,transcrib]'s note    ,?is is d]iv$ f a 
copy on ! ,int]net ,ar*ive3             
http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/ca?oli
c*ur*me#jjhgdbmbp    ,page numb]s 9 ?is 
book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9   
curly   braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5     
locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$   9 !    
orig9al book4    ,obvi\s spell+ errors h
 be5 correct$ b inv5tive &   inconsi/5t 
spell+ is left un*ang$4    ,ext5d$      
quotations & citations are ind5t$4      
,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ to avoid       
ambiguity1 & relocat$   to ! end ( !    
enclos+ p>agraph4  ,end ,transcrib]'s   
note    ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*m5 ,,9 ,,sci5ce 
,,fir/ ,,s]ies   ,,sket*es ,,( ,,!      
,,lives ,,( ,,ca?olic ,,ecclesia/ics    
,,:o ,,7 ,,among ,,! ,,great ,,f\nd]s   
,,9 ,,sci5ce  ,by  ,,james ,j4 ,,wal%1  
,k4,,/4,g41 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,litt4,d4
  ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,n]v\s
 ,diseases at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool (
 ,m$ic9e2 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological    
,psy*ology 9 ! ,ca!dral ,college1 ,new  
,york2 ,memb] ( ,a4,m4,a41 ,n4,y4 ,/ate 

,m$4 ,soc41 ,a4,a4,a4,s41 ,life ,mem (  
,n4,y4 ,hi/orical ,society4    ,,second 
,,edition    ,,philadelphia  ,am]ican   
,ecclesia/ical ,review  ,! ,dolph9      
,press  ,,mcmx4    ,,copyright4 #aijf1  
#aiaj  ,am]ican ,ecclesia/ical ,review  
,! ,dolph9 ,press    ,a sorr['s cr[n (  
sorr[4    ,,?is ,,book ,,is             
,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,!     
,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,"m  vii  ,,preface4 
,! foll[+ sket*es ( ! lives ( cl]gym5 :o
 7 great sci5ti/s h appe>$ at v>i\s     
times dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s 9 ,ca?olic   
magaz9es4 ,!y 7 writt5 because !        
mat]ials = !m _h gradually accumulat$   
dur+ ! prep>ation ( v>i\s c\rses (      
lectures1 & x seem$ advisable to put !m 
9 ord] 9 su* a way t !y might be helpful
 to o!rs work+ along simil> l9es4 ,!y   
all range !mselves naturally ar\nd !    
c5tral idea t ! submission ( ! human    
reason to ,*ri/ian belief1 & ( ! m9d &  
he>t to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 is q      
compatible ) orig9al ?9k+ ( ! highe/    
ord]1 & ) t absolute fre$om (           

inve/igation into physical sci5ce1 :i*  
has only too (t5 be5 said to be q       
impossible to *ur*m54 ,= ?is reason     
fri5ds h sugge/$ t !y %\ld be publi%$   
toge!r 9 a =m 9 :i* !y w\ld be m easy ( 
consultation ?an :5 scatt]$ 9 diff]5t   
p]iodicals4 ,x 0 urg$1 too1 t !y w\ld   
?us also be m effective = ! cause :i* !y
 uphold4 ,?is fri5dly sugge/ion has be5 
yield$ to1 :e!r ju/ifiably or n ! read] 
mu/ decide = himself4 ,!re is s great a 
flood ( books1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1  
ascrib+ _! exi/5ce to ! advice (        
well-mean+ fri5ds1 t we poor au?ors are 
evid5tly n 9 a position to judge =      
ourselves ( ! m]it ( our works or ( !   
possible int]e/ !y may ar\se4  viii  ,i 
h to ?ank ! editors ( ! ,am]ican        
,ca?olic ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ( ! ,ave     
,m>ia1 & ( ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,review &  
,! ,dolph91 = _! k9d p]mission to       
republi% ! articles :i* appe>$ orig9ally
 9 _! pages4 ,all ( !m1 ?\gh            
sub/antially rema9+ ! same1 h be5       
revis$1 modifi$ 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s1 &

 add$ to v consid]ably 9 mo/ cases4  ,! 
call = a second edition--! ?ird ?\s&--( 
?is little book is gratify+4 ,its sale  
enc\rag$ ! prep>ation ( a ,second ,s]ies
 ( ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*m5 ,,9 ,,sci5ce1 & n[
 ! cont9u$ dem& sugge/s a ,?ird ,s]ies1 
:i* w be issu$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,"s m9or     
corrections h be5 made 9 ?is edition1 b 
! book is sub/antially ! same4  ix      
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page  ,,preface                       
ix  ,i4    ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,opposition   
,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion             
#c  ,,ii4   ,,cop]nicus ,,& ,,8 ,,times 
#ae  ,,iii4  ,,basil ,,val5t9e4 ,,f\nd] 
,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry                #de
  ,,iv4   ,,l9acre3 ,,s*ol>1            
,,physician1 ,,prie/                    
#gi  ,v4    ,,fa!r ,,kir*]1 ,s4,j4      
,,sci5ti/1 ,,ori5tali/1 ,,& ,,collector 
#aaa  ,,vi4   ,,bi%op ,,/5s53 ,,anatomi/
 ,,& ,,fa!r ,,( ,,geology               
#acg  ,,vii4  ,,abbe ,h,a,ue,y3 ,,fa!r  
,,( ,,cry/allography                    
#afi  ,,viii4 ,,abbot ,,m5del3 ,a ,,new 

,,outlook ,,9 ,,h]$ity                  
#aie   x  #a  ,i4  ,,! ,,suppos$        
,,opposition ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,&           
,,religion4  #b  #c  ,i4  ,,! ,,suppos$ 
,,opposition ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,&           
,,religion4  ,a common impression       
prevails t !re is s]i\s1 if n inv9cible1
 opposition betwe5 sci5ce & religion4   
,?is p]suasion has be5 m9imiz$ to a     
great degree 9 rec5t ye>s1 & yet        
suffici5t ( x rema9s to make a great _m 
p ?9k t1 if !re is n entire             
incompatibility betwe5 sci5ce &         
religion1 !re is at lea/ su* a div]sity 
( purposes & aims 9 ^! two great realms 
( human ?\ght t ^? :o cultivate "o field
 are n able to appreciate ! labors ( ^? 
:o occupy !mselves 9 ! o!r4 ,inde$1 x is
 usually accept$ z a tru? t to foll[    
sci5ce ) assiduity is practically sure  
to lead to unor?odoxy 9 religion4 ,?is  
is suppos$ to be especially true if !   
acquisition ( sci5tific k is pursu$     
along l9es t involve orig9al rese>* &   
new inve/igation4 ,someh[1 x is ?\ght t 

any "o :o has a m9d free en\gh f !      
influ5ce ( prejudice & tradition to     
become an orig9al ?9k] or inve/igator1  
is inevitably prone to ab&on ! old      
or?odox l9es ( ?\ght 9 respect to       
religion4  ,l a good _m o!r convictions 
& p]suasions t exi/ m or less z #d      
commonplaces 9 ! subconsci\s intellects 
( a great _m p1 ?is is n true4 ,our     
,am]ican humori/ said t x is n s mu* !  
ignorance ( mank9d t makes him ridicul\s
 z ! kn[+ s _m ?+s t a9't s4 ,! suppos$ 
opposition betwe5 sci5ce & religion is  
precisely an apposite type ( "o ( ! ?+s 
t a9't s4 ,x is s firmly fix$ z a rule1 
h[ev]1 t _m p h accept$ x )\t be+ q     
consci\s ( ! fact t x exi/s z "o ( !    
elem5ts influ5c+ _m ( _! judgm5ts--a v  
important factor 9 _! app]ception4  ,n[1
 x s happ5s t a numb] ( prom95t orig9al 
inve/igators 9 mod]n sci5ce 7 n only    
?or\ghly or?odox 9 _! religi\s beliefs1 
b 7 ev5 fai?ful cl]gym5 & guid+ spirits 
= o!rs 9 ! pa? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! names (
 ^? :o are includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume is 

! be/ pro( ( ?is4 ,! s]ies ( sket*es 0  
writt5 at v>i\s times1 & yet !re 0 a    
c5tral ?\ght guid+ ! selection ( ! v>i\s
 sci5tific work]s4 ,mo/ ( !m liv$ at    
ab\t ! "t :51 accord+ to an un=tunate   
tradition t has be5 v g5]ally accept$1 !
 ,*ur* dom9at$ human ?9k+ s tyrann\sly z
 practically to preclude all notion (   
orig9al inve/igation 9 any l9e ( ?\ght1 
b especially 9 matt]s relat+ to physical
 sci5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 ^: lives are sket*$
 liv$ dur+ ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & fir/   
half ( ! #e sev5te5? c5turies4 ,all ( !m
 7 ,ca?olic cl]gym5 ( high /&+1 & none (
 !m suff]$ any?+ l p]secution = 8       
op9ions2 all rema9$ fai?ful adh]5ts ( ! 
,*ur* ?r\gh long lives4  ,x is hop$ t   
?is volume1 )\t be+ 9 any s5se          
controv]sial1 may t5d to ?r[ light on _m
 po9ts t h be5 ! subject ( controv]sy2 &
 by %[+ h[ absolutely free ^! great     
cl]gym5-sci5ti/s 7 to pursue _!         
inve/igations 9 sci5ce1 x may s]ve to   
demon/rate h[ utt]ly unf\nd$ is !       
prejudice t w\ld decl>e t !             

ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ^! p>ticul>  
c5turies 7 unit$ 9 _! opposition to     
sci5tific advance4  ,!re is no d\bt t at
 times m5 h be5 ! subject ( p]secution  
because ( sci5tific op9ions4 ,9 all ( ^!
 cases1 )\t exception1 h[ev]--& ?is is  
p>ticul>ly true ( su* m5 z ,galileo1    
,giordano ,bruno1 & ,mi*ael ,s]vetus--a 
little inve/igation ( ! p]sonal "* ( !  
individuals involv$ 9 ^! p]secutions w  
%[ ! victims to h be5 ( t especially    
irritat+ class ( individuals :o s       
con/antly awak5 opposition to :atev]    
op9ions !y may hold by uphold+ !m       
ov]/r5u\sly & inopportunely4 ,!y 7 ! k9d
 ( m5 :o c\ld say no?+ )\t1 to "s ext5t 
at lea/1 ar\s+ ! res5tm5t ( ^? ar\nd !m 
:o /ill clung to old] ideas4 ,we all "k 
?is class ( individual v well4 #f ,9 ^! 
g5tl] mod]n times we may ev5 bewail !   
fact t !re is no su* exp$iti\s me?od (  
dispos+ ( him z 9 ! old5 "t4 ,?is is n a
 def5ce ( :at 0 done 9 _! reg>d1 b is a 
^w ( explanation t %[s h[ human 7 !     
motives at "w & h[ unecclesia/ical !    

proc$ures1 ev5 ?\gh *ur* in/itutions1   
,prote/ant & ,ca?olic alike1 7 us$ by ! 
(f5d$ p>ties to rid !m ( obnoxi\s       
argum5tators4  ,9 ?is matt] x mu/ n be  
=gott5 t p]secution has be5 ! v common  
associate ( notewor?y advances 9 sci5ce1
 q ap>t f any "q ( ! relations betwe5   
sci5ce & religion4 ,!re has sc>cely be5 
a s+le important advance 9 ! hi/ory (   
appli$ sci5ce especially1 t has n br\ght
 d[n ^u ! devot$ head ( ! discov]]1 = a 
"t at lea/1 ! ill-w ( 8 own g5]ation4   
,take ! case ( m$ic9e1 = in/ance4       
,vesalius 0 p]secut$1 b n by !          
ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,! bitt]      
opposition to him & to 8 "w came f 8    
colleagues 9 m$ic9e1 :o ?\ght t he 0    
dep>t+ f ! tea*+ ( ,gal51 & consid]$ t a
 c>d9al m$ical h]esy n to be =giv54     
,h>vey1 ! fam\s discov]] ( ! circulation
 ( ! blood1 lo/ mu* ( 8 lucrative m$ical
 practice aft] ! publication ( 8        
discov]y1 because 8 m$ical contempor>ies
 ?\ght ! notion ( ! he>t pump+ blood    
?r\gh ! art]ies to be s fooli% t !y     

