,,! ,,w ,,to ,,d\bt ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,= ,,! ,,g5]al ,,?9k] ,,by ,,alfr$ ,h4 ,,lloyd ,tru? ha? nei!r visible =m nor body2 x is )\t habitation or "n2 l ! ,son ( ,man x ha? n :]e to lay its head4 ,,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co41 ,lim4 #be ,,high ,,/reet1 ,,bloomsbury1 ,w4,c4 #aijg ,,preface4 ,! *apt]s t foll[ comprise :at might be call$ an introduction to philosophy1 b su* a description ( !m w\ld probably be mislead+1 = !y are address$ q z mu* to ! g5]al read]1 or r to ! g5]al ?9k]1 z to ! prospective /ud5t ( te*nical philosophy4 ,!y are ! attempt ( a ,univ]sity tea*] ( philosophy to meet :at is a real em]g5cy ( ! day1 namely1 ! d\bt t is appe>+ 9 s _m dep>tm5ts ( life1 t is affect+ s _m p1 & t is fraught ) s _m dang]s1 & 9 attempt+ ?is !y w\ld also at lea/ help to bridge ! *asm betwe5 academic sophi/ication & practical life1 self-consci\sness & positive activity4 ,) peculi> tru? at ! pres5t "t ! ,univ]sity c ju/ify itself only by s]v+ real life1 & x c s]ve real life1 n m]ely by br++ its pure sci5ce d[n to1 or up to1 ! heal? & ! indu/rial pursuits ( ! p1 b also by expla9+1 :i* is ev5 to say by apply+1 z sci5ce is appli$1 or by animat+ ! g5]al scepticism ( ! "t4 ,t ?is scepticism is (t5 *>g$ to ! peculi> tra9+ ( ! ,univ]sity h>dly ne$s to be said1 b except = its mak+ su* an und]tak+ z ! pres5t essay only ! m appropriate ! *>ge itself is /rangely humor\s4 ,"o might also accuse ! ,univ]sity ( mak+ atoms & g]ms1 or1 by its magic !ories1 ( g5]at+ electricity or disease4 ,scepticism is a _w-wide1 life-wide fact2 ev5 l heat or electricity1 x is a natural =ce or ag5t--unless =soo? "o mu/ exclude all ! attitudes ( m9d f :at 9 ! fulle/ & deepe/ s5se is natural2 scepticism1 9 %ort1 is a real phase ( :atev] is real1 & its explanation is an academic responsibility4 ,its explanation1 h[ev]1 l ! explanation ( ev]y?+ real or natural1 c be complete only :51 z already sugge/$ "h1 its application & animation h be5 a*iev$1 or :5 x has be5 %[n to be prop]ly & effectively an object ( w4 ,s1 j z we h ! v>i\s appli$ sci5ces1 9 ?is essay !re is (f]$ an appli$ philosophy ( d\bt1 a philosophy t w\ld %[ d\bt to h a real "p 9 effective action1 & t ) ! %[+ w\ld make bo? ! d\bt+ & ! act+ s mu* ! m effective4 ,b x may be said t effective act+ dep5ds1 n on d\bt1 b r on belief1 on confid5ce or cr$it4 ,?is w prove to be true1 except+ 9 :at x d5ies4 ,to be commonplace1 to write d[n "h & n[ :at is at once ! truism & ! p>adox ( ?is book1 a vital1 practical belief mu/ always live by d\bt+4 ,0 x ,s*op5hau] :o decl>$ t man walks only by sav+ himself at e /ep f a fall8 ,! mean+ ( ?is book is mu* ! same1 al?\gh no pessimism is ei!r int5d$ or necess>ily impli$ 9 su* a decl>ation4 ,d\bt is no m]e negative ( belief2 r x is a v vital "p ( belief1 x has a place 9 ! believ]'s exp]i5ce & volition2 ! d\bt]s 9 society1 be !y tra9$ at ! ,univ]sity or n1 & ^? practical creatures 9 society :o h kept ! fai?1 :o believe & :o d1 are naturally & deeply 9 sympa?y4 ,& ?is essay seeks to deep5 _! natural sympa?y4 ,"h1 !n1 is my simple !sis4 ,d\bt is ess5tial to real belief4 ,p]haps ?is means t all vital problems are b\nd 9 a real life to be p]5nial1 & c]ta9ly x _c mean t 9 its support ,i may be expect$ by my read]s to give a solution ( e special problem t might be rais$1 an answ] to e "q ab\t k or morality1 ab\t religion or politics or indu/ry1 t might be ask$4 ,problems & que/ions1 ( c\rse ! natural *ildr51 n ( d\bt1 b ( d\bt & belief1 may be z wor?y & z practical z solutions4 ,"s ( !m may be ev5 bett] put ?an answ]$4 ,b be ?is z x may1 ! pres5t essay mu/ be tak5 = :at x is1 n = some?+ else4 ,x is1 !n1 = reasons n less practical ?an !oretical1 an attempt to face &1 s f> z may be1 to solve ! v g5]al problem ( d\bt itself1 or say simply--if ?is be simple--! problem ( :atev] 9 g5]al is problematic2 &1 ?is done1 to sugge/ :at may be ! "r attitude = d\bt]s & believ]s t[>ds ea* o!r & t[>ds life & ! _w :i* is life's natural sph]e2 emphatically x is n ! ann\ncem5t ( a programme = life 9 any ( its dep>tm5ts4 ,! sub/ance ( *apt]s ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 & ,v4 9 small p>ts1 & ,,vi4 & ,,viii4 0 giv5 dur+ ! summ] ( #aijc 9 lectures be=e ! ,gl5more ,s*ool ( ! ,culture ,sci5ces at ,hurricane 9 ! ,adirondacks1 & except = "s revision *apt]s ,v4 & ,,vii4 h already be5 publi%$--,sci5ce1 ,july #e1 #aijb1 & ! j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,june1 #aije4 ,to ,pr(essor ,muirhead1 ! ,editor ( ! ,e?ical ,libr>y1 ,i wi% "h to express my he>ty appreciation ( 8 int]e/ & assi/ance 9 ! f9al prep>ation ( ?is volume = publication4 ,a4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan1 ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,introduction ,,ii4 ,! ,confession ( ,d\bt ,,iii4 ,difficulties 9 ! ,ord9>y ,view ( ,?+s ,,iv4 ,! ,view ( ,sci5ce3 its ,rise & ,consequ5t ,"* ,v4 ,! ,view ( ,sci5ce3 its ,peculi> ,limitations i4 ,sci5ce w\ld be ,objective ii4 ,sci5ce w\ld be ,speciali/ic iii4 ,sci5ce w\ld be ,agno/ic ,,vi4 ,possible ,value 9 ^! ,ess5tial ,defects ( ,exp]i5ce ,,vii4 ,! ,p]sonal & ! ,social1 ! ,vital & ! ,=mal 9 ,exp]i5ce ,,viii4 ,an ,e>ly ,mod]n ,d\bt] ,,ix4 ,! ,d\bt]'s ,_w i4 ,reality1 )\t ,f9ality1 9 all ,?+s ii4 ,p]fect ,sympa?y betwe5 ! ,spiritual & ! ,mat]ial iii4 ,a ,g5u9e ,individuality iv4 ,immortality ,x4 ,d\bt & ,belief ,index ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,d\bt4 p4#jja ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,)\t undue s5sationalism x may be said t ?is is an age ( d\bt4 ,:]ev] "o looks 9 j\rney+ ?r\gh ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( life "o sees d\bt4 ,& "o sees1 too1 "s ( ! blight :i* d\bt produces1 al?\gh ! blight is by no means all t "o sees4 ,!re is heat ev]y:]e 9 ! physical _w1 b n necess>ily only arson or ev5 de/ructive fire4 ,morals1 h[ev]1 social life1 indu/ry1 politics1 religion1 h suff]$ some:at--& _m w\ld insi/ v s]i\sly--f ! prevail+ d\bt4 ,moreov]1 if ! outw>d view %[s d\bt ev]y:]e1 ! inw>d view is at lea/ n m reassur+4 ,:o c exam9e 8 own consci\sness )\t f9d+ d\bt at "w !re8 ,we w\ld (t5 hide x f o!rs1 n to say f ourselves1 b x is !re1 & we all "k x to be !re4 ,o!r times may also h be5 times ( d\bt1 b our day1 z ! "t to :i* we c]ta9ly owe our fir/ & *ief p4#jjb duty1 is v conspicu\sly & v s]i\sly a "t ( d\bt4 ,n[ !re are "s1 & !y are _m1 :o w\ld decry ! discussion ( su* a ?+ z d\bt1 = !y see only dang] ahead4 ,d\bt !y comp>e ) dea? or disease1 & to dwell ^u any ( ^! is idle1 unnatural1 morbid4 ,:y n let su* ?+s alone1 & look only to :at is pleasant1 to :at is good & true & beautiful8 ,!n1 too1 d\bt1 ! confession ( d\bt1 is ! royal entrance to philosophy & ! risk ( an entanglem5t ) philosophy1 :i* seems to !m ! s\rce ( mu* t is h>mful1 ! ess5ce ( all t is impractical1 is altoge!r too great4 ,d\bt = !m is ev5 less to be play$ ) ?an fire1 ) :i* already x has be5 comp>$ "h4 ,aga91 z o!rs 9 matt]s political & indu/rial1 s !y 9 matt]s intellectual & spiritual res5t any?+ t appe>s likely 9 any way to di/urb ! /&+ cr$it ( ! c\ntry4 ,to d\bt is j to jo9 ! opposition1 & ! opposition is made up ( h]etics & ag5ts g5]ally ( m]e de/ruction4 ,to treat d\bt z real & positively significant1 z hav+ any true wor? 9 human exp]i5ce1 z be+ ev5 a prop] object ( w1 is to /op p]man5tly1 n ! :eels ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 b ! :eels ( ! pres5t life 9 all its phases4 ,9 a ^w1 p]haps "o ( ! words ( ! h\r1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has n wi%$ to be m inhospitable to ! reality ( disease ?an h ^! believ]s to ! reality & usefulness ( d\bt4 ,yet all :o feel 9 ?is way are %ort-sight$4 ,_! cont5tions1 l ^? ( _! c\s9s1 p]haps p4#jjc _! c\ntry c\s9s1 ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s1 may h wor? = be+ corrective1 b at v be/ !y are only "o-sid$4 ,9 a fable1 nev] 9 real life1 a man might get ! smell ( burn+ wood 9 8 h\se & refuse to recognize ! dang] because ( ! inevitable delay to 8 bus9ess :i* ! al>m ( fire w\ld involve2 b d\bt is n less real nor less dang]\s1 nor ev5 less capable1 :5 "u control1 ( useful applications4 ,any dang]1 too1 squ>ely fac$ is at lea/ half met4 ,:y1 !n1 be s impracticable1 s l *>act]s 9 fables1 z to ov]look or turn "o's back ^u ! d\bt ( ! day1 refus+ x a place & a "p 9 real life8 ,! negative ?+s ( life c be s only relatively4 ,dea? itself _c possibly be absolute1 & d\bt1 n unlike dea?1 inde$ p]haps only "o ( dea?'s mess5g]s1 mu/ be ev5 a gift1 or an ag5t1 ( ! gods4 ,"s ?+s1 dang]\s :5 hidd51 are wond]fully s]viceable1 :5 recogniz$ & controll$4 ,sometimes m5 really h ent]ta9$ angels unaw>es4 ,& s ?r\gh\t ^! *apt]s1 al?\gh "s may ?9k me & ^? :o foll[ me morbid1 & al?\gh we may h to ent] ! dang]\s p>l\r ( philosophy1 ! d\bt ( our "t is to be squ>ely & fairly fac$4 ,9 all c&\r1 we are f ! />t to be confess$ p>ties to x1 hid+ no?+ int5tionally1 & at ! same "t try+ always to give no?+ undue emphasis4 ,! d\bt t all seem to "k1 t _m really feel )\t p]haps cle>ly confess+1 & t "s confess or ev5 actually boa/1 we %all face & exam9e closely1 p4#jjd try+ z we c to f9d its true mean+ & real wor?4 ,9 %ort1 ! confession ( d\bt1 ( our d\bt1 & ! fruits ( confession are ! burd5 ( ^! *apt]s4 p4#jje ,,ii4 ,,! ,,confession ,,( ,,d\bt4 ,our confession mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ?or\gh-go+1 & c be made s only ?r\gh a complete /atem5t ( e possible reason t exp]i5ce af=ds = ! attitude ( d\bt4 ,to ! end1 !re=e1 ( su* a /atem5t we %all consid] 9 ?is *apt] c]ta9 g5]al & easily recogniz$ facts ab\t d\bt itself1 :ile 9 *apt]s t foll[ we %all cont9ue ! confession by exam9+1 fir/1 our cu/om>y or common-s5se view ( ?+s1 & !n ! view ( sci5ce1 & hav+ br\ght toge!r 9 ea* case num]\s incongruities1 or contradictions1 :i* ord9>ily are at be/ only casually notic$ or timor\sly ov]look$1 we %all f9d ourselves fac+ 9 a peculi>ly tell+ way1 n only c]ta9 /rong reasons = d\bt1 b also "s ( ! real issues t d\bt raises4 ,z no issue1 moreov]1 c be m c5tral or crucial ?an ! mean+ ( ! contradictions f\nd to p]vade our views ( ?+s1 be=e complet+ our confession we %all all[ ourselves "s reflections1 t %\ld prove useful to u 9 ! end1 ^u ! possible wor? ( contradiction 9 human exp]i5ce2 = ev5 to casual ?9k+ contradiction1 al?\gh good gr\nd = scepticism1 sugge/s "s positive advantage & opportunity2 ! advantage ( bread?1 p4#jjf = example1 ( fre$om f special =m1 or ! opportunity ( p]sonal spontaneity & initiative z aga9/ ! re/ra9ts ( =mal consi/5cy1 ( class1 & ( in/itution2 & if ^! ?+s1 among o!rs1 c be associat$ ) our case = d\bt1 our reflections w c]ta9ly n h be5 9 va94 ,!n we %all close our confession by seek+ ! companionhip ( a great d\bt] ( mod]n times1 & by le>n+ :at we c f him ( d\bt itself & ( ! d\bt]'s natural _w4 ,& f9ally1 z a result ( all our own ef=ts1 supplem5t$ by 8 help1 we %all be able to reap "s ( ! fruits = life & ?\ght t a confession s fully made may fairly claim4 ,f />t to f9i%1 moreov]1 ( ?is /udy ( d\bt we h to rememb] t !re c be no important diff]5ce betwe5 :at is possible & :at is real4 ,?us any?+ :atsoev] t c possibly be d\bt$ is really d\btful4 ,also1 if anybody is amaz$ to he> m5tion ( facts ab\t d\bt1 z if d\bt %\ld n someh[ submit to its own no/rum1 let him m]ely reflect t1 /rangely en\gh1 no?+ is q s indubitable z d\bt1 no?+ s conv9c+ z ! reasons = d\bt4 ,let me n be too subtle1 b to d\bt d\bt is only to affirm x1 & someh[--:e!r = good or ill ne$ n n[ be said--all ! negative ?+s ( life possess a peculi> c]ta9ty1 & are all mo/ easily prov$4 ,a great ,fr5*man once put ! case q pla9ly :5 he said1 aft] canvass+ v c>efully ! :ole field ( 8 consci\sness1 t 8 d\bts 7 ! only ?+s !re1 ! only ?+s he c\ld be q c]ta9 ab\t1 & ^! 7 s v real t !y left him absolutely p4#jjg no?+ b belief 9 himself1 9 8 all-d\bt+ & ev]-d\bt+ self1 to re/ ^u4 ,8 0 surely a sweep+ confession1 & 8 residuum ( belief may n at fir/ sight seem v promis+ or v sub/antial1 b quickly1 ,i ?9k1 we %all f9d ourselves 9 agreem5t ) him1 at lea/ z to ! reality & ! wide scope ( our d\bt+1 & x is also a possibility well wor? =esee+ t we may ev5 f9d 8 belief 9 ! reality ( an ev]-d\bt+ & all-d\bt+ self a rock = our own sav+4 ,s1 to turn n[ to ^? g5]al & easily recogniz$ facts1 :i* 7 to be ! special int]e/ ( ! pres5t *apt]1 9 ! fir/ place3 ,we are all univ]sal d\bt]s4 ,we are all univ]sal d\bt]s 9 ! s5se t e "o ( u d\bts some?+1 & !re is no?+ :i* "s ( u h n d\bt$4 ,:o w\ld be s ra% z to say t :at a fell[-be+ _h que/ion$ might n be que/ionable to himself also1 or t1 if any?+ 9 8 own exp]i5ce _h ev] be5 subject to "q1 all ! o!r ?+s might n also be subject to "q8 ,b ! m]ely dubitable is ! already d\btful4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 n s ab/ruse & =mally logical z x may appe>1 we are all univ]sal d\bt]s4 ,our life is ev] *]i%+ :at we are pleas$ to call its v]ities1 "s 9 religion & morals1 "s 9 politics1 "s 9 ma!matics & sci5ce1 "s 9 ! m g5]al relations to nature1 b :at elusive ?+s ^! v]ities are6 ,h[ %all[1 or h[ holl[ all ( !m are1 or at "o "t or ano!r may become4 ,to take a r m9ute case1 su* z x is p4#jjh always ! philosoph]'s lic5se to make use (1 a case t is1 h[ev]1 q typical 9 exp]i5ce2 "h is a ^w--any ^w y l--t has be5 spok5 & writt5 by y = ye>s4 ,always be=e x has be5 spelt correctly & cle>ly und]/ood1 b to-day h[ unreal x seems4 ,are ^? ! "r lett]s1 & are !y correctly plac$8 ,is t ! true mean+8 ,:at has happ5$1 too1 to give rise to ^! unusual que/ions8 ,well1 :o c say8 ,& :o has n sub/antially ask$ e "o ( !m1 n m]ely ) ref]5ce to "s long-famili> ^w1 b also ) ref]5ce to mu* l>g] ?+s 9 life8 ,self & society1 love & fri5d%ip1 m9d & matt]1 nature & ,god h aga9 & aga9 be5 subject$ to ess5tially ! same que/ion+4 ,! v]ities ( life1 all ! way f simple words us$ e day to ! great ?+s ( our moral & spiritual be+1 h lo/1 sometimes sl[ly1 sometimes v sudd5ly1 ! reality ) :i* we h suppos$ !m end[$1 & al?\gh we may /ill bravely believe we f9d ourselves cry+ out passionately = help 9 our unbelief4 ,!re c]ta9ly are ! v]ities2 n "o ( !m c possibly fall to ! gr\nd2 yet ^! v v]ities are nev] q 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,/ill ! _w has its ?or\ghly confid5t p4 ,e "o ( u has met "s ( ^? e/imable be+s to :om d\bt seems :olly =eign1 p :o ass]t ) trembl+ voice & sacr$ v[ t _! convictions1 political p]haps or religi\s1 are unassailable1 & t !y mu/ hold !m to ! grave4 ,b1 :atev] may be said ( political convictions1 religi\s convictions h (t5 be5 p4#jji reg>d$ z a contradiction ( t]ms4 ,h[ c "o be sure & religi\s at ! same "t8 ,moreov]1 positive p "u any /&>d are notori\sly z fe>ful z !y are dogmatic4 ,fe> is (t51 if n always1 ! *ief motive ( dogmatism1 & fe> is h>dly ! mo/ natural companion ( g5u9e confid5ce4 ,! "p :i* ! emotion ( fe> has _h1 bo? 9 ! p]sonal life & 9 ! doctr9e ( ! dogmatic among m51 w\ld make a mo/ in/ructive /udy4 ,if1 !n1 dogmatic p are slaves to _! fe>s1 :ile m ?\ghtful p1 z has n ne$$ to be said1 seem to get no rew>d f _! self-consci\sness b ! unc]ta9 rew>d ( _! d\bts1 !n only su* z live quietly1 ass]t+ no?+1 dep5d+ on no?+1 & ev5 assum+ no?+1 b simply tak+ :at comes1 are left to repres5t g5u9e belief4 ,yet h[ _m su* are !re8 ,a few may seem to approa* ! ideal1 if ideal x be1 b ! class itself 9 realization mu/ be said to be a hypo!tical "o1 & few1 if any1 ( u c\ld ev] really envy or /rive to imitate its suppos$ mann] ( liv+2 =1 9 spite ( all ! dang]s & all ! d\bts & fe>s1 only ! con/antly exam9$ life c ev] really lure u4 ,d\bt1 besides be+ a g5]al condition ( life1 seems to be also incid5t to :at gives life wor?4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 n only are we all univ]sal d\bt]s2 ! case = d\bt 9 ! _w is1 if possible1 ev5 /rong]2 = also--& ?is is ! second g5]al fact3 ,d\bt is a phase1 nay1 a vital condition ( all consci\sness4 ,to be a consci\s creature is to be a d\bt+ creature4 p4#jaj ,9 s _m ways psy*ology is tea*+ u to-day ) r5ew$ emphasis t we are consci\s ( no?+ z x is1 & t m or less cle>ly we all "k our %ortcom+ 9 ?is reg>d2 or aga91 ) /ill m directness & emphasis1 t = u !re is no su* ?+ z a /ate ( consci\sness :i* does n indicate t5sion1 or un/able equilibrium1 t is to say unc]ta9ty1 9 our activity4 ,nor h we ne$ ( ! te/imony ( sci5ce to ^! facts1 s9ce common p]sonal exp]i5ce is well aw>e ( !m4 ,9 small ?+s & 9 great consci\sness trans=ms or refracts4 ,9 small ?+s & 9 great consci\sness m>ks a mom5t ( poise betwe5 an impulse to d some?+1 & m or less di/9ctly recogniz$ conditions or relations t w\ld put re/ra9t ^u ! do+ ( x4 ,ev5 ! law ( relativity1 a psy*ological law only 9 its def9ite =mulation1 9 its idea a simple fact ( ev]yday exp]i5ce1 true = all consci\s /ates f ! crude/ p]ceptions ( ! organs ( s5se to ! mo/ highly develop$ ideas ( critical reflection1 by b9d+ z x does all ! details ( actual or possible exp]i5ce into a :ole1 e "p ( :i* acts ^u ! o!r p>ts1 po9ts v directly to ?is fact ( poise & in/ability1 besides indicat+ also t k nev] c be lit]ally or objectively exact1 & t at lea/ ) "s cle>ness e kn[] mu/ "k x _c4 ,h[ c !re ev] be ev5 a s+le /able or a s+le f9ally accurate elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( a creature ^: exp]i5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 c comprise only relat$1 int]dep5d5t p>ts1 & ^: nature1 9 ! second place1 is an ess5tially mobile & active p4#jaa "o8 ,moreov]1 z j "o o!r way ( sugge/+ ! inexactness & unc]ta9ty ( consci\sness & ! balanc+1 t5tative nature ( all consci\s life1 we always ?9k1 & ?9k prop]ly1 ( consci\s creatures z hav+ w1 z do+ :at !y d purposely or f design4 ,! new psy*ology1 h[ev]1 to :i* we naturally turn1 & :i* aga9 has only =mulat$ :at we c recognize f ev]yday exp]i5ce1 decl>es t ! purpose 9 consci\s activity is n a develop$1 b an always develop+ "o4 ,purposive action is action t nev] f9ally kn[s1 b is ev] f9d+ out its real int5t1 purpose be+ id5tical ) ! progressively discov]$ mean+ ( action4 ,a volitionally1 purposively active be+ is always a seek] z well z a do]4 ,inde$1 any do+ w\ld itself be empty1 or idle1 if x 7 n a seek+1 & s if x 7 n subject to conditions ( "s unc]ta9ty4 ,9 s _m ways1 !n1 ?r\gh ! necess>y inexactness ( consci\sness1 ?r\gh ! un/able equilibrium ( all consci\s activity1 ?r\gh ! law & fact ( relativity1 & ?r\gh ! t5tative & provisional nature :i* mu/ always belong to purpose1 we see h[ d\bt mu/ be a phase or condition ( all consci\sness4 ,illu/rations are abundant4 ,?us1 once m to take a some:at m9ute case1 :i* is really m significant = be+ m9ute1 ) reg>d to consci\s activity be+ 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 visual s5sations always involve muscul> s5sations1 & ^! are incid5t n only to express$1 b also to possible1 yet re/ra9$1 movem5ts4 ,! eyes may h be5 p4#jab mov$ & ! head turn$1 b 9 spite ( ! impulses pres5t 9 !m ! legs h n be5 us$ to br+ ! obs]v] ne>] to ! object se51 nor h ! arms & h&s be5 rais$ to secure a contact ) x1 & p]haps a trac+ ( its l9es1 al?\gh "s /imulus = su* contact & trac+ mu/ be always pres5t z a "p ( ! actual or possible value ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,or1 aga91 to adopt an illu/ration us$ = a diff]5t purpose by ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 s simple a process z ! spell+ ( a ^w is complicat$ ) all sorts ( div]t+ & unsettl+ impulses z ea* lett] is express$4 ,let ! ^w be onomatopoetic4 ,c ,i really spell x correctly8 ,& :at a gauntlet ( dang]s ,i h to run4 ,! initial lett] o tempts1 p]haps ) *ildhood memories ( ! alphabet1 to p-q-r-s-t1 etc41 or to indef9ite words or syllables1 actual f my pa/ or possible to my future exp]i5ce1 su* z (1 (f1 op9e1 ,octob]1 -ology1 -ovy1 & s on1 or1 to sugge/ m]e possibilities1 su* z ontic1 oreate1 ot1 or ow2 & e succe$+ lett] is equally a sc5e ( combat1 a place ( dang]s met--safely met1 let u hope1 & triumphantly pass$4 ,wor?y ! boy1 or ! man1 :o rea*es ! end unhurt4 ,& :at a voyage ( unc]ta9ties1 :at a c\rse betwe5 hope & fe>1 confid5ce & d\bt1 ! spell+ ( words or ! spell+ ( life z a :ole always is4 ,"o's :ole vocabul>y1 real or possible1 or "o's :ole rep]tory ( acts is m or less directly involv$1 :atev] "o does4 ,z to ! t5tative nature ( purpose1 :i* seems ! only o!r po9t "h t c possibly require illu/ration1 ! "r we all p4#jac res]ve to *ange our m9ds 9 ! diff]5t affairs ( life tells its own /ory4 ,we nev] d d1 or c d1 exactly :at we consci\sly w\ld d2 & recogniz+ ?is1 m51 z well z wom51 insi/ on ! "r ( a *ange ( m9d1 & sometimes ev5 ( consci\s misrepres5tation or ( disp>ity betwe5 _! seem+ & _! be+ 9 ?\ght or 9 de$4 ,t su* a claim has its dang]s does n n[ conc]n u2 x has also its opportunities2 b ! fact ( x & ! gr\nd = x are q evid5t4 ,ev5 jurisprud5ce1 = :i* loyalty to e/abli%$ & visible =ms is peculi>ly sacr$1 has its ways1 direct & indirect1 ( recogniz+ t purposes develop1 t ! returns are nev] all 91 t any purpose or mean+ mu/ soon] or lat] assume a new =m1 & s may ev5 n[ be o!r ?an x seems4 ,beque/s = in/itutions1 = example1 are all[$ to cont9ue 9 =ce1 al?\gh1 ) ! dem&s ( a m enlight5$ day1 ! =mal conditions "u :i* !y 7 made h be5 op5ly violat$4 ,9 %ort--= x all comes to ?is--,n ! lett]1 b ! _s1 is an inevitable comm5t1 or at lea/ an inevitable feel+ ab\t ev]y?+ t is done4 ,a man vaults a f5ce1 & !n1 ev5 if he get ov] fairly well1 vault+ is n :at x 0 = him4 ,he may cont9ue to use ! old ^w1 or ! same arms & legs1 b ) a *ang$ mean+ & a *ang$ feel+ ( limb & muscle1 & s ) a new purpose & a new body to control & modify 8 next p]=mance4 ,& :at is true = vault+ is true also = mak+ boxes or tables1 = writ+ essays1 = talk+1 = ?9k+1 = f\nd+ colleges or !ological sem9>ies1 or f9ally1 = p4#jad :at we s indef9itely call liv+4 ,an activity su* z ?r\gh\t its l5g? & bread? ours is1 consci\s activity t mu/ = ev] he$ ! call3 ,n ! lett]1 b ! _s1 an activity t nev] is1 !re=e1 & nev] c be )\t ! elem5ts ( ! game1 s9ce x mu/ ev] wait on its own reveal$ consequ5ces 9 ord] to gr[ into an und]/&+ ( its real mean+2 su* an activity1 among o!r ?+s1 _c b fa/5 d\bt ^u u z a mo/ natural h]itage4 ,z man is consci\s1 to d\bt is human4 ,o!r ?+s may be human1 too1 b d\bt is s c]ta9ly & conspicu\sly4 ,?irdly1 9 ?is pres5tation ( g5]al facts3 ,d\bt is insep>able f habit4 ,habit is usually associat$ ) :at is p]man5t & e/abli%$1 b j "h lies its undo+4 ,z we usually und]/& x1 habit really dead5s :at x t\*es by lead+ to ab/raction or sep>ation f actual conditions4 ,cons]vative z x surely is 9 ?+s important & 9 ?+s unimportant1 9 ?+s p]sonal & 9 ?+s social1 x sets him :o is p>ty to x beh9d ! times1 = no act 9 its second expression1 no simply repeat$ act1 no m]e habit c\ld ev] be up to date 9 ! s5se ( really meet+ all ! em]g5cies ( its own "t4 ,p]sonal habits make fix$ *>act]s2 social habits make cu/oms & laws2 religi\s habits make *ur*es & cre$s2 intellectual habits make s*ools2 & ( all ^! products1 :i* = ! sake ( ! s+le t]m we w call in/itutions1 x mu/ be said1 h[ev] p>adoxically1 t 9 be+ made !y are also outgr[n1 = ! habitual turns =mal & unreal & s unsatisfy+4 ,a gr[+ nature has p4#jae h] ways ( mak+ ev5 cons]vatives keep pace ) h]4 ,an in/itution 9 ! s5se ( an acquir$ mann] ( action1 p]sonal or social1 c nev] really be an end 9 itself1 al?\gh to a n>r[ view x may (t5 seem to be2 x is at be/ only ! manife/$ means to a newly develop$ or develop+ end :i* mu/ ev5tually trans=m x4 ,9 s l>ge a ?+1 = example1 z political life1 ! in/itutes ( mon>*y h become ! in/rum5ts ( democracy1 & ?is conspicu\sly ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ( man's intellectual life1 ! objective dogmas ( "o "t h be5 only ! subjective /&po9ts ( ! next1 ! metaphysics ( "o "t has made ! sci5tific me?od1 ! work+ hypo!sis1 ( ! succe$+ "t2 & 9 s small a ?+ z a *ild's vocabul>y1 ! (t-repeat$ & f9ally ma/]$ syllable ba1 or "s o!r equally intellectual1 has become 9 "t only "o ( ! means to a :ole ^w1 say baby or ba?1 or ev5 basilica or b>ometrograph4 ,9 all life ! ?+ we get ! habit ( is only a tool ) :i* we /rive t[>ds some?+ else4 ,"s "o ?9k+ no d\bt ( ,h]cules has call$ ! in/itutions ( life a great club :i* ! irresi/ible arm ( society1 always a h]o :5 look$ back ^u1 sw+s fatally aga9/ ! pres5t4 ,s intimately is *ange se5 n[adays to be relat$ to habit1 or indirectly involv$ 9 x1 t 9 te*nical sci5ce a new acc\nt ( habit has be5 =mulat$4 ,to cite b "o case1 ,pr(essor ,baldw91 says3#a ,habit expresses ! t5d5cy ( ! organism p4#jaf to secure & reta9 its vital /imulations1 & su* an acc\nt1 plac+ ! int]e/ ( habit 9 s g5]al & s *angeable a ?+ z vital /imulations1 is design$ to make habit fundam5tally1 n m]ely a t5d5cy to repetition or imitation1 b in/ead a dem& = con/ant adaptation or diff]5tiation4 ,9 ! doctr9es ( inh]itance1 also1 always mov+ necess>ily 9 close sympa?y ) ^? ( habit1 a simil> dep>ture has be5 made4 ,bo? habit & inh]itance are 9 fact se5 to belong to life 9 a _w ( *ange1 or v>iation1 & !y h assum$ :at ,i w /yle a protective col\r+ accord+ly4 ,! habit ( always be+ adapt$ is at lea/ z radical z x is cons]vative4 ,) ?is re=m 9 ! acc\nt ( habit we h n only analog\s re=ms1 z 0 said1 9 ! acc\nt ( inh]itance1 b also 9 ! sci5tific view ( "*1 cu/om1 law1 cre$1 & ! in/itution g5]ally4 ,moreov]1 if 9 sci5tific !ory we f9d ^! new views1 9 practical life !re are at lea/ signs ( ! same /&po9t4 ,:at may be call$ a new cons]vatism--! mo/ truly cons]vative ?+ be+ tak5 to be ! mo/ ?or\ghly p]t95t or adaptive ?+--has = _m ye>s be5 gett+ possession ( u1 & is n[ q manife/4 ,our political con/itutions are am5dable con/itutions2 our religi\s rites & doctr9es are recogniz$ z only symbols2 our !ories are only /&po9ts4 ,s1 once m1 because *ange is at lea/ an ev]-pres5t companion1 if n actually an integral "p ( habit1 d\bt mu/ be z real & g5]al z habit4 p4#jag ,*ange mu/ make d\bt4 ,sociologically1 in/itutionalism mu/ always imply a contempor>y scepticism2 ! cons]vative mu/ h an unbeliev] = 8 neighb\r4 ,inde$1 to add an important po9t1 "s g s f> z to say 9 g5]al t *ange1 t is1 some?+ new & diff]5t1 is n only a necess>y incid5t b also an actual motive 9 all activity1 & :5 all is said !y seem q "r4 ,p]haps habit1 z always an int]e/ 9 adaptation1 w\ld imply z mu*4 ,c]ta9ly novelty is a univ]sal motive1 & z = society !re c be no "q t x has a v /rong pr$ilection = lawlessness 9 all its =ms4 ,true1 x may be object$ t at times m51 individually or collectively1 seek n some?+ else1 b simply m ( some?+ already secur$2 m money1 x may be1 or m le>n+1 or m t]ritory1 or m pleasure4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( man's _m conceits to ! contr>y1 no *ange t is purely quantitative4 ,m is also diff]5t or o!r4 ,accord+ly1 we bo? always f9d1 &1 :at is ev5 m to ! po9t1 always seek a real *ange :5ev] we d any?+4 ,to speak aga9 9 mo/ g5]al t]ms1 ! motion 9 ! out] _w1 :i* is ! fundam5tal /imulus ( all 'consci\sness1 bo? physically1 t is1 lit]ally1 & figuratively1 is m ?an m]ely an out] /imulus2 some?+ !re is )9 ! nature ( ! subject :i* answ]s to x ) p]fect sympa?y & makes x equally an inn] motive4 ,=soo?1 c\ld any /imulus ev] produce a response )\t its be+ 9 accord ) an exi/+ motive8 ,life1 !n1 is a game1 & ! game ( life1 d\bts & all1 is a real int]e/ z well z a necessity4 ,we are p4#jah creatures ( habit1 b we h1 & we *]i%1 no habit /rong] or m ess5tial ?an ! habit at once ( adaptation & v>iation4#b ,a f\r? g5]al fact1 v closely relat$ to ! =ego+1 is ?is3 ,d\bt is necess>y to life1 to real life1 to deep exp]i5ce4 ,d\bt is b "o ( ! phases ( ! resi/ance :i* a real life dem&s4 ,real life implies a con/ant *all5ge1 & d\bt is a =m "u :i* ! *all5ge f9ds expression4 ,! d\bt] is a que/ion]1 a seek]2 he has1 !n1 some?+ to ov]come2 he fe>s1 too1 z well z hopes4 ,7 all ?+s settl$ once = all1 7 all ?+s cle>ly kn[n & freely execut$1 or 7 ! consequ5ces ( ! ?+s to be done always capable ( be+ accurately =etold1 !re w\ld be no real p4#jai liv+1 !re w\ld be no?+ really to d4 ,9 su* case life 9 g5]al1 or 9 any ( its diff]5t expressions1 religion1 or politics1 or art1 or sci5ce1 or indu/ry1 or morals1 if "o may suppose = a mom5t t any ( ^! diff]5ces c\ld ev] develop1 w\ld consi/ 9 a purely passive condition1 a m]e fix$ /atus2 x w\ld be a :olly /atic ?+ falsely call$ life2 its movem5t1 if movem5t !re 71 c\ld be only ! re/ or r\t9e ( /rictly me*anical motion4 ,to a real life1 !n1 d\bt1 z an evid5ce ( *all5ge & resi/ance1 is absolutely necess>y1 & appreciation ( j ?is necessity is c]ta9ly an important "p ( our pres5t confession1 & ! confession is important1 because x is sure some:at to bright5 :at h]et(ore may h seem$ a d>k horizon4 ,confession (t5 *anges night to dawn1 & "h ! association ( d\bt ) real liv+1 ) a _w 9 :i* !re is always some?+ to d1 awak5s emotions t su* words z relativity1 & in/ability1 & *ange1 & ev5 game1 h disc\rag$1 or ev5 :olly suppress$4 ,leas+1 p]haps bett] ?an any "o else1 has giv5 expression to ^! emotions1 & has at ! same "t reflect$ :at 9 8 day _h c]ta9ly begun to be1 & :at 9 our own "t v widely & v deeply is1 ! ideal _s4 ,?us1 z he wrote3-- ,n ! tru? t any "o may h or may ?9k he has1 b ! hone/ ef=t :i* has be5 ex]t$ to compass x1 makes :at is really wor?y 9 human life4 ,= n 9 hav+1 b 9 seek+ tru?1 are ^? p[]s develop$1 9 :i* alone man's ev]-increas+ p4#jbj p]fection consi/s4 ,possession makes u in]t1 lazy1 pr\d4 ,if ,god held 9 8 "r h& ! p]fect tru?1 & 9 8 left ! ev]-re/less /ruggle aft] tru?1 & bade me *oose1 al?\gh ,i 7 b\nd to be ev] & always 9 ! wrong1 ,i %\ld humbly select ! left1 say+3 ',fa!r1 give2 surely ! pure tru? is = ,!e alone4' ,?is is a spl5did utt]ance1 & x has t\*$ a responsive *ord 9 human nature ! civiliz$ _w ov]1 n s mu*1 h[ev]1 = ! humility ( ! *oice z = ! zeal 9 a life ( seek+ & /riv+1 or = ! idea t k is itself a dynamic ?+1 a liv+1 mov+ function1 n a passive possession4 ,! kn[] is made also a d\bt]1 & ! d\bt] appe>s z hav+1 9 a s5se1 =gott51 )\t = a mom5t betray+1 ! con/ant d\bt+ )9 him4 ,if ,i may s speak1 he has1 ev5 :ile he lacks2 su* is ! condition ( 8 seek+2 su* is ! way 9 :i* d\bt+ is necess>y to real liv+4 ,d\bt saves f ! possession t makes in]t1 lazy1 pr\d1 yet does n take away4 ,d\bt makes exp]i5ce always deep1 ev5 putt+ consci\sness 9 t\* ) reality1 & x makes life = ev] liv+4 ,/ill o!rs may be quot$ 9 ! same ve94 ,socrates made life1 p>ticul>ly m5tal life1 if ?is may be suppos$ di/9ct1 ess5tially active or dynamic :5 he id5tifi$ true wisdom ) self-consci\s ignorance1 ) a p[] 9 "o ( always f9d+ oneself 9 error1 & 9 mod]n times ,hegel has done ! same ?+ z effectually1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 g5]al s intelligibly1 by f9d+ a pr9ciple ( negativity or contradiction ! v ma9spr+ ( all p4#jba consci\sness1 ( all ?9k+4 ,kn[n tru? is at once imp]fect or ev5 false1 be+ necess>ily p>tial1 relative1 & at be/ only t5tative1 v mu*1 let u say1 recall+ some?+ already rem>k$1 z an e/abli%$ =m ( life is no long] ! real life1 b m]ely ! develop$ means to a revolution1 a life t is pass+ ev5 z soon z x has come4 ,= ! re/1 ! positive value ( d\bt to real life c h>dly ne$ fur!r emphasis4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r ! idea1 z important z _m may f9d x commonplace1 mu/ con/antly recur 9 ^! pages4 ,we turn1 !re=e1 to our fif?1 & = ! pres5t1 la/ g5]al fact1 ) :i* we %all f9d ourselves /ill 9 sight1 p]haps ev5 9 cle>] sight ( ! bright] horizon4 ,we are all univ]sal d\bt]s2 d\bt und]lies all consci\sness2 ev5 habit has gloomy d\bt1 z ,horace w\ld say1 sitt+ up beh9d2 l pa9 or want1 l ignorance or contradiction1 d\bt is a dynamic pr9ciple1 mak+ exp]i5ce deep] & ev] deep5+1 & life real & alive2 & fif?ly3 ,z man is dep5d5t & feels dep5d5t1 he is a d\bt]4 ,8 widespread1 or r 8 univ]sal1 s5se ( dep5d5ce begets d\bt4 ,witness ! fact t d\bt %[s man a seek] aft] company2 ! company ( nature1 ! company ( 8 fell[s1 ! company ( ,god4 ,( c\rse ! social impulse1 ?us to be associat$ ) d\bt1 is only "o ( ! phases ( its dynamic & life-giv+ "*1 = a social life1 a life ( dep5d5ce on :at is )\t1 ( real relations beyond self1 mu/ be a life ( real & con/ant movem5t4 ,no?+ s mu* z su* relations gives p4#jbb vitality4 ,?is special phase1 h[ev]1 ( ! place ( d\bt 9 real life is a v int]e/+ "o1 & x sugge/s1 besides1 s mu* t is ( positive value z almo/ to trans=m :at s f> has be5 9 l>ge "p a sceptic's confession into a sceptic's boa/4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 d\bt seeks ! company ( nature4 ,return to nature6 has "t & aga9 9 human hi/ory be5 ! cry ( ! human he>t4 ,has civilization lo/ its hold1 seem+ unreal1 artificial1 =mal8 ,has morality become holl[8 ,has a lov] suff]$ ! %att]+ ( 8 de>e/ hopes8 ,has a cre$ lo/ its cr$ibility8 ,h y & ,i we>i$ ( our /udy or our lab\r1 :atev] x be1 & come to wond] if x1 or any?+1 is wor? :ile aft] all8 ,h fri5ds1 ideals1 & ,god ,himself des]t$ u8 ,we turn1 & all p turn to nature4 ,exactly s ! homesick travell] takes himself homew>d1 or ! prodigal arises & goes to 8 fa!r4 ,& y\r exp]i5ce & m9e1 & ! poetry ( all lit]atures1 :i* tells s deeply ! exp]i5ces ( all m5 ( all times1 are a con/ant witness to ! com=t1 & =giv5ess1 & r5ew$ confid5ce 9 self t nature imp>ts4 ,nature is our infancy1 9 :i* all ?+s are possible2 %e is our untrammell$ w2 %e is inf9itely hopeful = u & inf9itely k9d2 h] necessity is s wide & s op5 t its v law1 s diff]5t f any human law1 is our greate/ opportunity4 ,true1 our resort to nature is sometimes1 p]haps 9 great] or less degree always1 by ! way ( moral dissipation1 or political an>*y1 or intellectual suicide1 or religi\s pr(anity2 b ev5 ^! d>k ways to ! home & ! great "m-he>t ( p4#jbc u all h nev] be5 hopelessly mislead+4 ,if hi/ory & lit]ature & p]sonal exp]i5ce c be tru/$1 ev5 !y h l$ to a k9d nature4 ,h y nev] fail$ 9 any?+ & become reckless1 & !n pr(it$ f ! v k ( y\rself :i* ! recklessness uncov]$8 ,p]sonally & socially recklessness1 return to nature t x is1 is always a helpful assi/ant to nature's great tea*]1 exp]i5ce4 ,great is ! pa?os1 b also1 z x is und]/ood1 great is ! inspiration ( ,r\sseau's passionate outcry t 8 w 0 p]fectly good4 ,he 0 incapable ( a s+le :olesome relation 9 life1 yet1 s he said1 no man 0 bett] ?an he6 ,r\sseau1 philosoph] ( revolution1 spoke = nature4 ,out ( h] great love1 nature always takes ! w = ! de$--& p]haps %e alone %\ld h ! privilege ( do+ t2 = %e kn[s t ! de$1 h[ev] viol5t1 h[ev] bad1 is sure to leave at lea/ ! w good4 ,b intellectually1 z well z morally or politically1 or z well z 9 any ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ! practical1 emotional life1 :5 tr\ble comes we turn to nature4 ,nature has a m9d z well z a he>t1 & :5 /ate1 & *ur*1 & social tradition h lo/ _! validity & infallibility1 _! v>i\s =mul be+ no long] reasonable to u1 :5 we h to depose !m f _! position z our accept$ tea*]s1 !n we become sci5ti/s1 :i* is to say1 intellectual prodigals4 ,sci5ce1 ! op5-m9d$ /udy ( nature1 is only a homesickness = tru? seek+ relief4 ,does ! sci5ti/ d\bt8 ,he is "o ( ! pr9ces ( d\bt]s4 ,he d\bts1 z 9 due "t we p4#jbd %all m fully appreciate1 ev5 to ! extreme position ( agno/icism4 ,he d\bts all ?+s human t always he may be le>n+ ( nature4 ,s ! companion%ip ( nature = ! com=t & p>don :i* %e is sure to give1 & = ! deep] k :i* %e is c]ta9 to imp>t1 is a passion ( ! d\bt]4 ,true1 no passion is free f dang]s2 yet ?is passion1 at lea/ ?is passion1 has some:at ( hope 9 x4 ,b1 secondly1 ! companion%ip ( "o's fell[s is n less /rongly desir$4 ,huddl+ toge!r 9 "t ( di/ress is by no means peculi> to ! animal _w2 9 human life x has m ?an once made di/ress seem ri*ly wor? :ile4 ,we h ea* o!r 9 ^w or ?\ght has be5 ! com=t+ reflection ( _m a family1 or _m a community1 :5 ! money has gone1 or :5 9 o!r ways1 possibly ?r\gh a great fire1 or a great e>?quake1 or ! ravages ( a disease1 afflictions h come1 & ,n[ we "k h[ o!rs h suff]$ has be5 n less common4 ,inde$1 x is my own conviction t ^! two reflections always rise toge!r4 ,! di/ress or affliction ( d\bt1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly no exception to ! rule4 ,d\bt (t5 sep>ates an individual f ! cu/om>y corporate life ) :i* he has long id5tifi$ himself1 ?r[+ him out ( 8 *ur*1 or 8 p>ty1 or 8 society1 or ev5 8 imm$iate family1 b ! d\bt] at once feels 8 lonel9ess1 & gets a ye>n+1 nev] realiz$ be=e1 = social relations4 ,b5$ict ,sp9oza may h be5 bett] ?an mo/ ( u1 b he 0 n 9 any o!r way diff]5t1 & ?\gh malign$ & insult$1 z e>li] 9 hi/ory p4#jbe ano!r ( 8 race _h be51 = 8 d\bts & h]esies1 & ?\gh expos$ to ! dang]s ( ! assass9's knife1 & f9ally1 :5 o!r measures fail$1 ) special cruelties excommunicat$ by 8 synagogue1 he lov$ 8 p1 & all m5 besides1 z few h lov$ !m4 ,d\bt makes "o dep5d5t2 isolation gives a s5se ( loss2 &1 if ev] a solution ( ! d\bt comes1 9 ! life & consci\sness :i* x enjo9s ! lo/ companions1 :e!r !y w or n1 are includ$ ) oneself4 ,9 _m ways ?is is an important fact2 yet x mu/ suffice t we see ! aff9ity ( ! d\bt] = society4 ,man ev] confid5tly seeks :at man has lo/4 ,dep5d5t man & d\bt+ man mu/ h society4 ,t d\bt1 fur!rmore1 n only creates a motive to social life1 ev5 to ! re/oration ( lo/ companions1 b also by weak5+ ! b>ri]s :i* h divid$ "s class1 a sect p]haps1 or a p>ty1 or a nation1 or a race1 f "s o!r class1 puts social life on a broad] & deep] basis1 is also an important fact1 & full ( significance beyond our imm$iate int]e/4 ,?us1 to sugge/ inde$ h[ ^? two reflections m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph are insep>able1 besides 8 wi% to reta9 or recov] 8 wont$ companions1 ! d\bt] w\ld also associate !m & himself ) new companions1 ,i v5ture to say1 z if 9 a figure1 ) ,g5tiles z well z ) ,jews1 & ?is gives to d\bt1 or to ^? :o exp]i5ce x & adequately use x1 a mo/ significant rle 9 ! evolution ( society1 ! rle ( m$iation betwe5 old fri5ds & new1 betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 ! n>r[ life & ! broad] p4#jbf & deep] life1 :at is cons]vative & :at is progressive2 b at lea/ = ! pres5t x is aga9 en\gh if we see t d\bt1 n only by its p]sonal losses gives ! motive1 b also by its removal ( b>ri]s gives ! l>g] possibility ( society4 ,&1 9 addition to ! company ( nature & ! company ( man1 d\bt1 spr++ z x does f man's s5se ( insuffici5cy1 seeks also ! company ( ,god2 yet n ( ! ,god ( any !ology4 ,z "h conceiv$1 ,god is t :i* lies at ! back ( nature1 & at ! back ( man 9 ! s5se ( be+ 9 "* broad] & deep] ?an ei!r ( ^!1 & q sup]ior to any diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 he is ! s+le1 all-inclusive1 :olly indet]m9ate reality ^u :i* ! d\bt] dep5ds1 & mu/ dep5d2 he is z nameless & unspeakable z he is indet]m9ate & all-inclusive1 & he is real & p]fect only z s nameless4 ,to !ology1 ,god is det]m9ate2 to d\bt1 imp]fect if det]m9ate4 ,at times1 p]haps only half 9 e>ne/1 or at lea/ n cle>ly kn[+ if he is 9 e>ne/ or if he wi%es o!rs to ?9k him s1 ! d\bt] speaks ( nature z 8 ,god1 ( ! hills1 or ! fields1 or ! sea1 or ! sky1 or ! busy /reet z 8 *ur*1 or ! great book ( ! univ]se z 8 ,bible4 ,at times1 ) ! deepe/ emotion & ) op5 av[al1 nature & ,god are fully "o to him1 & ! poetry1 or ! sci5ce1 or ! philosophy1 to :i* 8 d\bt+ leads him1 is v]itably a religi\s revelation4 ,b always 8 d\bt+1 z he kn[s x1 z he is hone/ ) x1 is an appeal1 n m]ely to nature z physically a p[]ful ag5t 9 ! life he is pursu+1 nor to o!rs l himself :o1 by %>+1 p4#jbg may light5 8 di/ress & enhance 8 f9al victory1 b also to a full1 inclusive exp]i5ce2 to a life1 p]haps l 8 own1 yet indet]m9ately deep] ?an any he has kn[n2 to a m9d & a he>t1 su* z he kn[s mu/ be pres5t 9 t :i* surr\nds him & moves )9 him1 9 k m enlight5$ & 9 emotion m inspir$1 ?an 8 d\bt+ m9d & falt]+ he>t h ev] be52 & su* a life or su* a m9d or he>t1 :atev] "n x be call$ by1 is ,god4 ,c m9d appeal to any?+ b m9d1 or he>t to any?+ b he>t8 ,& d\bt--c x be d\bt )\t ! appeal8 ,! d\bt] :o refuses or hesitates to speak ! "n ( ,god may ?us be a prote/ant1 b pla9ly he is no a!i/4 ,a m]e "n1 9 any case1 is q z likely to obscure z to illum9e ! reality2 ! *i>oscuro effect mu/ ev] belong to x4 ,d\bt is no road to a!ism4 ,z a way to !ism x may be beset ) h>d%ip1 & its goal may be q beyond ! horizon2 b ! d\bt] is n by nature an a!i/2 q ! contr>y4 ,z no o!r1 feel+ dep5d5t1 he is a seek]1 & ev5 a confid5t seek] aft] :at is p]fect4 ,he truly & confid5tly seeke?1 = he seeke? aft] :at ha? nei!r visible =m nor body1 :at is )\t habitation or "n1 :at1 l ! ,son ( ,man1 ha? n :]e to lay its head4 ,he seeke?1 :at 8 v seek+ itself is1 n a ,god1 b ! life ( ! ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5]al facts ab\t d\bt are n[ be=e u1 & al?\gh mu* ne$s yet to be said 9 explanation1 & a fur!r fact is res]v$ = a p4#jbh conclud+ *apt]1 /ill n s d>kly z x began ?is fir/ *apt] 9 our confession ( d\bt has come1 p]haps some:at abruptly1 to an end4 ,we h next1 ent]+ m fully & critically into ! conditions ( our human exp]i5ce1 to scrut9ize closely our ord9>y habits ( m9d1 ^? common-s5se views ( ?+s t on ! :ole prevail among m54 ,9 ^! ideas1 impulsive1 unreason+1 above all (t5 flatly contradictory1 we %all f9d "s ( ! /ronge/ reasons = our d\bt+ nature4 #a ,m5tal ,developm5t ( ! ,*ild & ! ,race4 ,me?ods & ,processes4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,baldw94 ,macmillan1 #ahie4 #b ,let me add1 t if c]ta9 p1 /ruggl+ 9 ! pres5t maze ( educational !ory1 & object+1 ) a ze/ & a combativ5ess t fairly belie _! cont5tions1 to ! use ( int]e/ z ! primal educational motive1 if ^! p w\ld only recognize *ange z always a "p ( int]e/1 _! greate/ tr\ble w\ld be remov$4 ,!y refuse to h education easy or pleasant2 int]e/1 !y insi/1 mu/ make x s2 & d\btless ! advocates ( int]e/ are 9 "p to blame = ?is view2 b *ange1 :i* to my m9d is involv$ 9 all int]e/1 includes resi/ance & /ruggle2 *ange is ev] a *all5ge to ef=t2 &1 su* be+ ! case1 an education l$ by int]e/ is n necess>ily easy or idly pleasant4 ,! real mean+ ( ! int]e/ !ory1 at lea/ z ,i h to und]/& x1 is simply 7#a7 t ! natural *ild or ! natural man always has some?+ to d1 & 7#b7 t education %\ld promote t some?+4 ,x is f> f mean+ t !re %\ld be no compulsion or discipl9e1 no pa9 or self-d5ial4 ,:oev] hone/ly ov] expect$ to d1 or ev] did any ?+ )\t ^!8 ,! int]e/ !ory1 !n1 w\ld n elim9ate h>d%ip or discipl9e1 b1 to my und]/&+1 by mak+ education s]ve actual life1 w\ld sub/itute a natural = an artificial & ext]nally impos$ h>d%ip4 ,n h>d%ip1 b real a*ievem5t makes ! educat$ man4 p4#jbi ,,iii4 ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,our ,,ord9>y ,,views ,,( ,,?+s4 ,if ! d\bt] 7 br\ght into c\rt "u indictm5t = 8 (f5ces aga9/ common s5se1 aga9/ ord9>y exp]i5ce & belief1 & ! jury ( 8 pe]s sitt+ ^u ! case 7 compos$1 z ( c\rse x w\ld be likely to be1 ( fai?ful believ]s *os5 at r&om f ! diff]5t walks ( practical life1 no bett] def5ce c\ld possibly be (f]$ ?an a simple /atem5t ( ! incongruities :i* ! consci\sness ( ord9>y life is con/antly addict$ to4 ,true1 = "s reason ly+ deep 9 human nature1 a def5ce t ends by convict+ ! jury ( error1 is h>dly likely to lead to ! imm$iate dis*>ge ( ! prison]2 judges or jurym5 are n 9 ! habit ( tak+ a rebuff 9 t way2 b 9 c\rse ( "t ! prison] w be ju/ifi$1 & 8 ju/ification1 h[ev] t>dy1 is all t n[ conc]ns u4 ,to 8 def5ce1 !re=e1 & ! discomfiture ( 8 judges1 b to ! latt] )\t any malice1 we turn at once4 ,& :]e %all we beg98 ,our pr$icam5t 9 ?is def5ce is some?+ l t ( ! small boy1 bewild]$ ov] ! task ( pick+ up 8 nurs]y4 p4#jcj ,i c't d x1 he says4 ,!re are s _m ?+s2 ,i c't tell :i* to take fir/4 ,poor little fell[6 ,if he halts n[1 :at w he d :5 ! litt]$ room--,i _h almo/ said ! litt]$ playroom--( 8 lat] life confronts him8 ,contradictions "u foot ev]y:]e are c]ta9ly n less confus+ ?an blocks1 horses1 pap]s1 tra9s1 m>bles1 picture-books1 & ! l--or unlike--scatt]$ ov] a nurs]y floor4 ,"h1 = example1 9 practical life is ! natural1 physical _w4 ,h[ real1 brutally real1 x is2 its v law is fate2 its =ces are no respect]s ( p]sons1 inexorably rul+ & compell+ all alike1 giv+ life & tak+ x1 full ( ! grimme/ hum\r1 rais+ hopes only to ca/ !m d[n4 ,is "s "o ra% en\gh to sugge/ t ?+s physical are only s _m ideas1 real only z /ates ( m9d1 ( ,god's m9d possibly1 9 "s way com+ to consci\sness 9 ! s5ses ( m58 ,! practical man kn[s a ?+ or two ab\t t4 ,he kicks a /one1 or /rikes 8 fi/ l\dly ^u a table1 & s ends ! matt]1 laugh+ ! mad ideali/ away4 ,& yet1 pre/issimo *ange6 ,:at d we he> him say+ n[8 ,?is brutally real _w ( physical ?+s & p[]s is b a fleet+ %[2 a ?+ only ( space & "t4 ,:at is really real & abid+ is ! spiritual t is ev]y:]e & always4 ,ano!r _w !re is1 n to be spok5 ( 9 ! same brea? ) ?is pres5t _w1 a _w comp>$ ) :i* ?is is b a mi/ be=e ! eyes4 ,9 s _m famili> ways ?is duplicity t[>ds :at is real is manife/4 ,p g to *ur* to d su* a wond]fully /range ?+2 no?+ m p4#jca nor less ?an to save _! real s\ls f an unreal _w1 or sometimes to hide a real worldl9ess "u unreal rites or symbols4 ,y may ?9k me worldly1 selfi%1 s5su\s1 says "s "o1 & ,i c n d5y t (t5 ,i d seem s1 b ?is life ( m9e is ev] only a ye>n+ aft] ! ?+s t are spiritual1 = :i*1 z y see1 ,i pray s e>ne/ly1 & :i* h no?+ at all to d ) "o's worldly life4 ,yes1 we d see1 & p>ticul>ly we see t ?+s spiritual are (t5 an imp]t95ce 9 worldly affairs4 ,! real self nev] does ! ?+s t are really done4 ,only ?is1 j ?is is :]e ! duplicity lies4 ,aga91 f "s "o else1 a practical man presumably & an accus] ( ! d\bt]1 we he> ! foll[+3 ,only ! spiritual life is real2 look to x t y fe>1 z ,i fe>1 deeply & con/antly ! mat]ial _w hang+ l a sword ov] u all4 ,c x be1 z w\ld c]ta9ly appe>1 t sup]/ition is /ill among u1 t s readily we c give reality to unreality1 t belief 9 gho/s /ill holds our human m9ds8 ,once ^u a "t--at lea/ once--! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* rose 9 bitt] res5tm5t because a c]ta9 man1 by m]ely que/ion+ ! sep>ate reality ( ! physical _w1 ?reat5$ to deprive ! holy prie/hood1 ) all its "t-hon\r$ pr]ogatives1 ( its heav5-appo9t$ lab\r4 ,yet :at is to be said ( a *ur* t pref]s to ?9k ( an indep5d5t physical _w1 by :i* man is b\nd & damn$1 9 ord] to save = itself ! task1 ei!r hopeless or useless1 ( rescu+ him8 ,labell+ a man rescu$ or ,*ri/ian does n make ano!r-_w creature ( him4 ,9 political hi/ory1 too1 :at p4#jcb a p>adox x is t k+%ip by div9e "r has always be5 also k+%ip by physical might4 ,! practices ( an av[$ sup]naturalism h always be5 /rangely mat]iali/ic4 ,s1 9 high places & 9 l[1 9 ! affairs ( m5 n[ & 9 ! pa/1 ! physical & ! spiritual h ev] be5 9 a mo/ rem>kable relation2 ea* real 9 & by itself1 b ) a mo/ unusual c\rtesy also unreal at ! slighte/ motion f ! o!r2 ea* n[ supreme1 & n[ :olly subject2 ea* n[ ! :ole life ( man1 & n[ ! v opposite1 ! antipodes ( all t is human2 & ea* self-exi/5t & indep5d5t1 yet nev] )\t its real ne$ ( ! o!r4 ,"h surely is contradiction1 or vacillation1 9 exp]i5ce t is1 to say ! lea/1 v confus+ to him :o reflects4#a ,b1 to take up some?+ else c]ta9ly n less confus+ to ! ord9>y m9d1 practical1 & unaccu/om$ to reflection1 ?is is a _w ( sep>ate1 individual ?+s1 ( *airs1 h&s1 atoms1 eyes1 />s1 m51 /ones1 books1 leaves1 riv]s1 lives1 m\nta9s1 relations1 notions1 di/ances1 days or ye>s1 & s on1 p4#jcc indef9itely & above all indiscrim9ately2 a _w1 moreov]1 into :i* 9 "p ,god1 9 "p man1 defy+ an equally p[]ful ag5t ( *aos or dissipation1 has put at lea/ = a "t a c]ta9 k9d ( ord]1 an ord] t might be said to be good en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,yet ) all its indiscrim9ate manifoldness1 & ) ! irregul>1 unc]ta9 conflict betwe5 *aos & ord]1 x is nev]!less a s+le _w1 9 %ort1 j "o m individual ?+1 "o m example1 p]haps outdo+ all o!rs1 ( ! m>vell\s lic5se ) :i* human be+s are wont to speak & ?9k ( a ?+4 ,*airs1 h&s1 m\nta9s1 m51 />s1 & ! :ole univ]se1 are all ?+s1 & 9 ?is _w ( ?+s1 t is itself ano!r ?+1 or1 %\ld ,i r say1 ap>t f ?is _w ( ?+s1 t is ano!r ?+1 !re are two1 at lea/ two1 discordant p[]s tak+ turns at mak+ ord] & disord]4 ,confusion inde$6 ,nor h ,i exagg]at$ x4 ,! loose association ( *airs1 di/ances1 & days2 ! easy assumption ( two supreme ag5ts work+ aga9/ ea* o!r2 ! c]ta9 unc]ta9ty ab\t ^! ag5ts be+ 9 ! _w or out ( x1 ( x or n ( x2 & ! read9ess ) :i* ! :ole univ]se1 ! all-inclusive ?+1 is treat$ z only "o m ?+ to be includ$3 ^! habits ( ! ord9>y m9d %[ a confusion t seems l insanity4 ,c we ev5 face !m safely & sob]ly8 ,= special reg>d ,i select j "o1 p]haps ! c5tral "o2 ! habit ( treat+ ! univ]se1 ! unity ( all ?+s1 z b "o additional ?+1 ! :ole1 z if x 7 only ano!r "p1 ! complete p4#jcd & inf9ite z if di/9ct f or outside ( :at is f9ite or incomplete2 or aga91 9 good old philosophical t]ms1 ! ,"o z if x 7 ano!r & s 9 effect1 b "o ( ! ,_m4 ,n[ "s !re are1 & _! numb] may be l>ge1 :o nev] h ?\ght ( ! contradiction & consequ5t confusion 9 ! notion ( a s+le _w made up ( _m s+le ?+s1 yet itself ano!r ?+1 or ( ! ,inf9ite z ext]nal to ! ,f9ite1 or ( ! ,"o z n 9 & ( ! ,_m1 b ! contradiction is !re1 & c sc>cely ne$ m ?an m5tion to be se54 ,ev5 9 !ory1 sci5tific or philosophical1 ! :ol5ess or unity ( ! _m ?+s ( ! _w has sometimes be5 tak5 = j "o m ?+1 z :5 ,anaxim&] taught t x 0 t ?+ :i* is no "o ( ! _w's ?+s1 or = "o ( ! _m ?+s suppos$ by x to be unifi$1 z :5 ,?ales s navely decl>$ all ?+s to be wat]4 ,anaxim&] & ,?ales 7 only anci5t ,greeks1 albeit v wise & enlight5$ ,greeks1 liv+ z e>ly z #fjj ,b4,c41 b 9 v rec5t times !y h _h foll[]s4 ,electricity has be5 tak5 z ! "o =ce ( all o!r =ces4 ,our *emi/s1 "s ( !m1 h be5 hunt+ d[n ! "o elem5t among ! re/4 ,/atesm5 & *ur*m5 h (t5 dreamt ( "o man z someh[ 9 8 s+le p]son express+ ! unity ( all human life1 & m ?an once !y h ev5 imag9$ him pres5t 9 ! fle%4 ,god1 al?\gh ! ,be+ 9 :om we1 z ourselves p]sons1 live & move & h our be+1 has ,himself be5 ano!r p]son4 ,society & its suppos$ compon5t individuals h made two ord]s p4#jce ( exi/5ce4 ,life & liv+ creatures2 hi/ory & its _m ev5ts2 ! sol> sy/em & its planets3 nature & all h] v>i\s k+doms3 ^! h also be5 held ap>t1 mak+ amaz+ dualisms4 ,b1 simply to repeat f above1 tak+ ! :ole or ! unity ( all ?+s z itself an indep5d5t ?+1 z itself "o m ?+1 is a contradiction t ne$s only to be /at$ cle>ly to be appreciat$4 ,let me hope t ,i h /at$ x cle>ly4 ,nor is ?is p>ticul> conflict 9 our ord9>y ideas yet be=e u 9 all its fatefulness1 =--z if to defy ! pr9ciple ( consi/5cy to ! v la/ degree ( its =be>ance--we are (t51 if n usually1 giv5 n only to unify+ our _w ( ?+s 9 t]ms ( j "o m ?+1 or ( p]sons 9 t]ms ( j "o m p]son1 b also to ?9k+ ( ?is "o m ?