,,tr,,bn]',s ,,ori5tal ,,s]ies4 ,,! ,,s>va-,,d>sana-,,samgraha ,,or ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,h9du ,,philosophy4 ,,by ,m,,dhava ,,*,,rya4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,e4 ,b4 ,,c[ell1 ,m4,a4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,& ,,fell[ ,,( ,,corpus ,,*ri/i ,,college ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge1 ,,& ,,honor>y ,,ll4,d4 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,,& ,a4 ,e4 ,,g\gh1 ,m4,a4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,presid5cy ,,college1 ,,& ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,madrasa1 ,,calcutta4 ,,london3 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 ,,ludgate ,,hill4 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,i well rememb] ! int]e/ excit$ among ! le>n$ ,h9dus ( ,calcutta by ! publication ( ! ,s>va-d>sana-samgraha ( ,mdhava *rya 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,indica 9 #aheh4 ,x 0 orig9ally edit$ by ,p&it sv>a*&ra ,vidysg>a1 b a subsequ5t edition1 ) no important alt]ations1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgb by ,p&it ,trn?a ,t>kav*aspati4 ,! "w _h be5 us$ by ,wilson 9 8 ,sket* ( ! ,religi\s ,sects ( ! ,h9dus 7fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvi41 ,calcutta1 #ahbh72 b x does n appe> to h be5 ev] mu* kn[n 9 ,india4 ,,ms4 copies ( x are v sc>ce2 & ^? f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ( ,india1 z f> z ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ !m1 seem to be all d]iv$ f "o copy1 br\ght orig9ally f ! ,s\?1 & !re=e writt5 9 ! ,telugu "*4 ,c]ta9 mi/akes are f\nd 9 all alike1 & probably arose f "s illegible read+s 9 ! old ,telugu orig9al4 ,i h notic$ ! same ?+ 9 ! ,ng> copies ( ,mdhava's ,comm5t>y on ! ,black ,yajur ,v$a1 :i* are curr5t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,india4 ,z ,i 0 at t "t ! ,ori5tal ,secret>y ( ! ,b5gal ,asiatic ,society1 ,i 0 naturally attract$ to ! book2 & ,i subsequ5tly read x ) my fri5d ,p&it ,mahesa*&ra ,nyy>atna1 ! pres5t ,pr9cipal ( ! ,sanskrit ,college at ,calcutta4 ,i always hop$ to translate x into ,engli%2 b ,i 0 cont9ually prev5t$ by o!r engagem5ts :ile ,i rema9$ 9 ,india4 ,soon aft] my return to ,engl&1 ,i tri$ to c>ry out my int5tion2 b ,i f\nd t sev]al *apt]s1 to :i* ,i _h n paid ! same att5tion z to ! re/1 7 too difficult to be translat$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ,i c\ld no long] enjoy ! advantage ( ref]5ce to my old fri5ds ! ,p&its ( ! ,sanskrit ,college4 ,9 despair ,i laid my translation aside = ye>s1 until ,i happ5$ to le>n t my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,g\gh1 at t "t a ,pr(essor 9 ! ,sanskrit ,college at ,b5>es1 0 ?9k+ ( translat+ ! book4 ,i at once propos$ to him t we %\ld d x toge!r1 & he k9dly cons5t$ to my proposal2 & we accord+ly ea* und]took c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! "w4 ,he _h ! advantage ( ! help ( "s ( ! ,p&its ( ,b5>es1 especially ( ,p&it ,rma ,misra1 ! assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,snkhya1 :o 0 himself a ,rmnuja2 & ,i tru/ t1 ?\gh we h d\btless left "s ?+s unexpla9$ or expla9$ wrongly1 we may h be5 able to ?r[ light on _m ( ! d>k say+s ) :i* ! orig9al ab\nds4 ,our translations 7 orig9ally publi%$ at int]vals 9 ! ,b5>es ,p&it betwe5 #ahgd & #ahgh2 b !y h be5 c>efully revis$ = _! pres5t republication4 ,! "w itself is an int]e/+ specim5 ( ,h9du critical ability4 ,! au?or successively passes 9 review ! sixte5 philosophical sy/ems curr5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india1 & gives :at appe>$ to him to be _! mo/ important t5ets1 & ! pr9cipal argum5ts by :i* _! foll[]s endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 !m2 & he (t5 displays "s qua9t hum\r z he ?r[s himself = ! "t into ! position ( _! advocate1 & holds1 z x 71 a tempor>y brief 9 behalf ( op9ions entirely at v>iance ) 8 own4#a ,we may sometimes diff] f him 9 8 judgm5t ( ! relative importance ( _! doctr9es1 b x is always int]e/+ to see ! po9t ( view ( an acute native critic4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 sket*es he frequ5tly expla9s at "s l5g? obscure details 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems2 & ,i c h>dly imag9e a bett] guide = ! ,european read] :o wi%es to /udy any "o ( ^! ,d>sanas 9 its native au?orities4 ,9 "o or two cases 7z notably 9 ! ,bauddha1 & p]haps 9 ! ,ja9a sy/em7 he c\ld only draw 8 mat]ials second-h& f ! discussions 9 ! works ( ,brahmanical controv]siali/s2 b 9 ! great majority he quotes directly f ! works ( _! f\nd]s or lead+ expon5ts1 & he is cont9ually foll[+ 9 _! track ev5 :]e he does n quote _! exact words4#b ,! sy/ems are arrang$ f ! ,v$nta po9t ( view1--our au?or hav+ be5 elect$1 9 ,a4,d4 #acca1 ! head ( ! ,smrta ord] 9 ! ,ma? ( ,sr+]i 9 ! ,mysore t]ritory1 f\nd$ by ,samk>a *rya1 ! great ,v$nti/ tea*] ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ?r\gh ^: ef=ts ! ,v$nta became :at x is at pres5t--! ackn[l$g$ view ( ,h9du or?odoxy4 ,! sy/ems =m a gradually asc5d+ scale1--! fir/1 ! ,*rvka & ,bauddha1 be+ ! l[e/ z ! fur!/ remov$ f ! ,v$nta1 & ! la/1 ! ,snkhya & ,yoga1 be+ ! highe/ z approa*+ mo/ ne>ly to x4 ,! sixte5 sy/ems "h discuss$ attract$ to _! /udy ! noble/ m9ds 9 ,india ?r\gh\t ! m$ival p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,hi\5 ,?sang says ( ! s*ools 9 8 day3 ,les coles philosophiques sont con/amm5t en lutte1 et le bruit de leurs discussions passionnes s'lve comme les flots de la m]4 ,les hrtiques des div]ses sectes s'atta*5t des matres p>ticuli]s1 et1 p> des voies diffr5tes1 m>*5t t\s au mme b4 ,we c /ill cat* "s fa9t e*o ( ! d9 z we read ! m$ival lit]ature4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 ,k+ ,h>%a w&]s among ! ,v9dhya =e/s1 he f9ds seat$ on ! rocks & recl9+ "u ! trees rhata begg+ monks1 ,svetapadas1 ,mahpsupatas1 ,pnd>abhik%us1 ,bhgavatas1 ,v>n9s1 ,kesalu*anas1 ,lokyatikas1 ,kpilas1 ,kndas1 ,aupani%adas1 sv>akr9s1 ,dh>mas/r9s1 ,paurnikas1 ,sptatantavas1 ,sbdas1 ,p*>trikas1 c41 all li/5+ to _! own accept$ t5ets & zeal\sly def5d+ !m4#c ,_m ( ^! sects w occupy u 9 ! ensu+ pages2 _m ( !m also are f\nd 9 ,mdhava's poem on ! controv]sial triumphs ( ,samk>a *rya1 & 9 ! spuri\s prose "w on ! same subject1 ascrib$ to ,anantn&agiri4 ,well may "s old poet h put into ! m\? ( ,yudhi%?ira ! l9es :i* "o s (t5 he>s f ! lips ( mod]n p&its-- ,v$ vibh9nh smritayo vibh9n1 ,nsau munir yasya matam na bh9nam1 ,dh>masya tattvam nihitam guhym1 ,mahjano y5a gatah sa pan?h4#d ,& may we n also say ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,greek3 mias to9yn ouss ts al!ias1 to g> pseudos myrias ektropas e*ei1 ka?ap] hai bak*ai ta t\ ,p5!s diaphorsasai mel hai ts philosophias ts te b>b>\ ts te ,hellniks haireseis1 heka/ hop] ela*51 hs pasan au*ei tn al!ian1 phtos d'1 oimai1 anatol panta phtizetai4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ?is philosophical equanimity is t ( ,v*aspati ,misra1 :o wrote /&>d treatises on ea* ( ! six sy/ems except ! ,vaise%ika1 adopt+1 ( c\rse1 ! peculi> po9t ( view ( ea*1 & exclud+ = ! "t e ali5 t5et4 ,footnote #b3 ,an index ( ! names ( au?ors & works quot$ is giv5 9 ,dr4 ,hall's ,bibliographical ,catalogue1 pp4 #afb-afd1 & also 9 ,pr(essor ,aufre*t's ,bodleian ,catalogue1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #c3 ,srh>%a-*>ita1 p4 #bjd 7,calcutta ed47 ,footnote #d3 ,f\nd 9 ! ,mahbh4 iii4 #agdjb1 ) "s v>iations4 ,i give !m z ,i h he>d !m f ,p&it ,rmanryana ,vidyratna4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,i4 ,! ,*rvka ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #b ,,ii4 ,! ,bauddha ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #ab ,,iii4 ,! rhata or ,ja9a ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #cf ,,iv4 ,! ,rmnuja ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #fd ,v4 ,! ,prna-praja ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #hg ,,vi4 ,! ,nakulsa-,psupata ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #ajc ,,vii4 ,! ,saiva ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #aab ,,viii4 ,! ,pratyabhij or ,recognitive ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #abh ,,ix4 ,! ,rasesv>a or ,m]curial ,sy/em 7,a4 ,e4 ,g47 #acg ,x4 ,! ,vaise%ika or ,aulkya ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #ade ,,xi4 ,! ,ak%apda or ,nyya ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #afa ,,xii4 ,! ,jaim9ya ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #agh ,,xiii4 ,! ,pn9ya ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #bjc ,,xiv4 ,! ,snkhya ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #bba ,,xv4 ,! ,ptajala or ,yoga ,sy/em 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #bca ,,xvi4 ,! ,v$nta or ,sy/em ( ,samk>a *rya #bgc ,,app5dix--,on ! ,updhi 7,e4 ,b4 ,c47 #bge 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,s>va-,,d>sana-,,sangraha4 ,,! ,,prologue4 #a4 ,i wor%ip ,siva1 ! abode ( et]nal k1 ! /oreh\se ( supreme felicity2 by :om ! e>? & ! re/ 7 produc$1 9 him only has ?is all a mak]4 #b4 ,daily ,i foll[ my ,guru ,s>vaja-,vi%nu1 :o kn[s all ! gamas1 ! son ( ,srngapni1 :o has gone to ! fur!r %ore ( ! seas ( all ! sy/ems1 & has cont5t$ ! he>ts ( all mank9d by ! prop] mean+ ( ! t]m ,s\l4 #c4 ,! synopsis ( all ! sy/ems is made by ! v5]able ,mdhava mighty 9 p[]1 ! ,kau/ubha-jewel ( ! milk-ocean ( ! =tunate ,syana4 #d4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly se>*$ ! ,s/ras ( =m] tea*]s1 v h>d to be cross$1 ! =tunate ,syana-,mdhava#e ! "l has exp\nd$ !m = ! delight ( ! good4 ,let ! virtu\s li/5 ) a m9d f :i* all envy has be5 f> bani%$2 :o f9ds n delight 9 a g>l& /rung ( v>i\s fl[]s8 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,burnell1 9 8 preface to 8 edition ( ! ,vamsa-,brhmana1 has solv$ ! riddle ( ! relation ( ,mdhava & ,syana4 ,syana is a pure ,dravidian "n giv5 to a *ild :o is born aft] all ! eld] *ildr5 h di$4 ,mdhava else:]e calls ,syana 8 y\ng] bro!r1 z an allegorical description ( 8 body1 himself be+ ! et]nal s\l4 ,8 use ( ! t]m ,syana-,mdhavah "h 7n ! dual7 seems to prove t ! two names repres5t ! same p]son4 ,! body seems meant by ! ,syana ( ! ?ird sloka4 ,myana 0 ! fa!r ( ,mdhava1 & ! true read+ may be srman-myana4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,*,,rv,,ka ,,sy/em4 ,we h said 9 our prelim9>y invocation salutation to ,siva1 ! abode ( et]nal k1 ! /oreh\se ( supreme felicity1 b h[ c we attribute to ! ,div9e ,be+ ! giv+ ( supreme felicity1 :5 su* a notion has be5 utt]ly aboli%$ by ,*rvka1 ! cre/-gem ( ! a!i/ical s*ool1 ! foll[] ( ! doctr9e ( ,brihaspati8 ,! ef=ts ( ,*rvka are inde$ h>d to be eradicat$1 = ! majority ( liv+ be+s hold by ! curr5t refra9-- ,:ile life is y\rs1 live joy\sly2 ,none c escape ,dea?'s se>*+ eye3 ,:5 once ?is frame ( ours !y burn1 ,h[ %all x e'er aga9 return8 ,! mass ( m51 9 accordance ) ! ,s/ras ( policy & enjoym5t1 consid]+ weal? & desire ! only ends ( man1 & d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any object belong+ to a future _w1 are f\nd to foll[ only ! doctr9e ( ,*rvka4 ,h5ce ano!r "n = t s*ool is ,lokyata1--a "n well accordant ) ! ?+ signifi$4#f ,9 ?is s*ool ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 c41 are ! orig9al pr9ciples2 f ^! alone1 :5 trans=m$ into ! body1 intellig5ce is produc$1 j z ! inebriat+ p[] is develop$ f ! mix+ ( c]ta9 +r$i5ts2#g & :5 ^! are de/roy$1 intellig5ce at once p]i%es also4 ,!y quote ! ,sruti = ?is ,brihad rany4 ,up4 ii4 #d1 #ab1 ,spr++ =? f ^! elem5ts1 itself solid k1 x is de/roy$ :5 !y are de/roy$1--aft] dea? no intellig5ce rema9s4#h ,!re=e ! s\l is only ! body di/+ui%$ by ! attribute ( intellig5ce1 s9ce !re is no evid5ce = any s\l di/9ct f ! body1 z su* _c be prov$1 s9ce ?is s*ool holds t p]ception is ! only s\rce ( k & does n all[ inf]5ce1 c4 ,! only end ( man is enjoym5t produc$ by s5sual pleasures4 ,nor may y say t su* _c be call$ ! end ( man z !y are always mix$ ) "s k9d ( pa91 because x is our wisdom to enjoy ! pure pleasure z f> z we c1 & to avoid ! pa9 :i* inevitably accompanies x2 j z ! man :o desires fi% takes ! fi% ) _! scales & bones1 & hav+ tak5 z _m z he wants1 desi/s2 or j z ! man :o desires rice1 takes ! rice1 /raw & all1 & hav+ tak5 z mu* z he wants1 desi/s4 ,x is n !re=e = u1 ?r\gh a fe> ( pa91 to reject ! pleasure :i* our nature in/9ctively recognises z cong5ial4 ,m5 d n refra9 f s[+ rice1 because =soo? !re are wild animals to dev\r x2 nor d !y refuse to set ! cook+-pots on ! fire1 because =soo? !re are begg>s to pe/] u = a %>e ( ! cont5ts4 ,if any "o 7 s timid z to =sake a visible pleasure1 he w\ld inde$ be fooli% l a bea/1 z has be5 said by ! poet-- ,! pleasure :i* arises to m5 f contact ) s5sible objects1 ,is to be rel9qui%$ z accompani$ by pa91--su* is ! reason+ ( fools2 ,! b]ries ( paddy1 ri* ) ! f9e/ :ite gra9s1 ,:at man1 seek+ 8 true int]e/1 w\ld fl+ away because cov]$ ) husk & du/8#i ,if y object t1 if !re be no su* ?+ z happ9ess 9 a future _w1 !n h[ %\ld m5 ( exp]i5c$ wisdom engage 9 ! agnihotra & o!r sacrifices1 :i* c only be p]=m$ ) great exp5diture ( money & bodily fatigue1 y\r objection _c be accept$ z any pro( to ! contr>y1 s9ce ! agnihotra1 c41 are only useful z means ( livelihood1 = ! ,v$a is ta9t$ by ! ?ree faults ( untru?1 self-contradiction1 & tautology2#aj !n aga9 ! impo/ors :o call !mselves ,vaidic pundits are mutually de/ructive1 z ! au?ority ( ! jna-knda is ov]?r[n by ^? :o ma9ta9 t ( ! k>ma-knda1 :ile ^? :o ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( ! jna-knda reject t ( ! k>ma-knda2 & la/ly1 ! ?ree ,v$as !mselves are only ! incoh]5t rhapsodies ( knaves1 & to ?is effect runs ! popul> say+-- ,! ,agnihotra1 ! ?ree ,v$as1 ! ascetic's ?ree /aves1 & sme>+ oneself ) a%es1-- ,brihaspati says1 ^! are b means ( livelihood = ^? :o h no manl9ess nor s5se4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no o!r hell ?an mundane pa9 produc$ by purely mundane causes1 z ?orns1 c42 ! only ,supreme is ! e>?ly mon>* ^: exi/5ce is prov$ by all ! _w's eyesight2 & ! only ,lib]ation is ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,by hold+ ! doctr9e t ! s\l is id5tical ) ! body1 su* phrases z ,i am ?91 ,i am black1 c41 are at once intelligible1 z ! attributes ( ?9ness1 c41 & self-consci\sness w reside 9 ! same subject ! body2 l & ! use ( ! phrase my body is metaphorical ! head ( ,rhu ,rhu be+ really all head4 ,all ?is has be5 ?us summ$ up-- ,9 ?is s*ool !re are f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air2 ,& f ^! f\r elem5ts alone is intellig5ce produc$1-- ,j l ! intoxicat+ p[] f k9wa1 c41 mix$ toge!r2 ,s9ce 9 ,i am fat1 ,i am lean1 ^! attributes#aa abide 9 ! same subject1 ,& s9ce fatness1 c41 reside only 9 ! body1#ab x alone is ! s\l & no o!r1 ,& su* phrases z my body are only significant metaphorically4 ,be x s1 says ! oppon5t2 y\r wi% w\ld be ga9$ if inf]5ce1 c41 _h no =ce ( pro(2 b !n !y h ?is =ce2 else1 if !y _h n1 !n h[1 on p]ceiv+ smoke1 %\ld ! ?\ghts ( ! intellig5t imm$iately proce$ to fire2 or :y1 on he>+ ano!r say1 ',!re are fruits on ! bank ( ! riv]1' d ^? :o desire fruit proce$ at once to ! %ore8 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! inflation ( ! _w ( fancy4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( inf]5ce accept ! sign or middle t]m z ! caus] ( k1 :i* middle t]m mu/ be f\nd 9 ! m9or & be itself inv>iably connect$ ) ! major4#ac ,n[ ?is inv>iable connection mu/ be a relation de/itute ( any condition accept$ or disput$2#ad & ?is connection does n possess its p[] ( caus+ inf]5ce by virtue ( its exi/5ce1 z ! eye1 c41 are ! cause ( p]ception1 b by virtue ( its be+ kn[n4 ,:at !n is ! means ( ?is connection's be+ kn[n8 ,we w fir/ %[ t x is n p]ception4 ,n[ p]ception is held to be ( two k9ds1 ext]nal & int]nal i4e41 z produc$ by ! ext]nal s5ses1 or by ! inn] s5se1 m9d4 ,! =m] is n ! requir$ means2 = al?\gh x is possible t ! actual contact ( ! s5ses & ! object w produce ! k ( ! p>ticul> object ?us br\ght 9 contact1 yet z !re c nev] be su* contact 9 ! case ( ! pa/ or ! future1 ! univ]sal proposition#ae :i* 0 to embrace ! inv>iable connection ( ! middle & major t]ms 9 e case becomes impossible to be kn[n4 ,nor may y ma9ta9 t ?is k ( ! univ]sal proposition has ! g5]al class z its object1 because if s1 !re might arise a d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! inv>iable connection 9 ?is p>ticul> case#af z1 = in/ance1 9 ?is p>ticul> smoke z imply+ fire4 ,nor is int]nal p]ception ! means1 s9ce y _c e/abli% t ! m9d has any p[] to act indep5d5tly t[>ds an ext]nal object1 s9ce all all[ t x is dep5d5t on ! ext]nal s5ses1 z has be5 said by "o ( ! logicians1 ,! eye1 c41 h _! objects z describ$2 b m9d ext]nally is dep5d5t on ! o!rs4 ,nor c inf]5ce be ! means ( ! k ( ! univ]sal proposition1 s9ce 9 ! case ( ?is inf]5ce we %\ld also require ano!r inf]5ce to e/abli% x1 & s on1 & h5ce w\ld arise ! fallacy ( an ad inf9itum retrogression4 ,nor c te/imony be ! means !re(1 s9ce we may ei!r allege 9 reply1 9 accordance ) ! ,vaise%ika doctr9e ( ,kanda1 t ?is is includ$ 9 ! topic ( inf]5ce2 or else we may hold t ?is fre% pro( ( te/imony is unable to leap ov] ! old b>ri] t /opp$ ! progress ( inf]5ce1 s9ce x dep5ds itself on ! recognition ( a sign 9 ! =m ( ! language us$ 9 ! *ild's pres5ce by ! old man2#ag &1 moreov]1 !re is no m reason = our believ+ on ano!r's ^w t smoke & fire are inv>iably connect$1 ?an = our receiv+ ! ipse dixit ( ,manu1 c4 :i*1 ( c\rse1 we ,*rvkas reject4 ,& aga91 if te/imony 7 to be accept$ z ! only means ( ! k ( ! univ]sal proposition1 !n 9 ! case ( a man to :om ! fact ( ! inv>iable connection betwe5 ! middle & major t]ms _h n be5 po9t$ out by ano!r p]son1 !re c\ld be no inf]5ce ( "o ?+ z fire on see+ ano!r ?+ z smoke2 h5ce1 on y\r own %[+1 ! :ole topic ( inf]5ce = oneself#ah w\ld h to end 9 m]e idle words4 ,!n aga9 comp>ison1#ai c41 mu/ be utt]ly reject$ z ! means ( ! k ( ! univ]sal proposition1 s9ce x is impossible t !y c produce ! k ( ! uncondition$ connection i4e41 ! univ]sal proposition1 because _! end is to produce ! k ( q ano!r connection1 viz41 ! relation ( a "n to some?+ s nam$4 ,aga91 ?is same abs5ce ( a condition1#bj :i* has be5 giv5 z ! def9ition ( an inv>iable connection i4e41 a univ]sal proposition1 c itself nev] be kn[n2 s9ce x is impossible to e/abli% t all conditions mu/ be objects ( p]ception2 & !re=e1 al?\gh ! abs5ce ( p]ceptible ?+s may be itself p]ceptible1 ! abs5ce ( non-p]ceptible ?+s mu/ be itself non-p]ceptible2 & ?us1 s9ce we mu/ "h too h rec\rse to inf]5ce1 c41 we _c leap ov] ! ob/acle :i* has already be5 plant$ to b> !m4 ,aga91 we mu/ accept z ! def9ition ( ! condition1 x is t :i* is reciprocal or equipoll5t 9 ext5sion#ba ) ! major t]m ?\gh n con/antly accompany+ ! middle4 ,^! ?ree di/+ui%+ clauses1 n con/antly accompany+ ! middle t]m1 con/antly accompany+ ! major t]m1 & be+ con/antly accompani$ by x i4e41 reciprocal1 are ne$$ 9 ! full def9ition to /op respectively ?ree su* fallaci\s conditions1 9 ! argum5t to prove ! non-et]nity ( s\nd1 z be+ produc$1 ! nature ( a j>1 & ! n caus+ audition2#bb :]e=e ! def9ition holds1--& aga9 x is e/abli%$ by ! sloka ( ! great ,doctor beg9n+ samsama4#bc ,b s9ce ! k ( ! condition mu/ "h prec$e ! k ( ! condition's abs5ce1 x is only :5 !re is ! k ( ! condition1 t ! k ( ! univ]sality ( ! proposition is possible1 i4e41 a k 9 ! =m ( su* a connection betwe5 ! middle t]m & major t]m z is di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( any su* condition2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! k ( ! condition dep5ds ^u ! k ( ! inv>iable connection4 ,?us we fa/5 on our oppon5ts z ) adamant9e glue ! ?und]bolt-l fallacy ( reason+ 9 a circle4 ,h5ce by ! impossibility ( kn[+ ! univ]sality ( a proposition x becomes impossible to e/abli% inf]5ce1 c4#bd ,! /ep :i* ! m9d takes f ! k ( smoke1 c41 to ! k ( fire1 c41 c be acc\nt$ = by its be+ bas$ on a =m] p]ception or by its be+ an error2 & t 9 "s cases ?is /ep is ju/ifi$ by ! result1 is accid5tal j l ! co9cid5ce ( effects obs]v$ 9 ! employm5t ( gems1 *>ms1 drugs1 c4 ,f ?is x foll[s t fate1 c41#be d n exi/1 s9ce ^! c only be prov$ by inf]5ce4 ,b an oppon5t w say1 if y ?us d n all[ adri%ta1 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! _w become de/itute ( any cause4 ,b we _c accept ?is objection z valid1 s9ce ^! ph5om5a c all be produc$ spontane\sly f ! inh]5t nature ( ?+s4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,! fire is hot1 ! wat] cold1 refre%+ cool ! breeze ( morn2 ,by :om came ?is v>iety8 f _! own nature 0 x born4 ,& all ?is has be5 also said by ,brihaspati-- ,!re is no heav51 no f9al lib]ation1 nor any s\l 9 ano!r _w1 ,nor d ! actions ( ! f\r ca/es1 ord]s1 c41 produce any real effect4 ,! ,agnihotra1 ! ?ree ,v$as1 ! ascetic's ?ree /aves1 & sme>+ "o's self ) a%es1 ,7 made by ,nature z ! livelihood ( ^? de/itute ( k & manl9ess4 ,if a bea/ sla9 9 ! ,jyoti%toma rite w itself g to heav51 ,:y !n does n ! sacrific] =?) (f] 8 own fa!r8#bf ,if ! ,srddha produces gratification to be+s :o are dead1 ,!n "h1 too1 9 ! case ( travell]s :5 !y />t1 x is ne$less to give provisions = ! j\rney4 ,if be+s 9 heav5 are gratifi$ by our (f]+ ! ,srddha "h1 ,!n :y n give ! food d[n bel[ to ^? :o are /&+ on ! h\setop8 ,:ile life rema9s let a man live happily1 let him fe$ on ghee ev5 ?\gh he runs 9 debt2 ,:5 once ! body becomes a%es1 h[ c x ev] return aga98 ,if he :o dep>ts f ! body goes to ano!r _w1 ,h[ is x t he comes n back aga91 re/less = love ( 8 k9dr$8 ,h5ce x is only z a means ( livelihood t ,brahmans h e/abli%$ "h ,all ^! c]emonies = ! dead1--!re is no o!r fruit any:]e4 ,! ?ree au?ors ( ! ,v$as 7 buffoons1 knaves1 & demons4 ,all ! well-kn[n =mul ( ! p&its1 j>ph>1 turph>1 c4#bg ,& all ! obsc5e rites = ! que5 comm&$ 9 ! ,aswam$ha1 ,^! 7 inv5t$ by buffoons1 & s all ! v>i\s k9ds ( pres5ts to ! prie/s1#bh ,:ile ! eat+ ( fle% 0 simil>ly comm&$ by night-pr[l+ demons4 ,h5ce 9 k9dness to ! mass ( liv+ be+s mu/ we fly = refuge to ! doctr9e ( ,*rvka4 ,su* is ! pleasant consummation4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,sank>a1 ,bhsk>a1 & o!r comm5tators "n ! ,lokyatikas1 & ^! appe> to be a bran* ( ! ,sect ( ,*rvka 7,colebrooke74 ,lokyata may be etymologically analys$ z preval5t 9 ! _w 7loka & yata74 ,laukyatika occurs 9 ,pn9i's uk?agana4 ,footnote #g3 ,k9wa is expla9$ z drug or se$ us$ to produce f]m5tation 9 ! manufacture ( spirits f sug>1 bassia1 c4 ,colebrooke quotes f ,sank>a3 ,! faculty ( ?\ght results f a modification ( ! aggregate elem5ts 9 l mann] z sug> ) a f]m5t & o!r +r$i5ts becomes an inebriat+ liquor2 & z betel1 areca1 lime1 & extract ( cate*u *ew$ toge!r h an exhil>at+ prop]ty n f\nd 9 ^? sub/ances sev]ally4 ,footnote #h3 ,( c\rse ,sank>a1 9 8 comm5t>y1 gives a v diff]5t int]pretation1 apply+ x to ! cessation ( individual exi/5ce :5 ! k ( ! ,supreme is once atta9$4 ,cf4 ,sab>a's ,comm4 ,jaim9i ,st41 i4 i4 #e4 ,footnote #i3 ,i take kana z "h equal to ! ,b5gali kunr4 ,cf4 ,a?>va-,v41 xi4 #c1 #e4 ,asvh kan gvas t&ul masaks tu%h4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,nyya ,stras1 ii4 #eg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,i4e41 p]sonality & fatness1 c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,i read dehe = dehah4 ,footnote #ac3 ,lit]ally1 mu/ be an attribute ( ! subject & h inv>iable concomitance 7vypti74 ,footnote #ad3 ,= ! s&igdha & nis*ita updhi see ,siddhnta ,muktvali1 p4 #abe4 ,! =m] is accept$ only by "o p>ty4 ,footnote #ae3 ,lit]ally1 ! k ( ! inv>iable concomitance 7z ( smoke by fire74 ,footnote #af3 ,! attributes ( ! class are n always f\nd 9 e memb]1--?us idiots are m51 ?\gh man is a rational animal2 & aga91 ?is p>ticul> smoke might be a sign ( a fire 9 "s o!r place4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,shitya ,d>pana 7,ballantyne's trans4 p4 #af71 & ,siddhnta-,m41 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! prop]ly logical1 z di/+ui%$ f ! rhetorical1 argum5t4 ,footnote #ai3 ,upamna or ! k ( a simil>ity is ! in/rum5t 9 ! production ( an inf]5ce f simil>ity4 ,?is p>ticul> inf]5ce consi/s 9 ! k ( ! relation ( a "n to some?+ s nam$4 ,ballantyne's ,t>ka ,sangraha4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! updhi is ! condition :i* mu/ be suppli$ to re/rict a too g5]al middle t]m1 z 9 ! inf]5ce ! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire1 if we add wet fuel z ! condition ( ! fire1 ! middle t]m w be no long] too g5]al4 ,9 ! case ( a true vypti1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no updhi4 ,footnote #ba3 ',greek3 ,anti/rephei 7,pr4 ,anal41 ii4 #be74 ,we h "h our ,a ) di/ribut$ pr$icate4 ,footnote #bb3 ,if we omitt$ ! fir/ clause1 & only made ! updhi t :i* con/antly accompanies ! major t]m & is con/antly accompani$ by x1 !n 9 ! ,naiyyika argum5t s\nd is non-et]nal1 because x has ! nature ( s\nd1 be+ produc$ w\ld s]ve z a ,mmmsaka updhi1 to e/abli% ! vyabhi*ra fallacy1 z x is reciprocal ) non-et]nal2 b ! omitt$ clause excludes x1 z an updhi mu/ be consi/5t ) ei!r p>ty's op9ions1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! ,naiyyika ma9ta9s t be+ produc$ always accompanies ! class ( s\nd4 ,simil>ly1 if we def9$ ! updhi z n con/antly accompany+ ! middle t]m & con/antly accompani$ by ! major1 we might h z an updhi ! nature ( a j>1 z ?is is nev] f\nd ) ! middle t]m 7! class or nature ( s\nd only resid+ 9 s\nd1 & t ( a j> only 9 a j>71 :ile1 at ! same "t1 :]ev] ! class ( j> is f\nd !re is also f\nd non-et]nity4 ,la/ly1 if we def9$ ! updhi z n con/antly accompany+ ! middle t]m1 & con/antly accompany+ ! major1 we might h z a ,mmmsaka updhi ! n caus+ audition1 i4e41 ! n be+ appreh5d$ by ! organs ( he>+2 b ?is is exclud$1 z non-et]nity is n always f\nd :]e ?is is1 e!r be+ inaudible & yet et]nal4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is ref]s to an obscure sloka ( ,udayan*rya1 :]e a reciprocal & a non-reciprocal univ]sal connection 7i4e41 univ]sal propositions :i* sev]ally d & d n di/ribute _! pr$icates7 relate to ! same argum5t 7z e4g41 to prove ! exi/5ce ( smoke71 !re t non-reciprocat+ t]m ( ! second w be a fallaci\s middle1 :i* is n inv>iably accompani$ by ! o!r reciprocal ( ! fir/4 ,?us ! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire 7"h fire & smoke are non-reciprocat+1 z fire is n f\nd inv>iably accompani$ by smoke ?\gh smoke is by fire71 or because x has fire f wet fuel 7smoke & fire f wet fuel be+ reciprocal & always accompany+ ea* o!r72 ! non-reciprocat+ t]m ( ! =m] 7fire7 w give a fallaci\s inf]5ce1 because x is also1 ( c\rse1 n inv>iably accompani$ by ! special k9d ( fire1 t produc$ f wet fuel4 ,b ?is w n be ! case :]e ! non-reciprocat+ t]m is ?us inv>iably accompani$ by ! o!r reciprocal1 z ! m\nta9 has fire because x has smoke2 "h1 ?\gh fire & smoke d n reciprocate1 yet smoke w be a true middle1 because x is inv>iably accompani$ by heat1 :i* is ! reciprocal ( fire4 ,i wi% to add "h1 once = all1 t ,i own my explanation ( ?is1 z well z _m ano!r1 difficulty 9 ! ,s>va-d>sana-sangraha to my old fri5d & tea*]1 ,p&it ,mahesa ,*&ra ,nyy>atna1 ( ! ,calcutta ,sanskrit ,college4 ,footnote #bd3 ,cf4 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,p4 ,hyp4 ii4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,buddhi/ sy/em infra1 we h an attempt to e/abli% ! au?ority ( ! univ]sal proposition f ! relation ( cause & effect or g5us & species4 ,footnote #be3 ,adri%ta1 i4e41 ! m]it & dem]it 9 our actions :i* produce _! effects 9 future bir?s4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is is an old ,buddhi/ retort4 ,see ,burn\f1 ,introd41 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #bg3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ajf4 ,= ! ,aswam$ha rites1 see ,wilson's ,rig-,v$a1 ,preface1 vol4 ii4 p4 xiii4 ,footnote #bh3 ,or ?is may mean & all ! v>i\s o!r ?+s to be h&l$ 9 ! rites4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,bauddha ,,sy/em4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,buddhi/s rem>k3 ,z = :at y 7,*rvkas7 laid d[n z to ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ inv>iable concomitance1 y\r position is unacceptable1 inasmu* z inv>iable concomitance is easily cognisable by means ( id5tity & causality4 ,x has accord+ly be5 said-- ,f ! relation ( cause & effect1 or f id5tity z a det]m9ant1 results a law ( inv>iable concomitance--n ?r\gh ! m]e obs]vation ( ! desir$ result 9 simil> cases1 nor ?r\gh ! non-obs]vation ( x 9 dissimil> cases4#bi ,on ! hypo!sis 7( ! ,naiyyikas7 t x is concomitance & non-concomitance 7e4g41 ,a is :]e ,b is1 ,a is n :]e ,b is n7 t det]m9e an inv>iable connection1 ! unconditional att5dance ( ! major or ! middle t]m w\ld be unasc]ta9able1 x be+ impossible to exclude all d\bt ) reg>d to in/ances pa/ & future1 & pres5t b unp]ceiv$4 ,if "o 7a ,naiyyika7 rejo9 t unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to su* in/ances is equally inevitable on our sy/em1 we reply3 ,say n s1 = su* a supposition z t an effect may be produc$ )\t any cause w\ld de/roy itself by putt+ a /op to activity ( any k9d2 = su* d\bts alone are to be ent]ta9$1 ! ent]ta9m5t ( :i* does n implicate u 9 practical absurdity & ! l1 z x has be5 said1 ,d\bt t]m9ates :]e !re is a practical absurdity4#cj #a4 ,by asc]ta9m5t ( an effectuation1 !n1 ( t 7viz41 ( ! designate ( ! middle7 is asc]ta9$ ! inv>iable concomitance 7( ! major72 & ! asc]ta9m5t ( su* effectuation may arise f ! well-kn[n s]ies ( five causes1 9 ! p]ceptive cognition or non-cognition ( cause & effect4 ,t fire & smoke1 = in/ance1 /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect is asc]ta9$ by five indications1 viz41 7#a47 ,t an effect is n cognis$ prior to its effectuation1 t 7#b47 ! cause be+ p]ceiv$ 7#c47 ! effect is p]ceiv$1 & t aft] ! effect is cognis$ 7#d47 !re is its non-cognition1 7#e47 :5 ! 7mat]ial7 cause is no long] cognis$4 #b4 ,9 l mann] an inv>iable concomitance is asc]ta9$ by ! asc]ta9m5t ( id5tity 7e4g41 a sisu-tree is a tree1 or :]ev] we obs]ve ! attributes ( a sisu we obs]ve also ! attribute arboreity71 an absurdity atta*+ to ! contr>y op9ion1 inasmu* z if a sisu-tree %\ld lose its arboreity x w\ld lose its own self4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e !re exi/s no absurdity1 & :]e a 7m]e7 concomitance is aga9 & aga9 obs]v$1 :o c exclude all d\bt ( failure 9 ! concomitance8 ,an asc]ta9m5t ( ! id5tity ( sisu & tree is compet5t 9 virtue ( ! ref]5ce to ! same object 7i4e41 pr$ication71--,?is tree is a sisu4 ,= ref]5ce to ! same object 7pr$ication7 is n compet5t :]e !re is no diff]5ce :atev] 7e4g41 to say1 ,a j> is a j>1 is no comb9ation ( div]se attributes 9 a common subject71 because ! two t]ms _c1 z be+ synonym\s1 be simultane\sly employ$2 nor c ref]5ce to ! same object take place :]e !re is a reciprocal exclusion 7( ! two t]ms71 inasmu* z we nev] f9d1 = in/ance1 horse & c[ pr$icat$ ! "o ( ! o!r4 ,x has ?us be5 ev9c$ t an effect or a self-same supposes a cause or a self-same 7z inv>iable concomitants74 ,if a man does n all[ t inf]5ce is a =m ( evid5ce1 pramna1 "o may reply3 ,y m]ely ass]t ?us mu*1 t inf]5ce is n a =m ( evid5ce3 d y allege no pro( ( ?is1 or d y allege any8 ,! =m] alt]native is n all[able accord+ to ! maxim t b>e ass]tion is no pro( ( ! matt] ass]t$4 ,nor is ! latt] alt]native any bett]1 = if :ile y ass]t t inf]5ce is no =m ( evid5ce1 y produce "s truncat$ argum5t 7to prove1 i4e41 inf]1 t x is none71 y w be involv$ 9 an absurdity1 j z if y ass]t$ y\r own "m to be b>r54 ,besides1 :5 y affirm t ! e/abli%m5t ( a =m ( evid5ce & ( ! correspond+ fallaci\s evid5ce results f _! homog5eity1 y y\rself admit induction by id5tity4 ,aga91 :5 y affirm t ! diss5ti5cy ( o!rs is kn[n by ! symbolism ( words1 y y\rself all[ induction by causality4 ,:5 y d5y ! exi/5ce ( any object on ! gr\nd ( its n be+ p]ceiv$1 y y\rself admit an inf]5ce ( :i* non-p]ception is ! middle t]m4 ,con=mably x has be5 said by ,ta?gata-- ,! admission ( a =m ( evid5ce 9 g5]al results f its be+ pres5t to ! und]/&+ ( o!rs4 ,! exi/5ce ( a =m ( evid5ce also foll[s f its negation by a c]ta9 p]son4 ,all ?is has be5 fully h&l$ by great au?orities2 & we desi/ = fe> ( an undue enl>gem5t ( our treatise4 ,^! same ,bauddhas discuss ! highe/ end ( man f f\r /&po9ts4 ,celebrat$ "u ! designations ( ,mdhyamika1 ,yog*ra1 ,sautrntika1 & ,vaibh%ika1 ^! ,buddhi/s adopt respectively ! doctr9es ( a univ]sal void 7nihilism71 an ext]nal void 7subjective idealism71 ! inf]ribility ( ext]nal objects 7repres5tationism71 & ! p]ceptibility ( ext]nal objects 7pres5tationism74#ca ,?\gh ! v5]at$ ,buddha be ! only "o tea*] 78 disciples7 are f\rfold 9 consequ5ce ( ?is div]sity ( views2 j z :5 "o has said1 ,! sun has set1 ! adult]]1 ! ?ief1 ! div9ity /ud5t1 & o!rs und]/& t x is "t to set ab\t _! assignations1 _! !ft1 _! religi\s duties1 & s =?1 accord+ to _! sev]al incl9ations4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t f\r po9ts ( view h be5 laid out1 viz41 7#a47 ,all is mom5t>y1 mom5t>y2 7#b47 all is pa91 pa92 7#c47 all is l itself alone2 7#d47 all is void1 void4 ,( ^! po9ts ( view1 ! mom5t>9ess ( fleet+ ?+s1 blue & s =? 7i4e41 :atev] be _! quality71 is to be inf]r$ f _! exi/5ce2 ?us1 :atev] is is mom5t>y 7or fluxional7 l a bank ( cl\ds1 & all ^! ?+s are4#cb ,nor may any "o object t ! middle t]m 7exi/5ce7 is une/abli%$2 = an exi/5ce consi/+ ( practical effici5cy is e/abli%$ by p]ception to belong to ! blue & o!r mom5t>y ?+s2 & ! exclusion ( exi/5ce f t :i* is n mom5t>y is e/abli%$1 provid$ t we exclude f x ! non-mom5t>y succession & simultaneity1 accord+ to ! rule t exclusion ( ! cont95t is exclusion ( ! conta9$4 ,n[ ?is practical effici5cy 7"h id5tifi$ ) exi/5ce7 is conta9$ "u succession & simultaneity1 & no m$ium is possible betwe5 succession & non-succession 7or simultaneity72 !re be+ a manife/ absurdity 9 ?9k+ o!rwise1 accord+ to ! rule-- ,9 a reciprocal contradiction !re exi/s no ult]ior alt]native2 ,nor is _! unity 9 contradictories1 !re be+ a repugnance 9 ! v /atem5t4#cc ,& ?is succession & simultaneity be+ exclud$ f ! p]man5t1 & also exclud+ f ! p]man5t all practical effici5cy1 det]m9e exi/5ce ( ! alt]native ( mom5t>9ess4--,q4,e4,d4 ,p]haps "s "o may ask3 ,:y may n practical effici5cy reside 9 ! non-fluxional 7or p]man5t78 ,if s1 ?is is wrong1 z obnoxi\s to ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,has y\r p]man5t a p[] ( pa/ & future practical effici5cy dur+ its ex]tion ( pres5t practical effici5cy or no8 ,on ! =m] alt]native 7if x has su* p[]71 x _c evacuate su* pa/ & future effici5cy1 because we _c d5y t x has p[]1 & because we inf] ! consequ5ce1 t :i* c at any "t d any?+ does n fail to d t at t "t1 z1 = in/ance1 a complem5t ( causes1 & ?is entity is ?us p[]ful4 ,on ! latt] alt]native 7if ! p]man5t has no su* p[] ( pa/ & future ag5cy71 x w nev] d any?+1 because practical effici5cy results f p[] only2 :at at any "t does n d any?+1 t at t "t is unable to d x1 z1 = in/ance1 a piece ( /one does n produce a g]m2 & ?is entity :ile ex]t+ its pres5t practical effici5cy1 does n ex]t its pa/ & future practical effici5cy4 ,su* is ! contradiction4 ,y w p]haps rejo93 ,by assum+ successive subsidi>ies1 !re is compet5t to ! p]man5t entity a successive ex]tion ( pa/ & future practical effici5cy4 ,if s1 we w\ld ask y to expla93 ,d ! subsidi>ies assi/ ! entity or n8 ,if !y d n1 !y are n requir$2 = if !y d no?+1 !y c h no?+ to d ) ! successive ex]tion4 ,if !y d assi/ ! ?+1 is ?is assi/ance 7or supplem5tation7 o!r ?an ! ?+ or n8 ,if x is o!r ?an ! ?+1 !n ?is adscititi\s 7assi/ance7 is ! cause1 & ! non-mom5t>y entity is n ! cause3 = ! effect w !n foll[1 by concomitance & non-concomitance1 ! adv5titi\s supplem5tation4 ,?us x has be5 said3 ,:at h ra9 & %9e to d ) ! s\l8 ,_! effect is on ! sk9 ( man2 ,if ! s\l 7 l ! sk91 x w\ld be non-p]man5t2 & if ! sk9 7 l ! s\l1 !re c\ld be no effect produc$ ^u x4 ,p]haps y w say3 ,! entity produces its effect1 toge!r ) its subsidi>ies4 ,well1 !n 7we reply71 let ! entity n give up its subsidi>ies1 b r tie !m le/ !y fly ) a rope r\nd _! neck1 & s produce ! effect :i* x has to produce1 & )\t =feit+ its own prop] nature4 ,besides 7we cont9ue71 does ! additam5t 7or supplem5tation7 con/itut$ by ! subsidi>ies give rise to ano!r additam5t or n8 ,9 ei!r case ! a=e-m5tion$ objections w come d[n ^u y l a %[] ( /ones4 ,on ! alt]native t ! additam5t takes on ano!r additam5t1 y w be emb>rass$ by a _m-sid$ regress 9 inf9itum4 ,if :5 ! additam5t is to be g5]at$ ano!r auxili>y 7or additam5t7 be requir$1 !re w ensue an endless s]ies ( su* additam5ts3 ?is mu/ be confess$ to be "o inf9ite regress4 ,= example1 let a se$ be grant$ to be productive :5 an additam5t is giv51 consi/+ ( a complem5t ( objects su* z wat]1 w9d1 & ! l1 z subsidi>ies2 o!rwise an additam5t w\ld be manife/$ )\t subsidi>ies4 ,n[ ! se$ 9 tak+ on ! additam5t takes x on ) ! ne$ ( 7ult]ior7 subsidi>ies2 o!rwise1 z !re w\ld always be subsidi>ies1 x w\ld foll[ t a g]m w\ld always be aris+ f ! se$4 ,we %all n[ h to add to ! se$ ano!r supplem5tation by subsidi>ies !mselves requir+ an additam5t4 ,if :5 ?is additam5t is giv51 ! se$ be productive only on condition ( subsidi>ies z be=e1 !re w be e/abli%$ an inf9ite regression ( additam5ts to 7or supplem5tations (7 ! se$1 to be af=d$ by ! subsidi>ies4 ,aga91 we ask1 does ! supplem5tation requir$ = ! production ( ! effect produce its effect indep5d5tly ( ! se$ & ! l1 or does x require ! se$ & ! l8 ,on ! fir/ alt]native 7if ! supplem5tation works indep5d5tly71 x w\ld ensue t ! se$ is 9 no way a cause4 ,on ! second 7if ! supplem5tation require ! se$71 ! se$1 or :atev] x may be t is ?us requir$1 mu/ take on a supplem5tation or additam5t1 & ?us !re w be ov] & ov] aga9 an endless s]ies ( additam5ts add$ to ! additam5t con/itut$ by ! se$2 & ?us a second inf9ite regression is firmly set up4 ,9 l mann] ! subsidi>y :i* is requir$ w add ano!r subsidi>y to ! se$1 or :atev] x may be t is ! subject ( ! additions1 & ?us !re w be an endless succession ( additam5ts add$ to ! additam5ts to ! se$ :i* is supplem5t$ by ! subsidi>ies2 & s a ?ird inf9ite regression w add to y\r emb>rassm5t4 ,n[ 7or ! o!r gr& alt]native71 let x be grant$ t a supplem5tation id5tical ) ! entity 7! se$1 or :atev] x may be7 is tak5 on4 ,if s1 ! =m] entity1 t m9us ! supplem5tation1 is no m1 & a new entity id5tical ) ! supplem5tation1 & designat$ 79 ! te*nology ( ,buddhism7 kurvad rpa 7or effect-produc+ object71 comes into be+3 & ?us ! tree ( my desires 7my doctr9e ( a univ]sal flux7 has borne its fruit4 ,practical effici5cy1 !re=e1 9 ! non-mom5t>y is inadmissible4 ,nor is practical effici5cy possible ap>t f succession 9 "t2 = su* a possibility is r$>gu$ by ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,is ?is 7p]man5t7 entity 7:i* y cont5d =7 able to produce all its effects simultane\sly1 or does x cont9ue to exi/ aft] production ( effects8 ,on ! =m] alt]native1 x w result t ! entity w produce its effects j z mu* at "o "t z at ano!r2 on ! second alt]native1 ! expectation ( its p]man5cy is z reasonable z expect+ se$ eat5 by a m\se to g]m9ate4 ,t to :i* contr>y det]m9ations are attribut$ is div]se1 z heat & cold2 b ?is ?+ is det]m9$ by contr>y attributions4 ,su* is ! argum5tation appli$ to ! cl\d 7to prove t x has n a p]man5t b a fluxional exi/5ce74 ,nor is ! middle t]m disall[able1 = possession & privation ( p[] & impot5ce are all[$ 9 reg>d to ! p]man5t 7:i* y ass]t7 at diff]5t times4 ,! concomitance & non-concomitance already describ$ 7viz41 ,t :i* c at any "t d any?+ does n fail to d t at t "t1 & ,:at at any "t does n d any?+1 t at t "t is unable to d x7 are affirm$ 7by u7 to prove ! exi/5ce ( su* p[]4 ,! negative rule is3 ,:at at any "t is unable to produce any?+1 t at t "t does n produce x1 z a piece ( /one1 = example1 does n produce a g]m2 & ?is entity 7! se$1 or :atev] x may be71 :ile ex]t+ a pres5t practical effici5cy1 is incapable ( pa/ & future practical effici5cies4 ,! contradiction violat+ ?is rule is3 ,:at at any "t does any?+1 t at t "t is able to d t ?+1 z a complem5t ( causes is able to produce its effect2 & ?is 7p]man5t7 entity ex]ts at "t pa/ & "t future ! practical effici5cies prop] to ^? times4 7,to recapitulate47 ,exi/5ce is re/rict$ to ! mom5t>y2 !re be+ obs]v$ 9 reg>d to exi/5ce a negative rule1 t 9 reg>d to p]man5t succession & simultaneity be+ exclud$1 exi/5ce :i* conta9s succession & simultaneity is n cognisable2 & !re be+ obs]v$ 9 reg>d to exi/5ce a positive rule1 9 virtue ( a concomitance obs]v$ 7viz41 t ! exi/5t is accompani$ or p]vad$ by ! mom5t>y71 & 9 virtue ( a non-concomitance obs]v$ 7viz41 t ! non-mom5t>y is accompani$ or p]vad$ by ! non-exi/5t74 ,!re=e x has be5 said by ,jna-sr-- ,:at is is mom5t>y1 z a cl\d1 & z ^! exi/5t ?+s2 ,! p[] ( exi/5ce is relative to practical effici5cy1 & belongs to ! ideal2 b ?is p[] exi/s n z et]nal 9 ?+s et]nal 7e!r1 c472 ,nor is !re only "o =m1 o!rwise "o ?+ c\ld d ! "w ( ano!r2 ,= two reasons1 !re=e 7viz41 succession & simultaneity71 a mom5t>y flux is congru\s & rema9s true 9 reg>d to t :i* we h to prove4 ,nor is x to be held1 9 acceptance ( ! hypo!sis ( ! ,vaise%ikas & ,naiyyikas1 t exi/5ce is a p>ticipation 9 ! univ]sal =m exi/5ce2 = 7 ?is ! case1 univ]sality1 p>ticul>ity1 & co-inhesion 7:i* d n p>ticipate 9 ! univ]sal7 c\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,nor is ! ascription ( exi/5ce to univ]sality1 p>ticul>ity1 & co-inhesion dep5d5t on any sui g5]is exi/5ce ( _! own2 = su* an hypo!sis is op]ose1 requir+ too _m sui g5]is exi/5ces4 ,moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( any univ]sal is disprov$ by a dilemma reg>d+ ! pres5ce or non-pres5ce 7( ! "o 9 ! _m72 & !re is n pres5t$ to u any "o =m runn+ ?r\gh all ! div]se mom5t>y ?+s1 mu/>d-se$s1 m\nta9s1 & s =?1 l ! /r+ runn+ ?r\gh ! gems /rung ^u x4 ,moreov] 7we w\ld ask71 is ! univ]sal omnipres5t or pres5t ev]y:]e 9 its subjicible subjects8 ,if x is ev]y:]e1 all ?+s 9 ! univ]se w be conf\nd$ toge!r 7*aos w be et]nal71 & y w be involv$ 9 a t5et y reject1 s9ce ,prasa/a-pda has said1 ,pres5t 9 all its subjects4 ,aga9 7if ! univ]sal is pres5t only 9 its prop] subjects71 does ! univ]sal 7! nature ( a j>7 resid+ 9 an already exi/+ j>1 on be+ atta*$ to ano!r j> n[ 9 mak+1 come f ! "o to atta* itself to ! o!r1 or n come f x8 ,on ! fir/ alt]native 7if x comes71 ! univ]sal mu/ be a sub/ance 7= sub/ances alone und]lie qualities & motions72 :]eas1 if x does n come1 x _c atta* itself to ! new j>4 ,aga9 7we ask71 :5 ! j> ceases to exi/1 does ! univ]sal outla/ x1 or cease to exi/1 or g to ano!r place8 ,on ! fir/ supposition x w exi/ )\t a subject to inh]e 92 on ! second1 x w be improp] to call x et]nal 7z y d72 on ! ?ird1 x w foll[ t x is a sub/ance 7or base ( qualities & motions74 ,de/roy$ z x is by ! malign influ5ce ( ^! & ! l objections1 ! univ]sal is unau!nticat$4 ,con=mably x has be5 said-- ,great is ! dext]ity ( t :i*1 exi/+ 9 "o place1 engages )\t mov+ f t place 9 produc+ itself 9 ano!r place4 ,?is entity 7univ]sality7 is n connect$ ) t :]e9 x resides1 & yet p]vades t :i* occupies t place3 great is ?is miracle4 ,x goes n away1 nor 0 x !re1 nor is x subsequ5tly divid$1 x quits n its =m] repository3 :at a s]ies ( difficulties6 ,if y ask3 ,on :at does ! assurance t ! "o exi/s 9 ! _m re/8 ,y mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! reply t we conc$e x to repose on diff]5ce f t :i* is diff]5t 7or exclusion ( het]og5eity74 ,we dismiss fur!r prolixity4 ,t all transmigratory exi/5ce is id5tical ) pa9 is ! common v]dict ( all ! f\nd]s ( in/itutes1 else !y w\ld n be f\nd desir\s to put a /op to x & engag+ 9 ! me?od = br++ x to an end4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 be> 9 m9d t all is pa91 & pa9 alone4 ,if y object3 ,:5 x is ask$1 l :at8 y mu/ quote an in/ance1--we reply3 ,n s1 = mom5t>y objects self-*>act]is$ be+ mom5t>y1 h no common *>act]s1 & !re=e x is impossible to say t ?is is l t4 ,we mu/ !re=e hold t all is l itself alone1 l itself alone4 ,9 l mann] we mu/ hold t all is void1 & void alone4 ,= we are consci\s ( a det]m9ate negation4 ,?is silv] or ! l has n be5 se5 by me 9 sleep+ or wak+4 ,if :at is se5 7 7really7 exi/5t1 !n reality w\ld p]ta9 to ! correspond+ act ( vision1 to ! 7nacre1 c471 :i* is ! basis ( its p>ticul> nature 7or haecceity71 to ! silv]1 c41 illusorily sup]pos$ ^u t basis1 to ! connection betwe5 !m1 to ! co-inh]5ce1 & s =?3 a supposition n ent]ta9$ by any disputant4 ,nor is a semi-effete exi/5ce admissible4 ,no "o imag9es t "o-half ( a f[l may be set ap>t = cook+1 & ! o!r half = lay+ eggs4 ,! v5]at$ ,buddha1 !n1 hav+ taught t ( ! illusorily sup]pos$ 7silv]1 c471 ! basis 7nacre1 c471 ! connection betwe5 !m1 ! act ( vision1 & ! vid5s1 if "o or m be unreal x w p]=ce ensue t all are unreal1 all be+ equally objects ( ! negation2 ! ,mdhyamikas excell5tly wise expla9 z foll[s1 viz41 t ! doctr9e ( ,buddha t]m9ates 9 t ( a total void 7univ]sal baselessness or nihilism7 by a sl[ progression l ! intrusive /eps ( a m5dicant1 ?r\gh ! position ( a mom5t>y flux1 & ?r\gh ! 7gradual7 negation ( ! illusory assurances ( pleasurable s5sibility1 ( univ]sality1 & ( reality4 ,! ultimate pr9ciple1 !n1 is a void emancipat$ f f\r alt]natives1 viz41 f reality1 f unreality1 f bo? 7reality & unreality71 & f nei!r 7reality nor unreality74 ,to exemplify ?is3 ,if real exi/5ce 7 ! nature ( a wat]-pot & ! l1 ! activity ( its mak] 7! pott]7 w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,if non-exi/5ce be its nature ! same objection w accrue2 z x is said-- ,necessity ( a cause befits n ! exi/5t1 e!r & ! l1 = in/ance2 ,no cause is efficaci\s ( a non-exi/5t effect1 fl[]s ( ! sky & ! l1 = in/ance4 ,! two rema9+ alt]natives1 z self-contradictory1 are inadmissible4 ,x has accord+ly be5 laid d[n by ! v5]at$ ,buddha 9 ! ,alankrvatra#cd-- ,( ?+s discrim9at$ by intellect1 no nature is asc]ta9$2#ce ,^? ?+s are !re=e %[n to be inexplicable & natureless4 ,& aga9-- ,?is matt] p]=ce results1 :i* ! wise decl>e1 ,no soon] are objects ?\ght ?an !y are dissipat$4 ,t is to say1 ! objects are n det]m9$ by any "o ( ! f\r alt]natives4 ,h5ce x is t x has be5 said-- ,a religi\s m5dicant1 an amor\s man1 & a dog h ?ree views ( a woman's p]son1 respectively t x is a c>cass1 t x is a mi/ress1 & t x is a prey4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !n1 ( ^! f\r po9ts ( view1 :5 all ideas are come to an end1 f9al ext9ction1 :i* is a void1 w result4 ,accord+ly we h ov]tak5 our end1 & !re is no?+ to be taught to u4 ,!re consequ5tly rema9 only two duties to ! /ud5t--int]rogation & acceptance4 ,( ^!1 int]rogation is ! putt+ ( que/ions 9 ord] to atta9 k n yet atta9$4 ,acceptance is ass5t to ! matt]s /at$ by ! sacr$ tea*]4 ,^! 7,bauddha nihili/s7 are excell5t 9 ass5t+ to t :i* ! religi\s tea*] en\nces1 & defective 9 int]rogation1 :5ce _! conv5tional designation ( ,mdhyamikas 7or m$iocre74 ,c]ta9 o!r ,buddhi/s are /yl$ ,yog*ras1 because :ile !y accept ! f\r po9ts ( view proclaim$ by ! spiritual guide1 & ! void ( ext]nal ?+s1 !y make ! int]rogation3 ,:y has a void ( ! int]nal 7or baselessness ( m5tal ph5om5a7 be5 admitt$8 ,= _! te*nology is z foll[s3--,self-subsi/5t cognition mu/ be all[$1 or x w foll[ t ! :ole univ]se is bl9d4 ,x has con=mably be5 proclaim$ by ,dh>makrti3 ,to "o :o disall[s p]ception ! vision ( objects is n compet5t4 ,an ext]nal p]cipibile is n admissible 9 consequ5ce ( ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,does ! object cognitively appreh5sible arise f an entity or n8 ,x does n result f an entity1 = t :i* is g5]at$ has no p]man5ce4 ,nor is x non-resultant1 = :at has n come into be+ is non-exi/5t4 ,or 7we may proce$7 d y hold t a pa/ object is cognitively appreh5sible1 z begett+ cognition8 ,if s1 ?is is *ildi% nons5se1 because x conflicts ) ! app>5t pres5tness ( ! object1 & because on su* a supposition ! s5se organs 7& o!r imp]ceptible ?+s7 might be appreh5d$4 ,fur!r 7we ask71 ,is ! p]cipibile a simple atom or a complex body8 ,! latt] x _c be1 ?is alt]native be+ eject$ by ! dilemma z to :e!r "p or :ole is p]ceiv$4 ,! =m] alt]native is equally impossible1 an atom be+ sup]s5sible1 & x n be+ able to comb9e simultane\sly ) six o!rs2 z x has be5 said-- ,if an atom c\ld simultane\sly comb9e ) six1 x w\ld h six surfaces2 ,& ea* ( ^! be+ tak5 sep>ately1 !re w\ld be a body ( atomic dim5sion4 ,intellect1 !re=e1 z hav+ no o!r p]cipibile b itself1 is %[n to be itself its own p]cipibile1 self-subsi/5t1 lum9\s ) its own light1 l light4 ,!re=e x has be5 said-- ,!re is naught to be objectifi$ by intellect2 !re is no cognition ult]ior !reto2 ,!re be+ no di/9ction betwe5 p]cept & p]cipi5t1 intellect %9es =? ( itself alone4 ,! id5tity ( p]cipi5t & p]cept is inf]rible1 ?us3 ,t :i* is cognis$ by any cognition is n o!r ?an t cognition1 z s\l1 = in/ance1 is n o!r ?an ! cognition ( s\l2 & blue & o!r mom5t>y objects are cognis$ by cognitions4 ,= if !re 7 a diff]5ce 7betwe5 p]cept & p]cipi5t71 ! object c\ld n n[ h any connection ) ! cognition1 !re be+ no id5tity to det]m9e a con/ancy ( connection1 & no?+ to det]m9e ! rise ( su* a connection4 ,z = ! appe>ance ( an int]val betwe5 ! object & subject consci\snesses1 ?is is an illusion1 l ! appe>ance ( two moons :5 !re is only "o4 ,! cause ( ?is illusion is ideation ( diff]5ce 9 a /ream )\t beg9n+ & )\t int]ruption2 z x has be5 said-- ,z inv>iably cognis$ toge!r1 ! blue object & ! cognition !re( are id5tical2 ,& ! diff]5ce %\ld be acc\nt$ = by illusory cognitions1 z 9 ! example ( ! s+le moon4 ,& aga9-- ,?\gh !re is no division1 ! s\l or intellect1 by reason ( illusory p]ceptions1 ,appe>s to possess a duality ( cognitions1 ( p]cepts & ( p]cipi5t4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t 7on ?is hypo!sis7 ! juice1 ! en]gy1 & ! dige/ion d]ivable f an imag9>y & an actual sweetmeat w be ! same2 = x _c be que/ion$ t ?\gh ! intellect be 9 /rictness exempt f ! modes ( object & subject1 yet !re is compet5t to x a practical di/9ction 9 virtue ( ! succession ( illusory ideas )\t beg9n+1 by reason ( its possess+ div]se modes p]cept & p]cipi5t1 con=mably to its illusory supposition ( practical ag5cy1 j z to ^? ^: eyes are dim ) "s morbid affection a hair & ano!r m9ute object may appe> ei!r div]se or id5tical2 z x has be5 said-- ,z ! intellect1 n hav+ object & subject modes1 appe>s1 by reason ( illusory cognitions1 ,illud$ ) ! div]se =ms ( p]ception1 p]cept & p]cipi5t2 ,s :5 ! intellect has posit$ a div]sity1 z 9 ! example ( ! diff]5ces ( ! cognition ( a hair & ! l1 ,!n x is n to be d\bt$ t x is *>act]is$ z p]cipi5t & p]cept4 ,?us x has be5 ev9c$ t intellect1 z affect$ by beg9n+less ideation1 manife/s itself "u div]se =ms4 ,:51 !re=e1 by con/ancy ( reflection 7on ! f\r po9ts ( view7 a=esaid1 all ideation has be5 int]rupt$1 !re arises k purg$ f ! illusions :i* take ! =m ( objects1 su* illusions be+ n[ melt$ away2 & ?is is te*nically call$ ,mahodaya 7! gr& exaltation1 emancipation74 ,o!rs aga9 7! ,sautrntikas7 hold t ! position t !re is no ext]nal _w is unt5able1 z want+ evid5ce4 ,nor 7!y cont5d7 c x be ma9ta9$ t inv>iability ( simultane\s cognition is an evid5ce1 = ?is simultane\s cognition :i* y accept z pro( ( ! id5tity ( subject & object is indecisive1 be+ f\nd 9 dubi\s & 9 contr>y in/ances4 ,if y rejo9 7!y proce$73 ,let !re be a pro( ( ?is id5tity1 & let ?is pro( be inv>iability ( simultane\s cognition1--we refuse ?is1 because inasmu* z cognition mu/ ultimately h "s object1 x is manife/$ 9 duality1 & because su* inv>iability ( simultaneity z to "t & place is impossible4 ,moreov] 7!y cont9ue71 if ! object1 blue or :atev] x be1 7 only a =m ( cognition1 x %\ld be pres5t$ z ,ego1 n z ,hoc aliquid1 because ! cognition & ! object w\ld be id5tical4 ,p]haps y w say3 ,a blue =m consi/+ ( cognition is illusorily pres5t$ z ext]nal & z o!r ?an self1 & consequ5tly ! ,ego is n sugge/$2 & s x has be5 said-- ,?is side ( k :i* appe>s ext]nal to ! o!r portion1 ,?is appe>ance ( duality 9 ! unity ( cognition is an illusion4 ,& aga9-- ,! pr9ciple to be kn[n z int]nal also manife/s itself z if x 7 ext]nal4 ,to ?is we reply 7say ! ,sautrntikas73 ,?is is unt5able1 = if !re be no ext]nal objects1 !re be+ no g5esis ( su*1 ! comp>ison z if !y 7 ext]nal is illegitimate4 ,no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld say1 ,vasumitra looks l ! son ( a *ildless "m4 ,aga91 if ! manife/ation ( id5tity be prov$ by ! illusor9ess ( ! pres5tm5t ( duality1 & ! pres5tm5t ( duality be prov$ illusory by ! manife/ation ( id5tity1 y are involv$ 9 a logical circle4 ,)\t controv]sy we obs]ve t cognitions take ext]nal ?+s1 blue or :atev] !y may be1 z _! objects1 & d n take m]ely int]nal modifications z su*1 & we see t m5 9 _! ev]yday life ov]look _! int]nal /ates4 ,?us ?is argum5t :i* y adduce to prove t !re is diff]5ce betwe5 subject & object1 turns out a m]e absurdity1 l milky food made ( c[-dung4 ,:5 !n y say z if x 7 ext]nal1 y mu/ already suppose an ext]nal p]cipibile1 & y\r own arr[ w return ^u y & w\nd y4 ,if any "o object t ! ext]nality ( an object syn*ron\s ) ! cognition is inadmissible1 we 7,sautrntikas7 reply t ?is objection is inadmissible1 inasmu* z ! subject 9 juxtaposition to ! s5sory imposes its =m ^u ! cognition !n 9 production1 & ! object is inf]rible f ! =m ?us impos$4 ,! int]rogation & response on ?is po9t h be5 ?us summ>is$-- ,if x be ask$1 ,h[ c !re be a pa/ p]cipibile8 ,!y recognise p]ceptibility1 ,& a compet5t inf]ribility ( ! individual ?+ is its imposition ( its =m4 ,to exemplify4 ,z n\ri%m5t is inf]r$ f a ?riv+ look1 z nationality is inf]r$ f language1 & z affection is inf]r$ f flurri$ movem5ts1 s f ! =m ( k a kn[able may be inf]r$4 ,!re=e x has be5 said-- ,) half 7( itself7 ! object m\lds 7! cognition7 )\t los+ ! nature ( a half2 ,! evid5ce1 !re=e1 ( ! recognition ( a kn[able is ! nature ( ! kn[able4 ,= consci\sness ( ! cognition _c be ! be+ ( ! cognition1 = ?is consci\sness is ev]y:]e alike1 & if indiff]5ce 7 to atta* itself to ?is1 x w\ld r$uce all ?+s to indiff]5ce4 ,accord+ly ! =mal argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s3 ,^? ?+s :i* :ile a ?+ exi/s appe> only at times1 all dep5d ^u some?+ else ?an t ?+2 z1 = in/ance1 if ,i d n wi% to speak or to walk1 pres5tm5ts ( speak+ or walk+ mu/ suppose o!rs desir\s ( speak+ or walk+2 & 9 l mann] ! pres5tm5ts ( activity "u discussion1 :ile !re exi/s ! recognition ( a subject ( !m1 are only at times manife/$ z blue & s =?4 ,( ^!1 ! recognition ( a subject is ! pres5tation ( ! ,ego1 ! manife/ation z blue & s =? is a pres5tm5t ( activity1 z x has be5 said-- ,t is a recognition ( a subject :i* is conv]sant ab\t ! ,ego3 ,t is a pres5tm5t ( activity :i* manife/s blue & ! re/4 ,ov] & above1 !re=e1 ! complem5t ( subject-recognitions1 let x be und]/ood t !re is an ext]nal object _w p]ceptible1 :i* is ! cause ( pres5tm5ts ( activity2 & t ?is ext]nal _w does n rise into be+ only f "t to "t on occasion ( pres5tm5ts result+ f ideation4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ! ,s5sationali/s 7vijnavd971 ideation is a p[] ( g5]at+ su* & su* s5sations 7or pres5tm5ts ( activity7 9 subject-recognitions :i* exi/ z a s+le /ream4 ,! maturesc5ce ( ?is p[] is its read9ess to produce its effect2 ( ?is ! result is a pres5tm5t 7or s5sation72 ! antec$5t mom5t>y object 7s5sation7 9 ! m5tal tra9 is accept$ z ! cause1 no o!r m5tal tra9 be+ admitt$ to ex]cise su* causality4 ,x mu/ !re=e be /at$ t all mom5t>y objects 7fleet+ s5sations7 9 ! subject-consci\sness are alike able to br+ ab\t t maturesc5ce ( ideation 9 ! subject-consci\sness1 :i* maturesc5ce is productive ( pres5tm5ts ( activity4 ,if any "o 7( ^! fleet+ s5sations7 _h n ?is p[]1 none w\ld possess x1 all exi/+ alike 9 ! /ream ( subject-recognitions4 ,on ! supposition t !y all h ?is p[]1 ! effects _c be div]sifi$1 & !re=e any intellig5t man1 h[ev] unwill+1 if he has a cle> und]/&+1 mu/ decide1 )\t putt+ out ( sight ! te/imony ( 8 consci\sness1 t to acc\nt = ! occasional nature 7( s5se p]cepts7 ! six cognitions ( s\nd1 t\*1 col\r1 ta/e1 & smell1 ( pleasure1 & s =?1 are produc$ on occasion ( f\r conditions4 ,^! f\r conditions are kn[n z 7#a47 ! data1 7#b47 ! sugge/ion1 7#c47 ! m$ium1 & 7#d47 ! dom9ant 7organ74 ,( ^!1 ! =m ( blue or ! l arises f ! condition ( blue data 9 ! und]/&+ 9 :i* !re is a manife/ation ( blue or ! l1 :i* manife/ation is /yl$ a cognition4 ,! resuscitation ( =ms or cognitions arises f sugge/ion z a condition4 ,! re/riction to ! appreh5sion ( ?is or t object arises f ! m$ium1 light1 = in/ance1 z a condition1 & f ! dom9ant1 ! eye1 = example1 z ano!r condition4 ,! eye1 z det]m9ant ( "o p>ticul> cognition 7=m7 :]e ta/e1 c41 might h be5 equally cognis$1 is able to become dom9ant2 = 9 ev]yday life he :o det]m9es is reg>d$ z dom9ant4 ,we mu/ ?us recognise f\r causes ( pleasure & ! re/ :i* con/itute ! und]/&+ & its modifications4 ,s also ! univ]se1 :i* consi/s ( m9d & its modifications1 is ( five k9ds1 entitl$ 7#a47 ! s5sational1 7#b47 ! p]ceptional1 7#c47 ! affectional1 7#d47 ! v]bal1 & 7#e47 ! impressional4 ,( ^!1 ! s5sible _w 7rpa-sk&ha7 is ! s5se organs & _! objects1 accord+ to ! etymology1 viz41 t objects are discrim9at$ 7rpyante7 by ^!4 ,! p]ceptional _w is ! /ream ( subject-recognitions & ( pres5tm5ts ( activity4 ,! affectional _w is ! /ream ( feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 g5]at$ by ! two a=esaid worlds4 ,! v]bal 7or symbolical7 _w is ! /ream ( cognitions conv]sant ab\t words--! words c[1 & s =?4 ,! impressional _w is ! mis]ies1 z desire1 av]sion1 c41 caus$ by ! affectional _w1 ! less] mis]ies1 z conceit1 pride1 c41 & m]it & dem]it4 ,reflect+1 !re=e1 t ?is univ]se is pa91 an abode ( pa91 & an in/rum5t ( pa91 a man %\ld acquire a k ( ! pr9ciples1 ! me?od ( suppress+ ?is pa94 ,h5ce x has be5 said-- ,! pr9ciples sanction$ by ,buddha are to ! sa9t ! f\r me?ods ( suppress+ ! aggregate ( pa94#cf ,9 ^! words ! s5se ( pa9 is kn[n to e "o2 ! aggregate means ! cause ( pa94 ,?is aggregate is tw(old1 z 7#a47 det]m9$ by concurr5ce2 or 7#b47 det]m9$ by causation4 ,( ^!1 !re is an aphorism compris+ ! aggregate det]m9$ by concurr5ce1 :i* o!r causes resort to ?is effect2 ! condition ( ^! causes ?us proce$+ is concurr5ce2 ! concurr5ce ( causes is ! result ( ?is only1 & n ( any consci\s be+1--su* is ! mean+ ( ! aphorism4 ,to exemplify ?is4 ,a g]m1 caus$ by a se$1 is g5]at$ by ! concurr5ce ( six elem5ts4 ,( ^!1 e>? z an elem5t produces h>dness & smell 9 ! g]m2 wat] z an elem5t produces viscidity & moi/ure2 light z an elem5t produces col\r & w>m?2 air z an elem5t produces t\* & motion2 e!r z an elem5t produces expansion & s\nd2 ! season z an elem5t produces a fitt+ soil1 c4 ,! aphorism compris+ ! aggregate det]m9$ by causation is3 ,) ! ,ta?gatas ! nature ( ^! conditions is fix$ by production1 or by non-production2 !re is cont9uance z a condition1 & det]m9ation by a condition1 & con=mity ( ! production to ! cause2 t is to say1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,ta?gata ,buddhas1 ! nature ( ^! conditions1 t is1 ! causal relation betwe5 ! cause & effect1 results f production or f non-production4 ,t :i* comes into be+1 provid$ t some?+ exi/s1 is ! effect ( t z its cause2 su* is ! explanation ( ! nature 7or causal relation74 ,cont9uance z a condition is :]e ! effect is n f\nd )\t its cause4 ,! 7ab/ract7 affix tal 79 ! ^w /hitita7 has ! s5se ( ! concrete4 ,det]m9ation by a condition is ! det]m9ation ( ! effect by ! cause4 ,"h "s "o might int]pose ! rem>k t ! relation ( cause & effect _c exi/ ap>t f "s consci\s ag5t4 ,= ?is reason x is add$ t !re exi/+ a cause1 con=mity ( ! g5esis to t cause is ! nature :i* is fix$ 9 conditions 7t is1 9 causes & effects72 & 9 all ?is no intellig5t design] is obs]v$4#cg ,to illu/rate ?is1 ! causal det]m9ation ( a g5esis to be gone ?r\gh is z foll[s3--,f ! se$ ! g]m1 f ! g]m ! /alk1 f ! /alk ! holl[ /em1 f ! holl[ /em ! bud1 f ! bud ! spicules1 f ! spicules ! blossom1 f ! blossom ! fruit4 ,9 ?is ext]nal aggregate nei!r ! cause1 ! se$ & ! re/1 nor ! effect1 ! g]m & ! re/1 has any consci\sness ( br++ a g]m into be+1 or ( be+ br\ght into be+ by ! se$4 ,9 l mann] 9 m5tal facts two causes are to be recognis$4 ,!re is a :ole ocean ( sci5tific matt] be=e u1 b we desi/1 appreh5sive ( mak+ our treatise unduly prolix4 ,emancipation is ! suppression ( ^! two causal aggregates1 or ! rise ( pure cognition subsequ5t to su* suppression4 ,! me?od 7pa?1 road7 is ! mode ( suppress+ !m4 ,& ?is me?od is ! k ( ! pr9ciples1 & ?is k accrues f =m] ideas4 ,su* is ! highe/ my/]y4 ,! "n ,sautrntika arose f ! fact t ! v5]at$ ,buddha said to c]ta9 ( 8 disciples :o ask$ :at 0 ! ultimate purport 7anta7 ( ! aphorism 7stra71 ,z y h inquir$ ! f9al purport ( ! aphorism1 be ,sautrntikas4 ,c]ta9 ,bauddhas1 ?\gh !re exi/ ! ext]nal _w1 consi/+ ( od\rs1 c41 & ! int]nal1 consi/+ ( col\rs1 c41 9 ord] to produce unbelief 9 ^!1 decl>$ ! univ]se to be a void4 ,^! ! v5]at$ ,buddha /yl$ ,pr?amika 7prim>y7 disciples4 ,a second s*ool1 atta*$ to ! appreh5sion ( s5sations only1 ma9ta9 t s5sation is ! only reality4 ,a ?ird s*ool1 :o cont5d t bo? are true 7! int]nal & ! ext]nal71 & ma9ta9 t s5sible objects are inf]rible4 ,o!rs hold all ?is to be absurd language 7viruddh bh%71 & are kn[n "u ! designation ( ,vaibh%ikas4 ,_! te*nical language spr+s up z foll[s3--,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( inf]rible s5sibles1 !re be+ no p]ceptible object1 & consequ5tly no object f :i* a univ]sal rule c be atta9$1 x w be impossible t any illation %\ld take place1 & !re=e a contradiction w em]ge to ! consci\sness ( all mank9d4 ,objects1 !re=e1 are ( two k9ds1 s5sible & cogitable4 ,( ^! appreh5sion is a non-discrim9ative in/rum5t ( k z o!r ?an m]e repres5tation2 cognition :i* is discrim9ative is n a =m ( evid5ce1 z be+ a m]ely ideal cognition4 ,!re=e x has be5 said-- ,appreh5sion1 exempt f ideality & n illusory1 is non-discrim9ative4 ,discrim9ation1 z result+ f ! appe>ances ( ?+s1 is )\t controv]sy an illusion4 ,! p]ceptible evid5ce ( ?+s is p]ception3 if x 7 aught else1 ,!re c\ld nei!r be ?+s1 nor evid5ce ( ?+s d]iv$ f v]bal communication1 inf]5ce1 or s5se4 ,"h "s "o may say3 ,if discrim9ative cognition be unau!ntic1 h[ is ! appreh5sion ( real objects by "o en]gis+ !reon & ! univ]sal cons5ti5cy ( mank9d to be acc\nt$ =8 ,let x be repli$3 ,?is "q does n conc]n u1 = ^! may be acc\nt$ = by ! possibility ( an indirect appreh5sion ( objects1 j z if we suppose ! light ( a gem to be a gem 7we may yet h&le ! gem1 because x und]lies ! light1 :ile if we 7 to take nacre = silv]1 we c\ld n lay hold ( any silv]74 ,! re/ has be5 fully discuss$ 9 describ+ ! ,sautrntikas 7cf4 p4 #bg71 & !re=e ne$ n "h be fur!r detail$4 ,x %\ld n be cont5d$ t a div]sity ( in/ruction accord+ to ! disciples' modes ( ?\ght is n traditional 7or or?odox72 = x is said 9 ! gloss on ! ,bodha-*itta-- ,! in/ructions ( ! lead] ( mank9d 7,buddha7 accommodat+ !mselves to ! "* & disposition 7( ^? :o are to be taught71 ,are said to be div]se 9 _m ways1 accord+ to a plurality ( me?ods4 ,= z deep or sup]ficial1 & sometimes bo? deep & sup]ficial1 ,in/ructions are div]se1 & div]se is ! doctr9e ( a univ]sal void :i* is a negation ( duality4 ,x is well kn[n 9 ,buddhi/ doctr9e t ! wor%ip ( ! twelve inn] seats 7yatana7 is conducive to felicity4 ,aft] acquir+ weal? 9 abundance1 ! twelve inn] seats ,are to be ?or\ghly rev]5c$2 :at use ( rev]5c+ aught else bel[8 ,! five organs ( k1 ! five organs ( action1 ,! common s5sory & ! intellect h be5 describ$ by ! wise z ! twelve inn] seats4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,buddhi/s is describ$ z foll[s 9 ! ,viveka-vilsa3-- ,( ! ,bauddhas ,sugata 7,buddha7 is ! deity1 & ! univ]se is mom5t>ily fluxional2 ,! foll[+ f\r pr9ciples 9 ord] are to be kn[n by ! "n ( ! noble tru?s3-- ,pa91 ! inn] seats1 & f !m an aggregate is held1#ch ,& ! pa? 7me?od72 ( all ?is let ! explication be he>d 9 ord]4 ,pa91 & ! sk&has ( ! embodi$ "o1 :i* are decl>$ to be five1-- ,s5sation1 consci\sness1 "n1 impression1 & =m4 ,! five organs ( s5se1 ! five objects ( s5se1 s\nd & ! re/1 ! common s5sory1 ,& 7! intellect7 ! abode ( m]it1--^! are ! twelve inn] seats4 ,?is %\ld be ! complem5t ( desire & s =?1 :5 x arises 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,"u ! "n ( s\l's own nature1 x %\ld be ! aggregate4 ,! fix$ idea t all impressions are mom5t>y1 ,?is is to be kn[n z ! pa?1 & is also /yl$ emancipation4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are two in/rum5ts ( sci5ce1 p]ception & inf]5ce4 ,! ,bauddhas are well kn[n to be divid$ into f\r sects1 ! ,vaibh%ikas & ! re/4 ,! ,vaibh%ika highly e/eems an object concomitant to ! cognition2 ,! ,sautrntika all[s no ext]nal object appreh5sible by p]ception2 ,! ,yog*ra admits only intellect accompani$ ) =ms2 ,! ,mdhyamikas hold m]e consci\sness self-subsi/5t4 ,all ! f\r 7sects (7 ,bauddhas proclaim ! same emancipation1 ,aris+ f ! extirpation ( desire1 c41 ! /ream ( cognitions & impressions4 ,! sk9 g>m5t1 ! wat]-pot1 ! tonsure1 ! rags1 ! s+le meal 9 ! =5oon1 ,! congregation1 & ! r$ ve/ure1 are adopt$ by ! ,bauddha m5dicants4#ci ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bi3 ,?is sloka is quot$ 9 ! ,b5>es ,p&it1 vol4 i4 p4 #hi1 ) a comm5t>y1 & ! latt] "p ( ! second l9e is !re read m correctly1 'd>sann na na d>sant4 ,footnote #cj3 ,kusumnjali1 iii4 #g4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,bauddhas are ?us divid$ into-- 7#a47 ,mdhyamikas or ,nihili/s4 7#b47 ,yog*ras or ,subjective ,ideali/s4 7#c47 ,sautrntikas or ,repres5tationi/s4 7#d47 ,vaibh%ikas or ,pres5tationi/s4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,f]ri]'s ,lectures & ,rema9s1 vol4 i4 p4 #aai4 ,suppose y\rself gaz+ on a gorge\s sunset4 ,! :ole we/]n heav5s are gl[+ ) roseate hues1 b y are aw>e t )9 half an h\r all ^! glori\s t9ts w h fad$ away into a dull a%5 grey4 ,y see !m ev5 n[ melt+ away be=e y\r eyes1 al?\gh y\r eyes _c place be=e y ! conclusion :i* y\r reason draws4 ,& :at conclusion is t8 ,t conclusion is t y nev]1 ev5 = ! %orte/ "t t c be nam$ or conceiv$1 see any abid+ col\r1 any col\r :i* truly is4 ,)9 ! million? "p ( a second ! :ole glory ( ! pa9t$ heav5s has und]gone an incalculable s]ies ( mutations4 ,"o %ade is supplant$ by ano!r ) a rapidity :i* sets all measurem5t at defiance1 b because ! process is "o to :i* no measurem5t applies1444 reason refuses to lay an arre/m5t on any p]iod ( ! pass+ sc5e1 or to decl>e t x is1 because 9 ! v act ( be+ x is n2 x has giv5 place to some?+ else4 ,x is a s]ies ( fleet+ col\rs1 no "o ( :i* is1 because ea* ( !m cont9ually vani%es 9 ano!r4 ,footnote #cc3 ,pr9cipium exclusi m$ii int] duo contradictoria4 ,footnote #cd3 ,qu]y1 ,lankvatra8 ,footnote #ce3 ,cf4 ,f]ri]'s ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic1 p4 #bac4 ,if e complet$ object ( cognition mu/ consi/ ( object plus ! subject1 ! object )\t ! subject mu/ be incomplete1 t is1 in*oate--t is1 no possible object ( k at all4 ,?is is ! di/ress+ pr$icam5t to :i* matt] is r$uc$ by ! tactics ( speculation2 & ?is pr$icam5t is describ$ n unaptly by call+ x a flux--or1 z we h depict$ x else:]e1 p]haps m philosophically1 z a nev]-end+ r$emption ( nons5se into s5se1 & a nev]-end+ relapse ( s5se into nons5se4 ,footnote #cf3 ,cf4 ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 p4 #ebj4--,%\ld we read samudaya8 ,footnote #cg3 ,cf4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes' ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i4 p4 #he4 ,we n only see t ! ar*itect's plan det]m9$ ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials 9 ! h\se1 b we see :y x mu/ h done s1 because ! mat]ials h no spontane\s t5d5cy to gr\p !mselves into h\ses2 t n be+ a recognis$ prop]ty ( bricks1 mort>1 wood1 & glass4 ,b :at we "k ( organic mat]ials is t !y h ?is spontane\s t5d5cy to arrange !mselves 9 def9ite =ms2 precisely z we see *emical sub/ances arrang+ !mselves 9 def9ite =ms )\t ! int]v5tion ( any extra-*emical ag5cy4 ,footnote #ch3 ,^! are n ! usual f\r 'sublime tru?s2' cf4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ci3 ,mdhava probably d]iv$ mo/ ( 8 k ( ,buddhi/ doctr9es f ,brahmanical works2 consequ5tly "s ( 8 explanations 7z1 e4g41 t ( samudya or samudaya1 c47 seem to be at v>iance ) ^? giv5 9 ,buddhi/ works4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rhata ,,sy/em4 ,! ,gymnosophi/s#dj 7,ja9as71 reject+ ^! op9ions ( ! ,muktaka**has1#da & ma9ta9+ cont9u$ exi/5ce to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ov]?r[ ! doctr9e ( ! mom5t>9ess ( ev]y?+4 7,!y say73 ,if no cont9u+ s\l is accept$1 !n ev5 ! arrangem5t ( ! means = atta9+ worldly fruit 9 ?is life w be useless4 ,b surely ?is c nev] be imag9$ z possible--t "o %\ld act & ano!r reap ! consequ5ces6 ,!re=e z ?is conviction1 ,i :o previ\sly did ! de$1 am ! p]son :o n[ reap its consequ5ces1 e/abli%es und\bt$ly ! exi/5ce ( a cont9u+ s\l1 :i* rema9s con/ant ?r\gh ! previ\s & ! subsequ5t p]iod1 ! discrim9at+ ,ja9a ,arhats reject z unt5able ! doctr9e ( mom5t>y exi/5ce1 i4e41 an exi/5ce :i* la/s only an in/ant1 & has no previ\s or subsequ5t "p4 ,b ! oppon5t may ma9ta91 ,! unbrok5 /ream 7( mom5t>y s5sations7 has be5 fairly prov$ by argum5t1 s :o c prev5t x8 ,9 ?is way1 s9ce our t5et has be5 demon/rat$ by ! argum5t1 ':atev] is1 is mom5t>y1 c41' x foll[s t 9 ea* p>allel l9e ( successive exp]i5ces ! previ\s consci\sness is ! ag5t & ! subsequ5t "o reaps ! fruit4 ,nor may y object t1 'if ?is 7 true1 effects might ext5d beyond all b\nds'--i4e41 ,a might act1 & ,b receive ! puni%m5t--because !re is an ess5tially controll+ relation 9 ! v nature ( cause & effect4 ,?us we see t :5 mango se$s1 aft] be+ /eep$ 9 sweet juices1 are plant$ 9 prep>$ soil1 !re is a def9ite c]ta9ty t sweetness w be f\nd 9 ! %oot1 ! /alk1 ! /em1 ! bran*es1 ! p$uncle1 c41 & s on by an unbrok5 s]ies to ! fruit itself2 or aga91 :5 cotton se$s h be5 spr9kl$ ) lac juice1 !re w be a simil> c]ta9ty ( f9d+1 ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( %oot1 c41 an ultimate r$ness 9 ! cotton4 ,z x has be5 said-- ',9 :atev] s]ies ( successive /ates ! orig9al impression ( ! action 0 produc$1 ',!re v]ily accrues ! result1 j l ! r$ness produc$ 9 cotton4 ',:5 lac juice1 c41 are p\r$ on ! fl[] ( ! citron1 c41 ',a c]ta9 capacity is produc$ 9 x1--d y n see x8' ,b all ?is is only a dr[n+ man's cat*+ at a /raw1 = x is ov]?r[n by ! foll[+ dilemma3-- ,9 ! example ( ! cl\d1 c4 supra1 p4 #ae1 0 y\r fav\rite mom5t>9ess prov$ by ?is v pro( or by "s o!r8 ,x c\ld n be ! =m]1 because y\r alleg$ mom5t>9ess is n always directly visible 9 ! cl\d1 & consequ5tly1 z y\r example is n an asc]ta9$ fact1 y\r suppos$ inf]5ce falls to ! gr\nd4 ,nor c x be ! latt]--because y might always prove y\r doctr9e ( mom5t>9ess by ?is new pro( 7if y _h x71 & consequ5tly y\r argum5t reg>d+ all exi/5ce :atev] is1 is mom5t>y1 c4 w\ld become ne$less4 ,if y take z y\r def9ition ( exi/5ce t :i* produces an effect1 ?is w n hold1 z x w\ld include ev5 ! bite ( a snake imag9$ 9 ! rope1 s9ce ?is und\bt$ly produces ! effect ( fe>4 ,h5ce x has be5 said t ! def9ition ( an exi/5ce is t :i* possesses an orig91 an end1 & an int]m$iate duration4 ,z = :at 0 said 9 p4 #af t ! mom5t>9ess ( objects is prov$ by ! fact t ! contr>y assumption leads to contradictory attributes ( capacity & want ( capacity exi/+ contemporane\sly1 t also is wrong--= ! alleg$ contradiction is n prov$1 z ! hold]s ( ! ,syd-vda#db doctr9e vide infra will+ly admit ! indet]m9at5ess ( ! action ( causes4 ,z = :at 0 said ( ! example ( ! cotton1 t is only m]e words1 s9ce no pro( is giv51 & we d n accept ev5 9 t in/ance a sep>ate de/ruction at ea* mom5t4 ,& aga91 y\r suppos$ cont9u$ s]ies _c be demon/rat$ )\t "s subject to give x coh]5ce1 z has be5 said1 ,9 individual ?