refus$ to #g admit t x c\ld come f a man
 ( common s5se1 mu* less f a sci5tific  
physician4 ,nor ne$ x be ?\ght t ?is _s 
( opposition to novelty exi/$ only 9 !  
sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,almo/ 9   
our own "t ,semmelweis1 :o fir/ taught !
 necessity = extreme cleanl9ess 9       
ob/etrical "w1 met ) s mu* opposition 9 
! introduction ( ! precautions he       
consid]$ necess>y t he 0 f9ally driv5   
insane4 ,8 me?ods r$uc$ ! mortality 9 ! 
great ly+-9 hospitals ( ,europe f ne>ly 
t5 p] c5t = su* cases d[n to less ?an "o
 p] c5t1 ?us sav+ _m ?\s&s ( lives e    
ye>4  ,despite ?is v natural t5d5cy to  
decry ! value ( new discov]ies 9 sci5ce 
& ! opposition !y ar\s$1 x w be f\nd t !
 lives ( ^! cl]gym5 sci5ti/s %[ u t !y  
met ) mu* m sympa?y 9 _! "w ?an 0       
usually accord$ to orig9al inve/igators 
9 sci5ce 9 o!r pa?s 9 life4 ,?is is s   
diff]5t f ! ord9>y impression 9 ! matt] 
t x seems wor? :ile call+ x to p>ticul> 
att5tion4 ,:ile we h select$ lives (    
c]ta9 ( ! great lead]s 9 sci5ce1 we w\ld

 n wi% x to be und]/ood t ^! are ! only 
ones among ! cl]gym5 ( ! la/ f\r        
c5turies :o des]ve an honorable place   
high up 9 ! roll ( successful sci5tific 
inve/igators4 ,only ^? are tak5 :o      
illu/rate activity 9 sci5ces t are      
suppos$ to h be5 especially =bidd5 to   
cl]gym54 ,x #h has be5 said ov] & ov]   
aga91 = in/ance1 t !re 0 di/9ct         
ecclesia/ical opposition to ! /udy (    
*emi/ry4 ,inde$1 _m writ]s h n hesitat$ 
to say t !re 0 a bull1 or at lea/ a     
decree1 issu$ by "o or m ( ! popes      
=bidd+ ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,?is1 is n only
 n true1 b ! v pope :o is said to h     
issu$ ! decree1 ,john ,,xxii1 0 himself 
an ard5t /ud5t ( ! m$ical sci5ces4 ,we  
/ill possess sev]al books f him on ^!   
subjects1 & 8 decree 0 meant only to    
suppress pseudo-sci5ce1 :i*1 z always1 0
 exploit+ ! p = its own ends4 ,! fact t 
a c5tury lat] ! f\ndation ( mod]n       
*emical ph>macology 0 laid by a         
,b5$ict9e monk1 ,basil ,val5t9e1 %[s h[ 
unf\nd$ is ! idea t ! papal decree      

actually hamp]$ 9 any way ! developm5t (
 *emical inve/igation or ! advance (    
*emical sci5ce4  ,ow+ to ! ,galileo     
controv]sy1 a/ronomy is ord9>ily suppos$
 to h be5 ano!r ( ! sci5ces to :i* x 0  
extremely indiscreet at lea/1 n to say  
dang]\s1 = a cl]gyman to devote himself4
 ,! great f\nd] ( mod]n a/ronomy1 h[ev]1
 ,cop]nicus1 0 n only a cl]gyman1 b "o  
inde$ s fai?ful & ard5t t x is said to h
 be5 ow+ to 8 ef=ts t ! diocese 9 :i* he
 liv$ did n g ov] to ,lu!ranism dur+ 8  
lifetime1 z did mo/ ( ! o!r dioceses 9 t
 "p ( ,g]many4 ,! fact t ,cop]nicus's   
book 0 involv$ 9 ! ,galileo trial has   
r5d]$ 8 #i position /ill fur!r          
misund]/ood1 b ! matt] is fully cle>$ up
 9 ! subsequ5t sket* ( 8 life4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact1 x is 9 a/ronomy p>ticul>ly
 t cl]gym5 h always be5 9 ! =efront (   
advance2 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t x 0 !    
,ca?olic ,*ur* t secur$ ! sci5tific data
 necess>y = ! correction ( ! ,julian    
,cal5d>1 & t x 0 a pope :o proclaim$ !  
advisability ( ! correction to ! _w4    

,d[n to our own day !re h always be5 v  
prom95t cl]gym5 a/ronom]s4 ,"o ( ! be/  
kn[n names 9 ! hi/ory ( ! a/ronomy ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury is t ( ,fa!r ,piazzi1 to 
:om we owe ! discov]y ( ! fir/ ( !      
a/]oids4 ,o!r well-kn[n names1 su* z    
,fa!r ,sec*i1 :o 0 ! head ( ! papal     
obs]vatory at ,rome1 & ,fa!r ,p]ry1 !   
,engli% ,jesuit1 might well be m5tion$4 
,! papal obs]vatory at ,rome has =      
c5turies be5 do+ "s ( ! be/ "w 9        
a/ronomy accompli%$ any:]e1 al?\gh x has
 always be5 limit$ 9 its means1 has _h  
inadequate res\rces to draw on1 & has   
succe$$ 9 accompli%+ :at x has done only
 because ( ! g5]\s devotion ( ^? atta*$ 
to x4  ,to g back to ! ,galileo         
controv]sy = a mom5t1 !re seems no bett]
 answ] to ! ass]tion t 8 trial %[s      
cle>ly ! opposition betwe5 religion1 or 
at lea/ ecclesia/ical au?orities1 &     
sci5ce1 ?an to recall1 z we h done1 9   
writ+ ! accompany+ sket* ( ! #aj life ( 
,fa!r ,kir*]1 ,s4,j41 t j aft] ! trial  
,roman ecclesia/ics v g5]ally 7 ready to

 enc\rage lib]ally a man :o devot$      
himself to all =ms ( physical sci5ce1 :o
 0 an orig9al ?9k] 9 _m ( !m1 :o 0 a    
great tea*]1 ^: writ+s did m to         
dissem9ate k ( advances 9 sci5ce ?an ^? 
( any man ( 8 "t1 & ^: idea ( !         
collection ( sci5tific curiosities into 
a great museum at ,rome 7:i* /ill be>s 8
 "n7 0 "o ( ! f]tile g]m9al sugge/ions 9
 :i* mod]n sci5ce 0 to f9d se$s = future
 gr[?4  ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t geology 0 "o 
( ! sci5ces t 0 di/9ctly oppos$ by      
*ur*m52 yet we %all see t ! fa!r ( mod]n
 geology1 "o ( ! greate/ anatomi/s ( 8  
"t1 0 n only a conv]t to ,ca?olicity1 b 
became a cl]gyman ab\t ! "t he 0 writ+ !
 little book t laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n 
geology4 ,we %all see1 too1 t1 f> f     
religion & sci5ce cla%+ 9 him1 he       
aft]w>ds 0 made a bi%op1 9 ! hope t he  
%\ld be able to g back to 8 native l& & 
induce o!rs to become memb]s ( t ,*ur*  
:]e9 he _h f\nd peace & happ9ess4  ,9 ! 
mod]n times biology has be5 suppos$ to  
be ! special subject ( opposition1 or at

 lea/ fe>1 on ! "p ( ecclesia/ical      
au?orities4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! life 
( ,abbot ,m5del has be5 introduc$4 ,:ile
 work+ 9 #aa 8 mona/]y g>d5 9 ! little  
t[n ( ,bru5n 9 ,moravia1 ?is ,augu/9ian 
monk discov]$ c]ta9 preci\s laws (      
h]$ity t are consid]$ by progressive    
tw5tie?-c5tury sci5ti/s to be ! mo/     
important contributions to ! difficult  
problems relat+ to inh]itance 9 biology 
t h be5 made4  ,^! con/itute ! reasons =
 ?is little book on ,ca?olic cl]gym5    
sci5ti/s4 ,x is publi%$1 n ) any ult]ior
 motives1 b simply to impress c]ta9     
details ( tru? 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce t h  
be5 neglect$ 9 rec5t ye>s &1 by pres5t+ 
sympa!tic lives ( great cl]gym5         
sci5ti/s1 to %[ t n only is !re no      
ess5tial opposition betwe5 sci5ce &     
religion1 b on ! contr>y t ! quiet peace
 ( ! cloi/] & ( a religi\s life h (t5   
contribut$ n a little to t preci\s      
placidity ( m9d :i* seems to be s       
necess>y = ! discov]y ( great1 new      
sci5tific tru?s4   #ab  ,,ii4           

,,cop]nicus ,,& ,,8 ,,times4   #ac  ,all
 ! va/ & mo/ progressive sy/ems t human 
wisdom has br\ght =? z sub/itutes =     
religion1 h nev] succe$$ 9 int]e/+ any b
 ! le>n$1 ! ambiti\s1 or at mo/ !       
prosp]\s & happy4 ,b ! great majority ( 
mank9d c nev] come "u ^! categories4 ,! 
great majority ( m5 are suff]+1 & suff]+
 f moral z well z physical evils4 ,man's
 fir/ bread is grief1 & 8 fir/ want is  
consolation4 ,n[ :i* ( ^! sy/ems has ev]
 consol$ an afflict$ he>t1 or repeopl$ a
 lonely "o8 ,:i* ( ^! tea*]s has ev] %[n
 m5 h[ to wipe away a te>8 ,*ri/ianity  
alone has f ! beg9n+ promis$ to console 
man 9 ! sorr[s incid5tal to life by     
purify+ ! incl9ations ( 8 he>t1 & %e    
alone has kept h]                       
promise4--,,montalemb]t1 ,introduction  
to ,life ( ,/4 ,elizabe?4  #ad          
,illu/ration3 ,,nicolao ,,cop]nico      
#ae  ,,ii4  ,,cop]nicus ,,& ,,8 ,,times4
  ,! association ( ! "n ( ,cop]nicus ) t
 ( ,galileo has always ca/ an air (     
unor?odoxy ab\t ! great a/ronom]4 ,!    

condemnation ( c]ta9 propositions 9 8 "w
 on a/ronomy 9 :i* ,cop]nicus fir/ set  
=? ! idea ( ! univ]se z we "k x at      
pres5t1 9 contradi/9ction to ! old      
,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy1 w\ld seem  
to emphasize ?is suspicion ( unor?odox  
?9k+4 ,he is rightly look$ ^u z "o ( !  
great pione]s ( our mod]n physical      
sci5ce1 &1 z x is g5]ally suppos$ t     
sci5tific t5d5cies lead away f religion1
 !re are d\btless _m :o look ^u         
,cop]nicus z naturally "o ( ! lead]s 9  
?is rationali/ic movem5t4 ,x is =gott5 t
 sc>cely any ( ! great orig9al ?9k]s h  
escap$ ! /igma ( hav+ c]ta9 propositions
 9 "s ( _! books condemn$1 & t ?is inde$
 is only an index ( ! fallibility ( !   
human m9d & ( ! ne$ !re is = "s         
au?oritative tea*]4 ,! s5t5ces 9        
,cop]nicus's book requir+ correction 7 b
 few1 & 7 r matt]s ( t]m9ology ?an (    
actual p]v]sion ( accept$ tea*+4 ,x 0 z 
su* t _! modification 0 sugge/$4 ,9     
spite ( ?is1 ! #af impression rema9s t  
,cop]nicus mu/ be consid]$ z a          

rationaliz+ sci5ti/1 ! fir/ 9 a long    
roll ( orig9al sci5tific inve/igators ^:
 "w has made ! edifice ( ,*ri/ianity    
tott] by remov+ _m ( ! f\ndation-/ones (
 its traditional au?ority4  ,x is r     
surpris+1 9 view ( ?is common impression
 ) reg>d to ,cop]nicus1 to f9d him1     
accord+ to rec5t biograph]s1 a fai?ful  
cl]gyman 9 honor ) 8 ecclesia/ical      
sup]iors1 a di/+ui%$ physician ^: *ief  
pati5ts 7 cl]ical fri5ds ( prom95t      
position & ! great noblem5 ( 8 day1 :o n
 only reta9$ all 8 fai? & rev]5ce = !   
,*ur*1 b seems to h be5 especially      
religi\s1 a devot$ adh]5t ( ! ,bless$   
,virg9 ,"m ( ,god1 & ! au?or ( a s]ies (
 poems 9 h] honor t con/itute a di/9ct  
contribution to ! lit]ature ( 8 "t4     
,all ?is %\ld n be a/oni%+1 h[ev]2 = 9 !
 li/ ( ! *ur*m5 ( ! half c5tury j be=e !
 great religi\s revolt 9 ,g]many are to 
be f\nd "s ( ! be/ kn[n names 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! race4  
,?is /atem5t is s contr>y to ! usual    
impression t obta9s 9 reg>d to ! "* ( t 

p]iod z to be a di/9ct s\rce ( surprise 
to ! ord9>y read] ( hi/ory :o has !     
realization ( its tru? ?ru/ ^u him = !  
fir/ "t4 ,j be=e ! s-call$ ,re=mation1 !
 cl]gy are consid]$ to h be5 s sunk 9   
ignorance1 or at lea/ to #ag h be5 s    
indiff]5t to intellectual pursuits & s  
cramp$ 9 m9d z reg>ds progress1 or s    
timor\s because ( inquisition me?ods1 t 
no great advances 9 ?\ght1 & especially 
none 9 sci5ce1 c\ld possibly be look$ = 
f !m4 ,to f9d1 !n1 t n only 7 fai?ful   
*ur*m5 lead]s 9 ?\ght1 discov]]s 9      
sci5ce1 organiz]s 9 education1          
initiators ( new progress1 tea*]s ( !   
,new ,le>n+1 b t !y 7 also typical      
repres5tatives & yet prud5t directors ( 
! advanc+ _s ( t truly wond]ful "t1 is  
apt to make u ?9k t surely--z ! ,c\nt de
 ,mai/re said "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & !   
,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory repeats at !  
beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury :5 treat+ (   
?is v p]iod--hi/ory has be5 a conspiracy
 aga9/ ! tru?4  ,n q fifty ye>s be=e    
,lu!r's movem5t ( prote/ began--t is1 9 