+1 or p]son z sui g5]is1 z altoge!r diff]5t 9 nature & sub/ance4 ,s d we m+le our duplicity ab\t reality ) t ab\t ! unity ( ?+s4 ,! _m1 = example1 are physical or ( ! sub/ance ( matt]2 ! "o is ideal or ( ! sub/ance ( m9d or _s4 ,! _m p]sons are m]ely human1 ! ,"o is div9e4 ,/range1 inde$1 t m5 %\ld ev] take "o m z ! unity ( all ! re/1 b if possible x is at lea/1 at fir/ sight1 /rang] t ?is "o m %\ld be relegat$ to a sph]e :olly ap>t & peculi>4 ,9 ! madness ( su* comp\nd$ contradiction !re may lurk real me?od1 b ( ! contradiction & ( ! comp\nd+ !re c be no "q4 ,ev5 ! s\l1 a some?+1 an entity1 t ea* "o ( u has be5 9 ! habit ( claim+ = himself p4#jcf & ( hold+ v sacr$ & inviolate too1 has be5 subject$ to ! same way ( ?9k+4 ,d\btless1 s9ce ,god has n be5 sp>$1 we %\ld h>dly expect ! s\l to escape4 ,we view ! s\l s mat]iali/ically1 ev5 :ile we insi/ t x is n mat]ial4 ,we say1 we ?9k1 t x is some?+ 9 ! body2 yet1 ( c\rse1 we are at our wit's end to tell j :at p>ticul> place x occupies !re4 ,simil>ly1 ,god is suppos$ to be some:]e 9 ! ,univ]se1 yet 9 no assignable place1 & ! *emi/'s univ]sal atom is some:]e also1 ?\gh surely n 9 ! same place1 &1 :]ev] x be1 wait+ ) its own1 yet c]ta9ly a div9e pati5ce t ought to be inspir+1 = exp]im5tal discov]y4 ,b ) reg>d to ! s\l1 al?\gh ! life & unity ( ! body1 al?\gh "o ( ! ?+s 9 ! body1 ! s\l itself is n bodily at all2 x c ent] ! body & is important--:o d>es say h[ important8--to ! body1 & x c1 z at dea?1 leave ! body1 b ?\gh = a "t 91 x nev] is ( ! body4 ,a /range /&po9t c]ta9ly1 b m5 insi/ t x is q z true z x is /range4 ,x seems v mu* l say+ t :5 y build a h\se1 9 ord] to ensure x real solid>ity1 to give x real p]man5ce & integrity1 y %\ld make a special po9t ( putt+ y\r bricks or y\r lumb] toge!r1 n ) cl++1 well-set mort>1 or /rong p9s & /raight-driv5 nails1 b s mu* m s5sibly1 because s mu* fur!r f :at w\ld be l ! mat]ial bricks or lumb]1 or l ! equally mat]ial mort> or nails1 ) ^? real & really compact ?+s1 absolutely cont9u\s or indivisible1 or at lea/ inde/ructible p4#jcg ev5 :5 dis9tegrat$1 empty space & pure unev5tful "t4 ,) su* space & "t !re w\ld be union inde$ ,i ,b1 aga91 /range z su* a proc$ure 9 build+ a h\se w\ld be1 m5 insi/ or at lea/ ,i c readily imag9e _! insi/5ce1 t h\ses are built 9 t way1 & built successfully4 ,! me?od may seem absurd1 b !y insi/ t x is n madness4 ,are n ab/ract plans & su* seem+ly unsub/antial ?+s z ma!matical =mul1 :i* are v ne> to be+ made ( empty space & "t1 ! real /r5g? & integrity ( all our great mod]n /ructures8 ,& ! s\l1 :atev] be said ( its be+ an immat]ial ?+1 is nev]!less1 ev5 = be+ bo? immat]ial & ?+1 ! v s9ew ( ! body4 ,"h may be me?od1 !n1 & sanity1 b !re is always contradiction1 ob/9ate contradiction1 comp\nd$ contradiction6 ,! s\l1 unity ( ! body1 is only ano!r ?+ or "p 9 ! body1 & at ! same "t1 ?\gh 9 ! body1 x is aft] all n really ( ! body4 ,possibly1 p]haps necess>ily1 su* pat5t contradiction1 &1 m ?an all1 su* comp\nd+ ( contradiction1 l d\bl+ a negative1 make = :at is )\t contradiction1 b ?is :olesome result is n consci\sly int5d$1 & 9 ! face ( all1 :atev] our hopes or our beliefs1 we mu/ feel grave d\bts & confess our d\bt+4 ,^? :o d build bett] ?an !y "k1 if enlight5$1 w\ld n aga9 build 9 ! same way4 ,two contradictions may be bett] ?an "o1 b ev5 two make u wond]4 ,closely connect$ ) ! contradictions 9 our p4#jch cu/om>y ideas ( reality1 & ideas ( :ol5ess or unity1 !re is ! way 9 :i* we calmly take opposite sides 9 our notions ab\t space & "t1 & ab\t t v fundam5tal factor ( our exp]i5ce--causation4 ,^! are1 all ( !m1 s g5]al & fundam5tal z possibly to seem too ab/ruse ev5 = m5tion 9 ?is place1 s9ce ?r\gh\t ^! *apt]s we are c\rt+ simplicity1 b ( space1 & "t1 & causation1 only :at is v simple ne$s to be said4 ,?us to ! ord9>y consci\sness h[ fatally ?+s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by conditions ( space & "t4 ,!n is n n[4 ,"h is n !re4 ,space & "t are only physical & z brutal z all ?+s physical1 sep>at+ ?is f t ) a f9ality t kn[s no degree4 ,lov]s1 cont95ts ap>t1 despair ov] ! cruel di/ance4 ,"t te>s u ru?lessly f ^? de> to u4 ,:at is to be1 z well z :at 01 ?\gh 9 ! next mom5t1 is absolutely beyond our grasp4 ,c\ld any?+ be fre] f dispute ?an ! reality & ! sep>at+ brutally ( space & "t8 ,yet1 almo/ at a :isp]1 all di/ance & all duration become z no?+4 ,d n ! lov]s write to ea* o!r1 flatly & passionately d5y+ t !y are f> ap>t8 ,d we n con/antly =e/all ! future & reta9 ! pa/8 ,inde$1 :5 all is said1 a ?\s& ye>s are z "o day1 & all ! places ( ! e>? are "o4 ,s real1 & s va/1 & s physical to u b a mom5t ago1 space & "t h n[ pass$ into m]e phantoms ( ! imag9ation4 ,we live1 !n1 n only 9 a _w t is brutally spatial & temporal1 b also1 & at ! same "t1 p4#jci 9 a _w t is n spatial & n temporal at all2 & liv+ "h--or !re8--we h aga9 to wond] & to d\bt ev5 9 our belief4 ,to our own con/ant amazem5t we f9d t we make our life a bridge ov] :at w\ld seem to be an absolutely impassable *asm4 ,z = causation our tem]ity is n less surpris+4 ,wet & dry moons1 unlucky ,fridays1 holy & unholy numb]s1 haunt$ h\ses1 s-call$ provid5ces1 free 9 ! s5se ( indiff]5tly1 irresponsibly free wills & fiat deities ) _! sudd5ly made worlds may n be g5]ally 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t1 at lea/ among ! bett] educat$1 ! enlight5$ & n infrequ5tly conceit$ classes1 b ev5 among ! wise & ! consci\sly in=m$ !y h _! natural (fspr+1 & ,i am n s sure t _m ( !m might n be f\nd almo/ intact1 at lea/ 9 ! m retir$ p>ts ( ! consci\sness ( my read]s4 ,to illu/rate1 = "s if n = all ( u1 ?is is a _w ( _m free & indep5d5t causes1 yet also x is ! s+le effect ( "o cause2 x is aga91 our mood hav+ *ang$1 ! s+le effect ( two absolutely unlike be+s or natures1 ea* ( !m an all-p[]ful cause2 x is a sph]e "h & n[ ( causal1 creative1 productive activity1 b x 0 itself creat$ once = all long ago1 at a date :i* ! exegete hopes--9 ! equally di/ant future6--to det]m9e = u2 x conta9s "s ?+s t are only causes & "s t are only effects1 or "s1 or all1 t are bo? causes & effects2 x has p>ts t are ! accept$ causes ( o!r p>ts2 x has causes1 ^? act+ n[ & ! "o orig9al cause1 t are temporally p4#jdj antec$5t to _! effects2 &1 n to make ! li/ long]1 x is v>i\sly a _w ( "o la/ effect1 ( "o fir/ & only cause1 ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes & effects1 & 9 :ole1 or 9 "p1 x con/antly %[s some?+ made out ( no?+ or no?+ result+ f some?+4 ,a wondr\s _w mo/ assur$ly2 & yet at fir/ /atem5t ?is record ( our v>i\s notions ( causation may n appe> z a v s]i\s arraignm5t ( ! consci\sness :i* x exposes4 ,moreov] "s p actually glory 9 su* a wond] z x pres5ts4 ,b1 to be pla91 ?\gh also monoton\s1 ! uncaus$ cause or ! effect t is only a "p ( ! :ole1 or ! cause or ! effect t refuses to %>e 9 ! o!r's nature1 or f9ally ! causation t is n[ s individual & s manifold & s effective1 & t 0 once s s+le & s complete1 is some?+ t mu/ give any ?9k] pause4 ,c a mov+ body move an immobile body8 ,c "s ?+s 9 ! univ]se be mobile2 o!rs n8 ,c ! mov+ body & ! mov$ body belong to diff]5t mom5ts ( "t8 ,c motion lead to re/ or re/ to motion8 ,b our ord9>y ideas ( causation w\ld all[1 or ev5 require1 an affirmative answ] to e "o ( ^! que/ions4 ,alas6 ,%all ?is lab\r proce$8 ,c we af=d to cont9ue x8 ,! def5ce ( ! d\bt] is gett+ almo/ too successful2 x is becom+ too p]sonal to be pleasant4 ,! task ( pick+ up ! room ( our ord9>y life gr[s h>d]1 n easi]1 z x moves =w>d4 ,e ?+ t we t\* tells ( a _s ( viol5ce 9 our nature4 ,ev5 ! small boy c n h be5 m lawless1 = 8 toys 7 all p4#jda batt]$ p]haps1 b n1 l ours1 all brok54 ,c we af=d to g on8 ,af=d x or n1 we simply c n help ourselves1 = our self-confid5ce is already %att]$2 our att5tion to ! disord] is already beyond our control2 ea* "o ( u is ! d\bt] we w\ld def5d4 ,"h close at h&1 :]e we h to see x1 is ano!r contradiction common 9 all human exp]i5ce4 ,x inh]es 9 our conceits ab\t k4 ,= u1 on ! "o h&1 ! _w we "k n only really is1 ! tree out yond] or ! planet miles & miles away be+ really & actually !re1 b also is j ! _w :i* our k reports to u4 ,:at we h k ( is 9 our belief a real ?+ 9 & by itself1 & we "k x lit]ally & directly1 n figuratively1 n af> (f ?r\gh symbols2 we "k x z x is2 we "k a real _w1 & we "k x face to face4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ) all ?is simple confid5ce 9 our k1 :at are we also giv5 to say+1 or assum+ :5 we d n say x8 ,ev5 9 ! mom5t ( our confid5ce we humble ourselves ) ! cry ( our utt] fooli%ness1 mak+ our recogniz$ fooli%ness only a c\nt]-conceit4 ,:at b p]fect folly is our k be=e ,god's k6 ,illusion6 ,! dream ( a few h\rs or a few ye>s6 is s (t5 ! be/ we c say ( ! :ole fabric1 pa/ & pres5t1 ( human consci\sness4 ,n n[1 b only 9 ! h]eaft] are we to see reality face to face2 n[ we see only v d>kly1 if at all4 ,"s "o "h prote/s /r5u\sly1 rais+ an objection t might v prop]ly h be5 rais$ p4#jdb be=e4 ,?us1 ,i am told t only diff]5t p1 or only ! same p at diff]5t times1 ev] hold two opposite views1 :e!r ab\t k or any ?+ else2 nev] "o & ! same p]son at ! same "t holds !m bo?2 & s ! pres5t arraignm5t c n be z s]i\s z x is made to appe>4 ,well1 ) ?is objection ,i c agree 9 "p1 = !re is at lea/ a half-tru? 9 x1 b by no means does x tell1 ei!r 9 g5]al or 9 p>ticul>1 t is1 ) reg>d to ! special case ( ! conceits ab\t k1 ! :ole /ory ( d\ble liv+ or d\ble ?9k+ among m54 ,inde$ ! easy way1 9 :i* m5 make ! di/9ctions ( society or ! di/9ctions ( "t be> ! responsibility = :at mu/ always 9 ! end be ! conflicts ( _! p]sonal lives1 is b ano!r illu/ration ( ! difficulties besett+ _! ord9>y views ( ?+s4 ,duplicity ( view1 l any?+ else 9 exp]i5ce1 mu/ always be m ?an a matt] ( diff]5t p or diff]5t times1 = ! simple reason t1 :e!r directly p]sonal or n1 x is pres5t 9 ! environm5t ( ! individual p]son4 ,s1 ev5 if ^? two positions1 confid5ce 9 worldly k & religi\s tru/ & humility1 = ! sake ( argum5t be mom5t>ily associat$ only ) diff]5t p]sons or social classes or times1 our pres5t po9t w really be j exactly z po9t$1 = !re is always a ?ird p]son or class or "t into ^: direct s+le exp]i5ce ! duplicity or contradiction is b\nd to ent]4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! case ( a *ild4 ,= a "p ( ! week he is p]haps at s*ool2 on ,sunday at *ur*2 & ! life 9 :i* he ?us takes "p mu/ p4#jdc appe> to him1 !re be+ 9 all probability little or no res]vation on ei!r side1 to be hopelessly divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,n[ is k p[]2 n[ h9drance & greate/ dang]4 ,n[ he is to le>n all he c2 n[1 on ! o!r h&1 to =get :at he may h le>n$4 ,s is ! conflict ab\t him made 8 p]sonal conflict1 & exactly z 9 8 case1 s 9 all human exp]i5ce ! individual mu/ %>e p]sonally :atev] ! environm5t af=ds4 ,! individual & ! environ+ society are ! close/ ( blood relations1 ?\gh we (t5 all[ ourselves1 all too easily z has be5 said1 to lose sight ( ! fact2 !y live "u ! same ro(1 & rely = su/5ance on ! same f>e2 & :ile to "s ! contradictions ( life may be ov]look$ z p]sonally imp]t95t & unimportant1 be+ ref]r$ :olly to ! environm5t1 !y are pla9ly ! unavoidable h]itage & ! p]sonal responsibility ( e individual t c\nts himself a memb] ( ! human race4 ,! objection1 !n1 t 0 rais$ does n remove contradiction z a cause ( d\bt1 b m]ely emphasizes :at 9 a subsequ5t *apt] mu/ occupy u1 ! social aspect ( exp]i5ce4#b ,?us1 n only does exp]i5ce1 9 ways n[ com+ to our view1 teem ) contradictions1 & is contradiction a cause ( d\bt1 b also exp]i5ce s condition$ is social z well z individual1 a matt] ( p]sonal relations betwe5 man & man z well z a matt] ( ! s+le p]son's inn] responsibility4 ,society 9 its manifold classes1 9 its conflicts & 9 its hi/ory1 may help u to see ! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 ! unity p4#jdd ( exp]i5ce on all sides & 9 all p>ts1 b x nev] does1 & x nev] c1 relieve ! individual1 or deprive ! individual1 ( any side or "p ( :at makes up an exp]i5ce-:ole4 ,gr[n m5 & wom5 may be m def9itely set 9 _! lives & _! ideas to c]ta9 specific ?+s ?an *ildr51 b 9 no "o1 "y or old1 c su* specialism ev] be :olly exclusive ( any ( ! o!r ?+s4 ,to return to our imm$iate int]e/1 if m5 are giv5 to be+ d\bt]s 9 _! views ab\t reality1 spiritual & mat]ial2 ab\t unity or :ol5ess2 ab\t space & "t1 on ! "o h& fatally va/ & indep5d5tly real1 & on ! o!r =mal & illusory2 ab\t causality1 s actual & positive n[1 & yet s complete ye/]day1 or ev] & ev] s long ago2 & ab\t k1 s p]fectly wise & s ?or\ghly va9 & fooli%2 if1 ,i say1 m5 are d\ble 9 all ^! diff]5t ways1 9 _! moral judgm5ts !y seem1 if possible1 ev5 m confus$1 & ! confusion1 ! division aga9/ !mselves1 is ! m s]i\s = be+ ) reg>d to :at s directly conc]ns p]sonal life & human fell[%ip4 ,to beg9 )1 z w inde$ readily appe>1 ! (f5ces ( our moral judgm5ts1 :i* (t51 if n always1 are l>gely influ5c$ by religi\s or r !ological conceptions1 are only a peculi> expression ( ! two-fac$ attitude t[>ds causation1 human p]sons or wills be+ ! causes specially involv$4 ,9 g5]al ! causes ( ! univ]se are ( ?ree sorts1 ^? ( natural =ce1 ^? ( sup]natural ag5cy1 & ^? ( human ag5cy1 & al?\gh t[>d !m all ess5tially ! same attitude is p4#jde assum$1 x is wor? our :ile to consid] p>ticul>ly ! causation t is commonly adjudg$ to belong to ! human w & ! moral ideas t spr+ f x4 ,= ! purposes ( ! moral consci\sness we translate ! two conflict+ p[]s ( our _w1 or ! spiritual reality & ! mat]ial1 into two ag5ts ( good & evil respectively1 ea* hav+ a p[] ( do+ :atev]1 true to its peculi> "*1 x may w to d1 & !n1 z if 9 accord ) ?is way ( ?9k+1 we f9d two di/9ct selves1 a good self & an evil self1 )9 ea* "o ( u1 & we also divide ! body social into two exclusive classes1 ! class ( ^? :o are id5tifi$ ) ! righte\s life & ! class ( ^? giv5 to ! unrighte\s life1 ! %eep & ! goats1 ! elect & ! damn$4 ,b1 to say no?+ ( ! fact t ^! ?ree ideas ( ! two p[]s1 ! two selves & ! two classes1 _c be made really to accord ) ea* o!r1 al?\gh !y possess an outw>d agreem5t1 is x n cle> t any attempt to take ! good & ! evil z two mutually exclusive ?+s1 be !y spirits or selves or classes1 is to de/roy at once ! real sub/ance ( virtue & ! real value ( ! consci\sness ( evil8 ,9 practical life ?is means1 :at ev]ybody kn[s s well1 t an isolat$1 unduly holy righte\sness1 a sort ( t\*-me-n goodness1 is b\nd to be empty1 to be only rituali/ic & ari/ocratic or ph>isaical1 & 9 any "o ( ^! respects x appe>s decid$ly unrighte\s2 :ile an isolat$ unrighte\sness1 besides hav+ at lea/ ! moral wor? ( a prote/ aga9/ its c\nt]p>t1 is 9 itself exactly l ! orig9al p4#jdf s9fulness ( ! !ologian2 be+ unavoidable1 x is :olly )\t any w>rant$ opprobrium4 ,inde$1 x all b comes to ?is1 t righte\sness z a fix$ ?+1 fix$ to a "p ( ! univ]se or to a "p ( ! individual self or to a "p ( society1 is really 9 j s f> evil1 & ! direct opposite ( su* righte\sness is proportionately good4 ,good & evil1 !n1 may n mix well1 b c]ta9 x is t contradiction results f ! common attempt ( m5 to reg>d ei!r z unta9t$ or untemp]$ by ! o!r4 ,/ill1 n ^u ?is real difficulty 9 our moral judgm5ts w\ld ,i n[ lay greate/ /ress1 al?\gh x is real en\gh & important4 ,9 yet ano!r way our moral consci\sness is at w> ) itself4 ,9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( human conduct1 s f> z ?is is det]m9$ by its initiation1 we are 9 an almo/ hopeless tangle4 ,we are m ?an likely to ?9k ( o!r p z influ5c$ by _! environm5t 9 :at !y d1 ( ourselves z q orig9al & responsible1 z indep5d5t ( any su* influ5ces2 or1 m fully & m exactly1 we are giv5 to ref]r+ our own bad de$s to environm5t1 our good de$s to ourselves1 :ile = o!rs we are prompt$ to d j ! rev]se1 ref]r+ _! good de$s to environm5t1 _! bad de$s to !mselves4 ,su* is human nature--n1 to be sure1 at its be/1 b common human nature2 & ev5 :5 we escape ! =ego+ p]sonally invidi\s di/9ctions1 we /ill--& ?is is ! ma9 po9t--treat self & environm5t z two naturally conflict+1 altoge!r indep5d5t s\rces ( conduct4 ,two diff]5t & indep5d5t s\rces ( any?+1 p4#jdg h[ev]1 c only make = conflict & contradiction4 ,if only our c\rts ( law c\ld judge responsibility ei!r :olly f ! det]m9ations ( environm5t or :olly f ^? ( p]sonal w1 or aga91 if only ! w & ! environm5t c\ld be se5 z n s radically oppos$1 :at a simplification w\ld ensue1 & h[ mu* fre] & m c]ta9 ju/ice w\ld be4 ,to v5ture on a v>iation ( an aphorism1 :]e !re's ano!r way !re is always a loophole2 :]e !re's environm5t !re is always a %ift$ responsibility2 :]e !re's a free w !re is always a w tak5 = "s unp]=m$ or imp]fectly p]=m$ de$4 ,s ! d\ble orig9 ( conduct (f]s a v s]i\s difficulty1 :i*1 :5 x is und]/ood1 is n unlike t ( ! two p[]s or selves or classes1 b ev5 m is to be said 9 exposure ( our moral judgm5ts4 ,?us we h ! confid5t conceit ( fre$om1 ( our own fre$om 9 good or our neighb\r's fre$om 9 evil1 or 9 g5]al ( man's fre$om to act )\t reg>d to ! det]m9ations f environm5t1 b we h also a /range ?\gh possibly a =tunate way ( qualify+ ! v fre$om t we claim4 ,we claim fre$om only to av[1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 duties & responsibilities4 ,we h ! fre$om1 b only ! duties make x wor? any?+4 ,a />tl+ p>adox ?is1 s famili> to u all3 ,i am free to d all t ,i ought to d1 or1 ,i am free to c>ry out c]ta9 necessities ( my true life4 ,a />tl+ p>adox2 &1 above all1 a /range way ( escap+ ! necessities ( environm5t1 unless1 =soo?1 x really op5s ! door1 or supplies a secret door1 by :i* ! p4#jdh necessities ( environm5t & ! necessities ( "o's true life c come toge!r8 ,if fre$om dem&s law1 :y %\ld x hold alo( f ! natural law1 ! law ( environm5t s def9itely pres5t8 ,possibly1 !n1 z once be=e sugge/$1 "o contradiction 9 exp]i5ce may be ! corrective ( ano!r1 ! p>adox ( fre$om & duty only correct+ ! contradiction ( two s\rces ( conduct1 p]sonal w & environm5t4 ,9 ! case1 = example1 ( ! disposition to di/+ui% betwe5 "o's own acts & ano!r's1 ) respect to _! initiation by w or by environm5t1 to m+le duty & necessity ) "o's own suppos$ fre$om is equival5t 9 effect to d5y+ "o's neighb\r's fre$om because ( ! re/ra9ts ( 8 environm5t4 ,b su* consid]ations1 h[ev] promis+ = future reflection ^u ! conflicts 9 our moral consci\sness1 are n ( imm$iate int]e/4 ,our d\bts may once m f9d hope 9 ! reflection t ! faults ( exp]i5ce may balance !mselves1 b we h no occasion to ab&on our d\bt+ z idle or mean+less4 ,contradictions t balance ea* o!r1 errors t are mutually corrective1 are /ill contradictions1 are /ill errors4 ,s1 to r$uce our moral judgm5ts1 confusion & all1 to small compass1 we are free1 o!rs are n2 !y are free1 we are n2 & our fre$om is b\nd by duty1 by duty to ! moral law1 :ile _! fre$om1 unless a hopeless lawlessness1 is b\nd by ! environm5t & its law4 ,aga91 good & evil are ea* unmix$1 & moral acts s]ve two ma/]s--t is to say1 spr+ f two s\rces4 ,we may1 !re=e1 p4#jdi /ill believe 9 morality--yet h[ c ?is be8 ,& fre$om--yet h[ is fre$om possible8 ,b f9ally1 z la/ to be exam9$1 !re is ! idea ( law1 j n[ br\ght to att5tion4 ,?is idea is a focus = a good _m conflict+ views4 ,witness ! famili> argum5t f ! k ( law 9 nature to fatalism1 an argum5t z absurd z x is widespread1 = ! b>e fact t we "k ! laws ( nature really emancipates u f ! bl9d fate to :i* ! argum5t po9ts4 ,c k ev] mean any?+ b fre$om8 ,c]ta9ly no law c ev] be kn[n unless ! sph]e ( its op]ation accords ) ! nature ( ^? :o h ! k4 ,simply to "k is to %>e 9 & be at "o ) :atsoev] is kn[n1 & ! cle>] & m cog5t or rational ! k1 ! tru] & real] is ?is p>ticipation or union4 ,! law we "k1 !n1 mu/ h all ! mean+ & ! natural au?ority ( a law ( our own enactm5t1 & s mu/ actually h ! sanction ( our w4 ,w1 ,i say1 _c help sanction+ k1 = k is always true to1 because condition$ by1 ! natural action ( ! kn[]4 ,b no su* message ( fre$om1 or say ( human opportunity 9 natural necessity1 is commonly receiv$ by m5 at l>ge f ! evid5ces ( law 9 nature4 ,sup]/iti\sly !y see only fate4 ,cle> k & bl9d fate6 ,nor are we commonly satisfi$ ) only s mu* sup]/ition4 ,we g /ill fur!r & make ! case z bad z possible by treat+ ! law we "k z if 9 its _s1 if n 9 its lett]1 x 7 f9al4 ,9 o!r words1 we view nature1 ) "s ( ^: ways we p4#jej h become conv]sant1 n m]ely z a s\rce ( bl9d fate1 or ext]nal necessity1 = our lives1 b also z ess5tially & ultimately a sph]e ( /rictly me*anical r\t9e4 ,yet "h aga9 we are surely reason+ beyond our premises--! v ess5ce ( sup]/ition--= ! r\t9e we "k c nev] answ] sub/antially1 or ev5 =mally1 to nature z %e really is4 ,our positive k1 our k t arrives at specific =mul1 ev5 ?\gh ^! =mul rea* ! noble dignity ( ma!matics1 is b\nd to be 9 t]ms ( "s p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 p]sonal or national or racial2 x is relative & special2 x is p>tial k2 & he is sup]/iti\s1 & does1 inde$1 argue beyond 8 premises1 :o takes ! :ole1 ^: law he does n "k1 to be lit]ally analog\s to ! "p1 ^: law he ?9ks he kn[s1 b c 9 fact "k only p>tially4 ,no :ole ev] is "o ( its p>ts1 or m]ely analog\s to "o ( its p>ts2 a law nev] is ! law1 or ev5 9 its lawfulness lit]ally analog\s !reto2 & me*anicalism1 :e!r z a popul> or a philosophical ism1 has no ju/ification save j ?is false analogy4 ,& ! preval5t confusion 9 ! notions ( law or lawfulness is ( c\rse reflect$ 9 ! correspond+ notions ( lawlessness4 ,"h1 z ) o!r negative t]ms1 m5 =get t negatives necess>ily are q relative to _! positives4 ,all specific1 def9itely manife/1 kn[n & positive lawlessness simply mu/ h "s place 9 ! law ( ?+s2 x c no m be an absolute lawlessness ?an any human r\t9e c be suppos$ f9al2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no positive law ^: break+ has n "s p4#jea sanction2 !re c be no lawfulness :i* does n w>rant "s lawlessness4 ,?is tru?1 p]haps z no?+ else c\ld1 mu/ %[ ! error 9 ! notion ( me*anical r\t9e z af=d+ an adequate description ( ! ultimate nature ( ?+s4 ,:]e ! :ole always gives po9t to ! negation ( any ( its p>ts1 :]e ! law always sanctions "s break+ ( any law1 to ?9k ( ! :ole 9 t]ms ( its p>ts may be human1 b x is ( ! human :i* is prone to err4 ,^? :o w\ld /ill insi/ ^u see+ only r\t9e 9 law1 & ^u judg+ lawlessness z only relative to su* see+1 might d well1 ris+ above _! ord9>y views1 to rememb] ) "s real appreciation t once ^u a "t ! law-break]s & ! re=m] 7 v closely associat$2 !y 7 associat$ 9 life1 & at ! end !y 7 crucifi$ toge!r4 ,:atev] may be "o's !ology1 !re is a deal ( food = ?\ght 9 ^? dea?s on ,calv>y & 9 ! sev]al lives :i* !y clos$4 ,lawlessness sugge/s ! sup]natural4 ,s _m h promptly conclud$ t j z ) ! k ( law 9 nature human fre$om mu/ be resign$1 bl9d fate tak+ its place1 s any?+ or anybody at all sup]natural1 ,satan--= example--z well z ,god1 mu/ once = all )draw4 ,if law reigns1 ,god c w :atev] he wills only because ! law is s2 ! law is n s because he wills x2 & ?is 9 common op9ion only makes him decrepit1 )\t real initiative1 dead4 ,yet1 once m1 :at sup]/ition6 ,! k ( law has nev] robb$ man ( 8 fre$om1 nor ev5 sla9 8 ,god2 or ?is at lea/3 ! loss ( fre$om or ! dea? ( ,god1 = p4#jeb :i* any law t man has _h k ( has be5 responsible1 has always be5 only ! =]unn] ( a l>g] & full] fre$om & ( 8 ,god's resurrection & glorification4 ,?is or t law may rob & may kill1 b ?is or t law1 let me reit]ate1 nev] is ! law1 & :y common op9ion has to judge all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 z if x 71 is h>d to compreh5d4 ,nei!r nature nor ,god1 if ^! two ne$ to be ?\ght ( z two1 is law-b\nd2 ea* r1 ) a mean+ :i* ,i mu/ hope n[ to h made cle>1 is law-free4 ,! law 9 :i* nature is free is z inf9ite1 z transc5d5t ( any p>ticul> human exp]i5ce z ! ev]-develop+ fre$om ( man or z ! w ( ,god4 ,& ,god1 or ! ,sup]natural1 is n conf9$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( :at man kn[s1 z man kn[s x2 ?is /&s only = :at man calls nature4 ,god is ! all-inclusive sph]e or s\rce ( ! absolute law1 = :i* k c be only a con/ant /riv+1 or :i* is itself ev5 a p>ty to ! con/ant /riv+4 ,someh[ ! law mu/ be a liv+ ?+1 n a r\t9e3 ! sup]natural mu/ be n nature z %e is kn[n1 b nature's fulle/ & deepe/ life4 ,v emphatically :at has j be5 said ab\t nature or ,god be+ law-free1 or ab\t ! law be+ inf9ite1 or n analog\s 9 =m or sub/ance1 9 _s or lett]1 to any ?+ 9 positive k1 is no argum5t = ! ,jonah /ory or ev5 = ! miracle ( ! w9e at ,cana's w$d+ fea/2 & yet "t & aga9 p :o app>5tly %\ld h done en\gh ?9k+ to "k bett]1 to ! great satisfaction ( ?\s&s h us$ ! inf9ity ( p4#jec nature's or ,god's lawfulness1 :i* is to say ! only p>tial & t5tative "* ( all human k ( law1 z a cl9*+ pro( ( all ! miracles 9 ! ,bible4 ,c !y n see t l :at is lawless 9 g5]al1 ! miracul\s mu/ be 9 ! premises only relative to ! exp]i5ce ( ! "t8 ,ev5 *ance is n less s4 ,! spiritual mean+ ( ^? miracles may p]si/1 = ! miracul\s we mu/ always h ) u2 b if ev5 our relative1 imp]fect k /&s = any?+1 if x be ev5 a t5tative k1 a work+ /&po9t1 ! lit]al tru? ( mo/1 or ev5 all ( !m1 disappe>$ long ago4 ,miracles1 l laws1 come & g2 only ! miracul\s1 l ! law1 goes on =ev]4 ,& ?is leads to some?+ else1 to some?+ also v common1 p]haps ! rev]se ( ! =ego+4 ,) :at an unacc\ntable delight _m ( u h accept$ naturali/ic explanations1 = example1 ( ! sun /&+ /ill1 or ( ! retreat ( ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 or ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 or ( any ( ! _m o!r m>vels 9 ei!r ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & h ?\ght t s our old beliefs are to be pres]v$4 ,i h myself he>d hone/ & e>ne/ m51 ev5 memb]s ( an academic community1 appeal to p>!nog5esis z a fact 9 nature :i* w\ld at lea/ make ! miracle ( ,*ri/'s bir? sci5tifically plausible z well z spiritually significant2 b su* an appeal1 besides be+1 9 my op9ion1 positively irrev]5t1 is z bl9d religi\sly z x is ignorant sci5tifically4 ,_c su* m5 appreciate1 & _c all o!rs :o d z !y d also appreciate ! fact t naturali/ic explanation ( p4#jed any miracle1 if really a g5u9e explanation1 may prove ! fact1 b mu/ 9 j s f> de/roy1 ,i d n say ! miracul\s1 :i* is inde/ructible1 b ! p>ticul> miracle8 ,! lawful miracle1 !n--lawful1 ( c\rse1 s soon z expla9$--is "o m contradiction 9 our preval5t notions ab\t law4 ,t x exemplifies1 too1 a habit ( m9d :i* is ex]cis$ by u 9 _m directions besides t ( int]pretation ( ! arbitr>y ?+s ( ! ,bible c h>dly ne$ be said4 ,9 life g5]ally ! arbitr>y is peculi>ly fond ( go+ to law1 sometimes to :at is call$ nature's law1 z :5 revolutioni/s ( all sorts--/rik]s & radical re=m]s--raise ! cry ( natural rights1 lay+ d[n ! law z to :at m5 are by nature1 & sometimes to human law1 z :5 ! cons]vatives 9 gov]nm5t or bus9ess ) _! ve/$ rights1 be ^! coal m9es1 oil fields1 or political privileges1 appeal = ju/ice to ! c\rts or to ! milit>y4 ,b1 to say no m1 ) ! lawful miracle1 ) law ! /range support ( :at is arbitr>y1 ) ?is z a v good example ( ! duplicity :i* 9 g5]al we are all ( u wont to all[ 9 our practical life1 ! pres5t exposure ( our ord9>y consci\sness mu/ come to an end4 ,) reg>d to ! real sub/ance ( ?+s1 or to _! unity1 or to ! nature ( space & "t & causation1 ) reg>d to ! wor? ( k1 ) reg>d to our human conduct1 to its fre$om & responsibility1 or f9ally ) reg>d to ! place ( law 9 nature & 9 ! life ( man1 our ord9>y consci\sness is manife/ly inconsi/5t & vacillat+--nay1 is grossly contradictory2 & we are p4#jee l$ at lea/ to suspect t ! disord] :i* we h f\nd is inh]5t & ess5tial1 hav+ ! nature ( an orig9al human defect4 ,su* a defect1 h[ev]1 is cause = d\bt2 s t man1 above all practical man1 hav+ inconsi/5cy or duplicity z almo/1 if n q1 an uncontrollable habit ) him1 %\ld be himself a pr9ce ( sceptics4 ,& yet1 al?\gh we h inde$ f\nd man sp5d+ at lea/ 8 wak+ h\rs 9 a room t seems disord] inc>nate1 & al?\gh be=e ! c\rt ( practical life ! d\bt] seems ?us to h be5 ?or\ghly ju/ifi$1 :ile 8 too ha/y judges are 9 turn condemn$1 nev]!less ! case = d\bt is n ( su* a "* z to leave absolutely no hope = belief4 ,n[ & aga9 9 ! evid5ce1 z x has be5 disclos$1 h we n felt ! pres5ce ( some?+1 n yet giv5 its due weight1 t w\ld make man m ?an a m]e d\bt] & unbeliev]8 ,h we n be5 l$ to suspect t someh[1 )\t loss ( _! reality & validity1 ! mo/ cog5t reasons = d\bt1 ev5 ! contradictions 9 our views ( ?+s1 might turn into bases ( belief1 t an exp]i5ce ess5tially p>adoxical may n be z hopeless z at fir/ sight x may appe>1 t 9 all ! madness !re is at lea/ a *ance ( "s me?od8 ,! view ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ be exam9$ be=e our att5tion c be turn$ def9itely ^u su* a possibility4 ,en\gh if 9 our pres5t d\bt+ we are /ill left ) a little hope4 #a ,9 ! rise ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 aga9/ :i* ,i h no special grudge1 al?\gh ,i h already tak5 exceptions to its claims1 !re is a special case1 special because affect+ a s+le1 relatively small class1 ( ! popul> hospitality to contradiction4 ,?us1 ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s w\ld r$uce all reality to m9d1 b at ! same "t !y busily d5y reality to a l>ge gr\p ( m9d facts1 namely & notably1 ! ideas ( disease4 ,rec5tly1 x is true1 accord+ to ! newspap]s1 _! heal]s h be5 told to decl9e to doctor infecti\s or contagi\s diseases1 yet n because su* diseases h any reality1 b because ! illusion ( !m is s real z to make ! ,*ri/ian treatm5t ( !m bo? imprud5t & impractical4 ,philosophies & religions ( illusion are c]ta9ly weird1 uncanny ?+s6 #b ,*apt] ,,vii4 p4#jef ,,iv4 ,,! ,,view ,,( ,,sci5ce3 ,,its ,,rise ,,& ,,"*4 ,) sci5ce we usually associate accuracy & consi/5cy1 & at fir/ ?\ght we are n likely to expect t ! "w & /&po9t ( sci5ce c conta9 any?+ sub/antial en\gh = ! d\bt] to base 8 claim ^u2 b second ?\ght is our fir/ duty at ?is "t1 & second ?\ght always *anges ! view1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance x w %[ sci5ce 9 important respects to be q z vuln]able z ! unreflective consci\sness ( practical life1 = sci5ce also is honeycomb$ ) contradiction & p>adox4 ,m ?an once sci5ti/s !mselves h turn$ sceptical ab\t _! "w & its results4 ,! cry ( bankruptcy 9 sci5ce1 n m]ely z a *>ge1 b also z a confession1 has be5 he>d 9 ! l& n infrequ5tly2 n[ p]haps l[ & unc]ta91 b aga9 cle> & /rong4 ,& :y n8 ,:y %\ld ! sci5ti/ escape ! que/ion+ ( o!r m58 ,subtle & wond]ful z sci5ce is1 does x transc5d humanity8 ,surely1 :5 all is said1 ! sci5tific consci\sness is n =mally diff]5t f ! ord9>y consci\sness4 ,! same eye is look+ at p4#jeg ! same _w1 only ?r\gh microscopes & telescopes4 ,! same m9d is measur+ ! same environm5t1 only ) c>efully devis$ in/rum5ts ( precision in/ead ( arm's l5g?s or /one's ?r[s & rules ( ?umb4 ,9 a ^w1 sci5ce is m]ely ! ord9>y consci\sness highly develop$1 n )\t consid]able ab/raction1 into critically consci\s me?od & cle>e/ possible p]ception4 ,inde$1 p]haps )\t myself cle>ly kn[+ all my reasons1 ,i am con/ra9$ to say t sci5ce is relat$ to ord9>y p]ception v mu* z ! inv5tor's consci\sness ( 8 wond]ful fly+-ma*9e to ! simple s5sations ( a bird4 ,! me*anics ( fly+1 s elaborately pres5t to ! =m]1 are nev]!less also pres5t 9 ! latt]1 :ile ) bo? we h ! same eye or ! same m9d look+ & ! same _w se54 ,! boa/$ me?ods & ideals ( ! "o are b ! only half-wak+ in/9cts ( ! o!r1 & :atsoev] is ess5tial to ei!r belongs also to ! o!r4 ,b1 to m>k ! great diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 ! inv5tor has ! disposition to treat fly+ ab/ractly--t is1 z if a ?+ by itself1 z if = its own sake2 & he goes ev5 f>!r1 mak+ ab/raction ( ! m]e explanation & me*anical expression ( fly+2 :ile ! bird simply flies1 &1 if ,i may hope to be und]/ood1 all ?+s else1 ! sun & ! w9d1 ! trees1 & all liv+ ?+s1 & y & ,i :o foll[ 8 c\rse are fly+ ) him4 ,b no poetic so>+ su* z ?is c satisfy our pres5t ne$s4 ,to und]/& & appraise ! view ( sci5ce we mu/ trace its rise z cle>ly z we c1 p4#jeh & !n critically exam9e its peculi> conceits1 its own ideal me?ods & attitudes4 ,z = ! rise ( ! sci5tific view1 we may well return to ! def9ition ( sci5ce giv5 above3 ! ord9>y consci\sness highly develop$1 n )\t consid]able ab/raction1 into critically consci\s me?od & cle>e/ possible p]ception4 ,p]haps developm5t ( any?+ is always at ! co/ ( ab/raction2 b be ?is z x may1 sci5ce c]ta9ly arises ?r\gh an ab/raction1 namely1 ?r\gh ! ab/raction ( consci\sness ( "o's _w1 ?r\gh ! treatm5t ( ?is m]e consci\sness z some?+ to be cultivat$ q = its own sake2 & ! motive & ! mean+ ( su* a treatm5t are n f> to seek4 ,consci\sness1 to ! exclusion or inhibition ( direct1 ov]t action1 becomes a matt] = ab/ract1 :i* is to say1 exclusive cultivation1 ) any s]i\s *ange1 ) any upheaval 9 ! famili> conditions ( life4 ,a man--or boy1 if y pref]--is tak+ a cross-c\ntry run1 & = a "t all goes well2 ! mann] ( 8 go+ suff]s no int]ruption1 or no s]i\s int]ruption2 b gradually ! und]gr[? ?ick5s f l[ bu%es to high] bru%wood1 & at la/1 p]haps q sudd5ly1 break+ ?r\gh "s wild h$ge1 ! runn] f9ds himself at ! v edge ( a /ream too wide & too deep = any ord9>y cross+4 ,!reupon 8 runn+1 or at lea/ 8 =w>d runn+1 say ! runn+ ( 8 real life1 ceases1 & look+ takes its place4 ,he is n[1 9 a famili> phrase1 look+ be=e leap+2 yet ) 8 look+ !re is a good deal ( runn+ too1 m or less ov]t1 b also m or less p4#jei in/rum5tal or m]ely me*anical1 z1 go+ f "o po9t to ano!r1 he measures ! relations ( bank to bank1 or ( possible /epp+-/ones to ea* o!r1 or hunts = fall5 logs or = %all[ places4 ,b1 f9ally1 ! measurem5ts all made1 ! peculi> conditions z fully z possible appreciat$1 9 ! way f\nd to be mo/ feasible he crosses ! /ream & runs aga94 ,& j 9 t look+ be=e leap+1 ) ! accompany+ *eck put ^u ! =w>d runn+ & ) ! *ange ( ! real life ( runn+ into m]ely in/rum5tal action1 we get at lea/ a glimpse ( :at sci5ce is1 ( ! sort ( ab/raction t its rise implies4 ,only sci5ce1 specifically s call$1 is m ?an su* a casual1 m]ely p]sonal /udy ( a new situation4 ,sci5ce is ! di/9ct "w ( a di/9ct class ab/ractly /udy+ a new situation t has confront$ ! progress n ( an individual1 b ( a :ole p1 & 9 ?is "* x gets at once all ! advantages & all ! conceits t belong 9 g5]al to ! life ( a class4 ,x gets1 too1 all ! limitations4 ,sci5ce1 once m1 is n /rictly a p]sonal exp]i5ce1 al?\gh 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 l t ( ! cross-c\ntry runn]1 we c get a glimpse ( j t :i* may develop into sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is *>act]i/ically a pr(ession4 ,! runn] )holds 8 runn+ = a "t & m]ely looks & /udies1 yet 8 look+ is only = a "t2 soon] or lat] he w run aga92 & ev5 :ile he /udies !re is 8 cont9u$ mov+ ab\t1 8 in/rum5tal action1 z we call$ x2 b ! pr(essional sci5ti/ waives all ?\ght ( possible future activity4 ,al?\gh 9 reality p4#jfj 8 look+ is be=e leap+1 x is n consci\sly s = him2 he is "o :o "u ! con/ra9ts ( 8 class m]ely looks & /udies1 mak+ ( ^! processes ?+s q wor?y 9 !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 to enl>ge some:at on :at has j be5 said1 ! rise ( ! pr(ession ( sci5ce does inde$ involve bo? ! same *eck ^u ! real life & ! same r$uction ( activity to a purely me*anical or in/rum5tal "* t we h po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ! runn] at ! bank ( ! /ream1 b a numb] ( diff]5t social classes divides ! lab\r4 ,9 g5]al1 society z a means to ! expression & developm5t ( human activity1 be ! activity runn+ or liv+ 9 a broad] & full] s5se1 always %[s ! diff]5t phases or factors ( ! exp]i5ce id5tifi$ m or less exclusively ) z _m diff]5t classes or gr\ps1 &1 9 respect to ! p>ticul> case "h "u consid]ation1 ^u ! rise ( sci5ce society appe>s to delegate ! "w ( c>eful obs]vation & critical ?9k+ to a sep>ate class1 :i*1 z already sugge/$1 gives up any direct responsibility to ! real life4 ,ano!r di/9ct class1 aris+ contemporane\sly1 is compos$ ( ^? :o d feel directly responsible1 or practical1 cont9u+ ! life ( positive1 ov]t action4 ,?is second class ma9ta9s ! vital processes1 al?\gh 9 a m or less consci\sly in/rum5tal way1 s9ce its memb]s h ! lives ( o!rs z well z _! own lives to support4 ,s society gets its work]s or lab\r]s z well z its obs]v]s & ?9k]s4 ,! rise ( sci5ce1 !n1 involves a disrupt$ society4 ,moreov]1 ! division is by no means s p4#jfa simple z ! =ego+ analysis may seem to h impli$4 ,obs]v+ & ?9k+1 = example1 h (t5 made1 too1 sep>ate sub-classes1 & also !re h be5 _m di/9ct gr\ps among ! work]s1 su* z cl]ks1 soldi]s1 artisans1 road-m5d]s1 & till]s ( ! soil4 ,! simple analysis1 h[ev]1 has be5 q en\gh to %[1 :at has seem$ to ne$ emphasis1 t all ! passions ( social life1 or r ( social ca/e1 are br\ght to be> ^u ! pr(ession ( sci5ce1 giv+ x ! peculi> conceits & advantages ( class or ca/e1 & also impos+ ^u x ! peculi> limitations4 ,! advantages1 among o!rs1 are ! /r5g? t lies 9 union1 & ! long cont9uity & ! imitation t always ensure an accumulation ( exp]i5ce & a ref9em5t ( me?od & an atta9m5t to imp]sonal1 imp>tial /&>ds2 ! conceits are exclusiv5ess1 s5se ( sanctity or intr9sic wor?1 & consequ5t claims to ari/ocracy2 & ! limitations1 al?\gh possibly already q obvi\s1 are h]eaft] to be po9t$ out4 ,b :atev] ! limitations or ! opportunities1 x is n[ our *ief conc]n t ! social conditions ( its rise mu/ greatly int5sify ! ab/raction ( sci5ce1 ! treatm5t ( ! consci\sness ( ! _w1 :i* is b ! sph]e ( action1 ! totality ( ! manife/$ conditions ( action1 z some?+ to be cultivat$ :olly = its own sake4 ,nor is ?is fact t sci5ce is an ab/raction1 int5sifi$ by ! conditions ( class life1 ! only fact to :i* ! rise ( sci5ce be>s witness4 ,!re is some?+ else equally significant--some?+1 inde$1 s intimately involv$ 9 ?is z p]haps n p4#jfb prop]ly to be ref]r$ to z ano!r fact at all1 be+ only a fur!r manife/ation ( :at is already be=e u4 ,!re nev] arises ab/raction )\t duplicity4 ,pla9ly a disrupt$ society1 su* z has be5 se5 to be incid5t to ! rise ( sci5ce1 means also a disrupt$ life4 ,9 g5]al ! corporate life ( any s+le class result+ f ! division c be only p>tial1 ,i d n say 9 respect to real life1 s9ce ?is phrase has itself be5 associat$ ) too n>r[ a mean+1 b to human nature1 to human life 9 its entirety1 9 its real fulness1 9 its true bread? & its true dep?4 ,all class life1 ,i repeat1 involv+ z x does disruption & selection ( "s p>ticul> int]e/ or relation1 is inadequate to any human be+1 & ! life ( sci5ce is no exception to ?is rule4 ,memb]%ip 9 any class & con=mity to its peculi> life1 :i* is p>tial & ab/ract z p>tial1 h nev] satisfi$ anybody1 & ! life ( ! pr(essional sci5ti/1 aga91 is no exception to ?is rule4 ,accord+ly any ab/raction 9 life1 ! isolation ( any specific int]e/1 :5 se5 9 j ! light ( its necess>y inadequacy1 ( its def9ite1 m or less exclusive p>tiality1 mu/ imply 9 life a dem& = reality & complet5ess1 & ?is ! m z ! ab/raction is ass]tive1 z ! isolation is insi/5t4 ,simply1 ! :ole life w nev] brook an untemp]$ neglect f any ( its always self-ass]tive p>ts4 ,pla9ly1 h[ev]1 z pla9ly z a disrupt$ society mu/ mean a disrupt$ life = ea* result+ gr\p1 su* a dem& c be met only 9 "o way1 if ! cause = x cont9ues2 x c be met only by "s =m ( duplicity1 by "s way 9 :i*1 h[ev] indirectly1 ! life ( ^? p4#jfc conc]n$ w always really be m ?an x seems or w always actually imply :at explicitly or =mally x appe>s to exclude4 ,no su* n>r[ life1 9 %ort1 z mu/ always *>act]ize any social gr\p1 c ev] be )\t its comp5sat+ innu5does or indirections = ! life f :i* x is outw>dly alo(1 & :ile ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* ! true reality & ! :ol5ess ( life are ?us cons]v$ w v naturally always be det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> class or ! p>ticul> class-"* involv$1 be+ ( "o sort = road-m5d]s & ( q a diff]5t sort = sci5tific obs]v]s1 ! organization ( society seems b\nd at e turn to %[ t duplicity1 comp5sation z x always is = p>tiality1 is an indisp5sable condition4 ,duplicity1 :atev] may be its own special dang]s1 is always bett]1 be+ ne>] to reality1 ?an n>r[ness4 ,is n ! road-m5d] also a good ,ca?olic1 or 9 "s o!r way1 conv5tional or unconv5tional1 religi\sly dev\t1 pi\sly do+1 n 8 own1 b ano!r's "w8 ,does n ! sci5ti/ give po9t to ! idea ( ano!r & diff]5t life1 t is to say1 ( 8 life ( k n be+ ! :ole ( life1 by ! agno/icism :i* he n only c>efully ass]ts b also actually embodies z a factor 9 8 me?od8 ,! road-m5d] slaves at 8 humble task1 ignorant & yet tru/ful1 believ+ 9 an infallible wisdom & an absolute p[]1 & ! sci5ti/ lives ) great en?usiasm to "k ! _w z x is1 b tells u at ! same "t ) no less en?usiasm & ) a mean+ t c]ta9ly ought to temp] 8 exclusiv5ess t ! object :i* he /udies & describes p4#jfd is nev]!less really unkn[able4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,sp5c]3 ,! man ( sci5ce 444 m ?an any o!r1 truly kn[s t 9 its ultimate ess5ce no?+ c be kn[n4 ,surely !re is mean+ = ,/ev5son's /ory ( ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde 9 o!r fields besides t ( morality4 ,class life mu/ always involve its memb]s 9 a protective or comp5sat+ duplicity4 ,b n[1 :atev] 9 ! life ( o!r classes ?is duplicity1 :i* cons]ves ! :ol5ess ( life ev5 :5 =mally life is n>r[ & p>tial1 ought to be call$1 9 ! pr(ession ( sci5ce x (t5 goes "u ! "n ( dualism4 ,se5 at diff]5t angles1 x is n[ dualism1 n[ objectivism1 n[ agno/icism4 ,9 ea* ( ^! diff]5t ways ! sci5ti/1 q outdo+ or transc5d+ 8 pr(ession1 recognizes a sph]e ( reality or a sph]e ( activity1 t is beyond t ( ! k :i* he makes 8 special bus9ess1 &1 z is v important to obs]ve1 ! peculi> mann] ( 8 recognition ( ?is sph]e1 or ! peculi> "* ( 8 duplicity1 is relative to j ! ab/raction :i* makes 8 sci5ce :at x is4 ,?us 8 peculi> duplicity is "o ( consci\s subject & unconsci\s1 ext]nal object1 ( obs]v+ man & objective nature1 ( real k & unkn[able reality4 ,yet "h1 be=e discuss+ fur!r ! relation ( dualism to sci5ce1 x is well to obs]ve t ! positive hi/ory ( sci5ce ju/ifies ! acc\nt ( its rise :i* has n[ be5 giv54 ,! age ( sci5ce among ! ,greeks 0 co9cid5t ) ! clos+ conflict betwe5 ,greek civilization & ! g5]al life p4#jfe ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! age ( mod]n sci5ce began1 n to attempt a long /ory1 ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,all look+ be=e leap+ is transitional or revolution>y1 & :ile1 ( c\rse1 !re _h be5 transitions & degrees ( sci5tific inquiry be=e1 ! sci5ce ( ! ,greeks belongs to t v critical transition f ,greece to ,rome2 & mod]n sci5ce1 to ! transition1 c]ta9ly n less critical1 f ,*ri/5dom to--:o c say to :at8 ,b n only does hi/ory %[ sci5ce to arise :5 !re is a /ream to cross2 also x %[s ! life ( ! "t1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be %>ply dis9tegrat$1 its diff]5t factors be+ sep>ately & ab/ractly express$ ?r\gh z _m diff]5t social gr\ps1 &1 9 ! second place1 9 ea* ( ! gr\ps to be giv5 to d\ble liv+1 to ! /orm & /ress ( be+ "o ?+ & seem+ ano!r4 ,always an age1 conspicu\sly & *>act]i/ically sci5tific1 has be5 an age ( cle>ly develop$ classes & ( a g5]al duplicity 9 liv+4 ,?us1 to give a /rik+1 al?\gh possibly too philosophical an illu/ration ( ! duplicity1 ,democritus1 ! great mat]iali/ & atomi/1 & ,plato1 ! great ideali/1 7 contempor>ies & equally 7 creatures ( _! day & g5]ation1 & _! c5tury 0 ! c5tury ( great a*ievem5ts 9 ,greek sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 z reg>ds ! co9cid5t organization ( society1 we "k at lea/ ( ,plato t he 0 ke5ly consci\s ( ! divisions ( society into di/9ct classes4 ,& 9 v mu* ! same way mat]ialism & idealism1 n to m5tion h$onism & rigorism1 or naturalism & sup]naturalism1 p4#jff h be5 insep>ately associat$ ) ! rise & ! successes ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,^! philosophies1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are always m ?an s _m conflict+ isms4 ,!y are1 too1 m ?an ! special conceits1 9 !ory or 9 practice1 ( s _m sep>ate social classes or ( ! great lead]s ( ^! classes4 ,9 _! v diff]5ces !y are ! def9ite1 ! public expression ( a conflict1 or division1 t inw>dly affects e individual memb]1 :atev] 8 class or pr(ession1 :i* ! society conta9s4 ,9 ! day & g5]ation ( ,democritus & ,plato 7 !re n well-def9$ p>ties1 manife/ 9 all ! diff]5t & sep>ately organiz$ phases ( life--moral1 indu/rial1 political or religi\s1 namely1 ! p>ties ( ! cons]vatives & ! radicals8 ,& 7 !re n also1 z typical individual *>act]s1 ea* ( !m reveal+ to ev]ybody some?+ pres5t )9 8 own life1 ! only conv5tional loyali/ & ! m truly loyal re=m]1 z well z ! idle or c>eless transgressor & ! coldly calculat+ traitor8 ,a life s divid$ & s v>i\sly imp]sonat$ 0 c]ta9ly teem+ ) duplicity4 ,nor h we yet f9i%$ ) ! evid5ce f hi/ory4 ,an age ( sci5ce has always be5 n m]ely an age ) a /ream to cross1 nor yet m]ely an age ( classes & d\ble liv+1 b also an age ( a ?or\ghly consci\s utilit>ianism4 ,:e!r mat]iali/ically or ideali/ically1 all ?+s h be5 treat$ & also look$ ^u z means to "s end1 n ends 9 !mselves4 ,= ! disrupt$ society all activity has be5 m or less consci\sly calculat+ & in/rum5tal4 ,z we "k1 ! disruption means p4#jfg actual1 :5 n also int5tional1 division ( lab\r1 & surely !re nev] has be5 division ( lab\r )\t ev5tual developm5t ( a di/9ct s5se ( ! v>i\s special in/rum5ts & activities z utilities r ?an ?+s ( intr9sic value4 ,= a "t1 x is true1 ! sev]al classes & _! activities may ma9ta9 ! semblance ( cons]vatism & indep5d5ce2 b _! inevitable duplicity is b\nd soon] or lat] to give a consci\sly conv5tional or utilit>ian "* to ! cons]vatism1 & j ?is makes ! activity ( ! p in/rum5tal or only m$iately in/ead ( imm$iately wor?y4 ,if1 z "s are sure to cont5d1 ! division ( lab\r always t5ds to end1 & (t5 does end1 9 ! =mation ( ca/es1 & 9 consequ5ce ! in/rum5tal "* ( ! activities is =gott51 x ne$s only to be said 9 reply t an invitation is !n giv5 to "s outside p[] to /ep 9 & to make use (1 in/ead ( j treasur+ or ho>d+1 ! develop$ in/rum5ts or utilities4 ,ca/e 9 ! organization ( society n only induces absolutism at home1 b also1 & 9 ?is way is fully reveal$ its real b suppress$ utilit>ianism1 invites conque/ f abroad4 ,! days ( ,greek sci5ce 71 almo/ notori\sly1 days ( conv5tionalism & utilit>ianism3 witness ! ,sophi/s & _! tea*+1 & ! life :i* !y wait$ ^u = pay2 :ile ! surviv+ cons]vatism1 by :i*1 z _c be que/ion$1 ! life ( ! "t 0 bl9d to its own real mission or purpose1 made possible & ev5 hi/orically necess>y1 fir/1 ! ,mac$onian1 & !n ! ,roman conque/ ( ,greece4 ,:at ! ,greeks1 be+ too cons]vative1 ?\gh p4#jfh utilit>ian1 fail$ to make full use (1 ano!r p1 less hamp]$ by tradition1 f9ally appropriat$4 ,& z = ! days ( mod]n sci5ce1 ^!1 s f> z unfold$ to our view1 h n be5 unlike 9 k9d3 witness ! ,ma*iavellism1 ) :i* !y began1 & ! _s ( comm]cialism1 :i* has *>act]iz$ !m ?r\gh\t4 ,"o ?+ m1 too1 f ! facts ( hi/ory may h our att5tion1 al?\gh possibly ?is addition is q unnecess>y--! fact1 namely1 ( scepticism c\pl$ always ) a hopeful curiosity4 ,a disrupt$ society1 divid+ ! lab\r ( human life1 is z sceptical z x is conv5tional1 & z giv5 to exp]im5t & exploration1 :i* are nev] )\t _! s5se ( my/]y1 & ev5 to conque/1 nev] )\t its risks1 z x is utilit>ian4 ,0 x curiosity or m]e ,hell5ic conceit1 ! s5se ( adv5ture or ! m]e dogmatism ( a ,greek1 t took ,alex&] abroad ) 8 armies1 or t e>li] turn$ ! att5tion ( ,a!ns to ! possibilities ( ! ,we/8 ,& :i*1 curiosity or religi\s & political propag&ism1 a pagan gre$ or a ,*ri/ian piety1 inspir$ ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn voyages ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies8 ,:i* gave rise ev5 to ! ,crusades8 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 if our pres5t purposes only w>rant$ ! und]tak+1 to trace ! =]unn+ conditions ( a p]iod ( sci5tific endeav\r4 ,we c\ld !n %[ bo? h[ sci5tific curiosity has develop$ z b "o expression ( a g5]al int]e/ 9 exp]im5tal endeav\r1 9 adv5ture & 9 conque/s ( all sorts1 & especially h[ ?is int]e/1 ) its m+l+ ( d\bt & p4#jfi confid5t seek+1 has be5 prec$$ by a p]iod ( art4 ,art1 appeal z x always is f ! human z express$ 9 ! e/abli%$ ways ( "s giv5 social organization to ! natural1 %[s a p s5sitive to a my/]y1 a real b unse5 end1 9 its develop$ activities1 b n yet will+ to let ! exp]im5tal & in/rum5tal "* ( ^? activities h free expression4 ,x appeals to ! natural1 :i* is ( c\rse ! sph]e ( all adv5ture1 b1 /ill *]i%+ ! human1 x nev] gets1 s to speak1 out ( sight ( home4 ,sci5ce1 ! successor ( art1 %[s home1 t is1 ! human & ! subjective1 left f> beh9d4 ,b to foll[ out ! l9e ( ?\ght "h sugge/$ w\ld take u too f> afield4 ,let x suffice1 !n1 t we see ^! two ?+s3 h[ hi/orically & socially ! inve/igations ( sci5ce1 :atev] _! relations to an antec$5t art1 su* z t ( ! ,greeks or ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ,r5aissance1 are b an incid5t )9 a g5]al life ( appeal to nature--t is1 ( exploration & conque/--& !n h[ ! scepticism1 involv$ 9 ! inquiries ( sci5ce1 is intr9sic to a life t1 = reasons n[ cle> to u1 has become bo? conv5tional & utilit>ian1 bo? =mal--or unreal 9 itself--& consci\sly only in/rum5tal4 ,! fir/ ( ^! br+s to m9d :at 0 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t sci5ce is man 9 8 d\bt seek+ ! companion%ip ( nature2 & ! second w aid u greatly 9 und]/&+ ! attitude & me?od ( sci5ce1 to :i*1 hav+ ! evid5ce ( hi/ory1 we h next to turn4 ,we h f\nd ! rise ( sci5ce to imply a g5]al ab/raction ( ! v>i\s factors 9 human p4#jgj life1 & to be itself1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ab/raction ( ! consci\sness ( nature1 nature be+ ! totality ( ! manife/ conditions ( life4 ,?is ab/raction has be5 develop$ & int5sifi$ by ! =mation ( di/9ct social classes2 &1 9 ! special case ( ! consci\sness ( nature1 by ! =mation ( a class ( sci5ti/s1 s call$1 :o cultivate _! sci5ce = its own sake4 ,we h f\nd ! rise ( sci5ce to imply also a g5]al duplicity1 evid5t )9 ! field ( sci5ce 9 :at is kn[n z dualism4 ,duplicity is a natural accompanim5t ( all ab/raction1 & x has1 z we saw at lea/ 9 "p1 a c]ta9 protective & corrective function1 :i* bo? ! logic ( exp]i5ce & ! social & hi/orical conditions ( its expression & developm5t w>rant$ u 9 ascrib+ to x4 ,&1 f9ally1 we h f\nd t 9 actual life ab/raction & duplicity make activity conv5tional & utilit>ian1 t is to say1 consci\sly in/rum5tal or--let me n[ say--exp]im5tal4 ,9 j ^! conditions1 !n1 ! g5]al ab/raction & duplicity1 ! consci\s =malism & reg>d = utility1 & ! s5se ( exp]im5tation1 we h ! det]m9ant1 =mative influ5ces ( sci5ce's attitude & me?od1 = any giv5 set ( conditions always makes ! me?od ) :i* ! conditions !mselves are met4 ,socrates1 ) 8 me?od ( cross-que/ion+ s fatal to all ideas t %\ld give k any visible =m or re/+-place1 0 b ! _s ( 8 "t1 ! _s ( radical inquiry become inc>nate & ass]tive 9 public places4 ,he 0 b a visible1 public expon5t ( ! critical exam9ation ( life :i* ! self-consci\sness ( 8 "t made necess>y4 p4#jga ,inde$1 no organic =m1 no liv+ creature1 ev] reflect$ ! "* ( its environm5t m fully1 or m successfully effect$ an adaptive life ?an ! me?od1 ) its se>*+ que/ions1 & its subtle1 logical gymna/ic1 ( t hone/ly & radically inquisitive ,sophi/4 ,& ! /&po9t & ! proc$ure ( sci5ce1 9 respect to ! relation to _! environm5t1 are closely comp>able ) ! me?od ( ,socrates4 ,?us sci5ce seeks a complete ab/raction ( ! look+ consci\sness1 & !n ) a timely duplicity x looks to a :olly ext]nal1 natural _w4 ,s 9 ! field ( its peculi> ab/raction does sci5ce take ! "* & col\r ( its surr\nd+s4 ,b1 fur!r1 x presumes ^u ! peculi> =ms & conditions ( its subjective1 look+ consci\sness1 ! activities ( ! m9d1 be+ m$iative or in/rum5tal to ! pres5tation ( ! ext]nal objective _w1 & x uses also ! activities ( life at l>ge1 bo? ! bread-&-butt] activities & ! me*anical inv5tions1 bo? ! political & ! indu/rial organizations1 z supplem5t>y aids to its obs]vations2 = j sci5ce1 ! look+ consci\sness1 is ! end1 & ?is end is presum$ to ju/ify e available means4 ,s1 aga91 does sci5ce take ! cue f its environm5t1 express+ 9 its own way & to its own purposes ! g5]al exp]im5talism2 & ?is ! m significantly :5 we rememb] t1 besides be+ exp]im5tal1 treat+ ! m9d z an in/rum5t & life's activities at l>ge z only aids m or less directly p]t95t to ! m9d's "w1 x is agno/ic4 ,its peculi> agno/icism n only reflects p4#jgb its duplicity1 z 0 be=e sugge/$1 b 9 addition %[s h[ v ab/ract its k is1 &--,i "k no bett] phrase--h[ timelily adv5tur\s4 ,a "t ( sci5ce is a "t :5 all ?