,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace ,%[+ ! ,cleft ,/ation at ,trelaporte1 les ,e*elets1 ! ,tacul1 ! ,p]iades & ! ,gr&e ,jorasse4 ,,! ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,alps4 ,,be+ ,a ,,n>rative ,,( ,,excursions ,,& ,,asc5ts1 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,glaci]s1 ,,& ,,an ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,pr9ciples ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,relat$4 ,,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay4 #ahif4 ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 #ahfj4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! foll[+ "w ,i h n attempt$ to mix ,n>rative & ,sci5ce1 believ+ t ! m9d once int]e/$ 9 ! "o1 _c ) satisfaction pass abruptly to ! o!r4 ,! book is !re=e divid$ into ,two ,p>ts3 ! fir/ *iefly n>rative1 & ! second *iefly sci5tific4 ,9 ,"p ,i4 ,i h s\ght to convey "s notion ( ! life ( an ,alp9e explor]1 & ( ! means by :i* 8 k is acquir$4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii4 an attempt is made to classify su* k1 & to ref] ! obs]v$ ph5om5a to _! physical causes4 ,! ,second ,"p ( ! "w is writt5 ) a desire to int]e/ intellig5t p]sons :o may n possess any special sci5tific culture4 ,= _! sakes ,i h dwelt m fully on pr9ciples ?an ,i %\ld h done 9 pres5ce ( a purely sci5tific audi5ce4 ,! brief sket* ( ! nature ( ,light & ,heat1 ) :i* ,"p ,,ii4 is comm5c$1 w n1 ,i tru/1 prove un9t]e/+ to ! read] = :om x is m especially design$4 ,%\ld any obscurity exi/ z to ! mean+ ( ! t]ms ,/ructure1 ,dirt-b&s1 ,regelation1 ,int]f]5ce1 & o!rs1 :i* occur 9 ,"p ,i41 x w entirely disappe> 9 ! p]usal ( ,"p ,,ii4 ,two asc5ts ( ,mont ,blanc & two ( ,monte ,rosa are record$2 b ! aspects ( nature1 & o!r circum/ances :i* attract$ my att5tion1 7 s diff]5t 9 ! respective cases1 t repetition 0 sc>cely possible4 ,! num]\s int]e/+ articles on glaci]s :i* h be5 publi%$ dur+ ! la/ eighte5 mon?s1 & ! v>i\s lively discussions to :i* ! subject has giv5 bir?1 h induc$ me to make myself bett] acqua9t$ ?an ,i _h previ\sly be5 ) ! hi/oric aspect ( ! "q4 ,9 "s important cases ,i h /at$1 ) ! utmo/ possible brevity1 ! results ( my read+1 & ?us1 ,i tru/1 contribut$ to ! =mation ( a j e/imate ( m5 ^: lab\rs 9 ?is field 7 long ant]ior to my own4 ,j4 ,t4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,june1 #ahfj4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps 0 publi%$ ne>ly six & ?irty ye>s ago1 & has be5 long out ( pr9t1 its tea*+ 9 a cond5s$ =m hav+ be5 embodi$ 9 ! little book call$ ,=ms ( ,wat]4 ,! two books are1 h[ev]1 di/9ct 9 "*2 ea* appe>s to me to supplem5t ! o!r2 & z ! old] "w is /ill frequ5tly ask$ =1 ,i h1 at ! sugge/ion ( my husb&'s ,publi%]s1 cons5t$ to ! pres5t repr9t1 :i* may be foll[$ lat] on by a repr9t ( ,h\rs ( ,ex]cise4 ,be=e reproduc+ a book writt5 s long ago1 ,i s\ght to assure myself t x conta9$ no?+ t\*+ ! views ( o!rs :i* my husb& might h wi%$ at ! pres5t "t to alt] or omit4 ,) ?is object ,i ask$ ,"l ,kelv9 to be good en\gh to read ov] = me ! pages :i* deal ) ! hi/ory ( ! subject & ) discussions 9 :i* he himself took an active "p4 ,9 k9d response he writes3--444 ,aft] c>efully go+ ?r\gh all ! passages relat+ to ^? old diff]5ces ,i c\ld n advise ! omission ( any ( !m f ! repr9t4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 "s ke5 diff]5ces ( op9ion & judgem5t among u1 & o!r fri5ds n[ gone f u1 b ,i ?9k ! /atem5ts on controv]sial po9ts 9 ?is beautiful & int]e/+ book ( y\r husb&'s are all ?or\ghly c\rte\s & consid]ate ( feel+s1 & h be5 felt to be s by ^? ^: views 7 conte/$ or criticis$ 9 !m4 ,! curr5t spell+ ( ,swiss names has *ang$ consid]ably s9ce ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps 0 writt51 b1 except 9 ! v few cases :]e an obvi\s ov]sight call$ = correction1 ! text has be5 left unalt]$4 ,only ! ,index has be5 made some:at full] ?an x 04 ,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,janu>y1 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,page #a4--;,introductory4 #a ,visit to ,p5rhyn2 ! ,cleavage ( ,slate ,rocks2 ,s$gwick's !ory--its difficulties2 ,%>pe's obs]vations2 ,sorby's exp]im5ts2 ,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution2 ,glaci] ,lam9ation2 arrangem5t ( an exp$ition to ,switz]l& #b4--;,exp$ition ( #ahef3 ! ,ob]l&4 #i ,valley ( ,laut]brunn52 ,pliability ( rocks2 ! ,w5g]n ,alp2 ! ,jungfrau & ,silb]horn2 ,ice avalan*es2 ,glaci]s =m$ f !m2 ,sc5e f ! ,little ,s*eideck2 ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci]2 ! ,heisse ,platte--its ,avalan*es2 ,ice ,m9>ets & ,blocks2 ,e*oes ( ! ,wett]horn2 analogy ) ! ,reflection ( ,light f angul> mirrors2 ! ,rei*5ba* ,cascade2 ,h&eck ,fall2 ! ,grimsel2 ! ,unt]a> ,glaci]2 hut ( ,m4 ,dollfuss2 ,hotel des ,neuf*atelois2 ! ,rhone glaci] f ! ,may5w&2 exp$ition up ! glaci]2 ,col\r$ ,r+s r\nd ! sun2 crevasses ( ! neve2 extraord9>y meteorological ph5om5on2 ,_s ( ! ,brock5 #c4--,! ,tyrol4 #bc ,kauns]?al & ! ,gebats* ,alp2 ,s5n] or ,*eesemak]s2 ,gebats* ,glaci]2 a night 9 a c[%$2 passage to ,lantauf]2 a *amois on ! rocks2 my ,guide2 ! atmosph]ic sn[-l9e2 passage ( ! ,/elvio2 ,col\r ( fre% sn[2 ,bormio2 ! pass recross$ by night2 aspect ( ! m\nta9s2 ,m]an to ,uns]frau2 passage ( ! ,ho*jo* to ,f5d2 s+ul> hail/orm2 wild glaci] region2 hidd5 crevasses2 ,fir/ ,pap] pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society #d4--;,exp$ition ( #aheg3 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 #cc ,blu5ess ( ! wat]2 ! head ( ! ,lake2 appe>ance ( ! ,rhone2 subsid5ce ( p>ticles2 ,mirage #e4--;,*am\ni & ! ,montanv]t4 #cg ,arrival2 ,col\r$ ,%ad[s on ! sn[2 ,s\rce ( ! ,arveiron2 fall ( ! ,vault2 ,sunrise 9 ! ,valley ( ,*am\ni2 ,scrat*$ ,rocks2 qu>t]s at ! ,montanv]t #f4--,! ,m] de ,glace4 #db ,n a ,sea b a ,riv] ( ice2 ,wave-=ms on its surface2 _! explanation2 ,/ructure & ,/rata2 ,glaci] ,tables2 fir/ view ( ! ,dirt ,b&s2 influ5ce ( ,illum9ation 9 r5d]+ !m visible2 ! ,eye incapable ( detect+ diff]5ces betwe5 int5se lights #g4 #df ,measurem5ts comm5c$2 ! ,cleft ,/ation at ,trelaporte2 ,regelation ( sn[ granules2 two *amois2 view ( ! ,m] de ,glace & its ,tribut>ies2 ,s]acs ( ! ,col du ,geant2 ,slid+ & ,visc\s !ories2 ,r5d+ ( ! ice2 ,/riae on its surface2 ,:ite ,ice-seams #h4 #eg ,alone ^u ! glaci]2 ,lakes & ,rivulets2 p>allel betwe5 ,glaci] & ,geological di/urbance2 spl5did ra9b[2 aspect ( ! glaci] at ! base ( ! ,s]acs2 visit to ! ,*ief ,guide at ,*am\ni2 ,lib]ties grant$ #i4--,! ,j>d94 #fa ,glaci] du ,talefre2 ,j>d9 divides ! neve2 ,blue ,ve9s ne> ! summit2 surr\nd+ sc5e2 ,mora9es & ,avalan*es2 ,cascade du ,talefre2 dang]s on approa*+ x f above #aj4 #fd ,lightn+ & ,ra92 ,sph]ical hail/ones2 an ev5+ among ! crevasses2 ,dang]\s ,leap2 ice-practice2 prep>ations = an asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc #aa4--;,fir/ ,asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc 7#aheg74 #fh ,across ! m\nta9 to ! ,glaci] des ,bossons2 its crevasses2 ,ladd] left beh9d2 consequ5t difficulties2 ! ,gr&s ,mulets2 ,tw9kl+ & *ange ( ,col\r ( ! ,/>s2 moonlight on ! m\nta9s2 />t ) "o guide2 difficulties among ! crevasses2 ! ,petit ,plateau2 ,s]acs ( ! ,dome du ,g\t]2 bad condition ( sn[2 ! ,gr& ,plateau2 ,col\r$ ,spectra r\nd ! sun2 ! lo/ ,guides2 ! ,r\te miss$2 dang]\s ice-slope2 ,guide exhau/$2 cutt+ /eps2 *e]less prospect2 ! ,corridor2 ! ,mur de la ,cote2 ! ,petits ,mulets2 food & dr9k disappe>2 ,physiological exp]i5ces on ! ,calotte2 ,summit atta9$2 ! ,cl\ds & ,m\nta9s2 exp]im5t on ,s\nd2 col\r ( ! sn[2 ! desc5t2 a solit>y prison]2 second night at ! ,gr&s ,mulets2 ,inflammation ( eyes2 a bl9d man among ! crevasses2 desc5t to ,*am\ni2 ?und] on ,mont ,blanc #ab4 #hf ,life at ! ,montanv]t2 glaci] ,bl[]2 ,cascade ( ! ,talefre2 difficulties 9 sett+ out l9es2 dep>ture f ! ,montanv]t2 my ho/s2 prospect f ! ,glaci] des ,bois2 ,ed\>d ,simond #ac4--;,exp$ition ( #aheh4 #ib ,orig9 & aim ( ! exp$ition2 ,lam9at$ ,/ructure ( ! ice #ad4--,passage ( ! ,/rahleck4 #ic ,unpromis+ wea!r2 appe>ance ( ! glaci] & ( ! adjac5t m\nta9s2 ,transv]se ,protub]ances2 ,dirt ,b&s2 ,/ructure2 a ,slip on a sn[ slope2 ! ,f9/]a>horn2 ! ,s*reckhorn2 extraord9>y ,atmosph]ic ,effects2 ,summit ( ! ,/rahleck2 ,gr& ,amphi!atre2 mutations ( ! cl\ds2 desc5t ( ! rocks2 a ,b]gs*rund2 fog 9 ! valley2 desc5t to ! ,grimsel #ae4 #ii ,anci5t ,glaci]s 9 ! valley ( ,hasli2 ,r\nd$1 ,poli%$1 & ,/riat$ ,rocks2 level ( ! anci5t ice2 ,groov+s on ! ,grimsel ,pass2 glaci] ( ! ,rhone2 desc5t ( ! ,rhone valley2 ! ,a,eggischhorn2 ,cl\d ,iridesc5ces2 ! ,alets* glaci]2 ! ,ma]jel5 ,see2 ,iceb]gs2 ,tribut>ies ( ! ,alets*2 ,gr& glaci]-region2 crevasses2 a *amois deceiv$ #af4--;,asc5t ( ! ,f9/]a>horn4 #ajd ,"* ( my ,guide2 iridesc5t cl\d2 ev5+ on ! ,faulb]g2 ! ,jungfrau & h] neighb\rs2 a ,m\nta9 ,cave2 ! ,jungfrau be=e dawn2 contemplat$ visit2 ! ,gru5horn ,luecke2 ,magnific5t ,corridor2 sunrise2 neve ( ! ,vies* glaci]2 halt at ! base ( ! ,f9/]a>horn2 ,spurs & ,c\loirs ( ! m\nta92 ,pyramidal ,cre/2 sc5e ( ,agassiz's obs]vations2 a h>d climb2 discipl9e ( su* an asc5t2 ,boil+ ,po9t2 ,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]1 its fate2 d>+ utt]ance2 desc5t by glissades2 ! ,vies* glaci]2 hidd5 crevasses2 a brave & compet5t guide #ag4 #aai ,subsequ5t days at ! ,a,eggischhorn2 ,afloat on ! ,iceb]gs2 ,b$d+ & ,/ructure2 ,anci5t ,mora9es ( ! ,alets*2 ,scrat*$ ,rocks2 passage ( ! m\nta9s to ! end ( ! glaci]2 a wild gorge2 arrival at ,z]matt2 ! ,riffelb]g #ah4--;,fir/ ,asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa4 #abb ,! asc5t new to myself & my guide2 directions2 ,ulri* ,lau5]2 ,om9\s ,cl\ds2 passage ( ! ,go]n] ,glaci]2 ,ro*es ,m\tonnees2 ,avalan*e f ! ,tw9s2 gradual advance ( cl\ds2 bridg$ *asms2 ,sc5e f a cliff2 app>5t atmosph]ic /ruggle2 ,s\nd ( ! sn[2 ,dang]\s ,edge2 ,ov]hang+ ,cornice2 /aff driv5 ?r\gh x2 increas$ obscurity2 ,rocky ,cre/2 loss ( pocket-book2 ,summit atta9$2 ,boil+ ,po9t2 fall ( sn[2 exquisite =ms ( ! ,sn[ ,cry/als2 a %[] ( froz5 blossoms2 ! desc5t2 mode ( atta*m5t2 ,/>tl+ ,avalan*e2 ,blue ,light emitt$ f ! fissures ( ! fre% sn[2 ,/ifl+ ,heat2 return to ! ,riffel #ai4 #acc ,! ,ro! ,kumm2 pleasant companions2 difficult desc5t2 temp]atures ( rock1 air1 & grass2 ,s+ul> ,cav]n 9 ! ice2 ,/ructure & ,/ratification #bj4--,! ,go]n] ,grat & ! ,riffelhorn2 ,magnetic ,ph5om5a4 #acg ,=mation & ,dissipation ( cl\ds2 ,sc5e f ! ,go]n] ,grat2 ,magnetism ( ! ,rocks2 ! ,compass & ,sun at v>iance2 asc5t ( ! ,riffelhorn2 ,magnetic effects2 places ( mo/ int5se action2 ,scrat*$ & ,poli%$ ,rocks2 ,exfoliation ( cru/ produc$ by ! slid+ ( anci5t glaci]s2 ,magnetic ,pol>ity2 ,consequ5t ,po9ts2 ,be>+s f ! ,riffelhorn2 action on a ,di/ant ,ne$le #ba4 #ade ,fog on ! ,riffelb]g2 its dissipation2 ,sunset f ! ,go]n] ,grat2 ,cl\d-wrea?s on ! ,matt]horn2 ,/ream]s ( ,flame2 gr& ,int]f]5ce ,ph5om5on2 inve/igation ( ,/ructure2 ! ,go]n]horn glaci]2 ,we/]n glaci] ( ,monte ,rosa2 ! ,s*w>ze1 ,trifti1 & ,!odule glaci]s2 weld+ ( ! ,tribut>ies to p>allel ,/rips2 ,temptation #bb4--,second ,asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa 7#aheh74 #aea ,a ,light ,scrip2 my ,guide l5t2 a sub/itute2 a p>ty on ! m\nta92 across ! glaci] & up ! rocks2 ! guide expo/ulates2 among ! crevasses2 ! guide halts2 left alone2 beauty ( ! m\nta92 spl5did effects ( ,diffraction2 ,*e] f ! summit2 on ! ,kamm2 climb]s meet2 among ! rocks2 ,alone on ! ,summit2 ! ,axe slips2 ! prospect2 ! desc5t2 s]i\s accid5t2 a ^w on climb+ alone #bc4 #afj ,! ,furgge glaci]2 ?und] & lightn+2 ! ,weis/hor giv5 up2 excursion by ,/ald5 to ,saas2 ,h]r ,ims5g2 ! ,mattm>k ,see & ,hotel2 asc5t ( a b\ld]2 ,sn[-/orm2 cold qu>t]s2 ! ,monte ,moro2 ! ,allale9 glaci]2 a noble vault2 ,/ructure & ,dirt-b&s2 /ormy wea!r2 ,avalan*es at ,saas2 ! ,fee glaci]2 ,froz5 du/ on ! ,mis*abelho]n]2 ,sn[1 ,vap\r1 & ,cl\d2 curi\s effect on ! he>+2 a ,t]rible ,hole2 s+ul> gr\p2 a ,song f ',! ,robb]s' #bd4 #afh ,ne$ ( obs]vations on ,alp9e ,temp]ature2 ,balmat's int5tion2 aid f ! ,royal ,society2 ,difficulties at ,*am\ni 9 #aheh2 ! ,int5dant memorialis$2 8 response2 ! ,s]acs revisit$2 ,crevasses & ,crumples2 bad wea!r2 !rmomet]s plac$ at ! ,j>d92 ,avalan*es ( ! ,talefre2 wondr\s sky #be4--,second ,asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc 7#aheh74 #agg ,%ad[s ( ! ,aiguilles2 ,silv] ,trees at sunrise2 ,m4 ,neck]'s lett]2 ,birds z ,sp>ks & ,/>s aga9/ ! sky2 crevasse bridg$2 ladd] reject$2 a hunt = a pont2 crevasses cross$2 ,magnific5t ,sunset2 illum9at$ cl\ds2 ,/orm on ! ,gr&s ,mulets2 a ,comet discov]$2 />t by />light2 ! ,petit ,plateau a res]voir = avalan*es2 ,balmat's w>n+2 ! ,gr& ,plateau at dawn2 blue ( ! ice2 ,balmat 9 dang]2 ,cl\ds ^u ! ,calotte2 ! ,summit2 w9d & sn[-du/2 ,balmat fro/bitt52 halt on ! ,calotte2 desc5t to ,*am\ni2 good conduct ( port]s #bf4 #aib ,ho/ility ( ,*ief ,guide2 ,proces ,v]bal2 ! ,briti% ,association2 application to ! ,s>d9ian au?orities2 ,presid5t's ,lett]2 ,royal ,society2 ,te/imonial to ,balmat #bg4--,w9t] ,exp$ition to ! ,m] de ,glace1 #ahei4 #aie ,fir/ defeat & fre% attempt2 ,g5eva to ,*am\ni2 deep sn[2 ,desolation2 sl[ progress2 a horse 9 ! sn[2 a /ruggle2 ,*am\ni on ,*ri/mas night2 m\nta9s hidd52 ,climb to ! ,montanv]t2 ,sn[ on ! ,p9es2 debris ( avalan*es2 ,break+ ( sn[2 ,atmosph]ic ,*anges2 ! m\nta9s conceal$ & reveal$2 col\r ( ! sn[2 ! ,montanv]t 9 ,w9t]2 footpr9ts 9 ! sn[2 wond]ful fro/ figures2 ,cry/al ,curta92 ! ,m] de ,glace 9 ,w9t]2 ! fir/ night2 a rose ( dawn2 ,crimson ,bann]s ( ! ,aiguilles2 ! /akes fix$2 a ,hurricane on ! glaci]2 ! second night2 ,wild ,sn[-/orm2 a man 9 a crevasse2 calm2 ,magnific5t ,sn[ ,cry/als2 ,s\nd ?r\gh ! fall+ sn[2 swift desc5t2 ,s\rce ( ! ,arveiron2 ,cry/al ,cave2 appe>ance ( wat]2 we/w>d f ! vault2 ,maje/ic ,sc5e2 ,f>ewell ,,"p ,,ii4 #a4--,light & ,heat4 #bbc ,:at is ,light8--notion ( ! anci5ts2 requires ,"t to pass ?r\gh ,space2 ,roem]1 ,bradley1 ,fizeau2 ,emission ,!ory support$ by ,newton1 oppos$ by ,huygh5s2 ! ,wave ,!ory e/abli%$ by ,"y & ,fresnel2 ,!ory expla9$2 nature ( ,s\nd2 ( ,music2 ( ,pit*2 nature ( ,light2 ( ,col\r2 two s\nds may produce sil5ce2 two rays ( light may produce d>kness2 two rays ( heat may produce cold2 ,l5g? & ,numb] ( waves ( light2 ,liquid ,waves2 ,int]f]5ce2 ,diffraction2 ,col\rs ( ,?9 ,plates2 applications ( ! =ego+ to cl\d iridesc5ces1 lum9\s trees1 tw9kl+ ( />s1 ! ,_s ( ! ,brock51 c4 #b4--,radiant ,heat4 #bci ,! ,sun emits a multitude ( ,non-lum9\s ,rays2 ,rays ( ,heat diff] f rays ( ,light z "o col\r diff]s f ano!r2 ! same ray may produce ! s5sations ( light & heat #c4--,qualities ( ,heat4 #bda ,heat a k9d ( ,motion2 sy/em ( ex*anges2 ,lum9\s & ,obscure ,heat2 ,absorption by ,gases2 gases may be transp>5t to light1 b opaque to heat2 ,heat select$ f lum9\s s\rces2 ! ,atmosph]e acts ! "p ( a ,rat*et-:eel2 possible heat ( a ,di/ant ,planet2 causes ( ,cold 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! ,e>?'s ,atmosph]e #d4--,orig9 ( ,glaci]s4 #bdh ,application ( pr9ciples2 ! ,sn[-l9e2 its mean+2 wat]s pil$ annually 9 a solid =m on ! summits ( ! hills2 ! ,glaci]s furni% ! *ief means ( escape2 sup]ior & inf]ior sn[-l9e #e4 #bdi ,:it5ess ( sn[2 :it5ess ( ice2 ,r\nd air-bubbles2 melt+ & freez+2 ,conv]sion ( sn[ into ice by ,pressure #f4--;,col\r ( ,wat] & ,ice4 #bec ,waves ( ,e!r n entangl$2 !y are sep>at$ 9 ! prism2 !y are diff]5tly absorb$2 ,col\r due to ?is2 ,wat] & ,ice blue2 wat] & ice opaque to radiant heat2 ,long ,waves %iv]$ on ! molecules2 ,exp]im5t2 ,grotto ( ,capri2 ! ,laugs ( ,icel& #g4--;,col\rs ( ! ,sky4 #beg ,newton's idea2 ,goe!'s ,!ory2 ,clausius & ,bruecke2 ,susp5d$ ,p>ticles2 s+ul> effect on a pa9t+ expla9$ by ,goe!2 ,light sep>at$ )\t ,absorption2 ,reflect$ & ,transmitt$ light2 blu5ess ( milk & juices2 ! ,sun ?r\gh ,london smoke2 ,exp]im5ts2 ,blue ( ! ,eye2 ,col\rs ( ,/eam2 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva #h4--,! ,mora9es4 #bfc ,glaci] load$ along its edges by ! ru9s ( ! m\nta9s2 ,lat]al ,mora9es2 ,m$ial ,mora9es2 _! numb] "o less ?an ! numb] ( ,tribut>ies2 ,mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 successive %r9k+s2 ,glaci] ,tables expla9$2 ',dip' ( /ones ^u ! glaci] enables u to draw ! ,m]idian ,l9e2 type ',table2' ,s& ,cones2 mora9es engulf$ & disgorg$2 transp>5cy ( ice "u ! mora9es #i4--;,glaci] ,motion1--,prelim9>y4 #bfi ,neve & ,glaci]2 ,fir/ ,measurem5ts2 ,hugi & ,agassiz2 ,es*]'s defeat on ! ,alets*2 ,piles fix$ across ! ,a> glaci] by ,agassiz 9 #ahda2 ,pr(essor ,=bes invit$ by ,m4 ,agassiz2 ,=bes's fir/ obs]vations on ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #ahdb2 motion ( ,agassiz's piles measur$ by ,m4 ,wild2 ,c5tre ( ! glaci] moves quicke/2 ,/ate ( ! ,"q #aj4--,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #bge ,! ,!odolite2 mode ( measurem5t2 fir/ l9e2 ,c5tre ,po9t n ! quicke/2 second l9e2 =m] result confirm$2 ,law ( ,motion s\ght2 ! glaci] moves ?r\gh a ,s9u\s ,valley2 effect ( ,flexure2 ,we/]n half ( glaci] moves quicke/2 ,po9t ( ,maximum ,motion crosses axis2 ,ea/]n half moves quicke/2 ,locus ( ,po9t ( ,maximum ,motion2 ,new ,law2 ,motion ( ! ,geant2 motion ( ! ,le*aud2 ,squeez+ ( ! ,tribut>ies ?r\gh ! ,neck ( ! valley at ,trelaporte2 ! ,le*aud a ,driblet #aa4--;,ice ,wall at ! ,tacul1--,velocities ( ,top & ,bottom4 #bhi ,fir/ attempt by ,mr4 ,hir/2 second attempt1 /akes fix$ at ,top1 ,bottom1 & ,c5tre2 d5se fog2 ! /akes lo/2 process repeat$2 ,velocities det]m9$ #ab4--,w9t] ,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #bid ,fir/ l9e1 ,above ! ,montanv]t2 second l9e1 ,bel[ ! ,montanv]t2 ,ratio ( w9t] to summ] motion #ac4--;,cause ( ,glaci] ,motion1--,de ,saussure's ,!ory4 #bif ,fir/ attempt at a ,!ory by ,s*eu*z] 9 #agje2 ,*>p5ti]'s !ory1 or ! ,!ory ( ,dilatation2 ,agassiz's !ory2 ,altmann & ,gru5]2 !ory ( ,de ,saussure1 or ! ,slid+ ,!ory2 9 "p true2 /ra9$ int]pretation ( ?is !ory #ad4--,r5du's ,!ory4 #bii ,"* ( ,r5du2 8 ,essay entitl$ ',!orie des ,glaci]s de la ,savoie2' extracts f ! essay2 he ascribes circulation to natural =ces2 classifies glaci]s2 assigns ! cause ( ! conv]sion ( sn[ into ice2 notices ,ve9$ ,/ructure2 "t & aff9ity2 notices ,regelation2 dim9ution ( glaci]s res]voirs2 ,rem>kable ,passage2 ann\nces ,swift] ,motion ( ,c5tre2 ,nor? ,briti% ,review2 ,discrepancies expla9$ by ,r5du2 ,liquid ,motion ascrib$ to glaci]2 all ! ph5om5a ( a ,riv] reproduc$ ^u ! ,m] de ,glace2 ,ratio ( ,side & ,c5tral velocities2 ,errors remov$ #ae4 #cjh ,anticipations ( ,r5du confirm$ by ,agassiz & ,=bes2 analogies ) ,liquid ,motion e/abli%$ by ,=bes2 8 ,measurem5ts 9 #ahdb2 measurem5ts 9 #ahdd & #ahdf2 ,measurem5ts ( ,agassiz & ,wild 9 #ahdb1 #ahdc1 #ahdd1 & #ahde2 ,agassiz notices ! migration ( ! ,po9t ( ,swifte/ ,motion2 true mean+ ( ?is obs]vation2 ,summ>y ( contributions on ?is "p ( ! "q #af4--;,=bes's ,!ory4 #caa ,discussions z to its mean+2 ,facts & ,pr9ciples2 def9ition ( !ory2 ,"s ,exp]im5ts on ! ,m] de ,glace to te/ ! ,viscosity ( ! ,ice #ag4--,! ,crevasses4 #cae ,caus$ by ! ,motion2 ,ice ,sculpture2 ,fanta/ic ,figures2 beauty ( ! crevasses ( ! highe/ glaci]s2 ,bir? ( a crevasse2 ,me*anical ,orig92 l9e ( greate/ /ra92 ,m>g9al ,crevasses2 ,transv]se ,crevasses2 ,longitud9al ,crevasses2 ,b]gs*runds2 ,influ5ce ( ,flexure2 :y ! ,convex ,sides ( glaci]s are mo/ crevass$ #ah4 #cbe ,fur!r consid]ations on ,viscosity2 ,num]ical ,te/2 =mation ( crevasses oppos$ to viscosity #ai4--;,heat & ,"w4 #cbh ,connexion ( ,natural ,=ces2 ,equival5ce ( ,heat & ,"w2 heat produc$ by ,me*anical ,action2 heat consum$ 9 produc+ "w2 ,*emical ,attractions2 ,attraction ( ,gravitation2 am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! /oppage ( ! ,e>? 9 its ,orbit2 am\nt produc$ by ! fall+ ( ! ,e>? into ! ,sun2 %ift+ ( ,atoms2 heat consum$ 9 ,molecul> ,"w2 ,specific ,heat2 ,lat5t ,heat2 'friability' ( ice ne> its melt+ po9t2 ,rott5 ,ice & s(t5$ ,wax #bj4 #ccd ,pap]s pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 #ahdf2 ,capill>y ,hypo!sis ( glaci] motion2 hypo!sis exam9$ #ba4--,?omson's ,!ory4 #cdj ,/atem5t ( !ory2 influ5ce ( ,pressure on ! ,melt+ ,po9t ( ,ice2 difficulties ( !ory2 ,calculation ( requisite ,pressure2 ,actual pressure insuffici5t #bb4--,pressure ,!ory4 #cdf ,pressure & ,t5sion2 possible exp]im5ts2 ,ice may be m\ld$ into ,vases & ,/atuettes or coil$ into ,knots2 ?is no pro( ( ,viscosity2 ,actual ,exp]im5ts2 a sph]e ( ice m\ld$ to a l5s2 a l5s m\ld$ to a cyl9d]2 a lump ( ice m\ld$ to a cup2 /raight b>s ( ice b5t2 ice ?us m\ld$ incapable ( be+ s5sibly /ret*$2 :5 ,t5sion is sub/itut$ = ,pressure1 analogy ) visc\s body breaks d[n #bc4--,regelation4 #cea ,f>aday's fir/ exp]im5ts2 ,freez+ toge!r ( pieces ( ice at #cb deg42 ,freez+ 9 ,hot ,wat]2 ,f>aday's rec5t exp]im5ts2 ,regelation n due to ,pressure nor to ,capill>y ,attraction2 x takes place 9 vacuo2 fracture & regelation2 no viscidity discov]$ #bd4--;,cry/allization & ,int]nal ,liquefaction4 #cec ,h[ cry/als are 'nurs$2' ,sn[-,cry/als2 ,cry/al ,/>s =m$ 9 ,wat]2 ,arrangem5t ( ,atoms ( ,lake ,ice2 dissection ( ice by a sunbeam2 ,liquid ,fl[]s =m$ 9 ice2 associat$ ,vacu\s ,spots2 curi\s s\nds2 _! explanation2 ,cohesion ( wat] :5 free f air2 liquid snaps l a brok5 spr+2 ,ebullition conv]t$ into ,explosion2 noise ( crepitation2 ,wat]-cells 9 glaci] ice2 ,vacu\s ,spots mi/ak5 = ,bubbles2 n ,flatt5$ by ,pressure2 exp]im5ts2 ,cause ( ,regelation #be4--,! ,m\l9s4 #cfb ,_! "*2 ,dep? ( ,m\l9 on ,gr9delwald ,glaci]2 ,explanation ! ,gr& ,m\l9 ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 ,motion ( m\l9s #bf4--;,dirt-,b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #cfg ,_! discov]y by ,pr(essor ,=bes2 view ( ,b&s f a po9t ne> ! ,fleg]e2 ,b&s z se5 f ,les ,*>moz2 ,skew ,surface ( glaci]2 aspect ( ,b&s f ! ,cleft ,/ation2 ,orig9 ( b&s2 t5d5cy to become /raight2 diff]5ces betwe5 obs]v]s #bg4--,ve9$ ,/ructure ( ,glaci]s4 #cgf ,g5]al appe>ance2 ,grooves ^u ! glaci]2 fir/ obs]vations2 description by ,m4 ,guyot2 obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,=bes2 ,/ructure & ,/ratification2 subject exam9$2 ,m>g9al ,/ructure2 ,transv]se ,/ructure2 ,longitud9al ,/ructure2 exp]im5tal illu/rations2 ! ,/ructure ,complem5t>y to ! ,crevasses2 glaci]s ( ! ,ob]l&1 ,valais1 & ,savoy exam9$ ) ref]5ce to ?is "q #bh4--,! ,ve9$ ,/ructure & ,diff]5tial ,motion4 #cie ,m>g9al ,/ructure ,oblique to sides2 ,drag t[>ds ! c5tre2 difficulties ( !ory :i* ascribes ! /ructure to ,diff]5tial ,slid+2 x p]si/s across ! l9es ( maximum slid+ #bi4--,! ,ripple ,!ory ( ! ,ve9$ ,/ructure4 #cih ,ripples 9 ,wat] suppos$ to correspond to ,glaci] ,/ructure2 analysis ( !ory2 obs]vation ( ! ,,mm4 ,web]2 wat] dropp+ f an o>2 /ream cleft by an ob/acle2 ,two ,div]g5t l9es ( ,ripple2 ,s+le ,l9e produc$ by ,lat]al ,ob/acle2 ,direction ( ripples comp\nd$ ( ,riv]'s motion & ,wave motion2 ,/ructure & ,ripples due to diff]5t causes2 _! positions also diff]5t #cj4--,! ,ve9$ ,/ructure & ,pressure4 #djd ,suppos$ case ( press$ prism ( glass2 ,exp]im5ts ( ,nature2 ,qu>tz-pebbles flatt5$ & ind5t$2 ,pressure w\ld produce ,lam9ation2 ,tang5tial ,action #ca4--,! ,ve9$ ,/ructure & ! ,liquefaction ( ,ice by ,pressure4 #djh ,influ5ce ( pressure on ,melt+ & ,boil+ po9ts2 "s sub/ances swell1 o!rs %r9k 9 melt+2 effects ( pressure diff]5t on ! two classes ( bodies2 ,!oretic ,anticipation by ,mr4 ,james ,?omson2 ,melt+ po9t ( ,ice l[]$ by pressure2 ,int]nal ,liquefaction ( a prism ( solid ice by pressure2 ,liquefaction 9 ,lay]s2 application to ! ,ve9$ ,/ructure #cb4--,:ite ,ice-,seams ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 #dac ,aspect ( ,seams2 !y sweep across ! glaci] conc5tric ) ,/ructure2 ,/ructure at ! base ( ! ,talefre cascade2 ,crumples2 ,scal+ (f by pressure2 ,orig9 ( seams ( ,:ite ,ice #cc4 #dai ,glaci] du ,geant 9 a /ate ( ,longitud9al ,compression2 ,measurem5ts :i* prove t its h9d] p>ts are advanc+ ^u ^? 9 front2 ,%ort5+ ( its ,undulations2 ,squeez+ ( :ite ,ice-seams2 developm5t ( ,ve9$ ,/ructure ,summ>y #dbb ,app5dix #dbg ,index #dda ,,illu/rations4 ,! ,m] de ,glace4--,%[+ ! ,cleft ,/ation at ,trelaporte1 ! ,e*elets1 ! ,tacul1 ! ,p]iades1 & ! ,gr& ,jorasse4 ,frontispiece ,fig4 ,page #a4 ,ice ,m9>et #ad #b4 ,diagram ( an angul> reflector #af #c1 #d4 ,boats' sails inv]t$ by ,atmosph]ic ,refraction #ce #e4 ,wave-l =ms on ! ,m] de ,glace #dc #f4 ,glaci] ,table #dd #g4 ,tribut>ies ( ! ,m] de ,glace #ec #h4 ,magnetic ,b\ld] ( ! ,riffelhorn #adc #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,lum9\s ,trees project$ aga9/ ! sky at sunrise #ahj1 #aha #ac4 ,sn[ on ! ,p9es #bja #ad1 #ae4 ,sn[ ,cry/als #bad #af4 ,*as+ produc$ by waves #bcc #ag4 ,diagram explanatory ( ,int]f]5ce #bcd #ah4 ,int]f]5ce ,spectra1 produc$ by ,diffraction ,to face #bce #ai4 ,mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace #bfd #bj4 ,typical section ( a glaci] ,table #bff #ba4 ,locus ( ! ,po9t ( ,maximum ,motion #bhf #bb4 ,incl9ations ( ice cascade ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois #cac #bc4 ,incl9ations ( ,m] de ,glace above l',angle #cad #bd4 ,fanta/ic ,mass ( ice #caf #be4 ,diagram explanatory ( ! me*anical orig9 ( ,crevasses #cah #bf4 ,diagram %[+ ! l9e ( ,greate/ ,/ra9 #cai #bg;,a1 ,b4 ,section & ,plan ( a portion ( ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci] #cbb #bh4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! crevass+ ( ,convex ,sides ( glaci] #cbc #bi4 ,diagram illu/rat+ te/ ( viscosity #cbf #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,m\lds us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ice #cdf-cdh #cd4 ,liquid ,fl[]s 9 lake ice #cee #ce4 ,dirt-b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 z se5 f a po9t ne> ! ,fleg]e ,to face #cfg #cf4 ,ditto1 z se5 f les ,*>moz #cfh #cg4 ,ditto1 z se5 f ! ,cleft ,/ation1 ,trelaporte #cfi #ch4 ,plan ( ,dirt-b&s tak5 f ,johnson's ',physical ,atlas' #cgd #ci4 ,ve9$ ,/ructure on ! walls ( crevasses #cha #dj4 ,figure explanatory ( ! ,m>g9al ,/ructure #chc #da4 ,plan ( "p ( ice-fall1 & ( glaci] bel[ x 7,glaci] ( ! ,rhone7 #chf #db4 ,section ( ditto #chf #dc4 ,figure explanatory ( ,longitud9al ,/ructure #chh #dd4 ,/ructure & b$d+ on ! ,great ,alets* ,glaci] #cia #de1 #df4 ,/ructure & ,/ratification on ! ,furgge glaci] #cid #dg4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ,diff]5tial ,motion #cie #dh1 #di4 ,diagrams explanatory ( ! =mation ( ,ripples #djj1 #djc #ej1 #ea4 ,appe>ance ( a prism ( ice p>tially liquefi$ by ,pressure4 #daj #eb1 #ec4 ,figures illu/rative ( compression & liquefaction ( ice4 #daa #ed1 #ee4 ,sections ( ,:ite ,ice-seams #dad #ef1 #eg4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,dip ( ! ,ve9$ ,/ructure #dad1 #dae #eh4 ,section ( ?ree glaci] ,crumples #daf #ei4 ,wall ( a crevasse1 ) incipi5t crumpl+ #daf #fj4 ,plan ( a ,/ream on ! ,glaci] du ,geant #dah #fa4 ,plan ( a ,seam ( ,:ite ,ice on ditto #dah ,,"p ,i4 ,,*iefly ,,n>rative4 ,ages are y\r days1 ,ye gr& expressors ( ! pres5t t5se ,& types ( p]man5ce2 ,firm ensigns ( ! fatal ,be+ ,amid ^! c[>d %apes ( joy & grief ,t w n bide ! see+4 ,hi!r we br+ ,our insect mis]ies to ! rocks1 ,& ! :ole flight ) pe/]+ w+ ,vani% & end _! murmur+1 ,vani% beside ^! d$icat$ blocks4 ,em]son ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,alps4 ,,introductory4 7#a47 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahed ,i att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,liv]pool2 &1 aft] x 0 ov]1 avail$ myself ( my position to make an excursion into ,nor? ,wales4 ,guid$ by a fri5d :o knew ! c\ntry1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) its *ief beauties1 & conclud$ ! exp$ition by a visit to ,bangor & ! neighb\r+ slate qu>ries ( ,p5rhyn4 ,f my boyhood ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to h&le slates2 _h se5 !m us$ z ro(+ mat]ials1 & _h work$ ! usual am\nt ( ari?metic ^u !m at s*ool2 b n[1 z ,i saw ! rocks bla/$1 ! brok5 masses remov$ to ! %$s surr\nd+ ! qu>ry1 & !re clov5 into ?9 plates1 a new int]e/ 0 excit$1 & ,i c\ld n help ask+ aft] ! cause ( ?is extraord9>y prop]ty ( cleavage4 ,x suffic$ to /rike ! po9t ( an iron in/rum5t into ! edge ( a plate ( rock to cause ! mass to yield & op51 z wood op5s 9 advance ( a w$ge driv5 into x4 ,i walk$ r\nd ! qu>ry & obs]v$ t ! planes ( cleavage 7 ev]y:]e p>allel2 ! rock 0 capable ( be+ split 9 "o direction only1 & ?is direction rema9$ p]fectly con/ant ?r\gh\t ! entire qu>ry4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cleavage ,,( ,,slate ,,rocks4 ,i 0 puzzl$1 &1 on express+ my p]plexity to my companion1 he sugge/$ t ! cleavage 0 no?+ m ?an ! lay]s 9 :i* ! rock _h be5 orig9ally deposit$1 & :i*1 by "s subsequ5t di/urbance1 _h be5 set on end1 l ! /rata ( ! s&/one rocks & *alk cliffs ( ,alum ,bay4 ,b ?\gh ,i 0 too ignorant to combat ?is notion successfully1 x by no means satisfi$ me4 ,i did n "k t at ! "t ( my visit ?is v "q ( slaty cleavage 0 excit+ ! greate/ att5tion among ,engli% geologi/s1 & ,i quitt$ ! place ) t feel+ ( intellectual discont5t :i*1 h[ev] unpleasant x may be = a "t1 is v useful z a /imulant1 & p]haps z necess>y to ! true appreciation ( k z a heal?y appetite is to ! enjoym5t ( food4 ,on inquiry ,i f\nd t ! subject _h be5 treat$ by ?ree ,engli% writ]s1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,%>pe1 & ,mr4 ,sorby4 ,f ,pr(essor ,s$gwick ,i le>n$ t cleavage & /ratification 7 ?+s totally di/9ct f ea* o!r2 t 9 _m cases ! /rata c\ld be obs]v$ ) ! cleavage pass+ ?r\gh !m at a high angle2 & t ?is 0 ! case ?r\gh\t va/ areas 9 ,nor? ,wales & ,cumb]l&4 ,i read ! lucid & important memoir ( ?is em95t geologi/ ) great int]e/3 x plac$ ! data ( ! problem be=e me1 z f> z !y 7 !n kn[n1 & ,i f\nd myself1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 9 a condition to appreciate ! value ( a !oretic explanation4 ,ev]ybody has he>d ( ! =ce ( gravitation1 & ( t ( cohesion2 b !re is a m subtle play ( =ces ex]t$ by ! molecules ( bodies ^u ea* o!r :5 ^! molecules possess suffici5t fre$om ( action4 ,9 virtue ( su* =ces1 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] are enabl$ to build !mselves up into ^? wondr\s edifices :i* we call cry/als4 ,a diamond is a cry/al self-erect$ f atoms ( c>bon2 an ame?y/ is a cry/al built up f p>ticles ( silica2 ,icel& sp> is a cry/al built by p>ticles ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,by artificial means we c all[ ! p>ticles ( bodies ! free play necess>y to _! cry/allization4 ,?us a solution ( saltpetre expos$ to sl[ evaporation produces cry/als ( saltpetre2 alum cry/als ( great size & beauty may be obta9$ 9 a simil> mann]2 & 9 ! =mation ( a bit ( common sug>-c&y !re are ag5cies at play1 ! contemplation ( :i*1 z m]e objects ( ?\ght1 is suffici5t to make ! wise/ philosoph] b[ d[n 9 wond]1 & confess himself a *ild4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cry/allization ,,!ory4 ,! p>ticles ( c]ta9 cry/all9e bodies are f\nd to arrange !mselves 9 lay]s1 l c\rses ( atomic masonry1 & along ^! lay]s su* cry/als may be easily clov5 into ! ?9ne/ lam9ae4 ,"s cry/als possess "o su* direction 9 :i* !y may be clov51 "s sev]al2 "s1 on ! o!r h&1 may be split ) diff]5t facility 9 diff]5t directions4 ,rock salt may be clov5 ) equal facility 9 ?ree directions at "r angles to ea* o!r2 t is1 x may be split into cubes2 calcsp> may be clov5 9 ?ree directions oblique to ea* o!r2 t is1 into rhomboids4 ,heavy sp> may also be clov5 9 ?ree directions1 b "o cleavage is mu* m p]fect1 or m em95t z x is sometimes call$1 ?an ! re/4 ,mica is a cry/al :i* cleaves v readily 9 "o direction1 & x is suffici5tly t\gh to furni% films ( extreme t5uity3 f9ally1 any boy1 ) suffici5t skill1 :o tries a good cry/al ( sug>-c&y 9 v>i\s directions ) ! blade ( 8 p5knife1 w f9d t x possesses "o direction 9 p>ticul>1 along :i*1 if ! blade ( ! knife be plac$ & /ruck1 ! cry/al w split into plates possess+ clean & %9+ surfaces ( cleavage4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pol> ,,=ces4 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) all ^! facts1 & a great _m m1 :5 he inve/igat$ ! cleavage ( slate rocks2 & see+ no o!r explanation op5 to him1 he ascrib$ to slaty cleavage a cry/all9e orig94 ,he suppos$ t ! p>ticles ( slate rock 7 act$ on1 aft] _! deposition1 by pol> =ces1 :i* s arrang$ !m z to produce ! cleavage4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re=e1 ,honi/] ,crag & ! cliffs ( ,p5rhyn are to be reg>d$ z portions ( enorm\s cry/als2 a l5g? ( "t comm5surate ) ! va/ness ( ! suppos$ action be+ assum$ to h elaps$ betwe5 ! deposition ( ! rock & its f9al cry/allization4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look closely into ?is bold & beautiful hypo!sis1 we f9d t ! only analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! physical /ructure ( slate rocks & ( cry/als is ?is s+le "o ( cleavage4 ,su* a co9cid5ce might fairly give rise to ! conjecture t bo? 7 due to a common cause2 b !re is great difficulty 9 accept+ ?is z a !oretic tru?4 ,:5 we exam9e ! /ructure ( a slate rock1 we f9d t ! sub/ance is compos$ ( ! debris ( =m] rocks2 t x 0 once a f9e mud1 compos$ ( p>ticles ( s5sible magnitude4 ,is x meant t ^! p>ticles1 ea* tak5 z a :ole1 7 re-arrang$ aft] deposition8 ,if s1 ! =ce :i* effect$ su* an arrangem5t mu/ be :olly diff]5t f t ( cry/allization1 = ! latt] is ess5tially molecul>4 ,:at is ?is =ce8 ,nature1 z f> z we "k1 furni%es none compet5t1 "u ! conditions1 to produce ! effect4 ,is x meant t ! molecules compos+ ^! s5sible p>ticles h re-arrang$ !mselves8 ,we f9d no evid5ce ( su* an action 9 ! individual fragm5ts3 ! mica is /ill mica1 & possesses all ! prop]ties ( mica2 & s ( ! o!r +r$i5ts ( :i* ! rock is compos$4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is1 t an aggregate ( het]og5e\s m9]al fragm5ts %\ld1 )\t any assignable ext]nal cause1 s %ift its molecules z to produce a plane ( cleavage common to !m all1 is1 9 my op9ion1 an assumption too heavy = any !ory to be>4 ,nev]!less1 ! pap] ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick inve/$ ! subject ( slaty cleavage ) an int]e/ n to be =gott51 & prov$ ! /imulus to fur!r inquiry4 ,! /ructure ( slate rocks 0 m closely exam9$2 ! fossils :i* !y conta9$ 7 subject$ to rigid scrut9y1 & _! %apes comp>$ ) ^? ( ! same species tak5 f o!r rocks4 ,?us proce$+1 ! late ,mr4 ,daniel ,%>pe f\nd t ! fossils conta9$ 9 slate rocks are di/ort$ 9 %ape1 be+ uni=mly flatt5$ out 9 ! direction ( ! planes ( cleavage4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a fact ( capital importance1--! %ells became ! indicators ( an action to :i* ! mass conta9+ !m _h be5 subject$2 !y demon/rat$ ! op]ation ( pressure act+ at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage4 ,sid5ote3 ,,me*anical ,,!ory4 ,! m ! subject 0 inve/igat$1 ! m cle>ly 7 ! evid5ces ( pressure made out4 ,subsequ5t to ,mr4 ,%>pe1 ,mr4 ,sorby ent]$ ^u ?is field ( inquiry4 ,) great skill & pati5ce he prep>$ sections ( slate rock1 :i* he submitt$ to microscopic exam9ation1 & 8 obs]vations %[$ t ! evid5ces ( pressure c\ld be pla9ly trac$1 ev5 9 8 m9ute specim5s4 ,! subject has be5 s9ce ably foll[$ up by ,pr(essors ,haughton1 ,h>kness1 & o!rs2 b to ! two g5tlem5 fir/ m5tion$ we are1 ,i ?9k1 indebt$ = ! prime facts on :i* re/s ! me*anical !ory ( slaty cleavage4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,lecture ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution4 ,! obs]vations j ref]r$ to %[$ ! co-exi/5ce ( ! two ph5om5a1 b !y did n prove t pressure & cleavage /ood to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,c ! pressure produce ! cleavage8 0 /ill an op5 "q1 & x 0 "o :i* m]e reason+1 unaid$ by exp]im5t1 0 incompet5t to answ]4 ,%>pe despair$ ( an exp]im5tal solution1 reg>d+ our means z inadequate1 & our "t on e>? too %ort to produce ! result4 ,mr4 ,sorby 0 m hopeful4 ,submitt+ mixtures ( gypsum & oxide ( iron scales to pressure1 he f\nd t ! scales set !mselves approximately at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* ! pressure 0 appli$4 ,! position ( ! scales resembl$ t ( ! plates ( mica :i* 8 rese>*es _h disclos$ to him 9 slate rock1 & he inf]r$ t ! pres5ce ( su* plates1 & ( flat or elongat$ fragm5ts g5]ally1 ly+ all 9 ! same g5]al direction1 0 ! cause ( slaty cleavage4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[1 9 #ahee1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ "s ( ,mr4 ,sorby's specim5s1 &1 ?\gh ! cleavage !y exhibit$ 0 v r\gh1 /ill1 ! t5d5cy to yield at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* ! pressure _h be5 appli$1 appe>$ suffici5tly manife/4 ,at ! "t n[ ref]r$ to ,i 0 engag$1 & _h be5 = a long "t previ\sly1 9 exam9+ ! effects ( pressure ^u ! magnetic =ce1 &1 z f> back z #ahea1 ,i _h notic$ t "s ( ! bodies :i* ,i _h subject$ to pressure exhibit$ a cleavage ( surpass+ beauty & delicacy4 ,! be>+ ( su* facts ^u ! pres5t "q n[ =cibly occurr$ to me4 ,i foll[$ up ! obs]vations2 visit$ slate y>ds & qu>ries1 obs]v$ ! exfoliation ( rails1 ! fibres ( iron1 ! /ructure ( tiles1 pott]y1 & *eese1 & _h sev]al practical lessons 9 ! manufacture ( puff-pa/e & o!r lam9at$ confection]y4 ,my obs]vations1 ,i ?\ght1 po9t$ to a !ory ( slaty cleavage diff]5t f any previ\sly giv51 & :i*1 moreov]1 ref]r$ a great numb] ( app>5tly unrelat$ ph5om5a to a common cause4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,june1 #ahef1 ,i made !m ! subject ( a ,friday ev5+'s disc\rse at ! ,royal ,in/itution4,b ,sid5ote3 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,rese>*es4 ,su* are ! circum/ances1 app>5tly remote en\gh1 "u :i* my connexion ) glaci]s orig9at$4 ,my fri5d ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 pres5t at ! lecture ref]r$ to3 he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,=bes1 entitl$ ',travels 9 ! ,alps1' & he surmis$ t ! "q ( slaty cleavage1 9 its new aspect1 might h "s be>+ ^u ! lam9at$ /ructure ( glaci]-ice discuss$ 9 ! "w ref]r$ to4 ,he !re=e urg$ me to read ! ',travels1' :i* ,i did ) c>e1 & ! book made ! same impression ^u me t x _h produc$ ^u my fri5d4 ,we 7 bo? go+ to ,switz]l& t ye>1 & x requir$ b a slight modification ( our plans to arrange a jo9t excursion ov] "s ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,ob]l&1 & ?us af=d ourselves ! means ( obs]v+ toge!r ! ve9$ /ructure ( ! ice4 ,_h ! results ( ?is arrangem5t be5 reveal$ to me be=eh&1 ,i %\ld h paus$ be=e ent]+ ^u an inve/igation :i* requir$ ( me s long a r5unciation ( my old & m fav\rite pursuits4 ,b no man kn[s :5 he comm5ces ! exam9ation ( a physical problem into :at new & complicat$ m5tal alliances x may lead him4 ,no fragm5t ( nature c be /udi$ alone2 ea* "p is relat$ to e o!r "p2 & h5ce x is1 t1 foll[+ up ! l9ks ( law :i* connect ph5om5a1 ! physical inve/igator (t5 f9ds himself l$ f> beyond ! scope ( 8 orig9al int5tions1 ! dang] 9 ?is respect augm5t+ 9 direct proportion to ! wi% ( ! inquir] to r5d] 8 k solid & complete4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,boy',s ,,book4 ,:5 ! idea ( writ+ ?is book fir/ occurr$ to me1 x 0 n my int5tion to conf9e myself to ! glaci]s alone1 b to make ! "w a vehicle = ! famili> explanation ( su* g5]al physical ph5om5a z _h come "u my notice4 ,nor did ,i int5d to address x to a cultur$ man ( sci5ce1 b to a y\? ( av]age intellig5ce1 & furni%$ ) ! education :i* ,engl& n[ (f]s to ! "y4 ,i wi%$ inde$ to make x a boy's class-book1 :i* %\ld reveal ! mode ( life1 z well z ! sci5tific objects1 ( an explor] ( ! ,alps4 ,! incid5ts ( ! pa/ ye> h caus$ me to deviate1 9 "s degree1 f ?is int5tion1 b its traces w be suffici5tly manife/2 & ?is ref]5ce to x w1 ,i tru/1 excuse an occasional lib]ty ( /yle & simplicity ( treatm5t :i* w\ld be out ( place if int5d$ = a read] ( rip] ye>s4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,mr4 ,sorby has drawn my att5tion to an able & int]e/+ pap] by ,m4 ,bau]1 9 ,k>/5's ',ar*iv' = #ahdf2 9 :i* x is ann\nc$ t cleavage is a t5sion ( ! mass produc$ by pressure4 ,! au?or ref]s to ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s z be>+ ^u ! "q4 ,b ,see ,app5dix4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,ob]l&4 #ahef4 ,,exp$ition ,,( #ahef4 ,,! ,,ob]l&4 7#b47 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #ahef1 ,i receiv$ my ,alp5/ock f ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,p5sion ,ob]1 at ,int]lak54 ,x bore my "n1 n m>k$1 h[ev]1 by ! vulg> br&s ( ! c\ntry1 b by ! sol> beams :i* _h be5 conv]g$ ^u x by ! pocket l5s ( my fri5d4 ,i 0 ! companion ( ,mr4 ,huxley1 & our fir/ aim 0 to cross ! ,w5g]n ,alp4 ,light & %ad[ enri*$ ! crags & gre5 slopes z we advanc$ up ! valley ( ,laut]brunn51 & ea* occupi$ himself ) t :i* mo/ int]e/$ him4 ,my companion exam9$ ! drift1 ,i ! cleavage1 :ile bo? ( u look$ ) int]e/ at ! contortions ( ! /rata to our left1 & at ! %ad[y1 unsub/antial aspect ( ! p9es1 gleam+ ?r\gh ! sunhaze to our "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fold$ ,,rocks4 #ahef4 ,:at 0 ! physical condition ( ! rock :5 x 0 ?us b5t & fold$ l a pliant mass8 ,0 x necess>ily s(t] ?an x is at pres5t8 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,! %ock :i* w\ld cru% a railway c>riage1 if communicat$ to x at once1 is h>mless :5 di/ribut$ ov] ! int]val necess>y = ! pu%+ 9 ( ! buff]4 ,by sudd5ly /opp+ a cock f :i* wat] fl[s y may bur/ ! conveyance pipe1 :ile a sl[ turn+ ( ! cock keeps all safe4 ,might n a solid rock by ages ( pressure be fold$ z above8 ,x is a physical axiom t no body is p]fectly h>d1 none p]fectly s(t1 none p]fectly ela/ic4 ,! h>de/ body subject$ to pressure yields1 h[ev] little1 & ! same body :5 ! pressure is remov$ _c return to its orig9al =m4 ,if x did n yield 9 ! slighte/ degree x w\ld be p]fectly h>d2 if x c\ld completely return to its orig9al %ape x w\ld be p]fectly ela/ic4 ,let a p\nd weight be plac$ ^u a cube ( granite2 ! cube is flatt5$1 ?\gh 9 an inf9itesimal degree4 ,let ! weight be remov$1 ! cube rema9s a little flatt5$2 x _c q return to its primitive condition4 ,let u call ! cube ?us flatt5$ ,no4 #a4 ,/>t+ ) ,no4 #a z a new mass1 let ! p\nd weight be laid ^u x2 ! mass yields1 & on remov+ ! weight x _c return to ! dim5sions ( ,no4 #a2 we h a m flatt5$ mass1 ,no4 #b4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is mann]1 x is manife/ t by a repetition ( ! process we %\ld produce a s]ies ( masses1 ea* succe$+ "o m flatt5$ ?an ! =m]4 ,?is appe>s to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! physical axiom ref]r$ to above4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( remov+ & replac+ ! weight 9 ! mann] suppos$1 we cause x to re/ cont9u\sly ^u ! cube1 ! flatt5+1 :i* above 0 int]mitt5t1 w be cont9u\s2 no matt] h[ h>d ! cube may be1 !re w be a gradual yield+ ( its mass "u ! pressure4 ,apply ?is to squeez$ rocks--to ^?1 = example1 :i* =m ! base ( an obelisk l ! ,matt]horn2 t ?is base mu/ yield1 seems a c]ta9 consequ5ce ( ! physical con/itution ( matt]3 ! conclusion seems inevitable t ! m\nta9 is s9k+ by its own weight4 ,let two po9ts be fix$1 "o ne> ! summit1 ! o!r ne> ! base ( ! obelisk2 next ye> ^! po9ts w h approa*$ ea* o!r4 ,:e!r ! am\nt ( approa* 9 a human lifetime be measureable we "k n2 b x seems c]ta9 t ages w\ld leave _! impress ^u ! mass1 & r5d] visible to ! eye an action :i* at pres5t is appreciable by ! imag9ation only4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,jungfrau ,,& ,,silb]horn4 #ahef4 ,we halt$ on ! night ( ! #af? at ! ,jungfrau ,hotel1 & next morn+ we saw ! beams ( ! ris+ sun fall ^u ! peak$ sn[ ( ! ,silb]horn4 ,sl[ly & solemnly ! pure :ite cone appe>$ to rise high] & high] into ! sunlight1 be+ aft]w>ds mottl$ ) gold & gloom1 z cl\ds drift$ betwe5 x & ! sun4 ,i desc5d$ alone t[>ds ! base ( ! m\nta91 mak+ my way ?r\gh a rugg$ gorge1 ! sides ( :i* 7 /rewn ) p9e-trees1 spl9t]$1 brok5 across1 & torn up by ! roots4 ,i f9ally rea*$ ! end ( a glaci]1 =m$ by ! sn[ & %att]$ ice :i* fall f ! %\ld]s ( ! ,jungfrau4 ,! view f ?is place _h a savage magnific5ce su* z ,i _h n previ\sly beheld1 & x 0 n )\t "s slight feel+ ( awe t ,i clamb]$ up ! end ( ! glaci]4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ,i _h actually /ood ^u4 ,! lonel9ess ( ! place 0 v impressive1 ! sil5ce be+ only brok5 by fitful gu/s ( w9d1 or by ! weird rattle ( ! debris :i* fell at int]vals f ! melt+ ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,avalan*es4 #ahef4 ,once ,i notic$ :at appe>$ to be ! sudd5 & enorm\s augm5tation ( ! wat]s ( a cascade1 b ! s\nd soon in=m$ me t ! increase 0 due to an avalan*e :i* _h *os5 ! track ( ! cascade = its ru%4 ,soon aft]w>ds my eyes 7 fix$ ^u a :ite slope "s ?\s&s ( feet above me2 ,i saw ! ice give way1 &1 aft] a s5sible int]val1 ! ?und] ( ano!r avalan*e rea*$ me4 ,a k9d ( zigzag *annel _h be5 worn on ! side ( ! m\nta91 & ?r\gh ?is ! avalan*e ru%$1 hidd5 at int]vals1 & anon %oot+ =?1 & leap+ l a cat>act d[n ! precipices4 ,! s\nd 0 sometimes cont9u\s1 b sometimes brok5 into r\nd$ explosions :i* seem$ to ass]t a passionate pr$om9ance ov] ! g5]al level ( ! ro>4 ,^! avalan*es1 :5 !y fir/ give way1 usually consi/ ( enorm\s blocks ( ice1 :i* are m & m %att]$ z !y desc5d4 ,p>tly to ! e*oes ( ! fir/ cra%1 b ma9ly1 ,i ?9k1 to ! %ock ( ! h>d] masses :i* pres]ve _! cohesion1 ! explosions :i* occur dur+ ! desc5t ( ! avalan*e are to be ascrib$4 ,mu* ( ! ice is cru%$ to p[d]2 & ?us1 :5 an avalan*e p\rs cat>act-l ov] a l$ge1 ! heavi] masses1 be+ less influ5c$ by ! atmosph]ic resi/ance1 %oot =w>d l desc5d+ rockets1 leav+ ! light] p[d] 9 tra9s beh9d !m4 ,su* is ! mat]ial ( :i* a class ( ! small] glaci]s 9 ! ,alps is compos$4 ,!y are ! products ( avalan*es1 ! cru%$ ice be+ recompact$ into a solid mass1 :i* exhibits on a small] scale mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! l>ge glaci]s4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs' abs5ce ,i reasc5d$ to ! hotel1 breakfa/$1 & aft]w>ds return$ ) ,mr4 ,huxley to ! glaci]4 ,:ile we 7 engag$ ^u x ! wea!r sudd5ly *ang$2 lightn+ fla%$ ab\t ! summits ( ! ,jungfrau1 & ?und] leap$ among h] crags4 ,heavy ra9 fell1 b x cle>$ up aft]w>ds ) magical spe$1 & we return$ to our hotel4 ,he$less ( ! =ebod+s ( _m prophets ( evil wea!r we set out = ,gr9delwald4 ,! sc5e f ! summit ( ! ,little ,s*eideck 0 exce$+ly gr&4 ,! upp] air exhibit$ a commotion :i* we did n exp]i5ce2 cl\ds 7 wildly driv5 aga9/ ! flanks ( ! ,eig]1 ! ,jungfrau ?und]$ beh9d1 :ile 9 front ( u a magnific5t ra9b[1 fix+ "o ( its arms 9 ! valley ( ,gr9delwald1 &1 ?r[+ ! o!r "r ov] ! cr[n ( ! ,wett]horn1 clasp$ ! m\nta9 9 its embrace4 ,?r\gh jagg$ ap]tures 9 ! cl\ds floods ( gold5 light 7 p\r$ d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,on ! slopes 7 innum]able *alets1 gli/5+ 9 ! sunbeams1 h]ds br[s+ peacefully & %ak+ _! mell[ bells2 :ile ! blackness ( ! p9e-trees1 cr[d$ into woods1 or scatt]$ 9 pleasant clu/]s ov] alp & valley1 contra/$ =cibly ) ! lively gre5 ( ! fields4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,heisse ,,platte4 #ahef4 ,at ,gr9delwald1 on ! #ah?1 we engag$ a /rong & compet5t guide1 nam$ ,*ri/ian ,kaufmann1 & proce$$ to ! ,l[] ,glaci]4 ,aft] a /eep asc5t1 we ga9$ a po9t f :i* we c\ld look d[n ^u ! froz5 mass4 ,at fir/ ! ice pres5t$ an appe>ance ( utt] confusion1 b we soon rea*$ a position :]e ! me*anical conditions ( ! glaci] reveal$ !mselves1 & :]e we might le>n1 _h we n kn[n x be=e1 t confusion is m]ely ! unkn[n int]mixture ( laws1 & becomes ord] & beauty :5 we rise to _! compreh5sion4 ,we rea*$ ! s-call$ ,eisme]--,ice ,sea4 ,9 front ( u 0 ! range ( ! ,vies*]ho]n]1 & a va/ sn[ slope1 f :i* "o bran* ( ! glaci] 0 f$4 ,ne> ! base ( ?is neve1 & surr\nd$ on all sides by ice1 lay a br[n rock1 to :i* our att5tion 0 direct$ z a place not$ = avalan*es2 on ?is rock sn[ or ice nev] re/s1 & x is h5ce call$ ! ,heisse ,platte--! ,hot ,plate4 ,at ! base ( ! rock1 & f> bel[ x1 ! glaci] 0 cov]$ ) clean cru%$ ice1 :i* _h fall5 f a cr[n ( froz5 cliffs encircl+ ! br[ ( ! rock4 ,"o obelisk 9 p>ticul> signalis$ itself f all o!rs by its exce$+ grace & beauty4 ,its g5]al surface 0 dazzl+ :ite1 b f its clefts & fissures issu$ a delicate blue light1 :i* deep5$ 9 hue f ! edges inw>ds4 ,x /ood ^u a p$e/al ( its own sub/ance1 & seem$ z accurately fix$ z if rule & plummet _h be5 employ$ 9 its erection4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ?is beautiful m9>et ( ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,m9>et4 #ahef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,ice ,m9>et4 ,:ile we 7 9 sight ( ! ,heisse ,platte1 a doz5 avalan*es ru%$ d[nw>ds f its summit4 ,9 mo/ cases we 7 in=m$ ( ! desc5t ( an avalan*e by ! s\nd1 b sometimes ! :ite mass 0 se5 glid+ d[n ! rock1 & scatt]+ its smoke 9 ! air1 long be=e ! s\nd rea*$ u4 ,x is difficult to reconcile ! insignificant appe>ance pres5t$ by avalan*es1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 ) ! volume ( s\nd :i* !y g5]ate2 b on ?is day we saw suffici5t to acc\nt = ! noise4 ,"o block ( solid ice :i* we f\nd bel[ ! ,heisse ,platte measur$ #g feet #f in*es 9 l5g?1 #e feet #h in*es 9 height1 & #d feet #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,a second mass 0 #aj feet long1 #h feet high1 & #f feet wide4 ,x conta9$ !re=e #dhj cubic feet ( ice1 :i* _h be5 ca/ to a di/ance ( ne>ly #ajjj y>ds d[n ! glaci]4 ,! %ock ( su* h>d & pond]\s projectiles aga9/ rocks & ice1 re9=c$ by ! e*oes f ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 w appe> suffici5t to acc\nt = ! peals by :i* _! desc5t is accompani$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e*oes ,,( ,,! ,,wett]horn4 #ahef4 ,a second day1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,hook]1 complet$ ! exam9ation ( ?is glaci] 9 #ahef2 aft] :i* ,i p>t$ f my fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,huxley int5d+ to rejo9 me at ! ,grimsel4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bj? ( ,augu/ ,i /rapp$ on my knapsack & asc5d$ ! gre5 slopes f ,gr9delwald t[>ds ! ,great ,s*eideck4 ,be=e rea*+ ! summit ,i frequ5tly he>d ! wond]ful e*oes ( ! ,wett]horn4 ,"s travell]s 7 9 advance ( me1 & to amuse !m an alp9e horn 0 bl[n4 ,! direct s\nd 0 cut (f f me by a hill1 b ! e*oes talk$ d[n to me f ! m\nta9 walls4 ,! sonor\s waves arriv$ aft] "o1 two1 ?ree1 & m reflections1 dim9i%+ gradually 9 int5sity1 b increas+ 9 s(tness1 z if 9 its w&]+s f crag to crag ! s\nd _h und]gone a k9d ( sift+ process1 leav+ all its grossness beh9d1 & return+ 9 delightful flute notes to ! e>4 ,let u inve/igate ?is po9t a little4 ,if two look+-glasses be plac$ p]fectly p>allel to ea* o!r1 ) a light$ c&le betwe5 !m1 an inf9ite s]ies ( images ( ! c&le w be se5 at bo? sides1 ! images dim9i%+ 9 brightness ! fur!r !y rec$e4 ,b if ! look+-glasses1 in/ead ( be+ p>allel1 enclose an angle1 a limit$ numb] ( images only w be se54 ,! small] ! angle :i* ! reflectors make ) ea* o!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ne>] !y approa* p>allelism1 ! great] w be ! numb] ( images obs]v$4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( images ! foll[+ is ! rule3--,divide #cfj1 or ! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle1 by ! numb] ( degrees 9 ! angle enclos$ by ! two mirrors1 ! quoti5t w be "o m ?an ! numb] ( images2 or1 c\nt+ ! object itself1 ! quoti5t is always equal to ! numb] ( images plus ! object4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ,i h giv5 ! numb] & position ( ! images produc$ by two mirrors plac$ at an angle ( #de deg4 ,a ,b & ,b ,c m>k ! edges ( ! mirrors1 & #j repres5ts ! c&le1 :i*1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 ,i h plac$ midway betwe5 !m4 ,fix "o po9t ( a pair ( compasses at ,b1 & ) ! di/ance ,b #j sweep a circle3--all ! images w be rang$ ^u ! circumf]5ce ( ?is circle4 ,! numb] ( images f\nd by ! =ego+ rule is #g1 & _! positions are m>k$ 9 ! figure by ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagram ( an angul> reflector4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e*oes ,,expla9$4 #ahef4 ,suppose ! e> to occupy ! place ( ! eye1 & t a s\nd+ body occupies ! place ( ! lum9\s "o1 we %\ld !n h j z _m e*oes z we _h images 9 ! =m] case4 ,^! e*oes w\ld dim9i% 9 l\dness j z ! images ( ! c&le dim9i% 9 brightness4 ,at ea* reflection a portion bo? ( s\nd & light is lo/2 h5ce ! (t5] light is reflect$ ! dimm] x becomes1 & ! (t5] s\nd is reflect$ ! fa9t] x is4 ,n[ ! cliffs ( ! ,wett]horn are s _m r\gh angul> reflectors ( ! s\nd3 "s ( !m s5d x back directly to ! li/5]1 & we h a fir/ e*o2 "s ( !m s5d x on to o!rs f :i* x is aga9 reflect$1 =m+ a second e*o4 ,?us1 by repeat$ reflection1 successive e*oes are s5t to ! e>1 until1 at l5g?1 !y become s fa9t z to be inaudible4 ,! s\nd1 z x dim9i%es 9 int5sity1 appe>s to come f great] & great] di/ances1 z if x 7 rec$+ into ! m\nta9 solitudes2 ! f9al e*oes be+ inexpressibly s(t & pure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rei*5ba* ,,& ,,h&eck4 #ahef4 ,aft] cross+ ! ,s*eideck ,i desc5d$ to ,meyr+51 visit+ ! ,rei*5ba* wat]fall on my way4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! desc5d+ wat] "h is1 t x is brok5 up 9 "o ( ! bas9s into nodul> masses1 ea* ( :i* 9 fall+ leaves ! light foam+ mass :i* surr\nds x z a tra9 9 ! air beh9d2 ! effect exactly resembles t ( ! avalan*es ( ! ,jungfrau1 9 :i* ! m solid blocks ( ice %oot =w>d 9 advance ( ! light] debris1 :i* is held back by ! friction ( ! air4 ,next day ,i asc5d$ ! valley ( ,hasli1 & obs]v$ ^u ! rocks & m\nta9s ! action ( anci5t glaci]s :i* once fill$ ! valley to ! height ( m ?an a ?\s& feet above its pres5t level4 ,i paus$1 ( c\rse1 at ! wat]fall ( ,h&eck1 & /ood = a "t ^u ! wood5 bridge :i* spans ! riv] at its top4 ,! ,a> comes gamboll+ d[n to ! bridge f its p>5t glaci]1 takes "o %ort jump ^u a project+ l$ge1 boils up into foam1 & !n leaps into a *asm1 f ! bottom ( :i* its ro> asc5ds ?r\gh ! gloom4 ,a rivulet nam$ ! ,a>l5ba* jo9s ! ,a> f ! left 9 ! v jaws ( ! *asm3 fall+1 at fir/1 ^u a projection at "s dep? bel[ ! edge1 &1 reb\nd+ f ?is1 x d>ts at ! ,a>1 & bo? plunge toge!r l a pair ( fight+ demons to ! bottom ( ! gorge4 ,! foam ( ! ,a>l5ba* is :ite1 t ( ! ,a> is yell[1 & ?is enables ! obs]v] to trace ! passage ( ! "o cat>act ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,z ,i /ood ^u ! bridge ! sun %one brightly ^u ! spray & foam2 my %ad[ 0 oblique to ! riv]1 & h5ce a symmetrical ra9b[ c\ld n be =m$ 9 ! spray1 b "o half ( a lovely b[1 ) its base 9 ! *asm1 lean$ ov] aga9/ ! opposite rocks1 ! col\rs advanc+ & retreat+ z ! spray %ift$ its position4 ,i _h be5 wat*+ ! wat] int5tly = "s "t1 :5 a little ,swiss boy1 :o /ood beside me1 obs]v$1 9 8 tr5*ant ,g]man1 ,!re plunge /ones ev] d[nw>ds4 ,! /ones 7 palpable en\gh1 c>ri$ d[n by ! cat>act1 & sometimes completely break+ loose f x1 b ,i did n see !m until my att5tion 0 )drawn f ! wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hut ,,( ,m4 ,,dollfuss4 #ahef4 ,on my arrival at ! ,grimsel ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,huxley already !re1 &1 aft] a few m9utes' conv]sation1 we decid$ to sp5d a night 9 a hut built by ,m4 ,dollfuss 9 #ahdf1 beside ! ,unt]a> glaci]1 ab\t #bjjj feet above ! ,hospice4 ,we hop$ ?us to be able to exam9e ! glaci] to its orig9 on ! foll[+ day4 ,two days' food & "s blankets 7 s5t up f ! ,hospice1 &1 accompani$ by our guide1 we proce$$ to ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hotel ,,des ,,neuf*atelois4 #ahef4 ,hav+ climb$ a great t]m9al mora9e1 & tramp$ = a consid]able "t amid loose %+le & b\ld]s1 we came ^u ! ice4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( tables :i* ,i h ev] se5 are to be f\nd ^u ?is glaci]--huge masses ( clean granite pois$ on p$e/als ( ice4 ,"h are also dirt-cones ( ! l>ge/ size1 & num]\s %afts1 ! =sak5 passages ( anci5t m\l9s1 "s fill$ ) wat]1 o!rs simply ) deep blue light4 ,i res]ve ! description & explanation ( bo? cones & m\l9s = ano!r place4 ,! surfaces ( "s ( ! small pools 7 spr9kl$ lightly ov] ) sn[1 :i* ! wat] und]nea? 0 unable to melt2 a coat+ ( sn[ granules 0 ?us =m$1 flexible z *a9 arm\r1 b s close t ! air c\ld n escape ?r\gh x4 ,"s bubbles :i* _h ris5 ?r\gh ! wat] _h lift$ ! coat+ "h & !re into little r\nd$ domes1 :i*1 by g5tle pressure1 c\ld be %ift$ hi!r & ?i!r1 & sev]al ( !m collect$ into "o4 ,we rea*$ ! hut1 ! floor ( :i* appe>$ to be ( ! orig9al m\nta9 slab2 !re 0 a space = cook+ wall$ (f f ! sleep+-room1 half ( :i* 0 rais$ above ! floor1 & conta9$ a quantity ( old hay4 ,! numb] #bdjd metres1 ! height1 ,i suppose1 ( ! place above ! sea1 0 pa9t$ on ! door1 beh9d :i* 7 also ! names ( sev]al well-kn[n obs]v]s--,agassiz1 ,=bes1 ,desor1 ,dollfuss1 ,ramsay1 & o!rs--cut 9 ! wood4 ,a l(t conta9$ a numb] ( in/rum5ts = bor+1 a surveyor's *a91 ropes1 & o!r matt]s4 ,aft] d9n] ,i made my way alone t[>ds ! junction ( ! ,f9/]a> & ,laut]a> glaci]s1 :i* unite at ! ,abs*wung to =m ! trunk /ream ( ! ,unt]a> glaci]4 ,^u ! great c5tral mora9e :i* runs betwe5 ! bran*es 7 p]*$ enorm\s masses ( rock1 &1 "u ! ov]hang+ l$ge ( "o ( ^!1 ,m4 ,agassiz _h 8 ,hotel des ,neuf*atelois4 ,! rock is /ill !re1 be>+ traces ( names n[ ne>ly oblit]at$ by ! wea!r1 :ile ! fragm5ts ar\nd also be> inscriptions4 ,!re 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! gray light ( ev5+1 ^! blurr$ & fad$ evid5ces ( human activity wore an aspect ( sadness4 ,x 0 a temple ( sci5ce n[ 9 ru9s1 & ,i a solit>y pilgrim to ! desecrat$ blocks4 ,z ! day decl9$1 ra9 began to fall1 & ,i turn$ my face t[>ds my new home2 :]e 9 due "t we betook ourselves to our hay1 & wait$ hopefully = ! morn+4 ,b our hopes 7 doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,a va/ quantity ( sn[ fell dur+ ! night1 &1 :5 we arose1 we f\nd ! glaci] cov]$1 & ! air ?ick ) ! desc5d+ flakes4 ,we wait$1 hop+ t x might cle> up1 b noon arriv$ & pass$ )\t improvem5t2 our fire-wood 0 exhau/$1 ! wea!r int5sely cold1 &1 accord+ to ! m5's op9ion1 hopelessly bad2 !y oppos$ ! idea ( asc5d+ fur!r1 & we _h !re=e no alt]native b to pack up & move d[nw>ds4 ,:at 0 sn[ at ! high] elevations *ang$ to ra9 l[] d[n1 & dr5*$ u completely be=e we rea*$ ! ,grimsel4 ,b ?\gh ?us p>tially foil$ 9 our design1 ?is visit taught u mu* reg>d+ ! /ructure & g5]al ph5om5a ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,rhone ,,glaci]4 #ahef4 ,! morn+ ( ! #bd? 0 cle> & calm3 we rose ) ! sun1 refre%$ & /rong1 & cross$ ! ,grimsel pass at an e>ly h\r4 ,! view f ! summit ( ! pass 0 lovely 9 ! extreme2 ! sky a deep blue1 ! surr\nd+ summits all enamell$ ) ! newly-fall5 sn[1 :i* gleam$ ) dazzl+ :it5ess 9 ! sunlight4 ,x 0 ,sunday1 & ! sc5e 0 itself a ,sabba?1 ) no s\nd to di/urb its p]fect re/4 ,9 a lake :i* we pass$ ! m\nta9s 7 mirror$ )\t di/ortion1 = !re 0 no motion ( ! air to ruffle its surface4 ,f ! summit ( ! ,may5w& we look$ d[n ^u ! ,rhone glaci]1 & a noble object x seem$1--,i h>dly "k a f9] ( its k9d 9 ! ,alps4 ,=c+ itself ?r\gh ! n>r[ gorge :i* holds ! ice cascade 9 its jaws1 & :]e x is greatly riv5 & dislocat$1 x spreads out 9 ! valley bel[ 9 su* a mann] z cle>ly to reveal to ! m9d's eye ! nature ( ! =ces to :i* x is subject$4 ,longfell['s figure is q correct2 ! glaci] resembles a va/ gauntlet1 ( :i* ! gorge repres5ts ! wri/2 :ile ! l[] glaci]1 cleft by its fissures into f+]-l ridges1 is typifi$ by ! h&4 ,furni%+ ourselves ) provisions at ! adjac5t inn1 we devot$ "s h\rs to ! exam9ation ( ! l[] portion ( ! glaci]4 ,! dirt ^u its surface 0 arrang$ 9 grooves z f9e z if produc$ by ! passage ( a rake1 :ile ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! deep] ice always correspond$ to ! sup]ficial groov+4 ,we f\nd sev]al %afts1 "s empty1 "s fill$ ) wat]4 ,at "o place our att5tion 0 attract$ by a s+ul> noise1 evid5tly produc$ by ! =c+ ( air & wat] ?r\gh passages 9 ! body ( ! glaci]2 ! s\nd rose & fell = sev]al m9utes1 l a k9d ( int]mitt5t snore1 rem9d+ "o ( ,hugi's hypo!sis t ! glaci] 0 alive4 ,sid5ote3 ,,r+s ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,sun4 #ahef4 ,we aft]w>ds climb$ to a po9t f :i* ! :ole glaci] 0 visible to u f its orig9 to its end4 ,adjac5t to u rose ! mighty mass ( ! ,f9/]a>horn1 ! mon>* ( ! ,ob]l&4 ,! ,gal5/ock 0 also at h&1 :ile r\nd ab\t ! neve ( ! glaci] a m\nta9 wall project$ its jagg$ outl9e aga9/ ! sky4 ,at a di/ance 0 ! gr& cone ( ! ,weis%orn1 !n1 & ,i believe /ill1 unscal$2,a fur!r to ! left ! magnific5t peaks ( ! ,mis*abel2 :ile betwe5 !m1 9 savage isolation1 /ood ! obelisk ( ! ,matt]horn4 ,ne> u 0 ! *a9 ( ! ,furca1 all cov]$ ) %9+ sn[1 :ile ov]head ! d>k blue ( ! firmam5t s influ5c$ ! g5]al sc5e z to inspire a s5tim5t ( wond] approa*+ to awe4 ,we desc5d$ to ! glaci]1 & proce$$ t[>ds its s\rce4 ,z we advanc$ an unusual light fell ^u ! m\nta9s1 & look+ upw>ds we saw a s]ies ( col\r$ r+s1 drawn l a vivid circul> ra9b[ q r\nd ! sun4 ,betwe5 ! orb & u spread a ?9 veil ( cl\d on :i* ! circles 7 pa9t$2 ! we/]n side ( ! veil soon melt$ away1 & ) x ! col\rs1 b ! ea/]n half rema9$ a qu>t] ( an h\r long]1 & !n 9 its turn disappe>$4 ,! crevasses became m frequ5t & dang]\s z we asc5d$4 ,!y 7 usually furni%$ ) ov]hang+ eaves ( sn[1 f :i* long icicles dep5d$1 & to tread on :i* might be fatal4 ,we 7 ne> ! s\rce ( ! glaci]1 b ! "t necess>y to rea* x 0 nev]!less indef9ite1 s great 0 ! entanglem5t ( fissures4 ,we foll[$ "o huge *asm = "s hundr$s ( y>ds1 hop+ to cross x2 b aft] half an h\r's fruitless ef=t we f\nd ourselves baffl$ & =c$ to retrace our /eps4 ,sid5ote3 ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,brock54 #ahef4 ,! sun 0 slop+ to ! we/1 & we ?\ght x wise to return2 s d[n ! glaci] we w5t1 m+l+ our foot/eps ) ! tracks ( *amois1 :ile ! fright5$ m>mots pip$ incessantly f ! rocks4 ,we rea*$ ! l& once m1 & halt$ = a "t to look ^u ! sc5e )9 view4 ,! m>vell\s blu5ess ( ! sky 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! day indicat$ t ! air 0 *>g$1 almo/ to saturation1 ) transp>5t aque\s vap\r4 ,z ! sun sank ! %ad[ ( ! ,f9/]a>horn 0 ca/ ?r\gh ! adjac5t atmosph]e1 :i*1 ?us depriv$ ( ! direct rays1 curdl$ up into visible fog4 ,! cond5s$ vap\r mov$ sl[ly along ! flanks ( ! m\nta91 & p\r$ itself cat>act-l into ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,"h x met ! sun aga91 :i* r$uc$ x once m to ! invisible /ate4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re 0 an incessant supply f ! g5]ator beh9d1 ! fog made no progress2 z 9 ! case ( ! mov+ glaci]1 ! end ( ! cl\d-riv] rema9$ /ation>y :]e consumption 0 equal to supply4 ,proce$+ along ! m\nta9 to ! ,furca1 we f\nd ! valley at ! fur!r side ( ! pass also fill$ ) fog1 :i* rose1 l a wall1 high above ! region ( actual %ad[4 ,once on turn+ a corn] an exclamation ( surprise bur/ simultane\sly f my companion & myself4 ,be=e ea* ( u & aga9/ ! wall ( fog1 /ood a spectral image ( a man1 ( colossal dim5sions2 d>k z a :ole1 b b\nd$ by a col\r$ outl9e4 ,we /ret*$ =? our arms2 ! spectres did ! same4 ,we rais$ our alp5/ocks2 ! spectres also fl\ri%$ _! batons4 ,all our actions 7 imitat$ by ^! fr+$ & gigantic %ades4 ,we _h1 9 fact1 ! ,_s ( ! ,brock5 be=e u 9 p]fection4 ,at ! "t "h ref]r$ to ,i _h _h b little exp]i5ce ( alp9e ph5om5a4 ,i _h be5 ?r\gh ! ,ob]l& 9 #ahej1 b 0 !n too ignorant to le>n mu* f my excursion4 ,h5ce ! novelty ( ?is day's exp]i5ce may h r5d]$ x impressive3 /ill ev5 n[ ,i ?9k !re 0 an intr9sic gr&eur 9 its ph5om5a :i* entitles ! day to rank ) ! mo/ rem>kable t ,i h sp5t among ! ,alps4 ,at ! ,furca1 to my great regret1 ! jo9t rambl+s ( my fri5d & myself end$2 ,i p>t$ f him on ! m\nta9 side1 & wat*$ him desc5d+1 till ! gray ( ev5+ f9ally hid him f my view4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! ,weis%orn 0 fir/ scal$1 by ,tyndall1 9 #ahfa4--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,tyrol4 #ahef4 ,,! ,,tyrol4 7#c47 ,my subsequ5t de/9ation 0 ,vi5na2 b ,i wi%$ to associate ) my j\rney ?i!r a visit to "s ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,tyrol4 ,at ,l&eck1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 ,i le>n$ t ! ne>e/ glaci] 0 t adjac5t to ! ,gebats* ,alp1 at ! head ( ! ,kauns]?al2 & on ! foll[+ morn+ ,i 0 on my way t[>ds ?is valley4 ,i s\ght to obta9 a guide at ,kaltebrunn51 b fail$2 & aft]w>ds walk$ to ! little hamlet ( ,feu*t51 :]e ,i put up at a v lonely inn4 ,my ho/1 ,i believe1 _h nev] se5 an ,engli%man1 b he _h he>d ( su*1 & rem>k$ to me 9 8 patois ) emphasis1 ,die ,engla5d] s9d die kuehn/5 ,leute 9 dies] ,welt4 ,?r\gh 8 m$iation ,i secur$ a *amois-hunt]1 nam$ ,johann ,au]1 to be my guide1 & next morn+ ,i />t$ ) ?is man up ! valley4 ,! sun1 z we asc5d$1 smote ! e>? & u ) great p[]2 high m\nta9s flank$ u on ei!r side1 :ile 9 front ( u1 clos+ ! view1 0 ! mass ( ! ,weisskugel1 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,at ?ree o'clock we came 9 sight ( ! glaci]1 & soon aft]w>ds ,i made ! acqua9tance ( ! ,s5n] or *eesemak]s ( ! ,gebats* ,alp4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,gebats* ,,alp4 #ahef4 ,! *ief ( ^! 0 a f9e tall fell[1 ) free1 frank c\nt5ance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h a da% ( ! m\nta9 wildness 9 x4 ,8 feet 7 b>e1 he wore bree*es1 & fragm5ts ( /ock+s p>tially cov]$ 8 legs1 leav+ a black zone betwe5 ! upp] rim ( ! sock & ! bree*es4 ,8 feet & face 7 ( ! same sw>?y hue2 /ill he 0 h&some1 & 9 a measure pleasant to look ^u4 ,he ask$ me :at he c\ld cook = me1 & ,i reque/$ "s bread & milk2 ! =m] 0 a mon? old1 ! latt] 0 fre% & delici\s1 & on ^! ,i f>$ sumptu\sly4 ,i w5t to ! glaci] aft]w>ds ) my guide1 & rema9$ ^u ! ice until twilight1 :5 we return$1 guid$ by no pa?1 b pass+ amid crags grasp$ by ! gn>l$ roots ( ! p9e1 ?r\gh gre5 dells1 & ov] bilb]ry knolls ( exquisite col\r+4 ,my guide kept 9 advance ( me s++ a ,tyrolese melody1 & 8 song & ! surr\nd+ sc5e reviv$ & realis$ all ! impressions ( my boyhood reg>d+ ! ,tyrol4 ,milk+ 0 ov] :5 we return$ to ! *alet1 :i* n[ conta9$ f\r m5 exclusive ( myself & my guide4 ,a fire ( p9e logs 0 made ^u a plat=m ( /one1 elevat$ ?ree feet above ! floor2 !re 0 no *imney1 z ! smoke f\nd ample v5t ?r\gh ! holes & fissures 9 ! sides & ro(4 ,! m5 7 all int5sely sunburnt1 ! legitimate br[n deep5+ into black ) be>d & dirt4 ,! *ief s5n] prep>$ supp]1 break+ eggs into a di%1 & us+ 8 black f+]s to empty ! %ell :5 ! album5 0 refractory4 ,a f9e erect figure he 0 z he /ood 9 ! gl[+ light ( ! fire4 ,all ! m5 7 smok+1 & n[ & !n a br& 0 tak5 f ! fire to light a r5ew$ pipe1 & a ruddy gl>e flung !reby ov] ! wild c\nt5ance ( ! smok]4 ,9 "o corn] ( ! *alet1 & rais$ high above ! gr\nd1 0 a l>ge b$1 cov]$ ) clo!s ( ! mo/ dubi\s black-br[n hue2 at "o end 0 a little wat]-:eel turn$ by a brook1 :i* communicat$ motion to a *urnda% :i* made ! butt]4 ,! beams & raft]s 7 cov]$ ) *eeses1 dry+ 9 ! w>m smoke4 ,! s5n]1 at my reque/1 %[$ me 8 /or]oom1 & expla9$ to me ! process ( mak+ *eese1 its int]e/ to me consi/+ 9 its be>+ ^u ! "q ( slaty cleavage4 ,?ree gigantic masses ( butt] 7 9 ! room1 & ,i amus$ my ho/ by call+ !m butt]-glaci]s4 ,soon aft]w>ds a bit ( cotton 0 /uck 9 a lump ( grease1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a lant]n1 & ! wick ignit$2 ! *amois-hunt] took x1 & l$ ! way to our re/+-place1 ,i hav+ previ\sly decl9$ a good-natur$ invitation to sleep 9 ! big black b$ already ref]r$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,alp9e ,,*alet4 #ahef4 ,!re 0 a c[h\se ne> ! *alet1 & above x1 rais$ on pill>s ( p9e1 & approa*$ by a ladd]1 0 a l(t1 :i* conta9$ a quantity ( dry hay3 ?is my guide %ook to s(t5 ! lumps1 & erect$ an em95ce = my head4 ,i lay d[n1 draw+ my plaid ov] me1 b ,au] affirm$ t ?is w\ld n be a suffici5t protection aga9/ ! cold2 he !re=e pil$ hay ^u me to ! %\ld]s1 & propos$ cov]+ up my head also4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i decl9$1 ?\gh ! bit+ coldness ( ! air1 :i* sometimes blew 9 ^u u1 aft]w>ds prov$ to me ! wisdom ( ! sugge/ion4 ,hav+ set me "r1 my *amois-hunt] prep>$ a place = himself1 & soon 8 heavy brea?+ in=m$ me t he 0 9 a /ate ( bliss :i* ,i c\ld only envy4 ,"o by "o ! />s cross$ ! ap]tures 9 ! ro(4 ,once ! ,pleiades hung above me l a clu/] ( gems2 ,i tri$ to admire !m1 b !re 0 no f]v\r 9 my admiration4 ,sometimes ,i doz$1 b always z ?is 0 ab\t to deep5 into positive sleep x 0 rudely brok5 by ! clam\r ( a gr\p ( pigs :i* occupi$ ! gr\nd-floor ( our dwell+4 ,! object ( ea* individual ( ! gr\p 0 to secure = himself ! maximum am\nt ( heat1 & h5ce ! outside memb]s 7 incessantly try+ to become inside ones4 ,x 0 ! /ruggle ( radical & cons]vative among ! pa*yd]ms1 ! politics be+ det]m9$ by ! accid5t ( position4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,gebats* ,,glaci]4 #ahef4 ,i rose at five o'clock on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 & aft] a breakfa/ ( black bread & milk asc5d$ ! glaci] z f> z practicable4 ,we once quitt$ x1 cross$ a promontory1 & desc5d$ ^u "o ( its bran*es1 :i* 0 flank$ by "s f9e old mora9es4 ,we "h came ^u a gr\p ( sev5 m>mots1 :i* ) yells ( t]ror scatt]$ !mselves among ! rocks4 ,! po9ts ( ! glaci] beyond my rea* ,i exam9$ ?r\gh a telescope2 along ! faces ( ! sections ! l9es ( /ratification 7 cle>ly %[n2 & 9 _m places :]e ! mass %[$ manife/ signs ( lat]al pressure1 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld obs]ve ! cleavage pass+ ?\gh ! /rata4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 0 too important to re/ ^u an obs]vation made f su* a di/ance1 & ,i !re=e ab/a9$ f m5tion+ x subsequ5tly4 ,i exam9$ ! fissures & ! ve9+1 & notic$ h[ ! latt] became mo/ p]fect 9 places :]e ! pressure 0 greate/4 ,! effect ( oblique pressure 0 also f9ely %[n3 at "o place ! ?ru/ ( ! desc5d+ glaci] 0 oppos$ by ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! side ( ! valley1 ! direction ( ! =ce be+ oblique to ! side2 ! consequ5ce 0 a /ructure ne>ly p>allel to ! valley1 & consequ5tly oblique to ! ?ru/ :i* ,i believe to be its cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,*amois ,,on ,,! ,,rocks4 #ahef4 ,aft] five h\rs' exam9ation we return$ to our *alet1 :]e we refre%$ ourselves1 put our ?+s 9 ord]1 & fac$ a nameless ,jo*1 or pass2 our aim be+ to cross ! m\nta9s into ! valley ( ,lantauf]1 & rea* ,graun t ev5+4 ,aft] a r\gh asc5t ov] ! alp we came to ! dead crag1 :]e ! wea!r _h brok5 up ! m\nta9s into ru9\s heaps ( rock & %+le4 ,we rea*$ ! end ( a glaci]1 ! ice ( :i* 0 cov]$ by sloppy sn[1 & at "s di/ance up x came ^u an islet ( /ones & debris1 :]e we paus$ to re/ ourselves4 ,my guide1 z usual1 rang$ ov] ! summits ) 8 telescope1 & at l5g? exclaim$1 ,i see a *amois4 ,! creature /ood ^u a cliff "s hundr$s ( y>ds to our left1 & seem$ to wat* our movem5ts4 ,x 0 a mo/ graceful animal1 & its life & beauty /ood out 9 =cible anti!sis to ! surr\nd+ savag]y & dea?4 ,on ! /eep slopes ( ! glaci] ,i 0 assi/$ by ! h& ( my guide4 ,9 fact1 on ?is day ,i deem$ places dang]\s1 & dread$ !m z su*1 :i* subsequ5t practice enabl$ me to reg>d ) p]fect indiff]5ce2 s mu* does :at we call c\rage dep5d ^u habit1 or on ! fact ( kn[+ t we h really no?+ to fe>4 ,d\btless !re are times :5 a climb] has to make up 8 m9d = v unpleasant possibilities1 & ev5 ga!r calmness f ! contemplation ( ! wor/2 b 9 mo/ cases ,i %\ld say t 8 c\rage is d]iv$ f ! lat5t feel+ t ! *ances ( safety are imm5sely 9 8 fav\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,passage ,,( ,a ,,jo*4 #ahef4 ,aft] a t\gh /ruggle we rea*$ ! n>r[ r[ ( crags :i* =m ! cre/ ( ! pass1 & look$ into ! _w ( m\nta9 & cl\d on ! o!r side4 ,! sc5e 0 "o ( /]n gr&eur--! mi/y lights & deep cl\d-glooms be+ s dispos$ z to augm5t ! impression ( va/ness :i* ! sc5e convey$4 ,! breeze at ! summit 0 exce$+ly ke51 b x gave our muscles tone1 & we sprang swiftly d[nw>d ?r\gh ! yield+ debris :i* "h ov]lies ! m\nta91 & 9 :i* we sometimes sank to ! knees4 ,l[] d[n we came once m ^u ! ice4 ,! glaci] _h at "o place melt$ away f its b\nd+ cliff1 :i* rose v]tically to our "r1 :ile a wall ( ice #fj or #hj feet high 0 on our left4 ,betwe5 ! two 0 a n>r[ passage1 ! floor ( :i* 0 sn[1 :i* ,i knew to be holl[ b5ea?3 my companion1 h[ev]1 0 9 advance ( me1 & he be+ ! heavi] man1 :]e he trod ,i foll[$ )\t hesitation4 ,on turn+ an angle ( ! rock ,i notic$ an expression ( conc]n ^u 8 c\nt5ance1 & he mutt]$ audibly1 ,i did n expect ?is4 ,! sn[-floor _h1 9 fact1 giv5 way1 & expos$ to view a cle> gre5 lake1 "o b\nd>y ( :i* 0 a %e] precipice ( rock1 & ! o!r ! a=esaid wall ( ice2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 curv$ a little at its base1 s z to =m a %ort /eep slope :i* ov]hung ! wat]4 ,my guide fir/ tri$ ! slope alone2 bit+ ! ice ) 8 %oe-nails1 & hold+ on by ! spike ( 8 baton1 he rea*$ ! o!r side4 ,he !n return$1 &1 dive/+ myself ( all sup]flu\s clo!s1 z a prep>ation = ! plunge :i* ,i fully expect$1 ,i also pass$ 9 safety4 ,probably ! consci\sness t ,i _h wat] to fall into in/ead ( pure space1 enabl$ me to get across )\t anxiety or mis*ance2 b _h ,i1 l my guide1 be5 unable to swim1 my feel+s w\ld h be5 f> diff]5t4 ,?is accompli%$1 we w5t swiftly d[n ! valley1 & ! m ,i saw ( my guide ! m ,i lik$ him4 ,he might1 if he wi%$1 h made 8 day's j\rney %ort] by /opp+ be=e he rea*$ ,graun1 b he w\ld n d s4 ,e ^w he said to me reg>d+ di/ances 0 true1 & !re 0 n ! slighte/ desire %[n to magnify 8 own lab\r4 ,i le>nt by m]e accid5t t ! day's "w _h cut up 8 feet1 b 8 *e]fulness & en]gy did n bate a jot till he _h l&$ me 9 ! ,black ,eagle at ,graun4 ,next morn+ he came to my room1 & said t he felt suffici5tly refre%$ to return home4 ,i paid him :at ,i ow$ him1 :5 he took my h&1 &1 sil5tly b5d+ d[n 8 head1 kiss$ x2 !n1 /&+ erect1 he /ret*$ =? 8 "r h&1 :i* ,i grasp$ firmly 9 m9e1 & bade him f>ewell2 & ?us ,i p>t$ f ,johann ,au]1 my brave & tru?ful *amois-hunt]4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,i met ,dr4 ,frankl& 9 ! ,f9/]muntz pass1 & t night we biv\ack$ toge!r at ,mals4 ,heavy ra9 fell ?r\gh\t ! night1 b x came f a region high above t ( liquidity4 ,x 0 fir/ sn[1 :i*1 z x desc5d$ ?r\gh ! w>m] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 0 r$uc$ to wat]4 ,ov]head1 9 ! air1 might be trac$ a surface1 bel[ :i* ! precipitate 0 liquid1 above :i* x 0 solid2 & ?is surface1 int]sect+ ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ,mals1 m>k$ ^u !m a beautifully-def9$ sn[-l9e1 bel[ :i* ! p9es 7 d>k & ! pa/ures gre51 b above :i* p9es & pa/ures & crags 7 cov]$ ) ! fre%ly-fall5 sn[4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,/elvio4 #ahef4 ,sid5ote3 ,,col\r ,,( ,,fre% ,,sn[4 #ahef4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] we cross$ ! ,/elvio4 ,! br[n cone ( ! well-kn[n ,madats*spitze 0 cle>1 b ! high] summits 7 cl\d$1 & ! fragm5ts ( sun%9e :i* rea*$ ! l[] _w w&]$ l gleams ( fluoresc5t light ov] ! glaci]s4 ,ne> ! sn[-l9e ! p>tial melt+ ( ! sn[ _h r5d]$ x co>sely granul>1 b z we asc5d$ x became f9]1 & ! light emitt$ f its cracks & cavities a pure & deep blue4 ,:5 a /aff 0 driv5 into ! sn[ l[ d[n ! m\nta91 ! col\r ( ! light 9 ! orifice 0 sc>cely s5sibly blue1 b high] up ?is increas$ 9 a wond]ful degree1 & at ! summit ! effect 0 m>vell\s4 ,i /ruck my /aff into ! sn[1 & turn$ x r\nd & r\nd2 ! surr\nd+ sn[ crack$ repeat$ly1 & fla%es ( blue light issu$ f ! fissures4 ,! fragm5ts ( sn[ t adh]$ to ! /aff 71 by contra/1 ( a beautiful p9k yell[1 s t1 on mov+ ! /aff ) su* fragm5ts atta*$ to x up & d[n1 x 0 difficult to resi/ ! impression t a p9k flame 0 asc5d+ & desc5d+ 9 ! hole4 ,z we w5t d[n ! o!r side ( ! pass1 ! effect became m & m feeble1 until1 ne> ! sn[-l9e1 x almo/ :olly disappe>$4 ,we rema9$ t night at ! ba?s ( ,bormio1 b ! foll[+ aft]noon be+ f9e we wi%$ to avail ourselves ( ! fair wea!r to witness ! sc5e f ! summit ( ! pass4 ,twilight came on be=e we rea*$ ,santa ,m>ia1 b a gorge\s orange ov]spread ! we/]n horizon1 f :i* we hop$ to d]ive suffici5t light4 ,x 0 a little too late :5 we rea*$ ! top1 b /ill ! sc5e 0 magnific5t4 ,a multitude ( m\nta9s rais$ _! cr[ns t[>ds heav51 :ile above all rose ! sn[-:ite cone ( ! ,ortl]4 ,f> into ! valley ! giant /ret*$ 8 granite limbs1 until !y 7 hid f u by d>kness4 ,z ?is deep5$1 ! heav5s became m & m cr[d$ ) />s1 :i* blaz$ l gems ov] ! heads ( ! m\nta9s4 ,at times ! sil5ce 0 p]fect1 unbrok5 save by ! crackl+ ( ! froz5 sn[ b5ea? our own feet2 :ile at o!r times a breeze w\ld swoop d[n ^u u1 ke5 & ho/ile1 scatt]+ ! sn[ f ! ro(s ( ! wood5 gall]ies 9 froz5 p[d] ov] u4 ,long aft] night _h set 91 a gha/ly gleam re/$ ^u ! summit ( ! ,ortl]1 :ile ! peaks 9 front deep5$ to a dusky neutral t9t1 ! m di/ant ones be+ lo/ 9 gloom4 ,we desc5d$ at a swift pace to ,trafoi1 :i* we rea*$ be=e #aa ,p4,m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s+ul> ,,hail/orm4 #ahef4 ,m]an 0 our next re/+-place1 :5ce we turn$ ?r\gh ! ,s*nalz]?al to ,uns]frau1 & !nce ov] ! ,ho*jo* to ,f5d4 ,f a religi\s procession we took a guide1 :o1 ?\gh p>tly intoxicat$1 did 8 duty well4 ,be=e rea*+ ! summit ( ! pass we 7 assail$ by a viol5t hail/orm1 ea* hail/one be+ a froz5 cone ) a r\nd$ end4 ,_h n _! motion ?r\gh ! air some?+ to d ) ! %ape ( ^! hail/ones8 ,! !ory ( meteorites n[ g5]ally accept$ is t !y are small planet>y bodies drawn to ! e>? by gravity1 & br\ght to inc&esc5ce by friction aga9/ ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,su* a body mov+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e mu/ h cond5s$ hot air 9 front ( x1 & r>efi$ cool air beh9d x2 & ! same is true to a small ext5t ( a hail/one4 ,?is di/ribution ( temp]ature mu/1 ,i imag9e1 h "s influ5ce on ! %ape ( ! /one4 ,possibly also ! /ratifi$ appe>ance ( "s hail/ones may be connect$ ) ?is action4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,ho*jo* ,,& ,,f5d4 #ahef4 ,! hail ceas$ & ! heights above u cle>$ z we asc5d$4 ,at ! top ( ! pass we f\nd ourselves on ! v]ge ( a great neve1 :i* lay betwe5 two ranges ( summits1 slop+ d[n to ! base ( ea* range f a high & r\nd$ c5tre3 a wild] glaci] sc5e ,i h sc>cely witness$4 ,wi%+ to obta9 a m p]fect view ( ! region1 ,i div]g$ f ! track foll[$ by ,dr4 ,frankl& & ! guide1 & climb$ a ridge ( sn[ ab\t half a mile to ! "r ( !m4 ,a glori\s expanse 0 be=e me1 /ret*+ itself 9 va/ undulations1 & heap+ itself "h & !re into m\nta9\s cones1 :ite & pure1 ) ! deep blue heav5 beh9d !m4 ,"h ,i _h my fir/ exp]i5ce ( hidd5 crevasses1 & to my extreme a/oni%m5t once f\nd myself 9 ! jaws ( a fissure ( ^: exi/5ce ,i _h n ! slighte/ notice4 ,su* accid5ts h (t5 occurr$ to me s9ce1 b ! impression made by ! fir/ is likely to rema9 ! /ronge/4 ,x 0 d>k :5 we rea*$ ! wret*$ ,wir?%aus at ,f5d1 :]e1 badly f$1 badly lodg$1 & di/urb$ by ! noise ( innum]able rats1 we sp5t ! night4 ,?us end$ my brief glaci] exp$ition ( #ahef2 & on ! obs]vations !n made1 & on subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 0 f\nd$ a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,mr4 ,huxley & myself4,b ,,footnotes3 ,a ,i take ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a gr&] /orm ( ! above "* f ,hook]'s ',himalayan ,j\rnals1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 ,on ! #bj? 7,m>*1 #ahdi7 we _h a *ange 9 ! wea!r3 a viol5t /orm f ! s\?-we/ occurr$ at noon1 ) hail ( a /range =m1 ! /ones be+ sections ( holl[ sph]es1 half an in* across & upw>ds1 =m$ ( cones ) truncat$ apices & convex bases3 ^! cones 7 aggregat$ toge!r ) _! bases outw>ds4 ,! l>ge masses 7 foll[$ by a %[] ( ! sep>ate conical pieces1 & t by heavy ra94 ,on ! m\nta9s ?is /orm 0 mo/ sev]e3 ! /ones lay at ,d>jeel+ = sev5 days1 congeal$ into masses ( ice sev]al feet long & a foot ?ick 9 %elt]$ places3 at ,purneah1 fifty miles s\?1 /ones "o & two in*es across fell1 probably z :ole sph]es4 ,b ',phil4 ,trans4' #aheg1 pp4 #cbg-cdf4--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,g5eva4 #aheg4 ,,exp$ition ,,( #aheg4 ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,g5eva4 7#d47 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! obs]vations ( #ahef embrac$ ab\t five :ole days2 & ?\gh ^! days 7 labori\s & in/ructive1 /ill s %ort a "t prov$ to be :olly incomm5surate ) ! claims ( s wide a problem4 ,dur+ ! subsequ5t exp]im5tal treatm5t ( ! subject1 ,i _h (t5 occasion to feel ! incomplet5ess ( my k1 & h5ce arose ! desire to make a second exp$ition to ! ,alps1 = ! purpose ( exp&+1 =tify+1 or1 if necess>y1 correct+ fir/ impressions4 ,on ,?ursday1 ! #i? ( ,july1 #aheg1 ,i f\nd myself ^u ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 proce$+ t[>ds ,vevey4 ,i _h long wi%$ to see ! wat]s ( ?is r5[n$ inl& sea1 ! col\r ( :i* is p]haps m int]e/+ to ! man ( sci5ce ?an to ! poets :o h sung ab\t x4 ,long ago its dep? ( blue excit$ att5tion1 b no sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! subject has1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 attempt$4 ,x may be t ! lake simply exhibits ! col\r ( pure wat]4 ,ice is blue1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! liquid obta9$ f ! fusion ( ice is ( ! same col\r2 b /ill ! "q presses--,is ! blue ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva to be entirely acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way8 ,! attempts :i* h be5 made to expla9 x o!rwise %[ t at lea/ a d\bt exi/s z to ! suffici5cy ( ! above explanation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,blu5ess ,,( ,,! ,,wat]4 #aheg4 ,x is only 9 its deep] portions t ! col\r ( ! lake is prop]ly se54 ,:]e ! bottom comes into view ! pure effect ( ! wat] is di/urb$2 b :]e ! wat] is deep ! col\r is deep3 betwe5 ,rolle & ,nyon = example1 ! blue is sup]b4 ,:]e ! blue 0 deepe/1 h[ev]1 x gave me ! impression ( turbidity r ?an ( deep transp>5cy4 ,at ! upp] portion ( ! lake ! wat] ?r\gh :i* ! /eam] pass$ 0 ( a blue gre54 ,wi%+ to see ! place :]e ! ,rhone ent]s ! lake1 ,i walk$ on ! morn+ ( ! #aj? f ,vill5euve to ,novelle1 & !nce ?r\gh ! woods to ! riv] side4 ,proce$+ along an embankm5t1 rais$ to def5d ! adjac5t l& f ! incursions ( ! riv]1 an h\r br\ght me to ! place :]e x empties itself into ! lake4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two wat]s 0 v great3 ! riv] 0 almo/ :ite ) ! f9ely divid$ matt] :i* x held 9 susp5sion2 :ile ! lake at "s di/ance 0 ( a deep ultram>9e4 ,! lake 9 fact =ms a res]voir :]e ! p>ticles held 9 susp5sion by ! riv] h "t to subside1 & its wat]s to become pure4 ,! subsid5ce ( c\rse takes place mo/ copi\sly at ! head ( ! lake2 & "h ! deposit cont9ues to =m new l&1 add+ ye> by ye> to ! ?\s&s ( acres :i* x has already left beh9d x1 & invad+ m & m ! space occupi$ by ! wat]4 ,innum]able plates ( mica spangl$ ! f9e s& :i* ! riv] br\ght d[n1 & ^!1 mix+ ) ! wat]1 & fla%+ l m9ute mirrors z ! sun's rays fell ^u !m1 gave ! o!rwise muddy /ream a silv]y appe>ance4 ,_h ,i an opportunity ,i w\ld make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3-- 7a47 ,comp>e ! col\r ( ! light transmitt$ by a column ( ! lake wat] fifte5 feet long ) t transmitt$ by a second column1 ( ! same l5g?1 d]iv$ f ! melt+ ( fre%ly fall5 m\nta9 sn[4 7b47 ,comp>e 9 ! same mann] ! col\r ( ! ord9>y wat] ( ! lake ) t ( ! same wat] aft] c>eful di/illation4 7c47 ,/rictly exam9e :e!r ! light transmitt$ by ! ord9>y wat] conta9s an excess ( r$ ov] t transmitt$ by ! di/ill$ wat]3 ?is latt] po9t1 z w be se5 f>!r on1 is "o ( peculi> int]e/4 ,! l5g? is fix$ at fifte5 feet1 because ,i h f\nd ?is l5g? extremely effici5t 9 simil> exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c1 #d4 ,boats' sails inv]t$ by ,atmosph]ic ,refraction4 ,sid5ote3 ,,atmosph]ic ,,refraction4 #aheg4 ,on return+ to ! pi] at ,vill5euve1 a peculi> flick]+ motion 0 manife/ ^u ! surface ( ! di/ant portions ( ! lake1 & ,i soon notic$ t ! coa/ l9e 0 inv]t$ by atmosph]ic refraction4 ,x requir$ a long di/ance to produce ! effect3 no trace ( x 0 se5 ab\t ! ,ca/le ( ,*illon1 b at ,vevey & beyond x1 ! :ole coa/ 0 cle>ly inv]t$2 & ! h\ses on ! m>g9 ( ! lake 7 also imag$ to a c]ta9 height4 ,two boats at a consid]able di/ance pres5t$ ! appe>ance sket*$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #d2 ! hull ( ea*1 except a small portion at ! end1 0 invisible1 b ! sails seem$ lift$ up high 9 ! air1 ) _! inv]t$ images bel[2 z ! boats drew ne>] ! hulls appe>$ inv]t$1 ! app>5t height ( ! vessel above ! surface ( ! lake be+ !reby ne>ly d\bl$1 :ile ! sails & high] objects1 9 ^! cases1 7 almo/ completely cut away4 ,:5 view$ ?r\gh a telescope ! s5sible horizon ( ! lake pres5t$ a bill[y tumultu\s appe>ance1 fragm5ts be+ incessantly deta*$ f x & susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mirage4 #aheg4 ,! explanation ( ?is effect is ! same z t ( ! mirage ( ! des]t1 :i* may be f\nd 9 almo/ any book on physics1 & :i* s tantaliz$ ! ,fr5* soldi]s 9 ,egypt4 ,!y (t5 mi/ook ?is a]ial inv]sion = ! reflection f a lake1 & on trial f\nd hot & /]ile s& at ! place :]e !y expect$ refre%+ wat]s4 ,! effect 0 %[n by ,monge1 "o ( ! le>n$ m5 :o accompani$ ! exp$ition1 to be due to ! total reflection ( v oblique rays at ! upp] surface ( ! lay] ( r>efi$ air :i* 0 ne>e/ to ! heat$ e>?4 ,a s&y pla91 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 is peculi>ly fav\rable = ! production ( su* effects2 & on ! ext5sive flat /r& :i* /ret*es betwe5 ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el & ! coa/ adjac5t to ,avran*es 9 ,norm&y1 ,i h notic$ ,mont ,tombel9e reflect$ z if glass in/ead ( s& surr\nd$ x & =m$ its mirror4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*am\ni ,,& ,,! ,,montanv]t4 #aheg4 ,,*am\ni ,,& ,,! ,,montanv]t4 7#e47 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ab? ( ,july ,i rea*$ ,*am\ni2 ! wea!r 0 n q cle>1 b x 0 promis+2 :ite cumuli _h float$ r\nd ,mont ,blanc dur+ ! day1 b ^! dim9i%$ m & m1 & ! light ( ! sett+ sun 0 ( t l+]+ rosy hue :i* bodes good wea!r4 ,two p>allel beams ( a purple t+e 7 drawn by ! %ad[s ( ! adjac5t peaks1 /raight across ! ,glaci] des ,bossons1 & ! ,glaci] des ,pel]9s 0 also /eep$ = a "t 9 ! same purple light4 ,once :5 ! surr\nd+ r$ illum9ation 0 /rong1 ! %ad[s ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets fall+ ^u ! adjac5t sn[ appe>$ ( a vivid gre54 ,?is gre5 belong$ to ! class ( subjective col\rs1 or col\rs produc$ by contra/1 ab\t :i* a volume might be writt54 ,! eye receiv$ ! impression ( gre51 b ! col\r 0 n ext]nal to ! eye4 ,place a r$ waf] on :ite pap]1 & look at x int5tly1 x w be surr\nd$ 9 a little "t by a gre5 fr+e3 move ! waf] bodily away1 & ! entire space :i* x occupi$ ^u ! pap] w appe> gre54 ,a body may h its prop] col\r entirely mask$ 9 ?is way4 ,let a r$ waf] be atta*$ to a piece ( r$ glass1 & f a mod]ately illum9at$ position let ! sky be reg>d$ ?r\gh ! glass2 ! waf] w appe> ( a vivid gre54 ,if a /rong beam ( light be s5t ?r\gh a r$ glass & caus$ to fall ^u a scre51 :i* at ! same "t is mod]ately illum9at$ by a sep>ate s\rce ( :ite light1 an opaque body plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! beam w ca/ a gre5 %ad[ ^u ! scre5 :i* may be se5 by sev]al hundr$ p]sons at once4 ,if a blue glass be us$1 ! %ad[ w be yell[1 :i* is ! complem5t>y col\r to blue4 ,sid5ote3 ,,col\r$ ,,%ad[s4 #aheg4 ,:5 we sudd5ly pass f op5 sunlight to a mod]ately illum9at$ room1 x appe>s d>k at fir/1 b aft] a little "t ! eye rega9s ! p[] ( see+ objects di/9ctly4 ,?us "o effect ( light ^u ! eye is to r5d] x less s5sitive1 & light ( any p>ticul> col\r fall+ ^u ! eye blunts its appreciation ( t col\r4 ,let u apply ?is to ! %ad[ ^u ! scre54 ,?is %ad[ is mod]ately illum9at$ by a jet ( :ite light2 b ! space surr\nd+ x is r$1 ! effect ( :i* ^u ! eye is to bl9d x 9 "s degree to ! p]ception ( r$4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! feeble :ite light ( ! %ad[ rea*es ! eye1 ! r$ compon5t ( ?is light is1 z x 71 ab/ract$ f x1 & ! eye sees ! residual col\r1 :i* is gre54 ,a simil> explanation applies to ! %ad[s ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,july ,i 0 jo9$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,?omas ,hir/1 & on ! #ad? we exam9$ toge!r ! end ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,9 =m] times ! :ole volume ( ! ,arveiron escap$ f b5ea? ! ice at ! end ( ! glaci]1 =m+ a f9e ar* at its place ( issue4 ,?is ye> a fraction only ( ! wat] ?us f\nd egress2 ! great] portion ( x escap+ lat]ally f ! glaci] at ! summit ( ! rocks call$ ,les ,mottets1 d[n :i* x tumbl$ 9 a f9e cascade4 ,! vault at ! end ( ! glaci] 0 nev]!less respectable1 & r tempt+ to a travell] 9 se>* ( in=mation reg>d+ ! /ructure ( ! ice4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,nature meant to give me a fri5dly w>n+ at ! outset1 =1 :ile speculat+ z to ! wisdom ( ent]+ ! cav]n1 x sudd5ly gave way1 &1 ) a cra% :i* rivall$ ?und]1 ! ro( /rew$ itself 9 ru9s ^u ! floor4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sunrise ,,at ,,*am\ni4 #aheg4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i _h read ) delight ,col]idge's poem entitl$ ',sunrise 9 ! ,valley ( ,*am\ni1' & to witness 9 all p]fection ! sc5e describ$ by ! poet1 ,i wait$ at ,*am\ni a day long] ?an 0 o!rwise necess>y4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,w$nesday1 ! #ae? ( ,july1 ,i rose be=e ! sun2 ,mont ,blanc & 8 wondr\s /aff ( ,aiguilles 7 )\t a cl\d2 ea/w>d ! sky 0 ( a pale orange :i* gradually %ad$ (f to a k9d ( rosy violet1 & ?is aga9 bl5d$ by imp]ceptible degrees ) ! deep z5i?al blue4 ,! morn+ /> 0 /ill %9+ to ! "r1 & ! moon also turn$ a pale face t[>ds ! ris+ day4 ,! valley 0 full ( music2 f ! adjac5t woods issu$ a gu% ( song1 :ile ! s\nd ( ! ,arve =m$ a suitable bass to ! %rill] melody ( ! birds4 ,! m\nta9 rose = a "t cold & gr&1 ) no app>5t /a9 ^u 8 sn[s4 ,sudd5ly ! sunbeams /ruck 8 cr[n & conv]t$ x into a boss ( gold4 ,= "s "t x rema9$ ! only gild$ summit 9 view1 hold+ communion ) ! dawn :ile all ! o!rs wait$ 9 sil5ce4 ,^!1 9 ! ord] ( _! heights1 came aft]w>ds1 relax+1 z ! sunbeams /ruck ea* 9 succession1 into a blu% & smile4 ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci] ,,des ,,bois4 #aheg4 ,on ! same day we _h our luggage transport$ to ! ,montanv]t1 :ile we clamb]$ along ! lat]al mora9e ( ! glaci] to ! ,*apeau4 ,! rocks alongside ! glaci] 7 beautifully scrat*$ & poli%$1 & ,i paid p>ticul> att5tion to !m1 = ! purpose ( furni%+ myself ) a key to anci5t glaci] action4 ,! sc5e to my "r 0 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ,i _h ev] witness$4 ,along ! entire slope ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois1 ! ice 0 cleft & riv5 into ! mo/ /rik+ & fanta/ic =ms4 ,x _h n yet suff]$ mu* f ! wa/+ influ5ce ( ! summ] wea!r1 b its t[]s & m9>ets sprang f ! g5]al mass ) clean *isell$ outl9es4 ,"s /ood erect1 o!rs lean$1 :ile ! :ite debris1 /rewn "h & !re ov] ! glaci]1 %[$ :]e ! w9try edifices _h fall51 break+ !mselves to pieces1 & gr9d+ ! masses on :i* !y fell to p[d]4 ,"s ( !m gave way dur+ our inspection ( ! place1 & %ook ! valley ) ! rev]b]at$ noise ( _! fall4 ,i endeav\r$ to get ne> !m1 b fail$2 ! *asms at ! m>g9 ( ! glaci] 7 too dang]\s1 & ! /ones re/+ ^u ! heights too loosely pois$ to r5d] p]si/5ce 9 ! attempt excusable4 ,we subsequ5tly cross$ ! glaci] to ! ,montanv]t1 & ,i =mally took up my position !re4 ,! rooms ( ! hotel 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by wood5 p>titions m]ely1 & ?us ! noise ( e>ly ris]s 9 "o room 0 pla9ly he>d 9 ! next4 ,= ! sake ( quiet1 !re=e1 ,i _h my b$ plac$ 9 ! *ateau next door1--a little octagonal build+ erect$ by "s k9d & s5tim5tal ,fr5*man1 & d$icat$ a la ,nature4 ,my ho/ at fir/ demurr$1 ?9k+ ! place n propre1 b ,i insi/$1 & he acquiesc$4 ,true ! /one floor 0 d>k ) moi/ure1 & on ! walls a gli/5+ 0 "h & !re obs]vable1 :i* sugge/$ rheumatism1 & o!r p5alties1 b ,i _h _h no exp]i5ce ( rheumatism1 & tru/$ to ! /r5g? :i* m\nta9 air & ex]cise 7 sure to give me1 = p[] to resi/ its attacks4 ,moreov]1 to dispel "s ( ! humidity1 x 0 agre$ t a l>ge p9e fire %\ld be made !re on necess>y occasions4 ,sid5ote3 ,,qu>t]s ,,at ,,! ,,montanv]t4 #aheg4 ,?\gh s+ul>ly fav\r$ on ! :ole1 /ill our resid5ce at ! ,montanv]t 0 suffici5tly long to give u specim5s ( all k9ds ( wea!r2 & ?us my *ateau d]iv$ an int]e/ f ! mutations ( ext]nal nature4 ,sometimes no brea? di/urb$ ! p]fect s]5ity ( ! night1 & ! moon1 set 9 a black-blue sky1 turn$ a face ( almo/ sup]natural brightness to ! m\nta9s1 :ile 9 h] abs5ce ! ?ick-/rewn />s alone fla%$ & tw9kl$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t air4 ,sometimes dull dank fog *ok$ ! valley1 & heavy ra9 pla%$ ^u ! /ones outside4 ,on two or ?ree occasions we 7 fav\r$ by a ?und]/orm1 e peal ( :i* broke into a hundr$ e*oes1 :ile ! seams ( lightn+ :i* ran ?r\gh ! heav5s produc$ a wond]ful int]mitt5ce ( gloom & gl>e4 ,& z ,i sat )91 mus+ on ! exp]i5ces ( ! day1 ) my p9e logs crackl+1 & ! ruddy fire-light gleam+ ov] ! walls1 & l5d+ animation to ! visages sket*$ ^u !m ) *>coal by ! guides1 ,i felt t my position 0 9 e way wor?y ( a /ud5t ( nature4 ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 7#f47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,riv] ,,( ,,ice4 #aheg4 ,! "n ,m] de ,glace has d\btless l$ _m :o h nev] se5 ?is glaci] to a totally errone\s conception ( its "*4 ,misl$ probably by ?is t]m1 a di/+ui%$ writ]1 = example1 def9es a glaci] to be a %eet ( ice spread out ^u ! slope ( a m\nta92 :]eas ! ,m] de ,glace is inde$ a riv]1 & n a sea ( ice4 ,b c]ta9 =ms ^u its surface1 (t5 notic$ & describ$1 & :i* ,i saw = ! fir/ "t f ! w9d[ ( our hotel on ! morn+ ( ! #af? ( ,july1 sugge/ at once ! orig9 ( ! "n4 ,! glaci] "h has ! appe>ance ( a sea :i*1 aft] x _h be5 toss$ by a /orm1 _h sudd5ly /iff5$ into re/4 ,! ridges ^u its surface accurately resemble waves 9 %ape1 & ?is s+ul> appe>ance is produc$ 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,"s di/ance above ! ,montanv]t--opposite to ! ,e*elets--! glaci]1 9 pass+ d[n an incl9e1 is r5t by deep fissures1 betwe5 ea* two ( :i* a ridge ( ice int]v5es4 ,at fir/ ! edges ( ^! ridges are %>p & angul>1 b !y are soon sculptur$ (f by ! action ( ! sun4 ,! be>+ ( ! ,m] de ,glace be+ approximately nor? & s\?1 ! sun at mid-day %9es d[n ! glaci]1 or r v obliquely across x2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! fronts ( ! ridges1 :i* look d[nw>d1 rema9 9 %ad[ all ! day1 :ile ! backs ( ! ridges1 :i* look up ! glaci]1 meet ! direct /roke ( ! sol> rays4 ,! ridges ?us act$ ^u h _! h9dmo/ angles wa/$ (f & conv]t$ into slopes :i* repres5t ! back ( a wave1 :ile ! opposite sides ( ! ridges1 :i* are protect$ f ! sun1 pres]ve _! /eepness1 & repres5t ! front ( ! wave4 ,fig4 #e w r5d] my mean+ at once pla94 ,sid5ote3 ,,froz5 ,,waves4 #aheg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,wave-l =ms on ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! dott$ l9es are int5d$ to repres5t ?ree ( ! ridges into :i* ! glaci] is divid$1 ) _! int]pos$ fissures2 ! dots repres5t+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! ridges :5 ! glaci] is fir/ brok54 ,! p>allel %ad+ l9es repres5t ! direction ( ! sun's rays1 :i*1 fall+ obliquely ^u ! ridges1 wa/e away ! "r-h& corn]s1 & f9ally produce wave-l =ms4 ,we sp5t a day or two 9 mak+ ! g5]al acqua9tance ( ! glaci]4 ,on ! #af? we asc5d$ till we came to ! rim ( ! ,talefre bas91 f :i* we _h a good view ( ! glaci] sy/em ( ! region4 ,! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! ice 0 a po9t :i* p>ticul>ly int]e/$ me2 & z ,i saw ! expos$ sections ( ! neve1 c\nt$ ! l9es ( /ratification1 & comp>$ ^! ) ! l9es ^u ! ends ( ! second>y glaci]s1 ,i felt ! absolute necessity ei!r ( connect+ ! ve9$ /ructure ) ! /rata by a cont9u\s *a9 ( obs]vations1 or ( prov+ by ocul> evid5ce t !y 7 totally di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,i 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 b no?+ t ,i _h read 0 suffici5t to prove :at ,i requir$4 ,/rictly speak+1 no?+ t _h be5 writt5 ^u ! subject rose above ! doma9 ( op9ion1 :ile ,i felt t )\t absolute demon/ration ! "q w\ld nev] be set at re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,glaci] ,table4 ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci] ,,tables4 #aheg4 ,on ?is day we saw "s f9e glaci] tables2 flat masses ( rock1 rais$ high ^u columns ( ice3 ,fig4 #f is a sket* ( "o ( ! f9e/ ( !m4 ,"s ( !m fell f _! p$e/als :ile we 7 ne> !m1 & ! clean ice-surfaces :i* !y left beh9d sp>kl$ ) m9ute />s z ! small bubbles ( air ruptur$ ! film ( wat] by :i* !y 7 ov]spread4 ,i also notic$ t petit bruit de crepitation1 to :i* ,m4 ,agassiz alludes1 & :i* he ref]s to ! rupture ( ! ice by ! expansion ( ! air-bubbles conta9$ )9 x4 ,:5 ,i fir/ read ,agassiz's acc\nt ( x1 ,i ?\ght x might be produc$ by ! rupture ( ! m9ute air-bubbles :i* incessantly escape f ! glaci]4 ,?is1 d\btless1 produces an effect1 b !re is some?+ 9 ! "* ( ! s\nd to be ref]r$1 ,i ?9k1 to a less obvi\s cause1 :i* ,i %all notice fur!r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fir/ ,,sight ,,( ,,! ,,dirt-,,b&s4 #aheg4 ,at six ,p4,m4 ?is day ,i rea*$ ! ,montanv]t2 & ! same ev5+1 wrapp+ my plaid ar\nd me1 ,i w&]$ up t[>ds ,*>moz1 & f its heights obs]v$1 z !y _h be5 obs]v$ fifte5 ye>s previ\sly by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ! dirt-b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,!y 7 diff]5t f any ,i _h previ\sly se51 & ,i felt a /rong desire to trace !m to _! orig94 ,cont5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! p]=mance ( ! day1 & feel+ heal?ily tir$ by x1 ,i lay d[n ^u ! bilb]ry bu%es & fell asleep4 ,x 0 d>k :5 ,i awoke1 & ,i exp]i5c$ "s difficulty & risk 9 gett+ d[n f ! petty em95ce ref]r$ to4 ,! illum9ation ( ! glaci]1 z rem>k$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 has great influ5ce ^u ! appe>ance ( ! b&s2 !y are be/ se5 9 a subdu$ light1 & ,i ?9k = ! foll[+ reasons3-- ,! dirt-b&s are se5 simply because !y s5d less light to ! eye ?an ! clean] portions ( ! glaci] :i* lie betwe5 !m2 two surfaces1 diff]5tly illum9at$1 are pres5t$ to ! eye1 & x is f\nd t ?is diff]5ce is m obs]vable :5 ! light is t ( ev5+ ?an :5 x is t ( noon4 ,x is only )9 c]ta9 limits t ! eye is able to p]ceive diff]5ces ( int5sity 9 diff]5t lights2 beyond a c]ta9 int5sity1 if ,i may use ! expression1 light ceases to be light1 & becomes m]e pa94 ,! nak$ eye c detect no diff]5ce 9 brightness betwe5 ! electric light & ! lime light1 al?\gh1 :5 we come to /rict measurem5t1 ! =m] may possess _m times ! int5sity ( ! latt]4 ,x foll[s f ?is t we might r$uce ! ord9>y electric light to a fraction ( its int5sity1 )\t any p]ceptible *ange ( brightness to ! nak$ eye :i* looks at x4 ,b if we r$uce ! lime light 9 ! same proportion ! effect w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,?is light lies mu* ne>] to ! limit at :i* ! eye c appreciate diff]5ces ( brightness1 & its r$uction might br+ x q )9 ?is limit1 & make x s5sibly dimm] ?an be=e4 ,h5ce we see t :5 two s\rces ( int5se light are pres5t$ to ! eye1 by r$uc+ bo? ! lights 9 ! same proportion1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m may become m p]ceptible4 ,sid5ote3 ,,b&s ,,se5 ,,be/ ,,by ,,twilight4 #aheg4 ,n[ ! dirt-b&s & ! spaces betwe5 !m resemble1 9 "s measure1 ! two lights above m5tion$4 ,by ! full gl>e ( noon bo? are s /rongly illum9at$ t ! diff]5ce :i* ! eye p]ceives is v small2 z ! ev5+ advances ! light ( bo? is l[]$ 9 ! same proportion1 b ! diff]5tial effect ^u ! eye is !reby augm5t$1 & ! b&s are consequ5tly m cle>ly se54 7#g47 ,on ,friday1 ! #ag? ( ,july1 we comm5c$ our measurem5ts4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! possession ( an excell5t five-in* !odolite1 an in/rum5t ) ! use ( :i* bo? my fri5d ,hir/ & myself 7 p]fectly famili>4 ,we work$ 9 conc]t = a few days to famili>ize our assi/ant ) ! mode ( proce$+1 b aft]w>ds x 0 my cu/om to simply det]m9e ! position :]e a measurem5t 0 to be made1 & to leave ! execution ( x entirely to ,mr4 ,hir/ & our guide4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,july ,i made a long excursion up ! glaci]1 exam9+ ! mora9es1 ! crevasses1 ! /ructure1 ! m\l9s1 & ! dis9tegration ( ! surface4 ,i 0 accompani$ by a boy nam$ ,ed\>d ,balmat1,a & f\nd him s good an iceman t ,i 0 induc$ to take him ) me on ! foll[+ day also4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,cleft ,,/ation4 #aheg4 ,look+ upw>ds f ! ,montanv]t to ! left ( ! ,aiguille de ,*>moz1 a s+ul> gap is obs]v$ 9 ! rocky m\nta9 wall1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* /&s a deta*$ column ( granite4 ,bo? cleft & pill> are %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 to ! "r4 ,! em95ce to ! left ( ?is gap is signalis$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes z "o ( ! be/ /ations f :i* to view ! ,m] de ,glace1 & ?is po9t1 :i* ,i %all ref] to h]eaft] z ! ,cleft ,/ation1 x 0 n[ my desire to atta94 ,f ! ,montanv]t side a /eep gully leads to ! cleft2 up ?is c\loir we propos$ to try ! asc5t4 ,at a consid]able height above ! ,m] de ,glace1 & closely hugg+ ! base ( ! ,aiguille de ,*>moz1 is ! small ,glaci] de ,t5due1 %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 & f :i* a /eep slope /ret*es d[n to ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,?is ,t5due is ! mo/ talkative glaci] ,i h ev] kn[n2 ! clatt] ( ! small /ones :i* fall f x is incessant4 ,huge masses ( granite also frequ5tly fall ^u ! glaci] f ! cliffs above x1 &1 be+ sl[ly borne d[nw>ds by ! mov+ ice1 are at l5g? se5 toppl+ above ! t]m9al face ( ! glaci]4 ,! ice :i* supports !m be+ gradually melt$1 !y are at l5g? und]m9$1 & s5t b\nd+ d[n ! slope ) peal & rattle1 accord+ z ! masses among :i* !y move are l>ge or small4 ,! space b5ea? ! glaci] is cumb]$ ) blocks ?us s5t d[n2 "s ( !m ( enorm\s size4 ,sid5ote3 ,,r\gh ,,asc5t4 #aheg4 ,! dang] aris+ f ?is int]mitt5t cannonade1 ?\gh 9 reality small1 has caus$ ! guides to sw]ve f ! pa? :i* =m]ly l$ across ! slope to ! promontory ( ,trelaporte4 ,i say small1 because1 ev5 %\ld a rock *oose ! precise mom5t at :i* a travell] is pass+ to leap d[n1 ! b\ld]s at h& are s l>ge & s capable ( be>+ a %ock t ! lea/ pres5ce ( m9d w\ld be suffici5t to place him 9 safety4 ,b pres5ce ( m9d is n to be calculat$ on "u su* circum/ances1 & h5ce ! guides 7 "r to ab&on ! pa?4 ,rea*+ ! m\? ( our gully aft] a r\gh asc5t1 we took to ! sn[1 in/ead ( climb+ ! adjac5t rocks4 ,x 0 moi/ & s(t1 9 fact 9 a condition altoge!r fav\rable = ! regelation ( its granules4 ,z ! foot press$ ^u x ! p>ticles became cem5t$ toge!r4 ,a portion ( ! pressure 0 transmitt$ lat]ally1 :i* produc$ atta*m5ts beyond ! b\nd>y ( ! foot2 ?us z ! latt] sank1 x press$ ^u a surface :i* became cont9ually wid] & m rigid1 & at l5g? suffici5tly /rong to be> ! entire weight ( ! body2 ! press$ sn[ =m$ 9 fact a virtual camel's foot1 :i* soon plac$ a limit to ! s9k+4 ,x is ?is same pr9ciple ( regelation :i* enables m5 to cross sn[ bridges 9 safety4 ,by g5tle cauti\s pressure ! loose granules ( ! sub/ance are cem5t$ into a cont9u\s mass1 all sudd5 %ocks :i* might cause ! froz5 surfaces to snap asund] be+ avoid$4 ,9 ?is way an ar* ( sn[ fifte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 ?ickness may be r5d]$ s firm t a man w cross x1 al?\gh x may span a *asm "o hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,z we asc5d$1 ! incl9e became v /eep1 & once or twice we div]g$ f ! sn[ to ! adjac5t rocks2 ^! 7 dis9tegrat$1 & ! slighte/ di/urbance 0 suffici5t to br+ !m d[n2 "s fell1 & f "o ( !m ,i f\nd x a little difficult to escape2 = x graz$ my leg1 inflict+ a slight w\nd z x pass$4 ,j be=e rea*+ ! cleft at :i* we aim$1 ! sn[ = a %ort di/ance 0 exce$+ly /eep1 b we surm\nt$ x2 & ,i sat = a "t beside ! granite pill>1 pleas$ to f9d t ,i c\ld p]mit my legs to dangle ov] a precipice )\t prejudice to my head4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*amois ,,on ,,! ,,m\nta9s4 #aheg4 ,:ile we rema9$ "h a *amois made its appe>ance ^u ! rocks above u4 ,deem+ itself too ne>1 x climb$ high]1 & !n turn$ r\nd to wat* u4 ,x 0 soon jo9$ by a second1 & ! two =m$ a v pretty picture3 _! attitudes frequ5tly *ang$1 b !y 7 always graceful2 ) head erect & horns curv$ back1 a light limb ?r[n =w>d ^u a l$ge ( rock1 look+ t[>ds u ) wild & e>ne/ gaze1 ea* seem$ a type ( fre$om & agility4 ,turn+ n[ to ! left1 we attack$ ! granite t[]1 f :i* we purpos$ to scan ! glaci]1 & 7 soon ^u its top4 ,my companion 0 greatly pleas$--he 0 tres-cont5t to h rea*$ ! place--he felt assur$ t _m old guides w\ld h retreat$ f t ugly gully1 ) its %ift+ %+le & debris1 & 8 elation rea*$ its climax 9 ! decl>ation t1 if ,i resolv$ to asc5d ,mont ,blanc )\t a guide1 he 0 will+ to accompany me4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,! ,,/ation4 #aheg4 ,f ! position :i* we _h atta9$1 ! prospect 0 exce$+ly f9e1 bo? ( ! glaci]s & ( ! m\nta9s4 ,beside u 0 ! ,aiguille de ,*>moz1 pi]c+ ) its spikes ( granite ! cle> air4 ,to my m9d x is "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! ,aiguilles1 noble 9 mass1 ) its summits s+ul>ly cleft & spl9t]$4 ,9 "s atmosph]ic col\r+s x has ! exact appe>ance ( a m\nta9 ( ca/ copp]1 & ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( its highe/ p9nacles are b5t1 sugge/+ ! idea ( ductility1 gives /r5g? to ! illusion t ! mass is metallic4 ,at ! opposite side ( ! glaci] 0 ! ,aiguille ,v]te1 ) a cl\d pois$ ^u its po9t3 x has long be5 ! ambition ( climb]s to scale ?is peak1 & on ?is day x 0 attempt$ by a "y ,fr5* c\nt ) a long ret9ue ( guides4 ,he _h n fair play1 = be=e we quitt$ our position we he>d ! rumble ( ?und] ^u ! m\nta91 :i* indicat$ ! pres5ce ( a foe m t]rible ?an ! avalan*es !mselves4 ,high] to ! "r1 & also at ! opposite side ( ! glaci]1 rose ! ,aiguille du ,mo9e2 & beyond 0 ! bas9 ( ! ,talefre1 ! ice cascade issu+ f :i* appe>$1 f our position1 l ! foam ( a wat]fall4 ,!n came ! ,aiguille de ,le*aud1 ! ,petite ,jorasse1 ! ,gr&e ,jorasse1 & ! ,mont ,tacul2 all ( :i* =m a cradle = ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud4 ,mont ,mallet1 ! ,p]iades1 & ! ,aiguille ,noire1 came next1 & !n ! s+ul> obelisk ( ! ,aiguille du ,geant1 f :i* a s]rat$ edge ( cliff desc5ds to ! summit ( ! ,col4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s]acs ,,( ,,! ,,col ,,du ,,geant4 #aheg4 ,ov] ! slopes ( ! ,col du ,geant 0 spread a cov]let ( %9+ sn[1 at "s places app>5tly z smoo? z poli%$ m>ble1 at o!rs brok5 s z to =m precipices1 on ! pale blue faces ( :i* ! horizontal l9es ( b$d+ 7 beautifully drawn4 ,z ! eye approa*es ! l9e :i* /ret*es f ! ,rognon to ! ,aiguille ,noire1 ! repose ( ! neve becomes m & m di/urb$4 ,va/ *asms are =m$1 :i* h[ev] are /ill m]ely indicative ( ! tr\ble 9 advance4 ,if ! glaci] 7 lift$ (f we %\ld probably see t ! l9e j ref]r$ to w\ld lie along ! summit ( a /eep gorge2 ov] ?is summit ! glaci] is pu%$1 & has its back p]iodically brok51 ?us =m+ va/ transv]se ridges :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession d[n ! slope4 ,at ! summit ^! ridges are (t5 cleft by fissures transv]se to !m1 ?us =m+ deta*$ t[]s ( ice ( ! mo/ picturesque & impos+ "*4,b ,^! t[]s (t5 fall2 & :ile "s are caught ^u ! plat=ms ( ! cascade1 o!rs /ruggle ) ! sl[ en]gy ( a behemo? ?r\gh ! debris :i* opposes !m1 rea* ! edges ( ! precipices :i* rise 9 succession along ! fall1 leap ov]1 &1 amid ice-smoke & ?und]-peals1 fight _! way d[nw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci] ,,motion4 #aheg4 ,a great numb] ( second>y glaci]s 7 9 sight hang+ on ! /eep slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 & f !m /reams sp$ d[nw>ds1 fall+ ov] ! rocks1 & fill+ ! valley ) a l[ ri* music4 ,9 front ( me1 = example1 0 ! ,glaci] du ,mo9e1 & ,i c\ld n help feel+ z ,i look$ at x1 t ! argum5ts drawn f ! deportm5t ( su* glaci]s aga9/ ! slid+ !ory1 & :i* are /ill repeat$ 9 works ^u ! ,alps1 militate j z /rongly aga9/ ! visc\s !ory4 ,h[1 dem&s ! antagoni/ ( ! slid+ !ory1 c a second>y glaci] exi/ ^u s /eep a slope8 :y does x n slide d[n z an avalan*e8 ,b h[1 ! p]son address$ may retort1 c a mass :i* y assume to be visc\s exi/ "u simil> conditions8 ,if x be visc\s1 :at prev5ts x f roll+ d[n8 ,! slid+ !ory assumes ! lubrication ( ! b$ ( ! glaci]1 b on ?is cold height ! quantity melt$ is too small to lubricate ! b$1 & h5ce ! sl[ motion ( ^! glaci]s4 ,?us a slid+-!ory man might reason1 &1 if ! ext]nal deportm5t ( second>y glaci]s 7 to decide ! "q1 ,de ,saussure might p]haps h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ,& ) reg>d to ! curr5t idea1 orig9at$ by ,m4 de ,*>p5ti]1 & adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 t if a glaci] slides x mu/ slide z an avalan*e1 x may be simply retort$ t1 9 "p1 x does s2 b if x be ass]t$ t an accel]at$ motion is ! necess>y motion ( an avalan*e1 ! /atem5t ne$s qualification4 ,an avalan*e on pass+ ?r\gh a r\gh c\loir soon atta9s a uni=m velocity--its motion be+ accel]at$ only up to ! po9t :5 ! sum ( ! resi/ances act+ ^u x is equal to ! =ce draw+ x d[nw>ds4 ,^! resi/ances are furni%$ by ! numb]less asp]ities :i* ! mass enc\nt]s1 & :i* incessantly *eck its desc5t1 & r5d] an accumulation ( motion impossible4 ,! motion ( a man walk+ d[n /airs may be on ! :ole uni=m1 b x is really made up ( an aggregate ( small motions1 ea* ( :i* is accel]at$2 & x is easy to conceive h[ a glaci] mov+ ov] an unev5 b$1 :5 releas$ f "o oppos+ ob/acle w be *eck$ by ano!r1 & its motion ?us r5d]$ s5sibly uni=m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mora9es4 #aheg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tribut>ies ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 #aheg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,tribut>ies ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,f ! ,aiguille du ,geant & ,les ,p]iades a glaci] desc5d$1 :i* 0 sep>at$ by ! promontory ( ,la ,noire f ! glaci] proce$+ f ! ,col du ,geant4 ,a small mora9e 0 =m$ betwe5 !m1 :i* is m>k$ a ^u ! diagram1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! great mass ( ! glaci] desc5d+ f ! ,col du ,geant came next1 & ?is 0 b\nd$ on ! side ne>e/ to ,trelaporte by a small mora9e b1 ! orig9 ( :i* ,i c\ld n see1 its upp] portion be+ %ut out by a m\nta9 promontory4 ,betwe5 ! mora9e b & ! actual side ( ! valley 0 ano!r little glaci]1 d]iv$ f "s ( ! lat]al tribut>ies4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! mora9es a & b t ! great mass ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant really lay4 ,at ! promontory ( ! ,tacul ! lat]al mora9es ( ! ,glaci] des ,p]iades & ( ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud unit$ to =m ! m$ial mora9e c ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,c>ry+ ! eye across ! ,le*aud1 we _h ! mora9e d =m$ by ! union ( ! lat]al mora9es ( ! ,le*aud & ,talefre2 fur!r to ! left 0 ! mora9e e1 :i* came f ! ,j>d91 & beyond x 0 ! second lat]al mora9e ( ! ,talefre4 ,! ,m] de ,glace is =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! :ole ( ! glaci]s "h nam$2 be+ =c$ at ,trelaporte ?r\gh a passage1 ! wid? ( :i* appe>s consid]ably less ?an t ( ! s+le tribut>y1 ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,9 ! ice ne> ,trelaporte ! blue ve9s ( ! glaci] are beautifully %[n2 b !y v>y 9 di/9ctness accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are look$ at4 ,:5 reg>d$ obliquely _! col\r is n s pron\nc$ z :5 ! vision plunges deeply into !m4 ,! wea!r$ ice ( ! surface ne> ,trelaporte c\ld be clov5 ) great facility2 ,i c\ld ) ease obta9 plates ( x a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & possess+ two squ>e feet ( surface4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,july ,i foll[$ ! ve9s sev]al times f side to side across ! ,geant portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 />t+ f "o side1 & walk+ along ! ve9s1 my r\te 0 direct$ obliquely d[nw>ds t[>ds ! axis ( ! tribut>y4 ,at ! axis ,i 0 =c$ to turn1 9 ord] to keep along ! ve9s1 & n[ asc5d$ along a l9e :i* =m$ ne>ly ! same angle ) ! axis at ! o!r side4 ,?us ! ve9s l$ me z x 7 along ! two sides ( a triangle1 ! v]tex ( :i* 0 ne> ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,! v]tex 01 h[ev]1 9 reality r\nd$ (f1 & ! figure r resembl$ a hyp]bola1 :i* t5d$ to co9cid5ce ) its asymptotes4 ,?is obs]vation corroborates ^? ( ,pr(essor ,=bes ) reg>d to ! position ( ! ve9s1 &1 l him1 ,i f\nd t at ! c5tre ! ve9+1 ^: normal direction w\ld be transv]se to ! glaci]1 0 contort$ & confus$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,wa/+ ,,( ,,ice4 #aheg4 ,ne> ! side ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 above ! promontory ( ,trelaporte1 ! ice is r5t 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,look+ upw>ds f ! l[] portions ( ! glaci]1 a s]ies ( v]tical walls1 ris+ app>5tly "o above ! o!r1 face ! obs]v]4 ,i clamb]$ up among ^! s+ul> t]races1 & n[ recognise1 bo? f my sket* & memory1 t _! peculi> =ms are due to ! same action z t :i* has giv5 _! %ape to ! bill[s ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,a s]ies ( pr(\nd crevasses is fir/ =m$4 ,! ,glaci] du ,geant deviates #ad deg4 f ! m]idian l9e1 & h5ce ! sun %9es ne>ly d[n x dur+ ! middle portion ( ea* day4 ,! backs ( ! ridges betwe5 ! crevasses are ?us r\nd$ (f1 "o b\nd>y ( ea* fissure is de/roy$1 or at lea/ becomes a m]e /eep declivity1 :ile ! o!r b\nd>y be+ %ad$ f ! sun pres]ves its v]ticality2 & ?us a v curi\s s]ies ( precipices is =m$4 ,?r\gh all ?is dislocation1 ! little mora9e on :i* ,i h plac$ ! lett] b 9 ! sket* ma9ta9s its "r to exi/5ce1 & "u x ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ?is portion ( ! glaci] appe>s to rea* its mo/ p]fect developm5t4 ,! mora9e 0 g5]ally a m]e dirt track1 b "o or two imm5se blocks ( granite 7 p]*$ ^u x4 ,i exam9$ ! ice und]nea? "o ( ^!1 be+ desir\s ( see+ :e!r ! pressure result+ f its enorm\s weight w\ld produce a ve9+1 b ! result 0 n satisfactory4 ,ve9s 7 c]ta9ly to be se5 9 directions diff]5t f ! normal ones1 b :e!r !y 7 due to ! b5d+ ( ! latt]1 or 7 directly ow+ to ! pressure ( ! block1 ,i c\ld n say4 ,! sides ( a /ream :i* _h cut a deep gorge 9 ! clean ice ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant af=d$ a f9e opportunity ( obs]v+ ! /ructure4 ,x 0 v rem>kable--highly significant inde$ 9 a !oretic po9t ( view4 ,two long & rem>kably deep blue ve9s trav]s$ ! bottom ( ! /ream1 & b5d+ upw>ds at a place :]e ! rivulet curv$1 drew !mselves l a pair ( p>allel l9es ^u ! clean :ite ice4 ,b ! g5]al /ructure 0 ( a totally diff]5t "*2 x did n consi/ ( long b>s1 b approximat$ to ! l5ticul> =m1 & 01 moreov]1 ( a wa%y pal5ess1 :i* sc>cely exce$$ 9 dep? ( col\r+ ! :iti% ice ar\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,grooves ,,on ,,! ,,surface4 #aheg4 ,to ! inve/igator ( ! /ructure no?+ c be f9] ?an ! appe>ance ( ! glaci] f "o ( ! ice t]races cut 9 ! ,glaci] du ,geant by its passage r\nd ,trelaporte4 ,z f> z ! vision ext5d$ ! dirt ^u ! surface ( ! ice 0 arrang$ 9 /riae4 ,^! /riae 7 n always /raight l9es1 nor 7 !y unbrok5 curves4 ,)9 slight limits ! v>i\s p>ts into :i* a glaci] is cut up by its crevasses enjoy a k9d ( indep5d5t motion4 ,! grooves1 = example1 on two ridges :i* h be5 sep>at$ by a small fissure1 may "o day h _! /riae p]fect cont9uations ( ea* o!r1 b 9 a %ort "t ?is id5tity ( direction may be de/roy$ by a diff]5ce ( motion betwe5 ! ridges4 ,?us x is t ! grooves ^u ! surface above ,trelaporte are b5t hi!r & ?i!r1 a crack or seam always m>k+ ! po9t :]e _! cont9uity is ruptur$4 ,?is b5d+ occurs1 h[ev]1 )9 limits suffici5tly small to enable ! /riae to pres]ve ! same g5]al direction4 ,sid5ote3 ,,seams ,,( ,,:ite ,,ice4 #aheg4 ,my att5tion _h (t5 be5 attract$ ?is day by project+ masses ( :at at fir/ appe>$ to be pure :ite sn[1 ris+ 9 seams above ! g5]al surface ( ! glaci]4 ,on exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd !m to be compact ice1 fill$ ) innum]able air-cells1 & s resi/ant z to ma9ta9 itself 9 "s places at a height ( f\r feet above ! g5]al level4 ,:5 among/ ! ridges !y appe>$ discont9u\s & confus$1 be+ scatt]$ app>5tly at r&om ov] ! glaci]2 b :5 view$ f a suffici5t di/ance1 ! deta*$ p>ts %[$ !mselves to belong to a sy/em ( :ite seams :i* swept q across ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 9 a direction conc5tric ) ! /ructure4 ,unable to acc\nt = ^! s+ul> seams1 ,i climb$ up among ! tribut>y glaci]s on ! ,rognon side ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 & rema9$ !re until ! sun sank beh9d ! neighb\r+ peaks1 & ! fad+ light w>n$ me t x 0 "t to return4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,le petit ,balmat my ho/ always call$ him4 ,b ,to su* t[]s ! "n ,s]acs is appli$4 ,9 ! *alets ( ,savoy1 aft] ! ri*] curd has be5 precipitat$ by r5net1 a /rong] acid is us$ to ?r[ d[n :at rema9s2 an inf]ior k9d ( *eese call$ ,s]ac is ?us =m$1 ! %ape & col\r ( :i* h sugge/$ ! application ( ! t]m to ! cubical masses ( ice4 7#h47 ,e>ly on ! foll[+ day ,i 0 aga9 ^u ! ice4 ,i fir/ conf9$ myself to ! "r side ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 & f\nd t ! ve9s ( :ite ice :i* ,i _h notic$ on ! previ\s day 7 exclusively conf9$ to ?is glaci]1 or to ! space betwe5 ! mora9es a & b 7,fig4 #g71 b5d+ up s t ! mora9e a betwe5 ! ,glaci] du ,geant & ! ,glaci] des ,p]iades 0 tang5t to !m4 ,at a good di/ance up ! glaci] ,i enc\nt]$ a consid]able /ream ru%+ across x almo/ f side to side4 ,i foll[$ ! rivulet1 exam9+ ! sections :i* x expos$4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t ?ree o!r /reams unit$1 & =m$ at _! place ( conflu5ce a small gre5 lake4 ,f ?is a rivulet ru%$1 :i* 0 jo9$ by ! /ream ^: track ,i _h pursu$1 & at ?is place ( junction a second gre5 lake 0 =m$1 f :i* fl[$ a /ream equal 9 volume to ! sum ( all ! tribut>ies4 ,x ent]$ a crevasse1 & took ! bottom ( ! fissure = its b$4 ,/&+ at ! entrance ( ! *asm1 a l[ muffl$ ?und] res\nd+ ?r\gh ! valley attract$ my att5tion4 ,i foll[$ ! crevasse1 :i* deep5$ & n>r[$1 &1 by ! blue light ( ! ice1 c\ld see ! /ream gamboll+ along its bottom1 & fla%+ z x jump$ ov] ! l$ges :i* x enc\nt]$ 9 its way4 ,! fissure at l5g? came to an end3 plac+ a foot on ea* side ( x1 & )hold+ ! /rong] light f my eyes1 ,i look$ d[n betwe5 its %9+ walls1 & saw ! /ream plunge into a %aft :i* c>ri$ x to ! bottom ( ! glaci]4 ,sl[ly1 & 9 zigzag fa%ion1 z ! crevasses dem&$1 ,i cont9u$ to asc5d1 sometimes climb+ va/ humps ( ice f :i* good views ( ! surr\nd+ glaci] 7 obta9$2 sometimes hidd5 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! humps1 9 :i* also gre5 glaci] t>ns 7 (t5 =m$1 v lonely & v beautiful4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,lake ,,set ,,free4 #aheg4 ,:ile /&+ beside "o ( ^!1 & wat*+ ! mov+ cl\ds :i* x fai?fully mirror$1 ,i he>d ! s\nd ( :at appe>$ to be a desc5d+ avalan*e1 b ! "t ( its cont9uance surpris$ me4 ,look+ ?r\gh my op]a-glass 9 ! direction ( ! s\nd1 ,i saw issu+ f ! end ( a second>y glaci] on ! ,tacul side a torr5t ( :at appe>$ to me to be /ones & mud4 ,i c\ld see ! /ones & f9] debris jump+ d[n ! declivities1 & %ap+ !mselves into s+ul> cascades4 ,! noise cont9u$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 aft] :i* ! torr5t rapidly dim9i%$1 until1 at l5g?1 ! ord9>y little /ream due to ! melt+ ( ! glaci] alone rema9$4 ,a subglacial lake _h bur/ its b\nd>y1 & c>ri$ along ) x 9 its ru% d[nw>ds ! debris :i* x met ) 9 its c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,,impressive ,,sc5e4 #aheg4 ,9 "s places ,i f\nd ! crevasses difficult1 ! ice be+ split 9 a v s+ul> mann]4 ,va/ plates ( x n m ?an a foot 9 ?ickness 7 sometimes deta*$ f ! sides ( ! crevasses1 & /ood alone4 ,i 0 n[ approa*+ ! base ( ! s]acs1 & ! glaci] ar\nd me /ill reta9$ a portion ( ! turbul5ce ( ! cascade4 ,i halt$ at times amid ! ru9 & confusion1 & exam9$ ) my glass ! cascade itself4 ,x 0 a wild & wond]ful sc5e1 sugge/+ ?roes ( spasmodic en]gy1 ?\gh1 9 reality1 all its dislocation _h be5 sl[ly & gradually produc$4 ,true1 ! /ratifi$ blocks :i* "h & !re cumb]$ ! t]races sugge/$ debacles1 b ^! 7 local & p>tial1 & did n affect ! g5]al "q4 ,!re is sc>cely a case ( geological di/urbance :i* c\ld n be mat*$ ) its analogue ^u ! glaci]s1--contortions1 faults1 fissures1 jo9ts1 & dislocations1--b 9 ! case ( ! ice we c prove ! effects to be due to sl[ly-act+ causes2 h[ reasonable is x !n to ascribe to ! op]ation ( simil> causes1 :i* h _h an incomp>ably long] "t to "w1 _m geological effects :i* at fir/ sight might sugge/ sudd5 convulsion6 ,w&]+ sl[ly upw>ds1 successive po9ts ( attraction draw+ me almo/ unconsci\sly on1 ,i f\nd myself z ! day 0 decl9+ deep 9 ! entanglem5ts ( ! ice4 ,a %[] comm5c$1 & a spl5did ra9b[ ?rew an oblique ar* across ! glaci]4 ,i 0 q alone2 ! sc5e 0 exce$+ly impressive1 & ! possibility ( difficulties on :i* ,i _h n calculat$ int]v5+ betwe5 me & ! l[] glaci]1 gave a t+e ( anxiety to my position4 ,i turn$ t[>ds home2 cross$ "s bosses ( ice & r\nd$ o!rs2 ,i foll[$ ! tracks ( /reams :i* 7 v irregul> on ?is portion ( ! glaci]1 b5d+ hi!r & ?i!r1 ru%+ ?r\gh deep-cut *annels1 fall+ 9 cascades & exp&+ "h & !re to deep gre5 lakes2 !y (t5 plung$ into ! dep?s ( ! ice1 fl[$ "u x ) holl[ gurgle1 & reappe>$ at "s di/ant po9t4 ,i ?read$ my way cauti\sly amid sy/ems ( crevasses1 scatt]+ ) my axe1 to secure a foot+1 ! rott5 ice ( ! %>p] cre/s1 :i* fell ) a r++ s\nd into ! *asms at ei!r side4 ,/range subglacial noises 7 sometimes he>d1 z if cav]ns exi/$ und]nea?1 into :i* blocks ( ice fell at int]vals1 transmitt+ ! %ock ( _! fall ) a dull boom to ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,by ! /eady surm\nt+ ( difficulties "o aft] ano!r1 ,i at l5g? plac$ !m all beh9d me1 & aft]w>ds ha/5$ swiftly along ! glaci] to my m\nta9 home4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*am\ni ,,rules4 #aheg4 ,on ! #cj? incessant ra9 conf9$ u to indoor "w2 on ! #ca/ we det]m9$ ! velocity ) :i* ! glaci] is =c$ ?r\gh ! entrance ( ! trunk valley at ,trelaporte1 & also ! motion ( ! ,gr& ,m\l94 ,we also det]m9$ bo? ! velocity & ! wid? ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,! #a/ ( ,augu/ 0 sp5t by me at ! cascade ( ! ,talefre1 exam9+ ! /ructure1 crumpl+1 & scal+ (f ( ! ice4 ,f9d+ t ! rules at ,*am\ni put an unpleasant limit to my dem&s on my guide ,simond1 ,i visit$ ! ,guide ,*ef on ! #bnd ( ,augu/1 & expla9$ to him ! object ( my exp$ition1 po9t+ out ! inconv5i5ce :i* a rigid application ( ! rules made = t\ri/s w\ld impose ^u me4 ,he _h !n ! good s5se to ackn[l$ge ! reasonabl5ess ( my rem>ks1 & to grant me ! lib]ty ,i reque/$4 ,! #crd ( ,augu/ 0 employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! velocity & wid? ( ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud1 & 9 obs]vations on ! lam9ation ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,j>d94 #aheg4 ,,! ,,j>d94 7#i47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,res]voir ,,( ,,ice4 #aheg4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/1 ) a view ( comm5c+ a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! incl9ations ( ! ,m] de ,glace & its tribut>ies1 we _h our !odolite transport$ to ! ,j>d91 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 lies l an isl& 9 ! middle ( ! ,glaci] du ,talefre4 ,we rea*$ ! place by ! usual r\te1 & f\nd "s t\ri/s repos+ on ! s(t gre5 sw>d :i* cov]s ! l[] portion1 & to :i*1 & ! fl[]s :i* spangle x1 ! place owes its "n4 ,t[>ds ! summit ( ! ,j>d91 a rock jutt$ =w>d1 app>5tly ! v apex ( ! place1 or at lea/ hid+ by its prom95ce ev]y?+ t might exi/ beh9d x2 leav+ our guide ) ! in/rum5t1 we aim$ at ?is1 & soon left ! grass & fl[]s beh9d u4 ,/epp+ amid brok5 fragm5ts ( rock1 along slopes ( granite1 ) fat felsp> cry/als :i* gave ! boots a hold1 & cross+ at int]vals pat*es ( sn[1 :i* cont9u$ /ill to *all5ge ! summ] heat1 ,i at l5g? f\nd myself ^u ! peak ref]r$ to2 &1 al?\gh x 0 n ! highe/1 ! unimp$$ view :i* x comm&$ induc$ me to get a/ride x4 ,! ,j>d9 0 completely encircl$ by ! ice ( ! glaci]1 & ?is 0 held 9 a m\nta9 bas91 :i* 0 b\nd$ all r\nd by a gr& & cliffy rim4 ,! outl9e ( ! d>k br[n crags--a deeply s]rat$ & irregul> l9e--0 =cibly drawn aga9/ ! blue heav51 & /ill m /rongly aga9/ "s :ite & fleecy cl\ds :i* lay "h & !re beh9d x2 :ile deta*$ spe>s & pill>s ( rock1 sculptur$ by fro/ & lightn+1 /ood l a k9d ( defac$ /atu>y along ! ridge4 ,all r\nd ! bas9 ! sn[ re>$ itself l a buttress aga9/ ! precipit\s cliffs1 be+ /reak$ & flut$ by ! desc5t ( blocks f ! summits4 ,?is mighty tub is ! collector ( "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 its greate/ diamet] is #dbjj y>ds1 & out ( x ! half-=m$ ice is squeez$ ?r\gh a precipit\s gorge ab\t #gjj y>ds wide1 =m+ !re ! ice cascade ( ! ,talefre4 ,b\nd$ on "o side by ! ,gr&e ,jorasse1 & on ! o!r by ,mont ,mallet1 ! pr9cipal tribut>y ( ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud lay :ite & pure ^u ! m\nta9 slope4 ,r\nd fur!r to ! "r we _h ! va/ plateau :5ce ! ,glaci] du ,geant is f$1 f5c$ on ! left by ! ,aiguille du ,geant & ! ,aiguille ,noire1 & on ! "r by ! ,monts ,maudits & ,mont ,blanc4 ,! sc5e 0 a truly maje/ic "o4 ,! mighty ,aiguilles pi]c+ ! sea ( air1 ! s(t :ite cl\ds float+ "h & !re beh9d !m2 ! %9+ sn[ ) its /rip$ faults & precipices2 ! deep blue firmam5t ov]head2 ! peals ( avalan*es & ! s\nd ( wat]2--all conspir$ to r5d] ! sc5e glori\s1 & our enjoym5t ( x deep4 ,a voice f above hail$ me z ,i mov$ f my p]*2 x 0 my fri5d1 :o _h f\nd a lodgm5t ^u ! edge ( a rock :i* 0 q deta*$ f ! ,j>d91 be+ ! fir/ to lift its head 9 opposition to ! desc5d+ neve4 ,mak+ a det\r r\nd a /eep concave slope ( ! glaci]1 ,i rea*$ ! flat summit ( ! rock4 ,! end ( a ridge ( ice abutt$ aga9/ x1 :i* 0 split & b5t by ! pressure s z to =m a k9d ( ar*4 ,i cut /eps 9 ! ice1 & asc5d$ until ,i got b5ea? ! azure ro(4 ,innum]able little rills ( pellucid wat] desc5d$ f x4 ,"s came /raight d[n1 cle> = a "t1 & app>5tly motionless1 rapidly tap]+ at fir/1 & m sl[ly aft]w>ds1 until1 at ! po9t ( maximum contraction1 !y resolv$ !mselves into /r+s ( liquid pe>ls :i* patt]$ aga9/ ! ice floor und]nea?4 ,o!rs aga91 ow+ to ! directions ( ! little /reamlets ( :i* !y 7 con/itut$1 =m$ spiral figures ( great beauty3 "o liquid ve9 w\nd itself r\nd ano!r1 =m+ a spiral protub]ance1 & ow+ to ! c5trifugal motion ?us imp>t$1 ! ve91 at its place ( rupture1 scatt]$ itself lat]ally 9 little liquid sph]ules4,a ,ev5 at ?is great elevation ! /ructure ( ! ice 0 fairly develop$1 n ) ! %>pness to be obs]v$ l[] d[n1 b /ill p]fectly decid$4 ,blue b&s cross$ ! ridge ( ice to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 at "r angles to ! direction ( ! pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mora9es ,,( ,,! ,,talefre4 #aheg4 ,i desc5d$1 & f\nd my fri5d b5ea? an ov]hang+ rock4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds a peal l t ( ?und] %ook ! air1 & "r 9 front ( u an avalan*e d>t$ d[n ! br[n cliffs1 !n along a /eep slope ( sn[ :i* re>$ itself aga9/ ! m\nta9 wall1 c>ry+ ) x ! debris ( ! rocks ov] :i* x pass$1 until x f9ally lay a mass ( sulli$ rubbi% at ! base ( ! incl9e3 ! :ole surface ( ! ,talefre is ?us soil$4 ,ano!r peal 0 he>d imm$iately aft]w>ds1 b ! avalan*e :i* caus$ x 0 hidd5 f u by a rocky promontory4 ,f ?is same promontory ! great] portion ( ! m$ial mora9e :i* desc5ds ! cascade ( ! ,talefre is d]iv$1 =m+ at fir/ a gracefully w9d+ curve1 & aft]w>ds /ret*+ /raight to ! summit ( ! fall4 ,9 ! *asms ( ! cascade its b\ld]s are engulf$1 b ! lo/ mora9e is re/or$ bel[ ! fall1 z if disgorg$ by ! ice :i* _h swall[$ x4 ,f ! extremity ( ! ,j>d9 itself a m]e driblet ( a mora9e proce$s1 runn+ p>allel to ! =m]1 & l x disappe>+ at ! summit ( ! cascade4 ,sid5ote3 ,,among ,,! ,,crevasses4 #aheg4 ,we aft]w>ds desc5d$ t[>ds ! cascade1 b long be=e ?is is atta9$ ! mo/ exp]i5c$ iceman w\ld f9d himself 9 difficulty4 ,transv]se crevasses are =m$1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r s spe$ily z to leave betwe5 !m m]e n>r[ ridges ( ice1 along :i* we mov$ cauti\sly1 jump+ ! adjac5t fissures1 or gett+ r\nd !m1 z ! case dem&$4 ,z we approa*$ ! jaws ( ! gorge1 ! ridges dw9dl$ to m]e plates & w$ges1 :i* be+ b5t & brok5 by ! lat]al pressure1 add$ to ! confusion1 & w>n$ u n to advance4 ,! position 0 9 "s measure an excit+ "o4 ,our guide _h nev] be5 "h be=e2 we 7 f> f ! beat5 track1 & ! riv5 glaci] wore an aspect ( trea*]\s ho/ility4 ,z at ! base ( ! s]acs1 a subt]ranean noise sometimes ann\nc$ ! fall+ ( ice-blocks into holl[s und]nea?1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! resonant concussion ( ! fall5 mass alone reveal$4 ,!re 0 ?us a da% ( awe m+l$ ) our ?\ghts2 a /irr+ up ( ! feel+s :i* tr\bl$ ! coolness ( ! intellect4 ,we f9ally sw]v$ to ! "r1 & by a process ! rev]se ( /raight=w>d rea*$ ! ,c\v]cle4 ,nightfall f\nd u at ! ?re%old ( our hotel4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! rec5t hydraulic rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,magnus furni% "s beautiful illu/rations ( ?is action4 7#aj47 ,sid5ote3 ,,r\nd ,,hail/ones4 #aheg4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,dang]\s ,,leap4 #aheg4 ,on ! #e? we 7 engag$ = "s "t 9 an important measurem5t at ! ,tacul4 ,we aft]w>ds asc5d$ t[>ds ! s]acs1 & det]m9$ ! incl9ations ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant d[nw>ds4 ,d5se cl\d-masses ga!r$ r\nd ! po9ts ( ! ,aiguilles1 & ! ?und] bell[$ at int]vals f ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,z we desc5d$ ! ,m] de ,glace ! valley 9 front ( u 0 fill$ ) a cl\d ( pit*y d>kness4 ,sudd5ly f side to side ?is field ( gloom 0 riv5 by a b> ( lightn+ ( intol]able spl5d\r2 x 0 foll[$ by a peal ( comm5surate gr&eur1 ! e*oes ( :i* leap$ f cliff to cliff long aft] ! fir/ s\nd _h di$ away4 ,! dis*>ge seem$ to unlock ! cl\ds above u1 = !y %[]$ _! liquid sph]es d[n ^u u ) a mom5tum l t ( swan-%ot3 all ! way home we 7 batt]$ by ?is pellet-l ra94 ,on ! #f? ! ra9 cont9u$ ) sc>cely any pause2 on ! #g? ,i 0 engag$ all day ^u ! ,glaci] du ,geant2 on ! morn+ ( ! #h? heavy hail _h fall5 !re1 ! /ones be+ p]fect sph]es2 ! r\nd$ ra9-drops _h solidifi$ dur+ _! desc5t )\t s5sible *ange ( =m4 ,:5 ?is hail 0 squeez$ toge!r1 x exactly resembl$ a mass ( oolitic lime/one :i* ,i _h pick$ up 9 #ahec ne> ,blank5burg 9 ! ,h>tz4 ,mr4 ,hir/ & myself 7 engag$ toge!r ?is day tak+ ! incl9ations3 he /ruck 8 !odolite at ! ,angle1 & w5t home accompani$ by ,simond1 & ! ev5+ be+ extremely s]5e1 ,i pursu$ my way d[n ! c5tre ( ! glaci] t[>ds ! ,e*elets4 ,! crevasses z ,i advanc$ became m deep & frequ5t1 ! ridges ( ice betwe5 !m becom+ gradually n>r[]4 ,!y 7 v f9e1 _! d[nw>d faces be+ cle> cut1 p]fectly v]tical1 & 9 _m cases beautifully ve9$4 ,va/ plates ( ice moreov] (t5 /ood out midway betwe5 ! walls ( ! *asms1 z if clov5 f ! glaci] & aft]w>ds set on edge4 ,! place 0 c]ta9ly "o calculat$ to te/ ! skill & n]ve ( an iceman2 & z ! day droop$1 & ! %ad[ 9 ! valley deep5$1 a feel+ approa*+ to awe took possession ( me4 ,my r\te 0 an exagg]at$ zigzag2 "r & left amid ! *asms :]ev] a hope ( progress op5$2 & "h ,i made ! exp]i5ce :i* ,i h (t5 repeat$ s9ce1 & laid to he>t z reg>ds intellectual "w also1 t enorm\s difficulties may be ov]come :5 !y are attack$ 9 e>ne/4 ,sometimes ,i f\nd myself s h$g$ 9 by fissures t escape seem$ absolutely impossible2 b close & resolute exam9ation s (t5 reveal$ a means ( exit1 t ,i felt 9 all its =ce ! brave v]ity ( ! rem>k ( ,mirabeau1 t ! ^w impossible is a m]e blockhead ( a ^w4 ,x f9ally became necess>y to rea* ! %ore1 b ,i f\nd ?is a "w ( extreme difficulty4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x became pretty evid5t t1 if ,i c\ld cross a c]ta9 crevasse1 my retreat w\ld be secur$4 ,! wid? ( ! fissure seem$ to be fairly )9 jump+ di/ance1 & if ,i c\ld h calculat$ on a safe pur*ase = my foot ,i %\ld h ?\ght little ( ! spr+2 b ! ice on ! edge f :i* ,i 0 to leap 0 loose & insecure1 & h5ce a k9d ( n]v\s ?rill %ot ?r\gh me z ,i made ! b\nd4 ,! opposite side 0 fairly rea*$1 b an involunt>y tremor %ook me all ov] aft] ,i felt myself secure4 ,i rea*$ ! edge ( ! glaci] )\t fur!r s]i\s difficulty1 & soon aft] f\nd myself /eep$ 9 ! creature com=ts ( our hotel4 ,on ,monday1 ,augu/ #aj?1 ,i _h ! great pleasure ( be+ jo9$ by my fri5d ,huxley2 & ?\gh ! wea!r 0 v unpromis+1 we />t$ toge!r up ! glaci]1 he be+ desir\s to le>n some?+ ( its g5]al features1 &1 if possible1 to rea* ! ,j>d94 ,we rea*$ ! ,c\v]cle1 & squeez$ ourselves ?r\gh ! ,egralets2 b "h ! ra9 :izz$ pa/ u1 & d5se fog settl$ ^u ! cascade ( ! ,talefre1 obscur+ all its p>ts4 ,we met ,mr4 ,galton1 ! ,african travell]1 return+ f an attempt ^u ! ,j>d92 & le>n+ t 8 guides _h lo/ _! way 9 ! fog1 we deem$ x prud5t to return4 ,! =ego+ brief notes w h in=m$ ! read] t at ! p]iod ( ,mr4 ,huxley's arrival ,i 0 n )\t due tra9+ ^u ! ice2 ,i may also rem>k1 t on ! #be? ( ,july ,i rea*$ ! summit ( ! ,col du ,geant1 accompani$ by ! boy ,balmat1 & return$ to ! ,montanv]t on ! same day4 ,my heal? 0 p]fect1 & incessant practice _h taught me ! art ( deal+ ) ! difficulties ( ! ice4 ,f ! "t ( my arrival at ! ,montanv]t ! ?\ght ( asc5d+ ,mont ,blanc1 & ?us exp&+ my k ( ! glaci]s1 _h (t5 occurr$ to me1 & ,i ?9k ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 feel+ t ! discipl9e :i* bo? my fri5d ,hir/ & myself _h und]gone ought to enable u to accompli% ! j\rney 9 a mu* m mode/ way ?an ord9>y4 ,i ?\ght a s+le guide suffici5t = ?is purpose1 & ,i 0 /r5g!n$ 9 ?is op9ion by ! fact t ,simond1 :o 0 a man ( ! /ricte/ prud5ce1 & :o at fir/ decl>$ f\r guides to be necess>y1 _h l[]$ 8 dem& fir/ to two1 & 0 n[ evid5tly will+ to try ! asc5t ) u alone4 ,sid5ote3 ,,prep>ations ,,= ,a ,,climb4 #aheg4 ,on m5tion+ ! ?+ to ,mr4 ,huxley he at once resolv$ to accompany u4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,augu/ ! wea!r 0 exce$+ly f9e1 ?\gh ! sn[ :i* _h fall5 dur+ ! previ\s days lay ?ick ^u ! glaci]4 ,at noon we 7 all toge!r at ! ,tacul1 & ! subject ( attempt+ ,mont ,blanc 0 moot$ & discuss$4 ,my op9ion 0 t x w\ld be bett] to wait until ! fre% sn[ :i* load$ ! m\nta9 _h disappe>$2 b ! wea!r 0 s exquisite t my fri5ds ?\ght x be/ to take advantage ( x4 ,we accord+ly ent]$ into an agreem5t ) our guide1 & imm$iately desc5d$ to make prep>ations = comm5c+ ! exp$ition on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,,fir/ ,,asc5t ,,( ,,mont ,,blanc1 #aheg4 7#aa47 ,sid5ote3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,! ,,*>moz4 #aheg4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 we rose e>ly1 aft] a v brief re/ on my "p4 ,simond _h propos$ to g d[n to ,*am\ni1 & comm5ce ! asc5t 9 ! usual way1 b we pref]r$ cross+ ! m\nta9s f ! ,montanv]t1 /raight to ! ,glaci] des ,bossons4 ,at eight o'clock we />t$1 accompani$ by two port]s :o 7 to c>ry our provisions to ! ,gr&s ,mulets4 ,sl[ly & sil5tly we climb$ ! hill-side t[>ds ,*>moz4 ,we soon pass$ ! limits ( grass & rhodod5drons1 & rea*$ ! slabs ( gneiss :i* ov]spread ! summit ( ! ridge1 ly+ "o ^u ! o!r l co9 ^u ! table ( a money-*ang]4 ,f ! highe/-po9t ,i turn$ to h a la/ look at ! ,m] de ,glace2 & ?r\gh a pair ( v d>k spectacles ,i c\ld see ) p]fect di/9ctness ! loop$ dirt-b&s ( ! glaci]1 :i* to ! nak$ eye are sc>cely disc]nible except by twilight4 ,flank+ our track to ! left rose a s]ies ( mighty ,aiguilles--! ,aiguille de ,*>moz1 ) its b5t & rift$ p9nacles2 ! ,aiguille du ,grepon1 ! ,aiguille de ,blaiti]e1 ! ,aiguille du ,midi1 all pi]c+ ! heav5s ) _! %>p pyramidal summits4 ,f> 9 front ( u rose ! gr& sn[-cone ( ! ,dome du ,g\t]1 :ile1 ?r\gh a =e/ ( d>k p9es :i* ga!r$ l a cl\d at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 gleam$ ! :ite m9>ets ( ! ,glaci] des ,bossons4 ,bel[ u lay ! ,valley ( ,*am\ni1 beyond :i* 7 ! ,brev5t & ! *a9 ( ! ,aiguilles ,r\ges2 beh9d u 0 ! granite obelisk ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru1 :ile close at h& sci5ce f\nd a corporeal =m 9 a pyramid ( /ones us$ z a trigonometrical /ation by ,pr(essor ,=bes4 ,s\nd is kn[n to travel bett] up hill ?an d[n1 because ! pulses transmitt$ f a d5s] m$ium to a r>]1 suff] less loss ( int5sity ?an :5 ! transmission is 9 ! opposite direction2 & n[ ! mell[ voice ( ! ,arve came sw++ upw>ds f ! heavi] air ( ! valley to ! light] air ( ! hills 9 ri* deep cad5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,,passage ,,to ,,! ,,pi]re ,a ,l',,e*elle4 #aheg4 ,! way = a "t 0 excessively r\gh1 our r\te be+ ov]spread ) ! fragm5ts ( peaks :i* _h once re>$ !mselves to our left1 b :i* fro/ & lightn+ _h %ak5 to pieces1 & p\r$ 9 granite avalan*es d[n ! m\nta94 ,we 7 sometimes among huge angul> b\ld]s1 & sometimes amid light] %+le1 :i* gave way at e /ep1 ?us =c+ u to %ift our foot+ incessantly4 ,escap+ f ^!1 we cross$ ! succession ( second>y glaci]s :i* lie at ! feet ( ! ,aiguilles1 & hav+ secur$ firewood f\nd ourselves aft] "s h\rs ( h>d "w at ! ,pi]re a l',e*elle4 ,"h we 7 furni%$ ) legg+s ( co>se wooll5 clo? to keep out ! sn[2 !y 7 ti$ "u ! knees & q tightly aga9 ov] ! in/eps1 s t ! legs 7 effectually protect$4 ,we _h "s refre%m5t1 possess$ ourselves ( ! ladd]1 & ent]$ ^u ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ladd] ,,left ,,beh9d4 #aheg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,difficult ,,crevasses4 #aheg4 ,! ice 0 excessively fissur$3 we cross$ crevasses & crept r\nd slipp]y ridges1 cutt+ /eps 9 ! ice :]ev] climb+ 0 necess>y4 ,?is r5d]$ our progress v sl[4 ,once1 ) ! int5tion ( l5d+ a help+ h&1 ,i /epp$ =w>d ^u a block ( granite :i* happ5$ to be pois$ l a rock+ /one ^u ! ice1 ?\gh ,i did n "k x2 x trea*]\sly turn$ "u me2 ,i fell1 b my h&s 7 9 in/ant requisition1 & ,i escap$ ) a bruise1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ! blood ooz$ angrily4 ,we f\nd ! ladd] necess>y 9 cross+ "s ( ! *asms1 ! iron spikes at its end be+ firmly driv5 into ! ice at "o side1 :ile ! o!r end re/$ on ! opposite side ( ! fissure4 ,! middle portion ( ! glaci] 0 n difficult4 ,m\nds ( ice rose beside u "r & left1 :i* 7 sometimes split into high t[]s & gaunt-look+ pyramids1 :ile ! space betwe5 0 unbrok54 ,tw5ty m9utes' walk+ br\ght u aga9 to a fissur$ portion ( ! glaci]1 & "h our port] left ! ladd] on ! ice beh9d him4 ,= "s "t ,i 0 n aw>e ( ?is1 b we 7 soon front$ by a *asm to pass :i* we 7 9 consequ5ce compell$ to make a long & dang]\s circuit amid cre/s ( crumbl+ ice4 ,?is accompli%$1 we hop$ t no repetition ( ! process w\ld occur1 b we spe$ily came to a second fissure1 :]e x 0 necess>y to /ep f a project+ end ( ice to a mass ( s(t sn[ :i* ov]hung ! opposite side4 ,simond c\ld rea* ?is sn[ ) 8 long-h&l$ axe2 he beat x d[n to give x rigidity1 b x 0 exce$+ly t5d]1 & z he work$ at x he cont9u$ to express 8 fe>s t x w\ld n be> u4 ,i 0 ! lighte/ ( ! p>ty1 & !re=e te/$ ! passage1 fir/2 be+ p>tially lift$ by ,simond on ! end ( 8 axe1 ,i cross$ ! fissure1 obta9$ "s an*orage at ! o!r side1 & help$ ! o!rs ov]4 ,we aft]w>ds asc5d$ until ano!r *asm1 deep] & wid] ?an any we _h hi!rto enc\nt]$1 arre/$ u4 ,we walk$ alongside ( x 9 se>* ( a sn[ bridge1 :i* we at l5g? f\nd1 b ! key/one ( ! ar* _h un=tunately giv5 way1 leav+ project+ eaves ( sn[ at bo? sides1 betwe5 :i* we c\ld look into ! gulf1 till ! gloom ( its deep] portions cut ! vision %ort4 ,bo? sides ( ! crevasse 7 s\nd$1 b no sure foot+ 0 obta9$2 ! sn[ 0 beat5 & c>efully trodd5 d[n z ne> to ! edge z possible1 b x f9ally broke away f ! foot & fell into ! *asm4 ,"o ( our port]s 0 %ort-legg$ & a bad iceman2 ! o!r 0 a d>+ fell[1 & he n[ ?rew ! knapsack f 8 %\ld]s1 came to ! edge ( ! crevasse1 look$ into x1 b drew back aga94 ,aft] a pause he repeat$ ! act1 te/+ ! sn[ ) 8 feet & /aff4 ,i look$ at ! man z he /ood beside ! *asm manife/ly undecid$ z to :e!r he %\ld take ! /ep ^u :i* 8 life w\ld hang1 & ?\ght x advisable to put a /op to su* p]il\s play4 ,i accord+ly int]pos$1 ! man )drew f ! crevasse1 & he & ,simond desc5d$ to fet* ! ladd]4 ,:ile !y 7 away ,huxley sat d[n ^u ! ice1 ) an expression ( fatigue /amp$ ^u 8 c\nt5ance3 ! _s & ! muscles 7 evid5tly at w>1 & ! resolute w mix$ itself /rangely ) ! s5se ( p]il & feel+ ( exhau/ion4 ,he _h be5 only two days ) u1 &1 ?\gh 8 /r5g? is great1 he _h _h no opportunity ( h>d5+ himself by previ\s ex]cise ^u ! ice = ! task :i* he _h und]tak54 ,! ladd] n[ arriv$1 & we cross$ ! crevasse4 ,i 0 int5tionally ! la/ ( ! p>ty1 ,huxley be+ imm$iately 9 front ( me4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! man disguis$ 8 real condition f ev]ybody b myself1 b ,i saw t ! exhau/+ j\rney ov] ! b\ld]s & debris _h be5 too mu* = 8 ,london limbs4 ,conv]t+ my wat]pro( hav]sack into a cu%ion1 ,i made him sit d[n ^u x at int]vals1 & by ?us break+ ! /eep asc5t into %ort /ages we rea*$ ! cab9 ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets toge!r4 ,"h ,i spread a rug on ! bo>ds1 & plac+ my bag = a pill[1 he lay d[n1 & aft] an h\r's pr(\nd sleep he rose refre%$ & well2 b /ill he ?\ght x wise n to attempt ! asc5t f>!r4 ,our port]s left u3 a baton 0 /ret*$ across ! room ov] ! /ove1 & our wet socks & legg+s 7 ?r[n across x to dry2 our boots 7 plac$ ar\nd ! fire1 & we set ab\t prep>+ our ev5+ meal4 ,a pan 0 plac$ ^u ! fire1 & fill$ ) sn[1 :i* 9 due "t melt$ & boil$2 ,i gr\nd "s *ocolate & plac$ x 9 ! pan1 & aft]w>ds ladl$ ! bev]age into ! vessels we possess$1 :i* consi/$ ( two e>!n di%es & ! metal cases ( our br&y flasks4 ,aft] supp] ,simond w5t out to inspect ! glaci]1 & 0 obs]v$ by ,huxley1 z twilight fell1 9 a /ate ( deep contemplation beside a crevasse4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/> ,,tw9kl+4 #aheg4 ,gradually ! />s appe>$1 b z yet no moon4 ,be=e ly+ d[n we w5t out to look at ! firmam5t1 & notic$1 :at ,i suppose has be5 obs]v$ to "s ext5t by ev]ybody1 t ! />s ne> ! horizon tw9kl$ busily1 :ile ^? ne> ! z5i? %one ) a /eady light4 ,"o l>ge /> 9 p>ticul> excit$ our admiration2 x fla%$ int5sely1 & *ang$ col\r incessantly1 sometimes blu%+ l a ruby1 & aga9 gleam+ l an em]ald4 ,a det]m9ate col\r w\ld sometimes rema9 con/ant = a s5sible "t1 b usually ! fla%es foll[$ ea* o!r 9 v quick succession4 ,?ree planks 7 n[ plac$ across ! room ne> ! /ove1 & ^u ^!1 ) _! rugs fold$ r\nd !m1 ,huxley & ,hir/ /ret*$ !mselves1 :ile ,i ne/l$ on ! bo>ds at ! mo/ di/ant end ( ! room4 ,we rose at elev5 o'clock1 r5ew$ ! fire & w>m$ ourselves1 aft] :i* we lay d[n aga94 ,i at l5g? obs]v$ a pat* ( pale light ^u ! wood5 wall ( ! cab91 :i* _h ent]$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! end ( ! edifice1 & ris+ f\nd t x 0 pa/ "o o'clock4 ,! cl\dless moon 0 %9+ ov] ! wa/es ( sn[1 & ! sc5e outside 0 at once wild1 gr&1 & beautiful4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/>t ,,f ,,! ,,gr&s ,,mulets4 #aheg4 ,breakfa/ 0 soon prep>$1 ?\gh n )\t difficulty2 we _h no c&les1 !y _h be5 =gott52 b ,i =tunately possess$ a box ( wax mat*es1 ( :i* ,huxley took *>ge1 pati5tly ignit+ !m 9 succession1 & ?us giv+ u a tol]ably cont9u\s light4 ,we _h "s tea1 :i* _h be5 made at ! ,montanv]t1 & c>ri$ to ! ,gr&s ,mulets 9 a bottle4 ,my memory ( t tea is n pleasant2 x _h be5 left a :ole night 9 contact ) its leaves1 & smack$ /rongly ( tann94 ,! sn[-wat]1 moreov]1 ) :i* we dilut$ x 0 n pure1 b left a black residuum at ! bottom ( ! di%es 9 :i* ! bev]age 0 s]v$4 ,! few provisions deem$ necess>y be+ plac$ 9 ,simond's knapsack1 at tw5ty m9utes pa/ two o'clock we scrambl$ d[n ! rocks1 leav+ ,huxley beh9d u4 ,! sn[ 0 h>d5$ by ! night's fro/1 & we 7 *e]$ by ! hope ( be+ able to accompli% ! asc5t ) comp>atively little lab\r4 ,we 7 environ$ by an atmosph]e ( p]fect purity2 ! l>g] />s hung l gems above u1 & ! moon1 ab\t half full1 %one ) wondr\s radiance 9 ! d>k firmam5t4 ,"o /> 9 p>ticul>1 :i* lay ea/w>d f ! moon1 sudd5ly made its appe>ance above "o ( ! ,aiguilles1 & burn$ !re ) unspeakable spl5d\r4 ,we turn$ once t[>ds ! ,mulets1 & saw ,huxley's =m project$ aga9/ ! sky z he /ood ^u a p9nacle ( rock2 he gave u a la/ wave ( ! h& & desc5d$1 :ile we rec$$ f him into ! solitudes4 ,! ev5+ previ\s our guide _h exam9$ ! glaci] = "s di/ance1 8 progress hav+ be5 arre/$ by a crevasse4 ,beside ?is we soon halt$3 x 0 spann$ at "o place by a bridge ( sn[1 :i* 0 ( too light a /ructure to p]mit ( ,simond's te/+ x alone2 we !re=e paus$ :ile our guide uncoil$ a rope & ti$ u all toge!r4 ,! mom5t 0 to me a peculi>ly solemn "o4 ,our little p>ty seem$ s lonely & s small amid ! sil5ce & ! va/ness ( ! surr\nd+ sc5e4 ,we 7 ab\t to try our /r5g? "u unkn[n conditions1 & z ! v>i\s possibilities ( ! ent]prise cr[d$ on ! imag9ation1 a s5se ( responsibility = a mom5t oppress$ me4 ,b z ,i look$ al(t & saw ! glory ( ! heav5s1 my he>t light5$1 & ,i rem>k$ *e]ily to ,hir/ t ,nature seem$ to smile ^u our "w4 ,yes1 he repli$1 9 a calm & e>ne/ voice1 &1 ,god will+1 we %all accompli% x4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,wrong ,,turn4 #aheg4 ,a pale light n[ ov]spread ! ea/]n sky1 :i* increas$1 z we asc5d$1 to a daffodil t+e2 ?is aft]w>ds height5$ to orange1 deep5+ at "o extremity into r$1 & fad+ at ! o!r into a pure e!real hue to :i* x w\ld be difficult to assign a special "n4 ,high] up ! sky 0 violet1 & ?is *ang$ by ins5sible degrees into ! d>kl+ blue ( ! z5i?1 :i* _h to ?ank ! light ( moon & />s alone = its exi/5ce4 ,we w\nd /eadily = a "t ?r\gh valleys ( ice1 climb$ :ite & slipp]y slopes1 cross$ a numb] ( crevasses1 & aft] "s "t f\nd ourselves beside a *asm ( great dep? & wid?1 :i* ext5d$ "r & left z f> z we c\ld see4 ,we turn$ to ! left1 & m>*$ along its edge 9 se>* ( a pont2 b matt]s became gradually worse3 o!r crevasses jo9$ on to ! fir/ "o1 & ! fur!r we proce$$ ! m riv5 & dislocat$ ! ice became4 ,at l5g? we rea*$ a place :]e fur!r advance 0 impossible4 ,simond 9 8 difficulty compla9$ ( ! want ( light1 & wi%$ u to wait = ! advanc+ day2 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 ?\ght t we _h light en\gh & ought to make use ( x4 ,"h ! ?\ght occurr$ to me t ,simond1 hav+ be5 only once be=e to ! top ( ! m\nta91 might n be q cle> ab\t ! r\te2 ! glaci]1 h[ev]1 *anges )9 c]ta9 limits f ye> to ye>1 s t a g5]al k 0 all t c\ld be expect$1 & we tru/$ to our own muscles to make good any mi/ake 9 ! way ( guidance4 ,we n[ turn$ & retrac$ our /eps along ! edges ( *asms :]e ! ice 0 dis9tegrat$ & insecure1 & succe$$ at l5g? 9 f9d+ a bridge :i* bore u across ! crevasse4 ,?is error caus$ u ! loss ( an h\r1 & aft] walk+ = ?is "t we c\ld ca/ a /one f ! po9t we _h atta9$ to ! place :5ce we _h be5 compell$ to return4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s]acs ,,( ,,! ,,dome ,,du ,,g\t]4 #aheg4 ,our way n[ lay along ! face ( a /eep incl9e ( sn[1 :i* 0 cut by ! fissure we _h j pass$1 9 a direction p>allel to our r\te4 ,on ! heights to our "r1 loose ice-crags seem$ to tott]1 & we pass$ two tracks ov] :i* ! froz5 blocks _h ru%$ "s %ort "t previ\sly4 ,we 7 glad to get out ( ! range ( ^! t]rible projectiles1 & /ill m s to escape ! vic9ity ( t ugly crevasse4 ,to be kill$ 9 ! op5 air w\ld be a luxury1 comp>$ ) hav+ ! life squeez$ out ( "o 9 ! horrible gloom ( ^! *asms4 ,! blu% ( ! com+ day became m & m int5se2 /ill ! sun himself did n appe>1 be+ hidd5 f u by ! peaks ( ! ,aiguille du ,midi1 :i* 7 drawn cle> & %>p aga9/ ! bright5+ sky4 ,"r "u ?is ,aiguille 7 heaps ( sn[ smoo?ly r\nd$ & con/itut+ a portion ( ! s\rces :5ce ! ,glaci] du ,geant is f$2 ^!1 z ! day advanc$1 bloom$ ) a rosy light4 ,we rea*$ ! ,petit ,plateau1 :i* we f\nd cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( ice avalan*es2 above u ^u ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9 rose ?ree mighty ba/ions1 divid$ f ea* o!r by deep v]tical r5ts1 ) clean smoo? walls1 across :i* ! l9es ( annual b$d+ 7 drawn l c\rses ( masonry4 ,f ^!1 :i* incessantly r5ew !mselves1 & f ! loose & brok5 ice-crags ne> !m1 ! b\ld]s amid :i* we n[ ?read$ our way _h be5 dis*>g$4 ,:5 !y fall _! desc5t mu/ be sublime4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,lo/ ,,guides4 #aheg4 ,! sn[ _h be5 gradually gett+ deep]1 & ! asc5t m we>isome1 b sup]add$ to ?is at ! ,petit ,plateau 0 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! foot+ betwe5 ! blocks ( ice4 ,9 _m places ! space 0 m]ely cov]$ by a ?9 cru/1 :i*1 :5 trod ^u1 in/antly yield$1 & we sank ) a %ock sometimes to ! hips4 ,our way next lay up a /eep incl9e to ! ,gr& ,plateau1 ! dep? & t5d]ness ( ! sn[ augm5t+ z we asc5d$4 ,we _h n yet se5 ! sun1 b1 z we atta9$ ! br[ :i* =ms ! entrance to ! ,gr& ,plateau1 he hung 8 disk ^u a spike ( rock to our left1 &1 surr\nd$ by a glory ( int]f]5ce spectra ( ! mo/ gorge\s col\rs1 blaz$ d[n ^u u4 ,on ! ,gr& ,plateau we halt$ & _h our frugal refre%m5t4 ,at "s di/ance to our left 0 ! crevasse into :i* ,dr4 ,hamel's ?ree guides 7 precipitat$ by an avalan*e 9 #ahbj2 !y are /ill entomb$ 9 ! ice1 & "s future explor] may p]haps see !m disgorg$ l[] d[n1 fre% & undecay$4 ,!y c h>dly rea* ! surface until !y pass ! sn[-l9e ( ! glaci]1 = above ?is l9e ! quantity ( sn[ t annually falls be+ 9 excess ( ! quantity melt$1 ! t5d5cy w\ld be to make ! ice-cov]+ above !m ?ick]4 ,b x is also possible t ! wa/e ( ! ice und]nea? may h br\ght ! bodies to ! b$ ( ! glaci]1 :]e _! v bones may h be5 gr\nd to mud by an ag5cy :i* ! h>de/ rocks _c )/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,guide ,,tir$4 #aheg4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,p]il\s ,,slope4 #aheg4 ,z ! sun p\r$ 8 light ^u ! ,plateau ! little sn[-facets sp>kl$ brilliantly1 sometimes ) a pure :ite light1 & at o!rs ) prismatic col\rs4 ,contra/$ ) ! :ite spaces above & ar\nd u 7 ! d>k m\nta9s on ! opposite side ( ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 ar\nd :i* fanta/ic masses ( cl\d 7 beg9n+ to build !mselves4 ,mont ,buet1 ) its cone ( sn[1 look$ small1 & ! ,brev5t altoge!r mean2 ! lime/one ba/ions ( ! ,fys1 h[ev]1 /ill pres5t$ a front ( gloom & gr&eur4 ,we trav]s$ ! ,gr& ,plateau1 & at l5g? rea*$ ! base ( an extremely /eep incl9e :i* /ret*$ upw>ds t[>ds ! ,corridor4 ,"h1 z if produc$ by a fault1 consequ5t ^u ! s9k+ ( ! ice 9 front1 rose a v]tical precipice1 f ! cop+ ( :i* va/ /alactites ( ice dep5d$4 ,previ\s to rea*+ ?is place ,i _h notic$ a hagg>d expression ^u ! c\nt5ance ( our guide1 :i* 0 n[ int5sifi$ by ! prospect ( ! asc5t be=e him4 ,hi!rto he _h always be5 9 front1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ fatigu+ position4 ,i felt t ,i mu/ n[ take ! lead1 s ,i spoke *e]ily to ! man & plac$ him beh9d me4 ,m>k+ a numb] ( po9ts ^u ! slope z re/+ places1 ,i w5t swiftly f "o to ! o!r4 ,! surface ( ! sn[ _h be5 p>tially melt$ by ! sun & !n refroz51 ?us =m+ a sup]ficial cru/1 :i* bore ! weight up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n sudd5ly gave way1 p]mitt+ ! leg to s9k to above ! knee4 ,! %ock consequ5t on ?is1 & ! subsequ5t ef=t necess>y to extricate ! leg1 7 extremely fatigu+4 ,my motion 0 compla9$ ( z too quick1 & my tracks z imp]fect2 ,i mod]at$ ! =m]1 &1 to r5d] my foo?oles broad & sure1 ,i /amp$ ^u ! froz5 cru/1 & twi/$ my legs 9 ! s(t mass und]nea?1--a t]ribly exhau/+ process4 ,i ?us l$ ! way to ! base ( ! ,ro*]s ,r\ges1 up to :i* ! fault already ref]r$ to _h prolong$ itself z a crevasse1 :i* 0 ro($ at "o place by a mo/ dang]\s-look+ sn[-bridge4 ,simond came to ! front2 ,i drew 8 att5tion to ! /ate ( ! sn[1 & propos$ climb+ ! ,ro*]s ,r\ges2 b1 ) a promptness unusual ) him1 he repli$ t ?is 0 impossible2 ! bridge 0 our only means ( pass+1 & we mu/ try x4 ,we grasp$ our ropes1 & dug our feet firmly into ! sn[ to *eck ! man's desc5t if ! pont gave way1 b to our a/oni%m5t x bore him1 & bore u safely aft] him4 ,! slope :i* we _h n[ to asc5d _h ! sn[ swept f its surface1 & 0 !re=e firm ice4 ,x 0 mo/ dang]\sly /eep1 &1 its t]m9ation be+ ! frett$ cop+ ( ! precipice to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 if we slid d[nw>ds we %\ld %oot ov] ?is & be da%$ to pieces ^u ! ice bel[4,a ,simond1 :o _h come to ! front to cross ! crevasse1 0 n[ engag$ 9 cutt+ /eps1 :i* he made deep & l>ge1 s t !y might s]ve u on our return4 ,b ! li/less /rokes ( 8 axe proclaim$ 8 exhau/ion2 s ,i took ! implem5t out ( 8 h&s1 & *ang$ places ) him4 ,/ep aft] /ep 0 hewn1 b ! top ( ! ,corridor appe>$ ev] to rec$e f u4 ,hir/ 0 beh9d unoccupi$1 & c\ld ?us turn 8 ?\ghts to ! p]il ( our position3 he felt ! angle on :i* we hung1 & saw ! edge ( ! precipice1 to :i* less ?an a qu>t] ( a m9ute's slide w\ld c>ry u1 & = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! j\rney he grew giddy4 ,a cig> :i* he light$ = ! purpose tranquiliz$ him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,w ,,& ,,muscle4 #aheg4 ,i hew$ sixty /eps ^u ?is slope1 & ea* /ep _h co/ a m9ute1 by ,hir/'s wat*4 ,! ,mur de la ,cote 0 /ill be=e u1 & on ?is ! guide-books in=m$ u two or ?ree hundr$ /eps 7 sometimes f\nd necess>y4 ,if sixty /eps co/ an h\r1 :at w\ld be ! co/ ( two hundr$8 ,! "q 0 di%e>t5+ 9 ! extreme1 = ! "t at :i* we _h calculat$ on rea*+ ! summit 0 already pass$1 :ile ! *ief difficulties rema9$ unconqu]$4 ,hav+ hewn our way along ! h>d] ice we rea*$ sn[4 ,i aga9 resort$ to /amp+ to secure a foot+1 & :ile ?us engag$ became1 = ! fir/ "t1 aw>e ( ! dra9 ( =ce to :i* ,i 0 subject+ myself4 ,! ?\ght ( be+ absolutely exhau/$ _h nev] occurr$ to me1 & f fir/ to la/ ,i _h tak5 no c>e to husb& my /r5g?4 ,i always calculat$ t ! w w\ld s]ve me ev5 %\ld ! muscles fail1 b ,i n[ f\nd t me*anical laws rule man 9 ! long run2 t no ef=t ( w1 no p[] ( _s1 c draw beyond a c]ta9 limit ^u muscul> =ce4 ,! s\l1 x is true1 c /ir ! body to action1 b its function is to excite & apply =ce1 & n to create x4 ,:ile /amp+ =w>d ?r\gh ! froz5 cru/ ,i 0 compell$ to pause at %ort int]vals2 !n w\ld set out aga9 app>5tly fre%1 to f9d1 h[ev]1 9 a few m9utes t my /r5g? 0 gone1 & t ,i requir$ to re/ once m4 ,9 ?is way ,i ga9$ ! summit ( ! ,corridor1 :5 ,hir/ came to ! front1 & ,i felt "s relief 9 /epp+ sl[ly aft] him1 mak+ use ( ! holes into :i* 8 feet _h sunk4 ,he ?us l$ ! way to ! base ( ! ,mur de la ,cote1 ! ?\ght ( :i* _h s long ca/ a gloom ^u u2 "h we left our rope beh9d u1 & :ile paus+ ,i ask$ ,simond :e!r he did n feel a desire to g to ! summit--,bi5 sur1 0 8 reply1 mais6 ,our guide's m9d 0 s con/itut$ t ! mais seem$ ess5tial to its peace4 ,i /ret*$ my h& t[>ds him1 & said1 ,simond1 we mu/ d x4 ,"o ?+ alone ,i felt c\ld defeat u3 ! usual "t ( ! asc5t _h be5 m ?an d\bl$1 ! day 0 already f> sp5t1 & if ! asc5t w\ld ?r[ our subsequ5t desc5t into night x c\ld n be contemplat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,doze ,,on ,,! ,,calotte4 #aheg4 ,we n[ fac$ ! ,mur1 :i* 0 by no means s bad z we _h expect$4 ,driv+ ! iron claws ( our boots into ! sc>s made by ! axe1 & ! spikes ( our batons into ! slope above our feet1 we asc5d$ /eadily until ! summit 0 atta9$1 & ! top ( ! m\nta9 rose cle>ly above u4 ,we congratulat$ ourselves ^u ?is2 b ,simond1 probably fe>+ t our joy might become too full1 rem>k$1 ,mais le sommet e/ encore bi5 lo96 ,x 01 alas6 too true4 ,! sn[ became s(t aga91 & our we>y limbs sank 9 x z be=e4 ,our guide w5t on 9 front1 audibly mutt]+ 8 d\bts z to our ability to rea* ! top1 & at l5g? he ?rew himself ^u ! sn[1 & exclaim$1 ,il faut y r5onc]6 ,hir/ n[ und]took ! task ( rek9dl+ ! guide's en?usiasm1 aft] :i* ,simond rose1 exclaim+1 ,ah6 comme ca me fait mal aux g5\x1 & w5t =w>d4 ,two rocks break ?r\gh ! sn[ betwe5 ! summit ( ! ,mur & ! top ( ! m\nta92 ! fir/ is call$ ! ,petits ,mulets1 & ! highe/ ! ,d]ni]s ,ro*]s4 ,at ! =m] ( ^! we paus$ to re/1 & f9i%$ our scanty /ore ( w9e & provisions4 ,we _h n a bit ( bread nor a drop ( w9e left2 our br&y flasks 7 also ne>ly exhau/$1 & ?us we _h to contemplate ! j\rney to ! summit1 & ! subsequ5t desc5t to ! ,gr&s ,mulets1 )\t ! slighte/ prospect ( physical refre%m5t4 ,! almo/ total loss ( two nights' sleep1 ) two days' toil sup]add$1 made me long = a few m9utes' doze1 s ,i /ret*$ myself ^u a composite c\* ( sn[ & granite1 & imm$iately fell asleep4 ,my fri5d1 h[ev]1 soon ar\s$ me4 ,y q fright5 me1 he said2 ,i h li/5$ = "s m9utes1 & h n he>d y brea! once4 ,i _h1 9 reality1 be5 tak+ deep draughts ( ! m\nta9 air1 b s sil5tly z n to be he>d4 ,i n[ fill$ our empty w9e-bottle ) sn[ & plac$ x 9 ! sun%9e1 t we might h a little wat] on our return4 ,we !n rose2 x 0 half-pa/ two o'clock2 we _h be5 upw>ds ( twelve h\rs climb+1 & ,i calculat$ t1 :e!r we rea*$ ! summit or n1 we c\ld at all ev5ts "w t[>ds x = ano!r h\r4 ,to ! s5se ( fatigue previ\sly exp]i5c$1 a new ph5om5on 0 n[ add$--! beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,we 7 incessantly pull$ up by ?is1 :i* sometimes became s int5se z to sugge/ dang]4 ,i c\nt$ ! numb] ( paces :i* we 7 able to accompli% )\t re/+1 & f\nd t at ! end ( e tw5ty1 sometimes at ! end ( fifte51 we 7 compell$ to pause4 ,at ea* pause my he>t ?robb$ audibly1 z ,i lean$ ^u my /aff1 & ! subsid5ce ( ?is action 0 always ! signal = fur!r advance4 ,my brea?+ 0 quick1 b light & unimp$$4 ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! hip-jo9t1 on acc\nt ( ! dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure1 became loos5$1 s z to ?r[ ! weight ( ! leg ^u ! surr\nd+ ligam5ts1 b c\ld n be c]ta9 ab\t x4 ,i also s\ght a little aid & enc\ragem5t f philosophy1 endeav\r+ to rememb] :at great ?+s _h be5 done by ! accumulation ( small quantities1 & ,i urg$ ^u myself t ! pres5t 0 a case 9 po9t1 & t ! summation ( di/ances tw5ty paces ea* mu/ f9ally place u at ! top4 ,/ill ! "q ( "t left ! matt] long 9 d\bt1 & until we _h pass$ ! ,d]ni]s ,ro*]s we work$ on ) ! /]n indiff]5ce ( m5 :o 7 do+ _! duty1 & did n look to consequ5ces4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a gleam ( hope began to bright5 our s\ls2 ! summit became visibly ne>]1 ,simond %[$ m alacrity2 at l5g? success became c]ta91 & at half-pa/ ?ree ,p4,m4 my fri5d & ,i clasp$ h&s ^u ! top4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,summit ,,atta9$4 #aheg4 ,! summit ( ! m\nta9 is an elongat$ ridge1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! back ( an ass4 ,x 0 p]fectly manife/ t we 7 dom9ant ov] all o!r m\nta9s2 z f> z ! eye c\ld range ,mont ,blanc _h no competitor4 ,! summits :i* _h look$ d[n ^u u 9 ! morn+ 7 n[ f> b5ea? u4 ,! ,dome du ,g\t]1 :i* _h held its ?reat5+ s]acs above u s long1 0 n[ at our feet4 ,! ,aiguille du ,midi1 ,mont ,blanc du ,tacul1 & ! ,monts ,maudits1 ! ,talefre ) its surr\nd+ peaks1 ! ,gr& ,jorasse1 ,mont ,mallet1 & ! ,aiguille du ,geant1 ) our own famili> glaci]s1 7 all bel[ u4 ,& z our eye rang$ ov] ! broad %\ld]s ( ! m\nta91 ov] ice hills & valleys1 plateaux & f>-/ret*+ slopes ( sn[1 ! conception ( its magnitude grew ^u u1 & impress$ u m & m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cl\ds ,,f ,,! ,,summit4 #aheg4 ,! cl\ds 7 v gr&--gr&] inde$ ?an any?+ ,i _h ev] be=e se54 ,"s ( !m seem$ to hold ?und] 9 _! brea/s1 !y 7 s d5se & d>k2 o!rs1 ) _! faces turn$ sunw>d1 %one ) ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! m\nta9 sn[2 :ile o!rs aga9 built !mselves into =ms resembl+ gigantic elm trees1 load$ ) foliage4 ,t[>ds ! horizon ! luxury ( col\r add$ itself to ! magnific5t alt]nations ( light & %ade4 ,cle> spaces ( amb] & e!real gre5 embrac$ ! r$ & purple cumuli1 & seem$ to =m ! cradle 9 :i* !y swung4 ,clos] at h& squally mi/s1 sudd5ly eng5d]$1 7 driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by local w9ds2 :ile ! cl\ds at a di/ance lay l angels sleep+ on ! w+1 ) sc>cely visible motion4 ,m+l+ ) ! cl\ds1 & sometimes ris+ above !m1 7 ! highe/ m\nta9 heads1 & z our eyes w&]$ f peak to peak1 onw>ds to ! remote horizon1 space itself seem$ m va/ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! objects :i* x held 7 di/ribut$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,int5sity ,,( ,,s\nd4 #aheg4 ,i wi%$ to repeat ! rem>kable exp]im5t ( ,de ,saussure ^u s\nd1 & = ?is purpose _h reque/$ ,simond to br+ a pi/ol f ,*am\ni2 b 9 ! multitude ( 8 c>es he =got x1 & 9 lieu ( x my ho/ at ! ,montanv]t _h plac$ 9 two t9 tubes1 ( ! same size & %ape1 ! same am\nt ( gunp[d]1 securely clos+ ! tubes aft]w>ds1 & furni%+ ea* ( !m ) a small lat]al ap]ture4 ,we n[ plant$ "o ( !m ^u ! sn[1 & br++ a /rip ( amad\ into communication ) ! t\*hole1 ignit$ its mo/ di/ant end3 x fail$2 we tri$ aga91 & 7 successful1 ! explosion te>+ asund] ! little case :i* conta9$ ! p[d]4 ,! s\nd 0 c]ta9ly n s great z ,i %\ld h expect$ f an equal quantity ( p[d] at ! sea level4,b ,! sn[ ^u ! summit 0 indurat$1 b ( an exce$+ly f9e gra91 & ! beautiful effect already ref]r$ to z notic$ ^u ! ,/elvio 0 /rik+ly manife/4 ,! hole made by driv+ ! baton into ! sn[ 0 fill$ ) a delicate blue light2 &1 by managem5t1 its complem5t>y p9ky yell[ c\ld also be produc$4 ,ev5 ! iron spike at ! end ( ! baton made a hole suffici5tly deep to exhibit ! blue col\r1 :i* c]ta9ly dep5ds on ! size & arrangem5t ( ! sn[ cry/als4 ,! firmam5t above u 0 )\t a cl\d1 & ( a d>kness almo/ equal to t :i* surr\nd$ ! moon at #b ,a4,m4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! sun 0 %9+1 a breeze1 ^: too? _h be5 %>p5$ by its passage ov] ! sn[-fields1 se>*$ u ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! day 0 also wan+1 &1 urg$ by ! w>n+s ( our ev] prud5t guide1 we at l5g? began ! desc5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,unexpect$ ,,glissade4 #aheg4 ,gravity 0 n[ 9 our fav\r1 b gravity c\ld n entirely sp>e our we>i$ limbs1 & :]e we sank 9 ! sn[ we f\nd our d[nw>d progress v try+4 ,i suff]$ f ?ir/1 b aft] we _h divid$ ! liquefi$ sn[ at ! ,petits ,mulets among/ u we _h no?+ to dr9k4 ,i cramm$ ! clean sn[ into my m\?1 b ! process ( melt+ 0 sl[ & tantaliz+ to a p>*$ ?roat1 :ile ! *ill 0 pa9ful to ! tee?4 ,we m>*$ along ! ,corridor1 & cross$ cauti\sly ! p]il\s slope on :i* we _h cut /eps 9 ! morn+1 brea?+ m freely aft] we _h cle>$ ! ice-precipice be=e describ$4 ,along ! base ( ?is precipice we n[ w\nd1 div]g+ f our morn+'s track1 9 ord] to get sur] foot+ 9 ! sn[2 x 0 l fl\r1 & :ile desc5d+ to ! ,gr& ,plateau we sometimes sank 9 x ne>ly to ! wai/4 ,:5 ,i endeav\r$ to squeeze x1 s z to fill my flask1 x at fir/ refus$ to cl+ toge!r1 behav+ l s mu* salt2 ! heat ( ! h&1 h[ev]1 soon r5d]$ x a little moi/1 & capable ( be+ press$ into compact masses4 ,! sun met u "h ) extraord9>y p[]2 ! heat relax$ my muscles1 b :5 fairly imm]s$ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,dome du ,g\t]1 ! coolness re/or$ my /r5g?1 :i* augm5t$ z ! ev5+ advanc$4 ,simond insi/$ on ! necessity ( ha/e1 to save u f ! p]ils ( d>kness4 ,on peut p]ir 0 8 repeat$ admonition1 & he 0 q "r4 ,we rea*$ ! region ( ponts1 m we>y1 b1 9 comp5sation1 m call\s1 ?an we _h be5 9 ! morn+1 & mov$ ov] ! s(t sn[ ( ! bridges z if we _h be5 walk+ ^u eggs4 ,! valley ( ,*am\ni 0 fill$ ) br[n-r$ cl\ds1 :i* crept t[>ds u up ! m\nta92 ! air ar\nd & above u 01 h[ev]1 cle>1 & ! *a/5$ light told u t day 0 dep>t+4 ,once z we hung ^u a /eep slope1 :]e ! sn[ 0 exce$+ly s(t1 ,hir/ omitt$ to make 8 foot+ sure2 ! s(t mass gave way1 & he fell1 utt]+ a />tl$ %\t z he w5t d[n ! declivity4 ,i 0 atta*$ to him1 &1 fix+ my feet sudd5ly 9 ! sn[1 endeav\r$ to *eck 8 fall1 b ,i seem$ a m]e fea!r 9 opposition to ! =ce ) :i* he desc5d$4,c ,i fell1 & w5t d[n aft] him2 & we c>ri$ q an avalan*e ( sn[ along ) u1 9 :i* we 7 almo/ completely hidd5 at ! bottom ( ! slope4 ,all fur!r dang]s1 h[ev]1 7 soon pa/1 & we w5t at a headlong spe$ to ! base ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets2 ! s\nd ( our batons aga9/ ! rocks call+ ,huxley =?4 ,a position m desolate ?an 8 _h be5 c h>dly be imag9$4 ,= sev5te5 h\rs he _h be5 !re4 ,he _h expect$ u at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2 ! h\rs came & pass$1 & till sev5 9 ! ev5+ he _h look$ = u4 ,to ! end ( my life1 he said1 ,i %all nev] =get ! s\nd ( ^? batons4 ,x 0 8 turn n[ to nurse me1 :i* he did1 repay+ my previ\s c>e ( him ) high int]e/4 ,we 7 all soon /ret*$1 &1 9 spite ( cold & h>d bo>ds1 ,i slept at int]vals2 b ! night1 on ! :ole1 0 a we>y "o1 & we rose next morn+ ) muscles m tir$ ?an :5 we lay d[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bl9d ,,amid ,,! ,,crevasses4 #aheg4 ,friday1 #ad? ,augu/4--,hir/ 0 almo/ bl9d ?is morn+2 & our guide's eyes 7 also greatly inflam$4 ,we ga!r$ our ?+s toge!r1 & bade ! ,gr&s ,mulets f>ewell4 ,x _h froz5 h>d dur+ ! night1 & ?is1 on ! /eep] slopes1 r5d]$ ! foot+ v insecure4 ,simond1 moreov]1 appe>$ to be a little bewild]$1 & ,i sometimes prec$$ him 9 cutt+ ! /eps1 :ile ,hir/ mov$ among ! crevasses l a bl9d man2 "o ( u keep+ ne> him1 s t he might feel = ! actual places :]e our feet _h re/$1 & place 8 own 9 ! same position4 ,x co/ u ?ree h\rs to cross f ! ,gr&s ,mulets to ! ,pi]re a l',e*elle1 :]e we disc>d$ our legg+s1 _h a m\?ful ( food1 & a brief re/4 ,once ^u ! safe e>? ,simond's p[]s seem$ to be re/or$1 & he l$ u swiftly d[nw>ds to ! little aub]ge beside ! ,cascade du ,t>d1 :]e we _h "s excell5t lemonade1 equally *oice cognac1 fre% /rawb]ries & cream4 ,h[ sweet !y 71 & h[ beautiful we ?\ght ! peasant girl :o s]v$ !m6 ,our guide kept a little hotel1 at :i* we halt$1 & f\nd x clean & com=table4 ,we 71 9 fact1 totally unfit to g else:]e4 ,my coat 0 torn1 holes 7 kick$ ?r\gh my boots1 & ,i 0 altoge!r ragg$ & %abby4 ,a w>m ba? be=e d9n] refre%$ all mightily4 ,d5se cl\ds n[ l[]$ ^u ,mont ,blanc1 & we _h n be5 an h\r at ,*am\ni :5 ! break+ up ( ! wea!r 0 ann\nc$ by a ?und]-peal4 ,we _h accompli%$ our j\rney j 9 "t4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,^? acqua9t$ ) ! m\nta9 w at once recognise ! grave error "h committ$4 ,9 fact on />t+ f ! ,gr&s ,mulets we _h cross$ ! glaci] too f>1 & ?r\gh\t 7 mu* too close to ! ,dome du ,g\t]4 ,b ,i fir$ ! second case 9 a field 9 ,hamp%ire1 &1 z f> z my memory enabl$ me to make ! comp>ison1 f\nd its s\nd consid]ably d5s]1 if ,i may use ! expression4 ,9 #ahei ,i _h a pi/ol fir$ at ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc3 its s\nd 0 s5sibly feebl] & %ort] ?an 9 ! valley2 x resembl$ some:at ! dis*>ge ( a cork f a *ampagne bottle1 ?\gh mu* l\d]1 b x c\ld n be at all comp>$ to ! s\nd ( a common crack]4 ,c ,i believe t ,i c\ld /op him n[ 7#ahfj74 7#ab47 ,sid5ote3 ,,happy ,,ev5+s4 #aheg4 ,aft] our return we sp5t e available h\r ^u ! ice1 work+ at que/ions :i* %all be treat$ "u _! prop] heads1 ea* day's "w be+ w\nd up by an ev5+ ( p]fect enjoym5t4 ,roa/ mutton & fri$ potatoes 7 our incessant f>e1 = :i*1 aft] a little long+ = a *ange at fir/1 we contract$ a f9al & p]man5t love4 ,z ! ye> advanc$1 moreov]1 & ! grass spr\t$ ) augm5t$ vig\r on ! slopes ( ! ,montanv]t1 ! mutton1 z pr$ict$ by our ho/1 became m t5d] & juicy4 ,we _h also "s capital ,sall5*es be]1 cold z ! glaci] wat]1 b eff]vesc5t z *ampagne4 ,su* 7 our food & dr9k4 ,aft] d9n] we ga!r$ r\nd ! p9e-fire1 & ,i c h>dly ?9k x possible = ?ree m5 to be m happy ?an we !n 74 ,x 0 n ! goodness ( ! conv]sation1 nor any high intellectual elem5t1 :i* gave ! *>m to our ga!r+s2 ! gladness grew naturally out ( our own p]fect heal?1 & out ( ! circum/ances ( our position4 ,e fibre seem$ a repository ( lat5t joy1 :i* ! slighte/ /imulus suffic$ to br+ into consci\s action4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,glaci] ,,bl[]4 #aheg4 ,on ! #ag? ,i p5etrat$ ) ,simond ?r\gh ?ick gloom to ! ,tacul2 on ! #ah? we set /akes at ! same place3 on ! same day1 :ile cross+ ! m$ial mora9e ( ! ,talefre1 a little bel[ ! cascade1 a s+ul> noise attract$ my att5tion2 x seem$ at fir/ z if a snake 7 hiss+ ab\t my feet4 ,on *ang+ my position ! s\nd sudd5ly ceas$1 b x soon recomm5c$4 ,!re 0 "s sn[ ^u ! glaci]1 :i* ,i remov$1 & plac$ my e> close to ! ice1 b x 0 difficult to fix on ! precise spot f :i* ! s\nd issu$4 ,i cut away ! dis9tegrat$ portion ( ! surface1 & at l5g? discov]$ a m9ute crack1 f :i* a /ream ( air issu$1 :i* ,i c\ld feel z a cold bla/ aga9/ my h&4 ,:ile cutt+ away ! surface fur!r1 ,i /opp$ ! little bl[]4 ,a m>mot scream$ ne> me1 & :ile ,i paus$ to look at ! creature scamp]+ up ! crags1 ! s\nd comm5c$ aga91 *ang+ its note v>i\sly--hiss+ l a snake1 s++ l a kettle1 & sometimes *irrup+ int]mitt5tly l a bird4 ,on pass+ my f+]s to & fro ov] ! crack1 ,i obta9$ a succession ( audible puffs2 ! curr5t 0 suffici5tly /rong to bl[ away ! corn] ( a gauze veil held ov] ! fissure4 ,/ill ! crack 0 n wide en\gh to p]mit ( ! entrance ( my f+] nail2 & to issue ) su* =ce f s m9ute a r5t ! air mu/ h be5 "u consid]able pressure4 ,! orig9 ( ! bl[] 0 9 all probability ! foll[+3--,:5 ! ice is recompact$ aft] hav+ desc5d$ a cascade1 x is next to c]ta9 t *amb]s ( air w be "h & !re enclos$1 :i*1 be+ p[]fully squeez$ aft]w>ds1 w issue 9 ! mann] describ$ :5ev] a crack 9 ! ice furni%es x ) a means ( escape4 ,9 my exp]im5ts on fl[+ mud1 = example1 ! air entrapp$ 9 ! mass :ile desc5d+ f ! sluice into ! tr\gh1 bur/s 9 bubbles f ! surface at a %ort di/ance d[nw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,difficult ,,l9e4 #aheg4 ,i aft]w>ds exam9$ ! ,talefre cascade f summit to base1 ) ref]5ce to ! /ructure1 until at ! close ( ! day ?ick5+ cl\ds w>n$ me (f4 ,i w5t d[n ! glaci] at a trot1 guid$ by ! b\ld]s capp$ ) little cairns :i* m>k$ ! r\te4 ,! track :i* ,i _h pursu$ = ! la/ five weeks amid ! crevasses ne> l',angle 0 ?is day b>ely passable4 ,! glaci] _h *ang$1 my "w 0 draw+ to a close1 &1 z ,i look$ at ! objects :i* _h n[ become s famili> to me1 ,i felt t1 ?\gh n visc\s1 ! ice did n lack ! quality ( adhesiv5ess1 & ,i felt a little sad at ! ?\ght ( bidd+ x s soon f>ewell4 ,at "s di/ance bel[ ! ,montanv]t ! ,m] de ,glace is riv5 f side to side by transv]se crevasses3 ^! fissures indicate t ! glaci] :]e !y occur is 9 a /ate ( longitud9al /ra9 :i* produces transv]se fracture4 ,i wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( /ret*+ :i* ! glaci] "h dem&$1 & :i* ! ice 0 n able to give2 & = ?is purpose desir$ to comp>e ! velocity ( a l9e set out across ! fissur$ portion ) t ( a second l9e /ak$ out across ! ice be=e x _h become ?us fissur$4 ,a previ\s inspection ( ! glaci] ?r\gh ! telescope ( our !odolite induc$ u to fix on a place :i*1 ?\gh mu* riv51 /ill did n exclude ! hope ( our be+ able to rea* ! o!r side4 ,ea* ( u 01 z usual1 arm$ ) 8 own axe2 & c>ry+ ) u suitable /akes1 my guide & myself ent]$ ^u ?is portion ( ! glaci] on ! morn+ ( ! #ai? ( ,augu/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,n\s ,,n\s ,,tr\v]ons ,,p]dus6 #aheg4 ,i 0 surpris$ on ent]+ to f9d "s ve9s ( :ite ice1 :i* f _! position & aspect appe>$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,glaci] du ,geant2 b to ^! ,i %all subsequ5tly ref]4 ,our "w 0 extremely difficult2 we p5etrat$ to "s di/ance along "o l9e1 b 7 f9ally =c$ back1 & compell$ to try ano!r4 ,"r & left ( u 7 pr(\nd fissures1 & once a cone ( ice =ty feet high lean$ q ov] our track4 ,9 front ( u 0 a second lean+ mass borne by a m]e /alk1 & s topheavy t "o wond]$ :y ! slight p$e/al on :i* x re/$ did n sudd5ly crack across4 ,we work$ sl[ly =w>ds1 & soon f\nd ourselves 9 ! %ad[ ( ! topheavy mass above ref]r$ to2 & f :i* ,i escap$ ) a w\nd$ h&1 caus$ by ov]-ha/e4 ,simond surm\nt$ ! next ridge & exclaim$1 ,n\s n\s tr\v]ons p]dus6 ,i rea*$ 8 side1 & on look+ r\nd ! place saw t !re 0 no foot+ = man4 ,! glaci] "h1 z %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 0 cut up into ?9 w$ges1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pr(\nd *asms1 & ! w$ges 7 s brok5 across z to r5d] creep+ along _! edges q impossible4 ,?us br\ght to a /&1 ,i fix$ a /ake at ! po9t :]e we 7 =c$ to halt1 & retreat$ along edges ( dete/able granul> ice1 :i* fell 9 %[]s into ! crevasses :5 /ruck by ! axe4 ,at "o place an exce$+ly deep fissure 0 at our left1 :i* 0 jo9$1 at a %>p angle1 by ano!r at our "r1 & we 7 compell$ to cross at ! place ( int]section3 to d ?is we _h to tru/ ourselves to a project+ knob ( t vile rott5 ice :i* ,i _h le>n$ to fe> s9ce my exp]i5ce ( x on ! ,col du ,geant4 ,we f9ally escap$1 & set out our l9e at ano!r place1 :]e ! glaci]1 ?\gh badly cut1 0 n impassable4 ,sid5ote3 ,,f>ewell ,,to ,,! ,,montanv]t4 #aheg4 ,on ! #bj? we made a s]ies ( f9al measurem5ts at ! ,tacul1 & det]m9$ ! motion ( two l9es :i* we _h set out ! previ\s day4 ,on ! #ba/ we quitt$ ! ,montanv]t2 ,i _h be5 !re f ! #ae? ( ,july1 & ! long] ,i rema9$ ! bett] ,i lik$ ! e/abli%m5t & ! p connect$ ) x4 ,x 0 !n manag$ by ,joseph ,tairraz & ,jules ,*>let1 bo? ( :om %[$ u e att5tion4 ,9 #aheh & #ahei ,i _h occasion to revisit ! e/abli%m5t1 :i* 0 !n manag$ by ,jules & 8 bro!r1 & f\nd 9 x ! same good qualities4 ,dur+ my w9t] exp$ition ( #ahei ,i also f\nd ! same read9ess to assi/ me 9 e possible way2 hone/ ,jules express+ 8 will+ness to asc5d ?r\gh ! sn[ to ! aub]ge if ,i ?\ght 8 pres5ce w\ld 9 any degree contribute to my com=t4 ,we cross$ ! glaci]1 & desc5d$ by ! ,*apeau to ! ,cascade des ,bois1 ! incl9ation ( :i* & ( ! l[] portion ( ! glaci] we !n det]m9$4 ,! day 0 magnific5t4 ,look+ upw>ds1 ! ,aiguilles de ,*>moz & du ,dru rose "r & left l s5t9els ( ! valley1 :ile 9 front ( u ! ice desc5d$ ! /eep1 a bewild]+ mass ( crags & *asms4 ,at ! o!r side 0 ! p9e-clad slope ( ! ,montanv]t4 ,fur!r on ! ,aiguille du ,midi ?rew its granite pyramid betwe5 u & ,mont ,blanc2 on ! ,dome du ,g\t] ! s]acs ( ! m\nta9 7 to be se51 :ile issu+ z if f a cleft 9 ! m\nta9 side ! ,glaci] des ,bossons ?ru/ ?r\gh ! black p9es its sn[y tongue4 ,bel[ u 0 ! beautiful valley ( ,*am\ni itself1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,arve & ,arveiron ru%$ l enliv5+ spirits4 ,we f9ally exam9$ a gr& old mora9e produc$ by a ,m] de ,glace ( o!r ages1 :5 ! ice q cross$ ! valley ( ,*am\ni & abutt$ aga9/ ! opposite m\nta9-wall4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ed\>d ,,simond4 #aheg4 ,simond _h prov$ himself a v valuable assi/ant2 he 0 intellig5t & p]fectly tru/wor?y2 & ?\gh ! peculi> nature ( my "w sometimes caus$ me to attempt ?+s aga9/ :i* 8 prud5ce prote/$1 he lack$ nei!r /r5g? nor c\rage4 ,on rea*+ ,*am\ni & add+ up our acc\nts1 ,i f\nd t ,i _h n suffici5t ca% to pay him2 money 0 wait+ = me at ! po/-(fice 9 ,g5eva1 & ?i!r x 0 arrang$ t my fri5d ,hir/ %\ld proce$ next morn+1 :ile ,i 0 to await ! arrival ( ! money at ,*am\ni4 ,my guide he>d ( ?is arrangem5t1 & div9$ its cause3 he came to me1 & 9 ! mo/ affectionate mann] begg$ ( me to accept f him ! loan ( #ejj francs4 ,?\gh ,i did n ne$ ! loan1 ! mode 9 :i* x 0 (f]$ to me augm5t$ ! k9dly feel+s :i* ,i _h long ent]ta9$ t[>ds ,simond1 & ,i may add t my int]c\rse ) him s9ce has s]v$ only to confirm my fir/ e/imate ( 8 wor?9ess4 ,,exp$ition ,,( #aheh4 7#ac47 ,sid5ote3 ,,d\bts ,,reg>d+ ,,/ructure4 #aheh4 ,i _h conf9$ myself dur+ ! summ] ( #aheg to ! ,m] de ,glace & its tribut>ies1 desir\s to make my k accurate r ?an ext5sive4 ,i _h made ! acqua9tance ( all accessible p>ts ( ! glaci]1 & sp>$ no pa9s to ma/] bo? ! details & ! mean+ ( ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! ice1 b ,i f\nd no fact ^u :i* ,i c\ld take my /& & say to an advocate ( an oppos+ !ory1 ,?is is unassailable4 ,9 exp]im5tal sci5ce we h usually ! p[] ( *ang+ ! conditions at pleasure2 if ,nature does n reply to a "q we ?r[ x into ano!r =m2 a comb9+ ( conditions is1 9 fact1 ! ess5ce ( exp]im5t4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t "q1 ,i c\ld n twi/ ! same glaci] into v>i\s %apes1 & ?r[ x into diff]5t /ates ( /ra9 & pressure2 b ,i might1 by visit+ _m glaci]s1 f9d all ne$ful conditions fulfill$ 9 detail1 & by obs]v+ ^! ,i hop$ to conf] ^u ! subject ! "* & precision ( a true exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,! summ] ( #aheh 0 accord+ly devot$ to ?is purpose1 :5 ,i _h ! good =tune to be accompani$ by ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 ! au?or ( "s extremely int]e/+ pap]s ^u anci5t glaci]s4 ,tak+ ,zu]i*1 ,s*affhaus51 & ,luc]ne 9 our way1 we cross$ ! ,bru5ig on ! #bbnd ( ,july1 & met my guide1 ,*ri/ian ,lau5]1 at ,meyr+54 ,on ! #bcrd we visit$ ! glaci] ( ,ros5laui1 & ! glaci] ( ! ,s*w>tzwald1 & rea*$ ,gr9delwald 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day4 ,my exp$ition ) ,mr4 ,huxley _h taught me t ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci] 0 extremely in/ructive1 & ,i 0 anxi\s to see _m p>ts ( x once m2 ?is ,i did1 9 company ) ,ramsay1 & we also sp5t a day ^u ! upp] glaci]1 aft] :i* our pa? lay ov] ! ,/rahleck to ! glaci]s ( ! ,a> & ( ! ,rhone4 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,/rahleck4 7#ad47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,gloomy ,,prospect4 #aheh4 ,on ,monday1 ! #bf? ( ,july1 we 7 call$ at #d ,a4,m41 & f\nd ! wea!r v unpromis+1 b ! two morn+s :i* prec$$ x _h also be5 ?reat5+ )\t any evil result4 ,!re 01 x is true1 some?+ m ?an usually ho/ile 9 ! aspect ( ! cl\ds :i* sail$ sull5ly f ! we/1 & sme>$ ! air & m\nta9s z if ) ! dirty smoke ( a manufactur+ t[n4 ,we despat*$ our c(fee1 w5t d[n to ! bottom ( ! ,gr9delwald valley1 up ! opposite slope1 & 7 soon amid ! gloom ( ! p9es :i* p>tially cov] x4 ,on em]g+ f ^!1 a wat]y gleam on ! mottl$ head ( ! ,eig] 0 ! only evid5ce ( direct sunlight 9 t direction4 ,to our left 0 ! ,wett]horn surr\nd$ by wild & disord]ly cl\ds1 ?r\gh ! fissures ( :i* ! morn+ light gl>$ /rangely4 ,= a "t ! ,heisse ,platte 0 se51 a d>k br[n pat* amid ! gha/ly blue :i* ov]spread ! surr\nd+ slopes ( sn[4 ,! cl\ds once roll$ up1 & reveal$ = a mom5t ! summits ( ! ,vies*]ho]n]2 b !y imm$iately settl$ d[n aga91 & hid ! m\nta9s f top to base4 ,soon aft]w>ds !y drew !mselves p>tially aside1 & a pat* ( blue ov] ! ,/rahleck gave u hope & pleasure4 ,z we asc5d$1 ! prospect 9 front ( u grew bett]1 b t beh9d u--& ! w9d came f beh9d--grew worse4 ,sl[ly & /eal?ily ! d5se neutral-t9t masses crept along ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 & seem$ to dog u l spies2 :ile ov] ! glaci] hung a ?9 veil ( fog1 ?r\gh :i* gleam$ ! :ite m9>ets ( ! ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,cascade ,,& ,,protub]ances4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,( ,,! ,,/rahleck ,,bran*4 #aheh4 ,:5 we fir/ spoke ( cross+ ! ,/rahleck1 ,lau5] said x w\ld be necess>y to take two guides at lea/2 b aft] a day's p]=mance on ! ice he ?\ght we might manage v well by tak+1 9 addition to himself1 ! h]d ( ! alp1 ov] ! m difficult "p ( ! pass4 ,he _h fur!r exp]i5ce ( u on ! second day1 & n[1 z we approa*$ ! h]d's hut1 ,i 0 amus$ to he> him say t he ?\ght any assi/ance beside 8 own unnecess>y4 ,rely+ ^u ourselves1 !re=e1 we cont9u$ our r\te1 & 7 soon ^u ! glaci]1 :i* _h be5 r5d]$ smoo? & slipp]y ?r\gh ! removal ( its dis9tegrat$ surface by ! w>m air4 ,cross+ ! ,/rahleck bran* ( ! glaci] to its left side1 we climb$ ! rocks to ! grass & fl[]s :i* clo! ! slopes above !m4 ,our way sometimes lay ov] ^!1 sometimes along ! b$s ( /reams1 across turbul5t brooks1 & once ar\nd ! face ( a cliff1 :i* af=d$ u ab\t an in* ( l$ge to /& ^u1 & "s protrud+ spl9t]s to lay hold ( by ! h&s4 ,hav+ rea*$ a promontory :i* comm&$ a f9e view ( ! glaci]1 & ( ! ice cascade by :i* x 0 f$1 ,i halt$1 to *eck ! obs]vations already made f ! side ( ! opposite m\nta94 ,"h1 z !re1 cliffy ridges 7 se5 cross+ ! cascade ( ! glaci]1 ) int]pos$ spaces ( dirt & debris--! =m] be+ ton$ d[n1 & ! latt] squeez$ t[>ds ! base ( ! fall1 until f9ally ! ridges swept across ! glaci]1 9 g5tle swell+s1 f side to side2 :ile ! valleys betwe5 !m1 hold+ ! pr9cipal %>e ( ! sup]ficial impurity1 =m$ ! cradles ( ! s-call$ ,dirt-,b&s4 ,^! swept conc5tric ) ! protub]ances across ! glaci]1 & rema9$ ^u its surface ev5 aft] ! swell+s _h disappe>$4 ,! swift] fl[ ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci] t5ds ( c\rse incessantly to l5g!n ! loops ( ! b&s1 & to ?ru/ ! summits ( ! curves :i* !y =m m & m 9 advance ( _! lat]al portions4 ,! depressions betwe5 ! protub]ances appe>$ to be furr[$ by m9or wr9kles1 z if ! ice ( ! depressions _h yield$ m ?an t ( ! protub]ances4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is extremely probable1 ?\gh x has nev] yet be5 prov$4 ,?ree /akes1 plac$1 "o on ! summit1 ano!r on ! frontal slope1 & ano!r at ! base ( a protub]ance1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 move ) unequal velocities4 ,!y w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 %[ t1 ^u ! l>ge & g5]al motion ( ! glaci]1 small] motions are sup]pos$1 z m9or oscillations are kn[n to cov] p>asitically ! l>ge ones ( a vibrat+ /r+4 ,possibly1 also1 ! dirt-b&s may owe some?+ to ! squeez+ ( impurities out ( ! glaci] to its surface 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! swell+s4 ,f our pres5t position we c\ld also see ! swell+s on ! ,vies*]ho]n] bran* ( ! glaci]1 9 ! valleys betwe5 :i* co>se %+le & debris 7 collect$1 :i* w\ld =m dirt-b&s if !y c\ld4 ,on nei!r bran*1 h[ev]1 d ! b&s atta9 ! def9ition & beauty :i* !y possess ^u ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,aft] an in/ructive lesson we fac$ our task once m1 pass+ amid crags & b\ld]s1 & ov] /eep mora9es1 f :i* ! /ones roll$ d[n ^u ! slighte/ di/urbance4 ,:ile cross+ a slope ( sn[ ) an incl9ation ( #de deg41 my foot+ gave way1 ,i fell1 b turn$ promptly on my face1 dug my /aff deeply into ! sn[1 & arre/$ ! motion be=e ,i _h slid a doz5 y>ds4 ,ramsay 0 beh9d me1 speculat+ :e!r he %\ld be able to pass ! same po9t )\t slipp+2 be=e he rea*$ x1 h[ev]1 ! sn[ yield$1 he fell1 & slid swiftly d[nw>ds4 ,lau5]1 ^: att5tion _h be5 ar\s$ by my fall1 *anc$ to be look+ r\nd :5 ,ramsay's foot+ yield$4 ,) ! velocity ( a projectile he ?rew himself ^u my companion1 seiz$ him1 & br\ght him to re/ be=e he _h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! slope4 ,! act made a v fav\rable impression ^u me1 x 0 s prompt & in/9ctive4 ,an eagle c\ld n swoop ^u its prey ) m directness ( aim & swiftness ( execution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,cliffs ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,fog4 #aheh4 ,:ile ?is w5t on ! cl\ds 7 play+ hide & seek ) ! m\nta9s4 ,! ice-crags & p9nacles to our left1 loom+ ?r\gh ! haze1 seem$ ( gigantic proportions1 rem9d+ "o ( ! ,hades ( ,byron's ',ca94' ,h[ sunless & h[ va/ are ^! dim realms6 ,we climb$ = "s "t along ! mora9e :i* flanks ! cascade1 & on rea*+ ! level ( ! br[ ,lau5] paus$1 ca/ (f 8 knapsack1 & decl>$ = breakfa/4 ,:ile engag$ ) x ! d5se cl\ds :i* _h cramm$ ! gorge & obscur$ ! m\nta9s1 all melt$ away1 & a sc5e ( indescribable magnific5ce 0 reveal$4 ,ov]head ! sky sudd5ly deep5$ to d>k blue1 & aga9/ x ! ,f9/]a>horn project$ 8 d>k & mighty mass4 ,br[n spurs jutt$ f ! m\nta91 & betwe5 !m 7 precipit\s sn[-slopes1 flut$ by ! desc5t ( rocks & avalan*es1 & brok5 into ice-precipices l[] d[n4 ,"r 9 front ( u1 & f its proximity m gigantic to ! eye1 0 ! ,s*reckhorn1 :ile f c\loirs & m\nta9-slopes ! matt] ( glaci]s yet to be 0 p\r$ into ! va/ bas9 on ! rim ( :i* we n[ /ood4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mutations ,,( ,,! ,,cl\ds4 #aheh4 ,?is x 0 next our object to cross2 our way ly+ 9 "p ?r\gh deep sn[-slu%1 ! sc5e *ang+ p]petually f blue heav5 to gray haze :i* mass$ itself at int]vals 9 d5se cl\ds ab\t ! m\nta9s4 ,aft] cross+ ! bas9 our way lay p>tly ov] slopes ( sn[1 p>tly ov] loose %+le1 & at "o place along ! edge ( a =midable precipice ( rock4 ,we sat d[n sometimes to re/1 & dur+ ^! pauses1 ?\gh !y 7 v brief1 ! sc5e _h "t to g ?r\gh sev]al ( its ,protean mutations4 ,at "o mom5t all w\ld be p]fectly s]5e1 no cl\d 9 ! transp>5t air to tell u t any portion ( x 0 9 motion1 :ile ! blue heav5 ?rew its flatt5$ ar* ov] ! magnific5t amphi!atre4 ,!n 9 an in/ant1 f "s local cauldron1 ! vap\r w\ld boil up sudd5ly1 eddy+ wildly 9 ! air1 :i* a mom5t be=e seem$ s /ill1 & envelop+ ! entire sc5e4 ,?us ! space enclos$ by ! ,f9/]a>horn1 ! ,vies*]ho]n]1 & ! ,s*reckhorn1 w\ld at "o mom5t be fill$ ) fog to ! m\nta9 heads1 e trace ( :i* a few m9utes suffic$ to sweep away1 leav+ ! un/a9$ blue ( heav5 beh9d x1 & ! m\nta9s %[+ %>p & jagg$ outl9es 9 ! glassy air4 ,"o might be almo/ l$ to imag9e t ! vap\r molecules endur$ a /ra9 simil> to t ( wat] cool$ bel[ its freez+ po9t1 or heat$ beyond its boil+ po9t2 & t1 on ! /ra9 be+ reliev$ by ! sudd5 yield+ ( ! oppos+ =ce1 ! p>ticles ru%$ toge!r1 & ?us fill$ 9 an in/ant ! cle> atmosph]e ) aque\s precipitation4 ,i _h no idea t ! ,/rahleck 0 s f9e a pass4 ,:e!r x is ! quality ( my m9d to take 9 ! glory ( ! pres5t s int5sely z to make me =getful ( ! glory ( ! pa/1 ,i "k n1 b x appe>$ to me t ,i _h nev] se5 any?+ f9] ?an ! sc5e f ! summit4 ,! amphi!atre =m$ by ! m\nta9s seem$ to me ( exce$+ magnific5ce2 nor d ,i ?9k t my feel+ 0 subjective m]ely2 = ! simple magnitude ( ! masses :i* built up ! spectacle w\ld be suffici5t to decl>e its gr&eur4 ,look+ d[n t[>ds ! ,glaci] ( ! ,a>1 a sc5e ( wild beauty & desolation pres5t$ itself4 ,n a trace ( vegetation c\ld be se5 along ! :ole range ( ! b\nd+ m\nta9s2 glaci]s /ream$ f _! %\ld]s into ! valley b5ea?1 :]e !y weld$ !mselves to =m ! ,f9/]a> afflu5t ( ! ,unt]a> glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,crags4 #aheh4 ,aft] a brief pause1 ,lau5] aga9 /rapp$ on 8 knapsack1 & temp]$ bo? w & muscles by ! rem>k1 t our wor/ piece ( "w 0 n[ be=e u4 ,f ! place :]e we sat1 ! m\nta9 fell precipit\sly = sev]al hundr$ feet2 & d[n ! wea!r$ crags1 & ov] ! loose %+le :i* encumb]$ _! l$ges1 our r\te n[ lay4 ,lau5] 0 9 front1 cool & collect$1 l5d+ at times a h& to ,ramsay1 & a ^w ( enc\ragem5t to bo? ( u1 :ile ,i br\ght up ! re>4 ,i f\nd my full hav]sack s inconv5i5t t ,i once or twice ?\ght ( s5d+ x d[n ! crags 9 advance ( me1 b ,lau5] assur$ me t x w\ld be utt]ly de/roy$ be=e rea*+ ! bottom4 ,my compla9t aga9/ x 01 t at critical places x sometimes came betwe5 me & ! face ( ! cliff1 pu%+ me away f ! latt] s z to ?r[ my c5tre ( gravity almo/ beyond ! base int5d$ to support x4 ,we came at l5g? ^u a sn[-slope1 :i* _h = a "t an incl9ation ( #ej deg42 !n once m to ! rocks2 aga9 to ! sn[1 :i* 0 bo? /eep & deep4 ,our batons 7 at lea/ six feet long3 we drove !m into ! sn[ to secure an an*orage1 b !y sank to _! v ends1 & we m]ely reta9$ a l5g? ( !m suffici5t = a grasp4 ,?is slope 0 int]sect$ by a s-call$ ,b]gs*rund1 ! l[] portion ( ! slope be+ torn away f its upp] portion s z to =m a crevasse t ext5d$ q r\nd ! head ( ! valley4 ,we rea*$ its upp] edge2 ! *asm 0 p>tially fill$ ) sn[1 :i* br\ght its edges s ne> t we cle>$ x by a jump4 ,! re/ ( ! slope 0 desc5d$ by a glissade4 ,ea* sat d[n ^u ! sn[1 & ! motion1 once comm5c$1 swiftly augm5t$ to ! rate ( an avalan*e1 & br\ght u pleasantly to ! bottom4 ,sid5ote3 ,,?r\gh ,,gloom ,,to ,,! ,,grimsel4 #aheh4 ,z we look$ f ! heights1 we c\ld see t ! valley ?r\gh :i* our r\te lay 0 fill$ ) gray fog3 into ?is we soon plung$1 & ?r\gh x we made our way t[>ds ! ,abs*wung4 ,! incl9ation ( ! glaci] 0 our only guide1 = we c\ld see no?+4 ,rea*+ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,f9/]a> & ,laut]a> bran*es1 we w5t d[nw>ds ) long sw++ /rides1 close alongside ! m$ial mora9e ( ! trunk glaci]4 ,! glory ( ! morn+ _h its *eck 9 ! dull gloom ( ! ev5+4 ,across /reams1 amid dirt-cones & glaci]-tables1 & ov] ! long rea* ( %+le :i* cov]s ! end ( ! glaci]1 we plodd$ dogg$ly1 & rea*$ ! ,grimsel at #g ,p4,m41 ! j\rney hav+ co/ a little m ?an #ad h\rs4 7#ae47 ,sid5ote3 ,,anci5t ,,glaci] ,,action4 #aheh4 ,we made ! ,grimsel our /ation = a day1 :i* 0 sp5t 9 exam9+ ! evid5ces ( anci5t glaci] action 9 ! valley ( ,hasli4 ,ne> ! ,hospice1 b at ! opposite side ( ! ,a>1 rises a m\nta9-wall ( h>d granite1 on :i* ! flut+s & groov+s are magnific5tly pres]v$4 ,aft] a little practice ! eye c trace ) ! utmo/ precision ! l9e :i* m>ks ! level ( ! anci5t ice3 above ?is ! crags are %>p & rugg$2 :ile bel[ x ! mighty gr9d] has rubb$ (f ! p9nacles ( ! rocks & worn _! edges away4 ,! height to :i* ?is action ext5ds mu/ be ne>ly two ?\s& feet above ! b$ ( ! pres5t valley4 ,x is also easy to see ! dep? to :i* ! riv] has work$ its *annel into ! anci5t rocks4 ,9 "s cases ! road f ,guttan5 to ! ,grimsel lay "r ov] ! poli%$ rocks1 asp]ities be+ suppli$ by ! *isel ( man 9 ord] to prev5t travell]s f slipp+ on _! slopes4 ,"h & !re also huge protub]ant crags 7 r\nd$ into domes almo/ z p]fect z if *isell$ by art4 ,to bo? my companion & myself ?is walk 0 full ( in/ruction & delight4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,july we cross$ ! ,grimsel pass1 & trac$ ! scrat*+s to ! v top ( x4 ,ramsay rem>k$ t _! direction *ang$ high up ! pass1 z if a tribut>y f ! summit _h produc$ !m1 :ile l[] d[n !y m]g$ into ! g5]al direction ( ! glaci] :i* _h fill$ ! pr9cipal valley4 ,f ! summit ( ! ,may5w& we _h a cle> view ( ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone2 & to see ! l[] portion ( ?is glaci] to advantage no bett] position c be *os54 ,! dislocation ( its cascade1 ! spread+ out ( ! ice bel[1 its sy/em ( radial crevasses1 & ! transv]se sweep ( its /ructural groov+s1 may all be se54 ,a few h\rs aft]w>ds we 7 among ! wild *asms at ! br[ ( ! ice-fall1 :]e we work$ our way to ! c5tre ( ! ice1 b 7 unable to atta9 ! opposite side4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! glaci] bo? above & bel[ ! cascade1 we w5t d[n ! valley to ,vies*1 & asc5d$ !nce1 on ! #cj? ( ,july1 to ! ,hotel ,jungfrau on ! slopes ( ! ,a,eggischhorn4 ,on ! foll[+ day we climb$ to ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & f a %elt]$ nook enjoy$ ! glori\s prospect :i* x comm&s4 ,! w9d 0 /rong1 & fleecy cl\ds flew ov] ! heav5s2 "s ( :i*1 z !y =m$ & disp]s$ !mselves ab\t ! flanks ( ! ,alets*horn1 %[$ extraord9>y iridesc5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,m,ae,r,j,e,l,e,n ,,see4 #aheh4 ,! sunbeams call$ u e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,augu/4 ,no cl\d re/$ on ! opposite range ( ! ,valais m\nta9s1 b on look+ t[>ds ! ,a,eggischhorn we f\nd a cap ^u its cre/2 we look$ aga9--! cap _h disappe>$ & a s]5e heav5 /ret*$ ov]head4 ,z we brea/$ ! alp ! moon 0 /ill 9 ! sky1 pal+ m & m be=e ! advanc+ day2 a s+le hawk swung 9 ! atmosph]e above u2 cle> /reams babbl$ f ! hills1 ! l\d] s\nds repos+ on a base ( music2 :ile gr\ps ( c[s ) t9kl+ bells br[s$ ^u ! gre5 alp4 ,"h & !re ! grass 0 dispossess$1 & ! flanks ( ! m\nta9 7 cov]$ by ! blocks :i* _h be5 ca/ d[n f ! summit4 ,on rea*+ ! plateau at ! base ( ! f9al pyramid1 we r\nd$ ! m\nta9 to ! "r & came ov] ! lonely & beautiful ,ma]jel5 ,see4 ,no d\bt ! holl[ :i* ?is lake fills _h be5 scoop$ out 9 =m] ages by a bran* ( ! ,alets* glaci]2 b long ago ! blue ice gave place to blue wat]4 ,! glaci] b\nds x at "o side by a v]tical wall ( ice sixty feet 9 height3 ?is is incessantly und]m9$1 a ro( ( cry/al be+ =m$ ov] ! wat]1 till at l5g? ! project+ mass1 becom+ too heavy = its own rigidity1 breaks & tumbles into ! lake4 ,"h1 attack$ by sun & air1 its blue surface is r5d]$ dazzl+ly :ite1 & sev]al iceb]gs ( ?is k9d n[ float$ 9 ! sunlight2 ! wat] 0 ( a glassy smoo?ness1 & 9 its blue dep?s ea* ice mass d\bl$ itself by reflection4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,alets* ,,glaci]4 #aheh4 ,! ,alets* is ! gr&e/ glaci] 9 ! ,alps3 ov] x we n[ /ood1 :ile ! b\nd+ m\nta9s p\r$ va/ fe$]s into ! noble /ream4 ,! ,jungfrau 0 9 front ( u )\t a cl\d1 & app>5tly s ne> t ,i propos$ to my guide to try x )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,he 0 en?usia/ic at fir/1 b caution aft]w>ds got ! bett] ( 8 c\rage4 ,at "s di/ance up ! glaci] ! sn[-l9e 0 di/9ctly drawn1 & f its edge upw>ds ! mighty %\ld]s ( ! hills 7 heavy lad5 ) ! /ill p[d]y mat]ial ( ! glaci]4 ,amid blocks & debris we desc5d$ to ! ice3 ! portion ( x :i* b\nd$ ! lake _h be5 sapp$1 & a space ( a foot exi/$ betwe5 ice & wat]3 num]\s *asms 7 =m$ "h1 ! mass be+ ?us brok51 prep>atory to be+ s5t adrift ^u ! lake4 ,we cross$ ! glaci] to its c5tre1 & look+ d[n x ! gr& peaks ( ! ,mis*abel1 ! noble cone ( ! ,weis%orn1 & ! d>k & /]n obelisk ( ! ,matt]horn1 =m$ a spl5did picture4 ,look+ upw>ds1 a s]ies ( mo/ s+ul>ly contort$ dirt-b&s reveal$ !mselves ^u ! surface ( ! ice4 ,i s\ght to trace !m to _! orig91 b 0 fru/rat$ by ! sn[ :i* ov]spread ! upp] portion ( ! glaci]4 ,along ?is we m>*$ = ?ree h\rs1 & came at l5g? to ! junction ( ! f\r tribut>y valleys :i* p\r _! froz5 /reams into ! great trunk valley4 ,! glory ( ! day1 & t joy ( he>t :i* p]fect heal? conf]s1 may h contribut$ to produce ! impression1 b ,i ?