#adga--!re pass$ away 9 a little t[n 9 !
 ,rh9el& a man :o has be5 a great]      
spiritual =ce ?an p]haps any o!r s+le   
man t has ev] exi/$4 ,?is 0 ,?omas a    
,kempis1 a product ( ! s*ools ( !       
,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life1 a tea*+ ord] 
t dur+ ^! fifty ye>s be=e ! ,prote/ant  
,revolution _h ov] t5 ?\s& pupils 9 its 
s*ools 9 ! ,rh9el& & ! ,ne!rl&s alone4  
,z among ^! pupils !re occur su* names z
 ,erasmus1 ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 ,agricola1 
n to m5tion _m less illu/ri\s1 "s idea (
 ?is old tea*+ in/itution1 t has be5 v  
aptly comp>$ to our #ah mod]n ,bro!rs ( 
! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 c be realiz$4       
,kempis 0 a wor?y initiator ( a great   
half c5tury4 ,he _h among 8             
contempor>ies1 or foll[]s 9 ! next      
g5]ation1 su* m5 z ,grocyn1 ,dean       
,colet1 & ,l9acre 9 ,engl&1 ,c>d9al     
,xim5es 9 ,spa91 & ,cop]nicus 9 ,g]many4
 ,consid]+ ! usual impression 9 ?is     
matt] z reg>ds ! lack ( int]e/ at ,rome 
9 s]i\s /udy1 x is curi\sly int]e/+ to  
realize h[ closely ^! great s*ol>s &    

?9k]s 7 9 t\* ) ! fam\s popes ( !       
,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! second half ( !   
sixte5? c5tury saw ! elevation to !     
papacy ( "s ( ! mo/ le>n$ & wor?y m5 t h
 ev] occupi$ ! ,*air ( ,pet]4 ,9 #addg  
,ni*olas ,v became pope1 & dur+ 8 eight 
ye>s ( pontificate initiat$ a movem5t ( 
sympa?y ) mod]n art & lett]s t 0 nev] to
 be ext+ui%$4 ,to him m ?an to any o!r  
may be attribut$ ! f\ndation ( !        
,vatican ,libr>y4 ,to him also is       
attribut$ ! fam\s expression t no art c 
be too l(ty = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he 0 
succe$$ by ,calixtus ,,iii1 a patron (  
le>n+1 :o 0 foll[$ by ,pius ,,ii1 !     
fam\s ,a,eneas ,sylvius1 "o ( ! greate/ 
s*ol>s & mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 day1 :o _h    
done m = ! spread ( culture & (         
education 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ?an  
p]haps any o!r alive at ! "t4  ,! next  
,pope1 ,paul ,,ii1 accompli%$ mu* #ai   
dur+ a p]iod ( great dang] by ar\s+ !   
,*ri/ian opposition to ! ,s>ac5s4 ,8    
enc\ragem5t & mat]ial aid to !          
,hung>ians1 :o 7 mak+ a bold /& aga9/ ! 

,ori5tal invad]s1 m]it = him a place 9 !
 role ( def5d]s ( civilization4 ,to him 
is due ! introduction ( ! rec5tly       
discov]$ art ( pr9t+ & its in/allation  
on a sumptu\s scale wor?y ( ! c5t] (    
,*ri/ian culture4 ,8 successor1 ,sixtus 
,,iv1 des]ves ! title ( ! f\nd] ( mod]n 
,rome4 ,bridges1 aqu$ucts1 public       
build+s1 libr>ies1 *ur*es--all owe to 8 
fo/]+ c>e _! re/oration & r5ew$         
f\ndation4 ,he made x ! purpose ( 8 life
 to attract di/+ui%$ humani/ic s*ol>s to
 8 capital1 & ,rome became ! metropolis 
( culture & le>n+ z well z ! "m city (  
,*ri/5dom4  ,"u su* popes x is no wond] 
t ,rome & ! cities ( ,italy g5]ally     
became ! homes ( art & culture1 c5t]s ( 
! new humani/ic le>n+ & ! %elt]s ( !    
s*ol>s ( ! out] _w4 ,! ,italian         
univ]sities ent]$ on a p]iod (          
intellectual & educational developm5t z 
glori\s almo/ z ! art movem5t t         
*>act]iz$ ! "t4 ,z ?is 0 m>k$ by ! "w ( 
su* m5 z t univ]sal g5ius ,leon>do da   
,v9ci1 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 poet1 pa9t]1  

sculptor1 ar*itect2 ( ,raphael1 ,titian1
 & ,correggio1 ^: contempor>ies 7 wor?y 
( !m 9 e way1 "s idea c be atta9$ ( !   
wond]ful era t develop$4 ,no #bj wond]  
s*ol>s 9 e dep>tm5t ( le>n+ flock$ to   
,italy = inspiration & ! en?usiasm br$ (
 s*ol>ly fell[%ip 9 su* an environm5t4  
,f ,engl& came m5 l ,l9acre1 ,sell+1    
,grocyn1 & ,dean ,colet2 ,erasmus came f
 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,cop]nicus f ,pol&4      
,cop]nicus !re obta9$ t sci5tific tra9+ 
:i* 0 lat] to prove s fruitful 9 8      
practical "w z a physician & 9 8        
sci5tific "w z ! f\nd] ( mod]n a/ronomy4
  ,x may be z well to say at ! beg9n+ t 
ev5 ,cop]nicus 0 n ! fir/ to sugge/ t ! 
e>? mov$1 & n ! sun2 & t1 curi\sly      
en\gh1 8 anticipator 0 ano!r *ur*man1   
,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 ! fam\s ,bi%op (      
,brix54 ,read]s ( ,janss5's ,hi/ory ( ! 
,g]man ,p w rememb] t ! di/+ui%$        
hi/orian introduces 8 monum5tal "w by a 
%ort sket* ( ! c>e] ( ,cusanus1 z he is 
call$1 :o may be well tak5 z ! typical  
pre-,re=mation s*ol> & cl]gyman4 ,cusa  

wrote 9 a manuscript--:i* is /ill       
pres]v$ 9 ! hospital ( ,cues1 or        
,cusa--publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by ,pr(essor 
,clem5s 9 #ahdg3 ,i h long consid]$ t   
?is e>? c n be fix$1 b moves z d ! o!r  
/>s--s$ movetur ut aliae /ellae4 ,:at a 
curi\s comm5t>y ^! words1 writt5 m ?an  
half a c5tury be=e ,galileo 0 born1 =m  
on ! fam\s expression s (t5 quot$       
because suppos$ to h be5 drawn f        
,galileo by ! condemnation ( 8 doctr9e  
at ,rome3 #ba ,e pur se muove--& yet x  
moves6 ,cusanus 0 a ,c>d9al1 ! p]sonal  
fri5d ( ?ree popes1 & he seems to h _h  
no hesitation 9 express+ 8 op9ion 9 !   
matt]4 ,9 ! same manuscript ! ,c>d9al   
adds3 ,& to my m9d ! e>? revolves ^u its
 axis once 9 a day & a night4 ,cusanus  
01 moreov]1 "o ( ! mo/ indep5d5t ?9k]s t
 ! _w has ev] se51 yet he 0 intru/$ by !
 pope ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury )
 ! re=mation ( abuses 9 ! ,*ur* 9       
,g]many4 ,! pope seems to h be5 glad to 
be able to secure a man ( su*           
/raight=w>d ways = 8 re=matory designs4 

,! ideas ( ,ni*olas ( ,cusa ) reg>d to k
 & ! lib]ty ( judgm5t 9 ?+s n matt]s (  
fai? c be v well appreciat$ f "s ( 8    
expressions4 ,to "k & to ?9k1 he says 9 
"o passage1 to see ! tru? ) ! eye ( !   
m9d is always a joy4 ,! old] a man gr[s1
 ! great] is ! pleasure x af=ds him2 & !
 m he devotes himself to ! se>* aft]    
tru?1 ! /rong] gr[s 8 desire ( possess+ 
x4 ,z love is ! life ( ! he>t1 s is !   
endeavor aft] k & tru? ! life ( ! m9d4  
,9 ! mid/ ( ! movem5ts ( "t1 ( ! daily  
"w ( life1 ( its p]plexities &          
contradictions1 we %\ld lift our gaze   
fe>lessly to ! cle> vault ( heav5 & seek
 ev] to obta9 a firm] grasp (1 & ke5]   
insight into1 ! orig9 ( all goodness &  
duty1 ! capacities ( our own he>ts &    
m9ds1 #bb ! intellectual fruits ( mank9d
 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 & ! wondr\s works (
 nature ar\nd u2 b ev] rememb]+ t 9     
humility alone lies true greatness1 & t 
k & wisdom are alone pr(itable 9 s f> z 
our lives are gov]n$ by !m4 ,footnote #a
 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t ! "t 0 ripe =    

,cop]nicus & 8 great "w 9 a/ronomy1 nor 
t t "w %\ld be accompli%$ :ile he 0 a   
canon ( a ca!dral & = a "t ! vic>-g5]al 
( a diocese4  ,x is n[ ne>ly five ye>s  
s9ce ,fa!r ,adolph ,mull]1 ,s4,j41      
pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,pontifical    
,gregorian ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 &        
director ( a private obs]vatory on !    
,janiculum 9 t city1 wrote 8 hi/orical  
sci5tific /udy ,footnote #b ( ! great   
f\nd] ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,! book has be5 
review$1 criticiz$ & discuss$ v ?or\ghly
 s9ce !n1 & has be5 translat$ into      
sev]al languages4 ,! late/ translation 0
 into ,italian1 ! "w ( ,fa!r ,pietro    
,mezzetti1 ,s4,j41 ,footnote #c & 0     
publi%$ 9 ,rome at ! end ( #aijb--;hav+ 
_h ! b5efit #bc ( ! au?or's revision4 ,!
 hi/orical details1 !n1 ( ,cop]nicus's  
life may be consid]$ to h be5 ca/ into  
def9ite %ape1 & 8 c>e] may be appreciat$
 ) confid5ce z to ! absolute accuracy & 
ess5tial significance ( all its         
features4      ,footnote #a3 ,hi/ory ( !
 ,g]man ,p at ! ,close ( !   ,middle    

,ages4 ,by ,johannes ,janss5  ,translat$
 f ! ,g]man by ,m ,a   ,mit*ell & ,a ,m 
,*ri/ie4 ,vol ,i1 p4 #c4    ,footnote   
#b3 ,nikolaus ,kop]nicus1 ,d] ,altmei/] 
d] neu]5   ,a/ronomie1 ,e9 ,leb5s und   
,kultur ,bild4 ,von ,adolf ,mull]1      
,s4,j4    ,footnote #c3 ,pr(essor (     
,a/ronomy & ,physics at ! ,pontifical   
,leon9e ,college ( ,anagni    ,ni*olas  
,cop]nicus--to give him ! ,lat9 & m     
usual =m ( 8 "n--0 ! y\nge/ ( f\r *ildr5
 ( ,niclas ,cop]nigk1 :o remov$ f ,crac[
 9 ,pol& to ,?orn 9 ,ea/ ,prussia 7?\gh 
!n a city ( ,pol&71 :]e he m>ri$ ,b>b>a 
,watzelrode1 a daught] ( "o ( ! olde/ & 
weal?ie/ families ( ! prov9ce4 ,8 "m's  
bro!r1 aft] hav+ be5 a canon = _m ye>s 9
 ! ca!dral ( ,frau5burg1 0 elect$ ,bi%op
 ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,erml&4 ,! future       
a/ronom] 0 born 9 #adgc1 at a "t :5     
,?orn1 aft] hav+ be5 = ov] two hundr$   
ye>s "u ! rule ( ! ,teutonic ,knights1  
_h = "s sev5 ye>s be5 "u ! dom9ion ( !  
,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,!re 7 two boys & two girls
 9 ! family2 & _! f]v5t ,ca?olicity c be