+s f9al are beyond2 yet also1 :5 all ?+s pres5t1 h[ev] my/]i\sly1 are really lead+ yond]4 ,fur!r1 sci5ce always divides ! field ( its op]ations1 & s1 besides greatly comp\nd+ its ab/ractness1 reflects 9 its own way1 or1 z x 71 projects on its own plane1 :at ,i w call ! specialism ( ! contempor>y social organization4 ,!re is division ( lab\r 9 ?is1 b !re is also a difficulty1 :i*1 among o!r difficulties1 is h]eaft] to be consid]$4 ,& !re is1 f9ally1 "o m *>act]ization ( sci5ce :i* is sugge/$ by ! conditions ( its rise1 b by some?+ 9 ^? conditions n yet br\ght into cle> view4 ,an age ( sci5ce is an age ( a ris+1 al?\gh p]haps =mally suppress$ & disguis$ individualism1 & q 9 sympa?y1 ! me?od ( sci5ce is inductive1 sci5ce1 ?\gh int]e/$ 9 classification1 always hav+ reg>d = ! natural rights ( p>ticul> ?+s1 ( s+le individuals1 reason+ f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 z ! phrase runs1 n 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,individualism has be5 a mu* misund]/ood ?+1 be x a social movem5t or a logical condition ( inductive ?9k+4 ,! individual z p]son or z objective datum has be5 greatly abus$4 ,b at lea/ = ! pres5t1 waiv+ any discussion ( ! true "* ( ! individual or any prote/ t ! individual & ! def9ite or p>ticul> mu/ n be confus$1 ,i w\ld only ass]t1 b ,i v5ture to ass]t p4#jgc /rongly1 fir/1 t beh9d ! conv5tionalism & utilit>ianism ( ! life ( a society divid$ into di/9ct classes1 beh9d ! ab/raction & ! inevitable duplicity1 beh9d ! s5se ( exp]im5t & adv5ture1 ! individual p]son is ! real p[]1 & secondly1 t 9 induction sci5ce has only translat$ ?is real individualism ( its "t into an attitude or me?od = ! conduct ( its look+ consci\sness4 ,9 ?is way1 z 9 ^? o!r ways1 has sci5ce be5 educat$ to its peculi> mann]4 ,we h ?us se5 h[ sci5ce arises1 & h[ its rise gives x a c]ta9 "*4 ,b already suspicion ( limitations 9 ! view ( sci5ce1 & s ( a case = d\bt ) reg>d to x1 has come to u4 ,ab/raction & duplicity bo? sugge/ limitations1 ?\gh ^! may n be unmix$4 ,:at ! specific difficulties are1 h[ev]1 & h[ f> !y really ju/ify our d\bt+1 mu/ be res]v$ = ! ensu+ *apt]4 p4#jgd ,v4 ,,! ,,view ,,( ,,sci5ce3 ,,its ,,peculi> ,,limitations4 ,limitations or opportunities8 ,error or tru?8 ,9 ! famili> illu/ration ! tracks :i* limit ! locomotive to a c]ta9 c\rse are ess5tial to its successful movem5t1 & some?+ ( ! same k9d may be true ( sci5ce4 ,a man's vices & virtues are nev] really f> ap>t1 &1 aga91 ! same may be true ( sci5ce4 ,b = ! mom5t we are to approa* sci5ce f ! /&po9t ( its limitations2 we are to see h[ its own natural ideals1 z sugge/$ by our *>act]ization ( ! sci5tific view1 are evid5ce ( its inadequacy4 ,s do+ we %all take a mo/ important /ep t[>ds a ?or\gh-go+ confession ( d\bt4 ,among sci5tific m5 x is a commonplace t = accuracy & g5u95ess or purity1 t is to say = complete ab/raction1 sci5ce mu/ be 7#a7 indep5d5t ( life1 all ! subjective int]e/s1 :e!r p]sonal or social1 ! int]e/s ( politics1 indu/ry1 morality1 or religion1 be+ sci5ce's mo/ unsettl+ influ5ces2 7#b7 speciali/ic1 ! ,jack ( all trades 9 sci5ce be+ any?+ b p]sona grata among sci5tific m52 & 7#c7 agno/ic or positivi/ic1 all conceits p4#jge ab\t :at is beyond positive exp]i5ce1 & ev5 all dogma ab\t :at seems really pres5t to exp]i5ce1 be+ mo/ arrant h]esy2 & e "o ( ^! ideals1 besides be+ d]iv$ f ! habits or in/9cts1 commonly unrecogniz$ & unappreciat$1 ( ! ord9>y consci\sness1 is :olly 9 accord ) ! conclusions ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! attitude ( sci5ce1 z !re disclos$1 involv$ a look+ to an ext]nal _w--! objectivism2 a division ( ! field--! specialism2 & an exp]im5tal1 adv5tur\s m9d--! agno/icism or positivism4 ,x involv$ o!r ?+s1 too1 b ^! ?ree are n[ select$1 s to speak1 z ?ree det]m9+ po9ts ( sci5ce's circumf]5ce4 ,consid]ation ( !m1 to :atev] results x may lead1 %\ld meet all ! dem&s ( ! pres5t task4 ,z = ! results1 ^! w %[ fundam5tal difficulties1 v l to ^? ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 to lurk 9 ea* "o ( ! ?ree ideals4 ,! sci5tific consci\sness is ab/ract & j = be+ 9 consequ5ce objectivi/ic1 speciali/ic1 & agno/ic x is artificial & unreal1 ?\gh p]haps only relatively or n unmix$ly unreal1 & especially x is honeycomb$ ) p>adoxes & contradictions1 ) ! translat$ b n transc5d$ contradictions ( ord9>y life4 ,to ! exam9ation1 !re=e1 ( ^! difficulties1 or limitations1 we mu/ n[ turn1 tak+ ! ?ree ideals 9 ord]4 ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,w\ld ,,be ,,objective4 ,! ideal ( a purely objective sci5ce is 9 _m ways a great delusion1 = x may effectually bl9d p4#jgf sci5ce to its necess>y subjectivism1 s f> z x gets any sub/ance or cont5t1 & to its necess>y =malism1 s f> z x acts ^u a m]ely ext]nal _w4 ,) reg>d1 = example1 to ! la/ po9t1 j s f> z ! ideal ( objectivism is realiz$1 sci5ce becomes m]ely s mu* te*nique4 ,by te*nique "h is meant ev]y?+ t makes sci5tific "w purely me*anical4 ,a purely me*anical proc$ure is ! inevitable1 ! natural & necess>y me?od ( a pure objectivism4 ,sci5ti/s h _! =mal etiquette ab\t pre-empt$ problems or fields ( rese>*1 _! notions ab\t orig9ality z dep5d5t m]ely on work+ a new field--h5ce ! pre-emption to prev5t transgression or !ft ( orig9ality1 _! conceits ab\t bibliographical in=mation1 l+ui/ic pr(ici5cy & te*nical phraseology1 _! satisfaction ov] publication1 contribution1 production1 & rese>*1 & an almo/ ,ga/on-,alphonse def]5ce ( ea* to ea* among ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5tific inquiry2 & "u te*nique all ^! ?+s1 z well z ! m famili> matt]s ( me?od & app>atus & mat]ial1 are "h includ$4 ,physicians1 we are told1 & n infrequ5tly also _! pati5ts1 suff] f a pr(essional ritual & etiquette1 b !y are f> f be+ alone 9 _! mis]y4 ,sci5ti/s1 w\ld-be objective sci5ti/s1 & all :o appeal to !m1 are a close second4 ,te*nique mu/ h its real uses1 b pla9ly x has its limitations4 ,x is "o ( ! enabl+ conditions1 a s9e qua non ( sci5ce1 if sci5ce is to be objective1 b x takes ! life out ( sci5ce4 ,a sci5ce t gets no fur!r1 t is only objective1 t is1 pure & inductive p4#jgg is :olly va91 be+ l a dome/ic animal :i* is only a pet1 or r l a vigor\s plant t runs luxuri\sly to leaves1 nev] be>+ ei!r fl[]s or fruit4 ,its mu* vaunt$ obs]vation & exp]im5t may fill a good _m pages & a good _m volumes1 b mat]ial1 ev5 mat]ial 9 books1 & exp]im5ts1 ev5 c>efully1 m9utely report$ exp]im5ts1 are nei!r roses nor apples4 ,a fruitful sci5ce relates itself to some?+ m ?an a m]e indep5d5t object4 ,a fruitful sci5ce involves syn!sis1 n =mal1 b real syn!sis1 z well z analysis1 its decompos$ object be+ also only ! sep>at$ details ( "s organiz+ activity4 ,inde$1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 or ev5 h[ev] aga9/ its own av[$ int]e/ & desire1 sci5ce has t organiz+ activity 9 ! real life4 ,! real life has seem$ alo(1 b sci5ce is truly an integral "p ( ?is life4 ,sci5ce's v g5esis 9 social evolution1 9 spite (1 nay1 ev5 because ( its ab/raction by a di/9ct class & ! assumption ( a pr(essional g>b1 is witness to ?is relation%ip4 ,aga91 fruitful sci5ce is practical inv5tion1 n ab/ract discov]y1 & ! real life ( a p]son or a society or a race is z important to x1 z mu* a w>rant ( its conclusions1 z any object1 h[ev] ma!matically describ$ or describable1 ) :i* sci5ce 0 ev] conc]n$4 ,z = ! ?+ inv5t$1 ! tool or ! ma*9e1 9 g5]al ! in/rum5t ( adaptation to environm5t1 ?is sometimes takes visible1 :olly mat]ial =m2 sometimes x appe>s z a me?od 9 ! practical arts or 9 ! f9e arts or 9 education or gov]nm5t2 sometimes x is only an p4#jgh atmosph]e or po9t ( view1 a habit ( m9d2 b :atev] x is1 x is useful1 incalculably useful1 & its inv5tion z some?+ t is widely di/+ui%$ f m]e receptive obs]vation1 if ?is be ev5 possible1 or f m]e accurate description1 is sci5ce's prim>y ju/ification4 ,b ?is1 objects somebody1 is s5tim5t1 & s5tim5t ( ! sort t q de/roys sci5ce1 mak+ real sci5ce1 s]i\s & accurate sci5ce1 q impossible4 ,well1 x does ( c\rse disp5se ) a purely objective sci5ce4 ,x sugge/s ! idea1 p]haps ! uncom=table idea1 t1 z 9 "s o!r dep>tm5ts 9 life1 s 9 sci5ce1 dea? is a condition ( success4 ,sci5ce mu/ die to its objective self be=e x is sav$2 x mu/ lose its :ole _w to ga9 its own s\l4 ,or1 to put ! same idea diff]5tly1 if ! ass]tion be n too mu* l v]bal play1 a subjective sci5ce is n hopelessly unsci5tific4 ,is a man less int]e/$ 9 hav+ a prop] edge on 8 razor because ev5tually he mu/ use x on himself8 ,no?+ b a ke5 edge c ev] ensure a velvet %ave1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 ! m accurate x be ! bett]1 c ev] set anybody free4 ,/ill1 all que/ions ( s5tim5t or ( %>p razors or ( ! accuracy t lib]ates aside1 we c get support = our scepticism ab\t a sci5ce t1 if purely objective1 mu/ be also empty & me*anical f sci5ce itself4 ,! consi/5t evolutioni/ is oblig$ to d5y pure objectivity to any sci5tific k1 j z 9 g5]al he is oblig$ to ?9k ( all consci\sness z nev] some?+ by itself1 b "o ( ! positive conditions ( organic developm5t4 ,to p4#jgi be an evolutioni/1 & at ! same "t to ?9k ( consci\sness z only an ext]nal ornam5t ( life1 or 9 its high] developm5t z ! exclusive privilege ( a di/9ct class1 to ?9k ( x z an aside 9 life1 p]haps a sudd5 result )\t 9 any way be+ also a condition ( developm5t1 to suppose sci5ce to be solely objective & = its own sake1 is no?+ m or less ?an simply to /ultify oneself completely4 ,ev5 = ! hi/orian1 :e!r av[$ evolutioni/ or n1 ^: great bus9ess is to rem9d u t :at is "h or :at is n[ is n all1 ! devotion to sci5ce = its own sake1 :i* also 9 o!r times has possess$ ! m9ds & he>ts ( c]ta9 m51 c be at be/ only a local & a pass+ ph5om5on4 ,f9ally1 ap>t f ! /&po9t ( evolution or hi/ory1 x is to be said t human society at l>ge is sure to res5t :at may be /yl$ ! ari/ocratic temp] :i* pure1 objective sci5ce is all too likely to acquire f ! exclusiv5ess ( its ritual or te*nique1 or say f its ab/ract & academic dress1 & ! res5tm5t ( society is important evid5ce always4 ,ari/ocratic temp]1 :atev] its direction1 is c]ta9ly z desirable 9 social life z x is necess>y2 x is incid5t to ! developm5t ( all in/itutions--political1 ecclesia/ical1 indu/rial1 c]emonial1 educational1 &1 to add to ! famili> li/1 epi/emological2 b ! res5tm5t :i* x is sure to awak5 is n "o :it less s]viceable to society1 ensur+ z x does1 among o!r ?+s1 ! ext5sion ( sci5ce1 ! translation ( sci5ce into life4 ,s1 to ga!r ! ?reads toge!r1 two difficulties p4#jhj h n[ appe>$ z affect+ ! objectivism ( sci5ce4 ,! fir/1 t ( burial 9 te*nique1 gave u our />t+-po9t1 & ! second has come to light ) discussion ( ! fir/4 ,?us1 n m]ely is a w\ld-be objective sci5ce1 ?r\gh its bondage to te*nique1 made =mal & empty1 b also1 z p]haps only ! o!r side ( ! same tru?1 a w\ld-be objective sci5ce mat]ially--t is1 = its sci5tific doctr9es--& =mally--t is1 = its motives & me?ods--is always 9 practice dep5d5t ^u ! dem&s & sanctions ( real life1 & s n purely1 or n duali/ically1 objective aft] all4 ,!re is1 9 brief1 no o!r conclusion4 ,ei!r sci5ce mu/ be empty1 a matt] m]ely ( dead rites & dry symbols & irrelevant ideas1 or x mu/ be p]t95t & practical2 &1 if ! latt]1 its boa/$ indep5d5ce is gone4 ,a purely objective sci5ce seems to get only subjectivity = its pa9s4 ,yet ?is conclusion is easily misund]/ood4 ,x is f> f d5y+ any mean+ to su* words z object or objectivity4 ,! object is d5i$ only z an ext]nal indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! object /ill rema9s to exp]i5ce z possibly ( m$iative value to its behold]s1 m$iat+ betwe5 ! actual 9 _! life & ! possible1 betwe5 ! p>tial life & ! :ole life1 ! old & ! new1 ! social1 :i* is always n>r[1 & ! p]sonal4 ,! :ole mu/ be always objective to ! "p1 ! possible to ! actual1 ! p]sonal to ! social2 or1 conv]sely1 ! objective1 natural _w c be only ! conv9c+ witness to ! "p or to ! actual or to ! social1 n t !re is an indep5d5t1 :olly ext]nal _w1 b p4#jha t !re is a :ole or a possible or a p]sonal4 ,truly1 we are all "o1 writes ,fiona ,macleod4 ,x is a common tongue we speak1 ?\gh ! wave has its own :isp]1 ! w9d its own sigh1 & ! lip ( man its ^w1 & ! he>t ( woman its sil5ce4 ,we are all "o4 ,man & nature1 :i* man beholds1 or ! subject & ! object1 ( :i* ! subject is consci\s1 are "o2 b an objective sci5ce w\ld hide ?is f u1 n tell x to u4 ,b besides bury+ sci5ce 9 te*nique1 & besides involv+ x 9 an only disguis$1 albeit a socially significant subjectivity1 ! ideal ( :olly objective k has also made sci5ce cons]vative 9 a way t mu/ h peculi> int]e/ "h4 ,ref]5ce is n n[ made to ! d\ble tru? or ! d\ble life :i* an objective sci5ce sanctions s cordially t m5 c hold s-call$ advanc$ sci5tific ideas )\t feel+ !m 9 any s]i\s conflict ) ! traditional tea*+s ( religion & morality1 b to some?+ else p]haps n :olly unrelat$ to ?is1 & c]ta9ly n less sugge/ive ( contradiction4 ,:ile sci5ce is commonly suppos$ to be advanc$ & radical & up to date1 if any?+ is1 x is s only 9 a way :i* calls = a v important qualification1 = x manages to p]petuate1 n inde$ ! lett]1 b ! _s ( old views4 ,at its be/ a purely objective sci5ce c give only a new mat]ial cont5t1 or a new arrangem5t p]haps ( an old cont5t1 to exi/+ & "t-worn =ms ( ?\ght2 x _c possibly d t 9 :i* real progress mu/ always consi/1 namely1 develop1 recognize1 & adopt new =ms ( ?\ght1 new categories2 p4#jhb x _c d t )\t betray+ its own ideal ( m]e objectivism4 ,objective sci5ce--to give a commonplace example--has said relatively to a c]ta9 doctr9e ( creation t _s did n prec$e matt]1 b in/ead matt] prec$$ _s1 &--except = ! excitem5t ( ! drawn battle :i* su* a />tl+ decl>ation has precipitat$--?is c h>dly be said to h involv$ any great advance4 ,cause & effect h inde$ be5 made to *ange places by ! new deal1 & p]haps 9 common fairness x 0 high "t t a *ange be made1 b no new conception ( causation itself has be5 recogniz$4 ,! new creationalism1 ! mat]iali/ic1 has no ess5tial advantage ov] ! old4 ,aga91 :ile depos+ ! ,fir/ ,cause1 an objective sci5ce has made all ?+s causes aft] ! same plan--individual1 arbitr>y1 antec$5t causes2 & ?is is only to multiply indef9itely1 p]haps inf9itely1 ! (f5sive creationalism4 ,n s1 says "s "o2 !re is a spl5did democracy 9 x1 & x implies a great deal m ?an m]e multiplication4 ,indef9it5ess1 or at lea/ inf9ity1 trans=ms any?+ or ev]y?+ to :i* x is appli$4 ,by mak+ all ?+s causes "o =ces into sci5ce ! important pr9ciple ( ! equation ( action & reaction1 ev]y?+ be+ se5 z act$ ^u z well z act+1 & ?is pr9ciple1 z if by turn+ creationalism fatally aga9/ itself1 yields a new /&po9t1 t ( me*anicalism4 ,grant$1 & grant$ cordially1 b has a purely objective sci5ce any "r to *ange its /&po9t8 ,possibly ?is does n mean v mu*4 ,!n approa* ! matt] f ano!r side1 risk+ a p4#jhc ref]5ce to "o ( sci5ce's pet conceits1 ! "q ( fact4 ,x has be5 = sci5ce a "q ( fact1 ( m]e objective fact1 :e!r matt] made m9d or m9d made matt]2 :e!r ?is or t ?+ is or is n a cause ( "s o!r ?+2 :e!r c]ta9 v l[1 p]haps unicellul> organisms %[ purpose 9 _! activities or d n1 are gift$ ) a natural t5d5cy to social life1 a real int]e/ 9 _! k9d1 or are n s gift$2 or--to take j "o m case--:e!r ! *anges 9 ! bra9 t prec$e bodily movem5t are or are n direct$ by consci\sness1 consci\sness be+ 9 "o case 9 causal relation ) ! bra91 & 9 ! o!r only an idle1 ext]nal accompanim5t1 an epi-ph5om5on2 b 9 ea* ( ^! que/ions ( objective fact we see ! sci5ti/ only /&+ 9 8 own light1 obscur+ ! view ( :at above all else x is important to see4 ,are m9d & matt]1 cause & effect1 purpose1 society1 bra9-processes & consci\sness su* well-e/abli%$ conceptions1 are !y su* indep5d5t con/ants 9 ! sci5ti/'s =mul1 t :olly uncritical que/ions ( fact are all t "o ne$s to ask ab\t !m8 ,:y1 :5 "o really ?9ks ab\t x1 to assume1 z ! que/ions ( fact ( an objective sci5ce are made to assume1 t any?+ ei!r is or is n some?+ else1 is ab\t z bl9d+ & ill-advis$ z c\ld well be4 ,x has ! pleas+ =m ( op5-m9d$ness1 b only ! =m4 ,x is v mu* z if "s e>ne/1 ye>n+ tru?-seek] %\ld exclaim3 ,i w\ld see cle>ly2 !re=e ,i w n op5 my eyes4 ,no d\bt x keeps ! sci5ti/ busy1 et]nally busy1 deal+ & r$eal+ 8 facts or data1 z busy inde$ z ! playful p4#jhd cat t s hotly pursues h] own tail1 b x does n contribute mu* t is positive & progressive4 ,! v be/ t "o c say = x is t x turns ! kaleidoscope ( human exp]i5ce1 lead+ z x usually does to a new arrangem5t ( h>d1 un*ang+ ?+s4 ,to ! "q1 = example1 ab\t l[] organisms %[+ purpose or social feel+ 9 _! activity1 ! sci5ti/1 aft] mo/ c>eful exp]im5ts1 may answ] 9 ! negative1 & be q emphatic 9 8 answ] too2 b almo/ at once he--or "s "o = him--w appreciate t mank9d1 :5 scrut9iz$ & exp]im5t$ ^u 9 ! same way1 "u ! same in/rum5ts & ?r\gh ! same laboratory me?ods1 is simil>ly defici5t2 & !n1 someh[1 ! w9d is tak5 out ( 8 sails1 s9ce social feel+ & purpose refuse to be s easily dispos$ (4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 all cases1 ! "q ( m]e objective fact simply returns1 z importunate z ev]1 = ano!r reckon+1 ) ,%elley's cl\d sil5tly laugh+ at its own c5otaph4 ,& :at is ! difficulty8 ,once m ! difficulty is 9 ! assumption1 s natural to an objective sci5ce1 ( fix$ conceptions4 ,are purpose & social feel+ s fix$ 9 _! nature1 & above all s well und]/ood1 t _! pres5ce or abs5ce c be e/abli%$ by an exp]im5t or two or t5 ?\s& conduct$ on /rictly objective pr9ciples8 ,no conceptions are fix$1 & in/ead ( que/ions ( fact we %\ld h1 :at a /rictly objective sci5ce _c h1 que/ions ( mean+4 ,?us1 n3 ,are l[ organisms1 or any organisms1 social or purposive8 b3 ,:at1 if any?+1 d ! processes ( _! p4#jhe lives te/ify z to ! real nature ( society or purpose8 ,! cons]vative "* ( objective sci5ce1 or ! view-po9t 9 its "q ( fact :i* ! cons]vatism det]m9es1 is ! *ief s\rce ( ! negative attitude ( sci5ce s famili> to all & s (t5 an object ( compla9t4 ,to take1 p]haps1 ! mo/ widely int]e/+ case1 = sci5ce to suppose t ,god ei!r is or is n--because he mu/ ei!r be or n be ! p>ticul> ?+ m5 h ?\ght him--is to beg ! !ological "q altoge!r4 ,inde$1 = ?is "q ( ,god's exi/5ce & = any o!r "q ( objective fact a negative answ] is almo/1 if n q1 a =egone conclusion1 s9ce ! v putt+ ( ! "q is1 ipso facto1 evid5ce t a new idea ( ! ?+ inquir$ ab\t--( ,god1 p]haps1 or purpose or society--is at lea/ j bel[ ! horizon ( man's consci\sness1 & s t ! old idea has already lo/ its validity4 ,no?+ ev] is :]e y seek x1 or :at y seek 9 x1 = ! simple reason t y\r consci\s seek+ has *ang$ x4 ,:y1 !n1 look--p]haps ) a telescope aft] a ,god 9 ! skies--= :at y %\ld "k y _c f9d8 ,:y despair :5 a "q meets a no ( its own dictation8 ,! real que/ion] lives 9 a liv+ _w1 9 :i* all ?+s *ange & die1 yet only = rebir?1 :ile ! objective que/ion] simply _c see t ! negative ( 8 answ] c be only relative to :at is already pass+4 ,9 s _m ways1 !n1 a w\ld-be objective sci5ce is op5 to criticism1 & af=ds 9 consequ5ce a cause = d\bt4 ,only subjectivity c make x fruitfully p4#jhf & wor?ily sci5tific4 ,only a *ange 9 ! =m ( its "q c make x sub/antially z well z =mally progressive4 ,only a temp]+ ( its negative answ]s to a m]ely relative mean+ c make x hone/4 ,x is look+ at :at is n1 & 9 a way :i* is artificial1 & x sees ev]y?+ only 9 ! cle> light ( its own %ad[4 ,surely to be sci5tific is human2 to be objective is to rival ! lov]'s unselfi%ness4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,w\ld ,,be ,,speciali/ic4 ,b1 secondly1 !re is ! sci5ti/'s ideal ( specialism1 :i* is at once n less e>ne/ly *]i%$ & n less /rik+ly at con/ant w> ) itself4 ,:at specialism = sci5ce means is kn[n at lea/ 9 a g5]al way to ev]ybody1 & t an objective sci5ce mu/ be made up ( numb]less indep5d5t inquiries ne$s only m5tion1 s9ce ! objective _w1 if really innoc5t ( all p]sonal or subjective relations1 is necess>ily manifold & discrete1 be+ made up ( a numb] ( :olly sep>ate details1 & be+ approa*able 9 e "o ( its p>ts f a numb] ( :olly sep>ate /&po9ts4 ,! objective _w ap>t f a subject is l a work%op )\t a workman--a collection ( unus$ & s unconnect$ tools & mat]ials ea* "o ( :i* may h an inf9ite numb] ( uses2 & ! objective sci5ti/ views x v mu* z a /rang]1 p]haps a savage--may ,i be =giv5 t m>k--might view ! lifeless %op1 see+ n[ ?is ?+1 n[ t1 b nev] ! liv+ unity ( all ! ?+s4 ,s1 to repeat1 z soon z ! self or subject is remov$ & ! _w is turn$ objective1 all ?+s & all views ( ?+s mu/ fall p4#jhg ap>t1 & sci5ce z ! obs]vation ( su* a _w c be only special4 ,n s cle>1 h[ev]1 or at lea/ n s commonly appreciat$1 is ! peculi> fallacy & contradiction ( specialism to :i* att5tion is ask$ "h4 ,once m is sci5ce to be se5 z 9 a s5se /&+ 9 its own light1 s9ce x _c be at once special & directly & lit]ally true & adequate4 ,to beg9 )1 specialism makes vision1 ! m9d's vision z well z ! s5su\s vision1 dim or di/ort$4 ,x may ev5 be said to induce a species ( bl9dness or1 z virtually ! same ?+1 to create 9 consci\sness curi\s fancies1 /range p]v]sions ( reality1 se5 n ) ! natural eye at all1 b ) ! imag9ation1 always s +5i\s & s orig9al1 & "o might almo/ add s hypnotic1 9 its p[] ( sugge/ion ov] ! s5ses4 ,9 ways & = reasons nei!r unkn[n nor unappreciat$ by mo/ m51 specialism ev5 closes "o's eyes & makes "o dream4 ,x makes ! speciali/ among physicians see 8 special ailm5t 9 e disord]1 & e disord] 9 8 special ailm5t1 & ?is s truly t m]ely to consult him may be to fall 8 victim4 ,true1 he may nev] be1 p]haps c nev] be1 :olly wrong1 & 8 transgressions1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 h (t5 help$ discov]y1 b nev]!less 8 situation1 n to say t ( 8 pati5t1 is full ( hum\r1 & always among o!r tr\bles he is "u ! error ( p>tiality or "o-sid$ness4 ,& 9 sci5ce g5]ally ! speciali/ always does & always mu/ dream4 ,8 dreams may be wak+ dreams1 b he is always transgress+ 8 own prop] b\nds )\t ev] p4#jhh cle>ly compreh5d+ t he has transgress$4 ,nor1 be x admitt$1 c ?is necessity ( dream+ be a :olly unmix$ evil to sci5ce4 ,h[ev] unfav\rably x may reflect on ! f9al1 lit]al validity ( any special sci5ce1 x only %[s nature1 or reality1 pres]v+ h] unity aga9/ ! attempt$ viol5ce ( specialism4 ,x %[s t 9 spite ( ! speciali/ be+ all eyes = 8 own peculi> object1 ! m9d t is )9 him & t is above all else--su*1 app>5tly1 is ! nature ( m9d--responsible n exclusively to ! special & s5su\s1 b to ! all-inclusive & ess5tial1 & is !re=e b\nd to cons]ve = exp]i5ce ! int]e/s ( an indivisible univ]se 9 e p>ticul> ?+1 leads him1 devotee t he is1 pati5tly repeat+ 8 sacr$ syllable1 into mo/ wond]ful visions4 ,= ! sake ( inclusiv5ess & reality 8 m9d projects 8 w\ld-be special consci\sness into regions ( /range subtlety & m>vell\s logical con/ruction2 z ,ori5tal prie/ or ,occid5tal sci5ti/ he is a speciali/1 yet n )\t a m9d1 or a real1 ev]-pres5t _w1 :i* refuses to be special1 & z he dreams he comes to see1 yet kn[s n t he sees1 ! :ole univ]se4 ,a see+ bl9dness1 !n1 is ?is specialism2 a monomania too1 b1 ( c\rse1 conv5tional & respectable4 ,ma!matics & physics & *emi/ry & biology & psy*ology1 n to say also ! social sci5ces1 all dep5d ^u ! f>-see+ my/ical visions ( ! m9d1 if n ( ! eye1 ^u ! subtle1 logical con/ructions :i* _! w\ld-be sci5tific specialism1 _! desire to "k all ?+s n>r[ly1 =ces ^u !m4 ,ea* "o may be special1 b ea* z x p4#jhi ga9s precision & z x becomes truly an acc\nt ( ! facts1 "u ! guidance ( an exact+ m9d t at any co/ mu/ pres5t ! :ole to consci\sness1 cons]ves )9 itself ! common univ]se ( !m all by develop+ "u :at is call$ ! sci5tific imag9ation all sorts ( indirections1 disguises1 ab/ractions1 logical con/ructions = ! ?+s & view-po9ts ( ! o!rs4 ,ea* to be v]aci\s has no *oice b to be also voraci\s1 & :51 = example1 a physical sci5ti/ insi/s on see+ 8 _w only physically1 :ile 9 reality x is ( c\rse1 to say no m1 a _w ( *emical process also1 & ev5 ( vital & m5tal "*1 he is soon] or lat] con/ra9$ to admit to 8 ?9k+ :at above 7 call$ ab/ractions or logical con/ructions1 b :at also pass "u ! "n ( work+ hypo!ses4 ,^! are =mally true to 8 physical /&po9t1 b any outsid] 9 ord] to expla9 :y !y are hypo!ses t "w mu/ call !m comp5sat+ or cons]v+ conceptions--9 %ort1 logical con/ructions t are1 or t 9 "p involve1 sub/itutes = ! neglect$ po9ts ( view1 be+1 z x 71 ! secret ag5ts ( a univ]se refus+ to be divid$4 ,to *>act]ize !m 9 j "o m way1 a sci5ce's work+ hypo!ses1 results z !y are ( sci5ce's bl9d b brilliant dream+1 _m or all ( !m1 are doors 9 ! panell+ by :i* ! o!r sci5ces are quietly admitt$ to a room seem+ly tightly clos$ to all com]s4 ,e sci5ce1 & ?is ! m z x becomes sci5tific1 mu/ ent]ta9 all ! o!rs1 h[ev] unwitt+ly4 ,t5nyson's fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 s (t5 pluck$1 is no?+ 9 p4#jij all-inclusiv5ess :5 comp>$ ) a well-develop$ special sci5ce4 ,no sci5ce1 physical or psy*ical1 biological or social1 ev] does or ev] c live to itself alone4 ,x may w to1 b x does n & x _c4 ,all ! o!rs live ) x & = x--nay1 !y all live 9 x4 ,yet 9 actual practice1 :at are ^! work+ hypo!ses t "w because !y are comp5sat+ conceptions or doors 9 ! panell+8 ,no v]acity )\t unre/ra9$ voracity is int]e/+ z a =mula1 b h[ v]ify x8 ,v]ification1 or illu/ration1 is n[ imp]ative4 ,illu/ration1 h[ev]1 is v difficult = a reason :i* ! sci5ti/s n[ on trial mu/ all[ me to m5tion4 ,! sci5ti/s "k too mu* ab\t ! sci5ces1 or at lea/ ( !m1 :ile ,i "k too little4 ,/ill1 z too mu* k is (t5 ! s\rce ( obscurity1 & s only a =m ( ignorance1 my situation is n altoge!r hopeless4 ,?us1 :ile x is true t ! sci5ti/s are likely to insi/1 ev5 9 ! face ( a m9d b\nd to pres]ve ! unity ( an indivisible univ]se 9 all ! v>i$ /udies & conclusions ( sci5ce1 t physics is only physics & *emi/ry only *emi/ry & biology only biology & psy*ology only psy*ology1 & :ile also all illu/rations mu/ come f ! field ( _! special /udies1 & may !re=e only set !m m firmly 9 ! wilful bl9dness ( _! specialism1 /ill ! pr9ciple ( a cons]v+ m9d1 or an et]nally cons]v$ tru? or an indivisible reality1 is a di/urb+ influ5ce :i* !y _c evade4 ,!n1 too1 ,i am =gett+ & all[+ !m to =get a v important fact 9 sci5tific "w to-day4 ,9 ^! p4#jia times ! runn+ toge!r or m]g+ ( diff]5t sci5ces1 z if ?r\gh some?+ ( ! nature ( a *emical reaction1 is a v famili> ph5om5on4 ,x is z famili>1 al?\gh n s l\dly h]ald$1 z t ( ! railroads & indu/rial companies2 & x has be5 tak+ place ) su* p]si/5ce & confid5ce z actually to sugge/ a natural aff9ity1 ea* ( ! sci5ces involv$ hav+ ! ri* exp]i5ce ( discov]+ itself already 9 ! o!rs4 ,?is fact1 !n1 mu/ make illu/ration less difficult1 s9ce1 9 a way t mu/ appeal to ! sci5ti/ z no m]ely !oretical consid]ations c1 x proves or goes v f> t[>d prov+ :at is to be illu/rat$4 ,moreov]1 specific illu/ration is h>dly necess>y 9 ! sph]e ( ! diff]5t physical sci5ces1 or aga91 9 t ( ! social or ! psy*ological sci5ces1 = )9 ea* "o ( ^! gr\ps ! aff9ity b j n[ ref]r$ to has be5 v cle>ly exemplifi$1 z 9 ! int]e/+ case ( physics1 *emi/ry1 & ma!matics1 :i* n[adays are "o sci5ce1 n ?ree1 & :i* c be held ap>t only on me?odological gr\nds1 n metaphysically4 ,illu/ration1 accord+ly1 appe>s1 aft] all1 to be ne$$ only = ! specialism t sep>ates ! physical & ! psy*ical sci5ces4 ,physiological psy*ology & physically exp]im5tal psy*ology1 bo? ( !m sugge/ive ( no?+ less incongru\s ?an see?+ ice1 are sure to come to m9d at once2 b also !re is a ma!matical psy*ology1 comp>able ) a developm5tal me*anics & biometrics 9 biology1 & h>dly a s+le field ( sci5ce1 h[ev] app>5tly di/ant & ali5 9 nature & int]e/1 has n contribut$ some?+ p4#jib to psy*ology or to epi/emology1 ! g5]al sci5ce ( k4 ,b n[ x is likely to be object$ by "s "o t j because sci5ces1 :e!r 9 cle>ly relat$ or 9 widely sep>at$ fields1 are useful to ea* o!r1 j because !y c s]ve1 z !y d1 9 ! rle ( me?ods ( ea* o!r1 !y are n necess>ily 9 any real & natural aff9ity4 ,may n _! association be purely "o ( utility1 involv+ no surr5d] ( special individuality & requir+ 9 any case only tempor>y relation%ip8 ,! "q is absurd4 ,any means t really s]ves an end mu/ h some?+ 9 common ) ! end x s]ves2 &1 aga91 an end t really sanctions a means1 :atev] ! means be1 mu/ itself be1 at lea/ pot5tially1 :i* is aft] all to say ess5tially1 9 & ( ! means employ$4 ,diff]5t sci5ces1 !n1 ev5 physics & psy*ology1 or natural sci5ce & !ology1 _c be ev5 tempor>ily me?ods ( ea* o!r )\t p>tak+ 9 "s way1 "u "s disguise or o!r1 ?r\gh "s peculi>ity 9 _! conceptions or 9 ! relations ( _! conceptions1 ( ea* o!r's subject-matt]4 ,9 view ( ?is fact ( mutual p>ticipation ( nature & idea among ! sci5ces t use ea* o!r1 ,i h myself conceiv$1 & 9 ano!r place h giv5 expression to1 :at appropriately may be call$ a physical psy*ology or epi/emology4'#a ,?is new hybrid sci5ce is especially conc]n$ ) no?+ m nor less ?an ^? sub/itutes1 disguises1 or p4#jic indirections1 really pres5t 9 all ! physical sci5ces1 = ! peculi> nature1 = ! peculi> sort ( unity1 int5sive in/ead ( ext5sive or qualitative in/ead ( quantitative1 or say also ev5 vital & spiritual in/ead ( physical1 :i* is always associat$ ) m9d4 ,9 cons]vation ( matt]1 en]gy1 :at y w1 9 pl5itude1 9 motion z only relative & s z always "u a pr9ciple ( uni=mity & con/ancy or ev5 immobility1 9 motion too z incl9+ to vibration1 :i* sugge/s poise or t5sion1 or to rotation1 9 :i* we see re/ z well z motion1 & f9ally1 n to ext5d :at might be a long li/1 9 ! inf9ity ( space & "t or ( quantity1 ! physical sci5ces h hidd5 entrances = ! sil5t1 usually unnotic$ admission ( :at is psy*ical4 ,b ,i may seem to be jump+ too f>1 to be presum+ too mu*4 ,!n put ! case 9 ?is way--n q s direct1 b to ! same goal4 ,all ( ^! conceptions1 s necess>y to a work+ physical sci5ce1 ne$ v little exam9ation to be se5 to be trea*]\s to ! physical /&po9t & its peculi> categories4 ,"o might z well try to make wat] unsupport$ assume def9it5ess ( =m z to conceive ! cons]vation ( en]gy or pl5itude or ! relativity ( motion 9 ! "* ( :at is physical1 or at lea/ ( :at is prop]ly & conv5tionally physical4 ,be+ trea*]\s1 !n1 to ! physical sci5ce t has conceiv$ !m1 !y are1 z 0 said1 doors = :at is n physical2 hidd5 doors1 p]haps1 b c]ta9ly doors to be op5$ at w2 & by !m m9d is b\nd to ent] ! physical _w & its sci5ces4 ,to ^? famili> ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ! speculation p4#jid ( ! e>ly ,greek ?9k]s1 notably ,anaxim&]1 ,p>m5ides1 & ,anaxagoras1 w af=d illu/ration ( ! physical view runn+1 9 spite ( itself1 into trea*]\s conceptions1 & ev5tually rea*+ ! discov]y ( _! trea*]y & ) x ! idea ( m9d or ,n\s4#b ,s = sci5ce is ! mat]ial _w1 :at prop]ly x is (t5 said to be1 a sort ( d>k mirror ( man's inn] life1 ( 8 psy*ical nature4 ,physical sci5ce z consci\sness ( ! out] mat]ial _w is n1 & has itself %[n t x _c be1 m]ely & exclusively physical4 ,by virtue ( its work+ hypo!ses1 :i* are z secret doorways1 x is psy*ical also4 ,?\gh d>kly & indirectly x is our human self-consci\sness4 ,p]haps x is our self-consci\sness r5d]$ imp]sonal or ! self se5 ?r\gh ! mirror ( n-self or ?r\gh ! disguise ( :at a photograph] w\ld call a negative2 &1 if x may be s describ$1 we are rem9d$ ( ,burns3-- ,o wad "s p[] ! giftie gie u1 ,to see oursels z o!rs see u6 ,x wad frae monie a blund] free u1 ,& fooli% notion4 ,only ! bonnie ,rob]t himself 0 too mu* ( a speciali/ 9 poetry to see t natural sci5ce 0 ! v ?+ he pray$ =4 ,& j z !re is ?us a physical psy*ology1 s p4#jie 9 l mann] !re is a psy*ological or epi/emological physics1 :i* 9 its turn is conc]n$ ) ! indirections1 or doors 9 ! panell+1 pres5t 9 all ! psy*ical sci5ces1 = ^? v physical ?+s quantity & matt]4 ,! devil w h 8 due2 ev5 an optimi/ic !ology has to recognize him4 ,& psy*ology has a s5su\s self1 ! self ( ! purely s5su\s consci\sness1 :i* has always involv$ x 9 a curi\s psy*ical atomism1 a projection1 9 a ^w1 ( ! physical on ! plane ( ! psy*ical4 ,s5sationalism1 too1 z a psy*ological !ory 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght has always be5 associat$ ) mat]ialism4 ,) reg>d1 !n1 to ! sep>ation ev5 ( ! psy*ical & ! physical sci5ces1 :i* obvi\sly has at its base ! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & matt]1 we obs]ve t our pr9ciple ( aff9ity & mutual p>ticipation /ill holds4 ,by a sort ( projection or reproduction m9d & matt] bo? appe>1 ! "o op5ly1 ! o!r 9 disguise1 9 ea* k9d ( sci5ce4 ,h[ev] unaw>es1 ! physical ent]ta9s m9d2 ! psy*ical matt]2 & specialism1 s f> z /&+ = any?+ m ?an sci5tific me?od1 has to )draw f its la/ /ronghold4 ,! v dream+ ( ! sci5tific imag9ation is its undo+4 ,= o!r evid5ce aga9/ ! integrity & adequacy ( specialism1 %[+ h[ m9d defies specialism & cons]ves its indivisible univ]se1 !re are ! foll[+ simple b c]ta9ly int]e/+ facts4 ,all ! diff]5t sci5ces1 h[ev] special & h[ev] app>5tly ali5 9 subject matt]1 are wont to use ! same g5]al me?ods--z1 = example1 ! laboratory or exp]im5tal me?od or ! hi/orical p4#jif me?od1 ! fatal consequ5ces ( :i* to ! cause ( pure specialism may easily be inf]r$4 ,hi/ory is fam\s = ov]com+ diff]5ces4 ,! common int]e/ 9 ma!matics mu/ also be m5tion$1 = ma!matics1 ?r\gh its late/ developm5ts 9 dang] ( turn+ into a pure logic1 is q indep5d5t ( all ^? mat]ial diff]5ces t sep>ate ! diff]5t sci5ces4 ,x is =mal & univ]sal1 n special2 s t ! special sci5ce t w\ld also be ma!matical appe>s someh[ to be at lea/ 9 aim z univ]sal z x is special4 ,p]haps ma!matics m ?an any?+ else has f$ ! voracity :i* we h se5 v]acity to exact4 ,has x n be5 ! *ief ag5t 9 ! virtual annihilation ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 physics & *emi/ry8 ,?is p>ticul> m+l+ ( ! special sci5ces has be5 m5tion$ "h already1 b ma!matics is ?reat5+ ! p>ty-walls ( all ! o!r sci5ces also4 ,fur!r1 :at are we to inf] f ! idea t all sci5ces seek law8 ,c]ta9ly law is n special z sci5ce has seem$ to be4 ,someh[ law is n _m1 b "o4 ,_m laws c only be diff]5t phases or cases ( "o law4 ,! v ess5ce ( law is to be "o & s+le & all-embrac+4 ,to put ! case !ologically1 c\ld any "o suppose t ,god made ! laws ( *emi/ry & sociology & psy*ology z s _m sep>ate & indep5d5t enactm5ts8 ,on su* a supposition he _h be5 a /range ,god inde$1 lack+ ! v ?+1 unity ( be+ & "*1 :i* m5 h come to associate ) div9ity1 & :at !ology dem&s ( ,god1 sci5ce1 ev5 aga9/ its own specialism1 mu/ dem& ( its object4 ,aga91 p4#jig ! way 9 :i* by implication1 :5 n op5ly1 "o sci5ce is giv5 to h&+ ov] its h>de/ problems to ano!r is v in/ructive z well z amus+4 ,n _m ye>s ago ,i 0 pres5t at a jo9t meet+1 a good-natur$ & d\btless hone/ly ambiti\s conf]5ce ( biologi/s1 physiologi/s1 & psy*ologi/s1 & ! addresses !n made h (t5 rem9d$ me ( "o ( ,?omas ,na/'s fam\s c>toons3 ,a clos$ r+ ( political graft]s1 none o!r ?an ! notori\s ,twe$ & 8 foll[]s1 ea* po9t+ to 8 neighb\r & putt+ on him ! responsibility ( a v emb>rass+ situation4 ,f9d ! rogue 0 ! arti/'s inscription2 b ) apologies = ! association1 we c easily *ange x to ,f9d ! special sci5ce4 ,&1 la/ly1 9 ?is li/ ( ! simple evid5ces aga9/ an adequate specialism !re are ! conspicu\s analogies o!r ?an ^? ( common me?od or common int]e/ 9 law1 :i* are always easily trac$ among ! sci5ces1 ev5 ! sci5ces 9 ! opposite camps ( matt] & m9d1 ( any p>ticul> "t4 ,atomism 9 physics is contempor>y ) atomism 9 psy*ology & ) individualism 9 political philosophy2 a mon>*ical politics ) an an?ropomorphic1 creationali/ic !ology & an also mon>*ical physically c5tr$ a/ronomy1 :e!r helioc5tric or geoc5tric2 & a ,newtonian a/ronomy1 :i* really makes a law or =ce in/ead ( an individual body ! c5tre & control ( ! sol> sy/em1 ) democracy or con/itutionalism1 & ) inductive in/ead ( d$uctive logic & naturali/ic in/ead ( dogmatic !ology2 s t at no "t1 :atev] ! sci5ti/'s special int]e/1 :atev] 8 p4#jih special syllable1 c he fail to h at lea/ a =mal sympa?y ) o!rs4 ,su* analogies among ! sci5ces1 s (t5 recogniz$ & s absorb+ly int]e/+ to ! /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 if n exactly doors 9 ! panell+1 may be said to make ! panell$ p>titions at lea/ transluc5t if n unsub/antial & transp>5t4 ,b ! mo/ important fact 9 illu/ration ( our case aga9/ specialism is yet to be consid]$1 & un=tunately x takes u :]e to "s ! wat]s may seem dang]\sly deep4 ,n only = reasons already giv5 & emphasiz$ is ! special sci5ce a misnom]1 a contradiction 9 t]ms1 except 9 s f> z specialism be tak5 m]ely z an incid5t1 n )\t its hum\r1 ( sci5tific me?od1 b also = ! same reasons 7& *iefly because ! tru? & reality ( ! univ]se are b\nd to be cons]v$7 e special sci5ce mu/ soon] or lat] develop its doctr9es ei!r into direct p>adoxes or into t5ets t oppose & contradict ea* o!r4 ,?us1 z has be5 %[n1 specialism 9 sci5ce is itself a p>adox1 &1 z n[ ass]t$1 e special sci5ce assum+ precise =m & real validity becomes a home ( p>adoxical or contradictory doctr9es4 ,inde$1 ^! doctr9es j ?r\gh _! opposition appe> be ! mo/ effective ag5ts ( t comp5sation = neglect$ po9ts ( view1 or cons]vation ( all po9ts ( view1 :i* we are insi/+ is = ev] =c$ ^u ! sci5tific speciali/4 ,9 ! cases ( physical epi/emology & epi/emological physics we h already se5 doctr9es work+ to ?is end4 ,9 ^? cases ! real trea*]y to ! av[$ p4#jii /&po9ts lay 9 virtual :5 n op5 contradiction4 ,&1 = ! g5]al pr9ciples1 is x n q cle> t no?+ s surely z contradiction 9 any giv5 po9t ( view1 or 9 ! specific doctr9es develop$ "u x1 c s]ve ! int]e/s ( any o!r po9ts ( view8 ,i h he>d x said1 b by :om orig9ally ,i d n "k1 t a p>adox or contradiction 0 only ! m9d on tiptoe /ruggl+ to look ov] a v high wall4 ,! po9t is j ?is4 ,! special sci5ce1 because special or p>tial & because at ! same "t c\rt+ sci5tific "* or validity1 t is1 con=mity ) reality1 mu/ be relative1 =mal1 ab/ract1 artificial1 unreal1 b also = exactly ! same reason x mu/ contrive to admit to its conceptions o!r view-po9ts ?an its own4 ,its own peculi> view-po9t is relative1 b t x may atta9 actual validity x is b\nd to ov]come its relativity by admitt+1 secretly p]haps yet n less truly1 o!r po9ts ( view2 & p>adox or contradiction is ! natural door = su* admissions1 ! orig9al view-po9t be+ t5aci\s to ! la/4 ,physics says3 ,i w be physics ?r\gh ?ick & ?92 ,i w be physics ?\gh ! heav5s fall & ?\gh dreadful p>adoxes arise2 & 9 l mann] psy*ology cries al\d3 ,i w be psy*ology ?\gh ,i suff] f a splitt+ dualism = my pa9s4 ,h y1 g5tle read]1 nev] held & held & held to "s p>ticul> notion ab\t ?+s1 modify+ ! details p]haps little by little1 b always imag9+ y\rself /rictly loyal to ! old1 old view1 & !n sudd5ly discov]$ y\r consci\sness alive ) contradictions8 ,if y h1 y "k1 possibly p4#ajj too well1 ! natural hi/ory ( e special sci5ce1 & also y c sympa?ize deeply ) ! h5 & h] *]i%$ *icks t prov$ ugly duckl+s4 ,! special sci5ce1 ,i repeat1 mu/ be hospitable1 h[ev] grudg+ly1 to /rang]s1 ?\gh at ! exp5se ( becom+ ?or\ghly divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,su* hospitality is an obligation--call x logical if y w1 or moral or metaphysical1 = ! "n matt]s n if x only sugge/s co]cion--:i* is n less b9d+ ^u ! sci5tific _s ?an ^u ! _s ( racial unity1 always urg5tly pres5t 9 y & me4 ,y & ,i may be s special or exclusive z to drive /rang]s f our doors1 b an impulse to call !m back & give !m ent]ta9m5t always foll[s--an impulse t is only ! necess>y reaction ( ! expulsion4 ,humanity is indivisible 9 spite ( our ass]t$ exclusiv5ess1 & nature is indivisible1 too1 9 spite ( specialism4 ,p>tiality ( any sort1 along any l9e1 9 any field1 c nev] long p]si/ )\t1 ?\gh (t5 d>kly & indirectly1 ?\gh by ! way ( bold1 unrecogniz$1 or unconfess$ p>adox1 receiv+ f outside all t x w\ld exclude4 ,i am n m]ely repeat+4 ,at fir/1 we saw only t ! sci5tific imag9ation br\ght to ! special sci5ce z its work+ hypo!ses c]ta9 cons]v+ or comp5sat+ conceptions2 !n1 t ^! conceptions involv$ trea*]y to ! sci5ce t h>b\r$ !m2 b n[ we are face to face ) ! fact t _! complete1 _! mo/ effective =m is ! p>adox4 ,w\ld t ,i _h ! ability to write ) ! p5etration & ! cle>ness ( /atem5t t ! p4#aja subject %\ld c]ta9ly elicit1 ^u ! /range equanimity ) :i* mank9d1 9 sci5ce or 9 practical life1 receives & faces a direct negative or an op5 contradiction4 ,p]haps ! habit ( easy division into positive & negative1 ! ready resort to di*otomy1 expla9s ! my/]y2 p]haps ! fact t negation or opposition is & c only be 9 k9d1 t !re nev] is or c be any real *ange or ne$ ( *ange 9 a m]e negation1 is at lea/ an important factor 9 ! case2 p]haps1 aga91 ! v hopelessness ( ! dualism1 :i* a flat1 unequivocal negation pla9ly involves1 is also to ! po9t2 b1 beyond all p]adv5ture1 we d accept ! direct negative ) a pati5ce1 ev5 an indiff]5ce1 t may greatly assi/ our natural cons]vatism1 :e!r ( ?\ght or life1 b t on be+ recogniz$ c]ta9ly does ar\se our wond]4 ,good & its opposite evil1 true & false1 real & unreal1 unity & plurality1 life & dea?1 ! indivisible & ! divisible1 re/ & motion1 pl5um & vacuum1 immat]ial & mat]ial1 actuality & illusion1 lawfulness & lawlessness3 ^! & s _m o!r opposites are ! common /ock-9-trade ( our liv+ & ?9k+1 & we accept & use !m ) a complac5cy t _c easily be exagg]at$4 ,yet ! negative 9 ea* & e "o ( !m holds ! future ( ! univ]se 9 ! palm ( its h&4 ,& ! special sci5ti/ be=e 8 inevitable p>adoxes is z cons]vative & z complac5t z ! re/ ( u4 ,b x is "o ?+ to say1 or ev5 to reason out cog5tly & satisfactorily 9 e way1 t ! p4#ajb special sci5ce1 if bo? p]si/5tly special & hone/ly sci5tific1 mu/ be soon] or lat] inw>dly contradictory & trea*]\s to itself1 & x is q ano!r ?+ to %[ ! contradiction 9 actual cases4 ,! actual cases1 h[ev]1 are m easily f\nd ?an _m are likely to suppose1 & at m5tion !y may ev5 seem l =gott5 memories1 l ?+s :i* at "s "t we h notic$ b become call\s t[>ds4 ,?us ! atom is ?r\gh & ?r\gh a self-contradiction1 be+ itself only a "p ( a divid$ reality1 yet at ! same "t itself real only because indivisible2 & a sci5ce h>b\r+ su* an atom c h>dly be said to be unmix$ly physical4 ,! vibration1 too1 already ref]r$ to "h z motion 9 poise or at re/2 inf9ity z "o m quantity t is significant because n quantitative2 ! s5sation1 a compon5t elem5t ( consci\sness t _c possibly be composite2 ! pl5al physical m$ium1 :i* c be physical only if displaceable by o!r mat]ial ?+s1 & s pl5al only if n physical1 & :i* has s]v$ besides z an immobile yet inf9itely ela/ic basis ( motion or its transmission2 &1 to give j "o m in/ance1 9 moral & political sci5ce ! p]son1 a self-exi/5t1 actively free be+ or entity ^: e de$ z well z ^: e ?\ght is responsible to some?+1 be+ adaptive & !re=e social1 social ) o!r p]sons & ) nature1 & ^: e virtue implies dep5d5ce & an exi/5ce %>$ ) some?+ else3 ^! are all also self-contradictions4 ,& 9 view ( !m :o mu/ n see h[ ! special sci5ces are always m ?an special1 ev] correct+ p4#ajc 9 ways t may be unappreciat$ by !mselves _! p>tiality ( view1 ev] responsible to ! totality ( ?+s ev5 :ile !y w\ld obs]ve ?+s only "u select$ view-po9ts4 ,su* contradictions1 once m1 %[ m9d loyal to :at /ud5ts ( logic are famili> ) z ! univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,ev5 9 sci5ce y _c disc\rse ab\t any?+ )\t at lea/ implicitly disc\rs+ ab\t ev]y?+1 al?\gh 9 ord] to d s y mu/ speak 9 su* p>adoxes z ! atom1 ! p]son1 ! biologi/'s vital unit1 ! vibration1 ! pl5um1 & ! l indef9itely4 ,nor is ! sci5ti/ ! only dream] ( p>adoxes among m54 ,ord9>y practical life1 z we h se51 teems ) p>adoxes4 ,b1 = purposes ( illu/ration1 n to say also ( giv+ great] bread? & dep? to ! view1 a ref]5ce to ! situation 9 ! religi\s consci\sness w h peculi> value "h4 ,a religion t supplem5ts rev]5ce = a p]sonal ,god1 work+ miracles & c>+ = ! elect1 :o ev5 n[adays are m or less elect1 ) belief 9 a devil1 ev5 n[adays m or less p]sonal1 is cle>ly a blood relation to sci5ce1 & x is besides by no means s unnatural or irrational z is (t5 decl>$1 p>ticul>ly by ! sci5ti/s4 ,its two errors1 j because oppos$1 cons]ve :at is real1 & no sci5ce c claim m ?an t4 ,inde$1 a sci5ce1 notably a special sci5ce1 l a !ology1 might well be describ$ z a sy/em ( mutually corrective errors1 ( ab/ractions t1 because ab/ract1 di/ort ! reality ( ?+s1 b t also because be+ at diff]5ce ) ea* o!r & ev5tually p4#ajd fall+ into contradictory & s c\nt]act+ pairs are at lea/ p>ties to :at is real & true4 ,by hook or crook1 by ! hook ( ab/raction or ! crook ( contradiction1 e sci5ce gets 9 t\* ) ! univ]se z a :ole1 & s ev5 ) its errors is a work+ sci5ce4 ,! errors ( _m a religion1 by _! work+ toge!r1 h n fail$ to save m54 ,s we may return to ! ass]tion t 9 its specialism1 z well z 9 its dem& = objective k1 sci5ce is self-contradictory1 & ) ?is conclusion e/abli%$ ! exposure ( sci5ce already (f]s a v /rong case = ! d\bt]4 ,yet x does ?is only to ! ext5t & 9 ! s5se t contradiction w>rants d\bt4 ,aft] all is said1 h we be5 only expos+ sci5ce8 ,has attack be5 our only proc$ure8 ,d we n f9d1 z we reflect1 t 9 our exposure !re has also be5 some?+ v ne> to def5ce8 ,or1 once m1 ?r\gh ! sci5ce to :i* we h tak5 exception h we n se5 a sci5ce 9 :i* we c\ld believe8 ,9 ! exam9ation ( sci5ce's objectivism we saw t te*nique buri$ sci5ce1 b--?\gh we did n say ?is 9 s _m words--t !re might be a resurrection4 ,if fruitful 9 inv5tions s]viceable to life1 sci5ce 0 ju/ifi$ 9 spite ( its cultivat$ objectivism1 & ! objectivity itself1 besides an aid to accuracy1 has fur!r significance z possibly an e>ne/ ( wid] social relation%ip1 ( broad] & deep] life4 ,! "q ( fact1 too1 if appreciat$ & s made subord9ate to ! "q ( mean+1 0 ev5 all[$1 & sci5ce1 al?\gh at once =mally cons]vative p4#aje & mat]ially negative & de/ructive1 seem$ aft] all to be ! promise1 s to speak1 ( a new dawn = ! v ?+s d5i$4 ,& n[ 9 :at has be5 said ( ! specialism ( sci5ce1 ! same turn+ ( ! edge ( attack is all b manife/4 ,e special sci5ce is n>r[ & relative--x is 9 ! =m ( an unreal dream2 b reality someh[ gives =m to ! dream1 = !re are always ! comp5sat+ conceptions4 ,! contradictions by :i* ! comp5sation has be5 effect$ are1 !n1 int]pretable n m z causes ( d\bt+ sci5ce ?an z reasons = confid5ce 9 x4 ,?us1 to be t$i\s aga91 ! special sci5ce is relative & =mal2 x is a peculi> sy/em ( +5i\s ab/ractions t 9 s f> are also errors2 b its =mal "* includes also contradiction2 its errors are s relat$ z to correct & balance ea* o!r2 s t1 ev5 9 ! face ( our necess>y scepticism ab\t x1 sci5ce has be5 evid5t to u1 z also 0 ! consci\sness ( ord9>y life1 z someh[ always build+ bett] ?an x kn[s or ?an its me?ods or ideals & doctr9es view$ only f )\t w\ld lead "o to expect4 ,mov+ 9 x we h c]ta9ly felt ! pres5ce (1 some?+1 n yet call$ by "n1 :i* is v l a pr9ciple or p[] ( validity1 pres]v+ ! reality ( ?+s ev5 9 & ?r\gh ! relativity & contradiction "u :i* ! ?+s are se54 ,:ile ! lett] ( our k1 ev5 ( our sci5tific k1 mu/ ev] h an indet]m9ate future2 :ile re/ or /ability1 ultimate reality or consi/5cy is q impossible to x1 /ill its inn]1 active _s seems a s\rce ( fai? t is inviolable1 t _c be %ak54 ,diff]5t p4#ajf quantities1 su* z f\r & two1 & sixte5 & eight1 d n make ! same sum1 mu* less are !y ! same digits2 b !y are 9 ! same ratio1 & simil>ly ! tru? ( sci5ce w\ld seem to lie 9 ! ratio1 ! work+ toge!r1 ( ! errors ( sci5ce4 ,outw>dly & mat]ially *ang+ ) "t & ) p1 assum+ ev] new =ms & compris+ always new doctr9es1 sci5ce nev]!less1 z an active =ce1 z a positive resultant1 is at lea/ n[ conceivably always ! same & applicable to ! same life4 ,ev5 ! ,babylonians ( an anci5t day successfully pr$ict$ eclipses1 ! v errors ( _! a/ronomy work+ toge!r = tru?1 exactly z ! h]esies ( pagan religion seem to h balanc$ ea* o!r to ! pres]vation & ! developm5t ( ! life :i* we ( ! pres5t day & ! ,*ri/ian civilization are pleas$ to call our own4 ,accord+ly ! sci5ce we h to d\bt is also manife/ to u z at lea/ a possible object ( fai?4 ,! v causes ( our d\bt be=e our v eyes h turn$1 or are 9 process ( turn+1 into possible bases ( belief1 & our confession ( d\bt z x proce$s is prov+ ev] m wor? mak+4 ,we are try+ to be su* hone/ d\bt]s4 ,we are inde$ su* p5it5t believ]s4 ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce ,,w\ld ,,be ,,agno/ic4 ,/ill we h1 ?irdly1 ! agno/icism ( sci5ce to consid] & appraise4 ,agno/icism conf9es k to actual positive exp]i5ce1 & 9 its =m ( positivism to an only t5tative acceptance ( actual exp]i5ce1 & x is ?us 9 effect an admission ( p4#ajg j ^? limitations :i* h be5 f\nd to belong to sci5ce z objective & special4 ,objectivism & specialism h bo? %[n sci5ce to be /&+ 9 its own light1 or at lea/ to be /&+ 9 ! way ( any direct & positive k ( reality4 ,:atev] !y make possible to our virtual z di/9ct f our positive consci\sness1 :atev] indirectly or implicitly may ?r\gh !m belong to our consci\s life1 =mally & visibly1 positively & directly1 we _c "k reality4 ,9 a ^w1 sci5ce mu/ & does recognize an unkn[able1 or at lea/ an unkn[ability 9 ?