+s :i* are ( ! same class or successively produc$ or 9 mutual contact1 !re may be a cont9u$ s]ies2 & ?is s]ies is held to be "o ?r\gh\t all4 ,nor is our objection obviat$ by y\r suppos$ def9ite relation betwe5 causes & effects4 ,= ev5 on y\r own admission x w\ld foll[ t some?+ exp]i5c$ by ! tea*]'s m9d might be rememb]$ by t ( ! pupil :om he _h =m$1 or ! latt] might exp]i5ce ! fruits ( m]it :i* ! =m] _h acquir$2 & ?us we %\ld h ! tw(old fault t ! ?+ done pass$ away )\t result1 & t ! fruit ( ! ?+ n done 0 enjoy$4 ,?is has be5 said by ! au?or ( ! ,siddhas5vkya-- ,! loss ( ! ?+ done1--! enjoym5t ( ! fruit ( a ?+ n done1--! dissolution ( all exi/5ce1--& ! abolition ( memory1--bold inde$ is ! ,buddhi/ antagoni/1 :51 9 ! tee? ( ^! f\r objections1 he seeks to e/abli% 8 doctr9e ( mom5t>y de/ruction6 ,moreov]1 7on y\r supposition ( mom5t>y exi/5ce71 z at ! "t ( ! p]ception 7! second mom5t7 ! object 7( ! fir/ mom5t7 does n exi/1 & simil>ly at ! "t ( ! object's exi/5ce ! p]ception does n exi/1 !re c be no su* ?+s z a p]ceiv] & a ?+ p]ceiv$1 & consequ5tly ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w w\ld come to an end4 ,nor may y suppose t ! object & ! p]ception are simultane\s1 because ?is w\ld imply t1 l ! two horns ( an animal1 !y did n /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect z ?is relation necess>ily involves succession1 & consequ5tly ! lambana1 or ! object's data supra1 p4 #bi1 w\ld be aboli%$ z "o ( ! f\r concurr5t causes 7pratyaya74#dc ,if y say t ! object may /ill be p]ceiv$1 inasmu* z x w impress its =m on ! p]ception1 ev5 ?\gh ! "o may h exi/$ 9 a diff]5t mom5t f ! o!r1 ?is too w n hold4 ,= if y ma9ta9 t ! k acquir$ by p]ception has a c]ta9 =m impress$ ^u x1 y are met by ! impossibility ( expla9+ h[ a mom5t>y p]ception c possess ! p[] ( impress+ a =m2 & if y say t x has no =m impress$ ^u x1 y are equally met by ! fact t1 if we are to avoid incongruity1 !re mu/ be "s def9ite condition to det]m9e ! p]ception & k 9 ea* sev]al case4 ,?us by p]ception ! ab/ract consci\sness1 :i* be=e exi/$ un9flu5c$ by ! ext]nal object1 becomes modifi$ "u ! =m ( a j>1 c41 ) a def9ite ref]5ce to ea* man's p]sonality i4e41 ,i see ! j>1 & x is n m]ely ! passive recipi5t ( a reflection l a mirror4 ,moreov]1 if ! p]ception only reproduc$ ! =m ( ! object1 !re w\ld be an end ( us+ su* words z f>1 ne>1 c41 ( ! objects4#dd ,nor c y accept ?is conclusion1 z exactly 9 accordance ) y\r own views1 because1 9 spite ( all our logic1 ! /ubborn fact rema9s t we d use su* phrases z ! m\nta9 is ne>] or fur!r1 long or l>ge4 ,nor may y say t x is ! object 7:i* supplies ! =m7 t really possesses ^! qualities ( be+ 'fur!r1' c41 & !y are appli$ by a fa%ion ( spee* to ! p]ception ?\gh n really belong+ to x--because we d n f9d t ?is is ! case 9 a mirror i4e41 x does n become a f> reflection because x repres5ts a f> object4 ,& aga91 z ! p]ception produc$ by an object foll[s x 9 assum+ ! =m ( blue1 s too1 if ! object be ins5ti5t1 x ought equally to assume its =m & s become itself ins5ti5t4 ,& ?us1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 wi%+ to gr[1 y h de/roy$ y\r root1 & y\r cause has fall5 into hopeless difficulties4 ,if1 9 y\r wi% to escape ?is difficulty1 y ass]t t ! p]ception does n foll[ ! object 9 be+ ins5ti5t1 !n !re w\ld be no p]ception t ! object is ins5ti5t1#de & s x is a case ( ! prov]b1 ,:ile he looks = "o ?+ :i* he has lo/1 ano!r drops4 ,b :at h>m w x be if !re is no p]ception ( a ?+'s be+ ins5ti5t8 ,we reply1 t if its be+ ins5ti5t is n p]ceiv$1 :ile its blue =m is p]ceiv$1 ! two may be q di/9ct & z diff]5t f ea* o!r z a j> & clo?1 or x may be a case ( indet]m9at5ess s t ! two may be only occasionally f\nd toge!r1 z smoke ) fire4 ,& aga91 if ins5ti5ce is n p]ceiv$ contemporane\sly ) ! blue =m1 h[ c\ld !re !n be con=mity betwe5 !m s t bo? ! blue & ! ins5ti5ce %\ld toge!r con/itute ! "* ( ! ?+8 ,we might j z well ma9ta9 t1 on p]ceiv+ a po/1 ! unp]ceiv$ univ]se ent]$ into x z also con/itut+ its "*4#df ,all ?is collection ( topics = pro( has be5 discuss$ at full l5g? by ! ,ja9a au?ors1 ,pratpa*&ra & o!rs1 9 ! ,prameyakamalamrt&a1 c41 & is "h omitt$ = fe> ( swell+ ! book too mu*4 ,!re=e ^? :o wi% = ! summum bonum ( man mu/ n accept ! doctr9e ( ,buddha1 b r hon\r only ! rhata doctr9e4 ,! ,arhat's nature has be5 ?us describ$ by ,arha**&ra-sri1#dg 9 8 ptanis*aylankra4 ,! div9e ,arhat is ! supreme "l1 ! omnisci5t "o1 :o has ov]come all faults1 desire1 c41--ador$ by ! ?ree worlds1 ! decl>] ( ?+s z !y are4 ,b may x n be object$ t no su* omnisci5t s\l c ent] ! pa? ( pro(1 s9ce none ( ! five affirmative pro(s c be f\nd to apply1 z has be5 decl>$ by ,tauttita ,bhatta ,kumrila#dh8 #a4 ,no omnisci5t be+ is se5 by ! s5se "h 9 ?is _w by ourselves or o!rs2 nor is !re any "p ( him se5 :i* might help u z a sign to inf] 8 exi/5ce4 #b4 ,nor is !re any injunction 7vidhi7 ( scripture :i* reveals an et]nal omnisci5t "o1 nor c ! mean+ ( ! explanatory passages 7ar?avda7 be appli$ "h4 #c4 ,8 exi/5ce is n decl>$ by ^? passages :i* ref] to q o!r topics2 & x _c be conta9$ 9 any emphatic repetitions 7anuvda71 z x _h nev] be5 m5tion$ else:]e be=e4 #d4 ,an omnisci5t be+ :o _h a beg9n+ c nev] be ! subject ( ! et]nal ,v$a2 & h[ c he be e/abli%$ by a made & spuri\s ,v$a8 #e4 ,d y say t ?is omnisci5t "o is accept$ on 8 own ^w8 ,h[ c y e/abli% ei!r :5 !y ?us bo? dep5d on reciprocal support8 #f4 ,if y say1 ',! say+ is true because x 0 utt]$ by "o omnisci5t1 & ?is proves ! ,arhat's exi/5ce2' h[ c ei!r po9t be e/abli%$ )\t "s previ\sly e/abli%$ f\ndation8 #g4 ,b !y :o accept a suppos$ omnisci5t on ! baseless ^w ( a p>visci5t "k no?+ ( ! mean+ ( a real omnisci5t's words4 #h4 ,& aga91 if we n[ c\ld see any?+ l an omnisci5t be+1 we might h a *ance ( recognis+ him by ! well-kn[n f\r? pro(1 comp>ison 7upamna74 #i4 ,& ! tea*+ ( ,buddha z well z t ( ,j9a1 :i* embraces virtue1 vice1 c41 w\ld n be e/abli%$ z au?oritative1 if !re 7 n 9 him ! attribute ( omnisci5ce1#di & s on4 ,we reply z foll[s3--,z = ! suppos$ contradiction ( an ,arhat's exi/5ce1 d]iv$ f ! failure ( ! five affirmative pro(s1--?is is unt5able1 because !re are pro(s1 z inf]5ce1 c41 :i* d e/abli%#ej 8 exi/5ce4 ,?us any s\l w become omnisci5t :51 7its natural capacity = grasp+ all objects rema9+ ! same71 ! h9drances to su* k are done away4 ,:atev] ?+ has a natural capacity = kn[+ any object1 w1 :5 its h9drances to su* k are done away1 actually "k x1 j z ! s5se ( vision cognises =m1 directly ! h9drances ( d>kness1 c41 are remov$4 ,n[ !re is su* a s\l1 :i* has its h9drances done away1 its natural capacity = grasp+ all ?+s rema9+ un*ang$2 !re=e !re is an omnisci5t be+4 ,nor is ! ass]tion une/abli%$ t ! s\l has a natural capacity = grasp+ all ?+s2 = o!rwise ! ,mmmsi/ c\ld n ma9ta9 t a k ( all possible cases c be produc$ by ! au?oritative injunction ( a text1#ea--nor c\ld !re o!rwise be ! k ( univ]sal propositions1 su* z t 9 our fav\rite argum5t1 ,all ?+s are indet]m9ate f ! v fact ( _! exi/5ce &1 ( c\rse1 a foll[] ( ! ,nyya w grant t univ]sal propositions c be kn[n1 ?\gh he w dispute ! tru? ( ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! tea*]s ( ! ,prva ,mmms accept ! !sis t ! s\l has a natural capacity = grasp+ all ?+s2 s9ce !y all[ t a k embrac+ all ?+s c be produc$ by ! discussion ( injunctions & prohibitions1 z is said by ,sab>a 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,stras1 i4 #a1 #b1 ,a precept makes kn[n ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 ! future1 ! m9ute1 ! ob/ruct$1 ! di/ant1 c4 ,nor c y say t x is impossible to de/roy ! ob/ructions :i* h9d] ! s\l's kn[+ all ?+s1 because we ,ja9as are conv9c$ t !re are c]ta9 special means to de/roy ^! ob/ructions1 viz41 ! ?ree gems1 "r intuition1 c4 ,by ?is *>m also1 all inf]ior assaults ( argum5t c be put to flight4 ,b ! ,naiyyika may int]pose1 ,y talk ( ! pure intellig5ce1 :i*1 aft] all h9drances are done away1 sees all objects1 hav+ s5se-p]ception at its height2 b ?is is irrelevant1 because !re c be no h9drance to ! omnisci5t1 z f all et]nity he has be5 always lib]at$4 ,we reply t !re is no pro( ( y\r et]nally lib]at$ be+4 ,!re _c be an omnisci5t :o is et]nally lib]at$1 f ! v fact ( 8 be+ lib]at$1 l o!r lib]at$ p]sons1--s9ce ! use ( ! t]m lib]at$ necess>ily implies ! hav+ be5 previ\sly b\nd2 & if ! latt] is abs5t1 ! =m] mu/ be too1 z is se5 9 ! case ( ! e!r4 ,b is n ?is be+'s exi/5ce def9itely prov$ by 8 be+ ! mak] ( t et]nal s]ies ( effects1 ! e>?1 c48 accord+ to ! well-kn[n argum5t1 '! e>?1 c41 mu/ h _h a mak]1 because !y h ! nature ( effects1 z a j>4' ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 w n hold1 because y _c prove t !y h ! nature ( effects4 ,y _c e/abli% ?is f ! fact ( _! be+ compos$ ( p>ts1 because ?is supposition falls ^u ! horns ( a dilemma4 ,does ?is be+ compos$ ( p>ts mean 7i47 ! be+ 9 contact ) ! p>ts2 or 7ii47 ! be+ 9 intimate relation to ! p>ts2 or 7iii47 ! be+ produc$ f p>ts2 or 7iv47 ! be+ a sub/ance 9 intimate relation2 or 7v47 ! be+ ! object ( an idea involv+ ! notion ( p>ts8 ,n ! fir/1 because x w\ld apply too widely1 z x w\ld include e!r s9ce ?is1 ?\gh n itself compos$ ( p>ts1 is 9 contact ) ! p>ts ( o!r ?+s2 nor ! second1 because x w\ld simil>ly include g5us1 c4 z ?is resides 9 a sub/ance by intimate relation1 & yet itself is n compos$ ( p>ts2 nor ! ?ird1 because ?is involves a t]m 7produc$7 j z mu* disput$ z ! "o directly 9 "q2#eb nor ! f\r?1 because its neck is caught 9 ! pillory ( ! foll[+ alt]native3--,d y mean by y\r phrase us$ above t x is to be a sub/ance1 & to h some?+ else 9 intimate relation to itself1--or d y mean t x mu/ h intimate relation to some?+ else1 9 ord] to be valid = y\r argum5t8 ,if y say ! =m]1 x w equally apply to e!r1 s9ce ?is is a sub/ance1 & has its qualities resid5t 9 x by intimate relation2 if y say ! latt]1 y\r new position involves z mu* dispute z ! orig9al po9t1 s9ce y w\ld h to prove ! exi/5ce ( intimate relation 9 ! p>ts1 or ! s-call$ intimate causes1 :i* y mean by some?+ else4 ,we use ^! t]ms 9 compliance ) y\r t]m9ology2 b1 ( c\rse1 f our po9t ( view1 we d n all[ su* a ?+ z intimate relation1 z !re is no pro( ( its exi/5ce4 ,nor c ! fif? alt]native be all[$1 because ?is w\ld rea* too f>1 z x w\ld include s\l1 c41 s9ce s\l c be ! object ( an idea involv+ ! notion ( p>ts1 & yet x is ackn[l$g$ to be n an effect4#ec ,nor c y ma9ta9 t ! s\l may /ill be indisc]ptible 9 itself1 b by reason ( its connection ) some?+ possess+ p>ts may itself become metaphorically ! object ( an idea involv+ ! notion ( p>ts1 because !re is a mutual contradiction 9 ! idea ( t :i* has no p>ts & t :i* is all-p]vad+1 j z ! atom :i* is indisc]ptible b n all-p]vad+4 ,&1 moreov]1 is !re only "o mak]8 ,or1 aga91 is he indep5d5t8 ,9 ! =m] case y\r position w apply too f>1 z x w ext5d errone\sly to palaces1 c41 :]e we see = ourselves ! "w ( _m diff]5t m51 z c>p5t]s1 c41 & 9 ! second case if all ! _w 7 produc$ by ?is "o mak]1 all o!r ag5ts w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,z x has be5 said 9 ! ,vt>ga/uti1 or ,praise ( ,j9a-- #a4 ,!re is "o et]nal mak] = ! _w1 all-p]vad+1 indep5d5t1 & true2 !y h none ( ^! inextricable delusions1 ^: tea*] art ?\4 ,& aga9-- #b4 ,!re is "h no mak] act+ by 8 own free w1 else 8 influ5ce w\ld ext5d to ! mak+ ( a mat4 ,:at w\ld be ! use ( y\rself or all ! artisans1 if sw>a fabricates ! ?ree worlds8 ,!re=e x is "r to hold1 z we d1 t omnisci5ce is produc$ :5 ! h9drances are remov$ by ! ?ree means be=e allud$ to4 ,nor ne$ ! objection be made t "r intuition1 c41 are impossible1 z !re is no o!r tea*] to g to1--because ?is univ]sal k c be produc$ by ! inspir$ works ( =m] omnisci5t ,j9as4 ,nor is our doctr9e liable to ! imputation ( su* faults z ,anyonysrayat1#ed c41 because we accept an et]nal succession ( reveal$ doctr9es & omnisci5t tea*]s1 l ! endless s]ies ( se$ spr++ f %oot & %oot f se$4 ,s mu* = ?is prelim9>y discussion4 ,! well-kn[n triad call$ ! ?ree gems1 "r intuition1 c41 are ?us describ$ 9 ! ,p>amgamasra 7:i* is devot$ to ! exposition ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,arhats7--,"r intuition1 "r k1 "r conduct are ! pa? ( lib]ation4 ,?is has be5 ?us expla9$ by ,yogadeva3-- 7a47 ,:5 ! mean+ ( ! pr$icam5ts1 ! s\l1 c41 has be5 decl>$ by an ,arhat 9 exact accordance ) _! reality1 absolute fai? 9 ! tea*+1 i4e41 ! entire abs5ce ( any contr>y idea1 is "r intuition4 ,& to ?is effect runs ! ,tattvr?a-stra1 ,fai? 9 ! pr$icam5ts#ee is "r 'intuition4' ,or1 z ano!r def9ition gives x1 ,acquiesc5ce 9 ! pr$icam5ts decl>$ by a ,j9a is call$ '"r fai?2' x is produc$ ei!r by natural "* or by ! guru's in/ruction4 ,natural "* means ! s\l's own nature1 indep5d5t ( ano!r's tea*+2 in/ruction is ! k produc$ by ! tea*+ ( ano!r 9 ! =m ( explanation1 c4 7b47 ,"r k is a k ( ! pr$icam5ts1 s\l1 c41 accord+ to _! real nature1 undi/urb$ by any illusion or d\bt2 z x has be5 said-- ,t k1 :i* embraces concisely or 9 detail ! pr$icam5ts z !y actually are1 is call$ '"r k' by ! wise4 ,?is k is fivefold z divid$ into mati1 sruta1 avadhi1 manas-p>yya1 & kevala2 z x has be5 said1 ,mati1 sruta1 avadhi1 manas-p>yya1 & kevala1 ^! are k4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,mati is t by :i* "o cognises an object ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! s5ses & ! m9d1 all ob/ructions ( k be+ aboli%$4 #b4 ,sruta is ! cle> k produc$ by mati1 all ! ob/ructions ( k be+ aboli%$4 #c4 ,avadhi is ! k ( special objects caus$ by ! abolition ( h9drances1 :i* is effect$ by "r intuition1 c4#ef #d4 ,manas-p>yya is ! cle> def9ite k ( ano!r's ?\ghts1 produc$ by ! abolition ( all ! ob/ructions ( k caus$ by ! veil ( envy4 #e4 ,kevala is t pure unalloy$ k = ! sake ( :i* ascetics practise v>i\s k9ds ( p5ance4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7mati7 is n self-cognis$1 ! o!r f\r are4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,true k is a pro( :i* no?+ c ov]?r[1 & :i* manife/s itself z well z its object2 x is bo? sup]s5su\s & itself an object ( cognition1 z ! object is det]m9$ 9 two ways4 ,b ! full acc\nt ( ! fur!r m9ute divisions mu/ be got f ! au?oritative treatise above-m5tion$4 7c47 ,"r conduct is ! ab/a9+ f all actions t5d+ to evil c\rses by "o :o possesses fai? & k1 & :o is dilig5t 9 cutt+ (f ! s]ies ( actions & _! effects :i* con/itutes mundane exi/5ce4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ at l5g? by ! ,arhat-- #a4 ,"r conduct is describ$ z ! entire rel9qui%m5t ( blamable impulses2 ?is has be5 subject$ to a fivefold division1 z ! 'five v[s1' ahims1 snrita1 a/eya1 brahma*>y1 & ap>igraha4#eg #b4 ,! 'v[' ( ahims is ! avoidance ( injur+ life by any act ( ?\ghtlessness 9 any movable or immovable ?+4 #c4 ,a k9d1 salut>y1 & tru?ful spee* is call$ ! 'v[' ( snrita4 ,t tru?ful spee* is n tru?ful1 :i* is unk9d to o!rs & prejudicial4 #d4 ,! n tak+ :at is n giv5 is decl>$ to be ! 'v[' ( a/eya2 ! ext]nal life is a man's prop]ty1 &1 :5 x is kill$1 x is kill$ by "s "o :o seizes x4 #e4 ,! 'v[' ( brahma*>y 7*a/ity7 is eighte5-fold1 viz41 ! ab&onm5t ( all desires1#eh heav5ly or e>?ly1 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 & :e!r by "o's own action or by "o's cons5t1 or by "o's caus+ ano!r to act4 #f4 ,! 'v[' ( ap>igraha is ! r5\nc+ ( all delusive int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ t exi/s n2 s9ce bewild]m5t ( ?\ght may arise f a delusive int]e/ ev5 9 ! unreal4 #g4 ,:5 c>ri$ out by ! five /ates ( m9d 9 a fivefold ord]1 ^! great 'v[s' ( ! _w produce ! et]nal abode4 ,! full acc\nt ( ! five /ates ( m9d 7bhvan7 has be5 giv5 9 ! foll[+ passage ( :i* we only quote "o sloka-- ,let him c>ry out ! 'v[' ( snrita un9t]rupt$ly by ! ab/95ce f laught]1 gre$1 fe>1 & ang]1 & by ! delib]ate avoidance ( spee*1#ei--;& s =?4 ,^! ?ree1 "r intuition1 "r k1 & "r conduct1 :5 unit$1 produce lib]ation1 b n sev]ally2 j z1 9 ! case ( an elixir1 x is ! k ( :at x is1 fai? 9 its virtues1 & ! actual application ( ! m$ic9e1#fj unit$1 :i* produce ! elixir's effect1 b n sev]ally4 ,"h we may say concisely t ! tattvas or pr$icam5ts are two1 jva & ajva2 ! s\l1 jva1 is pure intellig5ce2 ! non-s\l1 ajva1 is pure non-intellig5ce4 ,padman&9 has ?us said-- ,! two highe/ pr$icam5ts are 's\l' & 'non-s\l2' 'discrim9ation' is ! p[] ( discrim9at+ ^! two1 9 "o :o pursues :at is to be pursu$1 & rejects :at is to be reject$4 ,! affection1 c41 ( ! ag5t are to be reject$2 ^! are objects = ! non-discrim9at+2 ! supreme light ( k is alone to be pursu$1 :i* is def9$ z upayoga4 ,upayoga or ! true employm5t ( ! s\l's activities takes place :5 ! vision ( true k recognises ! manife/ation ( ! s\l's innate nature2 b z long z ! s\l1 by ! bond ( pradesa & ! mutual int]p5etration ( =m :i* x produces betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 consid]s itself z id5tifi$ ) its actions & ! body :i* !y produce1 k %\ld r be def9$ z ! cause ( its recognis+ t x is o!r ?an ^!4#fa ,intellig5ce 7*aitanya7 is common to all s\ls1 & is ! real nature ( ! s\l view$ z p>9ata i4e41 z x is 9 itself2 b by ! influ5ce ( upasamak%aya & k%ayopasama x appe>s 9 ! mix$ =m z possess+ bo?1#fb or aga91 by ! influ5ce ( actions z !y arise1 x assumes ! appe>ance ( f\lness1 c4#fc ,z has be5 said by ,v*ak*rya 9 a stra-- ,! aupasamika1 ! ,k%yika1 & ! 'mix$' /ates are ! nature ( ! s\l1 & also ! audayika & ! ,pr9mika4 #a4 ,! aupasamika /ate ( ! s\l arises :5 all ! effects ( pa/ actions h ceas$1 & no new actions arise to affect ! future1 z :5 wat] becomes tempor>ily pure ?r\gh ! defil+ mud s9k+ to ! bottom by ! influ5ce ( ! cle>+ nut-plant1#fd c4 #b4 ,! ,k%yika /ate arises :5 !re is ! absolute abolition ( actions & _! effects1 z 9 f9al lib]ation4 #c4 ,! mix$ 7misra7 /ate comb9es bo? ^!1 z :5 wat] is p>tly pure4 #d4 ,! audayika /ate is :5 actions arise ex]t+ an inh]5t influ5ce on ! future4 ,! ,pr9mika /ate is ! s\l's innate condition1 z pure intellig5ce1 c41 & disreg>d+ its app>5t /ates1 z 7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d74fe ,?is nature1 9 "o ( ! above-describ$ v>ieties1 is ! "* ( e s\l :e!r happy or unhappy4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! stra quot$ above4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ 9 ! ,sv>pa-sambodhana-- ,n diff]5t f k1 & yet n id5tical ) x1--9 "s way bo? diff]5t & ! same1--k is its fir/ & la/2 su* is ! s\l describ$ to be4 ,if y say t1 ,z diff]5ce & id5tity are mutually exclusive1 we mu/ h "o or ! o!r 9 ! case ( ! s\l1 & its be+ equally bo? is absurd1 we reply1 t !re is no evid5ce to support y :5 y *>act]ise x z absurd4 ,only a valid non-p]ception#ff c ?us preclude a sugge/ion z absurd2 b ?is is n f\nd 9 ! pres5t case1 s9ce 79 ! op9ion ( u1 ! advocates ( ! ,syd-vda7 x is p]fectly notori\s t all ?+s pres5t a m+l$ nature ( _m contradictory attributes4 ,o!rs lay d[n a diff]5t set ( tattvas f ! two m5tion$ above1 jva & ajva2 !y hold t !re are five a/ikyas or categories1--jva1 ksa1 dh>ma1 adh>ma1 & pudgala4 ,to all ^! five we c apply ! idea ( exi/5ce 7a/i71#fg z connect$ ) ! ?ree divisions ( "t1 & we c simil>ly apply ! idea ( body 7kya71#fh f _! occupy+ sev]al p>ts ( space4 ,! jvas 7s\ls7 are divid$ into two1 ! mundane & ! releas$4 ,! mundane pass f bir? to bir?2 & ^! are also divid$ into two1 z ^? possess+ an int]nal s5se 7samanaska71 & ^? de/itute ( x 7amanaska74 ,! =m] possesses samj1 i4e41 ! p[] ( appreh5sion1 talk+1 act+1 & receiv+ in/ruction2 ! latt] are ^? )\t ?is p[]4 ,^! latt] are also divid$ into two1 z locomotive 7trasa71 or immovable 7/hv>a74 ,! locomotive are ^? possess+ at lea/ two s5ses t\* & ta/e1 z %ell-fi%1 worms1 c41 & are ?us ( f\r k9ds z possess+ two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five s5ses2 ! immovable are e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 & trees4#fi ,b "h a di/9ction mu/ be made4 ,! du/ ( ! road is prop]ly e>?1 b bricks1 c41 are aggregat$ bodies ( e>?1 & t s\l by :om ?is body is appropriat$ becomes e>!n-bodi$1 & t s\l :i* w h]eaft] appropriate x is ! e>?-s\l4 ,! same f\r divisions mu/ also be appli$ to ! o!rs1 wat]1 c4 ,n[ ! s\ls :i* h appropriat$ or w appropriate ! e>?1 c41 z _! bodies1 are reckon$ z immovable2 b e>?1 c41 & ! bodies ( e>?1 c41 are n s reckon$1 because !y are inanimate4#gj ,^! o!r immovable ?+s1 & su* z only possess ! "o s5se ( t\*1 are consid]$ z releas$1 s9ce !y are incapable ( pass+ into any o!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,dh>ma1 adh>ma1 & ksa are s+ul> categories & n g5]ic1 & !y h n ! attribute ( action1 b !y are ! causes ( a sub/ance's *ange ( place4 ,dh>ma1 m]it1 & adh>ma1 dem]it1 are well kn[n4 ,!y assi/ s\ls 9 progress+ or rema9+ /ation>y 9 ! univ]sally ext5d$#ga sky or e!r *>act]is$ by light1 & also call$ ,lokksa2 h5ce ! pres5ce ( ! category m]it is to be inf]r$ f progress1 t ( dem]it f /ation>9ess4 ,! effect ( ksa is se5 :5 "o ?+ ent]s into ! space previ\sly occupi$ by ano!r4 ,pudgala1 body1 possesses t\*1 ta/e1 & col\r4 ,bodies are ( two k9ds1 atomic & comp\nd4 ,atoms _c be enjoy$2#gb ! comp\nds are ! b9>y & o!r comb9ations4 ,atoms are produc$ by ! sep>ation ( ^! b9>y & o!r comp\nds1 :ile ^! arise f ! conjunction ( atoms4 ,comp\nds sometimes arise f sep>ation & conjunction comb9$2 h5ce !y are call$ pudgalas1 because !y fill 7pr71 & dissolve 7gal74 ,al?\gh "t is n prop]ly an a/ikya1 because x does n occupy _m sep>ate p>ts ( space z m5tion$ 9 ! def9ition1 /ill x is a dravya or tattva1 z ! def9ition w hold2 sub/ance 7dravya7 possesses qualities & action4#gc ,qualities reside 9 sub/ance b d n !mselves possess qualities1 z ! g5]al qualities1 k1 c41 ( ! jva1 =m1 c41 ( ! body1 & ! p[] ( caus+ progress1 /ation>9ess1 & motion into a place previ\sly occupi$1 9 ! case respectively ( m]it1 dem]it1 & ksa4 ,action 7p>yya7 has ?us be5 def9$2 ! actions 7p>yyh7 ( a sub/ance are1 z has be5 said1 its exi/5ce1 its production1 its be+ :at x is1 its developm5t1 its c\rse to ! end1 z1 e4g41 9 ! jva1 ! k ( objects1 z ( a j>1 c41 happ9ess1 pa91 c42 9 ! pudgala1 ! lump ( clay1 ! j>1 c42 9 m]it & dem]it1 ! special functions ( progress1 c4 ,?us !re are six sub/ances or tattvas i4e41 ! five above m5tion$ & "t4 ,o!rs reckon ! tattvas z sev51 z has be5 said-- ,! tattvas are jva1 ajva1 srava1 b&ha1 samv>a1 nirj>1 & mok%a4 ,jva & ajva h be5 already describ$4 srava is describ$ z ! movem5t ( ! s\l call$ yoga1#gd ?r\gh its p>ticipation 9 ! movem5t ( its v>i\s bodies1 audrika1 c4 ,z a door op5+ into ! wat] is call$ srava1 because x causes ! /ream to desc5d ?r\gh x1#ge s ?is yoga is call$ srava1 because by x z by a pipe actions & _! consequ5ces fl[ 9 ^u ! s\l4 ,or1 z a wet g>m5t collects ! du/ br\ght to x f e side by ! w9d1 s ! s\l1 wet ) previ\s s9s1 collects1 by its manifold po9ts ( contact ) ! body1 ! actions :i* are br\ght to x by yoga4 ,or z1 :5 wat] is ?r[n on a heat$ lump ( iron1 ! iron absorbs ! wat] altoge!r1 s ! jva1 heat$ by previ\s s9s1 receives f e side ! actions :i* are br\ght by yoga4 ,ka%ya 7s91 defilem5t7 is s call$ because x hurts 7ka%7 ! s\l by lead+ x into evil /ates2 x comprises ang]1 pride1 delusion1 & lu/4 srava is tw(old1 z good or evil4 ,?us ab/a9+ f do+ injury is a good yoga ( ! body2 speak+ :at is true1 measur$1 & pr(itable is a good yoga ( ! spee*4 ,^! v>i\s subdivisions ( srava h be5 describ$ at l5g? 9 sev]al ,stras4 srava is ! impulse to action ) body1 spee*1 or m9d1 & x is good or evil z x produces m]it or dem]it1 c4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 expla9 x ?us3--srava is ! action ( ! s5ses :i* impels ! s\l t[>ds ext]nal objects2 ! light ( ! s\l1 com+ 9 contact ) ext]nal objects by means ( ! s5ses1 becomes develop$ z ! k ( =m1 c4#gf ,b&ha1 bondage1 is :5 ! s\l1 by ! influ5ce ( false intuition1 non-indiff]5ce1 c>elessness1 & s9 7ka%ya71 & also by ! =ce ( yoga1 assumes v>i\s bodies occupy+ _m p>ts ( space1 :i* ent] into its own subtile body1 & :i* are suit$ to ! bond ( its previ\s actions4 ,z has be5 said-- ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( s9 ! individual s\l assumes bodies suitable to its pa/ actions1 ?is is1 'bondage4' ,9 ?is quotation ! ^w s9 7ka%ya7 is us$ to include ! o!r ?ree causes ( bondage z well z t prop]ly s t]m$4 ,v*ak*rya has ?us enum]at$ ! causes ( bondage3 ,! causes ( bondage are false intuition1 non-indiff]5ce1 c>elessness1 & s94 7a7 ,false intuition is tw(old1--ei!r innate f "o's natural "*1 z :5 "o disbelieves ,ja9a doctr9es f ! influ5ce ( =m] evil actions1 irrespectively ( ano!r's tea*+1--or d]iv$1 :5 le>n$ by ano!r's tea*+4 7b7 ,non-indiff]5ce is ! non-re/ra9t ( ! five s5ses1 & ! int]nal organ f ! set ( six1 e>?1 c4 7c7 ,c>elessness 7pramda7 is a want ( ef=t to practise ! five k9ds ( samiti1 gupti1 c4 7d7 ,s9 consi/s ( ang]1 c4 ,"h we mu/ make ! di/9ction t ! f\r ?+s1 false intuition1 c41 cause ^? k9ds ( bondage call$ /hiti & anubhva2 yoga or srava causes ^? k9ds call$ prakriti & pradesa4 ,bondage is f\rfold1 z has be5 said3 ,prakriti1 /hiti1 anubhva1 & pradesa are its f\r k9ds4 #a4 ,prakriti means ! natural qualities1 z bitt]ness or sweetness 9 ! vimba plant or molasses4 ,?is may be subdivid$ into eight mla-prakritis4#gg ,?us ob/ructions 7v>ana7#gh cl\d ! k & intuition1 z a cl\d obscures ! sun or a %ade ! lamp4 ,?is is 7a7 jnnv>ana1 or 7b7 d>sanv>ana4 7c7 ,an object recognis$ z simultane\sly exi/+ or non-exi/+ produces m+l$ pleasure & pa91 z lick+ honey f a sword's edge1--?is is v$anya4 7d7 ,a delusion 7mohanya7 9 intuition produces want ( fai? 9 ! ,ja9a categories1 l association ) ! wick$2 delusion 9 conduct produces want ( self-re/ra9t1 l intoxication4 7e7 yus produces ! bond ( body1 l a sn>e4#gi 7f7 ,nman1 or ! "n1 produces v>i\s individual appellations1 z a pa9t] pa9ts 8 diff]5t pictures4 7g7 ,gotra produces ! idea ( noble & ignoble1 z ! pott] fa%ions 8 pots4 7h7 ,ant>ya produces ob/acles to lib]ality1 c41 z ! treasur] h9d]s ! k+ by consid]ations ( economy4 ,?us is ! prakriti-b&ha eightfold1 be+ d5om9at$ z ! eight mla-prakritis1 ) subdivisions accord+ to ! diff]5t actions ( ! v>i\s subject-matt]4 ,& ?us has ,umswti-v*ak*rya#hj decl>$3 ,! fir/ k9d ( b&ha consi/s ( ob/ructions ( ! k & ! intuition1 v$anya1 mohanya1 yus1 nman1 gotra1 & ant>ya2 & he has also reckon$ up ! respective subdivisions ( ea* z five1 n9e1 tw5ty-eight1 f\r1 two1 =ty1 two1 & fifte54 ,all ?is has be5 expla9$ at full l5g? 9 ! ,vidyn&a & o!r works1 & "h is omitt$ ?r\gh fe> ( prolixity4 #b4 ,/hiti4 ,z ! milk ( ! goat1 c[1 buffalo1 c41 h cont9u$ unsw]v+ f _! sweet nature = s long a p]iod1 s ! fir/ ?ree mla-prakritis1 jnnv>ana1 c41 & ! la/1 ant>ya1 h n sw]v$ f _! respective natures ev5 ?r\gh ! p]iod describ$ 9 ! words1 /hiti la/s beyonds crores ( crores ( p]iods ( "t measur$ by ?irty sg>opamas4#ha ,?is cont9uance is /hiti4 #c4 ,anubhva4 ,z 9 ! milk ( goats1 c[s1 buffaloes1 c41 !re exi/s1 by its ri* or poor nature1 a special capacity = produc+#hb its sev]al effects1 s 9 ! diff]5t mat]ial bodies produc$ by our actions !re exi/s a special capacity 7anubhva7 = produc+ _! respective effects4 #d4 ,pradesa4 ,! b&ha call$ pradesa is ! entrance into ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l by ! masses1 made up ( an endless numb] ( p>ts1 ( ! v>i\s bodies :i* are develop$ by ! consequ5ces ( actions4 ,samv>a is ! /opp+ ( srava--t by :i* ! influ5ce ( pa/ actions 7k>man7 is /opp$ f ent]+ into ! s\l4 ,x is divid$ into gupti1 samiti1 c4 ,gupti is ! )drawal ( ! s\l f t impulse 7yoga7 :i* causes mundane exi/5ce1--x is ?reefold1 z relat+ to body1 spee*1 or m9d4 ,samiti is ! act+ s z to avoid injury to all liv+ be+s4 ,?is is divid$ into five k9ds1 z ry1#hc bh%1 c41 z has be5 expla9$ by ,hema*&ra4 #a4 ,9 a public highway1 kiss$ by ! sun's rays1 to walk circumspectly s z to avoid injur+ liv+ be+s1 ?is ! good call ry4 #b4 ,let him practise#hd a measur$ utt]ance 9 8 int]c\rse ) all p2 ?is is call$ bh%-samiti1 de> to ! re/ra9]s ( spee*4 #c4 ,! food :i* ! sage takes1 ev] free f ! =ty-two faults :i* may accrue to alms1 is call$ ! e%an-samiti4#he #d4 ,c>efully look+ at x & c>efully seat+ himself ^u x1 let him take a seat1 c41 set x d[n1 & m$itate1--?is is call$ ! dna-samiti4 #e4 ,t ! good man %\ld c>efully p]=m 8 bodily evacuations 9 a spot free f all liv+ creatures1#hf--?is is ! uts>ga-samiti4#hg ,h5ce samv>a has be5 etymologically analys$ z t :i* closes 7sam vr9oti7 ! door ( ! /ream ( srava1#hh z has be5 said by ! le>n$1 'srava is ! cause ( mundane exi/5ce1 samv>a is ! cause ( lib]ation2#hi ?is is ! rhat doctr9e 9 a h&ful2 all else is only ! amplification ( ?is4' ,nirj> is ! caus+ ! fruit ( pa/ actions to decay by self-mortification1 c42 x de/roys by ! body ! m]it & dem]it ( all ! previ\sly p]=m$ actions1 & ! result+ happ9ess & mis]y2 self-mortification means ! pluck+ out ( ! hair1 c4 ,?is nirj> is tw(old1#ij tempor>y 7ya?kla7 & ancill>y 7aupakramanika74 ,x is tempor>y z :5 a desire is dormant 9 consequ5ce ( ! action hav+ produc$ its fruit1 & at t p>ticul> "t1 f ?is completion ( ! object aim$ at1 nirj> arises1 be+ caus$ by ! consumption ( ! desire1 c4 ,b :51 by ! =ce ( asceticism1 ! sage turns all actions into means = atta9+ 8 end 7lib]ation71 ?is is ! nirj> ( actions4 ,?us x has be5 said3 ,f ! decay+ ( ! actions :i* are ! se$s ( mundane exi/5ce1 nirj> arises1 :i* is tw(old1 sakm & akm4 ,t call$ sakm belongs to ascetics1 ! akm to o!r embodi$ spirits4#ia ,mok%a4 ,s9ce at ! mom5t ( its atta9m5t !re is an entire abs5ce ( all future actions1 z all ! causes ( bondage 7false p]ception1 c47 are /opp$1#ib & s9ce all pa/ actions are aboli%$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! causes ( nirj>1 !re arises ! absolute release f all actions1--?is is mok%a2 z x has be5 said3 ,mok%a is ! absolute release f all actions by ! decay 7nirj>7 ( ! causes ( bondage & ( exi/5ce4 ,!n ! s\l rises upw>d to ! end ( ! _w4 ,z a pott]'s :eel1 :irl$ by ! /ick & h&s1 moves on ev5 aft] ^! h /opp$1 until ! impulse is exhau/$1 s ! previ\s repeat$ contemplations ( ! embodi$ s\l = ! atta9m5t ( mok%a ex]t _! influ5ce ev5 aft] !y h ceas$1 & be> ! s\l onw>d to ! end ( ! _w2 or1 z ! g\rd1 encas$ ) clay1 s9ks 9 ! wat]1 b rises to ! surface :5 fre$ f its encumbrance1 s ! s\l1 deliv]$ f works1 rises upw>d by its isolation1#ic f ! bur/+ ( its bonds l ! ela/ic se$ ( ! ca/or-oil plant1 or by its own native t5d5cy l ! flame4 ,bondage is ! condition ( be+ unsep>at$1 ) a mutual int]p5etration ( p>ts betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 sanga is m]ely mutual contact4 ,?is has be5 decl>$ z foll[s3-- ,lib]ation is unh9d]$1 f ! cont9uance ( =m] impulses1 f ! abs5ce ( sanga1 f ! cutt+ ( all bonds1 & f ! natural developm5t ( ! s\l's own p[]s ( motion1 l ! pott]'s :eel1 ! g\rd ) its clay remov$1 ! se$ ( ! ca/or-oil plant1 or ! flame ( fire4 ,h5ce !y recite a sloka3-- ,h[ev] (t5 !y g away1 ! planets return1 ! sun1 moon1 & ! re/2 ,b nev] to ?is day h return$ any :o h gone to lokksa4 ,o!rs hold mok%a to be ! abid+ 9 ! highe/ regions1 ! s\l be+ absorb$ 9 bliss1 ) its k unh9d]$ & itself unta9t$ by any pa9 or impression !re(4 ,o!rs hold n9e tattwas1 add+ m]it & dem]it to ! =ego+ sev51--^! two be+ ! causes ( pleasure & pa94 ,?is has be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,siddhnta1 ,jva1 ajva1 punya1 ppa1 srava1 samv>a1 nirj>ana1 b&ha1 & mok%a1 are ! n9e tattwas4 ,z our object is only a summ>y1 we desi/ "h4 ,"h ! ,ja9as ev]y:]e introduce _! fav\rite logic call$ ! sapta-bhang-naya1#id or ! sy/em ( ! sev5 p>alogisms1 may be1 x is1 may be1 x is n1 may be1 x is & x is n1 may be1 x is n pr$icable1 may be1 x is1 & yet n pr$icable1 may be1 x is n1 & n pr$icable1 may be1 x is & x is n1 & n pr$icable4 ,all ?is ,anantavrya has ?us laid d[n3-- #a4 ,:5 y wi% to e/abli% a ?+1 ! prop] c\rse is to say 'may be1 x is2' :5 y wi% to d5y x1 'may be1 x is n4' #b4 ,:5 y desire to e/abli% ea* 9 turn1 let y\r proc$ure likewise embrace bo?2 :5 y wi% to e/abli% bo? at once1 let x be decl>$ 'indescribable' f ! impossibility to describe x4 #c4 ,! fif? process is enjo9$ :5 y wi% to e/abli% ! fir/ z well z its indescribabl5ess2 :5 ! second z well z its indescribabl5ess1 ! occasion = ! six? process arises4 #d4 ,! sev5? is requir$ :5 all ?ree *>act]s are to be employ$ simultane\sly4 ,syt1 may be1 is "h an indecl9able p>ticle 9 ! =m ( a "p ( a v]b1 us$ to convey ! idea ( indet]m9at5ess2 z x has be5 said-- ,?is p>ticle syt is 9 ! =m ( a v]b1 b1 f its be+ connect$ ) ! s5se1 x d5otes indet]m9at5ess 9 s5t5ces1 & has a qualify+ effect on ! impli$ mean+4 ,if1 aga91 ! ^w syt d5ot$ det]m9at5ess1 !n x w\ld be ne$less 9 ! phrase1 may be1 x is2 b s9ce x really d5otes indet]m9at5ess1 may be1 x is1 means x is someh[2 syt1 may be1 conveys ! mean+ ( someh[1 ka?am*it2 & s x is n really useless4 ,z "o has said-- ,! doctr9e ( ! syd-vda arises f our ev]y:]e reject+ ! idea ( ! absolute2#ie x dep5ds on ! sapta-bhang-naya1 & x lays d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is to be avoid$ & to be accept$4 ,if a ?+ absolutely exi/s1 x exi/s altoge!r1 always1 ev]y:]e1 & ) ev]ybody1 & no "o at any "t or place w\ld ev] make an ef=t to obta9 or avoid x1 z x w\ld be absurd to treat :at is already pres5t z an object to be obta9$ or avoid$4 ,b if x be relative 7or indef9ite71 ! wise w conc$e t at c]ta9 times & 9 c]ta9 places any "o may seek or avoid x4 ,moreov]1 suppose t ! "q to be ask$ is ?is3 ,is be+ or non-be+ ! real nature ( ! ?+8 ,! real nature ( ! ?+ _c be be+1 = !n y c\ld n prop]ly use ! phrase1 ,x is a pot 7ghat/i71 z ! two words is & pot w\ld be tautological2 nor ought y to say1 ,x is n a pot1 z ! words ?us us$ w\ld imply a direct contradiction2 & ! same argum5t is to be us$ 9 o!r que/ions4#if ,z x has be5 decl>$-- ,x mu/ n be said ',x is a pot1' s9ce ! ^w 'pot' implies 'is2' ,nor may y say 'x is n a pot1' = exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce are mutually exclusive1 c4 ,! :ole is ?us to be summ$ up4 ,f\r classes ( our oppon5ts sev]ally hold ! doctr9e ( exi/5ce1 non-exi/5ce1 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce successively1 & ! doctr9e t ev]y?+ is inexplicable 7anirva*anyat72#ig ?ree o!r classes hold "o or o!r ( ! ?ree fir/ !ories comb9$ ) ! f\r?4#ih ,n[1 :5 !y meet u ) ! scornful que/ions1 ,does ! ?+ exi/8 c41 we h an answ] always possible1 ,x exi/s 9 a c]ta9 way1 c41 & our oppon5ts are all aba%$ to sil5ce1 & victory accrues to ! hold] ( ! ,syd-vda1 :i* asc]ta9s ! entire mean+ ( all ?+s4 ,?us said ! tea*] 9 ! ,sydvda-maj>-- ,a ?+ ( an entirely indet]m9ate nature is ! object only ( ! omnisci5t2 a ?+ p>tly det]m9$ is held to be ! true object ( sci5tific inve/igation4#ii ,:5 our reason+s bas$ on "o po9t proce$ 9 ! reveal$ way1 x is call$ ! reveal$ ,syd-vda1 :i* asc]ta9s ! entire mean+ ( all ?+s4 ,all o!r sy/ems are full ( jeal\sy f _! mutual propositions & c\nt]-propositions2 x is only ! doctr9e ( ! ,arhat :i* ) no p>tiality equally fav\rs all sects4 ,! ,ja9a doctr9e has ?us be5 summ$ up by ,j9adatta-sri-- ,! h9drances belong+ to vig\r1 enjoym5t1 s5sual pleasure1 giv+ & receiv+1--sleep1 fe>1 ignorance1 av]sion1 laught]1 lik+1 dislik+1 love1 hatr$1 want ( indiff]5ce1 desire1 sorr[1 deceit1 ^! are ! eighte5 'faults' 7do%a7 accord+ to our sy/em4#ajj ,! div9e ,j9a is our ,guru1 :o decl>es ! true k ( ! tattwas4 ,! pa?#aja ( emancipation consi/s ( k1 intuition1 & conduct4 ,!re are two means ( pro( 7pramna7 9 ! ,syd-vda doctr9e1--s5se-p]ception & inf]5ce4 ,all consi/s ( ! et]nal & ! non-et]nal2 !re are n9e or sev5 tattwas4 ,! jva1 ! ajva1 m]it & dem]it1 srava1 samv>a1 b&ha1 nirj>1 mukti1--we w n[ expla9 ea*4 ,jva is def9$ z intellig5ce2 ajva is all o!r ?an x2 m]it means bodies :i* arise f good actions1 dem]it ! opposite2 srava is ! bondage ( actions1#ajb nirj> is ! unloos+ !re(2 mok%a arises f ! de/ruction ( ! eight =ms ( k>man or action4 ,b by "s tea*]s m]it is includ$ 9 samv>a1#ajc & dem]it 9 srava4 ,( ! s\l :i* has atta9$ ! f\r inf9ite ?+s#ajd & is hidd5 f ! _w1 & ^: eight actions are aboli%$1 absolute lib]ation is decl>$ by ,j9a4 ,! ,swetmb>as are ! de/roy]s ( all defilem5t1 !y live by alms1#aje !y pluck out _! hair1 !y practise pati5ce1 !y avoid all association1 & are call$ ! ,ja9a ,sdhus4 ,! ,digamb>as pluck out _! hair1 !y c>ry peacocks' tails 9 _! h&s1 !y dr9k f _! h&s1 & !y eat upright 9 ! giv]'s h\se1--^! are ! second class ( ! ,ja9a ,ri%is4 ,a woman atta9s n ! highe/ k1 %e ent]s n ,mukti1--s say ! ,digamb>as2 b !re is a great division on ?is po9t betwe5 !m & ! ,swetmb>as4#ajf ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dj3 ,vivasanas1 )\t g>m5ts4 ,footnote #da3 ,! ,buddhi/s are also call$ ,muktaka**has1 allud+ to a peculi>ity ( dress1 app>5tly a habit ( we>+ ! hem ( ! l[] g>m5t untuck$4--,colebrooke4 ,footnote #db3 ,9 p4 #bf1 l9e #c1 read ,syd-vd9m4 ,footnote #dc3 ,i propose to read 9 p4 #bf1 l9e #e1 infra1 grhyasya = agrhyasya4 ,footnote #dd3 ,z ^! t]ms necess>ily relate to ! p]ceiv]4 ,footnote #de3 ,i correct ! read+ tasygrahanam to tasy grahanam 7tasy be+ jadatyh74 ,footnote #df3 ,i4e41 if y say t ! avayava may be n se5 ?\gh ! avayav9 is se51 !n ,i may say t ! po/ is ! avayav91 & ! unp]ceiv$ ?ree worlds its avayava6 ,footnote #dg3 ,i read arhatsv>pam arha**&ra 9 p4 #bg1 l9e #c1 infra4 ,footnote #dh3 ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 "s "p ( ,kumrila's writ+s 9 an argum5t aga9/ ! ,ja9as4 ,x is curi\s t 9 ! ,snk>a-digvijaya1 *ap4 lv41 x is m5tion$ t ,kumrila _h a little rel5t+ t[>ds ! ,ja9as at ! end ( 8 life4 ,he rep5t$ ( hav+ s cruelly p]secut$ !m1 & ackn[l$g$ t !re 0 "s tru? 9 _! tea*+4 ,ja9agurumukht kas*id vidyleso jtah4 ,footnote #di3 ,kumrila tries to prove t no su* be+ c exi/1 z 8 exi/5ce is n e/abli%$ by any "o ( ! five recognis$ pro(s1--! six?1 abhva1 be+ negative1 is1 ( c\rse1 n applicable4 ,i und]/& ! la/ sloka z %[+ ! inapplicability ( presumption or ar?-patti4 ,a ,ja9a w\ld say1 ,if ! ,arhat 7 n omnisci5t1 8 words w\ld n be true & au?oritative1 b we see t !y are1 !re=e he is omnisci5t4 ,he answ]s by retort+ t ! same argum5t might be us$ ( ,buddha by a ,buddhi/2 & z ! ,ja9a himself w\ld disall[ x 9 t case1 x _c be conv9c+ 9 8 own4 ,footnote #ej3 ,9 p4 #bi1 l9e #b1 read tatsadbhvv$akasya = tatsadbhvdekasya4 ,footnote #ea3 ,9 p4 #bi1 l9e #i1 = nikhilr?ajant notpatty1 ,i propose to read nikhilr?ajnotpatty4 ,footnote #eb3 ,janya is includ$ 9 ,krya & equally disput$4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?us ,i am possess$ ( a body 7aham ,s>r71 my h&1 c41 are all s5t5ces 9 :i* a pr$icate involv+ ! notion ( p>ts is appli$ to ! s\l ,i4 ,footnote #ed3 ,reason+ 9 a circle4 ,i suppose ! c4 includes ! ,anava/hdo%a or reason+ ad inf9itum4 ,he accepts ! suppos$ fault1 & holds t x is actually borne out 9 a case be=e ev]ybody's eyes4 ,footnote #ee3 ,9 p4 #ca1 l9e #e1 infra1 read tattvr! = tattvr?am4 ,footnote #ef3 ,i read 9 p4 #cb1 l9e #i1 ,samyagd>sandi = asamyagd>sandi2 b ! old text may mean caus$ by ! abolition ( h9drances produc$ by ! qualities1 wrong intuition1 c4 ,footnote #eg3 ,cf4 ! five yamas 9 ! ,yoga-stras1 ii4 #cj4 ,hema*&ra 7,abhidh #ha7 calls !m yamas4 ,footnote #eh3 ,i read kmnm = kmnm 9 p4 #cc1 l9e #g 7#b #c #c #ah74 ,footnote #ei3 ,= abh%ana1 see ,hema*4 #af4 ,footnote #fj3 ,i propose 9 p4 #cc1 l9e #ag1 rasayanajnasraddhva*ranni = rasyanajanam sraddhnv>anni4 ,= ava*rana1 see ,susruta1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeg1 c4 ,if anv>ana be ! true read+1 ,i suppose x mu/ mean ! abs5ce ( ob/ructions4 ,footnote #fa3 ,?is is a h>d passage1 b "s light is ?r[n on x by ! s*olia/ to ,hema*&ra1 ,abhidh4 #gi4 ,footnote #fb3 ,or ?is may mean by ! influ5ce ( upasamak%aya or k%ayopasama1 x appe>s *>act]is$ by "o or ! o!r4 ,footnote #fc3 ,i read 9 p4 #cd1 l9e #g1 kalu%dykr5a = kalu%nykr5a4 ,! upasamak%aya & k%ayopasama seem to correspond to ! aupasamika & k%yika /ates ab\t to be describ$4 ,footnote #fd3 ,/ry*nos potatorum4 ,footnote #fe3 ,j z 9 ! ,snkhya philosophy1 ! s\l is n really b\nd ?\gh x seems to itself to be s4 ,footnote #ff3 ,a valid non-p]ception is :5 an object is n se51 & yet all ! usual concurr5t causes ( vision are pres5t1 su* z ! eye1 light1 c4 ,footnote #fg3 ,i read 9 p4 #ce1 l9e #e1 '/ti = /hiti4 ,footnote #fh3 ,h5ce ! t]m "h us$ = category--a/ikya4 ,footnote #fi3 ,^! 7by ,hema*4 ,abhidh4 #ba71 possess only "o s5se--t\*4 ,9 p4 #ce1 l9e #aj1 ,i read sankhag&olakaprabhritayas trass *aturvidhh pri?ivyaptejo4 ,footnote #gj3 ,9 p4 #ce1 l9e #af1 ,i read te%m ajvatvt = te%m jvatvt4 ,if we keep ! old read+ we mu/ translate x1 because ! =m] only are animate4 ,footnote #ga3 ,9 p4 #ce1 l9e #c f bottom1 ,i read s>vatrva/hite = s>vatrva/hiti4 ,9 ! prec$+ l9e ,i read lok5va**h9ne = lok5vi**h9ne4 ,footnote #gb3 ,cf4 ,siddhnta-muktvali1 p4 #bg4 ,! vi%aya is upabhoga-sdhanam1 b x beg9s ) ! dvyanuka4 ,?is category takes up ! =ms ( /hv>a :i* 7 exclud$ f jva4 ,footnote #gc3 ,x is an int]e/+ illu/ration h[ ?or\ghly ,mdhava = ! "t ?r[s himself into ! ,ja9a sy/em :i* he is analys+1 :5 we see t he gives ! ,ja9a t]m9ology = ?is def9ition ( dravya1--cf4 ,vaise%4 ,stra1 i4 #a1 #ae4 ,p>yya is expla9$ z k>man 9 ,hema*4 ,anek4 ,p>yya1 9 p4 #cf1 l9e #aa 7infra1 p4 #ec1 l9e #i71 seems us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se f t :i* x be>s else:]e4 ,i h tak5 x d\bt+ly z 9 ,hema*4 ,abhidh4 #aejc1 p>yyo 'nukramah kramah4 ,footnote #gd3 ,yoga seems to be "h ! natural impulse ( ! s\l to act4 ,footnote #ge3 ,9 l9e #ah1 read sravanakranatvd4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! jnna is "o1 b x becomes app>5tly manifold by its connection ) ! s5ses & ext]nal objects4 ,footnote #gg3 ,^! are also call$ ! eight k>mans 9 ,gov9dn&a's gloss1 ,v$4 ,st41 ii4 #b1 #cc4 ,footnote #gh3 ,! ,calcutta ,,ms4 reads d>anyasya = v>anyasya1 9 p4 #cg1 la/ l9e4 ,b v>anya may be us$ = v>ana 7,pn4 iii4 #d1 #fh74 ,cf4 ,yoga ,st41 ii4 #eb1 :]e ,vysa's ,comm4 has v>anya4 ,footnote #gi3 ,jlavat8 ,! pr9t$ text has jalavat4 ,footnote #hj3 ,umsvmi-8 ,footnote #ha3 ,= ! sg>opama1 see ,wilson's ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #cji4 ,9 p4 #ch1 l9e #af1 ,i read itydyuktakld rdhvam api = ! obscure itydyuktam kladurddhnavat4 ,i also read at ! end ( ! l9e pra*yutih /hitih = pra*yuti/hitih4 ,footnote #hb3 ,9 p4 #ch1 l9e #ah1 read svakryak>ane4 ,footnote #hc3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #b & l9e #e1 = r%y read ry1--a bad misread+4 ,footnote #hd3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #f1 ,i read padyet = padyat4 ,footnote #he3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #i1 = se%an read sai%an4 ,footnote #hf3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #ab1 jo9 nirjantu & jagattale4 ,footnote #hg3 ,mdhava omits ! rema9+ divisions ( samv>a4 ,wilson1 ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #caa1 gives !m z p>i%ah1 endurance1 z ( a v[2 yatidh>ma1 ! t5 duties ( an ascetic1 pati5ce1 g5tl5ess1 c42 bhvan1 conviction1 su* z t worldly exi/5ces are n et]nal1 c42 *ritra1 virtu\s obs]vance4 ,footnote #hh3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #ad1 read sravasrotaso4 ,footnote #hi3 ,= moha1 9 l9e #af1 read mok%a4 ,footnote #ij3 ,9 p4 #ci1 l9e #b infra1 ,i read ya?kla- = ya? kla-4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?is passage is v difficult & n improbably corrupt1 & my int]pretation ( x is only conjectural4 ,! ord9>y nirj> is :5 an action atta9s its end 7l ! lull+ ( a passion by ! gratification71 ?is lull is tempor>y4 ,t nirj> is ancill>y :i* is r5d]$ by asceticism a means to ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ good4 ,! =m] is akm1 desireless1 because at ! mom5t ! desire is satisfi$ & s dormant2 ! latt] is sakm1 because ! ascetic conqu]s ! l[] desire "u ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( ! high] desire = lib]ation4 ,footnote #ib3 ,i read nirodhe = nirodhah 9 p4 #dj1 l9e #f2 cf4 p4 #cg1 l9e #ac4 ,! causes ( bondage produce ! assumption ( bodies 9 :i* future actions are to be p]=m$4 ,footnote #ic3 ,lit]ally abs5ce ( sanga4 ,footnote #id3 ,9 p4 #da1 l9e #g1 read sapta-bhang-naya1 see ,v$4 ,s4 ,gloss41 ii4 #b1 #bc4 ,footnote #ie3 ,i _c und]/& ! words at ! end ( ! fir/ l9e1 kim vritatadvidheh1 & !re=e leave !m untranslat$4 ,footnote #if3 ,?us ,gov9dn&a applies x 7,v$4 ,st41 ii4 #b1 #cc7 to may be x is "o1 may be x is _m1 c4 ,footnote #ig3 ',greek3 ,akatalpsia,akatalpsia4 ,?is is ,srih>%a's t5et 9 ! ,kh&ana-kh&a-khdya4 ,footnote #ih3 ,9 p4 #db1 l9e #ag1 = mat5misritni read mat5a misritni4 ,footnote #ii3 ,9 p4 #dc1 l9e #b1 = na yasya read nayasya4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,?is li/ is badly pr9t$ 9 ! ,calcutta edition4 ,x is really id5tical ) t giv5 9 ,hema*&ra's ,abhidhna-*9tmani1 #gb1 #gc2 b we mu/ correct ! read+s to ant>ys1 rgadwe%v aviratih sm>ah1 & hs = hims4 ,! ord] ( ! eighte5 do%as 9 ! ,calcutta edition is giv5 by ,hema*&ra z #d1 #e1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #g1 #i1 #ag1 #af1 #ah1 #h1 #f1 #ae1 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #aja3 ,9 p4 #dc1 l9e #ac1 = v>t9i read v>t9ih4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,?is seems corrupt1--a l9e is probably lo/4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,9 la/ l9e1 = samsrave read samv>e4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,does ?is mean ! k ( ! _w1 ! s\l1 ! lib]at$ & lib]ation8 ,^! are call$ ananta4 ,see ,web]'s ,bhagavat1 pp4 #bej1 #bfa-bff4 ,footnote #aje3 ,s>ajoh>anh is expla9$ by ! rajoh>anadhr9 7 vrat97 ( ,halyudha1 ii4 #ahi4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,cf4 ,wilson1 ,essays1 i4 #cdj4 ,= /rm read /r4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,r,m,,nuja ,,sy/em4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! rhatas des]ves a rational condemnation1 = :]eas !re is only "o ?+ really exi/5t1 ! simultane\s co-exi/5ce ( exi/5ce1 non-exi/5ce & o!r modes 9 a plurality ( really exi/+ ?+s is an impossibility4 ,nor %\ld any "o say3 ,grant+ ! impossibility ( ! co-exi/5ce ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 :i* are reciprocally contradictory1 :y %\ld !re n be an alt]nation betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce8 !re be+ ! rule t x is action1 n ,ens1 t alt]nates4 ,nor let x be suppos$ t ! :ole univ]se is multi=m1 9 reliance ^u ! examples ( ! elephant-head$ ,ganesa & ( ! inc>nation ( ,vi%nu z half man1 half lion2 = ! elephant9e & ! leon9e nature exi/+ 9 "o "p1 & ! human 9 ano!r1 & consequ5tly !re be+ no contradiction1 ^? p>ts be+ diff]5t1 ^! examples are inapplicable to ! ma9t5ance ( a nature multi=m z bo? exi/5t & non-exi/5t 9 "o & ! same "p 7or place74 ,aga91 if any "o urge3 ,let !re be exi/5ce 9 "o =m1 & non-exi/5ce 9 ano!r1 & ?us bo? w be compatible2 we rejo93 ,n s1 = if y _h said t at diff]5t times exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce may be ! nature ( any?+1 !n inde$ !re w\ld h be5 no vice 9 y\r proc$ure4 ,nor is x to be cont5d$3 ,let ! multi=mity ( ! univ]se be l ! l5g? & %ortness :i* p]ta9 to ! same ?+ 79 diff]5t relations72 = 9 ^! 79 ?is l5g? & %ortness7 !re is no contr>iety1 inasmu* z !y are contra/$ ) diff]5t objects4 ,!re=e1 = want ( evid5ce1 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce z reciprocally contradictory _c reside at ! same "t 9 ! same ?+4 ,9 a l mann] may be und]/ood ! refutation ( ! o!r bhangas 7rhata t5ets74 ,aga91 we ask1 is ?is doctr9e ( ! sev5 bhangas1 :i* lies at ! base ( all ?is1 itself uni=m 7z exclud+ "o contradictory71 or multi=m 7z conciliat+ contradictories74 ,if x is uni=m1 !re w em]ge a contradiction to y\r !sis t all ?+s are multi=m2 if x is multi=m1 y h n prov$ :at y wi%$ to prove1 a multi=m /atem5t 7z bo? exi/5t & non-exi/5t7 prov+ no?+4#ajg ,9 ei!r case1 !re is rope = a noose = ! neck ( ! ,syd-,vd94 ,an admirable au?or ( in/itutes has ! f\nd] ( ! rhata sy/em1 de> to ! gods 7un9quir+ pieti/71 prov$ himself to be1 :5 he has n asc]ta9$ :e!r 8 result is ! settl+ ( n9e or ( sev5 pr9ciples1 nor ! inve/igator :o settles !m1 nor 8 organon1 ! modes ( evid5ce1 nor ! matt] to be evid5c$1 :e!r x be n9efold or n6 ,9 l mann] if x be admitt$ t ! s\l has 7z ! rhatas say71 an ext5sion equal to t ( ! body1 x w foll[ t 9 ! case ( ! s\ls ( ascetics1 :o by ! efficacy ( asceticism assume a plurality ( bodies1 !re is a diff]5tiation ( ! s\l = ea* ( ^? bodies4 ,a s\l ( ! size ( a human body w\ld n 79 ! c\rse ( its transmigrations7 be able to occupy ! :ole body ( an elephant2 & aga91 :5 x laid aside its elephant9e body to ent] into t ( an ant1 x w\ld lose its capacity ( fill+ its =m] frame4 ,& x _c be suppos$ t ! s\l resides successively 9 ! human1 elephant9e1 & o!r bodies1 l ! light ( a lamp :i* is capable ( contraction & expansion1 accord+ z x occupies ! int]ior ( a little /ation on ! road-side 9 :i* travell]s are suppli$ ) wat]1 or ! int]ior ( a /ately mansion2 = x w\ld foll[ 7f su* a supposition7 t ! s\l be+ susceptible ( modifications & consequ5tly non-et]nal1 !re w\ld be a loss ( m]its & a fruition ( good & evil unm]it$4 ,z if !n we _h ?r[n _! be/ wre/l]1 ! r$>gution ( ! re/ ( _! categories may be anticipat$ f ?is exposition ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! treatm5t ( ! s\l has be5 vitiat$4 ,_! doctr9e1 !re=e1 z repugnant to ! et]nal1 infallible revelation1 _c be adopt$4 ,! v5]at$ ,vysa accord+ly prop\nd$ ! aphorism 7ii4 #b1 #cc71 ,nay1 because x is impossible 9 "o2 & ?is same aphorism has be5 analys$ by ,rmnuja ) ! express purpose ( %utt+ out ! doctr9e ( ! ,ja9as4 ,! t5ets ( ,rmnuja are z foll[s3--,?ree categories are e/abli%$1 z s\l1 n-s\l1 & ,"l2 or z subject1 object1 & supreme dispos]4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,"l1 s\l1 & n-s\l are ! triad ( pr9ciples3 ,h>i 7,vi%nu7 ,is ,"l2 individual spirits are s\ls2 & ! visible _w is n-s\l4 ,o!rs1 aga9 7! foll[]s ( ,sank>*rya71 ma9ta9 t pure intellig5ce1 exempt f all diff]5ces1 ! absolute1 alone is really exi/5t2 & t ?is absolute ^: ess5ce is et]nal1 pure1 intellig5t1 & free1 ! id5tity ( :i* ) ! individuat$ _s is le>nt f ! ref]5ce to ! same object 7pr$ication71 ,t art ?\1 und]goes bondage & emancipation4 ,! univ]se ( diff]5ces 7or conditions7 su* z t ( subject & object1 is all illusorily imag9$ by illusion z 9 t 7"o reality71 z is atte/$ by a numb] ( texts3 ,exi/5t only1 fair sir1 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1 ,"o only )\t a second1 & s =?4 ,ma9ta9+ ?is1 & ackn[l$g+ a suppression ( ?is beg9n+less illusion by k ( ! unity 7& id5tity7 ( individuat$ spirits & ! undiff]5c$ absolute1 9 con=mity ) hundr$s ( texts f ! ,upani%ads1 su* z ,he t kn[s _s passes beyond sorr[2 reject+ also any real plurality ( ?+s1 9 con=mity ) ! text condemnatory ( duality1 viz41 ,dea? aft] dea? he und]goes :o looks ^u ?is z manifold2 & ?9k+ !mselves v wise1 ! ,snk>as w n tol]ate ?is division 7viz41 ! di/ribution ( ?+s into s\l1 n-s\l1 & ,"l74 ,to all ?is ! foll[+ c\nt]position is laid d[n3--,?is might be all well en\gh if !re 7 any pro( ( su* illusion4 ,b !re is no su* ignorance 7or illusion71 an unbeg9n+ entity1 suppressible by k1 te/ifi$ 9 ! p]ceptions1 ,i am ignorant1 ,i "k n myself & o!r ?+s4 ,?us x has be5 said 7to expla9 ! views ( ! ,snk>a7-- ,entitative f ev]la/+1 :i* is dissolv$ by k1 ,su* is illusion4 ,?is def9ition ! wise enunciate4 ,?is p]ception 7!y w\ld fur!r cont5d7 is n conv]sant ab\t ! abs5ce ( k4 ,= :o c ma9ta9 ?is1 & to :om8 ,"o :o leans on ! arm ( ,prabhk>a1 or "o to :om ,kumrila-bhatta gives 8 h&8 ,n ! =m]1 = 9 ! words-- ,by means ( its own & ( ano!r's =m1 et]nal 9 ! exi/5t & non-exi/5t1 ,?+ is recognis$ some?+ by "s at c]ta9 times4 ,non-entity is b ano!r entity by "s k9d ( relation4 ,non-entity is b ano!r entity1 naught else1 = naught else is obs]v$4 ,!y d5y any non-entity ult]ior to entity4 ,non-entity be+ cognisable by ! six? in/rum5t ( k 7anupalabdhi71 & k be+ always an object ( inf]5ce1 ! abs5ce ( k _c be an object ( p]ception4 ,if1 aga91 any "o :o ma9ta9s non-entity to be p]ceptible %\ld employ ! above argum5t 7f ! p]ceptions1 ,i am ignorant1 ,i "k n myself1 & o!r ?+s72 x may be repli$3 ,is !re1 or is !re n1 9 ! consci\sness1 ,i am ignorant1 an appreh5sion ( self z *>act]is$ by an abs5ce1 & ( k z ! ?+ abs5t or non-exi/5t8 ,if !re is su* appreh5sion1 consci\sness ( ! abs5ce ( k w be impossible1 z involv+ a contradiction4 ,if !re is n1 consci\sness ( ! abs5ce ( k1 :i* consci\sness presupposes a k ( ! subject & ( ! ?+ abs5t1 w n readily become possible4 ,inasmu* 7! ,snk>as cont9ue7 z ! =ego+ difficulties d n occur if ignorance 7or illusion7 be entitative1 ?is consci\sness 7,i am ignorant1 ,i "k n myself1 & o!r ?+s7 mu/ be admitt$ to be conv]sant ab\t an entitative ignorance4 ,all ?is 7! ,rmnuja replies7 is ab\t z pr(itable z x w\ld be = a rum9ant animal to rum9ate ^u e!r2 = an entitative ignorance is n m supposable ?an an abs5ce ( k4 ,= 7we w\ld ask71 is any self-consci\s pr9ciple pres5t$ z an object & z a subject 7( ignorance7 z di/9ct f cognition8 ,if x is pres5t$1 h[1 s9ce ignorance ( a ?+ is t]m9able by k ( its ess5ce1 c ! ignorance cont9ue8 ,if none su* is pres5t$1 h[ c we be consci\s ( an ignorance :i* has no subject & no object8 ,if y say3 ,a pure manife/ation ( ! spiritual ess5ce is reveal$ only by ! cognition oppos$ to ignorance 7or illusion71 & ?us !re is no absurdity 9 ! consci\sness ( ignorance accompani$ ) a consci\sness ( its subject & object2 !n we rejo93--,un=tunately = y1 ?is 7consci\sness ( subject7 mu/ arise equally 9 ! abs5ce ( k 7= su* we def9e illusion to be71 not)/&+ y\r ass]tion to ! contr>y4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ackn[l$g$ t ! cognition1 ,i am ignorant1 ,i "k n myself & o!r ?+s1 is conv]sant ab\t an abs5ce ( cognition all[$ by u bo?4 ,well1 !n 7! ,snk>as may cont5d71 let ! =m ( cognition evid5ti>y ( illusion1 :i* is "u disputation1 be inf]5ce1 z foll[s3--,"r k mu/ h _h = its antec$5t ano!r entity 7sc4 illusion71 an entity diff]5t f m]e prior non-exi/5ce ( k1 :i* envelops ! objects ( k1 :i* is t]m9able by k1 :i* occupies ! place ( k1 inasmu* z x 7! "r k7 illum9ates an object n be=e illum9at$1 l ! light ( a lamp spr++ up = ! fir/ "t 9 ! d>kness4 ,?is argum5t 7we reply7 w n /& gr9d+ 79 ! dialectic mill72 = to prove ! 7antec$5t7 illusion1 y w require an ult]ior illusion :i* y d n admit1 & a violation ( y\r own t5ets w ensue1 :ile if y d n s prove x1 x may or may n exi/2 &1 moreov]1 ! example is incompatible ) ! argum5t1 = x _c be ! lamp t illum9es ! hi!rto unillum9$ object1 s9ce x is k only t illum9es2 & an illum9ation ( objects may be effect$ by k ev5 )\t ! lamp1 :ile ! light ( ! lamp is only ancill>y to ! visual organ :i* effectuates ! cognition1 ancill>y m$iately ?r\gh ! dispulsion ( ! ob/ru5t d>kness4 ,we dismiss fur!r prolixity4 ,! c\nt]position 7( ! ,rmnujas7 is z foll[s3--,! illusion "u dispute does n reside 9 ,brahman1 :o is pure k1 because x is an illusion1 l ! illusion ab\t nacre1 c4 ,if any "o ask3 ,has n ! self-consci\s entity t und]lies ! illusion ab\t nacre1 c41 k only = its nature8 !y reply3 ,d n />t su* difficulties2 = we suppose t consci\sness by its b>e exi/5ce has ! nature ( creat+ con=mity to ! usage ab\t 7i4e41 ! "n & notion (7 "s object2 & su* consci\sness1 also call$ k1 appreh5sion1 compreh5sion1 intellig5ce1 c41 con/itutes ! s\l1 or k1 ( t :i* acts & kn[s4 ,if any "o ask3 ,h[ c ! s\l1 if x consi/s ( cognition1 h cognition z a quality8 !y reply3 ,?is "q is futile2 = z a gem1 ! sun1 & o!r lum9\s ?+s1 exi/+ 9 ! =m ( light1 are sub/ances 9 :i* light z a quality inh]es--= light1 z exi/+ else:]e ?an 9 its usual receptacle1 & z be+ a mode ( ?+s ?\gh a sub/ance1 is /ill /yl$ & acc\nt$ a quality d]iv$ f det]m9ation by t sub/ance1--s ?is s\l1 :ile x exi/s z a self-lum9\s intellig5ce1 has also intellig5ce z its quality4 ,accord+ly ! ,v$ic texts3 ,a lump ( salt is always )9 & )\t "o entire mass ( ta/e1 s also ?is s\l is )9 & )\t an entire mass ( k2 ,h]e9 ?is p]son is itself a light2 ,( ! k ( t :i* kn[s !re is no susp5sion2 ,he :o kn[s1 smells ?is2 & s also1 ,?is is ! s\l :i*1 consi/+ ( k1 is ! light )9 ! he>t2 ,= ?is p]son is ! se]1 ! he>]1 ! ta/]1 ! smell]1 ! ?9k]1 ! und]/&]1 ! do]2 ,! p]son is k1 & ! l texts4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! ,v$a also af=ds evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cosmical illusion1 9 ! text1 ,envelop$ 9 untru? 7anrita72 = ! ^w untru? 7anrita7 d5otes t :i* is o!r ?an tru? 7rita74 ,! ^w rita has a passive s5se1 z appe>s f ! words1 ,dr9k+ rita4 ,rita means works done )\t desire ( fruit2 hav+ z its rew>d ! atta9m5t ( ! bliss ( ! ,supreme ,_s ?r\gh 8 propitiation4 ,9 ! text 9 "q1 untru? 7anrita7 designates ! scanty fruit enjoy$ dur+ transmigratory exi/5ce z oppos$ to t 7:i* results f propitiation ( ! ,supreme ,_s71 :i* temporal fruit is ob/ructive to ! atta9m5t ( supreme exi/5ce 7brahman72 ! entire text 7:5 ! context is suppli$7 be+3 ,!y :o f9d n ?is supreme sph]e 7brahma-loka7 are envelop$ 9 untru?4 ,9 su* texts1 aga91 z ,let him "k illusion 7my7 to be ! prim>y emanative cause 7prakriti71 ! t]m 7my7 designates ! emanative cause1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree cords 7guna71 & creative ( ! div]sifi$ univ]se4 ,x does n designate ! inexplicable illusion 7= :i* ! ,snk>as cont5d74 ,9 su* passages z1 ,by him ! def5d] ( ! body ( ! *ild1 mov+ rapidly1 ! ?\s& illusions 7my7 ( ! b>b>ian 7 swoop$ ^u z by a hawk1 we obs]ve t ! ^w illusion 7my7 designates ! really exi/5t weapon ( a ,titan1 capable ( projective div]sifi$ creation4 ,! ,v$a1 !n1 nev] sets out an inexplicable illusion4 ,nor 7is ! cosmical illusion to be inf]r$ f ! gr& text1 ,t art ?\71 inasmu* z ! words1 ,t art ?\1 be+ incompet5t to tea* unity1 & indicat+ a conditionate ,supreme ,_s1 we _c und]/& by !m ! ess5tial unity ( ! mutually exclusive supreme & individual spirits2 = su* a supposition 7z t !y are id5tical7 w\ld violate ! law ( exclud$ middle4 ,to expla9 ?is4 ,! t]m ,t d5otes ! ,supreme ,_s exempt f all imp]fections1 ( illimitable excell5ce1 a repository ( innum]able auspici\s attributes1 to :om ! emanation1 su/5tation1 retractation ( ! univ]se is a pa/ime2#ajh su* be+ ! ,supreme ,_s1 spok5 ( 9 su* texts z1 ,t desir$1 let me be _m1 let me br+ =?4 ,p]haps ! ^w ,?\1 ref]r+ to ! same object 7z ! ^w ,t71 d5otes ! ,supreme ,_s *>act]is$ by consci\sness1 hav+ all individual spirits z 8 body2 = a ref]5ce to ! same object designates "o ?+ det]m9$ by two modes4 ,"h1 p]haps1 an ,advaita-vd9 may reply3 ,:y may n ! purport ( ! ref]5ce to ! same object 9 ! words1 ,t art ?\1 be undiff]5c$ ess5ce1 ! unity ( s\ls1 ^! words 7,t & ?\7 hav+ a 7reciprocally7 implicate p[] by ab&onm5t ( opposite portions ( _! mean+2 z is ! case 9 ! phrase1 ,?is is t ,devadatta4 ,9 ! words1 ,?is is t ,devadatta1 we und]/& by ! ^w ,t1 a p]son 9 relation to a diff]5t "t & place1 & by ! ^w ,?is1 a p]son 9 relation to ! pres5t "t & place4 ,t bo? are "o & ! same is und]/ood by ! =m ( pr$ication 7ref]5ce to ! same object74 ,n[ z "o & ! same ?+ _c at ! same "t be kn[n z 9 diff]5t times & places1 ! two words 7,?is & ,t7 mu/ ref] to ! ess5ce 7& n to ! accid5ts ( "t & place71 & unity ( ess5ce c be und]/ood4 ,simil>ly 9 ! text1 ,t art ?\1 !re is implicat$ an indivisible ess5ce by ab&onm5t ( ! contradictory portions 7( ! d5otation71 viz41 f9ite cognition 7:i* belongs to ! individual s\l or ,?\71 & inf9ite cognition 7:i* belongs to ! real or un9dividual s\l74 ,?is sugge/ion 7! ,rmnujas reply7 is unsatisfactory1 = !re is no opposition 7betwe5 ,?is & ,t7 9 ! example 7,?is is t ,devadatta71 & consequ5tly n ! smalle/ p>ticle ( implication 7lak%an1 bo? ,?is & ,t be+ us$ 9 _! d5otative capacity74 ,! connection ( "o object ) two times pa/ & pres5t involves no contradiction4 ,& any contradiction suppos$ to arise f relation to diff]5t places may be avoid$ by a suppos$ diff]5ce ( "t1 ! exi/5ce 9 ! di/ant place be+ pa/1 & ! exi/5ce 9 ! ne> be+ pres5t4 ,ev5 if we conc$e to y ! implication1 ! 7suppos$7 contradiction be+ avoidable by suppos+ "o t]m 7ei!r ,t or ,?\7 to be implicative1 x is unnecess>y to admit t bo? words are implicative4 ,o!rwise 7if we admit t bo? words are implicative71 if x be grant$ t ! "o ?+ may be recognis$1 ) ! concomitant assurance t x diff]s z ?is & z t1 p]man5ce 9 ?+s w be inadmissible1 & ! ,buddhi/ ass]tor ( a mom5t>y flux ( ?+s w be triumphant4 ,we h1 !re=e 7! ,rmnujas cont9ue71 laid x d[n 9 ?is "q t !re is no contradiction 9 ! id5tity ( ! individual & ! ,supreme ,_s1 ! individual spirits be+ ! body & ! ,supreme ,_s ! s\l4 ,= ! individual _s z ! body1 & !re=e a =m1 ( ! ,supreme ,_s1 is id5tical ) ! ,supreme ,_s1 accord+ to ano!r text1 ,:o abid+ 9 ! s\l1 is ! controll] ( ! s\l1 :o kn[s ! s\l1 ( :om s\l is ! body4 ,y\r /atem5t ( ! matt]1 !re=e1 is too n>r[4 ,,all words are designatory ( ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,!y are n all synonym\s1 a v>iety ( m$ia be+ possible2 ?us z all organis$ bodies1 div9e1 human1 c41 are =ms ( individual spirits1 s all ?+s 7are ! body ( ,supreme ,_s71 all ?+s are id5tical ) ,supreme ,_s4 ,h5ce-- ,god1 ,man1 ,yak%a1 ,pis*a1 s]p5t1 ,rk%asa1 bird1 tree1 creep]1 wood1 /one1 grass1 j>1 clo?1--^! & all o!r words1 be !y :at !y may1 :i* are curr5t among mank9d z d5otative by means ( _! base & its suffixes1 z d5ot+ ^? ?+s1 9 d5ot+ ?+s ( ?is or t app>5t con/itution1 really d5ote ! individual s\ls :i* assum$ to !m su* body1 & ! :ole complexus ( ?+s t]m9at+ 9 ! ,supreme ,_s rul+ )94 ,t ,god & all o!r words :atsoev] ultimately d5ote ! ,supreme ,_s is /at$ 9 ! ,tattva-muktval & 9 ! ,*aturant>a-- ,god1 & all o!r words1 designate ! s\l1 none else ?an ,t1 call$ ! e/abli%$ entity1 ,( ?is !re is mu* significant & und\bt$ exemplification 9 common spee* & 9 ! ,v$a2 ,exi/5ce :5 dissociat$ f _s is unkn[n2 9 ! =m ( gods1 mortals1 & ! re/ ,:5 p]vad+ ! individual _s1 ! inf9ite has made a div]sity ( names & =ms 9 ! _w4 ,9 ^! words ! au?or1 sett+ =? t all words1 ,god1 & ! re/1 designate ! body1 & %[+ 9 ! words1 ,no unity 9 sy/ems1 c41 ! *>act]i/ic ( body1 & %[+ 9 ! words1 ,by words :i* are sub/itutes = ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 c41 t x is e/abli%$ t no?+ is diff]5t f ! univ]sal ,"l1 lays d[n 9 ! v]ses1 ,significant ( ! ess5ce1 c41 t all words ultimately designate ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,all ?is may be asc]ta9$ f t "w4 ,! same matt] has be5 en=c$ by ,rmnuja 9 ! ,v$r?a-sangraha1 :5 analys+ ! ,v$ic text ab\t names & =ms4 ,moreov]1 e =m ( evid5ce hav+ "s det]m9ate object1 !re c be no evid5ce ( an undet]m9$ 7unconditionate7 reality4 ,ev5 9 non-discrim9ative p]ception x is a det]m9ate 7or condition$7 ?+ t is cognis$4 ,else 9 discrim9ative p]ception !re c\ld n be %[n to be a cognition *>act]is$ by an already pres5t$ =m4 ,aga91 t text1 ,t art ?\1 is n sublative ( ! univ]se z root$ 9 illusion1 l a s5t5ce decl>atory t :at 0 illusorily pres5t$1 z a snake is a piece ( rope2 nor does k ( ! unity ( ! absolute & ! s\l br+ 7?is illusory univ]se7 to an end2 = we h already demon/rat$ t !re is no pro( ( ^! positions4 ,nor is !re an absurdity 7z ! ,snk>as w\ld say71 on ! hypo!sis enunciatory ( ! reality ( ! univ]se1 9 affirm+ t by a cognition ( "o !re is a cognition ( all ?+s3 = x is easily ev9c$ t ! mundane egg1 consi/+ ( ! prim>y cause 7prakriti71 intellect1 self-position1 ! rudim5t>y elem5ts1 ! gross elem5ts1 ! organs 7( s5se & ( action71 & ! f\rte5 worlds1 & ! gods1 animals1 m51 immovable ?+s1 & s =?1 t exi/ )9 x1 con/itut+ a complex ( all =ms1 is all an effect1 & t f ! s+le cognition ( absolute _s z its 7emanative7 cause1 :5 we recognise t all ?is is absolute _s 7!re be+ a tautology betwe5 cause & effect71 !re arises cognition ( all ?+s1 & ?us by cognition ( "o cognition ( all4 ,besides1 if all else ?an absolute _s 7 unreal1 !n all be+ non-exi/5t1 x w\ld foll[ t by "o cognition all cognition w\ld be sublat$4 ,x is laid d[n 7by ! ,rmnujas7 t retractation into ! univ]se 7pralaya7 is :5 ! univ]se1 ! body :]e( consi/s ( s\ls & ! orig9ant 7prakriti71 returns to its imp]ceptible /ate1 unsusceptible ( division by names & =ms1 exi/+ z absolute _s ! emanative cause2 & t creation 7or emanation7 is ! gross or p]ceptible condition ( absolute _s1 ! body :]e( is s\l & n s\l divid$ by div]sity ( names & =ms1 9 ! condition ( ! 7emanative7 effect ( absolute _s4 ,9 ?is way ! id5tity ( cause & effect laid d[n 9 ! aphorism 7( ,vysa7 treat+ ( orig9ation1 is easily explicable4 ,! /atem5ts t ! ,supreme ,_s is void ( attributes1 are int5d$ 7x is %[n7 to d5y !re( ph5om5al qualities :i* are to be escap$ f by ^? t desire emancipation4 ,! texts :i* d5y plurality are expla9$ z all[$ to be employ$ = ! d5ial ( ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s ap>t f ! ,supreme ,_s1 :i* is id5tical ) all ?+s1 x be+ ,supreme ,_s :i* subsi/s "u all =ms z ! s\l ( all1 all ?+s s5ti5t & uns5ti5t be+ =ms z be+ ! body ( absolute ,_s4#aji ,:at is ! pr9ciple "h involv$1 pluralism or monism1 or a univ]se bo? "o & m ?an "o8 ,( ^! alt]natives monism is admitt$ 9 say+ t ,supreme ,_s alone subsi/s 9 all =ms z all is its body2 bo? unity & plurality are admitt$ 9 say+ t "o only ,supreme ,_s subsi/s "u a plurality ( =ms div]se z s\l & n-s\l2 & plurality is admitt$ 9 say+ t ! ess5tial natures ( s\l1 n-s\l1 & ! ,"l1 are diff]5t1 & n to be conf\nd$4 ,( ^! 7s\l1 n-s\l1 & ! ,"l71 individual spirits1 or s\ls1 consi/+ ( uncontract$ & unlimit$ pure k1 b envelop$ 9 illusion1 t is1 9 works f all et]nity1 und]go contraction & expansion ( k accord+ to ! degrees ( _! m]its4 ,s\l exp]i5ces fruition1 & aft] reap+ pleasures & pa9s proportionate to m]its & dem]its1 !re ensues k ( ! ,"l1 or atta9m5t ( ! sph]e ( ! ,"l4 ,( ?+s :i* are n-s\l1 & :i* are objects ( fruition 7or exp]i5ce ( pleasure & pa971 unconsci\sness1 unconduciv5ess to ! end ( man1 susceptibility ( modification1 & ! l1 are ! prop]ties4 ,( ! ,supreme ,"l ! attributes are subsi/5ce1 z ! int]nal controll] 7or animator7 ( bo? ! subjects & ! objects ( fruition2 ! b\ndless glory ( illimitable k1 dom9ion1 maje/y1 p[]1 brightness1 & ! l1 ! c\ntless multitude ( auspici\s qualities2 ! g5]ation at w ( all ?+s o!r ?an himself1 :e!r spiritual or non-spiritual2 v>i\s & inf9ite adornm5t ) unsurpassable excell5ce1 s+ul>1 uni=m1 & div9e4 ,v5kata-n?a has giv5 ! foll[+ di/ribution ( ?+s3-- ,^? :o "k x h decl>$ ! pr9ciple to be tw(old1 sub/ance & non-sub/ance2 ,sub/ance is di*otomis$ z uns5ti5t & s5ti5t2 ! =m] be+ ! unevolv$ 7avyakta71 & "t4 ,! latt] is ! 'ne>' 7pratyak7 & ! 'di/ant' 7p>k72 ! 'ne>' be+ tw(old1 z ei!r s\l or ! ,"l2 ,! 'di/ant' is et]nal glory & intellig5ce2 ! o!r pr9ciple "s h call$ ! uns5ti5t prim>y4 ,( ^!-- ,sub/ance und]goes a plurality ( conditions2 ! orig9ant is possess$ ( goodness & ! o!r cords2 ,"t has ! =m ( ye>s1 c42 s\l is atomic & cognisant2 ! o!r _s is ! ,"l2 ,et]nal bliss has be5 decl>$ z transc5d+ ! ?ree cords 7or modes ( ph5om5al exi/5ce71 & also z *>act]is$ by goodness2 ,! cognisable manife/ation ( ! cognisant is intellig5ce2 ?us are ! *>act]i/ics ( sub/ance summ>ily rec\nt$4 ,( ^! 7s\l1 n-s\l1 & ! ,"l71 individual spirits1 call$ s\ls1 are diff]5t f ! ,supreme ,_s & et]nal4 ,?us ! text3 ,two birds1 companions1 fri5ds1 c4 7,rig-,v$a1 i4 #afd1 #bj74 ,accord+ly x is /at$ 79 ! aphorisms ( ,kanda1 iii4 #b1 #bj71 ,s\ls are div]se by reason ( div]sity ( conditions4 ,! et]nity ( s\ls is (t5 spok5 ( 9 revelation-- ,! s\l is nei!r born1 nor dies1 nor hav+ be5 %all x aga9 cease to be2 ,unborn1 un*ang+1 et]nal1 ?is anci5t ( days is n kill$ :5 ! body is kill$ 7,bhagavad-gt1 ii4 #bj74 ,o!rwise 77 ! s\l n et]nal7 !re w\ld foll[ a failure ( requital & a fruition 7( pleasures & pa9s7 unm]it$4 ,x has accord+ly be5 said 79 ! aphorisms ( ,gautama1 iii4 #be73 ,because no bir? is se5 ( "o :o is devoid ( desire4 ,t ! s\l is atomic is well kn[n f revelation-- ,if ! hundr$? "p ( a hair be imag9$ to be divid$ a hundr$ times1 ,! s\l may be suppos$ a "p ( t1 & yet x is capable ( inf9ity4 ,& aga9-- ,s\l is ( ! size ( ! extremity ( ! spoke ( a :eel4 ,_s is to be recognis$ by ! intellig5ce z atomic4 ,! visible1 uns5ti5t _w1 designat$ by ! t]m n-s\l1 is divid$ into ?ree1 z ! object1 ! in/rum5t1 or ! site ( fruition4 ,( ?is _w ! effici5t & sub/antial cause is ! ,deity1 kn[n "u ! names ,puru%ottama 7be/ ( spirits71 ,vsudeva 7a patronymic ( ,kri%na71 & ! l4 ,vsudeva is ! supreme absolute _s1 end[$ ) auspici\s attributes1 ,! sub/antial cause1 ! effici5t ( ! worlds1 ! animator ( spirits4 ,?is same ,vsudeva1 inf9itely compassionate1 t5d] to ^? devot$ to him1 ! ,supreme ,_s1 ) ! purpose ( be/[+ v>i\s rew>ds apportion$ to ! des]ts ( 8 vot>ies 9 consequ5ce ( pa/ime1 exi/s "u five modes1 di/+ui%$ z adoration 7ar*71 emanation 7vibhava71 manife/ation 7vyha71 ! subtile 7sk%ma71 & ! int]nal controll]4 7#a47 ,adoration is images1 & s =?4 7#b47 ,emanation is 8 inc>nation1 z ,rma1 & s =?4 7#c47 ,8 manife/ation is f\rfold1 z ,vsudeva1 ,sank>%ana1 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha4 7#d47 ,! subtile is ! entire ,supreme ,_s1 ) six attributes1 call$ ,vsudeva4 ,8 attributes are exemption f s91 & ! re/4 ,t he is exempt f s9 is atte/$ 9 ! ,v$ic text3 ,passionless1 dea?less1 )\t sorr[1 )\t hung]1 desir+ tru?1 true 9 purpose4 7#e47 ,! int]nal controll]1 ! actuator ( all spirits1 accord+ to ! text3 ,:o abid+ 9 ! s\l1 rules ! s\l )94 ,:5 by wor%ipp+ ea* =m] embodim5t a mass ( s9s inimical to ! end ( ! s\l 7i4e41 emancipation7 h be5 de/roy$1 ! vot>y becomes entitl$ to practise ! wor%ip ( ea* latt] embodim5t4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 said-- ,vsudeva1 9 8 t5d]ness to 8 vot>ies1 gives1 z desir$ by ea*1 ,accord+ to ! m]its ( 8 qualifi$ wor%ipp]s1 l>ge recomp5se4 ,= t end1 9 pa/ime he makes to himself 8 five embodim5ts2 ,images & ! l are 'adoration2' 8 inc>nations are 'emanations2' ,z ,sank>%ana1 ,vsudeva1 ,pradyumna1 ,aniruddha1 8 manife/ation is to be kn[n to be f\rfold2 '! subtile' is ! entire six attributes2 ,t self-same call$ ,vsudeva is /yl$ ! ,supreme ,_s2 ,! int]nal controll] is decl>$ z resid+ 9 ! s\l1 ! actuator ( ! s\l1 ,describ$ 9 a multitude ( texts ( ! ,upani%ads1 su* z ',:o abid+ 9 ! s\l4' ,by ! wor%ip ( 'adoration1' a man ca/+ (f 8 defilem5t becomes a qualifi$ vot>y2 ,by ! subsequ5t wor%ip ( 'emanation1' he becomes qualifi$ = ! wor%ip ( 'manife/ation2' next1 ,by ! wor%ip !reaft] ( '! subtile1' he becomes able to behold ! 