 judg$ f ! fact t all ( !m1 p>5ts &     
*ildr51 7 inscrib$ among ! memb]s ( !   
,?ird ,ord] ( ,/4 ,dom9ic4 ,b>b>a1 !    
old] si/]1 became a religi\s 9 !        
,ci/]cian ,conv5t ( ,kulm1 ( :i* h] aunt
 ,ca!r9e 0 abbess1 & ( :i* lat] on %e   
h]self became abbess4 ,&rew1 ! olde/    
son1 became a prie/2 & ,ni*olas1 !      
subject ( ?is sket*1 at lea/ assum$1 z  
we %all see1 all ! #bd obligations ( !  
ecclesia/ical life1 ?\gh x is n c]ta9 t 
he receiv$ ! major religi\s ord]s4      
,cop]nicus's collegiate education 0     
obta9$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,crac[1 at t "t
 "o ( ! mo/ important seats ( le>n+ 9   
,europe4 ,! five-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( !  
f\nd+ ( ?is ,univ]sity 0 celebrat$ )    
great pomp only a few ye>s ago4 ,its    
orig91 h[ev]1 dates back to ! times (   
,casimir ! ,great1 at ! end ( ! ?irte5? 
or ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,its    
f\ndation 0 due to ! same _s (          
en?usia/ic devotion to lett]s t gave u  
all ! o!r great univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury4 ,! orig9al in/itution 0 s mu*   

improv$ by ,jagello1 ,k+ ( ,pol&1 at !  
beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 t x be>s 8 "n
 & is kn[n z ! ,jagellonian ,univ]sity4 
,x 0 v natural = ,cop]nicus to g back to
 8 fa!r's native city = 8 education2 b 8
 ambiti\s _s 0 n cont5t ) !             
opportunities af=d$ !re4 ,he does n seem
 to h tak5 8 academic degrees1 & !      
tradition t he receiv$ 8 doctorate 9    
m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,crac[ _c be   
sub/antiat$ by any docum5t>y evid5ce4   
,at ,crac[1 ,cop]nicus devot$ himself   
ma9ly to classical /udies1 ?\gh 8 int]e/
 9 a/ronomy seems to h be5 awak5$ !re4  
,9 fact1 x is said t 8 desire to be able
 to read ,ptolemy's a/ronomy 9 ! orig9al
 ,greek1 & #be to obta9 a good copy ( x1
 l$ him to look to ,italy = 8 fur!r     
education4 ,dur+ 8 ye>s at ,crac[1      
h[ev]1 he seems to h made num]\s        
obs]vations 9 a/ronomy1 z mo/ ( !       
a/ronomical data 9 8 books are f\nd     
r$uc$ to ! m]idian ( ,crac[4 ,!         
obs]vatory ( ,frau5burg1 at :i* 8 "w 9  
a/ronomy 9 lat] life 0 c>ri$ on1 0 on ! 

same m]idian2 s t x is difficult to say1
 z h "s ( 8 biograph]s1 t1 s9ce ,crac[ 0
 ! capital ( 8 native c\ntry1 motives ( 
patriotism influ5c$ him to cont9ue 8    
obs]vations accord+ to ?is same m]idian4
 ,cop]nicus 0 anxi\s1 no d\bt1 to come 9
 contact ) "s ( ! great a/ronom]s at !  
univ]sities ( ,italy1 :om he knew by    
reputation & ^: "w 0 attract+ att5tion  
all ov] ,europe at t "t4  ,h[ fai?fully 
,cop]nicus appli$ himself to 8 classical
 /udies c be be/ appreciat$ f "s ,lat9  
poems writt5 by him dur+ 8 /ud5t days4  
,^! poems are an index1 too1 ( ! p]sonal
 "* ( ! man1 & give "s int]e/+ h9ts ( ! 
religi\s side ( 8 "*4 ,altoge!r !re are 
sev5 ,lat9 odes1 ea* ode compos$ ( sev5 
/rophes4 ,! sev5 odes are unit$ by a    
c]ta9 community ( int]e/ or succession (
 subjects4 ,all ( !m ref] to ! hi/ory ( 
! ,r$eem] ei!r 9 types or 9 reality4 ,9 
! fir/ "o ! prophets prefigure !        
appe>ance ( ! ,savi\r2 9 ! second !     
patri>*s sigh = ,8 com+2 ! #bf ?ird     
depicts ! sc5e ( ! ,nativity 9 ! ,cave (

 ,be?lehem2 ! f\r? is conc]n$ ) !       
,circumcision & ! imposition ( ! ,"n    
*os5 by ! ,holy ,gho/2 ! fif? treats ( !
 ,/> & ! ,magi & _! guidance to !       
,mang]2 ! six? conc]ns ! pres5tation 9 !
 ,temple2 & ! sev5?1 ! sc5e 9 :i* ,jesus
 at ! age ( twelve disputes ) ! doctors 
9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4  ,cop]nicus's 
rec5t biograph]s h call$ att5tion       
p>ticul>ly to ! poetical beauties ) :i* 
he surr\nds e m5tion ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 
& h] qualities4 ,z is evid5t ev5 f our  
brief resume ( ! subjects ( ! odes1 !   
!mes select$ are j ^? 9 :i* ! special   
devotion ( ! writ] to ! ,"m ( ! ,savi\r 
c\ld be v well br\ght out4 ,!re are1    
besides1 a numb] ( a/ronomical allusions
 :i* /amp ! poems z ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 &
 :i* h be5 suffici5t to def5d _!        
au!nticity aga9/ ! attacks made by c]ta9
 critics1 :o tri$ to po9t out h[ diff]5t
 0 ! /yle f t ( ,cop]nicus's lat] ye>s 9
 8 sci5tific writ+s4 ,! tradition (     
au?or%ip is1 h[ev]1 too well e/abli%$ on
 o!r gr\nds to be di/urb$ by criticism (

 ?is sort4 ,! poems 7 d$icat$ to !      
,pope4 ,9 writ+ poetry ,cop]nicus 0 only
 do+ :at ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl]1 8 great 
successors 9 a/ronomy1 did aft] him2 & !
 argum5t ) reg>d to ! diff]5ce ( /yle 9 
! two k9ds ( writ+s w\ld hold also z    
reg>ds ^! au?ors4  #bg  ,cop]nicus's    
ye>s z a boy & man--t is1 up to ! age ( 
?irty-five--correspond$ ) a "t ( great  
intellectual activity 9 ,europe4 ,?is   
fact is n z g5]ally recogniz$ z x %\ld  
be1 = intellectual activity is suppos$  
to h awak5$ aft] ! s-call$ ,re=mation4  
,dur+ ! ye>s f #adgb to #aejf1 h[ev]1   
!re 7 f\nd$ 9 ,g]many alone no less ?an 
six univ]sities3 ^? ( ,+ol/adt1 ,treves1
 ,tub+51 ,m5tz1 ,witt5b]g1 &            
,frank=t-on-!-,od]4 ,^! 7 n by any means
 ! fir/ great in/itutions ( le>n+ t     
arose 9 ,g]many4 ,! univ]sities (       
,prague & ,vi5na 7 m ?an a c5tury old1  
&1 ) ,heidelb]g1 ,cologne1 ,erfurt1     
,leipsic1 & ,ro/ock1 besides ,greifswald
 & ,freiburg1 f\nd$ ab\t ! middle ( !   
fifte5? c5tury1 _h rea*$ a high /ate (  

developm5t1 & conta9$ l>g] numb]s (     
/ud5ts1 ) few exceptions1 ?an ^! same   
in/itutions h ev] _h d[n to our own day4
 ,9 mo/ cases _! *>t]s 7 d]iv$ f ! pope2
 & mo/ ( ! univ]sities 7 actually       
recogniz$ z ecclesia/ical in/itutions1 9
 ! s5se t _! (ficials held ecclesia/ical
 au?ority4  ,at ?is "t--! end ( !       
fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury--x
 0 n unusual = /ud5ts1 9 _! en?usiasm = 
le>n+1 to attempt to exhau/ ne>ly ! :ole
 r\nd ( univ]sity /udies4 ,m$ic9e seems 
to h be5 a favorite subject ) s*ol>s :o 
7 widely int]e/$ 9 k = its own #bh sake4
 ,almo/ at ! same "t t ,cop]nicus 0     
/udy+ 9 ,italy1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli%      
,greek s*ol>1 ,l9acre1 0 also engag$ 9  
:at w\ld n[ be call$ po/-graduate "w at 
v>i\s ,italian univ]sities1 & 9 !       
h\sehold ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t at     
,flor5ce1 ) ^: son--s mu* did ,lor5zo   
?9k ( him--he 0 all[$ to /udy ,greek4   
,l9acre 7z w be se5 m at l5g? 9 ! sket* 
( 8 life 9 ?is volume71 besides be+ !   
greate/ ,greek s*ol> ( 8 "t1 ! fri5d    

lat] ( ,m & ,colet & ,erasmus 9 ,london1
 0 also ! greate/ physician 9 ,engl&4   
,to ^? famili> ) ! times1 x may be a    
s\rce ( surprise to ?9k ( ,cop]nicus1   
int]e/$ z we "k him to h be5 9 lit]ature
 & devot$ s cordially to a/ronomy1 yet  
tak+ up m$ic9e z a pr(ession4 ,he seems1
 h[ev]1 to h be5 l$ to d s by 8 di/+ui%$
 tea*]1 ,nov>a1 :o realiz$ ! tal5t ( 8  
,poli% pupil = ma!matics & a/ronomy &   
yet felt t he %\ld h "s pr(ession 9     
life4 ,a c5tury ago ,col]idge1 ! ,engli%
 writ]1 said t a lit]>y man %\ld h "s   
o!r occupation4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes  
improv$ ^u ?is by add+3 ,&1 z f> z      
possible1 he %\ld conf9e himself to !   
o!r occupation4 ,nov>a seems to h       
realiz$ t ,cop]nicus might be "u !      
necessity ( kn[+ h[ to d some?+ else    
besides mak+ a/ronomical obs]vations1 9 
ord] to ga9 8 liv+2 & z m$ic9e 0 #bi    
satisfy+ly sci5tific1 ! old tea*]       
sugge/$ 8 tak+ x up z a pr(ession4      
,cop]nicus made 8 m$ical /udies 9 ,f]r>a
 & ,padua1 & obta9$ 8 doctorate ) honors

 f ,f]r>a4  ,cop]nicus seems to h tak5  
up ! practice ( 8 pr(ession s]i\sly1 &  
to h p]sev]$ 9 x to ! end ( 8 life4 ,8  
biograph]s say t 9 ! ex]cise ( 8        
pr(essional duties he 0 animat$ by ! _s 
( a p]son :o _h devot$ himself to !     
ecclesia/ical life4 ,:ile he did n      
publicly practise 8 pr(ession1 he 0 ev] 
ready to assi/ ! poor2 & he also acquir$
 great reputation 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry = 
8 m$ical att5dance ^u cl]ics ( all      
ranks4 ,?is cont9u$ to be ! case1       
not)/&+ ! fact t aft] ! dea? ( 8 uncle 8
 "m inh]it$ consid]able weal?1 & !      
family circum/ances *ang$ s mu* t he    
might well h giv5 up any labors t 7     
meant only to add to 8 income4 ,9 a ^w1 
he seems to h _h a s9c]e int]e/ 9 8     
pr(essional "w1 & to h cont9u$ its      
ex]cise because ( ! opportunities x     
af=d$ = ! satisfaction ( a m9d devot$ to
 sci5tific rese>*4  ,cop]nicus acquir$  
consid]able reputation by 8 m$ical      
s]vices4 ,8 fri5d ,giese speaks ( him z 
a v skilful physician1 & ev5 calls him a

 second ,a,esculapius4 ,maurice ,f]b]1  
:o became ,bi%op ( ,erml& 9 #aebc1      
suff]$ f a sev]e *ronic illness t began 
ab\t #aebi4 ,he obta9$ p]mission f !    
canons #cj ( ! ca!dral to h ,doctor     
,cop]nicus1 ^: ability & zeal he nev]   
ceas$ to praise1 to come f ! ca!dral t[n
 :]e he ord9>ily resid$ to ,heilsburg1 9
 ord] to h him ne> him4 ,bi%op ,f]b]'s  
successor1 ,dantisco1 also secur$       
,cop]nicus's aid 9 a sev]e illness1 &   
decl>$ t 8 re/oration to heal? 0 ma9ly  
due to ! ef=ts ( 8 le>n$ physician4     
,giese 0 s confid5t ( ! ,doctor's skill 
t :5 he became ,bi%op ( ,kulm & on "o ( 
8 episcopal visitations fell ill at a   
consid]able di/ance f ,cop]nicus's place
 ( resid5ce1 he insi/$ on hav+ !        
a/ronom] doctor br\ght to take c>e (    
him4  ,9 #aeda ,duke ,alb]t ( ,prussia  
became v mu* worri$ ov] ! illness ( "o (
 8 mo/ tru/$ c\nsellors4 ,9 8 di/ress he
 _h rec\rse to ,cop]nicus1 & 8 lett]    
ask+ ! ,canon ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,frau5burg 
to come to att5d ! pati5t is /ill       

