral4 ,ev] s9ce ,*ri/ianity came to ,engl&1 ^! two mighty lev]s ( p[] h m>*$1 if n always h& 9 h&1 m or less 9 accord4 ,?\gh ! two h frequ5tly /ruggl$ = supremacy1 yet _! feuds h done m t[>ds ! enlight5m5t ( ! p ?an any h>moni\s conc]t c\ld h effect$4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to m$iaeval times ! ,/ate & ,*ur* ( ! pres5t day =mulate & c>ry out ! w ( ! p4 ,!y are ! *annels ( purpose z det]m9$ by ! nation4 ,great z ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* /ill is1 x has nev]!less lo/ t trem5d\s au?ority x once wield$ "u ! popes4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 set up a /r5u\s opposition1 :il/ ,h5ry ,,viii4 dealt x a cru%+ bl[4 ,! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies 0 a t]rible *eck to ,roman ,ca?olicism 9 ,engl&1 z well z ,lu!r's re=ms 9 ,g]many4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is ! ,*ur* ( ,rome has m adh]5ts 9 ,europe ?an any o!r religion4 ,! m5ace to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& lies 9 ! lack ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! spiritual head1 & ! _m diff]5t sects4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome exacts absolute ob$i5ce & fai?1 & by ^! means is /eadily increas+ its influ5ce4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral rec5tly erect$ 9 ,london is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! untir+ en]gy ( ! foll[]s ( t wond]ful religion4 ,x is also curi\s to notice t ! ,lat9 races are ! /aun*e/ support]s ( ! ,papacy4 ,z its "n implies1 ,ro*e/] 0 a ,roman camp4 ,?is place =m$ "o ( ! /ip5di>y t[ns ( ?is ,lat9 race1 & 0 call$ ,durobrivae4 ,n mu* in=mation has be5 pres]v$ conc]n+ _! occupation ( ! t[n4 ,t x 0 important1 & s]v$ z a milit>y basis1 is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! great ,roman ,watl+ ,/reet1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! city1 & :i* be>s evid5ce to _! great eng9e]+ skill4 ,! great ,roman /reets 7 at t "t ! *ief & only means ( quick communication f "o camp to ano!r4 ,to read ! acc\nt ( ! wond]ful sy/em ( roads organis$ by ,d>ius ! ,p]sian is z int]e/+ to foll[ z any mod]n fiction4 ,he realis$ t quick communication ) ! outly+ qu>t]s ( 8 possessions meant increas$ p[] & security4 ,along ! roads1 at prop] di/ances1 7 blockh\ses gu>d$ by soldi]s4 ,! mess5g] on horseback drew re9 at ea* ( ^! wayside places to take refre%m5t & get a rem\nt1 or to h& ov] ! dispat*es to a fre% mess5g]4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! ,romans con/ruct$ _! roads = _! po/m51 &1 no d\bt1 to s]ve z _! fir/ l9e ( def5ce if a retreat %\ld be necess>y4 ,we c almo/ conjure up ! sight ( a m\nt$ be>] ( important dispat*es rac+ along4 ,sudd5ly ! horse1 almo/ ?r[n on to 8 haun*es1 is pull$ up 9 front ( "o ( ^! gu>dh\ses dott$ at regul> int]vals along ! great road4 ,a ha/y meal is snat*$1 a fre% horse m\nt$1 & (f aga91 ) a clatt] & a :irlpool ( du/1 hurries ! mess5g]1 z if a k+dom dep5d$ ^u 8 quick dispat*4 ,we _c atta* too mu* importance to ?is me?od ( communication1 if we rememb] t x is only )9 ! la/ two c5turies or s t ! semaphore came into exi/5ce4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$1 ?is m$ium ( convey+ rapidly a message by ! wav+ ( a wood5 arm up & d[n on a po/1 :i* 0 g5]ally plant$ on a comm&+ site1 0 consid]$ a wond]ful inv5tion4 ,ev5 at sea x 0 left to ,admiral ,rodney to con/ruct an effici5t code ( signals4 ,( c\rse ! mo/ primitive me?od 0 ! light+ ( beacons 9 times ( great dang]4 ,besides ,watl+ ,/reet1 ! city ( ,ro*e/] is kn[n to h be5 def5d$ by walls built 9 ! direction ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 accord+ to ! ,roman cu/om4 ,!y ext5d$ = half a mile f ea/ to we/1 & close ^u a qu>t] ( a mile f nor? to s\?4 ,aft] ! ,romans _h dep>t$1 ?is place came into ! possession ( ! ,saxons4 ,!y r5am$ x ,hrove ,cea/]1 :i* 9 process ( "t became contract$ to ,ro*e/]4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,saxon p]iod ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 que5 & ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o _h j arriv$1 became a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ?is k+1 z we h se51 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral 0 ri*ly end[$4 ,to help c>ry out ! papal in/ructions giv5 to ,augu/9e1 ,e!lb]t 9 #fjj f\nd$ a *ur* 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,by erect+ ?is into a see1 he1 at ! same "t1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! future prosp]ity ( ! city4 ,! build+ 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,&rew4 ,a mona/]y = secul> prie/s 0 also e/abli%$1 ov] :om 0 appo9t$ = _! bi%op1 ,ju/us1 :o _h accompani$ ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 =ty monks into ,brita94 ,?is ca!dral suff]$ at _m times1 9 common ) ! city1 f sev]al incursions ( ! ,danes4 ,! city1 m especially 9 #fgf1 0 sack$ & almo/ de/roy$ by ,e!ldr$1 ! ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 :il/ 9 #hci ! ,danes l&$ at ,romney1 defeat$ ! troops s5t to oppose !m1 & massacr$ mo/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,aga91 9 #hhe1 !y sail$ up ! ,m$way "u ! lead]%ip ( ,ha/+1 & laid siege to ,ro*e/]4 ,=tunately = ! city x 0 rescu$ by ! timely assi/ance ( ,alfr$4 ,?ree m9ts e/abli%$ by ,a!l/an 9 #icj1 two = himself & "o = ! bi%op1 & ! fact ( ! city be+ !n recognis$ z "o ( ! *ief ports ( ,engl&1 %[ ) :at rapidity x _h rega9$ prosp]ity4 ,?is peaceful /ate 0 rudely awak5$1 h[ev]1 9 #iii4 ,! ,danes reappe>$ 9 ! ,m$way1 be=e :om ! t]ror-/rick5 inhabitants fl$ & ab&on$ ! city to _! fury4 ,at ! ,conque/1 ,ro*e/] 0 giv5 by ,william to 8 half-bro!r1 ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux1 :o 0 also creat$ ,e>l ( ,k5t4 ,9 ! reign ( ,william ,rufus he 0 implicat$ 9 a conspiracy to de?rone ,rufus 9 fav\r ( ,rob]t ,duke ( ,norm&y4 ,!reby 8 possessions rev]t$ to ! ,cr[n4 ,9 ?is ,ro*e/] suff]$4 ,9 #aacj ,h5ry ,i4 att5d$ at ! consecration ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew by ,lanfranc4 ,dur+ ! c]emony a fire broke out4 ,! city 0 almo/ r$uc$ to a%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ro*e/] ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,ca/le ,x 0 aga9 visit$1 sev5 ye>s lat]1 by fire1 f :i* x _h h>dly recov]$ :5 a ?ird conflagration occurr$ & left traces ( deva/ation = ages4 ,9 #aada1 ,rob]t ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/] 0 plac$ 9 ! ,ca/le4 ,he 0 ! *ief g5]al & c\nsellor ( ,matilda1 & _h be5 captur$ prison] at ,w9*e/] aft] hav+ effect$ ! ,que5's escape4 ,he 0 ev5tually ex*ang$ = ,k+ ,/eph54 ,9 #abae ! b>ons seiz$ & held ! ,ca/le aga9/ ,k+ ,john1 :o ga9$ x4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 repair$ ! ,ca/le4 ,! ,ca/le 0 aga91 9 #abed1 successfully def5d$ = ! ,k+ by ,edw>d ,e>l ,w>r51 aga9/ ,simon de ,mont=d & ! b>ons4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ! insurrectioni/s "u ,wat ,tyl] releas$ "o ( _! comrades imprison$ 9 ! ,ca/le4 ,ro*e/] has be5 at diff]5t times visit$ by reign+ pr9ces4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 ) ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 came !re 9 #aeba1 :il/ 9 #aegc ,que5 ,elizabe? hon\r$ x ) h] pres5ce4 ,*>les ,,ii41 on 8 re/oration1 pass$ ?r\gh ! city en r\te f ! ,cont95t to ,london4 ,9 fact ,ro*e/]1 be+ also a port1 0 a conv5i5t place = ,james ,,ii4 to emb>k secretly on bo>d ( a trad+-vessel ly+ 9 ! ,m$way1 by :i* he 0 convey$ to ,france4 ,?is ,norman ca/le1 :i* has play$ su* an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city1 des]ves "s notice4 ,its ext5sive rema9s1 situat$ on a comm&+ site1 ov]look ! "r bank ( ! riv]4 ,! ,ca/le is suppos$ to h be5 built by ,gundulph1 :5 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x prec$$ by a few ye>s ! build+ ( ! ,ca!dral by ! same prelate4 ,! ar*itecture ( ?is ca/le is a /rik+ example ( ! simplicity ( plans g5]ally employ$ by ! ,normans4 ,by pref]5ce ! ca/le 0 a rectangul> keep 9 =m4 ,! sides v>i$ f tw5ty-five to a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & equally s 9 height4 ,at ! corn]s ! walls advanc$ s z to =m squ>e t[]s1 ! faces ( :i* 7 usually reliev$ by flat pila/]-l buttresses4 ,! walls at ! base measure sometimes z mu* z ?irty feet 9 ?ickness1 & dim9i% to z mu* z t5 feet at ! summit4 ,! int]nal arrangem5ts consi/$ ( a /ore-room1 f :i* a n>r[ /aircase1 made into ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 gave access to ! rooms ( ! g>rison & ^? ( ! own]s above1 wood be+ employ$ = ! floor & ro(4 ,a well 0 always dug4 ,! entire build+ 0 surr\nd$ by a deep moat fill$1 if possible1 ) wat]4 ,! entrance 0 small1 & 0 def5d$ by a draw-bridge & portcullis4 ,x 0 on ! ?ickness ( _! walls & ! moat t ! ,normans *iefly reli$ = _! impregnability4 ,!y seldom dep>t$ f ?is simple =m ( ar*itecture4 ,_! def5ce 0 r>ely con/ruct$ on a s]ies ( =tifications4 ,local advantages & a l(ty site 7 inv>iably ! ,norman idea ( a safe /ronghold4 ,great int]e/ is atta*$ to ! ,ca!dral ( ,ro*e/]4 ,its see is ! smalle/ 9 ! k+dom & ! mo/ anci5t aft] ,cant]bury4 ,! two 7 e/abli%$1 z we h se51 )9 a few ye>s ( ea* o!r1 "u ! auspices ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,k+ ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t4 ,! pres5t ca!dral dates f ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 x 0 built by ,gundulph4 ,if :at we are told ab\t ?is /ructure be correct1 its importance _c be too greatly enhanc$1 = x is claim$ t its ar*itecture1 ?\gh mu* alt]$ & repair$ s9ce1 is 9 ! ma9 a copy ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral at t "t4 ,?us1 9 describ+ ! plan ( ! "o 9 ,ro*e/]1 a g5]al idea c be ga9$ ab\t ! o!r at ,cant]bury4 ,gundulph's contribution is a spaci\s & v5]able build+ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 ) a c5tral t[] surm\nt$ by a spire4 ,! ,norman /yle =ms ! basis ( ! ar*itecture1 to :i* ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle 0 add$ *iefly 9 ! _m w9d[s ( ! nave & o!r p>ts ( ! *ur*4 ,! we/ front 0 entirely re/or$ betwe5 #ahhh & #ahhi1 ! ,norman /yle be+ /rictly adh]$ to4 ,! doorway is a mo/ decorative bit ( ,norman workman%ip4 ,let into ! clu/]$ columns on ei!r side !re is1 on ! "r1 an effigy ( ,que5 ,maud1 & on ! left ano!r ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,! door is cov]$ ) a ri* mass ( geometrical design 9 metal4 ,! crypt1 inv>iably a great feature 9 a ca!dral1 is p>tly ! "w ( ,gundulph2 t is1 ! we/]n portion is4 ,! ea/]n "p consi/s ( cyl9drical & octagonal %afts ) a light vault+ spr++ f !m1 & belongs to ! same p]iod z ! sup]/ructure ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re are sev]al *apels1 a f9ely gro9$ ro(1 & anci5t tombs1 :i* all l5d int]e/ to ?is f9e ca!dral4 ,! r$-ve9$ m>ble /atue ( ,walt] de ,m]ton _c fail to attract att5tion4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! great s*ola/ic college at ,ox=d call$ ,m]ton ,college4 ,?\gh small 9 size1 ! entree to x dem&s high classical atta9m5ts4 ,) reg>d to comm]ce1 ,ro*e/] has a fav\rable position on ! riv] ,m$way1 9 ! creeks & bran*es ( :i* are ! oy/] fi%]ies4 ,! ,corporation1 assi/$ by a jury ( free dr$g]s1 hold a ,c\rt ( ,admiralty1 9 :i* !y make regulations = ! op5+1 /ock+1 & clos+ ( ! oy/] b$s4 ,9 conclusion1 we _c help say+ t ,k5t %\ld be a pr\d c\nty1 possess+1 z x does1 ! two mo/ anci5t sees 9 ! k+dom1 ! dioceses ( :i* are sep>at$ only by ! ,m$way4 ,ripon 7,doomsday ,book47 ,9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ! c\nty ( ,york1 tw5ty-two miles nor?-we/ ( ! city ( ,york & elev5 miles nor? ( ,h>rogate1 ! anci5t city ( ,ripon is situat$ at ! juncture ( ! ,ure1 ,lav]1 & ,skell4 ,! n>r[ & irregul> /reets & well-built h\ses1 "s ( :i* /ill reta9 ! qua9t1 picturesque gables s rem9isc5t ( e>li] times1 envelop ! city ) t delightful1 indef9able air ( m$iaevalism--a some?+ :i*1 temp]$ ) old associations & traditions1 no mod]n city ) all its improvem5ts c supply4 ,to saunt] ?r\gh ! anci5t1 ill-light$ /reets ( an old t[n at night1 :5 life is dormant & comm]cialism quiesc5t1 is ! "t to view unexpect$ beauties ( ar*itecture unfold !mselves1 & to become oneself imbu$ ) a _s ( romanticism & a feel+ ( re/4 ,if a figure 9 m$iaeval co/ume & rapi] 7 to come r\nd a corn] sudd5ly1 or em]ge f "s d>k nook1 x w\ld sc>cely />tle ! s5ses1 s appropriate w\ld x seem ) ! surr\nd+s1 en%r\d$ 9 my/]i\s %ad[s4 ,a new city c be admir$1 b c nev] be rev]$ till x has surviv$ ! _m /orms ( g5]ations1 & has em]g$ ) a halo ( traditions respect$ & treasur$4 ,ripon1 9 common ) o!r ca!dral cities1 possesses ?is *>m1 & aft] _m vicissitudes pres5ts u ) a magnific5t ca!dral4 ,to rev]t to ! comm5cem5t ( ! city's hi/ory1 x is suppos$ to h d]iv$ its "n f ! ,lat9 ,ripa1 ow+ to its situation ^u ! bank ( ! riv] ,ure4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic record gives x "u ! "n ( ,inhrypun1 9 connection ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a mona/]y 9 #ffj by ,eata1 :o 0 !n ,abbot ( ,melrose4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly giv5 by ,alfr$1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 to ,wilfrid1 :o _h be5 rais$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,york4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds canonis$ z a sa9t4 ,"u ,wilfrid's adm9i/ration & influ5ce ! t[n v mu* increas$ its weal? & importance4 ,?r\gh ! division ( ! bi%opric 9 ! ye> #fgh ,ripon became a see4 ,a great calamity ov]took ! city 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! ,danes burnt & plund]$ x1 caus+ su* deva/ation t x 0 almo/ wip$ out4 ,f its ru9s1 h[ev]1 x recov]$ s quickly z to be incorporat$ z a royal bor\gh by ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,?is happ5$ by ! ye> #hhf4 ,9 ! suppression ( ! insurrections ( ! ,nor?umbrian ,danes x suff]$ sev]ely ?r\gh ! t]rible lay+ wa/e ( ! l& :i* ,edr$ f\nd necess>y to subdue !m4 ,little "t 0 left = ! city to rega9 its =m] prosp]ity1 :5 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 aga9 laid wa/e1 9 #ajfi1 by ,william ! ,conqu]or aft] defeat+ ! ,nor?umbrian rebels4 ,?is mon>*'s v5geance s completely demoli%$ ! t[n t x /ill rema9$ 9 ru9s & ! l& uncultivat$ at ! "t ( ! ,norman survey4 ,! mona/]y1 de/roy$ by ,edr$1 0 rebuilt by ,oswald & 8 successors1 :o 7 ar*bi%ops ( ,york4 ,x 0 end[$ & made collegiate by ,ar*bi%op ,aldr$ some:]e ab\t ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! city 0 n[ enjoy+ comp>ative peace1 & 0 rega9+ lo/ pre/ige :5 x aga9 became a m]e wreck4 ,"u ,rob]t ,bruce1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 ! ,scots compell$ ! inhabitants to surr5d] ev]y?+ ( value !y _h1 & burnt ! t[n4 ,?is p]iod ( deva/ation la/$ f #acai till #acbc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ripon ,,! ,,ca!dral ,by ! ex]tions ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 ably assi/$ ) donations f ! local g5try1 ! city rapidly recov]$ by ! "t a t]rible plague compell$ ,h5ry ,,iv4 to leave ,london & take up 8 resid5ce "h4 ,! c\rt ( necessity foll[$ him4 ,?is royal soj\rn did ! city imm5se good1 & aga9 x d]iv$ b5efit "s two c5turies aft] by ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l ,presid5t ( ,york 9 #afag4 ,he _h be5 oblig$ by a simil> plague to remove 8 c\rt hi!r4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ano!r royal visitor came1 namely1 ,james ,i41 :o re/$ a night "h on 8 r\te f ,scotl& to ,london4 ,on ?is memorable occasion he 0 pres5t$ ) a pair ( ,ripon spurs4 ,f e>ly times till ! sixte5? c5tury ,ripon 0 a recognis$ c5tre = ! manufacture ( wooll5 caps4 ,on ! decl9e ( ?is indu/ry ! city acquir$ su* a fame = ! manufacture ( spurs t x became q a curr5t phrase to say z true /eel z ,ripon r[els4 ,b5 ,jonson & ,dav5ant make ref]5ces 9 _! v]ses to ,ripon spurs4 ,?is indu/ry1 toge!r ) ^? ( manufactur+ buttons & v>i\s k9ds ( h>dw>e1 fl\ri%$ till q rec5tly1 :5 me*anical indu/ries supplant$ !m4 ,9 #afcc ,*>les ,i4 also paid ! city a visit4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! p>liam5t>y troops1 "u ,sir ,?omas ,maulev]]1 took possession ( ,ripon4 ,aft] mutilat+ _m ( ! monum5ts & ornam5ts ( ! *ur*1 !y 7 ev5tually driv5 out ( ! t[n 9 #afdc by ! ,royali/s1 "u ,sir ,john ,mallory ( ,/udley1 a t[n%ip compris$ "u ,ripon4 ,9 rec\nt+ ! political =tunes ( ! city little has be5 said ab\t its *ief attraction1 ! ,ca!dral1 n because x has play$ no important factor 9 ! welf>e ( ! city1 b because x has be5 consid]$ bett] to give1 ap>t1 ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( its ar*itecture4 ,we h se5 h[ a mona/]y 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ffj1 by ,eata1 :i* lat] came "u ! patronage ( ,/4 ,wilfrid4 ,f ! ru9s ( ,/4 ,wilfrid's ,abbey ! pres5t ca!dral 0 f\nd$ ab\t #fhj ,a4,d41 9 ! reign ( ,egfrid4 ,) ! exception ( ,/4 ,wilfrid's crypt1 call$ ,/4 ,wilfrid's ,ne$le1 :i* tradition says 0 us$ = ! trial ( female *a/ity1 no?+ ( ! orig9al ,saxon fabric rema9s4 ,f ! simil>ity ( ?is crypt1 & ( ano!r at ,hexham1 bo? erect$ by ,/4 ,wilfrid1 9 =mation & arrangem5t to ! catacomb *apels at ,rome1 x is inf]r$ t ?is *ur*man _h made himself famili> ) _! peculi>ities dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 t ,lat9 city4 ,?is is int]e/+ to note4 ,! ,ca!dral1 z x n[ /&s1 embraces v>i\s /yles ( ar*itecture1 & is d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,wilfrid4 ,x is a l>ge cruci=m *ur*1 ) a squ>e c5tral t[] & two we/]n t[]s4 ,!y at "o "t c>ri$ spires1 ea* n less ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height2 b ! c5tral spire hav+ be5 bl[n d[n 9 #affj1 caus$ consid]able damage to ! ro(1 & x 0 ?\ght advisable to pull d[n ! o!rs4 ,_! removal acc\nts = ! /unt$ appe>ance ( ^! squ>e t[]s4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pres5t *ur* 0 comm5c$ by ,ar*bi%op ,rog]1 dat+ f #aaed to #aaha4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! transepts & portions ( ! *oir4 ,! we/]n front & t[]s 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 mo/ probably by ,ar*bi%op ,gray1 betwe5 #abae & #abee1 & ne> ! close ( ! c5tury ! ea/]n portion ( ! *oir 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle4 ,! nave & "p ( ! c5tral t[] 7 also rebuilt 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! fabric 0 entirely r5ovat$ "u ! guidance ( ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott1 f #ahfb to #ahgf4 ,! episcopal palace is a mod]n build+ 9 ! ,tudor /yle1 & is ab\t "o mile f ! t[n4 ,! pres5t bi%opric dates only f ! ye> #ahcf4 ,!re are sev]al *>itable in/itutions3 namely1 ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 f\nd$ by an ar*bi%op ( ,york 9 #aaji2 ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 = wom51 by ano!r prelate ( ,york 9 #acda2 & ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,anne1 by "s unkn[n b5efactor :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,a clock-t[] 0 pres5t$ to ! t[n to commemorate ,que5 ,victoria's ,diamond ,jubilee4 ,!re is n[1 9 place ( ! anci5t indu/ries1 an ext5sive trade 9 v>ni%1 9 addition to ! manufactories = saddle-trees & lea!r1 b ! mo/ int]e/+ indu/ry is t ( ! ,ripon lace4 ,x is a tor*on lace mu* resembl+1 9 uni=mity ( patt]n1 ! design us$ 9 peasant laces 9 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & ,russia4 ,ely4 ,ely4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! majority1 if n ( all ( ^! ca!drals1 x is int]e/+ to note ! _m po9ts ( resemblance4 ,x w be obs]v$ t mo/ ( !m _h _! inception 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,a mo/ conv5i5t way also ( rememb]+1 if actual dates be =gott51 is t ! comm5cem5t ( ! same c5tury h]ald$ ! arrival ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 =ty monks at ,cant]bury1 & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&4 ,:atev] previ\s ef=ts _h be5 attempt$ to *ri/ianise ! natives 7prior to ?is c5tury7 pale into insignificance aft] ! l&+ ( ?is great mission>y f ,rome4 ,! subsequ5t important ev5ts are inv>iably five2 namely1 ! deva/ations ( ! ,danes 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! erections ( ca/les to ov]awe ! inhabitants ) ! ecclesia/ical f\ndations1 /ill extant1 aft] ! dread$ mill5nium _h pass$1 f ! ,conque/2 ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies by ,h5ry ,,viii42 ! desecration & mutilation ( ! *ur*es "u ,cromwell's ,protectorate2 & ! inevitable re/oration1 n always happy1 ( ^! gr& build+s4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e1 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 +5i\sly attributes ! d]ivation ( ! "n to an eel1 call$ ,elge1 on ! assumption ( ! great abundance ( ?is fi% 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,at ! same "t ano!r r5d]+1 by "s "o else1 supposes t ! ,saxon ,helyg1 a will[1 :i* fl\ri%$ ext5sively1 ow+ to ! m>%y nature ( ! soil r\nd ab\t ! city1 gave rise to ! pres5t contraction4 ,h[ev] x may be1 ,ely dates f ! ye> #fgc4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & /ate ( ?is fam\s place orig9at$ 9 t ye> f ! small f\ndation ( a mona/]y = monks & nuns by ,e!lr$a4 ,?is pr9cess 0 ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,angles1 & ! wife ( ,egfr$1 ! ,k+ ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,%e _h devot$ a great deal ( h] life to mona/icism1 & ev5tually con/itut$ h]self z ! fir/ abbess ( h] religi\s ef=t4 ,a contradictory acc\nt gives x t ?is lady m likely became ! fir/ abbess ( a religi\s h\se :i* %e _h fill$ ) virg9s4 ,_! numb] is n /at$4 ,no?+ m is he>d or wor? relat+ ( ! welf>e ( ?is royal b5efice until ! n9? c5tury1 :51 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 x 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes4 ,9 #hgi1 a matt] ( n9e ye>s aft] ?is deva/ation1 x 0 p>tially re/or$ by ^? bre?r5 :o _h =tunately escap$ ! massacre4 ,"u ! gov]nm5t ( provo/s !y 7 e/abli%$ & exi/$ z secul> prie/s = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ( inactivity x receiv$ mu* att5tion f ,e!lwold1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]4 ,?is prelate 9 #igj pur*as$ ! :ole ( ! ,isle ( ,ely f ,edg>4 ,he !n rebuilt ! mona/]y & end[$ x munific5tly4 ,9 x regul> monks 7 plac$ "u ! rule ( an abbot1 to :om ,edg> grant$ ! secul> jurisdiction ( two hundr$s )9 & five hundr$s )\t ! ,f5s4 ,_m o!r important privileges 7 be/[$ by ! same mon>*1 recognis$ by ,canute1 & greatly increas$ by ,edw>d ! ,confessor 9 recognition ( "p ( 8 education "h receiv$4 ,^! _m m>ks ( royal fav\r caus$ x to become ! ri*e/ 9 ,engl&1 & ! city p>ticipat$ 9 its prosp]ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ely ,,f ,,! ,,we/ ,,front ,soon aft] ! ,conque/ a det]m9$ resi/ance 0 made by _m ( ! nobility aga9/ :at !y consid]$ ! tyranny ( ,william4 ,l$ by su* lead]s z ,edw91 ,e>l ( ,*e/]1 ,egelwyn1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 & head$ by ,h]ew>d1 an ,engli% nobleman1 !y contriv$ to d consid]able damage 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!y built a ca/le ( wood 9 ! ,f5s1 & made a vigor\s /& aga9/ ! ,normans1 :o besieg$ ! isl&1 con/ruct$ roads ?r\gh ! m>%es1 ?rew bridges across ! /reams1 & erect$1 z usual1 a /rong ca/le at ,wiseb]um4 ,) ! exception ( ,h]ew>d1 ! rebelli\s subjects 7 r$uc$ to submission4 ,accord+ to "o au?ority1 x is suppos$ t ,william's camp 0 simply an old ,roman camp repair$ = ! occasion4 ,we le>n t ! field1 :i* conta9$ ! anci5t site1 0 kn[n z ,belasis 9 "s records ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,x appe>s t "o ( ,william's g5]als 0 call$ ,belasis1 & t he 0 qu>t]$ on ! mona/]y1 :i* he _h tak5 possession ( aft] ! conque/ ( ! isle4 ,he treat$ ! monks ) e m>k ( c\rtesy1 all[+ !m to rema9 "u an abbot ( 8 own *oos+4 ,at fir/ he laid !m "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 b subsequ5tly re/or$ ! privileges !y _h previ\sly be5 accu/om$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ely ,,! ,,m>ket ,,place ,9 #aajg ! elev5? & la/ abbot1 ,ri*>d1 employ$ all 8 int]e/ ) ,h5ry ,i4 & ga9$ ! royal sanction to ! e/abli%m5t ( an episcopal see at ,ely4 ,to ?is ! mon>* grant$1 = a diocese1 ! c\nty ( ,cambridge1 :i* _h till !n be5 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln4 ,! isle 0 also inve/$ ) sov]eign p[]s4 ,ri*>d1 h[ev]1 did n live to become ! fir/ bi%op1 an hon\r :i* 0 conf]r$ 9 #aaji on 8 successor1 ,h]vey4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! ,abbot 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,bi%op1 & an entire di/ribution ( ! prop]ty belong+ to ! abbey 0 effect$ betwe5 !m4 ,z ! abbey became ! *ur* ( ! ,see1 ! ,abbot 0 oblig$ to alt] 8 dignity to t ( a prior4 ,a fair1 to cont9ue = sev5 days1 comm5c+ f ,june #bj1 to commemorate ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,e!lr$a1 0 in/itut$ by ! ,bi%op4 ,! prelate ,nigel1 9 ! reign ( ,/eph51 built a ca/le "h1 ( :i* no rema9s exi/1 & ^: site is n[ conjectural4 ,! ye> #abaf witness$ dreadful sc5es ( spoliation ( *ur*es & l>ge sums ( money exact$ f ! inhabitants "u ! guise ( ransom4 ,! cause ( all ?is deva/ation be+ visit$ ^u ,ely 0 ,john's idea ( rev5g+ himself ^u ! b>ons4 ,at _! h&s he _h1 ! ye> previ\sly1 be5 compell$ to und]go ! mortification ( sign+ ! ,magna ,*>ta at ,runnym$e1 a field betwe5 ,w9dsor & ,/a9es4 ,ev] s9ce t "t ! irresolute & mean k+ _h be5 devis+ s*emes ( v5geance aga9/ 8 oppon5ts4 ,?ree mon?s sp5t 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight _h enabl$ him1 ?r\gh ag5ts & ! promise ( ! e/ates ( ! b>ons z plund]1 to raise a consid]able army ( ! ,brabant]s4 ,at _! head he sudd5ly em]g$ f concealm5t1 & surpris$ ! b>ons by appe>+ be=e ,ro*e/] ,ca/le & defeat+ !m4 ,9 ! meantime ,john 0 well support$ at ,ely by 8 g5]al1 ,william ,bunk1 or r an unexpect$ incid5t hurri$ on its doom4 ,! elem5ts unk9dly betray$ ! city into ! h&s ( ! ,brabant]s4 ,at a critical "t1 ! trea*]\s swamps--! isle's hi!rto great natural =tifications--became ! city's undo+2 = a %>p fro/ set 9 & r5d]$ a ready glacial access to ! city4 ,! enemy lo/ no "t 9 r$uc+ ! b>ons to submission & ! wret*$ inhabitants to great mis]y4 ,! b>ons1 ?us r$uc$ to dire extremities1 invit$ ,l\is1 ! elde/ son ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 to aid !m1 promis+ him ?r\gh 8 wife ! cr[n ( ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ely ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,! ,fr5* l&$ at ,s&wi*1 retook ,ro*e/] ,ca/le1 & compell$ ,john to flee4 ,john1 cross+ ov] ! ,wa%1 9 8 m>* f ,lynn 9 ,norfolk into ,l9coln%ire1 suff]$ great loss ?r\gh ! return ( ! tide swamp+ ! re> ( 8 army1 all 8 money1 & /ores4 ,he himself escap$ to ,sw9e%ead ,abbey1 9 ! ,l9coln%ire ,f5s1 :]e a monk is said to h adm9i/]$ poison to him4 ,) great difficulty & exhau/ion ! mon>* arriv$ at ,new>k1 :]e he di$ 9 ! ,octob] ( ! ye> #abaf4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ! city enjoy$ comp>ative peace1 & ex]cis$ ! privileges grant$ by ,edg>1 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,till ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ! royal fran*ise ( ,ely1 9 sev]al /atutes1 0 recognis$ z ! c\nty palat9e ( ,ely4 ,h5ry1 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 remodell$ ! privileges1 & ord]$ ! ju/ices ( oy] & t]m9]1 & gaol deliv]y1 & ju/ices ( ! peace = ! ,isle ( ,ely1 to be appo9t$ by lett]s pat5t "u ! ,great ,seal4 ,! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies also 0 ! means ( conv]t+ ! conv5tual *ur* into a ca!dral--mu* m appropriate to ! dignity ( ! ,bi%op1 ^: title _h be5 grant$1 z we h se51 by ,h5ry ,i4 9 #aajg4 ,?is ecclesia/ical build+1 fir/ a conv5tual & !n a ca!dral *ur*1 0 comm5c$ 9 #ajha1 & entirely complet$ 9 #aecd4 ,! d$ication to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,e!lr$a 0 *ang$ to ,! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,x is a magnific5t cruci=m /ructure1 display+ ! _m *anges t took place 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,norman ,conque/ d[n to ! late/ p]iod ( ,engli% /yle4 ,! ma9 feature is ! extraord9>y v>iety ( ar*es built accord+ to successive /yles4 ,?