'int]nal controll]4' ,! wor%ip ( ! ,deity is describ$ 9 ! ,pa*a-rtra z consi/+ ( five elem5ts1 viz41 7#a47 ! access1 7#b47 ! prep>ation1 7#c47 oblation1 7#d47 recitation1 7#e47 devotion4 ,( ^!1 access is ! sweep+1 sme>+1 & s =?1 ( ! way to ! temple4 ,! prep>ation is ! provision ( p]fumes1 fl[]s1 & ! l appliances ( wor%ip4 ,oblation is wor%ip ( ! deities4 ,recitation is ! mutt]$ ejaculation ( sacr$ texts1 ) att5tion to :at !y mean1 ! rehe>sal ( hymns & lauds ( ,vi%nu1 ! commemoration ( 8 names1 & /udy ( in/itutes :i* set =? ! tru?4 ,devotion is m$itation on ! ,deity4 ,:5 ! vision ( ! visible _w has be5 br\ght to a close by k accumulat$ by ! m]it ( su* wor%ip1 ! inf9itely compassionate ,supreme ,_s1 t5d] to 8 vot>ies1 be/[s ^u ! vot>y devot$ to 8 "l & absorb$ 9 8 "l1 8 own sph]e inf9ite & endless1 m>k$ by consci\sness ( be+ l him1 f :i* !re is no future return 7to ! sorr[s ( transmigratory exi/5ce74 ,s ! tradition>y text-- ,:5 !y h come to me1 ! high-s\l$ no long] und]go future bir?1 a receptacle ( pa91 transitory1 hav+ atta9$ to ! supreme consummation4 ,vsudeva1 hav+ f\nd 8 vot>y1 be/[s ^u him 8 own mansion1 blissful1 undecay+1 f :5ce !re is no m return4 ,aft] lay+ up all ?is 9 8 he>t1 lean+ ^u ! tea*+ ( ! great ,upani%ad1 & f9d+ ! gloss on ! ,v$nta aphorisms by ! v5]at$ ,bodhyana*rya too prolix1 ,rmnuja compos$ a comm5t>y on ! ,srrakammns 7or ,v$nta !osophy74 ,9 ?is ! s5se ( ! fir/ aphorism1 ,!n h5ce ! absolute mu/ be desir$ to be kn[n1 is giv5 z foll[s3--,! ^w !n 9 ?is aphorism means1 aft] und]/&+ ! hi!rto-curr5t sacr$ rites4 ,?us ! glossator writes3 ,aft] le>n+ ! sacr$ rites1 he desires to "k ! absolute4 ,! ^w h5ce /ates ! reason1 viz41 because "o :o has read ! ,v$a & its app5dages & und]/&s its mean+ is av]se f sacr$ rites1 _! recomp5se be+ p]i%able4 ,! wi% to "k ! absolute spr+s up 9 "o :o longs = p]man5t lib]ation1 z be+ ! means ( su* lib]ation4 ,by ! ^w absolute is designat$ ! ,supreme ,_s1 f :om are ess5tially exclud$ all imp]fections1 :o is ( illimitable excell5ce1 & ( innum]able auspici\s attributes4 ,s9ce !n ! k ( sacr$ rites & ! p]=mance ( ^? rites is m$iately ?r\gh eng5d]+ dispassionat5ess1 & ?r\gh putt+ away ! defilem5t ( ! und]/&+1 an in/rum5t ( ! k ( ! absolute2 & k ( sacr$ rites & k ( ! absolute be+ consequ5tly cause & effect1 ! =m] & ! latt] ,mmns con/itute "o sy/em ( in/itutes4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! glossator has describ$ ?is sy/em z "o ) ! sixte5fold sy/em ( ,jaim9i4 ,t ! fruit ( sacr$ rites is p]i%able1 & t ( ! k ( ! absolute imp]i%able1 has be5 laid d[n 9 virtue ( ,v$ic texts1 su* z3 ,scann+ ! sph]es ga9$ by rites1 let him become passionless2 ,n wr\ght by ! rite p]=m$1 accompani$ ) inf]5ce & disjunctive reason+4 ,revelation1 by c5sur+ ea* :5 unaccompani$ by ! o!r1 %[s t x is k toge!r ) works t is efficaci\s ( emancipation1 9 ! words3 ,bl9d d>kness !y ent] :o pref] illusion1 & a great] d>kness /ill d !y ent] :o delight 9 k only2 k & illusion1 he :o kn[s ^! bo?1 he pass+ beyond dea? toge!r ) illusion1 ta/es immortality by k4 ,con=mably x is said 9 ! ,pa*>tra-rahasya-- ,t ocean ( compassion1 ! ,"l1 t5d] to 8 vot>ies1 ,= 8 wor%ipp]'s sake takes five embodim5ts ^u him4 ,^! are /yl$ ,adoration1 ,emanation1 ,manife/ation1 ! ,subtile1 ! ,int]nal ,controll]1 ,resort+ :]eto s\ls atta9 to successive /ages ( k4 ,z a man's s9s are worn away by ea* successive wor%ip1 ,he becomes qualifi$ = ! wor%ip ( ea* next embodim5t4 ,?us day by day1 accord+ to religion1 reveal$ & traditional1 ,by ! a=esaid wor%ip ,vsudeva becomes propiti\s to mank9d4 ,h>i1 :5 propitiat$ by devotion 9 ! =m ( m$itation1 ,at once br+s to a close t illusion :i* is ! aggregate ( works4 ,!n 9 s\ls ! ess5tial attributes1 f :i* transmigration has vani%$1 ,are manife/$1 auspici\s1 omnisci5ce1 & ! re/4 ,^! qualities are common to ! emancipat$ spirits & ! ,"l1 ,univ]sal effici5cy alone among !m is peculi> to ! ,deity4 ,emancipat$ spirits are ult]ior to ! inf9ite absolute1 :i* is unsusceptible ( aught ult]ior2 ,!y enjoy all beatitudes toge!r ) t ,_s4 ,x is !re=e /at$ t ^? :o suff] ! ?ree k9ds ( pa9 mu/1 = ! atta9m5t ( immortality1 inve/igate ! absolute _s kn[n "u su* appellations z ! ,highe/ ,be+4 ,accord+ to ! maxim3 ,! base & ! suffix convey ! mean+ conjo9tly1 & ( ^! ! mean+ ( ! suffix takes ! lead1 ! notion ( desire is pr$om9ant 79 ! ^w jijsitavya71 & desir$ k is ! pr$icate 79 ! aphorism1 ,!n h5ce ! absolute mu/ be desir$ to be kn[n74 ,k is cognition designat$ by su* t]ms z m$itation1 devotion2 n ! m]ely sup]ficial k d]iv$ f v]bal communication1 su* be+ compet5t to any "o :o he>s a numb] ( words & und]/&s ! =ce ( ea*1 ev5 )\t any pr$ication2 9 con=mity ) su* ,v$ic texts z3 ,self inde$ x is t is to be se51 to be he>d1 to be ?\ght1 to be pond]$2 ,he %\ld m$itate t x is self alone2 ,hav+ kn[n1 let him acquire excell5t wisdom2 ,he %\ld "k t :i* is beyond k4 ,9 ^! texts to be he>d is explanatory1 he>+ be+ und]/ood 7b n en\nc$7 9 ! text ab\t sacr$ /udy 7viz41 %adang5a v$o'dhyeyo jeyas*a1 ! ,v$a1 ) its six app5dages1 is to be /udi$ & kn[n72 s t a man :o has /udi$ ! ,v$a mu/ ( 8 own accord1 9 acquir+ ! ,v$a & its app5dages1 engage 9 he>+1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! s5se by exam9+ x & ! occasion ( its en\ncem5t4 ,! t]m to be ?\ght 7or to be inf]r$7 is also explanatory1 cogitation 7or inf]5ce7 be+ und]/ood z ! complem5t>y mean+ ( he>+1 accord+ to ! aphorism3 ,be=e its signification is atta9$ ! sy/em is significant4 ,m$itation is a rem9isc5ce consi/+ ( an unbrok5 succession ( rem9isc5ces l a /ream ( oil1 x be+ reveal$ 9 ! text1 9 cont9uity ( rem9isc5ce !re is a solution ( all knots1--t x is un9t]mitt5t rem9isc5ce t is ! means ( emancipation4 ,& ?is rem9isc5ce is tantam\nt to intuition4 ,cut is 8 he>t's knot1 solv$ are all 8 d\bts1 ,& exhau/$ are all 8 works1 :5 he has se5 ! ,highe/ & ,l[e/1 because he becomes "o ) t ,supreme4 ,s also 9 ! words1 ,self inde$ is to be se51 x is pr$icat$ ( ?is rem9isc5ce t x is an intuition4 ,rem9isc5ce becomes intuitional ?r\gh ! vivacity ( ! repres5tations4 ,! au?or ( ! ,vkya has treat$ ( all ?is 9 detail 9 ! passage beg9n+ ,cognition is m$itation4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is m$itation are laid out 9 ! text3 ,?is s\l is n atta9able by exposition1 nor by wisdom1 nor by mu* le>n+2 ,:om ,god *ooses by him ,god may be atta9$4 ,to him ?is self unfolds its own nature4 ,= x is t :i* is de>e/ :i* is *oice-wor?y1 & z ! s\l f9ds itself mo/ de>1 s ! ,"l is ( ,himself mo/ de>1 z 0 decl>$ by ! ,"l ,himself-- ,to !m always devot$1 :o wor%ip me ) love1 ,i give ! devotion ( und]/&+ :]eby !y come to me4 ,& aga9-- ,t ,supreme ,_s1 ,arjuna1 is atta9able by fai? unwav]+4 ,b devotion 7or fai?7 is a k9d ( cognition :i* admits no o!r motive ?an ! illimitable beatitude1 & is free f all o!r desires2 & ! atta9m5t ( ?is devotion is by discrim9ation & o!r means4 ,z is said by ! au?or ( ! ,vkya3 ,atta9m5t !re( results f discrim9ation 7viveka71 exemption 7vimoka71 practice 7abhysa71 obs]vance 7kriy71 excell5ce 7kalyna71 fre$om f despond5cy 7anavasda71 satisfaction 7anuddh>%a71 accord+ to ! equival5ce 7( ! def9ition71 & ! explication 7( ^! t]ms74 ,( ^! means1 discrim9ation is purity ( nature1 resultant f eat+ undefil$ food1 & ! explication 7( discrim9ation7 is ,f purity ( diet1 purity ( und]/&+1 & by purity ( und]/&+ ! un9t]mitt5t rem9isc5ce4 ,exemption is non-atta*m5t to s5su\s desires2 ! explication be+1 ,let ! quieti/ m$itate4 ,practice is reit]ation2 & ( ?is a tradition>y explication is quot$ 7f ! ,bhagavad-gt7 by 7,rmnuja7 ! au?or ( ! comm5t>y3 ,= ev] modifi$ by ! modes !re(4 ,obs]vance is ! p]=mance ( rites enjo9$ 9 revelation & tradition accord+ to "o's ability2 ! explication be+ 7! ,v$ic text71 ,he :o has p]=m$ rites is ! be/ ( ^? t "k ! supreme4 ,! excell5ces are v]acity1 integrity1 clem5cy1 *>ity 7alms-giv+71 & ! l2 ! explication be+1 ,x is atta9$ by v]acity4 ,fre$om f despond5cy is ! contr>y ( dejection2 ! explication be+1 ,?is s\l is n atta9$ by ! fa9t-he>t$4 ,satisfaction is ! cont5tm5t :i* arises f ! contr>y ( dejection2 ! explication be+1 ,quiesc5t1 self-subdu$4 ,x has ?us be5 %[n t by ! devotion ( "o 9 :om ! d>kness has be5 dispell$ by ! grace ( ! ,supreme ,_s1 propitiat$ by c]ta9 rites & obs]vances1 :i* devotion is m$itation trans=m$ into a pres5tative manife/ation ( s\l1 )\t ult]ior motive1 z incessantly & illimitably desir$1 ! sph]e ( ! ,supreme ,_s 7,vaikun?a7 is atta9$4 ,?us ,ymuna says3 ,atta9able by ! f9al & absolute devotion ( fai? 9 "o int]nally purifi$ by bo? 7works & k72 t is1 9 "o ^: int]nal organ is rectifi$ by ! devotion ( works & k4 ,9 anticipation ( ! inquiry1 ,b :at absolute is to be desir$ to be kn[n8 ! def9ition is giv5 79 ! second aphorism74 ,f :i* ! g5esis1 & s =?1 ( ?is4 ,! g5esis1 & s =?1 ! creation 7emanation71 su/5tation1 & retractation 7( ! univ]se74 ,! purport ( ! aphorism is t ! emanation1 su/5tation1 & retractation ( ?is univ]se1 inconceivably multi=m 9 its /ructure1 & int]sp]s$ ) s\ls1 f ,brahm to a tuft ( grass1 ( det]m9ate place1 "t1 & fruition1 is f ?is same univ]sal ,"l1 ^: ess5ce is contr>y to all qualities :i* %\ld be escap$ f1 ( illimitable excell5ces1 su* z indefeasible volition1 & ( innum]able auspici\s attributes1 omnisci5t1 & omnipot5t4 ,9 anticipation ( ! fur!r inquiry1 ,:at pro( is !re ( an absolute ( ?is nature8 ,x is /at$ t ! sy/em ( in/itutes itself is ! evid5ce 79 ! ?ird aphorism73 ,because x has its s\rce f ! sy/em4 ,to h its s\rce f ! sy/em is to be t :]e( ! cause or evid5ce is ! sy/em4 ,! sy/em1 !n1 is ! s\rce 7or evid5ce7 ( ! absolute1 z be+ ! cause ( kn[+ ! self1 :i* is ! cause ( kn[+ ! absolute4 ,nor is ! suspicion possible t ! absolute may be rea*$ by "s o!r =m ( evid5ce4 ,= p]ception c h no conv]sancy ab\t ! absolute s9ce x is sup]s5sible4 ,nor c inf]5ce1 = ! illation1 ! ocean1 & ! re/1 mu/ h a mak]1 because x is an effect l a wat]-pot1 is wor? ab\t z mu* z a rott5 pumpk94 ,x is ev9c$ t x is su* texts z1 ,:5ce also ^! elem5ts1 t prove ! exi/5ce ( ! absolute ?us describ$4 ,?\gh ! absolute 7x may be object$7 be unsusceptible ( any o!r k9d ( pro(1 ! sy/em1 did x n ref] to activity & cessation ( activity1 c\ld n posit ! absolute a=esaid4 ,to avoid by anticipation any qu]ies on ?is po9t1 x is /at$ 79 ! f\r? aphorism73 ,b t is f ! con/ruction4 ,?is is int5d$ to exclude ! d\bt anticipat$4 ,! evid5ce1 !n1 ( ! sy/em is ! only evid5ce t c be giv5 ( ! absolute4 ,:y8 ,because ( ! con/ruction1 t is because ! absolute1 t is1 ! highe/ end = man1 is con/ru$ z ! subject 7( ! fir/ aphorism1 viz41 ,!n !nce ! absolute is to be desir$ to be kn[n74 ,moreov]1 a s5t5ce :i* has no?+ to d ei!r ) activity or ) cessation ( activity is n !re=e void ( purpose1 = we obs]ve t s5t5ces m]ely decl>atory ( ! nature ( ?+s1 su* z1 ,a son is born to y1 ,?is is n a snake1 convey a purpose1 viz41 ! cessation ( joy or ( fe>4 ,?us !re is no?+ unacc\nt$ =4 ,we h "h giv5 only a g5]al indication4 ,! details may be le>nt f ! orig9al 7viz41 ,rmnuja's ,bh%ya on ! ,v$nta aphorisms72 we !re=e decl9e a fur!r treatm5t1 appreh5sive ( prolixity2 & ?us all is cle>4#aaj ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajg3 ,cf4 ,! argum5t 9 def5ce ( ! ,maxim ( ,contradiction is t x is a po/ulate employ$ 9 all ! p>ticul> /atem5ts z to matt]s ( daily exp]i5ce t a man und]/&s & acts ^u :5 he>d f 8 neighb\rs2 a po/ulate su* t1 if y d5y x1 no spee* is ei!r significant or tru/wor?y to in=m & guide ^? :o he> x4 ,y may cite innum]able examples bo? ( spee* & action 9 ! detail ( life1 :i* ! ,h]akleitean mu/ g ?r\gh l o!r p]sons1 & :51 if he proce$$ ^u 8 own !ory1 he c\ld nei!r give nor receive in=mation by spee*1 nor gr\nd any action ^u ! beliefs :i* he decl>es to co-exi/ 9 8 own m9d4 ,accord+ly ! ,h]akleitean ,kratylus 7s ,ari/otle says7 r5\nc$ ! use ( affirmative spee*1 & simply po9t$ ) 8 f+]4--,grote's ,ari/otle1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #big1 #bih4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,cf4 ! dictum ( ,h]akleitus3 ,mak+ worlds is ,zeus's pa/ime2 & t ( ,plato 7,laws1 ,book vii4 p4 #hjc73 ,man is made to be ! play?+ ( ,god4 ,footnote #aji3 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4--,pope4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,= fur!r details respect+ ,rmnuja & 8 sy/em1 see ,wilson's ,works1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cd-df2 & ,ban]jea's ,dialogues1 ix4 ,! ,tattva-muktval 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,p&it = ,septemb] #ahga2 b ! l9es quot$ 9 p4 #gc are n f\nd !re4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,purna-,,prajna4 n&a-tr?a 7,prna-praja1 or ,madhva7 reject$ ?is same ,rmnuja sy/em1 because1 ?\gh l 8 own views1 x tea*es ! atomic size ( ! s\l1 ! s]vitude ( ! s\l1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v$a )\t any p]sonal au?or1 ! au!nticity ( ! ,v$a1 ! self-evid5ce ( ! in/rum5ts ( k1 ! triad ( evid5ces1 dep5d5cy ^u ! ,pa*a-rtra1 ! reality ( plurality 9 ! univ]se1 & s =?1--yet1 9 accept+ ?ree hypo!ses z to reciprocally contradictory divisions1 c41 x co9cides ) ! t5ets ( ! ,ja9as4 ,%[+ t ,he is s\l1 ,t art ?\1 & a numb] ( o!r texts ( ! ,upani%ads be> a diff]5t import "u a diff]5t explanation1 he set up a new sy/em "u ! guise ( a new explication ( ! ,brahma-,mmns 7or ,v$nta74 ,= 9 8 doctr9e ultimate pr9ciples are di*otomis$ into indep5d5t & dep5d5t2 z x is /at$ 9 ! ,tattva-viveka3-- ,indep5d5t & dep5d5t1 two pr9ciples are receiv$2 ,! indep5d5t is ,vi%nu ! ,"l1 exempt f imp]fections1 & ( inexhau/ible excell5ces4 ,"h x w be urg$ 7by ! ,advaita-vd9s73 ,:y pr$icate ( ! absolute ^! inexhau/ible excell5ces 9 ! tee? ( ! ,upani%ads1 :i* lay d[n t ! absolute pr9ciple is void ( homog5eity & het]og5eity1 & ( all plurality 9 itself8 ,to ?is be x repli$3 ,n s1 = ^! texts ( ! ,upani%ads1 z contradictory ( _m pro(s positive ( duality1 _c af=d pro( ( univ]sal unity2 p]ception1 = example1 9 ! consci\sness1 ,?is is diff]5t f t1 pron\nces a diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s1 blue & yell[1 & s =?4 ,! oppon5t w rejo93 ,d y hold t p]ception is cognisant ( a p]ceptional diff]5ce1 or ( a diff]5ce con/itut$ by ! ?+ & its opposite8 ,! =m] alt]native w n hold3 = )\t a cognition ( ! ?+ & its opposite1 ! recognition ( ! diff]5ce1 :i* presupposes su* a cognition1 w be impossible4 ,on ! latt] alt]native x mu/ be ask$1 ,is ! appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce prec$$ by an appreh5sion ( ! ?+ & its contr>y1 or are all ! ?ree 7! ?+1 its contr>y1 & ! contr>iety7 simultane\sly appreh5d$8 ,x _c be ?us prec$$1 = ! op]ation ( ! intellect is )\t delay 7or )\t successive /eps71 & !re w\ld also result a logical seesaw 7appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce presuppos+ appreh5sion ( ! ?+ & its contr>y1 & appreh5sion ( ! ?+ & its contr>y presuppos+ appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce74 ,nor c !re be a simultane\s appreh5sion 7( ! ?+1 its contr>y1 & ! diff]5ce72 = cognitions relat$ z cause & effect _c be simultane\s1 & ! cognition ( ! ?+ is ! cause ( ! recognition ( ! diff]5ce2 ! causal relation betwe5 ! two be+ recognis$ by a concomitance & non-concomitance 7mutual exclusion71 ! diff]5ce n be+ cognis$ ev5 :5 ! ?+ is pres5t1 )\t a cognition ( its abs5t contr>y4 ,! p]ception ( diff]5ce1 !re=e 7! oppon5t concludes71 is n easily admissible4 ,to ?is let ! reply be z foll[s3--,are ^! objections proclaim$ aga9/ "o :o ma9ta9s a diff]5ce id5tical ) ! ?+s !mselves1 or aga9/ "o :o ma9ta9s a diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s z ! subjects ( attributes8 ,9 ! =m] case1 y w be1 z ! say+ runs1 puni%+ a respectable ,brhman = ! (f5ce ( a ?ief1 ! objections y adduce be+ irrelevant4 ,if x be urg$ t if x is ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ t is ! diff]5ce1 !n x w no long] require a contr>y c\nt]p>t2 b if diff]5ce presuppose a contr>y c\nt]p>t1 x w exi/ ev]y:]e2 ?is /atem5t mu/ be disall[$1 = :ile ! ess5ce ( a ?+ is fir/ kn[n z diff]5t f ev]y?+ else1 ! det]m9ate usage 7"n & notion7 may be %[n to dep5d ^u a contr>y c\nt]p>t2 = example1 ! ess5ce ( a ?+ s f> z con/itut$ by its dim5sions is fir/ cognis$1 & aft]w>ds x becomes ! object ( "s det]m9ate judgm5t1 z long or %ort 9 relation to "s p>ticul> c\nt]p>t 7or contra/$ object74 ,accord+ly1 x is said 9 ! ,vi%nu-tattva-nirnaya3 ,diff]5ce is n prov$ to exi/ by ! relation ( det]m9ant & det]m9ate2 = ?is relation ( det]m9ant & det]m9ate 7or pr$icate & subject7 presupposes diff]5ce2 & if diff]5ce 7 prov$ to dep5d ^u ! ?+ & its c\nt]p>t1 & ! ?+ & its c\nt]p>t to presuppose diff]5ce1 diff]5ce z involv+ a logical circle c\ld n be acc\nt$ =2 b diff]5ce is itself a real pr$icam5t 7or ultimate entity74 ,= ?is reason 7viz41 because diff]5ce is a ?+7 x is t m5 9 que/ ( a c[ d n act 7z if !y _h f\nd h]7 :5 !y see a gayal1 & d n recall ! ^w c[4 ,nor let x be object$ t 7if diff]5ce be a real entity & z su* p]ceiv$7 on see+ a mixture ( milk & wat]1 !re w\ld be a pres5tation ( diff]5ce2 = ! abs5ce ( any manife/ation (1 & judgm5t ab\t1 ! diff]5ce1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! =ce ( 7! same7 ob/ructives 7z h9d] ! p]ception ( o!r ?+s71 viz41 aggregation ( simil>s & ! re/4 ,?us x has be5 said 79 ! ,snkhya-krik1 v4 vii47-- ,f too great remot5ess1 f too great ne>ness1 f defect 9 ! organs1 f in/ability ( ! common s5sory1 ,f subtilty1 f int]position1 f be+ ov]p[]$1 & f aggregation ( simil>s4 ,!re is no p]ception respectively ( a tree & ! l on ! peak ( a m\nta91 because ( its too great remot5ess2 ( collyrium appli$ to ! eyes1 & s =?1 because ( too great proximity2 ( lightn+ & ! l1 because ( a defect 9 ! organs2 ( a j> or ! l 9 broad daylight1 by "o ^: common s5sory is bewild]$ by lu/ & o!r passions1 because ( in/ability ( ! common s5sory2 ( an atom & ! l1 because ( _! subtility2 ( ?+s beh9d a wall1 & s =?1 because ( int]position2 ( ! light ( a lamp & ! l1 9 ! day-"t1 because ( its be+ ov]p[]$2 ( milk & wat]1 because ( ! aggregation ( simil>s4 ,or let ! hypo!sis ( diff]5ce 9 qualities be grant$1 & no h>m is done2 = giv5 ! appreh5sion ( a subject ( attributes & ( its contr>y1 ! pres5tation ( diff]5ce 9 _! modes is possible4 ,nor let x be suppos$ t on ! hypo!sis ( diff]5ce 9 ! modes ( ?+s1 z ea* diff]5ce mu/ be diff]5t f "s ult]ior diff]5ce1 !re w result an emb>rass+ progression to inf9ity1 !re be+ no occasion = ! occurr5ce ( ! said ult]ior diff]5ce1 inasmu* z we d n obs]ve t m5 ?9k & say t two ?+s are diff]5t z diff]5c$ f ! diff]5t4 ,nor c an ult]ior diff]5ce be inf]r$ f ! fir/ diff]5ce1 = !re be+ no diff]5ce to s]ve z ! example 9 su* inf]5ce1 !re _c b be a non-occurr5ce ( inf]5ce4 ,& ?us x mu/ be all[$ t 9 rais+ ! objection y h begg$ = a little oil-cake1 & h _h to give u gallons ( oil4 ,if !re be no diff]5ce = ! example ! inf]5ce _c em]ge4 ,! bride is n m>ri$ = ! de/ruction ( ! bridegroom4 ,!re be+1 !n1 no fundam5tal difficulty1 ?is inf9ite progression pres5ts no tr\ble4 ,diff]5ce 7duality7 is also asc]ta9$ by inf]5ce4 ,?us ! ,supreme ,"l diff]s f ! individual s\l z ! object ( its ob$i5ce2 & he :o is to be obey$ by any p]son diff]s f t p]son1 a k+1 = in/ance1 f 8 att5dant4 ,= m51 desir+ z !y d ! end ( man1 ,let me h pleasure1 let me n h ! slighte/ pa91 if !y covet ! position ( _! "l1 d n become objects ( 8 fav\r1 nay1 r1 !y become recipi5ts ( all k9ds ( evil4 ,he :o ass]ts 8 own inf]iority & ! excell5ce ( 8 sup]ior1 he x is :o is to be comm5d$2 & ! gratifi$ sup]ior grants 8 eulogi/ 8 desire4 ,!re=e x has be5 said3-- ,k+s de/roy ^? :o ass]t !mselves to be k+s1 ,& grant to ^? :o proclaim _! k+ly pre-em95ce all t !y desire4 ,?us ! /atem5t ( ^? 7,advaita-vd9s7 9 _! ?ir/ to be "o ) ! ,supreme ,"l1 t ! supreme excell5ce ( ,vi%nu is l a mirage1 is z if !y 7 to cut (f _! tongues 9 try+ to get a f9e planta91 s9ce x results t ?r\gh (f5d+ ?is supreme ,vi%nu !y mu/ ent] into ! hell ( bl9d d>kness 7&ha-tamasa74 ,! same ?+ is laid d[n by ,madhya-m&ira 9 ! ,mahbhrata-ttp>ya-nirnaya3-- ,o ,daityas1 enemies ( ! et]nal1 ,vi%nu's ang] is wax$ great2 ,he hurls ! ,daityas into ! bl9d d>kness1 because !y decide bl9dly4 ,?is s]vice 7or ob$i5ce ( :i* we h spok57 is tri*otomis$ into 7#a47 /igmatisation1 7#b47 imposition ( names1 7#c47 wor%ip4 ,( ^!1 7#a47 /igmatisation is 7! br&+ ^u oneself7 ( ! weapons ( ,nryana 7or ,vi%nu7 z a memorial ( him1 & z a means ( atta9+ ! end :i* is ne$ful 7emancipation74 ,?us ! sequel ( ! ,skalya-samhit3-- ,! man :o be>s br&$ 9 him ! discus ( ! immortal ,vi%nu1 :i* is ! might ( ! gods1 ,he1 %ak+ (f 8 guilt1 goes to ! heav5 7,vaikun?a7 :i* ascetics1 ^: desires are pass$ away1 ent] into3 ,! discus ,sud>sana by :i*1 uplift$ 9 8 arm1 ! gods ent]$ t heav52 ,m>k$ :]e) ! ,manus project$ ! emanation ( ! _w1 t weapon ,brhmans we> 7/amp$ ^u !m72 ,/igmatis$ :]e) !y g to ! supreme sph]e ( ,vi%nu2 ,m>k$ ) ! /igmas ( ! wide-/rid+ 7,vi%nu71 let u become beatifi$4 ,aga91 ! ,taittiryaka ,upani%ad says3 ,he ^: body is n br&$1 is raw1 & ta/es x n3 vot>ies be>+ x atta9 !reto4 ,! p>ticul> p>ts to be br&$ are specifi$ 9 ! gneya-purna3-- ,on 8 "r h& let ! ,brhman we> ,sud>sana1 ,on 8 left ! con*-%ell3 ?us h ^? :o "k ! ,v$a decl>$4 ,9 ano!r passage is giv5 ! invocation to be recit$ on be+ br&$ ) ! discus3-- ,sud>sana1 brightly blaz+1 effulg5t z t5 million suns1 ,%[ unto me1 bl9d ) ignorance1 ! ev]la/+ way ( ,vi%nu4 ,?\ a=etime sprange/ f ! sea1 br&i%$ 9 ! h& ( ,vi%nu1 ,ador$ by all ! gods2 ,o ,pn*ajanya1 to !e be adoration4 7#b47 ,imposition ( names is ! appellation ( sons & o!rs by su* names z ,kesava1 z a cont9ual memorial ( ! "n ( ! ,supreme ,"l4 7#c47 ,wor%ip is ( t5 k9ds1 viz41 ) ! voice1 7#a47 v]acity1 7#b47 usefulness1 7#c47 k9dl9ess1 7#d47 sacr$ /udy2 ) ! body1 7#e47 alms-giv+1 7#f47 def5ce1 7#g47 protection2 ) ! common s5sory1 7#h47 m]cy1 7#i47 long+1 & 7#aj47 fai?4 ,wor%ip is ! d$ication to ,nryana ( ea* ( ^! z x is realis$4 ,?us x has be5 said3-- ,/igmatisation1 imposition ( names1 wor%ip2 ! la/ is ( t5 k9ds4 ,diff]5ce 7or duality betwe5 ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! univ]se7 may also be inf]r$ f cognisability & o!r m>ks4 ,s also diff]5ce 7or duality7 may be und]/ood f revelation1 f texts sett+ out duality 9 emancipation & beatitude1 su* z3 ,all rejoice ov] tru? atta9$2 tru?ful1 & celebrat+ ! gift ( ! div9e ,indra1 !y rec\nt 8 glory2 ,s>va1 among ^? t "k ! tru?1 ,o ,brhman1 is 9 ! univ]se1 true _s2 true is individual _s2 tru? is duality1 tru? is duality1 9 me is illusion1 9 me illusion1 9 me illusion4 ,aga93-- ,aft] atta9+ ?is k1 becom+ l unto me1 ,9 creation !y are n born aga91 9 retractation !y p]i% n 7,bhagavad-gt1 xiv4 #b74 ,accord+ also to su* aphorisms z1 ,except+ cosmical op]ation because ( occasion1 & because ( non-proximity4 ,nor %\ld sugge/ion be made t individual _s is ,god 9 virtue ( ! text1 ,he t kn[s ! absolute becomes ! absolute2 = ?is text is hyp]bolically eulogi/ic1 l ! text1 ,wor%ipp+ a ,brhman dev\tly a ,sdra becomes a ,brhman1 i4e41 becomes exalt$4 ,if any "o urge t accord+ to ! text3-- ,if ! univ]se exi/$ x w\ld d\btless come to an end1 ?is duality is m]ely illusory1 & 9 reality a unity1 & t duality is le>nt to be illusorily imag9$2 x may be repli$3 ,:at y say is true1 b y d n und]/& its mean+2 = ! real mean+ is1 ,if ?is _w _h be5 produc$1 x w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 come to an end2 !re=e ?is univ]se is f ev]la/+1 a fivefold dual univ]se2 & x is n non-exi/5t1 because x is m]e illusion4 ,illusion is def9$ to be ! w ( ! ,"l1 9 virtue ( ! te/imony ( _m su* passages z3-- ,! great illusion1 ignorance1 necessity1 ! bewild]m5t1 ,! orig9ant1 ideation1--?us is ?y w call$1 ,o ,inf9ite4 ,! orig9ant1 because x orig9ates greatly2 ideation1 because x produces ideas2 ,! illusion ( ,h>i1 :o is call$ a1 is t]m$ 7avidy7 ignorance3 ,/yl$ 7my7 illusion1 because x is pre-em95t1 = ! "n my is us$ ( ! pre-em95t2 ,! excell5t k ( ,vi%nu is call$1 ?\gh "o only1 by ^! names2 ,= ,h>i is excell5t k1 & ?is is *>act]is$ by spontane\s beatitude4 ,t 9 :i* ?is excell5t k produces k & effects su/5tation !re(1 t is pure illusion1 z kn[n & su/a9$1 !re=e by ! ,supreme ,"l duality is n illusorily imag9$4 ,= 9 ! ,"l illusory imag9ation ( ! univ]se is n possible1 illusory imag9ation aris+ f non-p]ception ( diff]5ces 7:i* z an imp]fection is inconsi/5t ) ! div9e nature74 ,if x be ask$ h[ !n t 7illusory duality7 is pr$icat$1 ! answ] is t 9 reality !re is a non-duality1 t is 9 reality1 ,vi%nu be+ bett] ?an all else1 has no equal & no sup]ior4 ,accord+ly1 ! gr& revelation3-- ,a diff]5ce betwe5 s\l & ! ,"l1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! uns5ti5t & ! ,"l1 ,a diff]5ce among s\ls1 & a diff]5ce ( ! uns5ti5t & ! s\l ea* f ! o!r4 ,also ! diff]5ce ( uns5ti5t ?+s f "o ano!r1 ! _w ) its five divisions4 ,?is same is real & f all et]nity2 if x _h _h a beg9n+ x w\ld h an end3 ,:]eas x does n come to an end2 & x is n illusorily imag9$3 ,= if x 7 imag9$ x w\ld cease1 b x nev] ceases4 ,t !re is no duality is !re=e ! doctr9e ( ^? t lack k2 ,= ?is ! doctr9e ( ^? t h k is kn[n & su/a9$ by ,vi%nu4 ,! purpose1 !n1 ( all revelations is to set out ! supreme excell5ce ( ,vi%nu4 ,) ?is 9 view ! ,"l decl>$3-- ,two are ^! p]sons 9 ! univ]se1 ! p]i%able & ! imp]i%able2 ,! p]i%able is all ! elem5ts1 ! imp]i%able is ! unmodifi$4 ,! o!r1 ! mo/ excell5t p]son1 call$ ! ,supreme ,_s1 ,is ! undecay+ ,"l1 :o p]vad+ su/a9s ! ?ree worlds4 ,s9ce transc5d+ ! p]i%able1 ,i am m excell5t ?an ! imp]i%able 7s\l71 ,h5ce ,i am celebrat$ among m5 & 9 ! ,v$a z ! be/ ( p]sons 7,puru%ottama72 ,he :o un9fatuat$ kn[s me ?us ! be/ ( p]sons1 he all-kn[+ wor%ips me 9 e wise4 ,?us ?is mo/ my/]i\s in/itute is decl>$1 blameless 7,arjuna73 ,kn[+ ?is a man may be wise1 & may h done :at he has to d1 ,o ,bhrata 7,bhagavad-gt1 xv4 #af-bj74 ,s 9 ! ,mah-v>ha-- ,! prim>y purport ( all ! ,v$as relates to ! supreme sp\se ( ,sri2 ,its purport reg>d+ ! excell5ce ( any o!r deity mu/ be subord9ate4 ,x is reasonable t ! prim>y purport %\ld reg>d ! supreme excell5ce ( ,vi%nu4 ,= emancipation is ! highe/ end ( all m51 accord+ to ! text ( ! ,bhllaveya ,upani%ad3 ,:ile m]it1 weal?1 & enjoym5t are transitory1 emancipation is et]nal2 !re=e a wise man %\ld /rive unceas+ly to atta9 !reto4 ,& emancipation is n won )\t ! grace ( ,vi%nu1 accord+ to ! text ( ! ,nryana ,upani%ad3 ,?r\gh ^: grace is ! highe/ /ate1 ?r\gh ^: ess5ce he is lib]at$ f transmigration1 :ile inf]ior m5 propitiat+ ! div9ities are n emancipat$2 ! supreme object ( disc]nm5t to ^? :o desire to be lib]at$ f ?is sn>e ( works4 ,accord+ also to ! words ( ! ,vi%nu-purna-- ,if he be propitiat$1 :at may n "h be won8 ,en\gh ( all weal? & enjoym5ts4 ,^! are scanty en\gh4 ,on climb+ ! tree ( ! supreme ess5ce1 )\t d\bt a man atta9s to ! fruit ( emancipation4 ,& x is decl>$ t ! grace ( ,vi%nu is won only ?r\gh ! k ( 8 excell5ce1 n ?r\gh ! k ( non-duality4 ,nor is !re 9 ?is doctr9e any confliction ) texts decl>atory ( ! id5tity 7( p]sonal & imp]sonal _s7 su* z1 ,t art ?\ 7= ?is pret5d$ id5tity7 is m]e babbl+ f ignorance ( ! real purport4 ,! ^w ,t1 :5 undet]m9$1 designates ! et]nally unkn[n1 ,! ^w ,?\ designates a kn[able entity2 h[ c ^! be "o8 ,& ?is text 7,t art ?\7 indicates simil>ity 7n id5tity7 l ! text1 ,! sun is ! sacrificial po/4 ,?us ! gr& revelation3-- ,! ultimate unity ( ! individual s\l is ei!r simil>ity ( cognition1 ,or entrance into ! same place1 or 9 relation to ! place ( ! individual2 ,n ess5tial unity1 = ev5 :5 x is emancipat$ x is diff]5t1 ,! diff]5ce be+ indep5d5ce & complet5ess 79 ! ,supreme ,_s71 & smallness & dep5d5ce 79 ! individual _s74 ,or to propose ano!r explanation ( ! text1 tm tat tvam asi1 ,t art ?\1 x may be divid$1 tm tat tvam asi4 ,he alone is s\l z possess+ indep5d5ce & o!r attributes1 & ?\ art n-t 7atat7 z want+ ^? attributes2 & ?us ! doctr9e ( unity is utt]ly expell$4 ,?us x has be5 said3-- ,or ! division may be ,atat tvam1 & ?us unity w be well got rid (4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 to ! ,tattva-vda-rahasya1 ! words 9 ! n9e examples 79 ! ,*hndogya ,upani%ad71 ,he l a bird ti$ ) a /r+1 c41 tea* unity ) ! view ( giv+ an example ( non-duality4 ,accord+ly ! ,mahopani%ad3-- ,l a bird & ! /r+2 l ! juices ( v>i\s trees2 ,l riv]s & ! sea2 l fre% & salt wat]2 ,l a robb] & ! robb$2 l a man & 8 en]gy2 ,s are s\l & ! ,"l div]se1 = ev] diff]5t4 ,nev]!less f subtilty 7or imp]ceptibility7 ( =m1 ! supreme ,h>i ,is n se5 by ! dim-sight$ to be o!r ?an ! individual _s1 ?\gh he is its actuator2 ,on kn[+ _! div]sity a man is emancipat$3 o!rwise he is b\nd4 ,& aga9-- ,brahm1 ,siva1 & ! greate/ ( ! gods decay ) ! decay ( _! bodies2 ,great] ?an ^! is ,h>i1 undecay+1 because 8 body is = ! su/5tation ( ,lak%m4 ,by reason ( all 8 attributes1 indep5d5ce1 p[]1 k1 pleasure1 & ! re/1 ,all !y1 all ! deities1 are 9 unlimit$ ob$i5ce to him4 ,& aga93-- ,kn[+ ,vi%nu1 full ( all excell5ces1 ! s\l1 exempt$ f transmigration1 ,rejoices 9 8 pres5ce = ev]1 enjoy+ pa9less bliss4 ,vi%nu is ! refuge ( lib]at$ s\ls1 & _! supreme rul]4 ,ob$i5t to him are !y = ev]2 he is ! ,"l4 ,t by k ( "o ?+ !re is k ( all ?+s may be ev9c$ f its supremacy & causality1 n f ! falsity ( all ?+s4 ,= k ( ! false _c be br\ght ab\t by k ( real exi/5ce4 ,z we see ! curr5t assurance & expression t by kn[+ or n kn[+ its *ief m5 a village is kn[n or n kn[n2 & z :5 ! fa!r ! cause is kn[n1 a man kn[s ! son2 7s by kn[+ ! supreme & ! cause1 ! inf]ior & ! effect is kn[n74 ,o!rwise 7on ! doctr9e ( ! ,advaita-vd9s t ! _w is false & illusory7 ! words "o & lump 9 ! text1 ,by "o lump ( clay1 fair sir1 all t is made ( clay is recognis$1 w\ld be us$ to no purpose1 = ! text mu/ be complet$ by supply+ ! words1 ,by reason ( clay recognis$4 ,= ! text1 ,utt]ance ) ! voice1 modification1 "n1 clay 7or o!r det]m9ate object71--^! alone are real1 _c be assum$ to imp>t ! falsity ( ?+s made2 ! reality ( ^! be+ admitt$1 = :at is meant is1 t ( :i* utt]ance ) ! voice is a modification1 is unmodifi$1 et]nal2 & a "n su* z clay1 su* spee* is true4 ,o!rwise x w\ld result t ! words "n & alone w\ld be otiose4 ,!re is no pro( any:]e1 !n1 t ! _w is unreal4 ,besides 7we w\ld ask7 is ! /atem5t t ! _w is false itself true or false4 ,if ! /atem5t is true1 !re is a violation ( a real non-duality4 ,if ! /atem5t is untrue1 x foll[s t ! _w is true4 ,p]haps x may be object$ t ?is dilemma is a k9d ( fallaci\s reason+1 l ! dilemma3 ,is transitor9ess p]man5t or transitory8 ,!re is a difficulty 9 ei!r case4 ,z x is said by ! au?or ( ! ,nyya-nirvna3 ,! pro( ( ! p]man5ce ( ! transitory1 z be+ bo? p]man5t & transitory1 is a p>alogism4 ,& 9 ! ,trkika-rak%-- ,:5 a mode _c be ev9c$ to be ei!r su* & su*1 or n su* & su*1 ,! d5ial ( a subject *>act]is$ by su* a mode is call$ ,nitya-sama4 ,) ! impli$ m5tion ( ?is same te*nical expression x is /at$ 9 ! ,prabodha-siddhi3 ,equality ( *>act]i/ic modes results f significancy4 ,if x be said1 ,?is !n is a valid rejo9d]1 we reply1 ,?is is a m]e sc>+ ( ! un9/ruct$1 = ! s\rce ( fallacy has n be5 po9t$ out4 ,?is is tw(old1 g5]al & p>ticul>3 ( ^!1 ! =m] is self-de/ructive1 & ! latt] is ( ?ree k9ds1 defect ( a requisite elem5t1 excess ( an elem5t n requisite1 & resid5ce 9 t :i* is n ! subjicible subject4 ,( ^! 7two =ms ( ! fallacy71 ! g5]al =m is n suspect$1 no self-p]vasion be+ obs]v$ 9 ! dilemma 9 "q 7viz41 ,is ! /atem5t t ! _w is unreal itself true or false8 c47 ,s likewise ! p>ticul>2 = if a wat]-j> be said to be non-exi/5t1 ! affirmation ( its non-exi/5ce is equally applicable to ! wat]-j> z t ( its exi/5ce4 ,if y reply3 ,we accept ! unreality 7or falsity7 ( ! _w1 n its non-exi/5ce2 ?is reply is ab\t z wise z ! proc$ure ( ! c>t] :o w lose 8 head r ?an pay a hundr$ pieces ( money1 b w at once give five score2 = falsity & non-exi/5ce are synonym\s4 ,we dismiss fur!r prolixity4 ,! mean+ ( ! fir/ aphorism1 viz41 ,!n h5ce ! absolute is to be desir$ to be kn[n1 is z foll[s3--,! ^w !n is all[$ to purport auspici\sness1 & to designate subsequ5cy to ! qualification 7( ! aspirant74 ,! ^w h5ce indicates a reason4 ,accord+ly x is /at$ 9 ! ,gruda-purna3-- ,all ! aphorisms beg9 ) ! words ,!n & ,h5ce regul>ly2 :at !n is ! reason ( ?is8 ,& :at is ! s5se ( ^? words1 ,o sage8 ,:y are ^? ! mo/ excell5t8 ,tell me ?is1 ,brahm1 t ,i may "k x truly4 ,?us address$ by ,nrada1 ! mo/ excell5t ,brahm repli$3-- ,! ^w ,!n is us$ ( subsequ5cy & ( compet5cy1 & 9 an auspici\s s5se1 ,& ! ^w ,!nce is employ$ to indicate ! reason4 ,x is laid d[n t we mu/ in/itute inquiries ab\t ! absolute1 because emancipation is n atta9$ )\t ! grace ( ,nryana1 & 8 grace is n atta9$ )\t k4 ,! absolute1 ab\t :i* ! inquiry is to be in/itut$1 is describ$ 9 ! words 7( ! second aphorism73 ,f :i* ! g5esis1 & s =?1 ( ?is4 ,! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is t ! absolute is t f :i* result emanation1 su/5tation1 & retractation2 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,sk&a-purna-- ,he is ,h>i ! sole rul]1 ! _s f :om are emanation1 su/5tation1 retractation1 necessity1 k1 involution 79 illusion71 & bondage & lib]ation2 & accord+ to su* ,v$ic texts1 ,f :i* are ^!4 ,! evid5ce adducible = ?is is describ$ 79 ! ?ird aphorism73 ,because x has its s\rce f ! sy/em4 ,t ! absolute %\ld be rea*$ by way ( inf]5ce is reject$ by su* texts z1 ,he t kn[s n ! ,v$a cogitates n t mighty "o2 ,him describ$ 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,inf]5ce1 moreov]1 is n by itself au?oritative1 z is said 9 ! ,kaurma-purna-- ,inf]5ce1 unaccompani$ by revelation1 9 no case ,c def9itely prove a matt]1 nor c any o!r =m ( evid5ce2 ,:atsoev] o!r =m ( evid5ce1 companion$ by revelation & tradition1 ,acquires ! rank ( probation1 ab\t ?is !re c be no hesitation4 ,:at a ,s/ra 7or sy/em ( sacr$ in/itutes7 is1 has be5 /at$ 9 ! ,sk&a-purna3-- ,! ,rig-v$a1 ! ,yajur-v$a1 ! ,sma-v$a1 ! ,a?>va-v$a1 ! ,mahbhrata1 ! ,pa*a-rtra1 & ! orig9al ,rmyana1 are call$ ,s/ras4 ,t also :i* is con=mable to ^! is call$ ,s/ra4 ,any aggregate ( composition o!r ?an ?is is a het]odoxy4 ,accord+1 !n1 to ! rule t ! s5se ( ! sacr$ in/itutes is n to be tak5 f o!r s\rces ?an ^!1 ! ,moni/ view1 viz41 t ! purport ( ! texts ( ! ,v$a relates n to ! duality le>nt f ^? b to non-duality1 is reject$3 = z !re is no pro( ( a ,god f inf]5ce1 s !re is no pro( ( ! duality betwe5 ,god & o!r ?+s f inf]5ce4 ,!re=e !re c be 9 ^! texts no m]e explanation ( su* duality1 & ! texts mu/ be und]/ood to indicate ! duality4 ,h5ce x is t x has said3-- ,i ev] laud ,nryana1 ! "o be+ to be kn[n f g5u9e revelation1 :o transc5ds ! p]i%able & ! imp]i%able1 )\t imp]fections1 & ( inexhau/ible excell5ces4 ,x has ?us be5 ev9c$ t ! sacr$ in/itutes are ! evid5ce ( 7! exi/5ce (7 ?is 7ultimate reality1 ,brahman74 7,! f\r? aphorism is73 ,b t is f ! con/ruction4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 ! comm5cem5t & o!r elem5ts are /at$ to be ! m>ks ( ! con/ruction1 9 ! ,brihat-samhit3-- ,comm5cem5t1 conclusion1 reit]ation1 novelty1 pr(it1 eulogy1 & demon/ration1 are ! m>ks by :i* ! purport is asc]ta9$4 ,x is ?us /at$ t 9 accordance ) ! purport ( ! ,upani%ads ! absolute is to be appreh5d$ only f ! sacr$ in/itutes4 ,we h "h giv5 m]ely a g5]al indication4 ,:at rema9s may be s\ght f ! n&atr?a-bh%ya-vykhyna 7or exposition ( ! ,comm5t>y ( n&a-tr?a74 ,we desi/ = fe> ( giv+ an undue prolixity to our treatise4 ,?is my/]y 0 promulgat$ by ,prna-praja ,madhya-m&ira1 :o e/eem$ himself ! ?ird inc>nation ( ,vyu3-- ,! fir/ 0 ,hanumat1 ! second ,bhma1 ,! ?ird ,prna-praja1 ! work] ( ! "w ( ! ,"l4 ,aft] express+ ! same idea 9 v>i\s passages1 he has writt5 ! foll[+ /anza at ! conclusion ( 8 "w3-- ,t :]e( ! ?ree div9e =ms are decl>$ 9 ! text ( ! ,v$a1 suffici5tly ,has t be5 set =?2 ?is is ! :ole maje/y 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! ,v$a2 ,! fir/ inc>nation ( ! ,w9d-god 0 he t b[$ to ! words ( ,rma 7,hanumat72 ! second 0 ,bhma2 ,by ?is ,madhva1 :o is ! ?ird1 ?is book has be5 compos$ 9 reg>d to ,kesava4 ,! import ( ?is /anza may be le>nt by consid]+ v>i\s ,v$ic texts4 ,! purport ( ?is is t ,vi%nu is ! pr9ciple above all o!rs 9 e sy/em ( sacr$ in/itutes4 ,?us all is cle>4#aaa ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aaa3 ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( n&a-tr?a or ,madhva see ,wilson1 ,works1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ach-aej4 ,8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,brahma-stras has be5 pr9t$ 9 ,calcutta4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,p,,supata ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nakul,,sa4 ,c]ta9 ,mhesv>as disapprove ( ?is doctr9e ( ! ,vai%navas kn[n by its te*nicalities ( ! s]vitude ( s\ls & ! l1 inasmu* z br++ ) x ! pa9s ( dep5d5ce ^u ano!r1 x _c be a means ( cessation ( pa9 & o!r desir$ ends4 ,!y recognise z /r+5t su* argum5ts z1 ,^? dep5d+ on ano!r & long+ = indep5d5ce d n become emancipat$1 because !y /ill dep5d ^u ano!r1 be+ de/itute ( indep5d5ce l ourselves & o!rs2 &1 ,lib]at$ spirits possess ! attributes ( ! ,supreme ,deity1 because at ! same "t1 t !y are spirits !y are free f ! g]m ( e pa9 z ! ,supreme ,deity is4 ,recognis+ ^! argum5ts1 ^! ,mhesv>as adopt ! ,psupata sy/em1 :i* is conv]sant ab\t ! exposition ( five categories1 z ! means to ! highe/ end ( man4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! fir/ aphorism is3 ,n[ !n we %all exp\nd ! ,psupata union & rites ( ,pasupati4 ,! mean+ is z foll[s3--,! ^w n[ ref]s to some?+ antec$5t1 & ?is some?+ antec$5t is ! disciple's int]rogation ( ! spiritual tea*]4 ,! nature ( a spiritual tea*] is explicat$ 9 ! ,ganakrik3-- ,b !re are eight p5tads to be kn[n1 & a gr\p1 "o ) ?ree factors2 ,he t kn[s ?is n9efold aggregate is a self-purifi]1 a spiritual guide4 ,! acquisitions1 ! impurities1 ! exp$i5ts1 ! localities1 ! p]sev]ance1 ! purifications1 ,! initiations1 & ! p[]s1 are ! eight p5tads2 & !re are ?ree functions4 ,! employm5t 9 ! above l9e ( ! neut] num]al ?ree 7trni71 in/ead ( ! fem99e ?ree 7tisrah71 is a ,v$ic con/ruction4 7a47 ,acquisition is ! fruit ( an exp$i5t :ile realis+1 & is divid$ into five memb]s1 viz41 k1 p5ance1 p]man5ce ( ! body1 con/ancy1 & purity4 ,?us ,h>adatt*rya says3 ,k1 p5ance1 p]man5ce1 con/ancy1 & purity z ! fif?4 7b47 ,impurity is an evil condition p]ta9+ to ! s\l4 ,?is is ( five k9ds1 false conception & ! re/4 ,?us ,h>adatta also says3-- ,false conception1 dem]it1 atta*m5t1 int]e/$ness1 & fall+1 ,^! five1 ! root ( bondage1 are 9 ?is sy/em especially to be %unn$4 7c47 ,an exp$i5t is a means ( purify+ ! aspirant to lib]ation4 ,^! exp$i5ts are ( five k9ds1 use ( habitation1 & ! re/4 ,?us he also says3-- ,use ( habitation1 pi\s mutt]+1 m$itation1 con/ant recollection ( ,rudra1 ,& appreh5sion1 are det]m9$ to be ! five exp$i5ts ( acquirem5ts4 7d47 ,locality is t by :i*1 aft] /udy+ ! categories1 ! aspirant atta9s increase ( k & au/]ity1 viz41 spiritual tea*]s & ! re/4 ,?us he says3-- ,! spiritual tea*]s1 a cav]n1 a special place1 ! burn+-gr\nd1 & ,rudra only4 7e47 ,p]sev]ance is ! endurance 9 "o or o!r ( ^! p5tads until ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ end1 & is di/ribut$ into ! diff]5c$ & ! re/4 ,?us x is said3-- ,! diff]5c$1 ! undiff]5c$1 mutt]+1 acceptance1 & devotion z ! fif?4 7f47 ,purification is ! putt+ away1 once = all1 ( false conception & ! o!r f\r impurities4 ,x is di/ribut$ into five species accord+ to ! five ?+s to be put away4 ,?us x is said-- ,! loss ( ignorance1 ( dem]it1 ( atta*m5t1 ( int]e/$ness1 ,& ( fall+1 is decl>$ to be ! fivefold purification ( ! /ate ( bondage4 7g47 ,! five initiations are ?us enum]at$3-- ,! mat]ial1 ! prop] "t1 ! rite1 ! image1 & ! spiritual guide z ! fif?4 7h47 ,! five p[]s are z foll[3-- ,devotion to ! spiritual guide1 cle>ness ( intellect1 conque/ ( pleasure & pa91 ,m]it & c>efulness1 are decl>$ ! five heads ( p[]4 ,! ?ree functions are ! modes ( e>n+ daily food consi/5t ) propriety1 = ! dim9ution ( ! five impurities1 viz41 m5dicancy1 liv+ ^u alms1 & liv+ ^u :at *ance supplies4 ,all ! re/ is to be f\nd 9 ! /&>d words ( ?is sect4 ,9 ! fir/ aphorism above recit$1 ! ^w n[ s]ves to introduce ! exposition ( ! t]m9ation ( pa9 7or emancipation71 t be+ ! object ( ! int]rogation ab\t ! putt+ away ( pa9 p]sonal1 physical1 & hyp]physical4 ,by ! ^w pasu we are to und]/& ! effect 7or creat$ _w71 ! ^w designat+ t :i* is dep5d5t on some?+ ult]ior4 ,by ! ^w pati we are to und]/& ! cause 7or pr9cipium71 ! ^w designat+ ! ,"l1 :o is ! cause ( ! univ]se1 ! pati1 or rul]4 ,! mean+ ( ! words sacrifices & rites e "o kn[s4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! cessation ( pa9 is ( two k9ds1 imp]sonal & p]sonal4 ,( ^!1 ! imp]sonal consi/s 9 ! absolute extirpation ( all pa9s2 ! p]sonal 9 supremacy consi/+ ( ! visual & active p[]s4 ,( ^! two p[]s ! visual1 :ile only "o p[]1 is1 accord+ to its div]sity ( objects1 indirectly describable z ( five k9ds1 vision1 audition1 cogitation1 discrim9ation1 & omnisci5ce4 ,( ^! five1 vision is cognition ( e k9d ( visual1 tactual1 & o!r s5sible objects1 ?\gh imp]ceptible1 int]cept$1 or remote4 ,audition is cognition ( pr9ciples1 conv]sant ab\t all articulate s\nds4 ,cogitation is cognition ( pr9ciples1 conv]sant ab\t all k9ds ( ?\ghts4 ,discrim9ation is cognition ( pr9ciples conv]sant ab\t ! :ole sy/em ( in/itutes1 accord+ to ! text & accord+ to its significance4 ,omnisci5ce is cognition ( pr9ciples ev] aris+ & p]vad$ by tru?1 relative to all matt]s decl>$ or n decl>$1 summ>y or 9 detail1 classifi$ & specialis$4 ,su* is ?is intellectual p[]4 ,! active p[]1 ?\gh "o only1 is indirectly describable z ( ?ree k9ds1 ! possession ( ! swiftness ( ?\ght1 ! p[] ( assum+ =ms at w1 & ! faculty ( expatiation4 ,( ^!1 ! possession ( ! swiftness ( ?\ght is ability to act ) unsurpassable cel]ity4 ,! p[] ( assum+ =ms at w is ! faculty ( employ+ at pleasure1 & irrespective ( ! efficacy ( works1 ! organs simil> & dissimil> ( an inf9ity ( organisms4 ,! faculty ( expatiation is ! possession ( transc5d5t supremacy ev5 :5 su* organs are n employ$4 ,su* is ?is active p[]4 ,all t is effect$ or educ$1 dep5d+ on some?+ ult]ior1 x is ?reefold1 s5ti5cy1 ! ins5ti5t1 & ! s5ti5t4 ,( ^!1 s5ti5cy is ! attribute ( ! s5ti5ts4 ,x is ( two degrees accord+ to its nature z cognitive or incognitive4 ,cognitive s5ti5cy is di*otomis$ z proce$+ discrim9ately & z proce$+ indiscrim9ately4 ,! discrim9ate proc$ure1 manife/able by ! in/rum5ts ( k1 is call$ ! cogitative4 ,= by ! cogitant organ e s5ti5t be+ is cognisant ( objects 9 g5]al1 discrim9at$ or n discrim9at$1 :5 irradiat$ by ! light :i* is id5tical ) ! ext]nal ?+s4 ,! incognitive s5ti5cy1 aga91 is ei!r *>act]is$ or n *>act]is$ by ! objects ( ! s5ti5t s\l4 ,! ins5ti5t1 :i* :ile unconsci\s is dep5d5t on ! consci\s1 is ( two k9ds1 z /yl$ ! effect & z /yl$ ! cause4 ,! ins5ti5t1 /yl$ ! effect1 is ( t5 k9ds1 viz41 ! e>? & ! o!r f\r elem5ts1 & _! qualities1 col\r1 & ! re/4 ,! ins5ti5t1 call$ ! causal ins5ti5t1 is ( ?irte5 k9ds1 viz41 ! five organs ( cognition1 ! five organs ( action1 & ! ?ree int]nal organs1 intellect1 ! egois+ pr9ciple1 & ! cogitant pr9ciple1 :i* h = _! respective functions asc]ta9m5t1 ! illusive id5tification ( self ) n-self1 & det]m9ation4 ,! s5ti5t _s1 t to :i* transmigratory conditions p]ta91 is also ( two k9ds1 ! appet5t & non-appet5t4 ,! appet5t is ! _s associat$ ) an organism & organs2 ! non-appet5t is ! _s ap>t f organism & organs4 ,! details ( all ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! ,pa*r?a-bh%yadpik & o!r works4 ,! cause is t :i* retracts into itself & evolves ! :ole creation4 ,?is ?\gh "o is said to be divid$ accord+ to a diff]5ce ( attributes & actions 7into ,mahesv>a1 ,vi%nu1 c47 ,! ,"l is ! possessor ( inf9ite1 visual1 & active p[]4 ,he is absolutely fir/ z connect$ et]nally ) ?is lord%ip or supremacy1 z possess+ a supremacy n adv5titi\s or cont+5t4 ,?is is exp\nd$ by ! au?or ( ! d>sa1 & o!r in/itutional au?orities4 ,union is a conjunction ( ! s\l ) ,god ?r\gh ! intellect1 & is ( two degrees1 t *>act]is$ by action1 & t *>act]is$ by cessation ( action4 ,( ^!1 union *>act]is$ by action consi/s ( pi\s mutt]+1 m$itation1 & s =?2 union *>act]is$ by cessation ( action is call$ consci\sness1 c4 ,rite or ritual is activity efficaci\s ( m]it z its end4 ,x is ( two ord]s1 ! pr9cipal & ! subsidi>y4 ,( ^!1 ! pr9cipal is ! direct means ( m]it1 religi\s ex]cise4 ,religi\s ex]cise is ( two k9ds1 acts ( piety & po/ures4 ,! acts ( piety are ba?+ ) s&1 ly+ ^u s&1 oblations1 mutt]+s1 & devotional p]ambulation4 ,?us ! rev]$ ,nakulsa says3-- ,he %\ld ba! ?rice a day1 he %\ld lie ^u ! du/4 ,oblation is an obs]vance divid$ into six memb]s4 ,?us ! au?or ( ! aphorisms says3-- ,he %\ld wor%ip ) ! six k9ds ( oblations1 viz41 laught]1 song1 dance1 mutt]+ hum1 adoration1 & pi\s ejaculation4 ,laught] is a l\d laugh1 ,aha1 ,aha1 by dilatation ( ! ?roat & lips4 ,song is a celebration ( ! qualities1 glories1 c41 ( ,mahesv>a1 accord+ to ! conv5tions ( ! ,g&h>va-s/ra1 or art ( music4 ,! dance also is to be employ$ accord+ to ! ars saltatoria1 accompani$ ) ge/iculations ) h&s & feet1 & ) motions ( ! limbs1 & ) outw>d indications ( int]nal s5tim5t4 ,! ejaculation hum is a sacr$ utt]ance1 l ! bell[+ ( a bull1 accompli%$ by a contact ( ! tongue ) ! palate1 an imitation ( ! s\nd hudung1 ascrib$ to a bull1 l ! exclamation ,va%at4 ,:]e ! un9itiat$ are1 all ?is %\ld be gone ?r\gh 9 secret4 ,o!r details are too famili> to require exposition4 ,! po/ures are snor+1 trembl+1 limp+1 woo+1 act+ absurdly1 talk+ nons5sically4 ,snor+ is %[+ all ! signs ( be+ asleep :ile really awake4 ,trembl+ is a convulsive movem5t ( ! jo9ts z if "u an attack ( rheumatism4 ,limp+ is walk+ z if ! legs 7 disabl$4 ,woo+ is simulat+ ! ge/ures ( an innamorato on see+ a "y & pretty woman4 ,act+ absurdly is do+ acts :i* e "o dislikes1 z if b]eft ( all s5se ( :at %\ld & :at %\ld n be done4 ,talk+ nons5sically is ! utt]ance ( words :i* contradict ea* o!r1 or :i* h no mean+1 & ! l4 ,! subsidi>y religi\s ex]cise is purificatory subsequ5t ablution = putt+ an end to ! s5se ( unfitness f begg+1 liv+ on brok5 food1 c4 ,?us x is said by ! au?or ( ! aphorisms3 ,be>+ ! m>ks ( purity by aft]-ba?+4 7,x has be5 /at$ above t omnisci5ce1 a =m ( ! cognitive p[]1 is cognition ( pr9ciples ev] aris+ & p]vad$ by tru?1 relative to all matt]s decl>$ or n decl>$1 summ>y1 or 9 detail74 ,! summ>y is ! en\ncem5t ( ! subjects ( attributes g5]ally4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! fir/ aphorism3 7,n[ !n we %all exp\nd ! ,psupata union & rites ( ,pasupati74 ,detail is ! fivefold en\ncem5t ( ! five categories accord+ to ! in/rum5ts ( true k4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,rsk>a-bh%ya4 ,di/ribution is ! di/9ct en\ncem5t ( ^! categories1 z f> z possible accord+ to def9itions4 ,x is an enum]ation ( ^! accord+ to _! prevail+ *>act]s1 diff]5t f t ( o!r recognis$ sy/ems4 ,= example1 ! cessation ( pa9 7or emancipation7 is 9 o!r sy/ems 7z 9 ! ,sankhya7 ! m]e t]m9ation ( mis]ies1 b 9 ?is sy/em x is ! atta9m5t ( supremacy or ( ! div9e p]fections4 ,9 o!r sy/ems ! create is t :i* has become1 & t :i* %all become1 b 9 ?is sy/em x is et]nal1 ! spirits1 & s =?1 ! s5ti5t & ins5ti5t4 ,9 o!r sy/ems ! pr9cipium is det]m9$ 9 its evolution or creative activity by ! efficacy ( works1 :]eas 9 ?is sy/em ! pr9cipium is ! ,"l n ?us det]m9$4 ,9 o!r in/itutes union results 9 isolation1 c41 :ile 9 ^! in/itutes x results 9 cessation ( pa9s by atta9m5t ( ! div9e p]fections4 ,9 o!r sy/ems p>adise & simil> sph]es involve a return to metempsy*osis1 b 9 ?is sy/em !y result 9 ne>ness to ! ,supreme ,be+1 ei!r foll[$ or n foll[$ by su* return to transmigratory exp]i5ces4 ,great1 inde$1 an oppon5t may say1 is ?is aggregate ( illusions1 s9ce if ,god's causality be irrespective ( ! efficacy ( works1 !n m]its w be fruitless1 & all creat$ ?+s w be simultane\sly evolv$ 7!re be+ no reason :y ?is %\ld be creat$ at "o "t1 & t at ano!r71 & ?us !re w em]ge two difficulties4 ,?9k n s1 replies ! ,psupata1 = y\r supposition is baseless4 ,if ! ,"l1 irrespective ( ! efficacy ( works1 be ! cause ( all1 & ?us ! efficacy ( works be )\t results1 :at foll[s8 ,if y rejo9 t an abs5ce ( motives w foll[1 9 :om1 we ask1 w ?is abs5ce ( motives foll[8 ,if ! efficacy ( works be )\t result1 w causality belong to ! do] ( ! works z to ! ,"l8 ,x _c belong to ! do] ( ! works1 = x is all[$ t ! efficacy ( works is fruitful only :5 fur!r$ by ! w ( ! creator1 & ! efficacy s fur!r$ may sometimes be fruitless1 z 9 ! case ( ! works ( ,yayti1 & o!rs4 ,f ?is x w by no means foll[ t no "o w engage 9 works1 = !y w engage 9 !m z ! husb&man engages 9 husb&ry1 ?\gh ! crop be unc]ta94 ,aga91 s5ti5t creatures engage 9 works because !y dep5d on ! w ( ! creator4 ,nor does ! causality p]ta9 to ! ,"l alone1 = z all 8 desires are already satisfi$1 he _c be actuat$ by motives to be realis$ by works4 ,z = y\r /atem5t1 cont9ues ! ,psupata1 t all ?+s w be simultane\sly evolv$1 ?is is unreasonable1 inasmu* z we hold t causal effici5cy resides 9 ! unob/ruct$ active p[] :i* con=ms itself to ! w ( ! ,"l1 ^: p[] is inconceivable4 ,x has accord+ly be5 said by ^? v]s$ 9 sacr$ tradition3-- ,s9ce he1 act+ accord+ to 8 w1 is n actuat$ by ! efficacy ( works1 ,= ?is reason is he 9 ?is sy/em ! cause ( all causes4 ,"s "o may urge3 ,9 ano!r sy/em emancipation is atta9$ ?r\gh a k ( ,god1 :]e does ! diff]5ce lie8 ,say n s1 replies ! ,psupata1 = y w be caught 9 a trilemma4 ,is ! m]e k ( ,god ! cause ( emancipation1 or ! pres5tation1 or ! accurate *>act]isation1 ( ,god8 ,n ! m]e k1 = !n x w\ld foll[ t ! /udy ( any sy/em w\ld be sup]flu\s1 inasmu* z )\t any in/itutional sy/em "o might1 l ! un9/ruct$1 atta9 emancipation by ! b>e cognition t ,mahdeva is ! "l ( ! gods4 ,nor is pres5tation or intuition ( ! deity ! cause ( emancipation1 = no intuition ( ! deity is compet5t to s5ti5t creatures burd5$ ) an accumulation ( v>i\s impurities1 & able to see only ) ! eyes ( ! fle%4 ,on ! ?ird alt]native1 viz41 t ! cause ( emancipation is an accurate *>act]isation ( ! deity1 y w be oblig$ to cons5t to our doctr9e1 inasmu* z su* accurate *>act]isation _c be realis$ ap>t f ! sy/em ( ! ,psupatas4 ,!re=e x is t our great tea*] has said3-- ,if by m]e k1 x is n accord+ to any sy/em1 b intuition is unatta9able2 ,!re is no accurate *>act]isation ( pr9ciples o!rwise ?an by ! five categories4 ,!re=e ^? excell5t p]sons :o aspire to ! highe/ end ( man mu/ adopt ! sy/em ( ! ,psupatas1 :i* und]takes ! exposition ( ! five categories4 ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,saiva-,,d>sana4 ,! sev5? sy/em 9 ,mdhava's ,s>va-d>sana-sangraha is ! ,saiva-d>sana4 ,?is sect is v preval5t 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india1 especially 9 ! ,tamil c\ntry2 x is said to h aris5 !re ab\t ! elev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,sev]al valuable contributions h be5 lately made to our k ( its t5ets 9 ! publications ( ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,r4 ,hois+ton & ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,f\lkes4 ,! =m] especially1 by 8 excell5t articles 9 ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society's ,j\rnal1 has p]=m$ a great s]vice to ! /ud5ts ( ,h9du philosophy4 ,he has !re translat$ ! ,tattuva-,kattalei1 or law ( ! ,tattwas1 ! ,siva-,gnnapo?am1 or in/ruction 9 ! k ( ,god1 & ! ,siva-,piraksam1 or light ( ,siva1 & ! ?ree works %$ imm5se light on ! outl9e z giv5 by ,mdhava4 ,"o great use ( ! latt] is to enable u to recognise ! orig9al ,sanskrit names 9 _! ,tamil disguise1 no easy matt] occasionally1 z arul = anugraha & td*ei = dk% may te/ify4 ,! ,saivas h consid]able resemblance to ! ,!i/ic ,snkhya2 !y hold t ,god1 s\ls1 & matt] are f et]nity di/9ct entities1 & ! object ( philosophy is to disunite ! s\l f matt] & gradually to unite x to ,god4 ,siva is ! *ief deity ( ! sy/em1 & ! relation betwe5 ! ?ree is qua9tly express$ by ! allegory ( a bea/1 its fett]s1 & its own]4 ,pasupati is a well-kn[n "n ( ,siva1 z ! ma/] or creator ( all ?+s4 ,!re seem to be ?ree diff]5t sets ( s-call$ ,saiva stras4 ,"o is 9 five books1 call$ by ,colebrooke ! ,pasupati-s/ra1 :i* is probably ! "w quot$ by ,mdhava 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,nakulsa ,psupatas2 ano!r is 9 ?ree books1 ) a comm5t>y by ,k%em>ja1 ) its fir/ stra1 *atanyam tm4 ,! ?ird 0 comm5t$ on by ,abh9ava-gupta1 & op5s ) ! sloka giv5 9 ! ,s>va-,d>sana-,sangraha1 p4 #ia1 l9es #a-d4 ,! ,,ms4 :i* ,i consult$ 9 ,calcutta read ! fir/ words-- ,ka?a*id sdya ,mahesv>asya dsyam4 ,none ( ^! works1 h[ev]1 appe> to be ! au?ority ( ! pres5t sect4 ,!y seem *iefly to h reli$ on ! tw5ty-eight gamas & "s ( ! ,purnas4 ,a li/ ( ! gamas is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,f\lkes' ,cate*ism ( ! ,saiva ,religion2 & ( ^! ! ,kirana & ,k>ana are quot$ 9 ! foll[+ treatise4 ,,! ,,saiva-,,d>sana4 ,c]ta91 h[ev]1 ( ! ,mhesv>a sect receiv+ ! sy/em ( tru? au?oritatively laid d[n 9 ! ,saiva gama1#aab reject ! =ego+ op9ion t ! ,supreme ,be+ is a cause z indep5d5t ( our actions1 c41 on ! gr\nd ( its be+ liable to ! imputation ( p>tiality & cruelty4 ,!y1 on ! contr>y1 hold ! op9ion t ! ,supreme ,be+ is a cause 9 dep5d5ce on our actions1 c42 & !y ma9ta9 t !re are ?ree categories di/+ui%$ z ! ,"l1 ! s\l1 & ! _w 7or lit]ally ! ma/]1 ! cattle1 & ! fett]74 ,z has be5 said by ^? well v]s$ 9 ! ,tantra doctr9es-- ,! ,guru ( ! _w1 hav+ fir/ cond5s$ 9 "o stra ! great tantra1 possess$ ( ?ree categories & f\r feet1 has aga9 decl>$ ! same at full l5g?4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is z foll[s3--,its ?ree categories are ! ?ree be=e m5tion$2 its f\r feet are le>n+1 c]emonial action1 m$itation1 & morality1 h5ce x is call$ ! great ,tantra1 possess$ ( ?ree categories & f\r feet4 ,n[ ! s\ls are n indep5d5t1 & ! fett]s are un9tellig5t1 h5ce ! ,"l1 z be+ diff]5t f ^!1 is fir/ decl>$2 next foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! s\ls z !y agree ) him 9 possess+ intellig5ce2 la/ly foll[ ! fett]s or matt]1 su* is ! ord] ( ! arrangem5t4#aac ,s9ce ! c]emony ( initiation is ! means to ! highe/ human end1 & ?is _c be accompli%$ )\t k :i* e/abli%es ! und\bt$ greatness ( ! hymns1 ! ,lords ( ! hymns1 c41 & is a means = ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! real nature ( ! cattle1 ! fett]1 & ! ma/]1 we place z fir/ ! foot ( k 7jna7 :i* makes kn[n all ?is unto u4#aad ,next foll[s ! foot ( c]emonial action 7kriy7 :i* decl>es ! v>i\s rules ( initiation ) ! div]s compon5t p>ts !re(4 ,)\t m$itation ! end _c be atta9$1 h5ce ! foot ( m$itation 7yoga7 foll[s next1 :i* decl>es ! v>i\s k9ds ( yoga ) _! sev]al p>ts4 ,& z m$itation is wor?less )\t practice1 i4e41 ! fulfill+ :at is enjo9$ & ! ab/a9+ f :at is =bidd51 la/ly foll[s ! f\r? foot ( practical duty 7*>y71 :i* includes all ?is4 ,n[ ,siva is held to be ! ,"l 7or ma/]74 ,al?\gh p>ticipation 9 ! div9e nature ( ,siva belongs to lib]at$ s\ls & to su* be+s z ,vidyesv>a1 c41 yet ^! are n indep5d5t1 s9ce !y dep5d on ! ,supreme ,be+2 & ! nature ( an effect is recognis$ to belong to ! worlds1 c41 :i* resemble him1 f ! v fact ( ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( _! p>ts4 ,& f _! ?us be+ effects we inf] t !y mu/ h be5 caus$ by an intellig5t be+4 ,by ! /r5g? ( ?is inf]5ce is ! univ]sal ackn[l$gm5t ( a ,supreme ,be+ confirm$4 ,b may we n object t x is n prov$ t ! body is ?us an effect8 = c]ta9ly none has ev]1 at any "t or place1 se5 a body be+ made by any "o4 ,we grant x3 yet x is n prop] to d5y t a body has "s mak] on ! gr\nd t its be+ made has n be5 se5 by any "o1 s9ce ?is c be e/abli%$ f inf]5ce if n f actual p]ception4 ,bodies1 c41 mu/ be effects1 because !y possess an ord]ly arrangem5t ( p>ts1 or because !y are de/ructible1 z j>s1 c42 & f _! be+ effects x is easy to inf] t !y mu/ h be5 caus$ by an intellig5t be+4 ,?us ! subject 9 ! argum5t sc4 bodies1 c4 mu/ h _h a mak]1 f ! fact t x is an effect1 l j>s1 c42 t :i* has ! a=e-m5tion$ middle t]m 7sdhana7 mu/ h ! a=e-m5tion$ major 7sdhya72 & t :i* has n ! =m] w n h ! latt]1 z ! s\l1 c4#aae ,! argum5t :i* e/abli%es ! au?ority ( ! orig9al inf]5ce to prove a ,supreme ,be+ has be5 giv5 else:]e1 s we refra9 f giv+ x at l5g? "h4 ,9 fact1 t ,god is ! univ]sal ag5t1 b n irrespective ( ! actions done by liv+ be+s1 is prov$ by ! curr5t v]se#aaf-- ,?is ignorant jvtman1 incapable ( its own true pleasures or pa9s1 if x 7 only "u ,god's direction & its own m]its n tak5 into acc\nt1 w\ld always g to heav5 or always to hell4#aag ,nor c y object t ?is op9ion violates ,god's indep5d5ce1 s9ce x does n really violate an ag5t's indep5d5ce to all[ t he does n act irrespectively ( means2 j z we say t ! k+'s b\nty %[s itself 9 gifts1 b ^! are n irrespective ( 8 treasur]4 ,z has be5 said by ! ,siddha ,guru-- ,x belongs to indep5d5ce to be uncontroll$ & itself to employ means1 c42 ,?is is an ag5t's true indep5d5ce1 & n ! act+ irrespectively ( works1 c4 ,& ?us we conclude t inf]5ce 7z well z ,sruti7 e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t :o kn[s ! v>i\s fruits ( action1 _! means1 mat]ial causes1 c41 accord+ to ! laws ( ! v>i\s individual m]its4 ,?is has be5 ?us decl>$ by ! v5]able ,brihaspati-- ,he :o kn[s ! fruits to be enjoy$1 _! means & mat]ial causes1-- ,ap>t f him ?is _w kn[s n h[ ! des]t t resides 9 accumulat$ actions %\ld rip54-- ,! univ]se is ! subject ( our argum5t1 & x mu/ h _h an intellig5t mak]1 ,?is we ma9ta9 f its be+ an effect1 j z we see 9 any o!r effect1 z j>s1 c4 ,god's omnisci5ce also is prov$ f 8 be+ id5tical ) ev]y?+1 & also f ! fact t an ignorant be+ _c produce a ?+4#aah ,?is has be5 said by ! illu/ri\s ,mrig5dra#aai-- ,he is omnisci5t f 8 be+ ! mak] ( all ?+s3 = x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple ,t he only c make a ?+ :o kn[s x ) its means1 p>ts1 & end4 ,well1 our oppon5ts may say1 we conc$e t ,god is an indep5d5t mak]1 b !n he has no body4#abj ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t all effects1 z j>s1 c41 are produc$ by be+s possess$ ( bodies1 z pott]s1 c42 b if ,god 7 possess$ ( a body1 !n he w\ld be l u subject to tr\ble1 & no long] be omnisci5t or omnipot5t4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d5y ?is1 = we see t ! incorporeal s\l does /ill produce motion1 c41 9 its associat$ body2 moreov]1 ev5 ?\gh we conc$$ t ,god did possess a body1 we %\ld /ill ma9ta9 t ! alleg$ defects w\ld n necess>ily ensue4 ,! ,supreme ,be+1 z he has no possible connection ) ! fett]s ( matt]1 su* z mala1#aba action1 c41 _c h a mat]ial body1 b only a body ( pure en]gy 7,skta71#abb s9ce we "k t 8 body is compos$ ( ! five hymns :i* are =ms ( ,sakti1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n text3 ,! ,supreme has ! ,isna z 8 head1 ! ,tatpuru%a z 8 m\?1 ! ,aghora z 8 he>t1 ! ,vm$eva z 8 secret p>ts1 & ! ,sadyojta z 8 feet4#abc ,& ?is body1 creat$ accord+ to 8 own w1 is n l our bodies1 b is ! cause ( ! five op]ations ( ! ,supreme1 :i* are respectively grace1 obscuration1 de/ruction1 pres]vation1 & production4#abd ,?is has be5 said 9 ! ,srmat ,mrig5dra-- ,f ! impossibility ( its possess+ mala1 c41 ! body ( ! ,supreme is ( pure en]gy1 & n l ours4 ,& x has also be5 said else:]e-- ,8 body is compos$ ( ! five mantras :i* are subs]vi5t to ! five op]ations1 ,& 8 head1 c41 are =m$ out ( ! sa1 ,tatpuru%a1 ,aghora1 ,vma1 & o!r hymns4 ,if y object to ?is view t su* passages 9 ! gamas z ',he is five-fac$ & fifte5-ey$1' ass]t prom95tly ! fact t ! ,supreme ,be+ is end[$ ) a body1 organs1 c41 we conc$e :at y say1 b we ma9ta9 t !re is no contradiction 9 8 assum+ su* =ms to %[ 8 m]cy to 8 devot$ s]vants1 s9ce m$itation1 wor%ip1 c41 are impossible t[>ds a ,be+ entirely de/itute ( =m4 ,?is has be5 said 9 ! ,pau%k>a-- ,?is =m ( 8 is m5tion$ = ! pres]vation ( ! devotee4 ,& simil>ly else:]e-- ,?\ art to be wor%ipp$ accord+ to rule z possess$ ( =m2 ,= ! und]/&+ _c rea* to a =mless object4 ,bhoj>ja#abe has ?us detail$ ! five op]ations-- ,fivefold are 8 op]ations1 creation1 pres]vation1 de/ruction1 & obscuration1 ,& to ^! mu/ be add$ ! active grace ( him :o is et]nally exalt$4 ,n[ ^! five op]ations1 9 ! view ( ! pure ,pa?1 are held to be p]=m$ directly by ,siva1 b 9 t ( ! toilsome ,pa? !y are ascrib$ to ,ananta1#abf z is decl>$ 9 ! ,srmat ,k>ana#abg-- ,9 ! ,pure ,pa? ,siva is decl>$ to be ! only ag5t1 b ,ananta 9 t :i* is oppos$ to ! ,"o ,supreme4 ,x mu/ "h be und]/ood t ! ^w ,siva includes 9 its prop] mean+ ! ,"l1 all ^? :o h atta9$ to ! /ate ( ,siva1 z ! ,lords ( ! ,mantras1 ,mahesw>a1 ! emancipat$ s\ls :o h become ,sivas1 & ! inspir$ tea*]s 7v*akas71 toge!r ) all ! v>i\s means1 z initiation1 c41 = obta9+ ! /ate ( ,siva4 ,?us has be5 expla9$ ! fir/ category1 ! ,"l 7pati74 ,we n[ proce$ to expla9 ! second category1 ! s\l 7pasu74 ,! individual s\l :i* is also kn[n by su* synonyms z ! non-atomic1#abh ! ,k%etraja1 or kn[] ( ! body1#abi c41 is ! ,pasu4 ,= we mu/ n say ) ! ,*rvkas t x is ! same z ! body1 s9ce on ?is view we c\ld n acc\nt = memory1 z !re is a prov]b t "o man _c rememb] :at ano!r has se54 ,nor may we say ) ! ,naiyyikas t x is cognisable by p]ception1#acj z ?is w\ld involve an ad inf9itum regressus4 ,z has be5 said-- ,if ! s\l 7 cognisable1 !re w\ld ne$ to be aga9 a second kn[]2#aca ,& ?is w\ld require ano!r /ill1 if ! second 7 itself to be kn[n4 ,nor mu/ we hold x non-p]vad+ ) ! ,ja9as1 nor mom5t>y ) ! ,bauddhas1 s9ce x is n limit$ by space or "t4 ,z has be5 said-- ,t object :i* is unlimit$ 9 its nature by space or "t1 ,!y hold to be et]nal & p]vad+1--h5ce ! s\l's all-p]vad+ness & et]nity4 ,nor may we say ) ! ,v$nt9 t x is only "o1 s9ce ! apportionm5t ( diff]5t fruits proves t !re are _m individual s\ls2 nor ) ! ,snkhyas t x is devoid ( action1 s9ce1 :5 all ! v>i\s fett]s are remov$1 ,sruti in=ms u ( a /ate ( id5tity ) ,siva1 :i* consi/s 9 intellig5ce 9 ! =m ( an et]nal & inf9ite vision & action4#acb ,?is has be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,srmat ,mrig5dra-- ,x is reveal$ t id5tity ) ,siva results :5 all fett]s are remov$4 ,& aga9-- ,intellig5ce consi/s 9 vision & action1 & s9ce 9 8 s\l ,?is exi/s always & on e side1 !re=e1 aft] lib]ation1 ,sruti calls x t :i* faces e way4 ,x is also said 9 ! ,tattva-praksa-- ,! lib]at$ s\ls are !mselves ,sivas1 b ^! are lib]at$ by 8 fav\r2 ,he is to be kn[n z ! "o et]nally lib]at$1 ^: body is ! five ,mantras4 ,n[ ! s\ls are ?reefold1 z d5om9at$ vijnkalh1 pralaykalh1 & sakalh4#acc 7a47 ,! fir/ are ^? :o are "u ! influ5ce ( mala only1 s9ce _! actions are cancell$ by receiv+ _! prop] fruits1 or by ab/raction1 contemplation1 & k1 & s9ce !y h no fett]s 9 ! =m ( enjoym5ts1 su* z kal1 c4 7:i* fett]s w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ! cause ( cancell+ actions by br++ ab\t _! prop] fruit74 7b47 ,! second are ^? :o are "u ! influ5ce ( mala & k>man1 s9ce 9 _! case kal1 c41 are de/roy$ by mundane de/ructions1 h5ce _! "n pralaykala4 7c47 ,! ?ird are ^? :o are b\nd 9 ! ?ree fett]s ( mala1 my1 & k>man1 h5ce _! "n sakala4 ,! fir/ class are aga9 subdivid$ into sampta-kalu%h & asampta-kalu%h1 accord+ z _! inh]5t corruption is p]fectly exhau/$ or n4 ,! =m]1--hav+ receiv$ ! mature p5alties ( _! corruptions1--are n[1 z =emo/ ( m5 & wor?y ( ! privilege1 rais$ by ,siva's fav\r to ! rank ( ! ,lords ( ,k 7! ,vidyesv>as71 ,ananta1 & ! re/4 ,?is ogdoad ( ! ,lords ( ,k is describ$ 9 ! ,bahudaivatya-- ,ananta1 & ,sk%ma1 & ,sivottama1 ,ekanetra1 & aga9 ,ek>udra & ,trimrttika1 ,srkan?a & ,sikh&91--^! are decl>$ to be ! ,vidyesv>as4 ,! latt] ,siva1 9 8 m]cy1 raises to ! rank ( ! sev5ty million ,mantras4#acd ,all ?is is expla9$ 9 ! ,tattva-praksa4#ace ,simil>ly ,soma-,sambhu has said-- ,"o class is nam$ vijnkala1 ! second pralaykala1 ,! ?ird sakala1--^! are ! ?ree :om ! ,s/ra reg>ds z objects ( m]cy4 ,! fir/ is unit$ to mala alone1 ! second to mala & k>ma1 ,! ?ird are unit$ to all ! tattvas beg9n+ ) kal & end+ ) 'e>?4'#acf ,! ,pralaykalh are also tw(old1 z be+ pakvapsadvaya or n1 i4e41 ^? 9 :om ! two rema9+ fett]s are matur$1 & ^? 9 :om !y are n4 ,! =m] atta9 lib]ation1 b ! latt]1 by ! p[] ( k>man1 are end[$ ) ! purya%taka#acg body1 & pass ?r\gh v>i\s bir?s4 ,z has be5 said 9 ! ,tattva-praksa-- ,^? among ! ,pralaykalas ^: k>man & mala are immature1 ,g1 unit$ ) ! purya%taka body1 into _m bir?s by ! p[] ( k>man4 ,! purya%taka is also ?us describ$ 9 ! same "w-- ,! purya%taka is compos$ ( ! int]nal organ1 ?\ght 7dh71 k>man1 & ! in/rum5ts4 ,?is is ?us expla9$ by ,aghora ,siva *rya1 ! purya%taka is a subtile body apportion$ to ea* individual s\l1 :i* cont9ues f ! creation until ! close ( ! kalpa1 or until lib]ation3 x is compos$ ( ! ?irty#ach tattvas beg9n+ ) 'e>?' & end+ ) kal4 ,z has be5 said 9 ! ,tattva-sangraha-- ,?is set ( tattvas1 comm5c+ ) 'e>?' & end+ ) kal1 is assign$ to ea* s\l1 ,& w&]s by ! law ( k>man ?r\gh all ! bodies produc$ by ! _w4 ,! foll[+ is ! full mean+ ( ?is passage3--,! ^w int]nal organ1 :i* prop]ly includes m9d1 intellig5ce1 egoism1 & reason1#aci includes also ! sev5 tattvas :i* ent] into ! production ( enjoym5t or exp]i5ce1 viz41 ^? call$ kal1 "t1 fate1 k1 concupisc5ce1 nature1 & quality2#adj ! words ?\ght 7dh7 & k>man signify ! five cognisable gross elem5ts1 & _! orig9ators1 ! subtile rudim5ts4 ,by ! ^w in/rum5ts are compreh5d$ ! t5 organs ( s5se & action4 ,b is x n decl>$ 9 ! ,srmat ,klott>a t ',! set ( five1 s\nd1 t\*1 =m1 ta/e & smell1 intellig5ce1 m9d & egoism1 ^! con/itute ! purya%taka8' ,h[1 !n1 c any diff]5t acc\nt be ma9ta9$8 ,we grant ?is1 & h5ce ! v5]able ,rma ,kan?a has expla9$ t stra 9 its lit]al mean+ i4 e41 z purya%taka1 is d]iv$ f a%ta1 eight1 s :y %\ld we be prolix 9 ! discussion8 ,/ill1 if y ask h[ we c reconcile our acc\nt ) ! /rict nom9al def9ition ( purya%taka1 we reply t !re is really no contradiction1 z we ma9ta9 t x is compos$ ( a set ( eight 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--7#a47 ,! five elem5ts2 7#b47 ! five rudim5ts2 7#c47 ! five organs ( k2 7#d47 ^? ( action2 7#e47 ! f\rfold int]nal organ2 7#f47 _! in/rum5t2#ada 7#g47 nature prakriti2 & 7#h47 ! class compos$ ( ! five1 beg9n+ ) kal1 :i* =m a k9d ( case4#adb ,n[ 9 ! case ( "s ( ^? s\ls :o are jo9$ to ! purya%taka body1 ,mahesv>a ,ananta hav+ compassionat$ !m z possess$ ( peculi> m]it1 con/itutes !m "h z lords ( ! _w2 z has be5 said-- ,mahesv>a pities "s & grants !m to be lords ( ! _w4 ,! class call$ sakala is also divid$ into two1 z pakvakalu%a & apakvakalu%a4 ,z = ! =m]1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 9 con=mity ) _! maturity 7p>ipka71 puts =? a p[] agreeable !reto1 & transf]s !m to ! position ( ! hundr$ & eighte5 ,lords ( ! ,mantras1 signifi$ by ! words ,m&al1 c41 z has be5 said-- ,! re/ are d5om9at$ sakala1 f _! connection ) ,kal1 c41 seiz$ by "t ^: m\?s are days2 ,! ,supreme ( 8 own w makes "o hundr$ & eighte5 ( ^! ! ,lords ( ! ,mantras4 ,eight ( ^! are call$ ,m&al9s2 eight aga9 are ,krodha1 c42 ,vresa1 ,srkan?a1 & ! hundr$ ,rudras1--^! toge!r are ! hundr$ & eighte54 ,9 _! case aga91 ! ,supreme1 hav+ assum$ ! =m ( a tea*]1 /ops ! cont9u$ accession ( maturity & contracts 8 manife/$ p[]1 & ultimately grants to !m lib]ation by ! process ( initiation2 z has be5 said-- ,^! creatures ^: mala is matur$1 by putt+ =? a heal+ p[]1 ,he1 assum+ ! =m ( a tea*]1 unites by initiation to ! highe/ pr9ciple4 ,x is also said 9 ! ,srmad ,mrig5dra-- ,he removes f t inf9itesimal s\l all ! bonds :i* previ\sly ex]t$ a contr>y influ5ce ov] x4#adc ,all ?is has be5 expla9$ at great l5g? by ,nryana-,kan?a1 & !re x is to be /udi$2 b we are oblig$ to pass on ?r\gh fe> ( prolixity4 ,b z = ! second class1 or ^? call$ apakvakalu%a1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 z impell$ by ! des]t ( _! respective actions1 appo9ts !m1 z b\nd & endu$ ) inf9itesimal bodies1 to enjoy ! rew>ds ( _! previ\s actions4#add ,z has be5 said-- ,! o!r s\ls1 b\nd 9 _! mat]ial bonds he appo9ts to enjoy _! v>i\s des]ts1 ,accord+ to _! respective actions3 su* are ! v>i\s k9ds ( s\ls4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe ! ?ird category1 matt] 7or psa74 ,?is is f\rfold1 mala1#a k>man1 my1 & rodha-sakti4#ade ,b x may be object$1 ,is x n said 9 ! ,saiva gamas t ! *ief ?+s are ! ,"l1 s\ls1 & matt]8 ,n[ ! ,"l has be5 %[n to mean ,siva1 's\ls' mean atoms 7or be+s end[$ ) atomic bodies71 & matt] 7or 'bond'7 is said to be ! p5tad1#adf h5ce matt] w be fivefold4 ,h[ !n is x n[ reckon$ to be only f\rfold8 ,to ?is we reply z foll[s3--,al?\gh ! v9du or nasal dot1 :i* is ! g]m9al atom ( my1 & is call$ a ,siva-tattva1 may be well reg>d$ z mat]ial 9 comp>ison ) ! highe/ lib]ation z def9$ by ! atta9m5t ( ! /ate ( ,siva1 /ill x _c really be consid]$ z matt] :5 we rememb] t x is a second>y k9d ( lib]ation z caus+ ! atta9m5t ( ! /ate ( su* deities z ,vidyesv>a1 c4 ,?us we see !re is no contradiction4 ,h5ce x has be5 said 9 ! ,tattva-praksa-- ,! bonds ( matt] w be f\rfold4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,srmad ,mrig5dra-- ,! envelop]-controll] 7mala71 ! ov]p[]] 7rodha71 action1 & ! "w ( ,my1 ,^! are ! f\r 'bonds1' & !y are collectively call$ by ! "n ( 'm]it4' ,! foll[+ is ! mean+ ( ?is c\plet3-- 7#a47 ,envelop+1 because mala exce$+ly obscures & veils ! s\l's p[]s ( vision & action2 controll+1 because mala1 a natural impurity1 controls ! s\l by its indep5d5t influ5ce4 ,z has be5 said-- ,mala1 ?