+s1 & agno/icism is accord+ly important among ! ?ree det]m9+ po9ts ( sci5ce's circumf]5ce4 ,b "h is n[ our problem3 ,does sci5ce put ! "r value ^u1 does x ascribe ! "r mean+ to1 its agno/icism8 ,is ! impli$ scepticism ( ! sort t we c cordially accept8 ,especially1 does sci5ce h any due appreciation ( ! negative1 n to say ( ! sugge/$ dualism1 9 ! opposition betwe5 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able8 ,n[ bo? objectivism & specialism pla9ly involve alo(ness1 :i* is p]haps only ano!r ^w = :at 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 0 call$ ab/raction4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! two isms sci5ce is held alo( f life2 by ! second1 ?r\gh ! _m divisions1 f itself1 t is to say1 "p f "p4 ,m5 :o w\ld be sci5ti/s )draw1 z we he> !m boa/1 f affairs1 & z !y )draw x is also z if !y put on di/ort+ & ev5 discol\r+ glasses1 ?r\gh :i* 9 "o & ano!r special way !y w\ld behold ! objective _w4 ,_! )drawal p4#ajh is ?us n m]ely physical2 x is also m5tal4 ,to look out ( ! w9d[ "o mu/ turn "o's head & lift "o's eyes & adju/ bo? head & eyes 9 o!r ways2 b look+ 9 g5]al1 :e!r f ! ne$s ( an objective or a special view1 also dem&s c]ta9 p]t95t adju/m5ts1 & ! dem&$ adju/m5ts make ! result+ exp]i5ce j s f> alo(1 j s f> discol\r$ & di/ort$4 ,grant$ t ^! t]ms c be only relative 9 significance4 ,to be alo( f some?+ is to h x equally alo( f y1 & y %\ld be no m discr$it$ by ! sep>ation ?an x4 ,to be di/ort$ & discol\r$ is to be s only ) reg>d to some?+ t 9 its own peculi> way may be equally trans=m$4 ,su* relativity1 h[ev]1 _c deprive ! diff]5ces involv$ ( real significance2 x c only emphasize ! g5]al in/ead ( ! n>r[1 local application ( ! t]ms f\nd to be relative4 ,:at is relative is n unreal2 x is simply %>$1 l c\s9%ip4 ,s sci5ce1 ! look+ ( sci5ce1 means real alo(ness & real disfiguration4 ,! tru? ( ?is has already be5 app>5t to u 9 a g5]al way1 b x w be wor? :ile "h to be m specific4 ,! space & "t1 = example1 9 :i* sci5ti/s obs]ve ?+s are widely diff]5t f ! space & "t ( w & action4 ,9 ord9>y life a diff]5ce is felt betwe5 ! _w we "k & ! _w we live1 b ! extreme pr(essional attitude ( sci5ce greatly wid5s ! diff]5ces4 ,= sci5ce space & "t are quantitative1 divisible1 =mal1 ma!matically correct1 & indep5d5t ( :at is 9 !m1 _! reality or qualitative p4#aji value to active life be+ hidd5 or at lea/ only v indirectly pres5t$--,i sugge/1 9 ! con/ant opposition ( _! f9it5ess & inf9ity--:ile = w & action !y are qualitative1 indivisible1 insep>able f :at is 9 !m4 ,:o ev] did any?+ 9 a composite1 divisible space & "t8 ,action 9 su* a sph]e w\ld be hopelessly j]ky2 ) ,z5o's fly+ arr[ x w\ld j always re/ 9 /atu quo1 ?\gh its /atus 9 quo might h an indef9ite s]ies ( positions4 ,aga91 ! sci5ti/s r$uce causation to m]e uni=mity ( co-exi/5ces or sequ5ces1 :i* is no real causation at all1 be+ only s mu* passive exi/5ce or me*anical process1 :ile w or action is causation1 ! positive int]action ( ?+s1 ! active relation1 ! vital unity1 ( :at 0 & is & is to be4 ,x is true t "h1 too1 ! causation ( real life is d>kly pres5t$ by sci5ce 9 a con/ant opposition betwe5 a s+le fir/ cause & an et]nal s]ies ( causes1 = su* an opposition makes real causation 9 an important way q transc5d5t ( ! m]e diff]5ces ( "t2 b1 sett+ ?is concession aside1 :o ev] did any?+ 9 a _w ei!r ( "o cause active long ago or ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes8 ,&1 once m1 sci5ce ne$s elem5ts1 :ile w or life is ! et]nal d5ial ( elem5ts or any?+ l !m4 ,says a well-kn[n writ]3#c ,x is "o ( ! greate/ dang]s ( our "t t ! naturali/ic 7or sci5tific7 po9t ( view1 :i* decomposes ! _w into elem5ts = ! purpose ( causal connection1 int]f]es ) ! volitional po9t ( view ( real life1 p4#aaj :i* c deal only ) values1 & n ) elem5ts4 ,! dang] involv$ w occupy u 9 a mom5t1 b ! bondage ( sci5ce to elem5ts1 to a composite _w1 to a ?or\ghly decompos$ reality1 w h>dly be que/ion$4 ,?r\gh contradiction1 aga91 z 9 ! *emi/'s compon5t atom1 itself n composite2 or ! biologi/'s vital unit1 :i* bids fair to be ! ma/] p>adox ( ! day1 sci5ce may d>kly & indirectly pres]ve ! _w ( real life1 ! _w t is nei!r "o elem5t nor _m1 b 9 ?is case z 9 ! o!rs ! indirection1 aft] all is said1 only emphasizes ! alo(ness4 ,s sci5ce is alo(1 & 9 be+ alo( x disfigures & defaces reality1 & ! argum5t = agno/icism is consequ5tly unassailable4 ,no "o m effectively has %[n ?is ?an ,immanuel ,kant1 al?\gh "o may "q ,kant's f9al appraisal ( ! fact4 ,"h c]ta9ly is no place = an exposition ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 b1 briefly & simply put1 t philosophy has *>act]iz$ space & "t & ! relation ( cause & effect1 n to m5tion c]ta9 o!r v g5]al data ( exp]i5ce1 z ! a priori =ms ( all valid1 objective k1 & be+ translat$ ?is is to say t ^! s-call$ =ms are ! enabl+ attitudes ( ! m]ely look+ consci\sness or ! peculi> glasses :i*1 z x 71 ! m9d puts on :5ev] x turns j to look4 ,! typical ,bo/on girl1 accord+ to ! c>tooni/s1 is nev] )\t h] glasses4 ,9 l mann] ! typically1 pr(essionally correct look+ consci\sness1 ! obs]v+1 sci5tific m9d1 is nev] )\t ^? enabl+ attitudes4 ,d y ask if !y are !n only subjective attitudes8 p4#aaa ,!y are subjective only z !y are relative4 ,!y are subjective only z !y express ! alo(ness ( ! sci5tific obs]v]4 ,& !y are subjective1 la/ly1 only 9 s f> z c be consi/5t ) ,kant's fur!r *>act]ization ( !m z 9 e in/ance imbu$ ) ess5tial opposition or ant9omy4 ,rememb] t an attitude t h>b\rs opposition is always tip-toe+ to ov]come ! b\nds ( its own natural vision4 ,su* an attitude _c be unmix$ly subjective4 ,b :at n[ is ! dang] ( sci5ce's agno/icism1 ( sci5ce's own admission t be+ objective & special1 or be+ "u ! con/ra9t ( c]ta9 enabl+ attitudes1 or be+ at be/ only t5tative 9 all its doctr9es1 x is n & _c possibly be =mally reali/ic8 ,"o might imag9e1 or expect1 t confession ( its limitations w\ld be good = ! s\l ( sci5ce1 & 9 tru? we %all c]ta9ly f9d "s advantage result+ f ! confession1 b ev5 sci5ce's agno/icism is faulty 9 a s]i\s way4 ,! writ] quot$ above has told u t ! great dang] always ?reat5+ sci5ce is t ! sci5tific w int]f]e ) ! volitional po9t ( view1 & ?is is equival5t to fe>+1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 t ! sci5ti/ w =get 8 agno/icism & try to r5d] :at he _c "k 9 t]ms ( :at he does "k1 or t ! man ( affairs w look to sci5ce = 8 programmes ( action4 ,su* a fe>1 h[ev]1 may play to ! pr(essional conceits & ! pr(essional isolation & ab/raction ( ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 b x is v f> f grasp+ ! true import ( ! conflict betwe5 k & unkn[able p4#aab reality4 ,i %\ld myself ass]t1 9 p>tial if n 9 complete opposition to ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 t sci5ce's v natural dang] is t ! sci5tific & ! volitional po9t ( view w be kept ap>t1 t ! pr(essionalism & ! =malism & :at ,kant call$ ! ph5om5alism ( sci5ce w prev5t _! int]f]5ce4 ,at lea/1 ?is dang] is j z great1 & j z s]i\sly a dang]1 z ! o!r4 ,mo/ p "k well en\gh t keep+ sci5ce & life or !ory & practice ap>t has ! effect ( mak+ ! =m] lose itself 9 a highly morbid intellectualism1 & ! latt] 9 ! dead monotony1 ( a m]e exi/5ce1 sometimes presumptu\sly /yl$ practical life1 b su* a result seems n to tr\ble ei!r ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g or ! conv5tional sci5ti/ ^: cause ! vigor\s pr(essor has esp\s$4 ,9 o!r regions1 =tunately1 a =mal disp>ity is n accept$ z argu+ to a natural divorce1 b is ev5 consid]$1 let x be said1 a reason = association2 & z = ! disp>ity betwe5 sci5ce & w1 x is q true t life )\t sci5ce is lifeless & t sci5ce )\t life is mean+less4 ,p]haps ! cr[n+ fault ( ! agno/ic sci5ti/ is 8 lack ( hum\r4 ,he takes himself too s]i\sly4 ,! lov]1 :5 8 fair "o has =mally disagre$ ) him1 reject+ 8 suit ) h] outspok5 ,no & promis+ la/+ fri5d%ip & good-w ev5 to assurances ( assi/ance 9 8 next v5ture1 takes hope1 smiles grimly )9 himself1 & feels sure /ill t %e & he1 h[ev] disp>ite1 are meant to live toge!r = bett] or worse4 ,b ! reject$ sci5ti/ takes ! unkn[able's ,no z if x p4#aac 7 f9al1 & !n1 retir+ to 8 /udy or laboratory1 proce$s1 ?\gh 9 a morbid1 abnormal way1 to m+le ! sci5tific & volitional /&po9ts e "t he writes a l9e or makes an exp]im5t4 ,we wat* him z he goes1 & f9d 8 case n )\t its hum\r4 ,if ! true lov] ^u be+ reject$ 7 satisfi$ !reaft] ) c>ess+ ! lady's photograph1 !n he & ! agno/ic sci5ti/ w\ld be 9 ! same class4 ,b1 z is ne$less to say1 ,i am n writ+ a novel4 ,s1 romance aside1 unque/ionably ! =ms & doctr9es ( ! sci5tific consci\sness are peculi>1 be+1 z has be5 %[n1 logically subtle1 imag9>y & innoc5t ( direct practical realism1 be+1 9 %ort1 ! inhabitants ( a _w q _! own1 & to impose !m intact ^u active life _c fail to br+ disa/]1 ! usual disa/] ( a misfit4 ,yet1 let u br+ to m9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! sci5tific consci\sness is n ess5tially diff]5t f consci\sness 9 g5]al1 & t consci\sness 9 g5]al deals1 & always mu/ deal ) artificial =ms1 ) symbols1 con/ructions1 & trans=mations2 & 9 ! second place1 t x always kn[s ) "s measure ( sophi/ication t :at x deals ) is symbolic or con/ruct$4 ,consci\s creatures1 f ! mom5t !y beg9 to draw brea?1 are tra9$ to see "o ?+ objectively & to und]/& or con/rue q ano!r ?+ = active expression4 ,!re is no visual s5sation )\t muscul> s5sation1 & mo/ m51 if n all m51 h really le>n$ 9 ! long ye>s ( _! own & _! race's exp]i5ce to get along )\t see+ p4#aad & yet also )\t =ego+ ! s5sations 9 _! muscles6 ,man's long tra9+1 9 a ^w1 has taught him to use :at he sees z n direct reality1 b only a symbol ( reality1 & s 9 volition always to all[ = ! practical unreality ( ! objects be=e 8 consci\sness4 ,! m]e words bread & butt]1 = example1 or ev5 ! visible ?+s 9 a re/aurant w9d[1 h nev] br\ght satiety to a hungry *ild1 nor d ,i myself fe> t !y ev] w4 ,moreov]1 ! long tra9+ t is ! surety aga9/ dang]1 & t at ! same "t has made man ke5ly awake to ! value z well z ! hum\r ( symbolism1 is j :at has r5d]$ ! high developm5t ( pr(essional sci5ce possible1 & is also :at makes possible & prop]ly controls ! application ( sci5ce to practical life4 ,x may n[ be ass]t$ t ! facts are n 9 accord ) ! view to :i* ,i h j giv5 expression1 t sometimes1 & v ( t5 too1 ! =ms & doctr9es ( sci5ce are impos$ )\t modification or translation ^u practical life4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! names = edibles !mselves z pres5t to ! eye--or to any o!r s5se--are n normal sub/itutes = food1 nev]!less "s p1 :e!r f pov]ty or f indige/ion1 h f$ on !m1 j z !y h tak5 long j\rneys ) maps1 "t-tables1 & guide books4 ,9 education1 too1 ! =mal conditions ( sci5ce h sugge/$ object-lessons & pure induction2 9 political organization we h _h programmes ( extreme elem5tal individualism1 ( lawless democracy1 & ( ab/ract communism & ,*ri/ian ,socialism2 9 religion ,god p4#aae has be5 l a ?+ se51 p]haps a tree walk+ or a man work+1 :e!r ) hoe or rake or ) o!r implem5t1 p]haps a trid5t1 & belief has be5 id5tifi$ ) an articulate dogma or =mula2 & _m a reali/ic novel1 treat+ ! details ( life z a sci5ti/ might treat !m1 or _m a psy*ological novel1 m problematic ?an arti/ic1 has be5 put ^u ! m>ket4 ,b :at c all ?is mean1 und\bt$ly true z x is1 save t sci5ce belongs to life1 yet is appli$ to x ) difficulty & only "u conditions ( conflict8 ,9 ! case ( ! edibles1 pov]ty or illness1 bo? ( !m incid5ts ( conflict1 is responsible = ! unnatural sub/itution1 & 9 cases ( education1 politics1 religion1 & lit]ature1 ! sub/itution is equally a make%ift :i* ! conditions ( conflict impose ^u life4 ,an individuali/ic programme w n "w1 nor w a purely sociali/ic programme "w4 ,m]e induction w n educate4 ,no visible ,god ev] 0 div9e1 & no articulate cre$ ev] 0 true4 ,life is a game ?r\gh\t2 its vital "*1 its v integrity is its exp]im5tal "*2 x is n a settl$1 ab/ractly p]fect ?+4 ,life is dynamic1 n /atic4 ,accord+ly x mu/ move =w>d by its mi/akes1 or by /orm & /ress ( ! incongru\s & misappli$1 be+ inspir$1 n by somebody's complac5t optimism1 b by a sacrificial1 always h]oic idealism2 & its sci5tific practices1 h[ev] truly a mix+ ( ?+s =mally incongru\s or disp>ite1 are j aids to its reality4 ,moreov]1 ^? sci5ce-=m$ practices are always 9 "s measure sophi/icat$4 ,human nature is r a f9e ?+ 9 its way1 z p4#aaf _m a man has flatt]$ himself & 8 k9d by say+4 ,witness ! homeless1 ill-clad1 />v+ *ild fe$+ ov] ! odor\s grat+ & be=e ! well-/ock$ w9d[ ( ! re/aurant1 & feel+1 if n actually say+3 ,z long z ,i _c h & eat1 x is good to smell & see4 ,witness1 also1 ! educator or ! /atesman or ! prie/ or ! noveli/4 ,ea* kn[s 8 make%ift & feels "s ( ! hum\r ( x1 & 9 8 closet1 :5 n be=e 8 public1 ackn[l$ges ! viol5ce to :i* he is l5d+ himself4 ,& ano!r fact1 besides t ( ! actual applications ( sci5ce1 :i*1 h[ev] viol5t1 prove ! ne$ z well z ! dang]s1 & besides ! sophi/ication1 p]haps also ! s5se ( hum\r1 :i* always accompanies ! applications & at lea/ temp]s _! viol5ce1 mu/ also be m5tion$4 ,^? sci5ce-=m$ programmes always g 9 pairs4 ,individualism & socialism1 realism & my/icism1 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism1 or?odoxy & h]esy are insep>able1 socially & hi/orically2 & ! effect ( su* pair+ is pla9ly to correct :atev] ( viol5ce ! s5se ( symbolism & ! sophi/ication & ! hum\r ( ! "t may be unequal to4 ,?us 9 ! movem5ts & programmes ( society = any giv5 misfit !re is always a c\nt]-misfit4 ,possibly human life1 at lea/ z socially organiz$1 is only a competition ( misfits1 its programmes com+1 n ?r\gh ! acquir$ supremacy ( "o side or ! o!r1 b ?r\gh ! con/ant m$iation1 ! balanc+ & int]act+ ( ! two1 & ! misfits are p]haps exclusively ! gifts ( sci5ce or at lea/ p4#aag ( ! obs]v]'s consci\sness g5]ally1 & man is at once s]i\s & humor\s en\gh to impose :at sci5ce gives on ! real life ( 8 fell[s1 z a ready-made clo?i] might on a /ray c\ntryman2 b is a city1 !n1 to h no ,hyam1 & is ! life ( society also to disp5se ) ! gifts ( sci5ce because !y are imp]fect8 ,!re are worse ?+s ?an clo!s n made to measure or ?an ! m5 :o sell or buy !m4 ,!re is ! life t nev] *anges its old clo!s = new4 ,!re are ! clo!s t nev] get on ! m>ket at all4 ,accord+ly ! int]f]5ce ( ! sci5tific ) ! volitional po9t ( view is1 to say ! lea/1 n ! only dang] :i* ! sci5ti/ or ! practical man ne$s to recognize4 ,!re is also ! dang] t ! disp>ity betwe5 sci5ce & life1 or betwe5 k & ! unkn[able1 w be con/ru$ to mean t ! two are nev] to live toge!r4 ,sci5ce may be innoc5t ( any direct accord ) reality1 be+ 9 =m q innoc5t ( a real realism1 b aft] all1 :e!r by itself or 9 its v>i\s applications or r5d]+s 9 human life1 x is s innoc5t only 9 a qualifi$ s5se1 only ) ref]5ce to ! =m ( its specific doctr9e & attitudes tak5 individually4 ,z itself a liv+ :ole1 "p act+ ^u "p1 ea* ab/raction correct$ by "s c\nt]-ab/raction or p]haps by "s inn] self-opposition1 z consci\s too ( its own conditions & limitations1 z sophi/icat$ & ev5 humor\s1 bo? = all logical purposes & = all purposes ( applicability 9 ! life ( society x is realism itself4 ,z h>b\r+ :at above 0 call$1 9 s _m words1 an p4#aah inn] active _s ( v]acity or p[] = reality1 a con/ant ag5t ( validity & applicability1 x is itself a p>ty to ! real life4 ,b return to ! idea ( ! divorce ( sci5ce & life1 :i* is su* an easy conclusion ( agno/icism4 ,if divorc$1 x 0 said1 !y are lo/1 ! "o 9 a morbid intellectualism1 ! o!r 9 ! dead monotony ( m]e exi/5ce4 ,n[1 9 view ( ! fact t _m h f\nd su* a divorce to possess ! highe/ ideal value1 x seems wor? :ile to rem>k t aft] all is said ! sep>ation c be only app>5t1 n real4 ,ev5 if we neglect :olly ! writ+ & ! exp]im5tation ( ! sci5ti/1 z volitional z !y are sci5tific1 & ! practical consci\sness1 moral or prud5tial1 ( ! disciple ( ! real life1 z sci5tific z x is volitional1 we %all f9d su* to be ! case4 ,we "k m5 :o h :at may be /yl$1 & :at sometimes is abusively /yl$1 a d\ble life4 ,!y h _! sci5ce1 p]haps _! laboratories & _! books & _! own pet doctr9es1 & !y h also _! social affiliations 9 bus9ess & 9 politics & 9 religion2 &1 :e!r x be ideal or unideal1 admirable or repreh5sible1 _! life c]ta9ly does seem d\ble1 because _! sociology & _! bus9ess1 or _! political !ory & _! p>ty ties1 or _! biology & _! religion simply w n mix2 b _! app>5t duplicity has app>5tly little or no?+ to re/ ^u4 ,x may c\nt z two1 num]ically1 b su* c\nt+ nev] makes be+4 ,m5 %\ld c\nt less & ?9k m4 ,on ! t]ms ( su* a num]ical sep>ation1 z 0 said1 ! sci5ce c be only =mal1 ! life only dead2 b su* a p4#aai sci5ce & su* a life make "o exi/5ce1 n two2 &1 h[ev] amus+ ! conclusion may be1 x is nev]!less true t ! sci5ce1 = j :at x is1 has be5 appli$1 mak+ ! life j :at x is4 ,are sci5tific te*nique ) its alo(ness & logical ab/ractions & a life t 9 its own special1 affairs c be only conv5tional & rituali/ic1 or say r\t9e 9 ! /udy or ! laboratory & r\t9e 9 ! *ur* or m>ket-place1 are ^! s diff]5t z really to be1 :atev] ! appe>ances1 indep5d5t & di/9ct8 ,!y may c\nt z two = be+ 9 j s _m diff]5t places1 b ! man1 sci5ti/ or practition]1 is always necess>ily ) himself1 & 9 ?is s5se nev] 9 m ?an "o place1 s t 9 "* & value ! two r\t9es are "o & ! same4 ,moreov]1 ! ennui :i* toge!r !y are sure to induce mu/ end soon] or lat] 9 a common cry = help1 9 a passion = reality t w turn ea* t[>d ! o!r ) an irresi/ible appeal4 ,once m1 !n1 !re is dang] = sci5ce n m]ely 9 ! int]f]5ce1 b 9 ! ob/9ate indep5d5ce ( ! sci5tific & ! volitional po9t ( view4 ,a protect$ sci5ce may h no less1 b also x has no m ju/ification ?an a protect$ indu/ry4 ,competition ) life & w may (t5 br+ sci5ce l[1 degrad+ its me?ods & impair+ its pr(essional success1 b protection involves at lea/ equal risks4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g--b may he =give me my ,hom]ic epi!ts--is a too zeal\s epi/emologic protectioni/4 ,! difficulty z to ! agno/icism ( sci5ce may be pres5t$ 9 ano!r way4 ,dismiss+ all ?\ght p4#abj ( ei!r int]f]5ce or divorce & all ?\ght ( ! sci5ti/ =gett+ 8 agno/icism or tak+ x too sob]ly1 we may say t ! sci5tific agno/ic1 be+ "u ! spell ( ! sci5tific way ( deal+ ) ?+s1 is dispos$ to treat ! unkn[able z if x 7 b "o m ?+ or fact among all ! o!r ?+s or facts ) :i* he is wont to deal4 ,! _w = him is !n compos$ ( two dep>tm5ts or gr\ps1 :i* l a good sci5ti/ he classifies & labels1 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able2 & no?+ c\ld be simpl] or m natural4 ,?\gh ! po9t ( :at foll[s may be lo/ 9 its appe>ance ( m]e word9ess1 s to speak1 ! _w ( 8 int]e/1 ( 8 =mal k1 includes1 among ! o!r ?+s1 t :i* he kn[s to be unkn[able1 & ) ! inclusion & ! k ( unkn[ability he imag9es 8 responsibility to ! unkn[able bo? to beg9 & end4 ,or1 aga91 ! agno/ic sci5ti/ reg>ds ! unkn[able z some?+ ap>t f ! kn[able1 z some?+ n = him to "k & also n hav+ any vital1 intr9sic relations to :at he does "k1 b some?+ nev]!less objectively pres5table to a creature ) kn[+ faculties altoge!r diff]5t f 84 ,! unkn[able is ?us = him /ill ! object ( a look+ & ?9k+ consci\sness1 yet nev] ( 8 look+ & ?9k+ consci\sness2 x is kn[able1 & =mally kn[able1 yet n to him1 n ?r\gh any ( ! =ms ( k1 ! enabl+ attitudes1 at 8 comm&4 ,& no?+1 ,i say once m1 c\ld be simpl] or m natural4 ,b1 prop]ly & pr(essionally sci5tific z x may be to give to agno/icism ?is turn1 x is v p4#aba decid$ly an excell5t example ( pr(essional bl9dness1 be+ a sort ( r$uctio ad absurdum1 ( ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 = pla9ly x treats ! unkn[able z a matt]1 fir/1 ( k--! sci5ti/'s k ( its unkn[ability1 & z a matt]1 second1 = k--! k ( ! creature ) ! diff]5t faculties4 ,surely su* treatm5t is n hone/ly agno/ic4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 if x w\ld be hone/ z well z sci5tific1 mu/ =get its pr(essionalism & take ! negative ( ! unkn[able 9 ano!r way4 ,9 :at way8 ,9 mak+ reply to ?is "q ,i mu/ resort to a di/9ction1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly f\nd useful1 betwe5 ! dogmatic & ! m]ely in/rum5tal4 ,?us agno/icism may be dogmatic1 z ! conv5tional sci5ti/ w\ld hold x1 flatly decl>+ = an unkn[able1 or x may be in/rum5tal1 e/eem+ ! unkn[ability 9 ?+s1 n m]ely z relative to ! exi/+ conditions ( k1 b also z a con/ant dem& ^u sci5ce t x nev] re/ 9 itself1 t x = ev] treat its results z only a means to "s end4 ,s view$ an in/rum5tal agno/icism is also teleological1 b n 9 any s5se ( a fix$ & /atic telos4 ,telic "* or purposiv5ess & fixity are l oil & wat]4 ,:atev] ! traditional !ologian may ?9k or say1 !y simply w n mix4 ,( ! two k9ds ( agno/icism1 ! fir/ h>dly calls = fur!r treatm5t1 = x is pla9ly t :i* has be5 rec5tly exam9$ & f\nd to be m sci5tific1 or at lea/ m pr(essionally sci5tific1 ?an fully & p]sonally hone/1 & ! second is p4#abb v ne>ly ak9 to positivism1 b mu/ be scrut9iz$ closely1 = x c]ta9ly leads beyond ! usual b\nds ( positivism4 ,! positivi/ 9 sci5ce1 z has be5 indicat$ above1 accepts only actual positive exp]i5ce & accepts t only t5tatively4 ,! work+ hypo!sis is ?us ! ma/] ( 8 m9d4 ,:at he kn[s1 h[ev] well e/abli%$ 9 8 actual1 positive consci\sness1 is at be/ only relative & m$iative4 ,b--& j "h appe>s ! defect ( 8 position1 or j "h we see him /ill only ! pr(essional sci5ti/--! m$iation :i* absorbs 8 int]e/ is m]ely "o ( =mal k2 :at he kn[s always leads him j to m k2 8 =mulat$ hypo!ses z !y are te/$ are b aids to new =mulations3 :]eas1 besides ?is m$iation1 !re always is ano!r at lea/ equally significant1 = k "u ! v conditions ( its rise & =mulation mu/ = ev] be a means to some?+ besides m]e k4 ,recognition ( ?is o!r m$iation1 accord+ly1 is all-important to any f9al appraisal ( ! mean+ ( agno/icism1 to an appraisal t is ju/ifi$ j ?r\gh be+ sup]ior to ! special int]e/s ( =mal & pr(essional sci5ce4 ,is x n "o ( ! functions ( ! v>i\s negatives 9 our human life really to save life f ! n>r[ness ( its v>i\s pr(essional ab/ractions1 & is n ! attitude ( agno/icism b "o ( ^! negations8 ,& n[1 if = a p>agraph or two ,i may be ev5 (f5sively ab/ruse1 ! conditions ( our positive exp]i5ce1 ( our actual k1 are su*1 & are commonly recogniz$ to be su*1 t !re mu/ always be an unkn[n4 ,e work+ hypo!sis p4#abc by implication po9ts to an unkn[n4 ,x is equally true1 h[ev]1 t ! conditions ( positive exp]i5ce are su* t !re is no fixity to ?is unkn[n2 & ! unkn[n *anges 9 consequ5ce1 bo? 9 possible cont5t & 9 possible quality or value1 ) e *ange 9 k4 ,b always an unkn[n :i* is nev] ! same unkn[n mu/ mean some?+ m ?an m]ely a yet-to-be-kn[n2 yes1 x mu/ mean ev5 m ?an an inf9itely1 et]nally remote yet-to-be-kn[n1 = its be+ always1 or its be+ inf9itely di/ant1 simply makes x some?+ besides positive k actual or possible4 ,x mu/ mean some?+ :i*1 ?\gh n k1 is nev]!less 9 k1 n[ & always2 some?+ s]v$ by all k b itself o!r ?an any k2 some?+1 !n1 :i* exce$s or transc5ds :atev] ! =mal enabl+ conditions ( k are capable ( pres5t+1 b is itself intimately & vitally involv$ 9 ! pres5tation2 or1 once m1 some?+ :i* is n at all 9 ! "* ( a sep>ate unkn[able ?+ or sph]e ( ?+s1 nor ev5 ( a sep>ate "p 9 ! ?+s kn[n or kn[able1 b is 9 ! "* r ( an unkn[ability1 p]haps 9 a s5se a relative unkn[ability1 belong+ to ! v ?+s & to e "p ( ! v ?+s t are kn[n or1 let me say1 inh]+ 9 ! b>e possibility ( all k4 ,mu/ !re n be a s5se 9 :i* j t :i* makes k possible is itself q impossible to k8 ,:o makes a law mu/ be sup]ior to ! law1 or legally supreme1 & :at makes k possible c h>dly be fully & directly an object p4#abd ( k4 ,giv5 actual1 positive k1 !n1 & !re mu/ always be n m]ely an unkn[n1 b also an unkn[able2 an unkn[able1 h[ev]1 t is 9 & ( ! k1 n 9 place or 9 "* a ?+ by itself4 ,i said ,i %\ld be ab/ruse1 & ,i h n yet f9i%$4 ,9 fully apprais+ agno/icism we ne$ to consid] at close range ano!r idea ( ! positivi/4 ,?us = ! positivi/ k is n a hav+1 b a gett+--on ! pr9ciple t unto him t ha? %all be giv52 n a kn[+1 b a que/ion+ & seek+2 n a be+1 b a becom+--t has its gr\nd 9 a be+ s real z to be )\t fixity ( =m4 ,& ?is is pla9ly equival5t to mak+ movem5t & action ess5tial to ! v nature ( ! kn[+ m9d or to mak+ k dynamic in/ead ( /atic1 & inf9itely pla/ic--ev5 l life itself1 t is always great] ?an its cross-sections or specific =ms4 ,b 9 g5]al to an active nature no?+ c ev] be q ext]nal2 to a truly active nature !re c be no ess5tial impossibility4 ,= reflect4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( any?+ ext]nal or ( any?+ impossible w\ld 9 j s f> remove & d5y ! intr9sic "* ( ! activity2 9 j s f> x w\ld set ! suppos$ly active be+ 9 fixity ( life & def9it5ess ( =m4 ,= an ess5tially active nature1 !re=e1 all ?+s--all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?--are bo? pres5t & possible1 & s1 specifically1 if t active nature be ! kn[+ m9d !re c be no unkn[able t is at ! same "t ali5 & altoge!r impossible to ! kn[]4 ,ev5 ! v =ms ( ! kn[]'s k mu/ = ev] compass p4#abe pass m ?an !y may visibly pres5t4 ,! kn[+ itself 9 its own "r & nature mu/ be m ?an =mal kn[+1 or ?an ! objective1 special sci5ce1 9 :i* ! =mal kn[+ has its pr(essional realization4 ,& ! kn[]1 z he kn[s1 9 & ?r\gh 8 k mu/ always be compass+ j t :i* is n impossible to him1 b only unkn[able--t is1 impossible m]ely to 8 direct1 =mal k4 ,is ! in$ible or ! invisible or ! imp5etrable or ! unbe>able or ! illegible or ev5 ! un9telligible ev] :olly impossible8 ,su* negatives1 & 9 fact all negatives1 besides sav+ life f ! n>r[ness ( its v>i\s =ms1 d ?is positive ?+3 !y op5 ! door ( life's wid]1 nay1 ( life's inf9ite opportunity or possibility1 & at ! same "t !y r5d] ^? v>i\s def9ite =ms really m$iative or in/rum5tal1 mak+ !m p>ts 9 an ess5tially purposive exi/5ce4 ,) j ?is mean+1 !n1 a mean+ l>g] & deep] ?an t usual to positivism1 ! attitude ( ! agno/ic is in/rum5tal & teleological4 ,agno/icism simply end[s ! kn[]--mu/ we n ev5 put our conclusion s8--) a wid] fre$om ?an t ( k1 & yet also makes 8 k bo? %>e & s]ve ! wid] fre$om t is giv54 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( po9t+ to a kn[n unkn[able1 be=e :i* ei!r "s non-human creature or "s human vice-reg5t ( su* a creature is n oblig$ to be s kn[+ly humble1 in/ead ( e/abli%+ ! conceit t k or sci5ce is :olly = its own sake & s ( divorc+ k & real life1 in/ead ( mak+ ca/es out ( ! social p4#abf classes ( ^? :o look & ^? :o d1 ! unkn[able mu/ be tak5 to po9t to ! necess>y unity ( k & life1 ( !ory & practice1 to ! fact t all look+ is incid5t to a runn+ & be=e a leap+1 t all k is responsible to life1 & t only life1 h[ev] directly unkn[able1 c ev] in=m k4 ,x ev5 sugge/s ,i ?9k ) ,c>lyle t ! end ( man is action1 n ?\ght1 ?\gh x 7 ! noble/4 ,yet1 9 tru?1 ?\gh its own emphasis may ?us exalt action1 x _c mean any depreciation ( ?\ght or k1 only _! enli/m5t 9 ! s]vice ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ?is po9t x w\ld be int]e/+ to %[ 9 detail h[ action--t is1 volition or application to life z c5tral to ! mean+ ( agno/icism--is n only ! logically appropriate nor yet only ! s5tim5tally ideal1 b also ! inevitable1 ! inn] & actually real motive1 ! natural outcome ( ! sci5tific /&po9t 9 ea* "o ( its ?ree attitudes4 ,su* a %[+ might foll[ hi/orical & sociological l9es1 or x might appeal to psy*ology or x might be ab/rusely logical1 b ,i c ask att5tion only to a few sugge/ions ( s g5]al a "* z n to be easily classifi$4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( objectivism is some?+ l t attribut$ by _m to mod]n milit>ism1 s9ce x ends by induc+ ! v ?+ x claims to prev5t4 ,an objective sci5ce discloses ! me*anical nature ( man's environm5t1 besides mak+ man himself also a good deal ( a ma*9e4 ,b a ma*9e1 :e!r environm5t or p]sonal be+1 is always a p4#abg tool ^: f9e1 accurate adju/m5ts are j s mu* pres5t$ opportunity t by a sort ( hypnotism turns ! sci5ti/'s consci\sness into t ( an effective ag5t 9 ! _w4 ,someh[ a real ma*9e mu/ move1 & 9 ! case be=e u ) ! movem5t ! ass]t$ di/9ction betwe5 look+ subject & se5 object collapses hopelessly4 ,witness su* a collapse1 z ! runn]1 :o has be5 /udy+ ! /ream be=e him1 takes 8 leap1 or 9 hi/ory z an age ( self-consci\sness1 conv5tionalism1 & utilit>ianism1 is foll[$ by ! rise ( ,napoleon4 ,s does objectivism pass ov] into action4 ,z = ! special ,sci5ce1 x may be impractical1 because p>tial1 b we h se5 h[ at lea/ =mally x loses its p>tiality1 becom+ ev5 all-inclusive1 indirectly comp5sat+ = its n>r[ness ( view & s becom+ virtually co-ext5sive ) all its associates 9 sci5ce4 ,! divid+ p>titions may /ill /&1 b only z unsub/antial =ms :olly transp>5t & ineffective1 s t ! undivid$ univ]se is really pres5t to consci\sness4 ,! undivid$ univ]se1 h[ev]1 z pres5t to consci\sness1 is a call = w1 s9ce x _c be fully realiz$ 9 any =mal consci\sness4 ,! natural decl9e ( an ass]t$ specialism1 !n1 or ! developm5t ( specialism into a m]e =m )\t sub/ance1 into a virtual univ]salism1 makes sci5ce applicable4 ,x makes sci5ce applicable1 = 9 ! fir/ place x gives fre$om f ! bondage ( m]e special te*nique1 j z1 = example1 ! decl9e ( religi\s--or irreligi\s8--sect>ianism1 a =m ( specialism c]ta9ly1 is sure to free religion f ! bondage ( ritual1 & 9 ! second place1 z 0 ! p4#abh fate ( objectivism1 x makes ! di/9ction betwe5 self & n-self1 subject & object1 man & nature1 only a =mal "o1 s9ce ! real unity ( ! objective _w is exactly t 9 :i* ! self has its true realization4 ,9 l mann] a religion turn$ non-sect>ian %[s man truly liv+ & mov+ & hav+ 8 be+1 n alo( f ,god1 b 9 ,god4 ,?irdly1 :e!r because ( ! fre$om f te*nique or ritual or because1 z ! wat]s ( sci5ce become quiet ) ! union ( its _m /reams1 ! objective _w does cle>ly mirror ! image ( ! self1 ! decl9e ( specialism1 l ! decl9e ( sect>ianism1 br+s :at "s are pleas$ to call ! lib]ation ( ! human _s4 ,! psy*ologi/ w\ld call x ! developm5t ( k into w--9 a ^w1 ! application ( sci5ce1 & ! hi/orian w\ld record x z ! dawn ( a new era4 ,psy*ologically & hi/orically ! human _s is lib]at$ & nature is let loose at ! same "t4 ,details c always be obs]v$ objectively & specially or sep>ately2 ! :ole1 on ! o!r h&1 is b\nd to draw ! obs]v] into itself & s to *ange ! obs]vation into motive & w4 ,&1 la/ly1 z = agno/icism1 suffice x to say1 9 addition to :at has be5 said1 t ! suppress$ passion = reality to :i* agno/icism mu/ always te/ify ensures 9 good "t ! ass]tion ( ! volitional z di/9ct f ! m]ely sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,:atev] ?is may mean psy*ologically1 hi/orically & sociologically x means t a "t ( agno/icism leads to all sorts ( applications ( sci5ce1 su* z ^?1 = example1 9 legislation & 9 indu/ry4 ,9 morals p4#abi & religion1 too1 ! same wi% & w to use ! results ( sci5ce %[s itself1 z 9 ! social settlem5ts1 9 sci5tific *>ity1 9 ! in/itutional *ur*1 & 9 ! univ]sity ext5sion movem5t4 ,agno/icism1 m>k+1 z x always does1 dissatisfaction bo? ) ! un9=m$ & ) ! conv5tionally in=m$ life1 & also r5d]+ m]e =mal k1 h[ev] logically correct & ?9kable1 unreal or artificial1 calls = a l>g] fre$om ( life ?r\gh ! m$iation ( k4 ,b int]e/+ z su* reflections z ! =ego+ are1 & int]e/+ also z x w\ld be to und]take an acc\nt ( w 9 g5]al 9 its relation to a consci\sness :i* 9 s f> z sci5tific is always artificial & symbolic1 & is 9 p>ticul>1 z we h f\nd1 always a poise betwe5 oppos+ po9ts ( view1#d ,i mu/ br+ to an end ?is r l5g?y exam9ation ( ! /&po9t ( sci5ce4 ,if ,i h n already t>ri$ too long1 ! special task ( ?is volume c]ta9ly does n w>rant fur!r att5tion ev5 to s important a dep>tm5t ( human exp]i5ce4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 x is n[ q app>5t t sci5ce is a fruitful field = ! d\bt]4 ,sci5ce lacks self-suffici5cy4 ,socially x means ! rise ( a ca/e1 & logically x involves ab/raction & consequ5t division aga9/ itself4 ,its mo/ *]i%$ ideals1 z %[n 9 its attitudes & me?ods1 are *im]ical1 or impossible4 ,9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul> x has a p4#acj p>adoxical /&po9t1 be+ n less giv5 to contradictions ?an ord9>y consci\sness4 ,b1 z mu/ be add$1 ! case = ! d\bt] ( sci5ce has l$ also t[>d a belief 9 sci5ce4 ,n infrequ5tly 9 ! c\rse ( ! =ego+ discussion x mu/ h seem$ ev5 z if belief r ?an d\bt 7 ! controll+ motive4 ,a little *ild has said t fai? consi/s 9 believ+ :at y "k to be untrue1 & our pres5t /ate ( m9d _c be f> f su* a fai?4 ,actually ! sci5ce :i* we may believe 9 is ! sci5ce ( :i* we are also confirm$ d\bt]s4 ,we d\bt ! =mal attitude & ! =mal doctr9es j because !y are ab/ract1 ph5om5al1 p>adoxical1 b at ! same "t we h to believe 9 ! _s--!re seems to be no o!r ^w available--z an ev]-pres5t ag5t ( validity1 because1 9 spite ( all1 ! v incongruities save ^! =mal doctr9es f _! app>5t artificiality & ab/raction1 & put !m 9 t\* ) :at is :ole & real4 ,& if1 z 0 sugge/$1 ! sci5tific consci\sness is only ! specially develop$ consci\sness ( ord9>y life1 !n we h ga9$ also a new confid5ce ev5 9 ! unreflective p>adoxical consci\sness ( ev]yday life4 ,yet1 t we may m fully compreh5d :at ?is means1 we %all next consid] at "s l5g? ! possible value ( ! defects 9 exp]i5ce :i* h n[ be5 obs]v$4 ,ideas1 :i* h appe>$ h]et(ore z little bett] ?an h9ts or sugge/ions1 c !n be pres5t$ 9 cle>] =m4 #a ,see an article3 ,epi/emology & ,physical ,sci5ce--,a ,fatal ,p>allelism1 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d1 ,july1 #ahif4 #b ,see articles3 ,pluralism3 ,emp$ocles & ,democritus1 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #c1 ,may1 #aija2 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,logic ( ! ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy--,be+1 n-,be+1 & ,becom+1 9 ! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #c1 ,april1 #aijb2 & ,! ,poetry ( ,anaxagoras's ,metaphysics1 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?od1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no #d4 #c ,see ,mn/]b]g's ,psy*ology & ,life1 p4 #bfg4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 & ,co41 #ahii4 #d ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt1 ma9ly psy*ological 9 /&po9t1 ( w z involv+ su* a poise1 see ,mn/]b]g's ,grundzge d] ,psy*ologie1 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 xv41 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 p4#aca ,,vi4 ,,possible ,,value ,,9 ,,^! ,,ess5tial ,,defects ,,( ,,exp]i5ce4 ,an orig9al s91 or an ess5tial defect1 mu/ someh[ be = "s good purpose4 ,at lea/1 if a g5]al fai? 9 ! ultimate propriety ( all ?+s has any gr\nd to /& on1 su* mu/ be ! case4 ,! s9 or ! defect _c be unmix$2 its v orig9ality1 its ess5tiality1 mu/ l9e x1 ?\gh x be ! blacke/ ( cl\ds1 ) "s silv]4 ,!ology has sometimes =gott5 ?is1 b an hone/ d\bt] _c af=d su* a lapse4 ,yet be=e exam9+ ! possible wor? ( ! orig9al defects ( exp]i5ce1 or1 z "s might reg>d ! pres5t ent]prise1 be=e attempt+ to give ! devil himself a "*1 we mu/ recall ! v>i\s /eps ( our g5]al und]tak+ z x has progress$ s f>4 ,we h be51 9 ! fir/ place1 occupi$ ) a ?or\gh-go+ confession ( d\bt1 ) ! greate/ possible c&\r hunt+ d[n all ! reasons = ! attitude ( d\bt :i* exp]i5ce af=ds1 & s f>1 9 ! second place1 we h f\nd d\bt ju/ifi$1 :e!r = good or = ill1 because ( its pot5tial :5 n actual univ]sality among m51 ( its "* z a condition ( all consci\s life1 ( p4#acb its importance to real active life & deep exp]i5ce1 ( its intimacy ev5 ) habit1 & ( its natural s5se ( dep5d5ce & consequ5t impulse to companion%ip ) nature1 man & ,god1 b m ?an all--& ?is 0 ! special int]e/ ( ! la/ two *apt]s--because ( ! p>adoxical & self-contradictory nature ( all human exp]i5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! la/ po9t1 our ord9>y consci\sness1 ! (t5-boa/$ consci\sness ( common s5se1 0 f\nd to h>b\r a widespread1 v p]si/5t duplicity t[>ds su* vital ?+s z reality1 :ol5ess or unity1 space & "t1 ! causal relation1 k1 moral fre$om & natural law2 & sci5ce1 to :i* _m :5 dislodg$ f _! ord9>y /&po9t h be5 accu/om$ to retreat ) greate/ confid5ce & hope1 0 exam9$ ) simil> results4 ,sci5ce 0 f\nd 9 its rise to involve ab/raction ( int]e/ & disruption ( life1 & 9 its av[$ po9t ( view to be--suppose ,i say at ?is po9t--impossible b contradictory4 ,s1 9 a ^w1 z a cl9*+ argum5t = d\bt1 z an argum5t t at lea/ on ! surface has less ( hope 9 x ?an any ( ! o!rs1 we are face to face ) ! b>e1 h>d fact t 9 ! v nature ( human exp]i5ce1 besides ! relativity & in/ability & subjectivity1 !re dwells a _s ( positive viol5ce4 ,contradiction is j "o phase ( ! error to :i* all m5 are said to be addict$4 ,z a backgr\nd = ! inconsi/5t !ologian1 ! fickle woman1 ! %ift+ politician & o!r equally d\ble-fac$ mon/]s1 we see bo?-sid$ness1 individually & to a c]ta9 ext5t socially1 to be a basal habit ( human nature1 p4#acc & if ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 is t5able at all1 9 j ?is fact x w\ld appe> to h its /ronge/ support4 ,humanum e/ err>e may be translat$3 ,man is mo/ human :5 hopelessly divid$ aga9/ himself4 ,b j "h our confession ( d\bt has rea*$ a critical /age2 s9ce 9 exp]i5ce app>5tly at its v wor/1 z if 9 a m$ley ( discords we h caught a promise ( real h>mony1 & s some?+ f :i* to get g5u9e hope4 ,9 ! v habit ( duplicity or contradiction we h aga9 & aga9 _h sugge/ion ( an ag5t ( validity1 a p[] = adequacy 9 exp]i5ce1 :i* w\ld hold ev5 a ph5om5al1 relative1 p>tial exp]i5ce to a real _w4 ,9 %ort1 really ! /ronge/ reason = d\bt is possibly a gr\nd ( belief2 or1 z 0 said 9 sub/ance at ! close ( ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! v exp]i5ce ( :i* we are already confirm$ d\bt]s is1 aft] all1 j ! exp]i5ce :i* we seem to see our way to believ+ 94 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! great ,leibnitz1 & probably s9ce ! "t self-consci\s man drew 8 fir/ brea?1 all g5u9e optimism has caught its mo/ assur+ vision ( :at 0 good1 n 9 some?+ q ap>t f :at 0 evil1 b 9 & ?r\gh evil itself1 z if :at is evil mu/ be ev] build+ bett] ?an x seems or ?an x kn[s4 ,v mu* z ma!matics has view$ ! negative quantity z an integral "p ( ! :ole sy/em ( quantities1 s 9 ! p]son ( ,leibnitz--/atesman1 hi/orian1 sci5ti/1 ma!matician1 & philosoph]--& ,i imag9e 9 ! p]son also ( y or me1 ?\gh we may n claim ! same p4#acd au?ority1 ! human m9d has be5 wise & deep en\gh to see evil1 repres5t+ all ! negative ?+s ( life z an organic "p ( ! be/ possible _w1 ev5 ( ! _w creat$ by an inf9ite ,god4 ,at lea/ s9ce ,leibnitz's "t1 ,i say1 optimism has g5]ally ju/ifi$ itself1 n by d5ial ( evil 9 ! _w1 b 9 & ?r\gh evil4 ,n long ago a "y man :o 0 p]haps m pr(\nd & reflective 9 8 habits ( m9d ?an wise 9 8 mann] ( /atem5t1 said to me t ! mo/ spiritual tru? z yet disclos$ to him 0 ! id5tity ( ,god ) ! devil4 ,a %ock+ decl>ation1 ( c\rse2 yet1 to say ! lea/1 n v f> f ! v spiritual idea1 welcome to mo/1 if n to all1 t ! conviction ( s9 is ! beg9n+ ( salvation1 or t ! consci\sness ( ignorance is ! v gr\nd ( wisdom4 ,& "h1 simil>ly1 belief )9 d\bt1 n belief ap>t f d\bt1 or validity & reality only 9 a contradictory exp]i5ce1 n alo( f a contradictory exp]i5ce1 is ! sum & sub/ance ( :at our confession has c]ta9ly be5 lead+ t[>ds4 ,no?+1 x is inde$ true1 s bla/s a man's assurance z to h 8 ideas & argum5ts on a c]ta9 matt]1 or on matt]s 9 g5]al1 expos$ z defective1 & wor/ ( all z positively inconsi/5t1 & ) 8 discomfiture human nature mu/ always ent]ta9 ! w>me/ k9d ( sympa?y4 ,9 fact1 ^u j ?is sympa?y ,i h be5 dep5d+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! argum5t ( ?is book4 ,b human nature1 h[ev] sympa!tic1 is really sup]ior to any mom5t>y discomfiture1 & mo/ if n all m5 soon] or lat] come to value highly p4#ace ev5 _! once discomfit+ inconsi/5cies4 ,i am glad1 we seem to he> a fell[-be+ say1 t aft] all1 9 spite ( myself1 ,i did recognize ! o!r side4 ,y abus$ me & call$ me d\ble2 yet s do+ y 7 d\ble too4 ,i see n[ t my duplicity sav$ me1 n1 h[ev]1 = y\r view or = ano!r's1 b = ! bo?-sid$ & true1 :i* we bo? %>$ & s]v$2 & exactly su* a reflection on ! inconsi/5cies ( exp]i5ces1 9 _! less or 9 _! m fundam5tal manife/ations1 is ! burd5 ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,aga91 to "o :o compla9$ t ) e brea? he took he _h to contradict himself1 respiration be+ z necess>y to 8 brea?+ z inspiration1 j z 9 walk+ fall+ is z necess>y z ris+1 we might prop]ly & satisfactorily reply3 ,y are really alive1 sir1 & j ?is answ] is also q p]t95t to any :o might be dispos$ 9 _! d\bt+ to despair ov] ! ess5tial duplicity ( human exp]i5ce4 ,is n exp]i5ce m ?an any "o idea or any "o ideal8 ,be+ really alive1 is x n inf9itely m ?an ?is or t ?+1 ?an ?is or t place or "t1 ?an ?is or t p[] or w1 ?an ?is or t po9t ( view8 ,&1 if m1 :at s surely z univ]sal duplicity & self-opposition c ensure at once its vitality & its integrity8 ,i am n =gett+ or wi%+ my read]s to =get t !re are o!r defects 9 exp]i5ce besides ?is ( self-opposition1 besides exp]i5ce's habit ( nev] fail+ to induce its own conflicts2 b no defect seems to me s c5tral or s conclusive z ?is1 & none is at ! same "t s cle> 9 its te/imony to ! intimacy ( d\bt & belief4 p4#acf ,subjectivity1 relativity1 ph5om5ality1 artificiality1 p>tiality1 & in/ability--c]ta9ly an impos+ & appall+ li/1 ?\gh logically ,i mu/ suspect x ( be+ at lea/ a cross-division--are all notewor?y defects2 b suppos+ ! li/ exact & complete1 we mu/ recognize t all ^! ei!r beget contradiction or are begott5 by x4 ,contradiction is j ! life or ! he>t ( ! int]e/+ family to :i* !y belong1 & s 9 apply+ our ?9k]'s /e?oscope to t he>t we %all h det]m9$ ! hold ^u life ( ! :ole race4 ,n[1 !re are five ?+s1 "s ( !m already =ese51 t seem wor? say+ "h ( ! ess5tial habit ( self-contradiction1 & !y seem wor? say+ because s effectively & s compreh5sively !y w>rant ! conclusion t ev5 ^u our /ronge/ reason = d\bt we may re/ a g5u9e case = belief4 ,?us1 = ! fir/ ( ! five1 contradiction incites & ev5 9 itself implies movem5t2 x requires1 or positively x is1 action4 ,z a mode ( ?9k+1 z a logical =m1 x is ! way1 p]haps ! only possible way1 9 :i* ! m9d c1 s to speak1 make a cross-section or take a picture ( activity or give ! semblance ( fixity1 ! =mal appe>ance ( /atic nature1 to :at is dynamic4 ,! photograph] try+ = a portrait ( reality might ask x only to look pleasant1 b ! logician1 = :om reality 0 ess5tially dynamic1 w\ld dem& manife/ opposition1 = 9 no o!r way c\ld 8 art1 limit$ to conditions ( re/1#a p4#acg be equal to its subject4 ,:]e exp]i5ce is contradictory1 !n1 !re is movem5t1 :e!r = t :i* is kn[n or = him t has ! k4 ,9 y\r "* or m9e1 s l a lov]'s unselfi% selfi%ness 9 its app>5t inconsi/5cies1 9 our d\ble views ab\t reality or unity or law1 9 a subjective-objective sci5ce1 9 an agno/ic philosophy1 9 all ^! ! contradictions are only ! m>ks ( ess5tial unre/1 ( necess>y movem5t1 t make ! picture possible4 ,= a _w ( opposites !re c be no peace4 ,! v ?+s oppos$ are !mselves flu5t & un/able1 & t ?ird some?+1 ! t]tium quid1 a picture ( :i* ! opposition tries to be or to :i* ! ?+s oppos$ necess>ily po9t1 belongs1 z ,alice 9 ,wond]l& seems to h discov]$1 to ye/]day or to-morr[1 nev] to to-day4 ,b1 secondly1 contradiction1 at lea/ z "h und]/ood1 is an expression1 or 9 exp]i5ce a means to ! expression1 z well z to ! ma9t5ance1 ( real unity4 ,9 g5]al ?is is because real unity _c take sides1 & s c nev] reside 9 any?+ t is1 b mu/ r be s]v$ by ! co-op]ation ( all ?+s & 9 p>ticul> by _! mutually corrective or balanc+ diff]5ces4 ,?is no d\bt w appe> to "s read]s z j "o m example ( a philosoph]'s impossible subtleties1 z a m\nta9 ) its top 9 s r>e an atmosph]e t ! common man w\ld n d>e to climb x if he c\ld4 ,yet1 suppose toge!r we rise to ! heights ( ?is seem+ impossibility by a little unprejudic$ /udy ( ! conditions1 rememb]+ t ! summits ( v wond]ful m\nta9s1 pla9ly impossible ( asc5t1 h (t5 be5 rea*$ p4#ach f ! o!r side1 & t difficulties ( brea?+ are (t5 due to a ne$less exhau/ion4 ,to take a fir/ /ep1 !n1 contradiction is only diff]5ce1 or contra/1 at its limit4 ,naturally !re is "s opposition1 "s mutual resi/ance1 9 all diff]5ce1 9 t1 = example1 betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 or "o ?+ & ano!r1 betwe5 religion & art1 r$ & gre51 or w>m & hot1 & (t5 ! diff]5ce or ! opposition seems v slight2 b contradiction1 s call$1 is only ?is diff]5ce ab/ract$ & unre/ra9$--x is diff]5ce at its wor/ or be/1 diff]5ce z only opposition1 or1 once m1 diff]5ce :]e any possible unity ( ! ?+s oppos$ has lo/ all mat]ial gr\nd or all *ance ( actual1 visible =m1 & has become1 accord+ly1 at mo/ m]ely an empty1 ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,contradiction1 !n1 is diff]5ce s wide t unity seems :olly betray$ r ?an s]v$ or ma9ta9$4 ,a real unity1 h[ev]1 requires = its realization j ! fre$om f mat]ial =m or gr\nd :i* su* extreme diff]5ce w\ld =ce ^u x4 ,x !re=e ga9s in/ead ( los+ reality by pass+ into ! _w ( ! mat]ially & visibly empty & ab/ract1 or1 say1 by leav+ beh9d any hope ( a f9ite resid5ce & ent]+ ! sph]e ( ! inf9ite1 to :i* diff]5ce1 or at lea/ contradiction1 s cordially invites--or expels--x4 ,&1 ?is be+ true1 we c see h[ unity is s]v$ or ma9ta9$1 z 0 said1 by ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce4 ,commonly m5 h an idea t diff]5ces mean1 or po9t to1 unity1 b !y are m likely to suppose t ! unity is by m]e contra/ or anti!sis ?an p4#aci cle>ly to recognize t x is a mo/ intimate fact ( ! diff]5ces !mselves4 ,!y w ev5 see 9 a numb] ( ?+s only s _m v>y+ aspects ( "s "o ?+1 & w g s f> z to look ^u ! aspects z actually enri*+ & deep5+ ! unity1 b !y /ill fail fully to appreciate h[ ! real unity is imman5t & imm$iate 9 ! diff]5ces4 ,aga91 9 all _! ?9k+ !y contra/1 & may consci\sly obs]ve t !y contra/1 only objects or p t really h some?+ 9 common1 comp>+1 on ! o!r h&1 only su* z 9 "s way are manife/ly diff]5t1 & 9 _! practical affairs !y compete only ) ^? :o ) !m are p>ties to "o & ! same life1 a fundam5tal sympa?y1 inde$1 be+ a necess>y condition ( _! rivalry1 & actually & actively hate only ! be+s :om because ( a common humanity !y might love2 b "h1 too1 _! appreciation lags beh9d ! fact4 ,9 life g5]ally1 moreov]1 9 small ?+s & 9 l>ge1 extremes d h ! habit ( meet+4 ,a man's virtues are s ne> to 8 vices4 ,! wide/ v>iations 9 ?+s are only relatively at v>iance4 ,ev5 :at is cold is some:at w>m4 ,no?+ is absolutely any?+4 ,9 hi/ory a s+le ideal1 ris+ to influ5ce1 has always divid$ m5 into two oppos+ camps4 ,witness ! fact ( bip>tisan%ip1 n 9 politics alone1 b 9 all ( life's int]e/s4 ,democrats & ,republicans1 ,radicals & ,cons]vatives alike h lov$ _! c\ntry & hon\r$ _! c\ntry's flag &1 reg>dless ( p>ty1 _! c\ntry's h]oes or patriots4 ,epicureans & ,/oics--9 rec5t times or long ago--h f\nd ! same life wor? liv+4 ,! p4#adj ,roman ,law & ! ,roman ,holiday1 work+ toge!r1 l ! "r & ! left h&1 diff]5t yet 9 sympa?y1 made ! great empire4 ,two m51 fur!rmore1 9 active1 op5 conflict are 9 tru? at s]i\s diff]5ce ) ea* o!r2 b1 z !y might ev5 say1 if _! conflict 7 9 ! =m ( a debate1 :]e words in/ead ( fi/s or pi/ols 7 ! weapons1 9 ! b>e1 unappli$ pr9ciple involv$1 or say 9 ! ab/ract1 9 ! f9al success ( :i*ev] is ! be/ man1 !y d & !y mu/ agree4 ,simply ?r\gh\t ?is life ( ours !re has be5 & !re c be no idealism )\t conflict & no conflict1 :atev] ! issue or ! mann]1 )\t common weapons1 :i* means1 too1 )\t "s common relation%ip & "s common int]e/4 ,z = ! idealism1 too1 :at is x b a dem& = real unity8 ,& ! common weapons1 or = q g5]al purposes1 ! common =ms 9 :i* a conflict or an opposition is express$1 z if ! hid+-place ( unity1 p]haps a sleep+ unity1 only indicate 9 ! v diff]5ces a basis1 a pot5tial ( agreem5t1 ev5 an e>ne/ ( an und]ly+ & sometimes awak5+ accord4 ,s1 truly1 9 life at l>ge extremes d meet4 ,b commonly m5 recognize at mo/ only t !y meet1 )\t realiz+ t _! diff]5ce is intr9sic to a real unity4 ,:]e unity is real1 !n1 !re mu/ be inf9ite diff]5ce1 & inf9ite diff]5ce is j :at ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce impose ^u exp]i5ce & make x responsible to4 ,inf9ite diff]5ce gives to ev]y?+ an opposite & to all ?+s unity2 to e man a rival & to human society1 z a :ole1 solid>ity4 ,aga9/ ! mat]ial x sets ! spiritual2 aga9/ p4#ada ! p>ticul>1 ! g5]al2 aga9/ ! subjective1 ! objective2 aga9/ ! liv+1 ! dead2 aga9/ ! lawful1 ! lawless2 aga9/ ! caus$1 ! uncaus$2 & to all ^!1 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 ! subjective & ! objective1 ! liv+ & ! dead1 ! lawful & ! lawless1 ! caus$ & ! uncaus$1 x gives place 9 a p]fect unity2 n1 ( c\rse1 9 any mat]ial unity1 s9ce su* unity c\ld n be p]fect1 b nev]!less 9 a real unity4 ,= our fir/ /ep1 !re=e1 9 ! asc5t ( t impossible subtlety1 contradiction is only diff]5ce at its greate/ limit2 = ! second1 diff]5ce 9 g5]al1 :e!r p>tial or extreme1 m>ks an und]ly+1 or m precisely an indwell+ unity2 & = ! la/ /ep1 real unity is s]v$1 n betray$ by diff]5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! wid] ! diff]5ce1 ! ne>] x be to positive contradiction or opposition1 ! m conclusive & effective is ! s]vice4 ,rememb]1 real unity c nev] take sides2 9 ! _w ( ?+s x mu/ be always bo?-sid$4 ,x _c be "h or !re1 n[ & !n--be ! !n 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future1 ?is or t4 ,9 ! words1 us$ ( tru?1 p]haps an appropriate refra9 = ?is book1 x c h nei!r visible =m nor body1 nei!r habitation nor "n2 l ! ,son ( ,man1 x _c h :]e to lay its head4 ,! p>ticul> opposition ( life & dea? af=ds a peculi>ly s]viceable illu/ration1 = x is1 ( c\rse1 at ! bottom ( _m ( ! mo/ se>*+ p>adoxes ( our human exp]i5ce4 ,real life _c be conf9$ to any s+le organic =m or to any s+le gr\p ( organic =ms4 ,9 fact1 x _c be b\nd ev5 to ! organic z commonly di/+ui%$ f ! p4#adb inorganic _w4 ,s = ! biologi/1 v mu* z = ! !ologian1 :5ev] life takes a resid5ce1 dea? mu/ ensue soon] or lat]4 ,life & dea?1 !n1 z opposites1 become ! m$ium ( real life4 ,b n only h we "h a helpful illu/ration1 also we h a sugge/ion t %\ld prev5t an easy misund]/&+4 ,9 g5]al1 z s pla9ly 9 ?is special case1 ! opposition1 s necess>y to reality 9 exp]i5ce1 to a real life or to any real unity1 c itself be complete & effective1 n ?r\gh any s+le in/ance ( extreme diff]5ce1 n ?r\gh ! opposition ( j two di/9ct ?+s1 b only ?r\gh an accumulation or summation ( all possible in/ances1 s to speak1 f diff]5ce at z]o to diff]5ce at inf9ity4 ,9 fact1 a real opposition or r a truly inf9ite diff]5ce1 c\ld be only 9 su* a sum4 ,n ! s+le climax ( dea?1 b ! con/ant dy+1 to :i* x is only a climax1 is :at makes real ! opposition ( life & dea? & makes ?is ! m$ium1 z 0 said1 ( ! real life4 ,dea? mu/ con/antly condition all ! movem5ts & processes ( life3 x mu/ h all possible degrees4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 extreme diff]5ce at l>ge1 j to be real itself & to make = real unity1 mu/ be 9 & ?r\gh all possible degrees ( diff]5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]fect opposition1 or contradiction1 ^u :i* reality dep5ds1 l ! p]fect dea?1 is r a cont9uum ?an ! wide gap1 or *asm1 :i* s _m h ?