extant4 ,he says t ! cure ( ! illness is
 v mu* at 8 he>t2 &1 z e o!r means has  
fail$1 he hopes ,cop]nicus w d :at he c 
= ! assi/ance ( 8 fai?ful & valu$       
c\nsellor4 ,cop]nicus yield$ to !       
reque/1 & ! c\nsellor began to improve  
%ortly aft] 8 arrival4 ,at ! end ( "s   
weeks ! ,duke wrote aga9 to ! canons ( !
 ca!dral ask+ t ! leave ( abs5ce grant$ 
to ,cop]nicus %\ld be ext5d$ 9 ord] to  
enable him to complete ! cure :i* _h be5
 s happily begun4 ,9 ?is second lett] ! 
,duke talks ( ,cop]nicus z a #ca mo/    
skilful & le>n$ physician4 ,at ! end ( !
 mon? !re is a ?ird lett] f ! ,duke1 9  
:i* he ?anks all ! canons ( ! ca!dral = 
_! goodness 9 hav+ grant$ ! desir$      
p]mission1 & he adds t he %all ev] feel 
"u obligations = ! assi/ance r5d]$ by t 
v wor?y & excell5t physician1 ,ni*olas  
,cop]nicus1 a doctor :o is des]v+ ( all 
honor4 ,n long aft]w>d1 :5 ,cop]nicus's 
book on a/ronomy 0 publi%$1 a copy ( x 0
 s5t to ! ,duke1 & he repli$ t he 0     
deeply grateful = x1 & t he %\ld always 

pres]ve x z a s\v5ir ( ! mo/ le>n$ &    
g5tle/ ( m54  ,!re are a numb] ( notes  
on ! art ( m$ic9e made by ,cop]nicus 9 !
 books ( ! ca!dral libr>y at ,frau5burg4
 ,!y s]ve to %[ h[ fai?ful a /ud5t he 01
 & to a c]ta9 ext5t give an idea ( !    
indep5d5t habit ( m9d :i* he br\ght to !
 inve/igation ( m$ic9e z well z to !    
/udy ( a/ronomy4 ,un=tunately1 ^! h n z 
yet f\nd an editor2 b x is to be hop$ t 
we %all soon "k m ( ! m$ical ?9k+ ( a   
man ov] ^: m9d tradition1 9 ! unwor?i]  
s5se ( t ^w1 ex]cis$ s little influ5ce4 
,9 #aecj ,cop]nicus wrote a %ort prelude
 to ! long] "w on a/ronomy :i* he 0 to  
publi% lat]4 ,! propositions conta9$ 9  
?is "w %[ h[ f> he _h advanc$ on ! road 
to 8 ultimate discov]y4 ,aft] a few     
words ( introduction1 ! foll[+ sev5     
axioms are laid d[n3--  #cb  #a4 ,!     
cele/ial sph]es & _! orbits h n a s+le  
c5t]4  #b4 ,! c5t] ( ! e>? is n ! c5t] (
 ! univ]se1 b only ! c5t] ( gravity & ( 
! moon's orbit4  #c4 ,! planes ( !      
orbits lie ar\nd ! sun1 :i* may be      

consid]$ z ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4  #d4 ,!  
di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun comp>$ ) t f ! 
e>? to ! fix$ />s is extremely small4   
#e4 ,! daily motion ( ! heav5ly sph]e is
 app>5t t is1 x is an effect ( ! rot>y  
motion ( ! e>? ^u x axis4  #f4 ,! app>5t
 motions ( ! moon & ( ! sun are s       
diff]5t because ( ! effect produc$ by ! 
motion ( ! e>?4  #g4 ,! movem5ts ( ! e>?
 acc\nt = ! app>5t retrograde motion &  
o!r irregul>ities ( ! movem5ts ( !      
planets4 ,x is en\gh to assume t ! e>?  
alone moves1 9 ord] to expla9 all ! o!r 
movem5ts obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s4  ,x is no   
wond] t "o ( 8 bi%op-fri5ds1 ,frisio1   
writ+ to ano!r bi%op-fri5d1 ,dantisco1  
said3 ,if ,cop]nicus succe$s 9          
demon/rat+ ! tru? ( 8 !sis--& we may    
well consid] t he w f ?is prelude--he w 
give u a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,?is    
%ort] exposition ( ,cop]nicus's views 0 
f\nd 9 manuscript 9 ! imp]ial libr>y 9  
,vi5na only ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4
 #cc ,x is m5tion$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 "o 
( 8 works on a/ronomy 9 :i* he reviews !

 v>i\s contempor>y advances made 9 ! k (
 ! heav5s4  ,! publication (            
,cop]nicus's great "w1 ,de              
,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium1 0    
delay$ until he 0 advanc$ 9 ye>s1       
because 8 a/ronomical op9ions 7         
con/antly progress+2 &1 ) ! pati5ce (   
true g5ius1 he 0 n satisfi$ ) any?+ less
 ?an ! p]fect expression ( tru? z he saw
 x4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t x 0     
delay$ because ,cop]nicus fe>$ ! /orm ( 
religi\s p]secution :i* he =esaw x w\ld 
surely ar\se4 ,h[ utt]ly )\t f\ndation  
is ?is pret5ce1 :i* has un=tunately     
crept into s]i\s hi/ory1 c be se5 f !   
fact t ,pope ,paul ,,iii accept$ !      
d$ication ( ! "w2 & ( ! twelve popes :o 
imm$iately foll[$ ,paul n "o ev5 ?\ght (
 proce$+ aga9/ ,cop]nicus's "w4 ,8 tea*+
 0 nev] que/ion$ by any ( ! ,roman      
,congregations = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s   
aft] 8 dea?4 ,galileo's injudici\s      
insi/5ce 9 8 pres5tation ( ,cop]nicus's 
doctr9e1 on ! novelties ( op9ion t      
controv]t$ long-e/abli%$ beliefs1 0 !n  

responsible = ! condemnation by !       
,congregation ( ! ,index2 &1 z we %all  
see1 ?is 0 n absolute1 b only requir$ t 
c]ta9 passages %\ld be correct$4 ,!     
corrections dem&$ 7 unimportant z reg>ds
 ! actual sci5ce1 & #cd m]ely insi/$ t  
,cop]nicus's tea*+ 0 hypo!sis & n yet   
actual demon/ration4  ,x mu/ n be       
=gott51 aft] all1 t ! reasons advanc$ by
 ,cop]nicus = 8 idea ( ! movem5ts ( !   
planets 7 n support$ by any absolute    
demon/ration1 b only by reasons f       
analogy4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an 8
 "t1 ev5 aft] ! fir/ discov]ies _h be5  
made by ! newly con/ruct$ telescopes1 9 
,galileo's day1 !re 0 no absolute pro( (
 ! true sy/em ( ! heav5s4 ,! fam\s      
,jesuit a/ronom]1 ,fa!r ,sec*i1 says !  
reasons adduc$ by ,galileo 7 no real    
pro(s3 !y 7 only c]ta9 analogies1 & by  
no means exclud$ ! possibility ( !      
contr>y propositions ) reg>d to !       
movem5ts ( ! heav5s be+ true4 ,none ( ! 
real pro(s = ! e>?'s rotation ^u its    
axis 7 kn[n at ! "t ( ,galileo1 nor 7   

!re direct conclusive argum5ts = ! e>?'s
 mov+ ar\nd ! sun4 ,ev5 ,galileo himself
 confess$ t he _h n any /rict           
demon/ration ( 8 views1 su* z ,c>d9al   
,bell>m9e reque/$4 ,he wrote to !       
,c>d9al1 ,! sy/em seems to be true2 & he
 gave z a reason t x correspond$ to !   
ph5om5a4  ,accord+ to ! a/ronom]s ( !   
"t1 h[ev]1 ! old ,ptolemaic sy/em1 9 !  
%ape 9 :i* x 0 expla9$ by ! ,dani%      
a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o 0 ackn[l$g$ z 
! greate/ ( ,european a/ronom]s1 appe>$ 
to give q a satisfactory explanation ( !
 #ce ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,! ,engli%         
philosoph]1 ,"l ,bacon1 m ?an a decade  
aft] ,galileo's ann\ncem5t1 consid]$ t  
!re 7 c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 nature contr>y to 
! ,cop]nican !ory1 & s he reject$ x     
altoge!r4 ,?is 0 )9 a few ye>s ( !      
condemnation by ! ,congregation at      
,rome4 ,z po9t$ out by ,fa!r ,he9zle1   
,s4,j41 9 8 article on ,galileo 9 !     
,ca?olic ,_w = #ahhg1 sci5ce 0 s f> f   
det]m9+ ! "q ( ! tru? or falsity ( ei!r 
! ,ptolemaic or ! ,cop]nican sy/em t    

%ortly be=e #afcc1 ! ye> ( ,galileo's   
condemnation1 a numb] ( savants1 su* z  
,fromond 9 ,l\va91 ,mor9 9 ,p>is1       
,b]ig>d 9 ,pisa1 ,b>tol9us 9 ,cop5hag51 
& ,s*e9] 9 ,rome1 wrote aga9/           
,cop]nicanism4  ,z we h said1           
,cop]nicus's book 0 n condemn$          
unconditionally by ! ,roman au?orities1 
b only until x %\ld be correct$4 ,?is   
assur$ protection to ! pr9cipal "p ( !  
"w1 & ! w>n+ issu$ by ! ,roman          
,congregation 9 ! ye> #ahbj p>ticul>izes
 ! details t _h to be correct$4 ,x is   
int]e/+ to note t :5ev] ,cop]nicus is   
spok5 ( 9 ?is ,monitum x is always 9    
flatt]+ t]ms z a noble a/rolog]--! ^w   
a/rolog] hav+ at t "t no unwor?y mean+4 
,! :ole "w is prais$ & its sci5tific    
quality ackn[l$g$4  ,! passages requir+ 
correction 7 n _m4 ,9 ! fir/ book1 at ! 
beg9n+ ( ! #cf fif? *apt]1 ,cop]nicus   
made ! decl>ation t ! immobility ( ! e>?
 0 n a decid$ "q1 b 0 /ill op5 to       
discussion4 ,9 place ( ^! words x 0     
sugge/$ t ! foll[+ %\ld be ins]t$3 ,9   

ord] to expla9 ! app>5t motions ( !     
cele/ial bodies1 x is a matt] (         
indiff]5ce :e!r we admit t ! e>?        
occupies a place 9 ! middle ( ! heav5s  
or n4  ,9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! fir/ book1  
,cop]nicus said3 ,:y1 !n1 ?is repugnance
 to conc$e to our globe its own movem5t 
z natural to x z is its sph]ical =m8 ,:y
 pref] to make ! :ole heav5s revolve    
ar\nd x1 ) ! great dang] ( di/urbance t 
w\ld result1 in/ead ( expla9+ all ^!    
app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies by ! 
real rotation ( ! e>?1 accord+ to !     
words ( ,a,eneas1 ',we are c>ri$ f !    
port1 & ! l& & ! cities rec$e'8 ,?is    
passage 0 to be modifi$ z foll[s3 ,:y n1
 !n1 admit a c]ta9 mobility ( ! e>?     
correspond+ to its =m1 s9ce ! :ole      
univ]se ( :i* we "k ! b\nds is mov$1    
produc+ appe>ances :i* recall to ! m9d !
 well-kn[n say+ ( ,a,eneas 9 ,virgil1   
',! l& & ! cities rec$e'8  ,t[>d ! end (
 ! same *apt] ,cop]nicus1 cont9u+ ! same
 tra9 ( ?\ght1 says3 ,i d n fe> to add t
 x is incomp>ably m unreasonable to make

 ! imm5se vault ( ! heav5s revolve ?an  
to admit ! #cg revolution ( our little  
t]re/rial globe4 ,?is passage 0 to be   
modifi$ z foll[s3 ,9 "o case z well z 9 
! o!r--t is1 :e!r we admit ! rotation ( 
! e>? or t ( ! heav5ly sph]es--we       
enc\nt] ! same difficulties4  ,! n9?    
*apt] ( ! fir/ book beg9s ) ^! words3   
,!re be+ no difficulty 9 admitt+1 !n1 ! 
mobility ( ! e>?1 let u proce$ to see   
:e!r x has "o or a numb] ( movem5ts1 &  
:e!r1 !re=e1 our e>? is a simple planet 
l ! o!r planets4 ,! foll[+ words 7 to be
 sub/itut$3 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ! e>? does  
move1 x is necess>y to exam9e :e!r ?is  
movem5t is multiple or n4  ,t[>d !      
middle ( ! t5? *apt] ,cop]nicus decl>es3
 ,i d n hesitate to def5d ! proposition 
t ! e>?1 accompani$ by ! moon1 moves    
ar\nd ! sun2 :ile ! word+ ( ?is         
proposition _h to be *ang$ s z to       
sub/itute ! t]m admit = def5d4 ,! title 
( ! elev5? *apt]1 ,demon/ration ( !     
,triple ,movem5t ( ! ,e>?1 0 modifi$ to 
read z foll[s3 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ! ,triple 