\gh ?is peculi> treatm5t sugge/s an unf9i%$ appe>ance1 x _c rob ! *ur* ( its wond]ful beauty4 ,!re is a dep>ture f ! g5]al plan ( o!r ca!drals4 ,! nave is cont9u$ ?r\gh an ext5d$ range ( twelve ar*es4 ,x belongs to ! ,late ,norman p]iod1 & its completion probably dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,f #aagd to #aahi ! we/]n t[] & ! transepts 7 built by ,bi%op ,ridall4 ,bi%op ,eu/ace1 betwe5 #aaih & #abae1 erect$ ! ,galilee or we/]n por*1 a noble ,e>ly ,engli% /ructure4 ,mu* at ! same "t a curi\s co9cid5t is noticeable4 ,bi%op ,pudsey 0 busy at ,durham build+ ! ,galilee or ,we/]n ,*apel1 :i* is su* a noble adjunct to t city's ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ely ,,f ,,! ,,f5s ,ely's *oir 0 orig9ally ,e>ly ,norman1 & t]m9at$ 9 an apse4 ,un=tunately ?is ,norman apse 0 de/roy$4 ,9 re/oration ! *ur* 0 ext5d$ ea/w>d by six m ar*es "u ! guidance ( ,bi%op ,nor?wold1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,8 addition is ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! c>v+ is v ri* & elaborate4 ,:ile ,bi%op ,ho?am 0 engag$ ^u ! build+ ( ! ,lady ,*apel1 ! ,norman t[] erect$ by ,abbot ,simeon tumbl$ d[n 9 #acba4 ,ho?am imm$iately replac$ x by an enl>g$ octagonal sub/itution4 ,on x he plac$ a l(ty lant]n ( wood1 a ri* ornam5t & 9 good keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! holy edifice4 ,?\gh ?is prelate des]ves e recognition1 yet we are mu* m indebt$ to ,alan ( ,wals+ham1 :o design$ ! ,lady ,*apel & ! octagonal t[] & lant]n s ably c>ri$ out by ,ho?am4 ,alan _h also made 8 influ5ce felt 9 ! *oir-bays ( ?is same ca!dral1 :]e he has s clev]ly pres]v$ & comb9$ ! old ,e>ly ,engli% elegance ( proportion ) ri*ness ( detail4 ,"u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,scott ! fabric has be5 ext5sively re/or$4 ,atta*$ to ! ,ca!dral is ! *ur* ( ,holy ,tr9ity2 x 0 =m]ly ! ,lady ,*apel ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 & is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect build+s ( t age4 ,ano!r h&some *ur* is t d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y1 & is p>tly ,norman & p>tly ,e>ly ,engli% 9 "*4 ,at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,j]emiah ,b5?am1 ! celebrat$ political writ]1 receiv$ ! rudim5ts ( 8 education4 ,! ,sessions ,h\se1 ! new ,corn ,ex*ange1 & ,me*anics' ,in/itute are o!r notable features ( ,ely4 ,an hi/oric relic1 n[ pres]v$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 is ! ,ely ,book4 ,x _c be pass$ ov] )\t a ^w4 ,on a page are portray$ ,e!lwold & ,k+ ,edg>1 b its *ief importance is ! record ( in/ructions receiv$ by ! commission]s to supply details & valuation ( prop]ty = ! ,doomsday ,book4 ,! inquiries & answ]s indicate t ,engl& _h already be5 divid$ up into manors1 & furni% besides a v>iety ( mo/ int]e/+ in=mation4 ,ano!r incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ely1 if n ( great importance to ! city1 is nev]!less an int]e/+ insight ( ! respective position ( ! ,*ur* & ,/ate soon aft] ! dissolution4 ,9 ! good days ( ,que5 ,bess1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ely receiv$ a royal rebuke4 ,9 ! great /ruggle betwe5 ! ,prote/ants1 or anti-papal _w1 & ! ,ca?olic reaction1 !re 0 little leisure = ! cl]gy to air _! grievances4 ,!y 7 compell$ to submit to ! w ( ! ,que5 & h] c\nsellor ,cecil1 f :om ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] ( ,cant]bury receiv$ 8 cue = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?\gh he enjoy$ ! p]sonal confid5ce ( ,elizabe? beyond any o!r ecclesia/ic ( ! "t1 8 compla9ts 7 unavail+4 ,! supremacy ( ! lay p[] ov] ! ecclesia/ical 0 too ?or\ghly accompli%$ to all[ ( ! ,*ur* to exi/ ap>t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ely1 = express+ unwill+ness to h& ov] ! g>d5s ( ,ely h\se to ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,hatton1 receiv$ a *>act]i/ic w>n+1 c\*$ 9 elegant language1 = 8 tem]ity4 ,by ,god1 ,i w unfrock y6 0 ! ,que5's graci\s answ] to ! d>+ prelate1 if he did n m5d 8 ways4 ,?r\gh ! cultivation ( its f]tile soil by m>ket-g>d5]s1 ,ely (f]s its produce to ! ,london m>ket4 ,a consid]able factory = e>!nw>e & tobacco-pipes1 & num]\s mills = ! prep>ation ( oil f flax1 hemp1 & cole-se$1 help to furni% ! trade res\rces ( ?is hi/orical t[n1 :i* is situat$ on ! riv] ,ouse1 9 ,cambridge%ire1 & j sixte5 miles f ! celebrat$ ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,gl\ce/] ,gl[ece/re4 ,doomsday ,book4 ,to ! long li/ ( ce/]s1 ! ,anglicis$ =m ( ! ,lat9 ,ca/ra 7camp71 mu/ be add$ ,gl\ce/]1 fam\s 9 m respects ?an "o2 ! city :]e ,h5ry ,i4 di$ f a surfeit ( lampreys1 :]e ,h5ry ,,ii4 held a great c\ncil 9 #aage1 :]e ! coronation ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 9 its abbey took place2 ! city :i* ! same mon>* lov$ bett] ?an ,london1 ! city extoll$ by ,b$e z "o ( ! noble/ 9 ! l&4 ,prior to ! ,roman invasion x is held to h be5 ( consid]able importance1 & to h orig9at$ f ! settlem5t ( a tribe ( ,britons1 call$ ! ,dobuni4 ,?is tribe1 ) t ( ! ,cornavii1 also controll$ ab\t ! same "t ! de/9ies ( ,worce/]1 n[ r5[n$ = its beautiful *9a4 ,by ! ,dobuni ! city 0 call$ ,co] ,gl\1 ei!r out ( complim5t to its f\nd] ,gl[i1 a native1 ) ! mean+1 ! city ( ,gl[i1 or because ! same ,briti% words1 accord+ to ano!r int]pretation & its reputation1 c be r5d]$ ! fair city4 ,9 ! ye> #dg ?is /ronghold pass$ into ! ,roman possession1 "u ,aulus ,plautius1 & accord+ to ,ri*>d ( ,cir5ce/]1 a colony 0 e/abli%$4 ,?is he /yles ,glebon1 :il/ ! ,it9]>y ( ,anton9e & o!r anci5t records ent] x z ,glevum ,colonia4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ^u ! ,roman classification ( t[ns 9 ,engl& discloses a v important p>ticul>4 ,x adds consid]able weight to ! description ( ! city by ! au?ors j quot$4 ,_! /atem5ts t ,gl\ce/] 0 classifi$ z a colony call$ ,glevum seem$ to be borne out by a tomb/one f\nd at ,rome4 ,x purports to be 9 memory ( a citiz5 ( ,glevum4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! supposition t ,glevum 0 ! hon\rable title be/[$ ^u an ,engli% t[n ( importance made a colony by ,n]va4 ,?is p]iod w\ld be betwe5 #if & #ih ,a4,d4 ,?is date 9 no way combats ! orig9al "o ( #dg ,a4,d4 ,x is only int5d$ to %[ t ,gl\ce/] at ! lat] p]iod _h become a colony ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-gov]nm5t1 =m+ a unit ( ! ,great ,roman ,empire4 ,! di/rict to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! pres5t city1 call$ ,k+'s ,holme1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! actual site ( ! ,roman camp4 ,close to x 0 also ! palace belong+ to ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s ( ,m]cia1 :i* 0 call$ ,regia ,domus4 ,r\nd ab\t ?is spot q a valuable collection ( ,roman rema9s has be5 made1 :i*1 besides e/abli%+ ! fact ( _! occupation1 h help$ ar*aeologi/s to =m a correct e/imation ( ! habits & cu/oms ( ! ,lat9 invad]s4 ,:5 ! press+ ne$s ( ,rome requir$ ! return ( all h] legions1 ,gl\ce/] came to be gov]n$ by ,eldol1 :o 0 a ,briti% *ief4 ,he surviv$ ! t]rible massacre ( ! ,britons by ! ,saxons at ,/oneh5ge1 & 9 #dhi rev5g$ _! memory by kill+ ,h5gi/1 ! ,saxon *ief1 at ! battle ( ,mae%ill 9 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gl\ce/] ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,f ! ,britons ! city 9 #egg 0 captur$ by ! ,saxons4 ,!y call$ x ,gleauancea/]1 :i* exi/s to ?is day "u ! contract$ =m ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,at t "t x 0 includ$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,wessex1 & 0 aft]w>ds annex$ to t ( ,m]cia4 ,9 ! mean:ile tradition says t a bi%op's see 0 f\nd$ at ,gl\ce/] 9 ! second c5tury4 ,lucius1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,brita91 is held to be ! f\nd]1 & is also suppos$ to h be5 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y de ,lode ( ?is city4 ,) all respect to tradition1 ?is c only be accept$ ) res]vation4 ,if true1 ! pres5t *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y de ,lode des]ves f> great] recognition ?an x receives4 ,?\gh evid5tly an old f\ndation mu* re/or$1 x c h>dly lay claim to su* antiquity4 ,9 all probability a temple to "s ,roman deity exi/$1 :i*1 by conflict+ acc\nts ( hi/orians1 gave rise to ! supposition ( an e>ly e/abli%$ see4 ,?\gh !re is pro( t ,*ri/ianity exi/$ dur+ ! ,roman occupation ( ,engl&1 x seems m likely t1 aft] _! g5]al exodus f ! isl& 9 #dah1 a diocese1 if any1 0 soon aft] e/abli%$ at ,gl\ce/]1 ov] :i* ,eldad presid$ 9 #dij4 ,?is fir/ bi%opric1 on ! subv]sion ( ! c\ntry by ! ,anglo-,saxons1 mu/ h become ext9ct2 = ! next we he> ( x is :51 z "p ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia1 ! entire c\nty ( ,gl\ce/] is includ$ 9 ! diocese ( ,li*field at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ au!ntic evid5ce ( mona/icism appe>s 9 ! ye> #fgi1 :5 ! holy bre?r5 f\nd$ _! e/abli%m5t4 ,"u ! auspices ( ,wulfh]e1 !n ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 ?is priory 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,oswald1 & 9 ! same ye> 0 annex$ to ! newly e/abli%$ see ( ,worce/]4 ,x aft]w>ds became ! abbey4 ,! city's importance 9 ! same ye> 0 consid]ably increas$ by ! royal patron4 ,! ,k+'s bro!r & successor1 ,e!lr$1 nev]!less1 complet$ ! ecclesia/ical build+1 :i* "s cont5d 0 a nunn]y4 ,?is ! ,danes de/roy$4 ,x 0 !n ref\nd$ = ! reception ( secul> prie/s 9 #hba1 by ,b]nulf1 ,k+ ( ,m]cia4 ,z e>ly z #ifd1 9 a *>t] to ! monks ( ,worce/] dat$ at ,gl\ce/]1 ,edg> /yles ?is a royal city4 ,sev]al times x suff]$ f ! incursions ( ! ,danes 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & m especially s 9 ! t5?1 :5 x 0 tak5 & ne>ly de/roy$ by fire 9 ! reign ( ,e!lr$ ,,ii4 ,?is mon>*'s reign seems to h be5 a disa/r\s "o = ! k+dom4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?r\gh ! ambiti\s s*emes ( 8 "m ,elfrida1 :o caus$ 8 /epbro!r ,edw>d to be murd]$1 he wrongfully occupi$ ! ?rone 9 #igi4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 tragic dea? ,edw>d came to be /yl$ ! ,m>tyr4 ,a reign ?us inauspici\sly comm5c$ prov$ to be a con/ant /ruggle aga9/ ! ,danes4 ,! ,k+ acquir$ ! "n ( ,e!lr$ ! ,unready2 = :5 ! ,danes attack$ ! k+dom1 in/ead ( be+ prep>$ to repel !m1 he endeav\r$ to c\nt]act ! evil ) l>ge sums ( money4 ,z ?is only s]v$ z a fur!r inc5tive to fre% invasions1 ,e!lr$ ev5tually comp\nd$ ) !m 9 #iid4 ,on condition t ^! plund]+ exp$itions %\ld cease1 he (f]$ !m tribute4 ,?is is ! fir/ m5tion we get ( ! danegelt1 z x 0 call$4 ,) ! exception ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 x cont9u$ to be levi$ almo/ )\t int]ruption till ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,! only b5efit t ,e!lr$'s reign conf]r$ ^u 8 subjects 0 ! act ( atonem5t made by ,elfrida4 ,to ease h] consci5ce & remorse = ! murd] ( ,edw>d1 %e caus$ ! f\ndation ( sev]al mona/]ies1 & p]=m$ p5ances4 ,edmund ,ironsides1 :o succe$$ 9 #ajaf1 0 ! exact opposite 9 "* to 8 fa!r ,e!lr$4 ,he cont9u$ a s]i\s ob/acle to ,canute & 8 ,danes4 ,aft] ! la/ ( five pit*$ battles ,canute & he agre$ to divide ! k+dom betwe5 !m3 ,canute to h ,m]cia & ,nor?umb]l&1 & ,edmund ! rema9d]4 ,h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! murd] ( ,edmund a few days aft]1 at ,ox=d1 ,canute usurp$ ! ?rone ( ,engl& 9 #ajag4 ,dur+ 8 reign ( eighte5 ye>s1 except = a dispute ) ,scotl& ov] ,cumb]l&1 ! c\ntry enjoy$ peace at home4 ,?is peaceful t]m1 9 conjunction ) ! pass+ ov] ( ! dread$ mill5nium1 :5 ! end ( ! _w _h be5 expect$1 caus$ ! great build+ activity :i*1 "u ! ,norman ,conque/1 atta9$ su* wond]ful results4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! trade res\rces ( ,gl\ce/]1 ev5 be=e ! ,conque/1 _h greatly advanc$1 & _h probably outdi/anc$ 9 ratio ^? ( m important comm]cial c5tres ( ,engl&4 ,no d\bt ! natives _h le>n$ _m hi!rto unkn[n indu/rial arts f ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gl\ce/] ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,old ,,p>liam5t ,,h\se ,a native art & civilisation exi/$ 9 ! ,isl&1 we "k1 be=e ! ,roman ,conque/4 ,great skill 9 enamell+1 claim$ by ! anci5ts to be ( ,celtic orig91 & ! primitive abundance ( gold & t91 work$1 z hi/ory relates1 by ! ,pho5icians1 enc\rag$ a c]ta9 degree ( native excell5ce 9 metal "w4 ,besides ?is1 ! gold co9age & o!r signs ( _! +5uity1 by rema9s discov]$ 9 ,york%ire & else:]e1 illu/rate t v>i\s bran*es ( art exi/$ a matt] ( a c5tury & a half be=e ! ,roman ,conque/4 ,yet x is only reasonable to suspect t ! inhabitants ( ,gl\ce/] & ( ! o!r camps pr(it$ greatly f ! f> bett] k & te*nique br\ght by ! invad] f ,rome1 ! ackn[l$g$ c5tre ( civilisation at t "t4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! ,roman influ5ce mu/ h left "s result4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,gl\ce/] has x t a m9t exi/$ at ! "t ( ,alfr$4 ,x evid5tly fell into disuse1 = a m9t 0 aga9 e/abli%$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,john4 ,he also grant$ ! burgesses exemption f toll1 & %[]$ o!r m>ks ( royal fav\r4 ,z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury1 ,long ,smi? ,/reet d]iv$ its "n f ! num]\s artisans :o dwell$ !re4 ,!y 7 employ$ 9 =ges = ! smelt+ ( ore4 ,iron-f\nd+ & clo?-mak+ 7 also 9 full sw+4 ,felt-mak+1 sug>-ref9+1 & glass-manufacture all fl\ri%$ at "o "t or ano!r4 ,p9-mak+ 0 introduc$ by a ,mr4 ,john ,tilsby 9 #afbe1 & until q rec5tly =m$ ! /aple trade ( ! place4 ,bell-f\nd+1 once a feature1 no long] is practis$4 ,9 its c>e] ( ne>ly two c5turies close ^u #e1jjj bells ( diff]5t sizes _h be5 ca/4 ,) ! exception ( f\ndries1 _m mod]n indu/ries h supplant$ ! old1 & include mat* works1 m>ble & slate works1 saw mills & fl\r mills1 *emical works1 rope works1 railway wagon & eng9e factories1 agricultural implem5ts1 & %ip-build+ y>ds2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,gl\ce/] is reckon$ z a port4 ,x exports su* valuable commodities z iron1 coals1 malt1 salt1 bricks1 & pott]y4 ,! t[n is also celebrat$ = its ,sev]n salmon & lampreys4 ,9 discuss+ ! res\rces ( ,gl\ce/]1 no reg>d has be5 paid to ! prop] di/ribution ( dates4 ,a leap f ! elev5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 unavoidably made1 & to *ronicle ! *ief ev5ts x is necess>y to g back to ! ye> #ajbb1 :5 a *ange 0 made 9 ,b]nulf's f\ndation4 ,?is ye> saw ! ejection ( ! secul> prie/s & ! introduction ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks by ,canute4 ,9 spite ( opposition1 ! new ord] manag$ to keep possession ( ! mona/]y till ! dissolution4 ,! abbey f\nd$ by ,aldr$1 ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 a few ye>s be=e ! ,norman ,conque/ s]v$ z ! basis ( ! pres5t ca!dral4 ,?is transition took place f #ajgb till #aajd1 "u ,abbot ,s]le4 ,9 #acha ,walt] ,froce/]1 its hi/orian1 became its fir/ mitr$ abbot4 ,"h aga9 we h an in/ance ( a ,norman build+ =m+ ! backbone to subsequ5t p]iods ( ,go?ic & ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,?\gh ea* /yle is di/9ct1 ! t\t ensemble is 9 su* p]fect h>mony t x calls = ! greate/ admiration = ! wond]ful skill ( ! sev]al ar*itects4 ,! plan ( ! ,ca!dral is ! usual symbol ( ! cross4 ,9 ! c5tre !re is ! beautiful fifte5?-c5tury t[]4 ,its mass ( detail & pi]c$ "w give x an air ( elegance & lightness4 ,! olde/ portions are ! nave1 ! *antry *apels1 :i* are apsidal & are on ei!r side ( ! *oir1 & ! crypt4 ,^! are suppos$ to h belong$ to ,aldr$'s abbey1 :i* may ?us be tak5 to h become incorporat$ 9 ! pres5t build+4 ,!y are ( ,norman orig91 or r date a few ye>s be=e ! ,conque/4 ,no d\bt ^! p>ts came1 m or less1 to be t\*$ up & re/or$ by ! ,normans4 ,9 #abdh1 ! ro( ( ! nave1 an ,e>ly ,engli% addition to ! massive ,norman nave1 0 f9i%$ by ,abbot ,h5ry ,foliot4 ,! ,*apt] ,h\se also is ,norman4 ,comp>$ ) ^? at ,wells & ,l9coln1 its simplicity is /rik+4 ,x diff]s also 9 ano!r respect4 ,belong+1 z x did1 to a ,b5$ict9e *ur*1 x foll[s ! %ape usually f\nd 9 *ur*es ( t ord]2 namely1 ! squ>e4 ,! s\? aisle 0 comm5c$ by ,abbot ,?okey 9 #acaj1 & ! s\? transept 9 #accj4 ,ab\t ! same "t build+ op]ations 7 comm5c$ = ! nor? transept & ! *oir4 ,! latt] 0 f9i%$ 9 #adeg4 ,to ! nor? ( ! nave lie ! cloi/]s4 ,^! =m a mo/ wond]ful ,e>ly example ( fan-trac]y1 con/ruct$ "s "t betwe5 #acea & #acij4 ,"h 9 ! s\? end ( ! cloi/]s 7 set ap>t a s]ies ( /alls1 bett] kn[n z ! c>rels1 9 :i* ! monks /udi$ & wrote4 ,!y may h und]gone great h>d%ips & au/]ities1 b !y evid5tly _h a great s5se ( beauty4 ,!y h left u ! f9e/ works ( ar*itecture possible1 :i* h n be5 surpass$ by any mod]n erection4 ,! we/ front1 & ! s\? por* ) fan-trac]i$ ro(1 7 add$ 9 #adba4 ,! tri=ium1 c>ri$ r\nd 9 a curve "u ! great ea/ w9d[1 =ms a n>r[ passageway f "o side ( ! *oir to ! o!r4 ,?is =mation1 curi\sly en\gh1 has con/itut$ q a feature at ,gl\ce/]4 ,x is call$ ! :isp]+ gall]y4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ar*itect int5d$ x4 ,/4 ,paul's1 9 ,london1 af=ds ano!r simil> example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gl\ce/] ,,f ,,! ,,paddock ,! sculptor's art is repres5t$ by _m tombs ( c]ta9 m]it4 ,!re is ! tomb erect$ by ,abbot ,p>k] to ! memory ( ,osric1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 :o 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! mona/]y1 & :o di$ ab\t ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ! nor? aisle lead+ to ! ,lady ,*apel--:i* by ! way1 ) its squ>e end+ appe>s l an aft]-?\ght1 ext5d$ ea/w>ds1 z x 71 f ! apsidal t]m9ation ( ! *oir--is a monum5t cov]+ ! rema9s ( ,rob]t ,duke ( ,norm&y1 ! elde/ son ( ! ,conqu]or4 ,he 0 a b5efactor to ! old abbey4 ,8 effigy 9 col\r$ bog oak is dispos$ 9 a recumb5t attitude on an alt>-tomb4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 among/ :i* t ( ,dr4 ,j5n]1 fam\s = ! introduction ( vacc9ation into g5]al practice1 comm&s great att5tion4 ,rob]t ,raikes is also repres5t$4 ,he & ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,/ock1 a rector ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ?is city1 %>e ! hon\r ( hav+ e/abli%$ ! fir/ ,sunday s*ool 9 ,engl&1 :i* 0 held 9 ,gl\ce/]4 ,"s au?orities1 h[ev]1 cont5d t ! rev]5d g5tleman 0 ! orig9ator ( ! ,sunday s*ool1 ?\gh !y d n d5y t ,raikes1 ?r\gh 8 unwe>i$ ex]tions1 promot$ ! increase ( ^! in/itutions ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,b ( all ! monum5ts1 t erect$ by ! monks ( ,gl\ce/] to ! memory ( ,edw>d ( ,c>n>von des]ves ! mo/ att5tion1 n only = its beauty1 b because x s]v$ z ! type = ! ,go?ic sculptors to copy dur+ two c5turies4 ,! recumb5t effigy is h$g$ 9 by a s]ies ( elaborately decorat$ %afts1 =m+ a k9d ( op5-"w grille1 ) p9nacles & ni*es4 ,ov]head x is cov]$ 9 ) ri*ly ornam5t$ ,go?ic "w4 ,?is %r9e1 con/ruct$ to receive ! body ( ! murd]$ ,edw>d ,,ii41 convey$ ?i!r f ,b]keley ,ca/le by ,abbot ,?okey1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,edw>d ,,iii4's reign cont9u$ to attract va/ numb]s ( pilgrims4 ,_! (f]+s soon br\ght 9 a great rev5ue1 :i* 0 sp5t n on rebuild+ ! *ur*1 b 9 re/or+ ! surface1 9 putt+ new w9d[s 9 ! old walls1 &1 g5]ally1 9 adapt+ ! twelf?-c5tury build+ to ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is way ! orig9al ,norman "w =ms ! skeleton to ! ,p]p5dicul> cas+4 ,9 #aeda ! ,ca!dral 0 sep>at$ f ! diocese ( ,worce/] by ,h5ry ,,viii4 & made a di/9ct bi%opric4 ,besides ?is magnific5t pile1 ,gl\ce/] possesses f\r o!r *ur*es1 :i* des]ve "s slight notice4 ,!re is ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y de ,lode1 said to conta9 ! rema9s ( ,lucius1 ! fir/ ,briti% k+4 ,x has an int]e/+ old *ancel1 & a monum5t to ,bi%op ,hoop]4 ,/4 ,m>y de ,crypt is a cruci=m build+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ) a beautiful l(ty t[]4 ,! curfew bell is /ill rung f ! t[] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 :i* is said to h be5 connect$ ) ! anci5t abbey ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 orig9ally ,norman1 is n[ an anci5t /ructure ( ! ,e>ly /yle ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,( s*ools1 "o 0 ref\nd$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 = ! education ( ! ca!dral *oir4 ,ano!r 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! same reign by ,dame ,joan ,cooke1 & 0 call$ ! ,crypt ,s*ool1 f ! fact ( its s*oolroom adjo9+ ! *ur* ( ! same "n4 ,sir ,?omas ,ri*1 a native ( ,gl\ce/]1 9 #afff f\nd$ ! ,blue-,coat ,hospital1 mu* on ! same l9es z t ( ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 rec5tly remov$ f ,london to ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s t 7 tak5 9 beautify+ ! ,ca!dral1 we mu/ n =get t ! city 0 /ruggl+ ) v>y+ =tune4 ,x might almo/ be call$ a royal city1 s (t5 0 x visit$ by pr9ces1 7 x n t ,w9*e/] claims t di/9ction4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ,/eph5 & ! ,empress ,matilda1 ,gl\ce/] always accord$ a welcome to ! ,empress4 ,?i!r %e is said to h escap$ aft] ! siege ( ,w9*e/]1 c>ri$ 9 a c(f94 ,if n true1 ! /ory is well f\nd$4 ,! city 0 captur$ f ,h5ry ,,iii4 by ! b>ons 9 #abfc4 ,9 "o ( ! _m ,p>liam5ts held at ,gl\ce/]1 7 pass$1 9 #abgi1 ! laws connect$ ) ! ,/atute ( ,quo ,w>ranto1 bett] kn[n z ! ,/atutes ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,9 #acbg ,edw>d ,,ii4 0 assass9at$ 9 ,b]keley ,ca/le by 8 keep]1 ,sir ,?omas ,g\rnay1 & ,john de ,maltrav]s1 ,"l ,b]keley4 ,f ?is "t ,gl\ce/] seems to h enjoy$ comp>ative peace1 ?\gh its c\nty 0 ! !atre ( sev]al important hi/orical ev5ts enact$ 9 its cities ( ,*i*e/] & ,tewkesbury4 ,! latt] is especially memorable = ! great & decisive battle1 9 :i* ! ,lanca/rians 7 totally defeat$1 9 #adga4 ,on t occasion ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 h] son ,pr9ce ,edw>d1 & h] g5]al1 ! ,duke ( ,som]set1 7 tak5 prison]s by ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,aft] ! battle ,pr9ce ,edw>d 0 murd]$ & ! ,duke ( ,som]set behead$4 ,9 ! great conte/ betwe5 ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,p>liam5t1 ! city ( ,gl\ce/]1 x is true1 became an object ( importance to ! success ( ! royal cause4 ,! city 01 h[ev]1 successfully def5d$ = ! ,p>liam5t by ,colonel ,massie1 till reliev$ 9 #afdc by ! ,e>l ( ,essex4 ,9 ! meantime ,*i*e/] 0 tak5 by ,pr9ce ,rup]t4 ,! subject-matt] ( ?is city has unconsci\sly l$ u to introduce ,tewkesbury & ,*i*e/]4 ,hav+ gone s f> we _c close )\t fir/ draw+ att5tion to ! exi/5ce ( ?ree o!r cities t prom95tly /& out 9 ?is same c\nty ( ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,!y are ,*elt5ham1 ! home ( ! fam\s public s*ool2 ,tewkesbury1 :]e ! decisive battle ( ! ,roses 0 f\ght2 & ,bri/ol1 ! great port situat$ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,sev]n1 ! riv] on ! banks ( :i* lies ?is anci5t ca!dral city ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,h]e=d ,h]e=d4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,on ! bord]s ( ,wales is ,h]e=d%ire1 & almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\nty is its anci5t capital1 ,h]e=d4 ,a ,roman /ation is suppos$ to h be5 9 ! neighb\rhood1 "u ! "n ( ,ariconium1 :i* is consid]$ to be id5tical ) ! pres5t ,k5*e/]4 ,! pres5t "n ( ,h]e=d is d]iv$ f ! pure ,saxon4 ,l ,ox=d1 x _h no bridges at fir/4 ,z ! riv] _h to be cross$1 ! %all[e/ "p 0 *os54 ,?is consid]ation probably det]m9$ ! site ( ,h]e=d to be ^u ! left bank ( ! riv] ,wye1 & ! pass ov] x 0 call$ by ! ,saxons1 ,"h-=d1 or ,milit>y =d4 ,we glean little in=mation ( ?is place till ! sev5? c5tury4 ,an episcopal see is /at$ to h exi/$ 9 ?is place be=e ! invasion ( ,brita9 by ! ,saxons4 ,f ?is unc]ta9ty we arrive at some?+ m def9ite1 :i* took place 9 #fee4 ,oswy1 !n ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 9 t ye> made ,h]e=d "p ( ! diocese ( ,li*field1 :i* already wield$ jurisdiction ov] ! :ole ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia4 ,a few ye>s lat] x 0 decid$ by a synod held "h "u ! presid5cy ( ,!odore1 !n ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 #fgc1 to make a division ( ! diocese ( ,li*field4 ,v naturally ,wil=d1 !n bi%op ( t see1 refus$ to recognise ! decree1 & = ?is piece ( contumacy 0 subsequ5tly depriv$ ( "p ( 8 diocese4 ,8 successor1 ,sexulph1 h[ev]1 0 m am5able1 & ) 8 cons5t ,h]e=d 0 deta*$ f ,li*field & re/or$ to its orig9al indep5d5ce z a sep>ate diocese4 ,putta 0 /raightway translat$ f ,ro*e/] ,see to become ! fir/ bi%op ( ,h]e=d 9 #fhj4 ,?is in/ance is "o ( _m su* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! %uffl+ ( dioceses1 ! enl>gem5t ( "o at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 :e!r f motives ( malice or a s5se ( "r di/ribution1 occurs usually 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 & also at ! g5]al w9d+ up ( ! mona/]ies 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,h]e=d 0 by no means ! only see t suff]$ ^! *anges4 ,x 0 simply a unit 9 ! great policy ( weld+ toge!r ! *ur*es ( ! sev]al k+doms into "o :ole1 :i* _h nev] be5 c>ri$ into effect till ,!odore ( ,t>sus came to ,engl&4 ,he 0 a ,greek monk little kn[n till ! ,pope elect$ to fill ! vacant ar*bi%opric ( ,cant]bury4 ,only ?ree bi%ops 7 left 9 ! :ole ( ,engl&2 ( ^! two 7 rivals = ! ,see ( ,york1 & ! ?ird _h b\ght ! ,see ( ,london4 ,! fir/ ?+ t ,!odore did aft] 8 arrival 0 to travel ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,by consecrat+ new bi%ops & creat+ a ?or\gh organisation1 he acquir$ a complete und]/&+ ) ! ,*ur*4 ,he also in/itut$ a sy/em ( synods1 :i* he int5d$ %\ld meet annually to discuss ! g5]al welf>e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to h fall5 into disuse4 ,9 all1 ,!odore manag$ to divide ,engl& into a matt] ( fifte5 dioceses1 ?r\gh ! subdivision ( ! old dioceses4 ,truly a great a*ievem5t :5 we rememb] t ! conv]sion ( ! ,engli% k+doms mo/ly dep5d$ ^u ! good-w ( _! respective k+s4 ,?us x came ab\t t "o k+ 9 ea* k+dom _h "o bi%op1 g5]ally 8 *apla9 at fir/1 :o took 8 title1 n f a see1 b f ! p4 ,he 0 ei!r bi%op ( ,m]cia1 or ,nor?umbria1 or "s o!r l>ge k+dom4 ,z we h se5 9 ! collision ) ,wil=d1 ,!odore's policy did n suit e prelate's views4 ,8 influ5ce1 h[ev]1 effect$ ! in/allation ( ?ree bi%ops 9 ,nor?umbria1 f\r 9 ,m]cia1 two 9 ,ea/ ,anglia1 & two 9 ,wessex4 ,k5t already _h two s9ce #fjd4 ,?us ! result 0 ! complete conv]sion ( ,engl&1 effect$ by ,!odore f ab\t #fgc to #fhh ,a4,d4 ,prior to ! eigh? c5tury ,h]e=d is kn[n to h be5 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia1 z x is n[ ( ,h]e=d%ire1 :i* is mu* r$uc$ 9 size4 ,f ! ye>s #gfe to #gia ,m]cia 0 gov]n$ by ,k+ ,(fa4 ,ap>t f 8 connection ) ! ,ca!dral ( ,h]e=d1 8 reign mu/ possess "s int]e/ to ! collectors ( co9s4 ,= ?\gh ! die-s9k]'s art 0 practis$ 9 ,engl& z f> back z ! ,roman occupation1 & an indig5\s co9age came into exi/5ce 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 x is n till ?is mon>*'s reign t g5u9e ,engli% co9age 0 prop]ly 9 curr5cy4 ,x appe>s t ,(fa _h to pay an annual tribute ( #cfe mancuses 9 co9 to ! ,pope4 ,z a mancus 0 equal to #cj p5nies1 ! sum 0 a consid]able "o4 ,9 ! ye> #ghb an ev5t occurr$ :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,f ,m>d51 ! orig9al place ( sepulture1 ! body ( ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,angles 7:o1 by ! way1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t1 :o welcom$ ,/4 ,augu/9e71 0 remov$ to ,h]e=d4 ,he _h be5 trea*]\sly sla9 by 8 int5d$ "m-9-law1 ! ,que5 ( ,m]cia4 ,9 expiation ( ! murd] ,k+ ,(fa1 ) munific5t donations1 enabl$ a nobleman call$ ,milfride1 a vic]oy "u ,egb]t1 to f\nd ! ,ca!dral ab\t #hbe4 ,! build+ 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y & ,/4 ,e!lb]t4 ,x fell into decay 9 less ?an two c5turies & necessitat$ a rebuild+ dur+ ! prelacy ( ,bi%op ,a!l/an1 betwe5 #ajab & #ajae4 ,x 0 burnt by ! ,wel% 9 #ajee1 & rema9$ 9 ru9s till #ajgi1 :5 ! fir/ ,norman bi%op1 ,rob]t ( ,lorra9e1 0 appo9t$ to ! ,see4 ,he comm5c$ a new edifice on ! l9es ( ,ak51 n[ ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on1 ) ! exception ( ! t[] left to be erect$ by ,bi%op ,giles de ,braos 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 by ,bi%op ,raynelm1 9 #aajg1 & ev5tually complet$ 9 #aadh by ,bi%op ,r4 de ,betum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]e=d ,,! ,,nor? ,,transept ,! plan is ! usual cross4 ,a l(ty t[] rises f ! int]section1 & 0 =m]ly surm\nt$ by a spire1 tak5 d[n = safety's sake4 ,! scre5 & r]$os1 ! pill>s1 ! ar*es ( naves1 & ! nor? & s\? ar*es ( ! *oir belong to ! ,norman p]iod4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% claims ! tri=ium1 ! ,lady ,*apel1 cl]e/ory1 & ! /one vault+4 ,! nor? transept is by ,bi%op ,aquablanca1 #abde-abfh1 :il/ ! s\?