\ght ,i _h nev] se5 any?+ to rival 9 magnific5ce ! region 9 ! he>t ( :i* we n[ f\nd ourselves4 ,we climb$ ! m\nta9 on ! "r-h& side ( ! glaci]1 :]e1 seat$ amid ! riv5 & wea!r-worn crags1 we f$ our s\ls = h\rs on ! transc5d5t beauty ( ! sc5e4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,*amois ,,deceiv$4 #aheh4 ,we aft]w>ds r$esc5d$ to ! glaci]1 :i* at ?is place 0 int]sect$ by l>ge transv]se crevasses1 _m ( :i* 7 app>5tly fill$ ) sn[1 :ile ov] o!rs a ?9 & trea*]\s ro( 0 ?r[n4 ,9 "s cases ! ro( _h brok5 away1 & reveal$ r[s ( icicles ( great l5g? & transp>5cy p5d5t f ! edges4 ,we at l5g? turn$ our faces homew>ds1 & look+ d[n ! glaci] ,i saw at a great di/ance some?+ mov+ on ! ice4 ,i fir/ ?\ght x 0 a man1 ?\gh x seem$ /range t a man %\ld be !re alone4 ,on draw+ my guide's att5tion to x he at once pron\nc$ x to be a *amois1 & ,i ) my telescope imm$iately v]ifi$ 8 /atem5t4 ,! creature b\nd$ up ! glaci] at int]vals1 & sometimes ! vig\r ( its spr+ %[$ t x _h project$ itself ov] a crevasse4 ,x approa*$ u sometimes at full gallop3 !n w\ld /op1 look t[>d u1 pipe l\dly1 & comm5ce its race once m4 ,x evid5tly made ! reciprocal mi/ake to my own1 imag9+ u to be ( its own ki? & k94 ,we sat d[n ^u ! ice ! bett] to conceal our =ms1 & to its :i/le our guide :i/l$ 9 reply4 ,a joy\s ru% 0 ! creature's fir/ response to ! signal2 b x aft]w>ds began to d\bt1 & its pauses became m frequ5t4 ,its =m at times 0 extremely graceful1 ! head erect 9 ! air1 its app>5t uprightness be+ augm5t$ by ! curvature :i* ?rew its horns back4 ,i wat*$ ! animal ?r\gh my glass until ,i c\ld see ! gli/5+ ( its eyes2 b soon aft]w>ds x made a f9al pause1 assur$ itself ( its error1 & flew ) ! spe$ ( ! w9d to its refuge 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,a pa9t+ ( ?is exquisite lake has be5 rec5tly execut$ by ,mr4 ,george ,b>n>d4 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,f9/]a>horn1 #aheh4 7#af47 ,sid5ote3 ,,my ,,guide4 #aheh4 ,s9ce my arrival at ! hotel on ! #cj? ( ,july ,i _h once or twice spok5 ab\t asc5d+ ! ,f9/]a>horn1 & on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ my ho/ advis$ me to avail myself ( ! promis+ wea!r4 ,a guide1 nam$ ,b5n51 0 atta*$ to ! hotel1 a rem>kable-look+ man1 betwe5 #cj & #dj ye>s old1 ( middle /ature1 b v /rongly built4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 frank & firm1 :ile a light ( good-nature at times tw9kl$ 9 8 eye4 ,altoge!r ! man gave me ! impression ( physical /r5g?1 comb9$ ) decision ( "*4 ,! proprietor _h spok5 to me _m times ( ! /r5g? & c\rage ( ?is man1 w9d+ up 8 praises ( him by ! assurance t if ,i 7 kill$ 9 ,b5n5's company !re w\ld be two lives lo/1 = t ! guide w\ld assur$ly sacrifice himself 9 ! ef=t to save 8 ,h]r4 ,he 0 call$1 & ,i ask$ him :e!r he w\ld accompany me alone to ! top ( ! ,f9/]a>horn4 ,to ?is he at fir/ object$1 urg+ ! possibility ( 8 hav+ to r5d] me assi/ance1 & ! great am\nt ( lab\r :i* ?is might entail ^u him2 b ?is 0 ov]rul$ by my engag+ to foll[ :]e he l$1 )\t ask+ him to r5d] me any help :atev]4 ,he !n agre$ to make ! trial1 /ipulat+1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld n h mu* to c>ry to ! cave ( ! ,faulb]g1 :]e we 7 to sp5d ! night4 ,to ?is ,i cordially agre$1 & s5t on blankets1 provisions1 wood1 & hay1 by two port]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iridesc5t ,,cl\d4 #aheh4 ,my desire1 9 "p1 0 to make a s]ies ( obs]vations at ! summit ( ! m\nta91 :ile a simil> s]ies 0 made by ,pr(essor ,ramsay 9 ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 ne> ,vies*1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! p]meability ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e to ! radiant heat ( ! sun4 ,dur+ ! =5oon ( ! #bnd ,i occupi$ myself ) my in/rum5ts1 & made ! prop] arrangem5ts ) ,ramsay4 ,i te/$ a m\nta9-!rmomet] :i* ,mr4 ,casella _h k9dly l5t me1 & f\nd ! boil+ po9t ( wat] on ! d9+-room table ( ! hotel to be #aii4bi deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,at ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon we quitt$ ! hotel1 & proce$$ leisurely ) our two guides up ! slope ( ! ,a,eggischhorn4 ,we once caught a sight ( ! topmo/ p9nacle ( ! ,f9/]a>horn2 beside x 0 ! ,ro?horn1 & ne> ?is aga9 ! ,ob]a>horn1 ) ! ,vies*] glaci] /ream+ f its %\ld]s4 ,on ! opposite side we c\ld see1 ov] an oblique buttress ( ! m\nta9 on :i* we /ood1 ! sn[y summit ( ! ,weis%orn2 to ! left ( ?is 0 ! ev] grim & lonely ,matt]horn2 & f>!r to ! left1 ) its num]\s sn[-cones1 ea* ) its att5dant %ad[1 rose ! mighty ,mis*abel4 ,we desc5d$1 & cross$ ! /ream :i* fl[s f ! ,ma]jel5 ,see1 into :i* a l>ge mass ( ! glaci] _h rec5tly fall51 & 0 n[ afloat z an iceb]g4 ,we pass$ along ! m>g9 ( ! lake1 & at ! junction ( wat] & ice ,i bade ,ramsay good-bye4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( our j\rney ^u ! ice1 :5ev] we cross$ a crevasse1 ,i notic$ ,b5n5 wat*+ me2 8 vigilance1 h[ev]1 soon dim9i%$1 :5ce ,i ga!r$ t he f9ally conclud$ t ,i 0 able to take c>e ( myself4 ,cl\ds hov]$ 9 ! atmosph]e ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t ( our asc5t2 "o smoky-look+ mass m>r$ ! glory ( ! sunset1 b at "s di/ance 0 ano!r :i* exhibit$ col\rs almo/ z ri* & v>i$ z ^? ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,i took ! glori\s bann] ?us unfurl$ z a sign ( hope1 to *eck ! despond5cy :i* its gloomy neighb\r 0 calculat$ to produce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ev5+ ,,ne> ,,! ,,jungfrau4 #aheh4 ,two h\rs' walk+ br\ght u ne> our place ( re/2 ! port]s _h already rea*$ x1 & 7 n[ return+4 ,we deviat$ to ! "r1 &1 hav+ cross$ "s ice-rav9es1 rea*$ ! lat]al mora9e ( ! glaci]1 & pick$ our way betwe5 x & ! adjac5t m\nta9-wall4 ,we !n rea*$ a k9d ( amphi!atre1 cross$ x1 & climb+ ! opposite slope1 came to a triple grotto =m$ by clefts 9 ! m\nta94 ,9 "o ( ^! a p9e-fire 0 soon blaz+ briskly1 & ca/+ its r$ light ^u ! surr\nd+ objects1 ?\gh b half dispell+ ! gloom f ! deep] portions ( ! cell4 ,i left ! grotto1 & climb$ ! rocks above x to look at ! heav5s4 ,! sun _h quitt$ our firmam5t1 b /ill t9t$ ! cl\ds ) r$ & purple2 :ile "o peak ( sn[ 9 p>ticul> gl[$ l fire1 s vivid 0 its illum9ation4 ,dur+ our j\rney upw>ds ! ,jungfrau nev] once %[$ h] head1 b1 z if 9 ill temp]1 _h wrapp$ h] vap\ry veil ar\nd h]4 ,%e n[ look$ m good-hum\r$1 b /ill %e did n q remove h] hood2 ?\gh all ! o!r summits1 )\t a trace ( cl\d to mask _! beautiful =ms1 po9t$ heav5w>d4 ,! calmness 0 p]fect2 no s\nd ( liv+ creature1 no :isp] ( a breeze1 no gurgle ( wat]1 no ru/le ( debris1 to break ! deep & solemn sil5ce4 ,surely1 if beauty be an object ( wor%ip1 ^? glori\s m\nta9s1 ) r\nd$ %\ld]s ( ! pure/ :ite--sn[-cre/$ & />-gemm$--7 well calculat$ to excite s5tim5ts ( adoration4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,! ,,faulb]g4 #aheh4 ,i return$ to ! grotto1 :]e supp] 0 prep>$ & wait+ = me4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 at ! level ( ! kit*5 floor1 ,i f\nd to be #aif deg4 ,fahr4 ,no?+ c\ld be m picturesque ?an ! aspect ( ! cave be=e we w5t to re/4 ,! fire 0 gleam+ ruddily4 ,i sat ^u a /one b5* beside x1 :ile ,b5n5 0 9 front ) ! r$ light glimm]+ fitfully ov] him4 ,my boil+-wat] app>atus1 :i* _h j be5 us$1 0 9 ! =egr\nd2 & telescopes1 op]a-glasses1 hav]sacks1 w9e-keg1 bottles1 & mattocks1 lay confus$ly ar\nd4 ,! heav5s cont9u$ to gr[ cle>]1 ! ?9 cl\ds1 :i* _h p>tially ov]spread ! sky1 melt+ gradually away4 ,! grotto 0 com=table2 ! hay suffici5t mat]ially to modify ! h>dness ( ! rock1 & my position at lea/ %elt]$ & w>m4 ,"o possibility rema9$ t might prev5t me f sleep+--! snor+ ( my companion2 he assur$ me1 h[ev]1 t he did n snore1 & we lay d[n side by side4 ,! good fell[ took c>e t ,i %\ld n be *ill$2 he gave me ! be/ place1 by f> ! be/ "p ( ! clo!s1 & may h suff]$ himself 9 consequ5ce2 b1 happily = him1 he 0 soon oblivi\s ( ?is4 ,physiologi/s1 ,i believe1 h discov]$ t x is *iefly dur+ sleep t ! muscles are repair$2 & ere long ! s\nd ,i dread$ ann\nc$ to me at once ! repair ( ,b5n5's muscles & ! doom ( my own4 ,! holl[ cave res\nd$ to ! deep-drawn snore4 ,i once or twice /irr$ ! sleep]1 break+ !reby ! cont9uity ( ! ph5om5on2 b x in/antly piec$ itself toge!r aga91 & w5t on z be=e4 ,i _h n ! he>t to wake him1 = ,i knew t ^u him w\ld devolve ! *ief lab\r ( ! com+ day4 ,at half-pa/ "o he rose & prep>$ c(fee1 & at two o'clock ,i 0 engag$ ^u ! bev]age4 ,we aft]w>ds pack$ up our provisions & in/rum5ts4 ,b5n5 bore ! =m]1 ,i ! latt]1 & at ?ree o'clock we set out4 ,sid5ote3 ,,%all ,,we ,,try ,,! ,,jungfrau8 #aheh4 ,we fir/ desc5d$ a /eep slope to ! glaci]1 along :i* we walk$ = a "t4 ,a spur ( ! ,faulb]g jutt$ out betwe5 u & ! ice-lad5 valley ?r\gh :i* we mu/ pass2 ?is we cross$ 9 ord] to %ort5 our way & to avoid crevasses4 ,loose %+le & b\ld]s ov]laid ! m\nta92 & "h & !re walls ( rock oppos$ our progress1 & r5d]$ ! r\te f> f agreeable4 ,we !n desc5d$ to ! ,gru5horn tribut>y1 :i* jo9s ! trunk glaci] at ne>ly a "r angle1 be+ t]m9at$ by a saddle :i* /ret*es across f m\nta9 to m\nta91 ) a curvature z graceful & z p]fect z if drawn by ! in/rum5t ( a ma!matician4 ,! uncl\d$ moon 0 %9+1 & ! ,jungfrau 0 be=e u s pure & beautiful1 t ! ?\ght ( visit+ ! ,maid5 )\t fur!r prep>ation occurr$ to me4 ,i turn$ to ,b5n51 & said1 ,%all we try ! ,jungfrau8 ,i ?9k he lik$ ! idea well en\gh1 ?\gh he cauti\sly avoid$ incurr+ any responsibility4 ,if y desire x1 ,i am ready1 0 8 reply4 ,he _h nev] made ! asc5t1 & nobody knew any?+ ( ! /ate ( ! sn[ ?is ye>2 b ,lau5] _h exam9$ x ?r\gh a telescope on ! previ\s day1 & pron\nc$ x dang]\s4 ,9 e asc5t ( ! m\nta9 hi!rto made1 ladd]s _h be5 f\nd indisp5sable1 b we _h none4 ,i que/ion$ ,b5n5 z to :at he ?\ght ( ! probabilities1 & tri$ to extract "s direct enc\ragem5t f him2 b he said t ! decision re/$ altoge!r ) myself1 & x 0 8 bus9ess to endeav\r to c>ry out t decision4 ,we w attempt x1 !n1 ,i said1 & = "s "t we actually walk$ t[>ds ! ,jungfrau4 ,a gray cl\d drew itself across h] summit1 & clung !re4 ,i ask$ myself :y ,i deviat$ f my orig9al int5tion8 ,! ,f9/]a>horn 0 high]1 & !re=e bett] suit$ = ! contemplat$ obs]vations4 ,i c\ld 9 no wise ju/ify ! *ange1 & f9ally express$ my scruples4 ,a mom5t's fur!r conv]sation caus$ u to "r ab\t1 & front ! saddle ( ! ,gru5horn4 ,sid5ote3 ,,magnific5t ,,sc5e4 #aheh4 ,! dawn advanc$4 ,! ea/]n sky became illum9at$ & w>m1 & high 9 ! air across ! ridge 9 front ( u /ret*$ a tongue ( cl\d l a r$ flame1 & equally f]vid 9 its hue4 ,look+ across ! trunk glaci]1 a valley :i* is t]m9at$ by ! ,loets* saddle 0 se5 9 a /raight l9e ) our r\te1 & ,i (t5 turn$ to look along ?is magnific5t corridor4 ,! mightie/ m\nta9s 9 ! ,ob]l& =m its sides2 /ill1 ! impression :i* x makes is n t ( va/ness or sublimity1 b ( lovel9ess n to be describ$4 ,! sun _h n yet smitt5 ! sn[s ( ! b\nd+ m\nta9s1 b ! saddle c>v$ out a segm5t ( ! heav5s :i* =m$ a backgr\nd ( unspeakable beauty4 ,ov] ! rim ( ! saddle ! sky 0 deep orange1 pass+ upw>ds ?r\gh amb]1 yell[1 & vague e!real gre5 to ! ord9>y firmam5tal blue4 ,"r above ! sn[-curve purple cl\ds hung p]fectly motionless1 giv+ dep? to ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,!re 0 some?+ sa9tly 9 ! sc5e4 ,any?+ m exquisite ,i _h nev] beheld4 ,we m>*$ upw>ds ov] ! smoo? crisp sn[ to ! cre/ ( ! saddle1 & "h ,i turn$ to take a la/ look along t gr& corridor1 & at t wond]ful daffodil sky4 ,! sun's rays _h already smitt5 ! sn[s ( ! ,alets*horn2 ! radiance seem$ to infuse a pr9ciple ( life & activity into ! m\nta9s & glaci]s1 b /ill t holy light %one =?1 & ^? motionless cl\ds float$ beyond1 rem9d+ "o ( t ea/]n religion ^: ess5ce is ! repression ( all action & ! sub/itution = x ( immortal calm4 ,! ,f9/]a>horn n[ front$ u2 b cl\ds turban$ ! head ( ! giant1 & hid x f our view4 ,! w9d1 h[ev]1 be+ nor?1 inspir$ u ) a /rong hope t !y w\ld melt z ! day advanc$4 ,i h h>dly se5 a f9] ice-field ?an t :i* n[ lay be=e u4 ,consid]+ ! neve :i* supplies x1 x appe>$ to me t ! ,vies*] glaci] ought to dis*>ge z mu* ice z ! ,alets*2 b ?is is an error due to ! ext5t ( neve :i* is "h at once visible3 s9ce a glance at ! map ( ?is portion ( ! ,ob]l& %[s at once ! great sup]iority ( ! m\nta9 treasury f :i* ! ,alets* glaci] draws support4 ,/ill1 ! ice-field be=e u 0 a mo/ noble "o4 ,! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 7 ( impos+ magnitude1 & load$ to _! summits ) sn[4 ,d[n ! sides ( "s ( !m ! half-consolidat$ mass fell 9 a /ate ( wild fracture & confusion4 ,9 "s cases ! riv5 masses 7 twi/$ & ov]turn$1 ! l$ges b5t1 & ! deta*$ blocks pil$ "o ^u ano!r 9 heaps2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! smoo? :ite mass desc5d$ f cr[n to base )\t a wr9kle4 ,! valley n[ bel[ u 0 gorg$ by ! froz5 mat]ial ?us incessantly p\r$ into x4 ,we cross$ x1 & rea*$ ! base ( ! ,f9/]a>horn1 asc5d$ ! m\nta9 a little way1 & at six o'clock paus$ to light5 our burd5s & to refre% ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,assail$4 #aheh4 ,! nor? w9d _h fre%5$1 we 7 9 ! %ade1 & ! cold 0 v ke54 ,plac+ a bottle ( tea & a small quantity ( provisions 9 ! knapsack1 & a few figs & dri$ prunes 9 our pockets1 we comm5c$ ! asc5t4 ,! ,f9/]a>horn s5ds d[n a numb] ( cliffy buttresses1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by wide c\loirs fill$ ) ice & sn[4 ,we asc5d$ "o ( ^! buttresses = a "t1 tread+ cauti\sly among ! spiky rocks2 aft]w>ds we w5t along ! sn[ at ! edge ( ! sp9e1 & !n fairly p>t$ company ) ! rock1 ab&on+ ourselves to ! neve ( ! c\loir4 ,! latt] 0 /eep1 & ! sn[ 0 s firm t /eps _h to be cut 9 x4 ,once ,i paus$ ^u a little l$ge1 :i* gave me a slight foot+1 & took ! incl9ation4 ,! slope =m$ an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! horizon2 & across x1 at a little di/ance bel[ me1 a gloomy fissure op5$ its jaws4 ,! sun n[ cle>$ ! summits :i* _h be=e cut (f 8 rays1 & bur/ ^u u ) great p[]1 compell+ u to resort to our veils & d>k spectacles4 ,two ye>s be=e1 ,b5n5 _h be5 ne>ly bl9d$ by inflammation br\ght on by ! gl>e f ! sn[1 & he n[ took unusual c>e 9 protect+ 8 eyes4 ,! rocks look+ m practicable1 we aga9 made t[>ds !m1 & clamb]$ among !m till a v]tical precipice1 :i* prov$ impossible ( asc5t1 front$ u4 ,b5n5 scann$ ! ob/acle closely z we sl[ly approa*$ x1 & f9ally desc5d$ to ! sn[1 :i* w\nd at a /eep angle r\nd its base3 on ?is ! foot+ appe>$ to me to be s+ul>ly insecure1 b ,i m>*$ )\t hesitation or anxiety 9 ! foot/eps ( my guide4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,cre/ ,,( ,,rocks4 #aheh4 ,we asc5d$ ! rocks once m1 cont9u$ along !m = "s "t1 & !n deviat$ to ! c\loir on our left4 ,?is sn[-slope is mu* dislocat$ at its l[] portion1 & above its precipices & crevasses our r\te n[ lay4 ,! sn[ 0 smoo?1 & suffici5tly firm & /eep to r5d] ! cutt+ ( /eps necess>y4 ,b5n5 took ! lead3 to make ea* /ep he swung 8 mattock once1 & 8 h9dmo/ foot rose exactly at ! mom5t ! mattock desc5d$2 !re 0 ?us a k9d ( rhy?m 9 8 motion1 ! rais+ ( ! foot keep+ "t to ! sw+ ( ! implem5t4 ,9 ?is mann] we proce$$ till we rea*$ ! base ( ! rocky pyramid :i* caps ! m\nta94 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,summit ,,ga9$4 #aheh4 ,"o side ( ! pyramid _h be5 slic$ (f1 ?us dropp+ d[n almo/ a %e] precipice = "s ?\s&s ( feet to ! ,f9/]a> glaci]4 ,a wall ( rock1 ab\t #aj or #ae feet high1 runs along ! edge ( ! m\nta91 & ?is %elt]$ u f ! nor? w9d1 :i* surg$ ) ! s\nd ( waves aga9/ ! trem5d\s b>ri] at ! o!r side4 ,our h>de/ "w is n[ be=e u1 said my guide4 ,our way lay up ! /eep & spl9t]$ rocks1 among :i* we s\ght out ! spikes :i* 7 closely en\gh w$g$ to be> our weight4 ,ea* _h to tru/ to himself1 & ,i fulfill$ to ! lett] my engagem5t ) ,b5n5 to ask no help4 ,my boil+-wat] app>atus & telescope 7 on my back1 mu* to my annoyance1 z ! =m] 0 heavy1 & sometimes swung awkw>dly r\nd z ,i twi/$ myself among ! cliffs4 ,b5n5 (f]$ to take x1 b he _h 8 own %>e to c>ry1 & ,i 0 resolv$ to be> m9e4 ,sometimes ! rocks alt]nat$ ) spaces ( ice & sn[1 :i* we 7 at int]vals compell$ to cross2 sometimes1 :5 ! slope 0 pure ice & v /eep1 we 7 compell$ to retreat to ! highe/ cliffs4 ,! wall to :i* ,i h ref]r$ _h giv5 way 9 "s places1 & ?r\gh ! gaps ?us =m$ ! w9d ru%$ ) a l\d1 wild1 wail+ s\nd4 ,?r\gh ^! spaces ,i c\ld see ! entire field ( ,agassiz's obs]vations2 ! junction ( ! ,laut]a> & ,f9/]a> glaci]s at ! ,abs*wung1 ! m$ial mora9e betwe5 !m1 on :i* /ood ! ,hotel des ,neuf*atelois1 & ! pavilion built by ,m4 ,dollfuss1 9 :i* ,huxley & myself _h f\nd %elt] two ye>s be=e4 ,b5n5 0 evid5tly anxi\s to rea* ! summit1 & recomm5d$ all obs]vations to be po/pon$ until aft] our success _h be5 assur$4 ,i agre$ to ?is1 & kept close at 8 heels4 ,/rong z he 01 he sometimes paus$1 laid 8 head ^u 8 mattock1 & pant$ l a *as$ de]4 ,he compla9$ ( fe>ful ?ir/1 & to qu5* x we _h only my bottle ( tea3 ?is we %>$ loyally1 my guide prais+ its virtues1 z well he might4 ,/ill ! summit loom$ above u2 /ill ! angry swell ( ! nor? w9d1 beat+ aga9/ ! torn battlem5ts ( ! m\nta91 made wild music4 ,upw>d1 h[ev]1 we /ra9$2 & at la/1 on ga9+ ! cre/ ( a rock1 ,b5n5 exclaim$1 9 a jubilant voice1 ,die hoe*/e ,spitze6--! highe/ po9t4 ,9 a mom5t ,i 0 at 8 side1 & saw ! summit )9 a few paces ( u4 ,a m9ute or two plac$ u ^u ! topmo/-p9nacle1 ) ! blue dome ( heav5 above u1 & a _w ( m\nta9s1 cl\ds1 & glaci]s b5ea?4 ,a notion is ent]ta9$ by _m ( ! guides t if y g to sleep at ! summit ( any ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 y w ,sleep ! sleep t kn[s no wak+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!rmomet] ,,plac$4 #aheh4 ,b5n5 did n appe> to ent]ta9 ?is sup]/ition2 & be=e />t+ 9 ! morn+1 ,i _h /ipulat$ = t5 m9utes' sleep on rea*+ ! summit1 z "p comp5sation = ! loss ( ! night's re/4 ,my fir/ act1 aft] ca/+ a glance ov] ! glori\s sc5e b5ea? u1 0 to take advantage ( ?is agreem5t2 s ,i lay d[n & _h five m9utes' sleep1 f :i* ,i rose refre%$ & brisk4 ,! sun at fir/ beat d[n ^u u ) int5se =ce1 & ,i expos$ my !rmomet]s2 b ?9 veils ( vap\r soon drew !mselves be=e ! sun1 & d5s] mi/s spread ov] ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 ?us de/roy+ all possibility ( conc]t betwe5 ,ramsay & myself4 ,i turn$ !re=e to my boil+-wat] app>atus1 fill$ x ) sn[1 melt$ ! fir/ *>ge1 put m 91 & boil$ x2 asc]ta9+ ! boil+ po9t to be #ahg deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,on a %elt]$ l$ge1 ab\t two or ?ree y>ds s\? ( ! highe/ po9t1 ,i plac$ a m9imum-!rmomet]1 9 ! hope t x w\ld enable u 9 future ye>s to record ! l[e/ w9t] temp]atures at ! summit ( ! m\nta94,a ,sid5ote3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,! ,,summit4 #aheh4 ,x is difficult to convey any j impression ( ! sc5e f ! summit ( ! ,f9/]a>horn3 "o might1 x is true1 arrange ! visible m\nta9s 9 a li/1 /at+ _! heights & di/ances1 & leav+ ! imag9ation to furni% !m ) peaks & p9nacles1 to build ! precipices1 poli% ! sn[1 r5d ! glaci]s1 & cap ! highe/ summits ) appropriate cl\ds4 ,b if imag9ation did its be/ 9 ?is way1 x w\ld h>dly exce$ ! reality1 & w\ld c]ta9ly omit _m details :i* contribute to ! gr&eur ( ! sc5e itself4 ,! v>i\s %apes ( ! m\nta9s1 "s gr&1 "s beautiful1 ba!d 9 yell[ sun%9e1 or ly+ black & riv5 "u ! fr[n ( imp]vi\s cumuli2 ! pure :ite peaks1 cornices1 bosses1 & amphi!atres2 ! blue ice rifts1 ! /ratifi$ sn[-precipices1 ! glaci]s issu+ f ! holl[s ( ! et]nal hills1 & /ret*+ l froz5 s]p5ts ?r\gh ! s9u\s valleys2 ! l[] cl\d field--itself an empire ( vapor\s hills--%9+ ) dazzl+ :it5ess1 :ile "h & !re grim summits1 br[n by nature1 & black by contra/1 pi]ce ?r\gh x l volcanic isl&s ?r\gh a %9+ sea1--add to ?is ! consci\sness ( "o's position :i* cl+s to "o unconsci\sly1 t und]curr5t ( emotion :i* surr\nds ! "q ( "o's p]sonal safety1 at a height ( m ?an #ad1jjj feet above ! sea1 & :i* is increas$ by ! weird /range s\nd ( ! w9d surg+ ) ! full deep boom ( ! di/ant sea aga9/ ! precipice beh9d1 or ris+ to high] cad5ces z x =ces itself ?r\gh ! crannies ( ! wea!rworn rocks1--all conspire to r5d] ! sc5e f ! ,f9/]a>horn wor?y ( ! mon>* ( ! ,b]nese ,alps4 ,sid5ote3 ,,h ,,no ,,fe>4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,discipl9e4 #aheh4 ,my guide at l5g? w>n$ me t we mu/ be mov+2 repeat+ ! w>n+ m impressively be=e ,i att5d$ to x4 ,we pack$ up1 & z we /ood beside ea* o!r ready to m>* he ask$ me :e!r we %\ld tie ourselves toge!r1 at ! same "t express+ 8 belief t x 0 unnecess>y4 ,up to ?is "t we _h be5 sep>ate1 & ! ?\ght ( atta*+ ourselves _h n occurr$ to me till he m5tion$ x4 ,i ?\ght x1 h[ev]1 prud5t to accept ! sugge/ion1 & s we unit$ our de/9ies by a /rong rope4 ,n[1 said ,b5n51 h no fe>2 no matt] h[ y ?r[ y\rself1 ,i w hold y4 ,aft]w>ds1 on ano!r p]il\s summit1 ,i repeat$ ?is say+ ( ,b5n5's to a /rong & active guide1 b 8 obs]vation 0 t x 0 a h>dy untru?1 = t 9 _m places ,b5n5 c\ld n h held me4 ,nev]!less a d>+ ^w /r5g!ns ! he>t1 &1 ?\gh ,i felt no trace ( t s5tim5t :i* ,b5n5 exhort$ me to bani%1 & 0 det]m9$1 z f> z 9 me lay1 to give him no opportunity ( try+ 8 /r5g? 9 sav+ me1 ,i lik$ ! fe>less utt]ance ( ! man1 & sprang *e]ily aft] him4 ,our desc5t 0 rapid1 app>5tly reckless1 amid loose spikes1 b\ld]s1 & v]tical prisms ( rock1 :]e a false /ep w\ld assur$ly h be5 att5d$ ) brok5 bones2 b ! consci\sness ( c]ta9ty 9 our movem5ts nev] =sook u1 & prov$ a s\rce ( ke5 enjoym5t4 ,! s5ses 7 all awake1 ! eye cle>1 ! he>t /rong1 ! limbs /eady1 yet flexible1 ) p[] ( recov]y 9 /ore1 & ready = in/ant action %\ld ! foot+ give way4 ,su* is ! discipl9e :i* a p]il\s asc5t imposes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,desc5t ,,by ,,glissades4 #aheh4 ,we f9ally quitt$ ! cre/ ( rocks1 & got fairly ^u ! sn[ once m4 ,we fir/ w5t d[nw>ds at a long sw++ trot4 ,! sun hav+ melt$ ! cru/ :i* we 7 compell$ to cut ?r\gh 9 ! morn+1 ! leg at ea* plunge sank deeply into ! sn[2 b ?is s9k+ 0 p>tly 9 ! direction ( ! slope ( ! m\nta91 & h5ce assi/$ our progress4 ,sometimes ! cru/ 0 h>d en\gh to enable u to glide ^u x = long di/ances :ile /&+ erect2 b ! end ( ^! glissades 0 always a plunge & tumble 9 ! deep] sn[4 ,once ^u a /eep h>d slope ,b5n5's foot+ gave way2 he fell1 & w5t d[n rapidly1 pull+ me aft] him4 ,i fell also1 b turn+ quickly1 drove ! spike ( my hat*et into ! ice1 got good an*orage1 & held bo? fa/2 my success assur+ me t ,i _h improv$ z a m\nta9e] s9ce my asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,we tumbl$ s (t5 9 ! s(t sn[1 & our clo!s & boots 7 s full ( x1 t we ?\ght we might z well try ! sitt+ po/ure 9 glid+ d[n4 ,we did s1 & desc5d$ ) extraord9>y velocity1 be+ *eck$ at int]vals by a bodily imm]sion 9 ! s(t] & deep] sn[4 ,i 0 usually 9 front ( ,b5n51 %oot+ d[n ) ! spe$ ( an arr[ & feel+ ! *eck ( ! rope :5 ! rapidity ( my motion exce$$ my guide's e/imate ( :at 0 safe4 ,sometimes ,i 0 beh9d him1 & d>t$ at int]vals ) ! swiftness ( an avalan*e "r ^u him2 sometimes 9 ! same transv]se l9e ) him1 ) ! full l5g? ( ! rope betwe5 u2 & "h ,i f\nd its *eck unpleasant1 z x t5d$ to make me roll ov]4 ,my feet 7 usually 9 ! air1 & x 0 only necess>y to turn !m "r or left1 l ! helm ( a boat1 to *ange ! direction ( motion & avoid a difficulty1 :ile a vigor\s dig ( leg & hat*et into ! sn[ 0 suffici5t to *eck ! motion & br+ u to re/4 ,swiftly1 yet cauti\sly1 we glid$ into ! region ( crevasses1 :]e we at la/ rose1 q wet1 & resum$ our walk+1 until we rea*$ ! po9t :]e we _h left our w9e 9 ! morn+1 & :]e ,i squeez$ ! wat] f my wet clo!s1 & p>tially dri$ !m 9 ! sun4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,vies* ,,glaci]4 #aheh4 ,we _h left "s ?+s at ! cave ( ! ,faulb]g1 & x 0 ,b5n5's fir/ int5tion to return t way & take !m home ) him4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t we c\ld trav]se ! ,vies*] glaci] almo/ to ! ,a,eggischhorn1 ,i made ?is our highway homew>ds4 ,at ! place :]e we ent]$ x1 & = an h\r or two aft]w>ds1 ! glaci] 0 cut by fissures1 = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) sn[4 ,we _h pack$ up our rope1 & ,b5n5 admoni%$ me to tread 9 8 /eps4 ,?ree or f\r times he half disappe>$ 9 ! conceal$ fissures1 b by clut*+ ! sn[ he rescu$ himself & w5t on z swiftly z be=e4 ,once my leg sank1 & ! r+ ( icicles "s fifty feet bel[ told me t ,i 0 9 ! jaws ( a crevasse2 my guide turn$ %>ply--x 0 ! only "t t ,i _h se5 conc]n on 8 c\nt5ance3-- ,gott's ,donn]6 ,sie hab5 me9e ,tritte ni*t gefolgt4 ,do*6 0 my only reply1 & we w5t on4 ,he sc>cely tri$ ! sn[ t he cross$1 z f its =m & col\r he c\ld 9 mo/ cases judge ( its condition4 ,= a long "t we kept at ! left-h& side ( ! glaci]1 avoid+ ! fissures :i* 7 n[ p]man5tly op54 ,we came ^u ! tracks ( a h]d ( *amois1 :i* _h clamb]$ f ! glaci] up ! sides ( ! ,ob]a>horn1 & aft]w>ds cross$ ! glaci] to ! "r-h& side1 my guide be+ p]fect ma/] ( ! gr\nd4 ,8 eyes w5t 9 advance ( 8 /eps1 & 8 judgm5t 0 =m$ be=e 8 legs mov$4 ,! glaci] 0 deeply fissur$1 b !re 0 no sw]v+1 no retreat+1 no turn+ back to seek m practicable r\tes2 ea* /ride told1 & e /roke ( ! axe 0 a pr(itable inve/m5t ( lab\r4 ,we left ! glaci] = a "t1 & proce$$ along ! m\nta9 side1 till we came ne> ! end ( ! ,trift glaci]1 :]e we let ourselves d[n an awkw>d face ( rock along ! track ( a little cascade1 & came ^u ! glaci] once m4 ,"h aga9 ,i _h occasion to admire ! k & promptness ( my guide4 ,! glaci]1 z is well kn[n1 is greatly dislocat$1 & has once or twice prov$ a prison to guides & travell]s1 b ,b5n5 l$ me ?r\gh ! confusion )\t a pause4 ,we 7 sometimes 9 ! middle ( ! glaci]1 sometimes on ! mora9e1 & sometimes on ! side ( ! flank+ m\nta94 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! day we cross$ :at seem$ to be ! consolidat$ rema9s ( a great avalan*e2 on ?is my foot slipp$1 !re 0 a crevasse at h&1 & a sudd5 ef=t 0 necess>y to save me f fall+ into x4 ,9 mak+ ?is ef=t ! spike ( my axe turn$ upp]mo/1 & ! palm ( my h& came d[n ^u x1 ?us receiv+ a v ugly w\nd4 ,we 7 soon ^u ! gre5 alp1 hav+ bidd5 a la/ f>ewell to ! ice4 ,ano!r h\r's h>d walk+ br\ght u to our hotel4 ,no "o see+ u cross+ ! alp w\ld h suppos$ t we _h laid su* a day's "w beh9d u2 ! proximity ( home gave vig\r to our /rides1 & our progress 0 mu* m spe$y ?an x _h be5 on />t+ 9 ! morn+4 ,i 0 affectionately welcom$ by ,ramsay1 _h a w>m ba?1 d9$1 w5t to b$1 :]e ,i lay fa/ lock$ 9 sleep = eight h\rs1 & rose next morn+ z fre% & vigor\s z if ,i _h nev] scal$ ! ,f9/]a>horn4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! foll[+ note describes ! s+le obs]vation made ) ?is !rmomet]4 ,mr4 ,b4 in=ms me t on f9d+ ! in/rum5t ,b5n5 swung x 9 triumph r\nd 8 head4 ,i fe>1 !re=e1 t ! obs]vation gives u no c]ta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! m9imum w9t]-temp]ature4 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 #ahei1 ,aug4 #be4 ,sir1--,on ,tuesday la/ 7! #bcrd in/47 a p>ty1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,b41 ,h41 ,r4 ,l41 & myself1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! summit ( ! ,f9/]a>horn "u ! guidance ( ,b5n5 & ,mel*ior ,&]egg4 ,we made x an especial object to obs]ve & reset ! m9imum-!rmomet] :i* y left !re la/ ye>4 ,on rea*+ ! summit1 be=e ,i _h "t to /op him1 ,b5n5 produc$ ! in/rum5t1 & x is j possible t 9 mov+ x he may h alt]$ ! position ( ! index4 ,h[ev]1 z he held ! in/rum5t horizontally1 & did n1 z f> z ,i saw1 give x any s5sible j]k1 ,i h great confid5ce t ! index rema9$ unmov$4 ,! read+ ( ! index 0 -#cb deg4 ,c5t4 ,a portion ( ! _s ext5d+ ov] ab\t #aj-a_/b deg4 7& /&+ twe5 #cc deg4 & #dc-a_/b deg47 0 sep>at$ f ! re/1 b !re appe>$ to be no data = det]m9+ :5 ! sep>ation _h tak5 place4 ,z x appe>$ desirable to unite ! two portions ( _s be=e aga9 sett+ ! index to record ! cold ( ano!r w9t]1 we endeav\r$ to effect ?is by heat+ ! bulb1 b un=tunately1 j z we 7 expect+ to see !m coalesce1 ! bulb bur/1 & ,i h n[ to express my great regret t my clums9ess or ignorance ( ! prop] mode ( sett+ ! in/rum5t 9 ord] %\ld h int]f]$ ) ! cont9uance ( obs]vations ( s mu* int]e/4 ,! rema9s ( ! in/rum5t1 toge!r ) a note ( ! accid5t1 ,i h left 9 ! *>ge ( ,wellig1 ! l&lord ( ! hotel on ! ,a,eggischhorn4 ,we rea*$ ! summit ab\t #aj4dj ,a4,m4 & rema9$ !re till noon2 ! read+ ( a pocket !rmomet] 9 ! %ade 0 #da deg4 ,f4 ,%\ld !re be any fur!r details connect$ ) our asc5t on :i* y w\ld l to h in=mation1 ,i %all be happy to supply !m to ! be/ ( my recollection4 ,mean:ile1 ) a f>!r apology = my clums9ess1 ,i beg to subscribe myself y\rs respectfully1 ,h4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall4 7#ag47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,rotat+ ,,iceb]g4 #aheh4 ,on ! #f? ( ,augu/ !re 0 a long fight betwe5 mi/ & sun%9e1 ea* triumph+ by turns1 till at l5g? ! orb ga9$ ! victory & cleans$ ! m\nta9s f e trace ( fog4 ,we desc5d$ to ! ,ma]jel5 ,see1 &1 wi%+ to try ! float+ p[] ( its iceb]gs1 at a place :]e masses suffici5tly l>ge approa*$ ne> to ! %ore1 ,i put aside a portion ( my clo!s1 & reta9+ my boots /epp$ ^u ! float+ ice4 ,x bore me = a "t1 & ,i hop$ ev5tually to be able to paddle myself ov] ! wat]4 ,on sw]v+ a little1 h[ev]1 f ! position 9 :i* ,i fir/ /ood1 ! mass turn$ ov] & let me into ! lake4 ,i tri$ a second "o1 :i* s]v$ me 9 ! same mann]2 ! wat] 0 too cold to cont9ue ! attempt1 & !re 0 also "s risk ( be+ unpleasantly gr\nd betwe5 ! oppos+ surfaces ( ! masses ( ice4 ,a v l>ge iceb]g :i* _h be5 deta*$ "s %ort "t previ\sly f ! glaci] lay float+ at "s di/ance f u4 ,sudd5ly a s\nd l t ( a wat]fall drew our att5tion t[>ds x4 ,we saw x roll ov] ) ! utmo/ delib]ation1 :ile ! wat] :i* x c>ri$ along ) x ru%$ 9 cat>acts d[n its sides4 ,its previ\s surface 0 :ite1 its pres5t "o 0 ( a lovely blue1 ! subm]g$ cry/al hav+ n[ come to ! air4 ,! summ]set ( ?is iceb]g produc$ a commotion all ov] ! lake2 ! float+ masses at its edge cla%$ toge!r1 & a mell[ gluck+ s\nd1 due to ! lapp+ ( ! undulations aga9/ ! froz5 masses1 cont9u$ long aft]w>ds4 ,we subsequ5tly sp5t sev]al h\rs ^u ! glaci]2 & on ?is day ,i notic$ = ! fir/ "t a contemporane\s exhibition ( b$d+ & /ructure to :i* ,i %all ref] at ano!r place4 ,we pass$ f9ally to ! left bank ( ! glaci]1 at "s di/ance bel[ ! base ( ! ,a,eggischhorn1 & trac$ its old mora9es at int]vals along ! flanks ( ! b\nd+ m\nta94 ,at ! summit ( ! ridge we f\nd sev]al f9e old ro*es m\tonnees1 on "s ( :i* ! scrat*+s ( a glaci] long dep>t$ 7 well pres]v$2 & f ! direction ( ! scrat*+s x might be inf]r$ t ! ice mov$ d[n ! m\nta9 t[>ds ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,a plunge into a lonely m\nta9 lake end$ ! day's excursion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,alets* ,,glaci]4 #aheh4 ,on ! #g? ( ,augu/ we quitt$ ?is noble /ation4 ,s5d+ our guide on to ,vies* to take a conveyance & proce$ ) our luggage d[n ! valley1 ,ramsay & myself cross$ ! m\nta9s obliquely1 desir+ to trace ! glaci] to its t]m9ation4 ,we _h no pa?1 b x 0 h>dly possible to g a/ray4 ,we cross$ spurs1 climb$ & desc5d$ pleasant m\nds1 sometimes ) ! s(t grass "u our feet1 & sometimes knee-deep 9 rhodod5drons4 ,x took u sev]al h\rs to rea* ! end ( ! glaci]1 & we !n look$ d[n ^u x m]ely4 ,x lay c\*$ l a reptile 9 a wild gorge1 z if x _h split ! m\nta9 by its froz5 sn\t4 ,we aft]w>ds desc5d$ to ,mo]ill1 :]e we met our guide & driv]2 !nce d[n ! valley to ,visp2 & ! foll[+ ev5+ saw u lodg$ at ! ,monte ,rosa hotel 9 ,z]matt4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat] on ! table ( ! salle a mang]1 ,i f\nd to be #bjb4eh deg4 ,fahr4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mead[s ,,invad$ ,,by ,,ice4 #aheh4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ,i proce$$ )\t my fri5d to ! ,go]n] glaci]4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! end ( ?is glaci] has be5 /eadily advanc+ = sev]al ye>s1 & :5 ,i saw x1 ! mead[ 9 front ( x 0 p>tly %rivell$ up by its irresi/ible advance4 ,i 0 in=m$ by my ho/ t )9 ! la/ sixty ye>s =ty-f\r *alets _h be5 ov]turn$ by ! glaci]1 ! gr\nd on :i* !y /ood be+ occupi$ by ! ice2 at pres5t !re are o!rs = :i* a simil> fate seems imm95t4 ,9 ?us advanc+ ! glaci] m]ely takes up gr\nd :i* belong$ to x 9 =m] ages1 = ! r\nd$ rocks :i* rise out ( ! adjac5t mead[ %[ t x once pass$ ov] !m4 ,i _h arrang$ to meet ,ramsay ?is morn+ on ! road to ! ,riffelb]g4 ,! meet+ took place1 b ,i !n le>n$ t a m9ute or two aft] my dep>ture he _h receiv$ intellig5ce ( ! dea? ( a ne> relative4 ,?us 0 our jo9t exp$ition t]m9at$1 = he resolv$ to return at once to ,engl&4 ,at my solicitation he accompani$ me to ! ,riffel hotel4 ,we _h plann$ an asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa toge!r1 b ! arrangem5t ?us broke d[n1 & ,i 0 consequ5tly ?r[n ^u my own res\rces4 ,lau5] _h nev] made ! asc5t1 b he nev]!less felt confid5t t we %\ld accompli% x toge!r4 ,,fir/ ,,asc5t ,,( ,,monte ,,rosa1 #aheh4 7#ah47 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,riffelb]g4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s\nds ,,on ,,! ,,glaci]4 #aheh4 ,on ,monday1 ! #i? ( ,augu/1 we rea*$ ! ,riffel1 &1 by good =tune1 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 my guide's bro!r1 ! well-kn[n ,ulri* ,lau5]1 also arriv$ at ! hotel on 8 return f ,monte ,rosa4 ,f him we obta9$ all ! in=mation possible respect+ ! asc5t1 & he k9dly agre$ to accompany u a little way ! next morn+1 to put u on ! "r track4 ,at ?ree ,a4,m4 ! door ( my b$room op5$1 & ,*ri/ian ,lau5] ann\nc$ to me t ! wea!r 0 suffici5tly good to ju/ify an attempt4 ,! />s 7 %9+ ov]head2 b ,ulri* aft]w>ds drew our att5tion to "s heavy cl\ds :i* clung to ! m\nta9s on ! o!r side ( ! valley ( ! ,visp2 rem>k+ t ! wea!r might cont9ue fair ?r\gh\t ! day1 b t ^! cl\ds 7 om9\s4 ,at f\r o'clock we 7 on our way1 by :i* "t a gray /ratus cl\d _h drawn itself across ! neck ( ! ,matt]horn1 & soon aft]w>ds ano!r ( ! same nature encircl$ 8 wai/4 ,we proce$$ pa/ ! ,riffelhorn to ! ridge above ! ,go]n] glaci]1 f :i* ,monte ,rosa 0 visible f top to bottom1 & :]e an animat$ conv]sation 9 ,swiss patois comm5c$4 ,ulri* describ$ ! slopes1 passes1 & precipices1 :i* 7 to guide u2 & ,*ri/ian dem&$ explanations1 until he 0 f9ally able to decl>e to me t 8 k 0 suffici5t4 ,we !n bade ,ulri* good-bye1 & w5t =w>d4 ,all 0 cle> ab\t ,monte ,rosa1 & ! yell[ morn+ light %one brightly ^u its upp]mo/ sn[s4 ,beside ! ,que5 ( ! ,alps 0 ! huge mass ( ! ,lyskamm1 ) a saddle /ret*+ f ! "o to ! o!r2 next to ! ,lyskamm came two :ite r\nd$ m\nds1 smoo? & pure1 ! ,tw9s ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & fur!r to ! "r aga9 ! broad br[n flank ( ! ,brei?orn4 ,beh9d u ,mont ,c]v9 ga!r$ ! cl\ds m ?ickly r\nd him1 until f9ally 8 gr& obelisk 0 totally hidd54 ,we w5t along ! m\nta9-side = a "t1 & !n desc5d$ to ! glaci]4 ,! surface 0 h>d froz51 & ! ice crun*$ l\dly "u our feet4 ,!re 0 a holl[ness & volume 9 ! s\nd :i* require explanation2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is furni%$ by ! rem>ks ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el on ^? holl[ s\nds at ! ,solfat]ra1 ne> ,naples1 f :i* travell]s h inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( cavities )9 ! m\nta94 ,at ! place :]e ^! s\nds are he>d ! e>? is friable1 &1 :5 /ruck1 ! concussion is re9=c$ & l5g!n$ by ! p>tial e*oes f ! surfaces ( ! fragm5ts4 ,! conditions = a simil> effect exi/ ^u ! glaci]1 = ! ice is dis9tegrat$ to a c]ta9 dep?1 & f ! innum]able places ( rupture little rev]b]ations are s5t1 :i* give a l5g? & holl[ness to ! s\nd produc$ by ! cru%+ ( ! fragm5ts on ! surface4 ,we look$ to ! sky at int]vals1 & once a meteor slid across x1 leav+ a tra9 ( sp>ks beh9d4 ,! blue firmam5t1 f :i* ! />s %one d[n s brightly :5 we rose1 0 m & m invad$ by cl\ds1 :i* advanc$ ^u u f our re>1 :ile be=e u ! solemn heights ( ,monte ,rosa 7 ba!d 9 ri* yell[ sunlight4 ,z ! day advanc$ ! radiance crept d[n t[>ds ! valleys2 b /ill ^? /eal?y cl\ds advanc$ l a besieg+ army1 tak+ delib]ate possession ( ! summits1 "o aft] ! o!r1 :ile gray skirmi%]s mov$ ?r\gh ! air above u4 ,! play ( light & %ad[ ^u ,monte ,rosa 0 at times beautiful1 b>s ( gloom & zones ( glory %ift+ & alt]nat+ f top to bottom ( ! m\nta94 ,sid5ote3 ,,advance ,,( ,,! ,,cl\ds4 #aheh4 ,at five o'clock a gray cl\d alight$ on ! %\ld] ( ! ,lyskamm1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 w>m$ by ! lovely yell[ light4 ,soon aft]w>ds we rea*$ ! foot ( ,monte ,rosa1 & pass$ f ! glaci] to a slope ( rocks1 ^: r\nd$ =ms & furr[$ surfaces %[$ t ! ice ( =m] ages _h mov$ ov] !m2 ! granite 0 n[ coat$ ) li*5s1 & betwe5 ! bosses :]e m\ld c\ld re/ 7 pat*es ( t5d] moss4 ,z we asc5d$1 a peal to ! "r ann\nc$ ! desc5t ( an avalan*e f ! ,tw9s2 x came h]ald$ by cl\ds ( ice-du/1 :i* resembl$ ! sph]$ masses ( cond5s$ vap\r :i* issue f a locomotive4 ,a g5tle sn[-slope br\ght u to ! base ( a precipice ( br[n rocks1 r\nd :i* we w\nd2 ! sn[ 0 9 excell5t ord]1 & ! *asms 7 s firmly bridg$ by ! froz5 mass t no caution 0 necess>y 9 cross+ !m4 ,surm\nt+ a wea!r$ cliff to our left1 we paus$ ^u ! summit to look ^u ! sc5e ar\nd u4 ,! sn[ glid+ ins5sibly f ! m\nta9s1 or dis*>g$ 9 avalan*es f ! precipices :i* x ov]hung1 fill$ ! high] valleys ) pure :ite glaci]s1 :i* 7 rift$ & brok5 "h & !re1 expos+ *asms & precipices f :i* gleam$ ! delicate blue ( ! half-=m$ ice4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! neves spread ov] wide spaces )\t a rupture or wr9kle to break ! smoo?ness ( ! sup]ficial sn[4 ,! sky 0 n[ = ! mo/ "p ov]ca/1 b ?r\gh ! residual blue spaces ! sun at int]vals p\r$ light ov] ! r\nd$ bosses ( ! m\nta94 ,sid5ote3 ,,monte ,,rosa ,,capp$4 #aheh4 ,at half-pa/ sev5 o'clock we rea*$ ano!r precipice ( rock1 to ! left ( :i* our r\te lay1 & "h ,lau5] propos$ to h "s refre%m5t2 aft] :i* we w5t on aga94 ,! cl\ds spread m & m1 leav+ at l5g? m]e specks & pat*es ( blue betwe5 !m4 ,pass+ "s high peaks1 =m$ by ! dislocation ( ! ice1 we came to a place :]e ! neve 0 r5t by crevasses1 on ! walls ( :i* ! /ratification due to successive sn[-falls 0 %[n ) great beauty & def9ition4 ,betwe5 two ( ^! fissures our way n[ lay3 ! wall ( "o ( !m 0 holl[$ out longitud9ally midway d[n1 ?us =m+ a ro( above & a l$ge bel[1 & f ro( to l$ge /ret*$ a rail+ ( cyl9drical icicles1 z if int5d$ to bolt !m toge!r4 ,a cl\d n[ = ! fir/ "t t\*$ ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa1 & s\ght to cl+ to x1 b 9 a m9ute x disp]s$ 9 %att]$ fragm5ts1 z if da%$ to pieces = its presumption4 ,! m\nta9 rema9$ = a "t cle> & triumphant1 b ! triumph 0 %ort-liv$3 l suitors t w n be repell$1 ! dusky vap\rs came2 repulse aft] repulse took place1 & ! sunlight gu%$ d[n ^u ! heights1 b x 0 manife/ t ! cl\ds ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! conflict4 ,until ab\t a qu>t] pa/ n9e o'clock our "w 0 m]e *ild's play1 a pleasant morn+ /roll along ! flanks ( ! m\nta92 b /eep] slopes n[ rose above u1 :i* call$ = m en]gy1 & m c>e 9 ! fix+ ( ! feet4 ,look$ at f bel[1 "s ( ^! slopes appe>$ precipit\s2 b we 7 too well acqua9t$ ) ! effect ( =e-%ort5+ to let ?is daunt u4 ,at ea* /ep we dug our batons into ! deep sn[4 ,:5 fir/ driv5 91 ! batons,a dipp$ f u1 b 7 br\ght1 z we walk$ =w>d1 to ! v]tical1 & f9ally beyond x at ! o!r side4 ,! sn[ 0 ?us =c$ aside1 a rubb+ ( ! /aff aga9/ x1 & ( ! sn[-p>ticles aga9/ ea* o!r1 be+ ! consequ5ce4 ,we _h ?us p]petual rupture & regelation2 :ile ! little s\nds consequ5t ^u rupture1 re9=c$ by ! p>tial e*oes f ! surfaces ( ! granules1 7 bl5d$ toge!r to a note resembl+ ! l[+ ( c[s4 ,hi!rto ,i _h paus$ at int]vals to make notes1 or to take an angle2 b ^! op]ations n[ ceas$1 n f want ( "t1 b f pure dislike2 = :5 ! eye has to act ! "p ( a s5t9el :o feels t at any mom5t ! enemy may be ^u him2 :5 ! body mu/ be balanc$ ) precision1 & legs & arms1 besides p]=m+ actual lab\r1 mu/ be kept 9 read9ess = possible cont+5cies2 above all1 :5 y feel t y\r safety dep5ds ^u y\rself alone1 & t1 if y\r foot+ gives way1 !re is no /rong arm beh9d ready to be ?r[n betwe5 y & de/ruction2 "u su* circum/ances ! reli% = writ+ ceases1 & y are will+ to h& ov] y\r impressions to ! safe keep+ ( memory4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,comb ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,asc5t ,,along ,a ,,cornice4 #aheh4 ,f ! va/ boss :i* con/itutes ! l[] portion ( ,monte ,rosa cliffy edges run upw>ds to ! summit4 ,7 ! sn[ remov$ f ^! we %\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 see !m z too!d or s]rat$ crags1 ju/ify+ ! t]m kamm1 or comb1 appli$ to su* edges by ! ,g]mans4 ,our way n[ lay along su* a kamm1 ! cliffs ( :i* _h1 h[ev]1 caught ! sn[1 & be5 completely cov]$ by x1 =m+ an edge l ! ridge ( a h\se-ro(1 :i* slop$ /eeply upw>ds4 ,on ! ,lyskamm side ( ! edge !re 0 no foot+1 &1 if a human body fell ov] "h1 x w\ld probably pass ?r\gh a v]tical space ( "s ?\s&s ( feet1 fall+ or roll+1 be=e com+ to re/4 ,on ! o!r side ! sn[-slope 0 less /eep1 b excessively p]il\s-look+1 & int]sect$ by precipices ( ice4 ,d5se cl\ds n[ envelop$ u1 & made our position f> ugli] ?an if x _h be5 fairly illum9at$4 ,! valley bel[ u 0 "o va/ cauldron1 fill$ ) precipitat$ vap\r1 :i* came see?+ at times up ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,sometimes ?is fog w\ld p>tially cle> away1 & ! light w\ld gleam upw>ds f ! dislocat$ glaci]s4 ,my guide cont9ually admoni%$ me to make my foot+ sure1 & to fix at ea* /ep my /aff firmly 9 ! consolidat$ sn[4 ,at "o place1 = a %ort /eep asc5t1 ! slope became h>d ice1 & our position a v tickli% "o4 ,we hew$ our /eps z we mov$ upw>ds1 b 7 soon glad to deviate f ! ice to a position sc>cely less awkw>d4 ,! w9d _h s act$ ^u ! sn[ z to fold x ov] ! edge ( ! kamm1 ?us caus+ x to =m a k9d ( cornice1 :i* ov]hung ! precipice on ! ,lyskamm side ( ! m\nta94 ,?is cornice n[ bore our weight3 its sn[ _h become some:at firm1 b x 0 yield+ en\gh to p]mit ! feet to s9k 9 x a little way1 & ?us secure u at lea/ aga9/ ! dang] ( slipp+4 ,"h also at ea* /ep we drove our batons firmly into ! sn[1 avail+ ourselves ( :atev] help !y c\ld r5d]4 ,once1 :ile ?us secur+ my an*orage1 ! h&le ( my hat*et w5t "r ?r\gh ! cornice on :i* we /ood1 &1 on )draw+ x1 ,i c\ld see ?r\gh ! ap]ture into ! cl\d-cramm$ gulf bel[4 ,we cont9u$ asc5d+ until we rea*$ a rock protrud+ f ! sn[1 & "h we halt$ = a few m9utes4 ,lau5] look$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! fog4 ,accord+ to all description1 he obs]v$1 ?is ought to be ! la/ kamm ( ! m\nta92 b 9 ?is obscurity we c see no?+4 ,sn[ began to fall1 & we recomm5c$ our j\rney1 quitt+ ! rocks & climb+ aga9 along ! edge4 ,ano!r h\r br\ght u to a cre/ ( cliffs1 at :i*1 to our com=t1 ! kamm appe>$ to cease1 & o!r climb+ qualities 7 dem&$ ( u4 ,sid5ote3 ,,die ,h,oe,c,h,s,t,e ,,spitze4 #aheh4 ,on ! ,lyskamm side1 z ,i h said1 rescue w\ld be out ( ! "q1 %\ld ! climb] g ov] ! edge4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! edge rescue seem$ possible1 ?\gh ! slope1 z /at$ already1 0 mo/ dang]\sly /eep4 ,i n[ ask$ ,lau5] :at he w\ld h done1 suppos+ my foot+ to h fail$ on ! latt] slope4 ,he did n seem to l ! "q1 b said t he %\ld h consid]$ well = a mom5t & !n h sprung aft] me2 b he exhort$ me to drive all su* ?\ghts away4 ,i laugh$ at him1 & ?is did m to set 8 m9d at re/ ?an any =mal pr(ession ( c\rage c\ld h done4 ,we 7 n[ among rocks3 we climb$ cliffs & desc5d$ !m1 & advanc$ sometimes ) our feet on n>r[ l$ges1 hold+ tightly on to o!r l$ges by our f+]s2 sometimes1 cauti\sly balanc$1 we mov$ along edges ( rock ) precipices on bo? sides4 ,once1 9 gett+ r\nd a crag1 ,lau5] %ook a book f 8 pocket2 x 0 arre/$ by a rock ab\t sixty or eighty feet bel[ u4 ,he wi%$ to rega9 x1 b ,i (f]$ to supply its place1 if he ?\ght ! desc5t too dang]\s4 ,he said he w\ld make ! trial1 & p>t$ f me4 ,i ?\ght x useless to rema9 idle4 ,a cleft 0 be=e me1 ?r\gh :i* ,i mu/ pass2 s1 press+ my knees & back aga9/ its opposite sides1 ,i gradually work$ myself to ! top4 ,i desc5d$ ! o!r face ( ! rock1 & !n1 ?r\gh a second ragg$ fissure1 to ! summit ( ano!r p9nacle4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! m\nta9 0 n[ at h&1 sep>at$ f me m]ely by a %ort saddle1 c>v$ by wea!r+ out ( ! cre/ ( ! m\nta94 ,i c\ld he> ,lau5] clatt]+ aft] me1 ?r\gh ! rocks beh9d4 ,i dropp$ d[n ^u ! saddle1 cross$ x1 climb$ ! opposite cliff1 & die hoe*/e ,spitze ( ,monte ,rosa 0 won4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gloom ,,on ,,! ,,summit4 #aheh4 ,lau5] jo9$ me imm$iately1 & we mutually congratulat$ ea* o!r on ! success ( ! asc5t4 ,! residue ( ! bread & meat 0 produc$1 & a bottle ( tea 0 also appeal$ to4 ,mix$ ) a little cognac1 ,lau5] decl>$ t he _h nev] ta/$ any?+ l x4 ,sn[ fell ?ickly at int]vals1 & ! obscurity 0 v great2 occasionally ?is w\ld light5 & p]mit ! sun to %$ a gha/ly dilute light ^u u ?r\gh ! gleam+ vap\r4 ,i put my boil+-wat] app>atus 9 ord]1 & fix$ x 9 a corn] beh9d a l$ge2 ! %elt] 01 h[ev]1 insuffici5t1 s ,i plac$ my hat above ! vessel4 ,! boil+ po9t 0 #ahd4ib deg4 ,fahr41 ! l$ge on :i* ! in/rum5t /ood be+ #e feet bel[ ! highe/ po9t ( ! m\nta94 ,! asc5t f ! ,riffel hotel occupi$ u ab\t sev5 h\rs1 ne>ly two ( :i* 7 sp5t ^u ! kamm & cre/4 ,nei!r ( u felt 9 ! lea/ degree fatigu$2 ,i1 inde$1 felt s fre%1 t _h ano!r ,monte ,rosa be5 plant$ on ! fir/1 ,i %\ld h cont9u$ ! climb )\t hesitation1 & ) /rong hopes ( rea*+ ! top4 ,i exp]i5c$ no trace ( m\nta9 sickness1 lassitude1 %ortness ( brea?1 he>t-beat1 or heada*e2 nev]!less ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa is #ae1bhd feet high1 be+ less ?an #ejj feet l[] ?an ,mont ,blanc4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 p]fectly c]ta91 t ! r>efaction ( ! air at ?is height is n suffici5t ( itself to produce ! symptoms ref]r$ to2 physical ex]tion mu/ be sup]add$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,froz5 ,,fl[]s4 #aheh4 ,aft] a few fitful ef=ts to dispel ! gloom1 ! sun resign$ ! dom9ion to ! d5se fog & ! desc5d+ sn[1 :i* n[ prev5t$ our see+ m ?an #ae or #bj paces 9 any direction4 ,! temp]ature ( ! crags at ! summit1 :i* _h be5 %one ^u by ! uncl\d$ sun dur+ ! e>li] portion ( ! day1 0 #fj deg4 ,fahr42 h5ce ! sn[ melt$ in/antly :]ev] x came 9 contact ) ! rock4 ,b "s ( x fell ^u my felt hat1 :i* _h be5 plac$ to %elt] ! boil+-wat] app>atus1 & ?is pres5t$ ! mo/ rem>kable & beautiful appe>ance4 ,! fall ( sn[ 0 9 fact a %[] ( froz5 fl[]s4 ,all ( !m 7 six-leav$2 "s ( ! leaves ?rew out lat]al ribs l f]ns1 "s 7 r\nd$1 o!rs arr[y & s]rat$1 "s 7 close1 o!rs reticulat$1 b !re 0 no deviation f ! six-leav$ type4 ,nature seem$ det]m9$ to make u "s comp5sation = ! loss ( all prospect1 & ?us %[]$ d[n ^u u ^? lovely blossoms ( ! fro/2 & _h a _s ( ! m\nta9 inquir$ my *oice1 ! view1 or ! froz5 fl[]s1 ,i %\ld h hesitat$ be=e giv+ up t exquisite vegetation4 ,x 0 wond]ful to ?9k (1 z well z beautiful to behold4 ,let u imag9e ! eye gift$ ) a microscopic p[] suffici5t to enable x to see ! molecules :i* compos$ ^! />ry cry/als2 to obs]ve ! solid nucleus =m$ & float+ 9 ! air2 to see x draw+ t[>ds x its alli$ atoms1 & ^! arrang+ !mselves z if !y mov$ to music1 & end$ by r5d]+ t music concrete4 ,surely su* an exhibition ( p[]1 su* an app>5t demon/ration ( a resid5t intellig5ce 9 :at we are accu/om$ to call brute matt]1 w\ld appe> p]fectly miracul\s4 ,& yet ! reality w\ld1 if we c\ld see x1 transc5d ! fancy4 ,if ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 built up by ! =ces resid5t 9 _! own bricks & li?ologic blocks1 & )\t ! aid ( hodman or mason1 !re w\ld be no?+ intr9sically m wond]ful 9 ! process ?an 9 ! molecul> ar*itecture :i* delight$ u ^u ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/>tl+ ,,avalan*e4 #aheh4 ,twice or ?rice _h my guide w>n$ me t we mu/ ?9k ( desc5d+1 = ! sn[ cont9u$ to fall heavily1 & ! loss ( our track w\ld be att5d$ ) imm95t p]il4 ,we !re=e pack$ up1 & clamb]$ d[nw>d among ! crags ( ! summit4 ,we soon left ^! beh9d u1 & z we /ood once m ^u ! kamm1 look+ into ! gloom b5ea?1 an avalan*e let loose f ! side ( an adjac5t m\nta9 %ook ! air ) its ?und]4 ,we c\ld n see x1 c\ld =m no e/imate ( its di/ance1 c\ld only he> its ro>1 :i* com+ to u ?r\gh ! d>kness1 _h an undef9able elem5t ( horror 9 x4 ,lau5] rem>k$1 ,i nev] he> ^? ?+s )\t a %udd]2 ! memory ( my bro!r comes back to me at ! same "t4 ,8 bro!r1 :o 0 ! be/ climb] 9 ! ,ob]l&1 _h be5 lit]ally brok5 to fragm5ts by an avalan*e on ! slopes ( ! ,jungfrau4 ,we _h be5 sep>ate com+ up1 ea* hav+ tru/$ to himself1 b ! desc5t 0 m p]il\s1 because x is m difficult to fix ! heel ( ! boot ?an ! toe securely 9 ! ice4 ,lau5] 0 furni%$ ) a rope1 :i* he n[ ti$ r\nd my wai/1 & =m+ a noose at ! o!r end1 he slipp$ x ov] 8 arm4 ,?is to me 0 a new mode ( atta*m5t4 ,hi!rto my guides 9 dang]\s places _h ti$ ! ropes r\nd _! wai/s also4 ,simond _h done x on ,mont ,blanc1 & ,b5n5 on ! ,f9/]a>horn1 prov+ ?us _! will+ness to %>e my fate :atev] t might be4 ,b "h ,lau5] _h ! p[] ( s5d+ me adrift at any mom5t1 %\ld 8 own life be imp]ill$4 ,i told him t 8 mode ( atta*m5t 0 new to me1 b he assur$ me t x w\ld give him m p[] 9 case ( accid5t4 ,i did n see ?is at ! "t2 b nei!r did ,i insi/ on 8 atta*+ himself 9 ! usual way4 ,x c\ld nei!r be call$ ang] nor pride1 b a w>m flu% ran ?r\gh me z ,i rem>k$1 t ,i %\ld take good c>e n to te/ 8 p[] ( hold+ me4 ,i believe ,i wrong$ my guide by ! supposition t he made ! arrangem5t ) ref]5ce to 8 own safety1 = all ,i saw ( him aft]w>ds prov$ t he w\ld at any "t h risk$ 8 life to save m9e4 ,! flu% h[ev] did me good1 by displac+ e trace ( anxiety1 & ! rope1 ,i confess1 0 also a s\rce ( "s com=t to me4 ,we desc5d$ ! kamm1 ,i go+ fir/4 ,secure y\r foot+ be=e y move1 0 my guide's con/ant exhortation1 & make y\r /aff firm at ea* /ep4 ,we 7 sometimes q close ^u ! rim ( ! kamm on ! ,lyskamm side1 & we also foll[$ ! depressions :i* m>k$ our track along ! cornice4 ,?is ,i n[ tri$ int5tionally1 & drove ! h&le ( my axe ?r\gh x once or twice4 ,at two places 9 desc5d+ we 7 ^u ! solid ice1 & ^! 7 "s ( ! /eepe/ portions ( ! kamm4 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly p]il\s1 & ! utmo/ caution 0 necess>y 9 fix+ ! /aff & secur+ ! foot+4 ,^! h[ev] once pa/1 we felt t ! *ief dang] 0 ov]4 ,we rea*$ ! t]m9ation ( ! edge1 & al?\gh ! sn[ cont9u$ to fall heavily1 & obscure ev]y?+1 we knew t our progress aft]w>ds 0 secure4 ,!re 0 pleasure 9 ?is feel+2 x 0 an agreeable v>iation ( t grim m5tal t5sion to :i* ,i _h be5 previ\sly w\nd up1 b :i* 9 itself 0 by no means disagreeable4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spl5did ,,blue ,,( ,,! ,,sn[4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ifl+ ,,heat4 #aheh4 ,i h already notic$ ! col\r ( ! fre% sn[ ^u ! summit ( ! ,/elvio pass4 ,s9ce ,i obs]v$ x !re x has be5 my cu/om to pay "s att5tion to ?is po9t at all great elevations4 ,?is morn+1 z ,i asc5d$ ,monte ,rosa1 ,i (t5 exam9$ ! holes made 9 ! sn[ by our batons1 b ! light :i* issu$ f !m 0 sc>cely p]ceptibly blue4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a deep lay] ( fre% sn[ ov]spread ! m\nta91 & ! effect 0 magnific5t4 ,along ! kamm ,i 0 cont9ually surpris$ & delight$ by ! blue gleams :i* issu$ f ! brok5 or p]=at$ /ratum ( new sn[2 ea* hole made by ! /aff 0 fill$ ) a light z pure1 & ne>ly z deep1 z t ( ! uncl\d$ firmam5t4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! bottom ( ! kamm1 ,lau5] came to ! front1 & tramp$ be=e me4 ,z 8 feet rose out ( ! sn[1 & %ook ! latt] (f 9 fragm5ts1 sudd5 & wond]ful gleams ( blue light fla%$ f !m4 ,d\btless ! blue ( ! sky has mu* to d ) m\nta9 col\r+1 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance n only 0 !re no blue sky1 b ! air 0 s ?ick ) fog & desc5d+ sn[-flakes1 t we c\ld n see tw5ty y>ds 9 advance ( u4 ,a ?ick fog1 :i* wrapp$ ! m\nta9 q closely1 n[ add$ its gloom to ! obscurity caus$ by ! fall+ sn[4 ,be=e we rea*$ ! base ( ! m\nta9 ! fog became ?91 & ! sun %one ?r\gh x4 ,!re 0 n a brea? ( air /irr+1 &1 ?\gh we /ood ankle-deep 9 sn[1 ! heat surpass$ any?+ ( ! k9d ,i _h ev] felt3 x 0 ! dead suffocat+ w>m? ( ! int]ior ( an ov51 :i* encompass$ u on all sides1 & f :i* !re seem$ no escape4 ,our own motion ?r\gh ! air1 h[ev]1 cool$ u consid]ably4 ,we f\nd ! sn[-bridges s(t] ?an 9 ! morn+1 & consequ5tly ne$+ m caution2 b we enc\nt]$ no real difficulty among !m4 ,inde$ x is amus+ to obs]ve ! indiff]5ce ) :i* a sn[-ro( is (t5 brok5 ?r\gh1 & a travell] imm]s$ to ! wai/ 9 ! jaws ( a fissure4 ,! ef=t at recov]y is in/antane\s2 half in/9ctively h&s & knees are driv5 into ! sn[1 & rescue is imm$iate4 ,fair glaci] "w 0 n[ be=e u2 aft] :i* we rea*$ ! opposite m\nta9-slope1 :i* we asc5d$1 & !n w5t d[n ! flank ( ! ,riffelb]g to our hotel4 ,! excursion occupi$ u elev5 & a half h\rs4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,my /aff 0 always ! h&le ( an axe an in* or two long] ?an an ord9>y walk+-/ick4 7#ai47 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! #aa? ,i made an attempt alone to asc5d ! ,riffelhorn1 & atta9$ a consid]able height2 b ,i attack$ x f ! wrong side1 & ! fad+ light =c$ me to retreat4 ,i f\nd "s agreeable p at ! hotel on my return4 ,"o cl]gyman especially1 ) a cle> complexion1 good dige/ion1 & bad lungs--( free1 he>ty1 & g5ial mann]--made himself extremely pleasant to u all4 ,he appe>$ to bubble ov] ) enjoym5t1 & ) him & o!rs on ! morn+ ( ! #ac? ,i walk$ to ! ,go]n] ,grat1 z x lay on ! way to my "w4 ,we _h a glori\s prospect f ! summit3 inde$ ! assemblage ( m\nta9s1 sn[1 & ice1 "h )9 view is p]haps )\t a rival 9 ! _w4,a ,i %\ld]$ my axe1 & say+ good-bye mov$ away f my companions4 ,are y go+8 exclaim$ ! cl]gyman4 ,give me "o grasp ( y\r h& be=e we "p4 ,?is 0 ! signal = a grasp all r\nd2 & ! he>ty human k9dness :i* ?us %[$ itself contribut$ t day to make my "w pleasant to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,difficult ,,desc5t4 #aheh4 ,we proce$$ along ! ridge ( ! ,ro! ,kumme to a po9t :i* comm&$ a f9e view ( ! glaci]4 ,! ice _h be5 ov] ^! heights 9 ages pa/1 =1 al?\gh li*5s cov]$ ! surfaces ( ! old rocks1 !y did n disguise ! grooves & scrat*+s4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] 0 n[ ab\t a ?\s& feet bel[ u1 & ?is x 0 our desire to atta94 ,to rea* x we _h to desc5d a succession ( precipices1 :i* 9 g5]al 7 wea!r$ & rugg$1 b "h & !re1 :]e ! rock 0 durable1 7 flut$ & groov$4 ,once or twice inde$ we _h no?+ to cl+ to b ! little ridges ?us =m$4 ,we _h to squeeze ourselves ?r\gh n>r[ fissures1 & (t5 to get r\nd ov]hang+ l$ges1 :]e our ma9 tru/ 0 9 our feet1 b :]e ^! _h only l$ges an in* or s 9 wid? to re/ ^u4 ,^! cases 7 to me ! mo/ unpleasant ( all1 = !y compell$ ! arms to take a position :i*1 if ! foot+ gave way1 w\ld necessitate a wr5*1 = :i* ,i ent]ta9 consid]able abhorr5ce4 ,we came at l5g? to a gorge by :i* ! m\nta9 is r5t f top to bottom1 & into :i* we endeav\r$ to desc5d4 ,we work$ along its rim = a "t1 b f\nd its smoo? faces too deep4 ,we retreat$2 ,lau5] /ruck into ano!r track1 & :ile he te/$ x ,i sat d[n ne> "s grass tufts1 :i* fl\ri%$ on "o ( ! l$ges1 & f\nd ! temp]ature to be z foll[s3-- ,temp]ature ( rock #db deg4 ,c4 ,( air an in* above ! rock #cb ,( air a foot f rock #bb ,( grass #be ,! fir/ ( ^! numb]s does n fairly repres5t ! temp]ature ( ! rock1 z ! !rmomet] c\ld be 9 contact ) x only at "o side at a "t4 ,x 0 diff]5ces su* z ^! betwe5 grass & /one1 produc+ a mix$ atmosph]e ( diff]5t d5sities1 t weak5$ ! s\nd ( ! falls ( ! ,or9oco1 z obs]v$ & expla9$ by ,humboldt4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s+ul> ,,ice-,,cave4 #aheh4 ,by a process ( trial & error we at l5g? rea*$ ! ice1 aft] two h\rs _h be5 sp5t 9 ! ef=t to dis5tangle ourselves f ! crags4 ,! glaci] is =cibly ?ru/ at ?is place aga9/ ! project+ base ( ! m\nta91 & ! /ructure ( ! ice correspond+ly develop$4 ,crevasses also int]sect ! ice1 & ! blue ve9s cross !m at "r angles4 ,i asc5d$ ! glaci] to a region :]e ! ice 0 compress$ & greatly contort$1 & ?\ght t 9 "s cases ,i c\ld see ! ve9s cross+ ! l9es ( /ratification4 ,once my guide drew my att5tion to :at he call$ e9 sond]b>es ,lo*4 ,on "o ( ! slopes an ar*way 0 =m$ :i* appe>$ to lead into ! body ( ! glaci]4 ,we ent]$ x1 & explor$ ! cav]n to its end4 ,! walls 7 ( transp>5t blue ice1 s+ul>ly free f air-bubbles2 b :]e ! ro( ( ! cav]n 0 ?9 en\gh to all[ ! sun to %9e feebly ?r\gh x1 ! transmitt$ light 0 ( a p9k col\r4 ,my guide express$ himself surpris$ at d5 roe?li*5 ,s*e94 ,at "o place a plate ( ice _h be5 plac$ l a ceil+ across ! cav]n2 b ow+ to lat]al squeez+ x _h be5 brok5 s z to =m a ,v4 ,i f\nd "s air-bubbles 9 ?is ice1 & 9 all cases !y 7 associat$ ) blebs ( wat]4 ,a portion ( ! ceil+1 inde$1 0 v full ( bubbles1 & 0 at "s places r$uc$1 by int]nal liquefaction1 to a m]e skeleton ( ice1 ) wat]-cells betwe5 its walls4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,/rata4 #aheh4 ,high up ! glaci] 7t[>ds ! old ,weis/hor7 ! horizontal /ratification is ev]y:]e beautifully %[n4 ,i drew my guide's att5tion to x1 & he made ! rem>k t ! p]fection ( ! l[] ice 0 due to ! pressure ( ! lay]s above x4 ,! sn[ by degrees compress$ itself to glaci]4 ,z we approa*$ "o ( ! tribut>ies on ! ,monte ,rosa side1 :]e great pressure came into play1 ! /ratification appe>$ to yield & ! true /ructure to cross x at ^? places :]e x _h yield$ mo/4 ,z ! place ( greate/ pressure 0 approa*$1 ! b$d+ disappe>$ m & m1 & a cle> v]tical /ructure 0 f9ally reveal$4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,9 #aheh ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,cooke made a p5cil-sket* ( ?is spl5did panorama1 :i* is ! be/ & true/ t ,i h yet se54 ,,! ,g,oe,r,n,e,r ,,grat ,,& ,,! ,,riffelhorn4 ,,magnetic ,,ph5om5a4 7#bj47 ,at an e>ly h\r on ,saturday1 ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 ,i he>d ! s]vant exclaim1 ,das ,wett] i/ wund]s*o56 :i* good news caus$ me to spr+ f my b$ & prep>e to meet ! morn4 ,! range ( summits at ! opposite side ( ! valley ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 0 at fir/ q cle>1 b z ! sun asc5d$ light cumuli =m$ r\nd !m1 increas+ 9 d5sity up to a c]ta9 po9t2 bel[ ^! cl\ds ! air ( ! valley 0 transp>5t2 above !m ! air ( heav5 0 /ill m s2 & ?us !y swung midway betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 rang+ !mselves 9 a level l9e along ! necks ( ! m\nta9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,cl\ds4 #aheh4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! pres5ce ( ! sun heat+ ! air w\ld t5d to keep x m transp>5t1 by increas+ its capacity to dissolve all visible cl\d2 & ?is inde$ is ! true action ( ! sun4 ,b x is n ! only action4 ,8 rays1 z he climb$ ! ea/]n heav51 %ot m & m deeply into ! valley ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ! moi/ure ( :i* rose z invisible vap\r1 rema9+ unse5 z long z ! air possess$ suffici5t w>m? to keep x 9 ! vapor\s /ate4 ,high up1 h[ev]1 ! cold crags :i* _h lo/ _! heat by radiation ! night be=e1 act$ l cond5s]s ^u ! asc5d+ vap\r1 & caus$ x to curdle into visible fog4 ,! curr5t1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ asc5sional1 & ! cl\ds 7 sl[ly lift$ above ! talle/ peaks1 :]e !y arrang$ !mselves 9 fanta/ic =ms1 %ift+ & *ang+ %ape z !y gradually melt$ away4 ,"o peak /ood l a field-(fic] ) 8 cap rais$ above 8 head1 o!rs s5t /raggl+ cl\d-balloons upw>ds2 b on wat*+ ^! outli]s !y 7 gradually se5 to disappe>4 ,at fir/ !y %one l sn[ 9 ! sunlight1 b z !y became m att5uat$ !y *ang$ col\r1 pass+ ?r\gh a dull r$ to a dusky purple hue1 until f9ally !y left no trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,rocks ,,w>m$4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,! ,g,oe,r,n,e,r ,,grat4 #aheh4 ,z ! day advanc$1 w>m+ ! rocks1 ! cl\ds :olly disappe>$1 & a hyal9e air =m$ ! sett+ ( bo? glaci]s & m\nta9s4 ,i climb$ to ! ,go]n] ,grat to obta9 a g5]al view ( ! surr\nd+ sc5e4 ,look+ t[>ds ! orig9 ( ! ,go]n] glaci] ! view 0 b\nd$ by a wide col1 ^u :i* /ood two lovely r\nd$ em95ces enamell$ ) sn[ ( p]fect purity4 ,!y %one l burni%$ silv] 9 ! sunlight1 z if _! surfaces _h be5 melt$ & recongeal$ to fro/$ mirrors f :i* ! rays 7 flung4 ,to ! "r ( ^! 7 ! b\nd+ crags ( ,monte ,rosa1 & !n ! body ( ! m\nta9 itself1 ) its cre/ ( crag & coat ( sn[s4 ,to ! "r ( ,monte ,rosa1 & almo/ rivall+ x 9 height1 0 ! va/ mass ( ! ,lyskamm1 a r\gh & craggy m\nta91 to ^: l$ges cl+s ! sn[ :i* _c grasp its /eep] walls1 sometimes lean+ ov] !m 9 imp5d+ precipices1 :i* (t5 break1 & s5d wild avalan*es into ! space bel[4 ,betwe5 ! ,lyskamm & ,monte ,rosa lies a l>ge wide valley into :i* bo? m\nta9s p\r _! sn[s1 =m+ !re ! ,we/]n glaci] ( ,monte ,rosa,a--a noble ice /ream1 :i* f its magnitude & p]man5ce des]ves to impose its "n ^u ! trunk glaci]4 ,x ext5ds d[nw>ds f ! col :i* unites ! two m\nta9s2 riv5 & brok5 at "s places1 b at o!rs /ret*+ :ite & pure d[n to its sn[-l9e1 :]e ! true glaci] em]ges f ! neve4 ,f ! r\nd$ %\ld]s ( ! ,tw9 ,ca/or a glaci] desc5ds1 at fir/ :ite & %9+1 !n sudd5ly brok5 into faults1 fissures1 & precipices1 :i* are aft]w>ds repair$1 & ! glaci] jo9s t ( ,monte ,rosa be=e ! junction ( ! latt] ) ! trunk /ream4 ,next came a boss ( rock1 ) a second>y glaci] cl++ to x z if pla/]$ ov] x1 & aft] x ! ,s*w>ze glaci]1 b\nd$ on "o side by ! ,brei?orn1 & on ! o!r by ! ,tw9 ,pollux4 ,?is glaci] is ( consid]able magnitude4 ,ov] its upp] portion rise ! ,tw9 em95ces1 pure & :ite2 !n foll[s a smoo? & undulat+ space1 aft] pass+ :i* ! neve is torn up into a collection ( peaks & *asms2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are m5d$ l[] d[n1 & ! glaci] moves smoo?ly & calmly to meet its bro!rs 9 ! ma9 valley4 ,next comes ! ,trifti glaci]1,b embrac$ on all sides by ! rocky arms ( ! ,brei?orn2 its mass is n v great1 b x desc5ds 9 a graceful sweep1 & exhibits t[>ds its extremity a succession ( beautiful b&s4 ,aft]w>ds we h ! glaci] ( ! ,petit ,mont ,c]v9 & ^? ( ,/4 ,!odule1 :i* latt] are ! la/ t empty _! froz5 c>goes into ! valley ( ! ,go]n]4 ,all ! glaci]s "h m5tion$ are weld$ toge!r to a common trunk :i* squeezes itself ?r\gh ! n>r[ defile at ! base ( ! ,riffelhorn4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! mora9es become confus$1 ! glaci] drops /eeply to its t]m9ation1 & pl\ghs up ! mead[s 9 front ( x ) its irresi/ible %>e4 ,9 a l9e ) ! ,riffelhorn1 & ris+ ov] ! latt] s high z to make x almo/ vani% by comp>ison1 0 ! ,titan obelisk ( ! ,matt]horn1 f ! base ( :i* ! ,furgge glaci] /ruggles d[nw>ds4 ,on ! o!r side are ! ,zmutt glaci]1 ! ,s*o5buehl1 & ! ,ho*wang1 f ! ,d5t ,blan*e2 ! ,gabelhorn & ,trift glaci]s1 f ! summits :i* be> ^? names4 ,!n come ! glaci]s ( ! ,weis%orn4 ,describ+ a curve /ill f>!r to ! "r we alight on ! peaks ( ! ,mis*abel1 d>k & craggy precipices f ?is side1 ?\gh f ! ,a,eggischhorn !y appe> z cones ( sn[4 ,sweep+ by ! ,alphubel1 ! ,allale9horn1 ! ,rympfis*orn1 & ,/rahlhorn--all ( !m maje/ic--we rea* ! pass ( ! ,weis/hor1 & ! ,cima di ,jazzi4 ,?is completes ! glori\s circuit )9 ! obs]v]'s view4 ,sid5ote3 ,,compass ,,at ,,fault4 #aheh4 ,i plac$ my compass ^u a piece ( rock to f9d ! be>+ ( ! ,go]n] glaci]1 & 0 />tl$ at see+ ! sun & x at direct v>iance4 ,:at ! sun decl>$ to be nor?1 ! ne$le affirm$ to be s\?4 ,i at fir/ suppos$ t ! mak] _h plac$ ! ,s :]e ! ,n ought to be1 & vice v]sa4 ,on %ift+ my position1 h[ev]1 ! ne$le %ift$ also1 & ,i saw imm$iately t ! effect 0 due to ! rock ( ! ,grat4 ,sometimes "o end ( ! ne$le dipp$ =cibly1 at o!r places x :irl$ sudd5ly r\nd1 indicat+ an entire *ange ( pol>ity4 ,! rock 0 evid5tly to be reg>d$ z an assemblage ( magnets1 or z a s+le magnet full ( consequ5t po9ts4 ,a di/ance ( transport n exce$+ an in* 01 9 "s cases1 suffici5t to rev]se ! position ( ! ne$le4 ,i held ! ne$le betwe5 ! two sides ( a long fissure a foot wide4 ,! ne$le set along ! fissure at "s places1 :ile at o!rs x set across x4 ,sometimes a little jutt+ knob w\ld attract ! nor? end ( ! ne$le1 :ile a closely adjac5t little knob w\ld =cibly repel x1 & attract ! s\? end4 ,"o extremity ( a l$ge ?ree feet long 0 nor? magnetic1 ! o!r end 0 s\? magnetic1 :ile a neutral po9t exi/$ midway betwe5 ! two1 ! l$ge hav+ !re=e ! exact pol> arrangem5t ( an ord9>y b>-magnet4 ,at ! highe/ po9t ( ! rock ! action appe>$ to be mo/ int5se1 b ,i also f\nd an en]getic pol>ity 9 a mass at "s di/ance bel[ ! summit4 ,sid5ote3 ,,magnetism ,,( ,,rocks4 #aheh4 ,rememb]+ t ,pr(essor ,=bes _h notic$ "s peculi> magnetic effect ^u ! ,riffelhorn1 ,i resolv$ to asc5d x4 ,desc5d+ f ! ,grat we m\nt$ ! rocks :i* =m ! base ( ! horn2 ^! are s(t & soapy f ! quantity ( mica :i* !y conta92 ! high] rocks ( ! horn are1 h[ev]1 v d5se & h>d4 ,! asc5t is a pleasant bit ( m\nta9 practice4 ,we climb$ ! walls ( rock1 & w\nd r\nd ! l$ges1 seek+ ! assailable po9ts4 ,i tri$ ! magnetic condition ( ! rocks z we asc5d$1 & f\nd x 9 g5]al feeble4 ,9 o!r respects ! ,riffelhorn is a mo/ rem>kable mass4 ,! ice ( ! ,go]n] glaci] ( =m] ages1 :i* rose hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s ( feet above its pres5t level1 enc\nt]$ ! horn 9 its desc5t1 & 0 split by ! latt]1 a div]sion ( ! ice along ! sides ( ! peak be+ ! consequ5ce4 ,portions ( ! v]tical walls ( ! horn are poli%$ by ?is action z if !y _h come f ! h&s ( a lapid>y1 & ! scrat*+s are z %>p & def9ite z if drawn by po9ts ( /eel4 ,i nev] saw scrat*+s s p]fectly pres]v$3 ! f9e/ l9es are z cle> z ! deepe/1 a consequ5ce ( ! great d5sity & durability ( ! rock4 ,! latt] evid5tly conta9s a good deal ( iron1 & its surface ne> ! summit is ( ! ri* br[n r$ due to ! p]oxide ( ! metal4 ,:5 we fairly got among ! precipices we left our hat*ets beh9d u1 tru/+ subsequ5tly to our h&s & feet alone4 ,squeez+1 creep+1 cl++1 & climb+1 9 due "t we f\nd ourselves ^u ! summit ( ! horn4 ,sid5ote3 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,riffelhorn4 #aheh4 ,a pile ( /ones _h be5 erect$ ne> ! po9t :]e we ga9$ ! top4 ,i exam9$ ! /ones ( ?is pile1 & f\nd !m /rongly pol>4 ,! surr\nd+ rocks also %[$ a viol5t action1 ! ne$le oscillat+ quickly1 & sometimes twirl+ swiftly r\nd ^u a slight *ange ( position4 ,! fragm5ts ( rock scatt]$ ab\t 7 also pol>4 ,long l$ges %[$ nor? magnetism = a consid]able l5g?1 & aga9 = an equal l5g? s\? magnetism4 ,two p>allel masses sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a fissure1 %[$ ! same magnetic di/ribution4 ,:ile ,i 0 engag$ at "o end ( ! horn1 ,lau5] w&]$ to ! o!r1 on :i* /ood two or ?ree hommes de pi]res4 ,he 0 ab\t di/urb+ "s ( ! /ones1 :5 a yell f me surpris$ him4 ,9 fact1 ! ?\ght _h occurr$ to me t ! magnetism ( ! horn _h be5 develop$ by lightn+ /rik+ ^u x1 & my desire 0 to exam9e ^? po9ts :i* 7 mo/ expos$ to ! dis*>ge ( ! atmosph]ic electricity2 h5ce my %\t to my guide to let ! /ones alone4 ,i work$ t[>ds ! o!r end ( ! horn1 exam9+ ! rocks 9 my way4 ,two wea!r$ prom95ces1 :i* seem$ v likely recipi5ts ( ! lightn+1 act$ viol5tly ^u ! ne$le4 ,i sometimes desc5d$ a little way1 & f\nd t among ! rocks bel[ ! summit ! action 0 greatly enfeebl$4 ,on rea*+ ano!r v prom95t po9t1 ,i f\nd its extremity all nor? pol>1 b at a little di/ance 0 a clu/] ( consequ5t po9ts1 among :i* ! transport ( a few in*es 0 suffici5t to turn ! ne$le r\nd & r\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,magnetism ,,( ,,! ,,horn4 #aheh4 ,! piles ( /one at ! ,z]matt end ( ! horn did n seem s /rongly pol> z ! pile at ! o!r end1 :i* 0 high]2 /ill a /rong pol> action 0 manife/$ at _m po9ts ( ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,hav+ complet$ ! exam9ation ( ! summit1 ,i desc5d$ ! horn1 & exam9$ its magnetic condition z ,i w5t along4 ,x seem$ to me t ! jutt+ prom95ces always exhibit$ ! /ronge/ action4 ,i d n inde$ rememb] any case 9 :i* a /rong action did n exhibit itself at ! ends ( ! t]races :i* con/itute ! horn4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! rock act$ z a numb] ( magnets huddl$ confus$ly toge!r1 & n z if its entire mass 0 end[$ ) magnetism ( "o k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,magnetic ,b\ld] ( ! ,riffelhorn4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! same day ,i exam9$ ! l[] spur ( ! ,riffelhorn4 ,amid its fissures & gullies "o feels z if w&]+ ?r\gh ! ru9s ( a va/ ca/le or =tification2 ! precipices are s l walls1 & ! scrat*+ & poli%+ s l :at might be done by ! h&s ( man4 ,i f\nd evid5ces ( /rong pol> action 9 "s ( ! rocks l[ d[n4 ,9 ! same cont9u\s mass ! action w\ld sometimes exhibit itself ov] an area ( small ext5t1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! rock %[$ no appreciable action4 ,"s ( ! b\ld]s ca/ d[n f ! summit exhibit$ a /rong & v>i$ pol>ity4 ,fig4 #h is a sket* ( "o ( ^!2 ! b>b$ end ( ea* arr[ repres5ts ! nor? end ( ! ne$le1 :i* assum$ ! v>i\s positions %[n 9 ! figure4 ,midway d[n ! spur ,i light$ ^u a transv]se wall ( rock1 :i* =m$ 9 e>li] ages ! b\nd>y ( a lat]al outlet ( ! ,go]n] glaci]4 ,x 0 r$ & h>d1 wea!r$ r\gh at "s places1 & poli%$ smoo? at o!rs4 ,! l9es 7 drawn f9ely ^u x1 b its out] surface appe>$ to be peel+ (f l a cru/2 ! poli%$ lay] re/$ ^u ! rock l a k9d ( enamel4 ,! action ( ! glaci] appe>$ to resemble t ( ! break ( a locomotive ^u rails1 bo? be+ cases ( exfoliation br\ght ab\t by pressure & friction4 ,?is wall measur$ tw5ty-eight y>ds across1 & "o end ( x1 = a di/ance ( t5 or twelve y>ds1 0 all nor? pol>2 ! o!r end = a simil> di/ance 0 s\? pol>1 b !re 0 a pair ( consequ5t po9ts at its c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,=ce4 #ahfh4 ,to meet ! case ( my "y read]s1 ,i w "h say a few words ab\t ! magnetic =ce4 ,! common magnetic ne$le po9ts ne>ly nor? & s\?2 & if a bit ( iron be br\ght ne> to ei!r end ( ! ne$le1 !y w mutually attract ea* o!r4 ,a piece ( lead w n %[ ?is effect1 nor w copp]1 gold1 nor silv]4 ,iron1 9 fact1 is a magnetic metal1 :i* ! o!rs are n4 ,x is to be p>ticul>ly obs]v$1 t ! bit ( iron attracts bo? ends ( ! ne$le :5 x is pres5t$ to !m 9 succession2 & if a common /eel sew+ ne$le be sub/itut$ = ! iron x w be se5 t x also has ! p[] ( attract+ bo? ends ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,b if ! ne$le be rubb$ once or twice along "o end ( a magnet1 x w be f\nd t "o ( its ends w aft]w>ds repel a c]ta9 end ( ! magnetic ne$le & attract ! o!r4 ,by rubb+ ! ne$le on ! magnet1 we ?us develop bo? attraction & repulsion1 & ?is d\ble action ( ! magnetic =ce is call$ its pol>ity2 ?us ! /eel :i* 0 at fir/ simply magnetic1 is n[ magnetic & pol>4 ,x is ! aim ( p]sons mak+ magnets1 t ea* magnet %\ld h b two poles1 at its two ends2 x is1 h[ev]1 easy to develop 9 ! same piece ( /eel sev]al pairs or poles2 & if ! magnetization be irregul>1 ?is is sometimes done :5 we wi% to avoid x4 ,^! irregul> poles are call$ consequ5t po9ts4 ,n[ ,i want my "y read] to und]/& t x is n only because ! rocks ( ! ,go]n] ,grat & ,riffelhorn conta9 iron1 t !y exhibit ! action :i* ,i h describ$4 ,!y are n only magnetic1 z common iron is1 b1 l ! magnetiz$ /eel ne$le1 !y are magnetic & pol>4 ,& ^! poles are irregul>ly di/ribut$ l ! consequ5t po9ts to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & ?is is ! reason :y ,i h us$ ! t]m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,be>+s ,,f ,,! ,,riffelhorn4 #aheh4 ,pr(essor ,=bes1 z ,i h already /at$1 0 ! fir/ to notice ! effect ( ! ,riffelhorn ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 b he seems to h suppos$ t ! entire mass ( ! m\nta9 ex]cis$ a local attraction ^u ! ne$le2 7^u :i* end he does n say74 ,to enable future obs]v]s to all[ = ?is attraction1 he took ! be>+ ( sev]al ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s f ! ,riffelhorn2 b x is v probable t _h he *ang$ 8 position a few in*es1 & p]fectly c]ta9 _h he *ang$ x a few y>ds1 he w\ld h f\nd a set ( be>+s totally diff]5t f ^? :i* he has record$4 ,! close proximity & irregul> di/ribution ( its consequ5t po9ts w\ld prev5t ! ,riffelhorn f ex]t+ any appreciable influ5ce on a di/ant ne$le1 z 9 ?is case ! local poles w\ld effectually neutralize ea* o!r4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,n[ call$1 9 ! ,f$]al map1 ! ',gr5z glaci]4'--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,b ,i take ?is "n f ,/ud]'s map4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ,i h call$ x ! ,brei?orn glaci]4 7#ba47 ,sid5ote3 ,,mont ,,c]v9 ,,z ,,cl\d-,,mak]4 #aheh4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ae? ! ,riffelb]g 0 swa!d 9 a d5se fog1 ?r\gh :i* heavy ra9 %[]$ incessantly4 ,t[>ds "o o'clock ! cont9uity ( ! gray mass 0 brok51 & sky-gleams ( ! deepe/ blue 7 se5 ?r\gh its ap]tures2 ^! w\ld close up aga91 & o!rs op5 else:]e1 z if ! fog 7 fight+ = exi/5ce ) ! sun beh9d x4 ,! sun1 h[ev]1 triumph$1 ! m\nta9s came m & m into view1 & f9ally ! entire air 0 swept cle>4 ,i w5t up to ! ,go]n] ,grat 9 ! aft]noon1 & exam9$ m closely ! magnetism ( its rocks2 "h1 z on ! ,riffelhorn1 ,i f\nd x mo/ pron\nc$ at ! jutt+ prom95ces ( ! ,grat4 ,c x be t ! sup]ior exposure is m fav\rable to ! =mation ( ! magnetic oxide ( iron8 ,i secur$ a numb] ( fragm5ts1 :i* ,i /ill possess1 & :i* act =cibly ^u a magnetic ne$le4 ,! sun 0 ne> ! we/]n horizon1 & ,i rema9$ alone ^u ! ,grat to see 8 la/ beams illum9ate ! m\nta9s1 :i*1 ) "o exception1 7 )\t a trace ( cl\d4 ,?is exception 0 ! ,matt]horn1 ! appe>ance ( :i* 0 extremely in/ructive4 ,! obelisk appe>$ to be divid$ 9 two halves by a v]tical l9e drawn f its summit half way d[n1 to ! w9dw>d ( :i* we _h ! b>e cliffs ( ! m\nta92 & to ! left ( x a cl\d :i* appe>$ to cl+ t5aci\sly to ! rocks4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no cl++2 ! cond5s$ vap\r incessantly got away1 b x 0 ev] r5ew$1 & ?us a riv] ( cl\d _h be5 s5t f ! m\nta9 ov] ! valley ( ,ao/a4 ,! w9d 9 fact blew lightly up ! valley ( ,/4 ,ni*olas *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & :5 ! air t held x rubb$ aga9/ ! cold cone ( ! ,matt]horn ! vap\r 0 *ill$ & precipitat$ 9 8 lee4 ,! summit seem$ to smoke sometimes l a burn+ m\nta92 = imm$iately aft] its g5]ation1 ! fog 0 drawn away 9 long filam5ts by ! w9d4 ,z ! sun sank l[] ! rudd9ess ( 8 light augm5t$1 until ^! filam5ts resembl$ /ream]s ( flame4 ,! sun sank deep]1 ! light 0 gradually )drawn1 & :]e x _h entirely vani%$ x left ! m\nta9 l a desolate old man ^: ho>y hair ,/ream'd l a meteor 9 ! tr\bl$ air4 ,= a mom5t aft] ! sun _h disappe>$ ! sc5e 0 amaz+ly gr&4 ,! di/ant we/ 0 ruddy1 copi\s gray smoke-wrea?s 7 waft$ f ! m\nta9s1 :ile high ov]head1 9 an atmosph]ic region :i* seem$ p]fectly motionless1 float$ a broad ?9 cl\d1 dy$ ) ! ri*e/ iridesc5ces4 ,! col\rs 7 ( ! same "* z ^? :i* ,i _h se5 ^u ! ,alets*horn1 be+ due to int]f]5ce1 & 9 po9t ( spl5d\r & v>iety f> exce$$ any?+ ev] produc$ by ! m]e col\r$ light ( ! sett+ sun4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cells ,,9 ,,! ,,ice4 #aheh4 ,on ! #af? ,i 0 e>ly ^u ! glaci]4 ,x _h froz5 h>d dur+ ! night1 & ! p>tially lib]at$ /reams fl[$1 9 _m cases1 ov] _! own ice4 ,i took "s cle> plates f "u ! wat]1 & f\nd 9 !m num]\s liquid cells1 ea* associat$ ) an air-bubble or a vacu\s spot4 ,! mo/ common %ape ( ! cells 0 a regul> hexagon1 b !re 7 all =ms betwe5 ! p]fect hexagon & ! p]fect circle4 ,_m cells _h also crimp$ bord]s1 intimat+ t _! primitive =m 0 t ( a fl[] ) six leaves4 ,a plate tak5 f ice :i* 0 def5d$ f ! sunbeams by ! %ad[ ( a rock _h no su* cells2 s t ^? t ,i obs]v$ 7 probably due to sol> radiation4 ,my fir/ aim 0 to exam9e ! /ructure ( ! ,go]n]horn glaci]1,a :i* desc5ds ! brea/ ( ,monte ,rosa until x is abruptly cut (f by ! great ,we/]n glaci] ( ! m\nta94,b ,betwe5 !m is a mora9e :i* is at once t]m9al z reg>ds ! =m]1 & lat]al z reg>ds ! latt]4 ,! ice is ve9$ v]tically along ! mora9e1 ! direction ( ! /ructure be+ p>allel to ! latt]4 ,i asc5d$ ! glaci]1 & f\nd1 z ,i retreat$ f ! place :]e ! ?ru/ 0 mo/ viol5t1 t ! /ructure became m feeble4 ,f ! glaci] ,i pass$ to ! rocks call$ auf d] ,platte1 s z to obta9 a g5]al view ( its t]m9al portion4 ,! gradual p]fect+ ( ! /ructure z ! region ( pressure 0 approa*$ 0 v manife/3 ! ice at ! end seem$ to wr9kle up 9 ob$i5ce to ! pressure1 ! /ructural furr[s1 f be+ sc>cely visible1 became m & m decid$1 & ! lam9ation und]nea? correspond+ly pron\nc$1 until x f9ally atta9$ a /ate ( great p]fection4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,ice4 #aheh4 ,i n[ quitt$ ! rocks & walk$ /raight across ! ,we/]n glaci] ( ,monte ,rosa to its c5tre1 :]e ,i f\nd ! /ructure sc>cely visible4 ,i next fac$ ! ,go]n] ,grat1 & walk$ d[n ! glaci] t[>ds ! mora9e :i* divides x f ! ,go]n] glaci]4 ,! me*anical conditions ( ! ice "h are q evid5t2 ea* /ep br\ght me to a place ( great] pressure1 & also to a place ( m highly develop$ /ructure1 until f9ally ne> to ! mora9e itself1 & runn+ p>allel to x1 a magnific5t lam9ation 0 develop$4 ,"h ! sup]ficial groov+s c\ld be trac$ to great di/ances1 & beside ! mora9e 7 b\ld]s pois$ on p$e/als ( ice ?r\gh :i* ! blue ve9s ran4 ,at "s places ! ice _h be5 wea!r$ into lam9ae n m ?an a l9e 9 ?ickness4 ,i n[ recross$ ! ,monte ,rosa glaci] to its junction ) ! ,s*w>tze glaci]1 :i* desc5ds betwe5 ! ,tw9s & ,brei?orn4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,monte ,rosa glaci] is "h f> less pron\nc$ ?an at ! o!r side1 & ! pressure :i* x endures is also manife/ly less2 ! /ructure ( ! ,s*w>tze glaci] is fairly develop$1 be+ "h p>allel to its mora9e4 ,! cliffs ( ! ,brei?orn are mu* expos$ to wea!r+ action1 & b\ld]s are copi\sly %[]$ d[n ^u ! adjac5t ice4 ,betwe5 ! ,s*w>tze glaci] & ! glaci] :i* desc5ds f ! brea/ ( ! ,brei?orn itself ^! blocks ride ^u a sp9e ( ice1 & =m a mora9e ( gr& proportions4 ,f x a f9e view ( ! glaci] is atta9able1 & ! gradual developm5t ( its /ructure z ! region ( maximum pressure is approa*$ is v pla94 ,a numb] ( gracefully curv$ undulations sweep across ! ,brei?orn glaci]1 :i* are squeez$ m closely toge!r z ! mora9e is approa*$4 ,all ! glaci]s t desc5d f ! flank+ m\nta9s ( ! ,go]n] valley are sudd5ly turn$ aside :]e !y meet ! great trunk /ream1 & are r$uc$ by ! pressure to n>r[ /ripes ( ice sep>at$ f ea* o!r by p>allel mora9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tribut>ies ,,explor$4 #aheh4 ,i asc5d$ ! ,brei?orn glaci] to ! base ( an ice-fall1 on "o side ( :i* ,i f\nd l>ge crumples produc$ by ! pressure1 ! ve9$ /ructure be+ develop$ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! latt]4 ,no su* /ructure 0 visible above ?is place4 ,! crumples 7 cut by fissures1 p]p5dicul> to :i* ! blue ve9s ran4 ,i n[ quitt$ ! glaci]1 & clamb]$ up ! adjac5t alp1 f :i* a f9e view ( ! g5]al surface 0 atta9able4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,go]n]horn glaci]1 ! gradual p]fect+ ( ! /ructure 0 v manife/2 ! dirt1 :i* fir/ irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 gradually assum$ a /riat$ appe>ance1 & became m & m decid$ z ! mora9e 0 approa*$4 ,desc5d+ f ! alp1 ,i endeav\r$ to measure "s ( ! undulations2 proce$+ aft]w>ds to ! junction ( ! ,brei?orn glaci] ) t ( ,/4 ,!odule4 ,! end ( ! latt] appe>s to be crumpl$ by its ?ru/ aga9/ ! =m]1 & ! mora9e betwe5 !m1 in/ead ( be+ rais$1 runs along a holl[ :i* is flank$ by ! crumples on ei!r side4 ,! ,brei?orn glaci] became m & m att5uat$1 until f9ally x actually vani%$ "u its own mora9es4 ,on ! sides ( ! crevasses1 by :i* ! ,!odule glaci] is "h int]sect$1 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld pla9ly see two sy/ems ( ve9s cutt+ ea* o!r at an angle ( fifte5 or tw5ty degrees4 ,rea*+ ! ,go]n] glaci]1 at a place :]e its dislocation 0 v great1 ,i proce$$ d[n x pa/ ! ,riffelhorn1 to a po9t :]e x seem$ possible to scale ! opposite m\nta9 wall4 ,"h ,i cross$ ! glaci]1 tread+ ) ! utmo/ caution along ! combs ( ice1 & w9d+ ?r\gh ! entanglem5t ( crevasses until ! spur ( ! ,riffelhorn 0 rea*$2 ?is ,i climb$ to its summit1 & aft]w>ds cross$ ! gre5 alp to our hotel4 ,sid5ote3 ,,temptation4 #aheh4 ,! =ego+ good day's "w 0 rew>d$ by a s\nd sleep at night4 ,! t\ri/s 7 call$ 9 succession next morn+1 b aft] ea* call ,i in/antly subsid$ into deep slumb]1 & ?us heal?ily spac$ out ! int]val ( d>kness4 ,day at l5g? dawn$ & gradually bright5$4 ,i look$ at my wat* & f\nd x tw5ty m9utes to six4 ,my guide _h be5 l5t to a p>ty ( g5tlem5 :o _h />t$ at ?ree o'clock = ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa1 & he _h left ) me a port] :o und]took to conduct me to "o ( ! adjac5t glaci]s4 ,b z ,i look$ f my w9d[ ! unspeakable beauty ( ! morn+ fill$ me ) a long+ to see ! _w f ! top ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,i 0 9 exce$+ly good condition--c\ld ,i n rea* ! summit alone8 ,tra9$ & indurat$ z ,i _h be51 ,i felt t ! ?+ 0 possible2 at all ev5ts ,i c\ld try1 )\t attempt+ any?+ :i* 0 n cle>ly )9 my p[]4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,n[ call$1 9 ! ,f$]al map1 ! ,monte ,rosa glaci]4 ,go]n]horn is an old local "n = ! c5tral mass ( ,monte ,rosa4--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,b ,see p4 #ach1 footnote4 ,,second ,,asc5t ,,( ,,monte ,,rosa1 #aheh4 7#bb47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,light ,,scrip4 #aheh4 ,:e!r my ex]cise be m5tal or bodily1 ,i am always mo/ vigor\s :5 cool4 ,dur+ my /ud5t life 9 ,g]many1 ! fri5ds :o visit$ me always compla9$ ( ! l[ temp]ature ( my room1 & "h among ! ,alps x 0 no uncommon ?+ = me to w&] ov] ! glaci]s f morn+ till ev5+ 9 my %irt-sleeves4 ,my object n[ 0 to g z light z possible1 & h5ce ,i left my coat & neckclo? beh9d me1 tru/+ to ! sun & my own motion to make good ! calorific wa/e4 ,aft] breakfa/ ,i p\r$ :at rema9$ ( my tea into a small glass bottle1 an ord9>y demi-b\teille1 9 fact2 ! wait] !n provid$ me ) a ham s&wi*1 &1 ) my scrip ?us frugally furni%$1 ,i ?\ght ! heights ( ,monte ,rosa might be won4 ,i _h nei!r br&y nor w9e1 b ,i knew ! imm5se am\nt ( me*anical =ce repres5t$ by f\r ounces ( bread & ham1 & ,i !re=e fe>$ no failure f lack ( nutrim5t4 ,inde$1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t bo? guides & travell]s (t5 impair _! vig\r & r5d] !mselves c[>dly & apa!tic by ! incessant refre%+ :i* !y deem x necess>y to indulge 9 on su* occasions4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,guide ,,expo/ulates4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,guide ,,halts4 #aheh4 ,! guide :om ,lau5] int5d$ = me 0 at ! door2 ,i pass$ him & desir$ him to foll[ me4 ,?is he at fir/ refus$ to d1 z he did n recognise me 9 my %irt-sleeves2 b 8 companions set him "r1 & he ran aft] me4 ,i transf]r$ my scrip to 8 %\ld]s1 & l$ ! way upw>d4 ,once or twice he ins9uat$ t t 0 n ! way to ! ,s*w>ze-,see1 & 0 probably p]plex$ by my inatt5tion4 ,f ! summit ( ! ridge :i* b\nds ! ,go]n] glaci] ! :ole gr& panorama reveal$ itself1 & on ! high] slopes ( ,monte ,rosa--s high1 inde$1 z to put all hope ( ov]tak+ !m1 or ev5 com+ ne> !m1 out ( ! "q--a r[ ( black dots reveal$ ! company :i* _h />t$ at ?ree o'clock f ! hotel4 ,!y _h made rem>kably good use ( _! "t1 & ,i 0 aft]w>ds in=m$ t ! cause ( ?is 0 ! int5se cold1 :i* compell$ !m to keep up ! prop] supply ( heat by increas$ ex]tion4 ,i desc5d$ swiftly to ! glaci]1 & made = ! base ( ,monte ,rosa1 my guide foll[+ at "s di/ance beh9d me4 ,"o ( ! /reams1 produc$ by sup]ficial melt+1 _h cut = itself a deep wide *annel 9 ! ice2 x 0 n too wide = a spr+1 & ) ! aid ( a run ,i cle>$ x & w5t on4 ,"s m9utes aft]w>ds ,i c\ld he> ! voice ( my companion exclaim+1 9 a tone ( expo/ulation1 ,no1 no1 ,i won't foll[ y !re4 ,he h[ev] made a circuit1 & cross$ ! /ream2 ,i wait$ = him at ! place :]e ! ,monte ,rosa glaci] jo9s ! rock1 auf d] ,platte1 & help$ him d[n ! ice-slope4 ,at ! summit ( ^! rocks ,i aga9 wait$ = him4 ,he approa*$ me ) "s excitem5t ( mann]1 & said t x n[ appe>$ pla9 to him t ,i int5d$ to asc5d ,monte ,rosa1 b t he w\ld n g ) me4 ,i ask$ him to accompany me to ! summit ( ! next cliff1 :i* he agre$ to d2 & ,i f\nd him ( "s s]vice to me4 ,he discov]$ ! fa9t traces ( ! p>ty 9 advance1 &1 f 8 great] exp]i5ce1 c\ld keep !m bett] 9 view ?an ,i c\ld4 ,we lo/ !m1 h[ev]1 ne> ! base ( ! cliff at :i* we aim$1 & ,i w5t on1 *oos+ z ne>ly z ,i c\ld rememb] ! r\te foll[$ by ,lau5] & myself a week previ\sly1 :ile my guide took ano!r r\te1 seek+ = ! traces4 ,! glaci] "h is crevass$1 & ,i 0 among ! fissures "s di/ance 9 advance ( my companion4 ,fe> 0 manife/ly gett+ ! bett] ( him1 & he f9ally /ood /ill1 exclaim+1 ,no man c pass !re4 ,at ! same mom5t ,i discov]$ ! trace1 & drew 8 att5tion to x2 he approa*$ me submissively1 said t ,i 0 q "r1 & decl>$ 8 will+ness to g on4 ,we climb$ ! cliff1 & discov]$ ! trace 9 ! sn[ above x4 ,"h ,i transf]r$ ! scrip & telescope to my own %\ld]s1 & gave my companion a *eque = five francs4 ,he return$1 & ,i w5t on alone4 ,! sun & heav5 7 glori\s1 b ! cold 0 nev]!less int5se1 = x _h froz5 bitt]ly ! night be=e4 ,! m\nta9 seem$ m noble & lovely ?an :5 ,i _h la/ asc5d$ x2 & z ,i climb$ ! slopes1 cross$ ! %9+ cols1 & r\nd$ ! va/ sn[-bosses ( ! m\nta91 ! s5se ( be+ alone l5t a new int]e/ to ! glori\s sc5e4 ,i foll[$ ! track ( ^? :o prec$$ me1 :i* 0 t pursu$ by ,lau5] & myself a week previ\sly4 ,once ,i deviat$ f x to obta9 a glimpse ( ,italy ov] ! saddle :i* /ret*es f ,monte ,rosa to ! ,lyskamm4 ,deep bel[ me 0 ! valley1 ) its huge & dislocat$ neve1 & ! slope on :i* ,i hung 0 j suffici5tly /eep to keep ! att5tion ar\s$ )\t creat+ anxiety4 ,i pref] su* a slope to "o on :i* ! ?\ght ( dang] _c be ent]ta9$4 ,i become m we>y ^u a dead level1 or 9 walk+ up su* a valley z t :i* /ret*es betwe5 ,visp & ,z]matt1 ?an on a /eep m\nta9 side4 ,! s5se ( we>9ess is (t5 no index to ! exp5diture ( muscul> =ce3 ! muscles may be *>g$ ) =ce1 &1 if ! n]v\s excitant be feeble1 ! /r5g? lies dormant1 & we are tir$ )\t ex]tion4 ,b ! ?\ght ( p]il keeps ! m9d awake1 & spurs ! muscles into action2 !y move ) alacrity & fre$om1 & ! "t passes swiftly & pleasantly4 ,sid5ote3 ,,left ,,alone4 #aheh4 ,occupi$ ) my own ?\ghts z ,i asc5d$1 ,i sometimes unconsci\sly w5t too quickly1 & felt ! effects ( ! ex]tion4 ,i !n slack5$ my pace1 all[+ ea* limb an in/ant ( repose z ,i drew x out ( ! sn[1 & f\nd t 9 ?is way walk+ became re/4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple :i* runs ?r\gh\t nature--to accompli% physical *anges1 "t is necess>y4 ,diff]5t positions ( ! limb require diff]5t molecul> arrangem5ts2 & to pass f "o to ! o!r requires "t4 ,by lift+ ! leg sl[ly & all[+ x to fall =w>d by its own gravity1 a man may get on /eadily = sev]al h\rs1 :ile a v slight addition to ?is pace may spe$ily exhau/ him4 ,( c\rse ! normal pace diff]s 9 diff]5t p]sons1 b 9 all ! p[] ( endurance may be va/ly augm5t$ by ! prud5t outlay ( muscul> =ce4 ,! sun _h long %one d[n ^u me ) int5se f]v\r1 b ,i n[ notic$ a /range modification ( ! light ^u ! slopes ( sn[4 ,i look$ upw>ds1 & saw a mo/ gorge\s exhibition ( int]f]5ce-col\rs4 ,a light veil ( cl\ds _h drawn itself betwe5 me & ! sun1 & ?is 0 flood$ ) ! mo/ brilliant dyes4 ,orange1 r$1 gre51 blue--all ! hues produc$ by diffraction 7 exhibit$ 9 ! utmo/ spl5d\r4 ,!re seem$ a t5d5cy to =m circul> zones ( col\r r\nd ! sun1 b ! cl\ds 7 n suffici5tly uni=m to p]mit ( ?is1 & !y 7 consequ5tly brok5 into spaces1 ea* /eep$ ) ! col\r due to ! condition ( ! cl\d at ! place4 ,?ree times dur+ my asc5t simil> veils drew !mselves across ! sun1 & at ea* passage ! spl5did ph5om5a 7 r5ew$4 ,z ,i rea*$ ! middle ( ! m\nta9 an avalan*e 0 let loose f ! sides ( ! ,lyskamm2 ! ?und] drew my eyes to ! place2 ,i saw ! ice move1 b x 0 only ! tail ( ! avalan*e2 /ill ! volume ( s\nd told me t x 0 a huge "o4 ,sudd5ly ! front ( x appe>$ f beh9d a project+ rock1 hurl+ its ice-masses ) fury into ! valley1 & toss+ its r\nd$ cl\ds ( ice-du/ high into ! atmosph]e4 ,a wild long-drawn s\nd1 multipli$ by e*oes1 n[ desc5d$ f ! heights above me4 ,x /ruck me at fir/ z a note ( lam5tation1 & ,i ?\ght t possibly "o ( ! p>ty :i* 0 n[ ne> ! summit _h gone ov] ! precipice4 ,on li/5+ m att5tively ,i f\nd t ! s\nd %ap$ itself into an ,engli% hurrah6 ,i 0 evid5tly ne>+ ! p>ty1 & on look+ upw>ds ,i c\ld see !m1 b /ill at an imm5se height above me4 ,! summit /ill rose be=e !m1 & ,i !re=e ?\ght ! *e] premature4 ,a precipice ( ice 0 n[ 9 front ( me1 ar\nd :i* ,i w\nd to ! "r1 & 9 a few m9utes f\nd myself fairly at ! bottom ( ! ,kamm4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gidd9ess ,,on ,,! ,,kamm4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,scrip ,,left ,,beh9d4 #aheh4 ,i paus$ "h = a mom5t1 & reflect$ on ! "w be=e me4 ,my head 0 cle>1 my muscles 9 p]fect condition1 & ,i felt j suffici5t fe> to r5d] me c>eful4 ,i fac$ ! ,kamm1 & w5t up sl[ly b surely1 & soon he>d ! *e] :i* ann\nc$ ! arrival ( ! p>ty at ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,x 0 a wild1 weird1 int]mitt5t s\nd1 swell+ or fall+ z ! e*oes re9=c$ or enfeebl$ x4 ,9 gett+ ?r\gh ! rocks :i* protrude f ! sn[ at ! base ( ! la/ spur ( ! m\nta91 ,i once _h occasion to /oop my head1 &1 on sudd5ly rais+ x1 my eyes swam z !y re/$ on ! unbrok5 slope ( sn[ at my left4 ,! s5sation 0 ak9 to gidd9ess1 b ,i believe x 0 *iefly due to ! abs5ce ( any object ^u ! sn[ ^u :i* ,i c\ld conv]ge ! axes ( my eyes4 ,up to ?is po9t ,i _h eat5 no?+4 ,i n[ unloos$ my scrip1 & _h two m\?fuls ( s&wi* & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! tea t rema9$4 ,i f\nd "h t my load1 light z x 01 imp$$ me4 ,:5 f9e balanc+ is necess>y1 ! pres5ce ( a v light load1 to :i* "o is unaccu/om$1 may introduce an elem5t ( dang]1 & = ?is reason ,i "h left ! residue ( my tea & s&wi* beh9d me4 ,a long1 long edge 0 n[ 9 front ( me1 slop+ /eeply upw>ds4 ,z ,i comm5c$ ! asc5t ( ?is1 ! =emo/ ( ^? ^: *e] _h rea*$ me f ! summit "s "t previ\sly1 appe>$ ^u ! top ( ! edge1 & ! :ole p>ty 0 se5 imm$iately aft]w>ds dangl+ on ! ,kamm4 ,we mutually approa*$ ea* o!r4 ,pet] ,bohr51 a well-kn[n ,ob]l& guide1 came fir/1 & aft] him came ! g5tleman 9 8 imm$iate *>ge4 ,!n came o!r guides ) o!r g5tlem51 & la/ ( all my guide1 ,lau5]1 ) 8 /rong "r arm r\nd ! y\nge/ ( ! p>ty4 ,we met :]e a rock protrud$ ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,! cold smote my nak$ ?roat bitt]ly1 s to protect x ,i borr[$ a h&k]*ief f ,lau5]1 bade my new acqua9tances good bye1 & proce$$ upw>ds4 ,i 0 soon at ! place :]e ! sn[-ridge jo9s ! rocks :i* con/itute ! cre/ ( ! m\nta92 ?r\gh ^! my way lay1 e /ep ,i took augm5t+ my di/ance f all life1 & increas+ my s5se ( solitude4 ,i w5t up & d[n ! cliffs z be=e1 r\nd l$ges1 ?r\gh fissures1 along edges ( rock1 ov] ! la/ deep & rugg$ ind5tation1 & up ! rocks at its opposite side1 to ! summit4 ,sid5ote3 ,,alone ,,on ,,! ,,summit4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,axe ,,slips4 #aheh4 ,a _w ( cl\ds & m\nta9s lay b5ea? me4 ,switz]l&1 ) its pomp ( summits1 0 cle> & gr&2 ,italy 0 also gr&1 b m ?an half obscur$4 ,d>k cumulus & d>k crag vi$ 9 savag]y1 :ile at o!r places :ite sn[s & :ite cl\ds held equal rivalry4 ,! scoop$ valleys ( ,monte ,rosa itself 7 magnific5t1 all gleam+ 9 ! bright sunlight--toss$ & torn at int]vals1 & s5d+ f _! r5ts & walls ! magical blue ( ! ice4 ,pond]\s neves lay ^u ! m\nta9s1 app>5tly motionless1 b sugge/+ motion--sluggi%1 b indicat+ irresi/ible dynamic en]gy1 :i* mov$ !m sl[ly to _! doom 9 ! w>m] valleys bel[4 ,i ?\ght ( my position3 x 0 ! fir/ "t t a man _h /ood alone ^u t wild peak1 & 7 ! imag9ation let loose amid ! surr\nd+ ag5cies1 & p]mitt$ to dwell ^u ! p]ils :i* sep>at$ ! climb] f 8 k9d1 ,i d>e say curi\s feel+s might h be5 eng5d]$4 ,b ,i 0 prompt to quell all ?\ghts :i* might less5 my /r5g?1 or int]f]e ) ! calm application ( x4 ,once inde$ an accid5t made me %udd]4 ,:ile tak+ ! cork f a bottle :i* is deposit$ on ! top1 & :i* conta9s ! names ( ^? :o h asc5d$ ! m\nta91 my axe slipp$ out ( my h&1 & slid "s ?irty feet away f me4 ,! ?\ght ( los+ x made my fle% creep1 = )\t x desc5t w\ld be utt]ly impossible4 ,i rega9$ x1 & look$ ^u x ) an affection :i* might be be/[$ ^u a liv+ ?+1 = x 0 lit]ally my /aff ( life "u ! circum/ances4 ,"o look m ov] ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s ( ,italy1 & ,i !n turn$ my back ^u !m1 & comm5c$ ! desc5t4 ,! br[n crags seem$ to look at me ) a k9d ( fri5dly recognition1 &1 ) a sur] & firm] feel+ ?an ,i possess$ on asc5d+1 ,i swung myself f crag to crag & f l$ge to l$ge ) a velocity :i* surpris$ myself4 ,i rea*$ ! summit ( ! ,kamm1 & saw ! p>ty :i* ,i _h pass$ an h\r & a half be=e1 em]g+ f "o ( ! holl[s ( ! m\nta92 !y _h escap$ f ! edge :i* n[ lay betwe5 !m & me4 ,! ?\ght ( ! possible loss ( my axe at ! summit 0 "h =cibly reviv$1 = )\t x ,i d>$ n take a s+le /ep4 ,my fir/ c>e 0 to an*or x firmly 9 ! sn[1 s z to enable x to be> at times ne>ly ! :ole weight ( my body4 ,9 "s places1 h[ev]1 ! an*or _h b a loose hold2 ! cornice to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ became granul>1 & ! h&le ( ! axe w5t ?r\gh x up to ! head1 /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9+ loose4 ,"s am\nt ( tru/ _h ?us to be )drawn f ! /aff & plac$ 9 ! limbs4 ,a curi\s mixture ( c>elessness & anxiety sometimes fills ! m9d on su* occasions4 ,i (t5 caught myself humm+ a v]se ( a frivol\s song1 b ?is 0 me*anical1 & ! sub/ratum ( a man's feel+s "u su* circum/ances is real e>ne/ness4 ,! precipice to my left 0 a cont9ual prea*] ( caution1 & ! slope to my "r 0 h>dly less impressive4 ,i look$ d[n ! =m] b r>ely1 & sometimes desc5d$ = a consid]able "t )\t look+ beyond my own foot/eps4 ,! p[] ( a ?