,movem5t ( ! ,e>?1 & ! ,reasons ,!re=4  
,! title ( ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ! f\r? book
 orig9ally read3 ,on ! ,size ( ! ,?ree  
,/>s ,sid]a1 ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! e>?4 ,! 
^w />s 0 remov$ f ?is title1 ! e>? n be+
 consid]$ z a />4 ,! conclud+ words (   
#ch ! t5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book1 ,s great 
is ! magnific5t "w ( ! ,omnipot5t       
,artific]1 _h to be cancell$1 because !y
 express$ an assurance ( ! tru? ( 8     
sy/em n w>rant$ by k4 ,) ^! few         
unimportant *anges1 any "o might read & 
/udy ,cop]nicus's "w ) p]fect fre$om4   
,traditions to ! contr>y not)/&+1       
,galileo1 because ( ! fri5d%ip &        
enc\ragem5t ( ! *ur*m5 9 ,italy1 _h be5 
plac$ 9 conditions em95tly suit$ = /udy 
& inve/igation4 ,sev]al popes & a numb] 
( prom95t ecclesia/ics 7 8 con/ant      
fri5ds & patrons4 ,! p]petual secret>y (
 ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,m4       
,b]tr&1 himself a great ma!matician &   
hi/orian1 decl>es t ! long life (       
,galileo 0 "o ( ! mo/ enviable t is     
record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! tale ( 8

 mis=tunes has confirm$ ! triumph ( !   
tru? = :i* he suff]$4 ,let u tell ! :ole
 tru?4 ,?is great lesson 0 le>n$ )\t any
 pr(\nd sorr[ to ,galileo2 & 8 long     
life1 consid]$ z a :ole1 0 "o ( ! mo/   
s]5e & enviable 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4    
,cop]nicus1 l ,galileo1 _h cl]ical      
fri5ds to ?ank = an environm5t t prov$ !
 greate/ possible aid to 8 sci5tific "w4
 ,8 position z ,canon ( ! ,ca!dral (    
,frau5burg provid$ him ) le>n$ leisure1 
:ile 8 cl]ical fri5ds took j en\gh      
int]e/ 9 8 inve/igations & ! prelim9>y  
#ci ann\ncem5ts ( 8 discov]ies to make 8
 pursuit ( a/ronomical /udies to "s     
def9ite conclusion a wor?y aim 9 life4  
,x 0 ?is assi/ance t enabl$ him to      
publi% 8 book ev5tually & br+ 8 great   
!ory be=e ! _w4  ,cop]nicus1 f> f hav+  
any lean+s t[>d ! s-call$ re=m movem5t  
7z has (t5 be5 ass]t$71 0 evid5tly a    
/aun* support] ( 8 fri5d & patron ,bi%op
 ,maurice ,f]b]1 ( ,erml&1 :o kept 8 see
 loyal to ,rome at a "t :5 !            
secul>ization ( ! ,teutonic ord] & !    

fall+ away ( _m bi%ops all ar\nd him    
make 8 position z a fai?ful son ( !     
,*ur* & t ( 8 diocese notewor?y 9 !     
hi/ory ( t "t & place4 ,x may well be   
said t "u less favorable conditions     
,cop]nicus's "w might nev] h be5 f9i%$4 
,z x 01 8 book met ) great opposition f 
! ,re=m]s1 b rema9$ absolutely          
acceptable ev5 to ! mo/ rigor\s *ur*m5  
until ,galileo's un=tunate insi/5ce on !
 po9ts ( x t 7 oppos$ to g5]ally accept$
 !ories4  ,dur+ all 8 long life         
,cop]nicus rema9$ "o ( ! simple/ ( m54  
,g5ius z he 01 he c\ld n h fail$ to     
realize h[ great 0 ! significance ( !   
discov]ies he _h made 9 a/ronomy4 ,9    
spite ( ?is he cont9u$ to ex]cise dur+ a
 long c>e] ! simple duties ( 8 po/ z    
,canon ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,frau5b]g1 nor did
 he fail to give su* "t z 0 ask$ ( him =
 ! m$ical treatm5t ( ! #dj poor or ( 8  
fri5ds1 ! ecclesia/ics ( ! neighborhood4
 ,^! duties--z he seems to h consid]$   
!m--mu/ h tak5 _m preci\s h\rs f 8      
/udies1 b !y 7 giv5 un/9t+ly4 ,:5 he    

came to die1 8 humility 0 ev5 m prom95t 
?an dur+ life4 ,x 0 at 8 own reque/ t   
!re 0 grav5 ^u 8 tomb/one simply !      
pray]1 ,i ask n ! grace accord$ to      
,paul1 n t giv5 to ,pet]3 give me only !
 favor ,?\ did/ %[ to ! ?ief on ! cross4
 ,!re is p]haps no bett] example 9 all !
 _w ( ! simplicity ( true g5ius nor any 
bett] example ( h[ sublimely religi\s   
may be ! s\l t has f> transc5d$ ! b\nds 
( ! sci5tific k ( its own day4  ,!      
greatness ( ,cop]nicus's life-"w c be/  
be realiz$ f ! ext5t to :i* he surpass$ 
ev5 well-kn[n contempor>ies 9 a/ronomy &
 f 8 practical anticipation ( ! op9ions 
( "s ( 8 greate/ successors4 ,ev5 ,ty*o 
,brahe1 important ?\gh he is 9 ! hi/ory 
( a/ronomical sci5ce1 taught _m ye>s    
aft] ,cop]nicus's dea? ! doctr9e t ! e>?
 is ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,newton _h 9    
,cop]nicus a precursor :o div9$ ! !ory (
 univ]sal gravitation2 & ev5 ,kepl]'s   
great laws1 especially ! elliptical =m (
 ! orbits ( ! planets1 are at lea/ h9t$ 
at 9 ,cop]nicus's writ+s4 ,he is c]ta9ly

 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al g5iuses ( all times2
 & x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! complet5ess (
 8 #da s*ol>ly c>e]1 f> f be+ r5d]$     
abortive by friction ) ecclesia/ical    
sup]iors1 z we might imag9e probable f !
 traditions t hang ar\nd 8 "n1 0 r made 
possible by ! sympa?y & enc\ragem5t (   
cl]ical fri5ds & ,*ur* au?orities4      
,cop]nicus1 ! s*ol>1 a/ronom]1          
physician1 & cl]gyman1 is a type ( ! eve
 ( ! ,re=mation p]iod1 & 8 life is ! be/
 possible refutation ( ! sl&]s ) reg>d  
to ! unprogressiv5ess ( ! ,*ur* & *ur*m5
 ( t epo* :i* h un=tunately be5 only too
 common 9 ! hi/ories ( ! "t4  #db  #dc  
,,iii4  ,,basil ,,val5t9e1 ,,f\nd] ,,(  
,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4  #dd  ,let u1 !n1    
bani% into ! _w ( fiction t affirmation 
s long repeat$ by fooli% cr$ulity :i*   
made mona/]ies an asylum = indol5ce &   
incapacity1 = misan?ropy &              
pusillanimity1 = feeble & melan*olic    
temp]am5ts1 & = m5 :o 7 no long] fit to 
s]ve society 9 ! _w4 ,mona/]ies 7 nev]  
int5d$ to collect ! invalids ( ! _w4 ,x 

0 n ! sick s\ls1 b on ! contr>y ! mo/   
vigor\s & heal?ful ! human race has ev] 
produc$1 :o pres5t$ !mselves 9 cr[ds to 
fill !m4--,,montalemb]t1 ,monks ( !     
,we/4  #de  ,,iii4  ,,basil ,,val5t9e1  
,,f\nd] ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4  ,!      
,prote/ant tradition :i* presumes a     
priori t no good c possibly h come out (
 ! ,naz>e? ( ! times be=e ! ,re=mation1 
& especially ! imm$iately prec$+ c5tury1
 has s]v$ to obscure to an un=tunate    
degree ! hi/ory ( sev]al hundr$ ye>s    
extremely important 9 e dep>tm5t (      
education4 ,/range z x may seem to ^?   
unfamili> ) ! p]iod1 x is 9 t dep>tm5t  
:i* is suppos$ to be s typically mod]n  
!--physical sci5ces--t ?is neglect is   
mo/ s]i\s4 ,su* a hold has ?is          
,prote/ant tradition on ev5 educat$ m9ds
 t x is a s\rce ( great surprise to mo/ 
p to be told t !re 7 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe
 orig9al obs]v]s 9 ! physical sci5ces   
all dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5?  
c5turies :o 7 do+ gr\nd-break+ "w ( !   
highe/ value1 "w t 0 de/9$ to mean mu* =

 ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5ce4           
,speculations & exp]im5ts ) reg>d to !  
philosoph]'s /one & ! transmutation (   
metals are suppos$ to fill up all !     
int]e/s ( ! al*emi/s ( ^? days4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 m5 7 mak+ orig9al  
obs]vations ( v #df pr(\nd significance1
 & ^! 7 consid]$ s valuable by _!       
contempor>ies t1 ?\gh pr9t+ _h n yet be5
 inv5t$1 ev5 ! imm5se labor involv$ 9   
copy+ l>ge folio volumes by h& did n    
suffice to det] !m f multiply+ ! writ+s 
( ^! m5 & ?us pres]v+ !m = future       
g5]ations1 until ! pr9t+-press came to  
p]petuate !m4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? 
c5tury1 ) "s ( ! suppos$ f\ndations (   
mod]n *emi/ry crumbl+ to pieces "u !    
influ5ces ( ! peculi>ly active light    
?r[n ^u old] *emical !ories by !        
discov]y ( radium & ! radio-active      
elem5ts g5]ally1 !re is a reawak5+ (    
int]e/ 9 "s ( ! old-"t *emical obs]v]s  
^: "w us$ to be laugh$ at z s           
unsci5tific & ^: !ory ( ! transmutation 
( elem5ts into "o ano!r 0 consid]$ s    

absurd4 ,! idea t x w\ld be impossible  
"u any circum/ances to conv]t "o elem5t 
into ano!r belongs entirely to ! n9ete5?
 c5tury4 ,ev5 s di/+ui%$ a m9d z t (    
,newton1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 c\ld n br+  
itself to ackn[l$ge ! mod]n supposition 
( ! absurdity ( metallic trans=mation1  
b1 on ! contr>y1 believ$ v firmly 9 ?is 
z a basic *emical pr9ciple & confess$ t 
x might be expect$ to occur at any "t4  
,he _h se5 specim5s ( gold ores 9       
connexion ) metallic copp]1 & _h        
conclud$ t ?is 0 a manife/ation ( !     
natural trans=mation ( "o ( ^! yell[    
metals into ! o!r4  #dg  ,) ! discov]y t
 radium trans=ms itself into helium1 & t
 inde$ all ! s-call$ radio-activities ( 
! v heavy metals are probably due to a  
natural transmutation process con/antly 
at "w1 ! ideas ( ! old] *emi/s cease    
entirely to be a subject = amusem5t4 ,! 
physical *emi/s ( ! pres5t day are v    
ready to admit t ! old tea*+ ( !        
absolute indep5d5ce ( some?+ ov] sev5ty 
elem5ts is no long] t5able1 except z a  

work+ hypo!sis4 ,! doctr9e ( matt] & =m 
taught = s _m c5turies by ! s*ola/ic    
philosoph]s :i* proclaim$ t all matt] is
 compos$ ( two pr9ciples1 an und]ly+    
mat]ial sub/ratum & a dynamic or in=m+  
pr9ciple1 has n[ m ackn[l$g$            
v]isimilitude1 or lies at lea/ clos] to 
! g5]ally accept$ ideas ( ! mo/         
progressive sci5ti/s1 ?an x has at any  
"t = ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,n only
 ! great physici/s1 b also ! great      
*emi/s1 are speculat+ along l9es t      
sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( b "o =m ( matt]1     
modifi$ accord+ to ! en]gies t x        
possesses "u a v>y+ physical & *emical  
environm5t4 ,?is is1 aft] all1 only a   
re/atem5t 9 mod]n t]ms ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4  
,?omas ( ,aqu9 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4  ,x  
is n surpris+1 !n1 t !re %\ld be a      
reawak5+ ( int]e/ 9 ! lives ( "s ( ! m5 
:o1 dom9at$ by ! e>li] s*ola/ic ideas & 
by ! tradition ( ! possibility ( f9d+ ! 
philosoph]'s /one1 :i* w\ld #dh         
transmute ! bas] metals into ! preci\s  
metals1 devot$ !mselves ) q z mu* zeal z

 any mod]n *emi/ to ! obs]vation (      
*emical ph5om5a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ (  
^!--inde$ he might well be said to be ! 
greate/ ( ! al*emi/s--is ! man ^: only  
"n t we "k is t :i* appe>s on a s]ies ( 
manuscripts writt5 9 ! ,high ,g]man     
dialect ( ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ (
 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,t "n is ,basil      
,val5t9e1 & ! writ]1 accord+ to ! be/   
hi/orical traditions1 0 a ,b5$ict9e     
monk4 ,! "n ,basil ,val5t9e may only h  
be5 a pseudonym1 = x has be5 impossible 
to trace x among ! records ( ! mona/]ies
 ( ! "t4 ,t ! writ] 0 a monk !re seems  
to be no d\bt1 = 8 writ+s 9 manuscript &
 pr9t$ =m began to h _! vogue at a "t :5
 !re 0 little likelihood ( _! be+       
attribut$ to a monk unless an           
indubitable tradition connect$ !m ) "s  
mona/]y4  ,?is ,basil ,val5t9e 7to      
accept ! only "n we h71 z we c judge v  
well f 8 writ+s1 em95tly des]ves !      
designation ( ! la/ ( ! al*emi/s & !    
fir/ ( ! *emi/s4 ,!re is practically a  
univ]sal recognition ( ! fact n[ t he   

des]ves also ! title ( ,f\nd] ( ,mod]n  
,*emi/ry1 n only because ( ! value ( !  
obs]vations conta9$ 9 8 writ+s1 b also  
because ( ! fact t !y prov$ s sugge/ive 
to c]ta9 #di sci5tific g5iuses dur+ !   
c5tury succe$+ ,val5t9e's life4 ,almo/ m
 ?an to h add$ to ! preci\s h]itage ( k 
= mank9d is x a boon = a sci5tific      
obs]v] to h awak5$ ! _s ( obs]vation 9  
o!rs & to be ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool (    
?\ght4 ,?is ,basil ,val5t9e und\bt$ly   
did4  ,besides1 8 "w furni%es evid5ce t 
! inve/igat+ _s 0 abroad j :5 x is      
usually suppos$ n to h be51 = ! ,?ur+ian
 monk surely did n d all 8 inve/igat+   
alone1 b mu/ h receiv$ z well z giv5 _m 
a sugge/ion to 8 contempor>ies4  ,9 !   
hi/ory ( education !re are two          
commonplaces t are appeal$ to (t5] ?an  
any o!r z ! s\rces ( mat]ial ) reg>d to 
! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on        
education dur+ ! c5turies prec$+ !      
,re=mation4 ,^! are ! suppos$ idl5ess ( 
! monks1 & ! fooli% belief 9 !          
transmutation ( metals & ! se>* = !     

