file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is pla9 text v]sion ( ! book has be5 prep>$ us+ ! ,lat9-#a "* set4 ,italic typeface is repres5t$ by ! use ( und]scores4 ,small capital typeface is repres5t$ us+ ,,all ,,caps4 ,! oe ligature is indicat$ by oe & ,,oe4 ,inconsi/5t spell+s1 hyph5ation1 =matt+ etc4 are reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al1 except :]e typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ^! are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 frontispiece ,,dome/ic ,,animals4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,horse1 ,,mule1 ,,cattle1 ,,%eep1 ,,sw9e1 ,,p\ltry1 ,,& ,,f>m ,,dogs4 ,,) ,,directions ,,= ,,_! ,,managem5t1 ,,bre$+1 ,,cross+1 ,,re>+1 ,,fe$+1 ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,= ,a ,,pr(itable ,,m>ket ,,also1 ,,_! ,,diseases1 ,,& ,,rem$ies4 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,full ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,dairy4 ,,by ,r4 ,l4 ,,all51 ,,au?or ,,( ,,comp5d ,,( ,,am]ican ,,agriculture1 ,,etc4 ,,new-,,york3 ,,orange ,,judd1 #da ,,p>k ,,r[4 ,,agricultural ,,book ,,publi%]4 #ahfe4 ,ent]$ accord+ to an ,act ( ,congress 9 ! ye> #ahdg ,by ,,ri*>d ,l4 ,,all51 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,introduction4 ,! object ( ! foll[+ "w1 on ! ,hi/ory1 ,bre$+1 ,managem5t1 ,diseases1 c41 ( ,dome/ic ,animals1 is to af=d ! ,/ock-bre$] & ,grazi] a connect$ view ( ! entire subject 9 :i* he has s deep an int]e/4 ,! writ] has endeavor$ to compress )9 ! limit$ space assum$ z necess>y to secure a g5]al circulation & p]usal1 su* pr9ciples & practice1 & give to ea* t relative prom95ce1 :i* x becomes ! practical man to obs]ve1 to realize ! greate/ am\nt ( value = ! labor & capital devot$ to 8 pursuits4 ,_! hi/ory is ess5tial1 z x %[s _! introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _! progress dur+ ! v>i\s /ages ( _! improvem5t1 & ! comp>ative value ( ! improv$ & ord9>y bre$s4 ,a k ( ! be/ mode ( bre$+ & managem5t is ( /ill high] importance4 ,! fir/ w enable ! bre$] to pres]ve ! high "* ( ! animals 9 8 h&s1 or p]haps /ill f>!r to advance !m2 :ile prop] managem5t & fe$+ w prev5t t det]ioration & loss f disease1 :i* frequ5tly subtract s mu* f 8 pr(its4 ,a l>g] space has be5 purposely devot$ to ! la/ topics1 9 pref]5ce to ! subject ( diseases1 z prev5tion is n only less tr\blesome ?an cure1 b mu* m economical4 ,fe$+ & managem5t1 aft] bre$+1 are really ! important objects 9 view to ! ,/ock-bre$] & ,grazi]1 = if ^! be judici\sly att5d$ to1 disease among ! h]ds w r>ely be kn[n4 ,! subject ( animal diseases is complicat$ & little und]/ood2 & to be prop]ly compreh5d$1 requires ye>s close1 intellig5t /udy1 "u e advantage = obta9+ ! necess>y in=mation4 ,ne>ly e disord] assumes v>i\s %ades ( diff]5ce1 & to remove x effectually a correspond+ *ange ( treatm5t is requir$4 ,h[ absurd !n ! idea1 t a compilation ( =mal rem$ies1 adm9i/]$ by an unskilful or inexp]i5c$ manag]1 w be ( mat]ial s]vice 9 rescu+ 8 h]ds or flocks f ! ravages ( disease4 ,all t c consi/5tly be done1 is to give a few simple rem$ies = ! mo/ common & well-kn[n ailm5ts1 & leave to nature or a pr(essional f>ri]1 su* z are m complex or unusual4 ,?is "w 7) _m subsequ5t & important additions7 con/itutes a small "p ( ! ,comp5d ( ,am]ican ,agriculture1 ! favorable reception ( :i*1 ?\gh b rec5tly giv5 to ! public1 has induc$ ! writ] to (f] ?is important division ( ! subject 9 its pres5t deta*$ =m4 ,new ,york1 ,novemb]1 #ahdg ,,index4 ,,page ,animals1 dome/ic1 re>$ 9 ! ,u4 ,/ates #i _! numb] & value #i _! improvem5t #aj adaptation to v>i\s objects #aj g5]al =m & *>act]i/ics #ac ! lungs #ad respiration #ad effects ( #ag p]spiration #ah food :i* supplies respiration #ah circum/ances :i* augm5t respiration #ai food #ba purposes fulfill$ by food #bb nutritive qualities = v>i\s animals #bc pr(it ( fe$+ #bc ,see ,,cattle1 ,,%eep1 c4 ,ass1 ! #aha v>ieties #aha *>act]i/ics #ahb bre$+ 9 ! ,u4 ,/ates #ahb z a bea/ ( burd5 #ahc ,bre$+--pr9ciples ( #aa ,see ,,cattle1 ,,%eep1 c4 ,cattle--neat or horn$ #bf v>i\s dome/ic bre$s #bf native cattle #bg ,devons #bi %ort horns #cj ,h]e=ds #ce ,ayr%ire #ch managem5t ( calves #ci bre$+ #da break+ /e]s #db managem5t ( ox5 #db fatt5+ & /all-fe$+ #de ,diseases #da1 #ej hov5 #ej *ok+ #eb inflammation ( /oma* #eb mange or scab #eb horn-ail--jaundice #ec mad-it*--bloody murra9 #ed ho(-ail #ee loss ( cud--sc\rs or di>rhoea--w>bles or grubs--w\nds--pu]p]al or milk-fev] #ef cak$ bags--g>get--sore teats--w>ts #eg ,c[s = dairy #fj managem5t ( #fa milk+ #fa ,see ,,dairy4 ,comp>ative value ( ox5 & horses #aij ,*urns #fi ,dairy1 ! #fj ,dairy--selection & managem5t ( c[s #fj1 #fa milk+ #fa prop]ties ( milk #fb v>iations 9 #fc cream--cl\t$ ditto #fe ,mak+ butt] f s\r1 sweet1 & cl\t$ cream #ff1 #fg s\rness ( cream #fh quickness 9 *urn+ #fh ov]-*urn+ #fi temp]ature ( milk & cream #fi advantages ( *urn'g ! :ole #fi cleanl9ess 9 *urn+ #gj premium butt]1 h[ made #gj ,orange c\nty d4 d4 #ga ,mak+ *eese1 h[ effect$ #gb cream$ & uncream$ #gc butt]milk *eese #gc :ey d4 #gd vegetable sub/ances add$ #gd prep>ation ( r5net #ge diff]5t qualities ( *eese #gg w>m+ ! milk #gg quality ( r5net #gh quantity ( r5net #gh treatm5t ( curd #gi sep>ation ( :ey #hj *eese1 salt+ #ha addition ( cream #ha size ( *eese #ha mode ( cur+ #hb ammoniacal *eese #hb inoculat+ d4 #hb premium *eese1 h[ made #hc ,ducks--see ,,p\ltry4 ,f>m dogs #bjg-bad ,fe$+ def9$ #ba ,see ,,cattle1 ,,%eep1 c4 ,food1 comp>ative nutritive qualities ( #bb h[ giv51 purposes fulfill$ by x #bb *anges 9 #bd ,see ,,animals1 ,,products1 c4 ,geese--see ,,p\ltry4 ,gu9ea-h5--see ditto4 ,h5s--see ,,p\ltry4 ,h9ny--see ,,ass4 ,horse--! ,arabian & ,b>b #ach ! ,engli% #aci ,am]ican #ada ,arabians 9 ,am]ica #aci1 #adj ,rang]1 ! ,b>b--,bussorah--,n>raganset pac]s--,mess5g]1 import$ #adj ,morgan horses #adb ,canadian & ,spani% #adc ,cone/oga #adc ,norman #add ,c>t1 ,clevel& bay1 ,belf\nd] #ade ,eclipse1 ,am]ican #ada po9ts ( #adf habits #adg bre$+ #adh managem5t ( colts #adi break+ #aej longevity1 fe$+ #aea ,diseases #aed gl&]s #aed lampas1 heaves1 c4 #aee cat>rh or di/emp]1 spasmodic colic #aef flatul5t colic #aeh inflammation ( b[els #aei physick+ #afb worms #afd bots #afd w9d-galls #afe ! fetlock #aff cutt+ #aff spra9 ( ! c(f9-jo9t--r+bone #afg enl>gem5t ( ! hock #afh curb #afh bone-spav9--swell$ legs #agj grease #aga setons #agc f\nd]--poison f we$s #agd inflammation ( ! eyes #age /+s ( hornets1 c4 #age spra9 #age bruises--fi/ula #agf w\nds--galls #agf %oe+1 contraction ( ! foot #agf corns #agg ov]-rea*1 =g+ or click+ #agh ! be>+-re9 #agh ! bit #agi /ables #ahj comp>ative labor ) ox5 #aij ,mule1 !--bre$+ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 #ahc re>+ & managem5t #ahd advantages ov] horse labor #ahe valuable qualities #ahe endur+ness ( #ahf 9 ,cali=nia #ahh economy ( mule-labor #ahi ,p\ltry--_! value #bad ,h5s--con/itu5t ( eggs #bad food #bae g5]al managem5t #baf ! p\ltry-h\se #bah v>ieties #bbj1 #bba diseases #bbb ,turkey1 ! #bbc bre$+ & managem5t #bbc ,peacock1 ! #bbd ,goose1 !--v>ieties--bre$+ #bbe fe$+ & food #bbe ,ducks--fe$+--v>ieties #bbf bre$+ & re>+ #bbg ,%eep1 ! #hd uses (--importance ( #he v>ieties ( wild--dome/icat$ #hg native #hi ,m]9o1 !1 hi/ory ( #ij exportation f ,spa9 #ib importation into ! ,u4 ,/ates #ic v>ieties #id ,saxon1 ! #if ,ramb\illet1 ! #ii hi/ory ( ,m]9o 9 ,u4 ,/ates #aja improvem5ts ( #ajb peculi>ities ( #ajc bre$+ #ajd localities = re>+ #ajf ,s\?-,d[n1 !1 hi/ory ( #ajf ,*eviot1 ! #aji ,long-wools1 ! #aaj improvem5t ( ! ,bakewell #aaj improvem5t ( ,cotswold & ,l9coln%ire #aab peculi>ities ( ! ,long-wools #aac importation into ! ,u4 ,/ates #aac bre$+ %eep #aac ,w9t] managem5t #aaf %eep-b>ns & %$s #aaf racks1 mang]s1 & tr\ghs #aag food #aah managem5t ( ewes1 yean+ #aai managem5t ( lambs #aai ca/rat+ & dock+ #abj tagg+ or clatt+ #aba ,summ] managem5t & food #aba wa%+ #abb %e>+ #abd sme>+ & salv+ #abe wean+ #abf draft+ #abf /all fe$+--managem5t on ! prairies #abg ,diseases #abh di>rhoea or sc\rs #abi loos5ess 9 lambs1 dys5t]y #acj hov51 braxy #acj co/iv5ess1 /ret*es1 poison1 inflammation ( lungs1 rot #aca foot-rot #acb flies1 maggots1 gad-fly #acc swoll5 m\?1 f\l noses1 weakness1 scab #acd ticks1 pelt-rot1 /agg]s or /urdy #ace abortion1 g>get1 ble$+ #acf w\nds #acg to protect f wolves & foxes #ach ,%eph]d's dog #bji ,sw9e #aib v>i\s bre$s #aid bre$+ & re>+ #aih re>+ & fatt5+1 l>ge weights #aii treatm5t ( food #bja products ( ! c>cass #bjb l>d oil1 h[ made #bjc sle>9e & ole9e #bjc cur+ pork & hams #bjc ,diseases #bjd c\ghs & inflammation ( ! lungs1 co/iv5ess1 it*1 kidney-worm #bje bl9d /agg]s #bjf ,wild ,bo> #aic ,,dome/ic ,,animals4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+1 ,,nutrition1 ,,managem5t1 c4 ,! pr9cipal dome/ic animals re>$ = economical purposes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ,horn$ or neat cattle1 ! ,horse1 ! ,mule1 ,%eep1 & ,sw9e4 ,a few ,asses are br$1 b = no o!r object ?an to keep up ! supply ( jacks = propagat+ mules4 ,we h also goats1 rabbits1 & ! h\se dome/ics1 ! dog & cat2 ! two =m]1 only 9 v limit$ numb]s1 b bo? ! latt] mu* beyond our legitimate wants4 ,!re h be5 a few specim5s ( ! ,alpaca import$1 & an arrangem5t is n[ 9 progress = ! introduction ( a flock ( sev]al hundr$1 :i*1 if di/ribut$ among intellig5t & weal?y agriculturi/s1 z propos$1 w te/ _! value = increas+ our agricultural res\rces4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to "s g5]al consid]ations1 connect$ ) ! fir/-m5tion$ & mo/ important ( our dome/ic animals4 ,_! numb] z %[n by ! agricultural /ati/ics collect$ 9 #ahci1 by ord] ( our ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 0 #ae1jjj1jjj neat cattle2 #d1cce1jjj horses & mules1 7! numb] ( ea* n be+ specifi$27 #ai1caa1jjj %eep2 & #bf1cjj1jjj sw9e4 ,!re is mu* reason to "q ! entire accuracy ( ^! returns1 yet !re is d\btless an approximation to ! tru?4 ,%eep h greatly increas$ s9ce t p]iod1 & w\ld probably numb]1 ! pres5t ye>1 7#ahdh17 n less ?an #cj1jjj1jjj2 & if our own manufactures cont9ue to ?rive1 & we %\ld moreov] become wool export]s1 ( :i* !re is n[ a reasonable prospect1 an accurate return = #ahej1 w und\bt$ly give u n less ?an #cc1jjj1jjj = ! entire ,union4 ,!re has be5 a great increase 9 ! value ( ! o!r animals enum]at$1 b n 9 a ratio correspond+ ) t ( %eep4 ,?is is n only manife/ 9 _! augm5t$ numb]s1 b 9 ! gradual & /eady improvem5t ( ! species4 ,x may be safely pr$ict$1 t ?is improvem5t w n only be su/a9$1 b l>gely increas$2 = !re are "s intellig5t & spirit$ bre$]s to be f\nd 9 e section ( ! c\ntry1 ^: lib]al ex]tions & successful examples are do+ mu* = ?is object4 ,:]ev] intellig5ce & s\nd judgm5t are to be f\nd1 x w be impossible long to resi/ ! effects ( a comp>ison betwe5 animals1 :i*1 on an equal quantity ( ! same food1 ) ! same att5tion & 9 ! same "t1 w return #ej1 #bj1 or ev5 #aj p] c5t4 m 9 _! intr9sic value or m>ketable product1 ?an ! ord9>y class4 ,?is improvem5t has be51 relatively1 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn /ates2 n t ! pres5t av]age ( excell5ce 9 _! animals surpasses1 or ev5 rea*es t ( ! ,nor? & ,ea/2 b ! latt] h long be5 pursu+ ?is object1 ) m or less en]gy1 & !y h = _m ye>s _h l>ge numb]s ( excell5t specim5s ( ea* v>iety2 :ile ) few exceptions1 if we exclude ! blood-horse or rac+ nag1 ! =m] h1 till rec5tly1 paid comp>atively little att5tion to ! improvem5t ( _! dome/ic animals4 ,! _s = improvem5t ?r\gh ext5sive sections1 is n[ awak5$1 & ! old] settl$ portions ( ! c\ntry may h]eaft] expect competitors1 ^: success w be fully comm5surate ) _! own4 ,be=e go+ into ! managem5t ( ! diff]5t v>ieties1 we w give "s g5]al pr9ciples & rem>ks applicable to ! treatm5t ( all4 ,! purpose = :i* animals are requir$1 %\ld be fir/ det]m9$1 be=e select+ su* z may be necess>y ei!r = bre$+ or use4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,nor!a/]n /ates1 c[s = ! dairy1 ox5 = ! yoke1 & bo? = ! but*]1 are want$4 ,9 mu* ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 beef alone is ! pr9cipal object2 :ile ! dairy is neglect$1 & ! "w ( ! ox is seldom reli$ on1 except = occasional drudg]y4 ,%eep may be want$ almo/ exclusively = ! fleece1 or = ! fleece & heavy mutton1 or 9 ! neighborhood ( m>kets1 = l>ge e>ly lambs4 ,! pa/ures & w9t] food1 climate1 & o!r conditions1 pres5t additional circum/ances1 :i* %\ld be well consid]$ be=e det]m9+ on ! p>ticul> bre$1 ei!r ( cattle or %eep1 t w be/ promote ! int]e/ ( ! f>m]4 ,! k9d ( "w = :i* ! horse may be want$1 :e!r z a road/]1 = ! saddle1 z a heavy team horse1 or ! horse ( all "w1 mu/ be fir/ decid$1 be=e select+ ! =m or "* ( ! animal4 ,! range ( pig excell5ce is m circumscrib$1 z x is only necess>y to bre$ su* z w yield ! greate/ am\nt ( valuable c>cass1 )9 ! %orte/ "t1 & ) ! lea/ exp5se4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,bre$+4 ,all bre$+ is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple1 t l begets l4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 liable to "s exceptions1 & is mu* m g5]ally true :5 bre$+ d[n ?an :5 bre$+ up4 ,if two animals 7:i* c nev] be exactly simil> 9 all respects7 are requisite to ! p]petuation ( ! species1 x necess>ily results1 t ! prog5y mu/ diff] 9 a m or less degree f ea* p>5t4 ,) wild animals1 & su* ( ! dome/ic z are all[$ to propagate )\t ! int]f]5ce ( art1 & ^: habits1 treatm5t1 & food are ne>ly simil> to _! natural condition1 ! *ange ?r\gh successive g5]ations is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,x is only :5 we attempt to improve _! good qualities1 t x is ess5tial c>efully to det]m9e1 & rigidly to apply1 :at are adopt$ z ! pres5t sci5tific pr9ciples ( bre$+4 ,we _c believe t we h p5etrat$ beyond ! m]e ?re%old ( ?is art4 ,unless1 !n1 we laun* into exp]im5ts1 :i* are necess>ily att5d$ ) unc]ta9ty1 our duty w be1 to take = our guide ! mo/ successful practice ( mod]n times1 until fur!r discov]ies enable u to modify or add to su* z are already kn[n & adopt$4 ,we may assume1 !n1 z ! pres5t rules = ?is art1 #a/4 ,t ! animals select$ = bre$1 %\ld unite 9 !mselves all ! good qualities we wi% to p]petuate 9 ! (fspr+4 #b;d4 ,^! qualities1 te*nically call$ po9ts1 %\ld be inbr$ 9 ! animals z f> z practicable1 by a long l9e ( desc5t f p>5ts simil>ly con/itut$4 ,! necessity = ?is rule is evid5t f ! fact1 t 9 mix+ diff]5t species1 & especially mongrels1 ) a long-e/abli%$ bre$1 ! latt] w mo/ /rongly /amp ! issue ) its own peculi>ities4 ,?is is =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! ,devon cattle1 an anci5t race1 ^: color1 =m1 & *>act]i/ics are /rik+ly p]petuat$1 sometimes to ! six? or ev5 a lat] g5]ation4 ,s f> is ?is pr9ciple c>ri$ by _m exp]i5c$ bre$]s1 t !y w use an animal ( indiff]5t ext]nal appe>ance1 b ( approv$ desc5t1 7blood17 9 pref]5ce to a decid$ly sup]ior "o1 ^: p$igree is imp]fect4 #c;d4 ,all ! conditions ( soil1 situation1 climate1 treatm5t1 & food1 %\ld be favorable to ! object s\ght4 #d?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! female %\ld be relatively l>g] ?an ! male4 ,?is gives ample room = ! p]fect developm5t ( ! foetus1 easy p>turition1 & a l>ge supply ( milk = ! (fspr+1 at a p]iod 9 its exi/5ce1 :5 food has a great] influ5ce 9 p]fect+ "* & =m1 ?an at any subsequ5t "t4 #e?4 ,exceptions to ?is rule may be made1 :5 great] size is requir$ ?an c be obta9$ f ! female1 & especially :5 m vigor & h>d9ess ( con/itution are desirable4 ,= ?is purpose1 /rong mascul9e developm5t 9 ! sire is prop]1 & if o!rwise unatta9able1 some?+ ( co>s5ess may be admitt$1 z ?is may be aft]w>ds correct$1 & no?+ w atone = want ( con/itution & /r5g?4 #f?4 ,pair+ %\ld be ) a /rict ref]5ce to correct+ ! imp]fections ( "o animal1 by a correspond+ excell5ce 9 ! o!r4 #g?4 ,bre$+ 9-&-91 or propagat+ f animals ne>ly alli$1 may be tol]at$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ?\gh seldom2 & only 9 extreme cases betwe5 ^? ( ! same g5]ation1 z bro!r & si/]4 ,:5 ! animal possesses mu* /am9a & peculi> m]it1 :i* x is desir$ to p]petuate 9 ! bre$1 x may be done ei!r 9 ! asc5d+ or desc5d+ l9e1 z 9 bre$+ ! son to ! p>5t1 or ! p>5t to 8 own prog5y4 ,?is has be5 practis$ ) decid$ advantage1 & 9 "s cases has ev5 be5 cont9u$ successively1 z l[ z ! six? g5]ation4 #h?4 ,x is always bett] to avoid close relation%ip1 by ! selection ( equally m]itori\s /ock-gett]s ( ! same bre$1 f o!r s\rces4 #i?4 ,:olesome1 nutriti\s food1 at all times suffici5t to keep ! animals /eadily advanc+1 %\ld be provid$1 b !y mu/ nev] be all[$ to get fat4 ,( ! two evils1 />v+ is pref]able to surfeit4 ,c>eful treatm5t1 & ! abs5ce ( disease1 mu/ be always fully consid]$4 #aj?4 ,animals %\ld nev] be all[$ to bre$ ei!r too e>ly or too late 9 life4 ,^! p]iods _c be arbitr>ily laid d[n1 b mu/ dep5d on _! "t ( maturity1 ! longevity ( ! bre$1 & ! /am9a ( ! individual4 #aa?4 ,no viol5t cross1 or mix+ ( di/9ct bre$s1 %\ld ev] be admitt$ = ! purposes ( p]petuation1 z ( cattle ( div]se sizes2 horses ( unlike *>act]s2 ! ,m]9o & ! long-wools1 or ev5 ! long1 or %ort1 & ! middle-wools4 ,= c>cass & con/itution1 ^! crosses are unexceptionable2 & x is a practice v common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & judici\s en\gh :]e ! :ole produce is e>ly de/9$ = ! %ambles4 ,b :5 ! prog5y are design$ = bre$]s1 ! practice %\ld be br&$ ) unqualifi$ repreh5sion4 ,,g5]al ,,=m ,,& ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ^! may be r$uc$ to a common /&>d4 ,all animals %\ld h a good head1 well set up2 a clean f9e muzzle1 & a blight1 cle> & full1 yet p]fectly placid eye4 ,) ! exception ( ! dog & cat1 ^: orig9al nature is f]ocity1 & ^: :ole life1 unless div]t$ f _! natural in/9cts1 is plund] & prey2 & ! jockey racehorse1 :i* is requir$ to take ! purse1 at any haz>d ( life or limb to ! groom2 a mild1 quiet eye is indisp5sable to ! pr(itable use ( ! dome/ic brute4 ,! neck %\ld be well =m$1 n too long1 tap]+ to its junction ) ! head1 & gradually enl>g+ to a firm1 well-exp&$ atta*m5t to ! back1 %\ld]s1 & brea/4 ,! back or *9e %\ld be %ort1 /raight1 & broad2 ! ribs spr++ out f ! backbone ne>ly at "r angles1 giv+ a r\nd$ appe>ance to ! c>cass1 & rea*+ well beh9d to a close proximity to ! hip2 tail well set on1 & full at its junction ) ! body1 yet gradually tap]+ to f95ess2 ?ighs1 =e-arms1 & crops well develop$2 project+ brea/ or brisket2 ! =e-legs /raight1 & h9d ones prop]ly b5t1 /rong & full :]e atta*$ to ! c>cass1 b small & tap]+ bel[2 good & s\nd jo9ts2 d5se1 /rong bones1 b n l>ge2 pl5ty ( f9e muscle 9 ! "r places2 & hair or wool1 f9e & s(t4 ,! *e/ 9 all animals %\ld be full1 = x w be inv>iably f\nd1 t only su* w d ! mo/ "w1 or fatt5 easie/ on ! lea/ food4 ,! ,lungs4 ,f ! la/-m5tion$ pr9ciple1 f\nd$ on long exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 ,cl9e inf]r$1 & he has laid x d[n z an incontrov]tible position1 t ! lungs %\ld always be l>ge2 & ,y\att expresses ! same op9ion4 ,?is is und\bt$ly correct z to work+ bea/s1 ! horse & ! ox1 :i* require full & free respiration1 to enable !m to su/a9 great muscul> ef=ts4 ,b lat] physiologi/s h assum$1 p]haps f clos] & m accurate obs]vations1 t ! fatt5+ prop5sity is 9 ! ratio ( ! smallness ( ! lungs4 ,e>l ,sp5c] has obs]v$1 t ?is is fully %[n 9 ! pig1 ! %eep1 ! ox1 & ! horse1 ^: aptitude to fatt5 & smallness ( lungs1 are 9 ! ord] enum]at$4 ,?is position is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! diff]5t bre$s ( ! same classes ( animals4 ,! ,leice/] %eep h small] lungs ?an ! ,s\? ,d[n2 & x has be5 f\nd1 t a numb] ( ! =m]1 on a giv5 quantity ( food1 & 9 ! same "t1 rea*$ #bh lbs4 a qu>t]1 :ile ! ,s\? ,d[ns ) a great] consumption ( food1 atta9$ 9 ! same p]iod1 only #ah lbs4 ,! ,*9ese pigs h mu* small] lungs ?an ! ,iri%1 & ! =m] w fatt5 to a giv5 weight1 on a mu* less quantity ( food ?an ! latt]4 7,playfair47 ,! pr9ciple w\ld seem to be corroborat$ by ! fact1 t animals g5]ally fatt5 fa/] 9 proportion to ! quantity ( food !y consume1 z !y advance t[>ds a c]ta9 /age ( maturity2 dur+ all :i* "t1 ! secretion ( int]nal fat is gradually compress+ ! size1 by r$uc+ ! room = ! action ( ! lungs4 ,h5ce1 ! advantage ( c>ry+ ! fatt5+ bea/ to an advanc$ po9t1 by :i* n only ! quality ( c>cass is improv$1 b ! quantity is relatively great] = ! am\nt ( food consum$4 ,^! views are intimately connect$1 & fully correspond1 ) ! pr9ciples ( ,,respiration ,,9 ,,animals4 ,f c>eful exp]im5ts1 x has be5 f\nd t all animals daily consume a mu* l>g] quantity ( food ?an ! aggregate ( :at may h be5 reta9$ 9 ! sy/em1 add$ to :at has be5 expell$ 9 ! foeces & ur9e1 & :at has escap$ by p]spiration4 ,b\ss+ault1 :o comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( an +5i\s *emi/1 a vigilant obs]v]1 & a practical agriculturi/1 made an exp]im5t ) a mil*-c[ & a full-gr[n horse1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 /alls s contriv$ t ! dropp+s & ! ur9e c\ld be collect$ )\t loss4 ,be=e be+ made ! subjects ( exp]im5t1 ! animals 7 balla/$ or f$ = a mon? ) ! same ration t 0 furni%$ to !m1 dur+ ! ?ree days & ?ree nights :i* !y pass$ 9 ! exp]im5tal /alls4 ,dur+ ! mon?1 ! weight ( ! animals did n v>y s5sibly1 a circum/ance :i* happily enables u to assume t nei!r did ! weight v>y dur+ ! sev5ty-two h\rs :5 !y 7 "u especial obs]vation4 ,! c[ 0 fodd]$ ) aft]-ma?1 hay1 & potatoes2 ! horse ) ! same hay & oats4 ,! quantities ( =age 7 accurately weigh$1 & _! precise degree ( moi/ness & _! composition 7 det]m9$ f av]age samples4 ,! wat] drunk 0 measur$1 its sal9e & e>?y con/itu5ts hav+ be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$4 ,! excrem5titi\s matt]s pass$1 7 ( c\rse collect$ ) ! greate/ c>e2 ! excrem5ts1 ! ur9e1 & ! milk 7 weigh$1 & ! con/itution ( ! :ole e/imat$ f elem5t>y analyses ( av]age specim5s ( ea*4 ,! results ( ! two exp]im5ts are giv5 9 ! table on ! next page4 ,! oxyg5 & hydrog5 t are n acc\nt$ = 9 ! sum ( ! products h n disappe>$ 9 ! precise proportions requisite to =m wat]2 ! excess ( hydrog5 am\nts to z _m z f #ac to #ae dwts4 ,x is probable t ?is hydrog5 ( ! food became *ang$ into wat] by comb9+ dur+ respiration ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,,food ,,consum$ ,,by ,,! ,,horse ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ,key to columns3 ,f ,=age4 ,w ,weight 9 ! wet /ate ,d ,weight 9 ! dry /ate ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,elem5t>y ,matt] 9 ! ,food4 ,f ,w ,d ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,salts & ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,azote4 ,e>?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ lb4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,hay #bj #ag #d #g #aa #j #aj #g #f #h #h #j #c #b #a #f #ad ,oats #f #e #b #b #g #j #c #ah #a #aj #ad #j #a #g #j #b #aj ,wat]#dc 444 444 444 444 444 #j #j #h ,total#fi #bb #f #aj #f #a #b #e #h #g #b #j #d #i #a #i #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,products ,,void$ ,,by ,,! ,,horse ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- - 444 ,weight 9 ,weight 9 ,p,products4 ! wet ! dry /ate4 /ate4 ---------------------------------------- - lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,u,ur9e #c #f #ae #i #i #ad ,e,excrem5ts #ch #b #b #i #e #f ---------------------------------------- - ,t ,total #ga #h #ag #aj #c #j ,f,total matt]#fi #j #j #bb #f #j ( ! food ------------------------ ,d,diff]5ce #bg #c #c #ab #c #j ---------------------------------------- - 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,elem5t>y ,matt] 9 ! ,products4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p ,salts & ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,azote4 ,e>?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,u #j #c #aj #j #j #g #j #a #b #j #a #d #j #c #aj ,e #c #g #ag #j #e #ae #c #f #ad #j #b #aj #a #f #aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,t #c #aa #g #j #f #b #c #g #af #j #c #ad #a #aj #j ,f #aj #f #j #a #b #e #h #g #b #j #d #i #a #i #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,d #f #f #ac #j #h #c #d #aa #f #j #j #ae #j #j #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,wat] ,,consum$ ,,by ,,! ,,horse ,,wat] ,,void$ ,,by ,,! ,,horse ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 ,) ! hay #b #c ,) ! ur9e #b #f ,) ! oats #j #ad ,) ! excrem5ts #bc #h ,tak5 z dr9k #ce #c --------------- ------------ ,total consum$ #ch #d ,total void$ #be #ad ,wat] consum$ #ch #d ------------ ,wat] exhal$ by pulmon>y & cutane\s transpiration #ab #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,food ,,consum$ ,,by ,,! ,,c[ ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- --- 444 ,f,fodd]4 ,weight 9 ,weight 9 ! wet ! dry /ate4 /ate4 ---------------------------------------- --- lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,p,potatoes #dj #b #e #aa #b #a ,h,aft]-ma? hay #bj #a #b #af #aa #j ,w,wat] #afj #j #j 444 ------------------------ ,t ,total #bbj #c #g #bh #a #a ---------------------------------------- --- 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,elem5t>y ,matt] 9 ! ,food4 ,f ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,salts & ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,azote4 ,e>?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,p #d #aa #b #j #g #ae #d #aj #ag #j #a #ab #j #f #ac ,h #g #aa #aa #j #aa #g #e #aj #ag #j #d #ag #a #h #f ,w 444 444 444 444 #j #a #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,t #ab #aj #ac #a #g #b #aj #i #ad #j #f #i #b #d #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,products ,,void$ ,,by ,,! ,,c[ ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- --------- 444 ,weight 9 ,weight 9 ,p,products4 ! wet ! dry /ate4 /ate4 ---------------------------------------- --------- lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,e,excrem5ts #gf #a #i #aj #h #ab ,u,ur9e #ba #aa #ab #b #f #ag ,m,milk #bb #aj #aj #c #a #j ------------------------- ,t,total #abj #aa #aa #af #d #i ,f matt] ( food #bbj #c #g #bh #a #a ------------------------- ,d,diff]5ce #ii #c #af #aa #h #ab ---------------------------------------- --------- 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,elem5t>y ,matt] 9 ! ,products4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p ,salts & ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,azote4 ,e>?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4lb4 oz4 dwt4 ,e #d #g #j #j #f #ac #d #j #i #j #b #ai #a #c #h ,u #j #h #g #j #j #af #j #h #c #j #a #c #a #j #f ,m #a #h #c #j #c #c #j #aj #f #j #a #i #j #a #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,t #f #aa #aj #j #aj #ab #e #f #ah #i #e #aa #b #e #aj ,f #ab #aj #ac #a #g #b #aj #i #ad #j #f #i #b #d #aa ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,d #e #aa #c #j #h #aj #e #b #af #j #j #ah #j #j #ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,wat] ,,consum$ ,,by ,,! ,,c[ ,,wat] ,,void$ ,,by ,,! ,,c[ ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- lbs4 oz4 lbs4 oz4 ,) ! potatoes #bc #ab ,) ! excrem5ts #ec #aj ,) ! hay #b #i ,) ! ur9e #ae #ad ,tak5 z dr9k #acb #j ,) ! milk #af #c ------------ ----------- ,total consum$ #aeh #e ,total void$ #he #aa ,wat] consum$ #aeh #e ----------- ,wat] pass$ (f by pulmon>y & cutane\s transpiration #gi #b ,we "h p]ceive a l>ge loss ( wat]1 c>bon1 hydrog51 c4 ,ne>ly all ?is loss ( c>bon & hydrog5 escap$ by respiration1 :ile mo/ ( ! wat]1 oxyg51 nitrog51 & salts1 pass$ (f 9 p]spiration4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! subject ( respiration1 ,liebig says1 f ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( c>bon daily tak5 into ! sy/em 9 ! food1 z well z ( t proportion ( x :i* passes out ( ! body 9 ! foeces & ur9e1 unburn$1 t is1 9 "s =m uncomb9$ ) oxyg51 x appe>s t an adult tak+ mod]ate ex]cise1 consumes #ac4i oz4 ( c>bon daily4 ,! =ego+ are facts 9 ! animal economy1 capable ( va/ practical be>+ 9 ! managem5t ( our dome/ic animals4 ,b be=e foll[+ out ^! pr9ciples to _! application1 let u briefly exam9e ,! ,effects ( ,respiration4 ,we h se5 f ! exp]im5t ( ,b\ss+ault1 t !re is a loss ( #f lbs4 #f oz4 ( c>bon1 & #h oz4 #c dwt4 ( hydrog5 9 ! food ( ! horse1 & some?+ less 9 t ( ! c[1 e #bd h\rs1 :i* has n be5 left 9 ! sy/em1 nor has x escap$ by ! evacuations4 ,:at has become ( s l>ge an am\nt ( solid matt]8 ,x has escap$ ?r\gh ! lungs & be5 conv]t$ into air4 ,! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! food h und]gone ^? v>i\s trans=mations :i* are peculi> to ! animal economy1 dige/ion1 assimilation1 c41 :i* x is n necess>y1 nor w our limits p]mit u "h to expla92 & !y appe> at la/ 9 ! ve9\s blood1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( its circulation is br\ght into ! cells ( ! lungs4 ,! air inhal$ is s5t ?r\gh e "p ( _! innum]able me%es1 & is !re sep>at$ f ! blood1 only by ! delicate tissues or membranes :i* enclose x4 ,a portion ( ! c>bon & hydrog5 escapes f ! blood into ! air-cells1 & at ! in/ant ( _! contact ) ! air1 !y affect a *emical union ) its oxyg51 =m+ c>bonic acid & ! vapor ( wat]1 :i* is !n expir$1 & a fre% supply ( oxyg5 is inhal$4 ,?is op]ation is aga9 repeat$1 ?r\gh e successive mom5t ( animal exi/5ce4 ,besides o!r purposes :i* x is probably design$ to subs]ve1 b :i* h hi!rto elud$ ! ke5e/ rese>* ( *emical physiology1 "o obvi\s result ( respiration is1 ! elevation ( ! temp]ature ( ! animal sy/em4 ,by ! ev]-op]at+ laws ( nature1 ?is *emical union ( two bodies 9 ! =mation ( a ?ird1 dis5gages lat5t heat1 :i* tak+ place 9 contact ) ! blood1 is by x diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole frame4 ,! effect is precisely analog\s to ! combu/ion ( fuel1 oils1 c41 9 ! op5 air4 ,p]spiration ,is ! c\nt]act+ ag5t :i* modifies ?is result1 & prev5ts ! injuri\s effects1 :i*1 "u exposure to great ext]nal heat1 w\ld ensure c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,& ?is too1 x w h be5 se51 is provid$ at ! exp5se ( ! animal food4 ,:5 f excessive heat1 caus$ by viol5t ex]cise or o!rwise1 by :i* respiration is accel]at$ & ! animal temp]ature becomes elevat$1 ! papillae ( ! sk9 p\r ! limpid fluid ?r\gh _! innum]able ducts1 :i* 9 its conv]sion into vapor1 seize ^u ! animal heat & remove x f ! sy/em1 produc+ t delici\s coolness s grateful to ! labor+ man & bea/ 9 a sultry summ]'s day4 ,^! two oppos+ pr9ciples1 l ! antagoni/ic op]ations ( ! regulator 9 me*anics1 keep up a p]fect balance 9 ! vital ma*9e1 & enable t entire division ( ! animal creation1 di/+ui%$ z w>m-blood$1 includ+ man & ! brute1 all ! fea!r$ tribes1 ! :ale1 ! seal1 ! walrus1 c41 to ma9ta9 an equilibrium ( temp]ature1 :e!r "u ! equator or ! poles2 on ! peaks ( ,*imborazo1 ! burn+ s&s ( ,zah>a1 or plung$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! connection betwe5 ! size ( ! lungs1 & ! aptitude ( animals to fatt51 w be m app>5t f ! fact1 t ! c>bon & hydrog5 :i* are ab/ract$1 con/itute two ( ! only ?ree elem5ts ( fat4 ,! l>g] size1 ! full] play1 & ! great] activity ( ! lungs1 by exhau/+ m ( ! mat]ials ( fat1 mu/ necess>ily dim9i% its =mation 9 ! animal sy/em2 unless x c be %[n1 :i* has nev] yet be5 done1 t ! removal ( a portion ( ! fat-=m+ pr9ciples accel]ates ! assimilation ( ! rema9d]4 ,! ,food :i* supplies ,respiration4 ,?is1 9 ! h]bivor\s animals1 aft] !y are depriv$ ( ! milk1 :i* furni%es x 9 abundance1 is ! />*1 gum1 sug>1 vegetable fats1 & oils t exi/ 9 ! vegetables1 gra91 & roots :i* !y consume2 & 9 c]ta9 cases :]e !re is a defici5cy ( o!r food1 x is sp>+ly furni%$ 9 woody & cellul> fibre4 ,all ^! sub/ances con/itute ! pr9cipal "p ( dry vegetable food1 & are made up ( ?ree elem5ts1 :i* 9 />*1 gum1 cane-sug>1 & cellul> fibre1 exi/ 9 precisely ! same proportions1 viz3 #dd p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #f4b ( hydrog51 & #dj4h ( oxyg54 ,grape sug>1 woody fibre1 & vegetable & animal fats & oils are made up ( ! same elem5ts1 b 9 diff]5t proportions1 ! la/ conta9+ mu* m c>bon & hydrog5 ?an ^? above specifi$4 ,9 ! fatt5+ animals1 x is suppos$ ! vegetable fats & oils are imm$iately transf]r$ to ! fat cells1 und]go+ only su* slight modification z p]fectly adapts !m to ! animal economy1 :ile respiration is suppli$ by ! o!r enum]at$ vegetable matt]s4 ,if ^! la/ are tak5 into ! /oma* beyond ! necess>y dem& = its object1 !y too are conv]t$ by ! animal functions into fat1 & are /or$ up 9 ! sy/em = future use4 ,b if ! supply ( ! latt] is insuffici5t = respiration1 x fir/ appropriates ! vegetable fat conta9$ 9 ! food2 if ?is is defici5t1 x draws on ! accumulat$ /ores ( animal fat already secret$ 9 ! sy/em1 & :5 ^! too are exhau/$1 x seizes ^u :at is conta9$ 9 ! tissues & muscle4 ,:5 ! animal comm5ces draw+ ^u its own res\rces = ! support ( its vital functions1 det]ioration beg9s2 & if long cont9u$1 great emaciation succe$s1 :i* is soon foll[$ by />vation & dea?4 ,! c>nivor\s animals are furni%$ ) _! respiratory excretions1 f ! animal fat & fibre :i* exi/ 9 _! food1 & :i* ! h]bivorae _h previ\sly ab/ract$ f ! vegetable creation4 ,circum/ances :i* augm5t ,respiration4 ,^! are1 ex]cise1 cold1 & an abundant supply ( food4 ,ex]cise1 besides exhau/+ ! mat]ials ( fat1 produces a wa/e ( fibre & tissue1 ! muscul> & nitrog5iz$ p>ts ( ! animal sy/em2 & x is obvi\s f ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 t cold requires a correspond+ dem& = c>bon & hydrog5 to keep up ! vital w>m?4 ,! consumption ( food to ! fulle/ ext5t requir$ = invigorat+ ! frame1 creates a desire = activity1 & x ins5sibly induces full respiration4 ,! well-f$1 active man1 unconsci\sly draws a full1 /rong brea?2 :ile ! ab/emi\s & ! feeble1 unwitt+ly use x da9tily1 z if x 7 a *oice commodity n to be lavi%ly exp5d$4 ,if ! fir/ be obs]v$ :5 sleep has effectually arre/$ volition1 ! exp&$ *e/ w be se51 heav+ ) ! long-drawn1 sonor\s brea?2 :ile t ( ! latt] w exhibit ! g5tle repose ( ! infant on its "m's brea/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! food ( ! inhabitants ( ! pol> & equatorial regions1 is /rik+ly illu/rative ( ! dem&s bo? = brea?+ & p]spiration4 ,! latt] are almo/ de/itute ( clo?+1 & subsi/ on _! light1 juicy1 tropical fruits1 :i* conta9 sc>cely #ab p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 yet furni% all ! elem5ts = abundant p]spiration2 :ile ! =m] are imb$d$ 9 furs1 & dev\r gallons ( tra9 oil or its equival5t ( fat1 :i* conta9s ne>ly #hj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 t is burnt up 9 respiration to ma9ta9 a necess>y w>m?4 ,! be> retires to 8 d5 9 ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 load$ ) fat1 :i* he has accumulat$ f ! ri*1 oily ma/ ab\nd+ 9 ! woods 9 autumn4 ,!re he lies = mon?s1 snugly coil$ & p]fectly dormant2 ! ?ickness ( 8 %aggy coat1 8 dry b$ ( leaves1 & well-protect$ d51 effectually gu>d+ him f cold1 :i* 9 addition to 8 want ( ex]cise1 draw slightly ^u respiration to keep up ! vital heat4 ,:5 ! /ores ( c>bon & hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! fat are exp5d$1 8 hung] & cold compel him to leave 8 w9t]-qu>t]s1 aga9 to w&] 9 pursuit ( food4 ,_m ( ! swall[ tribes1 9 l mann]1 hyb]nate 9 l>ge holl[ trees1 & = mon?s eke out a torpid1 sc>cely p]ceptible exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( food4 ,activity & full respiration1 on ! return ( spr+1 dem& a support1 :i* is furni%$ 9 ! myriads ( flies !y daily consume4 ,! toad & frog h repeat$ly be5 f\nd 9 a torpid /ate1 imb$d$ 9 lime/ones1 s&/ones1 & ! breccias1 :]e !y 7 probably imprison$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s )\t a morsel ( food2 yet :5 expos$ to ! w>m? ( ! vital air & ! /imulus ( its oxyg51 !y h manife/$ all ! activity ( _! species4 ,?is !y are enabl$ to su/a9 only by an enorm\s consumption ( insects4 ,dr4 ,playfair /ates1 t 9 an exp]im5t made by ,"l ,ducie1 #ajj %eep 7 plac$ 9 a %$1 & ate #bj p\nds ( ,sw$es turnips ea* p] day2 ano!r #ajj 7 plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 & ate #be p\nds p] day2 yet ! =m]1 :i* _h "o-fif? less food1 weigh$1 aft] a few weeks1 ?ree p\nds m p] head ?an ! latt]4 ,he !n f$ five %eep 9 ! op5 air1 betwe5 ! #ba/ ,novemb] & #a/ ,decemb]4 ,!y consum$ #ij p\nds ( food p] day1 ! temp]ature be+ at #dd deg41 & at ! end ( ?is "t1 !y weigh$ two p\nds less ?an :5 fir/ expos$4 ,five %eep 7 !n plac$ "u a %$1 & all[$ to run ab\t 9 a temp]ature ( #di deg44 ,at fir/ !y consum$ #hb p\nds p] day2 !n #gj p\nds1 & at ! end ( ! "t !y _h ga9$ #bc p\nds4 ,aga91 five %eep 7 plac$ "u a %$ z be=e1 & n all[$ to take any ex]cise4 ,!y ate at fir/1 #fd p\nds ( food p] day1 !n #eh p\nds1 & increas$ 9 weight #cj p\nds4 ,la/ly1 five %eep 7 kept quiet & cov]$1 & 9 ! d>k4 ,!y ate #ce p\nds p] day1 & increas$ eight p\nds4 ,mr4 ,*ild]s /ates1 t #hj ,leice/] %eep 9 ! op5 field1 consum$ #ej baskets ( cut turnips p] day1 besides oil-cake4 ,on putt+ !m 9 a %$1 !y 7 imm$iately able to consume only #cj baskets1 & soon aft] b #be1 be+ only half ! quantity requir$ be=e1 & yet !y fatt5$ z rapidly z :5 eat+ ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,! m9imum ( food1 !n1 requir$ = ! support ( animals1 is atta9$ :5 closely conf9$ 9 a w>m1 d>k %elt]2 & ! maximum1 :5 runn+ at l>ge1 expos$ to all wea!rs4 ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,animals4 ,?is %\ld be regulat$ by a v>iety ( consid]ations4 ,! "y :i* may be de/9$ = maturity1 %\ld be suppli$ ) milk f ! dam until wean+-"t4 ,no food c be sub/itut$ = ! well-fill$ udd] ( ! p>5t1 :i* is s safe1 heal?ful1 & nutriti\s4 ,if f any cause !re is defici5cy or total privation1 x mu/ be made up by t k9d ( food1 meal-gruel1 c41 :i*1 9 its composition1 approa*es ne>e/ 9 quality to ! milk4 ,at a m advanc$ age1 or ! "t = wean+1 grass1 hay1 roots1 or gra91 may be sub/itut$1 9 quantities suffici5t to ma9ta9 a /eady b n a =c$ gr[?4 ,/uff+ c only be tol]at$ 9 animals :i* are spe$ily de/9$ = ! slaught]4 ,alt]nately improv+ & fall+ back1 is injuri\s to all /ock4 ,an animal %\ld nev] be fat b once4 ,especially is high fe$+ bad = bre$+ animals4 ,mu* z />v+ is to be deprecat$1 ! prejudicial effects ( repletion are /ill great]4 ,! calf or lamb int5d$ = ! but*]1 may be pu%$ =w>d ) all possible rapidity4 ,horses or colts %\ld nev] exce$ a good work+ or bre$+ condition4 ,purposes fulfill$ by diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,food4 ,! objects design$ to be answ]$ by food1 are to a c]ta9 ext5t ! same4 ,all food is int5d$ to meet ! dem&s ( respiration & nutrition1 & fatt5+ to a great] or less degree4 ,b "s are bett] suit$ to "o object ?an o!rs1 & x is = ! intellig5t f>m] to select su* z w mo/ effectually accompli% 8 p>ticul> purposes4 ,! v "y animal requires l>ge quantities ( ! phosphate ( lime = ! =mation ( bone2 & ?is is yield$ 9 ! milk 9 l>g] proportions ?an f any o!r food4 ,! gr[+ animal wants bone1 muscle1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( fat1 & ^! are procur$ f ! grasses1 roots1 & gra92 f ! =m] :5 f$ alone1 & f ! two latt] :5 mix$ ) hay or grass4 ,horses1 cattle1 & %eep ne$ hay to qualify ! too wat]y nature ( ! roots1 & ! too cond5s$ nutritiv5ess ( ! gra94 ,animals t are prep>+ = ! %ambles1 require vegetable oils or fat1 />*1 sug>1 or gum4 ,! fir/ is conta9$ 9 great abundance 9 flax & cotton-se$1 ! sun-fl[]1 & _m o!r ( ! mucilag9\s se$s4 ,indian corn is ! mo/ fatt5+ gra94 ,! potato conta9s ! greate/ proportion ( />*1 & ! sug>-beet has l>ge quantities ( sug>1 & bo? consequ5tly are good = /all-fe$+4 ,! ripe sug>-cane is p]haps ! mo/ fatt5+ ( vegetables1 if we except ! oily se$s & gra94 ,! ,sw$es turnip is a good food to comm5ce ) fatt5+ cattle & %eep2 b :]e great rip5ess 9 animals is desir$1 !y %\ld be foll[$ ) beets1 c>rots or potatoes1 & gra94 ,! table ( ! av]age composition ( ! diff]5t crops1 :i* we subjo9 f ,john/on1 %[s ! comp>ative qualities ( v>i\s k9ds ( food1 & x w be f\nd a valuable ref]5ce = _! nutritive & fatt5+ qualities4 ,he says1 ,9 draw+ up ?is table1 ,i h adopt$ ! proportions ( glut51 = ! mo/ "p1 f ,b\ss+ault4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 appe> to be v d\btful4 ,! proportions ( fatty matt] are also v unc]ta94 ,) a few exceptions1 ^? above giv5 h be5 tak5 f ,spr5gel1 & !y are1 9 g5]al1 /at$ consid]ably too l[4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 t ! proportion ( fatty matt] 9 & imm$iately "u ! husk ( ! gra9s ( corn1 is g5]ally mu* great] ?an 9 ! sub/ance ( ! corn itself4 ,?us ,i h f\nd ! poll>d ( :eat to yield m ?an twice z mu* oil z ! f9e fl\r obta9$ f ! same sample ( gra94 ,! f\r portions sep>at$ by ! mill] f a sup]ior sample ( :eat gr[n 9 ! neighborhood ( ,durham1 gave ( oil respectively3 f9e fl\r1 #a4e p] c5t42 poll>d1 #b4d2 box+s1 #c4f2 & bran1 #c4c p] c5t4 ,dumas /ates t ! husk ( oats sometimes yields z mu* z five or six p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,! columns "u />*1 c41 & fatty matt]1 d5ote ! value = respiration or su/a9+ life1 & ! fatt5+ qualities2 t "u glut51 ! capacity = yield+ muscle & support+ labor2 & sal9e matt] indicates some?+ ( ! proportions :i* are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into bones4 ,wat]4 ,husk or ,/>*1 ,glut51 ,fatty ,sal9e woody gum1 & album51 matt]4 matt] fibre4 sug>4 legum51 c4 ,:eat1 #af #ae #ee #aj to #ae #b to #d ,j4 #b4j ,b>ley1 #ae #ae #fj #ab8 #b4e ,j4 #b4j ,oats1 #af #bj #ej #ad4e8 #e4f ,j4 #c4e ,rye1 #ab #aj #fj #ad4e #c4j #a4j ,indian corn1 #ad #ae8 #ej #ab4j #e to #i ,d4 #a4e ,buck:eat1 #af8 #be8 #ej #ad4e #j4d8 #a4e ,beans1 #af #aj #dj #bh4j #b #c4j ,peas1 #ac #h #ej #bd4j #b4h8 #b4h ,potatoes1 #ge8 #e8 #ab8 #b4be #j4c #j4h to #a ,turnips1 #he #c #aj #a4b 8 #j4h to #a ,c>rots1 #he #c #aj #b4j #j4d #a4j ,mead[ hay1 #ad #cj #dj #g4a #b to #e ,d4 #e to #aj ,clov] hay1 #ad #be #dj #i4c #c4j #i ,pea /raw1 #aj to #ae #be #de #ab4c #a4e #e ,oat d4 #ab #de #ce #a4c #j4h #f ,:eat d4 #ab to #ae #ej #cj #a4c #j4e #e ,b>ley d4 d4 #ej #cj #a4c #j4h #e ,rye d4 d4 #de #ch #a4c #j4e #c ,indian corn d4 #ab #be #eb #c4j #a4g #d ,?is table1 x w be p]ceiv$1 is f> f settl+ ! precise relative value ( ! diff]5t enum]at$ articles4 ,an absolute1 un*ang+ value c nev] be assum$ ( any "o sub/ance1 z ! quality ( ea* mu/ diff] ) ! p>ticul> v>iety1 ! soil ^u :i* x is gr[n1 ! "* ( ! season1 ! mann] ( cur+1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,an approximate relative value is all t c be expect$1 & ?is we may hope ere long to obta91 f ! _s ( analytical rese>*1 :i* is n[ develop$ & 9 successful progress4 ,m especially d we ne$ ^! inve/igations ) ,am]ican products1 "s ( :i* are b p>tially cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 :5ce we d]ive mo/ ( our analyses4 ,& _m :i* are !re re>$1 diff] widely f ^? produc$ "h1 z ^! also diff] f ea* o!r4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 is ! "* ( mead[ hay8 ,we "k t ?is v>ies z f\r to "o1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> k9ds gr[n2 & our ,indian corn has c]ta9ly a less range ?an f five to n9e4 ,! ,*anges 9 ! ,food ( ,animals4 ,potatoes1 :5 fir/ ripe1 are e/imat$ to be wor?1 = fe$+ purposes1 ne>ly twice z mu* z :5 old2 & ! relative value ( ! diff]5t k9ds1 v>ies greatly at ! same age & "u simil> conditions ( gr[?4 ,p]rault asc]ta9$ by c>eful exp]im5t1 t hay1 clov]1 & luc]ne lo/ mu* ( _! nutritive qualities by dry+1 & 9 luc]ne ?is loss am\nt$ to ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t4 ,?is is an important consid]ation 9 ! fe$+ ( gre5 & dry =age4 ,oats are among ! be/ fe$1 bo? = "y & work+ animals2 b x has be5 f\nd t !y are greatly improv$ = ! latt]1 & p]haps = bo?1 by all[+ ! new crop to rema9 till ! latt] "p ( w9t]1 be=e fe$+4 ,! improvem5t by /eam+ & cook+ food1 is seldom suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,food prop]ly manag$1 c nev] be made worse by cook+ = any /ock2 al?\gh x has n be5 consid]$ s ess5tial = work+1 & g5]ally1 = rum9at+ animals1 z = sw9e1 & su* z 7 /all-fe$+4 ,b ! alt]ation produc$ 9 cook+1 by fitt+ x = a m ready assimilation1 mu/1 z a g5]al rule1 add mu* to ! value ( ! food1 & ! rapid improvem5t ( ! animal4 ,! effect ( slight f]m5tation1 or s\r+ ! food1 produces ! same result4 ,animals accu/om$ to ?is acid food1 w reject :at is unprep>$ :5 !y c get at ! =m]2 & we h no d\bt1 f our own exp]i5ce1 t !re is a sav+ 9 ?us prep>+ x1 f #bj to #dj p] c5t4 ,a mixture ( food %\ld be suppli$ to all animals4 ,l man1 !y tire ( any con/ant alim5t4 ,= su*1 especially1 z are fatt5+1 & :i* x is desirable to mature ) ! greate/ rapidity1 a c>eful indulg5ce ( _! appetite %\ld be /udi$4 ,!y %\ld be provid$ ) :atev] !y mo/ crave1 if x be adapt$ to ! secretion ( fat4 ,cutt+1 cru%+1 & gr9d+ ! food2 cook+1 s\r+1 & mix+ x1 are ea* by !mselves an improvem5t = fe$+2 & frequ5tly two or m ( ^! prep>ations comb9$1 are ( great utility 9 effect+ ! object propos$4 ,! ,pr(it ( ,fe$+4 ,x is evid5t1 t ?is consi/s 9 a valuable return f ! animal ( ! food consum$4 ,9 ! horse1 ?is c only be receiv$ 9 labor or bre$+2 9 ! ox1 f labor & fle%2 9 ! c[1 f ! milk1 ! fle%1 & h] "y4 ,9 ! %eep1 x may be return$ 9 its fleece1 its c>cass1 or its prog5y2 & 9 ! sw9e only by its prog5y & fle%4 ,! manure we expect f all2 & if ?is be n secur$ & judici\sly us$1 few animals ab\t ! f>m w be f\nd to yield a satisfactory pr(it = _! food & att5tion2 ?\gh x is evid5t1 x %\ld =m b a small "p ( ! return look$ =4 ,animals are only pr(itable to ! f>m]1 :5 !y yield a daily income1 z 9 _! milk or labor2 or annually1 by _! "y or fleece2 unless x be 9 a c\rse ( regul> improvem5t1 ei!r 9 _! ord9>y gr[? or prep>ation = ! but*]4 ,! animal mu/ consume a c]ta9 am\nt ( food m]ely to keep up its /ation>y condition1 & to supply ! mat]ials = wa/e1 respiration1 p]spiration1 & ! evacuations4 ,^! mu/ fir/ be provid$ = 9 all cases1 be=e ! f>m] c expect any ?+ = ! food4 ,frequ5t obs]vation has %[n1 t an ox w consume ab\t two p] c5t1 ( 8 weight ( hay p] day1 to ma9ta9 8 condition4 ,if put to mod]ate labor1 an increase ( ?is quantity to ?ree p] c5t41 w enable him to p]=m 8 "w1 & /ill ma9ta9 8 fle%4 ,if to be fatt5$1 he requires ab\t #da_/b p] c5t4 ( 8 weight daily1 9 nutriti\s food4 ,a c[ to rema9 /ation>y & give no milk1 eats two p] c5t4 ( h] weight daily2 & if 9 milk1 %e w consume ?ree p] c5t4 ,if ^! /atem5ts are correct1 :i* x is c]ta9 !y are 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y may n be entirely 9 degree1 x w require ! same food to keep ?ree yoke ( cattle 9 idl5ess1 z two at "w2 & ! food ( e two t are idle1 w ne>ly support "o "u ! mo/ rapid condition ( fatt+4 ,two c[s may be kept 9 milk1 ) ! same fe$ t w keep ?ree )\t4 ,no practice is m impolitic1 ?an b>ely to su/a9 ! /ock ?r\gh ! w9t]1 or a "p ( ! ye>1 z is ! case 9 too _m in/ances1 & all[ !m to improve only :5 turn$ on grass 9 summ]4 ,besides subject+ !m to ! risk ( disease1 consequ5t ^u _! privation ( food1 ne>ly half ! ye> is lo/ 9 _! use1 or 9 matur+ !m = pr(itable disposal2 :5 if "o-?ird ( ! /ock _h be5 sold1 ! rema9d] w\ld h be5 kept 9 a rapidly improv+ condition1 & at ?ree ye>s ( age1 !y w\ld probably be ( equal value1 z o!rwise at five or six4 ,x is true t bre$ has mu* to d ) ?is rapid advancem5t1 b bre$ is useless )\t food to develop & mature x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,neat ,,or ,,horn$ ,,cattle4 ,! value ( our neat cattle exce$s t ( any o!r ( ! dome/ic animals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are z widely dissem9at$1 & m g5]ally useful4 ,l %eep & all our dome/ic brutes1 !y h be5 s long & s entirely subject to ! control ( man1 t _! orig9al type is unkn[n4 ,!y h be5 all[$ entire fre$om f all human direction or re/ra9t = hundr$s ( ye>s1 on ! b\ndless pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,cali=nia1 & else:]e2 b :5 p]mitt$ to resume t natural condition1 by :i* bo? plants & animals approximate to ! "* ( _! orig9al head1 !y h sc>cely deviat$ 9 any respect1 f ! dome/ic h]ds f :i* !y are desc5d$4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$1 t our pres5t races d n diff]1 9 any ( _! ess5tial features & *>act]i/ics1 f ! orig9al /ock4 ,v>i\s ,dome/ic ,bre$s4 ,cultivation1 fe$1 & climate1 h mu* to d 9 det]m9+ ! =m1 size1 & "* ( cattle4 ,9 ,li?uania1 cattle atta9 an imm5se size1 ) b mod]ate pret5sions to g5]al excell5ce1 :ile ! ,iri% ,k]ry & ,scot* ,grampian c[s b little exce$ ! l>ge/ %eep2 yet ! la/ are compact & well-made1 & yield a good return = ! food consum$4 ,e c\ntry1 & almo/ e di/rict1 has its peculi> bre$s1 :i* by long association h become adapt$ to ! food & circum/ances ( its position1 & :5 f\nd pr(itable1 !y %\ld be ex*ang$ = o!rs1 only aft] ! mo/ ?or\gh trial ( sup]ior fitness = ! p>ticul> location1 9 ^? propos$ to be introduc$4 ,m att5tion has be5 paid to ! improvem5t ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( cattle 9 ,engl&1 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry2 & x is !re !y h atta9$ ! greate/ p]fection 9 =m & "* = ! v>i\s purposes to :i* !y are devot$4 ,we h d]iv$1 directly f ,great ,brita91 n only ! p>5t /ock f :i* ne>ly all our cattle are desc5d$1 b also mo/ ( ^? fre% importations1 to :i* we h look$ = improvem5t on ! pres5t race ( animals4 ,a few *oice ,dut* cattle1 g5]ally black & :ite1 & ( l>ge size1 good =ms1 & good milk]s1 ) a decid$ t5d5cy to fatt51 h be5 occasionally introduc$ among u1 b n 9 numb]s suffici5t to keep up a di/9ct bre$2 & 9 ! h&s ( _! import]s1 or imm$iate successors1 _! peculi> *>act]i/ics h soon become m]g$ 9 ^? h]ds by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,"s few ,fr5* & ,spani% cattle1 ! desc5dants ( ^? remote importations1 made :5 ! colonies ( ^? k+doms held possession ( our nor!rn1 we/]n1 & s\!rn fronti]s1 /ill exi/ 9 ^? sections2 & al?\gh possess+ no claims to p>ticul> sup]iority1 at lea/ 9 any t h come )9 our notice1 yet !y are s well acclimat$1 & adapt$ to _! v>i\s localities1 z to r5d] x inexp$i5t to attempt supplant+ !m1 except ) su* z are p>ticul>ly m]itori\s4 ,native ,cattle4 ,?is is a favorite t]m ) ,am]icans1 & compreh5ds e ?+ 9 ! c\ntry1 except+ su* z are ( a pure & di/9ct bre$4 ,x embraces "s ( ! be/1 "s ( ! wor/1 & "s ( almo/ e v>iety1 %ape1 color1 & "* ( ! bov9e race4 ,! designation has no f>!r mean+1 ?an t !y are indig5\s to ! soil1 & d n belong to any well-def9$ or di/9ct v>iety4 ,! be/ native cattle ( ! ,union are und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 ! ,nor!a/]n /ates4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly emigrant cattle 9 t section 7 f ! s\!rn "p ( ,engl&1 :]e ! ,devon cattle ab\nd2 & ?\gh n at ! pres5t "t be>+ a close resemblance to t bre$1 unless x has be5 impress$ ^u !m by m rec5t importations1 yet a l>ge numb] h t g5]al approximation 9 "*1 features1 & color1 :i* entitles !m to claim a ne> k9dr$ ) "o ( ! *oice/ cultivat$ bre$s4 ,!y h ! same symmetry1 b n 9 g5]al ! excessive delicacy ( =m1 :i* *>act]izes ! ,devons2 ! same intellig5ce1 activity1 & vigor 9 ! work+ cattle1 & ! same t5d5cy to fatt5+2 b !y are usually bett] = ! dairy ?an _! import$ ance/ors4 ,"s valuable int]mixtures h occasionally be5 made among !m4 ,among ^!1 !re h be5 _m br9dl$ cattle widely dissem9at$1 ( great m]it z work]s1 & n (t5 surpass$ = ! dairy & %ambles4 ,! ,h]e=ds h 9 a few in/ances be5 introduc$ among ! ea/]n cattle1 & app>5tly ) great improvem5t4 ,! importation made by ,admiral ,c(f91 ( f\r *oice ,h]e=d bulls & c[s1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,society ( ,massa*usetts1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s s9ce1 is especially to be m5tion$1 z result+ 9 decid$ b5efit :]ev] !y 7 dissem9at$4 ,"s ( ! old ,york%ire1 or z !y are sometimes /yl$1 ! long-horn$ ,durhams1 h be5 introduc$1 ?\gh ^! h be5 isolat$ individuals & nev] p]petuat$ z a sep>ate bre$4 ,a few small importations h be5 made ( ! ,%ort ,horns & ,ayr%ires1 b nei!r ( ^! h be5 br$ 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates 9 di/9ct h]ds1 to any ext5t4 ,_! native bre$ has hi!rto1 & g5]ally ) good reason1 possess$ claims on ! att5tion ( _! own]s1 :i*1 ) "s slight exceptions1 x has n be5 9 ! p[] ( any rivals to supplant4 ,) entire adapt$ness to ! soil1 climate1 & wants ( ! f>m]1 an orig9ally good /ock has1 9 frequ5t in/ances1 be5 c>efully fo/]$1 & ! bre$+ animals select$ ) a /rict ref]5ce to _! fitness = p]petuat+ ! mo/ desirable qualities4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is intellig5t & p]sev]+ policy1 widely1 b n univ]sally pursu$1 !y h a race ( cattle1 ?