\ght 0 illu/rat$ on "o ( ^! occasions4 ,i _h desc5d$ ) extreme sl[ness & caution = "s "t1 :5 look+ ov] ! edge ( ! cornice ,i saw a r[ ( po9t$ rocks at "s di/ance bel[ me4 ,^! ,i felt mu/ receive me if ,i slipp$ ov]1 & ,i ?\ght h[ be=e rea*+ !m ,i might s break my fall z to arrive at !m unkill$4 ,?is ?\ght enabl$ me to d\ble my spe$1 & z long z ! spiky b>ri] ran p>allel to my track ,i held my /aff 9 "o h&1 & cont5t$ myself ) a slight pressure ^u x4 ,i came at l5g? to a place :]e ! edge 0 solid ice1 :i* rose to ! level ( ! cornice1 ! latt] appe>+ z if m]ely /uck aga9/ x4 ,a groove ran betwe5 ! ice & sn[1 & along ?is groove ,i m>*$ until ! cornice became unsafe1 & ,i _h to betake myself to ! ice4 ,! place 0 really p]il\s1 b1 enc\rag+ myself by ! reflection t x w\ld n la/ long1 ,i c>efully & delib]ately hew$ /eps1 caus+ !m to dip a little inw>d1 s z to af=d a pur*ase = ! heel ( my boot1 nev] =sak+ "o till ! next 0 ready1 & nev] wield+ my hat*et until my balance 0 secur$4 ,i 0 soon at ! bottom ( ! ,kamm1 fairly out ( dang]1 & full ( glad vig\r ,i bore swiftly d[n ^u ! p>ty 9 advance ( me4 ,x 0 an easy task to me to fuse myself among/ !m z if ,i _h be5 an old acqua9tance1 & we joyfully slid1 gallop$1 & roll$ toge!r d[n ! residue ( ! m\nta94 ,sid5ote3 ,,accid5t ,,on ,,! ,,kamm4 #aheh4 ,! only exception 0 ! "y g5tleman 9 ,lau5]'s c>e4 ,a day or two previ\sly he _h1 ,i believe1 injur$ himself 9 cross+ ! ,gemmi1 & long be=e he rea*$ ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa 8 knee swell$1 & he walk$ ) great difficulty4 ,b he p]si/$ 9 asc5d+1 & ,lau5]1 see+ 8 great c\rage1 ?\ght x a pity to leave him beh9d4 ,i h /at$ t a portion ( ! ,kamm 0 solid ice4 ,on desc5d+ ?is1 ,mr4 ,f4's foot+ gave way1 & he slipp$ =w>d4 ,lau5] 0 =c$ to accompany him1 = ! place 0 too /eep & slipp]y to p]mit ( _! motion be+ *eck$4 ,bo? 7 on ! po9t ( go+ ov] ! ,lyskamm side ( ! m\nta91 :]e !y w\ld h indubitably be5 da%$ to pieces4 ,!re 0 no escape !re1 said ,lau5]1 9 describ+ ! incid5t to me subsequ5tly1 b ,i saw a possible rescue at ! o!r side1 s ,i sprang to ! "r1 =cibly sw++ my companion r\nd2 b 9 do+ s1 ! baton tripp$ me up2 we bo? fell1 & roll$ rapidly ov] ea* o!r d[n ! incl9e4 ,i knew t "s precipices 7 9 advance ( u1 ov] :i* we %\ld h gone1 s1 releas+ myself f my companion1 ,i ?rew myself 9 front ( him1 /opp$ myself ) my axe1 & ?us plac$ a b>ri] be=e him4 ,aft] "s va9 ef=ts at slid+ d[n ! slopes on a baton1 9 :i* practice ,i 0 fairly beat5 by "s ( my new fri5ds1 ,i atta*$ myself to ! invalid1 & walk$ ) him & ,lau5] homew>ds4 ,_h ,i gone =w>d ) ! =emo/ ( ! p>ty1 ,i %\ld h complet$ ! exp$ition to ! summit & back 9 a little bett] ?an n9e h\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dang] ,,( ,,climb+ ,,alone4 #aheh4 ,i ?9k x "r to say "o e>ne/ ^w 9 connexion ) ?is asc5t2 & ! m s z ,i believe a notion is gr[+ preval5t t half :at is said & writt5 ab\t ! dang]s ( ! ,alps is m]e humbug4 ,no d\bt exagg]ation is n r>e1 b ,i w\ld emphatically w>n my read]s aga9/ act+ ^u ! supposition t x is g5]al4 ,! dang]s ( ,mont ,blanc1 ,monte ,rosa1 & o!r m\nta9s1 are real1 &1 if n prop]ly provid$ aga9/1 may be t]rible4 ,i h be5 mu* accu/om$ to be alone ^u ! glaci]s1 b sometimes1 ev5 :5 a guide 0 9 front ( me1 ,i h felt an extreme long+ to h a second "o beh9d me4 ,less ?an two good ones ,i ?9k an ardu\s climb] ought n to h2 & if climb+ )\t guides 7 to become habitual1 deplorable consequ5ces w\ld assur$ly soon] or lat] ensue4 7#bc47 ,! #ah? ( ,augu/ ,i sp5t ^u ! ,furgge glaci] at ! base ( ,mont ,c]v91 & :at x taught me %all be /at$ 9 ano!r place4 ,! ev5+ ( ?is day 0 signalis$ by ! pleasant acqua9tances :i* x gave me4 ,x 0 my int5tion to cross ! ,weis/hor on ! morn+ ( ! #ai?1 b ?und]1 lightn+1 & heavy ra9 oppos$ ! project1 & ) two fri5ds ,i desc5d$1 amid pitiless ra91 to ,z]matt4 ,next day ,i walk$ by way ( ,/ald5 to ,saas1 :]e ,i made ! acqua9tance ( ,h]r ,ims5g1 ! ,cure1 & on ! #ba/ asc5d$ to ! ,di/el ,alp4 ,ne> to ?is place ! ,allale9 glaci] pu%es its huge t]m9us "r across ! valley & dams up ! /reams desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s high] up1 ?us giv+ bir? to a dismal lake4 ,at "o end ( ?is /&s ! ,mattm>k hotel1 :i* 0 to be my headqu>t]s = a few days4 ,sid5ote3 ,,asc5t ,,( ,a ,,b\ld]4 #aheh4 ,i rea*$ ! place 9 good company4 ,ne> to ! hotel are two magnific5t b\ld]s ( gre5 s]p5t9e1 :i* h be5 lodg$ !re by "o ( ! lat]al glaci]s2 & two ( ! ladies desir+ to asc5d "o ( ^! rocks1 a fri5d & myself help$ !m to ! top4 ,! ?+ 0 accompli%$ 9 a v spirit$ way4 ,inde$ ! g5]al contra/1 9 reg>d to en]gy1 betwe5 ! maid5s ( ! ,briti% ,isles & ^? ( ! ,cont95t & ( ,am]ica is extraord9>y4 ,surely ^? :o talk ( ?is c\ntry be+ 9 its old age ov]look ! physical vig\r ( its sons & daught]s4 ,!y are /rong1 b f a comb9ation ( ! greate/ =ces we may obta9 a small resultant1 because ! =ces may act 9 opposite directions & p>tly neutralize ea* o!r4 ,h]e91 9 fact1 lies ,brita9's weakness2 x is /r5g? ill-direct$2 & is indicative r ( ! p]v]sity ( "y blood ?an ( ! precision ( mature ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dismal ,,qu>t]s4 #aheh4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is a*ievem5t ,i 0 =sak5 by my fri5ds1 & rema9$ ! only visitor 9 ! hotel4 ,a d5se gray cl\d gradually fill$ ! entire atmosph]e1 f :i* ! ra9 at l5g? began to gu% 9 torr5ts4 ,! sc5e f ! w9d[s ( ! hotel 0 ( ! mo/ dismal "*2 ! ra9 also came ?r\gh ! ro(1 & dripp$ f ! ceil+ to ! floor4 ,i endeav\r$ to make a fire1 b ! air w\ld n let ! smoke ( ! p9e-logs asc5d1 & ! bit+ ( ! hydroc>bons 0 excruciat+ to ! eyes4 ,on ! :ole1 ! cold 0 pref]able to ! smoke4 ,dur+ ! night ! ra9 *ang$ to sn[1 & on ! morn+ ( ! #bbnd all ! m\nta9s 7 ?ickly cov]$4 ,! gray delta ?r\gh :i* a riv] ( _m arms ran into ! ,mattm>k ,see 0 hidd52 aga9/ "s ( ! w9d[s ( ! salle a mang] ! sn[ 0 also pil$1 obscur+ m ?an half _! light4 ,i _h s5t my guide to ,visp1 & two wom5 & myself 7 ! only occupants ( ! place4 ,x 0 extremely desolate--,i felt1 moreov]1 ! *ill ( ,monte ,rosa 9 my ?roat1 & ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to ! cure ( a cold4 ,on ! #bcrd ! ,allale9 glaci] 0 unfit = "w2 ,i !re=e asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! ,monte ,moro1 & f\nd ! ,valaisian side ( ! pass 9 cle> sun%9e1 :ile imp5etrable fog met u on ! ,italian side4 ,i exam9$ ! col\r ( ! fre%ly fall5 sn[2 x 0 n an ord9>y blue1 & 0 ev5 m transp>5t ?an ! blue ( ! firmam5t4 ,:5 ! sn[ 0 brok5 ! light fla%$ =?2 :5 ! /aff 0 dug into ! sn[ & )drawn1 ! blue gleam appe>$2 :5 ! /aff lay 9 a hole1 al?\gh !re might be a suffici5t space all r\nd x1 ! col\r$ light refus$ to %[ itself4 ,my c\gh kept me awake on ! night ( ! #bcrd1 & my cold 0 worse next day4 ,i w5t ^u ! ,allale9 glaci]1 b f\nd myself by no means s sure a climb] z usual4 ,! be/ guides f9d t _! p[]s v>y2 !y are n equally compet5t on all days4 ,i h he>d a celebrat$ ,*am\ni guide ass]t t a man's morale is diff]5t on diff]5t days4 ,! morale 9 my case _h a physical basis1 & x probably has s 9 all4 ,! ,allale9 glaci]1 z ,i h said1 crosses ! valley & abuts aga9/ ! opposite m\nta92 "h x is =c$ to turn aside1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?ru/ & b5d+ x is crumpl$ & crevass$4 ,! wall ( ! ,mattm>k ,see is a f9e glaci] section3 look$ at f a di/ance1 ! ridges & fissures appe> arrang$ l a fan4 ,! /ructure ( ! crumpl$ ice v>ies f ! v]tical to ! horizontal1 & ! ridges are sometimes split along ! planes ( /ructure4 ,! aspect ( ?is portion ( ! glaci] f "s ( ! adjac5t heights is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,vault ,,( ,,! ,,allale94 #aheh4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #be? ,i _h two h\rs' clamb]+ ov] ! m\nta9s be=e breakfa/1 & trac$ ! action ( anci5t glaci]s to a great height4 ,! valley ( ,saas 9 ?is respect rivals t ( ,hasli2 ! flut+s & poli%+s be+ on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,aft] breakfa/ ,i w5t to ! end ( ! ,allale9 glaci]1 :]e ! ,saas ,visp riv] ru%es f x3 ! vault 0 exce$+ly f9e1 be+ compos$ ( conc5tric ar*es ( cle> blue ice4 ,i sp5t sev]al h\rs "h exam9+ ! intimate /ructure ( ! ice1 & f\nd ! vacuum disks :i* ,i %all describe at ano!r place1 ( ! greate/ s]vice to me4 ,z at ,ros5laui & else:]e1 !y "h taught me t ! glaci] 0 compos$ ( an aggregate ( small fragm5ts1 ea* ( :i* _h a def9ite plane ( cry/allization4 ,:]e ! ice 0 p>tially wea!r$ ! surfaces ( division betwe5 ! fragm5ts c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh ! coh]5t mass1 b on cross+ ^! surfaces ! direction ( ! vacuum disks *ang$1 indicat+ a simil> *ange ( ! planes ( cry/allization4 ,! blue ve9s ( ! glaci] w5t ?r\gh its compon5t fragm5ts irrespective ( ^! planes4 ,sometimes ! vacuum disks 7 p>allel to ! ve9s1 sometimes across !m1 sometimes oblique to !m4 ,sev]al f9e masses ( ice _h fall5 f ! ar* ^u its floor1 & ^! 7 dis9tegrat$ to ! core4 ,a kick1 or a /roke ( an axe1 suffic$ to %ake masses almo/ a cubic y>d 9 size into fragm5ts v>y+ n mu* on ei!r side ( a cubic in*4 ,! ve9+ 0 f9ely pres]v$ on ! conc5tric ar*es ( ! vault1 & "s ( !m app>5tly exhibit$ its abolition1 or at lea/ confusion1 & fre% developm5t by new conditions ( pressure4 ,! riv] be+ deep & turbul5t ?is day1 to rea* its opposite side ,i _h to climb ! glaci] & cross ov] ! cr[n ( its highe/ ar*2 ?is enabl$ me to get q 9 front ( ! vault1 to ent] x1 & closely inspect ^? portions :]e ! /ructure appe>$ to *ange4 ,i aft]w>ds asc5d$ ! /eep mora9e :i* lies betwe5 ! ,allale9 & ! small] glaci] to ! left ( x2 pass+ to ! latt] at int]vals to exam9e its /ructure4 ,i 0 at l5g? /opp$ by ! dislocat$ ice2 & f ! heights ,i c\ld c\nt a sy/em ( sev5 dirt-b&s1 =m$ by ! undulations on ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,on my return to ! hotel ,i f\nd !re a numb] ( well-kn[n ,alp9e m5 :o int5d$ to cross ! ,adl] pass on ! foll[+ day4 ,h]r ,ims5g 0 !re3 he came to me full ( en?usiasm1 & ask$ me :e!r ,i w\ld jo9 him 9 an asc5t ( ! ,dom3 we might imm$iately attack x2 & he felt sure t we %\ld succe$4 ,! ,dom is ! highe/ ( ! ,mis*abel peaks1 & is "o ( ! gr&e/ ( ! ,alps4 ,i agre$ to jo9 ! ,cure1 & ) ?is und]/&+ we p>t$ = ! night4 ,sid5ote3 ,,avalan*e ,,at ,,saas4 #aheh4 ,?ursday1 #bf? ,augu/4--,a wild /ormy morn+ aft] a wild & ra9y night3 ! ,adl] pass be+ impassable1 ! m\nta9e]s return$1 & ,ims5g in=m$ me t ! ,dom mu/ be ab&on$4 ,he gave me ! /ati/ics ( an avalan*e :i* _h fall5 9 ! valley "s ye>s be=e4 ,)9 ! memory ( man ,saas _h nev] be5 t\*$ by an avalan*e1 b a tradition exi/$ t su* a cata/rophe _h once occurr$4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 #ahdh1 at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! ,cure 0 9 8 room2 :5 he he>d ! crack+ ( p9e-bran*es1 & inf]r$ f ! s\nd t an avalan*e 0 desc5d+ ^u ! village4 ,x da%$ 9 ! w9d[s ( 8 h\se & fill$ 8 rooms ) sn[2 ! s\nd x produc$ be+ suffici5t to mask ! cra%+ ( ! timb]s ( an adjac5t h\se4 ,?ree p]sons 7 kill$4 ,on ! #crd ( ,april1 #ahdi1 heavy sn[ fell at ,saas2 ! ,cure wait$ until x _h atta9$ a dep? ( f\r feet1 & !n retreat$ to ,fee4 ,t night an avalan*e desc5d$1 & 9 ! l9e ( its ru% 0 a h\se 9 :i* five or six & tw5ty p _h collect$ = safety3 n9ete5 ( !m 7 kill$4 ,! ,cure aft]w>ds %[$ me ! site ( ! h\se1 & ! direction ( ! avalan*e4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh a p9e wood2 & on express+ my surprise t ! trees did n arre/ x1 he repli$ t ! sn[ 0 q l du/1 & ru%$ among ! trees l s mu* wat]4 ,to return f ,fee to ,saas on ! day foll[+ he f\nd x necess>y to c>ry two planks4 ,kneel+ ^u "o ( !m1 he pu%$ ! o!r =w>d1 & transf]r$ 8 weight to x1 draw+ ! o!r aft] him & repeat+ ! same act4 ,! sn[ 0 l fl\r1 & w\ld n o!rwise be> 8 weight4 ,see+ no prospect ( f9e wea!r1 ,i desc5d$ to ,saas on ! aft]noon ( ! #bf?4 ,i 0 ! only gue/ at ! hotel2 b dur+ ! ev5+ ,i 0 gratifi$ by ! unexpect$ arrival ( my fri5d ,hir/1 :o 0 on 8 way ov] ! ,monte ,moro to ,italy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,fee ,,glaci]4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sn[1 ,,vap\r ,,& ,,cl\d4 #aheh4 ,= ! la/ five days x _h be5 a /ruggle betwe5 ! nor? w9d & ! s\?1 ea* edg+ ! o!r by turns out ( its atmosph]ic b$1 & produc+ copi\s precipitation2 b n[ ! conflict 0 decid$--! nor? _h prevail$1 & an almo/ uncl\d$ heav5 ov]spread ! ,alps4 ,! few :ite fleecy masses t rema9$ 7 good indications ( ! swift m>* ( ! w9d 9 ! upp] air4 ,my fri5d & ,i resolv$ to h at lea/ "o day's excursion toge!r1 & we *ose = x ! glaci] ( ! ,fee4 ,asc5d+ ! m\nta9 by a well-beat5 pa?1 we pass$ a numb] ( ,calv>ies fill$ ) tatt]$ sa9ts & ,virg9s1 & soon came ^u ! rim ( a flatt5$ b[l q clasp$ by ! m\nta9s4 ,9 its c5tre 0 ! little hamlet ( ,fee1 r\nd :i* 7 fre% gre5 pa/ures1 & beyond x ! p]petual ice & sn[4 ,x 0 exce$+ly picturesque--a sc5e ( human beauty & indu/ry :]e savag]y alone 0 to be expect$4 ,! bas9 _h be5 scoop$ by glaci]s1 & z we paus$ at its entrance ! r\nd$ & flut$ rocks 7 b5ea? our feet4 ,! ,alphubel & ! ,mis*abel rais$ _! cr[ns to heav5 9 front ( u2 ! newly fall5 sn[ clung :]e x c\ld to ! precipit\s crags ( ! ,mis*abel1 b on ! summits x 0 ! sport ( ! w9d4 ,sometimes x 0 borne /raight upw>ds 9 long v]tical /riae2 sometimes ! fibr\s columns sway$ to ! "r1 sometimes to ! left2 sometimes ! motion on "o ( ! summits w\ld q subside2 anon ! :ite peak w\ld appe> sudd5ly to %ake itself to du/1 :i* x yield$ freely to ! w9d4 ,i c\ld see ! waft$ sn[ gradually melt away1 & aga9 curdle up into true :ite cl\d by precipitation2 ?is 9 its turn w\ld be pull$ asund] l c>d$ wool1 & r$uc$ a second "t to transp>5t vap\r4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ice ( ! ,fee /&s a gre5 alp1 n unlike ! ,j>d92 up ?is we climb$1 halt+ at int]vals ^u its grassy knolls to inspect ! glaci]4 ,i aim$ at ^? places :]e on a priori gr\nds ,i %\ld h ?\ght ! production ( ! ve9$ /ructure mo/ likely1 & rea*$ at l5g? ! base ( a wall ( rock f ! edge ( :i* long spe>s ( ice dep5d$4 ,"h my fri5d halt$1 :ile ,lau5] & myself climb$ ! precipice1 & asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! alp4 ,! sn[ 0 deep at _m places1 & our imm]sions 9 unse5 holes v frequ5t4 ,f ! peak ( ! ,fee ,alp a mo/ glori\s view is obta9$2 9 po9t ( gr&eur x w be> comp>ison ) any 9 ! ,alps1 & its seclusion gives x an inexpressible *>m4 ,we rema9$ = half an h\r ^u ! w>m rock1 & !n desc5d$4 ,x 0 our habit to jump f ! high] l$ges into ! deep sn[ bel[ !m1 9 :i* we wall[$ z if x 7 fl\r2 b on "o ( ^! occasions ,i light$ on a /one1 & ! %ock produc$ a curi\s effect ^u my he>+4 ,i appe>$ sudd5ly to lose ! p[] ( appreciat+ deep s\nds1 :ile ! %rill] ones 7 comp>atively unimpair$4 ,aft] ,i rejo9$ my fri5d x requir$ att5tion on my "p to he> him :5 he spoke to me4 ,?is cont9u$ until ,i approa*$ ! end ( ! glaci]1 :5 sudd5ly ! babblem5t ( /reams1 & a _w ( s\nds to :i* ,i _h be5 be=e q deaf bur/ 9 ^u me4 ,! deafness 0 probably due to a /ra9 ( ! tympanum1 su* z we c produce artificially1 & ?us qu5* l[ s\nds1 :ile %rill ones are sc>cely affect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,t]rible ,,hole4 #aheh4 ,i 0 anxi\s to quit ,saas e>ly next morn+1 b ! ,cure express$ s /rong a wi% to %[ u :at he call$ a s*aud]haftes ,lo*--a t]rible hole--:i* he _h himself discov]$1 t ,i cons5t$ to accompany him4 ,we 7 jo9$ by 8 assi/ant & ! prie/ ( ,fee4 ,! /ream f ! ,fee glaci] has cut a deep *annel ?r\gh ! rocks1 & along ! "r-h& bank ( ! /ream we asc5d$4 ,x 0 v r\gh ) fall5 crags & fall5 p9es amid :i* we once or twice lo/ our way4 ,at l5g? we came to an ap]ture j suffici5t to let a man's body ?r\gh1 & 7 in=m$ by our conductor t our r\te lay along ! little tunnel3 he lay d[n ^u 8 /oma* & squeez$ himself ?r\gh x l a m>mot4 ,i foll[$ him2 a second tunnel1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we c\ld /& upright1 l$ into a spaci\s cav]n1 =m$ by ! fall+ toge!r ( imm5se slabs ( rock :i* abutt$ aga9/ ea* o!r s z to =m a ro(4 ,x 0 ! v type ( a robb] d52 & :5 ,i rem>k$ ?is1 x 0 at once propos$ to s+ a v]se f ,s*ill]'s play4 ,! "y prie/ _h a p[]ful voice--he l$ & we all *im$ 94 ,sid5ote3 ,,song ,,( ,,! ,,robb]s4 #aheh4 ,e9 frohes ,leb5 fuehr5 wir1 ,e9 ,leb5 voll] ,wonne4 ,d] ,wald i/ uns] ,na*tqu>ti]1 ,bei ,/urm und ,w9d han?i]5 wir1 ,d] ,mond i/ unsre ,sonne4 ,h]r ,ims5g wore 8 black coat2 ! o!rs _h tak5 !irs (f1 b !y wore _! cl]ical hats1 black bree*es & /ock+s4 ,we =m$ a s+ul> gr\p 9 a s+ul> place1 & ! e*o$ voices m+l$ /rangely ) ! gu/s ( ! w9d & ! ru% ( ! riv]4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,i p>t$ f my fri5d1 & desc5d$ ! valley to ,visp1 :]e ,i also p>t$ ) my guide4 ,he _h be5 ) me f ! #bbnd ( ,july to ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 & did 8 duty entirely to my satisfaction4 ,he is an excell5t iceman1 & is well acqua9t$ bo? ) ! glaci]s ( ! ,ob]l& & ( ! ,valais4 ,he is /rong & good-hum\r$1 & 7 ,i to make ano!r exp$ition ( ! k9d ,i don't ?9k t ,i %\ld take any guide 9 ! ,ob]l& 9 pref]5ce to ,*ri/ian ,lau5]4 7#bd47 ,sid5ote3 ,,climb]s ,,& ,,sci5ce4 #aheh4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t z yet we "k absolutely no?+ ( ! w9t] temp]ature ( any "o ( ! high ,alp9e summits4 ,no d\bt x is a suffici5t ju/ification ( our ,alp9e m51 z reg>ds _! climb+1 t !y l x4 ,?is pla9 reason is en\gh2 & no man :o ev] asc5d$ t bad em95ce ,primrose ,hill1 or climb$ to ,hamp/ead ,hea? = ! sake ( a fre] horizon1 c consi/5tly ask a bett]4 ,z reg>ds physical sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ! contributions ( our m\nta9e]s h z yet be5 nil1 & h5ce1 :5 we he> ( ! sci5tific value ( _! do+s1 x is simply amus+ to ! climb]s !mselves4 ,i d n fe> t ,i %all (f5d !m 9 ! lea/ by my frankness 9 /at+ ?is4 ,_! pleasure is t ( ov]com+ ackn[l$g$ difficulties1 & ( witness+ natural gr&eur4 ,b ,i w\ld v5ture to urge t our ,alp9e m5 w n f9d _! pleasure less5$ by embrac+ a sci5tific object 9 _! do+s4 ,!y h ! /r5g?1 ! intellig5ce1 & let !m add to ^! ! accuracy :i* physical sci5ce n[ dem&s1 & !y may contribute "w ( endur+ value4 ,mr4 ,casella w gladly tea* !m ! use ( 8 m9imum-!rmomet]s2 & ,i tru/ t ! next sev5 ye>s w n pass )\t mak+ u acqua9t$ ) ! w9t] temp]ature ( e m\nta9 ( note 9 ,switz]l&4,a ,i _h ?\ght ( ?is subject s9ce ,i fir/ read ! conjectures ( ,de ,saussure on ! temp]ature ( ,mont ,blanc2 b 9 #aheg ,i met ,augu/e ,balmat at ! ,j>d91 & !re le>n$ f him t he ent]ta9$ ! idea ( plac+ a self-regi/]+ !rmomet] at ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,balmat 0 p]sonally a /rang] to me at ! "t1 b ,pr(essor ,=bes's writ+s _h inspir$ me ) a respect = him1 :i* ?is unprompt$ idea ( 8 augm5t$4 ,he _h procur$ a !rmomet]1 ! graduation ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he fe>$ 0 n l[ en\gh4 ,z an enc\ragem5t to ,balmat1 & ) ! view ( mak+ 8 laudable int5tions kn[n1 ,i communicat$ !m to ! ,royal ,society1 & obta9$ f ! ,c\ncil a small grant ( money to pur*ase !rmomet]s & to assi/ 9 ! exp5ses ( an asc5t4 ,i _h n[ ! !rmomet]s 9 my possession2 & hav+ complet$ my "w at ,z]matt & ,saas1 my next desire 0 to rea* ,*am\ni & place ! in/rum5ts on ! top ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,i accord+ly desc5d$ ! valley ( ! ,rhone to ,m>tigny1 cross$ ! ,tete ,noire1 & arriv$ at ,*am\ni on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,difficulties ,,at ,,*am\ni4 #aheh4 ,balmat 0 engag$ at ?is "t z ! guide ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,wills1 :o1 h[ev]1 k9dly (f]$ to place him at my disposal2 & also express$ a desire to accompany me himself & assi/ me 9 my obs]vations4 ,i gladly accept$ a proposal :i* gave me = companion s det]m9$ a climb] & s e/imable a man4 ,b ,*am\ni 0 rife ) difficulties4 ,9 #aheg ! ,guide ,*ef _h ! good s5se to give me consid]able lib]ty ( action4 ,n[ 8 mood 0 entirely *ang$3 he _h be5 mole/$ = giv+ me s mu* fre$om4 ,i wi%$ to h a boy to c>ry a small in/rum5t = me up ! ,m] de ,glace--he w\ld n all[ x2 ,i mu/ take a guide4 ,if ,i asc5d$ ,mont ,blanc he decl>$ t ,i mu/ take f\r guides2 t1 9 %ort1 ,i mu/ 9 all respects con=m to ! rules made = ord9>y t\ri/s4 ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 to him ! advantages :i* ,*am\ni _h d]iv$ f ! lab\rs ( m5 ( sci5ce2 x 0 su* m5 :o _h discov]$ x :5 x 0 unkn[n1 & x 0 by _! writ+s t ! att5tion ( ! g5]al public _h be5 call$ t[>ds x4 ,x 0 a bad recomp5se1 ,i urg$1 to treat a man ( sci5ce z he 0 treat+ me4 ,?is 0 urg$ 9 va92 he %rugg$ 8 %\ld]s1 0 v sorry1 b ! ?+ c\ld n be *ang$4 ,i !n reque/$ to "k 8 sup]ior1 t ,i might apply to him2 he in=m$ me t !re 7 a ,presid5t & ,commission ( guides at ,*am\ni1 :o 7 ! prop] p]sons to decide ! "q1 & he propos$ to call !m toge!r on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 at sev5 ,p4,m41 on condition t ,i 0 to be pres5t to /ate my own case4 ,to ?is ,i agre$4 ,i sp5t t day q alone ^u ! ,m] de ,glace1 & climb$ amid a heavy sn[-/orm to ! ,cleft /ation ov] ,trelaporte4 ,:5 ,i rea*$ ! ,montanv]t ,i 0 wet & we>y1 & w\ld h sp5t ! night !re 7 x n = my engagem5t ) ! ,guide ,*ef4 ,i desc5d$ amid ! ra91 & at ! appo9t$ h\r w5t to 8 bureau4 ,he met me ) a polite sympa!tic %rug2 expla9$ to me t he _h spok5 to ! ,commission1 b t x c\ld n assemble p\r une *ose comma ca2 t ! rules 7 fix$1 & ,i mu/ abide by !m4 ,well1 ,i respond$1 y ?9k y h done y\r duty2 x is n[ my turn to p]=m m9e4 ,if no o!r means are available ,i w h ?is transaction communicat$ to ! ,s>d9ian ,gov]nm5t1 & ,i don't ?9k t x w ratify :at y h done4 ,! ,guide ,*ef evid5tly did n believe a ^w ( x4 ,previ\s to tak+ any fur!r /ep ,i ?\ght x "r to see ! ,presid5t ( ! ,commission ( ,guides1 :o 0 also ,syndic ( ! commune4 ,i call$ ^u him on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 &1 assum+ t he knew all ab\t ! transaction1 spoke to him accord+ly4 ,he li/5$ to me = a "t1 b did n seem to und]/& me1 :i* ,i ascrib$ p>tly to my defective ,fr5* pronunciation4 ,i express$ a hope t he did compreh5d me2 he said he und]/ood my words v well1 b did n "k _! purport4 ,9 fact he _h n he>d a s+le ^w ab\t me or my reque/4 ,he /at$ ) "s indignation t1 s f> f its be+ a subject on :i* ! ,commission c\ld n assemble1 x 0 "o :i* x 0 _! especial duty to take into consid]ation4 ,our conf]5ce end$ ) ! arrangem5t t ,i 0 to write him an (ficial lett] /at+ ! case1 :i* he 0 to =w>d to ! ,int5dant ( ! prov9ce ( ,faucigny resid5t at ,bonneville4 ,all ?is 0 done4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,int5dant ,,memorialis$4 #aheh4 ,i subsequ5tly memorialis$ ! ,int5dant himself2 & ,balmat visit$ him to secure 8 p]mission to accompany me4 ,i h to record1 t f fir/ to la/ ! ,int5dant gave me 8 sympa?y & support4 ,he c\ld n alt] laws1 b he deprecat$ a judaical int]pretation ( !m4 ,8 f9al lett] to myself 0 z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,int5dant',s ,,response4 #aheh4 ,int5dance ,royale de la ,prov9ce de ,faucigny1 ,bonneville1 #aa ,septembre1 #aheh4 ,monsieur1-- ,j'appr5ds avec une v]itable pe9e les difficultes que v\s r5contrez de la "p de ,m4 le ,guide ,*ef p\r l'effectuation de votre p]illeuse entreprise sci5tifique1 mais je dois v\s dire aussi avec regret que ces difficultes resid5t dans un reglem5t fait en vue de la securite des voyageurs1 quel que puisse etre le b de leurs excursions4 ,desireux neanmo9s de v\s etre utile1 notamm5t en la circon/ance1 j'invite auj\rd'hui meme ,m4 le ,guide ,*ef a avoir eg>d a votre projet1 a faire en sa faveur une exception au reglem5t ci-devant eu1 tant qu'il n'y aura aucun dang] p\r votre surete et celle des p]sonnes qui v\s accompagn]ont1 et enf9 de se pret] dans les limites de ses moy5s et attributions p\r l'heureux succes de l'exp$ition1 dont les consequ5ces et resultats n'int]ess5t pas seulem5t la sci5ce1 mais encore la vallee de ,*am\nix en p>ticuli]4 ,agreez1 ,monsieur1 l'assurance de ma consid]ation tres-di/+uee4 ,p\r l',int5dant en conge1 ,le ,secretaire1 ,,deleglise4 ,:ile wait+ = ?is p]mission ,i employ$ myself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] ,i asc5d$ ! ,brev5t1 f :i* ,mont ,blanc is se5 to great advantage4 ,f ,*am\ni its va/ slopes are s =e%ort5$ t "o gets a v imp]fect idea ( ! ext5t to be trav]s$ to rea* ! summit4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 /ruck me mo/ on ! ,brev5t 0 ! *ang$ relation ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru & ! ,aiguille ,v]te4 ,f ,montanv]t ! =m] appe>s a mo/ impos+ mass1 :ile ! peak ( ! latt] appe>s r dw>f$ beh9d x2 b f ! ,brev5t ! ,aiguille du ,dru is a m]e p9nacle /uck 9 ! brea/ ( ! gr&] pyramid ( ! ,aiguille ,v]te4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,s]acs ,,revisit$4 #aheh4 ,on ! #d? ,i rose e>ly1 &1 /rapp+ on my telescope1 asc5d$ to ! ,montanv]t1 :]e ,i engag$ a y\? to accompany me up ! glaci]4 ,! heav5s 7 cle> & beautiful3--blue ov] ! ,aiguille du ,dru1 blue ov] ! ,jorasse & ,mont ,mallet1 deep blue ov] ! p9nacles ( ,*>moz1 & ! same spl5did t9t /ret*$ gr&ly ov] ! ,col du ,geant & its ,aiguille4 ,no trace ( cond5sation appe>$ till t[>ds elev5 o'clock1 :5 a little black balloon ( cl\d swung itself ov] ! ,aiguilles ,r\ges4 ,at "o o'clock !re 7 two l>ge masses & a little "o betwe5 !m2 :ile high] up a :ite veil1 almo/ too ?9 to be visible1 spread ov] a "p ( ! heav5s4 ,at ! z5i?1 h[ev]1 & s\?1 nor?1 & we/1 ! blue seem$ to deep5 z ! day advanc$4 ,i visit$ ! ice-wall at ! ,tacul1 :i* seem$ l[] ?an x 0 la/ ye>2 ! cascade ( le ,geant appe>$ also f> less impos+4 ,only 9 ! e>ly "p ( summ] d we see ! ice 9 its true gr&eur3 its edges & surfaces are !n %>p & cle>1 b aft]w>ds its nobl] masses %r9k "u ! influ5ce ( sun & air4 ,! s]acs n[ appe>$ wa/$ & dirty1 & n ! %>p angul> ice-ca/les :i* rose s gr&ly :5 ,i fir/ saw !m4 ,?irte5 m5 _h cross$ ! ,col du ,geant on ! day previ\s1 & left an ample trace beh9d !m4 ,?is ,i foll[$ ne>ly to ! summit ( ! fall4 ,! condition ( ! glaci] 0 totally diff]5t f t ( ! opposite side on ! previ\s ye>4 ,! ice 0 riv51 burr[$1 & honeycomb$1 b ! track amid all 0 easy3 a vigor\s ,engli% maid5 might h asc5d$ ! fall )\t mu* difficulty4 ,my object n[ 0 to exam9e ! /ructure ( ! fall2 b ! ice 0 n 9 a good condition = su* an exam9ation3 x 0 too mu* brok54 ,/ill a def9ite /ructure 0 9 _m places to be trac$1 & "s ( !m app>5tly %[$ /ructure & b$d+ at a high angle to ea* o!r1 b ,i c\ld n be c]ta9 ( x4 ,i paus$ at e comm&+ po9t ( view & exam9$ ! ice ?r\gh my op]a-glass2 b ! result 0 inconclusive4 ,i obs]v$ t ! t]races :i* compose ! fall d n front ! middle ( ! glaci]1 b turn _! =eheads r t[>ds its ea/]n side1 & ! consequ5ce is t ! protub]ances l[] d[n1 :i* are ! rema9s ( ^! t]races1 are highe/ at ! same side4 ,/&+ at ! base ( ! ,aiguille ,noire1 & look+ d[nw>ds :]e ! ,glaci] des ,p]iades pu%es itself aga9/ ! ,geant1 a s]ies ( f9e crumples is =m$ on ! =m]1 cut across by crevasses1 on ! walls ( :i* a =w>d & backw>d dipp+ ( ! blue ve9s is exhibit$4 ,huge crumples are also =m$ by ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 :i* are well se5 f a po9t ne>ly opposite ! l[e/ lat]al mora9e ( ! ,glaci] des ,p]iades4 ,9 "s cases ! upp] portions ( ! crumples _h scal$ (f s z to =m ar*es ( ice--a consequ5ce d\btless ( ! pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!rmomet] ,,at ,,! ,,j>d94 #aheh4 ,! beauty ( "s ,alp9e skies is trea*]\s2 9 fact ! deepe/ blue (t5 indicates an atmosph]e *>g$ almo/ to saturation ) aque\s vap\r4 ,?is 0 ! case on ! pres5t occasion4 ,soon aft] rea*+ ,*am\ni 9 ! ev5+1 ra9 comm5c$ & cont9u$ ) sc>cely any int]mission until ! aft]noon ( ! #h?4 ,i _h giv5 up all hopes ( be+ able to asc5d ,mont ,blanc2 & h5ce resolv$ to place ! !rmomet]s 9 "s m accessible position4 ,on ! #i? accord+ly1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,wills1 ,balmat1 & "s o!r fri5ds1 ,i asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! ,j>d91 :]e we plac$ two !rmomet]s3 "o 9 ! ice1 at a dep? ( ?ree feet bel[ ! surface2 ano!r on a l$ge ( ! highe/ rock4,b ,! boil+ po9t ( wat] at ?is place 0 #aid4f deg4 ,fahr4 ,deep sn[ 0 ^u ! ,talefre1 & ! surr\nd+ precipices 7 also heavily lad54 ,avalan*es ?und]$ incessantly f ! ,aiguille ,v]te & ! o!r m\nta9s4 ,sc>cely five m9utes on an av]age int]v5$ betwe5 e two successive peals2 & aft] ! direct %ock ( ea* avalan*e _h di$ away ! air ( ! bas9 cont9u$ to be %ak5 by ! e*oes reflect$ f its b\nd+ walls4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ev5+ ,,r$4 #aheh4 ,! day 0 f> sp5t be=e we _h complet$ our "w4 ,all ?r\gh ! wea!r _h be5 f9e1 & t[>ds ev5+ augm5t$ to magnific5ce4 ,z we desc5d$ ! glaci] f ! ,c\v]cle ! sun 0 j disappe>+1 & ! we/]n heav5 gl[$ ) crimson1 :i* crept gradually up ! sky until f9ally x rea*$ ! z5i? itself4 ,su* int5sity ( col\r+ is exce$+ly r>e 9 ! ,alps2 & ?is fact1 toge!r ) ! kn[n v>iations 9 ! int5sity ( ! firmam5tal blue1 ju/ify ! conclusion t ! col\r+ mu/1 9 a great measure1 be due to "s v>iable con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! air 7 compet5t to produce ^! magnific5t effects !y w\ld be ! rule in/ead ( ! exception4 ,sid5ote3 ,,f9i%$ ,,"w4 #aheh4 ,no soon] _h ! !rmomet]s be5 ?us dispos$ ( ?an ! wea!r appe>$ to und]go a p]man5t *ange4 ,on ! #aj? x 0 p]fectly f9e--n ! slighte/ mi/ ^u ,mont ,blanc2 on ! #aa? ?is 0 also ! case4 ,balmat /ill _h ! old !rmomet] to :i* ,i h already ref]r$2 x might n d to %[ ! m9imum temp]ature ( ! air1 b x might %[ ! temp]ature at a c]ta9 dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,i f9d 9 my own case t ! f9i%+ ( "w has a great moral value3 "w complet$ is a safe fulcrum = ! p]=mance ( o!r "w2 & ev5 ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( our lab\rs exp]i5ce %\ld %[ u a bett] means ( accompli%+ a giv5 end1 x is (t5 f> pref]able to rea* ! end1 ev5 by defective means1 ?an to sw]ve f our c\rse4 ,! habits :i* ?is conviction _h sup]9duc$ no d\bt influ5c$ me :5 ,i decid$ on plac+ ,balmat's !rmomet] on ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,i f9d ) pleasure t my fri5d ,mr4 ,john ,ball is n[ ex]t+ himself 9 ?is direction4 ,b ,! m9imum temp]ature ( ! subsequ5t w9t]1 z %[n by ?is !rmomet]1 0 -#f deg4 ,fahr41 or #ch deg4 bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,! in/rum5t plac$ 9 ! ice 0 brok54 ,,second ,,asc5t ,,( ,,mont ,,blanc1 #aheh4 7#be47 ,sid5ote3 ,,%ad[s ,,( ,,! ,,aiguilles4 #aheh4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 at #e-a_/b ,a4,m4 ! sunbeams _h already fall5 ^u ! m\nta92 b ?\gh ! sky above him1 & ov] ! entire range ( ! ,aiguilles1 0 )\t a cl\d1 ! atmosph]e pres5t$ an appe>ance ( turbidity resembl+ t produc$ by ! du/ & ?9 smoke me*anically susp5d$ 9 a ,london atmosph]e on a dry summ]'s day4 ,at #bj m9utes pa/ #g we quitt$ ,*am\ni1 be>+ ) u ! good wi%es ( a portion ( its inhabitants4 ,sid5ote3 ,,int]f]5ce-,,spectra4 #aheh4 ,a lady accompani$ u on horseback to ! po9t :]e ! pa? to ! ,gr&s ,mulets deviates f t to ! ,plan des ,aiguilles2 "h %e turn$ to ! left1 & we proce$$ sl[ly upw>ds1 ?r\gh woods ( p9e1 hung ) fanta/ic li*5s3 escap+ f ! gloom ( ^!1 we em]g$ ^u slopes ( bosky und]wood1 gre5 hazel1 & gre5 l>*1 ) ! r$ b]ries ( ! m\nta9-a% %9+ brightly betwe5 !m4 ,?r\gh ! air above u1 l gnomons ( a va/ sundial1 ! ,aiguilles ca/ _! fanlike %ad[s1 :i* mov$ r\nd z ! day advanc$4 ,slopes ( rhodod5drons ) )]$ fl[]s next succe$$1 b ! col\r+ ( ! bilb]ry-leaves 0 sc>cely less exquisite ?an ! fre%e/ bloom ( ! ,alp9e rose4 ,= a long "t we 7 9 ! cool %ad[ ( ! m\nta91 cat*+1 at int]vals1 ?r\gh ! twigs 9 front ( u1 glimpses ( ! sun surr\nd$ by col\r$ spectra4 ,on "o occasion a br[ rose 9 front ( me2 beh9d x 0 a lu/r\s space ( heav51 adjac5t to ! sun1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 hidd5 beh9d ! br[2 aga9/ ?is space ! twigs & we$s ^u ! summit ( ! br[ %one z if !y 7 self-lum9\s1 :ile "s bits ( ?i/le-d[n float+ 9 ! air appe>$1 :]e !y cross$ ?is portion ( ! heav5s1 l fragm5ts ( ! sun himself4 ,once ! orb appe>$ beh9d a r\nd$ mass ( sn[ :i* lay ne> ! summit ( ! ,aiguille du ,midi4 ,look$ at ) ! nak$ eyes1 x seem$ to possess a bill[y motion1 ! light d>t+ f x 9 dazzl+ curves1--a subjective effect produc$ by ! abnormal action ( ! int5se light ^u ! eye4 ,z ! sun's disk came m into view1 its rays h[ev] /ill graz+ ! summit ( ! m\nta91 int]f]5ce-spectra d>t$ f x on all sides1 & surr\nd$ x ) a glory ( ri*ly-col\r$ b>s4 ,m+l+ h[ev] ) ! gr&eur ( nature1 we _h ! ang] & ob/9acy ( man4 ,) a view to subsequ5t legal proce$+s1 ! ,guide ,*ef s5t a spy aft] u1 :o1 hav+ satisfi$ himself ( our del9qu5cy1 took 8 unpleasant pres5ce f ! spl5did sc5e4 ,/range to say1 ?\gh ! lum9\s appe>ance ( bodies project$ aga9/ ! sky adjac5t to ! ris+ sun is a mo/ /rik+ & beautiful ph5om5on1 x is h>dly ev] se5 by ei!r guides or travell]s2 probably because !y avoid look+ t[>ds a sky ! brightness ( :i* is pa9ful to ! eyes4 ,9 #ahei ,augu/e ,balmat _h nev] se5 ! effect2 & ! only writt5 description ( x :i* we possess is "o furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,neck]1 9 a lett] to ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :i* is s int]e/+ t ,i d n hesitate to reproduce x "h3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,pr(essor ,,neck]',s ,,lett]4 #aheh4 ,i n[ come to ! po9t1 writes ,m4 ,neck]1 :i* y p>ticul>ly wi%$ me to describe to y2 ,i mean ! lum9\s appe>ance ( trees1 %rubs1 & birds1 :5 se5 f ! foot ( a m\nta9 a little be=e sunrise4 ,! wi% ,i _h to see aga9 ! ph5om5on be=e attempt+ to describe x made me deta9 ?is lett] a few days1 till ,i _h a f9e day to g to see x at ! ,mont ,saleve2 s ye/]day ,i w5t !re1 & /udi$ ! fact1 & 9 elucidation ( x ,i made a little draw+1 ( :i* ,i give y "h a copy3 x w1 ) ! explanation & ! annex$ diagram 7,fig4 #i71 imp>t to y1 ,i hope1 a correct idea ( ! ph5om5on4 ,y mu/ conceive ! obs]v] plac$ at ! foot ( a hill int]pos$ betwe5 him & ! place :]e ! sun is ris+1 & ?us entirely 9 ! %ade2 ! upp] m>g9 ( ! m\nta9 is cov]$ ) woods or deta*$ trees & %rubs1 :i* are project$ z d>k objects on a v bright & cle> sky1 except at ! v place :]e ! sun is j go+ to rise1 = !re all ! trees & %rubs bord]+ ! m>g9 are entirely1--bran*es1 leaves1 /em & all1--( a pure & brilliant :ite1 appe>+ extremely bright & lum9\s1 al?\gh project$ on a mo/ brilliant & lum9\s sky1 z t "p ( x :i* surr\nds ! sun always is4 ,all ! m9ute/ details1 leaves1 twigs1 c41 are mo/ delicately pres]v$1 & y w\ld fancy y saw ^! trees & =e/s made ( ! pure/ silv]1 ) all ! skill ( ! mo/ exp]t workman4 ,! swall[s & o!r birds fly+ 9 ^? p>ticul> spots appe> l sp>ks ( ! mo/ brilliant :ite4 ,un=tunately1 all ^! details1 :i* add s mu* to ! beauty ( ?is spl5did ph5om5on1 _c be repres5t$ 9 su* small sket*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,lum9\s ,trees project$ aga9/ ! sky at sunrise4 ,nei!r ! h\r ( ! day nor ! angle :i* ! object makes ) ! obs]v] appe>s to h any effect2 = on "s occasions ,i h se5 ! ph5om5on take place at a v e>ly h\r 9 ! morn+4 ,ye/]day x 0 #aj ,a4,m41 :5 ,i saw x z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,i saw x aga9 on ! same day at #e ,p4,m41 at a diff]5t place ( ! same m\nta91 = :i* ! sun 0 j sett+4 ,at "o "t ! angle ( elevation ( ! light$ :ite %rubs above ! horizon ( ! spectator 0 ab\t #bj deg41 :ile at ano!r place x 0 only #ae deg4 ,b ! ext5t ( ! field ( illum9ation is v>iable1 accord+ to ! di/ance at :i* ! spectator is plac$ f x4 ,:5 ! object beh9d :i* ! sun is j go+ to rise1 or has j be5 sett+1 is v ne>1 no su* effect takes place4 ,9 ! case repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i ! di/ance 0 ab\t #aid metres1 or #fcf ,engli% feet1 f ! spectator 9 a direct l9e1 ! height above 8 level be+ #fj metres1 or #aig ,engli% feet1 & ! horizontal l9e drawn f him to ! horizontal projection ( ^! po9ts on ! plane ( 8 horizon be+ #afj metres1 or #ebe ,engli% feet1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,,silv] ,,trees ,,at ,,sunrise4 #aheh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,lum9\s ,trees project$ aga9/ ! sky at sunrise4 ,sid5ote3 ,,birds ,,z ,,sp>ks ,,or ,,/>s4 #aheh4 ,9 ?is case only small %rubs & ! l[] half ( ! /em ( a tree are illum9at$ :ite1 & ! horizontal ext5t ( ?is effect is also comp>atively small2 :ile at o!r places :5 ,i 0 ne> ! edge beh9d :i* ! sun 0 go+ to rise no su* effect took place4 ,b on ! contr>y1 :5 ,i h witness$ ! ph5om5on at a great] di/ance & at a great] height1 z ,i h se5 x o!r times on ! same & on o!r m\nta9s ( ! ,alps1 l>ge tracts ( =e/s & imm5se spruce-firs 7 illum9at$ :ite ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 z ,i h attempt$ to repres5t 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & ! correspond+ diagram1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,no?+ c be f9] ?an ^! silv]-look+ spruce-=e/s4 ,at ! same "t1 ?\gh at a di/ance ( m ?an a ?\s& metres1 a va/ numb] ( l>ge swall[s or swifts 7,cypselus alp9us71 :i* inhabit ^! high rocks1 7 se5 z small brilliant />s or sp>ks mov+ rapidly 9 ! air4 ,f ^! facts x appe>s to me obvi\s t ! ext5t ( ! illum9at$ spots v>ies 9 a direct ratio ( _! di/ance2 b at ! same "t t !re mu/ be a con/ant angul> space1 correspond+ probably to ! zone1 a few m9utes ( a degree wide1 ar\nd ! sun's disk1 :i* is a limit to ! occurr5ce ( ! appe>ance4 ,?is w\ld expla9 h[ ! real ext5t :i* x occupies on ! e>?'s surface v>ies ) ! relative di/ance ( ! spot f ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & acc\nts also = ! ph5om5on be+ nev] se5 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 :]e ,i h (t5 look$ = x 9 va94 ,n[ t y are acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! fact1 ,i h no d\bt y w easily obs]ve x 9 "s "p or o!r ( y\r ,scot* hills2 x may be "s long hea!r or furze w play ! "p ( our ,alp9e =e/s1 & ,i w\ld advise y to try & place a bee-hive 9 ! requir$ position1 & x w\ld p]fectly repres5t our swall[s1 sp>ks1 & />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,lum9\s ,trees project$ aga9/ ! sky at sunrise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,lum9\s ,trees project$ aga9/ ! sky at sunrise4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,ladd] ,,condemn$4 #aheh4 ,our port]s1 ) "o exception1 rea*$ ! ,pi]re a l',e*elle z soon z ourselves2 & "h hav+ refre%$ !mselves1 & ! due ex*ange ( loads hav+ be5 made1 we advanc$ ^u ! glaci]1 :i* we cross$1 until we came ne>ly opposite to ! base ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets4 ,! exi/5ce ( "o wide crevasse1 :i* 0 deem$ impassable1 _h ?is ye> introduc$ ! practice ( assail+ ! rocks at _! base1 & climb+ !m to ! cab91 an op]ation :i* ,balmat wi%$ to avoid4 ,at ,*am\ni1 !re=e1 he _h made inquiries reg>d+ ! wid? ( ! *asm1 & act+ on 8 advice ,i _h _h a ladd] con/ruct$ 9 two pieces1 :i*1 unit$ toge!r by iron atta*m5ts1 0 suppos$ to be ( suffici5t l5g? to span ! fissure4 ,on rea*+ ! latt]1 ! pieces 7 unit$1 & ! ladd] ?r[n across1 b ! bridge 0 s frail & %aky at ! place ( junction1 & ! *asm s deep1 t ,balmat pron\nc$ ! passage impracticable4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cross+ ,,crevasses4 #aheh4 ,! port]s 7 all gr\p$ beside ! crevasse :5 ?is ann\ncem5t 0 made1 &1 l h\nds 9 se>* ( ! sc5t1 ! gr\p in/antly broke up1 seek+ 9 all directions = a means ( passage4 ,! talk 0 incessant & animat+2 att5tion 0 n[ call$ 9 "o direction1 anon 9 ano!r1 ! m5 mean:ile ?r[+ !mselves into ! mo/ picturesque gr\ps & attitudes4 ,all eyes at l5g? 7 direct$ ^u a fissure :i* 0 spann$ at "o po9t by an ar* ( sn[1 c]ta9ly "u two feet deep at ! cr[n4 ,a /\t rope 0 ti$ r\nd ! wai/ ( "o ( our port]s1 & he 0 s5t =w>d to te/ ! bridge4 ,he approa*$ x cauti\sly1 tread+ d[n ! sn[ to give x compactness1 & ?us make 8 foot+ sure z he advanc$2 br++ regelation into play1 he gave ! mass ! necess>y cont9uity1 & cross$ 9 safety4 ,! rope 0 subsequ5tly /ret*$ ov] ! pont1 & ea* ( u caus+ 8 "r h& to slide along x1 foll[$ )\t accid5t4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 we met ) a second & v =midable crevasse1 to cross :i* we _h b half ( our ladd]1 :i* 0 appli$ z foll[s3--,! side ( ! fissure on :i* we /ood 0 l[] ?an ! opposite "o2 ov] ! edge ( ! latt] project$ a cornice ( sn[1 & a l$ge ( ! same mat]ial jutt$ f ! wall ( ! crevasse1 a little bel[ u4 ,! ladd] 0 plac$ f l$ge to cornice1 bo? ( its ends be+ support$ by sn[4 ,i c\ld h>dly believe t s frail a be>+ c\ld possibly support a man's weight2 b a port] 0 ti$ z be=e1 & s5t up ! ladd]1 :ile we foll[$ protect$ by ! rope4 ,we 7 aft]w>ds ti$ toge!r1 & ?us advanc$ 9 an ord]ly l9e to ! ,gr&s ,mulets4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gorge\s ,,sunset4 #aheh4 ,! cab9 0 wet & disagreeable1 b ! sunbeams fell ^u ! br[n rocks outside1 & ?i!r ,mr4 ,wills & myself repair$ to wat* ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i took possession ( ! flat summit ( a prism ( rock1 :]e1 ly+ ^u my back1 ,i wat*$ ! cl\ds =m+1 & melt+1 & mass+ !mselves toge!r1 & te>+ !mselves l wool asund] 9 ! air above4 ,x 0 nature's language address$ to ! intellect2 ^! cl\ds 7 visible symbols :i* enabl$ u to und]/& :at 0 go+ on 9 ! invisible air4 ,"h unse5 curr5ts met1 possess+ diff]5t temp]atures1 mix+ _! cont5ts bo? ( humidity & motion1 produc+ a mean temp]ature unable to hold _! moi/ure 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 ,! wat]-p>ticles1 obey+ _! mutual attractions1 clos$ up1 & a visible cl\d sudd5ly %ook itself out1 :]e a mom5t be=e we _h ! pure blue ( heav54 ,"s ( ! cl\ds 7 waft$ by ! air t[>ds atmosph]ic regions already saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & along _! frontal bord]s new cl\dlets ev] pil$ !mselves1 :ile ! h9d] portions1 invad$ by a dri] or a w>m] air1 7 dissipat$2 ?us ! cl\d advanc$1 ) ga9 9 front & loss beh9d1 its p]man5ce dep5d+ on ! balance betwe5 !m4 ,! day wan$1 & ! sunbeams began to assume ! col\r+ due to _! passage ?r\gh ! horizontal air4 ,! glori\s light1 ev] deep5+ 9 col\r1 0 p\r$ b\nte\sly ov] crags1 & sn[s1 & cl\ds1 & suffus$ ) gold & crimson ! atmosph]e itself4 ,i _h nev] se5 any?+ gr&] ?an ! sunset on t day4 ,cl\ds ) _! c5tral portions d5sely black1 d5y+ all passage to ! beams :i* smote !m1 float$ we/w>d1 :ile ! fi]y fr+es :i* bord]$ !m 7 r5d]$ d\bly vivid by contra/ ) ! adjac5t gloom4 ,! small] & m att5uat$ cl\ds 7 int5sely illum9at$ ?r\gh\t4 ,across o!r inky masses 7 drawn zigzag b>s ( radiance :i* resembl$ /reaks ( lightn+4 ,! firmam5t betwe5 ! cl\ds fad$ f a blood-r$ ?r\gh orange & daffodil into an exquisite gre51 :i* spread l a sea ( glory ?r\gh :i* ^? magnific5t argosies sl[ly sail$4 ,"s ( ! cl\ds 7 drawn 9 /raight *ords across ! ar* ( heav51 ^! be+ d\btless ! sections ( lay]s ( cl\d ^: horizontal dim5sions 7 hidd5 f u4 ,! cumuli ar\nd & ne> ! sun himself c\ld n be gaz$ ^u1 until1 z ! day decl9$1 !y gradually lo/ _! effulg5ce & became tol]able to ! eyes4 ,all 0 calm--b !re 0 a wildness 9 ! sky l t ( ang]1 :i* bod$ evil passions on ! "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! sun at l5g? sank beh9d ! hills1 b = "s "t aft]w>ds c>m9e cl\ds swung !mselves on high1 & ca/ _! ruddy hues ^u ! m\nta9 sn[s4 ,duski] & cold] wax$ ! we/1 cold] & %>p] ! breeze ( ev5+ ^u ! ,gr&s ,mulets1 & z twilight deep5$ t[>ds night1 & ! />s comm5c$ to tw9kle ?r\gh ! *ill$ air1 we retir$ f ! sc5e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/orm ,,on ,,! ,,gr&s ,,mulets4 #aheh4 ,! anticipat$ /orm at l5g? gave notice ( its com+4 ,! sea-waves1 z obs]v$ by ,ari/otle1 sometimes rea* ! %ore be=e ! w9d :i* produces !m is felt2 & "h ! tempe/ s5t out its precursors1 :i* broke 9 deta*$ %ocks ^u ! cab9 be=e ! real /orm arriv$4 ,bill[s ( air1 9 ev] quick] succession1 roll$ ov] u ) a long surg+ s\nd1 ris+ & fall+ z cre/ succe$$ tr\gh & tr\gh succe$$ cre/4 ,& z ! pulses ( a vibrat+ body1 :5 _! succession is quick en\gh1 bl5d to a cont9u\s note1 s ^! fitful gu/s l9k$ !mselves f9ally to a /orm :i* made its own wild music among ! crags4 ,gr&ly x swell$1 c>ry+ ! imag9ation out ( doors1 to ! cl\ds & d>kness1 to ! loos5$ avalan*es & :irl+ sn[ ^u ! m\nta9 heads4 ,moor$ to ! rock on two sides1 ! cab9 /ood firm1 & its manife/ security all[$ ! m9d ! undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( ! atmosph]ic w>4 ,we 7 p[]fully %ak51 b _h no fe> ( be+ uproot$2 & a c]ta9 gr&eur ( ! he>t rose responsive to ! gr&eur ( ! /orm4 ,m\nt+ high] & high]1 x at l5g? rea*$ its maximum /r5g?1 f :i* x l[]$ fitfully1 until at l5g?1 ) a melan*oly wail1 x bade our rock f>ewell4 ,a little be=e half-pa/ "o we issu$ f ! cab94 ,! night be+ )\t a moon1 we c>ri$ ?ree lant]ns4 ,! heav5s 7 cr[d$ ) />s1 among :i*1 h[ev]1 angry masses ( cl\d "h & !re /ill w&]$4 ,! /orm1 too1 _h left a re>-gu>d beh9d x2 & /rong gu/s roll$ d[n ^u u at int]vals1 at "o "t1 inde$1 s viol5t z to cause ,balmat to express d\bts ( our be+ able to rea* ! summit4 ,) a ?ick h&k]*ief b\nd ar\nd my hat & e>s ,i enjoy$ ! onset ( ! w9d4 ,once1 turn+ my head to ! left1 ,i saw :at appe>$ to me to be a huge mass ( /ratus cl\d1 at a great di/ance1 ) ! />s %9+ ov] x4 ,9 ano!r in/ant a precipice ( neve loom$ ^u u2 we 7 close to its base1 & along its front ! annual lay]s 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by broad d>k b&s4 ,?r\gh ! gloom x appe>$ l a cl\d1 ! l9es ( b$d+ giv+ to x ! /ratus "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,comet ,,discov]$4 #aheh4 ,imm$iately be=e ly+ d[n on ! previ\s ev5+ ,i _h op5$ ! little w9d[ ( ! cab9 to admit "s air4 ,9 ! sky 9 front ( me %one a curi\s nodule ( mi/y light ) a pale tra9 atta*$ to x4 ,9 #ahec1 on ! side ( ! ,brock51 ,i _h obs]v$1 )\t previ\s notice1 a comet discov]$ a few days previ\sly by a =m] fell[ /ud5t1 & "h 0 ano!r discov]y ( ! same k9d4 ,i inspect$ ! /rang] ) my telescope1 & assur$ myself t x 0 a comet4 ,mr4 ,wills *anc$ to be outside at ! "t1 & made ! same obs]vation indep5d5tly4 ,z we n[ advanc$ up ! m\nta9 its om9\s light gleam$ beh9d u1 :ile high up 9 heav5 to our left ! planet ,jupit] burn$ l a lamp ( int5se brightness4 ,! ,petit ,plateau =ms a k9d ( res]voir = ! avalan*es ( ! ,dome du ,g\t]1 & ?is ye> ! accumulation ( froz5 debris ^u x 0 enorm\s4 ,we c\ld see no?+ b ! ice-blocks on :i* ! light ( ! lant]ns imm$iately fell2 we only knew t !y _h be5 dis*>g$ f ! s]acs1 & t simil> masses n[ rose ?reat5+ to our "r1 & might at any mom5t leap d[n ^u u4 ,balmat comm&$ sil5ce1 & urg$ u to move across ! plateau ) all possible cel]ity4 ,! w>n+ ( our guide1 ! wild & raki% appe>ance ( ! sky1 ! sp5t projectiles at our feet1 & ! comet ) its horrid hair beh9d1 =m$ a comb9ation em95tly calculat$ to excite ! imag9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dawn ,,on ,,! ,,gr& ,,plateau4 #aheh4 ,& n[ ! sky began to bright5 t[>ds dawn1 ) t deep & calm beauty :i* sugge/s ! ?\ght ( adoration to ! human m9d4 ,help$ by ! contemplation ( ! bright5+ ea/1 :i* seem$ to l5d lightness to our muscles1 we *e]ily brea/$ ! /eep slope up to ! ,gr& ,plateau4 ,! sn[ "h 0 deep1 & ea* ( our port]s took ! lead 9 turn4 ,we paus$ ^u ! ,gr& ,plateau & _h breakfa/2 digg+1 :ile we halt$1 our feet deeply into ! sn[4 ,!nce up to ! corridor1 by a totally diff]5t r\te f t pursu$ by ,mr4 ,hir/ & myself ! ye> previ\sly2 ! slope 0 /eep1 b x _h n a precipice = its b\nd>y4 ,deep /eps 7 necess>y = a "t1 b :5 we rea*$ ! summit our asc5t became m g5tle4 ,! ea/]n sky cont9u$ to bright51 & by its illum9ation ! ,gr& ,plateau & its b\nd+ heights 7 lovely beyond conception4 ,! sn[ 0 ( ! pure/ :ite1 & ! glaci]1 z x pu%$ itself on all sides into ! bas91 0 riv5 by fissures fill$ ) a co]ulean light1 :i* deep5$ to inky gloom z ! vision desc5d$ into !m4 ,! edges 7 ov]hung ) frett$ cornices1 f :i* dep5d$ long cle> icicles1 tap]+ f _! abutm5ts l spe>s ( cry/al4 ,! di/ant fissures1 across :i* ! vision rang$ obliquely )\t desc5d+ into !m1 emitt$ t magical firmam5tal %imm] :i*1 contra/$ ) ! pure :ite ( ! sn[1 0 inexpressibly lovely4 ,ne> to u also gr& ca/les ( ice re>$ !mselves1 "s erect1 "s ov]turn$1 ) cle> cut sides1 /rip$ by ! c\rses ( ! annual sn[s1 :ile high above ! s]acs ( ! plateau rose _! /ill gr&] bro!rs ( ! ,dome du ,g\t]4 ,!re 0 a nobility 9 ?is glaci] sc5e :i* ,i ?9k ,i h nev] se5 surpass$2--a /r5g? ( nature1 & yet a t5d]ness1 :i* at once rais$ & purifi$ ! s\l4 ,! gu% ( ! direct sunlight c\ld add no?+ to ?is heav5ly beauty2 inde$ ,i ?\ght its yell[ beams a pr(anation z !y crept d[n f ! humps ( ! ,drom$>y1 & invad$ m & m ! solemn purity ( ! realm bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,,balmat ,,9 ,,dang]4 #aheh4 ,our way lay = a "t amid f9e fissures ) blue walls1 until at l5g? we rea*$ ! edge ( "o :i* elicit$ o!r s5tim5ts ?an ^? ( admiration4 ,x mu/ be cross$4 ,at ! opposite side 0 a high & /eep bank ( ice :i* prolong$ itself d[nw>ds1 & end$ 9 a dep5d5t eave ( sn[ :i* q ov]hung ! *asm1 & rea*$ to )9 ab\t a y>d ( our edge ( ! crevasse4 ,balmat came =w>d ) 8 axe1 & tri$ to get a foot+ on ! eave3 he beat x g5tly1 b ! axe w5t ?r\gh ! sn[1 =m+ an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! d>kness ( ! *asm 0 r5d]$ visible4 ,our guide 0 q free1 )\t rope or any o!r means ( security2 he beat d[n ! sn[ s z to =m a k9d ( /irrup1 & ^u ?is he /epp$4 ,! /irrup gave way1 x 0 "r ov] ! c5tre ( ! *asm1 b ) wond]ful tact & coolness he contriv$ to get suffici5t pur*ase f ! yield+ mass to toss himself back to ! side ( ! *asm4 ,! rope 0 n[ br\ght =w>d & ti$ r\nd ! wai/ ( "o ( ! port]s2 ano!r /ep 0 cauti\sly made 9 ! eave ( sn[1 ! man 0 help$ across1 & less5$ 8 own weight by means ( 8 hat*et4 ,he gradually got foot+ on ! face ( ! /eep1 :i* he m\nt$ by escali]s2 & on rea*+ a suffici5t height he cut two l>ge /eps 9 :i* 8 feet might re/ securely4 ,"h he laid 8 brea/ aga9/ ! slop+ wall1 & ano!r p]son 0 s5t =w>d1 :o drew himself up by ! rope :i* 0 atta*$ to ! lead]4 ,?us we all pass$1 ea* ( u 9 turn be>+ ! /ra9 ( 8 successor ^u ! rope2 x 0 our la/ difficulty1 & we aft]w>ds sl[ly plodd$ ?r\gh ! sn[ ( ! corridor t[>ds ! base ( ! ,mur de la ,cote4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/orm ,,on ,,mont ,,blanc4 #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!rmomet] ,,buri$4 #aheh4 ,climb+ zigzag1 we soon rea*$ ! summit ( ! ,mur1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds f\nd ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( cold drift+ cl\ds1 :i* obscur$ ev]y?+4 ,!y dissolv$ = a mom5t & reveal$ to u ! sunny valley ( ,*am\ni2 b !y soon swept d[n aga9 & completely envelop$ u4 ,^u ! ,calotte1 or la/ slope1 ,i felt no trace ( ! exhau/ion :i* ,i _h exp]i5c$ la/ ye>1 b enjoy$ free lungs & a quiet he>t4 ,! cl\ds n[ :irl$ wildly r\nd u1 & ! f9e sn[1 :i* 0 caught by ! w9d & spit bitt]ly aga9/ u1 cut (f all visible communication betwe5 u & ! l[] _w4 ,z we approa*$ ! summit ! air ?ick5$ m & m1 & ! cold1 result+ f ! )drawal ( ! sunbeams1 became int5se4 ,we rea*$ ! top1 h[ev]1 9 good condition1 & f\nd ! new sn[ pil$ up into a %>p arete1 & ! summit ( a =m q diff]5t f t ( ! ,dos d'un ,ane1 :i* x _h pres5t$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,leav+ ,balmat to make a hole = ! !rmomet]1 ,i collect$ a numb] ( batons1 drove !m into ! sn[1 &1 draw+ my plaid r\nd !m1 =m$ a k9d ( extempore t5t to %elt] my boil+-wat] app>atus4 ,! cov]+ 0 tightly held1 b ! sn[ 0 z f9e & dry z du/1 & p5etrat$ ev]y:]e3 my lamp c\ld n be secur$ f x1 & half a box ( mat*es 0 consum$ 9 ! ef=t to ignite x4 ,at l5g? x did flame up1 & c>ri$ on a sputt]+ combu/ion4 ,! cold ( ! sn[-fill$ boil] cond5s+ ! vap\r f ! lamp gradually produc$ a drop1 :i*1 :5 heavy en\gh to deta* itself f ! vessel1 fell ^u ! flame & put x out4 ,x requir$ mu* pati5ce & ! exp5diture ( _m mat*es to relight x4 ,mean:ile ! abs5ce ( muscul> action caus$ ! cold to affect our m5 sev]ely4 ,my be>d & :isk]s 7 a mass ( clott$ ice4 ,! batons 7 coat$ ) ice1 & ev5 ! /em ( my !rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* 0 9 hot wat]1 0 cov]$ by a froz5 enamel4 ,! cl\ds :irl$1 & ! little sn[ granules hit spitefully aga9/ ! sk9 :]ev] x 0 expos$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air 0 #bj deg4 ,fahr4 bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,i 0 too int5t ^u my "w to he$ ! cold mu*1 b ,i 0 numb$2 "o ( my f+]s _h lo/ s5sation1 & my "r heel 0 9 pa93 /ill ,i _h no ?\ght ( =sak+ my obs]vation until ,mr4 ,wills came to me & said t we mu/ return spe$ily1 = ,balmat's h&s 7 gelees4 ,i did n compreh5d ! full significance ( ! ^w2 b1 look+ at ! port]s1 !y pres5t$ su* an aspect ( suff]+ t ,i fe>$ to deta9 !m long]4 ,!y look$ l worn old m51 _! hair & clo?+ :ite ) sn[1 & _! faces blue1 )]$1 & anxi\s-look+4 ,! hole be+ ready1 ,i ask$ ,balmat = ! magnet to arrange ! index ( ! !rmomet]3 8 h&s seem$ p[]less4 ,i /ruck my t5t1 deposit$ ! in/rum5t1 &1 z ,i wat*$ ! cov]+ ( x up1 "s ( ! p>ty1 among :om 7 ,mr4 ,wills & ,balmat1 comm5c$ ! desc5t4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,balmat ,,fro/bitt54 #aheh4 ,i foll[$ !m spe$ily4 ,midway d[n ! ,calotte ,i saw ,balmat1 :o 0 ab\t a hundr$ y>ds 9 advance ( me1 sudd5ly pause & ?ru/ 8 h&s into ! sn[1 & comm5ce rubb+ !m vigor\sly4 ,! sudd5ness ( ! act surpris$ me1 b ,i _h no idea at ! "t ( its real significance3 ,i soon came up to him2 he seem$ fright5$1 & cont9u$ to beat & rub 8 h&s1 plung+ !m1 at quick int]vals1 into ! sn[4 ,/ill ,i ?\ght ! ?+ w\ld spe$ily pass away1 = ,i _h too mu* fai? 9 ! man's exp]i5ce to suppose t he w\ld p]mit himself to be s]i\sly injur$4 ,b x did n pass z ,i hop$ x w\ld1 & ! t]rible possibility ( 8 los+ 8 h&s pres5t$ itself to me4 ,he at l5g? became exhau/$ by 8 own ef=ts1 /agg]$ l a drunk5 man1 & fell ^u ! sn[4 ,mr4 ,wills & myself took ea* a h&1 & cont9u$ ! process ( beat+ & rubb+4 ,i fe>$ t we %\ld injure him by our bl[s1 b he cont9u$ to exclaim1 ,n'ayez pas peur1 frappez t\j\rs1 frappez =tem5t6 ,we did s1 until ,mr4 ,wills became exhau/$1 & a port] _h to take 8 place4 ,mean:ile ,balmat p9*$ & bit 8 f+]s at int]vals1 to te/ _! condition2 b !re 0 no s5sation4 ,he 0 evid5tly hopeless himself2 &1 see+ him ?us1 produc$ an effect ^u me t ,i _h n exp]i5c$ s9ce my boyhood--my he>t swell$1 & ,i c\ld h wept l a *ild4 ,! idea t ,i %\ld be 9 "s measure ! cause ( 8 los+ 8 h&s 0 horrible to me2 s*emes = 8 support ru%$ ?r\gh my m9d ) ! usual swiftness ( su* speculations1 b no s*eme c\ld re/ore to him 8 lo/ h&s4 ,at l5g? return+ s5sation 9 "o h& ann\nc$ itself by excruciat+ pa94 ,je s\ffre6 he exclaim$ at int]vals--words :i*1 f a man ( 8 iron endurance1 _h a m ?an ord9>y significance4 ,b pa9 0 bett] ?an dea?1 &1 "u ! circum/ances1 a sign ( improvem5t4 ,we resum$ our desc5t1 :ile he cont9u$ to rub 8 h&s ) sn[ & br&y1 ?ru/+ !m at e few paces into ! mass ?r\gh :i* we m>*$4 ,at ,*am\ni he _h skilful m$ical advice1 by adh]+ to :i* he escap$ ) ! loss ( six ( 8 nails--8 h&s 7 sav$4 ,i _c close ?is recital )\t express+ my admiration ( ! dauntless be>+ ( our port]s1 & ( ! *e]ful & effici5t mann] 9 :i* !y did _! duty ?r\gh\t ! :ole exp$ition4 ,_! names are ,ed\>d ,bell91 ,joseph ,favret1 ,mi*el ,payot1 ,joseph ,folliguet1 & ,alex&re ,balmat4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,9 ,augu/1 #ahei1 ,i f\nd ! temp]ature ( wat]1 boil+ 9 an op5 vessel at ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 to be #ahd4ie deg4 ,fahr4 ,on t occasion also1 ?\gh a labori\s se>* 0 made = ! !rmomet]1 x c\ld n be f\nd4 7#bf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,proces-,,v]bal4 #aheh4 ,! ho/ility ( ! *ief guide to ! exp$ition 0 n dim9i%$ by ! lett] ( ! ,int5dant2 & he at once ent]$ a proces-v]bal aga9/ ,balmat & 8 companions on _! return to ,*am\ni4 ,i felt t ! p[] ?us ve/$ 9 an unlett]$ man to arre/ ! progress ( sci5tific obs]vations 0 s anomal\s1 t ! enlight5$ & lib]al ,gov]nm5t ( ,s>d9ia w\ld nev] tol]ate su* a /ate ( ?+s if prop]ly repres5t$ to x4 ,! ,briti% ,association met at ,le$s t ye>1 & to x1 z a gu>dian ( sci5ce1 my ?\ghts turn$4 ,i accord+ly laid ! case be=e ! ,association1 & obta9$ its support3 a resolution 0 unanim\sly pass$ t application be made to ! ,s>d9ian au?orities = increas$ facilities = mak+ sci5tific obs]vations 9 ! ,alps4 ,consid]+ ! ardu\s "w :i* ,balmat _h p]=m$ 9 =m] ye>s 9 connexion ) ! glaci]s1 & especially 8 zeal 9 det]m9+1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,=bes1 _! w9t] motion--= :i*1 z 9 ! case above record$1 he refus$ all p]sonal remun]ation--,i ?\ght su* s]vices wor?y ( "s recognition on ! "p ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,i sugge/$ ?is to ! ,c\ncil1 & 0 met by ! same cordial _s ( co-op]ation :i* ,i _h previ\sly exp]i5c$ at ,le$s4 ,a sum ( five-&-tw5ty gu9eas 0 at once vot$ = ! pur*ase ( a suitable te/imonial2 & a committee1 consi/+ ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,pr(essor ,=bes1 & myself1 0 appo9t$ to c>ry ! ?+ out4 ,balmat 0 consult$1 & he *ose a photographic app>atus1 :i*1 ) a suitable inscription1 0 duly pres5t$ to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,briti% ,,association4 #aheh4 ,?us =tifi$1 ,i drew up an acc\nt ( :at _h occurr$ at ,*am\ni dur+ my la/ visit1 accompani$ by a brief /atem5t ( ! *anges :i* seem$ desirable4 ,?is 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 to ^: prompt & p[]ful co-op]ation 9 ?is matt] e ,alp9e explor] :o aspires to high] gr\nd ?an ord9>y is deeply indebt$4 ,! foll[+ lett] assur$ me t ! facility appli$ = by ! ,briti% ,association w\ld be grant$ by ! ,s>d9ian ,gov]nm5t1 & t future m5 ( sci5ce w\ld f9d 9 ! ,alps a less emb>rass$ field ( op]ations ?an _h fall5 to my lot 9 ! summ] ( #aheh4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,presid5t',s ,,lett]4 #aheh4 #ab1 ,h]t=d-/reet1 ,mayfair1 ,w41 ,febru>y #ah?1 #ahei4 ,my de> ,sir1-- ,hav+1 z ,i in=m$ y 9 my la/ note1 communicat$ ) ! ,s>d9ian ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ! day aft] receiv+ y\r /atem5t relative to ! guides at ,*am\ni1 ,i h be5 fav\r$ by replies f ! ,m9i/]1 ( ! #d? & #ag? ,febru>y4 ,9 ! fir/ ! ,m>quis d',azeglio assures me t he w br+ ! subject be=e ! compet5t au?orities at ,tur91 accompany+ ! transmission 'd'une recomm&ation t\te speciale4' ,9 ! second lett] ! ,m>quis in=ms me t '! prep>ation ( new regulations = ! guides at ,*am\ni _h = "s "t occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 & t ^! regulations w be 9 rigor\s op]ation1 9 all probability1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! approa*+ summ]4' ,! ,m>quis adds t1 'z ! regulations w be bas$ ^u a pr9ciple ( mu* great] lib]ty1 he has e reason to believe t !y w satisfy all ! desires ( travell]s 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4' ,) mu* pleasure at ! opportunity ( hav+ be5 9 any degree able to br+ ab\t ! fulfilm5t ( y\r wi%es on ! subject1 ,i rema91 my de> ,sir1 ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,,ri*>d ,,ow54 ,pres4 ,brit4 ,association4 ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,x ought to be /at$ t1 previ\s to my arrival at ,*am\ni 9 #aheh1 an extremely cog5t memorial drawn up by ,mr4 ,john ,ball _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,m>quis d',azeglio by a deputation f ! ,alp9e ,club4 ,x 0 probably ?is memorial :i* fir/ direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,s>d9ian ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior to ! subject4 ,,w9t] ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 #ahei4 7#bg47 ,hav+ t5 days at my disposal la/ ,*ri/mas1 ,i 0 anxi\s to employ !m 9 mak+ myself acqua9t$ ) ! w9t] aspects & ph5om5a ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]1 ,i accord+ly took my place to ,p>is1 b on arriv+ at ,folke/one f\nd ! sea s tempe/u\s t no boat w\ld v5ture out4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fir/ ,,defeat1 ,,& ,,fre% ,,attempt4 #ahei4 ,! loss ( a s+le day 0 m ?an ,i c\ld af=d1 & ?is failure really involv$ ! loss ( two4 ,see+1 !re=e1 ! prospect ( any practical success s small1 ,i return$ to ,london1 purpos+ to give ! exp$ition up4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 h[ev]1 ! wea!r light5$1 & ,i />t$ aga91 rea*+ ,p>is on ,friday morn+4 ,on t day x 0 n possible to proce$ beyond ,macon1 :]e1 accord+ly1 ,i sp5t ! night1 & on ! foll[+ day rea*$ ,g5eva4 ,mu* sn[ _h fall52 at ,p>is x /ill cumb]$ ! /reets1 & r\nd ab\t ,macon x lay ?ick1 z if a m ?an usually heavy cl\d _h dis*>g$ itself on t portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 ,macon & ,r\ssillon x 0 light]1 b f ! latt] /ation onw>ds ! quantity ^u ! gr\nd gradually increas$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,g5eva ,,to ,,*am\ni4 #ahei4 ,on ,*ri/mas morn+1 at #h o'clock1 ,i left ,g5eva by ! dilig5ce = ,sall5*es4 ,! dawn 0 dull1 b ! sky cle>$ z ! day advanc$1 & f9ally a dome ( cl\dless blue /ret*$ ov]head4 ,! m\nta9s 7 gr&2 _! sunw>d portions ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 :ile ! %ad$ sides1 9 contra/ ) ! blue sky beh9d !m1 pres5t$ a ruddy1 subjective t9t4 ,! brightness ( ! day rea*$ its maximum t[>ds "o o'clock1 aft] :i* a milk9ess sl[ly /ole ov] ! heav5s1 & increas$ 9 d5sity until f9ally a dr[sy turbidity fill$ ! entire air4 ,! di/ant peaks gradually bl5d$ ) ! :ite atmosph]e above !m & lo/ _! def9ition4 ,! black p9e =e/s on ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s /ood out 9 /rong contra/ to ! sn[2 &1 :5 look$ at ?r\gh ! spaces enclos$ by ! tree bran*es at ei!r side ( ! road1 !y appe>$ ( a decid$ indigo-blue4 ,x 0 only :5 ?us deta*$ by a vi/a 9 front t ! blue col\r 0 well se51 ! air itself betwe5 ! eye & ! di/ant p9es be+ ! seat ( ! col\r4 ,goe! w\ld h reg>d$ x z an excell5t illu/ration ( 8 ',f>b5lehre4' ,we rea*$ ,sall5*es a little aft] #d ,p4,m41 :]e ,i endeav\r$ to obta9 a sl$ge to cont9ue my j\rney4 ,a fit "o 0 n to be f\nd1 & a c>riage 0 !re=e ! only resort4 ,we />t$ at five2 x 0 v d>k1 b ! feeble reflex ( ! sn[ on ea* side ( ! road 0 pref]r$ by ! po/ilion to ! light ( lamps4 ,unlike ! enviable o/ri*1 ,i _c %ut my eyes to dang] :5 x is ne>3 & z ! c>riage sway$ t[>ds ! precipit\s road side1 ,i c\ld n fold myself up1 z x 0 int5d$ ,i %\ld1 b1 quitt+ ! int]ior & dive/+ my limbs ( e encumbrance1 ,i took my seat beside ! driv]1 & kept myself 9 read9ess = ! spr+1 :i* 9 "s cases appe>$ imm95t4 ,my companion h[ev] 0 "y1 /rong1 & ke5-ey$2 & ?\gh we (t5 _h occasion = ! ex]cise ( ! quality la/ m5tion$1 we rea*$ ,s]voz )\t accid5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,desolation4 #ahei4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,horse ,,9 ,,! ,,sn[4 #ahei4 ,"h we bait$1 & our progress aft]w>ds 0 sl[ & difficult4 ,! sn[ on ! road 0 deep & hummocky1 & ! /ra9 ^u ! horses v great4 ,hav+ cross$ ! ,arve at ! ,pont-,pelissi]1 we bo? alight$1 & ,i w5t on 9 advance4 ,! air 0 w>m1 & n a :isp] di/urb$ its p]fect repose4 ,!re 0 no moon1 & ! heavy cl\ds1 :i* n[ q ov]spread ! heav5s1 cut (f ev5 ! feeble light ( ! />s4 ,! s\nd ( ! ,arve1 z x ru%$ ?r\gh ! deep valley to my left1 came up to me ?r\gh crags & trees ) a sad murmur4 ,sometimes on pass+ an ob/acle1 ! s\nd 0 entirely cut (f1 & ! consequ5t sil5ce 0 solemn 9 ! extreme4 ,x 0 a *ur*y>d /illness1 & ! tall black p9es1 :i* at int]vals ca/ _! sup]add$ gloom ^u ! road1 seem$ l ! he>se-plumes ( a dead _w4 ,i rea*$ a wood5 hut1 :]e a lame man (f]s batons1 m9]als1 & eau de vie1 to travell]s 9 summ]4 ,x 0 =sak51 & half buri$ 9 ! sn[4 ,i lean$ aga9/ ! door1 & enjoy$ = a "t ! /]nness ( ! surr\nd+ sc5e4 ,my conveyance 0 f> beh9d1 & ! int]mitt5t t9kle ( ! horses' bells1 :i* augm5t$ in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! s5se ( solitude1 in=m$ me ( ! progress & ! pauses ( ! vehicle4 ,at ! summit ( ! road ,i halt$ until my companion rea*$ me2 we !n bo? rem\nt$1 & proce$$ sl[ly t[>ds ,les ,ou*es4 ,we pass$ "s h\ses1 ! aspect ( :i* 0 ev5 m dismal ?an t ( ,nature2 _! ro(s 7 load$ ) sn[1 & :ite buttresses 7 re>$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,!re 0 no s\nd1 no light1 no voice ( joy to indicate t x 0 ! pleasant ,*ri/mas "t4 ,we once met ! pione] ( a p>ty ( f\r drunk5 peasants3 he came "r aga9/ u1 & ! coa*man _h to pull up4 ,plant+ 8 feet 9 ! sn[ & propp+ himself aga9/ ! lead]'s %\ld]1 ! bac*anal exhort$ ! po/ilion to drive on2 ! latt] took him at 8 ^w1 & ov]turn$ him 9 ! sn[4 ,aft] ?is we enc\nt]$ no liv+ ?+4 ,! horses seem$ seiz$ by a k9d ( torpor1 & lean$ li/lessly aga9/ ea* o!r2 va9ly ! po/ilion endeav\r$ to r\se !m by ^w & :ip2 !y sometimes essay$ to trot d[n ! slopes1 b imm$iately subsid$ to _! =m] monoton\s crawl4 ,z we asc5d$ ! valley1 ! /illness ( ! air 0 brok5 at int]vals by wild /orm-gu/s1 s5t d[n aga9/ u f ,mont ,blanc himself4 ,^! *ill$ me1 s ,i quitt$ ! c>riage1 & walk$ on4 ,n f> f ,*am\ni1 ! road1 = "s di/ance1 _h be5 expos$ to ! full action ( ! w9d1 & ! sn[ _h practically eras$ x4 ,its left wall 0 completely cov]$1 :ile a few deta*$ /ones1 ris+ "h & !re above ! surface1 7 ! only indications ( ! pres5ce & direction ( ! "r-h& wall4 ,i c\ld n see ! /ate ( ! surface1 b ,i le>n$ by o!r means t ! sn[ _h be5 heap$ 9 oblique ridges across my pa?4 ,i /agg]$ ov] f\r or five ( ^! 9 succession1 s9k+ knee-deep1 & f9ally f\nd myself imm]s$ to ! wai/4 ,?is made me pause2 ,i ?\ght ,i mu/ h lo/ ! road1 & va9ly endeav\r$ to *eck myself by ! positions ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,i turn$ back & met ! c>riage3 x _h /uck 9 "o ( ! ridges2 "o horse 0 d[n1 8 h9d legs buri$ to ! haun*es1 8 left =e leg plung$ to ! %\ld] 9 sn[1 & ! "r "o ?r[n =w>d ^u ! surface4 ,c'e/ bi5 la r\te8 dem&$ my companion4 ,i w5t back explor+1 & assur$ myself t we 7 ov] ! road2 b ,i recomm5d$ him to release ! horses & leave ! c>riage to its fate4 ,he1 h[ev]1 succe$+ 9 extricat+ ! lead]1 & :ile ,i w5t on 9 advance seek+ out ! firm] portions ( ! road1 he foll[$1 hold+ 8 horses by _! heads2 & half an h\r's /ruggle ( ?is k9d br\ght u to ,*am\ni4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*am\ni ,,on ,,*ri/mas ,,night4 #ahei4 ,x also 0 a little city ( ! dead4 ,!re 0 no liv+ ?+ 9 ! /reets1 & nei!r s\nd nor light 9 ! h\ses4 ,! f\nta9 made a melan*oly gurgle1 "o or two loos5$ w9d[-%utt]s creak$ h>%ly 9 ! w9d1 & bang$ aga9/ ! objects :i* limit$ _! oscillations4 ,! ,hotel de l',union1 s bright & gay 9 summ]1 0 nail$ up & =sak52 & ! cross 9 front ( x1 /ret*+ its sn[-lad5 arms into ! dim air1 0 ! type ( desolation4 ,we rang ! bell at ! ,hotel ,royal1 b ! bay ( a wat*-dog res\nd+ ?r\gh ! h\se 0 long our only reply4 ,! bell appe>$ p[]less to wake ! sleep]s1 & its s\nd m+l$ dismally ) t ( ! w9d h[l+ ?r\gh ! des]t$ passages4 ,! noise ( my boot-heel1 ex]t$ long on ! front door1 0 at l5g? effective2 x 0 unb>r$1 & ! physical heat ( a good /ove soon add$ itself to ! w>m? ( ! welcome ) :i* my ho/ess greet$ me4 ,decemb] #bf?4--,! sn[ fell heavily1 at frequ5t int]vals1 ?r\gh\t ! entire day4 ,d5se cl\ds drap$ all ! m\nta9s1 & !re 0 n ! lea/ prospect ( my be+ able to see across ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,i walk$ out alone 9 ! dim light1 & aft]w>ds trav]s$ ! /reets be=e go+ to b$4 ,!y 7 q =sak54 ,cold & sull5 ! ,arve roll$ "u its wood5 bridge1 :ile ! sn[ fell at int]vals ) heavy %ock f ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 ! p>tial e*oes f ! surfaces ( ! granules comb9+ to r5d] ! s\nd l\d & holl[4 ,?us 7 ! conc]ns ( ?is little hamlet *ang$ & fa%ion$ by ! obliquity ( ! e>?'s axis1 ! *a9 ( dep5d5ce :i* runs ?r\gh\t creation1 l9k+ ! roll ( a planet alike ) ! int]e/s ( m>mots & ( m54 ,sid5ote3 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #ahei4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sn[ ,,on ,,! ,,p9es4 #ahei4 ,tuesday1 #bg? ,decemb]4--,i rose at six o'clock1 hav+ arrang$ ) my m5 to />t at sev51 if ! wea!r at all p]mitt$4 ,ed\>d ,simond1 my old assi/ant ( #aheg1 & ,joseph ,tairraz 7 ! guides ( ! p>ty2 ! port]s 7 ,ed\>d ,balmat1 ,joseph ,simond 7fils d',augu/e71 ,francois ,ravanal1 & ano!r4 ,!y came at ! "t appo9t$2 x 0 sn[+ heavily1 & we agre$ to wait till eight o'clock & !n decide4 ,!y return$ at eight1 & f9d+ !m dispos$ to try ! asc5t to ! ,montanv]t1 x 0 n my place to baulk !m4 ,?r\gh ! valley ! "w 0 easy1 z ! sn[ _h be5 p>tially beat5 d[n1 b we soon pass$ ! habitable limits1 & _h to break gr\nd = ourselves4 ,?ree ( my m5 _h tri$ to rea* ! ,montanv]t by la ,filia on ! previ\s ,?ursday1 b _! exp]i5ce ( ! r\te _h be5 su* z to det] !m f try+ x aga94 ,we n[ *ose ! ord9>y r\te1 brea/+ ! slope until we rea*$ ! clu/] ( *alets1 "u ! project+ eave ( "o ( :i* ! m5 halt$ & appli$ patt5s to _! feet4 ,^! consi/$ ( planks ab\t sixte5 in*es long & t5 wide1 :i* 7 firmly /rapp$ to ! feet4 ,my fir/ impression 0 t !y 7 worse ?an useless1 = ?\gh !y sank less deeply ?an ! un>m$ feet1 on be+ rais$ !y c>ri$ ) !m a l>g] am\nt ( sn[1 :i*1 ) ! lev]age ( ! leg1 appe>$ to necessitate an enorm\s wa/e ( =ce4 ,i /at$ ?is emphatically1 b ! m5 adh]$ to _! patt5s1 & be=e ,i rea*$ ! ,montanv]t ,i _h reason to comm5d _! practice z pref]able to my !ory4 ,i 0 h[ev] guid$ by ! latt]1 & wore no patt5s4 ,! g5]al dep? ( ! sn[ along ! track 0 ov] ?ree feet2 ! footm>ks ( ! m5 7 usually rigid en\gh to be> my weight1 b 9 _m cases ,i w5t ?r\gh ! cru/ :i* _! pressure _h produc$1 & sank sudd5ly 9 ! mass4 ,! sn[ became s(t] z we asc5d$1 & my imm]sions m frequ5t1 b ! "w 0 pure enjoym5t1 & ! sc5e "o ( extreme beauty4 ,! previ\s night's sn[ _h desc5d$ ?r\gh a p]fectly /ill atmosph]e1 & _h load$ all ! bran*es ( ! p9es2 ! long arms ( ! trees droop$ "u ! weight1 & pres5t$ at _! extremities ! appe>ance ( enorm\s talons turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,"s ( ! small] & ?ick] trees 7 almo/ entirely cov]$1 & assum$ grotesque & beautiful =ms2 ! upp] "p ( "o 9 p>ticul> resembl$ a huge :ite p>rot ) fold$ w+s & droop+ head1 ! slumb] ( ! bird h>moniz+ ) ! torpor ( surr\nd+ nature4 ,i h giv5 a sket* ( x 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,sn[ on ! ,p9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s\nd ,,( ,,break+ ,,sn[4 #ahei4 ,previ\s to rea*+ ! half-way spr+1 :]e ! peasant girls (f] /rawb]ries to travell]s 9 summ]1 we cross$ two l>ge c\loirs fill$ ) ! debris ( avalan*es :i* _h fall5 ! night be=e4 ,betwe5 ^! 0 a ridge =ty or fifty y>ds wide on :i* ! sn[ 0 v deep1 ! slope ( ! m\nta9 also add+ a compon5t to ! fair ?ickness ( ! sn[4 ,my %\ld] graz$ ! top ( ! embankm5t to my "r z ,i cross$ ! ridge1 & once or twice ,i f\nd myself wai/ deep 9 a v]tical %aft f :i* x requir$ a consid]able ef=t to escape4 ,sudd5ly we he>d a deep s\nd resembl+ ! dull report ( a di/ant gun1 & at ! same mom5t ! sn[ above u broke across1 =m+ a fissure p>allel to our l9e ( m>*4 ,! lay] ( sn[ _h be5 9 a /ate ( /ra91 :i* our cross+ br\ght to a crisis3 x gave way1 b hav+ ?us reliev$ itself x did n desc5d4 ,sev]al times dur+ ! asc5t ! same ph5om5on occurr$4 ,once1 :ile engag$ ^u a v /eep slope1 "o ( ! m5 cri$ out to ! lead]1 ,arretez6 ,imm$iately 9 front ( ! latt] ! sn[ _h giv5 way1 =m+ a zigzag fissure across ! slope4 ,we all paus$1 expect+ to see an avalan*e desc5d4 ,tairraz 0 9 front2 he /ruck ! sn[ ) 8 baton to loos5 x1 b see+ x indispos$ to desc5d he advanc$ cauti\sly across x1 & 0 foll[$ by ! o!rs4 ,i br\ght up ! re>4 ,! /eepness ( ! m\nta9 side at ?is place1 & ! abs5ce ( any object to :i* "o might cl+1 w\ld h r5d]$ a desc5t ) ! sn[ 9 ! la/ degree p]il\s1 & we all felt m at ease :5 a safe foot+ 0 secur$ at ! fur!r side ( ! incl9e4 ,at ! spr+1 :i* %[$ a little wat]1 ! m5 paus$ to h a morsel ( bread4 ,! w9d _h *ang$1 ! air 0 cle>+1 & our hopes bright5+4 ,z we asc5d$ ! atmosph]e w5t ?r\gh "s extraord9>y mutations4 ,cl\ds at fir/ ga!r$ r\nd ! ,aiguille & ,dome du ,g\t]1 ca/+ ! l[] slopes ( ! m\nta9 into int5se gloom4 ,aft] a little "t all ?is cle>$ away1 & ! beams ( ! sun /rik+ deta*$ pieces ( ! slopes & summits produc$ an extraord9>y effect4 ,! ,aiguille & ,dome 7 mo/ s+ul>ly illum9$1 & to ! extreme left rose ! :ite conical hump ( ! ,drom$>y1 f :i* a long /ream] ( sn[-du/ 0 c>ri$ s\?w>d by ! w9d4 ,! ,aiguille du ,dru1 :i* _h be5 completely mantl$ dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! day1 n[ ?rew (f its cloak ( vap\r & rose 9 mo/ solemn maje/y be=e u2 half ( its granite cone 0 w>mly illum9at$1 & half 9 %ad[4 ,! w9d 0 high 9 ! upp] regions1 &1 cat*+ ! dry sn[ :i* re/$ on ! asp]ities & l$ges ( ! ,aiguille1 %ook x out l a va/ bann] 9 ! air4 ,! *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! gr&eur :i* !y by turns reveal$ & conceal$1 depriv$ ! asc5t ( all we>9ess4 ,we 7 usually flank$ "r & left by p9es1 b once betwe5 ! f\nta9 & ! ,montanv]t we _h to cross a wide un%elt]$ portion ( ! m\nta9 :i* 0 q cov]$ ) ! sn[ ( rec5t avalan*es4 ,?is 0 lumpy & f> m coh]5t ?an ! undi/urb$ sn[4 ,we took advantage ( ?is1 & climb$ zigzag ov] ! avalan*es = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 ?us rea*+ ! opposite p9es at a po9t consid]ably high] ?an ! pa?4 ,?is1 ?\gh n ! lea/ dang]\s1 0 ! lea/ fatigu+ "p ( ! asc5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,col\r ,,( ,,sn[4 #ahei4 ,i frequ5tly exam9$ ! col\r ( ! sn[3 ?\gh fre%1 its blue t9t 0 by no means s pron\nc$ z ,i h se5 x on o!r occasions2 /ill x 0 beautiful4 ,! col\r is1 no d\bt1 due to ! optical rev]b]ations :i* occur )9 a fissure or cavity =m$ 9 ! sn[4 ,! light is s5t f side to side1 ea* "t plung+ a little way into ! mass2 & be+ eject$ f x by reflection1 x ?us und]goes a sift+ process1 & f9ally rea*es ! eye z blue light4 ,! pres5ce ( any object :i* cuts (f ?is cross-fire ( ! light de/roys ! col\r4 ,i made conical ap]tures 9 ! sn[1 9 "s cases ?ree feet deep1 a foot wide at ! m\?1 & tap]+ d[n to ! wid? ( my baton4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 plac$ along ! axis ( su* a cone1 ! blue light :i* _h previ\sly fill$ ! cavity disappe>$2 on ! )drawal ( ! baton x 0 foll[$ by ! light1 & ?us by mov+ ! /aff up & d[n its motions 7 foll[$ by ! alt]nate appe>ance & ext9ction ( ! light4 ,i h said t ! holes made 9 ! sn[ seem$ fill$ ) a blue light1 & x c]ta9ly appe>$ z if ! air conta9$ 9 ! cavities _h itself be5 col\r$1 & !reby r5d]$ visible1 ! vision plung+ into x z into a blue m$ium4 ,ano!r fact is p]haps wor? notice3 sn[ r>ely lies s smoo? z n to pres5t little asp]ities at its surface2 little ridges or hillocks1 ) little holl[s betwe5 !m4 ,su* small holl[s resemble1 9 "s degree1 ! cavities :i* ,i made 9 ! sn[1 & f !m1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 a delicate light 0 s5t to ! eye1 fa9tly t9t$ ) ! pure blue ( ! sn[-cry/als4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! spots ?us illum9at$1 ! little protub]ances 7 gray4 ,! portions mo/ expos$ to ! light seem$ lea/ illum9at$1 & _! defect 9 ?is respect made !m appe> z if a light-br[n du/ _h be5 /rewn ov] !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,montanv]t ,,9 ,,w9t]4 #ahei4 ,aft] five h\rs & a half ( h>d "w we rea*$ ! ,montanv]t4 ,i _h (t5 se5 x ) pleasure4 ,(t51 hav+ sp5t ! day alone amid ! s]acs ( ! ,col du ,geant1 on turn+ ! promontory ( ,trelaporte on my way home1 ! sight ( ! little mansion has gladd5$ me1 & giv5 me vig\r to scamp] d[n ! glaci]1 kn[+ t pleasant faces & :olesome f>e 7 await+ me4 ,?is day1 also1 ! sight ( x 0 mo/ welcome1 despite its desolation4 ,! w9d _h swept r\nd ! aub]ge1 & c>ri$ away its sn[-buttresses1 pil+ ! mass ?us displac$ aga9/ ! adjac5t %$s1 to ! ro(s ( :i* "o might /ep f ! surface ( ! sn[4 ,! floor ( ! little *ateau 9 :i* ,i lodg$ 9 #aheg 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 & on x 7 ! fre% footm>ks ( a little animal--a m>mot might h made su* m>ks1 _h n ! m>mots be5 all asleep--:at ! creature 0 ,i d n "k4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cry/al ,,curta94 #ahei4 ,9 ! application ( h] own pr9ciples1 ,nature (t5 transc5ds ! human imag9ation2 h] acts are bold] ?an our pr$ictions4 ,x is ?us ) ! motion ( glaci]s2 x 0 ?us at ! ,montanv]t on ! day n[ ref]r$ to4 ,! floors1 ev5 :]e ! w9d[s appe>$ well clos$1 7 cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( f9e sn[2 & "s ( ! mattresses 9 ! b$rooms 7 coat$ to ! dep? ( half an in* ) ?is f9e p[d]4 ,giv5 a *9k ?r\gh :i* ! f9e/ du/ c pass1 dry sn[ appe>s compet5t to make its way ?r\gh ! same fissure4 ,x _h also be5 beat5 aga9/ ! w9d[s1 & clung !re l a ribb$ drap]y4 ,9 "o case an effect s s+ul> 0 exhibit$1 t ,i d\bt$ my eyes :5 ,i fir/ saw x4 ,9 front ( a l>ge pane ( glass1 & q deta*$ f x1 save at its upp] edge1 0 a fe/oon$ curta9 =m$ entirely ( m9ute ice-cry/als4 ,x appe>$ to be z f9e z musl92 ! ease ( its curves & ! dep? ( its folds be+ su* z c\ld n be excell$ by ! int5tional arrangem5t ( ord9>y gauze4 ,! fro/-figures on "s ( ! w9d[-panes 7 also ( ! mo/ extraord9>y "*3 9 "s cases !y ext5d$ ov] l>ge spaces1 & pres5t$ ! appe>ance :i* we (t5 obs]ve 9 ,london2 b on o!r panes !y occurr$ 9 deta*$ clu/]s1 or 9 s+le fl[]s1 ^! gr\p+ !mselves toge!r to =m m9iature b\quets ( inimitable beauty4 ,i plac$ my w>m h& aga9/ a pane :i* 0 cov]$ by ! cry/allization1 & melt$ ! fro/work :i* clung to x4 ,i !n )drew my h& & look$ at ! film ( liquid ?r\gh a pocket-l5s4 ,! glass cool$ by contact ) ! air1 & aft] a "t ! film comm5c$ to move at "o ( its edges2 atom clos$ ) atom1 & ! motion ran 9 liv+ l9es ?r\gh ! pellicle1 until f9ally ! entire film pres5t$ ! beauty & delicacy ( an organism4 ,! connexion betwe5 su* objects & :at we are accu/om$ to call ! feel+s may n be manife/1 b x is nev]!less true t1 besides appeal+ to ! pure intellect ( man1 ^! exquisite productions c also gladd5 8 he>t & moi/5 8 eyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace ,,9 ,,w9t]4 #ahei4 ,! glaci] excit$ ! admiration ( u all3 n z 9 summ]1 %runk & sulli$ l a sp5t reptile1 /eam+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun2 its froz5 muscles 7 compact1 /r5g? & beauty 7 associat$ 9 its aspect4 ,at "s places x 0 pure & smoo?2 at o!rs froz5 f9s arose f x1 high1 /eep1 & %>ply cre/$4 ,d[n ! opposite m\nta9 side arre/$ /reams set !mselves erect 9 successive t]races1 ! fronts ( :i* 7 flut$ pill>s ( ice4 ,!re 0 no s\nd ( wat]2 ev5 ! ,nant ,blanc1 :i* gu%es f a spr+1 & :i* "s describe z p]man5t ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 %[$ no trace ( exi/5ce4 ,f ! ,montanv]t to ,trelaporte ! ,m] de ,glace 0 all 9 %ad[2 b ! sunbeams p\r+ d[n ! corridor ( ! ,geant rul$ a beam ( light across ! glaci] at its upp] portion1 smote ! base ( ! ,aiguille du ,mo9e1 & flood$ ! m\nta9 ) glory to its cre/4 ,at ! opposite side ( ! valley 0 ! ,aiguille du ,dru1 ) a bann]et ( sn[ /ream+ f its mighty cone4 ,! ,gr&e ,jorasse1 & ! range ( summits betwe5 x & ! ,aiguille du ,geant1 7 all 9 view1 & ! ,*>moz rais$ its precipit\s cliffs to ! "r1 & pi]c$ ) its spl9t]-l p9nacles ! cle> cold air4 ,z ! night drew on1 ! m\nta9s seem$ to close 9 ^u u2 & on look+ out be=e retir+ to re/1 a sc5e s solemn _h nev] be=e pres5t$ itself to my eyes or affect$ my imag9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,night4 #ahei4 ,my m5 occupi$ ! aft]noon ( ! day ( our arrival 9 mak+ a prelim9>y essay ^u ! glaci] :ile ,i prep>$ my in/rum5ts4 ,to ! p]son :om ,i int5d$ to fix my /ations1 ?ree o!rs 7 atta*$ by s\nd ropes ( consid]able l5g?4 ,hidd5 crevasses we knew 7 to be enc\nt]$1 & we _h made due prep>ation = !m4 ,?r\gh\t ! aft]noon ! wea!r rema9$ f9e1 & at night ! />s %one out1 b /ill ) a feeble lu/re4 ,i c\ld notice a turbidity ga!r+ 9 ! air ov] ! range ( ! ,brev5t1 :i* seem$ dispos$ to ext5d itself t[>ds u4 ,at night ,i plac$ a *air 9 ! middle ( ! sn[1 at "s di/ance f ! h\se1 & laid on x a regi/]+ !rmomet]4 ,a b\ntiful fire ( p9e logs 0 made 9 ! salle a mang]2 a mattress 0 plac$ ) its foot t[>ds ! fire1 its middle l9e bisect+ ! "r angle 9 :i* ! fireplace /ood2 ?is be+ f\nd by exp]im5t to be ! position 9 :i* ! draughts f ! door & f ! w9d[s mo/ effectually neutraliz$ ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is region ( calms ,i lay d[n1 & cov]+ myself ) blankets & duvets1 li/5$ to ! crackl+ ( ! logs1 & wat*$ _! ruddy flick] ^u ! walls1 until ,i fell asleep4 ,! w9d rose dur+ ! night1 & %ook ! w9d[s3 "o pane 9 p>ticul> seem$ set 9 unison to ! gu/s1 & respond$ to !m by a l\d & melodi\s vibration4 ,i rose & w$g$ x r\nd ) s\s & p5ny pieces1 & ?us qu5*$ its untimely music4 ,decemb] #bh?4--,we 7 up be=e ! dawn4 ,tairraz put my fire 9 ord]1 & ,i !n rose4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room at a di/ance ( eight feet f ! fire 0 two degrees ( ,c5tigrade bel[ z]o2 ! l[e/ temp]ature outside 0 elev5 degrees ( ,c5tigrade bel[ z]o1--n at all an excessive cold4 ,! cl\ds inde$ _h1 dur+ ! night1 ?r[n va/ diaphragms across ! sky1 & ?us prev5t$ ! escape ( ! e>?'s heat into space4 ,:ile my assi/ants 7 prep>+ breakfa/ ,i _h "t to inspect ! glaci] & its b\nd+ heights4 ,on look+ up ! ,m] de ,glace1 ! ,gr&e ,jorasse meets ! view1 ris+ 9 /eep outl9e f ! wall ( cliffs :i* t]m9ates ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud4 ,beh9d ?is /eep asc5d+ ridge1 :i* is %[n on ! frontispiece1 & ^u x1 a s]ies ( cl\ds _h rang$ !mselves1 /ret*+ lightly along ! ridge at "s places1 & at o!rs collect+ into ganglia4 ,a /r+ ( rosettes 0 ?us =m$ :i* 7 connect$ toge!r by gauzy filam5ts4 ,! portion ( ! heav5s beh9d ! ridge 0 ne> ! doma9 ( ! ris+ sun1 & :5 he cle>$ ! horizon 8 r$ light fell ^u ! cl\ds1 & ignit$ !m to ruddy flames4 ,"s ( ! light] cl\ds d\bl$ r\nd ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & swa!d its black crags ) a ve/m5t ( transp>5t r$4 ,! adjac5t sky wore a /range & sup]natural air2 inde$ !re 0 some?+ 9 ! :ole sc5e :i* baffl$ analysis1 & ! words ( ,t5nyson rose to my lips z ,i gaz$ ^u x3-- ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,rose ,,( ,,dawn4 #ahei4 ,god made ,himself an awful rose ( dawn4 ,i h spok5 sev]al times ( ! cl\d-flag :i* ! w9d waft$ f ! summit ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru4 ,on ! pres5t occasion ?is gr& bann] rea*$ extraord9>y dim5sions4 ,x 0 br9dl$ 9 "s places z if :ipp$ into curds by ! w9d2 b ?r\gh ^! cont9u\s /ream]s 7 drawn1 :i* 7 b5t into s9uosities resembl+ a wav+ flag at a ma/-head4 ,all ?is 0 n[ illum9at$ ) ! sun's r$ rays1 :i* also fr+$ ) fire ! expos$ edges & p9nacles bo? ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru & ! ,aiguille ,v]te4 ,?us ris+ out ( ! %ade ( ! valley ! m\nta9s burn$ l a pair ( tor*es1 ! flames ( :i* 7 bl[n half a mile ?r\gh ! air4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! summits ( ! ,aiguilles ,r\ges 7 illum9at$1 & day decl>$ itself op5ly among ! m\nta9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,/akes ,,fix$4 #ahei4 ,b ^! r$ cl\ds ( ! morn+1 magnific5t ?\gh !y 71 sugge/$ ?\ghts :i* t5d$ to qualify ! pleasure :i* !y gave3 !y did n indicate good wea!r4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 !y _h to fight ) d5s] masses1 :i* (t5 prevail$1 swa?+ ! m\nta9s 9 deep neutral t9t1 b :i*1 aga9 yield+1 left ! glory ( ! sunrise augm5t$ by contra/ ) _! gloom4 ,betwe5 eight & n9e ,a4,m4 we comm5c$ ! sett+ out ( our fir/ l9e1 "o ( ^: t]m9i 0 a po9t ab\t a hundr$ y>ds high] up ?an ! ,montanv]t hotel2 a )]$ p9e on ! opposite m\nta9 side m>k+ ! o!r t]m9us4 ,! /akes made use ( 7 f\r feet long4 ,) ! selfsame baton :i* ,i _h employ$ ^u ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg1 & :i* ,simond _h pres]v$1 ! wor?y fell[ n[ took up ! l9e4 ,at "s places ! sn[ 0 v deep1 b its l[] portions 7 suffici5tly compact to all[ ( a /ake be+ firmly fix$ 9 x4 ,at ^? places :]e ! w9d _h remov$ ! sn[ or r5d]$ x ?91 ! ice 0 pi]c$ ) an aug] & ! /ake driv5 into x4 ,! greate/ caution 0 ( c\rse necess>y on ! "p ( ! m52 !y 7 9 ! mid/ ( conceal$ crevasses1 & s\nd+ 0 ess5tial at e /ep4 ,by degrees !y )drew f me1 & approa*$ ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! glaci]1 :]e ! ice 0 greatly dislocat$1 & ! lab\r ( wad+ ?r\gh ! sn[ enorm\s4 ,long det\rs 7 sometimes necess>y to rea* a requir$ po9t2 b !y 7 all accompli%$1 & we at l5g? succe$$ 9 fix+ elev5 /akes along ?is l9e1 ! mo/ di/ant ( :i* 0 )9 ab\t eighty y>ds ( ! opposite side ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/orm ,,on ,,! ,,glaci]4 #ahei4 ,! m5 return$1 & ,i consult$ !m z to ! possibility ( gett+ a l9e across at ! ,ponts2 b ?is 0 judg$ to be impossible 9 ! "t4 ,we ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t a second l9e might be /ak$ out at "s di/ance bel[ ! ,montanv]t4 ,i took ! !odolite d[n ! m\nta9-slope1 wad+ at times brea/-deep 9 sn[1 & hav+ select$ a l9e1 ! m5 ti$ !mselves toge!r z be=e1 & comm5c$ ! /ak+ out4 ,! "w 0 sl[ly b /eadily & /eadfa/ly done4 ,! air d>k5$2 angry cl\ds ga!r$ ar\nd ! m\nta9s1 & at times ! glaci] 0 swept by wild squalls4 ,! m5 7 sometimes hidd5 f me by ! cl\ds ( sn[ :i* envelop$ !m1 b betwe5 ^? int]mitt5t gu/s !re 7 int]vals ( repose1 :i* enabl$ u to prosecute our "w4 ,?is l9e 0 m difficult ?an ! fir/ "o2 ! glaci] 0 brok5 into %>p-edg$ *asms2 ! ridges to be climb$ 7 /eep1 & ! sn[ :i* fill$ ! depressions pr(\nd4 ,! oblique arrangem5t ( ! crevasses also magnifi$ ! lab\r by increas+ ! circuits4 ,i saw ! lead] ( ! p>ty (t5 %\ld]-deep 9 sn[1 tread+ ! s(t mass z a swimm] walks 9 wat]1 & ,i felt a wi% to be at 8 side to *e] him & to %>e 8 toil4 ,ea* man !re1 h[ev]1 knew my will+ness to d ?is if occasion requir$ x1 & wr\ght cont5t$4 ,at l5g? ! la/ /ake be+ fix$1 ! faces ( ! m5 7 turn$ homew>d4 ,! ev5+ became wild]1 & ! /orm rose at times to a hurricane4 ,on ! m level portions ( ! glaci] ! sn[ lay deep & un%elt]$2 among its froz5 waves & ^u its m dislocat$ portions x _h be5 p>tially engulf$1 & ! residue 0 m or less 9 %elt]4 ,ov] ! =m] spaces d5se cl\ds ( sn[ rose1 :irl+ 9 ! air & cutt+ (f all view ( ! glaci]4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! ,m] de ,glace 0 ?us divid$ into cle> & cl\dy segm5ts1 & pres5t$ an aspect ( wild & wond]ful turmoil4 ,a l>ge p9e /ood ne> me1 ) its l[e/ bran* spread out ^u ! surface ( ! sn[2 on ?is bran* ,i seat$ myself1 &1 %elt]$ by ! trunk1 wait$ until ,i saw my m5 9 safety4 ,! w9d caught ! bran*es ( ! trees1 %ook d[n _! loads ( sn[1 & toss$ x wildly 9 ! air4 ,e m\nta9 gave a quota to ! /orm4 ,! sc5e 0 "o ( mo/ impressive gr&eur1 & ! moan ( ! adjac5t p9es *im$ 9 noble h>mony ) ! picture :i* address$ ! eyes4 ,at l5g? we all f\nd ourselves 9 safety )9 doors4 ,! w9d[s %ook viol5tly4 ,! tempe/ 0 h[ev] int]mitt5t ?r\gh\t1 z if at ea* ef=t x _h exhau/$ itself1 & requir$ "t to recov] its /r5g?4 ,z ,i he>d its h]ald+ ro> 9 ! gullies ( ! m\nta9s1 & its subsequ5t onset aga9/ our habitation1 ,i ?\ght wi/fully ( my /ations1 n kn[+ :e!r !y w\ld be able to reta9 _! positions 9 ! face ( su* a bla/4 ,t night h[ev]1 z if ! /orm _h sung our lullaby1 we all slept pr(\ndly1 hav+ arrang$ to comm5ce our measurem5ts z e>ly z light p]mitt$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,sid5ote3 ,,heavy ,,sn[4 #ahei4 ,?ursday1 #bi? ,decemb]4--,sn[1 heavy sn[3 x mu/ h desc5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire night2 ! quantity fre%ly fall5 is s great2 ! atmosph]e at sev5 o'clock is ?ick ) ! desc5d+ flakes4 ,at eight o'clock x cle>$ up a little1 & ,i proce$$ to my /ation1 :ile ! m5 advanc$ ^u ! glaci]2 b ,i _h sc>cely fix$ my !odolite :5 ! /orm recomm5c$4 ,i _h a man to cle> away ! sn[ & o!rwise assi/ me2 he procur$ an old door f ! hotel1 & by re>+ x ^u its end %elt]$ ! object-glass ( ! in/rum5t4 ,add$ to ! flakes desc5d+ f ! cl\ds 0 ! spitt+ sn[-du/ rais$ by ! w9d1 :i* = a "t s bl9d$ me t ,i 0 unable to see ! glaci]4 ,! measurem5t ( ! fir/ /ake 0 v t$i\s1 b practice aft]w>ds enabl$ me to take advantage ( ! brief lulls & p]iods ( p>tial cle>ness ) :i* ! /orm 0 int]fus$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,man ,,9 ,a ,,crevasse4 #ahei4 ,at n9e o'clock my telescope happ5$ to be direct$ ^u ! m5 z !y /ruggl$ ?r\gh ! sn[2 all evid5ce ( ! deep track :i* !y _h =m$ ye/]day hav+ be5 swept away4 ,i saw ! lead] s9k & sudd5ly disappe>4 ,he _h /ood ov] a conceal$ fissure1 ! ro( ( :i* _h giv5 way & he _h dropp$ 94 ,i obs]v$ a rapid movem5t on ! "p ( ! rema9+ ?ree m53 !y gr\p$ !mselves beside ! fissure1 & 9 a mom5t ! miss+ man 0 drawn f betwe5 its jaws4 ,8 disappe>ance & reappe>ance 7 bo? extraord9>y4 ,we _h1 z ,i h /at$1 provid$ = cont+5cies ( ?is k9d1 & ! man's rescue 0 almo/ imm$iate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,six-,,ray$ ,,cry/als4 #ahei4 ,my att5dant br\ght two poles f ! hotel :i* we ?ru/ obliquely into ! sn[1 caus+ ! free ends to cross ea* o!r2 ov] ^! a blanket 0 ?r[n1 beh9d :i* ,i %elt]$ myself f ! /orm z ! m5 proce$$ f /ake to /ake4 ,at #i4cj ! /orm 0 s ?ick t ,i 0 unable to see ! m5 at ! /ake :i* !y _h rea*$ at ! "t2 ! flakes sp$ wildly 9 _! oblique c\rse across ! field ( ! telescope4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ! air became q /ill1 & ! sn[ und]w5t a wond]ful *ange4 ,froz5 fl[]s simil> to ^? ,i _h obs]v$ on ,monte ,rosa fell 9 myriads4 ,= a long "t ! flakes 7 :olly compos$ ( ^! exquisite blossoms entangl$ toge!r4 ,on ! surface ( my wooll5 dress !y 7 s(t z d[n2 ! sn[ itself on :i* !y fell seem$ cov]$ by a lay] ( d[n2 :ile my coat 0 completely spangl$ ) six-ray$ />s4 ,& ?us prodigal ,nature ra9$ d[n beauty1 & _h done s "h = ages unse5 by man4 ,& yet "s flatt] !mselves ) ! idea t ?is _w 0 plann$ ) /rict ref]5ce to human use2 t ! lilies ( ! field exi/ simply to appeal to ! s5se ( ! beautiful 9 man4 ,true1 ?is result is secur$1 b x is "o ( a ?\s& all equally important 9 ! eyes ( ,nature4 ,:5ce ^? froz5 blossoms8 ,:y = aeons wa/$8 ,! "q rem9ds "o ( ! poet's answ] :5 ask$ :5ce 0 ! ,rhodora3-- ,:y w]t ?\ !re1 ,o rival ( ! rose8 ,i nev] ?\ght to ask1 ,i nev] knew2 ,b 9 my simple ignorance suppose ,! selfsame p[] t br\ght me !re br\ght y6,a ,i sket*$ "s ( ! cry/als1 b1 in/ead ( reproduc+ ^! sket*es1 :i* 7 r\gh & ha/y1 ,i h annex$ two ( ! =ms drawn ) s mu* skill & pati5ce by ,mr4 ,glai%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,sn[ ,cry/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,sn[ ,cry/als4 ,we complet$ ! measurem5t ( ! fir/ l9e be=e elev5 o'clock1 & ,i felt great satisfaction 9 ! ?\ght t ,i possess$ some?+ ( :i* ! wea!r c\ld n deprive me4 ,z ,i clos$ my note-book & %ift$ ! in/rum5t to ! second /ation1 ,i felt t my exp$ition 0 already a success4 ,at a qu>t] pa/ elev5 ,i _h my !odolite aga9 fix$1 & rang+ ! telescope along ! l9e ( pickets1 ,i saw !m all /&+4 ,cross+ ! ice wild]ness1 & sugge/+ ! op]ation ( intellig5ce amid t sc5e ( desolation1 _! appe>ance 0 pleasant to me4 ,j be=e ,i comm5c$1 a solit>y jay p]*$ ^u ! summit ( an adjac5t p9e & wat*$ me4 ,! air 0 /ill at ! "t1 & ! sn[ fell heavily4 ,! fl[]s moreov] 7 magnific5t1 v>y+ f ab\t ! tw5tie? ( an in* to two l9es 9 diamet]1 :ile1 fall+ ?r\gh ! quiet air1 _! =ms 7 p]fect4 ,adjac5t to my !odolite 0 a /ump ( p9e1 f :i* ,i _h ! sn[ remov$1 9 ord] to h some?+ to kick my toes aga9/ :5 !y became cold2 & on ! /ump 0 plac$ a blanket to be us$ z a scre5 9 case ( ne$4 ,:ile ,i rema9$ at ! /ation a lay] ( sn[ an in* ?ick fell ^u ?is blanket1 ! :ole lay] be+ compos$ ( ^! exquisite fl[]s4 ,! atmosph]e also 0 fill$ ) !m4 ,f ! cl\ds to ! e>? ,nature 0 busy m>%all+ h] atoms1 & putt+ to %ame by ! beauty ( h] /ructures ! comp>ative b>b>ities ( ,art4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s\nd ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sn[-,,/orm4 #ahei4 ,my m5 at l5g? rea*$ ! fir/ /ation1 & ! measurem5t comm5c$4 ,! /orm drift$ up ! valley1 ?ick5+ all ! air z x approa*$4 ,d5s] & d5s] ! flakes fell2 b /ill1 ) c>e & tact ,i 0 able to foll[ my p>ty to a di/ance ( #hjj y>ds4 ,i _h n ?\ght x possible to see s f> ?r\gh s d5se a /orm4 ,at ?is di/ance also my voice c\ld be he>d1 & my in/ructions und]/ood2 = once1 z ! man :o took up ! l9e /ood beh9d 8 baton & prev5t$ its projection aga9/ ! :ite sn[1 ,i call$ out to him to /& aside1 & he promptly did s4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire measurem5t ! sn[ nev] ceas$ fall+1 & "s ( ! illusions :i* x produc$ 7 extremely s+ul>4 ,! di/ant b\nd>y ( ! glaci] appe>$ to rise to an extraord9>y height1 & ! m5 wad+ ?r\gh ! sn[ appe>$ z if climb+ up a wall4 ,! lab\r along ?is l9e 0 /ill great] ?an on ! =m]2 on ! /eep] slopes especially ! toil 0 great2 = "h ! ef=t ( ! lead] to lift 8 own body add$ itself to t ( cutt+ 8 way ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,8 foot+ ,i c\ld see (t5 yield$1 & he slid back1 *eck+ 8 recession1 h[ev]1 by /ill plung+ =w>d2 ?us1 ?\gh ! limbs 7 incessantly ex]t$1 x 01 = a "t1 a m]e motion ( vibration )\t any s5sible translation4 ,at ! la/ /ake ! m5 %\t$1 ,n\s avons f9is6 & ,i di/9ctly he>d !m ?r\gh ! fall+ sn[4 ,by ?is "t ,i 0 q cov]$ ) ! cry/als :i* clung to my wrapp]4 ,!y also =m$ a heap ^u my !odolite1 ris+ ov] ! _s-levels & embrac+ ! l[] portion ( ! v]tical arc4 ,! "w 0 done2 ,i /ruck my !odolite & asc5d$ to ! hotel2 ! greate/ dep? ( sn[ ?r\gh :i* ,i wad$ rea*+1 :5 ,i /ood erect1 to )9 ?ree in*es ( my brea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,swift ,,desc5t4 #ahei4 ,! m5 return$2 d9n] 0 prep>$ & consum$2 ! disord] :i* we _h creat$ made good2 ! rooms 7 swept1 ! mattresses replac$1 & ! %utt]s fa/5$1 :]e ?is 0 possible4 ,we lock$ up ! h\se1 & ) light he>ts & li! limbs comm5c$ ! desc5t4 ,my aim n[ 0 to rea* ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron1 to exam9e ! wat] & inspect ! vault4 ,) ?is view we w5t /raight d[n ! m\nta94 ,! incl9ations 7 (t5 extremely /eep1 & d[n ^! we swept ) an avalan*e-velocity2 inde$ usually accompani$ by an avalan*e ( our own creation4 ,on "o occasion ,balmat 0 = a mom5t ov]:elm$ by ! desc5d+ mass3 ! guides 7 />tl$1 b he em]g$ in/antly4 ,tairraz foll[$ him1 & ,i foll[$ ,tairraz1 all ( u roll+ 9 ! sn[ at ! bottom ( ! slope z if x 7 s mu* fl\r4 ,my practice on ! ,f9/]a>horn r5d]$ me at home "h4 ,"o ( ! port]s c\ld by no means be induc$ to try ?is fly+ mode ( desc5t4 ,simond c>ri$ my !odolite box1 ti$ ^u a crot*et on 8 back2 & once1 :ile %oot+ d[n a slope1 he incauti\sly all[$ a foot to get entangl$2 8 mom5tum roll$ him ov] & ov] d[n ! incl9e1 ! !odolite em]g+ p]iodically f ! sn[ dur+ 8 successive revolutions4 ,a succession ( glissades br\ght u ) amaz+ cel]ity to ! bottom ( ! m\nta91 :5ce we pick$ our way amid ! cov]$ b\ld]s & ov] ! conceal$ arms ( ! /ream to ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron4 ,! quantity ( wat] issu+ f ! vault 0 consid]able1 & its "* t ( true glaci] wat]4 ,x 0 turbid ) susp5d$ matt]1 ?