philosoph]'s /one :i* dom9at$ ! m9ds ( s
 _m ( ! educat$ m5 ( ! "t4 ,x is 9      
,g]many especially t ^! two features ( !
 pre-,re=mation p]iod are suppos$ to be 
be/ illu/rat$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re
 has come q a revolution 9 ! feel+s ev5 
( ^? outside ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to !     
prop] appreciation ( ! "w ( ! mona/ic   
s*ol>s ( ^! e>li] c5turies4 ,ev5 ?\gh "s
 ( !m did dream gold5 dreams ov] _!     
alembics1 ! love ( k meant #ej m to !m1 
z to ! s]i\s /ud5ts ( any age1 ?an any?+
 t might be made by x4 ,z = _! sci5tific
 beliefs1 if !re c be a conv]sion ( "o  
elem5t into ano!r1 z seems true (       
radium1 !n ! possibility ( !            
transmutation ( metals is n s absurd z1 
= a c5tury or m1 x has seem$2 & x is n  
impossible t at "s "t ev5 gold may be   
manufactur$ out ( o!r metallic mat]ials4
  ,( c\rse1 a /ill wor?i] *ange ( m9d   
has come ov] ! attitude ( educators     
because ( ! gr[+ s5se ( appreciation = !
 wond]ful "w ( ! monks ( ! ,middle      
,ages1 & ev5 ( ^? c5turies t are suppos$

 to %[ lea/ ( ! influ5ce ( ^! gr\ps ( m5
 :o1 =gett+ mat]ial progress1 devot$    
!mselves to ! pres]vation & !           
cultivation ( ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,!          
impression t w\ld consid] !             
pre-,re=mation monks 9 ,g]many z unwor?y
 ( _! high call+ 9 ! great mass is almo/
 entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,obscure ?\gh !
 lives ( mo/ ( !m 71 _m ( !m rose above 
_! environm5t 9 su* a way z to make _!  
"w l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( progress = all   
"t4  ,because _! discov]ies are buri$ 9 
! old ,lat9 folios t are conta9$ only 9 
! be/ libr>ies1 n (t5 consult$ by !     
mod]n sci5ti/1 x is usually ?\ght t !   
sci5tific inve/igators ( ^! c5turies    
be=e ! ,re=mation did no "w t w\ld be   
wor? :ile consid]+ 9 our pres5t day4 ,x 
is only "s #ea "o :o goes into ?is matt]
 z a labor ( love :o w consid] x wor? 8 
:ile to take ! tr\ble s]i\sly to consult
 ^! mu/y old tomes4 ,_m a s*ol>1 h[ev]1 
has f\nd 8 labor well rew>d$ by !       
discov]y ( _m an anticipation ( mod]n   
sci5ce 9 ^! volumes s mu* neglect$ & :]e

 su* treasure-trove is lea/ expect$4    
,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ! ,regius   
,pr(essor ( physics at ! ,univ]sity (   
,cambridge1 9 8 address on ,! ,hi/orical
 ,relations ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y ,d[n to 
! ,end ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 :i* 0      
deliv]$ at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,congress ( ,arts
 & ,sci5ces dur+ ! ,exposition 9 #aijd1 
has %[n h[ mu* t is suppos$ to be       
di/9ctly mod]n 9 m$ic9e1 & above all 9  
surg]y1 0 ! subject ( discussion at !   
,fr5* & ,italian univ]sities ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury4 ,william ,salicet1 = in/ance1  
:o taught at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1   
publi%$ a l>ge s]ies ( case hi/ories1   
sub/itut$ ! knife = ! ,arabic use ( !   
caut]y1 describ$ ! dang] ( w\nds ( !    
neck1 inve/igat$ ! causes ( ! failure ( 
heal+ by fir/ int5tion1 & sutur$ divid$ 
n]ves4 ,8 pupil1 ,lanfranc1 :o taught   
lat] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 w5t f>!r  
?an 8 ma/] by di/+ui%+ betwe5 v5\s &    
art]ial hemorrhage1 requir+ digital     
compression = an h\r to /op hemorrhage f
 ! v5ae pulsatiles--! pulsat+ ve9s1 z !y

 7 call$--& if ?is fail$ because ( !    
size ( ! vessel1 #eb sugge/+ !          
application ( a ligature4 ,lanfranc's   
*apt] on injuries to ! head /ill rema9s 
a notewor?y book 9 surg]y t e/abli%es   
beyond a d\bt h[ ?\ghtfully practical 7 
^! tea*]s 9 ! m$ieval univ]sities4 ,x   
mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is "t all ! tea*]s
 9 univ]sities1 ev5 ^? 9 ! m$ical s*ools
 z well z ^? occupi$ ) surg]y1 7 cl]ics4
 ,pr(essor ,allbutt calls att5tion ov] &
 ov] aga9 to ?is fact1 because x        
emphasizes ! ?or\ghness ( educational   
me?ods1 9 spite ( ! suppos$ difficulties
 t w\ld lie 9 ! way ( an exclusively    
cl]ical tea*+ /aff4  ,9 *emi/ry !       
advances made dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 &
 fifte5? c5turies 7 ev5 m notewor?y ?an 
^? 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,alb]tus
 ,magnus1 :o taught at ,p>is1 wrote no  
less ?an sixte5 treatises on *emical    
subjects1 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t he 0 a    
!ologian z well z a sci5ti/ & t 8 pr9t$ 
works fill$ sixte5 folio volumes1 he    
someh[ f\nd ! "t to make _m obs]vations 

= himself & p]=m$ numb]less exp]im5ts 9 
ord] to cle> up d\bts4 ,! l>g] hi/ories 
( *emi/ry accord him 8 prop] place &    
hail him z a great f\nd] 9 *emi/ry & a  
pione] 9 orig9al inve/igation4  ,ev5 ,/4
 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 mu* z he 0 occupi$ )   
!ology & philosophy1 f\nd "s "t to      
devote to *emical que/ions4 ,aft] #ec   
all1 ?is is only :at might h be5 expect$
 ( ! favorite pupil ( ,alb]tus ,magnus4 
,?ree treatises on *emical subjects f   
,aqu9as's p5 h be5 pres]v$ = u1 & x is  
to him t we are said to owe ! orig9 ( ! 
^w amalgam1 :i* he fir/ us$ 9 describ+  
v>i\s *emical me?ods ( metallic         
comb9ation ) m]cury t 7 discov]$ 9 !    
se>* = ! g5u9e transmutation ( metals4  
,alb]tus ,magnus's o!r great sci5tific  
pupil1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ! ,engli%          
,franciscan fri>1 foll[$ m closely 9 !  
physical sci5tific ways ( 8 great ma/]4 
,altoge!r he wrote "s eighte5 treatises 
on *emical subjects4 ,= a long "t x 0   
consid]$ t he 0 ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1    
?\gh ?is is n[ kn[n to h be5 introduc$  

into ,europe by ! ,arabs4 ,rog] ,bacon  
/udi$ gunp[d] & v>i\s o!r explosive     
comb9ations 9 consid]able detail1 & x is
 = ?is reason t he obta9$ ! undes]v$    
reputation ( be+ an orig9al discov]] 9  
?is l9e4 ,h[ well he realiz$ h[ mu*     
might be accompli%$ by means ( ! en]gy  
/or$ up 9 explosives c p]haps be be/    
appreciat$ f ! fact t he sugge/$ t boats
 w\ld g along ! riv]s & across ! seas   
)\t ei!r sails or o>s & t c>riages w\ld 
g along ! /reets )\t horse or man p[]4  
,he consid]$ t man w\ld ev5tually inv5t 
a me?od ( h>ness+ ^! explosive mixtures 
& ( utiliz+ _! en]gies = 8 purposes )\t 
#ed dang]4 ,x is curi\sly int]e/+ to    
f9d1 z we beg9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 &      
gasol5e is s commonly us$ = ! driv+ (   
automobiles & motor boats & is be+      
introduc$ ev5 on railroad c>s 9 ! ,we/ z
 ! mo/ available s\rce ( en]gy =        
suburban traffic1 t ?is g5]ation %\ld   
only be fulfill+ ! idea ( ! old         
,franciscan fri> ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o 
prophesi$ t 9 explosives !re 0 ! secret 

( ev5tually manageable en]gy =          
transportation purposes4  ,succe$+      
c5turies 7 n z fruitful 9 great sci5ti/s
 z ! ?irte5?1 & yet at ! beg9n+ ( !     
f\rte5? !re 0 a pope1 ?ree ( ^:         
sci5tific treatises--"o on !            
transmutation ( metals1 :i* he consid]s 
an impossibility1 at lea/ z f> z !      
manufacture ( gold & silv] 0 conc]n$2 a 
treatise on diseases ( ! eyes1 ( :i*    
,pr(essor ,allbutt ,footnote #d says t x
 0 n )\t its di/9ctive practical value1 
?\gh compil$ s e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( eye    
surg]y2 &1 f9ally1 8 treatise on !      
pres]vation ( ! heal?1 writt5 :5 he 0   
himself ov] eighty ye>s ( age--are all  
consid]$ by good au?orities z wor?y ( ! 
be/ sci5tific _s ( ! "t4 ,?is pope 0    
,john ,,xxii1 ( :om x has be5 said ov] &
 ov] aga9 by ,prote/ant hi/orians t he  
issu$ a bull =bidd+ *emi/ry1 ?\gh he 0  
himself "o ( ! en?usia/ic /ud5ts (      
*emi/ry #ee 9 8 y\ng] ye>s & always     
reta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce4 ,footnote #e
    ,footnote #d3 ,address cit$         