\ght x2 x is a graduate diff]5ce1 n a s+le cataclysmic diff]5ce4 ,diff]5ce 9 gradation or degree1 ,i h sometimes he>d x said1 is n real diff]5ce2 b ?is /atem5t1 ?\gh by no means )\t w>rant or mean+1 is p4#adc mislead+4 ,surely a cataclysmic diff]5ce1 a diff]5ce 9 k9d1 c be only "o f9ite case ( diff]5ce2 ! negative1 or opposition1 9 x c be only relative2 :]eas1 :5 9 degree1 diff]5ce becomes necess>ily inf9ite4 ,accord+ly1 z we mu/ n =get1 f ?is po9t on ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ?is book1 ! contradiction ( :i* we h be5 ?9k+ & :i* we h f\nd infect+ exp]i5ce at e turn1 is n1 :at at fir/ & ev5 second ?\ght x may h seem$1 j an opposition ( two ?+s2 betwe5 its l9es1 z x 71 x is inclusive (1 or ma9ta9$ by1 all ! manifold & v>i\s ?+s 9 life & consci\sness2 x is ! complet$1 %ort-circuit$ sum ( an inf9ite s]ies4 ,an inf9itely _m-sid$ _w is ! only _w t c claim real unity1 & a _w ( su* real unity is ! _w to :i* ! habit ( contradiction1 :i* we h obs]v$1 relates our human exp]i5ce4 ,s f>1 !n1 9 e/imat+ ! possible value ( ?is c5tral & ess5tial defect ( exp]i5ce1 we h f\nd t x implies action & t x makes =1 or te/ifies to1 real unity4 ,n[1 ?irdly1 p]haps only to enl>ge ^u :at has j be5 said1 contradiction is an absolutely effective correction ( n>r[ness or p>tiality or relativity or "o-sid$ness 9 life or consci\sness1 & s x makes exp]i5ce n ab/ract1 b reali/ic4 ,?is is 9 tru? only ano!r view ( ! wor? ( contradiction to integrity & vitality1 to unity & reality1 b x w\ld emphasize1 :at is v int]e/+ at lea/ to ! metaphysician1 & _c fail to be ( "s int]e/ to ! morali/ & ! !ologian1 t :]e !re is real unity !re p4#add is also true reality4 ,only ! ,"o is4 ,! ,"o & ,be+ are ! same4 ,!re c be b "o sub/ance1 z also b "o ,god4 ,s m5 h said 9 effect ?r\gh\t ! ages1 & :]e !y h conc$$ reality or sub/antial "* to manifoldness1 ! concession has simply conceal$ a reass]tion1 b ) full] & deep] mean+1 ( ! intimacy ( unity ) reality4 ,:at makes = real unity or :ol5ess1 !n1 mu/ imp>t reali/ic "*1 giv+ actual contact & intimacy ) j t ( :i*1 s to speak1 ! _w is made4 ,n[ individual ?+s or ideas always %[ life suff]+ 9 "s measure "u tang5tial digressions f ! circle ( its real :ol5ess1 & only opposition c save !m or c pres]ve ! reality to :i* !y bo? belong & contribute4 ,has n ,em]son1 among _m o!rs1 decl>$ ) a cog5cy & a dep? ( mean+ :i* q defy ! sup]ficiality & levity attractive to a few1 t m]e consi/5cy is n>r[ & conf9+8 ,any p>ticul> view-po9t or idea or ideal1 any p>ticul> ?+ or activity1 simply ne$s an opposite to balance ! ab/raction or digression :i* be+ p>ticul> mu/ always involve4 ,p>ticul>ity1 specific individuality1 is c]ta9ly a necess>y condition ( real wor? 9 life1 b ) an equal necessity !re c\ld be no life1 no cons]vation & :ol5ess ( life if ! p>ticul>1 individual ?+s /ood un*all5g$ 9 ! _w1 & no reali/ic exp]i5ce1 if exp]i5ce 7 n ?us p>adoxical & divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,life1 !re=e1 gets n only movem5t & unity f ! contradictions t lie at ! v he>t ( exp]i5ce1 b 9 gett+ unity x gets also contact p4#ade ) reality1 & ! ?ree toge!r may be summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w poise4 ,montaigne m>vell$ at ! hopeless folly ( mank9d z comp>$ ) ! wisdom ( ,god1 b man's folly is divid$ aga9/ itself & s imbu$ ) ,god's wisdom2 & ) c\ntless o!rs he saw ! ideas ( man to be only subjective & unsub/antial & irresponsible1 b man's ideas1 ?\gh fanciful & illusory1 ?\gh subjective & imag9ative1 "w aga9/ ea* o!r = :at is real & sub/antial4 ,man's ideas co-op]ate = _! own correction & s = communion or intimacy ) a "* t is n less sub/antial or responsible ?an t ( ,god himself4 ,& s1 f\r?ly1 ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce make exp]i5ce supremely practical4 ,!y make x practical j because !y make reali/ic1 or sub/antial1 an exp]i5ce :i* )\t !m w\ld be ab/ract & only relative & ph5om5al4 ,possibly ?is is ! h>de/ ?+ ( all to appreh5d1 or at lea/ to express satisfactorily4 ,yet ! fact1 to :i* ,i keep return+1 t only ! bo?-sid$ 9 ev]yday matt]s or 9 sci5ce or 9 any =m ( positive exp]i5ce c accord ) reality & its :ol5ess1 is assur$ly q to ! po9t4 ,9 practical life !re always are1 & emphatically !re always mu/ be1 two sides1 to e ?+1 to e "q4 ,9 practical life1 too1 or at any rate 9 all effective activity1 !re always is1 & emphatically !re always mu/ be1 some?+ v l to lead]%ip2 b any truly practical lead]%ip1 any lead]%ip t is all along ! l9es ( life1 be x ( ?+s1 ideas1 p]sons1 or social classes or p>ties1 c nev] be conf9$ to a p4#adf s+le individual repres5tative1 b mu/ be in/ead a lead]%ip ( _m4 ,no ?or\ghly practical lead]%ip1 ,i say1 c ev] be on "o side or ! o!r1 b in/ead ( be+ "o-sid$ x mu/ be bo?-sid$1 or r1 inf9itely _m-sid$2 x mu/ be betwe5 or among all ! diff]5t & oppos$ individuals2 x mu/ lie1 p]haps 9 a s5se sleep1 9 rivalry & competition4 ,!re c be no visible lead]1 ^: lead]%ip is :olly practical1 :e!r ( ?+s or realities--= ! metaphysician--or ( ideas or categories--= ! logician--or ( p]sons or classes--= ! /atesman or ! morali/ or ! !ologian4 ,metaphysical reality1 ! truly practical & reali/ic k1 ! political supremacy :i* is complete & inclusive1 or ! :olly moral life or ! div9e life mu/ =ev] be secur$1 n ?r\gh a s+le manife/ation presid+ ov] ! o!rs1 b ?r\gh ! divid$ lab\r ( !m all4 ,yes1 real lead]%ip1 l real unity 9 g5]al1 is a divid$ lab\r2 x is a lab\r t effects successful co-op]ation ?r\gh its v diff]5ces & conflicts3 = reality1 a lab\r p]haps ( diff]5t elem5ts or entities2 = k1 ( diff]5t ideas & /&po9ts2 = morals1 ( diff]5t /&>ds2 = politics1 ( diff]5t p>ties & plat=ms2 = div9ity1 ( diff]5t ,gods2 & = life at l>ge1 a lab\r ( inf9ite diff]5ces1 :i* means also a lab\r ( opposites1 t at once develop & correct ea* o!r to ! glory ( t :i* is real & practical4 ,x w\ld be peculi>ly int]e/+ to exam9e fur!r ?is pr9ciple ( a practical1 truly reali/ic exp]i5ce ensur$ to human life ?r\gh ! inn] p4#adg conflicts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( morals & e?ics1 = example1 notably ( ! p]5nial conflict betwe5 h$onism & idealism1 c\ld n b ca/ a good deal ( light ^u x2 & ! hi/ory ( political /ruggles1 or ! hi/ory ( ! great controv]sies 9 sci5ce--su* z t betwe5 vitalism & anti-vitalism or t betwe5 atomism & en]gism2 or 9 philosophy1 betwe5 dualism & monism2 or 9 !ology1 betwe5 naturalism & sup]naturalism1 w\ld also be mo/ illum9at+2 :ile1 also p]haps appeal+ only to ! few1 9 ! logic ( ! negative1 z x has develop$ f ! e>lie/ times1 or 9 psy*ological !ory--= example1 9 ! dispute ( ! advocates ( ! inn]vation !ory & ! aff]5t !ory1 or 9 ,h]+'s !ory ( vision1 or1 aga91 9 ! life & movem5t ( any "o ( ! "t-worn p>adoxes ( popul> or sci5tific or philosophical ideas1 "o might expect to f9d sugge/ive illu/ration4 ,9 philosophy1 ,anaxim&]1 ,h]aclitus1 ,z5o1 ,socrates1 ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & ,hegel h all f\nd negation1 or contradiction1 necess>y to any adequate acc\nt ( reality4 ,explorations1 h[ev]1 9 _! tea*+s or along any ( ! pa?s t 7 sugge/$1 w\ld lead u too f> a/ray4 ,fif?ly1 !n1 n only d ! contradictions make exp]i5ce reali/ic & s practical1 b also !y make x ess5tially social4 ,a life or an exp]i5ce t is contradictory has 7#a7 movem5t1 7#b7 unity or integrity1 7#c7 reality & poise1 & 7#d7 practicality2 & !n x has besides1 z if ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ^! f\r ?+s are su/a9$1 7#e7 social "*1 society be+ only ! visible expression1 ! p4#adh out] realization1 ( ! bo?-sid$ness1 ( ! inf9itely diff]5tial unity or ! divid$ lab\r1 :i* an active1 yet ?or\ghly self-controll$1 truly reali/ic1 practical exp]i5ce requires4 ,9 a =m] *apt]1 x w be readily recall$1 an impulse to social life 0 f\nd to be intimately connect$ ) ! attitude ( d\bt1 & "h cle>ly we are confront$ ) only ano!r view ( ! same fact1 s9ce contradiction has become our mo/ cog5t reason = d\bt & is n[ se5 to require ! social relations4 ,an individual ^: exp]i5ce is ev] divid$ aga9/ itself is1 ipso facto1 a social "*1 8 social environm5t1 :e!r 9 its n>r[e/ or broade/ manife/ation1 add+ no?+ to 8 nature or to ! /ruggles ( t nature1 b only mak+ ! division aga9/ himself con/antly & manife/ly real4 ,! social environm5t1 z x 71 j proves ! man1 8 /ruggle & all1 to himself4 ,"s h agre$ t ! individual consci\sness conta9$ no?+ on :i* to gr\nd a positive case = society1 = direct positive social int]e/2 b s long z man's exp]i5ce is necess>ily p>adoxical or contradictory1 s long z man is divid$ aga9/ himself1 or z ! lab\r ( life & reality is a divid$ lab\r1 ! case = society & = p]sonal int]e/ 9 society is cle> & conclusive4 ,a basis = society lies 9 ! v nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,society is n some?+ add$ to individuality f )\t4 ,let u "h bew>e ( easy s5tim5t4 ,let n our ?9k+ conjure false sweetness & light4 ,exp]i5ce is truly & ess5tially social2 ! individual 0 n meant to dwell alone2 b h]e9 is no imm$iate p4#adi cure-all1 no promise ( an unp]turb$ bro!rly love1 ( a life = "o & all ( simple peace & blissful quietude4 ,on su* a plan society w\ld h>dly suit ! individual ) :om1 & ) ^: natural exp]i5ce1 we h become acqua9t$4 ,to speak ) ! extravagance ( a c\nt]-s5tim5talism1 ! individual ( our pres5t acqua9tance is =ev] spoil+ = a fight4 ,9 ! life ( ! society to :i* he belongs2 9 ! life :]e he wat*es = 8 incom+ %ip1 !re mu/ always be hate & evil 9 all _! =ms1 lawlessness & de/ruction1 illusion & error2 b--& j "h s5tim5t1 ! s5tim5t ( a really se>*+ optimism1 call$ once be=e a sacrificial & h]oic optimism1 may f9d "s assurance--nev] an unmix$ hate1 nev] a :olly idle de/ruction1 nev] an unmean+ error4 ,c any?+1 inde$1 t has ano!r ?+ aga9/ x--t has1 9 %ort1 an opposite--ev] be itself unmix$8 ,! good or ! evil 9 society1 be+ always oppos$1 is always also %>$4 ,s few p recognize1 or appreciate1 :at a great mix] opposition is4 ,dea? is ! pass+ only ( inadequate or unwor?y life4 ,hate witnesses only a false love2 s91 a ph>isaical righte\sness4 ,de/ruction m>ks an imp]fect con/ruction4 ,& 9 all its =ms1 evil is n s mu* some?+ 9 & by itself z an exposure & reproa* ( :at is suppos$ to be unmix$ly good4 ,public crime1 = example1 is n s local z x appe>s2 x is only a g5]ally1 widely private vice made locally manife/1 & ! respectable & law-abid+1 :o adjudge x evil1 are b\nd to feel z if adjudg+ & condemn+ !mselves4 ,9 a ^w1 ! individual's natural society p4#adi is nev] )\t evil1 b 9 all its =ms ! evil has some:at ( good 9 x2 & al?\gh social life1 n less ?an individual life1 mu/ be "o ( conflict & discord1 nev]!less1 because ! v>i\s factors or factions1 h[ev] oppos$1 c nev] be unmix$1 because ! memb]s ( society mu/ all be good & bad1 "r & wrong--,i almo/ said liv+ & dead toge!r--in/ead ( be+ hopeless = hav+ evil 9 x1 ! life ( society is s mu* ! m wor? liv+4 ,%all[ s5tim5talism may n s e/eem x1 b we ne$ give little ?\ght to %all[ s5tim5talism4 ,s our use ( ! ^w society is n s5tim5tal4 ,society means conflict4 ,x is j ! natural sph]e ( life & reality z = ev] a divid$ lab\r1 z = ev] divid$ & labori\s--divid$ ev5 betwe5 ! p[]s = suppos$ good & = adjudg$ evil1 & ?r\gh ! conflicts1 9 :i* ! division is express$1 :at is true & good & vital is be+ =ev] kept real4 ,or1 to repeat1 society is ! natural m$ium ?r\gh :i* movem5t1 unity or integrity1 poise & reality1 & practicality are secur$ & realiz$ 9 human exp]i5ce2 x is t :i* makes ! individual's division aga9/ himself manife/ly real & positively & progressively effective = a life1 yes1 = 8 life1 at once ( vitality & p]fect :ol5ess4 ,b n[ t ! five ?+s are said1 n[ t ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce h be5 se5 to s]ve exp]i5ce by giv+ x movem5t1 unity1 poise1 practical reality & social "*1 somebody is sure to rem>k faceti\sly t on ! evid5ce contradiction is some?+ we %\ld all cultivate assidu\sly1 & p4#aea t h5ce=? to face bo? ways1 ! butt ( s mu* opprobrium1 %\ld be "o ( man's greate/ ideals2 9 brief1 t ! inconsi/5t creatures 9 politics1 morals1 & !ology are ! com+ examples = mank9d4 ,v]ily ! devil has be5 giv5 8 promis$ "*4 ,b1 alas6 9 ! _s ( su* />tl+ hum\r "o w\ld h to conclude also t because crime has beyond all "q be5 a means ( social developm5t1 be+ all-important to ! awak5+ ( ! social consci\sness & consci5ce1 all m5 %\ld at once take ?\ght & f9d x _! duty to turn crim9als2 or1 aga91 t because dea? has a fundam5tal "p 9 ! ord] ( nature & is1 moreov]1 ( greate/ spiritual wor? & significance1 we %\ld all morbidly seek x1 be+ successfully righte\s only by be+ suicides4 ,true1 we d ne$ to recognize ! positive function ( crime 9 ! progress ( civilization1 or 9 ! hi/ory ( law1 & also to be aw>e ( crime z a possibility 9 our own lives1 & we ne$ to be ready to die & to feel besides t dy+ we are f> f los+ all t is wor? hav+1 b to c\rt crime or to seek dea? w\ld c]ta9ly be to deprive ei!r ( ! v wor? :i* has made x significant4 ,& 9 mu* ! same way we may v pr(itably recognize contradiction or controv]sy1 :e!r p]sonal or social1 z a necess>y condition ( all valid exp]i5ce1 b n on t acc\nt are we to cultivate :at is contradictory1 to be always bl9dly spoil+ = a contradiction4 ,l crime or dea?1 if directly c\rt$1 contradiction w\ld lose its peculi> effectiv5ess4 ,! bo?-sid$ness or ! all-sid$ness1 :i* at once develops & cons]ves human life1 is only p4#aeb t :i* is ma9ta9$ ) a t5aci\s1 ev5 ) a w\ld-be consi/5t loyalty to ea* & e side4 ,s1 al?\gh grossly misus$ if directly c\rt$1 ?is defect ( exp]i5ce has its place1 ev5 its ideal value1 9 exp]i5ce1 & :at on ! surface seem$ an almo/ if n q hopeless reason = d\bt1 has truly become all b transfigur$1 seem+ n[ a s\rce ( real assurance4 ,) ,h]aclitus ( old1 only p]haps see+ ev5 m ?an he saw1 we c glory 9 a _w ( /rife4 ,d\bt+ all ?+s1 we c yet believe t all ?+s "w toge!r = :at is real1 = :at is good4 ,b let me n[ put ! result1 s f> secur$1 ( our confession ( d\bt 9 a new way4 ,= a life 9 :i* e ?+ has an opposite1 e idea a c\nt]-idea1 tru? v pla9ly1 z has inde$ be5 frequ5tly said1 _c be a specific consci\sness nor reality a fix$ ?+4 ,tru? is n a cre$1 b a _s4 ,reality is n a ?+1 b a life4 ,& = be+ a _s tru? is only ! m reali/ic8 ,= be+ a life1 reality is only ! m sub/antial4 ,p]fection1 too1 ev5 ! ,p]fect ,"o1 ) :om we associate ! true & ! real1 is no p>ticul> sep>ate be+ 9 a c]ta9 e/abli%$ exclusive /atus1 at once inf9itely & passively excell5t1 b a p[] ev] dwell+ 9 ! /rife t makes = movem5t & poise4 ,= be+ su* a p[]1 too1 he is only m surely p]fect1 only m c]ta9ly inf9ite & excell5t4 ,su* t]ms z _s1 life1 & p[] are confess$ly some:at dang]\s t]ms to use4 ,especially ! fir/ is liable to misund]/&+4 ,yet1 :atev] p4#aec common usage may be1 :5 ,i say t tru? is n a cre$ b a _s1 t reality is n a ?+ b a p[]1 ! ref]5ce is directly to t ag5t or pr9ciple ( validity :i* has be5 f\nd to hold our exp]i5ce1 naturally s faulty1 to contact & intimacy ) ! real _w4 ,a _s ( tru?1 a pr9ciple ( validity !re is1 to :i* ! v faults ( exp]i5ce give witness1 & 9 view ( ?is we :o d\bt1 :o d\bt ! p>ticul> ?+s1 ! cre$s & ! objects g5]ally1 ! def9ite =ms & ideas1 ! habits & /&po9ts ( our ev]yday life or our sci5tific !ory1 may yet believe2 we may believe 9 ! real _s1 or p[]1 :i* makes all ?+s p>ties to ! divid$ lab\r ( a real life4#b #a ,?is limitation is %[n1 = example1 9 ! logical pr9ciple ( id5tity4 #b ,! wor? assign$ 9 ?is *apt] to ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce involves a /&po9t :i* app>5tly is at v>iance ) t ( ,mr4 ,f4,h4 ,bradley1 ^: book1 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 has occupi$ su* an important place 9 ! philosophical /udy & controv]sy ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,( c\rse1 "h is n ! place = f9al criticism ( ,mr4 ,bradley1 s9ce ! pres5t exam9ation ( d\bt is no su* scrut9y ( exp]i5ce z 82 x is f> %ort ( :at w\ld make a complete philosophical argum5t4 ,nev]!less1 a ^w or two express+ ! nature ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 view & ! view advocat$ "h c h>dly be imp]t95t4 ,?us1 if ,i read him rightly1 ,mr4 ,bradley has argu$ f ! p>adoxes ( exp]i5ce to ! complete1 hopeless ph5om5ality ( exp]i5ce1 :ile 9 ?is /udy ( d\bt ! argum5t has be5 f ! p>adoxes ( exp]i5ce to a ?or\ghly reali/ic exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,bradley's ,absolute is able to include ! ph5om5al1 ! relative & contradictory1 only because ?is is s unsub/antial z to (f] no resi/ance1 :ile "h !re has n ev5 be5 any "q ( inclusion4 ,all exp]i5ce1 our position has be51 is in=m$ ) reality2 its v contradictions hold an o!rwise ph5om5al1 relative1 *ang+ exp]i5ce close d[n to a real _w2 & ?is position1 ,i repeat1 is at v>iance ) :at ,mr4 ,bradley has seem$ to say4 ,see1 h[ev]1 a %ort article1 ,relativity & ,reality1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #bd1 ,novemb]1 #aijd4 p4#aed ,,vii4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,! ,,social1 ,,! ,,vital ,,& ,,! ,,=mal ,,9 ,,exp]i5ce4 ,contra/s su* z ^? 9 ! title ( ! pres5t *apt]1 ! p]sonal & ! social1 ! vital & ! =mal1 or in/rum5tal1 are always dang]\s to cle> ?9k+1 & yet 9 spite ( ! dang] no ?9k+ c avoid !m4 ,!y c be only relatively true2 ! t]ms 9 :i* !y are c\*$ _c fail1 soon] or lat]1 f "o /&po9t or ano!r1 to make an ex*ange ( ! v ?+s to :i* !y apply1 s9ce opposition1 z mu/ be rememb]$1 is always a mo/ effective mix]1 & !re=e !y c only punctuate ! naturally *i>oscuro "* t belongs to all articulate ?9k+4 ,nev]!less1 us$ ) self-control1 !y are di/9ctly s]viceable4 ,9 our rec5t dismission ( ! value ( ! ess5tial defects ( exp]i5ce1 & p>ticul>ly :5 we came to associate social "* ) ! habit ( contradiction1 a contra/ ( ! p]sonal & ! social 0 v pla9ly impli$1 & "s special att5tion to ?is contra/1 ,i feel sure1 w help u to compreh5d m fully :at 0 said at ! "t1 & w be ( great advantage also to our g5]al purpose4 ,x 0 p4#aee said t society 0 no?+ ali51 or additional1 to ! nature ( ! individual1 t a basis = society lay 9 ! v nature ( exp]i5ce1 t s long z man 0 divid$ aga9/ himself & ! lab\r ( life & reality 0 necess>ily a divid$ lab\r1 ! case bo? = society & = p]sonal int]e/ 9 society 0 cle> & conclusive2 b ?is 0 n fully to def9e ! p>ts t are play$ by ! individual p]son & ! social gr\p 9 ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( human life4 ,"s1 = example1 w\ld fe> m = ! safety ( ! individual or ! p]son ?an = t ( society2 & j 9 recognition ( _! fe>1 we hone/ d\bt]s1 :o are n[ also at lea/ pot5tial believ]s1 mu/ look to our def5ces4 ,long ago ,plato drew an analogy ( ! s\l or self1 ( ! human individual1 to society1 & s1 too1 ,ari/otle1 ?\gh n to society1 b mu* m broadly to all nature1 & ! "o analogy or ! o!r has _h a good deal ( fasc9ation1 n to say intellectual inspiration1 = ?9k+ m5 ev] s9ce4 ,yet1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 at lea/ "o ( ! implications ( ! idea has nev] be5 fully /at$ or apprais$1 & ?is is mu* to be wond]$ at1 s9ce !re is involv$ a /rong case = bo? ! p]sonal & ! social 9 ! ma9t5ance ( exp]i5ce4#a ,plato f\nd reason1 w1 & s5su\s nature 9 ! individual & analog\sly a ?9k+ or law-mak+ class1 an (ficial or milit>y class1 & an indu/rial or p4#aef appetitive class 9 society2 & ,ari/otle1 9 v mu* ! same way1 f\nd ! p>ts ( ! individual s\l analog\s to ! vegetable1 animal1 & rational k+doms ( nature1 & ei!r ( ^! analogies is simple en\gh & reasonable en\gh to be =mally und]/ood1 if n at once :olly appreciat$1 ) its m]e /atem5t4 ,/ill1 9 ord] to be sure ( appreciation1 9 ord] especially to get ! reflect$ light on ! relation betwe5 individual & society1 we mu/ look to ! facts & conditions :i* are pres5t$ v closely4 ,to beg9 )1 su* an analogy1 deal+ z x does ) ! relation ( a "p to ! :ole1 has & %\ld h1 = a reason n h>d to f9d1 ! fre$om ( ! city ( logic4 ,o!r ?an logical approval ( x might be cit$4 ,biology & sociology & psy*ology might be call$ 9 to give te/imony4 ,& out ( ! pa/1 ! m rec5t pa/ at lea/ z kn[n to ! hi/orian ( philosophy1 ,leibnitz ) 8 lex analogi1 or = t matt] ) ! g5]al import ( 8 monadology1 might be appeal$ to4 ,b )\t t>ry+ = assi/ance f ^! qu>t]s1 highly respectable ?\gh !y are1 ,i make a simple1 yet p]haps timely &--) apologies = s mu* emotion--s\l-satisfy+ ref]5ce to ! logic 9 ! case1 = aft] all biology & sociology & psy*ology are always "u ! re/ra9ts ( logic1 z well z allit]at$ ) x2 nor does ! evid5ce ( logic dep5d on m]e te*nical acqua9tance ) giv5 sets ( facts4 ,?us1 9 ^! enlight5$ days1 to say no?+ ( ,plato's "t or ,ari/otle's1 h[ c ! true "p ( any?+ ev] d>e p4#aeg n to h an analogy1 ev5 a "p-=-"p or "o-to-"o correspond5ce to ! :ole 9 :i* x is compris$8 ,&--?is be+1 z 9 due "t w appe>1 q z important--h[ c a :ole1 be x society or nature or any?+ else1 ev] h p>ts )\t hav+ also1 actually or pot5tially1 p>ts )9 its p>ts8 ,9 fact1 giv5 any divid$ :ole1 & ! division1 h[ev] f> x may be c>ri$1 w always involve at lea/ ^! ?ree typical factors3 7#a7 ,! individual z ! "p /ill undivid$1 ?\gh at ! same "t necess>ily inw>dly alive ) ! self-same diff]5tial op]ation to :i* x has ow$ its orig92 7#b7 ! gr\p-"p or class1 :i* = ! conv5i5ce ( ! adjective =m may be kn[n also z ! faction1 & :i* 0 s important to ,plato 9 8 analogy ( ! individual to a class-divid$ society2 & 7#c7 ! all-inclusive :ole4 ,& among ^! factors 9 all possible ways--t is1 ev5 betwe5 individual & individual1 or individual & gr\p or gr\p & gr\p1 z well z betwe5 ei!r individual or gr\p & :ole--an analogy 9 t]ms ( all ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! orig9al diff]5tial op]ation w p]si/4 ,su*1 almo/ trui/ically1 ?\gh also p]haps some:at subtly = ord9>y purposes1 is ! logical condition ( division or diff]5tiation4 ,diff]5ce1 l its limit opposition1 is ?us a great mix]1 & division c be no m]e sep>ation or isolation ( p>ts4 ,! say+ comes to my m9d f some:]e1 t ?\gh division may reveal di/9ct v]tebr1 ! v]tebra always conceal a sp9al cord4 ,analogy1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ?us univ]sal1 al?\gh p4#aeh applicable1 z said1 9 all ( ! possible ways1 mu/ itself %>e 91 mu/ be q "u ! spell (1 ! diff]5tiation2 x mu/ h z _m v>i\s =ms z x has expressions4 ,9 e expression ! relation mu/ inde$ be "o ( analogy1 b x c nev] be ( ! same ord] or degree4 ,t ( ! individual to ! gr\p or faction mu/ be qualitatively di/9ct f all o!rs1 say f t ( ! individual ei!r to ano!r individual or to ! all-inclusive :ole4 ,nor c ! mu* us$ & frequ5tly abus$ di/9ction betwe5 small & l>ge writ+s1 z :5 hi/ory is tak5 z a l>ge writ+ ( p]sonal biography or a social in/itution ( "s special phase ( p]sonal "*1 adequately repres5t ! diff]5tiation "h 9 m9d4 ,consid] h[ v>i\s1 int]nally & ext]nally1 are all ! t]ms among :i* ! analogies obta94 ,?us1 z ( direct int]e/ "h1 factional diff]5ces are b\nd to be %>p] or wid]1 !y are inevitably m deeply set & m op5ly exclusive ( ea* o!r ?an individual diff]5ces1 & 9 consequ5ce ! faction is1 n inde$ absolutely1 b *>act]i/ically special or p>ticul>i/ic4 ,p]haps because ( its int]m$iate position betwe5 ! individual1 :i* is ! :ole implicitly & pot5tially1 & ! completely inclusive environm5t1 :i* is ! :ole actually & def9itely or explicitly1 x is1 s to speak1 significantly only "o among _m1 in/ead ( be+1 z 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! extremes1 _m 9 "o4 ,x conspicu\sly appropriates a p>ticul> "*1 & :ile n exclud+ any ( ! o!r *>act]s :i* are incid5t to its own special production1 x includes ^! on ! :ole only 9 a negative way1 9 p4#aei ! way 9 :i* opposition includes :at opposes x or action ! reaction x always implies or 9 g5]al any diff]5t ?+ ! ?+ or ?+s f :i* x is diff]5t4 ,! extremes1 h[ev]1 z 0 said1 are ea* _m 9 "o1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! individual1 be+ /ill only pot5tially divid$ & be+1 z x 71 ! late/ resid5ce ( ! prim>y op]ation1 is always 9 "s measure directly & positively active ) all ! diff]5t factors ( ! op]ation1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! re/ra9ts ( any p>ticul> class-affiliation1 & ! :ole1 ?\gh macro-cosmic ) respect to ! microcosmic individual1 is at ! same "t qualitatively di/9ct1 z di/9ct at lea/ z ! explicit f ! implicit1 ! actual f ! pot5tial4 ,:atev] a m]ely =mal logic might say1 a real logic requires t at mo/ microcosm & macrocosm are only metaphors ( ea* o!r4 ,ev5 _! diff]5ce ( size w\ld be q en\gh to diff]5tiate !m at lea/ z %>ply z ! diff]5ce ( size diff]5tiat$ imp]ial ,rome f h] prototype ! ,greek ,city-,/ate4 ,c ! :ole & ! "p be "o or _m or _m 9 "o1 c !y be real or alive or consci\s1 c !y be mat]ial1 c !y be p]sonal1 c !y be any?+ :atsoev] 9 qualitatively ! same way8 ,m5 h (t5 seem$ to ?9k s1 b )\t any good reason4 ,! faction1 !n1 ! individual & ! :ole1 are qualitatively diff]5t expressions ( ! elem5ts ( ! op]ation t has made !m2 & _! relations1 always dep5d5t on analogy1 mu/ be v>i\s accord+ly4 ,b n[1 to leave ^! que/ions ( logic & to turn directly to ! case = bo? p]sonality & p4#afj society1 no idea c be m imm$iately useful to u ?an t ( :at is (t5 /yl$ ! unity ( exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse ?is unity1 z x is real1 mu/ meet j ^? te/s ( reality1 or ( a real unity1 t we h already rem>k$1 b )9 ! limits ( a def9ition ! unity ( exp]i5ce is nei!r m nor less ?an ! totality ( human relations4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce-:ole compris+ all ! phases ( human nature2 9 o!r words1 all ! actual or possible relations ( man to nature 9 g5]al1 or all ! manifold /ates & activities1 /ages & ev5ts1 h[ev] diff]5t1 h[ev] seem+ly contradictory1 9 human life4 ,a real unity1 z we "k1 be+ d5i$ local habitation & a "n1 is necess>ily a ?or\ghly diff]5tial unity2 & human nature is analyzable 9 an indef9ite numb] ( ways4 ,x is1 to illu/rate1 physical1 m5tal1 & spiritual1 or m elaborately1 x is a?letic1 indu/rial1 political1 intellectual1 moral1 /hetic1 & religi\s1 & 9 its social life has develop$ in/itutions answ]+ to ^! diff]5t phases ( itself4 ,x is1 aga91 lawful & lawless1 old & "y1 cons]vative & radical1 sympa!tic & selfi%4 ,b :atev] ! mode ( analysis or division or di*otomy1 ! unity ( exp]i5ce embraces all ! elem5ts1 aspects1 or relations t are discov]$4 ,9 a ^w1 ev5 9 ! language ( ! simple logic indicat$ above1 ! unity ( exp]i5ce is only ! all-inclusive :ole1 b "h )\t reg>d to any di/9ction betwe5 :at is actual or explicit & :at is pot5tial or implicit1 out ( :i* has sprung ! diff]5tial op]ation t has made human society & human hi/ory1 t has giv5 rise to a manife/ p4#afa social life1 to ! social class or faction & to ! individual p]son4 ,& ! p]son z ! real individual1 z ! "p t is /ill undivid$1 & t is !re=e 9 itself quick ) ! diff]5tial op]ation1 is ?us ! liv+1 integral expon5t ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce4 ,he is1 above all1 its un=m$ or unte!r$ vitality4 ,9 him e phase or "p ( :at is possible 9 human nature moves ) "s p[]4 ,he is religi\s1 political1 indu/rial2 or spiritual1 intellectual1 & physical2 or good & bad1 cons]vative & radical1 all 9 "o2 & *>act]i/ically he is ea* & all ( ^! )\t ! re/ra9ts ( su* visible =ms or rites z n[ & aga9 may become in/rum5tal to _! expression4 ,h5ce ! famili> idea ( ! univ]sality1 :i* is id5tical ) ! indet]m9ate "*1 ( any side ( human nature2 ( ! political side1 = example1 or ! religi\s or ! physiological1 ( ! lawful or ( ! lawless4 ,n any p>ticul> political /atus1 nor any p>ticul> religion1 nor any p>ticul> body is univ]sal1 b ! political or ! religi\s or ! physiological is univ]sal--z univ]sal1 to repeat1 z x is indet]m9ate4 ,n any p>ticul> lawfulness or lawlessness1 b ! lawful or ! lawless is univ]sal4 ,p]sonally1 j to sum up :at has be5 said1 all individuals are all ?+s 9 "o1 & ?is idea1 z x is und]/ood1 %\ld correct t errone\s treatm5t ( individualism1 :e!r z a movem5t 9 ! life ( society or ev5 z an incid5t ( ! sci5tific me?od ( induction1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! discussion ( ! rise ( sci5ce4#b p4#afb ,b ! /ory ( p]sonality _c be told by itself4 ,:atev] ! p]son may be *>act]i/ically1 he is nev] t alone1 & be=e any e/imate ( all t he is or ( all t ent]s into 8 life c be atta9$1 att5tion mu/ be turn$ to society1 ! o!r horn ( our pres5t int]e/1 & p>ticul>ly to ! social class or faction4 ,if ! p]son 9 8 peculi> "* is g5]al or all-inclusive ) ref]5ce to ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 ! factional life is special1 p>ticul>1 or p>tial2 x is "o-sid$ & outw>dly exclusive4 ,sociologically z well z logically factional diff]5ces are1 z has be5 sugge/$1 wid] & %>p] ?an individual or p]sonal diff]5ces4 ,p]sonally all m5 are free1 socially approa*able1 lib]al 9 ?\ght & act2 n s factionally4 ,judg$ f its classes society is ev5 a hot-b$ ( specialism1 its classes always t5d+ to become ca/es1 & ( ho/ility1 its diff]5ces induc+ op5 conflict4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is we h already se5 9 ! rise ( ! pr(ession ( sci5ce4 ,:5ce1 to emphasize at once a mo/ important conclusion1 ! typical relation ( ! p]son to ! class is n1 z s (t5 said or impli$1 t ( ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al2 in/ead x is t ( ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 ( ! :ole to ! "p1 & significantly t ( ! vital to ! in/rum5tal4 ,yet1 to say no m ?an ?is w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake1 = at lea/ 9 two ways ?is /atem5t mu/ be modifi$4 ,d\btless ! requir$ modifications are directly consequ5t ^u ! nature & orig9 ( ! relation1 b nev]!less !y ne$ to be c>efully obs]v$4 ,?us1 logically & sociologically p4#afc factional diff]5ces are n m]ely wid] & deep]2 j because m def9itely set1 !y also imply high] developm5t4 ,factional life may be special1 b ?r\gh ! /r5g? t union gives & ! p[] & effici5cy t spr+ f repetition & imitation1 x atta9s a high degree ( skill & insight4 ,aga91 factional life1 l t ( corporations1 lacks s\l2 x t5ds to become =mal & me*anical & 9 ! s5se t ?is indicates x is /atic4 ,h5ce its in/rum5tal "*4 ,betwe5 individual & class !re is a diff]5ce v l t betwe5 impulse & habit1 or organic life & m]e physical process1 or function & /ructure1 or say human nature 9 t]ms ( its life-pr9ciple1 ( its di/9ctly dynamic "*1 & 9 t]ms ( its e/abli%m5ts or in/itutions4 ,accord+ly ! relation ( ! p]son to ! class is inde$ t ( ! :ole to ! "p1 b ( ! :ole 9 a /ate t is =mally undevelop$ to ! "p m or less highly develop$1 & ( ! :ole z a liv+1 functional activity1 ! diff]5tial op]ation ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 to ! "p z an in/itution or in/rum5t4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t ! lab\r involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( human life is divid$ betwe5 ! p]son & ! social classes 9 "s su* way z foll[s4 ,! class life /&s = analysis & special developm5t & e/abli%m5t2 p]sonal life = syn!sis & vitality4 ,! factional life ( ! class is speciali/ic1 & reaps = human nature all ! famili> advantages ( specialism2 ! p]sonal life is g5]al or univ]sal1 & saves human nature f ! disruption & ! /agnation to p4#afd :i* specialism & its =mal e/abli%m5t always t5d4 ,! factional life is m$iative & in/rum5tal2 ! p]sonal life is initiative & purposive4 ,& :ile s to def9e ! di/9ction betwe5 p]son & class1 or 9 g5]al to reg>d _! relation z "o ( :ole to "p1 ev5 ) ! qualifications t 7 promptly add$1 may involve "s unavoidable ab/raction1 & s "s limitation ( ! view2 nev]!less ! view is z real & significant at lea/ z ! conditions ^u :i* x re/s4 ,ev5 ?\gh p]sons may be diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r 9 an indef9ite numb] ( ways1 no two be+ p]sonal1 mat]ially1 9 ! same way1 no two hav+ ! same factional re/ra9ts1 /ill ! relation ( :ole to "p1 subject only to ! di/9ctions ( developm5t & ( dynamic or /atic "*1 rema9s significantly ! typical relation ( ! p]son to ! class4 ,! p]son may be only a "p ( ! class1 z p>ts are m]ely c\nt$1 b 9 int]e/ & possibility1 9 ! fulle/ rea* ( 8 vitality1 ! p]son is l>g] ?an ! class4 ,&1 if ?is be ! typical relation1 !n n only is ! /ory ( ! p]son se5 to be insep>able f t ( ! class1 b also !re is cle>ly a real place 9 social life at once = ! p]son & = ! class4 ,factional life lacks complet5ess & vitality1 & p]sonality1 ! liv+1 integral expression ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 supplies ^! defects4 ,true1 a conflict ( classes or factions may always be c\nt$ on1 s9ce ! unity ( ! total life1 :i* ( c\rse includes ! classes1 w prev5t _! ev] be+ indiff]5t to ea* o!r1 & ?is conflict w make = bo? complet5ess & vitality1 b p4#afe negatively1 indirectly1 always z if f outside4 ,only ?r\gh ! p]son c vitality & complet5ess be secur$ positively & directly & imm$iately4 ,p]sonality1 on ! o!r h&1 lacks def9it5ess & practical effici5cy1 & only ! special me*anical life ( ! class c supply ^! ne$s4 ,s 9 ! two toge!r we see a mo/ indisp5sable co-op]ation4 ,! p]son1 fur!rmore1 because ( 8 p>ticul> class affiliation1 ) ! atta9m5t 9 ! way ( skill & insight :i* ?is imp>ts1 is always naturally "u con/ra9t n m]ely to ov]come ! specialism1 b also to apply ! special tra9+ beyond ! imm$iate sph]e ( its developm5t to all sides ( ! nature t is )9 him4 ,out ( ! dep? & bread? ( 8 p]sonal "*1 b\nd$ only by ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 he mu/ ev] react aga9/ ! n>r[ness & ! factional ritual1 & tak+ ?is ritual--or special pr(essional te*nique--to be valid m$iately r ?an imm$iately1 9 _s r ?an m]ely 9 lett]1 mu/ ev] seek to translate 8 factional exp]i5ce1 its skill & its insight1 to all p>ts ( human life4 ,only s c he be true bo? to 8 special classification & to 8 p]sonal :ol5ess4 ,b an insi/5t "q3 ,is su* translation possible8 ,on ! possibility ! case = ei!r p]sonality or a class-divid$ society mu/ f9ally dep5d4 ,on ! possibility hangs also ! wor? ( ?is case to ! g5]al argum5t ( ?is book4 ,logically1 !re c]ta9ly c be b "o answ]1 & t an affirmative "o1 s9ce analogy1 ! primal condition ( translation1 mu/ be univ]sal p4#aff among ! p>ts ( any unity z well z betwe5 any "p & ! :ole4 ,no two p>ts1 x is true1 c be lit]al1 prosaic reproductions ( ea* o!r1 b metaphors ( ea* o!r all p>ts are b\nd to be1 & any "p & ! :ole mu/ also h ?is relation ( ! metaphor1 s t any acquir$1 m or less highly develop$ p[] ( ?\ght or action1 h[ev] special & h[ev] te*nical1 may & mu/ h mean+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole life ( ! p]son or ( humanity4 ,accord+ly1 ) ! acquir$ fre$om ( any "p1 ! metaphors1 relat+ "p to "p1 may1 if n mu/1 fla% to ! remote/ regions ( ! p]son's exp]i5ce-_w4 ,! left h&1 ) its unconsci\sly develop$ p[]1 ( c\rse usually unex]cis$1 ( mirror-writ+1 af=ds only a v crude illu/ration ( :at ?is implies1 & a v imag9ative illu/ration is 9 ! fla%+ ( ! morn+ light z x rea*es height aft] height ( ! behold]'s out/ret*$ _w4 ,! conclusions ( logic 9 ?is matt] h sometimes be5 que/ion$1 if n defi$4 ,q prop]ly1 x may be1 _m p1 & p>ticul>ly _m among sci5ti/s1 h be5 9 ! habit ( di/ru/+ ! lead+ ( m]e logic 9 ! solution ( _! problems4 ,b 9 ?is p>ticul> matt] ,i ?9k t no sci5ti/ has ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ out a negative case4 ,a few h tri$ to d s1 h ?\ght !mselves = a "t successful1 & !n 9 ! end1 ?\gh n )\t "s res]vation1 h gone ov] to ! o!r side4 ,probably _! und]tak+ has be5 inspir$ by ! extravagant views sometimes ent]ta9$1 z :5 money-gett+ is suppos$ to educate p4#afg p to an appreciation ( music & art1 or a ready memory = "o class ( ?+s to imply ! same facility 9 acquir+ a memory ( ano!r class ( ?+s1 or skill 9 ! use ( tools to make a good d5ti/1 or physical self-control or intellectual s9c]ity to ensure moral tru?fulness4 ,:]eas1 if x c\ld be rememb]$ t no special tra9+ c\ld ev] be lit]ally applicable beyond ! p>ticul> sph]e ( its atta9m5t1 ! relation ( "p & "p ( human nature be+ only analog\s & metaphorical1 & t 9 any sci5tifically obs]v$ case special tra9+1 :5 artificially acquir$1 or :5 a result only ( a sugge/$ & m]ely imitat$ r\t9e1 c h>dly c\nt z conclusive evid5ce1 ! problem w\ld lose mu* ( its int]e/1 & sci5ce w\ld be ready ev5 to accept ! logical solution4 ,logically1 !n1 ! translation is possible1 & sci5tifically !re is no real evid5ce aga9/ its possibility4 ,z to ! translation be+ positively natural or necess>y1 z well z possible1 ! sugge/ion may n be imp]t95t t :atev] is truly possible mu/ be also real2 t is to say1 c]ta9 ( realization or r someh[ & some:]e1 9 "s mann] & 9 "s degree already 9 expression4 ,ev5 ! possible c nev] h be5 made out (1 or sprung up out (1 no?+4 ,moreov]1 ! translation "h spok5 (1 :]e9 "o develop$ side ( life fla%es its message1 m spiritual ?an lit]al1 to ano!r side or ! o!r side ( life1 pla9ly c require no?+ unnatural4 ,x exacts only t all ! diff]5t elem5ts ( our nature & exp]i5ce1 :e!r z p]sonally or z factionally manife/$1 %all be p4#afh =ev] true to _! orig94 ,! app>5t ob/acles to translation c]ta9ly _c be ob/acles on ! gr\nd ( ! analogies ( ! v>i\s p>ts be+ only metaphorical in/ead ( lit]al1 = already 9 ! orig9al diff]5tiation t has made p]son & faction1 t has sep>at$ ! p>ts1 ^! h be5 ov]come4 ,! v nature ( ! p]son is _! ov]com+4 ,! unity ( exp]i5ce mu/ p]si/ ass]tive & inviolable1 :atev] ! divisions ( exp]i5ce4 ,! di/9ct v]tebr mu/ always conta9 a sp9al cord t has a common orig9 ) !m4 ,& x rema9s to be said t s9ce ! p]son is ?us at once ! liv+ integral expon5t ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce & ! memb] ( "s class or faction1 translation is 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic activity4 ,9 ?is translation1 too1 we see him a lead]1 or a p>ty to real lead]%ip1 by nature4 ,9 x lies 8 true g5ius4 ,inde$1 ?is translation is j t :i* makes ! great lead] or ! great g5ius1 = ?r\gh x ! p]son is ev] %[+ himself sup]ior to 8 class & tra9+1 & to ! =mal in/itutions t h br\ght him up4 ,factional life1 z we "k1 develops ?r\gh imitation & repetition1 b p]sonality ?r\gh inv5tion "u guidance ( ! fla%+ analogies4 ,inv5tion1 too1 ! application ( special developm5t beyond ! sph]e ( its orig91 is only ! psy*ological t]m = :at sociologically is lead]%ip4 ,9 ! !ory & 9 ! practice ( art1 morals1 religion1 politics1 sci5ce1 & all ! o!r special sides ( exp]i5ce1 ! factional & ! p]sonal are ev] to be di/+ui%$ 9 ?is way--! "o imitative1 ! o!r inv5tive4 ,witness p4#afi ! famili> anti!ses betwe5 ! typical & ! vital 9 art-expression1 ! =mally ideal & ! really pleasant 9 morality1 ! legal & ! sov]eign 9 politics1 ! or?odox & ! spiritually alive 9 religion1 te*nical skill & orig9ality 9 sci5ce1 & s on4 ,^! anti!ses are all v important to ! und]/&+ ( human exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly ( its hi/ory1 b !y are frequ5tly s]i\sly misappli$4 ,m ?an any?+ else !y %[ ! p]sonal ev] ass]t+ its sup]iority ov] ! factional2 ! liv+ :ole1 ov] ! develop$1 e/abli%$ "p2 & always 9 ord] t ! :ole1 ov]com+ ! exclusiv5ess ( ! "p1 may translate & appropriate its acquirem5ts4 ,!re is ?us a case = p]sonality hidd5 9 t hi/orical analogy ( ! individual to its gr\p-divid$ environm5t1 :e!r society or nature1 & !re is also an equally /rong case = society z some?+ di/9ct1 z some?+ t has its own peculi> "w to d4 ,! rles1 too1 t belong to p]sonality & society are z di/9ct & z real1 besides be+ z organic to ea* o!r1 z 9 g5]al are :ole & "p4 ,b ! p]son1 at once a corrector ( p>tiality & a lead]1 a di/ributor ( special developm5t1 holds a conspicu\s place & moreov] takes a "p t j because ( 8 ess5tial sup]iority to ! def9ite & =mal is ( ! greate/ mom5t to our conclusions z to ! nature ( all positive exp]i5ce4 ,all positive1 =mal exp]i5ce we f\nd defective ev5 to ! ext5t ( p>adox or contradiction1 b p]sonality1 *>act]i/ically1 mu/ be sup]ior to ?is defect4 ,p]sonality mu/ bridge all p4#agj ! divisions ( exp]i5ce1 all ! gaps 9 society1 all ! *asms ( hi/ory4 ,x mu/ be1 ?\gh p]haps "o may n safely use ! ^w1 ! v inc>nation ( t _s ( tru?1 t pr9ciple ( validity & p[] = adequacy1 :i* has already come to our notice m ?an once4 ,factionally exp]i5ce is relative1 ph5om5al1 divid$ aga9/ itself2 factionally1 too1 x is at once =mal & contradictory2 b p]sonally x rea*es beyond ! =ms & contradictions1 & is directly 9 t\* ) :at is true & real4 ,s ! contra/ betwe5 ! p]sonal & ! social1 ! vital & ! =mal1 %[s itself q p>allel to t betwe5 ! real & ! ph5om5al1 ! true & ! p>adoxical4 ,a bus9ess man says to a fri5d3 ,p]sonally1 z y "k p]fectly well1 ,i %\ld pref] to d :at y ask1 b pr(essionally ,i simply _c1 = y "k also t bus9ess is bus9ess4 ,a prea*] decl>es3 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld j l to speak out cle>ly & )\t re/ra9t1 b my *ur* w n let me4 ,p]sonally ! soldi]s 9 opposite camps ex*ange _m c\rtesies1 b factionally1 pr(essionally1 !y meet ) rifle & sword on ! battlefield4 ,! fa!r puni%+ 8 (f5d+ *ild says3 ,?is hurts me m ?an y4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 p]sonally !re are no divisions ( life--all are all ?+s toge!r1 & re/ra9ts t sep>ate man & man are lack+2 b factionally !re is always re/ra9t1 & op5 conflict & inn] inconsi/5cy are unavoidable4 ,! p]son is ?us ! m$ium1 n ( an ab/ract univ]sality1 b concretely1 ?r\gh 8 factional tra9+ & 8 lead]%ip1 ( ! univ]sal life4 p4#aga ,&1 f9ally1 ! life ( ! p]son is gift$ ) a great fai?1 = x is 9 t\* ) an unte!r$ reality2 b1 factionally1 life is a con/ant d\bt+1 = x is con/antly n>r[ & x is a con/ant cont5d+4 ,s are fai? & d\bt z close to ea* o!r1 z insep>able1 z :ole & "p1 z p]son & class1 & ) ?is conclusion we seem to h won = ! d\bt] ! "r to say confid5tly3 ,my d\bts _c de/roy me2 ,i am2 ev5 9 me !re dwells ! p[] t makes = reality2 ev5 9 me1 9 spite ( ! v defects t ! conditions ( my social life impose1 !re lives ! _s ( tru?4 ,nay1 ev5 ! social life itself1 :5 m9e z well z social1 is also real & true4 #a ,?is p>agraph1 & _m ( ! p>agraphs t foll[ x1 except = consid]able revision & adaptation1 7 publi%$ "s "t ago4 ,see an article1 ,! ,p]sonal & ! ,factional 9 ,society1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #ac1 #aijf4 #b ,*ap4 ,iv41 p4 #gb4 p4#agb ,,viii ,,an ,,e>ly ,,mod]n ,,d\bt]4 ,i ref]r$ 9 an e>li] *apt] to ! great ,fr5*man :o boldly decl>$ t 8 d\bt+ 0 all t he c\ld be c]ta9 ab\t1 b t ?is1 be+ s v real1 be+ inde$ univ]sal1 left him a belief 9 himself1 al?\gh only 9 8 always d\bt+ self4 ,desc>tes' belief 9 himself has int]e/ = u1 = :ile 8 ?9k+ foll[$ l9es some:at diff]5t f our own1 he seems to h rea*$ ne>ly1 if n q1 ! same v p]sonal conclusion1 namely1 ! "r ( ! d\bt] to say3 ,i am4 ,desc>tes 0 born 9 ,t\ra9e 9 #aeif1 & = ! l>g] "p ( 8 life he 0 at lea/ nom9ally a resid5t 9 ! ,p>is ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,montaigne1 & ! e>li] ,jesuits4 ,he 0 educat$ at a s*ool ( ! ,jesuits 9 ,la ,fl*e1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 mature life he publi%$ works ( importance n m]ely 9 philosophy1 b also 9 sci5ce & ma!matics4 ,8 ,m$itations & ,se>* aft] ,tru? are easily fir/ among 8 contributions to philosophy4 ,he di$ 9 #afej4 ,yet n exactly ) ! ,desc>tes ( positive hi/ory1 b ) ,desc>tes z a d\bt]1 z p]haps ! mo/ notable prog5itor ( ! mod]n confession p4#agc & ! mod]n use ( d\bt1 are we n[ directly conc]n$2 = )\t ! lic5se ( ?is broad] view we might lose a l>ge "p ( ! advantage ( ! c5turies t lie betwe5 ,desc>tes' "t & our own4 ,he _h _m disciples1 & ^! disciples uncov]$ mu* 9 ! ,c>tesian philosophy t ,desc>tes himself fail$ to see1 or saw only imp]fectly4 ,he 0 n )\t faults1 too1 "s moral & "s intellectual1 if ! two are sep>ate1 & ^! faults we %all n consid]1 ?\gh ! consci5ti\s hi/orian %\ld nev] play to ! s5tim5tali/ by disreg>d+ !m4 ,b ) our pres5t task we c af=d to =get ! faults2 j z we _c af=d to lose ! int]pretations & corrections ( ! disciples4 ,) int]e/s z vital & p]sonal z ours1 we seek some?+ m ?an matt] ( fact4 ,our int]e/ is v ne> to t ( ! hi/orical novel1 b ne$less to say1 ?is book is an essay 9 philosophy1 n a novel4 ,pa/ m5 & pa/ times c be really useful to u1 only if1 belong+ z we d n to ! sev5te5? b to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 we really use !m4 ,:at we ourselves are able to f9d 9 any p]iod or 9 any human c>e] is always tru] or real]1 possibly 9 a s5se x is also bett] hi/ory1 ?an :at lay on ! surface at ! "t or ?an :at 0 se51 h[ev] pr(\ndly1 ev5 by contempor>ies4 ,s mu* bett] did ,desc>tes & all really great m5 build ?an !y knew or ev5 will$4 ,desc>tes came into ,european life at a crucial mom5t4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 ) its r$iscov]y ( ! old _w & its /irr+ vision ( ! new1 _h culm9at$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 n p4#agd m]ely 9 ! religi\s re=mation t set ,prote/ant aga9/ ,ca?olic1 b 9 ! re=mation t appe>$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( man's life--9 art1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 9 morals & 9 politics1 z well z 9 religion4 ,man ass]t$ 8 indep5d5ce ( e/abli%$ au?ority 9 any =m4 ,man1 n k+1 n pope1 n ev5 ,god1 became ! real c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,ju/ification by 8 own fai? 0 simply ov]fl[+ ) a mean+ t knew no b\nds 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,b ! bir? ( ,desc>tes 0 fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,lu!r1 & by ! "t he _h rea*$ 8 intellectual majority1 z might well be expect$1 ! ,re=mation _h *ang$ f a spiritual en?usiasm--:e!r among ^? :o 7 its great lead]s or among ^? :o1 n less dev\tly1 7 b5t on summ>ily *eck+ its progress--into a practical1 ?or\ghly worldly situation4 ,! two oppos+ p>ties1 )\t exagg]ation1 seem to h settl$ d[n to real bus9ess1 & n less 9 ! ?\ght ( "o ?an 9 t ( ! o!r ! end ju/ifi$ any means4 ,! society ( ,jesus 0 def9itely organiz$ & began its notable c>e] 9 #afdj1 & al?\gh its memb]s1 ! ,jesuits1 h giv5 to hi/ory _m wond]ful examples ( devotion & h]oism1 ,jesuitry itself is synonym\s ) ! extreme mat]ialism to :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* resort$ 9 its desp]ate def5ce aga9/ ! ,prote/ants4 ,& on ! o!r side1 m5 became n less s5su\s & worldly1 giv+ z good z !y got4 ,!y simply met1 or oppos$1 l ) l4 ,read+ ! hi/ory ( ! "t ) p4#age its controv]sies & jeal\sies & intrigues & p]secutions1 "o c only conclude t ! hon\rs 7 ab\t ev54 ,if ,ca?olicism felt ju/ifi$ 9 h] acts ( s5su\s brutality1 ( almo/ helli% viol5ce1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,prote/antism 0 made ! speci\s1 yet n less welcome1 excuse = worldl9ess1 g5]al mat]ialism1 & s5sualism out ( ! ,*ur* & 9 x4 ,any religi\s re=m1 or re=m ( any sort1 mu/ always br+ an unscrupul\s lawlessness ) x1 & ! great ,re=mation 0 by no means an exception to ?is rule4 ,extreme humani/s1 naturali/s1 a!i/s1 s5sationali/s1 social & physical atomi/s1 ,ma*iavelli/s1 sceptics & opportuni/s ( all sorts1 sw>m$ 9 e capital ( ,europe1 & especially 9 ,p>is4#a ,b ! extravagant1 m or less unconv5tional ?+s ( any "t are (t5 ! be/ signs ( its inn] life1 s9ce 9 !m we see a few m5 boldly1 if n prud5tly1 /epp+ ov] ! b\nds ( cu/om1 & sometimes ev5 ( dec5cy1 & giv+ expression to :at is actively pres5t1 ?\gh (t5 suppress$ or conceal$1 9 ! lives ( all4 ,?us contempor>y ) ,desc>tes1 & f "o side or ano!r express+ ! mat]ialism ( 8 day1 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree v significant movem5ts1 all ( !m endors$ by p>ties1 ( c\rse "u diff]5t names1 f bo? ( ! cont5d+ *ur*es1 or f _! outside e*oes or reflections1 & all ( !m at lea/ 9 "s degree :5 n 9 great degree beyond ! b\nds ( common conv5tional respectability4 ,^! p4#agf movem5ts 9 "o *ur* or 9 ! o!r1 or 9 nei!r1 z ! case might be1 71 fir/1 a sc(f+ scepticism2 second1 a dogmatic my/icism2 & ?ird1 a mo/ vision>y gno/icism4 #a4 ,van9i 7#aehe-afai7 9 ,italy1 ,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib7 9 ,france1 & ,bacon 7#aefj-afbj7 9 ,engl&1 among _m o!rs t might be nam$1 7 m or less extravagantly1 n m]e d\bt]s1 b satirical1 (t5 d]isive1 sc(f+ d\bt]s ( ev]y?+ 9 human life4 ,conceit ( k1 :5ev] ass]t$1 9 *ur* or /ate1 9 ev]yday consci\sness or 9 sci5ce1 0 decl>$ idolatry & held up to con/ant ridicule4 ,c\ld man's wisdom at its be/ be any?+ m ?an a bl9d+ folly8 #b4 ,& religion1 ! religion ( a few1 z if 9 ackn[l$g$ sympa?y ) ^! sceptics1 surr5d]$ ev]y?+ b ,god--,god be+ m a long+ ?an an actual fact2 a _s ?an a positive ?+ or p]son4 ,ev5 )9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! ,oratory ( ,jesus1 a society en]getically oppos$ = good & suffici5t reasons by ! ,jesuits1 0 organiz$ 9 ! int]e/s ( a purifi$1 truly spiritual ,*ri/ianity2 & among ^? :o _h brok5 ) ! ,ca?olics appe>$ new sects ( _m names1 su* z ! ,fri5ds ( ,god1 ,collegiants1 & ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life1 b ) "o ideal1 ! direct untrammell$ wor%ip ( ,god4 ,god is1 !y proclaim$ 9 s _m words2 & ,god1 j ,god1 is all4 ,*ur* & cre$s & rites & prie/s are h9drances1 n helps1 to true religion4 ,?is attitude1 comm5t>y z ( c\rse x 0 on ! conditions ( ! day1 _h almo/ m satire 9 x & m d\bt ?an any ( ! words p4#agg ( ! mo/ active sc(f]s2 x 0 s unconsci\s2 s quietly & s pi\sly x pick$ up ! crumbs t ! sc(f]s left4 ,inde$1 ! sceptics & _! dev\t1 pure-m9d$ contempor>ies1 ,pi]re ,*>ron 7#aeda-afjc7 & ,jakob ,boehme 7#aeie-afbd71 bo? advocates ( religi\s purity aga9/ !ology & s5su\s ritual1 mu/ be said n to h engag$ 9 sep>ate activities1 b to h %>$ ! lab\r ( a s+le activity4 ,scepticism & su* my/icism are b two sides ( ! same %ield4 #c4 ,b ) ! sc(f+ scepticism & its complem5t>y c\nt]p>t1 ! dogmatic my/icism ( religion1 !re 0 associat$ also a mo/ vision>y gno/icism4 ,?us ! sci5ce ( ma!matics 0 h]ald$ z a key to all ! secrets ( ! univ]se4 ,a few simple applications ( ma!matics to physical ph5om5a _h be5 successfully made by ! sci5ti/s--= example1 by ,galilei--& ere long c]ta9 m5 9 ! _w ( ! intellectual life w5t wild ov] ! possibilities ( ma!matics4 ,oblig$1 z soon !y 71 to ab&on e o!r field ( k--!ology1 politics1 mat]ial sci5ce1 tradition1 & conv5tion--!y ne$$ b little enc\ragem5t to give !mselves he>t & s\l to ?is la/ resort4 ,_! en?usiasm = ma!matics d\btless _h a deep] s\rce ?an ?is simple acc\nt ( its rise w\ld sugge/1 = an intellectual atmosph]e 9 :i* j su* a purely logical1 ab/ract sci5ce w\ld develop 0 ! natural product ( m$ievalism2 b ,galilei's successes may be said to h precipitat$ ! movem5t1 & 9 any case = _m ma!matics became1 bo? 9 its pr9ciples & 9 its me?od1 an intellectual p4#agh cure-all1 & 9 consequ5ce n only 7 rem>kable advances made 9 ! sci5ce itself1 b m5 w5t to ! extreme ( apply+ ! me?ods & ! =mul ( ma!matics 9 e conceivable direction4 ,religion1 morality1 & politics1 z well z natural sci5ce1 7 all subject$ to ma!matical treatm5t4 ,among ! surviv+ monum5ts to ?is activity ! ,e?ics1 s call$1 ( ,b5$ict ,sp9oza 7#afcb-gg7 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ notewor?y2 a "w ( five books on ,god1 m9d1 emotions1 bondage1 & fre$om--ea* ) its special quota ( axioms1 propositions1 coroll>ies1 s*olia1 & ! l1 & ! proc$ure ( ! :ole amaz+ly consi/5t ) t ( ,euclid4 ,excuse1 also1 a p]sonal rem9isc5ce4 ,i c myself recall h[ 9 ! en?usiasm ( a fir/ c\rse 9 geometry ,i =mulat$ a ,euclidean pro( ( ! proposition3 ,k is p[]4 ,i1 too1 _h my axioms1 my special demon/rations1 my coroll>ies1 & my f9al ,q4,e4,d4's4 ,b any pres5t-day resort to ma!matics or its me?ods is only a %ad[1 or an e*o1 ( ! movem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at t "t x 0 a movem5t ( la/ resort & all ! passion ( a deceiv$ intellect1 ( a m9d giv5 ov] to ! mo/ f>-rea*+ d\bts1 & a disappo9t$ fai?1 once m acquir+ hope1 0 pres5t 9 x4 ,! tru?s & me?ods ( ma!matics--:at b v]acity inc>nate1 ! v m9d ( ,god made manife/ to mank9d6 ,nor1 fur!rmore1 does x take mu* reflection to appreciate t ma!matics 0 aft] all a v appropriate =m = cr$ible k to take 9 a "t ( scepticism & ( religion turn+ to purism4 p4#agi ,tru/wor?y k ( actual ?