\gh n s turbid z 9 summ]2 b ! diff]5ce 9 =ce & quantity w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! great] summ] turbidity4 ,?is "* ( ! wat] c\ld only be due to ! gr9d+ motion ( ! glaci] ^u its b$2 a motion :i* seems n to be susp5d$ ev5 9 ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 ! t5? ( a degree ,c5tigrade above z]o2 t ( ! ice 0 half a degree bel[ z]o3 ?is 0 also ! temp]ature ( ! air1 :ile t ( ! sn[1 :i* 9 "s places cov]$ ! ice-blocks1 0 a degree & a qu>t] bel[ z]o4 ,sid5ote3 ,,vault ,,( ,,! ,,arveiron4 #ahei4 ,! entrance to ! vault 0 =m$ by an ar* ( ice :i* _h deta*$ itself f ! g5]al mass ( ! glaci] beh9d3 betwe5 !m 0 a space ?r\gh :i* we c\ld look to ! sky above4 ,beyond ?is ! cave n>r[$1 & we f\nd ourselves /eep$ 9 ! blue light ( ! ice4 ,! ro( ( ! inn] ar* 0 p]=at$ at "o place by a %aft ab\t a y>d wide1 :i* ran v]tically to ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,wat] _h run d[n ! sides ( ?is %aft1 &1 be+ re-froz5 bel[1 =m$ a composite pill> ( icicles at lea/ tw5ty feet high & a y>d ?ick1 /ret*+ q f ro( to floor4 ,!y 7 all unit$ to a common surface at "o side1 b at ! o!r !y =m$ a s]ies ( flut+s ( exce$+ beauty4 ,?is gr\p ( columns 0 b5t at its base z if x _h yield$ to ! =w>d motion ( ! glaci]1 or to ! weight ( ! ar* ov]head4 ,pass+ ov] a numb] ( l>ge ice-blocks :i* p>tially fill$ ! int]ior ( ! vault1 we rea*$ its extremity1 & "h f\nd a slop+ passage ) a p]fect ar* ( cry/al ov]head1 & lead+ by a /eep gradi5t to ! air above4 ,?is s+ul> gall]y 0 ab\t sev5ty feet long1 & 0 floor$ ) sn[4 ,we crept up x1 & f ! summit desc5d$ by a glissade to ! frontal portion ( ! cav]n4 ,to me ?is cry/al cave1 ) ! blue light gli/5+ f its walls1 pres5t$ an aspect ( magical beauty4 ,my delight1 h[ev]1 0 tame comp>$ ) t ( my companions4 ,sid5ote3 ,,maje/ic ,,sc5e4 #ahei4 ,look+ f ! blue ar* we/w>ds1 ! heav5s 7 se5 fill$ by crimson cl\ds1 ) fi]y outli]s rea*+ up to ! z5i?4 ,on quitt+ ! vault ,i turn$ to h a la/ look at ^? noble s5t9els ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 ! ,aiguille du ,dru1 & ! ,aiguille ,v]te4 ,! glaci] bel[ ! m\nta9s 0 9 %ad[1 & its froz5 precipices ( a deep cold blue4 ,f ?is1 z f a basis1 ! m\nta9 cones sprang /eeply heav5w>d1 meet+ half way d[n ! fi]y light ( ! s9k+ sun4 ,! "r-h& slopes & edges ( bo? pyramids burn$ 9 ?is light1 :ile deta*$ protub]ant masses also caught ! blaze1 & mottl$ ! m\nta9s ) effulg5t spaces4 ,a range ( m9or peaks ran slant+ d[nw>ds f ! summit ( ! ,aiguille ,v]te2 "s ( ^! 7 cov]$ ) sn[1 & %one z if illum9at$ ) ! deep crimson ( a /rontian flame4 ,i 0 absolutely /ruck dumb by ! extraord9>y maje/y ( ?is sc5e1 & wat*$ x sil5tly till ! r$ light fad$ f ! highe/ summits4 ,?us end$ my w9t] exp$ition to ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,next morn+1 />t+ at ?ree o'clock1 ,i 0 driv5 by my two guides 9 an op5 sl$ge to ,sall5*es4 ,! ra9 0 pitiless & ! road abom9able4 ,! di/ance1 ,i believe1 is only six leagues1 b x took u five h\rs to accompli% x4 ,! lead+ mule 0 beyond ! rea* ( ,simond's :ip1 & prov$ a m]e ob/ructive2 dur+ "p ( ! way x 0 unloos$1 ti$ to ! sl$ge1 & dragg$ aft] x4 ,simond aft]w>ds m\nt$ ! h9dmo/ bea/ & br\ght 8 :ip to be> ^u ! lead]1 ! j]k+ he endur$ = an h\r & a half seem$ almo/ suffici5t to dislocate 8 bones4 ,we rea*$ ,sall5*es half an h\r late1 b ! dilig5ce 0 beh9d its "t by ?is exact int]val4 ,we met x on ! ,pont ,/4 ,m>t91 & ,i transf]r$ myself f ! sl$ge to ! int]ior4 ,?is 0 ! morn+ ( ! #cj? ( ,decemb]1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! #a/ ( ,janu>y ,i 0 9 ,london4 ,sid5ote3 ,,my ,,assi/ants4 #ahei4 ,i _c f9i% ?is recital )\t say+ "o ^w ab\t my m54 ,_! behavi\r 0 admirable ?r\gh\t4 ,! lab\r 0 enorm\s1 b x 0 manfully & *e]fully done4 ,i "k ,simond well2 he is intellig5t1 tru?ful1 & affectionate1 & !re is no guide ( my acqua9tance = :om ,i h a /rong] reg>d4 ,joseph ,tairraz is an extremely intellig5t & able guide1 & on ?is try+ occasion prov$ himself wor?y ( my highe/ praise & comm5dation4 ,_! two companions ^u ! glaci]1 ,ed\>d ,balmat 7le ,petit ,balmat7 & ,joseph ,simond 7fils d',augu/e71 acquitt$ !mselves admirably2 & x also gives me pleasure to be> te/imony to ! will+ & effici5t s]vice ( ,francois ,ravanal1 :o att5d$ ^u me dur+ ! obs]vations4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,em]son4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*iefly ,,sci5tific4 ,ab] im /ill5 ,gema* entwirft b$eut5de ,zirkel ,s9n5d d] ,weise1 bes*lei*t =s*5d d5 s*aff5d5 ,gei/1 ,prueft d] ,/(fe ,gewalt1 d] ,magnete ,hass5 und ,lieb51 ,folgt dur* die ,luefte dem ,klang1 folgt dur* d5 ,ae!r dem ,/rahl1 ,su*t das v]traute ,gesetz 9 des ,zufalls graus5d5 ,wund]n1 ,su*t d5 ruh5d5 ,pol 9 d] ,ers*e9ung5 ,flu*t4 ,s*ill]4 ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,heat4 7#a47 ,sid5ote3 ,,!ories ,,( ,,light4 ,:at is ,light8 ,! anci5ts suppos$ x to be some?+ emitt$ by ! eyes1 & = ages no notion 0 ent]ta9$ t x requir$ "t to pass ?r\gh space4 ,9 ! ye> #afgf ,roem] fir/ prov$ t ! light f ,jupit]'s satellites requir$ a c]ta9 "t to cross ! e>?'s orbit4 ,bradley aft]w>ds f\nd t1 ow+ to ! velocity ) :i* ! e>? flies ?r\gh space1 ! rays ( ! />s are slightly incl9$1 j z ra9-drops :i* desc5d v]tically appe> to meet u :5 we move swiftly ?r\gh ! %[]4 ,9 ,kew ,g>d5s !re is a sun-dial commemorative ( ?is discov]y1 :i* is call$ ! ab]ration ( light4 ,kn[+ ! velocity ( ! e>?1 & ! incl9ation ( ! /ell> rays1 ,bradley 0 able to calculate ! velocity ( light2 & 8 result agrees closely ) t ( ,roem]4 ,cele/ial di/ances 7 "h involv$1 b a few ye>s ago ,m4 ,fizeau1 by an extremely +5i\s contrivance1 det]m9$ ! "t requir$ by light to pass ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #ijjj y>ds2 & 8 exp]im5t is q 9 accordance ) ! results ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b :at is x :i* ?us moves8 ,"s1 & among ! numb] ,newton1 imag9$ light to consi/ ( p>ticles d>t$ out f lum9\s bodies4 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,emission-,!ory1 :i* 0 held by "s ( ! greate/ m53 ,laplace1 = example1 accept$ x2 & ,m4 ,biot has develop$ x ) a lucidity & p[] peculi> to himself4 ,x 0 fir/ oppos$ by ! a/ronom] ,huygh5s1 & aft]w>ds by ,eul]1 bo? ( :om suppos$ light to be a k9d ( undulatory motion2 b !y 7 borne d[n by _! great antagoni/s1 & ! emission-!ory held its gr\nd until ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,?omas ,"y1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 rev]s$ ! sci5tific cre$ by plac+ ! ,!ory ( ,undulation on firm f\ndations4 ,he 0 foll[$ by a "y ,fr5*man ( extraord9>y g5ius1 :o1 by ! =ce ( 8 logic & ! conclusiv5ess ( 8 exp]im5ts1 left ! ,wave-,!ory )\t a competitor4 ,! "n ( ?is "y ,fr5*man 0 ,augu/9 ,fresnel4 ,s9ce 8 "t "s ( ! able/ m9ds 9 ,europe h be5 appli$ to ! inve/igation ( ?is subject2 & ?us a ma/]y1 almo/ miracul\s1 has be5 atta9$ ov] ! gr&e/ & mo/ subtle ( natural ph5om5a4 ,true k is always fruitful1 & a cle> conception reg>d+ any "o natural ag5t leads infallibly to bett] notions reg>d+ o!rs4 ,?us x is t our k ( light has correct$ & exp&$ our k ( heat1 :ile ! latt]1 9 its turn1 w assur$ly lead u to cle>] conceptions reg>d+ ! o!r =ces ( ,nature4 ,i ?9k x w n be a useless lab\r if ,i "h endeav\r to /ate1 9 a simple mann]1 our pres5t views ( light & heat4 ,su* k is ess5tial to ! explanation ( _m ( ! ph5om5a ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ pages2 & ev5 to ! full compreh5sion ( ! orig9 ( ! glaci]s !mselves4 ,a few rem>ks on ! nature ( s\nd w =m a fit introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nature ,,( ,,s\nd4 ,x is kn[n t s\nd is convey$ to our organs ( he>+ by ! air3 a bell /ruck 9 a vacuum emits no s\nd1 & ev5 :5 ! air is ?9 ! s\nd is enfeebl$4 ,hawksbee prov$ ?is by ! air-pump2 ,de ,saussure fir$ a pi/ol at ! top ( ,mont ,blanc1--,i h repeat$ ! exp]im5t myself1 & f\nd1 ) him1 t ! s\nd is feebl] ?an at ! sea level4 ,s\nd is n produc$ by any?+ project$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! explosion ( a gun1 = example1 is s5t =w>d by a motion ( a totally diff]5t k9d f t :i* animates ! bullet project$ f ! gun3 ! latt] is a motion ( translation2 ! =m]1 "o ( vibration4 ,to use a r\gh comp>ison1 s\nd is project$ ?r\gh ! air z a pu% is ?r\gh a cr[d2 x is ! propagation ( a wave or pulse1 ea* p>ticle tak+ up ! motion ( its neighb\r1 & deliv]+ x on to ! next4 ,^! a]ial waves ent] ! ext]nal e>1 meet a membrane1 ! s-call$ tympanic membrane1 :i* is drawn across ! passage at a c]ta9 place1 & break ^u x z sea-waves d ^u ! %ore4 ,! membrane is %ak51 its tremors are communicat$ to ! auditory n]ve1 & transmitt$ by x to ! bra91 :]e !y produce ! impression to :i* we give ! "n ( s\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cause ,,( ,,music4 ,9 ! tumult ( a city1 pulses ( diff]5t k9ds /rike irregul>ly ^u ! tympanum1 & we call ! effect noise2 b :5 a succession ( impulses rea* ! e> at regul> int]vals we feel ! effect z music4 ,?us1 a vibrat+ /r+ imp>ts a s]ies ( %ocks to ! air ar\nd x1 :i* are transmitt$ ) p]fect regul>ity to ! e>1 & produce a musical note4 ,:5 we he> ! song ( a so>+ l>k we may be sure t ! entire atmosph]e betwe5 u & ! bird is fill$ ) pulses1 or undulations1 or waves1 z !y are (t5 call$1 produc$ by ! little song/]'s organ ( voice4 ,?is organ is a vibrat+ in/rum5t1 resembl+1 9 pr9ciple1 ! re$ ( a cl>ionet4 ,let u suppose t we he> ! song ( a l>k1 elevat$ to a height ( #ejj feet 9 ! air4 ,be=e ?is is possible1 ! bird mu/ h agitat$ a sph]e ( air #ajjj feet 9 diamet]2 t is to say1 x mu/ h communicat$ to #ag1hhh tons ( air a motion suffici5tly int5se to be appreciat$ by our organs ( he>+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cause ,,( ,,pit*4 ,musical s\nds diff] 9 pit*3 "s notes are high & %rill1 o!rs l[ & deep4 ,boys are *os5 z *ori/]s to produce ! %rill notes2 m5 are *os5 to produce ! bass notes4 ,n[1 ! sole diff]5ce "h is1 t ! boy's organ vibrates m rapidly ?an ! man's--x s5ds a great] numb] ( impulses p] second to ! e>4 ,9 l mann]1 a %ort /r+ emits a high] note ?an a long "o1 because x vibrates m quickly4 ,! great] ! numb] ( vibrations :i* any in/rum5t p]=ms 9 a giv5 "t1 ! high] w be ! pit* ( ! note produc$4 ,! reason :y ! hum ( a gnat is %rill] ?an t ( a beetle is t ! w+s ( ! small insect vibrate m quickly ?an ^? ( ! l>g] "o4 ,we c1 ) suitable arrangem5ts1 make ^? sonor\s vibrations visible to ! eye2,a & we also possess in/rum5ts :i* enable u to tell1 ) ! utmo/ exactitude1 ! numb] ( vibrations due to any p>ticul> note4 ,by su* in/rum5ts we le>n t a gnat c execute _m ?\s& flaps ( its little w+s 9 a second ( "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nature ,,( ,,light4 ,9 ! /udy ( nature ! co>s] ph5om5a1 :i* come "u ! cognizance ( ! s5ses1 (t5 sugge/ to u ! f9] ph5om5a :i* come "u ! cognizance ( ! m9d2 & ?us ! vibrations :i* produce s\nd1 & :i*1 z has be5 /at$1 c be r5d]$ visible to ! eye by prop] means1 fir/ sugge/$ t light might be due to a some:at simil> action4 ,?is is n[ ! univ]sal belief4 ,a lum9\s body is suppos$ to h its atoms1 or molecules1 9 a /ate ( int5se vibration4 ,! motions ( ! atoms are suppos$ to be communicat$ to a m$ium suit$ to _! transmission1 z air is to ! transmission ( s\nd4 ,?is m$ium is call$ ! lum9if]\s e!r1 & ! little bill[s excit$ 9 x spe$ ?r\gh x ) amaz+ cel]ity1 ent] ! pupil ( ! eye1 pass ?r\gh ! hum\rs1 & break ^u ! ret9a or optic n]ve1 :i* is spread out at ! back ( ! eye4 ,h5ce ! tremors !y produce are transmitt$ along ! n]ve to ! bra91 :]e !y ann\nce !mselves z light4 ,! swiftness ) :i* ! waves ( light are propagat$ ?r\gh ! e!r1 is h[ev] enorm\sly great] ?an t ) :i* ! waves ( s\nd pass ?r\gh ! air4 ,an a]ial wave ( s\nd travels at ab\t ! rate ( #aajj feet 9 a second3 a wave ( light leaves #aib1jjj miles beh9d x 9 ! same "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cause ,,( ,,col\r4 ,?us1 !n1 9 ! case ( s\nd1 we h ! sonor\s body1 ! air1 & ! auditory n]ve1 conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5on2 9 ! case ( light1 we h ! lum9\s body1 ! e!r1 & ! optic n]ve4 ,! fundam5tal analogy ( s\nd & light is ?us be=e u1 & x is easily rememb]$4 ,b we mu/ pu% ! analogy fur!r4 ,we "k t ! :ite light :i* comes to u f ! sun is made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( col\r$ rays4 ,by refraction ) a prism we c sep>ate ^? rays f ea* o!r1 & arrange !m 9 ! s]ies ( col\rs :i* con/itute ! sol> spectrum4 ,! ra9b[ is an imp]fect or impure spectrum1 produc$ by ! drops ( fall+ ra91 b by prisms we c unravel ! :ite light into pure r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,n[1 ?is spectrum is to ! eye :at ! gamut is to ! e>2 ea* col\r repres5ts a note1 & ! diff]5t col\rs repres5t notes ( diff]5t pit*4 ,! vibrations :i* produce ! impression ( r$ are sl[]1 & ! waves :i* !y produce are long]1 ?an ^? to :i* we owe ! s5sation ( violet2 :ile ! vibrations :i* excite ! o!r col\rs are int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! second gr& analogy betwe5 light & s\nd3 ,col\r answ]s to ,pit*4 ,!re is !re=e tru? 9 ! figure :5 we say t ! g5tian ( ! ,alps s+s a %rill] note ?an ! wild rhodod5dron1 & t ! r$ gl[ ( ! m\nta9s at sunset is ( a l[] pit* ?an ! blue ( ! firmam5t at noon4 ,sid5ote3 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,e!real ,,waves4 ,^! are n fanciful analogies4 ,to ! m9d ( ! philosoph] ^! waves ( e!r are almo/ z palpable & c]ta9 z ! waves ( ! sea1 or ! ripples on ! surface ( a lake4 ,! l5g? ( ! waves1 bo? ( s\nd & light1 & ! numb] ( %ocks :i* !y respectively imp>t to ! e> & eye1 h be5 ! subjects ( ! /ricte/ measurem5t4 ,let u "h g ?r\gh a simple calculation4 ,x has be5 f\nd t #ci1jjj waves ( r$ light plac$ end to end w\ld make up an in*4 ,h[ _m in*es are !re 9 #aib1jjj miles8 ,my y\nge/ read] c make ! calculation = himself1 & f9d ! answ] to be #ab1afe1abj1jjj in*es4 ,x is evid5t t1 if we multiply ?is numb] by #ci1jjj1 we %all obta9 ! numb] ( waves ( r$ light 9 #aib1jjj miles2 ?is numb] is #dgd1dci1fhj1jjj1jjj4 ,all ^! waves ent] ! eye 9 "o second2 ?us ! expression ,i see r$ col\r1 /rictly means1 ,my eye is n[ 9 receipt ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r millions ( millions ( impulses p] second4 ,to produce ! impression ( violet light a /ill great] numb] ( impulses is necess>y2 ! wave-l5g? ( violet is ! #a_/egejj? "p ( an in*1 & ! numb] ( %ocks imp>t$ 9 a second by waves ( ?is l5g? is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 six hundr$ & n9ety-n9e millions ( millions4 ,! o!r col\rs ( ! spectrum1 z already /at$1 rise gradually 9 pit* f ! r$ to ! violet4 ,a v curi\s analogy betwe5 ! eye & e> may "h be notic$4 ,! range ( see+ is diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]sons--"s see a long] spectrum ?an o!rs2 t is to say1 rays :i* are obscure to "s are lum9\s to o!rs4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on po9t$ out a simil> fact z reg>ds he>+2 ! range ( :i* diff]s 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,sav>t has %[n t a good e> c he> a musical note produc$ by #h %ocks 9 a second2 x c also he> a note produc$ by #bd1jjj %ocks 9 a second2 b !re are e>s 9 :i* ! range is mu* m limit$4 ,x is possible inde$ to produce a s\nd :i* %all be pa9fully %rill to "o p]son1 :ile x is q unhe>d by ano!r4 ,i once cross$ a ,swiss m\nta9 9 company ) a fri5d2 a donkey 0 9 advance ( u1 & ! dull tramp ( ! animal 0 pla9ly he>d by my companion2 b to me ?is s\nd 0 almo/ mask$ by ! %rill *irrup+ ( innum]able insects :i* ?rong$ ! adjac5t grass2 my fri5d he>d no?+ ( ?is1 x lay q beyond 8 range ( he>+4 ,a ?ird & mo/ important analogy betwe5 s\nd & light is n[ to be not$2 & x w be be/ und]/ood by ref]5ce to some?+ m tangible ?an ei!r4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into calm wat] a s]ies ( r+s spread !mselves ar\nd ! c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,if a second /one be ?r[n 9 at "s di/ance f ! fir/1 ! r+s emanat+ f bo? c5tres w cross ea* o!r1 & at ^? po9ts :]e ! ridge ( "o wave co9cides ) ! ridge ( ano!r ! wat] w be lift$ to a great] height4 ,at ^? po9ts1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! ridge ( "o wave crosses ! furr[ ( ano!r1 we h bo? oblit]at$1 & ! wat] re/or$ to its ord9>y level4 ,:]e two ridges or two furr[s unite1 we h a case ( co9cid5ce2 b :]e a ridge & a furr[ unite we h :at is call$ int]f]5ce4 ,x is q possible to s5d two sy/ems ( waves into ! same *annel1 & to hold back "o sy/em a little1 s t its ridges %all co9cide ) ! furr[s ( ! o!r sy/em4 ,! int]f]5ce w\ld be "h complete1 & ! waves ?us circum/anc$ w\ld mutually de/roy ea* o!r1 smoo? wat] be+ ! result4 ,9 ?is way1 by ! addition ( motion to motion1 re/ may be produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,light ,,add$ ,,to ,,light ,,makes ,,d>kness4 ,9 a precisely simil> mann] two sy/ems ( sonor\s waves c be caus$ to int]f]e & mutually to de/roy ea* o!r3 ?us1 by add+ s\nd to s\nd1 sil5ce may be produc$4 ,two beams ( light also may be caus$ to int]f]e & effect _! mutual ext9ction3 ?us1 by add+ light to light1 we c produce d>kness4 ,"h inde$ we h a critical analogy betwe5 s\nd & light--! "o1 9 fact1 :i* compels ! mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s ( ! pres5t day to assume t light1 l s\nd1 is a case ( undulatory motion4 ,we see "h ! vision ( ! intellect prolong$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( s5se into ! region ( :at might be consid]$ m]e imag9ation4 ,b1 unlike o!r imag9ations1 we c br+ ours to ! te/ ( exp]im5t2 inde$1 s great a ma/]y h we obta9$ ov] ^! waves1 :i* eye has n se51 nor e> he>d1 t we c ) ma!matical c]ta9ty cause !m to co9cide or to int]f]e1 to help ea* o!r or to de/roy ea* o!r1 at pleasure4 ,x is p]haps possible to be a little m precise "h4 ,let two /ones--) a small di/ance betwe5 !m--be dropp$ into wat] at ! same mom5t2 a sy/em ( circul> waves w be =m$ r\nd ea* /one4 ,let ! di/ance f "o little cre/ to ! next foll[+ "o be call$ ! l5g? ( ! wave1 & n[ let u inquire :at w take place at a po9t equally di/ant f ! places :]e ! two /ones 7 dropp$ 94 ,fix+ our att5tion ^u ! ridge ( ! fir/ wave 9 ea* case1 x is manife/ t1 z ! wat] propagates bo? sy/ems ) ! same velocity1 ! two =emo/ ridges w rea* ! po9t 9 "q at ! same mom5t2 ! ridge ( "o w\ld !re=e co9cide ) ! ridge ( ! o!r1 & ! wat] at ?is po9t w\ld be lift$ to a height great] ?an t ( ei!r ( ! previ\s ridges4 ,sid5ote3 ,,co9cid5ce ,,& ,,int]f]5ce4 ,aga91 suppos+ t by any means we _h x 9 our p[] to ret>d "o sy/em ( waves s z to cause ! fir/ ridge ( ! "o to be exactly "o wave l5g? beh9d ! fir/ ridge ( ! o!r1 :5 !y arrive at ! po9t ref]r$ to4 ,x is pla9 t ! fir/ ridge ( ! ret>d$ sy/em n[ falls 9 ) ! second ridge ( ! unret>d$ sy/em1 & we h ano!r case ( co9cid5ce4 ,a little reflection w %[ ! same to be true :5 "o sy/em is ret>d$ any numb] ( :ole wave-l5g?s2 ! fir/ ridge ( ! ret>d$ sy/em w always1 at ! po9t ref]r$ to1 co9cide ) a ridge ( ! unret>d$ sy/em4 ,b n[ suppose ! "o sy/em to be ret>d$ only half a wave-l5g?2 x is p]fectly cle> t1 9 ?is case ! fir/ ridge ( ! ret>d$ sy/em w\ld fall 9 ) ! fir/ furr[ ( ! unret>d$ sy/em1 & in/ead ( co9cid5ce we %\ld h int]f]5ce4 ,"o sy/em1 9 fact1 w\ld t5d to make a holl[ at ! po9t ref]r$ to1 ! o!r w\ld t5d to make a hill1 & ?us ! two sy/ems w\ld oppose & neutralize ea* o!r1 s t nei!r ! holl[ nor ! hill w\ld be produc$2 ! wat] w\ld ma9ta9 its ord9>y level4 ,:at is "h said ( a s+le half-wave-l5g? ( ret>dation1 is also true if ! ret>dation am\nt to any odd numb] ( half-wave-l5g?s4 ,9 all su* cases we %\ld h ! ridge ( ! "o sy/em fall+ 9 ) ! furr[ ( ! o!r2 a mutual de/ruction ( ! waves ( bo? sy/ems be+ ! consequ5ce4 ,! same rem>ks apply :5 ! po9t1 in/ead ( be+ equally di/ant f bo? /ones1 is an ev5 or an odd numb] ( semi-undulations f>!r f ! "o ?an f ! o!r4 ,9 ! =m] case we %\ld h co9cid5ce1 & 9 ! latt] case int]f]5ce1 at ! po9t 9 "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,,liquid ,,waves4 ,to ! eye ( a p]son :o und]/&s ^! ?+s1 no?+ c be m int]e/+ ?an ! rippl+ ( wat] "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,by ! action ( int]f]5ce its surface is sometimes %iv]$ into ! mo/ beautiful mosaic1 %ift+ & trembl+ z if ) a k9d ( visible music4 ,:5 ! tide advances ov] a sea-bea* on a calm & sunny day1 & its t9y ripples ent]1 at v>i\s po9ts1 ! cle> %all[ pools :i* ! prec$+ tide _h left beh9d1 ! little wavelets run & climb & cross ea* o!r1 & ?us =m a lovely *as+1 :i* has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! l9es ( light conv]g$ by ! ripples ^u ! s& und]nea?4 ,:5 waves are skilfully g5]at$ 9 a vessel ( m]cury1 & a /rong light reflect$ f ! surface ( ! metal is receiv$ ^u a scre51 ! mo/ beautiful effects may be obs]v$4 ,! %ape ( ! vessel det]m9es1 9 "p1 ! "* ( ! figures produc$2 9 a circul> di% ( m]cury1 = example1 a di/urbance at ! c5tre propagates itself 9 circul> waves1 :i* aft] reflection aga9 encircle ! c5tre4 ,if ! po9t ( di/urbance be a little remov$ f ! c5tre1 ! int]sections ( ! direct & reflect$ waves produce ! magnific5t *as+ %[n 9 ! annex$ figure 7#af71 :i* ,i h borr[$ f ! excell5t "w on ,waves by ! ,messrs4 ,web]4 ,! lum9\s figure reflect$ f su* a surface is exce$+ly beautiful4 ,:5 ! m]cury is lightly /ruck by a glass po9t1 9 a direction conc5tric ) ! circumf]5ce ( ! vessel1 ! l9es ( light run r\nd ! vessel 9 mazy coils1 int]lac+ & unravell+ !mselves 9 ! mo/ wond]ful mann]4 ,if ! vessel be squ>e1 a spl5did mosaic is produc$ by ! cross+ ( ! direct & reflect$ waves4 ,description1 h[ev]1 c give b a feeble idea ( ^! exquisite effects2-- ,?\ can/ n wave ?y /aff 9 ! air1 ,or dip ?y paddle 9 ! lake1 ,b x c>ves ! br[ ( beauty !re1 ,& ! ripples 9 rhymes ! o> =sake4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*as+ ,,produc$ ,,by ,,waves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,*as+ produc$ by waves4 ,sid5ote3 ,,effect ,,( ,,ret>dation4 ,n[1 all t we h said reg>d+ ! ret>dation ( ! waves ( wat]1 by a :ole undulation & a semi-undulation1 is p]fectly applicable to ! case ( light4 ,two lum9\s po9ts may be plac$ ne> to ea* o!r s z to resemble ! two /ones dropp$ into ! wat]2 & :5 ! light ( ^! is prop]ly receiv$ ^u a scre51 or directly ^u ! ret9a1 we f9d t at "s places ! action ( ! rays ^u ea* o!r produces d>kness1 & at o!rs augm5t$ light4 ,! =m] places are ^? :]e ! rays emitt$ f "o po9t are an odd numb] ( semi-undulations 9 advance ( ! rays s5t f ! o!r2 ! latt] places are ^? :]e ! diff]5ce ( pa? describ$ by ! rays is ei!r no?+1 or an ev5 numb] ( semi-undulations4 ,suppos+ a & b 7,fig4 #ag7 to be two su* s\rces ( light1 & ,s ,r a scre5 on :i* ! light falls2 at a po9t l1 equally di/ant f a & b1 we h light2 at a po9t d1 :]e a d is half an undulation long] ?an b d1 we h d>kness2 at l'1 :]e a l' is a :ole wave-l5g?1 or two semi-undulations1 long] ?an b l'1 we aga9 h light2 & at a po9t d'1 :]e ! diff]5ce is ?ree semi-undulations1 we h d>kness2 & ?us we obta9 a s]ies ( bright & d>k spaces z we rec$e lat]ally f ! c5tral po9t l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,diagram explanatory ( ,int]f]5ce4 ,let a bit ( t9 foil be closely pa/$ ^u a piece ( glass1 & ! edge ( a p5knife drawn across ! foil s z to produce a slit4 ,look+ ?r\gh ?is slit at a small & di/ant light1 we f9d ! light spread out 9 a direction at "r angles to ! slit1 & if ! light look$ at be mono*romatic1 t is1 compos$ ( a s+le col\r1 we %all h a s]ies ( bright & d>k b>s correspond+ to ! po9ts at :i* ! rays f ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! slit alt]nately co9cide & int]f]e ^u ! ret9a4 ,by prop]ly draw+ a knife across a %eet ( lett]-pap] a suitable slit may also be obta9$2 & ^? practis$ 9 su* ?+s c obta9 ! effect by look+ ?r\gh _! f+]s or _! eyela%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]f]5ce ,,spectra1 ,,produc$ ,,by ,,diffraction4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,to face p4 #bce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*romatic ,,effects4 ,b if ! light look$ at be :ite1 ! light ( a c&le = example1 or ( a jet ( gas1 in/ead ( hav+ a s]ies ( bright & d>k b>s1 we h ! b>s col\r$4 ,& see h[ beautifully ?is h>monizes ) :at has be5 already said reg>d+ ! diff]5t l5g?s ( ! waves :i* produce diff]5t col\rs4 ,look+ aga9 at ,fig4 #ag we see t a c]ta9 obliquity is necess>y to cause "o ray to be a :ole undulation 9 advance ( ! o!r at ! po9t l'2 b x is p]fectly manife/ t ! obliquity mu/ dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! undulation2 a long undulation w\ld require a great] obliquity ?an a %ort "o2 r$ light1 = example1 requires a great] obliquity ?an blue light2 s t if ! po9t l' repres5ts ! place :]e ! fir/ b> ( r$ light w\ld be at its maximum /r5g?1 ! maximum = blue w\ld lie a little to ! left ( l'2 ! diff]5t col\rs are 9 ?is way sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & exhibit !mselves z di/9ct fr+es :5 a di/ant s\rce ( :ite light is reg>d$ ?r\gh a n>r[ slit4 ,by v>y+ ! %ape ( ! ap]ture we alt] ! =m ( ! *romatic image4 ,a circul> ap]ture1 = example1 plac$ 9 front ( a telescope ?r\gh :i* a po9t ( :ite light is reg>d$1 is se5 surr\nd$ by a conc5tric sy/em ( col\r$ r+s4 ,if we multiply our slits or ap]tures ! ph5om5a augm5t 9 complexity & spl5d\r4 ,to give "s notion ( ?is ,i h copi$ f ! excell5t "w ( ,m4 ,s*w]d ! annex$ figure 7,fig4 #ah7 :i* repres5ts ! gorge\s effect obs]v$ :5 a di/ant po9t ( light is look$ at ?r\gh two grat+s ) slits ( diff]5t wid?s4,b ,a bird's fea!r repres5ts a peculi> sy/em ( slits1 & ! effect obs]v$ on prop]ly look+ ?r\gh x is extremely int]e/+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,col\rs ,,( ,,?9 ,,films4 ,!re are _m ways by :i* ! ret>dation necess>y to ! production ( int]f]5ce is effect$4 ,! spl5did col\rs ( a soap-bubble are entirely due to int]f]5ce2 ! beam fall+ ^u ! transp>5t film is p>tially reflect$ at its out] surface1 b a portion ( x ent]s ! film & is reflect$ at its inn] surface4 ,! latt] portion hav+ cross$ ! film & return$1 is ret>d$1 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]1 &1 if ! film be ( suitable ?ickness1 ^! two beams w cla% & ext+ui% ea* o!r1 :ile ano!r ?ickness w cause ! beams to co9cide & illum9ate ! film ) a light ( great] int5sity4 ,f :at has be5 said x mu/ be manife/ t to make two r$ beams ?us co9cide a ?ick] film w\ld be requir$ ?an w\ld be necess>y = two blue or gre5 beams2 ?us1 :5 ! ?ickness ( ! bubble is suitable = ! developm5t ( r$1 x is n suitable = ! developm5t ( gre51 blue1 c42 ! consequ5ce is t we h diff]5t col\rs at diff]5t p>ts ( ! bubble4 ,ow+ to its compactness & to its be+ %ad$ by a cov]+ ( debris f ! direct heat ( ! sun1 ! ice und]nea? ! mora9es ( glaci]s appe>s sometimes ( a pit*y blackness4 ,:ile cutt+ su* ice ) my axe ,i h (t5 be5 surpris$ & delight$ by sudd5 fla%es ( col\r$ light :i* broke l fire f ! mass4 ,^! fla%es 7 due to int]nal rupture1 by :i* fissures 7 produc$ z ?9 z ! film ( a soap-bubble2 ! col\rs be+ due to ! int]f]5ce ( ! light reflect$ f ! opposite sides ( ! fissures4 ,if _s ( turp5t9e1 or olive oil1 be ?r[n ^u wat]1 x spe$ily spreads 9 a ?9 film ov] ! surface1 & ! mo/ gorge\s *romatic ph5om5a may be ?us produc$4 ,oil ( lemons is also peculi>ly suit$ to ?is exp]im5t4 ,if wat] be plac$ 9 a tea-tray1 & light ( suffici5t int5sity be suff]$ to fall ^u x1 ?is light w be reflect$ f ! upp] & "u surfaces ( ! film ( oil1 & ! col\rs ?us produc$ may be receiv$ ^u a scre51 & se5 at once by _m hundr$ p]sons4 ,if ! oil ( c9namon be us$1 f9e col\rs are also obta9$1 & ! break+ up ( ?is film exhibits a mo/ int]e/+ case ( molecul> action4 ,by us+ a k9d ( v>ni%1 in/ead ( oil1 ,mr4 ,del>ue has imp>t$ su* t5acity to ^! films t !y may be remov$ f ! wat] on :i* !y re/ & pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,by su* films ! col\rs ( c]ta9 beetles1 & ( ! w+s ( c]ta9 insects1 may be accurately imitat$2 & a rook's fea!r may be made to %9e ) magnific5t iridesc5ces4 ,! col\rs ( temp]$ metals1 & ! beautiful metallo*rome ( ,nobili are also due to a simil> cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,,diffraction4 ,^! col\rs are call$ ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 & are di/+ui%$ 9 treatises on optics f ! col\r$ b>s & fr+es above ref]r$ to1 :i* are produc$ by diffraction1 or ! b5d+ ( ! waves r\nd ! edge ( an object4 ,"o result ( ?is b5d+1 :i* is ( int]e/ to u1 0 obta9$ by ! celebrat$ ,?omas ,"y4 ,p]mitt+ a beam ( sunlight to ent] a d>k room ?r\gh an ap]ture made ) a f9e ne$le1 & plac+ 9 ! pa? ( ! beam a bit ( c>d "o-?irtie? ( an in* wide1 he f\nd ! %ad[ ( ?is c>d1 or r ! l9e on :i* its %ad[ might be suppos$ to fall1 always bright2 & he prov$ ! effect to be due to ! b5d+ ( ! waves ( e!r r\nd ! two edges ( ! c>d1 & _! co9cid5ce at ! o!r side4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 %[n by ,m4 ,poisson1 t ! c5tre ( ! %ad[ ( a small circul> opaque disk :i* /&s 9 ! way ( a beam div]g+ f a po9t is exactly z mu* illum9at$ z if ! disk 7 abs5t4 ,! s+ul> effects describ$ by ,m4 ,neck] 9 ! lett] quot$ at page #agh at once sugge/ !mselves "h2 & we see h[ possible x is = ! sol> rays1 9 graz+ a di/ant tree1 s to b5d r\nd x z to produce ^u ! ret9a1 :]e %ad[ might be expect$1 ! impression ( a tree ( light4,c ,ano!r effect ( diffraction is especially int]e/+ to u at pres5t4 ,let ! se$ ( lycopodium be scatt]$ ov] a glass plate1 or ev5 l a cl\d 9 ! air1 & let a di/ant po9t ( light be reg>d$ ?r\gh x2 ! lum9\s po9t w appe> surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( col\r$ r+s1 & :5 ! light is int5se1 l ! electric or ! ,drummond light1 ! effect is exce$+ly f9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cl\d ,,iridesc5ce1 ,,etc41 ,,expla9$4 ,& n[ = ! application ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,i h already m5tion$ a s]ies ( col\r$ r+s obs]v$ ar\nd ! sun by ,mr4 ,huxley & myself f ! ,rhone glaci]2 ,i h also ref]r$ to ! cl\d iridesc5ces on ! ,alets*horn2 & to ! col\rs obs]v$ dur+ my second asc5t ( ,monte ,rosa1 ! magnific5ce ( :i* is nei!r to be r5d]$ by pigm5ts nor describ$ 9 words4 ,all ^! spl5did ph5om5a are1 ,i believe1 produc$ by diffraction1 ! vesicles or sph]ules ( wat] 9 ! case ( ! cl\d act+ ! "p ( ! sporules 9 ! case ( ! lycopodium4 ,! col\r$ fr+e :i* surr\nds ! ,_s ( ! ,brock51 & ! spectra :i* ,i h spok5 ( z surr\nd+ ! sun1 are also produc$ by diffraction4 ,by ! int]f]5ce ( _! rays 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e ! />s c mom5t>ily qu5* !mselves2 & probably to an int]mitt5t action ( ?is k9d _! tw9kl+1 & ! swift *romatic *anges already m5tion$1 are due4 ,does n all ?is s\nd m l a fairy tale ?an ! sob] conclusions ( sci5ce8 ,:at ef=t ( ! imag9ation c\ld transc5d ! realities "h pres5t$ to u8 ,! anci5ts _h _! sph]al melodies1 b h n we ours1 :i* only want a s5se suffici5tly ref9$ to he> !m8 ,imm5sity is fill$ ) ?is music2 :]ev] a /> %$s its light its notes are he>d4 ,our sun1 = example1 ?rills conc5tric waves ?r\gh space1 & e lum9\s po9t t gems our skies is surr\nd$ by a simil> sy/em4 ,i h spok5 ( ! ris+1 climb+ & cross+ ( ! t9y ripples ( a calm tide ^u a smoo? /r&2 b :at are !y to ^? int]sect+ ripples ( ! uncont95t$ deep by :i* ,inf9ity is eng9e-turn$6 ,cross+ sol> & /ell> di/ances1 !y br+ u ! light ( sun & />s2 ?rill$ back f our atmosph]e1 !y give u ! blue radiance ( ! sky2 r\nd+ liquid sph]ules1 !y cla% at ! o!r side1 & ! survivors ( ! tumult be> to our vision ! wondr\s cl\d-dyes ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! vibrations ( ! air ( a room 9 :i* a musical in/rum5t is s\nd$ may be made manife/ by ! way 9 :i* f9e s& arranges itself ^u a ?9 /ret*$ membrane ov] :i* x is /rewn2 & inde$ ,sav>t has ?us r5d]$ visible ! vibrations ( ! tympanum itself4 ,e trace ( s& 0 swept f a pap] drum held 9 ! clock-t[] ( ,we/m9/] :5 ! ,great ,bell 0 s\nd$4 ,ano!r way ( %[+ ! propagation ( a]ial pulses is to ins]t a small gas jet into a v]tical glass tube ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 9 :i* ! flame may be caus$ to burn tranquilly4 ,on pit*+ ! voice to ! note ( an op5 tube a foot long1 ! little flame quiv]s1 /ret*es itself1 & responds by produc+ a cle> melodi\s note ( ! same pit* z t :i* excit$ x4 ,! flame w cont9ue its song = h\rs )\t int]mission4 ,b ,i am n aw>e :e!r 9 8 own c\ntry1 or 9 any o!r1 a recognition at all comm5surate ) ! value ( ! p]=mance has foll[$ ,s*w]d's admirable essay entitl$ ',! ,ph5om5a ( ,diffraction d$uc$ f ! ,!ory ( ,undulation4' ,c ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! /rong irradiation f ! gli/5+ sides ( ! twigs & bran*es mu/ also contribute to ! result4 ,sid5ote3 ,,radiant ,,heat4 7#b47 ,?us1 !n1 we h be5 l$ f ,s\nd to ,light1 & light n[ 9 its turn w lead u to ,radiant ,heat2 = 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h m5tion$ ! conviction arose t !y are all ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( motion4 ,x has be5 said t ! beams ( ! sun consi/ ( rays ( diff]5t col\rs1 b ?is is n a complete /atem5t ( ! case4 ,! sun emits a multitude ( rays :i* are p]fectly non-lum9\s2 & ! same is true1 9 a /ill great] degree1 ( our artificial s\rces ( illum9ation4 ,measur$ by ! quantity ( heat :i* !y produce1 #ij p] c5t4 ( ! rays emanat+ f a flame ( oil are obscure2 :ile #ii out ( e #ajj ( ^? :i* emanate f an alcohol flame are ( ! same description4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,obscure ,,rays4 ,9 fact1 ! visible sol> spectrum simply embraces an int]val ( rays ( :i* ! eye is =m$ to take cognizance1 b x by no means m>ks ! limits ( sol> action4 ,beyond ! violet end ( ! spectrum we h obscure rays capable ( produc+ *emical *anges1 & beyond ! r$ we h rays possess+ a high heat+ p[]1 b incapable ( excit+ ! impression ( light4 ,?is latt] fact 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 & x has be5 amply corroborat$ s9ce4 ,! belief n[ univ]sally preval5t is1 t ! rays ( heat diff] f ! rays ( light simply z "o col\r diff]s f ano!r4 ,z ! waves :i* produce r$ are long] ?an ^? :i* produce yell[1 s ! waves :i* produce ?is obscure heat are long] ?an ^? :i* produce r$4 ,9 fact1 x may be %[n t ! longe/ waves nev] rea* ! ret9a at all2 !y are completely absorb$ by ! hum\rs ( ! eye4 ,:at is true ( ! sun's obscure rays is also true ( calorific rays emanat+ f any obscure s\rce1--f our own bodies1 = example1 or f ! surface ( a vessel conta9+ boil+ wat]4 ,we mu/1 9 fact1 figure a w>m body also z hav+ its p>ticles 9 a /ate ( vibration4 ,:5 ^! motions are communicat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! body ! heat is said to be conduct$2 :51 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ticles transmit _! vibrations ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ e!r1 ! heat is said to be radiant4 ,?is radiant heat1 ?\gh obscure1 exhibits a deportm5t exactly simil> to light4 ,x may be refract$ & reflect$1 & collect$ 9 ! focus ( a mirror or ( a suitable l5s4 ,! pr9ciple ( int]f]5ce also applies to x1 s t by add+ heat to heat we c produce cold4 ,! id5tity inde$ is complete ?r\gh\t1 &1 recurr+ to ! analogy ( s\nd1 we might def9e ?is radiant heat to be light ( too l[ a pit* to be visible4 ,i h ?us f> spok5 ( obscure heat only2 b ! selfsame ray may excite bo? light & heat4 ,! r$ rays ( ! spectrum possess a v high heat+ p[]4 ,x 0 once suppos$ t ! heat ( ! spectrum 0 an ess5ce totally di/9ct f its light2 b a pr(\nd] k dispels ?is supposition1 & leads u to inf] t ! selfsame ray1 fall+ ^u ! n]ves ( feel+1 excites heat1 & fall+ ^u ! n]ves ( see+1 excites light4 ,z ! same electric curr5t1 if s5t r\nd a magnetic ne$le1 along a wire1 & across a conduct+ liquid1 produces diff]5t physical effects1 s also ! same ag5t act+ ^u diff]5t organs ( ! body affects our consci\sness diff]5tly4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,melloni4 7#c47 ,sid5ote3 ,,heat ,a ,,k9d ,,( ,,motion4 ,heat has be5 def9$ 9 ! =ego+ section z a motion ( ! molecules or atoms ( a body2 b ?\gh ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view is at pres5t ov]:elm+1 ,i d n ask ! read] to accept x z a c]ta9ty1 if he feels sceptically dispos$4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i w\ld only ask him to accept x z a symbol4 ,reg>d$ z a m]e physical image1 a k9d ( pap]-curr5cy ( ! m9d1 conv]tible1 9 due "t1 into ! gold ( tru?1 ! hypo!sis w be f\nd exce$+ly useful4 ,all kn[n bodies possess m or less ( ?is molecul> motion1 & all bodies are communicat+ x to ! e!r 9 :i* !y are imm]s$4 ,ice possesses x4 ,ice be=e x melts atta9s a temp]ature ( #cb deg4 ,fahr41 b ! sub/ance 9 w9t] (t5 possesses a temp]ature f> bel[ #cb deg41 s t 9 ris+ to #cb deg4 x is w>m$4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) ice ,i h (t5 _h occasion to cool x to #ajj deg4 & m bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 & to w>m x aft]w>ds up to #cb deg4 ,if !n we /& be=e a wall ( ice1 ! wall radiates heat to u1 & we also radiate heat to x2 b ! quantity :i* we radiate be+ great] ?an t :i* ! ice radiates1 we lose m ?an we ga91 & are consequ5tly *ill$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we /& be=e a w>m /ove1 a sy/em ( ex*anges also takes place2 b "h ! quantity we receive is 9 excess ( ! quantity lo/1 & we are w>m$ by ! diff]5ce4 ,9 l mann] ! e>? radiates heat by day & by night into space1 & aga9/ ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,by day1 h[ev]1 ! quantity receiv$ is great] ?an ! quantity lo/1 & ! e>? is w>m$2 by night ! conditions are rev]s$2 ! e>? radiates m heat ?an is s5t to h] by ! moon & />s1 & %e is consequ5tly cool$4 ,b "h an important po9t is to be not$3--! e>? receives ! heat ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 9 great "p z lum9\s heat1 b %e gives x out z obscure heat4 ,i d n n[ speak ( ! heat reflect$ by ! e>? into space1 z ! light ( ! moon is to u2 b ( ! heat :i*1 aft] x has be5 absorb$ by ! e>?1 & has contribut$ to w>m x1 is radiat$ into space1 z if ! e>? itself 7 its indep5d5t s\rce4 ,?us we may prop]ly say t ! heat radiat$ f ! e>? is diff]5t 9 quality f t :i* ! e>? has receiv$ f ! sun4 ,sid5ote3 ,,qualities ,,( ,,heat4 ,9 "o p>ticul> especially does ?is diff]5ce ( quality %[ itself2 besides be+ non-lum9\s1 ! heat radiat$ f ! e>? is m easily int]cept$ & absorb$ by almo/ all transp>5t sub/ances4 ,a va/ portion ( ! sun's rays1 = example1 c pass in/antane\sly ?r\gh a ?ick %eet ( wat]2 gunp[d] c\ld easily be fir$ by ! heat ( ! sun's rays conv]g$ by pass+ ?r\gh a ?ick wat] l5s2 ! drops ^u leaves 9 gre5h\ses (t5 act z l5ses1 & cause ! sun to burn ! leaves ^u :i* !y re/4 ,b ) reg>d to ! rays ( heat emanat+ f an obscure s\rce1 !y are all absorb$ by a lay] ( wat] less ?an ! #bj? ( an in* 9 ?ickness3 wat] is opaque to su* rays1 & cuts !m (f almo/ z effectually z a metallic scre54 ,! same is true ( o!r liquids1 & also ( _m transp>5t solids4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,l ,a ,,rat*et4 ,assum+ ! same to be true ( gase\s bodies1 t !y also int]cept ! obscure rays mu* m readily ?an ! lum9\s ones1 x w\ld foll[ t :ile ! sun's rays p5etrate our atmosph]e ) fre$om1 ! *ange :i* !y und]go 9 w>m+ ! e>? deprives !m 9 a measure ( ?is p5etrat+ p[]4 ,!y c rea* ! e>?1 b !y _c get back2 ?us ! atmosph]e acts ! "p ( a rat*et-:eel 9 me*anics2 x all[s ( motion 9 "o direction1 b prev5ts x 9 ! o!r4 ,de ,saussure1 ,f\ri]1 ,m4 ,p\illet1 & ,mr4 ,hopk9s h develop$ ?is speculation1 & drawn f x consequ5ces ( ! utmo/ importance2 b x nev]!less re/$ ^u a basis ( conjecture4 ,inde$ "s ( ! em95t m5 above-nam$ deem$ its tru? beyond ! possibility ( exp]im5tal v]ification4 ,melloni %[$ t = a di/ance ( #ah or #bj feet ! absorption ( obscure rays by ! atmosph]e 0 absolutely inappreciable4 ,h5ce1 ! total absorption be+ s small z to elude ev5 ,melloni's delicate te/s1 x 0 reasonable to inf] t diff]5ces ( absorption1 if su* exi/$ at all1 mu/ be f> beyond ! rea* ( ! f9e/ means :i* we c\ld apply to detect !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,absorption ,,by ,,gases4 ,?is exclusion ( "o ( ! ?ree /ates ( mat]ial aggregation f ! region ( exp]im5t 01 h[ev]1 by no means satisfactory2 = our "r to inf]1 f ! deportm5t ( a solid or a liquid t[>ds radiant heat1 ! deportm5t ( a gas1 is by no means evid5t4 ,9 bo? liquids & solids we h ! molecules closely pack$1 & m or less *a9$ by ! =ce ( cohesion2 9 gases1 on ! contr>y1 !y are p]fectly free1 & widely sep>at$4 ,h[ d we "k t ! int]ception ( radiant heat by liquids & solids may n be due to an arrangem5t & comp>ative rigidity ( _! p>ts1 :i* gases d n at all %>e8 ,! assumption :i* took no note ( su* a possibility seem$ v insecure1 & call$ = v]ification4 ,my int]e/ 9 ?is "q 0 augm5t$ by ! fact1 t ! assumption ref]r$ to lies1 z w be se51 at ! root ( ! glaci] "q4 ,i !re=e endeav\r$ to fill ! gap1 & to d = gases & vap\rs :at _h be5 already s ably done = liquids & solids by ,melloni4 ,i tri$ ! me?ods h]et(ore pursu$1 & f\nd !m unavail+2 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & atmosph]ic air1 exam9$ by su* me?ods1 %[$ no action ^u radiant heat4 ,nature 0 dumb1 b ! "q occurr$1 ,_h %e be5 address$ 9 ! prop] language8 ,if ! exp]im5tali/ is conv9c$ ( ?is1 he w re/ cont5t ev5 ) a negative2 b ! abs5ce ( ?is conviction is always a s\rce ( discom=t1 & a /imulus to try aga94 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od f9ally appli$ is all t c "h be ref]r$ to2 & x1 ,i hope1 w be q intelligible4 ,two beams ( heat1 f two di/9ct s\rces1 7 all[$ to fall ^u ! same in/rum5t1,a & to cont5d !re = ma/]y4 ,:5 bo? beams 7 p]fectly equal1 !y completely neutraliz$ ea* o!r's action2 b :5 "o ( !m 0 9 any s5sible degree /rong] ?an ! o!r1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! =m] 0 %[n by ! in/rum5t4 ,x 0 s arrang$ t "o ( ! conflict+ beams pass$ ?r\gh a tube :i* c\ld be exhau/$ ( air1 or fill$ ) any gas2 ?us v>y+ at pleasure ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,! "q !n 01 suppos+ ! two beams to be equal :5 ! tube 0 fill$ ) air1 w ! exhau/+ ( ! tube di/urb ! equality8 ,! answ] 0 affirmative2 ! in/rum5t at once %[$ t a great] quantity ( heat pass$ ?r\gh ! vacuum ?an ?r\gh ! air4 ,! exp]im5t 0 s arrang$ t ! effect ?us produc$ 0 v l>ge z measur$ by ! indications ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b ! action ( ! simple gases1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 0 incomp>ably less ?an t produc$ by "s ( ! comp\nd gases1 :ile ^! latt] aga9 diff]$ widely f ea* o!r4 ,vap\rs exhibit$ diff]5ces ( equal magnitude4 ,! exp]im5ts inde$ prov$ t gase\s bodies v>i$ among !mselves1 z to _! p[] ( transmitt+ radiant heat1 j z mu* z liquids & solids4 ,x 0 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ a gas or vap\r ( p]fect transp>5cy1 z reg>ds light1 act$ l an opaque scre5 ^u ! heat4 ,to ! eye1 ! gas )9 ! tube might be z invisible z ! air itself1 :ile to ! radiant heat x behav$ l a cl\d :i* x 0 almo/ impossible to p5etrate4 ,sid5ote3 ,,select$ ,,heat4 ,apply+ ! same me?od1 ,i h f\nd t f ! sun1 f ! electric light1 or f ! lime-light1 a l>ge am\nt ( heat c be select$1 :i* is unaffect$ n only by air1 b by ! mo/ en]getic gases t exp]im5t has reveal$ to me2 :ile ?is same heat1 :5 x has its quality *ang$ by be+ r5d]$ obscure1 is p[]fully int]cept$4 ,?us ! bold & beautiful speculation above ref]r$ to has be5 made an exp]im5tal fact2 ! radiant heat ( ! sun does c]ta9ly pass ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to ! e>? ) great] facility ?an ! radiant heat ( ! e>? c escape into space4 ,sid5ote3 ,,possible ,,heat ,,( ,,neptune4 ,x is probable t1 7 ! e>? unfurni%$ ) ?is atmosph]ic swa?+1 its conditions ( temp]ature w\ld be su* z to r5d] x un9habitable by man2 & x is also probable t a suitable atmosph]e envelop+ ! mo/ di/ant planet might r5d] x1 z reg>ds temp]ature1 p]fectly habitable4 ,if ! planet ,neptune1 = example1 be surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e :i* p]mits ! sol> & /ell> rays to pass t[>ds ! planet1 b cuts (f ! escape ( ! w>m? :i* !y excite1 x is easy to see t su* an accumulation ( heat may at l5g? take place z to r5d] ! planet a com=table habitation = be+s con/itut$ l ourselves4,b ,b let u n w&] too f> f our own conc]ns4 ,:]e radiant heat is all[$ to fall ^u an absorb+ sub/ance1 a c]ta9 ?ickness ( ! latt] is always necess>y = ! absorption4 ,suppos+ we place a ?9 film ( glass be=e a s\rce ( heat1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! heat w pass ?r\gh ! glass1 & ! rema9d] w be absorb$4 ,let ! transmitt$ portion fall ^u a second film simil> to ! fir/1 a small] p]c5tage ?an be=e w be absorb$4 ,a ?ird plate w\ld absorb /ill less1 a f\r? /ill less2 &1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a suffici5t numb] ( lay]s1 ! heat w\ld be s sift$ t all ! rays capable ( be+ absorb$ by glass w\ld be ab/ract$ f x4 ,suppose all ^! films to be plac$ toge!r s z to =m a s+le ?ick plate ( glass1 x is evid5t t ! plate mu/ act ^u ! heat :i* falls ^u x1 9 su* a mann] t ! major portion is absorb$ ne> ! surface at :i* ! heat ent]s4 ,?is has be5 completely v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cold ,,( ,,upp] ,,atmosph]e4 ,apply+ ?is to ! heat radiat$ f ! e>?1 x is manife/ t ! greate/ quantity ( ?is heat w be absorb$ by ! l[e/ atmosph]ic /rata4 ,& "h we f9d ourselves br\ght1 by consid]ations app>5tly remote1 face to face ) ! fact ^u :i* ! exi/5ce ( all glaci]s dep5ds1 namely1 ! comp>ative coldness ( ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! sun's rays c pass 9 a great measure ?r\gh ^! regions )\t heat+ !m2 & ! e>?'s rays1 :i* !y might absorb1 h>dly rea* !m at all1 b are int]cept$ by ! l[] portions ( ! atmosph]e4,c ,ano!r cause ( ! great] coldness ( ! high] atmosph]e is ! expansion ( ! d5s] air ( ! l[] /rata :5 x asc5ds4 ,! d5se air makes room = itself by pu%+ back ! light] & less ela/ic air :i* surr\nds x3 x does "w1 &1 to p]=m ?is "w1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat mu/ be consum$4 ,x is ! consumption ( ?is heat--its absolute annihilation z heat--t *ills ! exp&$ air1 & to ?is action a %>e ( ! coldness ( ! high] atmosph]e mu/ und\bt$ly be ascrib$4 ,a ?ird cause ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature is ! l>ge am\nt ( heat communicat$1 by way ( contact1 to ! air ( ! e>?'s surface2 & a f\r? & f9al cause is ! loss endur$ by ! highe/ /rata ?r\gh radiation into space4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! opposite faces ( a !rmo-electric pile4 ,b ,see a mo/ int]e/+ pap] on ?is subject by ,mr4 ,hopk9s 9 ! ,cambridge ',transactions1' ,may1 #ahef4 ,c ,see ,m4 ,p\illet's important ,memoir on ,sol> ,radiation4 ,taylor's ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dd4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,glaci]s4 7#d47 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,sn[-,,l9e4 ,hav+ ?us acc\nt$ = ! great] cold ( ! high] atmosph]ic regions1 its consequ5ces are next to be consid]$4 ,"o ( ^! is1 t cl\ds =m$ 9 ! l[] portions ( ! atmosph]e1 9 w>m & temp]ate latitudes1 usually dis*>ge !mselves ^u ! e>? z ra92 :ile ^? =m$ 9 ! high] regions dis*>ge !mselves ^u ! m\nta9s z sn[4 ,! sn[ ( ! high] atmosph]e is (t5 melt$ to ra9 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! w>m] l[] /rata3 no?+ inde$ is m common ?an to pass1 9 desc5d+ a m\nta91 f sn[ to ra92 & ,i h already ref]r$ to a case ( ?is k9d4 ,! appe>ance ( ! grassy & p9e-clad alps1 z se5 f ! valleys aft] a wet night1 is (t5 /rik+ly beautiful2 ! level at :i* ! sn[ turn$ to ra9 be+ di/9ctly m>k$ ^u ! slopes4 ,above ?is level ! m\nta9s are :ite1 :ile bel[ x !y are gre54 ,! eye foll[s ?is sn[-l9e ) ease along ! m\nta9s1 & :5 a suffici5t ext5t ( c\ntry is comm&$ its regul>ity is surpris+4 ,! t]m sn[-l9e1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 "h appli$ to a local & tempor>y ph5om5on1 is commonly und]/ood to mean some?+ else4 ,9 ! case j ref]r$ to x m>k$ ! place :]e ! supply ( solid matt] f ! upp] atmosph]ic regions1 dur+ a s+le fall1 0 exactly equal to its consumption2 b ! t]m is usually und]/ood to mean ! l9e along :i* ! quantity ( sn[ :i* falls annually is melt$1 & no m4 ,bel[ ?is l9e ea* ye>'s sn[ is completely cle>$ away by ! summ] heat2 above x a residual lay] abides1 :i* gradually augm5ts 9 ?ickness f ! sn[-l9e upw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m\nta9s ,,unload$ ,,by ,,glaci]s4 ,"h !n we h a fre% lay] laid on e ye>2 & x is evid5t t1 if ?is process cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 e m\nta9 :i* rises above ! sn[-l9e mu/ augm5t annually 9 height2 ! wat]s ( ! sea ?us pil$1 9 a solid =m1 ^u ! summits ( ! hills1 w\ld raise ! latt] to an indef9ite elevation4 ,b1 z might be expect$1 ! sn[ ^u /eep m\nta9-sides frequ5tly slips & rolls d[n 9 avalan*es into w>m] regions1 :]e x is r$uc$ to wat]4 ,a comp>atively small quantity ( ! sn[ is1 h[ev]1 ?us got rid (1 & ! great ag5t :i* ,nature employs to relieve h] ov]lad5 m\nta9s is ! glaci]s4 ,let u "h avoid an error :i* may readily arise out ( ! =ego+ reflections4 ,! pr9cipal region ( cl\ds & ra9 & sn[ ext5ds only to a limit$ di/ance upw>ds 9 ! atmosph]e2 ! highe/ regions conta9 v little moi/ure1 & 7 our m\nta9s suffici5tly l(ty to p5etrate ^? regions1 ! quantity ( sn[ fall+ ^u _! summits w\ld be too trifl+ to resi/ ! direct action ( ! sol> rays4 ,^! w\ld annually cle> ! summits to a c]ta9 level1 & h5ce1 7 our m\nta9s high en\gh1 we %\ld h a sup]ior1 z well z an inf]ior1 sn[-l9e2 ! region ( p]petual sn[ w\ld =m a belt1 bel[ :i*1 9 summ]1 sn[less valleys & pla9s w\ld ext5d1 & above :i* sn[less summits w\ld rise4 7#e47 ,sid5ote3 ,,:ite ,,& ,,blue ,,ice4 ,at its orig9 !n a glaci] is sn[--at its l[] extremity x is ice4 ,! blue blocks t ar* ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron 7 once p[d]y sn[ ^u ! slopes ( ! ,col du ,geant4 ,c\ld our vision p5etrate into ! body ( ! glaci]1 we %\ld f9d t ! *ange f :ite to blue ess5tially consi/s 9 ! gradual expulsion ( ! air :i* 0 orig9ally entangl$ 9 ! me%es ( ! fall5 sn[4 ,:it5ess always results f ! intimate & irregul> mixture ( air & a transp>5t solid2 a cru%$ diamond w\ld resemble sn[2 if we p\nd ! mo/ transp>5t rock-salt into p[d] we h a sub/ance z :ite z ! :ite/ cul9>y salt2 & ! col\rless glass vessel :i* holds ! salt w\ld also1 if p\nd$1 give a p[d] z :ite z ! salt itself4 ,x is a law ( light t 9 pass+ f "o sub/ance to ano!r possess+ a diff]5t p[] ( refraction1 a portion ( x is always reflect$4 ,h5ce :5 light falls ^u a transp>5t solid mix$ ) air1 at ea* passage ( ! light f ! air to ! solid & f ! solid to ! air a portion ( x is reflect$2 &1 9 ! case ( a p[d]1 ?is reflection occurs s frequ5tly t ! passage ( ! light is practically cut (f4 ,?us1 f ! mixture ( two p]fectly transp>5t sub/ances1 we obta9 an opaque "o2 f ! intimate mixture ( air & wat] we obta9 foam2 cl\ds owe _! opacity to ! same pr9ciple2 & ! cond5s$ /eam ( a locomotive ca/s a %ad[ ^u ! fields adjac5t to ! l9e1 because ! sunlight is wa/$ 9 e*oes at ! innum]able limit+ surfaces ( wat] & air4 ,sid5ote3 ,,air-,,bubbles ,,9 ,,ice4 ,! sn[ :i* falls ^u high m\nta9-em95ces has (t5 a temp]ature f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,su* sn[ is dry1 & if x always cont9u$ s ! =mation ( a glaci] f x w\ld be impossible4 ,! fir/ action ( ! summ]'s sun is to raise ! temp]ature ( ! sup]ficial sn[ to #cb deg41 & aft]w>ds to melt x4 ,! wat] ?us =m$ p]colates ?r\gh ! cold] mass und]nea?1 & ?is ,i take to be ! fir/ active ag5cy 9 expell+ ! air entangl$ 9 ! sn[4 ,b z ! liquid trickles ov] ! surfaces ( granules cold] ?an itself x is p>tially deposit$ 9 a solid =m on ^! surfaces1 ?us augm5t+ ! size ( ! granules1 & cem5t+ !m toge!r4 ,:5 ! mass ?us =m$ is exam9$1 ! air )9 x is f\nd z r\nd bubbles4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! air caught 9 ! irregul> int]/ices ( ! sn[ c h no t5d5cy to assume ?is =m s long z ! sn[ rema9s solid2 b ! process to :i* ,i h ref]r$--! saturation ( ! l[] portions ( ! sn[ by ! wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! sup]ficial portions--enables ! air to =m itself into globules1 & to give ! ice ( ! neve its peculi> "*4 ,?us we see t1 ?\gh ! sun _c get directly at ! deep] portions ( ! sn[1 by liquefy+ ! upp] lay] he *>ges x ) heat1 & makes x 8 mess5g] to ! cold subjac5t mass4 ,! fro/ ( ! succe$+ w9t] may1 ,i ?9k1 or may n1 accord+ to circum/ances1 p5etrate ?r\gh ?is lay]1 & solidify ! wat] :i* x /ill reta9s 9 its int]/ices4 ,if ! w9t] set 9 ) cle> fro/y wea!r1 ! p5etration w probably take place2 b if heavy sn[ occur at ! comm5cem5t ( w9t]1 ?us ?r[+ a protective cov]+ ov] ! neve1 freez+ to any great dep? may be prev5t$4 ,mr4 ,huxley's idea seems to be q )9 ! range ( possibility1 t wat]-cells may be transmitt$ f ! orig9 ( ! glaci] to its end1 reta9+ _! cont5ts always liquid4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sn[ ,,press$ ,,to ,,ice4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$1 & is p]haps /ill suppos$ by _m1 t ! sn[ ( ! m\nta9s is conv]t$ into ! ice ( ! glaci] by ! process ( saturation & freez+ j indicat$4 ,b ! froz5 lay] w\ld n yet resemble glaci] ice2 x is only at ! deep] portions ( ! neve t we f9d an approximation to ! true ice ( ! glaci]4 ,?is br+s u to ! second great ag5t 9 ! process ( glacification1 namely1 pressure4 ,! ice ( ! neve at #cb deg4 may be squeez$ or cru%$ ) extreme facility2 & if ! =ce be appli$ sl[ly & ) caution1 ! yield+ ( ! mass may be made to resemble ! yield+ ( a pla/ic body4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ! neve1 :]e ea* portion ( ! ice is surr\nd$ by a resi/ant mass1 rude cru%+ is ( c\rse out ( ! "q4 ,! lay]s und]nea? yield ) extreme sl[ness to ! pressure ( ! mass above !m2 !y are squeez$1 b n rudely fractur$2 & ev5 %\ld rude fracture occur1 ! ice1 z %all subsequ5tly be %[n1 possesses ! p[] ( re/or+ its own cont9uity4 ,?us1 !n1 ! l[] portions ( ! neve are remov$ by pressure m & m f ! condition ( sn[1 ! air-bubbles :i* give to ! neve-ice its :it5ess are m & m expell$1 & ?is process1 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! entire glaci]1 f9ally br+s ! ice to t /ate ( magnific5t transp>5cy :i* we f9d at ! t]m9ation ( ! glaci] ( ,ros5laui & else:]e4 ,?is is all capable ( exp]im5tal pro(4 ,! ,messrs4 ,s*lag9tweit compress$ ! sn[ ( ! neve to compact ice2 & ,i h myself frequ5tly obta9$ slabs ( ice f sn[ 9 ,london4 ,,col\r ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,ice4 7#f47 ,! sun is cont9ually s5d+ =? waves ( diff]5t l5g?s1 all ( :i* travel ) ! same velocity ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,:5 ^! waves ent] a prism ( glass !y are ret>d$1 b 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! %ort] waves suff] ! greate/ ret>dation1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is are mo/ deflect$ f _! /raight c\rse4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* enables u to sep>ate "o f ! o!r 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & ?is sep>ation proves t ! waves are by no means inextricably entangl$ ) ea* o!r1 b t !y travel indep5d5tly ?r\gh space4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is indep5d5ce1 ! same body may int]cept "o sy/em ( waves :ile x all[s ano!r to pass3 on ?is quality1 inde$1 dep5d all ! ph5om5a ( col\r4 ,a r$ glass1 = example1 is r$ because x is s con/itut$ t x de/roys ! %ort] waves :i* produce ! o!r col\rs1 & transmits only ! waves :i* produce r$4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t sc>cely any glass is ( a pure col\r2 along ) ! pr$om9ant waves1 "s ( ! o!r waves are p]mitt$ to pass4 ,! col\rs ( fl[]s are also v impure2 9 fact1 to get pure col\rs we mu/ resort to a delicate prismatic analysis ( :ite light4 ,sid5ote3 ,,long ,,waves ,,mo/ ,,absorb$4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t a lay] ( wat] less ?an ! tw5tie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness suffices to /op & de/roy all waves ( radiant heat emanat+ f an obscure s\rce4 ,! long] waves ( ! obscure heat _c get ?r\gh wat]1 & ,i f9d t all transp>5t comp\nds :i* conta9 hydrog5 are peculi>ly ho/ile to ! long] undulations4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! pres5ce ( ?is elem5t 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye :i* prev5ts ! extra r$ rays ( ! sol> spectrum f rea*+ ! ret9a4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t :ile bisulphide ( c>bon1 *loride ( phosphorus1 & o!r liquids :i* conta9 no hydrog51 p]mit a l>ge portion ( ! rays emanat+ f an iron or copp] ball1 at a heat bel[ r$ness1 to pass ?r\gh !m ) facility1 ! same ?ickness ( sub/ances equally transp>5t1 b :i* conta9 hydrog51 su* z e!r1 alcohol1 wat]1 or ! vitre\s hum\r ( ! eye ( an ox1 completely int]cepts ^! obscure rays4 ,! same is true ( solid bodies2 a v slight ?ickness ( ^? :i* conta9 hydrog5 (f]s an impassable b>ri] to all rays emanat+ f a non-lum9\s s\rce4,a ,b ! heat ?us int]cept$ is by no means lo/2 its radiant =m m]ely is de/roy$4 ,its waves are %iv]$ ^u ! p>ticles ( ! body1 b !y imp>t w>m? to x1 :ile ! heat :i* reta9s its radiant =m contributes 9 no way to ! w>m? ( ! body ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,f9al ,,col\r ,,( ,,ice ,,& ,,wat] ,,blue4 ,wat] !n absorbs all ! extra r$ rays ( ! sun1 & if ! lay] be ?ick en\gh x invades ! r$ rays !mselves4 ,?us ! great] ! di/ance ! sol> beams travel ?r\gh pure wat] ! m are !y depriv$ ( ^? compon5ts :i* lie at ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! light f9ally transmitt$ by ! wat]1 & :i* gives to x its col\r1 is blue4 ,sid5ote3 ,,exp]im5t4 ,i f9d ! foll[+ mode ( exam9+ ! col\r ( wat] bo? satisfactory & conv5i5t3--,a t9 tube1 fifte5 feet long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 has its two ends /opp$ securely by pieces ( col\rless plate glass4 ,x is plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 & pure wat] is p\r$ into x ?r\gh a small lat]al pipe1 until ! liquid rea*es half way up ! glasses at ! ends2 ! tube !n holds a semi-cyl9d] ( wat] & a semi-cyl9d] ( air4 ,a :ite plate1 or a %eet ( :ite pap]1 well illum9at$1 is !n plac$ at a little di/ance f "o end ( ! tube1 & is look$ at ?r\gh ! tube4 ,two semicircul> spaces are !n se51 "o by ! light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! o!r by ! light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! wat]2 & _! proximity furni%es a means ( comp>ison1 :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,x is always f\nd t1 :ile ! =m] semicircle rema9s :ite1 ! latt] "o is vividly col\r$4,b ,:5 ! beam f an electric lamp is s5t ?r\gh ?is tube1 & a convex l5s is plac$ at a suitable di/ance f its mo/ di/ant end1 a magnifi$ image ( ! col\r$ & uncol\r$ semicircles may be project$ ^u a scre54 ,te/$ ?us1 ,i h sometimes f\nd1 aft] ra91 ! ord9>y pipe-wat] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution q opaque2 :ile1 "u o!r circum/ances1 ,i h f\nd ! wat] ( a cle> gre54 ,! pump-wat] ( ! ,in/itution ?us exam9$ exhibits a ri* %]ry col\r1 :ile di/ill$ wat] is blue-gre54 ,! blu5ess ( ! ,grotto ( ,capri is due to ! fact t ! light :i* ent]s x has previ\sly trav]s$ a great dep? ( cle> wat]4 ,accord+ to ,buns5's acc\nt1 ! laugs1 or ci/]ns ( hot wat]1 9 ,icel& mu/ be extremely beautiful4 ,! wat] conta9s silica 9 solution1 :i*1 z ! walls ( ! ci/]n arose1 0 deposit$ ^u !m 9 fanta/ic incru/ations4 ,^!1 ?\gh :ite1 :5 look$ at ?r\gh ! wat] appe> ( a lovely blue1 :i* deep5s 9 t9t z ! vision plunges deep] into ! liquid4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,opaque ,,to ,,radiant ,,heat4 ,ice is a cry/al =m$ f ?is blue liquid1 ! col\r ( :i* x reta9s4 ,ice is ! mo/ opaque ( transp>5t solids to radiant heat1 z wat] is ! mo/ opaque ( liquids4 ,accord+ to ,melloni1 a plate ( ice "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* ?ick1 :i* p]mits ! rays ( light to pass )\t s5sible absorption1 cuts (f #id p] c5t4 ( ! rays ( heat issu+ f a p[]ful oil lamp1 #ii-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! rays issu+ f inc&esc5t plat9um1 & ! :ole ( ! rays issu+ f an obscure s\rce4 ,! above numb]s indicate h[ l>ge a portion ( ! rays emitt$ by our artificial s\rces ( light is obscure4 ,:5 ! rays ( light pass ?r\gh a suffici5t ?ickness ( ice ! long] waves are1 z 9 ! case ( wat]1 m & m absorb$1 & ! f9al col\r ( ! sub/ance is !re=e blue4 ,b :5 ! ice is fill$ ) m9ute air-bubbles1 ?\gh we %\ld loosely call x :ite1 x may exhibit1 ev5 9 small pieces1 a delicate blue t9t4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is due to ! frequ5t int]ior reflection :i* takes place at ! surfaces ( ! air-cells2 s t ! light :i* rea*es ! eye f ! int]ior may1 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 reflect$ hi!r & ?i!r1 really h pass$ ?r\gh a consid]able ?ickness ( ice4 ,! same rem>k1 z we h already se51 applies to ! delicate col\r ( newly fall5 sn[4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,:at is "h /at$ reg>d+ hydrog5 is true ( all ! liquids & solids :i* h hi!rto be5 exam9$1--b :e!r any exceptions occur1 future exp]i5ce mu/ det]m9e4 ,x is only :5 9 comb9ation t x exhibits ?is imp]meability to ! obscure rays4 ,b ,9 my own exp]im5ts ,i h nev] yet be5 able to obta9 a pure blue1 ! ne>e/ approa* to x be+ a blue-gre54 ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,sky4 7#g47 ,sid5ote3 ,,newton',s ,,hypo!sis4 ,9 treat+ ( ! ,col\rs ( ,?9 ,plates we f\nd t a c]ta9 ?ickness 0 necess>y to produce blue1 :ile a great] ?ickness 0 necess>y = r$4 ,) t wond]ful p[] ( g5]alization :i* belong$ to him1 ,newton ?us applies ?is app>5tly remote fact to ! blue ( ! sky3--,! blue ( ! fir/ ord]1 ?\gh v fa9t & little1 may possibly be ! col\r ( "s sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly ! azure col\r ( ! skies seems to be ( ?is ord]4 ,= all vap\rs1 :5 !y beg9 to cond5se & coalesce into small p>cels1 become fir/ ( t bigness :]eby su* an azure is reflect$1 be=e !y c con/itute cl\ds ( o!r col\rs4 ,& s1 ?is be+ ! fir/ col\r :i* vap\rs beg9 to reflect1 x ought to be ! col\r ( ! f9e/ & mo/ transp>5t skies1 9 :i* vap\rs are n arriv$ at t grossness requisite to reflect o!r col\rs1 z we f9d x is by exp]i5ce4 ,m4 ,clausius has writt5 a mo/ int]e/+ pap]1 :i* he endeav\rs to %[ t ! m9ute p>ticles ( wat] :i* are suppos$ by ,newton to reflect ! light1 _c be little globes entirely compos$ ( wat]1 b bladd]s or holl[ sph]es2 ! vap\r mu/ be 9 :at is g5]ally t]m$ ! vesicul> /ate4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,m4 ,bruecke1 ^: exp]im5ts prove t ! susp5d$ p>ticles may be s small t ! reason+ ( ,m4 ,clausius may n apply to !m4 ,b :y ne$ we assume ! exi/5ce ( su* p>ticles at all8--:y n assume t ! col\r ( ! air is blue1 & r5d]s ! light ( ! sun blue1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a blue glass or a solution ( ! sulphate ( copp]8 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! great v>iation :i* ! col\r ( ! firmam5t und]goes 9 ! ,alps1 & h rem>k$ t ?is seems to indicate t ! blue dep5ds ^u "s v>iable con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,fur!r1 we f9d t ! blue light ( ! sky is reflect$ light2 & !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! atmosph]e capable ( produc+ ?is reflection2 b ?is ?+1 :atev] x is1 produces ano!r effect :i* ! blue glass or liquid is unable to produce4 ,^! transmit blue light1 :]eas1 :5 ! sol> beams h trav]s$ a great l5g? ( air1 z 9 ! morn+ or ! ev5+1 !y are yell[1 or orange1 or ev5 blood-r$1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e3--! transmitt$ light & ! reflect$ light ( ! atmosph]e are !n totally diff]5t 9 col\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,goe!',s ,,hypo!sis4 ,goe!1 9 8 celebrat$ ',f>b5lehre1' gives a !ory ( ! col\r ( ! sky1 & has illu/rat$ x by a s]ies ( /rik+ facts4 ,he assum$ two pr9ciples 9 ! univ]se--,light & ,d>kness--& an int]m$iate /age ( ,turbidity4 ,:5 ! d>kness is se5 ?r\gh a turbid m$ium on :i* ! light falls1 ! m$ium appe>s blue2 :5 ! light itself is view$ ?r\gh su* a m$ium1 x is yell[1 or orange1 or ruby-r$4 ,?is he applies to ! atmosph]e1 :i* s5ds u blue light1 or r$1 accord+ z ! d>kness ( inf9ite space1 or ! bright surface ( ! sun1 is reg>d$ ?r\gh x4 ,z a !ory ( col\rs ,goe!'s "w is ( no value1 b ! facts :i* he has br\ght =w>d 9 illu/ration ( ! action ( turbid m$ia are 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+4 ,he ref]s to ! blu5ess ( di/ant m\nta9s1 ( smoke1 ( ! l[] "p ( ! flame ( a c&le 7:i* if look$ at ) a :ite surface beh9d x completely disappe>s71 ( soapy wat]1 & ( ! precipitates ( v>i\s res9s 9 wat]4 ,"o ( 8 anecdotes 9 connexion ) ?is subject is extremely curi\s & in/ructive4 ,! portrait ( a v dignifi$ !ologian hav+ suff]$ f dirt1 x 0 giv5 to a pa9t] to be clean$4 ,! cl]gyman 0 drawn 9 a dress ( black velvet1 ov] :i* ! pa9t]1 9 ! fir/ place1 pass$ 8 sponge4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t ! black velvet *ang$ to ! col\r ( blue plu%1 & completely alt]$ ! aspect ( its we>]4 ,goe! 0 in=m$ ( ! fact2 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 8 pres5ce1 & he at once solv$ x by ref]5ce to 8 !ory4 ,! v>ni% ( ! picture :5 mix$ ) ! wat] =m$ a turbid m$ium1 & ! black coat se5 ?r\gh x appe>$ blue2 :5 ! wat] evaporat$ ! coat resum$ its orig9al aspect4 ,sid5ote3 ,,susp5d$ ,,p>ticles4 ,) reg>d to ! real explanation ( ^! effects1 x may be %[n1 t1 if a beam ( :ite light be s5t ?r\gh a liquid :i* conta9s extremely m9ute p>ticles 9 a /ate ( susp5sion1 ! %ort waves are m copi\sly reflect$ by su* p>ticles ?an ! long ones2 blue1 = example1 is m copi\sly reflect$ ?an r$4 ,?is may be %[n by v>i\s f9e precipitates1 b ! be/ is t ( ,bruecke4 ,we "k t ma/ic & v>i\s res9s are soluble 9 alcohol1 & are precipitat$ :5 ! solution is p\r$ into wat]3 ,eau de ,cologne1 = example1 produces a :ite precipitate :5 p\r$ into wat]4 ,if h[ev] ?is precipitate be suffici5tly dilut$1 x gives ! liquid a blui% col\r by reflect$ light4 ,ev5 :5 ! precipitate is v ?ick & gross1 & floats ^u ! liquid l a k9d ( curd1 its "u portions (t5 exhibit a f9e blue4 ,to obta9 p>ticles ( a prop] size1 ,bruecke recomm5ds #a gramme ( col\rless ma/ic to be dissolv$ 9 #hg grammes ( alcohol1 & dropp$ into a beak] ( wat]1 :i* is kept 9 a /ate ( agitation4 ,9 ?is way a blue resembl+ t ( ! firmam5t may be produc$4 ,x is be/ se5 :5 a black clo? is plac$ beh9d ! glass2 b 9 c]ta9 positions ?is blue liquid appe>s yell[2 & ^! are ! positions :5 ! transmitt$ light rea*es ! eye4 ,x is evid5t t ?is *ange ( col\r mu/ necess>ily exi/2 = ! blue be+ p>tially )drawn by m copi\s reflection1 ! transmitt$ light mu/ p>take m or less ( ! "* ( ! complem5t>y col\r2 ?\gh x does n foll[ t !y %\ld be exactly complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,sun ,,?r\gh ,,london ,,smoke4 ,:5 a long tube is fill$ ) cle> wat]1 ! col\r ( ! liquid1 z be=e /at$1 %[s itself by transmitt$ light4 ,! effect is v int]e/+ :5 a solution ( ma/ic is p]mitt$ to drop into su* a tube1 & ! f9e precipitate to diffuse itself 9 ! wat]4 ,! blue-gre5 ( ! liquid is fir/ neutraliz$1 & a yell[ col\r %[s itself2 on add+ m ( ! solution ! col\r passes f yell[ to orange1 & f orange to blood-r$4 ,) a cell an in* & a half 9 wid?1 conta9+ wat]1 into :i* ! solution ( ma/ic is suff]$ to drop1 ! same effect may be obta9$4 ,if ! light ( an electric lamp be caus$ to =m a cle> sunlike disk ^u a :ite scre51 ! gradual *ange ( ?is light by augm5t$ precipitation into deep gl[+ r$1 resembl+ ! col\r ( ! sun :5 se5 ?r\gh f9e ,london smoke1 is exce$+ly /rik+4 ,inde$ ! smoke acts1 9 "s measure1 ! "p ( our f9ely-susp5d$ matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,morn+ ,,& ,,ev5+ ,,r$4 ,by su* means x is possible to imitate ! ph5om5a ( ! firmam5t2 we c produce its pure blue1 & cause x to v>y z 9 nature4 ,! milk9ess :i* /eals ov] ! heav5s1 & enables u to di/+ui% "o cl\dless day f ano!r1 c be produc$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,! yell[1 orange1 & r$ light ( ! morn+ & ev5+ c also be obta9$3 inde$ ! effects are s /rik+ly alike z to sugge/ a common orig9--t ! col\rs ( ! sky are due to m9ute p>ticles diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,^! p>ticles are d\btless ! cond5s$ vap\r ( wat]1 & its v>iation 9 quality & am\nt enables u to und]/& ! v>iability ( ! firmam5tal blue1 & ( ! morn+ & ! ev5+ r$4 ,pr(essor ,=bes1 moreov]1 has made ! int]e/+ obs]vation t ! /eam ( a locomotive1 at a c]ta9 /age ( its cond5sation1 is blue or r$ accord+ z x is view$ by reflect$ or transmitt$ light4 ,^! consid]ations enable u to acc\nt = a numb] ( facts ( common occurr5ce4 ,?9 milk1 :5 p\r$ ^u a black surface1 appe>s blui%4 ,! milk is col\rless2 t is1 its blu5ess is n due to absorption1 b to a sep>ation ( ! light by ! p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! juices ( v>i\s plants owe _! blu5ess to ! same cause2 b p]haps ! mo/ curi\s illu/ration is t pres5t$ by a blue eye4 ,"h we h no true col\r+ matt]1 no prop] absorption2 b we look ?r\gh a muddy m$ium at ! black *oroid coat )9 ! eye1 & ! m$ium appe>s blue4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,col\r ,,( ,,swiss ,,lakes4 ,is x n probable t ?is action ( f9ely-divid$ matt] may h "s influ5ce on ! col\r ( "s ( ! ,swiss lakes--z t ( ,g5eva = example8 ,?is lake is simply an expansion ( ! riv] ,rhone1 :i* ru%es f ! end ( ! ,rhone glaci]1 z ! ,arveiron does f ! end ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,num]\s o!r /reams jo9 ! ,rhone "r & left dur+ its d[nw>d c\rse2 & ^! fe$]s1 be+ almo/ :olly d]iv$ f glaci]s1 jo9 ! ,rhone *>g$ ) ! f9] matt] :i* ^! 9 _! motion h gr\nd f ! rocks ov] :i* !y h pass$4 ,b ! glaci]s mu/ gr9d ! mass b5ea? !m to p>ticles ( all sizes1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! f9e/ ( !m mu/ rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! lake ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,f>aday has %[n t a precipitate ( gold may require mon?s to s9k to ! bottom ( a bottle n m ?an five in*es high1 & 9 all probability x w\ld require ages ( calm subsid5ce to br+ all ! p>ticles :i* ! ,lake ( ,g5eva conta9s to its bottom4 ,x seems c]ta9ly wor?y ( exam9ation :e!r su* p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! wat] contribute to ! production ( t magnific5t blue :i* has excit$ ! admiration ( all :o h se5 x "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,helmholtz1 ',das ,seh5 des ,m5s*54' ,,! ,,mora9es4 7#h47 ,! surface ( ! glaci] does n long reta9 ! %9+ :it5ess ( ! sn[ f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,x is flank$ by m\nta9s :i* are wa%$ by ra91 dislocat$ by fro/1 riv5 by lightn+1 trav]s$ by avalan*es1 & swept by /orms4 ,! light] debris is scatt]$ by ! w9ds f> & wide ov] ! glaci]1 sully+ ! purity ( its surface4 ,loose %+le rattles at int]vals d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 & falls ^u ! ice :]e x t\*es ! rocks4 ,l>ge rocks are cont9ually let loose1 :i* come jump+ f l$ge to l$ge1 ! cohesion ( "s be+ pro( aga9/ ! %ocks :i* !y exp]i5ce2 :ile o!rs1 :5 !y hit ! rocks1 bur/ l bomb-%ells1 & %[] _! fragm5ts ^u ! ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lat]al ,,mora9es4 ,?us ! glaci] is incessantly load$ along its bord]s ) ! ru9s ( ! m\nta9s :i* limit x2 & x is evid5t t ! quantity ( rock & rubbi% ?us ca/ ^u ! glaci] dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,:]e ! summits are b>e & friable1 we may expect copi\s %[]s2 :]e !y are resi/ant1 & p>ticul>ly :]e !y are protect$ by a cov]+ ( ice & sn[1 ! quantity w be small4 ,z ! glaci] moves d[nw>d1 x c>ries ) x ! load deposit$ ^u x4 ,long ridges ( debris ?us flank ! glaci]1 & ^! ridges are call$ lat]al mora9es4 ,:]e two tribut>y glaci]s jo9 to =m a trunk-glaci]1 _! adjac5t lat]al mora9es are laid side by side at ! place ( conflu5ce1 ?us con/itut+ a ridge :i* runs along ! middle ( ! trunk-glaci]1 & :i* is call$ a m$ial mora9e4 ,! rocks & debris c>ri$ d[n by ! glaci] are f9ally deposit$ at its l[] extremity1 =m+ !re a t]m9al mora9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m$ial ,,& ,,t]m9al ,,mora9es4 ,x ne$ h>dly be /at$ t ! numb] ( m$ial mora9es is only limit$ by ! numb] ( bran* glaci]s4 ,if a glaci] h b two bran*es1 x w h only "o m$ial mora9e2 if x h ?ree bran*es1 x w h two m$ial mora9es2 if n bran*es1 x w h n-#a m$ial mora9es4 ,! numb] ( m$ial mora9es1 9 %ort1 is always "o less ?an ! numb] ( bran*es4 ,a glance at ! annex$ figure w reveal ! mann] 9 :i* ! lat]al mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace unite to =m m$ial ones4 7,see ,fig4 #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,,mora9es ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,to face p4 #bfd4 ,:5 a glaci] dim9i%es 9 size x leaves its lat]al mora9es /r&$ on ! flanks ( ! valleys4 ,successive %r9k+s may ?us occur1 & h occurr$ at int]vals ( c5turies2 & a succession ( old lat]al mora9es1 su* z _m glaci]-valleys exhibit1 is ! consequ5ce4 ,! ,m] de ,glace1 = example1 has its old lat]al mora9es1 :i* run p>allel ) its pres5t ones4 ,! glaci] may also dim9i% 9 l5g? at di/ant int]vals2 ! result be+ a succession ( m or less conc5tric t]m9al mora9es4 ,9 front ( ! ,rhone-glaci] we h six or sev5 su* mora9es1 & ! ,m] de ,glace also possesses a s]ies ( !m4 ,let u n[ consid] ! effect produc$ by a block ( /one ^u ! surface ( a glaci]4 ,! ice ar\nd x receives ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & is act$ on by ! w>m air2 x is !re=e con/antly melt+4 ,! /one also receives ! sol> beams1 is w>m$1 & transmits its heat1 by conduction1 to ! ice b5ea? x4 ,if ! heat ?us transmitt$ to ! ice ?r\gh ! /one be less ?an an equal space ( ! surr\nd+ ice receives1 x is manife/ t ! ice ar\nd ! /one w wa/e m quickly ?an t b5ea? x1 & ! consequ5ce is1 t1 z ! surface s9ks1 x leaves beh9d x a pill> ( ice1 on :i* ! block is elevat$4 ,if ! /one be wide & flat1 x may rise to a consid]able height1 & 9 ?is position x con/itutes :at is call$ a glaci]-table4 7,see ,fig4 #f47 ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci] ,,tables ,,acc\nt$ ,,=4 ,almo/ all glaci]s pres5t examples ( su* tables2 b no glaci] ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ exhibits !m 9 great] numb] & p]fection ?an ! ,unt]a> glaci]1 ne> ! ,grimsel4 ,va/ masses ( granite are ?us pois$ al(t on icy p$e/als2 b a limit is plac$ to _! exaltation by ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,! sun plays obliquely ^u ! table all day2 its s\!rn extremity receives m heat ?an its nor!rn1 & ! consequ5ce is1 t x dips t[>ds ! s\?4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! plane ( ! dip rotates a little dur+ ! day1 be+ a little incl9$ t[>ds ! ea/ 9 ! morn+1 nor? & s\? a little aft] noon1 & incl9$ t[>ds ! we/ 9 ! ev5+2 s t1 !oretically speak+1 ! block is a sun-dial1 %[+ by its position ! h\r ( ! day4 ,?is rotation is1 h[ev]1 too small to be s5sible1 & h5ce ! dip ( ! /ones ^u a glaci] suffici5tly expos$ to ! sunlight1 enables u at any "t to draw ! m]idian l9e along its surface4 ,! incl9ation f9ally becomes s great t ! block slips (f its p$e/al1 & beg9s to =m ano!r1 :ile ! "o :i* x orig9ally occupi$ spe$ily disappe>s1 "u ! influ5ce ( sun & air4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts a typical section ( a glaci]-table1 ! sun's rays be+ suppos$ to fall 9 ! direction ( ! %ad+ l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,,type ,,table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,typical section ( a glaci] ,table4 ,/ones ( a c]ta9 size are always lift$ 9 ! way describ$4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! heat :i* a l>ge block receives is wa/$ by radiation1 & by communication to ! air1 s t ! quantity :i* rea*es ! ice b5ea? is trifl+4 ,su* a mass is1 ( c\rse1 a protector ( ! ice b5ea? x4 ,b if ! /one be small1 & d>k 9 col\r1 x absorbs ! heat ) avidity1 communicates x quickly to ! ice ) :i* x is 9 contact1 & consequ5tly s9ks 9 ! ice4 ,?is is also ! case ) bits ( dirt & ! f9] fragm5ts ( debris2 !y s9k 9 ! glaci]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a pretty ?ick lay] ( s& is wa%$ ov] ! ice f ! mora9es1 or f ! m\nta9-sides2 & su* s&-lay]s give bir? to ice-cones1 :i* gr[ to peculi>ly gr& dim5sions on ! ,l[] ,a> glaci]4 ,i say gr[1 b ! tru?1 ( c\rse1 is1 t ! surr\nd+ ice wa/es1 :ile ! portion und]nea? ! s& is s protect$ t x rema9s z an em95ce beh9d4 ,at fir/ sight1 ^! s&-cov]$ cones appe> huge heaps ( dirt1 b on exam9ation !y are f\nd to be cones ( ice1 & t ! dirt con/itutes m]ely a sup]ficial cov]+4 ,turn we n[ to ! mora9es4 ,protect+1 z !y d1 ! ice f wa/e1 !y rise1 z might be expect$1 9 va/ ridges above ! g5]al surface ( ! glaci]4 ,9 "s cases ! surr\nd+ mass has be5 s wa/$ z to leave ! sp9es ( ice :i* support ! mora9es =ty or fifty feet above ! g5]al level ( ! glaci]4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace ab\t ! ,tacul rise to ?is height4 ,b l[] d[n1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,e*elets1 ^! high ridges disappe>1 & n\ght rema9s to m>k ! huge mora9e b a /rip ( dirt1 & p]haps a slight longitud9al protub]ance on ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,h[ h ! blocks vani%$ t once load$ ! mora9es ne> ! ,tacul8 ,!y h be5 swall[$ 9 ! crevasses :i* int]sect ! mora9es l[] d[n2 & if we c\ld exam9e ! ice at ! ,e*elets we %\ld f9d ! engulf$ rocks 9 ! body ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mora9es ,,engulf$ ,,& ,,disgorg$4 ,cases occur1 :]e9 mora9es1 aft] hav+ be5 engulf$1 & hidd5 = a "t1 are aga9 entirely disgorg$ by ! glaci]4 ,two mora9es run along ! bas9 ( ! ,talefre1 "o f ! ,j>d91 ! o!r f an adjac5t promontory1 proce$+ p>allel to ea* o!r t[>ds ! summit ( ! great ice-fall4 ,"h ! ice is riv51 & pr(\nd *asms are =m$1 9 :i* ! blocks & %+le ( ! mora9es disappe>4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire ice-fall ! only trace ( ! mora9es is a broad dirt-/reak1 :i* ! eye may foll[ along ! c5tre ( ! fall1 ) p]haps "h & !re a /one :i* has manag$ to rise f its froz5 sepul*re4 ,b ! ice wa/es1 & at ! base ( ! fall l>ge masses ( /one beg9 to reappe>2 ^! become m num]\s z we desc5d2 ! small] debris also appe>s1 & f9ally1 at "s di/ance bel[ ! fall1 ! mora9e is completely re/or$1 & beg9s to ex]cise its protect+ influ5ce2 x rises ^u its ridge ( ice1 & dom9ates z be=e ov] ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,transp>5cy ,,( ,,ice ,,"u ,,! ,,mora9es4 ,! ice "u ! mora9es & s&-cones is ( a diff]5t appe>ance f t ( ! surr\nd+ glaci]1 & ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n enable u to expla9 ! diff]5ce4 ,! sun's rays1 /rik+ ^u ! unprotect$ surface ( ! glaci]1 ent] ! ice to a consid]able dep?2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! ice ne> ! surface ( ! glaci] is always dis9tegrat$1 be+ cut up ) m9ute fissures & cavities1 fill$ ) wat] & air1 :i*1 = reasons already assign$1 cause ! glaci]1 :5 x is clean1 to appe> :ite & opaque4 ,! ice "u ! mora9es1 on ! contr>y1 is usually d>k & transp>5t2 ,i h sometimes se5 x z black z pit*1 ! blackness be+ a pro( ( its great transp>5cy1 :i* prev5ts ! reflection ( light f its int]ior4 ,! ice "u ! mora9es _c be assail$ 9 its dep?s by ! sol> heat1 because ?is heat becomes obscure be=e x rea*es ! ice1 & z su* x lacks ! p[] ( p5etrat+ ! sub/ance4 ,x is also communicat$ 9 great "p by way ( contact in/ead ( by radiation4 ,a ?9 film at ! surface ( ! mora9e-ice engages all ! heat t acts ^u x1 its deep] portions rema9+ intact & transp>5t4 ,,glaci] ,,motion4 ,,prelim9>y4 7#i47 ,sid5ote3 ,,neve ,,& ,,glaci]4 ,?\gh a glaci] is really compos$ ( two portions1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! sn[-l9e1 ! t]m glaci] is usually re/rict$ to ! latt]1 :ile ! ,fr5* t]m neve is appli$ to ! =m]4 ,x is manife/ t ! sn[ :i* falls ^u ! glaci] prop] c contribute no?+ to its gr[? or p]man5ce2 = e summ] is n only compet5t to aboli% ! accumulations ( ! =ego+ w9t]1 b to d a great deal m4 ,dur+ ea* summ] inde$ a consid]able quantity ( ! ice bel[ ! sn[-l9e is r$uc$ to wat]2 s t1 if ! wa/e 7 n 9 "s way suppli$1 x is manife/ t 9 a few ye>s ! l[] portion ( ! glaci] mu/ entirely disappe>4 ,! end ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 = example1 c\ld nev] ye> aft] ye> ?ru/ itself into ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 7 !re n "s ag5cy by :i* its manife/ wa/e is made good4 ,?is ag5cy is ! motion ( ! glaci]4 ,to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! fact ( _! motion1 b :o h /ood ^u ^! va/ accumulations ( ice1 & notic$ _! app>5t fixity & rigidity1 ! ass]tion t a glaci] moves mu/ appe> 9 ! highe/ degree />tl+ & incr$ible4 ,!y w\ld naturally %>e ! d\bts ( a c]ta9 pr(essor ( ,tueb+51 :o1 aft] a visit to ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&1 w5t home & wrote a book flatly d5y+ ! possibility ( _! motion4 ,b reflection comes to ! aid ( s5se1 & qualifies fir/ impressions4 ,we ask ourselves h[ is ! p]man5ce ( ! glaci] secur$8 ,h[ are ! mora9es to be acc\nt$ =8 ,:5ce come ! blocks :i* we (t5 f9d at ! t]m9us ( a glaci]1 & :i* we "k belong to di/ant m\nta9s8 ,! necessity ( motion to produce ^! results becomes m & m app>5t1 until at l5g? we resort to actual exp]im5t4 ,we take two fix$ po9ts at opposite sides ( ! glaci]1 s t a block ( /one :i* re/s ^u ! ice may be 9 ! /raight l9e :i* unites ! po9ts2 & we soon f9d t ! block quits ! l9e1 & is borne d[nw>ds by ! glaci]4 ,we may well realize ! int]e/ ( ! man :o fir/ engag$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & ! pleasure :i* he felt on f9d+ t ! block mov$2 = ev5 n[1 aft] hundr$s ( obs]vations on ! motion ( glaci]s h be5 made1 ! actual obs]vance ( ?is motion = ! fir/ "t is always accompani$ by a ?rill ( delight4 ,su* pleasure ! direct p]ception ( natural tru? always imp>ts4 ,l ,antaeus we t\* our "m1 & are refre%$ by ! contact4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hugi',s ,,measurem5ts4 ,! fact ( glaci]-motion has be5 kn[n = an indef9ite "t to ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s2 b ! fir/ :o made quantitative obs]vations ( ! motion 0 ,hugi4 ,he f\nd t f #ahbg to #ahcj 8 cab9 ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a> _h mov$ #ajj metres1 or ab\t #aaj y>ds1 d[nw>ds2 9 #ahcf x _h mov$ #gad metres2 & 9 #ahda ,m4 ,agassiz f\nd x at a di/ance ( #a1dbh metres f its fir/ position4 ,?is is equival5t 9 r\nd numb]s to an av]age velocity ( #ajj metres a ye>4 ,9 #ahdj ,m4 ,agassiz fix$ ! position ( ! rock kn[n z ! ,hotel des ,neuf*atelois2 & on ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 #ahda1 he f\nd t x _h mov$ #bac feet d[nw>d4 ,betwe5 ?is date & ,septemb]1 #ahdb1 ! rock mov$ #bgc feet1 ?us accompli%+ a di/ance ( #dhf feet 9 two ye>s4 ,b mu* unc]ta9ty prevail$ reg>d+ ! motion ( ! b\ld]s1 = !y sometimes roll$ ^u ! glaci]1 & h5ce x 0 resolv$ to use /akes ( wood driv5 into ! ice4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july1 #ahda1 ,m4 ,es*] de la ,l9? fix$ a sy/em ( /akes1 e two ( :i* 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a di/ance ( #ajj metres1 across ! great ,alets* glaci]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( o!r /akes 7 fix$ along ! glaci]1 ! longitud9al sep>ation be+ also #ajj metres4 ,on ! #h? ( ,july ! /akes /ood at a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet 9 ! ice4 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/ he return$ to ! glaci]4 ,almo/ all ! /akes _h fall51 & no trace1 ev5 ( ! holes 9 :i* !y _h be5 sunk1 rema9$4 ,m4 ,agassiz 0 equally unsuccessful on ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,x mu/ !re=e be borne 9 m9d1 t1 previ\s to ! introduction ( ! facile modes ( measurem5t :i* we n[ employ1 sev]e lab\r & frequ5t disappo9tm5t _h taught obs]v]s ! true conditions ( success4 ,aft] 8 defeat ^u ! ,alets*1 ,m4 ,es*] jo9$ ,,mm4 ,agassiz & ,desor on ! ,a> glaci]1 :]e1 betwe5 ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ & ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 !y fix$ 9 conc]t ! positions ( a s]ies ( blocks ^u ! ice1 ) ! view ( measur+ _! displacem5ts ! foll[+ ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,agassiz',s ,,measurem5ts4 ,ano!r obs]vation ( great importance 0 also comm5c$ 9 #ahda4 ,w>n$ by previ\s failures1 ,m4 ,agassiz _h iron bor+-rods c>ri$ up ! glaci]1 ) :i* he pi]c$ ! ice at six places to a dep? ( t5 feet1 & at ea* place drove a wood5 pile into ! ice4 ,^! six /ations 7 9 ! same /raight l9e across ! glaci]2 ?ree ( !m /&+ ^u ! ,f9/]a> & ?ree on ! ,laut]a> tribut>y4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ,m4 ,agassiz conceiv$ ! idea ( hav+ ! displacem5ts measur$ ! ye> foll[+ ) precise in/rum5ts1 & also ( hav+ con/ruct$1 by a pr(essional eng9e]1 a map ( ! entire glaci]1 on :i* all its visible accid5ts %\ld be drawn accord+ to scale4 ,?is excell5t "w 0 aft]w>ds execut$ by ,m4 ,wild1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,geodesy & ,topography 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,zu]i*1 & x is publi%$ z a sep>ate atlas 9 connexion ) ,m4 ,agassiz's ',sy/eme ,glaciaire4' ,sid5ote3 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,=bes ,,invit$4 ,m4 ,agassiz is a naturali/1 & he appe>s to h devot$ b little att5tion to ! /udy ( physics4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! physical portions ( 8 writ+s appe> to me to be v (t5 defective4 ,x 0 probably 8 own consci\sness ( ?is defici5cy t l$ him to invoke ! advice ( ,arago & o!rs previ\s to sett+ out ^u 8 excursions4 ,x 0 also 8 desire to see a philosoph] s ju/ly celebrat$ occupy himself ) ! subject1 :i* induc$ him to invite ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes ( ,ed9burgh to be 8 gue/ ^u ! ,a> glaci] 9 #ahda4 ,on ! #h? ( ,augu/ !y met at ! ,grimsel ,hospice1 & = ?ree weeks aft]w>ds !y 7 engag$ toge!r daily ^u ! ice1 %>+ at night ! %elt] ( ! same rude ro(4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to ?is visit t ,pr(4 ,=bes writes ?us at page #ch ( ! ',travels 9 ! ,alps'3--,f> f be+ ready to admit1 z my sangu9e companions wi%$ me to d 9 #ahda1 t ! !ory ( glaci]s 0 complete1 & ! cause ( _! motion c]ta91 aft] pati5tly he>+ all !y _h to say & res]v+ my op9ion1 ,i drew ! conclusion t no !ory :i* ,i _h !n he>d ( c\ld acc\nt = ! few facts admitt$ on all h&s4 ,9 #ahdb ,pr(4 ,=bes repair$1 z e>ly z ! /ate ( ! sn[ p]mitt$1 to ! ,m] de ,glace2 he work$ !re1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = a week1 & aft]w>ds cross$ ov] to ,c\rmayeur to witness a sol> eclipse4 ,! result ( 8 week's obs]vations 0 imm$iately communicat$ to ,pr(4 ,jameson1 !n editor ( ! ',ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal4' ,sid5ote3 ,,c5tre ,,moves ,,quicke/4 ,9 t lett] he ann\nces ! fact1 b gives no details ( ! measurem5t1 t ! c5tral "p ( ! glaci] moves fa/] ?an ! edges 9 a v consid]able proportion2 q contr>y to ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$4 ,he also ann\nc$ at ! same "t ! cont9u\s h\rly advance ( ! glaci]4 ,?is lett] be>s ! date1 ,c\rmayeur1 ,pi$mont1 #d? ,july1 b x 0 n publi%$ until ! mon? ( ,octob] foll[+4 ,mean:ile ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 company ) ,m4 ,wild1 return$ to complete 8 exp]im5t ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,july1 #ahdb1 ! displacem5ts ( ! six piles :i* he _h plant$ ! ye> be=e 7 det]m9$ by means ( a !odolite4 ,( ! ?ree ^u ! ,f9/]a> afflu5t1 t ne>e/ ! side _h mov$ #afj feet1 ! next #bbe feet1 :ile t ne>e/ to ! c5tre _h mov$ #bfi feet4 ,( ^? on ! ,laut]a>1 t ne>e/ ! side _h mov$ #abe feet1 ! next #baj feet1 & t ne>e/ ! c5tre #bdf feet4 ,^! obs]vations 7 p]fectly conclusive z to ! quick] motion ( ! c5tre3 !y embrace a ye>'s motion2 & ! magnitude ( ! displacem5ts1 caus+ errors ( in*es1 :i* might s]i\sly affect small displacem5ts1 to vani%1 ju/ifies u 9 rank+ ?is exp]im5t ) ! mo/ satisfactory ( ! k9d t h ev] be5 made4 ,! results 7 communicat$ to ,arago 9 a lett] dat$ f ! glaci] ( ! ,a>1 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #ahdb2 !y 7 laid be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #ahdb1 & are publi%$ 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus' ( ! same date4 ,! facts1 !n1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to collect !m1 are z foll[s3--,m4 ,agassiz comm5c$ 8 exp]im5t ab\t t5 mon?s be=e ,pr(essor ,=bes1 & ! results ( 8 measurem5ts1 ) quantities /at$1 7 communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ab\t two mon?s prior to ! publication ( ! lett] ( ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal4' ,b ! latt] communication1 ann\nc+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! fact ( ! spe$i] c5tral motion1 0 dat$ f ,c\rmayeur tw5ty-sev5 days be=e ! date ( ,m4 ,agassiz's lett] f ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,"q4 ,! spe$i] motion ( ! c5tral portion ( a glaci] has be5 ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( c>d9al importance1 & no o!r obs]vation has be5 ! subject ( su* frequ5t ref]5ce2 b ! g5]al impression 9 ,engl& is t ,m4 ,agassiz _h nei!r "p nor lot 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! above fact2 & 9 no ,engli% "w ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ c ,i f9d any ref]5ce to ! above measurem5ts4 ,rely+ inde$ ^u su* s\rces = my in=mation1 ,i rema9$ ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pap] 9 ! ',comptes ,r5dus' until my att5tion 0 direct$ to x by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4 ,9 ! next foll[+ *apt]s ,i %all h to /ate ! results ( "s ( my own measurem5ts1 & %all aft]w>ds devote a little "t to ! consid]ation ( ! cause ( glaci]-motion4 ,9 treat+ a "q on :i* s mu* has be5 writt51 x is ( c\rse impossible1 z x w\ld be undesirable1 to avoid subject+ bo? my own views & ^? ( o!rs to a critical exam9ation4 ,b 9 s do+ ,i hope t no expression %all escape me inconsi/5t ) ! c\rtesy :i* ought to be habitual among philosoph]s or ) ! frank recognition ( ! j claims ( my pr$ecessors4 ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 7#aj47 ,sid5ote3 ,,my ,,fir/ ,,obs]vation4 ,on ,tuesday1 ! #ad? ( ,july1 #aheg1 ,i made my fir/ obs]vation on ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,accompani$ by ,mr4 ,hir/ ,i select$ on ! /eep slope ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois a /raight p9nacle ( ice1 ! front edge ( :i* 0 p]fectly v]tical4 ,9 co9cid5ce ) ?is edge ,i fix$ ! v]tical fibre ( ! !odolite1 & p]mitt$ ! in/rum5t to /& = ?ree h\rs4 ,on look+ ?r\gh x at ! end ( ?is int]val1 ! cross hairs 7 f\nd project$ aga9/ ! :ite side ( ! pyramid2 ! :ole mass hav+ mov$ sev]al in*es d[nw>ds4 ,! in/rum5t "h m5tion$1 :i* _h long be5 9 use among eng9e]s & surveyors1 0 fir/ appli$ to measure glaci]-motion 9 #ahdb2 by ,pr(4 ,=bes on ! ,m] de ,glace1 & by ,m4 ,agassiz on ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,! portion ( ! !odolite made use ( is easily und]/ood4 ,! in/rum5t is furni%$ ) a telescope capable ( turn+ up & d[n ^u a pivot1 )\t ! slighte/ deviation "r or left2 & also capable ( turn+ "r or left )\t ! slighte/ deviation up or d[n4 ,)9 ! telescope two pieces ( spid]'s ?read1 s f9e z to be sc>cely visible to ! nak$ eye1 are drawn across ! tube & across ea* o!r4 ,:5 we look ?r\gh ! telescope we see ^! fibres1 _! po9t ( int]section be+ exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! tube2 & ! in/rum5t is furni%$ ) screws by means ( :i* ?is po9t c be fix$ ^u any desir$ object ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mode ,,( ,,measurem5t4 ,9 sett+ a /raight r[ ( /akes across ! glaci]1 our mode ( proce$+ 0 9 all cases ?is3--,! !odolite 0 plac$ on ! m\nta9-side flank+ ! glaci]1 q cle> ( ! ice2 & hav+ det]m9$ ! direction ( a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! glaci]1 a well-def9$ object 0 s\ght at ! opposite side ( ! valley z close z possible to ?is direction2 ! object be+1 9 "s cases1 ! %>p edge ( a cliff2 9 o!rs1 a project+ corn] ( rock2 &1 9 o!rs1 a well-def9$ m>k on ! face ( ! rock4 ,?is object & ^? ar\nd x 7 c>efully sket*$1 s t on return+ to ! place x c\ld be in/antly recogniz$4 ,on comm5c+ a l9e ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two spid]s' ?reads )9 ! telescope 0 fir/ fix$ accurately ^u ! po9t ?us *os51 & an assi/ant c>ry+ a /raight baton 0 s5t ^u ! ice4 ,by r\gh signall+ he fir/ /ood ne> ! place :]e ! fir/ /ake 0 to be driv5 92 & ! object end ( ! telescope 0 !n l[]$ until he came )9 ! field ( view4 ,he held 8 /aff upright ^u ! ice1 &1 9 ob$i5ce to signals1 mov$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds until ! po9t ( int]section ( ! spid]s-?reads exactly hit ! bottom ( ! baton2 a conc]t$ signal 0 !n made1 ! ice 0 pi]c$ ) an aug] to a dep? ( ab\t sixte5 in*es1 & a /ake ab\t two feet long 0 firmly driv5 into x4 ,! assi/ant !n advanc$ = "s di/ance across ! glaci]2 ! end ( ! telescope 0 n[ g5tly rais$ until he & 8 upright /aff aga9 appe>$ 9 ! field ( view4 ,he !n mov$ z be=e until ! bottom ( 8 /aff 0 /ruck by ! po9t ( int]section1 & "h a second /ake 0 fix$ 9 ! ice4 ,9 ?is way ! process 0 cont9u$ until ! l9e ( /akes 0 complet$4 ,be=e quitt+ ! /ation1 a plummet 0 susp5d$ f a hook directly und]nea? ! c5tre ( ! !odolite1 & ! place :]e ! po9t t\*$ ! gr\nd 0 di/9ctly m>k$4 ,to measure ! motion ( ! l9e ( /akes1 we return$ to ! place a day or two aft]w>ds1 & by means ( ! plummet 7 able to make ! !odolite occupy ! exact position :i* x occupi$ :5 ! l9e 0 set out4 ,! telescope be+ direct$ ^u ! po9t at ! opposite side ( ! valley1 & gradually l[]$1 x 0 f\nd t no s+le /ake along ! l9e pres]v$ its fir/ position3 !y _h all %ift$ d[nw>ds4 ,! assi/ant 0 s5t to ! fir/ /ake2 ! po9t :i* x _h fir/ occupi$ 0 aga9 det]m9$1 & its pres5t di/ance f t po9t accurately measur$4 ,! same ?