\gh itself "o1 by manifold influ5ce int]rupts ! s\l's vision & action2 ,x is to be reg>d$ z ! husk 9 rice or ru/ on copp]4#adg 7#b47 ,! ov]p[]] is ! obscur+ p[]2 ?is is call$ a bond or matt] 9 a metaphorical s5se1 s9ce ?is en]gy ( ,siva obscures ! s\l by sup]9t5d+ matt] r ?an by itself p>tak+ ( ! nature ( matt]4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,( ^! ,i am ! *ief en]gy1 & ! graci\s fri5d ( all1 ,i am metaphorically call$ psa1#adh because ,i foll[ des]t4 7#c47 ,action or r its consequ5ces1 k>man z be+ p]=m$ by ^? :o desire ! fruit4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( m]it or dem]it1 l ! se$ & %oot1 & x is et]nal 9 a nev]-beg9n+ s]ies4 ,z has be5 said 9 ! ,srmat ,kirana-- ,z ,mala has no beg9n+1 its lea/ actions are beg9n+less3 ,if an et]nal "* is ?us e/abli%$1 !n :at cause c\ld produce any *ange !re98 7#d47 ,my1 because h]e9 z an en]gy ( ! ,div9e ,be+ all ! _w is pot5tially conta9$ 7mti7 at a mundane de/ruction1 & aga9 at a creation x all comes 7yti7 into manife/ation1 h5ce ! d]ivation ( ! "n4 ,?is has be5 said 9 ! ,srmat ,saurabheya-- ,! effects1 z a =m ( ! ,div9e en]gy1 are absorb$ !re9 at a mundane de/ruction1 ,& aga9 at a r5ovation x is manife/$ anew 9 ! =m ( effects z kal1 c4#adi ,al?\gh mu* m might be add$ on ?is topic1 yet we /op "h ?r\gh fe> ( ext5d+ ?is treatise too f>4 ,?us h ! ?ree categories be5 decl>$1--! ,"l1 ! s\l1 & matt]4 ,a diff]5t mode ( treat+ ! subject is f\nd 9 ! ,jn>atnval1 c41 9 su* l9es z-- ,! ,"l1 k1 ignorance1 ! s\l1 matt]1 & ! cause ,( ! cessation !re(1--^! are collectively ! six categories4 ,b our read]s mu/ seek = full in=mation f ! "w itself4 ,?us our acc\nt ( ! sy/em is complete4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aab3 ,colebrooke speaks ( ! ,pasupati-s/ra 7,mahesv>a-siddhnta or ,sivgama71 z ! text-book ( ! ,psupata sect4 ,! gamas are said to be tw5ty-eight 7see _! names 9 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,f\lkes' ,cate*ism ( ! ,saiva ,religion74 ,footnote #aac3 ,!re mu/ be ?ree et]nal entities1 ,deity1 s\l1 matt]2 z ! wat] is co-et]nal ) ! sea & ! salt ) ! wat]1 s s\l is co-et]nal ) ! ,deity1 & psa is et]nally co-exi/5t ) s\l 7,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #fg1 #he74 ,9 p4 #eh we f9d ! advaita ( ! ,v$nta attack$4 ,9 p4 #fb x is said t ! s\l is et]nally entangl$ 9 matt]1 & ,god c>ries on 8 five op]ations 7see infra7 to dis5tangle x1 br++ out all t is requir$ = previ\s des]t4 ,footnote #aad3 ,^! f\r feet are ! f\r /ages ( religi\s life 7see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #ace1 #ahj71 call$ 9 ,tamil s>i!i1 kirikei1 yokam1 & gnnam4 ,! fir/ is ! /age ( practical piety & p]=mance ( ! prescrib$ duties & rites2 ! second is t ( ! confirmatory sacram5t & ! five purifications involv$ 9 true pj2 ! ?ird is t ( ! eight obs]vances ( ! yog92 ! f\r? is t ( k :i* prep>es ! s\l = intimate union ) ,god4 ,footnote #aae3 ,cf4 ,colebrooke1 ,essays 7#b;d ed471 vol4 i4 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,nyy5a may "h mean argum5t4 ,footnote #aag3 ,scil4 if !re 7 only "o cause !re w\ld be only "o inv>iable effect4 ,! v exi/5ce ( v>i\s effects proves t !re mu/ be o!r concurr5t causes 7z human actions7 necess>y4 ,! argum5t seems to me to require "h ?is unnatural /ress to be laid on eva1 b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! orig9al mean+ ( ! passage2 x occurs ,mahbhrata1 iii4 #aadd 7cf4 ,gaudapda1 ,s4 ,kr4 #fa74 ,footnote #aah3 ,9 p4 #hb1 l9e #c1 infra1 ,i read ,k>ansambhav**a4 ,footnote #aai3 ,?is may be ! same ) ! ,meyknda ( ! ,tamil "w 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 ,8 poem 0 call$ ! ,mrig5dra7874 ,footnote #abj3 ,%\ld we read tvad anas>rah 9 p4 #hc1 l9e #b8 ,footnote #aba3 ,i reta9 ?is ^w1 see infra4 ,footnote #abb3 ,my 7or ,prakriti7 is ! mat]ial1 ,sakti ! in/rum5tal1 & ,deity ! effici5t cause 7,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 p4 #ee74 ,footnote #abc3 ,^! are ! five fir/ names ( ! elev5 mantras :i* are includ$ 9 ! five kals 7,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #bch-bdc74 ,! ,sival+a 7! visible object ( wor%ip = ! enlight5$7 is compos$ ( mantras1 & is to be reg>d$ z ! body ( ,siva 7see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 p4 #aja74 ,^! five mantras are giv5 9 ! inv]se ord] 9 ,taitt4 ranyaka1 x4 #dc-dg 7cf4 ,nyy-mlvi/4 p4 #c74 ,footnote #abd3 ,^! are ! op]ations ( ! five manife/ations ( ,siva 7see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 #h1 #ah7 :i* 9 _! desc5d+ ord] are ,s?kkiyam 7i4e41 ,sadk%aya87 or ,sad-,siva1 :o is ,siva & ,sakti comb9$1 & ! s\rce ( grace to all s\ls2 ,i**uran or ,mayesuran1 ! obscure2 ,sutta-vittei 7,suddhavidy7 :i* is prop]ly ! ,h9du triad1 ,rudra1 ,vi%nu1 & ,brahma4 ,!y are respectively symbolis$ by ! nda1 v9du1 m1 u1 & a ( ,om4 ,footnote #abe3 ,9 ,wilson's ,mack5zie ,cat4 i4 p4 #ach1 we f9d a ,tntrik "w1 ! ,n>apati-jaya-*>y1 ascrib$ to ,bhoja ! k+ ( ,dhr4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ananta is a "n ( ,siva 9 ! ,a?>va-siras ,upani%ad 7see ,indis*e ,/ud4 i4 #che74 ,footnote #abg3 ,?is is ! f\r? ( ! tw5ty-eight gamas 7see ,f\lkes' ,cate*ism74 ,footnote #abh3 ,anu8 ,! s\l1 :5 clo!d ) ^! prim>y ?+s 7desire1 k1 action1 c471 is an exce$+ly small body 7,f\lkes74 ,ananu is us$ z an epi!t ( ,brahman 9 ,brihad ,ar4 ,up4 iii4 #h4 #h4 ,footnote #abi3 ,see ,ind4 ,/udi51 i4 #cja4 ,footnote #acj3 ,! m9d or int]nal s5se p]ceives s\l 7see ,bh% ,p>i**h$a1 sloka #di74 ,footnote #aca3 ,delete ! iti 9 p4 #hd1 l9e #e1 infra4 ,footnote #acb3 ,cf4 ! ,nakulsa ,psupatas1 p4 #gf1 #d 7supra1 p4 #ajc74 ,footnote #acc3 ,= ^! ?ree classes see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #hg1 #acg4 ,!y are !re describ$ z be+ respectively "u ! influ5ce ( navam malam only1 or ?is ) kanmam malam1 or ^! ) mayei malam4 ,! navam is describ$ z orig9al s91 or t s\rce ( evil :i* 0 always atta*$ to ! s\l2 kanmam is t fate :i* inh]es 9 ! s\l's organism & metes out its des]ts2 mayei is matt] 9 its obscur+ or entangl+ p[]1 ! s\rce ( ! s5ses4 ,mdhava uses kal1 c41 = my4 ,! reason is to be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 p4 #gj1 :]e x is said t ! five vidytattvas 7kal1 vidy1 rga1 niyati1 & kal7 & ! tw5ty-f\r tmatattvas 7sc4 ! gross & subtile elem5ts1 & organs ( s5se & action1 ) ! intellectual faculties manas1 buddhi1 ahamkra1 & *itta71 are all develop$ f my4 ,?is exactly agrees ) ! quotation f ,soma ,sambhu1 infra4 ,we may comp>e ) x :at ,mdhava says1 p4 #gg1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,nakulsa ,psupatas1 :]e he describes kal z un9tellig5t1 & compos$ ( ! five elem5ts1 ! five tanmtras1 & ! t5 organs1 ) buddhi1 ahamkra & manas4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 p4 #acg4 ,i read anugrahak>ant 9 p4 #hf1 l9e #c4 ,footnote #ace3 ,i omit ! quotation1 z x only repeats ! prec$+4 ,x1 h[ev]1 names ! ?ree classes z vijna-kevala1 pralaya-kevala1 & sakala4 ,footnote #acf3 ,i4e41 ?us includ+ five ( ! vidytattvas & all ! tw5ty-f\r tmatattvas4 ,footnote #acg3 ,?is t]m seems to be d]iv$ f pur1 body 7cf4 purisaya = puru%a1 ,brihad r4 ,up4 ii4 #e1 #ah71 & a%taka 7cf4 also ! ,snkhya ,prava*ana ,bh%ya1 p4 #ace74 ,footnote #ach3 ,or r ?irty-"o8 ,footnote #aci3 ,manas1 buddhi1 ahamkra1 *itta4 ,footnote #adj3 ,^! are ! sev5 vidy-tattvas1 kal1 kla1 niyati 7fate71 vidy1 rga1 prakriti1 & guna4 ,hois+ton1 h[ev]1 puts puru%an ! pr9ciple ( life1 in/ead ( guna1 :i* seems bett]1 z ! ?ree gunas are includ$ 9 prakriti4 ,he translates kal by cont95cy1 & describes x z ! p[] by :i* ! s5ses are subdu$ & ! c>nal self br\ght into subjection4 ,footnote #ada3 ,?is in/rum5t 7k>ana7 seems to mean :at ,hois+ton calls puru%an or ! pr9ciple ( life :i* e/abli%es or supports ! :ole sy/em 9 its op]ation2 he makes x "o ( ! sev5 vidytattvas4 ,accord+ to ,mdhava1 x %\ld be :at he calls guna4 ,footnote #adb3 ,! ?irty-"o tattvas are z foll[3--,tw5ty-f\r tmatattvas1 five elem5ts1 five tanmtras1 t5 organs ( s5se & action1 f\r organs ( ! antahk>ana1 & sev5 vidytattvas z enum]at$ above4 7,see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #af-ag47 ,footnote #adc3 ,i take anu 9 ?is v]se z ! s\l1 b x may mean ! second k9d ( mala m5tion$ by ,hois+ton4 ,! fir/ k9d ( mala is ! my-mala1 ! second nava-mala1 ! ?ird kanma-mala 7k>man74 ,footnote #add3 ,! s\l1 :5 clo!d ) ^! prim>y ?+s 7desire1 k1 action1 ! kaldipan*aka1 c471 is an exce$+ly small body 7,f\lkes74 ,"o ( ! ?ree malas is call$ nava1 & is describ$ z ! s\rce ( s9 & suff]+ to s\ls4 ,footnote #ade3 ,! fir/ ?ree are ! ?ree k9ds ( mala 9 ! ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s41 viz41 navam1 kanmam1 & myei1 ! la/ is ! obscur+ p[] ( ,myesuran 7cf4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ac1 #ad74 ,! ,saivas hold t ,psa1 l ! ,snkhya ,prakriti1 is 9 itself et]nal1 al?\gh its connection ) any p>ticul> s\l is tempor>y 7see ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 p4 #bbh74 ,footnote #adf3 ,^! are ! five1 v9du1 mala1 k>man1 my1 & rodhasakti4 ,v9du is describ$ 9 ,f\lkes' translation ( ! ,siva-praksa-patalai3 ,a s\nd proce$s out ( ! my/ical syllable om2444 & 9 t s\nd a rudim5t>y atom ( matt] is develop$4 ,f ?is atom are develop$ ! f\r s\nds1 ! fifty-"o ,sanskrit lett]s1 ! ,v$as1 ,mantras1 c41 ! bodily1 intellectual1 & ext]nal enjoym5ts ( ! s\l t h n atta9$ to spiritual k at ! end ( ea* p]iod ( ! _w's exi/5ce1 & h be5 swept away by ! wat]s ( ! _w-de/roy+ deluge2 aft] ^! ! ?ree /ages ( heav5ly happ9ess are develop$1 to be enjoy$ by ! s\ls t h a fav\rable balance ( m]itori\s de$s1 or h devot$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god or ! ab/ract contemplation ( ! ,deity1 viz41 7#a47 ! enjoym5t ( ! abode ( ,siva2 7#b47 t ( ne> approa* to him2 7#c47 t ( union ) him4 ,v9du is simil>ly describ$1 ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 pp4 #aeb1 #aec 7cf4 also ,web]1 ,rmatpanya ,up4 pp4 #cab-cae74 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ! same illu/rations 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,s4 iv4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #adh3 ,"s =c$ d]ivation seems "h int5d$ z ( psa f pas*t4 ,footnote #adi3 ,9 p4 #ij1 l9e #b1 read s kry5a4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pratyabhijna-,,d>sana1 ,,or ,,recognitive ,,sy/em4 ,o!r ,mhesv>as are dissatisfi$ ) ! views set out 9 ! ,saiva sy/em z errone\s 9 attribut+ to motiveless & ins5ti5t ?+s causality 79 reg>d to ! bondage & lib]ation ( transmigrat+ spirits74 ,!y !re=e seek ano!r sy/em1 & proclaim t ! con/ruction ( ! _w 7or s]ies ( environm5ts ( ^? spirits7 is by ! m]e w ( ! ,supreme ,"l4 ,!y pron\nce t ?is ,supreme ,"l1 :o is at once o!r ?an & ! same ) ! sev]al cognitions & cognita1 :o is id5tical ) ! transc5d5t self posit$ by "o's own consci\sness1 by rational pro(1 & by revelation1 & :o possesses indep5d5ce1 t is1 ! p[] ( witness+ all ?+s )\t ref]5ce to aught ult]ior1 gives manife/ation1 9 ! mirror ( "o's own s\l1 to all entities#aej z if !y 7 images reflect$ ^u x4 ,?us look+ ^u recognition z a new me?od = ! atta9m5t ( ends & ( ! highe/ end1 available to all m5 alike1 )\t any ! slighte/ tr\ble & ex]tion1 su* z ext]nal & int]nal wor%ip1 suppression ( ! brea?1 & ! l1 ^! ,mhesv>as set =? ! sy/em ( recognition 7pratyabhij74 ,! ext5t ( ?is sy/em is ?us describ$ by "o ( _! au?orities-- ,! aphorisms1 ! comm5t>y1 ! gloss1 ! two explications1 ! great] & ! less1 ,! five topics1 & ! expositions1--su* is ! sy/em ( recognition4 ,! fir/ aphorism 9 _! text-book is z foll[s#aea3-- ,hav+ rea*$ someh[ or o!r ! condition ( a slave ( ,mahesv>a1 & wi%+ also to help mank9d1 ,i set =? ! recognition ( ,mahesv>a1 z ! me?od ( atta9+ all felicity4 ,?is aphorism may be develop$ z foll[s3-- ,someh[ or o!r1 by a propitiation1 effect$ by ,god1 ( ! lotus feet ( a spiritual director id5tical ) ,god1 hav+ rea*$1 hav+ fully atta9$1 ?is condition1 hav+ made x ! un9t]cept$ object ( fruition to myself4 ,?us kn[+ t :i* has to be kn[n1 he is qualifi$ to con/ruct a sy/em = o!rs3 o!rwise ! sy/em w\ld be a m]e impo/ure4 ,mahesv>a is ! reality ( un9t]mitt$ self-lum9\sness1 beatitude1 & indep5d5ce1 by portions ( ^: div9e ess5ce ,vi%nu1 ,viri*i1 & o!r deities are deities1 :o1 ?\gh !y transc5d ! fictiti\s _w1 are yet implicat$ 9 ! inf9ite illusion4 ,! condition ( be+ a slave to ,mahesv>a is ! be+ a recipi5t ( t indep5d5ce or absolut5ess :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! div9e nature1 a slave be+ "o to :om 8 "l grants all ?+s accord+ to 8 w & pleasure 7i4e41 dsya1 f d74 ,! ^w mank9d imports t !re is no re/riction ( ! doctr9e to previ\sly qualifi$ /ud5ts4 ,:oev] he may be to :om ?is exposition ( ! div9e nature is made1 he reaps its highe/ rew>d1 ! emanatory pr9cipium itself op]at+ to ! highe/ end ( ! transmigrat+ s\ls4 ,x has be5 accord+ly laid d[n 9 ! ,siva-dri%ti by t supreme guide ! rev]$ ,somn&an?a-- ,:5 once ! nature ( ,siva t resides 9 all ?+s has be5 kn[n ) t5aci\s recognition1 :e!r by pro( or by in/ruction 9 ! words ( a spiritual director1 ,!re is no fur!r ne$ ( do+ aught1 or ( any fur!r reflection4 ,:5 he kn[s ,suv>na 7or ,siva7 a man may cease to act & to reflect4 ,! ^w also excludes ! supposition t !re is room 9 self :i* has recognis$ ! nature ( ,mahesv>a1 & :i* manife/s to itself its own id5tity ) him1 & is !re=e fully satisfi$1 = any o!r motive ?an felicity = o!rs4 ,! well-be+ ( o!rs is a motive1 :atev] may be said1 = ! def9ition ( a motive applies to x3 = !re is no su* div9e curse laid ^u man t self-reg>d %\ld be 8 sole motive to ! exclusion ( a reg>d = o!rs4 ,?us ,ak%apda 7i4 #bd7 def9es a motive3 ,a motive is t object t[>ds :i* a man en]gises4 ,! preposition upa 9 upapdayami 7,i set =?7 indicates proximity3 ! result is ! br++ ( mank9d ne> unto ,god4 ,h5ce ! ^w all 9 ! phrase ! me?od ( atta9+ all felicities4 ,= :5 ! nature ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is atta9$1 all felicities1 :i* are b ! efflux !re(1 are ov]tak51 z if a man acquir$ ! m\nta9 ,rohana 7,adam's ,peak71 he w\ld acquire all ! treasures x conta9s4 ,if a man acquire ! div9e nature1 :at else is !re t he c ask =8 ,accord+ly ,utpal*rya says-- ,:at m c !y ask :o are ri* 9 ! weal? ( devotion8 ,:at else c !y ask :o are poor 9 ?is8 ,we h ?us expla9$ ! motive express$ 9 ! words ! me?od ( atta9+ all felicities1 on ! supposition t ! comp\nd t]m is a ,tatpuru%a g5itively con/ruct$4 ,let x be tak5 z a ,bahuvrhi or relative comp\nd4 ,!n ! recognition ( ,mahesv>a1 ! kn[+ him ?r\gh vic>i\s idols1 has = its motive ! full atta9m5t1 ! manife/ation1 ( all felicities1 ( e ext]nal & int]nal p]man5t happ9ess 9 _! prop] nature4 ,9 ! language ( ev]yday life1 recognition is a cognition relative to an object repres5t$ 9 memory3 = example1 ,?is 7p]ceiv$7 is ! same 7z ! rememb]$7 ,*aitra4 ,9 ! recognition prop\nd$ 9 ?is sy/em1--!re be+ a ,god ^: omnipot5ce is le>nt f ! accr$it$ leg5d>ies1 f accept$ revelation1 & f argum5tation1--!re arises 9 relation to my pres5t$ p]sonal self ! cognition t ,i am t v ,god1--9 virtue ( my recollection ( ! p[]s ( t ,god4 ,?is same recognition ,i set =?4 ,to set =? is to en=ce4 ,i e/abli% ?is recognition by a /r+5t process :i* r5d]s x conv9c+4 ,su* is ! articulate developm5t ( ! fir/ aphorism ( ! ,recognitive ,in/itutes4 ,"h x may be ask$3 ,if s\l is manife/$ only z consub/antial ) ,god1 :y ?is lab\r$ ef=t to exhibit ! recognition8 ,! answ] is ?is3--,! recognition is ?us exhibit$1 because ?\gh ! s\l is1 z y cont5d1 cont9ually manife/$ z self-lum9\s 7& !re=e id5tical ) ,god71 x is nev]!less "u ! influ5ce ( ! cosmo!tic illusion manife/$ z p>tial1 & !re=e ! recognition mu/ be exhibit$ by an expansion ( ! cognitive & active p[]s 9 ord] to a*ieve ! manife/ation ( ! s\l z total 7! self be+ to ! natural man a "p1 to ! man ( insight ! :ole1 ( ! div9e pl]oma74 ,?us1 !n1 ! syllogism3 ,?is self mu/ be ,god1 because x possesses cognitive & active p[]s2 = s f> =? z any "o is cognitive & active1 to t ext5t he is a "l1 l a "l 9 ! _w ( ev]yday life1 or l a k+1 !re=e ! s\l is ,god4 ,! five-memb]$ syllogism is "h employ$1 because s long z we deal ) ! illusory ord] ( ?+s1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,naiyyikas may be accept$4 ,x has ?us be5 said by ! son ( ,udayk>a-- ,:at self-lum9\s self c affirm or d5y t self-active & cognitive is ,mahesv>a ! primal be+8 ,su* recognition mu/ be effect$ by an expansion ( ! p[]s1 ! self be+ cognis$ "u illusion1 & imp]fectly disc]n$4 ,& aga9-- ,! cont9uance ( all liv+ creatures 9 ?is transmigratory _w la/s z long z _! respiratory involucrum2 k & action are acc\nt$ ! life ( liv+ creatures4 ,( ^!1 k is spontane\sly develop$1 & action 7or ritual71 :i* is be/ at ,ksi1 ,is indicat$ by o!rs also3 diff]5t f ^! is real k4 ,& also-- ,! k ( ^! ?+s foll[s ! sequ5ce ( ^? ?+s3 ,! kn[]1 ^: ess5ce is beatitude & k )\t succession1 is ,mahesv>a4 ,somn&an?a also says-- ,he always kn[s by id5tity ) ,siva3 he always kn[s by id5tity ) ! real4 ,aga9 at ! end ( ! section on k-- ,unless !re 7 ?is unity ) ,siva1 cognitions c\ld n exi/ z facts ( daily life3 ,unity ) ,god is prov$ by ! unity ( light4 ,he is ! "o kn[] 7or illum9ator ( cognitions74 ,he is ,mahesv>a1 ! great ,"l1 by reason ( ! unbrok5 cont9uity ( objects3 ,pure k & action are ! playful activity ( ! deity4 ,! foll[+ is an explanation ( ,abh9ava-gupta3--,! text1 ,aft] t z x %9es %9es ! all ( ?+s1 by ! light ( t %9es div]sely ?is ,,all1 tea*es t ,god illum9es ! :ole r\nd ( ?+s by ! glory ( ,8 lum9\s intellig5ce1 & t ! div]sity or plurality ( ! object _w1 :]eby ! light :i* irradiates objects is a blue1 a yell[ light1 & ! l1 arises f div]sity ( t9t ca/ ^u ! light by ! object4 ,9 reality1 ,god is )\t plurality or diff]5ce1 z transc5d+ all limitations ( space1 "t1 & figure4 ,he is pure intellig5ce1 self-lum9\sness1 ! manife/]2 & ?us we may read 9 ! ,saiva aphorisms1 ,self is intellig5ce4 ,8 synonym\s titles are ,intellig5tial ,ess5ce1 ,un9t]mitt$ ,cognition1 ,irrespective ,intuition1 ,exi/5ce z a mass ( ,beatitude1 ,supreme ,dom9ation4 ,?is self-same exi/+ self is k4 ,by pure k & action 79 ! passage ( ,somn&an?a cit$ above7 are meant real or transc5d5t cognition & activity4 ,( ^!1 ! cognition is self-lum9\sness1 ! activity is en]gy con/ructive ( ! _w or s]ies ( sph]es ( transmigratory exp]i5ce4 ,?is is describ$ 9 ! section on activity-- ,he by 8 p[] ( bliss gives light unto ^! objects1 ?r\gh ! efficacy ( 8 w3 ?is activity is creativ5ess4 ,& at ! close ( ! same section-- ,! m]e w ( ,god1 :5 he wills to become ! _w "u its =ms ( j>1 ( clo?1 & o!r objects1 is 8 activity work$ out by motive & ag5t4 ,?is process ( ess5ce into emanation1 :]eby if ?is be t comes to be1 _c be attribut$ to motiveless1 ins5ti5t ?+s4 ,accord+ to ^! pr9ciples1 causality n p]ta9+ ei!r to ! ins5ti5t or to ! non-div9e intellig5ce1 ! m]e w ( ,mahesv>a1 ! absolute ,"l1 :5 he wills to emanate into ?\s&s ( =ms1 z ?is or t diff]5ce1 ?is or t action1 ?is or t modification ( entity1 ( bir?1 cont9uance1 & ! l1 9 ! s]ies ( transmigratory environm5ts1--8 m]e w is 8 progressively high] & high] activity1 t is to say1 8 univ]sal creativ5ess4 ,h[ he creates ! _w by 8 w alone is cle>ly exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration-- ,! tree or j> produc$ by ! m]e w ( ?aumaturgi/s1 )\t clay1 )\t se$1 cont9ues to s]ve its prop] purpose z tree or j>4 ,if clay & simil> mat]ials 7 really ! sub/antial cause ( ! j> & ! re/1 h[ c\ld !y be produc$ by ! m]e volition ( ! ?aumaturgi/8 ,if y say3 ,"s j>s & "s plants are made ( clay1 & spr+ f se$s1 :ile o!rs arise f ! b>e volition ( ! ?aumaturgi/2 !n we %\ld in=m y t x is a fact notori\s to all ! _w t diff]5t ?+s mu/ emanate f diff]5t mat]ials4 ,z = ^? :o say t a j> or ! l _c be made )\t mat]ials to make x (1 & t :5 a ?aumaturgi/ makes "o he does s by putt+ atoms 9 motion by 8 w1 & s compos+ x3 !y may be in=m$ t unless !re is to be a palpable violation ( ! causal relation1 all ! co-effici5ts1 )\t exception1 mu/ be desid]at$2 to make ! j> !re mu/ be ! clay1 ! pott]'s /aff1 ! pott]'s :eel1 & all ! re/ ( x2 to make a body !re mu/ be ! congress ( ! male & female1 & ! successive results ( t congress4 ,n[1 if t be ! case1 ! g5esis ( a j>1 a body1 or ! l1 ^u ! m]e volition ( ! ?aumaturgi/1 w\ld be h>dly possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ,mahdeva1 amply free to rema9 )9 or to ov]-/ep any limit :atev]1 ! ,"l1 manifold 9 8 op]ancy1 ! intellig5t pr9ciple1 ?us op]ates4 ,?us x is t ,vasugupt*rya says-- ,to him t pa9t$ ?is _w-picture )\t mat]ials1 )\t appliances1 )\t a wall to pa9t x on1--to him be glory1 to him respl5d5t ) ! lun> digit1 to him t be>s ! trid5t4 ,x may be ask$3 ,if ! sup]s5sible self be no o!r ?an ,god1 h[ comes ?is implication 9 successive transmigratory conditions8 ,! answ] is giv5 9 ! section treat+ ( accr$it$ in/itution-- ,?is ag5t ( cognition1 bl9d$ by illusion1 transmigrates ?r\gh ! fatality ( works3 ,taught 8 div9e nature by sci5ce1 z pure intellig5ce1 he is enfran*is$4 ,x may be ask$3 ,if ! subject & ! object are id5tical1 :at diff]5ce c !re be betwe5 ! self b\nd & ! self lib]at$ 9 reg>d to ! objects cognisable by ea*8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is giv5 9 a section ( ! ,tattvr?a-,sangraha-- ,self lib]at$ cognises all t is cognisable z id5tical ) itself1 l ,mahesv>a free f bondage3 ! o!r 7or unlib]at$7 self has 9 x inf9ite plurality4 ,an objection may be rais$3 ,if ! div9e nature is ess5tial to ! s\l1 !re c be no occasion to seek = ?is recognition2 = if all requisites be suppli$1 ! se$ does n fail to g]m9ate because x is unrecognis$4 ,:y1 !n1 ?is toilsome ef=t = ! recognition ( ! s\l8 ,to su* an objection we reply3 ,only li/5 to ! secret we %all tell y4 ,all activity ab\t objects is ( two degrees1 be+ ei!r ext]nal1 z ! activity ( ! se$ 9 develop+ ! plant1 or int]nal1 z ! activity :i* det]m9es felicity1 :i* consi/s 9 an intuition :i* t]m9ates 9 ! consci\s self4 ,! fir/ degree ( activity presupposes no su* recognition z ! sy/em proposes1 ! second does presuppose x4 ,9 ! ,recognitive ,sy/em ! peculi> activity is ! ex]tion ( ! p[] ( unify+ p]sonal & imp]sonal _s1 a p[] :i* is ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ & ( m$iate ends1 ! activity consi/+ 9 ! intuition ,i am ,god4 ,to ?is activity a recognition ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! s\l is a pre-requisite4 ,x may be urg$ t peculi> activity t]m9at+ 9 ! consci\s self is obs]v$ indep5d5t ( recognition4 ,to ?is x is repli$3 ,a c]ta9 damsel1 he>+ ( ! _m good qualities ( a p>ticul> gallant1 fell 9 love ) him be=e %e _h se5 him1 & agitat$ by h] passion & unable to suff] ! pa9 ( n see+ him1 wrote to him a love-lett] descriptive ( h] condition4 ,he at once came to h]1 b :5 %e saw him %e did n recognise 9 him ! qualities %e _h he>d ab\t2 he appe>$ mu* ! same z any o!r man1 & %e f\nd no gratification 9 8 society4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z %e recognis$ ^? qualities 9 him z h] companions n[ po9t$ !m out1 %e 0 fully gratifi$4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! p]sonal self be manife/$ z id5tical ) ! univ]sal s\l1 its manife/ation effects no complete satisfaction s long z !re is no recognition ( ^? attributes2 b z soon z x is taught by a spiritual director to recognise 9 itself ! p]fections ( ,mahesv>a1 8 omnisci5ce1 omnipot5ce1 & o!r attributes1 x atta9s ! :ole pl]oma ( be+4 ,x is !re=e said 9 ! f\r? section-- ,z ! gallant /&+ be=e ! damsel is disda9$ z l all o!r m51 s long z he is unrecognis$1 ?\gh he humble himself be=e h] ) all mann] ( importunities3 ,9 l mann] ! p]sonal self ( mank9d1 ?\gh x be ! univ]sal s\l1 9 :i* !re is no p]fection unrealis$1 atta9s n its own glori\s nature2 & !re=e ?is recognition !re( mu/ come into play4 ,?is sy/em has be5 treat$ 9 detail by ,abh9ava-gupta & o!r tea*]s1 b z we h 9 h& a summ>y exposition ( sy/ems1 we _c ext5d ! discussion ( x any fur!r le/ our "w become too prolix4 ,?is !n may suffice4#aeb ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aej3 ,read bhvn = bhvt4 ,footnote #aea3 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #aac4 ,mdhava "h cond5ses ,abh9ava ,gupta's comm5t>y4 ,abh9ava ,gupta liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury 7see ,bhl]'s ,t\r 9 ,ca%m]e1 pp4 #ff1 #hj74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,i h se5 9 ,calcutta a %ort ,comm4 on ! ,siva stras by ,utpala1 ! son ( ,udayk>a 7cf4 pp4 #acj1 #aca74--;,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rasesv>a-,,d>sana ,,or ,,m]curial ,,sy/em4#aec ,o!r ,mhesv>as !re are :o1 :ile !y hold ! id5tity ( self ) ,god1 insi/ ^u ! t5et t ! lib]ation 9 ?is life taught 9 all ! sy/ems dep5ds ^u ! /ability ( ! bodily frame1 & !re=e celebrate ! virtues ( m]cury or quicksilv] z a means ( /r5g!n+ ! sy/em4 ,m]cury is call$ prada1 because x is a means ( conveyance beyond ! s]ies ( transmigratory /ates4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,x gives ! f>!r %ore ( metempsy*osis3 x is call$ prada4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,rasrnava-- ,x is /yl$ prada because x is employ$ = ! highe/ end by ! be/ vot>ies4 ,s9ce ?is 9 sleep id5tical ) me1 goddess1 arises f my memb]s1 & is ! exudation ( my body1 x is call$ rasa4 ,x may be urg$ t ! lit]al int]pretation ( ^! words is incorrect1 ! lib]ation 9 ?is life be+ explicable 9 ano!r mann]4 ,?is objection is n all[able1 lib]ation be+ set out 9 ! six sy/ems z subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ! body1 & ^u ?is !re c be no reliance1 & consequ5tly no activity to atta9 to x free f misgiv+s4 ,?is is also laid d[n 9 ! same treatise-- ,lib]ation is decl>$ 9 ! six sy/ems to foll[ ! dea? ( ! body4 ,su* lib]ation is n cognis$ 9 p]ception l an emblic myrobalan fruit 9 ! h&4 ,!re=e a man %\ld pres]ve t body by means ( m]cury & ( m$icam5ts4 ,gov9da-bhagavat also says-- ,hold+ t ! enjoym5ts ( weal? & ( ! body are n p]man5t1 "o %\ld /rive ,aft] emancipation2 b emancipation results f k1 k f /udy1 & /udy is only possible 9 a heal?y body4 ,! body1 "s "o may say1 is se5 to be p]i%able1 h[ c its p]man5cy be effect$8 ,?9k n s1 x is repli$1 = ?\gh ! body1 z a complexus ( six %ea?s or wrapp]s ( ! s\l1 is dissoluble1 yet ! body1 z creat$ by ,h>a & ,gaur "u ! names ( m]cury & mica1 may be p]durable4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,rasahridaya-- ,!y :o1 )\t quitt+ ! body1 h atta9$ to a new body1 ! creation ( ,h>a & ,gaur1 ,!y are to be laud$1 p]fect$ by m]cury1 at ^: s]vice is ! aggregate ( magic texts4 ,! ascetic1 !re=e1 :o aspires to lib]ation 9 ?is life %\ld fir/ make to himself a glorifi$ body4 ,& inasmu* z m]cury is produc$ by ! creative conjunction ( ,h>a & ,gaur1 & mica is produc$ f ,gaur1 m]cury & mica are sev]ally id5tifi$ ) ,h>a & ,gaur 9 ! v]se-- ,mica is ?y se$1 & m]cury is my se$2 ,! comb9ation ( ! two1 ,o goddess1 is de/ructive ( dea? & pov]ty4 ,?is is v little to say ab\t ! matt]4 ,9 ! ,rasesv>a-siddhnta _m among ! gods1 ! ,daityas1 ! ,munis1 & mank9d1 are decl>$ to h atta9$ to lib]ation 9 ?is life by acquir+ a div9e body ?r\gh ! efficacy ( quicksilv]4 ,c]ta9 ( ! gods1 ,mahesa & o!rs2 c]ta9 ,daityas1 ,sukra & o!rs2 ,c]ta9 ,munis1 ! ,blakhilyas & o!rs2 c]ta9 k+s1 ,somesv>a & o!rs2 ,gov9da-bhagavat1 ,gov9da-nyaka1 ,*>vati1 ,kapila1 ,vyli1 ,kpli1 ,k&alyana1 ,^! & _m o!rs proce$ p]fect$1 lib]at$ :ile alive1 ,hav+ atta9$ to a m]curial body1 & !re) id5tifi$4 ,! mean+ ( ?is1 z explicat$ by ,p>amesv>a to ,p>amesv>1 is z foll[s3-- ,by ! me?od ( works is atta9$1 ,o supreme ( goddesses1 ! pres]vation ( ! body2 ,& ! me?od ( works is said to be tw(old1 m]cury & air1 ,m]cury & air swoon+ c>ry (f diseases1 dead !y re/ore to life1 ,b\nd !y give ! p[] ( fly+ ab\t4 ,! swoon+ /ate ( m]cury is ?us describ$-- ,!y say quicksilv] to be swoon+ :5 x is p]ceiv$1 z *>act]is$ ?us-- ,( v>i\s col\rs1 & free f excessive volatility4 ,a man %\ld reg>d t quicksilv] z dead1 9 :i* ! foll[+ m>ks are se5-- ,wetness1 ?ickness1 brightness1 heav9ess1 mobility4 ,! b\nd condition is describ$ 9 ano!r place z foll[s3-- ,! "* ( b\nd quicksilv] is t x is-- ,cont9u\s1 flu5t1 lum9\s1 pure1 heavy1 & t x p>ts asund] "u friction4 ,"s "o may urge3 ,if ! creation ( m]cury by ,h>a & ,gaur 7 prov$1 x might be all[$ t ! body c\ld be made p]man5t2 b h[ c t be prov$8 ,! objection is n all[able1 inasmu* z t c be prov$ by ! eighte5 modes ( elaboration4 ,?us x is /at$ by ! au?orities-- ,eighte5 modes ( elaboration are to be c>efully discrim9at$1 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z pure 9 e process1 = p]fect+ ! adepts4 ,& ^! modes ( elaboration are enum]at$ ?us-- ,sweat+1 rubb+1 swoon+1 fix+1 dropp+1 co]cion1 re/ra9+1 ,k9dl+1 go+1 fall+ into globules1 pulv]is+1 cov]+1 ,int]nal flux1 ext]nal flux1 burn+1 col\r+1 & p\r+1 ,& eat+ x by p>t+ & pi]c+ x1--are ! eighte5 modes ( treat+ quicksilv]4 ,^! treatm5ts h be5 describ$ at l5g? by ,gov9da-bhagavat1 ,s>vaja-rmesv>a & ! o!r anci5t au?orities1 & are "h omitt$ to avoid prolixity4 ,! m]curial sy/em is n to be look$ ^u z m]ely eulogi/ic ( ! metal1 x be+ imm$iately1 ?r\gh ! cons]vation ( ! body1 a means to ! highe/ end1 lib]ation4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,rasrnava-- ,decl>e to me1 ,o god1 t supremely efficaci\s de/ruction ( ! blood1 t de/ruction ( ! body1 imp>t$ by !e1 :]eby x atta9$ ! p[] ( fly+ ab\t 9 ! sky4 ,goddess 7he repli$71 quicksilv] is to be appli$ bo? to ! blood & to ! body4 ,?is makes ! appe>ance ( body & blood alike4 ,a man %\ld fir/ try x ^u ! blood1 & !n apply x to ! body4 ,x w be ask$3 ,:y %\ld we make ?is ef=t to acquire a cele/ial body1 see+ t lib]ation is effect$ by ! self-manife/ation ( ! supreme pr9ciple1 exi/5ce1 intellig5ce1 & beatitude8 ,we reply3 ,?is is no objection1 su* lib]ation be+ inaccessible unless we acquire a heal?y body4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,rasahridaya-- ,t intellig5ce & bliss set =? 9 all ! sy/ems 9 :i* a multitude ( unc]ta9ties are melt$ away1 ,?\gh x manife/ itself1 :at c x effect = be+s ^: bodies are unglorifi$8 ,he :o is worn out ) decrepitude1 ?\gh he be free f c\gh1 f a/hma1 & simil> infirmities1 ,he is n qualifi$ = m$itation 9 :om ! activities ( ! cognitive organs are ob/ruct$4 ,a y\? ( sixte5 addict$ to ! la/ degree to ! enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasures1 ,an old man 9 8 dotage1 h[ %\ld ei!r ( ^! atta9 to emancipation8 ,"s "o w object3 ,x is ! nature ( ! p]sonal s\l to pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( embodim5ts1 & to be lib]at$ is to be extricat$ f t s]ies ( embodim5ts2 h[1 !n1 c ^! two mutually exclusive conditions p]ta9 to ! same bodily t5em5t8 ,! objection is invalid1 z unable to /& be=e ! foll[+ dilemmatic argum5t3--,is ?is extrication1 z to ! nature ( :i* all ! f\nd]s ( in/itutes are at "o1 to be held z cognisable or z incognisable8 ,if x is incognisable1 x is a pure *im]a2 if x is cognisable1 we _c disp5se ) life1 = t :i* is n alive _c be cognisant ( x4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,rasasiddhnta-- ,! lib]ation ( ! p]sonal s\l is decl>$ 9 ! m]curial sy/em1 ,o subtile ?9k]4 ,9 ! t5ets ( o!r s*ools :i* repose on a div]sity ( argum5t1 ,"k t ?is k & kn[able is all[$ 9 all sacr$ texts2 ,"o n liv+ _c "k ! kn[able1 & !re=e !re is & mu/ be life4 ,& ?is is n to be suppos$ to be unprec$5t$1 = ! adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,vi%nu-svm9 ma9ta9 ! et]nity ( ! body ( ,vi%nu half-man & half-lion4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,skra-siddhi-- ,i glorify ! man-lion set =? by ,vi%nu-svm91 ,^: only body is exi/5ce1 intellig5ce1 & et]nal & inconceivably p]fect beatitude4 ,if ! objection be rais$ t ! body ( ! man-lion1 :i* appe>s z composite & z col\r$1 is incompatible ) real exi/5ce1 x may be repli$3 ,h[ c ! body ( ! man-lion be o!rwise ?an really exi/5t1 prov$ z x is by ?ree k9ds ( pro(3 7#a47 by ! intuition ( ,sanaka & o!rs2 7#b47 by ,v$ic texts su* z1 ,a ?\s& heads has ,puru%a2 & 7#c47 by ,purnic texts su* z1 ,t wondr\s *ild1 lotus-ey$1 f\r-arm$1 arm$ ) ! con*-%ell1 ! club1 & o!r weapons8 ,real exi/5ce & o!r l pr$icates are affirm$ also by ,srknta-misra1 ! devot$ adh]5t ( ,vi%nu-svm94 ,let1 !n1 ^? :o aspire to ! highe/ end ( p]sonal s\ls be assur$ t ! et]nity ( ! body :i* we are sett+ =? is by no means a m]e innovation4 ,x has ?us be5 said-- ,:at high] beatitude is !re ?an a body undecay+1 immortal1 ,! repository ( sci5ces1 ! root ( m]it1 ri*es1 pleasure1 lib]ation8 ,x is m]cury alone t c make ! body undecay+ & immortal1 z x is said-- ,only ?is supreme m$icam5t c make ! body undecay+ & imp]i%able4 ,:y describe ! efficacy ( ?is metal8 ,its value is prov$ ev5 by see+ x1 & by t\*+ x1 z x is said 9 ! ,rasrnava-- ,f see+ x1 f t\*+ x1 f eat+ x1 f m]ely rememb]+ x1 ,f wor%ipp+ x1 f ta/+ x1 f imp>t+ x1 appe> its six virtues4 ,equal m]it accrues f see+ m]cury z accrues f see+ all ! phallic emblems ,on e>?1 ^? at ,k$ra1 & all o!rs :atsoev]4 ,9 ano!r place we read-- ,! adoration ( ! sacr$ quicksilv] is m beatific ?an ! wor%ip ( all ! phallic emblems at ,ksi & else:]e1 ,inasmu* z !re is atta9$ !reby enjoym5t1 heal?1 exemption f decay1 & immortality4 ,! s9 ( disp>ag+ m]cury is also set out-- ,! adept on he>+ quicksilv] he$lessly disp>ag$ %\ld recall quicksilv] to m9d4 ,he %\ld at once %un ! blasphem]1 :o is by 8 blasphemy = ev] fill$ ) s94 ,! atta9m5t1 !n1 ( ! highe/ end ( ! p]sonal s\l takes place by an intuition ( ! highe/ pr9ciple by means ( ! practice ( union 7,greek3 h5sis7 aft] ! acquisition ( a div9e body 9 ! mann] we h describ$4 ,!reaft]-- ,! light ( pure intellig5ce %9es =? unto c]ta9 m5 ( holy vision1 ,:i*1 seat$ betwe5 ! two eyebr[s1 illum9es ! univ]se1 l fire1 or lightn+1 or ! sun3 ,p]fect beatitude1 unalloy$1 absolute1 ! ess5ce :]e( is lum9\sness1 undiff]5c$1 ,f :i* all tr\bles are fall5 away1 kn[able1 tranquil1 self-recognis$3 ,fix+ ! int]nal organ ^u t1 see+ ! :ole univ]se manife/$1 made ( pure intellig5ce1 ,! aspirant ev5 9 ?is life atta9s to ! absolute1 8 bondage to works annull$4 ,a ,v$ic text also decl>es3 ,t is ,rasa 7m]cury71 hav+ obta9$ ?is he becomes beatitude4 ,?us1 !n1 x has be5 %[n t m]cury alone is ! means ( pass+ beyond ! burd5 ( transmigratory pa9s4 ,& con=mably we h a v]se :i* sets =? ! id5tity betwe5 m]cury & ! supreme self-- ,may t m]cury1 :i* is ! v self1 pres]ve u f dejection & f ! t]rors ( metempsy*osis1 ,:i* is naturally to be appli$ aga9 & aga9 by ^? t aspire to lib]ation f ! envelop+ illusion1 ,:i* p]fect$ endures1 :i* plays n aga9 :5 ! s\l awakes1 ,:i*1 :5 x arises1 pa9s no o!r s\l1 :i* %9es =? by itself f itself4 ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aec3 ,cf4 ,m>co ,polo's acc\nt ( ! ,indian yogs 9 ,colonel ,yule's edit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjj4 ,prada-pna is "o ( ! practices ( ! ,siddhopsakas 9 ! ,sank>a-digvijaya1 #di1 to obviate apamrityu1 aklamrityu1 c4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,vaise%ika ,,or ,,aul,,kya ,,d>sana4#aed ,:oso wi%es to escape ! reality ( pa91 :i* is e/abli%$ by ! consci\sness ( e s\l ?r\gh its be+ felt to be ess5tially contr>y to e rational be+1 & wi%es !re=e to "k ! means ( su* escape1--le>ns t ! k ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is ! true means !re(1 f ! au?ority ( su* passages z ^! 7,svetsvat>a ,upan4 vi4 #bj7-- ,:5 m5 %all roll up ! sky z a piece ( lea!r1 ,!n %all !re be an end ( pa9 )\t ! k ( ,siva4 ,n[ ! k ( ! ,supreme is to be ga9$ by he>+ 7sravana71 ?\ght 7manana71 & reflection 7bhvan71 z x has be5 said-- ,by scripture1 by inf]5ce1 & by ! =ce ( repeat$ m$itation1-- ,by ^! ?ree me?ods produc+ k1 he ga9s ! highe/ union 7yoga74 ,"h ?\ght dep5ds on inf]5ce1 & inf]5ce dep5ds on ! k ( ! vypti 7or univ]sal proposition71 & ! k ( ! vypti foll[s ! "r und]/&+ ( ! categories1--h5ce ! sa9t ,kanda#aee e/abli%es ! six categories 9 8 t5fold treatise1 comm5c+ ) ! words1 ,n[1 !re=e1 we %all expla9 duty4 ,9 ! fir/ book1 consi/+ ( two daily lessons1 he describes all ! categories :i* are capable ( intimate relation4 ,9 ! fir/ hnika he def9es ^? :i* possess g5us 7jti71 9 ! second g5us 7or g5]ality7 itself & p>ticul>ity4 ,9 ! simil>ly divid$ second book he discusses sub/ance1 giv+ 9 ! fir/ hnika ! *>act]i/ics ( ! five elem5ts1 & 9 ! second he e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( space & "t4 ,9 ! ?ird book he def9es ! s\l & ! int]nal s5se1 ! =m] 9 ! fir/ hnika1 ! latt] 9 ! second4 ,9 ! f\r? book he discusses ! body & its adjuncts1 ! latt] 9 ! fir/ hnika1 & ! =m] 9 ! second4 ,9 ! fif? book he inve/igates action2 9 ! fir/ hnika he consid]s action z connect$ ) ! body1 9 ! second z belong+ to ! m9d4 ,9 ! six? book he exam9es m]it & dem]it z reveal$ 9 ,sruti2 9 ! fir/ hnika he discusses ! m]it ( giv+1 receiv+ gifts1 c41 9 ! second ! duties ( ! f\r p]iods ( religi\s life4 ,9 ! sev5? book he discusses quality & intimate relation2 9 ! fir/ hnika he consid]s ! qualities indep5d5t ( ?\ght1 9 ! second ^? qualities :i* are relat$ to x1 & also intimate relation4 ,9 ! eigh? book he exam9es indet]m9ate & det]m9ate p]ception1 & means ( pro(4 ,9 ! n9? book he discusses ! *>act]i/ics ( intellect4 ,9 ! t5? book he e/abli%es ! diff]5t k9ds ( inf]5ce4#aef ,! me?od ( ?is sy/em is said to be ?reefold1 enunciation1 def9ition1 & inve/igation4#aeg ,b1 x may be object$1 ought we n to include 'division1' & s make ! me?od f\rfold1 n ?reefold8 ,we demur to ?is1 because division is really includ$ 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( enunciation4 ,?us :5 we decl>e t sub/ance1 quality1 action1 g5]ality1 p>ticul>ity1 & intimate relation are ! only six positive categories1--?is is an example ( enunciation4 ,if y ask ,:at is ! reason = ?is def9ite ord] ( ! categories8 we answ] z foll[s3--,s9ce sub/ance is ! *ief1 z be+ ! sub/ratum ( all ! categories1 we en\nce ?is fir/2 next quality1 s9ce x resides 9 its g5]ic "* 9 all sub/ances ?\gh diff]5t sub/ances h diff]5t qualities2 !n action1 z x agrees ) sub/ance & quality 9 possess+ g5]ality2#aeh !n g5]ality1 z resid+ 9 ^! ?ree2 !n p>ticul>ity1 inasmu* z x possesses intimate relation2#aei la/ly1 intimate relation itself2 su* is ! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t4 ,if y ask1 ,:y d y say t !re are only six categories s9ce 'non-exi/5ce' is also "o8 we answ]3 ,because we wi% to speak ( ! six z positive categories1 i4e41 z be+ ! objects ( conceptions :i* d n involve a negative idea4 ,/ill1 ! objector may retort1 h[ d y e/abli% ?is def9ite numb] 'only six'8 = ei!r horn ( ! alt]native fails4 ,=1 we ask1 is ! ?+ to be ?us exclud$ already ?or\ghly asc]ta9$ or n8 ,if x is ?or\ghly asc]ta9$1 :y d y exclude x8 & /ill m s1 if x is n ?or\ghly asc]ta9$8 ,:at s5sible man1 pray1 sp5ds 8 /r5g? 9 d5y+ t a m\se has horns8 ,?us y\r def9ite numb] 'only six' fails z be+ inapplicable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we _c admit2 if d>kness1 c41 are all[$ to =m c]ta9ly a sev5? category 7z non-exi/5ce71 we ?us 7by our def9ite numb]7 d5y x to be "o ( ! six positive categories1--& if o!rs attempt to include capacity1 numb]1 c41 :i* we all[ to be c]ta9ly positive exi/5ces1 we ?us d5y t !y make a sev5? category4 ,b en\gh ( ?is long discussion4 ,sub/antiality1 c4 7dravyatvdi71 i4e41 ! g5]a ( sub/ance1 quality1 & action1 are ! def9ition ( ! triad sub/ance1 quality1 & action respectively4 ,! g5us ( sub/ance 7dravyatva7 is t :i*1 :ile x alike exi/s ) intimate relation 9 ! 7et]nal7 sky & ! 7transitory7 lotus1 is itself et]nal1#afj & does n exi/ ) intimate relation 9 smell4#afa ,! g5us ( quality 7gunatva7 is t :i* is imm$iately subord9ate to ! g5us exi/5ce1 & exi/s ) intimate relation 9 :atev] is n an intimate or m$iate cause4#afb ,! g5us ( action 7k>matva7 is t :i* is imm$iately subord9ate to ! g5us exi/5ce1 & is n f\nd ) intimate relation 9 any?+ et]nal4#afc ,g5]ality 7or g5us1 smnya7 is t :i* is f\nd 9 _m ?+s ) intimate relation1 & c nev] be ! c\nt]-entity to em]g5t non-exi/5ce4#afd ,p>ticul>ity#afe 7vise%a7 exi/s ) intimate relation1 b x is de/itute ( g5]ality1 :i* /ops mutual non-exi/5ce4#aff ,intimate relation 7samavya7 is t connection :i* itself has n intimate relation4#afg ,su* are ! def9itions ( ! six categories4 ,sub/ance is n9efold1--e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 e!r1 "t1 space1 s\l1 & m9d4 ,! g5]a ( e>?1 c4 7pri?ivtva71 are ! def9itions ( ! fir/ f\r4 ,! g5us ( e>? is t g5]ality :i* is imm$iately subord9ate to sub/ance1 & resides 9 ! same subject ) col\r produc$ by bak+4#afh ,! g5us ( wat] is t g5]ality :i* is f\nd ) intimate relation 9 wat]1 be+ also f\nd 9 intimate relation 9 riv] & sea4 ,! g5us ( fire is t g5]ality :i* is f\nd ) intimate relation 9 fire1 be+ also f\nd ) intimate relation 9 ! moon & gold4 ,! g5us ( air is t :i* is imm$iately subord9ate to sub/ance1 & is f\nd ) intimate relation 9 ! organ ( ! sk94#afi ,z e!r1 space1 & "t1 f _! be+ s+le1 _c be subord9ate g5]a1 _! sev]al names /& respectively = _! te*nical appellations4 ,e!r is ! abode ( p>ticul>ity1 & is f\nd 9 ! same subject ) ! non-et]nal 7janya7 special quality :i* is n produc$ by contact4#agj ,"t is t :i*1 be+ a p]vad+ sub/ance1 is ! abode ( ! m$iate cause#aga ( t idea ( remot5ess 7p>atva7 :i* is n f\nd ) intimate relation 9 space2#agb :ile space is t p]vad+ sub/ance :i* possesses no special qualities & yet is n "t4#agc ,! g5]al t]ms tmatva & mana/va are ! respective def9itions ( s\l 7tman7 & m9d 7manas74 ,! g5]al idea ( s\l is t :i* is subord9ate to sub/ance1 be+ also f\nd ) intimate relation 9 t :i* is )\t =m#agd 7amrtta74 ,! g5]al idea ( m9d is t :i* is subord9ate to sub/ance1 be+ also f\nd exi/+ ) intimate relation 9 an atom1 b unlike o!r atoms n ! intimate cause ( any sub/ance4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r qualities2 sev5te5 are m5tion$ directly 9 ,kanda's ,stras 7i4 #a1 #f71 col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 t\*1 numb]1 quantity1 sev]alty1 conjunction1 disjunction1 remot5ess1 proximity1 intellig5ce1 pleasure1 pa91 desire1 av]sion1 & ef=t2 &1 besides ^!1 sev5 o!rs are und]/ood 9 ! ^w &1 viz41 gravity1 fluidity1 viscidity1 faculty1 m]it1 dem]it1 & s\nd4 ,_! respective g5]a 7rpatva1 c47 are _! sev]al def9itions4 ,! class or g5us ( col\r is t :i* is subord9ate to quality & exi/s ) intimate relation 9 blue4 ,9 ! same way may be =m$ ! def9itions ( ! re/4 ,action is fivefold1 accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ?r[+ upw>ds1 ?r[+ d[nw>ds1 contract+1 exp&+1 & go+3 revolution1 evacuat+1 c41 be+ includ$ "u go+4 ,! g5us ( ?r[+ upw>ds1 c41 w be _! respective def9itions4 ,! g5us ( ?r[+ upw>ds is a subord9ate g5us to action2 x exi/s ) intimate relation1 & is to be kn[n z ! m$iate cause ( conjunction ) a high] place4 ,9 ! same mann] are to be made ! def9itions ( ?r[+ d[nw>ds1 c4 ,g5]ality 7or g5us7 is tw(old1 ext5sive & non-ext5sive2 exi/5ce is ext5sive z f\nd ) intimate connection 9 sub/ance & quality1 or 9 quality & action2 sub/ance1 c41 are non-ext5sive4 ,! def9ition ( g5]ality has be5 giv5 be=e4 ,p>ticul>ity & intimate relation _c be divid$1--9 ! =m] case 9 consequ5ce ( ! inf9ite numb] ( sep>ate p>ticul>ities1 9 ! latt] f intimate relation be+ b "o2 _! def9itions h be5 giv5 be=e4 ,!re is a popul> prov]b-- ,duality1 *ange produc$ by bak+1 & disjunction produc$ by disjunction1--he ^: m9d vacillates n 9 ^! ?ree is ! true ,vaise%ika2 & !re=e we w n[ %[ ! mann] ( ! production ( duality1 c4 ,!re is "h fir/ ! contact ( ! organ ( s5se ) ! object2 !nce !re arises ! k ( ! g5us unity2 !n ! di/+ui%+ p]ception apek%buddhi by :i* we appreh5d ?is is "o1 ?is is "o1 c42 !n ! production ( duality1 dvitva 79 ! object72#age !n ! k ( ! ab/ract g5us ( duality 7dvitvatva72 !n ! k ( ! quality duality z x exi/s 9 ! two ?+s2 !n imag9ation#agf 7samskra74#agg ,b x may "h be ask$ :at is ! pro( ( duality1 c41 be+ ?us produc$ f apek%buddhi8 ,! great doctor 7,udayana7 ma9ta9$ t apek%buddhi mu/ be ! produc] ( duality1 c41 because duality is nev] f\nd sep>at$ f x1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we _c hold apek%buddhi z ! cause only ( its be+ kn[n & !re=e x foll[s t x mu/ be ! cause ( its be+ produc$#agh1 j z contact is ) reg>d to s\nd4 ,we1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 ! same op9ion by a diff]5t argum5t2 duality1 c41 _c be held to be made kn[n 7jpya7 by t non-et]nal appreh5sion ^: object is two or m individual unities 7i4e41 apek%buddhi71 because ^! are qualities :i* reside 9 a plurality ( subjects & n 9 any "o individual#agi j z sev]alty does &1 !re=e1 z apek%buddhi is n _! jpaka1 x mu/ be _! janaka4 ,next we w describe ! ord] ( ! successive de/ructions4 ,f apek%buddhi arises1 simultane\sly ) ! production ( duality 7dvitva71 ! de/ruction ( ! k ( ! g5us ( unity2 next f ! k ( ! g5us ( duality 7dvitvatva7 arises1 simultane\sly ) ! k ( ! quality duality1 ! de/ruction ( apek%buddhi2 next f ! de/ruction ( apek%buddhi arises1 simultane\sly ) ! k ( ! two sub/ances1 ! de/ruction ( ! duality2 next f ! k ( ! two sub/ances arises1 simultane\sly ) ! production ( imag9ation 7samskra71 ! de/ruction ( ! k ( ! quality2 & next f imag9ation arises ! de/ruction ( ! k ( ! sub/ances4 ,! evid5ce = ! de/ruction ( "o k9d ( k by ano!r1 & = ! de/ruction ( ano!r k by imag9ation1 is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ argum5t2 ^! kn[l$ges !mselves :i* are ! subjects ( ! discussion are successively de/roy$ by ! rise ( o!rs produc$ f !m1 because k1 l s\nd1 is a special quality ( an all-p]vad+ sub/ance1 & ( mom5t>y duration4#ahj ,i may briefly add1 t :5 y h ! k ( ! g5us ( unity simultane\sly ) an action 9 "o ( ! two ?+s !mselves1 produc+ t sep>ation :i* is ! opposite to ! conjunction t produc$ ! :ole1 9 t case y h ! subsequ5t de/ruction ( duality produc$ by ! de/ruction ( its abid+-place 7! two ?+s72 b :]e y h ?is sep>ate action tak+ place simultane\sly ) ! rise ( apek%buddhi1 !re y h ! de/ruction ( duality produc$ by ! unit$ influ5ce ( bo?4#aha ,apek%buddhi is to be consid]$ z t op]ation ( ! m9d :i* is ! c\nt]-entity to t em]g5t non-exi/5ce 7i4e41 de/ruction7 :i* itself causes a subsequ5t de/ruction4#ahb ,next we w inquire 9 h[ _m mom5ts1 comm5c+ ) ! de/ruction ( ! comp\nd ( two atoms 7! dvyanuka71 ano!r comp\nd ( two atoms is produc$1 hav+ col\r1 c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation ! mode ( production w be expla9$4 ,fir/1 ! comp\nd ( two atoms is gradually de/roy$ by ! s]ies ( /eps comm5c+ ) ! contact ( fire2#ahc secondly1 f ! conjunction ( fire arises ! de/ruction ( ! qualities black1 c41 9 ! s+le atom2 ?irdly1 f ano!r conjunction ( fire arises ! production ( r$1 c41 9 ! atom2 f\r?ly1 f conjunction ) a s\l possess+ m]it arises an action#ahd 9 ! atom = ! production ( a sub/ance2 fif?ly1 by t action is produc$ a sep>ation ( t atom f its =m] place2 six?ly1 !re is produc$ !reby ! de/ruction ( its conjunction ) t =m] place2 sev5?ly1 is produc$ ! conjunction ) ano!r atom2 eigh?ly1 f ^! two atoms arises ! comp\nd ( two atoms2 n9?ly1 f ! qualities1 c41 ( ! causes 7i4e41 ! atoms7 are produc$ col\r1 c41 ! qualities ( ! effect 7i4e41 ! dvyanuka74 ,su* is ! ord] ( ! s]ies ( n9e mom5ts4 ,! o!r two s]ies1#ahe t ( ! t5 & t ( ! elev5 mom5ts1 are omitt$ = fe> ( prolixity4 ,su* is ! mode ( production1 if we hold 7) ! ,vaise%ikas7 t ! bak+ process takes place 9 ! atoms ( ! j>4#ahf ,! ,naiyyikas1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t ! bak+ process takes place 9 ! j>4 ,disjunction produc$ by disjunction is tw(old1--t produc$ by ! disjunction ( ! intimate or mat]ial causes only1 & t produc$ by ! disjunction ( ! intimate cause & ! non-cause i4e41 ! place4 ,we w fir/ describe ! =m] k9d4 ,x is a fix$ rule t :5 ! action ( break+ arises 9 ! mat]ial cause :i* is insep>ably connect$ ) ! effect i4e41 9 "o ( ! two halves ( ! pot1 & produces a disjunction f ! o!r half1 !re is n produc$ at t "t a disjunction f ! place or po9t ( space occupi$ by ! pot2 &1 aga91 :5 !re is a disjunction f t po9t ( space occupi$ by ! pot1 ! disjunction f ! o!r half is n contempor>y ) x1 b has already tak5 place4 ,= j z we nev] see smoke )\t its cause1 fire1 s we nev] see t effect ( ! break+ 9 ! pot :i* we call ! disjunction f ! po9t ( space1#ahg )\t !re hav+ previ\sly be5 ! orig9ation ( t disjunction ( ! halves :i* /ops ! conjunction :]eby ! pot 0 br\ght into be+4 ,!re=e ! action ( break+ 9 ! p>ts produces ! disjunction ( "o "p f ano!r1 b n ! disjunction f ! po9t ( space2 next1 ?is disjunction ( "o "p f ano!r produces ! de/ruction ( t conjunction :i* _h br\ght ! pot into exi/5ce2 & !nce arises ! de/ruction ( ! pot1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple1 cessante caus cessat effectus4 ,! pot be+ ?us de/roy$1 t disjunction1 :i* resides 9 bo? ! halves 7:i* are ! mat]ial or intimate causes ( ! pot7 dur+ ! "t t is m>k$ by ! de/ruction ( ! pot or p]haps hav+ ref]5ce only to "o indep5d5t half1 initiates1 9 ! case ( t half :]e ! break+ began1 a disjunction f ! po9t ( space :i* _h be5 connect$ ) ! pot2 b n 9 ! case ( ! o!r half1 z !re is no cause to produce x4#ahh ,b ! second k9d is z foll[s3--,z action :i* arises 9 ! h&1 & causes a disjunction f t ) :i* x 0 9 contact1 initiates a disjunction#ahi f ! po9ts ( space 9 :i* ! orig9al conjunction took place2 & ?is is ! disjunction ( ! intimate cause & ! non-cause4 ,:5 ! action 9 ! h& produces an effect 9 relation to any po9ts ( space1 x initiates also 9 ! same direction a disjunction ( ! intimate effect & ! non-effect2 ?us ! disjunction ( ! body ! intimate effect & ! po9ts ( space arises f ! disjunction ( ! h& & ! po9ts ( space ! h& be+ an intimate or mat]ial cause ( ! body1 b ! po9ts ( space be+ n a cause4 ,?is second disjunction is n produc$ by ! action ( ! body1 because ! body is suppos$ to be at ! "t inactive2 nor is x produc$ by ! action ( ! h&1 because x is impossible t an action resid+ 9 "s o!r place z ! h& %\ld produce ! effect ( disjunction 9 ! body4 ,!re=e we conclude by exhau/ion t we mu/ accept ! view--t x is ! disjunction ( ! intimate cause & ! non-cause#aij :i* causes ! second disjunction ( ! body & ! po9ts ( space4 ,b an oppon5t may "h object t :at y =m]ly /at$ 7p4 #adg7 z to exi/5ce be+ d5i$ ( d>kness1 c41 is surely unreasonable2 =1 9 fact1 !re are no less ?an f\r diff]5t op9ions ma9ta9$ on ?is po9t1--?us 7a47 ! ,bhtta ,mmmsakas & ! ,v$nt9s hold t d>kness is a sub/ance2 7b47 ,srdh>a *rya#aia holds t ! col\r ( d>k blue is impos$ & ?us d>kness w be a quality2 7c47 "s ( ! ,prbhk>a ,mmmsakas hold t x is ! abs5ce ( ! cognition ( light2 7d47 ! ,naiyyikas1 c41 hold t x is ! abs5ce ( light4 ,9 reply1 we ass]t t z = ! fir/ alleg$ op9ion 7a47 x is q out ( ! "q1 z x is consi/5t ) nei!r ( ! two possible alt]natives2 = if d>kness is a sub/ance1 x mu/ ei!r be "o ( ! n9e well-kn[n sub/ances1 e>?1 c41#aib or "s diff]5t "o4 ,b x _c be any "o ( ! n9e1 s9ce1 "u :i*ev] "o y w\ld place x1 all ! qualities ( t sub/ance %\ld c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 x2 nor c y1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]t t x is "s sub/ance diff]5t f ^! n9e1 s9ce1 be+ 9 itself de/itute ( qualities1 x _c prop]ly be a sub/ance at all ! v def9ition ( sub/ance be+ t :i* is ! sub/ratum ( qualities1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 x _c be a diff]5t sub/ance f ! n9e4 ,b y may ask1 ,h[ c y say t d>kness is de/itute ( qualities1 :5 x is p]ceiv$ z possess$ ( ! d>k blue ( ! tamla blossom8 ,we reply1 t ?is is m]ely an error1 z :5 m5 say t ! col\rless sky is blue4 ,b en\gh ( ?is onslaught on anci5t sages4#aic 7b47 ,h5ce x foll[s t d>kness _c h its col\r impos$ ^u x1 s9ce y _c h an imposition ( col\r )\t suppos+ "s sub/ratum to receive x2#aid & aga91 we _c conceive ! eye z capable ( impos+ a col\r :5 depriv$ ( ! concurr5t cause1 ! ext]nal light4 ,nor c we accept t x is an impression indep5d5t ( ! eye i4e41 produc$ by ! int]nal s5se1 m9d1 because ! concurr5ce ( ! eye is n a sup]flu\s b an indisp5sable condition to its be+ produc$4 ,nor c y ma9ta9 t abs5ce or non-exi/5ce 7abhva#aie7 is incapable ( be+ express$ by affirmative t5se affixes &1 !re=e1 z we d use su* phrases z t5ebr oriuntur1 d>kness _c be a m]e non-exi/5ce2 because y\r ass]tion is too broad1 z x w\ld include su* cases ( non-exi/5ce z a mundane collapse1 de/ruction1 inatt5tion1#aif c4 & yet we all "k t m5 d speak ( any ( ^! ?+s z pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 & yet all are cases ( abhva4 7c47 ,h5ce d>kness _c be ! abs5ce ( ! cognition ( light1 s9ce1 by ! well-kn[n rule t t organ :i* p]ceives a c]ta9 object c also p]ceive its abs5ce1 x w\ld foll[ t d>kness w\ld be p]ceiv$ by ! m9d s9ce x is ! m9d :i* p]ceives cognitions4#aig ,h5ce we conclude t ! f\r? or rema9+ op9ion mu/ be ! true "o1 viz41 t d>kness is only ! abs5ce ( light4 ,& x ne$ n be object$ t x is v difficult to acc\nt = ! attribution to non-exi/5ce ( ! qualities ( exi/5ce1 = we all see t ! quality happ9ess is attribut$ to ! abs5ce ( pa91 & ! idea ( sep>ation is connect$ ) ! abs5ce ( conjunction4 ,& y ne$ n ass]t t ?is abs5ce ( light mu/ be ! object ( a cognition produc$ by ! eye 9 dep5d5ce on light1 s9ce x is ! abs5ce ( an object possess+ col\r1#aih z we see 9 ! case ( a j>'s abs5ce1 because by ! v rule on :i* y rely1 viz41 t t on :i* ! eye dep5ds to p]ceive an object1 x mu/ also dep5d on to p]ceive t object's abs5ce1 x foll[s t z !re is no dep5d5ce ( ! eye on light to p]ceive light1 x ne$ n dep5d !reon to p]ceive ?is light's abs5ce4 ,nor ne$ our oppon5t retort t ! cognition ( d>kness z ! abs5ce ( light necessitates ! cognition ( ! place :]e ! abs5ce resides & ?is w require light1 z su* an ass]tion is q unt5able1 = we _c admit t 9 ord] to h a conception ( abs5ce x is necess>y to h a conception ( ! place :]e ! abs5ce resides1 else we c\ld n h ! p]ception ( ! cessation ( s\nd1 z is impli$ 9 su* an expression z ! tumult has ceas$4#aii ,h5ce1 hav+ all ^! difficulties 9 8 m9d1 ! v5]able ,kanda utt]$ 8 aphorism z an ipse dixit to settle ! "q3 ,dravya-guna-k>ma-ni%-patti-vaidh>myd abhvas tamas 7,vais4 ,st4 v4 #b1 #ai71 ,d>kness is really non-exi/5ce1 s9ce x is dissimil> to ! production ( sub/ances1 qualities1 or actions4 ,! same ?+ has be5 also e/abli%$ by ! argum5t t d>kness is p]ceiv$ by ! eye#bjj )\t light1 :]eas all sub/ances1 if p]ceptible at all1 require ! pres5ce ( light z well z ( ! eye to be visible4 ,non-exi/5ce 7abhva7 is consid]$ to be ! sev5? category1 z e/abli%$ by negative pro(s4 ,x may be concisely def9$ z t :i*1 itself n hav+ intimate relation1 is n intimate relation2#bja & ?is is tw(old1 relative non-exi/5ce#bjb & reciprocal non-exi/5ce4 ,! =m] is aga9 divid$ into antec$5t1 em]g5t1 & absolute4 ,antec$5t is t non-exi/5ce :i*1 ?\gh )\t any beg9n+1 is n ev]la/+2 em]g5t is t :i*1 ?\gh hav+ a beg9n+1 is ev]la/+2 absolute is t non-exi/5ce :i* abides 9 its own c\nt]-entity2#bjc reciprocal non-exi/5ce is t :i*1 be+ diff]5t f absolute1 has yet no def9$ limit i4e41 no t]m9us ad quem nor t]m9us a quo1 z antec$5t & em]g5t h4 ,if y raise ! objection t 'reciprocal non-exi/5ce' is really ! same z 'absolute non-exi/5ce1' we reply t ?is is inde$ to lose "o's way 9 ! k+'s highroad2 = reciprocal non-exi/5ce is t negation ^: opposite is held to be id5tity1 z a j> is n clo?2 b absolute non-exi/5ce is t negation ^: opposite is connection1 z !re is no col\r 9 ! air4#bjd ,nor ne$ y "h raise ! objection t abhva c nev] be a means ( produc+ any good to man1 = we ma9ta9 t x is 8 summum bonum1 9 ! =m ( f9al beatitude1 :i* is only ano!r t]m = ! absolute abolition ( all pa9 & !re=e comes "u ! category ( abhva4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aed3 ,! ,vaise%ikas are call$ ,aulkyh 9 ,hema*&ra's ,abhidhna-*9tmani2 9 ! ,vyu-purna 7quot$ 9 ,aufre*t's ,catal4 p4 #ec b1 l4 #bc71 ,ak%apda1 ,kanda1 ,ulka1 & ,vatsa are call$ ! sons ( ,siva4 ,footnote #aee3 ,he is "h call$ by 8 synonym ,kanabhak%a4 ,footnote #aef3 ,x is s+ul> t ?is is inaccurate4 ,! n9? book treats ( t p]ception :i* arises f sup]s5sible contact1 c41 & inf]5ce4 ,! t5? treats ( ! mutual diff]5ce ( ! qualities ( ! s\l1 & ! ?ree causes4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,= ?is extract f ! old bh%ya ( ,vtsyyana1 see ,colebrooke's ,essays 7new edition71 vol4 i4 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,cf4 ,bh%-p>i**h$a1 sloka #ad4 ,footnote #aei3 ,p>ticul>ity 7vise%a7 resides by intimate relation 9 ! et]nal atoms1 c4 ,footnote #afj3 ,?is clause is add$1 z o!rwise ! def9ition w\ld apply to duality & conjunction4 ,footnote #afa3 ,?is is add$1 z o!rwise ! def9ition w\ld apply to exi/5ce 7satt71 :i* is ! summum g5us1 to :i* sub/ance1 quality1 & action are imm$iately subord9ate4 ,footnote #afb3 ,exi/5ce 7satt7 is ! g5us ( dravya1 guna1 & kriy4 ,dravya alone c be ! intimate cause ( any?+2 & all actions are ! m$iate 7or non-intimate7 cause ( conjunction & disjunction4 ,"s qualities 7z samyoga1 rpa1 c47 may be m$iate causes1 b ?is is accid5tal & does n belong to ! ess5ce ( guna1 z _m gunas c nev] be m$iate causes4 ,footnote #afc3 ,z all k>mas are transitory1 k>matva is only f\nd 9 ! anitya4 ,i correct 9 p4 #aje1 l9e #bj1 nity-samavetatva2 ?is is ! read+ ( ! ,,ms4 9 ! ,calcutta ,sanskrit ,college ,libr>y4 ,footnote #afd3 ,i4e41 x c nev] be de/roy$4 ,inde/ructibility1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 "t1 space1 c42 to exclude ^!1 !re=e1 ! =m] clause ( ! def9ition is add$4 ,footnote #afe3 ,p>ticul>ity 7:5ce ! "n ,vaise%ika7 is n individuality1 z ( ?is p>ticul> fla% ( lightn+1--b x is ! individuality ei!r ( ^? et]nal sub/ances :i*1 be+ s+le1 h no g5us1 z e!r1 "t1 & space2 or ( ! diff]5t atomic m9ds2 or ( ! atoms ( ! f\r rema9+ sub/ances1 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air1 ^! atoms be+ suppos$ to be ! ne plus ultra1 & z !y h no p>ts1 !y are :at !y are by _! own indivisible nature4 ,ballantyne translat$ vise%a z ultimate diff]5ce4 ,i am n sure :e!r ! individual s\l has vise%a4 ,footnote #aff3 ,mutual non-exi/5ce 7anyonybhva7 exi/s betwe5 two notions :i* h no prop]ty 9 common1 z a pot is n clo?2 b ! g5us is ! same 9 two pots1 bo? alike be+ pots4 ,footnote #afg3 ,samavyasamb&bhvt samavyo na jtih1 ,siddh4 ,mukt4 7,samyoga be+ a guna has gunatva exi/+ 9 x ) intimate relation74 ,footnote #afh3 ,! feel or t\* ( e>? is said to be nei!r hot nor cold1 & its col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\* are *ang$ by union ) fire 7,bh%-p>i**h$a1 sl4 #ajc1 #ajd74 ,footnote #afi3 ,! organ ( t\* is an arial integum5t4--,colebrooke4 ,footnote #agj3 ,s\nd is tw(old1--produc$ f contact1 z ! fir/ s\nd1 & produc$ f s\nd1 z ! second4 ,janya is add$ to exclude ,god's k1 :ile samyogjanya excludes ! s\l's1 :i* is produc$ by contact1 z ( ! s\l & m9d1 m9d & ! s5ses1 c4 ,footnote #aga3 ,! m$iate cause itself is ! conjunction ( "t ) "s body1 c41 exi/+ 9 "t1--?is latt] is ! intimate cause1 :ile ! k ( ! revolutions ( ! sun is ! in/rum5tal cause4 ,9 p4 #ajf1 l9e #ab1 read adhik>anam4 ,footnote #agb3 ,p>atva be+ ( two k9ds1 daisika & klika4 ,footnote #agc3 ,"t1 space1 & m9d h no special qualities2 ! la/1 h[ev]1 is n p]vad+ b atomic4 ,footnote #agd3 ,! ?ree o!r padr?as1 beside s\l1 :i* are amrtta1--"t1 e!r1 & space1--are n g5]a4 ,footnote #age3 ,all numb]s1 f duality upw>ds1 are artificial1 i4e41 !y are made by our m9ds2 unity alone exi/s 9 ?+s !mselves--ea* be+ "o2 & !y only become two1 c41 by our *oos+ to reg>d !m s1 & ?us jo9+ !m 9 ?\ght4 ,footnote #agf3 ,samskra is "h ! idea conceiv$ by ! m9d--creat$1 9 fact1 by its own en]gies out ( ! mat]ial previ\sly suppli$ to x by ! s5ses & ! int]nal organ or m9d4 7,cf4 ! tables 9 p4 #aec47 ,footnote #agg3 ,"h & else:]e ,i omit ! metrical summ>y ( ! orig9al1 z x adds no?+ new to ! previ\s prose4 ,footnote #agh3 ,e cause mu/ be ei!r jpaka or janaka2 apek%buddhi1 n be+ ! =m]1 mu/ be ! latt]4 ,footnote #agi3 ,apek%buddhi appreh5ds ?is is "o1 ?is is "o1 c42 b duality1 = in/ance1 does n reside 9 ei!r ( ^!1 b 9 bo? toge!r4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,! ,vaise%ikas held t ! jvtman & space are ea* an all-p]vad+ sub/ance1 b ! individual portions ( ea* h diff]5t special qualities2 h5ce "o man kn[s :at ano!r is ignorant (1 & "o portion ( e!r has s\nd :5 ano!r portion has n4 ,dr4 ,rer1 9 8 v]sion ( ! ,bh%-,p>i**h$a1 has mi/ranslat$ an important ,stra :i* be>s on ?is po9t4 ,x is said 9 ,stra #bf-- ----a?ksas>r9am1 avypyavrittih k%aniko vise%a-guna i%yate1 :i* does n mean ! special qualities ( e!r & s\l are limitation to space & mom5t>y duration1 b ! special qualities ( e!r & s\l 7i4e41 s\nd1 k1 c47 are limit$ to diff]5t portions & ( mom5t>y duration4 ,footnote #aha3 ,! au?or "h m5tions two o!r causes ( ! de/ruction ( dvitva besides t already giv5 9 p4 #aeb1 l4 #ad 7apek%buddhi-nsa71 viz41 srayansa1 & ! unit$ action ( bo?3-- #a4 ,ekatva-jna ,avayava-kriy 4 4 4 #b4 ,apek%buddhi ,avayava-vibhga ,avayava-kriy4 #c4 ,dvitvotpatti & ,avayava-samyoga-nsa ,avayava-vibhga4 ekatva-jna-nsa #d4 ,dvitvatvajna ,dvitvdhrasya ,avayava-samyoga-nsa4 7i4e41 avayav9ah7 nsah #e4 ,dvitvaguna-buddhi,dvitva-nsa dhra-nsa & ( avayav974 7i4e41 apek%buddhi-nsa 7( avayav974 #f4 ,dvitva-nsa & 4 4 4 ,dvitva-nsa4 dravya-buddhi ,! second & ?ird columns repres5t :at takes place :51 9 ! c\rse ( ! six /eps ( ekatvajna1 c41 "o ( ! two p>ts is itself divid$ ei!r at ! fir/ or ! second mom5t4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! dvitva ( ! :ole is de/roy$ 9 ! fif? mom5t1 & !re=e its only cause is its imm$iately prec$+ dvitvdhra-nsa1 or1 z ,mdhava calls x1 srayanivritti4 ,9 ! second case1 ! nsa arrives at ! same mom5t simultane\sly by bo? columns 7#a7 & 7#c71 & h5ce x may be ascrib$ to ! unit$ action ( two causes1 apek%buddhi-nsa & dhra-nsa4 ,any kriy :i* arose 9 "o ( ! p>ts aft] ! second mom5t w\ld be unimportant1 z ! nsa ( ! dvitva ( ! :ole w\ld take place by ! orig9al sequ5ce 9 column 7#a7 9 ! six? mom5t2 & 9 ?is way x w\ld be too late to affect t result4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,i4e41 f ! de/ruction ( apek%buddhi foll[s ! de/ruction ( dvitva2 b ! o!r de/ructions previ\sly describ$ 7 foll[$ by "s production1--?us ! k ( dvitvatva arose f ! de/ruction ( ekatvajna1 c4 7cf4 ,siddh4 ,mukt41 p4 #ajg74 ,i may rem9d ! read] t 9 ,h9du logic ! c\nt]-entity to ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ is ! ?+ itself4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,f ! conjunction ( fire is produc$ an action 9 ! atoms ( ! j>2 !nce a sep>ation ( "o atom f ano!r2 !nce a de/ruction ( ! conjunction ( atoms :i* made ! black 7or unbak$7 j>2 !nce ! de/ruction ( ! comp\nd ( two atoms4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,i4e41 a k9d ( initiative t5d5cy4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,^! are expla9$ at full l5g? 9 ! ,siddhnta ,muktval1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies we h--#a4 ! de/ruction ( ! dvyanuka & simultane\sly a disjunction f ! old place produc$ by ! disjunction 7( ! p>ts72 #b4 ! de/ruction ( ! black col\r 9 ! dvyanuka1 & ! simultane\s de/ruction ( ! conjunction ( ! dvyanuka ) t place2 #c4 ! production ( ! r$ col\r 9 ! atoms1 & ! simultane\s conjunction ) ano!r place2 #d4 ! cessation ( ! action 9 ! atom produc$ by ! orig9al conjunction ( fire4 ,! rema9+ #e-aj agree ) ! #d-i above4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,! ,vaise%ikas hold t :5 a j> is bak$1 ! old black j> is de/roy$1 its sev]al comp\nds ( two atoms1 c41 be+ de/roy$2 ! action ( ! fire !n produces ! r$ col\r 9 ! sep>ate atoms1 &1 jo9+ ^! into new comp\nds1 ev5tually produces a new r$ j>4 ,! exce$+ rapidity ( ! /eps prev5ts ! eye's detect+ ! *ange ( ! j>s4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,nyya ma9ta9 t ! fire p5etrates into ! diff]5t comp\nds ( two or m atoms1 &1 )\t any de/ruction ( ! old j>1 produces its effects on ^! comp\nds1 & !reby *anges n ! j> b its col\r1 c41--x is /ill ! same j>1 only x is r$1 n black4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,9 p4 #aji1 l9e #ad1 ,i read gaganavibhgak>tritvasya4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,! ,siddhnta ,muktval1 p4 #aab1 describes ! s]ies ( /eps3--#a4 ,an action1 z ( break+1 9 "o ( ! halves2 #b4 ! disjunction ( ! two halves2 #c4 ! de/ruction ( ! conjunction :i* orig9ally produc$ ! pot2 #d4 ! de/ruction ( ! pot2 #e4 by ! disjunction ( ! two halves is produc$ a disjunction ( ! sev]$ half f ! old place2 #f4 ! de/ruction ( ! conjunction ) t old place2 #g4 ! conjunction ) ! new place2 #h4 ! cessation ( ! orig9al impulse ( fracture4 ,"h ! second disjunction 7viz41 ( ! half ( ! pot & ! place7 is produc$ by ! previ\s disjunction ( ! halves1 ! intimate causes ( ! pot4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,! orig9al has a plural vibhgn1 i4e41 disjunctions f ! sev]al po9ts4 ,footnote #aij3 ,i4e41 ! disjunction ( ! h& & ! po9ts ( space4 ,footnote #aia3 ,! au?or ( a comm5t>y on ! ,bhagavad ,gt4 ,footnote #aib3 ,= dravydi read pri?ivydi4 ,footnote #aic3 ,i am n sure t x w\ld n be bett] to read viddhavevidhay1 rew\nd+ ! w\nd$1 in/ead ( vriddhavvadhay4 ,footnote #aid3 ,unless y see ! rope y _c mi/ake x = a s]p5t4 ,footnote #aie3 ,9 p4 #aaj1 la/ l9e1 read 'bhve4 ,footnote #aif3 ,read 9 p4 #aaj1 la/ l9e1 anavadhndi%u4 ,vidhipratyaya prop]ly means an imp]ative or pot5tial affix imply+ comm&2 b ! p&it takes vidhi "h z bhvabodhaka-kriy4 ,x has t mean+ 9 ,kvya-praksa1 ,v4 7p4 #aad1 l4 #a74 ,footnote #aig3 ,! m9d p]ceives loka-jna1 !re=e x w\ld p]ceive its abs5ce1 i4e41 d>kness1 b ?is la/ is p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,footnote #aih3 ,i4e41 light possesses col\r1 & we _c see a j>'s abs5ce 9 ! d>k4 ,footnote #aii3 ,s\nd resides 9 ! imp]ceptible e!r1 & cessation is ! dhvamsbhva1 or em]g5t non-exi/5ce4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,! read+ pratyayav$yatv5a seems support$ by p4 #aaj1 la/ l9e1 b x is difficult to trace ! argum5t2 ,i h1 !re=e1 v5tur$ hesitat+ly to read pratyak%av$yatv5a1 & w\ld ref] to ! comm5t>y 7,vais4 ,st4 p4 #bej71 yadi hi nla-rpavan nlam rpam eva v tamah syt1 vhylokapragraham ant>5a *ak%u% na grihyeta4 ,footnote #bja3 ,intimate relation has also no intimate relation4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,relative non-exi/5ce 7sams>gbhva7 is ! negation ( a relation2 ?us ! j> is n 9 ! h\se is absolute non-exi/5ce1 x 0 n 9 ! h\se is antec$5t1 & x w n be 9 ! h\se is em]g5t1 non-exi/5ce4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,i4e41 ! absolute abs5ce ( ! j> is f\nd 9 ! j>1 z1 ( c\rse1 ! j> does n reside 9 ! j>1 b 9 ! spot ( gr\nd1--x is ! jti ghatatva :i* resides 9 ! j>4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,! opposite is !re is col\r 9 ! air4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,ak%ap,,da 7,,or ,,ny,,ya7 ,,d>sana4 ,! pr9ciple t f9al bliss1 i4e41 ! absolute abolition ( pa91 arises f ! k ( ! tru? ?\gh 9 a c]ta9 s5se univ]sally accept$1 is e/abli%$ 9 a special s5se z a p>ticul> t5et#bje ( ! ,nyya s*ool1 z is decl>$ by ! au?or ( ! aphorisms 9 ! words pro(1 t :i* is to be prov$1 c41--f k ( ! tru? z to ^! ?+s !re is ! atta9m5t ( f9al bliss4 ,?is is ! fir/ aphorism ( ! ,nyya ,s/ra4 ,n[ ! ,nyya ,s/ra consi/s ( five books1 & ea* book conta9s two daily portions4 ,9 ! fir/ daily portion ( ! fir/ book ! v5]able ,gotama discusses ! def9itions ( n9e categories1 beg9n+ ) pro(1 & 9 ! second ^? ( ! rema9+ sev51 beg9n+ ) discussion 7vda74 ,9 ! fir/ daily portion ( ! second book he exam9es d\bt1 discusses ! f\r k9ds ( pro(1 & refutes ! sugge/$ objections to _! be+ in/rum5ts ( "r k2 & 9 ! second he %[s t presumption1 c41 are really includ$ 9 ! f\r k9ds ( pro( already giv5 & !re=e ne$ n be add$ by ! ,mmmsakas z sep>ate ones4 ,9 ! fir/ daily portion ( ! ?ird book he exam9es ! s\l1 ! body1 ! s5ses1 & _! objects2 9 ! second1 und]/&+ 7buddhi71 & m9d 7manas74 ,9 ! fir/ daily portion ( ! f\r? book he exam9es volition 7pravritti71 ! faults1 transmigration1 fruit ( actions1 pa91 & f9al lib]ation2 9 ! second he inve/igates ! tru?#bjf z to ! causes ( ! faults1 & also :oles & p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ daily portion ( ! fif? book he discusses ! v>i\s k9ds ( futility 7jti71 & 9 ! second ! v>i\s k9ds ( occasion = rebuke 7nigraha/hna1 or unfitness to be argu$ )74 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple t to "k ! ?+ to be measur$ y mu/ fir/ "k ! measure1 pro( 7pramna7 is fir/ enunciat$1 & z ?is mu/ be done by def9+ x1 we h fir/ a def9ition ( pro(4 ,pro( is t :i* is always accompani$ by "r k1 & is at ! same "t n disjo9$ f ! prop] in/rum5ts z ! eye1 c41 & f ! site ( k i4e41 ! s\l2#bjg & ?is def9ition ?us includes ! peculi> t5et ( ! ,nyya ,s*ool t ,god is a s\rce ( "r k1#bjh z ! au?or ( ! aphorisms has expressly decl>$ 7ii4 #fh71 & ! fact ( ! ,v$a's be+ a cause ( "r k1 l spells & ! m$ical sci5ce1 foll[s f ! fact t ! fit "o :o gave ! ,v$a 0 a s\rce ( "r k4 ,& ?us too ha? ! univ]sally r5[n$ tea*] ,udayana1 :o saw to ! f>!/ %ore ( ! ocean ( logic1 decl>$ 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,kusumjali3 ,"r k is accurate compreh5sion1 & "r kn[+ is ! possession !re(2 au?oritativ5ess is1 accord+ to ,gotama's s*ool1 ! be+ sep>at$ f all abs5ce !re(4 ,he 9 ^: intuitive un]r+ p]ception1 insep>ably unit$ to ,him & dep5d5t on no =eign inlets1 ! succession ( all ! v>i\s exi/+ objects is conta9$1--all ! *aff ( our suspicion be+ swept away by ! removal ( all possible faults z caus$ by ! slighte/ want ( obs]vation 9 ,him1--,he1 ,siva1 is my au?ority2 :at h ,i to d ) o!rs1 d>k5$ z _! au?ority mu/ ev] be ) ris+ d\bts8 ,pro( is f\rfold1 z be+ divid$ into p]ception1 inf]5ce1 analogy1 & te/imony4 ,! ?+ to be prov$ or ! object ( "r notion is ( twelve k9ds1 viz41 s\l1 body1 ! s5ses1 _! objects1 und]/&+1 m9d1 volition1 faults1 transmigrations1 fruit1 pa91 & f9al lib]ation4 ,d\bt is a k ^: nature is unc]ta9ty2 & ?is is ?reefold1 z be+ caus$ by ! object's possess+ only qualities :i* are common to o!r ?