+s--t is to say1 real concrete k--be+ held impossible1 !re 0 no?+ left b k ( ! /rictly =mal relations ( ?+s4 ,=mal pr9ciples1 j l ^? ( ma!matics1 are altoge!r innoc5t ( ! confusion 9 actual ?+s & p]sons1 9 p>ticul> ev5ts & curr5t issues2 & accord+ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 j by reason ( ?is innoc5ce1 !y 7 peculi>ly timely4 ,d\bt seem$ q unable to t\* !m2 controv]sy 0 turn$ to agreem5t be=e !m2 & ev5 a tru?-lov+ ,god1 s to speak1 c\ld appeal to !m 9 support ( 8 "r to rule ! m9ds & ! lives ( m54 ,y & ,i might "q ! reality ( ! ?+s we c\nt or ! ju/ice ( ! ratio betwe5 our weal? & ! weal? ( c]ta9 o!rs 9 ! _w1 b we c\ld n easily "q t two & two are f\r1 or 9 matt]s ( weal? t "o ?\s& & two ?\s& doll>s are 9 ! same ratio z two million & f\r million4 ,su* k z ?is may n settle any actual qu>rels t we h1 = example1 ov] ! numb] ( acres we own or ! taxes we pay or ! prices *>g$ by our but*]s or groc]s2 b :at ( t8 ,! qu>rels are idle any way1 & our ma!matical wisdom1 be+ exact f ! />t & self-evid5t1 is a basis ( p]fect agreem5t betwe5 man & man & m5 & ,god4 ,9 %ort1 ma!matics is exact & univ]sally cr$ible j because x is s empty & s logically =mal1 be+ always 9 ! ab/ract1 9 t ideal1 :olly bless$ region1 :]e !re is no disput+1 :]e all m5 readily admit any?+ t c be p4#ahj sugge/$2 & its be+ exact = ?is cause made x ! only cr$ible k = ,desc>tes' "t1 a "t at once ( scepticism & my/icism4 ,) ,van9i1 !n1 & ,*>ron1 :o 7 sep>ately engag$1 z 0 rem>k$1 9 a s+le activity1 we may associate ! ma!maticians ( ! day1 among :om none 7 m di/+ui%$ ?an ,desc>tes himself & ! memb]s ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool4 ,to ,desc>tes we are l>gely indebt$ = ! ,analytic ,geometry1 & ,pascal did important "w 9 ! ,!ory ( ,equations4 ,9 r\gh outl9e we n[ h ! times ( ,desc>tes be=e u1 & ) deep5$ mean+ ,i may say aga9 t ,desc>tes came into ,european life at a crucial mom5t4 ,mat]ialism 0 rife1 n m]ely !oretically among a few sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 nor practically 9 "s isolat$ class ( dissipat$ human be+s1 b really & m or less op5ly ev]y:]e 9 ! :ole life & feel+ ( society4 ,ev5 ! dev\t play$ into ! h&s ( ! worldly by _! v purism4 ,& an accompany+ d\bt1 cropp+ out significantly1 n[ 9 positive irrev]5ce1 n[ 9 my/icism1 n[ 9 intellectual =malism1 appe>s to h ?or\ghly possess$ ! m9ds ( m54 ,!re 01 too1 9 ,desc>tes' day a gr[+ s5sitiv5ess to ! p>adoxes ( man's exp]i5ce :i* h occupi$ s mu* ( our att5tion4 ,no?+ 0 :at x seem$4 ,"o writ] boldly decl>$--n mu* lat]--t ,france1 nay1 ! :ole _w1 c\ld n be happy until all %\ld turn a!i/s4 ,! boa/ ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,i am ! ,/ate1 :e!r lit]ally made or n1 0 h>dly less />tl+4 ,! s5sualism ( p4#aha ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* or ! ,ph>isaism ( ! ,prote/ant 0 flagrantly p>adoxical1 & 0 ke5ly felt to be s on all sides4 ,m5 turn$ d\bt]s p]=ce1 & 9 ! fact t ) _! scepticism rose also a movem5t at once ( individualism & cosmopolitanism1 we _c fail to see h[ ! c\rse ( hi/ory illu/rates ! conclusions ( a previ\s *apt]4 ,! "t 0 "o 9 :i* ?r\gh its humanism1 or its cosmopolitan individualism1 civilization 0 to reap ! h>ve/ f ! m$ieval organization ( society4 ,desc>tes1 9 spite (1 or p]haps because (1 8 tra9+ at a s*ool ( ! ,jesuits1 seems to h caught ! _s1 ! real mean+ ( 8 "t1 gett+ beh9d ! m]e lett] ( _! in/ruction & ( _! po9t ( view4 ,only ma!matics gave him any satisfaction1 & he left ! ,la ,fl*e s*ool 9 ! fir/ place consci\s t he _h le>n$ little or no?+1 9 ! second place curi\s ab\t ! possibility ( m5 ev] kn[+ any?+1 & 9 ! ?ird place evid5tly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ma!matics /rongly prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( introspection1 or ( ?\ght conduct$ indep5d5tly ( ?+s1 z ! only possible way to c]ta9ty4 ,?is education1 !n1 & its outcome1 true z x 0 to ! life ( ! day1 fitt$ ,desc>tes = 8 life "w1 :i* 0 no?+ m or less ?an ! erection ( a sy/em ( philosophy on ! basis ( a ?or\gh-go+ confession ( d\bt4 ,desc>tes ent]$ ^u 8 great task by tak+ 8 day at its ^w4 ,/4 ,paul1 address+ ! ,a!nians1 rem9d+ !m ( "o ( _! own temples1 & quot+ _! own poet ,aratus1 0 n m tactful4 p4#ahb ,?us1 z if speak+ directly to ! sceptics ab\t him1 ,desc>tes d\bt$ ev]y?+1 because he f\nd1 n only 9 8 own consci\sness1 become too reflective = implicit belief1 b also 9 ! wide exp]i5ce ( 8 race1 t ev]y?+ 0 dubitable4 ,he d\bt$ *ur* & /ate1 sci5ce & society2 & he w5t ev5 f>!r ?an ?is4 ,also he boldly d\bt$ ma!matics1 s long 8 own support & ! reliance ( _m o!rs 9 8 "t4 ,he did n "k surely t !re might n be an evil _s 9 ! univ]se1 a _s ( deception1 :i* ev5 9 ma!matics 0 obscur+ ! m9d's vision1 mak+ x see ?+s n z !y are1 b z !y are n4 ,deception 0 real en\gh & obvi\s en\gh 9 life at l>ge to make su* a suspicion z ?is at lea/ plausible4 ,moreov]1 ! notion ( an ag5t ( evil 9 ! _w _h be5 a commonplace = c5turies4 ,x 0 j a "p ( t m$ieval tra9+4 ,s al?\gh no?+ c\ld be said ) c]ta9ty ei!r way1 ! plausible mis*ance _h to be fac$2 ma!matics w5t ! way ( all d\btful k1 & man 0 left ) lit]ally no?+ b 8 d\bt1 8 univ]sal d\bt4 ,dubito1 said ,desc>tes2 to d\bt is my inmo/ nature2 & speak+ s he at once m>k$ ! fir/ /ep 9 8 reason+1 s important !n & n[1 & 9 ! simplicity & directness ( real g5ius report$ a great1 deep fact ( 8 own exp]i5ce & ( t ( 8 "t4 ,b univ]sal d\bt is a real exp]i5ce1 be+ real j because univ]sal4 ,no?+ ev] is real t is n univ]sal4 ,:at is always & ev]y:]e is j ! m>k ( some?+ t really is sub/antial4 ,a real p4#ahc exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 real because univ]sal1 be x ( d\bt or ( any?+ else1 means a real self1 s t 9 ! always d\bt+ self ,desc>tes f\nd reality1 or a real self2 & ?is always d\bt+ self he fur!r *>act]iz$ z a ?9k+ self4 ,9 o!r words1 ! real ?9k] 0 = him ! univ]sal d\bt]1 &1 contr>iwise1 ! univ]sal d\bt] 0 real1 a real ?9k]1 a real self4 ,be=e ,desc>tes' "t1 to speak g5]ally1 m5 _h id5tifi$ reality ) fix$ condition or possession1 ) specific k or e/abli%$ p[] or def9ite pr]ogative1 div9e or human1 & tru? 0 an object ( fai? r ?an ?\ght1 say an un*ang+ programme = life r ?an a pure pr9ciple--!re is su* a wide diff]5ce betwe5 a pr9ciple & a programme6 ,b ,desc>tes1 z we h se51 id5tifi$ reality ) loss or privation1 ) su* an empty-h&$ ?+ z d\bt2 he recogniz$ no self b ! ?9k]1 & no ?9k] b ! d\bt]4 ,we always feel ! pa?os ( ^? :o1 suff]+ con/ant privation1 f9d & (t5 decl>e t life is v real1 & yet ! s5se ( reality t comes 9 ?is way--namely1 9 ! way ( a privation t d5ies reality all resid5ce 9 positive exp]i5ce--is especially /rong1 & ! pa?os we feel is c]ta9ly n all4 ,some?+ else h>d to "n appeals to u1 too1 & *anges ! pa?os into a nobl] because a m positive feel+--good w1 p]haps1 or hon\r--s9ce ! p]si/5t hold+ to reality comm&s a deep respect4 ,yet1 putt+ ?is m positive feel+ ap>t1 only ! pa?os ( ,desc>tes' real self1 real because a ?9k] & ?9k] because a univ]sal d\bt]1 c occupy u n[4 ,en\gh if we see t p4#ahd ! reality 0 z indubitable z ! univ]sal d\bt1 ! self always be+ real up to ! reality ( its exp]i5ce1 & t ! pa?os is n m = him ?an = ! sceptics & my/ics & ma!maticians ( 8 "t4 ,b1 aga91 9 ! ,lat9 words1 burd5$1 z s (t5 ! ,lat9 has be51 ) ! exp]i5ce ( all ,*ri/5dom3 ,dubito1 cogito2 ergo sum4 ,i d\bt1 ,i ?9k2 ,i z d\bt] & ?9k] am4 ,t ,i am seems a sort ( epitome ( ! humanism1 n to say ( ! pa?os ( ! humanism ( ! "t4 ,man _h lo/ ev]y?+ b 8 own self1 8 lack+1 long+1 always seek+ self4 ,montaigne put ! situation pla9ly :5 he said 9 s _m words1 t portrayal ( self 0 ! beg9n+ & ! end alike ( physics1 ! sci5ce ( out] reality1 & metaphysics ! sci5ce ( all reality4 ,man _h be5 left ) 8 m]e self1 robb$ ( beliefs & traditions1 & ab&on$ by ev]y?+ b 8 d\bts & ! empty companion%ip :i* ^! af=d$1 b to t1 an un%ap$ ?+ ) an undef9$ activity1 real only = :at x did n h1 he clung t5aci\sly & (t5 en?usia/ically4 ,& ,desc>tes spoke = him3 ,kn[+ t ,i h no?+1 ,i am4 ,b 9 ?is self t 0 real only because always lack+1 always d\bt+1 ,desc>tes f\nd a priceless treasure4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 t ! conviction ( s9 is a real promise because ! actual beg9n+ ( salvation1 & e "o has "s appreciation ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is a pr9ciple1 too1 t no prie/ ev] made or c\ld ev] unmake1 belong+ z x does to ! v nature ( consci\s creatures4 ,9 l mann]1 p4#ahe !n1 ,desc>tes recogniz$ 9 ! consci\sness ( d\bt1 or say ( intellectual error1 ! real promise1 because ! actual beg9n+ or ev5 ! v pres5ce ( v]acity 9 k4 ,! d\bt]1 consci\s ( error z he mu/ be1 0 nev] )\t & nev] by any possibility c\ld be )\t a s5se = tru?1 an idea ( v]acity4 ,d\bt+ all ?+s he mu/ yet believe 9 tru?4 ,plato said c5turies be=e t m]e op9ion1 h[ev] false1 0 nev]!less always 9 love ) true k1 & ?is ,platonic love ,desc>tes f\nd 9 ! d\bt]'s conviction ( error4 ,9 ,plato's _s ,desc>tes insi/$ t d\bt 0 a con/ant ye>n+ = tru?1 a p]si/5t fai? 9 x4 ,d\bt 0 in=m$ ) tru?1 ) ! idea ( tru?1 v mu* z "o has ! idea ( a ?+ t "o _c ma/]4 ,man might be a d\bt] ( all ?+s1 !n1 b 9 spite ( 8 d\bt he mu/ believe 9 ! reality ( ?+s1 n exactly 9 ! individual reality ( ea* & e ?+1 b 9 reality 9 & among all ?+s4 ,= him1 d\bt+ & self-consci\s1 !re mu/ dwell 9 ! _w a realiz+ nature or p[]1 an ag5t ( p]fect v]acity1 *eck+ any exp]i5ce f be+ altoge!r deceptive4 ,&1 = ! pres5t1 to n>r[ our att5tion to a s+le phase ( ! d\bt]'s natural idea ( v]acity1 z ,desc>tes reason$ ab\t x1 tru? & ev]y?+ t goes ) tru?1 p]fection & absolut5ess 9 all its phases1 c\ld n be solely human if to d\bt 0 human4 ,!y mu/1 9 consequ5ce1 be div9e4 ,s ,god1 a _s ( tru? & righte\sness1 0 real1 z real z ! real self ( always d\bt+ b ev] tru?-lov+ man4 ,dubito1 cogito2 ergo sum3 etiam p4#ahf ,deus e/4 ,i d\bt1 ,i ?9k2 z ?9k] & d\bt] ,i am3 & :at is m1 ,god1 v]acity inc>nate1 is also4 ,& "h beg9s or began a great controv]sy1 nor c ! issues ( x be said to h be5 :olly settl$ ev5 to-day4 ,:at did ,desc>tes und]/& :5 9 ?is way he prov$ to himself ! exi/5ce ( ,god8 ,0 only ! ,god he seem$ to h lo/ once m re/or$ to him1 & re/or$ intact8 ,did he m]ely ju/ify1 & s return to its old place ( au?ority1 ! traditional !ology ( 8 day8 ,0 8 d\bt1 z "s w\ld view x1 n 8 own g5u9e exp]i5ce1 b simply ! conceit & pret5ce ( me?od8 ,^! que/ions ne$ an answ]1 = _! answ] affects n only ,desc>tes' rega9$ religion1 b also 8 rega9$ real _w 9 g5]al4 ,s _m h be5 dispos$ almo/ to laugh outright at ! simple-m9d$ ,desc>tes = 8 d\bt+ ev]y?+ f matt] & m9d to ,god1 only 9 ! end to get ev]y?+ back4 ,!y h se5 him z "o *as+ ! v]ities out by "o door only to welcome !m ) out/ret*$ arms z !y run 9 at ano!r t _h be5 left op5 = _! return2 & ?is view ( him has be5 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t cons]vatives 9 religion ! _w ov] h made ,desc>tes _! victim by appeal+ to 8 pro(1 borr[+ = !mselves 8 philosoph]'s robes1 z if ^! c\ld be easily assum$ & z easily put (f4 ,b z to ! ju/ice ( su* a view !re is little if any good evid5ce4 ,matt]-(-fact hi/ory is n our fir/ conc]n "h1 z 0 said2 yet1 :atev] may or may n h be5 upp]mo/ 9 ,desc>tes' m9d1 ! d\bt ( 8 day 0 bo? g5]al & v p4#ahg g5u9e1 & ! f9al wor? & validity ( 8 ?9k+ lies :olly 9 t1 n 9 8 or any "o's m]e logical gymna/ic or v]bal /rategy4 ,moreov]1 = reasons :i* h>dly ne$ to be giv51 ! /rong probability is t1 not)/&+ 8 well-kn[n lack ( c\rage 9 op5ly liv+ up to or ev5 ?9k+ up to all ! consequ5ces ( 8 reason+1 he did feel 9 8 philosophy n a m]e recov]y ( :at _h seem$ lo/1 nor a cunn+ apology = ! old1 b ! bir? ( a new po9t ( view2 &1 if ?is possibility %\ld be v]ifi$1 among o!r ?+s ! cons]vatives1 :o h be5 borr[+ s mu* support1 h be5 little if any bett] ?an p>asites4 ,/ill1 ev5 ! probabilities 9 ! case are relatively insignificant to u1 s9ce ! p ( ! "t & ( lat] times1 & we ourselves f ! scepticism & my/icism ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h le>n$ to ?9k ( ,god ) a fulness ( mean+ nev] atta9$ be=e1 z--:at %all ,i say8--n a def9ite tru?1 b ! liv+ _s ( tru?2 n a passive p]fection1 b a p]fect activity2 & n ev5 a div9e p]son1 9 ! s5se ( "o m sep>ate be+ ( consci\sness & w to inhabit ! univ]se1 b ! mov+ & cons]v+ p[] ( all p]sonality--! v active pr9ciple ( reality pres5t 9 ! vicissitudes & conflicts ( our exi/5ce4 ,&1 su* be+ ! outcome ( hi/ory1 we h to take x z really ! mean+ ( ! great ,fr5*man's =mul4 ,we put aside ! controv]sy1 !n1 ) ! simple reflection t results 9 hi/ory or any:]e else are at lea/ v h>d inde$ to conceive if !y are any?+ m or less ?an realiz$ motives p4#ahh p]haps ! realiz$ motives ( a man or m5 build+ some:at beyond _! cle>e/ k4 ,:atev] has come ab\t mu/ always be :at m or less cle>ly m5 h be5 feel+ aft]4 ,! ,god :om ,desc>tes really proves to 8 "t1 & /ill m positively to u1 mu/ surely be ! ,god n ( a satisfi$ unque/ion+ believ]1 b ( ! univ]sal d\bt] :o loves tru? & ^: d\bt+ & lov+ make him ! always curi\s ?9k]2 a ,god )\t visibly or ev5 quasi-visibly fix$ or specific "* ( any sort1 s9ce ) 8 nature set to su* a "*1 te!r$ l a bea/ to a /ake or l ! sun b\nd to an orbit1 he w\ld n be & c\ld n be div9e en\gh--:i* is to say1 v]aci\s or p]fect en\gh--= a univ]sal d\bt]'s curiosity2 a ,god1 !n1 :o has ! div9e "* ( true inf9ity1 :o is1 too1 a _s 9 fact z well z 9 ^w4 ,inf9ity c]ta9ly _c belong to a be+ t is ap>t2 su* a be+ w\ld at once belie 8 nature2 & spirits1 div9e or human1 mu/ n be suppos$ to be1 l ,elijah1 ! m]ely translat$ be+s ( ?is visible & tangible _w1 = !y c belong only to ! invisible & ! intangible1 :i* is 9 ?is _w & ( x1 9 its k1 9 its love & /rife1 9 its *anges ( all k9ds1 9 its "w & 9 its suff]+4 ,yes1 a truly liv+ ,god1 liv+ "h & n[1 is ! ,god ( ,desc>tes' pro(2 ! ,god ( j t _w ( movem5t & conflict1 ( poise & reality1 to :i* ! diff]5ces & above all ! contradictions ( exp]i5ce1 z exam9$ by u 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 h already borne witness4 ,let u recall h[ we 7 able to say t ! v conflicts ( human p4#ahi exp]i5ce 7 ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,& if ?is all am\nts to say+1 z app>5tly x does1 t only ,desc>tes' univ]sal d\bt]1 :o loves tru? too mu* ev] to claim its f9al possession1 c believe 9 a real ,god1 !n we h rea*$ some?+ t w surely repay ! mo/ c>eful reflection4 ,"s h criticiz$ ,desc>tes = :at !y reg>d z a fallacy 9 8 reason+4 ,he jump$1 !y claim1 )\t any real w>rant1 f ! idea ( a ?+ z 8 premise to ! actual exi/5ce ( ! ?+ z 8 conclusion1 f ! idea ( v]acity1 s necess>y 9 ! consci\sness ( ! d\bt]1 to ! sub/antial exi/5ce ( a p]fectly v]aci\s be+1 z if1 to use _! "t-worn analogy1 ! idea ev5 ( ! v smalle/ sum ( money w\ld make ! money itself mat]ialize 9 somebody's pocket4 ,b1 :e!r or n ,desc>tes fully und]/ood 8 own ?\ght1 ?is criticism is v sup]ficial1 & x gets only a speci\s cog5cy f ! same matt]-(-fact hi/ory t we h already pu%$ aside4 ,no idea1 h[ev] cle>1 h[ev] necess>y ev5 to ! consci\sness ( a d\bt]1 ( p]fect tru? c\ld ev] conjure into exi/5ce ! unworldly1 indep5d5tly exi/+1 spiritually & intellectually isolat$ ,god ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & = t matt] "o might say1 ,i ?9k q p]t95tly1 t money n 9 ! pocket is some?+ less ?an real money1 or--:i* comes to ! same end--t ! idea ( money1 if ! pocket be inde$ empty1 mu/ imply "s s5se ( ! empt9ess z well z ( ! money2 & ) su* an implication ! idea tak5 = its full mean+ is no su* conjur] z ,desc>tes' critics h *os5 to imag9e x4 ,aft] p4#aij all ! m]e ideas1 or ! m]e ?+s 9 g5]al1 t appe> 9 controv]sies1 are only +5i\s ways ( pack+ ! jury4 ,an adequate idea--t is to say1 an idea tak5 j = its full mean+1 = :at x d5ies z well z = :at x affirms1 = ! complete univ]se ( its disc\rse--does & mu/ answ] to exi/5ce2 yes1 & to sub/antial exi/5ce too4 ,s1 aga91 ! ,god t ,desc>tes by ! d\bt]'s idea ( v]acity prov$ to 8 "t & to u1 if n also z cle>ly to himself1 c h be5 no m]e sub/antial exi/5ce :olly outside ! d\bt]'s life & consci\sness4 ,9 su* case ! univ]sal d\bt+ w\ld inde$ h be5 only ! ins9c]e v]bal /rategy ( a cons]vative1 ! conceit ( purely artful me?od1 & ! jump object$ to w\ld h be5 q necess>y4 ,b ,desc>tes' ,god answ]$ to j ! idea ( tru? :i* a univ]sal d\bt] c\ld hone/ly ent]ta92 to tru? realiz$ only 9 & ?r\gh d\bt2 a ,god1 liv+ 9 & ) ! seek+1 /ruggl+ consci\sness ( ! d\bt]4 ,fur!rmore1 = a be+1 call him d\bt] or ?9k] or :at y w1 ^: v nature 9 de$ & 9 ^w is awake to a s5se ( lack & is 9 consequ5ce mak+ a cont9u$ outcry3 ,nev] ?is1 b always some?+ else1 some?+ full] & real]1 some?+ includ+ & us+ ?is1 some?+ ma9ta9$ by ! v conflicts ( ?is1--= su* a be+ v pla9ly !re nev] c be any?+ t is :olly & hopelessly beyond1 t is n pot5tially & s actively real 9 him2 !re c be no out] nature1 b an includ+ & develop+ nature1 & no transc5d5t ,god1 b an indwell+1 ev] uplift+1 p4#aia =w>d-be>+ ,god4 ,exactly su* a be+ 0 ,desc>tes' real self1 ! self ( 8 ,i am--,i z ?9k] & d\bt] am--& ?is self _h ne$ nei!r ( /ruggl+ ) nature nor ( wre/l+ ) ,god 9 ord] to get "o or ! o!r on its side1 = 9 its d\bt1 9 its con/ant confession ( incomplet5ess1 ev5--?\gh ?is is a flagrant p>adox--( its own reality z 9 a s5se always outside or beyond itself1 x _h won ! supreme victory at ! />t4 ,negatives are always su* v sweep+1 compreh5sive ?+s2 & to be1 s to speak1 "o's own negative1 to be real & lack+1 is someh[ to include all ?+s )9 "o's own life & int]e/4 ,if ,i may apply an ord9>y phrase 9 an extraord9>y way1 to be always beside oneself1 always d\bt+1 always want+1 always /riv+1 or to be1 9 ! words ( e>li] pages1 ev] & always divid$ aga9/ oneself1 is to h enli/$ man & nature & ,god = ev] 9 "o's s]vice4 ,!re is truly su* a diff]5ce betwe5 programme & pr9ciple #a ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 m$ievalism & mod]nism1 betwe5 suppos$ f9ality & recogniz$ & ass]t$ movem5t1 betwe5 sup]natural au?ority & ! au?ority ( natural gr[?4 ,en?rone a programme1 & x is arbitr>y & exclusive2 x claims1 z x mu/1 ! sanction ( ano!r _w2 x hopelessly divides human nature z p]sonally embodi$ or z socially organiz$2 x makes life & its sph]e irrational & s dep5d5t on a bl9d fai?3 b a pr9ciple1 en?ron$1 draws all ?+s into itself1 us+ to its own con/ant realization ev5 ! *anges & diff]5ces ( life1 mak+ fai? p4#aib & reason lie d[n toge!r1 & transfigur+ bo? a brutal nature & an inhuman ,god by reveal+ !m z n inde$ =mally b vitally rational1 & n inde$ mortally yet humanly alive4 ,9 ,desc>tes' pro( ( ,god we see ! bir? ( mod]nism2 ! programme depos$2 ! pr9ciple set 9 ! place ( au?ority4 ,f9ally1 !n1 ,desc>tes did n simply re/ore :at _h be5 lo/4 ,?\gh we h be5 reg>d+ only ! religi\s aspect ( 8 philosophy1 we c see 9 g5]al t1 j z n ! old ,god1 b nev]!less ,god1 rema9$ to ! d\bt]'s life1 s also n ! old v]ities at l>ge1 yet nev]!less ! v]ities1 or n ! old reality1 yet nev]!less reality1 rema9$ also4 ,man1 aft] all 8 d\bt+1 ev5 because ( x all1 0 enabl$ to return to ! _w ( all ^? isms1 ! all-p]vad+ mat]ialism1 ! sc(f+ scepticism1 ! dogmatic my/icism1 & ! intellectual =malism1 ) a new _s1 a _s ( real confid5ce1 a _s ( hope1 a _s ( life1 t j by reason ( its wants & conflicts believes itself n only v real b also fully wor? :ile4 ,& travell]s to-day visit+ ! /reets ( ,p>is or go+ any:]e ! d\bt+ & despair+ _w ov]1 w\ld d well to imag9e ,desc>tes1 z ! mod]n d\bt]1 travell+ & ?9k+ ) !m4 #a ,see an article by ,h4,c4 ,lea 9 ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aijd1 ,e?ical ,values 9 ,hi/ory1 especially p4 #bch seq4 p4#aic ,,ix4 ,,! ,,d\bt]',s ,,_w4 ,! d\bt]'s _w is a _w 9 :i*1 z we j\rney1 we %all discov] f\r features t are especially notewor?y & t accord fully ) ! pr9ciples ( ,desc>tes z well z ) ! f9d+s ( our own confession ( d\bt4 ,?us1 9 ! ord]1 or suppose ,i say 9 ! it9]>y1 "h to be foll[$3 7#a7 ,reality1 )\t f9ality1 9 all ?+s2 7#b7 p]fect sympa?y betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial2 7#c7 g5u9e individuality2 & 7#d7 = :atev] is inde$ real1 immortality4 ,i4 ,,reality1 ,,)\t ,,f9ality1 ,,9 ,,all ,,?+s4 ,d\bt is only a p>ticul> /ate1 or phase1 ( consci\sness1 & x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t any /ate ( consci\sness :atsoev]1 any attitude ( m9d1 mu/ assume or po/ulate some?+ real4 ,inde$1 ?is assumption ( reality is s positive t no consci\sness is ev] )\t "s w to believe1 :ile no w to believe is ev] )\t "s real object believ$ 94 ,c !re be smoke )\t "s fire1 or a seem+ )\t "s be+8 ,7 ei!r ( ^! ?+s possible1 !n by ! same tok5 !re c\ld also be a will+ )\t "s do+ or a want+ )\t "s hav+4 ,to be consci\s ( some?+1 p4#aid !n1 means n only t some?+ is assum$ &1 if assum$1 will$ to be1 b also t some?+ really & truly is4 ,( c\rse1 ! consci\sness is2 b1 h[ev] subjective1 ! consci\sness mu/ h m ?an its m]e subjectivity1 ?an its m]e seem+ or want+ or will+1 be+ 9 "s way g5u9ely objective or gr\nd$ 9 reality4 ,9 a ^w1 all consci\sness implies & dem&s1 po/ulates & possesses1 a real _w2 possibly n j ! _w =mally pres5t$ to x1 b nev]!less reality1 & reality1 too1 9 :i* someh[ ! pres5t$ _w has a place & "p4 ,?is may or may n be axiomatic1 b at ! v lea/ x is v ne> to be+ axiomatic1 &1 ne> or f>1 x q agrees ) ! conclusions to :i*1 al?\gh along some:at m specific l9es1 our own ?9k+ & ,desc>tes' ?9k+ h be5 con/antly po9t+4 ,z ,desc>tes might h said1 !re is no consci\sness )\t a ?or\ghly w>rant$ ,i am1 & no ,i am )\t an also ?or\ghly w>rant$ ,! _w ( my consci\sness is & is objectively real4 ,b 9 implications ab\t reality ! d\bt]'s consci\sness diff]s f ! believ]'s consci\sness2 n by any m]e d5ial1 = unqualifi$ d5ial mu/ be :olly ali5 to hone/ d\bt+1 & ! d\bt] is himself a believ]1 b by a peculi> assumption z to :at ! reality is4 ,simply d\bt] & believ]1 s f> z !y may be tak5 z indep5d5t *>act]s1 d n live 9 ! same real _w4 ,?us1 = ! di/9ct believ]--t is to say1 = ! specifically dogmatic believ]1 = him :o is1 or :o = ! mom5t may be suppos$ to be1 p4#aie t5aci\sly & immovably loyal to "s specific body ( doctr9e & to "s specific mann] ( life--reality is always te!r$ to "s /ake2 :ile = ! d\bt] x is too real & too free to suff] any su* bondage1 be+ inf9ite & all-inclusive4 ,= our d\bt]1 at once fully self-consci\s & hone/1 no possible exp]i5ce c ev] be 9 itself real & f9al1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c any possible exp]i5ce ev] be altoge!r unreal & illusory4 ,8 reality1 ,i say1 mu/ be at once free & all-inclusive4 ,inde$1 x c\ld n be ei!r ( ^! )\t be+ ! o!r4 ,= him no?+ is ! reality1 j because all ?+s mu/ belong to reality4 ,= him1 aga91 ! _w's reality is n[h]e1 j because ev]y:]e2 9 no def9$ ?+ fix$ly & completely1 j because 9 all ?+s--9 !m n m]ely di/ributively1 x is true1 b z !y "w toge!r2 & invisible & intangible1 inde$ g5]ally unkn[able1 j because any consci\sness is necess>ily limit$ to ! def9ite & inadequate m$iums1 or =ms1 ( positive k4 ,s ! d\bt] has a real _w1 b 8 own real _w4 ,moreov]1 9 ! great fre$om ( its reality we see h[ all ?+s tak5 individually or di/ributively1 mu/ be1 z ! ^w is us$1 only relative2 & 9 ! p]fect inclusiv5ess1 h[ no?+1 h[ev] relative1 c ev] be unreal4 ,relativism & scepticism h be5 p]5ially associat$1 b relativism is n a nihili/ic1 b a deeply reali/ic philosophy2 x is j ! sceptic's natural realism4 ,all ?+s are relative1 b only because reality is at once free f any?+1 & yet inclusive ( all ?+s4 ,:at is relative is p4#aif ?us n flatly unreal1 z is (t5 suppos$1 b significantly bo? real & unreal or nei!r real--n real to itself alone--nor unreal--n )\t its "p & place 9 :atev] is real4 ,! sceptic1 ?\gh always a relativi/1 is ?us also a mo/ pr(\nd reali/1 & ! nature ( 8 realism mu/ help u greatly to our view ( ! d\bt]'s _w4 ,moreov]1 ,desc>tes & 8 foll[]s 7 also nativi/s or intuitioni/s1 &1 at lea/ = ! fre] int]pretation "h p]mitt$1 _! nativism 0 ( a peculi> ord]1 & x involv$1 accord+ly1 a _w :i* 0 real 9 a peculi> way4 ,usually nativism has /ood = ! ass]tion ( c]ta9 inborn & s necess>ily valid & un*angeable ideas or *>act]s or p[]s2 z :5 m5 cont5d t p>ticul> ideas ( ,god are unassailable because imm$iately intuit$ z a "p ( man's v be+1 or aga9 :5 m5 decl>e a p>ticul> g5ius to be born1 n made1 or insi/ t a voice ( consci5ce born1 n br$1 9 !m1 tells !m explicitly to d & ev5 to make o!rs d ?is or t specific ?+1 to live & make o!rs live 9 ?is or t specific way1 to accept & make o!rs accept ?is or t specific programme ( politics1 morals1 or religion4 ,fur!rmore1 nativism ( ?is preval5t type n only has claim$ f9al validity = :at is ?us inborn--or giv5 indep5d5tly ( ! *ang+ conditions ( exp]i5ce--b also has commonly punctuat$ ?is claim by view+ ! inborn1 or ! intuit$--= example1 ! dictates ( consci5ce--z direct1 imm$iate1 unequivocal signs & m&ates ( ,god himself4 ,g5ius has be5 n human1 b div9e4 ,! intuition at l>ge has p4#aig pass$ = no?+ m or less ?an a sup]natural revelation4 ,b su* an und]/&+ ( ! innate1 ?\gh s]viceable beyond measure to ! specifically dogmatic believ]1 & ?\gh imply+ too1 z ( c\rse x %\ld1 ! natural1 appropriate _w ( su* a believ]1 does n agree ) ! pr9ciples ( ,desc>tes4 ,su* an und]/&+ ( ! innate c imply only a _w n m]ely ( def9ite1 sub/antial reality1 b also ( def9ite1 sub/antial unreality4 ,h[ real to "s p1 h[ def9ite & sub/antial ! unreal is2 h[ brutally fix$ & yet h[ ali5 to :at !y are giv5 to f9d+ real4 ,!y are nativi/s ( ! conv5tional type1 & = !m ! negatives ( all ?+s are z fix$ & z really or z sub/antially n ?is or t z ! positives to :i* :at is innate = !m be>s its special witness4 ,_! _w1 9 %ort1 is a _w ( te!r$ error z well z te!r$ tru?1 ( hopeless1 unmix$ evil z well z a :olly unta9t$1 unassailable--& :y n say also hopeless8--virtue1 ( absolute & effective lawlessness z well z an unsw]v+ law1 ( a free & omnipot5t devil z well z a free & omnipot5t ,god2 =1 9 simple/ language1 ! rule is a v poor "o t does n "w bo? ways4 ,a _w1 h[ev]1 :i* is s con/itut$1 calls emphatically = revision ( ! view t imp>ts its "* to x4 ,:]e ! unreal is z real z ! real1 ! evil z effective z ! good1 ! false z conclusive z ! true1 !re is c]ta9ly ne$ ( "s second ?9k+4 ,z "s good ,iri% philosoph] might put ! case1 if j ?is is :olly good or true or real1 & j t is :olly p4#aih evil or false or unreal1 !n ! good or ! true or ! real _c be exclusively j ?is1 ! evil or ! false or ! unreal _c be exclusively j t1 & ! innate1 responsible = a _w s made1 _c be j 9 t]ms ( c]ta9 fix$ ideas or *>act]s or p[]s4 ,:51 =soo?1 has ! manife/ exi/5ce ( evil 9 any =m1 ( intellectual or moral error1 ( political an>*y1 ( religi\s h]esy1 or ev5 ( natural viol5ce1 n %ak5 man's conceits ab\t :at is & :at is "r8 ,! v conceits--& ?is ! m z !y are def9ite & ass]tive--help to make ! manife/ evil1 v mu* z a def9ite law has its "p 9 mak+ a p>ticul> crime1 & ! evil s aris+1 z x is di/9ctly manife/$1 _c fail to assail & unsettle ! conceits4 ,accord+ to ! ,c>tesian nativism1 on ! o!r h&1 p>ticul>ly z x 0 develop$ by su* m5 z ,malebran*e & ,sp9oza1 ! innate1 :i* is always at once ! f9al appeal ( man's conceits & ! conclusive witness to :at is absolutely real1 0 inde$ "o ) ! div9e or sup]natural1 b x 0 p]haps j by reason ( its truly div9e or sup]natural "* & orig9 unte!r$4 ,h[ c\ld ! univ]sal d\bt] be born ) a specific k or a specific programme ( any?+1 :5 ! def9ite or fix$1 ! specific 9 any qu>t] :atsoev]1 mu/ always be a possible object ( d\bt8 ,only ! pure/ pr9ciple1 or _s1 is impregnable aga9/ ! attacks ( ! sceptic4 ,to d\bt su* a pr9ciple is inde$ only to enhance its importance4 ,! sceptic1 !n1 ! univ]sal d\bt]1 is born only )1 & :at is m he _c be born )\t1 a real p4#aii int]e/ & con/ant fai? 9 tru?1 9 true k & "r action1 b no special exp]i5ce c ev] compass ! l5g? & ! bread?1 ! dep? & ! height ( ?is int]e/ or ?is fai?4 ,he has a native love = tru? & righte\sness1 a belief 9 !m1 z real & z inviolable1 z univ]sal & z necess>y1 z 8 d\bt2 b ! v d\bt+ 9 him =ev] saves bo? ! tru? & ! righte\sness f be+ de/roy$ by satisfaction or crucifi$ by any f9al embodim5t4 ,he loves & he tru/s ) all 8 he>t1 & he lives 9 a _w t =ev] s]ves ! tru? & ! righte\sness ( 8 love & fai?4 ,s1 tak5 at lea/ = :at he promis$1 or = :at he said betwe5 ! l9es1 ,desc>tes 0 a nativi/ )\t ! nativi/'s disa/r\s bondage to =m & cre$1 to fix$ "* & specific programme4 ,he 0 a nativi/1 b = him ! innate lack$ its self-de/ructive def9it5ess2 x 0 j a _s or pr9ciple1 or :at ,i h also call$ a life or p[]1 ev] pres5t n 9 "s1 b 9 all exp]i5ce1 & s at once sanction+ all ?+s1 &1 because able to f9d p]fection 9 none alone1 ea* s+le ?+ be+ relative1 sanction+ also a con/ant conflict betwe5 ?+s z good or true or real1 & ?+s z bad or false or unreal4 ,:atev] is relative is necess>ily1 s to speak1 bo?-sid$ or divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,! relativity is su* conflict4 ,be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ! innate1 9 %ort1 all ?+s1 be+ relative1 mu/ be p>ties to conflict bo? individually & collectively1 nor is _! conflict any?+ b an old /ory to u4 ,all ! p>adoxes ( exp]i5ce h be5 evid5ces ( x4 ,! conflict ap>t = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ p4#bjj ( ,desc>tes' nativism is j ?is3 tru? 9 all exp]i5ce1 reality 9 all ?+s1 & reality1 or tru?1 a pr9ciple1 n a programme4 ,j ?is1 too1 discloses to u ! nature ( ! d\bt]'s real _w4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw 9 p>ticul> ! idea ( ,god :i* ! univ]sal d\bt] w\ld naturally & consi/5tly ent]ta9 & *]i%4 ,we saw h[ 9 ! pro( ( ,god ,desc>tes1 depos+ ! programme1 set ! pr9ciple 9 ! place ( au?ority1 & h[ 9 consequ5ce ,god became id5tifi$ ) all t 0 human1 ) all ! seek+ & /riv+1 ! hop+ & despair+1 ! err+ & ! suff]+1 ( man's life4 ,god's nature j drew all ?+s into itself2 ! v conflicts ( life 7 8 p]fection2 ! incongruities ( exp]i5ce 7 8 inf9ite wisdom4 ,b ! d\bt] has a metaphysics1 or cosmology1 z well z a !ology2 ,desc>tes lo/ & rega9$ a _w z well z a ,god2 & ! d\bt]'s metaphysics1 or cosmology1 proce$s f ?is simple cre$3 ,reality 9 all ?+s4 ,s runs ! cre$'s supreme article1 & its two important clauses are ^!1 equally famili> to u3 ,reality )\t =m or resid5ce--real z a _s1 n a programme1 &3 ,no?+ f9ally & fix$ly real 9 itself1 yet all ?+s work+ toge!r = :at is real4 ,) ?is cre$ cle>ly 9 m9d1 moreov]1 we may look out ^u ! _w & see ?+s t possibly we h nev] se5 at all1 or n se5 s cle>ly be=e4 ,we see t j because reality is s pr(\nd1 s spiritual1 & s inclusive1 j because no?+ c be absolutely real 9 itself1 all ?+s mu/ be relative--?is we saw be=e1 b h we ev] q und]/ood p4#bja /ood ! mean+ ( relativity8--& mu/ be relatively at once real & unreal4 ,p]haps ,i am /ill add+ little1 if any?+1 to :at has be5 said already1 b di/9ctly & emphatically ! real _w c comprise only ?+s t individually are relative1 relatively real or good or true1 & t be+ ?us relative secure _! place & "p 9 absolute reality only by be+ also relatively unreal or evil or false4 ,! v conflict ( ! relative ipso facto puts x 9 p]fect unity ) ! absolute4 ,& s1 see+ ?is1 we see n only a _w ( relativity & consequ5t conflict1 b also a _w ^: univ]sal relativity makes = a g5u9e absolut5ess1 & ^: conflict c nev] be 9 va91 b in/ead is always realiz+ & effective4 ,?us1 all ?+s relative1 t is to say all ?+s at once real & unreal1 good & bad1 true & false1 are 9 ! con/ant s]vice ( ! absolute2 & !n1 only employ+ aga9 ! language ( religion &1 if n exactly int]pret+1 at lea/ adapt+ "s well-kn[n l9es3 ,all s]vice ranks ! same ) ,god-- ,^: puppets1 be/ & wor/1 ,are we2 !re is no la/ or fir/4 ,all ?+s1 s]v+ reality1 are :atev] !y are toge!r2 yet c\ld n be t1 7 !re n a con/ant conflict 9 & among all ?+s4 ,all m5 s]v+ ,god are :atev] !y are toge!r2 yet1 9 l mann]1 c\ld n be t 7 human society n a sph]e ( conflict h>% & unceas+4 ,s we f9d ourselves well ^u our way 9 ! _w ( ! d\bt]--& :at a _w x is6 ,no p4#bjb f9ality1 because s mu* reality4 ,conflict1 =ev] necess>y to its effective realization4 ,relativity1 t is to say f9it5ess1 ( all ?+s1 ( all ?+s 9 x1 j = ! sake ( its own true absolut5ess1 j to cons]ve its own actual inf9ity4 ,&1 also1 9 su* a _w human life1 individually & socially1 gets new int]e/ & vitality4 ,!re is giv5 to human life s mu* fell[%ip1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 s mu* ho/ility & competition4 ,society & ! individual1 ?\gh nei!r loses its own peculi> importance1 are s vitally intimate ) ea* o!r4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 enl>ge n[ ^u ?is po9t4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! peculi> realism ( ! sceptic has a m press+ int]e/4 ,is our univ]sal d\bt] naturally & hone/ly an evolutioni/ or a creationali/8 ,( c\rse1 he may be nei!r1 or he may be "o or ! o!r ) a mean+ diff]5t f t usually recogniz$4 ,t]ms l ^! are s v h>d to control4 ,conceivably ! d\bt]1 a v v]satile "* always1 might ev5 be bo? evolutioni/ & creationali/4 ,b1 z ! t]ms are commonly us$1 he mu/ be said at lea/ to h 8 face t[>ds an evolutional & away f a creational view4 ,! diff]5ce1 aga91 is se5 9 t betwe5 pr9ciple & programme4 ,an evolutional _w is ! work+ out ( a pr9ciple2 a creat$ _w1 ( a programme--! fix$ design ( "s specifi$ be+4 ,true1 "o may speak ) mu* significance ( p]si/5t1 cont9u\s creation1 ( a creation active at all times & 9 all ?+s1 & x is to ! po9t t ! ,c>tesians made mu* ( a doctr9e t 0 v ne> to su* a notion2 b a truly cont9u\s creation p4#bjc c\ld be only an or?odox sub/itute1 or disguise1 = evolution4 ,a truly cont9u\s creation c\ld be b\nd by no programme2 by def9ition x c\ld h nei!r date 9 "t nor location 9 space4 ,&1 :at is ( ev5 great] mom5t1 a cont9u\s creator1 ev] pres5t & ev] active1 c\ld nev] be m or less ?an ! p]si/5t reality ( ! _w itself4 ,h[ c\ld he be alo( or diff]5t8 ,s h we come1 once m1 to ! imman5ce ( ,god z a necess>y idea ( ! sceptic4 ,! d\bt]'s _w1 !n1 is ! sc5e1 z reali/ic z y w & p]haps we may say1 too1 )\t unw>rant$ en?usiasm1 z bright b5ea? ! morn+ sun1 ( ! ev] pres5t1 ev] active life ( ,god or--) ! same mean+--( an evolution :i* we may call ,god or nature z we please4 ,f ?is ?\ght1 too1 if only we rememb] t no?+ is unreal & no exp]i5ce is )\t "s contact ) reality1 !re is b a /ep to ! idea t ,god & man are actively p>ties to "o & ! same life4 ,to repeat f above1 ! conflicts ( human life are ! p]fection1 ! p]fect liv+ ( ,god4 ,god is1 nay1 ,god's life is1 n :at "s1 b :at all m5 d1 & ! d\bt]'s _w is j ! _w1 ! _w ( ?+s always relative1 ! _w ( con/ant conflict1 9 :i* alone ?is c be true4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,sympa?y ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,& ,,! ,,mat]ial4 ,b we pass to ! second feature ( ?is _w 9 :i* we are j\rney+1 namely1 to ! sympa?y ( ! spiritual & ! physical4 p4#bjd ,z a matt] ( c\rse ! sceptic1 by 8 peculi> attitude ( m9d1 mu/ imply some?+ ) ref]5ce to ! relation ( ! two worlds1 or ! worlds commonly suppos$ to be two1 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 & because = him ! reality _c be exclusively "o def9ite ?+ or any numb]1 small or l>ge1 ( def9ite ?+s1 all ( !m indep5d5t & exclusive1 he mu/ imply 9 ! _w ( ?+s1 be ^! two or z _m z y please1 t !y always "w toge!r = :atev] is real4 ,su* an implication at fir/ he>+ may or may n appe> to be a pregnant "o1 b at lea/ x sugge/s t 9 "s g5u9e way !re mu/ be sympa?y betwe5 ! two ?+s1 ! two worlds--_s & matt]1 m9d & body4 ,^! two mu/ "w toge!r = :atev] is real4 ,b by ?is necess>y sympa?y betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial is n meant a m]e p>allelism s call$4 ,?9k]s1 pres5t & pa/1 h tri$ to be satisfi$ ) su* a mean+4 ,to be q real1 h[ev]1 sympa?y mu/ be sub/antial ev5 to ! po9t ( unity1 n =mal4 ,"s fri5ds1 & ev5 "s m>ri$ p1 are p>allel1 life mat*+ life at ea* & e po9t1 b n positively & vitally sympa!tic4 ,/ill1 9 p>allelism1 ! v "n = :i* is fairly indicative ( its import1 !re is a conv5i5t approa* to ! mean+ "h int5d$4 ,moreov]1 our ,c>tesian philosoph]s 7 mu* giv5 to a !ory ( p>allelism 9 _! views ( ! relation ( ! two sph]es ( m9d & matt]2 _! specific doctr9e ( cont9u\s creation1 already ref]r$ to1 0 p>alleli/ic2 & !y f\nd ! human m9d & p4#bje ! human body1 ?\gh di/9ctly two1 /ill p>allel4 ,!n1 too1 9 m rec5t times1 p>allelism has be5 9 evid5ce1 figur+ conspicu\sly at lea/ z a work+ /&po9t 9 ! psy*ological laboratory1 & figur+ also1 ,i v5ture to add1 z an important assumption 9 philan?ropic "w4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh ! t]m itself does convey a good deal ( its mean+1 ,i %all try1 9 words z simple z possible1 to %[ exactly :at ! !ory ( p>allelism is4 ,?is done1 we %all be able to see1 or ?9k ?r\gh p>allelism to sympa?y ( a m g5u9e & a m vital sort4 ,z 0 said1 ! doctr9e ( cont9u\s creation1 hold+ z x does t ! m5tal & spiritual life ( ,god & ! con/ant *anges 9 ! natural _w1 ! _w said to be ( 8 creation1 are always 9 accord1 ,god 9 8 relation to ! _w be+1 s to speak1 always up to date & hav+ 8 att5tion on e place & "p1 is di/9ctly a p>alleli/ic doctr9e2 b1 q ap>t f any !ological ref]5ce1 p>allelism ass]ts t all /ates1 or ev5ts1 9 ! two sph]es ( body & m9d1 ( _s & matt]1 are 7#a7 equally real & sub/antial1 & 7#b7 p]fectly h>moni\s & consi/5t1 9 j ! s5se t always 9 connection ) any condition or *ange 9 "o realm !re is an accompany+ condition or *ange 9 ! o!r1 al?\gh 7#c7 betwe5 ! two !re exi/s & c exi/ no causal connection :atev]4 ,obvi\sly to make ei!r1 :e!r by :at is kn[n z causation or 9 any o!r way1 ! produc+ & :olly det]m9+ condition ( ! o!r1 or ( any?+ 9 ! o!r1 w\ld be at once to unsettle ! equival5ce or balance ( _! reality1 & equally real p4#bjf !y mu/ be4 ,?us1 9 m detail1 m9d is d5i$ any indep5d5t "p 9 ! production or det]m9ation ( any?+ 9 ! mat]ial realm1 & matt] is 9 no way ! s\rce ( :at transpires 9 m9d4 ,ea* is1 s f> z ! o!r is conc]n$1 q its own ma/]4 ,ea* is absolutely )\t any arbitr>y influ5ce1 any influ5ce n natural or sympa!tic or co-op]ative1 ^u ! o!r4 ,s to speak1 nei!r imposes on ! o!r a mu/ t is n at ! same "t already ! o!r's w\ld4 ,9 o!r words1 any /ate 9 "o is always ! occasion1 b1 s f> z an indep5d5t causation goes1 ! :olly passive occasion ( some?+ q p]t95t occurr+ 9 ! o!r4 ,is !re an idea1 a /ate ( consci\sness2 !n1 correspond+1 !re is "s real ?+1 "s physical object adequate to ! idea4 ,is !re an act ( w2 !n1 correspond+ to x1 "s movem5t 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,7 ! relation diff]5t f ?is1 7 m9d & matt] ev] indep5d5t causes1 n m]ely co9cid5ts or p]haps co-op]ative causes1 ( ea* o!r1 !n1 z is wor? add+1 besides ! di/urbance ( ! equival5ce ( reality1 already ref]r$ to1 !re w\ld be impli$ a fixity ( plan1 or mann] ( action1 & a def9it5ess ( possess$ p[] 9 ! nature ( ! suppos$ causes1 & ^! implications w\ld also give (f5ce4 ,yet 9 ! _w ( our j\rney+ !re mu/ be causation--on "s plan--( "s sort4 ,p>allelism1 ?\gh sometimes suppos$ to be m sweep+1 is really & consi/5tly a d5ial only ( isolat$1 indep5d5t causes4 ,x d5ies1 n causation1 b causation z ev] localiz$ or ) an exclusive resid5ce4 p4#bjg ,9 v mu* ! same way c]ta9 political ideas1 gr[+ to explicit expression contemporane\sly1 h d5i$1 n sov]eignty or p[]1 b an exclusively localiz$ sov]eignty or p[]1 z 9 ! case ( absolute mon>*y or ( an absolute in/itution1 :e!r *ur* or /ate4 ,p>allelism1 or at lea/ ! inn] mean+ ( x1 simply imposes c]ta9 conditions on a /ill real causation4 ,^! conditions1 too1 necess>ily involve a significant1 ev5 a revolution>y *ange 9 ! nature & value ( any cause1 b beyond p]adv5ture !y are unavoidable conditions4 ,?us1 e active ?+ hav+ any "p 9 ! causation ( ! _w mu/ always be only "o among o!r active ?+s1 ea* also ) "s "p4 ,!n1 secondly1 all active ?+s mu/ co-op]ate1 91 if n actually ?r\gh _! diff]5ces work+ toge!r & h>moni\sly = :at is real4 ,9 %ort1 !y mu/ be p>allel4 ,&1 la/ly1 z some?+ n =mally ass]t$ by p>allelism b /ill f> f incongru\s ) x &1 z seems to me1 ev5 dem&$ by its inn] mean+1 all active ?+s mu/ be always act$ ^u z well z act+4 ,to give a s+le illu/ration1 ?\gh ?is may be q sup]flu\s1 p>allelism w\ld view ! life ( a skill$ lab\r] at "w 9 8 %op z a process 9 two p>ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! environm5t1 compris+ n m]ely all ! tools & mat]ials1 b also ! body ( ! workman1 moves z a me*anism1 ea* "p fly+ to its appo9t$ task consi/5tly ) ! p>ticul> ?+ to be done2 & !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d & ! w ( ! me*anic1 n by any indep5d5t ab extra causation1 b p4#bjh nev]!less at e ?\ght or s5sation co9cid5tly & p]t95tly accompanies ! environm5t's me*anical movem5t4 ,ea* process is consi/5t )9 itself1 n foll[+ nor yet prec$+1 b accompany+ ! o!r 9 p]fect /ep4 ,:at makes ! environm5t s tractable or ! m9d s practical8 ,! cr$it "h has usually be5 giv5 to a t]tium quid1 to ,god1 :o is s made m a m$iator ?an a creator4 ,god is ! ,great ,p>allel]4 ,b ! ?ird condition t 0 to be met--h[ ab\t t8 ,are ! workman's m9d & 8 environm5t ea* at once act+ & act$ ^u8 ,are _! two processes virtually "o in/ead ( two8 & is ! m$iation accord+ly1 j 9 ! fact ( su* unity in/ead ( 9 "s be+ act+ z if f )\t8 ,s f> z ! =mal !ory goes1 z 0 said1 ?is ?ird condition is n fulfill$1 b ! !ory _c be und]/ood z oppos$ to su* unity2 r x is a fir/ /ep & a long /ep t[>ds an appreciation ( x4 ,! =mal !ory1 alike 9 its ass]tion ( ! p>allelism & 9 its view ( ,god z m$iator r ?an positive creator1 is an effective attack1 consi/5t1 z we h se51 ) ! dem&s ( an hone/1 ?or\gh-go+ scepticism1 ^u ! fix$1 indep5d5t1 arbitr>ily creative cause 9 any =m4 ,x does n op5ly ass]t causation 9 any o!r s5se4 ,seem+ q oblivi\s1 = example1 ( causation z action ) an accompany+ reaction1 or ( :at ,i %\ld /yle an organic or diff]5tial causation4 ,b1 besides mak+ & ne$+ to make no d5ial ( ?is1 x all b op5s ! door to recognition ( su* a view4 ,9 su* mann]1 !n1 z simply & z briefly z p4#bji ,i f9d myself able to put ! case1 runs ! !ory ( p>allelism2 ) its equal reality & its non-int]f]5ce ( two di/9ct b ?or\ghly correspond5t ag5cies or sub/ances1 c]ta9ly a !ory ( a =mal1 r ?an g5u9e & vital1 sympa?y4 ,metaphysically x is dualism /ill p]si/5t4 ,b "o ne$s only a little insight1 & p]haps also a slight lean+ t[>ds ! gruesome1 to see t x is dualism--at lea/ ! dualism ( ! m$ieval type--already 9 a %r\d4 ,ev5 dualism dem&s1 & %\ld always be all[$1 its fun]al s]vice & a dec5t burial4 ,) ! pass+ ( dualism1 h[ev]1 ! sympa?y becomes m ?an m]ely =mal4 ,two ?+s always equally real _c be really two1 & a p]fect p>allelism1 ?\gh satisfy+ to c]ta9 *]i%$ traditions 9 philosophy or !ology1 is s saturat$ ) unity z to be almo/1 if n q1 at ! po9t ( precipitation4 ,)\t attempt+1 !re=e1 any fur!r appraisal ( p>allelism metaphysically1 we may turn to :at w seem m practical4 ,look+ or ?9k+ ?r\gh ?is metaphysical !ory we c see t x is equival5t to a decl>ation t ! physical & ! spiritual 9 human life1 or 9 life at l>ge1 are meant = ea* o!r4 ,p]haps 9 a some:at /ilt$ fa%ion1 b nev]!less beyond any *ance ( "q1 x is a philosophy t makes man & nature always accordant & adaptable1 & com+ z x did 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n p]iod1 x c lay claim to ?is mean+ on hi/orical z well z on logical gr\nds4 ,its value to philan?ropy1 too1 p]haps only ano!r sign ( its mod]nism1 is easily p4#baj detect$1 s9ce x supplies j su* tangible means z ! mat]ial conditions ( life = ! accompli%m5t ( philan?ropic ends1 & its s]vice to sci5tific psy*ology1 pla9ly an indisp5sable s]vice1 lies 9 its mak+ ! physical nature a m$ium1 n m]ely = ! expression1 b also = ! /udy ( :at is psy*ical4 ,z = its relation to ! argum5t ( ?is book1 x is simply dualism meet+2 or try+ to meet1 ! dem&1 9 ! fir/ place1 t reality itself %\ld be indet]m9ate--always a t]tium quid--&1 9 ! second place1 t ! ?+s t are def9ite1 be !y mat]ial or spiritual1 %\ld "w toge!r = reality4 ,"u ! same dem&1 be x said1 atomism c\ld /& only if supplem5t$ by "s doctr9e ( assum$ unity or co-op]ation among all ! elem5ts--z1 = example1 by ,leibnitz's doctr9e ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 look+ & ?9k+ ?r\gh ! !ory ( p>allelism1 we c see some?+ ( special significance = ! d\bt]'s _w4 ,m5 (t5 =get t new relations ( ?+s mean new ?+s1 or at lea/ new *>act]s = ! old ?+s4 ,?us1 m9d & matt]1 or man & nature1 if become1 or f\nd to be1 p>allel1 are no long] ! m9d & ! matt]1 ! spiritual man & ! physical _w1 t !y 74 ,! two ?+s1 j by _! complete correspond5ce1 are *ang$ 9 a mo/ important way4 ,t !y mu/ be *ang$ is q evid5t1 b h[ to /ate exactly :at ! *ange is is n easy4 ,t ! *ange1 too1 mu/ be 9 ! direction ( _! m vital union is evid5t to u1 b aga9 ! precise description ( x is difficult4 ,/ill1 ,i submit t ! p4#baa effect ( correspond5ce1 :e!r ?is be natural or impos$1 is to make ! ?+s conc]n$1 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 at once dynamic & teleologic 9 "* & function4 ,moreov]1 !y are dynamic ) ! same reality & teleologic = ! same end4 ,to correspond to some?+1 z p>allelism makes matt] & m9d correspond to ea* o!r1 is n1 & _c be1 simply to h a c]ta9 "*1 self-conta9$ & g5]ally /atic2 x is1 & app>5tly x mu/ be1 to h a con/ant call to action1 a con/ant motive to g beyond self1 & s to make "o's nature m$iative or in/rum5tal4 ,:]e=e1 if ?is be 9 tru? ! effect ( correspond5ce1 9 our d\bt]'s _w m9d appe>s z a ?9k+1 n a m]e kn[+1 & matt] z a mov+1 n a m]e be+2 & ! ?9k+ & ! motion are in/rum5tal1 or m$iative1 to ! same end1 to ! same reality4 ,all ( :i*1 moreov]1 be+ translat$1 means1 on ! "o h&1 t 9 our d\bt]'s _w man is free to ?9k to "s practical purpose1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! mat]ial _w w s]ve bo? 8 ?9k+ & 8 purpose4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! fre$om ( ?\ght1 m9d by be+ reliev$ f all dang] ( any arbitr>y int]f]5ce f ! physical _w1 has at once ! consci\s "r ( indep5d5t proc$ure & ! positive assurance ( its ?9k+1 ?us free & indep5d5t1 be+ q practical or applicable2 = pla9ly ! fre$om is 91 n f1 ! mat]ial _w4 ,no?+ possible to ?\ght1 no consi/5t *a9 ( reflections ^u exp]i5ce1 h[ev] ab/ract1 c possibly fail to be exemplifi$ 9 ! p4#bab natural _w1 or--z ,hegel said1 giv+ m direct expression to ! same idea--! real is rational & ! rational is real4 ,! applicability ( ?\ght to life1 !re=e1 ! real utility ( look+ well be=e leap+1 ! ultimate s]vice ev5 ( ! mo/ te*nically sci5tific !ory is :at we see f our pres5t obs]vation-t[]1 & ! spl5d\r ( ! view h>dly calls = rem>k4 ,man is free to ?9k1 to ?9k 9 8 _w & ab\t x2 & 8 ?\ght is always inc>nate2 x is an unfail+ m$iator betwe5 him & ! life ( ! mat]ial _w ab\t him4 ,well begun is half done is an old saw1 & = human conduct a great tru?1 b ,well ?\ght is well done is ev5 great]1 if n old]4 ,?9k cle>ly1 & ! fulfill+ act1 ! ov]t expression ( y\r ?\ght1 is already ensur$4 ,a ?or\ghly develop$ plan f9ds its execution1 z x 71 already provid$ =2 su* is ! p]fect sympa?y betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical _w4#a ,n[1 h[ev]1 t we h obs]v$ ! complete fre$om ( ! ?9k] 9 ! d\bt]'s _w1 n[ t we see ! ?9k] free1 n only to develop 8 ?\ght ab/ractly1 b also to expect t ! conclusions :i* he rea*es w be exemplifi$ 9 8 p4#bac _w & s to be able to apply !m !re1 we are 9 great dang] ( s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,?\ght is inde$ free1 b ! truly free ?9k] is no s+le individual develop+ "s p>ticul> po9t ( view1 al?\gh ev5 su* a "o mu/ always h "s "p 9 ! fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,free ?\ght is deep] ?an any ( its =mal expressions & broad] ?an ! positive exp]i5ce ( any ( its expon5ts2 x belongs to ! life ( m9d z pres5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole sph]e ( all consci\s life2 & ! s+le individual has "p 9 x only :5 8 actual1 articulate ?9k+ is supplem5t$ by 8 consci\s d\bt+ ( 8 own peculi> /&po9t1 8 treatm5t ( ?is z only t5tative & m$iative1 & 8 consequ5t appeal to ?\ght z always deep] & broad] ?an j :at he sees1 or--am\nt+ really to ! same ?+--only :5 8 ?\ght is m+l$ 9 social conflict & mutual accommodation ) t ( o!rs4 ,9 ! d\bt]'s _w ! ?\ght t is at once free & fully applicable is social--j z we "k d\bt to be social2 t p]fect applicability1 s ess5tial to truly free ?\ght1 simply _c belong to all ?9k+1 or to all ?\ghts1 di/ributively & indiscrim9ately1 to all specific ?\ghts & ideas1 ?\gh all mu/ be capable ( "s application1 m or less endur+1 b only 9 ! fir/ place to ! ?9k+ t1 l pure ma!matics1 is exact & g5]al simply because /rictly =mal & ab/ract1#b & 9 ! second place to ! ?9k+ t :5 mat]ial & concrete1 :5 deal+1 ) actual affairs & def9ite practical relations1 makes up = its consequ5t p4#bad relativity & subjectivity by inn] p>adox or contradiction1 9 s f> z individual or p]sonal1 & by op5 opposition & controv]sy1 9 s f> z x is social1 & assumes accord+ly only ! value ( a means to an end4 ,mu* has be5 said 9 e>li] *apt]s#c ( ! p>adoxical nature ( human exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 se5 to be among m5 no k )\t a contradiction1 & ! ev]-pres5t p>adoxes ( exp]i5ce 7 recogniz$ z causes ( ?or\gh-go+ d\bt4 ,b1 al?