-ea/ transept dates f ! ,late ,decorat$ /yle4 ,= ov] #dej ye>s a numb] ( additions & re/orations h af=d$ e facility = ! skill ( ! ar*itect1 n always happily tak5 advantage (4 ,! great we/]n t[] un=tunately fell d[n 9 #aghf1 & caus$ consid]able damage to ! we/ front & adjac5t "w4 ,mr4 ,wyatt1 dur+ mod]n re/orations1 9 #ahdb & #ahfc1 rebuilt ! t[]4 ,! we/ front1 soon aft] its mis=tune1 0 re/or$ 9 a /yle diff]5t f ! orig9al4 ,! :ole ext]ior ( ?is edifice pres5ts a curi\s v>iety ( ar*itectural /yle4 ,?is capitulation ( bi%ops & dates is possibly dry read+1 b x is absolutely necess>y to det]m9e ! date ( ! diff]5t erections & re/orations1 & _! successive /yles ( ar*itecture4 ,ne> ! *oir 0 ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,e!lb]t1 :i* 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! ,commonweal? ( ,cromwell4 ,ano!r attraction to ! pilgrims 0 ! tomb erect$ to ! memory ( ,bi%op ,cantelupe1 :o di$ 9 #abhb4 ,8 he>t 0 br\ght to ,h]e=d & buri$ 9 ! nor? transept ( ! ,ca!dral1 & he 0 canonis$ 9 #acaj4 ,! pilgrims resort$ to ?is place1 z x 0 reput$ t no less ?an f\r hundr$ miracles _h be5 p]=m$ !re4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! succe$+ bi%ops alt]$ ! qu>t]+s ( _! anci5t arms1 :i* 7 ^? ( ,/4 ,e!lb]t1 & assum$ ! pat]nal coat ( ,cantelupe4 ,?is *ange con/itutes ! pres5t arms ( ! bi%opric4 ,among/ _m o!r memorials is "o to ,bi%op ,aquablanca4 ,a pla9 m>ble tablet 0 also erect$ to ! memory ( ,john ,philips1 a well-kn[n au?or ( poems entitl$ ,! ,spl5did ,%ill+1 & ,cyd]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ item1 z well z ! mo/ curi\s ( all ! old maps1 is ! ,mappa ,mundi1 pres]v$ 9 ! s\? *oir aisle4 ,x 0 compil$ some:]e ab\t #abge to #acjj1 by a monk ( ,l9coln4 ,h[ x ev] came to ,h]e=d appe>s to be an enigma4 ,! mo/ likely solution is t ! monk may h be5 transf]r$ f ,l9coln to ?is see4 ,! ,h]e=d ,map1 z x is call$1 is a great picture1 m to be class$ z a grotesque "w ( art ?an a valuable aid to geography4 ,x is1 at lea/1 a gigantic attempt to repres5t ! :ole _w1 ) ! introduction ( ! ma9 features1 ! p1 indu/ries1 & products ( ea* c\ntry4 ,x is "o mass ( leg5d>y figures1 & ! f>!r we get f ,engl&1 :i* is h>dly recognisable1 ! m grotesque & improbable become ! mon/]s4 ,! ,m9otaurs & ,gog-,magog ( ,t>t>y1 ! dog-fac$1 ! horse-foot$1 & flap-e>$ freaks ( nature ( ! f> ea/1 toge!r ) ! "o-legg$1 "o-ey$1 f\r-ey$1 headless1 & h]maphrodite tribes :o fr+e ! ,torrid ,zone1 give u an int]e/+ idea ( ! imposition by travell]s ^u ! m9ds ( ! p ( t p]iod1 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 ! fi%es1 suppos$ to be peculi> to ea* sea1 are c>efully depict$4 ,truly x is a wond]ful "w ( imag9ation1 n ! less to be respect$ = t1 & q alone des]ves a j\rney to ,h]e=d4 ,an epitome ( ! *ief hi/orical ev5ts ( ! city w be a suffici5t guide to its /atus4 ,except cid] mak+1 x has no indu/ries ( special note4 ,to ! =tifications erect$ 9 ! "t ( ,a!l/an1 & ne>ly p]fect$ 9 ,lel&'s "t1 0 add$ a ca/le by ,edw>d ! ,eld]4 ,9 #ajee1 two miles f ?is place1 ,griffi? ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales defeat$ ,ralph ,e>l ( ,h]e=d2 & ! ,wel%1 hav+ ?us tak5 ! city1 sp5t _! "t 9 r$uc+ x to a heap ( ru9s4 ,h>old1 aft]w>ds k+1 attack$ & defeat$ ! ,wel%1 & repair$ & enl>g$ ! =tifications 9 view ( fur!r invasions4 ,9 ! conflicts betwe5 ,/eph5 & ! ,empress ,maud1 ,h]e=d 0 successfully def5d$ = ! latt] by ,milo1 to be r$uc$ by ! ,k+ 9 #aada4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p>liam5t>y w>1 ,h]e=d 0 g>rison$ = ! ,k+1 b surr5d]$1 )\t a bl[ be+ /ruck1 to ! army ( ,sir ,william ,wall] 9 #afdc4 ,on ! retreat ( ?is knight ! ,royali/s occupi$ x1 & "u ! gov]nor%ip ( ,b>nabas ,scudamore1 ,esquire1 made a /ubborn resi/ance aga9/ ! ,scots1 "u ! ,e>l ( ,lev51 & oblig$ !m to raise ! siege4 ,! inhabitants1 at ! ,re/oration1 = _! loyalty to ! royal cause1 receiv$ f ,*>les ,,ii4 a new *>t] ) ext5d$ privileges1 & new h]aldic arms te/ify+ to _! fidelity to ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t4 ,previ\s to ?is ,*>les ,i4 _h be5 g5]\s en\gh to rew>d ! _m sacrifices & suff]+s ( ! loyal citiz5s by grant+ ! city its motto ( ,invictae fidelitatis praemium4 ,l9coln ,l9colia4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,! comm]cial importance ( ,l9coln1 :atev] x may be n[1 0 at "o "t consid]able4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,norman survey x comm&$ suffici5t att5tion to cause ! entry ( ! city 9 ! ,doomsday ,book z "o ( ! lead+ c5tres ( comm]ce4 ,?is happy /ate 0 cont9u$1 or r increas$1 by ! fam\s ,ord9ance ( ! ,/aple 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,he 0 an ambiti\s mon>*1 & desir$ to become ma/] ( ,france4 ,if we recall ! battles ( ,cressy & ,poiti]s1 we c readily und]/& :at an enorm\s exp5diture w\ld be requir$ = ! prop] conduct ( ! w>4 ,by "s means or o!r ! ,engli% rev5ues _h to be f\nd4 ,?is 0 met to a great ext5t by ! ,ord9ance ( ! ,wool ,/aple1 enact$ by ,edw>d ,,iii41 :o1 besides wag+ w> 9 ,france1 0 ke5 on ! ext5sion ( =eign trade4 ,by *>t]s grant$ to m]*ants ( ,gascony1 :o import$ w9e & o!r commodities1 & by giv+ special protection to ! ,flemi% weav]s 9 ,engl&1 ! ,k+ enhanc$ ! prospects ( trade4 ,b ! mo/ important ( all 8 comm]cial projects 01 z we h said1 8 s*eme1 f9ally decl>$ 9 #acec1 by :i* a /aple = ,engli% exports 0 e/abli%$ "u ! direct control ( ! ,cr[n4 ,?us ! monopoly ( wool1 :i* accru$ s advantage\sly to ,bruges & o!r cities on ! ,cont95t1 & _h become unbe>able1 0 9 #acec transf]r$ to ,engl&4 ,= ! exclusive sale ( wool t5 ,engli% t[ns 7 *os54 ,!y 7 situat$ )9 easy di/ance ( ! coa/1 or ! t[n 0 9 connection ) a conv5i5t port4 ,( ^! t5 t[ns ) correspond+ ports1 ,l9coln ) ,bo/on 0 *os5 z a /aple t[n = wool4 ,?is ) o!r s\rces ( trade1 su* z ! /aple ( lead & lea!r1 fl\ri%$ 9 ,l9coln f ,edw>d ,,iii4's "t till ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! trade ( ! t[n decl9$4 ,?r\gh ! sev]al plagues preval5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 su* z ! black dea? & o!r epidemics simil> 9 dea?-deal+ if n 9 "* at t "t1 especially ab\t ! ye> #acij1 _m t[ns 9 ,engl& 7 mu* decay$4 ,except ,london1 ,york1 ,bri/ol1 ,cov5try1 & ,plym\?1 ! afflict$ t[ns did n rega9 ! population !y enjoy$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury till ! ,tudor p]iod1 & "s1 notably ,s>um & ,leice/]1 n until late 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,! decl9e ( ,l9coln1 ?\gh progressive1 9 a way appe>s to h be5 truly a gradual decay1 & m t]rible 9 its imp]ceptible und]m9+ ?an any knock-d[n bl[1 = x nev] recov]$ its old trade prosp]ity2 :il/ ,norwi*1 :i* be=e ! plagues 0 next to ,london1 bore relatively & ev5 great] & %>p] evid5ce ( ! t]rible visitation1 yet manag$ someh[ to h>k back 9 a measure to days ( its =m] glory4 ,! old say+ :i* ran ,l9coln 01 ,london is1 ,york %all be indicates1 f> m ?an any?+ else1 ! *ange ( ,l9coln's =tunes4 ,:atev] its %ortcom+s may be1 ,l9coln possesses a mo/ int]e/+ record ( antiquity4 ,its m9/] is truly a gem1 = x is n only ! e>lie/ example ( a pure ,go?ic build+ 9 ,europe1 b pres5ts a delightful /udy ( e k9d ( /yle1 f ! e>ly ,norman d[n to ! ,late ,decorat$4 ,( ! _m *>act]i/ics ( ?is int]e/+ edifice--! f\ndation ( ,remigius--we w note ! *ief4 ,! build+ mat]ial consi/s ( ! oolite & calc>e\s /one ( ,l9coln ,hea? & ,haydor1 ! surface ( :i*1 :5 work$ ^u ) tools1 appe>s to become q h>d5$4 ,remigius adopt$ ! plan ( ! *ur* at ,r\5 z ! model ( 8 f\ndation1 :i* he laid 9 #ajhf4 ,x 0 complet$ by 8 successor1 ,bi%op ,bloet4 ,! accid5tal fire t broke out gave 8 successor1 ,bi%op ,alex&]1 ! opportunity ( repair+ x4 ,to prev5t a l occurr5ce1 ?is prelate conceiv$ & c>ri$ out 8 idea ( cov]+ ! aisles ) a vault$ ro( ( /one4 ,x _h a disa/r\s effect 9 t its pressure weigh$ too heavily ^u ! walls4 ,x necessitat$ a ?or\gh ov]haul+ by ,/4 ,hugh1 a subsequ5t bi%op1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he rebuilt ! *ur* ^u a plan !n newly introduc$1 & greatly enl>g$ x by tak+ d[n ! ea/ end & re-erect+ x ^u a f> bigg] scale4 ,s9ce 8 "t ! ,ca!dral has und]gone sev]al alt]ations & embelli%m5ts at ! fo/]+ c>e ( sev]al succe$+ prelates4 ,on ! magnific5t c5tral t[] !re us$ to be a l(ty spire1 :i* 0 bl[n d[n 9 #aedg4 ,! two we/]n t[]s 7 also depriv$ ( _! spires 9 #ahjh to av]t a simil> calamity4 ,! approximate dates ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! ,ca!dral are3 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln ,,by ,,moonlight ,! c5tral we/ front & ! font belong to ,remigius' p]iod4 ,! ?ree we/ portals & ,norman portion ( ! we/ t[] above ! scre5 to ! ?ird /ory are #aadh4 ,! nave1 its aisles1 & nor? & s\? *apels ( ! we/ end 7 f9i%$ 9 #abbj4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% "w ( ! we/ front & ! upp] portions ( ! nor? & s\? w+s ) ! p9nacle turrets date f #abbe4 ,! we/ por* ( ! ma9 transept is #abbj4 ,! l[] c\rses ( ! c5tral t[] date f #abce1 :ile ! upp] ones orig9at$ 9 #acjg4 ,! gables1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ma9 transept1 ! p>apets ( ! s\? side ( ! nave1 ! s\? w+1 ! we/ front1 & ! scre5 9 ! s\? aisle take u back aga9 to ! ye> #abbe4 ,! subsequ5t additions are3 ,! we/ door ( ! *oir aisles 9 #abdj2 ! s\? por* ( ! presbyt]y 9 #abef2 ! *oir scre5s 9 #abhj1 & t5 ye>s lat] ! ,ea/] ,sepul*re4 ,! f9e circul> w9d[ at ! end ( ! nor? transept1 & especially ! ones 9 ! s\? transept1 attract consid]able att5tion4 ,!y are call$ respectively ,! ,dean's ,eye & ,! ,bi%op's ,eye1 & are suppos$ to belong to ! ye> #acej4 ,p]haps !y are bett] kn[n z ! rose w9d[s1 :i* 7 m popul> 9 ,france ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!y exhibit a network ( int]lac+ /ems 9 imitation ( ! fre$om ( ! bri>-rose1 & %[ ! advanc$ skill ( ! workm5 ^u ! plate-trac]y !y =m]ly put up z a ma/]piece 9 ! close vic9ity ( ! rose w9d[s4 ,= purposes ( =tification1 if necess>y1 ,remigius *ose ! summit ( ! hill close to ! ,ca/le z ! site4 ,! ,ca!dral1 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ?us1 f its comm&+ /ation1 =ms a magnific5t object se5 f _m miles ar\nd1 & 9 ! days ( pilgrimage mu/ h held out a welcome beacon ( hope to ! we>y pilgrims4 ,( ! _m fam\s prelates ( ?is see mu/ be m5tion$ ,remigius1 ,bloet1 ,/4 ,hugh1 & ,flem+1 :o di$ 9 #adca4 ,! latt] 0 ! f\nd] ( ,l9coln ,college at ,ox=d4 ,j at ! back ( ?is college is situat$ ! well-kn[n college ( ,braz5nose1 ! f\ndation ( ano!r ,l9coln ,bi%op1 namely ,smi?1 :o di$ 9 #aeba4 ,aga91 ,polydore ,v]gil1 ,w4 ,paley1 ,c>twright ! inv5tor ( ! p[] loom1 & ,o4 ,mann+ ! celebrat$ topograph] are "s ( ! _m capitul> memb]s ( :om ,l9coln may well be pr\d4 ,ano!r attraction t ,l9coln possesses 9 its vic9ity is ! race-c\rse j beyond ,newl&4 ,= ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,l9coln we mu/ g z f> back z ! ,saxon days4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans1 ,l9coln 0 ! *ief city ( ! di/rict4 ,x 0 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia1 z x n[ is ( ! c\nty ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,besides be+ describ$ l o!r cities z be+ locally 9 ! c\nty ( ,l9coln1 x is said to be 9 ! wap5take4 ,?is is a dep>ture f ! hundr$ only 9 "n1 n 9 purpose4 ,9 ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl& ! wap5takes d5ot$ ! usual divisions answ]+ to ! hundr$s ( o!r c\nties4 ,! orig9 ( ! wap5take is woep5ge-toc1 woep5tac1 f ! ,icel&ic vapnatak4 ,x lit]ally means a weapon-tak+ or weapon-t\*+1 & became an expression ( ass5t4 ,x 0 anci5tly inv>iably ! cu/om to t\* lances or spe>s :5 ! hundr$]1 or *ief1 ent]$ 9 8 (fice4 ,tacitus1 9 ! ,g]mania1 gives a full description ( ?is int]e/+ rite4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries words v simil> appe> z ! names ( /reets4 ,at ,bruges1 9 ,belgium1 !re is ! ,wap5-mak]s ,/raat1 :i* means no?+ m or less ?an t 9 t /reet 0 orig9ally c>ri$ on an indu/ry ( w>like implem5ts made by weapon-mak]s4 ,9 ?is wise ,l9coln%ire1 ,york%ire1 & ,nott+ham%ire 7 divid$ into wap5takes in/ead ( hundr$s4 ,ano!r peculi> di/9ction ( ?is city 0 its =m] gov]nm5t by a portreve4 ,! t]m is n[ obsolete1 b 9 ! old ,engli% law x d5ot$ ! *ief magi/rate ( a port or m>itime t[n4 ,9 its old =m x 0 writt5 portg]efa1 a comb9$ ^w mean+ port1 a h>b\r1 & g]efa1 a reeve or %]iff4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,i4 ! city1 ) a di/rict ( tw5ty miles r\nd x1 0 erect$ into a c\nty1 "u ! designation ( ,! ,city & ,c\nty ( ! ,city ( ,l9coln4 ,x 0 also ent]$ z a m>itime c\nty4 ,! extreme flatness ( ! ,l9coln%ire coa/1 ) ! sl[ sluggi%ness ( ! l[] "p ( ! c\rse ( ! riv]s1 caus$1 9 remote ages1 ! inundation ( a great tract ( l&4 ,! feasibility ( reclaim+ "s portion ( ^! f5s receiv$ ! att5tion ( ! ,romans4 ,!y con/ruct$ ! l>ge dra9 call$ ! c>-dyke1 signify+ ! f5-dyke1 c>ry+ x f ! riv] ,)am1 ne> ,l9coln1 to ! riv] ,well& on ! s\!rn side ( ! c\nty1 ) ! object ( dra9+ ! wat]s f ! high gr\nds & ( prev5t+ ! inundation ( ! l[ gr\nds4 ,?is policy 0 adopt$ 9 subsequ5t reigns ) great success1 & is ev5 to ?is day cont9u$4 ,x has be5 ! means ( br++ ri* tracts ( l& into cultivation1 & ( dispell+ ! unheal?y miasma :i* once caus$ ! great preval5cy ( ! ague fev]4 ,f fragm5ts ( vessels f\nd ne> its *annel x is affirm$ t l>ge %ips ( bygone days c\ld =m]ly sail up ! riv] ,)am f ,bo/on to ,l9coln1 b n[ x is only navigable = b>ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln ,,! ,,/eep ,,hill ,9 #aaba ,h5ry ,i4 mat]ially alt]$ ! great ,foss-,dyke1 ext5d+ a matt] ( eight miles f a great m>% ne> ,l9coln to ! riv] ,tr5t1 to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( dra9+ ! adjac5t level & ( con/ruct+ a high wat]way = vessels f ! ,tr5t to ,l9coln4 ,= defray+ ! exp5ses ( dra9+1 x appe>s t 9 g5]al a rate 0 levi$ ^u all l&s 9 ! contigu\s wap5takes4 ,) ?is preface ( ! g5]al "* ( ! di/rict1 we propose to give a hi/ory ( ! city f its comm5cem5t4 ,on ! summit ( a hill close to ! riv] ,l9dis1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,)am1 ! anci5t ,britons e/abli%$ a city ( consid]able importance f ! mo/ remote p]iod ( ! ,briti% hi/ory4 ,!y *ri/5$ ! city aft] ! orig9al "n ( ! riv]4 ,?is1 on ! invasion ( ,brita91 pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,romans4 ,!y made x "o ( _! *ief /ations 9 ?is "p ( ,engl& & e/abli%$ a colony4 ,in/ead ( call+ ! city some?+ ce/]1 !y appe> to h ,lat9is$ ! ,celtic "n1 signify+ ! hill port by ! pool1 & call$ x ,l9dum ,colonia4 ,?r\gh process ( "t & diff]5ces ( pronunciation1 consequ5t on ! v>i\s dialects spok5 successively by ! ,saxons1 ,danes1 & ,normans1 ! title became abbreviat$ to ,l9-coln4 ,! date ( ! ,roman occupation is giv5 z be+ 9 ! ye> #ajj ,a4,d4 ,_! plan ( ! city consi/$ ( ! =m ( a p>allelogram ab\t #djj y>ds 9 l5g? by ! same numb] ( y>ds 9 bread?1 def5d$ by massive1 /rong walls & int]sect$ by two /reets runn+ at "r angles4 ,presumably ! extremities ( ^! /reets po9t$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,!y t]m9at$ 9 gates1 ! sole "o ( :i*--an excell5t example ( ,roman ar*itecture 9 ,engl&--is ! ,nor? ,gate1 or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 ,newport4 ,x is compos$ ( a c5tral ar*1 ) two less] ones1 "o on ei!r side1 & is on a l[] level ?an t ( ! /reet4 ,?r\gh ?is gate passes ! great ,roman ,road call$ ,erm9e ,/reet1 out into ! c\ntry = a di/ance ( ab\t t5 miles or s4 ,to ! s\?-we/ ( ?is entrance is suppos$ to h be5 a m9t4 ,?is seems to be borne out by ! discov]y ( _m ,roman co9s f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! ,ex*equ] ,gate is a v f9e specim5 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x be>s a c>v$ repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* l5ds x consid]able int]e/4 ,at ! top ( ,high ,/reet is ,pott]gate & ,/oneb[1 ov] :i* is ! ,guildhall4 ,! latt] is an anci5t embattl$ /ructure1 rebuilt 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,besides ! ,nor?gate1 ! ,romans appe>1 accord+ to rema9s f\nd1 to h contribut$ ! inevitable ba? & sudatorium4 ,on _! dep>ture f ,brita91 ,l9coln 0 made ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia by ! ,saxons 9 #eah4 ,vortim]1 :o endeav\r$ to oppose !m1 0 sla9 & int]r$ "h4 ,f #ghf ,l9coln suff]$ repeat$ly f visitations ( ! ,danes1 control be+ recov]$ by ,edmund ,,ii41 accord+ to agreem5t ) ,canute 9 #ajaf4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ! only peace ! city _h enjoy$ 0 :5 ,alfr$ ! ,great subdu$ ! ,danes4 ,h[ev]1 ,edmund ,,ii41 bett] kn[n z ,edmund ,ironsides1 did n live _m days long]1 be+ murd]$ at ,ox=d4 ,:]eupon1 9 #ajag1 ,canute took possession ( ! murd]$ mon>*'s t]ritory1 9 :i* ,l9coln 0 includ$4 ,william ,i4 !n came along 9 #ajhf1 swept away close ^u two hundr$ h\ses to make room = ! erection ( a ca/le--on a site :i* meant ! occupation ( ne>ly "o-f\r? ( ! old ,roman city4 ,! ,ca/le /ill has traces ( ,norman "w1 ! f\ndations ( :i* 7 =m$ ( enorm\s beams ( wood & a mixture ( ?91 co>se mort>1 us$ = p\r+ into ! jo9ts ( masonry & brickwork1 usually call$ gr\t+4 ,9 t wond]ful survey ( 8--! ,doomsday ,book--fifty-two p>i%es are /at$ to h compos$ ?is city4 ,! ,ca/le 9 #aadj figur$ 9 ! disputes betwe5 ! ,empress ,matilda & ,/eph51 ! latt] ( :om 0 cr[n$ "h 9 #aada4 ,/eph5 01 h[ev]1 made prison]1 b 0 aft]w>ds ex*ang$1 & liv$ ?ree ye>s lat] to celebrate ,*ri/mas "h4 ,b prior to ?is p]iod ,l9coln 0 = ! fir/ "t erect$ into a see 9 ! reign ( ,william ,rufus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln ,,! ,,we/ ,,t[]s ,9 pursuance ( a decree ( a synod held at ,london at ?is "t1 t all ! episcopal sees %\ld be remov$ to =tifi$ places1 ,remigius1 ! ,bi%op ( ,dor*e/]1 det]m9$ to e/abli% ! seat ( 8 diocese at ,l9coln4 ,he built ! *ur* & an episcopal palace1 b di$ j be=e its consecration4 ,8 "w 0 complet$ by 8 successor1 ,rob]t ,bloet4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! ,diocese1 :i* once ext5d$ f ! ,?ames to ! ,humb]1 0 curtail$ to add a "p to =m t ( ,ely4 ,x aga9 suff]$ dim9ution 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4's "t1 :5 ! limits ( ! ,sees ( ,ox=d & ,pet]bor\gh 7 def9$4 ,9 spite ( x all1 ,l9coln's see is fairly ext5sive1 ?\gh x suff]$ aga9 9 #ahhd4 ,prior to ?is mon>*'s reign ,l9coln _h z _m z fifty-two *ur*es1 b :5 he decid$ ^u re=mation f ,pop]y _! numb] 0 greatly dim9i%$4 ,_! names1 /ill pres]v$1 are ! sole rem9d]s ( _! =m] exi/5ce1 ) ! exception ( f\rte5 :i* rema94 ,^! h probably be5 rebuilt4 ,be=e ent]+ fur!r conc]n+ ! ,see1 & ! ,ca!dral f\nd$ by ,remigius1 :i* 0 con/antly 9 ! h&s ( ! ar*itect ev5 d[n to rec5t ye>s1 we %all add ! *ief political ev5ts subsequ5t to ,/eph54 ,on ! dea? ( ?is mon>*1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 probably n satisfi$ ) 8 coronation 9 ,london1 und]w5t ! c]emony aga9 at ,wig=d1 a place j a little to ! s\? ( ,l9coln city4 ,john "h e>ly 9 8 reign receiv$ ! homage ( ,david ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle ) ! b>ons 9 #abaf ! citiz5s rema9$ loyal to _! sov]eign2 b _! city 0 tak5 at la/ 9 #abag1 & inve/$ by ! b>ons "u ,gilb]t de ,gaunt1 aft]w>ds creat$ ,e>l ( ,l9coln4 ,aft] ! disa/] t ov]took ,john's army 9 ! passage across ! ,wa%1 & 8 dea?1 :i* took place soon aft]w>ds1 8 son ,h5ry ,,iii4 0 loyally assi/$ by ! inhabitants aga9/ ! b>ons1 :o _h summon$ to _! aid ,l\is1 ! ,dauph9 ( ,france4 ,! ,ca/le1 h[ev]1 rema9$ = _m ye>s 9 ! possession ( ! ,cr[n4 ,ev5tually x became ! summ] resid5ce ( ! celebrat$ ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,he 0 ,e>l ( ,l9coln1 & 9 #acif m>ri$ "h ,lady ,sw9=d1 :o 0 a si/]-9-law to ,*auc]4 ,sev]al times ,p>liam5t 0 held 9 ,l9coln2 namely1 twice by ,edw>d ,i41 & 9 #acja & #acje2 twice also by ,edw>d ,,ii42 & 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,edw>d ,,iii4's reign4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 paid a visit1 z did also ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o held a public ?anksgiv+ = 8 victory ov] ,ri*>d ,,iii4 at ! battle ( ,boswor? ,field4 ,?r\gh\t ! p>liam5t>y w> ! inhabitants 7 /aun* support]s ( ! ,cr[n4 ,! city 0 /orm$ by ,e>l ,man*e/]1 an indefatigable soldi] ( ,cromwell4 ,! ,commonweal? troop]s dur+ _! occupation creat$ consid]able havoc 9 ! ecclesia/ical build+s4 ,accord+ to _! inv>iable cu/om !y /abl$ _! horses & h\s$ !mselves )9 ! ca!dral walls4 ,n satisfi$ ) t1 !y damag$ ! tombs & depriv$ ! ni*es ( _! /atu>y4 ,to g back a matt] ( f\r hundr$ ye>s to ?is p]iod1 ! population ( ,l9coln rose en masse aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,!y 7 alleg$ to h crucifi$ a little ,l9coln boy1 presumably a ,*ri/ian1 at a place call$ ,dune/all 9 ! ye> #abee4 ,! enrag$ mob wreak$ _! v5geance by caus+ ! execution ( eighte5 ,jews1 murd]+ _m m1 & lat] on mak+ a sa9t ( ! victim1 "u ! "n ( little ,sa9t ,hugh4 ,! puni%m5t seems to be out ( proportion to ! crime4 ,9 fact little ,hugh's crucifixion appe>s r to h s]v$ z an excuse = ! wrongful p]secution ( ! ,semitic race ?an = ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ! law irrespective ( cre$4 ,ev5 to ?is day ?is regrettable racial feel+ is kept alive4 ,9 ! middle ages ?is bitt] feel+ 0 fo/]$ & br\ght ab\t *iefly ow+ to ! wond]ful success ( ! ,jews 9 ,engl&1 :o grew ri* ^u ! pr(its accru+ to usury1 :i* !y alone might ex]cise4 ,among _m prom95t in/ances ( popul> v5geance1 besides little ,/4 ,hugh's murd]1 are ! tombs ( boy-m>tyrs1 %r9es :i* became (t5 ! mo/ popul> 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic are ! records ( ! burials1 att5d$ ) great pomp1 ( ,/4 ,william ( ,norwi* 9 #aadd1 ,h>old ( ,gl\ce/] 9 #aafh1 ,rob]t ( ,edmundsbury 9 #aahd1 a nameless boy 9 ,london 9 #abdd1 & ,/4 ,hugh ( ,l9coln 9 #abee2 boys canonis$ by ! populace simply ?r\gh bitt] racial feel+4 ,rema9s ( ! %r9e ( little ,/4 ,hugh are /ill extant at ,l9coln4 ,among ! _m int]e/+ antiquities ( ,l9coln is a f9e specim5 ( ! ,norman dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,x is call$ ! ,jews' ,h\se1 & x is an edifice ( curi\s design4 ,its m\ld+s mu* resemble ^? ( ! we/ portals ( ! ,ca!dral1 a date :i* probably w\ld be #aahd4 ,! h\se belong$ to a ,jewess call$ ,belaset de ,wall+=d4 ,%e 0 hang$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 = clipp+ ! co94 ,besides ?is are noticeable ! anci5t conduits ( ,/4 ,m>y le ,wig=d1 :i* is ,go?ic1 & ! ,greyfri>s ,conduit 9 ,high ,/reet4 ,9 ! cloi/] g>d5 are pres]v$ a tesselat$ pavem5t & ! sepul*ral slab ( a ,roman soldi]4 ,f ! same place ! spl5didly c>v$ /one c(f9 lid ( ,bi%op ,remigius has rec5tly be5 remov$ into ! int]ior ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahhd to #ahia excavations 7 conduct$ on ! site ( ! old ,angel ,inn1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t x _h be5 a ,roman burial-place4 ,among/ ! debris 7 f\nd sev]al fun]al urns4 ,"u ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,g[ts 0 br\ght to light a ,roman alt>1 & rema9s ( a ,roman villa 7 une>!d at ,greetwell4 ,9 ! same ye>1 t is to say #ahhd1 ! ,blue ,coat ,s*ool 0 clos$1 its end[m5ts 7 giv5 to ! ,middle ,s*ool1 & ! build+s 7 sold to ! ,*ur* ,in/itute4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s two memorable ev5ts occurr$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhd ! ,see ( ,l9coln 0 depriv$ ( ! c\nty ( ,nott+ham1 :i* 0 transf]r$ f t see to ! ,see ( ,s\?well4 ,?is 0 foll[$ %ortly aft]w>ds by ! great lawsuit call$ ,! ,l9coln ,judgm5t4 ,great controv]sy arose & came to a climax4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhh ,dr4 ,k+1 ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 0 cit$ be=e 8 metropolitan1 ,dr4 ,b5son1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 to answ] *>ges ( v>i\s ritual (f5ces alleg$ to h be5 committ$ by himself at ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,holy ,communion4 ,! action 0 br\ght by c]ta9 g5tlem5 ( ,l9coln int]e/$ 9 ! do+s ( _! prelate4 ,_! religi\s scruples _h be5 outrag$1 x appe>s1 on two sep>ate occasions2 namely1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,g[ts on ,decemb] #d1 #ahhg1 & 9 ! ,ca!dral on ,decemb] #aj ( ! same ye>4 ,an appeal _h be5 made to ! ,ar*bi%op to re/ra9 ^! illegal practices4 ,! celebrat$ ecclesia/ical lawsuit 0 he>d 9 #ahhh4 ,! judgm5t 0 conf9$ to ! decl>ations ( ! law1 :i* 7 summ>is$4 ,no monition or s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln = hav+ committ$ brea*es ( ! ecclesia/ical law4 ,! diss5sion has happily end$4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln has con=m$ 8 practice to ! ,ar*bi%op's judgm5t f ! date ( its deliv]y1 & /ill reta9s 8 bi%opric4 ,?us has end$ ! conflict betwe5 ! ,primate & ! ,suffragan1 :i* agitat$1 = a brief space ( "t1 ! oppon5ts ( (f5ces ( ritualism1 & br\ght ab\t ! fam\s ,l9coln ,judgm5t4 ,ba? ,bad5-cea/]4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,on ! banks ( ! riv] ,avon1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,som]set%ire1 is situat$ ! beautiful & anci5t city ( ,ba?4 ,its ecclesia/ical hi/ory is closely b\nd up ) t ( ,wells1 & at "o "t ) t ( ,gla/onbury1 :5 x figures 9 ! disputes conc]n+ ! ,see4 ,?is unseemly qu>rell+ among/ prelates is n[ happily laid at re/4 ,?\gh lack+ 9 all au?ority1 ,ba? is ! jo9t p>tn] ( ,wells 9 ! bi%opric title4 ,! orig9 ( ! city ( ,ba? takes u f> back4 ,p]haps ! /ronge/ l9k ) ! ,roman days1 besides ! ,roman roads1 lies 9 ! pres5t-day exi/5ce ( ! ,roman ba?s1 built ab\t #ee ,b4,c4 ,^! ba?s 7 probably erect$ to conf9e ! hot spr+s1 & to enjoy m ?or\ghly ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ^! wat]s1 :i* are *alybeate & sal9e4 ,?\gh we are told t 9 all probability x is a m]e my? t ! ,briti% k+1 ,bladud1 fir/ f\nd$ ?is city ( ,ba?1 yet we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! pres5ce ( ^! spr+s w\ld influ5ce a settlem5t ( ev5 ! nomadic ,briti%1 prior to ! ,roman invasion4 ,:5 we rememb] :at primitive ideas ! e>ly ,britons _h1 we _c wond] at ! non-exi/5ce ( any ve/iges ( _! occupation4 ,9 ^! days ( mat]ialism "o loves to respect old traditions1 h[ev] unc]ta9 !y may be 9 sub/ance4 ,we w\ld !re=e give ! b5efit ( ! d\bt to an e>ly ,briti% settlem5t4 ,) ! arrival ( ! ,romans ! approximate date & orig9 ( ,ba? c be readily asc]ta9$4 ,f excavations on ! place s9ce ! ye> #ahge1 x has be5 prov$ t ! ,romans f\nd$ "h a city1 :i* !y nam$ ,aquae ,solis1 9 ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,9 #ee ,b4,c4 ! ba?s _h be5 con/ruct$ = c]ta94 ,9 addition to ?is !y erect$ a temple to ,m9]va1 ) votive (f]+s1 & _m o!r build+s1 & c>ri$ a l9e ( =tifications & walls ar\nd ! city4 ,! rema9s ( _! m>vell\s ar*itecture /ill be> te/imony1 ?