+s also1 & !re=e n di/9ctive1--or by its possess+ only irrelevant qualities ( its own1 :i* d n help u 9 det]m9+ ! p>ticul> po9t 9 "q1#bji--or by conflict+ te/imony4 ,! ?+ :i* "o proposes to "o's self be=e proce$+ to act1 is a motive 7prayojana72 ?is is tw(old1 i4e41 visible & invisible4 ,an example is a fact br\ght =w>d z a gr\nd = e/abli%+ a g5]al pr9ciple1 & x may be ei!r affirmative or negative4#baj ,a t5et 7siddhnta7 is some?+ :i* is accept$ z be+ au?oritatively settl$ z true2 x is ( f\r k9ds1 z be+ common to all ! s*ools1 peculi> to "o s*ool1 a pregnant assumption lead+1 if conc$$1 to a fur!r conclusion1 & an impli$ dogma 7i4 #bf-ca74 ,! memb] 7( a demon/ration7 is a "p ( ! s5t5ce conta9+ an inf]5ce = ! sake ( ano!r2 & ^! are five1 ! proposition1 ! reason1 ! example1 ! application1 & ! conclusion 7i4 #cb-ch74 ,confutation 7t>ka1 i4 #ci7 is ! %[+ t ! admission ( a false m9or necessitates ! admission ( a false major#baa 7cf4 ,st4 i4 #ci1 & iv4 #c72 & ?is is ( elev5 k9ds1 z vyghta1 tmsraya1 it>et>sraya1 c4 ,asc]ta9m5t 7nirnaya1 i4 #dj7 is "r k or a p]ception ( ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,x is ( f\r k9ds z produc$ by p]ception1 inf]5ce1 analogy1 or te/imony4 ,discussion 7vda7 is a p>ticul> k9d ( conv]sation1 hav+ z its end ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru? 7i4 #da74 ,wrangl+ 7jalpa7 is ! talk ( a man only wi%+ = victory1 :o is ready to employ argum5ts = ei!r side ( ! "q 7i4 #db74 ,cavill+ 7vit&7 is ! talk ( a man :o does n attempt to e/abli% 8 own side ( ! "q 7i4 #dc74 ,dialogue 7ka?7 is ! tak+ ( two opposite sides by two disputants4 ,a fallacy is an inconclusive reason :i* is suppos$ to prove some?+1 & ?is may be ( five k9ds1 ! erratic1 ! contradictory1 ! unc]ta91 ! unprov$1 & ! preclud$ or mi/im$ 7,st4 i4 #dd-di74 ,unfairness 7*hala7 is ! br++ =w>d a contr>y argum5t by us+ a t]m wilfully 9 an ambigu\s s5se2 ?is is ( ?ree k9ds1 z !re may be fraud 9 respect ( a t]m1 ! mean+1 or a metaphorical phrase 7i4 #ej-ed74 ,futility 7jti7 is a self-de/ructive argum5t 7i4 #eh74 ,?is is ( tw5ty-f\r k9ds 7z describ$ 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,nyya aphorisms7 7#a-ch74 ,occasion = rebuke is :]e ! disputant loses 8 cause by /upidity1 & ?is is ( tw5ty-two k9ds 7z describ$ 9 ! fif? book ( ! aphorisms1 #dd-fg74 ,we d n ins]t "h all ! m9ute subdivisions ?r\gh fe> ( be+ too prolix1--!y are fully expla9$ 9 ! aphorisms4 ,b "h an objector may say1 ,if ^! sixte5 topics1 pro(1 c41 are all ?us fully discuss$1 h[ is x t x has receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,nyya ,s/ra1 z reason+1 i4e41 ,nyya1 or logic1 prop]ly =ms only a small "p ( ! topics :i* x treats (8 ,we all[ ! =ce ( ! objection2 /ill z names are prov]bially said to be giv5 = "s special reason1 we ma9ta9 t ! "n ,nyya 0 rightly appli$ to ,gotama's sy/em1 s9ce reason+1 or inf]5ce = ! sake ( ano!r1 is ju/ly held to be a pr$om9ant feature f its usefulness 9 all k9ds ( k1 & f its be+ a necess>y means = e k9d ( pursuit4 ,s x has be5 said by ,s>vaja1 ,?is is ! pre-em95t sci5ce ( ,nyya f its e/abli%+ our doctr9es aga9/ oppon5ts1 & f its produc+ action2#bab & by ,pak%ila ,swm91 ,?is is ! sci5ce ( reason+ 7nvk%ik7 divid$ into ! diff]5t categories1 'pro(1' c42 ! lamp ( all sci5ces1 ! means = aid+ all actions1 ! ultimate appeal ( all religi\s duties1 well prov$ 9 ! decl>ations ( sci5ce4#bac ,b "h an objector may say1 ,:5 y decl>e t f9al lib]ation arises f ! k ( ! tru?1 d y mean t lib]ation ensues imm$iately ^u ?is k be+ atta9$8 ,we reply1 ,no1 = x is said 9 ! second ,nyya aphorism1 ,pa91 bir?1 activity1 faults1 false notions1--on ! successive annihilation ( ^! 9 turn1 !re is ! annihilation ( ! "o next be=e x1 by means ( ?is k ( ! tru?4 ,n[ false notions are ! ?9k+ ! body1 c41 :i* are n ! s\l1 to be ! s\l2 faults are a desire = ^? ?+s :i* seem agreeable to ! s\l1 & a dislike to ^? ?+s :i* seem disagreeable to x1#bad ?\gh 9 reality no?+ is ei!r agreeable or disagreeable to ! s\l4 ,& ?r\gh ! mutual reaction ( ^! diff]5t faults ! /upid man desires & ! desir+ man is /upid2 ! /upid man is angry1 & ! angry man is /upid4 ,moreov] ! man1 impell$ by ^! faults1 does ^? ?+s :i* are =bidd53 ?us by ! body he does injury1 !ft1 c42 by ! voice1 falsehood1 c42 by ! m9d1 malevol5ce1 c42 & ?is same s9ful activity produces dem]it4 ,or1 aga91 he may d laudable actions by 8 body1 z alms1 sav+ o!rs1 c41 tru?ful speak+1 upright c\nsel1 c41 by 8 voice1 & guilelessness1 c41 by 8 m9d2 & ?is same "r activity produces m]it4 ,b bo? are =ms ( activity1 & ea* leads to a simil> laudable or blamable bir? or bodily manife/ation2 & :ile ?is bir? la/s !re arises ! impression ( pa91 :i* we are consci\s ( z ( some?+ t j>s aga9/ u4 ,n[ ?is s]ies1 beg9n+ ) false notions & end+ ) pa91 is cont9ually go+ on1 & is :at we mean by ! words mundane exi/5ce1 :i* rolls on ceaselessly1 l a wat]:eel4 ,& :5ev] "s pre-em95t man1 by ! =ce ( 8 previ\s good de$s1 obta9s ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( a great tea*] ! k t all ?is pres5t life is only a sc5e ( pa9 & b\nd up ) pa91 he recognises t x is all to be avoid$1 & desires to aboli% ! ignorance1 c41 :i* are ! causes t produc$ x4#bae ,!n he le>ns t ! "o means to aboli% x is ! k ( ! tru?2 & z he m$itates on ! objects ( "r k divid$ into ! f\r sci5ces1#baf !re arises 9 8 m9d ! k ( ! tru?1 or1 9 o!r words1 a "r view ( ?+s z !y are2 & f ?is k ( ! tru? false notions disappe>4 ,:5 false notions disappe>1 ! faults pass away2 ) !m ceases activity2 & ) x ceases bir?2 & ) ! cessation ( bir? comes ! entire abolition ( pa91 & ?is absolute abolition is f9al bliss4 ,its absolut5ess consi/s 9 ?is1 t no?+ simil> to t :i* is ?us aboli%$ c ev] revive1 z is expressly said 9 ! second aphorism ( ! ,nyya ,stras3 ,pa91 bir?1 activity1 faults1 false notions1--s9ce1 on ! successive annihilation ( ^! 9 turn1 !re is ! annihilation ( ! "o next be=e x1 !re is on ! annihilation ( ! la/ ( !m f9al beatitude4 ,b is n y\r def9ition ( ! summum bonum1 lib]ation1 i4e41 '! absolute abolition ( pa91' aft] all z mu* beyond our rea* z treacle on ! elb[ is to ! tongue2#bag :y !n is ?is cont9ually put =? z if x 7 e/abli%$ beyond all dispute8 ,we reply t z all ^? :o ma9ta9 lib]ation 9 any =m d include !re9 ! absolute abolition ( pa91 our def9ition1 z be+ ?us a t5et accept$ 9 all ! s*ools1 may well be call$ ! royal highway#bah ( philosophy4 ,no "o1 9 fact1 ma9ta9s t pa9 is possible )\t ! individual's activity4 ,?us ev5 ! ,mdhyamika's op9ion t lib]ation consi/s 9 ! abolition ( s\l1 does n controv]t our po9t1 s f> at any rate z t x is ! abolition ( pa94 ,b if y proce$ to argue t ! s\l1 z be+ ! cause ( pa91 is to be aboli%$ j l ! body1 c41 we reply t ?is does n hold1 s9ce x fails "u ei!r alt]native4 ,= d y mean by ! s\l1 7a47 ! cont9u$ succession ( cognitions1 or 7b47 some?+ diff]5t !refrom8 7a47 ,if ! =m]1 we make no objection1 s9ce we ,naiyyikas all[ t cognition is evanesc5t1#bai & we d desire to aboli% cognition z a cause ( pravritti or action#bbj1 = :o w\ld oppose a view :i* makes = 8 own side8 7b47 ,b if ! latt]1 !n1 s9ce x mu/ be et]nal1#bba its abolition is impossible2 &1 aga91 a second objection w\ld be t no "o w\ld try to ga9 y\r suppos$ summum bonum2 = surely no s5sible p]son w\ld /rive to annihilate ! s\l1 :i* is always ! de>e/ ( all1 on ! pr9ciple t ev]y?+ else is de> = ! s\l's pleasure2 &1 aga91 ev]ybody uses su* a phrase z lib]at$1 & ?is v t]m refutes ! idea ( annihilation or abolition4 ,b :y n say ) ^? ,bauddhas :o hold ! doctr9e ( pure intellig5ce i4e41 ! ,yog*ras & ! ,sautrntikas#bbb1 t '! summum bonum' is ! ris+ ( pure intellig5ce consequ5t on ! cessation ( ! consci\s subject8 ,to ?is view we object t !re is an abs5ce ( means2 & also x _c be e/abli%$ t ! locus or subject ( ! two /ates is ! same4 ,= ! =m]1 if x is repli$ t ! well-kn[n f\rfold set ( ,bauddha contemplations#bbc are to be accept$ z ! cause1 we answ] t1 z accord+ to ! ,bauddha t5et ( ! mom5t>y exi/5ce ( all ?+s !re _c be "o abid+ subject ( ^! contemplations1 !y w necess>ily ex]cise a languid p[] l /udies pursu$ at irregul> int]vals1 & be ?us ineffectual to produce any di/9ct recognition ( ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,& = ! latt]1 s9ce ! cont9u$ s]ies ( cognitions :5 accompani$ by ! natural ob/acles#bbd is said to be b\nd1 & :5 fre$ f ^? ob/acles is said to be lib]at$1 y _c e/abli% an id5tity ( ! subject 9 ! two /ates s z to be able to say t ! v same be+ :i* 0 b\nd is n[ lib]at$4 ,nor d we f9d ! pa? ( ! ,ja9as1 viz41 t ,lib]ation is ! releas+ f all 'ob/ructions1' a pa? entirely free f b>s to imp$e ! wayf>]4 ,pray1 w our ,ja9a fri5d k9dly in=m u :at he means by ob/ruction8#bbe ,if he answ]s m]it1 dem]it1 & error1 we readily grant :at he says4 ,b if he ma9ta9s t ! body is ! true ob/ruction1 & h5ce ,lib]ation is ! cont9ual upspr++ ( ! s\l consequ5t on ! body's annihilation1 z ( a p>rot releas$ f its cage1 !n we mu/ inquire :e!r ?is said s\l possesses =m or n4 ,if x possesses =m1 !n has x p>ts or n8 ,if x has no p>ts1 !n1 s9ce ! well-kn[n def9ition ( an atom w apply "h z t :i* has =m )\t p>ts1 x w foll[ t ! attributes ( ! s\l are1 l ^? ( an atom1 imp]ceptible to ! s5ses4#bbf ,if y say t x has p>ts1 !n ! g5]al maxim t :atev] has p>ts is non-et]nal1 w\ld necessitate t ! s\l is non-et]nal2 & if ?is 7 conc$$1 !n two gr& difficulties aga9/ ! ,provid5tial c\rse ( ! _w w\ld bur/ 9 unoppos$1 viz41 t :at ! s\l has done w\ld1 at its cessation1 p]i% ) x & ?us fail ( produc+ ! prop] fruit1 :ile x w\ld h reap$ dur+ life ! effects ( :at x _h n done z ! good & evil :i* happ5$ to x w\ld n be ! consequ5ces ( its actions 9 a =m] bir?4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ja9a ma9ta9s t ! s\l does n possess =m at all1 !n h[ c he talk ( ! s\l's upspr++1 s9ce all su* actions z motion necess>ily involve an ag5t possess+ =m8#bbg ,aga91 if we take ! ,*rvka's view t ! only bondage is dep5d5ce on ano!r1 & !re=e indep5d5ce is ! true lib]ation1--if by indep5d5ce he means ! cessation ( pa91 we h no ne$ to controv]t x4 ,b if he means autocratic p[]1 !n no s5sible man c conc$e x1 z ! v idea ( e>?ly p[] involves ! idea ( a capability ( be+ increas$ & ( be+ equall$4#bbh ,aga91 ! ,snkhya op9ion1 :i* fir/ lays d[n t nature & s\l are utt]ly di/9ct1 & !n holds t lib]ation is ! s\l's rema9+ z x is 9 itself aft] nature on be+ kn[n has )drawn1--ev5 ?is op9ion accepts our t5et ( ! abolition ( pa92 b !re is left a difficulty z to :e!r ?is cognition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 nature & s\l resides 9 ! s\l or 9 nature4 ,x is n consi/5t to say t x resides 9 ! s\l1 s9ce ! s\l is held to be un*angeable1 & ?is w\ld seem to involve t previ\sly x _h be5 hamp]$ by ignorance2 nor c we say t x resides 9 nature1 s9ce nature is always held to be un9tellig5t4 ,moreov]1 is nature spontane\sly active or inactive8 ,if ! =m]1 !n x foll[s t !re c be no lib]ation at all1 s9ce ! spontane\s actions ( ?+s _c be set aside2 & if ! latt]1 ! c\rse ( mundane exi/5ce w\ld at once cease to g on4 ,aga91 we h ! same recognition ( our abolition ( pa9 9 ! doctr9e ( ,bhatta ,s>vaja & 8 foll[]s1 t ,lib]ation is ! manife/ation ( an et]nal happ9ess incapable ( be+ increas$2 b "h we h ! difficulty t an et]nal happ9ess does n come )9 ! range ( def9ite pro(4 ,if y allege ,sruti z ! pro(1 we reply t ,sruti has no place :5 ! ?+ itself is preclud$ by a valid non-p]ception2#bbi or if y all[ its au?ority1 !n y w h to conc$e ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z float+ /ones4#bcj ,b if y give up ! view t 'lib]ation is ! manife/ation ( happ9ess1' & !n accept su* a view z t :i* holds x to be only ! cessation ( pa91 does n y\r conduct resemble t ( ! dyspeptic pati5t :o refus$ sweet milk & pref]r$ s\r rice-gruel8 ,y\r satire1 h[ev]1 falls p[]less1 z fitt] = "s spee* 9 a play r ?an = a grave philosophical argum5t4 ,! tru? is t all happ9ess mu/ be includ$ "u ! category ( pa91 s9ce1 l honey mix$ ) poison1 x is always accompani$ by pa91 ei!r z admitt+ ( increase1#bca or z be+ an object ( p]ception1 or z be+ expos$ to _m ho/ile influ5ces1 or z involv+ an irksome necessity ( seek+ all k9ds ( in/rum5ts = its production4 ,nor may y retort on u t we h fulfill$ ! prov]b ( seek+ "o ?+ & dropp+ ano!r 9 ! se>*1 s9ce we h aboli%$ happ9ess z be+ ev] ta9t$ by "s incid5tal pa91 &1 at ! same "t1 our own fav\rite alt]native is "o :i* no "o c consid] desirable4 ,= ! tru? is t any attempt to e/abli% happ9ess z ! summum bonum1 s9ce x is inevitably accompani$ by v>i\s causes ( pa91 is only l ! man :o w\ld try to grasp a r$-hot ball ( iron "u ! delusion t x 0 gold4 ,9 ! case ( objects ( enjoym5t got toge!r by rightful means1 we may f9d _m firefly-l pleasures2 b !n h[ _m are ! ra9y days to dr[n !m8 ,& 9 ! case ( ^? got toge!r by wrong means1 ! m9d _c ev5 conceive ! future issue :i* w be br\ght ab\t4 ,let our intellig5t read]s consid] all ?is1 & n attempt to disguise _! own consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e x is t we hold x z indisputable t = him1 pre-em95t among 8 fell[s1 :o1 ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 has1 by ! regul> me?od ( li/5+ to ! reveal$ ,sruti1 c41 atta9$ unto ! k ( ! real nature ( ! s\l1 = him ! absolute abolition ( pa9 is ! true ,lib]ation4 ,b x may be object$1 ,is !re any pro( at all = ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 i4e41 p]ception1 inf]5ce1 or ,sruti8 ,c]ta9ly p]ception _c apply "h1 s9ce ! ,deity1 z devoid ( =m1 c41 mu/ be beyond ! s5ses4 ,nor c inf]5ce hold1 s9ce !re is no univ]sal proposition or true middle t]m :i* c apply4#bcb ,nor c ,sruti1 s9ce nei!r ( ! result+ alt]natives c be su/a9$2 = is x suppos$ to reveal1 z be+ itself et]nal1 or z non-et]nal8 ,"u ! =m] view an e/abli%$ t5et ( our s*ool w\ld be contradict$ viz41 t ! ,v$a is non-et]nal2 "u ! latt]1 we %\ld be only argu+ 9 a circle4#bcc ,z = comp>ison & any o!r pro( :i* might be adduc$ z t sometimes call$ presumption1 c41 !y ne$ n be ?\ght ( = a mom5t1 z _! object matt] is def9itely limit$1 & _c apply to ! pres5t case4#bcd ,!re=e ! ,supreme ,be+ seems to be z unreal z a h>e's horn4 ,b all ?is elaborate disputation ne$ excite no flurry 9 ! brea/ ( ! intellig5t1 z x c be at once met by ! old argum5t1 ,! m\nta91 seas1 c41 mu/ h _h a mak] f _! possess+ ! nature ( effects j l a j>4 7a47 ,nor c our middle t]m possess+ ! nature ( effects be reject$ z unprov$ 7asiddha71 s9ce x c be e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt by ! fact ( ! subject's possess+ p>ts4 ,b :at are we to und]/& by ?is 'possess+ p>ts'8 ,is x 'exi/+ 9 contact ) p>ts1' or '9 intimate relation ) p>ts'8 ,x _c be ! fir/1 s9ce ?is w\ld equally apply to su* et]nal ?+s z e!r1#bce c42 nor c x be ! second1 s9ce ?is w\ld prove too mu*1 z apply+ to su* cases z ! et]nal species1 ?read1 :i* abides 9 intimate relation ) ! individual ?reads4 ,x !re=e fails z a middle t]m = y\r argum5t4 ,we reply1 t x holds if we expla9 ! possess+ p>ts z belong+ to ! class ( ^? sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 intimate relation4#bcf ,or we may adopt ano!r view & ma9ta9 t x is easy to inf] ! possess+ ! nature ( effects f ! consid]ation ( _! possess+ int]m$iate magnitude4#bcg 7b47 ,nor c our middle t]m be reject$ z contradictory 7viruddha71#bch s9ce !re is no su* ackn[l$g$ univ]sal proposition connect$ ) x z w\ld e/abli% ! opposite major t]m to t 9 our syllogism i4e41 t !y mu/ h _h no mak]4 7c47 ,nor is our middle t]m too g5]al 7anaiknta71 s9ce x is nev] f\nd 9 opposite in/ances su* z ! lake1 :i* is ! vipak%a 9 ! argum5t1 ,! m\nta9 has fire because x has smoke4 7d47 ,nor aga9 is x preclud$ 7bdhita or kltyayopadi%ta71 = !re is no sup]ior evid5ce to ex]cise su* a preclud+ p[]4 7e47 ,nor is x c\nt]-balanc$ 7sat-pratipak%ita71 = !re does n appe> to be any su* equally valid antagoni/4 ,if y br+ =w>d z an antagoni/ic syllogism1 ,! m\nta9s1 c41 _c h _h a mak]1 f ! fact t !y 7 n produc$ by a body1 j z is ! case ) ! et]nal e!r1--?is pret5d$ inf]5ce w no m /& exam9ation ?an ! "y fawn c /& ! attack ( ! full-gr[n lion2 = ! additional words by a body are useless1 s9ce f ! fact t !y 7 n produc$ w\ld be a suffici5t middle t]m by itself & ! argum5t ?us involves ! fallacy call$ vypyatvsiddhi4#bci ,nor c y retort1 ,well1 let ?is !n be our middle t]m2 = y _c e/abli% x z a real fact4 ,nor aga9 is x possible to raise ! smalle/ %ad[ ( a fe> le/ our middle t]m %\ld be liable to limitation by any sugge/$ condition 7updhi71#bdj su* z ! be+ produc$ by a corporeal ag5t1 to limit our old reason f hav+ ! nature ( effects1 because we h on our side a valid l9e ( argum5t to e/abli% our view1 viz41 ,if ! m\nta9s1 c41 _h no mak]1 !n !y w\ld n be effects b all d ackn[l$ge t !y h ! nature ( effects1 = 9 ?is _w t is n an effect :i* c atta9 its prop] nature indep5d5tly ( any s]ies ( concurr5t causes4 ,& ?is s]ies inevitably involves ! idea ( "s sort ( mak]2 & ,i mean by be+ a mak] ! be+ possess$ ( t comb9ation ( volition1 desire to act1 & k ( ! prop] means1 :i* sets 9 motion all o!r causes1 b is itself set 9 motion by none4 ,& h5ce we hold t if ! necessity ( a mak] 7 ov]?r[n1 ! necessity ( ! action ( all ! o!r causes w\ld be simultane\sly ov]?r[n1 s9ce ^! are dep5d5t !reon2 & ?is w\ld lead to ! mon/r\s doctr9e t effects c\ld be produc$ )\t any cause at all4 ,!re is a rule laid d[n by ,sank>a-k9k>a :i* applies directly to ! pres5t case-- ,:5 a middle t]m is accompani$ by a s\nd argum5t to e/abli% its validity1 ,!n y _c attempt to supply a limit+ condition on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ non-inv>iable concomitance ( ! major t]m4 ,if y ma9ta9 t !re are _m s\nd c\nt]-argum5ts1 su* z ,if ! ,supreme ,be+ 7 a mak]1 ,he w\ld be possess$ ( a body1 c41 we reply1 t all su* reason+ is equally inconsi/5t1 :e!r we all[ t ,supreme ,be+'s exi/5ce to be e/abli%$ or n4#bda ,z has be5 said by ,udayana *rya 9 ! ,kusumjali1 iii4 #e-- ,if ,sruti1 c41 h any au?ority1 y\r negative argum5t fails f be+ preclud$2 if !y are fallaci\s1 our old objection ( a 'baseless inf]5ce' returns /rong] ?an ev]4 ,nor ne$ we fe> ! possibility ( any o!r contradiction to our argum5t1 s9ce x w\ld be ov]?r[n by ei!r alt]native ( ,god's be+ kn[n or unkn[n4#bdb ,well1 let all ?is be grant$2 b ! activity ( ,god 9 creat+ ! _w1 :at end did x h 9 view8 ,8 own advantage or "s o!r be+'s8 ,if x 0 = ! =m] end1 0 x 9 ord] to atta9 some?+ desir$1 or to avoid some?+ n desir$8 ,x c\ld n be ! fir/1 because ?is w\ld be q incongru\s 9 a be+ :o possesses e possible desire gratifi$2 & = ! same reason too x c\ld n be ! second4 ,if x 0 = ! latt] end ! advantage ( ano!r x w\ld be equally incongru\s2 = :o w\ld call t be+ wise :o busi$ himself 9 act+ = ano!r8 ,if y repli$ t ,8 activity 0 ju/ifi$ by compassion1 any "o w\ld at once retort t ?is feel+ ( compassion %\ld h r induc$ ,him to create all liv+ be+s happy1 & n *eck]$ ) mis]y1 s9ce ?is militates aga9/ ,8 compassion2 = we def9e compassion z ! dis9t]e/$ wi% to avoid caus+ ano!r pa94 ,h5ce we conclude t x is n befitt+ = ,god to create ! _w4 ,?is has be5 said by ,bhatt*rya-- ,n ev5 a fool acts )\t "s object 9 view2 ,suppose t ,god did n create ! _w1 :at end w\ld be left undone by ,him8-- ,we reply1 ,o ?\ cre/-jewel ( ! a!i/ic s*ool1 be pleas$ = a mom5t to close ?y envy-dimm$ eyes1 & to consid] ! foll[+ sugge/ions4 ,8 action 9 creation is inde$ solely caus$ by compassion2 b ! idea ( a creation :i* %all consi/ only ( happ9ess is inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ?+s1 s9ce !re _c b arise ev5tual diff]5ces f ! diff]5t results :i* w rip5 f ! good or evil actions ( ! be+s :o are to be creat$4 ,nor ne$ y object t ?is w\ld int]f]e ) ,god's own indep5d5ce z ,he w\ld ?us seem to dep5d on o!rs' actions1 s9ce !re is ! well-kn[n say+1 ,"o's own body does n h9d] "o2 nay r x helps to c>ry out "o's aims2#bdc & = ?is !re is au?ority 9 su* passages ( ! ,v$a z t 79 ! ,svetsvat>a ,upani%ad1 iii4 #b71 ,!re is "o ,rudra only2 he admits#bdd n ( a second1 c4 ,b !n h[ w y rem$y y\r deadly sickness ( reason+ 9 a circle8 = y h to prove ! ,v$a by ! au?ority ( ,god1 & !n aga9 y h to prove ,god's exi/5ce by ! ,v$a4 ,we reply1 t we defy y to po9t out any reason+ 9 a circle 9 our argum5t4 ,d y suspect ?is reciprocal dep5d5ce ( ea*1 :i* y call reason+ 9 a circle1 9 reg>d to _! be+ produc$ or 9 reg>d to _! be+ kn[n8#bde ,x _c be ! =m]1 = ?\gh ! production ( ! ,v$a is dep5d5t on ,god1 /ill z ,god ,himself is et]nal1 !re is no possibility ( ,8 be+ produc$2 nor c x be 9 reg>d to _! be+ kn[n1 = ev5 if our k ( ,god 7 dep5d5t on ! ,v$a1 ! ,v$a might be le>n$ f "s o!r s\rce2 nor1 aga91 c x be 9 reg>d to ! k ( ! non-et]nity ( ! ,v$a1 = ! non-et]nity ( ! ,v$a is easily p]ceiv$ by any yog9 end[$ ) ! transc5d5t faculties 7tvra1#bdf c47 ,!re=e1 :5 ,god has be5 r5d]$ propiti\s by ! p]=mance ( duties :i* produce ,8 fav\r1 ! desir$ end1 ,lib]ation1 is obta9$2 ?us ev]y?+ is cle>4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,pages #agb1 #agc4 ,we h "h an exemplification ( ! five fallacies or hetvbhsas ( ! mod]n ,h9du logic 7cf4 ,siddhntamukt41 #ga1 ,t>kasamgr41 #ee-fg71 viz41 anaiknta1 viruddha1 asiddha1 kltyayopadi%ta or bdhita1 & pratipak%ita or sat-pratipak%a4 ,! f\r fir/ ( ^! g5]ally correspond to ! savyabhi*ra or erratic1 viruddha or contradictory1 sdhyasama or unprov$1 & attakla or mi/im$1 i4e41 preclud$1 z giv5 9 ! li/ ( fallacies ( ! old] logic 9 p4 #afd2 b pratipak%ita corresponds imp]fectly to prak>anasama4 ,! prak>anasama or unc]ta9 reason is prop]ly t reason :i* is equally available = bo? sides1 z1 e4g41 ! argum5t1 ,s\nd is et]nal because x is audible1 :i* c\ld be met by ! equally plausible argum5t1 ,s\nd is non-et]nal because x is audible2 or1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 x is t reason :i* itself raises ! same difficulties z ! orig9al "q1 z1 e4g41 s\nd is non-et]nal because et]nal qualities are n p]ceiv$ 9 x2 "h ?is alleg$ reason is z mu* ! subject ( dispute z ! old "q1 ,is s\nd et]nal8 ,b ! pratipak%ita reason is "o :i* is c\nt]-balanc$ by an equally valid reason1 z ,s\nd is et]nal because x is audible1 & ,s\nd is non-et]nal because x is a product4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bje3 ,cf4 ,nyya ,stras1 i4 #bi4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,9 p4 #aab1 l9e #af1 ( ! ,calcutta edition1 ,i read do%animitta-tattva = do%animittakatva 7comp>e ,nyya ,st4 iv4 #fh74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,)\t ?is la/ clause ! def9ition might include ! objects 7vi%aya71 z ^! are1 ( c\rse1 connect$ ) "r k4 ,footnote #bjh3 sv>a is a cause ( "r k 7pramna7 accord+ to ! def9ition1 because he is pramy srayah4 ,footnote #bji3 ,on ?is comp>e ,siddhnta-,muktvali1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #baj3 ,on ^! comp>e my note to ,colebrooke's ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #baa3 ,our com+ to ! conclusion t !re c be no smoke 9 ! hill if !re be no fire1 :ile we see ! smoke1 is ! confutation ( !re be+ no fire 9 ! hill 7,ballantyne74 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! m\nta9 mu/ h ! abs5ce-(-smoke 7vypaka7 if x has ! abs5ce-(-fire 7! false vypya74 ,footnote #bab3 ,action 7pravritti7 foll[s aft] ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! tru? by nyya4 ,footnote #bac3 ,cp4 ,vtsyyana's ,comm5t41 p4 #f4 ,! ,calcutta edition reads prakrtit = p>k%it4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! pr9t$ text omits ! ?ird fault1 a /upid indiff]5ce1 moha1 :i* is h[ev] ref]r$ to pres5tly4 ,footnote #bae3 ,9 p4 #aaf1 l9e #c1 ,i w\ld read tannirv>takam = tanniv>takam4 ,footnote #baf3 ,?is ref]s to ! c\plet s (t5 quot$ 9 ,h9du au?ors1 ,logic1 ! ?ree ,v$as1 trade & agriculture1 & ! et]nal doctr9e ( polity1--^! f\r sci5ces are ! causes ( ! /ability ( ! _w 7cf4 ,manu1 vii4 #dc74 ,x occurs 9 ,km&aki's ,ntisra1 ii4 #b1 & seems to be ref]r$ to 9 ,vtsyyana's ,com4 p4 #c1 f :i* ,mdhava is "h borr[+4 ,footnote #bag3 ,comp>e ! ,engli% prov]b1 ,z soon z ! cat c lick h] e>4 ,footnote #bah3 ,lit]ally ! bell-road1 i4e41 ! *ief road ?r\gh a village1 or t by :i* elephants1 c41 decorat$ ) t9kl+ ornam5ts1 proce$4--,wilson's ,dict4 ,footnote #bai3 ,! cognition is produc$ 9 ! fir/ mom5t1 rema9s dur+ ! second1 & ceases 9 ! ?ird4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,see ,nyya ,st4 i4 #b4 ,footnote #bba3 ,z o!rwise :y %\ld we require lib]ation at all8 ,or r ! au?or probably assumes t o!r ,naiyyikas h suffici5tly e/abli%$ ?is po9t aga9/ its oppon5ts1 cf4 p4 #afg1 l9e #aa4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,see supra1 pp4 #bd-cb4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,all is mom5t>y1 all is pa91 all is sui g5]is1 all is unreal4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,9 ! =m ( ! v>i\s klesas or afflictions4 ,footnote #bbe3 v>ana1 cf4 pp4 #ee1 #eh4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,b ! ,nyya holds t ! attributes ( ! s\l1 z happ9ess1 desire1 av]sion1 c41 are p]ceiv$ by ! int]nal s5se1 m9d 7,bh% ,p4 #hc74 ,footnote #bbg3 ,! read+ mrtapratib&ht is difficult1 b ,i believe t pratib&ha means "h vypti1 z x does 9 ,snkhya ,stras1 i4 #ajj4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,! true summum bonum mu/ be niratisaya1--incapable ( be+ add$ to4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,yogynupalabdhi is :5 an object is n se51 & yet all ! usual concurr5t causes ( vision are pres5t1 z ! eye1 light1 c4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,allud+ to ! ,v$ic phrase1 grvnah plavanti1 see ,utt>a ,nai%adha1 xvii4 #cg4 ,! phrase asmnah plavanti occurs 9 ,%adv4 ,br4 #e1 #ab4 ,footnote #bca3 ,or p]haps capable ( be+ surpass$4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,s9ce ! ,supreme ,be+ is a s+le in/ance4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,s9ce ! ,v$a1 if non-et]nal1 mu/ to be au?oritative h be5 creat$ by ,god1 & yet x is br\ght =w>d to reveal ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,! ,nyya holds presumption to be includ$ "u inf]5ce1 & comp>ison is decl>$ to be ! asc]ta9+ ! relation ( a "n to ! ?+ nam$4 ,footnote #bce3 ,s9ce e!r is connect$ by contact ) ! p>ts ( ev]y?+1 z e4g41 a j>4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,! :ole 7z ! j>7 resides by intimate relation 9 its p>ts 7z ! j>'s two halves74 ,b ! et]nal sub/ances1 e!r1 "t1 ! s\l1 m9d1 & ! atoms ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air1 d n ?us reside 9 any?+1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! category vise%a does reside 9 !m by intimate relation4 ,! ^w sub/ances excludes tantutva1 & exi/+ 9 intimate relation excludes e!r1 c4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,int]m$iate betwe5 inf9ite & inf9itesimal1 all et]nal sub/ances be+ ! "o or ! o!r4 ,footnote #bch3 ,! viruddha-hetu is t :i* is nev] f\nd :]e ! major t]m is4 ,footnote #bci3 ,?is & mu* m ( ! :ole discussion is tak5 f ! ,kusumjali1 v4 #b1 & ,i extract my note on ! passage !re4 ,! old] ,naiyyikas ma9ta9$ t ! argum5t '! m\nta9 has fire because x has blue smoke1' involv$ ! fallacy ( vypyatvsiddhi1 because ! alleg$ middle t]m 0 unnecess>ily re/rict$ 7see ,siddhnta ,muktv4 p4 #gg74 ,! mod]ns1 h[ev]1 m wisely consid] x z a h>mless error1 & !y w\ld r meet ! objection by ass]t+ t !re is no pro( to e/abli% ! validity ( ! assum$ middle t]m4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,= ! updhi cf4 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #bda3 ,z 9 ! =m] case x w\ld be cle> t x is a subject = sep>ate discussion2 & 9 ! latt] y w\ld be liable to ! fault ( sraysiddhi1 a baseless inf]5ce1 s9ce y\r subject 7or m9or t]m71 be+ itself non-exi/5t1 _c be ! locus or subject ( a negation 7cf4 ,kusumjali1 iii4 #b74 ,j z t subject f :i* a giv5 attribute is exclud$ _c be unreal1 s nei!r c an unreal ?+ be ! subject ( a negation4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,if ,god is kn[n1 !n ,8 exi/5ce mu/ be grant$2 if ,he is n kn[n1 h[ c we argue ab\t ,him8 ,i read l9es #ae1 #af1 9 p4 #abj ( ! ,calcutta edition1 vikalpap>hatatvt1 & !n beg9 ! next clause ) syd etat4 ,! pr9t$ text1 vikalpap>hatah syt tad etat1 seems un9telligible4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,! aggregate ( ! v>i\s subtile bodies con/itutes ,hiranyag>bha1 or ! supreme s\l view$ 9 ,8 relation to ! _w z creator1 :ile ! aggregate ( ! gross bodies simil>ly con/itutes 8 gross body 7virj74 ,footnote #bdd3 ,! usual read+ is ta/hur = ta/he4 ,footnote #bde3 ,= ^! divisions ( ! anyonysraya fallacy1 see ,nyyastra vritti1 i4 #ci 7p4 #cc74 ,footnote #bdf3 ,= tvra cf4 ,yoga stras1 i4 #ba1 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,jaim9i-,,d>sana4 ,an objector may "h ask1 ,are y n cont9ually repeat+ t m]it 7dh>ma7 comes f ! practice ( duty 7dh>ma71 b h[ is duty to be def9$ or prov$8 ,li/5 att5tively to my answ]4 ,a reply to ?is "q has be5 giv5 9 ! old]#bdg ,mmms by ! holy sage ,jaim9i4 ,n[ ! ,mmms consi/s ( twelve books4#bdh ,9 ! fir/ book is discuss$ ! au?oritativ5ess ( ^? collections ( words :i* are sev]ally meant by ! t]ms injunction 7vidhi71 explanatory passage 7ar?avda71 hymn 7mantra71 tradition 7smriti71 & "n4 ,9 ! second1 c]ta9 subsidi>y discussions z e4g41 on aprva relat+ to ! diff]5ce ( v>i\s rites1 refutation ( 7errone\sly alleg$7 pro(s1 & diff]5ce ( p]=mance z 9 con/ant & volunt>y (f]+s4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ,sruti1 sign or s5se ( ! passage 7l+a71 context 7vkya71 c41 & _! respective weight :5 9 app>5t opposition to "o ano!r1 ! c]emonies call$ pratipatti-k>mni1 ?+s m5tion$ incid5tally 7anrabhydhta71 ?+s accessory to sev]al ma9 objects1 z prayjas1 c41 & ! duties ( ! sacrific]4 ,9 ! f\r?1 ! influ5ce on o!r rites ( ! pr9cipal & subord9ate rites1 ! fruit caus$ by ! juh be+ made ( ! butea frondosa1 c41 & ! dice-play+1 c41 :i* =m subord9ate p>ts ( ! rjasya sacrifice4 ,9 ! fif?1 ! relative ord] ( diff]5t passages ( ,sruti1 c41 ! ord] ( diff]5t p>ts ( a sacrifice z ! sev5te5 animals at ! vjapeya1 ! multiplication & non-multiplication ( rites1 & ! respective =ce ( ! words ( ,sruti1 ord] ( m5tion1 c41 9 det]m9+ ! ord] ( p]=mance4 ,9 ! six?1 ! p]sons qualifi$ to (f] sacrifices1 _! obligations1 ! sub/itutes = enjo9$ mat]ials1 supplies = lo/ or injur$ (f]+s1 expiatory rites1 ! sattra (f]+s1 ?+s prop] to be giv51 & ! diff]5t sacrificial fires4 ,9 ! sev5?1 transf]5ce ( ! c]emonies ( "o sacrifice to ano!r by direct comm& 9 ! ,vaidic text1 & !n z inf]r$ by "n or sign4 ,9 ! eigh?1 transf]5ce by virtue ( ! cle>ly express$ or obscurely express$ sign1 or by ! pr$om9ant sign1 & cases :]e no transf]5ce takes place4 ,9 ! n9?1 ! beg9n+ ( ! discussion on ! adaptation ( hymns :5 quot$ 9 a new connection 7ha71 ! adaptation ( smans & mantras1 & collat]al que/ions connect$ !re)4 ,9 ! t5?1 ! discussion ( occasions :]e ! non-p]=mance ( ! prim>y rite involves ! preclusion & non-p]=mance ( ! dep5d5t rites1 & ( occasions :]e rites are preclud$ because o!r rites produce _! special result1 discussions connect$ ) ! graha (f]+s1 c]ta9 smans1 & v>i\s o!r ?+s1 & a discussion on ! diff]5t k9ds ( negation4 ,9 ! elev5?1 ! incid5tal m5tion & subsequ5tly ! full] discussion ( tantra#bdi :]e sev]al acts are comb9$ into "o1 & vpa or ! p]=m+ an act m ?an once4 ,9 ! twelf?1 a discussion on prasanga :]e ! rite is p]=m$ = "o *ief purpose1 b ) an incid5tal fur!r ref]5ce1 tantra1 cumulation ( concurr5t rites 7samu**aya7 & option4 ,n[ ! fir/ topic :i* introduces ! discussions ( ! ,prva-,mmms arises f ! aphorism1 ,n[ !re=e a desire to "k duty is to be ent]ta9$ by !e4 ,n[ ! le>n$ describe a topic z consi/+ ( five memb]s1 & ^! are 7a47 ! subject1 7b47 ! d\bt1 7c47 ! prim facie argum5t1 7d47 ! demon/rat$ conclusion1 & 7e47 ! connection 7sangati74 ,! topic is discuss$ accord+ to ! doctr9es held by ! great tea*]s ( ! sy/em4 ,?us ! subject to be discuss$ is ! s5t5ce1 ,! ,v$a is to be read4 ,n[ ! d\bt :i* arises is :e!r ! /udy ( ,jaim9i's s/ra conc]n+ duty1 beg9n+ ) ! aphorism1 ,duty is a ?+ :i* is to be recognis$ by an in/igatory passage1 & end+ ) & f see+ x 9 ! anvhrya1 is to be comm5c$ or n4 ,! prim facie argum5t is t x is n to be comm5c$1 :e!r ! injunction to read ! ,v$a be held to h a visible & pres5t or an invisible & future fruit4 7a47 ,if y say t ?is injunction mu/ h a visible fruit1 & ?is c be no o!r#bej ?an ! k ( ! mean+ ( :at is read1 we mu/ next ask y :e!r ?is said read+ is enjo9$ z some?+ :i* o!rwise w\ld n h be5 ?\ght (1 or :e!r z some?+ :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 optional1 z we see 9 ! rule = %ell+ rice4#bea ,x _c be ! =m]1 = ! read+ ( ! ,v$a is a means ( kn[+ ! s5se !re( f its v nature z read+1 j z 9 ! p>allel in/ance ( read+ ! ,mahbhrata2 & we see by ?is argum5t t x w\ld pres5t itself z an obvi\s means q indep5d5tly ( ! injunction4 ,well1 !n1 let x be ! latt] alt]native2 j z ! bak$ fl\r cake call$ purodsa is made only ( rice prep>$ by be+ unhusk$ 9 a mort>1 :51 b = ! injunction1 x might h be5 unhusk$ by ! f+]-nails4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! new moon & full moon sacrifices only produce _! unse5 effect1 :i* is ! pr9cipal aprva1 by means ( ! v>i\s m9or effects or subord9ate aprvas1 produc$ by ! v>i\s subord9ate p>ts ( ! :ole c]emony2 & consequ5tly ! m9or aprva ( ! unhusk+ is ! reason !re = ! re/rict+ injunction4 ,b 9 ! case :i* we are discuss+1 !re is no su* reason = any su* re/riction1 z ! rites c be equally well p]=m$ by ga9+ ! k ( ! ,v$a's mean+ by read+ a writt5 book1 or by /udy+ "u an au?oris$ tea*]4 ,h5ce we conclude t !re is no injunction to /udy ! ,prva ,mmms z a means ( kn[+ ! s5se ( ! ,v$a4 7b47 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ! ,v$ic injunction1 ',! ,v$a is to be read'8 ,well1 y mu/ be cont5t ) ! fact t ! injunction w h heav5 z its future fruit1 al?\gh x m]ely enjo9s ! mak+ oneself ma/] ( ! lit]al words ( ! ,v$ic text )\t any c>e to und]/& ! mean+ :i* !y may convey1 s9ce heav51 ?\gh n expressly m5tion$1 is to be assum$ z ! fruit1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! ,visvajit (f]+4 ,j z ,jaim9i1 9 8 aphorism 7iv4 #c1 #ae71 ,let t fruit be heav51 s9ce x equally applies to all1 e/abli%es t ^? :o are n expressly m5tion$ are /ill qualifi$ to (f] ! ,visvajit sacrifice1 & inf]s by argum5t t its *>act]i/ic fruit is heav51 s let u assume x to be 9 ! pres5t case also4 ,z x has be5 said-- ,s9ce ! visible fruit w\ld be equally obta9$ )\t ! injunction1 ?is _c be its sole object2 we mu/ r suppose heav5 to be ! fruit f ! injunction's significance1 aft] ! analogy ( ! ,visvajit1 c4 ,?us1 too1 we %all keep ! ,smriti rule f be+ violat$3 ,hav+ read ! ,v$a1 let him ba!4 ,= ?is rule cle>ly implies t no long int]val is to take place betwe5 read+ ! ,v$a & ! /ud5t's return to 8 home2 :ile1 accord+ to y\r op9ion1 aft] he _h read ! ,v$a1 he w\ld /ill h to rema9 9 8 preceptor's h\se to read ! ,mmms discussions1 & ?us ! idea ( no int]val betwe5 w\ld be contradict$4 ,!re=e = ^! ?ree reasons1 7a47 t ! /udy ( ,mmms is n enjo9$1 7b47 t heav5 c be obta9$ by ! simple read+ ( ! text1 & 7c47 t ! rule = ! /ud5t's return to 8 home is ?us fulfill$1 we ma9ta9 t ! /udy ( ! ,mmms discussions on duty is n to be comm5c$4 ,! au?oritative conclusion 7siddhnta71 h[ev]1 is z foll[s3-- ,we grant t x _c be a case ( vidhi1 = x might h be5 adopt$ on o!r gr\nds2 b n ev5 ,indra ) 8 ?und]bolt c\ld make u lose our hold ( ! o!r alt]native t x is a case ( niyama4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! ,v$a is to be read1 ! affix tavya expresses an en=c+ p[] 9 ! ^w1#beb :i* is to be r5d]$ visible by a correspond+ action 9 man1 br++ a c]ta9 effect into exi/5ce2 & ?is en=c+ p[] seeks "s correspond+ end :i* is connect$ ) ! man's creative ef=t4 ,n[ x _c be ! act itself ( read+1 z sugge/$ by ! :ole ^w adhyetavya1 :i* x ?us seeks z an end2 = ?is act ( read+1 ?us express$ by ! ^w1 c\ld nev] be reg>d$ z an end1 s9ce x is a labori\s op]ation ( ! voice & m9d1 consi/+ 9 ! articulate utt]ance ( ! portion read4 ,nor c\ld ! portion read1 z sugge/$ by ! :ole s5t5ce1 be reg>d$ z ! end4 ,= ! mass ( words call$ ,v$a1 :i* is :at we really mean by ! words portion read1 be+ et]nal & omnipres5t1 c\ld nev] fulfil ! conditions ( ! f\r fruits ( action1 production1 c4#bec ,!re=e ! only true end :i* rema9s to u is ! k ( ! mean+1 z obta9$ by c>ry+ out ! s5se ( ! words ( ! injunction4 ,accord+ to ! old rule1 ,he has ! "r :o has ! want1 ! p[]1 & ! wit1 ^? :o are aim+ to und]/& c]ta9 ?+s1 z ! new & full moon sacrifices1 use _! daily read+ to le>n ! tru? ab\t !m4 ,& ! injunction = read+1 s9ce x virtually excludes ! read+ ( writt5 books1 c4 f ! well-kn[n te*nical s5se ( ! ^w read :5 us$ 9 ?is connection1 conveys ! idea t ! read+ ! ,v$a enjo9$ has a consecrat$ "* z taught by a duly au?oris$ tea*]4 ,!re=e1 z ! pr9cipal aprva1 produc$ by ! great new & full moon sacrifices1 necessitates & e/abli%es ! subord9ate aprvas produc$ by ! inf]ior sacrificial acts1 z unhusk+ ! rice1 c41 s ! mass ( aprva produc$ by all ! sacrifices necessitates & e/abli%es a previ\s aprva produc$ by ! re/rict+ injunction 7niyama71 :i* prescribes read+ ! ,v$a z ! means to "k h[ to p]=m ^! sacrifices4 ,if y hesitate to conc$e t a niyama c\ld h ?is future influ5ce call$ aprva1 ! same d\bt might equally invalidate ! efficacy ( a vidhi z ! two /& on ! same level z to _! enjo9+ p[]4 ,nor is ! supposition a valid "o t heav5 is ! fruit1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! ,visvajit (f]+1 s9ce1 if !re is a pres5t & visible fruit 9 ! =m ( a k ( ! mean+ ( ! sacr$ text1 x is improp] to suppose any o!r future & unse5 fruit4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,:]e a se5 fruit is obta9$1 y mu/ n suppose an unse5 "o2 b if a vidhi has ! re/rict+ mean+ ( a niyama1 x does n !reby become mean+less4 ,b an objector may say1 ,al?\gh a man :o reads ! simple text ( ! ,v$a may n atta9 to a k ( its mean+1 /ill1 z he :o reads ! ,v$a ) its angas1 gramm>1 c41 may atta9 to ?is k1 ! /udy ( ,mmms w be useless4 ,b ?is is n true3 = ev5 ?\gh he may atta9 to a simple k ( ! lit]al mean+1 all deep] inve/igation mu/ dep5d on ?is k9d ( discussion4 ,= in/ance1 :5 x is said1 ,he (f]s ano9t$ gravel1 nei!r gramm> nor nigama#bed nor nirukta w det]m9e ! true mean+ t x is to be ano9t$ ) ghee & n ) oil1 c42 x is only by a ,mmms discussion t ! true mean+ is unravell$ f ! re/ ( ! passage1 ,v]ily1 ghee is brightness4#bee ,x is !re=e e/abli%$ t ! /udy ( ,mmms is enjo9$4 ,nor ne$ x be suppos$ t ?is contradicts ! passage ( ,smriti1 ,hav+ read ! ,v$a1 let him ba!1 :i* implies t he %\ld n[ leave 8 tea*]'s h\se1 & prohibits any fur!r delay2 z ! words d n necess>ily imply t ! return to ! pat]nal ro( is to foll[ imm$iately on 8 hav+ read ! ,v$a1 b only t x is to foll[ x at "s "t1 & t bo? actions are to be done by ! same p]son1 j z we see 9 ! common phrase1 ,hav+ ba!d1 he eats4 ,!re=e f ! purport ( ! injunction we conclude t ! /udy ( ! ,prva ,mmms ,s/ra1 consi/+ ( a ?\s& topics1#bef is to be comm5c$4 ,?is topic is connect$ ) ! ma9 subject ( ! ,s/ra z be+ a subsidi>y digression1 z x is said1 ,!y call t a subsidi>y digression :i* helps to e/abli% ! ma9 subject4#beg ,i n[ proce$ to give a sket* ( ! discussion ( ! same topic 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,guru ,prabhk>a4 ,9 ! ,smriti rule1#beh ,let him admit z a pupil ! ,brahman lad :5 eight ye>s old 7by inve/+ him ) ! sacr$ cord71 let him in/ruct him1 ! object ( ! direction appe>s to be ! pupil's in/ruction4 ,n[ a direction mu/ h ref]5ce to somebody to be direct$2 & if y ask :o is "h to be direct$1 ,i reply1 ,he :o desires to be a tea*]1 s9ce1 by ,pn9i's rule 7i4 #c1 #cf71 ! root n is us$ 9 ! tmanepada :5 hon\r1 c41 are impli$1 i4e41 "h ! duty :i* a tea*] p]=ms to 8 pupils4 ,he :o is to be direct$ z to admitt+ a pupil is ! same p]son :o is to be direct$ z to tea*+ him1 s9ce bo? are ! object ( "o & ! same comm&4 ,h5ce ! inspir$ sage ,manu has said 7ii4 #adj71 ,! ,brhman :o girds 8 pupil ) ! sacrificial cord & !n in/ructs him 9 ! ,v$a1 ) its subsidi>y angas & my/ic doctr9es1 !y call a spiritual tea*] 7*rya74 ,n[ ! tea*+ :i* is ! function ( ! tea*] _c be fulfill$ )\t ! le>n+ :i* is ! function ( ! pupil1 & !re=e ! v injunction to tea* implies & e/abli%es a correspond+ obligation to le>n1 s9ce ! influ5c]'s ef=ts fail )\t ^? ( "o to be influ5c$4 ,if y object t ?is view does n make read+ ! ,v$a ! object ( def9ite injunction1 ,i reply1 ,:at matt]s x to u if x is n8 ,= ev5 if !re is no reason = u to admit a sep>ate injunction = read+ ! ,v$a1 x w /ill rema9 p]petually enjo9$ z a duty1 because ! passage :i* m5tions x is a p]petual anuvda or supplem5t>y repetition4#bei ,!re=e ! =m] prim facie argum5t & its answ]1 :i* 7 giv5 be=e "u ! idea t !re 0 a def9ite injunction to read ! ,v$a1 mu/ n[ be discuss$ 9 ano!r way to suit ?is new view4 ,n[ ! prim facie argum5t 0 t ! /udy ( ,mmms1 n be+ au?oritatively enjo9$1 is n to be comm5c$2 ! conclusion 0 t x is to be comm5c$ z be+ ?us au?oritatively enjo9$4 ,n[ ! uphold]s ( ! =m] or prim facie view argue z foll[s3--,we put to ! advocates ( ! conclusion ! foll[+ dilemma3 ,does ! injunction to tea* imply t ! pupil is to und]/& ! mean+ ( :at is read1 or does x only ref] to ! b>e read+8 ,x _c be ! =m]1 = obvi\sly ! act ( tea*+ _c dep5d = its fulfilm5t on ! pupil's und]/&+ :at is taught z ?is w dep5d on 8 ability z a recipi5t2 & ! latt] w n help y1 z1 if ! b>e read+ is suffici5t1 ! ,mmms discussions 9 "q w h no subject or use4 ,= _! prop] subject is a po9t 9 ! ,v$a1 :i* is d\bt$ ab\t f hav+ be5 only look$ at 9 a r\gh & impromptu way2 n[ if !re is no ne$ ( und]/&+ ! mean+ at all1 :y %\ld we talk ( d\bts & /ill m ( any hope ( asc]ta9+ ! true mean+ by means ( labori\s discussion8 ,& !re=e 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n pr9ciple1 ',t :i* is a ?+ ( use & n a matt] ( d\bt is an object ( atta9m5t to an intellig5t man1 z1 = in/ance1 a j> :i* is 9 broad light & 9 contact ) ! ext]nal & int]nal s5ses1' z !re is 9 ! pres5t case no su* ?+ z a subject to ex]cise x ^u1 or a useful end to be atta9$ by x1 we ma9ta9 t ! /udy ( ,mmms is n to be comm5c$4 ,we grant1 9 reply1 t ! injunction to tea* does n imply a correspond+ necessity t ! /ud5t mu/ und]/& ! mean+2 /ill :5 a man has read ! ,v$a ) its subsidi>y angas1 & has compreh5d$ ! g5]al connection ( ! words ) _! respective mean+s1 ?is w imply an und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( ! ,v$a1 j z x w\ld 9 any ord9>y human compositions4 ,b may we n say t1 j z 9 ! case ( ! "m :o said to h] son1 ',eat poison1' ! mean+ lit]ally express$ by ! words 0 n :at %e wi%$ to convey1 s9ce %e really int5d$ to =bid 8 eat+ any?+ at all 9 su* & su* a h\se2 s if ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,v$a does n express its real purport1 ! old objection w recur ) full =ce t ! /udy ( ,mmms w h nei!r subject nor end z !re w be no use 9 und]/&+ ! lit]al mean+1 s9ce1 z 9 ! "m's case1 x may only lead a/ray1 & s common s5se mu/ be ! ultimate judge4 ,we reply1 t y\r suppos$ illu/ration & ! case 9 "q are n really p>allel4 ,9 ! suppos$ illu/ration ! prim>y mean+ ( ! words w\ld be obvi\sly preclud$1 because a direction to eat poison w\ld be inconceivable 9 ! m\? ( an au?oritative & tru/wor?y speak] l a "m1 & y w\ld "k at once t ?is c\ld n be :at %e wi%$ to say2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,v$a1 :i* is und]iv$ f any p]sonal au?or1 :y %\ld n ! lit]al mean+ be ! "o actually int5d$8 ,& x is j ! d\bts t arise1 z !y occasionally w d1 9 ref]5ce to ?is int5d$ mean+1 :i* w be ! prop] subject ( ,mmms discussion2 & ! settlem5t ( ^! d\bts w be its prop] end4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] ! true mean+ ( ! ,v$a is n obta9$#bfj by t read+ :i* is virtually prescrib$ by ! au?oritative injunction to a ,brahman to tea*1 x w be a prop] subject = sy/ematic discussion2 & h5ce we hold t ! /udy ( ,mmms is enjo9$1 & %\ld be comm5c$4 ,well1#bfa be x s say ! foll[]s ( ! ,nyya1 b h[ c ! ,v$as be said to be und]iv$ f any p]sonal au?or1 :5 !re is no evid5ce to e/abli% ?is8 ,w\ld y ma9ta9 t !y h no p]sonal au?or because1 al?\gh !re is an unbrok5 l9e ( tradition1 !re is no remembrance ( any au?or1 j z is ! case ) ! s\l8#bfb ,?is argum5t is weak1 because ! alleg$ *>act]i/ics unbrok5 tradition1 c4 are n prov$2 = ^? :o hold ! human orig9 ( ! ,v$as ma9ta9 t ! l9e ( tradition 0 int]rupt$ at ! "t ( ! dissolution ( ! univ]se4 ,&1 aga91 :at is meant by ?is ass]tion t ! au?or is n rememb]$8 ,is x 7#a47 t no au?or is believ$1 or 7#b47 t no au?or is rememb]$8 ,! fir/ alt]native _c be accept$1 s9ce we hold t ,god is prov$ to h be5 ! au?or4 ,nor c ! second1 because x _c /& ! te/ ( ! foll[+ dilemma1 viz41 is x meant 7a47 t no au?or ( ! ,v$a is rememb]$ by "s "o p]son1 or 7b47 by any p]son :atev]8 ,! =m] supposition breaks d[n1 z x w\ld prove too mu*1 s9ce x w\ld apply to su* an isolat$ /anza z ,he :o is religi\s & has ov]come pride & ang]1 c4#bfc ,& ! latt] supposition is inadmissible1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible = any p]son :o 0 n omnisci5t to "k t no au?or ( ! ,v$a 0 recollect$ by any p]son :atev]4 ,moreov]1 !re is actual pro( t ! ,v$a _h a p]sonal au?or1 = we argue z foll[s3--,! s5t5ces ( ! ,v$a mu/ h orig9at$ f a p]sonal au?or1 s9ce !y h ! "* ( s5t5ces l ^? ( ,klidsa & o!r writ]s4 ,&1 aga91 ! s5t5ces ( ! ,v$a h be5 compos$ by a compet5t p]son1 s9ce1 :ile !y possess au?ority1 !y h1 at ! same "t1 ! "* ( s5t5ces1 l ^? ( ,manu & o!r sages4 ,b ask ! ,mmmsakas may x n be assum$ t all /udy ( ! ,v$a 0 prec$$ by an e>li] /udy ( x by ! pupil's preceptor1 s9ce ! /udy ( ! ,v$a mu/ always h _h "o common "* :i* 0 ! same 9 =m] times z n[2 & !re=e ?is un9t]rupt$ succession has =ce to prove ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a8 ,?is reason+1 h[ev] ! ,naiyyikas answ]1 _c rise to ! height ( pro(1 = x has no m validity ?an su* obvi\sly illusory reason+1 z ,all /udy ( ! ,mahbhrata 0 prec$$ by an e>li] /udy ( x by ! pupil's preceptor1 s9ce x is ! /udy ( ! ,mahbhrata1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! same 9 =m] times z n[4 ,b ! ,mmmsakas w ask :e!r !re is n a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two cases1 s9ce ! ,smriti decl>es t ,vi%nu inc>nate z ,vysa 0 ! au?or ( ! ,mahbhrata1 9 accordance ) ! l9e1 ,:o else ?an ! lotus-ey$ ,vi%nu c\ld be ! mak] ( ! ,mahbhrata8 :ile no?+ ( ?is sort is record$ 9 any ,smriti 9 reg>d to ! ,v$a4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is pi?less1 s9ce ^? words ( ! ,puru%askta 7,rig ,v41 x4 #ij71 ,f him sprang ! ,ri* & ,sman v]ses2 f him sprang ! ,metres2 f him ! ,yajus arose2 prove t ! ,v$a _h a mak]4 ,fur!r proce$ ! ,naiyyikas we hold t s\nd is non-et]nal#bfd because x has g5us1 & is also p]ceptible to ! ext]nal organs ( be+s su* z ourselves1 j z a j> is4#bfe ,b1 y may object1 is n ?is argum5t refut$ by ! pro( aris+ f ! fact t we recognise ! lett] g 7= example7 z ! same we h he>d be=e8 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 is extremely weak1 = ! recognition 9 "q is p[]less to refute our argum5t1 s9ce x has ref]5ce only to id5tity ( species1 z 9 ! case ( a man ^: hair has be5 cut & has gr[n aga91 or ( a jasm9e :i* has blossom$ afre%4 ,b asks ! ,mmmsaka h[ c ! ,v$a h be5 utt]$ by ! incorporeal ,p>amesv>a1 :o has no palate or o!r organs ( spee*1 & !re=e _c h pron\nc$ ! lett]s8 ,?is objection answ]s ! ,naiyyika is n happy1 because1 ?\gh ,p>amesv>a is by nature incorporeal1 he c yet assume a body 9 sport1 9 ord] to %[ k9dness to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,consequ5tly ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t ! ,v$a _h no p]sonal au?or are inconclusive4 ,i %all n[ says ! ,mmmsaka cle> up ! :ole "q4 ,:at is meant by ?is pauru%eyatva d]ivation f a p]sonal au?or :i* x is s\ght to prove8 ,is x 7#a47 m]e procession 7utpannatva7 f a p]son1 l ! procession ( ! ,v$a f p]sons su* z ourselves1 :5 we daily utt] x8 or 7#b47 is x ! arrangem5t--) a view to its manife/ation--( k acquir$ by o!r modes ( pro(1 z 9 ! case ( treatises compos$ by p]sons l ourselves8 ,if ! fir/ mean+ be int5d$1 !re w be no dispute betwe5 u4#bff ,if ! second s5se be meant1 ,i ask :e!r x is e/abli%$ 7a47 by inf]5ce1#bfg or 7b47 by sup]natural te/imony8 7a47 ,! =m] alt]native _c be correct1 because y\r argum5t w\ld equally apply to ! s5t5ces 9 dramas su* z ! ,mlatmdhava :i*1 ( c\rse1 be+ a "w ( fiction1 has no au?oritative "*4 ,if y qualify y\r argum5t by ins]t+ ! sav+ clause1 :ile !y possess au?ority1#bfh z supra1 p4 #ahh1 l9e #ba1 ev5 ?is explanation w fail to satisfy a philosoph]4 ,= ! s5t5ces ( ! ,v$a are univ]sally def9$ to be s5t5ces :i* prove ?+s t are n provable by o!r evid5ce4 ,b if y c\ld e/abli% t ^! ,v$ic s5t5ces only prove :at is provable by o!r evid5ce1 ?is def9ition w\ld be at once contradict$1 j z if a man 7 to say t 8 "m 0 a b>r5 woman4 ,& ev5 if we grant$ t ,p>amesv>a might assume a body 9 sport1 9 ord] to %[ k9dness to 8 wor%ipp]s1 x w\ld n at all foll[ t he w\ld p]ceive ?+s beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses1 f ! want ( any means ( appreh5d+ objects remov$ f him 9 place1 9 "t1 & 9 nature4#bfi ,nor is x to be assum$ t 8 eyes & o!r s5ses alone w\ld h ! p[] ( produc+ su* k1 = we c only draw ^u our imag9ation 9 accordance ) our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is has be5 decl>$ by ! ,guru ,prabhk>a :5 he refutes ! supposition ( an omnisci5t au?or-- ,:]ev] we d f9d ! p[] ( an organ int5sifi$1#bgj x is done )\t its go+ beyond its own prop] objects2 ?us x may appe> 9 ! p[] ( see+ ! v di/ant or ! v m9ute1 b n 9 ! e>'s becom+ cognisant ( =m4 ,h5ce 7b47 we also ma9ta9 t y\r position _c be e/abli%$ by any suppos$ sup]natural te/imony z t quot$ above f ! ,rig-,v$a1 f him sprang ! ,ri* & ,sman v]ses4 ,= ! rule ( ,pn9i 7iv4 #c1 #aja7 w /ill rema9 inviolate1 t ! grammatical affixes ) :i* su* names z ,k?aka1 ,klpa1 & ,taittirya are =m$1 imp>t to ^? d]ivatives ! s5se ( utt]$ by ,ka?a1 ,kalp91 c41 ?\gh we ma9ta9 t ^! names h ref]5ce n to ^? p>ts ( ! ,v$a z fir/ compos$ by ^! sages1 b to ! fact t ^! sages in/itut$ c]ta9 s*ools ( traditional /udy4 ,& 9 ! same way we hold 9 ref]5ce to ?is v]se f ! ,rig-,v$a t x only ref]s to ! in/itution ( c]ta9 s*ools ( traditional /udy ( ^! ,v$as4 ,nor w any suppos$ inf]5ce e/abli% ! non-et]nity ( s\nd1 because z we said be=e x is oppos$ to ! evid5ce ( our consci\sness1 s9ce we c]ta9ly recognise ! lett] n[ he>d z ! "o he>d be=e4 ,nor is x reasonable to reply t1 al?\gh ! lett]s are n ! same1 !y seem to be s on acc\nt ( _! id5tity ( species4 ,= "h we ask our oppon5ts a "q--,is ?is idea t ! app>5t sam5ess arises f id5tity ( species put =w>d f a wi% to preclude entirely any idea ( ! lett]s be+ ! same1 or only f an imag9$ fe> ( error because exp]i5ce %[s t ! recognition w sometimes be errone\s z 9 ! cases ( ! hair & jasm9e m5tion$ above8 7a47 ,if x arises f ! latt] reason1 we ,mmmsakas1 :o hold t ! ,v$a is its own evid5ce1 h said 9 ref]5ce to ?is timid imag9ation-- ,he :o fooli%ly imag9es t some?+ z yet unkn[n to him w come h]eaft] to /op 8 pres5t conclusion1 w g to utt] ru9 9 e transaction ( life1 8 m9d a mass ( d\bts4 7b47 ,b ! ,naiyyikas w ask does n ?is recognition ( g & o!r lett]s z ! same :i* we he>d be=e ref] to ! species :i* exi/s ! same 9 ea*1 & n to ! sev]al individual lett]s1 s9ce1 9 fact1 we p]ceive t !y are diff]5t z utt]$ by diff]5t p]sons1 o!rwise we c\ld n make su* di/9ctions z we d :5 we say ',somas>man is read+'8 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 has z little brilliancy z its pr$ecessors1 = z !re is no pro( ( any di/9ction betwe5 ! individual g's1 !re is no pro( t we ought to assume any su* ?+ z a species g2 & we ma9ta9 t1 j z to ! man :o does n und]/& ! ,naiyyika doctr9e ( ! species g1 ! "o species 9 ! ,naiyyika view w by ! influ5ce ( di/9ction ( place1 magnitude1 =m1 & individual s\nds1 appe> z if x 7 v>i\sly modifi$ z itself di/9ct 9 place1 z small1 z great1 z long1 z %ort2 s to ! man :o does n und]/& our ,mmmsaka doctr9e ( "o individual g1 ! "o g 79 our view7 w by ! div]sity ( manife/]s1#bga appe> to him associat$ ) _! respective peculi>ities2 & z contr>y *>act]s are 9 ?is way ascrib$ to ! lett] g1 !re is a fallaci\s appe>ance ( di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t g's4 ,b does ?is ascription ( contr>y *>act]s1 :i* is ?us reg>d$ z creat+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! g's1 result 7#a47 f ! nature ( ! ?+1 or 7#b47 f our imag9ation8 ,!re is no pro( ( ! =m] alt]native2 =1 if x 7 true1 z an inh]5t diff]5ce w\ld h to be admitt$ betwe5 diff]5t g's1 we %\ld h to say1 ,*aitra has utt]$ t5 g's1 & n ,*aitra has utt]$ ! same g t5 times4 ,on ! latt] supposition1 !re is no pro( ( any inh]5t di/9ction betwe5 g's1 = inh]5t on5ess is n de/roy$ by a diff]5ce ( ext]nal disguises4 ,?us we mu/ n conceive1 f ! app>5t di/9ction caus$ by su* ext]nal disguises z j>s1 c41 t !re is any inh]5t di/9ction1 z ( p>ts1 9 ! "o indivisible e!r4 ,! curr5t use ( ! reject$ phrase i4e41 diff]5t z appli$ to ! g's is really caus$ by ! noise1 :i* 9 ea* case is diff]5t4 ,?is has be5 said by ! great tea*]-- ,! object :i* ! ,naiyyikas seek by suppos+ a species is1 9 fact1 ga9$ f ! lett] itself2 & ! object :i* !y aim at by suppos+ an individuality 9 lett]s1 is atta9$ f audible noises2#bgb s t ! assumption ( species is useless4 ,& aga9-- ,s9ce 9 reg>d to s\nds su* an irresi/ible in/9ct ( recognition is always awake )9 u1 x precludes by its sup]ior evid5ce all ! inf]5ces to prove s\nd's non-et]nity4 ,?is at once refutes ! argum5t giv5 9 ! ,naiyyika treatise by ,vgsw>a1 entitl$ ,mna-manoh>a1 s\nd is non-et]nal f ! fact ( its be+ a special quality belong+ to an organ ( s5se#bgc 7sc4 ! e>71 j z col\r is to ! eye4 ,we c also refute x 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a47 ,if we foll[ ! ,snkhya & ,v$nta view t s\nd is a sub/ance1 x is evid5tly ov]?r[n#bgd z 9 t case s\nd _c be a quality2 7b47 if we take x z ref]r+ to ! noise1 n ! s\nd1 we h no dispute1 z x only e/abli%es :at we ourselves all[2 & 7c47 ! inf]5ce is ov]?r[n by ! limit+ condition updhi ( asrvanatva1 or ! n caus+ audition4#bge ,s ,udayana tries at great l5g? to e/abli% t1 al?\gh e!r1 ! site ( s\nd1 is imp]ceptible1 ! non-exi/5ce ( t :i* abides 9 ?is site is p]ceptible2 & he !n br+s =w>d z an evid5ce = ! non-et]nity ( s\nd1 t s5se p]ception :i* causes ! use ( su* common expressions z ,! tumult is /opp$1 ,! s\nd has aris54#bgf ,b he is suffici5tly answ]$#bgg by our old reply 9 p4 #aic1 t ! fallaci\s appe>ance ( di/9ction arises f contr>y *>act]s be+ errone\sly ascrib$1 j z1 9 ! /ory1 ! demon ,tla w5t away z well z ,betla :5 ! (f]+ ( blood 0 giv5 to ! latt]4#bgh ,& z = ! objection rais$ by ! au?or ( ! ,nyyabh%ana1#bgi t1 if s\nd 7 et]nal1 ! conclusion mu/ foll[ t x w\ld be ei!r always p]ceptible or always imp]ceptible1 ?is also is obviat$ by our all[+ t we only p]ceive t s\nd :i* is manife/$ by our articulate noise4#bhj ,& z = ! 7,naiyyika7 argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce#bha ( su* a con/ant relation z ?is :i* is suppos$ betwe5 ! manife/$ s\nd & ! manife/+ noise1 s9ce !y bo? come simultane\sly 9 contact ) ! s5se ( he>+1 ?is is invalid1 z x w indisputably apply ) equal =ce 9 ! case ( ! s\l4#bhb ,!re=e z ! ,v$a is ?us prov$ to h n orig9at$ f any p]sonal au?or1 & z ! m9ute/ g]m ( suspicion aga9/ x is ?us absolutely de/roy$1 we hold x z satisfactorily demon/rat$ t x has a self-e/abli%$ au?ority 9 all matt]s relat+ to duty4 ,well#bhc say our oppon5ts1 let ?is "q re/2 b h[ ab\t ano!r well-kn[n controv]sy8 ,x is said-- ',! ,snkhyas hold t bo? au?oritativ5ess & non-au?oritativ5ess are self-prov$2 ! foll[]s ( ! ,nyya hold t bo? are prov$ by some?+ else z inf]5ce1 c42 ! ,buddhi/s hold t ! latt] is self-prov$ & ! =m] prov$ by some?+ else2 ! tea*]s ( ! ,v$a ma9ta9 t au?oritativ5ess is self-prov$ & non-au?oritativ5ess prov$ by some?+ else4' ,n[ we ask1 amid/ all ?is discussion1 h[ d ! ,mmmsakas accept z e/abli%$ _! t5et t ! au?oritativ5ess ( duty is self-prov$8 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( ?is s-call$ self-prov$ au?oritativ5ess8 ,is x 7a47 t au?oritativ5ess spr+s f itself8 or 7b47 t x spr+s f ! "r k 9 :i* x resides8 or 7c47 t x spr+s f ! in/rum5tal causes z ! eye1 c4 :i* produc$ ! "r k 9 :i* x resides8 or 7d47 t x resides 9 a p>ticul> k produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes :i* produc$ ! "r k8#bhd or 7e47 t x resides 9 a p>ticul> k produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes only :i* produc$ ! "r k8 7a47 ,x _c be ! fir/1 because :]ev] ! relation ( cause & effect is f\nd !re mu/ be a diff]5ce1 & !re=e ^! two _c reside 9 ! same subject i4e41 au?oritativ5ess _c cause itself4 7b47 ,x _c be ! second1 because if k1 :i* is a quality1 7 ! cause ( au?oritativ5ess1 x w\ld h to be a sub/ance1 z be+ an intimate cause4#bhe 7c47 ,x _c be ! ?ird1 because 'au?oritativ5ess' _c prop]ly be 'produc$' at all1#bhf :e!r we call x a g5]al *>act]i/ic 7updhi7 or a species 7jti72#bhg = if we call x an updhi1 x is def9$ z ! absolute non-exi/5ce ( any contradiction to a c]ta9 k9d ( k :i* does n possess ! nature ( recollection2#bhh & ?is _c be produc$1 = we all all[ t absolute non-exi/5ce is et]nal2 & /ill less c we speak ( its be+ produc$1 if we reg>d x z a species4 7d47 ,nor c x be ! f\r?1 = wrong k z well z "r k is a p>ticul> k9d ( k1 & ! in/rum5tal causes :i* produce ! g5]al are includ$ 9 ^? :i* produce ! p>ticul>1#bhi j z ! g5]al idea 'se$1' z appli$ to 'tree1' is includ$ 9 ! p>ticul> se$ ( any special tree1 z1 e4g41 ! ,dalb]gia ,sisu2 o!rwise we might suppose t ! p>ticul> _h no in/rum5tal cause at all4 ,y\r def9ition w\ld !re=e ext5d too f> & include errone\s z well z true k2 = non-au?oritativ5ess1 :i* ,v$anti/s & mo/ ,mmmsakas all[ to be produc$ by some?+ ext]nal1 mu/ also be consid]$ z resid+ 9 a p>ticul> k i4e41 a wrong k produc$ 9 "p by ! in/rum5tal causes :i* produc$ ! "r k4 7e47 ,z = y\r fif? view1 we ask :e!r by be+ produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes only :i* produc$ "r k1 y mean to include or exclude ! abs5ce ( a 'defect'8 ,x _c be ! =m] alt]native2 because ! foll[]s ( ! ,nyya :o hold t au?oritativ5ess is prov$ by some?+ ext]nal z inf]5ce1 c41 w\ld at once grant t au?oritativ5ess is produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes ( k comb9$ ) ! abs5ce ( a 'defect4' ,nei!r c x be ! latt] alt]native2 =1 inasmu* z x is c]ta9 t ! abs5ce ( a 'defect' is f\nd comb9$ ) ! v>i\s in/rum5tal causes1 ?is abs5ce ( a 'defect' is fix$ z by adamant9e glue to be a cause ( "r k1 s9ce "r k w always accompany its pres5ce1 & be abs5t if x is abs5t1#bij & x w at ! same "t be n an unimportant condition4#bia ,if y object t non-exi/5ce 7or abs5ce7 _c be a cause1 we reply by ask+ y :e!r non-exi/5ce c be an effect or n8 ,if x _c1 !n we %\ld h to all[ t clo? is et]nal1 z its em]g5t non-exi/5ce or de/ruction w\ld be impossible4 ,if x c be an effect1 !n :y %\ld x n be a cause also8 ,s ?is rope b9ds y at bo? ends4 ,?is has also be5 said by ,udayana 9 8 ,kusumjali1 i4 #aj-- ',z exi/5ce1 s too non-exi/5ce is held to be a cause z well z an effect4' ,! argum5t1 9 my op9ion1 runs z foll[s3--,"r k dep5ds on "s cause#bib o!r ?an ! common causes ( k1 f ! v fact t1 :ile x is an effect1 x is also k1 j z wrong k does4#bic ,au?oritativ5ess is kn[n ?r\gh some?+ ext]nal to itself e4g41 inf]5ce1 because d\bt arises 9 reg>d to x 9 an unfamili> case1 z we also see 9 non-au?oritativ5ess4 ,!re=e1 z we c prove t au?oritativ5ess is bo? produc$ & recognis$ by means ( some?+ ext]nal1 ! ,mmms t5et t 'au?oritativ5ess is self-prov$' is l a g\rd ov]ripe & rott54 ,?is long h>angue ( our oppon5t1 h[ev]1 is b a va9 attempt to /rike ! sky ) 8 fi/2 = 7a47 we mean by our phrase self-prov$ t :ile "r k is produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes ( k1 x is n produc$ by any o!r cause 7z defect1 c47 ,! foll[+ is our argum5t z drawn out 9 full3--,"r k is n produc$ by any o!r in/rum5tal causes ?an ^? ( k1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is produc$ by ^!1 because x is n ! site ( wrongness ( k1--j l a j>4#bid ,nor c ,udayana's#bie argum5t be br\ght =w>d z e/abli%+ ! dep5d5ce ( au?oritativ5ess on some?+ ext]nal1 = x is swall[$ up by ! dragon ( ! equally pot5t contradictory argum5t4 ,"r k is n produc$ by any cause :i* is o!r ?an ! causes ( k & is also o!r ?an 'defect1'#bif f ! v fact ( its be+ k--l wrong k4 ,aga91 s9ce "r k c arise f ! causes ( k p] se1 x w\ld be a ne$less complexity to suppose t any?+ else is a cause1 :e!r y call x a guna or ! abs5ce ( a defect 7do%a74#big ,b surely if ! pres5ce ( a defect is ! cause ( wrong k1 x is difficult to d5y t its abs5ce mu/ be a cause ( "r k8 ,we meet ?is1 h[ev]1 by ma9ta9+ t ! abs5ce ( defect is only an indirect & remote cause1 z x only acts negatively by prev5t+ wrong k4 ,z x has be5 said-- ,!re=e we reasonably conclude f ! pres5ce ( gunas ! abs5ce ( 'defects1'#bih f _! abs5ce ! non-exi/5ce ( ! two k9ds ( non-au?oritativ5ess1#bii & f ?is ! g5]al conclusion4#cjj 7b47 ,we ma9ta9 t ! recognition ( "r k is produc$ by ! same causes only :i* make u p]ceive ! fir/ k#cja sc4 ! eye1 m9d1 c4 ,nor c y object t ?is view is preclud$1 because x w\ld imply t !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z d\bt2 = we answ] t d\bt arises 9 cases :]e1 al?\gh all ! causes :i* produce k are pres5t1 !re is also ! simultane\s pres5ce ( "s oppos+ cause1 z a defect1 c4 ,z = y\r argum5t ,o ,naiyyika6 giv5 supra1 9 p4 #aih1 l9es #ag-bd1 ,i ask1 ,is y\r own argum5t an au?oritative pro( by itself or n8 ,if x is1 x proves too mu* = x w\ld prop]ly apply to itself & lead u to inf] its own dep5d5ce on ext]nal pro(1 :]eas y hold x to be indep5d5t ( su*2 & if x is n1 we %\ld h a case ( regressus 9 inf9itum1 = x w want "s o!r pro( to confirm its au?oritativ5ess1 & ?is too 9 its turn w want "s fre% pro(1 & s on = ev]4 ,z = ! argum5t urg$ by ,udayana#cjb 9 ! ,kusumjali1 :5 he tries to e/abli% t imm$iate & vehem5t action does n dep5d on ! ag5t's c]ta9ty z to ! au?oritativ5ess ( ! spee* :i* sets him act+3 ,action dep5ds on wi%1 its vehem5ce on t ( ! wi%1#cjc wi% on ! k t ! ?+ wi%$ = is a means to atta9 "s wi%$-= end1 & ?is is only asc]ta9$ by an inf]5ce bas$ on "s 'sign' :i* proves t ! ?+ is closely connect$ ) ! wi%$-= end1 & ?is inf]5ce dep5ds on ! ?+s be+ 9 direct contact ) ! ag5t's s5ses2 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( antec$5t /eps ! ,mmms idea ( ! p]ception ( au?oritativ5ess is nev] once f\nd z a cause ( action4 ,all ?is appe>s to u simple blu/]1 l t ( ! ?ief :o o/5tati\sly ?r[s op5 all 8 limbs be=e me1 :5 ,i _h actually f\nd ! gold "u 8 armpit4 ,x is only ! k t ! ?+ is a means to atta9 ! desir$ end1 & ?is k recognis$ z au?oritative & "r k1 :i* causes ! def9ite volition to arise at all2 & 9 ?is we c di/9ctly trace ! influ5ce ( t v p]ception ( au?oritativ5ess ^: exi/5ce he s vehem5tly pret5d$ to d5y4 ,if unhesitat+ action ev] arose 9 any case f d\bt1 !n1 z x might always arise s 9 e giv5 case1 all asc]ta9m5t ( au?oritativ5ess w\ld be useless2 & z ! v exi/5ce ( :at is unasc]ta9$ is r5d]$ unc]ta91 poor au?oritativ5ess w\ld h to be consid]$ z dead & buri$6 ,b en\gh ( ?is prolix controv]sy2 s9ce x has be5 said-- ,!re=e ! au?oritativ5ess ( a cognition1 :i* 7au?oritativ5ess7 pres5t$ itself z repres5t+ a real fact1 may be ov]?r[n by ! p]ception ( a 'defect1' :i* p]ception is produc$ by "s sign t proves ! discrepancy betwe5 ! cognition & ! fact4#cjd ,n[ ) reg>d to ! ,v$a1 :i* is ! self-prov$ & au?oritative crit]ion 9 reg>d to duty1 we h ! foll[+ div]g5cy betwe5 ! two great ,mmms s*ools3--,! ,v$a is compos$ ( ?ree portions1 respectively call$ hymns 7mantra71 explanatory passages 7ar?avda71 & injunctions 7vidhi72 & by injunction we mean su* s5t5ces z ,let him :o desires heav5 sacrifice ) ! jyoti%toma4 ,"h ta1 ! affix ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 d5otes an enjo9+ p[]1 :i* is col\r$ or r5d]$ def9ite by ! mean+ ( ! root1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! foll[]s ( ,bhatta ,kumrila1 :o ma9ta9 t words signify#cje some?+ def9ite by !mselves ap>t f ! s5t5ce4 ,! foll[]s ( ,guru ,prabhk>a1 on ! contr>y1 hold t ! :ole s5t5ce is a comm& relat+ to ! sacrifice1 z !y ma9ta9 t words only signify an action or some?+ to be done4#cjf ,?us all has be5 made pla94 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bdg3 ,mdhava "h calls x ! pr* ,mmms4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,cf4 ,j4 ,nyyamlvi/1 pp4 #e-i4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,?us x is said t he :o desires to be a family prie/ %\ld (f] a black-neck$ animal to ,agni1 a p>ti-col\r$ "o to ,soma1 & a black-neck$ "o to ,agni4 ,%\ld ?is be a case = tantra or n8 ,by tantra "o (f]+ to ,agni w\ld d = bo?2 b z ! (f]+ to ,soma comes betwe51 !y _c be unit$1 & ?us x mu/ be a case ( vpa1 i4e41 (f]+ ! two sep>ately 7,j4 ,nyyaml1 xi4 #a1 #ac74 ,footnote #bej3 ,9 p4 #abc1 l9e #d1 ,i read vilak%ana-dri%taphala4 ,footnote #bea3 ,9 ! =m] case x w\ld be a vidhi1 9 ! latt] a niyama4 ,cf4 ! l9es vidhir atyantam aprpto niyamah pk%ike sati1 tatra *nyatra *a prptau p>isamkhy vidhyate4 ,footnote #beb3 ,! ,mmms holds t ! pot5tial & simil> affixes1 :i* con/itute a vidhi1 h a tw(old p[]2 by ! "o !y express an active volition ( ! ag5t1 correspond+ to ! root-mean+ 7ar?a-bhvan72 by ! o!r an en=c+ p[] 9 ! ^w 7sabda-bhvan74 ,?us 9 sv>gakmo yajeta1 ! eta implies let him produce heav5 by means ( c]ta9 acts :i* toge!r make up a sacrifice possess+ a c]ta9 my/ic influ5ce2 next x implies an en=c+ p[] resid+ 9 itself 7z x is ! ^w ( ! self-exi/5t ,v$a & n ( ,god7 :i* sets ! he>] ^u ?is c\rse ( action4 ,footnote #bec3 ,^! f\r fruits ( action are obscure1 & ,i d n rememb] to h se5 !m allud$ to else:]e4 ,i 0 told 9 ,india t !y 7 a ?+'s com+ into be+1 gr[+1 decl9+1 & p]i%+4 ,if s1 !y are ! second1 ?ird1 fif?1 & six? ( ! six vikras m5tion$ 9 ,sank>a's ,vajras*i1 #b1 i4e41 a/i1 jyate1 v>dhate1 vip>9amate1 apak%yate1 nasyati4 ,i d n see h[ !re c\ld be any ref]5ce to ! f\r k9ds ( aprva1 sc4 phala1 samudya1 utpatti1 & anga1 describ$ 9 ,nyya ,m4 ,v4 ii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #bed3 ,! nigamas are ! ,v$ic quotations 9 ,yska's nirukta4 ,footnote #bee3 ,see ,nyya-ml-vi/>a1 i4 #d1 #ai4 ,footnote #bef3 ,! exact numb] is #iae4 ,footnote #beg3 ,?is is to expla9 ! la/ ( ! five memb]s1 ! samgati4 ,footnote #beh3 ,cf4 ,asvalyana's ,grihya ,stras1 i4 #ai1 #a4 ,footnote #bei3 ,! anuvda1 ( c\rse1 implies a previ\s vidhi1 :i* x ?us repeats & supplem5ts1 & s c>ries ) x an equal au?ority4 ,! anuvda 9 ! pres5t case is ! passage :i* m5tions t ! ,v$a is to be read1 z x en=ces ! previ\s vidhi z to tea*+4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,i read 9 p4 #abg1 l9e #ab1 anava-gamyamnasya1 & s ! rec5sion giv5 9 ! ,nyya ,m4 ,v4 p4 #ad1 na budhyamnasya4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,9 ! next two or ?ree pages ,i h frequ5tly borr[$ f ,dr4 ,muir's translation 9 8 ,sanskrit ,texts1 vol4 iii4 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,! s\l may be trac$ back ?r\gh successive transmigrations1 b y nev] get back to its beg9n+4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,mdhava means t ! au?or ( ?is /anza1 ?\gh unkn[n to _m p1 0 n necess>ily unkn[n to all1 z 8 contempor>ies1 no d\bt1 knew :o wrote x1 & 8 desc5dants might p]haps /ill be aw>e ( ! fact4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 we h an in/ance ( a composition ( :i* "s p]sons did n "k ! orig91 b :i*1 nev]!less1 _h a human au?or4 ,! /anza 9 "q is quot$ 9 full 9 ,bhtl+k's ,indis*e ,spr*e1 ,no4 #eeih1 f ! ,,ms4 an?ology call$ ! ,subh%itrnava4 ,= muktaka1 see ,sh4 ,d>p41 #eeh4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,! et]nity ( ! ,v$a dep5ds on ?is t5et ( ! ,mmms t s\nd is et]nal4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,et]nal ?+s 7z ! atoms ( e>?1 fire1 wat]1 & air1 m9ds1 "t1 space1 e!r1 & s\l7 h vise%a1 n smnya or g5us1 & !y are all imp]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,g5]a are !mselves et]nal 7?\gh ! individuals 9 :i* !y reside are n71 b !y h n !mselves g5us4 ,bo? ^! argum5ts belong r to ! ,nyya-vaise%ika s*ool ?an to ! ,nyya4 ,footnote #bff3 ,! ,mmmsaka all[s t ! u**rana or utt]ance is non-et]nal4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,! inf]5ce w be z foll[s3 ,! ,v$as 7 arrang$ aft] be+ acquir$ by o!r modes ( pro(1 ) a view to _! manife/ation1 f ! v fact ( _! hav+ ! nature ( s5t5ces1 j l ! compositions ( ,manu1 c4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,! argum5t w n[ run1 ,! ,v$as 7 arrang$ aft] be+ acquir$ by o!r modes ( pro(1 because1 :ile !y possess au?ority1 !y /ill h ! nature ( s5t5ces1 l ! composition ( ,manu1 c4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,9 assum+ a mat]ial body1 he w\ld be subject to mat]ial limitations4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,! ,ja9as all[ ?irty-f\r su* sup]human developm5ts 7atisayh7 9 _! sa9ts4 ,footnote #bga3 ,jaim9i ma9ta9s t ! vibrations ( ! air manife/ ! always exi/+ s\nd4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,:at is meant by 'noise' 7nda7 is ^! 'conjunctions' & 'disjunctions1' occasion$ by ! vibrations ( ! air4--,ballantyne1 ,mmms ,aphorisms1 i4 #ag4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! ,nyya holds t col\r & s\nd are respectively special qualities ( ! elem5ts light & e!r2 & z ! organs ( see+ & he>+ are compos$ ( light & e!r1 ea* w1 ( c\rse1 h its correspond+ special quality4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,9 p4 #aca1 l9e #g1 ,i read pratyak%siddheh4 ,footnote #bge3 ,cf4 my note pp4 #g1 #h1 7on ! ,*rvka-d>sana7 = ! updhi4 ,! updhi or condition limits a too g5]al middle t]m2 x is def9$ z t :i* always accompanies ! major t]m1 b does n always accompany ! middle4 ,?us if ! condition produc$ f wet fuel is add$ to fire1 ! argum5t ! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire is no long] a false "o4 ,"h1 9 answ] to ! ,nyya argum5t 9 ! text1 our au?or objects t its middle t]m 7f ! fact ( its be+ a special quality belong+ to an organ ( s5se7 is too wide1 i4e41 x is sometimes f\nd :]e ! major t]m non-et]nal is n f\nd1 z1 e4g41 9 s\nd itself1 accord+ to ! ,mmms doctr9e4 ,to obviate ?is he proposes to add ! condition1 n caus+ audition1 z he w readily conc$e t all ^? ?