+ 0 done 9 ! case ( ea* /ake1 & ?us ! displacem5t ( ! :ole r[ ( /akes 0 asc]ta9$4,a ,! "t at :i* ! /ake 0 fix$1 & at :i* its displacem5t 0 measur$1 be+ c>efully not$1 a simple calculation det]m9$ ! daily motion ( ! /ake4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,l9e4 ,?us1 on ! #ag? ( ,july1 #aheg1 we set out our fir/ l9e across ! ,m] de ,glace1 at "s di/ance bel[ ! ,montanv]t2 on ! day foll[+ we measur$ ! progress ( ! /akes4 ,! obs]v$ displacem5ts are set d[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,fir/ ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,we/ #a mov$ #ab-a_/d #b #af-c_/d #c #bb-a_/b #d 444 #e #bd-a_/b #f mov$ 444 #g #bf-a_/d #h 444 #i #bh-c_/d #aj #ce-a_/b ,ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,c5tre-,,po9t ,,n ,,! ,,quicke/4 ,! !odolite 9 ?is case /ood on ! ,montanv]t side ( ! valley1 & ! /akes are numb]$ f ?is side4 ,we see t ! motion gradually augm5ts f ! #a/ /ake onw>d--! #a/ /ake be+ held back by ! friction ( ! ice aga9/ ! flank+ m\nta9-side4 ,! /akes #d1 #f1 & #h h no motion atta*$ to !m1 z an accid5t r5d]$ ! measurem5t ( _! displacem5ts unc]ta94 ,b "o rem>kable fact is exhibit$ by ?is l9e2 ! #g? /ake /ood ^u ! middle ( ! glaci]1 & we see t its motion is by no means ! quicke/2 x is exce$$ 9 ?is respect by ! /akes #i & #aj4 ,! portion ( ! glaci] on :i* ! #aj? /ake /ood 0 v mu* cut up by crevasses1 &1 :ile ! assi/ant 0 bor+ x ) 8 aug]1 ! ice b5ea? him 0 obs]v$1 ?r\gh ! telescope1 to slide sudd5ly =w>d = ab\t #d in*es4 ,! o!r /akes reta9$ _! positions1 s t ! movem5t 0 purely local4 ,d$uct+ ! #d in*es ?us irregul>ly obta9$1 we %\ld h a daily motion ( #ca-a_/b in*es = /ake ,no4 #aj4 ,! place 0 wat*$ = "s "t1 b ! slipp+ 0 n repeat$2 & a second measurem5t on ! succe$+ day made ! motion ( ! #aj? /ake #cb in*es1 :il/ t ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci] 0 only #bg4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a fact :i* ne$$ explanation2 b1 be=e attempt+ ?is1 ,i resolv$1 by repeat$ measurem5ts 9 ! same locality1 to place ! exi/5ce ( ! fact beyond d\bt4 ,we !re=e asc5d$ to a po9t ^u ! old & n[ motionless mora9e1 a little above ! ,montanv]t ,hotel2 & *oos+1 z be=e1 a well-def9$ object at ! opposite side ( ! valley1 we set betwe5 x & ! !odolite a r[ ( tw5ty /akes across ! glaci]4 ,_! motions1 measur$ on a subsequ5t day1 & r$uc$ to _! daily rate1 gave ! results set d[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,second ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,we/ #a mov$ #g-a_/b #b #aj-c_/d #c #ab-a_/d #d #ad-a_/b #e #af #f #af-c_/d #g #ag-a_/b #h #ai #i #ai-a_/b #aj #ba #aa mov$ #ba #ab #bb-a_/b #ac #ba #ad #bb-a_/b #ae #bj-a_/b #af #ba-c_/d #ag #bb-a_/d #ah #be-a_/d #ai 444 #bj #be-c_/d ,ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,corroborative ,,measurem5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! ret>dation ( ! side1 we obs]ve "h ! same fact z t reveal$ by our fir/ l9e--! motion gradually augm5ts f ! fir/ /ake to ! la/4 ,! /ake ,no4 #bj /ood ^u ! dirty portion ( ! ice1 :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! ,talefre tribut>y ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 & f> beyond ! middle ( ! glaci]4 ,^! measurem5ts1 !re=e1 corroborate t made l[] d[n1 z reg>ds ! non-co9cid5ce ( ! po9t ( swifte/ motion ) ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,b x w be obs]v$ t ! measurem5ts d n %[ any ret>dation ( ! ice at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! l9e ( /akes--! motion goes on augm5t+ f ! fir/ /ake to ! la/4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t 9 nei!r ( ! cases record$ 7 we able to get ! l9e q across ! glaci]2 ! crevasses & brok5 ice-ridges1 :i* int]cept$ ! vision1 compell$ u to halt be=e we came suffici5tly close to ! ea/]n side to make its ret>dation s5sible4 ,b on ! #bj? ( ,july my fri5d ,hir/ s\ght out an elevat$ /ation on ! ,*apeau1 or ea/]n side ( ! valley1 :5ce he c\ld comm& a view f side to side ov] all ! humps & inequalities ( ! ice1 ! fix$ po9t at ! opposite side1 ^u :i* ! telescope 0 direct$1 be+ ! corn] ( a w9d[ ( ! ,montanv]t ,hotel4 ,along ?is l9e 7 plac$ twelve /akes1 ! daily motions ( :i* 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,?ird ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,ea/ #a mov$ #ai-a_/b #b #bb-c_/d #c #bh-c_/d #d #cj-a_/d #e #cc-c_/d #f #bh-a_/d #g mov$ #bd-a_/b #h #be #i #be #aj #ah #aa 444 #ab #h-a_/b ,we/4 ,! numb]+ ( ! /akes along ?is l9e comm5c$ f ! ,*apeau-side ( ! glaci]1 & ! ret>dation ( t side is n[ manife/ en\gh2 ! motion gradually augm5t+ f #ai-a_/b to #cc-a_/b in*es4 ,b1 comp>+ ! velocity ( ! two extreme /akes1 we f9d t ! ret>dation ( /ake #ab is mu* great] ?an t ( /ake #a4 ,/ake #e1 moreov]1 :i* mov$ ) ! maximum velocity1 0 n ^u ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 b mu* ne>] to ! ea/]n ?an to ! we/]n side4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,new ,,peculi>ity ,,( ,,glaci] ,,motion4 ,x 0 ?us plac$ beyond d\bt t ! po9t ( maximum motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 at ! place ref]r$ to1 is n ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,b1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 ,i exam9$ ! comp>ative motion along ?ree o!r l9es1 & f\nd 9 all ! same undeviat+ result4 ,?is result is n only unexpect$1 b is q at v>iance ) ! op9ions hi!rto held reg>d+ ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! read] kn[s t ! trunk-/ream is compos$ ( ?ree great tribut>ies f ! ,geant1 ! ,le*aud1 & ! ,talefre4 ,! ,glaci] du ,geant fills m ?an half ( ! trunk-valley1 & ! junction betwe5 x & its neighb\rs is pla9ly m>k$ by ! dirt ^u ! surface ( ! latt]4 ,9 fact f\r m$ial mora9es are cr[d$ toge!r on ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci]1 & be=e rea*+ ! ,montanv]t !y h /rewn _! debris q ov] ! adjac5t ice4 ,a di/9ct limit is ?us =m$ betwe5 ! clean ,glaci] du ,geant & ! o!r dirty tribut>ies ( ! trunk-/ream4 ,n[ ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace is obs]v$ on ! :ole to be mu* m fi]cely torn ?an ! we/]n side1 & ?is excessive crevass+ has be5 ref]r$ to ! swift] motion ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t1 l a p[]ful riv]1 ?is glaci] drags its m sluggi% neighb\rs aft] x1 & ?us te>s !m 9 ! mann] obs]v$4 ,b ! measurem5t ( ! =ego+ ?ree l9es %[s t ?is _c be ! true cause ( ! crevass+4 ,9 ea* case ! /akes :i* mov$ quicke/ lay ^u ! dirty portion ( ! trunk-/ream1 f> to ! ea/ ( ! l9e ( junction ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 :i* 9 fact mov$ sl[e/ ( all4 ,sid5ote3 ,,law ,,( ,,motion ,,s\ght4 ,! g5]al view ( ! glaci]1 & ( ! %ape ( ! valley :i* x fill$1 sugge/$ to me t ! analogy ) a riv] might p]haps make itself good beyond ! limits hi!rto contemplat$4 ,! valley 0 n /raight1 b s9u\s4 ,at ! ,montanv]t ! convex side ( ! glaci] 0 turn$ ea/w>d2 at "s di/ance high] up1 ne> ! passages call$ ,les ,ponts1 x 0 turn$ we/w>d2 & high] up aga9 x 0 turn$ once m1 = a long /ret*1 ea/w>d4 ,?us betwe5 ,trelaporte & ! ,ponts we _h :at is call$ a po9t ( contr>y flexure1 & betwe5 ! ,ponts & ! ,montanv]t a second po9t ( ! same k9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,conjecture ,,reg>d+ ,,*ange ,,( ,,flexure4 ,suppos+ a riv]1 in/ead ( ! glaci]1 to sweep ?r\gh ?is valley2 its po9t ( maximum motion w\ld n always rema9 c5tral1 b w\ld deviate t[>ds t side ( ! valley to :i* ! riv] turn$ its convex b\nd>y4 ,inde$ ! positions ( t[ns along ! banks ( a navigable riv] are ma9ly det]m9$ by ?is circum/ance4 ,!y are1 9 mo/ cases1 situate on ! convex sides ( ! b5ds1 :]e ! ru% ( ! wat] prev5ts silt+ up4 ,c x be !n t ! ice exhibits a simil> deportm5t8 t ! same pr9ciple :i* regulates ! di/ribution ( p along ! banks ( ! ,?ames is also act+ ) sil5t en]gy amid ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps8 ,if ?is be ! case1 ! position ( ! po9t ( maximum motion ought1 ( c\rse1 to %ift ) ! b5d+ ( ! glaci]4 ,opposite ! ,ponts1 = example1 ! po9t ought to be on ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 & we/w>d ( ! c5tre ( ! trunk-/ream2 :ile1 high] up1 we ought to h ano!r *ange to ! ea/]n side1 9 accordance ) ! *ange ( flexure4 ,on ! #be? ( ,july a l9e 0 set out across ! glaci]1 "o ( its fix$ t]m9i be+ a m>k ^u ! fir/ ( ! ?ree ,ponts4 ,! motion ( ?is l9e1 measur$ on a subsequ5t day1 & r$uc$ to its daily rate1 0 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,f\r? ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,ea/ #a mov$ #f-a_/b #b #h #c #ab-a_/b #d #ae-a_/d #e #ae-a_/b #f #ah-c_/d #g #ah-a_/d #h #ah-c_/d #i #ai-a_/b #aj mov$ #ba #aa #bj-a_/b #ab #bc-a_/d #ac #bc-a_/d #ad #ba #ae #bb-a_/d #af #ag-a_/d #ag #ae ,we/4 ,?is l9e1 l ! ?ird1 0 set out & numb]$ f ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci]1 ! !odolite occupy+ a position on ! heights ( ! ,e*elets4 ,a mom5t's inspection ( ! table reveals a fact diff]5t f t obs]v$ on ! ?ird l9e2 !re ! mo/ ea/]ly /ake mov$ ) m ?an twice ! velocity ( ! mo/ we/]ly "o2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ we/]ly /ake moves ) m ?an twice ! velocity ( ! mo/ ea/]ly "o4 ,to enable me to comp>e ! motion ( ! ea/]n & we/]n halves ( ! glaci] ) great] /rictness1 my able & labori\s companion und]took ! task ( measur+ ) a surveyor's *a9 ! l9e j ref]r$ to2 not+ ! pickets :i* _h be5 fix$ along ! l9e1 & ! o!r rem>kable objects :i* x int]sect$4 ,! difficulty ( ?us direct+ a *a9 ov] crevasses & ridges c h>dly be appreciat$ except by ^? :o h tri$ x4 ,nev]!less1 ! task 0 accompli%$1 & ! wid? ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 at ?is portion ( its c\rse1 0 f\nd to be #hfc y>ds1 or almo/ exactly half a mile4 ,ref]r+ to ! la/ table1 x w be se5 t ! two /akes numb]$ #ab & #ac mov$ ) a common velocity ( #bc-a_/d in*es p] day1 & t _! motion is swift] ?an t ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,! po9t ( swifte/ motion may be tak5 midway betwe5 !m1 & ?is po9t 0 f\nd by measurem5t to lie #bcc y>ds we/ ( ! dirt :i* m>k$ ! junction ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant ) its fell[ tribut>ies3 :]eas1 9 ! =m] cases1 x lay a consid]able di/ance ea/ ( ?is limit4 ,its di/ance f ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci] 0 #fja y>ds1 & f ! we/]n side #bfb y>ds1 be+ #agj y>ds we/ ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,conjecture ,,te/$4 ,b ! measurem5ts enabl$ me to take ! /akes 9 pairs1 & to comp>e ! velocity ( a numb] ( !m :i* /ood at c]ta9 di/ances f ! ea/]n side ( ! valley1 ) an equal numb] :i* /ood at ! same di/ances f ! we/]n side4 ,by ?us arrang+ ! po9ts two by two1 ,i 0 able to comp>e ! motion ( ! entire body ( ! ice at ! "o side ( ! c5tral l9e ) t ( ! ice at ! o!r side4 ,/ake #ag /ood ab\t z f> f ! we/]n side ( ! glaci] z /ake #c did f its ea/]n side2 #af occupi$ ! same relation to #d2 #ae1 to #e2 #ac1 to #g2 & #ab1 to #i4 ,call+ ea* pair ( po9ts :i* ?us /& at equal di/ances f ! opposite sides correspond+ po9ts1 ! foll[+ little table exhibits _! comp>ative motions3-- ,numb]s & ,velocities ( ,correspond+ ,po9ts on ! ,f\r? ,l9e4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,we/ #ag #ae #af #ag-a_/d #ae #bb-a_/d #ac #bc-a_/d #ab #bc-a_/d ,ea/ #c #ab-a_/b #d #ae-a_/d #e #ae-a_/b #g #ah-a_/d #i #ai-a_/b ,sid5ote3 ,,we/]n ,,half ,,moves ,,quicke/4 ,! table expla9s itself4 ,we see t :ile /ake #ag1 :i* /&s we/ ( ! c5tre1 moves #ae in*es1 /ake #c1 :i* /&s an equal di/ance ea/ ( ! c5tre1 moves only #ab-a_/b in*es4 ,comp>+ e pair ( ! o!r po9ts1 we f9d ! same to hold good2 ! we/]n /ake moves 9 ea* case fa/] ?an ! correspond+ ea/]n "o4 ,h5ce1 ! entire we/]n half ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 at ! place cross$ by our f\r? l9e1 moves m quickly ?an ! ea/]n half ( ! glaci]4 ,we next proce$$ f>!r up1 & te/$ ! contr>y curvature ( ! glaci]1 opposite to ,trelaporte4 ,! /ation *os5 = ?is purpose 0 on a grassy plat=m ( ! promontory1 :5ce1 on ! #bh? ( ,july1 a r[ ( /akes 0 fix$ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! glaci]4 ,_! motions1 measur$ on ! #ca/1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,fif? ,l9e4,b--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,we/ #a mov$ #aa-a_/d #b #ac-a_/b #c #ab-c_/d #d #ae #e #ae-a_/d #f #af #g #ag-a_/d #h #ai-a_/d #i mov$ #ai-c_/d #aj #ai #aa #ai-a_/b #ab #ag-a_/b #ac #af #ad #ad-c_/d #ae #aj ,ea/4 ,?is l9e 0 set out & numb]$ f ! ,trelaporte side ( ! valley1 & 0 also measur$ by ,mr4 ,hir/1 ov] b\ld]s1 ice-ridges1 *asms1 & mora9es4 ,! entire wid? ( ! glaci] "h 0 f\nd to be #hic y>ds1 or some:at wid] ?an x is at ! ,ponts4 ,x w also be obs]v$ t its motion is some:at sl[]4 ,an inspection ( ! notes ( ?is l9e %[$ me t /akes #c & #ad1 #d & #ab1 #g & #aj1 7 correspond+ po9ts2 ! fir/ ( ea* pair /&+ z f> f ! we/]n side1 z ! second /ood f ! ea/]n4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ^! po9ts & _! velocities are arrang$ exactly z 9 ! case ( ! f\r? l9e4 ,numb]s & ,velocities ( ! ,correspond+ ,po9ts on ! ,fif? ,l9e4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,no4 ,vel4 ,we/ #c #ab-c_/d #d #ae #g #ag-a_/d ,ea/ #ad #ad-c_/d #ab #ag-a_/b #aj #ai ,sid5ote3 ,,ea/]n ,,half ,,moves ,,quicke/4 ,9 ea* case we f9d t ! /ake on ! ea/]n side moves m quickly ?an ! correspond+ "o ^u ! we/]n side3 s t :]e ! fif? l9e crosses ! glaci] ! ea/]n half ( ! ,m] de ,glace moves m quickly ?an ! we/]n half4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( ! result obta9$ at our f\r? l9e1 b x agrees ) t obta9$ on our fir/ ?ree l9es1 :]e ! curvature ( ! valley is simil>4 ,! analogy betwe5 a riv] & a glaci] mov+ ?r\gh a s9u\s valley is !re=e complete4 ,suppos+ ! po9ts ( maximum motion to be det]m9$ = a great numb] ( l9es across ! glaci]1 ! l9e unit+ all ^! po9ts is :at ma!maticians w\ld call ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion4 ,at ,trelaporte ?is l9e w\ld lie ea/ ( ! c5tre2 at ! ,ponts x w\ld lie we/ ( ! c5tre2 h5ce1 9 pass+ f ,trelaporte to ! ,ponts1 x mu/ cross ! axis ( ! glaci]4 ,aga91 at ! ,montanv]t1 x w\ld lie ea/ ( ! c5tre1 & betwe5 ! ,ponts & ! ,montanv]t ! axis ( ! glaci] w\ld be cross$ a second "t4 ,suppos+ ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #ba to repres5t ! middle l9e ( ! glaci]1 !n ! def9$ l9e w\ld repres5t ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion4 ,x is a curve m deeply s9u\s ?an ! valley itself1 & x crosses ! axis ( ! glaci] at ea* po9t ( contr>y flexure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,locus ,,( ,,po9t ,,( ,,swifte/ ,,motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,locus ( ! ,po9t ( ,maximum ,motion4 ,to complete our k ( ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 we aft]w>ds det]m9$ ! velocity ( its two accessible tribut>ies--! ,glaci] du ,geant1 & ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,july1 a l9e ( /akes 0 set out across ! =m]1 a little above ! ,tacul1 & _! motion 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,six? ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 #a mov$ #aa #b #aj #c #ab #d #ac #e #ab #f mov$ #ab-c_/d #g #aj-a_/b #h #aj #i #i #aj #e ,! wid? ( ! glaci] at ?is place we f\nd to be #aacd y>ds1 & its maximum velocity1 z %[n by ! =ego+ table1 #ac in*es a day4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ a l9e 0 set out across ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud1 above its junction ) ! ,talefre3 x comm5c$ b5ea? ! block ( /one kn[n z ! ,pi]re de ,b]ang]4 ,! displacem5ts ( ! /akes1 measur$ on ! #crd ( ,augu/1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,sev5? ,l9e4--,daily ,motion4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 #a mov$ #d-a_/b #b #h-a_/d #c #i-a_/b #d #i #e #h-a_/b #f mov$ #g-a_/b #g #f-a_/d #h #h-a_/b #i #g #aj #e-a_/b ,! wid? ( ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud at ?is place 0 f\nd to be #hbe y>ds2 its maximum motion1 z %[n by ! table1 be+ #i-a_/b in*es a day4 ,?is is ! sl[e/ rate :i* we obs]v$ ^u ei!r ! ,m] de ,glace or its tribut>ies4 ,! wid? ( ! ,talefre-bran*1 z x desc5ds ! cascade1 or1 9 o!r words1 be=e x is influ5c$ by ! pressure ( ! ,le*aud1 0 f\nd approximately to be #fch y>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,squeez+ ,,at ,,trelaporte4 ,! wid?s ( ! tribut>ies 7 det]m9$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( lat]al compression endur$ by ! ice 9 its passage ?r\gh ! neck ( ! valley at ,trelaporte4 ,add+ all toge!r we h-- ,geant #aacd y>ds4 ,le*aud #hbe ,talefre #fch ,total #beig y>ds4 ,^! ?ree bran*es1 z %[n by ! actual measurem5t ( our #e? l9e1 are =c$ at ,trelaporte ?r\gh a *annel #hic y>ds wide2 ! wid? ( ! trunk /ream is a little bett] ?an "o-?ird ( t ( its tribut>ies1 & x passes ?r\gh ?is gorge at a velocity ( ne>ly #bj in*es a day4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,le*aud ,a ,,driblet4 ,limit+ our view to "o ( ! tribut>ies only1 ! result is /ill m impressive4 ,previ\s to its junction ) ! ,talefre1 ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud /ret*es be=e ! obs]v] z a broad riv] ( ice1 measur+ #hbe y>ds across3 at ,trelaporte x is squeez$1 9 a froz5 vice1 betwe5 ! ,talefre on "o side & ! ,geant on ! o!r1 to a driblet1 measur+ #he y>ds 9 wid?1 or ab\t "o-t5? ( its =m] transv]se dim5sion4 ,x w ( c\rse be und]/ood t x is ! =m & n ! volume ( ! glaci] t is affect$ to ?is enorm\s ext5t by ! pressure4 ,suppos+ no wa/e took place1 ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud w\ld =ce precisely ! same am\nt ( ice ?r\gh ! n>r[s at ,trelaporte1 9 "o day1 z x s5ds pa/ ! ,pi]re de ,b]ang]4 ,at ! latt] place its velocity is ab\t half ( :at x is at ! =m]1 b its wid? is m ?an n9e times z great4 ,h5ce1 if no wa/e took place1 its dep?1 at ,trelaporte1 w\ld be at lea/ #d-a_/b times its dep? opposite ! ,pi]re de ,b]ang]4 ,sup]ficial & subglacial melt+ greatly modify ?is result4 ,/ill ,i ?9k x extremely probable t obs]vations direct$ to ?is end w\ld prove ! comp>ative %all[ness ( ! upp] portions ( ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,great c>e is necess>y on ! "p ( ! man :o measures ! displacem5ts4 ,! /aff ought to be plac$ along ! orig9al l9e1 & ! assi/ant ought to walk along x until ! foot ( a p]p5dicul> f ! /ake is atta9$4 ,:5 sev]al days' motion is to be measur$1 ?is precaution is absolutely necess>y2 ! eye be+ liable to be grossly deceiv$ 9 guess+ ! direction ( a p]p5dicul>4 ,b ,! details ( ! measurem5t ( ! f\r? & fif? l9es are publi%$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions1' vol4 cxlix41 p4 #bfa4 ,,ice-,,wall ,,at ,,! ,,tacul4 ,,velocities ,,( ,,top ,,& ,,bottom4 7#aa47 ,z reg>ds ! motion ( ! surface ( a glaci]1 two laws are to be borne 9 m9d3 #a/1 t reg>d+ ! quick] movem5t ( ! c5tre2 #bnd1 t reg>d+ ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion4 ,our next c>e mu/ be to comp>e ! motion ( ! surface ( a glaci] ) ! motion ( ^? p>ts :i* lie ne> its b$4 ,r5du fir/ surmis$ t ! bottom ( ! glaci] 0 ret>d$ by friction1 & bo? ,pr(essor ,=bes,a & ,m4 ,m>t9s,b h confirm$ ! conjecture4 ,!irs are ! only obs]vations :i* we possess ^u ! subject2 & ,i 0 p>ticul>ly desir\s to in/ruct myself ^u ?is important head by measurem5ts ( my own4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fir/ ,,attempt ,,at ,,measurem5t4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aheg ! ea/]n side ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 ne> ! ,tacul1 expos$ a ne>ly v]tical precipice ( ice1 measur+ #adj feet f top to bottom4 ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,hir/ to fix two /akes 9 ! same v]tical plane1 "o at ! top ( ! precipice & "o ne> ! bottom4 ,?is he did ^u ! #crd ( ,augu/1 & on ! #e? ,i accompani$ him to measure ! progress ( ! /akes4 ,on ! summit ( ! precipice1 & runn+ along x1 0 ! lat]al mora9e ( ! glaci]4 ,! day 0 w>m & ! ice liquefy+ rapidly1 s t ! b\ld]s & debris1 depriv$ incessantly ( _! support1 came 9 frequ5t leaps & ru%es d[n ! precipice4 ,into ?is p]il my guide 0 ab\t to ent]1 to measure ! displacem5t ( ! l[] /ake1 :ile ,i 0 to wat*1 & call out ! direction 9 :i* he 0 to run :5 a /one gave way4 ,b ,i soon f\nd t ! initial motion 0 no sure index ( ! f9al motion4 ,by /rik+ ! precipice1 ! /ones 7 (t5 deflect$1 & c>ri$ wide ( _! orig9al direction4 ,i !re=e /opp$ ! man1 & s5t him to ! summit ( ! precipice to remove all ! m dang]\s blocks4 ,?is accompli%$1 he desc5d$1 & :ile ,i /ood beside him1 execut$ ! requir$ measurem5t4 ,f ! #crd to ! #e? ( ,augu/ ! upp] /ake _h mov$ twelve in*es1 & ! l[] "o six4 ,un=tunately "s unc]ta9ty atta*$ itself to ?is result1 due to ! difficulty ( fix+ ! l[] /ake4 ,! guide's att5tion _h be5 divid$ betwe5 8 "w & 8 safety1 & he _h to retreat m ?an a doz5 times f ! fall+ b\ld]s & debris4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 0 unwill+ to accept an obs]vation ( su* importance ) a %ade ( d\bt atta*$ to x4 ,h5ce arose ! desire to measure ! motion myself4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,augu/ ,i !re=e reasc5d$ to ! ,tacul1 & fix$ a /ake at ! top ( ! precipice1 & ano!r at ! bottom4 ,:ile sitt+ on ! old mora9e look+ at ! two pickets1 ! importance ( det]m9+ ! motion ( a po9t midway betwe5 ! top & bottom =cibly occurr$ to me1 b1 on m5tion+ x to my guide1 he promptly pron\nc$ any attempt ( ! k9d absurd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/akes ,,fix$ ,,at ,,top1 ,,bottom1 ,,& ,,c5tre4 ,on scann+ ! place c>efully1 h[ev]1 ! value ( ! obs]vation appe>$ to me to outweigh ! am\nt ( dang]4 ,i !re=e took my axe1 plac$ a /ake & an aug] aga9/ my brea/1 button$ my coat ^u !m1 & cut an oblique /aircase up ! wall ( ice1 until ,i rea*$ a height ( =ty feet f ! bottom4 ,"h ! position ( ! /ake be+ det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,hir/1 :o 0 at ! !odolite1 ,i pi]c$ ! ice ) ! aug]1 drove 9 ! /ake1 & desc5d$ )\t injury4 ,dur+ ! :ole op]ation h[ev] my guide gr[l$ audibly4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ we comm5c$ ! asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc1 a n>rative ( :i* is giv5 9 ,"p ,i4 ,we calculat$ on an abs5ce ( ?ree days1 & e/imat$ t ! /akes :i* _h j be5 fix$ w\ld be ready = measurem5t on our return2 b we did n rea* ,*am\ni until ! aft]noon ( ,friday1 ! #ad?4 ,heavy cl\ds settl$1 dur+ our desc5t1 ^u ! summits beh9d u1 & a ?und]-peal f ! ,aiguilles soon h]ald$ a fall ( ra91 :i* cont9u$ )\t int]mission till ! aft]noon ( ! #af?1 :5 ! atmosph]e cle>$1 & %[$ ! m\nta9s clo!d to _! girdles ) sn[4 ,! ,montanv]t 0 ?ickly cov]$1 & on our way to x we met ! s]vants 9 *>ge ( ! cattle1 :i* _h be5 driv5 bel[ ! sn[-l9e to obta9 food4 ,sid5ote3 ,,?r\gh ,,gloom ,,to ,,! ,,tacul4 ,on ,monday morn+1 ! #ag?1 a d5se fog fill$ ! valley ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,i wat*$ x anxi\sly4 ,! /akes :i* we _h set at ! ,tacul _h be5 (t5 9 my ?\ghts1 & ,i wi%$ to make "s ef=t to save ! lab\r & p]il incurr$ 9 sett+ !m f be+ lo/4 ,i !re=e set out1 9 "o ( ! cle> int]vals1 accompani$ by my fri5d & ,simond1 det]m9$ to measure ! motion ( ! /akes1 if possible1 or to fix !m m firmly1 if !y /ill /ood4 ,z we pass$1 h[ev]1 f l',angle to ! glaci]1 ! fog became s d5se & bl9d+ t we halt$4 ,at my reque/ ,mr4 ,hir/ return$ to ! ,montanv]t2 & ,simond1 leav+ ! !odolite 9 ! %elt] ( a rock1 accompani$ me ?r\gh ! obscurity to ! ,tacul4 ,we f\nd ! topmo/ /ake /ill /uck by its po9t 9 ! ice2 b ! two o!rs _h disappe>$1 & we aft]w>ds discov]$ _! fragm5ts 9 a sn[-buttress1 :i* re>$ itself aga9/ ! base ( ! precipice4 ,!y _h be5 hit by ! fall+ /ones1 & cru%$ to pieces4 ,hav+ ?us le>n$ ! wor/1 we desc5d$ to ! ,montanv]t amid dr5*+ ra94 ,sid5ote3 ,,desc5t ,,( ,,b\ld]s4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ah? !re 0 no cl\d to be se5 any:]e1 & ! sunlight gli/5$ brightly on ! surface ( ! ice4 ,we asc5d$ to ! ,tacul4 ,! spontane\s fall+ ( ! /ones appe>$ m frequ5t ?is morn+ ?an ,i _h ev] se5 x4 ,! sun %one ) unmitigat$ p[] ^u ! ice1 produc+ copi\s liquefaction4 ,! ru/le ( fall+ debris 0 incessant1 & at frequ5t int]vals ! b\ld]s leap$ d[n ! precipice1 & rattl$ ) />tl+ en]gy amid ! rocks at its base4 ,i s5t ,simond to ! top to remove ! loos] /ones2 he soon appe>$1 & urg$ ! mora9e-%+le 9 %[]s d[n ! precipice1 ^u a bevell$ slope ( :i* "s blocks long cont9u$ to re/4 ,!y 7 out ( ! rea* ( ! guide's baton1 & he s\ght to dislodge !m by s5d+ o!r /ones d[n ^u !m4 ,"s ( !m soon gave way1 draw+ a tra9 ( small] %+le aft] !m2 o!rs requir$ to be hit _m times be=e !y yield$1 & o!rs refus$ to be dislodg$ at all4 ,i !n cut my way up ! precipice 9 ! mann] already describ$1 fix$ ! /ake1 & desc5d$ z spe$ily z possible4 ,we aft]w>ds fix$ ! bottom /ake1 & on ! #bj? ! displacem5ts ( all ?ree 7 measur$4,c ,! spaces pass$ ov] by ! respective /akes 9 #bd h\rs 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,in*es4 ,top /ake #f4jj ,middle /ake #d4ej ,bottom /ake #b4ef ,sid5ote3 ,,motion ,,( ,,/akes4 ,! height ( ! precipice 0 #adj4h feet1 b x slop$ (f at its upp] portion4 ,! height ( ! middle /ake above ! gr\nd 0 #ce feet1 & ( ! bottom "o #d feet4 ,x is !re=e prov$ by ^! measurem5ts t ! bottom ( ! ice-wall at ! ,tacul moves ) less ?an half ! velocity ( ! top2 :ile ! displacem5t ( ! int]m$iate /ake %[s h[ ! velocity gradually increases f ! bottom upw>ds4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ',ed9b4 ,phil4 ,j\rn41' ,oct4 #ahdf1 p4 #dag4 ,b ,agassiz1 ',sy/eme ,glaciaire1' p4 #ebb4 ,c ,on ?is latt] occasion my guide volunte]$ to cut ! /eps = me up to ! pickets2 & ,i p]mitt$ him to d s4 ,9 fact1 he 0 at lea/ z anxi\s z myself to see ! measurem5t c>ri$ out4 ,,w9t] ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 7#ab47 ,! w9t] measurem5ts 7 execut$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 on ! #bh? & #bi? ( ,decemb]1 #ahei4 ,! !odolite 0 plac$ on ! m\nta9's side flank+ ! glaci]1 & a well-def9$ object 0 *os5 at ! opposite side ( ! valley1 s t a /raight l9e betwe5 ?is object & ! !odolite 0 approximately p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! glaci]4 ,fix+ ! telescope 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) its cross hairs ^u ! object1 its end 0 l[]$ until x /ruck ! po9t ^u ! glaci] at :i* a /ake 0 to be fix$4 ,?anks to ! intellig5ce ( my assi/ants1 aft] ! fix+ ( ! fir/ /ake !y spe$ily took up ! l9e at all o!r po9ts1 requir+ v little correction to make _! positions p]fectly accurate4 ,on ! day foll[+ t on :i* ! /akes 7 driv5 91 ! !odolite 0 plac$ 9 ! same position1 & ! di/ances to :i* ! /akes _h mov$ f _! orig9al positions 7 accurately det]m9$4 ,z already /at$1 ! fir/ l9e cross$ ! glaci] ab\t #hj y>ds above ! ,montanv]t ,hotel4 ,sid5ote3 ,,half ,,( ,,summ] ,,motion4 ,l9e ,no4 ,i4--,w9t] ,motion 9 ,tw5ty-f\r ,h\rs4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 ,we/ #a #g-a_/d #b #aa #c #ac-a_/b #d #ac #e #ac-c_/d #f #ad-a_/d #g #ae-c_/d #h #ae-c_/d #i #ab-a_/d #aj #ab #aa #f-a_/b ,ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,same ,,law ,,9 ,,summ] ,,& ,,w9t]4 ,! maximum "h is fifte5 & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es2 ! maximum summ] motion ( ! same portion ( ! glaci] is ab\t ?irty in*es4 ,^! measurem5ts also %[ t 9 w9t]1 z well z 9 summ]1 ! side ( ! glaci] opposite to ! ,montanv]t moves quick] ?an t adjac5t to x4 ,! /ake :i* mov$ ) ! maximum velocity 0 beyond ! mora9e ( ,la ,noire4 ,! second l9e cross$ ! glaci] ab\t #acj y>ds bel[ ! ,montanv]t4 ,l9e ,no4 ,,ii4--,w9t] ,motion 9 ,tw5ty-f\r ,h\rs4 ,no4 ( /ake4 ,in*es4 #a #g-c_/d #b #i-a_/b #c #ac-c_/d #d #af #e #af #f #ae-c_/d #g #ag-a_/b #h #af-a_/b #i #ad-a_/b #aj #ad ,! maximum "h is an in* & ?ree-qu>t]s great] ?an t ( l9e ,no4 #a4 ,! summ] maximum at ?is portion ( ! glaci] also exce$s t ( ! "p int]sect$ by l9e ,no4 #a4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] betwe5 ! two l9es is 9 a /ate ( t5sion :i* relieves itself by a sy/em ( transv]se fissures1 & ?us p]mits ( ! quick] advance ( ! =w>d portion4 ,my desire1 9 mak+ ^! measurem5ts1 01 9 ! fir/ place1 to raise ! w9t] obs]vations ( ! motion to ! same degree ( accuracy z t already possess$ by ! summ] ones4 ,augu/e ,balmat _h already made a s]ies ( w9t] obs]vations on ! ,m] de ,glace2 b !y 7 made 9 ! way employ$ be=e ! introduction ( ! !odolite by ,agassiz & ,=bes1 & %>$ ! unavoidable r\ghness ( su* a mode ( measurem5t4 ,!y moreov] gave u no in=mation z to ! motion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! glaci] along ! same transv]se l9e1 & ?is1 = reasons :i* w appe> subsequ5tly1 0 ! po9t ( *ief int]e/ to me4 ,,cause ,,( ,,glaci]-,,motion4 ,,de ,,saussure',s ,,!ory4 7#ac47 ,p]haps ! fir/ attempt at =m+ a glaci]-!ory is t ( ,s*eu*z] 9 #agje4 ,he suppos$ ! motion to be caus$ by ! conv]sion ( wat] into ice )9 ! glaci]2 ! kn[n & almo/ irresi/ible expansion :i* takes place on freez+1 furni%+ ! =ce :i* pu%$ ! glaci] d[nw>d4 ,?is idea 0 illu/rat$ & develop$ ) s mu* skill by ,m4 de ,*>p5ti]1 t 8 "n has be5 associat$ ) x2 & x is commonly kn[n z ! ,!ory ( ,*>p5ti]1 or ! ,dilatation-,!ory4 ,m4 ,agassiz support$ ?is !ory = a "t1 b 8 own !rmometric exp]im5ts %[ u t ! body ( ! glaci] is at a temp]ature ( #cb deg4 ,fahr42 t consequ5tly !re is no int]ior magaz9e ( cold to freeze ! wat] ) :i* ! glaci] is suppos$ to be incessantly saturat$4 ,s t ^! exp]im5ts alone1 if no o!r gr\nds exi/$1 w\ld prove ! insuffici5cy ( ! !ory ( dilatation4 ,i may h[ev] add1 t ! argum5ts mo/ frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ ?is !ory deal ) an assumption1 :i* ,i d n ?9k its au?or ev] int5d$ to make4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,glaci] ,,slides4 ,ano!r e>ly surmise 0 t ( ,altmann & ,gru5] 7#agfj71 bo? ( :om conjectur$ t ! glaci] slid along its b$4 ,?is !ory receiv$ di/9ct expression f ,de ,saussure 9 #agii2 & has s9ce be5 associat$ ) ! "n ( t great alp9e travell]1 be+ usually call$ ! ',!ory ( ,saussure1' & sometimes ! ',slid+ ,!ory4' ,x is briefly /at$ 9 ^! words3-- ,almo/ e glaci] reposes ^u an incl9$ b$1 & ^? ( any consid]able size h b5ea? !m1 ev5 9 w9t]1 curr5ts ( wat] :i* fl[ betwe5 ! ice & ! b$ :i* supports x4 ,x may !re=e be und]/ood t ^! froz5 masses1 drawn d[n ! slope on :i* !y repose1 dis5gag$ by ! wat] f all adhesion to ! bottom1 sometimes ev5 rais$ by ?is wat]1 mu/ glide by little & little1 & desc5d1 foll[+ ! incl9ations ( ! valleys1 or ( ! slopes :i* !y cov]4 ,x is ?is sl[ b cont9ual slid+ ( ! ice on its incl9$ base :i* c>ries x into ! l[] valleys4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,/ra9$ ,,int]pretation4 ,de ,saussure devot$ b little "t to ! subject ( glaci]-motion2 & ! abs5ce ( complet5ess 9 ! /atem5t ( 8 views1 aris+ no d\bt f ?is cause1 has giv5 subsequ5t writ]s occasion to affix :at ,i _c help ?9k+ a /ra9$ int]pretation to ! slid+ !ory4 ,x is alleg$ t he reg>d$ a glaci] z a p]fectly rigid body2 t he consid]$ x to be a mass ( ice ( small dep?1 & consid]able b uni=m bread?1 slid+ d[n a uni=m valley1 or p\r+ f a n>r[ valley into a wid] "o4,b ,! introduction ( ! smalle/ flexibility or pla/icity is moreov] emphatically d5i$ to him4,c ,x is by no means probable t ! great au?or ( ! ',voyages' w\ld h subscrib$ to ?is rigid annotation4 ,8 !ory1 be x rememb]$1 is to "s ext5t true3 ! glaci] moves ov] its b$ 9 ! mann] suppos$1 & ! rocks ( ,brita9 be> to ?is day ! traces ( ^! mighty slid]s4 ,de ,saussure probably cont5t$ himself ) a g5]al /atem5t ( :at he believ$ to be ! sub/antial cause ( ! motion4 ,he visit$ ! ,j>d91 & saw ! tribut>ies ( ! ,m] de ,glace turn+ r\nd corn]s1 weld+ !mselves toge!r1 & aft]w>ds mov+ ?r\gh a s9u\s trunk-valley2 & x is sc>cely cr$ible t 9 ! pres5ce ( su* facts he w\ld h d5i$ all flexibility to ! glaci]4 ,! /atem5t t he reg>d$ a glaci] to be a mass ( ice ( uni=m wid?1 is moreov] pla9ly inconsi/5t ) ! foll[+ description ( ! glaci] ( ,mont ,dol5t3 ,its mo/ elevat$ plateau is a great circus1 surr\nd$ by high cliffs ( granite1 ( pyramidal =ms2 !nce ! glaci] desc5ds ?r\gh a gorge1 9 :i* x is n>r[$2 b aft] hav+ pass$ ! gorge1 x enl>ges aga91 spread+ out l a fan4 ,?us x has on ! :ole ! =m ( a %eaf ti$ 9 ! middle & dilat$ at its two extremities4,d ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci] ,,( ,,mont ,,dol5t4 ,curi\sly en\gh ?is v glaci]1 & ^! v words1 are select$ by ,m4 ,r5du z illu/rative ( ! pla/icity ( glaci]s4 ,no?+1 he says1 %[s bett] ! ext5t to :i* a glaci] m\lds itself to its locality ?an ! =m ( ! glaci] ( ,mont ,dol5t 9 ! ,valley ( ,f]ret2 & he adds1 9 connexion ) ! same passage1 ^! rem>kable words3--,!re is a multitude ( facts :i* w\ld seem to necessitate ! belief t ! sub/ance ( glaci]s enjoys a k9d ( ductility :i* p]mits x to m\ld itself to ! locality :i* x occupies1 to gr[ ?91 to swell1 & to n>r[ itself l a s(t pa/e4,e ,,footnotes3 ,a ',voyages1' ,sec4 #ece4 ,b ,james ,d4 ,=bes1 ',occasional ,pap]s on ! ,!ory ( ,glaci]s1' #ahei1 p4 #ajj4 ,c ,i adh]e to ! def9ition z exclud+ ! introduction ( ! smalle/ flexibility or pla/icity4 ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #if4 ,d ',voyages1' tome ii4 p4 #bij4 ,e ,9 connexion ) ?is brief sket* ( ! ',slid+ ,!ory1' x ought to be /at$1 t ,mr4 ,hopk9s has prov$ exp]im5tally1 t ice may desc5d an incl9e at a s5sibly uni=m rate1 & t ! velocity is augm5t$ by increas+ ! weight4 ,9 ?is rem>kable exp]im5t ! motion 0 due to ! sl[ dis9tegration ( ! l[] surface ( ! ice4 ,see ',phil4 ,mag41' #ahde1 vol4 #bf4 ,,r5du',s ,,!ory4 7#ad47 ,sid5ote3 ,,r5du',s ,,"*4 ,m4 ,r5du1 ,bi%op ( ,annecy1 to ^: writ+s ,i h j ref]r$1 di$ la/ autumn4,a ,he 0 a man ( great repute 9 8 diocese1 & we owe to him "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable essays ^u glaci]s t h ev] appe>$4 ,8 k 0 ext5sive1 8 reason+ close & accurate1 & 8 faculty ( obs]vation extraord9>y4 ,) ^! 7 associat$ t intuitive p[]1 t pres5tim5t conc]n+ ?+s z yet unt\*$ by exp]im5t1 :i* belong only to ! high] class ( m9ds4 ,?r\gh\t 8 essay a con/ant ef=t aft] quantitative accuracy reveals itself4 ,he collects obs]vations1 makes exp]im5ts1 & tries to obta9 num]ical results2 always tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 s to /ate 8 premises & qualify 8 conclusions t nobody %all be l$ to ascribe to 8 numb]s a great] accuracy ?an !y m]it4 ,x is impossible to read 8 "w1 & n feel t he 0 a man ( ess5tially tru?ful m9d1 & t sci5ce miss$ an ornam5t :5 he 0 appropriat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! essay above ref]r$ to is pr9t$ 9 ! t5? volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,savoy1 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 & is entitl$1 ',!orie des ,glaci]s de la ,savoie1 p> ,m4 le ,*ano9e ,r5du1 ,*evali] du ,m]ite ,civil et ,secretaire p]petuel4' ,! pap] _h be5 writt5 = ne>ly two ye>s1 & might h rema9$ unpr9t$1 _h n ano!r publication on ! same subject call$ x =?4 ,i w place a few ( ! lead+ po9ts ( ?is rem>kable production be=e ! read]2 comm5c+ ) a g5]alization :i* is highly sugge/ive ( ! "* ( ! au?or's m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!orie ,,des ,,glaci]s ,,de ,,la ,,savoie4 ,he reflects on ! accumulation ( ! m\nta9-sn[s1 ea* ye> add+ fifty-eight in*es ( ice to a glaci]4 ,?is w\ld make ,mont ,blanc f\r hundr$ feet high] 9 a c5tury1 & f\r ?\s& feet high] 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is evid5t1 he says1 t no?+ l ?is occurs 9 nature4 ,! escape ( ! ice !n leads him to make "s g5]al rem>ks on :at he calls ! law ( circulation4 ,! cons]v+ w ( ! ,creator has employ$ = ! p]man5ce ( ,8 "w ! great law ( circulation1 :i*1 /rictly exam9$1 is f\nd to reproduce itself 9 all p>ts ( nature4 ,! wat]s circulate f ! ocean to ! air1 f ! air to ! e>?1 & f ! e>? to ! ocean4444 ,! elem5ts ( organic sub/ances circulate1 pass+ f ! solid to ! liquid or a]i=m condition1 & !nce aga9 to ! /ate ( solidity or ( organisation4 ,t univ]sal ag5t :i* we designate by ! names ( fire1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism1 has probably also a circulation z wide z ! univ]se4 ,! italics "h are ,r5du's own4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 b writt51 we are in=m$1 ne>ly two ye>s be=e4 ,9 #ahdb ,mr4 ,grove wrote ?us3--,light1 heat1 magnetism1 motion1 & *emical aff9ity1 are all conv]tible mat]ial affections4 ,m rec5tly ,helmholtz1 speak+ ( ! circuit =m$ by heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 & *emical aff9ity1 writes ?us3--,/>t+ f ea* ( ^! diff]5t manife/ations ( natural =ces1 we c set e o!r 9 action4 ,i quote ^! passages because !y ref] to ! same ag5ts z ^? nam$ by ,m4 ,r5du1 & to :i* he ascribes circulation4 ,c x be d\bt$ t ?is ,savoy>d prie/ _h a premonition ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce8 ,i d n want to lay m /ress ?an x des]ves ^u a conjecture ( ?is k9d2 b its h>mony ) an essay rem>kable = its orig9ality gives x a significance :i*1 if isolat$1 x might n possess4 ,sid5ote3 ,,glaci]s ,,rightly ,,divid$4 ,) reg>d to ! glaci]s1 ,r5du comm5ces by divid+ !m into two k9ds1 or r ! selfsame glaci] into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* he calls ! glaci] res]voir1 ! o!r ! glaci] d'ec\lem5t1--two t]ms highly sugge/ive ( ! physical relation%ip ( ! neve & ! glaci] prop]4 ,he fe$s ! res]voirs f ?ree s\rces1 ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* is ! sn[1 to :i* he adds ! ra91 & ! vap\rs :i* are cond5s$ ^u ! heights )\t pass+ into ! /ate ( ei!r ra9 or sn[4 ,! conv]sion ( ! sn[ into ice he supposes to be effect$ by f\r diff]5t causes1 ! mo/ efficaci\s ( :i* is pressure4,b ,x is ne$less to rem>k t ?is q agrees ) ! views n[ g5]ally ent]ta9$4 ,9 page #fj ( ! volume ref]r$ to !re is a passage :i* %[s t ! ve9$ /ructure ( ! glaci] _h n escap$ him1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t he ascrib$ x to /ratification4 ,:51 he writes1 we p]ceive ! pr(ile ( a glaci] on ! walls ( a crevasse1 we see diff]5t lay]s di/9ct 9 col\r1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 d5sity2 "s seem to h ! h>dness1 z !y h ! gre5i% col\r1 ( glass2 o!rs pres]ve ! :it5ess & porosity ( ! sn[4 ,!re is also a v close resemblance betwe5 8 views ( ! influ5ce ( "t & cohesion & ^? ( ,pr(4 ,=bes4 ,we may conclude1 he writes1 t "t1 fav\r+ ! action ( aff9ity1 & ! pressure ( ! lay]s "o ^u ! o!r1 causes ! little cry/als ( :i* sn[ is compos$ to approa* ea* o!r1 br+ !m into contact1 & conv]t !m into ice4,c ,regelation also appe>s to h attract$ 8 notice4,d ,:5 we fill an ice-h\se1 he writes1 we break ! ice into v small fragm5ts2 aft]w>ds we wet x ) wat] #h or #aj degrees above z]o 7,c5t47 9 temp]ature2 b1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! :ole is conv]t$ into a compact mass ( ice4 ,he moreov] ma9ta9s1 9 almo/ ! same language z ,pr(4 ,=bes1,e ! op9ion1 t ice has always an inn] temp]ature l[] ?an z]o 7,c5t474 ,he believ$ ?is to be a prop]ty inh]5t to ice4 ,nev]1 he says1 c a calorific ray pass ! fir/ surface ( ice to raise ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior4,f ,sid5ote3 ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,hypo!ses4 ,he notices ! direction ( ! glaci] z influ5c+ ! wa/+ ( its ridges by ! sun's heat2 ascrib+ to x ! effect to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 expla9+ ! wave-l =ms ^u ! surface ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,8 explanation ( ! ,m\l9s1 too1 ?\gh insuffici5t1 assigns a true cause1 & is an excell5t specim5 ( physical reason+4 ,) reg>d to ! dim9ution ( ! glaci]s res]voirs1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ice disappe>s1 not)/&+ ! cont9ual additions made to x1 we h ! foll[+ rem>kable passage3--,9 seek+ ! cause ( ! dim9ution ( glaci]s1 x has occurr$ to my m9d t ! ice1 not)/&+ its h>dness & its rigidity1 c only support a giv5 pressure )\t break+ or be+ squeez$ out4 ,accord+ to ?is supposition1 :5ev] ! pressure exce$s t =ce1 !re w be rupture ( ! ice1 & a fl[ 9 consequ5ce4 ,let u take1 at ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 a column ( ice repos+ on a horizontal base4 ,! ice :i* =ms ! fir/ lay] ( t column is compress$ by ! weight ( all ! lay]s above x2 b if ! solidity ( ! said fir/ lay] c only support a weight equal to #ajj1 :5 ! weight exce$s ?is am\nt !re w be rupture & spread+ out ( ! ice ( ! base4 ,n[1 some?+ v simil> occurs 9 ! imm5se cru/ ( ice :i* cov]s ! summits ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,?is cru/ appe>s to augm5t at ! upp] surface & to dim9i% by ! sides4 ,to assure oneself t ! movem5t is due to ! =ce ( pressure1 x w\ld be necess>y to make a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u ! solidity ( ice1 su* z h n yet be5 attempt$4,g ,i may rem>k t su* exp]im5ts sub/antially v]ify ,m4 ,r5du's notion4 ,b x is 8 obs]vations & reason+ ^u ! glaci]s d'ec\lem5t t *iefly int]e/ u4 ,! passages 9 8 writ+s :]e he insi/s ^u ! p[] ( ! glaci]s to m\ld !mselves to _! localities1 & comp>es !m to a s(t pa/e1 to lava at once ductile & liquid1 are well kn[n f ! frequ5t & flatt]+ ref]5ces ( ,pr(essor ,=bes2 b !re are o!rs ( mu* great] importance1 :i* h hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,reg>d+ ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 ,r5du writes z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,motion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,glaci] ,,ret>d$4 ,i s\ght to appreciate ! quantity ( its motion2 b ,i c\ld only collect r vague data4 ,i que/ion$ my guides reg>d+ ! position ( an enorm\s rock at ! edge ( ! glaci]1 b /ill ^u ! ice1 & consequ5tly p>tak+ ( its motion4 ,! guides %[$ me ! place :]e x /ood ! prec$+ ye>1 & :]e x _h /ood two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five ye>s previ\sly2 !y %[$ me ! place :]e x w\ld be f\nd 9 a ye>1 9 two ye>s1 c42 s c]ta9 are !y ( ! regul>ity ( ! motion4 ,_! reports1 h[ev]1 did n always agree precisely ) ea* o!r1 & _! indications ( "t & di/ance lack ! precision )\t :i* we proce$ obscurely 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 r$uc+ ^! diff]5t indications to a mean1 ,i f\nd ! total advance ( ! glaci] to be ab\t #dj feet a ye>4 ,dur+ my la/ j\rney ,i obta9$ m c]ta9 data1 :i* ,i h /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! two results arises f ! fact t ! latt] obs]vations 7 made at ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 ,,:i* ,,moves ,,m ,,rapidly1 :ile ! =m] 7 made at ! side1 :]e ! ice ,,is ,,reta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,friction ,,aga9/ ,,its ,,rocky ,,walls4,h ,an op9ion1 f\nd$ on a grave misappreh5sion :i* ,r5du enables u to correct1 is n[ preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 n only among ! g5]al public1 b also among ^? ( ! fir/ rank 9 sci5ce4 ,! nature ( ! mi/ake w be imm$iately app>5t4 ,at page #abh ( ! ',travels 9 ! ,alps' its di/+ui%$ au?or gives a sket* ( ! /ate ( our k ( glaci]-motion previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( 8 inquiries4 ,he cites ,ebel1 ,hugi1 ,agassiz1 ,bakewell1 ,de la ,be*e1 ,%irwell1 ,r5du1 & places !m 9 op5 contradiction to ea* o!r4 ,r5du1 he says1 gives ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace to be #bdb feet p] annum2 #ddb feet p] annum2 a foot a day2 #djj feet p] annum1 & #dj feet p] annum1 or "o-t5? ( ! la/6 444 & he adds1 ,i 0 n !re=e wrong 9 suppos+ t ! actual progress ( a glaci] 0 yet a new problem :5 ,i comm5c$ my obs]vations on ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #ahdb4;,i ,9 ! ',nor? ,briti% ,review' = ,augu/1 #ahei1 a writ] equally celebrat$ = ! brilliancy ( 8 discov]ies & ! vig\r ( 8 p51 collect$ ! data furni%$ by ! above p>agraph into a table1 :i* he introduc$ to 8 read]s 9 ! foll[+ words3--,x is to ,pr(essor ,=bes alone t we owe ! fir/ & mo/ correct rese>*es respect+ ! motion ( glaci]s2 & 9 pro( ( ?is1 we h only to give ! foll[+ li/ ( obs]vations :i* _h be5 previ\sly made4 ,obs]v]s4 ,"n ( glaci]4 ,annual rate ( motion4 ,ebel ,*am\ni #ad feet ,ebel ,gr9delwald #be ,hugi ,a> #bdj ,agassiz ,a> #bjj ,bakewell ,m] de ,glace #edj ,de la ,be*e ,m] de ,glace #fjj ,%irwell ,m] de ,glace #cjj ,m4 ,r5du ,m] de ,glace #cfe ,saussure's ,ladd] ,m] de ,glace #cge 444 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( our k :5 ,pr(essor ,=bes und]took ! inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! writ] ( ?is article w be ! fir/ to applaud any attempt to remove an error :i*1 advanc$ on 8 great au?ority1 mu/ necess>ily be widely dissem9at$4 ,! numb]s 9 ! above table c]ta9ly diff] widely1 & x is p]haps natural to conclude t su* discordant results c be ( no value2 b ! fact really is t e "o ( !m may be p]fectly correct4 ,?is fact1 ?\gh ov]look$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 0 cle>ly se5 by ,r5du1 :o po9t$ out ) p]fect di/9ctness ! s\rces f :i* ! discrepancies 7 d]iv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,discrepancies ,,expla9$4 ,x is easy1 he says1 to compreh5d t x is impossible to obta9 a g5]al measure1--t !re ought to be "o = ea* p>ticul> glaci]4 ,! nature ( ! slope1 ! numb] ( *anges to :i* x is subject$1 ! dep? ( ! ice1 ! wid? ( ! c\loir1 ! =m ( its sides1 & a ?\s& o!r circum/ances1 mu/ produce v>iations 9 ! velocity ( ! glaci]1 & ^! circum/ances _c be ev]y:]e absolutely ! same4 ,mu* m1 x is n easy to obta9 ?is velocity = a s+le glaci]1 & = ?is reason4 ,9 ^? portions :]e ! incl9ation is /eep1 ! lay] ( ice is ?91 & its velocity is great2 9 ^? :]e ! slope is almo/ no?+1 ! glaci] swells & accumulates2 ! mass 9 motion be+ d\ble1 triple1 c41 ! motion is only ! half1 ! ?ird1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,liquid ,,motion ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,glaci]4 ,b ?is is n all1 adds ,m4 ,r5du3 ,betwe5 ! ,m] de ,glace & a riv]1 !re is a resemblance s complete t x is impossible to f9d 9 ! latt] a circum/ance :i* does n exi/ 9 ! =m]4 ,9 curr5ts ( wat] ! motion is n uni=m1 nei!r ?r\gh\t _! wid? nor ?r\gh\t _! dep?2 ! friction ( ! bottom1 t ( ! sides1 ! action ( ob/acles1 cause ! motion to v>y1 & only t[>ds ! middle ( ! surface is ?is entire4444,j ,9 #ahde ,pr(essor ,=bes appe>s to h come to ! same conclusion z ,m4 ,r5du2 = aft] x _h be5 prov$ t ! c5tre ( ! ,a> glaci] mov$ quick] ?an ! side 9 ! ratio ( f\rte5 to "o1 he accept$ ! result 9 ^! words3--,! movem5t ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci] is to t ( a po9t five metres f ! edge z ,,f\rte5 to ,,"o3 su* is ! effect ( pla/icity6,k ,inde$1 if ! diff]5ces exhibit$ 9 ! table 7 a pro( ( error1 ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,=bes himself w\ld f>e v ill4 ,! measurem5ts ( glaci]-motion made ) 8 own h&s v>y f less ?an #db feet a ye> to #hdh feet a ye>1 ! m9imum be+ less ?an "o-tw5tie? ( ! maximum2 & if we include ! obs]vations made by ,balmat1 ! fidelity ( :i* has be5 c]tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ! m9imum is only "o-?irty-sev5? ( ! maximum4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nor? ,,briti% ,,review4 ,!re is ano!r po9t connect$ ) ,r5du's !ory :i* ne$s cle>+ up3--,! idea1 writes ! em95t review]1 t a glaci] is a semifluid body is no d\bt />tl+1 especially to ^? :o h se5 ! app>5tly rigid ice ( :i* x is compos$4 ,m4 ,r5du himself %rank f ! idea1 & did n scruple to say t '! rigidity ( a mass ( ice 0 9 direct opposition to x2' & we ?9k t ,pr(essor ,=bes himself mu/ h /ood agha/ :5 8 fancy fir/ associat$ ! notion ( imp]fect fluidity ) ! solid or ev5 ! fissur$ ice ( ! glaci]1 & :5 he saw 9 8 m9d's eye ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps fl[+ l a riv] along _! rugg$ b$4 ,a tru? l ?is 0 above ! compreh5sion & beyond ! sympa?y ( ! age2 & x requir$ a moral p[] ( no common int5sity to submit x to ! ordeal ( a %all[ philosophy1 & ! sne]s ( a presumptu\s criticism4 ,^! are /rong words2 b ! fact is t1 s f> f %r9k+ f ! idea1 ,r5du affirm$1 ) a cle>ness & an emphasis :i* h n be5 exce$$ s9ce1 t all ! ph5om5a ( a riv] 7 reproduc$ ^u ! ,m] de ,glace2 its deeps1 its %all[s1 its wid5+s1 its n>r[+s1 its rapids1 its places ( sl[ motion1 & ! quick] fl[ ( its c5tre ?an ( its sides4 ,he did n %r9k f accept+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! c5tral & lat]al motion am\nt+ to a ratio ( t5 to "o--a ratio s l>ge t ,pr(essor ,=bes at "o "t reg>d$ ! acceptance ( x z a simple absurdity4 ,9 ?is he 0 p]haps ju/ifi$2 = 8 own fir/ obs]vations1 :i*1 h[ev] valuable1 7 ha/y & incomplete1 gave him a maximum ratio ( ab\t "o & a half to "o1 :ile ! ratio 9 "s cases 0 ne>ly "o ( equality4 ,! obs]vations ( ,agassiz h[ev] %[ t ! ratio1 in/ead ( be+ t5 to "o1 may be inf9ity to "o2 = ! lat]al ice may be s held back by a local ob/acle t 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> x %all make no s5sible advance at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,ice ,,& ,,! ,,glaci]4 ,f "o ?+ only did ,m4 ,r5du %r9k2 & x is ! ?+ reg>d+ :i* we are /ill disunit$4 ,he %rank f /at+ ! physical quality ( ! ice 9 virtue ( :i* a glaci] mov$ l a riv]4 ,he dem&s exp]im5ts ^u sn[ & ice to elucidate ?is subject4 ,! v obs]vations :i* ,pr(essor ,=bes reg>ds z pro(s are ^? ( :i* we require ! physical explanation4 ,x is n ! visc\s fl[1 if y please to call x su*1 ( ! glaci] z a :ole t "h conc]ns u2 b x is ! quality ( ! ice 9 virtue ( :i* ?is k9d ( motion is accompli%$4 ,pr(essor ,=bes sees ?is diff]5ce cle>ly en\gh3 he speaks ( fissur$ ice be+ flexible 9 h& specim5s2 he comp>es ! glaci] to a mixture ( ice & s&2 & f9ally1 9 a m matur$ pap]1 falls back = an explanation ^u ! obs]vations ( ,agassiz reg>d+ ! capill>ies ( ! glaci]4,l ,,footnotes3 ,a ,expressions su* z la/ summ]1 la/ autumn1 rec5tly1 w be tak5 ?r\gh\t 9 ! s5se :i* !y _h 9 ! e>ly half ( #ahfj1 :5 ?is book 0 fir/ publi%$4--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,b ',memoir1' p4 #gg4 ,c ,p4 #ge4 ,d ,p4 #ga4 ,e ',philosophical ,magaz9e1' #ahei4 ,f ',memoir1' p4 #fi4 ,g ,page #hj4 ,h ,page #ie4 ,i ,at page #ch ( ! ',travels' ! foll[+ passage also occurs3--,i believe t ,i may safely affirm t n "o obs]vation ( ! rate ( motion ( a glaci]1 ei!r on ! av]age or at any p>ticul> season ( ! ye>1 exi/$ :5 ,i comm5c$ my exp]im5ts 9 #ahdb4 ,j ',!orie1' p4 #if4 ,k ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #gd4 ,l ,9 all t has be5 writt5 ^u glaci]s 9 ?is c\ntry ! above passages f ! writ+s ( ,r5du are unquot$2 & _m :o m+l$ v w>mly 9 ! discussions ( ! subject 71 until q rec5tly1 ignorant ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i 0 long 9 ?is condition myself1 = ,i nev] suppos$ t passages :i* be> s directly ^u a po9t s mu* discuss$1 & ( su* c>d9al import1 c\ld h be5 ov]look$2 or t ! task ( call+ att5tion to !m %\ld devolve ^u myself ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] _! publication4 ,n[ t !y are discov]$1 ,i conceive no diff]5ce ( op9ion c exi/ z to ! propriety ( plac+ !m 9 _! true position4 7#ae47 ,! measurem5ts ( ,agassiz & ,=bes completely v]ify ! anticipations ( ,r5du2 b no writ] ) :om ,i am acqua9t$ has add$ any?+ ess5tial to ! ,bi%op's /atem5ts z to ! id5tity ( glaci] & liquid motion4 ,he laid d[n ! conditions ( ! problem ) p]fect cle>ness1 &1 z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( m]it1 ! po9t to be decid$ is ! relative importance ( 8 idea1 & ( ! measurem5ts :i* 7 subsequ5tly made4 ,sid5ote3 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,=bes4 ,! obs]vations on :i* ,pr(essor ,=bes bas$ ! analogy betwe5 a glaci] & a riv] are ! foll[+3--,9 #ahdb he fix$ f\r m>ks ^u ! ,m] de ,glace a little bel[ ! ,montanv]t1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 #ajj y>ds di/ant f ! side ( ! glaci]1 :ile ! la/ 0 at ! c5tre or a little beyond x4 ,! relative velocity ( ^! f\r po9ts 0 f\nd to be #a4jjj #a4ccb #a4cef #a4cfg4 ,! fir/ obs]vations 7 made ^u two ( ^! po9ts1 two o!rs be+ subsequ5tly add$4 ,pr(essor ,=bes also det]m9$ ! velocity ( two po9ts on ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 & f\nd ! ratio ( motion1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be z #ad to #cb4 ,subsequ5t measurem5ts1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! ratio to be z #ad to #ah1 ! l>g] motion belong+ to ! /ation ne>e/ to ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,^! are ! only measurem5ts :i* ,i c f9d 9 8 l>ge "w t e/abli% ! swift] motion ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci]2 & 9 ^! cases ! velocity ( ! c5tre is comp>$ ) t ( "o side only4 ,9 no in/ance t ,i am aw>e (1 ei!r 9 #ahdb or subsequ5t ye>s1 did ,pr(essor ,=bes ext5d 8 measurem5ts q across a glaci]2 & z reg>ds complet5ess 9 ?is respect1 no obs]vations hi!rto made c at all comp>e ) ^? execut$ at ! in/ance ( ,agassiz ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,9 #ahdd ,pr(essor ,=bes made a s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts on a portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace ne> l',angle4 ,he divid$ a l5g? ( #ij feet into #de equal spaces1 & fix$ p9s at ! end ( ea*4 ,8 !odolite 0 plac$ ^u ! ice1 & 9 sev5te5 days he f\nd t ! ice #ij feet ne>] ! c5tre ?an ! !odolite _h mov$ #bf in*es pa/ ! latt]4 ,^! measurem5ts 7 und]tak5 = a special object1 & completely answ]$ ! end = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,9 #ahdf ,pr(essor ,=bes made ano!r important obs]vation4 ,fix+ ?ree /akes at ! heights ( #h1 #ed1 & #adc feet above ! b$ ( ! glaci]1 he f\nd t 9 five days !y mov$ respectively #b4hg1 #d4ah1 & #d4ff feet4 ,! /ake ne>e/ ! b$ mov$ mo/ sl[ly1 ?us %[+ t ! ice is ret>d$ by friction4 ,?is result 0 subsequ5tly v]ifi$ by ! measurem5ts ( ,m4 ,m>t9s1 & by my own4 ,if we add to ! above an obs]vation made dur+ a %ort visit to ! ,alets* glaci] 9 #ahdd1 :i* %[$ its lat]al ret>dation1 ,i believe we h be=e u ! :ole ( ! measurem5ts execut$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 :i* %[ ! analogy betwe5 ! motion ( a glaci] & t ( a visc\s body4 ,sid5ote3 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,agassiz4 ,illu/rative ( ! same po9t1 we h ! elaborate & ext5sive s]ies ( measurem5ts execut$ by ,m4 ,wild "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,agassiz ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a> 9 #ahdb1 #ahdc1 #ahdd1 & #ahde1 :i* exhibit on a gr& scale1 & 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]1 ! "* ( ! motion ( ?is glaci]2 & also %[1 on close exam9ation1 an analogy ) fluid motion :i* nei!r ,m4 ,agassiz nor ,pr(essor ,=bes suspect$4 ,! =m] philosoph] publi%es a section 9 8 ',sy/eme ,glaciaire1' entitl$ ',migrations ( ! ,c5tre2' 9 :i* he %[s t ! middle ( ! glaci] is n always ! po9t ( swifte/ motion4 ,! detection ( ?is fact demon/rates ! att5tion devot$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to ! discussion ( 8 obs]vations1 b he gives no clue to ! cause ( ! v>iation4 ,on inspect+ ! %ape ( ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,a> glaci] moves1 ,i f9d t ^! migrations foll[ ! law e/abli%$ 9 #aheg ^u ! ,m] de ,glace1 & enunciat$ at page #bhf4 ,to sum up ?is "p ( ! "q3--,! idea ( semi-fluid motion belongs entirely to ,r5du2 ! pro( ( ! quick] c5tral fl[ belongs 9 "p to ,r5du1 b almo/ :olly to ,agassiz & ,=bes2 ! pro( ( ! ret>dation ( ! b$ belongs to ,=bes alone2 :ile ! discov]y ( ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion belongs1 ,i suppose1 to me4 ,,=bes',s ,,!ory4 7#af47 ,! =mal /atem5t ( ?is !ory is giv5 9 ! foll[+ words3--,a glaci] is an imp]fect fluid1 or visc\s body1 :i* is urg$ d[n slopes ( a c]ta9 incl9ation by ! mutual pressure ( its p>ts4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! glaci] is illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to treacle1 honey1 & t>1 & ! !ory ?us enunciat$ & exemplifi$ is call$ ! ',visc\s ,!ory4' ,x has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion1 & great diff]5ces ( op9ion are /ill ent]ta9$ reg>d+ x4 ,able & s9c]e m5 take opposite sides2 & ! extraord9>y numb] ( ,reviews :i* h appe>$ ^u ! subject dur+ ! la/ two ye>s %[ ! int]e/ :i* ! intellectual public ( ,engl& take 9 ! "q4 ,! *ief diff]5ces ( op9ion turn ^u ! inquiry z to :at ,pr(essor ,=bes really meant :5 he prop\nd$ ! visc\s !ory2 "s affirm "o ?+1 "s ano!r1 &1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 ^! diff]5ces cont9ue1 ?\gh ! au?or ( ! !ory has at v>i\s times publi%$ expositions ( 8 views4 ,sid5ote3 ,,facts ,,& ,,pr9ciples4 ,! diff]5ces ref]r$ to arise f ! circum/ances t a suffici5t di/9ction has n be5 obs]v$ betwe5 facts & pr9ciples1 & t ! visc\s !ory has assum$ v>i\s =ms s9ce its fir/ promulgation4 ,x has be5 /at$ to me t ! !ory ( ,pr(essor ,=bes is ! cong]ies ( facts :i* he has discov]$4 ,b x is q evid5t t no recognition1 h[ev] ample1 ( ^! facts w\ld be altoge!r satisfactory to ,pr(essor ,=bes himself4 ,he claims recognition ( 8 !ory1,a & no writ] ) :om ,i am acqua9t$ makes su* frequ5t use ( ! t]m4 ,:at !n c ! visc\s !ory mean ap>t f ! facts8 ,i int]pret x z furni%+ ! pr9ciple f :i* ! facts foll[ z physical consequ5ces--t ! glaci] moves z a riv] because ! ice is visc\s4 ,9 ?is s5se only c ,pr(essor ,=bes's views be call$ a !ory2 9 any o!r1 8 exp]im5ts are m]e illu/rations ( ! facts ( glaci] motion1 :i* d n c>ry u a hair's bread? t[>ds _! physical cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,,visc\s ,,!ory2--,,:at ,,is ,,x8 ,:at !n is ! mean+ ( viscosity or viscidity8 ,i h he>d x def9$ by m5 ( high culture z gluey t5acity2 & su* t5acity !y once suppos$ a glaci] to possess4 ,if we dip a spoon into treacle1 honey1 or t>1 we c draw ! sub/ance out into filam5ts1 & ! same may be done ) melt$ ca\t*\c or lava4 ,all ^! sub/ances are visc\s1 & all ( !m h be5 *os5 to illu/rate ! physical prop]ty 9 virtue ( :i* a glaci] moves4 ,viscosity !n consi/s 9 ! p[] ( be+ drawn out :5 subject$ to a =ce ( t5sion1 ! sub/ance1 aft] /ret*+1 be+ 9 a /ate ( molecul> equilibrium1 or1 9 o!r words1 devoid ( t ela/icity :i* w\ld re/ore x to its orig9al =m4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 ! idea atta*$ to ,pr(essor ,=bes's words by "s ( 8 mo/ /r5u\s support]s1 & also by em95t m5 :o h nev] tak5 "p 9 any controv]sy on ! subject4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 = example1 speaks ( felspa?ic rocks be+ /ret*$ :ile fl[+ sl[ly onw>ds 9 a pa/y condition1 9 precisely ! same mann] z ,pr(essor ,=bes believes t ! ice ( mov+ glaci]s is /ret*$ & fissur$2 & ,pr(essor ,=bes himself quotes ^! words ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 z illu/rative ( 8 !ory4,b ,! "q n[ be=e u is1--,does a glaci] exhibit t p[] ( yield+ to a =ce ( t5sion :i* w\ld entitle its ice to be reg>d$ z a visc\s sub/ance8 ,sid5ote3 ,,!ory ,,te/$4 ,) a view to ! solution ( ?is "q ,mr4 ,hir/ took = me ! incl9ations ( ! ,m] de ,glace & all its tribut>ies 9 #aheg2 ! effect ( a *ange ( incl9ation be+ always not$4 ,i w select f ^? measurem5ts a few :i* be> m specially ^u ! subject n[ "u consid]ation1 comm5c+ ) ! ,glaci] des ,bois1 d[n :i* ! ice moves 9 t /ate ( wild dislocation already describ$4 ,! incl9ation ( ! glaci] above ?is cascade is #e deg4 #aj'1 & t ( ! cascade itself is #bb deg4 #bj'1 ! *ange ( incl9ation be+ !re=e #ag deg4 #aj'4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,incl9ations ( ice cascasde ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb ,i h protract$ ! incl9ation ( ! cascade & ( ! glaci] above x2 ! l9e ,a ,b repres5t+ ! =m] & ,b ,c ! latt]4 ,n[ a /ream ( molt5 lava1 ( treacle1 or t>1 w\ld1 9 virtue ( its viscosity1 be able to fl[ ov] ! br[ at ,b )\t break+ across2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! glaci]2 x is s sma%$ & riv5 9 cross+ ?is br[1 t1 to use ! words ( ,pr(essor ,=bes himself1 x p\rs into ! valley b5ea? 9 a cascade ( icy fragm5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,,incl9ations ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,b ?is reason+ w appe> mu* /rong] :5 we rev]t to o!r slopes ^u ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,= example1 its incl9ation above l',angle is #d deg41 & x aft]w>ds desc5ds a slope ( #i deg4 #be'1 ! *ange ( incl9ation be+ #e deg4 #be'4 ,if we protract ^! incl9ations to scale1 we h ! l9e ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #bc1 repres5t+ ! /eep] slope1 & ,b ,c t ( ! glaci] above x4 ,"o w\ld surely ?9k t a visc\s body c\ld cross ! br[ ,b )\t transv]se fracture1 b ?is ! glaci] _c d1 & ,pr(essor ,=bes himself pron\nces ?is portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace impassable4 ,inde$ x 0 ! pr(\nd crevasses "h =m$ :i* plac$ me 9 a difficulty already ref]r$ to4 ,high] up aga91 ! glaci] is brok5 on pass+ f a slope ( #c deg4 #aj' to "o ( #e deg4 ,su* obs]vations %[ h[ diff]5tly con/itut$ a glaci] is f a /ream ( lava 9 a pa/y condition1 or ( treacle1 honey1 t>1 or melt$ ca\t*\c1 to all :i* x has be5 comp>$4 ,9 ! next section ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! crevasses1 & %all aft]w>ds make a few additional rem>ks on ! alleg$ viscosity ( ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,incl9ations ( ,m] de ,glace above l',angle4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 writes ,pr(essor ,=bes1 has done me ! hon\r1 9 ! memoirs be=e allud$ to1 to m5tion ) approbation my obs]vations & exp]im5ts on ! subject ( glaci]s4 ,he has be5 m sp>+ ei!r 9 praise or criticism ( ! !ory :i* ,i h f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,_h ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 c4--,eigh? ,lett]2 ',occ4 ,pap]s1' p4 #ff4 ,b ',occ4 ,pap]s1' p4 #ib4 ,,! ,,crevasses4 7#ag47 ,sid5ote3 ,,crevasses ,,caus$ ,,by ,,! ,,motion4 ,hav+ made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! motion ( ! glaci]1 we are prep>$ to exam9e ^? r5ts1 fissures1 *asms1 or1 z !y are mo/ usually call$1 ,crevasses1 by :i* all glaci]s are m or less int]sect$4 ,!y result f ! motion ( ! glaci]1 & ! laws ( _! =mation are d$uc$ imm$iately f ^? ( ! motion4 ,! crevasses are sometimes v deep & num]\s1 & app>5tly )\t law or ord] 9 _! di/ribution4 ,!y cut ! ice into long ridges1 & break ^! ridges transv]sely into prisms2 ^! prisms gradually wa/e away1 assum+1 accord+ to ! accid5ts ( _! melt+1 ! mo/ fanta/ic =ms4 ,i h se5 !m l ! mutilat$ /atu>y ( an anci5t temple1 l ! cresc5t moon1 l huge birds ) out/ret*$ w+s1 l ! claws ( lob/]s1 & l antl]$ de]4 ,su* fanta/ic sculpture is (t5 to be f\nd on ! ice cascades1 :]e ! riv5 glaci] has pil$ va/ blocks on va/] p$e/als1 & pres5t$ !m to ! wa/+ action ( sun & air4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd ,i h giv5 a sket* ( a mass ( ice ( ?is "*1 :i* /ood 9 #ahei on ! dislocat$ slope ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fanta/ic ,,ice-,,masses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fanta/ic ,mass ( ice4 ,x is usual = visitors to ! ,montanv]t to desc5d to ! glaci]1 & to be l$ by _! guides to ! edges ( ! crevasses1 :]e1 be+ firmly held1 !y look d[n into !m2 b ^? :o h only made _! acqua9tance 9 ?is way "k b little ( _! magnitude & beauty 9 ! m di/urb$ portions ( glaci]s4 ,z might be expect$1 !y h be5 ! graves ( _m a m\nta9e]2 & ! skeletons f\nd ^u ! glaci] prove t ev5 ! *amois itself1 ) its ela/ic muscles & admirable sur5ess ( foot1 is n always safe among ! crevasses4 ,!y are gr&e/ 9 ! high] ice-regions1 :]e ! sn[ hangs l a cop+ ov] _! edges1 & ! wat] trickl+ f ^! into ! gloom =ms spl5did icicles4 ,! ,go]n] ,glaci]1 z we asc5d x t[>ds ! old ,weis/hor1 pres5ts _m f9e examples ( su* crevasses2 ! ice be+ (t5 torn 9 a mo/ curi\s & irregul> mann]4 ,y ent] a por*1 pill>$ by icicles1 & look into a cav]n 9 ! v body ( ! glaci]1 encumb]$ ) va/ froz5 bosses :i* are fr+$ all r\nd by dep5d5t icicles4 ,at ! p]il ( y\r life f slipp+1 or f ! yield+ ( ! /alactites1 y may ent] ^! cav]ns1 & f9d y\rself /eep$ 9 ! blue illum9ation ( ! place4 ,_! beauty is beyond description2 b y _c deliv] y\rself up1 he>t & s\l1 to its enjoym5t4 ,!re is a /rang5ess ab\t ! place :i* repels y1 & n )\t anxiety d y look f y\r l$ge into ! d>kness bel[1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\nd ( subglacial wat] sometimes rises l ! toll+ ( di/ant bells4 ,y feel t1 h[ev] ! cold spl5d\rs ( ! place might suit a purely spiritual ess5ce1 !y are n cong5ial to fle% & blood1 & y gladly escape f its magnific5ce to ! sun%9e ( ! _w above4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bir? ,,( ,a ,,crevasse4 ,f _! numb]s x might be inf]r$ t ! =mation ( crevasses is a ?+ ( frequ5t occurr5ce & easy to obs]ve2 b 9 reality x is v r>ely obs]v$4 ,simond 0 a man ( consid]able exp]i5ce ^u ! ice1 b ! fir/ crevasse he ev] saw =m$ 0 dur+ ! sett+ out ( "o ( our l9es1 :5 a n>r[ r5t op5$ b5ea? 8 feet1 & propagat$ itself ?r\gh ! ice ) l\d crack+ = a di/ance ( #ej or #fj y>ds4 ,crevasses always comm5ce 9 ?is way z m]e n>r[ cracks1 :i* op5 v sl[ly aft]w>ds4 ,i w "h describe ! only case ( crevasse-=m+ :i* has come "u my direct obs]vation4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,july1 #aheg1 ,mr4 ,hir/ & myself1 hav+ complet$ our day's "w1 7 /&+ toge!r ^u ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 :5 a l\d dull s\nd1 l t produc$ by a heavy bl[1 seem$ to issue f ! body ( ! ice und]nea? ! spot on :i* we /ood4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by a s]ies ( %>p reports1 :i* 7 he>d sometimes above u1 sometimes bel[ u1 sometimes app>5tly close "u our feet1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! l\d] reports be+ fill$ by a l[ s++ noise4 ,we turn$ hi!r & ?i!r z ! direction ( ! s\nds v>i$2 = ! glaci] 0 evid5tly break+ b5ea? our feet1 ?\gh we c\ld disc]n no trace ( rupture4 ,= an h\r ! s\nds cont9u$ )\t our be+ able to discov] _! s\rce2 ?is at l5g? reveal$ itself by a ru% ( air-bubbles f "o ( ! little pools ^u ! surface ( ! glaci]1 :i* 0 int]sect$ by ! newly-=m$ crevasse4 ,we !n trac$ x = "s di/ance up & d[n1 b h>dly at any place 0 x suffici5tly wide to p]mit ! blade ( my p5knife to ent] x4 ,m4 ,agassiz has giv5 an animat$ description ( ! t]ror ( 8 guides ^u a simil> occasion1 & !re 0 an elem5t ( awe 9 our own feel+s z we he>d ! ev5+ /illness ( ! glaci] ?us di/urb$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,me*anical ,,orig94 ,) reg>d to ! me*anical orig9 ( ! crevasses ! mo/ vague & unt5able notions _h be5 ent]ta9$ until ,mr4 ,hopk9s publi%$ 8 extremely valuable pap]s4 ,to him1 inde$1 we are almo/ :olly indebt$ = our pres5t k ( ! subject1 my own exp]im5ts ^u ?is portion ( ! glaci]-"q be+ = ! mo/ "p illu/rations ( ! tru? ( 8 reason+4 ,to und]/& ! fissures 9 _! m complex aspects x is necess>y t we %\ld comm5ce ) _! elem5ts4 ,i %all deal ) ! "q 9 my own way1 adh]+1 h[ev]1 to ! me*anical pr9ciples ^u :i* ,mr4 ,hopk9s has bas$ 8 exposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,diagram explanatory ( ! me*anical orig9 ( ,crevasses4 ,let ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 be ! b\nd+ sides ( a glaci] mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[2 let m1 n be two po9ts ^u ! ice1 "o1 m1 close to ! ret>d+ side ( ! valley1 & ! o!r1 n1 at "s di/ance f x4 ,aft] a c]ta9 "t1 ! po9t m w h mov$ d[nw>ds to m'1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! swift] movem5t ( ! p>ts at a di/ance f ! sides1 n w h mov$ 9 ! same "t to n'4 ,?us ! l9e m n1 in/ead ( be+ at "r angles to ! glaci]1 takes up ! oblique position m' n'2 b to rea* f m' to n' ! l9e m n w\ld h to /ret* itself consid]ably2 e o!r l9e t we c draw ^u ! ice p>allel to m' n' is 9 a simil> /ate ( t5sion2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! sides ( ! glaci] are act$ ^u by an oblique pull t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has %[n t ! direction 9 :i* ?is oblique pull is /ronge/ encloses an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,l9e ,,( ,,greate/ ,,/ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,diagram %[+ ! l9e ( ,greate/ ,/ra94 ,:at is ! consequ5ce ( ?is8 ,let ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #bf1 repres5t1 z be=e1 ! sides ( ! glaci]1 mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[2 let ! %ad+ l9es enclose an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! sides4 ,along ^! l9es ! m>g9al ice suff]s ! greate/ /ra91 &1 consequ5tly across ^! l9es & at "r angles to !m1 ! ice t5ds to break & to =m m>g9al crevasses4 ,! l9es1 o p1 o p1 m>k ! direction ( ^! crevasses2 !y are at "r angles to ! l9e ( greate/ /ra91 & h5ce also enclose an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! side ( ! valley1 be+ obliquely po9t$ upw>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m>g9al ,,& ,,transv]se ,,crevasses4 ,?is latt] result is notewor?y2 x foll[s f ! me*anical data t ! swift] motion ( ! c5tre t5ds to produce m>g9al crevasses :i* are incl9$ f ! side ( ! glaci] t[>ds its s\rce1 & n t[>ds its l[] extremity4 ,b :5 we look d[n ^u a glaci] ?us crevass$1 ! fir/ impression is t ! sides h be5 dragg$ d[n1 & h left ! c5tral portions beh9d !m2 inde$1 x 0 ?is v appe>ance t l$ ,m4 de ,*>p5ti] & ,m4 ,agassiz into ! error ( suppos+ t ! sides ( a glaci] mov$ m quickly ?an its middle portions2 & x 0 also ! delusive aspect ( ! crevasses :i* l$ ,pr(essor ,=bes to inf] ! sl[] motion ( ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! ret>dation ( ! ice is mo/ evid5t ne> ! sides2 9 mo/ cases1 ! ice = a consid]able di/ance "r & left ( ! c5tral l9e moves ) a s5sibly uni=m velocity2 !re is no dragg+ ( ! p>ticles asund] by a diff]5ce ( motion1 &1 consequ5tly1 a compact c5tre is p]fectly compatible ) fissur$ sides4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to see a glaci] ) its sides deeply cut1 & its c5tral portions compact2 ?is1 inde$1 is always ! case :]e ! glaci] moves d[n a b$ ( uni=m incl9ation4 ,b suppos+ t ! b$ is n uni=m--t ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! glaci] moves *anges its incl9ation abruptly1 s z to compel ! ice to pass ov] a br[2 ! glaci] is !n circum/anc$ l a /ick :i* we try to break by hold+ its two ends & press+ x aga9/ ! knee4 ,! br[1 :]e ! b$ *anges its incl9ation1 repres5ts ! knee 9 ! case ( ! /ick1 :ile ! weight ( ! glaci] itself is ! =ce t t5ds to break x4 ,x breaks2 & fissures are =m$ across ! glaci]1 :i* are h5ce call$ transv]se crevasses4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gr9delwald ,,glaci]4 ,no glaci] ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ illu/rates ! me*anical laws j develop$ m cle>ly & fully ?an ! ,l[] glaci] ( ,gr9delwald4 ,proce$+ along ! ord9>y track beside ! glaci]1 at ab\t an h\r's di/ance f ! village ! travell] rea*es a po9t :5ce a view ( ! glaci] is obta9$ f ! heights above x4 ,! m>g9al fissures are v cleanly cut1 & po9t ne>ly 9 ! direction already indicat$2 ! glaci] also *anges its incl9ation sev]al times along ! di/ance )9 ! obs]v]'s view4 ,on cross+ ea* br[ ! glaci] is brok5 across1 & a s]ies ( transv]se crevasses is =m$1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r d[n ! slope4 ,at ! bottom ( ! slope t5sion gives place to pressure1 ! walls ( ! crevasses are squeez$ toge!r1 & ! *asms clos$ up4 ,!y rema9 clos$ along ! comp>atively level space :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! base ( "o slope & ! br[ ( ! next2 b "h ! glaci] is aga9 transv]sely brok51 & cont9ues s until ! base ( ! second slope is rea*$1 :]e longitud9al pressure in/ead ( longitud9al /ra9 beg9s to act1 & ! fissures are clos$ z be=e4 ,9 ,fig4 #bg;,a ,i h giv5 a sket*y section ( a portion ( ! glaci]1 illu/rat+ ! =mation ( ! crevasses at ! top ( a slope1 & _! subsequ5t oblit]ation at its base4 ,sid5ote3 ,,compression ,,& ,,t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg;,a1 ,b4 ,section & ,plan ( a portion ( ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci]4 ,ano!r effect is "h beautifully %[n1 namely1 ! union ( ! transv]se & m>g9al crevasses to =m cont9u\s fissures :i* /ret* q across ! glaci]4 ,fig4 #bg;,b w illu/rate my mean+1 ?\gh v imp]fectly2 x repres5ts a plan ( a portion ( ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald glaci]1 ) bo? m>g9al & transv]se fissures drawn ^u x4 ,i h plac$ x "u ! section s t ea* "p ( x may %[ 9 plan ! portion ( ! glaci] :i* is %[n 9 section imm$iately above x4 ,x %[s h[ ! m>g9al crevasses rema9 aft] ! compression ( ! c5tre has oblit]at$ ! transv]se ones2 & h[ ! latt] jo9 on to ! =m]1 s z to =m cont9u\s fissures1 :i* sweep across ! glaci] 9 va/ curves1 ) _! convexities turn$ upw>ds4 ,! illusion be=e ref]r$ to is "h /r5g!n$2 ! crevasses turn1 s to say1 aga9/ ! direction ( motion1 in/ead ( =m+ loops1 ) _! convexities po9t+ d[nw>ds1 & ?us w\ld impress a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! me*anical data ) ! idea t ! glaci] m>g9s mov$ m quickly ?an ! c5tre4 ,! figures are int5d$ to convey ! idea m]ely2 on ! actual slopes ( ! glaci] betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty *asms may be c\nt$3 also ! ^w compression ought to h be5 limit$ to ! level portions ( ! sket*4 ,sid5ote3 ,,longitud9al ,,crevasses4 ,besides ! two classes ( fissures m5tion$ we (t5 f9d o!rs1 :i* are nei!r m>g9al nor transv]se4 ,! t]m9al portions ( _m glaci]s1 = example1 are 9 a /ate ( compression2 ! sn\t ( ! glaci] abuts aga9/ ! gr\nd1 & hav+ to be> ! ?ru/ ( ! mass beh9d x1 if x h room to exp& lat]ally1 ! ice w yield1 & longitud9al crevasses w be =m$4 ,!y are ( v common occurr5ce1 b ! f9e/ example ( ! k9d is p]haps exhibit$ by ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone4 ,aft] escap+ f ! /eep gorge :i* holds ! cascade1 ?is glaci] enc\nt]s ! bottom ( a comp>atively wide & level valley2 ! resi/ance to its =w>d motion is augm5t$1 :ile its ability to exp& lat]ally is increas$2 x has to be> a longitud9al ?ru/1 & x splits at "r angles to ! pressure /ra984 ,a s]ies ( fissures is ?us =m$1 ! c5tral ones ( :i* are truly longitud9al2 b on ea* side ( ! c5tral l9e ! crevasses div]ge1 & exhibit a fan-l arrangem5t4 ,?is disposition ( ! fissures is beautifully se5 f ! summit ( ! ,may5w& on ! ,grimsel ,pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! crevass+ ( ,convex ,sides ( glaci]4 ,"h !n we h ! elem5ts1 s to speak1 ( glaci]-crevass+1 & ?r\gh _! sep>ate or comb9$ action ! mo/ fanta/ic cutt+ up ( a glaci] may be effect$4 ,& see h[ beautifully ^! simple pr9ciples enable u to acc\nt = ! rem>kable crevass+ ( ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,let ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 be ! opposite sides ( a portion ( ! glaci]1 ne> ! ,montanv]t2 ,c ,d be+ ea/1 & ,a ,b we/1 ! glaci] mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[2 let ! po9ts m n repres5t ! extremities ( our l9e ( /akes1 & let u suppose an ela/ic /r+ /ret*$ across ! glaci] f "o to ! o!r4 ,we h prov$ t ! po9t ( maximum motion "h lies mu* ne>] to ! side ,c ,d ?an to ,a ,b4 ,let o be ?is po9t1 &1 seiz+ ! /r+ at o1 let x be drawn 9 ! direction ( motion until x assumes ! position1 m1 o'1 n4 ,x is q evid5t t o' n is 9 a /ate great] t5sion ?an o' m1 & ! ice at ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace is 9 a precisely simil> me*anical condition4 ,x suff]s a great] /ra9 ?an ! ice at ! opposite side ( ! valley1 & h5ce is m fissur$ & brok54 ,?us we see t ! crevass+ ( ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci] is a simple consequ5ce ( ! quick] motion ( t side1 & does n1 z hi!rto suppos$1 demon/rate its sl[] motion4 ,! reason :y ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci]1 z a :ole1 is mu* m fissur$ ?an ! we/]n side is1 t !re are two long segm5ts :i* turn _! convex curvature ea/w>d1 & only "o segm5t ( ! glaci] :i* turns its convexity we/w>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,crevass+ ,,( ,,convex ,,side4 ,! l[] portion ( ! ,rhone glaci] sweeps r\nd ! side ( ! valley next ! ,furca1 & turns ?r\gh\t a convex curve to ?is side3 ! crevasses "h are wide & frequ5t1 :ile !y are almo/ totally abs5t at ! opposite side ( ! glaci]4 ,! l[] ,gr9delwald glaci] turns at "o place a convex curve t[>ds ! ,eig]1 & is mu* m fissur$ at t side ?an at ! opposite "o2 inde$1 ! fanta/ic ice-spl9t]s1 columns1 & m9>ets1 :i* are s f9ely exhibit$ ^u ?is glaci]1 are ma9ly due to ! deep crevass+ ( ! convex side4 ,num]\s o!r illu/rations ( ! law might1 ,i d\bt n1 be discov]$1 & x w\ld be a pleasant & useful occupation to "o :o takes an int]e/ 9 ! subject1 to det]m9e1 by /rict measurem5ts ^u o!r glaci]s1 ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion1 & to obs]ve ! associat$ me*anical effects4 ,sid5ote3 ,,b]gs*runds4 ,! appe>ance ( crevasses is (t5 det]m9$ by circum/ances m local & limit$ ?an ^? above indicat$2 a boss ( rock1 a protub]ance on ! side ( ! flank+ m\nta91 any?+1 9 %ort1 :i* *ecks ! motion ( "o "p ( ! ice & p]mits an adjac5t portion to be pu%$ away f x1 produces crevasses4 ,"s valleys are t]m9at$ by a k9d ( m\nta9-circus ) /eep sides1 aga9/ :i* ! sn[ rises to a consid]able height4 ,z ! mass is urg$ d[nw>ds1 ! l[] portion ( ! sn[-slope is (t5 torn away f its high] portion1 & a *asm is =m$1 :i* usually ext5ds r\nd ! head ( ! valley4 ,to su* a crevasse ! specific "n ,b]gs*rund is appli$ 9 ! ,b]nese ,alps2 ,i h ref]r$ to "o ( !m 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,passage ( ! ,/rahleck4 7#ah47 ,! ph5om5a describ$ & acc\nt$ = 9 ! la/ *apt] h a direct be>+ ^u ! "q ( viscosity4 ,9 virtue ( ! quick] c5tral fl[ ! lat]al ice is subject to an oblique /ra92 b1 in/ead ( /ret*+1 x breaks1 & m>g9al crevasses are =m$4 ,we also see t a slight curvature 9 ! valley1 by ?r[+ an additional /ra9 ^u "o half ( ! glaci]1 produces an augm5t$ crevass+ ( t side4 ,b x is kn[n t a sub/ance confess$ly visc\s may be brok5 by a sudd5 %ock or /ra94 ,pr(essor ,=bes ju/ly obs]ves t seal+-wax at mod]ate temp]atures w m\ld itself 7) "t7 to ! mo/ delicate inequalities ( ! surface on :i* x re/s1 b may at ! same "t be %iv]$ to atoms by ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to e/imate ! weight ( ! objection t a glaci] breaks :5 subject$ to /ra91 we mu/ "k ! conditions "u :i* ! =ce is appli$4 ,! ,m] de ,glace has be5 %[n 7p4 #bhg7 to move ?r\gh ! neck ( ! valley at ,trelaporte at ! rate ( tw5ty in*es a day4 ,let ! sides ( ?is page repres5t ! b\nd>ies ( ! glaci] at ,trelaporte1 & any "o ( its l9es ( pr9t a transv]se slice ( ice4 ,suppos+ ! l9e to move d[n ! page z ! slice ( ice moves d[n ! valley1 !n ! b5d+ ( ! ice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 %[n on su* a scale1 w\ld only be suffici5t to pu% =w>d ! c5tre 9 advance ( ! sides by a v small fraction ( ! wid? ( ! l9e ( pr9t4 ,to su* an extremely gradual /ra9 ! ice is unable to accommodate itself )\t fracture4 ,sid5ote3 ,,num]ical ,,te/ ,,( ,,viscosity4 ,or1 ref]r+ to actual numb]s3--! /ake ,no4 #ae on our #e? l9e1 page #bhd1 /ood on ! lat]al mora9e ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 & betwe5 x & ,no4 #ad a di/ance ( #aij feet int]v5$4 ,let ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #bi1 be ! side ( ! glaci]1 mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & let a b c d be a squ>e ^u ! glaci] ) a side ( #aij feet4 ,! :ole squ>e moves ) ! ice1 b ! side b d moves quicke/2 ! po9t a mov+ #aj in*es1 :ile b moves #ad4ge in*es 9 #bd h\rs2 ! diff]5tial motion !re=e am\nts to an in* 9 five h\rs4 ,let a b' d' c be ! %ape ( ! figure aft] five h\rs' motion2 !n ! l9e a b w\ld be ext5d$ to a b' & c d to c d'4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,diagram illu/rat+ te/ ( viscosity4 ,! ext5sion ( ^! l9es does n h[ev] express ! maximum /ra9 to :i* ! ice is subject$4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has %[n t ?is takes place along ! l9e a d2 9 five h\rs !n ?is l9e1 if capable ( /ret*+1 w\ld be /ret*$ to a d'4 ,f ! data giv5 e boy :o has ma/]$ ! #dg? ,proposition ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,euclid c f9d ! l5g? bo? ( a d & a d'2 ! =m] is #cbbd4d in*es1 & ! latt] is #cbbe4a1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ sev5-t5?s ( an in*4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( yield+ requir$ f ! ice 9 five h\rs1 b x _c grant ?is2 ! glaci] breaks1 & num]\s m>g9al crevasses are =m$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! evid5ce "h adduc$ m]ely %[s :at ice _c d2 :at x c d 9 ! way ( visc\s yield+ we d n "k3 !re exi/s z yet no s+le exp]im5t on great masses or small to %[ t ice possesses 9 any s5sible degree t p[] ( be+ drawn out :i* seems to be ! v ess5ce ( viscosity4 ,i h already /at$ t ! crevasses1 on _! fir/ =mation1 are exce$+ly n>r[ r5ts1 :i* wid5 v sl[ly4 ,! new crevasse obs]v$ by our guide requir$ sev]al days to atta9 a wid? ( ?ree in*es2 :ile t obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,hir/ & myself did n wid5 a s+le in* 9 ?ree days4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is ! g5]al "* ( ! crevasses2 !y =m sudd5ly & op5 sl[ly4 ,bo? facts are at v>iance ) ! idea t ice is visc\s2 = 7 ?is sub/ance capable ( /ret*+ at ! sl[ rate at :i* ! fissures wid51 !re w\ld be no necessity = _! =mation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ret*+ ,,( ,,ice ,,n ,,prov$4 ,x _c be too cle>ly & emphatically /at$ t ! prov$ fact ( a glaci] con=m+ to ! law ( semi-fluid motion is a ?+ totally diff]5t f ! alleg$ fact ( its be+ visc\s4 ,nobody s9ce its fir/ enunciation disput$ ! =m]4 ,i _h no d\bt ( x :5 ,i repair$ to ! glaci]s 9 #ahef2 & none ( ! em95t m5 :o h discuss$ ?is "q ) ,pr(essor ,=bes h ?r[n any d\bt ^u 8 measurem5ts4 ,x is ! ass]tion t small pieces ( ice are prov$ to be visc\s,a by ! exp]im5ts made ^u glaci]s1 & ! consequ5t impression left ^u ! public m9d--t ice possesses ! gluey t5acity :i* ! t]m visc\s sugge/s--to :i* ^! obs]vations are meant to apply4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! viscosity1 ?\gh x _c be trac$ 9 ! p>ts if v m9ute nev]!less exi/s !re1 z unequivocally prov$ by exp]im5ts on ! l>ge scale4--,=bes 9 ',phil4 ,mag41' vol4 x41 p4 #cja4 ,,heat ,,& ,,"w4 7#ai47 ,sid5ote3 ,,connexion ,,( ,,natural ,,=ces4 ,great sci5tific pr9ciples1 ?\gh usually ann\nc$ by individuals1 are (t5 m]ely ! di/9ct expression ( ?\ghts & convictions :i* _h long be5 ent]ta9$ by all advanc$ inve/igators4 ,?us ! m pr(\nd philosophic ?9k]s _h long suspect$ a c]ta9 equival5ce & connexion betwe5 ! v>i\s =ces ( nature2 exp]im5t _h %[n ! direct connexion & mutual conv]tibility ( _m ( !m1 & ! spiritual insight1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! true exp]im5t]1 always surr\nds & (t5 prec$es ! "w ( 8 h&s1 reveal$ m or less pla9ly t natural =ces ei!r _h a common root1 or t !y =m$ a circle1 ^: l9ks 7 s connect$ t by />t+ f any "o ( !m we c\ld g ?r\gh ! circuit1 & arrive at ! po9t f :i* we set out4 ,= ! la/ eighte5 ye>s ?is subject has occupi$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! able/ natural philosoph]s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t4 ,! connexion1 h[ev]1 :i* has mo/ occupi$ _! m9ds is t betwe5 heat & "w2 ! absolute num]ical equival5ce ( ! two hav+1 ,i believe1 be5 fir/ ann\nc$ by a ,g]man physician nam$ ,may]1 & exp]im5tally prov$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,j\le4 ,sid5ote3 ,,me*anical ,,equival5t ,,( ,,heat4 ,a lead bullet may be made hot en\gh to burn ! h&1 by /rik+ x ) a hamm]1 or by rubb+ x aga9/ a bo>d2 a clev] blacksmi? c make a nail r$-hot by hamm]+ x2 ,c\nt ,rum=d boil$ wat] by ! heat develop$ 9 ! bor+ ( cannon1 & inf]r$ f ! exp]im5t t heat 0 n :at x 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be1 an impond]able fluid1 b a k9d ( motion g5]at$ by ! friction4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,j\le's exp]im5ts enable u to /ate ! exact am\nt ( heat :i* a def9ite exp5diture ( me*anical =ce c orig9ate4 ,i say orig9ate1 n drag f any hid+-place 9 :i* x _h conceal$ itself1 b actually br+ into exi/5ce1 s t ! total am\nt ( heat 9 ! univ]se is !reby augm5t$4 ,if a mass ( iron fall f a t[] #ggj feet 9 height1 we c /ate ! precise am\nt ( heat develop$ by its collision ) ! e>?4 ,suppos+ all ! heat ?us g5]at$ to be conc5trat$ 9 ! iron itself1 its temp]ature w\ld !reby be rais$ ne>ly #aj deg4 ,fahr4 ,gravity 9 ?is case has exp5d$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce 9 pull+ ! iron to ! e>?1 & ?is =ce is ! me*anical equival5t ( ! heat g5]at$4 ,fur!rmore1 if we _h a ma*9e s p]fect z to enable u to apply all ! heat ?us produc$ to ! rais+ ( a weight1 we %\ld be able1 by x1 to lift ! mass ( iron to ! precise po9t f :i* x fell4 ,b ! heat _c lift ! weight & /ill cont9ue heat2 ?is is ! peculi>ity ( ! mod]n view ( ! matt]4 ,! heat is consum$1 us$ up1 x is no long] heat2 b in/ead ( x we h a c]ta9 am\nt ( gravitat+ =ce /or$ up1 :i* is ready to act aga91 & to reg5]ate ! heat :5 ! weight is let loose4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! fall+ weight is /opp$ by ! e>?1 ! motion ( its mass is conv]t$ into a motion ( its molecules2 :5 ! weight is lift$ by heat1 molecul> motion is conv]t$ into ord9>y me*anical motion1 b = e portion ( ei!r ( !m br\ght into exi/5ce an equival5t portion ( ! o!r mu/ be consum$4 ,:at is true = masses is also true = atoms4 ,z ! e>? & ! piece ( iron mutually attract ea* o!r1 & produce heat by _! collision1 s ! c>bon ( a burn+ c&le & ! oxyg5 ( ! surr\nd+ air mutually attract ea* o!r2 !y ru% toge!r1 & on collision ! arre/$ motion becomes heat4 ,9 ! =m] case we h ! conv]sion ( gravity into heat1 9 ! latt] ! conv]sion ( *emical aff9ity into heat2 b 9 ea* case ! process consi/s 9 ! g5]ation ( motion by attraction1 & ! subsequ5t *ange ( t motion into motion ( ano!r k9d4 ,me*anically consid]$1 ! attraction ( ! atoms & its results is precisely ! same z ! attraction ( ! e>? & weight & its results4 ,sid5ote3 ,,heat ,,produc$ ,,if ,,! ,,e>? ,,/ruck ,,! ,,sun4 ,b :at is true = an atom is also true = a planet or a sun4 ,suppos+ our e>? to be br\ght to re/ 9 h] orbit by a sudd5 %ock1 we are able to /ate ! exact am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld be !reby g5]at$4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s be+ ?us br\ght to re/ w\ld be t x w\ld fall into ! sun1 & ! am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld be g5]at$ by ?is second collision is also calculable4 ,helmholtz has calculat$ t 9 ! =m] case ! heat g5]at$ w\ld be equal to t produc$ by ! combu/ion ( f\rte5 e>?s ( solid coal1 & 9 ! latt] case ! am\nt w\ld be #djj times great]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,%ift+ ,,( ,,atoms4 ,:5ev] a weight is lift$ by a /eam-eng9e 9 opposition to ! =ce ( gravity an am\nt ( heat is consum$ equival5t to ! "w done2 & :5ev] ! molecules ( a body are %ift$ 9 opposition to _! mutual attractions "w is also p]=m$1 & an equival5t am\nt ( heat is consum$4 ,inde$ ! am\nt ( "w done 9 ! %ift+ ( ! molecules ( a body by heat1 :5 express$ 9 ord9>y me*anical "w1 is p]fectly enorm\s4 ,! lift+ ( a heavy weight to ! height ( #ajjj feet may be z no?+ comp>$ ) ! %ift+ ( ! atoms ( a body by an am\nt s small t our f9e/ means ( measurem5t h>dly enable u to det]m9e x4 ,diff]5t bodies give heat diff]5t degrees ( tr\ble1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 9 %ift+ _! atoms & putt+ !m 9 new places4 ,iron gives m tr\ble ?an lead2 & wat] gives f> m tr\ble ?an ei!r4 ,! heat exp5d$ 9 ?is molecul> "w is lo/ z heat2 x does n %[ itself z temp]ature4 ,suppose ! heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( an ounce ( c&le to be conc5trat$ 9 a p\nd ( iron1 a c]ta9 portion ( t heat w\ld g to p]=m ! molecul> "w to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & ! rema9d] w\ld be exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! body2 & if ! same am\nt ( heat 7 communicat$ to a p\nd ( iron & to a p\nd ( lead1 ! balance 9 fav\r ( temp]ature w\ld be great] 9 ! latt] case ?an 9 ! =m]1 because ! heat w\ld h less molecul> "w to d2 ! lead w\ld become m heat$ ?an ! iron4 ,to raise a p\nd ( iron a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees 9 temp]ature w\ld1 9 fact1 require m ?an ?ree times ! absolute quantity ( heat :i* w\ld be requir$ to raise a p\nd ( lead ! same numb] ( degrees4 ,conv]sely1 if we place ! p\nd ( iron & ! p\nd ( lead1 heat$ to ! same temp]ature1 into ice1 we %all f9d t ! quantity ( ice melt$ by ! iron w be m ?an ?ree times t melt$ by ! lead4 ,9 fact1 ! great] am\nt ( molecul> "w inve/$ 9 ! iron n[ comes into play1 ! atoms aga9 obey _! own p[]ful =ces1 & an am\nt ( heat correspond+ to ! en]gy ( ^! =ces is g5]at$4 ,?is molecul> "w is t :i* has usually be5 call$ specific heat1 or capacity = heat4 ,accord+ to ! mat]iali/ic view ( heat1 bodies are figur$ z sponges1 & heat z a k9d ( fluid absorb$ by !m1 diff]5t bodies possess+ diff]5t p[]s ( absorption4 ,accord+ to ! dynamic view1 z already expla9$1 heat is reg>d$ z a motion1 & capacity = heat indicates ! quantity ( t motion consum$ 9 int]nal *anges4 ,! greate/ ( ^! *anges occurs :5 a body passes f "o /ate ( aggregation to ano!r1 f ! solid to ! liquid1 or f ! liquid to ! a]i=m /ate2 & ! quantity ( heat requir$ = su* *anges is (t5 enorm\s4 ,to conv]t a p\nd ( ice at #cb deg4 ,fahr4 into wat] at ! same temp]ature w\ld require an am\nt ( heat compet5t1 if appli$ z me*anical =ce1 to lift ! same p\nd ( ice to a height ( #aaj1jjj feet2 x w\ld raise a ton ( ice ne>ly #ej feet1 or x w\ld lift betwe5 #di & #ej tons to a height ( "o foot above ! e>?'s surface4 ,to conv]t a p\nd ( wat] at #bab deg4 into a p\nd ( /eam at ! same temp]ature w\ld require an am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld p]=m ne>ly sev5 times ! am\nt ( me*anical "w j m5tion$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,heat ,,consum$ ,,9 ,,molecul> ,,"w4 ,?is heat is entirely exp5d$ 9 int]ior "w1,a & does no?+ t[>ds augm5t+ ! temp]ature2 ! wat] is at ! temp]ature ( ! ice :i* produc$ x1 bo? are #cb deg42 & ! /eam is at ! temp]ature ( ! wat] :i* produc$ x1 bo? are #bab deg4 ,! :ole ( ! heat is consum$ 9 produc+ ! *ange ( aggregation2 ,i say consum$1 n hidd5 or lat5t 9 ei!r ! wat] or ! /eam1 b absolutely non-exi/5t z heat4 ,! molecul> =ces1 h[ev]1 :i* ! heat has sacrific$ itself to ov]come are able to reproduce x2 ! wat] 9 freez+ & ! /eam 9 cond5s+ give out ! exact am\nt ( heat :i* !y consum$ :5 ! *ange ( aggregation 0 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at a temp]ature ( sev]al degrees bel[ its freez+ po9t ice is mu* h>d] ?an at #cb deg4 ,i h m ?an once cool$ a sph]e ( ! sub/ance 9 a ba? ( solid c>bonic acid & e!r to a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,dur+ ! "t ( cool+ ! ice crackl$ audibly f its contraction1 & aft]w>ds x q resi/$ ! edge ( a knife2 :ile at #cb deg4 x may be cut or cru%$ ) extreme facility4 ,! cold sph]e 0 subject$ to pressure2 x broke ) ! detonation ( a vitre\s body1 & 0 tak5 f ! press a :ite opaque p[d]2 :i*1 on be+ subsequ5tly rais$ to #cb deg4 & aga9 compress$1 0 conv]t$ into a pellucid slab ( ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,ne> ,,! ,,melt+ ,,po9t4 ,b be=e ! temp]ature ( #cb deg4 is q atta9$1 ice gives evid5ce ( a loos5+ ( its cry/all9e texture4 ,inde$ ! uns\ndness ( ice at & ne> its melt+ po9t has be5 long kn[n4 ,sir ,john ,leslie1 = example1 /ates t ice at #cb deg4 is friable2 & e skat] kn[s h[ rott5 ice becomes be=e x ?aws4 ,m4 ,p]son has fur!r %[n t ! lat5t heat ( ice1 t is to say1 ! quantity ( heat necess>y = its liquefaction1 is n q express$ by ! quantity consum$ 9 r$uc+ ice at #cb deg4 to ! liquid /ate4 ,! heat beg9s to be r5d]$ lat5t1 or 9 o!r words ! *ange ( aggregation comm5ces1 a little be=e ! sub/ance rea*es #cb deg41--a conclusion :i* is illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ! deportm5t ( melt+ ice "u pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rott5 ,,ice ,,& ,,s(t5$ ,,wax4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! above result ,pr(essor ,=bes writes z foll[s3--,i h n[ to ref] to a fact 444 e/abli%$ by a ,fr5* exp]im5t]1 ,m4 ,p]son1 :o appe>s n to h _h ev5 remotely 9 8 m9d ! !ory ( glaci]s1 :5 he ann\nc$ ! foll[+ facts1 viz4--',t ice does n pass abruptly f ! solid to ! fluid /ate2 t x beg9s to s(t5 at a temp]ature ( #b deg4 ,c5tigrade bel[ its ?aw+ po9t2 t1 consequ5tly1 betwe5 #bh deg4 #d' & #cb deg4 ( ,fahr4 ice is actually pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s degrees ( pla/icity )9 n>r[] limits1 b 9 ! same mann] t wax1 = example1 s(t5s be=e x melts4' ,! s(t5+ "h ref]r$ to is ! friability1 ( ,sir ,j4 ,leslie1 & :at ,i h call$ a loos5+ ( ! texture4 ,let u suppose ! ,s]p5t9e cov]$ by a %eet ( pit* s smoo? & h>d z to enable a skat] to glide ov] x2 & :i* is aft]w>ds gradually w>m$ until x beg9s to b5d "u 8 weight1 & f9ally lets him ?r\gh4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is deportm5t ) t ( a %eet ( ice "u ! same circum/ances enables u to decide :e!r ice passes ?r\gh v>i\s degrees ( pla/icity 9 ! same mann] z wax s(t5s be=e x melts4 ,m4 ,p]son conc]n$ himself solely ) ! heat absorb$1 & no d\bt 9 bo? wax & ice t heat is exp5d$ 9 int]ior "w4 ,9 ! "o case1 h[ev]1 ! body is s con/itut$ t ! absorb$ heat is exp5d$ 9 r5d]+ ! sub/ance visc\s2 & ! "q simply is1 :e!r ! heat absorb$ by ! ice gives its molecules a fre$om ( play :i* w\ld entitle x also to be call$ visc\s2 :e!r1 9 %ort1 rott5 ice & s(t5$ wax pres5t ! same physical qualities8 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,i borr[ ?is t]m f ,pr(essor ,clausius's excell5t pap]s on ! ,dynamical ,!ory ( ,heat4 7#bj47 ,!re is "o o!r po9t 9 connexion ) ! visc\s !ory :i* claims our att5tion4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( t !ory />tl$ sci5tific m51 & = two or ?ree ye>s aft] its fir/ publication x =m$ ! subject ( ke5 discussion4 ,?is f9ally subsid$1 & aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ,=bes drew up an elaborate pap]1 :i* 0 pres5t$ 9 ?ree p>ts to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahde & #ahdf1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions4' ,9 ! conclud+ portion ( ,"p ,,iii4 ,pr(essor ,=bes /ates & answ]s ! "q1 ,h[ f> a glaci] is to be reg>d$ z a pla/ic mass8 9 ^! words3--,7 a glaci] compos$ ( a solid cry/all9e cake ( ice1 fitt$ or m\ld$ to ! m\nta9 b$ :i* x occupies1 l a lake tranquilly froz51 x w\ld seem impossible to admit su* a flexibility or yield+ ( p>ts z %\ld p]mit any comp>ison to a fluid or semifluid body1 transmitt+ pressure horizontally1 & ^: p>ts might *ange _! mutual positions s t "o "p %\ld be pu%$ out :il/ ano!r rema9$ beh9d4 ,b we "k1 9 po9t ( fact1 t a glaci] is a body v diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,x is cle>ly prov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,agassiz & o!rs t ! glaci] is n a mass ( ice1 b ( ice & wat]1 ! latt] p]colat+ freely ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! =m] to all dep?s ( ! glaci]2 & x is a matt] ( ocul> demon/ration t ^! crevices1 ?