\gh !y h suff]$ ill-treatm5t & und]gone re/oration1 to _! =m] magnific5ce & gr&eur4 ,on ! retirem5t ( ! ,romans ,aquae ,solis pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,britons1 "u ! "n ( ,co] ,pallad5 7! city ( ! wat]s ( ,pallas74 ,dur+ _! possession ( a c5tury1 two attacks made by ! ,saxon *iefta9s1 ,o,ella & ,c]dic1 7 repuls$ by ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,! ,saxons1 by ! ye> #egg1 hav+ practically subv]t$ ! re/ ( ! k+dom1 turn$ _! att5tion to ! ,we/4 ,!y seiz$ & ravag$ ,ba?4 ,! ,roman /ructures 7 r$uc$ to ru9s4 ,aft] a :ile !y rebuilt ! walls & =tifications ^u ! orig9al f\ndations1 employ+ ! old mat]ials4 ,! ba?s also 7 soon re/or$4 ,by ?is "t ! ,saxons _h r5am$ ! city1 ,hat ,ba?ur 7,hot ba?s71 & ,ace-mannes-cea/] 7,city ( invalids74 ,! cea/] tack$ on to ! ,saxon ^w is ! fir/ evid5ce we get ( ! ,saxon recognition ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! ,roman occupation ( ?is city4 ,) ! spread+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity travell+ f ! ea/ to ! we/ ( ,engl& 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 a nunn]y 0 erect$ "h1 9 #fgf1 by ,k+ ,osric4 ,?is 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,hept>*y1 & on its site a college ( secul> canons 0 f\nd$1 9 #gge1 by ,(fa1 ,k+ ( ,m]cia4 ,?is mon>* _h tak5 ,ba? f ! ,k+ ( ,wessex1 & _h annex$ x to 8 own k+dom4 ,possibly 9 recognition ( ?is victory he built an abbey 9 #gge4 ,aft] ?is ! city evid5tly increas$ 9 prosp]ity1 = x 0 important en\gh to witness ! coronation ( ,edg> 9 #igc1 z ,k+ ( ,engl&1 by ,dun/an1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,at ! same "t ,edg> conv]t$ ! college ( secul> canons into a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,?is1 ) ! *ur*1 0 aga9 demoli%$ by ! ,danes4 ,?is city ( ,ba?1 l all o!r cities ( t "t1 came "u ! ,norman ,survey1 & 0 ent]$ 9 ,doomsday ,book z ,bad5-cea/]4 ,william ,rufus _h sc>ce be5 cr[n$ k+ :5 ,ba? 0 seiz$ & burnt1 ! mo/ "p by ,ge(fry1 ,bi%op ( ,c\tances1 & ,rob]t de ,m[bray4 ,!y _h jo9tly ris5 9 support ( ! claim laid to ! ?rone ( ,engl& by ,rob]t ,duke ( ,norm&y4 ,b "u ! abbacy ( ,john de ,villula x soon recov]$ prosp]ity4 ,?is abbot1 on promotion to ! ,see ( ,wells1 ab\t #ajij1 pur*as$ ! city f ,h5ry ,i4 ,he built a new *ur*1 & remov$ ! ,see f ,wells to ?is place4 ,"h x rema9$ till #aaic1 :5 ,bi%op ,sav>icus h&$ x ov] to ,ri*>d ,i41 9 ex*ange = ,gla/onbury ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ba? ,,pult5ey ,,bridge ,ab\t ?is "t ,ba? receiv$ its fir/ *>t] z a free bor\gh f ?is mon>*1 & 0 repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t 9 #abig4 ,9 #accj ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo? 0 e/abli%$ by ! monks4 ,by reason ( ?is ! %uttle 0 incorporat$ 9 ! arms ( ! mona/]y4 ,9 #addg1 & 9 #aeij1 ,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,elizabe? respectively grant$ *>t]s1 :i* mat]ially increas$ ! prospects ( ! city4 ,?is pres5t cruci=m ,abbey ,*ur* dates f #adii4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 & =ms "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! lat] /yle ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,x re/s ^u ! site ( ! conv5tual *ur* ( ! mona/]y f\nd$ by ,osric4 ,aft] a c\rse ( eight hundr$ ye>s x became dilapidat$1 & 0 rebuilt f ! old mat]ials 9 #adie1 by ,bi%op ,oliv] ,k+4 ,he is said to h be5 admoni%$ 9 a dream4 ,he did n live to see ! completion ( ! build+4 ,z ! citiz5s refus$ to pur*ase x f ! ,commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ! walls 7 left ro(less till ,dr4 ,james ,montague1 ,bi%op ( ! ,diocese1 ) ! aid ( ! local nobility & g5try1 procur$ ! necess>y funds1 & f9i%$ x 9 #afjf4 ,on ! we/ front is sculptur$ ! f\nd]'s dream ( angels asc5d+ & desc5d+ on ,jacob's ladd]4 ,! *ur* is cr[n$ ) a quadrangul> t[] ( #afb feet 9 height f ! po9t ( int]section4 ,?\gh ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! spr+s ( ,ba? attract$ f ! e>lie/ times ! cont9u\s att5tion ( invalids1 x 0 only "u ! guidance ( ,beau ,na%1 ! game/]1 & ! ent]prise ( ,john ,wood1 ! ar*itect1 t x rea*$ to ! highe/ p9nacle ( fame z a place ( fa%ionable resort 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! works ( ,field+1 ,smollett1 ,jane ,au/51 ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 & o!rs1 give u a cle> insight into ! meteor-l prosp]ity ( ! city1 =1 aft] ! dea? ( ,na%1 x gradually relaps$ to its normal /ate1 &1 9 fact1 accord+ to /ati/ics1 ! numb] ( inhabitants has decreas$ ev5 )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,a brief sket* ( ,beau ,na% & ! means adopt$ w acc\nt 9 "s measure = ! m>vell\s *ange 9 ,ba? 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,na% 0 educat$ at ,c>m>!n ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & ,jesus ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,he !n obta9$ a commission 9 ! army4 ,?is he soon ?rew up to become a law-/ud5t at ! ,middle ,temple4 ,:il/ !re he ga9$ mu* att5tion by 8 wit & sociability4 ,^! qualities induc$ 8 fell[-/ud5ts to elect him z ! presid5t ( a pageant t !y prep>$ = ,william ,,iii4 ,! k+ 0 s pleas$ ) ,na% t1 x is said1 he (f]$ him a knigh?ood4 ,?is ,na% refus$ unless accompani$ by a p5sion1 :i* 0 n grant$4 ,he 0 mu* addict$ to gambl+1 :i*1 9 addition to a re/less _s & an empty purse1 l$ him 9 #agjd to try 8 luck at ,ba?1 a place :i* !n (f]$ opportunities to a game/]4 ,!re he soon became ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 9 succession to ,capta9 ,web/]4 ,"u 8 au?ority re=ms 7 introduc$ :i* spe$ily accord$ to ,ba? a lead+ position z a fa%ionable wat]+-place4 ,he =m$ a /rict code ( rules = ! regulation ( balls & assemblies2 all[$ no swords to be worn 9 places ( public amusem5t2 p]suad$ g5tlem5 to disc>d boots = %oes & /ock+s :5 9 assemblies & p>ades1 & introduc$ a t>iff = lodg+s4 ,z insignia ( 8 (fice he wore an imm5se :ite hat1 & a ri*ly embroid]$ dress4 ,he drove ab\t 9 a *>iot ) six greys1 & lac$ lackeys blew ,fr5* horns4 ,:5 ,p>liam5t aboli%$ gambl+ x caus$ a s]i\s *eck to ! visits ( fa%ionable p to ! city4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,corporation1 9 recognition ( 8 valuable s]vices1 grant$ ,na% a p5sion ( #abj gu9eas a ye>1 & at 8 dea? 9 #agfa he 0 buri$ ) spl5d\r at ! exp5se ( ! t[n4 ,a ye> aft] 8 demise 8 biography 0 anonym\sly publi%$ 9 ,london by ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,john ,wood1 ! ar*itect1 ?\gh h>dly z well kn[n to po/]ity z ,na%1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,till he appe>$ 9 ,ba? 9 #agbh1 ! city _h be5 conf9$ /rictly )9 ! ,roman limits4 ,! suburbs consi/$ m]ely ( a few scatt]$ h\ses4 ,wood improv$ & enl>g$ ! city by 8 ar*itectural ef=ts1 :i* l$ to ! qu>ry+ ( free/one f\nd exi/+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,8 successors c>ri$ on 8 ent]prise4 ,! gr& ,pump-room1 erect$ 9 #agig1 ) a portico ( ,cor9?ian columns2 ! ,k+'s ,ba?1 ) a ,doric colonnade2 ! ,que5's ,ba?2 ! ,cross ,ba?1 s call$ f a cross erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( x2 ! ,hot ,ba?1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior degree ( heat1 7 once ?rong$ by fa%ionable ga!r+s 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! ar*itecture 9 ! eighte5? c5tury at ,ba? 0 an adaptation ( ! ,doric & ,ionic ord]s4 ,ne>ly all ! pr9cipal build+s 7 con/ruct$ aft] ^! classic pr9ciples4 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur* belongs to ! ,doric1 ) a h&some dome1 & 0 erect$ 9 #agdd4 ,ev5 ! ,greek influ5ce is ! prevail+ feature ( ,pult5ey ,bridge4 ,9 conclusion1 among/ em95t m5 ( ,ba? may be m5tion$3 ,john ,hales1 ,greek ,pr(essor at ,ox=d 9 #afab2 & ,sir ,?omas ,bodley1 f\nd] ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 0 a native (1 & receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ?is city4 ,b5jam9 ,rob9s 0 born "h 9 #agjg2 he 0 a celebrat$ ma!matician1 & wrote ! acc\nt ( ! voyage ( ,commodore ,anson r\nd ! _w4 ,among/ ! tombs 9 ! ,abbey are ^? to ! memory ( ,qu91 ,na%1 ,broome1 ,mal?us1 & ,melmo!4 ,! hot spr+s ( ,ba? /ill cont9ue to alleviate ! a*es & pa9s ( invalid visitors4 ,! int]e/+ hi/ory1 ! curi\s m+l+ ( ,roman & ,lat] ,engli% ar*itecture ) ! revival ( ! ,ionic & ,doric ord]s 9 ! eighte5?-c5tury build+s1 c nev] fail to be ( int]e/ alike to ! /ud5t & ! casual visitor 9 ,ba?4 ,salisbury ,salisb]ie4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,salisbury af=ds a rem>kable in/ance ( ! complete transf]5ce ( ! ca!dral foll[$ by ! ultimate des]tion ( ! city 9 ! *ange f old ,s>um1 ! orig9al site1 to ,new ,s>um1 ano!r )9 a %ort di/ance--"o might almo/ say )9 a /one's ?r[4 ,9 ! old days ( prosp]ity ,old ,s>um1 n[ simply a conical mass ( ru9s1 0 peopl$ ) ! ,belgae1 :o came f ,gaul & ou/$ ! orig9al inhabitants4 ,h[ ?is site ev] came to be *os5 z a desirable place ( settlem5t seems to be r a my/]y1 = ev5 9 ^? e>ly days con/ant difficulties arose ) reg>d to ! insuffici5cy ( wat]4 ,!y aptly call$ x ! dry city1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! mean+ ( ! old "n ,se>obyrig1 :i* lat] und]w5t a fur!r contraction--,sc>bor\gh4 ,?is arid spot1 h[ev]1 receiv$ ! att5tion ( ! ,romans1 :o possibly 7 attract$ by ! natural advantages ( def5ce (f]$ by ! conical m\nd ris+ abruptly1 z x does1 f ! valley4 ,!y c>ri$ on ! old "n & ,lat9is$ x1 z !y inv>iably seem$ to h done1 or r made a compromise betwe5 ! native & _! own =mation1 & arriv$ at ,sorbiordunum4 ,! sc>city ( wat] seems n to h det]r$ !m 9 any way1 z witness ! _m evid5ces ( _! fossae1 ext5sive ramp>ts1 & =tress--signs :i* indicate t 9 _! h&s ,old ,s>um 0 held to be ( consid]able importance4 ,roman roads bran*$ out ( x1 no d\bt po9t+ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 9 accordance ) regul> cu/om1 ?\gh _! :]eab\ts may be difficult to def9e1 see+ t sev]al c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! des]tion ( ,old ,s>um4 ,) _! pass+ away ! ,roman conqu]ors h left beh9d !m _m relics1 possibly 9 _! day consid]$ wor?less1 b ! une>?+ ( :i* has caus$1 = _m a ye>1 unalloy$ joy & giv5 a priceless treasure to ! unwe>i$ antiqu>ies4 ,ano!r great s\rce ( speculation to ! ar*aeologi/s has be5 ! temple ( ! ,druids erect$ "s "t at ,/oneh5ge4 ,x lies beyond ! city on ! great ,salisbury pla94 ,?is primitive =m ( ar*itecture takes u back to _m ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 :5 ! e>ly ,britons wore no clo!s1 save ! sk9s ( animals !y slew 9 ! *ase1 & :5 !y c\ld nei!r read1 write1 weave1 nor d any?+ :i* w\ld be consid]$ n[adays z civilis+4 ,!y 7 to all int5ts & purposes m]e savages1 kept 9 control by _! prie/s & lawgiv]s1 ! ,druids1 :om !y held 9 ! greate/ respect4 ,! ,britons1 we are told1 _h ! additional discom=t ( dwell+ 9 holes burr[$ 9 ! gr\nd1 or 9 mis]ably con/ruct$ huts4 ,9 view ( ?is poor /ate ( dome/ic ar*itecture1 h[ !y ev] manag$ to erect ro(less temples1 z at ,/oneh5ge & at ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 & to ov]come1 :at mu/ h be5 to !m a v great eng9e]+ feat1 ! sett+ up ( ! heavy blocks ( /one 9 situ1 seems m>vell\s & n easy ( explanation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury ,,high ,,/reet ,,gateway ,,into ,,! ,,close ,! great v5]ation 9 :i* ! ,britons held ^! temples ( ! ,druids is mu* acc5tuat$ by an incid5t dur+ ! second occupation ( ,brita9 by ! ,romans4 ,suetonius ,paul9us1 "o ( _! greate/ g5]als1 ?\ght t by de/roy+ ! temple at ! isl& ( ,anglesea he w\ld %ake ! fai? ( ! ,britons 9 _! prie/s1 & ga9 !reby a spe$i] conque/1 mu* 9 ! same way z :5 ,clive 9 ,india knock$ d[n ,dupleix's column to und]m9e ! ,fr5* influ5ce ov] ! natives4 ,9 ! latt] case hi/ory has assur$ u ( ! ultimate fulfilm5t ( hopes1 & x 0 ! same ) ,paul9us 9 #fa1 only on 8 return to ! ma9l& he all b suff]$ a rev]se f an unexpect$ ris+ ( ,britons "u ,boadicea4 ,nev]!less1 ! p[] ( ! ,druids 0 irretrievably brok5 by ! slaught] ( _! ord] & ! fell+ ( ! groves at ,anglesea1 z ,paul9us _h =ese54 ,:at ! object & orig9 ( ^! rema9s at ,/oneh5ge 71 /ill s]ve z an int]e/+ matt] = controv]sy4 ,compet5t au?orities1 l ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ,polydore ,v]gil1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,dr4 ,/ukely1 arriv$ m or less at ! same conclusions4 ,! fir/ nam$ said t ,/oneh5ge 0 a sepul*ral monum5t erect$ by ,aurelius ,ambrosius1 :o1 accord+ to a tradition1 0 ?us l$ by ! c\nsel ( ,m]l9 to commemorate ! slaught] ( #ejj ,britons by ,h5gi/1 ! ,saxon *ief1 ab\t ! ye> #dej ,a4,d4 ,polydore ,v]gil conf9$ himself to ! /atem5t t x 0 ! anci5t temple ( ! ,britons 9 :i* ! ,druids (ficiat$1 :il/ ,dr4 ,/ukely ass]t$ t ! ,britons "h held _! annual meet+s at :i* laws 7 pass$ & ju/ice adm9i/]$4 ,he 0 also =tunate en\gh to discov] ! cursus1 9 #agbc1 9 its vic9ity4 ,p]haps x may be ?\ght t ,/oneh5ge is out ( place 9 ?is acc\nt ( ,salisbury2 b 9 leav+ x out x w\ld be z mu* z to d\bt ! g5u95ess ( any "o's visit to ?is anci5t ca!dral city if he _h n also se5 ! ,druidical rema9s4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,old ,s>um1 ,cynric won a victory ov] ! ,britons 9 ! ye> #eeb4 ,?\gh x /eadily increas$ 9 importance1 little wor?y ( notice occurr$ !re till ! close ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,at ! small t[n ( ,wilton1 :i* is almo/ ?ree miles di/ant f ,salisbury1 ! seat ( ! ,diocese 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! t5? c5tury1 & rema9$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( elev5 succe$+ bi%ops4 ,! la/ "o ( !m 0 ,h]mannus4 ,on 8 accession to ! ,see ( ,%]borne--an anci5t & int]e/+ t[n ( ,dorset%ire--he annex$ x to ! ,bi%opric ( ,wilton4 ,he !reupon f\nd$1 = ^! unit$ sees1 a ca!dral *ur* at ,old ,s>um4 ,?is ef=t ( 8 0 aft]w>ds complet$ by ,osmund1 :o accompani$ ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,engl&1 & 0 by him appo9t$ bi%op4 ,a matt] ( sixty ye>s prior to ! ,norman invasion ,old ,s>um _h fall5 a victim 9 #ajjc to ! fury ( ,sweyn1 ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,?is 0 9 accordance ) a v[ ( retaliation he _h made :5 he le>nt ( ! murd] ( 8 si/] 9 ! g5]al massacre ( ! ,danes1 :i* _h tak5 place ! ye> be=e4 ,?is unhappy p]iod1 :5 _m o!r c\nties besides ,wilt%ire suff]$ ext5sively1 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,e!lr$ ! ,unready4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury ,,! ,,m>ket ,,cross ,9 ! great pla9 ( ,salisbury ! ,conqu]or1 9 #ajgj1 pass$ a review ( 8 army1 j flu%$ ) _! victories 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,on ! completion ( 8 great survey1 ! ,doomsday ,book1 9 #ajhf1 he "h at ,salisb]ie1 z he r5am$ ! city1 receiv$ ! homage & oa? ( allegiance f ! ,engli% l&lords4 ,till ! ye> #abag ! ,see rema9$ at ,old ,s>um1 & ev5 aft] ! complete depopulation & ! demolition ( e h\se ( ?is anci5t ,roman site1 x /ill 0 repres5t$ regul>ly at ,p>liam5t by two memb]s till ! ye> #ahcb4 ,! reasons t l$ to ! *oice ( ! new site by ,bi%op ,poore 7 ! _m advantages (f]$1 especially ! abundance ( wat] by ,new ,s>um1 z x 0 call$1 z set aga9/ ! exposure to ! /ormy w9ds :i* x 0 alleg$ w5t ev5 s f> z to dr[n ! voice ( ! (ficiat+ prie/1 ! conge/ion ( h\ses )9 its n>r[ limits1 ! difficulty ( procur+ wat]1 & f9ally ! despotism ( ! gov]nor at ,old ,s>um4 ,to rid himself ( ^! inconv5i5ces1 ,bi%op ,poore procur$ ! papal au?ority to ! removal ( ! ,ca!dral f ,old ,s>um to its pres5t site 9 ! ye> #abah1 ?\gh n till ! ,re=mation 0 ! s]vice discont9u$ 9 ! old build+s4 ,by !n ,new ,s>um _h reap$ ! full b5efit ( ! new conditions & surr\nd+s4 ,?\gh only two miles away1 ! old place1 9 proportion to ! ris+ ( ! new t[n%ip1 sank to a few inhabitants1 lo? p]haps to "p ) old associations4 ,! fir/ build+ to appe> 9 ,new ,s>um1 or ,salisbury z we %all h5ce=? call x1 seems to h be5 ! wood5 *apel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 ! erection ( :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ! ,ea/] ( ! ye> #abai4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 ! ye> #abbj by ! f\ndation ( ! new ca!dral z plann$ by ,bi%op ,poore4 ,x 0 complet$ & d$icat$ to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 9 #abeh4 ,! gr\nd-plan is t ( a ,greek or d\ble cross4 ,) ! slight exceptions ( ! upp] "p ( ! t[] & ! spire1 :i* belong to a lat] date1 ! entire fabric repres5ts ! pure/ /yle ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,! cloi/]s1 built by ,bi%op ,walt] de la ,wyle1 are ! l>ge/ & mo/ magnific5t ( any 9 ! k+dom4 ,!y are ( ! late ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 & took1 ) ! addition ( ! ,*apt] ,h\se by ! same prelate1 f #abfc till #abgd to complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury ,,! ,,cloi/]s ,%ortly aft]1 ! upp] "p ( ! t[] 0 built 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle by ,bi%op ,wyville1 ab\t #accj4 ,five ye>s lat] x 0 capp$ by ! highe/ spire 9 ,engl&4 ,a m>vell\s a*ievem5t ( lightness ( design1 ( sl5d]ness & beauty ( proportion1 x rea*es f base to cr[n to ! rem>kable height ( f\r hundr$ & f\r feet4 ,its great height has caus$ mu* anxiety f "t to "t1 ?r\gh ! enorm\s pressure ex]t$ ^u ! t[] b5ea? x4 ,?is unique example ( a spire 0 foll[$ next by a *apel built by ,bi%op ,beau*amp betwe5 #adej & #adhb4 ,ano!r 0 c>ri$ out by ,"l ,hung]=d 9 #adgf4 ,^! two *apels1 toge!r ) an elegant campanile1 7 entirely swept away 9 ! re/orations t took place "u ! direction ( ! ar*itect ,james ,wyatt4 ,no d\bt ! ,ca!dral requir$ ext5sive repairs1 b x seems regrettable t any ar*itect %\ld h caus$ su* demolition1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ to make good ! ravages ( "t4 ,z = ! old we/ front1 ! col\r$ draw+ ( ,mr4 ,coll9s gives an excell5t idea ( its ri* sculpturesque beauty4 ,! ,ca!dral is isolat$ 9 ! c5tre ( an imm5se lawn1 z x 74 ,?is aga9 c be kept private by ! ,close1 ! area ( :i* ext5ds to half a mile squ>e4 ,)9 its limits is a delightful mall %ad$ ) trees1 z !re are also ! ,bi%op's ,palace1--a build+ ( v>i\s dates1 orig9at$ by ,poore ! f\nd]1--! ,dean]y1 & sev]al o!r h\ses4 ,we h said else:]e t ! ,ca!dral ,close ( ,salisbury may be consid]$ ! be/ example ( its k9d 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh t at ,wells is n f> beh9d4 ,! close 0 an enclosure1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ca!dral1 res]v$ = ! dwell+s orig9ally int5d$ = ! exclusive dome/ic use ( ! ,bi%op & canons4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly obs]v$ n[4 ,two or ?ree delightful gateways ( anci5t "* & beautiful design give access to ! ,ca!dral ,close ( ,salisbury4 ,app5d$ to ! ,ca!dral is ! beautiful ,*apt] ,h\se1 light$ by l(ty w9d[s4 ,x is octagonal 9 =m1 ! ro( ( :i* is upheld by a c5tral clu/]$ column4 ,a frieze 9 bas-relief1 c>ri$ r\nd ! int]ior ( ! build+1 is ornam5t$ ) biblical subjects4 ,at diff]5t times num]\s monum5ts1 *iefly to ! bi%ops ( ! ,see1 h be5 erect$1 notably ^? to ,bi%ops ,jocel9e & ,rog]4 ,a monum5t to "o ( ! *ildr5 ( ! *oir has a sad int]e/4 ,x 0 cu/om>y dur+ ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,ni*olas = "o ( ! *ori/]s to p]sonate ! "* ( a bi%op4 ,9 ?is case ! boy-bi%op di$ :ile p]=m+ 8 role4 ,! o!r int]e/+ build+s ( ! t[n are ! p>i% *ur*es ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4 ,?omas1 & ,/4 ,edmond2 ! banquet+ hall ( ,j4 ,halle1 :o 0 a wool m]*ant 9 #adgj2 ,audley ,h\se1 :i* also dates f ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :i* 9 #ahha und]w5t a ?or\gh repair4 ,x s]ves n[ z ! ,*ur* ,h\se ( ! ,diocese4 ,elizabe?'s ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,ni*olas ,hospital1 f\nd$ 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii4's reign1 & ,tr9ity ,h\se1 e/abli%$ by ,agnes ,bott5ham 9 #acgi1 are int]e/+ l9ks ( m$iaevalism4 ,9 ?is p]iod mu/ also be includ$ ! ,p\ltry ,cross4 ,x is a high cross1 hexagonal 9 =m4 ,its space is well di/ribut$ by six ar*es & a c5tral pill>4 ,"l ,montacute erect$ x j prior to ! ye> #acce4 ,! city's prosp]ity dep5d$ ^u t ( ! *ur*4 ,9 fact x 0 laid out accord+ to ,bi%op ,poore's plan4 ,! citiz5s des]t$ ,old ,s>um to settle ar\nd ! new ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t at ,new ,s>um4 ,9 #abbg1 by a *>t] ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 ! city enjoy$ ! same fre$om & lib]ties z ^? ( ,w9*e/]4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! city became ve/$ 9 a mayor1 record]1 deputy-record]1 tw5ty-f\r ald]m51 & v>i\s o!r subord9ate (fic]s4 ,! *>t] 0 confirm$ by successive sov]eigns till ! accession ( ,anne4 ,salisbury1 or ,new ,s>um1 0 fir/ repres5t$ at ,p>liam5t 9 #abie4 ,9 #ahhe1 by ! ,r$i/ribution ,act1 its two repres5tatives 7 r$uc$ to "o4 ,! city itself has also witness$ ! assembly ( ,p>liam5t )9 its limits on v>i\s occasions4 ,= be+ implicat$ 9 a conspiracy = depos+ ,ri*>d ,,iii4 to raise ,h5ry ,tudor1 ,e>l ( ,ri*mond1 to ! ?rone1 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham 0 9 #adhd execut$ at ,salisbury4 ,= a rew>d ( ,l#ajjj ! ,duke 0 betray$ by a dep5d5t ) :om he 0 9 hid+ 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury ,,! ,,ca!dral ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! city 0 held alt]nately by bo? p>ties4 ,s9ce !n ! citiz5s h be5 left 9 comp>ative peace1 int5t on _! sev]al indu/ries4 ,at "o "t !y 7 actively engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( wooll5 articles & 9 ! manufacture ( excell5t cutl]y4 ,^! are n[ decl9$1 & su* commodities z boots & %oes take ! fir/ rank1 :il/ ! %ops dep5d ma9ly on ! villages & agriculture ar\nd4 ,! _m places ( antiquity 9 ?is anci5t city ( ! c\nty ( ,wilt%ire h furni%$ _m int]e/+ palaeoli?ic relics = ! reception ( :i* ! ,blackmore ,museum 0 e/abli%$4 ,! libr>y 0 in/itut$ by ,bi%op ,jewal1 9 #aefj to #aega4 ,!re h be5 _m m5 ( note f ,salisbury4 ,! celebrat$ poet & essayi/ ,addison1 born ne> ,amesbury 9 ?is c\nty ( ,wilt%ire1 0 educat$ at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool = *ori/]s )9 ! ,close4 ,among/ ! _m em95t natives ( ! city are includ$ ,william ,h]mann1 au?or ( sev]al works 9 prose & v]se2 ,george ,coryate1 :o wrote ,! ,crudities2 ,john ,gre5hill1 a celebrat$ portrait pa9t]2 ,william & ,h5ry ,lawes1 bo? musicians & compos]s2 & ,james ,h>ris1 au?or ( ,h]mes4 ,b ! mo/ conspicu\s1 or r ! be/ kn[n1 is ,h5ry ,fawcett1 ! politician & economi/4 ,born 9 #ahcc1 he 0 ! second son ( a drap] :o1 />t+ z an assi/ant1 became aft]w>ds 8 own ma/]4 ,he 0 enabl$ to af=d 8 son ,h5ry a good education at ,k+'s ,college & ,pet]h\se1 ,cambridge1 f :i* he migrat$ to ,tr9ity ,hall4 ,he became ,sev5? ,wrangl] & ,fell[ ( 8 ,college4 ,at ! ,cambridge ,union1 ,fawcett ga9$ consid]able notice = 8 oratory4 ,8 ambition conceiv$ ! idea ( atta9+ ! highe/ hon\rs 9 ! k+dom ?r\gh ! pr(ession ( a b>ri/]4 ,= ?is purpose he ent]$ ,l9coln's ,inn1 b at ! age ( tw5ty-five a t]rible accid5t happ5$ to him4 ,8 eyesight 0 lo/ by two /ray pellets f ! gun ( 8 fa!r4 ,?\gh 8 plans ( advancem5t 7 alt]$1 he det]m9$ )9 t5 m9utes ( ! cata/rophe to cont9ue 8 old pursuits ( r[+1 fi%+1 skat+1 rid+1 & ev5 play+ at c>ds :i* 7 m>k$4 ,he became ,lib]al c&idate = ,brighton 9 #ahfe1 & ent]$ ,p>liam5t j :5 ,palm]/on's c>e] came to a close4 ,he oppos$ ,glad/one's s*eme = univ]sal education 9 ,irel&4 ,he 0 an oppon5t to ,disraeli's ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! return ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty to p[] ,fawcett 0 (f]$ ! po/ ( ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 ?\gh )\t a seat 9 ! ,cab9et4 ,he introduc$ five important po/al re=ms2 namely1 ! p>cels-po/1 po/al-ord]s1 sixp5ny telegrams1 ! bank+ ( small sav+s by means ( /amps1 & increas$ facilities = life insurance & annuities4 ,he also inv5t$ ! little slot label1 next collection1 on ! pill>-boxes4 ,! employm5t ( wom5 he greatly advocat$4 ,! defeat ( ! s*eme = ! de=e/ation ( ,epp+ ,=e/ & ! ,new ,=e/ 0 entirely due to ! ex]tions ( ?is great politician4 ,aft] a m>vell\s c>e] ( _m ye>s ,fawcett di$ 9 #ahhd4 ,f humble orig91 & 9 spite ( 8 bl9dness1 if he did n realise 8 full ambition1 he rea*$ to an exalt$ position 9 ! ,/ate--an a*ievem5t nev] accompli%$ by any "o "u l disability4 ,exet] ,9 ! great p59sula t runs out into ! ,atlantic is ,devon%ire1 adjo9+ ,cornwall1 t dw9dles to ! ,l&'s ,end1 ! po9t eag]ly welcom$ by visitors to ,engl&1 ! la/ ( ! ,old ,c\ntry to :i* a f>ewell is giv54 ,?r\gh ! nor!rn portion ( ,devon%ire me&]s ! riv] ,exe1 hav+ e/abli%$ its s\rce 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,q t5 miles be=e ! riv] empties its wat]s at ! m\? into ! ,engli% ,*annel1 on a broad ridge ( l& ris+ /eeply f ! left bank ( ! ,exe1 is ! old city ( ,exet]4 ,x is ! *ief ( ! c\nty1 & has _h a v>i$ exi/5ce4 ,= ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,exet]1 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? supplies mu* in=mation1 :i* has be5 greatly borne out by subsequ5t rese>*es4 ,he consid]$ t ,exet] 0 a city ( ! ,britons "s "t be=e ! ,romans elect$ to e/abli% _! camp4 ,! ,briti% nam$ x indiff]5tly ,ca]-,wisc 7city ( ! wat]71 or ,ca] ,rydh 7! r$ city71 f ! col\r$ nature ( ! soil4 ,:5 captur$ by ! ,romans !y made x a /ip5di>y t[n4 ,!y call$ x ,isca1 to :i* 0 add$ ,danmoniorum1 to avoid confusion ) ! o!r ,isca1 a ,lat9is$ "n giv5 also to a t[n on ! riv] 7n[ ,usk7 9 ,monm\?%ire4 ,_m pro(s ( ,roman occupation h turn$ up 9 ! %ape ( num]\s co9s & o!r relics4 ,! ye> #aggh 0 especially notable = ! excavations :i* br\ght to light _m important objects4 ,small /atuettes ( ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 ,c]es1 & ,apollo1 evid5tly ! h\sehold gods ( ! ,romans1 toge!r ) urns1 tiles1 & tessellat$ pavem5ts1 7 une>!d4 ,exet] at "o "t w5t by ! "n ( ,augu/a1 :i* 0 due to its hav+ be5 occupi$ by ! ,second ,augu/an ,legion1 ^: comm&]1 ,vespasian1 includ$ ! city "u 8 conque/ ,britannia ,prima4 ,! same legion1 dur+ ! p]iod #dg to #eb1 _h also a p]man5t /ation at ,isca ,silurum1 z ,ca]leon-on-!-,usk 9 ,monm\? 0 call$4 ,b z ,vespasian cont9u$ ! conque/1 #fi to #gi1 x seems fair to surmise t ! ,second ,legion ( ,augu/a 0 advanc$ or a portion s5t f ,isca ,silurum to g>rison ,isca ,danmoniorum1 ! pres5t ,exet]4 ,= a consid]able "t x 0 ! capital ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+dom4 ,x 0 probably dur+ ! ,saxon occupation t ! city *ang$ its "n to ,exce/re1 :i* w\ld easily be contract$ into t ( ,exet]4 ,9 violation ( a compact made ) ,alfr$1 :o 0 a ,saxon mon>*1 ! ,danes seiz$ ! city4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 compell$ to evacuate x1 toge!r ) ! surr5d] ( all _! prison]s )9 ! ,we/ ,saxon t]ritory1 by ,alfr$1 9 #hgg4 ,?is mon>* 0 aga9 call$ ^u 9 #hid to relieve ! ,saxons f _! ,dani% oppressors4 ,! next c5tury witness$ a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! city4 ,x _h f q an e>ly p]iod be5 di/+ui%$ = its num]\s mona/ic in/itutions1 s mu* s t x 0 said to h be5 call$ ,monk ,t[n by ,britons 9 ,cornwall & ! hea!n ,saxons4 ,!y 7 pleas$ to d]ide x ?us1 b :5 ,a!l/an came he cle>ly made !m und]/& t x 0 no happy /ate to be )\t ! pale ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he s ?or\ghly in/ill$ into !m ! necessity ( imbib+ ! pr9ciples ( religion t ^? :o 7 unwill+ to become conv]ts 7 expell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exet] ,,f ,,! ,,palace ,,g>d5s ,) ! exception ( a few1 we may take x t _m embrac$ ,*ri/ianity z a matt] ( compulsion or = exp$i5cy's sake1 = 9 ^? days ( h>d knocks x 0 h>dly likely t any mass ( ignorant peasants w\ld compreh5d any?+ b ! mo/ /r+5t measures4 ,! transition f hea!n d>kness to ! light ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ h meant a sev]e initiation to two-?irds ( ! population ( ,exet] at ! "t ( ,a!l/an's accession4 ,he came we/w>d ab\t ! ye> #ibf & f\nd ! ,britons & ,saxons liv+ amicably & enjoy+ equal rights4 ,! city _h by !m already be5 call$ ,ex5cea/]1 t is1 ! ce/] or =tifi$ t[n on ! ,exe4 ,a!l/an augm5t$ ! numb] ( religi\s in/itutions by ! f\ndation ( a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,! build+ 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* !re seems no reason to d\bt gave bir? ev5tually to ! pres5t ca!dral4 ,besides ?is he mat]ially increas$ ! importance ( ! t[n by appo9t+ two m9ts & erect+ regul> =tifications ) t[]s & a wall ( hewn /one4 ,a!l/an's mona/]y 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes4 ,k+ ,edg> 9 #ifh re/or$ x1 & appo9t$ ,sydemann to ! ,abbacy1 z x !n became4 ,ultimately ?is abbot 0 rais$ to ! ,bi%opric ( ,cr$iton1 :i* 0 ! seat ( ! ,devon%ire ,diocese ab\t #iaj4 ,9 #ajjc ,exet]1 aft] a gallant def5ce ( "s ?ree mon?s' duration1 0 betray$ by its gov]nor into ! h&s ( ,sweyn4 ,z has be5 said else:]e1 ?is k+ came f ,d5m>k especially to puni% ,e!lr$ ! ,unready = hav+ all[$ ! massacre ( ,danes1 9 :i* ! si/] ( ,sweyn _h p]i%$4 ,! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 n sp>$1 nor 0 ! city1 :i* did n recov] f ! t]rible visitation till ! accession ( ,canute4 ,f ?is "t ,exet] increas$ to su* importance & weal? t 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor x 0 deem$ advisable & = bett] security to make x ! head ( ! ,diocese4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,sees ( ,cr$iton & ,/4 ,g]mans 7,cornwall7 7 unit$ "u "o bi%op4 ,to uphold wor?ily ! new dignity1 ! abbey *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 erect$ into a ca!dral by ! ,confessor1 :o appo9t$ 8 *apla9 ,le(ric z fir/ bi%op ( ! unit$ see4 ,le(ric _h ! monks remov$ to ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & in/all$ 9 _! /ead 7 tw5ty-f\r secul> canons4 ,! date ( ,le(ric's in/allation is ab\t #ajdj1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 alt]$ on ! re-erection ( ! ,corni% ,see 9 #ahgf4 ,9 ,william ! ,conqu]or's "t ,gi?a1 ! "m ( ,h>old1 gave ! ,normans consid]able tr\ble4 ,x 0 only on ! appe>ance ( t mon>* be=e ! city's walls t ! citiz5s surr5d]$4 ,!y 7 made to pay a heavy f9e1 :il/ ,gi?a escap$ ) h] treasures to take refuge 9 ,fl&]s4 ,william 9 ! end rel5t$ & r5ew$ all _! =m] privileges4 ,nev]!less he took ! precaution to erect a =tress 9 ,exet]1 ! *>ge ( :i* 0 entru/$ to ,baldw9 de ,brioniis1 :o1 by virtue ( 8 (fice1 became ,e>l ( ,devon & %]iff ( ! c\nty4 ,! *ief rema9s ( ! ,ca/le is a gateway t[]4 ,?is same ca/le 0 held by ! p>tisans ( ! ,empress ,matilda = ?ree mon?s1 :5 x 0 compell$ 9 #aacf ?r\gh sc>city ( wat] to surr5d] to ,/eph54 ,contr>y to expectation1 !y 7 treat$ v well4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 = _! loyalty1 0 pleas$ to grant additional privileges4 ,9 #abjj ! city = ! fir/ "t 0 gov]n$ by a mayor & corporation4 ,subsequ5tly _! importance 0 increas$ by ! *>t]s ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,edw>d ,,iv41 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 :il/ ,h5ry ,,viii4 con/itut$ ,exet] a c\nty ( itself4 ,^! privileges 7 ext5d$ by ,*>les ,i42 & 9 #afhd a new *>t] ( incorporation 0 grant$ by ,*>les ,,ii41 b n put into effect4 ,9 #aggj ,george ,,iii4 r5ew$ & confirm$ ! *>t]1 s9ce :5 ! gov]nm5t has be5 inve/$ 9 a mayor assi/$ by subord9ate (fic]s4 ,9 ! meantime a curi\s incid5t occurr$ 9 #ahbd1 :i* greatly int]f]$ ) ! prosp]ity ( ! city1 inasmu* z ! navigation ( ! riv] ,exe 0 ob/ruct$ by a dam erect$ by ,hugh ,c\rt5ay1 at t "t ,e>l ( ,devon4 ,exet]1 ?r\gh its happy situation on ! riv] ,exe1 _h = _m ye>s reap$ full b5efit4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ x _h ga9$ consid]able importance ?r\gh ! riv] be+ navigable = %ips "r up to its quays4 ,among _m petty matt]s t annoy$ ! ,e>l ! foll[+ is alleg$ to h be5 ! *ief4 ,!re 7 ?ree pots ( fi% 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,! ,e>l want$ !m all4 ,! ,bi%op likewise4 ,nei!r w\ld give way1 & ! ,mayor 0 call$ 9 to adjudicate4 ,he allott$ "o to ! ,e>l1 ! second to ! ,bi%op1 & ! ?ird to ! t[n4 ,?is di/ribution did n suit ! ,e>l4 ,out ( pique he caus$ a dam to be con/ruct$ across ! ,exe at ,top%am4 ,!re he built a quay1 & _h ! satisfaction ( greatly curtail+ ! trade ( ,exet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exet] ,,mol',s ,,c(fee ,,tav]n ,9 #abhf ,edw>d ,i4 assembl$ a p>liam5t at ,exet]1 :il/ 9 #acga ! ,black ,pr9ce br\ght "h 8 royal prison] ( ,france & /ay$ sev]al days4 ,! ,du*ess ( ,cl>5ce1 accompani$ by _m royal adh]5ts1 took refuge )9 ! city walls 9 #adfi4 ,x 0 besieg$ by ,sir ,william ,c\rt5ay1 :o ev5tually rais$ x on ! m$iation ( ! cl]gy4 ,! next ev5t ( importance n only affect$ ,exet]1 b ?rew into agitation ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,( two impo/ors t laid claim to ! ,cr[n :i* ,h5ry ,,vii4 0 we>+1 ! second 0 a y\? call$ ,p]k9 ,w>beck4 ,he bore su* a /rik+ resemblance to ! ,plantag5ets t he _h be5 secretly in/ruct$ to imp]sonate ,ri*>d ,duke ( ,york1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,edw>d ,v41 :o x 0 pret5d$ _h escap$ f ! ,t[] & f ! fate t ov]took 8 bro!r4 ,s +ratiat+ 0 8 mann] t he successfully enli/$ ! aid ( ! ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 :o 0 hold+ h] c\rt at ,brussels4 ,8 fir/ attempt to l& 9 ,engl& 0 9 ,k5t2 8 second 9 ,irel&4 ,bo? v5tures be+ unsuccessful1 he tri$ ,scotl&4 ,!re he conv9c$ ,k+ ,james ,,iv4 t he 0 a true ,plantag5et1 & ?r\gh him he rais$ an army & invad$ ,engl&4 ,h[ev]1 ! two k+s hav+ come to an und]/&+1 ,w>beck retir$ to ,irel&4 ,he !re receiv$ an invitation f ! ,corni%m51 act+ on :i* he l&$ at ,:its& ,bay 9 t c\nty4 ,at ,bodm9 he 0 jo9$ by a consid]able =ce ( m51 ) :om he m>*$ & laid siege to ,exet] 9 ! ye> #adig4 ,at ! approa* ( ! royal =ces 8 foll[]s 7 disp]s$1 :il/ he fl$ to ,beaulieu 9 ,hamp%ire4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds he end$ 8 c>e] at ,tyburn4 ,9 #aecf ,exet] 0 erect$ a c\nty ( itself4 ,! ye> #aedi saw ! inve/m5t ( ! city by a num]\s body ( popi% adh]5ts1 f :om x 0 reliev$ by ,john ,"l ,russell 9 ,augu/4 ,on ! v day ( its inve/m5t1 ! second ( ,july1 ! /range spectacle ( ,wel* be+ hang$ f ! t[] ( 8 own *ur*1 9 :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to (ficiate z vic>1 took place4 ,he suff]$ on ! *>ge ( be+ a ,corni% rebel4 ,dur+ ! p>liam5t>y w> x 0 tak5 & retak51 f9ally to be surr5d]$ to ! ,r\ndheads 9 #afdf4 ,?r\gh\t x all ! citiz5s 7 w>m support]s ( ! ,/u>ts1 z !y _h always be5 to ! ,cr[n4 ,s mu* s 0 _! loyalty t 9 a previ\s reign1 t ( ,elizabe?1 %e pres5t$ to ! ,corporation1 ) _m o!r m>ks ( h] royal fav\r1 ! motto ,semp] ,fidelis4 ,dur+ ! /ay ( ! p>liam5t>y troops "u ,g5]al ,fairfax1 ! ,ca!dral 0 ru?lessly defac$ & divid$ into places ( wor%ip = ,presbyt]ians & ,indep5d5ts4 ,! palace adjo9+ 0 also turn$ into b>racks1 & ! ,*apt] ,h\se conv]t$ into /ables4 ,dur+ ^! tr\bles ,que5 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ! consort ( ,*>les ,i41 _h return$ to ,exet] f ,ox=d1 believ+ h]self to be 9 dang] f ! hatr$ ) :i* %e fe>$ %e 0 reg>d$ by ! p4 ,"h %e gave bir? to h] y\nge/ *ild1 ! ,pr9cess ,h5rietta4 ,leav+ ! infant at ,exet] %e escap$ to ,france4 ,9 ! ,guildhall1 :i* is a picturesque ,elizabe?an build+1 are two full-l5g? portraits3 "o depicts ! features ( ,g5]al ,monk1 ,duke ( ,albem>le1 pa9t$ by ,sir ,pet] ,lely2 ! o!r 0 giv5 by ,*>les ,,ii4 to ! ,corporation z "s slight ackn[l$gm5t ( ! city's loyalty4 ,x repres5ts ! portrait ( 8 si/]1 ,pr9cess ,h5rietta1 !n ,du*ess ( ,orleans4 ,james ,,ii4 0 ! next sov]eign to be/[ fav\r1 :i* he did by e/abli%+ a m9t 9 #afhh4 ,8 influ5ce 0 %ortliv$1 = on ! arrival ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange 9 ! ,augu/ ( ! same ye> ! inhabitants readily submitt$4 ,?is pr9ce is cr$it$ ) e/abli%+ a m9t at ,exet]1 or x may be he simply complet$ or confirm$ t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! foll[+ ye> saw him on ! ?rone ( ! k+dom z ,william ,,iii41 :i* ratifi$ ! decl>ation he _h caus$ to be read by ,burnet 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,exet]4 ,?\gh visit$ by subsequ5t reign+ pr9ces1 _! pres5ce may be said to h conf]r$ m hon\r ?an to h promot$ any mat]ial *anges to ! prosp]ity ( ,exet]4 ,! ma9/ay ( ! city is ! glori\s ,ca!dral1 & ! qua9tness ( "s ( its h\ses & /reets is unique4 ,!y af=d a great attraction to visitors1 :o are will+ to g a long railway j\rney we/ simply to see & comp>e ! m]its & dem]its ( ! ,ca!dral ) ! _m o!rs dott$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita94 ,! actual date ( ! ,ca!dral is 9 #ajdi4 ,its orig91 z we h se51 occasion$ no turn+ ( ! soil to receive f\ndations1 b m]ely ! conv5tual *ur* ( ! monks1 remov$ by ,edw>d ! ,confessor to 8 new abbey at ,we/m9/]1 adapt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ,bi%op ,le(ric & 8 secul> canons appo9t$ to ! unit$ ,sees ( ,devon & ,cornwall4 ,! head ( ! ,diocese 0 at ,exet]4 ,:at 0 ! size & "* ( ! conv]t$ mona/ic *ur* at t "t no two au?orities seem able to agree4 ,accord+ to an old record at ,ox=d its lease soon ran out1 = 9 ! ye> #aaab a new *ur* 0 comm5c$ by ,bi%op ,w>lewa/1 cont9u$ by 8 successors1 & f9ally complet$ by ,bi%op ,m>%all1 :o di$ 9 #abjf4 ,!y are suppos$ to h c>ri$ out ! plan ( ,w>lewa/2 b z ! :ole ( ! fabric1 ) ! exception ( ! t[]s1 0 entirely rebuilt 9 #abhj1 ! orig9al design is *iefly conjectural4 ,! body ( ! *ur* probably correspond$ 9 "* ) ! two massive transeptal t[]s4 ,^! are q a feature 9 t1 ) ! exception ( ^? at ! collegiate *ur* ( ,ott]y 9 ,devon%ire1 !y exi/ n[h]e else 9 ,engl&4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! t[]s did away ) ! necessity ( ei!r a c5tral t[] or lant]n4 ,x enabl$ ! ar*itect to ext5d a long unbrok5 ro( ?r\gh\t ! nave & *oir4 ,! aisles1 ) ! int]v5tion ( ri*ly clu/]$ pill>s & po9t$ ar*es spr++ f _! caps1 range along on ei!r side ( ! nave4 ,) ! sets ( ribs />t+ ea* f a clu/]$ c5tre1 & spread+ out z !y so> t[>ds ! highe/ limit ( ! ro(1 z gr& an exposition ( beauty & noble gradations ( p]spective l9es1 z conceiv$ by ar*itects ( ! ,decorative p]iod1 h be5 realis$4 ,! p]iod ( ?is rebuild+ 0 comm5c$ 9 #abhj ) ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle ( ar*itecture by ,bi%op ,quivil1 & 0 complet$ 9 #acfi 9 ! be/ ye>s ( ! ,decorat$ /yle1 j a few ye>s be=e ! ,p]p5dicul> came into vogue4 ,x is said t ?is ca!dral s]v$ z a model = ! *ur* at ,ott]y4 ,?\gh ?is ca!dral 9 m9iature resembles ! great edifice 9 ,exet] 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 notably ! transeptal t[]s1 yet1 if ! pr9cipal "p ( x dates f #abfj1 x c h>dly1 ) ! "o exception1 h be5 a copy ( ! *ief *ur* ( ! ,diocese4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% "w ( ,ott]y *ur* takes1 by comp>ison ( dates1 priority ov] t at ,exet] by "s tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exet] ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,! we/ front1 :i* is "o mass ( elegant trac]y & canopi$ ni*es adorn$ ) /atu>y1 is ! ,decorat$ p]iod m]g$ into t ( ! ,p]p5dicul>1 cov]+ ! ye>s f ab\t #acfi to #acid1 "u ! episcopacy ( ,brant+ham4 ,! w9d[s are excell5t examples ( elegant trac+4 ,"u successive bi%ops aft] ,quivil1 ! *ief alt]ation 0 ! l5g!n+ ( ! nave & ! ro( vault$ by ,gr&ison4 ,! ye> #adbj really saw ! completion ( ! build+ "u ,bi%op ,lacey4 ,"t & wea!r hav+ caus$ c]ta9 decay1 ,sir ,g4 ,g4 ,scott 0 direct$ 9 #ahgj to re/ore x4 ,! und]tak+ took sev5 ye>s4 ,a new /all1 a r]$os1 ! *oir repav$1 ri* m>bles & porphyries us$1 & /a9$ glass put up ma9ly by ,clayton & ,bell1 7 ! *ief items ( re/oration4 ,:5 erect+ ! r]$os ,scott c\ld nev] h =ese5 ! little /orm x gave rise to1 j :5 he 0 half-way ?r\gh ) ! g5]al r5ovation4 ,preb5d>y ,philpotts1 ! ,*ancellor1 & sev]al o!rs _h _! consci5ti\s objections1 :i* !y laid be=e ! ,bi%op's visitation c\rt 9 #ahgc4 ,x 0 rul$ t ! ,bi%op _h ! jurisdiction 9 ! matt]4 ,he ord]$ ! removal ( ! r]$os 9 ,april #ahgd4 ,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> ,dean ,boyd appeal$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,ar*es1 & _h ! previ\s decision rev]s$ by ,sir ,r4 ,phillimore4 ,h[ev]1 ,preb5d>y ,philpotts saw fit to appeal to ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,!y decid$ t ! r]$os %\ld rema94 ,?us 9 #ahge 0 end$ ! controv]sy2 & !re re/s ,sir ,g4 ,g4 ,scott's design1 op5 to ! criticism ( all :o are capable ( fram+ an imp>tial "o4 ,9 ?is same ye> ( #ahge mu* excitem5t arose ov] ! *ur*-tax4 ,x 0 call$ indiff]5tly dom9icals & sacram5t money1 :i* 7 said to be ( ! nature ( ti!s4 ,h[ev]1 ! disputes 7 end$ by ! di/ra9ts = paym5t4 ,9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se is pres]v$ an important manuscript1 includ+ ! fam\s book ( ,saxon poetry pres5t$ by ,le(ric on 8 accession to ! ,see ( ,exet]4 ,x is call$ ! ,exet] ,book1 & is ! life ( ,/4 ,gu?lac1 by ,cynewulf1 :o 0 an e>ly ,engli% writ]4 ,born some:]e betwe5 #gbj & #gcj at ,nor?umbria1 ,cynewulf 0 a w&]+ b>d by pr(ession4 ,late 9 life he suff]$ a religi\s crisis1 & devot$ 8 rema9+ ye>s to religi\s poetry4 ,an e>ly "w ( 8 is a s]ies ( n9ety-f\r ,riddles4 ,x is an example ( ! effects ( ,lat9 influ5ce1 :i* 9 ! end revolutionis$ ! /yle ( ,old ,engli% lit]ature z a :ole4 ,cynewulf appe>s to h be5 a prolific writ]4 ,besides ! ,riddles1 ! ,cri/ 7deal+ ) ! ?ree adv5ts ( ,*ri/71 ! lives ( ,/4 ,juliana & ,/4 ,el5e1 & ! ,fates ( ! ,apo/les are ascrib$ to him1 z well z ,! ,desc5t into ,hell1 ,felix1 & ! lives ( ,/4 ,&reas & ,/4 ,gu?lac4 ,a valuable treasure is t 9 ! possession ( ,exet]4 ,_m su* preci\s relics are to be f\nd di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ,engl&1 kn[n only to antiqu>ians & p ) int]e/ ak9 to !irs4 ,! qua9t1 picturesque old c(fee tav]n1 ) its b[ w9d[s ( squ>e-lead$ panes1 ends curi\sly at ! top ) a m\ld$ outl9e s rem9isc5t ( _m h\ses 9 ,belgium4 ,! tombs are mo/ly to ! memory ( bi%ops :o ea* 9 8 own "t ma9ta9$ ! dignity ( ! ,see4 ,( ^? natives :o came to ! front ?r\gh %e] ability may be enum]at$ ! foll[+3 ,josephus ,iscanus1 or ,joseph ( ,exet]1 a di/+ui%$ ,lat9 poet ( ! twelf? c5tury2 8 contempor>y1 ,baldw91 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 ,john ,hook]1 au?or ( ,a ,hi/ory ( ,exet] 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury2 ,sir ,?omas ,bodley1 :o f\nd$ ! magnific5t ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d2 ,mat!w ,lock1 a sev5te5?-c5tury musical compos] ( note2 & _m o!rs4 ,among/ _m notable in/itutions is ! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 :i* dates f ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! manufactures are few4 ,! wooll5 trade1 at "o "t only surpass$ by ,le$s1 has n[ entirely dep>t$ f ,exet]4 ,if x 7 n = its glori\s m9/] & ! riv] ,exe1 up :i* vessels ( ?ree hundr$ tons' burd5 c come up "r to ! city's quay1 ,exet] w\ld h long ago sunk to m]e insignificance4 ,! riv]1 :i* decid$ ! e>ly ,britons to settle on its banks1 ! ,romans to /ation ! ,second ,legion ( ,augu/a1 ! monks to e/abli% _! humble mona/]y1 ev5tually to be absorb$ into a see1 has f ! e>ly times af=d$ facilities = exports & imports4 ,! %ip canal f ,exet] to ,top%am1 :i* is 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe1 begun 9 #aefd1 enl>g$ 9 #afge & aga9 9 #ahbg1 mat]ially assi/$ & rescu$ comm]ce f a s]i\s decl9e4 ,^? vessels t are too deep 9 ! wat] rema9 at ,top%am1 :il/ ^? ( /ill great] tonnage dis*>ge _! holds at ,exm\?1 a port at ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,norwi* ,norwic4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,:5 ?is city fir/ came into be+ x is puzzl+ to say4 ,! difficulty is z to :]e ! site 0 orig9ally fix$4 ,?ree miles to ! s\? ( ,norwi* is ! village ( ,cai/or 7,/4 ,edmunds74 ,ow+ to its position on ! riv] ,w5tsum1 or ,w5sum1 x 0 call$ ,ca] ,gw5t by ! ,britons1 & = ! l reason x 0 nam$ by ! ,romans ,v5ta ,ic5orum4 ,x =m$ _! pr9cipal /ation1 z x be=e _h s]v$ z ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ! ,ic5i4 ,f ! ru9s ( ,v5ta ,ic5orum gradually arose ,norwi*4 ,z to :5 x 0 firmly e/abli%$ on its pres5t em95ce "u ! "n ( ,nordewic1 or ,nor? ,t[n1 !re seems to be no reliable evid5ce4 ,x fir/ appe>s by t "n 9 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle ( ! ye> #ajjd4 ,x may possibly mean ! t[n nor? ( ! old settlem5t4 ,= "o ?+ x is c]ta91 9 proportion z ,nordewic rose ,cai/or sank f an important t[n to a m]e village 9 ru9s4 ,accord+ to an au?ority1 an e>li] date is arriv$ at ?an ! entry 9 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,he conjectures t ! keep1 ! only remnant ( ! ca/le built on ! summit ( ! /eep m\nd by ,william ,rufus1 0 ! ,saxon burh1 erect$ 9 #gfg4 ,?is1 if correct1 w\ld cle>ly indicate t ,norwi* _h already atta9$ consid]able importance4 ,accord+ to ,spelman1 x 0 ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,!y e/abli%$ a m9t1 :]e x is suppos$ co9s ( ,alfr$ & sev]al succe$+ mon>*s 7 /ruck4 ,f its geographical position ,norwi* 0 frequ5tly expos$ to ! attacks ( ! ,norsem51 :o c\ld easily l& on ! ,norfolk coa/ & cov] ! few int]v5+ miles 9 a %ort "t4 ,! city 0 alt]nately 9 ! possession ( ! ,saxons & ! ,danes4 ,aga9/ ! latt] ,alfr$ ! ,great repair$ & =tifi$ ! citadel1 to :om1 h[ev]1 he ev5tually h&$ x ov] aft] a treaty ( peace4 ,! ,saxons aft]w>ds rega9$ x & held x till #ajjd1 :5 x _h to surr5d] to ! ,danes "u _! lead] ,sweyn4 ,! t]rible weak reign ( ,e!lr$ ,,ii4 _h e>n$ him ! epi!t ( ,unready4 ,8 indol5ce caus$ 8 t]ritories to be t]roris$1 ! t[ns to be rack$1 & _! inhabitants to be massacr$ by ! ,danes "u ,sweyn1 :o1 "u pretext ( av5g+ ! murd] ( 8 si/]1 took ! opportunity ( ravag+ & lay+ wa/e ! l&4 ,on ! accession ( ,canute1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a ,dane1 ! cities began to prosp] aga94 ,?us x came ab\t t ,norwi*1 :i* _h rema9$ 9 a /ate ( desolation till #ajah1 came aga9 into ,dani% possession1 b "u ,canute4 ,) ?is fre% beg9n+ x rapidly rose to great importance4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 ,norwi* 0 class$ z second only to ,york 9 ext5t & prosp]ity1 be+ describ$ 9 ! ,doomsday ,book z hav+ #acbj burgesses ) _! families1 #be p>i% *ur*es1 & cov]+ an area ( n f> %ort ( #ajjj acres4 ,x 0 be/[$ by ! ,conqu]or on ,ralph de ,gua]1 or ,guad]1 9 #ajge1 :o rew>d$ 8 ma/]'s k9dness by jo9+ a conspiracy =m$ by ! ,e>ls ( ,h]e=d & ,nor?umb]l& aga9/ ! ,cr[n4 ,aft] hav+ unsuccessfully def5d$ ! ,ca/le1 he retir$ into ,brittany1 leav+ 8 wife to su/a9 ! siege4 ,! city 0 v mu* damag$1 & ! numb] ( burgesses woefully r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 "s #efj only be+ left on ! capitulation to ! ,conqu]or4 ,9 view ( ! gallant def5ce by ,guad]'s wife & g>rison ( ,britons1 ,william grant$ !m all ! hon\rs ( w> & p]mission to leave ! k+dom 9 p]fect security4 ,?is siege 0 a great *eck to ! advancem5t ( ! city4 ,at ! same "t ! value ( ! prop]ty mu/ h be5 consid]ably less5$4 ,?is depreciation aft] ! draw+ up ( ! ,doomsday ,book 9 #ajhf c\ld h>dly h suit$ ! views ( ! ,conqu]or4 ,to obviate ! difficulty x w\ld be necess>y to introduce "s new elem5t1 "s attraction t w\ld br+ add$ int]e/ & fre% resid5ts will+ to ply _! indu/ries 9 ! t[n4 ,! comm5cem5t ( a new p]iod ( prosp]ity 0 soon realis$ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( a see at ,norwi*1 ?\gh n until ! "t ( ,william ,rufus4 ,"o ( 8 foll[]s f ,norm&y 0 ,h]b]t de ,loz+a1 or ,lorra9e1 :o hav+ be5 made ,bi%op ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 decid$ to remove ! ,see f ,!t=d to ,norwi*4 ,9 addition to ! ,ca!dral1 he e/abli%$ an episcopal palace & a mona/]y to ma9ta9 sixty monks1 all 9 ! ye> #ajid4 ,x _h ! desir$ effect2 ! city rapidly improv$1 ! numb] ( inhabitants greatly increas$1 & trade ext5d$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,/eph5 x 0 rebuilt4 ,9 #aabb ,h5ry ,i4 grant$ ,norwi* ! same fran*ise z t enjoy$ 9 ,london1 incorporat$ 9 a *>t]4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 at ! same "t sep>at$ f t ( ! ,ca/le1 & entru/$ to ! *ief magi/rate1 or ,praepositus 7provo/71 z he 0 /yl$4 ,ano!r factor 9 ! city's welf>e 0 ! colony ( ,flemi% weav]s :o settl$ at ,wor/ead1 ab\t ?irte5 miles f ,norwi*4 ,!y introduc$ ! manufacture ( wooll5 /uffs4 ,a second colony1 h[ev]1 came 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4's "t & settl$ "r 9 ,norwi*1 :5 x 0 made a /aple t[n = ! c\nties ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norwi* ,,! ,,m>ket ,,place ,! citiz5s1 9 ! reign ( ,john1 suff]$ consid]able loss f ! depr$ations ( ! ,dauph91 :o _h be5 invit$ f ,france to assi/ ! b>ons4 ,9 #abgb a riot betwe5 ! monks & ! citiz5s caus$ ! burn+ ( ! priory4 ,! t]rible plague1 call$ ! black dea?1 t occurr$ betwe5 #acdh & #acdi1 de/roy$ two-?irds ( ! population4 ,! city no soon] 0 beg9n+ to recov] f ?is t]rible visitation ?an "o ( its resid5ts1 ,john ,li/h]1 a dy] by pr(ession1 incit$ an insurrection call$ ! ,norfolk ,levell]s4 ,!y manag$ 9 #acha to d mu* damage be=e ! rebellion 0 quell$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 :o defeat$ ,li/h] & _h him execut$4 ,f ,h5ry ,,iv4 ! citiz5s receiv$ p]mission to be gov]n$ by a mayor & %]iffs 9 #adjc1 & ,norwi* 0 made a c\nty ( itself4 ,b 9 spite ( x all ! city sev]ely suff]$3 :at ) ! cont9u$ diss5sion betwe5 ! monks & ! citiz5s1 :5 ! mona/ic build+s 7 burnt d[n1 & ! tumults by tradesm5 all too ready to lay aside _! tools & foll[ "s h>e-bra9$ lead] ) a grievance1 & lat] on1 aft] ! peaceful p]iod ( ,elizabe?1 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! mo/ notable insurrection 0 t conduct$ "u ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 by a tann]1 ,rob]t ,kett1 & 8 bro!r ,william4 ,"u ! pret5ce ( resi/+ ! enclosure ( wa/e l&s1 !y contriv$ to excite a mo/ =midable ris+4 ,!y seiz$ ^u ! palace ( ! ,e>l ( ,surrey1 &1 conv]t+ x into a prison1 conf9$ _m ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,!y !n encamp$ ^u ,m\se-hold ,hea?1 :]e ev5tually !y 7 r\t$ by ! army "u ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick 9 #aedi4 ,! two bro!rs 7 tak5 prison]s1 ,rob]t be+ hang$ on ,norwi* ,ca/le1 & ,william suff]+ a l p5alty on ! /eeple ( ,wymondham *ur*1 ! p>i% f :i* !y _h bo? come4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? a l>ge body ( ,dut* & ,walloons settl$ 9 ,norwi*1 & introduc$ among _m o!r articles ! manufacture ( bombaz9e1 = :i* ! city soon became not$4 ,^! refugees 7 ,prote/ants1 :o _h s\ght an asylum 9 ,engl& to escape ! p]secution ( ! ,duke ( ,alva1 & ?\gh _m ,roman ,ca?olics & ev5 "s ( ! ,prote/ants 7 unwill+ m>tyrs to ! /ake at ,norwi* dur+ ?is same reign ( ,elizabe?1 ! city no d\bt appe>$ to ^! exiles to (f] a bett] *ance ( life ?an t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,by ! ye> #aehb _! numb]s _h increas$ to five ?\s&4 ,! ,que51 :o _h enc\rag$ & protect$ ^! emigrants1 ?us laid ! f\ndation ( ! comm]cial & manufactur+ prosp]ity ( ! t[n1 z %e _h done else:]e1 & on h] visit to ,norwi* 0 sumptu\sly fet$4 ,b ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,*>les ,i4's reign did mu* to upset trade 9 ,norwi*4 ,x 0 held by ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 :o seem to h got out ( control4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 b>b>\sly defac$1 all its plate & ornam5ts loot$1 & ! ,bi%op's ,palace greatly damag$4 ,! ,ca/le1 on ! o!r h&1 0 /rongly =tifi$ = ,cromwell4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,norwi* 0 "o ( ! fir/ to swe> allegiance to ,*>les ,,ii41 :o ) 8 consort paid x a visit4 ,he w5t away ri*] ?an he came1 ! city hav+ assign$ its fee-f>m to him1 ) ! pres5tation ( ,l#ajjj /]l+ besides4 ,s9ce !n ! citiz5s h be5 cont5t to lead a quiet life1 & c>ry on su* manufactures z ironworks1 mu/>d1 />*1 & brew+ ( ale1 ?\gh ! textile manufacture1 once important1 has n[ decl9$4 ,pr9t+1 :i* 0 introduc$ "h 9 #aegj1 b discont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 0 reviv$ 9 #agja1 :5 newspap]s began to be pr9t$ & circulat$4 ,?\gh1 z we h se51 ! monks & citiz5s (t5 did n agree1 yet we mu/ n =get t x 0 ma9ly ow+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,see t prosp]ity came to ,norwi*4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,ca!dral imm$iately rescu$ ! city f oblivion1 &1 m1 x rais$ x above ! commonplace4 ,all cr$it mu/ be aw>d$ to ,h]b]t de ,loz+a4 ,= "s reason or o!r he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ,!t=d1 :i* 0 !n ! seat ( ! ,diocese1 & det]m9$ to transf] x else:]e4 ,= ?is purpose 9 #ajid he pur*as$ a l>ge plot ( gr\nd ne> ! ,ca/le & soon comm5c$ ! build+ ( a magnific5t ca!dral4 ,x 0 purely ,norman4 ,?\gh x has und]gone _m alt]ations1 additions1 & re/orations1 ,loz+a's plan is /ill 9 great evid5ce1 mu* m s ?an _m o!r examples ( ,norman "w 9 ,engl&4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y1 ,loz+a br\ght 8 "w to a close1 & d$icat$ x to ,holy ,tr9ity 9 #aaja4 ,z pres5t$ to u n[1 x is a spaci\s cruci=m /ructure1 ) a highly f9i%$ & ornam5tal ,norman t[] ris+ f ! c5tre4 ,?is aga9 is surm\nt$ by an elegant octagonal spire ( ! ,lat] ,decorat$ /yle1 & crocket$ at ! angles4 ,! spire is #cae feet1 & its height is exce$$ 9 ,engl& only by t at ,salisbury4 ,! we/ front is ( ,norman "*1 ) a c5tral entrance1 ov] :i* 0 plac$ a l>ge w9d[ 9 ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle4 ,! nave1 rem>kable = its elaborate #cbh bosses1 0 /one-vault$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! vault+ ( ! transepts & ! *antry ( ,bi%op ,nix dates f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! *oir is ri*ly ornam5t$ ) excell5t design 9 trac]y "w ( ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle1 :il/ ! ea/ end has sev]al circul> *apels4 ,! ,lady ,*apel1 :i* 0 e>ly ,engli%1 0 un=tunately demoli%$ ab\t #aehj4 ,! cloi/]s are v f9e4 ,!y are #ab feet wide1 & cov] an area ( #age squ>e feet1 ) #de w9d[s ins]t$4 ,!y 7 comm5c$ 9 #abig & complet$ 9 #adcj4 ,?\gh ma9ly compos$ ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod1 !y range 9 "* f ! e>ly ye>s ( t /yle d[n to ! ,lat] ,engli% /yle4 ,! ,ca!dral1 9 common ) ! city1 suff]$ sev]ely4 ,at "o "t x 0 v mu* de/roy$ by fire4 ,! dome 0 repair$ soon aft] by ,john ( ,ox=d1 :o 0 ! f\r? bi%op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norwi* ,,! ,,ae!lb]t ,,gate ,besides ?is x receiv$ repeat$ assaults aris+ f ! num]\s disagreem5ts betwe5 ! monks & ! citiz5s4 ,x is always m>vell\s to ?9k h[ su* great works ( art h come d[n to ! pres5t day exhibit+1 9 spite ( fires1 ,commonweal? defacem5ts1 repairs & alt]ations1 s mu* evid5ce ( ! skill ( ^? great ma/]s ( m$iaeval ar*itecture4 ,! ,*apt] ,h\se1 usually a great feature ( ! ca!dral1 is miss+ at ,norwi*1 ?\gh x once exi/$4 ,!re are two monum5tal effigies1 "o to ,bi%op ,goldwell ab\t #adii1 & ! o!r to ,bi%op ,ba?ur/ 9 #ahcg1 ! "w ( ,*antrey4 ,( ! mural monum5ts !re is "o to ,sir ,william ,boleyn4 ,he 0 ! great-gr&fa!r ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ on ! s\? side ( ! ,presbyt]y1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* once /ood ! tomb ( ,h]b]t de ,loz+a1 ! f\nd]4 ,be/ view$ f ! ea/1 wrote ,george ,borr[ 9 ,! ,lav5gro 9 a description ( ,norwi* ,ca!dral4 ,p]haps ! advice ( ?is extraord9>y man is ! be/ "o to foll[4 ,born at ,ea/ ,d]eham1 ,norfolk1 9 #ahjc1 ( ,corni% desc5t1 educat$ at ,norwi* ,gramm> ,s*ool1 :i* he supplem5t$ ) ! /udy ( "s tw5ty languages1 he pass$ an adv5tur\s & v>i$ c>e] f runn+ away f ,norwi* to be a footpad to travell+ p>tly ) gypsies ov] ,europe & ,asia1 ! latt] "p be+ suppos$ to acc\nt = 8 disappe>ance--! veil$ p]iod he call$ x1 la/+ f #ahbf to #ahcc4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s he f\nd "t betwe5 8 re/less w&]+s to write ,! ,gypsies 9 ,spa9 7#ahda71 ,! ,bible 9 ,spa9 7#ahdc71 ! mu* delay$ auto-biography1 appe>+ 9 #ahea1 & ,! ,romany ,rye 9 #aheg4 ,aft] ano!r long disappe>ance1 :5 x 0 believ$ he 0 dead1 he came to life aga9 by publi%+ 8 ,romano ,lavo-,lil 7,gypsy ,^w-,book7 9 #ahgd4 ,f ?is ye> till 8 dea? 9 #ahha ! fam\s philologi/1 travell]1 & au?or sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 lodg+s 9 ,norwi*1 :]e he became a famili> figure4 ,! lives ( _m m5 c lay a bett] claim to be recognis$ by ,norwi* ?an ,borr[1 ?r\gh virtue ( _! bir?right4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,william ,bateman1 "o "t ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 f\nd$ ! great college ( ,tr9ity ,hall at ,cambridge4 ,8 great example 0 foll[$ by ano!r native ( ,norwi*1 ,dr4 ,kaye or ,caius1 :o e/abli%$ ! beautiful college ( ,gonville & ,caius at ! same univ]sity4 ,mat!w ,p>k]1 second ,prote/ant ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 z *apla9 att5d$ ,que5 ,anne ,boleyn to ! scaffold2 ,rob]t ,gre5 became a popul> writ] 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,9 #agcd ,edw>d ,k+ 0 born "h4 ,he ga9$ mu* recognition z au?or ( a "w on anci5t ar*itecture entitl$ ,munim5ta ,antiqua1 & = 8 _m antiqu>ian rese>*es 0 admitt$ ,fell[ ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,! ,rev]5d ,william ,beloe acquir$ a reputation by 8 translation ( ,h]odotus1 ?\gh possibly only kn[n to classical s*ol>s4 ,! ,l9naean ,society owes its inception to ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d41 ^: fir/ presid5t he became4 ,?is di/+ui%$ native ( ,norwi* 0 also ! au?or ( ! ,flora ,britannica4 ,! beautiful gate ( ,erp+ham1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #adbj & faces ! we/ end ( ! ,ca!dral1 recalls ! munific5ce ( ,sir ,?omas ,erp+ham1 by :om x 0 built4 ,he greatly di/+ui%$ himself at ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt1 & 0 ev5tually int]r$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,norwi*1 ! t[n ( 8 resid5ce1 ?