+s are non-et]nal :i*1 :ile n caus+ audition1 are special qualities belong+ to an organ ( s5se1 z1 e4g41 col\r4 ,b ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ?is addition w\ld make ! :ole argum5t nugatory4 ,9 fact1 ! ,prva ,mmms & ! ,nyya c nev] argue toge!r on ?is "q ( ! et]nity ( s\nd1 z _! po9ts ( view are s totally diff]5t4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,9 ! =m] case we h ! dhwamsa ( s\nd1 9 ! latt] its prgabhva4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,9 p4 #aca1 l9e #ab1 ,i read samapauhi = sampohi1 i4e41 ! passive aori/ ( sam apa h4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,i d n "k ?is leg5d4 ,tla & ,betla are ! two demons :o c>ry ,vikramditya on _! %\ld]s 9 ! ,simhsan-batts4 ,x appe>s to be ref]r$ to "h z illu/rat+ h[ "o answ] c suffice = two oppon5ts4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,?is is probably a "w by ,bhs>vaja 7see ,dr4 ,hall's ,bibl4 ,index1 p4 #bf74 ,footnote #bhj3 ,dhvani1 or our articulate noise1 produces ! vibrations ( air :i* r5d] manife/ ! ev]-exi/+ s\nd4 ,!re is always an et]nal b inaudible hum go+ on1 :i* we modify into a def9ite spee* by our v>i\s articulations4 ,i take samskrita "h z equival5t to abhivyakta4 ,footnote #bha3 ,i read 9 p4 #aca1 l9e #ae1 samskrakasamskryabhvbhvnumnam4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,x w\ld be a case ( vyabhi*ra4 ,! ,naiyyika argum5t w\ld seem to be some?+ z foll[s3--,s\nd is n ?us manife/$ by noise1 s9ce bo? are simultane\sly p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 j z we see 9 ! p>allel case ( ! individual & its species2 ^! are bo? p]ceiv$ toge!r1 b ! individual is n manife/$ by ! species4 ,b ! ,mmms rejo9s t ?is w\ld equally apply to ! s\l & k2 z ! int]nal s5se p]ceives bo? simultane\sly1 & !re=e k ought n to be manife/$ by ! s\l1 :i* is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,b ,i am n sure t ,i rightly und]/& ! argum5t4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,"h beg9s a long prva-pak%a1 f p4 #aca1 l9e #ah1 d[n to p4 #acc1 l9e #i2 see p4 #aih infra4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,?is is ,prabhk>a's view 7see ,siddh4 ,muktv41 p4 #aah74 ,! fir/ k is 9 ! =m ,?is is a j>2 ! second k is ! cognition ( ?is p]ception 9 ! =m ,i p]ceive ! j>2 & ?is latt] produces au?oritativ5ess 7prmnya71 :i* resides 9 x z its *>act]i/ic4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,sub/ances are intimate causes to _! qualities1 & only sub/ances h qualities2 n[ if au?oritativ5ess1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( "r k1 7 caus$ by x1 x w\ld be a quality ( x1 t is1 "r k w\ld be its intimate cause & !re=e a sub/ance4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,! eye1 c41 w\ld be its in/rum5tal causes4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,! fir/ ?ree categories sub/ance1 quality1 & action1 are call$ jtis or species2 ! la/ f\r1 g5us1 vise%a1 intimate relation1 & non-exi/5ce1 are call$ updhis or g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,! ,prva ,mmms d5ies t recollection is "r k4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,wrong k is produc$ by ! same in/rum5tal causes 7z ! eye1 c47 :i* produc$ "r k1 b by ^! toge!r ) a defect1 z bili\sness1 di/ance c4 ,footnote #bij3 ,scil4 if !re be do%bhva !re is pram2 if n1 n4 ,9 p4 #acb1 l9e #bj1 ,i read do%bhvatv5a = do%bhvasahakritatv5a4 ,footnote #bia3 ,anya?siddhatvam means niyataprvav>titve sati anvasyakatvam4 ,footnote #bib3 ,scil4 or ! abs5ce ( defect1 do%bhva4 ,footnote #bic3 ,wrong k has do%bhva or ! pres5ce ( a defect z its cause1 9 addition to ! common causes4 ,footnote #bid3 ,wrongness ( k 7apramtva7 c only reside 9 k z a *>act]i/ic or quality !re(2 x _c reside 9 a j>4 ,! j> is1 ( c\rse1 produc$ by o!r in/rum5tal causes ?an ^? ( k 7z1 e4g41 ! pott]'s /ick1 c471 b x is n produc$ by ^! o!r causes 9 comb9ation ) be+ also produc$ by ! in/rum5tal causes ( k 7) :i* x has no?+ directly to d72 & s by a quibble1 :i* is less obvi\s 9 ,sanskrit ?an 9 ,engli%1 ?is wret*$ sophism is all[$ to pass mu/]4 ,! j> is n produc$-by-any-o!r-in/rum5tal-causes-?an -^?-(-k1-:ile- at-!-same-"t-x-is-produc$-by-^!4 ,footnote #bie3 ,i suppose ?is is ! argum5t giv5 at ! close ( ! previ\s long prva-pak%a4 ,footnote #bif3 ,^! words & is o!r ?an defect 7do%a-vyatirikta7 are1 ( c\rse1 mean+less z f> z "r k is conc]n$2 !y are simply add$ to enable ! au?or to br+ 9 wrong k z an example4 ,wrong k is caus$ by ! causes ( k plus defect2 "r k by ! =m] alone4 ,footnote #big3 ,! ,nyya holds t wrong k is produc$ by a defect1 z jaundice1 c41 9 ! eye1 & "r k by a guna or virtue 7z ! direct contact ( ! heal?y organ ) a true object71 or by ! abs5ce ( a defect4 ,footnote #bih3 ,! guna 7or ,greek3 belti/ hexis7 ( an organ is n prop]ly a cause ( pram b r do%bhva-bodhaka4 ,footnote #bii3 ,scil4 d\btful 7s&igdha7 & asc]ta9$ non-au?oritativ5ess 7nis*itprmnya74 ,footnote #cjj3 ,uts>ga is a g5]al conclusion :i* is n necess>ily true 9 e p>ticul> case2 b "h x means ! conclusion t "r k has no special causes b ! common causes ( k1 ! eye1 c4 ,footnote #cja3 ,! fir/ k is ,?is is a j>1 ! second k is ! cognition ( ?is p]ception 9 ! =m ,i p]ceive ! j>2 & simultane\sly ) x arises ! cognition ( ! tru? ( ! p]ception1 i4e41 its au?oritativ5ess or prmnya4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,?is seems to be a quotation ( ,udayana's own words1 & no d\bt is tak5 f 8 v r>e prose comm5t>y on ! ,kusumjali1 a specim5 ( :i* ,i pr9t$ 9 ! preface to my edition4 ,?is passage mu/ come f ! fif? book 7v4 #f874 ,footnote #cjc3 ,i read tat-pr*uryam = tatpr*urye 9 p4 #acd1 l9e #g4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,?is /anza affirms t accord+ to ! ,mmms s*ool1 :ile au?oritativ5ess is self-prov$1 non-au?oritativ5ess is prov$ f some?+ else 7z inf]5ce1 c47 ,footnote #cje3 ,i take vyutpatti "h z us$ = sakti2 siddhe means ghatdau4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,^! are ! two great ,mmms s*ools4 ,! =m]1 call$ abhihitnvaya-vd9ah1 hold 7l ! ,naiyyika s*ool7 t words by !mselves c express _! sep>ate mean+ by ! function abhidh or d5otation2 ^! are subsequ5tly comb9$ into a s5t5ce express+ "o connect$ idea4 ,! latt]1 call$ anvitbhidhna-vd9ah1 hold t words only express a mean+ z p>ts ( a s5t5ce & grammatically connect$ ) ea* o!r2 !y only mean an action or some?+ connect$ ) an action4 ,9 gm naya1 gm does n prop]ly mean gotva1 b nayannvita-gotva1 i4e41 ! bov9e g5us z connect$ ) br++4 ,we _c h a case ( a n\n )\t "s gov]n+ v]b1 & vice v]s4 ,cf4 ,waitz1 z quot$ by ,pr(essor ,sayce 7,comp>ative ,philology1 page #acf73 ,we d n ?9k 9 words b 9 s5t5ces2 h5ce we may ass]t t a liv+ language consi/s ( s5t5ces1 n ( words4 ,b a s5t5ce is =m$ n ( s+le indep5d5t words1 b ( words :i* ref] to "o ano!r 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 l ! correspond+ ?\ght1 :i* does n consi/ ( s+le indep5d5t ideas1 b ( su* z1 connect$1 =m a :ole1 & det]m9e "o ano!r mutually4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,p,,n9i-,,d>sana4#cjg ,if any "o asks1 ,:]e are we to le>n h[ to sep>ate a root & an affix s z to be able to say1 ',?is "p is ! orig9al root & ?is is an affix1' may we n reply t to ^? :o h drunk ! wat]s ( ,patajali ?is "q produces no confusion1 s9ce x is notori\s t ! rules ( gramm> h ref]5ce to ?is v po9t ( ! sep>ation ( ! orig9al roots & affixes8 ,?us ! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ! v5]able ,patajali1 ! au?or ( ! ,great ,comm5t>y1 is a?a sabdnussanam1 ,n[ comes ! exposition ( words4 ,! p>ticle a?a 7n[7 is us$ "h z imply+ a new topic or a comm5cem5t2 & by ! phrase1 exposition ( words1 is meant ! sy/em ( gramm> put =? by ,pn9i4 ,n[ a d\bt might "h arise z to :e!r ?is phrase implies t ! exposition ( words is to be ! ma9 topic or n2 & x is to obviate any su* d\bt t he employ$ ! p>ticle a?a1 s9ce ?is p>ticle implies t :at foll[s is to be treat$ z ! ma9 topic to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! ^w exposition 7anussana71 z "h us$1 implies t !reby ,vaidic words1 su* z ^? 9 ! l9e sam no devr abhi%taye1#cjh c41 & secul> words z ancill>y to ^!1 z ! common words = c[1 horse1 man1 elephant1 bird1 c41 are made ! subject ( ! exposition1 i4e41 are d$uc$ f _! orig9al roots & prop]ly =m$1 or1 9 o!r words1 are expla9$ z divid$ into root & affix4 ,we mu/ consid] t ! comp\nd 9 ?is phrase repres5ts a g5itive ( ! object sabdnussanam /&+ = sabdasynussanam1 & z !re is a rule ( ,pn9i 7k>mani *a1 ii4 #b1 #ad71 :i* prohibits composition 9 su* a con/ruction1 we are =c$ to conc$e t ! phrase sabdnussanam does n come be=e u z a duly au?oris$ comp\nd4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 arises a discussion z to ! true application ( ! alleg$ rule ( ,pn9i1 = we hold t1 by ii4 #c1 #ff1 :]ev] an object & an ag5t are bo? express$ 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce 9 connection ) a ^w end+ ) a krit affix1 !re ! object alone c be put 9 ! g5itive & n ! ag5t2#cji ?is limitation aris+ f our tak+ ubhayaprpti 9 ! stra z a bahuvrhi comp\nd4#caj ,?us we mu/ say1 ,wond]ful is ! milk+ ( c[s by an unpractis$ c[h]d4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 rem>k 9 pass+ t "s au?ors d ma9ta9 t ! ag5t may 9 su* cases be put 9 ! g5itive 7z well z ! object72 h5ce we f9d x /at$ 9 ! ,ksik ,comm5t>y3 ,"s au?ors ma9ta9 t !re %\ld be an option 9 su* cases )\t any di/9ction1 & ?us !y w\ld equally all[ su* a con/ruction z '! exposition ( words ( ! tea*]' or 'by ! tea*]4' ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! words ( ! phrase 9 "q really mean t ! exposition int5d$ relates to words & n to ?+s1 & s9ce ?is c be at once und]/ood )\t any m5tion ( ! ag5t1 i4e41 ! tea*]1 any su* m5tion w\ld be pla9ly sup]flu\s2 & !re=e z ! object & ! ag5t are n bo? express$ 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce1 ?is is n an in/ance ( ! g5itive ( ! object 7com+ "u ii4 #c1 #ff1 & ii4 #b1 #ad71 b r an in/ance ( q ano!r rule1 viz41 ii4 #c1 #fe1 :i* directs t an ag5t or an object1 9 connection ) a ^w end+ ) a krit affix1 is to be put 9 ! g5itive :i* 9 ?is in/ance is express$ by ! tatpuru%a comp\nd2 & ! comp\nd 9 "q w be /rictly analog\s to su* recognis$ =ms z idhma-pravras*ana1 palsa-stana1 c4#caa ,or we might argue t ! g5itive case impli$ 9 ?is %a%?tatpuru%a is "o ( ! class call$ residual1 9 accordance ) ,pn9i's rule 7ii4 #c1 #ej71 ,let ! g5itive be us$ 9 ! residuum1 i4e41 9 ! o!r con/ructions n provid$ = by special rules2#cab & 9 ?is way we might def5d ! phrase aga9/ ! oppon5t's attack4 ,b1 x might be repli$1 y\r alleg$ 'residual g5itive' c\ld be assum$ ev]y:]e1 & we %\ld ?us f9d all ! prohibitions ( composition 9 con/ructions ) a g5itive case r5d]$ utt]ly nugatory4 ,?is we readily grant1 & h5ce ,bh>trih>i 9 8 ,vkyapadya has %[n t ^! rules are ma9ly useful :]e ! "q relates to ! acc5t4#cac ,to ?is effect are ! words ( ! great doctor ,v>dhamna-- ,9 secul> utt]ances m5 may proce$ z !y w1 ,b 9 ,vaidic pa?s let m9ute accuracy ( spee* be employ$4 ,?us h !y expla9$ ! mean+ ( ,pn9i's stras1 s9ce ,he himself uses su* phrases z janik>tuh & tatprayojakah4#cad ,h5ce x foll[s t ! full mean+ ( ! s5t5ce 9 "q 7( ! ,mahbh%ya7 is t x is to be und]/ood t ! rules ( gramm> :i* may be tak5 z a synonym = '! exposition conc]n+ words' are n[ comm5c$4 ,well1 !n1 = ! sake ( directly und]/&+ ?is int5d$ mean+1 x w\ld h be5 bett] to h said 'n[ comes gramm>1' z ! words 'n[ comes ! exposition ( words' involve a useless excess ( lett]s4 ,?is objection _c1 h[ev]1 be all[$1 s9ce ! employm5t ( su* a ^w z sabdnussanam1 ! s5se ( :i* c be s readily inf]r$ f its etymology1 proves t ! au?or int5ds to imply an end :i* %all e/abli% t gramm> is a subord9ate /udy 7anga7 to ! ,v$a4#cae ,o!rwise1 if !re 7 no su* end set =?1 !re w\ld be no consequ5t application ( ! read]s to ! /udy ( gramm>4 ,nor may y say t ?is application w be suffici5tly en=c$ by ! injunction = /udy1 ! ,v$a ) its six subord9ate p>ts mu/ be read z a duty )\t any 7special7 end1#caf because1 ev5 ?\gh !re be su* an injunction1 x w n foll[ t /ud5ts w apply to ?is /udy1 if no end is m5tion$ :i* w e/abli% t x is an anga ( ! ,v$a4 ,?us 9 old times ! /ud5ts1 aft] read+ ! ,v$a1 us$ to be 9 ha/e to say-- ,are n ,vaidic words e/abli%$ by ! ,v$a & secul> by common life1 ,& !re=e gramm> is useless8 ,!re=e x 0 only :5 !y und]/ood x to be an anga ( ! ,v$a t !y appli$ !mselves to its /udy4 ,s 9 ! same way ! /ud5ts ( ! pres5t day w\ld n be likely to apply !mselves to x ei!r4 ,x is to obviate ?is dang] t x becomes necess>y to set =? "s end :i* %all1 at ! same "t1 e/abli% t gramm> is an anga ( ! ,v$a4 ,if1 :5 ! end is expla9$1 !y %\ld /ill n apply !mselves1 !n1 be+ de/itute ( all k ( ! true =mation ( secul> words1 !y w\ld become involv$ 9 s9 9 ! c\rse ( sacrificial acts1 & w\ld consequ5tly lose _! religi\s m]it4 ,h5ce ! foll[]s ( sacrifice read1 ,"o :o keeps up a sacrificial fire1 on us+ an incorrect ^w1 %\ld (f] an expiatory (f]+ to ,s>aswat4 ,n[ x is to decl>e ?is end :i* e/abli%es t x is an anga ( ! ,v$a t he uses ! words a?a sabdnussanam & n a?a vyk>anam4 ,n[ ! rules ( gramm> mu/ h an end1 & a ?+'s end is det]m9$ by m5's pursuit ( x ) a view !reto4 ,j z 9 a sacrifice und]tak5 ) a view to heav51 heav5 is ! end2 9 ! same way ! end ( ! exposition ( words is in/ruction conc]n+ words1 i4e41 propriety ( spee*4 ,b1 an objector may say1 w n ! desir$ end be /ill unatta9$ = want ( ! true means to x8 ,nor c x be said t read+ ! ,v$a ^w by ^w is ! true means2 = ?is _c be a means = ! und]/&+ ( words1 s9ce _! numb] is inf9ite1 z divid$ into prop] & improp] words4#cag ,?us !re is a tradition t ,brihaspati = a ?\s& div9e ye>s taught to ,indra ! /udy ( words z us$ 9 _! individual =ms :5 ! ,v$a is read ^w by ^w1#cah & /ill he came n to ! end4 ,"h ! tea*] 0 ,brihaspati1 ! pupil 0 ,indra1 & ! "t ( /udy a ?\s& ye>s ( ! gods2 & yet ! t]m9ation 0 n rea*$1--h[ mu* less1 !n1 9 our day1 let a man live ev] s long8 ,le>n+ is r5d]$ effici5t by f\r appropriate means1--read+1 und]/&+1 practis+1 & h&+ x on to o!rs2 b 9 ! propos$ way life w\ld only suffice = ! b>e "t ( read+2 !re=e ! read+ ^w by ^w is n a means = ! k ( words1 & consequ5tly1 z we said at fir/1 ! desir$ end is n e/abli%$4 ,we reply1 h[ev]1 t x 0 nev] conc$$ t ! k ( words 0 to be atta9$ by ?is read+ ^w by ^w4 ,& aga91 s9ce g5]al & special rules apply at once to _m examples1 :5 ^! are divid$ into ! artificial p>ts call$ roots1 c4 7j z "o cl\d ra9s ov] _m spots ( gr\nd71 9 ?is way we c easily compreh5d an exposition ( _m words4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 by ! g5]al rule 7iii4 #b1 #a71 k>mani1 ! affix an is enjo9$ aft] a root :5 ! object is 9 composition ) x2 & by ?is rule we le>n _m words1 z kumbhakra1 a pott]1 kndalva1 a cutt] ( /ems1 c4 ,b ! supplem5t>y special rule 7iii4 #b1 #c71 to 'nupas>ge kah1 direct+ t ! affix ka is to be us$ aft] a root t ends 9 long :5 !re is no upas>ga1 %[s h[ impracticable ?is read+ ^w by ^w w\ld be s9ce x w\ld nev] tea* u h[ to di/+ui% an upas>ga4 ,b s9ce !re are o!r angas1 :y d y s+le out gramm> z ! "o object ( hon\r8 ,we reply1 t among ! six angas ! pr9cipal "o is gramm>1 & lab\r devot$ to :at is ! pr9cipal is sure to be> fruit4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,nigh unto ,brahman himself1 ! highe/ ( all religi\s au/]ities1 ,! wise h call$ gramm> ! fir/ anga ( ! ,v$a4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! exposition ( words is ! direct end ( ! rules ( gramm>1 b its indirect end is ! pres]vation1 c41 ( ! ,v$a4 ,h5ce x has be5 said by ! wor%ipful au?or ( ! great ,comm5t>y quot+ a ,vrttika1 ! end 7or motive7 is pres]vation1 inf]5ce1 scripture1 facility1 & assurance4#cai ,moreov] prosp]ity arises f ! employm5t ( a correct ^w2 ?us ,ktyyana has said1 ,!re is prosp]ity 9 ! employm5t ( a ^w accord+ to ! s/ra2 x is equal to ! words ( ! ,v$a itself4 ,o!rs also h said t a s+le ^w ?or\ghly und]/ood & rightly us$ becomes 9 ,sw>ga ! desire-milk+ c[4 ,?us 7!y say7-- ,!y proce$ to heav51 ) e desir$ happ9ess1 9 well-yok$ *>iots ( h>ness$ spee*2 ,b ^? :o use su* false =ms z a*kramata mu/ trudge ?i!r on foot4#cbj ,nor ne$ y ask h[ c an irrational ^w possess su* p[]8 s9ce we h revelation decl>+ t x is l to ! great god4 ,= ! ,sruti says1 ,f\r are its horns1 ?ree its feet1 two its heads1 & sev5 its h&s1--ro>s l\dly ! ?reefold-b\nd bull1 ! great god ent]s mortals 7,rig-,v$a1 iv4 #eh1 #c74 ,! great comm5tator ?us expla9s x3--,! f\r horns are ! f\r k9ds ( words--n\ns1 v]bs1 prepositions1 & p>ticles2 its ?ree feet mean ! ?ree times1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 express$ by ! t5se-affixes1 lat1 c42 ! two heads1 ! et]nal & tempor>y 7or produc$7 words1 di/+ui%$ z ! manife/$ & ! manife/]2 its sev5 h&s are ! sev5 case affixes1 includ+ ! conjugational t]m9ations2 ?reefold b\nd1 z enclos$ 9 ! ?ree organs--! *e/1 ! ?roat1 & ! head4 ,! metaphor bull 7vri%abha7 is appli$ f its p\r+ =? 7v>%ana71 i4e41 f its giv+ fruit :5 us$ ) k4 ,l\dly ro>s1 i4e41 utt]s s\nd1 = ! root ru means s\nd2 "h by ! ^w s\nd develop$ spee* 7or language7#cba is impli$2 ! great god ent]s mortals1--! great god1 i4e41 spee*1--ent]s mortals1 i4e41 m5 end[$ ) ! attribute ( mortality4 ,?us is decl>$ ! lik5ess ( spee*#cbb to ! supreme ,brahman4 ,! et]nal ^w1 call$ sphota1 )\t p>ts1 & ! cause ( ! _w1 is v]ily ,brahman2 ?us x has be5 decl>$ by ,bh>trih>i 9 ! "p ( 8 book call$ ! ,brahmaknda-- ,brahman1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 ! inde/ructible ess5ce ( spee*1 ,:i* is develop$ 9 ! =m ( ?+s1 & :5ce spr+s ! creation ( ! _w4 ,b s9ce !re is a well-kn[n tw(old division ( words into n\ns & v]bs1 h[ comes ?is f\rfold division8 ,we reply1 because ?is1 too1 is well kn[n4 ,?us x has be5 said 9 ! ,prakrnaka-- ,"s make a tw(old division ( words1 "s a f\rfold or a fivefold1 ,draw+ !m up f ! s5t5ces z root1 affix1 & ! l4 ,helrja int]prets ! fivefold division z includ+ k>maprava*anyas4#cbc ,b ! f\rfold division1 m5tion$ by ! great comm5tator1 is prop]1 s9ce k>maprava*anyas di/+ui% a connection produc$ by a p>ticul> k9d ( v]b1 & ?us1 z m>k+ out a p>ticul> k9d ( connection & s m>k+ out a p>ticul> k9d ( v]b1 !y are really includ$ 9 comp\nd$ prepositions 7upas>gas74#cbd ,b1 say "s1 :y d y talk s mu* ( an et]nal s\nd call$ sphota8 ,?is we d n conc$e1 s9ce !re is no pro( t !re is su* a ?+4 ,we reply t our own p]ception is ! pro(4 ,?us !re is "o ^w c[1 s9ce all m5 h ! cognition ( a ^w di/9ct f ! v>i\s lett]s compos+ x4 ,y _c say1 9 ! abs5ce ( any manife/ contradiction1 t ?is p]ception ( ! ^w is a false p]ception4 ,h5ce y mu/ conc$e t !re is su* a ?+ z sphota1 z o!rwise y _c acc\nt = ! cognition ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,= ! answ] t its cognition arises f ! lett]s _c be> exam9ation1 s9ce x breaks d[n be=e ei!r horn ( ! foll[+ dilemma3--,are ! lett]s suppos$ to produce ?is cognition ( ! mean+ 9 _! unit$ or _! individual capacity8 ,n ! fir/1 = ! lett]s s+ly exi/ only = a mom5t1 & !re=e _c =m a unit$ :ole at all2 & n ! second1 s9ce ! s+le lett]s h no p[] to produce ! cognition ( ! mean+ :i* ! ^w is to convey4 ,!re is no conceivable alt]native o!r ?an _! s+le or unit$ capacity2 & !re=e x foll[s 7say ! wise 9 ^! matt]s7 t1 z ! lett]s _c cause ! cognition ( ! mean+1 !re mu/ be a sphota by means ( :i* arises ! k ( ! mean+2 & ?is sphota is an et]nal s\nd1 di/9ct f ! lett]s & reveal$ by !m1 :i* causes ! cognition ( ! mean+4 ,x is disclos$ 7sphutyate7 or reveal$ by ! lett]s1 h5ce x is call$ sphota1 z reveal$ by ! lett]s2 or f x is disclos$ ! mean+1 h5ce x is call$ sphota z caus+ ! k ( ! mean+1--^! are ! two etymologies to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,& ?us x ha? be5 said by ! wor%ipful ,patajali 9 ! great ,comm5t>y1 ,n[ :at is ! ^w 'c[' gauh8 ,x is t ^w by :i*1 :5 pron\nc$1 !re is produc$ ! simultane\s cognition ( dewlap1 tail1 hump1 ho(s1 & horns4 ,?is is exp\nd$ by ,kaiyata 9 ! passage comm5c+1 ,gramm>ians ma9ta9 t x is ! ^w1 z di/9ct f ! lett]s1 :i* expresses ! mean+1 s9ce1 if ! lett]s express$ x1 !re w\ld be no use 9 pron\nc+ ! second & foll[+ ones z ! fir/ w\ld h already convey$ all we wi%$1 & end+1 ,! ,vkyapadya has e/abli%$ at l5g? t x is ! sphota :i*1 di/9ct f ! lett]s & reveal$ by ! s\nd1 expresses ! mean+4#cbe ,"h1 h[ev]1 an objector may urge1 ,b %\ld we n r say t ! sphota has no p[] to convey ! mean+1 z x fails "u ei!r ( ! foll[+ alt]natives1 = is x suppos$ to convey ! mean+ :5 itself manife/$ or unmanife/$8 ,n ! latt]1 because x w\ld !n foll[ t we %\ld f9d ! effect ( convey+ ! mean+ always produc$1 s9ce1 z sphota is suppos$ to be et]nal1 & !re w\ld ?us be an ev]-pres5t cause indep5d5t ( all subsidi>y aids1 ! effect c\ld n possibly fail to appe>4 ,!re=e1 to avoid ?is fault1 we mu/ all[ ! o!r alt]native1 viz41 t sphota conveys ! mean+ :5 x is itself manife/$4 ,well1 !n1 d ! manife/+ lett]s ex]cise ?is manife/+ p[] sep>ately or comb9$8 ,:i*ev] alt]native y adopt1 ! v same faults :i* y alleg$ aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ! lett]s express+ ! mean+1 w h to be met 9 y\r hypo!sis t !y h ?is p[] to manife/ sphota4 ,?is has be5 said by ,bhatta 9 8 ,mmms-sloka-vrttika-- ,! gramm>ian :o holds t sphota is manife/$ by ! lett]s z !y are sev]ally appreh5d$1 ?\gh itself "o & indivisible1 does n !reby escape f a s+le difficulty4 ,! tru? is1 t1 z ,pn9i 7i4 #d1 #ad7 & ,gotama 7,st4 ii4 #abc7 bo? lay x d[n t lett]s only !n =m a ^w :5 !y h an affix at ! end1 x is ! lett]s :i* convey ! ^w's mean+ ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ! conv5tional association ( ideas :i* !y help4#cbf ,if y object t z !re are ! same lett]s 9 rasa z 9 s>a1 9 nava z 9 vana1 9 dn z 9 nad1 9 mra z 9 rma1 9 rja z 9 jra1 c41 ^! sev]al pairs ( words w\ld n convey a diff]5t mean+1 we reply t ! diff]5ce 9 ! ord] ( ! lett]s w produce a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+4 ,?is has be5 said by ,tauttita-- ,z are ! lett]s 9 numb] & k9d1 ^: p[] is p]ceiv$ 9 convey+ any giv5 mean+ ( a ^w1 s w be ! mean+ :i* !y convey4 ,!re=e1 z !re is a well-kn[n rule t :5 ! same fault atta*es to bo? sides ( an argum5t x _c be urg$ aga9/ "o alone1 we ma9ta9 t ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( a sep>ate ?+ call$ sphota is unnecess>y1 z we h prov$ t x is ! lett]s :i* express ! ^w's mean+ y\r argum5ts aga9/ our view hav+ be5 %[n to be irrelevant4 ,all ?is long oration is really only l a dr[n+ man's cat*+ at a /raw2#cbg = ei!r ( ! alt]natives is impossible1 :e!r y hold t x is ! s+le lett]s or _! aggregation :i* conveys ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,x _c be ! =m]1 because a collection ( sep>ate lett]s1 )\t any "o p]vad+ cause1#cbh c\ld nev] produce ! idea ( a ^w any m ?an a collection ( sep>ate fl[]s w\ld =m a g>l& )\t a /r+4 ,nor c x be ! latt]1 because ! lett]s1 be+ sep>ately pron\nc$ & done )1 _c comb9e into an aggregate4 ,= we use ! t]m aggregate :]e a numb] ( objects are p]ceiv$ to be unit$ toge!r 9 "o place2 ?us we apply x to a ,grislea tom5tosa1 an ,acacia cate*u1 a ,butea frondosa1 c41 or to an elephant1 a man1 a horse1 c41 se5 toge!r 9 "o place2 b ^! lett]s are n p]ceiv$ ?us unit$ toge!r1 z !y are sev]ally produc$ & pass away2 & ev5 on ! hypo!sis ( _! hav+ a manife/+ p[]1 !y c h no p[] to =m an aggregate1 z !y c only manife/ a mean+ successively & n simultane\sly4 ,nor c y imag9e an artificial aggregate 9 ! lett]s1 because ?is w\ld involve a mutual dep5d5ce 7or reason+ 9 a circle72 =1 on ! "o h&1 ! lett]s w\ld only become a ^w :5 _! p[] to convey "o mean+ _h be5 e/abli%$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _! p[] to convey "o mean+ w\ld only foll[ :5 ! fact ( _! be+ a ^w 0 settl$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is impossible t lett]s %\ld express ! mean+1 we mu/ accept ! hypo!sis ( sphota4 ,b ev5 on y\r own hypo!sis t !re is a c]ta9 ?+ call$ sphota :i* expresses ! mean+1 ! same unt5able alt]native w recur :i* we discuss$ be=e2 & !re=e x w only be a case ( ! prov]b t '! dawn f9ds ! smuggl] ) ! rev5ue-(fic]'s h\se close by4'#cbi ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! inflation ( ! _w ( fancy f ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,= ! fir/ lett]1 9 its manife/+ p[]1 reveals ! invisible sphota1 & ea* successive lett] makes ?is sphota m & m manife/1 j z ! ,v$a1 aft] "o read+1 is n reta9$1 b is made sure by repetition2 or z ! real nature ( a jewel is n cle>ly se5 at ! fir/ glance1 b is def9itely manife/$ at ! f9al exam9ation4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! au?oritative say+ 7( ! tea*]73 ,! se$ is implant$ by ! s\nds1 &1 :5 ! idea is rip5$ by ! successive repetition1 ! ^w is f9ally asc]ta9$ simultane\sly ) ! la/ utt]$ lett]4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,bh>trih>i has %[n 9 8 fir/ book t ! lett]s ( a ^w be+ _m & successive _c manife/ ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 z is impli$ by ! v phrase1 ,we ga9 su* & su* a mean+ f su* & su* a ^w1 we are =c$ to assume ! exi/5ce#ccj ( an indivisible sphota z a di/9ct category1 :i* has ! p[] to manife/ ! ^w's mean+4 ,all ?is has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! discussion 79 ! ,mahbh%ya7 on g5us 7jti71 :i* aims at prov+ t ! mean+ ( all words is ultimately t summum g5us1 i4e41 t exi/5ce ^: *>act]i/ic is p]fect k ( ! supreme reality#cca 7,brahman74 ,b if all words mean only t supreme exi/5ce1 !n all words w be synonyms1 hav+ all ! same mean+2 & y\r gr& logical +5uity w\ld produce an a/oni%+ result 9 demon/rat+ ! uselessness ( human language z labori\sly us+ sev]al words to no purpose at ! same "t6 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,! employm5t ( synonym\s t]ms at ! same "t is to be condemn$2 = !y only express _! mean+ 9 turn & n by comb9ation4 ,!re=e ?is op9ion ( y\rs is really h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( refut+4 ,all ?is is only ! rum9at+ ( empty e!r2 = j z ! col\rless cry/al is affect$ by diff]5t objects :i* col\r x z blue1 r$1 yell[1 c41 s1 s9ce ! summum g5us1 ,brahman1 is v>i\sly cognis$ ?r\gh its connection ) diff]5t ?+s1 z sev]ally id5tifi$ ) ea*1 we ?us acc\nt = ! use ( ! v>i\s conv5tional words :i* arise f ! diff]5t species1#ccb z c[1 c41 ^! be+ exi/5ce 7! summum g5us7 z f\nd 9 ! individual c[1 c4 ,to ?is purport we h ! foll[+ au?oritative te/imony-- ,j z cry/al1 t col\rless sub/ance1 :5 sev]ally jo9$ ) blue1 r$1 or yell[ objects1 is se5 z possess+ t col\r4 ,& s x has be5 said by ,h>i1 ,exi/5ce pure & simple be+ divid$1 :5 f\nd 9 c[s1 c41 by reason ( its connection ) diff]5t subjects1 is call$ ?is or t species1 & on x all words dep5d4 ,?is !y call ! mean+ ( ! /em & ( ! root4 ,?is is exi/5ce1 ?is ! great s\l2 & x is ?is :i* ! affix$ tva1 tal1 c41 express 7,pn9i v4 #a1 #aai74 ,exi/5ce is t great summum g5us :i* is f\nd 9 c[s1 horses1 c41 diff]5tiat$ by ! v>i\s subjects 9 :i* x resides2 & ! inf]ior species1 c[1 horse1 c41 are n really diff]5t f x2 = ! species c[ & horse 7gotva & asvatva7 are n really new subjects1 b ea* is exi/5ce z resid+ 9 ! subject c[ & horse4 ,!re=e all words1 z express+ def9ite mean+s1 ultimately re/ on t "o summum g5us exi/5ce1 :i* is diff]5tiat$ by ! v>i\s subjects1 c[s1 c41 9 :i* x resides2 & h5ce exi/5ce is ! mean+ ( ! /em-^w 7prtipadika74 ,a root is sometimes def9$ z t :i* expresses bhva2#ccc n[1 z bhva is exi/5ce1 ! mean+ ( a root is really exi/5ce4#ccd ,o!rs say t a root %\ld be def9$ z t :i* expresses action 7kriy72 b "h aga9 ! mean+ ( a root w really be exi/5ce1 s9ce ?is action w be a g5us1 z x is decl>$ to reside 9 _m subjects1 9 accordance ) ! common def9ition ( a g5us1 9 ! l9e-- ,o!rs say t action 7kriy7 is a g5us1 resid+ 9 _m individuals4 ,s1 too1 if we accept ,pn9i's def9ition 7v4 #a1 #aai71 ,let ! affixes tva & tal come aft] a ^w d5ot+ any?+1 :5 we speak ( ! nature 7bhva7 !re(1 x is cle> f ! v fact t ab/ract t]ms end+ 9 tva or t z asvatva & asvat are us$ 9 ! s5se ( bhva1 t !y d express exi/5ce4 ,?is is pure exi/5ce f its be+ free f all com+ into be+ or ceas+ to be2 x is et]nal1 s9ce1 z all ph5om5a are developm5ts !re(1 x is devoid ( any limit 9 space1 "t1 or sub/ance3 ?is exi/5ce is call$ ! great s\l4 ,su* is ! mean+ ( ,h>i's two kriks quot$ above4 ,s1 too1 x is laid d[n 9 ! discussion on samb&ha 9 ,h>i's v]ses t ! ultimate mean+ ( all words is t some?+ ^: *>act]i/ic is p]fect k ( ! real mean+ ( ! ^w ,sub/ance4 ,! true ,reality is asc]ta9$ by its illusory =ms2 ! true sub/ance is decl>$ by words ?r\gh illusory disguises2 z ! object1 ',devadatta's h\se1' is appreh5d$ by a transitory cause ( discrim9ation1#cce b by ! ^w 'h\se' itself1 ! pure idea )\t own]s is express$4#ccf ,s1 too1 ! au?or ( ! ,mahbh%ya1 :5 expla9+ ! ,vrttika1#ccg a ^w1 its mean+1 & its connection be+ fix$1 9 ! passage beg9n+ sub/ance is et]nal1 has %[n t ! mean+ ( all words is ,brahman1 express$ by ! ^w sub/ance & det]m9$ by v>i\s unreal#cch conditions z ! nature ( horse1 c4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,vjapyyana1 :o ma9ta9s t all words mean a g5us1 words l c[1 c41#cci d5ote a g5us :i* resides by intimate relation 9 diff]5t sub/ances2 & :5 ?is g5us is appreh5d$1 ?r\gh its connection ) x we appreh5d ! p>ticul> sub/ance 9 :i* x resides4 ,words l :ite1 c41 d5ote a g5us :i* simil>ly resides 9 qualities2 ?r\gh ! connection ) g5us we appreh5d ! quality1 & ?r\gh ! connection ) ! quality we appreh5d ! individual sub/ance4 ,s 9 ! case ( words express+ p>ticul> names1 9 consequ5ce ( ! recognition t ?is is ! same p]son f 8 fir/ com+ into exi/5ce to 8 f9al de/ruction1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce produc$ by ! v>i\s /ates ( *ildhood1 y\?1 adolesc5ce1 c41 we mu/ accept a fix$ g5us z ,devadatta-hood1#cdj c4 z directly d5ot$ by !m4 ,s1 too1 9 words express+ action a g5us is d5ot$2 ?is is ! root-mean+1 z 9 pa?ati1 he reads1 c41 s9ce we f9d "h a mean+ common to all :o read4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ,vydi1 :o ma9ta9$ t words meant individual ?+s & n classes or g5]a1 ! individual ?+ is put =w>d z t :i* is prim>ily d5ot$1 :ile ! g5us is impli$ z a *>act]i/ic m>k2 & he ?us avoids ! alleg$ faults ( indef9it5ess1 & w&]+ away f its prop] subject4#cda ,bo? views are all[$ by ! great tea*] ,pn9i2 s9ce 9 i4 #b1 #eh1 he accepts ! !ory t a ^w means ! g5us1 :]e he says t :5 ! s+ul> is us$ to express ! class ! plural may be optionally us$ z 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,a ,brhman is to be hon\r$1 :i* may equally run1 ,brhmans are to be hon\r$2 :ile 9 i4 #b1 #fd1 he accepts ! !ory t a ^w means ! individual ?+1 :]e he says1 ,9 any individual case !re is b "o reta9$ ( ?+s simil> 9 =m i4e41 ! dual means ,rma & ,rma1 & ! plural means ,rma1 & ,rma & ,rma2 b we reta9 only "o1 add+ a dual or plural affix4 ,gramm>1 9 fact1 be+ adapt$ to all assemblies1 c accept bo? !ories )\t be+ compromis$4 ,!re=e bo? !ories are 9 a s5se true2#cdb b ! real fact is t all words ultimately mean ! ,supreme ,brahman4 ,z x has be5 said-- ,!re=e "u ! divisions ( ! mean+s ( words1 "o true univ]sal mean+1 id5tical ) ! "o exi/5t1 %9es out 9 _m =ms z ! ?+ d5ot$4 ,h>i also1 9 8 *apt] discuss+ samb&ha1 ?us describes ! nature ( ?is true mean+-- ,t mean+ 9 :i* ! subject1 ! object1 & ! p]ception :i* unites !m are insusceptible ( d\bt1#cdc t only is call$ ! tru? by ^? :o "k ! end ( ! ?ree ,v$as4 ,s too 9 8 description ( sub/ance1 he says-- ,t :i* rema9s z ! ,real dur+ ! pres5ce ( modification1 z ! gold rema9s "u ! =m ( ! e>r+1--t :]e9 *ange comes & goes1 t !y call ! ,supreme ,nature4 ,! ess5tial unity ( ! ^w & its mean+ is ma9ta9$ 9 ord] to pres]ve inviolate ! non-duality ( all ?+s :i* is a c>d9al doctr9e ( our philosophy4 ,?is ,supreme ,nature is ! ?+ d5ot$ by all words1 & x is id5tical ) ! ^w2 b ! relation ( ! two1 :ile !y are ?us ultimately id5tical1 v>ies z does ! relation ( ! two s\ls4#cdd ,! mean+ ( ?is ,krik is t ,brahman is ! "o object d5ot$ by all words2 & ?is "o object has v>i\s diff]5ces impos$ ^u x accord+ to ea* p>ticul> =m2 b ! conv5tional v>iety ( ! diff]5ces produc$ by ^! illusory conditions is only ! result ( ignorance4 ,non-duality is ! true /ate2 b ?r\gh ! p[] ( concealm5t#cde ex]cis$ by illusion at ! "t ( ! conv5tional use ( words a manifold expansion takes place1 j z is ! case dur+ sleep4 ,?us ^? skill$ 9 ,v$nta lore tell u-- ,z all ! ext5d$ _w ( dreams is only ! developm5t ( illusion 9 me1 s all ?is ext5d$ wak+ _w is a developm5t ( illusion likewise4 ,:5 ! un*angeable ,supreme ,brahman is ?us kn[n z ! exi/5t joy-?\ght & id5tical ) ! individual s\l1 & :5 primeval ignorance is aboli%$1 f9al bliss is accompli%$1 :i* is be/ def9$ z ! abid+ 9 id5tity ) ?is ,brahman1 accord+ to ! text1 ,he :o is well v]s$ 9 ! ,^w-,brahman atta9s to ! ,supreme ,brahman4#cdf ,& ?us we e/abli% ! fact t ! exposition ( words is ! means to f9al bliss4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,!y call x ! door ( emancipation1 ! m$ic9e ( ! diseases ( spee*1 ! purifi] ( all sci5ces1 ! sci5ce ( sci5ces4#cdg ,& s aga9-- ,?is is ! fir/ foot-r\nd ( ! /ages ( ! ladd] ( f9al bliss1 ?is is ! /raight royal road ( ! travell]s to emancipation4 ,!re=e our f9al conclusion is t ! ,s/ra ( gramm> %\ld be /udi$ z be+ ! means = atta9+ ! *ief end ( man4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cjg3 ,mdhava uses ?is peculi> t]m because ! gramm>ians adopt$ & fully develop$ ! idea ( ! ,prva-,mmms s*ool t s\nd is et]nal4 ,he !re=e treats ( sphota "h1 & n 9 8 ,jaim9i *apt]4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,rig-,v$a1 x4 #i1 #d4 ,footnote #cji3 ,sabdnussana1 if judg$ by ! app>5t s5se ( ,pn9i1 ii4 #b1 #ad1 w\ld be a wrong comp\nd2 b x is n s1 because ii4 #b1 #ad mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! s5se ( ii4 #c1 #ff1 :5ce x foll[s t ! comp\nd w\ld only be wrong if !re 7 an ag5t express$ z well z an object1 i4e41 if su* a ^w z *ry5a foll[$4 ,9 ! example giv51 we _c say s*>yo godoho sik%it5a gopl5a 7z x w\ld violate ii4 #b1 #ad71 nei!r c we say s*>yo gavm doho' sik%itasya goplasya 7z x w\ld violate ii4 #c1 #ff74 ,footnote #caj3 ,t is1 ! ubhayaprpti ( ii4 #c1 #ff1 is a bahuvrhi agree+ ) kriti 9 ii4 #c1 #fe4 ,^! po9ts are all discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! ,comm5t>ies on ,pn9i4 ,footnote #caa3 ,^! actually occur 9 ! ,comm5t>ies to ,pn9i1 ii4 #b1 #h2 iii4 #c1 #aag1 c4 ,footnote #cab3 ,?is takes 9 all cases ( relation1 samb&ha 7i4e41 %a%?-samb&ha74 ,footnote #cac3 ,z 9 su* rules z vi4 #b1 #aci4 ,footnote #cad3 ,^! comp\nds occur 9 ,pn9i's own stras 7i4 #d1 #cj1 & i4 #d1 #ee71 & w\ld violate 8 own rule 9 ii4 #b1 #ae1 if we 7 to int]pret ! latt] )\t "s su* sav+ modification z %a%? se%e4 ,footnote #cae3 ,! v ^w sabda 9 sabdnussanam implies ! ,v$a1 s9ce ?is is pre-em95tly sabda4 ,footnote #caf3 ,comp>e ,max ,mll]1 ,sansk4 ,lit]41 p4 #aac4 ,x is quot$ z f ! ,v$a 9 ! ,mahbh%ya4 ,footnote #cag3 ,9 ! ,calcutta text1 p4 #ach1 dele d&a 9 l9e #c aft] bhavet1 & ins]t x 9 l9e #d aft] sabdnm4 ,footnote #cah3 ,z 9 ! s-call$ pada text4 ,footnote #cai3 ,see ,ballantyne's ,mahbh%ya1 pp4 #ab1 #fd4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,a*kramata seems put "h z a purposely false =m ( ! frequ5tative ( kram = a*ankramyata4 ,footnote #cba3 ,or x may mean ! develop$ univ]se4 ,comp>e ! l9es ( ,bh>trih>i :i* imm$iately foll[4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,"o w\ld naturally supply sabdasya aft] smyam1 b ! ,mahbh%ya has nah smyam 7see ,ballantyne's ed41 p4 #bg74 ,footnote #cbc3 ,i4e41 prepositions us$ sep>ately z gov]n+ cases ( _! own1 & n 7z usually 9 ,sanskrit7 9 composition4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,! k>maprava*anyas imply a v]b o!r ?an ! "o express$1 & !y are said to det]m9e ! relation :i* is produc$ by ?is und]/ood v]b4 ,?us 9 ! example1 ,skalyasamhitm anu prv>%at1 he ra9$ aft] ! ,skalya hymns1 anu implies an und]/ood v]b nisamya1 hav+ he>d1 & ?is v]b %[s t !re is a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ! hymns & ! ra94 ,?is anu is said to det]m9e ?is relation4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,see ,ballantyne's ed41 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,?is is n v cle>1 ! anu 9 anugraha might mean kram5a1 & s imply ! successive ord] ( ! lett]s4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,9 ! ,calcutta edition1 p4 #adb1 l9e #aa1 ,i read kalpam = kalpanam4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,9 p4 #adb1 l9e #c1 ,i add v9 aft] nimittam4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,! ghatta is ! place :]e dues & taxes are collect$4 ,"s "o anxi\s to evade paym5t is go+ by a private way by night1 b he arrives at ! tax-collector's h\se j z day dawns & is ?us caught4 ,h5ce ! prov]b means uddesysiddhi4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,9 p4 #adc1 l9e #ac1 ,i read sphotakabhvam = sphotbhvam4 ,footnote #cca3 ,cf4 ,ballantyne's ,transl4 ( ! ,mahbh%ya1 pp4 #i1 #cb4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,! ,mmms holds t a ^w means ! g5us 7jti7 & n ! individual 7vyakti72 ! ,nyya holds t a ^w means an individual z di/+ui%$ by su* & su* a g5us 7or species74 ,footnote #ccc3 ,cf4 ,rig-,v$a ,prtis4 xii4 #e4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,he "h is try+ to %[ t 8 view is confirm$ by ! commonly receiv$ def9itions ( "s grammatical t]ms4 ,footnote #cce3 ,s9ce ,devadatta is only its transi5t own]4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,s by ! words horse1 c[1 c41 ,brahman is really meant1 ! "o abid+ exi/5ce4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,cf4 ,ballantyne's ,mahbh%ya1 pp4 #dd1 #ej4 ,footnote #cch3 ,9 p4 #ade1 l9e #h1 read asatya = asvat?a4 ,footnote #cci3 ,we h "h ! well-kn[n f\r grammatical categories1 jti1 guna1 dravya or sanjn1 & kriy4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,b cf4 ,siddh4 ,muktv41 p4 #f1 l9e #ab4 ,footnote #cda3 ,?us we read 9 ! ,siddhnta ,muktvali1 p4 #hb1 t ! ,mmms holds t a ^w means ! g5us & n ! individual1 s9ce o!rwise !re w\ld be vyabhi*ra & nantya 7cf4 also ,mahesa*&ra ,nyy>atna's note1 ,kvya-praksa1 p4 #aj74 ,if a ^w is held to mean only "o individual1 !re w be ! fir/ fault1 z x w w&] away & equally express o!rs :i* x %\ld n include2 if x is held to mean _m individuals1 x w h an endless v>iety ( mean+s & be indef9ite4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,?is seems ! mean+ ( ! text z pr9t$ tasmt dvayam satyam1 b ,i %\ld pref] to read conjecturally tasmd advayam satyam1 !re=e non-duality is ! tru?4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,scil4 !y c only be ! absolute ,brahman :o alone exi/s4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,scil4 ! individual s\l 7jva7 & ,brahman4 ,footnote #cde3 ,! ,samvriti ( ! text seems to correspond to ! v>ana s frequ5t 9 ,v$nta books4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,?is passage is quot$ 9 ! ,maitr ,upani%ad1 vi4 #bb4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,adhividyam occurs 9 ,taitt4 ,upani%ad1 i4 #c1 #a1 :]e x is expla9$ by ',samk>a z vidysv adhi yad d>'sanam tad adhividyam4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,s,,nkhya-,,d>sana4 ,b h[ c we accept ! doctr9e ( illusory emanation ?us held by ! gramm>ians1 foll[+ ! guidance ( ! prva & utt>a ,mmms s*ools1 :5 ! sy/em ( developm5t prop\nd$ by ! ,snkhyas is /ill alive to oppose x8 ,su* is _! l\d vaunt4 ,n[ ! ,s/ra ( ?is s*ool may be concisely said to ma9ta9 f\r sev]al k9ds ( exi/5ces1 viz41 t :i* is evolv5t#cdh only1 t :i* is evolute only1 t :i* is bo? evolute & evolv5t1 & t :i* is nei!r4 7a47 ,( ^! ! fir/ is t :i* is only evolv5t1 call$ ! root-evolv5t or ! prim>y2 x is n itself ! evolute ( any?+ else4 ,x evolves1 h5ce x is call$ ! evolv5t 7prakriti7 s9ce x d5otes 9 itself ! equilibrium ( ! ?ree qualities1 goodness1 activity1 & d>kness4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! ,snkhya ,krik1 ! root-evolv5t is no evolute4 ,x is call$ ! root-evolv5t1 z be+ bo? root & evolv5t2 x is ! root ( all ! v>i\s effects1 z ! s-call$ great "o1 c41 b ( x1 z ! prim>y1 !re is no root1 z o!rwise we %\ld h a regressus ad inf9itum4 ,nor c y reply t su* a regressus ad inf9itum is no objection1 if1 l ! cont9u$ s]ies ( se$ & %oot1 x c be prov$ by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1#cdi--;because "h !re is no evid5ce to e/abli% ! hypo!sis4 7b47 ,! evolutes & evolv5ts are ! great "o1 egoism1 & ! subtile elem5ts1--?us ! ,snkhya ,krik 7 #c71 ! sev51 ! great "o1 c41 are evolute-evolv5ts4 ,! sev5 are ! sev5 pr9ciples1 call$ ! great "o1 c4 ,among ^! ! great pr9ciple1 call$ also ! intellect1#cej c41 is itself ! evolute ( nature & ! evolv5t ( egoism2 9 ! same mann] ! pr9ciple egoism1 call$ also self-consci\sness 7abhimna71 is ! evolute ( ! great "o1 intellect2 b ?is same pr9ciple1 z affect$ by ! quality ( d>kness1 is ! evolv5t ( ! five rudim5ts call$ subtile elem5ts2 &1 z affect$ by ! quality ( goodness1 x is ! evolv5t ( ! elev5 organs1 viz41 ! five organs ( p]ception1 ! eye1 e>1 nose1 tongue1 & sk92 ! five organs ( action1 ! voice1 h&s1 feet1 anus1 & g5]ative organ2 & ! m9d1 p>tak+ ( ! "* ( bo?2 nor c y object t 9 our arrangem5t ! ?ird quality1 activity1 is idle1 z x acts z a cause by produc+ action 9 ! o!rs4 ,?is has be5 ?us decl>$ by sv>a ,kri%na 9 8 ,kriks#cea 7 #bd-bg71 ,self-consci\sness is egoism4 ,!nce proce$s a tw(old creation1 ! elev5fold set & ! five elem5tal rudim5ts4 ,f modifi$#ceb egoism orig9ates ! class ( elev5 imbu$ ) goodness2 f egoism z ! s\rce ( ! elem5ts orig9ate ! rudim5t>y elem5ts1 & ^! are affect$ by d>kness2 b x is only f egoism z affect$ by activity t ! "o & ! o!r rise4 ,! intellectual organs are ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 & ! sk92 ^? ( action are ! voice1 feet1 h&s1 anus1 & organ ( g5]ation4 ,9 ?is set is m9d1 :i* has ! "* ( ea*2 x det]m9es1 & x is an organ 7l ! o!r t57 f hav+ a common prop]ty ) !m4#cec ,all ?is has be5 expla9$ at l5g? by ! tea*] ,v*aspati ,misra 9 ! ,snkhya-tattva-kaumud4 7c47 ,! evolute only means ! five gross elem5ts1 e!r1 c41 & ! elev5 organs1 z said 9 ! ,krik1 ,! evolute consi/s ( sixte52 t is1 ! set ( sixte5 is evolute only1 & n evolv5t4 ,al?\gh x may be said t e>?1 c41 are ! evolv5ts ( su* productions z c[s1 j>s1 c41 yet ^! are n a diff]5t pr9ciple 7tattva7 f e>?1 c41 & !re=e e>?1 c41 are n :at we t]m evolv5ts2 z ! accept$ idea ( an evolv5t is t :i* is ! mat]ial cause ( a sep>ate pr9ciple2 & 9 c[s1 j>s1 c41 !re is ! abs5ce ( be+ any su* fir/ pr9ciple1 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ all alike gross i4e41 possess$ ( dim5sions & p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,! five gross elem5ts1 e!r1 c41 are respectively produc$ f s\nd1 t\*1 =m1 ta/e1 & smell1 ea* subtile elem5t be+ accompani$ by all ^? :i* prec$e x1 & ?us ! gross elem5ts w h respectively "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five qualities4#ced ,! creation ( ! organs has be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,?is is ?us prop\nd$ 9 ! ,snkhya ,krik 7 #bb7-- ,f nature spr+s ! great "o1 f ?is egoism1 f ?is ! set ( sixte51 & f five among ! sixte5 proce$ ! five gross elem5ts4 7d47 ,! s\l is nei!r1--z is said 9 ! ,krik1 ,! s\l is nei!r evolv5t nor evolute4 ,t is1 ! s\l1 be+ absolute1 et]nal1 & subject to no developm5t1 is itself nei!r ! evolv5t nor ! evolute ( aught beside4 ,?ree k9ds ( pro( are accept$ z e/abli%+ ^! tw5ty-five pr9ciples2 & ?us ! ,krik 7 #d74 ,p]ception1 inf]5ce1 & ! te/imony ( wor?y p]sons are ackn[l$g$ to be ! ?reefold pro(1 = !y comprise e mode ( demon/ration4 ,x is f pro( t !re results belief ( t :i* is to be prov54 ,"h a f\rfold discussion arises z to ! true nature ( cause & effect4 ,! ,saugatas#cee ma9ta9 t ! exi/5t is produc$ f ! non-exi/5t2 ! ,naiyyikas1 c41 t ! 7z yet7 non-exi/5t is produc$ f ! exi/5t2 ! ,v$nt9s1 t all effects are an illusory emanation f ! exi/5t & n !mselves really exi/5t2 :ile ! ,snkhyas hold t ! exi/5t is produc$ f ! exi/5t4 7a47 ,n[ ! fir/ op9ion is cle>ly unt5able1 s9ce t :i* is itself non-exi/5t & unsub/antial c nev] be a cause any m ?an ! h>e's horn2 &1 aga91 ! real & unreal c nev] be id5tical4 7b47 ,nor c ! non-exi/5t be produc$ f ! exi/5t2 s9ce x is impossible t t :i*1 previ\s to ! op]ation ( ! orig9at+ cause1 0 z non-exi/5t z a h>e's horn %\ld ev] be produc$1 i4e41 become connect$ ) exi/5ce2 = n ev5 ! clev]e/ man liv+ c make blue yell[4#cef ,if y say1 ,b are n exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce attributes ( ! same j>8 ?is is incorrect1 s9ce we _c use su* an expression z its quality 9 reg>d to a non-exi/5t subject1 = x w\ld c]ta9ly imply t ! subject itself did exi/4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! effect is exi/5t ev5 previ\sly to ! op]ation ( ! cause1 :i* only produces ! manife/ation ( ?is already exi/5t ?+1 j l ! manife/ation ( ! oil 9 sesame se$ by press+1 or ( ! milk 9 c[s by milk+4 ,aga91 !re is no example :atev] to prove ! production ( a ?+ previ\sly non-exi/5t4 ,moreov]1 ! cause mu/ produce its effect z be+ ei!r connect$ ) x or n connect$2 9 ! =m] alt]native ! effect's exi/5ce is settl$ by ! rule t connection c only be betwe5 two exi/5t ?+s2 9 ! latt]1 any & e effect might arise f any & e cause1 z !re is no?+ to det]m9e ! action ( an unconnect$ ?+4 ,?is has be5 ?us put by ! ,snkhya tea*]3--,f ! suppos$ non-exi/5ce ( ! effect1 x c h no connection ) causes :i* always accompany exi/5ce2 & to him :o holds ! production ( a non-connect$ ?+ !re arises an utt] want ( det]m9at5ess4 ,if y rejo9 t ! cause1 ?\gh n connect$ ) its effect1 c yet produce x1 :]e x has a capacity ( s do+1 & ?is capacity ( produc+ is to be inf]r$ f see+ ! effect actually produc$1 /ill ?is _c be all[$1 s9ce 9 su* a case z !re is a capacity = produc+ oil 9 sesame se$s1 y _c det]m9e1 :ile ! oil is non-exi/5t1 t !re is ?is capacity 9 ! sesame se$s1 :i*ev] alt]native y may accept z to _! be+ connect$ or n ) ! oil s9ce our be=e-m5tion$ dilemma w equally apply "h4 ,f our t5et t ! cause & effect are id5tical1 x foll[s t ! effect does n exi/ di/9ct f ! cause2 ?us ! clo? is n some?+ di/9ct f ! ?reads1 z x abides 9 ! latt] z its mat]ial cause2 b :]e ?is id5tity is n f\nd1 !re we d n f9d ! relation ( cause & effect2 ?us a horse & a c[ are di/9ct f ea* o!r = "o is n produc$ f ! o!r1 & !re=e _! qualities are n ! same2 b ! clo? is an ackn[l$g$ effect1 & !re=e n any?+ diff]5t f its cause4#ceg ,if y object t1 if ?is 7 true1 ! sep>ate ?reads ought to fulfil ! (fice ( clo?+1 we reply1 t ! (fice ( clo?+ is fulfill$ by ! ?reads manife/+ ! nature ( clo? :5 !y are plac$ 9 a p>ticul> arrangem5t4 ,z ! limbs ( a tortoise :5 !y retire )9 its %ell are conceal$1 &1 :5 !y come =?1 are reveal$1 s ! p>ticul> effects1 z clo?1 c41 ( a cause1 z ?reads1 c41 :5 !y come =? & are reveal$1 are said to be produc$2 & :5 !y retire & are conceal$1 !y are said to be de/roy$2 b !re is no su* ?+ z ! production ( ! non-exi/5t or ! de/ruction ( ! exi/5t4 ,z has be5 said 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt 7ii4 #af7-- ,!re is no exi/5ce = ! non-exi/5t1 nor non-exi/5ce = ! exi/5t4 ,&1 9 fact1 x is by inf]5ce f its effects t we e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! great evolv5t1 ,nature 7prakriti74 ,?is has be5 said 9 ! ,krik1 #i-- ,effect exi/s1 = :at exi/s n c by no op]ation ( cause be br\ght into exi/5ce2 mat]ials1 too1 are select$ :i* are fit = ! purpose2 ev]y?+ is n by e means possible2 :at is capable does t to :i* x is compet5t2 & l is produc$ f l4#ceh ,nor c we say ) ! ,v$nt9 t ! _w is an illusory emanation f ! "o exi/5t ,brahman1 because we h no contradictory evid5ce to preclude by its sup]ior validity ! prim facie belief t ! ext]nal _w is real z we h 9 ! case ( mi/ak+ a rope = a snake1 :]e a clos] inspection w discov] ! error2 & aga91 :]e ! subject & ! attribut$ nature are s dissimil> z ! pure intellig5t ,brahman & ! un9tellig5t creation1 we c no m all[ ! suppos$ attribution to be possible ?an 9 ! case ( gold & silv] :i* no "o mi/akes = ea* o!r4 ,h5ce we conclude t an effect :i* is compos$ ( happ9ess1 mis]y1 & /upidity1 mu/ imply a cause simil>ly compos$2 & our argum5t is z foll[s3--,! subject ( ! argum5t1 viz41 ! ext]nal _w1 mu/ h a mat]ial cause compos$ ( happ9ess1 mis]y1 & /upidity1 because x is itself endu$ !re)2 :atev] is endu$ ) c]ta9 attributes mu/ h a cause endu$ ) ! same1--?us a r+ has gold = its mat]ial cause1 because x has ! attributes ( gold2 our subject is a simil> case1 !re=e we may draw a simil> conclusion4 ,:at we call be+ compos$ ( happ9ess 9 ! ext]nal _w is ! quality ( goodness2 ! be+ compos$ ( mis]y is ! quality ( activity2#cei ! be+ compos$ ( /upidity is ! quality ( d>kness2 h5ce we e/abli% our cause compos$ ( ! ?ree qualities 7i4e41 prakriti1 ,nature74 ,& we see t individual objects are f\nd by exp]i5ce to h ^! ?ree qualities2 ?us ,maitra's happ9ess is f\nd 9 8 wife ,satyavat1 because ! quality ( goodness 9 h] is manife/$ t[>ds him2 b %e is ! mis]y ( h] fell[-wives1 because ! quality ( activity is manife/$ t[>ds !m2 :ile %e causes indiff]5ce to ,*aitra :o does n possess h]1 because t[>ds him ! quality ( d>kness is manife/$4 ,s1 too1 9 o!r cases also2 ?us a j>1 :5 obta9$1 causes u pleasure2 :5 seiz$ by o!rs x causes u pa92 b x is view$ ) indiff]5ce by "o :o has no int]e/ 9 x4 ,n[ ?is be+ reg>d$ ) no int]e/ is :at we mean by /upidity1 s9ce ! ^w moha is d]iv$ f ! root muh1 to be confus$1 s9ce no direct action ( ! m9d arises t[>ds ^? objects to :i* x is indiff]5t4 ,!re=e we hold t all ?+s1 be+ compos$ ( pleasure1 pa91 & /upidity1 mu/ h z _! cause ,nature1 :i* consi/s ( ! ?ree qualities4 ,& s x is decl>$ 9 ! ,svetsvat>a ,upani%ad 7iv4 #e7-- ,! "o unborn1 = 8 enjoym5t1 approa*es ! "o unborn 7,nature7 :i* is r$1 :ite1 & black1 & produces a manifold & simil> (fspr+2 ! o!r unborn ab&ons h] :5 once %e has be5 enjoy$4 ,"h ! words r$1 :ite1 & black1 express ! qualities activity1 goodness1 & d>kness1 f _! sev]ally possess+ ! same attributes ( col\r+1 manife/+1 & conceal+4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be object$1 ,b w n y\r un9tellig5t ,nature1 )\t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( some?+ intellig5t1 fail to produce ^! effects1 intellect1 c48 !re=e !re mu/ be "s intellig5t sup]9t5d5t2 & h5ce we mu/ assume an all-see+1 supreme ,"l4 ,we reply t ?is does n foll[1 s9ce ev5 un9tellig5t ,nature w act "u ! =ce ( an impulse2 & exp]i5ce %[s u t an un9tellig5t ?+1 )\t any intellig5t sup]9t5d5t1 does act = ! good ( ! s\l1 j z ! un9tellig5t milk acts = ! gr[? ( ! calf1 or j z ! un9tellig5t ra9 acts = ! welf>e ( liv+ creatures2 & s un9tellig5t ,nature w act = ! lib]ation ( ! s\l4 ,z x has be5 said 9 ! ,krik 7 #eg7-- ,z ! un9tellig5t milk acts = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! calf1 s ,nature acts = ! lib]ation ( s\l4 ,b z = ! doctr9e ( a ,supreme ,be+ :o acts f compassion1 :i* has be5 proclaim$ by beat ( drum by ! advocates ( 8 exi/5ce1 ?is has well-nigh pass$ away out ( he>+1 s9ce ! hypo!sis fails to meet ei!r ( ! two alt]natives4 ,= does he act ?us be=e or aft] creation8 ,if y say be=e1 we reply t z pa9 _c arise 9 ! abs5ce ( bodies1 c41 !re w be no ne$1 z long z !re is no creation1 = 8 desire to free liv+ be+s f pa9 :i* is ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( compassion2 & if y adopt ! second alt]native1 y w be reason+ 9 a circle1 z on ! "o h& y w hold t ,god creat$ ! _w ?r\gh compassion z ?is is ,8 motive 9 act+ at all1 & on ! o!r h&#cfj t ,he compassionat$ aft] ,he _h creat$4 ,!re=e we hold t ! developm5t ( un9tellig5t ,nature ev5 )\t any intellig5t sup]9t5d5t--9 ! ord] ( ! s]ies intellect1 self-consci\sness1 c41--is caus$ by ! union ( ,nature & ,s\l1 & ! mov+ impulse is ! good ( ,s\l4 ,j z !re takes place a movem5t 9 ! iron 9 ! proximity ( ! unmov$ magnet1 s !re takes place a movem5t 9 ,nature 9 ! proximity ( ! unmov$ ,s\l2 & ?is union ( ,nature & ,s\l is caus$ by mutual dep5d5ce1 l ! union ( ! lame man & ! bl9d man4 ,nature1 z ! ?+ to be exp]i5c$1 dep5ds on ,s\l ! exp]i5c]2 & ,s\l looks to f9al bliss1 z x seeks to ?r[ (f ! ?ree k9ds ( pa91 :i*1 ?\gh really ap>t f x1 h fall5 ^u x by its com+ "u ! %ad[ ( intellect ?r\gh n recognis+ its own di/9ction !refrom4#cfa ,?is f9al bliss or absolute isolation is produc$ by ! discrim9ation ( ,nature & ,s\l1 nor is ?is end possible )\t x2 !re=e ,s\l dep5ds on ,nature = its f9al bliss4 ,j z a lame man & a bl9d man1#cfb travell+ along ) a c>avan1 by "s accid5t hav+ become sep>at$ f _! companions1 w&]$ sl[ly ab\t 9 great dismay1 till by good luck !y met ea* o!r1 & !n ! lame man m\nt$ on ! bl9d man's back1 & ! bl9d man1 foll[+ ! pa? indicat$ by ! lame man1 rea*$ 8 desir$ goal1 z did ! lame man also1 m\nt$ on ! o!r's %\ld]s2 s1 too1 creation is effect$ by ,nature & ! s\l1 :i* are likewise mutually dep5d5t4 ,?is has be5 said 9 ! ,krik 7 #ba7-- ,= ! s\l's contemplation ( ,nature & = its f9al sep>ation ! union ( bo? takes place1 z ( ! lame man & ! bl9d man4 ,by t union a creation is =m$4 ,well1 ,i grant t ,nature's activity may take place = ! good ( ! s\l1 b h[ d y acc\nt = its ceas+ to act8 ,i reply1 t z a wilful woman ^: faults h once be5 se5 by h] husb& does n return to him1 or z an actress1 hav+ p]=m$ h] "p1 retires f ! /age1 s too does ,nature desi/4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,krik 7 #ei7-- ,z an actress1 hav+ exhibit$ h]self to ! spectators1 desi/s f ! dance1 s does ,nature desi/1 hav+ manife/$ h]self to ,s\l4 ,= ?is end has ! doctr9e ( ^? :o foll[ ,kapila1 ! f\nd] ( ! a!i/ic ,snkhya ,s*ool1 be5 prop\nd$4 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cdh3 ,i borr[ ?is t]m f ,dr4 ,hall4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,comp>e ,kusumjali1 i4 #d4 ,footnote #cej3 ,"o great defect 9 ! ,snkhya nom5clature is ! ambiguity betwe5 ! t]ms = intellect 7buddh7 & ^? = m9d 7manas74 ,mdhava "h applies to ! =m] ! t]m antahk>ana or int]nal organ1 ! prop] t]m = ! latt]4 ,i h v5tur$ to alt] x 9 ! translation4 ,footnote #cea3 ,x is s+ul> t ?is is ,mdhava's pr9cipal ,snkhya au?ority1 & n ! ,snkhya ,stras4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,vaikrita is "h a te*nical t]m mean+ t goodness pr$om9ates ov] d>kness & activity4 ,on ?is ,krik1 comp4 ,dr4 ,hall's preface to ! ,snkhya-sra1 pp4 #cj-ce4 ,footnote #cec3 ,z produc$1 l !m1 f modifi$ egoism4 ,! read+ samkalpavikalptmakam mu/ be correct$ by ! ,snkhya ,krik4 ,footnote #ced3 ,cf4 ,colebrooke ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bef4 ,! tanmtras w reproduce !mselves z ! respective qualities ( ! gross elem5ts4 ,footnote #cee3 ,a "n ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,footnote #cef3 ,i4e41 ! nature ( a ?+ 7,svabhva7 _c be alt]$--a man _c be made a c[1 nor a woman a man4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,i take ar?nt>am "h z simply bh9nam 7cf4 ,trn?a ,t>kav*aspati's note1 ,tattva ,kaumud1 p4 #dg74 ,footnote #ceh3 ,colebrooke's translation4 ,footnote #cei3 ,or passion1 rajas4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,9 o!r words--on ! "o h& ! exi/+ mis]y ( be+s induc$ ,god to create a _w 9 ord] to relieve _! mis]y1 & on ! o!r h& x 0 ! exi/5ce ( a creat$ _w :i* caus$ _! mis]y at all4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,bondage1 c41 reside 9 ! intellect1 & are only reflect$ ^u s\l ?r\gh its proximity 7cf4 ,snkhyaprava*anabh%ya1 i4 #eh74 ,footnote #cfb3 ,?is apologue is a widely spread piece ( folk-lore4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 ,sanh$rim1 fol4 #ia1 b1 & 9 ! ,ge/a ,romanorum4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,patanjali-,,d>s,,na4 ,we n[ set =? ! doctr9e ( t s*ool :i* pr(esses ! op9ions ( su* ,munis z ,patajali & o!rs1 :o orig9at$ ! sy/em ( ! ,!i/ic ,snkhya philosophy4 ,?is s*ool foll[s ! s-call$ ,yoga ,s/ra promulgat$ by ,patajali1 & consi/+ ( f\r *apt]s1 :i* also be>s ! "n ( ! ,snkhya ,prava*ana1 or detail$ explanation ( ! ,snkhya4#cfc ,9 ! fir/ *apt] !re( ! v5]able ,patajali1 hav+ 9 ! op5+ aphorism1 ,n[ is ! exposition ( ,conc5tration 7yoga71 av[$ 8 comm5cem5t ( ! ,yoga ,s/ra1 proce$s 9 ! second aphorism to give a def9ition ( 8 subject1 ,conc5tration is ! h9d]+ ( ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 & !n he exp\nds at l5g? ! nature ( ,m$itation 7samdhi74 ,9 ! second *apt]1 9 ! s]ies ( aphorisms comm5c+1 ,! practical "p ( ,conc5tration is mortification1 mutt]+1 & resignation to ! ,supreme1 he exp\nds ! practical "p ( yoga prop] to him ^: m9d is n yet ?or\ghly ab/ract$ 7iii4 #i71 viz41 ! five ext]nal subs]vi5ts or means1 =be>ance1 & ! re/4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 9 ! s]ies comm5c+ ,att5tion is ! fa/5+ ( ! m9d on "s spot1 he exp\nds ! ?ree int]nal subs]vi5ts--att5tion1 contemplation1 & m$itation1 collectively call$ by ! "n subjugation 7samyama71 & also ! v>i\s sup]human p[]s :i* are _! subord9ate fruit4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt]1 9 ! s]ies comm5c+1 ,p]fections spr+ f bir?1 plants1 spells1 mortification1 & m$itation1 he exp\nds ! highe/ end1 ,emancipation1 toge!r ) a detail$ acc\nt ( ! five s-call$ p]fections 7siddhis74 ,?is s*ool accepts ! old tw5ty-five pr9ciples ( ! ,snkhya1 ,nature1 c42 only add+ ! ,supreme ,be+ z ! tw5ty-six?--a ,s\l unt\*$ by affliction1 action1 fruit1 or /ock ( des]t1 :o ( ,8 own w assum$ a body 9 ord] to create1 & orig9at$ all secul> or ,vaidic traditions1#cfd & is graci\s t[>ds ^? liv+ be+s :o are burn$ 9 ! *>coal ( mundane exi/5ce4 ,b h[ c su* an ess5ce z s\l1 undefil$ z ! glossy leaf ( a lotus1 be said to be burn$1 t we %\ld ne$ to accept any ,supreme ,be+ z graci\s to x8 ,to ?is we reply1 t ! quality ,goodness develops itself z ! und]/&+1 & x is ?is :i* is1 z x 71 burn$ by ! quality ,activity2 & ! s\l1 by ! influ5ce ( ,d>kness1 bl9dly id5tify+ itself ) ?is suff]+ quality1 is also said itself to suff]4 ,?us ! tea*]s h decl>$-- ,x is ,goodness :i* suff]s "u ! =m ( ! und]/&+ & ! sub/ances belong+ to ,activity :i* torm5t1#cfe ,& x is ?r\gh ! modification ( ,d>kness1 z wrongly id5tify+1 t ! ,s\l is spok5 ( z suff]+4 ,x has be5 also said by ,patajali1#cff ,! p[] ( ! enjoy]1 :i* is itself incapable ( developm5t or ( transf]5ce1 9 an object :i* is develop$ & transf]r$ exp]i5ces ! modifications !re(4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ! enjoy] is ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 & ?is is ! s\l2 & 9 an object :i* is develop$ & transf]r$1 or reflect$1--i4e41 9 ! ?9k+ pr9ciple or ! und]/&+1--x exp]i5ces ! modifications !re(1 i4e41 ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 be+ reflect$ 9 ! und]/&+1 receives itself ! %ad[ ( ! und]/&+1 & imitates ! modifications ( x4 ,?us ! s\l1 ?\gh 9 itself pure1 sees accord+ to ! idea produc$ by ! und]/&+2 &1 :ile ?us see+ at second-h&1 ?\gh really x is diff]5t f ! und]/&+1 x appe>s id5tical !re)4 ,x is :ile ! s\l is ?us suff]+1 t1 by ! practice ( ! eight subs]vi5t means1 =be>ance1 religi\s obs]vance1 c41 e>ne/ly1 un9t]rupt$ly1 & = a long p]iod1 & by cont9u$ resignation to ! ,supreme ,be+1 at l5g? !re is produc$ an uncl\d$ recognition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! quality ,goodness & ! ,s\l2 & ! five afflictions1 ignorance1 c41 are radically de/roy$1 & ! v>i\s /ocks ( des]t1 =tunate or un=tunate1 are utt]ly aboli%$1 &1 ! undefil$ s\l abid+ emancipat$1 p]fect ,emancipation is accompli%$4 ,! words ( ! fir/ aphorism1 ,n[ is ! exposition ( conc5tration1 e/abli% ! f\r prelim9>ies :i* lead to ! intellig5t read]'s c>ry+ ! doctr9e into practice1 viz41 ! object-matt]1 ! end propos$1 ! connection betwe5 ! treatise & ! object1 & ! p]son prop]ly qualifi$ to /udy x4 ,! ^w n[ 7a?a7 is accept$ z hav+ "h an inceptive mean+1 z intimat+ t a di/9ct topic is n[ comm5c$4 ,b1 x may be object$1 !re are sev]al possible significations ( ?is ^w a?a2 :y1 !n1 %\ld y %[ an unw>rant$ p>tiality = ?is p>ticul> 'inceptive' mean+8 ,! great ,canon = n\ns & _! g5d] ! ,am>a ,ko%a ,diction>y gives _m su* mean+s4 ',a?a is us$ 9 ! s5se ( an auspici\s p>ticle1--aft]1--n[ 7inceptive71--:at8 7int]rogatively71--& all 7compreh5sively74' ,n[ we will+ly surr5d] su* s5ses z int]rogation or compreh5siv5ess2 b s9ce !re are f\r s5ses c]ta9ly suitable1 i4e41 'aft]1' 'an auspici\s p>ticle1' 'ref]5ce to a previ\s topic1' & '! inceptive n[1' !re is no reason = s+l+ out ! la/4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 w n /&1 = x _c be> ! foll[+ alt]native4 ,if y ma9ta9 ! s5se ( aft]1 !n d y hold t x implies foll[+ aft] any?+ :atev]1 or only aft] "s def9ite cause z compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al def9ition ( causation1#cfg i4e41 previ\s exi/5ce relatively to ! effect8 ,x _c be ! =m]1 =1 9 accordance ) ! prov]b t ,no "o /&s = a s+le mom5t inactive1 ev]ybody mu/ always d ev]y?+ aft] previ\sly do+ some?+ else2 & s9ce ?is is at once und]/ood )\t any direct m5tion at all1 !re c\ld be no use 9 employ+ ! p>ticle a?a to convey ?is mean+4 ,nor c x be ! latt] alt]native2 because1 al?\gh we fully grant t ! practice ( conc5tration does 9 po9t ( fact foll[ aft] previ\s tranquillity1 c41 yet ^! are r ! necess>y prelim9>ies to ! "w ( exposition1 & consequ5tly _c h t av[$ pr$om9ance :i* ! presum$ cause %\ld h4 ,b :y %\ld we n hold t ! ^w a?a implies t ?is v exposition is av[$ly ! pr$om9ant object1 & does foll[ aft] previ\s tranquillity ( m9d1 c48 ,we reply1 t ! aphorism uses ! t]m exposition 7anussana71 & ?is ^w1 etymologically analys$1 implies t by :i* ! yoga is expla9$1 accompani$ ) def9itions1 divisions1 & detail$ means & results2 & !re is no rule t su* an exposition mu/ foll[ previ\s tranquillity ( m9d1 c41 ! rule r be+ t1 z f> z ! tea*] is conc]n$1 x mu/ foll[ a pr(\nd k ( ! tru? & a desire to imp>t x to o!rs2 = x is r ! /ud5t's desire to "k & 8 d]iv$ k1 :i* %\ld h quiet ( m9d1 c41 z _! precursors1 9 accordance ) ! words ( ,sruti3 ,!re=e hav+ become tranquil1 self-subdu$1 l(tily indiff]5t1 pati5t1 full ( fai? & int5t1 let him see ! s\l 9 ! s\l4#cfh ,nor c ! ^w a?a imply ! necess>y prec$5ce1 9 ! tea*]1 ( a pr(\nd k ( ! tru? & a desire to imp>t x to o!rs2 because1 ev5 grant+ t bo? ^! are pres5t1 !y ne$ n to be m5tion$ ?us prom95tly1 z !y are p[]less 9 !mselves to produce ! necess>y intellig5ce & ef=t 9 ! /ud5t4 ,/ill h[ev] we may settle ^! po9ts ! "q arises1 ,is ! exposition ( ! yoga asc]ta9$ to be a cause ( f9al beatitude or n8 ,if x is1 !n x is /ill a desirable object1 ev5 if c]ta9 presuppos$ conditions %\ld be abs5t2 & if x is n1 !n x mu/ be undesirable1 :atev] conditions may be pres5t4#cfi ,b x is cle> t ! exposition 9 "q is su* a cause1 s9ce we h su* a passage ( ! ,sruti z t 9 ! ,ka?a ,upani%ad1 ii4 #ab3 ,by ! acquirem5t ( yoga or int5se conc5tration on ! ,supreme ,s\l1 ! wise man hav+ m$itat$ leaves beh9d joy & sorr[2 & aga91 su* a passage ( ! ,smriti z t 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt1 ii4 #ec3 ,! intellect unwav]+ 9 contemplation w !n atta9 yoga4 ,h5ce we conclude t x is unt5able to int]pret a?a z imply+ t ! exposition mu/ foll[ aft] a previ\s inquiry on ! "p ( ! /ud5t1 or aft] a previ\s c\rse ( ascetic tra9+ & use ( elixirs1 c4 to r5d] ! body /rong4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,v$nta ,stras1 :i* op5 ) ! aphorism1 ,n[1 !re=e1 !re is ! wi% to "k ,brahman1 ,sank>a *rya has decl>$ t ! inceptive mean+ ( a?a mu/ be left out ( ! "q1 z ! wi% to "k ,brahman is n to be und]tak5 at w2 & !re=e x mu/ be !re int]pret$ to mean aft]1 i4e41 t ?is desire mu/ foll[ a previ\s c\rse ( tranquillity1 c41 z laid d[n by ! well-kn[n rule :i* enjo9s ! practice ( tranquillity1 self-control1 indiff]5ce1 endurance1 contemplation1 & fai?1 ! object be+ to communicate ! tea*+ to a prop] /ud5t z di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( ! f\r s-call$ means4#cgj ,well1 !n1 let u grant t a?a _c mean 'aft]2' b :y %\ld x n be simply an auspici\s p>ticle8 ,b ?is x _c be1 f ! abs5ce ( any connection betwe5 ! context & su* auspici\s mean+4 ,auspici\sness implies ! obta9+ ( an unimpea*$ & desir$ good1 & :at is desir$ is s desir$ z be+ ! atta9m5t ( pleasure or ! avoidance ( pa92 b ?is auspici\sness _c belong to ! exposition ( yoga1 s9ce x is 9 itself nei!r pleasure nor ! cessation ( pa94#cga ,!re=e x _c be at all e/abli%$ t ! mean+ ( ! aphorism is t ! exposition ( ! yoga is auspici\s2 = auspici\sness _c be ei!r ! prim>y mean+ ( a?a or its second>y mean+ by metonymy1 s9ce x is its v s\nd :i* is 9 itself auspici\s )\t any ref]5ce to ! mean+1 l t ( a drum4 ,b :y n say t j z an impli$ mean+ may ent] into ! direct mean+ ( a s5t5ce1 s an effect l ?is ( auspici\sness may also be includ$1 s9ce bo? are equally unexpress$ s f> z ! actual words are conc]n$8#cgb ,we reply1 t 9 ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce ! connection mu/ be betwe5 ! mean+ ( "o ^w & t ( ano!r2 o!rwise we %\ld be guilty ( break+ ! seal :i* ! rule ( ! gramm>ians has set1 t v]bal expectancy#cgc c be fulfill$ by words alone4 ,b ought n a pray] = an auspici\s comm5cem5t to be put at ! beg9n+ ( a ,s/ra1 9 ord] to lay ! ho/s ( ob/acles t w\ld h9d] ! completion ( ! "w :i* ! au?or desires to beg91 & also to obs]ve ! immemorial practice ( ! good1 s9ce x has be5 said by ! wise1 ',^? s/ras become widely fam\s :i* h auspici\s comm5cem5ts1 auspici\s middles1 & auspici\s end+s1 & _! /ud5ts h long lives & are inv9cible 9 disputation'8#cgd ,n[ ! ^w a?a implies 'auspici\sness1' s9ce !re is a ,smriti :i* says1 ',! ^w ,om & ! ^w a?a1--^! two 9 ! anci5t "t1 ',cleav+ ! ?roat ( ,brahman1 came =?2 !re=e !y are bo? auspici\s4' ,!re=e let ! ^w a?a /& "h z signify+ 'auspici\sness1' l ! ^w 'vriddhi' us$ by ,pn9i 9 8 op5+ stra 'vriddhir d ai*4'#cge ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is unt5able2 s9ce ! v ^w a?a1 :5 he>d1 has an auspici\s influ5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be employ$ to convey "s o!r special signification1 j z ! he>+ ! s\nd ( lutes1 flutes1 c4 is auspici\s = "o />t+ on a j\rney4 ,if y /ill object1 ,h[ c ! p>ticle a?a h any o!r effect1 if x is specially us$ "h to produce ! idea t ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is t a new topic is comm5c$8 we reply t x c]ta9ly c h su* o!r additional effect1 j z we see t j>s ( wat] br\ght = "s o!r purpose are auspici\s om5s at ! comm5cem5t ( a j\rney4#cgf ,nor does ?is contradict ! smriti1 s9ce ! smriti w /ill hold good1 z ! words !y are bo? auspici\s mean only t !y produce an auspici\s effect4 ,nor c ! p>ticle a?a h "h ! mean+ ( ref]5ce to a previ\s topic1 s9ce ! previ\sly m5tion$ faults w all equally apply "h1 z ?is mean+ really involves t ( aft] :i* we h already discuss$ & reject$4 ,& aga91 9 su* discussions z ?is1 z to :e!r ?is p>ticul> a?a means ! inceptive n[ or aft]1 if ano!r topic _h be5 previ\sly sugge/$1 !n ref]5ce !reto w\ld be a possible mean+2 b 9 ! pres5t case :]e no o!r topic has be5 previ\sly sugge/$ x is n a possible mean+4 ,!re=e1 by exhau/ion1 ! comm5tator f9ally adopts1 = ! a?a ( ! stra1 ! rema9+ mean+ ( ! inceptive n[4 ,s1 :5 x is said 9 ! ,tndya ,brhmana1 xvi4 #h1 #a2 xvi4 #aj1 #a1 ,n[ ?is is ! ,jyotis1 ,n[ ?is is ! ,visvajyotis1#cgg ! p>ticle a?a is accept$ z signify+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! description ( a p>ticul> sacrifice1 j z ! a?a 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,mahbh%ya1 n[ comes ! exposition ( words1 signifies ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,gramm>4 ,?is has be5 decl>$ by ,vysa 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,yoga ,aphorisms1 ! a?a 9 ?is op5+ aphorism indicates a comm5cem5t2 & ,v*aspati has simil>ly expla9$ x 9 8 gloss2 !re=e x may be consid]$ z settl$ t ! a?a "h indicates a comm5cem5t & also signifies auspici\sness4 ,!re=e1 accept+ ! view t ?is a?a implies a comm5cem5t1 let ! /ud5t be left 9 peace to /rive aft] a successful und]/&+ ( ! s/ra ?r\gh ! atta9m5t ( ! yoga1 :i* is its propos$ subject1 by means ( ! tea*]'s explanation ( its entire purport4 ,b "h "s "o may say1 ,does n ! smriti ( ,yjavalkya say1 ',hiranyag>bha is ! promulgator ( ! ,yoga1 & no o!r anci5t sage8' h[ !n is ,patajali ! tea*] !re(8 ,we reply t x 0 = ?is reason t ! v5]able ,patajali1#cgh t ocean ( compassion1 consid]+ h[ difficult x 0 to grasp all ! diff]5t =ms ( ,yoga scatt]$ up & d[n 9 ! ,purnas1 c41 & wi%+ to collect toge!r _! ess5ce1 comm5c$ 8 anussana1--! preposition anu imply+ t x 0 a tea*+ :i* foll[$ a prim>y revelation & 0 n itself ! imm$iate orig9 ( ! sy/em4 ,s9ce ?is a?a 9 ! aphorism signifies comm5cem5t1 ! full mean+ ( ! s5t5ce comes out z foll[s3 be x kn[n t ! in/itute = ! exposition ( ! yoga is n[ comm5c$4 ,9 ?is in/itute ! object-matt]1 z be+ t :i* is produc$ by x1 is yoga or ! conc5tration ( ! m9d1 ) its means & its fruit2 ! produc+ ?is is its inf]ior end2 supreme absorption 7kaivalya7 is ! highe/ end ( ! yoga :5 x is produc$4 ,! connection betwe5 ! in/itute & yoga is t ( ! produc] & ! ?+ to be produc$2 ! connection betwe5 yoga & supreme absorption is t ( ! means & ! end2 & ?is is well kn[n f ,sruti & ,smriti1 z ,i h be=e %[n4 ,& x is e/abli%$ by ! g5]al context t ^? :o aim at lib]ation are ! duly qualifi$ p]sons to he> ?is in/itute4 ,nor ne$ any "o be al>m$ le/ a simil> c\rse %\ld be adopt$ ) ! op5+ aphorism ( ! ,v$nta stras1 ,n[1 !re=e1 !re is a wi% to "k ,brahman2 & le/ "h1 too1 we %\ld seek to e/abli% by ! g5]al context t all p]sons :o aim at lib]ation are duly qualifi$ /ud5ts ( ! ,v$nta4 ,= ! ^w a?a1 z !re us$1 signifies succession or aft]2 & x is a settl$ po9t t ! doctr9e c only be transmitt$ ?r\gh a regul> *annel to duly qualifi$ /ud5ts1 & consequ5tly ! "q _c arise z to :e!r any o!r mean+ is sugge/$ by ! context4 ,h5ce x has be5 said1 ,:5 ,sruti comes z ! det]m9+ au?ority '! subject-matt]' & ! re/ h no place4#cgi ,! full mean+ ( ?is is z foll[s3 ,:]e a ?+ is n appreh5d$ f ! ,v$a itself1 !re ! subject-matt] & ! re/ c e/abli% ! true mean+1 n o!rwise2 b :]ev] we c atta9 ! mean+ by a direct text1 !re ! o!r modes ( int]pretation are irrelevant4 ,= :5 a ?+ is decl>$ by a text ( ! ,v$a :i* makes its mean+ obvi\s at once1 ! subject-matt] & ! re/ ei!r e/abli% a contr>y conclusion or "o n contr>y4 ,n[1 9 ! =m] case1 ! au?ority :i* w\ld e/abli% ?is contr>y conclusion is by ! v nature ( sruti already preclud$ f hav+ any =ce2 & 9 ! latt] x is useless4 ,?is is all decl>$ 9 ,jaim9i's aphorism iii4 #c1 #ad2 ,a def9ite text1 a 'sign1' ! 