\gh possess+ consid]able div]sity ( size & color1 yet co9cid+ 9 a rem>kable degree 9 ! possession ( ^? utilit>ian features1 :i* s ju/ly comm5d !m to our admiration4 ,9 proce$+ s\?we/w>dly ?r\gh ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & else:]e1 we %all f9d 9 ?is bran* ( /ock1 a great] div]sity & less uni=m excell5ce2 ?\gh !y h ext5sive numb]s ( valuable animals4 ,"h & !re w be f\nd a *oice collection ( "s favorite =eign bre$1 :i* emigrants h br\ght f _! native home1 z did ! ,pagan coloni/s _! p5ates or h\sehold gods2 ! *]i%$ associates ( e>ly days1 & ! only relics ( _! fa!r-l&4 ,su* are an occasional small h]d ( poll$ or hornless cattle1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,suffolk or ,gall[ay1 excell5t bo? = ! dairy & %ambles2 ! ,kyloe1 or ,we/ ,highl&1 7,scotti%17 a h>dy animal1 unrivall$ = beef2 ! ,wel% runt2 ! ,iri% cattle2 ! crumpl$-horn ,ald]ney1 & "s o!rs4 ,! ,devon ,is among ! olde/ di/9ctly cultivat$ bre$s 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x und\bt$ly is ( ,engl&1 & probably x is ! mo/ univ]sal favorite4 ,?is popul>ity is well des]v$1 & x is bas$ ^u sev]al sub/antial consid]ations4 ,!y are beautifully =m$1 possess+ excessive f95ess & symmetry ( frame1 yet ) suffici5t bone & muscle to r5d] !m p]fectly h>dy2 & !y are among ! mo/ vigor\s & active ( work+ cattle4 ,!y h great uni=mity ( appe>ance 9 e feature1 size1 %ape1 horns1 & color4 ,! c[s & bulls appe> small1 b ! ox is mu* l>g]2 & bo? he & ! dam1 on cutt+ up1 are f\nd to weigh mu* beyond ! e/imates :i* an eye accu/om$ only to ord9>y bre$s1 w\ld h assign$ to !m4 ,! fle% is f9ely m>bl$ or int]sp]s$ ) alt]nate fat & lean1 & is ( sup]ior quality & flavor4 ,! c[s inv>iably yield milk ( great ri*ness1 & :5 appropriately br$1 none surpass !m = ! quantity ( butt] & *eese x yields4 ,mr4 ,bloomfield1 ! manag] ( ! late ,"l ,leice/]'s e/ate at ,holkham1 has1 by c>eful att5tion1 some:at increas$ ! size1 )\t impair+ ! beauty ( _! =m1 & s successful has he be5 9 develop+ _! milk+ prop]ties1 t 8 av]age product ( butt] f ea* c[1 is #d lbs4 p] week = ! :ole ye>4 ,he has *all5g$ ,engl& to milk an equal numb] ( c[s ( any bre$1 aga9/ #dj pure ,devons1 to be select$ out ( 8 own h]d1 )\t z yet hav+ f\nd a competitor4 ,al?\gh ?is is n a te/ ( _! m]its1 & by no means decides _! sup]iority1 yet x %[s ! great confid5ce repos$ 9 !m by _! own]4 ,! ,devon ox1 "u six ye>s old1 has come up to a nett dead weight ( #a1eic lbs42 & at ?ree ye>s & sev5 mon?s1 to #a1caf lbs41 ) #afj lbs4 ( r\gh tall[4 ,description4 ,! ,devon is ( m$ium size1 & s symmetrical1 z to appe> small4 ,! color is inv>iably a deep mahogany r$1 ) usually a :ite udd] & /rip "u ! belly2 & ! tuft at ! end ( ! tail is r$ :ile !y are calves1 b :ite 9 ! old] animal4 ,! head is small1 broad 9 ! =ehead1 & some:at ind5t$4 ,! muzzle is delicate1 & bo? ! nose & ! r+s ar\nd ! eye1 9 ! pure bre$1 are inv>iably ( a bright1 cle> orange4 ,! *eeks & face are ?9 & fle%less2 ! horns cle>1 smoo?1 & ( a yell[i% :ite1 h&somely curv$ upw>d4 ,! neck is small & delicate at its junction ) ! head1 b is well exp&$ 9 its atta*m5t to ! brea/ & %\ld]s4 ,! la/ has ! true slant = activity & /r5g?1 9 :i* x excels all o!r bre$s ( equal weight4 ,! b>rel is r\nd & deep1 ) a project+ brisket4 ,! back is broad & level2 ! flank full2 hips wide2 ! rumps long2 ! qu>t]s well develop$1 & capable ( hold+ a great quantity ( ! mo/ valuable meat4 ,! tail is on a level ) ! back1 & gracefully tap]s l a drum-/ick1 to ! tuft on ! end4 ,! legs are ( peculi> delicacy & f95ess1 yet possess great /r5g?4 ,! sk9 is ( m$ium ?ickness1 ( a ri* orange hue1 pliable to ! t\*1 & cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( f9e1 s(t1 curly hair4 ,! ,devon is intellig5t1 g5tle1 & tractable2 is good = milk1 & unsurpass$ = ! yoke & = fatt5+4 ,no animal is bett] suit$ to our scanty or luxuriant hill pa/ures ?an ! ,devon1 & none make a bett] return = ! att5tion & food receiv$4 ,!y ensure a rapid improvem5t :5 mix$ ) o!r cattle1 imp>t+ _! color & *>act]i/ics 9 an em95t degree4 ,sev]al importations h be5 made into ?is c\ntry )9 ! la/ #cj ye>s1 ( ! *oice/ animals1 & ?\gh n yet num]\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we possess "s ( ! be/ specim5s t exi/4 ,! ,%ort ,horns1 or ,durhams4 ,are decid$ly ! mo/ %[y among ! cattle species4 ,!y are ( all colors betwe5 a full1 deep r$1 & a pure creamy :ite2 b g5]ally h bo? int]mix$ 9 l>g] or small] pat*es1 or intimately bl5d$ 9 a beautiful roan4 ,black1 br[n1 or br9dl$1 are colors n recognis$ among pure-br$ ,%ort ,horns4 ,_! =m is well-spread1 symmetrical1 & impos+1 & capable ( su/a9+ a l>ge weight ( valuable c>cass4 ,! horn 0 orig9ally bran*+ & turn$ upw>d1 b n[ frequ5tly has a d[nw>d t5d5cy1 ) ! tips po9t+ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,!y are light1 & comp>atively %ort2 cle>1 highly poli%$1 & waxy4 ,! head is f9ely =m$1 ) a long] face b n s f9e a muzzle z ! ,devon4 ,! neck is delicately =m$ )\t dewlap1 ! brisket project+2 & ! great dep? & wid? ( ! *e/ giv+ %ort1 well-spread =e-legs4 ,! crops are good2 back & lo9 broad & flat2 ribs project+2 deep flank & twi/2 tail well set up1 /rong at ! roots & tap]+4 ,!y h a ?ick cov]+ ( s(t hair1 & are mell[ to ! t\*1 te*nically t]m$1 h&l+ well4 ,!y mature e>ly & rapidly = ! quantity ( food consum$1 yield+ l>gely ( good beef ) little (fal4 ,z a bre$1 !y are excell5t milk]s2 ?\gh "s families ( ! ,%ort ,horns surpass o!rs 9 ?is quality4 ,!y are inf]ior to ! ,devons1 9 _! value z work+ ox51 & 9 ! ri*ness ( _! milk4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,%ort-,horn ,bull4 ,! ,%ort ,horns are assign$ a high antiquity1 by ! olde/ bre$]s 9 ! c\nties ( ,durham & ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 ! place ( _! orig91 & = a long "t1 ( _! almo/ exclusive bre$+4 ,f ! m>k$ & decid$ improvem5t :i* !y /amp ^u o!r animals1 !y are evid5tly an anci5t bre$1 ?\gh mu* ! juniors ( ! ,devon & ,h]e=d4 ,_! highly artificial /yle1 =m1 & "*1 are unque/ionably ! "w ( deeply /udi$ & long-cont9u$ art2 & to ! same degree t !y h be5 m\ld$ 9 unresi/+ compliance ) ! dictation ( _! intellig5t bre$]s1 h !y dep>t$ f t light & m agile =m ( ! ,devon1 :i* conclusively & beyond ! possibility ( contradiction1 m>ks ! m primitive race4 ,,! ,,importation ,,( ,,%ort ,,horns ,,into ,,?is ,,c\ntry4 ,?is is claim$ to h be5 previ\s to #aghc4 ,!y are ! reput$ ance/ors ( _m *oice animals exi/+ 9 ,virg9ia1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 & :i* 7 kn[n z ! milk bre$2 & "s ( ^!1 ) o!rs t]m$ ! beef bre$1 7 tak5 into ,k5tucky by ,mr4 ,patton1 z e>ly z #agig1 & _! desc5dants1 a valuable race ( animals1 7 mu* dissem9at$ 9 ! ,we/1 & kn[n z ! ,patton /ock4 ,! fir/ au!ntic importations we h record$1 are ^? ( ,mr4 ,heaton1 into ,we/*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #agia & '#if1 f ! valuable h]ds ( ,messrs4 ,culley & ,coll+1 :i* consi/$ ( sev]al *oice bulls & c[s4 ,^! 7 = _m ye>s br$ pure1 & _! prog5y 0 widely scatt]$4 7,am]ican ,h]d ,book47 ,!y 7 also imp>t$ into ,new ,york1 by ,mr4 ,cox1 9 #ahaf2 by ,mr4 ,bullock1 9 #ahbb2 by ! late ,hon4 ,s4 ,van ,r5ssela] 9 #ahbc2 & imm$iately aft]1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,h5ry ,hall1 ( ,h>lem4 ,"s small importations 7 made into ,massa*usetts betwe5 #ahag & '#be1 by sev]al ent]pris+ agriculturi/s1 ,messrs4 ,coolidge1 ,williams1 & o!rs2 into ,connecticut by ,mr4 ,hall & o!rs2 into ,p5nsylvania by ,mr4 ,p[ell2 & into ,ohio & "s o!r /ates1 by v>i\s individuals e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,%ort-,horn$ ,c[4 ,s9ce ! fir/ importations1 l>g] accessions f ! be/ ,engli% h]ds h be5 frequ5tly made2 & ) ! nice reg>d = p$igrees :i* ! introduction ( ! h]d book1 & c>eful purity 9 bre$+ has produc$1 ! ,%ort ,horns h become ! mo/ ext5sive pure-br$ family ( cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! speculative times ( #ahce to #ahdj1 !y br\ght high prices1 frequ5tly f #ejj to #ajjj1 & sometimes m4 ,! foll[+ ye>s ( f9ancial emb>rassm5t1 r$uc$ _! m>ket price bel[ _! intr9sic value2 b ! tide is aga9 turn+1 & !y are n[ 9 dem&1 b /ill at prices f> bel[ _! utility & m]its4 ,!y h f ! fir/1 be5 favorites 9 ! ri*1 corn valleys ( ! ,we/1 _! e>ly maturity & great weight giv+ !m a pref]5ce ov] any o!r bre$4 ,! only drawback to ?is p>tiality1 is _! inability1 f _! =m & weight1 to rea* remote ea/]n m>kets 9 good condition2 an objection n[ 9 a great measure rem$i$1 by ! rec5t remission ( duties on =eign beef 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 :i* makes !m ( ne>ly equal value :]e f$1 to pack = exportation4 ,on light l&s & scanty pa/ures1 !y w probably nev] be l>gely introduc$4 ,all heavy animals require full =age )9 a limit$ compass1 s z to fill _! /oma*s at once1 & quietly compose !mselves to _! dige/ion4 ,! weights rea*$ by ! ,%ort ,horns 9 ,engl&1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,b]ry1 h be5 enorm\s4 ,two ox51 six ye>s old1 weigh$ nett1 #ahbj lbs4 ea*4 ,a heif] ( ?ree ye>s1 & f$ on grass & hay alone1 weigh$ #abfj lbs4 ,a f\r-ye>-old /e]1 f$ on hay & turnips only1 dress$ #ahij lbs4 ,a c[ rea*$ ! prodigi\s weight ( #aggh lbs4 ,a heif]1 runn+ ) h] dam1 & on pa/ure alone1 weigh$ at sev5 mon?s1 #dgf lbs4 ,an ox1 sev5 ye>s old1 weigh$ #bcfb lbs4 ,f _! comp>atively small numb]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( !m h be5 reta9$ = bre$]s2 few1 z yet1 h be5 fatt5$1 & su* only z 7 decid$ly inf]ior4 ,su* animals z h be5 ext5sively produc$ by cross+ ?is bre$ ^u our =m] /ocks1 h giv5 evid5ce ( great & decid$ improvem5t2 & ! ,%ort ,horns1 & _! grade desc5dants are de/9$1 at no di/ant day1 to occupy a l>ge portion ( ! ri*e/ fe$+ gr\nds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,h]e=d ,c[ ,h]e=ds4 ,?is is ! only rema9+ pure bre$1 :i* has hi!rto occupi$ ! att5tion ( grazi]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,l ! ,devons1 !y are suppos$ to be "o ( ! mo/ anci5t races ( ,briti% cattle4 ,m>%all gives ! foll[+ description4 ,! c\nt5ance pleasant1 *e]ful1 op52 ! =ehead broad2 eye full & lively2 horns bright1 tap]1 & spread+2 head small2 *ap lean2 neck long & tap]+2 *e/ deep2 bosom broad1 & project+ =w>d2 %\ld]-bone ?91 flat1 no way protub]ant 9 bone 787 b full & mell[ 9 fle%2 *e/ full2 lo9 broad2 hips /&+ wide1 & level ) ! *9e2 qu>t]s long1 & wide at ! neck2 rump ev5 ) ! level ( ! back1 & n droop+1 nor /&+ high & %>p above ! qu>t]s2 tail sl5d] & neatly hair$2 b>rel r\nd & roomy2 ! c>cass ?r\gh\t deep & well spread2 ribs broad1 /&+ flat & close on ! out] surface1 =m+ a smoo?1 ev5 b>rel1 ! h9dmo/ l>ge & full ( l5g?2 r\nd-bone small1 snug1 & n prom95t2 ?igh clean1 & regul>ly tap]+2 legs upright & %ort2 bone bel[ ! knee & hock small2 feet ( middle size2 flank l>ge3 fle% ev]y:]e mell[1 s(t1 & yield+ pleasantly to ! t\*1 especially on ! *9e1 ! %\ld]1 & ! ribs2 hide mell[1 supple1 ( a middle ?ickness1 & loose on ! neck & huckle2 coat neatly hair$1 bright & silky2 color1 a middle r$1 ) a bald face *>act]i/ic ( ! true ,h]e=d%ire bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,h]e=d ,bull4 ,y\att fur!r describes !m z foll[s3 ,!y are usually ( a d>k] r$2 "s ( !m are br[n1 & ev5 yell[1 & a few are br9dl$2 b !y are pr9cipally di/+ui%$ by _! :ite faces1 ?roats1 & bellies4 ,9 a few ! :ite ext5ds to ! %\ld]s4 ,! old ,h]e=ds 7 br[n or r$-br[n1 ) n a spot ( :ite ab\t !m4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s t x has be5 ! fa%ion to bre$ = :ite faces4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! *ange ( color1 ! pres5t bre$ is c]ta9ly f> sup]ior to ! old "o4 ,! hide is consid]ably ?ick] ?an t ( ! ,devon1 & ! bea/s are m h>dy4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,devons1 !y are %ort] 9 ! leg1 & also 9 ! c>cass2 high]1 & broad]1 & heavi] 9 ! *9e2 r\nd] & wid] across ! hips1 & bett] cov]$ ) fat2 ! ?igh full] & m muscul>1 & ! %\ld]s l>g] & co>s]4 ,!y are n n[ mu* us$ = husb&ry1 al?\gh _! =m adapts !m = ! heavi] "w2 & !y h all ! hone/y & docility ( ! ,devon ox1 & great] /r5g?1 if n 8 activity4 ,! ,h]e=d%ire ox fatt5s spe$ily at a v e>ly age1 & x is !re=e m advantage\s to ! f>m]1 & p]haps to ! c\ntry1 t he %\ld g to m>ket at ?ree ye>s old1 ?an be kept long] z a bea/ ( draught4 ,!y are n z good milk]s z ! ,devons4 ,?is is s g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 t :ile !re are _m dairies ( ,devon c[s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 a dairy ( ,h]e=ds is r>ely to be f\nd4 ,to comp5sate = ?is1 !y are ev5 m k9dly fe$]s ?an ! ,devons4 ,_! beef may be object$ to by "s z be+ occasionally a little too l>ge 9 ! bone1 & ! =e-qu>t]s be+ co>se & heavy2 b ! meat ( ! be/ pieces is (t5 v f9e-gra9$ & beautifully m>bl$4 ,!re are few cattle m priz$ 9 ! m>ket ?an ! g5u9e ,h]e=ds4 ,!re h be5 sev]al importations ( ! ,h]e=ds into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* by cross+ ) our native cattle1 h done great good2 b ) ! exception ( a few f9e animals at ! ,s\?1 we are n aw>e ( _! be+ kept 9 a /ate ( purity1 till ! importation ( ! spl5did h]d4 )9 ! la/ six ye>s1 by ,messrs4 ,corn+ & ,so?am ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,^! ,h]e=ds are among ! v be/ :i* ,engl& c produce1 & come up fully to ! description ( ! *oice/ ( ! bre$4 ,mr4 ,so?am1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( sev]al ye>s1 is satisfi$ ) ! c[s = ! dairy2 & he has giv5 v favorable publi%$ /atem5ts ( ! results ( _! milk+ qualities1 f :i* x may be prop]ly inf]r$1 t ,y\att drew 8 e/imates f "s h]ds :i* 7 q indiff]5t 9 ?is prop]ty4 ,!y are peculi>ly ! grazi]'s animal1 z !y improve rapidly & mature e>ly on m$ium fe$4 ,!y are excell$ = ! yoke1 if at all1 only by ! ,devons1 :i*1 9 "s features1 !y /rongly resemble4 ,bo? are probably div]g5t bran*es ( ! same orig9al /ock4 ,! ,ayr%ire ,is a bre$ t has be5 mu* s\ght aft] ( late ye>s1 f _! reputation = f9e dairy qualities4 ,! milk is good bo? 9 quantity & quality1 yield+1 accord+ to a rec5t /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,t5nant1 ( ,scotl&1 :o owns a l>ge h]d1 fifte5 qu>ts p] day dur+ ! be/ ( ! season1 twelve ( :i* made a p\nd ( butt]4 ,! product ( ! latt] av]ages ab\t #agj p\nds p] annum to ea* c[4 ,ano!r au?ority says1 on ! be/ l[-l& pa/ure1 a good c[ yields ne>ly #djjj qu>ts p] ye>4 ,?is is a l>ge quantity1 & implies good c[s & extra fe$4 ,mr4 ,cu%+1 ( ,massa*usetts1 :o import$ sev]al select animals1 )\t reg>d to _! co/1 in=m$ u1 aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s' trial1 t he did n p]ceive any sup]iority 9 !m1 ov] ! good native c[s ( t /ate1 = dairy purposes4 ,a l>ge numb] h be5 import$ 9 deta*$ p>cels1 & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,!y are good animals1 b seem to comb9e no valuable prop]ties 9 a high] degree ?an are to be f\nd 9 our own good cattle1 & especially su* z are produc$ f a cross ( ! ,%ort ,horn bull ( a good milk+ family1 on our native c[s4 ,!y are evid5tly a rec5t bre$1 & d n !re=e possess t uni=mity ( appe>ance & quality1 :i* atta*es to "o ( long cultivation4 ,mr4 ,aiton1 ( ,scotl&1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( !m4 ,! dairy bre$ ( ,scotl& h be5 =m$ *iefly by skilful managem5t1 )9 ! la/ #ej ye>s2 & !y are /ill improv+ & ext5d+ to o!r c\ntries4 ,till aft] #aggj1 ! c[s 9 ,cunn+ham 7 small1 ill-f$1 ill-%ap$1 & gave b little milk4 ,"s c[s ( a l>g] bre$ & ( a br[n & :ite color1 7 ab\t t "t br\ght to ,ayr%ire f ,teeswat]1 & f ,holl&1 by "s ( ! patriotic noblem5 ( ,ayr%ire2 & ^! be+ put on good pa/ure1 yield$ m milk ?an ! native bre$1 & _! calves 7 mu* s\ght aft] by ! f>m]s4 ,we may fairly inf] f ! =ego+1 :i* is deem$ indisputable au?ority2 f ! locality ( _! orig91 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,%ort ,horns2 & f _! g5]al resemblance1 bo? ext]nally & 9 _! g5]al *>act]i/ics to ! grade animals1 t !y owe _! pr9cipal excell5ce to ?is long-e/abli%$ bre$4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,calves4 ,! safe/ & lea/ tr\blesome mann] ( rais+ calves1 is at ! udd] ( ! dam2 & :5ev] ! milk is conv]t$ into butt] & *eese1 we believe ?is to be ! mo/ economical4 ,! milk ( "o good c[ is suffici5t1 ) a run ( fre%1 sweet pa/ure1 to ! fe$+ ( two calves at ! same "t2 & if we all[ ! calves to arrive at ?ree or f\r mon?s ( age be=e wean+1 we may safely e/imate1 t "o good c[ w yield a quantity ( milk 9 "o season1 fully equival5t to br++ up f\r calves to a wean+ age4 ,by keep+ ! calf on ! fre% milk1 :e!r he take x directly f ! udd]1 or w>m f ! pail1 all risk ( disord]$ b[els is avoid$4 ,! milk is precisely adapt$ to ! p]fect heal? & ?rift ( ! "y1 & :5ev] we sub/itute = x any o!r food1 we mu/ wat* c>efully t n ! slighte/ mismanagem5t produces disord]1 le/ m is lo/ by disease or want ( improvem5t1 ?an is ga9$ by ! milk ( :i* !y are robb$4 ,! fir/ milk ( ! c[ aft] calv+1 is slightly purgative1 :i* is ess5tial to cleanse ! /oma* ( ! calf4 ,x is1 moreov]1 p]fectly wor?less = two or ?ree days1 = any o!r purpose except = sw9e4 ,! calf w seldom take all ! milk at fir/1 & :atev] is left 9 ! bag %\ld be ?or\ghly remov$ by ! h&4 ,if ! calf is de/9$ = ! but*]1 he mu/ h all ! milk he wants = at lea/ six weeks1 & eight or t5 is bett]2 & if ! c[ does n furni% en\gh1 he ought to be f$ gruel or l9se$ tea4 ,he mu/ be closely conf9$ 9 a snug1 b clean & airy /able1 & ! d>k] ?is is1 & ! m quiet he is kept1 ! m readily he w fatt54 ,if design$ to be re>$1 ! safe/ & lea/ tr\blesome me?od1 is to keep ! calf on new milk4 ,if sav+ ! milk be an object1 x is /ill d\btful :e!r x is n bett] t he %\ld h a "p ( x fre% f ! c[1 & dep5d = 8 rema9+ food on a good grass or clov] pa/ure1 meal1 or roots4 ,"s f>m]s nev] all[ ! calf to approa* ! dam1 b take x :5 fir/ dropp$1 & put a h&ful ( salt 9 its m\?1 :i* is daily repeat$ till he is put to grass4 ,?is has a purgative effect1 simil> to ! fir/ milk4 ,flaxse$ is !n prep>$1 by boil+ a p9t 9 f\r to six qu>ts ( wat]1 & dilut$ ) hay tea till x is r ?ick] ?an milk1 & f$ at blood heat4 ,hay tea is made1 by boil+ a p\nd ( sweet1 well-cur$ clov]1 9 "o & a half gallons ( clean wat]4 ,z ! calf becomes old]1 oat1 b>ley1 rye1 or ,indian meal may be scald$ & add$ to ! flaxse$4 ,:5 ! skim-milk is ( little consequ5ce1 a bett] way is to )draw him f ! c[ aft] ?ree or f\r days1 !n scald ! milk1 add+ a little oat meal1 & cool to ! natural temp]ature ( ! milk1 & fe$ x4 ,oats1 ei!r cru%$ or gr\nd1 is ! be/ & safe/ gra9 = all "y /ock4 ,! milk %\ld n /& m ?an half a day be=e fe$+ to "y calves4 ,z !y advance 9 age1 x may be f$ r old]1 b %\ld nev] be all[$ to become s\r2 nor %\ld x ev] be f$ cold4 ,connect$ ) ?is fe$1 %\ld be a good range ( %ort1 sweet pa/ure1 & %elt] aga9/ bo? sun & /orms4 ,if exp$i5t1 at ab\t #aj weeks old1 he may be safely wean$1 b f\r mon?s' nurs+ is bett] = ! calf4 ,if all[$ too mu* milk = sev]al mon?s1 x is injuri\s to ! future developm5t ( ! "y4 ,x does n di/5d ! /oma* prop]ly1 nor call into use its rum9at+ habits4 ,calves ?us br\ght up1 h (t5 prov$ light-belli$1 indiff]5t fe$]s1 & decid$ly inf]ior animals4 ,:5 ! calf is remov$ f ! c[1 !y %\ld be effectually sep>at$ f sight & he>+1 z recognition creates uneas9ess1 & is an imp$im5t to ?rift 9 bo?4 ,if !re be any defici5cy ( suitable pa/ure = ! calf1 a small rack & tr\gh %\ld be plac$ "u ! %$ 9 8 range1 & f9e hay put 9 ! =m]1 & :eat bran or oat meal ) a little salt 9 ! latt]4 ,diseases & ,rem$ies4 ,= disord]$ b[els1 mix #b dr4 rhub>b1 #b oz4 ca/or oil1 & #a_/b dr4 g+]1 ) a little w>m milk or gruel2 or give #b oz4 ca/or oil alone2 or #c oz4 ( ,epsom salts4 ,= sc\rs & di>rhoea1 a homely rem$y is1 to adm9i/] half a p9t ( cid]1 ) an equal quantity ( blood drawn f ! calf's neck4 ,or1 add a little r5net to its food4 ,a good rem$y is1 #a oz4 p[d]$ canella b>k2 #a oz4 laudanum2 #d oz4 prep>$ *alk2 & "o p9t wat]4 ,mix toge!r1 & give a w9e-glass full or m1 accord+ to ! size ( ! calf1 ?ree times a day4 ,co/iv5ess is remov$ by giv+ pork bro?4 ,or1 give #c to #d oz4 ,epsom salts1 dissolv$ 9 #c p9ts ( wat]1 inject$ into ! /oma*2 & repeat "p ( ?is dose e #c or #d h\rs1 till ! desir$ effect is produc$4 ,calves1 l all "y /ock1 %\ld be all[$ to *ange _! fe$ gradually1 f new milk to skimm$1 or f ! latt] to o!r food4 ,_! /oma*s are delicate1 & ne$ g5tle1 mod]ate *anges1 :5 necess>y to make !m at all4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! c>e & att5tion !y receive4 ,x is well to h a little res9 )9 its rea*4 ,a com=table %elt]1 ) a dry1 w>m b$1 suitable food1 regul>ly giv5 ?ree times a day1 at blood heat1 & keep+ ! /oma* 9 prop] ord]1 w d mu* to br+ !m =w>d rapidly1 & ) a small exp5diture ( food4 ,! calf requires to be suppli$ ?r\gh ! w9t] ) an abundance ( f9e1 sweet hay & roots1 ! latt] ei!r *opp$ or ma%$ by a roll]1 ) ! addition ( a trifle ( meal or oats1 & a full supply ( salt & pure wat]4 ,:5 !re are l>g] animals on ! premises1 ! calves ought to be kept by !mselves4 ,!y %\ld be su/a9$ on _! w9t] fe$ ?r\gh ! foll[+ spr+1 until ! grass furni%es a good bite on a well-compact$ sod4 ,! *ange f hay to grass mu/ be gradual1 unless ! latt] is consid]ably matur$4 ,! extreme relaxation ( ! b[els f ! sudd5 *ange1 frequ5tly produces excessive purg+4 ,a slight & tempor>y relax f ! e>ly spr+ grass1 is n objectionable4 ,bre$+4 ,! "y animals %\ld nev] be put to bre$+ "u #ae mon?s old1 s z to br+ _! fir/ calf at two ye>s old nor !n1 unless !y h l>ge size & good fe$4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! progress t[>ds maturity1 & ! supply ( food 9 select+ ! prop] "t = bre$+4 ,"s are z ready = ?is at a ye> & a half z o!rs are at ?ree4 ,e>ly bre$+ gives delicacy & symmetry to ! =m ( ! heif]1 b x *ecks its gr[?2 & :5 x is f\nd to put h] back too mu*1 %e may be all[$ to re/ = a few mon?s1 or ev5 a ye>1 to br+s h] up to ! desir$ /&>d4 ,^! rem>ks apply pr9cipally to *oice bre$]s1 or z !y are sometimes t]m$1 fancy /ock4 ,= ord9>y mil* c[s :i* h be5 mod]ately f$1 ?ree ye>s is a prop] age to come 91 aft] :i* !y mu/ be milk$ z regul>ly1 & z late be=e dry+ z possible4 ,break+ ,/e]s ,%\ld be comm5c$ :5 two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,"s beg9 ) ! calf1 accu/om+ him to a light yoke & occasional tra9+4 ,?is practice w d z a pa/ime = tru/wor?y boys1 z x makes !m g5tle & manageable aft]w>ds1 b is h>dly wor? a man's "t4 ,if always c>efully h&l$ :5 "y1 !y w be f\nd tractable4 ,!y %\ld at fir/ be plac$ beh9d a pair ( well-broke cattle1 nor %\ld !y be put to h>d labor until q gr[n1 /rong1 & p]fectly accu/om$ to ! yoke4 ,if prop]ly manag$1 cattle may be tra9$ ) all ! docility1 intellig5ce1 & mu* ( ! activity ( ! horse4 ,t !y are n1 is m frequ5tly ! fault ( _! ma/]s4 ,managem5t ( ,ox54 ,to procure p]fect work+ cattle1 x is necess>y to beg9 ) ! prop] bre$4 ,_m p>ts ( ! c\ntry furni% su* z are well suit$ to ?is purpose4 ,a /rong da% ( ,devon or ,h]e=d blood is desirable1 :5 x ne$s to be improv$4 ,a well-=m$1 compact1 muscul> body2 clean1 s9ewy limbs2 /rong1 d5se bones2 l>ge1 well-=m$ jo9ts1 ) a mild expressive eye1 are ess5tial = good work+ ox54 ,aft] break+1 !y mu/ be l$ along g5tly1 & taught be=e !y are requir$ to p]=m _! task2 & nev] put to a load :i* !y _c readily move1 nor dull$ by prolong+ ex]tion beyond t p]iod :5 x becomes irksome4 ,a g5]\s diet is necess>y1 to keep up ! _s & ability ( cattle1 :5 !re is h>d "w to be done4 ,! horse & mule are f$ ) _! daily rations ( gra9 :5 at h>d s]vice1 & if ! _s ( ! ox is to be ma9ta9$1 he %\ld be equally well f$1 :5 z fully employ$4 ,great & p]man5t injury is ! result ( nigg>dly fe$+ & sev]e toil1 exact$ f ! uncompla9+ animal4 ,8 /r5g? decl9es1 8 _s flags1 & if ?is treatm5t be cont9u$1 he rapidly becomes ! /upid1 mop+ brute1 :i* is %[n (f 9 degrad+ contra/ ) ! m spirit$ horse1 t p]=ms1 x may be1 "o half ! labor1 on twice 8 rations4 ,! ox %\ld be z little abus$ by ?reats & :ipp+1 z by /9t$ fe$ & ov]task$ labor4 ,l\d & repeat$ halloo+1 or ! sev]e use ( ! la%1 is z impolitic z x is cruel & disgraceful4 ,we nev] witness ?is b>b>ity )\t wi%+ ! brutes c\ld *ange places1 long en\gh at lea/ to tea* ! bip$ t humanity by 8 own suff]+s :i* 8 reason & s5sibility h fail$ to inspire4 ,cle> & intelligible1 yet l[ & g5tle words are all t are necess>y to guide ! well-tra9$1 spirit$ ox4 ,! /ick1 or :ip1 is ne$$ r to indicate ! precise movem5t desir$1 ?an z a /imulant or means ( puni%m5t4 ,! ox und]/&s a mod]ate tone m p]fectly ?an a boi/]\s "o1 = all s\nds become indi/9ct z !y increase4 ,x is ( great advantage to h ox5 well tra9$ to back+4 ,!y may soon be taught1 by beg9n+ ) an empty c>t on a desc5t2 !n on a level2 !n ) an increas+ load1 or uphill1 till ! cattle w back ne>ly ! same load !y w draw4 ,"s ox5 h a bad trick ( haul+ or cr[d+4 ,*ang+ to opposite sides1 long] or %ort] yokes1 & m ?an all1 g5tle treatm5t1 are ! only rem$ies1 & ^? n unfrequ5tly fail4 ,cattle w seldom contract ?is habit1 9 ! h&s ( a judici\s1 c>eful driv]4 ,! yokes %\ld be c>efully made1 & set easy1 & ! b[s fitt$ to ! necks & prop]ly atta*$ to ! yoke4 ,cattle are liable to sore necks if us$ 9 a /orm2 & :5 subject to ?is exposure1 !y mu/ be well rubb$ ) grease1 :]e ! yoke *afes !m1 & respite f "w %\ld be all[$ till ! necks heal4 ,managem5t ( ,bulls or ,vici\s ,animals4 ,if incl9$ to be vici\s1 ! bulls %\ld h r+s ?ru/ ?r\gh ! c>tilage ( _! nose :5 "y4 ,!y are to be f\nd at ! agricultural w>eh\ses2 & are made ( r\nd iron1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* diamet]1 ) a jo9t 9 "o side to op51 & :5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! nose1 are fa/5$ 9 a mom5t1 by a rivet previ\sly prep>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,cattle-,h&l]4 ,fig4 #e is a cattle-h&l]1 consi/+ ( a b> ( iron ,a1 eight in*es long1 ) a r+ = a man's h&1 :i* turns on a swivel at ,b1 & at ! o!r end is a pair ( callip]-%ap$ legs1 "o /ation>y1 & ! o!r op5+ on a jo9t4 ,! fix$ leg is ins]t$ aga9/ "o side ( ! no/ril1 & ! o!r is press$ ^u ! opposite side1 & !re fa/5$ by a slide1 ,c1 :5 ! animal is firmly held = adm9i/]+ m$ic9e or p]=m+ any op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,= tam+ savage ,animals4 ,figs4 #f & #g1 = tam+ a bull2 b1 9 ,fig4 #f1 is a cap screw$ on to ! tip ( ! horn2 a c1 an iron rod hang+ on a pivot 9 ! cap1 ) a *a9 rea*+ to ! r+ 9 ! nose4 ,! effect ( 8 attempt+ to hook1 is illu/rat$ by ! v>i\s positions ( ! *a9 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,if ! rod at a1 is pu%$ 9 ei!r direction1 x j]ks up ! nose 9 a mann] t cures him ( 8 incl9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,cattle-,tie4 ,fig4 #h1 %[s a cattle-tie4--,?is is a mu* m conv5i5t & com=table mode ( fa/5+ cattle 9 ! /able1 ?an ! common /an*ions4 ,! prop] "t = turn+ (f ,cattle4 ,?is mu/ dep5d on _! previ\s fe$+ & managem5t1 ! bre$1 & ! purposes requir$4 ,! improv$ bre$s & _m ( _! crosses1 w mature = ! but*] z fully at ?ree or f\r1 z inf]ior cattle at five to sev5 ye>s old4 ,if pu%$ rapidly ) prop] food1 !y w ( c\rse be ripe mu* soon] ?an if /9t$4 ,:5 cattle h to be pur*as$ = "w1 or c[s = ! dairy1 x becomes an object to keep !m z long z !y c be made pr(itable1 & yet be turn$ (f = fatt5+ at a fair price4 ,we h se5 active & spirit$ ox5 9 ! yoke at #af or #ag2 b !y seldom d z well aft] #ab or ev5 #aj ye>s4 ,old cattle are liable to m diseases ?an "y2 are less h>dy2 & !y recov] m sl[ly :5 expos$ to scanty fe$ or h>d usage4 ,!y also fatt5 ) m difficulty1 & _! meat is inf]ior4 ,:5 !y c be sold advantage\sly to ! fe$]1 & replac$ )\t inconv5i5ce1 x is f\nd to be mo/ pr(itable to turn !m (f at sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,!y w by t "t h atta9$ full maturity2 !y w fe$ rapidly1 & make ! l>ge/ am\nt ( good beef4 ,if !re are extraord9>y milk]s among ! c[s1 or sup]ior work]s among ! ox51 x is bett] to keep !m z long z !y ma9ta9 _! full vigor4 ,fatt5+ ,cattle4 ,su* z are design$ = ! %ambles ! ensu+ fall or w9t]1 may be all[$ to d _! spr+'s labor2 or if c[s1 !y may be milk$ into summ] aft] calv+1 or g f>r[ dur+ ! previ\s ye>4 ,!y %\ld e>ly be put on ! be/ summ] fe$1 & x is bett] to be occasionally *ang$1 to give v>iety & fre%ness1 & keep ! animal 9 good appetite4 ,let ! fatt5+ animals h ! be/1 & aft] !y h cropp$ x a :ile1 give !m a fre% field2 & ! o!r animals or %eep c foll[ & cle> (f ! rema9+ h]bage1 prep>atory to %utt+ x up = a new gr[?4 ,"s pref] an ext5sive range ( ri* fe$1 :i* is un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! season2 & :5 x is n necess>y to divide ! pa/ure ) ! o!r animals1 ?is is a good practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?ree cuts ( improv$ =ms1 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 & #aa4 ,! above cuts illu/rate ! =ms :i* ! mo/ improv$ beef-cattle %\ld possess4 ,! selection ( ,animals = ,/all ,fatt5+4 ,?is is a nice po9t1 & none )\t a practis$ eye & t\*1 c *oose su* z w make ! be/ return = ! food consum$4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( *oice animals1 h]et(ore enum]at$1 are p>ticul>ly ess5tial 9 ^? int5d$ = pr(itable fatt5+4 ,b ! mo/ important ( all1 is t firm mell[ness1 & quick ela/icity ( t\*1 :i* un]r+ly m>k ! k9dly fe$] & pr(itable bullock4 ,:5 o!r means = asc]ta9+ fail1 x is a safe rule to select ! be/-condition$ animals1 out ( a h]d ( grass-f$2 = if all 7 ( equal fle% & heal?1 :5 turn$ out1 ^? :i* h ?riv5 mo/ on _! summ] pa/ure1 w g5]ally fatt5 quicke/ on _! fall & w9t] keep4 ,only ! be/ %\ld be select$4 ,! rema9d]1 aft] consum+ ! co>s] =age1 may be at once dispos$ ( = e>ly use4 ,f repeat$ trials1 x is f\nd t ! c>cass ( /all-f$ animals w b>ely return ! value ( ! mat]ials consum$1 & _! manure is g5]ally ! only comp5sation = ! "t & att5tion be/[$4 ,none b *oice1 ?rifty bea/s w pay = _! food & att5tion1 & all o!rs w make _! be/ returns1 by an imm$iate disposal1 aft] ! surplus fodd] is gone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,po9ts ( ,cattle ,illu/rat$4 ,,explanation4--,a1 =ehead2 ,b1 face2 ,c1 *eek2 ,d1 muzzle2 ,e1 neck2 ,f1 neck ve92 ,g1 %\ld] po9t2 ,h1 arm2 ,i1 %ank2 ,j1 gambril1 or hock2 ,k1 elb[2 ,l1 brisket1 bosom1 or brea/2 ,m1 %\ld]2 ,n1 crops2 ,o1 lo92 ,p1 hip1 hucks1 hocks1 or huckles2 ,q1 crupp] bone1 or sacrum2 ,r1 rump1 or p9-bone2 ,s1 r\nd bone1 ?url1 or :irl2 ,t1 buttock2 ,u1 ?igh1 or gaskit2 ,v1 flank2 ,w1 plates2 ,x1 back1 or *9e2 ,y1 ?roat2 ,z1 *e/4 ,/all-,fe$+4 ,?is ought to be comm5c$ e>ly 9 ! season4 ,an ox may be f$ 9 a box-/all1 or if accu/om$ to a mate1 !y d bett] by ty+ toge!r ) suffici5t room1 yet n s ne> z to all[ ( injur+ ea* o!r4 ,! build+ %\ld be w>m1 b n hot2 well v5tilat$1 yet hav+ no curr5t ( cold air pass+ ?r\gh2 & z d>k z possible4 ,! /all ought to be kept clean & dry1 & a deep b$ ( clean /raw is ( decid$ advantage4 ,! ox %\ld be fir/ f$ ! inf]ior & mo/ p]i%able roots ) 8 gra9 & dry =age1 & 8 food %\ld be gradually increas$ 9 ri*ness1 z he advances t[>ds maturity4 ,! food & wat] %\ld be giv5 ?ree times a day1 f ?or\ghly clean$ mang]s or tr\ghs4 ,! animal likes a *ange ( food1 9 :i* he %\ld be indulg$ z (t5 z may be necess>y4 ,if he refuses 8 food1 a tempor>y privation1 or v>iety is ess5tial4 ,:5 ! food is *ang$1 he %\ld be mod]ately f$ at fir/1 till he becomes accu/om$ to x1 z !re is o!rwise dang] ( cloy+1 :i* is always injuri\s4 ,! mom5t ! animal has done fe$+1 ! rema9d] ( ! food ought to be at once remov$4 ,he !n lies d[n1 & if undi/urb$1 re/s quietly till ! prop] h\r induces him aga9 to look = 8 accu/om$ rations4 ,regul>ity 9 ! "t ( fe$+1 is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce4 ,an animal soon becomes habituat$ to a c]ta9 h\r1 & if x be delay$ beyond ?is1 he is re/less & impati5t1 :i* are s]i\s ob/acles to spe$y fatt5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,ox cut up4 ,fig4 #ac--,%[s ! ,london me?od ( cutt+ up ! c>cass--,fig4 #a1 is ! lo92 #b1 rump2 #c1 ait* or adz-bone2 #d1 buttock2 #e1 hock2 #f1 ?ick flank2 #g1 ?9 flank2 #h1 =e-rib2 #i1 middle rib2 #aj1 cuck-rib2 #aa1 brisket2 #ab1 leg ( mutton piece2 #ac1 clod or neck2 #ad1 brisket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,skeleton ( an ,ox4 #a4 ,temporal bone4--#b4 ,frontal bone1 or bone ( ! =ehead4--#c4 ,orbit ( ! eye4--#d4 ,la*rymal bone4--#e4 ,mal>1 or *eek bone4--#f4 ,upp] jaw bone4--#g4 ,nasal bone1 or bone ( ! nose4--#h4 ,nipp]s1 f\nd on ! l[] jaw alone4--#i4 ,eight true ribs4--#aj4 ,hum]us1 or l[] bone ( ! %\ld]4--#aa4 ,/]num4--#ab4 ,ulna1 its upp] "p =m+ ! elb[4--#ac4 ,ulna4--#ad4 ,radius1 or pr9cipal bone ( ! arm4--#ae4 ,small bones ( ! knee4--#af4 ,l>ge metac>pal1 or %ank bone4--#ag4 ,bifurcation at ! pa/]ns1 & ! two l>g] pa/]ns to ea* foot4--#ah4 ,sesamoid bones4--#ai4 ,bifurcation ( ! pa/]ns4--#bj4 ,l[] jaw & ! gr9d]s4--#ba4 ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! neck4--#bb4 ,navicul> bones4--#bc4 ,two c(f9 bones to ea* foot4--#bd4 ,two small] pa/]ns to ea* foot4--#be4 ,small] or spl9t-bone4--#bf4 ,false ribs1 ) _! c>tilages4--#bg4 ,patella1 or bone ( ! knee4--#bh4 ,small bones ( ! hock4--#bi4 ,metat>sals1 or l>g] bones ( ! h9d leg4--#cj4 ,pa/]ns & feet4--#ca4 ,small bones ( ! hock4--#cb4 ,po9t ( ! hock4--#cc4 ,tibia1 or prop] leg-bone4--#cd4 ,?igh-bone4--#ce4 ,bones ( ! tail4--#cf1 #cg4 ,haun* & pelvis4--#ch4 ,sacrum4--#ci4 ,bones ( ! lo9s4--#dj4 ,bones ( ! back--#da4 ,ligam5t ( ! neck & its atta*m5ts4--#db4 ,scapula1 or %\ld]-blade4--#dc4 ,bones ( ! back4--#dd4 ,ligam5t ( ! neck4--#de4 ,d5tata4--#df4 ,atlas4--#dg4 ,occipital bone1 deeply depress$ bel[ ! cre/ or ridge ( ! head--#dh4 ,p>ietal bone1 l[ 9 ! temporal fossa4--#di4 ,horns1 be+ processes or cont9uations ( ! frontal bone4 ,,diseases ,,9 ,,cattle4 ,hov51 or ,swell+ ( ! ,paun*1 ,is a tempor>y ailm5t1 caus$ by eat+ too freely ( fre% & g5]ally wet clov]1 or o!r succul5t food4 ,! animal gorges ! fir/ /oma* ) s mu* food1 t its cont5ts _c be expell$4 ,inflammation ( ! membrane takes place1 & decomposition ( ! food soon foll[s4 ,?is is kn[n by ! di/5sion ( ! paun*1 & difficulty ( brea?+1 & unless spe$ily reliev$1 suffocation & dea? w ensue4 ,bo? %eep & cattle are subject to x4 ,rem$ies4#a--;,9 its e>ly /ages1 :5 n too sev]e1 x has be5 remov$ by adm9i/]+ "s "o ( ! foll[+ rem$ies4 ,a p9t ( g9 p\r$ d[n ! ?roat4 ,f "o to two p9ts ( lamp or o!r oil4 ,/rong br9e4 ,new milk ) "o-fif? its bulk ( t> mix$4 ,an egg-%ell full ( t> =c$ d[n ! ?roat1 foll[$ by a second1 if ! fir/ fails4 ,a tablespoonful ( volatile _s ( ammonia1 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,a w9e-glass full ( p[d]1 mix$ ) cold l>d & =c$ 9 balls into ! /oma*4 ,a teaspoonful ( unslak$ lime dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( w>m wat]1 %ak5 & giv5 imm$iately4 ,a p9t ( tol]ably /rong lye4 #a ,besides 8 own exp]i5ce1 ! writ] has drawn f ! ,n4 ,e4 ,f>m]1 ! ,albany ,cultivator1 ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/1 & o!r reliable ,am]ican & ,engli% works1 "s ( ! rem$ies = diseases h]e9 m5tion$4 ,! ,prop] ,mode ( giv+ ! above ,rem$ies ,is = a p]son to hold ! horn & c>tilage ( ! nose1 :ile ano!r seizes & draws out ! tongue z f> z possible1 :5 ! m$ic9e is ?ru/ bel[ ! root ( ! tongue4 ,if liquid1 x mu/ be ins]t$ by ! use ( a bottle4 ,! probang is us$ :5 ! =m] rem$ies are ineffectual4 ,?is consi/s ( a t>r$ rope1 or a flexible :ip-/alk1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) a swab or bulb\s end4 ,two p]sons hold ! head ( ! animal1 s z to keep ! m\? 9 a l9e ) ! ?roat1 :ile a ?ird =ces x into ! /oma*1 :5 ! gas f9ds a passage out4 ,a /iff lea!r tube ) a lead nozzle pi]c$ ) holes1 is be/ = ins]tion1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas w readily escape4 ,"s "o ( ! above purgatives %\ld be giv5 aft] ! bloat has subsid$1 & c>eful fe$+ = "s days mu/ be obs]v$4 ,light gruels are be/ = allay+ inflammation1 & re/or+ ! tone ( ! /oma*4 ,:5 no o!r means are available1 ! paun* may be tapp$ ) a %>p p5knife1 plung+ x #aa_/b in*es =w>d ( ! hip bone1 t[>ds ! la/ rib 9 ! left side4 ,if ! hole fills up1 put 9 a l>ge goose-quill tube1 :i* to prev5t slipp+ into ! w\nd1 may rema9 atta*$ to ! fea!r1 & ! air c escape ?r\gh a l>ge hole 9 ! upp] end4 ,prev5tion is va/ly bett] ?an cure1 & may be always secur$1 by n all[+ hungry cattle to fill !mselves ) clov]1 roots1 apples1 c4 ,:5 fir/ put ^u su* fe$1 x %\ld be :5 ! dew & ra9 are (f1 & _! /oma*s are already p>tially fill$2 & !y %\ld !n be )drawn be=e !y h gorg$ !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ,/oma* ,pump4 ,?is is a conv5i5t in/rum5t = extract+ poison\s sub/ances f ! /oma*4 ,x is also highly useful = adm9i/]+ m$ic9es & injections1 & if fitt$ ) sev]al tubes1 "o may suffice = animals ( any size4 ,x consi/s ( a syr+e1 a1 ) a side op5+ at b1 & ano!r at ! bottom d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,= injections1 ,fig4 #ae is us$1 & ! end ( ! syr+e is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ ! fluid1 :5 a probang or injection-tube is screw$ on to ! side op5+ at b1 ?r\gh :i* ! fluid is =c$ into ! /oma* or rectum1 z may be requir$4 ,! probang %\ld be a tube ( ?ick b ela/ic lea!r1 & x may be pass$ into ! m\?1 ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 a block1 plac$ on edge betwe5 ! tee?1 :i* is easily done :ile a p]son holds ! head ( ! animal firmly4 ,*ok+ ,is frequ5tly reliev$ by "s ( ! foll[+ exp$i5ts4 ,! use ( ! probang or :ip-/ock1 m5tion$ "u ! head ( rem$ies = ,hov51 by :i* ! root is =c$ into ! /oma*4 ,a s(t root may be cru%$ s z to all[ ( swall[+1 by hold+ a smoo? block aga9/ x1 & /rik+ ) a mallet on ! opposite side4 ,if )9 arms-l5g?1 ! root may be remov$ by h&4 ,x is said ?is c be done1 by ty+ up ! =e-leg ) a small cord1 close to ! body1 & giv+ ! animal a sudd5 />t ) a :ip2 or by j]k+ ! =e-leg out =w>d4 ,or p\r d[n ! ?roat a p9t bottle full ( s(t soap1 mix$ ) suffici5t hot wat] to make x run freely4 ,prev5tion consi/s 9 cutt+ ! roots2 n fe$+ !m :5 ! animals are v hungry1 & n di/urb+ !m :ile eat+4 ,inflammation ( ! ,/oma*4 ,?is is frequ5tly produc$ by a sudd5 *ange f dry to gre5 food1 & "s o!r causes4 ,epsom salts1 ca/or oil1 sulphur1 & c>bonate ( soda1 9 suffici5t quantity to purge freely1 are good rem$ies4 ,x may be prev5t$ by *ang+ ! food gradually4 ,mange1 or ,scab4 ,?is is d5ot$ by ! animal rubb+ ! hair (f ab\t ! eyes & o!r p>ts4 ,! sk9 is scaly or scabby1 sometimes appe>+ l a l>ge se$-w>t4 ,rem$ies4--,rub ! spots ) sulphur & l>d1 aft] scrap+ & wa%+ ) soap4 ,:5 ! sk9 is crack$1 take sulphur1 #a lb42 turp5t9e1 #a_/d lb42 ungu5tum1 7or m]curial o9tm5t17 #b ounces2 l9se$ oil1 #a p9t4 ,melt ! turp5t9e & w>m ! oil1 & :5 p>tly cool$1 /ir 9 ! sulphur2 :5 cold1 add ! ungu5tum1 mix+ all well4 ,rub ?is ?or\ghly ) ! h& on ! p>ts affect$4 ,we h no d\bt ?is1 l scab 9 %eep & it* 9 ! human species1 w be f\nd1 on close inve/igation1 to be caus$ by m9ute insects locat$ 9 ! sk94 ,salt & wat] ought1 9 t case1 to be a good rem$y4 ,holl[ ,horn1 or ,horn ,ail4 ,?is is n unfrequ5tly holl[ /oma*1 & v (t5 foll[s /9t$ f>e1 h>d usage1 & exposure to cold4 ,we h notic$ ?is z mo/ preval5t among ox5 t h done a sev]e w9t]'s "w4 ,symptoms4--,bloody ur9e2 swoll5 udd]2 %ak+ ! head2 eyes & head swoll52 /&+ ) ! head aga9/ a f5ce or b>n2 eyes dull & sunk51 & horns cold4 ,rem$ies4--,ble$ & physic1 %elt] & fe$ prop]ly4 ,take a half p9t ( good v9eg>1 two tablespoonfuls ( salt1 "o teaspoonful ( pepp]1 & mix & p\r into ea* e>1 hold+ ! head on "o side = two m9utes4 ,bore ) a l>ge gimlet on ! "u side ( ! horn1 ?ree or f\r in*es f ! head2 & if holl[1 bore ne>] ! head & let out all ! matt]1 & syr+e two or ?ree times a day ) salt & wat]1 or soap-suds1 or salt & v9eg>4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e rubb$ 9 ar\nd ! base ( ! horns1 w arre/ ! disease 9 its incipi5t /ages4 ,p\r a spoonful ( boil+ hot brim/one into ! cavity betwe5 ! horns4 ,p\r a teakettle ( boil+ wat] on ! horns1 hold+ s z to prev5t injury to ! o!r p>ts4 ,soot & pepp] giv5 int]nally are good4 ,jaundice1 or ,yell[s4 ,?is is ow+ to gall-/ones or calculi1 :i* occasionally accumulate 9 l>ge numb]s1 & is sometimes ow+ to increas$ or alt]$ quality ( ! bile4 ,x is manife/$ by ! yell[ness ( ! eye & sk91 & high color ( ! ur9e1 & poor appetite4 ,rem$ies4--,ble$1 & purge ) ,epsom salts4 ,if tak5 9 season1 #b ounces ( gr\nd mu/>d may be mix$ ) a liquid1 & giv5 twice a day4 ,gre5 food is a good prev5tive4 ,mad ,it*4 ,?is disease exi/s 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n /ates1 & %[s itself by j]k+ ( ! head1 & it*+ ar\nd ! nose & base ( ! horns4 ,!y w lick _! sides & backs1 & j]k & hiccup till !y fill !mselves ) w9d2 aft]w>ds !y fro? at ! m\?1 & 9 #bd h\rs die rav+ mad4 ,rem$y4--,give z mu* soot & salt z ! animal w eat2 soon aft]1 give #c_/d or #a lb4 ( brim/one or sulphur2 & #h h\rs aft]1 z _m salts4 ,bloody ,murra91 or ,r$ ,wat]4 ,?is disease fir/ %[s itself 9 a c\gh1 !n heav+ ( ! flanks1 ) bloody1 black1 & foetid evacuations1 t5d]ness ov] ! lo9s1 & coldness ( ! horns4 ,tumors & biles sometimes appe>4 ,! animal holds d[n ! head1 moans1 is re/less1 & /agg]s :5 walk+4 ,causes4--,we h lo/ sev]al animals by ?is fatal disease1 & are n aw>e ( hav+ cur$ any :5 sev]ely attack$4 ,9 repeat$ in/ances1 we h se5 l>ge flukes tak5 out ( ! liv]1 /rongly resembl+ ! common lee*1 :i* ab\nds 9 _m ( our swampy l&s4 ,x is c]ta9 t on new1 l[ swamps & clay l&s1 cattle are mo/ liable to x2 & :5 !y h be5 subject to repeat$ attacks 9 su* localities1 cle>+ & dra9+ h *eck$ x4 ,y\att attributes x to c]ta9 k9ds ( =age1 :i* are peculi> to ! above situations4 ,we are r incl9$ to ascribe x to exposure1 to excessive dampness1 & especially to miasma2 = al?\gh ! brute creation are p]haps less s5sitive to ^! influ5ces ?an man1 yet1 z !y are gov]n$ by ! same unv>y+ laws ( nature1 :5 subject$ to conditions totally unsuit$ to _! economy1 !y mu/ suff] equally 9 k9d1 ?\gh probably n 9 degree1 ) ! m ref9$ human frame4 ,b x is evid5t ! disease1 its causes1 & rem$ies1 are z yet imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,rem$ies4--,h[ev] intellig5t m5 may diff] z to its causes1 all agree t ! animal %\ld fir/ be bl$1 & !n ?or\ghly purg$4 ,9 ob/9ate cases1 ?is la/ is a difficult matt]4 ,we h giv5 repeat$ doses ( p[]ful ca?>tics )\t produc+ any effect2 & :5ev] ! m$ic9e is inop]ative1 dea? spe$ily foll[s4 ,l>ge doses ( common salt1 or ,epsom salts dissolv$ 9 wat]1 are good purgatives1 & if ! animal neglects dr9k+ aft] tak+ !m1 he %\ld be dr5*$ ) copi\s draughts ( wat]4 ,^! %\ld be repeat$ e few h\rs1 if ineffectual4 ,injections are sometimes useful1 :5 m$ic9e fails to act4 ,^! may be made ( soap & wat]2 or take #b or #c gills ( oats boil$1 #c dra*ms saltpetre1 #aa_/b oz4 l9se$ oil1 mix & use !m :5 w>m4 ,! op5+ ( ! b[els may be foll[$ ) a p9t ( l9se$ oil1 z an additional & g5tle laxative4 ,:5 ! animal beg9s to recov]1 g5tle a/r+5ts & tonics may be giv54 ,prev5tives4--,we h m confid5ce 9 prev5tives ?an 9 rem$ies4 ,good keep1 %elt]1 dryness1 & clean pa/ures1 w g5]ally prev5t attack4 ,! cattle %\ld at all times be suppli$ ) two or ?ree tr\ghs "u cov]1 on ! sides & bottoms ( :i* t> %\ld be pl5tifully spread4 ,let equal portions ( salt & slak$ lime be 9 "o2 salt & wood a%es 9 ano!r2 & salt & brim/one 9 a ?ird4 ,_m f>m]s h entirely avoid$ ?is disease :ile us+ "o or m ( ^!1 :5 !y annually lo/ _m by x previ\sly4 ,ho( ,ail ,is indicat$ by lam5ess1 fev]1 & a s(t swell+ j above ! ho(4 ,rem$ies4--,c>efully wa% ! foot 9 w>m soap-suds1 & :ile /ill damp1 apply betwe5 ! claws on ! affect$ "p f "o to ?ree gra9s ( corrosive sublimate4 ,if x does n fully adh]e1 x mu/ be mix$ ) hog's l>d1 b x %\ld be s appli$ z to be out ( ! rea* ( ! animal's tongue1 z x is a p[]ful poison1 & ! extreme irritability ( ! feet w induce him to lick !m4 ,! claw is effici5tly cleans$1 by draw+ a cord briskly ?r\gh x1 :5 ei!r ( ! above applications1 or blue vitriol put on two or ?ree times a day1 or spirits ( turp5t9e1 w effect a cure4 ,x is sometimes cur$ by putt+ ! animals 9 ! /an*ions1 & apply+ a %>p *isel ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* f ! toe1 & /rik+ x ) a mallet till x is cut (f4 ,if x does n ble$ freely1 cut (f %av+s till x does4 ,if ! animal is refractory1 let a p]son hold up ! opposite foot4 ,keep !m 9 ! /able two or ?ree days1 & out ( ! mud = a week4 ,loss ( ,cud ,is loss ( appetite1 pro/ration1 & g5]al ill-heal?4 ,rem$ies4--,give a w>m bran ma%1 ) good hay1 & w>m wat] ) salt4 ,an aloe t9cture1 made ) br&y & g+]1 is good4 ,aft]w>ds give good1 dry1 n\ri%+ food2 & bitt] infusions1 *amomile fl[]s1 ho>h\nd1 oak b>k1 c41 9 be]4 ,sc\rs1 or ,di>rhoea4 ,a common rem$y1 is to boil ! b>k ( :ite oak1 :ite p9e1 & bee*1 & give a /rong infusion 9 bran4 ,if !y refuse to eat x1 p\r x d[n4 ,! oak is a/r+5t1 & ! p9e & bee* soo?+ & heal+4 ,w>bles ,are grubs1 ! egg ( :i* is deposit$ 9 ! back ( cattle by ! gad-fly1 7,,oe/rus bovis47 ,!y are disc]nible by a protub]ance or swell+ on ! back4 ,!y may be press$ out by ! ?umb & f+]2 or burnt out by plung+ a hot wire 9 !m2 or a few applications ( /rong br9e w remove !m4 ,w\nds ,9 cattle are readily heal$1 :5 ! animal's blood is 9 good ord]1 by apply+ a salve made ( #a oz4 gre5 copp]as2 #b oz4 :ite vitriol2 #b oz4 salt2 #b oz4 l9se$ oil2 #h oz4 molasses4 ,boil ov] a sl[ fire #ae m9utes 9 a p9t ( ur9e1 & :5 almo/ cold1 add #a oz4 oil ( vitriol1 & #d oz4 spirits turp5t9e4 ,apply x ) a fea!r to ! w\nd1 & cure soon foll[s4 ,milk1 or ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 ,is a common disease ) c[s 9 high condition1 at ! "t ( calv+4 ,x may1 9 almo/ e case1 be avoid$1 by keep+ !m 9 mod]ate fe$ & fle%4 ,rem$ies4--,ble$ freely1 say #f to #aj qu>ts1 accord+ to ! circulation ( ! blood2 !n give #a to #aa_/b lbs4 ( ,epsom salts1 accord+ to ! size ( ! bea/1 to be repeat$ 9 half lb4 doses e six h\rs1 till %e purges freely4 ,injections %\ld always be giv5 :5 purgatives are t>dy 9 _! op]ation4 ,cak$ ,bag ,may be remov$ by simm]+ ! b>k ( ! root ( bitt]-sweet 9 l>d1 till x becomes v yell[4 ,:5 cool1 apply x to ! swoll5 udd] once 9 #h or #aj h\rs2 or wa% x sev]al times a day 9 cold wat]4 ,a p9t ( hors]adi%1 f$ once a day1 cut up ) potatoes or meal1 is useful = ! same purpose4 ,?is is also a tonic1 helps ! appetite1 & is good = ox5 subject to heat4 ,g>get ,is a m int5se degree ( inflammation ?an exi/s 9 cak$ bag & sore1 swoll5 teats1 & %[s itself 9 h>d bun*es on ! udd]4 ,! c[ %\ld be bl$1 & take a l>ge dose ( physic2 !n wa% ! udd] z 9 cak$ bag4 ,repeat$ doses ( sulphur is a good rem$y4 ,g>get1 or scoke root1 giv5 ( ! size ( a l>ge f+]1 grat$ & f$ 9 _! food1 is a g5]al application ) f>m]s4 ,! g>get plant gr[s f ?ree to six feet high1 ) a purple /alk1 & /r+s ( b]ries hang+ d[n betwe5 ! bran*es4 ,sore ,teats ,may be heal$ by rubb+ ) goose oil1 cream1 new milk2 or make ! same applications = x z = cak$ bag4 ,! bag & teats %\ld be well cleans$ ) w>m s(t wat]1 if to be foll[$ by any o9tm5t4 ,! foll[+ application is recomm5d$ by ,y\att3 ,"o ounce ( yell[ wax & ?ree ( l>d2 melt toge!r1 & :5 cool+1 rub 9 "o qu>t] ounce ( sug> ( lead1 & a dra*m ( alum f9ely p[d]$4 ,w>ts ,are ( two k9ds2 ! fir/1 on ! out] sk91 may be remov$ by rubb+ ) camphorat$ olive oil4 ,! o!rs p5etrate into ! fle%1 & may be remov$ by a ligature ( f9e tw9e1 or silk1 or india-rubb] drawn into a /r+1 & ti$ tightly ar\nd ! w>t1 :i* falls (f 9 a few days4 ,rem$ies4--,nitrate ( silv]1 7lun> cau/ic17 appli$ to ! w>t1 w remove x1 b x produces a sore4 ,apply a /rong wa% ( alum4 ,rub ) ! juice ( milk-we$4 ,p\ltice ) grat$ c>rot4 ,cut (f ! w>t ) %>p scissors1 :5 ! c[ is dry4 ,x w ble$ little1 & soon heal4 ,sore ,necks on ,work+ ,ox54 ,^! occur :5 work$ 9 wet wea!r1 or ) bad yokes4 ,! rem$y is1 rub ) a heal+ application4 ,! prev5tive is1 good yokes2 ! application ( grease2 or a decoction ( :ite or yell[ oak b>k appli$ to ! affect$ p>ts4 ,or1 a bett] prev5tive is a canvass or lea!r cap to protect ! neck entirely f ! /orm4 ,! ,bite ( ,poison\s ,snakes ,may be cur$ by %ak+ toge!r equal p>ts ( olive oil & h>t%orn1 & rubb+ ! w\nd & adjac5t p>ts ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,= a full-gr[n animal1 "o qu>t ( olive oil & an ounce ( h>t%orn %\ld be adm9i/]$ int]nally1 9 addition to ! above4 ,= ,/+s ( ,bees1 ,hornets1 c4 ,apply w>m v9eg> & salt1 rubb+ ! p>ts ?or\ghly4 ,= a ,=m+ ,tumor4 ,rub ?or\ghly ) /rong br9e1 or a solution ( sal ammoniac dissolv$ 9 eight times its weight ( wat]4 ,if ! tumor comes to a head1 op5 x ne> ! bottom ) a lancet2 or place a seton 9 x s z to admit ! escape ( purul5t matt]4 ,lice & ,v]m9 ,sometimes ab\nd on cattle dur+ ! latt] "p ( w9t] & spr+4 ,^! are g5]ally ! result ( mange1 :i* is itself ! effect ( ill-fe$+ & ill-condition4 ,!y are remov$ ) ! cause4 ,we d\bt if !y c be p]man5tly kept (f1 :]e ! animal is los+ fle% & heal?4 ,rem$ies4--,re/ore ! heal? & condition1 & spr9kle s&1 a%es1 or dirt pl5tifully ar\nd ! roots ( ! horns1 & along ! ridge ( ! neck & back4 ,a lib]al application ( tra9 or o!r oil has ne>ly a simil> effect4 ,nev] apply an o9tm5t conta9+ corrosive sublimate or o!r poison1 z x may be lick$ by ! animal or its fell[s1 :o may ?us become s]i\sly poison$4 ,! ,trembles1 ,produc+ milk sickness 7a mo/ fatal disease7 9 ! human family1 f eat+ ! milk or fle% ( animals affect$ by x4 ,?is disease1 :i* exi/s pr9cipally 9 ! region ( ! ,waba% ,riv]1 is suppos$ by ,dr4 ,drake to be ow+ to ! poison oak1 7,rhus ,toxicod5dron17 or poison v9e1 7,radicans17 :i* ! animals eat4 ,symptoms4--,! animal mopes1 is fev]i% & co/ive1 b app>5tly pres]ves its appetite4 ,! next /age ( ! disease is fa9tness & v]tigo1 :i* is %[n :5 ! animal is put ^u ex]tion1 be+ foll[$ by excessive trembl+ & entire pro/ration4 ,rem$y4--,almo/ e ca?>tic has be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,indian corn1 bo? dry & gre51 has be5 f$ to all animals accu/om$ to eat+ x1 & :5 !y c be induc$ to fe$ ^u x freely1 purg+ is g5]ally secur$4 ,re/ ( ! animal is absolutely ess5tial :ile ! disease cont9ues1 & is itself an effectual rem$y 9 mild cases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! diseases enum]at$1 !re are occasional epidemics1 su* z black tongue1 black foot1 or foot root1 c41 :i* c>ry (f great numb]s ( animals4 ,rem$ies = ^! are frequ5tly n discov]$1 & ! epidemic is all[$ to run its c\rse un*eck$4 ,! only prev5tives are su* c>e1 food1 & managem5t z ! exp]i5c$ h]dsman kn[s to be be/ suit$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! heal? & ?rift ( 8 /ock4 ,note4--,"s ailm5ts w be f\nd "u ! head ( diseases ( ! o!r animals m5tion$ 9 ?is "w1 ! g5]al resemblance ( :i* to ea* o!r w ju/ify ne>ly a simil> treatm5t4 ,if intellig5t f>ri]s are at h&1 !y may sometimes be call$ 9 ) advantage2 ?\gh we ackn[l$ge our di/ru/ ( ! quack]y ( mo/ ( ^? pass+ "u ?is title4 ,!re is little sci5ce or intellig5t /udy 9 ! composition ( ?is class1 ! _w ov]2 & mu* ( _! practice is ! m]e/ empiricism4 ,! own] %\ld see to x1 if he employs "o ( ^: atta9m5ts he is d\btful1 t nei!r m$ic9es nor op]ations be us$1 unnecess>ily sev]e or haz>d\s to ! animal4 ,especially1 %\ld ! diabolical practice be int]dict$1 ( ! abundant & indiscrim9ate use ( poisons1 boil+ oils1 turp5t9e1 & t>1 & ! hot iron appli$ to ! s5sitive w\nd or nak$ fle%4 ,if c]ta9 or effectual rem$ies = ! removal ( disease _c he appli$1 su* z augm5t ! suff]+ or endang] ! life ( ! poor dumb ?