\gh v m9ute1 communicate freely ) "o ano!r to great di/ances2 ! wat] ) :i* !y are fill$ communicates =ce also to great di/ances1 & ex]cises a trem5d\s hydro/atic pressure to move onw>ds 9 ! direction 9 :i* gravity urges x1 ! va/ por\s mass ( seem+ly rigid ice 9 :i* x is z x 7 b\nd up4 ,sid5ote3 ,,capill>y ,,hypo!sis4 ,n[ ! wat] 9 ! crevices1 cont9ues ,pr(essor ,=bes1 does n con/itute ! glaci]1 b only ! pr9cipal vehicle ( ! =ce :i* acts on x1 & ! sl[ irresi/ible en]gy ) :i* ! icy mass moves onw>ds f h\r to h\r ) a cont9u\s m>*1 bespeaks ( itself ! pres5ce ( a fluid pressure4 ,b if ! ice 7 n 9 "s degree ductile or pla/ic1 ?is pressure c\ld nev] produce any ! lea/ =w>d motion ( ! mass4 ,! pressure 9 ! capill>ies ( ! glaci] c only t5d to sep>ate "o p>ticle f ano!r1 & ?us produce t5sions & compressions )9 ! body ( ! glaci] itself1 :i* yields1 ow+ to its slightly ductile nature1 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 reta9+ its cont9uity1 or recov]+ x by reatta*m5t aft] its p>ts h suff]$ a bruise1 accord+ to ! viol5ce ( ! action to :i* x has be5 expos$4 ,i w n pret5d to say t ,i fully und]/& ?is passage1 b1 tak+ x & ! =m] "o toge!r1 ,i ?9k x is cle> t ! wat] :i* is suppos$ to gorge ! capill>ies ( ! glaci] is assum$ to be ess5tial to its motion4 ,inde$1 an extreme degree ( s5sitiv5ess has be5 ascrib$ to ! glaci] z reg>ds ! *anges ( temp]ature by :i* ! capill>ies are affect$4 ,9 ?ree succe$+ days1 = example1 ,pr(essor ,=bes f\nd ! diurnal summ] motion ( a po9t ^u ! ,m] de ,glace to increase f #ae4b to #ag4e in*es a day2 a result :i* he says he is p]suad$ to be due to ! increas+ heat ( ! wea!r at ! "t4 ,if1 !n1 ! glaci] capill>ies c be gorg$ s quickly z ?is exp]im5t w\ld indicate1 x is fair to assume t !y are empti$ ) correspond+ spe$ :5 ! supply is cut away4 ,sid5ote3 ,,temp]ature ,,at ,,*am\ni2 ,,w9t] #ahei4 ,! extraord9>y coldness ( ! wea!r previ\s to ! ,*ri/mas ( #ahei is 9 ! recollection ( ev]ybody3 ?is l[ness ( temp]ature also ext5d$ to ! ,m] de ,glace & its environs4 ,i _h la/ summ] left ) ,augu/e ,balmat & ! ,abbe ,vueillet !rmomet]s ) :i* obs]vations 7 made daily dur+ ! cold wea!r ref]r$ to4 ,i take ! foll[+ f ,balmat's regi/]4 ,m9imum ,date4 temp]ature ,c5tigrade4 ,decemb] #af -#ae deg4 #ag -#bj #ah -#af-a_/b #ai -#i #bj -#ac #ba -#bj-a_/b #bb -#d-a_/d ,decemb] #bc -#d-a_/b deg4 #bd -#f-a_/b #be -#b #bf #b #bg -#c #bh -#aj-a_/b #bi -#f ,! temp]ature at ! ,montanv]t dur+ ! above p]iod may be assum$ z g5]ally "s degrees l[]1 s t = a consid]able p]iod1 previ\s to my w9t] obs]vations1 ! portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace ne> ! ,montanv]t _h be5 expos$ to a v l[ temp]ature4 ,i rea*$ ! place aft] ! wea!r _h become w>m1 b dur+ my /ay !re ! maximum temp]ature did n exce$ -#d-a_/b deg4 ,c4 ,consid]+ !re=e ! long dra9 to :i* ! glaci] _h be5 subject$ previ\s to ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 x is n unreasonable to inf] t ! capill>y supply assum$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes mu/ by t "t h be5 exhau/$4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! motion ( ! glaci] at ! ,montanv]t am\nt$ at ! end ( ,decemb] to half its maximum summ] motion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,balmat',s ,,measurem5ts4 ,! obs]vations ( ,balmat :i* h be5 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes,a also militate1 z f> z !y g1 aga9/ ! idea ( proportionality betwe5 ! capill>y supply & ! motion4 ,if ! temp]atures record$ apply to ! ,m] de ,glace dur+ ! p]iods ( obs]vation1 x w\ld foll[ t f ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #ahdf to ! #ab? ( ,april #ahdg ! temp]ature ( ! air 0 con/antly "u z]o ,c5tigrade1 & h5ce1 dur+ ?is "t1 ! gorg+ ( ! capill>ies1 :i* is due to sup]ficial melt+1 mu/ h ceas$4 ,/ill1 ?r\gh\t ?is entire p]iod ( depletion ! motion ( ! glaci] /eadily increas$ f tw5ty-f\r in*es to ?irty-f\r & a half in*es a day4 ,:at has be5 "h said ( ! ,montanv]t1 & ( ! po9ts l[] d[n :]e ,balmat's measurem5ts 7 made1 ( c\rse applies ) great] =ce to ! high] portions ( ! glaci]1 :i* are )drawn f ! op]ation ( sup]ficial melt+ = a long] p]iod1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 if ,i und]/& ,pr(essor ,=bes aright1 h _! motion lea/ affect$ 9 w9t]4 ,he records1 = example1 an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,bakewell's1 by :i* ! ,glaci] des ,bossons is %[n to be /ation>y at its end1 :ile its upp] portions are mov+ at ! rate ( a foot a day4 ,?is surely indicates t1 at ^? places :]e ! glaci] is longe/ cut (f f sup]ficial supply1 ! motion is lea/ r$uc$1 :i* w\ld be a mo/ /range result if ! motion dep5d$1 z affirm$1 ^u ! gorg+ ( ! capill>ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bakewell',s ,,obs]vations4 ,! p]usal ( ! conclusion ( ,pr(essor ,=bes's la/ volume %[s me t a ?\ght simil> to t express$ above occurr$ to ,mr4 ,bakewell also4 ,speak+ ( a %all[ glaci] :i* mov$ :5 ! alleg$ temp]ature 0 s enorm\sly bel[ ! freez+ po9t t ,pr(essor ,=bes reg>ds ! obs]vation z op5 to "q 79 :i* ,i agree ) him71 ,mr4 ,bakewell asks1 ,is x possible t infiltrat$ wat] c h any action :atev] "u su* circum/ances8 ,! reply ( ,pr(essor ,=bes conta9s ^! words3--,i h n[h]e affirm$ ! pres5ce ( liquid wat] to be a s9e qua non to ! pla/ic motion ( glaci]s4 ,?is /atem5t1 ,i confess1 took me by surprise1 :i* 0 n dim9i%$ by fur!r read+4 ,speak+ ( ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 ,pr(essor ,=bes says1 ! glaci] took no real />t until ! fro/ _h giv5 way1 & ! tumultu\s c\rse ( ! ,arveiron %[$ t its ve9s 7 aga9 fill$ ) ! circulat+ m$ium to :i* ! glaci]1 l ! organic frame1 owes its mov+ en]gy4,b ,& aga93--,x is ?is fragility precisely :i*1 yield+ to ! hydro/atic pressure ( ! unfroz5 wat] conta9$ 9 ! c\ntless capill>ies ( ! glaci]1 produces ! cru%+ action :i* %oves ! ice ov] its neighb\r p>ticles4,c ,sid5ote3 ,,huxley',s ,,obs]vations4 ,aft] ! p]usal ( ! =ego+ p>agraphs ! read] w probably be less int]e/$ 9 ! "q z to :e!r ! assum$ capill>ies exi/ at all 9 ! glaci]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,huxley's obs]vations1 !y d n4,d ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aheg he c>efully exp]im5t$ ) col\r$ liquids on ! ,m] de ,glace & its tribut>ies1 & 9 no case 0 he able to discov] ^! fissures 9 ! s\nd unwea!r$ ice4 ,i h myself se5 ! r$ liquid re/+ 9 an aug]-hole1 :]e x _h la9 = an h\r )\t diffus+ itself 9 any s5sible degree4 ,?is cavity int]sect$ bo? ! :ite ice & ! blue ve9s ( ! glaci]2 & ,mr4 ,huxley1 9 my pres5ce1 cut away ! ice until ! walls ( ! cavity became extremely ?91 /ill no trace ( liquid pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also made ^u ! high] portions ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 & also on ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 ) ! same result4 ,?us ! v exi/5ce ( ^! capill>ies is r5d]$ s que/ionable1 t no !ory ( glaci]-motion :i* invokes _! aid c\ld be consid]$ satisfactory4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #bbd4 ,b ',phil4 ,trans41' #ahdf1 p4 #acg1 & ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #ach4 ,c ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #dg4 ,d ',phil4 ,mag41' #aheg1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #bda4 ,,?omson',s ,,!ory4 7#ba47 ,9 ! ',transactions' ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh = #ahdi is publi%$ a v int]e/+ pap] by ,pr(4 ,james ,?omson ( ,que5's ,college1 ,belfa/1 :]e9 he d$uces1 z a consequ5ce ( a pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,c>not1 t wat]1 :5 subject$ to pressure1 requires a great] cold to freeze x ?an :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,he inf]r$ t ! l[]+ ( ! freez+ po9t = e atmosph]e ( pressure am\nt$ to 4#jjge ( a degree ,c5tigrade4 ,?is d$uction 0 aft]w>ds submitt$ to ! te/ ( exp]im5t by 8 di/+ui%$ bro!r ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,?omson1 & prov$ correct4 ,on ! fact ?us e/abli%$ is f\nd$ ,mr4 ,james ,?omson's !ory ( ! ,pla/icity ( ,ice z manife/$ 9 ,glaci]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,!ory4 ,! !ory is ?is3--,c]ta9 portions ( ! glaci] are suppos$ fir/ to be subject$ to pressure4 ,?is pressure liquefies ! ice1 ! wat] ?us produc$ be+ squeez$ ?r\gh ! glaci] 9 ! direction 9 :i* x c mo/ easily escape4 ,b cold has be5 evolv$ by ! act ( liquefaction1 &1 :5 ! wat] has be5 reliev$ f ! pressure1 x freezes 9 a new position4 ,! pressure be+ ?us aboli%$ at ! place :]e x 0 fir/ appli$1 new portions ( ! ice are subject$ to ! =ce2 ^! 9 _! turn liquefy1 ! wat] is disp]s$ z be=e1 & re-froz5 9 "s o!r place4 ,to ! succession ( processes "h assum$ ,mr4 ,?omson ascribes ! *anges ( =m obs]v$ 9 glaci]s4 ,?is !ory 0 fir/ communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ?r\gh ! au?or's bro!r1 ,pr(4 ,william ,?omson1 & is pr9t$ 9 ! ',proce$+s' ( ! ,society = ,may1 #aheg4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds communicat$ to ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,dubl91 9 ^: ',reports' x is fur!r publi%$2 & aga9 x 0 communicat$ to ! ,belfa/ ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 9 ^: ',proce$+s' x also f9ds a place4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahei1 ,mr4 ,james ,?omson communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 ?r\gh 8 bro!r1 a second pap]1 9 :i* he aga9 draws att5tion to 8 !ory4 ,he (f]s x 9 sub/itution = my views z ! be/ argum5t t he c adduce aga9/ !m2 he also controv]ts ! explanations ( regelation prop\nd$ by ,pr(4 ,james ,d4 ,=bes & ,pr(4 ,f>aday1 believ+ t 8 own !ory expla9s all ! facts s well z to leave room = no o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,!ory4 ,b ! passage 9 ?is pap] :i* dem&s my *ief att5tion is ! foll[+3--,pr(4 ,tyndall 7writes ,mr4 ,?omson71 9 pap]s & lectures subsequ5t to ! publication ( ?is !ory1 appe>s to adopt x to "s ext5t1 & to endeav\r to make its pr9ciples co-op]ate ) ! views he _h previ\sly f\nd$ on ,mr4 ,f>aday's fact ( regelation4 ,i may say t ,mr4 ,?omson's ma9 ?\ght 0 famili> to me long be=e 8 fir/ communication on ! pla/icity ( ice appe>$2 b x _h little influ5ce ^u my convictions4 ,7 ! above passage correct1 ,i %\ld des]ve c5sure = neglect+ to express my obligations f> m explicitly ?an ,i h hi!rto done2 b ,i confess t ev5 n[ ,i d n und]/& ! ess5tial po9t ( ,mr4 ,?omson's !ory1--t is to say1 its application to ! ph5om5a ( glaci] motion4 ,inde$1 x 0 ! obscurity 9 my m9d 9 connexion ) ?is po9t1 & ! hope t "t might enable me to seize m cle>ly ^u 8 mean+1 :i* prev5t$ me f giv+ t prom95ce to ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,?omson :i*1 = aught ,i "k1 x may well des]ve4 ,i w "h briefly /ate "o or two ( my difficulties1 & %all feel v grateful to h !m remov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,improbable ,,d$uction4 ,let u fix our att5tion on a v]tical slice ( ice transv]se to ! glaci]1 & to :i* ! pressure is appli$ p]p5dicul> to its surfaces4 ,! ice liquefies1 &1 suppos+ ! means ( escape (f]$ to ! compress$ wat] to be equal all r\nd1 x is pla9 t !re w be z great a t5d5cy to squeeze ! wat] upw>ds z d[nw>ds2 = ! m]e t5d5cy to fl[ d[n by its own gravity becomes1 9 comp>ison to ! =ces "h act+ on ! wat]1 a vani%+ quantity4 ,b ! fact is1 t ! ice above ! slice is m p]meable ?an t bel[ x2 =1 z we desc5d a glaci]1 ! ice becomes m compact4 ,h5ce ! great] "p ( ! disp]s$ wat] w be refroz5 on t side ( ! slice :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! orig9 ( ! glaci]2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?omson's pr9ciple1 ! glaci] ought to move up hill in/ead ( d[n4 ,i w\ld invite ,mr4 ,?omson to imag9e himself & me toge!r ^u ! ice1 desir\s ( exam9+ ?is "q 9 a philosophic _s2 & t we h tak5 our places beside a /ake driv5 into ! ice1 & desc5d+ ) ! glaci]4 ,we wat* ! ice surr\nd+ ! /ake1 & f9d t e speck ( dirt ^u x reta9s its position2 !re is no liquefaction ( ! ice t be>s ! dirt1 & consequ5tly x re/s on ! glaci] undi/urb$4 ,aft] twelve h\rs we f9d ! /ake fifte5 in*es di/ant f its fir/ position3 ,i w\ld ask ,mr4 ,?omson h[ did x get !re8 ,or let u fix our att5tion on ^? six /akes :i* ,m4 ,agassiz drove into ! glaci] ( ! ,a> 9 #ahda1 & f\nd erect 9 #ahdb at "s hundr$s ( feet f _! fir/ position3--h[ did !y get !re8 ,h[1 9 f9e1 does ! end ( a glaci] become its end8 ,has x be5 liquefi$ & re-froz58 ,if n1 x mu/ h be5 pu%$ d[n by ! v =ces :i* ,mr4 ,?omson invokes to produce 8 liquefaction4 ,bo? ! liquefaction1 z f> z x exi/s1 & ! motion1 are products ( ! same cause4 ,9 %ort1 ?is !ory1 z x pres5ts itself to my m9d1 is s p[]less to acc\nt = ! simple/ fact ( glaci]-motion1 t ,i feel dispos$ to cont9ue to d\bt my own compet5ce to und]/& x r ?an ascribe to ,mr4 ,?omson an hypo!sis app>5tly s irrelevant to ! facts :i* x pr(esses to expla94 ,ano!r difficulty is ! foll[+3--,mr4 ,?omson w h se5 t ,i h record$ c]ta9 w9t] measurem5ts made on ! ,m] de ,glace1 & t ^! measurem5ts %[ n only t ! ice moves at t p]iod ( ! ye>1 b t x exhibits ^? *>act]i/ics ( motion f :i* its pla/icity has be5 inf]r$2 ! velocity ( ! c5tral portions ( ! glaci] be+ 9 r\nd numb]s d\ble ! velocity ( ^? ne> ! sides4 ,_h !re be5 any necessity = x1 ?is ratio might h be5 augm5t$ by plac+ ! side-/akes clos] to ! walls ( ! glaci]4 ,consid]+ ! extreme coldness ( ! wea!r :i* prec$$ ^! measurem5ts1 x is a mod]ate e/imate to set d[n ! temp]ature ( ! ice 9 :i* my /akes 7 fix$ at #e deg4 ,c5t4 bel[ z]o4 ,sid5ote3 ,,requisite ,,pressure ,,calculat$4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to e/imate ! pressure exi/+ at ! portion ( ! glaci] :]e ^! measurem5ts 7 made4 ,! height ( ! ,montanv]t above ! sea-level is1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,=bes1 #fcjj feet2 t ( ! ,col du ,geant1 :i* is ! summit ( ! pr9cipal tribut>y ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 is #aa1adf feet3 d$uct+ ! =m] f ! latt]1 we f9d ! height ( ! ,col du ,geant above ! ,montanv]t to be #dhdf feet4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?omson's !ory & 8 bro!r's exp]im5ts1 ! melt+ po9t ( ice is l[]$ 4#jjge deg4 ,c5tigrade = e atmosph]e ( pressure2 & "o atmosph]e be+ equival5t to ! pressure ( ab\t ?irty-?ree feet ( wat]1 we %all n be ov] ! tru? if we take ! height ( an equival5t column ( glaci]-ice1 ( a compactness ! mean ( ^? :i* x exhibits ^u ! ,col du ,geant & at ! ,montanv]t respectively1 at =ty feet4 ,! compactness ( glaci] ice is1 ( c\rse1 affect$ by ! air-bubbles conta9$ )9 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,actual ,,pressure ,,insuffici5t4 ,if1 !n1 ! pressure ( =ty feet ( ice l[] ! melt+ po9t 4#jjge deg4 ,c5tigrade1 x foll[s t ! pressure ( a column #dhdf feet high w l[] x n9e-t5?s ( a degree ,c5tigrade4 ,suppos+1 !n1 ! unimp$$ ?ru/ ( ! :ole glaci]1 f ! ,col du ,geant d[nw>ds1 to be ex]t$ on ! ice at ! ,montanv]t2 or1 9 o!r words1 suppos+ ! b$ ( ! glaci] to be absolutely smoo? & e trace ( friction aboli%$1 ! utmo/ ! pressure ?us obta9$ c\ld p]=m w\ld be to l[] ! melt+ po9t ( ! ,montanv]t ice by ! quantity above m5tion$4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 ! friction ( ! glaci] aga9/ its sides & b$1 ! opposition :i* ! ?ree tribut>ies enc\nt] 9 ! neck ( ! valley at ,trelaporte1 ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ 9 ! s9u\s valley ?r\gh :i* x passes2 & f9ally1 be>+ 9 m9d ! comp>atively %ort l5g? ( ! glaci]1 :i* has to be> ! ?ru/1 & oppose ! latt] by its own friction m]ely2--,i ?9k x w appe> evid5t t ! ice at ! ,montanv]t _c possibly h its melt+ po9t l[]$ by pressure m ?an a small fraction ( a degree4 ,! ice 9 :i* my /akes 7 fix$ be+ -#e deg4 ,c5tigrade1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?omson's calculation & 8 bro!r's exp]im5ts1 x w\ld require #ffg atmosph]es ( pressure to liquefy x2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld require ! unimp$$ pressure ( a column ( glaci]-ice #bf1fhj feet high4 ,did ,mont ,blanc rise to two & a half times its pres5t height above ! ,montanv]t1 & 7 ! latt] place connect$ ) ! summit ( ! m\nta9 by a cont9u\s glaci] ) its b$ absolutely smoo?1 ! pressure at ! ,montanv]t w\ld be r "u t necess>y to liquefy ! ice on :i* my w9t] obs]vations 7 made4 ,sid5ote3 ,,measurem5ts ,,apply ,,to ,,surface4 ,if x be urg$ t1 ?\gh ! temp]ature ne> ! surface may be sev]al degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ! great body ( ! glaci] does n %>e ?is temp]ature1 b is1 9 all probability1 ne> to #cb deg41 my reply is simple4 ,i did n measure ! motion ( ! ice 9 ! body ( ! glaci]2 nobody ev] did2 my measurem5ts ref] to ! ice at & ne> ! surface1 & x is ?is ice :i* %[$ ! pla/ic deportm5t :i* ! measurem5ts reveal4 ,su*1 !n1 are "s ( ! consid]ations :i* prev5t me f accept+ ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,?omson1 & ,i tru/ !y w acquit me ( all desire1 to make 8 !ory co-op]ate ) my views4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 f> f consid]+ 8 d$uction ! less important because ( its fail+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( glaci] motion4 ,,! ,,pressure-,,!ory ,,( ,,glaci]-,,motion4 7#bb47 ,sid5ote3 ,,possible ,,m\ld+ ,,( ,,ice4 ,broadly consid]$1 two classes ( facts are pres5t$ to ! glaci]-obs]v]2 ! "o sugge/ive ( viscosity1 & ! o!r ( ! rev]se4 ,! =m] are se5 :]e pressure comes into play1 ! latt] :]e t5sion is op]ative4 ,by pressure ice c be m\ld$ to any %ape1 :ile ! same ice snaps %>ply asund] if subject$ to t5sion4 ,7 ! result wor? ! lab\r1 ice might be m\ld$ into vases or /atuettes1 b5t into spiral b>s1 &1 ,i d\bt n1 by ! prop] application ( pressure1 a rope ( ice might be =m$ & coil$ into a knot4 ,b n "o ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh !y might be a ?\s&fold m /rik+ ?an any ev] made ^u a glaci]1 w\ld 9 ! lea/ demon/rate t ice is really a visc\s body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,m\lds us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ice4 ,i h "h /at$ :at ,i believe to be feasible4 ,let me n[ ref] to ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 actually made 9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t4 ,two pieces ( season$ box-wood _h correspond+ cavities holl[$ 9 !m1 s t1 :5 "o 0 plac$ ^u ! o!r1 a l5ticul> space 0 enclos$4 ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #cj1 repres5t ! pieces ( box-wood ) ! cavities 9 plan3 ,c repres5ts _! section :5 !y are plac$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,,actual ,,m\ld+ ,,( ,,ice4 ,a sph]e ( ice r m ?an suffici5t to fill ! l5ticul> space 0 plac$ betwe5 ! pieces ( wood & subject$ to ! action ( a small hydraulic press4 ,! ice 0 cru%$1 b ! cru%$ fragm5ts soon reatta*$ !mselves1 &1 9 a few seconds1 a l5s ( compact ice 0 tak5 f ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,m\lds us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ice4 ,?is l5s 0 plac$ 9 a cyl9drical cavity holl[$ out 9 ano!r piece ( box-wood1 & repres5t$ at ,c1 ,fig4 #ca2 & a flat piece ( ! wood 0 plac$ ov] ! l5s z a cov]1 z at ,d4 ,on subject+ ! :ole to pressure1 ! l5s broke1 z ! sph]e _h done1 b ! cru%$ mass soon re-e/abli%$ its cont9uity1 & 9 less ?an half a m9ute a compact cake ( ice 0 tak5 f ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,m\lds us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ice4 ,9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t ! ice 0 subject$ to a /ill sev]] te/3--,a hemisph]ical cavity 0 =m$ 9 "o block ( box-wood1 & ^u a second block a hemisph]ical protub]ance 0 turn$1 small] ?an ! cavity1 s t1 :5 ! latt] 0 plac$ 9 ! =m]1 a space ( a qu>t] ( an in* exi/$ betwe5 ! two4 ,fig4 #cb repres5ts a section ( ! two pieces ( box-wood2 ! brass p9s a1 b1 fix$ 9 ! slab ,g ,h1 & ent]+ suitable ap]tures 9 ! m\ld ,i ,k1 be+ int5d$ to keep ! two surfaces conc5tric4 ,a lump ( ice be+ plac$ 9 ! cavity1 ! protub]ance 0 br\ght d[n ^u x1 & ! m\ld subject$ to hydraulic pressure3 aft] a %ort int]val ! ice 0 tak5 f ! m\ld z a smoo? compact cup1 its cru%$ p>ticles hav+ reunit$1 & e/abli%$ _! cont9uity4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,m\ld$ ,,to ,,cups ,,& ,,r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,m\lds us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ice4 ,to make ^! results m applicable to ! b5d+ ( glaci]-ice1 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made3--,a block ( box-wood1 ,m1 ,fig4 #cc1 #d in*es long1 #c wide1 & #c deep1 _h its upp] surface slightly curv$1 & a groove an in* wide1 & ab\t an in* deep1 work$ into x4 ,a correspond+ plate 0 prep>$1 hav+ its "u surface "p ( a convex cyl9d]1 ( ! same curvature z ! concave surface ( ! =m] piece4 ,:5 ! "o slab 0 plac$ ^u ! o!r1 !y pres5t$ ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 section at ,n4 ,a /raight prism ( ice #d in*es long1 an in* wide1 & a little m ?an an in* 9 dep?1 0 plac$ 9 ! groove2 ! upp] slab 0 plac$ ^u x1 & ! :ole 0 subject$ to ! hydraulic press4 ,! prism broke1 b1 ! quantity ( ice be+ r m ?an suffici5t to fill ! groove1 ! pressure soon br\ght ! fragm5ts toge!r & re-e/abli%$ ! cont9uity ( ! ice4 ,aft] a few seconds x 0 tak5 f ! m\ld a b5t b> ( ice4 ,?is b> 0 aft]w>ds pass$ ?r\gh ?ree o!r m\lds ( gradually augm5t+ curvature1 & 0 tak5 f ! la/ ( !m a semi-r+ ( compact ice4 ,! ice1 9 *ang+ its =m f t ( "o m\ld to t ( ano!r1 0 9 e in/ance brok5 & cru%$ by ! pressure2 b suppose t in/ead ( ?ree m\lds ?ree ?\s& _h be5 us$2 or1 bett] /ill1 suppose ! curvature ( a s+le m\ld to *ange by extremely sl[ degrees2 ! ice w\ld !n s gradually *ange its =m t no rude rupture w\ld be app>5t4 ,practically ! ice w\ld behave z a pla/ic sub/ance2 & inde$ ?is pla/icity has be5 cont5d$ = by ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 opposition to ! idea ( viscosity4 ,z already /at$1 ! ice1 bruis$1 & flatt5$1 & b5t 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 0 incapable ( be+ s5sibly /ret*$2 x 0 pla/ic to pressure b n to t5sion4 ,a quantity ( wat] 0 always squeez$ out ( ! cru%$ ice 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 & ! bruis$ fragm5ts 7 int]mix$ ) ?is & ) air4 ,m9ute quantities ( bo? rema9$ 9 ! m\ld$ ice1 & ?us r5d]$ x 9 "s degree turbid4 ,its "*1 h[ev]1 z to cont9uity may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! ice-cup1 m\ld$ z describ$1 held wat] )\t ! slighte/ visible leakage4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s(tness ,,( ,,ice ,,def9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pressure ,,& ,,t5sion4 ,ice at #cb deg4 may1 z already /at$1 be cru%$ ) extreme facility1 & glaci]-ice ) /ill m read9ess ?an lake-ice3 x may also be scrap$ ) a knife ) ev5 great] facility ?an "s k9ds ( *alk4 ,9 comp>ison ) ice at #ajj deg4 bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 x might be popul>ly call$ s(t4 ,b its s(tness is n t ( pa/e1 or wax1 or treacle1 or lava1 or honey1 or t>4 ,x is ! s(tness ( calc>e\s sp> 9 comp>ison ) t ( rock-cry/al2 & al?\gh ! latt] is incomp>ably h>d] ?an ! =m]1 ,i ?9k x w be conc$$ t ! t]m visc\s w\ld be equally inapplicable to bo?4 ,my object "h is cle>ly to def9e t]ms1 & n p]mit physical error to lurk b5ea? !m4 ,h[ f> ?is ice1 ) a s(tness ?us def9$1 :5 subject$ to ! gradual pressures ex]t$ 9 a glaci]1 is bruis$ & brok51 & h[ f> ! motion ( its p>ts may approa* to t ( a truly visc\s body "u pressure1 ,i d n "k4 ,! critical po9t "h is t ! ice *anges its =m1 & pres]ves its cont9uity1 dur+ its motion1 9 virtue ( ext]nal =ce4 ,x rema9s cont9u\s :il/ x moves1 because its p>ticles are kept 9 juxtaposition by pressure1 & :5 ?is ext]nal prop is remov$1 & ! ice1 subject$ to t5sion1 has to dep5d solely ^u ! mobility ( its own p>ticles to pres]ve its cont9uity1 ! analogy ) a visc\s body in/antly breaks d[n4,a ,,footnotes3 ,a ,imag9e1 writes ,pr(essor ,=bes1 a long n>r[ tr\gh or canal1 /opp$ at bo? ends & fill$ to a consid]able dep? ) treacle1 honey1 t>1 or any su* viscid fluid4 ,imag9e "o end ( ! tr\gh to give way1 ! bottom /ill rema9+ horizontal3 if ! friction ( ! fluid aga9/ ! bottom be great] ?an ! friction aga9/ its own p>ticles1 ! upp] /rata w roll ov] ! l[] ones1 & protrude 9 a convex slope1 :i* w be propagat$ backw>ds t[>ds ! o!r or clos$ end ( ! tr\gh4 ,_h ! matt] be5 q fluid ! :ole w\ld h run out1 & spread itself on a level3 z x is1 x assumes precisely ! conditions :i* we suppose to exi/ 9 a glaci]4 ,?is is p]fectly def9ite1 & my equally def9ite op9ion is t no glaci] ev] exhibit$ ! me*anical effects impli$ by ?is exp]im5t4 ,,regelation4 7#bc47 ,sid5ote3 ,,f>aday',s ,,fir/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,i 0 l$ to ! =ego+ results by reflect+ on an exp]im5t p]=m$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 at a ,friday ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 on ! #g? ( ,june1 #ahej1 & describ$ 9 ! ',a!naeum' & ',lit]>y ,gazette' = ! same mon?4 ,mr4 ,f>aday !n %[$ t :5 two pieces ( ice1 ) moi/5$ surfaces1 7 plac$ 9 contact1 !y became cem5t$ toge!r by ! freez+ ( ! film ( wat] betwe5 !m1 :ile1 :5 ! ice 0 bel[ #cb deg4 ,fahr41 & !re=e dry1 no effect ( ! k9d c\ld be produc$4 ,! freez+ 0 also f\nd to take place "u wat]2 & inde$ x occurs ev5 :5 ! wat] 9 :i* ! ice is plung$ is z hot z ! h& c be>4 ,a g5]alisation f ?is int]e/+ fact l$ me to conclude t a bruis$ mass ( ice1 if closely conf9$1 mu/ re-cem5t itself :5 its p>ticles are br\ght into contact by pressure2 9 fact1 ! :ole ( ! exp]im5ts above record$ imm$iately sugge/$ !mselves to my m9d z natural d$uctions f ! pr9ciple e/abli%$ by ,f>aday4 ,a r\gh prelim9>y exp]im5t assur$ me t ! d$uctions w\ld /& te/+2 & ! con/ruction ( ! box-wood m\lds 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,we c\ld d\btless m\ld _m solid sub/ances to any ext5t by suitable pressure1 break+ ! atta*m5t ( _! p>ticles1 & re-e/abli%+ a c]ta9 cont9uity by ! m]e =ce ( cohesion4 ,) su* sub/ances1 to :i* we %\ld nev] ?9k ( apply+ ! t]m visc\s1 we might also imitate ! *anges ( =m to :i* glaci]s are subject3 b1 sup]add$ to ! m]e cohesion :i* "h comes into play1 we h1 9 ! case ( ice1 ! actual regelation ( ! sev]$ surfaces1 & consequ5tly a m p]fect solid4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ?is book ,i h ref]r$ to ! production ( slaty cleavage by pressure2 & at a future page ,i hope to %[ t ! lam9ation ( ! ice ( glaci]s is due to ! same cause2 b1 z ju/ly obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,john ,ball1 !re is no t5d5cy to cleave 9 ! s\nd ice ( glaci]s2 9 fact1 ?is t5d5cy is oblit]at$ by ! p]fect regelation ( ! sev]$ surfaces4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rec5t ,,exp]im5ts ,,( ,,f>aday4 ,mr4 ,f>aday has rec5tly plac$ pieces ( ice1 9 wat]1 "u ! /ra9 ( =ces t5d+ to pull !m ap>t4 ,:5 two su* pieces t\* at a s+le po9t !y adh]e & move toge!r z a rigid piece2 b a little lat]al =ce c>efully appli$ breaks up ?is union ) a crackl+ noise1 & a new adhesion occurs :i* holds ! pieces toge!r 9 opposition to ! =ce :i* t5ds to divide !m4 ,mr4 ,james ,?omson _h ref]r$ regelation to ! cold produc$ by ! liquefaction ( ! press$ ice2 b 9 ! above exp]im5t all pressure is n only tak5 away1 b is replac$ by t5sion4 ,mr4 ,?omson also conceives t1 :5 pieces ( ice are simply plac$ toge!r )\t int5tional pressure1 ! capill>y attraction br+s ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e into play2 b ,mr4 ,f>aday f9ds t regelation takes place 9 vacuo4 ,a true viscidity on ! "p ( ice ,mr4 ,f>aday nev] has obs]v$1 & he consid]s t 8 rec5t exp]im5ts support ! view orig9ally prop\nd$ by himself1 namely1 t a p>ticle ( wat] on a surface ( ice becomes solid :5 plac$ betwe5 two surfaces1 because ( ! increas$ influ5ce due to _! jo9t action4 ,,cry/allization ,,& ,,int]nal ,,liquefaction4 7#bd47 ,sid5ote3 ,,h[ ,,cry/als ,,are ,,nurs$4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ?is book ,i h briefly ref]r$ to ! =ce ( cry/allization4 ,to p]mit ?is =ce to ex]cise its full influ5ce1 x mu/ h free & unimp$$ action2 a cry/al1 = in/ance1 to be prop]ly built1 ought to be susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! cry/alliz+ solution1 s t ! little ar*itects c "w all r\nd x2 or if plac$ ^u ! bottom ( a vessel1 x ought to be frequ5tly turn$1 s t all its facets may be successively subject$ to ! build+ process4 ,9 ?is way cry/als c be nurs$ to an enorm\s size4 ,b :]e o!r =ces m+le ) t ( cry/allization1 ?is h>mony ( action is de/roy$2 ! figures1 = example1 t we see ^u a glass w9d[1 on a fro/y morn+1 are due to an action comp\nd$ ( ! pure cry/all9e =ce & ! cohesion ( ! liquid to ! w9d[-pane4 ,a m regul> effect is obta9$ :5 ! freez+ p>ticles are susp5d$ 9 /ill air1 & "h !y build !mselves into ^? wond]ful figures :i* ,dr4 ,scoresby has obs]v$ 9 ! ,pol> ,regions1 ,mr4 ,glai%] at ,gre5wi*1 & ,i myself on ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa & else:]e4 ,n only h[ev] 9 air1 b 9 wat] also1 figures ( great beauty are sometimes =m$4 ,h>rison's excell5t ma*9e = ! production ( artificial ice is1 ,i suppose1 n[ well kn[n2 ! freez+ be+ effect$ by c>ry+ br9e1 :i* _h be5 cool$ by ! evaporation ( e!r1 r\nd a s]ies ( flat t9 vessels conta9+ wat]4 ,! latt] gradually freezes1 &1 on wat*+ ^? vessels :ile ! action 0 proce$+ v sl[ly1 ,i h se5 little six-ray$ />s ( ?9 ice =m+1 & ris+ to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,i believe ! fact 0 nev] be=e obs]v$1 b x w\ld be int]e/+ to foll[ x up1 & to develop exp]im5tally ?is mo/ int]e/+ case ( cry/allization4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dissection ,,( ,,ice ,,by ,,sunbeam4 ,! surface ( a freez+ lake pres5ts to ! eye ( ! obs]v] no?+ :i* c\ld lead him to suppose t a simil> molecul> ar*itecture is go+ on !re4 ,/ill ! p>ticles are und\bt$ly relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ?is way2 !y are arrang$ toge!r on ?is />ry type4 ,& n only is ?is ! case at ! surface1 b ! l>ge/ blocks ( ice :i* rea* u f ,norway & ! ,w5ham ,lake are :olly built up 9 ?is way4 ,we c reveal ! int]nal con/itution ( ^! masses by a rev]se process to t :i* =m$ !m2 we c s5d an ag5t into ! int]ior ( a mass ( ice :i* %all take d[n ! atoms :i* ! cry/alliz+ =ces _h set up4 ,?is ag5t is a sol> beam2 ) :i* x fir/ occurr$ to me to make ?is simple exp]im5t 9 ! autumn ( #aheg4 ,i plac$ a l>ge conv]g+ l5s 9 ! sunbeams pass+ ?r\gh a room1 & obs]v$ ! place :]e ! rays 7 br\ght to a focus beh9d ! l5s2 !n %ad+ ! l5s1 ,i plac$ a cle> cube ( ice s t ! po9t ( conv]g5ce ( ! rays might fall )9 x4 ,on remov+ ! scre5 f ! l5s1 a cone ( sunlight w5t ?r\gh ! cube1 & along ! c\rse ( ! cone ! ice became /udd$ ) lu/r\s spots1 evid5tly =m$ by ! beam1 z if m9ute reflectors _h be5 sudd5ly e/abli%$ )9 ! mass1 f :i* ! light fla%$ :5 x met !m4 ,on exam9+ ! cube aft]w>ds ,i f\nd t ea* ( ^! spots 0 surr\nd$ by a liquid fl[] ( six petals2 su* fl[]s 7 di/ribut$ 9 hundr$s ?r\gh ! ice1 be+ usually cle> & deta*$ f ea* o!r1 b sometimes cr[d$ toge!r into liquid b\quets1 ?r\gh :i*1 h[ev]1 ! six-/>r$ elem5t c\ld be pla9ly trac$4 ,at fir/ ! edges ( ! leaves 7 unbrok5 curves1 b :5 ! fl[]s exp&$ "u a long-cont9u$ action1 ! edges became s]rat$4 ,:5 ! ice 0 held at a suitable angle to ! sol> beams1 ^! liquid blossoms1 ) _! c5tral spots %9+ m int5sely ?an burni%$ silv]1 pres5t$ an exhibition ( beauty n easily describ$4 ,i h giv5 a sket* ( _! appe>ance 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,sid5ote3 ,,liquid ,,fl[]s ,,9 ,,ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,liquid ,fl[]s 9 lake ice4 ,i h "h to direct att5tion to an extremely curi\s fact4 ,on s5d+ ! sunbeam ?r\gh ! transp>5t ice1 ,i (t5 notic$ t ! appe>ance ( ! lu/r\s spots 0 accompani$ by an audible cl9k1 z if ! ice 7 ruptur$ inw>dly4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = assum+ su* rupture1 & on ! close/ exam9ation no flaw is exhibit$ by ! ice4 ,:at !n c be ! cause ( ! noise8 ,i believe ! foll[+ consid]ations w answ] ! "q3-- ,wat] always holds a quantity ( air 9 solution1 ! diffusion ( :i* ?r\gh ! liquid1 z prov$ by ,m4 ,donny1 has an imm5se effect 9 weak5+ ! cohesion ( its p>ticles2 rec5t exp]im5ts ( my own %[ t ?is is also ! case 9 an em95t degree ) _m volatile liquids4 ,m4 ,donny has prov$ t1 if wat] be ?or\ghly purg$ ( its air1 a long glass tube fill$ ) ?is liquid may be inv]t$1 :ile ! t5acity ) :i* ! wat] cl+s to ! tube1 & ) :i* its p>ticles cl+ to ea* o!r1 is s great t x w rema9 securely susp5d$1 ?\gh no ext]nal h9drance be (f]$ to its desc5t4 ,ow+ to ! same cause1 wat] depriv$ ( its air w n boil at #bab deg4 ,fahr41 & may be rais$ to a temp]ature ( ne>ly #cjj deg4 )\t boil+2 b :5 ?is occurs ! p>ticles break _! cohesion sudd5ly1 & ebullition is conv]t$ into explosion4 ,n[1 :5 ice is =m$1 e trace ( ! air :i* ! wat] conta9$ is squeez$ out ( x2 ! p>ticles 9 cry/alliz+ reject all extrane\s matt]1 s t 9 ice we h a sub/ance q free f ! air1 :i* is nev] abs5t 9 ! case ( wat]2 x !re=e foll[s t if we c\ld pres]ve ! wat] d]iv$ f ! melt+ ( ice f contact ) ! atmosph]e1 we %\ld h a liquid em95tly calculat$ to %[ ! effects describ$ by ,m4 ,donny4 ,mr4 ,f>aday has prov$ by actual exp]im5t t ?is is ! case4 ,sid5ote3 ,,wat] ,,depriv$ ,,( ,,air ,,snaps ,,asund]4 ,let u apply ^! facts to ! explanation ( ! cl9k he>d 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,on s5d+ a sunbeam ?r\gh ice1 liquid cavities are sudd5ly =m$ at v>i\s po9ts )9 ! mass1 & ^! cavities are completely cut (f f atmosph]ic contact4 ,b ! wat] =m$ by ! melt+ ice is less 9 volume ?an ! ice :i* produces x2 ! wat] ( a cavity is n able to fill x1 h5ce a vacu\s space mu/ be =m$ 9 ! cell4 ,i h no d\bt t1 = a "t1 ! /rong cohesion betwe5 ! walls ( ! cell & ! drop )9 x augm5ts ! volume ( ! latt] a little1 s z to compel x to fill ! cell2 b z ! quantity ( liquid becomes great] ! %r9k+ =ce augm5ts1 until f9ally ! p>ticles snap asund] l a brok5 spr+4 ,at ! same mom5t a lu/r\s spot appe>s1 :i* is a vacuum1 & simultane\sly ) ! appe>ance ( ?is vacuum ! cl9k 0 always he>d4 ,multitudes ( su* little explosions mu/ be he>d ^u a glaci] :5 ! /rong summ] sun %9es ^u x1 ! aggregate ( :i* mu/1 ,i ?9k1 contribute to produce ! crepitation notic$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 & to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,figures ,,9 ,,ice2 ,,vacu\s ,,spots4 ,9 ,plate ,,vi4 ( ! ,atlas :i* accompanies ! ',sy/eme ,glaciaire' ( ,m4 ,agassiz1 ,i notice draw+s ( figures l ^? ,i h describ$1 :i* he has obs]v$ 9 glaci]-ice1 & :i* 7 d\btless produc$ by direct sol> radiation4 ,i h (t5 myself obs]v$ figures ( exquisite beauty =m$ 9 ! ice on ! surface ( glaci]-pools by ! morn+ sun4 ,9 "s cases ! spaces betwe5 ! leaves ( ! liquid fl[]s melt p>tially away1 & leave ! c5tral spot surr\nd$ by a crimp$ bord]2 sometimes ^! spaces :olly disappe>1 & ! entire space b\nd$ by ! l9es drawn f po9t to po9t ( ! leaves becomes liquid1 ?us =m+ p]fect hexagons4 ,! crimp$ bord]s exhibit diff]5t degrees ( s]ration1 f ! full leaves !mselves to a g5tle undulat+ l9e1 :i* latt] sometimes m]ges into a p]fect circle4 ,9 ! ice ( glaci]s1 ,i h se5 ! int]nal liquefaction ramify itself l sprigs ( myrtle2 9 ! same ice1 & p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! extremities ( ! glaci]1 disks innum]able are also =m$1 consi/+ ( flat r\nd liquid spaces1 a bright spot be+ usually associat$ ) ea*4 ,^! spots h be5 hi!rto mi/ak5 = air-bubbles2 b bo? !y & ! lu/r\s disks at ! c5tres ( ! fl[]s are vacu\s4 ,i prov$ !m to be s by plung+ ! ice conta9+ !m into hot wat]1 & wat*+ :at occurr$ :5 ! walls ( ! cells 7 dissolv$1 & a liquid connexion e/abli%$ betwe5 !m & ! atmosph]e4 ,9 all cases !y totally collaps$1 & no trace ( air rose to ! surface ( ! w>m wat]4 ,no matt] 9 :at direction a sol> beam is s5t ?r\gh lake-ice1 ! liquid fl[]s are all =m$ p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,! beam may be s5t p>allel1 p]p5dicul>1 or oblique to ?is surface2 ! fl[]s are always =m$ 9 ! same planes4 ,e l9e p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( a froz5 lake is 9 fact an axis ( symmetry1 r\nd :i* ! molecules s arrange !mselves1 t1 :5 tak5 d[n by ! delicate f+]s ( ! sunbeam1 ! six-leav$ liquid fl[]s are ! result4 ,9 ! ice ( glaci]s we h no def9ite planes ( freez+4 ,x is fir/ sn[1 :i* has be5 di/urb$ by w9ds :ile fall+1 & :irl$ & toss$ ab\t by ! same ag5cy aft] x has fall51 be+ (t5 melt$1 saturat$ ) its own wat]1 & refroz53 x is ca/ 9 %att]$ fragm5ts d[n cascades1 & reconsolidat$ by pressure at ! bottom4 ,9 ice s =m$ & subject$ to su* mutations1 def9ite planes ( freez+ are1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,glaci]-,,ice4 ,! flat r\nd disks & vacu\s spots to :i* ,i h ref]r$ come "h to our aid1 & furni% u ) an entirely new means ( analys+ ! int]nal con/itution ( a glaci]4 ,:5 we exam9e a mass ( glaci]-ice :i* conta9s ^! disks1 we f9d !m ly+ 9 all imag9able planes2 n confus$ly1 h[ev]--clos] exam9ation %[s u t ! disks are arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p be+ p>allel to a common plane1 b ! p>allelism ceases :5 diff]5t gr\ps are comp>$4 ,! effect is exactly :at w\ld be obs]v$1 suppos+ ord9>y lake-ice to be brok5 up1 %ak5 toge!r1 & ! confus$ fragm5ts regelat$ to a compact cont9u\s mass4 ,9 su* a jumble ! orig9al planes ( freez+ w\ld lie 9 v>i\s directions2 b no matt] h[ compact or h[ transp>5t ice ?us con/itut$ might appe>1 a sol> beam w\ld at once reveal its int]nal con/itution by develop+ ! fl[]s p>allel to ! planes ( freez+ ( ! respective fragm5ts4 ,a sunbeam s5t ?r\gh glaci]-ice always reveals ! fl[]s 9 ! planes ( ! disks1 s t ! latt] alone at once in=ms u ( its cry/all9e con/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,vacu\s ,,cells ,,mi/ak5 ,,= ,,air-,,cells4 ,hi!rto1 z ,i h said1 ^! disks h be5 mi/ak5 = bubbles conta9+ air1 & _! flatt5+ has be5 ascrib$ to ! pressure to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,m4 ,agassiz ?us ref]s to !m3--,! air-bubbles und]go no less curi\s modifications4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! neve1 :]e !y are mo/ num]\s1 ^? :i* "o sees on ! surface are all sph]ical or ovoid1 b by degrees !y beg9 to be flatt5$1 & ne> ! end ( ! glaci] !re are "s t are s flat t !y might be tak5 = fissures :5 se5 9 pr(ile4 ,! draw+ repres5ts a piece ( ice deta*$ f ! gall]y ( infiltration4 ,all ! bubbles are greatly flatt5$4 ,b :at is mo/ extraord9>y is1 t1 f> f be+ uni=m1 ! flatt5+ is diff]5t 9 ea* fragm5t2 s t ! bubbles1 accord+ to ! face :i* !y (f]1 appe> ei!r v broad or v ?94 ,?is description ( glaci]-ice is correct3 x agrees ) ! /atem5ts ( all o!r obs]v]s4 ,b !re are two assumptions 9 ! description :i* mu/ h5ce=? be giv5 up2 fir/1 ! bubbles se5 l fissures 9 pr(ile are n air-bubbles at all1 b vacu\s spots1 :i* ! v con/itution ( ice r5d]s a necess>y concomitant ( its inw>d melt+2 secondly1 ! assumption t ! bubbles h be5 flatt5$ by pressure mu/ be ab&on$2 = !y are f\nd1 & may be develop$ at w1 9 lake-ice on :i* no pressure has be5 ex]t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cells ,,( ,,air ,,& ,,wat]4 ,b ^! rem>ks dispose only ( a c]ta9 class ( cells conta9$ 9 glaci]-ice4 ,besides ! liquid disks & vacu\s spots1 !re are innum]able true bubbles entangl$ 9 ! mass4 ,^! h also be5 obs]v$ & describ$ by ,m4 ,agassiz2 & ,mr4 ,huxley has also giv5 u an accurate acc\nt ( !m4 ,m4 ,agassiz frequ5tly f\nd air & wat] associat$ 9 ! same cell4 ,mr4 ,huxley f\nd no exception to ! rule3 9 ea* case ! bubble ( air 0 enclos$ 9 a cell :i* 0 also p>tially fill$ ) wat]4 ,he supposes t ! wat] may be t ( ! orig9ally-melt$ sn[ :i* has be5 c>ri$ d[n f ! neve unfroz54 ,?is hypo!sis is wor?y ( a great deal m consid]ation ?an ,i h _h "t to give to x1 & ,i /ate x "h 9 ! hope t x w be duly exam9$4 ,my own exp]i5ce ( ^! associat$ air & wat] cells is d]iv$ almo/ exclusively f lake-ice1 9 :i* ,i h (t5 obs]v$ !m 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,9 exam9+ :e!r ! liquid cont5ts _h ev] be5 froz5 or n1 ,i 0 guid$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,if ! air be t orig9ally entangl$ 9 ! solid1 x w h ! ord9>y atmosph]ic d5sity at lea/2 b if x be due to ! melt+ ( ! walls ( ! cell1 !n ! wat] s =m$ be+ only eight-n9?s ( t ( ! ice :i* produc$ x1 ! air ( ! bubble mu/ be r>efi$4 ,i suppose ,i h made a hundr$ diff]5t exp]im5ts ^u ^! bubbles to det]m9e :e!r ! air 0 r>efi$ or n1 & 9 e case f\nd x s4 ,ice conta9+ ! bubbles 0 imm]s$ 9 w>m wat]1 & always1 :5 ! rigid envelope surr\nd+ a bubble 0 melt$ away1 ! air sudd5ly collaps$ to a fraction ( its orig9al dim5sions4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely affirm t1 9 "s cases1 ! collapse r$uc$ ! bubbles to ! ?\s&? "p ( _! orig9al volume4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,i %\ld und\bt$ly inf]1 t 9 lake-ice at lea/1 ! liquid ( ! cells is produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice surr\nd+ ! bubbles ( air4 ,b ,i h n subject$ ! bubbles ( glaci]-ice to ! same se>*+ exam9ation4 ,i h tri$ :e!r ! ins]tion ( a p9 w\ld produce ! collapse ( ! bubbles1 b x did n appe> to d s4 ,i also made a few exp]im5ts at ,ros5laui1 ) w>m wat]1 b ! result 0 n satisfactory4 ,t ice melts int]nally at ! surfaces ( ! bubbles is1 ,i ?9k1 r5d]$ c]ta9 by my exp]im5ts1 b :e!r ! wat]-cells ( glaci]-ice are entirely due to su* melt+1 subsequ5t obs]v]s w no d\bt det]m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,liquid ,,lib]ty4 ,i h f\nd ^! composite bubbles at all p>ts ( glaci]s2 9 ! ice ( ! mora9es1 ov] :i* a protective cov]+ _h be5 ?r[n2 9 ! ice ( s&-cones1 aft] ! removal ( ! sup]9cumb5t debris2 also 9 ice tak5 f ! ro(s ( cav]ns =m$ 9 ! glaci]1 & :i* ! direct sunlight c\ld h>dly by any possibility atta94 ,t ice %\ld liquefy at ! surface ( a cavity is1 ,i ?9k1 9 con=mity ) all we "k conc]n+ ! physical nature ( heat4 ,reg>d+ x z a motion ( ! p>ticles1 x is easy to see t ?is motion is less re/ra9$ at ! surface ( a cavity ?an 9 ! solid itself1 :]e ! oscillation ( ea* atom is controll$ by ! p>ticles :i* surr\nd x2 h5ce liquid lib]ty1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 is fir/ atta9$ at ! surface4 ,inde$ ,i h prov$ by exp]im5t t ice may be melt$ int]nally by heat :i* has be5 conduct$ ?r\gh its ext]nal portions )\t melt+ !m4 ,^! facts are ! exact complem5ts ( ^? ( regelation2 = "h1 two moi/ surfaces ( ice be+ br\ght into close contact1 _! liquid lib]ty is de/roy$ & ! surfaces freeze toge!r4 ,,! ,,m\l9s4 7#be47 ,sid5ote3 ,,m\l9 ,,( ,,gr9delwald ,,glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dep? ,,( ,,! ,,%aft4 ,! fir/ "t ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ ^! rem>kable glaci]-*imneys 0 9 ! summ] ( #ahef1 ^u ! l[] glaci] ( ,gr9delwald4 ,mr4 ,huxley 0 my companion at ! "t1 & on cross+ ! s-call$ ,eisme] we he>d a s\nd resembl+ ! rumble ( di/ant ?und]1 :i* proce$$ f a p]p5dicul> %aft =m$ 9 ! ice1 & into :i* a res\nd+ cat>act dis*>g$ itself4 ,! tube 9 fact resembl$ a va/ organ-pipe1 ^: ?und]-notes 7 awak5$ by ! concussion ( ! fall+ wat]1 in/ead ( by ! g5tle fl[ ( a curr5t ( air4 ,beside ! %aft our guide hew$ /eps1 on :i* we /ood 9 succession1 & look$ into ! trem5d\s hole4 ,ne> ! fir/ %aft 0 a second & small] "o1 ! significance ( :i* ,i did n !n und]/&2 x 0 n m ?an #bj feet deep1 b seem$ fill$ ) a liquid ( exquisite blue1 ! col\r be+ really due to ! magical %imm] f ! walls ( ! m\l91 :i* 0 q empty4 ,z f> z we c\ld see1 ! l>ge %aft 0 v]tical1 b on dropp+ a /one into x a %ock 0 soon he>d1 & aft] a succession ( bumps1 :i* occupi$ 9 all sev5 seconds1 we he>d ! /one no m4 ,! dep? ( ! m\l9 c\ld n be ?us asc]ta9$1 b we soon f\nd a second & /ill l>g] "o :i* gave u bett] data4 ,a /one dropp$ into ?is desc5d$ )\t int]ruption = f\r seconds1 :5 a concussion 0 he>d2 & ?ree seconds aft]w>ds ! f9al %ock 0 audible3 !re 0 ?us b a s+le int]ruption 9 ! desc5t4 ,suppos+ all ! acquir$ velocity to h be5 de/roy$ by ! %ock1 by add+ ! space pass$ ov] by ! /one 9 f\r & 9 ?ree seconds respectively1 & mak+ all[ance = ! "t requir$ by ! s\nd to asc5d f ! bottom1 we f9d ! dep? ( ! %aft to be ab\t #cde feet4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to suppose t ?is measures ! dep? ( ! glaci] at ! place ref]r$ to4 ,^! %afts are to be f\nd 9 almo/ all great glaci]s2 !y are v num]\s 9 ! ,unt]a> ,glaci]1 numb]s ( !m h[ev] be+ empty4 ,on ! ,m] de ,glace !y are always to be f\nd 9 ! region ( ,trelaporte1 "o ( ! %afts !re be+1 p> excell5ce1 call$ ! ,gr& ,m\l94 ,_m ( !m also occur on ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud4 ,z truly obs]v$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 ^! m\l9s occur only at ^? p>ts ( ! glaci] :i* are n mu* r5t by fissures1 = only at su* portions c ! little rills produc$ by sup]ficial melt+ collect to =m /reams ( any magnitude4 ,! valley ( unbrok5 ice =m$ 9 ! ,m] de ,glace ne> ,trelaporte is peculi>ly fav\rable = ! collection ( su* /reams2 we see ! little rills comm5c+1 & enl>g+ by ! contributions ( o!rs1 ! trunk-rill p\r+ its cont5ts into a little /ream :i* /ret*es out a hundr$ simil> arms ov] ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,sev]al su* /reams jo91 & f9ally a consid]able brook1 :i* receives ! sup]ficial dra9age ( a l>ge area1 cuts its way ?r\gh ! ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m\l9s ,,expla9$4 ,b al?\gh ?is portion ( ! glaci] is free f ^? long-cont9u$ & p]man5t /ra9s :i*1 hav+ once r5t ! ice1 t5d subsequ5tly to wid5 ! r5t & produce yawn+ crevasses1 x is n free f local /ra9s suffici5t to produce cracks :i* p5etrate ! glaci] to a great dep?4 ,imag9e su* a crack int]sect+ su* a glaci]-rivulet z we h describ$4 ,! wat] ru%es d[n x1 & soon scoops a funnel l>ge en\gh to engulf ! entire /ream4 ,! m\l9 is ?us =m$1 &1 z ! ice moves d[nw>d1 ! sides ( ! crack are squeez$ toge!r & regelat$1 ! seam :i* m>ks ! l9e ( junction be+ 9 mo/ cases di/9ctly visible4 ,b z ! motion cont9ues1 o!r portions ( ! glaci] come into ! same /ate ( /ra9 z t :i* produc$ ! fir/ crack2 a second "o is =m$ across ! /ream1 ! old %aft is =sak51 & a new "o is holl[$ out1 9 :i* = a season ! cat>act plays ! ?und]]4 ,i h 9 "s cases c\nt$ ! =sak5 %afts ( six old m\l9s 9 advance ( an active "o4 ,n f> f ! ,gr& ,m\l9 ( ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg !re 0 a second empty %aft1 :i* evid5tly communicat$ by a subglacial duct ) t into :i* ! torr5t 0 precipitat$4 ,out ( ! old orifice issu$ a /rong cold bla/1 ! air be+ manife/ly impell$ ?r\gh ! duct by ! fall+ wat] ( ! adjac5t m\l94 ,^! %afts are always f\nd 9 ! same locality2 ! portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is nev] )\t !m4 ,"s ( ! guides affirm t !y are motionless2 & a /atem5t ( ,pr(4 ,=bes has l$ to ! belief t ?is 0 also 8 op9ion4,a ,m4 ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ ! motion ( "s ( ^! %afts ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a>2 & :5 on ! spot 9 #aheg1 ,i 0 anxi\s to decide ! po9t by accurate measurem5ts ) ! !odolite4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,hir/ took *>ge ( ! in/rum5t1 & on ! #bh? ( ,july ,i fix$ a s+le /ake beside ! ,gr& ,m\l91 9 a /raight l9e betwe5 a /ation at ,trelaporte & a well-def9$ m>k on ! rock at ! opposite side ( ! valley4 ,on ! #ca/1 ! displacem5t ( ! /ake am\nt$ to #ej in*es1 & on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ x _h mov$ #gd-a_/b in*es--! m\l91 to all appe>ance1 occupy+ ?r\gh\t ! same position ) reg>d to ! /ake4 ,to r5d] ?is c]ta91 moreov] we subsequ5tly drove two additional /akes into ! ice1 ?us enclos+ ! m\? ( ! %aft 9 a triangle4 ,on ! #h? ( ,augu/ ! displacem5ts 7 measur$ & gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,total ,motion4 ,fir/ 7old7 /ake #aih in*es4 ,second 7new7 d4 #abc ,?ird #abd ,sid5ote3 ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,m\l9s4 ,! old /ake _h be5 fix$ = #aa days1 & its daily motion--:i* 0 also t ( ! m\l9--av]ag$ #ah in*es a day4 ,h5ce ! m\l9s %>e ! g5]al motion ( ! glaci]1 & _! app>5t p]man5ce is n1 z has be5 alleg$1 a pro( ( ! semi-fluidity ( ! glaci]1 b is due to ! break+ ( ! ice z x passes ! place ( local /ra94 ,sid5ote3 ,,dep? ,,( ,,gr& ,,m\l9 ,,s\ght4 ,wi%+ to obta9 "s e/imate z to ! dep? ( ! ice1 ,mr4 ,hir/ und]took ! s\nd+ ( "s ( ! m\l9s ^u ! ,glaci] de ,le*aud1 mak+ use ( a t9 vessel fill$ ) lumps ( lead & iron z a weight4 ,! cord gave way & he lo/ 8 plummet4 ,to measure ! dep? ( ! ,gr& ,m\l91 we obta9$ fre% cord f ,*am\ni1 to :i* we atta*$ a f\r-p\nd weight4 ,into a cavity at ! bottom ( ! weight we /uff$ a quantity ( butt]1 to indicate ! nature ( ! bottom aga9/ :i* ! weight might /rike4 ,! weight 0 dropp$ into ! %aft1 & ! cord paid out until its slack5+ in=m$ u t ! weight _h come to re/2 by %ak+ ! /r+1 h[ev]1 & walk+ r\nd ! edge ( ! %aft1 ! weight 0 lib]at$1 & sank "s di/ance fur!r4 ,! cord p>tially slack5$ a second "t1 b ! /ra9 /ill rema9+ 0 suffici5t to r5d] x d\btful :e!r x 0 ! weight or ! action ( ! fall+ wat] :i* produc$ x4 ,we accord+ly paid out ! cord to ! end1 b1 on )draw+ x1 f\nd t ! great] "p ( x _h be5 coil$ & knott$ up by ! fall+ wat]4 ,we uncoil$1 & s\nd$ aga94 ,at a dep? ( #acb feet ! weight rea*$ a l$ge or protub]ance ( ice1 & by %ak+ & lift+ x1 x 0 caus$ to desc5d #ca feet m4 ,a dep? ( #afc feet 0 ! utmo/ we c\ld atta9 to4 ,we s\nd$ ! old m\l9 to a dep? ( #ij feet2 :ile a ?ird little %aft1 beside ! l>ge "o1 measur$ only #ah feet 9 dep?4 ,we c\ld see ! wat] escape f x ?r\gh a lat]al canal at its bottom1 & d\btless ! wat] ( ! ,gr& ,m\l9 f\nd a simil> exit4 ,!re 0 no trace ( dirt ^u ! butt]1 :i* might h indicat$ t we _h rea*$ ! b$ ( ! glaci]4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,e ye>1 & ye> aft] ye>1 ! wat]c\rses foll[ ! same l9es ( direction--_! /reams are precipitat$ into ! he>t ( ! glaci] by v]tical funnels1 call$ 'm\l9s1' at ! v same po9ts4--,=bes's ,f\r? ,lett] ^u ,glaci]s3 ',occ4 ,pap41' p4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,a ,,po9t ,,ne> ,,! ,,fleg]e4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,to face p4 #cfg4 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 7#bf47 ,sid5ote3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,f ,,! ,,fleg]e4 ,^! b&s 7 fir/ notic$ by ,pr(4 ,=bes on ! #bd? ( ,july1 #ahdb1 & 7 describ$ by him 9 ! foll[+ words3--,my eye 0 caught by a v peculi> appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! ice1 :i* ,i 0 c]ta9 t ,i n[ saw = ! fir/ "t4 ,x consi/$ ( ne>ly hyp]bolic br[ni% b&s on ! glaci]1 ! curves po9t+ d[nw>ds1 & ! two bran*es m+l+ indiscrim9ately ) ! mora9es1 pres5t+ an appe>ance ( a succession ( waves "s hundr$ feet ap>t4,a ,f no s+le po9t ( view hi!rto atta9$ c all ! ,dirt-,b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace be se5 at once4 ,to see ^? on ! t]m9al portion ( ! glaci]1 a /ation ought to be *os5 on ! opposite range ( ! ,brev5t1 a few hundr$ y>ds beyond ! ,croix de la ,fleg]e1 :]e we /& exactly 9 front ( ! glaci] z x issues into ! valley ( ,*am\ni4 ,! appe>ance ( ! b&s ^u ! portion "h se5 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,x w be se5 t ! b&s are conf9$ to "o side ( ! glaci]1 & ei!r d n exi/1 or are oblit]at$ by ! debris1 ^u ! o!r side4 ,! cause ( ! accumulation ( dirt on ! "r side ( ! glaci] is1 t no less ?an five mora9es are cr[d$ toge!r at ?is side4 ,9 ! upp] portions ( ! ,m] de ,glace ^! mora9es are di/9ct f ea* o!r2 b 9 desc5d+1 ! successive engulfm5ts & disgorg+s ( ! blocks & dirt h brok5 up ! mora9es2 & at ! place n[ be=e u ! mat]ials :i* compos$ !m are /rewn confus$ly on ! "r side ( ! glaci]4 ,! portion ( ! ice on :i* ! dirt-b&s appe> is d]iv$ f ! ,col du ,geant4 ,!y d n q ext5d to ! end ( ! glaci]1 be+ oblit]at$ by ! dislocation ( ! ice ^u ! froz5 cascade ( ,des ,bois4 ,sid5ote3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,f ,,les ,,*>moz4 ,let u n[ proce$ across ! valley ( ,*am\ni to ! ,montanv]t2 :]e1 climb+ ! adjac5t heights to an elevation ( six or eight hundr$ feet above ! hotel1 we comm& a view ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 f ,trelaporte almo/ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,x 0 f ?is position t ,pr(essor ,=bes fir/ obs]v$ ! b&s4 ,fifte51 sixte51 & sev5te5 ye>s lat] ,i obs]v$ !m f ! same position4 ,! numb] ( b&s :i* ,pr(essor ,=bes c\nt$ f ?is position 0 eighte51 ) :i* my obs]vations agree4 ,! entire s]ies ( b&s :i* ,i obs]v$1 ) ! exception ( "o or two1 mu/ h be5 ! successors ( ^? obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes2 & my f9d+ ! same numb] aft] an int]val ( s _m ye>s proves t ! b&s mu/ be due to "s regul>ly recurr5t cause4 ,fig4 #cf repres5ts ! b&s z se5 f ! heights adjac5t to ! ,montanv]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,les ,,*>moz4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,to face p4 #cfh4 ,i w\ld "h direct att5tion to an analogy betwe5 a glaci] & a riv]1 :i* may be obs]v$ f ! heights above ! ,montanv]t1 b to :i* no ref]5ce1 z f> z ,i "k1 has hi!rto be5 made4 ,:5 a riv] meets ! buttress ( a bridge1 ! wat] rises aga9/ x1 &1 on sweep+ r\nd x1 =ms an elevat$ ridge1 betwe5 :i* & ! pi] a depression occurs :i* v>ies 9 dep? ) ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,?is effect is %[n by ! ,m] de ,glace on an exagg]at$ scale4 ,sweep+ r\nd ,trelaporte1 ! ice pu%es itself beyond ! promontory 9 an elevat$ ridge1 f :i* x drops by a gradual slope to ! adjac5t wall ( ! valley1 ?us =m+ a depression typifi$ by t already allud$ to4 ,a simil> effect is obs]v$ at ! opposite side ( ! glaci] on turn+ r\nd ! ,e*elets2 & bo? comb9e to =m a k9d ( skew surface4 ,a c>eful inspection ( ! frontispiece w detect ?is peculi>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,f ,,! ,,cleft-,,/ation4 ,f nei!r ( ! /ations ref]r$ to d we obta9 any clue to ! orig9 ( ! dirt-b&s4 ,a /iff b pleasant climb w place u 9 t s+ul> cleft 9 ! cliffy m\nta9-ridge :i* is se5 to ! "r ( ! frontispiece2 & f x we easily atta9 ! high plat=m ( rock imm$iately to ! left ( x4 ,we /& "h high above ! promontory ( ,trelaporte1 & occupy ! f9e/ /ation f :i* ! ,m] de ,glace & its tribut>ies c be view$4 ,f ?is /ation we trace ! dirt-b&s ov] mo/ ( ! ice t we h already scann$1 & h ! fur!r advantage ( be+ able to foll[ !m to _! v s\rce4 ,?is s\rce is ! gr& ice-cascade :i* desc5ds 9 a succession ( precipices f ! plateau ( ! ,col du ,geant into ! valley :i* ! ,glaci] du ,geant fills4 ,we see f our pres5t po9t ( view t ! b&s are conf9$ to ! portion ( ! glaci] :i* has desc5d$ ! cascade4 ,fig4 #cg repres5ts ! b&s z se5 f ! ,cleft-/ation above ,trelaporte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dirt-,,b&s ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,cleft ,,/ation1 ,,trelaporte4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,to face p4 #cfi4 ,we are n[ h[ev] at su* a height above ! glaci] & at su* a di/ance f ! base ( ! cascade1 t we c =m b an imp]fect notion ( ! true cont\r ( ! surface4 ,let u !re=e desc5d1 & walk up ! ,glaci] du ,geant t[>ds ! cascade4 ,at fir/ our road is level1 b we gradually f9d t at c]ta9 int]vals we h to asc5d slopes :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession1 ea* be+ sep>at$ f its neighb\r by a space ( comp>atively level ice4 ,! slopes increase 9 /eepness z we asc5d2 !y are /eepe/1 moreov]1 on ! "r-h& side ( ! glaci]1 :]e x is b\nd$ by t f ! ,p]iades1 & at l5g? we are unable to climb !m )\t ! aid ( an axe4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! dislocation ( ! glaci] becomes consid]able2 we are lo/ 9 ! clefts & depressions ( ! ice1 & are unable to obta9 a view suffici5tly comm&+ to subdue ^! local appe>ances & convey to u ! g5]al aspect4 ,we h at all ev5ts satisfi$ ourselves z to ! exi/5ce1 on ! upp] portion ( ! glaci]1 ( a succession ( undulations :i* sweep transv]sely across x4 ,! t]m wr9kles1 appli$ to !m by ,pr(4 ,=bes1 is highly sugge/ive ( ! appe>ance :i* !y pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sn[-,,b&s ,,on ,,! ,,glaci] ,,du ,,geant4 ,f ! ,cleft-/ation b&s ( sn[ may also be se5 p>tially cross+ ! glaci] 9 correspond5ce ) ! undulations ^u its surface4 ,if ! quantity deposit$ ! w9t] previ\s be l>ge1 & ! heat ( summ] n too great1 ^! b&s ext5d q across ! glaci]4 ,!y 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 #ahdc4 ,9 8 ,fif? ,lett] is giv5 an illu/rative diagram1 :i*1 ?\gh errone\s z reg>ds ! position ( ! ve9$ /ructure1 is q correct 9 limit+ ! sn[-b&s to ! ,glaci] du ,geant prop]4 ,at ! place :]e ! ?ree weld$ tribut>ies ( ! ,m] de ,glace squeeze !mselves ?r\gh ! /rait ( ,trelaporte1 ! b&s und]go a consid]able modification 9 %ape4 ,ne> _! orig9 !y sweep across ! ,glaci] du ,geant 9 g5tle curves1 ) _! convexities direct$ d[nw>ds2 b at ,trelaporte ^! curves1 ! *ords ( :i* a %ort "t previ\s measur$ a ?\s& y>ds 9 l5g?1 h to squeeze !mselves ?r\gh a space ( f\r hundr$ & n9ety-five y>ds wide2 & z might be expect$1 !y are "h sudd5ly %>p5$4 ,! apex ( ea* be+ ?ru/ =w>d1 !y take ! =m ( %>p hyp]bolas1 & pres]ve ?is "* ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,i w\ld n[ conduct ! read] to a po9t f :i* a good g5]al view ( ! ice cascade ( ! ,geant is atta9able4 ,f ! old mora9e ne> ! lake ( ! ,tacul we obs]ve ! ice1 z x desc5ds ! fall1 to be brok5 into a succession ( precipices4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! glaci] _h its back p]iodically brok5 at ! summit ( ! fall1 & =m$ a s]ies ( va/ *asms sep>at$ f ea* o!r by cliffy ridges ( correspond+ size4 ,^!1 z !y approa* ! bottom ( ! fall1 become m & m ton$ d[n by ! action ( sun & air1 & at "s di/ance bel[ ! base ( ! cascade !y are subdu$ s z to =m ! transv]se undulations already describ$4 ,^! undulations are m & m r$uc$ z ! glaci] desc5ds2 & long be=e ! ,tacul is atta9$1 e s5sible trace ( !m has disappe>$4 ,! t]races ( ! ice-fall are ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 8 ,?irte5? ,lett]1 :]e he ?us describes !m3--,! ice-falls succe$ "o ano!r at regulat$ int]vals1 :i* appe> to correspond to ! r5ewal ( ea* summ]'s activity 9 ^? realms ( almo/ p]petual fro/1 :5 a swift] motion occasions a m rapid & :olesale projection ( ! mass ov] ! /eep1 ?us =m+ curvil9e> t]races l va/ /airs1 :i* appe> aft]w>ds by consolidation to =m ! rem>kable protub]ant wr9kles on ! surface ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=bes',s ,,explanation4 ,) reg>d to ! cause ( ! di/ribution ( ! dirt 9 b&s1 ,pr(essor ,=bes writes ?us 9 8 ,?ird ,lett]3--,i at l5g? assur$ myself t x 0 entirely ow+ to ! /ructure ( ! ice1 :i* reta9s ! dirt diffus$ by avalan*es & ! wea!r on ^? p>ts :i* are mo/ por\s1 :il/ ! compact] portion is wa%$ clean by ! ra91 s t ^? b&s are no?+ m ?an visible traces ( ! direction ( ! int]nal icy /ructure4 ,pr(essor ,=bes's !ory1 at t "t1 0 t ! glaci] is compos$ ?r\gh\t ( a s]ies ( alt]nate segm5ts ( h>d & por\s ice1 9 ! latt] ( :i* ! dirt f\nd a lodgm5t4 ,i d n "k :e!r he n[ reta9s 8 fir/ op9ion2 b 9 8 ,fifte5? ,lett] he speaks ( acc\nt+ = ! less compact /ructure ( ! ice b5ea? ! dirt-b&4 ,x appe>s to me t 9 ! above explanation cause has be5 mi/ak5 = effect4 ,! ice on :i* ! dirt-b&s re/ c]ta9ly appe>s to be ( a spongi] "* ?an ! clean] int]m$iate ice2 b in/ead ( ?is be+ ! cause ( ! dirt-b&s1 ! latt]1 ,i imag9e1 by _! m copi\s absorption ( ! sun's rays & ! consequ5t great] dis9tegration ( ! ice1 are ! cause ( ! app>5t porosity4 ,i h n be5 able to detect any relative porosity 9 ! int]nal icy /ructure1 nor am ,i able to f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,=bes a description ( ! exp]im5ts :]eby he satisfi$ himself t ?is assum$ diff]5ce exi/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,transv]se ,,undulations4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,direction ,,( ,,glaci]4 ,sev]al days ( ! summ] ( #aheg 7 devot$ by me to ! exam9ation ( ^! b&s4 ,i !n f\nd ! bases & ! frontal slopes ( ! undulations to :i* ,i h ref]r$ cov]$ ) a f9e br[n mud4 ,^! slopes 7 also1 9 "s cases1 cov]$ ) sn[ :i* ! great heat ( ! wea!r _h n be5 able entirely to remove4 ,at places :]e ! residue ( sn[ 0 small its surface 0 exce$+ly dirty--s dirty inde$ t x appe>$ z if peat-m\ld _h be5 /rewn ov] x2 its edges p>ticul>ly 7 ( a black br[n4 ,x 0 p]fectly manife/ t ?is sn[ =m$ a receptacle = ! f9e dirt transport$ by ! innum]able little rills :i* trickl$ ov] ! glaci]4 ,! sn[ gradually wa/$1 b x left its s$im5t beh9d1 & ?us ea* ( ! sn[y b&s obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 #ahdc1 contribut$ to produce an appe>ance p]fectly anti!tical to its own4 ,i h said t ! frontal slopes ( ! undulations 7 ?us cov]$2 & x 0 on ^!1 & n 9 ! depressions1 t ! sn[ pr9cipally re/$4 ,! reason ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! be>+ ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 :i*1 look+ d[nw>ds1 is ab\t f\rte5 degrees ea/ ( ! m]idian4,b ,h5ce ! frontal slopes ( ! undulations h a nor!rn aspect1 & x is ?is circum/ance :i*1 9 my op9ion1 causes ! ret5tion ( ! sn[ ^u !m4 ,irrespective ( ! sn[1 ! m]e t5d5cy ( ! dirt to accumulate at ! bases ( ! undulations w\ld also produce b&s1 & inde$ does s on _m glaci]s2 b ! precision & beauty ( ! dirt-b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace are1 ,i ?9k1 to be ma9ly ref]r$ to ! int]ception by ! sn[ ( ! f9e d>k mud be=e ref]r$ to on ! nor!rn slopes ( its undulations4 ,sid5ote3 ,,b&s ,,d ,,n ,,cross ,,mora9es4 ,7 ! /atem5ts ( "s writ]s ^u ?is subject well f\nd$1 or 7 ! dirt-b&s z drawn ^u ! map ( ,pr(essor ,=bes correctly %[n1 ?is explanation c\ld n /& a mom5t4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ! dirt-b&s _c ?us belong to a s+le tribut>y ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 = if !y did1 !y w\ld be conf9$ to t tribut>y ^u ! trunk-glaci]2 :]eas ! fact is t !y ext5d q across ! trunk1 & int]sect ! mora9es :i* divide ! ,glaci] du ,geant f its fell[-tribut>ies4 ,f my fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,m] de ,glace ,i _h reason to believe t ?is /atem5t 0 incorrect2 b la/ ye> ,i climb$ a ?ird "t to ! ,cleft-/ation = ! purpose ( once m inspect+ ! b&s f ?is f9e position4 ,i 0 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,frankl& & ,augu/e ,balmat1 & ,i drew ! att5tion ( bo? p>ticul>ly to ?is po9t4 ,nei!r ( !m c\ld disc]n1 nor c\ld ,i1 ! slighte/ trace ( a dirt-b& cross+ any "o ( ! mora9es4 ,^u ! trunk-/ream !y 7 j z mu* conf9$ to ! ,glaci] du ,geant z ev]4 ,if ! b&s ev5 exi/$ ea/ ( ! mora9es1 !y c\ld n be se51 ! dirt on ?is "p ( ! glaci] be+ suffici5t to mask !m4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ fact may p]haps h contribut$ to ! production ( ! error ref]r$ to4 ,opposite to ,trelaporte ! ea/]n arms ( ! dirt-b&s run s obliquely into ! mora9e ( ,la ,noire t ! latt] appe>s to be a tang5t to !m4 ,b ?is mora9e runs along ! ,m] de ,glace1 n f> f its c5tre1 & consequ5tly ! po9t ( contact ( ea* dirt-b& ) ! mora9e moves m quickly ?an ! po9t ( contact ( ! we/]n arm ( ! same b& ) ! side ( ! valley4 ,h5ce !re is a t5d5cy to /raight5 ! b&s2 & at "s di/ance d[n ! glaci] ! effect ( ?is is se5 9 ! b&s abutt+ aga9/ ! mora9e ( ,la ,noire at a l>g] angle ?an be=e4 ,! bran*es ?us abutt+ h1 ,i believe1 be5 ideally prolong$ across ! mora9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,plan ( ,dirt-b&s tak5 f ,johnson's ',physical ,atlas4' ,on ! map publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,=bes 9 #ahdc ! b&s are %[n cross+ ! m$ial mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 & !y are also ?us drawn on ! map 9 ,johnson's ',physical ,atlas' publi%$ 9 #ahdi4 ,! text is also 9 accordance ) ! map3--,opposite to ! ,montanv]t1 & beyond les ,e*elets1 ! curv$ loops 7dirt-b&s7 ext5d across ! entire glaci]4 ,!y are s+le1 & !re=e cut ! m$ial mora9e1 ?\gh at a v slight angle4--',travels1' p4 #aff4 ,! italics "h belong to ,pr(4 ,=bes4 ,9 ord] to help future obs]v]s to place ?is po9t beyond d\bt1 ,i annex1 9 ,fig4 #ch1 a portion ( ! map ( ! ,m] de ,glace tak5 f ! ,atlas ref]r$ to4 ,if x be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pr(4 ,=bes & myself w be cle>ly se54 ,! portion ( ! glaci] repres5t$ 9 bo? diagrams may be view$ f ! po9t ne> ! ,fleg]e already ref]r$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,,annual ,,r+s4 ,! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 involves ?ree consid]ations3--,! transv]se break+ ( ! glaci] on ! cascade1 & ! gradual accumulation ( ! dirt 9 ! holl[s betwe5 ! ridges2 ! subsequ5t ton+ d[n ( ! ridges to g5tle protub]ances :i* sweep across ! glaci]2 & ! collection ( ! dirt ^u ! slopes & at ! bases ( ^! protub]ances4 ,:e!r ! p]iods ( transv]se fracture are annual or n--:e!r ! wr9kles correspond to a ye>ly gu%--& :e!r1 consequ5tly1 ! dirt-b&s m>k ! gr[? ( a glaci] z ! annual r+s m>k ! gr[? ( a tree1 ,i d n "k4 ,x is a conjecture well wor?y ( consid]ation2 b x is only a conjecture1 :i* future obs]vation may ei!r ratify or refute4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ',travels1' page #afb4 ,b ,9 ! l>ge map ( ,pr(essor ,=bes ! be>+ ( ! valley is ne>ly sixty degrees we/ ( ! m]idian2 b ?is is caus$ by ! true nor? be+ drawn on ! wrong side ( ! magnetic nor?2 ?us mak+ ! decl9ation ea/]ly in/ead ( we/]ly4 ,9 ! map 9 ,johnson's ',physical ,atlas' ?is mi/ake is correct$4 ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure ,,( ,,glaci]s4 7#bg47 ,sid5ote3 ,,g5]al ,,appe>ance4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ve9$ /ructure may be ?us briefly describ$3--,! ice ( glaci]s1 especially midway betwe5 _! m\nta9-s\rces & _! inf]ior extremities1 is ( a :iti% hue1 caus$ by ! numb] ( small air-bubbles :i* x conta9s1 & :i*1 no d\bt1 con/itute ! residue ( ! air orig9ally entrapp$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! sn[ f :i* x has be5 d]iv$4 ,?r\gh ! g5]al :iti% mass1 at "s places1 innum]able p>allel ve9s ( cle>] ice are drawn1 :i* usually pres5t a beautiful blue col\r1 & give ! ice a lam9at$ appe>ance4 ,! cause ( ! blu5ess is1 t ! air-bubbles1 di/ribut$ s pl5tifully ?r\gh ! g5]al mass1 d n exi/ 9 ! ve9s1 or only 9 comp>atively small numb]s4 ,9 diff]5t glaci]s1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same glaci]1 ^! ve9s display v>i\s degrees ( p]fection4 ,on ! clean unwea!r$ walls ( "s crevasses1 & 9 ! *annels worn 9 ! ice by glaci]-/reams1 !y are mo/ di/9ctly se51 & are (t5 exquisitely beautiful4 ,!y are n to be reg>d$ z a p>tial ph5om5on1 or z affect+ ! con/itution ( glaci]s to a small ext5t m]ely4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! ice ( "s glaci]s is ?us affect$4 ,! great] "p1 = example1 ( ! ,m] de ,glace consi/s ( ?is lam9at$ ice2 & ! :ole ( ! ,glaci] ( ! ,rhone1 f ! base ( ! ice-cascade d[nw>ds1 is compos$ ( ice ( ! same description4 ,sid5ote3 ,,grooves ,,on ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,glaci]s4 ,^? :o h asc5d$ ,sn[don1 or w&]$ among ! hills ( ,cumb]l&1 or ev5 walk$ 9 ! environs ( ,le$s1 ,blackburn1 & o!r t[ns 9 ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire1 :]e ! /ratifi$ s&/one ( ! di/rict is us$ = build+ purposes1 may h obs]v$ ! wea!r$ edges ( ! slate rocks or ( ! build+-/one to be groov$ & furr[$4 ,"s lam9ae ( su* rocks )/& ! action ( ! atmosph]e bett] ?an o!rs1 & ! m resi/ant ones /& out 9 ridges aft] ! s(t] p>ts betwe5 !m h be5 eat5 away4 ,an effect exactly simil> is obs]v$ :]e ! lam9at$ ice ( glaci]s is expos$ to ! action ( ! sun & air4 ,little grooves & ridges are =m$ ^u its surface1 ! m resi/ant plates protrud+ aft] ! s(t] mat]ial betwe5 !m has be5 melt$ away4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is furr[+ is1 t ! light dirt scatt]$ by ! w9ds ov] ! surface ( ! glaci] is gradually wa%$ into ! little grooves1 ?us =m+ f9e l9es resembl+ ^? produc$ by ! passage ( a rake ov] a s&$ walk4 ,^! l9es are a valuable index to "s ( ! ph5om5a ( motion4 ,f a position on ! ice ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant a little high] up ?an ,trelaporte a f9e view ( ^! sup]ficial groov+s is obta9$2 b ! dirt-l9es are n always /raight4 ,a slight p[] ( indep5d5t motion is enjoy$ by ! sep>ate p>ts into :i* a glaci] is divid$ by its crevasses & dislocations1 & h5ce x is1 t1 at ! place allud$ to1 ! dirt-l9es are b5t hi!r & ?i!r1 ?\gh ! ruptures ( cont9uity are too small to affect mat]ially ! g5]al direction ( ! /ructure4 ,on ! glaci] ( ! ,talefre ,i f\nd ^! groov+s useful z indicat+ ! "* ( ! =ces to :i* ! ice ne> ! summit ( ! fall is subject$4 ,! ridges betwe5 ! *asms are 9 _m cases viol5tly b5t & twi/$1 :ile ! adjac5t groov+s enable u to see ! normal position ( ! mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,,guyot',s ,,obs]vations4 ,! ve9$ /ructure has be5 obs]v$ by diff]5t travell]s2 b x 0 probably fir/ ref]r$ to by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :o notic$ ! ve9s ( ! ,m] de ,glace on ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 #ahad4 ,x 0 also obs]v$ by ,g5]al ,sab9e1,a by ,r5du1 by ,agassiz1 & no d\bt by _m o!rs2 b ! fir/ cle> description ( x 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,guyot1 9 a communication pres5t$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,france 9 #ahch4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passage f ?is pap]3--,i saw "u my feet ! surface ( ! entire glaci] cov]$ ) regul> furr[s f "o to two in*es wide1 holl[$ out 9 a half sn[y mass1 & sep>at$ by protrud+ plates ( h>d] & m transp>5t ice4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! mass ( ! glaci] "h 0 compos$ ( two sorts ( ice1 "o t ( ! furr[s1 sn[y & m easily melt$2 ! o!r t ( ! plates1 m p]fect1 cry/all9e1 glassy1 & resi/ant2 & t ! unequal resi/ance :i* ! two k9ds ( ice pres5t$ to ! atmosph]e 0 ! cause ( ! furr[s & ridges4 ,aft] hav+ foll[$ !m = sev]al hundr$s ( y>ds1 ,i rea*$ a fissure tw5ty or ?irty feet wide1 :i*1 z x cut ! plates & furr[s at "r angles1 expos$ ! int]ior ( ! glaci] to a dep? ( ?irty or =ty feet1 & gave a beautiful transv]se section ( ! /ructure4 ,z f> z my vision c\ld rea* ,i saw ! mass ( ! glaci] compos$ ( lay]s ( sn[y ice1 ea* two ( :i* 7 sep>at$ by "o ( ! plates ( :i* ,i h spok51 ! :ole =m+ a regul>ly lam9at$ mass1 :i* resembl$ c]ta9 calc>e\s slates4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=bes',s ,,rese>*es4 ,previ\s obs]v]s _h mi/ak5 ! lam9ation = /ratification2 b ,m4 ,guyot n only cle>ly saw t !y 7 diff]5t1 b 9 ! comp>ison :i* he makes he t\*es1 ,i believe1 on ! true cause ( ! glaci]-/ructure4 ,he did n haz>d an explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 & ,i believe 8 memoir rema9$ unpr9t$4 ,9 #ahda ! /ructure 0 notic$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes dur+ 8 visit to ,m4 ,agassiz on ! l[] ,a> ,glaci]1 & describ$ 9 a communication pres5t$ by him to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he subsequ5tly devot$ mu* "t to ! subject1 & 8 great m]it 9 connexion ) x consi/s 9 ! significance :i* he ascrib$ to ! ph5om5on :5 he fir/ obs]v$ x1 & 9 ! fact ( 8 hav+ prov$ x to be a con/itutional feature ( glaci]s 9 g5]al4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=bes',s ,,!ory4 ,! fir/ explanation giv5 ( ^? ve9s by ,pr(essor ,=bes 01 t !y 7 small fissures =m$ 9 ! ice by its motion2 t ^! 7 fill$ ) ! wat] ( ! melt$ ice 9 summ]1 :i* froze 9 w9t] s z to =m ! blue ve9s4 ,?is is ! explanation giv5 9 8 ',travels1' page #cgg2 & 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ',ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1' ,octob]1 #ahdd1 x is re-affirm$ 9 ^! words3--,) ! abundance ( blue b&s be=e u 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! diff]5tial motion mu/ take place 79 ?is case s5sibly p>allel to ! sides ( ! glaci]71 x is impossible to d\bt t ^! infiltrat$ crevices 7= su* !y und\bt$ly are7 h ?is orig94 ,?is !ory 0 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,huxley & myself 9 our jo9t pap]2 b x has be5 s9ce alleg$ t ours 0 unnecess>y lab\r1 ,pr(4 ,=bes himself hav+ 9 8 ,?irte5? ,lett] r5\nc$ ! !ory1 & sub/itut$ ano!r 9 its place4 ,! latt] !ory diff]s1 s f> z ,i c und]/& x1 f ! =m] 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 ! fissures is disc>d$1 _! sides be+ n[ suppos$ to be unit$ by ! simple effects ( "t & cohesion4,b ,= a /atem5t ( ! *ange :i* 8 op9ions h und]gone1 ,i w\ld ref] to ! ,prefatory ,note :i* prec$es ! volume ( ',occasional ,pap]s' rec5tly publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,=bes2 b x w\ld h dim9i%$ my difficulty _h ! au?or giv51 9 connexion ) 8 new volume1 a m di/9ct /atem5t ( 8 pres5t views reg>d+ ! ve9$ /ructure4 ,) _m ( 8 obs]vations & rem>ks ,i %\ld agree2 ) _m o!rs ,i _c say :e!r ,i agree or n2 & !re are o!rs /ill ) :i* ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld agree3 b 9 h>dly any case am ,i c]ta9 ( 8 precise views1 except+1 inde$1 ! c>d9al "o1 :]e9 he & o!rs agree 9 ascrib+ to ! /ructure a diff]5t orig9 f /ratification4 ,?us circum/anc$1 my prop] c\rse1 ,i ?9k1 w be to /ate :at ,i believe to be ! cause ( ! /ructure1 & leave x to ! read] to decide h[ f> our views h>monize2 or to :at ext5t ei!r ( !m is a true int]pretation ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,,usual ,,aspect ,,( ,,blue ,,ve9s4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] obs]v]s consid]$ ! /ructure to be due to ! /ratification ( ! m\nta9-sn[s--a view :i* has receiv$ lat] developm5t at ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,john ,ball2 & ! practical difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! und\bt$ effects ( /ratification f ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by /ructure1 entitles ?is view to ! fulle/ consid]ation4 ,! blue ve9s ( glaci]s are1 h[ev]1 n always1 nor ev5 g5]ally1 su* z we %\ld expect to result f /ratification4 ,! latt] w\ld furni% u ) di/9ct planes ext5d+ p>allel to ea* o!r = consid]able di/ances ?r\gh ! glaci]2 b ?is1 ?\gh sometimes ! case1 is by no means ! g5]al "* ( ! /ructure4 ,we obs]ve blue /reaks1 f a few in*es to sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 ^u ! walls ( ! same crevasse1 & v>y+ f ! fraction ( an in* to sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,9 "s cases ! /reaks are def9itely b\nd$1 giv+ rise to an appe>ance resembl+ ! section ( a l5s1 & h5ce call$ ! l5ticul> /ructure by ,mr4 ,huxley & myself2 b m usually !y fade away 9 pale wa%y /reaks ?r\gh ! g5]al mass ( ! :iti% ice4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci ,i h giv5 a repres5tation ( ! /ructure z x is v commonly exhibit$ on ! walls ( crevasses4 ,its aspect is n t :i* we %\ld expect f ! consolidation ( successive b$s ( m\nta9 sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,ve9$ ,/ructure ( ! walls ( crevasses4 ,fur!r1 at ! bases ( ice-cascades ! /ructural lam9ae are usually v]tical3 bel[ ! cascade ( ! ,talefre1 ( ! ,noire1 ( ! ,/rahleck bran* ( ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci]1 ( ! ,rhone1 & o!r ice-falls1 ?is is ! case2 & x seems extremely difficult to conceive t a mass horizontally /ratifi$ at ! summit ( ! fall1 %\ld1 9 its desc5t1 contrive to turn its /rata p]fectly on end4 ,aga91 we (t5 f9d a v feebly-develop$ /ructure at ! c5tral portions ( a glaci]1 :ile ! lat]al portions are v decid$ly lam9at$4 ,?is is ! case :]e ! incl9ation ( ! glaci] is ne>ly uni=m ?r\gh\t2 & :]e no m$ial mora9es occur to complicate ! ph5om5on4 ,b if ! ve9s m>k ! b$d+1 !re seems to be no suffici5t reason = _! appe>ance at ! lat]al portions ( ! glaci]1 & _! abs5ce f ! c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 ,,illu/rative ,,exp]im5ts4 ,?is leads me to ! po9t at :i* :at ,i consid] to be ! true cause ( ! /ructure may be ref]r$ to4 ,! !oretic rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s h taught u a good deal reg>d+ ! pressures & t5sions consequ5t ^u glaci]-motion4 ,aid$ by ?is k1 & also by a mode ( exp]im5t fir/ introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ,i w n[ endeav\r to expla9 ! significance ( ! fact ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,if a pla/ic sub/ance1 su* z mud1 fl[ d[n a slop+ canal1 ! lat]al portions1 be+ held back by friction1 w be out/ripp$ by ! c5tral ones4 ,:5 ! fl[ is s regulat$ t ! velocity ( a po9t at ! c5tre %all n v>y ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! canal1 a col\r$ circle /amp$ ^u ! c5tre ( ! mud /ream1 ne> its orig91 w move along ) ! mud1 & /ill reta9 its circul> =m2 =1 inasmu* z ! velocity ( all po9ts along ! c5tre is ! same1 !re c be no elongation ( ! circle longitud9ally or transv]sely by ei!r /ra9 or pressure4 ,a simil> abs5ce ( longitud9al pressure may exi/ 9 a glaci]1 &1 :]e x exi/s ?r\gh\t1 no c5tral /ructure c1 9 my op9ion1 be develop$4 ,b let a circle be /amp$ ^u ! mud-/ream ne> its side1 !n1 :5 ! mud fl[s1 ?is circle w be di/ort$ to an oval1 ) its major axis oblique to ! direction ( motion2 ! cause ( ?is is t ! portion ( ! circle f>!/ f ! side ( ! canal moves m freely ?an t adjac5t to ! side4 ,! me*anical effect ( ! sl[] lat]al motion is to squeeze ! circle 9 "o direction1 & draw x out 9 ! p]p5dicul> "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m>g9al ,,/ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,figure explanatory ( ! ,m>g9al ,/ructure4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #dj w r5d] all t ,i h said intelligible4 ,! ?ree circles are fir/ /amp$ on ! mud 9 ! same transv]se l9e2 b aft] !y h mov$ d[nw>ds !y w be 9 ! same /raight l9e no long]4 ,! c5tral "o w be ! =emo/2 :ile ! lat]al ones h _! =ms *ang$ f circles to ovals4 ,9 a glaci] ( ! %ape ( ?is canal exactly simil> effects are produc$4 ,n[ ! %ort] axis m n ( ea* oval is a l9e ( squeez+ or pressure2 ! long] axis is a l9e ( /ra9 or t5sion2 & ! associat$ glaci]-ph5om5a are z foll[s3--,across ! l9e m n1 or p]p5dicul> to ! pressure1 we h ! ve9$ /ructure develop$1 :ile across ! l9e ( t5sion ! glaci] usually breaks & =ms m>g9al crevasses4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s has %[n t ! l9es ( greate/ pressure & ( greate/ /ra9 are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & t 9 valleys ( a uni=m wid? !y enclose an angle ( =ty-five degrees ) ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,to ! /ructure ?us =m$ ,i h appli$ ! t]m m>g9al /ructure4 ,"h1 !n1 we see t !re are me*anical ag5cies at "w ne> ! side ( su* a glaci] :i* are abs5t f ! c5tre1 & we h effects develop$--,i believe by ! pressure--9 ! lat]al ice1 :i* are n produc$ 9 ! c5tral4 ,i h us$ ! t]m uni=m incl9ation 9 connexion ) ! m>g9al /ructure1 & my reason = do+ s w n[ appe>4 ,9 _m glaci]s ! /ructure1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ to ! m>g9s1 sweeps q across !m4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 on ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 ! /ructure ( :i* is prolong$ into ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,9 pass+ ! /rait at ,trelaporte1 h[ev]1 ! curves are squeez$ & _! apices bruis$1 s t ! /ructure is ?r[n into a /ate ( confusion2 & ?us ^u ! ,m] de ,glace we enc\nt] difficulty 9 trac+ x fairly f side to side4 ,n[ ! key to ?is transv]se /ructure ,i believe to be ! foll[+3 ,:]e ! incl9ation ( ! glaci] sudd5ly *anges f a /eep slope to a g5tl]1 z at ! bases ( ! cascades1--! ice to a c]ta9 dep? mu/ be ?r[n into a /ate ( viol5t longitud9al compression2 & along ) ?is we h ! resi/ance :i* ! g5tl] slope ?r[s a?w>t ! ice desc5d+ f ! /eep "o4 ,at su* places a /ructure is develop$ transv]se to ! axis ( ! glaci]1 & likewise transv]se to ! pressure4 ,! quick] fl[ ( ! c5tre causes ?is /ructure to b5d m & m1 & aft] a "t x sweeps 9 va/ curves across ! entire glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,gr9delwald ,,glaci]4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t ,i w ref]1 9 ! fir/ place1 to t tribut>y ( ! ,l[] ,glaci] ( ,gr9delwald :i* desc5ds f ! ,/rahleck4 ,walk+ up ?is tribut>y we come at l5g? to ! base ( an ice-fall4 ,let ! obs]v] "h leave ! ice1 & betake himself to ei!r side ( ! flank+ m\nta94 ,on atta9+ a po9t :i* comm&s a view bo? ( ! fall & ( ! glaci] bel[ x1 an inspection ( ! glaci] w1 ,i imag9e1 solve to 8 satisfaction ! case ( /ructure n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is inde$ a gr& exp]im5t :i* ,nature "h submits to our inspection4 ,! glaci] desc5d+ f its neve rea*es ! summit ( ! cascade1 & is brok5 transv]sely z x crosses ! br[2 x aft]w>ds desc5ds ! fall 9 a succession ( cliffy ice-ridges ) transv]se holl[s betwe5 !m4 ,9 ^! latt] ! brok5 ice & debris collect1 ?us p>tially *ok+ ! fissures =m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,c>ry+ ! eye d[nw>ds along ! fall1 we see1 z we approa* ! base1 ^! %>p ridges ton$ d[n2 & a little bel[ ! base !y dw9dle into r\nd$ protub]ances :i* sweep 9 curves q across ! glaci]4 ,at ! base ( ! fall ! /ructure beg9s to appe>1 feebly at fir/1 b becom+ gradually m pron\nc$1 until1 at a %ort di/ance bel[ ! base ( ! fall1 ! eye c foll[ ! f9e sup]ficial groov+s f side to side2 :ile at ! same "t ! ice und]nea? ! surface has become lam9at$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann]4 ,x is difficult to convey by writ+ ! =ce ( ! evid5ce :i* ! actual obs]vation ( ?is natural exp]im5t places be=e ! m9d4 ,! ice at ! base ( ! fall1 ret>d$ by ! g5tl] incl9ation ( ! valley1 has to be> ! ?ru/ ( ! desc5d+ mass1 ! sudd5 *ange ( incl9ation produc+ p[]ful longitud9al compression4 ,! protub]ances are squeez$ m closely toge!r1 ! holl[s betwe5 !m appe> to wr9kle up 9 submission to ! pressure--9 %ort1 ! entire aspect ( ! glaci] sugge/s ! p[]ful op]ations ( ! latt] =ce4 ,at ! place :]e x is ex]t$ ! ve9$ /ructure makes its appe>ance2 & be+ once =m$1 x moves d[nw>ds1 & gives a "* to o!r portions ( ! glaci] :i* _h no %>e 9 its =mation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,base ,,( ,,cascade ,a ,,/ructure-,,mill4 ,an illu/ration almo/ z good1 & equally accessible1 is furni%$ by ! ,glaci] ( ! ,rhone4 ,i h exam9$ ! gr& cascade ( ?is glaci] f bo? sides2 & an ord9>y m\nta9e] w f9d little difficulty 9 rea*+ a po9t f :i* ! fall & ! t]m9al portion ( ! glaci] are bo? di/9ctly visible4 ,"h also he w f9d ! cliffy ridges sep>at$ f ea* o!r by transv]se *asms1 becom+ m & m subdu$ at ! bottom ( ! fall1 & disappe>+ entirely l[] d[n ! glaci]4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,gr9delwald ,glaci] ! squeez+ ( ! protub]ances & ( ! spaces betwe5 !m1 is q app>5t1 & :]e ?is squeez+ comm5ces ! transv]se /ructure makes its appe>ance4 ,all ! ice t =ms ! l[] portion ( ?is glaci] has to pass ?r\gh ! /ructure-mill at ! bottom ( ! fall1 & ! consequ5ce is t x is all lam9at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,rhone ,,glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,plan ( "p ( ice-fall1 & ( glaci] bel[ x 7,glaci] ( ! ,rhone74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,section ( "p ( ice-fall1 & ( glaci] bel[ x 7,glaci] ( ! ,rhone74 ,sid5ote3 ,,transv]se ,,/ructure4 ,?is case ( /ructural developm5t w be bett] appreciat$ on ref]5ce to ,figs4 #da & #db1 ! =m] ( :i* is a plan1 & ! latt] a section1 ( a "p ( ! ice-fall & ( ! glaci] bel[ x2 a b e f is ! gorge ( ! fall1 f b be+ ! base4 ,! transv]se cliffy ice-ridges are %[n cross+ ! cascade1 be+ subdu$ at ! base to protub]ances :i* gradually disappe> z !y advance d[nw>ds4 ,! /ructure sweeps ov] ! glaci] 9 ! direction ( ! f9e curv$ l9es2 & ,i h also endeav\r$ to %[ ! direction ( ! radial crevasses1 :i*1 9 ! c5tre at lea/1 are at "r angles to ! ve9s4 ,to ! manife/ation ( /ructure "h consid]$ ,i h1 = ! sake ( conv5i5t ref]5ce1 appli$ ! t]m transv]se /ructure4 ,a ?ird exhibition ( ! /ructure is n[ to be notic$4 ,we sometimes f9d x 9 ! middle ( a glaci] & runn+ p>allel to its l5g?4 ,on ! c5tre ( ! ice-fall ( ! ,talefre1 = example1 we h a /ructure ( ?is k9d :i* pres]ves itself p>allel to ! axis ( ! fall f top to bottom4 ,b we discov] its orig9 high] up4 ,! /ructure "h has be5 produc$ at ! extremity ( ! ,j>d91 :]e ! divid$ ice meets1 & n only br+s into p>tial p>allelism ! ve9s previ\sly exi/+ along ! sides ( ! ,j>d91 b develops !m /ill fur!r by ! mutual pressure ( ! portions ( newly weld$ ice4 ,:]e two tribut>y glaci]s unite1 ?is is p]haps )\t exception ! case4 ,und]nea? ! mora9e =m$ by ! junction ( ! ,talefre & ,le*aud ! /ructure is f9ely develop$1 & ! ve9s run 9 ! direction ( ! mora9e4 ,! same is true ( ! ice "u ! mora9e =m$ by ! junction ( ! ,le*aud & ,geant4 ,^! aft]w>ds =m ! great m$ial mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 & h5ce ! /ructure ( ! trunk-/ream und]nea? ^! mora9es is p>allel to ! direction ( ! glaci]4 ,?is is also true ( ! sy/em ( mora9es =m$ by ! glaci]s ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,x is true 9 an especial mann] ( ! l[] glaci] ( ! ,a>1 ^: m$ial mora9e p]haps atta9s gr&] proportions ?an any o!r 9 ! ,alps1 & und]nea? :i* ! /ructure is f9ely develop$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,longitud9al ,,/ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,figure explanatory ( ,longitud9al ,/ructure4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,i h illu/rat$ ! production ( ?is /ructure w be und]/ood f ,fig4 #dc4 ,b ,b are two wood5 boxes1 communicat+ by sluice-fronts ) two bran* canals1 :i* unite to a common trunk at ,g4 ,!y are int5d$ to repres5t respectively ! trunk & tribut>ies ( ! ,unt]a> ,glaci]1 ! "p ,g be+ ! ,abs*wung1 :]e ! ,laut]a> & ,f9/]a> glaci]s unite to =m ! ,unt]a>4 ,! mud is fir/ p]mitt$ to fl[ b5ea? ! two sluices until x has cov]$ ! bottom ( ! tr\gh = "s di/ance1 :5 x is arre/$4 ,! end ( a glass tube is !n dipp$ into a mixture ( r\ge & wat]1 & small circles are /amp$ ^u ! mud4 ,! two bran*es are ?ickly cov]$ ) ^! circles4 ,! sluices be+ aga9 rais$1 ! mud 9 ! bran*es moves d[nw>ds1 c>ry+ ) x ! circles /amp$ ^u x2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! circles are di/ort$ enables u to inf] ! /ra9s & pressures to :i* ! mud is subject$ dur+ its desc5t4 ,! figure repres5ts approximately :at takes place4 ,! side-circles1 z might be expect$1 are squeez$ to oblique ovals1 b x is at ! junction ( ! bran*es t ! *ief effect ( pressure is produc$4 ,"h1 by ! mutual ?ru/ ( ! bran*es1 ! circles are n only *ang$ to elongat$ ellipses1 b ev5 squeez$ to /raight l9es4 ,9 ! case ( ! glaci] ?is is ! region at :i* ! /ructure receives its ma9 developm5t4 ,to ?is manife/ation ( ! ve9s ,i h appli$ ! t]m longitud9al /ructure4 ,! ?ree ma9 s\rces ( ! blue ve9s are1 ,i ?9k1 "h not$2 b besides ^! !re are _m local causes :i* influ5ce _! production4 ,i h se5 !m well =m$ :]e a glaci] is oppos$ by ! sudd5 b5d ( a valley1 or by a local promontory :i* pres5ts an ob/acle suffici5t to br+ ! requisite pressure into play4 ,9 ! glaci]s ( ! ,tyrol & ( ! ,ob]l& ,i h se5 examples ( ?is k9d2 b ! ?ree pr9cipal s\rces ( ! ve9s are1 ,i ?9k1 ^? /at$ above4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,solve ,,"q4 ,x 0 long be=e ,i cle>$ my m9d ( d\bt reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! lam9ation4 ,:5 on ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg ,i sp>$ nei!r risk nor lab\r to in/ruct myself reg>d+ x4 ,i explor$ ! ,talefre bas91 its cascade1 & ! ice b5ea? x4 ,sev]al days 7 sp5t amid ! ice humps & cliffs at ! l[] portion ( ! fall4 ,i suppose ,i trav]s$ ! ,glaci] du ,geant tw5ty times1 & pass$ eight or t5 days amid ! confusion ( its great cascade4 ,i visit$ ^? places :]e1 x _h be5 affirm$1 ! ve9s 7 produc$4 ,i endeav\r$ to satisfy myself ( ! mutability :i* _h be5 ascrib$ to !m2 b a close exam9ation r$uc$ ! value ( ea* p>ticul> case s mu* t ,i quitt$ ! glaci] t ye> ) no?+ m ?an an op9ion t ! /ructure & ! /ratification 7 two diff]5t ?+s4 ,i1 h[ev]1 drew up a /atem5t ( ! facts obs]v$1 ) ! view ( pres5t+ x to ! ,royal ,society2 b ,i aft]w>ds felt t 9 ?us act+ ,i %\ld m]ely swell ! lit]ature ( ! subject )\t add+ any?+ c]ta94 ,i !re=e )held ! pap]1 & resolv$ to devote ano!r ye> to a se>* among ! *ief glaci]s ( ! ,ob]l&1 ( ! ,canton ,valais1 & ( ,savoy1 = pro(s :i* %\ld relieve my m9d ( all d\bt ^u ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,,exp$ition ,,= ,,?is ,,purpose4 ,accord+ly 9 #aheh ,i visit$ ! glaci]s ( ,ros5laui1 ,s*w>tzwald1 ,gr9delwald1 ! ,a>1 ! ,rhone1 & ! ,alets*1 to ! exam9ation ( :i* latt] ,i devot$ m ?an a week4 ,i aft]w>ds w5t to ,z]matt1 &1 tak+ up my qu>t]s at ! ,riffelb]g1 devot$ elev5 days to ! exam9ation ( ! great sy/em ( glaci]s ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,i explor$ ! ,go]n] ,glaci] up almo/ to ! ,cima de ,jazzi2 & believ$ t 9 x ,i c\ld trace ! /ructure f portions ( ! glaci] :]e x vani%$1 ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( p]fection1 up to its full developm5t4 ,i believe ?is /ill2 b yet x is no?+ b a belief1 :i* ! utmo/ lab\r t ,i c\ld be/[ did n raise to a c]ta9ty4 ,! ,we/]n glaci] ( ,monte ,rosa1 ! ,s*w>tze ,glaci]1 ! ,trifti ,glaci]1 ! glaci] ( ! little ,mont ,c]v91 & ( ,/4 ,!odule1 7 all exam9$ 9 connexion ) ! great trunk-/ream ( ! ,go]n]1 to :i* !y weld !mselves2 & ?\gh ! m ,i pursu$ ! subject ! /rong] my conviction became t pressure 0 ! cause ( ! /ructure1 a crucial case 0 /ill want+4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( slaty cleavage1 x is (t51 if n usually1 f\nd t ! true cleavage cuts ! planes ( /ratification--sometimes at a v high angle4 ,_h ?is n be5 prov$ by ! obs]vations ( ,s$gwick & o!rs1 geologi/s w\ld n h be5 able to conclude t cleavage & b$d+ 7 two diff]5t ?+s1 & ne$$ :olly diff]5t explanations4 ,my aim1 ?r\gh\t ! exp$ition ( #aheh1 0 to discov] 9 ! ice a p>allel case to ! above2 to f9d a cle> & und\bt$ in/ance :]e ! ve9s & ! /ratification 7 simultane\sly exhibit$1 cutt+ ea* o!r at an unmi/akable angle4 ,on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 :ile engag$ ) ,pr(essor ,ramsay ^u ! ,great ,alets* ,glaci]1 n f> f its junction ) ! ,middle ,alets*1 ,i obs]v$ :at appe>$ to me to be ! l9es ( b$d+ runn+ ne>ly horizontal along ! wall ( a great crevasse1 :ile cutt+ !m at a l>ge angle 0 ! true ve9$ /ructure4 ,i drew my fri5d's att5tion to ! fact1 & to him x appe>$ p]fectly conclusive4 ,x is f a sket* made by him at ! place t ,fig4 #dd has be5 tak54 ,sid5ote3 ,,case ,,( ,,/ructure ,,on ,,! ,,alets*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,/ructure & b$d+ on ! ,great ,alets* ,glaci]4 ,?is 0 ! only case ( ! k9d :i* ,i obs]v$ ^u ! ,alets* ,glaci]2 & z ,i aft]w>ds sp5t day aft] day ^u ! ,monte ,rosa glaci]s1 va9ly seek+ a simil> in/ance1 ! ?\ght aga9 haunt$ me t we might h be5 mi/ak5 ^u ! ,alets*4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d ,i rema9$ until ! #ah? ( ,augu/1 a day devot$ to ! exam9ation ( ! ,furgge ,glaci]1 :i* lies at ! base ( ! ,mont ,c]v94 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,furgge ,,glaci]4 ,cross+ ! valley ( ! ,go]n] ,glaci]1 & tak+ a plunge z ,i pass$ into ! ,s*w>ze ,see1 ,i rea*$1 9 good "t1 ! object ( my day's excursion4 ,walk+ up ! glaci]1 ,i at l5g? f\nd myself oppos$ by a froz5 cascade compos$ ( f\r high t]races ( ice4 ,! highe/ ( ^! 0 *iefly compos$ ( ice-cliffs & s]acs1 _m ( :i* _h fall51 & n[ /ood l rock+-/ones ^u ! edge ( ! second t]race4 ,! glaci] at ! base ( ! cascade 0 /rewn ) brok5 ice1 & "s blocks two hundr$ cubic feet 9 volume _h be5 ca/ to a consid]able di/ance d[n ! glaci]4 ,^u ! faces ( ! t]races ! /ratification ( ! neve 0 mo/ beautifully %[n1 runn+ 9 p>allel & horizontal l9es along ! wea!r$ surface4 ,! sn[-field above ! cascade is a froz5 pla91 smoo? almo/ z a %elt]$ lake4 ,! successive sn[-falls deposit !mselves ) great regul>ity1 & at ! summit ( ! cascade ! sections ( ! neve are = ! fir/ "t expos$4 ,h5ce _! peculi> beauty & def9ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ice ,,t]race ,,exam9$4 ,inde$ ! figure ( a lake p\r+ itself ov] a rocky b>ri] :i* curves convexly upw>ds1 ?us caus+ ! wat] to fall d[n x1 n only longitud9ally ov] ! v]tex ( ! curve1 b lat]ally ov] its two arms1 w convey a tol]ably correct conception ( ! %ape ( ! fall4 ,t[>ds ! c5tre ! ice 0 p[]fully squeez$ lat]ally1 ! b$s 7 b5t1 & _! cont9uity (t5 brok5 by faults4 ,on inspect+ ! ice f a di/ance ) my op]a glass1 ,i ?\ght ,i saw /ructural groov+s cutt+ ! /rata at almo/ a "r angle4 ,_h ! "q be5 an undisput$ "o1 ,i %\ld p]haps h felt s sure ( ?is z n to incur ! dang] ( pu%+ ! inquiry fur!r2 b1 "u ! circum/ances1 dang] 0 a second>y po9t4 ,resign+1 !re=e1 my glass to my guide1 :o 0 to wat* ! tott]+ blocks ov]head1 & give me w>n+ %\ld !y move1 ,i advanc$ to ! base ( ! fall1 remov$ ) my hat*et ! wea!r$ surface ( ! ice1 & f\nd und]nea? x ! true ve9$ /ructure1 cutt+1 at ne>ly a "r angle1 ! planes ( /ratification4 ,! sup]ficial groov+s 7 n uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ! fall1 b appe>$ mo/ decid$ at ^? places :]e ! ice appe>$ to h be5 mo/ squeez$4 ,i exam9$ ?ree or f\r ( ^! places1 & 9 ea* case f\nd ! true ve9s ne>ly v]tical1 :ile ! b$d+ 0 horizontal4 ,hav+ p]fectly satisfi$ myself ( ^! facts1 ,i made a spe$y retreat1 = ! ice-blocks seem$ mo/ ?reat5+1 & ! sunny h\r 0 t at :i* !y fall mo/ frequ5tly4 ,i next tri$ ! asc5t ( ! glaci] up a dislocat$ declivity to ! "r4 ,! ice 0 mu* riv51 b /ill practicable4 ,my way = a "t lay amid fissures :i* expos$ magnific5t sections1 & e /ep ,i took add$ fur!r demon/ration to :at ,i _h obs]v$ bel[4 ,! /rata 7 p]fectly di/9ct1 ! /ructure equally s1 & "o cross$ ! o!r at an angle ( sev5ty or eighty degrees4 ,mr4 ,sorby has adduc$ a case ( ! crumpl+ ( a b$ ( s&/one ?r\gh :i* ! cleavage passes3 "h on ! glaci] ,i _h p>allel cases2 ! b$s 7 b5t & crumpl$1 b ! /ructure ran ?r\gh ! ice 9 %>p /raight l9es4 ,?is p]haps 0 ! mo/ pleasant day ,i ev] sp5t ^u ! glaci]s3 my m9d 0 reliev$ ( a long brood+ d\bt1 & ! intellectual fre$om ?us obta9$ add$ a subjective gr&eur to ! noble sc5e be=e me4 ,climb+ ! cliffs ne> ! base ( ! ,matt]horn1 ,i walk$ along ! rocky sp9e :i* ext5ds to ! ,ho]nli1 & aft]w>ds desc5d$ by ! valley ( ,zmutt to ,z]matt4 ,a ye> aft] my return to ,engl& a rem>k conta9$ 9 ,pr(essor ,m\sson's int]e/+ little "w ',die ,glets*] d] ,jetzzeit' caus$ me to ref] to ! atlas ( ,m4 ,agassiz's ',sy/eme ,glaciaire1' f :i* ,i le>n$ t ?is indefatigable obs]v] _h figur$ a case ( /ratification & /ructure cutt+ ea* o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i _h se5 ?is figure be=eh&1 x w\ld n h *ang$ my movem5ts2 = ! case1 z sket*$1 w\ld n h conv9c$ me4 ,i h n[ no d\bt t ,m4 ,agassiz has prec$$ me 9 ?is obs]vation1 & h5ce my results are to be tak5 z m]e confirmations ( 84 ,sid5ote3 ,,lam9ation ,,& ,,/ratification4 ,fig4 #de repres5ts a crumpl$ portion ( ! ice ) ! l9es ( lam9ation pass+ ?r\gh ! /rata4 ,fig4 #df repres5ts a case :]e a fault _h occurr$1 ! ve9s at bo? sides ( ! l9e ( dislocation be+ incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,/ructure & ,/ratification on ! ,furgge glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,/ructure & ,/ratification on ! ,furgge glaci]4 ,figs4 #de & #df are f sket*es made on ! ,furgge ,glaci]4--,l4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,9 reply to a "q 9 connexion ) ?is subject1 ,g5]al ,sab9e has fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ note3-- ,my de> ,tyndall1 ,x 0 9 ! summ] ( #ahda1 at ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald ,glaci]1 t ,i fir/ saw1 & 0 greatly impress$ & int]e/$ by exam9+ & endeav\r+ to und]/& 79 :i* ,i did n succe$71 ! ve9$ /ructure ( ! ice4 ,i d n rememb] :5 ,i m5tion$ x to ,=bes1 b x mu/ be be=e #ahdc1 because x is notic$ 9 8 book1 p4 #bi4 ,i _h nev] obs]v$ x 9 ! glaci]s ( ,spitzb]g5 or ,baff9's ,bay1 or 9 ! iceb]gs ( ! %ores & /raits ( ,davis or ,b>r[4 ,i feel ! m confid5t ( ?is1 because1 :5 ,i fir/ saw ! ve9$ /ructure 9 ,switz]l&1 my ,arctic exp]i5ce 0 m fre% 9 my recollection1 & ,i recollect$ no?+ l x4 ,ve9s are inde$ n uncommon 9 iceb]gs1 b !y q resemble ve9s 9 rocks1 & are =m$ by wat] fill+ fissures & freez+ into blue ice1 f9ely contra/$ ) ! :ite granul> sub/ance ( ! b]g4 ,! ice ( ! ,gr9delwald ,glaci] 7:]e ,i exam9$ ! ve9$ /ructure7 0 brok5 up into v l>ge masses1 :i* by pressure _h be5 upturn$1 s t a v poor judgm5t w\ld be =m$ ( ! direction ( ! ve9s z !y exi/$ 9 ! glaci] be=e x _h brok5 up4 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,edw>d ,,sab9e4 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahfj4 ,b ,9 a lett] to myself1 publi%$ 9 ! #ag? volume ( ! ',philosophical ,magaz9e1' ,pr(essor ,=bes writes z foll[s3--,9 #ahdf1 !n1 ,i ab&on$ no "p ( ! !ory ( ! ve9$ /ructure1 on :i* z y say s mu* lab\r _h be5 exp5d$1 except ! admission1 always yield$ ) reluctance1 & got rid ( ) satisfaction1 t ! congelation ( wat] 9 ! crevices ( ! glaci] may ext5d 9 w9t] to a great dep?4 ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure ,,& ,,! ,,diff]5tial ,,motion4 7#bh47 ,sid5ote3 ,,diff]5tial ,,motion ,,greate/ ,,at ,,edges4 ,i h n[ to exam9e briefly ! explanation ( ! /ructure :i* ref]s x to diff]5tial motion--to a slid+ ( ! p>ticles ( ice pa/ ea* o!r1 :i* leaves ! traces ( its exi/5ce 9 ! blue ve9s4 ,! fact is emphatically dwelt ^u by ^? :o hold ?is view1 t ! /ructure is be/ develop$ ne>e/ to ! sides ( ! glaci]1 :]e ! diff]5tial motion is greate/4 ,:y ! diff]5tial motion is at its maximum ne> to ! sides is easily und]/ood4 ,let ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #dg1 repres5t ! two sides ( a glaci]1 mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & let m a b c n be a /raight l9e ( /akes set out across ! glaci] to-day4 ,six mon?s h5ce ?is l9e1 by ! motion ( ! ice d[nw>ds1 w be b5t to ! =m m a' b' c' n3 ?is curve w n be circul>1 x w be flatt5$ 9 ! middle2 ! po9ts a & c1 at "s di/ance on ea* side ( ! c5tre b1 move 9 fact ) ne>ly ! same velocity z ! c5tre itself4 ,n s ) ! sides3--a' & c' h mov$ consid]ably 9 advance ( m & n1 & h5ce we say t ! diff]5ce ( motion1 or ! diff]5tial motion1 ( ! p>ticles ( ice ne> to ! side is a maximum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ,diff]5tial ,motion4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! po9ts m a' b' c' n h be5 mov+ /raight d[n ! glaci]2 & h5ce x w be und]/ood t ! slid+ ( ! p>ts pa/ ea* o!