\gh n ( 8 bir?4 ,ano!r resid5t 0 ,sir ,john ,fa/(1 :o liv$ fight+ z a r5[n$ w>rior = ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 9 _! w>s 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norwi* ,,f ,,! ,,nor!a/ ,f ! old ,gramm> ,s*ool came1 besides ,borr[1 ,sir ,edw>d ,coke1 :o 0 born 9 ,norfolk4 ,:5 only =ty ye>s ( age he became ,attorney-,g5]al1 & liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 always at /rife ) 8 dang]\s & brilliant legal rival1 ,francis ,bacon4 ,coke1 by 8 opposition to ! royal pr]ogative ( rais+ money on ! validity ( ! ,c\rt ( ,high ,commission1 & 9 tak+ a consid]able %>e 9 ! draw+ up ( ! ,petition ( ,"r1 & 9 ! debates ^u ! conduct ( ,buck+ham1 e>n$ ! dislike ( ,james ,i4 ,?\gh tread+ on dang]\s gr\nd1 ,coke nev]!less receiv$ active employm5t1 & appe>s to h got on q well 9 spite ( royal displeasure4 ,two o!r s*ol>s 7 ,brooke & ,"l ,nelson4 ,brooke ent]$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's army 9 #ahai at ! age ( sixte54 ,9 8 rem>kable c>e] he assi/$ ! ,sultan ( ,brunti to r$uce ! m>aud+ ,dyak tribes ( ,s>awak1 & ) su* success t ! ,sultan creat$ him rajah ( ! prov9ce ( ,s>awak 9 #ahda4 ,a fam\s s*ool ( l&scape pa9t+ 0 t at ,norwi*4 ,x fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! pr9cipal arti/s ( :i* 7 ,crome1--:o by ! way 0 a native ( ,norwi*1--,cotman1 ,v9c5t1 & ,/>k4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! ,ca!dral has und]gone ext5sive re/oration1 namely1 9 #ahib & #aijj4 ,be=e clos+ ?is acc\nt we ?9k x w\ld be ( int]e/ to outl9e ! causes t embitt]$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jews & l$ to _! p]secution ?r\gh ! disappe>ance ( a ,*ri/ian boy 9 #aadd f ,norwi*4 ,we h _h occasion1 "u ,l9coln1 to m5tion ! attitude adopt$ by ! citiz5s t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,if any?+1 ! feel+ 0 m int5se at ,norwi*4 ,x is unc]ta9 :5 !y fir/ resid$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh x is suppos$ !y visit$ be=e ! ,conque/ = purposes ( ! slave trade1 ( :i* !y held a monopoly4 ,! position ( ! ,jews 9 a ,*ri/ian ,/ate entirely dep5d$ ^u ! attitude ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: /r+5t measures effectually preclud$ any ,semitic f ! ex]cise ( any public (fice unless ! reception 0 confirm$ by oa?s ( a ,*ri/ian "*4 ,z ?is clause 0 =eign to ! t5ets ( ! ,hebrew religion1 & z ! ,*ur* reg>d$ ! means ( loans l5t out on int]e/ z prohibit$ by ! ,gospel1 & z a disreputable call+ & unwor?y ( a ,*ri/ian1 usury became ! only means ( subsi/5ce to ! ,jew 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 n affect$ by ! views ( ! ,*ur*1 & soon made !mselves felt4 ,z1 h[ev]1 capital 0 ne$$ = ! build+ ( mona/]ies1 abbeys1 & ca!drals by ! ,*ur*1 & ! k+s ( ,engl&1 especially ,john & ,h5ry ,,iii41 f\nd x conv5i5t to extort tallage1 ! ,jews 7 tol]at$4 ,! rate ( int]e/ dem&$ = :at 0 9 ! fir/ place a trifl+ loan 9 a few ye>s increas$ to a =midable debt4 ,! means adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & k+s ( ! middle ages to free !mselves f ?is bondage 9 no way reflect any hon\r4 ,! cu/om appe>s to h be5 = ! k+ to seize ! :ole ( ! e/ate1 bo? treasure & debts1 ( ! ,jew on 8 demise1 ?\gh !re may h be5 sons to inh]it4 ,ano!r 0 to burn ! pro(s ( indebt$ness aft] hav+ sla9 ! cr$itors1 z ! attack aga9/ ! ,jews organis$ by a set ( nobles1 :o 7 deep 9 _! debt1 is record$ to h tak5 place at ,york4 ,= ! ,jew be+ a usur]1 ! e/ate fell into ! h&s ( ! ,k+1 :o might be influ5c$ to cancel ! debt = a mu* small] am\nt4 ,we _c !n wond] t ! l[] classes foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( _! sup]iors4 ,b above all1 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! ,*ur* enc\rag$ ! circulation ( a suspicion t ! ,jews sacrific$ ,*ri/ian *ildr5 9 _! ,passov]4 ,h[ev]1 ! suspicion or blood accusation1 z x 0 call$1 fir/ took root ) a case 9 :i* a boy ( ! "n ( ,william disappe>$ at ,norwi*4 ,?is t]rible accusation aga9/ ! ,jews has s9ce be5 prov$ to h be5 f\nd$ on ! %all[e/ pretexts1 b at ! "t ! my? 0 nev]!less enc\rag$ by ! cl]gy1 s9ce x attract$ va/ numb]s ( pilgrims to any ca!dral or *ur* :i* might conta9 ! m>tyr$ rema9s ( ^! boy-sa9ts4 ,! example ( ,norwi* 0 foll[$ 9 ! same c5tury by "o at ,gl\ce/] & ,edmondsbury1 :il/ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury ! suppos$ m>tyrdom ( ,hugh ( ,l9coln s]v$ only to increase & confirm ! popul> belief4 ,h5ce ! int5se ill-feel+ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,jew4 ,london ,/4 ,paul's4 ,si qua]is monum5tum1 circumspice4 ,no epitaph m noble & impressive c h possibly be5 conceiv$ ?an ! simple ,lat9 inscription plac$ ^u ! mode/ tomb ( ,*ri/oph] ,wr53 ,if ye seek my monum5t1 look ar\nd4 ,:5 build+ ?is magnific5t /ructure1 ! great ar*itect 0 prep>+ a glori\s sepul*re to receive 8 rema9s4 ,"s ?irty-five ye>s x took ,wr5 to realise ?is great a*ievem5t--an a*ievem5t ! m a/\nd+ :5 we le>n t he 0 actively engag$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t 9 ! plann+ & p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce ( "s ?irty *ur*es 9 ,london1 no two ( :i* are alike4 ,daily he walk$ ar\nd jott+ d[n a sket* ( ! next detail to be work$ ^u1 decid+1 z ! "w progress$1 & matur+ 8 plans1 ?r[+ out "o day a c\rse1 ano!r day realis+ an idea t _h j occurr$ to him4 ,?us ! fabric rose high] day by day1 mon? by mon?1 ye> by ye>4 ,he adh]$ to no c>efully prep>$ plans2 he entru/$ no?+ to 8 subord9ates2 he hugg$ ! entire responsibility4 ,!y did n "k :at phase ( "w ! morr[ w\ld br+4 ,on ! day ea* workman w\ld receive a r\gh section & plan jott$ d[n on ! spot1 accompani$ ) v]bal in/ructions4 ,if1 ev5 :5 f9i%$ accord+ to 8 directions1 ,wr5 0 dissatisfi$ ) ?is gem ( 8 bra91 d[n x _h to come1 to be sub/itut$ by "s o!r improv$ idea4 ,( c\rse ,wr5 _h 9 ! fir/ place to submit plans = ! propos$ ca!dral4 ,x is n likely t any committee w\ld engage 9 any?+ s important bl9dfold$4 ,b ^! plans only =m$ ! %ell on :i* to peg any new sugge/ions t might crop up 9 ! progress ( ! "w1 v mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a pla/ic sket* submitt$ by ! sculptor to a committee1 :o look wise & g5]ally make fooli% comm5ts4 ,! sket* is m]ely an indication ( :at is to come aft]1 & is int5d$ z "s gu>antee4 ,)\t ?is no consci5ti\s committee w\ld commit !mselves to any agreem5t4 ,!y control ! exp5diture ( ! public subscriptions4 ,if ! f9i%$ "w does n come up to ! promis$ /&>d ( excell5ce1 ! committee c fall back ^u ! sket* & get exon]at$ ( all culpable blame4 ,! arti/ gets ! abuse = ! failure or dep>ture f ! orig9al4 ,:5 su* necess>ily r\gh sket*es are fai?fully c>ri$ out1 !y (t5 are failures2 = :at look well 9 a r\gh sket* (t5 become s]i\s blemi%es 9 ! complet$ "w4 ,! true arti/ is nev] satisfi$--t is1 t extraord9>y be+ :o has a great] love = art ?an = m]e co9--& w alt] & improve ^u 8 orig9al design at e sugge/ion 7& !y cr[d ?ick ^u him7 t makes itself manife/1 ) a total disreg>d to 8 own pocket & t punctuality s ess5tial to ! successful city man4 ,he has got 8 ideal1 & he is det]m9$ to rea* x if he has to g ?r\gh a brick wall4 ,v mu* 9 ! same way1 we may be sure1 ,wr5 0 actuat$4 ,8 pay 0 no inducem5t4 ,he receiv$ only ,l#bjj a ye> ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t ( build+1 & !n at "o "t a c]ta9 portion ( ?is mis]able pittance 0 )held by ord] ( ,p>liam5t1 because 8 detractors accus$ him ( delay+ ! f9al completion ( ! "w f corrupt motives4 ,wr5's cl]k ( ! works1 by "n ,ni*olas ,hawksmoor1 :o aft]w>ds became fam\s z ! build] ( sev]al ,london *ur*es1 0 paid only tw5ty p5ce a day4 ,tij\1 8 ironwork]1 & ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 ! fam\s c>v] 9 wood1 7 all actuat$ by ! same ideal :5 !y help$ to give expression to _! ma/]'s g5ius4 ,h[ev]1 9 "o or two p>ticul>s1 :i* w be m5tion$ lat] on1 ,wr5's sup]ior judgm5t 0 ov]rul$ by 8 committee4 ,mu* to 8 int5se & la/+ mortification !y c>ri$ ! day & /amp$ !mselves z incompet5t judges4 ,?is process ( realisation1 ?is seek+ aft] an ideal1 sometimes l$ ,wr5 into /range ar*itectural difficulties1 only to be ov]come 9 a ma/]ly way4 ,by discov]+ ^! little inconsi/5cies1 ! ar*itect's skilfulness 9 tak+ advantage ( accid5ts1 9 turn+ :at appe>$ an irrem$iable blund] into a great success1 %[s :at a complete und]/&+ he _h 9 t great bran* ( art--ar*itecture--& endorses m ?an ev] ! great position he w always be accord$4 ,an example w s]ve to illu/rate 8 +5uity4 ,h[ _m p1 :5 climb+ up ! /airs t lead to ! :isp]+ gall]y & else:]e1 h ev] notic$ any peculi>ity ab\t !m8 ,yet !re is "o4 ,:5 fir/ !y 7 be+ built ea* /ep 0 meant to be ( ! same height1 b z !y m\nt$ high]1 ,wr5 sudd5ly discov]$ t ! top "o w\ld be an ugly tall "o to asc5d4 ,to avoid ?is meant "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r to demoli% :at _h already be5 complet$ & />t afre%1 or to turn ?is accid5t to good acc\nt4 ,! latt] alt]native 0 *os54 ,by gradually r$uc+ ! height ( ! rema9+ /eps1 he contriv$ to ov]come ! difficulty s successfully t he has trick$ ! eye & foot1 s slight is ! diff]5ce ( ea* tread4 ,!y appe> to be equidi/ant z ! ones l[] d[n1 & ! illusion c only be dispell$ by measurem5t4 ,if any "o is obs]vant on rea*+ ! top ( ,ludgate ,hill1 "o peculi>ity ( ! great build+ w /rike him4 ,x is t ! great we/ facade does n squ>ely face ,ludgate ,hill1 b be>s consid]ably to ! "r4 ,9 fact its axis does n run due ea/ & we/4 ,on ! advancem5t ( ,wr5 to be pr9cipal ar*itect1 he 0 n only commission$ to erect ! ,ca!dral1 b 0 to rebuild ! city4 ,8 s*eme 0 v ?or\gh4 ,x compris$ ! wid5+ ( ! /reets2 ! complete insulation ( all important *ur*es2 ! public build+s 7 to h good frontages2 & ! halls ( ! ,city ,guilds 7 to =m a quadrangle ar\nd ! ,guildhall4 ,to c>ry ^! improvem5ts into effect1 ,gov]nm5t issu$ ord]s t none except ,wr5's rebuild+ w\ld be recognis$4 ,un=tunately mu* valuable "t 0 wa/$ 9 an attempt at ! re/oration ( ! old ca!dral1 insi/$ ^u by ! committee1 aga9/ ,wr5's wi%es1 & x 0 only :5 a portion ( ! nave fell d[n t ,dean ,sancr(t 0 able to obta9 ! cons5t ( ! committee to raze ! old walls to ! gr\nd & to all[ ,wr5 to build f ! v f\ndations4 ,! delay ( ?is decision _h 9 ! mean:ile giv5 opportunity to individuals to erect build+s mu* z !y pleas$ ^u _! own prop]ties 9 spite ( ,gov]nm5t prohibition1 ) ! result t to a great ext5t /reets & b\nd>ies1 :i* exi/$ be=e ! ,great ,fire1 7 reproduc$4 ,x also caus$ ! loss ( a f> m spaci\s frontage ?an n[ exi/s1 :i* we may be sure =m$ an important item 9 ,wr5's design = ! ,ca!dral4 ,! ar*itect1 h[ev]1 by rec$+ ! we/ front f ! old site n[ occupi$ by ! /atue ( ,que5 ,ann1 has clev]ly spac$ out a noble frontage4 ,ano!r consid]ation t det]m9$ ,wr5 to alt] ! axis ( ! ,ca!dral 0 8 great av]sion to utilis+ ! old f\ndations4 ,8 great ambition 0 to /rike out = himself & to be dep5d5t on no "o else's "w4 ,9 ord] to realise ?is he laid ! axis ( ! new "w to a po9t f>!r nor? ( t ( ! old ca!dral1 & ! plan by ?is projection has 9 a m>vell\s way cov]$ practically ! same gr\nd1 :il/ at ! same "t ,wr5 manag$ to secure fre% gr\nd = 8 f\ndations almo/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole *ur*4 ,! plan ( ,/4 ,paul's is a ,lat9 cross1 & is bas$ ^u classical l9es4 ,! pr9cipal front1 ! we/1 is compos$ ( a d\ble portico ( ,cor9?ian flut$ pill>s1 ) two flights ( /eps lead+ d[n to ! road-level4 ,9 fact ! entire body ( ! gr\nd floor is above ! elevation ( ! /reet4 ,ov]head is a l>ge p$im5t1 ) its panel sculptur$ 9 high relief4 ,on ei!r side ! we/ front is flank$ by a campanile t[]1 compos$ at ! summit ( gr\p$ circul> pill>s4 ,j inside1 on ! left1 is ! ,morn+ ,*apel1 :il/ /raight on ! opposite side lies ! ,*apel ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,george4 ,proce$+ ea/w>ds1 ! nave is flank$ by ?ree massive & impos+ ar*es4 ,!n comes ! dome or cupola1 ris+ to a height ( #cfe feet1 or #djd feet to ! top ( ! cross4 ,view$ f ! int]ior ! inn] dome is #bbe feet1 & re/s at ! int]section ( ! cross4 ,! transepts are c>ri$ "o ar* to ! nor? & "o to ! s\?1 ea* ( :i* are b\nd by semi-circul> r[s ( ,cor9?ian pill>s4 ,cont9u+ aga9 t[>ds ! ea/1 a c\ple ( /eps m>k ! comm5cem5t ( ! *oir lead+ f ! dome1 & is c>ri$ =w>d by ?ree ar*es on ei!r side4 ,beh9d ! alt> ! colossal build+ t]m9ates 9 ! apsidal ,*apel ( ,jesus4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? & bread? ( ! build+ is ! crypt bel[4 ,!re "u ! *oir1 ! ne>e/ to ! s\? wall 9 ! crypt *apel1 is ! mode/ slab t cov]s ! rema9s ( ! great ar*itect ( ! gr& edifice4 ,next to him lies ! body ( ,"l ,leighton1 ! greate/ presid5t ! ,royal ,academy has ev] _h4 ,j 9 ! "o corn] are buri$ "s ( ! mo/ em95t ( ,engl&'s pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & musicians4 ,^? m g5]ally kn[n are ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy2 ,b5jam9 ,we/1 :o succe$$ him 9 (fice2 ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 :o next fill$ x1 & ,sir ,john ,millais1 :o held ! dignity only a few mon?s aft] ,leighton's dea?4 ,! rema9s ( ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,james ,b>ry1 ,john ,foley1 ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]1 & ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan1 musician1 :o are also "s ( ! _m great build]s ( art1 h all be5 accord$ a little plot ( gr\nd close to _! v great bro!r-arti/ & pr$ecessor1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! crypt1 or r "r und]nea? ! dome1 is a noble mausoleum conta9+ ! body ( ,engl&'s greate/ admiral1 ,visc\nt ,horatio ,nelson1 :il/ j close to him betwe5 ! crypt *apel & ! dome is ! massive s>cophagus ( granite1 encas$ 9 :i* is ! body ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,! monum5t ( ?is h]o ( ,wat]loo is ! *ief feature ( ! pla/ic art t attracts ! visitor on look+ up ! nave4 ,x is ! great arti/ic expression ( ,/ev5s1 ! sculptor1 & dw>fs all o!r monum5ts 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,we w\ld l to enum]ate ! names ( all ! great m5 t lie 9 ! mighty %ad[ ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & pay "s tribute to ! _m arti/s :o h1 ?r\gh _! monum5ts1 endeav\r$ _! be/ to hon\r ! memories ( ^? :o h s wor?ily upheld ! traditions ( ! great empire2 b any su* attempt we feel we mu/ rel9qui%1 & devote all ! space we c to ,wr5's "w & to t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! wond]ful wood-c>v+ ( ! *oir /all1 & especially ! rem>kable reali/ic floral designs ( ! ,bi%op's ?rone1 7 execut$ by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 :o liv$ betwe5 #afdh & #agbj4 ,he 0 born at ,rott]dam1 & z a y\? came ov] to ,engl&1 & 0 discov]$ by ,evelyn1 ! di>i/4 ,s a/oni%$ 0 ,evelyn by ! g5ius ( ,gibbons1 :o _h j c>v$ 9 wood a copy ( ,t9toretto's ,crucifixion1 t he introduc$ him to ,wr51 ,pepys1 & ! ,k+4 ,) su* p[]ful fri5ds & 8 m>vell\s tal5t he soon became ! mo/ fam\s c>v] ( 8 age4 ,9 view+ ! great edifice "o _c help ?9k+ f :5ce came ! money :i* enabl$ ,wr5 to c>ry on ! "w4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,till+ham f>m !re 7 no end[m5ts1 & p 71 aft] ! fire1 f> f be+ g5]\s donors4 ,z funds 7 absolutely necess>y1 royal w>rants 7 issu$ to au?orise ! build+ committee to borr[ on ! security ( ! coal & w9e taxes4 ,z ! remun]ation ( ,wr51 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 & ,tij\ 0 no?+ to speak (1 we may take x t practically ! :ole ( ! proce$s 0 sunk 9 ! mat]ials & ! workm5's wages4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole "t ( build+ ,wr5 0 h>ass$ by petty annoyances on ! "p ( ! committee1 :o int]f]$ 9 small matt]s ( te*nical & arti/ic k :i* lay q beyond _! prov9ce4 ,aga9/ ! ar*itect's w !y insi/$ ^u ! erection ( ! heavy iron rail+s :i* f5ce 9 ! ,ca!dral & m> ! beautiful gradations ( l9es f ! l[e/ /ep ( ! transept entrances to ! summit ( ! dome's cross4 ,?is only s]ves z "o ( _m su* in/ances4 ,f9ally1 ,wr5's p]secutors w5t s f> z to susp5d 8 pat5t 9 ! ye> #agah1 be+ ! =ty-n9? ( 8 (fice & ! eighty-six? ( 8 age1 & ,william ,b5son 0 appo9t$ to succe$ him4 ,?is abrupt dismissal entirely upset any plan ( int]nal decoration :i* ,wr5 might h be5 ?9k+ (1 ?\gh x is suppos$ he _h propos$ to enri* & beautify ,/4 ,paul's ) a s*eme ( col\r compos$ ( m>ble & mosaic "w ) gold & pa9t+s4 ,) ! exception ( ! frescoes 9 ! dome by ,sir ,james ,?ornhill1 no?+ ( importance 0 done = fifty ye>s aft] ,wr5's dea?4 ,a proposal to contribute a numb] ( pa9t+s f ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds & ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy 0 negativ$ by ,dr4 ,t]rick1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,london at t "t4 ,9 #ahia ,w4 ,b4 ,ri*mond1 ,a4,r4,a41 0 commission$ to decorate ! *oir & ! dome ) mosaic "w1 x be+ consid]$ ! mo/ suitable mat]ial on acc\nt ( ! brilliancy ( its surface1 & ! easie/ to clean )\t risk ( injury to ! "w4 ,sir ,william ,ri*mond1 ,k4,c4,b4 7z he has s9ce be5 creat$71 decid$ to dep>t f mod]n me?ods 9 fav\r ( ! anci5t way ( emb$d+ 9 cem5t cubes1 s *os5 & dispos$ to suit ! v>i\s %ades ( 8 subjects4 ,!y repres5t v>i\s incid5ts tak5 f ! ,bible1 treat$ mo/ skilfully1 z "o w\ld naturally expect f su* a tal5t$ arti/4 ,! difficulties ( su* an und]tak+1 re/rict$ )9 c]ta9 limits z x mu/ be by ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! _m att5dant side-issues ( :i* ! outside public h n ! fa9te/ idea1 c only be kn[n to ! arti/ himself1 & p]haps to "s ( 8 confr]es4 ,9 c\rse ( erection is ! gilt iron balu/rade ^u ! cornice t runs r\nd ! *ur* 9 cont9uation ( t comm5c$ by ,wr5 at ! we/ end4 ,?is is ! gift ( ,mr4 ,som]s ,cl>ke4 ,he has also design$ ! fitt+s = ! in/allation ( ! electric light1 :i* is ! g5]\s pres5tation ( ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan4 ,9 conclusion1 we _c help recall+ ! incid5t t *e]$ ! clos+ ye>s ( ,wr54 ,once e ye> ! ag$ arti/ came f 8 retirem5t at ,hampton ,c\rt to ,london1 to sp5d ! day seat$ b5ea? ! great dome1 happy to view ! creation ( 8 great intellect1 ?\gh possibly di/urb$ n[ & !n by a little gra9 ( discont5t3 h[ mu* bett] he c\ld d x n[1 if only he _h y\? & opportunity--a worry t only assails ! true arti/4 ,9 ! natural sequ5ce ( dates we ought to h op5$ ?is acc\nt ) ! e>li] f\ndations4 ,?is we purposely disreg>d$1 & introduc$ ! read] /raightway to ! mo/ beautiful & impressive build+ ( ,/4 ,paul's t ! site has ev] _h1 leav+ ! o!rs to be dealt ) until n[4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n h\se = religi\s obs]vance on ! site ( ! pres5t ca!dral 0 a temple4 ,9 accordance ) ! usual practice ( e>ly f\nd]s1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! site select$ = x 0 ^u ! highe/ spot ( gr\nd 9 ! city4 ,if we foll[ ! acc\nts ( old ,london1 x w\ld h be5 folly = ! ,romans to h erect$ an important build+ l a temple ^u a l[] level1 :i* might h got swamp$ by an unusual ris+ ( ! tidal ,?ames4 ,ap>t f su* consid]ation1 x 0 n ! ,roman cu/om to debase1 b r to elevate z high z possible1 any object !y held 9 great rev]5ce4 ,x w\ld =m also a conv5i5t c5tre to rally r\nd 9 def5ce ( any attack4 ,9 all acc\nts ( ! site ( ,/4 ,paul's ! writ]s h pl5ty to say ab\t ! ?ree *ur*es1 b seldom1 if ev]1 allude to ! temple erect$ by ! ,romans4 ,?is is ! m curi\s :5 etymologi/s h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! aff9ity ( ,*ri/ian symbols to ^? ( hea!nism1 %[+ h[ x 0 cle>ly impossible1 & h>dly to be expect$1 t pagan cu/oms %\ld be sudd5ly arre/$ & completely aboli%$1 & an entire set ( new obs]vances introduc$ expressly = ! new fai?--,*ri/ianity4 ,su* a sudd5 *ange c\ld n1 !y cont5d1 be ?ru/ ^u a p br\ght up to rev]e ! old hea!n deities & obs]ve cu/oms r5d]$ sacr$ ?r\gh sup]/ition & c\ntless ages4 ,!y requir$ a gradual wean+1 & ?is1 s !y say1 0 done by *ri/ianis+ ! pagan symbols d]iv$ f nature-wor%ip & adapt+ !m to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! new fai?1--symbols :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 became s clo!d t _! orig9al significance 0 lo/ sight (4 ,x w\ld greatly a/oni% all dev\t ,*ri/ians to le>n t ! _m objects !y look up to ) sacr$ awe & wond] ( my/]y1 ! inv]t$ triangles :i* (t5 =m an ornam5t 9 *ur* w9d[s1 ! fac+ t[>ds ! ea/1 ev5 ! d]ivation ( ! v nave !y may happ5 to be 91 ) a v>iety ( o!r symbols1 exi/$ long be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 ev] ?\ght (4 ,x may also be a little di/urb+ to le>n t1 q un9t5tionally1 !y are indirectly pay+ respect to _m ( ! mo/ hea!n obs]vances cloak$ "u ! g>b ( ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is f> f our int5tion to advocate a return to pagan d>kness1 b if ?is be really true1 surely !re is a v close connection betwe5 ! temple & ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,= ?is v reason1 & ! m s 9 t c]ta9 l9es ( _! argum5t are n to be refut$1 we w\ld accord a great] importance ?an has be5 hi!rto done to ! ,roman temple t und\bt$ly fir/ /ood on ! prom95t piece ( l& 9 ! ,london ( ^? days4 ,we d n mean to say t at ! "t ?is temple 0 erect$ to ,diana ! suff]+s & crucifixion ( ,our ,"l _h n already borne fruit1 b ! v exi/5ce ( ! temple cle>ly indicates t 9 ,london1 at any rate1 ! new fai? 0 v mu* 9 its infancy1 if x exi/$ at all4 ,b ! demolition ( ! temple1 to make room = ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur*1 :i* 0 9 turn de/roy$ 9 #cjb dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 cle>ly gives evid5ce t !re mu/ h be5 gr[+ indications ( ! pres5ce ( conv]ts & mission>ies :i* l$ to ! erection ( ! latt] f ! ru9s ( ! =m]4 ,a matt] ( tw5ty ye>s lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 ! *ur* 0 rebuilt1 & complet$ by #ccg4 ,:at ! %ape ( ! fir/ "o 0 c only be conjectur$4 ,x w\ld mo/ probably be bas$ ^u ! temple4 ,! second 0 und\bt$ly ,romanesque1 if we c rely ^u ! dates ( its rebuild+4 ,!y fall conv5i5tly betwe5 #cjf & #ccg1 a p]iod ( m>vell\s developm5t ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture bas$ ^u classical rema9s1 :i* ! fav\rable attitude ( ,con/ant9e t[>ds ,*ri/ianity enc\rag$4 ,conv]ts 9 ,rome _h increas$ to su* numb]s t x 0 felt t "s cov]$-9 space 0 ess5tial to protect ! congregation aga9/ ! sun's hot rays & inclem5t wea!r1 ! m especially z su* a build+1 f> f attract+ ho/ile att5tion1 w\ld s]ve to ! fur!rance ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! =m x took 0 ! conv]sion ( ! basilica4 ,z any?+ t came f ,rome 0 look$ ^u z a correct ?+ to copy1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t travell+ m]*ants & mission>ies 7 able to control ! ta/e ( ! cities !y pass$ ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is way ea* c\ntry adopt$ ! basilica1 ?\gh 9 _m features !y diff]$ f ea* o!r1 consequ5t on cu/oms1 surr\nd+s1 & climatic conditions4 ,h[ev]1 ab\t ! ye> #eig1 ! pagan ,saxons appe> to h de/roy$ ! *ur*4 ,we come !n to ! fir/ *ur* ( ,/4 ,paul's ( :i* we h au!ntic record4 ,x 0 built by ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 9 #fjg4 ,he _h fir/ to obta9 ! sanction ( ,seb]t1 :o claim$ ,london z be+ 9 8 dom9ion ( ! ,ea/ ,angles4 ,to ?is see ,mellitus 0 appo9t$ z ! fir/ bi%op4 ,he 0 "o ( ! =ty monks :o _h accompani$ ,augu/9e 9 #eig to help to c>ry out ,pope ,gregory ! ,great's s*eme1 :i* 0 to divide ,engl& into two prov9ces ) metropolitans ( equal dignity at ,london & ,york1 ) twelve suffragans to ea*4 ,s9ce !n ,london's see has become ?ird1 rank+ next to ,york4 ,9 ! c\rse ( f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s1 #fjg-ajhg1 no d\bt ,e!lb]t's *ur* und]w5t consid]able alt]ation1 probably comm5c+ ) a v humble build+1 p]haps *iefly ( wood1 & z portions got out ( repair su* *>act]i/ics ( /one build+s1 z le>nt f travell]s return+ f ,italy1 7 introduc$1 ?us gradually trans=m+ ! ,saxon *ur* to ar*itecture 9 ! ,roman way4 ,= aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans ! ,britons at fir/ appe> to h return$ to primitive me?ods ( ar*itecture4 ,x is only z "t progress$ t !y gradually became initiat$1 ?r\gh ! visits ( travell]s1 into ! work+ ( /one1 :i*1 aft] ! arrival ( ! ,normans1 came into m g5]al practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,london ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,& ,,ludgate ,,hill ,to provide = ! ma9t5ance ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,e!lb]t end[$ x ) a f>m at ,till+ham 9 ,essex4 ,! prop]ty is /ill manag$1 ! r5ts ( :i* are controll$ by ! ,dean & ,*apt]4 ,! *ief ev5t :i* took place )9 its walls 0 ! fir/ great ,ecclesia/ical ,c\ncil ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* "u ! presid5cy ( ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc4 ,twelve ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #ajhg1 a great conflagration completely de/roy$ ! *ur*4 ,no "t 0 lo/1 = app>5tly 9 ! same ye> build+ op]ations 7 put 9 h& = :at _m writ]s call ,old ,/4 ,paul's1 ! second *ur*4 ,by ?is "t we may take x t ar*itecture 9 ,engl& _h advanc$ consid]ably1 & if any?+ x 0 a r =tunate accid5t t ov]took ,e!lb]t's build+4 ,! nation _h by n[ realis$ t #ajjj ,a4,d4 0 ! dread$ mill5nium ( ! pa/2 !y recognis$ !y _h a /]n ma/] 9 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 :o1 ?\gh he might be h>% ^u !m1 w\ld all[ no "o else to be s4 ,= "s ye>s prior to ! mill5nium few build+s ( any importance 7 erect$1 s ?or\ghly _h ! m9d be5 t]roris$ at ! prospect ( ! _w com+ to an end1 & ev5 aft] x _h prov$ false1 ! reaction does n seem to h tak5 place till ! accession ( ! ,norman4 ,:5 x did occur1 we see by examples n[ extant :at a great advance ar*itecture _h made1 or r1 ! k ( /one-"w _h become m g5]al4 ,?is c only be attribut$ to ! monks & /onemasons :o foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,conque/4 ,! plan ( ! ,norman *ur* ( ,/4 ,paul's 0 ! ,lat9 cross4 ,! body ( x appe>s to h be5 n>r[] & consid]ably long] ?an ,wr5's ca!dral4 ,9 fact we are mu* indebt$ to ! num]\s discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,p5rose1 & we le>n t ! we/ front came "r to ! =e ( ,que5 ,anne's /atue1 :i* !n did n exi/4 ,ano!r great diff]5ce 0 t ! axis ( ,old ,/4 ,paul's1 z "o faces ! we/ front1 0 m to ! left ( ! /atue1 :]eas t ( ! pres5t build+ runs "r ?r\gh ! c5tre ( x4 ,at ! outset ! ,ca!dral consi/$ ( a nave ( twelve bays1 transepts1 & a %ort apsidal *oir built 9 ! r\nd ar*$ /yle peculi> to ,norman ar*itecture4 ,! :ole !n /ood )9 spaci\s prec9cts enclos$ by a cont9u\s wall4 ,9 ! wall 7 six gates4 ,! pr9cipal "o op5$ 9 ! we/ on to ,ludgate ,hill1 :il/ ! second1 at ,/4 ,paul's ,alley1 l$ to ,little ,nor? ,dore2 ! ?ird1 at ,canon's ,alley1 %[$ ! way to ! nor? transept door2 ! f\r? 0 call$ ,little ,gate1 & l$ f ,*eapside to ,paul's ,cross 7:]e n[ /&s a f\nta972 ! fif?1 ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,gate1 fac$ ,watl+ ,/reet2 & ! six? 0 ! entrance f ! side ( ! riv] to ! s\? transept4 ,a matt] ( #acj ye>s lat]1 x 0 decid$ to ext5d ea/w>ds f ! *oir & introduce ! newly develop$ /yle1 :i* 0 ! use ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,! new "w1 consi/+ ( eight bays1 0 c>ri$ out1 b x caus$ ! demolition ( ! old p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,fai?1 :i* lay "r 9 ! c\rse4 ,z "s comp5sation ! p>i%ion]s 7 all[$ to use a portion ( ! crypt "u ! new *oir z _! p>i% *ur*4 ,aft] ! ,great ,fire mu* controv]sy arose4 ,! p>i%ion]s ( ,/4 ,fai?'s claim$ _! "r to bury _! dead 9 ! :ole space b5ea? ! *oir ( ,wr5's ca!dral4 ,?is ! ,*apt] disall[+1 a lawsuit ensu$1 :i* result$ 9 a compromise1 ! p>i%ion]s be+ satisfi$ ) rights ( burial 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! crypt4 ,! new "w 0 solemnly d$icat$ 9 #abdj4 ,9 ! meantime a spire1 #dhi feet 9 height1 0 put 9 h& & 0 f9ally complet$ 9 #acae4 ,! spire ( ,old ,/4 ,paul's prov$ to be a great s\rce ( anxiety4 ,x 0 /ruck by lightn+ ?ree times1 & ev5tually 0 completely de/roy$ by fire1 f a f\r? lightn+ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 9 #aefa4 ,x 0 nev] put up aga94 ,"r 9 ! angle ( ! s\? transept & ! nave exi/$ a fair-siz$ ,*apt] ,h\se1 :i* appe>s to h _h cloi/]s1 ! rema9s ( :i* c /ill be se5 9 ! g>d5s on ! s\? side ( ! nave1 :il/ on ! nor? side ( ! *oir ! position ( ,paul's ,cross is def9$ by ! ins]tion ( /ones let into ! gr\nd4 ,paul's ,cross1 :i* by ord] ( ,p>liam5t 0 demoli%$ 9 #afdc1 0 a pulpit ( wood1 m\nt$ ^u /eps ( /one1 & cov]$ ) lead4 ,at ?is place1 ! ,c\rt1 ! ,mayor1 ! ,ald]m51 & ! *ief citiz5s us$ to assemble to li/5 to s]mons f ! mo/ em95t div9es1 :o 7 appo9t$ to prea* e ,sunday 9 ! =5oon4 ,x 0 us$ z e>ly z #abei1 & n only 7 s]mons deliv]$ f x1 b also political & ecclesia/ical disc\rses 7 held4 ,old ,/4 ,paul's1 by ! "t ( ,*>les ,i41 got into su* a t]rible /ate ( dilapidation t /eps 7 tak5 to put x into ?or\gh repair4 ,a fund 0 e/abli%$ & ! "w 0 intru/$ to ,inigo ,jones4 ,he got z f> z ! refac+ ( ! ,ca!dral inside & out1 & ! add+ ( a classical portico1 :5 8 lab\rs 7 int]rupt$ by ! ,commonweal?4 ,! fam\s ar*itect di$ be=e ! ,re/oration4 ,9 ! meantime ,cromwell's troops did consid]able damage1 :at ) /abl+ _! horses )9 ! sacr$ edifice & employ+ _! leisure "t 9 defac+ ! build+4 ,!y remov$ & sold ! scaffold+1 :i* ,inigo ,jones _h set up = ! purpose ( re/or+ ! vault+1 & 9 consequ5ce mu* ( ! ro(-"w fell d[n4 ,at ! ,re/oration1 ,dr4 ,wr51 z he 0 !n call$1 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant-,surveyor-,g5]al ( 8 ,maje/y's ,works1 & in/ruct$ to repair ! fabric4 ,h[ev]1 on ,septemb] #b1 #afff1 ! ,great ,fire ( ,london broke out & completely de/roy$ ,old ,/4 ,paul's4 ,in/ead ( c>ry+ out 8 s*eme ( re/oration1 ,wr5 0 aft]w>ds enabl$ to leave to po/]ity ?is ma/]piece ( g5ius t took him f ! ye> #afge till ! ye> #agaj to realise4 ,h[ is "o to describe ,london1 ! capital ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ! l>ge/ city 9 ! _w8 ,! subject-matt] w\ld take volumes1 if an exhau/ive treatise be requir$4 ,"h x necess>ily c only be a slight sket*4 ,if we are to put any reliance on ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 a city exi/$ "h #aajg ye>s be=e ,*ri/ 0 born1 & #ced ev5 be=e ,rome came into exi/5ce4 ,! f\nd]1 he ass]ts1 0 ,brute1 a l9eal desc5dant ( ! ,trojan ,a,eneas1 by :om ! city 0 call$ ,new ,troy1 or ,troy-novant1 till ! adv5t ( ,lud1 :o *ang$ x to ,co] ,lud or ,lud-t[n1 & encompass$ x ) walls4 ,?