+s1 may at lea/ be avoid$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,dairy4 ,c[s = ! ,dairy4 ,f :at has be5 said on ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( cattle1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t no v def9ite crit]ia ( excell5ce c be giv5 = all good dairy c[s4 ,b !re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 a good milk]1 t c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,%e %\ld be desc5d$ f ! be/ milk+ /ock2 h] head %\ld be small or ( m$ium size1 muzzle f9e1 & no/rils flexible & exp&$2 face long1 sl5d]1 & di%+2 *eeks ?92 eyes full1 mild1 & prom95t2 horns delicate & waxy1 & !y may be ei!r bran*+1 lopp$1 crumpl$1 or hornless2 long1 ?91 lively e>1 & ! inside ( an orange color2 neck ?9 & small at its junction ) ! head2 deep *e/1 b n too heavy be=e2 back level & broad2 well ribb$2 belly l>ge2 l[ flank2 wide ?ighs1 b ?92 %ort legs1 & /&+ well ap>t2 l>ge milk+ ve9s2 loose1 capaci\s udd]1 com+ well out beh9d2 good teats2 loose1 mell[ sk91 ( a deep yell[2 & a f9e1 ?ick coat ( glossy hair2 & %e mu/ be ( a good disposition1 & free f tricks4 ,yet1 ) all ! skill ( a well-practis$ ta/e 9 ! selection ( animals1 ! dairyman w frequ5tly f9d 8 !ories & results at sad v>iance4 ,"o may sometimes select a f9e animal1 ) e appe>ance ( good milk+ qualities1 :i* is b a m$ium c[ at ! pail2 & ano!r1 t h>dly seems wor?y ( notice1 & :i* sets at defiance _m e/abli%$ milk+ po9ts1 & all preconceiv$ notions ( symmetry1 may yet prove a good milk]4 ,a c[ t runs to fle% :ile 9 milk1 is g5]ally an indiff]5t animal = ! dairy4 ,p]fection 9 a c[1 consi/s 9 conv]t+ all %e eats into milk :ile yield+ x1 & :5 dry1 9 turn+ all %e consumes into valuable meat4 ,managem5t ( ,dairy ,c[s4 ,a c[ may h h] fir/ calf :5 betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s ( age1 accord+ to h] size & developm5t4 ,aft] calv+1 %e %\ld be /9t$ 9 h] food = two or ?ree days1 & n f$ freely = a week4 ,avoid fat 9 a bre$+ c[4 ,too high fe$+ is ! cause ( milk-fev]1 cak$ bag1 g>get1 & a ho/ ( evils2 & v poor fe$ is almo/ equally objectionable4 ,! av]age "t ( a c[ ) "y1 is f #dj to #da weeks2 b !y sometimes g only #cd1 & occasionally ov]run #dd4 ,a dry1 unoccupi$ /all or y>d is be/ = h] to calve 92 & if !re is any s]i\s delay or difficulty 9 ! op]ation1 %e may be assi/$ by plac+ ! foetus 9 ! "r position1 & g5tly pull+ x1 ) e ?roe ( ! dam4 ,aft] ! calf has drawn all he wants at morn+ & ev5+1 ! bag %\ld be ?or\ghly & quickly empti$ ( all ! milk4 ,if /rong & vigor\s1 ! calf is ! be/ doctor = g>get or cak$ bag4 ,he may be all[$ to suck ! c[ or n1 at ! option ( ! own]2 !re are reasons = & aga9/ ! practice1 z w be se5 "u ! head ( re>+ calves1 & ea* p]son mu/ det]m9e 9 8 own case on :i* side ! balance lies4 ,milk+4 ,?is is an important op]ation1 & on its prop] p]=mance dep5ds mu* ( ! success ( ! dairyman4 ,a c[ regul>ly1 g5tly1 yet quickly & ?or\ghly milk$1 w give mu* m ?an if neglect$4 ,if a h]d ( c[s be sep>at$ into two divisions1 ea* yield+ ! same quantity ( milk1 & "o is giv5 to a good milk]1 & ! o!r to a %iftless or lazy "o1 ! latt] w spe$ily r$uce 8 milk mu* bel[ ! quantity obta9$ by ! =m]2 & if ! milk]s !n ex*ange c[s1 !y w be f\nd to *ange quantity too1 ^? be=e af=d+ ! lea/1 soon giv+ ! mo/4 ,an indiff]5t milk] ought nev] to be tol]at$ 9 a h]d1 good ones are *eap] at d\ble ! price4 ,x is be/ to milk at int]vals ( ab\t #ab h\rs2 :i* may be done :5 pa/ures are conv5i5t1 or c[s are soil$ or f$ 9 ! y>d4 ,b z ?is is n (t5 ! case 9 ! season ( gre5 food1 !y %\ld be milk$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ & turn$ into pa/ure1 to fill !mselves be=e ! sun is oppressive2 & if !y are to be kept up at night1 let !m br[se 9 ! pa/ure z long z possible1 be=e !y are br\ght to ! y>d4 ,,milk ,is produc$ f ! females ( all ! w>m-blood$ animals1 :i* are enum]at$ among ! mammaliae4 ,! milk ( sev]al animals is employ$ = dome/ic purposes1 among diff]5t nations4 ,t ( ! camel is us$ by ! ,arabs2 ! milk ( ! ass by ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,maltese1 & ! inhabitants ( ! ,levant2 t ( ! m>e by ! ,cossacks1 ! ,kirgheez1 & o!r ,t>t>s2 & t ( ! goat1 ! ewe1 & ! c[1 by mo/ ( ! anci5t1 & ) few exceptions1 by e mod]n ,european nation4 ,)9 ! la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! use ( all except+ c['s milk has be5 almo/ entirely disc>d$1 among ! mo/ highly civiliz$ p4 ,if we except "s few ,wel% & ,swiss1 or o!r emigrants1 :o resort to ! goat & ewe = _! dairy mat]ials1 = ! fir/ few ye>s ( _! resid5ce "h1 ! c[ is ! only animal :i* is employ$ 9 ,am]ica = produc+ milk4 ,= ?is1 %e is pre-em95tly fitt$1 & ! mod]n improvem5t ( ?is invaluable animal has c>ri$ h] product ( milk almo/ z f> z c be reasonably look$ = f a giv5 am\nt ( food2 & al?\gh ?is is ( ab\t ! av]age ri*ness ( ! goat & ewe1 & be=e t ( ! ass1 ! quantity %e yields is frequ5tly z #fj to #a1 9 favor ( ! c[1 ov] ! fir/ two competitors4 ,z a milk-giv+ animal1 ! c[ is ! be/ fitt$ = ! purposes ( civiliz$ man2 & %e is made to contribute1 n only to 8 heal?1 8 com=t1 & 8 economy1 b to _m ( 8 *oice/ luxuries4 ,milk conta9s e elem5t ( nutrition necess>y to animal exi/5ce2 & man c subsi/1 ) unimpair$ heal? & /r5g?1 if limit$ to ?is food alone4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,milk ,are butt]1 :i* v>ies f #b to #f p] c5t42 case9 or *eese1 usually #d to #e1 b sometimes v>y+ f #c to #ae p] c5t42 7! la/ excessive quantity1 yield$ only by ! fir/ milk aft] calv+27 milk-sug>1 #d to #f2 salts or sal9e matt]1 #j4b to #j4f2 & wat]1 #hj to #hi4 ,!re is mu* div]sity 9 ! product & quality ( milk f c[s ( ! same bre$1 ! same food1 & o!r circum/ances & conditions1 app>5tly equal4 ,?us1 ( a h]d ( #bb1 *iefly ,ayr%ire1 "o gave #hd qu>ts 9 "o week1 :i* af=d$ #ca_/b lbs4 ( butt]2 two o!rs 9 ! same "t gave #hf1 yield+ #ea_/b lbs42 & a f\r? gave #hh qu>ts1 mak+ #g lbs4 ,! am\nt ( butt]1 h[ev]1 :i* a giv5 quantity ( milk w produce1 is n ! only crit]ion ( ! value ( ! milk1 except = ?is purpose alone4 ,"s c[s w yield m butt]1 o!rs w produce m *eese2 :ile = consumption1 ano!r may p>tially comp5sate1 9 ! increas$ quantity ( milk-sug>1 & ! sal9e matt]s1 = a defici5cy ( bo? ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,b = dairy purposes1 butt] & *eese are ! only measure ( ! value ( milk2 & a c[ is e/eem$ good or indiff]5t1 z %e gives "o or ! o!r 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,circum/ances :i* modify ! ,quantity & ,"* ( ,milk4 ,besides ! accid5tal v>iation 9 ! quantity & quality ( milk 9 diff]5t animals1 be=e adv]t$ to1 !re are _m reliable causes :i* influ5ce bo?4 ,( ^!1 p>5tage has a mo/ decid$ & uni=m influ5ce1 frequ5tly modifi$1 h[ev]1 9 ! p>ticul> individual1 by "s p]sonal & controll+ causes4 ,b a c[1 ^: mat]nal ance/ry on bo? sides are *oice milk]s1 is almo/ c]ta9 to resemble !m4 ,food influ5ces ! quantity1 r ?an ! quality4 ,b\ss+ault tri$ num]\s exp]im5ts1 ) c[s f$ on v>i\s k9ds ( food1 & f\nd ! diff]5ce h>dly appreciable 9 ! quality ( milk4 ,its true b5efit is to be look$ = 9 ! increas$ quantity1 ?r\gh :i*1 ! valuable +r$i5ts are di/ribut$ 9 ne>ly ! same proportion1 z :5 ! product is mat]ially less5$4 ,by quality we mean to be und]/ood1 ! am\nt ( ! +r$i5ts1 valuable = nutrition only2 = x is c]ta91 t !re is a ri* aromatic flavor1 n only 9 milk1 b 9 butt] & *eese1 :i* is af=d$ 9 v>i\s articles ( food1 & especially by ! fre% gre5 h]bage :i* ab\nds 9 ! pa/ures f spr+ to autumn4 ,activity or re/ has a great effect on bo? quantity & quality4 ,! less action1 & ! m quiet & re/1 ! great] ! am\nt ( milk & butt]4 ,b ex]cise is absolutely ess5tial to ! production ( *eese4 ,butt] may be made f c[s conf9$ 9 a /able1 b *eese c only be pr(itably made f animals at pa/ure4 ,x is suppos$ by physiologi/s1 t ! ex]cise 9 ga!r+ _! food1 r ?an any peculi>ity 9 its "*1 is necess>y to conv]t ! nitrog5iz$ tissues into ! nitrog5iz$ pr9ciple ( caseum or *eese4 ,! "t f calv+1 has also its effect4 ,! fir/ milk drawn f a c[ aft] calv+1 has be5 f\nd to yield ov] #ae p] c5t4 ( case91 :ile 9 its ord9>y /ate x gives only ?ree to five & a half4 ,z ! quantity ( milk dim9i%es 9 a f>r[ c[1 ! quality improves )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,pregnancy affects ! quality injuri\sly1 & especially t[>ds its latt] /ages2 & a c[ t is pr$ispos$ to giv+ milk1 %\ld be dri$ (f a few weeks be=e its expiration1 z x is !n unfit = use4 ,fat c[s give poor] milk ?an su* z are mod]ately lean2 & "y animals d n come up to ! maximum ( _! quality1 till aft] _! ?ird or f\r? calv+4 ,! milk fir/ drawn f ! udd]1 w yield only an eigh?1 & sometimes ev5 a mu* less proportion ( cream1 ?an ! /ripp+s2 & ! milk :i* is drawn ?ree times a day1 is greatly inf]ior to su* z is tak5 b once1 ?\gh ! latt] is less abundant4 ,excitem5t1 or fretfulness2 *ange ( locality1 or to a diff]5t h]d1 ) new companions2 sep>ation f h] calf2 p]iodical heat2 annoyance f flies1 or worry f dogs2 exposure to /orms1 sev]e cold1 or an oppressive sun1 & _m simil> causes1 dim9i% ! quantity ( milk & butt]2 b "s ( ^! may reasonably be expect$ to increase ! proportion ( its case94 ,dr4 ,playfair f\nd t ! quantity ( butt] 9 ! ev5+ milk1 aft] ! c[ _h be5 at pa/ure all day1 0 #c4g p] c5t41 :ile ! case9 0 #e4d2 aft] ly+ quietly all night1 ! milk f ! same c[1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 conta9$ #e4f p] c5t4 ( butt]1 & only #c4i ( case94 ,9 /abl+ ! c[1 ! butt] 0 inv>iably 9 great] proportion ?an :5 all[$ to ramble 9 ! pa/ure2 & ! case91 ) a s+le exception1 0 equally dim9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,lactomet]1 or ,cream ,guage4 ,fig4 #ag1 is a numb] ( glass tubes ( equal size1 set 9 a frame call$ a lactomet] or cream guage4 ,if milk f diff]5t c[s be set 9 ^!1 ! dep? ( ! cream w indicate _! comp>ative ri*ness4 ,cream4 ,if milk be imm$iately set away 9 %all[ vessels1 aft] be+ tak5 f ! c[1 ! cream rises to ! surface1 c>ry+ ) x mo/ ( ! butt] conta9$ 9 ! milk1 & mu* ( its case9 also4 ,h5ce1 ! great nutritive prop]ties ( butt]milk1 :i* reta9s ! case9 9 v l>ge proportions1 mu* ( x be+ reject$ by ! butt] 9 its sep>ation f ! cream4 ,a temp]ature bel[ #cd deg41 w prev5t ! cream f ris+ 9 any consid]able quantity1 & pres]ve ! milk unalt]$ = "s weeks4 ,coagulat+ ! milk f any cause1 w equally prev5t ! sep>ation ( ! cream4 ,! elevation ( temp]ature )9 c]ta9 limits1 ha/5s ! sep>ation4 ,?us1 at #ej deg41 ! cream w mo/ly h ris5 9 #cf h\rs2 at #ee deg41 9 #bd2 at #fh deg41 9 #ah or #bj2 & at #gg deg41 9 #aj or #ab h\rs4 ,heat+ ! milk ne> ! boil+ po9t1 & !n sett+ x away & all[+ x to rema9 undi/urb$1 w soon cause ! cream to rise4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,orange dairy1 ne> ,baltimore1 ,md41 ?is sy/em 0 practis$1 by :i*1 n only mo/ ( ! cream 0 secur$ = butt]1 b 9 consequ5ce ( its rapid sep>ation1 ! skimm$ milk 0 s5t to m>ket )9 a few h\rs aft] be+ drawn2 & ! scald+ imp>t$ to x an agreeable flavor & app>5t ri*ness1 :i* x did n really possess4 ,! celebrat$ cl\t$ cream ( ,devon%ire1 ,engl&1 & ! butt] made f x1 conta9s an unusual quantity ( case91 ! consequ5ce ( heat+ ! milk4 ,x is prep>$ by /ra9+ ! w>m milk into l>ge %all[ pans into :i* a little wat] has previ\sly be5 put1 all[+ ^! to /& f six to twelve h\rs1 & !n c>efully heat+ !m ov] a sl[ fire1 or on a hot plate1 till ! milk approa*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,! milk1 h[ev]1 mu/ n actually boil1 nor mu/ ! sk9 ( ! cream be brok54 ,! di%es are n[ remov$ into ! dairy1 & all[$ to cool4 ,9 summ] ! cream %\ld be *urn$ on ! foll[+ day2 9 w9t] x may /& ov] two days4 ,! quantity ( cream obta9$ is said to be "o-f\r? great] by ?is me?od1 & ! milk :i* is left is proportionably poor4--,john/on4 ,,butt]4 ,electricity ,has mu* to d ) ! *anges 9 milk1 z 9 all o!r sub/ances4 ,glass milk-pans might1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to be ! be/ vessels = keep+ ! milk un*ang$ & sweet4 ,x may possibly n af=d any practical result1 yet intellig5t exp]im5ts = introduc+ a /ream ( electricity might well be ju/ifi$1 to aid 9 ! sep>ation ( ! butt]ace\s p>ticles 9 ! op]ation ( *urn+4 ,s\r ,cream4 ,cream1 = ! purpose ( *urn+1 is usually all[$ to become s\r4 ,x ought to be at lea/ "o day old1 b may ) advantage be kept sev]al days 9 cool wea!r1 if x be previ\sly well fre$ f milk1 & be frequ5tly /irr$ to keep x f curdl+4 ,?is s\r cream is put into ! *urn1 & work$ 9 ! usual way until ! butt] sep>ates4 ,?is is collect$ into lumps1 well beat & squeez$ free f ! milk1 & 9 "s dairies is wa%$ ) pure cold wat] z long z ! wat] is r5d]$ milky4 ,9 o!r localities ! butt] is n wa%$1 b aft] be+ well beat1 is c>efully fre$ f ! rema9+ milk by repeat$ squeez+s & dry+s ) a clean clo?4 ,bo? me?ods1 no d\bt1 h _! advantages4 ,9 ! same circum/ances1 ! wa%$ butt] may be m easily pres]v$ 9 ! fre% /ate1 :ile ! unwa%$ butt] w probably possess a high] flavor4 ,sweet ,cream ,may be put into ! *urn & ! butt] be obta9$1 b 9 mo/ cases x requires m labor & long] "t1 )\t1 9 ! op9ion ( good judges1 af=d+ 9 g5]al a f9] quality ( butt]4 ,9 all cases ! cream becomes s\r dur+ ! agitation1 & be=e ! butt] beg9s di/9ctly to =m4 ,cl\t$ ,cream ,! *urn+ ( ! cl\t$ cream ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 =ms an exception to ! g5]al rule j /at$1 t m "t is requir$ 9 ! *urn+ ( sweet creams4 ,cl\t$ cream may be *urn$ 9 ! morn+ aft] x is made1 t is1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! "t :5 ! milk 0 tak5 f ! c[2 & f su* cream x is well kn[n t ! butt] sep>ates ) v great ease4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! heat+ ( ! cream has already dispos$ ! oily matt] to coh]e1 an incipi5t runn+ toge!r ( ! globules has probably tak5 place be=e ! cream is remov$ f ! milk1 & h5ce ! comp>ative ease ) :i* ! *urn+ is effect$4 ,!re is some?+ peculi> 9 butt] prep>$ 9 ?is way1 z x is kn[n 9 o!r c\ntries by ! "n ( ,bohemian butt]4 ,x is said to be v agreeable 9 flavor1 b x mu/ conta9 m *eesy matt] ?an ! butt] f ord9>y cream4 ,*urn+ ! :ole ,milk ,is a mu* m labori\s me?od1 f ! difficulty ( keep+ 9 motion su* l>ge quantities ( fluid4 ,x has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( giv+ a l>g] quantity ( butt]4 ,at ,r5nes1 9 ,brittany1 ! milk ( ! previ\s ev5+ is p\r$ into ! *urn along ) ! w>m morn+'s milk1 & ! mixture is all[$ to /& = "s h\rs1 :5 ! :ole is *urn$4 ,9 ?is way x is said t a l>g] quantity ( butt] is obta9$1 & ( a m delicate flavor4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,glasg[1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,aiton1 ! milk is all[$ to /& six1 twelve1 or tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! dairy1 till ! :ole has cool$1 & ! cream has ris5 to ! surface4 ,two or ?ree milk+s1 /ill sweet1 are !n p\r$ toge!r ) _! cream1 into a l>ge vessel1 & are left undi/urb$ till ! :ole has become q s\r1 & is completely coagulat$4 ,! prop] s\rness is indicat$ by ! =mation ( a /iff brat ^u ! surface :i* has become unev54 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! brat & curd unbrok5 until ! milk is ab\t to be *urn$1 = if any ( ! :ey be sep>at$1 ! air ga9s admission to x & to ! curd1 & f]m5tation is induc$4 ,by ?is f]m5tation1 ! quality ( ! butt] may or may n be affect$1 b t ( ! butt]milk is almo/ sure to be injur$4 ,9 ,holl& ! practice is a little diff]5t4 ,! cream is n all[$ to rise to ! surface at all1 b ! milk is /irr$ two or ?ree times a day1 till x gets s\r1 & s ?ick t a wood5 spoon w /& 9 x4 ,x is !n put into ! *urn1 & ! work+1 or ! sep>ation ( ! butt] is assi/$ by ! addition ( a quantity ( cold wat]4 ,by *urn+ ! s\r milk 9 "o or o!r ( ^! ways1 ! butt] is said to be ri*1 s\nd1 & well-flavor$4 ,if x be great] 9 quantity1 x is1 accord+ to ,spr5gel1 because ! fatty matt] c>ries ) x f ! milk a l>g] quantity ( case9 ?an x does 9 mo/ cases f ! cream alone4 ,s\rness ( ! ,cream4 ,= ! production ( ! be/ butt]1 x is necess>y t ! cream %\ld be suffici5tly s\r be=e x is put into ! *urn4 ,butt] made f sweet cream 7n cl\t$7 is nei!r good 9 quality1 nor l>ge 9 quantity1 & long] "t is requir$ 9 *urn+4 ,x is an unpr(itable me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ah is a ,cyl9drical ,!rmomet] ,*urn1 ( any requir$ size1 ) false metal bottom to hold cold or hot wat] = br++ ! cream to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,a !rmomet]1 p]man5tly set 9 ! side1 indicates ! heat4 ,quickness 9 ,*urn+4 ,! m quickly milk or cream is *urn$1 ! pal]1 ! s(t]1 & ! less ri* ! butt]4 ,cream1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,aiton1 may be safely *urn$ 9 an h\r & a half1 :ile milk ought to obta9 f two to ?ree h\rs4 ,! *urn+ ought always to be regul>1 sl[] 9 w>m wea!r1 t ! butt] may n be s(t & :ite1 & quick] 9 w9t]1 t ! prop] temp]ature may be kept up4 ,a b>rel-*urn1 lately introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 be+ plac$ 9 a tr\gh ( wat] ( ! prop] temp]ature1 readily imp>ts ! degree ( heat requir$ by ! milk or cream )\t ! necessity ( add+ w>m wat] to ! milk1 & *urns ! :ole 9 t5 or twelve m9utes4 ,x is said also to give a l>g] weight ( butt] f ! same quantity ( milk4 ,if ! quality be really z good by ?is quick *urn+1 ! alleg$ inf]iority 9 ! quality ( butt] *urn$ quickly 9 ! common *urn _c be due to ! m]e rapidity ( *urn+ alone4 ,ov]-*urn+4 ,:5 ! process ( *urn+ is cont9u$ aft] ! full sep>ation ( ! butt]1 x loses its f9e yell[i%1 waxy appe>ance1 & becomes s(t & light-color$4 ,! weight ( ! butt]1 h[ev]1 is consid]ably increas$2 & h5ce1 9 ,lanca%ire1 ov]-*urn+ is frequ5tly practis$ 9 ! manufacture ( fre% butt] = imm$iate sale4 ,temp]ature ( ! ,milk or ,cream4 ,mu* also dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature ( ! milk or cream :5 ! *urn+ is comm5c$4 ,cream :5 put into ! *urn %\ld nev] be w>m] ?an #ee deg4 ,fahr5heit ,x rises dur+ ! *urn+ f #d deg4 to #aj deg4 ,f4 above its orig9al temp]ature4 ,:5 ! :ole milk is *urn$1 ! temp]ature %\ld be rais$ to #fe deg4 ,f41 :i* is be/ done by p\r+ 9 hot wat] into ! *urn :ile ! milk is kept 9 motion4 ,9 w9t]1 ei!r ( ^! temp]atures may be easily atta9$4 ,9 cold wea!r x is (t5 necess>y to add hot wat] to ! cream to raise x ev5 to #ee deg44 ,b 9 summ]1 & especially 9 hot wea!r1 x is difficult1 ev5 9 cool & well-ord]$ dairies1 7)\t ! use ( ice17 to keep ! cream d[n to ?is comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 if ! cream be !n *urn$1 a second-rate butt]1 at be/1 is all t c be obta9$4 ,! alleg$ advantages ( ,*urn+ ! entire ,milk4 ,! prop] temp]ature c be readily obta9$ bo? 9 w9t] & summ]4 ,a hundr$ gallons ( entire milk1 w give1 9 summ]1 five p] c5t4 m butt] ?an ! cream f ! same quantity ( milk4 ,butt] ( ! be/ quality c be obta9$ )\t difficulty1 bo? 9 w9t] & summ]4 ,no special att5tion to circum/ances1 or *ange ( me?od1 is at any "t requir$4 ,! *urn+ 9 w9t] & summ] is alike simple & easy4 ,! butt] is n only ( ! be/ quality :ile fre%1 b is also be/ = long-keep+1 :5 prop]ly cur$ or salt$4 ,cleanl9ess 9 all ! op]ations ( ! ,dairy4 ,?is is peculi>ly necess>y to ! manufacture ( good butt]4 ,cream is rem>kable = ! rapidity ) :i* x absorbs & becomes ta9t$ by any unpleasant odors4 ,x is v necess>y t ! air ( ! dairy %\ld be sweet1 t x %\ld be (t5 r5ew$1 & t x %\ld be op5 9 no direction f :i* bad odors c come4 7,john/on & o!r au?orities47 ,! /atem5t ( ,j4 ,t4 ,lans+1 :o receiv$ ! fir/ premium = butt] f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society1 is z foll[s3-- ,keep ! c[s /abl$ ?r\gh ! inclem5t season2 fe$ !m f ?ree to f\r times p] day ) good hay or gre5 /alks2 :5 ne> com+ 91 add "s oats1 b>ley1 or corn crack$4 ,9 summ]1 good pa/ure1 ) liv+ wat] accessible at all times1 & pl5ty ( salt4 ,treatm5t ( milk & cream be=e *urn+4--,/ra9 ! milk 9 t9 pans2 place !m 9 a cool cell> = ! cream to rise4 ,:5 suffici5tly ris51 sep>ate ! cream f ! milk2 put 9 /one j>s1 well prep>$ be=e *urn+4 ,! mode ( *urn+ 9 summ]4--,r9se ! *urn ) cold wat]2 !n turn 9 ! cream1 & add to ea* j> ( cream put 9 ! *urn1 full "o-f\r? ( ! same quantity ( cold wat]4 ,! *urn us$ is a pat5t "o1 mov$ by h& ) a crank1 hav+ paddles atta*$1 & s con/ruct$ z to w>m ! milk 7if too cold7 ) hot wat]1 )\t mix+ !m toge!r4 ,! milk & cream receive ! same treatm5t 9 w9t] z 9 summ]2 & 9 *urn+1 use hot in/ead ( cold wat]1 if necess>y4 ,! me?od ( free+ ! butt] f ! milk1 is to wa% ! butt] ) cold wat]1 till x %[s no color ( ! milk1 by ! use ( a ladle4 ,salt+ ! butt]4--,use ! be/ k9d ( ,liv]pool sack-salt2 ! quantity v>ies accord+ to ! /ate 9 :i* ! butt] is tak5 f ! *urn2 if s(t1 m2 if h>d1 less2 always tak+ ! ta/e = ! sure/ guide4 ,add no saltpetre1 nor o!r sub/ances4 ,! be/ "t = *urn+ is ! morn+1 9 hot wea!r1 & to keep ! butt] cool till put d[n4 ,! be/ mode ( pres]v+ butt]1 9 & ?r\gh ! summ] & w9t]1 is z foll[s3--,! vessel is a /one j>1 clean & sweet4 ,! mode ( putt+ x d[n is to put 9 a *urn+ ( butt]1 & put on /rong br9e2 let x rema9 on until ! next *urn+ is ready to put d[n1 & s on till ! j> is fill$2 !n cov] x ) f9e salt ! same to rema9 on till us$4 ,mr4 ,mc,williams1 ( ,orange c\nty1 ! celebrity ( ^: butt] is unsurpass$1 ?us details 8 me?od ( butt]-mak+3 ,our practice is n to *urn ! milk until x becomes ?ick or lopp]$1 ! milk & cream is !n *urn$ toge!r4 ,! temp]ature ( ! milk is ab\t fifty degrees4 ,9 w>m wea!r ab\t a qu>t ( cold wat] is put 9 ea* pan be=e ! milk is /ra9$1 s z to keep x sweet z long z possible4 ,! cell>-floor is brick4 ,?is 9 w>m wea!r is daily cleans$ ) cold wat]4 ,a dra9 f ! cell> c>ries (f ! wat] ?us appli$4 ,! *urn is fill$ ab\t half full ) milk1 ) ! addition ( two pails ( cold wat] be=e />t+ ! *urn4 ,9 cold wea!r ! same quantity ( w>m wat] is appli$4 ,:5 ! *urn+ is f9i%$1 :i* usually occupies ab\t two h\rs ( "t1 !re are !n two m pails ( cold wat] appli$ to raise ! butt] & cool x4 ,! butt] is !n tak5 out ( ! *urn & put 9 a l>ge tray2 ?is is imm$iately fill$ ) cold wat]1 & ! butt] c>efully wa%$2 aft] :i* ! wat] is ?r[n (f4 ,! butt] n[ und]goes ! process ( salt+2 x is !n plac$ 9 a cool situation1 :]e x /&s ab\t an h\r1 & is work$ c>efully ov]4 ,?is f9i%$1 x is plac$ 9 ! same situation z be=e1 :]e x /&s ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & is aga9 work$ ov]2 aga9 replac$ = five or six h\rs1 :5 x is work$ ov] = ! ?ird "t4 ,x is n[ replac$1 :]e x /&s till ! next morn+1 & work$ ov] = ! f\r? "t4 ,a small quantity ( nitre is !n put 9 ! butt]4 ,?us f9i%$1 x is plac$ 9 firk9s hold+ ab\t eighty-five p\nds4 ,previ\s to pack+1 ! firk9 is scald$ ) hot wat]1 r9s$ & cool$ ) cold wat]1 !n rubb$ all ar\nd ) f9e salt2 ?is prev5ts ! butt] f adh]+ to ! sides ( ! firk94 ,:5 ! firk9 is full1 a l95 clo? is plac$ ov] ! top ( ! butt]2 on ?is clo? a cov]+ ( salt is put "o in* deep1 & cold wat] en\gh add$ to x to =m a br9e4 ,x !n /&s till x is to be s5t to m>ket1 :5 ! clo? & salt are remov$1 ! firk9 turn$ d[n1 ! top ( ! butt] 9 ! keg wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & ! pickle dra9$ (f4 ,! firk9 is n[ neatly head$ up & s5t to m>ket4 ,! salt add$ to ! butt] %\ld be f #a-bd? to #a-bh? ( its weight1 or ab\t two-?irds ( an ounce to a p\nd1 & ?is mu/ be ( ! be/ quality4 ,all ! butt]milk mu/ be ?or\ghly extract$ by repeat$ wa%+s2 & :5 complet$1 ! butt] %\ld be imm$iately pack$1 & n a p>ticle ( air all[$ to come 9 contact ) x till op5$ = ! table4 ,,*eese4 ,! ,circum/ances affect+ ! ,quality ( ,*eese4 ,all *eese consi/s ess5tially ( ! curd1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 portion ( ! fatty matt]1 & ( ! sug> ( milk4 ,b diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( ! milk1 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! sev]al con/itu5ts ( milk are mix$ toge!r1 or 9 ! g5]al mode ( dairy managem5t1 give rise to v>ieties ( *eese almo/ )\t numb]4 ,ne>ly e dairy di/rict produces "o or m qualities ( *eese peculi> to itself4 ,natural ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,milk ,x is obvi\s t :atev] gives rise to natural diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( ! milk1 mu/ affect also t ( ! *eese prep>$ f x4 ,if ! milk be poor 9 butt]1 s mu/ ! *eese be4 ,if ! pa/ure be su* z to give a milk ri* 9 cream1 ! *eese w p>take ( ! same quality4 ,if ! h]bage or o!r food affect ! ta/e ( ! milk or cream1 x w also modify ! flavor ( ! *eese4 ,milk ( ,diff]5t ,animals4 ,s ! milk ( diff]5t animals w give *eese ( unlike qualities4 ,! ewe-milk *eeses ( ,tuscany1 ,naples1 & ,langu$oc1 & ^? ( goats' milk made on ,mont ,dor & else:]e1 are celebrat$ = qualities :i* are n possess$ by *eeses prep>$ f c[s' milk 9 a simil> way4 ,buffalo milk also gives a *eese ( peculi> qualities1 :i* is manufactur$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,neapolitan t]ritory4 ,o!r k9ds ( *eese are made f mixtures ( ! milk ( diff]5t animals4 ,?us ! /rong-ta/$ *eese ( ,lecca & ! celebrat$ ,roque=t *eese are prep>$ f mixtures ( goat ) ewe milk1 & ! *eese ( ,mont ,c5is f bo? ( ^! mix$ ) ! milk ( ! c[4 ,cream$ or ,uncream$ ,milk4 ,/ill fur!r diff]5ces are produc$1 accord+ to ! proportion ( cream :i* is left 9 or is add$ to ! milk4 ,?us1 if cream only be employ$1 we h ! ri* cream-*eese :i* mu/ be eat5 9 a comp>atively rec5t /ate4 ,or1 if ! cream ( ! previ\s night's milk+ be add$ to ! new milk ( ! morn+1 we may h su* *eese z ! ,/ilton ( ,engl&1 or ! small1 s(t1 & ri* ,brie *eeses1 s mu* e/eem$ 9 ,france4 ,if ! entire milk only be us$1 we h su* *eeses z ! ,*e%ire1 ! ,d\ble ,gl\ce/]1 ! ,*$d>1 ! ,wilt%ire1 & ! ,dunlop *eeses ( ,brita91 ! ,k9negad *eese ( ,irel&1 & ! ,g\da & ,edam *eeses ( ,holl&4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 x makes a diff]5ce1 :e!r ! w>m milk f ! c[ is curdl$ alone1 z at ,g\da & ,edam1 or :e!r x is mix$ ) ! milk ( ! ev5+ be=e1 z is g5]ally done 9 ,*e%ire & ,ayr%ire4 ,_m p]sons are ( op9ion t cream1 :i* has once be5 sep>at$1 c nev] be s well mix$ aga9 ) ! milk1 t a portion ( ! fatty matt] %all n fl[ out ) ! :ey & r5d] ! *eese less ri*4 ,if ! cream ( ! ev5+'s milk be remov$1 & ! skimm$ milk add$ to ! new milk ( ! next morn+1 su* *eeses z ! ,s+le ,gl\ce/] are obta9$4 ,if ! cream be tak5 once f all ! milk1 ! bett] k9ds ( skimm$-milk *eese1 su* z ! ,dut* *eese ( ,leyd51 are prep>$2 :ile if ! milk be twice skimm$1 we h ! poor] *eeses ( ,friesl& & ,gron+54 ,if skimm$ = ?ree or f\r days 9 succession1 we get ! h>d & horny *eeses ( ,essex & ,sussex1 :i* (t5 require ! axe to break !m up4 ,butt]milk ,*eese4 ,b poor or butt]less *eese w also diff] 9 quality accord+ to ! /ate ( ! milk f :i* x is extract$4 ,if ! new milk be all[$ to /& to ?r[ up its cream1 & ?is be !n remov$ 9 ! usual way1 ! ord9>y skimm$-milk *eese w be obta9$ by add+ r5net to ! milk4 ,b if1 in/ead ( skimm+1 we all[ ! milk to /& till x beg9s to s\r1 & !n remove ! butt] by *urn+ ! :ole1 we obta9 ! milk 9 a s\r /ate1 7butt]milk47 ,f ?is milk ! curd sep>ates naturally by g5tle heat+4 ,b be+ ?us prep>$ f s\r milk1 & )\t ! use ( r5net1 butt]milk *eese diff]s m or less 9 quality f t :i* is made f sweet skimm$-milk4 ,! acid 9 ! butt]milk1 especially aft] x has /ood a day or two1 is capable ( coagulat+ new milk also2 & ?us1 by mix+ m or less sweet milk ) ! butt]milk be=e x is w>m$1 sev]al o!r qualities ( mix$ butt] & sweet-milk *eese may readily be manufactur$4 ,:ey ,*eese4 ,! :ey :i* sep>ates f ! curd1 & especially ! :ite :ey1 :i* is press$ out t[>ds ! la/1 conta9s a portion ( curd1 & n unfrequ5tly a consid]able quantity ( butt] also4 ,:5 ! :ey is heat$1 ! curd & butt] rise to ! surface1 & are readily skimm$ (f4 ,?is curd alone w (t5 yield a *eese ( excell5t quality1 & s ri* 9 butt]1 t a v good imitation ( ,/ilton *eese may sometimes be made ) alt]nate lay]s ( new-milk curd & ?is curd ( :ey4 ,mixtures ( ,vegetable ,sub/ances ) ! ,milk4 ,new v>ieties ( *eese are =m$ by mix+ vegetable sub/ances ) ! curd4 ,a gre5 decoction ( two p>ts ( sage leaves1 "o ( m>igold1 & a little p>sley1 gives its color to ! gre5 *eese ( ,wilt%ire2 "s ev5 mix up ! entire leaves ) ! curd4 ,! celebrat$ ,s*abzieg] *eese ( ,switz]l&1 is made by cru%+ ! skim-milk *eese aft] x is sev]al mon?s old to f9e p[d] 9 a mill1 mix+ x !n ) "o-t5? ( its weight ( f9e salt1 & "o-tw5tie? ( ! p[d]$ leaves ( ! mellilot trefoil1 7trifolium melilotus c]ulea17 & aft]w>ds ) oil or butt]1 work+ ! :ole into a pa/e1 :i* is press$ & c>efully dri$4 ,potato ,*eeses1 ,z !y are call$1 are made 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o p\nd ( s\r milk is mix$ ) five p\nds ( boil$ potatoes & a little salt1 & ! :ole is beat into a pulp1 :i*1 aft] /&+ five or six days1 is work$ up aga91 & !n dri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,o!rs mix ?ree p>ts ( dri$ boil$ potatoes ) two ( fre% curd1 or equal weights1 or m curd ?an potato1 accord+ to ! quality requir$4 ,su* *eeses are made 9 ,?ur+ia1 9 ,saxony1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,9 ,savoy1 an excell5t *eese is made by mix+ "o ( ! pulp ( potatoes ) ?ree ( ewe-milk curd2 & 9 ,we/phalia1 a potato *eese is made ) skimm$ milk4 ,prep>ation ( ,r5net4 ,r5net is prep>$ f ! salt$ /oma* or inte/9es ( ! suck+ calf1 ! unwean$ lamb1 ! "y kid1 or ev5 ! "y pig4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! /oma* ( ! calf is pref]r$1 & !re are v>i\s ways ( cur+ & pres]v+ x4 ,! /oma* ( ! newly kill$ animal conta9s a quantity ( curd d]iv$ f ! milk on :i* x has be5 f$4 ,9 mo/ di/ricts1 x is usual to remove by a g5tle wa%+ ! curd & slimy matt]s :i* are pres5t 9 ! /oma*1 z !y are suppos$ to imp>t a /rong ta/e to ! *eese4 ,9 ,*e%ire1 ! curd is frequ5tly salt$ sep>ately = imm$iate use4 ,9 ,ayr%ire & ,limburg1 on ! o!r h&1 ! curd is always left 9 ! /oma* & salt$ along ) x4 ,"s ev5 give ! calf a copi\s draught ( milk %ortly be=e x is kill$1 9 ord] t ! /oma* may conta9 a l>g] quantity ( ! valuable curd4 ,salt+ ! ,/oma*4 ,9 ! mode ( salt+ ! /oma*1 simil> diff]5ces prevail4 ,"s m]ely put a few h&fuls ( salt into & ar\nd x1 !n roll x toge!r1 & hang x ne> ! *imney to dry4 ,o!rs salt x 9 a pickle = a few days1 & !n hang x up to dry2 :ile o!rs pack sev]al ( !m 9 lay]s1 ) mu* salt bo? )9 & )\t1 & pres]ve !m 9 a cool place1 till ! *eese-mak+ season ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,!y are !n tak5 out1 dra9$ f ! br9e1 spread ^u a table1 spr9kl$ ) salt :i* is roll$ 9 ) a wood5 roll]1 & !n hung up to dry4 ,9 "s =eign c\ntries1 ! rec5t /oma* is m9c$ v f9e1 mix$ ) salt & bread into a pa/e1 put into a bladd]1 & !n dri$4 ,9 ,lomb>dy1 ! /oma*1 aft] be+ salt$ & dri$1 is m9c$ & mix$ up ) salt1 pepp]1 & a little :ey or wat] into a pa/e1 :i* is pres]v$ = use4 ,9 :atev] way ! /oma* or inte/9e ( ! calf is prep>$ & pres]v$1 ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion seems to be1 t x %\ld be kept = #aj or #ab mon?s1 be=e x is capable ( yield+ ! be/ & /ronge/ r5net4 ,if new] ?an #ab mon?s1 ! r5net is ?\ght to make ! *eese heave or swell1 & become full ( eyes or holes4 ,mak+ ! ,r5net4 ,9 mak+ ! r5net1 diff]5t cu/oms also prevail4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 a bit ( ! dri$ /oma* is put into half a p9t ( lukew>m wat]1 ) z mu* salt z w lie ^u a %ill+1 is all[$ to /& ov] night1 & 9 ! morn+ ! infusion is p\r$ into ! milk4 ,= a *eese ( #fj lbs4 weight1 a piece ( ! size ( a doll> w (t5 be suffici5t1 ?\gh ( "s sk9s z mu* z #aj squ>e in*es are requir$ to produce ! same effect4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m common to take ! entire /oma*1 & to p\r ^u !m f "o to ?ree qu>ts ( wat] = ea* /oma*1 & to all[ !m to infuse = sev]al days4 ,if only "o has be5 infus$1 & ! r5net is int5d$ = imm$iate use1 ! infusion requires only to be skimm$ & /ra9$4 ,b if sev]al be infus$1 or z _m z h be5 provid$ = ! :ole season1 ab\t two qu>ts ( wat] are tak5 = ea*1 &1 aft] /&+ n m ?an two days1 ! infusion is p\r$ (f1 & is completely saturat$ ) salt4 ,dur+ ! summ] x is con/antly skimm$1 & fre% salt add$ f "t to "t4 ,or a /rong br9e may at once be p\r$ ^u ! sk9s1 & ! infusion1 :5 ! sk9s are tak5 out1 may be kept = a l5g? ( "t4 ,"s ev5 recomm5d1 t ! liquid r5net %\ld n be us$ until x is at lea/ two mon?s old4 ,:5 ?us kept1 h[ev]1 x is indisp5sable t ! wat] %\ld be fully saturat$ ) salt4 ,9 ,ayr%ire1 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 x is cu/om>y to cut ! dri$ /oma* into small pieces1 & to put x1 ) a h&ful or two ( salt & "o or two qu>ts ( wat]1 into a j>1 to all[ x to /& = two or ?ree days1 aft]w>ds to p\r ^u x ano!r p9t = a c\ple ( days1 to mix ! two decoctions1 & :5 /ra9$1 to bottle ! :ole = future use4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be kept = _m mon?s4 ,9 mak+ r5net1 "s use pure wat] only1 o!rs pref] cle> :ey1 o!rs a decoction ( leaves1 su* z ^? ( ! sweetbri]1 ! dog-rose1 & ! bramble1 or ( aromatic h]bs & fl[]s2 :ile o!rs aga91 put 9 lemons1 cloves1 mace1 or br&y4 ,^! v>i\s practices are adopt$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! r5net keep bett]1 ( less5+ its unpleasant smell1 ( prev5t+ any unpleasant ta/e x might give to ! curd1 or f9ally ( directly improv+ ! flavor ( ! *eese4 ,! acidity ( ! lemon w1 no d\bt1 increase also ! coagulat+ p[] ( any r5net to :i* x may be add$4 ,! r5net ?us prep>$ is p\r$ into ! milk previ\sly rais$ to ! temp]ature ( #ij deg4 or #ie deg4 ,f41 & is intimately mix$ ) x4 ,! quantity :i* x is necess>y to add v>ies ) ! quality ( ! r5net1 f a tablespoonful to half a p9t = #cj or #dj gallons ( milk4 ,! "t necess>y = ! complete fix+ ( ! curd v>ies also f #ae m9utes to an h\r or ev5 an h\r & a half4 ,! *ief causes ( ?is v>iation1 are ! temp]ature ( ! milk1 & ! quality & quantity ( ! r5net employ$4 ,diff]5t ,qualities ( ,*eese4 ,! temp]ature ( new or entire milk1 :5 ! r5net is add$1 %\ld be rais$ to ab\t #ie deg4 ,f42 t ( skimm$ milk ne$ n be q s high4 ,if ! milk be w>m] ! curd is h>d & t\gh1 if cold]1 x is s(t & difficult to obta9 free f ! :ey4 ,:5 ! =m] happ5s to be ! case1 a portion ( ! fir/ :ey t sep>ates may be tak5 out into ano!r vessel1 all[$ to cool1 & !n p\r$ 9 aga94 ,if x prove to h be5 too cold1 hot milk or wat] may be add$ to x2 or a vessel conta9+ hot wat] may be put into x be=e ! curdl+ comm5ces2 or ! fir/ portion ( :ey t sep>ates may be heat$ & p\r$ aga9 ^u ! curd4 ,! quality ( ! *eese1 h[ev]1 w always be m or less affect$1 :5 x happ5s to be necess>y to adopt any ( ^! rem$ies4 ,to make ! be/ *eese1 ! true temp]ature %\ld always be atta9$ z ne>ly z possible1 be=e ! r5net is add$4 ,mode 9 :i* ! ,milk is w>m$4 ,if1 z is ! case 9 "s dairies1 ! milk be w>m$ 9 an iron pot ^u ! nak$ fire1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is n s+$ or fire-fang$4 ,a v slight inatt5tion may cause ?is to be ! case1 & ! ta/e ( ! *eese is sure to be m or less affect$ by x4 ,9 ,*e%ire1 ! milk is put into a l>ge t9 pail1 :i* is plung$ into a boil] ( hot wat]1 & frequ5tly /irr$ till x is rais$ to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,9 l>ge dairy e/abli%m5ts1 h[ev]1 ! safe/ me?od is to h a pot ) a d\ble bottom1 consi/+ ( "o pot )9 ano!r1 aft] ! mann] ( a glue-pot2 ! space betwe5 ! two be+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,! fire appli$ b5ea?1 ?us acts only ^u ! wat]1 & c nev]1 by any ord9>y neglect1 d injury to ! milk4 ,x is desirable 9 ?is heat+1 n to raise ! temp]ature high] ?an is necess>y1 z a great heat is apt to give an oil9ess to ! fatty matt] ( ! milk4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! ,curd /&s4 ,?is is also ( importance4 ,x %\ld be brok5 up z soon z ! milk is fully coagulat$4 ,! long] x /&s aft] ?is1 ! h>d] & t\gh] x w become4 ,! quality ( ! ,r5net4 ,?is is ( mu* importance1 n only 9 reg>d to ! c]ta9ty ( ! coagulation1 b also to ! flavor ( ! *eese4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,*e%ire1 x is usual to take a piece ( ! dri$ membrane & /eep x ov]night ) a little salt = ! ensu+ morn+'s milk4 ,x is ?us sure to be fre% & sweet1 if ! dri$ maw be 9 good pres]vation4 ,b :]e x is cu/om>y to /eep sev]al sk9s at a "t1 & to bottle ! r5net = aft]-use1 x is v necess>y to saturate ! solution completely ) salt1 & to season x ) spices1 9 ord] t x may be pres]v$ 9 a sweet & :olesome /ate4 ,! quantity ( ,r5net add$4 ,?is ought to be regulat$ z c>efully z ! temp]ature ( ! milk4 ,too mu* r5d]s ! curd t\gh2 too little causes ! loss ( mu* "t1 & may p]mit a l>g] portion ( ! butt] to sep>ate itself f ! curd4 ,x is to be expect$ also1 t :5 r5net is us$ 9 great excess1 a portion ( x w rema9 9 ! curd1 & w naturally affect ! k9d & rapidity ( ! *anges x aft]w>ds und]goes4 ,?us1 x is said to cause ! *eese to heave or swell out f f]m5tation4 ,x is probable1 also1 t x w affect ! flavor :i* ! *eese acquires by keep+4 ,?us x may be1 t ! agreeable or unpleasant ta/e ( ! *eeses ( c]ta9 di/ricts or dairies may be less due to ! quality ( ! pa/ures or ( ! milk itself1 ?an to ! quantity ( r5net ) :i* x has !re be5 cu/om>y to coagulate ! milk4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ,r5net is made4 ,?is1 no less ?an its /ate ( pres]vation & ! quantity employ$1 may also influ5ce ! flavor or o!r qualities ( ! *eese4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! manufacture ( a celebrat$ ,fr5* *eese1 t ( ,epoisse1 ! r5net is prep>$ z foll[s3--,f\r fre% calf-sk9s1 ) ! curd !y conta91 are well wa%$ 9 wat]1 *opp$ into small pieces1 & dige/$ 9 a mixture ( #e qu>ts ( br&y ) #ae ( wat]1 add+ at ! same "t #ba_/b lbs4 ( salt1 half an ounce ( black pepp]1 & a qu>t] ( an ounce ea* ( cloves & f5nel se$s4 ,at ! end ( six weeks1 ! liquor is filt]$ & pres]v$ 9 well-cork$ bottles1 :ile ! membrane is put into salt-wat] to =m a new portion ( r5net4 ,= mak+ ri* *eeses1 ! r5net %\ld always be filt]$ cle>4 ,on ,mont d',or1 ! r5net is made ) :ite w9e & v9eg>4 ,an ounce ( common salt is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( half a p9t ( v9eg> ) #ba_/b p9ts ( :ite w9e1 & 9 ?is solution a prep>$ goat's /oma* or a piece ( dri$ pig's bladd] is /eep$ = a l5g? ( "t4 ,a s+le spoonful ( ?is r5net is said to be suffici5t = #de or #ej qu>ts ( milk4 ,no d\bt ! acid ( ! v9eg> & ( ! w9e aid ! coagulat+ p[] d]iv$ f ! membrane4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ,curd is treat$4 ,x is usual 9 our be/ *eese di/ricts1 c>efully & sl[ly to sep>ate ! curd f ! :ey1 n to ha/5 ! sep>ation1 le/ a l>g] portion ( ! fatty matt] %\ld be squeez$ out ( ! curd1 & ! *eese %\ld ?us be r5d]$ poor] ?an usual4 ,b 9 "s places1 ! practice prevails ( wa%+ ! curd ) hot wat]1 aft] ! :ey has be5 p>tially sep>at$ f x4 ,?us at ,g\da 9 ,holl&1 aft] ! great] "p ( ! :ey has be5 gradually remov$1 a quantity ( hot wat] is add$1 & all[$ to rema9 ^u x = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! heat makes ! *eese m solid & causes x to keep bett]4 ,9 ,italy1 ! pe>-%ap$ caccio-cavallo *eeses & ! r\nd palloni *eeses ( ,grav9a1 9 ! ,neapolitan t]ritory1 are made f curd1 :i* aft] be+ scald$ ) boil+ :ey1 is cut into slices1 knead$ 9 boil+ wat]1 work$ ) ! h& till x is p]fectly t5aci\s & ela/ic1 & !n made into %apes4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! curd is wa%$1 aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?r[s up mu* oily matt]1 :i* is skimm$ (f & made into butt]4 ,! ,sep>ation ( ! ,:ey ,is a "p ( ! process1 ^u :i* ! quality ( ! *eese 9 a consid]able degree dep5ds4 ,9 ,*e%ire1 m "t & att5tion is devot$ to ! p]fect extraction ( ! :ey ?an 9 almo/ any o!r di/rict4 ,inde$1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! :ey conta9s sug> & lactic acid1 :i* may und]go decomposition1 & a quantity ( r5net :i* may br+ on f]m5tation1 by bo? ( :i* processes ! flavor ( ! *eeses mu/ be consid]ably affect$1 x w appe> ( great importance t ! :ey %\ld be z completely remov$ f ! curd z x c possibly be4 ,to aid 9 effect+ ?is1 a curd-mill1 = *opp+ x f9e aft] ! :ey is /ra9$ (f1 is 9 use 9 _m ( ! l>ge ,engli% dairies1 & a v +5i\s & effectual pneumatic *eese-press = suck+ out ! :ey1 0 lately inv5t$4 ,b ! way 9 :i* ! :ey is sep>at$ is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & has mu* influ5ce ^u ! quality ( ! *eese4 ,?us1 9 ,norfolk1 accord+ to ,m>%all1 :5 ! curd is fairly set1 ! dairy-maid b>es h] arm1 plunges x into ! curd1 & ) ! help ( h] wood5 ladle1 breaks up m9utely1 & intimately mixes ! curd ) ! :ey4 ,?is %e does = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 aft] :i* ! curd is all[$ to subside1 & ! :ey is drawn (f4 ,by ?is agitation1 ! :ey mu/ c>ry (f m ( ! butt] & ! *eese mu/ be poor]4 ,9 ,*e%ire & ,ayr%ire1 ! curd is cut ) a knife1 b is g5tly us$ & sl[ly press$ till x is dry en\gh to be *opp$ f9e1 & ?us m ( ! oily matt] is reta9$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 9 mak+ ! ,/ilton *eese1 ! curd is n cut or brok5 at all1 b is press$ g5tly & ) c>e till ! :ey gradually dra9s out4 ,?us ! butt] & ! curd rema9 int]mix$1 & ! ri* *eese ( ,/ilton is ! result4 ,?us1 :ile x is ( importance t all ! :ey %\ld be extract$ f ! curd1 yet ! quicke/ way may n be ! be/4 ,m "t & c>e mu/ be be/[$ 9 ord] to effect ?is object1 ! ri*] ! *eese we wi% to obta94 ,! quality ( ! milk or ( ! pa/ures1 may (t5 be blam$ = ! defici5cies 9 ! ri*ness or o!r qualities ( *eese1 :i* are 9 reality due to slight b mat]ial diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( manufactur+ x4 ,! k9d ( salt us$1 is consid]$ by _m to h "s effect ^u ! ta/e ( ! *eese4 ,?us ! *eese ( ,g]ome1 9 ! ,vosges1 is suppos$ to d]ive a peculi> ta/e f ! ,lor5a salt ) :i* x is cur$4 ,9 ,holl&1 ! efficacy ( "o k9d ( salt ov] ano!r = ! cur+ ( *eese is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,! ,mode 9 :i* ! ,salt is appli$4 ,9 mak+ ! l>ge ,*e%ire *eeses1 ! dri$ curd1 = a s+le *eese ( sixty p\nds1 is brok5 d[n f9e & divid$ into ?ree equal portions4 ,"o ( ^! is m+l$ ) d\ble ! quantity ( salt add$ to ! o!rs1 & ?is is s put into ! *eese-vat z to =m ! c5tral "p ( ! *eese4 ,by ?is precaution1 ! aft]-salt+ on ! surface is sure to p5etrate deep en\gh to cure effectually ! less salt$ p>ts4 ,9 ! c\nties ( ,gl\ce/] & ,som]set ! curd is press$ )\t salt1 & ! *eese1 :5 =m$1 is made to absorb ! :ole ( ! salt aft]w>ds ?r\gh its surface4 ,?is is f\nd to answ] well ) ! small & ?9 *eeses made 9 ^? c\nties1 b 7 x adopt$ = ! l>ge *eeses ( ,*e%ire & ,dunlop1 or ev5 = ! p9e-apple *eeses ( ,wilt%ire1 !re c be no d\bt t _! quality w\ld frequ5tly be injur$4 ,x may n be impossible to cause salt to p5etrate into ! v he>t ( a l>ge *eese1 b x _c be easy 9 ?is way to salt ! :ole *eese equally1 :ile ! c>e & att5tion requir$ mu/ be greatly increas$4 ,addition ( ,cream or ,butt] to ! ,curd4 ,ano!r mode ( improv+ ! quality ( *eese1 is by ! addition ( cream or butt] to ! dri$ & crumbl$ curd4 ,mu* dilig5ce1 h[ev]1 is requir$ fully to incorporate ^!1 s t ! *eese may be uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,/ill ?is practice gives a peculi> "* to ! *eeses ( c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,9 ,italy1 !y make a *eese aft] ! mann] ( ! ,engli%1 into :i* a consid]able quantity ( butt] is work$2 & ! ,reckem *eese ( ,belgium is made by add+ half an ounce ( butt] & ! yolk ( an egg1 to e p\nd ( press$ curd4 ,size ( ! ,*eese4 ,f ! same milk1 x is obvi\s t *eeses ( diff]5t sizes1 if treat$ 9 ! same way1 w1 at ! end ( a giv5 numb] ( mon?s1 possess qualities 9 a consid]able degree diff]5t4 ,h5ce1 )\t suppos+ any inf]iority1 ei!r 9 ! milk or 9 ! g5]al mode ( treatm5t1 ! size usually adopt$ = ! *eeses ( a p>ticul> di/rict or dairy1 may be ! cause ( a recognis$ inf]iority 9 "s quality1 :i* x is desirable t !y %\ld possess 9 a high degree4 ,! ,me?od ( ,cur+4 ,?is has v mu* influ5ce ^u ! quality ( ! *eese4 ,! c>e ) :i* !y are salt$1 ! w>m? ( ! place 9 :i* !y are kept dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks1 ! temp]ature & clos5ess ( ! *eese-room 9 :i* !y are aft]w>ds pres]v$1 ! frequ5cy ( turn+1 ( clean+ f m\ld1 & rubb+ ) butt]2 all ^! circum/ances ex]cise a rem>kable influ5ce ^u ! aft]-qualities ( ! *eese4 ,inde$1 9 v _m in/ances1 ! high reputation ( a p>ticul> dairy di/rict or dairy f>m1 is d]iv$ f "s special att5tion to "s or to all ( ^! app>5tly m9or po9ts4 ,9 ,tuscany1 ! *eeses1 aft] be+ hung up = "s "t at a prop] di/ance f ! fire1 are put to rip5 9 an und]gr\nd1 cool1 & damp cell>2 & ! celebrat$ ,fr5* *eeses ( ,roque=t1 are suppos$ to owe mu* ( ! peculi> e/imation 9 :i* !y are held1 to ! cool & uni=m temp]ature ( ! subt]ranean cav]ns 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! village h long be5 accu/om$ to pres]ve !m4 ,ammoniacal ,*eese4 ,! influ5ce ( ! mode ( cur+1 is %[n v /rik+ly 9 ! small ammoniacal *eeses ( ,brie1 :i* are v mu* e/eem$ 9 ,p>is4 ,!y are s(t unpress$ *eeses1 :i* are all[$ to rip5 9 a room1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is kept betwe5 #fj deg4 & #gj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 till !y beg9 to und]go ! putrefactive f]m5tation1 & emit an ammoniacal odor4 ,!y are g5]ally unctu\s1 & sometimes s small z n to weigh m ?an an ounce4 ,inoculat+ ,*eese4 ,x is said t a *eese1 possess$ ( no v /rik+ ta/e ( its own1 may be inoculat$ ) any flavor we approve1 by putt+ into x ) a scoop a small portion ( ! *eese :i* we are desir\s t x %\ld be made to resemble4 ,( c\rse1 ?is c apply only to *eeses o!rwise ( equal ri*ness1 = we c\ld sc>cely expect to give a ,gl\ce/] ! flavor ( a ,/ilton1 by m]ely patt+ into x a small portion ( a ri* & e/eem$ ,/ilton *eese4 ,john/on & v>i\s o!r au?orities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,*eese-,press4 ,fig4 #ai is a self-act+ *eese-press1 light yet /rong4 ,! *eese itself gives a pressure ( twelve times its own weight2 & if ?is is insuffici5t1 additional weight may be add$ z requir$4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts 7 made by ^? receiv+ premiums f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society3 ,numb] ( c[s kept1 elev54 ,*eese made f two milk+s1 9 ! ,engli% mann]2 no addition made ( cream4 ,= a *eese ( tw5ty p\nds1 a piece ( r5net ab\t two in*es squ>e is soak$ ab\t twelve h\rs 9 "o p9t ( wat]4 ,z r5nets diff] mu* 9 quality1 en\gh %\ld be us$ to coagulate ! milk suffici5tly 9 ab\t =ty m9utes4 ,no salt is put into ! *eese1 nor any on ! outside dur+ ! fir/ six or eight h\rs x is press$2 b a ?9 coat ( f9e ,liv]pool salt is kept on ! outside dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! "t x rema9s 9 press4 ,! *eeses are press$ =ty-eight h\rs1 "u a weight ( sev5 or eight cwt4 ,no?+ m is requir$ b to turn ! *eeses once a day on ! %elves4 ,! milk is /ra9$ 9 l>ge tubs ov] night2 ! cream /irr$ 9 milk1 & 9 ! morn+ /ra9$ 9 same tub2 milk heat$ to natural heat2 add color & r5net2 curd broke f9e & :ey (f1 & broke f9e 9 hoop ) fa/ bottom1 & put 9 /ra9]2 press$ twelve h\rs2 !n tak5 f hoop1 & salt rubb$ on ! surface2 !n put 9 hoop1 )\t /ra9]1 & press$ =ty-eight h\rs2 !n put on tables1 & salt rubb$ on surface1 & rema9 9 salt six days1 = *eese weigh+ ?irty p\nds4 ,! hoops to h holes 9 ! bottom2 ! cru%+s are sav$1 & set1 & *urn$1 to grease ! *eese4 ,! above me?od is = mak+ "o *eese p] day4 ,z 9 butt]-mak+1 ! utmo/ cleanl9ess is requir$ 9 e "p ( ! *eese-mak+ premises4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,%eep ,) ! exception ( ! dog1 !re is no "o ( ! brute creation :i* exhibits ! div]sity ( size1 color1 =m1 cov]+1 & g5]al appe>ance1 :i* *>act]izes ! %eep1 & none :i* occupies a wid] range ( climate1 or subsi/s on a great] v>iety ( food4 ,9 e latitude betwe5 ! equator & ! arctic1 he ranges ov] ! /]ile m\nta9s1 & ?r\gh ! f]tile valleys4 ,he fe$s on almo/ e species ( edible =age1 ! cultivat$ grasses1 clov]s1 c]eals & roots2 he br[ses on aromatic & bitt] h]bs2 he crops ! leaves & b>k f ! /unt$ =e/ %rubs1 & ! pung5t1 res9\s ev]gre5s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,norway & ,sw$51 :5 o!r res\rces fail1 he subsi/s on fi% or fle% dur+ _! long & rigor\s w9t]s1 & if r$uc$ to necessity1 he eats 8 own wool4 ,he is dim9utive l ! ,orkney1 or massive l ! ,teeswat]4 ,he is polic]ate or _m horn$2 he has two l>ge or small spiral horns l ! ,m]9o1 or is poll$ or hornless l ! mutton %eep4 ,he has a long tail l our own bre$s2 a broad tail1 l _m ( ! ea/]n2 or a m]e button ( a tail1 l ! fat-rumps1 disc]nible only by ! t\*4 ,8 coat is sometimes long & co>se1 l ! ,l9coln%ire2 %ort & hairy1 l ^? ( ,madagasc>2 s(t & furry1 l ! ,angola2 or f9e & spiral1 l ! silk5 ,saxon4 ,8 color1 ei!r pure or fancifully mix$1 v>ies f ! :ite or black ( our own c\ntry1 to e %ade ( br[n1 dun1 buff1 blue1 & gray1 l ! spott$ flocks ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & o!r p>ts ( ,africa & ,asia4 ,?is wide div]sity is ! result ( long dome/ication1 "u almo/ e conceivable v>iety ( condition4 ,uses4 ,among ! ant$iluvians1 %eep 7 immolat$ = sacrificial (f]+s1 & _! fleeces probably furni%$ !m ) clo?+4 ,s9ce ! deluge1 _! fle% has ) all nations be5 us$ z a favorite food = man4 ,by _m ( ! rude1 rov+ nations ( ! ,ea/1 !y are employ$ 9 c>ry+ burd5s4 ,_! milk is g5]ally us$ by ! unciviliz$1 & to "s ext5t by ! ref9$ nations ( ,europe1 n only z a bev]age1 b = mak+ into *eese1 butt]1 & curds4 ,job ref]s to its use1 z d ,isaiah & o!r ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors describe its g5]al use & manufacture4 ,! ewe's milk sc>cely diff]s 9 appe>ance f t ( ! c[1 b is g5]ally ?ick]1 & yields a pale1 yell[i% butt]1 t is always s(t & soon becomes rancid4 ,culley rem>ks1 ! *eese f _! milk is exce$+ly pung5t1 & = t reason is pref]r$ by _m to t f ! c[4 ,9 ,wales1 ! milk is mix$ ) t ( ! dairy1 & makes a t>t1 palatable *eese4 ,we h nev] se5 x appropriat$ = dairy purposes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except by a few ,wel% & ,highl& emigrants4 ,! %eep is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! dairy regions ( ?is c\ntry1 at ! tread-mill or horizontal :eel1 to pump ! wat]1 *urn ! milk1 or p]=m o!r light dome/ic "w4 ,! dignity & importance ( ! %eph]d's vocation h ev] be5 conspicu\s4 ,abel1 ! suppos$ tw9-bro!r ( ! fir/-born ( ! human race1 0 a keep] ( %eep2 & f ?is1 x may be fairly inf]r$1 t !re is no animal :i* has s long be5 "u ! imm$iate control ( man4 ,abraham & 8 desc5dants1 z well z mo/ ( ! anci5t patri>*s1 7 %eph]ds4 ,job _h #ad1jjj %eep4 ,x is said ( ,ra*el1 ! favor$ "m ( ! ,jewi% race1 %e came ) h] fa!r's %eep1 = %e kept !m4 ,! sev5 daught]s ( ! prie/ ( ,midian1 came & drew wat] = _! fa!r's flocks4 ,moses1 ! /atesman & lawgiv]1 :o 0 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 kept ! flocks ( ,je?ro1 8 fa!r-9-law2 & ,david1 ! future mon>* ( ,israel1 ! h]o1 poet1 & div9e1 0 a keep] ( %eep4 ,x 0 to %eph]ds1 :ile abid+ 9 ! field1 keep+ wat* ov] _! flocks by night1 t ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r 0 ann\nc$4 ,! root ( ! ,hebrew "n = %eep1 signifies fruitfulness1 abundance1 pl5ty2 z indicat+ ! bless+s !y 7 de/9$ to conf] on ! human race4 ,) ! sacr$ writ]s1 !y 7 ! *os5 symbol ( purity & ! g5tl] virtues2 !y 7 ! victims ( propitiatory sacrifices2 & f9ally1 !y became ! type ( r$emption to fall5 man4 ,^! may n be consid]$ accid5tal allusions 9 a book1 ^: e feature is full ( design4 ,nor has ! %eep be5 less ! subject ( eulogy & att5tion ) pr(ane writ]s4 ,among ^!1 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ,virgil & ,!ocritus1 introduc$ !m ) evid5t delight 9 _! pa/oral !mes2 :ile _! h]oes & demigods1 ,h]cules & ,ulysses1 ,a,eneas & ,numa1 c>efully p]petuat$ !m ?r\gh\t _! regal doma9s4 ,9 mod]n times1 !y h comm&$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations2 & _! prosp]ity has 9 no in/ance be5 indep5d5t ( ^? useful animals1 :]ev] wool & its manufactures h be5 reg>d$ z ess5tial /aples4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 = m ?an two c5turies1 7 ! mo/ ent]pris+ nations ( ,europe1 & dur+ t p]iod1 !y excell$ 9 ! production & manufacture ( wool4 ,fl&]s1 = a "t1 0 be=e ,engl& 9 ! p]fection ( ! arts & ! enjoym5ts ( life1 & ,engl& !n s5t ! little wool %e rais$ to t c\ntry to be manufactur$4 ,h] politic sov]eigns soon f\nd ?is a los+ game1 & (f]$ l>ge b\nties = ! importation ( arti/s & ma*9]y4 ,by a sy/ematic & ?or\gh c\rse ( legislation1 :i* look$ to ! utmo/ protection & augm5tation ( wool & wooll5s1 %e has c>ri$ _! production beyond any ?