\gh at fir/ sight seem+ to bla/ man's ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & 8 sci5ce also1 ^! p>adoxes 7 ev5tually f\nd also to give to exp]i5ce movem5t & poise1 reality & practicality1 & to involve ! individual 9 a life t 0 z social z x 0 real1 & !reupon !y became z c]ta9ly reasons = fai? z causes ( d\bt2 !y 7 witnesses to a pr9ciple ( integrity & validity1 a _s ( v]acity mov+ ?r\gh all exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ly1 once m1 our truly free ?9k]1 ! ?9k] ^: ?\ght is ?or\ghly applicable to life1 is su* a "o z lives = & ) ?is pr9ciple ( validity or _s ( v]acity1 hav+ 8 e ?\ght in=m$ ) x4 ,he is n ! s+le individual1 hold+ t5aci\sly to "s specific /&po9t1 b ! d\bt] ev] us+ :at he sees & kn[s1 & 9 us+ appeal+ beyond :at he sees & kn[s1 or he is ev5 ! social life t only m directly & explicitly embraces & uses ! views ( all individuals1 ^! views always work+ toge!r = :at is true & real2 or1 la/ly1 he is ! tru?-_s itself :i* is ev] sup]ior to p4#bae any?+ t is ei!r m]ely individual or m]ely social4 ,! free ?9k] is j ! hone/ d\bt]2 a believ] 9 :at he kn[s or ?9ks1 b only z a work+ view to some?+ else2 &1 consci\sly1 a social be+1 ?r\gh controv]sy %>+ ) o!rs ! practical exp]i5ce ( :at is real4 ,) reg>d to ! peculi> case ( ma!matics1 :i* is widely applicable because =mal & z exact z =mal1 x seems en\gh to say t :ile ma!matics has v prop]ly become ! ideal ( all k1 n exclud+ su* sci5ces z psy*ology & sociology1 ! f9al value1 ! peculi> applicability ( ma!matics1 lies 9 its "* z a g5]al attitude or me?od4 ,x is n /rictly a sci5ce1 b ! ideal me?od ( sci5ce4 ,doctr9ally1 t is1 z to any specific intellectual cont5t1 !re c h>dly be said to be any pure ma!matics1 any f9al body ( =mula absolutely exact & fully applicable4 ,has n doctr9al ma!matics _h a hi/ory8 ,has x n[ no promise ( future *anges8 ,b :atev] has a hi/ory--c ?is be q pure8 ,h ev5 ^? axioms1 :i* once ^u a "t y & ,i le>n$ to respect = _! self-evid5ce1 be5 free f ! criticism & revision ( ! ma!matical exp]ts8 ,!n1 too1 tak+ any p>ticul> =mula f s-call$ appli$ ma!matics1 su* z t simple b altoge!r typical "o ( ! lev]1 :at d we f9d8 ,an equation is said to exi/ betwe5 ! product ( ! weight by its di/ance f ! fulcrum1 & t ( ! p[] by its di/ance f ! same po9t1 b 9 application ?is =mula c nev] be fully exemplifi$4 ,! fulcrum nev] is a po9t4 ,! p]fectly homog5e\s lev]1 s p4#baf necess>y to ! equation1 is unatta9able1 if n also un?9kable4 ,!re c nev] be complete abs5ce ( friction1 nor p]fectly ideal susp5sion ( ! weight or application ( ! p[]4 ,& ! necess>y atmosph]ic di/urbances1 ev5 9 a vacuum1 to say no?+ ( ! difficulties ( absolute measurem5ts1 are n less fatal4 ,only z me?od1 !re=e1 :i* really means z proc$ure accord+ to /&>ds ( /ricte/ accuracy & ( highe/ logical consi/5cy1 or z close/1 mo/ con/ant loyalty to a _s ( tru?1 n z doctr9e1 c ma!matics be said to be freely applicable4 ,ma!matics seems to me to be at ! v he>t ( ! work+ hypo!sis4 ,its te/s ( accuracy are su* z =ev] save sci5ce f any?+ l doctr9al dogmatism4 ,hi/orically !re is mu* significance 9 ! fact t our d\bt]1 ,desc>tes1 0 almo/ ! inv5tor ( ! ,analytic ,geometry1 & t ?is & ! ,calculus1 :i* came aft]w>ds1 & :i* we owe *iefly to ,leibnitz & ,newton1 comprise r a me?odological ?an a doctr9al ma!matics4 ,) _! inv5tion & developm5t ! application ( ma!matics to mat]ial facts1 or x w\ld be bett] to say to ! inve/igation ( mat]ial facts1 took trem5d\s /rides4 ,s ,desc>tes1 :o d\bt$ ma!matics only because x 0 n satisfy+ doctr9ally1 rega9$ 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( 8 ,god or 8 mat]ial _w1 n exactly :at he _h lo/4 ,alike 9 ma!matics & !ology he lo/ doctr9e & cre$2 he won me?od & life4 ,&1 to return1 ) ref]5ce to ! relation ( ma!matics to ! free ?9k]1 no?+ c be cle>] ?an t ?is sci5ce1 at lea/ sometimes s call$1 z p4#bag a me?od or attitude exact+ cle>e/ possible proc$ure & highe/ logical consi/5cy1 is ! v pr9ciple ( v]acity1 ^u loyalty to :i* ! fre$om ( ?\ght mu/ always dep5d4 ,l ?is pr9ciple1 too1 ma!matics--s mu* m truly ?an any o!r discipl9e--is sup]ior to any?+ t is ei!r m]ely individual or ab/ractly social4 ,s1 look+ & ?9k+ ?r\gh ! !ory ( p>allelism1 we see h[ ?\ght is ,bet free4 ,man is free1 z 0 said1 to ?9k always to "s practical purpose4 ,secondly1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! mat]ial _w1 said to s]ve 8 ?9k+ & 8 purpose1 ?is 9 its turn is lib]at$ also2 x is lib]at$ = a life ( its own law & ord]4 ,nature1 ! mat]ial _w 9 g5]al1 is no long] ! victim ( arbitr>y *anges4 ,su* *anges z spr+ f ! occultly creative acts ( ! spiritual _w1 or m exactly ! _s-_w1 repres5t$ by ,god 9 ! "* ( an extrane\s be+1 by a p]sonal devil or by ^? m9or spirits or p[]s ( light or d>kness1 (t5 if n usually describ$ z objects ( sup]/ition1 no long] int]f]e ) nature's ord]ly c\rse4 ,%e is left1 unmole/$1 to be j h] natural self1 consi/5t & p]si/5t 9 ! way prescrib$ by h] own inn] be+4 ,& !n1 :ile subject to no arbitr>y int]f]5ce1 %e is h]self nev] giv5 to int]f]5ce1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 9 h] own "r1 ess5tially at "o ) t o!r _w1 ! _w ( ! ?9k]4 ,poets h ev] fondly sung ( nature's sympa?y ) man1 & h] sympa?y deep & abid+ is exactly :at we n[ obs]ve1 nor c any poem too l(tily give expression to x4 p4#bah ,& :at1 9 m detail1 ( ?is sympa!tic nature--( ?is ideal _w1 or p]fect home1 ( ?9k+ man8 ,) mu* int]e/ we c]ta9ly might trace all ! aspects ( its "* correspond+ to ! diff]5t phases ( ! ?9k]'s life1 b discussion ( !m all w\ld take too mu* ( our space & might s]i\sly tax an already tri$ pati5ce4 ,s we %all conf9e ourselves to "o ?+ alone4 ,! truly free ?9k] 0 said to be "o :o believes 9 :at he kn[s or ?9ks1 b only z a work+ view to some?+ else4 ,no ?\ght ( 8 c\ld ev] compass ! fulness ( tru? )9 him4 ,:at1 !n1 ( nature8 ,correspond+ to ! ?9k]'s positive k1 to ! specific law or ord]1 :i* at "o "t or ano!r he f9ds manife/ 9 8 _w1 !re is ! well-kn[n1 b (t5 misund]/ood1 "* ( nature z a great me*anism1 mov+ ( c\rse "u ! law4 ,b correspond+ to 8 only t5tative acceptance1 ?\gh always tru/ful use ( :at he kn[s1 !re is ! mu* neglect$ "* ( nature z n an idle1 unproductive me*anism1 always do+ exactly ! same ?+1 b1 if ,i may s speak1 a mov+1 develop+1 ev]-productive "o1 s]v+ "s end l>g] & deep] ?an ! kn[n law4 ,nature mu/ inde$ be a ma*9e if ! ?9k]'s k dem&s uni=mity or law1 b an in/rum5t ( some?+ o!r ?an h] me*anical self1 9 %ort1 n a m]ely revolv+1 b an evolv+1 always productive ma*9e1 if ! k itself is nev] f9al4 ,! mat]ial1 me*anical "* ( nature1 z ,i h said1 is (t5 misund]/ood4 ,! real mean+ ( x is lo/1 & ) s]i\s results4 ,9 ! fir/ p4#bai place1 x is tak5 z if x involv$ a :olly ext]nal1 physical nature1 & 9 ! second place x is tak5 z if x repres5t$ ?is nature only z mov+ ?r\gh its *anges accord+ to a c]ta9 law & z hav+ 9 consequ5ce no?+ to d b keep up ! dead1 /rictly me*anical exi/5ce ( its law-fix$ "* & incid5tally involve man 9 ! tireless turn+ ( its fatal :eels4 ,b no?+ c\ld be m sup]ficial1 or ev5 m ne$lessly sup]/iti\s1 ?an ?is4 ,obvi\s facts are ov]look$ or1 if se51 =gott54 ,! simple/ dem&s ( a truly sci5tific m9d are slight$ s inexcusably4 ,c\ld any law ( an ali51 ext]nal nature ev] be an actual or possible object ( k8 ,& c\ld su* law z is kn[n --( a nature n ali5--ev] h any b a relative value1 a provisional m$iate "*8 ,nature may be a ma*9e1 b ! law ( h] mov+ is nev] id5tical ) any law 9 positive k1 ?\gh :at is kn[n is always in=m$ ) ! law ( h] mov+2 & ?is is to make h] m ?an a m]e ma*9e4 ,aga91 no kn[n law is ev] ! law1 & "u ! law nature mu/ be qualitatively diff]5t f :at "u ! kn[n law %e appe>s to be4 ,to neglect ?is diff]5ce1 !n1 is s]i\sly to misund]/& ! me*anical "* ( nature4 ,yet "s "o promptly objects t ,i am n at all fair to ! common und]/&+ ( me*anicalism4 ,i am told t no "o ev] ?9ks ( nature z revolv+ /rictly 9 accord ) any kn[n law4 ,all m5 :o give any ?\ght to ! matt] conc$e t ! really ultimate law mu/ be n any?+ t is kn[n1 b only :at is yet to be kn[n1 & is p4#bbj m]ely l 9 k9d to su* laws z m5 h cognizance (4 ,?is int]e/+ concession1 h[ev]1 q fails ( its purpose1 s9ce x does n meet ! real difficulty "h 9 "q4 ,x %[s me*anicalism1 n inde$ b\nd to any p>ticul> k1 b nev]!less /ill conceiv+ ! f9al lawfulness ( nature aft] ! analogy ( a p>ticul> law1 ! m]ely kn[n or unkn[n or unkn[able "* ( :i* matt]s n at all4 ,! analogy is :at misleads4 ,! analogy only s]ves to dead5 :at really lives4 ,:5 w m5 cease to ?9k ( ! :ole aft] ! analogy ( ! "p8 ,( !1 z if x 7 a8 ,:5 w ,god cease to be only ano!r p]son8 ,& ! univ]se only ano!r ?+8 ,& ! lawfulness or unity ( all nature only ano!r =mula8 ,?is or t =mula may %[ nature a me*anism z smoo? runn+ & z bl9dly giv5 to dead r\t9e z c\ld be imag9$1 b nature is ev] m & o!r ?an kn[n =mul ( m51 & z m & o!r1 or say z answ]+ to ! free _s ( tru? t moves 9 ! ?\ght ( m51 %e is z free 9 h] real lawfulness z %e is inf9ite4 ,by reason ( h] inf9ity !re is no law t %e may n break4 ,a law may make h] a me*anism1 dead & idle2 ! law makes h] an organism liv+ & productive4 ,h[ a positivi/ic sci5ce1 mak+ all k wait on actual exp]i5ce1 & accept+ all k only t5tatively1 c ev] be me*anicali/ic or appeal to ! ord9>y und]/&+ z an argum5t = ! me*anicali/ic view ( ?+s is h>d to conceive4 ,if "o reasons f kn[n =ms to uni=m activities1 mu/ "o n also reason f ! always provisional p4#bba & develop+ k to productive activities8 ,mu/ n ! me*anism evolve into some?+ m1 add+ some?+ to man's life1 realiz+ some?+ = all life1 enl>g+ ev5 ! nature ( ,god himself8 ,once m1 !re=e1 correspond+ to ! law t m5 may "k & t !y c "k only z _! work+ hypo!sis1 !re is nature1 a me*anism mov+ & h]self at "w1 :ile correspond+ to ! great liv+ fact ( nature's f9al lawfulness1 or to ! ?9k]'s s5se ( tru? z a _s or pr9ciple1 n a =m or cre$ or programme1 !re is ! con/antly1 g5u9ely productive life ( nature1 ! me*anism1 z has n[ be5 said sev]al times1 ev] evolv+ beyond its =m & law4 ,h] law is n a law1 any m ?an ! ?9k]'s passion = tru? c be f9ally satisfi$ by a =mula or ?an ,god's cont9u\sly creative life c ev] culm9ate 9 a s+le f9i%+ act4 ,! d\bt]'s _w1 9 %ort1 or s mu* ( x z is said to be mat]ial1 is n law-b\nd1 b law-free3#d an organism1 n a me*anism2 & ^u ! value ( ?is vision ( nature1 ^u ! !oretical or ! practical value1 :e!r to sci5ce or to philosophy1 to morals or to religion1 to politics or to indu/ry1 x seems h>dly necess>y to dwell4 ,b1 to add a ^w or two 9 v g5]al appraisal ( x1 su* a nature1 s]v$ z x is by e law1 by e me*anical action1 yet b\nd to move1 is active always f design2 its life is ess5tially purposive4 ,n t x s]ves ! purpose ( any?+1 or any be+1 beyond itself1 b 9 e "p & movem5t x is itself always ma9ta9+ an end1 ! end ( its p4#bbb its own unte!r$ reality4 ,9 words us$ be=e1 & appli$ alike to ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 x is at once dynamic & teleologic4 ,su* a nature1 be x especially obs]v$1 is ! basic condition1 if n also ! v inspiration ( our mod]n indu/rialism4 ,?is indu/rial age1 /ruggl+ aga9/ ! old-"t milit>ism1 9 its religion1 9 its art & 9 its lit]ature1 9 its leisure & 9 its lab\r1 9 city & 9 c\ntry1 is an age ( ma*9]y2 ( ma*9]y 9 all ! manifold =ms dem&$ by all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( human life1 n ( :eels & belts alone2 an age ( ! consci\s employm5t1 = human purposes1 ( ! res\rces ( all sorts1 ! mat]ials & ! =ces :i* ! natural environm5t af=ds4 ,fre$om1 n slav]y1 is recogniz$ z man's ideal portion1 & 9 ord] to ensure ! fre$om1 n human nature1 b physical nature is me*anicaliz$2 or1 ) ! same int5t1 all ! =mal means1 or in/rum5ts1 ( life are tak5 z incid5ts ( environm5t1 n z ess5tial to man4 ,s is indu/rialism supplant+ ! old-"t milit>ism t s\ght1 9 all ! relations ( life1 to id5tify ! human ) ! in/rum5tal4 ,witness ! values n[ put ^u !ories & cre$s1 ^u rites & in/itutions1 ^u p]sonal habits & social laws4 ,all ( ^!1 to beg9 )1 are means1 n ends2 &1 fur!r1 !y are means ^: devis+--s man is insi/+1 z nev] be=e--mu/ be1 z ne> z possible1 true to nature4 ,! sov]eign conviction ( ?is age ( indu/rialism appe>s to be t ! only sure way to human fre$om is ! way ( nature2 employm5t ( su* in/rum5ts z %e c supply2 ob$i5ce to su* law z %e may disclose4 p4#bbc ,b _m h f\nd ?is age ( indu/rialism insuffici5t4 ,x seems to !m s mat]iali/ic4 ,x w\ld view ?+s s mu* f ! /&po9t ( cold naturalism4 ,! attitude ( laissez faire z mean+ ,let nature d ! "w1 has s widely possess$ ! m9ds ( m54 ,if only we c\ld get back "s ( our =m] idealism & reg>d nature z once m subject to "s sup]natural w6 ,despair l ?is1 h[ev]1 is bl9d & z ne$less z bl9d4 ,dep5d5ce on a lawful1 me*anical nature c br+ to human life no loss ( :at is truly ideal & p]sonally wor?y4 ,in/ead1 x br+s con/ant ga91 = ! k ( law & ! mak+ ( ma*9]y d n rob m5 ( p]sonal opportunity1 b r make ! opportunity = p]sonal a*ievem5t only ! m manife/4 ,a me*anical nature is always = man1 n man = a me*anical nature2 & its movem5t is always productive = man4 ,if1 !n1 indu/rial life has t5d$1 z x has be5 suppos$ to t5d1 t[>ds mat]ialism & fatalism1 ! reason c lie only 9 ! bl9dness ( su* z refuse to see cle>ly ?is visible fact4 ,n m]ely some?+ always do+1 b some?+ always t man is do+ is ! def9ite message ( a nature t ev] manife/s h]self "u ! =m ( law4 ,to ! ?9k]1 9 no unc]ta9 syllables1 %e says3 ,g =? & d4 ,& our age ( indu/rialism1 if he>+ ?is bidd+1 w lose its unnatural mat]ialism1 & f9d itself quick ) a moral & religi\s in/ead ( a n>r[ly practical & comm]cial motive4 ,s 9 ! d\bt]'s _w are ! spiritual & ! mat]ial g5u9ely sympa!tic4 p4#bbd ,,iii4 ,a ,,g5u9e ,,individuality4 ,besides ! reality1 )\t f9ality1 ( all ?+s 9 exp]i5ce1 to :i* we gave our fir/ att5tion 9 ?is *apt]1 & ! p]fect sympa?y ( ! spiritual & ! mat]ial1 :i* we h j se5 to give new dignity to ! intellectual life1 mak+ ?\ght free1 & new wor? to ! life & movem5t ( nature1 mak+ nature n lifelessly me*anical1 b me*anically productive2 besides ^! two features ( ! d\bt]'s _w1 !re /ill rema9 two o!rs to be obs]v$ by u4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^! !re is ! fact ( a g5u9e individuality4 ,diff]5t p]sons1 z well z diff]5t ?+s1 possess a sub/antial wor? to ! real & ! true4 ,no "o may be ei!r real or wor?y by himself1 b no "o is unreal = be+ dep5d5t on o!rs4 ,! p]sons1 l ! ?+s1 t "w toge!r = :at is real1 f9d ! s]vice its own rew>d4 ,reality1 hav+ no exclusive re/+-place mu/ itself be dep5d5t4 ,x is dep5d5t on an inf9ite multiplicity ( diff]5ces4 ,!re9 lies ! p]son's *ance = individuality2 nay1 x is 8 "r to x & assurance ( x4 ,be=e ! days ( ,desc>tes1 to speak g5]ally1 ! typical individual 9 human society--& let me say also1 ?\gh at ! exp5se ( runn+ into a r viol5t metaphor1 ! typical individual 9 any class or gr\p :atsoev]--0 ! soldi]1 a creature ( ano!r's w1 do+ only ano!r's "w1 & hav+ reality only by virtue ( *>act]s s ap>t f individual peculi>ities z actually to imply exi/5ce 9 ano!r _w4 ,! individual1 9 o!r words--if p4#bbe at once real & wor?y--0 !n an une>?ly be+4 ,= a be+ s con/itut$1 or liv+ z if he 7 s con/itut$1 ! creationali/ic !ology & ! analog\s mon>*ical politics 7 ( c\rse l>gely responsible1 s9ce 9 _! diff]5t ways !y took individual indep5d5ce ( action f ! g5]al run ( mank9d4 ,!y impos$ on m5 at l>ge a c]ta9 uni=m ( life & belief1 & !n1 z x 71 appeas$ !m = ?is suppression ) a doctr9e ( ano!r life 9 a _w yet to come4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 ! "t 0 n "o :5 p]sonal individuality1 except z x 0 ref]r$ to ! o!r _w yond] & ap>t1 0 recogniz$ z ( mu* positive wor?4 ,"u ! regime ( prescrib$ r\t9e1 ( life ) reg>d to ! h]eaft]1 & ( my/]i\s p[]s ( all sorts1 m or less 9 good /&+ 9 ! realm ( ! unworldly1 p]sonal individuality1 ?\gh 9 itself n )\t "s hon\r1 0 valu$ *iefly & prim>ily = ! diff]5t conditions1 ! diff]5t relations to ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & ! diff]5t views ( ^! ?+s1 :i* m5 succe$$ 9 ov]com+1 or r 9 completely d5y+ & es*ew+4 ,a wor?y individuality 0 ?us secur$ r ?r\gh self-d5ial ?an self-expression2 ?r\gh ! vassal's devotion to 8 "l1 ! gallant's submission to 8 lady1 ! c\rti]'s humility be=e 8 k+1 or ! sa9t's self-abasem5t be=e *ur* & heav54 ,j ?9k a mom5t ( re/+ y\r claim to di/9ct p]sonal wor? on ! m]e fact ( :at y h es*ew$ or escap$ be+ 9 "s way diff]5t1 p]haps m worldly1 m dang]\s1 & m p[]ful1 f :at "s o!rs h es*ew$ or p4#bbf escap$1 & y w be able to appreciate ! ma9 gr\nd ( ! ideally significant di/9ction betwe5 man & man 9 ! days be=e ,desc>tes4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( ! d\bt]'s view ( life absolutism & its appropriate o!r-worldism melt$ away l sn[ b5ea? a noonday sun1 & ^u _! go+ self-d5ial ceas$ to be ! c>d9al virtue & ! *ief gr\nd ( an approv+ self-consci\sness4 ,au?ority came to be plac$ n 9 a visible =m1 b 9 an ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,law became sup]ior to laws2 mon>*y to mon>*s2 div9ity to ,gods2 tru? to tru?s1 & righte\sness to rites & habits4 ,! ab/ract pr9ciple1 too1 in/ead ( be+1 z _m might imag9e1 a :olly %ad[y ?+1 real only to ! logician1 /ood = some?+ vital & sub/antial1 = some?+ :olly real1 = an inn] _s or life or p[] 9 ! v ?+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,au?ority1 h5ce=? refus$ to any specific ?+1 :e!r p]son or mann] ( life1 in/itution or =mal belief1 became a pr]ogative ( all ?+s toge!r1 ( all p]sons or all mann]s ( life or all cre$s2 &1 resid+ 9 ! work+ toge!r ( !m all1 x made p]sonal wor? consi/ no long] 9 ! d5ial ( individual *>act]s & relations1 b 9 hone/ ass]tion & op5 use ( !m4 ,z "s h lik$ to describe ! *ange1 ! univ]sal individual1 ! individual z an au?oritative & heav5-made type1 t dictat$ a life & a belief to o!rs g5]ally1 pass$ away1 & 9 its /ead1 in/ead ( unity z itself an individual1 in/ead ( an inc>nate type1 came unity z 9 ! relation1 or ! activity ma9ta9+ ! relation1 ( all individuals4 ,in/ead ( a s+le planet1 = p4#bbg example1 z ! controll+ c5tre ( ! heav5ly bodies1 came ! unity ( ! sol> sy/em ?r\gh ! =ce or ! law ( gravity4 ,in/ead ( a mon>* or a book or a city ! self-suffici5t rul] ( human life & human ?\ght1 came unity ?r\gh ! ballot2 ?r\gh fre$om ( ?\ght--always loyal only to a real unity & 9 be+ ?us loyal also always tol]ant2 & ?r\gh all sorts ( l means to individuality4 ,! univ]sal individual di$1 & !re arose1 z x 71 out ( 8 grave ! liv+ unity ( manifold individuals1 ea* "o diff]5t1 yet ea* q ess5tial4 ,& ! *ange br\ght a transfiguration4 ,x 0 z if ! human s\l _h ent]$ a new body1 or z if ! human body _h receiv$ a new s\l4 ,n lea/ among ! significant evid5ces ( ! new life 7 ! rise ( ! /udy ( hi/ory & ! awak5+ ( a ke5] & m practical int]e/ 9 m5 & ?+s ! wide _w ov]4 ,) its valuable acc\nts ( ! manifold exp]i5ces ( diff]5t peoples & diff]5t times1 at la/ se5 to be real p>ts ev5 ( ! life pres5t & at h&1 ! /udy ( hi/ory became wond]fully absorb+ & inspir+2 & n less valuable ?an ?is travel 9 "t 0 ! travel 9 space1 ! real travel or ! imag9>y1 :i* accompani$ x4 ,fur!rmore1 su* ideas z balance ( p[] & pres]vation ( ! wor? & integrity ( ! individual nation1 & division ( lab\r & "r ( free spee* & ( political & religi\s lib]ty1 develop$ into mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 9 ! life & consci\sness ( society4 ,&1 to return def9itely to ! s+le p]son1 he f\nd himself1 n 9 spite (1 b because ( 8 p4#bbh special place & special /&po9t1 an active p>ticipant 9 ! effective life ( 8 "t4 ,in/ead ( be+ a m]e soldi] z be=e1 he f\nd himself a me*anic2 c]ta9ly ! prop] inhabitant ( a me*anically productive nature4 ,d\btless ! t]m soldi] l5ds itself m readily to philosophical g5]alization ?an ! t]m me*anic4 ,p]haps1 too1 di/ance 9 "t l5ds en*antm5t to ! view1 = ! day ( ! soldi] 01 :ile ! day ( ! me*anic is4 ,! day ( ! soldi] has rea*$ ! /age ( romance & reflection1 :ile ! day ( ! me*anic suff]s f :at is commonplace & prosaic1 f ! associations ( a p>ticul> life1 f du/ & smoke & factories1 f tools & utilities4 ,yet ! me*anic mu/ be ! romantic figure ( ! future4 ,he is ! typical individual ( ^! mod]n times1 ( ^! times ( ! free because practical ?9k]1 & ( a nature n lifelessly me*anical b me*anically productive4 ,=get ! grimy h&s & ! noisy ma*9]y1 ! ov]%ad[+ smoke & ! app>5t absorption 9 m]e utility1 & ?9k only ( ! man1 :o 9 8 be/ mom5ts feels himself individually responsible & capable1 :o believes 9 himself z hav+ at once a peculi> & a necess>y "p 9 ! real life ( 8 "t1 & :o expresses himself ?r\gh "s skilful ma/]y ov] ! res\rces ( nature1 apply+ to !m ! pr9ciples 8 own ?9k+ has uncov]$1 & us+ h] ma*9]y to ! ends ( 8 own nature1 :i*1 z we h se51 is b\nd$ only by ! unity ( exp]i5ce4 ,rememb]1 too1 ! me*anic ( our mod]n _w is p4#bbi n ! factory lab\r] alone4 ,:]ev] 9 social life1 :e!r 9 political activity or 9 indu/rial managem5t1 9 educational me?ods or 9 religi\s ef=t1 !re appe>s a man :o appreciates ! ne$ fir/ ( obs]v+ natural conditions & f9d+ natural laws1 & !n ( act+ only 9 accord ) ! sugge/ions ( ! laws discov]$1 j !re is ! me*anic1 ! responsible ag5t ( a law-free b always lawful nature4 ,! soldi] z creature ( ?is _w 0 only a passive1 :olly mat]ial "p ( a me*anism :i* dep5d$ = its movem5t ^u "s outside p[] or w2 b ! me*anic1 be he humble lab\r] skilful 9 ! use ( tools1 or political lead] support+ no law t is n1 s f> z c be kn[n1 9 accord ) natural life1 or religi\s re=m] loyal to life z x is1 %>es positively 9 ! activity t makes ! ma*9]y g & 9 :atev] ?is activity produces4 ,& yet "o ?+ m mu/ be said4 ,j z be=e we _h to view free ?\ght 9 ! light ( a divid$ lab\r1 ! individual %>+ 9 x only z he treat$ 8 own peculi> exp]i5ce z hypo!tical1 z a means to an end1 n m]ely an end 9 itself1 or z he 0 subject to ! re/ra9t & correction ( ! diff]5t exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 s n[ we mu/ recognize t effective activity1 n less ?an true ?9k+ or ?an reali/ic exp]i5ce1 is also necess>ily ! lab\r1 nev] ( "o alone1 b ( _m4 ,! successful me*anic--9 o!r words1 ! fully responsible ag5t ( a law-free nature--is nev] an isolat$ creature ) m]ely su* a s5tim5tal conc]n = 8 neighb\rs z might spr+ f ! recogniz$ *ance p4#bcj ( meet+ !m 9 t _w ( ! h]eaft]1 :]e all are to be equal & :]e love & peace are to supplant ! pres5t hate & rivalry2 he is1 on ! contr>y1 "o among o!rs1 diff]5t f him1 x is true1 & (t5 v positively at v>iance ) him1 b engag$ ) him 9 a s+le activity & a*ievem5t4 ,8 diff]5ce works n aga9/1 b ) _! diff]5ces = ?or\ghly controll$1 truly effective activity4 ,z ?+s are real1 ?\gh nev] f9al1 s m51 at "w 9 ! _w1 are individual & individually important1 b nev] alone4 ,! facts 9 ! case1 logically & practically1 appe> to be some:at z foll[s3 ,! individual's view-po9t1 & ! special ma*9]y by :i* he und]takes to realize x1 c be only t5tative or provisional2 !y h ! "*1 & usually he kn[s t !y h ! "*1 if ,i may use a some:at extravagant t]m1 ( make%ifts2 &1 su* be+ ! fact1 he is b\nd always to be 9 a /ate ( con/ra9t or t5sion1 9 a relation ( susp5se t[>ds !m & t[>ds ! environm5t to :i* !y ref] or belong4 ,he feels a positive resi/ance1 a some?+ dispos$ to c\nt]act :at he w\ld d1 & ( c\rse ! feel+ means t he is really p>ty to a gr[+ life1 n e/abli%$ 9 a complet$ life4 ,suppose a view-po9t1 or a ma*9]y t 0 p]fectly applicable1 t work$ p]fectly1 t nev] did & nev] c\ld give out1 t might n ev5 v sudd5ly g all to pieces1 & t !re=e put no /ra9 nor unc]ta9ty ^u him :o held or employ$ x2 c\ld su* a view-po9t or su* ma*9]y be ( any s]vice to a gr[+ life1 to productive p4#bca activity8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,t5sion1 or a /ra9$ relation%ip1 is necess>y to e individual's conduct & to e individual's ideas4 ,b ?is /ra91 to be real1 j to accompli% its own purposes mu/ be n m]ely ( a p]son ) 8 own ideas or ) ! out] _w to :i* ! ideas ref]1 b ( a p]son ) o!r p]sons2 n m]ely ( consci\s man ) a me*anical nature1 b ( consci\s & me*anically active man ) o!r consci\s & me*anically active m54 ,x is n[ an old /ory = u1 b an important "o1 t !re mu/ be society4 ,a g5u9e individuality requires society4 ,society is a m$ium n by :i* some?+ is add$ to individual life1 b by :i* some?+ 9 individual life is kept real & manife/4 ,by ma9ta9+1 z x 7 always f )\t1 ! natural t5sion ( individual life1 x ensures to ! individual ! con/ant gr[? t is 8 legitimate inh]itance4 ,! d\bt] is a social creature4 ,! free ?9k] accept+ 8 ideas only t5tatively1 ?\gh at ! same "t us+ !m hopefully1 sure t !y w lead some:]e1 is a social creature2 & ! me*anic is a social creature1 be+ "o ) o!rs = :om life is n r\t9e b gr[?1 & among :om ! gr[? 9 :i* ea* has 8 "p induces con/ant t5sion1 ! t5sion ( diff]5ce1 ! t5sion ( opposition & competition1 ! t5sion ( mutual correction & comp5sation1 ! t5sion1 f9ally1 ( reality refus+ to be b\nd4 ,n ! individual's provisional /&po9t1 nor yet ! ma*9]y t he employs & t soon] or lat] mu/ g to pieces1 n ^! alone1 ,i mu/ !re=e reit]ate1 make ! individual effectively p4#bcb active 9 a gr[+ _w1 make him a wor?y creature do+ ! "w ( nature or ( ,god2 ^! h _! place & "p2 b con/ant relation to o!r individuals1 ! objects n less ( hate ?an ( love1 n less ( rivalry ?an ( fri5d%ip1 is also ess5tial4 ,9 ! s-call$ mat]ial _w all ?+s1 9 & by !mselves unreal1 get reality1 yes1 get individual reality1 only z ?r\gh _! v diff]5ces !y "w toge!r = :at is real4 ,9 ! _w ( m9d1 or ?\ght1 if ?is c be imag9$ ap>t f ! _w ( ?+s1 all ?\ghts or ideas1 9 & by !mselves untrue = be+ subjective1 relative1 & p>tial1 get tru? only z also ?r\gh _! diff]5ces1 s t5se & int]active1 !y "w toge!r = :at is true4 ,&1 likewise1 9 ! _w ( p]sons1 if inde$ ?is c be imag9$ ap>t f ! _w ( ?\ght1 all individuals1 call !m n[ me*anics or :at y w1 ?\gh 9 & by !mselves )\t p]sonal wor? or real individuality1 )\t fre$om or immortality1 get g5u9e wor? & are assur$ ev5 immortality only z %\ld] aga9/ %\ld] !y "w toge!r = a life t is true & real1 wor?y & g5u9e4 ,b 9 an e>li] *apt]1 deal+ ) ,! ,p]sonal & ! ,social1 ! ,vital & ! ,=mal 9 ,exp]i5ce1 a diff]5t argum5t = individuality 0 insi/$ ^u4 ,!n ! p]son 0 individual because ( 8 indep5d5ce ( p>ticul> =m2 n[ he is s because a real life dem&s ! p>ticul> & diff]5t1 ) :i* he is assum$ to be necess>ily id5tifi$4 ,!n he 0 ! liv+1 integral expon5t ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 free ) ! p4#bcc g5ius ( univ]sality1 n[ he is "o among all ! p>ticul> conflict+ elem5ts ( t unity--or at lea/ ( ! reality to :i* t unity ref]s4 ,s !re appe>s to be ev5 an inconsi/5cy 9 my ?9k+4 ,yet1 ,i v5ture /ill to ?9k1 ! inconsi/5cy is only app>5t4 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! p]son's ass]t$ g5ius = univ]sality 0 n = ! univ]sal 9 an ab/ract s5se1 9 ! s5se ( ! univ]sal z some?+ by itself & ap>t f p>ticul>s2 r x 0 = a con/ant enri*+ ( ! univ]sal ?r\gh p>ticul>s1 = ! translation ( any "o p>ticul> relation & exp]i5ce1 :i* _h rea*$ a high] /ate ( developm5t1 to all ! o!r actual or possible relations ( life2 & ?is c mean only t ! univ]sal1 9 :i* ! p]sonal individual has a place1 is n d5y+ or betray+1 b always hold+ & lift+ up to itself all p>ticul> factors or elem5ts 9 ! unity ( exp]i5ce or ( reality4 ,simply1 ?\gh p]haps ab/rusely too1 ! univ]sal is j all ! p>ticul>s2 unity is always 9 & ?r\gh diff]5ce2 & !re is1 !re=e1 )\t inconsi/5cy1 a case = individuality f ei!r side4 ,inde$1 ! life ( ! individual be+1 z 0 said1 always 9 a t5sion or /ra9 ( diff]5ce1 ( opposition & competition1 is b\nd to h1 x c be real only z x has1 bo? a p>ticul> =m & a g5ius = univ]sality4 ,n 9 ! s5se ( t conv5tional !ology1 crudely duali/ic & un?9kable1 b 9 a s5se t is n to be ga9said & t may give "s mean+ ev5 to ! conv5tional !ology1 e individual is real only 9 hav+ a body & a p4#bcd s\l4 ,! s\l ( a man is only 8 g5ius = univ]sality1 b = a univ]sality t works ?r\gh1 n t is indep5d5t (1 ! p>ticul>4 ,s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is *apt] & ! =m] *apt] is m]ely "o ( emphasis4 ,! d\ble "* ( ! individual1 h[ev]1 z x is n[ be=e u1 />ts an inevitable "q4 ,is ! individual z immortal z real8 ,if he is immortal1 does ! immortality belong to bo? sides ( 8 "*1 to 8 body & to 8 s\l1 or only to "o8 ,&1 admitt$ly1 ?is "q (f]s m s]i\s difficulties ?an ! suspicion ( inconsi/5cy4 ,h[ c x be met8 ,,iv4 ,,immortality4 ,to write a useful essay on immortality has long be5 "o ( my ambitions1 &1 z reg>ds ! views 9 t essay1 my fai? & my reason alike h s f> br\ght me to ?is !sis3 ,:atev] is real is immortal4#e ,a mo/ meagre contribution to ! subject1 ,i he> "s "o exclaim4 ,b is x s v meagre aft] all8 ,a mo/ gloomy contribution1 says ano!r1 = evil1 & above all dea?1 are real4 ,b is x s gloomy8 ,rememb]1 n ev5 dea? c be real alone4 ,possibly1 too1 ! meagr5ess w seem less & ! gloom w be illum9at$ if ! ne$ ( ! real be+ also ! ideal1 is br\ght to m9d4 ,t ! real mu/ be ideal1 t ! _w mu/ be s p4#bce con/itut$ t ! law ( :atev] is good w prevail 9 x1 has be5 a fai? manife/$ among all m5 & express$ ?r\gh hi/ory 9 c\ntless ways4 ,true1 no p>ticul> exp]i5ce ev] satisfies x4 ,n ev5 ! p>ticul> ?+s we adjudge to be be/ are adequate to x1 & ! ?+s we ?9k evil1 ! suff]+ & ! h>d%ips ( all k9ds1 ! always tragic dea? & ! too (t5 (f5sive life1 seem its et]nal rebuke4 ,yet ! fai? rema9s1 & y & ,i & all o!rs are =ev] call+ out to x4 ,our v d\bts are its alt>s2 our hone/1 rational ?\ghts1 z !y are utt]$1 are pray]s2 p]haps ! only pray]s to :i* we h any "r4 ,s ! real1 :i* mu/ be also ! ideal1 is immortal2 & ?is1 q ap>t f any p>ticul> que/ions ab\t ! body or ! s\l1 makes a _w to live 9 & to hope 91 :atev] happ5s4 ,( body & s\l1 too1 x says some?+4 ,^!1 9 j s f> z !y are real1 are immortal1 & any real relation betwe5 !m is immortal also1 = ! conclusive te/ ( immortality is j reality1 reality "h & n[4 ,:atev] is real 9 y\r life or 9 m9e1 :atev] reality our pres5t p]sonality may possess1 be x physical or spiritual1 be x bo? or nei!r ( ^!1 t & only t is immortal4 ,t & only t1 h[ev]1 let x be said aga91 is n[ or nev]4 ,! mo/ s]i\s error1 s x seems to me1 9 all ! controv]sy ab\t immortality1 is ! notion1 or ! sup]/ition1 t some?+ t is real n[ c pass away1 or t some?+ real 9 ! future is n real1 n freely real n[4 ,) ?is error correct$1 ( c\rse at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 attempts to b9d reality to p4#bcf some?+ t is visible1 if n to ! natural eye1 at lea/ to ! eye ( ! m9d1 man has no?+ to fe>4 ,reality w hold him to itself1 w support :atev] truly inh]es 9 8 fri5d%ips or 8 family ties1 9 8 be/ hopes or 9 8 p]sonal conceits1 = ev] & ev]4 ,reality c nev] betray :at x has ev] h>b\r$4 ,& ! :ole tr5d ( ?9k+ 9 ?is book has be5 to make ! reality "h spok5 ( a mo/ hospitable h>b\r4 ,s innate to all exp]i5ce is ! _s ( tru?1 ! pr9ciple ( v]acity1 t life c h no absolute illusions4 ,true1 life also c h no positive k f9al & exact1 s t all ?+s def9itely manife/ are only relatively true or real4 ,all ?+s def9itely manife/1 :e!r to ! consci\sness t looks )\t or t looks )91 are mix$ly true or false1 real or unreal4 ,b j ?is impossibility1 n[ s famili> to u1 at once ( absolute illusion & ( absolute k1 is1 z said s (t51 a condition ( ! true & ! real1 & x means 9 ?is place t no?+ :i* is ev] def9$1 :i* is ev] hypo/asiz$ or apo!osiz$1 :i* 9 any way is erect$ into a ?+ or nature q by itself1 possess+ det]m9$ or det]m9able qualities1 c ev] be said to be ei!r mortal or immortal1 s9ce x mu/ be z truly "o z ! o!r4 ,x mu/ be significantly1 b nev] purely & exclusively ei!r4 ,n ?is h& ( m9e nor t picture on ! wall1 n ?is body :i*1 s to speak1 ,i seem to we>1 nor t s\l1 :i* y or ,i imag9e to be 9 ! body & m or less loosely connect$ ) ! body1 is unqualifi$ly immortal4 ,nor yet p4#bcg is any ( ^! unqualifi$ly mortal4 ,/ill1 aga91 !re is immortality1 & an inf9itely hospitable immortality1 :i* ! h& & ! :ole body & ! s\l1 be x y\rs or be x m9e1 all h a place & a "p 94 ,!re is immortality1 &1 besides ^? ?+s t 7 j nam$1 div9ity is also immortal4 ,b ev5 a ,god dies1 ?is be+ j "o ( ! ?+s t make him ,god4 ,any man1 !n1 or any be+1 or any ?+1 may say1 ,i am immortal4 ,no "o1 h[ev]--to speak n[ only 9 words directly applicable to man--may say1 ,my body is immortal1 nor ev51 ,my s\l is immortal1 if1 s speak+1 he means only :at he seems to say4 ,body & s\l alike1 if two sep>ate ?+s1 are bo? ( !m at once liv+ & dy+4 ,!y are equally mortal or immortal1 = only s1 z two ?+s1 c !y belong to ! real self4 ,c p>ts1 be !y two or _m m1 ev] be unmix$ly :at ! :ole is8 ,!re is immortality1 !n1 yet no?+1 n ! body nor ! s\l1 is :olly or selfi%ly immortal4 ,reflect1 to take an illu/ration f ! practice1 if n f ! consci\s ?9k+ ( m51 h[ ?r\gh ! c5turies ( ! duali/ic view ( human nature1 ! sav+1 or ! los+1 ( ! sep>ate s\l has be5 a ke5 human int]e/1 & h[ ! sep>ate body1 liv+1 has be5 neglect$ & despis$1 &1 dead1 has be5 *]i%$ & hon\r$4 ,yes1 man's immortality is deep]1 & x is m hospitable1 ?an any di/9ction1 be ?is invidi\s on "o side or on ! o!r or be x n1 betwe5 ! physical & ! spiritual4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! spiritual1 ! _c be a4 ,! soldi] & ! me*anic h be5 m5tion$ p4#bch z types ( p]sonal individuality appropriate respectively to ! m$ieval & ! mod]n p]iod1 to ! p]iod ( ! univ]sal individual1 on ! "o h&1 & ( unity realiz$1 n ?r\gh a type1 b ?r\gh ! work+ toge!r ( diff]5t individuals1 on ! o!r4 ,! type 0 ( ano!r _w2 ! liv+ unity is "h & n[ 9 ?is4 ,= ! me*anic1 !n1 dea? is n :at ! soldi] has f\nd x1 & immortality is diff]5t too4 ,b h[ fully to describe ! diff]5ce1 & h[ above all really to appraise x1 ,i d n cle>ly "k4 ,p]haps !re is n en\gh ( ! poetic 9 my nature4 ,! soldi]1 z ! political hi/orian or z ! philosoph] sees him1 has _h 8 appreciative poets1 b ! me*anic has be5 little sung4 ,! me*anic's dea?1 h[ev]1 & ! life foll[+ x1 af=d a !me t "s poet ( ! future1 let me hope1 w be able to d ju/ice to4 ,! soldi] leaves ?is = ano!r _w1 by 8 viol5t dea? only fulfill+ 8 extreme subjection "h4 ,! me*anic1 some:at l ! tools :i* he employs1 actually cont9ues ) ! always productive life ( ?is _w1 by 8 dea?1 natural r ?an viol5t1 ev5 contribut+ to1 z well z %>+ 91 :at is produc$4 ,n less ?an ! soldi]'s is 8 aft]-life an appropriate fulfilm5t ( 8 e>?ly c>e]2 ea* ga9s ?r\gh dea? ! natural rew>d ( 8 life's s]vice4 ,b ?\gh ,i f9d myself s unable to say :at ,i w\ld1 to express ei!r 9 prose or 9 poetry all t ,i seem to feel1 !re is j "o ?\ght t ,i mu/ try to articulate1 & t w c]ta9ly assi/ ! und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two dea?s or ! two aft]-lives4 p4#bci ,soldi]s are companionable1 ( c\rse1 b !y live less 9 & ) ea* o!r ?an 9 & ) ! w :i* !y s]ve or ?an 9 & ) ! sep>ate _w :i* at any mom5t may sudd5ly take !m to itself4 ,_! lives1 accord+ly1 or _! dea?s1 are alo( f ea* o!r1 & are br\ght toge!r only ?r\gh _! common subjection or _! common de/9y1 ?r\gh some?+ :i* is )\t4 ,b ! me*anic is social 9 8 own nature1 9 8 own "r4 ,! v reality1 too1 ( ! _w 9 :i* he works is1 z 9 s _m ways we h se51 ma9ta9$ only by a divid$ lab\r4 ,x is1 !n1 a reality1 or a lab\r1 t bridges ! *asm betwe5 "o man's life & ano!r's1 z well z betwe5 all sep>ate lives & ! unity ( all life4 ,x makes ! _m lives p>allel & h>moni\s--nay1 x makes !m actively & vitally sympa!tic4 ,n1 z is c]ta9ly true1 at ! exp5se ( any "o's real individuality1 = ea* man has 8 place & 8 "p1 real & immortal1 & n "o falls unnotic$ or ungu>d$ to ! gr\nd2 b1 nev]!less1 :atev] all h & d1 !y h & d toge!r4 ,!y live-&-die toge!r4 ,!re is1 9 a ^w1 b "o dea?1 z well z b "o life1 ! life or ! dea?1 :i* all %>e1 & :i* accord+ly is def9itely & specifically n[h]e & nobody's4 ,& 9 ! light ( ?is supreme unity1 :ile any live1 none c be m]ely dead1 or :ile any die1 none c be m]ely alive or liv+ to !mselves or _! "t alone4 ,&1 liv+ & dy+ toge!r1 9 & ) ea* o!r1 all are p>ties to ! immortality ( :at is real4 ,s1 aga91 !re is immortality = mank9d--! p4#bdj immortality ( him :om ,i h call$ ! me*anic4 ,!re is immortality1 m9e & y\rs & ours4 ,we die1 b n z dies ! soldi]1 :o leaves ?is life = ano!r q ap>t1 secur+ !re a companion%ip d5i$ him "h2 we die a dea? t is nev] dea? alone1 & we die z we live1 9 a companion%ip t is real n[ & ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,fur!rmore1 our dea? is always1 or always may be1 self-d5ial1 & self-d5ial1 too1 9 its supreme mom5t1 ! mom5t ( its greate/ a*ievem5t1 b our self-d5ial is also v diff]5t f t ( ! soldi]4 ,!re is immortality1 !n1 b :at results has all t has n[ be5 said = ! int]pretation ( hi/ory1 = our feel+s ab\t ! life & dea? ( our fell[s1 & = ! relevant doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity8#f ,we commonly ?9k ( hi/ory z ! pass+ ( p]sons1 nations1 & civilizations4 ,m5 come & g1 b hi/ory goes on = ev]4 ,to be sure1 hi/ory accumulates1 z if its gifts f humanity1 innum]able treasures1 books1 relics1 in/itutions1 build+s1 ma*9]y & ! l1 b ! donors1 z we are wont to ?9k1 are lo/ to x1 rema9+ z ideal influ5ces p]haps1 b n z vitally active 9 ! life !y once assi/$4 ,?is common view1 h[ev]1 mu/ n[ seem wrong4 ,! pa/ mu/ ev] p]si/ 9 ! pres5t1 & n z an aside 9 "s o!r _w1 nor yet z m]ely s mu* ideal influ5ce1 b vitally z a p>ty to ! pres5t4 ,^? t 7 mu/ also live n[4 ,h we _! lit]ature8 ,yes1 & _! consci\sness p4#bda too4 ,_! in/itutions8 ,& also _! life4 ,_! a*ievem5ts8 ,& _! p[] & w4 ,altoge!r too fanciful1 "s "o ?9ks2 b give x mean+ f :at has be5 said "h especially ab\t individuality4 ,9 ! real _w !re c be b "o life & "o dea?1 & we individuals1 :atev] our c5tury1 divide ! lab\r ( !m bo?4 ,ev5 our pres5t life & consci\sness & our w mu/ be said to belong1 9 return1 to ^? :o h gone be=e2 = x is wrong1 x mu/ be wrong1 to ?9k ( ! life ( ! pa/ & ! life ( ! pres5t z two lives1 z indep5d5t & p]haps ev5 diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,n ^? t are n[ gone once liv$ & we live1 b !y & we are liv+1 !y 9 u1 & we ) !m2 !y 9 ! _w ( our life1 n 9 a _w yond] & ap>t4 ,!y live 9 u1 to sugge/ a simple analogy1 t is p]haps m ?an a m]e analogy1 v mu* z our own pa/ selves1 our infancy & our y\?1 are alive ) u & 9 u to-day4 ,if a physical sci5ti/ c see ! same =ce 9 ! milit>y weapons & eng9es ( anci5t times t he sees 9 ^? ( our own "t1 if a sociologi/ c f9d ! same social ph5om5a !n & n[1 may n ! hi/orian reg>d ! old] life 9 g5]al & ! new] life z n less intimate8 ,did diff]5t w9ds bl[ 9 #adib f ^? t bl[ to-day8 ,0 x a diff]5t sun t %one 9 #ejj ,b4,c43 f t :i* %one 9 ,a4,d4 #ejj1 or :i* %9es1 or tries to %9e1 to-day8 ,we d n d5y t ! animal nature is /ill alive 9 u z well z ar\nd u1 al?\gh at ! same "t we suppose x to belong to a v e>ly p]iod 9 our developm5t4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we exclude :at is p4#bdb s mu* m rec5t8 ,because x is too di/9ctly human to be s robb$ ( its temporal indep5d5ce1 ( its own date & place8 ,t is c]ta9ly a /range reason 9 view ( ! fact t m5 h insi/$ on erect+1 9 _! m9ds1 = ! human nature t has pass$ away1 a place :i* is altoge!r timeless & et]nal4 ,:y n dignify human nature1 !n1 by mak+ x1 & all t x be>s1 et]nal 9 its own natural life1 n 9 a sph]e t is unnatural8 ,x is %e] mat]ialism1 9 lett] or 9 _s1 ei!r to entomb ! hi/oric pa/1 z "s w\ld1 9 books & monum5ts ( all sorts1 or1 z o!rs w\ld1 to lay x aside 9 a s-call$ immat]ial _w4 ,:o does ei!r ( ^! ?+s =gets h[ ! books are writt5 & h[ ! monum5ts are erect$1 & h[ 9 g5]al ! ?+s ( ! pa/ come to be4 ,! future is always a p>ty to :atev] is done4 ,! m5 :o h ev] a*iev$ any?+ h always be51 9 _! "* & 9 _! "w1 z if made by ! future1 ahead ( _! times4 ,an uncanny phrase1 unless "o c ?9k ( ! de$s & m5 ( any "t z 9 a vital unity ) ! de$s & m5 ( all times4 ,a man is great only z he id5tifies himself ) "s social =ce1 ) "s actual movem5t ( 8 day1 fulfill+ x out ( a long pa/1 br++ x to focus & s mak+ x def9ite & manife/1 & z ! life ar\nd him :i* gave him bir?1 adopts 8 w & repeats 8 a*ievem5t4 ,hi/ory has _m cases ( human societies repeat+ 9 _! lives z a :ole ! c>e]s ( great m54 ,only x is n repetition exactly2 x is resurrection & cont9uation4 ,great m5 make hi/ory1 b !y make x only because !y p4#bdc are alive 9 x be=e _! bir? & survive 9 x1 9 its do+ & 9 its ?9k+1 aft] !y die4#g ,w\ld hi/ory be ev5 ?9kable )\t su* cont9uity8 ,c\ld we hone/ly call x hi/ory8 ,:at good ,am]ican to-day is n1 conv9c$ t he has a %>e 9 :at ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln accompli%$ ye>s ago1 & also--& ?is "o may1 or may n1 regret--9 ! do+s ( ,b5$ict ,arnold & ,boo?8 ,&1 to put a v practical "q1 w\ld x n be well if 9 ! popul> consci\sness great m51 good & bad1 7 really id5tifi$ ) hi/ory in/ead ( be+ treat$ z fixtures outside ( x8 ,make !m sep>ate fixtures & y make !m oracles1 ! spirits ( q ano!r _w1 ) :i* ! demagogue1 z if a m$ium1 c excite ! p2 b id5tify !m 9 a vital way ) hi/ory & !y mu/ gr[ ) x1 speak+ q z mu* out ( ! pres5t conditions z out ( ! pa/4 ,h]o-wor%ip is too (t5 idolatry1 & = my "p ! lit]alism ( x is only spiritualism try+ to be respectable4 ,e extravagance1 ( c\rse1 has to h its lawful or conv5tionally respectable expression4 ,b :at1 n[1 ( fri5d%ip & family ties8 ,c we view ^! 9 ! same light8 ,i ?9k we w\ld2 ,i ?9k we c2 ,i ?9k we mu/4 ,true1 x is easi] to speak 9 ?is l>ge1 philosophical way ( hi/ory & ( ! m5 :o h _h "p 9 x1 inv5t+ & effectively us+ ! ma*9]y t has enabl$ its progress1 ?an ( su* matt]s z fri5d%ip & p4#bdd family4 ,9 ^! latt] matt]s ! he>t m ?an ! m9d is address$4 ,/ill1 ! relations ( fri5d%ip & k9%ip are n !mselves born1 nor d !y die & all fri5ds abroad & k9 at home live & move & h _! be+ only 9 ^!4 ,does x de/roy or ev5 weak5 ! mean+ or ! reality ( fri5d%ip to h x said t ! relation is z univ]sal z p>ticul> or local1 & z et]nal z temporal8 ,is a relation%ip wor? less ?an any "o ( its manife/ations8 ,:y1 ! univ]sality ( ! relation%ip gives mean+ or reality to any manife/ation4 ,fri5d%ip1 !n1 or k9%ip1 = ?is p]son or t1 _c be sep>at$ f ! exp]i5ce 9 g5]al4 ,sep>ate x1 & "o's fri5ds or k9 surely d die1 rema9+ aft] dea?1 l ! *>act]s ( ! old] hi/ory1 z only ideal influ5ces1 or z une>?ly spirits t sometimes idly *att]4 ,b 9 reality1 fri5d%ip1 or k9%ip1 is "o1 n m]ely _m1 all ( its memb]s lab\r+ toge!r =1 & =ev] surviv+ 91 :at x truly is4 ,! fri5ds1 !n1 or ! k9 t liv$1 live /ill4 ,9 o!rs ab\t u8 ,yes2 & 9 ourselves too2 or r 9 ! relation ( man to man or 9 ! unity ( all t lives4 ,n lit]ally 9 o!rs1 !n1 al?\gh ! mean+ int5d$ 0 a g5u9e "o1 nor yet lit]ally 9 ourselves1 = no?+ crudely l transmigration ( s\ls is 9 my m9d1 b--to repeat--9 ! liv+ relation%ip ( fri5ds or k94 ,!re is inde$ a tru? 9 transmigration1 z also 9 o!r relat$ notions2 witness all ! facts ( inh]itance1 ( hi/orical succession or cont9uity1 ( social gr[? & p]sonal "*1 ( evolution2 b x is ! tru?1 or is ne> to p4#bde ! tru?1 ( a reality t is cons]v$ ev5 9 its *ang+4 ,! soldi] ( ! pa/1 let me say1 at 8 dea? 0 translat$1 b ! me*anic ( to-day is transmut$4 ,! latt] ^w may be /rang] & h>%] 9 s\nd ?an ! =m]1 b !re is truly less viol5ce & m hon\r 9 its mean+4 ,s1 aga91 fri5ds & k9 t ev] liv$1 live /ill4 ,fri5d%ip & fa!rhood & mo!rhood & all ! relations ( k91 nay1 all ! relations ( life1 t make our individuality real1 t make x p]sonal1 t make x social1 t make1 x natural1 h be5 f ! beg9n+1 live n[1 & mu/ survive =ev]1 & by _! survival hold = ! pres5t & ! future life all :o h ev] be54 ,:]e w\ld fai? g1 & :]e wor? & responsibility1 if bir? really creat$ & dea? de/roy$1 or if bir? 7 a com+ f no "o kn[s :]e1 f a realm unlike & ap>t1 & dea? ! return8 ,bir? _c create or introduce2 x c only express1 reveal+ & realiz+4 ,dea? _c de/roy or translate2 x c be only fulfilm5t at a crisis4 ,! m]e word9ess ( a philosoph]6 ,possibly4 ,& yet ,*ri/ianity has v ne>ly impli$1 if inde$ x has n actually said1 & said or impli$ aga9 & aga91 exactly ! same ?+4 ,to sci5ce1 ,i "k1 we are peculi>ly indebt$ = ! conception ( ! organism1 or ! organic1 :i* enables u to br+ toge!r ! univ]sal & ! individual1 ! et]nal & ! temporal1 ! omnipres5t & ! local1 )\t los+ ! wor? or ! reality ( ei!r1 & ( c\rse--= s !y w\ld n be toge!r--)\t erect+ sep>ate qu>t]s1 or worlds1 = _! p4#bdf occupation2 b1 :5 all is said1 sci5ce has only appli$ at l>ge ! v special & p]sonal doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 & has !re9 help$ ,*ri/ianity to a bett] consci\sness ( itself4 ,! ,resurrection1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ! ,div9ity1 ! ,imm$iacy ( ! ,k+dom1 ! ,sacrifice1 & ! ,bro!rhood ( ,man are doctr9es :i* "o & all te/ify q directly t our real individuality1 our real be+1 lies n 9 a sep>ate exi/5ce ( any sort1 "h or h]eaft]1 b 9 ! abid+ relations ( ! actual life n[4 ,9 ^! ! ,*ri/ resides1 ! always liv+ ,*ri/4 ,:at else c ! foll[+ mean8 ,9 z mu* z ye h done x unto "o ( ^!1 my bre?r51 ev5 ^! lea/ ye h done x unto me4 ,& aga93 ,= :osoev] %all d ! w ( my fa!r :i* is 9 heav51 ! same is my bro!r & si/] & "m4 ,! liv+ ,*ri/1 "o ( ! dogmas ( our day1 is m ?an a fancy & m ?an a dogma1 & = no "o s truly z ! sci5ti/1 ! evolutioni/4 ,*ri/ 0 too great1 too deep-ly+1 too f>-rea*+ 9 human hi/ory n to be m4 ,! lett] ( ,*ri/ianity1 we are (t5 told1 has got to g1 b x is q z true t ! real lett] ( ,*ri/ianity has got to /ay1 has yet to come3 ! real lett]1 ,i say1 n ! p>ody ( a m]e physical appe>ance & reappe>ance ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,if ,*ri/ 0 really n born z m5 are born1 if he did n really die1 if truly he /ill lives 9 & ) our lives to-day1 if ,*ri/ianity hone/ly means ! bro!rhood ( humanity & ! div9ity ( man1 !n simply ! ,*ri/ 0 m ?an a pagan's mess5g] f ano!r _w1 & p4#bdg m ?an ! creature ( a s+le mom5t 9 hi/ory or a s+le place2 also he reveals to u m 9 ourselves ?an any ( ^! ?+s1 & in/ead ( resort+ to su* notions z p>!nog5esis & trance to expla9 ! bir? & ! resurrection1 we mu/ r recognize 9 him1 & 9 ourselves1 an individuality t has1 n 9 spite (1 b because (1 bir? & dea?1 a %>e 91 a place & a "p 9 ! immortality ( :at is real4 ,n[ ,i am n a good prea*]1 pla9ly1 nor am ,i exactly a sympa!tic !ologian1 & also ,i "k too well ! defects ( argum5t ?r\gh scriptural quotation2 b ,i h to hope1 z p]sonally ,i believe1 t 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph1 giv5 9 conclusion to ! discussion ( immortality 9 ! d\bt]'s _w1 ,i h sugge/$ :at at lea/ is n an un*ri/ian appreciation ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our j\rney 9 ! d\bt]'s _w "h comes to an end4 ,all ?+s are real1 yet none f9al4 ,! spiritual & ! mat]ial 9 life are sympa!tic ev5 to ! po9t ( be+ vitally at "o ) ea* o!r1 ?\ght be+ free & practical1 & mat]ial nature be+ lawful b law-free1 & me*anical b productively s1 & be+ 9 h] productiv5ess def9ite opportunity1 n bl9d necessity1 to human life4 ,&1 ! univ]sal individual be+ dead1 hav+ return$ to ! o!r _w f :i* he came1 all p>ticul> individuals h real & p]sonal %>es 9 ! life t is1 9 ! "w t is ev] to be done4 ,liv+ or dy+1 ! individual1 z we h f\nd him1 is ! me*anic ( to-day1 n ! soldi] ( ye/]day4 #a ,! la/ few s5t5ces seem l a p>agraph f "s psy*ologi/ ( ! day4 ,my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,w4,b4 ,pillsbury1 = example1 has j publi%$ a book on ! att5tion1 9 :i* appe>s ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,x seems t ! problem ( volunt>y activity is l>gely1 if n entirely1 a problem ( ! att5tion 444 4 ,! processes :i* are effective 9 ! control ( a man's ideas are ipso facto 9 ! control ( 8 movem5ts1 & ?is1 besides be+ ! curr5t psy*ology1 is q 9 accord ) our d\bt]'s vision3 ,well ?\ght is well done4 7,see ,att5tion1 *apt] ix4 ,london1 #aijg47 #b ,*ap4 ,,viii41 pp4 #agg seq4 #c ,*aps4 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 #d ,see also an e>li] discussion 9 ?is book1 *ap4 ,,iii41 pp4 #di seq4 #e ,two prelim9>y ef=ts h already be5 put 9 pr9t4 ,see ! ,app5dix1 ,a ,/udy ( ,immortality 9 ,outl9e1 to a book3 ,dynamic ,idealism3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,metaphysics ( ,psy*ology 7,mc,clurg1 #ahih74 ,see1 secondly1 an article3 ,evolution & ,immortality1 9 ! ,moni/1 ,april1 #aijj4 #f ,except = a few *anges1 ! next few p>agraphs are tak5 f my article1 ,evolution & ,immortality1 9 ! ,moni/1 ,april1 #aijj4 #g ,9 a small book1 ,citiz5%ip & ,salvation1 or ,greek & ,jew1 publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 ,i h tri$ to %[ ?is ( ,socrates & ,*ri/4 p4#bdh ,x4 ,,d\bt ,,& ,,belief4 ,!re 0 once a brook t ran1 at times sl[ly1 at times m rapidly1 ?r\gh fields & woods1 "u trees & ov] rocks4 ,at e *ance1 :atev] ! ob/acles 9 its c\rse1 x fell1 mu* or little1 z x c\ld2 b impati5ce & unc]ta9ty fill$ its life z ! m9utes & ! h\rs pass$4 ,_h life no?+ m 9 /ore = its tr\bl$ wat]s8 ,0 ?is grop+ d[nw>d all8 ,7 ! memory & ! accompany+ hope1 :i* haunt$ e ?w>t$ move1 ( no avail8 ,w\ld true fulness ( life nev] be atta9$8 ,b a great mom5t = ! brook came1 rew>d+ x at la/1 br++ assurance 9 place ( ?reat5$ despair4 ,a precipice int]v5$1 & ! wat]s fell hundr$s ( feet2 a glori\s fall --spray1 sunlight1 col\r1 eloqu5ce4 ,n[1 spoke ! brook f ! deep1 smoo? pool bel[1 n[ ,i h liv$2 n[ ,i "k t my life 0 real & t my life 0 good1 = ,i h f\nd myself1 ,i h f\nd my _w2 & ,i h f\nd !m :]e ,i ?\ght !m n4 ,&1 speak+ s1 ! brook fl[$ on cont5t$4 ,! confession ( d\bt1 :i* we set out to make ) all possible c&\r1 is n[ ne>ly conclud$ ev5 to ! h>ve/+ ( ! promis$ fruit4 ,! confession began1 z w be rememb]$1 ) recognition ( c]ta9 g5]al & easily demon/rat$ facts1 ( p4#bdi :i* !re 7 five1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,we are all univ]sal d\bt]s4 7#b7 ,d\bt is ess5tial to all consci\sness4 7#c7 ,ev5 habit1 ?\gh confid5ce be ! horse1 has d\bt sitt+ up beh9d4 7#d7 ,l pa9 or ignorance1 d\bt is a condition ( real life4 7#e7 ,& ! s5se ( dep5d5ce1 s g5]al to human nature1 gives rise to d\bt1 al?\gh also1 l mis]y1 x always seeks company--! company ( nature1 ( man1 ( ,god4 ,!n1 aft] ?is beg9n+1 :i* left u by no means s hopeless z might h be5 expect$1 we proce$$ to try ! d\bt]1 nay1 to try ourselves1 fir/ be=e ! c\rt ( ord9>y life ) its ord9>y views ( ?+s1 & secondly1 be=e ! c\rt ( sci5ce1 &1 9 bo? trials1 we f\nd ! d\bt+ ju/ifi$4 ,alike 9 ord9>y life & 9 sci5ce1 ev5 9 sci5ce :]e su* a result 0 p]haps h>dly to be expect$1 we f\nd :at at lea/ seem$ l illusion & :at c]ta9ly 0 p>adox1 & almo/ aga9/ our w we _h to conclude t a _s ( contradiction & duplicity & vacillation dwelt at ! v c5tre & ! v he>t ( our human exp]i5ce4 ,?is _s ( viol5ce1 too1 z ! evid5ce ( its pres5ce accumulat$1 bade fair to dispel :atev] hope our confession _h left u4 ,yet out ( ! evid5ce !re gradually did appe> a reason = deepe/ assurance1 & 9 ! end our fe>1 n our hope1 0 dispell$4 ,contradiction 0 se5 9 its v nature to possess positive value4 ,x 0 se5 to protect exp]i5ce1 ev5 :ile exp]i5ce 0 specific & concrete1 def9ite & individual1 aga9/ any fatal digression or p>tiality ( view4 ,x 0 deeply cons]vative1 corrective1 & p4#bej comp5sative 9 its effect1 b x 0 all ?is )\t ev] be+ m]ely negative or de/ructive t[>ds any?