\gh ! k+'s "n is made evid5t 9 ,ludgate ,hill1 :i* runs up to ,/4 ,paul's we/ front1 ?is au?or's /atem5ts are consid]$ z pleas+ fictions by s]i\s-m9d$ au?orities4 ,aga91 x is said to h be5 ! capital ( ! ,tr9obantes 9 #ed ,b4,c4 ,) ! arrival ( ! ,romans we get m def9ite in=mation1 yet we are incl9$ to ?9k t !y mu/ h f\nd "s k9d ( a ,briti% settlem5t1 ! m especially if we be> 9 m9d t1 until ! ,romans came1 ! m\? ( ! ,?ames 0 close at h&4 ,! ,?ames ( to-day 0 n ! ,?ames ( t "t4 ,x 0 v mu* %all[]1 possibly q easy to =d at l[ tide4 ,?is 0 caus$ by ! great inundation ov] l>ge tracts ( ! c\nties ( ,k5t & ,essex1 :i* took place e "t x became high tide4 ,till ! ,romans set ! example ( reclaim+ ! l& & conf9+ ! riv] to its *annel1 a great volume ( wat] _h ?us exp5d$ itself & r$uc$ ! dep? consid]ably4 ,b to ! e>ly ,britons1 :]e ! high] level ( l& *eck$ & br\ght back ! w&]+ ,?ames1 to cont9ue its upw>d c\rse )9 its prop] conf9em5t1 mu/ h appe>$ ! m\?4 ,9 _! belief t su* 0 ! case x is only natural to suppose t ! ,britons w\ld take advantage ( su* an excell5t site4 ,a cle>+ 0 gradually made1 = ,london 0 well wood$ once1 on ! highe/ gr\nd1 :i* w\ld be some:]e f ! site ( ,/4 ,paul's to z f> z ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 & a temple 0 erect$ )9 "s groves4 ,to ! ,romans 9 #fa ,a4,d4 x 0 kn[n z ,lond9ium or ,colonia ,augu/a1 ! =m]1 no d\bt1 be+ a ,lat9is$ =m ( ,lyn-,d91 mean+ ! t[n on ! lake4 ,boadicea1 ,que5 ( ! ,ic5i1 9 ! same ye> is cr$it$ ) hav+ r$uc$ x to a%es1 & to h put #gj1jjj ,romans & /rang]s to ! sword4 ,?is :olesale slaught] 0 puni%$1 9 ! same ye>1 by ,suetonius1 :o retaliat$ by a massacre ( #hj1jjj ,britons1 a defeat t s prey$ ^u ,boadicea t %e promptly poison$ h]self4 ,tacitus1 ! ,roman hi/orian1 :o liv$ ab\t #ij ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 relates h[ ,suetonius felt con/ra9$ to ab&on ,london1 t place ( busy traffic & ?rong$ ) trad]s1 to ! ,briti%1 because he did n feel equal to ! task ( def5d+ x4 ,?is is surely a pro( t ,london 0 no mu%room city1 ?\gh ,tacitus makes no m5tion ( a m9t1 z he does :5 he describes ,v]ulamium & ,camulodum4 ,!re also appe>s to h be5 ano!r ,briti% settlem5t on ! s\? bank1 n[ kn[n z ,s\?w>k4 ,?is di/rict1 by ! way1 has j )9 ! la/ few days be5 erect$ into a see ) ! ca!dral1 or ?rone1 in/all$ 9 its f9e old *ur* ( ,/4 ,savi\r4 ,?is is :]e ,g[]1 ! fa!r ( ,engli% poets1 is int]r$1 & is hon\r$ ) a qua9t col\r$ monum5t pr9cipally ( c>v$ wood1 & ! holy prec9cts also conta9 ! rema9s ( ,%akespe>e's bro!r4 ,s\?w>k is ! ,lond9ium attribut$ to ,ptolemy's description z be+ on ! s\? bank ( ! ,?ames1 ?\gh x does n discr$it ! exi/5ce ( t on ! nor?4 ,z to ! actual size & exact site ( e>ly ,london1 x w be _m ye>s be=e t c be accurately det]m9$4 ,z old build+s are pull$ d[n & excavations are made = f\ndations1 speculation becomes mu* n>r[$4 ,! discov]ies by ,wr51 & rec5tly by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,taylor1 ! late ,mr4 ,h4 ,black1 ,mr4 ,roa*-,smi? & ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,price1 "o ( our greate/ au?orities1 h ?r[n mu* light on e>ly ,london4 ,x has be5 f\nd t cemet]ies once exi/$ 9 ,*eapside1 on ! site ( ,/4 ,paul's1 close to ,newgate & else:]e1 :i* are kn[n to date f ! ,lat] ,roman p]iod4 ,on ! assumption t x 0 an illegal ,roman practice to bury ! dead )9 ! city walls1 x foll[s !y mu/ h be5 outside1 ?us limit+ ! habitable area4 ,z to :5 & :]e ! fir/ bridge spann$ ! ,?ames are po9ts difficult to decide4 ,sir ,george ,airy supposes t ! bridge m5tion$ by ,dion ,cassius 7#dc ,a4,d47 at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames 0 n f> f ! site ( ,london ,bridge1 on ! inf]5ce t ! m\? ( ! ,?ames ( e>ly times 0 close to ?is site4 ,dr4 ,gue/1 on ! o!r h&1 recognises x z a bridge made by ! ,britons1 b places x z be+ con/ruct$ ov] ! m>%y valley ( ! ,lea1 ne> ,/rat=d1 8 !ory be+ t ! ,britons w\ld h be5 unable to bridge ov] a tidal riv] l ! ,?ames ) ! wid? ( ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & a diff]5ce ( ne>ly tw5ty feet 9 ! rise & fall ( ! wat]4 ,f rema9s f\nd ( anci5t piles 9 ! riv]-b$1 & ! great numb] ( ,roman co9s1 a well-kn[n practice obs]v$ by ?is ,lat9 race to commemorate any important und]tak+1 antiqu>ians seem to agree t !re 0 a ,roman bridge 9 ! ,anno ,dom9i p]iod ( _! occupation1 & t indications po9t to its location at ,london ,bridge4 ,9 _! "t ,london 0 a port ( consid]able importance4 ,z _m z eight hundr$ vessels are said to h be5 employ$ 9 export+ corn alone 9 ! ye> #cei1 :i* %[s t agriculture 0 9 full sw+4 ,) ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans 9 #dji ! city became ! capital ( ! ,saxon k+dom ( ,essex1 & 0 call$ ,lund5cea/]4 ,subsequ5t ev5ts ( importance are ^? t occurr$ "u ! dyna/ies ( ! ,norman 7#ajff-aaed71 ! ,plantag5et 7#aaed-adhe71 ! ,tudor 7#adhe-afjc71 ! ,/u>t 7#afjc-agad71 int]rupt$ 9 ! mid/ by ,cromwell's ,protectorate1 & f9ally ! ,hanov]ian succession1 :i* br+s u d[n to ?is ye> ( grace1 ) ,edw>d ,,vii41 ,k+ ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,emp]or ( ,india1 & mon>* ( ! greate/ & mo/ prosp]\s empire4 ,to attempt to give a detail$ acc\nt ( all t happ5$ "u ! successive heads ( ! ,/ate is cle>ly impossible4 ,two ev5ts1 h[ev]1 /& out prom95tly4 ,"o 0 ! ,great ,plague ( ,london t comm5c$ 9 ,decemb] #affd1 & c>ri$ (f a matt] ( n9ety ?\s& victims4 ,! horrors ( ?is pe/il5ce are graphically describ$ 9 ! ,di>y ( ,samuel ,pepys1 :o 0 an eye-witness4 ,daniel ,defoe1 ?\gh writ+ "s ye>s aft]1 has giv5 u a wond]fully reali/ic acc\nt 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,plague4 ,fires 7 kept up night & day1 to purify ! air1 = ?ree days4 ,no soon] did ! infection come to an end ?an ! great conflagration ( ,septemb] #b1 #afff1 broke out4 ,x began at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+ 9 a bak]'s %op 9 ,pudd+ ,lane1 beh9d ,monum5t ,y>d4 ,x spread f ! ,t[] to ! ,temple ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,temple 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 & away to ,holborn4 ,9 ! %ort space ( f\r days x de/roy$ eighty-n9e *ur*es 7includ+ ,/4 ,paul's71 ! city gates1 ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 ,guildhall1 ,sion ,college1 & _m o!r public build+s1 besides "s f\rte5 ?\s& h\ses & ! ru9 ( f\r hundr$ /reets4 ,! ,monum5t1 built by ,wr5 9 #afga-afgb1 commemorates ! orig9 ( ! fire1 #bjb feet f its base4 ,x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t ,london--by :i* is meant ,london 9 its broade/ s5se2 t is1 includ+ ! city & exclud+ ! suburbs--has be5 divid$ into a numb] ( t[n%ips4 ,x is n[ no long] correct to call ,m>ylebone1 ,padd+ton1 & _m o!r su*1 p>i%es4 ,!y are all bor\ghs1 & possess a mayor & corporation ( _! own1 ea* ) a t[nhall to support ! dignity4 ,!y h a c]ta9 am\nt to say 9 local affairs1 ! m important be+ "u ! control ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 :o 9 turn hold !mselves responsible to ,p>liam5t4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london prop] is conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 z def9$ by an irregul> l9e ( b\nd>y comm5c+ f ! ,t[]1 nor?w>d ?r\gh ! ,m9ories1 pa/ ,aldgate1 beh9d ,liv]pool ,/reet ,/ation1 work+ r\nd to ,holborn1 across ,*anc]y ,lane1 to end at ,middle ,temple4 ,8 c>e] is g5]ally m>k$ by an appr5tice%ip ( sev5 ye>s' duration to "s city guild1 su* z ! ,m]c]s'1 ! ,groc]s'1 ,m]*ant ,tailors'1 ,v9tn]s'1 ,arm\r]s & ,brazi]s'1 & "s sev5ty o!rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod he obta9s1 on ! paym5t ( a c]ta9 fee & a glance at a s]ies ( ,hog>?'s ,progress ( ! ,rake at ! ,guildhall1 ! fre$om ( ! ,anci5t ,city ( ,london4 ,z a vacancy occurs 9 8 company he fills x z a ,liv]yman4 ,aft] ^! initial /ages he is op5 to become a ,ma/] ( ! said company1 & becomes eligible = ald]man1 %]iff1 & ,"l ,mayor4 ,! c&idate's ambition1 h[ev]1 is temp]$ accord+ to 8 means2 = to wor?ily fill ! (fice ( ! fir/ magi/rate he mu/ be prep>$ to be consid]ably out ( pocket1 ?\gh ! loss is g5]ally comp5sat$ by a knigh?ood1 & on special occasions by a b>onetcy4 ,?\gh he may be entirely devoid ( any legal tra9+1 ! ,"l ,mayor dur+ 8 t5ure ( (fice1 or ! ald]m51 are always pres5t on ! b5* at ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt1 :i* sits at ! ,old ,bailey4 ,?is c\rt 0 creat$ 9 #ahcd to br+ "u "o jurisdiction ! crim9al cases t are suppli$ by ! imm5se population ar\nd ! city4 ,opposite ! ,mansion ,h\se1 ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,"l ,mayor1 is ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,! ,royal ,m9t faces ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & 0 con/itut$ z n[ ab\t #afag1 :il/ ! build+s date ab\t #ahaj4 ,! fir/ kn[n ,w>d] or ,ma/] 0 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 ! w>d]%ip becom+ ext9ct ) ,"l ,m>ybor\gh 7#ahad--bc71 & ! la/ ,ma/] 0 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,graham1 :o di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,by ! ,co9age ,act 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 :o z su* _h exi/$ up till !n1 0 aboli%$1 & ! po/ 0 comb9$ ) t ( ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! road is ! fam\s ,t[] ( ,london1 ! ,:ite ,t[] or c5tral keep ( :i* 0 built 9 #ajgh by ,gundulph1 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,by ! side ( ?is hi/oric pile is ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ! m>vell\s eng9e]+ feat ( ,sir ,horace ,jones & ,sir ,j4 ,wolfe ,b>ry4 ,x op5s upw>ds 9 ! c5tre to all[ ! %ipp+ to pass ?r\gh4 ,"r away t[>ds ! ea/ are ! great docks1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ! ,london ,docks & ! ,ea/ ,india ,docks4 ,pass+ we/ ( ! city are ! great ,law ,c\rts 9 ! ,/r&1 design$ by ,/reet]4 ,beh9d !m is ,l9coln's ,inn1 & 9 front across ,fleet ,/reet1 is ! ,temple4 ,gray's ,inn is 9 ,holborn1 z well z ,/aple ,inn1 ) ! picturesque old-fa%ion$ frontage1 once ! prevail+ /yle ( ,london's dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,small] ,inns are ,clif=d's ,inn1 ?reat5$ ) demolition1 ) ,old ,s]jeant's ,inn adjo9+1 :ile ,s]jeant's ,inn is on ! o!r side ( ,fleet ,/reet1 ne>] to ,ludgate ,circus1 & n f> f ! ,temple4 ,9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e a priceless collection ( old ma/]s' pa9t+s are h\s$ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 once ! premises ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts1 :o mov$ to ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,piccadilly4 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ) its %ops1 & ,bond ,/reet1 ! great c5tre = art deal]s & picture gall]ies1 h>dly require fur!r description4 ,! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & num]\s o!rs2 ! great hospitals1--,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 ,guy's1 ,*>+ ,cross1 & _m m equally z well kn[n2 ! wond]ful op5 spaces z typifi$ by ,hyde ,p>k2 ! ,palaces ( ,buck+ham1 ,/4 ,james1 & ,k5s+ton2 besides ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,abbey1 & ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ,we/m9/]1 ) ! newly erect$ ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral1 close to ,victoria ,/ation1 comprise only a ti! ( :at c be se5 9 ! capital ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,york ,eboracum4 7,doomsday ,book47 ,"o c h>dly ?9k ( ,york )\t recall+ ! wond]ful ride ( ,dick ,turp9 on 8 fam\s m>e ,black ,bess4 ,x came ab\t "o day t he 0 re/+ at ! ,kilburn ,wells--a site n[ tak5 up by a mod]n bank+-h\se--9 ! company ( ano!r notori\s highwayman1 ,k+1 :o seem$ v mu* depress$4 ,dick1 he said1 ,i h _h a mo/ curi\s dream4 ,i seem$ to be dy+ f a pi/ol-%ot by y4 ,no1 no1 prote/$ ,dick1 & 0 do+ 8 be/ to *e] up 8 fri5d :5 sudd5ly unusual commotion arose outside1 foll[$ by ! imm$iate entrance ( ! bailiffs to appreh5d ,k+ dead or alive4 ,"o ( 8 num]\s mi/resses _h giv5 him away 9 a mad fit ( jeal\sy4 ,x took little "t = ,turp9 & ,k+ to rea* _! horses1 :i* 7 always te!r$ close by4 ,turp9 0 soon 9 ! saddle1 b turn+ r\nd he p]ceiv$ t 8 comrade 0 9 difficulties4 ,! horse 0 re/ive1 & its ma/] 0 mak+ va9 attempts to m\nt4 ,to draw 8 pi/ol out ( ! hol/] & empty its cont5ts t[>ds ! man :o _h by n[ laid 8 h& on ,k+ 0 a mom5t's ?\ght4 ,b to ,turp9's horror he saw ! dream realis$4 ,8 fri5d dead1 x 0 folly to dally long]4 ,amid/ a volley ( %ots he quickly :eel$ 8 m>e r\nd & gallop$ (f1 hotly pursu$ by ! excisem51 :o _h soon recognis$ him4 ,along ,we/ ,end ,lane into ,f9*ley1 away t[>ds ,b>net1 8 m>e1 gallantly tak+ e toll-gate1 soon c>ri$ h] ma/] out ( imm$iate dang]4 ,x 0 !n t ,dick ,turp9 det]m9$ to try ! fettle ( ,bess by c>ry+ out 8 long-*]i%$ ambition ( rid+ n9ety miles to ,york4 ,)\t a *ange ( m\nts1 & only an occasional r9se-out ( 8 fai?ful animal's m\? ) "s /rong /imulant1 he accompli%$ 8 wi%1 b at ! sacrifice ( 8 m>e4 ,%e di$ f exhau/ion1 hav+1 h[ev]1 sav$ h] ma/] & *eat$ ju/ice4 ,?is is no leg5d1 b an absolute fact--a /ory t has quick5$ ! imag9ation ( e ,engli% s*oolboy1 accompani$ ) a regret t su* good old rollick+ days no long] exi/1 t !re is no reliev+ ri* m]*ants ( well-fill$ purses1 no opportunity ( calm+ ! fe>s ( fair ladies1 no *ance ( act+ ! gr& seigneur t[>ds ! poor1 no langui%+ 9 ,newgate ) a glori\s dea? at ,tyburn4 ,no1 t is all a dream n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,/onegate ,?\gh cu/oms h greatly *ang$ s9ce ^? days ( unsafe travell+1 ! qua9t /reets1 ! great gateways ( bold ar*itecture1 & ! magnific5t *ur* all l5d ! city ( ,york ! wond]ful fasc9ation ( age1 height5$ by ! situation ( ! riv] ,ouse at its junction ) ! ,foss4 ,9 :at c\nty ( ,engl& ! fam\s city & glori\s m9/] ( ,york are1 requires little m5tal ef=t4 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t metropolitan see 9 ,engl&4 ,at "o "t great controv]sy arose betwe5 ,york & ,cant]bury z to prec$5ce4 ,x 0 ?\ght t :i*ev] "o ( !m c\ld successfully prove t ! "o fir/ confirm$ 0 meant by ,pope ,gregory to be ! s5ior1 %\ld be ! sup]ior4 ,z1 h[ev]1 no satisfactory und]/&+ c\ld be arriv$ at1 ! "q 0 left to ! ,papal ,c\rt at ,rome4 ,by its decision x 0 det]m9$ 9 fav\r ( ,cant]bury1 s ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury /yles himself ,primate ( ,all ,engl&1 :il/ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york re/s cont5t ) ,primate ( ,engl&2 ! r$uction ( "o ^w1 b x means a great deal4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,engl& we see :at "p ^! two metropolitans h tak51 h[ !y h occasionally fall5 out ov] :at n[ appe>s to u ! mo/ trifl+ matt]s1 b :i* no d\bt 7 consid]$ ( mo/ vital importance at ! "t4 ,9 ?is acc\nt !y ne$ no recapitulation1 = !y c be turn$ up 9 any hi/ory book on ,engl&4 ,9 ! v e>ly ye>s ( ,anno ,dom9i1 :5 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl& 0 q 9 its infancy1--or to be m exact ab\t ! ye> #ahj1--;x is said t ,k+ ,lucius e/abli%$ ! ,metropolitan ,see at ,york4 ,9 ^? days1 h[ev]1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 call$ by t "n4 ,prior to ?is mon>*'s "t x 0 ! t[n ( ! ,brigantes1 & 0 kn[n z ,evrauc4 ,!y appe> to h be5 a v h>dy race4 ,?r\gh !m x 0 t ,c>actacus1 "o ( two sons ( ,cymbel9e1 aft] ! ,silures 7 defeat$ by ,o/orius1 made ! la/ important /& aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,t is to say1 ) ! submission ( ! ,brigantes & ! capture ( ,c>actacus1 all unity among ! ,briti% tribes came to an end1 s t x became comp>atively an easy task = ! ,romans to complete ! conque/ ( ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,! ,,%ambles ,?is !y did 9 ! second campaign ( ,agricola1 ab\t ! ye> #gi ,a4,d41 & ! ,roman p[] 0 due to ! divid$ factions & p>ties ( ! ,britons1 :o1 ?\gh !y might h k+s & all ! outw>d %[ ( sov]eignty1 7 m]ely puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! conqu]ors4 ,f ?is ye> to #djj ! ,romans /eadily evolv$ a unity ( _! own 9 ,brita94 ,on _! dep>ture1 hi/ory tells u h[ ! ,briti% implor$ !m to come back & protect !m1 s helpless _h !y become 9 ! art ( attack & def5ce4 ,z ,evrauc belong$ to ! ,brigantes1 we may take x t x 0 ! *ief t[n ( ! ,briti% 9 ! nor? :5 x pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,romans aft] ! defeat ( ,c>actacus4 ,by !m x 0 call$ ,eboracum1 & became ! metropolitan ( ! nor?1 ! milit>y capital & c5tre ( ! ,romans 9 ,brita94 ,! orig9al ,roman city 0 rectangul> 9 =m & ( consid]able dim5sions4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 laid out 9 imitation ( anci5t ,rome1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,ouse4 ,a temple to ,bellona 0 erect$ z well z a praetorium1 9 :i* ! emp]ors sat1 = ,eboracum 0 hon\r$ by ! great heads ( ,rome4 ,! fir/ to reside "h 0 ,hadrian1 9 #abj1 :il/ ,sev]us di$ 9 ! city 9 #baa4 ,?is la/ _h come ov] ) 8 sons1 ,c>acalla & ,geta1 & a l>ge army1 & ! att5dance ( 8 :ole c\rt4 ,8 "t 0 busily engag$ 9 r$uc+ ! tr\blesome ,britons to prop] submission4 ,! two sons nobly help$ _! ag$ fa!r4 ,c>acalla complet$ ! erection ( a /rong wall ( /one ne>ly eighty miles long1 close to ! ramp>t ( e>? rais$ by ,hadrian1 9 accordance ) ! wi% ( ,sev]us1 to =m a m effectual b>ri] aga9/ future incursions ( ! natives4 ,dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! c\rt1 ,eboracum rea*$ to ! highe/ /ate ( spl5d\r4 ,! con/ant visits ( tribut>y k+s & =eign ambassadors1 :o came to pay _! allegiance to ,rome1 caus$ x to be unsurpass$ among ! cities ( ! _w1 s mu* s t x came to be call$ ,alt]a ,rome4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,emp]or ,sev]us1 ?\gh he di$ "h 9 #bab1 7 enclos$ 9 an urn & s5t to ,rome4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/antius ,*lorus di$ also 9 ,eboracum 9 #cjg4 ,8 son1 ,con/antius ! ,great1 0 pres5t at 8 fa!r's dea?1 & by ! army proclaim$ emp]or4 ,aft] #dji ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s tell u t ,brita9 0 no long] rul$ by ! ,romans4 ,_! /atem5ts are borne out by ! ,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,?is did n mean t !re 0 a g5]al exodus ( ! ,lat9 race or civilisation1 = ! connection ( ,rome ) its ,briti% prov9ces did n cease sudd5ly1 ?\gh ! tie gradually became weak5$1 because f #dji ,roman (ficials probably ceas$ to be s5t regul>ly4 ,brita9 /ill consid]$ itself to be ,roman1 & ! inhabitants1 or r ! upp] classes1 cont9u$ to speak ,lat94 ,ev5 9 ! six? c5tury !y 7 pleas$ to call !mselves ,romani1 & held !mselves alo( f ! surr\nd+ b>b>ians--a t]m :i* we "k 0 appli$ by ! ,romans to tribes1 n necess>ily because !y 7 uncivilis$1 b r z a conv5i5t m>k ( di/9ction f !mselves4 ,s9ce _! dep>ture f ,brita91 ar*aeologi/s h f\nd ri* m9es ( ,roman rema9s 9 e place ( _! occupation1 & none m s ?an at ,york2 b to enum]ate ! _m discov]ies w\ld require m space ?an c "h be allott$4 ,suffice x to say t ! multangul> t[] is a notable evid5ce ( ! ,roman occupation1 ?\gh x is mu* dilapidat$4 ,! city 0 frequ5tly assail$ by ! ,picts & ,scots1 & aft] ! arrival ( ! ,saxons x suff]$ consid]ably f ! _m w>s t arose betwe5 ! ,britons & _! new allies1 z well z 9 ! /ruggle = supremacy dur+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sev]al k+doms ( ! ,oct>*y1 & o!r m9or w>s4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,eboracum und]w5t a *ange4 ,by ! ,saxons ! city 0 call$ ,euro wic1 ,euore wic1 & ,e(or wic1 :i* by ,lel& is suppos$ to h be5 borr[$ f its situation on ! riv] ,eure1 n[ kn[n z ! ,ouse2 b by :at process ^! titles came to be contract$ into its pres5t "n ( ,york seems r difficult to acc\nt4 ,h[ev]1 "u ! "n ( ,e(orwic1 ! city fl\ri%$ z ! capital ( ! ,bretwaldas e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,consequ5t on ! conv]sion ( ,edw91 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 to ,*ri/ianity1 result+ f 8 m>riage to ,e!lburga1 daught] ( ,k+ ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t1 ! city 0 erect$ 9 #fbd into an ar*iepiscopal see1 ov] :i* ,paul9us1 ! confessor ( ! ,que51 0 made primate4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,edw9 _h con/itut$ ! city z ! metropolitan ( 8 k+dom4 ,edw9's "w ^u ! *ur*1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! mission>y "w ( ,paul9us1 7 sudd5ly susp5d$ by an attack ( ! ,britons "u ,cadwallo 9 #fcc4 ,edw9 0 kill$1 :il/ ,e!lburga escap$ into ,k5t ) ,paul9us4 ,! *ur* 9 ! meantime 0 all[$ to decay until x 0 re/or$ by ,oswald1 successor to ,edw94 ,he manag$ to rega9 possession ( 8 k+dom aft] a sangu9>y conflict ) ,cadwallo1 :o1 ) ! *ief (fic]s1 0 kill$ dur+ ! fight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,boo?am ,,b> ,we h x by ,b$e t on ! site ( ! wood5 *ur*1 9 :i* ! baptism 0 conduct$ by ,paul9us1 ,edw9 erect$ a l>ge & m noble basilica ( /one1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]2 b1 z we h se51 ! "w 0 int]rupt$ by ! untimely dea? ( ! f\nd]4 ,f9ally x 0 repair$ by ,ar*bi%op ,wilfrid1 ! ?ird prelate to succe$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,see & prov9ces4 ,8 pr$ecessor _h be5 ,c$da1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ on ! dea? ( ,paul9us 9 ,k5t4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 cont9u$ on its orig9al l9es by ,wilfrid & 8 successors till ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,9 ! meantime ,york1 "u ,ar*bi%op ,egb]t1 f #gcj to #gff1 became a mo/ celebrat$ c5tre ( le>n+1 & rea*$ to its height "u ,alcu94 ,! =m] _h repair$ ! ravages caus$ by fire 9 #gda to ! ,ca!dral1 :i* is describ$ by ,alcu9 z a mo/ magnific5t basilica4 ,! city fell into ! h&s ( ! ,danes4 ,!y soon made x an important seat ( comm]ce1 & con/itut$ x ! capital ( ! ,dani% j>l4 ,9 #ajej ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,m>y's 0 f\nd$ by ,siw>d1 :o is suppos$ to h di$ at ,york five ye>s lat] & to h be5 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,olave's ,*ur*4 ,william ! ,conqu]or !n seiz$ ,york 9 #ajfh & erect$ a t[]4 ,! new condition ( ?+s 0 n all[$ to rema9 long4 ,sweyn1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 s5t 8 two sons1 ,h>old & ,canute1 ) a num]\s foll[+ ( ,danes4 ,!y disemb>k$ on ! %ores ( ! ,humb]1 &1 jo9$ by ,edg> ,a!l+ & 8 army1 advanc$ to ,york1 lay+ wa/e ! l& !y pass$ ?r\gh4 ,to prev5t ! enemy f =tify+ itself1 ! g>rison fir$ ! h\ses 9 ! suburbs2 b ! flames 7 fann$ by a /rong w9d into a deva/at+ conflagration1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! ,danes ent]$ & put to ! sword ! :ole ,norman g>rison4 ,?is slaught] 0 ev5tually puni%$ by ! ,conqu]or1 :o1 h>b\r+ a suspicion ( trea*]y on ! "p ( ! citiz5s1 r$uc$ !m to 8 idea ( submission by burn+ ! city ab\t _! e>s & desolat+ ! neighb\r+ c\ntry f ! ,humb] to ! ,tyne4 ,nev]!less ! city gradually recov]$ 9 ! two succe$+ reigns4 ,ar*bi%op ,?omas endeav\r$ to pat* up ! ,ca!dral1 b ev5tually pull$ x d[n & rebuilt x4 ,! city cont9u$ to advance 9 prosp]ity 9 spite ( _m attacks f ! ,scots4 ,9 #ajhh ,william ,rufus laid ! fir/ /one = a l>ge mona/]y = ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord]1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,monk ,,b> ,9 #aacg1 dur+ ! reign ( ,/eph51 a t]rible fire broke out :i* de/roy$1 x is said1 ! ,ca!dral1 ! mona/]y1 & "s =ty p>i% *ur*es4 ,on ! accession ( ,h5ry ,i4 ! city receiv$ its fir/ *>t] ( incorporation1 :il/ 9 #aage ,h5ry ,,ii4 held "h "o ( ! fir/ meet+s :i* came to be aft]w>ds call$ ,p>liam5t4 ,x also s]v$ z an occasion = ,william ( ,scotl& to pay 8 homage to ! ,k+ 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 ! fury ( ! populace 0 excit$ aga9/ ! ,jews = hav+ m+l$ ) ! cr[d at ! ,coronation 9 ,london4 ,9 spite ( a royal proclamation 9 _! fav\r1 !y 7 t]ribly p]secut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! big t[ns4 ,york 0 by no means beh9d ! times 9 #aaij4 ,_m ( ! ,jews1 hav+ def5d$ ! ca/le 9 :i* !y _h tak5 refuge1 put _! own wives & *ildr5 to dea?1 & !n committ$ suicide4 ,^? :o did n 7 cruelly tortur$ to dea? by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! meantime x is pleas+ to note t c]ta9 portions ( ,york%ire _h be5 reclaim$ f its wild /ate :]ev] ! ,ci/]cians & o!r ord]s ( monks _h settl$4 ,!y introduc$ %eep-f>m+1 besides till+ ! reclaim$ wild]ness4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,york is tak5 up ) ! _m visits ( royalty & b5efits conf]r$1 till we get to ! ye> #aefi1 :5 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,nor? 0 e/abli%$1 aft] ! suppression ( ! rebellion kn[n z ! ,pilgrimage ( ,grace4 ,?is 0 consequ5t on ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies1 ! demolition ( t5 p>i% *ur*es1 & ! :olesale appropriation ( rev5ues & mat]ials by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! pr9cipal lead] 0 ,rob]t ,aske1 :o1 ) #dj1jjj m5 att5d$ by prie/s ) sacr$ bann]s1 seiz$ ?is city & ,hull4 ,!y 7 soon disp]s$1 ,aske be+ br\ght to ,york & hang$ ^u ,clif=d's ,t[]4 ,?\gh suppress$ = a "t1 public feel+ broke out into an insurrection dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign to re/ore ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,x end$ 9 _! discomfiture1 ,?omas ,p]cy1 ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 be+ behead$ at ,york z ! *ief r+lead]1 & 8 head /uck on ! ,micklegate ,b> z a w>n+ to o!rs4 ,hi/ory records a ,p>liam5t held "h by ,*>les ,i4 9 #afdb1 :5 he promis$ to gov]n legally4 ,9 fact1 he seems to h remov$ 8 entire c\rt "h1 or r ^? will+ to foll[ him4 ,h[ev]1 z all attempts at negotiation _h fail$1 he advanc$ to ,nott+ham & !re erect$ 8 /&>d4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,m>/on ,moor1 :i* is ab\t six miles out1 ,york 0 tak5 = ! ,p>liam5t by ,sir ,?omas ,fairfax 9 #afdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york ,,micklegate ,,b> ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,*>les ,,ii4 0 royally welcom$4 ,james ,,ii4 ar\s$ public indignation by attempt+ to introduce ,roman ,ca?olicism at ,york1 :i* only l$ to ! p]secution ( ! foll[]s ( t religion4 ,subsequ5t ev5ts h be5 pr9cipally ! visits ( royalty4 ,9 #ahbi t]rible con/]nation arose at ! sight ( smoke issu+ f ! ro( ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! act 0 aft]w>ds prov$ to h be5 t ( a madman :o _h secret$ himself = t purpose 9 ! ,ca!dral aft] ! ev5+ s]vice 0 ov]4 ,! :ole ( ! *oir 0 gutt$ by ! flames4 ,! ,ca!dral1 aft] ,sweyn's visitation1 _h be5 rebuilt by ,ar*bi%op ,?omas ( ,bayeux4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 #ajgj & f9i%$ by #aajj4 ,( ?is build+ little n[ rema9s1 x hav+ be5 de/roy$ by an accid5tal fire 9 #aacg4 ,x rema9$ 9 a desolate /ate till ,ar*bi%op ,rog] rebuilt ! apsidal *oir & crypt 7#aaed-aaia74 ,to ?is 0 add$ ! s\? transept by ,ar*bi%op ,walt] de ,grey 7#abae-abee7 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :il/ ! nor? transept & ! c5tral t[] 7 erect$ by ,john le ,roma9e1 :o 0 at t "t treasur] ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! two transepts1 besides ! crypt1 are ! olde/ portions ( ! pres5t build+4 ,!y belong to ! be/ ye>s ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,! s\? transept has a di/9ctive feature 9 its magnific5t rose w9d[1 :il/ ! nor? transept is adorn$ ) a s]ies ( beautiful work$ lancet w9d[s1 kn[n z ! ,five ,si/]s4 ,! son ( ! treasur]1 :o became also ,ar*bi%op1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! nave ab\t #abij1 :i* 0 complet$ ab\t =ty ye>s lat] by ,ar*bi%op ,melton1 :o also built ! we/ front & ! two we/]n t[]s4 ,! ,*apt] ,h\se also belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,9 #acfa ,ar*bi%op ,?oresby comm5c$ to erect ! ,lady ,*apel & presbyt]y aft] ! ,e>ly ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,he also 9 eight ye>s complet$ ! c5tral t[]1 :i* he _h tak5 d[n 9 #acgj1 :il/ previ\s to ?is he _h />t$ to rebuild ! *oir 9 #acfa to r5d] x m 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! nave1 ?