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! diff]5tial motion1 is p>allel to ! sides ( ! glaci]4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! only diff]5tial motion t exp]im5t has ev] e/abli%$2 & consequ5tly1 :5 we f9d ! be/ blue ve9s ref]r$ to ! sides ( ! glaci] because ! diff]5tial motion is !re greate/1 we naturally inf] t ! motion meant is p>allel to ! sides4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,oblique ,,to ,,sides4 ,b ! fact is1 t ?is motion w\ld n at all acc\nt = ! blue ve9s1 = !y are n p>allel to ! sides1 b oblique to !m4 ,?is difficulty reveal$ itself aft] a "t to ^? :o fir/ prop\nd$ ! !ory ( diff]5tial motion1 & caus$ !m to modify _! explanation ( ! /ructure4 ,diff]5tial motion is /ill assum$ to be ! cause ( ! ve9s1 b n[ a motion is meant oblique to ! sides1 & x is suppos$ to be obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,?r\gh ! quick] motion ( ! po9t c' ! ice betwe5 x & n becomes di/5d$2 t is to say1 ! l9e c' n is 9 a /ate ( /ra9--!re is a drag1 x is said1 oblique to ! sides ( ! glaci]2 & x is !re=e 9 ?is direction t ! p>ticles w be caus$ to slide pa/ ea* o!r4 ,dr4 ,:ewell1 :o advocates ?is view1 ?us exp\nds x4 ,he supposes ! case ( an alp9e valley fill$ ) india-rubb] :i* has be5 w>m$ until x has p>tially melt$1 or become visc\s1 & !n asks1 ,:at w n[ be ! condition ( ! mass8 ,! sides & bottom w /ill be held back by ! friction2 ! middle & upp] "p w slide =w>ds1 b n freely4 ,?is want ( fre$om 9 ! motion 7aris+ f ! viscosity7 w produce a drag t[>ds ! middle ( ! valley1 :]e ! motion is free/2 h5ce ! direction 9 :i* ! filam5ts slide pa/ ea* o!r w be obliquely direct$ t[>ds ! middle4 ,! slid+ w sep>ate ! mass accord+ to su* l9es2 & ?\gh new atta*m5ts w take place1 ! mass may be expect$ to reta9 ! results ( ?is sep>ation 9 ! traces ( p>allel fissures4,a ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an ! image ( ! process ?us plac$ be=e ! m9d's eye4 ,"o fact ( especial importance is to be borne 9 m9d3 ! slid+ ( filam5ts :i* is ?us suppos$ to take place oblique to ! glaci] has nev] be5 prov$2 x is :olly assum$4 ,a mora9e1 x is admitt$1 w run p>allel to ! side ( a glaci]1 or a block w move 9 ! same direction f beg9n+ to end1 )\t be+ s5sibly drawn t[>ds ! c5tre1 b /ill x is suppos$ t ! slid+ ( p>ts exi/s1 ?\gh ( a "* s small z to r5d] x ins5sible to measurem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,crosses ,,l9es ,,( ,,slid+4 ,my *ief difficulty z reg>ds ?is !ory may be express$ 9 a v few words4 ,if ! /ructure be produc$ by diff]5tial motion1 :y is ! l>ge & real diff]5tial motion :i* exp]im5ts h e/abli%$ incompet5t to produce x8 ,& h[ c ! ve9s run1 z !y are admitt$ to d1 across ! l9es ( maximum slid+ f _! orig9 ?r\gh\t ! glaci] to its end8 ,t a drag t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! glaci] exi/s is und5iable1 b t 9 consequ5ce ( ! drag !re is a slid+ ( filam5ts 9 ?is direction1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,i h 9 ano!r place,b endeav\r$ to %[ exp]im5tally t no su* slid+ takes place1 t ! drag on any po9t t[>ds ! c5tre expresses only half ! conditions ( ! problem2 be+ exactly neutraliz$ by ! ?ru/ t[>ds ! sides4 ,x has be51 moreov]1 %[n by ,mr4 ,hopk9s t ! l9es ( maximum /ra9 & ( maximum slid+ _c co9cide2 inde$1 if all ! p>ticles be urg$ by ! same =ce1 no matt] h[ /rong ! pull may be1 !re w be no t5d5cy ( "o to slide pa/ ! o!r4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ',philosophical ,magaz9e1' ,s]4 ,,iii41 vol4 xxvi4 ,b ',proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 ,,! ,,ripple-,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure4 7#bi47 ,sid5ote3 ,,!ory ,,/at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!ory ,,exam9$4 ,! assumption ( oblique slid+1 & ! production !reby ( ! m>g9al /ructure1 h1 h[ev]1 be5 =tifi$ by consid]ations ( an +5i\s & v int]e/+ k9d4 ,h[1 ,i h ask$1 c ! oblique /ructure p]si/ across ! l9es ( greate/ diff]5tial motion ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! glaci]8 ,b "h ,i am met by ano!r "q :i* at fir/ sight might seem equally unansw]able--,h[ d ripple-m>ks on ! surface ( a fl[+ riv]1 :i* are no?+ else ?an l9es ( diff]5tial motion ( a l[ ord]1 cross ! riv] f ! sides obliquely1 :ile ! direction ( greate/ diff]5tial motion is p>allel to ! sides8 ,if ,i und]/& aright1 ?is is ! ma9 argum5t ( ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 fav\r ( 8 !ory ( ! oblique m>g9al /ructure4 ,x is fir/ introduc$ 9 a note at page #cgh ( 8 ',travels2' he alludes to x 9 a lett] writt5 ! foll[+ ye>2 9 8 pap] 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions' he develops ! !ory4 ,he !re gives draw+s ( ripple-m>ks obs]v$ 9 smoo? gutt]s aft] ra91 & :i* he f9ds to be incl9$ to ! c\rse ( ! /ream1 exactly z ! m>g9al /ructure is incl9$ to ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,! explanation also embraces ! case ( an ob/acle plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a riv]4 ,a case1 writes ,pr(essor ,=bes1 p>allel to ! la/ m5tion$1 :]e a fix$ ob/acle cleaves a desc5d+ /ream1 & leaves its trace 9 a fan-%ap$ tail1 is well kn[n 9 sev]al glaci]s1 z 9 t at ,f]pecle1 & ! ,glaci] de ,lys on ! s\? side ( ,monte ,rosa2 p>ticul>ly ! la/1 :]e ! ve9$ /ructure foll[s ! law j m5tion$4 ,9 8 ,twelf? ,lett] he also ref]s to ! ripples z exactly correspond+ to ! position ( ! icy b&s4 ,9 8 lett] to ,dr4 ,:ewell1 publi%$ 9 ! ',occasional ,pap]s1' page #eh1 he writes z foll[s3--,! same is rem>kably %[n 9 ! case ( a /ream ( wat]1 = in/ance a mill-race4 ,al?\gh ! movem5t ( ! wat]1 z %[n by float+ bodies1 is exce$+ly ne>ly 7= small velocities s5sibly7 p>allel to ! sides1 yet ! v>iation ( ! spe$ f ! side to ! c5tre ( ! /ream occasions a ripple1 or molecul> discont9uity1 :i* incl9es =w>ds f ! sides to ! c5tre ( ! /ream at an angle ) ! axis dep5d+ on ! ratio ( ! c5tral & lat]al velocity4 ,! ve9$ /ructure ( ! ice corresponds to ! ripple ( ! wat]1 a molecul> discont9uity ^: measure is n comp>able to ! actual velocity ( ! ice2 & !re=e ! g5]al movem5t ( ! glaci]1 z indicat$ by ! mora9es1 rema9s s5sibly p>allel to ! sides4 ,?is !ory op5s up to u a s]ies ( int]e/+ & novel consid]ations :i* ,i ?9k w repay ! read]'s att5tion4 ,if ! ripples 9 ! wat] & ! ve9s 9 ! ice be due to ! same me*anical cause1 :5 we develop cle>ly ! orig9 ( ! =m] we are l$ directly to ! explanation ( ! latt]4 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to r$uce ! ripples to _! me*anical elem5ts4 ,! ,messrs4 ,web] h describ$ 9 _! ',well5lehre' an effect ( wave-motion :i* x is v easy to obta94 ,:5 a boat moves ?r\gh p]fectly smoo? wat]1 & ! r[] raises 8 o> out ( ! wat]1 drops trickle f its blade1 & ea* drop :]e x falls produces a sy/em ( conc5tric r+s4 ,! circul> waves z !y wid5 become depress$1 &1 if ! drops succe$ ea* o!r ) suffici5t spe$1 ! r+s cross ea* o!r at innum]able po9ts4 ,! effect ( ?is is to blot out m or less completely all ! circles1 & to leave beh9d two /raight div]g5t ripple-l9es1 :i* are tang5ts to all ! ext]nal r+s2 be+ 9 fact =m$ by ! int]sections ( ! latt]1 z a cau/ic 9 optics is =m$ by ! int]section ( lum9\s rays4 ,fig4 #dh1 :i* is virtually copi$ f ,m4 ,web]1 w r5d] ?is description at once intelligible4 ,! boat is suppos$ to move 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & z x does s ! r+s :i* x leaves beh9d wid51 & produce ! div]g5ce ( ! two /raight resultant l9es ( ripple4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ripples ,,d$uc$ ,,f ,,r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,diagram explanatory ( ! =mation ( ,ripples4 ,! m quickly ! drops succe$ ea* o!r1 ! m frequ5t w be ! int]sections ( ! r+s2 b z ! spe$ ( succession augm5ts we approa* ! case ( a cont9u\s ve9 ( liquid2 & if we suppose ! cont9uity to be p]fectly e/abli%$1 ! ripples w /ill be produc$ ) a smoo? space betwe5 !m z be=e4 ,?is exp]im5t may inde$ be made ) a well-wett$ o>1 :i* on its fir/ em]g5ce f ! wat] s5ds into x a cont9u\s liquid ve94 ,! same effect is produc$ :5 we sub/itute = ! /ream ( liquid a solid rod--a common walk+-/ick = example4 ,a wat]-f[l swimm+ 9 calm wat] produces two div]g5t l9es ( ripples ( a simil> k9d4 ,we h "h suppos$ ! wat] ( ! lake to be at re/1 & ! liquid ve9 or ! solid rod to move ?r\gh x2 b precisely ! same effect is produc$ if we suppose ! rod at re/ & ! liquid 9 motion4 ,let a po/1 = example1 be fix$ 9 ! middle ( a fl[+ riv]2 div]g+ f t po/ "r & left we %all h l9es ( ripples exactly z if ! liquid 7 at re/ & ! po/ mov$ ?r\gh x ) ! velocity ( ! riv]4 ,if ! same po/ be plac$ close to ! bank1 s t "o ( its edges only %all act ^u ! wat]1 div]g+ f t edge we %all h a s+le l9e ( ripples :i* w cross ! riv] obliquely t[>ds its c5tre4 ,x is manife/ t any o!r ob/acle w produce ! same effect z our hypo!tical po/4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ! slighte/ prom95ce ( any k9d 9 ! wall ( su* a conduit1 a bit ( wood or a tuft ( grass1 is suffici5t to produce a well-m>k$ ripple-/reak f ! side t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 ,,measure ,,( ,,div]g5ce ,,( ,,ripples4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations %[ t ! div]g5ce ( ! two l9es ( ripples f ! c5tral po/1 & ( ! s+le l9e 9 ! case ( ! lat]al po/1 h _! me*anical elem5t1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 9 ! exp]im5t ( ! ,messrs4 ,web]4 ,9 ! case ( a swimm+ duck ! connexion betwe5 ! div]g+ l9es ( ripples & ! propagation ( r+s r\nd a di/urb$ po9t is (t5 v prettily %[n4 ,:5 ! creature swims ) vig\r ! little foot ) :i* x /rikes ! wat] (t5 comes suffici5tly ne> to ! surface to produce an elevation1--sometimes inde$ em]g+ f ! wat] altoge!r4 ,r\nd ! po9t ?us di/urb$ r+s are imm$iately propagat$1 & ! wid5+ ( ^? r+s is ! exact measure ( ! div]g5ce ( ! ripple l9es4 ,! r+s nev] cross ! l9es2--! l9es nev] retreat f ! r+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ripples ,,& ,,ve9s ,,due ,,to ,,diff]5t ,,causes4 ,if we comp>e ! me*anical actions "h trac$ out ) ^? :i* take place ^u a glaci]1 ,i ?9k x w be se5 t ! analogy betwe5 ! ripples & ! ve9$ /ructure is entirely sup]ficial4 ,h[ ! /ructure ascrib$ to ! ,glaci] de ,lys is to be expla9$ ,i d n "k1 = ,i h nev] se5 x2 b x seems impossible t x c\ld be produc$1 z ripples are1 by a fix$ ob/acle :i* cleaves a desc5d+ /ream4 ,no "o surely w affirm t glaci]-ice s closely resembles a fluid z to be capable ( transmitt+ undulations1 z wat] propagates r+s r\nd a di/urb$ po9t4 ,! difficulty ( su* a supposition w\ld be augm5t$ by tak+ into acc\nt ! motion ( ! individual liquid p>ticles :i* g to =m a ripple2 = ! ,messrs4 ,web] h %[n t ^! move 9 clos$ curves1 describ+ orbits m or less circul>4 ,c x be suppos$ t ! p>ticles ( ice execute a motion ( ?is k9d8 ,if s1 _! orbital motions may be easily calculat$1 be+ d$ucible f ! motion ( ! glaci] comp\nd$ ) ! incl9ation ( ! ve9s4 ,if s important a result c\ld be e/abli%$1 all glaci] !ories w\ld vani% 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,position ,,( ,,ripples ,,n ,,t ,,( ,,/ructure4 ,!re is ano!r int]e/+ po9t involv$ 9 ! passage above quot$4 ,pr(essor ,=bes consid]s t ! ripple is occasion$ by ! v>iation ( spe$ f ! side to ! c5tre ( ! /ream1 & t its incl9ation dep5ds on ! ratio ( ! c5tral & lat]al velocity4 ,if ,i am correct 9 ! above analysis1 ?is _c be ! case4 ,! incl9ation ( ! ripple dep5ds solely on ! ratio ( ! riv]'s translatory motion to ! velocity ( its wave-motion4 ,7 ! lat]al & c5tral velocities alike1 a mom5t>y di/urbance at ! side w\ld produce a /raight ripple-m>k1 ^: incl9ation w\ld be comp\nd$ ( ! two elem5ts j m5tion$4 ,if ! motion ( ! wat] v>y f side to c5tre1 ! velocity ( wave-propagation rema9+ con/ant1 ! incl9ation ( ! ripple w also v>y1 t is to say1 we %all h a curv$ ripple in/ead ( a /raight "o4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! case :i* we f9d 9 ,nature1 b ! curvature ( su* ripples is totally diff]5t f t ( ! ve9$ /ructure4 ,ow+ to ! quick] translatory movem5t1 ! ripples1 z !y approa* ! c5tre1 t5d m to p>allelism ) ! direction ( ! riv]2 & aft] hav+ pass$ ! c5tre1 & rea*$ ! sl[] wat] ne> ! opposite side1 _! incl9ation to ! axis gradually augm5ts4 ,?us ! ripples f ! two sides =m a pair ( symmetric curves1 :i* cross ea* o!r at ! c5tre1 & possess ! =m a o b1 c o d1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,a simil> pair ( curves w\ld be produc$ by ! reflection ( ^!4 ,kn[+ ! v>iation ( motion f side to c5tre1 any compet5t ma!matician c\ld f9d ! equation ( ! ripple-curves2 b x w\ld be out ( place = me to attempt x "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,diagram explanatory ( ! =mation ( ,ripples4 ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure ,,& ,,pressure4 7#cj47 ,if a prism ( glass be press$ by a suffici5t weight1 ! p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( pressure w be squeez$ m closely toge!r1 :ile ^? at "r angles to ?is l9e w be =c$ fur!r ap>t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate ( /ra9 may be demon/rat$ by ! action ( su* squeez$ glass ^u pol>is$ light4 ,x gives rise to col\rs1 & x is ev5 possible to inf] f ! t9t ! precise am\nt ( pressure to :i* ! glass is subject$4 ,m4 ,w]!im inde$ has mo/ ably appli$ ^! facts to ! con/ruction ( a dynamomet]1 or in/rum5t = measur+ pressures1 exce$+ 9 accuracy any hi!rto devis$4 ,:5 ! pressure appli$ becomes too great = ! glass to su/a91 x flies to pieces4 ,b let u suppose ! sides ( ! prism def5d$ by an extremely /rong jacket1 9 :i* ! prism re/s l a closely-fitt+ plug1 & :i* yields only :5 a pressure m ?an suffici5t to cru% ! glass is appli$4 ,let ! pressure be gradually augm5t$ until ?is po9t is atta9$2 aft]w>ds bo? ! glass & its jacket w %ort5 & wid52 ! jacket w yield lat]ally1 be+ pu%$ out ) extreme sl[ness by ! glass )94 ,sid5ote3 ,,possible ,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,glass ,,prism4 ,n[ ,i believe t x w\ld be possible to make ?is exp]im5t 9 su* a mann] t ! glass %\ld be flatt5$1 p>tly ?r\gh rupture1 & p>tly ?r\gh lat]al molecul> yield+2 ! prism w\ld *ange its =m1 & yet pres5t a firmly coh]5t mass :5 remov$ f its jacket4 ,i h nev] made ! exp]im5t2 nobody has1 z f> z ,i "k2 b exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are (t5 made by ,nature4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 = example1 we h a collection ( qu>tz /ones plac$ !re by ,mr4 ,salt]1 & :i* h be5 subject$ to enorm\s pressure 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a fault4 ,^! rigid pebbles h1 9 "s cases1 be5 squeez$ aga9/ ea* o!r s z to produce mutual flatt5+ & ind5tation4 ,"s ( !m h yield$ along planes pass+ ?r\gh !m1 z if "o half _h slidd5 ov] ! o!r2 b ! reatta*m5t is v /rong4 ,"s ( ! l>g] /ones1 moreov]1 :i* h endur$ pressure at a p>ticul> po9t1 are fissur$ radially ar\nd ?is po9t4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole collection is a mo/ in/ructive example ( ! mann] & ext5t to :i* "o ( ! mo/ rigid sub/ances 9 ,nature c yield on ! application ( a suffici5t =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,possible ,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,prism ,,( ,,ice4 ,let a prism ( ice at #cb deg4 be plac$ 9 a simil> jacket to t :i* we h suppos$ to envelop ! glass prism4 ,! ice yields to ! pressure ) incomp>ably great] ease ?an ! glass2 & if ! =ce be sl[ly appli$1 ! lat]al yield+ w f> m closely resemble t ( a truly pla/ic body4 ,suppos+ su* a piece ( ice to be fill$ ) num]\s small air-bubbles1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pressure w\ld be to flatt5 ^! bubbles1 & to squeeze !m out ( ! ice4 ,7 ! sub/ance p]fectly homog5e\s1 ?is flatt5+ & expulsion w\ld take place uni=mly ?r\gh\t its entire mass2 b ,i believe !re is no su* homog5e\s sub/ance 9 nature2--! ice w yield at diff]5t places1 leav+ betwe5 !m spaces :i* are comp>atively unaffect$ by ! pressure4 ,f ! =m] spaces ! air-bubbles w be m effectually expell$2 & ,i h no d\bt t ! result ( su* pressure act+ ^u ice s protect$ w\ld be to produce a lam9at$ /ructure some:at simil> to t :i* x produces 9 ^? bodies :i* exhibit slaty cleavage4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lam9ation ,,produc$ ,,by ,,pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,no ,,slid+ ,,( ,,filam5ts4 ,i also ?9k x c]ta9 t1 9 ?is lat]al displacem5t ( ! p>ticles1 ^! mu/ move pa/ ea* o!r4 ,?is is an idea :i* ,i h long ent]ta9$1 z ! foll[+ passage tak5 f ! pap] publi%$ by ,mr4 ,huxley & myself w prove3--,?ree pr9cipal causes may op]ate 9 produc+ cleavage3 fir/1 ! r$uc+ ( surfaces ( weak cohesion to p>allel planes2 second1 ! flatt5+ ( m9ute cavities2 & ?ird1 ! weak5+ ( cohesion by tang5tial action4 ,! ?ird action is exemplifi$ by ! /ate ( ! rails ne> a /ation :]e a break is habitually appli$ to a locomotive4 ,9 ?is case1 :ile ! weight ( ! tra9 presses v]tically1 its motion t5ds to cause longitud9al slid+ ( ! p>ticles ( ! rail4 ,tang5tial action does n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily imply a =ce ( ! latt] k9d4 ,:5 a solid cyl9d] an in* 9 height is squeez$ to a v]tical cake a qu>t] ( an in* 9 height1 x is impossible1 physically speak+1 t ! p>ticles situat$ 9 ! same v]tical l9e %all move lat]ally ) ! same velocity2 b if !y d n1 ! cohesion betwe5 !m w be weak5$ or ruptur$4 ,! pressure1 h[ev]1 w produce new contact2 & if ?is h a cohesive value equal to t ( ! old contact1 no cleavage f ?is cause c arise4 ,! relative capacities ( diff]5t sub/ances = cleavage appe> to dep5d 9 a great measure ^u _! diff]5t prop]ties 9 ?is respect4 ,9 butt]1 = example1 ! new atta*m5ts are equal1 or ne>ly s1 to ! old1 & ! cleavage is consequ5tly indi/9ct2 9 wax ?is does n appe> to be ! case1 & h5ce may arise 9 a great degree ! p]fection ( its cleavage4 ,! fur!r exam9ation ( ?is subject promises int]e/+ results4 ,i w\ld dwell ^u ?is po9t ! m di/9ctly z ! advocates ( diff]5tial motion may deem x to be 9 _! fav\r2 b x appe>s to me t ! me*anical conceptions impli$ 9 ! above passage are totally diff]5t f !irs4 ,if !y ?9k o!rwise1 !n x seems to me t !y %\ld *ange ! expressions :i* ref] ! diff]5tial motion to a drag t[>ds ! c5tre1 & ! /ructure to ! slid+ ( filam5ts pa/ ea* o!r 9 consequ5ce ( ?is drag4 ,su* filam5t>y slid+ may take place 9 a truly visc\s body1 b x does n take place 9 ice4 ,9 "o p>ticul> ! ice resembles ! butt] ref]r$ to 9 ! above quotation2 = its new atta*m5ts appe> to be equal to ! old1 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is to be ascrib$ to its p]fect regelation4 ,z ju/ly po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,john ,ball1 ! ve9$ ice ( a glaci]1 if unwea!r$1 %[s no t5d5cy to cleave2 = ?\gh ! expulsion ( ! air-bubbles has tak5 place1 ! reatta*m5t ( ! p>ticles is s firm z to aboli% all evid5ce ( cleavage4 ,:5 ! ice1 on ! contr>y1 is wea!r$1 ! plates become deta*$1 & ,i h (t5 be5 able to split su* ice into ?9 tablets hav+ an area ( two or ?ree squ>e feet4 ,9 8 ,?irte5? ,lett] ,pr(essor ,=bes ?r[s out a new & possibly a pregnant ?\ght 9 connexion ) ! ve9s4 ,if ,i und]/& him aright--& ,i confess x is usually a matt] ( extreme difficulty ) me to make sure ( ?is--he !re ref]s ! ve9s1 n to ! expulsion ( ! air f ! ice1 b to its r$i/ribution4 ,! pressure produces l9es ( te>+ 9 :i* ! air is di/ribut$ 9 ! =m ( regul> globules4 ,i d n "k :at might be made ( ?is idea if x 7 develop$1 b at pres5t ,i d n see h[ ! suppos$ action c\ld produce ! blue b&s2 & ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,wm4 ,?omson 9 reg>d+ ! explanation z improbable4,a ,,footnotes3 ,a ,= an extremely +5i\s view ( ! orig9 ( ! ve9$ /ructure1 ,i w\ld ref] to a pap] by ,pr(essor ,?omson1 9 ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1' ,april1 #aheh4 ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure ,,& ,,! ,,liquefaction ,,( ,,ice ,,by ,,pressure4 7#ca47 ,i h already notic$ an important fact = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,james ,?omson1 & h ref]r$ to ! orig9al communications on ! subject4 ,i %all "h place ! physical circum/ances connect$ ) ?is fact be=e my read] 9 ! mann] :i* ,i deem mo/ likely to int]e/ him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,pressure ,,on ,,boil+ ,,po9t4 ,:5 a liquid is heat$1 ! attraction ( ! molecules op]ates aga9/ ! action ( ! heat1 :i* t5ds to te> !m asund]4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t ! =ce ( heat triumphs1 ! cohesion is ov]come1 & ! liquid boils4 ,b suppos+ we assi/ ! attraction ( ! molecules by apply+ an ext]nal pressure1 ! difficulty ( te>+ !m asund] w be increas$2 m heat w be requir$ = ?is purpose2 & h5ce we say t ! boil+ po9t ( ! liquid has be5 elevat$ by ! pressure4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,pressure ,,on ,,fus+ ,,po9t4 ,if molt5 sulphur be p\r$ into a bullet-m\ld1 x w be f\nd on cool+ to contract1 s z to leave a l>ge holl[ space 9 ! middle ( ea* sph]e4 ,ca/ musket-bullets are ?us always f\nd to possess a small cavity )9 !m produc$ by ! contraction ( ! lead4 ,conceive ! bullet plac$ )9 its m\ld & ! latt] heat$2 to produce fusion x is necess>y t ! sulphur or ! lead %\ld swell4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! heat$ wat]1 ! t5d5cy to exp& is oppos$ by ! attraction ( ! molecules2 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat h[ev] ?is attraction is ov]come & ! solid melts4 ,b suppose we assi/ ! molecul> attraction by a suitable =ce appli$ ext]nally1 a great] am\nt ( heat ?an be=e w be necess>y to te> !m asund]2 & h5ce we say t ! fus+ po9t has be5 elevat$ by ! pressure4 ,?is fact has be5 exp]im5tally e/abli%$ by ,messrs4 ,hopk9s & ,fairbairn1 :o appli$ to sp]maceti & o!r sub/ances pressures s great z to raise _! po9ts ( fusion a consid]able numb] ( degrees4 ,let u n[ consid] ! case ( ! metal bismu?4 ,if ! molt5 metal be p\r$ into a bullet-m\ld x w exp& on solidify+4 ,i h myself fill$ a /rong ca/-iron bottle ) ! metal1 & f\nd its expansion on cool+ suffici5tly great to split ! bottle f neck to bottom4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to fuse ! bismu? ! sub/ance mu/ contract2 & x is manife/ t an ext]nal pressure :i* t5ds to squeeze ! molecules m closely toge!r "h assi/s ! heat in/ead ( oppos+ x4 ,h5ce1 to fuse bismu? "u great pressure1 a less am\nt ( heat w be requir$ ?an :5 ! pressure is remov$2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! fus+ po9t ( bismu? is l[]$ by ! pressure4 ,n[1 9 pass+ f ! solid to ! liquid /ate1 ice1 l bismu?1 contracts1 & if ! contraction be promot$ by ext]nal pressure1 z %[n by ! ,messrs4 ,?omson1 a less am\nt ( heat suffices to liquefy x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,^! rem>ks w enable u to und]/& a s+ul> effect fir/ obta9$ by myself at ! close ( #ahef or 9 ,janu>y #aheg1 notic$ at ! "t 9 ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1' & aft]w>ds fully describ$ 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,society 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,a cyl9d] ( cle> ice two in*es high & an in* 9 diamet] 0 plac$ betwe5 two slabs ( box-wood1 & subject$ to a gradual pressure4 ,i wat*$ ! ice 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its l5g?1 & saw cl\dy l9es draw+ !mselves across x4 ,z ! pressure cont9u$1 ^! l9es augm5t$ 9 numb]s1 until f9ally ! prism pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a cry/al ( gypsum ^: planes ( cleavage _h be5 =c$ out ( optical contact4 ,:5 look$ at obliquely x 0 f\nd t ! l9es 7 m]ely ! sections ( flat dim surfaces1 :i* lay l lam9ae "o ov] ! o!r ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! prism4 ,fig4 #ej repres5ts ! prism z x appe>$ :5 look$ at 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its axis2 ,fig4 #ea %[s ! appe>ance :5 view$ obliquely4,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej1 #ea4 ,appe>ance ( a prism ( ice p>tially liquefi$ by ,pressure4 ,at fir/ sight x might appe> z if air _h intrud$ itself betwe5 ! sep>at$ surfaces ( ! ice1 & to te/ ?is po9t ,i plac$ a cyl9d] two in*es long & an in* wide upright 9 a copp] vessel :i* 0 fill$ ) ice-cold wat]4 ,! ice cyl9d] rose ab\t half an in* above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,plac+ ! copp] vessel on a slab ( wood1 & a second slab on ! top ( ! cyl9d] ( ice1 ! latt] 0 subject$ to ! gradual action ( a small hydraulic press4 ,:5 ! hazy surfaces 7 well develop$ 9 ! portion ( ! ice above ! wat]1 ! cyl9d] 0 remov$ & exam9$3 ! planes ( rupture ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 j z if x _h be5 squeez$ 9 air4 ,i subsequ5tly plac$ ! ice 9 a /\t vessel ( glass1 & squeez$ x1 z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t3 ! surfaces ( discont9uity 7 se5 =m+ "u ! liquid q z di/9ctly z 9 air4 ,to prove t ! surfaces 7 due to compression & n to any te>+ asund] ( ! mass by t5sion1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made3--,a cyl9drical piece ( ice1 "o ( ^: ends1 h[ev]1 0 n p>allel to ! o!r1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! slabs ( wood1 & subject$ to pressure4 ,fig4 #eb %[s ! disposition ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! effect ^u ! ice cyl9d] 0 t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 ! surfaces be+ develop$ along t side :i* _h suff]$ ! pressure4 ,on exam9+ ! surfaces by a pocket l5s !y resembl$ ! effect produc$ ^u a smoo? cold surface by brea?+ on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb1 #ec4 ,figures illu/rative ( compression & liquefaction ( ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,,liquid ,,lay]s ,,produc$ ,,by ,,pressure4 ,! surfaces 7 always dim2 & _h ! spaces be5 fill$ ) air1 or 7 !y simply vacu\s1 ! reflection ( light f !m w\ld h be5 s copi\s z to r5d] !m mu* m brilliant ?an !y 7 obs]v$ to be4 ,to exam9e !m m p>ticul>ly ,i plac$ a concave mirror s z to ?r[ ! diffus$ daylight f a w9d[ full ^u ! cyl9d]4 ,on apply+ ! pressure dim spots 7 sometimes se5 =m+ 9 ! v middle ( ! ice1 & ^! z !y exp&$ lat]ally appe>$ to be 9 a /ate ( int5se motion1 :i* foll[$ closely ! edge ( ea* surface z x advanc$ ?r\gh ! solid ice4 ,once or twice ,i obs]v$ ! hazy surfaces pione]$ ?r\gh ! mass by dim (f%oots1 app>5tly liquid1 & con/itut+ a k9d ( decry/allisation4 ,f ! close/ exam9ation to :i* ,i 0 able to subject !m1 ! surfaces appe>$ to me to be due to int]nal liquefaction2 inde$1 :5 ! melt+ po9t ( ice1 hav+ already a temp]ature ( #cb deg41 is l[]$ by pressure1 its excess ( heat mu/ in/antly be appli$ to produce ?is effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure4 ,i h already giv5 a draw+ 7p4 #chf7 %[+ ! developm5t ( ! ve9$ /ructure at ! base ( ! ice-cascade ( ! ,rhone2 & if we comp>e t diagram ) ,fig4 #ec a /rik+ simil>ity at once reveals itself4 ,! ice ( ! glaci] mu/ und\bt$ly be liquefi$ to "s ext5t by ! trem5d\s pressure to :i* x is "h subject$4 ,surfaces ( discont9uity w 9 all probability be =m$1 :i* facilitate ! escape ( ! imprison$ air4 ,! small quantity ( wat] produc$ w be p>tly imbib$ by ! adjac5t por\s ice1 & w be refroz5 :5 reliev$ f ! pressure4 ,?is action1 associat$ ) t ascrib$ to pressure 9 ! la/ section1 appe>s to me to furni% a complete physical explanation ( ! lam9at$ /ructure ( glaci]-ice4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,?is effect project$ ^u a scre5 is a mo/ /rik+ & in/ructive class exp]im5t4 ,,:ite ,,ice-,,seams ,,9 ,,! ,,glaci] ,,du ,,geant4 7#cb47 ,sid5ote3 ,,g5]al ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,:ite ,,ice-,,seams4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,july1 #aheg1 :ile engag$ ^u ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 my att5tion 0 (t5 attract$ by protub]ant ridges ( :at at fir/ appe>$ to be pure :ite sn[1 b :i* on exam9ation ,i f\nd to be compact ice fill$ ) innum]able r\nd air-cells2 & :i*1 9 virtue ( its great] p[] ( resi/ance to wa/+1 (t5 rose to a height ( ?ree or f\r feet above ! g5]al level ( ! ice4 ,z ,i /ood among/ ^! ridges1 !y appe>$ deta*$ & )\t ord] ( arrangem5t1 b look$ at f a di/ance !y 7 se5 to sweep across ! prop] ,glaci] du ,geant 9 a direction conc5tric ) its dirt-b&s & its ve9$ /ructure4 ,9 "s cases ! seams 7 admirable indications ( ! relative displacem5t ( two adjac5t portions ( ! glaci]1 :i* 7 divid$ f ea* o!r by a crevasse4 ,usually ! sections ( a seam expos$ on ! opposite sides ( a fissure accurately fac$ ea* o!r1 & ! direction ( ! seam on bo? sides 0 cont9u\s2 b at o!r places !y demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( lat]al faults1 be+ %ift$ asund] lat]ally ?r\gh spaces v>y+ f a few in*es to six or sev5 feet4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,i 0 aga9 ^u ! same glaci]1 & notic$ 9 _m cases ! :ite ice-seams exquisitely honeycomb$4 ,! case 0 illu/rative ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! absorptive p[] ( ! ice itself & ( ! objects :i* lie ^u its surface4 ,deep cyl9drical cells 7 produc$ by spots ( black dirt :i* _h be5 scatt]$ ^u ! surface ( ! :ite ice1 & :i* sank to a dep? ( sev]al in*es into ! mass4 ,i exam9$ sev]al sections ( ! ve9s1 & 9 g5]al ,i f\nd t _! deep] portions bl5d$ gradually ) ! ice on ei!r side ( !m4 ,b high] up ! glaci] ,i f\nd t ! ve9s p5etrat$ only to a limit$ dep?1 & did n !re=e =m an integrant portion ( ! glaci]4 ,figs4 #ed & #ee %[ ! sections ( two ( ! seams :i* 7 expos$ on ! wall ( a crevasse at "s di/ance bel[ ! great ice-fall ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sections ,,( ,,seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed1 #ee4 ,sections ( ,:ite ,ice-seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,dip ( ! ,ve9$ ,/ructure4 ,x 0 at ! base ( ! ,talefre cascade t ! explanation ( ^! curi\s seams pres5t$ itself to me4 ,9 "o ( my e>lie/ visits to ?is portion ( ! glaci] ,i 0 /ruck by a s+ul> disposition ( ! blue ve9s on ! v]tical wall ( a crevasse4 ,fig4 #ef w illu/rate :at ,i saw4 ,! ve9s1 )9 a %ort di/ance1 dipp$ backw>d & =w>d1 l ! junctions ( /ones us$ to turn an ar*4 ,9 "s cases ,i f\nd ?is v>iation ( ! /ructure s great z to pass 9 a %ort di/ance f ! v]tical to ! horizontal1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,sid5ote3 ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,dip ,,( ,,/ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,dip ( ! ,ve9$ ,/ructure4 ,fur!r exam9ation taught me t ! glaci] "h is crumpl$ 9 a mo/ s+ul> mann]2 d\btless by ! great pressure to :i* x is expos$4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration w convey a notion ( its aspect3 ,let "o h& be laid flat ^u a table1 palm d[nw>ds1 & let ! f+]s be b5t until ! space betwe5 ! fir/ jo9t & ! ends ( ! f+]s is v]tical2 "o ( ! crumples to :i* ,i ref] w !n be repres5t$4 ,! ice seems b5t l ! f+]s1 & ! crumples ( ! glaci] are cut by crevasses1 :i* are accurately typifi$ by ! spaces betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,let ! second h& n[ be plac$ ^u ! fir/1 z ! latt] is ^u ! table1 s t ! tops ( ! b5t f+]s ( ! second h& %all re/ ^u ! roots ( ! fir/3 two crumples w\ld ?us be =m$2 a s]ies ( su* protub]ances1 ) /eep fronts1 foll[ ea* o!r f ! base ( ! ,talefre cascade = "s di/ance d[nw>ds4 ,on ,saturday ! #a/ ( ,augu/ ,i asc5d$ ^! r\nd$ t]races 9 succession1 & obs]v$ among !m an extremely rem>kable disposition ( ! /ructure4 ,fig4 #eh is a section ( a s]ies ( ?ree ( ! crumples1 on :i* ! %ad+ l9es repres5t ! direction ( ! blue ve9s4 ,at ! base ( ea* protub]ance ,i f\nd a seam ( :ite ice w$g$ firmly into ! glaci]1 & ea* ( ! seams m>k$ a place ( dislocation ( ! ve9s4 ,! :ite seams ?9n$ (f gradually1 & f9ally vani%$ :]e ! viol5t crumpl+ ( ! ice disappe>$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei ,i h sket*$ ! wall ( a crevasse1 :i* repres5ts :at may be reg>d$ z ! incipi5t crumpl+4 ,! undulat+ l9e %[s ! cont\r ( ! surface1 & ! %ad+ l9es ! ve9s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! direction ( ! ve9s yields 9 con=mity ) ! undulation ( ! surface2 & an augm5tation ( ! effect w\ld evid5tly result 9 ! crumples %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :ite seams at ^? places :]e a dislocation occurr$ 01 z f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 inv>iable2 b 9 a few in/ances ! seams 7 obs]v$ ^u ! plat=ms ( ! t]races1 & also ^u _! slopes4 ,! wid? ( a seam 0 v irregul>1 v>y+ f a few in*es at "s places to ?ree or f\r feet at o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,,crumples ,,( ,,! ,,talefre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,section ( ?ree glaci] ,crumples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,wall ( a crevasse1 ) incipi5t crumpl+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m\lds ,,( ,,:ite ,,ice-,,seams4 ,on ! #crd ( ,augu/ ,i 0 aga9 at ! base ( ! ,talefre cascade1 & obs]v$ a fact ! significance ( :i* _h previ\sly escap$ me4 ,! rills :i* ran d[n ! ice-slopes collect$ at ! base ( ea* protub]ance into a /ream1 :i*1 at ! "t ( my visit1 _h holl[$ out = itself a deep *annel 9 ! ice4 ,at "s places ! /ream wid5$1 at o!rs its banks ( ice approa*$ ea* o!r1 & rapids 7 produc$2 9 fact1 ! *annels ( su* /reams appe>$ to be ! exact m\lds ( ! seams ( :ite ice4 ,in/ruct$ ?us f>1 ,i asc5d$ ! ,glaci] du ,geant on ! #e? ( ,augu/1 & !n obs]v$ on ! wr9kles ( ?is glaci] ! same lean+ backw>ds & =w>ds ( ! blue ve9s z ,i _h previ\sly obs]v$ ^u ! ,talefre4 ,i also notic$ on ?is day t a seam ( :ite ice w\ld sometimes op5 out into two bran*es1 :i*1 aft] rema9+ = "s di/ance sep>ate1 w\ld reunite & ?us enclose a little glaci]-isl&4 ,at o!r places lat]al bran*es 7 ?r[n (f f ! pr9cipal seam1 ?us sugge/+ ! =m ( a glaci]-rivulet :i* _h be5 f$ by tribut>y bran*es4 ,on ! #g? ( ,augu/ ,i hunt$ ! seams /ill f>!r up ! glaci]2 & f\nd !m at "o place desc5d+ a /eep ice-hill1 be+ cross$ by o!r simil> b&s1 :i* h[ev] 7 f> less :ite & compact4 ,i foll[$ ^! new b&s to _! orig91 & f\nd x to be a sy/em ( crevasses =m$ at ! summit ( ! hill1 "s ( :i* 7 fill$ ) sn[4 ,l[] d[n ! crevasses clos$1 & ! sn[ ?us jamm$ betwe5 _! walls 0 conv]t$ into :ite ice4 ,^! seams1 h[ev]1 nev] atta9$ ! compactness & prom95ce ( ! l>g] ones :i* _h _! orig9 f> high] up4 ,i s+l$ out "o ( ! be/ ( ! latt]1 & trac$ x ?r\gh all ! dislocation & confusion ( ! ice1 until ,i f\nd x to t]m9ate 9 a cavity fill$ ) sn[4 ,?is 0 ne> ! base ( ! s]acs1 & ! /reams "h 7 abundant4 ,comp>+ ! %apes ( "s ( !m ) t ( ! ice-b&s l[] d[n ! glaci]1 a /rik+ resemblance 0 obs]v$4 ,fig4 #fj is ! plan ( a deep-cut *annel ?r\gh :i* a /ream fl[$ on ! day to :i* ,i n[ ref]4 ,fig4 #fa is ! plan ( a seam ( :ite ice sket*$ on ! same day1 l[ d[n ^u ! glaci]4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d might be multipli$2 & ! result1 ,i ?9k1 r5d]s x c]ta9 t ! :ite ice-seams ref]r$ to are due to ! fill+ up ( ! *annels ( glaci]-/reams by sn[ dur+ w9t]1 & ! subsequ5t compression ( ! mass to ice dur+ ! desc5t ( ! glaci]4 ,i h f\nd su* seams at ! bases ( all cascades t ,i h visit$2 & 9 all cases !y appe> to be due to ! same cause4 ,! dep? to :i* !y p5etrate ! glaci] mu/ be pr(\nd1 or ! ablation ( ! ice mu/ be less ?an :at is g5]ally suppos$2 = ! seams =m$ s high up on ! ,glaci] du ,geant may be trac$ l[ d[n ^u ! trunk-/ream ( ! ,m] de ,glace4,a ,sid5ote3 ,,/reams ,,& ,,seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,plan ( a ,/ream on ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,plan ( a ,seam ( ,:ite ,ice on ! ,glaci] du ,geant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,scal+ ,,(f ,,by ,,pressure4 ,^! obs]vations on ! :ite ice-seams enable u to add an important supplem5t to :at has be5 /at$ reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! dirt-b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 ,! protub]ances at ! base ( ! cascade are due n only to ! ton+ d[n ( ! ridges produc$ by ! transv]se fracture ( ! glaci] at ! summit ( ! fall1 b !y und]go modifications by ! pressure locally ex]t$ at its base4 ,! /ate ( ?+s repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg is pla9ly due to ! p>tial pu%+ ( "o crumple ov] t next 9 advance ( x4 ,!re seems to be a diff]5tial motion ( ! p>ts ( ! glaci] 9 ! same longitud9al l9e2 %[+ t ^u ! g5]al motion ( ! glaci] small] local motions are sup]pos$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! seams ^u ! faces ( ! slopes seems also to prove t ! pressure is compet5t1 9 "s cases1 to cause ! bases ( ! protub]ances to swell1 s t :at 0 once ! base ( a crumple may subsequ5tly =m a portion ( its slope4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact is also obs]v$ :]e ! pressure is viol5t3 ! crumples scale (f1 b[s ( ice be+ ?us =m$ :i* usually span ! crumples ov] _! mo/ viol5tly compress$ portions4 ,i h f\nd ?is scal+ (f at ! bases ( all ! cascades :i* ,i h visit$1 & x is pla9ly due to ! pressure ex]t$ at su* places ^u ! ice4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! m p]man5t seams may possibly be due to ! fill+ ( ! pr(\nd crevasses ( ! cascade4 7#cc47 ,sid5ote3 ,,compression ,,( ,,glaci] ,,du ,,geant4 ,n only at ! base ( its great cascade1 b ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 ! ,glaci] du ,geant is 9 a /ate ( longitud9al compression4 ,! mean+ ( ?is t]m w be readily und]/ood3 ,let two po9ts1 = example1 be m>k$ ^u ! axis ( ! glaci]2 if ^! dur+ its desc5t 7 drawn wid] ap>t1 x w\ld %[ t ! glaci] 0 9 a /ate ( longitud9al /ra9 or t5sion2 if !y rema9$ at ! same di/ance ap>t1 x w\ld indicate t nei!r /ra9 nor pressure 0 ex]t$2 :]eas1 if ! two po9ts approa*$ ea* o!r1 :i* c\ld only be by ! quick] motion ( ! h9d] "o1 ! exi/5ce ( longitud9al compression w\ld be !reby demon/rat$4 ,tak+ ,le ,petit ,balmat ) me1 to c>ry my !odolite1 ,i asc5d$ ! ,glaci] du ,geant until ,i came ne> ! place :]e x is jo9$ by ! ,glaci] des ,p]iades1 & :5ce ,i obs]v$ a pat* ( fre% gre5 grass ^u ! o!rwise rocky m\nta9-side4 ,to ?is po9t ,i climb$1 & made x ! /ation = my in/rum5t4 ,*oos+ a well-def9$ object at ! opposite side ( ! glaci]1 ,i set1 on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 9 ! l9e betwe5 ?is object & ! !odolite1 ?ree /akes1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 & ! o!r two at opposite sides ( ! c5tre & ab\t #ajj y>ds f x4 ,?is done1 ,i desc5d$ = a qu>t] ( a mile1 :5 ,i aga9 climb$ ! flank+ rocks1 plac+ my !odolite 9 a c\loir1 d[n :i* /ones are frequ5tly dis*>g$ f ! end ( a second>y glaci] :i* hangs ^u ! heights above4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ,i fix$ ?ree /akes1 *isell$ a m>k ^u ! granite1 s z to enable me to f9d ! place1 & rega9$ ! ice )\t accid5t4 ,a day or two previ\sly we _h set out a ?ird l9e at "s di/ance l[] d[n1 & ,i 0 ?us furni%$ ) a succession ( po9ts along ! glaci]1 ! relative motions ( :i* w\ld decide :e!r x 0 press$ or /ret*$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ ,mr4 ,huxley jo9$ u2 & on ! foll[+ day we all set out = ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 to measure ! progress ( ! /akes :i* ,i _h fix$ !re4 ,hir/ rema9$ ^u ! glaci] to measure ! displacem5ts2 ,i %\ld]$ ! !odolite2 & ,huxley 0 my guide to ! m\nta9-side1 s\nd+ 9 advance ( me ! trea*]\s-look+ sn[ ov] :i* we _h to pass4 ,call+ ! c5tral /ake ( ! highe/ l9e ,no4 #a1 t ( ! middle l9e ,no4 #b1 & t ( ! l9e ne>e/ ! ,tacul ,no4 #c1 ! foll[+ are ! spaces mov$ ov] by ^! ?ree po9ts 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 ,in*es4 ,di/ances asund]4 ,no4 #a #bj4ee #ede y>ds4 ,no4 #b #ae4dc #dhg y>ds4 ,no4 #c #ab4ge ,"h we h ! fact :i* ! aspect ( ! glaci] sugge/$4 ,! fir/ /ake moves five in*es a day m ?an ! second1 & ! second ne>ly ?ree in*es a day m ?an ! ?ird4 ,z surmis$1 !re=e1 ! glaci] is 9 a /ate ( longitud9al compression1 :]eby a portion ( x #ajjj y>ds 9 l5g? is %ort5$ at ! rate ( eight in*es a day4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,:ite ,,ice-,,seams4 ,9 accordance ) ?is result1 ! transv]se undulations ( ! ,glaci] du ,geant1 describ$ 9 ! *apt] ^u ,dirt-,b&s1 %ort5 z !y desc5d4 ,a s]ies ( ?ree ( !m measur$ along ! axis ( ! glaci] on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #aheg1 gave ! foll[+ respective l5g?s3--#iee l9ks1 #hee l9ks1 #ggj l9ks1 ! %orte/ undulation be+ ! f>!/ f ! orig9 ( ! undulations4 ,?is glaci] !n con/itutes a va/ ice-press1 & enables u to te/ ! explanation :i* ref]s ! ve9$ /ructure ( ! ice to pressure4 ,! glaci] itself is transv]sely lam9at$1 z already /at$2 & 9 _m cases a /ructure ( extreme def9ition & beauty is develop$ 9 ! compress$ sn[1 :i* con/itutes ! seams ( :ite ice4 ,9 #aheg ,i discov]$ a well-develop$ l5ticul> /ructure 9 "s ( ^! seams4 ,9 #aheh ,i aga9 exam9$ !m4 ,cle>+ away ! sup]ficial portions ) my axe1 ,i f\nd1 drawn ?r\gh ! body ( ! seams1 long l9es ( blue ice ( exquisite def9ition2 9 fact1 ,i _h nev] se5 ! /ructure s delicately exhibit$4 ,! seams1 moreov]1 7 develop$ 9 portions ( ! :ite ice :i* 7 ne> ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 & :]e consequ5tly filam5t\s slid+ 0 entirely out ( ! "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p>tial ,,summ>y4 ,,p>tial ,,summ>y4 #a4 ,glaci]s are d]iv$ f m\nta9 sn[1 :i* has be5 consolidat$ to ice by pressure4 #b4 ,t pressure is compet5t to conv]t sn[ into ice has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t4 #c4 ,! p[] ( yield+ to pressure dim9i%es z ! mass becomes m compact2 b x does n cease ev5 :5 ! sub/ance has atta9$ ! compactness :i* w\ld entitle x to be call$ ice4 #d4 ,:5 a suffici5t dep? ( sn[ collects ^u ! e>?'s surface1 ! l[] portions are squeez$ out by ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass4 ,if x re/s ^u a slope x w yield pr9cipally 9 ! direction ( ! slope1 & move d[nw>ds4 #e4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! :ole mass slides bodily along its incl9$ b$1 & leaves ! traces ( its slid+ on ! rocks ov] :i* x passes1 gr9d+ (f _! asp]ities1 & m>k+ !m ) grooves & scrat*es 9 ! direction ( ! motion4 #f4 ,9 ?is way ! deposit ( consolidat$ & unconsolidat$ sn[ :i* cov]s ! high] portions ( l(ty m\nta9s moves sl[ly d[n into an adjac5t valley1 ?r\gh :i* x desc5ds z a true glaci]1 p>tly by slid+ & p>tly by ! yield+ ( ! mass itself4 #g4 ,sev]al valleys ?us fill$ may unite 9 a s+le valley1 ! tribut>y glaci]s weld+ !mselves toge!r to =m a trunk-glaci]4 #h4 ,bo? ! ma9 valley & its tribut>ies are (t5 s9u\s1 & ! tribut>ies mu/ *ange _! direction to =m ! trunk2 ! wid? ( ! valley (t5 v>ies4 ,! glaci] is =c$ ?r\gh n>r[ gorges1 wid5+ aft] x has pass$ !m2 ! c5tre ( ! glaci] moves m quickly ?an ! sides1 & ! surface m quickly ?an ! bottom2 ! po9t ( swifte/ motion foll[s ! same law z t obs]v$ 9 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 %ift+ f "o side ( ! c5tre to ! o!r z ! flexure ( ! valley *anges4 #i4 ,^! v>i\s effects may be reproduc$ by exp]im5ts on small masses ( ice4 ,! sub/ance may moreov] be m\ld$ into vases & /atuettes4 ,/raight b>s ( x may be b5t into r+s1 or ev5 coil$ into knots4 #aj4 ,ice1 capable ( be+ ?us m\ld$1 is practically incapable ( be+ /ret*$4 ,! condition ess5tial to success is t ! p>ticles ( ! ice op]at$ on %all be kept 9 close contact1 s t :5 old atta*m5ts h be5 sev]$ new ones may be e/abli%$4 #aa4 ,! ne>] ! ice is to its melt+ po9t 9 temp]ature1 ! m easily are ! above results obta9$2 :5 ice is _m degrees bel[ its freez+ po9t x is cru%$ by pressure to a :ite p[d]1 & is n capable ( be+ m\ld$ z above4 #ab4 ,two pieces ( ice at #cb deg4 ,fahr41 ) moi/ surfaces1 :5 plac$ 9 contact freeze toge!r to a rigid mass2 ?is is call$ ,regelation4 #ac4 ,:5 ! atta*m5ts ( press$ ice are brok51 ! cont9uity ( ! mass is re/or$ by ! regelation ( ! new contigu\s surfaces4 ,regelation also enables two tribut>y glaci]s to weld !mselves to =m a cont9u\s trunk2 ?us also ! crevasses are m5d$1 & ! dislocations ( ! glaci] consequ5t on desc5d+ cascades are repair$4 ,?is heal+ ( ruptures ext5ds to ! smalle/ p>ticles ( ! mass1 & x enables u to acc\nt = ! cont9u$ compactness ( ! ice dur+ ! desc5t ( ! glaci]4 #ad4 ,! quality ( viscosity is practically abs5t 9 glaci]-ice4 ,:]e pressure comes into play ! ph5om5a are sugge/ive ( viscosity1 b :]e t5sion comes into play ! analogy ) a visc\s body breaks d[n4 ,:5 subject$ to /ra9 ! glaci] does n yield by /ret*+1 b by break+2 ?is is ! orig9 ( ! crevasses4 #ae4 ,! crevasses are produc$ by ! me*anical /ra9s to :i* ! glaci] is subject$4 ,!y are divid$ into m>g9al1 transv]se1 & longitud9al crevasses2 ! fir/ produc$ by ! oblique /ra9 consequ5t on ! quick] motion ( ! c5tre2 ! second by ! passage ( ! glaci] ov] ! summit ( an incl9e2 ! ?ird by pressure f beh9d & resi/ance 9 front1 :i* causes ! mass to split at "r angles to ! pressure /ra984 #af4 ,! m\l9s are =m$ by deep cracks int]sect+ glaci] rivulets4 ,! wat] 9 desc5d+ su* cracks scoops out = itself a %aft1 sometimes _m feet wide1 & "s hundr$s ( feet deep1 into :i* ! cat>act plunges ) a s\nd l ?und]4 ,! supply ( wat] is p]iodically cut (f f ! m\l9s by fre% cracks1 9 :i* new m\l9s are =m$4 #ag4 ,! lat]al mora9es are =m$ f ! debris :i* loads ! glaci] along its edges2 ! m$ial mora9es are =m$ on a trunk-glaci] by ! union ( ! lat]al mora9es ( its tribut>ies2 ! t]m9al mora9es are =m$ f ! debris c>ri$ by ! glaci] to its t]m9us1 & !re deposit$4 ,! numb] ( m$ial mora9es on a trunk glaci] is always "o less ?an ! numb] ( tribut>ies4 #ah4 ,:5 ord9>y lake-ice is int]sect$ by a /rong sunbeam x liquefies s z to =m fl[]-%ap$ figures )9 ! mass2 ea* fl[] consi/s ( six petals ) a vacu\s space at ! c5tre2 ! fl[]s are always =m$ p>allel to ! planes ( freez+1 & dep5d on ! cry/allization ( ! sub/ance4 #ai4 ,innum]able liquid disks1 ) vacu\s spots1 are also =m$ by ! sol> beams 9 glaci]-ice4 ,^! empty spaces h be5 hi!rto mi/ak5 = air-bubbles1 ! flat =m ( ! disks be+ errone\sly reg>d$ z ! result ( pressure4 #bj4 ,^! disks are indicators ( ! intimate con/itution ( glaci]-ice1 & !y tea* u t x is compos$ ( an aggregate ( p>ts ) surfaces ( cry/allization 9 all possible planes4 #ba4 ,!re are also innum]able small cells 9 glaci]-ice hold+ air & wat]2 su* cells also occur 9 lake-ice2 & "h !y are due to ! melt+ ( ! ice 9 contact ) ! bubble ( air4 ,exp]im5ts are ne$$ on glaci]-ice 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t4 #bb4 ,at a free surface )9 or )\t1 ice melts ) m ease ?an 9 ! c5tre ( a compact mass4 ,! motion :i* we call heat is less controll$ at a free surface1 & x lib]ates ! molecules f ! solid condition soon] ?an :5 ! atoms are surr\nd$ on all sides by o!r atoms :i* imp$e ! molecul> motion4 ,regelation is ! complem5t>y effect to ! above2 = "h ! sup]ficial portions ( a mass ( ice are made virtually c5tral by ! contact ( a second mass4 #bc4 ,! dirt-b&s h _! orig9 9 ! ice-cascades4 ,! glaci]1 9 pass+ ! br[1 is transv]sely fractur$2 ridges are =m$ ) holl[s betwe5 !m2 ^! transv]se holl[s are ! pr9cipal receptacles ( ! f9e debris scatt]$ ov] ! glaci]2 & aft] ! ridges h be5 melt$ away1 ! dirt rema9s 9 successive /ripes ^u ! glaci]4 #bd4 ,! ice ( _m glaci]s is lam9at$1 & :5 wea!r$ may be clov5 into ?9 plates4 ,9 ! s\nd ice ! lam9ation manife/s itself 9 blue /ripes drawn ?r\gh ! g5]al :iti% mass ( ! glaci]2 ^! blue ve9s repres5t+ portions ( ice f :i* ! air-bubbles h be5 m completely expell$4 ,?is is ! ve9$ /ructure ( ! ice4 ,x is divid$ into m>g9al1 transv]se1 & longitud9al /ructure2 :i* may be reg>d$ z complem5t>y to m>g9al1 longitud9al1 & transv]se crevasses4 ,! latt] are produc$ by t5sion1 ! =m] by pressure1 :i* acts 9 two diff]5t ways3 fir/ly1 ! pressure acts ^u ! ice z x has act$ ^u rocks :i* exhibit ! lam9ation te*nically call$ cleavage2 secondly1 x produces p>tial liquefaction ( ! ice4 ,! liquid spaces ?us =m$ help ! escape ( ! air f ! glaci]2 & ! wat] produc$1 be+ refroz5 :5 ! pressure is reliev$1 helps to =m ! blue ve9s4 ,,app5dix4 ,,comp>ative ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,cleavage ,,( ,,cry/als ,,& ,,slate-,,rocks4 ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution1 ,,on ,,friday ,,ev5+ ,,! #f,,? ,,( ,,june1 #ahef4;,a ,:5 ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce has to inve/igate ! "* ( any natural =ce1 8 fir/ c>e mu/ be to purify x f ! mixture ( o!r =ces1 & ?us /udy its simple action4 ,if1 = example1 he wi%es to "k h[ a mass ( wat] w\ld %ape itself1 suppos+ x to be at lib]ty to foll[ ! b5t ( its own molecul> =ces1 he mu/ see t ^! =ces h free & undi/urb$ ex]cise4 ,we might p]haps ref] him to ! dew-drop = a solution ( ! "q2 b "h we h to d1 n only ) ! action ( ! molecules ( ! liquid ^u ea* o!r1 b also ) ! action ( gravity ^u ! mass1 :i* pulls ! drop d[nw>ds & elongates x4 ,if he w\ld exam9e ! problem 9 its purity1 he mu/ d z ,plateau has done1 )draw ! liquid mass f ! action ( gravity1 & he w\ld !n f9d ! %ape ( ! mass to be p]fectly sph]ical4 ,natural processes come to u 9 a mix$ mann]1 & to ! un9/ruct$ m9d are a mass ( un9telligible confusion4 ,suppose half-a-doz5 ( ! be/ musical p]=m]s to be plac$ 9 ! same room1 ea* play+ 8 own in/rum5t to p]fection3 ?\gh ea* individual in/rum5t might be a well-spr+ ( melody1 /ill ! mixture ( all w\ld produce m]e noise4 ,?us x is ) ! processes ( nature4 ,9 nature1 me*anical & molecul> laws m+le1 & create app>5t confusion4 ,_! mixture con/itutes :at may be call$ ! noise ( natural laws1 & x is ! vocation ( ! man ( sci5ce to resolve ?is noise into its compon5ts1 & ?us to detect ! music 9 :i* ! f\ndations ( nature are laid4 ,! necessity ( ?is deta*m5t ( "o =ce f all o!r =ces is n[h]e m /rik+ly exhibit$ ?an 9 ! ph5om5a ( cry/allization4 ,i h "h a solution ( sulphate ( soda4 ,prolong+ ! m5tal vision beyond ! b\nd>ies ( s5se1 we see ! atoms ( t liquid1 l squadrons "u ! eye ( an exp]i5c$ g5]al1 arrang+ !mselves into battalions1 ga!r+ r\nd a c5tral /&>d1 & =m+ !mselves into solid masses1 :i* aft] a "t assume ! visible %ape ( ! cry/al :i* ,i "h hold 9 my h&4 ,i may1 l an ignorant m$dl] wi%+ to ha/5 matt]s1 introduce confusion into ?is ord]4 ,i d s by plung+ ?is glass rod into ! vessel4 ,! consequ5t action is n ! pure expression ( ! cry/all9e =ces2 ! atoms ru% toge!r ) ! confusion ( an unorganiz$ mob1 & n ) ! /eady accuracy ( a discipl9$ ho/4 ,"h1 also1 9 ?is mass ( bismu? we h an example ( ?is confus$ cry/allization2 b 9 ! crucible beh9d me a sl[] process is go+ on3 "h !re is an ar*itect at "w :o makes no *ips1 no d91 & :o is n[ build+ ! p>ticles into cry/als1 simil> 9 %ape & /ructure to ^? beautiful masses :i* we see ^u ! table4 ,by p]mitt+ alum to cry/allize 9 ?is sl[ way1 we obta9 ^! p]fect octah$rons2 by all[+ c>bonate ( lime to cry/allize1 nature produces ^! beautiful rhomboids2 :5 silica cry/allizes1 we h =m$ ^! hexagonal prisms capp$ at ! ends by pyramids2 by all[+ saltpetre to cry/allize1 we h ^! prismatic masses2 & :5 c>bon cry/allizes1 we h ! diamond4 ,if we wi% to obta9 a p]fect cry/al1 we mu/ all[ ! molecul> =ces free play3 if ! cry/alliz+ mass be p]mitt$ to re/ ^u a surface x w be flatt5$1 & to prev5t ?is a small cry/al mu/ be s susp5d$ z to be surr\nd$ on all sides by ! liquid1 or1 if x re/ ^u ! surface1 x mu/ be turn$ daily s z to pres5t all its faces 9 succession to ! work+ build]4 ,9 ?is way ! sci5tific man nurses ^! *ildr5 ( 8 intellect1 wat*es ov] !m ) a c>e wor?y ( imitation1 keeps all influ5ces away :i* might possibly invade ! /rict morality ( cry/all9e laws1 & f9ally sees !m develop$ into =ms ( symmetry & beauty :i* ri*ly rew>d ! c>e be/[$ ^u !m4 ,9 build+ up cry/als1 ^! little atomic bricks (t5 arrange !mselves into lay]s :i* are p]fectly p>allel to ea* o!r1 & :i* c be sep>at$ by me*anical means2 ?is is call$ ! cleavage ( ! cry/al4 ,i h "h a cry/alliz$ mass :i* has ?us f> escap$ ! abrad+ & dis9tegrat+ =ces :i*1 soon] or lat]1 det]m9e ! fate ( sug>-c&y4 ,if ,i am skilful en\gh1 ,i %all discov] t ?is cry/al ( sug> cleaves ) peculi> facility 9 "o direction4 ,"h1 aga91 ,i h a mass ( rock-salt3 ,i lay my knife ^u x1 & ) a bl[ cleave x 9 ?is direction2 b ,i f9d on fur!r exam9+ ?is sub/ance t x cleaves 9 m directions ?an "o4 ,lay+ my knife at "r angles to its =m] position1 ! cry/al cleaves aga92 &1 f9ally plac+ ! knife at "r angles to ! two =m] positions1 ! mass cleaves aga94 ,?us rock-salt cleaves 9 ?ree directions1 & ! result+ solid is ?is p]fect cube1 :i* may be brok5 up into any numb] ( small] cubes4 ,"h is a mass ( ,icel& sp>1 :i* also cleaves 9 ?ree directions1 n at "r angles1 b obliquely to ea* o!r1 ! result+ solid be+ a rhomboid4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! mass cleaves ) equal facility 9 all ?ree directions4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess1 ,i may say t _m sub/ances cleave ) unequal facility 9 diff]5t directions1 & ! heavy sp> ,i hold 9 my h& pres5ts an example ( ?is k9d ( cleavage4 ,turn we n[ to ! consid]ation ( "s o!r ph5om5a to :i* ! t]m cleavage may be appli$4 ,?is piece ( bee*-wood cleaves ) facility p>allel to ! fibre1 & if our exp]im5ts 7 f9e en\gh we %\ld discov] t ! cleavage is mo/ p]fect :5 ! edge ( ! axe is laid across ! r+s :i* m>k ! gr[? ( ! tree4 ,! fibres ( ! wood lie side by side1 & a comp>atively small =ce is suffici5t to sep>ate !m4 ,if y look at ?is mass ( hay sev]$ f a rick1 y w see a sort ( cleavage develop$ 9 x also2 ! /alks lie 9 p>allel planes1 & only a small =ce is requir$ to sep>ate !m lat]ally4 ,b we _c reg>d ! cleavage ( ! tree z ! same 9 "* z ! cleavage ( ! hayrick4 ,9 ! "o case x is ! atoms arrang+ !mselves accord+ to organic laws :i* produce a cleavable /ructure2 9 ! o!r case ! easy sep>ation 9 a c]ta9 direction is due to ! me*anical arrangem5t ( ! co>se s5sible masses ( /alks ( hay4 ,9 l mann] ,i f9d t ?is piece ( s&/one cleaves p>allel to ! planes ( b$d+4 ,?is rock 0 once a p[d]1 m or less co>se1 held 9 me*anical susp5sion by wat]4 ,! p[d] 0 compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 f9e gra9s ( s& & small plates ( mica4 ,imag9e a wide /r& cov]$ by a tide :i* holds su* p[d] 9 susp5sion3,b h[ w x s9k8 ,! r\nd$ gra9s ( s& w rea* ! bottom fir/1 ! mica aft]w>ds1 & :5 ! tide rec$es we h ! little plates %9+ l spangles ^u ! surface ( ! s&4 ,ea* successive tide br+s its *>ge ( mix$ p[d]1 deposits its duplex lay] day aft] day1 & f9ally masses ( imm5se ?ickness are ?us pil$ up1 :i*1 by pres]v+ ! alt]nations ( s& & mica1 tell ! tale ( _! =mation4 ,i d n wi% y to accept ?is )\t pro(4 ,take ! s& & mica1 mix !m toge!r 9 wat]1 & all[ !m to subside1 !y w arrange !mselves 9 ! mann] ,i h indicat$2 & by repeat+ ! process y c actually build up a s&/one mass :i* %all be ! exact c\nt]p>t ( t pres5t$ by nature1 z ,i h done 9 ?is glass j>4 ,n[ ?is /ructure cleaves ) read9ess along ! planes 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( mica are /rewn4 ,"h is a mass ( su* a rock s5t to me f ,halifax3 "h are o!r masses f ! qu>ries ( ,ov] ,d>w5 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,) a hamm] & *isel y see ,i c cleave !m into flags2 inde$ ^! flags are made use ( = ro(+ purposes 9 ! di/ricts f :i* ! specim5s h come1 & receive ! "n ( slate-/one4 ,b y w disc]n1 )\t a ^w f me1 t ?is cleavage is n a cry/all9e cleavage any m ?an t ( a hayrick is4 ,x is n an arrangem5t produc$ by molecul> =ces2 inde$ x w\ld be j z reasonable to suppose t 9 ?is j> ( s& & mica ! p>ticles arrang$ !mselves into lay]s by ! =ces ( cry/allization1 in/ead ( by ! simple =ce ( gravity1 z to imag9e t su* a cleavage z ?is c\ld be ! product ( cry/allization4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e (1 has nev] be5 imag9$1 & x has be5 agre$ among geologi/s n to call su* splitt+ z ?is cleavage at all1 b to re/rict ! t]m to a class ( ph5om5a :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,^? :o h visit$ ! slate qu>ries ( ,cumb]l& & ,nor? ,wales w h witness$ ! ph5om5a to :i* ,i ref]4 ,we h long drawn our supply ( ro(+-slates f su* qu>ries2 s*oolboys ciph]$ on ^! slates1 !y 7 us$ = tomb/ones 9 *ur*y>ds1 & = billi>d-tables 9 ! metropolis2 b n until a comp>atively late p]iod did m5 beg9 to inquire h[ _! wond]ful /ructure 0 produc$4 ,:at is ! ag5cy :i* enables u to split ,honi/] ,crag1 or ! cliffs ( ,sn[don1 into lam9ae f cr[n to base8 ,?is "q is at ! pres5t mom5t "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( geologi/s1 & occupies _! att5tion p]haps m ?an any o!r4 ,y may wond] at ?is4 ,look+ into ! qu>ry ( ,p5rhyn1 y may be dispos$ to expla9 ! "q z ,i he>d x expla9$ two ye>s ago4 ,^! planes ( cleavage1 said a fri5d :o /ood beside me on ! qu>ry's edge1 are ! planes ( /ratification :i* h be5 lift$ by "s convulsion into an almo/ v]tical position4 ,b ?is 0 a great mi/ake1 & inde$ "h lies ! gr& difficulty ( ! problem4 ,^! planes ( cleavage /& 9 mo/ cases at a high angle to ! b$d+4 ,?anks to ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :o has k9dly p]mitt$ me ! use ( specim5s f ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology 7& "h ,i may be p]mitt$ to express my ackn[l$gm5ts to ! di/+ui%$ /aff ( t noble e/abli%m5t1 :o1 in/ead ( consid]+ me an intrud]1 h welcom$ me z a bro!r71 ,i am able to place ! pro( ( ?is be=e y4 ,"h is a mass ( slate 9 :i* ! planes ( b$d+ are di/9ctly m>k$2 "h are ! planes ( cleavage1 & y see t "o ( !m makes a l>ge angle ) ! o!r4 ,! cleavage ( slates is !re=e n a "q ( /ratification1 & ! problem :i* we h n[ to consid] is1 ,by :at cause has ?is cleavage be5 produc$8 ,9 an able & elaborate essay on ?is subject 9 #ahce1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick propos$ ! !ory t cleavage is produc$ by ! action ( cry/all9e or pol> =ces aft] ! mass has be5 consolidat$4 ,we may affirm1 he says1 t no retreat ( ! p>ts1 no contraction ( dim5sions 9 pass+ to a solid /ate c expla9 su* ph5om5a4 ,!y appe> to me only resolvable on ! supposition t cry/all9e or pol> =ces act$ ^u ! :ole mass simultane\sly 9 "o direction & ) adequate =ce4 ,& aga91 9 ano!r place3 ,cry/all9e =ces h re>rang$ :ole m\nta9-masses1 produc+ a beautiful cry/all9e cleavage1 pass+ alike ?r\gh all ! /rata4,c ,! utt]ance ( su* a man /ruck deep1 z 0 natural1 into ! m9ds ( geologi/s1 & at ! pres5t day !re are few :o d n ent]ta9 ?is view ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p4,d ,! magnific5ce ( ! !ory1 inde$1 has 9 "s cases caus$ speculation to run riot1 & we h books publi%$1 aye & l>gely sold1 on ! action ( pol> =ces & geologic magnetism1 :i* r a/oni% ^? :o "k some?+ ab\t ! subject4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ref]r$ to1 miles & miles ( ! di/ricts ( ,nor? ,wales & ,cumb]l&1 compris+ huge m\nta9-masses1 are nei!r m nor less ?an ! p>ts ( a gigantic cry/al4 ,^! masses ( slate 7 orig9ally f9e mud2 ?is mud is compos$ ( ! brok5 & abrad$ p>ticles ( old] rocks4 ,x conta9s silica1 alum9a1 iron1 pota%1 soda1 & mica1 mix$ 9 s5sible masses me*anically toge!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! mass became consolidat$1 & ! !ory be=e u assumes t aft]w>ds a process ( cry/allization re>rang$ ! p>ticles & develop$ 9 ! mass a s+le plane ( cry/all9e cleavage4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is hypo!sis1 ,i w only say t x is a bold /ret* ( analogies2 b /ill x has done good s]vice3 x has drawn att5tion to ! "q2 "r or wrong1 a !ory ?us ?\ghtfully utt]$ has its value2 x is a dynamic p[] :i* op]ates aga9/ intellectual /agnation2 &1 ev5 by provok+ opposition1 is ev5tually ( s]vice to ! cause ( tru?4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 rem>kable1 if1 among ! ranks ( geologi/s !mselves1 m5 7 n f\nd to seek an explanation ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q1 :i* involv$ a less h>dy spr+ on ! "p ( ! speculative faculty ?an ! view to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d is to put oneself into contact ) nature1 to seek facts4 ,?is has be5 done1 & ! lab\rs ( ,%>pe 7! late ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 :o1 to ! loss ( sci5ce & ! sorr[ ( all :o knew him1 has s sudd5ly be5 tak5 away f u71 ,sorby1 & o!rs1 h furni%$ u ) a body ( evid5ce :i* reveals to u c]ta9 important physical ph5om5a1 associat$ ) ! appe>ance ( slaty cleavage1 if !y h n produc$ x4 ,! nature ( ?is evid5ce we w n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,fossil %ells are f\nd 9 ^! slate-rocks4 ,i h "h sev]al specim5s ( su* %ells1 occupy+ v>i\s positions ) reg>d to ! cleavage planes4 ,!y are squeez$1 di/ort$1 & cru%$4 ,9 "s cases a flatt5+ ( ! convex %ell occurs1 9 o!rs ! valves are press$ by a =ce :i* act$ 9 ! plane ( _! junction1 b 9 all cases ! di/ortion is su* z leads to ! inf]5ce t ! rock :i* conta9s ^! %ells has be5 subject$ to enorm\s pressure 9 a direction at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage2 ! %ells are all flatt5$ & spread out ^u ^! planes4 ,i hold 9 my h& a fossil trilobite ( normal proportions4 ,"h is a s]ies ( fossils ( ! same creature :i* h suff]$ di/ortion4 ,"s h la9 across1 "s along1 & "s oblique to ! cleavage ( ! slate 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 9 all cases ! nature ( ! di/ortion is su* z requir$ = its production a compress+ =ce act+ at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage4 ,z ! creatures lay 9 ! mud 9 ! mann] indicat$1 ! jaws ( a gigantic vice appe> to h clos$ ^u !m & squeez$ !m into ! %ape y see4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ! ex]tion ( pressure1 let me introduce to y\r notice a case ( contortion :i* has be5 adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sorby4 ,! b$d+ ( ! rock %[n 9 ?is figure,e 0 once horizontal2 at ,a we h a deep lay] ( mud1 & at m n a lay] ( comp>atively unyield+ gritty mat]ial2 bel[ t aga91 at ,b1 we h ano!r lay] ( ! f9e mud ( :i* slates are =m$4 ,?is mass cleaves along ! %ad+ l9es ( ! diagram2 b look at ! %ape ( ! int]m$iate b$3 x is contort$ into a s]p5t9e =m1 & leads irresi/ibly to ! conclusion t ! mass has be5 press$ toge!r at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage4 ,?is action c be exp]im5tally imitat$1 & ,i h "h a piece ( clay 9 :i* ?is is done & ! same result produc$ on a small scale4 ,! am\nt ( compression1 inde$1 might be r\ghly e/imat$ by suppos+ ?is contort$ b$ m n to be /ret*$ out1 its l5g? measur$ & comp>$ ) ! di/ance c d2 we f9d 9 ?is way t ! yield+ ( ! mass has be5 consid]able4 ,let me n[ direct y\r att5tion to ano!r pro( ( pressure4 ,y see ! v>y+ col\rs :i* indicate ! b$d+ on ?is mass ( slate4 ,! d>k portion1 z ,i h /at$1 is gritty1 & compos$ ( comp>atively co>se p>ticles1 :i*1 ow+ to _! size1 %ape1 & gravity1 s9k fir/ & con/itute ! bottom ( ea* lay]4 ,gradually f bottom to top ! co>s5ess dim9i%es1 & ne> ! upp] surface ( ea* lay] we h a mass ( comp>atively f9e clean mud4 ,sometimes ?is f9e mud =ms di/9ct lay]s 9 a mass ( slate-rock1 & x is ! mud ?us consolidat$ f :i* are d]iv$ ! ,g]man razor-/ones1 s mu* priz$ = ! %>p5+ ( surgical in/rum5ts4 ,i h "h an example ( su* a /one4 ,:5 a b$ is ?91 ! clean :ite mud is p]mitt$ to re/1 z 9 ?is case1 ^u a slab ( ! co>s] slate 9 contact ) x3 :5 ! b$ is ?ick1 x is cut into slices :i* are cem5t$ to pieces ( ord9>y slate1 & ?us r5d]$ /rong]4 ,! mud ?us deposit$ sometimes 9 lay]s is1 z might be expect$1 (t5 roll$ up into nodul> masses1 c>ri$ =w>d1 & deposit$ by ! riv]s f :i* ! slate-mud has subsid$4 ,"h1 inde$1 are su* nodules enclos$ 9 s&/one4 ,ev]ybody :o has ciph]$ ^u a s*ool-slate mu/ rememb] ! :iti%-gre5 spots :i* sometimes dott$ ! surface ( ! slate2 he w rememb] h[ 8 slate-p5cil usually slid ov] su* spots z if !y 7 greasy4 ,n[ ^! spots are compos$ ( ! f9] mud1 & !y c\ld n1 on acc\nt ( _! f95ess1 bite ! p5cil l ! surr\nd+ gritty portions ( ! slate4 ,"h is a beautiful example ( ! spots3 y obs]ve !m on ! cleavage surface 9 broad pat*es2 b if ?is mass has be5 compress$ at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage1 ought we to expect ! same m>ks :5 we look at ! edge ( ! slab8 ,! nodules w be flatt5$ by su* pressure1 & we ought to see evid5ce ( ?is flatt5+ :5 we turn ! slate edgeways4 ,"h x is4 ,! section ( a nodule is a %>p ellipse ) its major axis p>allel to ! cleavage4 ,!re are o!r examples ( ! same nature on ! table2 ,i h made excursions to ! qu>ries ( ,wales & ,cumb]l&1 & to _m ( ! slate-y>ds ( ,london1 b ! same fact inv>iably appe>s1 & ?us we elevate a common exp]i5ce ( our boyhood into evid5ce ( ! highe/ significance z reg>ds "o ( ! mo/ important problems ( geology4 ,9 exam9+ ! magnetism ( ^! slates1 ,i 0 l$ to inf] t ^! spots w\ld conta9 a less am\nt ( iron ?an ! surr\nd+ d>k slate4 ,! analysis 0 made = me by ,mr4 ,hambly 9 ! laboratory ( ,dr4 ,p]cy at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,! result :i* is /at$ 9 ?is ,table ju/ifies ! conclusion to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,analysis ( ,slate4 ,purple ,slate4 ,two ,analyses4 #a4 ,p]c5tage ( iron #e4he #b4 #f4ac ,mean #e4ii ,gre5i% ,slate4 #a4 ,p]c5tage ( iron #c4bd #b4 #c4ab ,mean #c4ah ,! quantity ( iron 9 ! d>k slate imm$iately adjac5t to ! gre5i% spot is1 accord+ to ^! analyses1 ne>ly d\ble ( ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! spot itself4 ,?is is ab\t ! proportion :i* ! magnetic exp]im5ts sugge/$4 ,let me n[ rem9d y t ! facts :i* ,i h br\ght be=e y are typical facts--ea* is ! repres5tative ( a class4 ,we h se5 %ells cru%$1 ! unhappy trilobites squeez$1 b$s contort$1 nodules ( gre5i% m>l flatt5$2 & all ^! s\rces ( indep5d5t te/imony po9t to "o & ! same conclusion1 namely1 t slate-rocks h be5 subject$ to enorm\s pressure 9 a direction at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage4,f ,9 ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,sorby's contort$ b$1 ,i h said t by suppos+ x to be /ret*$ out & its l5g? measur$1 x w\ld give u an idea ( ! am\nt ( yield+ ( ! mass above & bel[ ! b$4 ,su* a measurem5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld n q give ! am\nt ( yield+2 & "h ,i w\ld beg y\r att5tion to a po9t1 ! significance ( :i* has1 s f> z ,i am aw>e (1 hi!rto escap$ att5tion4 ,i hold 9 my h& a specim5 ( slate1 ) its b$d+ m>k$ ^u x2 ! l[] portions ( ea* b$ are compos$ ( a comp>atively co>se gritty mat]ial1 some?+ l :at y may suppose ?is contort$ b$ to be compos$ (4 ,well1 ,i f9d t ! cleavage takes a b5d 9 cross+ ^! gritty portions1 & t ! t5d5cy ( ^! portions is to cleave m at "r angles to ! b$d+4 ,look to ?is diagram3 :5 ! =ces comm5c$ to act1 ?is int]m$iate b$1 :i* ?\gh comp>atively unyield+ is n entirely s1 suff]$ longitud9al pressure2 z x b5t1 ! pressure became gradually m lat]al1 & ! direction ( its cleavage is exactly su* z y w\ld inf] f a =ce ( ?is k9d--x is nei!r q across ! b$1 nor yet 9 ! same direction z ! cleavage ( ! slate above & bel[ x1 b int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,suppos+ ! cleavage to be at "r angles to ! pressure1 ?is is ! direction :i* x ought to take across ^! m unyield+ /rata4 ,?us we h e/abli%$ ! concurr5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( cleavage & pressure--t !y accompany ea* o!r2 b ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,is ?is pressure ( itself suffici5t to acc\nt = ! cleavage8 ,a s+le geologi/1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 answ]s boldly 9 ! affirmative4 ,?is geologi/ is ,sorby1 :o has attack$ ! "q 9 ! true _s ( a physical inve/igator4 ,y rememb] ! cleavage ( ! flags ( ,halifax & ,ov] ,d>w51 :i* is caus$ by ! int]position ( plates ( mica betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,mr4 ,sorby exam9es ! /ructure ( slate-rock1 & f9ds plates ( mica to be a con/itu5t4 ,he asks himself1 :at w be ! effect ( pressure ^u a mass conta9+ su* plates confus$ly mix$ up 9 x8 ,x w be1 he argues--& he argues rightly--to place ! plates ) _! flat surfaces m or less p]p5dicul> to ! direction 9 :i* ! pressure is ex]t$4 ,he takes scales ( ! oxide ( iron1 mixes !m ) a f9e p[d]1 &1 on squeez+ ! mass1 f9ds t ! t5d5cy ( ! scales is to set !mselves at "r angles to ! l9e ( pressure4 ,n[ ! planes 9 :i* ^! plates arrange !mselves w1 he cont5ds1 be ^? along :i* ! mass cleaves4 ,i c\ld %[ y1 by te/s ( a totally diff]5t "* f ^? appli$ by ,mr4 ,sorby1 h[ true 8 conclusion is1 t ! effect ( pressure on elongat$ p>ticles or plates w be su* z he describes x4 ,nev]!less1 :ile kn[+ ?is fact1 & admir+ ! ability ) :i* ,mr4 ,sorby has treat$ ?is "q1 ,i _c accept 8 explanation ( slate-cleavage4 ,i believe t ev5 if ^! plates ( mica 7 :olly abs5t1 ! cleavage ( slate-rocks w\ld be mu* ! same z x is at pres5t4 ,i w n dwell "h ^u m9or facts1--,i w n urge t ! p]fection ( ! cleavage be>s no relation to ! quantity ( mica pres5t2 b ,i w come at once to a case :i* to my m9d completely upsets ! notion t su* plates are a necess>y elem5t 9 ! production ( cleavage4 ,"h is a mass ( pure :ite wax3 !re are no mica p>ticles "h2 !re are no scales ( iron1 or any?+ analog\s mix$ up ) ! mass4 ,"h is ! self-same sub/ance submitt$ to pressure4 ,i w\ld invite ! att5tion ( ! em95t geologi/s :om ,i see be=e me to ! /ructure ( ?is mass4 ,no slate ev] exhibit$ s clean a cleavage2 x splits into lam9ae ( surpass+ t5uity1 & proves at a s+le /roke t pressure is suffici5t to produce cleavage1 & t ?is cleavage is indep5d5t ( ! int]mix$ plates ( mica assum$ 9 ,mr4 ,sorby's !ory4 ,i h purposely mix$ ?is wax ) elongat$ p>ticles1 & am unable to say at ! pres5t mom5t t ! cleavage is s5sibly affect$ by _! pres5ce1--if any?+1 ,i %\ld say !y r impair its f95ess & cle>ness ?an promote x4 ,! f9] ! slate ! m p]fect w be ! resemblance ( its cleavage to t ( ! wax4 ,comp>e ! surface ( ! wax ) ! surface ( ?is slate f ,borrodale 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,y h precisely ! same features 9 bo?3 y see flakes cl++ to ! surfaces ( ea*1 :i* h be5 p>tially torn away by ! cleavage ( ! mass3 ,i ent]ta9 ! conviction t if any close obs]v] comp>es ^! two effects1 he w be l$ to ! conclusion t !y are ! product ( a common cause4,g ,b y w ask1 h[1 accord+ to my view1 does pressure produce ?is rem>kable result8 ,?is may be /at$ 9 a v few words4 ,nature is ev]y:]e imp]fect6 ,! eye is n p]fectly a*romatic1 ! col\rs ( ! rose & tulip are n pure col\rs1 & ! fre%e/ air ( our hills has a bit ( poison 9 x4 ,9 l mann] !re is no su* ?+ 9 nature z a body ( p]fectly homog5e\s /ructure4 ,i break ?is clay :i* seems s intimately mix$1 & f9d t ! fracture pres5ts to my eyes innum]able surfaces along :i* x has giv5 way1 & x has yield$ along ^! surfaces because 9 !m ! cohesion ( ! mass is less ?an else:]e4 ,i break ?is m>ble1 & ev5 ?is wax1 & obs]ve ! same result3 look at ! mud at ! bottom ( a dri$ pond2 look to "s ( ! ungravell$ walks 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s on dry+ aft] ra91--!y are crack$ & split1 & o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 !y crack & split :]e ! cohesion ( ! mass is lea/4 ,take !n a mass ( p>tially consolidat$ mud4 ,assur$ly su* a mass is divid$ & subdivid$ by surfaces along :i* ! cohesion is comp>atively small4 ,p5etrate ! mass1 & y w see x compos$ ( numb]less irregul> nodules b\nd$ by surfaces ( weak cohesion4 ,figure to y\r m9d's eye su* a mass subject$ to pressure1--! mass yields & spreads out 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance2,h ! little nodules become conv]t$ into lam9ae1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by surfaces ( weak cohesion1 & ! infallible result w be t su* a mass w cleave at "r angles to ! l9e 9 :i* ! pressure is ex]t$4 ,fur!r1 a mass ( dri$ mud is full ( cavities & fissures4 ,if y break dri$ pipe-clay y see !m 9 great numb]s1 & !re are multitudes ( !m s small t y _c see !m4 ,i h "h a piece ( glass 9 :i* a bubble 0 enclos$2 by ! compression ( ! glass ! bubble is flatt5$1 & ! sides ( ! bubble approa* ea* o!r s closely z to exhibit ! col\rs ( ?9 plates4 ,a simil> flatt5+ ( ! cavities mu/ take place 9 squeez$ mud1 & ?is mu/ mat]ially facilitate ! cleavage ( ! mass 9 ! direction already indicat$4 ,al?\gh ! "t at my disposal has n p]mitt$ me to develop ?is ?\ght z f> z ,i c\ld wi%1 yet = ! la/ twelve mon?s ! subject has pres5t$ itself to me almo/ daily "u "o aspect or ano!r4 ,i h nev] eat5 a biscuit dur+ ?is p]iod 9 :i* an intellectual joy has n be5 sup]add$ to ! m s5sual pleasure1 = ,i h rem>k$ 9 all su* cases cleavage develop$ 9 ! mass by ! roll+-p9 ( ! pa/rycook or confection]4 ,i h only to break ^! cakes1 & to look at ! fracture1 to see ! lam9at$ /ructure ( ! mass2 nay1 ,i h ! means ( pu%+ ! analogy fur!r3 ,i h "h "s slate :i* 0 subject$ to a high temp]ature dur+ ! conflagration ( ,mr4 ,scott ,russell's premises4 ,i invite y to comp>e ?is /ructure ) t ( a biscuit2 air or vap\r )9 ! mass has caus$ x to swell1 & ! me*anical /ructure x reveals is precisely t ( a biscuit4 ,i h gone a little into ! my/]ies ( bak+ :ile conduct+ my inquiries on ?is subject1 & h receiv$ mu* in/ruction f a lady-fri5d 9 ! manufacture ( puff-pa/e4 ,"h is "s pa/e bak$ 9 ?is h\se "u my own sup]9t5d5ce4 ,! cleavage ( our hills is accid5tal cleavage1 b ?is is cleavage ) int5tion4 ,! volition ( ! pa/rycook has ent]$ into ! =mation ( ! mass1 & x has be5 8 aim to pres]ve a s]ies ( surfaces ( /ructural weakness1 along :i* ! d\gh divides into lay]s4 ,puff-pa/e mu/ n be h&l$ too mu*1 = !n ! cont9uity ( ! surfaces is brok52 x ought to be roll$ on a cold slab1 to prev5t ! butt] f melt+ & diffus+ itself ?r\gh ! mass1 ?us r5d]+ x m homog5e\s & less liable to split4 ,?is is ! :ole philosophy ( puff-pa/e2 x is a grossly exagg]at$ case ( slaty cleavage4 ,z "t pass$ on1 cases multipli$1 illu/rat+ ! influ5ce ( pressure 9 produc+ lam9ation4 ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,de la ,rue in=ms me t he once wi%$ to obta9 :ite-lead 9 a f9e granul> /ate1 & to accompli% ?is he fir/ compress$ ! mass3 ! m\ld 0 conical1 & p]mitt$ ! mass to spread a little lat]ally "u ! pressure4 ,! lam9ation 0 z p]fect z t ( slate1 & q defeat$ him 9 8 ef=t to obta9 a granul> p[d]4 ,mr4 ,brodie1 z y are aw>e1 has rec5tly discov]$ a new k9d ( graphite3 "h is ! sub/ance 9 p[d]1 ( exquisite f95ess4 ,?is p[d] has ! peculi>ity ( cl++ toge!r 9 little conf$]acies2 x _c be %ak5 asund] l lycopodium2 & :5 ! mass is squeez$1 ^! gr\ps ( p>ticles flatt51 & a p]fect cleavage is produc$4 ,mr4 ,brodie himself has be5 k9d en\gh to furni% me ) specim5s = ?is ev5+'s lecture4 ,i w cleave !m be=e y3 y see !y split up into plates :i* are p]p5dicul> to ! l9e 9 :i* ! pressure 0 ex]t$4 ,?is te/imony is all ! m valuable1 z ! facts 7 obta9$ )\t any ref]5ce :atev] to ! "q ( cleavage4 ,i h "h a mass ( t s+ul> sub/ance ,boghead ,cannel4 ,?is 0 once a mass ( mud1 m or less resembl+ ?is "o1 :i* ,i h obta9$ f a bog 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,i feel "s hesitation 9 br++ ?is sub/ance be=e y1 =1 z 9 o!r cases1 s 9 reg>d to ,boghead ,cannel1 sci5ce--n sci5ce1 let me n libel x1 b ! quibbl+1 litigi\s1 money-lov+ portion ( human nature speak+ ?r\gh ! mask ( sci5ce--has s contriv$ to split hairs z to r5d] ! qualities ( ! sub/ance some:at my?ical4 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) %[+ y h[ x cleaves1 & ) express+ my conviction t pressure _h a great %>e 9 ! production ( ?is cleavage4 ,! pr9ciple :i* ,i h enunciat$ is s simple z to be almo/ trivial2 nev]!less1 x embraces n only ! cases ,i h m5tion$1 b1 if "t p]mitt$1 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld %[ y t x takes a mu* wid] range4 ,:5 iron is tak5 f ! puddl+ furnace1 x is a m or less spongy mass3 x is at a weld+ heat1 & at ?is temp]ature is submitt$ to ! process ( roll+3 bright smoo? b>s su* z ?is are ! result ( ?is roll+4 ,b ,i h said t ! mass is m or less spongy or nodul>1 &1 not)/&+ ! high heat1 ^! nodules d n p]fectly incorporate ) _! neighb\rs3 :at !n8 ,y w\ld say t ! process ( roll+ mu/ draw ! nodules into fibres--x does s2 & "h is a mass act$ ^u by dilute sulphuric acid1 :i* exhibits 9 a /rik+ mann] ?is fibr\s /ructure4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made by my fri5d ,dr4 ,p]cy1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! "q ( cleavage4 ,"h are o!r cases ( fibr\s iron4 ,?is fibr\s /ructure is ! result ( me*anical treatm5t4 ,break a mass ( ord9>y iron & y h a granul> fracture2 beat ! mass1 y elongate ^! granules1 & f9ally r5d] ! mass fibr\s4 ,"h are pieces ( rails along :i* ! :eels ( locomotives h slidd52 ! granules h yield$ & become plates2 !y exfoliate or come (f 9 leaves4 ,all ^! effects belong1 ,i believe1 to ! great class ( ph5om5a ( :i* slaty cleavage =ms ! mo/ prom95t example4,i ,?us1 ladies & g5tlem51 we h rea*$ ! t]m9ation ( our task4 ,i comm5c$ by exhibit+ to y "s ( ! ph5om5a ( cry/allization4 ,i h plac$ be=e y ! facts :i* are f\nd to be associat$ ) ! cleavage ( slate-rocks4 ,^! facts1 z f9ely express$ by ,helmholtz1 are s _m telescopes to our spiritual vision1 by :i* we c see backw>d ?r\gh ! night ( antiquity1 & disc]n ! =ces :i* h be5 9 op]ation ^u ! e>?'s surface ,ere ! lion ro>$1 ,or ! eagle so>$4 ,f evid5ce ( ! mo/ indep5d5t & tru/wor?y "*1 we come to ! conclusion t ^! slaty masses h be5 subject$ to enorm\s pressure1 & by ! sure me?od ( exp]im5t we h %[n--& ?is is ! only really new po9t :i* has be5 br\ght be=e y--h[ ! pressure is suffici5t to produce ! cleavage4 ,exp&+ our field ( view1 we f9d ! self-same law1 ^: foot/eps we trace amid ! crags ( ,wales & ,cumb]l&1 /ret*+ its ubiquit\s f+]s into ! doma9 ( ! pa/rycook & ironf\nd]2 nay1 a :eel _c roll ov] ! half-dri$ mud ( our /reets )\t reveal+ to u m or less ( ! features ( ?is law4 ,i w\ld say1 9 conclusion1 t ! _s 9 :i* ?is problem has be5 attack$ by geologi/s indicates ! dawn+ ( a new day = _! sci5ce4 ,! great intellects :o h lab\r$ at geology1 & :o h rais$ x to its pres5t pit* ( gr&eur1 7 compell$ to deal ) ! subject 9 mass2 !y _h no "t to look aft] details4 ,b ! desire = m exact k is increas+2 facts are fl[+ 91 :i*1 :ile !y leave unt\*$ ! intr9sic wond]s ( geology1 are gradually supplant+ by solid tru?s ! unc]ta9 speculations :i* beset ! subject 9 its infancy4 ,geologi/s n[ aim to imitate1 z f> z possible1 ! conditions ( nature1 & to produce h] results2 !y are approa*+ m & m to ! doma9 ( physics2 & ,i tru/ ! day w soon come :5 we %all int]lace our fri5dly arms across ! common b\nd>y ( our sci5ces1 & pursue our respective tasks 9 a _s ( mutual helpfulness1 enc\ragem5t1 & good-w4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,ref]r$ to 9 ! ,introduction4 ,b ,i m]ely use ?is z an illu/ration2 ! deposition may h really be5 due to s$im5t c>ri$ d[n by riv]s4 ,b ! action mu/ h be5 p]iodic1 & ! p[d] duplex4 ,c ',transactions ( ! ,geological ,society1' ,s]4 ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dgg4 ,d ,9 a lett] to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 dat$ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahcf1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el writes z foll[s3--,if rocks h be5 s heat$ z to all[ ( a comm5cem5t ( cry/allization1 t is to say1 if !y h be5 heat$ to a po9t at :i* ! p>ticles c beg9 to move among/ !mselves1 or at lea/ on _! own axes1 "s g5]al law mu/ !n det]m9e ! position 9 :i* ^! p>ticles w re/ on cool+4 ,probably t position w h "s relation to ! direction 9 :i* ! heat escapes4 ,n[ :5 all or a majority ( p>ticles ( ! same nature h a g5]al t5d5cy to "o position1 t mu/ ( c\rse det]m9e a cleavage plane4 ,e ,omitt$ "h4 ,f ,:ile to my m9d ! evid5ce 9 pro( ( pressure seems p]fectly irresi/ible1 ,i by no means ass]t t ! mann] 9 :i* ,i /at$ x is incapable ( modification4 ,all t ,i deem important is ! fact t pressure has be5 ex]t$2 & provid$ ?is rema9 firm1 ! fate ( any m9or portion ( ! evid5ce by :i* x is "h e/abli%$ is ( comp>atively little mom5t4 ,g ,i h usually s(t5$ ! wax by w>m+ x1 knead$ x ) ! f+]s1 & press$ x betwe5 ?ick plates ( glass previ\sly wett$4 ,at ! ord9>y summ]-temp]ature ! wax is s(t1 & te>s r ?an cleaves2 on ?is acc\nt ,i cool my compress$ specim5s 9 a mixture ( p\nd$ ice & salt1 & :5 ?us cool$ !y split beautifully4 ,h ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t if ! mass 7 squeez$ equally 9 all directions no lam9at$ /ructure c\ld be produc$2 x mu/ h room to yield 9 a lat]al direction4 ,i ,an em95t au?ority in=ms me t he believes ^! surfaces ( weak cohesion to be due to ! int]position ( films ( graphite1 & n to any t5d5cy ( ! iron itself to become fibr\s3 ?is ( c\rse does n 9 any way militate aga9/ ! !ory :i* ,i h v5tur$ to propose4 ,all t ! !ory requires is surfaces ( weak cohesion1 h[ev] produc$1 & a *ange ( %ape ( su* surfaces consequ5t on pressure or roll+4 ,,index4 ,a,eggischhorn1 #ajj1 #aje4 ,agassiz on glaci] motion1 #bgj1 #caj4 ,air-bubbles1 #cei1 #cgf4 ,alets* ,glaci]1 #aja4 -- --1 b$d+ & /ructure obs]v$ on1 #abj1 #cia4 ,alets*horn1 cl\d iridesc5ces on1 #ajj1 #bch4 ,allale9 ,glaci]1 #afb4 ,alp9e climb]s1 sugge/ions to1 #afi4 ,alps1 w9t] temp]ature (1 #afh4 ,altmann's !ory ( glaci] motion1 #bif4 ,anci5t glaci]s1 action (1 #ii1 #ada4 ,arveiron1 ar* (1 #ch1 #bag4 ,atmosph]e1 p]meability (1 to radiant heat1 #aje1 #bdc-bdg4 ,atmosph]ic refraction1 #ce4 ,avalan*e at ,saas1 #afd4 --1 s\nd (1 expla9$1 #ab1 #ad4 ,bakewell1 ,mr41 on motion ( ,glaci] des ,bossons1 #ccg4 ,balmat1 ,augu/e1 #afi1 #ahh4 ,b$d+1 l9es (1 #cia4 ,b5n51 ,johann ,joseph1 #ajd1 #aah4 ,b]gs*rund1 #ih1 #cbe4 ,bl[]1 glaci]1 #hg4 ,blue col\r ( ice1 #bef4 -- -- -- sn[1 #bi1 #hc1 #acb1 #bjc4 -- -- -- wat]1 #cc1 #bec1 #bei-bfb4 ,blu5ess ( sky1 #bb1 #agd1 #beg-bfa4 ,blue ve9s1 #cgf1 #cha4 ,boil+-po9t1 influ5ce ( pressure on1 #djh4 -- -- at diff]5t altitudes1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aac1 #abj1 #abi1 #age1 #aij4 ,bois1 ,glaci] des1 #ci1 #bge1 #cfh4 ,brev5t1 asc5t (1 #agb4 ,brock51 ,_s ( !1 #bb1 #bch4 ,bubbles1 9 ice1 #dd1 #adg1 #cei1 #dbe4 -- 9 sn[1 #ah1 #bea4 ,capill>ies ( glaci]1 #cce-cci4 ,cave ( ice1 #ace4 ,cavities 9 ice1 #afc1 #cef1 #dbd4 ,cells 9 ice1 #adg1 see ,bubbles4 ,*am\ni1 #cg4 --1 difficulties at1 #agj1 #aib4 -- 9 w9t]1 #aih1 #ccf4 ,*>moz1 view f1 #de1 #fh1 #cfh4 ,*>p5ti]'s !ory ( glaci] motion1 #bif4 ,*emical action1 rays produc+1 #bdj4 ,*romatic effects1 #bce4 ,cleavage1 #djf4 -- & /ratification di/9ct1 #b1 #cij1 #dca4 -- caus$ by pressure1 #f1 #dcf4 --1 contortions (1 #i1 #ei4 -- ( cry/als & slate rocks1 lecture on1 #dbg4 -- ( glaci]s1 #bf1 #cic1 #dbe-dbf4 -- -- ice1 #ceb1 #djg4 -- -- slate1 c41 #a1 #dcj4 ,cleft /ation1 !1 #dg1 #cfi4 ,cl\ds1 =mation & dissipation (1 #bb1 #ig1 #acg1 #adf4 --1 iridesc5t1 #ajj1 #aje1 #adg1 #aed1 #bch4 -- on ,mont ,blanc1 #hb4 -- on ,monte ,rosa1 #abd4 --1 w9t]1 at ,montanv]t1 #bjh4 ,col\r answ]s to pit*1 #bbg4 ,col\rs ( sky1 #beg4 --1 subjective1 #cg4 ,comet1 discov]y (1 #ahf4 ,compass affect$ by rocks1 #adj4 ,crepitation ( glaci]s1 #dd1 #ceg4 ,crevasses1 #cae 7m>g9al1 #cah2 transv]se1 #cbj2 longitud9al1 #cbb71 #dbd4 --1 fir/ op5+ (1 #cag1 #cbg4 ,crumples 9 ice1 #agd1 #dae1 #dai4 ,cry/allization ( ice1 #cec4 ,cry/als1 cleavage (1 #c1 #dbh4 -- ( sn[1 #acj1 #bje1 #bab4 ,deafness1 artificial1 #afg4 ,diff]5tial motion1 #cie4 -- --1 ,dr4 ,:ewell on1 #cif4 ,diffraction1 explanation (1 #bcg4 ,dirt-b&s1 #de1 #df1 #fh1 #ie1 #cfg1 #cgc4 -- --1 maps (1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cfi4 -- --1 ,=bes on1 #cga4 -- --1 s\rce (1 #cfi1 #dbe4 ,disks 9 ice1 planes (1 #afc1 #ceh1 #dbe4 ,dollfuss1 ,m41 hut (1 #ah1 #aab4 ,dome du ,g\t]1 #fh1 #ge4 ,donny1 ,m41 on cohesion ( liquids1 #cee4 ,e*oes1 !ory (1 #ae4 ,eisme]1 !1 #ac1 #cfb4 ,exp$ition ( #ahef1 ,ob]l& & ,tyrol1 #i-cb4 -- -- #aheg1 ,montanv]t & ,m] de ,glace1 #cc-ia4 -- -- #aheh1 ,ob]l&1 ,valais1 & ,monte ,rosa di/rict1 #ib-aib4 -- -- #ahei1 w9t]1 ,*am\ni1 & ,m] de ,glace1 #aie-bai4 ,f>aday1 ,pr(41 on ,regelation1 #cea4 ,faulb]g1 cave (1 #ajg4 ,fee1 glaci] (1 #afe4 ,f5d1 #cb4 ,f9/]a>horn1 #ajd1 #aaj4 --1 summit (1 #aab4 ,fl[]s1 liquid1 9 ice1 #adg1 #ced-ceh1 #dbd4 ,=bes1 ,pr(41 comp>ison ( glaci] to riv]1 #cjf1 #cjh4 -- --1 on glaci] motion1 #bgb1 #cjd1 #cjh4 -- --1 on magnetism ( rocks1 #ade4 -- --1 on ve9$ /ructure1 #cgi4 -- --1 visc\s !ory1 #caa1 #cbg1 #ccc1 #cce4 ,freez+1 planes (1 #afc1 #ceh1 #dbd4 ,fro/-bites1 #aia4 ,froz5 fl[]s1 #acj1 #bab4 ,furgge glaci]1 /ructure cross+ /rata on1 #afj1 #cib-cid4 ,gases1 passage ( heat ?r\gh1 #bdc4 ,geant1 ,col du1 #ej1 #agc4 ,geant1 glaci] du1 #ec-eg1 #bhj1 #cfi-cgc4 --1 measurem5ts on1 #dai-dba4 --1 motion (1 #bha1 #bhf4 --1 :ite ice seams (1 #ef1 #dac4 ,gebats* ,alp1 #bc4 --1 glaci] (1 #bd1 #bf4 ,g5eva1 ,lake (1 #cc1 #bei-bfb4 ,glaci]s1 anci5t1 action (1 #ii1 #afc4 -- bl[]1 #hg4 --1 capill>ies (1 #cce-cci4 --1 crepitation (1 #dd1 #ceg4 -- d'ec\lem5t1 #cja4 -- de ,le*aud1 see ,le*aud4 -- des ,bois1 #ci1 #bge1 #cfh4 -- du ,geant1 see ,geant4 -- du ,talefre1 see ,talefre4 --1 groov+s on1 #bj1 #ef1 #cgg4 --1 measurem5t (1 #bgf4 -- motion1 #eb1 #bfi-bie1 #dbb4 -- --1 e>li] !ories (1 #bif-cad4 -- --1 pressure !ory (1 #cdf4 --1 orig9 (1 #bdh-beb4 -- res]voirs1 #cja4 --1 ridges on1 #db1 #ee4 --1 /ructure (1 #acf1 #adh1 see ,ve9$ /ructure4 -- tables1 #dd1 #bfe4 --1 ve9s (1 #ed1 #cgf1 #cha4 --1 wr9kles on1 #cgj4 ,goe!'s !ory ( col\rs1 #beh4 ,go]n] glaci]1 #abj1 #ach4 ,go]n] grat1 #acg1 #ade4 ,go]n]horn glaci]1 #adg1 #adi4 ,gr& ,plateau1 #ahg4 ,gr&s ,mulets1 #gc1 #ahe4 ,graun1 #bi4 ,grimsel1 !1 #ah1 #ii4 ,gr9delwald1 l[] glaci] (1 #ac1 #ib1 #cba1 #chd4 ,groov+s on glaci]s1 #bj1 #ef1 #cgg4 ,gru5]'s !ory ( glaci] motion1 #bif4 ,guides ( ,*am\ni1 rules (1 #fj1 #agj1 #aib4 -- lo/ 9 crevasse1 #gf4 ,guyot1 ,m41 on ve9$ /ructure1 #cgh4 ,hail/ones1 conical1 #ca4 --1 sph]ical1 #fe4 ,h&eck1 wat]fall (1 #ag4 ,hasli1 valley (1 #ag1 #ii4 ,heat & light1 #bbc1 #bci1 #bda4 -- -- "w1 #cbh4 --1 lum9\s1 #bda-bdg4 --1 me*anical equival5t (1 #cbi4 --1 obscure1 #bdj4 --1 passage ?r\gh gases1 #bdc-bde4 --1 radiant1 #bci4 -- --1 p]meability ( atmosph]e to1 #aje1 #bdc-bdg4 --1 radiat$1 #bdb4 --1 specific1 #cca4 ,heisse ,platte1 !1 #ac4 ,hir/1 ,mr41 measurem5ts on ,m] de ,glace1 #ch1 #df1 #bge1 #bhc1 #bhi1 #cac1 #dbj4 ,ho*jo*1 #cb4 ,hoe*/e ,spitze ( ,monte ,rosa1 #abh4 ,hopk9s1 ,mr41 on crevasses1 #cah1 #chc4 ,hotel des ,neuf*atelois1 #ai1 #aab1 #bgj4 ,hugi on glaci] motion1 #bgj4 ,huxley1 ,mr41 on glaci] capill>ies1 #cch4 -- --1 on wat]-cells1 #bea1 #cei4 ,hydrog51 effect on rays1 #bec4 ,ice1 blue col\r (1 #bef4 -- cascades1 #id1 #chd1 #cia4 -- cave1 #ace4 -- cells1 #adg1 see ,bubbles4 -- cones1 #bff4 --1 crack+ (1 #cag1 #cbf4 --1 cry/allization (1 #cec4 --1 effects ( pressure on1 #dje1 #dji4 --1 exp]im5ts on1 #cdf4 --1 friability (1 #ccc4 --1 liquefaction (1 #cec1 #djh4 --1 liquid fl[]s 91 #ced-ceh1 #dbd4 --1 ,?omson's !ory ( pla/icity (1 #cdj4 --1 s(t5+ (1 #ccc4 --1 /ructure (1 #acf1 #adh4 --1 temp]ature (1 #bda1 #ccb4 --1 :ite1 seams (1 #ef1 #dac1 #dba4 ,illum9ation ( trees1 c41 at sunrise & sunset1 #agh1 #bch4 ,int]f]5ce r+s1 #bbi4 -- spectra1 #gf1 #agh1 #bce1 #bch4 ,iridesc5t cl\ds1 #ajj1 #aje1 #adg1 #aed1 #bch4 ,j>d91 !1 #fa1 #agd4 ,jo*1 ! passage ( a1 #bh4 ,j\le1 ,m41 on heat & "w1 #cbh4 ,jungfrau1 !1 #aa4 --1 ev5+ ne>1 #ajf4 ,lam9at$ /ructure1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #dbf4 ,le*aud1 glaci] de1 #ec1 #chg4 -- -- --1 motion (1 #fj1 #bhf-bhh4 ,l5ticul> /ructure1 #cha4 ,light & heat1 #bbc1 #bci1 #bda4 --1 undulation !ory (1 #bbd4 ,l9?1 ,m4 ,es*] de la1 #bga4 ,liquefaction ( ice1 #cec1 #djh4 ,liquid fl[]s1 #adg1 #ced-ceh1 #dbd4 ,magnetic =ce1 #add4 ,magnetism ( rocks1 #adj1 #adc1 #ade4 ,ma]jel5 ,see1 #aja1 #aai4 ,ma/ic1 ,bruecke's solution (1 #bei4 ,mattm>k ,see1 #afb4 ,maximum motion1 locus ( po9t (1 #bhe1 #cbc4 ,may5w&1 summit (1 #bj1 #ajj1 #cbc4 ,may]1 on connexion ( heat ) "w1 #cbh4 ,measurem5t ( glaci]s1 #bgf4 ,m] de ,glace1 #db-fg1 #hf-ij1 #agc4 -- -- --1 dirt-b&s ( !1 #cfg 7se5 f ,*>moz1 #de1 #cfh2 f ,cleft /ation1 #dg1 #cfi2 f ! ,fleg]e1 #cfg74 -- -- --1 map (1 #ec1 #bfd4 -- -- --1 motion (1 #bge-bic4 -- -- --1 w9t] motion (1 #bid1 #cdc4 -- -- --1 w9t] visit to1 #aie1 #bjf-bah4 ,milk1 cause ( blu5ess (1 #bfa4 ,mirage1 #cf4 ,montanv]t1 #dj1 #hi1 #agc4 -- 9 w9t]1 #bjd4 ,mont ,blanc1 fir/ asc5t (1 #fh4 -- --1 second asc5t (1 #agg4 -- --1 summit (1 #ha1 #ahi4 ,monte ,rosa1 fir/ asc5t (1 #abb4 -- --1 second asc5t (1 #aea4 -- --1 summit (1 #abh1 #aef4 -- --1 we/]n glaci] (1 #ach1 #adg4 -- --1 zones ( col\r1 #aed1 #bch4 ,mora9es1 #bfc4 -- ( ,talefre1 #ed1 #fc1 #bfg1 #chg4 ,motion ( glaci]s1 #eb1 #bfi-bie1 #dbb4 ,m\l9s1 #cfb1 #dbd4 --1 dep? (1 #cfe4 --1 motion (1 #cfd4 ,neck]1 lett] f1 #agh4 ,neuf*atelois1 ,hotel des1 #ai1 #aab1 #bgj4 ,neve ice1 #bdi1 #bea4 ,ob]l&1 !1 visit$1 #i-bb2 #ib-abj2 #cij4 ,oils1 effect ( films (1 #bcf4 ,p]son1 ,m41 on s(t5+ ( ice1 #ccc4 ,pi/ol fir$ on summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 #hb1 #hc1 #bbd4 ,pit* ( musical s\nds1 #bbe4 ,planes ( freez+1 #afc1 #ceh1 #dbd4 ,pla/icity ( ice1 ,?omson's !ory (1 #cdj4 ,pol> =ces1 #d4 ,pressure & cleavage1 see ,cleavage4 -- & liquefaction ( ice1 #cdj1 #djh4 -- -- ve9$ /ructure1 #djd2 #adg-adi1 #chb-cid1 #dab1 #dbe-dbf4 --1 effects (1 on boil+ po9t1 #djh4 -- -- -- -- ice1 #dje1 #dji4 -- !ory ( glaci] motion1 #cdf4 ,radiant heat1 #aje1 #bci4 ,rays1 calorific1 #bdj4 --1 transmission (1 #bdb4 ,r$ness ( sunset1 #age4 ,refraction on lake ( ,g5eva1 #ce4 ,regelation1 #cdg1 #cea4 ,rei*5ba* fall1 #ag4 ,r5du1 comp>ison ( glaci] to riv]1 #cjf4 --1 measurem5ts ( glaci]s1 #cjd4 --1 notice ( regelation1 #cja4 -- on conv]sion ( sn[ into ice1 #cja4 -- on ductility1 #bih4 -- on law ( circulation1 #cjj4 -- on motion ( glaci]s1 #cje4 -- on ve9$ /ructure1 #cja4 -- !ory ( glaci]s1 #bii4 ,rhone at lake ( ,g5eva1 #cd1 #bfa4 -- glaci]1 #bj1 #ajj1 #cbc1 #chf4 -- --1 *romatic effects1 #ba1 #bch4 ,ridges on glaci]s1 #db1 #ee4 ,riffelhorn1 !1 #acc1 #ada-ade4 ,r+s1 int]f]5ce1 #bbi4 -- r\nd sun1 #ba1 #bch4 ,ripples d$uc$ f r+s1 #djj4 ,ripple !ory1 ,=bes on1 #cih4 -- -- ( ve9$ /ructure1 #cih4 -- waves1 movem5t (1 #bcb4 ,riv] & glaci]1 analogies betwe51 #bha-bhe1 #dbc2 #cfh4 ,rocks1 magnetism (1 #adj1 #adc1 #ade4 ,saas1 avalan*e at1 #afd4 ,sab9e1 ,g541 on ve9$ /ructure1 #cgh4 ,s&-cones1 #bff4 ,saussure's !ory ( glaci] motion1 #eb1 #bif4 ,s*eu*z]'s !ory ( glaci] motion1 #bif4 ,seams1 :ite1 9 ice1 #ef1 #hh1 #dac1 #dba4 ,s$gwick1 ,pr(41 on cleavage1 #b-e1 #cij1 #dca4 ,s]acs1 #ea1 #ge4 ,s]p5t9e1 b\ld]s (1 #afa4 ,%ad[s1 col\r$1 #ch4 ,%>pe1 on slaty cleavage1 #e1 #dcb4 ,silb]horn1 !1 #aa4 ,sky1 blu5ess (1 #bb1 #agd1 #age4 --1 col\rs (1 expla9$1 #beg4 ,slate1 cleavage (1 #a1 #dcj4 ,sn[1 blue col\r (1 #bi1 #acb1 #bjc4 -- cry/als1 #acj1 #bje1 #bab4 --1 dry1 #bej4 -- l9e1 #bi1 #bdh4 --1 p]petual1 #bdh4 --1 s\nd ( break+1 #bjb4 -- /orm1 s\nd ?r\gh1 #bae4 --1 :it5ess (1 expla9$1 #bej4 ,sorby1 ,mr41 on slaty cleavage1 #e1 #dce4 ,s\nd 9 a vacuum1 #bbd4 --1 int5sity (1 #hc4 --1 rate ( motion (1 #bbf4 ,spectra1 int]f]5ce1 #gf1 #agh1 #bce1 #bch4 ,spectrum1 rays (1 #bdj4 ,/>s1 tw9kl+ (1 #gb1 #bch4 ,/elvio1 pass (1 #bi4 ,/orm on ,gr&s ,mulets1 #ahe4 -- -- ,m] de ,glace1 #baj4 ,/rahleck1 glaci] (1 #id1 #chd4 --1 passage (1 #ic1 #ig4 ,/rata ( ice1 #acf4 ,/ratification ( neve1 #cib4 -- -- slate1 #a1 #dcj4 ,/ructure1 d\bts reg>d+1 #dd1 #ib1 #chi4 -- ( ice1 #acf1 #adh1 see ,ve9$ /ructure4 ,subjective col\rs1 #cg4 ,summ>y ( glaci] !ory1 #dbb4 ,sun1 r+s r\nd1 #ba1 #bch4 ,sunrise at ,*am\ni1 #ci4 -- & sunset1 illum9ation ( trees1 c41 at1 #agh1 #bch4 ,sunset1 gorge\s1 #ahd4 ,tables1 glaci]1 #dd1 #bfe-bff4 ,tacul1 motion ( ice-wall at1 #bhi4 ,talefre1 glaci] (1 #dc1 #fa-fb1 #hg4 --1 mora9es (1 #ed1 #fc1 #bfg1 #chg4 ,temp]ature1 w9t]1 ( ,alps1 #afh4 ,!odolite1 use (1 #bge4 ,!ory ( cleavage1 #e4 ,!rmomet] at ,j>d91 #agd4 -- buri$ on ,mont ,blanc1 #aij4 -- on ,f9/]a>horn1 #aac4 ,?omson1 ,pr(41 !ory ( pla/icity1 #cdj4 -- -- -- -- regelation1 #ceb4 ,tw9kl+ ( />s1 #gb1 #bch4 ,tyrol1 !1 #bc4 ,undulation !ory ( light1 #bbd4 ,unt]a>1 glaci] (1 #ah1 #bfe1 #chh4 ,vacuum 9 ice-cavities1 #afc1 #cef4 ,ve9$ /ructure1 #cgf 7m>g9al1 #chc2 transv]se1 #chd2 longitud9al1 #chg71 #cie1 #djd1 #djh4 -- --1 exp]im5ts on1 #chb1 #chh4 -- -- caus$ by pressure1 #adg-adi1 #chb-chi1 #dab1 #dbe-dbf4 -- -- cross+ /rata1 #chi-cid4 -- --1 ,=bes on1 #cgi4 -- --1 ,g54 ,sab9e on1 #cgh4 -- --1 ,m4 ,guyot on1 #cgh4 -- --1 ripple !ory (1 #cih4 ,vies*1 glaci] (1 #aji1 #aah4 ,viscosity1 #cab1 #cbe1 #ccd1 #cej1 #dbc4 ,wat] absorbs r$ rays1 #bed4 --1 blue col\r (1 #bed2 #cc1 #bei1 #bfa4 --1 rippl+ waves (1 #bcb4 ,waves1 froz51 #dc1 #ee4 --1 int]f]5ce (1 #bca4 -- motion1 ,web] on1 #bcb1 #cii4 -- ( s\nd1 #bbe4 ,w5g]n ,alp1 #i4 ,wett]horn1 e*oes (1 #ae4 ,:ite ice1 seams (1 #ef1 #eg1 #hh1 #dac1 #dba4 ,:it5ess ( ice1 #bej1 #bfh1 #cgf4 ,w9t] motion ( ,m] de ,glace1 #bid4 ,wr9kles on glaci]1 #cgj4 ,"y1 ,?omas1 !ory ( light1 #bbd4 ,spottiswoode ,co4 ,pr9t]s1 ,new-/reet ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,,works by ,,john ,,tyndall4 ,,fragm5ts ( ,,sci5ce3 a ,s]ies ( ,deta*$ ,essays1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews4 #b vols4 cr[n #hvo4 #afs4 ,,vol4 ,i4--,! 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same z ,kamm2 lime light & lime-light2 realize & realise7d72 recognise & recognize7d72 re>rang$ & re-arrang$2 refroz5 & re-froz52 self-same & selfsame2 semifluid & semi-fluid2 sundial & sun-dial2 ,trift & ,trifti1 probably ! same glaci]2 wea!rworn & wea!r-worn4 ,9 ! ,lat9-#a encod$ text v]sion1 ! oe-ligature 0 replac$ by ! two sep>ate *>act]s1 oe4 ,*ang$ ,hockjo* to ,ho*jo* on page xi3 passage ( ! ,ho*jo*4 ,*ang$ #ci to #bci on page xvii1 z ! page numb] = *apt] #b4 ,*ang$ icefall to ice-fall on page xxvi3 "p ( ice-fall4 ,*ang$ havresack to hav]sack on page #ga3 my wat]pro( hav]sack4 ,*ang$ afflu5t to afflu5t on page #ih3 ,f9/]a> afflu5t4 ,*ang$ #ahd deg4#ib to #ahd4ib deg4 on page #abi4 ,*ang$ gulleys to gullies on page #adc3 fissures & gullies4 ,*ang$ ,,sn[/orm to ,,sn[-,,/orm 9 ! sid5ote f page #bae3 ,,s\nd ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sn[-,,/orm4 ,*ang$ neutralise to neutralize on page #bca3 oppose & neutralize4 ,mov$ ! semi-colon inside ! d\ble quotes on page #bhe1 ar\nd3 correspond+ po9ts4 ,*ang$ ,,?ompson',s to ,,?omson',s 9 ! 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