+ ! _w has ev] se54 ,! small isl&s ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 9 addition to ! support ( _! #bf1jjj1jjj ( p1 #ae1jjj1jjj ( cattle1 #b1bej1jjj horses1 #ah1jjj1jjj sw9e1 & innum]able small] dome/ic animals1 ma9ta9 ov] #dj1jjj1jjj %eep1 wor? #bej1jjj1jjj2 & besides manufactur+ ne>ly all _! fleeces1 annually import ne>ly an equal am\nt f abroad4 ,! sumptu>y law = bury+ ! dead 9 wooll51 /ill occupies its place 9 _! /atute book4 ,& beyond all "q1 ,engl& is ! lead+ p[] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! comb9ation ( all ^? qualities :i* con/itute national greatness1 civilization1 & /r5g?4 ,,v>ieties4 ,naturali/s h divid$ ! wild %eep into f\r v>ieties4 ,! ,musimon1 7,ovis ,musimon17 inhabit+ ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,greece1 & "s o!r regions bord]+ ^u t inl& sea1 h be5 frequ5tly dome/icat$ & mix$ ) ! long-cultivat$ bre$s4 ,! ,argali1 7,o4 ,ammon17 ranges ov] ! /eppes1 or elevat$ pla9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 nor?w>d & ea/w>d to ! ocean4 ,!y are l>g]1 m h>dy1 & m untameable ?an ! ,musimon4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,%eep1 7,o4 ,montana17 frequ5tly call$ ! ,big-horn by our we/]n hunt]s1 is f\nd on ! prairies we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & ?r\gh\t ! wild m\nta9\s regions1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ,cali=nia & ,oregon to ! ,pacific4 ,!y are l>g]1 b 9 o!r respects resemble ! ,argali1 ( :i* !y are probably desc5dants1 z !y c\ld easily cross ^u ! ice at ,behr+'s ,/raits1 f ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,asia4 ,l ! ,argali1 :5 caught "y !y are easily tam$2 b we are n aw>e t !y h ev] be5 br$ ) ! dome/ic %eep4 ,be=e ! c\ntry 0 ov]run by ! :ite man1 !y probably inhabit$ ! region bord]+ on ! ,mississippi4 ,fa!r ,h5nep91 a ,fr5* ,jesuit1 :o wrote ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago1 (t5 speaks ( meet+ ) goats 9 8 travels ?r\gh :at is n[ ! t]ritory embrac$ by ,ill9ois & ,wiscons94 ,! wild1 clamb]+ prop5sities ( ^! animals1 occupy+ ! giddy heights f> beyond ! rea* ( ! travell]1 & ! out] coat+ ( hair 7suppli$ und]nea?1 h[ev]1 ) a ?ick coat+ ( s(t wool7 gives to !m mu* ( ! appe>ance ( t animal4 ,9 summ] !y are g5]ally f\nd s+le2 b :5 !y desc5d f _! isolat$1 rocky heights 9 w9t]1 !y are greg>i\s1 m>*+ 9 flocks "u ! guidance ( lead]s4 ,! ,be>d$ ,%eep ( ,africa 7,o4 ,tragelaphus7 inhabit ! m\nta9s ( ,b>b>y & ,egypt4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a s(t1 r$di% hair1 & h a mane hang+ bel[ ! neck1 & l>ge locks ( hair at ! ankle4 ,! ,dome/icat$ ,%eep 7,o4 ,aries7 ,embraces all ! v>ieties ( ! subjugat$ species4 ,:e!r !y h desc5d$ f any "o ( ! wild races1 is a "q yet undet]m9$ among naturali/s2 b h[ev] ?is may be1 _m ( ! v>ieties app>5tly diff] less f _! wild namesakes ?an f ea* o!r4 ,! fat-rump$ & ! broad-tail$ %eep are mu* m ext5sively diffus$ ?an any o!r4 ,!y occupy ne>ly all ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,europe1 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia1 & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ! v>ieties :i* 7 propagat$ by ! patri>*s & _! desc5dants1 ! ,jewi% race4 ,?is is inf]r$ f v>i\s passages 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,exodus xxix4 #bb2 ,leviticus iii4 #i2 viii4 #be2 ix4 #ai1 & "s o!rs1 :]e ! fat & ! rump are spok5 ( 9 connection ) (f]+s1 9 :i* ! fat 0 always an acceptable +r$i5t4 ,dr4 ,boo?royd r5d]s "o ( ! =ego+ passages1 ! l>ge1 fat tail entire1 tak5 cle> to ! rump4 ,x is c]ta9 ?is v>iety gives indisputable evid5ce ( remote & cont9u$ subjugation4 ,_! long1 p5d5t1 dr[sy e>s1 & ! highly artificial po/]ior developm5ts1 are *>act]i/ic ( no wild or rec5tly-dome/icat$ race4 ,?is bre$ consi/s ( num]\s sub-v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 all _! *>act]i/ics ( size1 fleece1 color1 c41 ) q z _m & m>k$ %ades ( di/9ction z ! mod]n ,european v>ieties4 ,9 ,madagasc>1 !y are cov]$ ) hair2 9 ! s\? ( ,africa1 ) co>se wool2 9 ! ,levant1 & along ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! wool is comp>atively f9e2 & f t ( ! fat-rump$ %eep ( ,?ibet ! exquisite ,ca%m]e %awls are manufactur$4 ,bo? rams & ewes are sometimes br$ ) horns1 & sometimes )\t1 & !y exhibit a great div]sity ( color4 ,"s yield a c>cass ( sc>cely #cj lbs41 :ile o!rs h weigh$ #bjj lbs4 dress$4 ,! tail or rump v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! purity & /yle ( bre$+2 "s are less ?an "o-eigh?1 :ile o!rs exce$ "o-?ird ! entire dress$ weight4 ,! fat ( ! rump or tail is consid]$ a great delicacy1 & 9 hot climates resembles oil1 & 9 cold]1 suet4 ,! broad-tail$ %eep 7 br\ght into ?is c\ntry1 ab\t #ej ye>s s9ce1 by ,commodore ,b>ron & ,judge ,pet]s1 & br$ ) ! native flocks4 ,!y 7 call$ ! ,tunisian m\nta9 %eep4 ,"s ( !m 7 subsequ5tly di/ribut$ by ,col4 ,pick]+1 ( ,massa*usetts1 among ! f>m]s ( ,p5nsylvania2 & _! mix$ desc5dants 7 highly priz$ z prolific & good nurses1 com+ e>ly to maturity1 atta9+ l>ge weights1 ( a sup]ior quality ( c>cass1 & yield+ a heavy fleece ( excell5t wool4 ,! pr9cipal objection br\ght aga9/ !m1 0 ! difficulty ( propagation1 :i* always requir$ ! assi/ance ( ! %eph]d4 ,! lambs 7 dropp$ :ite1 r$1 tawny1 blui%1 or black2 b all except+ ! black1 grew :ite z !y approa*$ maturity1 reta9+ "s spots ( ! orig9al color on ! *eeks & legs1 & sometimes hav+ ! entire head tawny or black4 ,! few :i* desc5d$ f ^? orig9ally import$ into ?is c\ntry1 h become bl5d$ ) ,am]ican flocks1 & are n[ sc>cely di/+ui%able f !m4 ,native or ,common ,%eep ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re are no %eep indig5\s to ,nor? ,am]ica1 except+ ! ,ovis ,montana1 or ,rocky ,m\nta9 %eep4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! improv$ ,european bre$s1 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 our %eep 7 g5]ally a h>dy1 long-legg$1 co>se1 op5-fleec$ animal1 :i* yield$1 accord+ to att5tion & fe$1 f #aa_/b to #d lbs4 ( indiff]5t wool4 ,we h se5 num]\s flocks )9 ! la/ #bj ye>s1 ( ! pure-br$ native1 ^: bellies 7 entirely de/itute ( wool1 & sometimes ! :ole c>cass 0 b>e1 except+ a m]e /rip or ridge l a mane1 rea*+ f ! head to ! tail4 ,! wool :i* 0 reta9$ on ! neck1 back1 & sides1 0 frequ5tly matt$ almo/ z firmly z a lea!r apron2 & t on ! ?ighs1 & sometimes on ! sides1 0 (t5 compos$ almo/ :olly ( long hair4 ,al?\gh indiff]5tly =m$ 9 comp>ison ) ! be/ bre$s ( ! pres5t day1 be+ ?9 9 ! brea/ & back1 light qu>t]$1 & sl[ 9 com+ to maturity1 !y yet possess$ "s good qualities4 ,!y 7 prolific1 excell5t nurses1 tall[$ well1 & yield$ good mutton4 ,!re 71 occasionally1 "s smutty-nos$ or brockle-fac$ %eep among !m1 di/+ui%$ by _! additional size1 sup]ior m]its1 & c\rage4 ,^! 7 usually ! lead]s ( ! flock1 9 _! m>aud+ exp$itions on _! neighbor's doma9s2 & 9 common ) ! o!rs1 !y 7 em95tly adapt$ to purvey = !mselves on ! fronti] settlem5ts4 ,!re 71 besides1 "s black or d>k *ocolate-br[n memb]s 9 e flock1 :i* 7 mu* valu$ by ! ?rifty h\sewife = _! wool1 :i* af=d$ an economical mixture = jackets1 hose1 & tr\s]s1 kn[n z %eep's gray4 ,our orig9al /ock 7 pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,engl&1 :]e _! c\nt]p>ts may be se5 at ! pres5t day1 9 ! refuse bre$s ( t c\ntry4 ,:5 ^! %eep 7 well select$ & prop]ly br$1 !re 0 rapid & satisfactory improvem5t1 & f su* flocks1 mix$ ) "s ( ! m rec5tly improv$ v>ieties1 h sprung _m valuable animals4 ,!re 0 b "o exception to ?is g5]al "* ( ! native flocks1 s f> z our obs]vation ext5d$1 :i* 0 a consid]ably num]\s1 &1 probably1 accid5tal v>iety1 kn[n z ! ,ott] bre$1 or ,creep]s4 ,^! 7 an excessively duck-legg$ animal1 ) well-=m$ bodies1 full *e/1 broad backs1 yield+ a close heavy fleece ( m$ium quality ( wool4 ,!y 7 des]v$ favorites :]e indiff]5t /one or wood f5ces exi/$1 z _! p[] ( locomotion 0 absolutely limit$ to _! enclosures1 if protect$ by a f5ce n less ?an two feet high4 ,! quality ( _! mutton 0 equal1 :ile _! aptitude to fatt5 0 decid$ly sup]ior to _! long]-legg$ contempor>ies4 ,!y are probably n[ ne>ly or q ext9ct4 ,an excell5t v>iety 0 produc$ by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 f a cross ( a ,p]sian ram1 ^u ! ,bakewell1 :i* bore wool #ad in*es 9 l5g?1 s(t & silky1 & admirably suit$ to comb+4 ,!y 7 call$ ! ,arl+ton %eep1 b !y h long s9ce become incorporat$ ) ! o!r flocks ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,m]9o4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ anci5t race ( %eep extant4 ,! loose descriptions & indef9ite g5]alities ( ! anci5t writ]s1 leave mu* to conjecture on ?is po9t2 yet we h a few passages f ,pl9y1 ,columella1 & "s o!r ,roman au?ors1 :i* leave little d\bt t ! ,m]9o 0 br$ 9 _! age1 & _h ev5 be5 introduc$ into ,italy f ,greece4 ,x is a matt] ( hi/ory1 t ! ,greeks _h *oice bre$s ( %eep at an e>ly day1 :i* !y might h d]iv$ f ,egypt1 ,tyre1 & ,asia ,m9or1 z !y 7 intimately connect$ 9 comm]ce ) ^? c\ntries1 :]e ! wooll5 manufacture e>ly rea*$ great p]fection4 ,x is suppos$ t ! celebrat$ ,argonautic exp$ition1 9 que/ ( ! gold5 fleece1 und]tak5 by ! ,greeks ne>ly #acjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 result$ 9 procur+ a valuable race ( %eep f ,col*is1 9 ! ,eux9e4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t :5 ,augu/us ext5d$ 8 peaceful sceptre ov] half ! kn[n _w1 ! ,romans 7 9 possession ( "s flocks1 be>+ fleeces ( exce$+ f95ess & beauty4 ,!y _h be5 re>$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,apulia1 on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,italy1 & 7 call$ ,t>5t9e1 f ,t>5tum1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce4 ,"h1 !n1 may h be5 "o bran* ( ! ,m]9o family4 ,ano!r is und\bt$ly describ$ by ,pl9y1 :o says1 ! r$ fleece ( ,baetica 0 ( /ill sup]ior quality1 & _h no fell[4 ,all ! ,spani% coa/ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ( :i* ,baetica =m$ a consid]able "p1 compris+ ! mod]n ,spani% prov9ces ( ,ja51 ,cordova1 ,seville1 ,&alusia1 & ,granada1 0 e>ly coloniz$ by ! ent]pris+ ,greeks2 & ?is r$ fleece t _h no fell[1 0 probably introduc$ by !m at an e>ly day1 & by _! desc5dants _h be5 c>ri$ to a /ill high] degree ( p]fection ?an t ( ,apulia4 ,columella1 ! uncle ( ! writ] on agriculture1 a weal?y emigrant to ,spa9 f ,italy1 ,a4 ,d4 #cj1 c>ri$ ) him "s ( ! ,t>5t9e %eep1 & ?us add$ to ! f9e-wooll$ %eep ( ,spa94 ,^! two anci5t /reams1 unit$ p]haps ) a ?ird f ! m anci5t /ock ( ! ,eux9e1 7= ,/rabo ass]ts t "s ( ! f9e/-wooll$ %eep 7 br\ght f t region 9 8 "t1 & sold = ! enorm\s sum ( #gej17 fl[$ on 9 an un9t]rupt$ curr5t ov] t broad c\ntry1 & br\ght d[n to mod]n times ! unrivall$ race ( ! ,m]9o4 ,! limit$ region ( ,italy1 ov]run z x repeat$ly 0 by hordes ( b>b>ians dur+ & aft] ! times ( ! late emp]ors1 soon lo/ h] pamp]$ flocks2 :ile ! ext5d$ regions ( ,spa91 int]sect$ 9 e direction by almo/ impassable m\nta9s1 c\ld ma9ta9 _! m h>dy race1 9 defiance ( revolution or *ange4 ,:atev] di/ru/ may be atta*$ to ^! scraps ( hi/ory1 :i* app>5tly e/abli% ! remote antiquity ( ! ,m]9o1 ?is mu* is absolutely c]ta91 t !y are a race ^: qualities are inbr$1 to an ext5t surpass$ by no o!rs4 ,!y h be5 improv$ 9 ! g5]al weight & ev5ness ( _! fleece1 z 9 ! celebrat$ flock ( ,ramb\illet2 9 ! uni=mity & excessive f95ess ( fibre1 z 9 ! ,saxons2 & 9 _! =m & fe$+ qualities1 9 v>i\s c\ntries2 b !re has nev] yet be5 det]ioration ei!r 9 quantity or quality ( fleece or c>cass1 :]ev] transport$1 if suppli$ ) suitable food & att5tion4 ,mo/ %eep annually %$ _! wool if unclipp$2 :ile ! ,m]9o reta9s its fleece1 sometimes = five ye>s1 :5 all[$ to rema9 un%orn4 ,?is we conceive af=ds conclusive evid5ce ( long-cont9u$ bre$+ among !mselves1 by :i* ! v con/itution ( ! wool-produc+ organs b5ea? ! sk9 h become p]man5tly e/abli%$2 & ?is prop]ty is transmitt$ to a great ext5t ev5 among ! crosses1 ?us m>k+ !m z an anci5t & peculi> race4 ,! conque/ by ! ,moors ( a "p ( ^? f9e prov9ces 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 s f> f *eck+1 s]v$ r to enc\rage ! production ( f9e wool4 ,!y 7 n only ent]pris+1 b highly skill$ 9 ! useful arts1 & c>ri$ on ext5sive manufactories ( f9e wooll5 goods1 :i* !y export$ to diff]5t c\ntries4 ,aft] _! expulsion 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 by ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! ,spani>ds pres]v$ ^! manufactures 9 "p1 & s$ul\sly *]i%$ _! f9e flocks2 & kn[+ ! incomp>ible advantage !y _h 9 !m1 _! sov]eigns1 except 9 a few isolat$ in/ances1 /rictly prohibit$ _! exportation4 ,exportation ( ,m]9oes f ,spa94 ,hi/ory ass]ts t ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 by p]mission ( ,*>les ,v41 import$ #c1jjj ,spani% %eep2 b ( :at k9d is n m5tion$1 !y hav+ num]\s v>ieties 9 ,spa94 ,if ( ! true ,m]9o1 x w expla9 ! sup]ior quality ( ! ,engli% middle-wools1 ! ,ryel&1 ,s\? ,d[ns1 & "s o!rs4 ,! fir/ well-au!nticat$ exportation ( ! ,spani% ,m]9o1 0 made to ,sw$5 9 #agbc1 by ,al/roem]1 :i* solv$ ! problem ( _! capacity = su/a9+ _! "*1 on r\gh f>e & 9 a high nor!rn latitude4 ,la/eyrie1 :o wrote fifty ye>s aft] ! exp]im5t _h be5 tri$1 speaks ( _! improvem5t1 bo? 9 c>cass & ! quality & quantity ( fleece4 ,! next exportation 0 made to ,saxony1 9 #agfe1 & consi/$ ( #aje rams & #aad ewes1 b f :at flocks !y 7 tak51 hi/ory n[h]e m5tions4 ,a second exportation to t c\ntry 0 made 9 #aggh1 ( #aaj t 7 v>i\sly select$1 f ! be/ flocks 9 ,spa94 ,f ^! h desc5d$ ! high-br$1 silk5-fleec$ ,saxons1 ^: wool /&s confess$ly )\t a rival4 ,9 #agge1 ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa import$ #cjj ,m]9oes into ,g]many1 & plac$ !m on ! imp]ial f>m 9 ,hung>y4 ,9 #aghf1 an importation 0 made into ,d5m>k & h] prov9ces2 & aga91 9 #agig1 ano!r flock ( #cjj 0 br\ght into ! k+dom1 & plac$ at ,ess]um1 ab\t eight leagues f ,cop5hag54 ,9 #aghf1 #ajj rams & #bjj ewes 7 import$ into ,prussia1 mo/ ( :i* 7 all[$ to p]i% f neglect & disease2 b _! places 7 fully made up by lat] importations4 ,! same ye>1 #djj ewes & rams 7 select$ f ! *oice/ ,spani% flocks1 & plac$ on ! royal f>m ( ,ramb\illet1 9 ,france1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! celebrat$ flock :i* be>s t "n4 ,a small flock ( inf]ior animals 0 cl&e/9ely procur$ by ,george ,,iii41 ( ,engl&1 9 #aghh1 :i* attract$ little att5tion4 ,9 #agia1 a small b *oice flock 0 pres5t$ to t mon>* by ! ,cortes ( ,spa91 :i* soon acquir$ high favor among _m intellig5t bre$]s4 ,a "p ( ^! 7 kept pure1 & _! desc5dants furni%$ ! sup]b flock ( #gjj ,nigrettis1 :i* procur$ = _! own]1 ,mr4 ,trimm]1 9 #ahbi1 ! gold m$al f ! ,london ,society ( ,arts4 ,o!rs 7 mix$ ) diff]5t flocks 9 ! k+dom1 to ! evid5t improvem5t ( _! fleeces4 ,! fir/ importation ( ,m]9oes into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,:i* result$ 9 ! propagation ( a pure bre$1#b 0 made by ,*ancellor ,liv+/on1 !n m9i/] at ! c\rt ( ,v]sailles1 :o s5t two *oice rams & ewes f ! ,ramb\illet flock1 9 #ahjb1 to ,cl>emont1 8 c\ntry seat on ! ,hudson4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! same ye>1 ,col4 ,humphreys1 our m9i/] 9 ,spa91 s5t out ne>ly "o hundr$ ,m]9oes1 :i* 7 foll[$ by m num]\s flocks f ! same & o!r s\rces4 ,! l>ge/ importations ( ! ,m]9o1 h[ev]1 7 made ?r\gh ,mr4 ,j>vis ( ,v]mont1 9 #ahji1 !n ,u4 ,s4 ,consul 9 ,spa91 & imm$iately !reaft]4 ,he fir/ %ipp$1 z he /ates1 #bjj ,escurial1 aft]w>ds #adjj ,paul>s1 #agjj ,aqueirres1 #ajj ,nigrettis1 & ab\t #bjj ,mont>cos4 #bgjj ,mont>cos 7 s5t out by a ,spani>d & a ,portuguese1 & ab\t #cjj ,guadal\pes by o!rs2 also #bjj to #cjj ,paul>s1 by ,g54 ,d[nie1 to ,bo/on4 ,( ! ,mont>co flock %ipp$ by o!rs1 ab\t #bejj came to ,bo/on1 ,provid5ce1 ,new ,york1 & o!r ports4 ,all 7 import$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahji & '#aj1 & e>ly 9 #ahaa1 & 7 ! only ,leonese ,tran%umantes1 if we include ,humphreys' & ,liv+/on's1 7:i* ,i h no d\bt 7 ( ! same /ock17 t 7 ev] %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b ,"o or m pure ,m]9oes 7 import$ into ,massa*usetts1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 by a citiz5 ( t /ate1 b !y 7 soon mix$ ) o!r flocks1 & result$ 9 ! p]petuation ( no di/9ct bre$4 ,fig4 #bj is a spirit$ cut ( a v>iety ( ! ,m]9o )\t dewlap1 & ) a long & some:at op5 fleece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,m]9o ,buck4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,spani% ,%eep4 ,besides sev]al o!r bre$s ( %eep 9 ,spa91 consi/+ ( long1 co>se wool1 & t ( a m$ium /aple1 embrac$ "u ! diff]5t names ( ,*or9oes1 ,*o>oes or ,*unahs1 ! ,m]9o is di/+ui%$ by two g5]al divisions2 ! ,tran%umantes or travell+1 & ! ,e/antes or /ation>y flocks4 ,! =m] are subdivid$1 accord+ to ! ,prov9ces !y occupy1 into ,leonese1 ,segovian1 & ,sorian4 ,_m ( ! ,e/antes 7 ( ! be/ quality 9 respect to c>cass1 con/itution1 & fleece2 & su* z 7 highly br$ & 9 ! h&s ( intellig5t bre$]s1 7 n surpass$ by any ( ! ,spani% flocks4 ,!re 7 also _m *oice %eep among ! ,segovian & ,sorian ,tran%umantes1 b 9 g5]al !y 7 decid$ly inf]ior to ^? ( ,leon4 ,^! la/ 7 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! prime flocks ( ,spa94 ,!y compris$ ! ,escurial1 ! ,paul>1 ! ,nigretti1 ! ,aqueirres or ,muros1 ! ,mont>co1 ! ,guadal\pe1 ,infantado1 & "s o!rs4 ,!re is mu* contradictory te/imony z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! la/-m5tion$ flocks1 z !y 7 f\nd 9 ,spa92 :i* is ow+ 9 "p1 d\btless1 to ! diff]5ce 9 ! specim5s subject$ to exam9ation4 ,we subjo9 "s ( ! mo/ reliable au?orities on ?is subject4 ,m4 ,la/eyrie1 :o inve/igat$ ?is matt] closely1 says1 ,! ,guadal\pe h ! mo/ p]fect =m1 & are likewise celebrat$ = ! quantity & quality ( _! wool4 ,! ,paul> be> mu* wool ( a f9e quality1 b !y h a m evid5t enl>gem5t beh9d ! e>s1 & a great] degree ( ?roat9ess1 & ! lambs h a co>se hairy appe>ance1 :i* is succe$$ by excell5t wool4 ,! lambs ( ! ,infantado h ! same hairy coat :5 "y4 ,! ,nigretti are ! l>ge/ & /ronge/ ( all ! travell+ %eep 9 ,spa94 ,mr4 ,liv+/on says1 ,! ,escurial is ! mo/ p]fect ( all ! travell+ flocks 9 ,spa92 ! ,guadal\pe = =m1 f95ess & abundance ( ! fleece2 ! ,paul> ) simil> fleeces are l>g] bodi$4 ,^? ( ,ca/ile & ,leon h ! l>ge/1 ) ! f9e/ coat4 ,^? ( ,soria are small1 ) v f9e wool2 & ^? also ( ,val5cia1 :i* d n travel1 & l ! la/ h f9e wool1 b ( a v %ort /aple4 ,mr4 ,j>vis1 :o sp5t _m ye>s 9 ,spa91 "u e advantage = /udy+ !m closely1 & :o also import$1 & has s9ce br$ l>ge numb]s ( !m on 8 e/ate 9 ,v]mont1 gives _! *>act]i/ics ) m p>ticul>ity1 & at mu* great] l5g?3 ,! ,paul>s 7 und\bt$ly "o ( ! h&some/ flocks 9 ,spa94 ,!y 7 ( middl+ height1 r\nd-bodi$1 well spread1 /raight on ! back1 ! neck ( ! bucks ris+ 9 a mod]ate curve f ! )]s to ! sett+ on ( ! head1 _! head h&some1 ) aquil9e curve ( ! nose1 ) %ort1 f9e1 glossy hair on ! face1 & g5]ally hair on ! legs1 ! sk9 pretty smoo?1 t is1 n roll+ up or d\bl+ ab\t ! neck & body1 z 9 "s o!r flocks2 ! crimp 9 ! wool 0 n s %ort z 9 _m o!r flocks1 ! wool 0 some:at long]1 b x 0 close & compact1 & 0 s(t & silky to ! t\*1 & ! surface 0 n s mu* cov]$ ) gum4 ,?is flock 0 orig9ally own$ by ! ,c>?usian fri>s ( ,paul>1 :o 7 ! be/ agriculturi/s 9 ,spa91 & 0 sold by t ord] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace :5 he came into p[]4 ,! ,nigretti flock 7 ! talle/ ,m]9oes 9 ,spa91 b 7 n h&somely =m$1 be+ r flat-sid$1 roa*-back1 & ! neck incl9+ to s9k d[n f ! )]s2 ! wool 0 some:at %ort] ?an ! ,paul>1 & m crimp$2 ! sk9 0 m loose & incl9$ to d\ble1 & _m ( !m 7 wooll$ on _! faces & legs d[n to _! ho(s4 ,all ! loose-sk9n$ %eep _h l>ge dewlaps4 ,! ,aqueirres 7 %ort-legg$1 r\nd1 broad-bodi$1 ) loose sk9s1 & 7 m wooll$ ab\t _! faces & legs ?an any o!r flock ,i ev] saw2 ! wool 0 m crimp$ ?an ! ,paul>1 & less ?an ! ,nigretti1 b 0 ?ick & s(t4 ,?is flock =m]ly belong$ to ! ,moors ( ,spa91 & at _! expulsion 0 b\ght by ! family ( ,aqueirres4 ,! wool 9 ,engl& 0 kn[n z ! ,muros flock1 & 0 highly e/eem$4 ,all ! bucks ( ^! ?ree flocks _h l>ge horns4 ,! ,escurials 7 ab\t z tall z ! ,paul>s1 b n q s r\nd & broad1 be+ 9 g5]al r m slight 9 _! make2 _! wool 0 crimp$1 b n q s ?ick z ! ,paul> or ,nigretti1 nor 7 _! sk9s s loose z ! ,nigretti & ,aqueirres1 nor _h !y s mu* wool on ! face & legs4 ,! ,mont>co bore a consid]able resemblance to ! ,escurials4 ,! ,escurial flock _h =m]ly belong$ to ! cr[n1 b :5 ,philip ,,ii4 built ! ,escurial palace1 he gave !m to ! fri>s1 :om he plac$ 9 a conv5t t 0 atta*$ to ! palace1 z a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,^! f\r flocks 7 mod]ately gumm$4 ,! ,guadal\pe flock 0 r l>g] 9 ! bone ?an ! two prec$+1 ab\t ! same height2 b n q s h&somely =m$2 _! wool 0 ?ick & crimp$1 _! sk9s loose & d\bl+1 _! faces & legs n mat]ially diff]5t f ! two latt] flocks1 b 9 g5]al !y 7 m gumm$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!r flocks4 ,9 po9t ( f95ess1 !re 0 v little diff]5ce betwe5 ^! six flocks2 & z ,i h be5 told by well-in=m$ p]sons1 !re is v little diff]5ce 9 ?is respect among ! ,leonese ,tran%umantes 9 g5]al4 ,! ,escurials1 ! ,mont>cos1 & ! ,guadal\pes1 7 n1 9 g5]al1 s heavy-horn$ z ! o!r ?ree flocks1 & ab\t "o 9 six ( ! bucks 7 )\t horns4 ,! ,saxon1 ,we h be=e se51 is "o ( ! v>ieties ( ! pure-br$ ,m]9o1 ! f\ndation ( :i* 0 laid by an importation ( "s ( ! *oice/ animals into ,saxony1 9 #agfe4 ,! great c>e & att5tion be/[$ ^u ^! %eep by ! ,elector1 ! nobility1 & ! mo/ intellig5t f>m]s1 soon c>ri$ !m to a po9t ( uni=mity & excell5ce ( fleece1 nev] exce$$ by ! be/ ( ! orig9al flocks4 ,! bre$]s 7 select$ ) almo/ exclusive ref]5ce to ! quality ( ! fleece4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to prev5t exposure ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & !y 7 h\s$ on e slight em]g5cy4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is c\rse ( bre$+ & treatm5t has be5 to r$uce ! size & weight ( fleece1 & p>tially to impair t h>d9ess & vigor ( con/itution1 :i* univ]sally *>act]iz$ ! orig9al ,tran%umantes4 ,9 num]\s in/ances1 ?is managem5t result$ 9 p]man5t injury to ! "* ( _! flocks1 :i* ,am]ica has sev]ely felt 9 sev]al importations ( wor?less animals1 & :i* a too great eag]ness = improvem5t induc$ h] flockma/]s to use ) ! ,spani% ,m]9oes & _! desc5dants1 z a means = ?is object1 b :i* has result$ 9 ! introduction ( fatal diseases & s]i\s det]ioration 9 _! flocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,saxon ,ram4 ,! fir/ ,importation ( ,saxons into ?is ,c\ntry ,0 made 9 #ahbc1 ( f\r good rams1 two ( :i* w5t to ,bo/on & ! o!rs to ,philadelphia4 ,! next 0 made ! foll[+ ye>1 & consi/$ ( #ge rams & ewes1 :i* 7 br\ght to ,bo/on1 & sold at public auction1 & 7 aft]w>ds scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r lot ( #ahj foll[$ ! next ye>1 to ! same place1 & 0 sold 9 ! same mann]1 b at an increas$ price1 "s sell+ z high z #dej ea*4 ,^! prices excit$ ! _s ( speculation1 & ! foll[+ ye> witness$ ! importation ( ne> #c1jjj1 _m ( :i* 7 decid$ly inf]ior4 ,^! 7 all ?r[n ^u ! m>ket = ! mo/ !y w\ld comm&2 & 9 _m in/ances1 ! sales n half cov]+ ! co/ ( importation1 ! ent]prise 0 ab&on$ z a speculation1 or comm]cial op]ation4 ,! late ,h5ry ,d4 ,grove1 ( ,hoosic1 ,new ,york1 a native ( ,g]many1 & a highly intellig5t & ?or\ghly br$ %eph]d1 accompani$ "s ( ! be/ e>ly importations to ?is c\ntry4 ,he select$ #aje *oice animals = 8 own bre$+1 :i* he import$ 9 #ahbg1 & #gj m equally good1 9 #ahbh1 & ) ^! he =m$ ! flock f :i* he br$ to ! "t ( 8 decease1 9 #ahdd4 ,! av]age weight ( fleece f ! entire flock ( ,mr4 ,grove1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 ewes & lambs1 z /at$ by him to ! writ]1 9 #ahdb1 0 #b lbs4 #ad ounces1 ?or\ghly wa%$ on ! %eep's back4 ,?is 0 realiz$ aft] a %ort summ] & w9t]'s keep1 :5 ! quantity ( hay or its equival5t f$ to ! %eep did n exce$ by actual weight #aa_/b lbs4 p] day1 except to ! ewes1 :i* receiv$ an additional quantity j be=e & aft] lamb+4 ,?is treatm5t 0 att5d$ ) no disease or loss by dea?1 & ) an increase ( lambs1 equall+ "o = e ewe4 ,9 a flock ( pure ,saxony %eep own$ by ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,connecticut1 z /at$ 9 a lett] f ! own]1 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,%eph]d1 #ajd ewes rais$ #aja lambs1 & yield$ #cda lbs4 ( wool1 :i* sold at #gj c5ts p] lb4 ,= ! #ah mon?s prec$+1 he lo/ b ?ree animals out ( #cjj1 f ord9>y casualties4 ,b "s flocks ( pure ,saxony d n1 9 good condition1 av]age #b lbs4 p] head4 ,a rec5t importation1 7,may1 #ahdf17 made by ,mr4 ,ta9tor ( ,connecticut1 consi/+ ( f\r bucks & f\r ewes1 f ! celebrat$ ,saxon flock ( ,b>on de ,spreck1 %[ a size & app>5t vigor ( con/itution1 equall+ any ( _! ,m]9o prog5itors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,ramb\illet ,buck4 ,! ,ramb\illet ,flock4 ,?is flock 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghf1 by ,l\is ,,xvi41 f a selection ( #djj ( ! be/ ,spani% %eep1 :i* 7 plac$ on ! royal f>m at ,ramb\illet4 ,^!1 l ! ,saxon1 receiv$ all ! att5tion :i* intellig5ce & weal? c\ld be/[1 & ! consequ5ce 0 soon manife/ 9 _! l>g] size1 & ! increas$ weight & uni=mity 9 ! f95ess ( _! fleece2 ! la/ improvem5t be+ p>ticul>ly evid5t1 f ! abs5ce ( ! co>se wool1 :i* 9 _m cases infe/$ ! qu>t]s2 & ! j>r or hair1 :i* frequ5tly ab\nds on ! flanks1 legs1 & ?ighs ( ! orig9al ,m]9o4 ,besides ! cr[n flocks at ,ramb\illet1 !y are f\nd 9 equal p]fection on sev]al o!r ( ! royal f>ms1 especially ^? ( ,malmaison1 ,p]pignan1 ,arles1 ,cl]mont1 & "s o!rs4 ,^! flocks h be5 br$ = h>dy con/itution1 l>ge c>cass1 & heavy fleece1 & ( z mu* f95ess z is consi/5t ) l>ge weights1 & z uni=m 9 quality ?r\gh\t1 z possible4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly famili> ) !m1 says1 almo/ all ! fleeces ( ! rams1 f two ye>s old & upw>ds1 weigh 7unwa%$7 f #ab to #ac lbs42 b ! mean weight1 tak+ ! rams & ! ewes toge!r1 has n q atta9$ to #h lbs41 aft] d$uct+ ! tags & ! wool ( ! belly4 ,! ,fr5* p\nd is ab\t "o-twelf? heavi] ?an ! ,engli%2 b f ! g5]al cu/om ( fold+ ! %eep 9 ,france1 fe$+ !m 9 fall[s1 & w9t]+ !m 9 h\ses1 ! fleece becomes v dirty4 ,! loss 9 wa%+ 7fit = manufactur+7 is ab\t #fj p] c5t41 s t ! clean fleece ( ! ram w av]age ab\t #f lbs41 & t ( ! :ole flock some?+ "u #d lbs4 ,! fir/ ,importation ( ! ,ramb\illets to ?is ,c\ntry4 ,?is 0 9 #ahja1 by ,m4 ,delles]t1 ( ,p>is1 = ,m4 ,dupont1 !n 9 ,new ,york1 & consi/$ ( f\r *oice rams1 only "o ( :i*1 ,don ,p$ro1 rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,he 0 us$ among ! native ewes ne> ,k+/on1 ,n4 ,y41 = ?ree ye>s1 & !n transf]r$ to ,delaw>e1 :]e he effect$ great improvem5t among ! native flocks4 ,! second 0 t made by ! late ,*ancellor ,liv+/on1 be=e allud$ to4 ,!re 0 ano!r 9 #ahdj1 by ,mr4 ,coll9s1 ( ,connecticut1 compris+ #cj select ewes & #b rams4 ,all ^! %eep possess$ ! *>act]i/ics peculi> to ! v>iety z describ$4 ,a /ill m rec5t importation has be5 made by ,mr4 ,ta9tor1 at ! same "t ) t ( ! ,saxons previ\sly m5tion$1 consi/+ ( #bc ewes & #c bucks1 v>i\sly select$ f ! *oice/ flocks ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,spani% ,m]9o4 ,! rams1 ?\gh "y1 are ! mo/ promis+ animals ( _! bre$1 & :5 full gr[n1 w weigh f #bbe to #bej lbs4 ea*4 ,! sire ( "o 0 sold ! pa/ season = #ejj4 ,he %e>$ #bc lbs4 ( unwa%$ wool4 ,! ewes measur$ aft] !y 7 %orn1 f #bea_/b to #bi in*es 9 height ov] ! )]s4 ,! height ( ! "u side ( _! bodies f ! gr\nd1 0 f #ia_/b to #ab in*es1 :i* is 9 ! proportion ( good ,am]ican ,m]9o %eep4 ,_! weights v>i$1 aft] %e>+1 f #abd to #aec lbs4 ,"s ( !m 7 q ?9 9 fle%1 ! l>ge/ especially1 :i*1 if 9 f9e condition ) h] fleece on1 w\ld weigh at lea/ #bjj lbs4 ,! foll[+ is ! weight ( _! fleeces unwa%$4 ,! scales us$ did n m>k less ?an "o-qu>t] ( a p\nd1 :i* w acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( odd ounces4 ,no4 #ag #ac lbs4 #bg #ae #fd #afc_/d #ga #ada_/b #hd #afa_/b #hg #afa_/d #id #ag #ajj #aba_/d #aji #ag #aaj #ag #aag #afc_/d #aah #aec_/d #acc #adc_/d #aie #aca_/b ,x 0 ! unbias$ op9ion ( sev]al wool-deal]s pres5t1 t ! %e>+ above w\ld yield at lea/ #ce lbs4 ( cleans$ wool1 fitt$ = manufactur+ )\t fur!r loss1 out ( e #ajj lbs4 %orn4 ,! f\rte5 ewes yield$ #baf lbs4 unwa%$1 :i* w\ld be equival5t to #ge lbs4 #aj oz4 ?or\ghly cleans$1 or an av]age ( #e lbs4 #f oz4 p] head4 ,"o-?ird may be safely add$ to br+ ?is up to clean wa%$4 ,?is w\ld make ! av]age1 z wool-gr[]s usually dispose ( _! fleeces1 #g lbs4 #c oz4 p] head1 a yield totally unprec$5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,progress ( ! ,m]9o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?\gh rea*+ back b half a c5tury1 ! ,m]9o flocks ( ?is c\ntry h be5 v fluctuat+ z to _! value1 increase1 & improvem5t4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$1 !y 7 view$ ) di/ru/ by ! majority ( our f>m]s2 & x 0 n till aft] sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ( _! p>am\nt m]its1 t !y 7 g5]ally dissem9at$4 ,b ! confid5ce ( our flock-ma/]s hav+ once be5 secur$1 x has nev] be5 )drawn1 & !y h ev] s9ce be5 *]i%$ favorites4 ,! prices = *oice ,m]9oes rapidly increas$ aft] _! "* 0 fully e/abli%$1 & ,liv+/on /ates ! av]age price = rams1 9 #ahaa1 at #a1jjj1 & "s 7 sold at a mu* high] rate4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! emb>go1 :5 our infant manufactures 7 j />t+ into life2 & be+ foll[$ by w> ) ! greate/ comm]cial nation ( ! _w1 we 7 ?r[n entirely on our own res\rces = ! supply ( our wooll5 & o!r fabrics1 & wool & %eep ma9ta9$ _! full value till aft] ! return ( peace1 9 #ahaf4 ,! flood+ ( our c\ntry ) =eign goods1 "u l[ duties1 :i* succe$$ ?is ev5t1 ei!r broke d[n or effectually p>alyz$ our wooll5 manufactures2 & wool1 ( c\rse1 felt ! full weight ( ?is cru%+ influ5ce4 ,! ,m]9o rapidly decl9$ 9 value1 till its price ne>ly approximat$ to t ( ! native %eep4 ,_! m]its _h1 h[ev]1 become s conspicu\s1 t ! l[ prices produc$ a m g5]al diffusion1 & !y & _! crosses 7 ?us s[n broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! introduction ( ! ,saxons1 9 great numb]s1 9 #ahbf1 _m ( :i* 7 excessively dim9utive & diseas$1 & _! indiscrim9ate use ) our pure-br$ ,m]9oes1 0 a s]i\s int]ruption to ! c>e] ( improvem5t 9 _m ( our flocks4 ,_! mixture ) ! be/ ,saxons 0 no fur!r detrim5tal1 ?an to r$uce ! quantity ( fleece1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 less5 ! peculi> h>d9ess ( ! orig9al ,tran%umantes1 :i* _h be5 fully pres]v$ by _! desc5dants 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! use ( well-select$ ,saxon rams ) ,m]9o flocks1 0 ext5sively practis$1 & x is /ill p]si/$ 9 by _m intellig5t flock-ma/]s1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 :o are satisfi$ t !y f9d x = _! int]e/ to cont9ue ?is /yle ( bre$+4 ,! animals be+ small]1 consume less2 & !y probably produce a quantity ( wool 9 proportion to _! food1 :i*1 f its improv$ & uni=m quality1 comm&s a high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,:]ev] !y are n suffici5tly h>dy1 !y c be br$ back t[>ds ! ,spani% ,m]9o /&>d1 by ! use ( "s ( ! /\t] rams4 ,_! natures are intr9sically ! same4 ,!y are only div]g5t /reams f ! same orig9al f\nta91 & :5 aga9 unit$1 !y readily coalesce & fl[ onw>ds1 )\t viol5ce or disord]4 ,! ,m]9o1 z might reasonably h be5 anticipat$1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 has improv$ f a v>iety ( causes4 ,?\gh kept scrupul\sly pure 9 ,spa91 !y 7 seldom br$ ) t ref9em5t ( ta/e or nice judgm5t1 :i* di/+ui%es ! accompli%$ mod]n bre$]4 ,_! managem5t 0 too entirely intru/$ to ignorant %eph]ds or c>eless ag5ts1 to secure t close att5tion :i* is ess5tial to improvem5t4 ,! %eep _h to p]=m a j\rney ( sev]al hundr$ miles twice 9 a ye>1 to & f _! di/ant ,si]ras2 & x 0 absolutely ess5tial t /rong animals %\ld be select$ = bre$+2 & to secure ?is object1 ^? 7 frequ5tly us$ :i* 7 defici5t 9 ! mo/ pr(itable qualities4 ,!y 7 also closely br$ 9-&-91 seldom or nev] dep>t+ f a p>ticul> flock to procure a fre% cross4 ,_! wild1 nomadic life1 approa*+ ne>ly to t ( _! natural /ate1 & _! peculi>ly heal?ful pa/urage1 alone prev5t$ a s]i\s det]ioration f ?is cause4 ,:5 br\ght into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! flocks 7 soon m+l$ ) ea* o!r1 & = _m ye>s pa/1 probably1 n an unmix$ desc5dant ( any di/9ct orig9al flock c\ld be trac$4 ,abundance ( appropriate food has be5 giv5 !m1 )\t ! labor ( long & fatigu+ j\rneys2 & la/ly1 !re has be5 mu* c>e us$ 9 ! selection ( ! mo/ pr(itable animals = bre$4 ,! _s ( improvem5t has be5 rec5tly awak5$ to ?is important bran* ( ,am]ican husb&ry1 & z we already h all ! elem5ts )9 ourselves = its atta9m5t1 if n arre/$ by any unt[>d national policy1 x w soon result 9 giv+ u num]\s flocks ( z *oice %eep z ! _w af=ds4 ,peculi>ities ( ! ,m]9o4 ,! prom95t peculi>ities ( ! ,m]9o1 are ! abundance & f95ess ( its fleece2 ! t5acity ) :i* x is held2 its crimp$ or spiral =m2 its felt+ prop]ties2 & ! excessive quantity ( yolk1 giv+ to x t s(tness :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!rs4 ,_! l>ge horns are common to sev]al o!r v>ieties4 ,_! ho(s are sometimes s+ul>ly long1 rea*+ #h or #aj in*es :5 all[$ to gr[4 ,! horns1 ho(s1 & wool sc>cely diff] 9 _! *emical con/itu5ts2 & ! peculi> developm5t ( ! two =m]1 is ju/ly consid]$ z an additional evid5ce ( _! wool-be>+ prop]ties4 ,! yolk1 9 mo/ ( ! %eep1 =ms1 ) ! du/ :i* adh]es to x1 a firm cru/ on ! ext]ior1 & toge!r ) ! compactness ( ! fleece1 x (f]s consid]able resi/ance to ! op5 h& on be+ press$1 giv+ ! impression ( rigidity4 ,?is out] cov]+ repels ! ra91 ! sn[1 & ! w9d l a coat ( mail1 ?us fitt+ ! ,m]9o to endure exposure beyond any o!r %eep4 ,on op5+ ! cru/1 ! wool is f\nd ( a brilliant1 gold5 hue1 sp>kl+ ) yolk1 & firmly held toge!r 9 masses1 h>dly di/+ui%able f ! cocoon ( ! silk-worm4 ,! wool closely cov]s e "p ( ! body1 & frequ5tly ! entire legs & head1 except+ a "p ( ! face4 ,/ill ano!r peculi>ity ( ! ,m]9o is its longevity4 ,!y atta9 a great age :5 prop]ly manag$1 &1 9 heal?y localities1 sometimes bre$ till #bj ye>s ( age4 ,! ,m]9o may be describ$1 g5]ally1 z a small-bon$1 closely made1 m$ium-siz$ %eep1 v>y+ f #hj lbs4 ( live weight1 = a small ewe1 to #afj lbs4 = good-siz$ we!rs & rams1 9 ord9>y condition4 ,!y are light 9 ! %\ld]s & *e/1 & altoge!r are m defici5t 9 =m ?an ! be/ mutton %eep4 ,?is app>5t diff]5ce is mat]ially less5$ :5 bo? are d5ud$ ( _! fleece2 z ! long] pile ( ! latt] cov]s defects1 :i* w\ld manife/ !mselves "u ! clos] cov]+ ( ! ,m]9o4 ,yet1 ) ?is seem+ defici5cy1 ,"y f\nd1 9 fe$+ ! ,m]9o & ,bakewell1 t ! latt] ate ! mo/1 & ga9$ ! lea/1 9 ! ratio ( two to ?ree4 ,we give ! /atem5t z we f9d x1 ?\gh x app>5tly contrav5es a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 :i* a k ( all ! circum/ances ( ! trial1 ! peculi>ities ( ! p>ticul> animals1 c41 might probably expla9 satisfactorily4 ,! mutton is excell5t1 & x is probably n surpass$ by t ( any o!r %eep4 ,"l ,som]ville claims x z a rule1 t ! quality ( ! fle% 9 ea* class ( %eep foll[s t ( ! wool1 & t ! fle% ( ! %ort & f9e-wooll$ %eep is clos] 9 ! gra9 & m highly flavor$ ?an ! long-wooll$4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks says1 ! ,london but*]s1 aft] hav+ "s ( ! ,m]9oes1 eag]ly s\ght = m1 f its popul>ity ) _! be/ cu/om]s2 & x is c]ta9 t ! flavor ( our m\nta9-f$ ,m]9o does n suff] 9 comp>ison ) ! *oice/ bre$s4 ,bre$+ ,m]9oes4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( bre$+ cattle & %eep1 z laid d[n by ! mo/ approv$ au?orities1 mu/ be tak5 ) "s exceptions1 :5 appli$ to ! ,m]9o4 ,good =m & fe$+ qualities are desirable 9 ?is bre$1 b !y are n z ess5tial z ) ! o!rs4 ,wool is ! great object1 & if ?is be suffici5tly f9e1 ev51 & abundant1 some?+ may be abat$ 9 ! p]fection ( =m4 ,e>ly maturity1 s mu* s\ght aft] 9 ! mutton %eep1 _c be reconcil$ ) ! great longevity1 & ! prolong$ productive p[]s ( ! ,m]9o4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves1 !re=e1 ) sl[ly engraft+ su* improvem5ts on ! bre$1 z c be effect$ )\t prejudice to 8 o!r good qualities1 & look to 8 crosses ) o!rs = su* qualities z are irreconcilable ) 8 nature4 ,x is consid]$ indisp5sable to ! improvem5t ( ! ,m]9o1 t x be n br$ too "y4 ,a vigor\s ewe may br+ h] fir/ lamb at two ye>s old1 b x is bett] t x be def]r$ till ?ree4 ,! ram %\ld nev] be us$ till 8 second ye>1 & !n b sp>+ly4 ,f #ba_/b to #f ye>s old is deem$ ! mo/ vigor\s age1 ?\gh _m may be safely us$ till #h or #aj1 & occasionally lat]4 ,bo? ewes & rams h be5 kn[n to bre$ till #bj ye>s old4 ,! ram %\ld be l>ge1 /\t1 & well made1 c>ry+ 8 weight z compactly z possible4 ,! nose %\ld be convex2 ! face cov]$ ) a s(t velvety hair2 ! eye lively & prom95t2 ! ve9s ne> ! la*rymal gl&s1 ( a cle> r$2 ! horns r\gh2 %ort neck2 p5d5t dewlap n objectionable2 full *e/2 broad %\ld]s2 broad1 level back2 l>ge qu>t]s2 tail l>ge & well set up2 good legs1 & s\nd ho(s2 ) a firm1 easy1 regul> gait2 ! head c>ri$ high1 ) a look ( boldness & decision1 )\t 9 any degree approa*+ to wildness or f]ocity4 ,! ewe %\ld possess ^! *>act]i/ics g5]ally1 ) su* modifications z are suit$ to ! sex4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to bre$ f su* z are mo/ p]fect 9 all ! ess5tial po9ts ( con/itution1 =m1 & size2 & weight1 uni=mity1 & f95ess ( fleece4 ,! close/ obs]vation is requisite1 to select ! be/ 9 all respects4 ,9-&-9 bre$+ %\ld be avoid$ :]e practicable1 :i* c be done :]e !re is a c>eful regi/ry ( ! %eep ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 ,excessive use ( rams c nev] be p]mitt$ )\t decid$ injury to !m & _! prog5y4 ,9 ,spa91 f\r rams are suppli$ to e hundr$ ewes4 ,?is limit$ numb] is prop] en\gh1 :]e !y und]go s mu* fatigue 9 travell+1 & kept too1 z !y are1 entirely on grass4 ,b if mod]ately gra9$ be=e & dur+ _! use1 & especially if kept up1 & all[$ to s]ve ! ewes once only1 z !y come 9 heat1 ?is numb] may be l>gely increas$4 ,a vigor\s ram w suffice = #ce to #dj ewes1 :5 runn+ ) ! flock2 yet 8 p[]s w\ld n be m tax$ by d\ble or ev5 treble ?is numb]1 if admitt$ to ea* b once4 ,bread is a conv5i5t food = ! ram :ile runn+ ) ! %eep4 ,if he is g5tle1 :i* he %\ld always be1 he w come up readily & eat f ! h&1 )\t excit+ ! att5tion ( ! o!r %eep1 :i* cr[d1 & n unfrequ5tly injure ea* o!r :5 gra9 is plac$ be=e him2 or he may be /abl$ at night & f$ ) gra94 ,if "y ewes h /ol5 lambs1 !y %\ld be tak5 away imm$iately aft] yean+1 & ! n\ri%m5t suppli$ to ! lamb f ! milk ( a c[4 ,! tax ( nurs+ is ne>ly equal to t ( ge/ation1 & f>!r injury to ! dam may be avoid$ by ?is practice4 ,m]9o ewes h _h ! reputation ( be+ indiff]5t nurses 9 ,spa94 ,?is is ow+ to _! fatigue 9 travell+1 & scanty pa/urage1 r ?an to any con/itutional defici5cy4 ,x is a frequ5t practice !re1 to kill a "p ( ! lambs1 & put "o on to two ewes4 ,?is has nev] be5 f\nd necess>y 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y h be5 transplant$1 z g5]\s fe$ = ! dams has inv>iably be5 f\nd entirely adequate to _! support ( ! "y4 ,! localities 9 :i* ,m]9o ,%eep c be pr(itably kept 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,are :]ev] ! pa/ures are sweet & dry2 ! climate n excessively hot2 & ! l& n too valuable = o!r purposes4 ,wool is g5]ally ! great object 9 ! %eep husb&ry ( ?is c\ntry1 & :5 %eep f>ms are remote f ! l>ge m>kets1 ! ,m]9o w make mu* ! mo/ pr(itable returns4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( cities1 :]e l>ge & fat %eep & e>ly lambs be> a high price1 ! mutton %eep may be sub/itut$4 ,! ,s\? ,d[n4 ,?is valuable %eep has be5 kn[n & br$ = a long "t on ! *alky d[ns ( ,engl&1 :]e x has always ma9ta9$ ! "* ( a h>dy animal1 yield+ a m$ium quality ( wool1 & furni%+ mutton ( a sup]ior flavor4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till )9 ! la/ #gj ye>s1 t any consid]able att5tion 0 devot$ to its improvem5t4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 its f9e po9ts h be5 rem>kably develop$1 :i* is %[n 9 its improv$ size & =m1 & its e>ly maturity & productiv5ess4 ,! late ,mr4 ,john ,ellman1 ( ,engl&1 0 ! fir/ :o took !m ?or\ghly 9 h&2 & s em95t 0 8 success1 t he f\nd$ a flock :i* has be5 ! s\rce :5ce all ! be/ blood has be5 s9ce d]iv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,s\? ,d[n ,buck4 ,! =m & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,8 crit]ia ( a good ,s\? ,d[n1 are z foll[s3--,! head small & hornless2 ! face speckl$ or gray1 & nei!r too long nor too %ort4 ,! lips ?91 & ! space betwe5 ! nose & ! eyes n>r[4 ,! "u jaw1 or *ap1 f9e & ?92 ! e>s tol]ably wide1 & well cov]$ ) wool1 & ! =ehead also1 & ! :ole space betwe5 ! e>s well protect$ by x1 z a def5ce aga9/ ! fly4 ,! eye full & bright1 b n prom95t4 ,! orbits ( ! eye--! eye-cap1 or bone1--n too project+1 t x may n =m a fatal ob/acle 9 lamb+4 ,! neck ( a m$ium l5g?1 ?9 t[>ds ! head1 b enl>g+ t[>ds ! %\ld]s1 :]e x %\ld be broad & high1 & /raight 9 its :ole c\rse above & bel[4 ,! brea/ %\ld be wide1 deep1 & project+ =w>ds betwe5 ! =e-legs1 indicat+ a good con/itution1 & a disposition to ?rive4 ,correspond+ ) ?is1 ! %\ld]s %\ld be on a level ) ! back1 & n too wide above2 !y %\ld b[ outw>d f ! top to ! brea/1 indicat+ a spr++ rib b5ea?1 & leav+ room = x4 ,! ribs com+ out horizontally f ! sp9e1 & ext5d+ f> backw>d1 & ! la/ rib project+ m ?an ! o!rs2 ! back flat f ! %\ld]s to ! sett+ on ( ! tail2 ! lo9 broad & flat2 ! rump long & broad1 & ! tail set on high & ne>ly on a level ) ! sp9e4 ,! hips wide2 ! space betwe5 !m & ! la/ rib on ei!r side z n>r[ z possible1 & ! ribs1 g5]ally1 pres5t+ a circul> =m l a b>rel4 ,! belly z /raight z ! back4 ,! legs nei!r too long nor too %ort4 ,! =e-legs /raight f ! brea/ to ! foot2 n b5d+ inw>d at ! knee1 & /&+ f> ap>t bo? be=e & beh9d2 ! hocks hav+ a direction r outw>d1 & ! twi/1 or ! meet+ ( ! ?ighs beh9d1 be+ p>ticul>ly full2 ! bones f9e1 yet hav+ no appe>ance ( weakness1 & ( a speckl$ or d>k color4 ,! belly well def5d$ ) wool1 & ! wool com+ d[n be=e & beh9d to ! knee1 & to ! hock2 ! wool %ort1 close1 curl$1 & f9e1 & free f spiry project+ fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,s\? ,d[n ,ewe4 ,o!r bre$]s h comm5c$ :]e ,ellman left (f1 & h app>5tly pu%$ _! improvem5t to its utmo/ capacity2 & especially has ?is be5 done by ,messrs4 ,gran?am & ,webb1 ! latt] ( :om1 :ile pres]v+ all ! ess5tial m]its ( ! %eep1 has c>ri$ ! live weight ( bre$+ rams to #bej lbs41 & well-fatt5$ we!rs to #bjj lbs4 dress$ weight4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ animals h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry1 & !y are n[ to be f\nd1 9 limit$ numb]s1 9 almo/ e /ate ( ! ,union4 ,! wool 0 =m]ly %ort1 & us$ only = clo?s1 flannels1 c4 ,x has be5 consid]ably l5g!n$ 9 _m ( ! late flocks1 & ) ! improvem5ts 9 ! comb+ ma*9]y1 is n[ mu* us$ 9 ,engl& z a comb+ wool4 ,! quantity produc$ is ne>ly equal to t ( ! ,m]9o flocks :5 well kept1 v>y+1 accord+ to ! size & /yle ( bre$+1 f #c to #d lbs4 ( clean wa%$ wool1 :i* 9 quality does n diff] mat]ially f half-blood ,m]9o1 & sometimes r exce$s x4 ,! l>g] animals1 ( c\rse1 produce fleeces ( mu* great] weight1 sometimes rea*+ to #h or #i lbs4 ,! ,s\? ,d[n w subsi/ on %ort pa/ure1 b well repays full fe$+4 ,x atta9s e>ly maturity1 is h>dy & prolific1 frequ5tly produc+ two at a bir?4 ,l all highly-improv$ ,engli% bre$s1 x is n a long-liv$ %eep4 ,x may be consid]$ 9 its prime at ?ree4 ,! we!rs may be fatt5$ at #ah to #cj mon?s1 & ! ewes at #c to #e ye>s1 :5 fir/ requir$ z bre$]s4 ,! la/ are sometimes all[$ to come 9 ) a lamb at a ye>1 b !y _c be su/a9$ 9 vigor if put to bre$+ be=e two4 ,! ,*eviot ,is ?us describ$ by ,blacklock3 ,!y h a b>e head1 ) a long jaw & :ite face1 b no horns4 ,sometimes !y h a %ade ( gray ^u ! nose1 approa*+ to d>k at ! tip2 at o!rs1 a t+e ( lemon color on ! face1 b ^! m>k+s sc>cely affect _! value4 ,! legs are clean1 long1 & small-bon$1 & cov]$ ) wool to ! h\gh1 b !re is a sad want ( dep? at ! brea/1 & ( bread? bo? !re & on ! *9e4 ,a fat c>cass weighs f #ab lbs4 to #ah lbs4 p] qu>t]1 & a m$ium fleece ab\t #c lbs4 ,! pure/ specim5s ( ?is bre$ are to be f\nd on ! ,scot* side ( ! ,*eviot hills1 & on ! high & /ony m\nta9 f>ms :i* lie betwe5 t range & ! s\rces ( ! ,teviot4 ,^! %eep are a capital m\nta9 /ock1 provid$ ! pa/ure resembles ! ,*eviot hills1 9 conta9+ a good proportion ( ri* h]bage4 ,!y are em95tly adapt$ to high l&s & a sev]e climate1 ?\gh less s ?an ! ,black-fac$ or ,hea? %eep ( ,scotl&4 ,!y h become an ,am]ican %eep1 by _! repeat$ introduction into ?is c\ntry4 ,a late importation ( sev]al *oice %eep 0 made by ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael ( ,new ,york4 ,! wool on ^! is f #e to #g in*es long1 co>se1 b well suit$ to comb+4 ,l ! ,d[ns1 x has h]et(ore be5 class$ among ! middle-wools1 b ^! specim5s w\ld seem to indicate t !y are v]g+ t[>ds ! long-wools4 ,! ,bakewell or ,leice/]1 ! ,cotswold & ,l9coln%ire1 ,possess sev]al qualities 9 common1 & x is only a practic$ eye t c readily detect ! diff]5ce4 ,?is resemblance arises f a rec5t1 common orig94 ,!y are all l>ge & hornless2 ( a pure :ite2 ) long1 co>se1 & heavy fleeces2 excell5t mutton %eep2 com+ e>ly to maturity1 & capable ( c>ry+ enorm\s quantities ( fat4 ,!re h be5 f "t immemorial num]\s flocks ( ^! l>ge1 co>se-wooll$ %eep1 exi/+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl&1 "u a v>iety ( names1 & p>tak+ ( "s slight peculi>ity ( features1 accord+ to ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are br$4 ,?us1 besides ^? above-m5tion$1 !re 7 ! ,teeswat]1 ! ,romney-,m>%1 ! ,k5ti%1 ! ,bampton1 ! ,exmoor1 c41 all ( :i* 7 defici5t 9 =m1 sl[-fe$]s1 & late 9 com+ to maturity4 ,improvem5t ( ! ,long-,wools4 ,! late ,rob]t ,bakewell fir/ comm5c$ a decid$ improvem5t ) ! ,leice/]s1 ne>ly a c5tury s9ce4 ,he began by select+ ! *oice/ %eep 9 ,engl&1 :i* possess$ ! ess5tial qualities2 & by judici\s fe$+ & managem5t ?r\gh\t1 he soon br\ght !m up to a "* widely diff]+ f ! orig9al ) :i* he />t$4 ,s em95t 0 8 success1 t 9 #aghg he let ?ree rams1 = a s+le season1 = #abej p\nds1 7ab\t #f1bjj17 & 0 (f]$ #ajej p\nds 7ab\t #e1bjj7 = #bj ewes4 ,soon aft] ?is1 he receiv$ ! enorm\s price ( #hjj gu9eas1 or #d1jjj1 = ! use ( two-?irds ( a ram = "o season1 res]v+ ! o!r ?ird = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,long-wool ,buck4 ,he r$uc$ ! bone & (fal or wor?less p>ts ( ! c>cass1 & increas$ ! weight ( ! valuable p>ts1 & especially _! t5d5cy to fatt5 & e>ly maturity4 ,?is 0 effect$ ma9ly by a nice discrim9ation1 :i* has probably nev] be5 surpass$1 if x has ev] be5 equall$4 ,he select$ m$ium sizes = ! bre$1 ) z mu* ev5ness & p]fection ( =m z possible1 = he f\nd t excell5ce & pr(itable fe$+ qualities 7 seldom connect$ ) extra size1 l>ge bones1 or imp]fect =m4 ,he also obs]v$ ! disposition to fatt5 9 individuals1 & us$ only su* z 7 conspicu\s 9 ?is respect4 ,he reli$ m ?an all ^u _! quality ( h&l+ well1 dep5d+ ev5 m ^u ! ela/ic1 mell[ t\*1 ?an ^u ! mo/ symmetrical figure4 ,he us$ only ! *oice/ rams1 a little "u size1 :ile ! ewes 7 ( full m$ium weight4 ,! prog5y 7 pu%$ ) a full supply ( nutriti\s food1 & sy/ematically br\ght to e>ly maturity4 ,connect$ ) ?is1 0 8 practice ( 9-&-9 bre$+1 or bre$+ ! p>5t ^u ! prog5y1 = sev]al successive g5]ations1 :i* _h ! t5d5cy /ill fur!r to ref9e ! bone & (fal1 & impress mo/ effectually ! desirable *>act]i/ics ( ! race4 ,x is ev5 cr$ibly ass]t$1 t he produc$ rot 9 su* ( 8 fatt5+ %eep z he wi%$ to mature e>ly = ! %ambles1 z 9 ! fir/ /ages ( t loa?some disease ! fat-secret+ organs accompli% _! (fice m rapidly ?an 9 a /ate ( p]fect heal?2 & x at lea/ secur$ !m aga9/ bre$+ :5 !y left 8 own h&s4 ,x is c]ta91 t ,bakewell c>ri$ 8 ref9+ sy/em to su* an ext5t1 z p>tially to de/roy ! procreative p[]s2 & he 0 subsequ5tly oblig$ to introduce new animals1 to re9vigorate & cont9ue 8 flock4 ,! g5]al sy/em ( ,bakewell1 h[ev]1 0 att5d$ ) complete success4 ,he produc$ a race ( animals1 n only f> beyond :at ,engl& _h ev] be=e se51 b :i*1 9 all ! qualities he endeavor$ to e/abli%1 h n be5 s9ce exce$$2 & 8 improv$ ,leice/]s h come d[n to ! pres5t day z p]fect z he left !m1 %[+ conclusively1 t he n only =m$1 b /amp$ ! peculi>ities ( ! bre$1 ) a p]man5ce :i* yet be>s witness to 8 g5ius4 ,"o ( ^! atta9$ ! enorm\s live weight ( #cfh lbs41 & dress$ #bdh lbs4 ,! ,cotswold & ,l9coln%ire4 ,o!r bre$]s 7 n sl[ 9 foll[+ 9 ,bakewell's foot/eps ) diff]5t bre$s1 & ! ,cotswold & ,l9coln%ire especially1 h become ! subjects ( an equally decid$ improvem5t1 :ile ! errors ( ,bakewell 7 entirely avoid$4 ,!y possess a r m desirable robu/ness1 approa*+1 9 "s few specim5s1 almo/ to co>s5ess1 z comp>$ ) ! f9e/ ,leice/]s2 b !y are m h>dy & less liable to disease4 ,!y atta9 z l>ge a size1 & yield z great an am\nt ( wool1 ( ab\t ! same value4 ,^! bre$s sc>cely diff] m f ea* o!r1 ?an d flocks ( a simil> v>iety1 :i* h be5 sep>ately br$ = sev]al g5]ations4 ,!y are prolific1 & :5 well f$1 ! ewes w frequ5tly produce two lambs at a bir?1 = :i* !y provide lib]ally f _! udd] till ! "t = wean+4 ,! weight ( ! fleece v>ies f #d to #h lbs4 p] head4 ,peculi>ity ( long ,wool & its ,uses4 ,! /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! long-wools1 is 9 ! production ( a fleece1 :i* is p]fectly adapt$1 by its l5g? & ! abs5ce ( ! felt+ prop]ty1 to ! manufacture ( wor/$ /uffs1 bombaz9es1 m\ssel9e de la9es1 c4 ,?is is a bran* ( manufactures1 = :i* we _h little mat]ial t 0 suitable1 till ! introduction ( ! long-wools2 & its rapid ext5sion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 cle>ly %[s t a l>ge & increas+ dem& = ?is k9d ( wool w cont9ue at remun]at+ prices4 ,besides its uses = comb+1 x is ext5sively manufactur$ into blankets1 c>pet+1 & _m o!r fabrics4 ,importation ( ,long-,wools4 ,sev]al ( ! ,bakewells 7 import$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 & _m flocks1 conta9+ "s ( ! be/ specim5s1 h be5 introduc$ & scatt]$ ov] e section ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/ ( any s+le importation ( ! long-wools1 0 made by ,messrs4 ,corn+ ,so?am1 9 #ahdb1 & imm$iately prec$+1 & consi/$ ( #gj or #hj *oice ,cotswolds4 ,bre$+ ! ,long-,wools4 ,"s in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd "u ! head ( bre$+ ,m]9oes1 & improvem5t ( ! ,long-,wools4 ,! ram & ewe %\ld be select$ f ! be/ specim5s ( ! bre$ :i* is to be p]petuat$4 ,!re are peculi>ities ( =m or appe>ance 9 ea*1 :i* %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,a viol5t cross %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ = ! purpose ( p]petuation1 z sugge/$ "u ! head ( pr9ciples ( bre$+1 9 a previ\s *apt]2 su* z betwe5 ^? possess+ totally opposite prop]ties1 z ! ,m]9o & long-wools2 & !re is no conceivable advantage 9 mix+ ! middle-wools1 ,s\? ,d[ns1 c41 ) ei!r4 ,"l ,we/]n has long exp]im5t$ on ! bl5d+ ( ! ,m]9o & long-wools1 ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 )\t any well-def9$ results1 nor is x believ$ to be atta9able4 ,!re is no ev5ness or integrity ( "*1 ei!r 9 ! animal or fleece1 f su* mixtures2 nor is x possible to =etel ! "* ( prog5y f ^! ba/>d crosses4 ,! g5]al rule1 t l begets l1 w n hold true "h1 = ! animal comes l>ge or small1 ) a long or %ort fleece1 f9e or co>se1 or int]mix$2 & ?is1 too1 is repeat$ ?r\gh num]\s g5]ations1 :5 ! imm$iate p>5ts exhibit prop]ties altoge!r unlike ! (fspr+1 & :i* !y d]ive f "s remote ance/ry4 ,?is practice w d to produce lambs = ! but*]1 z ! consequ5ce ( a fre% cross is great] /am9a & ?rift2 & x is f\nd t lambs ?us br$ atta9 an e>ly & full developm5t4 ,?\s&s ( su* are annually br$ on ! banks ( ! ,hudson1 ,long ,isl&1 & ar\nd our l>ge cities1 & 9 ! wor/ possible way1 z ! l>ge1 co>se ram is us$ on ! delicate ,saxon ewe2 yet ! lambs ?rive & comm& a good price 9 ! m>ket1 & ! own] is satisfi$ to pocket ! result4 ,b no?