's5t5ce1' ! 'subject-matt]1' ! 'relative position1' or '! title1'--:5 any ( ^! come into collision1 ! lat] 9 ord] is ! weak] because its mean+ is m remote#chj & !re=e less obvi\s4 ,x has be5 ?us summ$ up-- ,a text always precludes ! re/2 ! 'title' is always preclud$ by any ( ! prec$+ modes2 ,b :e!r any int]v5+ "o is preclud$1 or itself precludes1 dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,!re=e aft] all ?is long discussion x may be n[ consid]$ z settl$ t1 s9ce x has an object1 z well z ! o!r prelim9>ies1 ! /udy ( ! ,s/ra1 :i* tea*es ! ,yoga1 is to be comm5c$ l t ( ! ,v$nta1 :i* discusses ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,b1 x may be object$1 x is ! ,yoga :i* 0 said to be ! object-matt]1 s9ce x is ?is :i* is to be produc$1 n ! ,s/ra4 ,we grant t ! ,yoga is ! pr9cipal object1 z t :i* is to be produc$2 b s9ce x is produc$ by ! ,s/ra1 especially direct$ !reto1 ?is ,s/ra is ! means = its production1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 ! ag5t's activity is directly conc]n$ ) ! means r ?an ) ! end4 ,j z ! op]ations ( ,devadatta ! woodcutt]1 i4e41 8 lift+ 8 arm up & d[n1 c41 relate r to ! in/rum5t1 i4e41 ! axe1 ?an to ! object1 i4e41 ! tree1 s "h ! speak]1 ,patajali1 9 8 imm$iate action ( speak+1 means ! ,yoga-,s/ra z 8 prim>y object1 :ile he int5ds ! ,yoga itself 9 8 ultimate action ( d5otation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is di/9ction1 ! real mean+ is t ! comm5c+ ! ,yogas/ra is t :i* prim>ily claims our att5tion2 :ile ! yoga1 or ! re/ra9t ( ! modifications ( ! m9d1 is :at is to be exp\nd$ 9 ?is ,s/ra4 ,b z we read 9 ! li/s ( roots t ! root yuj is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 'jo9+1' %\ld n ! ^w yoga1 its d]ivative1 mean 'conjunction1' & n 're/ra9t'8 ,& inde$ ?is has be5 said by ,yjavalkya3#cha-- ',! conjunction ( ! individual & ! supreme s\ls is call$ yoga4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unt5able1 s9ce !re is no possibility ( any su* action1#chb c41 9 ei!r z w\ld produce ?is conjunction ( ! two s\ls4 ,nor1 aga91 is su* an explanation ne$$ 9 ord] to remove ! opposition ( o!r philosophical s*ools2 = ! notion ( ! conjunction ( two et]nal ?+s is oppos$ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,vaise%ika & ,nyya s*ools & !re=e !y w\ld /ill oppose our !ory4 ,& ev5 if we accept$ ! explanation 9 accordance ) ! ,mmms or ,v$nta1 our ,yogas/ra w\ld be r5d]$ nugatory by ?is concession & ! v gr\nd cut f "u our feet2 because ! id5tity ( ! individual & supreme s\ls be+ 9 t s*ool some?+ already accompli%$1 x c\ld n be reg>d$ z some?+ to be produc$ by our ,s/ra4 ,& la/ly1 z x is notori\s t roots are us$ 9 _m diff]5t s5ses1 ! root yuj may v well be us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( contemplation4#chc ,?us x has be5 said-- ,p>ticles1 prepositions1 & roots--^! ?ree are all held to be ( manifold mean+2 in/ances f\nd 9 read+ are _! evid5ce4 ,!re=e "s au?ors expressly give yuj 9 ?is s5se1 & ins]t 9 _! li/s yuj 9 ! s5se ( samdhi4 ,nor does ?is contradict ,yjavalkya's decl>ation1 z ! ^w yoga1 us$ by him1 may be> ?is mean+2 & he has himself said-- ,samdhi is ! /ate ( id5tity ( ! individual & supreme s\ls2 ?is abid+ absolutely 9 ,brahman is ! samdhi ( ! individual s\l4 ,x has be5 also said by ! v5]able ,vysa 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,yoga-stras1 i4 #a1 ,yoga is samdhi4 ,an objection h[ev]1 may be "h rais$ t ! t]m samdhi is us$ by ,patajali 9 ii4 #bi 9 ! s5se ( "o ( ! eight ancill>y p>ts#chd ( ! eightfold conc5tration 7or yoga72 & ! :ole _c be ?us itself a "p z well z a :ole1 s9ce ! pr9cipal & ! ancill>y mu/ be completely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 z all _! att5dant circum/ances mu/ be diff]5t1 j z we see 9 ! d>saprnamsa sacrifices & _! ancill>y rites ! prayjas1 & !re=e samdhi _c be ! mean+ ( yoga4 ,we h[ev] reply t ?is objection is incorrect2 = al?\gh ! t]m samdhi is us$ = etymological reasons#che to express ! ancill>y "p :i* is really def9$ 9 iii4 #c z ! contemplation :i* assumes ! =m ( ! object1 & is app>5tly devoid ( any nature ( its own2 /ill ! fur!r use ( ?is t]m to describe ! pr9cipal /ate is ju/ifi$ by ! au?or's wi% to decl>e ! ultimate on5ess ( ! two /ates z ! inf]ior ultimately m]ges into ! sup]ior4 ,nor c y hold t etymology alone c decide :]e a ^w c be us$2 because if s1 z ! ^w g1 a bull1 is d]iv$ by all gramm>ians f ! root gam1 to g1 we ought nev] to use ! phrase a /&+ bull z ! two words w\ld be contradictory1 & ! man ,devadatta1 :5 go+1 w\ld prop]ly be call$ g1 a bull2 &1 moreov]1 ! ,stra1 i4 #b1 di/9ctly gives u a def9ite ju/ification = employ+ ! ^w 9 ?is s5se :5 x decl>es t conc5tration 7yoga7 is ! suppression ( ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,! second or pr9cipal s5se ( samdhi w !re=e be q di/9ct f ! fir/ or inf]ior4 ,b surely if yoga is held to be ! suppression ( ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 !n z ^! modifications abide 9 ! s\l z !mselves p>tak+ ( ! nature ( k1 _! suppression1 or 9 o!r words _! 'de/ruction1' w\ld also abide 9 ! s\l1 s9ce x is a pr9ciple 9 logic t ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce & de/ruction abide 9 ! same subject z ! c\nt]-entity to ^! negations2#chf & consequ5tly 9 accordance ) ! maxim1 ',?is newly produc$ "* w affect ! subject 9 :i* x resides1' ! absolute indep5d5ce ( ! s\l itself w\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we d n all[2 because we ma9ta9 t ^! v>i\s modifications :i* are to be h9d]$1#chg su* z "r notion1 misconception1 fancy1 sleep1 & memory 7i4 #f71 are attributes ( ! int]nal organ 7*itta71 s9ce ! p[] ( pure intellig5ce1 :i* is un*angeable1 _c become ! site ( ?is discrim9ative p]ception4 ,nor c y object t ?is un*angeable nature ( ! intellig5t s\l#chh has n be5 prov$1 s9ce !re is an argum5t to e/abli% x2 = ! intellig5t s\l mu/ be un*angeable f ! fact t x always kn[s1 :ile t :i* is n always kn[+ is n un*angeable1 z ! int]nal organ1 c4 ,& s aga91 if ?is s\l 7 susceptible ( *ange1 !n1 z ?is *ange w\ld be occasional1 we c\ld n pr$icate its always kn[+ ^! modifications4 ,b ! true view is1 t :ile ! intellig5t s\l always rema9s z ! presid+ witness1 !re is ano!r ess5tially pure sub/ance#chi :i* abides always ! same2 & z x is ?is :i* is affect$ by any giv5 object1 s x is ?is p]ceptible sub/ance :i* is reflect$ z a %ad[ on ! s\l1 & s produces an impression2#cij & ?us ,s\l itself is pres]v$ 9 its own prop] indep5d5ce1 & x is ma9ta9$ to be ! always kn[+1 & no suspicion ( *ange alights ^u x4 ,t object by :i* ! und]/&+ becomes affect$ is kn[n2 t object by :i* x is n affect$ is n kn[n2 = ! und]/&+ is call$ susceptible ( *ange1 because x resembles ! iron1 z x is susceptible ( be+ affect$ or n by ! influ5ce or want ( influ5ce ( ! object :i* resembles ! magnet1--?is influ5ce or want ( influ5ce produc+ respectively k or ! want ( k4 ,b inasmu* z ! und]/&+ & ! s5ses :i* spr+ f egoism are all-p]vad+1 are !y n always connect$ ) all objects1 & ?us w\ld x n foll[ t !re %\ld be a k ev]y:]e & always ( all ?+s8 ,we reply t ev5 al?\gh we grant t !y are all-p]vad+1 x is only :]e a giv5 und]/&+ has c]ta9 modifications 9 a giv5 body1 & c]ta9 objects are 9 a connection ) t body1 t ! k ( ^! objects only1 & none o!r1 is produc$ to t und]/&+2 & !re=e1 z ?is limitation is absolute1 we hold t objects are j l magnets1 & affect ! und]/&+ j z ^! d iron1--com+ 9 contact ) x ?r\gh ! *annels ( ! s5ses4 ,!re=e1 ! modifications belong to ! und]/&+1 n to ! s\l2 & s says ! ,sruti1 ,desire1 volition1 d\bt1 fai?1 want ( fai?1 firmness1 want ( firmness1--all ?is is only ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 ! sage ,pa*asikha decl>$ ! un*angeable nature ( ! intellig5t s\l1 ,! p[] t enjoys is un*angeable2 & s ,patajali also 7iv4 #ah71 ,! modifications ( ! und]/&+ are always kn[n1--?is arises f ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! ,rul+ ,s\l4 ,! foll[+ is ! argum5t drawn out =mally to e/abli% ! *angeabl5ess ( ! und]/&+4 ,! und]/&+ is susceptible ( *ange because its v>i\s objects are n[ kn[n & n[ n kn[n1 j l ! organ ( he>+ & ! o!r organs ( s5se4 ,n[1 ?is *ange is notori\sly ?reefold1 i4e41 a *ange ( prop]ty1 ( aspect1#cia & ( condition4 ,:5 ! subject1 ! und]/&+1 p]ceives ! col\r blue1 c41 !re is a *ange ( prop]ty j z :5 ! sub/ance gold becomes a bracelet1 a diadem1 or an armlet2 !re is a *ange ( aspect :5 ! prop]ty becomes pres5t1 pa/1 or future2 & !re is a *ange ( condition :5 !re is a manife/ation or non-manife/ation#cib ( ! p]ception1 z ( blue1 c42 or1 9 ! case ( gold1 ! relative newness or oldness at two diff]5t mom5ts w\ld be its *ange ( condition4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( *ange mu/ be trac$ out by ! read] = himself 9 diff]5t o!r cases4 ,& ?us we conclude t !re is no?+ inconsi/5t 9 our !sis t1 s9ce "r notion & ! o!r modifications are attributes ( ! und]/&+1 _! suppression w also h its site 9 ! same organ4 ,our oppon5t n[ urges a fre% & long objection to :at we h said above4 ,b if we accept y\r def9ition t 'yoga is ! suppression ( ! modifications ( ! *itta1' ?is w apply also to 's\nd sleep1' s9ce !re too we may f9d ! suppression or susp5sion ( ! modifications f\nd 9 k%ipta1 vik%ipta1 mdha1#cic c42 b ?is w\ld be wrong1 because x is impossible = ! 'afflictions' to be aboli%$ s long z ^? /ates call$ k%ipta1 c41 rema9 at all1 & because !y only h9d] ! atta9m5t ( ! summum bonum4 ,let u exam9e ?is m closely4 ,= ! und]/&+ is call$ k%ipta1 're/less1' :5 x is re/less ) an excess ( ! quality rajas1 z be+ toss$ ab\t amid/ v>i\s objects :i* engage x4 ,x is call$ mdha1 'bl9d$1' :5 x is possess$ by ! modification 'sleep' & is sunk 9 a sea ( d>kness ow+ to an excess ( ! quality tamas4 ,x is call$ vik%ipta1 'unre/less1' :5 x is diff]5t f ! fir/ /ate#cid z fill$ ) ! quality sattva4 ,we mu/ "h1 h[ev]1 note a di/9ction2 =1 9 accordance ) ! l9e ( ! ,bhagavad ,gt 7vi4 #cd71 ',! m9d1 ,o ,kri%na1 is fickle1 turbul5t1 viol5t1 & ob/9ate1' ! m9d1 ?\gh naturally re/less1 may occasionally become fix$ by ! transi5t fix$ness ( its objects2 b re/lessness is innate to x1 or x is produc$ 9 x by sickness1 c41 or o!r consequ5ces ( =m] actions2 z x is said 9 ! ,yoga ,stras1 i4 #cj1 ',sickness1 languor1 d\bt1 c>elessness1 laz9ess1 addiction to objects1 errone\s p]ception1 failure to atta9 "s /age1 & in/ability1--^! di/ractions ( ! m9d are call$ ob/acles4' ,"h 'sickness' means fev]1 c41 caus$ by ! want ( equilibrium betwe5 ! ?ree hum\rs2 'languor' is ! m9d's want ( activity2 'd\bt' is a sort ( notion :i* embraces two opposite alt]natives2 'c>elessness' is a neglig5ce ( us+ ! means = produc+ m$itation2 'laz9ess' is a want ( ex]tion f heav9ess ( body1 spee*1 or m9d2 'addiction to objects' is an atta*m5t to objects ( s5se2 'errone\s p]ception' is a mi/ak5 notion ( "o ?+ = ano!r2 'failure to atta9 "s /age' is ! fail+ = "s reason or o!r to arrive at ! /ate ( ab/ract m$itation2 'in/ability' is ! m9d's failure to cont9ue !re1 ev5 :5 ! /ate ( ab/ract m$itation has be5 rea*$4 ,!re=e we ma9ta9 t ! suppression ( ! m9d's modifications _c be laid d[n z ! def9ition ( yoga4 ,we reply1 t ev5 al?\gh we all[ t1 s f> z reg>ds ! ?ree conditions ( ! m9d call$ k%ipta1 mdha1 & vik%ipta1 :i* z be+ connect$ ) ! ?ree qualities are all to be avoid$ z faulty /ates1 ! suppression ( ! modifications 9 ^! conditions is itself some?+ to be avoid$ & s _c be call$ yoga1 ?is does n apply to ! o!r two conditions call$ ekgra & niruddha1 :i* are to be pursu$ & atta9$2 & !re=e ! suppression ( ! modifications 9 ^! two praisewor?y conditions is rightly to be consid]$ z yoga4 ,n[ by ekgra we mean t /ate :5 ! m9d1 entirely fill$ ) ! sattva quality1 is devot$ to ! "o object ( m$itation2 & by niruddha we mean t /ate :5 all its developm5ts are /opp$1 & only _! lat5t impressions or pot5tialities rema94 ,n[ ?is samdhi1 m$itation 9 ! highe/ s5se1 is tw(old3 t 9 :i* !re is di/9ct recognition 7samprajta71 & t 9 :i* di/9ct recognition is lo/ 7asamprajta7 ,yoga ,s41 i4 #ag1 #ah4cie ,! =m] is def9$ z t m$itation :]e ! ?\ght is int5t on its own object1 & all ! modifications1 su* z "r notion1 c41 s f> z !y dep5d on ext]nal ?+s1 are suppress$1 or1 accord+ to ! etymology ( ! t]m1 x is :]e ! intellect#cif is ?or\ghly recognis$ 7samyak prajyate7 z di/9ct f ,nature4 ,x has a f\rfold division1 z savit>ka1 savi*ra1 sn&a1 & ssmita4 ,n[ ?is m$itation is a k9d ( pond]+ 7bhvan71 :i* is ! tak+ into ! m9d aga9 & aga91 to ! exclusion ( all o!r objects1 t :i* is to be pond]$4 ,& t :i* is ?us to be pond]$ is ( two k9ds1 be+ ei!r sw>a or ! tw5ty-five pr9ciples4 ,& ^! pr9ciples also are ( two k9ds--s5seless & n s5seless4 ,tw5ty-f\r1 includ+ nature1 intellect1 egoism1 c41 are s5seless2 t :i* is n s5seless is ,s\l4 ,n[ among ^! objects :i* are to be pond]$1 :51 hav+ tak5 z ! object ! gross elem5ts1 z e>?1 c41 pond]+ is pursu$ 9 ! =m ( an inve/igation z to :i* is antec$5t & :i* consequ5t1#cig or 9 ! =m ( a union ( ! ^w1 its mean+1 & ! idea :i* is to be produc$ cf4 i4 #db2 !n ! m$itation is call$ argum5tative 7savit>ka74 ,:51 hav+ tak5 z its object some?+ subtile1 z ! five subtile elem5ts & ! int]nal organ1 pond]+ is pursu$ 9 relation to space1 "t1 c41 !n ! m$itation is call$ delib]ative 7savi*ra74 ,:5 ! m9d1 comm+l$ ) "s passion & d>kness1 is pond]$1 !n ! m$itation is call$ beatific 7sn&a71 because goodness is !n pr$om9ant1 :i* consi/s 9 ! manife/ation ( joy4#cih ,:5 pond]+ is pursu$1 hav+ z its object ! pure elem5t ( goodness1 unaffect$ by ev5 a little ( passion or d>kness1 !n t m$itation is call$ egoi/ical 7ssmita71 because "h p]sonal exi/5ce#cii only rema9s1 s9ce ! intellectual faculty becomes n[ pr$om9ant1 & ! quality ( goodness has become q subord9ate z a m]e /epp+-/one to high] ?+s4 ,b ! m$itation1 :]e di/9ct recognition is lo/1 consi/s 9 ! suppression ( all modifications :atev]4 ,b x may be ask$ 0 n 'conc5tration' def9$ z ! suppression ( all ! modifications8 ,h[1 !n1 c ! 'm$itation :]e !re is di/9ct recognition' be includ$ 9 x at all1 s9ce we /ill f9d active 9 x t modification ( ! m9d1 ) ! quality ( goodness pr$om9ant1 :i* views ! s\l & ! quality ( goodness z di/9ct f ea* o!r8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unt5able1 because we ma9ta9 t conc5tration is ! suppression ( ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ p[]1 z especially /opp+ ! op]ation ( ! afflictions1 ! actions1 ! fructifications1 & ! /ock ( des]ts4#djj ,! afflictions 7klesa7 are well kn[n z five1 viz41 ignorance1 egoism1 desire1 av]sion1 & t5acity ( mundane exi/5ce4 ,b "h a "q is at once rais$1 ,9 :at s5se is ! ^w avidy1 ignorance1 us$ "h8 ,is x to be consid]$ z an avyaybhva comp\nd1 :]e ! =m] portion is pr$om9ant1 z 9 ! ^w above-bo>d8#dja or is x a tatpuru%a or k>madhraya comp\nd1 :]e ! latt] portion is pr$om9ant1 z 9 ! ^w t[n-cl]k8 or is x a bahuvrhi comp\nd1 :]e bo? portions are dep5d5t on some?+ ext]nal to ! comp\nd1 z blue-ey$8 ,x _c be ! fir/2 = if ! =m] portion ( ! comp\nd 7 pr$om9ant1 !n we %\ld h ! negation ! emphatic "p 9 avidy 7i4e41 x w\ld be an in/ance ( :at is call$ ! express negation1 or prasajya-prati%$ha72#djb & consequ5tly1 z avidy w\ld be ?us emphatically a negation1 x w\ld be unable to produce positive results1 z ! afflictions1 c41 & ! v =m ( ! ^w %\ld n be fem99e1 b neut]4 ,x _c be ! second2 = any k1 :atev] ?+'s abs5ce x may be *>act]is$ by 7a vidy71 opposes ! afflictions1 c41 & _c !re=e be _! s\rce4 ,nor c x be ! ?ird2 = !n1--9 accordance ) ! words ( ! au?or ( ! ,vritti1#djc !re is a bahuvrhi comp\nd :i* is =m$ ) "s ^w mean+ 'exi/5ce' us$ aft] 'n1' ) ! optional elision ( ?is subsequ5t ^w#djd--we mu/ expla9 ?is suppos$ bahuvrhi comp\nd avidy z foll[s3 ,t buddhi is to be *>act]is$ z avidy 7sc4 an adjective71 ( :i* !re is n a vidy exi/+4 ,b ?is explanation is unt5able2 = su* an avidy c\ld n become ! s\rce ( ! afflictions2#dje & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x ought to be _! s\rce1#djf ev5 ?\gh x 7 associat$ ) ! suppression ( all ! modifications1#djg & 7 also accompani$ by t discrim9ative k ( ! s\l & ! quality ( goodness :i* is f\nd 9 ! ssmita m$itation4 ,n[ x is said 9 ! ,yoga ,stras1 ii4 #d1 ,ignorance is ! field or place ( orig91 i4e41 s\rce ( ! o!rs1 :e!r !y be dormant1 ext5uat$1 int]cept$1 or simple4 ,!y are said to be dormant :5 !y are n manife/$ = want ( some?+ to wake !m up2 !y are call$ ext5uat$ :51 ?r\gh "o's m$itat+ on some?+ t is oppos$ to !m1 !y are r5d]$ in]t2 !y are call$ int]cept$ :5 !y are ov]p[]$ by "s o!r /rong affliction2 !y are call$ simple :5 !y produce _! sev]al effects 9 ! direct vic9ity ( :at co-op]ates ) !m4 ,?is has be5 express$ by ,v*aspati ,misra1 9 8 ,gloss on ,vysa's ,comm5t>y1 9 ! foll[+ memorial /anza3-- ,! dormant 'afflictions' are f\nd 9 ^? s\ls :i* are absorb$ 9 ! tattvas i4e41 n embodi$1 b exi/+ 9 an int]val ( mundane de/ruction2 ! 'ext5uat$'#djh are f\nd 9 yog9s2 b ! 'int]cept$' & ! 'simple' 9 ^? :o are 9 contact ) worldly objects4 ,no "o proposes ! f\r? solution ( ! comp\nd avidy z a dv&va comp\nd1#dji :]e bo? portions are equally pr$om9ant1 because we _c recognise "h two equally indep5d5t subjects4 ,!re=e "u any "o ( ^! ?ree admissible alt]natives#daj ! common notion ( ignorance z be+ ! cause ( ! 'afflictions' w\ld be ov]?r[n4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 conc$e ?is objector's view1 because we may h rec\rse to ! o!r k9d ( negation call$ p>yudsa :]e ! affirmative "p is emphatic1 & ma9ta9 t avidy means a contradictory or wrong k9d ( k1 ! rev]se ( vidy2 & s x has be5 accept$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,?us x has be5 said-- ,! p>ticle imply+ 'negation' does n signify 'abs5ce' or 'non-exi/5ce' :5 connect$ ) a n\n or a root2 ?us ! words abrhmana & adh>ma respectively signify1 ':at is o!r ?an a ,brhman' & ':at is contr>y to ju/ice4' ,& aga9-- ,we are to le>n all ! uses ( words f ! cu/om ( ! anci5t writ]s2 !re=e a ^w mu/ n be wre/$ f ! use 9 :i* x has be5 already employ$4 ,v*aspati also says1#daa ,! connection ( words & _! mean+s dep5ds on g5]al cons5t = its c]ta9ty2 & s9ce we occasionally see t a tatpuru%a negation1 :]e ! latt] portion is prop]ly pr$om9ant1 may ov]p[] ! direct mean+ ( ?is latt] portion by its contradiction ( x1 we conclude t ev5 "h too 9 avidy ! real mean+ is some?+ contr>y to vidy i4e41 ! negative non-k becomes ultimately ! positive ignorance#dab4 ,x is ) a view to ?is t x is said 9 ! ,yoga ,aphorisms ii4 #e1 ,ignorance is ! notion t ! non-et]nal1 ! impure1 pa91 & ! non-s\l are 7sev]ally7 et]nal1 pure1 pleasure1 & s\l4 ,vip>yaya1 misconception1 is def9$ z ! imag9+ ( a ?+ 9 :at is n t ?+1#dac i4e41 9 its opposite2 z1 = in/ance1 ! imag9+ ! et]nal 9 a non-et]nal ?+1 i4e41 a j>1 or ! imag9+ ! pure 9 ! impure body1#dad :5 x has be5 decl>$ by a prov]bial c\plet#dae-- ,! wise recognise ! body z impure1 f its orig9al place ! womb1--f its primal se$1--f its composition ( hum\rs1 c41--f p]spiration1--f dea? z ev5 a ,brhman's body defiles1--& f ! fact t x has to be made pure by rites4 ,s1--9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple en\nc$ 9 ! aphorism 7ii4 #ae71 ,to ! discrim9at+ ev]y?+ is simply pa91 ?r\gh ! pa9 :i* arises 9 ! ultimate issue ( ev]y?+1#daf or ?r\gh ! anxiety to secure x :ile x is enjoy$1 or ?r\gh ! lat5t impressions :i* x leaves beh9d1 & also f ! mutual opposition ( ! influ5ces ( ! ?ree qualities 9 ! =m ( pleasure1 pa91 & /upid indiff]5ce1--ignorance transf]s ! idea ( pleasure to :at is really pa91 z1 e4g41 g>l&s1 s&al-wood1 wom51 c42 & simil>ly x conceives ! non-s\l1 e4g41 ! body1 c41 z ! s\l4 ,z x has be5 said-- ,b ignorance is :5 liv+ be+s transf] ! notion ( 's\l' to ! 'non-s\l1' z ! body1 c42 ,?is causes bondage2 b 9 ! abolition !re( is lib]ation4 ,?us ?is ignorance consi/s ( f\r k9ds4#dag ,b x may be object$ 9 ^! f\r special k9ds ( ignorance %\ld !re n be giv5 "s g5]al def9ition apply+ to !m all1 z o!rwise _! special *>act]i/ics _c be e/abli%$8 ,= ?us x has be5 said by ,bhatta ,kumrila-- ',)\t "s g5]al def9ition1 a m special def9ition _c be giv5 by itself2 !re=e x mu/ n be ev5 m5tion$ "h4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be urg$ "h1 z x is suffici5tly met by ! g5]al def9ition ( misconception1 already adduc$ above1 z ! imag9+ ( a ?+ 9 its opposite4 ,egoism 7asmit7 is ! notion t ! two sep>ate ?+s1 ! s\l & ! quality ( purity1#dah are "o & ! same1 z is said 7ii4 #f71 ,egoism is ! id5tify+ ( ! se] ) ! p[] ( sight4 ,desire 7rga7 is a long+1 9 ! %ape ( a ?ir/1 = ! means ( enjoym5t1 prec$$ by ! remembrance ( enjoym5t1 on ! "p ( "o :o has kn[n joy4 ,av]sion 7dve%a7 is ! feel+ ( blame felt t[>ds ! means ( pa91 simil>ly prec$$ by ! remembrance ( pa91 on ! "p ( "o :o has kn[n x4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! two aphorisms1 ,desire is :at dwells on pleasure2 ,av]sion is :at dwells on pa9 7ii4 #g1 #h74 ,"h a grammatical "q may be rais$1 ,are we to consid] ?is ^w anusay9 7'dwell+'7 z =m$ by ! krit affix n9i 9 ! s5se ( ':at is habitual1' or ! taddhita affix ini 9 ! s5se ( matup8 ,x _c be ! =m]1 s9ce ! affix n9i _c be us$ aft] a root comp\nd$ ) a preposition z anus2 =1 z ! ^w supi has already occurr$ 9 ! ,stra1 iii4 #b1 #d1 & has be5 ex]t+ its influ5ce 9 ! foll[+ stras1 ?is ^w mu/ h be5 introduc$ a second "t 9 ! ,stra1 iii4 #b1 #gh1 supy ajtau n9is t**hlye1#dai on purpose to exclude prepositions1 z ^! h no case t]m9ations2 & ev5 if we did /ra9 a po9t to all[ !m1 /ill x w\ld foll[ by ! ,stra1 vii4 #b1 #aae1 a*o niti1#dbj t ! radical v[el mu/ be subject to vriddhi1 & s ! ^w mu/ be anusy91 9 accordance ) ! analogy ( su* words z atisy91 c4 ,nor is ! latt] view t5able 7i4e41 t x is ! taddhita affix ini#dba71 s9ce ini is =bidd5 by ! te*nical v]se-- ',^! two affixes#dbb are n us$ aft] a monosyllable nor a krit =mation1 nor a ^w mean+ 'g5us1' nor ) a ^w 9 ! locative case2' & ! ^w anusaya is cle>ly a krit =mation z x ends ) ! affix a*#dbc :i* br+s x "u ?is prohibition1 & s r5d]s x insusceptible ( ! affix ini4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ^w anusay9 9 ! ,yoga aphorism is "o ! =mation ( :i* x is v h>d to ju/ify4#dbd ,?is cavil1 h[ev]1 is n to be admitt$2 s9ce ! rule is only to be und]/ood z apply+ g5]ally1 n absolutely1 z x does n ref] to some?+ ( ess5tial importance4 ,h5ce ! au?or ( ! ,vritti has said-- ,! ^w iti1 z imply+ ! idea ( popul> acceptation1 is ev]y:]e connect$ ) ! examples ( ?is rule#dbe i4e41 x is n an absolute law4 ,!re=e1 sometimes ! prohibit$ cases are f\nd1 z kry91 kryika :]e ! affixes are add$ aft] a krit =mation1 t&ul91 t&ulika :]e !y are add$ aft] a ^w mean+ g5us4 ,h5ce ! prohibition is only g5]al1 n absolute1 aft] krit =mations & words mean+ g5us1 & !re=e ! use ( ! affix ini is ju/ifi$1 al?\gh ! ^w anusaya is =m$ by a krit affix4 ,?is d\bt !re=e is settl$4 ,! fif? affliction1 call$ t5acity ( mundane exi/5ce 7abh9ivesa71 is :at prevails 9 ! case ( all liv+ be+s1 f ! worm up to ! philosoph]1 spr++ up daily1 )\t any imm$iate cause1 9 ! =m ( a dread1 ,may ,i n be sep>at$ f ! body1 ?+s s5sible1 c41 ?r\gh ! =ce ( ! impression left by ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa9 ( ! dea?s :i* 7 suff]$ 9 previ\s lives1 ?is is prov$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce1 s9ce e individual has ! wi%1 ,may ,i n cease to be1 ,may ,i be4 ,?is is decl>$ 9 ! aphorism1 ,t5acity ( mundane exi/5ce1 fl[+ on ?r\gh its own nature1 is notori\s ev5 9 ! case ( ! philosoph] ii4 #i4 ,^! five1 ignorance1 c41 are well kn[n z ! afflictions 7klesa71 s9ce !y afflict ! s\l1 z br++ ^u x v>i\s mundane tr\bles4 ,we next describe ! k>msaya ( ii4 #ab1 ! /ock ( works or m]its 9 ! m9d4 ,works 7k>man7 consi/ ( enjo9$ or =bidd5 actions1 z ! jyoti%toma sacrifice1 brhmanicide1 c4 ,/ock 7saya7 is ! balance ( ! fruits ( previ\s works1 :i* lie /or$ up 9 ! m9d 9 ! =m ( m5tal deposits ( m]it or dem]it1 until !y rip5 9 ! individual s\l's own exp]i5ce z rank1 ye>s1 & enjoym5t ii4 #ac4 ,n[ conc5tration yoga consi/s by i4 #b 9 ! suppression ( ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 :i* /ops ! op]ation ( ! afflictions1 c42 & ?is suppression is n consid]$ to be m]ely ! non-exi/5ce ( ! modifications i4e41 a m]e negation1 because1 if x 7 a m]e negation1 x c\ld n produce positive impressions on ! m9d2 b x is r ! site ( ?is non-exi/5ce1#dbf--;a p>ticul> /ate ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 call$ by ! f\r names :i* w be fully describ$ h]eaft]1 madhumat1 madhupratk1 visok1 & samskrase%at4 ,! ^w nirodha ?us corresponds to its etymological explanation z t 9 :i* ! modifications ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 "r notion1 misconception1 c41 are suppress$ 7nirudhyante74 ,?is suppression ( ! modifications is produc$ by ex]cise & dispassion i4 #ab4 ,ex]cise is ! repeat$ ef=t t ! int]nal organ %all rema9 9 its prop] /ate i4 #ac4 ,?is rema9+ 9 its prop] /ate is a p>ticul> k9d ( developm5t1 :]eby ! ?9k+ pr9ciple rema9s 9 its natural /ate1 unaffect$ by ^? modifications :i* at diff]5t times assume ! =m ( reveal+1 en]gis+1 & controll+4#dbg ,ex]cise is an ef=t direct$ to ?is1 an endeav\r aga9 & aga9 to r$uce ! int]nal organ to su* a condition4 ,! locative case1 /hitau1 9 ! aphorism is int5d$ to express ! object or aim1 z 9 ! well-kn[n phrase1 ,he kills ! elephant = its sk94#dbh ,dispassion is ! consci\sness ( hav+ ov]come desire 9 him :o ?ir/s aft] nei!r ! objects t are se5 nor ^? t are he>d ( 9 revelation i4 #ae4 ,dispassion is ?us ! reflection1 ,^! objects are subject to me1 n ,i to !m1 9 "o :o feels no int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ( ?is _w or ! next1 f p]ceiv+ ! imp]fections atta*$ to !m4 ,n[1 9 ord] to r$uce ! afflictions :i* h9d] m$itation & to atta9 m$itation1 ! yog9 mu/ fir/ direct 8 att5tion to practical conc5tration1 & ex]cise & dispassion are ( especial use 9 its atta9m5t4 ,?is has be5 said by ,kri%na 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt vi4 #c-- ,action is ! means to ! sage :o wi%es to rise to yoga2 ,b to him :o has ris5 to x1 tranquillity is said to be ! means4 ,patajali has ?us def9$ ! practical yoga3 ,practical conc5tration is mortification1 recitation ( texts1 & resignation to ! ,"l ii4 #a4 ,yjavalkya has describ$ mortification-- ,by ! way prescrib$ 9 sacr$ rule1 by ! difficult *ndryana fa/1 c41 ,?us to dry up ! body !y call ! highe/ ( all mortifications4#dbi ,recitation ( texts is ! repetition ( ! syllable ,om1 ! gyatr1 c4 ,n[ ^! mantras are ( two k9ds1 ,vaidik & ,tntrik4 ,! ,vaidik are also ( two k9ds1 ^? *ant$ & ^? n *ant$4 ,^? *ant$ are ! smans2 ^? n *ant$ are ei!r 9 metre1 i4e41 ! ri*as1 or 9 prose1 i4e41 ! yajm%i1 z has be5 said by ,jaim9i1#dcj ,( ^!1 t is a ri* 9 :i* by ! =ce ( ! s5se !re is a def9ite division into pdas or portions ( a v]se2 ! "n sman is appli$ to *ant$ portions2 ! ^w yajus is appli$ to ! re/4 ,^? mantras are call$ ,tntrik :i* are set =? 9 sacr$ books t are direct$ to topics ( volunt>y devotion2#dca & ^! are aga9 ?reefold1 z female1 male1 & neut]2 z x has be5 said-- ,! mantras are ( ?ree k9ds1 z female1 male1 & neut]3 ,! female are ^? :i* end 9 ! wife ( fire 7i4e41 ! exclamation svh72 ! neut] ^? :i* end 9 namas2 ,! re/ are male1 & consid]$ ! be/4 ,!y are all-p[]ful 9 mesm]is+ ano!r's w1 c4 ,!y are call$ all-p[]ful 7siddha7 because !y c\nt]act all defects 9 _! p]=mance1 & produce _! effect ev5 :5 ! ord9>y consecrat+ c]emonies1 z ba?+1 c41 h be5 omitt$4 ,n[ ! peculi> consecrat+ c]emonies 7samskra7 are t51 & !y h be5 ?us describ$ 9 ! ,srad-tilaka-- ,!re are said to be t5 prelim9>y c]emonies :i* give to mantras efficacy3 ,^! mantras are ?us made complete2 !y are ?or\ghly consecrat$4 ,! 'begett+1' ! 'vivify+1' ! 'smit+1' ! 'awak5+1' ,! 'spr9kl+1' ! 'purify+1' ! 'fatt5+1' ,! 'satisfy+1' ! 'illum9+1' ! 'conceal+1'--^! are ! t5 consecrations ( mantras4 ,! 'begett+' 7janana7 is ! extract+ ( ! mantra f its v[els & consonants4 ,! wise man %\ld mutt] ! sev]al lett]s ( ! mantra1 ea* unit$ to ,om1 ,accord+ to ! numb] ( ! lett]s4 ,?is !y call ! 'vivify+' 7jvana74 ,hav+ writt5 ! lett]s ( ! mantra1 let him smite ea* ) s&al-wat]1 ,utt]+ at ea* ! my/ic 'se$' ( air4#dcb ,?is is call$ ! 'smit+' 7tdana74 ,hav+ writt5 ! lett]s ( ! mantra1 let him /rike !m ) ole&] fl[]s1 ,ea* enum]at$ ) a lett]4 ,?is is call$ ! 'awak5+' 7bodhana74 ,let ! adept1 accord+ to ! ritual prescrib$ 9 8 own special tantra1 ,spr9kle ! lett]s1 accord+ to _! numb]1 ) leaves ( ! ,ficus religiosa4 ,?is is ! 'spr9kl+' 7abhi%eka74 ,hav+ m$itat$ on ! mantra 9 8 m9d1 let him consume by ! jyotir-mantra ,! ?reefold impurity ( ! mantra4 ,?is is ! 'purification' 7vimal-k>ana74 ,! utt]ance ( ! jyotir-mantra1 toge!r ) ,om1 & ! mantras ( ,vyoman & ,agni1 ,& ! spr9kl+ ( e lett] ) wat] f a bun* ( kusa grass1 ,) ! my/ical se$ ( wat]#dcc duly mutt]$1--?is is held to be ! 'fatt5+' 7pyyana74 ,! satiat+ libation ov] ! mantra ) mantra-hall[$ wat] is ! 'satisfy+' 7t>pana74 ,! jo9+ ( ! mantra ) ,om & ! 'se$s' ( ,my#dcd & ,ram#dce is call$ its 'illum9+' 7dpana74 ,! non-publication ( ! mantra :i* is be+ mutt]$--?is is its 'conceal+' 7gopana74 ,^! t5 consecrat+ c]emonies are kept close 9 all tantras2 ,& ! adept :o practises !m accord+ to ! tradition obta9s 8 desire2 ,& ruddha1 klita1 vi*h9na1 supta1 sapta1 & ! re/1 ,all ^! faults 9 ! mantra rites are aboli%$ by ^! excell5t consecrations4 ,b en\gh ( ?is v5tur+ to make public ! tantra my/]ies connect$ ) mantras1 :i* has sudd5ly l$ u a/ray l an unexpect$ ,bac*analian dance4#dcf ,! ?ird =m ( practical yoga1 resignation to ! ,"l 7sv>a-pranidhna71 is ! consign+ all "o's works1 :e!r m5tion$ or n1 )\t reg>d to fruit1 to ! ,supreme ,"l1 ! ,supremely ,v5]able4 ,z x has be5 said-- ,:atev] ,i d1 good or bad1 volunt>y or involunt>y1 ,t is all made ov] to !e2 ,i act z impell$ by !e4 ,?is self-resignation is also sometimes def9$ z ! surr5d] ( ! fruits ( "o's actions1 & is ?us a peculi> k9d ( fai?1 s9ce mo/ m5 act only ) a selfi% reg>d to ! fruit4 ,?us x is sung 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt ii4 #dg-- ,let ?y sole conc]n be ) action & nev] ) ! fruits2 ,be n attract$ by ! fruit ( ! action1 nor be ?\ atta*$ to inaction4 ,! h>mfulness ( aim+ at ! fruit ( an action has be5 decl>$ by ! v5]able ,nlakan?a-bhrat-- ,ev5 a p5ance accompli%$ by great ef=t1 b vitiat$ by desire1 ,produces only disgu/ 9 ! ,great ,"l1 l milk :i* has be5 lick$ by a dog4 ,n[ ?is prescrib$ practice ( mortification1 recitation1 & resignation is itself call$ yoga1 because x is a means = produc+ yoga1 ?is be+ an in/ance ( ! function ( words call$ sup]impon5t pure ,indication1 z 9 ! well-kn[n example1 ,butt] is longevity4 ,indication is ! e/abli%+ ( ano!r mean+ ( a ^w f ! incompatibility ( its pr9cipal mean+ ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 & f ! connection ( ?is new mean+ ) ! =m]2 x is tw(old1 z f\nd$ on notoriety or on a motive4 ,?is has be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,kvya-praksa ii4 #i-- ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( ! incompatibility ( ! pr9cipal mean+ ( a ^w1 & yet 9 connection ) x1 ano!r mean+ is indicat$ ?r\gh notoriety or a motive1 ?is is ',indication1' ! sup]add$ function ( ! ^w4 ,n[ ! ^w ?is i4e41 tat 9 ! neut]1 :i* ! neut] yat 9 ! extract w\ld h naturally l$ u to expect in/ead ( ! fem99e s w\ld h signifi$ "s neut] ^w1 l imply+1 :i* is involv$ z a subord9ate "p ( ! v]b is indicat$4 ,b s is us$ 9 ! fem99e by attraction to agree ) lak%an1 ?is is indication1 i4e41 ! neut] ?is is put 9 ! fem99e ?r\gh its dep5d5ce on ! pr$icate4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ by ,kaiyata1 ,( ^? pron\ns :i* imply ! id5tity ( ! subject & ! pr$icate1 ! =m] takes ! g5d] ( ! =m]1 ! latt] ( ! latt]4#dcg ,n[ exp]t 7kusala7 9 bus9ess is an example ( ,indication f notoriety2 = ! ^w kusala1 :i* is significant 9 its p>ts by be+ analys$ etymologically z kusam lti1 "o :o ga!rs kusa grass = ! sacrifice1 is "h employ$ to mean exp]t ?r\gh ! relation ( a simil>ity 9 "*1 z bo? are p]sons ( disc]nm5t2 & ?is does n ne$ a motive any m ?an ,d5otation does1 s9ce ea* is ! us+ a ^w 9 its recognis$ conv5tional s5se 9 accordance ) ! immemorial tradition ( ! eld]s4 ,h5ce x has be5 said-- ,"s in/ances ( 'indication' are kn[n by notoriety f _! imm$iate significance1 j z is ! case 9 'd5otation' ! prim>y p[] ( a ^w4 ,!re=e indication bas$ on notoriety has no reg>d to any motive4 ,al?\gh a ^w1 :5 x is employ$1 fir/ e/abli%es its pr9cipal mean+1 & !n by t mean+ a second mean+ is subsequ5tly indicat$1 & s indication belongs prop]ly to ! pr9cipal mean+ & n to ! ^w2 /ill1 s9ce x is sup]add$ to ! ^w :i* orig9ally e/abli%$ ! prim>y mean+1 x is call$ improp]ly by metonymy a function ( ! ^w4 ,x 0 ) a view to ?is t ! au?or ( ! ,kvya-praksa us$ ! expression1 ,?is is ',indication1' ! sup]add$ function ( ! ^w4 ,b ! indication bas$ on a motive is ( six k9ds3 #a4 inclusive indication1#dch z ! lances ent] :]e we really mean m5 ) ! lances2 #b4 indicative indication1 z ! b5*es %\t :]e ! spectators are meant )\t ! b5*es2 #c4 qualifi$#dci sup]impon5t indication1 z ! man ( ! ,panjb is an ox "h ! object is n swall[$ up 9 ! simile2 #d4 qualifi$ introsusceptive indication1 z t ox "h ! man is swall[$ up 9 ! simile2 #e4 pure sup]impon5t indication1 z gh is life2 #f4 pure introsusceptive indication1 z v]ily ?is is life4 ,?is has be5 all expla9$ 9 ! ,kvya-praksa ii4 #aj-ab4 ,b en\gh ( ?is *urn+ ( ! dep?s ( rhetorical discussions4 ,?is yoga has be5 decl>$ to h eight ?+s ancill>y to x 7anga72 ^! are ! =be>ances1 religi\s obs]vances1 po/ures1 suppression ( ! brea?1 re/ra9t1 att5tion1 contemplation1 & m$itation ii4 #bi4 ,patajali says1 ,=be>ance consi/s 9 n wi%+ to kill1 v]acity1 n /eal+1 cont95ce1 n covet+ ii4 #cj4 ,religi\s obs]vances are purifications1 cont5tm5t1 mortification1 recitation ( texts1 & resignation to ! ,"l ii4 #cb2 & ^! are describ$ 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purna vi4 #g1 #cf-ch-- ,! sage :o br+s 8 m9d into a fit /ate = atta9+ ,brahman1 practises1 void ( all desire1 ,cont95ce1 ab/95ce f injury1 tru?1 non-/eal+1 & non-covet+2 ,self-controll$1 he %\ld practise recitation ( texts1 purification1 cont5tm5t1 & au/]ity1 ,& !n he %\ld make 8 m9d int5t on ! ,supreme ,brahman4 ,^! are respectively call$ ! five '=be>ances' & ! five 'religi\s obs]vances2' ,!y be/[ excell5t rew>ds :5 done ?r\gh desire ( rew>d1 & et]nal lib]ation to ^? void ( desire4 ,a 'po/ure' is :at is /eady & pleasant ii4 #df2 x is ( t5 k9ds1 z ! padma1 bhadra1 vra1 sva/ika1 d&aka1 sopsraya1 p>yanka1 krau*ani%adana1 u%trani%adana1 samasam/hna4 ,yjavalkya has describ$ ea* ( !m 9 ! passage :i* comm5ces-- ,let him hold fa/ 8 two great toes ) 8 two h&s1 b 9 rev]se ord]1 ,hav+ plac$ ! soles ( 8 feet1 ,o *ief ( ,brhmans1 on 8 ?ighs2 ,?is w be ! padma po/ure1 held 9 hon\r by all4 ,! descriptions ( ! o!rs mu/ be s\ght 9 t "w4--,:5 ?is /ead9ess ( po/ure has be5 atta9$1 regulation ( ! brea? is practis$1 & ?is consi/s 9 a cutt+ %ort ( ! motion ( inspiration & expiration ii4 #di4 ,inspiration is ! draw+ 9 ( ! ext]nal air2 expiration is ! expell+ ( ! air )9 ! body2 & regulation ( ! brea? is ! cessation ( activity 9 bo? movem5ts4 ,b x may be object$ ?is _c be accept$ z a g5]al def9ition ( 'regulation ( brea?1' s9ce x fails to apply to ! special k9ds1 z re*aka1 praka1 & kumbhaka4 ,we reply t !re is "h no fault 9 ! def9ition1 s9ce ! cutt+ %ort ( ! motion ( inspiration & expiration is f\nd 9 all ^! special k9ds4 ,?us re*aka1 :i* is ! expulsion ( ! air )9 ! body1 is only t regulation ( ! brea?1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ be=e z expiration2 & praka1 :i* is ! regulat$ ret5tion ( ! ext]nal air )9 ! body1 is ! inspiration2 & kumbhaka is ! int]nal susp5sion ( brea?+1 :5 ! vital air1 call$ prna1 rema9s motionless l wat] 9 a j> 7kumbha74 ,?us ! cutt+ %ort ( ! motion ( inspiration & expiration applies to all1 & consequ5tly ! objector's d\bt is ne$less4 ,n[ ?is air1 beg9n+ f sunrise1 rema9s two ghatiks & a half#ddj 9 ea* art]y#dda 7ndi71 l ! revolv+ buckets on a wat]:eel4#ddb ,?us 9 ! c\rse ( a day & night !re are produc$ #ba1fjj inspirations & expirations4 ,h5ce x has be5 said by ^? :o "k ! secret ( transmitt+ ! mantras1 conc]n+ ! transmission ( ! ajapmantra#ddc-- ,six hundr$ to ,ganesa1 six ?\s& to ! self-exi/5t ,brahman1 ,six ?\s& to ,vi%nu1 six ?\s& to ,siva1 ,"o ?\s& to ! ,guru 7,brihaspati71 "o ?\s& to ! ,supreme ,s\l1 ,& "o ?\s& to ! s\l3 ?us ,i make ov] ! p]=m$ mutt]+4 ,s at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! air ?r\gh ! art]ies1 ! elem5ts1 e>?1 c41 mu/ be und]/ood1 accord+ to _! diff]5t col\rs1 by ^? :o wi% to obta9 ! highe/ good4 ,?is has be5 ?us expla9$ by ! wise-- ,let ea* art]y convey ! air two ghats & a half f sunrise4 ,!re is a cont9ual resemblance ( ! two art]ies#ddd to ! buckets on a revolv+ wat]:eel4 ,n9e hundr$ inspirations & expirations ( ! air take place 9 ! h\r1 ,& all comb9$ produce ! total ( tw5ty-"o ?\s& six hundr$ 9 a day & night4 ,! "t t is sp5t 9 utt]+ ?irty-six guna lett]s1#dde ,t "t elapses :ile ! air passes along 9 ! int]val betwe5 two art]ies4 ,!re are five elem5ts 9 ea* ( ! two conduct+ art]ies1-- ,!y be> x along day & night2 ^! are to be kn[n by ! self-re/ra9$4 ,fire be>s above1 wat] bel[2 air moves across2 ,e>? 9 ! half-holl[2 e!r moves ev]y:]e4 ,!y be> along 9 ord]1--air1 fire1 wat]1 e>?1 e!r2 ,?is is to be kn[n 9 its due ord] 9 ! two conduct+ art]ies4 ,! palas#ddf ( e>? are fifty1 ( wat] =ty1 ,( fire ?irty1 ( air tw5ty1 ( e!r t54 ,?is is ! am\nt ( "t tak5 = ! be>+2 b ! reason t ! two art]ies are s di/urb$ ,is t e>? has five prop]ties1#ddg wat] f\r1 ,fire has ?ree1 air two1 & e!r "o4 ,!re are t5 palas = ea* prop]ty2 h5ce e>? has fifty palas1 ,& ea*1 f wat] d[nw>ds1 loses successively4 ,n[ ! five prop]ties ( e>? ,are od\r1 sav\r1 col\r1 tangibility1 & audibl5ess2 & ^! decrease "o by "o4 ,! two elem5ts1 e>? & wat]1 produce _! fruit by ! influ5ce ( 'quiet1' ,b fire1 air1 & e!r by ! influ5ce ( 'brightness1' 're/lessness1' & 'imm5sity4'#ddh ,! *>act]i/ic signs ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 & e!r are n[ decl>$2-- ,( ! fir/ /eadfa/ness ( m9d2 ?r\gh ! coldness ( ! second arises desire2 ,f ! ?ird ang] & grief2 f ! f\r? fickl5ess ( m9d2 ,f ! fif? ! abs5ce ( any object1 or m5tal impressions ( lat5t m]it4 ,let ! devotee place 8 ?umbs 9 8 e>s1 & a middle f+] 9 ea* no/ril1 ,& ! little f+] & ! "o next to x 9 ! corn]s ( 8 m\?1 & ! two rema9+ f+]s 9 ! corn]s ( 8 eyes1 ,!n !re w arise 9 due ord] ! k ( ! e>? & ! o!r elem5ts )9 him1 ,! fir/ f\r by yell[1 :ite1 d>k r$1 & d>k blue spots1#ddi--! e!r has no symbol4 ,:5 ! elem5t air is ?us compreh5d$ & its re/ra9t is accompli%$1 ! evil influ5ce ( works :i* conceal$ discrim9at+ k is de/roy$ ii4 #eb2 h5ce x has be5 said-- ,!re is no au/]ity sup]ior to regulation ( ! brea?4#dej ,& aga9-- ,z ! dross ( metals1 :5 !y are melt$1 is consum$1 ,s ! s]p5ts ( ! s5ses are consum$ by regulation ( ! brea?4#dea ,n[ 9 ?is way1 hav+ 8 m9d purifi$ by ! =be>ances & ! o!r ?+s subs]vi5t to conc5tration1 ! devotee is to atta9 self-ma/]y 7samyama7#deb & re/ra9t 7pratyhra74 ,re/ra9t is ! accommodation ( ! s5ses1 z ! eye1 c41 to ! nature ( ! m9d1#dec :i* is int5t on ! s\l's unalt]$ nature1 :ile !y ab&on all conc]nm5t ) _! own sev]al objects1 :i* might excite desire or ang] or /upid indiff]5ce4 ,?is is express$ by ! etymology ( ! ^w2 ! s5ses are drawn to x 7 hri71 away f !m 7pratpa74 ,b is x n ! m9d :i* is !n int5t ^u ! s\l & n ! s5ses1 s9ce ^! are only adapt$ = ext]nal objects1 & !re=e h no p[] = ?is suppos$ action8 ,h[1 !re=e1 c\ld !y be accommodat$ to ! nature ( ! m9d8 ,:at y say is q true2 & !re=e ! au?or ( ! aphorisms1 hav+ an eye to _! want ( p[] = ?is1 introduc$ ! words z x 71 to express resemblance4 ,re/ra9t is1 z x 71 ! accommodation ( ! s5ses to ! nature ( ! m9d 9 ! abs5ce ( conc]nm5t ) ea* "o's own object ii4 #ed4 ,_! abs5ce ( conc]nm5t ) _! sev]al objects = ! sake ( be+ accommodat$ to ! nature ( ! m9d is ?is resemblance :i* we mean4 ,s9ce1 :5 ! m9d is re/ra9$1 ! eye1 c41 are re/ra9$1 no fre% ef=t is to be expect$ f !m1 & !y foll[ ! m9d z bees foll[ _! k+4 ,?is has be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,vi%nu-purna vi4 #g1 #dc1 #dd-- ,let ! devotee1 re/ra9+ 8 organs ( s5se1 :i* ev] t5d to pursue ext]nal objects1 ,himself int5t on re/ra9t1 make !m con=mable to ! m9d2 ,by ?is is effect$ ! entire subjugation ( ! un/eady s5ses2 ,if !y are n controll$1 ! yog9 w n accompli% 8 yoga4#ded ,att5tion 7dhran7 is ! fix+ ! m9d1 by )draw+ x f all o!r objects1 on "s place1 :e!r connect$ ) ! int]nal self1 z ! circle ( ! navel1 ! lotus ( ! he>t1 ! top ( ! su%umn art]y1 c41 or some?+ ext]nal1 z ,prajpati1 ,vsava1 ,hiranyag>bha1 c4 ,?is is decl>$ by ! aphorism1 ',att5tion' is ! fix+ ! m9d on a place iii4 #a2 & s1 too1 say ! foll[]s ( ! ,purnas-- ,by regulation ( brea? hav+ controll$ ! air1 & by re/ra9t ! s5ses1 ,let him next make ! p]fect asylum ! dwell+-place ( 8 m9d4#dee ,! cont9ual fl[ ( ?\ght 9 ?is place1 re/+ on ! object to be contemplat$1 & avoid+ all incongru\s ?\ghts1 is contemplation 7dhyna72 ?us x is said1 ,a c\rse ( uni=m ?\ght !re1 is 'contemplation' iii4 #b4 ,o!rs also h said-- ,a cont9u$ succession ( ?\ghts1 int5t on objects ( t k9d & desir+ no o!r1 ,?is is 'contemplation1'--x is ?us effect$ by ! fir/ six ( ! ancill>y ?+s4 ,we incid5tally1 9 elucidat+ some?+ else1 discuss$ ! rema9+ eigh? ancill>y ?+1 m$itation 7samdhi1 see p4 #bdc74 ,by ?is practice ( ! ancill>y means ( yoga1 pursu$ = a long "t ) un9t]rupt$ e>ne/ness1 ! afflictions :i* h9d] m$itation are aboli%$1 & ?r\gh ex]cise & dispassion ! devotee atta9s to ! p]fections designat$ by ! names ,madhumat & ! re/4 ,b :y d y ne$lessly fright5 u ) unkn[n & mon/r\s words f ! dialects ( ,k>nta1 ,gauda1#def & ,lta8#deg ,we d n want to fright5 y1 b r to gratify y by expla9+ ! mean+ ( ^! /range words2 !re=e let ! read] :o is s ne$lessly al>m$ li/5 to u ) att5tion4 i4 ,! ,madhumat p]fection1--?is is ! p]fection ( m$itation1 call$ ! k :i* holds to ! tru?1 consi/+ 9 ! illum9ation ( unsulli$ purity by means ( ! contemplation ( goodness1 compos$ ( ! manife/ation ( joy1 ) e trace ( passion or d>kness aboli%$ by ex]cise1 dispassion1 c4 ,?us x is said 9 ! aphorisms1 ,9 t case !re is ! k :i* holds to ! tru? i4 #dh4 ,x holds to ! tru?1 i4e41 to ! real2 x is nev] ov]%ad[$ by error4 ,9 t case1 i4e41 :5 firmly e/abli%$1 !re arises ?is k to ! second yog94 ,= ! yog9s or devotees to ! practice ( yoga are well kn[n to be ( f\r k9ds1 viz41-- i4 ,! pr?amakalpika1 9 :om ! light has j ent]$1#deh b1 z x has be5 said1 he has n won ! light :i* consi/s 9 ! p[] ( kn[+ ano!r's ?\ghts1 c42 #b4 ,! madhubhmika1 :o possesses ! k :i* holds to ! tru?2 #c4 ,! prajjyotis1 :o has subdu$ ! elem5ts & ! s5ses2 #d4 ,! atikrnta-bhvanya1 :o has atta9$ ! highe/ dispassion4 ii4 ,! ,madhupratk p]fections are swiftness l ?\ght1 c4 ,^! are decl>$ to be swiftness l ?\ght1 ! be+ )\t organs1 & ! conque/ ( nature iii4 #di4 ,swiftness l ?\ght is ! atta9m5t by ! body ( exce$+ swiftness ( motion1 l ?\ght2 ! be+ )\t bodily organs#dei is ! atta9m5t by ! s5ses1 irrespective ( ! body1 ( p[]s direct$ to objects 9 any desir$ place or "t2 ! conque/ ( nature is ! p[] ( controll+ all ! manife/ations ( nature4 ,^! p]fections appe> to ! full 9 ! ?ird k9d ( yog91 f ! subjugation by him ( ! five s5ses & _! ess5tial conditions4#dfj ,^! p]fections are sev]ally sweet1 ea* "o by itself1 z ev5 a p>ticle ( honey is sweet1 & !re=e ! second /ate is call$ ,madhupratk i4e41 t ^: p>ts are sweet4 iii4 ,! ,visok p]fection consi/s 9 ! supremacy ov] all exi/5ces1 c4 ,?is is said 9 ! aphorisms1 ,to him :o possesses1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r ideas1 ! discrim9ative k ( ! quality ( goodness & ! s\l1 arises omnisci5ce & ! supremacy ov] all exi/5ces iii4 #ej4 ,! supremacy ov] all exi/5ces is ! ov]com+ l a ma/] all entities1 z ^! are b ! developm5ts ( ! quality ( goodness 9 ! m9d ! o!r qualities ( passion & d>kness be+ already aboli%$1 & exi/ only 9 ! =m ( en]gy & ! objects to be en]gis$ ^u4#dfa ,! discrim9ative k ( !m1 z exi/+ 9 ! modes subsid$1 em]g$1 or n to be nam$1#dfb is omnisci5ce4 ,?is is said 9 ! aphorisms i4 #cf1 ,or a lum9\s imm$iate cognition1 free f sorr[#dfc may produce /ead9ess ( m9d4 iv4 ,! ,samskrase%at /ate is also call$ asamprajta1 i4e41 t m$itation 9 :i* di/9ct recognition ( an object is lo/2 x is t m$itation )\t a se$ i4e41 )\t any object :i* is able to /op ! afflictions t produce fruits to be aft]w>ds exp]i5c$ 9 ! %ape ( rank1 l5g? ( life1 & enjoym5t2 & ?is m$itation belongs to him :o1 9 ! cessation ( all modifications ( ! int]nal organ1 has rea*$ ! highe/ dispassion4 ,! o!r k9d ( m$itation i4e41 t 9 :i* di/9ct recognition ( an object is lo/ is prec$$ by t ex]cise ( ?\ght :i* produces ! entire cessation ( modifications2 x has no?+ left b ! lat5t impressions ( ?\ght aft] ! dep>ture ( all objects i4e41 samskrase%a1 i4 #ah4 ,?us ?is =emo/ ( m51 be+ utt]ly passionless t[>ds ev]y?+1 f9ds t ! se$s ( ! afflictions1 l burn$ rice-gra9s1 are b]eft ( ! p[] to g]m9ate1 & !y are aboli%$ toge!r ) ! int]nal organ4 ,:5 ^! are de/roy$1 !re ensues1 ?r\gh ! full maturity ( 8 uncl\d$ discrim9ative k1 an absorption ( all causes & effects into ! primal prakriti2 & ! s\l1 :i* is ! p[] ( pure intellig5ce1 abid+ 9 its own real nature1 & escap$ f all connection ) ! ph5om5al und]/&+ 7buddhi71 or ) exi/5ce1 rea*es absolute isolation 7kaivalya74 ,f9al lib]ation is describ$ by ,patajali z two p]fections3 ,absolute isolation is ! repressive absorption#dfd ( ! 'qualities' :i* h consummat$ ! ends ( ! s\l1 i4e41 enjoym5t & lib]ation1 or ! abid+ ( ! p[] ( intellig5ce 9 its own nature iv4 #cc4 ,nor %\ld any "o object1 ,:y1 h[ev]1 %\ld n ! individual be born aga9 ev5 ?\gh ?is %\ld h be5 atta9$8 = t is settl$ by ! well-kn[n pr9ciple t ) ! cessation ( ! cause ! effect ceases1 & !re=e ?is objection is utt]ly irrelevant1 z admitt+ nei!r inquiry nor decision2 = o!rwise1 if ! effect c\ld arise ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! cause1 we %\ld h bl9d m5 f9d+ jewels1 & su* l absurdities2 & ! popul> prov]b = ! impossible w\ld become a possibility4 ,& s1 too1 says ! ,sruti1 ,a bl9d man f\nd a jewel2 "o )\t f+]s seiz$ x2 "o )\t a neck put x on2 & a dumb man prais$ x4#dfe ,?us we see t1 l ! au?oritative treatises on m$ic9e1 ! ,yoga-s/ra consi/s ( f\r divisions2 z ^? on m$ic9e treat ( disease1 its cause1 heal?1 & m$ic9e1 s ! ,yoga-s/ra also treats ( ph5om5al exi/5ce1 its cause1 lib]ation1 & its cause4 ,?is exi/5ce ( ours1 full ( pa91 is :at is to be escap$ f2 ! connection ( nature & ! s\l is ! cause ( our hav+ to exp]i5ce ?is exi/5ce2 ! absolute abolition ( ?is connection is ! escape2 & "r insight is ! cause !re(4#dff ,! same f\rfold division is to be simil>ly trac$ z ! case may be 9 o!r ,s/ras also4 ,?us all has be5 made cle>4 ,! sy/em ( ,sank>a1 :i* comes next 9 succession1 & :i* is ! cre/-gem ( all sy/ems1 has be5 expla9$ by u else:]e2 x is !re=e left unt\*$ "h4#dfg ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,yoga4 ,!re is an int]e/+ description ( ! ,yog9s on ! ,m\nta9 ,raivataka 9 ,mgha 7iv4 #ee73-- ,!re ! vot>ies ( m$itation1 well skill$ 9 b5evol5ce 7maitr7 & ^? o!r purifi]s ( ! m9d1--hav+ successfully aboli%$ ! 'afflictions' & obta9$ ! 'm$itation possess$ ( a se$1' & hav+ rea*$ t k :i* recognises ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! quality ,goodness & ! ,s\l1--desire yet fur!r to repress ev5 ?is ultimate m$itation4 ,x is curi\s to notice t maitr1 :i* plays su* a prom95t "p 9 ,buddhism1 is c\nt$ 9 ! ,yoga z only a prelim9>y condition f :i* ! vot>y is to take1 z x 71 8 fir/ />t t[>ds 8 f9al goal4 ,x is call$ a p>ik>man 7 prasdhaka7 9 ,vysa's ,comm4 i4 #cc 7cf4 iii4 #bb71 :5ce ! t]m is borr[$ by ,mgha4 ,bhoja expressly says t ?is purify+ process is an ext]nal "o1 & n an intimate portion ( yoga itself2 j z 9 ari?metic ! op]ations ( addition1 c41 are valuable1 n 9 !mselves1 b z aids 9 effect+ ! m important calculations :i* arise subsequ5tly4 ,! ,yoga seems directly to allude to ,buddhism 9 ?is m>k$ depreciation ( its c>d9al virtue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,p4 #bcg1 ,,la/ ,,l9e4 ,= ! ^w vykopa 9 ! orig9al "h 7see also p4 #bdb1 l4 #c infra71 cf4 ,kusumjali1 p4 #f1 l4 #g4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cfc3 ,on ?is see ,dr4 ,hall's ,pref4 to ,snkhya ,pr4 ,bh%41 p4 #bj2 ,s4 ,sra1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,i4e41 he reveal$ ! ,v$a1 & also orig9at$ ! mean+s ( words1 z well z in/ruct$ ! fir/ fa!rs ( mank9d 9 ! arts ( life4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,i read ye = te ) ,dr4 ,hall's ,,ms4 ,tapya means r susceptible ( suff]+4 ,footnote #cff3 ,?is is really ,vysa's comm4 on ,st41 iv4 #ba4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,cf4 ,bh%-p>i**h$a1 #ae1 a4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,satapa?a ,br41 xiv4 #g1 #b1 #bh4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,i read 9 ! second clause tadbhve'pi1 und]/&+ by tad ! diff]5t conditions :i* a?a is suppos$ to assume z be+ necess>ily pres5t4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,^! are1 i41 ! discrim9ation ( ! et]nal f ! ph5om5al2 ii41 ! rejection ( ! fruit ( actions "h or h]eaft]2 iii41 ! possession ( ! six qualities1 tranquillity1 c42 &1 iv41 ! desire = lib]ation4 ,footnote #cga3 ,x may be sukha-janaka1 b x is n itself sukha4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,grant+ t a?a does n "h mean auspici\s1 :y %\ld n ?is be ! impli$ mean+1 z all all[ t ! p>ticle a?a does produce an auspici\s influ5ce8 ,footnote #cgc3 i4e41 a ^w's incapacity to convey a mean+ )\t "s o!r ^w to complete ! con/ruction4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,?is is f\nd ) "s v>iations 9 ! ,mahbh%ya 7p4 #g1 ,kielhorn's ed47 ,footnote #cge3 ,! comm5tators hold t ! ^w vriddhih is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ stra1 :ile gunah 9 ! second is plac$ at ! end 7ad en gunah71 9 ord] to ensure an auspici\s op5+1 vriddhi mean+ increase1 prosp]ity1 z well z ! second /r5g!n+ ( a v[el4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,9 ! old ,b5gali poem ,*&1 we h an int]e/+ li/ ( ^! om5s4 ,! h]o ,*&raketu1 />t+ on a j\rney1 has ! foll[+ good om5s3 ,on 8 "r h& a c[1 a de]1 a ,brhman1 a full-bl[n lotus2 on 8 left1 a jackal & a j> full ( wat]4 ,he he>s on 8 "r h& ! s\nd ( fire & a c[h]dess call+ milk to buy]s4 ,he sees a c[ ) h] calf1 a woman call+ jaya1 drv grass1 rice1 g>l&s ( fl[]s1 diamonds1 sapphires1 pe>ls1 corals2 & on ! left twelve wom54 ,he he>s drums & cymbals1 & m5 danc+ & s++ ,h>i4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 all spoil$ by see+ a guana 7godhik74 ,! au?or adds1 ,?is is a bad om5 accord+ to all s/ras1 & s is a tortoise1 a rh9oc]os1 ! tub]\s root ( ! wat]-lily1 & a h>e4 ,else:]e1 a vulture1 a kite1 a liz>d1 & a woodman c>ry+ wood are call$ bad om5s4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,^! are ! names ( two out ( ! f\r sacrifices la/+ = "o day1 9 :i* a ?\s& c[s are giv5 to ! (ficiat+ ,brhmans4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,he is "h call$ phanipati1 "l ( snakes1--,patajali1 ! au?or ( ! ,mahbh%ya1 be+ repres5t$ z a snake 9 my?ology4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,cf4 ,sank>a1 ,v$nta-,st41 iii4 #c1 #di4 ,footnote #chj3 ,?is is ! ,mmms rule = settl+ ! relative value ( ! pro(s t "o ?+ is ancill>y to ano!r4 #a4 ,sruti1 a def9ite text1 z let him (f] ) curds1 :]e curds are cle>ly an ancill>y "p ( ! sacrifice4 #b4 ,l+a1 a sign1 or ! s5se ( ! words1 z lead+ to an inf]5ce1 z 9 ! text he divides by ! ladle2 "h we inf] t ! ?+ to be divid$ mu/ be a liquid l ghee1 s9ce a ladle c\ld n divide solid ?+s l ! bak$ fl\r cakes4 #c4 ,vkya1 ! be+ m5tion$ 9 "o s5t5ce1 i4e41 ! context1 z 9 ! text '7,i cut7 !e = food1' ?us say+1 he cuts ! bran*2 "h ! words 7,i cut7 !e = food are ancill>y to ! action ( cutt+2 or 9 ! text1 ,i (f] ! welcome 7oblation7 to ,agni1 ! words ! welcome 7oblation7 to ,agni1 z !y =m "o s5t5ce ) ! words ,i (f]1 are ancill>y to ! act ( (f]+4 #d4 ,prak>ana1 ! subject-matt] view$ z a :ole1 ) an int]dep5d5ce ( its p>ts1 z 9 ! d>sa-prnamsa sacrifice1 :]e ! prayja c]emonies1 :i* h no special fruit m5tion$1 produce1 z p>ts1 a my/ic influ5ce 7aprva7 :i* helps =w>d t influ5ce ( ! :ole by :i* ! wor%ipp]s obta9 heav54 ,"h ! prak>ana proves !m to be ancill>y4 #e4 ,/hna 7or krama71 relative position or ord]1 z ! recital ( ! hymn ,sundhadhvam1 c41 ,be ye purifi$ = ! div9e "w1 9 connection ) ! m5tion ( ! snnyya vessels1 :]e ?is position proves t ! hymn is ancill>y to ! action ( spr9kl+ ^? vessels4 #f4 ,samkhy1 title2 ?us ! ,yajur-v$a is call$ ! special book = ! adhv>yu prie/s2 h5ce 9 any rite m5tion$ 9 x !y are prima facie to be consid]$ z ! prie/s employ$4 ,! ord] 9 ! aphorism repres5ts ! relative weight to be atta*$ to ea*2 ! fir/1 sruti1 be+ ! mo/ important2 ! la/1 samkhy1 ! lea/4 ,cf4 ,jaim9i's ,stras1 iii4 #c1 #ad2 ,mmmsp>ibh%1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #cha3 ,i4e41 ,yogi-,yjavalkya1 ! au?or ( ! ,yjavalkya-gt4 ,see ,hall1 ,bibl4 ,index1 p4 #ad2 ,aufre*t1 ,bodl4 ,catal41 p4 #hg b4 ,footnote #chb3 ,k>man seems "h us$ = kriy1 :i* prop]ly belongs only to ! body1 z ! s\l is dra%tri4 ,footnote #chc3 ,scil4 samdhi1 or ! re/ra9+ ! m9d & s5ses to pr(\nd contemplation4 ,footnote #chd3 ,scil4 =be>ance1 religi\s obs]vance1 po/ures1 suppression ( ! brea?1 re/ra9t1 att5tion1 contemplation1 & m$itation 7samdhi74 ,footnote #che3 ,see ,bhoja1 ,comm4 iii4 #c1 samyag dhyate mano yatra sa samdhih4 ,footnote #chf3 ,?us1 e4g41 ! antec$5t non-exi/5ce & ! de/ruction ( ! pot are f\nd 9 ! two halves 9 :i* ! pot itself 7! c\nt]-entity to its own non-exi/5ce7 resides by intimate relation 7samavya-samb&ha74 ,footnote #chg3 ,i read niroddhavynm = nirodhnm4 ,footnote #chh3 ,*it-sakti & *iti-sakti s\l4 ,footnote #chi3 ,! sattva ( ! buddhi or ! int]nal organ4 ,footnote #cij3 ,?is second sub/ance1 m9d or und]/&+ 7buddhi1 *itta71 is l a look+-glass1 :i* reflects ! image ( ! object on a second look+-glass 7sc4 s\l74 ,footnote #cia3 ,v*aspati expla9s lak%ana z klabh$a4 ,footnote #cib3 ,i take di z mean+ asphutatva4 ,! *ange ( /ate takes place betwe5 ! sev]al mom5ts ( ! lak%ana-p>9ma4 ,cf4 ! ,comm5t>ies on iii4 #ac4 ,footnote #cic3 ,^! are g5]ally call$ ! five /ates ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 *ittabhmayas or ava/hs4 ,cf4 ,comm5t>y1 i4 #b1 #ah4 ,footnote #cid3 ,^! ?ree conditions respectively *>act]ise m51 demons1 & gods4 ,footnote #cie3 ,mu* ( ?is is tak5 f ,bhoja's ,comm5t>y1 & ,i h borr[$ ,ballantyne's translation4 ,footnote #cif3 ,c *itta mean s\l "h8 ,footnote #cig3 ,i4e41 z1 e4g41 :e!r ! s5ses produce ! elem5ts or ! elem5ts ! s5ses1 c4 ,footnote #cih3 ,9 p4 #afd1 l9e #d infra1 read sukhapraksamayasya4 ,footnote #cii3 ,9 p4 #afd1 l9e #b infra1 read sattmtra = sattva-4 ,bhoja well di/+ui%es asmit f ahamkra4 ,footnote #djj3 ,= ^! see infra1 & cf4 ,yoga ,s41 ii4 #c1 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #dja3 ,i h v5tur$ to alt] ! examples1 to suit ! ,engli% translation4 ,footnote #djb3 ,:]e ! negation is prom95t x is call$ prasajya-prati%$ha2 b :]e x is n prom95t1 we h ! p>yudsa negation4 ,9 ! =m] ! negative is connect$ ) ! v]b2 9 ! latt] x is g5]ally comp\nd$ ) "s o!r ^w1 z1 e4g4-- 7a47 ,n a drum 0 he>d1 n a fun]al note4 7b47 ,unwat*$ ! g>d5 b\gh %all sway4 ,! =m] corresponds to ! logician's atyantbhva1 ! latt] to anyonybhva or bh$a4 ,footnote #djc3 ,cf4 ! vrttika 9 ,siddhnta ,kaum41 i4 #dja4 ,footnote #djd3 ,?us adhana /&s = avidya-mnadhana1 ) vidyamna omitt$ 9 ! comp\nd4 ,footnote #dje3 ,z its subject w\ld confess$ly be buddhi4 ,footnote #djf3 ,z x is avidy aft] all4 ,footnote #djg3 ,9 p4 #afe1 l9es #af1 #ag1 read 7) my ,,ms4 ( ,v*aspati's ,gloss71 s>vavritt9irodhasampanny api ta?tvaprasangt4 ,footnote #djh3 ,i read tanvava/hs*a ) ! pr9t$ edition ( ,v*aspati's ,gloss4 ,if tanudagdhs*a is correct1 x mu/ mean tanutv5a dagdhh4 ,footnote #dji3 ,z 9 rmalak%manau1 ,rma & ,lak%mana4 ,footnote #daj3 ,i read pak%atraye = pak%advaye4 ,footnote #daa3 ,9 8 ,comm4 on ,st41 ii4 #e4 ,footnote #dab3 ,?us inimicus is n a fri5d1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 a non-fri5d1 b some?+ positive1 an enemy4 ,s ago%pada is said to mean a =e/4 ,footnote #dac3 ,cf4 ,yoga ,st41 i4 #h4 ,footnote #dad3 ,9 p4 #aff1 l9e #d infra1 read kydau = krydau4 ,footnote #dae3 ,?is c\plet is quot$ by ,vysa 9 8 ,comm4 on ,yoga ,stras1 ii4 #e1 & ,i h foll[$ ,v*aspati 9 8 explanation ( x2 he calls x vaiysak g?4 ,footnote #daf3 ,s9ce ! cont9u$ enjoym5t ( an object only increases ! desire = m1 & its loss gives correspond5t regret 7cf4 ,bhag4 ,g4 xviii4 #ch74 ,footnote #dag3 ,lit]ally1 x has f\r feet4 ,footnote #dah3 ,?us sight1 or ! p[] ( see+1 is a modification ( ! quality ( sattva unob/ruct$ by rajas & tamas4 ,footnote #dai3 ,let ! affix n9i be us$ aft] a root 9 ! s5se ( :at is habitual1 :5 ! upapada1 or subord9ate ^w1 is n a ^w mean+ 'g5us' & ends 9 a case4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,let vriddhi be ! sub/itute ( a base end+ 9 a v[el1 :5 t :i* has an indicatory or n foll[s2 n9i has an indicatory n4 ,footnote #dba3 ,sc4 anusaya ini anusay94 ,footnote #dbb3 ,ini & ?an1 :i* respectively leave 9 & ika2 ?us d&a gives d&9 & d&ika4 ,! l9e is quot$ by ,boehtl+k1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bag1 on ,pn4 v4 #b1 #aae1 & is expla9$ 9 ! ,ksik1 ad loc4 ,! diff]5t prohibitions are illu/rat$ by ! examples3--7#a47 svavn1 khavn2 7#b47 krakavn2 7#c47 vyghravn1 simhavn2 7#d47 d&avat sl 7i4e41 d& asym santi74 ,footnote #dbc3 ,by iii4 #c1 #ef4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,x is curi\s to see ! great gramm>ian's fav\rite /udy obtrud+ itself "h on su* a sl5d] pretext4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,see ! ,ksik on ,pn4 v4 #b1 #aae4 ,= vivak%r?a 7mean+ g5]al curr5cy71 comp>e ,comm5t>y on ,pn4 ii4 #b1 #bg4 ,! edition 9 ! ,b5>es ,p&it reads vi%ayaniyamr?a4 ,footnote #dbf3 i4e41 ,?us nirodha is n vritt] abhvah1 b abhvasysryah4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,i read 9 p4 #afh1 la/ l9e1 praksapravritt9iyam>pa1 f ,bhoja's comm5t on i4 #ab4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,see ,ksik1 ii4 #c1 #cf4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,?is passage probably occurs 9 ! ,yjavalkya-gt ( ,yogi-yjavalkya4 ,see ,colebrooke's ,essays 7ed4 #b71 vol4 i4 p4 #ade1 note4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,mmms ,stras1 ii4 #a1 #ce-cg4 ,footnote #dca3 ,! tantras are n prop]ly conc]n$ ) :at is nitya or naimittika2 !y are kmya4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,! vja ( air is ! syllable jam4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,! vja ( wat] is ! syllable bam4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,hrm4 ,footnote #dce3 ,srm4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,tndava is ! frantic dance ( ! god4 ,siva & 8 vot>ies4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,lit]ally !y take sev]ally 9 ord] ! g5d] ( "o ( ! two4 ,cf4 ,!b ips quod ,boeoti caput e/1 ,livy1 xlii4 #dd2 ,animal hoc providum1 acutum1 pl5um rationis et consilii1 quem vocamus hom9em1 ,cic41 ,legg1 i4 #g4 ,footnote #dch3 ,i h borr[$ ^! t]ms f ,ballantyne's translation ( ! ,shitya-d>pana4 ,footnote #dci3 ,qualifi$ indication arises f lik5ess1 z ! man is l an ox f 8 /upidity2 pure indication f any o!r relation1 z cause & effect1 c41 ?us butt] is ! cause ( longevity4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,i4e41 an h\r1 a ghatik be+ tw5ty-f\r m9utes4 ,footnote #dda3 ,! nds or tubul> vessels are g5]ally reckon$ to be #aja1 ) t5 pr9cipal ones2 o!rs make sixte5 pr9cipal nds4 ,!y seem tak5 aft]w>ds 9 pairs4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,mdhava uses ! same illu/ration 9 8 comm5t>y on ! passage 9 ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana 7iii4 #bi71 :]e ! relation ( ! vital airs1 ! seasons1 & ! mantras repeat$ ) ! (f]+s to ! seasons1 is discuss$4 ,! seasons nev] /& /ill2 foll[+ ea* o!r 9 ord] "o by "o1 z spr+1 summ]1 ! ra9s1 autumn1 ! cold & ! foggy seasons1 ea* consi/+ ( two mon?s1 & s con/itut+ ! ye> ( twelve mon?s1 !y cont9ue revolv+ aga9 & aga9 l a wat]:eel 7ghatyantravat72 h5ce ! seasons nev] pause 9 _! c\rse4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,?is ref]s to a peculi> t5et ( ,h9du my/icism1 t ea* involunt>y inspiration & expiration con/itutes a mantra1 z _! s\nd expresses ! ^w s'ham 7i4e41 hamsah71 ,i am he4 ,?is mantra is repeat$ #ba1fjj times 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x is call$ ! ajapmantra1 i4e41 ! mantra utt]$ )\t volunt>y mutt]+4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,i4e41 t :i* conveys ! inhal$ & ! exhal$ brea?4 ,footnote #dde3 ,i _c expla9 ?is4 ,we might read guruv>nnm = gunav>nnm1 z ! "t sp5t 9 utt]+ a guruv>na is a vipala1 sixty ( :i* make a pala1 & two & a half palas make a m9ute2 b ?is seems inconsi/5t ) ! o!r num]ical details4 ,! :ole passage may be comp>$ ) ! op5+ ( ! fif? act ( ! ,mlatmdhava4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,sixty palas make a ghatik 7#ej #dj #cj #bj #aj #aej1 i4e41 ! palas 9 two & a half ghatiks or "o h\r74 ,footnote #ddg3 ,cf4 ,colebrooke's ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,lit]ally ! be+ ev] m4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,= ^! col\rs cf4 ,*hndogya ,up41 viii4 #f2 ,maitri ,up41 vi4 #cj4 ,footnote #dej3 ,?is is an anonym\s quotation 9 ,vysa's ,comm4 ,footnote #dea3 ,?is seems a v>iation ( ,sloka #g ( ! ,amrita-nda ,up4 ,see ,web]1 ,indis*e ,/ud41 ix4 #bf4 ,footnote #deb3 ,?is is def9$ 9 ! ,yoga ,st41 iii4 #d1 z consi/+ ( ! unit$ op]ation t[>ds "o object ( contemplation1 att5tion1 & m$itation4 ,footnote #dec3 ,i4e41 ! int]nal organ 7*itta74 ,footnote #ded3 ,?is c\plet is corrupt 9 ! text4 ,i foll[ ! read+ ( ! ,bombay edition ( ! ,purna 7only read+ 9 l9e #c *altmanm74 ,footnote #dee3 ,vi%nu-pur41 vi4 #g1 #de1 ) "o or two v>iations4 ,! p]fect asylum is ,brahman1 =mless or possess+ =m4 ,footnote #def3 ,! old "n = ! c5tral "p ( ,b5gal4 ,footnote #deg3 ,a c\ntry compris+ ,kh&e% & "p ( ,guz]at2 x is ! ,greek3 ,l>ik ( ,ptolemy4 ,footnote #deh3 ,9 p4 #agh1 l4 #b1 infra1 read pravritta = pravritti4 ,cf4 ,yoga ,s41 iii4 #eb 9 ,bhoja's ,comm4 7#ej 9 ,vysa's ,comm47 ,footnote #dei3 ,read vik>anabhvah2 ,v*aspati expla9s x z videhnm indriynm k>anabhvah4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,vysa has k>anapa*ak>pajaya2 ,v*aspati expla9s rpa by grahandi 7cf4 iii4 #dg74 ,footnote #dfa3 ,i read 9 p4 #agi1 l4 #aa1 vyava-syavyavaseytmaknm1 f ,vysa's ,comm4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,i4e41 z pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,visok4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,?is is expla9$ by ,v*aspati1 ,! lat5t impressions produc$ by ! /ates ( ! int]nal organ call$ vyut?na 7:5 x is *iefly *>act]is$ by 'activity1' or 'd>kness1' iii4 #i7 & nirodha 7:5 x is *iefly *>act]is$ by ! quality ( 'goodness'71 are absorb$ 9 ! int]nal organ itself2 ?is 9 'egoism' 7asmit72 'egoism' 9 ! 'm]ely once resolvable' 7i4e41 buddhi72 & buddhi into ! 'irresolvable' 7i4e41 prakriti74 ,prakriti consi/s ( ! ?ree 'qualities' 9 equilibrium2 & ! entire creation1 consi/+ ( causes & effects1 is ! developm5t ( ^! 'qualities' :5 "o or ano!r becomes pr$om9ant4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,?is curi\s passage occurs 9 ! ,taittirya-ranyaka i4 #aa1 #e4 ,mdhava 9 8 ,comm5t1 !re expla9s x ( ! s\l1 & quotes ! ,svetsv4 ,up41 iii4 #ai4 ,mdhava "h takes av9dat z he pi]c$ ! jewel1 b ,i h foll[$ 8 correct explanation 9 ! ,comm4 ,footnote #dff3 ,?is is tak5 f ,v*aspati's ,comm4 on ,yoga ,s4 ii4 #ae4 ,cf4 ! f\r tru?s ( ,buddhism4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,?is probably ref]s to ! ,pa*adas4 ,a ,calcutta ,p&it told me t x ref]r$ to ! ,prameya-viv>ana-sangraha 7cf4 ,dr4 ,burnell's preface to 8 edition ( ! ,devatdhyya-brhmana1 p4 x71 b1 if ?is is ! same z ! viv>ana-prameya-sangraha1 x is by ,bhrattr?avidyranya 7see ,dr4 ,burnell's ,cat ( ,tanjore ,,mss4 p4 #hh74 ,,app5dix4 ,,on ,,! ,,up,,dhi 7cf4 supra1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #agd1 #aid74 ,z ! updhi or condition is a peculi>ity ( ,h9du logic :i* is little kn[n 9 ,europe1 ,i h add$ ! foll[+ translation ( ! sections 9 ! ,bh%-p>i**h$a & ! ,siddhnta-muktval1 :i* treat ( x4 cxxxvii4 ,t :i* always accompanies ! major t]m 7sdhya71 b does n always accompany ! middle 7hetu71 is call$ ! ,condition 7updhi72 its exam9ation is n[ set =?4 ,our au?or n[ proce$s to def9e ! updhi or condition1#dfh :i* is us$ to /op our acquiesc5ce 9 a univ]sal proposition z laid d[n by ano!r p]son2--t :i* always accompanies1 c4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t ! s-call$ condition1 :ile x inv>iably accompanies t :i* is accept$ z ! major t]m1 does n ?us inv>iably accompany t :i* our oppon5t puts =w>d z 8 middle t]m4 ,?us 9 ! false argum5t1 ,! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire1 we may advance wet fuel1 or r ! be+ produc$ f wet fuel1 z an updhi1 s9ce wet fuel is necess>ily f\nd :]ev] smoke is1 b n always :]e fire is1 z e4g41 9 a r$-hot iron ball4 ,b1 ! oppon5t may sugge/1 if ?is 7 true1 w\ld x n foll[ t 7a7 9 ! case ( ! too wide middle t]m 9 ! argum5t1 ',?is second son ( ,mitr's1 :om ,i h n se51 mu/ be d>k because he is ,mitr's son1' we c\ld n allege '! be+ produc$ f fe$+ on vegetables'#dfi z a 'condition1'--inasmu* z x does n inv>iably accompany a d>k col\r1 s9ce a d>k col\r does also reside 9 ?+s l unbak$ j>s1 c41 :i* h no?+ to d ) fe$+ on vegetables8 7b7 ,aga91 9 ! argum5t1 ',! air mu/ be p]ceptible to s5se#dgj because x is ! site ( t\*1' we c\ld n allege ! 'possess+ proportionate =m' z a 'condition2' because p]ceptibility to ! int]nal s5se is f\nd 9 ! s\l1 c41 & yet s\l1 c41 h no =m & !re=e ! 'possess+ proportionate =m' does n inv>iably accompany p]ceptibility4 7c7 ,aga91 9 ! argum5t1',de/ruction is itself p]i%able1 because x is produc$1' we c\ld n allege z a 'condition' ! 'be+ includ$ 9 "s positive category ( exi/5ce'#dga de/ruction be+ a =m ( non-exi/5ce1 call$ em]g5t1 dvamsbhva1 inasmu* z p]i%ability is f\nd 9 antec$5t non-exi/5ce1 & ?is c]ta9ly _c be said to be includ$ 9 any positive category ( exi/5ce4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d5y ?is1 & ma9ta9 t ! true mean+ ( ! def9ition is simply ?is1--t :atev] fact or m>k we take to det]m9e def9itely1 9 ref]5ce to ! topic1 ! major t]m :i* our condition is inv>iably to accompany1 t same fact or m>k mu/ be equally tak5 to det]m9e ! middle t]m :i* our said condition is n inv>iably to accompany4 ,?us 7a7 ! be+ produc$ f fe$+ on vegetables inv>iably accompanies a d>k col\r1 z det]m9$ by ! fact t x is ,mitr's son1 ^: d>k col\r is discuss$ & ?is v fact is ! alleg$ middle t]m ( ! argum5t2 b ! pret5d$ contradictory in/ance ( ! d>k j> is n 9 po9t1 z ?is 0 n ! topic discuss$4 7b7 ,aga91 possess+ proportionate =m inv>iably accompanies p]ceptibility z det]m9$ by ! fact t ! ?+ p]ceiv$ is an ext]nal object2 :ile x does n inv>iably accompany ! alleg$ middle t]m ! be+ ! site ( t\*1 :i* is equally to be det]m9$ by ! fact t ! ?+ p]ceiv$ is to be an ext]nal object4#dgb 7c7 ,aga91 9 ! argum5t de/ruction is p]i%able f its be+ produc$1 ! be+ includ$ 9 "s positive category ( exi/5ce inv>iably accompanies ! major t]m p]i%able1 :5 det]m9$ by ! attribute ( be+ produc$4 ,& ?is is ! middle t]m advanc$2 & !re=e ! alleg$ contradictory in/ance1 antec$5t non-exi/5ce1 is n 9 po9t1 s9ce nobody pret5ds t ?is is produc$ at all4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t !re is no?+ ( ?is k9d 9 valid middle t]ms1 i4e41 !re is no?+ !re :i* inv>iably accompanies ! major t]m :5 det]m9$ by a c]ta9 fact or m>k1 & does n s accompany ! middle t]m :5 simil>ly det]m9$4 ,?is is peculi> to ! s-call$ condition4 ,%\ld ! read] object t 9 ea* ( our previ\s examples !re has be5 giv5 a sep>ate det]m9+ m>k or attribute :i* 0 to be f\nd 9 ea* ( ! cases includ$ "u ea*2 h[ !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( "s g5]al rule1 are we to f9d out :at ?is det]m9+ m>k is to be 9 any p>ticul> giv5 case8 ,we reply t 9 ! case ( any middle t]m :i* is too g5]al1 ! requir$ g5]al rule consi/s 9 ! con/ant pres5ce ( "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ alt]natives1 viz41 t ! subjects ?us to be includ$ are ei!r 7i47 ! ackn[l$g$ site ( ! major t]m1 & also ! site ( ! condition1#dgc or else 7ii47 ! ackn[l$g$ site ( ! too g5]al middle t]m1 b exclud+ ! said condition2#dgd & x w be :5 ! case is det]m9$ by ! pres5ce ( "o or o!r ( ^! alt]natives t ! condition w be consid]$ z always accompany+ ! major t]m1 & n always accompany+ ! middle t]m4#dge cxxxviii4 ,all true ,conditions reside 9 ! same subjects ) _! major t]ms2#dgf &1 _! subjects be+ ?us common1 ! 7err+7 middle t]m w be equally too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! ,condition & ! major t]m4#dgg cxxxix4 ,x is 9 ord] to prove faulty g5]ality 9 a middle t]m t ! ,condition has to be employ$4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t x is 9 consequ5ce ( ! middle t]m be+ f\nd too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! condition1 t we inf] t x is too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! major t]m2 & h5ce ! use ( hav+ a condition at all4 7a47 ,?us1 :]e ! condition inv>iably accompanies an unlimit$#dgh major t]m1 we inf] t ! middle t]m is too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! major t]m1 f ! v fact t x is too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! condition2 z1 = example1 9 ! in/ance ! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire1 :]e we inf] t ! fire is too g5]al 9 reg>d to smoke1 s9ce x is too g5]al 9 reg>d to wet fuel2 = !re is a rule t :at is too g5]al = t :i* inv>iably accompanies mu/ also be too g5]al = t :i* is inv>iably accompani$4 7b47 ,b :]e we take "s fact or m>k to det]m9e def9itely ! major t]m :i* ! condition is inv>iably to accompany1--!re x is f ! middle t]m's be+ f\nd too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! condition 9 cases possess+ ?is fact1 or m>k t we inf] t ! middle t]m is equally too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! major t]m4 ,?us 9 ! argum5t1 ,b is d>k because he is ,mitr's son1 ! middle t]m ! fact ( be+ ,mitr's son is too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! sdhya1 d>k col\r1 because x is too g5]al 9 reg>d to ! updhi1 fe$+ on vegetables1 z se5 9 ! case ( ,mitr's second son ,mitr's p>5tage be+ ! assum$ fact or m>k1 & ,mitr h]self n hav+ f$ on vegetables previ\s to 8 bir?4 ,b an objector might "h int]pose1 ,if y\r def9ition ( a condition be correct1 surely a pret5d$ condition :i* fulfils y\r def9ition c always be f\nd ev5 9 ! case ( a valid middle t]m4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! /ock argum5t '! m\nta9 mu/ h fire because x has smoke1' we may assume z our pret5d$ condition '! be+ always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! m\nta92' s9ce ?is c]ta9ly does n always 'accompany ! middle t]m1' inasmu* z x is n f\nd 9 ! m\nta9 itself :]e ! smoke is ackn[l$g$ to be2 & yet x app>5tly does 'always accompany ! major t]m1' s9ce 9 e o!r kn[n case ( fire we c]ta9ly f9d x1 & z = ! pres5t case y mu/ rememb] t ! pres5ce ( fire 9 ?is m\nta9 is ! v po9t 9 dispute4 ,to ?is we reply ,y nev] may take su* a condition z ! be+ always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! subject or m9or t]m 7unless ?is c be prov$ by "s direct s5se-evid5ce :i* precludes all dispute72 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 y _c produce any argum5t to conv9ce y\r antagoni/ t ?is condition does inv>iably accompany ! major t]m s9ce he naturally ma9ta9s t ! pres5t case is exactly "o 9 po9t aga9/ y2 &1 secondly1 because x is self-contradictory z ! same nugatory condition may be equally employ$ to ov]?r[ ! contr>y argum5t4 ,b if y c e/abli% x by direct s5se-evid5ce1 !n ! be+ always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! subject becomes a true condition1 & s]ves to r5d] nugatory ! false argum5t :i* a disputant tries to e/abli%4 ,?us 9 ! illusory argum5t ! fire mu/ be non-hot because x is artificial1 we c h a valid condition 9 ! be+ always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 fire1 s9ce we c prove by s5se-evid5ce t fire is hot1#dgi ?us ! updhi "h is a means ( ov]?r[+ ! false argum5t4 ,:]e ! fact ( its always accompany+ ! major t]m1 c41 is disput$1 !re we h :at is call$ a disput$ condition4#dhj ,b ! be+ f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! subject c nev] be employ$ ev5 z a disput$ condition1 9 accordance ) ! traditional rules ( logical controv]sy4#dha ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dfh3 ,! updhi is ! condition :i* mu/ be suppli$ to re/rict a too g5]al middle t]m4 ,if ! middle t]m1 z ?us re/rict$1 is /ill f\nd 9 ! m9or t]m1 ! argum5t is valid2 if n1 x fails4 ,?us1 9 ,! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire 7:i* re/s on ! false premise t all fire is accompani$ by smoke71 we mu/ add wet fuel z ! condition ( fire2 & if ! m\nta9 has wet fuel z well z fire1 ( c\rse x w h smoke4 ,simil>ly1 ! alleg$ argum5t t ,b is d>k because he is ,mitr's son fails1 if we c e/abli% t ! d>k col\r ( h] =m] (fspr+ ,a dep5d$ n on 8 be+ h] son1 b on h] happ5+ to h f$ on vegetables in/ead ( ghee4 ,if we c prove t %e /ill keeps to h] old diet1 ( c\rse our am5d$ middle t]m w /ill prove ,b to be d>k1 b n o!rwise4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,! ,h9dus ?9k t a *ild's d>k col\r comes f ! "m's liv+ on vegetables1 :ile its fair col\r comes f h] liv+ on ghee4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,by ,bh%-p>i*4 sl4 #be1 ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire1 are sp>savat1 b by sl4 #bg ( ^! air is nei!r pratyak%a nor rpavat4 ,footnote #dga3 ,?is condition w\ld imply t we c\ld only argue f ?is middle t]m ! be+ produc$ 9 cases ( positive exi/5ce1 n non-exi/5ce4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,s\l1 ( c\rse1 is n ext]nal2 b our topic 0 n s\l1 b air4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,z1 e4g41 ! m\nta9 & ,mitr's fir/ son 9 ! two false argum5ts1 ,! m\nta9 has smoke because x has fire 7:5 ! fire-possess+ r$-hot iron ball has no smoke71 & ,mitr's fir/ son ,a is d>k because he is ,mitr's (fspr+ 7:5 h] second son ,b is fair74 ,^! two subjects possess ! respective sdhyas or major t]ms smoke & d>k col\r1 & !re=e are respectively ! subjects :]e ! conditions wet fuel & ! "m's fe$+ on vegetables are to be respectively appli$4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,z1 e4g41 ! r$-hot ball ( iron & ,mitr's second son2 z ^!1 ?\gh possess+ ! respective middle t]ms fire & ! be+ ,mitr's (fspr+ d n possess ! respective conditions wet fuel or ! "m's fe$+ on vegetables1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ! respective major t]ms 7sdhya7 smoke & d>k col\r4 ,footnote #dge3 ,?is w exclude ! object$ case ( d>k j>s 9 7a71 z x falls "u nei!r ( ^! two alt]natives2 =1 ?\gh !y are ! sites ( ! sdhya d>k col\r1 !y d n admit ! condition ! fe$+ on vegetables1 nor ! middle t]m ! be+ ,mitr's son4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,i4e41 :]ev] !re is fire produc$ by wet fuel !re is smoke4 ,! condition & ! major t]m are equipoll5t 9 _! ext5sion4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,:]e ! hetu is f\nd & n ! sdhya 7z 9 ! r$-hot ball ( iron71 !re ! updhi also is n applicable4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,i4e41 "o :i* requires no det]m9+ fact or m>k1 su* z ! ?ree object$ argum5ts requir$ 9 #acg4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,! disputant says1 ,fire mu/ be non-hot because x is artificial4 ,well1 y rejo91 !n x mu/ only be an artificiality :i* is always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 fire1--i4e41 "o :i* w n answ] y\r purpose 9 try+ to prove y\r po9t4 ,"h ! propos$ updhi ! be+ always f\nd else:]e ?an 9 fire answ]s to ! def9ition1 z x does n always accompany ! hetu possess+ artificiality1 b x does always accompany ! sdhya non-hot1 z fire is prov$ by s5se-evid5ce to be hot4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,z 9 ! argum5t1 ,! e>?1 c41 mu/ h _h a mak] because !y h ! nature ( effects1 :]e ! ,!i/ disputes ! ,a!i/ic condition ! be+ produc$ by "o possess+ a body4 ,see ,kusumjali1 v4 #b4 ,footnote #dha3 ,9 fact1 x w\ld aboli% all disputation at ! outset1 z ea* p>ty w\ld produce a condition :i* f 8 own po9t ( view w\ld r$uce 8 oppon5t to sil5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 a true condition mu/ be consi/5t ) ei!r p>ty's op9ions4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tr,,bn]',s ,,ori5tal ,,s]ies4 ,a k ( ! commonplace1 at lea/1 ( ,ori5tal lit]ature1 philosophy1 & religion is z necess>y to ! g5]al read] ( ! pres5t day z an acqua9tance ) ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics 0 a g5]ation or s ago4 ,imm5se /rides h be5 made )9 ! pres5t c5tury 9 ^! bran*es ( le>n+2 ,sanskrit has be5 br\ght )9 ! range ( accurate philology1 & its invaluable anci5t lit]ature ?or\ghly inve/igat$2 ! language & sacr$ books ( ! ,zoroa/rians h be5 laid b>e2 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & o!r records ( ! remote pa/ h be5 deciph]$1 & a gr\p ( s*ol>s speak ( /ill m recondite ,accadian & ,hittite monum5ts2 b ! results ( all ! s*ol>%ip t has be5 devot$ to ^! subjects h be5 almo/ inaccessible to ! public because !y 7 conta9$ = ! mo/ "p 9 le>n$ or exp5sive works1 or scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! numb]s ( sci5tific p]iodicals4 ,messrs4 ,trbn] ,co41 9 a _s ( ent]prise :i* does !m inf9ite cr$it1 h det]m9$ to supply ! con/antly-increas+ want1 & to give 9 a popul>1 or1 at lea/1 a compreh5sive =m1 all ?is mass ( k to ! _w4--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxxii4-#gdh1 ) ,map1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,! ,,indian ,,empire3 ,,its ,,p1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,products4 ,by ! ,,hon4 ,,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,,hunt]1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,i4,e41 ,,ll4,d41 ,memb] ( ! ,vic]oy's ,legislative ,c\ncil1 ,director-,g5]al ( ,/ati/ics to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,be+ a ,revis$ ,edition1 br\ght up to date1 & incorporat+ ! g5]al results ( ! ,c5sus ( #ahha4 ,x =ms a volume ( m ?an #gjj pages1 & is a m>vell\s comb9ation ( lit]>y cond5sation & rese>*4 ,x gives a complete acc\nt ( ! ,indian ,empire1 its hi/ory1 peoples1 & products1 & =ms ! wor?y outcome ( sev5te5 ye>s ( lab\r ) exceptional opportunities = r5d]+ t lab\r fruitful4 ,no?+ c\ld be m lucid ?an ,sir ,william ,hunt]'s expositions ( ! economic & political condition ( ,india at ! pres5t "t1 or m int]e/+ ?an 8 s*ol>ly hi/ory ( ! ,india ( ! pa/4--,! ,times4 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,works ,,h ,,already ,,appe>$3-- ,?ird ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 pp4 xvi4-#dbh1 price #afs4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,language1 ,,writ+s1 ,,& ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,p>sis4 ,,by ,,m>t9 ,,haug1 ,,ph4,d41 ,late ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,tb+51 ,gtt+51 & ,bonn2 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sanskrit ,/udies1 & ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit 9 ! ,poona ,college4 ,,edit$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,we/4 ,to :i* is add$ a ,biographical ,memoir ( ! late ,dr4 ,,haug by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,evans4 ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rese>*es into ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s & ,religion ( ! ,p>sis1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times d[n to ! ,pres5t4 ,,ii4 ,languages ( ! ,p>si ,scriptures4 ,,iii4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ! ,scripture ( ! ,p>sis4 ,,iv4 ,! ,zoroa/rian ,religion1 z to its ,orig9 & ,developm5t4 ',essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sis1' by ! late ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,we/4 ,! au?or int5d$1 on 8 return f ,india1 to exp& ! mat]ials conta9$ 9 ?is "w into a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 b ! design 0 fru/rat$ by 8 untimely dea?4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 9 a concise & readable =m1 a hi/ory ( ! rese>*es into ! sacr$ writ+s & religion ( ! ,p>sis f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t--a diss]tation on ! languages ( ! ,p>si ,scriptures1 a translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ! ,scripture ( ! ,p>sis1 & a diss]tation on ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 ) especial ref]5ce to its orig9 & developm5t4--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 pp4 viii4-#agf1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,texts ,,f ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,canon ,,commonly ,,kn[n ,,z ,,dhammapada4 ,) ,accompany+ ,n>ratives4 ,translat$ f ! ,*9ese by ,s4 ,,beal1 ,b4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,! ,dhammapada1 z hi!rto kn[n by ! ,pali ,text ,edition1 z edit$ by ,fausbll1 by ,max ,mll]'s ,engli%1 & ,albre*t ,web]'s ,g]man translations1 consi/s only ( tw5ty-six *apt]s or sections1 :il/ ! ,*9ese v]sion1 or r rec5sion1 z n[ translat$ by ,mr4 ,beal1 consi/s ( ?irty-n9e sections4 ,! /ud5ts ( ,pali :o possess ,fausbll's text1 or ei!r ( ! above-nam$ translations1 w !re=e ne$s want ,mr4 ,beal's ,engli% r5d]+ ( ! ,*9ese v]sion2 ! ?irte5 above-nam$ additional sections n be+ accessible to !m 9 any o!r =m2 =1 ev5 if !y und]/& ,*9ese1 ! ,*9ese orig9al w\ld be unobta9able by !m4 ,mr4 ,beal's r5d]+ ( ! ,*9ese translation is a mo/ valuable aid to ! critical /udy ( ! "w4 ,x conta9s au!ntic texts ga!r$ f anci5t canonical books1 & g5]ally connect$ ) "s incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddha4 ,_! great int]e/1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 ! light :i* !y ?r[ ^u ev]yday life 9 ,india at ! remote p]iod at :i* !y 7 writt51 & ^u ! me?od ( tea*+ adopt$ by ! f\nd] ( ! religion4 ,! me?od employ$ 0 pr9cipally p>able1 & ! simplicity ( ! tales & ! excell5ce ( ! morals inculcat$1 z well z ! /range hold :i* !y h reta9$ ^u ! m9ds ( millions ( p1 make !m a v rem>kable /udy4--,times4 ,mr4 ,beal1 by mak+ x accessible 9 an ,engli% dress1 has add$ to ! great s]vices he has already r5d]$ to ! comp>ative /udy ( religi\s hi/ory4--,academy4 ,valuable z exhibit+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,buddhi/s 9 its pure/1 lea/ adult]at$ =m1 x br+s ! mod]n read] face to face ) t simple cre$ & rule ( conduct :i* won its way ov] ! m9ds ( myriads1 & :i* is n[ nom9ally pr(ess$ by #ade millions1 :o h ov]laid its au/]e simplicity ) innum]able c]emonies1 =gott5 its maxims1 p]v]t$ its tea*+1 & s inv]t$ its lead+ pr9ciple t a religion ^: f\nd] d5i$ a ,god1 n[ wor%ips t f\nd] z a god himself4--,scotsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 pp4 xxiv4-#cfj1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,indian ,,lit]ature4 ,,by ,,albre*t ,,web]4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition by ,,john ,,mann1 ,m4,a41 & ,,?,,odor ,,za*>iae1 ,ph4,d41 ) ! sanction ( ! ,au?or4 ,dr4 ,,buhl]1 ,inspector ( ,s*ools 9 ,india1 writes3--,:5 ,i 0 ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages 9 ,elph9/one ,college1 ,i frequ5tly felt ! want ( su* a "w to :i* ,i c\ld ref] ! /ud5ts4 ,pr(essor ,,c[ell1 ( ,cambridge1 writes3--,x w be especially useful to ! /ud5ts 9 our ,indian colleges & univ]sities4 ,i us$ to long = su* a book :5 ,i 0 tea*+ 9 ,calcutta4 ,h9du /ud5ts are int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 & ?is volume w supply !m ) all !y want on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,,:itney1 ,yale ,college1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ,u4,s4,a41 writes3--,i 0 "o ( ! class to :om ! "w 0 orig9ally giv5 9 ! =m ( academic lectures4 ,at _! fir/ appe>ance !y 7 by f> ! mo/ le>n$ & able treatm5t ( _! subject2 & ) _! rec5t additions !y /ill ma9ta9 decid$ly ! same rank4 ,is p]haps ! mo/ compreh5sive & lucid survey ( ,sanskrit lit]ature extant4 ,! essays conta9$ 9 ! volume 7 orig9ally deliv]$ z academic lectures1 & at ! "t ( _! fir/ publication 7 ackn[l$g$ to be by f> ! mo/ le>n$ & able treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,!y h n[ be5 br\ght up to date by ! addition ( all ! mo/ important results ( rec5t rese>*4--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?1 pp4 xii4-#aih1 accompani$ by ,two ,language ,maps1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,languages ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,indies4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,n4 ,,cu/4 ,! ,au?or has attempt$ to fill up a vacuum1 ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* press$ itself on 8 notice4 ,mu* _h be5 writt5 ab\t ! languages ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b ! ext5t ( our pres5t k _h n ev5 be5 br\ght to a focus4 ,x occurr$ to him t x might be ( use to o!rs to publi% 9 an arrang$ =m ! notes :i* he _h collect$ = 8 own edification4 ,supplies a defici5cy :i* has long be5 felt4--,times4 ,! book be=e u is !n a valuable contribution to philological sci5ce4 ,x passes "u review a va/ numb] ( languages1 & x gives1 or pr(esses to give1 9 e case ! sum & sub/ance ( ! op9ions & judgm5ts ( ! be/-in=m$ writ]s4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,correct$ ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#aaf1 clo?1 price #es4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,w>-,,god4 ,a ,poem4 ,,by ,,kalidasa4 ,translat$ f ! ,sanskrit into ,engli% ,v]se by ,,ralph ,t4 ,h4 ,,griffi?1 ,m4,a4 ,a v spirit$ r5d]+ ( ! ,kumrasambhava1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ tw5ty-six ye>s ago1 & :i* we are glad to see made once m accessible4--,times4 ,mr4 ,griffi?'s v spirit$ r5d]+ is well kn[n to mo/ :o are at all int]e/$ 9 ,indian lit]ature1 or enjoy ! t5d]ness ( feel+ & ri* creative imag9ation ( its au?or4--,indian ,antiqu>y4 ,we are v glad to welcome a second edition ( ,pr(essor ,griffi?'s admirable translation4 ,few translations des]ve a second edition bett]4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #dcb1 clo?1 price #afs4 ,a ,,classical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,h9du ,,my?ology ,,& ,,religion1 ,,geography1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,,by ,,john ,,d[son1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,h9du/ani1 ,/aff ,college4 ,?is n only =ms an indisp5sable book ( ref]5ce to /ud5ts ( ,indian lit]ature1 b is also ( great g5]al int]e/1 z x gives 9 a concise & easily accessible =m all t ne$ be kn[n ab\t ! p]sonages ( ,h9du my?ology ^: names are s famili>1 b ( :om s little is kn[n outside ! limit$ circle ( savants4--,times4 ,x is no slight ga9 :5 su* subjects are treat$ fairly & fully 9 a mod]ate space2 & we ne$ only add t ! few wants :i* we may hope to see suppli$ 9 new editions detract b little f ! g5]al excell5ce ( ,mr4 ,d[son's "w4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 ) ,view ( ,mecca1 pp4 cxii4-#agb1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,koran4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,william ,,lane1 ,translator ( ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights2 c1 c4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 ) an ,introduction by ,,/anley ,,lane ,,poole4 444 ,has be5 long e/eem$ 9 ?is c\ntry z ! compilation ( "o ( ! greate/ ,arabic s*ol>s ( ! "t1 ! late ,mr4 ,lane1 ! well-kn[n translator ( ! ',arabian ,nights4'444 ,! pres5t editor has enhanc$ ! value ( 8 relative's "w by dive/+ ! text ( a great deal ( extrane\s matt] introduc$ by way ( comm5t1 & prefix+ an introduction4--,times4 ,mr4 ,poole is bo? a g5]\s & a le>n$ biograph]4444 ,mr4 ,poole tells u ! facts 444 s f> z x is possible = indu/ry & criticism to asc]ta9 !m1 & = lit]>y skill to pres5t !m 9 a cond5s$ & readable =m4--,engli%man1 ,calcutta4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 vi4-#cfh1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,,mod]n ,,india ,,& ,,! ,,indians1 ,,be+ ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,impressions1 ,,notes1 ,,& ,,essays4 ,,by ,,moni] ,,williams1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,calcutta1 ,hon4 ,memb] ( ! ,bombay ,asiatic ,society1 ,bod5 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & augm5t$ by consid]able ,additions1 ) ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,9 ?is volume we h ! ?\ghtful impressions ( a ?\ghtful man on "s ( ! mo/ important que/ions connect$ ) our ,indian ,empire4444 ,an enlight5$ obs]vant man1 travell+ among an enlight5$ obs]vant p1 ,pr(essor ,moni] ,williams has br\ght be=e ! public 9 a pleasant =m m ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,que5's ,indian subjects ?an we ev] rememb] to h se5 9 any "o "w4 ,he n only des]ves ! ?anks ( e ,engli%man = ?is able contribution to ! /udy ( ,mod]n ,india--a subject ) :i* we %\ld be specially famili>--b he des]ves ! ?anks ( e ,indian1 ,p>see or ,h9du1 ,buddhi/ & ,moslem1 = 8 cle> exposition ( _! mann]s1 _! cre$s1 & _! necessities4--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xliv4-#cgf1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,,metrical ,,translations ,,f ,,sanskrit ,,writ]s4 ,) an ,introduction1 _m ,prose ,v]sions1 & ,p>allel ,passages f ,classical ,au?ors4 ,,by ,j4 ,,muir1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,ph4,d4 444 ,an agreeable introduction to ,h9du poetry4--,times4 444 ,a volume :i* may be tak5 z a fair illu/ration alike ( ! religions & moral s5tim5ts & ( ! leg5d>y lore ( ! be/ ,sanskrit writ]s4--,ed9burgh ,daily ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxvi4-#bdd1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,guli/an2 ,,or1 ,,rose ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,%ekh ,,mu%liu',d-,,d9 ,,sadi ,,( ,,%iraz4 ,translat$ = ! ,fir/ ,"t into ,prose & ,v]se1 ) an ,introductory ,preface1 & a ,life ( ! ,au?or1 f ! ,ati% ,kadah1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,ea/wick1 ,c4,b41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,x is a v fair r5d]+ ( ! orig9al4--,times4 ,! new edition has long be5 desir$1 & w be welcom$ by all :o take any int]e/ 9 ,ori5tal poetry4 ,! ,guli/an is a typical ,p]sian v]se-book ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,mr4 ,ea/wick's rhym$ translation 444 has long e/abli%$ itself 9 a secure position z ! be/ v]sion ( ,sadi's f9e/ "w4--,academy4 ,x is bo? fai?fully & gracefully execut$4--,tablet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#djh & viii4-#cdh1 clo?1 price #bhs4 ,,miscellane\s ,,essays ,,relat+ ,,to ,,indian ,,subjects4 ,,by ,,brian ,,h\ghton ,,hodgson1 ,,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,late ( ! ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute2 ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r2 late ,briti% ,m9i/] at ! ,c\rt ( ,nepal1 c1 c4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,section ,i4--,on ! ,koc*1 ,bd1 & ,dhiml ,tribes4--,"p ,i4 ,vocabul>y4--,"p ,,ii4 ,gramm>4--,"p ,,iii4 ,_! ,orig91 ,location1 ,numb]s1 ,cre$1 ,cu/oms1 ,"*1 & ,condition1 ) a ,g5]al ,description ( ! ,climate !y dwell 9--,app5dix4 ,,section ,,ii4--,on ,himalayan ,e?nology4--,i4 ,comp>ative ,vocabul>y ( ! ,languages ( ! ,brok5 ,tribes ( ,npl4--,,ii4 ,vocabul>y ( ! ,dialects ( ! ,kiranti ,language4--,,iii4 ,grammatical ,analysis ( ! ,vyu ,language4 ,! ,vyu ,gramm>4--,,iv4 ,analysis ( ! ,bh+ ,dialect ( ! ,kiranti language4 ,! ,bh+ ,gramm>4--,v4 ,on ! ,vyu or ,hyu ,tribe ( ! ,c5tral ,himalya4--,,vi4 ,on ! ,kiranti ,tribe ( ! ,c5tral ,himalya4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,section ,,iii4--,on ! ,aborig9es ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india4 ,comp>ative ,vocabul>y ( ! ,tibetan1 ,bd1 & ,gr ,tongues4 ,,section ,,iv4--,aborig9es ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,fronti]4 ,,section ,v4--,aborig9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,fronti]4 ,,section ,,vi4--,! ,indo-,*9ese ,bord]]s1 & _! connection ) ! ,himalayans & ,tibetans4 ,comp>ative ,vocabul>y ( ,indo-,*9ese ,bord]]s 9 ,arakan4 ,comp>ative ,vocabul>y ( ,indo-,*9ese ,bord]]s 9 ,t5ass]im4 ,,section ,,vii4--,! ,mongolian ,aff9ities ( ! ,caucasians4--,comp>ison & ,analysis ( ,caucasian & ,mongolian ,words4 ,,section ,,viii4--,physical ,type ( ,tibetans4 ,,section ,,ix4--,! ,aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,india4--,comp>ative ,vocabul>y ( ! ,aborig9al ,languages ( ,c5tral ,india4--,aborig9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,ghats4--,vocabul>y ( "s ( ! ,dialects ( ! ,hill & ,w&]+ ,tribes 9 ! ,nor!rn ,sirc>s4--,aborig9es ( ! ,nilgiris1 ) ,rem>ks on _! ,aff9ities4--,supplem5t to ! ,nilgirian ,vocabul>ies4--,! ,aborig9es ( ,s\!rn ,india & ,ceylon4 ,,section ,x4--,r\te ( ,nepalese ,mission to ,pek91 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,wat]-,%$ & ,plateau ( ,tibet4 ,,section ,,xi4--,r\te f ,k?mnd1 ! ,capital ( ,nepl1 to ,d>jeel+ 9 ,sikim4--,memor&um relative to ! ,sev5 ,cosis ( ,nepl4 ,,section ,,xii4--,"s ,acc\nts ( ! ,sy/ems ( ,law & ,police z recognis$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,nepl4 ,,section ,,xiii4--,! ,native ,me?od ( mak+ ! ,pap] d5om9at$ ,h9du/an1 ,nplese4 ,,section ,,xiv4--,pre-em95ce ( ! ,v]nacul>s2 or1 ! ,anglici/s ,answ]$2 ,be+ ,lett]s on ! ,education ( ! ,p ( ,india4 ,= ! /udy ( ! less-kn[n races ( ,india ,mr4 ,brian ,hodgson's ',miscellane\s ,essays' w be f\nd v valuable bo? to ! philologi/ & ! e?nologi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition1 ,two ,vols41 po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#bfh & viii4-#cbf1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,! ,,life ,,or ,,leg5d ,,( ,,gaudama1 ,,! ,,buddha ,,( ,,! ,,burmese4 ,) ,annotations4 ,! ,ways to ,neibban1 & ,notice on ! ,phongyies or ,burmese ,monks4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,p4 ,,big&et1 ,bi%op ( ,rama?a1 ,vic>-,apo/olic ( ,ava & ,pegu4 ,! "w is furni%$ ) copi\s notes1 :i* n only illu/rate ! subject-matt]1 b =m a p]fect encyclopdia ( ,buddhi/ lore4--,times4 ,a "w :i* w furni% ,european /ud5ts ( ,buddhism ) a mo/ valuable help 9 ! prosecution ( _! inve/igations4--,ed9burgh ,daily ,review4 ,bi%op ,big&et's invaluable "w4--,indian ,antiqu>y4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 its importance is suffici5t to place /ud5ts ( ! subject "u a deep obligation to its au?or4--,calcutta ,review4 ,?is "w is "o ( ! greate/ au?orities ^u ,buddhism4--,dubl9 ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxiv4-#dbj1 clo?1 price #ahs4 ,,*9ese ,,buddhism4 ,a ,,volume ,,( ,,sket*es1 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical4 ,,by ,j4 ,,edk9s1 ,d4,d4 ,au?or ( ,*9a's ,place 9 ,philology1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 c41 c4 ,x conta9s a va/ deal ( important in=mation on ! subject1 su* z is only to be ga9$ by long-cont9u$ /udy on ! spot4--,a!num4 ,^u ! :ole1 we "k ( no "w comp>able to x = ! ext5t ( its orig9al rese>*1 & ! simplicity ) :i* ?is complicat$ sy/em ( philosophy1 religion1 lit]ature1 & ritual is set =?4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! :ole volume is replete ) le>n+4444 ,x des]ves mo/ c>eful /udy f all int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! religions ( ! _w1 & expressly ( ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,dr4 ,edk9s notices 9 t]ms ( j condemnation ! exagg]at$ praise be/[$ ^u ,buddhism by rec5t ,engli% writ]s4--,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #dif1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,l+ui/ic ,,& ,,ori5tal ,,essays4 ,,writt5 ,,f ,,! ,,ye> #ahdf ,,to #ahgh4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,ne$ham ,,cu/1 ,late ,memb] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,indian ,civil ,s]vice2 ,hon4 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society2 & ,au?or ( ,! ,mod]n ,languages ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,we "k none :o has describ$ ,indian life1 especially ! life ( ! natives1 ) s mu* le>n+1 sympa?y1 & lit]>y tal5t4--,academy4 ,!y seem to u to be full ( sugge/ive & orig9al rem>ks4--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,8 book conta9s a va/ am\nt ( in=mation4 ,! result ( ?irty-five ye>s ( inquiry1 reflection1 & speculation1 & t on subjects z full ( fasc9ation z ( food = ?\ght4--,tablet4 ,exhibit su* a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory & antiquities ( ,india z to entitle him to speak z "o hav+ au?ority4--,ed9burgh ,daily ,review4 ,! au?or speaks ) ! au?ority ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4444 ,x is ?is con/ant association ) ! c\ntry & ! p :i* gives su* a vividness to _m ( ! pages4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 civ4-#cdh1 clo?1 price #ahs4 ,,buddhi/ ,,bir? ,,/ories2 or1 ,jataka ,tales4 ,! ,olde/ ,collection ( ,folk-lore ,extant3 ,,be+ ,,! ,,jatakat?avannana1 ,= ! fir/ "t ,edit$ 9 ! orig9al ,pali4 ,,by ,v4 ,,fausboll2 ,& ,translat$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,,rhys ,,davids4 ,translation4 ,volume ,i4 ,^! are tales suppos$ to h be5 told by ! ,buddha ( :at he _h se5 & he>d 9 8 previ\s bir?s4 ,!y are probably ! ne>e/ repres5tatives ( ! orig9al ,aryan /ories f :i* sprang ! folk-lore ( ,europe z well z ,india4 ,! introduction conta9s a mo/ int]e/+ disquisition on ! migrations ( ^! fables1 trac+ _! reappe>ance 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( folk-lore leg5ds4 ,among o!r old fri5ds1 we meet ) a v]sion ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4--,times4 ,x is n[ "s ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,rhys ,davids ass]t$ 8 "r to be he>d on ?is subject by 8 able article on ,buddhism 9 ! new edition ( ! ',encyclopdia ,britannica4'--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,all :o are int]e/$ 9 ,buddhi/ lit]ature ought to feel deeply indebt$ to ,mr4 ,rhys ,davids4 ,8 well-e/abli%$ reputation z a ,pali s*ol> is a suffici5t gu>antee = ! fidelity ( 8 v]sion1 & ! /yle ( 8 translations is des]v+ ( high praise4--,academy4 ,no m compet5t expositor ( ,buddhism c\ld be f\nd ?an ,mr4 ,rhys ,davids4 ,9 ! ,jataka book we h1 !n1 a priceless record ( ! e>lie/ imag9ative lit]ature ( our race2 & 444 x pres5ts to u a ne>ly complete picture ( ! social life & cu/oms & popul> beliefs ( ! common p ( ,aryan tribes1 closely relat$ to ourselves1 j z !y 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ /ages ( civilisation4--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxviii4-#cfb1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,a ,,talmudic ,,miscellany2 ,,or1 ,a ,,?\s& ,,& ,,"o ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,talmud1 ,,! ,,midra%im1 ,,& ,,! ,,kabbalah4 ,compil$ & ,translat$ by ,,paul ,,isaac ,,h]%on1 ,au?or ( ,g5esis ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 c4 ,) ,notes & ,copi\s ,indexes4 ,to obta9 9 s concise & h&y a =m z ?is volume a g5]al idea ( ! ,talmud is a boon to ,*ri/ians at lea/4--,times4 ,its peculi> & popul> "* w make x attractive to g5]al read]s4 ,mr4 ,h]%on is a v compet5t s*ol>4444 ,conta9s samples ( ! good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 & especially extracts t ?r[ light ^u ! ,scriptures4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,w convey to ,engli% read]s a m complete & tru?ful notion ( ! ,talmud ?an any o!r "w t has yet appe>$4--,daily ,news4 ,)\t ov]look+ 9 ! slighte/ ! sev]al attractions ( ! previ\s volumes ( ! ',ori5tal ,s]ies4' we h no hesitation 9 say+ t ?is surpasses !m all 9 int]e/4--,ed9burgh ,daily ,review4 ,mr4 ,h]%on has 444 ?us giv5 ,engli% read]s :at is1 we believe1 a fair set ( specim5s :i* !y c te/ = !mselves4--,! ,record4 ,?is book is by f> ! be/ fitt$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k to enable ! g5]al read] to ga9 a fair & unbias$ conception ( ! multif>i\s cont5ts ( ! wond]ful miscellany :i* c only be truly und]/ood--s ,jewi% pride ass]ts--by ! life-long devotion ( s*ol>s ( ! ,*os5 ,p4--,inquir]4 ,! value & importance ( ?is volume consi/ 9 ! fact t sc>cely a s+le extract is giv5 9 its pages b ?r[s "s light1 direct or refract$1 ^u ^? ,scriptures :i* are ! common h]itage ( ,jew & ,*ri/ian alike4--,john ,bull4 ,x is a capital specim5 ( ,hebrew s*ol>%ip2 a monum5t ( le>n$1 lov+1 light-giv+ lab\r4--,jewi% ,h]ald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#bbh1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,classical ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,japanese4 ,,by ,,basil ,,hall ,,*amb]la91 ,au?or ( ,yeigo ,hekaku ,%ira4 ,a v curi\s volume4 ,! au?or has manife/ly devot$ mu* lab\r to ! task ( /udy+ ! poetical lit]ature ( ! ,japanese1 & r5d]+ *>act]i/ic specim5s into ,engli% v]se4--,daily ,news4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's volume is1 s f> z we are aw>e1 ! fir/ attempt :i* has be5 made to int]pret ! lit]ature ( ! ,japanese to ! ,we/]n _w4 ,x is to ! classical poetry ( ,old ,japan t we mu/ turn = indig5\s ,japanese ?\ght1 & 9 ! volume be=e u we h a selection f t poetry r5d]$ into graceful ,engli% v]se4--,tablet4 ,x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/ translations ( lyric lit]ature :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! close ( ! la/ ye>4--,cele/ial ,empire4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 set himself a difficult task :5 he und]took to reproduce ,japanese poetry 9 an ,engli% =m4 ,b he has evid5tly lab\r$ con amore1 & 8 ef=ts are successful to a degree4--,london & ,*9a ,express4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#afd1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,es>haddon 7,son ( ,s5na*]ib71 ,,k+ ,,( ,,assyria1 ,b4,c4 #fha-ffh4 ,translat$ f ! ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ^u ,cyl9d]s & ,tablets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,collection2 toge!r ) a ,grammatical ,analysis ( ea* ,^w1 ,explanations ( ! ,ideographs by ,extracts f ! ,bi-,l+ual ,syllab>ies1 & ,li/ ( ,eponyms1 c4 ,,by ,,erne/ ,a4 ,,budge1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,assyrian ,exhibition]1 ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,/ud5ts ( scriptural ar*ology w also appreciate ! ',hi/ory ( ,es>haddon4'--,times4 ,!re is mu* to attract ! s*ol> 9 ?is volume4 ,x does n pret5d to popul>ise /udies :i* are yet 9 _! infancy4 ,its prim>y object is to translate1 b x does n assume to be m ?an t5tative1 & x (f]s bo? to ! pr(ess$ ,assyriologi/ & to ! ord9>y non-,assyriological ,semitic s*ol> ! means ( controll+ its results4--,academy4 ,mr4 ,budge's book is1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly address$ to ,assyrian s*ol>s & /ud5ts4 ,!y are n1 x is to be fe>$1 a v num]\s class4 ,b ! m ?anks are due to him on t acc\nt = ! way 9 :i* he has acquitt$ himself 9 8 labori\s task4--,tablet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #ddh1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,! ,,mesnevi 7,usually kn[n z ,,! ,,mesneviyi ,,%]if1 or ,,holy ,,mesnevi7 ,,( ,,mevlana 7,,our ,,"l7 ,,jelalu ',d-,,d9 ,,muhamm$ ,,er-,,rumi4 ,book ! ,fir/4 ,toge!r ) "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,acts ( ! ,au?or1 ( 8 ,ance/ors1 & ( 8 ,desc5dants4 ,illu/rat$ by a ,selection ( ,*>act]i/ic ,anecdotes1 z ,collect$ by _! ,hi/orian1 ,,mevlana ,,%emsu-',d-,,d9 ,,ahm$1 ,,el ,,eflaki1 ,,el ',,arifi4 ,translat$1 & ! ,poetry ,v]sifi$1 9 ,engli%1 ,,by ,,james ,w4 ,,r$h\se1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 c4 ,a complete treasury ( occult ,ori5tal lore4--,saturday ,review4 ,?is book w be a v valuable help to ! read] ignorant ( ,p]sia1 :o is desir\s ( obta9+ an insight into a v important dep>tm5t ( ! lit]ature extant 9 t language4--,tablet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xvi4-#bhj1 clo?1 price #fs4 ,,ea/]n ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,emblems ,,illu/rat+ ,,old ,,tru?s4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,j4 ,,long1 ,memb] ( ! ,b5gal ,asiatic ,society1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,we reg>d ! book z valuable1 & wi% = x a wide circulation & att5tive read+4--,record4 ,altoge!r1 x is q a fea/ ( good ?+s4--,globe4 ,x is full ( int]e/+ matt]4--,antiqu>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#bgj1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,indian ,,poetry2 ,conta9+ a ,new ,edition ( ! ,indian ,song ( ,songs1 f ! ,sanscrit ( ! ,gita ,gov9da ( ,jayadeva2 ,two ,books f ,! ,iliad ( ,india 7,mahabh>ata71 ,prov]bial ,wisdom f ! ,%lokas ( ! ,hitopadesa1 & o!r ,ori5tal ,poems4 ,,by ,,edw9 ,,arnold1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,au?or ( ,! ,light ( ,asia4 ,9 ?is new volume ( ,messrs4 ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,arnold does good s]vice by illu/rat+1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 musical ,engli% melodies1 ! p[] ( ,indian poetry to /ir ,european emotions4 ,! ',indian ,song ( ,songs' is n unkn[n to s*ol>s4 ,mr4 ,arnold w h introduc$ x among popul> ,engli% poems4 ,no?+ c\ld be m graceful & delicate ?an ! %ades by :i* ,kri%na is portray$ 9 ! gradual process ( be+ wean$ by ! love ( ',beautiful ,radha1 jasm9e-bosom$ ,radha1' f ! allurem5ts ( ! =e/ nymphs1 9 :om ! five s5ses are typifi$4--,times4 ,no o!r ,engli% poet has ev] ?r[n 8 g5ius & 8 art s ?or\ghly into ! "w ( translat+ ,ea/]n ideas z ,mr4 ,arnold has done 9 8 spl5did p>aphrases ( language conta9$ 9 ^! mighty epics4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,! poem ab\nds ) imag]y ( ,ea/]n luxuri\sness & s5su\sness2 ! air seems lad5 ) ! spicy od\rs ( ! tropics1 & ! v]se has a ri*ness & a melody suffici5t to captivate ! s5ses ( ! dulle/4--,/&>d4 ,! translator1 :ile produc+ a v enjoyable poem1 has adh]$ ) tol]able fidelity to ! orig9al text4--,ov]l& ,mail4 ,we c]ta9ly wi% ,mr4 ,arnold success 9 8 attempt 'to popul>ise ,indian classics1' t be+1 z 8 preface tells u1 ! goal t[>ds :i* he b5ds 8 ef=ts4--,all5's ,indian ,mail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xvi4-#bif1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,m5cius2 ,,or1 ,,political ,,economy ,,f\nd$ ,,^u ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,a ,,sy/ematic ,,dige/ ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,philosoph] ,,m5cius4 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al ,text & ,classifi$1 ) ,comm5ts & ,explanations1 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,ern/ ,,fab]1 ,rh5i% ,mission ,society4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) ,additional ,notes1 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,hut*9son1 ,c4,m4,s41 ,*ur* ,mission1 ,hong ,kong4 ,mr4 ,fab] is already well kn[n 9 ! field ( ,*9ese /udies by 8 dige/ ( ! doctr9es ( ,confucius4 ,! value ( ?is "w w be p]ceiv$ :5 x is rememb]$ t at no "t s9ce relations comm5c$ betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,we/ has ! =m] be5 s p[]ful--we _h almo/ said aggressive--z n[4 ,= ^? :o w give x c>eful /udy1 ,mr4 ,fab]'s "w is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! excell5t s]ies to :i* x belongs4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #ccf1 clo?1 price #afs4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,india4 ,,by ,a4 ,,b>?4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ) ! au?ority & assi/ance ( ! ,au?or4 ,! au?or has1 at ! reque/ ( ! publi%]s1 consid]ably enl>g$ ! "w = ! translator1 & has add$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject to date2 ! translation may1 !re=e1 be look$ ^u z an equival5t ( a new & improv$ edition ( ! orig9al4 ,is n only a valuable manual ( ! religions ( ,india1 :i* m>ks a di/9ct /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject1 b also a useful "w ( ref]5ce4--,academy4 ,?is volume is a reproduction1 ) corrections & additions1 ( an article contribut$ by ! le>n$ au?or two ye>s ago to ! ',encyclopdie des ,sci5ces ,religieuses4' ,x attract$ mu* notice :5 x fir/ appe>$1 & is g5]ally admitt$ to pres5t ! be/ summ>y extant ( ! va/ subject ) :i* x deals4--,tablet4 ,?is is n only on ! :ole ! be/ b ! only manual ( ! religions ( ,india1 ap>t f ,buddhism1 :i* we h 9 ,engli%4 ,! pres5t "w 444 %[s n only great k ( ! facts & p[] ( cle> exposition1 b also great insight into ! inn] hi/ory & ! deep] mean+ ( ! great religion1 = x is 9 reality only "o1 :i* x proposes to describe4--,mod]n ,review4 ,! m]it ( ! "w has be5 emphatically recognis$ by ! mo/ au?oritative ,ori5tali/s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,b probably !re are few ,indiani/s 7if we may use ! ^w7 :o w\ld n d]ive a good deal ( in=mation f x1 & especially f ! ext5sive bibliography provid$ 9 ! notes4--,dubl9 ,review4 ,su* a sket* ,m4 ,b>? has drawn ) a ma/]-h&4--,critic 7,new ,york74 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#aeb1 clo?1 price #fs4 ,,h9du ,,philosophy4 ,,! ,,sankhya ,,k>ika ,,( ,,is',,w>a ,,kri%na4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,sy/em ( ,kapila1 ) an ,app5dix on ! ,nyaya & ,vais'e%ika ,sy/ems4 ,,by ,,john ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab471 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,! sy/em ( ,kapila conta9s ne>ly all t ,india has produc$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( pure philosophy4 ,! non-,ori5tali/ 444 f9ds 9 ,mr4 ,davies a pati5t & le>n$ guide :o leads him into ! intricacies ( ! philosophy ( ,india1 & supplies him ) a clue1 t he may n be lo/ 9 !m4 ,9 ! preface he /ates t ! sy/em ( ,kapila is ! 'e>lie/ attempt on record to give an answ]1 f reason alone1 to ! my/]i\s que/ions :i* arise 9 e ?\ghtful m9d ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ! nature & relations ( man & 8 future de/9y1' & 9 8 le>n$ & able notes he exhibits '! connection ( ! ,sankhya sy/em ) ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza1' & '! connection ( ! sy/em ( ,kapila ) t ( ,s*op5hau] & ,von ,h>tmann4'--,=eign ,*ur* ,*ronicle4 ,mr4 ,davies's volume on ,h9du ,philosophy is an und\bt$ ga9 to all /ud5ts ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,! sy/em ( ,kapila1 :i* is "h giv5 9 a translation f ! ,sankhya ,k>ika1 is ! only contribution ( ,india to pure philosophy4444 ,pres5ts _m po9ts ( deep int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( comp>ative philosophy1 & )\t ,mr4 ,davies's lucid int]pretation x w\ld be difficult to appreciate ^! po9ts 9 any adequate mann]4--,saturday ,review4 ,we welcome ,mr4 ,davies's book z a valuable addition to our philosophical libr>y4--,notes & ,qu]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 x4-#acj1 clo?1 price #fs4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,h9du ,,pan!ism4 ,,v$,,ntas,,ra4 ,translat$1 ) copi\s ,annotations1 ,,by ,,major ,g4 ,a4 ,,jacob1 ,bombay ,/aff ,corps2 ,inspector ( ,army ,s*ools4 ,! design ( ?is little "w is to provide = mission>ies1 & = o!rs :o1 l !m1 h little leisure = orig9al rese>*1 an accurate summ>y ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,v$nta4 ,! mode/ title ( ,major ,jacob's "w conveys b an inadequate idea ( ! va/ am\nt ( rese>* embodi$ 9 8 notes to ! text ( ! ,v$antas>a4 ,s copi\s1 inde$1 are ^!1 & s mu* collat]al matt] d !y br+ to be> on ! subject1 t ! dilig5t /ud5t w rise f _! p]usal ) a fairly adequate view ( ,h9d philosophy g5]ally4 ,8 "w 444 is "o ( ! be/ ( its k9d t we h se54--,calcutta ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#aed1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,tsuni--,,goam3 ,,! ,,supreme ,,be+ ,,( ,,! ,,khoi-,,khoi4 ,,by ,,!ophilus ,,hahn1 ,ph4,d41 ,cu/odian ( ! ,grey ,collection1 ,cape ,t[n2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,geogr4 ,society1 ,dresd52 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,an?ropological ,society1 ,vi5na1 c41 c4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t ( ,dr4 ,hahn's lab\rs w be ( int]e/1 n at ! ,cape only1 b 9 e ,univ]sity ( ,europe4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a mo/ valuable contribution to ! comp>ative /udy ( religion & my?ology4 ,acc\nts ( _! religion & my?ology 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 v>i\s books2 ^! h be5 c>efully collect$ by ,dr4 ,hahn & pr9t$ 9 8 second *apt]1 enri*$ & improv$ by :at he has be5 able to collect himself4--,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x is full ( good ?+s4--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,f\r ,volumes4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 xii4-#cib1 clo?1 price #abs4 #f;d41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 vi4-#djh1 clo?1 price #abs4 #f;d41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 viii4-#dad1 clo?1 price #abs4 #f;d41 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 viii4-#cdj1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,comm5t>y ,,to ,,! ,,quran4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,prefix$ ,,sale',s ,,prelim9>y ,,disc\rse1 ,,) ,,additional ,,notes ,,& ,,em5dations4 ,toge!r ) a ,complete ,index to ! ,text1 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 & ,notes4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,:]ry1 ,m4,a41 ,lodiana4 ,z ,mr4 ,:]ry's book is int5d$ = mission>ies 9 ,india1 x is no d\bt well t !y %\ld be prep>$ to meet1 if !y c1 ! ord9>y argum5ts & int]pretations1 & = ?is purpose ,mr4 ,:]ry's additions w prove useful4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 vi4-#bjh1 clo?1 price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,bhagavad-,g,t4 ,translat$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes4 ,,by ,,john ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab47 ,let u add t 8 translation ( ! ,bhagavad ,gt is1 z we judge1 ! be/ t has z yet appe>$ 9 ,engli%1 & t 8 ,philological ,notes are ( q peculi> value4--,dubl9 ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #if1 clo?1 price #es4 ,,! ,,quatra9s ,,( ,,om> ,,khayyam4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,,:9field1 ,m4,a41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 late ,h4,m4 ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxxii4-#ccf1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,quatra9s ,,( ,,om> ,,khayyam4 ,! ,p]sian ,text1 ) an ,engli% ,v]se ,translation4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,:9field1 late ( ! ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice4 ,mr4 ,:9field has execut$ a difficult task ) consid]able success1 & 8 v]sion conta9s mu* t w be new to ^? :o only "k ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald's delightful selection4--,academy4 ,! mo/ prom95t features 9 ! ,quatra9s are _! pr(\nd agno/icism1 comb9$ ) a fatalism bas$ m on philosophic ?an religi\s gr\nds1 _! ,epicureanism & ! _s ( univ]sal tol]ance & *>ity :i* animates !m4--,calcutta ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxiv4-#bfh1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,upani%ads ,,& ,,anci5t ,,indian ,,metaphysics4 ,z exhibit$ 9 a s]ies ( ,articles contribut$ to ! ,calcutta ,review4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,edw>d ,,g\gh1 ,m4,a41 ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,calcutta ,madrasa4 ,= practical purposes ?is is p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! works t h ?us f> appe>$ 9 ',trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies4'444 ,we _c d\bt t = all :o may take x up ! "w mu/ be "o ( pr(\nd int]e/4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,vol4 ,i41 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxiv4-#bcj1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,comp>ative ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,& ,,mesopotamian ,,religions4 ,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,tiele4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,religion4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* ) ! ,assi/ance ( ! ,au?or4 ,by ,,james ,,ball+al4 ,x places 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% read]s a hi/ory ( ,egyptian ,religion :i* is v complete1 :i* is bas$ on ! be/ mat]ials1 & :i* has be5 illu/rat$ by ! late/ results ( rese>*4 ,9 ?is volume !re is a great deal ( in=mation1 z well z indep5d5t inve/igation1 = ! tru/wor?9ess ( :i* ,dr4 ,tiele's "n is 9 itself a gu>antee2 & ! description ( ! successive religions "u ! ,old ,k+dom1 ! ,middle ,k+dom1 & ! ,new ,k+dom1 is giv5 9 a mann] :i* is s*ol>ly & m9ute4--,scotsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#cjb1 clo?1 price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,yusuf ,,& ,,zulaikha4 ,a ,,poem ,,by ,,jami4 ,translat$ f ! ,p]sian into ,engli% ,v]se4 ,,by ,,ralph ,t4 ,h4 ,,griffi?4 ,mr4 ,griffi?1 :o has done already good s]vice z translator into v]se f ! ,sanskrit1 has done fur!r good "w 9 ?is translation f ! ,p]sian1 & he has evid5tly %[n n a little skill 9 8 r5d]+ ! qua9t & v ori5tal /yle ( 8 au?or into our m prosaic1 less figurative1 language4444 ,! "w1 besides its intr9sic m]its1 is ( importance z be+ "o ( ! mo/ popul> & fam\s poems ( ,p]sia1 & t :i* is read 9 all ! indep5d5t native s*ools ( ,india :]e ,p]sian is taught4--,scotsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#bff1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,l+ui/ic ,,essays4 ,,by ,,c>l ,,abel4 ,an entirely novel me?od ( deal+ ) philosophical que/ions & imp>t a real human int]e/ to ! o!rwise dry te*nicalities ( ! sci5ce4--,/&>d4 ,dr4 ,abel is an oppon5t f :om x is pleasant to diff]1 = he writes ) en?usiasm & temp]1 & 8 ma/]y ov] ! ,engli% language fits him to be a *ampion ( unpopul> doctr9es4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 ix4-#bha1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,s>va-,,d>sana-,,samgraha2 ,,or1 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,h9du ,,philosophy4 ,,by ,,madhava ,,a*>ya4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,,c[ell1 ,m4 ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & ,a4 ,e4 ,,g\gh1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,calcutta4 ,?is "w is an int]e/+ specim5 ( ,h9du critical ability4 ,! au?or successively passes 9 review ! sixte5 philosophical sy/ems curr5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india2 & he gives :at appe>s to him to be _! mo/ important t5ets4 ,! translation is tru/wor?y ?r\gh\t4 ,a protract$ soj\rn 9 ,india1 :]e !re is a liv+ tradition1 has famili>is$ ! translators ) ,indian ?\ght4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 lxv4-#cfh1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,,tibetan ,,tales ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,indian ,,s\rces4 ,translat$ f ! ,tibetan ( ! ,,kah-,,gyur4 ,,by ,f4 ,,anton ,,von ,,s*iefn]4 ,done into ,engli% f ! ,g]man1 ) an ,introduction1 ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,ral/on1 ,m4,a4 ,mr4 ,ral/on1 ^: "n is s famili> to all lov]s ( ,russian folk-lore1 has suppli$ "s int]e/+ ,we/]n analogies & p>allels1 drawn1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ,slavonic s\rces1 to ! ,ea/]n folk-tales1 cull$ f ! ,kahgyur1 "o ( ! divisions ( ! ,tibetan sacr$ books4--,academy4 ,! translation 444 c\ld sc>cely h fall5 into bett] h&s4 ,an ,introduction 444 gives ! lead+ facts 9 ! lives ( ^? s*ol>s :o h giv5 _! att5tion to ga9+ a k ( ! ,tibetan lit]ature & language4--,calcutta ,review4 ,ought to int]e/ all :o c>e = ! ,ea/1 = amus+ /ories1 or = comp>ative folk-lore4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xvi4-#bbd1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,ud,,nav>ga4 ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,v]ses ,,f ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,canon4 ,compil$ by ,,dh>matr,,ta4 ,,be+ ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,buddhi/ ,,v]sion ,,( ,,dhammapada4 ,translat$ f ! ,tibetan ( ,bkah-hgyur1 ) ,notes1 & ,extracts f ! ,comm5t>y ( ,pradjnav>man1 ,,by ,w4 ,,woodville ,,rockhill4 ,mr4 ,rockhill's pres5t "w is ! fir/ f :i* assi/ance w be ga9$ = a m accurate und]/&+ ( ! ,pali text2 x is1 9 fact1 z yet ! only t]m ( comp>ison available to u4 ,! ',udanav>ga1' ! ,?ibetan v]sion1 0 orig9ally discov]$ by ! late ,m4 ,s*iefn]1 :o publi%$ ! ,tibetan text1 & _h int5d$ add+ a translation1 an int5tion fru/rat$ by 8 dea?1 b :i* has be5 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,rockhill4444 ,mr4 ,rockhill may be congratulat$ = hav+ well accompli%$ a difficult task4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxiv4-#eff1 clo?1 accompani$ by a ,language ,map1 price #ahs4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,languages ,,( ,,africa4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,ne$ham ,,cu/1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 & late ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 ,any "o at all int]e/$ 9 ,african languages _c d bett] ?an get ,mr4 ,cu/'s book4 ,x is encyclopdic 9 its scope1 & ! read] gets a />t cle> away 9 any p>ticul> language1 & is left free to add to ! initial sum ( k !re collect$4--,natal ,m]cury4 ,mr4 ,cu/ has contriv$ to produce a "w ( value to l+ui/ic /ud5ts4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xv4-#bej1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religion ,,to ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,religions4 ,,by ,c4 ,p4 ,,tiele1 ,doctor ( ,!ology1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd54 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* by ,j4 ,,e/l9 ,,c>p5t]1 ,m4,a4 ,few books ( its size conta9 ! result ( s mu* wide ?9k+1 able & labori\s /udy1 or enable ! read] to ga9 a bett] bird's-eye view ( ! late/ results ( inve/igations into ! religi\s hi/ory ( nations4 ,z ,pr(essor ,tiele mode/ly says1 ',9 ?is little book are outl9es--p5cil sket*es1 ,i might say--no?+ m4' ,b !re are "s m5 ^: sket*es f a ?umb-nail are ( f> m wor? ?an an enorm\s canvas cov]$ ) ! crude pa9t+ ( o!rs1 & x is easy to see t ^! pages1 full ( in=mation1 ^! s5t5ces1 cut & p]haps also dry1 %ort & cle>1 cond5se ! fruits ( long & ?or\gh rese>*4--,scotsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#cab1 ) ,maps & ,plan1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,burma4 ,includ+ ,burma ,prop]1 ,pegu1 ,taungu1 ,t5ass]im1 & ,arakan4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,"t to ! ,end ( ! ,fir/ ,w> ) ,briti% ,india4 ,,by ,,lieut4-,,g54 ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,p4 ,,phayre1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 & ,c4,b41 ,membre ,correspondant de la ,socit ,acadmique ,indo-,*9oise de ,france4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,phayre's contribution to ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies supplies a recognis$ want1 & its appe>ance has be5 look$ =w>d to = _m ye>s4444 ,g5]al ,phayre des]ves great cr$it = ! pati5ce & indu/ry :i* has result$ 9 ?is ,hi/ory ( ,burma4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #bgf1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,by ,,joseph ,,edk9s1 ,d4,d41 ,,pek+4 ,conta9+ a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ! ,?ree ,religions ( ! ,*9ese1 ) ,obs]vations on ! ,prospects ( ,*ri/ian ,conv]sion among/ t ,p4 ,dr4 ,edk9s has be5 mo/ c>eful 9 not+ ! v>i$ & (t5 complex phases ( op9ion1 s z to give an acc\nt ( consid]able value ( ! subject4--,scotsman4 ,z a mission>y1 x has be5 "p ( ,dr4 ,edk9s' duty to /udy ! exi/+ religions 9 ,*9a1 & 8 long resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry has enabl$ him to acquire an intimate k ( !m z !y at pres5t exi/4--,saturday ,review4 ,dr4 ,edk9s' valuable "w1 ( :i* ?is is a second & revis$ edition1 has1 f ! "t t x 0 publi%$1 be5 ! /&>d au?ority ^u ! subject ( :i* x treats4--,noncon=mi/4 ,dr4 ,edk9s 444 may n[ be fairly reg>d$ z among ! fir/ au?orities on ,*9ese religion & language4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 x4-#bgd1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,buddha ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,8 ,,ord]4 ,d]iv$ f ,tibetan ,works 9 ! ,bkah-hgyur & ,b/an-hgyur4 ,foll[$ by notices on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,tibet & ,khot54 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,,rockhill1 ,second ,secret>y ,u4,s4 ,legation 9 ,*9a4 ,! volume be>s te/imony to ! dilig5ce & fulness ) :i* ! au?or has consult$ & te/$ ! anci5t docum5ts be>+ ^u 8 rem>kable subject4--,times4 ,w be appreciat$ by ^? :o devote !mselves to ^? ,buddhi/ /udies :i* h ( late ye>s tak5 9 ^! ,we/]n regions s rem>kable a developm5t4 ,its matt] possesses a special int]e/ z be+ d]iv$ f anci5t ,tibetan works1 "s portions ( :i*1 "h analys$ & translat$1 h n yet attract$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s4 ,! volume is ri* 9 anci5t /ories be>+ ^u ! _w's r5ovation & ! orig9 ( ca/es1 z record$ 9 ^! v5]able au?orities4--,daily ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4-#dfd1 clo?1 price #afs4 ,,! ,,sankhya ,,aphorisms ,,( ,,kapila4 ,) ,illu/rative ,extracts f ! ,comm5t>ies4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,,ballantyne1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,pr9cipal ( ! ,b5>es ,college4 ,edit$ by ,,fitz$w>d ,,hall4 ,! "w displays a va/ exp5diture ( lab\r & s*ol>%ip1 = :i* /ud5ts ( ,h9doo philosophy h e reason to be grateful to ,dr4 ,hall & ! publi%]s4--,calcutta ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 cviii4-#bdb1 & viii4-#cgj1 clo?1 price #bds4 ,d$icat$ by p]mission to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,,buddhi/ ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,_w1 ,translat$ f ! ,*9ese ( ,hiu5 ,tsiang 7,a4,d4 #fbi74 ,,by ,,samuel ,,beal1 ,b4,a41 7,tr94 ,coll41 ,camb472 ,r4,n4 7,retir$ ,*apla9 & ,n4,i472 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london2 ,rector ( ,w>k1 ,nor?umb]l&1 c4 ,an em95t ,indian au?ority writes respect+ ?is "w3--,no?+ m c be done 9 elucidat+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,india until ,mr4 ,beal's translation ( ! ',si-yu-ki' appe>s4 ,x is a /range freak ( hi/orical pres]vation t ! be/ acc\nt ( ! condition ( ,india at t anci5t p]iod has come d[n to u 9 ! books ( travel writt5 by ! ,*9ese pilgrims1 ( :om ,hw5 ,?sang is ! be/ kn[n4--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xlviii4-#cih1 clo?1 price #abs4 ,,! ,,ord9ances ,,( ,,manu4 ,translat$ f ! ,sanskrit1 ) an ,introduction4 ,by ! late ,a4,c4 ,,burnell1 ,ph4,d41 ,c4,i4,e4 ,complet$ & ,edit$ by ,e4,w4 ,,hopk9s1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,columbia ,college1 ,n4,y4 ,?is "w is full ( int]e/2 :ile = ! /ud5t ( sociology & ! sci5ce ( religion x is full ( importance4 ,x is a great boon to get s notable a "w 9 s accessible a =m1 admirably edit$1 & compet5tly translat$4--,scotsman4 ,few m5 7 m compet5t ?an ,burnell to give u a really good translation ( ?is well-kn[n law book1 fir/ r5d]$ into ,engli% by ,sir ,william ,jones4 ,burnell 0 n only an indep5d5t ,sanskrit s*ol>1 b an exp]i5c$ lawy]1 & he jo9$ to ^! two important qualifications ! r>e faculty ( be+ able to express 8 ?\ghts 9 cle> & tr5*ant ,engli%4444 ,we ought to feel v grateful to ,dr4 ,hopk9s = hav+ giv5 u all t c\ld be publi%$ ( ! translation left by ,burnell4--,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll] 9 ! ,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#bcd1 clo?1 price #is4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,alex&] ,,csoma ,,de ,,koros1 ,betwe5 #ahai & #ahdb4 ,) a ,%ort ,notice ( all 8 ,publi%$ & ,unpubli%$ ,works & ,essays4 ,f ,orig9al & = mo/ "p ,unpubli%$ ,docum5ts4 ,by ,,!odore ,,duka1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 7,eng471 ,surgeon-,major ,h4,m4's ,b5gal ,m$ical ,s]vice1 ,retir$1 c4 ,n too soon h ,messrs4 ,trbn] add$ to _! valuable ,ori5tal ,s]ies a hi/ory ( ! life & works ( "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & devot$ ( ,ori5tal /ud5ts1 ,alex&] ,csoma de ,koros4 ,x is =ty-?ree ye>s s9ce 8 dea?1 & ?\gh an acc\nt ( 8 c>e] 0 dem&$ soon aft] 8 decease1 x has only n[ appe>$ 9 ! important memoir ( 8 compatriot1 ,dr4 ,duka4--,booksell]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#cah & vi4-#cab1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pap]s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,indo-,,*9a4 ,repr9t$ f ,dalrymple's ,ori5tal ,rep]tory1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 & ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,i4--,"s ,acc\nts ( ,qu$ah4 ,by ,mi*ael ,topp+4 ,,ii4--,report made to ! ,*ief & ,c\ncil ( ,balambangan1 by ,lieut4 ,james ,b>ton1 ( 8 sev]al ,surveys4 ,,iii4--,sub/ance ( a ,lett] to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors f ,mr4 ,john ,jesse1 dat$ ,july #bj1 #agge1 at ,borneo ,prop]4 ,,iv4--,=mation ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,poolo ,pe5ang4 ,v4--,! ,gold ( ,limong4 ,by ,john ,macdonald4 ,,vi4--,on ,?ree ,natural ,productions ( ,sumatra4 ,by ,john ,macdonald4 ,,vii4--,on ! ,traces ( ! ,h9du ,language & ,lit]ature extant among/ ! ,malays4 ,by ,william ,m>sd54 ,,viii4--,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,ela/ic ,gum ,v9e ( ,pr9ce-,wales ,isl&4 ,by ,james ,h[ison4 ,,ix4--,a ,botanical ,description ( ,urceola ,ela/ica1 or ,ca\t*\c ,v9e ( ,sumatra & ,pulo-,p9ang4 ,by ,william ,roxburgh1 ,m4,d4 ,x4--,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,poggy1 or ,nassau ,isl&s1 ly+ (f ,sumatra4 ,by ,john ,crisp4 ,,xi4--,rem>ks on ! ,species ( ,pepp] :i* are f\nd on ,pr9ce-,wales ,isl&4 ,by ,william ,hunt]1 ,m4,d4 ,,xii4--,on ! ,languages & ,lit]ature ( ! ,indo-,*9ese ,nations4 ,by ,j4 ,leyd51 ,m4,d4 ,,xiii4--,"s ,acc\nt ( an ,orang-,outang ( rem>kable height f\nd on ! ,isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,by ,cl>ke ,abel1 ,m4,d4 ,,xiv4--,obs]vations on ! ,geological ,appe>ances & ,g5]al ,features ( ,portions ( ! ,malayan ,p59sula4 ,by ,capta9 ,james ,l[4 ,,xv4--,%ort ,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ,pulo-,p9ang & ! ,neighb\r+ ,isl&s4 ,by ,t4 ,w>e4 ,,xvi4--,climate ( ,s+apore4 ,,xvii4--,inscription on ! ,jetty at ,s+apore4 ,,xviii4--,extract ( a ,lett] f ,colonel ,j4 ,l[4 ,,xix4--,inscription at ,s+apore4 ,,xx--,an ,acc\nt ( ,sev]al ,inscriptions f\nd 9 ,prov9ce ,wellesley4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,james ,l[4 ,,xxi4--,note on ! ,inscriptions f ,s+apore & ,prov9ce ,wellesley4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,laidlay4 ,,xxii4--,on an ,inscription f ,k$dah4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,l[4 ,,xxiii4--,a ,notice ( ! ,alphabets ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,,xxiv4--,succ9ct ,review ( ! ,obs]vations ( ! ,tides 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,,xxv4--,report on ! ,t9 ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,m]gui4 ,by ,capt4 ,g4 ,b ,trem5he]e4 ,,xxvi4--,report on ! ,manganese ( ,m]gui ,prov9ce4 ,by ,capt4 ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e4 ,,xxvii4--,p>agraphs to be add$ to ,capt4 ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e's ,report4 ,,xxviii4--,second ,report on ! ,t9 ( ,m]gui4 ,by ,capt4 ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e4 ,,xxix4--,analysis ( ,iron ,ores f ,tavoy & ,m]gui1 & ( ,lime/one f ,m]gui4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,ure4 ,,xxx4--,report ( a ,visit to ! ,pak*an ,riv]1 & ( "s ,t9 ,localities 9 ! ,s\!rn ,portion ( ! ,t5ass]im ,prov9ces4 ,by ,capt4 ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e4 ,,xxxi4--,report on a ,r\te f ! ,m\? ( ! ,pak*an to ,krau1 & !nce across ! ,i/hmus ( ,krau to ! ,gulf ( ,siam4 ,by ,capt4 ,al4 ,fras] & ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,=long4 ,,xxxii4--,report1 c41 f ,capt4 ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e on ! ,price ( ,m]gui ,t9 ,ore4 ,,xxxiii4--,rem>ks on ! ,diff]5t ,species ( ,orang-utan4 ,by ,e4 ,bly?4 ,,xxxiv4--,fur!r ,rem>ks4 ,by ,e4 ,bly?4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,xxxv4--,catalogue ( ,mammalia inhabit+ ! ,malayan ,p59sula & ,isl&s4 ,by ,!odore ,cantor1 ,m4,d4 ,,xxxvi4--,on ! ,local & ,relative ,geology ( ,s+apore4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,logan4 ,,xxxvii4--,catalogue ( ,reptiles inhabit+ ! ,malayan ,p59sula & ,isl&s4 ,by ,!odore ,cantor1 ,m4,d4 ,,xxxviii4--,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,botanical ,collection br\ght f ! ,ea/w>d1 9 #ahda1 by ,dr4 ,cantor4 ,by ! late ,w4 ,griffi?4 ,,xxxix4--,on ! ,flat-,horn$ ,taur9e ,cattle ( ,s4,e4 ,asia4 ,by ,e4 ,bly?4 ,,xl4--,note1 by ,major-,g5]al ,g4 ,b4 ,trem5he]e4 ,g5]al ,index4 ,index ( ,v]nacul> ,t]ms4 ,index ( ,zoological ,g5]a & ,sub-,g5]a occurr+ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! pap]s treat ( almo/ e aspect ( ,indo-,*9a--its philology1 economy1 geography1 geology--& con/itute a v mat]ial & important contribution to our accessible in=mation reg>d+ t c\ntry & its p4--,contempor>y ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#gb1 clo?1 price #es4 ,,! ,,satakas ,,( ,,bh>trih>i4 ,translat$ f ! ,sanskrit ,by ! ,,rev4 ,b4 ,,hale ,,wor?am1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,rector ( ,egges=d1 ,nor? ,devon4 ,a v int]e/+ addition to ,trbn]'s ,ori5tal ,s]ies4--,saturday ,review4 ,_m ( ! ,maxims 9 ! book h a ,biblical r+ & beauty ( expression4--,/4 ,james' ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#ahj1 clo?1 price #fs4 ,,anci5t ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,maxims ,,f ,,burmese ,,s\rces2 ,or1 ,,! ,,niti ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,burma4 ,,by ,,james ,,gray1 ,au?or ( ,elem5ts ( ,pali ,gramm>1 ,translation ( ! ,dhammapada1 c4 ,! ,sanscrit-,pli ^w ,nti is equival5t to conduct 9 its ab/ract1 & guide 9 its concrete signification4 ,z appli$ to books1 x is a g5]al t]m = a treatise :i* includes maxims1 pi?y say+s1 & didactic /ories1 int5d$ z a guide to su* matt]s ( ev]yday life z =m ! "* ( an individual & influ5ce him 9 8 relations to 8 fell[-m54 ,treatises ( ?is k9d h be5 popul> 9 all ages1 & h s]v$ z a mo/ effective m$ium ( in/ruction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxxii4 & #ccj1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,masnavi ,i ,,ma' ,,navi3 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,c\plets ,,( ,,maulana ,,jalalu-',d-,,d9 ,,muhammad ,i ,,rumi4 ,translat$ & ,abridg$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,,:9field1 ,m4,a41 ,late ( ,h4,m4 ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 viii4 & #cdf1 clo?1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,manava-,,dh>ma-,,ca/ra3 ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,manu4 ,,orig9al ,,sanskrit ,,text1 ,,) ,,critical ,,notes4 ,,by ,j4 ,,jolly1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,sanskrit 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wurzburg2 late ,tagore ,pr(essor ( ,law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,calcutta4 ,! date assign$ by ,sir ,william ,jones to ?is ,code--! well-kn[n ,great ,law ,book ( ! ,h9dus--is #abej-ejj ,b4,c41 al?\gh ! rules & precepts conta9$ 9 x _h probably exi/$ z tradition = c\ntless ages be=e4 ,!re has be5 no reliable edition ( ! ,text = ,/ud5ts = _m ye>s pa/1 & x is believ$1 !re=e1 t ,pr(4 ,jolly's "w w supply a want long felt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 #bae1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,leaves ,,f ,,my ,,*9ese ,,scrap-,,book4 ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h5ry ,,balf\r4 ,au?or ( ,waifs & ,/rays f ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,taoi/ ,texts1 ,idiomatic ,phrases 9 ! ,pek+ ,colloquial1 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xvi4-#edh1 ) ,six ,maps1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,l+ui/ic ,,& ,,ori5tal ,,essays4 ,,writt5 ,,f ,,! ,,ye> #ahdg ,,to #ahhg4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,ne$ham ,,cu/1 ,,ll4,d41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law2 ,honor>y ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society2 ,late ,memb] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,indian ,civil ,s]vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 x4-#cjh & vi4-#cad1 clo?1 price #bes4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pap]s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,indo-,,*9a4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,,ro/1 ,ph4,d41 c4 c41 ,libr>ian to ! ,india ,(fice4 ,,second ,,s]ies4 ,repr9t$ = ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society f ! ,malayan ,miscellanies1 ! ,transactions & ,j\rnal ( ! ,batavian ,society1 & ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 & ! ,royal ,geographical & ,royal ,asiatic ,societies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#eab1 price #afs4 ,,folk-,,tales ,,( ,,ka%mir4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,,h9ton ,,kn[les1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 c4 7,c4,m4,s47 ,mission>y to ! ,ka%miris4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 xii4-#ccf & ,x4-#ceb1 clo?1 price #bas4 ,,m$i,,val ,,rese>*es ,,f ,,ea/]n ,,asiatic ,,s\rces4 ,,fragm5ts ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,geography ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c5tral ,,& ,,we/]n ,,asia ,,f ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,to ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,,by ,e4 ,,brets*neid]1 ,m4,d41 ,=m]ly ,physician ( ! ,russian ,legation at ,pek94 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 po/ #hvo1 pp4 l4-#djh & #dca1 clo?1 price #cfs4 ,,alb]uni',s ,,india3 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,its ,,religion1 ,,philosophy1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,geography1 ,,*ronology1 ,,a/ronomy1 ,,cu/oms1 ,,law1 ,,& ,,a/rology 7,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajca74 ,,translat$ ,,into ,,engli%4 ,) ,notes & ,indices by ,pr(4 ,,edw>d ,,sa*au1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 #c a/]isks 9 triangle ,! ,arabic ,orig9al1 ) an ,index ( ! ,sanskrit ,words1 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,sa*au1 is 9 ! press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ #hvo1 pp4 xxxvii4-#bah1 clo?1 price #ajs4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,hiu5 ,,tsiang4 ,,by ,,! ,,%amans ,,hwui ,,li ,,& ,,y5-,,tsung4 ,) a ,preface conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ,works ( ,i-,,ts+4 ,,by ,,samuel ,,beal1 ,b4,a4 7,tr94 ,coll41 ,camb472 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london2 ,rector ( ,w>k1 ,nor?umb]l&1 c4 ,au?or ( ,buddhi/ ,records ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1 ,! ,romantic ,leg5d ( ,sakya ,buddha1 c4 ,:5 ! ,pilgrim ,hiu5 ,tsiang return$ f 8 travels 9 ,india1 he took up 8 abode 9 ! ,temple ( ,great ,b5evol5ce2 ?is conv5t _h be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,emp]or 9 hon\r ( ! ,empress1 ,w5-te-hau4 ,aft] ,hiu5 ,tsiang's dea?1 8 disciple1 ,hwui ,li1 compos$ a "w :i* gave an acc\nt ( 8 illu/ri\s ,ma/]'s travels2 ?is "w :5 he complet$ he buri$1 & refus$ to discov] its place ( concealm5t4 ,b previ\s to 8 dea? he reveal$ its :]eab\ts to ,y5-tsung1 by :om x 0 f9ally revis$ & publi%$4 ,?is is ,! ,life ( ,hiu5 ,tsiang4 ,x is a valuable sequel to ! ,si-yu-ki1 correct+ & illu/rat+ x 9 _m p>ticul>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,prep>ation3-- ,po/ #hvo4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,languages ,,( ,,oceania4 ,,by ,r4 ,n4 ,,cu/1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,au?or ( ,mod]n ,languages ( ! ,ea/1 ,mod]n ,languages ( ,africa1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 #eg ,,& #ei ,,ludgate ,,hill4 99 99 99 99 99