+1 s9ce its own effici5cy requir$ p]si/5t individual diff]5ces4 ,to exp]i5ce x gave movem5t1 con/ant unity or :ol5ess1 reali/ic value & poise1 practicality1 &1 la/ly1 social expression4 ,& we 7 able1 accord+ly1 to conclude1 9 s _m words1 t bo? ord9>y life & sci5ce1 s giv5 to duplicity 9 _! /&po9t & 9 _! ideas1 7 really build+ well1 f> bett]1 inde$1 ?an !y seem$ or ?an !y cle>ly knew4 ,contradiction1 9 %ort1 z we came to see x1 meant unity1 b n an empty1 ab/ract unity2 x meant unity ri* & real ) an inf9ity ( diff]5ces2 & s :at _h at fir/ appe>$ an uncompromis+ reason = d\bt turn$1 "r be=e our d\bt]'s eyes1 into an unassailable gr\nd ( belief1 mak+ ! v _w :i* we _h be5 s unc]ta9 ab\t a _w = an inviolable fai?4 ,b tru?1 we saw at once1 c\ld no long] be id5tifi$ ) a =mal idea1 kn[n or unkn[n or unkn[able2 reality c\ld no long] h ! "* ( a fix$ly con/itut$ ?+1 :e!r su* a ?+ 7 pres5t 9 exp]i5ce or n2 & p]fection1 ev5 ! p]fection ( ,god1 c\ld no long] be a m]e /atus1 a passive possession ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 attributes1 or pr]ogatives4 ,tru? became1 z 0 said1 9 want ( a bett] ^w1 a _s2 reality 0 a life2 p]fection 0 a p[]4 ,& !reupon1 ) ! new view ?us af=d$ u1 c\pl$ z x 0 especially ) ! s5se 9 :i* p]sonally a man c\ld claim reality = himself & yet be p>ty to ! factional life ( society1 we 7 able to turn to p4#bea ,desc>tes1 an e>ly mod]n d\bt]1 a fa!r confessor ( _m d\bt]s1 &1 ov]look+ "s ( 8 %ortcom+s 9 ?\ght & "*1 to appreciate bo? ! use t he made ( d\bt1 ! intimacy t he1 too1 f\nd betwe5 d\bt & fai?1 & ! _w ( reality1 ( mo/ vital sympa?y betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual1 ( g5u9e1 p]sonal individuality1 & ( immortality1 ?r\gh :i* he l$ u1 d\bt]1 univ]sal d\bt] ?\gh he 04 ,t great ,fr5*man1 z we 7 enabl$ to und]/& him1 got back ! _w1 ! self & ! ,god :i* he seem$ to h lo/1 b he got !m all back transfigur$4 ,he got !m back1 n by d5y+ & exclud+ :at appe>$ negative & trea*]\s 9 _! nature1 b by fac+ ?is & us+ x1 by accept+ x & turn+ x ev5 aga9/ itself4 ,! v ,p>is to :i* he return$ z believ] 0 ! same ,p>is1 ! ,p>is ( d\bt & ( evil 9 all its =ms1 t e>li]1 hopeless & despair+1 he _h put beh9d him4 ,&1 once m1 8 exp]i5ce 0 ours1 & s help$ u to int]pret & deep5 ours1 quick5+ ! value ( our own previ\s discov]y t )9 ! v s\rces ( d\bt lay ! real bases ( belief4 ,our own d\bt$ _w ( :at 0 relative & artificial1 & above all contradictory1 _h already turn$1 )\t loss ( any?+ t 0 9 x1 into a _w ( reality & belief4 ,& s1 = ?is conclud+ *apt]1 z b a sort ( focuss+ ( :at almo/ f ! beg9n+ has be5 borne 9 ^u u1 b especially at ! close has be5 ri* 9 reality & mean+1 we h a six? g5]al fact1 :i* may n[ be add$ to ! orig9al five4 p4#beb ,we believe ?r\gh our d\bts2 we believe1 n 9 some?+ ap>t1 b 9 ! v ?+s we d\bt4 ,to ?is fact really inclusive ( all ! o!rs1 or if n to ?is fact at lea/ to ?is conviction :i* we h a*iev$ "h1 we %all n[ turn1 & 9 our conclud+ *apt] we may ev5 =get1 or reta9 only z ! appropriate backgr\nd1 _m ( ^? m special or m te*nical details t f "t to "t h occupi$ u4 ,aft] s mu*1 t to "s1 if n to all1 :o h foll[$ me to ?is place1 may h appe>$ op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ m]e !ory1 c]ta9 simple1 v practical consid]ations1 appeal+ q z mu* to ! emotions z to ! reason1 c h>dly be out ( place4 ,^? :o are already satisfi$1 :o =esee only repetition1 :o are !mselves )\t emotion1 or :o consid] any?+ l ! draw+ ( a moral to be z useless z x is in>ti/ic1 ne$ read no fur!r4 ,i4 ,we believe 9 ! v ?+s we d\bt4 ,d\bt1 ?is is to say1 c de/roy no?+4 ,x only calls = clos] scrut9y1 = wid] & deep] view1 = great] a*ievem5t4 ,its effect is only to make ov]1 r5ew1 or fulfil :at has already be5 & mu/ ev] rema9 an object ( fai?1 & s do+ x keeps ! old fai? alive4 ,x que/ions all ?+s1 b prop]ly1 consi/5tly x raises1 n que/ions ( m]e exi/5ce or reality1 b que/ions ( mean+ & wor?1 & :atev] x truly que/ions x always quick5s4 ,h p4#bec we n f\nd t ) its inborn & insatiable passion = tru? d\bt mu/ believe 9 ev]y?+1 & t to satisfy ?is passion1 s9ce all ?+s mu/ "w toge!r = :at is real & true1 x mu/ reject no?+ b seek ev5 ! univ]se 9 ev]y?+8 ,all ?+s1 f ! mom5t>y s5sation 9 y\r little f+]1 or ! tree yond] on ! lawn1 to ! p]sonality ( ,god or ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ z an idea 9 ! consci\sness ( millions ( p1 all ?+s are2 !y are 9 exp]i5ce2 !y are unassailable realities ( exp]i5ce2 b--& j ?is is z f> z ! tru?-lov+ d\bt]1 ! d\bt] :o is hone/ ) 8 own self-consci\sness1 c g--:at really are !y8 ,:at are !y8 is su* an hone/ "q4 ,9 ?is "q1 too1 !re is m reality = ! ?+s inquir$ ab\t ev5 ?an 9 any man's ass]tion t !y are ?is or t !y are t4 ,b ! "q ,are !y8 w\ld be d[nright trea*]y4 ,we d\bt]s1 !n1 believe1 b w\ld ev] "k :at we believe2 we h1 yet w\ld realize e possibility t :at we h af=ds4 ,d\bt1 ,i repeat1 de/roys no?+4 ,f "t to "t c]ta9 d\bt+ p h call$ _! prophets impo/ors1 & h imag9$ !mselves able to put ! impo/ors out ( ! way1 b1 z hi/ory has always %[n1 only ) ! result ( reviv+ among !mselves & (t5 ( awak5+ 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( o!rs ! s5se & conviction ( j t = :i* ! (f5sive impo/ors may h suff]$ viol5t dea?4 ,ev5 hi/ory's petty impo/ors1 too1 z well z ^? :o h prov$ h]oes & great lead]s1 h always _h _! ju/ification4 ,an p4#bed absolute impo/or has nev] be54 ,aga91 c]ta9 p h cri$ illusion & unreality at ?+s political or moral or ev5 at ?+s physical1 b only 9 ! end to feel1 & to make o!rs feel1 fir/1 _! evid5t n>r[ness1 if n _! actual di%one/y1 & !n _! ne$ ( a m hospitable idea ( :at is valid & real4 ,no?+ c be1 or ev] has be51 unreal4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 d\bt ( a ?+ or a p]son or a ,god only ne$s its own consci\s ass]tion to turn actually into an appeal f its p>ticul> object to ! ideal or _s or pr9ciple = :i* ! object _h /ood1 & ^u ?is appeal ev5 ! object t has be5 = a mom5t condemn$ is ju/ifi$ & glorifi$4 ,?us1 d\bt may d5y or depose or put to dea?1 b z x is hone/ x also realizes or re/ores or revives4 ,?r\gh d\bt ! s5su\s1 :i* is ! p>ticul> & visible1 is ev] becom+ spiritualiz$2 ev5 ?is corruptible puts on incorruption & ?is mortal puts on immortality4 ,or1 9 ^! words1 if we d\bt we may reject ! object1 ! lett]1 b we _c reject ! lett] )\t accept+ & ass]t+ ! _s1 & we _c ass]t ! _s )\t recall+ & exalt+ & ev5 wor%ipp+ ! lett]4 ,! rejection makes = univ]sality by ca/+ d[n ! b>ri]s ( ! p>ticul> exp]i5ce ( "t or place1 ( p]son or nation1 ( ! ,greek p]haps1 if aga9 ,i may look to hi/ory1 or ( ! ,jew or ( ! ,*ri/ian1 :ile ! recall & ! wor%ip make = def9it5ess4 ,)\t ! previ\s rejection ! wor%ip c\ld be only idolatry4 ,s1 z ,desc>tes w be rememb]$ virtually to h said1 d\bt is innately loyal to reality 9 p4#bee ev]y?+1 & j ?r\gh ?is loyalty ! _w x spurns1 ! _w ( ,god & man & nature1 is = ev] call$ back1 a real _w once m1 because a realiz$1 a spiritually realiz$ _w4 ,:y =get1 z s _m seem to1 t reality is an a*ievem5t2 a*iev$ x may be1 z ) ! brook1 ev5 by a great fall8 ,b h y ev] climb$ a m\nta9 up & up & up1 ?r\gh ?ick woods1 ov] r\gh1 almo/ impassable trails1 into cl\ds d5se & *ill+1 /ormy & angry1 ov] trea*]\s sn[s & frightful cliffs1 & come out at la/ on ! v top to see bo? e>? & heav51 y\rself betwe51 ! cl\ds disp]s$1 ! h>d%ips & dang]s all =gott51 ! :ole _w real & y\rs8 ,well1 t is d\bt become a*ievem5t4 ,h y work$ at "s problem ( ev]yday life1 or a problem ( sci5ce or philosophy1 pati5tly or impati5tly apply+ all ! rules & precepts at y\r comm&1 try+ e resort kn[n to y1 & 9 f9al desp]ation _m y only guess at1 & !n1 :5 failure seems almo/ c]ta91 caught a glimpse ( ! real mean+ & ! real way1 atta9+ to an insight t reveals a new _w to y8 ,t1 too1 is d\bt rew>d$4 ,h y ev] visit$1 p]haps m curi\sly ?an rev]5tly1 "s great ,ca?olic ca!dral1 or1 bett] /ill1 "s temple ( ! f> ,ori5t1 & wat*+ ! wor%ipp]s !re1 sudd5ly _h a vision ( religion z great] & deep] ?an any ,prote/antism or ev5 ?an ,*ri/ianity8 ,t1 aga91 is d\bt's a*ievem5t4 ,h y ev] suff]$ a great he>tr5d+ disappo9tm5t1 let me say a great p]sonal loss1 & p4#bef f\nd x seem+ly impossible to return to ! r\t9e ( y\r =m] life1 b nev]!less1 almo/ imp]ceptibly1 come into a s5se ( pres5ce & ga9 f ! v ?+ t seem$ tak5 f y8 ,t1 once m1 is d\bt )\t its /+1 robb$ ( its victory4 ,d\bt means sacrifice1 (t5 enorm\s sacrifice1 b always a m ?an equal ga94 ,! light t ca/s ! %ad[s ( d\bt1 :5 "o c face x1 & really does face x1 z1 = ano!r example1 9 ?is book we h be5 try+ to face x1 is s spl5did & s uplift+4 ,s1 a ?ird "t1 d\bt de/roys no?+2 x only makes reality =ev] an a*ievem5t & belief a con/antly active life4 ,! fact1 n[ no /rang] to u1 t d\bt is social1 also %[s ?is4 ,d\bt is social1 z has be5 said1 s9ce by its isolation x makes ! long+ = company1 & by its great] fre$om ! l>g] opportunity = company2 & s9ce also ! v contradictions or controv]sies :i* ar\se x are nev] m]ely individual1 be+ always social also1 & social relation%ip means ef=t & sacrifice1 & is accord+ly a peculi>ly int]e/+ witness to ! losses t d\bt mu/ suff] = its great] ga9s4 ,d\bt1 9 %ort1 %[s belief1 work+ n m]ely = ! reality ( all ?+s1 b also = ! love ( all m54 ,z social1 !n1 z work+ = ! love ( all m51 d\bt involves sympa?y4 ,yet n an easy1 passive sympa?y4 ,a re/less1 lab\r+1 always gr[+ sympa?y is ! sympa?y ( ! d\bt]2 a sympa?y t makes all x cov]s lab\r & gr[ also4 ,does x hurt y\r bus9ess to d\bt x suffici5tly to make y able to sympa?ize ) ! int]e/s ( p4#beg ano!r8 ,to ?is "q ,adam ,smi? gave a timely answ] :5 at a critical mom5t 9 indu/rial hi/ory he f\nd 9 sympa?y a condition ( successful competition4 ,does x hurt y\r politics1 if y c lose en\gh ( ! p>tisan's conceit or ! j+o's bomba/ to sympa?ize ) ! o!r p>ties or ! o!r nations8 ,! value ( real indep5d5ce 9 politics is "o answ]1 & ! idea ( f$]ation among compet+ /ates1 or ( int]national polity z a basis ( successful national life1 is ano!r4 ,does x hurt y\r und]/&+ to outgr[ y\r own pr(\nde/ ideas & see "s validity 9 ! doctr9es & =mul ( o!rs8 ,does x hurt y\r ,*ri/ianity to make concessions to ano!r's ,*ri/ianity or to ! wor%ip ( any l& or any "t8 ,! read+ ( ! la/ great book1 or ! visit to ! pagan temple1 is an answ]4 ,simply ! d\bt] ! _w ov]1 social be+ t he is by nature1 imbu$ z he is ) a liv+ sympa?y1 mu/ recognize1 & mu/ lab\r to ma9ta9 or a*ieve1 ! unity ( humanity4 ,= him j ?is is ,god1 or tru?1 & x is wor? f> m ?an anybody's religion or ?an anybody's rational =mul4 ,x mu/ /&1 too1 bo? z ! univ]sal au?ority :i* bo? religion & reason h ov] ! lives ( m5 & z ! motive or liv+ pr9ciple1 or _s1 by :i* p>ticul> religions & p>ticul> =mul1 h[ev] s]viceable1 are =ev] un/able4 ,b d\bt1 :i* is ?us social & imbu$ ) a liv+ sympa?y1 & :i* ?\gh requir+ sacrifice does n de/roy belief1 b only makes belief active & reality an a*ievem5t1 may be view$ "h 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,x %[s mank9d us+ or sp5d+ p4#beh in/ead ( ei!r ho>d+ or ?r[+ away any ( ! res\rces ( k & fai?1 ( develop$ habit & p]sonal association1 :i* life accumulates4 ,"s d\bt]s1 z m5 say 9 ! bus9ess _w1 inve/ :at !y h2 "s speculate4 ,"s are cons]vative1 ev5 timor\s2 "s are v ra%4 ,yet d\bt z exp5diture is necess>y to all :o w\ld enjoy ! prop]1 natural increase ( _! possessions1 & :ile ! ra%1 be !y transgressors or re=m]s1 s5suali/s or mat]iali/s1 or equally impractical ideali/s1 at a ?r[ may w9 or lose great ri*es ( m9d or _s1 ! timor\s & ultra-cons]vative1 ! practical & conv5tional1 are n less dep5d5t on *ance4 ,!re are ! new ri*1 too1 & ! ari/ocratic poor1 & bo? rem9d u /rongly t ! real use ( :at we h is n only a duty1 b also a v sob] duty4 ,to ho>d bl9dly or sp5d ra%ly is to risk unwisely1 p]haps to lose all1 or1 if to w91 to w9 idly2 :ile to use well1 to d\bt cle>ly & hone/ly1 to d\bt ev5 9 "o's belief1 to d\bt only = full] mean+1 = broad] & deep] life1 = ri*] companion%ip1 is p]sonally to e>n la/+ spiritual treasure4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 ^: k comprises m]ely work+ hypo!ses1 ! means to tru?1 n tru? itself1 or if tru?1 !n only a liv+1 gr[+ tru?1 af=ds "o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is4 ,mod]n sci5ce is a great fai?1 a great belief1 b only because x is a life1 n a /atus or possession1 only because x is a con/ant sp5d+1 a con/ant us+ ( k1 t e>ns int]e/1 ev5 comp\nd int]e/1 z regul>ly z ! ye>s g by4 ,& exp]i5ce 9 p4#bei g5]al1 z well z sci5ce1 is also a great belief1 & also only because always d\bt+ & s always us+ & always e>n+4 ,d\bt1 9 a ^w1 is m ?an a necessity ( exp]i5ce2 x is di/9ctly a duty4 ,exp]i5ce itself is b ano!r "n = t h>d ma/] :o says to e unpr(itable s]vant3 ,?\ wick$ & slo?ful s]vant1 ?\ knewe/ t ,i reap :]e ,i s[$ n1 & ga!r :]e ,i did n scatt]2 ?\ oughte/ !re=e to h put my money to ! bank]s1 & at my com+ ,i %\ld h receiv$ back my own ) int]e/4 ,take ye away !re=e ! tal5t f him & give x unto him t ha? ! t5 tal5ts4 ,,ii4 ,t d\bt is only ! exp5diture ( ! treasures ( life = future ga9 human hi/ory be>s witness 9 a /rik+ way4 ,times ( a g5]al scepticism among any p h always be5 also times ( conv5tionalism & utilit>ianism t[>ds all ?+s great & small4 ,to employ aga9 a ^w us$ be=e1 ?is means t life has come to reg>d its e/abli%m5ts ( all sorts z only in/rum5tal1 n f9al4 ,( c\rse1 conv5tionalism & utilit>ianism are commonly decri$1 j z ! accompany+ attitude ( d\bt is commonly decri$2 b ! fe>s1 ?\gh n altoge!r idle1 are usually %ort-sight$1 = !re is ga9 ahead4 ,9 a c]ta9 community1 = example1 patriotism1 morality1 & piety1 long id5tifi$ ) specific =ms & cu/oms & doctr9es1 h come at la/ to seem q unsub/antial4 ,a ris+ cosmopolitanism p]haps has undone ! fir/1 s5sationalism p4#bfj or naturalism ! second1 & m+l$ ritualism & secul>ism ! ?ird4 ,b h[ev] unsub/antial all ?ree may appe> 9 consequ5ce1 !y are nev]!less reta9$ z /ill useful1 z means to "s end1 be+ at lea/ good ?+s to we> or to assume 9 any way1 & f ! *ange1 ?\gh x appe> s l decl9e1 ! community 9 ! end is mo/ decid$ly enri*$4 ,h[ c ?is be8 ,9 answ]1 let u be>d ! v k+ ( ! race ( ! conv5tionali/s & utilit>ians 9 8 =bidd+ d54 ,ma*iavelli1 ) 8 tea*+ t ! end always ju/ifies ! means1 & 8 op5 advice to ! lead] :o w\ld be successful1 to make a po9t ( at lea/ seem+ loyal & good & pi\s1 %[s a typical m+l+ ( ! sceptic & ! utilit>ian 9 sacr$ ?+s4 ,moreov]1 :at ,ma*iavelli taught 0 also common practice 9 8 "t1 & soon became a pr9ciple ( brilliant /atesman%ip all ov] ,europe4 ,& to add mean+ to 8 case by associat+ x ) o!rs1 conspicu\sly 9 ,desc>tes' "t1 z we h obs]v$1 & also 9 ,a!ns at ! "t ( ! ,sophi/s1 & 9 ,j]usalem :5 ! ,ph>isees fl\ri%$1 ! same /&po9t 0 mu* 9 vogue2 :ile 9 our own times we d n ne$ to look f> to f9d x4 ,education1 social life1 politics1 religion ab\nd 9 x1 = ! tribe ( ! ,ma*iavelli/s is no m a lo/ tribe ?an x is "o t began ) him ^: "n x be>s4 ,if ! "n is too (f5sive to "s by reason ( its connection ) a p>ticul> "* & a p>ticul> p]iod 9 ,italian hi/ory1 = ,ma*iavellism !y may sub/itute in/itutionalism1 c]ta9ly a m innoc5t t]m at fir/ sight2 b ! (f5siv5ess1 ?\gh hidd51 p4#bfa or half-hidd51 /ill rema9s a "p ( ! fact ) :i* we h to deal4 ,! mean+ ( in/itutionalism is j t ( "s ass]t$ end ju/ify+ any available means1 & s "u cov] ( its peculi> conceits sanction+ viol5ce4 ,wat* any in/itution & see h[ "o or ano!r ( life's objects ( devotion is become1 or fa/ becom+1 a m]e utility4 ,! in/itution makes life me*anical1 & do+ ?is x is z trea*]\s z x seems loyal to ! treasur$ ?+s ( life1 ! develop$ ideas & e/abli%$ cu/oms2 x is ev5 z sceptical t[>ds !m z x seems fai?ful2 & 9 ! _s1 if n 9 ! lett]1 ( ,ma*iavellism x %[s !m no long] implicitly wor%ipp$1 b 9 use1 :i* is to say1 put to ! bank]s1 & s robb$ ( _! "* ( sacr$ treasures4 ,& z = ,ma*iavelli himself1 x may be wor? :ile to rememb] t ) all 8 (f5siv5ess he has und\bt$ly be5 v mu* malign$1 & t to any /ud5t ( hi/ory he seems only a v apt ?\gh an unpleasantly outspok5 pupil ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/itution ( 8 "t--! ,roman ,*ur*--= :i* ?+s moral & religi\s _h c]ta9ly become effective in/rum5ts ( v worldly ambitions4 ,s 9 ,ma*iavellism or 9 in/itutionalism1 ! "n n[ be+ indiff]5t to u1 we see wor%ip pass+ into use2 we see sacr$ ?+s become secul>1 or ?+s suppos$ f9al becom+ only in/rum5tal2 & we see1 !re=e1 :at appe>s l loss or decl9e4#a p4#bfb ,b c !re be any?+ besides loss or decl9e8 ,?is aga9 is our "q1 & ! answ] n[ comes quick & decisive1 :e!r we are ?9k+ ( ,ma*iavelli or ! ,sophi/s1 ( ! old-"t ,ph>isees1 or ( ^? 9 our own life4 ,decl9e & ev5 fall nev] tell ! :ole /ory ( any?+1 & j because !y mean use1 ev5 secul> use4 ,t m5 mu/ wor%ip is surely true1 b also m5 mu/ & d use1 & ! use1 9 spite ( ! /ra9 ( ! (f5ce & resi/ance :i* x is sure to ar\se1 br+s pr(it always4 ,use1 secul> use1 may imply sacrifice ( ! lett] or ! e/abli%$ =m1 b x always leads to lib]ation ( ! _s4 ,9 scepticism1 !re=e1 & ! co9cid5t conv5tionalism & utilit>ianism t[>ds sacr$ ?+s1 9 ! in/itutionalism :i* h>b\rs all ^!1 ?\gh (t5 d>kly & secretly1 we may always read1 :at 9 tru? hi/ory has aga9 & aga9 exemplifi$1 ! ?roes ( bir?1 ! bir? ( ! _s4 ,mu/ x n be t any visible in/itution1 be x ecclesia/ical or indu/rial or political or educational or c]emonial1 j because an in/itution design$ 9 "s way to s]ve an active1 gr[+ life1 is always an outgr[n1 fall+ in/itution8 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ! days ( ,ma*iavelli1 an in/itution ^u its e/abli%m5t actually ju/ifies its enemies by its own practices1 :ile ! enemies1 s ju/ifi$1 d b lay x b>e1 expos+ its hidd5 ?\ghts & ways1 =c+ re=m ^u x1 & p]haps 9 ! end !mselves rema9+ to pray4 ,s is ! _s born1 & s d we see 9 ! p]sonnel ( society :at a wond]ful triumvirate1 work+ p4#bfc = ! real gr[? ( human life ) a p[] t no?+ c resi/1 is made by ! av[$ sceptic1 ! loyali/1 always secretly conv5tional & utilit>ian1 & ! re=m]1 ! great spiritual lead]4 ,ev5 ,ma*iavelli 9 8 mo/ (f5sive pron\ncem5ts mu/ h felt some?+ betwe5 8 l9es :i* express$ w\ld h transfigur$ _! mean+1 n to say also 8 reputation1 greatly1 &1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 he 0 c]ta9ly a p>ty to ! developm5t ( :at is be/ 9 mod]n life4 ,z = ! ,sophi/s1 :e!r we see !m z sceptics or conv5tionali/s1 did !y n h ,socrates among !m8 ,betwe5 !m & him1 :5 all is said1 ! diff]5ce 0 only t betwe5 tal5t & g5ius1 betwe5 great =mal +5uity1 :i* always means opportunism1 & really vital insight1 :i*1 %att]+ opportunism ) its own weapons1 means loyalty1 n to exi/+ =ms1 b to ! _s dwell+ 9 ! =ms4 ,mu* 9 ! same way1 too1 ! ,jewi% ,ph>isees _h ,jesus1 a contempor>y1 :o did b recognize & e>ne/ly tea* :at !y 7 really practis+1 namely1 ! utility ( ! law1 or ! law = man1 n man = ! law4 ,only :at = !m 0 m]ely a selfi% opportunity1 absorb$ z !y 7 9 ! ve/$ int]e/s ( _! "t & g5]ation1 0 manife/ to him--:o 0 a g5ius & :o us$ = real ga9 ! tal5t :i* !y ho>d$--z a great spiritual fact1 z a univ]sal tru?1 br++ opportunity & fre$om to all m5 "u all law1 n to "s m5 "u "o law4 ,?us !y 7 in/itutionali/s2 he1 by m]ely turn+ _! n>r[ness into a pr9ciple ( all life1 became a re=m]1 &1 indebt$ to !m z he 01 he c\ld p4#bfd =give !m ev5 :5 !y oppos$ him4 ,g5ius always =gives2 ! _s always recalls & *]i%es ! lett] t has giv5 x bir?4 ,s ! in/itution z an hi/orical fact1 :e!r we see x ) ! eyes ( ,ma*iavelli or ) ^? ( a pope1 ) ! eyes ( ,protagoras or ) ^? ( ,socrates1 ) ! eyes ( ! ,ph>isees or ) ^? ( ,*ri/1 may %[ wor%ip turn+ into use1 ! sacr$ becom+ secul>1 b x %[s also ! life ( society becom+ enri*$2 x %[s inve/m5t = future ga92 x %[s d\bt1 n de/roy+ any?+1 b a*iev+ only :at is real2 x %[s ! life ( ! _s4 ,,iii4 ,no p]iod ( man's e>li] d\bt+ c be m int]e/+ ?an t ( ! c5turies j prior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! peoples ( ! ,m$it]ranean contribut$ s mu*1 directly & indirectly1 to ! prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity & to ! discov]y1 or revelation1 :i* f9ally came & 9 due "t *ang$ ! anci5t to our mod]n _w4 ,:at ! prep>ation 0 has already be5 indicat$1 at lea/ p>tially1 9 ! ref]5ces t h be5 made to ! ,sophi/s & to ! ,ph>isees4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 only ! int]e/1 ! e>n$ increm5t1 or r %\ld ,i n say ! comp\nd$ pr9cipal1 ( ! scepticism1 ( ! =malism & ! utilit>ianism :i* beset ! ,greeks & ! ,hebrews1 to m5tion no o!rs1 z _! peculi> civilizations 7 m]g+ into ! l>g] & deep] life ( a great empire4 ,9 _! sev]al lives ! dem& came1 & came1 too1 f )91 n m]ely f )\t1 z 9 all life p4#bfe x mu/ come1 = use ( _! ga!r$ treasures1 :e!r spiritual or mat]ial1 & ! rise ( ,rome 0 b ! result ( t dem& satisfi$1 ( ! use realiz$4 ,z = ! scepticism1 ?is ) all its incid5ts made ! use possible1 made x possible = ! peoples to give or rel9qui% :at !y _h to ! l>g] life to :i* !y all belong$1 :ile ! religion ( ,*ri/ianity spiritualiz$ = !m all ! result+ empire4 ,^? wond]ful races ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o a*iev$--at lea/ "s ( !m--su* great ?+s 9 all t c\nts = civilization1 became at ! la/ mo/ extravagant sceptics1 n only =mulat+1 b also v g5]ally liv+ up to1 ! conviction ( ignorance & =getfulness ( reality4 ,ev]y?+ :i* _! long pa/ _h ga!r$ = !m !y resign$--or let me say crucifi$--& !mselves !y ?rew1 z if ) an inve/or's recklessness1 ^u a _w ( *ance or fate1 ^u a _w seem+ly ( empty =ms 9 all human relations1 a _w ( disguises = lic5se & ( m]e conceits ( moral p[] & religi\s piety4 ,s5su\s my/icism & pan!ism1 =malism ( all k9ds1 ,/oicism1 ,epicureanism1 legalism1 & cosmopolitanism 7 crosses ^u :i* "o p & ano!r1 "o class & ano!r1 nail$ _! long-*]i%$ devotions1 _! love ( ,god & man & nature1 ( temple & family & c\ntry4 ,a great d\bt+1 !n1 0 truly !irs4 ,a great sacrificial (f]+ 0 _! prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 a way1 ) a complet5ess t seems to h no p>allel 9 hi/ory1 !y put _! tal5ts to ! bank]s--despair+1 ( c\rse1 b hop+ also1 p4#bff if only _! d\bt+1 :5 x came1 may be suppos$ z g5u9e z _! e>li] believ+4 ,f ! ,nor? & f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,s\? _! good m5 came1 & _! ri* & _! wise1 & laid :at !y _h at ! feet ( ! life t 0 new born4 ,p read _! hi/ories s diff]5tly4 ,! pagan d\bt1 ! ,*ri/ian revelation & belief1 ! conv]sion ( ! pagan _w to ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,r5aissance1 9 :i* ! conv]sion 0 9 a s5se rev]s$1 & ! ,re=mation mean su* diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t p4 ,"s mu/ /ill h x t paganism1 or pre-,*ri/ianism1 end$ 9 absolutely bl9d despair1 9 ! av[al ( complete failure--z if su* despair or failure c\ld ev] f9d words = its own utt]ance2 t ,*ri/ianity came into a hopelessly pagan _w :olly f )\t1 came into a _w ( no?+ b unmix$ d\bt1 & br\ght ) x no?+ b unmix$ belief2 t ! conv]sion 0 a sort ( conque/1 by a p[] all its own captur+ ! pagans1 s :olly unn]v$ z to be q incapable ev5 ( a futile resi/ance2 t ! ,r5aissance1 re/oration z x 0 ( ! pagan life & ?\ght1 0 at be/ a great condesc5sion on ! "p ( ,*ri/5dom & at wor/ an un=tunate return to ! pagan idols2 & t 9 ! ,re=mation ! ,*ri/ian ,religion ,militant did b retreat ^u ! ,bible z its impregnable =tress4 ,b su* hi/ory c h>dly be our hi/ory "h4 ,= u ! rise & ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity h _h q a diff]5t "*4 ,to /rike at ! f\ndation ( t :ole /ructure ! pagan d\bt+ 0 too articulate4 ,x 01 also1 too e>ne/4 ,x 0 too g5u9e4 ,! races did inde$ resign1 z ) p4#bfg an inve/or's recklessness1 all t !y _h1 b _! recklessness 0 n unmix$4 ,_! d\bt+ _h hope 9 x z well z despair4 ,x /ill lov$ ! _s ( :at _h be5 ev5 :5 x betray$ ! lett]4 ,x _h its m>tyrs1 too1 z well z its suicides2 its s5se ( life z well z its en]vat+ fe> ( dea?4 ,say :at y w1 !n1 a great1 w>m1 ye>n+ belief dwelt )9 x4 ,& s1 j because ! pagan d\bt+ 0 too e>ne/ & too g5u9e & too articulate1 because x 01 9 tru?1 a great sacrificial (f]+1 ! crucifixion on ,calv>y 0 also too true to life at ,a!ns & ,alex&ria1 z well z to life at ,j]usalem1 & ! resurrection ( ! _s 0 too true to life at ,rome2 !y 7 too true to mean any?+ b fulfilm5t & a*ievem5t4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 e place & 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 ! lett] _h be5 reject$2 b ev]y:]e also--& ?is1 no?+ else1 0 ! true conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity--! _s 0 accept$4 ,acceptance ( ! _s1 too1 meant t 9 good "t ! lett] w\ld be re/or$1 z inde$ at ! ,r5aissance x surely 04 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 came :5 ! times 7 ripe = x4 ,x came n f )\t1 b deeply f )9 ! pagan life ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,moreov]1 if 9 ?is way1 n 9 t o!r way1 we mu/ read ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 !n we mu/ read bo? ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation "u ! same light4 ,! ,r5aissance1 z 0 j said1 br\ght a re/oration ( ! lett]2 b1 necess>ily1 ( ! lett] "u ! light ( ! _s1 ( ! lett] transfigur$4 ,! ,r5aissance1 s dramatically manife/$ 9 ! ,crusades1 0 only ,*ri/5dom return+ to its p4#bfh bir?place4 ,) its crusades to ,j]usalem1 to all ! old capitals1 to ! pagan ideas & in/itutions1 to ! anci5t languages & lit]atures1 ,*ri/ianity r$iscov]$ itself 9 ! pa/1 w9n+ back 9 ?is way "s ( its *ildhood1 cur+ a homesickness t a worldly *ur* _h made x feel1 secur+ = itself su* a deep exp]i5ce z comes to a man :o1 aft] ye>s ( w&]+ & =gett+1 has return$ to ! home ( 8 infancy4 ,& z = ! ,re=mation--if inde$ ?is 0 a retreat1 %all we say1 ( a defeat$ religion ^u ! ,bible1 its suppos$ impregnable =tress--we ne$ only to rememb] ! pagan orig91 ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek inspiration1 & ! ,roman atmosph]e ( t sacr$ book4 ,& ( ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to paganism1 j "o ?+ m4 ,! ,*ri/ian revelation1 s wond]fully portray$ & enact$ 9 ! life & "* ( ,jesus1 0 only an idealization1 a spiritual int]pretation1 ( ! v pres5t1 ! ?or\ghly actual life ( ! "t1 ( ! life t ! pagans1 d\bt+ b believ+1 despair+ b also tru/+1 resign+ all b hop+ = m1 _h already br\ght ^u !mselves2 a life ( self-d5ial1 ( common1 univ]sal humanity1 all m5 be+ memb]s "o ( ano!r1 & ( p]fect fai?4 ,p]haps ! self-d5ial 0 bravely conceal$ 9 an accept$ subjection1 b x 0 n less real4 ,p]haps ! common humanity 0 milit>y & imp]ial1 yet x also 0 real4 ,p]haps1 too1 ! fai? 0 bl9d & fatali/ic1 b x 0 nev]!less fai?4 ,c fai? g f>!r or d m ?an fatalism8 ,! pagans1 !n1 _h become ,*ri/ians 9 fact or /atus1 & ,*ri/ianity came1 brea?+ p4#bfi life into ! b>e fact1 into ! self-d5ial1 & ! broad humanity & ! fai?1 & made ^! n ! m]e phases ( b>e fact or condition1 b motives & ideals1 manife/+ !m h]oically 9 a s+le human life1 & s 9 ! =m & ) ! p[] ( a p]sonal discov]y ( self4 ,:]e g5u9e d\bt is ! ,god is always born4 ,,iv4 ,to come d[n to m rec5t times1 = op5 belief 9 :at !y d\bt$1 = d\bt well controll$ 9 its exp5diture1 = d\bt z rais+ que/ions ( mean+ r ?an ! m radical que/ions ( reality & exi/5ce1 p]haps no p ( ,*ri/5dom has be5 s conspicu\s z ! ,engli%4 ,( c\rse1 z has be5 rem>k$1 exp5diture may (t5 become too cons]vative1 & ! "q ( m]e mean+ may enc\rage casui/ry2 & into ! pits ( undue cons]vatism & casui/ry ! ,engli% h c]ta9ly fall5 m ?an once1 s t c]ta9 critics h ev5 f\nd !m1 & 9 "s measure ! ,anglo-,saxons g5]ally1 giv5 ov] to holl[ dis+5u\s liv+4 ,9 ,engli% political life1 = example1 ! attitude dur+ ! conflict ) ! ,am]ican colonies 9 ! eighte5? c5tury af=ds a conspicu\s illu/ration ( ?is1 & intellectually & religi\sly ,engli% life1 has its *apt]s ( an un=tunate res]ve4 ,b al?\gh no good & hone/ ,am]ican c fail to f9d objectionable solecisms1 "s ( !m decid$ly ,briti%1 9 ! =mulat$ & manife/$ life ( ! ,anglo-,saxons2 nev]!less ,engli% hi/ory is a v ob/9ate argum5t 9 behalf ( ! ,engli% temp]4 ,fr5*m51 ?\gh p4#bgj s neighb\rly to ,engl&1 h be5 conspicu\sly m radical ?an ! ,engli% 9 _! d\bts & problems1 & 9 consequ5ce h be5 at once m reckless & m vacillat+ 9 _! solutions4 ,! ,engli%1 always s practical1 ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory h held to _! _w z prim>ily real & consi/5t1 & h !re=e nei!r lo/ !mselves :e!r 9 fe> or 9 hope ( "s o!r sph]e1 nor be5 only fickle s]vants ( ?is4 ,consi/5tly & con/antly !y h s\ght only ! ev] m effective use ( :at !y _h1 ( :at !y f\nd ab\t !m4 ,n revolution1 !n1 b evolution has be5 ! keynote ( _! hi/ory4 ,_! o!r _w1 9 practice1 has meant o!r p>ts ( ?is--witness _! colonial activity z well z _! mission>y ent]prises--or only o!r 9 ! s5se ( deep] & full] expression ( ?is--witness ! te/imony ( s _m ( _! hi/orians4 ,macaulay1 = a classic example1 dwells at "s l5g? & ) mu* emphasis ^u ! ,engli% p's g5ius = a progressive cons]vatism1 rem>k+ t 9 religion & politics & social life !y h giv5 up less ( _! pa/ ?an any o!r p1 & yet at ! same "t h kept 9 ! =efront ( mod]n progress4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ?is 0 tru] 9 ,macaulay's day ?an at ! pres5t "t1 b !re is en\gh tru? 9 x n[ to give x po9t4 ,in/ead ( c\rt+ d\bt z if x _h wor? 9 itself1 ! ,engli% may be said on ! :ole to h c\rt$ c&\r4 ,c&\r does n exclude d\bt1 b x is nev] m]ely negative1 & = ?is reason x is peculi>ly normal & :olesome1 al?\gh ( c\rse hav+ its own dang]s4 ,to be c&id1 9 ! p4#bga s5se ( ! ^w "h int5d$1 is to accept :at is1 :i* 9 lack ( a bett] t]m we may call nature1 & to insi/ only on see+ ?is1 & liv+ up to x1 deeply & fully4 ,! d\bt+ ,fr5* h appeal$ to tru? & righte\sness or reality z only an innate conviction1 & s h easily miss$ ! possible realism ( su* conviction4 ,desc>tes made j su* an appeal1 & ?\gh he did inde$ ga91 or r rega91 a real _w1 ! reality did n q receive ev5 f him1 z we h se51 its full due ( clos5ess & intimacy ) human life4 ,r\sseau1 lat]1 made ! same appeal1 f9d+ 8 own p]sonal w intr9sically good1 b 8 philosophy1 ?\gh a passionate1 uncontroll$ belief 9 reality1 0 tak51 n unnaturally1 z a call to revolution4 ,b ! simple1 c&id ,engli%1 on _! side ( ! ,*annel1 h appeal$1 n prim>ily to any?+ ab/ractly )9 ! self1 n to a m]e ideal or s5tim5t or subjective belief1 b to reality embodi$ & palpable--9 a ^w1 to nature1 ! great all-inclusive sph]e ( c&id exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,france1 aga91 nature has fail$ ev] to be a ?or\ghly practical ?+1 a positive1 directly int]e/+1 :olly p]t95t situation4 ,x has be5 a cry1 ( c\rse1 sometimes ( al>m1 sometimes ( hope2 a great en?usiasm1 too2 a dream2 an ideal--if n unideal--sub/itute = ! pres5t life2 a sph]e (t51 too (t51 q oppos$ to ,god & gov]nm5t & organiz$ society2 b nev]1 or almo/ nev]1 a pres5t responsibility to be cle>ly recogniz$ & calmly measur$2 nev]1 or almo/ nev]1 a "p & p>cel ( ! pres5t life2 nev]1 or almo/ nev]1 some?+ t lives 9 & p4#bgb ?r\gh ,god & gov]nm5t & society4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 s diff]5tly1 if ,bacon & ,locke & ,b]keley & ev5 ,david ,hume may be tru/$2 if ,%akespe>e & ,col]idge & ,wordswor?1 or ,hobbes & ,burke & ,black/one1 or ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] are repres5tative2 9 ,engl& nature has ev] be5 v real & v pres5t2 n outside ( manife/ ,engli% life1 b actually incorporat$ 9 x4 ,h[ else und]/& ,engli% deism2 ! laissez faire economics2 ! peculi> nature & gr[? ( ! ,engli% con/itution2 ! pragmatism ( ,engli% sci5ce2 ! sun-w>m$ atmosph]e ( ,engli% lit]ature2 ! nature-homage & bodily vig\r ( ,engli% recreation8 ,h[ else acc\nt = ! ,engli% p's progressive cons]vatism8 ,! mo/ radical d\bt mu/ ev5tually appeal to nature &1 :at is m1 mu/ soon] or lat] br+ man to live ) nature practically & responsibly1 intimately & sympa!tically2 b c&\r1 l ! c&\r ( ! ,engli%1 t nev] d\bts )\t at ! same "t believ+1 lives ev] ) h]4 ,p]haps ! ,engli% p ne$ to h :at !y seem nev] to h _h--?\gh ! ,armada ?reat5$ some?+ ( ! k9d1 & ! loss ( ! ?irte5 colonies1 or ev5 ! ,bo] w> 01 n )\t its value--a great1 ov]p[]+ disa/]1 a deep all-se>*+ despair2 yet1 be ?is z x may1 _! "p 9 ! /ruggle ( a life t mu/ always d\bt 9 ord] to gr[ is always in/ructive & is (t5 inspir+4 p4#bgc ,v4 ,! sceptic has be5 ref]r$ to "h z a memb] ( a wond]ful triumvirate1 &1 leav+ n[ ! field ( hi/orical illu/ration1 we mu/ return to t *>act]ization4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! triumvirate 7 ! loyal def5d] ( ! =mal law & ! great spiritual lead]4 ,all ?ree 7 said to be p>ties to ! real life ( ! _s1 & ! sceptic seem$ to h a co-ord9ate "p ) ! o!rs 9 ?is life4 ,b 0 ,i n conc$+ too mu*8 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m :o w wi% to prote/4 ,yet ,i 0 only mak+ ! d\bt] & ! believ] face ea* o!r squ>ely & hone/ly4 ,bo? are p>ties to any re=m4 ,no lead] or true re=m] ev] c neglect or betray ! cont5tions ( ei!r4 ,9 ! organizations ( society pr(essional conditions may hold ! two *>act]s ap>t1 b vitally !y always belong toge!r4 ,if truly we mu/ believe 9 :at we d\bt1 h[ c !re fail to be betwe5 !m1 n inde$ a %all[ & s5tim5tal sympa?y1 b a deep1 h]oic sympa?y t is always sup]ior to ! diff]5ces ( ! disrupt$ life1 ( a pr(essionally organiz$ society1 )\t betray+ !m8 ,at once oppon5ts & companions--?is is ! tru? ab\t ! d\bt] & ! believ]4 ,consid] h[ tak5 alone nei!r w\ld be q ju/ifi$1 :ile toge!r bo? are ju/ifi$4 ,p]fect approval or1 = t matt]1 p]fect disapproval1 c belong to nei!r s+ly1 n to y or me 9 our d\bt+1 ev5 ?\gh we fully confess1 nor yet to him :o hides 8 d\bts 9 an outw>d %[ t p4#bgd almo/ deceives him z well z o!rs4 ,( c\rse 9 all matt]s z well z 9 ?is ( intellectual hone/y1 ! conceit ( individual righte\sness or individual possession is a v /rong "o1 b x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh a ne$le's eye ?an = a man :o is any?+ or has any?+ to himself alone1 to ent] into any k+dom4 ,is n life ev]y:]e a movem5t & a /ruggle8 ,& :o is !re1 ri* or poor1 law-abid+ or lawless1 righte\s or unrighte\s1 fai?ful or trea*]\s1 believ+ or d\bt+1 :o c /& alo(1 or :o ne$s to /& alo(1 & say to himself3 ,i p]sonally1 )9 my own nature1 h no "p 9 ! /ruggle2 = good or = ill1 ,i am j :at ,i am1 & ) him t is aga9/ me ,i h & c h no deal+s8 ,! d\bt]1 !n1 & ! believ] may h to look askance at ea* o!r2 ! look+ askance may be q appropriate to ! conflict 9 :i* ea* has & mu/ feel 8 social rle1 b1 at mo/ & wor/1 !y are only jeal\s lov]s4 ,!y may be giv51 & pr(itably giv51 z mu* to qu>rell+ z to g5tl5ess1 b !y love /ill1 &1 to borr[ "p ( a l9e f a famili> college song1 _! battl+ love af=ds j "o m view ( t :i* makes ! _w g 'r\nd--in/ead ( (f at "s tang5t4 ,%\ld "s "o awake to new views come to me & ask :i* ,i w\ld h him d1 break away f 8 traditions & all t !y involve or hold to !m1 ,i c\ld only say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t1 :i*ev] way he turn$1 he w\ld h "s1 ?\gh only "s1 ju/ification1 = he c\ld n be ei!r "r or wrong exclusively2 9 ! second place1 t 8 decision p4#bge n only mu/ be made1 & made /rongly1 "o way or ! o!r1 b mu/ also be 81 n m9e2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 t no decision %\ld ev] be an absolutely f9al settlem5t4 ,decisions are only means to action1 & z su* !y c settle no?+ f9ally4 ,!y are n ev5 protocols ( peace1 (t5 be+1 on ! contr>y1 m]ely signals = fir+ at clos] range4 ,sometimes ,i "k !y seem ev5 l real treaties1 provid+ ! t]ms ( a p]man5t h>mony1 & !y appe> to det]m9e j :]e ! p>ties to !m really /&4 ,b1 aft] all1 !y d b br+ ! conflict home1 mak+ x dome/ic or p]sonal in/ead ( settl+ x4 ,s once m to my inquir] ,i may say only ?is3 ,*oose2 fight2 fight fair2 fight ) y\rself z well z ) y\r enemy2 ) y\r belief1 n m]ely ) 8 dogma2 or ) y\r d\bt1 n m]ely ) 8 di%one/y4 ,s fight+ y & he w truly be at once oppon5ts & companions4 ,,vi4 ,is life1 !n1 only a com$y8 ,is x no bett] ?an "o ( ^? well-conduct$ duels t save ! hon\r ( all1 conc]n$ b br+ injury to no "o8 ,let me say1 9 ^! la/ pages1 t life appe>s to be ?ree ?+s1 to :i* ,i %\ld l to call att5tion4 ,x truly & s]i\sly is a com$y2 secondly1 x is poetic2 & la/ly1 x has all ! gravity & e>ne/ness ( duty4 ,its v trag$y comprises all ( ^!4 ,an old tea*] ( m9e1 a mu* respect$ & some:at old-fa%ion$ pr(essor at "o ( our l>g] univ]sities1#b p4#bgf once publi%$ a book entitl$1 ,poetry1 ,com$y & ,duty4 ,exactly :at 8 reasons 7 = associat+ ^! app>5tly incongru\s phases ( life ,i d n recall1 b ! man & 8 title h rema9$ pleasantly & significantly 9 my memory1 & ! reasons :i* foll[1 9 sub/ance if n 9 =m1 c n be v f> f 84 ,?us1 z to ! com$y ( life1 we ne$ only to reflect t :]e extremes always meet1 :]e !re is always conflict1 b conflict ( su* a nature t ! p>ties to x n only may *ange sides1 b also 9 a g5u9e s5se are always on bo? sides1 9 su* a life politics _c be alone 9 mak+ /range b$fell[s1 b ! opportunity = comic situations mu/ be unlimit$4 ,a life 9 :i* reality has no resid5ce1 & tru? no place :]e to lay its head1 9 :i* fools may utt] wisdom & ! wise may speak folly1 9 :i* re=m]s are easily confus$ ) transgressors & dea? itself is said to be life1 is b\nd to be ri*ly & deeply humor\s4 ,( su* a life !re c be no und]/&+1 into x !re c be no insight1 )\t ! ke5e/ s5se ( hum\r4 ,to say no m1 t d\bt] & believ] are companions z well z oppon5ts1 is cause = a deal ( m]rim5t--at lea/ among ! gods4 ,b life's com$y is also a poem1 & no "o save a poet c truly compreh5d x4 ,ev5 a metaphysician mu/ be n m]ely a humori/1 b also a poet2 p]haps he mu/ be m ! poet ?an any o!r4 ,poetry is ! portrayal ( life ?r\gh sugge/ion ( h>mony1 or poise1 among its conflict+ elem5ts4 ,nor c life be se51 or kn[n1 9 any m direct p4#bgg way2 only ! balance ( opposites1 :i* always makes ! poem1 c possibly pres5t x to our k54 ,commonly m5 feel ?is :5 !y insi/ t all portrayal ( life1 or ( reality 9 g5]al1 mu/ be duali/ic4 ,dualism1 be x ! !ologian's or ! morali/'s or ! metaphysician's1 ! /atesman's or ! sci5ti/'s1 nev] is & nev] c be any?+ b s mu* poetry2 ri*ly & deeply significant always1 & always alive ) :at is real1 b always poetry1 nev] prose4 ,c a reality1 t is real only if1 to ! =ms ( exp]i5ce1 x is always a t]tium quid1 c su* a reality ev] be pres5t to any o!r ?an a poet's consci\sness8 ,reality is n kn[able face to face2 x is beyond ! rea* ( positive k2 ?\gh dwell+ 91 & in=m+ all k1 x c nev] come to ! surface ( k2 = s1 to its own betrayal1 x w\ld take sides & get a habitation & a "n4 ,true1 by analogies "o may conceive x1 z ! religi\s man ?9ks ( ,god's p]sonality1 or z ! philosoph] ?9ks ( ! unity ( 8 _w1 or z ! sci5ti/ ?9ks ( nature's law2 b ! analogies are always s _m te!rs1 & are accord+ly necess>ily p>tial1 :]eas no :ole c ev] be q 9 k9d ) any ( its p>ts4 ,we may conceive reality1 !n1 by ! use ( analogy--t is1 by project+ :at we d "k ( "o or ano!r side ( life beyond its natural sph]e2 b su* projection1 at lea/ = him :o has bo? insight & hum\r1 :o feels ! limits ( 8 k & ! gr&ly transc5d5t way 9 :i* he has us$ 8 k = ! cross+ ( "s *asm1 & ! solution ( "s conflict 9 8 life1 is poetry4 ,= p4#bgh him :o is lack+ 9 bo? insight & hum\r1 :o sees j :at he sees & no m1 :o insi/s on mak+ reality accord lit]ally ) 8 own =mal exp]i5ce1 x is only prose4 ,prose is simply =mally consi/5t exp]i5ce1 exp]i5ce t is :olly b\nd to "s det]m9$ /&po9t1 &1 be+ ?is1 9 :at x pres5ts--t is1 9 its subject-matt]--x is always1 n adequate & inclusive1 b p>tial & n>r[ & "o-sid$ to reality4 ,prose1 9 %ort1 sacrifices :ol5ess1 t is to say1 dep? & bread? ( view1 to m]e =mal consi/5cy4 ,poetry1 at lea/ 9 its subject-matt]1 is above =mal consi/5cy & above p>tiality4 ,?r\gh its v lic5se poetry be>s ! message ( :at is real & :ole4 ,poetry =ev] pref]s reality to prosaic peace4 ,s life is a com$y1 ri* & deep1 & x is a poem1 reali/ic & inclusive4 ,x is1 f9ally1 a s]i\s duty4 ,to _m1 /]n & oracul> 9 _! moral s5se1 ! "* ( duty w seem n to fit at all well into a life t is always humor\s1 & t is nev] real & complete )\t be+ also poetic4 ,b x does fit4 ,duty1 !y hold1 is q too sob] ev] to be m+l$ ) hum\r or com$y1 & q too precise & explicit1 too pla9ly prescrib$1 & 9 its _s1 :5 n 9 its lett]1 too legal ev] to appeal to a poet or to be 9 any way associat$ ) :at appeals to him4 ,b tell me1 is ! ,puritan's notion ( duty an accurate "o8 ,is x ! highe/ notion8 ,is x ev5 pr(\ndly moral8 ,has duty no *ance at all on any o!r plan8 ,9 a ^w1 are hum\r & poetry truly fatal to real duty8 ,:y1 ev5 su* que/ions mu/ make ! /]n rigori/s among u hope j a little1 p4#bgi ?\gh also ^! good m5 may /ill fe>1 = ! relief t ! que/ions seem to promise4 ,p]haps !y m+le _! hope ) fe>1 only because1 z ,i feel q sure1 !y =get t com$y & poetry always br+ m ?an m]e relief4 ,! real com$y & ! true poetry ( life are altoge!r too deep to d only t4 ,!y d inde$ br+ relief f ! rig\r & prosaic consi/5cy ( any specific programme or uni=m1 & s to any man !y are always welcome1 ?\gh he cont9ue to suspect !m ( be+ wrong2 b !y br+ also a responsibility t is full] & l>g] & h>d] ?an ! =mal precept or prescription4 ,%\ld ! rigori/ ev] love 8 enemies8 ,n if he w\ld be consi/5t4 ,%\ld he ev] f9d hope 9 :at he fe>s8 ,%\ld he ev] laugh at 8 own manife/ smallness8 ,yet ^! are real duties2 !y are great1 transc5d5t duties2 &1 ri*ly humor\s z !y are1 only a poetic consci\sness c ev] appreciate !m & truly feel _! liv+ obligation4 ,= ?is1 our life ( com$y & poetry1 :i* is real only z x is bo?1 no pr9ciple c come ne>] to ! v f\ndation ( duty ?an j ! pr9ciple1 deeply true3 ,:atev] is1 is "r4 ,m5 h laugh$ & m5 h wept ov] ?is tru?4 ,0 ev] m p]fect m+l+ ( d\bt & belief8 ,0 ev] great] je/8 ,or m tragic fact8 ,b tru? x is2 ! tru? ( all duty2 & x is life's et]nal com$y--! alpha & ! omega1 too1 ( life's own poem4 #a ,z a positive ev5t 9 hi/ory1 belong+ to ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ,ma*iavellism 0 symptomatic ( ! great *ange ( ! p]iod4 ,*]i%$ in/itutes1 :e!r ( politics or economics1 ( art or morals1 ( ! spiritual life or ! intellectual life1 7 becom+ in/rum5ts4 ,?us1 democracy 0 supplant+ mon>*y1 ,prote/antism ,ca?olicism1 mod]n sci5ce s*ola/icism1 etc4 #b ,! late ,pr(essor ,c4,c4 ,ev]ett1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,index ,a ,ab/raction1 ( sci5ce1 #eh1 #ajg2 & duplicity1 #fa ,agno/icism1 #ge1 #ajf2 special dang]s (1 #aaa1 #aag2 dogmatic & in/rum5tal1 #abj2 z call = action1 #abe2 z passion = real life1 #abh ,analogy1 among ! sci5ces1 #ig2 ( individual self to environm5t1 #aee2 ( univ]sal to p>ticul>1 #cc1 #bbj ,anaxagoras1 #id ,anaxim&]1 #cd1 #id1 #adg ,anti-vitalism1 #adg ,ari/otle1 #aee1 #aef ,atomism1 #ig1 #ajb ,b ,babylonians1 #ajf ,bacon1 #agf ,baldw91 #ae ,belief1 z unque/ion+1 #h1 #aid2 & d\bt1 #ec1 #aje1 #ajg1 #acj1 #acc1 #aib1 #bdh ,biology1 #hh1 #ij1 #ajd1 #aaj ,boehme1 #agg ,body1 & s\l1 #bbg1 #bcg2 immortality (1 #ada1 #bcd ,bradley1 #aec n4 ,burns1 #id ,c ,c&\r1 ( ! ,engli%1 #bgj ,c>lyle1 #abf ,ca?olicism1 #age ,causation1 #ci1 #hb1 #hc1 #aji1 #bje ,*ange1 & habit1 #ae2 z motive1 #ag2 ( purpose1 #aa ,*>ron1 #agg1 #ahj ,*emi/ry1 #cd1 #cf1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #aaj ,*ri/1 #ea1 #bdf1 #bfc ,*ri/ianity1 & immortality1 #bdj2 prep>ation =1 #bff2 diff]5t views ( hi/ory (1 #bff ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 #b1 #cb n4 ,class1 ! social1 #fb1 #abf1 #afb2 relation (1 to d\bt & belief1 #aga ,com$y1 #bge ,companion%ip1 ) nature1 #ba1 #ga2 ) man1 #bd2 ) ,god1 #bf ,contradiction1 9 ord9>y views1 #cj2 9 idea ( reality1 #cj2 ( unity1 #cc2 ( space & "t1 #ch2 ( causation1 #ci2 ( k1 #da2 ( morality1 #dd2 ( law1 #di2 z ( value 9 exp]i5ce1 #d1 #cg1 #aca2 & dualism1 #aja2 z corrective ( n>r[ness1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #adc2 z mean+ action1 #acf2 z realiz+ unity1 #acg2 z secur+ reality & practicality1 #ade2 z requir+ society1 #adg2 z n to be cultivat$ = its own sake1 #aea2 z relat$ to p]son & class1 #agj ,conv5tionalism1 #ff1 #bfj ,creationalism1 #hb1 #bjb ,crusades1 #bfg ,d ,dea?1 #ada1 #aea1 #bci ,d$uction1 #ig ,democritus1 #fe ,developm5t1 special1 transf]able1 #afe ,desc>tes1 #f1 #agb1 #aif1 #bea1 #bed ,di*otomy1 #aja ,dogmatism1 & fe>1 #i2 & belief1 #aid ,d\bt1 z widespread1 #a1 #g2 actual1 if possible1 #f2 z ess5tial to consci\sness1 #i2 & habit1 #ad2 z mak+ life real1 #ah2 & feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 #ba2 z ,bask+ company1 #ba1 #bee2 z m$iator betwe5 old & n[1 #be2 & a!ism1 #bg2 & belief1 #ee1 #aje1 #acj1 #acc1 #aib1 #bdh1 #bgc2 z inve/m5t = ga91 #bei2 & c&\r1 #bgj ,dualism1 #fd1 #aja1 #adg1 #bji ,duplicity1 ( sci5ce1 #fa2 ( life1 #aah ,duty1 #dg1 #bgh ,e ,education1 & int]e/1 #ah n4 ,em]son1 #add ,en]gism1 #adg ,engl&1 peculi> scepticism 91 #bfi ,environm5t1 z s\rce ( conduct1 #df2 social environm5t & p]sonal individual1 #afi1 #bca ,epicureanism1 #aaf1 #bfe ,epi/emology1 #ib ,evil1 & good1 #de1 #acc1 #aej1 #bgf ,evolution1 #gh1 #bjb1 #bdf ,exp]i5ce1 unity (1 #afj ,exp]im5talism1 #fh ,f ,fatalism1 #di ,fe>1 & dogmatism1 #i ,france1 peculi> scepticism 91 #bga ,fre$om1 ( w1 #dg2 ( ?\ght1 #baa1 #bbg ,g ,galilei1 #agg ,g5ius1 #afh1 #aif1 #bfc ,god1 ,desc>tes' pro( (1 #aha2 fallacy 9 ,d4's pro( (1 #ahi2 ,d4's idea (1 #ahf1 #aij2 sceptic's idea (1 #bf1 #ahg1 #aij1 #bjc2 dea? (1 #bcg2 bir? (1 #bfi ,h ,habit1 & d\bt1 #ad ,hebrews1 #be1 #bfd ,h$onism1 #fd1 #adg1 #bfe ,hegel1 #bj1 #adg ,h]aclitus1 #adg1 #aeb ,h]+1 #adg ,h]o-wor%ip1 #bdc ,hi/ory1 /&po9t (1 #gi2 ( ,*ri/ianity1 diff]5t views (1 #bff ,hope1 ev5 9 d\bt1 #ac1 #ai1 #cg1 #dh1 #ec1 #aje ,horace1 #ba ,hypo!ses1 work+1 #hi1 #ic1 #beh ,i ,idealism1 #fe1 #adg ,illusions1 #b1 #bc n41 #bed ,immortality1 #ada1 #bcd ,impo/or1 !1 #bec ,individualism1 #gb1 #aaf ,individuality1 #aee1 #afe1 #bbd ,induction1 #gb1 #ig ,indu/rialism1 #bbb ,inf9ity1 #eb1 #ajb1 #adb ,in/itutions & in/itutionalism1 #af1 #ei1 #bfj ,int]e/ !ory1 9 education1 #ah n4 ,j ,jesuits1 #agb ,jesus1 #ea1 #bdf1 #bfc ,jews1 #be1 #bfd ,jurisprud5ce1 /&po9t (1 #ac1 #dg ,k ,kant1 #aaj1 #adg ,k1 contradictory views (1 #da2 ( law1 & fre$om1 #ea1 #bab2 & ! unkn[able1 #ajf ,l ,lab\r1 division (1 9 special relation ( p]son & class1 #afc2 division (1 9 exp]i5ce1 #bcb ,law1 /&po9t (1 #ac2 c\rts (1 #dg2 contradiction 9 idea (1 #di2 & nature1 #ea1 #bah ,lawlessness1 #ea1 #ada1 #bfa ,lead]%ip1 #afh1 #aif1 #bfc ,leibnitz1 #acc1 #aed1 #baj ,less+1 #ai ,l\is ,,xiv1 #agb ,lu!r1 #agd ,m ,macaulay1 #bgj ,ma*iavelli1 #ff1 #bfa1 #bfc ,malebran*e1 #aih ,mat]ialism1 #fe1 #adg1 #age ,ma!matics1 #hh1 #ia1 #if1 #acc1 #agg1 #bae ,me*anic1 !1 z social type1 #bbh2 peculi> dea? (1 #bch ,me*anicalism1 #hb1 #bah ,me?od1 ,socratic1 #ga2 hi/orical1 #ie2 exp]im5tal1 #hd1 #ie2 ma!matical1 #if ,miracles1 #ec1 #bdf ,monism1 #adg ,montaigne1 #agb1 #agf1 #ahd ,mn/]b]g1 #aji n41 #aab1 #aai ,my/icism1 #agf ,n ,na/1 #ig ,nativism1 #aif ,nature1 return to1 #bb2 relation ( sci5ce to1 #bc1 #ef1 #gd2 & ,god1 #bf1 #bjc1 #bga2 sympa?y (1 #bc1 #bjc2 & law1 #ea1 #bbj2 z me*anical1 #bag2 ,engli% & ,fr5* views (1 #bga2 k ( law (1 & fre$om1 #di1 #bab ,necessity1 9 conduct1 #dg2 sup]/ition (1 #di1 #bab ,negativity1 #c1 #bj1 #cg1 #hc1 #he1 #id1 #aja1 #abe1 #acc1 #adg ,newton1 #ig ,o ,oratory ( ,jesus1 #agf ,p ,p>adoxes1 9 ord9>y consci\sness1 #cj2 9 sci5ce1 #ge1 #ih2 9 religion1 #ajc ,p>allelism1 #bjd ,p>is1 #agb1 #aib1 #bea ,p>m5ides1 #id ,pascal1 #ahj ,p]son1 nature (1 #aee1 #afe2 relation to reality1 #agj1 #ahd2 relation to d\bt & belief1 #aga2 "p 9 society1 #afi1 #bca ,ph>isees1 #bfb ,physics1 #hg1 #ij2 epi/emological1 #id ,pillsbury1 #bab n4 ,plato1 #fe1 #aee1 #aef ,poetry1 #bgf ,positivism1 #gc1 #ajf1 #abb ,practice1 & !ory1 #aac ,pr9ciple1 & programme1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aid ,programme1 & pr9ciple1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aid ,protagoras1 #bfd ,prote/ants & ,prote/antism1 #agd1 #bfh ,psy*ology1 #aj1 #hg1 #ia1 #baj1 #bab n42 physical1 #ib ,purpose1 #aa1 #hc1 #hd ,q ,"q ( fact1 9 sci5ce1 #hc ,r ,radicalism1 #ff ,realism1 ( d\bt]1 #aic2 ( believ]1 #aic2 9 contradiction1 #adc ,reality1 d\ble views (1 #cj ,re=mation1 #agc1 #bff1 #bfg ,relative1 !1 #aj1 #acf1 #aii1 #bjj ,relativity1 law (1 #aj1 #acf ,religion1 & scepticism1 #bg1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #bfh2 z p>adoxical1 #ajc ,r5aissance1 #agc1 #bfh1 #bfg ,rome1 #bfg ,r\sseau1 #bc1 #bga ,s ,scepticism1 #agf1 #bfe1 #bfi ,sci5ce1 z a return to nature1 #bc2 l ord9>y consci\sness1 #eg2 z confess+ to limitations1 #ef2 def9$1 #eh2 z ab/ract1 #eh2 z a look+ be=e leap+1 #eh2 & duplicity1 #fa1 #abi2 me?od (1 & environm5t1 #ga2 specialism (1 #ga1 #hd2 z inductive1 #gb2 objectivism (1 #ge2 te*nique (1 #gf2 & real life1 #hj1 #abe1 #abh2 z cons]vative1 #ha2 & "q ( fact1 #hc2 z negative & de/ructive1 #hc2 specialism (1 #ga1 #hf2 m]g]s 91 #ia2 physical1 z self-consci\sness1 #id2 z p>adoxical1 #ge1 #ih2 agno/icism (1 #ajf2 alo(ness (1 9 ideas ( space & "t & causation1 #ajh1 #aji2 application (1 #aad2 scepticism (1 #bc1 #beh ,s91 orig9al1 #aca ,skill1 special1 z transf]able1 #afe ,smi?1 ,adam1 #beg ,socialism1 #aaf ,society1 z s\ght by sceptic1 #ba2 z relat$ to individual1 #db1 #afe1 #aga1 #bca2 & sci5ce1 #bc1 #fj2 division ( exp]i5ce 91 #fj2 z real to l[] organisms1 #hd2 z m$ium ( conflict1 #adg ,society ( ,jesus1 #agd ,sociology1 #hh ,socrates1 #bj1 #gj1 #adg1 #bfc ,soldi]1 !1 #bbh1 #bch ,sophi/s1 #ff1 #bfb ,s\l1 contradiction 9 idea (1 #ce2 & body1 #bbg1 #bcg2 immortality (1 #ada1 #bcd ,space1 #cg1 #ch1 #ajh ,specialism1 bl9dness (1 #hg2 9 social organization1 #ga2 ( sci5ce1 #ga1 #hf2 dreams (1 #hg2 artificiality (1 #hg1 #ig2 contradictions due to1 #fc1 #ih2 pass+ (1 #abh ,sp9oza1 #bd1 #adg1 #agi1 #aih ,_s1 reality1 or tru?1 z a1 #aeb2 ( v]acity1 #aje1 #acc1 #agj1 #bad ,/oicism1 #aaf1 #bfe ,sup]naturalism1 #cb1 #eb1 #adg ,sup]/ition1 #di1 #bah ,t ,te*nique1 #gf1 #aai2 special1 z transf]able1 #afe ,t5nyson1 #hi ,?ales1 #cd ,!ology1 #bf1 #aca ,"t1 #cg1 #ch1 #ajh ,tra9+1 special1 z transf]able1 #afe ,tru?1 _s (1 #aje1 #acc1 #agj1 #bad ,u ,unity1 contradiction 9 idea (1 #ca2 z express$ ?r\gh contradiction1 #acg2 ( exp]i5ce1 #afj ,univ]sality1 ( d\bt1 #a1 #g2 ( human *>act]s 9 g5]al1 #afa ,utilit>ianism1 #ff1 #bfa1 #bfc ,v ,validity1 _s (1 #aje1 #acc1 #aec1 #bad ,van9i1 #agf1 #ahj ,vitalism1 #adg ,w ,w1 nature (1 #aa2 fre$om (1 #dg2 to believe1 #aic2 9 relation to agno/icism1 #aba1 #abe ,z ,z5o1 #aji1 #adg