+ c\ld be m absurd ?an to propagate f su* prog5y = any o!r purpose ?an to make e>ly & pr(itable mutton4 ,! mixture ( bre$s ( simil> "*1 is att5d$ ) ! be/ consequ5ces4 ,su* 0 ! int]m+l+ ( ! improv$ ,leice/]s ) ! ,cotswold & ,l9coln%ire1 by :i* _! =m] co>s5ess 0 remov$2 & su* 0 ! use ( ! latt] ) ! ,leice/]s1 :5 !y became impot5t & almo/ wor?less1 f ov]-ref9em5t 9 bre$+4 ,good results h foll[$ ! mixture ( ! ,s\? & ,hamp%ire ,d[ns4 ,a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! ,m]9o 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 claim$ by ,mr4 ,j>vis & sev]al o!rs1 f ! mixture ( ! v>i\s flocks1 :i* = ages _h be5 kept di/9ct 9 ,spa92 & ! same result is kn[n to h foll[$ a simil> c\rse ) ! ,ramb\illet & ,saxon flocks4 ,! ewe goes ) "y ,ab\t five mon?s1 v>y+ f #ade to #afb days4 ,ea* flock-ma/] w ( c\rse det]m9e :at is ! prop] lamb+ "t4 ,= e>ly m>ket1 or :5 !re are few %eep1 & ^? well look$ aft]1 ! lambs may come :ile ! ewes are 9 ! y>ds1 & provision c be made = !m1 by plac+ su* z are heavy 9 w>m /alls4 ,bo? ! dam & "y ?us receive a clos] att5tion ?an !y w\ld 9 ! field2 & aft] a week's h\s+1 9 sev]e wea!r1 ! lamb may be turn$ out into ! dry y>d1 :]e he w suff] no m1 app>5tly1 ?an ! full-gr[n %eep4 ,b ) l>ge flocks1 e>ly lamb+ is att5d$ ) mu* tr\ble1 & x is g5]ally avoid$1 by def]r+ x till ! wea!r has become m settl$1 & a full bite ( grass w af=d ! dam a pl5tiful supply ( milk4 ,yet 9 ?is case1 ! "y %eep mu/ daily be "u ! eye ( ! %eph]d1 :o %\ld see t !y are well suppli$ ) food1 & especially t !y are br\ght "u cov]1 9 sev]e or /ormy wea!r4 ,a ram w s]ve f #bj to #ajj ewes 9 a season1 accord+ to 8 age1 heal?1 fe$1 & managem5t4 ,a ,s\? ,d[n or long-wooll$ lamb1 ( #g or #h mon?s1 is sometimes us$2 & :5 ?is is done1 he %\ld be well f$1 & all[$ to run only ) a v few ewes4 ,if full-gr[n rams are turn$ into a lean pa/ure to rema9 ) ! ewes1 n less ?an f\r %\ld be put 9 = e hundr$4 ,b if a well-f$ ram1 9 full heal? & vigor1 is kept up1 & l$ out to ! ewe z %e comes into heat1 & all[$ to s]ve h] once only1 he w suffice = "o hundr$1 )\t injury to himself or prog5y4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! ram %\ld be prep>$1 n by be+ fat1 = ?is1 nei!r he nor ! ewe %\ld ev] be2 b by be+ f$ ) gra9 = a %ort "t be=e1 & dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! season4 ,! ewes are m likely to come quickly into heat1 & prove prolific1 if lightly f$ ) /imulat+ food at ! "t4 ,x is reasonably en\gh conjectur$1 t if procreation1 & ! fir/ p]iod ( ge/ation1 takes place 9 cold wea!r1 ! foetus w subsequ5tly be fitt$ = ! climate1 :i* rules dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( its exi/5ce4 ,if ?is be s1 & x is c]ta9ly 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature1 f9e-wooll$ %eep are mo/ likely to ma9ta9 _! excell5ce1 by def]r+ ! connection ( ! male till ! comm5cem5t ( cold wea!r2 & 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 ?is is done ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb]1 :i* br+s ! yean+ "t 9 ! la/ ( ,april or fir/ ( ,may1 :5 ! e>ly grass w af=d a l>ge supply & good quality ( fe$4 ,w9t] ,managem5t & ,food4 ,%eep %\ld be br\ght into w9t]-qu>t]s soon aft] ! sev]e fro/s occur1 z ^! dim9i% ! fe$1 & mat]ially impair its nutriti\s qualities4 ,!y ought also to be remov$ f ! grass-l&s1 be=e !y become p]man5tly s(t5$ by ! ra9s1 z !y w injuri\sly affect _! com=t & heal?2 & all[+ !m to rema9 is equally objectionable1 f _! poa*+ ! sod4 ,if ! numb] be l>ge :5 br\ght to ! y>ds1 !y mu/ be divid$ into flocks ( #ej to #ajj1 accord+ to ! size ( ! y>ds & %$s4 ,! "y & feeble ought to be sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 & ! ail+ ones plac$ by !mselves2 & t no "o may suff] f ! o!rs1 all %\ld be class$ z uni=mly z possible z to /r5g?4 ,! y>ds mu/ be dry1 well suppli$ ) a tr\gh ( fre% wat]1 & ) com=table %$s1 to :i* !y c retire :5 !y *oose4 ,%elt]s4 ,^!1 9 nor!rn climates1 are indisp5sable to pr(itable %eep-rais+1 & 9 e latitude nor? ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico !y w\ld be advantage\s4 ,!re is policy z well z humanity 9 ! practice4 ,an animal eats mu* less :5 ?us protect$2 he is m ?rifty1 less liable to disease1 & 8 manure is ri*] & m abundant4 ,! fe$+ may be done 9 ! op5 y>d 9 cle> wea!r1 & "u cov] 9 sev]e /orms4 ,! %elt]s = %eep are v>i\sly con/ruct$1 to suit ! ta/e or circum/ances ( ! flock-ma/]4 ,a %eep-b>n1 built ^u a side hill1 w af=d two floors2 "o und]nea?1 surr\nd$ by ?ree sides ( wall1 %\ld op5 to ! s\?1 ) slid+ or sw++ doors to gu>d aga9/ /orms2 & ano!r may be provid$ above1 if ! floors are p]fectly tight1 ) prop] gutt]s to c>ry (f ! ur9e2 & suffici5t /orage = ! fodd] c be furni%$ by scaffolds ov]head4 ,or !y may be con/ruct$ ) twelve or fifte5 feet po/s on level gr\nd1 all[+ ! %eep to occupy ! l[] "p1 ) ! fodd] /or$ above4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ?or\gh v5tilation %\ld be provid$1 = ( ! two evils ( exposure to cold or too great privation ( air1 ! =m] is to be pref]r$4 ,%eep _c long endure close conf9em5t )\t injury4 ,9 all ord9>y wea!r1 a %$ closely bo>d$ on ?ree sides1 ) a tight ro(1 is suffici5t protection2 especially1 if ! op5 side is %ield$ f bleak w9ds1 or leads into a well-enclos$ y>d4 ,if ! floors above are us$ = /orage1 !y %\ld be made tight1 t no hay1 *aff1 or du/ c fall ^u ! fleece4 ,racks or ,mang]s4 ,^! are indisp5sable to economical fe$+4 ,if ! hay is f$ on ! gr\nd1 ! leaves & se$s1 ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! fodd]1 are almo/ :olly lo/2 & :5 wet1 ! %eep1 9 _! re/lessness :ile fe$+1 w tread mu* ( x into ! mud4 ,to make an economical box or rack1 take six light pieces ( scantl+1 say ?ree in*es squ>e1 "o = ea* corn]1 & "o = ! c5tre ( ea* side4 ,bo>ds ( p9e or hemlock1 #ab or #ae feet long & #ab or #ad in*es wide1 may !n be nail$ on to ! bottom ( ! po/s = ! sides1 :i* are sep>at$ by simil> bo>ds at ! ends1 #ba_/b feet long4 ,bo>ds #ab in*es wide1 rais$ above ! l[] ones by a space ( #i to #ab in*es1 are nail$ on ! sides & ends1 :i* completes ! rack4 ,! edges ( ! op5+ %\ld be made p]fectly smoo?1 to prev5t *af+ or te>+ out ! wool4 ,! l>ge/ dim5sions above giv51 are suitable = ! l>ge bre$s1 & ! smalle/ = ! ,saxon1 & /ill small] are prop] = _! lambs4 ,^! %\ld be set on dry gr\nd1 or "u ! %$s1 & !y c easily be remov$ :]ev] necess>y4 ,"s pref] ! racks made ) slats1 or smoo?1 upright /icks1 9 ! =m ( ! usual horse-rack4 ,!re is no objection to ?is1 b x %\ld always be accompani$ by a bo>d tr\gh affix$ to ! bottom1 to cat* ! f9e hay :i* falls 9 fe$+4 ,^! may be atta*$ to ! side ( a build+1 or us$ d\ble4 ,a small lamb requires fifte5 in*es ( space1 & a l>ge %eep two feet1 = quiet1 com=table fe$+2 & at lea/ ?is am\nt ( room %\ld be provid$ ar\nd ! racks = e %eep4 ,tr\ghs4 ,!y may be v>i\sly con/ruct$4 ,! mo/ economical are made ) two bo>ds ( any conv5i5t l5g?1 t5 to twelve in*es wide4 ,nail ! l[] side ( "o ^u ! edge ( ! o!r1 fa/5+ bo? into a two or ?ree in* plank1 fifte5 in*es long & a foot wide1 not*$ 9 its upp] edge 9 ! =m requir$4 ,food4 ,!re is no bett] food = %eep1 ?an well-rip5$1 s\nd1 timo?y hay2 ?\gh ! clov]s1 & ne>ly all ! cultivat$ grasses1 may be advantage\sly f$4 ,bean & pea /raw are valuable1 & especially ! =m]1 :i*1 if prop]ly cur$1 !y pref] to ! be/ hay2 & x is well adapt$ to ! production ( wool4 ,all ! o!r /raws furni% a good food1 & %eep w ?rive on !m )\t hay1 :5 f$ ) roots or gra94 ,roots ought to be giv5 !m occasionally = a *ange1 & especially to ! ewes aft] lamb+1 if ?is occurs be=e putt+ !m on to fre% pa/ure4 ,!y keep ! /oma* prop]ly di/5d$1 ! appetite & g5]al heal? good2 & !y r5d] _! w9t] =age ne>ly equal to _! summ] fe$4 ,mu* gra9 is n suit$ to /ore-%eep4 ,x is too ri*1 & %\ld be giv5 sp>+ly except to ! lambs1 ! old ewes1 or feeble %eep1 or to re/ore ! rams aft] h>d s]vice4 ,= ! above purposes1 oats are ! be/2 & if any o!r gra91 beans or peas are giv51 x %\ld be 9 small quantities4 ,:5 !re is a defici5cy ( hay & roots1 gra9 may be us$ ) /raw4 ,! flock ought to be s f$ z to receive ! same am\nt ( n\ri%m5t ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! ye>4 ,! ev5ness & value ( ! fleece dep5ds mu* ^u ?is4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( nutrition is great1 ! wool-secret+ organs are di/5d$1 & ! fibre becomes enl>g$2 :5 limit$1 !y necess>ily contract1 & ! fibre is small4 ,?is produces a want ( tru5ess1 :i* ! exp]i5c$ /apl] readily detects1 & :i* he does n fail to e/imate aga9/ ! value ( ! fleece4 ,%eep ought to h a full supply ( salt1 & if accessible1 sulphur1 a%es1 t>1 & clay w\ld frequ5tly be nibbl$ by !m :5 _! /oma* requir$ ei!r4 ,p9e or hemlock b\ghs are a good sub/itute = t>1 & af=d a mo/ heal?ful *ange 9 ! w9t]-food ( %eep4 ,entire cleanl9ess & dryness are also ess5tial to ! heal? ( ! flock4 ,! small] sizes ( ! ,saxon may be well su/a9$ on two p\nds ( hay1 b l>g] %eep w consume f ?ree & a half to f\r1 or ev5 five p\nds p] day4 ,%eep1 l all o!r animals :5 expos$ to cold1 w consume mu* m ?an if well protect$1 or ?an dur+ a w>m] season4 ,! ,c>e ( ! ,ewes ) ,"y ,is an important consid]ation1 z ! lamb is sometimes ! only pr(it yield$ by ! flock2 = :5 fodd] is high1 or wool l[1 ! fleece w b>ely pay = ! food & att5tion4 ,pregnant ewes require ! same food z at all o!r times2 b caution is necess>y to prev5t injury or abortion1 :i* is (t5 ! result ( excessive fat1 feebl5ess1 or disease4 ,! fir/ may be rem$i$ by blood-lett+ & sp>e diet2 & bo? ! la/ by re/or$ heal? & g5]\s food4 ,sudd5 fright1 z f dogs or /range objects2 long or sev]e j\rneys2 great ex]tions2 un:olesome food2 bl[s 9 ! region ( ! foetus1 & "s o!r causes1 produce abortion4 ,yean+4 ,mo/ flocks are turn$ into ! pa/ure be=e yean+ "t1 & ! ewe is !n left to nature1 :i* is a good practice1 if %e is heal?y & ! wea!r good4 ,b a l>g] numb] ( lambs w be re>$ by a c>eful ov]sight ( ! ewes1 & ! use ( prop] precautions4 ,z _! "t approa*es1 :i* may be kn[n by ! spr++ ( ! udd] & ! enl>gem5t ( ! natural p>ts1 !y %\ld be put by !mselves at night1 9 a w>m /able or ) o!rs 9 ! same condition1 & well look$ aft]1 late & e>ly 9 ! day4 ,!y seldom ne$ any assi/ance1 nor %\ld any be r5d]$1 except 9 case ( wrong pres5tation1 or feebl5ess 9 expell+ ! foetus4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! %eph]d may apply 8 ?umb & f+]1 aft] oil+1 to pu% back ! "y1 & assi/ 9 g5tly turn+ x till ! nose & =e-feet appe> & = ! latt]1 only ! slighte/ aid %\ld be r5d]$1 & t to help ! ?roes ( ! dam4 ,managem5t ( ,lambs4 ,:5 lamb+ 9 ! field1 only a few %\ld be toge!r1 z ! "y sometimes get *ang$1 & ! dams refuse to own !m4 ,?is difficulty is g5]ally obviat$1 by hold+ ! ewe till ! lamb has suck$ two or ?ree times2 or !y may be %ut up toge!r1 & ! lamb rubb$ ) a little f9e salt4 ,! lamb does n require n\ri%m5t = "s h\rs aft] its bir?2 b if ! dam refuse to lick x z soon z x appe>s1 x mu/ be c>efully wip$ dry4 ,if ! wea!r be cold & ! lamb is dropp$ 9 ! field1 ! %eph]d %\ld be furni%$ ) l>ge pockets or a well-l9$ basket1 9 :i* x mu/ be plac$ till ! ewe is br\ght to ! %$4 ,aft] ! fir/ day or two1 ! udd]s ought to be completely dra9$ ( _! milk by ! h&1 s z to prev5t swoll5 or cak$ bag4 ,9 case ( defici5cy ( milk1 ! lamb may be suppli$ f a new mil* c[1 by means ( a suck+-bottle ) an air v5t1 or x may draw a "p ( its n\ri%m5t f ano!r ewe1 :i* c be held :ile ! lamb is suck+4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to sub/itute a fo/]-"m1 9 :i* case1 ! ewe may be made to own ! lamb1 by milk+ f h] udd] ov] ! lamb & "u 8 tail1 rubb+ x on well2 or rub ! adopt$ lamb ) ! entrails & cont5ts ( ! /oma* ( ! dead lamb1 or cov] x ) ! sk94 ,if ! ewe proves a bad nurse1 or x is desirable to br+ ! lambs =w>d rapidly1 !y may be e>ly taught to eat boil$ oats or o!r gra91 cabbage1 roots1 & t5d] hay4 ,lambs %\ld be well f$1 z ?is is important to produce size1 con/itution1 & p]fection ( =m4 ,! ewes & _! "y ought to be divid$ into small flocks1 & h a frequ5t *ange ( pa/ure4 ,"s c>eful %eph]ds adopt ! plan ( conf9+ _! lambs1 & all[ !m to suck two or ?ree times a day2 by :i* !y suff] no fatigue1 & ?rive mu* fa/]4 ,b ?is is tr\blesome & injuri\s1 z ! ex]cise is ess5tial to ! heal? & con/itution ( ! lamb int5d$ = re>+4 ,x is admissible only :5 !y are want$ = an e>ly m>ket1 & by ^? :o re> !m = ?is purpose1 x is a common practice4 ,ca/rat+ & ,dock+ ,lambs4 ,aft] select+ en\gh ( ! *oice/ rams = /ock-gett]s1 ! ca/rat+ may be p]=m$ at any "t betwe5 two & six weeks old1 :5 ! lamb is 9 good heal?4 ,a cool day %\ld be *os52 or if w>m1 x mu/ be done e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,! be/ me?od is = "o p]son to hold ! lamb firmly betwe5 8 legs1 on an incl9$ plank ^u :i* he re/s1 :ile ano!r ) a %>p knife cuts (f ab\t two-?irds ( ! l[] "p ( ! scrotum4 ,! te/icles are !n drawn out till ! sp]matic cord is rea*$1 :i* is divid$ by ! ?umb nail2 or x is pull$ out & cut ) a %>p knife4 ,x is sometimes done by simply op5+ ! scrotum1 :5 ! te/icles & sp]matic cord are j]k$ out4 ,! w\nd %\ld !n be r9s$ ) cold wat]1 aft] :i* apply l>d4 ,! op]ation ( dock+ is by _m def]r$ till a late p]iod1 f appreh5sion ( too mu* loss ( blood2 b if ! wea!r be favorable1 & ! lamb 9 good condition1 x may be p]=m$ at ?is "t ) ! lea/ tr\ble & )\t injury4 ,! tail %\ld be laid ^u ! plank1 ! p]son hold+ him 9 ! same position z be=e4 ,) "o h& he draws ! sk9 t[>ds ! body1 :ile ! o!r p]son1 ) a two-in* *isel & mallet1 /rikes x (f at a bl[1 betwe5 ! bone jo9ts1 leav+ x "o & a half to two in*es long4 ,! sk9 imm$iately slips back ov] ! w\nd & is soon heal$4 ,ewe lambs %\ld be dock$ clos] ?an ! rams4 ,to prev5t flies & maggots1 & assi/ 9 heal+1 x is well to apply an o9tm5t compos$ ( l>d & t>1 9 ! proportions ( f\r p\nds ( ! =m] to "o qu>t ( ! latt]4 ,?is is also a good application = ! scrotum4 ,! lambs %\ld be c>efully protect$ f cold & wet till !y are p]fectly well4 ,tagg+1 or ,clatt+1 ,is ! removal ( su* wool z is liable to get f\l$1 :5 ! %eep are turn$ on to ! fre% pa/ures1 & ( c\rse x %\ld be done j be=e leav+ _! w9t] qu>t]s4 ,x is mo/ easily accompli%$ by plac+ ! animal on a l[ table1 & !n hold+ x z 9 %e>+1 till ! op]ation is p]=m$4 ,all ! wool ne> ! extremity ( ! %ea?1 & ! scrotum ( ! males2 f ! udd] ( ! ewes2 & f bel[ ! dock1 ! inside ( ! ?ighs1 & ! legs ( ! %eep1 %\ld be remov$4 ,summ] ,managem5t4 ,z soon z ! w>m wea!r approa*es1 & ! grass appe>s1 %eep become re/ive & impati5t = ! pa/ure4 ,?is in/9ct %\ld be repress$ till ! gr\nd has become ?or\ghly dry1 & ! grass has acquir$ sub/ance4 ,!y ought1 moreov]1 to be provid$ = ! *ange ( food1 by ! daily use ( roots = a few days be=e turn+ out4 ,x w\ld also *eck ! t5d5cy to excessive purg+1 :i* is induc$ by ! fir/ spr+ fe$1 if !y 7 h\s$ at night1 & f$ = ! fir/ few days ) a little s\nd1 sweet hay4 ,!y mu/ be provid$ ) pure wat]1 salt1 c41 z 9 w9t]1 = ?\gh !y may sometimes d tol]ably well )\t ei!r1 yet ?rift & fre$om f disease are *eaply secur$ by ?is slight att5tion4 ,dry1 sweet pa/ures1 & su* z ab\nd 9 aromatic & bitt] plants1 are be/ suit$ = %eep-walks4 ,no animal1 ) ! exception ( ! goat1 crops s great a v>iety ( plants4 ,!y eat _m :i* are reject$ by ! horse & ! ox1 & :i* are ev5 ess5tial to _! own wants4 ,9 ?is respect1 !y are valuable assi/ants to ! husb&man1 z !y fe$ gre$ily on wild mu/>d1 burdocks1 ?i/les1 m>%-mall[s1 milkwe$1 & v>i\s o!r (f5d+ plants2 & ! ,m]9o exce$s ! m rec5t bre$s 9 ! v>iety ( 8 selections4 ,_m prep>e artificial pa/ures = _! flocks4 ,?is may be done ) a numb] ( plants4 ,w9t] rye1 or :eat s[n e>ly 9 ! season1 may be f$ (f 9 ! fall1 )\t injury to ! crop2 & 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 ! rye may be pa/ur$ till ! /alks %oot up & beg9 to =m a head4 ,?is af=ds an e>ly & nutriti\s food4 ,corn may be s[n broadca/1 or ?ickly 9 drills1 & ei!r f$ (f 9 ! fields1 or cut & c>ri$ to ! %eep 9 _! folds4 ,:ite mu/>d is a valuable crop = ?is purpose4 ,to give %eep suffici5t v>iety1 x w\ld be bett] to divide _! range into small] ones1 & *ange !m z (t5 at lea/ z once a week4 ,!y seek a favorite re/+-place1 on a dry1 elevat$ "p ( ! field1 :i* soon becomes soil$4 ,by remov+ !m f ?is = a few days1 ra9s w cleanse1 or ! sun dry x1 s z aga9 to make x suitable = !m4 ,m %eep may be kept1 & 9 bett] condition1 :]e ?is practice is adopt$1 ?an :]e !y are conf9$ to ! same pa/ure4 ,wa%+ ,%eep4 ,9 mo/ ( t portion ( ! ,union nor? ( #dj deg41 ! wa%+ is p]=m$ f ! middle ( ,may till ! fir/ ( ,june1 accord+ to ! season & climate4 ,:5 ! /reams are h>d1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case 9 lime/one regions1 x is bett] to d ?is imm$iately aft] an abundant ra91 by :i* ! lime d]iv$ f ! spr+s is proportionally less5$4 ,! practice ( a l>ge majority ( our f>m]s1 is to drive _! %eep to ! wa%+-gr\nd e>ly 9 ! morn+ on a w>m day1 leav+ ! lambs beh9d4 ,! %eep are conf9$ on ! bank ( ! /ream by a tempor>y enclosure2 f :i* !y are tak51 & if n too heavy1 are c>ri$ into wat] suffici5tly deep to prev5t _! t\*+ bottom4 ,!y are !n wa%$1 by g5tly squeez+ ! fleece ) ! h&s1 aft] :i* !y are l$ a%ore1 & z mu* ( ! wat] press$ out z possible be=e lett+ !m g1 z ! great weight reta9$ 9 ! wool frequ5tly /agg]s & ?r[s !m d[n4 ,a good practice is to lead ! %eep into ! wat] & saturate ! fleece1 aft] :i* !y are tak5 a%ore4 ,:5 !y comm5ce /eam+1 !y are aga9 l$ into ! wat]1 & wa%$ clean4 ,?is insures ?or\gh cleans+1 :]e ! wat] is pure4 ,o!rs make use ( a boat1 "o end ( :i* re/s on a bold %ore1 & ! o!r is 9 deep wat]4 ,! op]ator /&s 9 ! boat & plunges ! animal ov] ! side1 :5 ! wa%+ is p]=m$4 ,x is sometimes done by s9k+ a tight hog%ead or l>ge box 9 ! wat]1 ) heavy weights1 9 :i* a man /&s1 & ! %eep are br\ght or l$ to him by ano!r p]son1 :o walks on a plat=m rea*+ f ! bank to ! hog%ead4 ,ei!r ( ! la/ me?ods obviates ! necessity ( /&+ = a long "t 9 wat]1 by :i* colds1 rheumatism1 c4 are frequ5tly contract$4 ,9 p>ts ( ,g]many1 & sometimes 9 ?is c\ntry1 %eep are =c$ to swim across a n>r[ /ream sev]al times1 by :i* ! fleece is tol]ably clean$1 if all ! wat] be press$ out :5 !y get to ! l&4 ,! yolk be+ a saponace\s comp\nd1 & n an oily matt] z is g5]ally suppos$1 x readily comb9es ) ! wat] & passes out ( ! wool4 ,an excell5t practice1 :5 /reams are n conv5i5t1 is to lead a small ripple ( s(t wat] into a tub4 ,to ?is1 a little soap is add$1 aft] :i* ! %eep are imm]s$ & ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,p]fect :it5ess & purity ( ! fleece is readily secur$ aft]w>ds1 by ?r[+ ov] ! %eep a jet ( wat]4 ,?is practice has a good effect1 9 prev5t+ or remov+ cutane\s disord]s1 & de/roy+ ticks or o!r v]m94 ,_m judici\s f>m]s object to wa%+ %eep1 f its t5d5cy to produce colds & cat>rhal affections1 to :i* %eep are p>ticul>ly subject2 b x _c well be disp5s$ )1 z ! wool is always m saleable1 & if c>efully done1 ne$ n be att5d$ ) injury4 ,w>m settl$ wea!r1 h[ev]1 is indisp5sable to wa%+ ) safety to ! g5]al heal? ( ! %eep4 ,fig4 #bf %[s a ewe1 ) l9es indicat+ ! usual me?od ( sort+ wool2 numb] #a indicat+ ! ref9a or picklock2 #b & #c1 ! second & ?ird qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,wool ,sort+ ,%e>+4 ,! mann] ( %e>+ v>ies ) almo/ e di/rict2 b z ?is is an art to be acquir$ "u a skilful ma/]1 we %all omit p>ticul> details on ! subject4 ,fir/ clip all ! tags & fil?1 if any rema9s or has be5 accumulat$ aft] ! tagg+ 9 ! spr+2 !n take (f ! fleece & spread x ) ! outside upp]mo/ on a smoo? b5* or table1 & pu% ! wool c>efully toge!r1 to r5d] x m compact2 d\ble ! sides ov] to ! c5tre2 ?r[ ! clean loose locks into ! middle1 & roll toge!r f ea* end4 ,?is makes a smoo?1 d5se package1 :i* is secur$ by pass+ a /\t tw9e "o or m times ar\nd ! sides & ends4 ,all ! wool f ! extremities1 %\ld be closely %e>$ & sav$ by itself1 be=e dismiss+ ! %eep1 b n put up ) *oice fleeces4 ,if w\nds are made1 :i* is sometimes ! case ) unskilful op]ators1 a mixture ( t> & grease ought to be appli$4 ,aft] %e>+1 su* horns & ho(s z are likely to be tr\blesome1 %\ld be saw$ & p>$4 ,! br&+1 or m>k+1 is ess5tial to di/+ui% !m f o!r flocks1 & ?is is done on ! %\ld]1 side1 or buttock4 ,a bru% or m>k+-iron is us$ = ?is purpose1 ) pa9t made ( lampblack1 to :i* a little spirits ( turp5t9e is fir/ add$1 & !n dilut$ ) l9se$ or l>d oil4 ,if ! wea!r be cool1 & especially1 if sev]e /orms occur aft] wa%+ or %e>+1 ! flock %\ld be h\s$4 ,if sultry1 !y %\ld h a cool1 %ady retreat1 :]e !y w be %ield$ f ! flies & ! heat4 ,bli/]s & p]man5t injury to ! sk9 & fleece1 are frequ5tly ! result ( su* exposure4 ,%ade trees 9 _! pa/ures1 contribute mu* to ! com=t ( %eep1 :5 expos$ to a blaz+ sun4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! sk9 %\ld be made at %e>+1 = ! detection ( disease or v]m94 ,= rem$ies1 see article diseases4 ,sme>+ or ,salv+ ,%eep ,is a cu/om little practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= cold1 elevat$1 & bleak exposures1 x may be necess>y1 & x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,! object is1 to prev5t cutane\s diseases & v]m91 & furni% additional w>m? & protection to ! fleeces ( su* bre$s z are defici5t 9 yolk4 ,x is usually p]=m$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 b is sometimes done imm$iately aft] %e>+4 ,! mixture or salve consi/s ( t> & butt] or grease1 9 diff]5t proportions2 #a gallon ( ! =m] to #ab1 or sometimes #bj lbs4 ( ! latt]2 ! great] proportion ( t> be+ requir$ = ! y\ng] %eep1 or = m expos$ situations4 ,! grease is melt$ ov] ! fire1 & ! t> /irr$ 91 & :5 suffici5tly cool1 x is appli$ to ! :ole body ( ! %eep1 by c>efully p>t+ ! wool & rubb+ x on ! sk9 ) ! f+]s4 ,! above quantity is suffici5t = #cj or #ej %eep1 accord+ to _! size & ! "* ( ! wool4 ,?is application is n requir$ = f9e-wooll$ %eep1 ^: fleeces are m appropriately protect$ by a natural secretion ( yolk2 & x is bett] to omit x 9 all cases1 :]e ! heal? & com=t ( ! animal d n r5d] x absolutely ess5tial4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 an exp]i5c$ ,scot* %eph]d1 uses only tall[ & tra9 oil1 mix$ 9 equal proportions4 ,he ass]ts1 t ! improvem5t 9 ! gr[? & quality ( ! wool is at lea/ "o-?ird1 & x mat]ially b5efits ! condition ( ! %eep4 ,wean+4 ,! lambs may be wean$ f #ca_/b to #d mon?s old4 ,!y %\ld be put ^u ri*1 sweet fe$1 b n too luxuriant2 :ile ! dams are turn$ ^u ! poore/1 & s remote f _! "y1 z to be out ( sight & he>+4 ,! ewes ought to be c>efully exam9$ aft] a day or two1 & if necess>y1 ! milk remov$ ) ! h&4 ,if x cont9ues to accumulate1 ! ewe may be f$ on hay = a few days4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dri$ (f1 !y %\ld h ! be/ f>e1 to enable !m to recov] condition = subsequ5t bre$+ & w9t]+4 ,! fall is a critical p]iod to lose fle%1 ei!r = %eep or lambs2 & if any are f\nd defici5t1 !y %\ld be at once provid$ ) extra fe$ & att5tion4 ,if cold wea!r ov]takes !m poor or 9 ill-heal?1 !y w sc>cely outlive x2 or if by *ance !y survive1 _! emaciat$ c>cass1 impair$ con/itution1 & scant fleece1 w ill repay ! food & att5tion !y w h co/4 ,! "t = tak+ ,%eep f ! ,pa/ures4 ,?is mu/ dep5d on ! /ate ( ! wea!r & food4 ,sev]e fro/s de/roy mu* ( ! nutrim5t 9 ! grasses1 & !y soon aft] cease to af=d adequate n\ri%m5t4 ,long exposure to cold /orms1 ) su* food to su/a9 !m1 w rapidly r$uce _! condition4 ,! only safe rule is to transf] !m to _! w9t]-qu>t]s ! fir/ day !y cease to ?rive abroad4 ,draft+ ! ,flock1 ,= ! purpose ( ridd+ x ( ! sup]num]>ies1 %\ld be done at an e>li] day4 ,su* ( ! we!rs z h atta9$ _! prime1 & ^? ewes t h pass$ x1 ought to be )drawn soon aft] %e>+1 provid$ ) ! be/ fe$1 & rapidly fitt$ = ! %ambles4 ,if !y h be5 prop]ly pu%$ on grass1 !y w be 9 good fle% by ! "t !y are tak5 f x2 & if n int5d$ = /all-fe$+1 ! soon] !y are !n dispos$ ( ! bett]4 ,/all-,fe$+4 ,?is w be lo/ on an ill-%ap$1 un?rifty bea/4 ,! p]fection ( =m & heal?1 & ! uni=m good condition1 :i* *>act]ize ! ?rifty "o1 indicate too pla9ly to be misund]/ood1 ^? :i* w be/ repay ! c>e ( _! own]4 ,! selection ( any indiff]5t animal = /all-fatt5+1 :e!r cattle or %eep1 w inevitably be att5d$ ) loss4 ,su* ought to be got rid ( :5 fir/ br\ght f ! pa/ure1 = ! mo/ !y w br+4 ,managem5t ( ,%eep = ! ,prairies4 ,:5 de/9$ = ! prairies1 %eep ought to comm5ce _! j\rney z e>ly aft] %e>+ z possible4 ,!y are !n dis5cumb]$ ( _! fleece1 & d n cat* & reta9 z mu* du/1 z :5 driv5 lat]4 ,fe$ is also g5]ally bett]1 & ! roads are dry & h>d4 ,"y & heal?y %eep %\ld be select$1 ) e>ly lambs2 or if ! latt] are too "y1 & ! di/ance great1 !y %\ld be left & ! ewes dri$ (f4 ,a l>ge wagon ought to accompany ! flock1 to c>ry su* z occasionally give out2 or !y may be dispos$ ( :5ev] !y become enfeebl$4 ,) good c>e1 a h>dy flock may be driv5 at ! rate ( #ab or #ad miles a day4 ,con/ant wat*fulness is requisite1 to keep !m heal?y & 9 good plight4 ,"o-half ! exp5se ( driv+1 may be sav$ by ! use ( well-tra9$ %eph]d-dogs4 ,:5 arriv$ at _! de/9ation1 !y mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$1 to free !m f all dirt1 & closely exam9$ z to any diseases !y may h contract$1 :i*1 if discov]$1 %\ld be promptly remov$4 ,a v>iety ( suitable food & good %elt] mu/ be provid$1 = ! autumn1 w9t]1 & spr+ ensu+1 & e necess>y att5tion giv5 !m4 ,?is w\ld be necess>y if indig5\s to ! c\ntry2 h[ mu* m s1 :5 !y h j und]gone a campaign1 to :i* nei!r !y nor _! race h be5 accu/om$6 ,%eep _c be kept on ! prairies )\t mu* c>e1 artificial food1 & prop] att5tion2 & f a false sy/em ( economy1 hi!rto attempt$ by _m1 losses h occurr$ f disease & mortality 9 ! flocks1 suffici5t to h made ample provision = ! com=t & security ( twice ! numb] lo/4 ,m especially d !y require prop] food & att5tion1 aft] ! fir/ sev]e fro/s set 91 :i* )] & kill ! natural grasses4 ,by nibbl+ at ! fog1 7! fro/bitt51 dead grass17 !y are inevitably subject to con/ipation1 :i* a b\ntiful supply ( roots1 sulphur1 c41 is alone suffici5t to remove4 ,roots1 gra91 & good hay2 /raw1 or corn-/alks1 pea or bean v9es1 are ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( _! heal? & ?rift dur+ ! w9t]1 ev]y:]e nor? ( #ci deg44 ,9 summ]1 ! natural h]bage is suffici5t to su/a9 !m 9 f9e condition1 till !y %all h acquir$ a d5s] population ( animals1 :5 x w be f\nd necess>y to /ock _! mead[s ) ! be/ v>ieties ( artificial grasses4 ,! prairies seem adapt$ to ! usual v>ieties ( %eep introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ( su* are ! flocks made up1 accord+ to ! ta/e or judgm5t ( ! own]s4 ,%eph]d-dogs are invaluable to ! own]s ( flocks1 9 ^? unf5c$1 illimitable ranges1 bo? z a def5ce aga9/ ! small prairie-wolf1 :i* pr[ls ar\nd ! %eep1 b :i* are rapidly ?9n+ (f by ! settl]s2 & also z assi/ants to ! %eph]ds 9 driv+ & h]d+ _! flocks on ! op5 gr\nd4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,%eep4 ,! dry & heal?ful climate1 ! roll+ surface1 & ! sweet & v>i$ h]bage1 :i* g5]ally prevail 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 insure p]fect heal? to an orig9ally s\nd & well-select$ flock1 unless peculi>ly expos$ to disease4 ,no c\ntry is bett] suit$ to %eep1 ?an mo/ ( ! nor!rn & "s ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( our own4 ,9 ,europe1 & especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! sy/em ( managem5t is necess>ily 9 ! highe/ degree artificial1 consi/+ frequ5tly 9 e>ly & cont9u$ =c+ ! sy/em1 fold+ on wet1 pl[$ gr\nds1 & ! excessive use ( t wat]y food1 ! ,sw$es turnip1 !re are num]\s & fatal diseases4 ,h5ce ! long li/ :i* lumb]s ! pages ( =eign writ]s on %eep4 ,! mo/ de/ructive ( ^! are ! rot1 & epidemics :i* are sc>cely kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 except by report4 ,! diseases incid5t to our flocks may g5]ally be consid]$ z casualties1 r ?an z inbr$1 or necess>ily aris+ f ! quality ( food1 or f local causes4 ,x may be safely ass]t$1 t ) a dry pa/ure1 well /ock$ ) v>i$ & nutriti\s grasses2 a cle>1 runn+ /ream2 suffici5t %ade & protection aga9/ sev]e /orms2 a con/ant supply ( salt1 t>1 & sulphur 9 summ]2 good hay1 & sometimes roots1 ) ample %elt]s 9 w9t]2 "y %eep1 orig9ally s\nd & heal?y1 w seldom or nev] get diseas$ on ,am]ican soil4 ,! few diseases :i* x may be necess>y "h to m5tion1 w be treat$ 9 ! simple/ mann]4 ,rem$ies ( g5]al application1 to be adm9i/]$ (t5 by ! unskilful & ignorant1 mu/ nei!r be elaborate nor complicat$2 &1 if exp5sive1 ! lives ( mo/ %eep w\ld be de>ly pur*as$ by _! application4 ,a %eep :i* ! own] has re>$ or pur*as$ at ! ord9>y price1 is ! only dome/ic animal :i* c die )\t mat]ial loss to its own]4 ,! wool & pelt w1 9 mo/ in/ances1 repay its co/1 :ile ! c>casses ( o!r animals w be wor?less except = manure4 ,! loss ( %eep f occasional disease1 w leave ! f>m]'s pocket 9 a v diff]5t condition f ! loss ( an equal value 9 horses or cattle4 ,yet humanity1 equally ) int]e/1 dictates ! use ( su* simple rem$ies = ! removal ( suff]+ & disease1 z may be )9 rea*4 ,di>rhoea or ,sc\rs1 ,:5 light & n long cont9u$1 calls = no rem$y4 ,x is a heal?ful provision ( nature = ! m rapid expulsion ( "s (f5d+ matt] 9 ! sy/em1 :i*1 if reta9$1 might lead to disease4 ,x is g5]ally ow+ to improp] food1 z bad hay or noxi\s we$s2 to a sudd5 *ange1 z f dry food to fre% grass2 or to an excess1 z f ov]load+ ! /oma*2 & sometimes1 f cold & wet4 ,! rem$ies are obvi\s4 ,*ange to suitable food 9 ! fir/ two cases2 en=ce ab/95ce aft] repletion2 & provide w>m1 dry %elt]1 ) light diet1 if ow+ to ! latt] causes4 ,:5 sev]e or long cont9u$1 a dose ( ca/or oil may be giv51 & aft] its op]ation1 give f\r gra9s ( opium & "o ounce *alk1 & put !m on dry food4 ,:eat-bran or %orts1 & oat-meal or flaxse$ gr\nd1 are bo? good = ail+ lambs & %eep2 z are also ripe oats or :eat1 f$ 9 ! %eaf1 ) well cur$1 sweet hay1 & pl5ty ( salt4 ,fre% b\ghs ( ! junip]1 or p9e & hemlock1 help to *eck ! disord]4 ,loos5ess 9 ! l>g] lambs is prev5t$ by hav+ *alk )9 _! rea*2 or if !y refuse x1 adm9i/] x 9 _! food4 ,:5 x happ5s soon aft] bir?1 place x ) ! ewe 9 a w>m place1 & fe$ ! latt] ) pl5ty ( oats1 or o!r s\nd gra94 ,if ! milk be defici5t1 give ! lamb c['s milk scald$1 or let x suck ! c[4 ,! tail is sometimes glu$ on to ! buttocks1 :ile ! sc\rs cont9ue4 ,sep>ate x imm$iately by ! use ( w>m wat]1 & rub ! p>ts ) dry loam or clay4 ,dys5t]y4 ,?is is a diff]5t & frequ5tly a fatal disease1 b resembles ! =m] 9 its g5]al symptoms4 ,x is ow+ to prolong$ di>rhoea1 un:olesome or meag] food1 & o!r causes4 ,ble$+ & physic %\ld be resort$ to1 aft] :i* give w>m1 n\ri%+ gruel4 ,hov54 ,= description & rem$ies1 see hov5 9 cattle4 ,braxy4 ,?is is manife/$ by uneas9ess1 loa?+ ( food1 frequ5t dr9k+1 c>ry+ ! head d[n1 draw+ ! back up1 swoll5 belly1 fev]i% symptoms1 & avoidance ( ! flock4 ,x appe>s mo/ly 9 late autumn & spr+1 & may be induc$ by exposure to sev]e /orms1 plung+ 9 wat] :5 hot1 & especially by con/ipation br\ght on by fe$+ on fro/bitt51 putrid1 or indige/ible h]bage4 ,rem$ies are n (t5 successful1 unless promptly appli$4 ,ble$ freely1 & to effect ?is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /agnant /ate ( ! blood1 imm]sion 9 a tub ( hot wat] may be necess>y4 ,!n give two ounces ,epsom salts1 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 ) a h&ful ( common salt4 ,if ?is is unsuccessful1 give a cly/] made ) a pipe-full ( tobacco1 boil$ = a few m9utes 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,adm9i/] half1 & if ?is is n effectual1 foll[ ) ! rema9d]4 ,!n b$ ! animal 9 dry /raw & cov] ) blankets1 & assi/ ! purgatives ) w>m gruels1 foll[$ by laxative prov5d] till well4--7,blacklock47 ,?\s&s ( %eep h di$ on ! prairies f braxy1 induc$ by exposure & mis]able =age4 ,entire prev5tion is secur$ by w>m1 dry %elt]s1 & nutriti\s1 dige/ible food4 ,co/iv5ess4 ,?is is remov$ by giv+ two tablespoonfuls ( ca/or oil e twelve h\rs1 till ! difficulty is remov$2 or give "o ounce ,epsom salts4 ,?is may be assi/$ by an injection ( w>m1 weak suds & molasses4 ,/ret*es4 ,%eep sometimes /ret* out _! noses on ! gr\nd1 & ar\nd _! sides1 z if 9 sev]e pa94 ,?is may be caus$ by an involution ( "o "p ( ! inte/9e )9 ano!r4 ,:5 ow+ to ?is cause1 ! difficulty is frequ5tly remov$ by j]k+ ! animal by ! h9d-legs sev]al times1 :5 ! pa9 disappe>s4 ,b x is g5]ally occasion$ by co/iv5ess1 :i* see above4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by us+ gre5 food1 roots1 c41 once a week1 or by all[+ !m to br[se on ! ev]gre5s1 p9es1 hemlock1 & firs4 ,poison1 ,f laurel & o!r plants1 is cur$ by p\r+ a gill ( melt$ l>d d[n ! ?roat1 or boil = an h\r ! twigs ( ! :ite a%1 & give half to "o gill ( ! /rong liquor imm$iately2 to be repeat$ if n successful4 ,inflammation ( ! ,lungs4 ,?is is produc$ by improp] exposure to cold & wet4 ,! rem$y = slight affections1 is w>m1 dry %elt]1 & light food4 ,:5 sev]e1 resort mu/ be _h to ble$+ & purg+ freely1 !n to light bran or l9se$ ma%es4 ,rot4 ,?is sometimes causes ! dea? ( a million ( %eep 9 a s+le ye> 9 ,engl&1 yet x is a disease almo/ unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,=eign au?orities ascribe x entirely to excessive humidity ( climate1 wet pa/ures1 or too wat]y food4 ,! prev5tives are !re=e obvi\s4 ,aft] ! use ( dry food & dry b$d+1 "o ( ! be/ is ! abundant use ( pure salt4 ,9 viol5t attacks1 e>ly ble$+1 foll[$ by a dose ( two ounces ,epsom salts1 to be repeat$ if necess>y1 ) a *ange ( diet & location1 is all t c be done4 ,foot-,rot4 ,?is is frequ5tly a preval5t disease among ,am]ican %eep4 ,x is sometimes spontane\s1 b m (t5 produc$ by contagion4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is caus$ by s(t1 ri*1 or moi/ pa/ures4 ,a dry gravelly or rocky range1 w ( c\rse be an effectual prev5tive :5 ow+ to ?is cause4 ,! disord] is communicat$ by ! absorb5ts ( ! foot com+ 9 contact ) ! suppuration :i* has be5 left on ! gr\nd f ! diseas$ "p4 ,absolute safety aga9/ ?is contagion is secur$ only by a total avoidance ( ! walks ( ! infect$ animals1 till repeat$ ra9s1 or :at is bett]1 fro/s1 h dis>m$ ! virus ( its malignity4 ,rem$ies are v>i\sly comp\nd$1 ( blue vitriol1 v]digris1 t>1 spirits ( turp5t9e1 alum1 saltpetre1 salt1 lime1 copp]as1 :ite-lead1 antimony1 alcohol1 ur9e1 v9eg>1 c41 all ( :i* h prov$ effectual4 ,! ho( %\ld fir/ be p>$ & ?or\ghly scrap$4 ,!n apply a wa% made ( ?ree p>ts ( blue vitriol1 "o ( v]digris pulv]iz$ f9ely1 ) scald+ 7n boil+7 v9eg>2 /irr+ briskly till x is ( ! consi/5ce ( ?9 cream1 & put x ^u ! affect$ "p ) a pa9t bru%4 ,x is a good prev5tive1 to apply ?is to ! s\nd feet ( ! affect$ animal4 ,ano!r rem$y is to use spirits ( turp5t9e aft] scrap+2 & if ! disease is ( long /&+1 add to ! turp5t9e a /rong decoction ( blue vitriol dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! foot %\ld be exam9$ e week1 & ! rem$y repeat$ till p]fect s\ndness is re/or$4 ,a fea!r dipp$ 9 muriatic or nitric acid1 & appli$ to ! p>ts aft] scrap+ & cleans+1 is a good rem$y4 ,:5 put ^u ! soles ( foot-sore %eep1 x h>d5s ! ho(s1 & enables !m to travel bett]4 ,%eep are sometimes cur$ by keep+ !m on a dry surface1 & driv+ ov] a b>n-floor daily1 :i* is well cov]$ ) quicklime4 ,x may also be cur$ by dryness1 & repeat$ wa%+ ) soap-suds4 ,! above ailm5t %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) a tempor>y sor5ess1 or inflammation ( ! ho(1 occasion$ by ! irritation f ! long1 r\gh grasses :i* ab\nd 9 l[ situations1 :i* is remov$ ) ! cause2 or if x cont9ues1 apply :ite pa9t or t>1 aft] ?or\gh wa%+4 ,corrosion ( ! ,fle% by ,flies or ,maggots1 ,may be cur$ by fir/ remov+ ! v]m92 !n wa% ) ,ca/ile soap & w>m s(t wat]1 aft] :i* apply :ite-lead ) l9se$ oil4 ,t> put on ! fe/]+ w\nd corrodes x2 b ?is1 or spirits ( turp5t9e plac$ on ! s\nd p>ts ne> x1 keep (f ! flies by _! /rong effluvia4 ,if ! w\nd be slight1 & ! wea!r mod]ate1 apply a little spirits ( turp5t9e ) a /rong decoction ( eld] b>k4 ,flies on ,%eep ,may be prev5t$ by sme>+ ) a composition made ( two p\nds l>d or s(t grease1 "o p\nd sulphur1 half p9t oil ( amb]1 or oil ( t>1 or t> alone4 ,a small spoonful is suffici5t = a %eep4--,g5esee ,f>m]4 ,protection f ! ,gad-,fly4 ,9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 ! gad-fly 7,,oe/us ovis7 attacks ! no/rils ( ! %eep1 & !re deposites its eggs1 :i*1 on be+ hat*$1 imm$iately crawl up & make a lodgm5t 9 ! head4 ,!y are frequ5tly repell$ by lay+ a ?ick coat ( t> on ! bottom ( ! tr\ghs1 & spr9kl+ x ) salt4 ,! smell ( ! t> adh]+ to ! nose w drive (f ! fly4 ,a m effectual rem$y is to apply x ?or\ghly ) a bru% to ! ext]nal "p ( ! nose4 ,if a few furr[s ( loose e>? are turn$ up 9 _! pa/ures1 ! %eep w hold _! noses to !m1 & ?us keep (f ! fly4 ,! symptoms ( grubs 9 ! head1 are droop+ ( ! head & e>s1 dis*>ge ( bloody & wat]y matt] f ! no/rils1 & loss ( /r5g? 9 ! limbs4 ,if worms h made a lodgm5t1 take half a p\nd ( good ,scot* snuff1 & two qu>ts boil+ wat]3 /ir1 & let x /& till cold4 ,inject ab\t a tablespoonful ( ?is liquid & s$im5t up ea* no/ril1 ) a syr+e4 ,repeat ?is ?ree or f\r times at int]vals1 f ! middle ( ,octob] till ,janu>y3 ! grubs are !n small1 & w n h injur$ ! %eep4 ,! efficacy ( ! snuff w be increas$1 by add+ half an ounce assafoetida1 p\nd$ 9 a little wat]4 ,! effect on ! %eep is imm$iate pro/ration & app>5t dea?1 b !y w soon recov]4 ,a decoction ( tobacco w af=d a sub/itute = snuff4--,n4 ,eng4 ,f>4 ,blacklock's rem$y is1 to half fill ! b[l ( a pipe ) tobacco1 light x1 & !n hold ! %eep1 :ile a p]son ins]ts ! /em "s di/ance into ! no/ril1 & bl[s a few :iffs into ! nose4 ,! op]ation is !n repeat$ ) ! o!r no/ril4 ,swoll5 ,m\? ,is sometimes fatal4 ,x is said to be cur$ by daub+ ! lips & m\? pl5tifully ) t>4--,albany ,cultivator4 ,f\l ,noses4 ,dip a small swab into t>1 !n roll 9 salt4 ,put "s on ! nose1 & compel ! %eep to swall[ a small quantity4--,am]ican ,f>4 ,a disease indicat$ by droop+1 runn+ at ! eyes1 weakness 9 ! back & lo9s1 inability to use ! h9d legs1 0 remov$ by turn+ ! %eep into a pa/ure conta9+ lobelia1 7,indian tobacco47 ,dri$ lobelia 0 also giv51 & produc$ ! same effect4--,cultivator4 ,scab4 ,?is loa?some disease1 to :i* f9e-wooll$ %eep are p>ticul>ly liable1 is caus$1 l it* 9 ! human subject1 by a small insect1 a species ( ! ac>i4 ,x is fir/ manife/ by ! rubb+ ( ! %eep1 & soon aft] by "o or m tufts ( wool1 :i* is loos5$ at ! roots4 ,on feel+ ! sk91 a h>d1 dry tumor is p]ceptible4 ,to prev5t contagion1 remove ! infect$ %eep to a sep>ate pa/ure or y>d z soon z discov]$4 ,rem$ies4--,! ,spani% %eph]ds dissolve a little salt 9 _! m\?1 & drop x ^u ! infect$ "p4 ,:5 ! tumor has become enl>g$1 ! wool %\ld be remov$ closely to ! sk91 ! scab scrap$ ) a curry-comb1 !n wa% ) /rong soap-suds or ley1 & aft]w>ds rub ?or\ghly ) sulphur or brim/one1 mix$ ) l>d or grease4 ,an effectual rem$y is prep>$ by tak+ "o p\nd ( tobacco1 :i* add to #ab qu>ts ley f wood a%es ( suffici5t /r5g? = wa%+1 & f\r qu>ts ur9e2 to ?is add ano!r mixture ( a gill high-w9es2 #a_/d oz4 camphor2 #a_/d oz4 ,spani% br[n1 & #a_/b gill spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,a small quantity ( ?is appli$ to ! sore w nev] fail4 ,imm$iately aft] %e>+1 scab may readily be cur$ by imm]s+ ! %eep1 7except+ ! head17 9 a /rong decoction ( tobacco liquor1 add+ a gill ( spirits ( turp5t9e = ! fir/1 & mak+ a slight addition ( fre% liquid = ea* %eep1 en\gh to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! tobacco & turp5t9e1 & tak+ c>e to rub ! affect$ "p ?or\ghly4 ,= lambs1 ?is liquor %\ld be dilut$1 b yet left /rong en\gh to kill ticks 9 "o or two m9utes1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t4 ,scab is also remov$ by us+ a composition ( "o p\nd plug tobacco to ?ree gallons ( wat]1 ) lime-wat] & oil ( vitriol add$2 or a decoction ( hellebore ) v9eg>1 sulphur1 & spirits ( turp5t9e4--7,h4 ,d4 ,grove47 ,scab is propagat$ m by us+ ! same rubb+ po/s1 ?an by contact ) ea* o!r4 ,%eep 9 l[ condition are m subject to x ?an o!rs4 ,ticks & ,lice ,sometimes infe/ %eep4 ,good fe$+ & %elt] is a p>tial prev5tive1 b :5 !y h made _! lodgm5t1 !y mu/ be dipp$ 9 a decoction ( tobacco wat]4 ,! mo/ effectual "t = _! de/ruction1 is a few days aft] %e>+1 :5 !y w h left ! nak$ bodies ( ! old ewes1 to hide 9 ! fleeces ( ! lambs4 ,! dipp+ 9 tobacco wat]1 ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( turp5t9e1 is an effectual rem$y4 ,aft] dipp+ ! %eep or lambs1 ! liquor %\ld be press$ out f ! wool1 ^u an incl9$ plane1 s arrang$ z aga9 to run into ! vessel4 ,pelt-rot ,w be recognis$ z "o ( ! /aple diseases ( our native %eep1 describ$ on page #hi4 ,! wool 9 ?is case falls (f1 leav+ ! %eep p>tially or almo/ :olly nak$2 b ?is is n accompani$ ) sor5ess or app>5t disease4 ,! animal mu/ be provid$ ) a w>m /all & g5]\s fe$1 & ! nak$ sk9 %\ld be ano9t$ ) t> & grease4 ,! prev5tive is good keep+ & %elt]4 ,/agg]s or ,/urdy1 & ,wat] 9 ! ,head1 ,sometimes affect %eep1 b m especially lambs "u a ye> old4 ,! fir/ is caus$ by ! hydatid4 ,x is consid]$ z an almo/ incurable disord]1 b is sometimes remov$ by trepann+4 ,*ancellor ,liv+/on c>efully suppli$ two ?us attack$1 ) food = ?ree mon?s1 :5 nature effect$ a cure4 ,removal to dry l&s & purg+1 is a good precaution :5 !y are fir/ tak54 ,an ,engli% lad lately cur$ "o :i* _h be5 giv5 up1 by bor+ ) a gimlet into ! s(t place on ! head1 :5 ! wat] ru%$ out1 & ! %eep imm$iately foll[$ ! o!rs to ! pa/ure4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,albany ,cultivator ass]ts1 t #a_/b a p9t ( melt$ l>d p\r$ d[n ! ?roat1 w cure bl9d /agg]s 9 t5 m9utes4 ,abortion ,occurs sometimes1 & is usually caus$ by excessive fright or ex]tion1 & sometimes by sev]e exposure & poor fe$4 ,x is seldom fatal1 except to ! lamb4 ,! ,ut]us ,is occasionally protrud$ aft] lamb+4 ,x %\ld be imm$iately return$1 fir/ wa%+ x 9 w>m milk & wat]1 if any dirt adh]es to x4 ,= ?is1 ! h& only %\ld be us$4 ,aft] rubb+ x ) l>d or oil1 hold up ! h9d legs1 & g5tly replace ! protrud$ p>ts1 !n keep ! ewe quiet till fully recov]$4 ,= ,g>get1 or ,cak$ ,bag4 ,keep ! bag ?or\ghly dra9$ ( milk1 = :i* purpose ! lamb is ! mo/ effici5t4 ,if x is lo/1 ano!r may be tempor>ily sub/itut$4 ,purge freely ) ,epsom salts1 & wa% ! udd] repeat$ly ) v w>m wat]4 ,if matt] =ms1 x %\ld be op5$ ) ! lancet4 ,ble$+4 ,no?+ t5ds s mu* to ! recov]y ( an animal f a disease 9 :i* ble$+ is requir$1 z ! rapid fl[ ( ! blood f a l>ge orifice4 ,little impression c be made on an acute disease by ! sl[ removal ( ev5 a l>ge quantity ( blood1 z ! organs h "t to accommodate !mselves to ! loss1 :i* might1 = any good x w d1 z well be disp5s$ )4 ,ei!r ble$ rapidly1 or n at all4 ,! ne>] ! comm5cem5t ( an ailm5t1 9 :i* y employ ble$+1 ! op]ation is resort$ to1 ! great] ! *ance ( its do+ good4 ,ble$+ by nick+ ! "u surface ( ! tail1 does v well1 :]e no great deal ( blood is requir$1 b x is n to be ?\ght ( if ! ve9s ( ! face or neck c possibly be op5$4 ,^! are to be tak5 9 pref]5ce to a ve9 on ! leg1 z !y are mu* m readily got at4 ,! facial ve9 comm5ces by small bran*es on ! side ( ! face1 & runs d[nw>ds & backw>ds to ! base ( ! jaw1 :]e x may be felt )9 two in*es ( ! angle1 or opposite ! middle gr9d+ too?4 ,x is "h t ! orifice mu/ be made3 ! ?umb ( ! left h& be+ held aga9/ ! ve91 s z to prev5t ! fl[ ( blood t[>ds ! he>t1 w make x rise4 ,"s pref] op5+ ! jugul> ve91 :i* comm5ces beh9d ! eye & runs d[n ! side ( ! neck4 ,?is vessel is1 h[ev]1 m difficult to op5 ?an ! =m]1 be+ bett] cov]$ ) wool1 & n s easily expos$ or made to swell4 ,/r++ is ! mode commonly resort$ to = ?is end2 t is to say1 a cord is drawn tightly r\nd ! neck close to ! %\ld]1 s z to /op ! circulation ?r\gh ! ve91 & r5d] x p]ceptible to ! f+]4 ,a lancet is ! in/rum5t g5]ally us$ 9 ble$+1 ?\gh a well-po9t$ p5knife w d at a p9*4 ,! op5+ mu/ always be made obliquely2 b be=e attempt+ ?is1 ! animal mu/ be secur$1 by plac+ x betwe5 ! op]ator's legs1 ) its cr\p aga9/ a wall4 ,! select$ ve9 is !n fix$ by ! f+]s ( ! op]ator's left h&1 s z to prev5t its roll+ or slipp+ be=e ! lancet4 ,hav+ fairly ent]$ ! ve91 ! po9t ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be elevat$ at ! same "t t x is pu%$ a little =w>d1 by :i* motion x w be lift$ f or cut its way out ( ! ve94 ,a prescrib$ quantity ( blood %\ld nev] be drawn1 = ! simple reason t ?is c nev] be precisely /at$4 ,if ! symptoms are urg5t1 z 9 all likelihood !y w be1 y\r be/ plan is n to /op ! fl[ ( blood till ! animal fall or is ab\t to fall4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 run a p9 ?r\gh ! edges ( ! orifice1 & f9i% by twi/+ r\nd x a lock ( wool4--7,blacklock47 ,l>ge cuts are heal$ ,by fir/ sew+ & !n cov]+ ) salve4 ,small] ones may be secur$ ) an adhesive pla/] or b&age4 ,to protect lambs f wolves & foxes1 ,sme> ! neck pl5tifully ) a mixture ( t> & sulphur4 ,bells are also said to gu>d ! flock1 z bo? are excessively w>y1 & h a great dislike to any ?+ artificial4 ,l>ge dogs w keep !m at bay4 ,a bett] rem$y is to kill ! m>aud]s1 :i* may be done by ins]t+ /ry*n9e 9 fre% meat & leav+ x 9 _! haunts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,horse4 ,9 ne>ly all ages & c\ntries1 ! horse has be5 ! devot$ s]vant1 & ! object ( ! pride & affection ( man4 ,among ! semi-civiliz$ ,t>t>s ( ,middle & ,nor!rn ,asia2 ! aborig9es ( our remote ,we/]n prairies1 rea*+ ev5 beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & _m o!r rude nations1 8 fle% is us$ = food4 ,mo/ ( ! tribes among ! =m] use ! milk = dome/ic purposes1 & especially :5 f]m5t$ & *ang$ to an unpleasantly s\r & intoxicat+ bev]age4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 ) "s slight exceptions1 ! horse is useful only = 8 labor4 ,= ?is purpose he is pre-em95tly fitt$ by 8 compact1 closely-knit frame2 8 s9ewy1 muscul> limbs2 8 easy1 rapid /ride2 8 g5]al =m1 & entire /ructure & habits4 ,he is f\nd 9 8 wild condition 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ,sib]ia1 & ! int]ior ( ,africa2 & = #cjj ye>s he has be5 turn$ loose to foll[ 8 native in/9cts on ! illimitable pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! wide-spread prairies ( ,mexico & ,cali=nia4 ,9 all ^! regions he closely resembles ! m$ium v>ieties ( ! dome/icat$ horse2 b z ! natural result ( 8 fre$om1 he possesses m fire & _s ?an any o!r1 except ! blood-horse4 ,arabia is g5]ally claim$ z ! orig9al native locality ( ! horse1 & z ! only s\rce f :i* he is to be d]iv$ 9 ! requisite p]fection = ! highe/ improvem5t ( ! race4 ,b ,/rabo1 :o wrote m ?an #a1hjj ye>s ago1 ass]ts t ! horse did n !n fl\ri% 9 ,arabia1 & x 0 n till "s c5turies lat] t he atta9$ any decid$ sup]iority !re4 ,great att5tion1 h[ev]1 has be5 paid 9 t c\ntry1 s9ce ! era ( ,mahomet1 to bre$+ a light1 agile1 & endur+ frame2 intellig5ce & tractability ( "*2 & ! p]petuation ( ^! qualities by ! mo/ scrupul\s reg>d = ! purity ( blood4 ,?is is equally true ( ! ,b>b or pure-br$ horse ( ,morocco1 & ^? ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,egypt1 among ! ,turks1 & inde$ :]ev] ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet are to be f\nd4 ,x is unque/ionable1 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/]n blood among ! *oice/ animals ( mod]n ,europe1 has be5 foll[$ by great improvem5ts 9 rac+ /ock4 ,yet x is equally c]ta91 t ! race-horse1 bo? ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has accompli%$ :at has nev] be5 demon/rat$ z )9 ! ability ( _! prog5itors2 & on repeat$ trials ) ! ,ea/]n horses1 he has %[n himself confess$ly _! sup]ior 9 spe$1 /r5g?1 & endurance4 ,9 #ahbe1 two ,engli% horses ran aga9/ ! two fleete/ ,cossacks :i* c\ld be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! entire region ( _! be/ blood1 & 9 a cont9u$ race ( #dg miles1 ! ,european took ! /akes2 ,%>p]1 ! mo/ successful1 p]=m+ ! di/ance 9 #b h\rs & #dh m9utes4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,recruit1 an ,engli% horse ( mod]ate reputation1 easily beat ,pyramus1 ! be/ ,arabian on ! ,b5gal side ( ,india4 ,! ,le$s1 ! ,d>ley1 & ! ,godolph9 ,arabian2 ! ,li/] & ,d',arcey's ,:ite ,turk1 & o!r not$ ,ea/]n horses1 w\ld n comp>e 9 p]=mance ) _m ( _! desc5dants4 ,b ^!1 ) "s o!r *oice ,arabians1 on ! be/ m>es1 & ) e advantage = obta9+ celebrity1 h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a fame z j z x has be5 endur+4 ,yet x mu/ at ! same "t be rememb]$1 t ( ! innum]able o!r pure-br$ horses :i* h be5 tri$ 9 ,europe1 a few only h rescu$ _! names f oblivion4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,ea/]n blood 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 comp>ison ) ! be/ ,engli%1 is decid$ly 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,we h _h "o horse ( unsurpass$ excell5ce1 :i* a =tunate accid5t ?rew ^u our %ores a %ort "t previ\s to #aggj4 ,?is 0 ! :ite ,b>b ,rang]1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,morocco1 z ! *oice ( 8 /ud1 to an ,engli% naval (fic] = "s di/+ui%$ s]vice4 ,on 8 r\te homew>d1 ! animal 0 set on %ore = ex]cise at an int]m$iate port1 :]e 9 8 gambols he broke ?ree ( 8 legs1 & ?9k+ him wor?less1 8 own] gave him to ! comm&] ( a ,new ,engl& m]*antman1 !n pres5t4 ,he 0 readily accept$1 & plac$ 9 sl+s on bo>d ( 8 vessel1 & recov]$4 ,?is animal /ood = _m ye>s1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,connecticut2 & on _! good m>es1 produc$ a num]\s prog5y ( unrivall$ cavalry horses1 :i* r5d]$ invaluable s]vices 9 ! troop comm&$ by t consummate p>tisan1 ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,g5]al7 ,lee1 ( ! ,revolution4 ,x is said ! favorite :ite field-horse ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 ( ! same /ock4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds sold to ,capta9 ,l9dsey1 z a special favor1 & tak51 to ,virg9ia1 :]e he produc$ "s good rac]s4 ,bussorah1 a small sorrel horse1 br\ght into ?is c\ntry 9 #ahai1 f ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 got _m *oice road/]s1 ?\gh no rac]s ( celebrity4 ,! ,n>raganset pac]s1 a race belong+ to our ,nor!rn /ates1 b = _m ye>s almo/ ext9ct1 possess$ = a long "t an unrivall$ reputation = _s1 endurance1 & easy rapid motion "u ! saddle4 ,!y are said to h orig9at$ f a ,spani% horse1 _m ( :i* are pure desc5dants ( ! ,b>b4 ,z an (fset to ^! isolat$ examples ( success 9 ?is c\ntry1 we h num]\s in/ances ( ! importation ( ! be/ ,ori5tals1 :i* h be5 ext5sively us$ on "s ( our sup]ior m>es1 )\t any m>k$ effect4 ,we %all ref] to ?ree prom95t importations only4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( two *oice ,arabians1 or ,b>bs1 select$ 9 ,tunis by ,g5]al ,eaton1 & s5t to 8 e/ate 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! second 0 a pres5t ( f\r *oice ,b>bs1 f ! ,emp]or ( ,morocco to our gov]nm5t1 9 #ahcj2 & ! ?ird consi/$ ( two ,arabians1 s5t by ! ,imaum ( ,muscat1 ne> ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 to our gov]nm5t 9 #ahdj4 ,^! 7 all claim$ to be1 & no d\bt 71 ( ! pure ,ko*lani1 ! unadult]at$ l9e royal2 yet none h e>n$ any di/+ui%$ reputation1 ei!r by _! own p]=mances or ^? ( _! desc5dants4 ,x is to ,engl& we are ma9ly indebt$ = ! great improvem5t 9 our blood1 road1 & f>m horses4 ,a num]\s race ( f9e horses 0 re>$ on t isl&1 long previ\s to its au!ntic hi/ory2 =1 9 8 fir/ invasion ,julius ,caes> took _m ( !m to ,rome1 :]e !y imm$iately became great favorites1 al?\gh %e _h already plund]$ e region ( "s ( _! be/ bre$s4 ,:at might h be5 ! p>ticul> m]it ( ! ,engli% horse at ! "t ( ! ,norman invasion1 is n kn[n1 b x is c]ta9 t ! ,saxon cavalry "u ,h>old 7 spe$ily ov]p[]$ by ,william1 at ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 :i* at once secur$ ! ?rone to ! ,conqu]or4 ,hi/ory fir/ in=ms u ( ! improvem5t ( ,briti% horses1 by importations f abroad dur+ ?is reign1 :i* consi/$ ( a numb] ( ,spani% /allions4 ,^! 7 suppos$ to be /rongly imbu$ ) ! ,arabian blood1 :i* _h be5 br\ght ov] to t c\ntry by ! ,moors1 :o _h f\nd$ ! ,s>ac5ic empire 9 ! ,p59sula1 ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,m ?an a c5tury lat]1 ,john made "s importations f ,fl&]s1 to give weight & sub/ance to _! draught & cavalry horses4 ,! improvem5t ( _! v>i\s bre$s 0 aft]w>ds pursu$1 ) m or less judgm5t & zeal1 by o!r ,briti% mon>*s1 till !y rea*$ _! highe/ excell5ce dur+ ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,fly+ ,*ild]s1 ,eclipse1 ,highfly]1 & o!rs on ! c\rse1 h probably exce$$ 9 spe$ any?+ ev] be=e accompli%$2 :ile ! draught-horse1 ! road/]1 ! hackney1 ! cavalry-horse1 & ! hunt]1 atta9$ a m]it at t "t :i* "s judici\s au?orities claim has n be5 s9ce increas$4 ,x is ev5 ass]t$1 t "s ( ! m s]viceable bre$s h be5 s]i\sly injur$ by too great an infusion ( ! blood2 :ile ! almo/ univ]sal abs5ce ( long heats on ! turf has t5d$ to ! improvem5t ( spe$ r ?an bottom 9 ! race-horse4 ,! improvem5t ( ! horse 9 ?is c\ntry has n be5 a matt] ( record or hi/ory1 till )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,b x has sil5tly1 & ) no little rapidity1 be5 go+ =w>d = m ?an a c5tury1 till we h obta9$ a race ( animals1 ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n & ,middle /ates at lea/1 :i* probably equal ^? ( any o!r c\ntry = adapt$ness to draught1 ! road1 & ! saddle4 ,?is improvem5t has be5 ma9ly br\ght ab\t by ! importation ( "s ( ! be/ & /\te/ ( ! ,engli% blood4 ,9 bre$+ f ^! = purposes ( utility1 p>ticul> ref]5ce has be5 paid to /r5g?1 endur+ness1 & spe$4 ,no horses surpass our be/ f\r-mile bloods2 none equal our trott]s2 & ?\gh mu* inequality exi/s 9 ^? br$ = v>i\s o!r uses1 yet = pr(itable s]vice1 x is believ$1 no equal numb] ( animals else:]e c exce$ ^? 9 ! region above indicat$4 ,x w\ld be a sup]flu\s task to attempt enum]at+ all ! import$ horses t h contribut$ to ?is improvem5t4 ,ea* good animal has done some?