\gh x 0 n f9i%$ till ab\t #adjj4 ,x is a v f9e example ( ! ,late ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,by ?is "t all traces ( ! anci5t ,norman ar*itecture1 ) ! exception ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! crypt by ,ar*bi%op ,rog]1 :i* /ill rema9s1 _h be5 elim9at$4 ,to keep 9 "* x 0 decid$ to recase ! c5tral t[] & alt] x into a p]p5dicul> t[] ) a lant]n1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #addd4 ,) ! erection ( ! s\?-we/ t[] 9 #adcb1 & ! nor?-we/ t[] 9 #adgj1 ! *ur* 0 complet$1 & two ye>s lat] 0 reconsecrat$4 ,besides ! fire ( ! madman 9 #ahbi1 :5 ! woodwork 0 entirely de/roy$1 ano!r "o broke out 9 #ahdj 9 ! s\?-we/ t[]1 r$uc+ x to a wreck4 ,s9ce !n x has und]gone ! usual re/oration4 ,! :ole resembles a ,lat9 cross1 & con/itutes a glori\s m9/]1 ! beauty ( :i* c be m readily appreciat$ by a glance at ,mr4 ,coll9s' "w ?an by any am\nt ( ^w-pa9t+4 ,! o!r illu/rations give also a fai?ful description ( ! old gateways4 ,!y are ! f\r pr9cipal gates or b>s to ! walls ( ! city--walls :i* conta9 ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli% "w1 b pr9cipally belong to ! ,decorative /yle4 ,micklegate ,b> is ! s\? entrance1 ^u :i* 7 expos$ ! heads ( traitors1 & is ,norman4 ,monk ,b> leads on to ! ,sc>bor\gh ,road1 & probably belongs to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ ,goodramgate1 :i* 0 *ang$ aft] ! ,re/oration to ,monk ,b>1 9 hon\r ( ,g5]al ,monk4 ,walmgate ,b> dates f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 & /ill reta9s ! b>bican rebuilt 9 #afdh1 :il/ ,boo?am ,b>1 ) a ,norman ar*1 is ! ma9 entrance f ! nor?4 ,/onegate is situat$ practically 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 n f> f ! m9/]4 ,x is a curi\s piece ( ar*itecture4 ,york has be5 mo/ happy ) reg>d to ! bir? ( m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,x has yield$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome eight sa9ts & ?ree c>d9als1 & to ,engl& no less ?an twelve "l *ancellors1 two "l treasur]s & "l presid5ts ( ! nor?4 ,b ! e>lie/ record$ bir? ( an em95t native takes u out ( ! ord9>y ranks ( m54 ,if any "n is well kn[n x is c]ta9ly t ( ! fir/ ,roman emp]or :o embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,he is ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,flaccus ,albanus 0 also born "h4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ! great ecclesia/ical hi/orian1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,wal!(1 ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& & son ( ,siw>d2 ,?omas ,morton1 9 turn ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 ,li*field1 ,cov5try1 & ,durham1 fir/ came into ! _w at ,york2 :il/ ( m rec5t times !re 0 ,g5t1 an em95t pa9t] & hi/orian2 ,sw9burn1 a di/+ui%$ lawy]2 & ,flaxman1 "o ( ,engl&'s mo/ celebrat$ sculptors1 :o is p]haps z well kn[n by 8 beautiful designs = ! ,w$gwood pott]y z by any o!r "w ( 84 ,n to "k :o ,flaxman 0 is almo/ z bad z to admit ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,w9*e/] ,?is anci5t city on ! riv] ,it*5 9 ,hamp%ire is insep>ably b\nd ) ,william ( ,wykeham4 ,he x 0 :o rebuilt a great "p ( ! magnific5t ca!dral n[ extant1 & :o f\nd$ ! great public s*ool ( ,w9*e/]1 at :i* s _m celebrat$ m5 h receiv$ _! education4 ,^! =m ! great attraction ( ! city1 & rescue x f oblivion4 ,x is ) sorr[ we =esee t ! inevitable re/oration w take place 9 ! ea/ end ( ?is v5]able /ructure4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ! f\ndations 7 kn[n to be 9 an unsafe condition1 b rec5tly great al>m 0 caus$ by ! appe>ance ( l>ge cracks 9 ! upp] masonry & ( ! bulg+ 9 ( ! gro9+ ( ! crypt4 ,!re 0 no d\bt t ! f\ndations 7 sl[ly subsid+1 & speculation 0 rife z to ! cause4 ,) a view to asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( ! f\ndations1 excavations 7 made4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! orig9al build]s _h re/$ !m on m>%y gr\nd1 /r5g!n$ ) oak piles1 :i* h gradually decay$ dur+ ! lapse ( c5turies4 ,at ! same "t ! pres5ce ( an und]gr\nd /ream1 ?\ght to be "p ( ! riv] ,it*51 0 se5 to be bubbl+ up ?r\gh ! gravel1 saturat+ ! upp] soil ( peat4 ,9 mu* ! same way z ! site ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral 9 ,london probably 0 cov]$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) build+s = pagan wor%ip1 s we f9d t ! ,romans at ,w9*e/] erect$ temples to ,apollo & ,concord ^u ! gr\nd t ev5tually came to be ! prec9cts ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian *ur* appe>s to h be5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ! city is said to h become "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( ! ,*ri/ian ,britons4 ,?is fir/ *ur*1 h[ev]1 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! p]secution ( ,aurelian & 0 rebuilt 9 #bic1 to be made a wreck 9 #die by ! ,saxons1 :o fir$ x4 ,:at ) ! religi\s convulsion ( ,engl&1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ,k5t1 fluctuat$ ) ! rise & fall ( circum/ances *iefly controll$ by ! policy ( k+s ei!r hea!n at "o "t & ,*ri/ian at ano!r1 or ! deposition & dea? ( a ,*ri/ian mon>*1 caus$ by "o m p[]ful & deeply imbu$ ) hea!nism1 ! ,see ( ,w9*e/] does n appe> to h come into exi/5ce till ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( its bi%opric 9 a way m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( a new epo* 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,! ,,nor? ,,aisle ,! mission ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 back$ ) ! royal c\nt5ance ( ,e!lb]t1 _h1 ?\gh n complet$1 done mu* t[>ds conv]sion2 b on _! dea? practically ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian t]ritory1 except+ ,k5t1 relaps$ into hea!nism1 & to su* an ext5t t ,augu/9e's successor1 ,laur5tius1 0 on ! po9t ( giv+ up ! :ole mission & tak+ refuge 9 ,gaul4 ,n until #fbe did a mission aga9 v5ture =? f ! ,k5ti% k+dom1 & !n _! t5tative ef=ts 7 r5d]$ abortive by ! battle ( ,hatfield 9 #fcc1 :i* = a :ile seems to h cru%$ all hope at ,rome4 ,b a c\ple ( ye>s lat] an indep5d5t mission>y1 ,bir9us1 0 consecrat$ 9 ,italy1 & 0 s5t by ! p to make fre% attempts to break d[n ! b>ri]s ( hea!nism 9 ,engl&4 ,?r\gh 8 influ5ce ,cynegils became ! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons4 ,to inaugurate 8 conv]sion ! mon>* decid$ to e/abli% a bi%opric1 & imm$iately began to collect mat]ials = build+1 at 8 capital ( ,w9*e/]1 a ca!dral1 :i* 0 ev5tually con/ruct$ by 8 son ,c5wahl 9 #fdf4 ,! ,danes 9 #hfg broke up ! e/abli%m5t1 & ! ye> foll[+1 secul> prie/s 7 sub/itut$4 ,!y rema9$ till #ifc1 :5 ,e!lwold1 by comm& ( ,k+ ,edg>1 expell$ !m to make room = ! monks ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord] f ,ab5don4 ,!y enjoy$ un9t]rupt$ possession1 & 7 ri*ly end[$ ) royal donations1 z ! dissolution reveal$ ! ext5t ( its rev5ue4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 !n ref\nd$ x = a bi%op1 dean1 *ancellor1 twelve preb5d>ies1 & o!r subord9ate (fic]s4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 fir/ d$icat$ to ,/4 ,amphibalus1 !n jo9tly to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 & aft]w>ds to ,/4 ,s)91 once bi%op "h4 ,) ,h5ry ,,viii4's regime ! title 0 alt]$ to ! ,holy & undivid$ ,tr9ity4 ,! *ur* ( ,cynegils hav+ become entirely ru9$1 a new ca!dral 0 comm5c$ 9 #ajgc-ih by ,bi%op ,walkelyn4 ,! two ,norman transepts & ! l[ c5tral t[]1 z also ! v e>ly crypt1 /ill exi/4 ,! *ur* is a spaci\s1 massive1 & spl5did cruci=m build+ ( ,norman ar*itecture ) subsequ5t additions 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! :ole ( ! ,norman nave 0 demoli%$ & re-erect$ on a f> gr&] scale by ,william ( ,wykeham at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?\gh n q complet$ till aft] 8 dea?4 ,! *oir 0 mu* re/or$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :il/ x und]w5t consid]able alt]ation by ,bi%op ,fox f #aeaj to #aebh4 ,"h is ! tomb ( ,william ,,ii4 ,a great feature is ! magnific5t r]$os beh9d ! alt>4 ,x ext5ds ! full wid? ( ! *oir1 ) two processional entrances pi]c$ ?r\gh its l(ty wall1 & cov]$ ) ti] ^u ti] ( ri* canopi$ ni*es4 ,!y once conta9$ colossal /atues4 ,beh9d ?is r]$os !re is a second /one scre51 :i* enclos$ ! small *apel 9 :i* /ood ! magnific5t gold %r9e /udd$ ) jewels4 ,x conta9$ ! body ( ,/4 ,s)91 & 0 ! gift ( ,k+ ,edg>4 ,! ,ca!dral1 9 fact1 receiv$ at "o "t & ano!r great treasures ( gold & jewels by _m ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,engl&4 ,canute is said to h caus$ 8 cr[n ( gold & gems to be susp5d$ ov] ! great crucifix above ! high alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,f ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e',s ,,hill ,! magnific5t *antry ( ,c>d9al ,beau=t is ( ! ,lat] /yle ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,bi%op ,waynfleet's *antry is 9 ! same /yle1 & has be5 kept 9 excell5t repair by ! tru/ees ( 8 f\ndation at ,magdal5e ,college4 ,bo? *antries conta9 tombs ( _! f\nd]s4 ,!re are sev]al o!r *apels1 all des]v+ close /udy ( _! beautiful ar*itecture4 ,! mo/ notable ( ! _m examples ( m$iaeval recumb5t effigies are ^? ( ! monum5ts to ,bi%ops ,ed+don1 ,wykeham1 ,langton1 & ,fox4 ,! fam\s au?oress1 ,jane ,au/51 is buri$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,f ,,! ,,dean]y ,,g>d5 ,! black m>ble font is an int]e/+ relic ( elev5?-c5tury skill4 ,! sides are compos$ ( sc5es tak5 f ! life ( ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,! ,ca!dral1 situat$ 9 an op5 space ne> ! c5tre ( ! city t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 is a m>vell\s comb9ation ( beauty & dignity1 surpass$1 if at all1 by few4 ,x is ! c5tral feature ( ,w9*e/]1 & w always comm& ! greate/ admiration4 ,"o ( ,engl&'s great public s*ools is t f\nd$ by ,william ( ,wykeham & built betwe5 #achg & #acic4 ,! f\ndation orig9ally consi/$ ( a w>d51 t5 fell[s1 ?ree *apla9s1 sev5ty s*ol>s1 & sixte5 *ori/]s4 ,! prelate _h previ\sly e/abli%$ a s*ool "h 9 #acgc4 ,?us ! olde/ ( ,engl&'s great s*ools 0 call$ ,se9te ,m>ie ,college ( ,wyn*e/]1 ! *>t] ( :i* 0 dat$ ,octob] #achb4 ,! anci5t /atutes 7 reviv$ 9 #ahee1 & 7 /ill fur!r influ5c$ by ! ,public ,s*ools ,act ( #ahfh4 ,! e/abli%m5t has a f9e *apel1 hall1 cloi/]1 & o!r necess>y build+s1 all 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,ano!r int]e/+ /ructure is t af=d$ by ! hospital ( ,/4 ,cross1 f\nd$ 9 #aacf by ,h5ry de ,blois1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]4 ,x lies ab\t a mile out ( t[n4 ,its g5]al plan c be readily se5 by a glance at ,mr4 ,coll9s' draw+4 ,h5ry de ,blois int5d$ x to provide bo>d & lodg+ = ?irte5 poor m51 & a daily d9n] = "o hundr$ o!rs4 ,x 0 mo/ly rebuilt by ,c>d9al ,beau=t betwe5 #adje & #addg4 ,! :ole has und]gone mu* re/oration1 :i* 0 n entirely happy1 ?\gh x has c]ta9ly kept ! build+s 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,on ! prec9cts is also ! v /ately cruci=m *apel1 dat+ r\ghly f ! ye> #aahj4 ,! city ( ,w9*e/] 0 at "o "t prov]bial = its spl5d\r1 :i* 0 ow+ to ! _m k+s t pref]r$ to reside )9 its walls ?an else:]e4 ,ma9ly ow+ to its c5tral position on ! high roads 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ,w9*e/] 0 f e>ly times a t[n ( great importance4 ,?is ,hamp%ire city is fir/ ascrib$ to ! ,celtic ,britons1 :o settl$ "h 9 #cib ,b4 c41 hav+ emigrat$ f ! coa/s ( ,armorica 9 ,gaul4 ,!y rema9$ 9 undi/urb$ possession till )9 a c5tury prior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 !y 7 expell$ by ! ,belgae1 :o advanc$ f _! settlem5ts on ! s\!rn coa/s into ! int]ior4 ,soon aft] x _h become ! capital ( ! ,belgae1 ! settlem5t pass$ into ,roman occupation4 ,! ,co] ,gw5t 7,:ite ,city7 ( ! ,britons became ! ,v5ta ,belg>um ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,roman ^w ,v5ta ev5tually became trans=m$ to ,w9te1 ,w9te-cea/]1 f :i* 0 d]iv$ ,w9*e/]4 ,"u ,c$ric1 ab\t #ebj ,a4,d41 x became ! capital ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 & ( ,engl& 9 #hbg by ,egb]t4 ,he _h obta9$ ! sov]eignty ( all ! o!r k+doms ( ! ,oct>*y1 & 0 cr[n$ sole mon>* 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,w9*e/]4 ,on ?is occasion ! mon>* publi%$ an edict comm&+ all 8 subjects ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions to be call$ ,engli%4 ,! union ( ! k+doms gave t importance to ,w9*e/] :i* x _h nev] _h previ\sly1 & ! fact ( be+ n only ! capital ( ,wessex1 b ! metropolis ( ,engl&1 caus$ x to leap into great prom95ce4 ,?is /ate1 h[ev]1 suff]$ a sev]e *eck :5 ,london1 9 ! reign ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 began to rival x1 & 0 br\ght almo/ to ! v]ge ( ru9 ?r\gh ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,h[ev]1 at diff]5t p]iods1 ,w9*e/] receiv$ mu* unwelcome discomfiture4 ,x 0 seiz$ by ! ,danes 9 #hga2 :il/ 9 #ajac x 0 ravag$ by ,sweyn on 8 pa? ( v5geance4 ,9 #aajj ! body ( ,william ,rufus 0 solemnly int]r$ 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,dur+ ! p>liam5t>y w> ! city 0 tak5 & retak5 by ,cromwell1 & ! ca/le dismantl$4 ,"h x 0 t ,*>les ,i4 commission$ ,wr5 to build a palace 9 #afhc1 :i* 0 only begun4 ,previ\s to ?is ! plague ( #afff greatly r$uc$ ! numb] ( inhabitants1 & x 0 possibly to help ! city recov] itself t ,*>les ?\ght ( build+ a palace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,/4 ,,cross ,?\gh ! great regal prosp]ity has long s9ce dep>t$1 ! _m old h\ses & ! great ext5t ( ! city /ill be> te/imony to ! once great importance ( ,w9*e/]4 ,we/m9/] ,( ! ?ree ca!drals 9 ,london1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey may be said to possess ! greate/ *>ms4 ,comp>$ to x ,/4 ,paul's is a new *ur*1 :il/ ,/4 ,savi\r's1 ,s\?w>k1 is little kn[n4 ,x is true t ! f\ndation ( ,/4 ,paul's is coeval ) t ( ! ,abbey1 & ,/4 ,savi\r's is an old *ur*1 b ,/4 ,paul's dates f ! ,great ,fire ( ,london1 & ! m]it ( its ar*itecture is ! wond]ful g5ius ( ,wr54 ,9 m ways ?an "o ,we/m9/] is b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( ! great empire4 ,)9 h] prec9cts repose ! great] numb] ( reign+ heads :o inaugurat$ _! reigns 9 ! sacr$ int]ior ) ! coronation1 a c]emony :i* 0 la/ p]=m$ :5 our pres5t k+ came to ! ?rone1 ?\gh ! la/ mon>* to be laid to re/ 9 ! v5]able pile ceas$ ) ! int]m5t ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 9 #agfj4 ,! ,abbey is also ! fav\rite sepulture = em95t /atesm51 poets1 au?ors1 & great travell]s1--m5 ^: intellects h done f> m = ! wond]ful rise ( ,great ,brita9 ?an ! av]age cr[n$ head1 m5 ^: ability & p]sonality 9 _m cases 7 little und]/ood dur+ life1 prey$ ^u1 z is (t5 ! case1 by o!rs :o c\ld turn x to good pecuni>y acc\nt4 ,b :5 dea? claims !m1 ! nation1 s5sible ( _! loss1 pay homage by int]r+ ! rema9s 9 ! noble sepul*re ( a ca!dral1 or p]petuate ! memory by an epitaph on ! wall4 ,to w&] ar\nd ! ,poets' ,corn] along ! e*o+ aisles1 & /& 9 front ( ea* memorial & read (f ! few cold l9es t seem a mock]y to reg>d z a record ( "s mighty intellect1 s]ve only to awak5 ! imag9ation & to recall _! sad biographies read at "o "t or ano!r4 ,7 ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,sp5s]1 ,dryd51 ,milton1 ,oliv] ,goldsmi?1 ,h&el1 ,?ack]ay1 ,david ,g>rick1 to m5tion only a few1 ev] made pe]s1 mu* less knights8 ,no2 yet _m ( _! contempor>ies ( inf]ior intellect enjoy$ su* worldly di/9ction4 ,to /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great dead1 or 9 lieu to read _! epitaphs1 ca/s a great fasc9ation ov] ! m9d1 & makes "o l+] )9 ! prec9cts ( ! hi/oric abbey till a rude awak5+ comes f ! v]g] t x is clos+-"t4 ,) a sigh we em]ge f ! great mausoleum into ! h>d1 gl>+ daylight1 = a few seconds daz$4 ,! fasc9ation /ill cl+s to u1 & :5 we get home we are eag] to consult au?orities & le>n m ( ! beautiful *ur* at ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,abbey1 l ne>ly all our great ca!drals1 is ! gr[? ( c5turies4 ,look+ at x "u pres5t-day conditions1 we c h>dly realise t 9 ! dim pa/ ! site 0 an isl& ( dry s& & gravel1 b\nd on ! "o side by ! riv] ,?ames1 & on ! o!r by m>%es wat]$ by ! little /ream call$ ! ,eye4 ,?is /ream /ill runs1 ?\gh out ( sight1 "u ,new ,bond ,/reet1 ! ,gre5 ,p>k1 & ,buck+ham ,palace1 to empty itself into ! ,?ames ne> ,vauxhall ,bridge1 & has l5t its "n to ,tyburn 7,?' ,eye ,burn74 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5? c5tury1 possibly )9 a few mon?s ( 8 re/or+ ! *ur* on ! site ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :i* w\ld take u back to ab\t ! ye> #faj1 ,seb]t1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons1 decid$ to build a *ur* to ! hon\r ( ,/4 ,pet] on ?is ,isle ( ,?orns1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,?orney ,isl&4 ,! fact ( ! vic9ity be+ we/w>d ( ! neighb\r+ hill ( ,/4 ,paul's ev5tually gave rise to ! "n ( ,we/m9/]4 ,accord+ to tradition1 on ! eve ( ! new *ur* be+ consecrat$ by ,bi%op ,mellitus1 ! boatman ,edric1 :il/ att5d+ to 8 nets by ! bank ( ! isl&1 0 attract$ by a gleam+ light on ! opposite %ore4 ,r[+ across1 he f\nd a v5]able man1 :o desir$ to be f]ri$ ov]4 ,on l&+ at ! isl&1 ! my/]i\s /rang] proce$$ t[>ds ! *ur*1 accompani$ by a ho/ ( angels1 :o gave him light by c&les z he w5t ?r\gh ! =ms ( *ur* consecration4 ,on 8 return to ! boat1 ! old man bade ,edric tell ,mellitus t ,/4 ,pet] _h come 9 p]son to consecrate ! *ur*1 & promis$ him t fi% w\ld always come pl5tifully to 8 nets1 provid$ he did n "w on a ,sunday & did n =get to (f] a ti! ( t :i* he caught to ! ,abbey ( ,we/m9/]4 ,on ! morr[1 ,mellitus1 he>+ ! fi%]man's /ory1 confirm$ by ! m>ks ( consecration 9 ! *rism1 ! crosses on ! doors1 & ! dropp+s f ! c&les ( ! angels1 ackn[l$g$ ! "w ( ,/4 ,pet] z suffici5t consecration1 & *ang$ ! "n f ,?orney ,isl& to ,we/m9/]1 to di/+ui% x z be+ to ! we/ ( ! city ( ,london & to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul's on ! neighb\r+ hill4 ,h[ev] incr$ible ,edric's /ory may be x bore fruit1 9 t till #achb a ti! ( fi% 0 paid by ! ,?ames fi%]man to ! ,abbey1 9 ex*ange = :i* ! be>] _h ! privilege to sit1 on t day1 at ! ,abbot's table1 & to ask = bread & ale f ! cell>man4 ,by degrees ! neighb\rhood became peopl$1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! *ur* & p>tly f ! erection ( a palace close to x1 :i* l$ ! nobility to build h\ses 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! ,abbey1 becom+ ru9\s ?r\gh ! ,danes1 0 rebuilt by ,edw>d ! ,confessor z ! ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,we/m9/]4 ,9 fact ?is mon>* is usually reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w ,p>is1 x 0 ! fir/ cruci=m *ur* erect$ 9 ,engl&1 ! imm5se size & beauty ( :i* c be se5 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry4 ,! f\ndation 0 laid some:]e ab\t #ajeb1 & ! *ur* 0 consecrat$ 9 #ajfe1 a few days prior to ! ,confessor's dea?4 ,! mona/]y 0 fill$ ) monks f ,exet]1 :il/ ,pope ,ni*olas ,,ii4 con/itut$ ! ,abbey = ! inauguration ( ! k+s ( ,engl&4 ,?r\gh\t ! succession ( reign+ heads1 ,edw>d ,v41 :o di$ uncr[n$1 0 ! only exception4 ,( ! ,confessor's *ur* & mona/]y ! only rema9s appe> to be ! ,*apel ( ! ,pyx1 ! l[] "p ( ! refectory bel[ ! ,we/m9/] s*oolroom1 a portion ( ! dormitory1 & ! walls ( ! s\? cloi/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,london ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,transept ,! ,abbey1 ) ^! few exceptions1 0 demoli%$ & rebuilt on a magnific5t scale by ,h5ry ,,iii4 betwe5 #abbj & #abfi4 ,! mat]ial employ$ 0 fir/ a gre5 /one & aft]w>ds ,ca5 /one4 ,! portions t rema9 to u f t rebuild+ are ! ,confessor's *apel1 ! side aisles & _! *apels1 & ! *oir & transepts1 all beautiful examples ( ! ,geometrical ,po9t$ p]iod ( ar*itecture4 ,h5ry's "w 0 cont9u$ by 8 son ,edw>d ,i41 :o add$ ! ea/]n portion ( ! nave aft] ! same /yle2 x 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ on by successive abbots till ! erection ( ! great we/ w9d[ by ,abbot ,e/ney 9 #adih4 ,! ,college ,hall1 ! ,abbot's ,h\se1 ,j]usalem ,*amb]1 & "p ( ! cloi/]s _h also 9 ! meantime be5 add$ by ,abbot ,littl+ton 9 #achj4 ,among/ v>i\s improvem5ts ,h5ry ,,vii4 built ! we/ end ( ! nave1 8 own *apel1 ! dean]y1 & portions ( ! cloi/]s 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle4 ,! *oir1 a f9e specim5 ( ,e>ly ,engli% ) decorations add$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is :]e ! coronation ( ,engli% sov]eigns takes place1 & conta9s ! tombs ( ,seb]t1 ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,angles1 ,anne ( ,cleves1 & ,edmund ,cr\*back1 ,e>l ( ,leice/]4 ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel displays ! ar*itect's skill to p]fection1 ) ! wond]ful frett$ "w ( ! ro( & ! graceful fan-trac]y4 ,x conta9s ! glori\s tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ! "w ( ! great sculptor ,pietro ,torrigiano4 ,x is compos$ *iefly ( black m>ble ) figures & pila/]s ( gilt copp]4 ,! figures once wore cr[ns1 b "s sacrilegi\s h&s h /ol5 !m4 ,9 ! *apel ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor are ! %r9e ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor 9 ,purbeck m>ble1 ! alt>-tomb ( ,edw>d ,i41 ! coronation *airs ( ! ,engli% sov]eigns1 besides ! /one ( ,scone1 ! old coronation seat ( ! ,scotti% k+s4 ,! beautiful *apels ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ,/4 ,edmund1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,erasmus1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ *iefly conta9 ! monum5ts ( ecclesia/ics & nobility4 ,! entrance g5]ally us$ is ! ,nor? ,por*1 kn[n z ,solomon's ,por*4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 b entirely *ang$ its "* 9 ! h&s ( ,wr51 :o appe>s n to h appreciat$ ! beauties ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! same ar*itect is said to h built ! two we/]n t[]s1 ?\gh !y are sometimes ascrib$ to 8 pupil ,hawksmoor4 ,wr5's "w ^u ! nor? por* 0 aga9 alt]$ by ,sir ,g4 ,g4 ,scott1 :o introduc$ ! pres5t triple portico4 ,on pass+ "u x we come to ! nor? transept1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,/atesm5's ,aisle4 ,"h 9 ! same grave lie ! ,e>l ( ,*a?am & 8 fam\s son1 ,william ,pitt4 ,close to !m are ei!r ! graves or monum5ts ( ,fox1 ,ca/l]eagh1 ,grattan1 ,palm]/on1 ,peel1 ! ?ree ,cann+s1 & ,disraeli4 ,"r 9 ! c5tre ( ! aisle is a slab m>k+ ! re/+-place ( ,w4 ,e4 ,glad/one & 8 wife 7#ahih & #aijj71 ov] :om unconsci\sly ! p tread1 gradually we>+ out ! simple words ( memorial4 ,! s\? transept is ! ,poets' ,corn]1 conta9+ ! memorials f ,*auc] to ,rusk94 ,9 ! nave lie ,david ,liv+/one 7#ahgc71 a great mission>y & travell]1 ^: rema9s 7 rev]5tly br\ght f ,c5tral ,africa2 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 7#ahei71 ! fam\s eng9e]2 ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry 7#ahfj71 ar*itect ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t2 ,sir ,g4 ,g4 ,scott 7#ahgc72 ,george ,edmund ,/reet 7#ahha71 ar*itect ( ! ,law ,c\rts2 ,col9 ,campbell2 ,"l ,clyde 7#ahfc71 :o recaptur$ ,luckn[4 ,we h m5tion$ ^! names1 n = ! sake ( invidi\sness1 b h *os5 !m at r&om4 ,lead+ f ! cloi/]s up a flight ( /one /eps is ! ,*apt] ,h\se4 ,! orig9al /ructure 0 built by ,k+ ,edw>d 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & x is noticeable 9 t x dep>t$ f ! usual ,b5$ict9e =m4 ,9 #abej x 0 rebuilt by ,h5ry ,,iii41 & is an octagonal /ructure1 second only to t at ,l9coln 9 size4 ,"h ! monks 7 accu/om$ once a week to hold _! *apt]s4 ,9 ornam5tal /alls opposite ! entrance ! ,abbot & 8 f\r *ief (fic]s 7 en?ron$1 :il/ ! monks rang$ !mselves along ! /one b5*es :i* g ar\nd ! walls4 ,crim9als 7 tri$1 & if f\nd guilty 7 ti$ up to ! c5tral pill> ( ,purbeck m>ble 7?irty-five feet high7 & 7 flogg$ publicly4 ,! monks1 h[ev]1 7 n left 9 undi/urb$ possession ( ! ,*apt] ,h\se1 = on ! sep>ation ( ! ,h\ses ( ,lords & ,commons 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 ! ,h\se ( ,commons held sitt+s "h & cont9u$ to d s till #aedg4 ,! la/ p>liam5t held "h 0 on ! day t ,h5ry ,,viii4 di$1 :5 x sat to discuss ! ,act ( ,atta9d] pass$ ^u ! ,duke ( ,norfolk4 ,at ! dissolution ( ! mona/]y ! ,*apt] ,h\se pass$ to ! ,cr[n1 & sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds ! ,h\se ( ,commons remov$ to ,/4 ,/eph5's ,*apel 9 ! ,palace ( ,we/m9/]4 ,f t "t ! ,*apt] ,h\se 0 us$ z a ,record ,(fice till ! removal ( ! records 9 #ahfe to ! ,rolls ,h\se4 ,!re are n[ two or ?ree glass cases fill$ ) int]e/+ anci5t de$s & illum9at$ p>*m5ts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,abbey4 ,adjo9+ ! ,abbey is ! great public s*ool ( ,we/m9/]1 or ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college z x 0 call$ :5 f\nd$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 #aefj = ! education ( =ty boys1 d5om9at$ ! ,que5's s*ol>s1 & prep>$ = ! univ]sity4 ,s9ce !n ! numb]s h greatly increas$1 & to h be5 educat$ !re is some?+ to boa/ (1 = x is s mu* s\ght aft] t pref]5ce is giv5 to ! sons ( old ,we/m9/] boys4 ,we might g on = ev]1 s va/ is ! subject-matt]1 b be=e clos+ we w\ld draw att5tion to ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,*ur*1 :i* /&s 9 front ( ,solomon's ,por*4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ! ,confessor1 & is ! especial *ur* ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x gives scale to ! :ole ,abbey4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t are across ! road to ! ea/ ( ! ,abbey & on ! bank ( ! riv] ,?ames4 ,9 ! ,tudor /yle ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry1 ,r4,a41 built ! ,new ,palace ( ,we/m9/]1 conta9+ ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7#ahdj-ahei74 ,x is a /up5d\s "w & a m>vell\s mass ( ri* ar*itecture4 ,"s au?ority /ates t ! clock t[] is mu* aft] ! /yle ( ! belfry at ,bruges4 ,?is /atem5t1 we w\ld po9t out1 is h>dly correct4 ,! two no m resemble ea* o!r ?an d black & :ite4 ,h[ is x possible to describe 9 a few cold words ! wond]ful beauties t lie hidd5 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,abbey1 ! be/ arti/ic expressions ( its sev]al ar*itects8 ,impressions creat$ dep5d ^u ! temp]am5t ( ! individual :o gazes ^u !m4 ,all ackn[l$ge ! great beauty1 b ea* f 8 own /&po9t1 accord+ to 8 ta/es & incl9ations1 :i* are m\ld$ by 8 pursuits 9 life1 or m r>ely end[$ by t inh]5t s5se ( all t is noble & ref9$ he is enabl$ to s9k 8 own individuality = a mom5t1 & to enjoy ! bra9-product ( a fell[-be+4 ,to ! dull intellect ! ,abbey appeals z a my/]y2 to ! comm]cial man x repres5ts s mu* outlay ( capital1 & a pr\d possession ( ! empire's city2 to ! poet & arti/ ! memorials mu/ recall ! wond]ful l9es ( ,longfell[3 ,lives ( great m5 all rem9d u ,we c make our lives sublime2 to ! ar*itect a m>vell\s insight into ! great possibilities (f]$ by ar*itecture2 to ! musician ! ambition to create a great composition t w be wor?y to e*o ?r\gh\t ! l(ty & beautiful aisles1 ^: music is s unconsci\sly bas$ ^u ^? laws ( h>mony :i* %\ld exi/ 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & lit]ature4