+4 ,b among ! e>li] horses :i* may be nam$ ) di/9ction1 z hav+ effect$ mu* = our useful bea/s1 are ,la?1 ,wildair1 ,sl5d]1 ,s\rkr\t1 ,tallyho1 ,figure1 ,bay ,ri*mond1 ,exp$ition1 ,b>onet1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,pre-em95t among ^!1 0 import$ ,mess5g]4 ,he 0 foal$ 9 #aghj1 import$ 9 #aghh1 & di$ 9 #ahjh4 ,he /ood 9 diff]5t places 9 ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 ,dut*ess1 ,we/*e/]1 & ,que5s c\nties 9 ,new ,york2 & ^u ! m>es d]iv$ f ! =ego+ & o!r good horses1 he got a num]\s prog5y ( illu/ri\s desc5dants4 ,( ^! we may "n ^? capital /allions1 ,potomac1 ,haml9tonian1 ,bay ,figure1 ,eng9e]1 ,mambr9o1 ,tippoo ,saib1 ,columbus1 ,gunn's1 & ,bu%e's ,mess5g]1 & _m o!rs1 :i* 7 ext5sively dissem9at$ ov] ! ,nor!rn & ,middle /ates2 & he has ! cr$it ( imp>t+ a l>ge %>e ( 8 m]its to t nonp>eil ( horses1 8 gr&son1 ,am]ican ,eclipse4 ,8 po/]ity 7 s num]\s & widely spread1 t x may be safely ass]t$1 t ( ! be/ horses br$ 9 ! above /ates1 sc>cely "o c n[ be f\nd :i* does n trace "o or m crosses to ?is di/+ui%$ sire4 ,8 success 9 produc+ road/]s1 besides 8 blood qualities ( spe$ & endurance1 consi/$ 9 8 great /r5g?1 & ! peculi> =mation ( 8 limbs1 l>ge =eh& & deep qu>t]s1 9 :i* he excell$ any o!r ( ! import$ bloods4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at may be accompli%$ by judici\s bre$+ ) ! pres5t mat]ials 9 our h&s1 we m5tion "o family ( ! ,am]ican road/]1 :i* is /rongly t9ctur$ ) blood1 & :i* has atta9$ an enviable notoriety among ! *oice/ ( ! ,nor!rn horses4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! ,morgan horse ( ,v]mont1 t 0 foal$ 9 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 9 #agic4 ,he 0 got by ,true ,britton1 suppos$ to h be5 br$ by ,g54 ,delancey ( ,new ,york1 & got by import$ ,wildair1 7or "o ( 8 sons17 a horse ( su* di/+ui%$ excell5ce1 z to h be5 re-export$ to ,engl&1 = ! b5efit ( 8 /ock4 ,! ,morgan horse /ood 9 ,v]mont f #agie till 8 dea?1 at an advanc$ age4 ,f him & ! *oice m>es ( ,v]mont1 desc5d$ _m excell5t colts2 & 8 m]its 7 inh]it$ 9 an em95t degree by ?ree ( 8 sons1 :i* /ood 9 ! same /ate & cont9u$ ! c>e] ( improvem5t comm5c$ by ! sire4 ,! result has be5 ! production ( a family ( road/]s1 ( mu* simil>ity ( appe>ance#c & uni=mity ( "*1 unsurpass$ by any o!rs = s]viceable qualities4 #c ,_m ( ! ,morgan horses h ! /eep rump & heavy brea/ & neck1 :i* indicate a ,norman cross on ! side ( _! dams4 ,^! h be5 l>gely imp>t$ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* horse 9 ! adjo9+ ,canadian settlem5ts1 b none ( ^! are said to h *>act]iz$ ! f\nd] ( ! race4 ,!y are ( m$ium size1 f #aca_/b to #ae h&s high2 ) a well-=m$ head & neck2 high )]s2 deep *e/2 r\nd body2 %ort back2 long qu>t]s2 broad flat legs2 mod]ately small feet2 long wavy mane & tail2 pres5t+ altoge!r ! beau ideal ( ! road horse4 ,!y are spirit$1 docile1 h>dy1 & easily kept4 ,!y h an easy1 rapid trot1 & glide along ) a good load1 )\t clatt] or app>5t ef=t1 at ! rate ( t5 or twelve miles an h\r4 ,?is family ( horses has n ( c\rse be5 br$ long en\gh )9 !mselves1 to h atta9$ to ! em95ce ( a di/9ct bre$4 ,!y are m5tion$1 m]ely z a type ( :at ! s]viceable road/] ought to be1 & :at he may become by ! use ( ! prop] in/rum5ts = bre$+4 ,& if ! mat]ials already 9 our h&s are intellig5tly & p]sev]+ly us$1 we c produce all we require ( horse-fle%4 ,besides our unsurpass$ blood-horses1 we h o!rs d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 & especially f ! diff]5t ,engli% bre$s1 all ( :i* are v>i\sly comp\nd$1 ) ! fir/ & ) ea* o!r4 ,on our nor!a/]n fronti]1 ! ,canadian prevails1 a ba/>d b n deg5]ate race1 made up ( ! ,fr5* ,norman & ! ,engli% or ,am]ican4 ,at ! extreme ,s\? & ,we/1 we h ! horse ( ,spani% orig91 obta9$ 9 8 dome/ic /ate 9 ,florida & ,l\isiana2 & f ano!r bran* ( ! ,spani%1 are desc5d$ ! wild horses ( ,mexico & ! m nor!rn prairies4 ,^! are div]sifi$ 9 "*1 & g5]ally possess m$ium size & m]it4 ,! ,cone/oga1 a heavy road/]1 is pr9cipally re>$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & is us$ = ! team & truck4 ,he is an amalgamation ( sev]al bre$s1 b probably owes a %>e ( 8 "* to ! ,flemi% horse1 = :i* !re 0 a decid$ p>tiality among ! num]\s ,g]man emigrants ( t /ate4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ponies are to be f\nd 9 diff]5t sections1 b pr9cipally among ! ,fr5*1 ! half-bre$1 & ! ,indians ^u ! fronti]s1 :o h br$ a /unt$ race f ! ,canadian or wild-horse1 & su* o!rs z c\ld survive ! h>d usage & scanty w9t] food af=d$ by nature & _! rude husb&ry4 ,_m ( ^! h consid]able beauty & symmetry1 & are fleet1 h>dy1 & spirit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,norman ,horse4 ,! mod]n ,norman1 or mixture ( ! old ,fr5* ,norman draught-horse1 7heavy-fram$1 big-limb$1 b /\t & h>dy17 & ! ,&alusian1 a desc5dant ( ! ,moori% b>bs1 has be5 introduc$ )9 a few ye>s1 & w unque/ionably become a v popul> horse = _m purposes4 ,he exhibits ! qualities ( bo? ance/ry 9 ! prop] proportions = f>m s]vice4 ,he has a ?ick head2 lively1 prick e>s2 %ort1 heavy neck2 l>ge brea/ & %\ld]s2 /rong limbs2 well-knit back2 l>ge qu>t]s1 ) mu* wavy mane1 tail1 & fetlock4 ,l 8 ,fr5* prog5itor1 he frequ5tly /&s l[ 9 ! )]s1 :i* enables him to ?r[ great weight into ! coll>2 & ! dim9i%$1 flatt5$ leg1 ! w9d & game d]iv$ f 8 ,moori% blood1 give him mu* ( ! capacity & endurance ( ! ?or\gh-br$4 ,! ,engli% c>t-horse has = a long "t made up "s ( ! be/1 heavy dray-horses 9 ! c\ntry1 & late importations h refre%$ ! bre$ ) additional *oice specim5s4 ,! ,clevel& bay has be5 introduc$ ( late1 & promises good c>riage-horses f our well-spread1 sizeable m>es4 ,! ,norfolk trott] ,belf\nd] 0 import$ _m ye>s s9ce1 & ) our high-br$ m>es1 has produc$ _m *oice road/]s & trott]s4 ,! rema9d] ( our horse-fle% des]v+ ( any notice1 is *iefly compos$ ( su* z are sup]ior 9 po9t ( blood4 ,! improvem5t 9 ! ,am]ican horse1 f ?is s\rce1 is conspicu\s & decid$4 ,judici\s bre$]s /ill look = qualities 9 ! desc5dants1 :i* !y s\ght = 9 _! import$ sires1 & ! infusion ( "s ( ! /\te/ ( ! blood is rapidly ga9+ an asc5d5cy 9 ! g5]al /ock4 ,our intellig5t agriculturi/s %\ld look to ?is subject closely1 & n p]mit ?is sy/em to proce$ to an ext5t t may be prejudicial to _! value z draught-horses1 z has be5 done 9 "s portions ( ,engl& & our ,s\!rn /ates4 ,!re is no dang] f excess ( blood1 if x be ( ! "r k9d2 b x is seldom f\nd comb9+ t fulness & /\tness1 & t docility & tractabl5ess ( disposition1 :i* are ess5tial to ! gig-horse or ! horse ( all "w4 ,yorke says truly1 t ! road-horse may possess diff]5t degrees ( blood1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry & ! "w requir$ ( him4 ,he might h add$ ) propriety1 & accord+ to ! "* ( ! blood4 ,8 legs w be too sl5d]2 8 feet too small2 8 /ride too long1 & he w r>ely be able to trot4 ,?ree p>ts1 or half1 & = ! horse ( all "w1 ev5 less ?an t1 w make a good & useful animal4 ,= ! saddle only1 ! high-br$1 if n dispos$ to be vici\s1 is nev] objectionable to an ent]pris+ & accompli%$ rid]4 ,8 long ela/ic pa/]ns1 giv+ easy1 flexible motions2 8 quick & almo/ electrical ob$i5ce :5 "u ?or\gh discipl9e2 8 habitual cant] & high _s1 always comm5d him = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,po9ts ( a ,horse4 #a4 ,muzzle4--#b4 ,race4--#c4 ,=ehead4--#d4 ,poll4--#e4 ,cre/4--#f4 ,)]s4--#g4 ,back4--#h4 ,lo9s4--#i4 ,hip4--#aj4 ,cr\p4--#aa4 ,dock4--#ab4 ,qu>t]4--#ac4 ,?igh1 or ,gask94--#ad4 ,ham-/r+4--#ae4 ,po9t ( ! ,hock4--#af4 ,cannon4--#ag4 ,fetlock4--#ah4 ,l>ge ,pa/]n4--#ai4 ,small ,pa/]n4--#bj4 ,ho(4--#ba4 ,coronet4--#bb4 ,ham1 or ,hock4--#bc4 ,%ea?4--#bd4 ,flank4--#be4 ,gir?4--#bf4 ,elb[4--#bg4 ,heel4--#bh4 ,ho(4--#bi4 ,small ,pa/]n4--#cj4 ,l>ge ,pa/]n4--#ca4 ,fetlock4--#cb4 ,cannon4--#cc4 ,knee4--#cd4 ,arm4--#ce4 ,brea/1 or ,bosom4--#cf4 ,po9t ( ! ,%\ld]4--#cg4 ,w9dpipe4--#ch4 ,gullet4--#ci4 ,j[l4 ,"s ( ! prom95t ext]nal po9ts ( a f9e ,saddle or ,gig ,horse1 ,are1 a mod]ately small head1 free f fle%9ess2 f9e muzzle & expansive no/rils2 broad at ! ?roat & wide betwe5 ! eyes1 :i* d5otes intellig5ce & c\rage2 a di%$ face indicates high bre$+1 & sometimes vici\sness2 a convex or ,roman nose frequ5tly betok5s ! rev]se2 ! e>s r long1 yet s f9ely =m$ z to appe> small1 & play+ quickly l ^? ( a de]2 ! eyes cle>1 full1 & confid5t1 ) a /eady =w>d look4 ,glanc+ !m backw>d or askance ) a s9i/] expression1 & ) none or only a slight movem5t ( ! head1 is indicative ( a mis*iev\s temp]4 ,! neck %\ld be h&somely ar*$1 & f9e at ! junction ) ! head1 :ile ! l[] extremity mu/ be full & muscul>1 & well exp&$ at ! brea/ & %\ld]s4 ,! latt] ought to be high & run well back2 ! )]s /rong1 firmly knit1 & smoo?2 ! brea/ nei!r too prom95t nor retreat+1 too wide nor too n>r[1 & support$ by a pair ( /raight =e-legs1 /&+ well ap>t4 ,! *e/ %\ld be deep1 & ! gir? l>ge2 ! body full1 & n drawn up too mu* 9 ! flank2 ! back %ort1 & ! hips ga!r$ well t[>ds ! )]s2 ! lo9s wide & ris+ above ! sp9e2 ! ribs spr++ ne>ly at "r angles f ! back1 giv+ r\ndness to ! body4 ,! hips ought to be long to ! root ( ! tail1 & ! latt] may approa* to ne> ! l9e ( ! back1 :i* is a m>k ( good bre$+4 ,bo? ! ?igh & hock %\ld be l>ge & muscul>2 & betwe5 ! hock or knee & pa/]n1 ! legs %\ld be broad1 flat1 & %ort2 ! h9d legs prop]ly b5t1 & all well plac$ "u ! body2 ! pa/]ns ( mod]ate l5g?1 & /&+ slightly oblique2 ! ho( h>d1 smoo?1 r\nd be=e1 & wide at ! heel2 ! frog l>ge & s\nd2 & ! sole firm & concave4 ,a :ite ho( is g5]ally t5d]1 easy to fracture & to lame1 & difficult to hold a %oe4 ,! draught-horse ought to diff] f ! =ego+1 9 possess+ a heavi] & %ort] neck2 a wid] & /\t] brea/1 & l[ )]s1 s z to ?r[ ! utmo/ weight into ! coll>2 a heavi] body & qu>t]s2 l>g] legs & feet2 & m upright %\ld]s & pa/]ns4 ,consid]ations :i* affect ! ,value ( ! ,horse4 ,! color is n mat]ial1 provid$ x be n pi$ or mealy4 ,no bett] color = horses c be f\nd ?an ! d>k bay or br[n1 ) black mane1 tail1 & legs4 ,b mo/ ( ! o!r colors are frequ5tly f\nd ) ! be/ horses4 ,h>d-m\!d horses1 :5 accompani$ ) great _s1 are objectionable1 z !y require peculi> bitt+ & ! utmo/ vigilance4 ,! paces & action ( a horse are important1 = if good !y give a mu* great] capacity = p]=mance4 ,"s ( ^! dep5d on =m & /ructure1 & are un*angeable2 o!rs are ! result ( break+4 ,all horses %\ld be taught to walk fa/1 z x is _! easie/ & mo/ economical pace1 & x w help !m ov] a great deal ( gr\nd 9 a day1 ev5 ) a heavy load1 & ) comp>atively little ef=t4 ,a horse t /eps %ort & digs 8 toes into ! gr\nd1 is wor?less z a travell]1 & suit$ only to a f]ry-boat or b>k-mill4 ,x is important t a horse be good-temp]$4 ,if incl9$ to vici\sness1 he %\ld be g5tly yet firmly manag$ :5 x is fir/ app>5t4 ,a resort to great sev]ity w be ju/ifi$1 if necess>y to conqu] him2 = if once all[$ to become a habit1 x w be difficult to cure him4 ,grooms & mis*iev\s /able-boys1 frequ5tly d mu* injury by _! idle tricks ) horses2 & :5 detect$1 !y %\ld be dis*>g$ at once4 ,"s horses are n]v\s1 easily excit$1 & />t at e unusual noise or object4 ,o!rs are re/ive & fretful1 & ev] anxi\s to be on ! move4 ,k9dness1 & firm1 yet mild treatm5t1 by :i* _! motions & w are at all times controll$1 & _! confid5ce secur$1 are ! only rem$ies4 ,o!rs are incl9$ to sluggi%ness4 ,^! %\ld h /imulat+ food1 & nev] be ov]load$ or ov]work$1 & !n kept well to _! paces4 ,:atev] !y are capable ( p]=m+1 c be got f !m 9 ?is way only4 ,habit has great influ5ce ) animals1 z ) man2 & :5 )9 ! compass ( 8 ability1 he may be habituat$ to any reasonable physical ex]tion4 ,bre$+4 ,agreeably to ! g5]al pr9ciples be=e enum]at$1 su* animals %\ld be select$1 z mo/ em95tly possess ^? po9ts :i* x is desir$ to propagate1 & ^!1 !y %\ld n only exhibit 9 !mselves1 b %\ld inh]it z f> z possible1 f a long l9e ( ance/ry4 ,= ! p]petuation ( p>ticul> po9ts 9 prog5y1 x w\ld be saf] to rely on ! latt] quality ?an ! =m]4 ,! selection ( a m>e1 relatively l>g] ?an ! horse1 is an important rule 9 bre$+1 & x is believ$ t mu* ( ! success ( ,arabian & o!r ,ea/]n horses z /ock-gett]s1 has result$ f ! application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y possess valuable traits1 b cond5s$ )9 too small a compass4 ,:5 su* an animal is put to a well-br$1 l>g] m>e1 ! foetus has abundance ( room & n\ri%m5t to develop & p]fect ! circumscrib$ outl9es ( ! male p>5t1 & acquire = itself increas$ volume & "*4 ,! horse ought n to be less ?an f\r or five1 & ! m>e "o ye> old]1 be=e be+ put to bre$+4 ,x w\ld be /ill bett] to def] x = two or ?ree ye>s1 or till ! frame is fully matur$4 ,! ,ge/ation ( ! ,m>e ,sometimes v>ies f #dd to #ef weeks1 b %e usually goes ) "y f #dg to #ej2 & x is advisable %e %\ld take ! horse at a "t :i* w ensure ! foal+ :5 ! wea!r is settl$1 & !re is a fre% gr[? ( grass4 ,%e w be ! bett] = light work+ till ne> ! "t ( foal+1 if well1 b n too abundantly f$4 ,9 a few days aft] ?is1 %e may resume mod]ate labor2 & if n 9 ! way or tr\blesome1 ! foal may run ) h]2 b if %e is expos$ to heat+1 x %\ld be conf9$ till %e cools1 z suckl+ !n is decid$ly injuri\s to x4 ,! m>e is 9 dang] ( sl9k+ h] foal f bl[s & ov]-ex]tion1 ! use ( smutty gra91 f\l hay1 or (f5sive objects or smell2 & :5 ?is has once occurr$1 :i* happ5s usually 9 ! f\r? or fif? mon?1 %e %\ld aft]w>ds be g5]\sly f$ at t p]iod1 & only mod]ately work$1 to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! casualty4 ,:5 liable to sl9k+1 ! m>e %\ld be remov$ f o!rs 9 foal1 le/ a peculi> sympa?y %\ld excite an epidemic4 ,! ,m>e comes 9 ,heat ,f n9e to elev5 days aft] foal+1 :5 %e %\ld be put to ! horse1 if x be desirable to h a colt ! foll[+ season4 ,%e comes r\nd at int]vals ( ab\t n9e days4 ,managem5t ( ! ,colt4 ,! colt may be wean$ :5 five to sev5 mon?s old2 & prep>atory to ?is1 :ile ) ! m>e1 may be taught to fe$ on f9e hay1 meal1 or oats4 ,:5 tak5 away1 he %\ld be conf9$ beyond a he>+ di/ance ( ! dam1 & pl5tifully suppli$ ) r[5 or aft]ma? hay1 cru%$ oats1 or :eat %orts4 ,x is economy to provide a w>m %elt] ?r\gh ! inclem5t season = all animals1 & especially = colts1 :i*1 ) all o!r "y1 %\ld h an abundance ( nutriti\s food4 ,!y w ?us gr[ ev5ly & rapidly1 & atta9 a size & /am9a at two ye>s old1 !y w\ld n o!rwise h acquir$ at ?ree4 ,ca/rat+4 ,! colt %\ld be alt]$ at ab\t "o ye>1 b if ?9 9 ! neck & light be=e1 ! op]ation may be def]r$ to su* "t z ! requisite developm5t is secur$4 ,few ( ! ,fr5* dilig5ce & f>m horses1 & sc>cely any ( ! ,ori5tal1 are ev] ca/rat$4 ,!y are ?\ght to be m h>dy & endur+2 b ! slight advantage !y may possibly possess 9 ?is respect1 w\ld h>dly comp5sate = ! tr\ble & inconv5i5ce too frequ5tly aris+ f _! managem5t4 ,! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ late 9 ! spr+ or e>ly 9 autumn1 :ile ! wea!r is mild4 ,if 9 high condition1 ! animal mu/ fir/ be bl$ & physick$4 ,if l>ge & fracti\s1 he mu/ be ca/4 ,"s back him into ! angle ( a worm f5ce1 :]e he is firmly held by ! head ) a bridle1 & ! op]ator accompli%es ! object )\t any tr\ble or mat]ial re/iv5ess f ! animal :ile /&+4 ,! scrotum %\ld be op5$ on bo? sides1 & ! te/icles cut1 or r ! cord scrap$ (f1 :i* prev5ts mu* ble$+4 ,! w\nd may be dress$ ) a little l>d2 !n turn him loose 9 a pa/ure :i* has a %elt] f sun1 w9d1 or ra94 ,ano!r me?od ( ca/rat+ is by torsion1 or twi/+4 ,dock+ ,is practis$ by _m1 b m]ely to gratify an absurd & cruel caprice1 )\t a s+le advantage1 & ! animal is bett] 9 e respect ) ! tail unmutilat$4 ,if done at all1 x %\ld be :5 "y1 & ) a s+le /roke ( ! knife1 or *isel & mallet2 & if ! wea!r be favorable1 no fur!r att5tion is necess>y4 ,nick+4 ,?is inhuman cu/om is n[ gett+ unfa%ionable1 & we omit any description ( x4 ,break+4 ,:ile fe$+ 9 ! /able1 ! colt %\ld be g5tly treat$1 & accu/om$ to ! halt] & bit1 :i* prep>es him = break+4 ,if p]mitt$ to run ) ! o!rs :ile at "w1 he becomes famili>iz$ to x1 & :5 h>ness$ by ! side ( "s ( 8 well-tra9$ mates1 he seems to consid] 8 discipl9e r a privilege ?an a task4 ,! colt may be tak5 9 h& = break+ at ?ree ye>s ( age1 & ?or\ghly brok5 to light "w at f\r1 b %\ld n be put to h>d s]vice till six or eight4 ,a due reg>d to humanity & s\nd judgm5t1 9 ?us limit+ ! burd5 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 w\ld save mu* disease & suff]+ to ! animal1 & pr(it to ! own]1 by 8 unimpair$ /r5g? & prolong$ life4 ,! annual loss f neglect+ ?is precaution is enorm\s1 :i* might be entirely avoid$ by less eag]ness to grasp ! sub/ance1 :ile z yet ! %ad[ only is )9 rea*4 ,_m animals are ?us brok5 d[n at twelve1 & are 9 _! dotage at fifte51 :ile o!rs ( good con/itution1 if well treat$1 p]=m h>d s]vice till ?irty4 ,longevity ( ! ,horse4 ,mr4 ,p]cival m5tions "o t di$ at #fb4 ,mr4 ,mauran1 ( ,new ,york1 has a f9e gig & saddle horse1 n[ 9 8 #de? ye>1 s\nd1 spirit$1 & playful z a kitt54 ,he is ( a d>k br[n1 ) a tann$ nose4 ,we nev] yet saw a horse ) a buff or be> muzzle1 t _h n great endurance4 ,am]ican ,eclipse 0 successfully cov]+ m>es 9 ,k5tucky at ! age ( #cb1 ! result ( late & light s]vice till 8 s9ews became fully matur$4 ,we h frequ5tly se5 a l>ge1 compact1 flea-bitt5 horse at "w1 dragg+ a heavy load 9 a s+le c>t1 :i* 0 =m]ly us$ z "o ( ,gov]nor ,maitl&'s coa*-horses1 & ?\gh upw>ds ( #cj1 he 0 app>5tly z s\nd & vigor\s z an ov]task$ colt ( sev5 or eight4 ,fe$+4 ,! vigor & duration ( ! horse dep5d mu* on prop] fe$+4 ,l ! c[ & %eep1 he may be made to subsi/ on animal food1 fi%1 & almo/ e species ( nutriti\s vegetable4 ,b 8 natural & prop] alim5t is ! grasses1 gra91 & roots4 ,9 ! middle & nor!rn sections ( ?is c\ntry1 8 dry =age is almo/ inv>iably good mead[-hay1 g5]ally timo?y1 :i* is ! ri*e/ ( ! cultivat$ grasses4 ,at ! ,s\?1 ?is is (t5 suppli$ by ! blades ( ,indian corn4 ,b 9 all ! /ates1 a great v>iety ( ! grasses & clov] are us$4 ,:5 put to h>d labor1 gra9 ought always to accompany hay 9 "s =m4 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra91 oats are peculi>ly ! horse's food1 & !y are always safe1 dige/ible1 & nutritive4 ,b>ley is ! be/ sub/itute = x4 ,:eat & ,indian corn are sometimes giv51 b bo? are unsuitable2 ! fir/ is too conc5trat$1 & ! la/ too heat+4 ,!y ought to be sp>+ly us$1 & only :5 gr\nd & mix$ ) *aff4 ,! (fal ( :eat is nev] objectionable4 ,gra9 is always m advantage\sly f$ :5 gr\nd or cru%$1 & wet "s "t previ\s to eat+2 & x is /ill bett] :5 cook$4 ,on bo? sides ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 9 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,italy1 mu* ( ! food is giv5 9 small bak$ cakes1 & ! sav+ 9 ?is way is mu* great] ?an ! exp5se ( prep>+ x4 ,:5 conf9$ to dry food1 roots or apples f$ once a day are always b5eficial4 ,!y keep ! b[els op51 ! appetite & g5]al heal? good1 & contribute l>gely to ! nutrim5t ( ! animal4 ,c>rots are ! be/ ( ! roots1 z besides giv+ muscle & work+ p[]1 !y1 m ?an any o!r1 improve ! w9d & prev5t all t5d5cy to heaves4 ,!y h ev5 be5 f\nd effectual 9 remov+ an ob/9ate c\gh4 ,by _m ( ! keep]s ( liv]y /ables1 !y are always us$1 = :i* purpose !y comm& ! same price z oats4 ,potatoes1 p>snips1 beets1 & ,sw$es turnips1 9 ! ord] m5tion$1 are next to be pref]r$4 ,potatoes are improv$ by cook+4 ,mixtures ( food are be/1 z ( cut hay1 meal1 & roots4 ,old horses1 or su* z are put to h>d labor1 w d mu* bett] if _! food be giv5 9 ! =m easie/ ( dige/ion4 ,no inconsid]able "p ( ! vital p[] is exhau/$ by ! dige/ion ( dry1 raw food4 ,horses ought to be f$1 & if possible1 ex]cis$ or work$ regul>ly1 b nev] on a full /oma*4 ,?is is a frequ5t cause ( disease1 & especially ( brok5 w9d4 ,if _! food is giv5 at ! prop] "t1 & ! horse be all[$ to f9i% x at once1 )\t expect+ m1 he w lie d[n quietly & dige/ x4 ,?is w be mu* m refre%+ to him1 ?an to /& at ! rack or tr\gh1 nibbl+ cont9ually at 8 hay or oats4 ,:at rema9s aft] he has done fe$+1 %\ld be at once )drawn4 ,!y %\ld h wat] 9 summ] ?ree times1 & 9 w9t] twice a day4 ,s(t or runn+ wat] is mu* ! be/4 ,:ile work+1 & !y are n too w>m1 !y may h x z (t5 z !y desire4 ,nei!r %\ld !y be f$ :5 heat$1 z ! /oma* is !n fatigu$ & slightly inflam$1 & is n prep>$ = dige/ion till ! animal is aga9 cool4 ,salt %\ld always be )9 rea*1 & we h f\nd an occasional h&ful ( clean wood-a%es1 a prev5tive ( disease & an assi/ance to ! b[els & appetite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,skeleton ( a ,horse4 ,a ,! ,head4--a ,! po/]ior maxill>y or "u jaw4--b ,! sup]ior maxill>y or upp] jaw4 ,a little l[] d[n ?an ! lett] is a =am51 ?r\gh :i* pass ! n]ves & blood-vessels :i* *iefly supply ! l[] "p ( ! face4--c ,! orbit1 or cavity conta9+ ! eye4--d ,! nasal bones1 or bones ( ! nose4--e ,! suture divid+ ! p>ietal bones bel[ f ! occipital bones above4--f ,! inf]ior maxill>y bone1 conta9+ ! upp] incisor tee?4--,b ,! ,sev5 ,c]vical ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! neck4--,c ,! ,eighte5 ,dorsal ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! back4--,d ,! ,six ,lumb> ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! lo9s4--,e ,! ,five ,sacral ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! haun*4--,f ,! ,caudal ,v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! tail1 g5]ally ab\t fifte54--,g ,! ,scapula1 or %\ld]-blade4--,h ,! ,/]num1 or =e-"p ( ! *e/4--,i ,! ,co/ae or ribs1 sev5 or eight articulat+ ) ! /]num1 & call$ ! true ribs2 & t5 or elev5 unit$ toge!r by c>tilage1 call$ ! false ribs4--,j ,! ,hum]us1 or upp] bone ( ! arm4--,k ,! ,radius1 or upp] bone ( ! arm4--,l ,! ,ulna1 or elb[4 ,! po9t ( ! elb[ is call$ ! ,olecranon4--,m ,! ,c>pus1 or knee1 consi/+ ( sev5 bones4--,n ,! metac>pal bones4 ,! l>g] metac>pal or cannon or %ank 9 front1 & ! small] metac>pal or spl9t bone beh9d4--g ,! =e pa/]n & foot1 consi/+ ( ! ,os ,suffrag9is1 or ! upp] & l>g] pa/]n bone1 ) ! sesamoid bones beh9d1 articulat+ ) ! cannon & great] pa/]n2 ! ,os ,coronae1 or less] pa/]n2 ! ,os ,p$is1 or c(f9-bone2 & ! ,os ,navicul>e1 or navicul>1 or %uttle-bone1 n se51 & articulat+ ) ! small] pa/]n & c(f9-bones4--h ,! correspond+ bones ( ! h9d-feet4--,o ,! ,haun*1 consi/+ ( ?ree portions3 ! ,ilium1 ! ,is*ium1 & ! ,pubis4--,p ,! ,femur1 or ?igh4--,q ,! /ifle jo9t ) ! ,patella4--,r ,! ,tibia1 or prop] leg bone2 beh9d is a small bone call$ ! fibula--,s ,! ,t>sus1 or hock1 compos$ ( six bones4 ,! prom95t "p is ! ,os ,calcis1 or po9t ( ! ,hock4--,t ,! ,metat>sals ( ! h9d leg4 ,,diseases4 ,! li/ is long & fe>ful1 & ev5 ! brief "o subjo9$1 w be f\nd suffici5tly great to inculcate ! utmo/ caution 9 _! managem5t4 ,! horse 9 8 natural condition is subject to few ailm5ts4 ,x is only 9 8 int5sely artificial /ate1 & :5 made ! slave ( man1 t he becomes a prey to disease 9 almo/ e %ape4 ,a c>eful & judici\s att5tion to 8 diet1 wat]1 ex]cise1 /able1 & g5]al managem5t1 w prev5t _m ( ^? to :i* he is subject4 ,gl&]s4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ al>m+4 ,! fir/ & mo/ m>k$ symptom is a dis*>ge f ! no/rils ( a peculi> "*4 ,! disease produces inflammation !re & 9 ! w9dpipe1 & 9 aggravat$ cases passes d[n to ! lungs1 :i* are soon de/roy$4 ,x is propagat$ by contagion1 by exposure 9 humid /ables1 & is induc$ by h]$it>y indisposition & great exhau/ion4 ,y\att says1 !re is n a disease :i* may n lay ! f\ndation = gl&]s4 ,! poison resides 9 ! nasal dis*>ge1 n 9 ! brea?4 ,:5 expos$ to x1 ! mang]s %\ld be ?or\ghly scrap$1 wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) *loride ( lime4 ,all ! clo?+ & h>ness1 :i* may h receiv$ any ( ! contagi\s matt]1 mu/ be ?or\ghly cleans$ & bak$4 ,! be/ prev5tives are dry1 clean1 & well-v5tilat$ /ables1 prop] ex]cise1 gre5 food 9 summ]1 & roots 9 w9t]4 ,! disease may be arre/$ 9 its e>ly /ages1 by turn+ ! animal on a dry pa/ure1 b x is liable to return on subsequ5t conf9em5t4 ,iod9e has lately be5 ann\nc$ z a rem$y1 b ( ! c]ta9ty ( its effects1 we are n aw>e4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ incurable1 & :5 ?or\ghly seat$1 x may be deem$ an act bo? ( humanity & economy to t]m9ate ! exi/5ce ( its victim at once4 ,?is c\rse becomes a duty1 f ! fact t _m grooms1 by _! att5dance on gl&]$ horses1 h be5 affect$1 & ?\gh ! disease is1 9 _! case1 m manageable1 yet x is frequ5tly fatal4 ,f>cy4 ,?is is intimately connect$ ) gl&]s1 & ! diseases frequ5tly run into ea* o!r4 ,lampas4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! swell+ ( ! b>s ( ! m\? to a level or ev5 above ! tee?4 ,x may occur f inflammation ( ! gums2 %$d+ ( ! tee?2 a febrile t5d5cy1 & f ov]-fe$+ or want ( ex]cise4 ,x w g5]ally subside by l[ diet+ & prop] ex]cise2 or x may be at once reliev$ by lanc+ ! b>s ) a %>p p5knife4 ,poll-evil4 ,?is arises f "s contusion or injury to ! head1 :i* produces a swell+ t ev5tually suppurates4 ,! inflammation may be abat$1 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 by a bli/]2 & 9 its lat]1 by ble$+1 physic1 & cold lotions appli$ to ! "p4 ,if ^! are ineffectual1 & ! swell+ cont9ues1 x %\ld be ha/5$ by p\ltices1 & w>m1 /imulat+ lotions2 & :5 fully =m$1 ! tumor mu/ be op5$1 s z to p]mit all ! matt] to run out4 ,repeat$ applications ( salt w sometimes cure x4 ,heaves4 ,all ^? affections1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,engli% vet]9>y works z pneumonia or inflammation ( ! lungs1 *ronic c\gh1 ?ick & brok5 w9d1 consumption1 c41 are popul>ly designat$ z heaves4 ,to "s or all ( ^! ! horse may h an h]$it>y or con/itutional t5d5cy4 ,_! incipi5t /ages are also induc$ by a sudd5 transition f heat to cold1 & sometimes f cold to close & hot /ables2 & by a *illy w9d or damp /ables1 especially aft] sev]e ex]cise4 ,fe$+ on mu/y1 dry hay1 or on /raw1 w produce an irritation :i* may lead to heaves4 ,inflammation ( ! lungs is frequ5tly dang]\s1 & requires ! imm$iate & full use ( ! lancet4 ,aft] ! inflammation is decid$ly allay$1 by copi\s ble$+1 small doses ( aloes may be giv51 & frequ5t injections ( w>m soap & wat]1 :i* %\ld be omitt$ ! mom5t ! feces become s(t & approa*+ to ! fluid /ate4 ,bli/]+ ! sides & brisket1 to be (t5 repeat$ if o!rwise ineffectual1 mu/ be resort$ to4 ,convalesc5ce %\ld be foll[$ ) s$ative m$ic9es1 & dur+ all ! sev]e /ages ( ! disease1 )hold all food1 except light gruels aft] protract$ ab/95ce4 ,z heal? returns1 put ! animal out to grass4 ,inflammation ( ! lungs is sometimes succe$$ by a *ronic c\gh1 & ! o!r maladies enum]at$4 ,:5 firmly seat$1 x is incapable ( removal4 ,its effects c be alleviat$1 & ) suitable food & treatm5t1 ! horse may be made to d mu* mod]ate labor = _m ye>s1 b he c nev] become s\nd or su/a9 great ex]tion4 ,equal & prop] temp]ature1 moi/1 /imulat+ food1 & especially c>rots or potatoes1 & mod]ate ex]cise1 7b nev] on a full /oma*17 & dry1 clean /ables1 are all ! rem$ies t c be prescrib$4 ,cat>rh or ,horse ,di/emp]4 ,?is sometimes attacks ! horse 9 ! spr+ or fall1 & is %[n by sor5ess & swell+ 9 ! gl&s ( ! ?roat1 a c\gh2 difficulty ( swall[+2 dis*>g+ at ! nose2 & g5]al pro/ration4 ,x is seldom fatal1 if prop]ly manag$4 ,give light bran-ma%es1 purge ?or\ghly1 & keep w>m4 ,if he is viol5tly attack$1 he may be bl$ :ile fev] exi/s2 & bli/]s or setons may be appli$1 to r$uce ! swell+1 if extreme4 ,! disease is contagi\s1 & ! animal %\ld be at once plac$ :]e he _c communicate x4 ,spasmodic ,colic4 ,symptoms4--,! attack ( colic is usually v sudd54 ,!re is (t5 n ! slighte/ w>n+4 ,! horse beg9s to %ift 8 po/ure1 look r\nd at 8 flanks1 paw viol5tly1 /rike 8 belly ) 8 feet1 & cr\* 9 a peculi> mann]1 advanc+ 8 h9d limbs "u him2 he w !n sudd5ly lie1 or r fall d[n1 & balance himself ^u 8 back1 ) 8 feet re/+ on 8 belly4 ,! pa9 n[ seems to cease = a little :ile1 & he gets up & %akes himself1 & beg9s to fe$2 ! respite1 h[ev]1 is b %ort--! spasm returns m viol5tly--e indication ( pa9 is increas$--he heaves at ! flanks1 breaks out into a pr(use p]spiration1 & ?r[s himself m recklessly ab\t4 ,9 ! space ( an h\r or two1 ei!r ! spasms beg9 to relax1 & ! remissions are ( long] duration1 or ! torture is augm5t$ at e p>oxysm2 ! int]vals ( ease are few] & less m>k$1 & inflammation & dea? sup]v5e4 ,! pulse is b little affect$ at ! comm5cem5t1 b x soon becomes frequ5t & contract$1 & at l5g? is sc>cely tangible4 ,among ! causes ( colic are1 ! dr9k+ ( cold wat] :5 ! horse is heat$4 ,!re is n a sur] orig9 ( viol5t spasm ?an ?is4 ,h>d wat] is v apt to produce ?is effect4 ,colic w sometimes foll[ ! exposure ( a horse to ! cold air or a cold w9d aft] /rong ex]cise4 ,gre5 food1 al?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 mo/ b5eficial to ! horse1 yet1 giv5 9 too l>ge a quantity1 or :5 he is hot1 w frequ5tly produce gripes4 ,doses ( aloes1 bo? l>ge & small1 are n unfrequ5t causes ( colic4 ,9 "s horses !re seems to be a con/itutional pr$isposition to colic4 ,!y _c be h>dly work$1 or expos$ to unusual cold1 )\t a fit ( x4 ,9 _m cases1 :5 ^! horses h di$1 calculi h be5 f\nd 9 "s "p ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,habitual co/iv5ess & ! pres5ce ( calculi1 are frequ5t causes ( spasmodic colic4 ,! seat ( colic is occasionally ! duod5um1 b (t5] ! ileum or ! jejunum2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 bo? ! caecum & colon are affect$4 ,=tunately1 we are acqua9t$ ) sev]al m$ic9es t allay ^! spasms2 & ! disease (t5 ceases z sudd5ly z x appe>$4 ,rem$ies4--,turp5t9e is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful rem$ies1 especially 9 union ) opium1 & 9 good w>m ale4 ,a solution ( aloes w be advantage\sly add$ to ! turp5t9e & opium4 ,if relief is n obta9$ 9 half an h\r1 x w be prud5t to ble$1 = ! cont9uance ( viol5t spasm may produce inflammation4 ,"s practition]s ble$ at fir/1 & x is f> f bad practice2 = al?\gh ! majority ( cases w yield to turp5t9e1 opium1 & aloes1 an e>ly ble$+ may occasionally prev5t ! recurr5ce ( inflammation1 or at lea/ mitigate x4 ,if x is cle>ly a case ( colic1 half ( ! fir/ dose may be repeat$1 ) aloes dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,! /imulus produc$ on ! inn] surface ( ! b[els by ! purgative1 may c\nt]act ! irritation t caus$ ! spasm4 ,! belly %\ld be well rubb$ ) a bru% or w>m clo?1 b n bruis$ & injur$ by ! broom-h&le rubb$ ov] x1 ) all _! /r5g?1 by two great fell[s4 ,! horse %\ld be walk$ ab\t or trott$ mod]ately4 ,! motion ?us produc$ 9 ! b[els1 & ! friction ( "o inte/9e ov] ! o!r1 may relax ! spasm1 b ! ha/y gallop might spe$ily cause inflammation to succe$ to colic4 ,cly/]s ( w>m wat]1 or conta9+ a solution ( aloes1 %\ld be inject$4 ,! pat5t syr+e w "h be exce$+ly useful4 ,a cly/] ( tobacco-smoke may be ?r[n up z a la/ resort4 ,:5 relief has be5 obta9$1 ! clo?+ ( ! horse1 saturat$ ) p]spiration1 %\ld be remov$1 & fre% & dry clo!s sub/itut$4 ,he %\ld be well litt]$ d[n 9 a w>m /able or box1 & h bran ma%es & lukew>m wat] = ! two or ?ree next days4 ,"s p]sons give g91 or g9 & pepp]1 or ev5 _s ( pim5to1 9 cases ( gripes4 ,?is c\rse ( proce$+ is1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly objectionable4 ,x may be useful1 or ev5 suffici5t1 9 ord9>y cases ( colic2 b if !re %\ld be any inflammation1 or t5d5cy to inflammation1 x _c fail to be highly injuri\s4 ,flatul5t ,colic4 ,?is is altoge!r a diff]5t disease f ! =m]4 ,x is n spasm ( ! b[els1 b inflation ( !m1 f ! pres5ce ( gas emitt$ by undige/$ food4 ,:e!r collect$ 9 ! /oma*1 or small or l>ge inte/9es1 all k9ds ( vegetable matt] are liable to f]m5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is f]m5tation gas is evolv$ to a great] or less ext5t--p]haps to tw5ty or ?irty times ! bulk ( ! food4 ,?is may take place 9 ! /oma*2 & if s1 ! life ( ! horse is 9 imm$iate dang]1 = ! animal has no p[] to expel ?is dang]\s flatus by eructation4 ,! symptoms1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,/ew>t1 are1 ,! horse sudd5ly slack5+ 8 pace1 prep>+ to lie d[n1 or fall+ d[n1 z if he 7 %ot4 ,9 ! /able he paws ! gr\nd ) 8 =e-feet1 lies d[n1 rolls1 />ts up all at once1 & ?r[s himself d[n aga9 ) great viol5ce1 look+ wi/fully at 8 flanks1 & mak+ _m fruitless attempts to void 8 ur9e4 ,! treatm5t is consid]ably diff]5t f t ( spasmodic colic4 ,! _s ( pim5to w\ld be "h all[$1 or ! turp5t9e & opium dr9k2 b if ! pa91 & especially ! swell+1 d n abate1 ! gas1 :i* is ! cause ( x1 mu/ be got rid (1 or ! animal is inevitably lo/4 ,?is is usually1 or almo/ inv>iably1 a comb9ation ( hydrog5 ) "s o!r gas4 ,x has a /rong aff9ity = *lor9e4 ,!n if "s comp\nd ( *lor9e--! *loride ( lime--dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is adm9i/]$ 9 ! =m ( a dr9k1 ! *lor9e sep>ates f ! lime z soon z x comes 9 contact ) ! hydrog51 & muriatic gas is =m$4 ,?is gas1 hav+ a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 is absorb$ by any fluid t may be pres5t1 &1 quitt+ its gase\s =m1 ei!r disappe>s1 or does n reta9 a ?\s&? "p ( its =m] bulk4 ,all ?is may be v rapidly accompli%$1 = ! fluid is quickly convey$ f ! m\? to e "p ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,:]e ^! two m$ic9es are n at h&1 & ! dang] is imm95t1 ! tro*> may be us$1 9 ord] to op5 a way = ! escape ( ! gas4 ,! tro*> %\ld be small1 b long] ?an t :i* is us$ = ! c[1 & ! puncture %\ld be made 9 ! middle ( ! "r flank1 = !re ! l>ge inte/9es are mo/ easily rea*$4 ,x is only :5 ! practition] despairs ( o!rwise sav+ ! life ( ! animal1 t ?is op]ation %\ld be attempt$4 ,mu* ( ! dang] w\ld be avoid$ by us+ a v small tro*>1 & by )draw+ x z soon z ! gas has escap$4 ,! w\nd 9 ! inte/9es w !n probably close1 f ! innate ela/icity ( ! p>ts4 ,inflammation ( ! ,b[els4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is malady4 ,! fir/ is inflammation ( ! ext]nal coats ( ! inte/9es1 accompani$ by consid]able fev]1 & usually co/iv5ess4 ,! second is t ( ! int]nal or muc\s coat1 & almo/ inv>iably connect$ ) purg+4 ,! muscul> coat is t :i* is (t5e/ affect$4 ,inflammation ( ! ext]nal coats ( ! /oma*1 :e!r ! p]itoneal or muscul>1 or bo?1 is a v frequ5t & fatal disease4 ,x spe$ily runs its c\rse1 & x is ( great consequ5ce t its e>ly symptoms %\ld be kn[n4 ,symptoms4--,if ! horse has be5 c>efully obs]v$1 re/lessness & fev] w h be5 se5 to prec$e ! attack4 ,9 _m cases a direct %iv]+ fit w occur2 ! m\? w be hot1 & ! nose r$4 ,! animal w soon express ! mo/ dreadful pa9 by paw+1 /rik+ at 8 belly1 look+ wildly at 8 flanks1 groan+1 & roll+4 ,! pulse w be quick5$ & small2 ! e>s & legs cold2 ! belly t5d]1 & sometimes hot2 ! brea?+ quick5$2 ! b[els co/ive2 & ! animal becom+ rapidly & fe>fully weak4 ,! causes ( ?is disease are1 fir/ ( all & mo/ frequ5tly1 sudd5 exposure to cold4 ,if a horse t has be5 highly f$1 c>efully groom$1 & kept 9 a w>m /able1 is heat$ ) ex]cise1 & has be5 dur+ "s h\rs )\t food1 & 9 ?is /ate ( exhau/ion is suff]$ to dr9k freely ( cold wat]1 or is dr5*$ ) ra91 or h 8 legs & belly wa%$ ) cold wat]1 an attack ( inflammation ( ! b[els w (t5 foll[4 ,an ov]f$ horse1 subject$ to sev]e & long-cont9u$ ex]tion1 if 8 lungs 7 previ\sly weak1 w probably be attack$ by inflammation ( !m2 b if ! lungs 7 s\nd1 ! b[els w on ! foll[+ day be ! seat ( disease4 ,/ones 9 ! inte/9es are an occasional cause ( inflammation1 & colic neglect$ or wrongly treat$ w t]m9ate 9 x4 ,rem$ies4--,! treatm5t ( inflammation ( ! b[els1 l t ( ! lungs1 %\ld be prompt & en]getic4 ,! fir/ & mo/ p[]ful means ( cure w be ble$+4 ,f six to eight or t5 qu>ts ( blood1 9 fact z mu* z ! horse c be>1 %\ld be ab/ract$ z soon z possible2 & ! ble$+ repeat$ to ! ext5t ( f\r or five qu>ts m1 if ! pa9 is n reliev$ & ! pulse has n become r\nd] & full]4 ,! spe$y weakness t accompanies ?is disease1 %\ld n det] f ble$+ l>gely4 ,t weakness is ! consequ5ce ( viol5t inflammation ( ^! p>ts2 & if t inflammation is subdu$ by ! loss ( blood1 ! weakness w disappe>4 ,! ble$+ %\ld be effect$ on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! disease1 = !re is no malady t m quickly runs its c\rse4 ,a /rong solution ( aloes %\ld imm$iately foll[ ! ble$+1 b1 consid]+ ! irritable /ate ( ! inte/9es at ?is p]iod1 gu>d$ by opium4 ,?is %\ld be quickly foll[$ by back-rak+1 & injections consi/+ ( w>m wat]1 or v ?9 gruel1 9 :i* ,epsom salts or aloes h be5 dissolv$2 & too mu* fluid c sc>cely be ?r[n up4 ,! horse %\ld likewise be enc\rag$ to dr9k pl5tifully ( w>m wat] or ?9 gruel2 & draughts1 ea* conta9+ a c\ple ( dra*ms ( dissolv$ aloes1 ) a little opium1 %\ld be giv5 e six h\rs1 until ! b[els are freely op5$4 ,x w n[ be prud5t to endeavor to excite consid]able ext]nal inflammation1 z ne> z possible to ! seat ( int]nal disease1 & !re=e ! :ole ( ! belly %\ld be bli/]$4 ,9 a well-m>k$ case ( ?is disease1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 apply+ fom5tations1 b ! bli/] at once resort$ to4 ,! t9cture ( ,spani% flies1 :e!r made ) spirits ( w9e or turp5t9e1 %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ 94 ,! legs %\ld be well b&ag$1 9 ord] to re/ore ! circulation 9 !m1 & ?us less5 ! fl[ ( blood to ! inflam$ "p2 &1 = ! same reason1 ! horse %\ld be w>mly clo!d1 b ! air ( ! /able or box %\ld be cool4 ,no gra9 or hay %\ld be all[$ dur+ ! disease1 b bran ma%es1 & gre5 food if x c be procur$4 ,! latt] w be ! be/1 & may be giv5 )\t ! slighte/ appreh5sion ( dang]4 ,:5 ! horse beg9s to recov]1 a h&ful ( gra9 may be giv5 two or ?ree times 9 ! day2 &1 if ! wea!r is w>m1 he may be turn$ into a paddock = a few h\rs 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,cly/]s ( gruel %\ld be cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r days aft] ! inflammation is beg9n+ to subside1 & good h&-rubb+ appli$ to ! legs4 ,! second v>iety ( ,inflammation ( ! ,b[els ,affects ! int]nal or muc\s coat1 & is g5]ally ! consequ5ce ( physic 9 too great quantity1 or ( an improp] k9d4 ,! purg+ is m viol5t & cont9ues long] ?an 0 int5d$2 ! animal %[s t he is suff]+ great pa92 he frequ5tly looks r\nd at 8 flanks2 8 brea?+ is labori\s1 & ! pulse is quick & small1 & ! m\? is hot & ! legs & e>s are w>m4 ,rem$ies4--,unless ! purg+ is excessive1 & ! pa9 & di/ress great1 ! surgeon %\ld hesitate at giv+ any a/r+5t m$ic9e at fir/2 b he %\ld pl5tifully adm9i/] gruel or ?9 />*1 or arr[-root1 by ! m\? & by cly/]1 remov+ all hay & gra91 & p>ticul>ly gre5 food4 ,he %\ld ?us endeavor to soo! ! irritat$ surface ( ! b[els1 :ile he p]mits all rema9s ( ! purgative to be c>ri$ (f4 ,if1 h[ev]1 twelve h\rs h pass$1 & ! purg+ & ! pa9 rema9 undim9i%$1 he %\ld cont9ue ! gruel1 add+ to x *alk1 cate*u1 & opium1 repeat$ e six h\rs4 ,z soon z ! purg+ beg9s to subside1 ! a/r+5t m$ic9e %\ld be less5$ 9 quantity1 & gradually discont9u$4 ,ble$+ w r>ely be necess>y1 unless ! inflammation is v great1 & att5d$ by symptoms ( g5]al fev]4 ,! horse %\ld be w>mly clo!d1 & plac$ 9 a com=table /able1 & 8 legs %\ld be h&-rubb$ & b&ag$4 ,viol5t purg+1 & att5d$ ) mu* inflammation & fev]1 w occur f o!r causes4 ,gre5 food w frequ5tly purge2 & a horse work$ h>d ^u x w sometimes sc\r4 ,! rem$y is *ange ( diet1 or less labor4 ,"y horses w (t5 be /rongly purg$1 )\t any app>5t cause4 ,a/r+5ts %\ld be us$ ) mu* caution "h4 ,x is probably an ef=t ( nature to get rid ( some?+ t (f5ds4 ,a few doses ( gruel w assi/ 9 effect+ ?is purpose1 & ! purg+ w cease )\t a/r+5t m$ic9e4 ,_m horses t are n well ribb$ home 7hav+ too great space betwe5 ! la/ rib & ! hip-bone7 are subject to purg+1 if m ?an usual ex]tion is requir$ f !m4 ,!y are recognis$ by ! t]m ( wa%y horses4 ,!y are (t5 free & fleet1 b de/itute ( cont9uance4 ,!y %\ld h r m ?an ! usual all[ance ( gra91 ) beans1 :5 at "w4 ,a cordial ball1 ) cate*u & opium1 w (t5 be s]viceable ei!r be=e or aft] a j\rney4 ,physick+4 ,:5 a horse comes f grass to dry food1 or f ! cool1 op5 air to a heat$ /able1 a dose1 or ev5 two doses1 ( physic may be useful to prev5t ! t5d5cy to inflammation1 :i* is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( s sudd5 & great a *ange4 ,to a horse t is becom+ too fat1 or has surfeit1 grease1 or mange1 or t is out ( condition f inactivity ( ! dige/ive organs1 a dose ( physic is (t5 mo/ s]viceable4 ,a horse %\ld be c>efully prep>$ = ! action ( physic4 ,two or ?ree bran ma%es giv5 on t or ! prec$+ day1 are f> f suffici5t :5 a horse is ab\t to be physick$1 :e!r to promote 8 condition1 or 9 ob$i5ce to cu/om4 ,ma%es %\ld be giv5 until ! dung becomes s(t5$4 ,a less quantity ( physic w !n suffice1 & x w m quickly pass ?r\gh ! inte/9es1 & be m readily diffus$ ov] !m4 ,five dra*ms ( aloes1 giv5 :5 ! dung has ?us be5 s(t5$1 w act m effectually & mu* m safely ?an sev5 dra*ms1 :5 ! l[] inte/9es are ob/ruct$ by h>d5$ feces4 ,on ! day on :i* ! physic is giv51 ! horse %\ld h walk+ ex]cise1 or may be g5tly trott$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r twice 9 ! day2 b aft] ! physic beg9s to "w1 he %\ld n be mov$ f 8 /all4 ,ex]cise w\ld !n produce gripes1 irritation1 &1 possibly1 dang]\s inflammation4 ,a little hay may be put into ! rack4 ,z mu* ma% %\ld be giv5 z ! horse w eat1 & z mu* wat]1 ) ! coldness ( x tak5 (f1 z he w dr9k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he ob/9ately refuses to dr9k w>m wat]1 x is bett] t he %\ld h x cold1 ?an to cont9ue )\t tak+ any fluid2 b 9 su* case he %\ld n be suff]$ to take m ?an a qu>t at a "t1 ) an int]val ( at lea/ an h\r betwe5 ea* draught4 ,:5 ! purg+ has ceas$1 or ! physic is set1 a ma% %\ld be giv5 once or twice e day until ! next dose is tak51 betwe5 :i* & ! sett+ ( ! fir/1 !re %\ld be an int]val ( a week4 ,! horse %\ld recov] f ! languor & debility occasion$ by ! fir/ dose1 be=e he is h>ass$ by a second4 ,eight or t5 tol]ably copi\s motions1 w be p]fectly suffici5t to answ] e good purpose1 al?\gh ! groom may n be satisfi$ unless d\ble ! quantity are procur$4 ,! consequ5ce ( too /rong purgation w be1 t weakness w hang ab\t ! animal = sev]al days or weeks1 & inflammation w (t5 ensue f ! ov]-irritation ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,long-cont9u$ cu/om has made ,,aloes ! almo/ inv>iable purgative ( ! horse1 & v prop]ly s2 = !re is no o!r at once s sure & s safe4 ,! ,b>badoes aloes1 al?\gh sometimes v de>1 %\ld alone be us$4 ,! dose1 ) a horse prop]ly prep>$1 w v>y f f\r to sev5 dra*ms4 ,cu/om has assign$ ! =m ( a ball to physic1 b good s5se w 9 due "t introduce ! solution ( aloes1 z act+ m spe$ily1 effectually1 & safely4 ,! only o!r purgative on :i* dep5d5ce c be plac$ is ! ,,croton4 ,! f>9a or meal ( ! nut is g5]ally us$2 b f its acrimony x %\ld be giv5 9 ! =m ( ball1 ) l9se$ meal4 ,! dose v>ies f a scruple to half a dra*m4 ,x acts m spe$ily ?an ! aloes1 & )\t ! nausea :i* !y produce2 b x causes m wat]y /ools1 &1 consequ5tly1 m debility4 ,,l9se$ ,,oil is an unc]ta9 b safe purgative1 9 doses f a p\nd to a p\nd & a half4 ,,olive ,,oil is m unc]ta91 b safe2 b ,,ca/or ,,oil1 t mild ap]i5t 9 ! human be+1 is bo? unc]ta9 & unsafe4 ,,epsom ,,salts are inefficaci\s1 except 9 ! imm5se dose ( a p\nd & a half1 & !n !y are n always safe4 ,worms4 ,! long :ite worm 7lumbricus t]es7 mu* resembles ! common e>?-worm1 & be+ f six to t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 inhabits ! small inte/9es4 ,x is a =midable look+ animal2 & if !re are _m ( !m1 !y may consume m ?an c be sp>$ ( ! nutritive "p ( ! food1 or ! mucus ( ! b[els4 ,a tight sk91 & r\gh coat1 & tuck$-up belly1 are sometimes connect$ ) _! pres5ce4 ,!y are !n1 h[ev]1 void$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,rem$ies4--,a dose ( physic w sometimes br+ away almo/ incr$ible quantities ( !m4 ,calomel is frequ5tly giv5 z a v]mifuge4 ,! seldom] ?is drug is adm9i/]$ to ! horse1 ! bett]4 ,:5 ! horse c be sp>$1 a /rong dose ( physic is an excell5t v]mifuge1 s f> z ! long r\nd worm is conc]n$4 ,b a bett] m$ic9e1 & n int]f]+ ) ei!r ! fe$+ or "w ( ! horse1 is emetic t>t>1 ) g+]1 made into a ball ) l9se$ meal & treacle1 & giv5 e morn+1 half an h\r be=e ! horse is f$4 ,a small]1 d>k] color$ worm1 call$ ! ne$le-worm1 or asc>is1 inhabits ! l>g] inte/9es4 ,hundr$s ( !m sometimes desc5d into ! rectum1 & imm5se quantities h be5 f\nd 9 ! coecum4 ,^! are a m s]i\s nuisance ?an ! =m]1 = !y cause a v tr\blesome irritation ab\t ! fundam5t1 :i* sometimes sadly annoys ! horse4 ,_! exi/5ce c g5]ally be discov]$ by a small portion ( mucus1 :i*1 h>d5+1 is f\nd adh]+ to ! anus4 ,rem$ies4--,physic w sometimes br+ away great numb]s ( ^! worms2 b :5 !re is mu* irritation ab\t ! tail1 & mu* ( ?is mucus1 indicat+ t !y h desc5d$ into ! rectum1 an injection ( l9se$ oil1 or ( aloes dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 w be a m effectual rem$y4 ,! tape-worm is seldom f\nd 9 ! horse4 ,bots4 ,:ile !y inhabit ! /oma* ( ! horse1 _c give ! animal any pa91 = !y h fa/5$ on ! cuticul> & ins5sible coat4 ,!y _c /imulate ! /oma* & increase its dige/ive p[]1 = !y are n on ! dige/ive portion ( ! /oma*4 ,!y _c1 by _! r\ghness1 assi/ ! trituration or rubb+ d[n ( ! food1 = no su* (fice is p]=m$ 9 t "p ( ! /oma*--! food is s(t5$1 n rubb$ d[n4 ,!y _c be injuri\s to ! horse1 = he enjoys ! mo/ p]fect heal? :5 ! cuticul> "p ( 8 /oma* is fill$ ) !m1 & _! pres5ce is n ev5 suspect$ until !y appe> at ! anus4 ,!y _c be remov$ by m$ic9e1 because !y are n 9 t "p ( ! /oma* 9 :i* m$ic9e is usually convey$2 & if !y 71 _! m\?s are too deeply buri$ 9 ! mucus = any m$ic9e1 t c be safely adm9i/]$1 to affect !m2 &1 la/ ( all1 9 due c\rse ( "t !y deta* !mselves1 & come away4 ,!re=e1 ! wise man w leave !m to !mselves1 or cont5t himself ) pick+ !m (f :5 !y collect "u ! tail & annoy ! animal4 ,w9d-galls4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! fetlock1 !re are occasionally f\nd consid]able enl>gem5ts1 (t5] on ! h9d-leg ?an ! =e "o1 :i* are d5om9at$ w9d-galls4 ,betwe5 ! t5dons & o!r p>ts1 & :]ev] ! t5dons are expos$ to pressure or friction1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t _! extremities1 little bags or sacs are plac$1 conta9+ & suff]+ to ooze sl[ly f !m1 a muc\s fluid to lubricate ! p>ts4 ,f undue pressure1 & t mo/ frequ5tly caus$ by viol5t action & /ra9+ ( ! t5dons1 or (t5 f "s pr$isposition ab\t ! horse1 ^! little sacs are injur$4 ,!y take on inflammation1 & sometimes become l>ge & indurat$4 ,!re are few horses p]fectly free f !m4 ,:5 !y fir/ appe>1 & until ! inflammation subsides1 !y may be accompani$ by "s degree ( lam5ess2 b o!rwise1 except :5 !y atta9 a great size1 !y d n int]f]e ) ! action ( ! animal1 or cause any consid]able uns\ndness4 ,! f>ri]s us$ to suppose t !y conta9$ w9d--h5ce _! "n1 w9d-galls2 & h5ce ! practice ( op5+ !m1 by :i* dreadful inflammation 0 (t5 produc$1 & _m a valuable horse de/roy$4 ,rem$ies4--,a slight w9d-gall w sc>cely be subject$ to treatm5t2 b if ^! tumors are num]\s & l>ge1 & seem to imp$e ! motion ( ! limb1 !y may be attack$ fir/ by b&age4 ,! roll] %\ld be ( flannel1 & s(t pads %\ld be plac$ on ea* ( ! enl>gem5ts1 & b\nd d[n tightly ^u !m4 ,! b&age %\ld also be wett$ ) w>m wat]1 two or ?ree times a day1 = half an h\r ea* "t4 ,! w9d-gall w (t5 dim9i% or disappe> by ?is treatm5t1 b w too frequ5tly return1 :5 ! horse is aga9 h>dly work$4 ,a bli/] is a m effectual1 b too (t5 tempor>y rem$y4 ,fir+ is /ill m c]ta91 if ! tumors are suffici5tly l>ge & annoy+ to ju/ify our hav+ rec\rse to measures s sev]e2 = x w n only effect ! imm$iate absorption ( ! fluid1 & ! r$uction ( ! swell+1 b1 by contract+ ! sk91 w act z a p]man5t b&age1 & !re=e prev5t ! reappe>ance ( ! tumor4 ,! iod9e & m]curial o9tm5ts h occasionally be5 us$ ) advantage1 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]4 ,inflammation ( ! ,fetlock4 ,! fetlock-jo9t is a v complicat$ "o1 & f ! /ress :i* is laid on x1 & its be+ ! pr9cipal seat ( motion bel[ ! knee1 x is p>ticul>ly subject to injury4 ,!re are n _m cases ( spra9 ( ! back-s9ew1 t are n accompani$ by inflammation ( ! ligam5ts ( ?is jo9t2 & num]\s suppos$ cases ( spra9 high] up1 are simple affections ( ! fetlock4 ,x requires a great deal ( c>e1 & "s exp]i5ce1 to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! heat ab\t ! "p1 & ! po9t at :i* ! horse lea/ endures ! pressure ( ! f+]1 w be ! pr9cipal guides4 ,rem$y4--,occasionally1 by ! application ( cool+ lotions1 ! inflammation may be subdu$1 b at o!r times1 ! horse suff]s dreadfully1 & is unable to /&4 ,a s]i\s affection ( ! fetlock-jo9t dem&s prompt treatm5t4 ,cutt+4 ,! inside ( ! fetlock is (t5 bruis$ by ! %oe or ! ho( ( ! opposite foot4 ,_m exp$i5ts us$ to be tri$ to remove ?is2 ! inside heel has be5 rais$ & l[]$1 & ! outside rais$ & l[]$2 & sometimes "o op]ation has succe$$1 & sometimes ! contr>y2 & !re 0 no po9t s involv$ 9 obscurity or s de/itute ( pr9ciples to guide ! practition]4 ,rem$y4--,! mo/ successful rem$y & t :i* 9 ! great majority ( cases sup]s$es all o!rs1 is ,mr4 ,turn]'s %oe1 ( equal ?ickness f heel to toe1 & hav+ b "o nail1 & t ne> ! toe1 on ! inside ( ! %oe2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! %oe %all n ext5d beyond ! edge ( ! cru/1 & t ! cru/ %all be rasp$ a little at ! qu>t]s4 ,spra9 ( ! ,c(f9-,jo9t4 ,! pro( ( ?is is :5 ! lam5ess is sudd51 & ! heat & t5d]ness are pr9cipally felt r\nd ! coronet4 ,rem$y4--,ble$+ at ! toe1 physic1 fom5tation1 & bli/]s1 are ! usual means adopt$4 ,?is lam5ess is n easily remov$1 ev5 by a bli/]2 & if remov$1 l spra9s ( ! fetlock & ( ! back-s9ews1 x is apt to return1 & f9ally produce a great deal ( disorganization & mis*ief 9 ! foot4 ,spra9 ( ! c(f9-jo9t sometimes becomes a v s]i\s affair4 ,n be+ always att5d$ by any ext]nal swell+1 & be+ detect$ only by heat r\nd ! coronet1 ! seat ( ! lam5ess is (t5 ov]look$ by ! groom & ! f>ri]2 & ! disease is suff]$ to become confirm$ be=e its nature is discov]$4 ,r+bone4 ,?is is a deposite ( bony matt] 9 "o ( ! pa/]ns1 & usually ne> ! jo9t4 ,x rapidly spreads1 & involves n only ! pa/]n-bones1 b ! c>tilages ( ! foot1 & spread+ ar\nd ! pa/]ns & c>tilages1 ?us d]ives its "n4 ,:5 ! fir/ deposite is on ! l[] pa/]n1 & on bo? sides ( x1 & produc$ by viol5t inflammation ( ! ligam5ts ( ! jo9ts1 x is recognis$ by a slight enl>gem5t1 or bony tumor on ea* side ( ! foot1 & j above ! coronet4 ,horses ) %ort upright jo9ts1 & ) small feet & high action1 are (t5e/1 z may be suppos$1 ! subjects ( ?is disease1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ei!r ( concussion or spra9 ( ! pa/]n-jo9ts4 ,x is also m frequ5t 9 ! h9d foot ?an ! =e1 because1 f ! viol5t action ( ! h9d legs 9 propell+ ! horse =w>d1 ! pa/]ns are m subject to ligam5t>y injury beh9d ?an be=e2 yet ! lam5ess is n s great !re1 because ! disease is conf9$ pr9cipally to ! ligam5ts1 & ! bones h n be5 injur$ by concussion2 :ile1 f ! position ( ! =e limbs1 !re w g5]ally be 9 !m injury ( ! bones to be add$ to t ( ! ligam5ts4 ,rem$y4--,9 its e>ly /age1 & :5 recognis$ only by a bony enl>gem5t on bo? sides ( ! pa/]n-jo9t1 or 9 a few cases on "o side only1 ! lam5ess is n v consid]able1 & x is n impossible to remove ! disease by active bli/]+1 or by ! application ( ! caut]y2 b !re is s mu* we> & te> 9 ?is "p ( ! animal1 t ! inflammation & ! disposition to ! =mation ( bone rapidly spread4 ,! pa/]ns fir/ become connect$ toge!r by bone in/ead ( ligam5t1 & !nce results :at is call$ an an*ylos$ or fix$ jo9t4 ,f ?is jo9t ! disease proce$s to ! c>tilages ( ! foot1 & to ! union betwe5 ! l[] pa/]n1 & ! c(f9 & navicul> bones4 ,! motion ( ^! p>ts likewise is imp$$ or lo/1 & ! :ole ( ! foot becomes "o mass ( spongy bone4 ,enl>gem5t ( ! ,hock4 ,fir/1 !re is inflammation1 or spra9 ( ! hock-jo9t g5]ally1 aris+ f sudd5 viol5t concussion1 by "s *eck at spe$1 or ov]-weight1 & att5d$ ) enl>gem5t ( ! :ole jo9t1 & great t5d]ness & lam5ess4 ,rem$y4--,?is1 h[ev]1 l all o!r diffus$ inflammations1 is n s untractable z an int5se "o ( a m circumscrib$ nature1 & by re/ & fom5tation1 or1 p]*ance1 fir+1 ! limb recov]s its action1 & ! horse becomes fit = ord9>y "w4 ,! swell+1 h[ev]1 does n always subside4 ,enl>gem5t1 spread ov] ! :ole ( ! hock-jo9t1 rema9s4 ,a horse ) an enl>g$ hock mu/ always be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,9 tru?1 he is uns\nd4 ,! p>ts1 alt]$ 9 /ructure1 mu/ be to a c]ta9 degree weak5$4 ,! animal may dis*>ge 8 usual "w dur+ a long p]iod1 )\t return ( lam5ess2 b if "o ( ^? em]g5cies %\ld occur :5 all 8 en]gies require to be ex]t$1 ! disorganiz$ & weak5$ "p w fail4 ,he may be ridd5 or driv5 mod]ately = _m a ye> )\t inconv5i5ce1 yet "o extra h>d day's "w may lame him =ev]4 ,curb4 ,!re are (t5 injuries ( p>ticul> p>ts ( ! hock-jo9t4 ,curb is an affection ( ?is k9d4 ,x is an enl>gem5t at ! back ( ! hock1 ?ree or f\r in*es bel[ its po9t4 ,x is ei!r a /ra9 ( ! r+-l ligam5t :i* b9ds ! t5dons 9 _! place1 or ( ! %ea? ( ! t5dons2 (t5]1 h[ev]1 ( ! ligam5t ?an ( ! %ea?4 ,any sudd5 action ( ! limb ( m ?an usual viol5ce may produce x1 & !re=e horses are f\nd to ?r[ out curbs aft] a h>dly-conte/$ race1 an extraord9>y leap1 a sev]e gallop ov] heavy gr\nd1 or a sudd5 *eck 9 ! gallop4 ,"y horses are p>ticul>ly liable to x1 & horses t are c[-hock$1 ^: hocks & legs resemble ^? ( ! c[1 ! hocks be+ turn$ inw>ds1 & legs =m+ a consid]able angle outw>ds4 ,?is is intelligible en\gh2 = 9 hocks s =m$1 ! annul> ligam5t mu/ be cont9ually on ! /ret*1 9 ord] to conf9e ! t5don4 ,curbs are g5]ally accompani$ by consid]able lam5ess at _! fir/ appe>ance1 b ! swell+ is n always great4 ,!y are be/ detect$ by obs]v+ ! leg sidewise4 ,rem$ies4--,! fir/ object 9 attempt+ ! cure1 is to abate inflammation1 & ?is w be mo/ readily accompli%$ by cold evaporat+ lotions1 frequ5tly appli$ to ! "p4 ,equal portions ( _s ( w9e1 wat]1 & v9eg>1 w af=d an excell5t application4 ,x w be almo/ impossible to keep a b&age on4 ,if ! heat & lam5ess are consid]able1 x w be prud5t to give a dose ( physic1 & to ble$ f ! subcutane\s ve91 ^: c\rse is ne> x2 & :e!r ! injury is ( ! annul> ligam5t1 or ! %ea? ( ! t5don1 m active means w be necess>y to p]fect a cure4 ,ei!r a liquid bli/] %\ld be rubb$ on ! "p1 consi/+ ( a v9us or turp5t9e t9cture ( can?>ides1 & ?is daily appli$ until "s consid]able swell+ takes place2 or1 :at is ! pref]able plan1 ! hair %\ld be cut (f1 & ! "p bli/]$ z soon z ! heat has be5 subdu$4 ,! bli/] %\ld be repeat$1 until ! swell+ has disappe>$1 & ! horse goes s\nd4 ,9 sev]e cases x may be necess>y to fire2 b a fair trial1 h[ev]1 %\ld be giv5 to mild] measures4 ,if ! iron is us$1 x %\ld be appli$ 9 /raight l9es4 ,!re are few lam5esses 9 :i* absolute & long-cont9u$ re/ is m requisite4 ,x leaves ! p>ts mat]ially weak5$1 &1 if ! horse is soon put to "w aga91 ! lam5ess w frequ5tly return4 ,no horse t has _h curbs1 %\ld be put ev5 to ord9>y "w 9 less ?an a mon? aft] ! app>5t cure2 &1 ev5 !n he %\ld v gradually resume 8 =m] habits4 ,a horse ) a curb1 is manife/ly uns\nd1 or g5]ally condemn$ z uns\nd4 ,curb is also an h]$it>y compla9t2 & !re=e a horse t has once suff]$ f x1 %\ld always be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 especially if ei!r ( ! p>5ts h exhibit$ x4 ,bone ,spav94 ,?is is an affection ( ! bones ( ! hock-jo9t4 ,spav9$ horses are g5]ally capable ( sl[ "w4 ,!y are equal to ! great] "p ( ! "w ( ! f>m1 & !re=e !y %\ld n always be reject$ by ! small f>m]1 z !y may g5]ally be procur$ at a small price4 ,^! horses are n only capable ( agricultural "w1 b !y g5]ally improve "u x4 ,! lam5ess 9 "s degree abates1 & ev5 ! bony tumor to a c]ta9 degree less5s4 ,!re is suffici5t mod]ate motion & friction ( ! limb to r\se ! absorb5ts to action1 & cause !m to take up a portion ( ! bony matt] ?r[n out1 b n en\gh to r5ew or prolong inflammation4 ,x _c be said t ! pl[ af=ds a cure = spav91 b ! spav9$ horse (t5 mat]ially improves :ile work+ at x4 ,= fa/ "w1 & = "w t mu/ be regul>ly p]=m$1 spav9$ horses are n well calculat$2 = ?is lam5ess beh9d produces great difficulty 9 ris+1 & ! consci\sness t he w n be able to rise )\t pa9ful ef=t1 occasionally prev5ts ! horse f ly+ d[n at all2 & ! animal t _c re/ well1 _c long travel f> or fa/4 ,rem$ies4--,! treatm5t ( spav9 is simple en\gh1 b f> f be+ always effectual4 ,! own] ( ! horse w nei!r consult 8 own int]e/1 nor ! dictates ( humanity1 if he suff]s ! *isel & mallet1 or ! gimlet1 or ! po9t$ iron1 or ars5ic to be us$2 yet measures ( consid]able sev]ity mu/ be resort$ to4 ,repeat$ bli/]s w usually cause ei!r ! absorption ( ! bony deposite1 or ! abatem5t or removal ( ! inflammation ( ! ligam5ts1 or1 z a la/ res\rce1 ! heat$ iron may be appli$4 ,swell$ ,legs4 ,! =e-legs1 b (t5] ! h9d ones1 & especially 9 co>se horses1 are sometimes subject to consid]able enl>gem5t4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! horse does n seem to labor "u any o!r disease1 & sometimes f an app>5t %ift+ ( disease f o!r p>ts1 ! h9d legs sudd5ly swell to an enorm\s degree f ! hock1 & almo/ f ! /ifle to ! fetlock1 att5d$ by a great] or less degree ( heat1 & t5d]ness ( ! sk91 & sometimes excessive & v peculi> lam5ess4 ,! pulse likewise becomes quick & h>d1 & ! horse evid5tly labors "u consid]able fev]4 ,x is acute inflammation ( ! cellul> sub/ance ( ! legs1 & t mo/ sudd5 9 its attack1 & mo/ viol5t n its degree1 & !re=e att5d$ by ! effusion ( a consid]able quantity ( fluid into ! cellul> membrane4 ,x occurs 9 "y horses1 & 9 ^? :i* are ov]-f$ & little ex]cis$4 ,rem$ies4--,fom5tation1 diuretics1 or purgatives1 or1 if !re is mu* fev]1 a mod]ate ble$+1 w (t5 relieve ! di/5tion almo/ z sudd5ly z x appe>$4 ,mild cases w g5]ally yield to _! influ5ce2 b1 if ! animal has be5 neglect$1 ! treatm5t mu/ be decisive4 ,if ! horse is 9 high condition1 ^! %\ld be prec$$ or accompani$ by ble$+2 b if !re are any symptoms ( debility1 ble$+ w\ld only increase ! want ( tone 9 ! vessels4 ,horses tak5 f grass & br\ght into close /ables1 v spe$ily h swell$ legs1 because ! diff]5ce ( food & increase ( nutrim5t rapidly increase ! quantity ( ! circulat+ fluid1 :ile ! want ( ex]cise takes away ! means by :i* x might be got rid (4 ,! rem$y "h is suffici5tly pla94 ,swell$ legs1 h[ev]1 may proce$ f g5]al debility4 ,!y may be ! consequ5ce ( />vation1 or disease t has consid]ably weak5$ ! animal2 & ^! p>ts1 be+ f>!/ f ! c5tre ( circulation1 are ! fir/ to %[ ! loss ( p[] by ! accumulation ( fluid 9 !m4 ,"h ! means ( cure w\ld be to increase ! g5]al /r5g?1 ) :i* ! extremities w\ld sympa?ize4 ,mild diuretics & tonics w\ld !re=e be evid5tly indicat$4 ,horses 9 ! spr+ & fall are subject to swell$ legs4 ,! p[]s ( ! con/itution are pr9cipally employ$ 9 provid+ a new coat = ! animal1 & ! extremities h n _! %>e ( vital influ5ce4 ,m+l$ cordials & diuretics are indicat$ "h2 ! diuretic to less5 ! quantity ( ! circulat+ fluid1 & ! cordial to invigorate ! frame4 ,grease4 ,swell$ legs1 al?\gh di/9ct f grease1 is a disease t is apt to deg5]ate into x4 ,grease is a specific inflammation ( ! sk9 ( ! heels1 sometimes ( ! =e-feet1 b (t5] ( ! h9d] ones4 ,bad /able managem5t is ! true cause ( x4 ,grease is a local compla9t4 ,! heel %\ld be well b g5tly wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 & z mu* ( ! scurf deta*$ z is easily removable4 ,an o9tm5t %\ld be appli$1 to supple1 cool1 & heal ! "p4 ,:5 cracks appe>1 ! mode ( treatm5t w dep5d on _! ext5t & dep?4 ,if ! cracks are deep1 ) an i*or\s dis*>ge & consid]able lam5ess1 x w be necess>y to p\ltice ! heel4 ,a p\ltice ( l9se$ meal w be g5]ally effective1 unless ! dis*>ge is ?9 & (f5sive1 :5 an ounce ( f9ely-p[d]$ *>coal %\ld be mix$ ) ! l9se$ meal2 or a p\ltice ( c>rots1 boil$ s(t & ma%$4 ,aft] ! *aps or cracks h heal$1 ! legs w sometimes cont9ue gorg$ & swell$4 ,a flannel b&age1 ev5ly appli$ ov] ! :ole ( ! swell$ "p1 w be v s]viceable2 or %\ld ! season admit ( x1 a run at grass1 p>ticul>ly spr+ grass1 %\ld be all[$4 ,! fe$+ %\ld likewise v>y ) ! case1 b ) ^! rules1 :i* admit ( no exception2 t gre5 food %\ld be giv51 & m especially c>rots1 :5 !y are n too exp5sive2 & ma%es1 if ! horse w eat !m2 & nev] ! full all[ance ( gra94 ,walk+ ex]cise %\ld be resort$ to z soon z ! horse is able to be> x1 & ?is by degrees may be increas$ to a g5tle trot4 ,f bad /able-managem5t at fir/1 & neglect dur+ ! disease1 a yet worse k9d ( grease occasionally appe>s4 ,! ulc]ation ext5ds ov] ! sk9 ( ! heel & ! fetlock1 & a fungus spr+s f ! surface ( bo?1 highly s5sible1 ble$+ at ! slighte/ t\*1 & int]sp]s$ ) scabs4 ,by degrees portions ( ! fungus beg9 to be cov]$ ) a horny sub/ance1 protrud+ 9 ! =m ( knobs1 & collect$ toge!r 9 bun*es4 ,^! are kn[n by ! "n ( grapes4 ,a foetid & v peculi> exudation1 proce$s f ne>ly ! :ole ( ! unnatural sub/ance4 ,! horse evid5tly suff]s mu*1 & is gradually worn d[n by ! dis*>ge4 ,! assi/ance ( a vet]9>y surgeon is "h indisp5sable4 ,"s horses are m subject to grease ?an o!rs1 p>ticul>ly draught-horses1 bo? heavy & light1 b p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 & if !y h no degree ( blood 9 !m4 ,x 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is1 :i* p>tly contribut$ to ! gradual *ange ( coa* & o!r draught-horses to ^? ( a light] bre$4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 grease arises f mismanagem5t & neglect4 ,e ?+ t has a t5d5cy to excite inflammation 9 ! sk9 ( ! heel is a cause ( grease4 ,!re=e want ( ex]cise is a frequ5t s\rce ( ?is disease4 ,:5 high fe$+ is add$ to irregul> or defici5t ex]cise1 ! disease is evid5tly /ill m likely to be produc$4 ,want ( cleanl9ess 9 ! /able is a fruitful s\rce ( grease4 ,:5 ! heels are imb$d$ 9 fil?1 !y are weak5$ by ! con/ant moi/ure surr\nd+ !m4 ,! absurd practice ( wa%+ ! feet & legs ( horses :5 !y come f _! "w1 & ei!r c>elessly spong+ !m d[n aft]w>ds1 or leav+ !m to dry z !y may1 is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ common orig9 ( grease4 ,:5 ! horse is w>m$ by 8 "w1 & ! heels %>e 9 ! w>m?1 ! mom5t>y cold ( wa%+ may n be injuri\s1 if ! animal is imm$iately rubb$ dry2 yet ev5 ?is w\ld be bett] avoid$2 b to wa% out ! heels1 & !n leave !m p>tially dry or p]fectly wet1 & suff]+ f ! extreme cold t is produc$ by evaporation f a moi/ & wet surface1 is ! mo/ absurd1 dang]\s1 & injuri\s practice t c be imag9$4 ,x is worse1 :5 ! po/-horse or ! pl[-horse is plung$ up to 8 belly 9 ! riv] or pond imm$iately aft] 8 "w4 ,cutt+ ! ,hair f ! ,heels4 ,cu/om has v prop]ly reta9$ ! hair on our f>m-horses4 ,nature w\ld n h giv5 x _h x n be5 useful4 ,x gu>ds ! heel f be+ injur$ by ! inequalities ( ! pl[$ field1 & prev5ts ! dirt1 9 :i* ! heels are con/antly envelop$1 f rea*+1 & cak+ on1 & irritat+ ! sk94 ,:5 ! horse is c>efully t5d$ aft] 8 "w is ov]1 & 8 legs quickly & completely dri$1 ! less hair he has ab\t !m ! bett]1 = !n bo? ! sk9 & ! hair c be made p]fectly dry be=e evaporation beg9s1 or proce$s s f> z to deprive ! legs ( _! heat4 ,grease is ! *ild ( neglig5ce & mismanagem5t4 ,setons ,are pieces ( tape or cord1 pass$1 by means ( an in/rum5t resembl+ a l>ge ne$le1 ei!r ?r\gh abscesses1 or ! base ( ulc]s ) deep s9uses1 or betwe5 ! sk9 & ! muscul> or o!r sub/ances b5ea?4 ,!y are reta9$ !re by ! ends be+ ti$ toge!r1 or by a knot at ea* end4 ,! tape is mov$ 9 ! w\nd twice or ?rice 9 ! day1 & occasionally wett$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 or "s acrid fluid1 9 ord] to increase ! inflammation :i* x produces1 or ! dis*>ge :i* is int5d$ to be e/abli%$4 ,9 abscesses1 su* z occur 9 ! )]s or ! poll1 & :5 pass$ f ! summit to ! v bottom ( ! swell+1 setons are highly useful by dis*>g+ ! purul5t fluid1 & suff]+ any fre% quantity ( x t may be secret$ to fl[ out2 &1 by ! degree ( inflammation :i* !y excite on ! int]ior ( ! tumor1 /imulat+ x to ?r[ out heal?y granulations1 :i* gradually occupy & fill ! holl[4 ,9 deep fi/ul\s w\nds !y are indisp5sable1 = except "s *annel is made ?r\gh :i* ! matt] may fl[ f ! bottom ( ! w\nd1 x w cont9ue to p5etrate deep] into ! "p1 & ! heal+ process w nev] be accompli%$4 ,on ^! acc\nts1 a seton pass+ ?r\gh ! base ( ! ulc] 9 poll-evil & fi/ul\s )]s is s b5eficial4 ,setons are sometimes useful by promot+ a dis*>ge 9 ! neighborhood ( an inflam$ "p1 & ?us div]t+ & c>ry+ away a portion ( ! fluids :i* di/5d or ov]load ! vessels ( t "p2 ?us1 a seton is plac$ ) consid]able advantage 9 ! *eek1 :5 ! eyes are mu* inflam$4--7,y\att47 ,f\nd]1 ,or inflammation ( ! foot1 arises f v>i\s causes2 excessive ex]tion1 great heat1 & p>ticul>ly :5 foll[$ by dr9k+ cold wat]1 or ov]load+ ! /oma* 9 any way1 sudd5 transition f great cold to excessive heat1 & *ange ( inflammation f "s o!r "p4 ,rem$ies4--,:5 ! attack is sev]e & conf9$ to ! =e-feet1 ,y\att recomm5ds remov+ ! %oe & p>+ ! ho( z mu* z possible1 tak+ f\r qu>ts ( blood f ea* toe1 plac+ ! feet 9 w>m wat]1 & aft]w>ds apply+ s(t p\ltices ( l9se$ meal to ! :ole foot & pa/]n4 ,if ?is is ineffectual1 take ?ree qu>ts ( blood f ea* foot ! succe$+ day4 ,x may !n be necess>y to bli/] ! foot & coronet4 ,! animal %\ld be kept on gre5 food or light ma%es1 & all[$ to run on grass )\t labor4 ,an effectual cure has foll[$ f tak+ (f ! %oe1 & apply+ l>d1 rais$ to ! boil+ po9t1 to e "p ( ! foot4 ,poison ,f we$s1 sometimes gives to horses ulc]at$ tongues & lips1 & swoll5 legs & %ea?4 ,if !re be mu* inflammation1 ble$+ %\ld be resort$ to1 !n give daily bran ma%es1 ) ,glaub] salts 9 doses ( #a_/b to #aa_/b p\nds1 accord+ to ! size ( ! horse1 ) half a teaspoonful ( saltpetre4 ,wa%+ ! ulc]at$ p>ts ) w>m soap-suds1 copp]as1 & sug>-(-lead may foll[4 ,epidemics among ,horses1 ,sometimes occur1 produc+ great mortality4 ,"o ( ^! 0 preval5t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahdf1 t]m$ a mal>i\s conge/ive fev]1 /agg]s1 or apoplexy1 :i* de/roy$ _m valuable animals4 ,x occurr$ dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 & 0 pr9cipally conf9$ to su* z 7 at pa/ure4 ,by _m x 0 attribut$ to excessive heat & exposure at night4 ,! animals t 7 op5$1 appe>$ s\nd 9 all respects except+ ! bra91 :i* exhibit$ "o mass ( clott$ blood4 ,! rem$y f\nd to be ! mo/ effectual1 consi/$ 9 tak+ ab\t "o qu>t ( blood f ! head1 swa?+ x ) clo?s saturat$ ) cold wat]1 & giv+ two dra*ms daily ( calomel4 ,! horse %\ld be kept 9 a cool /able4 ,a simil> disease 9 ,spa9 is cur$ by copi\s ble$+1 & swa?+ ! head 9 blankets con/antly wet ) hot wat]4 ,inflammation ( ! ,eyes4 ,%ut up 9 a d>k /able1 & fe$ on fre%-cut grass & bran ma%es4 ,ble$ freely f ! m\?1 & give #aa_/b lbs4 ,glaub] salts1 #b dra*ms nitre1 & #ae gra9s t>t>iz$ antimony1 dissolv$ 9 a bucket ( wat]1 :i* ! animal w dr9k :5 ?ir/y4 ,?is to be repeat$ daily till purg+ is effect$4 ,if x fails1 ble$ f ! l>ge ve9s j bel[ ! eye1 tak+ #ae to #bj ounces ( blood4--7,dr4 ,campbell47 ,! ,/+ ( ,hornets1 ,bees1 or snakes1 may be reliev$ by imm$iate ext]nal application ( /rong spirits ( h>t%orn3 salt & v9eg> are also good4 ,= ,spra9s1 ,take a mixture ( "o ounce sweet oil1 f\r ounces spirits ( h>t%orn1 half an ounce oil ( ?yme1 & rub ) x frequ5tly4 ,! rem$ies m5tion$ bel[ are also effectual = spra9s4 ,= a ,bruise or ,bl[4 ,apply hot wat] a long "t ) wet clo?s4 ,beef br9e is an excell5t lotion = bo? spra9s & bruises4 ,a vet]an among horses1 claims1 t x w almo/ set a jo9t or heal a fracture4 ,wormwood or tansy lotions are also good4 ,fi/ula4 ,?is is frequ5tly cur$ by repeat$ applications ( salt4 ,w\nds ,%\ld be wa%$ twice a day ) clean1 s(t wat]1 or ) a little ,ca/ile soap add$1 & !n rub ) :ale-oil4 ,?is answ]s = all seasons1 keeps (f flies1 re/ores ! hair1 & ( ! orig9al color4 ,galls1 ,or w\nds on ! back f ! saddle1 are mo/ effectually heal$ by :ite-lead1 moi/5$ ) sweet-oil or milk4 ,! saddle ought always to fit easily & be well padd$1 & x %\ld be tak5 (f & ! animal's back wa%$ at e bait+4 ,%oe+4 ,?is is an important op]ation1 & %\ld nev] be attempt$ b "u ! sup]vision ( an exp]i5c$ p]son2 nor ought ! %oes to rema9 s long z to produce contraction ( ! ho(1 :i* is foll[$ by lam5ess & corns4 ,!y %\ld be reset z (t5 z e five or six weeks4 ,contraction ( ! ,foot4 ,?is is also caus$ by /&+ on ! dry /able = "s days4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ho( %\ld be /opp$ ) fre% c[-manure & clay1 or ) a ?ick felt1 soak$ 9 wat]1 & cut to suit ! foot4 ,?is is also a good application ov] night1 = horses t h accompli%$ a h>d day's "w on a dry road4 ,litt]4 ,?is is n objectionable to ! feet1 if clean & n too damp4 ,"s suppose ?is ! cause ( contraction1 b x is ! rev]se4 ,x is besides ( great b5efit :5 %ook out = a b$1 by induc+ ! horse to re/ himself4 ,he is ?us enabl$ to d m "w1 & ) a less exp5diture ( food4 ,corns4 ,9 ! angle betwe5 ! b>s & ! qu>t]s1 ! horn ( ! sole has sometimes a r$ appe>ance1 & is m spongy & s(t] ?an at any o!r "p4 ,! horse fl9*es :5 ?is portion ( ! horn is press$ ^u1 & occasional or p]man5t lam5ess is produc$4 ,?is disease ( ! foot is t]m$ corns2 be>+ ?is resemblance to ! corn ( ! human be+1 t x is produc$ by pressure1 & is a cause ( lam5ess4 ,:5 corns c>e neglect$1 s mu* inflammation is produc$ 9 t "p ( ! s5sible sole1 t suppuration foll[s1 & to t1 quittor succe$s1 & ! matt] ei!r und]m9es ! horny sole1 or is dis*>g$ at ! coronet4 ,rem$ies4--,! cure ( old corns is difficult2 = z all %oe+ has "s t5d5cy to produce pressure "h1 ! habit ( ?r[+ out ?is diseas$ horn is difficult to get rid ( :5 once contract$2 rec5t corns1 h[ev]1 w yield to good %oe+4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is well to p>e out ! angle betwe5 ! cru/ & ! b>s4 ,two objects are answ]$ by ?is2 ! ext5t ( ! disease w be asc]ta9$1 & "o cause ( x remov$4 ,a v small draw+-knife mu/ be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! corn mu/ be p>$ out to ! v bottom1 tak+ c>e n to w\nd ! sole4 ,x may !n be discov]$ :e!r !re is any effusion ( blood or matt] und]nea?4 ,if ?is is suspect$1 an op5+ mu/ be made ?r\gh ! horn1 ! matt] evacuat$1 ! sep>at$ horn tak5 away1 ! c\rse & ext5t ( ! s9uses explor$1 & introduce into !m a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c1 by means ( a small syr+e4 ,place ov] ?is dress+ ! common cataplasm1 or ! turp5t9e o9tm5t1 & r5ew ! application e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?ree or f\r su* applications complete a cure4 ,%\ld !re be no collection ( fluid1 ! butyr ( antimony %\ld be appli$ ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! corn1 aft] ! horn has be5 ?9n$ z closely z possible4 ,! object ( ?is is to /imulate ! sole to ?r[ out m heal?y horn4 ,9 bad cases1 a b>-%oe may be put on1 s *amb]$ t !re %all be no pressure on ! diseas$ "p4 ,?is may be worn = "o or two %oe+s1 b n con/antly1 = !re are few frogs t w\ld be> ! con/ant pressure ( ! b>-%oe2 & ! want ( pressure on ! heel1 g5]ally occasion$ by _! use1 w\ld produce a s(t5$ & bulb\s /ate ( ! heels1 t w\ld ( itself be an inevitable s\rce ( lam5ess4 ,turn+ out to grass1 aft] ! horn is a little gr[n1 fir/ ) a b>-%oe1 & aft]w>ds ) ! %oe fett]$ on "o side1 or ) tips1 w (t5 be s]viceable4 ,a horse t has once _h corns to any consid]able ext5t %\ld1 at e %oe+1 h ! seat ( corn well p>$ out1 & ! butyr ( antimony appli$4 ,an ,ov]-rea* ,is a tread ^u ! heel ( ! coronet ( ! =e foot1 by ! %oe ( ! correspond+ h9d foot1 & ei!r inflict$ by ! toe1 or by ! inn] edge ( ! inside ( ! %oe4 ,! prev5tive treatm5t is ! bevell+1 or r\nd+ (f ( ! inside edge or rim ( ! h9d %oes4 ,! cure is ! cutt+ away ( ! loose p>ts1 ! application ( ,fri>'s balsam1 & protection f ! dirt4 ,=g+1 or ,click+1 ,is a s+ul> species ( ov]-rea*+4 ,! horse1 9 ! act ( trott+1 /rikes ! toes ( ! h9d %oes aga9/ ! =e "o4 ,?is noise ( ! click+ is unpleasant1 & ! trick or habit is n altoge!r free f dang]4 ,x is mo/ frequ5t 9 "y horses1 & is attributable to too great activity1 or l5g? ( /ride 9 ! h9d legs4 ,rem$ies4--,! rid] may d some?+ by keep+ ! head ( ! horse well up2 b ! smi? may effect m by mak+ ! h9d %oes ( click+ horses %ort 9 ! toe1 & hav+ ! web broad4 ,:5 !y are too long1 !y are apt to be torn (f2 :5 too n>r[1 ! h9d foot may bruise ! sole ( ! =e "o1 or may be lock$ fa/ betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! =e %oe4--,y\att4 ,! ,be>+ ,re9 ,is a matt] ( mu* controv]sy2 "s claim+ t x %\ld be entirely aboli%$1 :ile o!rs z /r5u\sly cont5d = its almo/ univ]sal use4 ,nimrod1 :o is deem$ p]fectly compet5t au?ority1 insi/s on its use ) fa/ road/]s & coa*-horses4 ,) team-horses1 x may g5]ally be disp5s$ )1 & always %\ld be 9 asc5d+ hills1 z x mat]ially dim9i%es _! capacity = ex]tion4 ,! fault 9 its use is its excessive tightness1 & :5 /&+1 ! horse ought nev] to be torm5t$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,safety ,re9 illu/rat$4 ,directions = use ( ,safety ,re94--,9 putt+ on ! re9 = a gig1 keep ! buckle to ! left h&1 or ne> side2 t w place ! loop1 :i* is on ! middle ( ! re91 bel[ ! hook or head ( ! bridle1 :i* prev5ts x f be+ ?r[n out by ! motion ( ! horse's head4 ,= a pair ( horses1 keep ! two %ort *apes outmo/1 & ! loops on ! middle d[nw>d4 ,= saddle1 keep ! buckle to ! left h&4 ,:5 ! re9 is us$ ei!r = runn+1 re>+1 kick+1 or go+ backw>d1 x %\ld be appli$ sudd5ly ) a /rong arm1 keep+ up ! pressure until ! horse is /ill2 x %\ld !n be reliev$ sudd5ly1 at ! same "t motion+ ! horse to g on4 ,if he is only a runaway he w obey x at once1 su* horses be+ g5]ally ( a will+1 good temp]4 ,aft] ! horse has be5 a few times firmly gripp$ ) x1 use x occasionally1 in/ead ( ! bit-re91 to /op him on ord9>y occasions2 ?is w rem9d ! horse ( 8 subjection1 & w accu/om ! rid] or driv] to ! ready & accurate use ( x 9 case ( an em]g5cy4 ,! ,bit ,is a frequ5t cause ( injury to ! m\? ( ! horse1 frett+ & teas+ him1 & 9 _m cases induc+ p]man5t injury & vici\sness4 ,x %\ld nev] be made annoy+ to ! horse beyond ! absolute necessity = 8 prop] re/ra9t4 ,an ,unruly ,/ud may be controll$ ,by pass+ ! re9 f ! r+ on ! (f-side ov] ! head & ?r\gh ! left r+4 ,?is gives a pur*ase to ! groom :i* ! horse _c resi/4 ,bl9ds ,h = a long "t be5 fa%ionable1 b 9 few cases are necess>y1 :ile 9 ne>ly all !y are decid$ly injuri\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ,crib ,bit]4 ,! ,crib ,bit]4 ,?is small in/rum5t is made entirely ( iron1 & rivet$ firmly to ! head-/all4 ,x answ]s ! ?reefold purpose1 to prev5t bit+1 crib-bit+1 & w9d-suck+4 ,all ( ! =ego+ are bad habits = horses1 = :i* !re is no effectual cure1 b 9 adopt+ ! use ( ! above implem5t4 ,! ,/able ,is an important matt] connect$ ) ! prop] managem5t ( horses4 ,?is %\ld be z mu* z possible ( a uni=m temp]ature1 cool 9 summ]1 w>m 9 w9t]1 & always clean1 dry1 & well-v5tilat$4 ,b no air mu/ be all[$ to bl[ directly ^u ! animal4 ,! horse is a native ( a w>m climate1 & ought to be well protect$ aga9/ cold4 ,! /able %\ld be nei!r too light nor too d>k1 nor mu/ ! light ev] be admitt$ be=e ! eye ( ! horse4 ,= judici\s & ext5d$ arrangem5t ( /ables1 & managem5t ( horses1 ! inquir+ read] is ref]r$ to ,/ew>t's ,/able ,economy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ass1 ,,! ,,mule1 ,,& ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,labor ,,( ,,work+ ,,animals4 ,,! ,,ass ,is a native ( ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 & ! c5tral p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,l ! horse1 he goes 9 troops & displays great natural sagacity1 activity1 & c\rage4 ,job says1 ,he scorne? ! multitude ( ! city1 nei!r reg>de? ! cry+ ( ! driv]4 ,l ! horse1 too1 he has f "t immemorial be5 tam$1 & become ! fai?ful s]vant ( man2 b unlike him1 he is subject to few maladies1 is h>dy & endur+1 & subsi/s & ev5 ?rives on co>se & scanty =age4 ,?us ,job says ( 8 natural haunts1 ,^: h\se ,i h made ! wild]ness1 & ! b>r5 l& 8 dwell+s2 ! range ( ! m\nta9s is 8 pa/ure1 & he se>*e? aft] e gre5 ?+4 ,x5ophon1 9 8 ,anabasis1 a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 says ( "o ( ! ,asiatic des]ts ?r\gh :i* he pass$ ) ! army ( ,cyrus1 t x 0 full ( wormwood2 if any o!r k9ds ( %rubs or re$s grew !re1 !y _h all an aromatic smell2 b no trees appe>$4 ,( wild creatures1 ! mo/ num]\s are wild asses1 :i* our horses sometimes *as$2 b ! wild asses exce$$ !m mu* 9 spe$4 ,v>ieties4 ,! diff]5t bre$s ( asses are suppos$ to be q z num]\s z ^? ( ! horse4 ,f\r di/9ct races are m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ scriptures4 ,9 mod]n times we f9d a simil> div]sity4 ,!re are two k9ds 9 ,p]sia1 ! l>ge/ a sl[1 heavy brute1 us$ only = burd5s2 ! o!r small] & m spirit$1 & us$ = ! saddle4 ,9 ,egypt1 a consid]able ?\gh less m>k$ diff]5ce exi/s1 ^? ne> ! ,delta be+ inf]ior to ^? :i* are br$ 9 ,upp] ,egypt & ,nubia4 ,9 ,spa91 a diff]5ce 9 size & _s prevails1 great] ev5 ?an 9 ,p]sia4 ,! ,zebra is ne>ly alli$ 9 size1 %ape1 & "* to ! wild ass1 b 8 untameable f]ocity has hi!rto effectually bid defiance1 alike to ! sc\rges & c>esses1 ! fr[ns & ! favors ( man4 ,arabia produces "s ( ! mo/ spirit$ & h>dy asses1 b _! size1 l t ( _! horses1 is too small = purposes ( ! greate/ utility4 ,! ,maltese ,jack is by ,am]ican bre$]s deem$ ! *oice/ animal f :i* to propagate4 ,he is evid5tly ( ,arabian desc5t1 & possesses all ! good qualities ( 8 ance/ry1 ) consid]able additional size4 ,we h sev]al v>ieties1 all ( :i* are import$1 z !re are no natives ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t4 ,! e>ly importations 7 pr9cipally made f ! ,azores1 & ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s1 & 7 mo/ly ( an inf]ior "*4 ,a sup]ior ,maltese ,jack 0 pres5t$ to ,g54 ,wa%+ton1 9 #aghg1 by ,la ,fayette1 & is believ$ to be ! fir/ ev] s5t to ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,cu/is describes him z ( mod]ate size1 clean-limb$1 possess+ great activity1 ! fire & f]ocity ( a tig]1 ( a d>k br[n & ne>ly black1 ) :ite belly & muzzle1 & manageable only by "o groom1 nor !n safely4 ,he liv$ to a great age4 ,8 mules 7 all active1 spirit$1 & s]viceable1 & :5 f /\t m>es1 atta9$ consid]able size4 ,a ,spani% ,jack & ,j5net 7 also pres5t$ to ,wa%+ton ab\t ! same "t1 by ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,! fir/ is *>act]iz$ by ! same au?ority1 z a huge1 ill-%ap5 animal1 ne>ly #af h&s high1 v l>ge head1 clumsy limbs1 & to all appe>ance little calculat$ = active s]vice2 he 0 ( a gray color1 & n mu* valu$ = 8 mules1 :i* 7 unwieldy & dull4 ,f ! ,maltese ,jack & ,spani% ,j5net1 :i* approa* ! size ( ! l>ge ,spani% ,jack1 0 br$ a valuable animal1 ,comp\nd1 :i* p>took ( all ! good qualities ( ! sire1 ) ! weight ( ! dam4 ,f him desc5d$ _m ( ! be/ mules ( ,m\nt ,v]non4 ,_m o!r valuable importations foll[$ ^! animals1 & x is believ$ we h = _m ye>s _h z f9e specim5s ( ! ass z ! _w af=ds4 ,j5nets1 or %e-asses1 are us$ among u pr9cipally = bre$+ ,jacks1 & ( c\rse are n num]\s4 ,!y are sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 br$ to ! horse4 ,x is difficult to induce ! horse to notice !m1 & ! produce1 :i* is call$ a h9ny1 is less h>dy & useful ?an ! mule4 ,! milk ( ! %e-ass is light] & m dige/ible ?an t ( any o!r animal1 & 9 =m] times 0 9 great reque/ = invalids4 ,! ass is occasionally us$ 9 ! c>t1 or z a bea/ ( burd54 ,su* z are employ$ = ^! purposes are g5]ally ( an inf]ior k9d1 & are only us$ = ! lighte/ "w4 ,!y may sometimes be se5 among ! fi%mong]s & small vegetable deal]s ab\t our city m>kets1 b little l>g] ?an a ,newf\ndl& dog or ,%etl& pony1 trundl+ along a light c>t ) a :eelb>r[ load4 ,9 anci5t times !y h be51 & 9 =eign c\ntries--ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 !y are ext5sively us$4 ,b ! mo/ enlight5$ ( ! mod]ns h adopt$ ! mule z ! prop] & almo/ exclusive sub/itute = ! ass2 & x w\ld %[ a /ill great] intellig5ce & economy1 if x mu* m ext5sively took ! place ( ! horse4 ,,! ,,mule ,is ! hybrid produc$ by ! ass ) ! m>e4 ,h[ e>ly ?is animal 0 br$1 is unc]ta91 b we "k he 0 9 high repute 9 ! reign ( ,david1 ne> #c1jjj ye>s ago1 = he 0 rode by ,absalom1 ! favorite pr9ce ( ,israel1 on ! field ( battle4 ,!y h f "t immemorial be5 br$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ?r\gh\t ,spa91 ,portugal1 & o!r c\ntries1 _m ( !m be+ ( spl5did appe>ance & ( f9e qualities4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 !y are frequ5tly us$ by ! gr&ees & nobles1 & inde$ by royalty itself2 & h[ev] mu* !y may be und]valu$ else:]e1 :5 !y are f9ely br$ & tra9$1 & ri*ly cap>ison$1 !y exhibit a /atel9ess & be>+1 t few ( ! highe/ br$ horses c mat*4 ,bre$+ ,mules 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,0 comm5c$ ) mu* _s 9 "s ( ! ,new ,engl& /ates1 soon aft] ! ,am]ican revolution4 ,! object 0 n to bre$ !m = _! own use1 b only z an article ( comm]ce4 ,!y 7 at fir/ %ipp$ exclusively to ! ,we/ ,indies2 & aft]w>ds to ! ,s\? & ,we/1 = employm5t 9 ! v>i\s "w ( ! plantation4 ,indiff]5t animals1 bo? z sires & dams1 7 us$ at fir/1 z any ?+ :i* bore ! "n ( mule1 !n comm&$ a ready sale4 ,! prog5y 7 necess>ily inf]ior brutes1 & view$ ) almo/ univ]sal d]ision2 & be+ consid]$ ! type ( _! race1 a prejudice 0 excit$ aga9/ !m1 :i* m ?an half a c5tury has n be5 suffici5t to dispel4 ,among a few ?9k+ m5 at ! ,nor?1 !y h be5 adopt$ & made highly useful 9 ! v>i\s duties ( ! f>m4 ,!y h be5 l>gely introduc$ at ! ,s\? & ,we/1 b pr9cipally 9 ! slave /ates1 :]e ! managem5t ( ! team devolves ^u ! ignorant & he$less4 ,x is !re1 & 9 o!r & hott] climates1 t ! sup]ior m]its ( ! mule ov] ! horse z a labor+ animal1 are peculi>ly manife/4 ,9 _m in/ances !y are indiff]5tly f$1 h>dly work$1 & greatly neglect$ by _! driv]s2 yet !y su/a9 !mselves = ye>s1 9 defiance ( usage t w\ld annihilate two g5]ations ( horses4 ,_! p[]s h be5 l>gely increas$ & _! m]its improv$1 by ! introduction ( "s ( ! be/ ,maltese & ,spani% ,jacks1 & ! use ( l>ge1 blood m>es4 ,! propriety ( ?is c\rse is se5 9 ! value ( ! product2 = :ile "s ( ! inf]ior are unsaleable at #ej1 o!rs ( ! same age1 & re>$ "u ! same circum/ances ( keep & condition1 c\ld n be pur*as$ = #aej4 ,! ,bre$+1 ,re>+1 & ,managem5t ( ,mules ,is simil> to t ( colts4 ,!y w be f\nd1 equally ) horses1 to repay g5]\s keep & att5tion1 by _! increas$ & rapid gr[?4 ,b !y %\ld n be pamp]$ by high fe$1 z x n only has a t5d5cy to produce disease1 b to =m habits ( fa/idi\sness1 :i* mat]ially less5s _! economical fe$+ 9 aft] life4 ,! diseases to :i* mules are subject$1 7:i* are always few1 & if prop]ly manag$ w seldom or ev] occur17 require a treatm5t l t ( horses4 ,! bre$+ f mules has sometimes be5 que/ion$1 b x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,nei!r ! sexual developm5t nor prop5sities are want+1 b !y are seldom indulg$ ) effect4 ,mr4 ,kilby1 ( ,virg9ia1 /ates 9 ! ,f>m]'s ,regi/]1 t a m>e mule br\ght two colts f a "y horse1 :i* !y closely resembl$4 ,! fir/ 0 a male1 & di$1 app>5tly ) /agg]s1 :i* no treatm5t c\ld arre/1 at six mon?s old4 ,! second 0 a female1 #af mon?s y\ng] ?an ! fir/1 m>k$ l ! sire1 be+ jet-black1 except+ a :ite foot & /> 9 ! =ehead1 & di$ at a ye> old1 aft] two days' illness1 not)/&+ ! utmo/ c>e 0 be/[$ ^u x4 ,successful propagation ( ?is hybrid1 h[ev]1 beyond ! fir/ cross1 seems to be incompatible ) ! fix$ laws ( nature4 ,) a view ( enc\rag+ ! sub/itution ( mules = a "p ( ! horses n[ employ$ 9 ,am]ican husb&ry1 we give ! foll[+ te/imony f exp]i5c$ individuals1 ( great intellig5ce & c>eful obs]vation4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,mule ,,ov] ,,horse ,,labor4 ,! (ficial report ( an agricultural committee 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahbd1 says3--,! annual exp5se ( keep+ a horse is equal to 8 value4 ,a horse at f\r ye>s old w\ld n (t5 br+ m ?an 8 co/4 ,two mules c be rais$ at less exp5se ?an "o horse4 ,! mule is fit = s]vice e>li]1 & if ( suffici5t size1 w p]=m z mu* labor z ! horse2 & if att5d$ to :5 fir/ put to "w1 8 gait & habits may be =m$ to suit ! own]4 ,mr4 ,pom]oy1 :o us$ !m ne> ,bo/on = #cj ye>s1 & to su* an ext5t z to h _h m labor p]=m$ by !m probably ?an any p]son 9 ,new ,engl&1 says3--,i am conv9c$ ! small bre$ ( mules w consume less 9 proportion to ! labor !y are capable ( p]=m+ ?an ! l>g] race1 b ,i %all conf9e myself to ! latt] 9 my comp>ison1 su* z /& #ada_/b to #af h&s1 & are capable ( p]=m+ any "w a horse is usually put to4 ,f repeat$ exp]im5ts1 ,i h f\nd t ?ree mules ( ?is description1 :i* 7 con/antly at "w1 consum$ ab\t ! same quantity ( hay1 & only "o-f\r? ! prov5d]1 :i* 0 giv5 to two middl+-size coa*-horses1 only mod]ately work$4 ,i am satisfi$ a l>ge-siz$ mule w n consume m ?an ?ree-fif?s to two-?irds ! food to keep him 9 good ord]1 t w be necess>y = a horse p]=m+ ! same labor4 ,! exp5se ( %oe+ a mule ! ye> r\nd1 does n exce$ "o-?ird t ( ! horse1 8 ho(s be+ h>d]1 m horny1 & s sl[ 9 _! gr[?1 t %oes require no removal1 & hold on till worn out2 & ! we> f ! lightness ( ! animal is mu* less4 ,mules h be5 lo/ by fe$+ on cut /raw & corn meal2 9 no o!r in/ance h ,i kn[n disease 9 !m1 except by inflammation ( ! inte/9es1 caus$ by ! grosse/ exposure to cold & wet1 & excessive dr9k+ cold wat]1 aft] sev]e labor1 & :ile 9 a high /ate ( p]spiration4 ,x is n improbable a f>m] may "w ! same team ( mules = tw5ty ye>s1 )\t hav+ a f>ri]'s bill pres5t$ to him4 ,9 my exp]i5ce ( ?irty ye>s1 ,i h nev] f\nd b "o mule incl9$ to be vici\s1 & he might h be5 easily subdu$ :ile "y4 ,i h always f\nd !m tru] pull]s & quick] travell]s1 ) a load1 ?an horses4 ,_! vision & he>+ are mu* m accurate4 ,i h us$ !m 9 my family c>riage1 9 a gig1 & "u ! saddle2 & h nev] kn[n "o to />t or run f any object or noise1 a fault 9 ! horse1 t cont9ually causes ! maim+ & dea? ( num]\s human be+s4 ,! mule is m /eady 9 8 draught1 & less likely to wa/e 8 /r5g? ?an ! horse1 h5ce m suitable to "w ) ox52 & z he walks fa/]1 he w habituate !m to a fa/] gait4 ,9 pl[+ among crops1 8 feet be+ small & foll[+ ea* o!r s mu* m 9 a l9e1 he seldom treads d[n ! ridges or crops4 ,! facility ( in/ruct+ him to obey implicitly ! voice ( ! driv] is a/oni%+4 ,! be/ pl[$ tillage l& ,i ev] saw1 ,i h _h p]=m$ by two mules t&em1 )\t l9es or driv]4 ,! mule is capable ( endur+ labor 9 a temp]ature ( heat t w\ld be de/ructive to a horse4 ,al?\gh a l>ge mule w consume some?+ ov] "o-half ! food ( a horse1 yet ! sav+ 9 %oe+1 f>ry+1 & insurance aga9/ diseases & accid5ts1 w am\nt to at lea/ "o-half4 ,9 addition1 ! own] may rely ) tol]able c]ta9ty on ! cont9uance ( 8 mule capital = ?irty ye>s2 :]eas ! horse own] mu/1 at ! end ( fifte5 ye>s1 look to 8 crops1 8 acres1 or a bank = ! r5ewal ( 84 ,! longevity ( a mule is s prov]bial1 t a pur*as] seldom inquires 8 age4 ,pl9y m5tions "o #hj ye>s old2 & ,dr4 ,rees1 two 9 ,engl&1 t rea*$ ! age ( #gj4 ,i saw "o p]=m+ 8 labor 9 a cane-mill 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* ! own] assur$ me 0 #dj ye>s old4 ,i h n[ a m>e-mule #be ye>s old1 t ,i h _h 9 con/ant "w = #ba ye>s4 ,%e has (t5 )9 a ye> tak5 a ton weight 9 a wagon to ,bo/on1 five miles1 & manife/s no dim9ution ( h] p[]s4 ,a neighbor has "o #bh ye>s old1 :i* he w\ld n ex*ange = any horse 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"o 9 ,m>yl&1 #ce ye>s old1 is n[ z capable ( labor z at any =m] p]iod4 ,mr4 ,hood ( ,m>yl&1 9 ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 e/imates ! annual exp5se ( a horse = #ab mon?s1 at #dd1 & t ( a mule at #bb1 j half price1 & 8 work+ age at m ?an twice t ( ! horse1 & t too aft] #cj ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 keep+ bo?4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,baltimore ,patriot1 ass]ts t ,col4 ,john ,e4 ,h[>d _h a pair ( mules t work$ #cj ye>s1 aft] :i* !y 7 sold to a c>t] 9 ! city1 & p]=m$ h>d s]vice = sev]al ye>s long]4 ,_m mules #be ye>s old1 & n[ 9 ?is c\ntry1 p]=m well4 ,_m h be5 at h>d "w = #ab or #ae ye>s1 & w\ld n[ sell = #ajj ea*4 ,!y are n subject to ! colt's ailm5ts1 ! gl&]s1 heaves1 yell[-wat]1 & colic1 l horses2 & seldom are afflict$ ) spav91 r+bones1 or bots2 & !y w n f\nd]4 ,g5]al ,%elby says1 he has kn[n mules to travel #ab miles )9 ! h\r 9 light h>ness1 & has himself driv5 a pair #de miles 9 six h\rs1 /opp+ an h\r by ! way4 ,f\r mat* mules h be5 sold 9 ?is c\ntry = #a1jjj4 ,!y 7 ( c\rse sup]ior animals1 & made elegant coa*-horses4 ,^! animals 7 driv5 #hj miles 9 a day )\t injury2 & !y prov$ a fir/-rate team = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,ellicott1 ( ! ,patux5t ,furnaces1 ass]ts t1 out ( ab\t #ajj mules at ! works1 we h n lo/ on an av]age "o 9 two ye>s4 ,ble$+ at ! m\? w cure !m ( ne>ly e disease1 & by be+ turn$ out on pa/ure1 !y w recov] f almo/ e accid5t4 ,i d n recollect we h ev] _h a w9d-brok5 "o4 ,!y are sc>cely ev] defective 9 ! ho(1 & ?\gh kept %od1 x is n z important z ) ! horse4 ,_! sk9 is t\gh] ?an t ( ! horse1 consequ5tly !y are n z mu* worri$ by flies1 nor d !y suff] s mu* ) ! heat ( summ]4 ,to ! =ego+ te/imony may be add$ t ( ! late ,judge ,h9ckley ( ,massa*usetts2 a %rewd & close obs]v] ?r\gh a long life ( #hd ye>s4 ,he br$ mules at an e>ly day1 & always kept a team ( !m = 8 f>m "w1 mu* pref]r+ !m to horses = ?is purpose1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( #ej ye>s4 ,he _h a pair ne>ly #cj ye>s old1 :i*1 ) light pa/urage 9 summ]1 & ) a mod]ate supply ( hay ) little gra9 9 w9t]1 & no groom+1 p]=m$ all ! drudg]y1 ?\gh he kept 8 /able full ( horses besides4 ,!y outliv$ successive g5]ations ( horses1 & ?\gh ! latt] 7 (t5 sick & out ( condition1 ! mules nev] 74 ,"o f 8 /ock1 #de ye>s old1 0 sold = ! same price paid = a lot ( "y mules1 be+ at t mature age p]fectly able to p]=m 8 full %>e ( labor4 ,= ! c>avans t pass ov] ! almo/ inaccessible ranges :i* =m ! cont9uation ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ! ext5sive arid pla9s t lie betwe5 & we/ ( !m1 on ! r\te f ,santa ,fe to ,cali=nia1 mules are ! only bea/s ( burd5 us$ 9 ^! exhau/+ & p]il\s adv5tures4 ,_! value may be e/imat$ f ! comp>ative prices ( mules & horses2 = :ile a good horse may be b\ght = #aj to #bj1 a good mule is wor? #ej to #ge4 ,dr4 ,lyman1 :o rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh ^? regions1 in=ms u t _! c>avan left ,santa ,fe ) ab\t #aej mules1 #ae or #bj horses1 all bea/s ( burd51 & two *oice blood-horses1 :i* 7 l$ & treat$ ) peculi> c>e4 ,on ! r\te1 all ! work+-horses di$ f exhau/ion & suff]+2 ! two bloods t _h be5 s c>efully att5d$1 b j surviv$2 yet ( ! :ole numb] ( mules b #h or #aj gave out4 ,a mule #cf ye>s ( age 0 z /rong1 endur+1 & p]=m$ z h>d labor1 z any "o 9 ! c>avan4 ,:5 ?ir/ compell$ !m to resort = successive days to ! sal9e wat]s1 :i* are ! only ones furni%$ by ^? /]ile pla9s1 ! horses 7 at once sev]ely1 & n unfrequ5tly fatally affect$2 :ile ! mules1 ?\gh suff]+ greatly f ! *ange1 yet seldom 7 s mu* injur$ z to require any remission ( _! labor4 ,! mules s5t to ! ,mexican possessions f our we/]n /ates1 ,miss\ri1 ,t5nessee1 & ,k5tucky1 are consid]$ ( mu* m value ?an su* z are br$ f ! native 7usually wild7 m>es4 ,! diff]5ce probably arises1 9 "p1 f ! ,mexicans us+ jacks s inf]ior to mo/ ( ! /ock animals us$ by ! citiz5s ( ^? /ates4 ,m>e mules are e/imat$ 9 ^? regions at "o-?ird m ?an horse mules4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is is1 t aft] a day's j\rney ( excessive fatigue1 !re is a l>g] quantity ( blood secret$ 9 ! bladd]1 :i* ! female1 ow+ to h] l>g] passage1 voids at once1 & )\t mu* app>5t suff]+1 :ile ! male does n get rid ( x1 frequ5tly1 till aft] an h\r ( consid]able pa94 ,! effect ( ?is diff]5ce is se5 9 ! loss ( fle% & /r5g? 9 ! male to an ext5t f> beyond t ( ! female4 ,! me?od ( r$uc+ refractory mules 9 ! nor!rn ,mexican possessions1 is = ! p]son to grasp !m firmly by ! e>s1 :ile ano!r :ips !m sev]ely on ! =e-legs & belly4 ,e/imat$ annual sav+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! employm5t ( mules 9 ! place ( horses4--,to sum up ! advantages ( work+ mules ov] horses1 we %all h z advantages3 #a4 ,!y are m easily1 surely1 & *eaply rais$4 #b4 ,!y are ma9ta9$1 aft] comm5c+ "w1 = mu* less ?an ! co/ ( keep+ horses4 #c4 ,!y are n subject to _m ( ! diseases ( ! horse1 & to o!rs only 9 a mitigat$ degree1 & ev5 ^! are easily cur$ 9 ! mule4 #d4 ,!y atta9 a great] age1 & _! av]age work+ ye>s are probably twice t ( ! horse4 ,9 #ahdj1 !re 7 report$ to be #d1cce1ffi horses & mules 9 ! ,union1 no discrim9ation hav+ be5 made betwe5 !m4 ,suppose ! total numb] at ! pres5t "t is #d1fej1jjj1 & t ( ^! #fej1jjj are mules4 ,if we d$uct "o-f\r?1 suppos$ to be requir$ = ! purposes ( bre$1 fancy-horses1 c41 we %all h #c1jjj1jjj horses1 ^: places may be equally well suppli$ by ! same numb] ( mules4 ,we h se5 t ,mr4 ,hood1 ( ,m>yl&1 e/imates ! exp5se ( a work+ horse at #dd p] annum1 7n an ov] e/imate = ! ,atlantic /ates17 :ile t ( ! mule is #bb4 ,! diff]5ce is #bb1 :i* x is prop] to r$uce to meet ! mu* l[] rate ( keep+ at ! ,we/4 ,if we put ! diff]5ce at #aj1 we %all f9d ! sav+ 9 ! keep1 %oe+1 f>ri]y1 c41 by sub/itut+ mules = ! #c1jjj1jjj horses t c be disp5s$ )1 w be #cj1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! work+ age ( ! horse w n exce$ an av]age ( eight ye>s1 :ile t ( ! mule is probably ov] sixte54 ,to ! diff]5ce ( keep1 !n1 mu/ be add$ ! annual wa/e ( ! capital inve/$ 9 ! animal4 ,a mule is m *eaply rais$ to work+ age ?an a horse1 b all[+ !m to co/ equally1 we %all h ! horse exhau/+ "o-eigh? ( 8 capital annually = 8 decay1 :5 ! mule is us+ up b "o-sixte5?2 & if we all[ #dh z ! fir/ co/ ( bo? animals1 we %all f9d ! horse wa/+ #f annually = ?is item1 :ile ! mule det]iorates b #c1 mak+ an additional item ( #i1jjj1jjj4 ,?is w give an aggregate ( #ci1jjj1jjj1 z ! annual sav+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by sub/itut+ good mules = ?ree-f\r?s ( ! horses n[ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 w our f>m]s h ! good s5se to make ?is *ange8 ,x may be fairly answ]$1 :5 !y %all pref] utility1 int]e/1 & a j ta/e1 to a diseas$ fancy2 = ?\gh we admit ! sup]iority 9 appe>ance ( ! race ( horses ov] mules1 we d5y t a bad horse looks bett] or ev5 z well z a good mule2 & ) ! same keep & att5tion1 a good mule w outwork & outlook mo/ horses ( any bre$4 ,! comp>ative ,economy ( ,horse & ,ox ,labor4 ,?is is a "q :i* has be5 (t5 discuss$1 & :5 ) c&or1 ! conclusion has g5]ally be5 9 favor ( ox-labor4 ,! diff]5t employm5ts1 ! v>iety ( situation1 ! season1 & ! k9d ( /ock re>$ on ! f>m1 are all que/ions :i* %\ld be fully consid]$ 9 arriv+ at _! true comp>ative advantages4 ,mo/ f>m]s w\ld f9d x = _! int]e/ to keep teams ( ea*1 :]e !re is employm5t = m ?an "o2 or if ?is be n ! case1 ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to t :i* is be/ suit$ 9 all respects to _! p>ticul> position4 ,if "w ^u ! road is requir$1 a horse team w g5]ally be be/4 ,_! sup]iority w consi/ pr9cipally 9 _! great] spe$2 = ev5 ) a heavy load1 !y w be able to trot occasionally1 & :5 driv5 )\t x1 !y may increase _! pace to ne>ly d\ble ! natural gait ( ! ox4 ,?is w am\nt to a l>ge annual sav+ 9 ! "t ( ! driv] :5 /eadily employ$4 ,! same is true :5 remov+ manures or crops on ! f>m to remote di/ances1 ov] a smoo? surface1 :i* admits ( trott+ ) ! empty wagon4 ,h>r[+ ought always to be done ) a quick team1 z a viol5t /roke ( ! tee? breaks ! clods & pulv]izes ! e>? mu* bett] ?an :5 sl[ly dragg$4 ,b we %\ld assume 9 ?is comp>ison1 t ox5 %all n only be well adapt$ to _! "w by _! natural =mation1 l ! ,h]e=d1 ! ,devon1 & o!rs equally good1 b also t !y be well tra9$1 well manag$1 accu/om$ to quick movem5ts1 & z well f$ & look$ aft] z horses4 ,we %all !n f9d _! walk equal to a quick horse team1 & t 9 ?is case ! horse w h no advantage ov] ! ox 9 h>r[+4 ,= pl[+1 ! teams are on a p>1 z a good ox team w d z mu* 9 a day 9 cool wea!r z horses4 ,! situation ( ! f>m may mat]ially affect ?is e/imate4 ,9 a w>m climate1 horses1 & m especially mules1 w\ld be m s]viceable ?an ox51 z !y are capable ( endur+ mu* great] heat ) impunity4 ,if ! f>m be small & conv5i5t to m>ket1 ! labor may1 9 g5]al1 be be/ accompli%$ by ox51 z little travell+ w be requir$4 ,s1 too1 if ! l& be /ony or r\gh1 ! pl[+ & h>r[+ w be m k9dly & pati5tly done by ox5 ?an by spirit$ horses4 ,o!r consid]ations w sugge/ !mselves z affect+ ! comp>ative economy ( ?is labor4 ,! "t ( "w is to be fully consid]$4 ,if mu* & heavy "w be requir$ 9 summ]1 z is (t5 ! case 9 pl[+ ext5sive :eat f>ms1 horses are to be pref]r$2 yet if ! ox-team be />t$ at e>ly dawn1 & work$ briskly f\r or five h\rs1 & !n turn$ out to re/ ) a supply ( suitable food1 !y may aga9 comm5ce :5 ! extreme heat has abat$1 & accompli% a day's "w t few horses w exce$4 ,dur+ ! season ( muddy roads1 ! horse1 ) 8 broad1 compact foot1 & long] leg1 has a decid$ advantage ov] ! ox4 ,if ! ox draws by ! yoke1 7:i* on ! :ole is ! be/ mode17 he is liable to a sore neck :5 work+ 9 wet or sn[y wea!r1 & at su* times he is ov]mat*$ by 8 competitor4 ,! k9d ( /ock rais$ on ! f>m has an important be>+ on ?is "q4 ,"s f>ms are devot$ to re>+ horses1 & "s exclusively to re>+ cattle4 ,^! occasionally rema9 on h& aft] !y are fit = m>ket1 f ! want ( a pr(itable dem&4 ,!y c !n be employ$ n only )\t injury1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?or\gh tra9+ ?us secur$1 ) positive b5efit to _! future value4 ,ev5 if int5d$ = ! %ambles1 ! well-develop$ ox may advantage\sly be put to light "w at ?ree1 aft] :i* x may be gradually increas$ till he is six or eight1 & dur+ all ?is "t he w be improv+4 ,aft] do+ an e>ly spr+'s "w1 he may !n be turn$ on to good pa/ure1 & if foll[$ ) prop] /all-fe$+1 he w 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w9t] or spr+ yield a t5d]1 bett]-flavor$1 & m pr(itable c>cass1 ?an c be procur$ by any o!r mode ( fatt5+4 ,! fir/ co/ ( ox5 is less ?an t ( horses1 & !y are at all times *eaply re>$ on ! co>s] h]bage ( ! f>m4 ,! exp5se ( work+-ge>1 tackle1 & %oe+1 is mu* less ?an ) horses4 ,!y are subject to few] diseases1 & ^! are m )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y m$ic9es4 ,! co/ ( food is also less1 & :ile ! horse is depreciat+1 ! ox is increas+ 9 value till eight or n9e ye>s old4 ,accid5ts are less frequ5t ) ox51 f _! sl[] movem5ts2 & :5 !y occur1 ! ox may be turn$ out to fatt51 & /ill be wor? z mu* = ?is purpose z = ! yoke4 ,a p]man5t injury to ! horse is p]haps a total loss ( ! bea/1 ) a l>ge f>ri]'s bill 9 addition1 = :i* !re is no?+ to liquidate x b ! hide4 ,! small f>m] c make out a mo/ s]viceable team1 by putt+ a s+le horse be=e a yoke ( cattle4 ,if well tra9$1 !y w soon accommodate !mselves to ea* o!r's pace1 & "w z advantage\sly toge!r z an entire team ( ei!r class w\ld d alone4 ,bulls are frequ5tly put to ! draught1 & :5 !y h n o!r s]vices t fully te/ _! p[]s1 !y _c be bett] employ$4 ,heif]s & c[s are sometimes work$1 b hi!rto !y h n be5 us$ to any ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r animals1 !y might p]=m light "w to advantage1 b sev]e labor w\ld /9t _! gr[? or impair _! milk beyond ! b5efit d]iv$ f x4 ,! spay$ heif] is an exception to ! =ego+ rem>k1 & by _m is e/eem$ ev5 m useful ?an an ox ( equal weight4 ,we h no def9ite /atem5ts ( ! comp>ative money value ( ! labor ( ox5 & horses4 ,b 9 ,engl& repeat$ trials h be5 made1 & :ile "s h discov]$ no advantage 9 ! employm5t ( ox5 ov] horses1 o!rs h prov$ !m decid$ly sup]ior4 ,"o ,anglesey f>m] f\nd 9 an exp]i5ce ( ?ree ye>s1 ) #ab horses & #bj ox51 :i* accompli%$ an equal am\nt ( "w1 t he _h sav$ by ! latt]1 #aaej4 ,! =ego+ facts prove ! subject to be "o ( suffici5t importance1 to ju/ify ! close/ inve/igation ( e f>m] to det]m9e = himself ! comp>ative value ( ox1 horse1 or mule labor4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sw9e4 ,! hog is a cosmopolite ( almo/ e zone1 ?\gh 8 natural haunts1 l ^? ( ! hippopotamus1 ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 & mo/ ( ! ?ick-sk9n$ animals1 are 9 w>m climates4 ,!y are mo/ abundant 9 ,*9a1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! imm5se range ( isl&s :i* ext5ds ov] ! :ole ,s\!rn & ,pacific ,oceans2 b !y are also num]\s ?r\gh\t ,europe1 f its s\!rn coa/ to ! ,russian dom9ions )9 ! ,arctic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! ,wild ,bo>4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sw9e h be5 an object ( att5tion s9ce its e>lie/ settlem5t1 & :5ev] a pr(itable m>ket c\ld be f\nd = pork abroad1 x has be5 export$ to ! full ext5t ( ! dem&4 ,= ne> tw5ty ye>s foll[+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! g5]al ,european w>s1 soon aft] ! organization ( our national gov]nm5t1 x 0 a comp>atively l>ge article ( comm]ce2 b f t "t1 exports h n be5 ju/ifi$ to any ext5t1 till )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 s9ce :i*1 a mat]ial r$uction 9 ! ,briti% import duty on pork1 l>d1 & hams1 has aga9 br\ght x up z a prom95t article ( trade ) t c\ntry4 ,! rec5t use :i* has be5 made ( ! c>cass 9 conv]t+ x into l>d oil1 has /ill fur!r increas$ its consumption4 ,sw9e are re>$ 9 v "p ( ! ,union1 & :5 prop]ly manag$1 always at a fair pr(it4 ,at ! extreme ,nor?2 9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge m>kets2 & on su* ( ! ,s\!rn plantations z are p>ticul>ly suit$ to sug> or rice1 !y %\ld n be rais$ beyond ! numb] requir$ = ! consumption ( ! co>se or refuse food produc$4 ,sw9e are advantage\sly kept 9 connection ) a dairy or or*>d1 z ) little additional food besides :at is ?us af=d$1 !y c be put into good condition = ! but*]4 ,b x is on ! ri* bottoms & o!r l&s ( ! ,we/1 :]e ,indian corn is rais$ 9 pr(usion1 & at small exp5se1 t !y c be re>$ 9 ! greate/ numb]s & yield ! l>ge/ pr(it4 ,! ,sciota1 ,miami1 ,waba%1 ,ill9ois1 & o!r valleys1 & ext5sive tracts 9 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,miss\ri1 & "s adjo9+ /ates1 h = _m ye>s tak5 ! lead 9 ! production ( sw9e2 & x is probable ! climate & soil1 :i* are peculi>ly suit$ to _! rapid gr[?1 z well z t ( _! appropriate food1 w enable !m =ev] to rema9 ! lead+ pork-produc]s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,bre$s ( ,sw9e4 ,! bre$s cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry are num]\s1 & l our native cattle1 !y embrace _m ( ! be/1 & a few ( ! wor/ to be f\nd among ! species4 ,great att5tion has = _m ye>s be5 paid to _! improvem5t 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates1 & n[h]e are !re bett] specim5s ?an 9 _m ( _! y>ds4 ,?is _s has rapidly ext5d$ ,we/ & ,s\?2 & among mo/ ( ! intellig5t f>m]s :o make !m a lead+ object ( att5tion1 on _! ri* corn gr\nds1 sw9e h atta9$ a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,?is does n consi/ 9 ! introduction & p]petuity ( any di/9ct races1 s mu* z 9 ! bre$+ up to a desirable size & aptitude = fatt5+1 f su* m]itori\s individuals ( any bre$1 or _! crosses1 z come )9 _! rea*4 ,fig4 #cc1 repres5ts an ,engli% bre$ ( hogs1 a c5tury or m ago3 ?\gh co>se & sl\*-e>$1 x is yet ! portrait ( a tol]able hog1 & f> be=e _m ( ! sw9e t /ill ma9ta9 _! asc5d5cy 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,?is bre$ is ne>ly ext9ct1 hav+ be5 cross$ successively by ! ,*9ese & o!r good bre$s1 ?us dim9i%+ ! size & mat]ially improv+ its ?rift & t5d5cy to fatt5+4 ,we h few su* animals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh we h _m t are worse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,old ,engli% ,hog4 ,! ,byefield1 "s #cj ye>s ago1 0 a valuable hog 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates1 & did mu* good among ! species g5]ally4 ,!y are :ite1 ) f9e curly hair1 well made & compact1 mod]ate 9 size & l5g?1 ) broad backs1 & at #ae mon?s atta9+ "s #cjj to #cej lbs4 net4 ,! ,b$=d or ,woburn is a bre$ orig9at+ ) ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 on 8 e/ate at ,woburn1 & br\ght to _! p]fection1 probably1 by judici\s crosses ( ! ,*9a hog1 on "s ( ! be/ ,engli% sw9e4 ,a pair 0 s5t by ! duke to ?is c\ntry1 z a pres5t to ,g54 ,wa%+ton1 b !y 7 di%one/ly sold by ! mess5g] 9 ,m>yl&1 9 :i* /ate & ,p5nsylvania !y 7 productive ( mu* good at an e>ly day1 by _! ext5sive di/ribution ?r\gh diff]5t /ates4 ,sev]al o!r importations ( ?is bre$ h be5 made at v>i\s times1 & especially by ! spirit$ ma/]s ( ! ,liv]pool packet %ips1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,new ,york4 ,!y are a l>ge1 spott$ animal1 well made1 & incl9+ to e>ly maturity & fatt5+4 ,!y are an exce$+ly valuable hog1 b are ne>ly ext9ct bo? 9 ,engl& & ?is c\ntry1 z a bre$4 ,! ,leice/]s are a l>ge1 :ite hog1 g5]ally co>se 9 ! bone & hair1 great eat]s1 & sl[ 9 matur+4 ,"s v>ieties ( ?is bre$ diff] ess5tially 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 & mature e>ly on a mod]ate am\nt ( food4 ,! crosses ) small] compact bre$s1 are g5]ally ?rifty1 desirable animals4 ,o!r l>ge bre$s des]v+ comm5dation 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ! l>ge ,miami :ite1 ! ,york%ire :ite1 & ! ,k5ilwor?1 ea* frequ5tly atta9+1 :5 dress$1 a weight ( #fjj to #hjj lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,*9a ,hog4 ,! ,*9ese is among ! small] v>ieties1 & )\t d\bt is ! p>5t /ock ( ! be/ ,european & ,am]ican sw9e4 ,!y necess>ily v>y 9 appe>ance1 size1 %ape1 & color1 f ! div]sity 9 ! /yle ( bre$+1 & ! v>i\s regions f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! ,fig4 repres5ts ! pure ,*9a pig1 & is a /rik+ lik5ess ( _m ( ! import$ & _! imm$iate desc5dants t we h se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are too small an animal = g5]al use1 & require to be mix$ ) l>g] bre$s to produce ! mo/ pr(itable c>cass = ! m>ket4 ,= ! purpose ( ref9+ ! co>se bre$s1 no animal has ev] be5 s successful z ?is4 ,!y are f9e-bon$1 %ort1 & v compact1 ) bellies almo/ t\*+ ! gr\nd1 light head & e>s1 f9e muzzle1 ( great docility & quietness1 small fe$]s1 & produc+ mu* meat = ! quantity ( food consum$4 ,f ! rapidity ) :i* g5]ations ( ?is animal are multipli$1 ! v>iety ( o!r bre$s on :i* !y are cross$1 & ! treatm5t to :i* !y are subject$1 x is n surpris+ t _! desc5dants %\ld rapidly assume di/9ct features4 ,!y furni% n only a /rong da% ( blood 9 ! be/ class ( l>ge bre$s1 b 9 su* ( ! small] z h any pret5sions to m]it1 !y con/itute ! great] "p ( ! improvem5t4 ,su* are ! ,neapolitan1 ! ,essex half-black1 ! ,grass bre$1 & "s o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,b]k%ire ,hog4 ,! ,b]k%ires are an anci5t ,engli% bre$1 =m]ly ( l>ge size1 sl[ fe$]s1 & late 9 matur+4 ,_! color 0 a buff or s&y gr\nd1 ) l>ge black spots1 & ! feet1 l[] "p ( ! legs1 & tuft on ! tail1 buff4 ,! latt] color has giv5 place1 9 mo/ ( ! mod]n age1 to :ite 9 ! same p>ts4 ,?is v>iation1 ) ! m important ones ( e>ly maturity & good fe$+ prop]ties1 are by ,pr(essor ,l[ ascrib$ to a ,*9ese cross1 :i* has add$ ! only *>act]i/ic 9 :i* !y 7 be=e defici5t4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ & re>$ z a di/9ct bre$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,br5tnall1 ( ,orange ,co41 & ,mr4 ,hawes1 ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,york4 ,9 _! h&s1 & ^? ( o!r skilful bre$]s1 _! m]its 7 widely promulgat$4 ,no o!r bre$s h be5 s ext5sively diffus$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 comp>atively s brief a p]iod1 z ! ,b]k%ires1 s9ce #ahcb1 & !y h produc$ a m>k$ improvem5t 9 _m ( our =m] races4 ,!y weigh v>i\sly1 f #bej to #djj lbs4 net1 at #af mon?s1 accord+ to _! food & /yle ( bre$+2 & "s full-gr[n h dress$ to m ?an #hjj lbs4 ,!y p>ticul>ly excel 9 _! hams1 :i* are r\nd1 full1 & heavy1 & conta9 a l>ge proportion ( lean1 t5d]1 & juicy meat1 ( ! be/ flavor4 ,none ( our improv$ bre$s af=d long1 co>se hair or bri/les2 & x is a gratify+ evid5ce ( our decid$ improvem5t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( dome/ic animals1 t our bru%-mak]s are "u ! necessity ( import+ mo/ ( :at !y use f ,russia & nor!rn ,europe4 ,?is improvem5t is manife/ n only 9 ! hair1 b 9 ! sk91 :i* is s(t & mell[ to ! t\*2 9 ! f9] bones1 %ort] head1 upright e>s1 di%+ face1 delicate muzzle1 & mild eye2 & 9 ! %ort legs1 l[ flanks1 deep & wide *e/1 broad back1 & e>ly maturity4 ,bre$+4 ,sw9e %\ld n be all[$ to bre$ be=e #ab or #ae mon?s old1 unless ! animals are l>ge & co>se1 :5 !y may be put to x some:at y\ng]4 ,n only *oice individuals1 b su* z are well desc5d$1 %\ld be select$ = ! purpose ( bre$+4 ,! s[ %\ld be 9 good condition1 b n fat1 nor approa*+ to x2 & a prop] degree ( ex]cise is ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! foetus & ! heal? ( ! p>5t2 = :i* reason1 %e %\ld h an ext5d$ range connect$ ) h] p54 ,! s[ goes ) "y ab\t #aad days4 ,a week be=e ! "t comes r\nd1 a com=table1 quiet place %\ld be prep>$ = h] "u cov]1 & well-protect$ f cold1 if ! wea!r be sev]e2 or if w>m1 a range 9 a pa/ure ) an op5 %$ to retire to1 is suffici5t4 ,too mu* litt] = b$d+ mu/ be avoid$1 & no *ange or di/urbance ( ! s[ p]mitt$1 till two or ?ree weeks aft] pigg+1 z ! re/lessness !reby produc$ may result 9 ! loss ( ! pigs4 ,! s[ %\ld be f$ only ) a small quantity ( ! lighte/ food or ?9 gruel1 = two or ?ree days1 nor put on full fe$ = a week4 ,if incl9$ to eat h] pigs1 %e %\ld be f$ two or ?ree times ) raw pork or fre% meat4 ,! pigs may be taught to crack oats or soak$ corn aft] ?ree weeks1 & if provid$ ) a tr\gh inaccessible to ! dam1 !y w soon le>n to fe$ on milk & o!r food1 prep>atory to wean+4 ,?is may take place :5 !y are #h or #aj weeks old2 & to prev5t injury to ! s[1 let "o or two rema9 ) h] a few days long]1 & :5 f9ally remov$1 if h] bag appe>s to be full1 !y may be all[$ to dra9 ! milk aft] #bj or #cj h\rs4 ,! s[ %\ld be re/rict$ to a light1 dry diet = a few days at ?is p]iod4 ,managem5t & ,fatt5+4 ,!re are b two objects 9 keep+ sw9e1 = bre$+ & = slaught]1 & _! managem5t is consequ5tly simple4 ,^? design$ = bre$+1 %\ld be kept 9 gr[+ condition1 on light food1 & h e advantage = ex]cise4 ,su* z are de/9$ exclusively = fatt5+1 ought to be /eadily kept to ! object4 ,x is ! usual1 ?\gh a bad practice 9 ?is c\ntry1 to let spr+ pigs run at l>ge = ! fir/ #ae mon?s1 ) su* food z is conv5i5t2 & if f$ at all1 x is only to keep !m 9 mod]ate gr[? till ! second autumn4 ,!y are !n put up to fatt51 & 9 ! c\rse ( #fj or #ij days are f$ (f & slaught]$4 ,dur+ ?is brief p]iod1 !y ga9 f #ej to #ajj p] c5t4 m ( dress$ weight ?an 9 ! #ae or #ah mon?s prec$+3 nor ev5 !n d !y yield a great] av]age weight ?an is (t5 atta9$ by *oice1 ?rifty pigs1 :i* h be5 well-f$ f wean+ to ! age ( #h or #i mon?s4 ,?ree pigs ( ! ,b$=d bre$1 :5 precisely #ga_/b mon?s old1 dress$ #bcj1 #bce1 & #bcha_/b lbs4 ,two ( ! ,b]k%ire & ,leice/] bre$s1 at #i mon?s1 dress$ #cjd & #caj lbs4 ,?ree o!rs ( ! ,b]k%ire & ,grass bre$s1 #g mon?s & #bg days old weigh$ #bdj1 #bej1 & #beg lbs4 net4 ,innum]able in/ances c\ld be adduc$ ( simil> weights1 ga9$ )9 ! same "t1 ) a good bre$ ( animals "u judici\s treatm5t4 ,we h no "o accurate acc\nt ( ! food consum$1 s z to det]m9e ! relative pr(it ( %ort or long fe$+4 ,b t an animal mu/ consume mu* m 9 #ah or #bj mon?s to produce ! same quantity ( dress$ meat1 :i* is made by o!rs ( #h or #i mon?s1 does n admit ( a d\bt4 ,we h se5 t an ox requires b little m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( food to fatt51 t is necess>y = support+ exi/5ce4 ,if we apply ?is pr9ciple to sw9e1 & /ate ! quantity ( food :i* w fatt5 ! pig rapidly1 to be ?ree times z great z = ! support ( life1 we %all f9d t ! pig w fatt5 9 #g mon?s1 on ! same food he w\ld consume to keep him alive = #ba4 ,?is is bas$ on ! supposition t bo? animals are ( equal size4 ,b ! pig t matures & is slaught]$ at #g mon?s1 has only a mod]ate capacity = eat+4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( 8 gr[?1 8 size & ! consequ5t incapacity ( ! dige/ive organs1 prev5t ! consumption ( ! same quantity :i* ! l>g] animal requires2 & 8 accumulat+ fat1 8 limit$ respiration1 consequ5t ^u ! compression ( 8 lungs1 & 8 indisposition to ex]cise1 all conspire to keep ! consumption ( food )9 ! smalle/ possible limit4 ,?is result1 9 ! abs5ce ( any exp]im5t1 mu/ be conjectural entirely2 b we believe t exp]im5ts w %[1 t ( two ?rifty pigs f ! same litt]1 "o ( :i* is prop]ly f$ to 8 utmo/ capacity = #g mon?s1 & ! o!r f$ ) precisely d\ble ! quantity ( simil> food = #ba mon?s1 ! fir/ w yield m c>cass & ( a bett] & m pr(itable quality ?an ! latt]1 :i* has consum$ #ajj p] c5t4 ! mo/4 ,! food is only "o item 9 ?is calculation4 ,! olde/ requires ! mo/ att5tion1 is liable to m accid5ts & disease1 besides ! loss ( int]e/4 ,we are necess>ily =c$ to ! conclusion1 t by f> ! *eape/ mode ( w9t]+ pigs is 9 ! pork-b>rel4 ,we c readily anticipate "o objection to ?is practice1 :i* is ! want ( food at ! requisite season ( ! ye> to fatt5 !m4 ,?is c be obviat$1 by res]v+ en\gh ( ! previ\s ye>'s gra91 to keep ! animal 9 a rapidly ?riv+ /ate1 till ! next crop matures suffici5tly to fe$4 ,9 ! ri* corn regions1 on its beg9n+ to rip51 z x does 9 ,augu/1 ! fields are f5c$ (f into suitable lots1 & l>ge h]ds are successively turn$ into !m1 to consume ! gra9 at _! leisure4 ,!y wa/e no?+ except ! /alks1 :i* 9 t region ( pl5ty are consid]$ ( little value1 & !y are /ill useful z manure = succe$+ crops2 & :atev] gra9 is left by !m1 lean] droves :i* foll[1 w readily glean4 ,peas1 e>ly buck:eat1 & apples1 may be f$ on ! gr\nd 9 ! same way4 ,!re is an improvem5t 9 ! "* ( ! gra9 f a few mon?s' keep+1 :i* is fully equival5t to ! int]e/ ( ! money & co/ ( /orage4 ,if fatt5$ e>ly 9 ! season1 !y w consume less food to make an equal am\nt ( fle% ?an 9 cold] wea!r2 !y w require less att5tion2 & g5]ally1 e>ly pork w comm& ! highe/ price 9 m>ket4 ,x is mo/ economical1 to provide ! sw9e ) a f9e clov] pa/ure to run 9 dur+ ! spr+ & summ]2 & !y ought also to h access to ! or*>d1 to pick up all ! unripe & sup]flu\s fruit t falls4 ,!y %\ld also h ! wa% ( ! h\se & ! dairy1 to :i* add meal1 & s\r 9 l>ge tubs or b>rels4 ,n less ?an "o-?ird1 & p]haps m1 ( ! :ole gra9 f$ to sw9e1 is sav$ by gr9d+ & cook+ or s\r+4 ,yet c>e mu/ be obs]v$ t ! s\r+ be n c>ri$ s f> z to injure ! food by putrefaction4 ,a mixture ( meal & wat]1 ) ! addition ( yea/ or su* rema9s ( a =m] f]m5tation z adh]e to ! side or bottom ( ! vessel1 & exposure to a temp]ature betwe5 #fh deg4 & #gg deg4 w produce imm$iate f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is process !re are five /ages4 ,! sac*>9e1 by :i* ! />* & gum ( ! vegetables1 9 _! natural condition1 are conv]t$ into sug>2 ! v9\s1 :i* *anges ! sug> into alcohol2 ! mucilag9\s1 sometimes tak+ ! place ( ! v9\s1 & occurr+ :5 ! sug> solution1 or f]m5t+ pr9ciple is weak1 produc+ a slimy1 glut9\s product2 ! acetic1 =m+ v9eg>1 f ! v9\s or alcoholic /age2 & ! putrefactive1 :i* de/roys all ! nutritive pr9ciples & conv]ts !m into a poison4 ,! precise po9t 9 f]m5tation :5 ! food becomes mo/ pr(itable = fe$+1 has n yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$2 b t x %\ld /op %ort ( ! putrefactive1 & probably ! full maturity ( ! acetic1 is c]ta94 ,! roots = fatt5+ animals ought to be wa%$1 & /eam$ or boil$2 & :5 n int5d$ to be f]m5t$1 ! meal may be scald$ ) ! roots4 ,a small quantity ( salt %\ld be add$4 ,potatoes are ! be/ roots = sw9e2 !n p>snips2 orange or r$ c>rots1 :ite or ,belgian2 sug> beets2 mangel-wurzel2 ruta-bagas2 & ! :ite turnips1 9 ! ord] m5tion$4 ,! nutritive prop]ties ( turnips are diffus$ ?r\gh s l>ge a bulk1 t we d\bt if !y c ev] be f$ to fatt5+ sw9e ) advantage2 & !y w b>ely su/a9 lift :5 f$ to !m uncook$4 ,!re is a great loss 9 fe$+ roots to fatt5+ sw9e1 )\t cook+4 ,:5 unprep>$ gra9 is f$1 x %\ld be on a full /oma*1 to prev5t imp]fect ma/ication1 & consequ5t loss ( ! food4 ,x is bett] inde$ to h x always be=e !m4 ,! animal ma*9e is an exp5sive "o to keep 9 motion1 & x %\ld be ! object ( ! f>m] to put 8 food 9 ! mo/ available condition = its imm$iate conv]sion into fat & muscle4 ,sw9e ought to be kept p]fectly dry & clean1 & provid$ ) a w>m %elt]1 to :i* !y c retire at pleasure4 ,?is w greatly ha/5 ! fatt5+ & economize ! food4 ,!y ?rive bett] & are g5]ally less subject to disease1 :5 long conf9$ 9 y>ds1 by hav+ a cle> runn+ /ream always accessible1 to wall[ 94 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ prev5tives ( v]m9 & cutane\s diseases4 ,a hog ought to h ?ree ap>tm5ts1 "o ea* = sleep+1 eat+1 & evacuations1 ( :i* ! la/ may occupy ! l[e/1 & ! fir/ ! highe/ level1 s t no?+ %all be dra9$1 & z little c>ri$ into ! fir/ two z possible4 ,!y mu/ be regul>ly f$ ?ree times a day1 & if !re is a surplus1 x %\ld be remov$ at once4 ,if !y are closely conf9$ 9 p5s1 give !m z mu* *>coal twice a week z !y w eat4 ,?is corrects any t5d5cy to disord]s ( ! /oma*4 ,rott5 wood is an imp]fect sub/itute = *>coal4 ,graves1 scraps1 or crackl+s1 z !y are v>i\sly call$1 ! residuum ( r\gh l>d or tall[1 aft] express+ ! fat1 are a good *ange & an economical food4 ,"s animal food1 al?\gh n ess5tial1 is always acceptable to sw9e4 ,:5 ab\t to f9i% !m (f1 _m fe$ = a few weeks on h>d corn4 ,?is is prop] :5 slops or indiff]5t food has be5 giv51 & meal _c be conv5i5tly procur$2 b :5 fatt5$ on s\nd roots & meal1 x is a wa/eful practice1 z ! animal ?us falls beh9d 8 accu/om$ gr[?4 ,x is bett] to give him an occasional fe$ ( ! raw gra91 = a *ange1 & to %>p5 8 appetite4 ,! products furni%$ by ! c>cass ( sw9e are num]\s4 ,e "p ( ! animal is us$ = food1 & x admits ( a f> great] v>iety ( prep>ation = ! table1 ?an any o!r fle%4 ,f ! remote/ antiquity to ! pres5t "t1 & 9 e grade ( b>b>\s & civiliz$ life1 x has be5 e/eem$ z "o ( ! *oice/ delicacies ( ! epicure4 ,l>d-oil 7ole9e7 has1 )9 a few ye>s1 giv5 to pork a new & pr(itable use1 by :i* ! value ( ! c>cass is greatly increas$4 ,at "s ( ! l>ge pork-pack+ depots ( ! ,we/1 "o-?ird ( ! :ole quantity has be5 ?us dispos$ (4 ,?is has )drawn a l>ge am\nt ( pork f ! m>ket1 & prev5t$ ! depression :i* mu/ o!rwise h occurr$4 ,:]e ! oil is requir$1 ! :ole c>cass1 aft] tak+ out ! hams & %\ld]s1 is plac$ 9 a tub hav+ two bottoms1 ! upp] "o p]=at$ ) holes1 on :i* ! pork is laid1 & !n tightly cov]$4 ,/eam1 at a high temp]ature1 is !n admitt$ into ! tub1 & 9 a %ort "t all ! fat is extract$ & falls ^u ! l[] bottom4 ,! rema9+ mass is bones & scraps4 ,! la/ is f$ to pigs1 p\ltry1 or dogs1 or af=ds ! be/ k9d ( manure4 ,! bones are ei!r us$ = manure1 or are conv]t$ into animal *>coal1 wor? ab\t ?ree c5ts p] p\nd1 :i* is valuable = v>i\s purposes 9 ! arts4 ,:5 ! object is to obta9 l>d ( a f9e quality1 ! animal is fir/ sk9n$1 & ! adh]+ fat c>efully scrap$ (f4 ,! oily1 viscid matt] ( ! sk9 is ?us avoid$4 ,:5 tann$1 ! sk9 makes a valuable lea!r4 ,an aggregate weight ( #agij lbs4 f f\r well-fatt5$ animals1 aft] tak+ out ! hams & %\ld]s1 say ab\t #djj lbs41 gave )9 a fraction ( #abjj lbs4 ( ! be/ l>d4 ,/e>9e & ,ole9e4--,l>d & all fatty matt]s consi/ ( ?ree pr9ciples1 ( :i* /e>9e conta9s ! /e>ic & m>g>ic acids1 bo? ( :i*1 :5 sep>at$1 are solid1 & us$ z inf]ior sub/itutes = wax or sp]maceti c&les4 ,! o!r1 ole9e1 is fluid at a l[ temp]ature1 & 9 ,am]ican comm]ce1 is kn[n z l>d-oil4 ,x is v pure1 & ext5sively us$ = ma*9]y1 lamps1 & mo/ ( ! purposes = :i* olive or sp]maceti oils are us$4 ,cur+ ,hams & ,pork4 ,aft] dress+1 ! c>cass %\ld be all[$ to hang till p]fectly dra9$ & cool1 :5 x may be cut up & salt$4 ,! usual way is to pack ! pork 9 clean salt1 add+ br9e to ! b>rel :5 fill$4 ,b x may be dry salt$1 by rubb+ x 9 ?or\ghly on e side ( ea* piece1 ) a /rong lea!r rubb] firmly secur$ to ! palm ( ! "r h&4 ,! pieces are !n ?r[n into heaps & spr9kl$ ) salt1 & occasionally turn$ till cur$2 or x may at once be pack$ 9 dry casks1 :i* are occasionally roll$ to br+ ! salt into contact ) e "p4 ,hams & ,%\ld]s ,may be cur$ 9 ! same mann]1 ei!r dry or 9 pickle1 b ) diff]5tly arrang$ mat]ials4 ,! foll[+ is a good pickle = #bjj lbs4 ,take #ad lbs4 ( ,turk ,isl& salt2 #a_/b lb4 ( saltpetre2 #b qts4 ( molasses1 or #d lbs4 ( br[n sug>1 ) wat] en\gh to dissolve !m4 ,br+ ! liquor to ! scald+ po9t1 & skim (f all ! impurities :i* rise to ! top4 ,:5 cold1 p\r x ^u ! ham1 :i* %\ld be p]fectly cool b n froz51 & closely pack$2 & if n suffici5t to cov] x1 add en\gh pure wat] = ?is purpose4 ,"s ext5sive pack]s 9 ,c9c9nati & else:]e1 :o s5d *oice hams to m>ket1 add pepp]1 allspice1 c9namon1 nutmegs1 or mace & cloves4 ,! hams may rema9 six or eight weeks 9 ?is pickle1 !n hung up 9 ! smoke-h\se1 ) ! small end d[n1 & smok$ f #aj to #bj days1 accord+ to ! quantity ( smoke4 ,! fire %\ld n be ne> en\gh to heat ! hams4 ,9 ,holl& & ,we/phalia1 ! fire is made 9 ! cell>1 & ! smoke c>ri$ by a flue into a cool1 dry *amb]4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! be/ me?od ( smok+4 ,! hams %\ld at all times be dry & cool1 or _! flavor w suff]4 ,gre5 sug>-maple *ips are be/ = smoke2 next to !m are hickory1 sweet-bir*1 corn-cobs1 :ite-a%1 or bee*4 ,! smoke-h\se is ! be/ place to keep hams till want$4 ,if remov$1 !y %\ld be kept cool1 dry1 & free f flies4 ,a canvass-cov] = ea*1 saturat$ ) lime1 :i* may be put on ) a :itewa% bru%1 is a p]fect protection aga9/ flies4 ,:5 n to be kept long1 !y may be pack$ 9 dry salt1 or ev5 9 sweet br9e1 )\t injury4 ,a common me?od is to pack 9 dry oats1 bak$ sawdu/1 c4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,sw9e4 ,mortify+ z ! fact may be to human pride1 x is nev]!less c]ta91 t ! int]nal arrangem5ts1 ! visc]a1 dige/ive organs1 omnivor\s prop5sities1 & ! g5]al physiological /ructure ( ! hog & ! be>1 m ne>ly resemble man1 ?an any o!r animal4 ,_m ( _! diseases may !re=e be expect$ to be a modification ( ^? ( ! human species1 & require a simil> treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,skeleton ( a ,pig4 ,a ,maxilla inf]ior1 vel po/]ior2 l[] jaw4--,b ,d5tes2 ! tee?4--,c ,ossa nasi2 ! nasal bones4--,d ,maxilla sup]ior1 vel ant]ior2 upp] jaw4--,e ,os frontis2 ! frontal bone4--,f ,orbiculus2 ! orbit or socket ( ! eye4--,g ,os occipitis2 ! occipital bone4--,h ,atlas2 ! fir/ v]tebra ( ! neck4--,i ,v]tebrae colli1 vel c]vicales2 ! v]tebrae ( ! neck4--,j ,v]tebrae dorsi1 vel dorsales2 ! v]tebrae ( ! back4--,k ,v]tebrae lumborum1 vel lumbales2 ! v]tebrae ( ! lo9s4--,l ,ossa coccygis2 ! bones ( ! tail4--a ,scapula2 ! %\ld]-blade4--b ,hum]us2 ! r\nd %\ld]-bone4--c ,/]num2 ! brea/bone4--d ,ulna2 ! elb[4--e ,radius2 ! bone ( ! =e-arm4--f ,os navicul>e3 ! navicul> bone4--g ,phalanges vel ossa p$is2 ! fir/ & second bones ( ! foot4--h ,phalanges1 vel ossa p$is2 ! bones ( ! ho(4--i ,pelvis1 7ossa innorn9ata27 ! haun* bones4--j ,os femoris2 ! ?igh-bone4--k ,patella2 ! /ifle-bone4--l ,tibia2 ! upp] bone ( ! leg--m ,t>sus1 7"o ( :i* is ! 7,n7 os calcis27 ! hock-bones4--n ,os navicul>e2 ! navicul> bone4--o ,digiti1 vel phalanges1 7ossa p$is27 ! fir/ digits ( ! foot4--p ,digiti1 vel phalanges1 7ossa p$is27 ! second digits ( ! foot4 ,pulmon>y ,affections1 ,colds1 ,c\ghs1 & ,measles4 ,to ea* ( ^!1 sw9e are peculi>ly liable1 &1 z ) mo/ o!r evils1 prev5tion ( disease 9 sw9e is m easy & economical ?an cure4 ,a dry w>m b$1 free f w9ds or /orms1 & suitable food1 w mo/ effectually prev5t any injuries1 or fatal attacks4 ,! hog has little ext]nal cov]+ to protect him aga9/ cold4 ,nature has provid$ ?is imm$iately )9 ! sk91 9 ! deep lay] ( fat :i* surr\nds ! full1 plump hog4 ,fat is "o ( ! be/ non-conductors ( heat1 & ! pig :i* is well-f$ bids defiance to ! int5se cold1 :i* w\ld produce great suff]+1 & consequ5t disease1 9 ! ill-condition$ animal4 ,by ! obs]vance ( a prop] m$ium betwe5 too mu* fat or lean1 = ! /ore or bre$+ sw9e1 & provid+ !m ) com=table b$s & prop] fe$1 ne>ly all diseases w be avoid$4 ,= ,c\ghs & ,inflammation ( ! ,lungs1 ble$+ %\ld imm$iately be resort$ to1 aft] :i* give g5tle purges ( ca/or oil1 or ,epsom salts2 & ?is %\ld be foll[$ ) a dose ( antimonial p[d]s--#b gra9s1 mix$ ) half a dra*m ( nitre4 ,= ,co/iv5ess or loss ( appetite1 sulphur is an excell5t rem$y1 giv5 9 a light mess4 ,it* may be cur$ by ano9t+ ) equal p>ts ( l>d & brim/one4 ,rubb+-po/s1 & a runn+ /ream to wall[ 9 are prev5tives4 ,! ,kidney ,worm is frequ5tly fatal2 & always produces weakness ( ! lo9s & h9d legs1 usually foll[$ by entire pro/ration4 ,a pig ?us f> gone1 is h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( recov]+1 ev5 :]e practicable4 ,prev5tives1 are g5]al ?rift1 a range 9 a good pa/ure1 & a dose ( half a p9t ( wood-a%es e week or =tnight 9 _! food4 ,a small quantity ( saltpetre1 spirits ( turp5t9e1 or t>1 w effect ! same object4 ,:5 attack$1 apply spirits ( turp5t9e to ! lo9s1 & adm9i/] calomel c>efully2 or give half a tablespoonful ( copp]as daily = "o or two weeks4 ,bl9d ,/agg]s4 ,?is is g5]ally conf9$ to pigs1 & manife/s itself 9 foam+ at ! m\?1 re>+ on _! h9d legs1 *amp+ & gr9d+ _! tee?1 & app>5t bl9dness4 ,! prop] rem$ies are ble$+ & purg+ freely1 & ^! frequ5tly fail4 ,_m no/rums h be5 sugge/$1 b few are ( any utility4 ,x is important to keep ! issues on ! inside ( ! =e-legs1 j bel[ ! knee1 ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,! tails ( "y pigs frequ5tly drop or rot (f1 :i* is att5d$ ) no fur!r disadvantage to ! animal ?an ! loss ( ! memb]4 ,! rem$ies are1 to give a little brim/one or sulphur 9 ! food ( ! dam2 or rub oil or grease daily on ! affect$ p>ts4 ,x may be detect$ by a r\ghness or scabb9ess at ! po9t :]e sep>ation is likely to occur4 ,ble$+4--,! mo/ conv5i5t mode1 is f an art]y j above ! knee1 on ! inside ( ! =e-arm4 ,x may be drawn m copi\sly f ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! fl[ ( blood may usually be /opp$1 by apply+ a sponge or clo? ) cold wat]4 ,! diseases ( sw9e1 ?\gh n num]\s1 are =midable1 & _m ( !m soon become fatal4 ,!y h n be5 ! subject ( p>ticul> sci5tific /udy1 & mo/ ( ! rem$ies appli$1 are r ! result ( casual or hap-haz>d sugge/ion1 ?an ( well-dige/$ inf]5ce1 f long-cont9u$ & accurate obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,f>m-,,dogs4 ,no graz+ f>m is complete )\t "o or m intellig5t1 well-tra9$ dogs1 adapt$ to ! v>i\s wants ( _! own]s2 & ! g5]al ta/e has made _! pres5ce almo/ univ]sal 9 e rural h\sehold4 ,! dog is peculi>ly ! fri5d ( man4 ,_m o!r animals h a tempor>y ?\gh feeble atta*m5t to him1 :i* seems ! result r ( con/ant companion%ip1 or ! selfi%ness ( dep5d5ce1 ?an any well-settl$ affection t[>ds a ma/]4 ,! dog alone1 ( all ! brute creation1 seems capable ( a dis9t]e/$1 self-sacrific+ affection2 & ?is1 unit$ ) 8 usefulness & adapt$ness to all climes & c\ntries1 has made him a favorite 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,s9ce ?is animal is ! habitual t5ant ( ! f>m1 &1 :5 suit$ to 8 peculi> duties1 c be made ( great utility by ! assi/ance he is capable ( af=d+ 9 its managem5t1 we deem x entirely appropriate to our subject to indicate su* ( ! species z are des]v+ ! f>m]'s att5tion4 ,disc>d+ all ideas ( fancy or sportsman%ip1 & look+ to utility alone1 we may safely affirm t ! f>m] ne$s only su* z may be f\nd 9 ! f\r bre$s ( ! ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,%eph]d's & ,drov]'s dog1 & ! ,t]ri]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,newf\ndl& ,dog4 ,! ,newf\ndl& ,dog4 ,?is dog1 ( :i* we give a portrait1 is always above m$ium height1 & frequ5tly is ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,he is long-hair$ & %aggy1 & has a ?ick coat ( f9e1 s(t fur1 b5ea? ! out] cov]+1 :i* is almo/ imp5etrable by wat]4 ,8 color is mo/ frequ5tly black2 (t5 spott$ & p>tially fleck$ or grayi%2 & occasionally buff4 ,! ,newf\ndl& is ( ! ,spaniel family1 b d]ives its "n f ! isl& :]e x has be5 br$ = c5turies1 to ! great advantage ( its inhabitants4 ,!re are two v>ieties3 ! l>ge1 us$ 9 ! nor?1 call$ ! ,labrador2 & ! small]1 m docile & intellig5t1 ( ! s\?1 call$ ! ,/4 ,john's4 ,!y are employ$ by ! isl&]s1 & ! p ( ! neighbor+ coa/1 9 draw+ _! sl$s & c>ts load$ ) fi%1 wood1 c4 ,!y aid !m 9 v>i\s ways 9 _! fi%+ op]ations2 !y are /rong1 c\rage\s1 & wat*ful2 & ) slight tra9+1 !y are sc>cely inf]ior to ! be/ hunt+-dogs 9 pursu+ ! wild game t ab\nds 9 ^? high nor!rn latitudes4 ,^! e/imable qualities1 c\pl$ ) _! uni=m good-nature1 h always made !m favorites ) ! f>m]4 ,! ,newf\ndl& is an excell5t wat*-dog2 sagaci\s 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 a fri5d & a foe1 & ) c\rage & /r5g? to foll[ out 8 prompt & judici\s conclusions4 ,he is easily tra9$ = ! drov]1 to :om he is frequ5tly a great assi/ant2 & ) a sc5t suffici5tly acute to pursue game1 he is readily brok5 9 z a useful companion to ! sportsman4 ,he c also be made s]viceable 9 ! v>i\s duties ( ! f>m3 de/roy+ noxi\s v]m91 tak+ ! cattle & horses to ! field or wat]1 draw+ a light load1 *urn+ ! butt]1 c4 ,x is true1 he has n all ! sagacity ( ! ,poodle1 ^: intellig5ce approa*es ne>] to human reason ?an any o!r ( ! brute creation4 ,b if he has n t quick appreh5sion1 :i* too (t5 leads1 z 9 ! case ( =w>d *ildr51 to ! atta9m5t ( e wor?less accompli%m5t & ! indulg5ce ( e loaf]i% habit1 he seems to h a s$ate1 well-=m$ judgm5t1 :i* makes all 8 wit available = "s useful purpose4 ,he is unsurpass$ z a wat]-dog2 & 8 c\rage\s ef=ts1 :]ev] an opportunity has be5 af=d$1 9 rescu+ numb]less human be+s f a wat]y grave1 toge!r ) 8 unsw]v+ fidelity & devotion1 comm5d him z ! pr9ce ( ! can9e family4 ,! ,%eph]d's ,dog4 ,?is animal1 ( :i* we give a beautiful portrait on ! next page1 ( ! long-hair$ ,scotti% bre$1 belongs to ! same family z ! ,newf\ndl& & ,poodle1 :i* embraces ! mo/ intellig5t & useful ( ! can9e species4 ,!re are two classes ( ^! dogs1 :i* diff] widely 9 _! size & *>act]i/ics4 ,! l>g] is ( great size & c\rage1 & :5 protect$ by a /\t lea!r coll> /udd$ ) spikes1 is a full mat* = ! wolf4 ,^! are us$ by ! ,spani% & ,mexican %eph]ds1 on _! wild si]ras1 z effective gu>ds aga9/ ! attacks ( all m>aud]s1 & are ess5tially ! same race z ! f>-fam$ dogs ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,!y are n suffici5tly g5tle = guides1 & ! %eph]ds :o employ !m rely on "s well-tra9$ we!rs or goats to lead ! flock at _! call4 ,"s h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry1 b on acc\nt ( _! head/rong & f]oci\s "*1 & occasional depr$ations ^u ! flocks1 !y h be5 f\nd unsuit$ to our wants1 except on ! bord]s ( ! wild]ness4 ,! ,colley or ,scotti% %eep-dog1 ! ,engli%1 & ^? ext5sively us$ ^u ! cont95t1 diff] mu* 9 _! =m & appe>ance1 b agree 9 _! intellig5ce1 docility1 & usefulness4 ,!y are ( m$ium size1 ) a %>p nose1 broad =ehead1 & small upright e>2 !y are bo? %aggy & smoo?-hair$1 ) a bu%y tail1 & mu* hair ab\t ! neck2 v>i\sly color$1 ?\gh m frequ5tly incl9$ to black or d>kly spott$ & gray2 & "o bran* ( ! family is entirely de/itute ( a tail4 ,!y possess an in/9ctive sagacity = ! managem5t ( %eep2 & 9 company ) a well-tra9$ dog1 "u ! direction ( ! %eph]d1 !y soon become entirely compet5t to ! control ( ! flock4 ,!y p]ceive 8 wi%es by a ^w or sign1 & ) almo/ ! spe$ ( ! greyh\nd1 d>t (f to execute !m4 ,acc\nts ( _! p]=mances h be5 frequ5tly relat$1 :i* seem almo/ incr$ible to ^? unacqua9t$ ) _! peculi> "*4 ,! foll[+ anecdote1 (t5 told by ! gift$ poet1 ,mr4 ,james ,hogg1 m g5]ally kn[n by ! s\briquet ( ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d1 w %[ _! capacity m fully ?an any description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,%eph]d's ,dog ,on "o night1 a l>ge flock ( lambs t 7 "u ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d's c>e1 fright5$ by some?+1 scamp]$ away 9 ?ree diff]5t directions across ! hills1 9 spite ( all t he c\ld d to keep !m toge!r4 ',sirrah1' said ! %eph]d1 '!y're a' awa6' ,x 0 too d>k = ! dog & 8 ma/] to see ea* o!r at any consid]able di/ance1 b ,sirrah und]/ood him1 & set (f aft] ! fugitives4 ,! night pass$ on1 & ,hogg & 8 assi/ant trav]s$ e neighbor+ hill 9 anxi\s b fruitless se>* = ! lambs2 b he c\ld he> no?+ ( !m nor ( ! dog1 & he 0 return+ to 8 ma/] ) ! doleful intellig5ce t he _h lo/ all 8 lambs4 ',on our way home1 h[ev]1' says he1 'we discov]$ a lot ( lambs at ! bottom ( a deep rav9e call$ ! ,fle% ,cleu*1 & ! indefatigable ,sirrah /&+ 9 front ( !m1 look+ r\nd = "s relief1 b /ill true to 8 *>ge4 ,we conclud$ t x 0 "o ( ! divisions :i* ,sirrah _h be5 unable to manage1 until he came to t comm&+ situation4 ,b :at 0 our a/oni%m5t :5 we discov]$ t n "o lamb ( ! flock 0 miss+6 ,h[ he _h got all ! divisions collect$ 9 ! d>k1 is beyond my compreh5sion4 ,! *>ge 0 left entirely to himself f midnight until ! ris+ sun2 &1 if all ! %eph]ds 9 ! =e/ _h be5 !re to h assi/$ him1 !y c\ld n h effect$ x ) great] promptitude4 ,all t ,i c say is1 t ,i nev] felt s grateful to any creature "u ! sun z ,i did to my hone/ ,sirrah t morn+4' ,!y are quiet & good-natur$1 nev] incl9$ to roam or neglect _! duties1 & z little dispos$ to injure ! animals intru/$ to _! keep+4 ,!y h almo/ ! intellig5ce ( ! %eph]d 9 disc]n+ ! vag>ies ( ! flock1 & t5 times 8 effici5cy 9 driv+ x4 ,no ext5sive %eep-walks1 unless closely hemm$ 9 by impassable f5ces1 %\ld be )\t "o or m ( ^! useful animals4 ,! ,drov]'s ,dog4 ,?is animal is %[n 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,he is closely alli$ to ! %eep-dog1 f :i* he d]ives all 8 intellig5ce & capacity1 diff]+ only 9 be+ some:at l>g] & heavi]1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 controll+ ! /urdi] bullocks "u 8 *>ge4 ,8 additional size is acquir$ by cross+ ) "s ( ! /\t] races1 su* z ! ,newf\ndl& or ! po9t]1 & ev5 ! bull-dog & l>ge %aggy t]ri] h sometimes be5 resort$ to = a /ra9 ( t indomitable c\rage & game1 :i* is frequ5tly requisite to ! prop] dis*>ge ( 8 duties4 ,he requires m tra9+ ?an ! %eep-dog1 z 8 peculi> in/9cts are r to ! managem5t ( ! flock ?an ! h]d2 b :5 fairly brok5 91 he is equally exp]t 9 its managem5t4 ,! drov]'s dog may also be useful = wat*+1 if cross$ ) a ref]5ce to ?is object1 :i* ! %eep-dog seldom is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,drov]'s ,dog4 ,! ,t]ri]4 ,?is1 9 addition to ! =ego+1 is ! only dog necess>y to ! f>m4 ,he is ne$$ pr9cipally = 8 great sagacity & indefatigable p]sev]ance 9 ext]m9at+ rats & o!r v]m91 t frequ5tly congregate 9 sw>ms ar\nd ! f>m]'s premises1 produc+ su* an aggregate ( annoyance & deva/ation4 ,o!r dogs may occasionally be good ratt]s1 b ! t]ri] takes to !m f in/9ct1 z ! ,newf\ndl& does to ! wat]1 or ! %eep-dog to 8 flock4 ,he has great +5uity & activity 9 f]ret+ out & captur+ 8 prey1 & :5ev] a fair opportunity is af=d$1 he seldom fails ( success4 ,! fam\s ,engli% t]ri]1 ,billy1 on two occasions1 kill$ #ajj rats 9 a r+ at ea* "t1 9 an av]age ( less ?an six & a half m9utes4 ,! t]ri] is usually bel[ ! m$ium size1 b sometimes fully comes up to or ev5 exce$s x4 ,he is smoo?-hair$ or r\gh accord+ to ! bre$1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 ea* claim+ to be equally pure4 ,besides 8 capacity = ! de/ruction ( small game1 8 innate love = ! sport r5d]s him a valuable assi/ant 9 keep+ (f vagrant cattle f ! premises2 & 8 quick e>1 habitual wat*fulness1 & prompt c\rage1 fully qualify him1 to ! ext5t ( 8 size1 = an excell5t wat*-dog4 ,! fancy ( c\ntry resid5ts may incl9e !m to keep a v>iety ( o!r dogs ?an are h]e9 enum]at$1 "s ( :i*1 ) good tra9+1 c be made p>tial assi/ants to _! ma/]s4 ,b x is unnecess>y to specify ! v>i\s bre$s t may possibly be ( "s use on ! f>m1 z ! slight cross+ !y w be likely to h1 equally ) _! opportunities & ! att5tion be/[$ ^u !m1 w s]ve mat]ially to develop or obscure _! peculi> in/9cts4 ,! ,spaniel family & its crosses w be f\nd to comb9e ! greate/ intellig5ce1 fidelity1 & aptitude to le>n2 ! h\nd has ! ke5e/ sc5t & greate/ endurance 9 ! pursuit ( game2 :ile ! bull-dog has ! mo/ c\rage1 sull5 f]ocity1 & /r5g?4 ,ea* may occasionally be want$ = a /ra9 ( blood = "s p>ticul> objects2 & ?is is especially necess>y f ! bull-dog 9 ! managem5t ( refractory cattle1 or to give ! t]ri] great] /\tness & c\rage4 ,! absurd cu/om ( keep+ f "o to a doz5 dogs1 untra9$ = any valuable purpose1 or sup]num]>ies ev5 if capable ( r5d]+ occasional s]vice1 ought to be ab&on$ by e rational man4 ,besides ! great annual co/1 ! dang] ( communicat+ rabies or madness is suffici5t to ju/ify a legal re/ra9t on _! numb]s4 ,! sad havoc !y commit on ! flocks1 dem&s ! ext]m9ation by law ( e dog t is guilty1 :e!r ,mongrel1 puppy1 :elp1 or h\nd1 ,or cur ( l[ degree4 ,& ev5 if x includes ! fides ,a*ates1 or p>lor companions1 ,tray1 ,blan*e1 & ,swee!>t1 ! "w ( extirpation %\ld proce$1 to ! ext5t ( curtail+ ?is bran* ( f>m-/ock to its :olesome & legitimate proportions4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,p\ltry4 ,*oice v>ieties ( f[ls add a pleasant feature to ! f>m premises4 ,!y engage ! att5tion & sympa?y ( ! juv5ile f>m]s1 & ! "t be/[$ 9 ! p\ltry y>d keeps !m f mis*ief3 x is an agreeable & salut>y relief f toil & /udy1 & elicits ! ta/e1 ! judgm5t1 & ! k9dli] feel+s ( humanity1 :i* are to be matur$ 9 ! future accompli%$ bre$]4 ,:5 prop]ly manag$1 p\ltry are a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it1 yield+ m = ! food !y consume1 ?an any o!r /ock1 al?\gh _! value is n (t5 consid]$4 ,! agricultural /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = #ahci1 give u ov] #ab1jjj1jjj 9 p\ltry1 & x probably exce$s #ae1jjj1jjj at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,mc,queen1 t ! p\ltry ( ,engl& exce$s #dj1jjj1jjj1 & yet ,mc,culloch says %e imports #fj1jjj1jjj eggs annually f ,france1 7,mc,queen /ates x at ne> #gj1jjj1jjj27 & f o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t1 #be1jjj1jjj2 besides #hj1jjj1jjj import$ f ,irel&4 ,p\ltry1 !n1 ceases to be an unimportant object ( agricultural att5tion1 & assumes its appropriate place among ! o!r /aples ( ! f>m]4 ,h5s ,are ! mo/ num]\s & pr(itable1 & ! mo/ g5]ally useful ( ! fea!r$ tribe4 ,! h5 is peculi>ly an egg-produc+ bird4 ,%e has ! same pr$isposition = lay+1 t ! c[ has = secret+ milk4 ,"s bre$s are bett] adapt$ = ?is object ?an o!rs3 b 9 all t h ev] come )9 our notice1 ! prop] food & circum/ances are alone want+1 to produce a reasonable quantity ( eggs4 ,! egg consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts2 ! %ell1 ! :ite1 & ! yolk4 ,a good-siz$ egg w weigh #a1jjj gra9s1 ( :i* ab\t #ajg are %ell1 #fjd are :ite1 & #bhi are yolk4 ,( ! %ell1 #ig p] c5t4 is c>bonate ( lime1 #a p] c5t4 phosphate ( lime & magnesia1 & #b p] c5t4 album54 ,! :ite consi/s ( #ab p] c5t4 ( album51 #b4g ( mucus1 #j4c ( salts1 & #he ( wat]4 ,! yolk has ab\t #ag4d p] c5t4 ( album51 #bh4f ( yell[ oil1 #ed ( wat]1 ) a trace ( sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! =ego+ are ! con/itu5ts ( eggs1 :i* h be5 =m$ :5 ! bird has free access to ! v>i\s articles :i* con/itute h] natural food4 ,b !y v>y ) circum/ances4 ,:5 full-f$ & d5i$ all access to lime1 %e w =m an egg )\t ! %ell1 & deliv] x enclos$ 9 ! membrane or sack :i* always surr\nds ! :ite1 :5 cov]$ by ! %ell4 ,:5 scantily f$1 !y w frequ5tly lay2 b f a defici5cy ( nutrim5t1 ! egg w be meag] & wat]y1 & possess b a small portion ( ! nutriti\s qualities peculi> to !m4 ,to produce ! l>ge/ numb] ( good eggs1 sev]al conditions are important2 & !y mu/ especially h an abundance ( ! "r k9d ( food4 ,?is is ! mo/ readily obta9$ 9 "p f animal food4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 :5 !y h a free range1 !y c g5]ally supply _! wants 9 ! abundance ( insects1 e>?-worms1 & o!r animal matt]s )9 _! rea*4 ,! l>ge proportion ( album5 conta9$ 9 _! eggs1 requires t mu* ( _! food %\ld be highly nitrog5iz$1 & :5 !y _c procure ?is 9 animal matt]1 x mu/ be giv5 9 gra9s conta9+ x4 ,if to ! usual qualities ( h5s1 a bre$ ( peculi> elegance1 ( graceful =m1 & beautiful plumage1 be add$1 toge!r ) entire adaptation to ! economical purposes requir$1 good lay]s & good c>cass1 we h a comb9ation ( utility1 luxury1 & ta/e 9 ?is bird1 :i* %\ld comm5d !m z g5]al favorites4 ,!y c ev]y:]e be kept ) advantage1 except 9 d5se cities4 ,a h5 t co/s a %ill+ or two1 if provid$ ) a suitable range1 w consume #cj or #dj c5ts wor? ( food1 & produce f #hj to #aej eggs p] annum1 wor? ?ree or f\r times ! co/ ( fe$ & att5tion4 ,! ,food ,( h5s may consi/ ( diff]5t k9ds ( gra91 ei!r brok51 gr\nd1 or cook$2 roots1 & especially boil$ potatoes1 are nutriti\s & economical2 gre5 h]bage z clov] & mo/ ( ! grasses1 *ickwe$1 lettuce1 cabbage1 c41 w supply !m ) mu* ( _! food1 if fre% & t5d]4 ,fig4 #dj1 is a ,food f\nta94 ,! gra9 is plac$ 9 ! hopp]1 :i* is closely cov]$1 & ! gra9 falls into ! bottom bel[4 ,x is accessible on f\r sides by spr+ doors1 :i* are ?r[n op5 by ! weight ( ! f[l on ! connect+ spr+4 ,"o is %[n z op5$ by ! f[l 9 /epp+ up to fe$4 ,?is is a protection aga9/ dirt & v]m94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,food ,f\nta94 ,?\gh n absolutely ess5tial to !m1 yet no?+ contributes s mu* to _! lay+1 z unsalt$1 animal food4 ,?is is a natural alim5t1 z is %[n by ! avidity ) :i* !y p\nce on e fly1 insect1 or e>?-worm :i* comes )9 _! rea*4 ,x w\ld n ( c\rse pay to supply !m ) valuable fle%1 b ! blood & (fal ( ! slaught]-h\ses1 refuse meat ( all k9ds1 & especially ! scraps or crackl+s to be _h at ! incit]s' %ops1 aft] soak+ = a few h\rs 9 w>m wat]1 is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ economical k9ds ( food4 ,su* ) boil$ meal is a v fatt5+ food4 ,gra9 is at all times be/ = !m :5 cook$1 z !y w lay m1 fatt5 quick]1 & eat mu* less :5 f$ to !m 9 ?is /ate2 & x may be ?us us$ ungr\nd1 ) ! same advantage to ! f[ls z if fir/ cru%$1 z _! dige/ive organs are c]ta9 to extract ! :ole nutrim5t4 ,all gra9 is good = !m1 includ+ millet1 rice1 ! oleag9\s se$s1 z ! sun-fl[]1 flax1 hemp1 c4 ,x is always bett] to af=d !m a v>iety ( gra9s :]e !y c procure !m at _! option1 & select z _! appetite craves4 ,!y are also fond ( milk1 & especially :5 x has become curdl$2 & inde$ sc>cely any edible escapes _! notice4 ,!y c>efully pick up mo/ ( ! wa/e g>bage ar\nd ! premises1 & glean mu* ( _! subsi/5ce f :at w\ld o!rwise become (f5sive2 & by _! de/ruction ( innum]able insects & worms1 !y r5d] great assi/ance to ! g>d5]4 ,( c\rse _! ev]-busy prop5sity = scrat*+1 is indiscrim9ately indulg$ j aft] ! se$s h be5 s[n & :ile ! plants are "y1 :i* r5d]s x necess>y t !y be conf9$ 9 "s close y>d = a "t2 yet ?is %\ld be z capaci\s z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,wat] ,f\nta94 ,wat] is plac$ 9 ! cask z repres5t$ 9 ! ,fig41 & x is !n closely /opp$1 except an op5+ ?r\gh a tube lead+ into a vessel bel[4 ,z ! wat] is exhau/$ f ?is1 x desc5ds f ! cask above1 & a supply is ?us at all times )9 rea* ( ! p\ltry4 ,_! food is bett] :5 giv5 to !m w>m1 n hot1 & !re %\ld always be a supply be=e !m to prev5t gorg+4 ,x is bett] to be plac$ on %elves or susp5d$ boxes or hopp]s1 :i* are v>i\sly & *eaply con/ruct$1 to keep x clean & out ( ! rea* ( rats4 ,besides _! food1 h5s ought to be at all times abundantly suppli$ ) clean wat]1 egg or p\nd$ oy/] %ells1 old mort> or slack$ lime4 ,if n all[$ to run at l>ge1 :]e !y c help !mselves1 !y mu/ also be furni%$ ) gravel to assi/ _! dige/ion2 & a box or b$ ( a%es1 s&1 & du/1 is equally ess5tial to roll 9 = ! purpose ( ridd+ !mselves ( v]m94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,p\ltry ,h\se ,! ,h5-h\se ,may be con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s ways to suit ! wi%es ( ! own]1 & :5 ta/efully built x is an ornam5t to ! premises1 ,x %\ld be p]fectly dry ?r\gh\t1 prop]ly light$1 & capable ( be+ made tight & w>m 9 w9t]1 yet af=d all ! v5tilation desirable at any season4 ,9 ?is1 arrange ! ne/s 9 boxes on ! sides1 9 su* a mann] z to humor ! in/9ct ( ! h5 = concealm5t :5 %e resorts to !m4 ,:5 desirable to set ! h51 ^! ne/s may be s plac$ z to %ut out ! o!rs1 yet op5 into ano!r y>d or beyond ! enclosure1 s t !y c take an occasional /roll & help !mselves to food1 c4 ,?is prev5ts o!r h5s lay+ 9 _! ne/s1 :ile sett+2 & x may be easily manag$1 by hav+ _! boxes plac$ on ! wall ( ! build+1 ) a moveable door made to op5 on ei!r side at pleasure4 ,h5s w lay equally well )\t a ne/-egg1 b :5 brok5 up1 !y ramble (f & =m new ne/s1 if !y are n conf9$4 ,!y w lay if kept f ! cock1 b x is d\btful if !y w ?us yield z _m eggs4 ,h5s dispos$ to set at improp] times1 %\ld be dismiss$ f ! common y>d1 s z to be out ( rea* ( ! ne/s1 & pl5tifully f$ till wean$ f ?is incl9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,egg-,hat*]1 or ,eccalobeon4 ,fig4 #dc repres5ts an egg-hat*] or ,eccalobeon1 made ( diff]5t sizes1 ) %elves s arrang$ z to hold f #bjj to #hjj eggs )\t t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,! out] box is a non-conductor1 s z to reta9 ! heat convey$ to e "p by wat] tubes1 connect$ by a res]voir bel[1 ! bottom ( :i* is heat$ by ! flame f a _s-lamp4 ,! temp]ature is indicat$ by a !rmomet] on ! door inside1 :i* %\ld be made equal to t ( ! h51 say ab\t #ajf deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,h] natural temp]ature is some:at elevat$ by ! fev]i% condition ( ! bird at ! p]iod ( incubation4 ,*ick5s require to be kept w>m & dry1 = a few days aft] hat*+1 & !y may be f$ ) h>d-boil$ eggs1 crumbs ( bread or pudd+1 & milk or wat]1 & all[$ to scrat* 9 ! gravel 9 front ( ! h51 :i* %\ld be conf9$ 9 a coop = ! fir/ ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,aft] ?is1 !y may be turn$ loose1 :5 !y w ?rive on any ?+ ! old] ones eat4 ,_m use !m = ! table :5 !y are b a few weeks old2 b !y are unfit = ?is purpose1 till !y h atta9$ full maturity4 ,! :ite-legs are pref]r$ by "s1 f ! :it5ess & app>5t delicacy ( ! meat2 b ! yell[-legg$ are ! ri*e/ & mo/ highly-flavor$4 ,! color ( ! fea!rs does n seem to affect ! quality ( ! fle% or _! "* = lay+4 ,if we consid] ! *emical pr9ciples ( ! absorption & ret5tion ( heat1 we %\ld assume ! :ite coat to be be/1 z x is coole/ 9 summ] :5 expos$ to ! sun1 & w>me/ 9 w9t]4 ,yet "s ( ! :ite bre$s are delicate1 & d n be> r\gh usage or exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! ,dork+ ,v>ieties4 ,^! diff] mat]ially 9 _! sizes1 %apes1 & colors4 ,! ,dork+ is e/eem$ "o ( ! be/1 be+ l>ge1 well =m$ & h>dy1 good lay]s & nurses1 & yield+ an excell5t c>cass4 ,!y are bo? :ite & speckl$1 & g5]ally h five toes4 ,! ,pol& is bo? :ite & black1 ) a l>ge tuft1 g5]ally ( :ite fea!rs1 on ! head4 ,!y are ( good size1 & excell5t lay]s1 b are seldom incl9$ to set1 :i* makes !m peculi>ly desirable = su* z wi% eggs only4 ,! ,dom9ique is a speckl$ f[l1 ( b>ely m$ium size1 compact1 h>dy1 good lay]s1 & valuable = ! table4 ,! ,bucks c\nty f[ls1 h]et(ore pr9cipally re>$ ne> ,philadelphia1 possess b mod]ate pret5sions to notice1 except 9 _! imm5se size1 a brace ( capons hav+ be5 fatt5$ to #aia_/d lbs4 :5 dress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! ,bantam4 ,! ,bantam is b little l>g] ?an a pigeon1 & is usually ( a pure :ite1 b is sometimes speckl$4 ,x is g5]ally fea!r$ to ! toes1 b may be br$ ) clean legs4 ,x is v dome/ic1 & a pleasant little bird ar\nd ! premises1 & is n unpr(itable4 ,! ,game cock is ( m$ium weight1 & yields good fle%1 b is a poor lay]1 & an undesirable t5ant = ! f>m-y>d4 ,besides ^!1 !re are _m fanciful v>ieties1 z ! ,creep]1 ) excessively %ort legs2 ! ,rumpless1 )\t a tail2 ! ,frizzl$1 ) irregul> fea!rs turn$ t[>ds ! head2 ! ,silky or ,m]9o f[l1 ) br[n or buff d[n1 in/ead ( fea!rs2 ! ,negro1 ) its black cre/1 wattles1 sk91 legs1 & fea!rs2 ! ,java & ,co*9 ,*9a1 ( great size2 sev]al v>ieties ( ! ,top-knot1 & o!rs4 ,! ,diseases ( ,h5s4 ,^! are n num]\s or complicat$1 & may be mo/ly avoid$ by prop] treatm5t & food1 :i* are indicat$ ) suffici5t m9ut5ess 9 ! =ego+ obs]vations4 ,gapes or ,pip is g5]ally ow+ to dr9k+ un:olesome or dirty wat]4 ,remove ! :ite bli/] on ! tip ( ! tongue1 & wa% ) %>p v9eg>1 dilut$ ) w>m wat]2 or compel ! bird to swall[ a l>ge lump ( fre% butt]1 mix$ ) ,scot* snuff4 ,x has be5 cur$ by op5+ ! m\? & =c+ a pigeon fea!r1 ) a tuft ( ! fea!rs left on ! end1 7! o!rs hav+ be5 /ripp$ (f17 d[n ! w9dpipe1 & g5tly turn+ x z )drawn1 to be repeat$ ! foll[+ day if necess>y4 ,?is deta*es l>ge numb]s ( a sl5d] r$ worm1 collect$ 9 ! l>ynx ( ! ?roat1 :i* imp$es respiration & swall[+4 ,a little spirits ( turp5t9e mix$ ) ! food is a prev5tive2 z are also clean1 :itewa%$ premises1 & good food4 ,aft] ^! attacks1 fe$ = a few days ) light food1 soak$ bran & cabbage1 or lettuce *opp$ f9e4 ,r\p1 ,cat>rh1 or swell$ head1 is %[n by fev]i% symptoms1 swoll5 eyelids1 frequ5tly t]m9at+ 9 bl9dness1 rattl+ 9 ! ?roat1 & tempor>y /rangulation4 ,^! are accompani$ ) a highly (f5sive wat]y dis*>ge1 f ! m\? & no/rils1 loss ( appetite1 & mu* ?ir/4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ ne> ! fire2 _! head ba!d 9 w>m ,ca/ile soap-suds1 or milk & wat]4 ,/imulat+ food1 z fl\r or b>ley-meal1 mu/>d & grat$ g+]1 mix$ & =c$ d[n ! ?roat1 ,boswell says1 has be5 effectual 9 _! spe$y re/oration4 ,?is1 l _m o!r diseases1 is contagi\s1 & :5 x appe>s1 ! bird %\ld be at once sep>at$ f ! flock4 ,flux is cur$ by ! yolk ( an egg boil$ h>d2 & boil$ b>ley soak$ 9 w9e4 ,co/iv5ess is remov$ by giv+ bran & wat] ) a little honey2 or give a small dose ( ca/or oil4 ,v]m9 are de/roy$ by giv+ !m clean s& & a%es to roll 91 add+ a little quicklime if necess>y4 ,entire cleanl9ess is necess>y = ! avoidance ( ?is & o!r diseases4 ,a p]fectly dry range is also ess5tial1 nor %\ld !re be too _m toge!r1 z ?is is a fruitful s\rce ( disease4 ,,! ,,turkey4 ,?is bird 0 unkn[n to ! civiliz$ _w till ! discov]y ( ?is ,cont95t4 ,x 0 f\nd "h bo? 9 its wild & dome/icat$ /ate2 & /ill occupies ! :ole range ( ! we/]n hemisph]e1 ?\gh ! wild turkey disappe>s z ! c\ntry becomes settl$4 ,! wild is l>g] ?an ! dome/icat$ bird1 sometimes weigh+ ov] #cj lbs4 dress$4 ,! color ( ! male is g5]ally a gre5i% br[n1 approa*+ to black1 & ( a ri*1 *angeable1 metallic lu/re4 ,! h5 is m>k$ some:at l ! cock1 b ) dull] hues4 ,dome/ication ?r\gh successive g5]ations dims ! brilliancy ( _! plumage1 & less5s _! size & h>d9ess4 ,x also produces a v>iety ( colors1 ?\gh !y are mo/ly ( a black1 buff1 pure :ite1 or speckl$4 ,!y give evid5ce ( ! comp>ative rec5cy ( _! dome/ication1 9 ! in/9ct :i* frequ5tly impels ! cock to brood & take c>e ( ! "y4 ,no?+ is m common ?an = ! male bird to supply ! place ( ! h51 :5 any accid5t befalls h]1 & to br+ up a family ( "y *icks ) an equally in/9ctive reg>d = _! helplessness & safety4 ,! fle% ( ?is bird1 bo? wild & tame1 is exce$+ly delicate & palatable2 & ?\gh n possess+ ! high game flavor ( "s ( ! small] wild-f[l1 & especially ( ! aquatic1 z ! canvass-back duck1 c41 x exce$s !m 9 its dige/ibility & heal?fulness4 ,! turkey is useful pr9cipally = its fle%1 z x seldom lays ov] a ne/-full ( eggs 9 "o season1 :5 !y brood on ^! & br+ up _! "y4 ,if full-f$1 & _! fir/ eggs are )drawn f !m1 !y frequ5tly lay a second "t4 ,bre$+4 ,^? int5d$ = bre$]s %\ld be compact1 vigor\s1 & l>ge1 )\t be+ long-legg$4 ,!y %\ld be daily1 yet lightly f$ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 on gra9 & roots1 & "s animal food is always acceptable & b5eficial to !m4 ,!y are small eat]s1 & )\t caution w soon get too fat4 ,"o vigor\s male w suffice = a flock ( #aj or #ab h5s1 & a s+le connection is suffici5t = ea*4 ,!y beg9 to lay on ! approa* ( w>m wea!r1 lay+ once a day1 or e o!r day1 till !y h complet$ _! litt]2 :i* 9 ! "y or indiff]5tly f$1 may be #aj or #ab1 & 9 ! old] ones1 sometimes rea*es #bj4 ,! h5 is sly 9 secret+ h] ne/1 b usually selects a dry1 well-protect$ place4 ,%e is an invet]ate sett]1 & c>efully hat*es mo/ ( h] eggs4 ,! "y may be all[$ to rema9 = #bd h\rs )\t eat+1 !n f$ ) h>d-boil$ eggs made f9e1 or crumbs ( :eat bread4 ,boil$ milk1 curds1 & butt]milk af=d an excell5t food4 ,z !y get /rong]1 oat or b>ley-meal is suitable1 b ,indian-meal1 uncook$1 is hurtful to !m :5 q "y4 ,!y are v t5d]1 & w be> nei!r cold nor wet1 & x is ( c\rse necess>y to conf9e ! old "o = ! fir/ few weeks4 ,:5 able to %ift = !mselves1 !y may w&] ov] ! fields at pleasure2 & f _! great fondness = insects1 !y w rid ! mead[s ( innum]able gras%opp]s1 bugs1 & beetles1 :i* (t5 d incalculable damage to ! f>m]4 ,e>ly *ick5s are suffici5tly gr[n to fatt5 ! latt] "p ( autumn or ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 :i* is easily done on any ( ! gra9s or boil$ roots4 ,bo? are bett] = be+ cook$4 ,!y require a high] roo/+-place ?an h5s1 & are impati5t ( too close conf9em5t1 pref]r+ ! ridge ( a b>n1 or a l(ty tree1 to ! circumscrib$ limits ( ! ord9>y p\ltry-h\se4 ,:5 rightly manag$ & f$1 turkeys are subject to few maladies2 & ev5 ^!1 c>eful att5tion w soon remove4 ,,! ,,peacock ,,& ,,gu9ea-,,h54 ,! ,peacock is und\bt$ly ! mo/ %[y ( ! fea!r$ race4 ,x is a native ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia1 & is /ill f\nd wild 9 ! isl&s ( ,java & ,ceylon1 & "s p>ts ( ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,!y are an ornam5t to ! f>m premises1 & are useful 9 de/roy+ reptiles1 insects1 & g>bage2 b !y are qu>relsome 9 ! p\ltry-y>d1 & de/ructive 9 ! g>d54 ,_! fle% is co>se & d>k1 & !y are wor?less z lay]s4 ,! brilliant silv]y gre5 & _! ev]-v>y+ colors give place to an entire :ite1 9 "o ( ! v>ieties4 ,! ,gu9ea-h5 is a native ( ,africa & ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia1 :]e x ab\nds 9 its wild /ate4 ,mo/ ( !m are beautifully & uni=mly speckl$2 b occasionally !y are :ite on ! brea/1 l ! ,p9tados ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & "s are entirely :ite4 ,!y are unceas+ly g>rul\s2 & _! excessively pugnaci\s "* r5d]s !m uncom=table inmates ) ! o!r p\ltry4 ,_! fle%1 ?\gh high-color$1 is delicate & palatable1 b1 l ! peacock1 !y are indiff]5t lay]s4 ,bo? are natives ( a w>m climate1 & ! "y are t5d] & r difficult to re>4 ,nei!r ( ^! birds is a g5]al favorite1 & we omit fur!r notice ( !m4 ,,! ,,goose4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ! goose4 ,ma9 enum]ates tw5ty-two1 mo/ ( :i* are wild2 & ! tame are aga9 v>i\sly subdivid$4 ,! common :ite & gray are ! mo/ num]\s & pr(itable4 ,! :ite ,brem5 is mu* l>g]1 (t5 weigh+ ov] #bj lbs4 net4 ,x is ( a beautiful sn[y plumage1 is dome/ic & re>$ )\t difficulty1 ?\gh n z prolific & h>dy z ! =m]4 ,! ,*9a ,goose is small] ?an ! gray1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! family1 possess+ mu* ( ! gracefulness & g5]al appe>ance ( ! swan4 ,x is prolific & tol]ably h>dy1 b has n ?us f> be5 a successful rival ) ! fir/4 ,! ,gu9ea or ,african goose is ! l>ge/ ( ! species1 & equals ! size ( ! swan1 (t5 dress+ ov] #be lbs4 ,x is a maje/ic & graceful bird1 & v ornam5tal to wat] sc5]y4 ,sev]al o!r v>ieties are dome/icat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bre$+4 ,geese pair frequ5tly at "o ye> old1 & re> _! "y2 b ) "s k9ds1 especially ( ! wild1 ?is is def]r$ till two & sometimes ?ree4 ,!y require a w>m1 dry place = _! ne/s1 & :5 undi/urb$1 !y w sit /eadily2 & if ! eggs h n be5 previ\sly *ill$ or addl$1 !y w g5]ally hat* !m all1 if kept on ! ne/4 ,to insure ?is1 x is sometimes necess>y to )draw ! fir/ hat*$1 to prev5t ! old ones w&]+ be=e all are out4 ,! "y %\ld be kept 9 a w>m %elt]$ place till two or ?ree weeks old1 if ! wea!r be cold or unsettl$4 ,! be/ food = ! gosl+s1 is b>ley or oat1 or boil$ ,indian meal & bread4 ,milk is also good = !m4 ,!y require gre5 food1 & are fond ( lettuce1 "y clov]1 & fre% t5d] grass2 & aft] a few weeks1 if !y h a free range on ?is1 !y w =age = !mselves4 ,geese are n a pr(itable bird to raise1 unless 9 places :]e !y c procure _! own subsi/5ce1 or at lea/ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,?is !y are enabl$ to d1 :]ev] !re are ext5sive commons ( unpa/ur$ l&s1 or :]e !re are /reams or ponds1 lakes or m>%es ) %oal s$gy banks4 ,9 ^!1 !y w live & fatt5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 if unob/ruct$ by ice4 ,!y may be f$ on all k9ds ( gra9 & edible roots1 b x is m economical to give !m _! food cook$4 ,! well-fatt5$ gosl+ af=ds "o ( ! mo/ savory di%es = ! table4 ,geese live to a great age4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to exce$ #ajj ye>s4 ,if all[$ a free range on good food & clean wat]1 !y w seldom get diseas$4 ,:5 well f$1 !y yield ne>ly a p\nd ( good fea!rs 9 a season1 at ?ree or f\r pluck+s2 & ! l>ge/ v>ieties ev5 exce$ ?is quantity4 ,,ducks ,are m h>dy & indep5d5t ( att5tion ?an ! goose1 & !y are g5]ally ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,!y are omnivor\s1 & gre$ily eat e ?+ :i* w af=d !m n\ri%m5t1 ?\gh !y seldom =age on ! grasses l ! goose1 :5 !y c procure o!r food4 ,!y are peculi>ly c>nivor\s1 & dev\r all k9ds ( meat1 putrid or fre%2 & are especially fond ( fi%1 & su* insects1 worms1 & o!r creep+ ?+s1 z !y c f9d imb$d$ 9 ! mud or else:]e4 ,!y w (t5 di/5d _! crop ) "y frogs1 almo/ to ! ord9>y size ( _! bodies4 ,_! indiscrim9ate appetite (t5 r5d]s !m unfit = ! table1 unless fatt5$ out ( ! rea* ( g>bage & (f5sive matt]s4 ,an ,engli% admiral us$ to resort to well-fatt5$ rats = 8 fre% meat :5 at sea1 & ju/ifi$ 8 ta/e by say+1 !y 7 m cleanly fe$]s ?an ducks1 :i* 7 g5]al favorites4 ,! mo/ pr(itable = dome/ic use1 is und\bt$ly ! common black duck4 ,!y lay pr(usely 9 ! spr+1 :5 well f$1 (t5 produc+ #dj or #ej eggs1 & sometimes a great] numb]1 if kept f sett+4 ,!y are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! h51 & equally ri* & n\ri%+1 b f> less delicate4 ,!y are c>eless 9 _! habits1 & g5]ally drop _! eggs :]ev] !y happ5 to be ?r\gh ! night1 :e!r 9 ! wat]1 ! road1 or f>m-y>d2 & z might be expect$ f su* prodigality ( "*1 !y are indiff]5t sett]s & nurses4 ,! duckl+s are bett] re>$ by sett+ ! eggs "u a s$ate1 exp]i5c$ h51 z ! long] "t necess>y = hat*+1 requires pati5ce 9 ! fo/]-"m to develop ! "y *ick4 ,!y %\ld be conf9$ = a few days1 & away f ! wat]4 ,at fir/ !y may be f$ ) bread1 or pudd+ made f boil$ oat1 b>ley1 or ,indian meal2 & !y soon acquire /r5g? & ent]prise en\gh to %ift = !mselves1 if aft]w>ds suppli$ ) pond or riv] wat]4 ,!y are fit = ! table :5 fully gr[n1 & well fatt5$ on clean gra94 ,?is is m economically accompli%$ by fe$+ x cook$4 ,! v>ieties ( ducks are almo/ innum]able4 ,ma9 describes #ca1 & "s naturali/s numb] ov] #ajj4 ,besides ! black duck above describ$1 sev]al o!rs1 z ! light gray1 ! :ite duck1 & "s ( ! tuft$1 are prolific1 h>dy1 & pr(itable4 ,we omit fur!r notice ( o!r v>ieties2 & ( ! swan1 brant1 pigeons1 c41 z n pr(itable = g5]al re>+1 & only suit$ to ornam5tal gr\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #di2 ,figure #ad caption3 ,sessamoid *ang$ to ,sesamoid 7#ah4 ,sesamoid bones47 ,page #ei3 he *ang$ to be 7effectual rem$ies = ! removal ( disease _c be appli$7 ,page #agd3 add$ miss+ op5 quotes 7,setons are sometimes useful 4447 ,page #bae3 ,:5-full f$ *ang$ to ,:5 full-f$ 7,:5 full-f$ & d5i$ all access to lime1 4447