,footnote #e3 ,= ! refutation ( ?is     
calumny ) reg>d to ,john   ,,xxii1 see  
,pope ,john ,,xxii & ! suppos$ ,bull    
=bidd+   ,*emi/ry1 by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 
,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 9 ! ,m$ical        
,libr>y & ,hi/orical ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1  
#aije4  ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury ,arnold (
 ,villanova1 ! inv5tor ( nitric acid1 & 
! two ,holl&uses kept up ! tradition (  
orig9al inve/igation 9 *emi/ry4         
,altoge!r !re are "s doz5 treatises f ^!
 ?ree m5 on *emical subjects4 ,!        
,holl&uses p>ticul>ly did _! "w 9 a _s (
 ?or\ghly frank1 orig9al inve/igation4  
,!y 7 m int]e/$ 9 m9]als ?an 9 any o!r  
class ( sub/ances1 b did n wa/e mu* "t  
on ! "q ( transmutation ( metals4       
,pr(essor ,?ompson1 ! pr(essor ( *emi/ry
 at ,ed9burgh1 said 9 8 hi/ory ( *emi/ry
 _m ye>s ago t ! ,holl&uses h v cle>    
descriptions ( _! processes ( treat+    
m9]als 9 inve/igat+ _! composition1 :i* 
s]ve to %[ t _! k 0 by no means entirely
 !oretical or acquir$ only f books or by
 argum5tation4  ,be=e ! end ( ?is       

f\rte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ! be/        
au?orities on ?is subject1 ,basil       
,val5t9e1 ! m p>ticul> subject ( our    
essay1 0 born4  ,val5t9e's c>e] is a    
typical example ( ! p]sonally obscure b 
intellectually brilliant lives #ef :i*  
^! old monks liv$4 ,x seems probable1   
accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 z we h     
said1 t 8 "w began %ortly be=e ! middle 
( ! fifte5? c5tury1 al?\gh mo/ ( :at 0  
important 9 x 0 accompli%$ dur+ ! second
 half4 ,x w\ld n be s surpris+1 z mo/ p 
:o h be5 br\ght up to consid] ! p]iod j 
be=e ! ,re=mation 9 ,g]many z want+ 9   
progressive s*ol>s might imag9e1 = a    
supremely great orig9al inve/igator to h
 exi/$ 9 ,nor? ,g]many ab\t ?is "t4     
,aft] all1 be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1       
,cop]nicus1 ! ,pole1 work+ 9 nor!rn     
,g]many1 _h ann\nc$ 8 !ory t ! e>? 0 n !
 c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & _h set =? all t ?is
 ann\ncem5t meant4 ,to a bi%op-fri5d :o 
said to him1 ,b ?is means t y are giv+ u
 a new univ]se1 he repli$ t ! univ]se 0 
already !re1 b 8 !ory w\ld lead m5 to   

recognize its exi/5ce4 ,9 s\!rn ,g]many1
 ,?omas a ,kempis1 :o di$ 9 #adga1 _h   
trac$ = man ! outl9es ( ano!r univ]se1 t
 ( 8 own s\l1 f its my/ically practical 
side4 ,^! great ,g]mans 7 only ! wor?y  
contempor>ies ( _m o!r ,g]man s*ol>s    
sc>cely less di/+ui%$ ?an ^! supreme    
g5iuses4 ,! second half ( ! fifte5?     
c5tury1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance 9      
,g]many z well z ,italy1 is t wond]ful  
"t 9 hi/ory :5 someh[ m5's eyes 7 op5$  
to see f>!r & _! m9ds broad5$ to ga!r 9 
m ( ! tru? ( #eg man's relation to !    
univ]se1 ?an _h ev] be=e be5 ! case 9   
all ! c5turies ( human exi/5ce1 or ?an  
has ev] be5 possible ev5 9 ^! m mod]n   
c5turies1 ?\gh suppos$ly we are ! heirs 
( all ! ages 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t4      
,com+ z he did be=e pr9t+1 :5 ! _s (    
tradition 0 ev5 m rife & dom9at+ ?an x  
has be5 s9ce1 x is almo/ ne$less to say 
t !re are _m curi\s leg5ds associat$ ) !
 "n ( ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,two c5turies    
be=e 8 "t1 ,rog] ,bacon1 do+ 8 "w 9     
,engl&1 _h succe$$ 9 attract+ s mu*     

att5tion ev5 f ! common p1 because ( 8  
wond]ful sci5tific discov]ies1 t 8 "n   
became a by-^w & _m /range magical feats
 7 attribut$ to him4 ,fri> ,bacon 0 !   
great wiz>d ev5 9 ! plays ( !           
,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,a numb] ( ! same    
sort ( my?s atta*$ !mselves to !        
,b5$ict9e monk ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0
 proclaim$ 9 popul> /ory to h be5 a     
wond]ful magician4 ,ev5 8 manuscript1 x 
0 said1 _h n be5 publi%$ directly1 b _h 
be5 hidd5 9 a pill> 9 ! *ur* atta*$ to !
 mona/]y & _h be5 discov]$ !re aft] !   
splitt+ op5 ( ! pill> by a bolt (       
lightn+ f heav54 ,x is ! ext5sion ( ?is 
tradition t has sometimes l$ to !       
assumption t ,val5t9e liv$ 9 an e>li]   
c5tury1 "s ev5 go+ s f> z to say t he1  
too1 l ,rog] ,bacon1 0 a product ( ! #eh
 ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x seems reasonably    
possible1 h[ev]1 to sep>ate !           
traditional f :at is actual 9 8 exi/5ce1
 & ?us to obta9 "s idea at lea/ ( 8 "w1 
if n ( ! details ( 8 life4 ,! int]nal   
evid5ce f 8 works enable ! hi/orian (   

sci5ce to place him )9 a half c5tury ( !
 discov]y ( ,am]ica4  ,"o ( ! /ories    
told ) reg>d to ,basil ,val5t9e1 because
 x has become a commonplace 9 philology1
 has made him m g5]ally kn[n ?an any ( 8
 actual discov]ies4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ popul>
 ( ! old-fa%ion$ text-books ( *emi/ry 9 
use a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 9 ! *apt] on
 ,antimony1 !re 0 a /ory t ,i suppose   
/ud5ts nev] =got4 ,x 0 said t ,basil    
,val5t9e1 a monk ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! 
discov]] ( ?is sub/ance4 ,aft] hav+     
exp]im5t$ ) x 9 a numb] ( ways1 he ?rew 
"s ( x out ( 8 laboratory "o day1 :]e ! 
sw9e ( ! mona/]y1 f9d+ x1 proce$$ to    
gobble x up toge!r ) "s o!r refuse4 ,he 
wat*$ ! effect ^u ! sw9e v c>efully1 &  
f\nd t1 aft] a prelim9>y p]iod (        
dige/ive di/urbance1 ^! sw9e develop$ an
 enorm\s appetite & became fatt] ?an any
 ( ! o!rs4 ,?is seem$ a r desirable     
result1 & ,basil ,val5t9e1 ev] on ! se>*
 = ! practical1 ?\ght t he might use !  
rem$y to good purpose ev5 on ! memb]s ( 
! community4  ,n[1 "s ( ! monks 9 !     

mona/]y 7 ( r frail heal? & delicate    
con/itution1 #ei & he ?\ght t ! putt+ on
 ( a little fat 9 _! case might be a    
good ?+4 ,accord+ly he adm9i/]$1        
surreptiti\sly1 "s ( ! salts ( antimony1
 ) :i* he 0 exp]im5t+1 9 ! food s]v$ to 
^! monks4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 n s       
favorable z 9 ! case ( ! hogs4 ,inde$1  
accord+ to "o1 ?\gh less au!ntic1 v]sion
 ( ! /ory1 "s ( ! poor monks1 !         
unconsci\s subjects ( ! exp]im5t1 ev5   
p]i%$ z ! result ( ! +e/ion ( !         
antimonial comp\nds4 ,accord+ to ! bett]
 v]sion !y suff]$ only ! usual          
unpleasant consequ5ces ( tak+ antimony1 
:i* are1 h[ev]1 q en\gh = a fitt+ climax
 to ! /ory4 ,basil ,val5t9e call$ ! new 
sub/ance :i* he _h discov]$ antimony1 t 
is1 oppos$ to monks4 ,x might be good = 
hogs1 b x 0 a =m ( monks' bane1 z x 74  
,footnote #f    ,footnote #f3 ,x is     
curi\s to trace h[ old are ! traditions 
on   :i* "s ( ^! old /ories t mu/ n[ be 
reject$1 are   f\nd$4 ,i h come ^u !    
/ory ) reg>d to ,basil ,val5t9e   & !   

antimony & ! monks 9 an old ,fr5* m$ical
 encyclop$ia   ( biography1 publi%$ 9 ! 
sev5te5? c5tury1 & at t "t   !re 0 no   
d\bt at all express$ z to its tru?4 ,h[ 
mu* old]   ?an ?is x may be ,i d n "k1  
?\gh x is probable t x   comes f !      
sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! kakoe!s scrib5di   
attack$ _m p because ( ! facility (     
pr9t+1 & :5   mo/ ( ! good /ories t h s 
worri$ ! mod]n dry-z-du/   hi/orian 9 8 
rese>*es = _! correction became a "p (  
! body ( suppos$ hi/orical tradition4   
#fj  ,un=tunately = mo/ ( ! good /ories 
( hi/ory1 mod]n criticism has ne>ly     
always fail$ to f9d any au!ntic basis = 
!m1 & !y h _h to g ! way ( ! leg5ds (   
,wa%+ton's hat*et & ,tell's apple4 ,we  
are sorry to say t t seems to be true   
also ( ?is p>ticul> /ory4 ,antimony1 !  
^w1 is v probably d]iv$ f c]ta9         
dialectic =ms ( ! ,greek ^w = ! metal1 &
 ! "n is no m d]iv$ f anti & mona*us ?an
 x is f anti & monos 7oppos$ to s+le    
exi/5ce71 ano!r fictiti\s d]ivation t   
has be5 sugge/$1 & "o ^: etymological   

value is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! fact t   
antimony is practically nev] f\nd alone 
9 nature4  ,not)/&+ ! app>5t cl\d (     
unf\nd$ traditions t are associat$ ) 8  
"n1 !re c be no d\bt at all ( ! fact t  
,val5t9us--to give him ! ,lat9 "n by :i*
 he is commonly designat$ 9 =eign       
lit]atures--0 "o ( ! great g5iuses :o1  
work+ 9 obscurity1 make preci\s /eps    
into ! unkn[n t enable humanity aft] !m 
to see ?+s m cle>ly ?an ev] be=e4 ,!re  
are def9ite hi/orical gr\nds = plac+    
,basil ,val5t9e z ! fir/ ( ! s]ies (    
c>eful obs]v]s :o diff]5tiat$ *emi/ry f 
! old al*emy & appli$ its preci\s       
treasures ( in=mation to ! uses (       
m$ic9e4 ,x 0 because ( ! /udy ( ,basil  
,val5t9e's "w t ,p>acelsus broke away f 
! ,gal5ic traditions1 s supreme 9 m$ic9e
 up to 8 "t1 #fa & began our mod]n      
ph>maceutics4 ,foll[+ on ! heels (      
,p>acelsus came ,van ,helmont1 ! fa!r ( 
mod]n m$ical *emi/ry1 & ^! ?ree did m   
?an any o!rs to enl>ge ! scope (        
m$ication & to make obs]vation r ?an    

au?ority ! mo/ important crit]ion ( tru?
 9 m$ic9e4 ,inde$1 ! "w ( ^! ?ree m5    
dom9at$ m$ic9e1 or at lea/ ! dep>tm5t ( 
ph>maceutics1 d[n almo/ to our own day1 
& _! influ5ce is /ill felt 9 drug-giv+4 
,:ile we d n "k ! absolute date ( ei!r !
 bir? or ! dea? ( ,basil ,val5t9e & are 
n sure ev5 ( ! exact p]iod 9 :i* he liv$
 & did 8 "w1 we are sure t a great      
orig9al obs]v] ab\t ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( 
pr9t+ /udi$ m]cury & sulphur & v>i\s    
salts1 & above all1 introduc$ antimony  
to ! notice ( ! sci5tific _w1 &         
especially to ! favor ( practition]s (  
m$ic9e4 ,8 book1 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( 
,antimony1 is full ( conclusions n q    
ju/ifi$ by 8 premises nor by 8          
obs]vations4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !
 obs]vational me?ods :i* he employ$ did 
give an imm5se am\nt ( k & =m$ ! basis (
 ! me?od ( inve/igation by :i* ! *emical
 side ( m$ic9e 0 to develop dur+ ! next 
two or ?ree c5turies4 ,great h>m 0 done 
by ! abuse ( antimony1 b !n great h>m is
 done by ! abuse ( any?+1 no matt] h[   

good x may be4 ,= a #fb "t x came to be 
! mo/ important drug 9 m$ic9e & 0 only  
replac$ by v5esection4  ,! fact ( !     
matt] is t doctors 7 look+ = effects f  
_! drugs1 & antimony is1 above all ?+s1 
effective4 ,pati5ts1 too1 wi%$ to see ! 
effect ( ! m$ic9es !y took4 ,!y d s ev5 
yet1 & :5 antimony 0 adm9i/]$ !re 0 no  
d\bt ab\t its work+4  ,"s five ye>s ago1
 :5 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 ,m4,d41 pr(essor
 ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity (          
,cambridge1 ,engl&1 0 invit$ to deliv] !
 ,lane lectures at ! ,coop] ,m$ical     
,college1 9 ,san ,francisco1 he took = 8
 subject ,! ,hi/ory ( ,physiology4 ,9 ! 
c\rse ( 8 lecture on ,! ,rise ( ,*emical
 ,physiology he began ) ! "n ( ,basil   
,val5t9e1 :o fir/ attract$ m5's att5tion
 to ! _m *emical sub/ances ar\nd !m t   
might be us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 &  
said ( him3--    ,he 0 "o ( ! al*emi/s1 
b 9 addition to 8 inquiries into   !    
prop]ties ( metals & 8 se>* = !         
philosoph]'s /one1   he busi$ himself ) 
! nature ( drugs1 vegetable & m9]al1   &

 ) _! action z rem$ies = disease4 ,he 0 
no anatomi/1   no physiologi/1 b r :at  
n[adays we %\ld call a   ph>macologi/4  
,he did n c>e = ! problem ( ! body1 all 
he   s\ght to und]/& 0 h[ ! con/itu5ts (
 ! soil & (   plants might be treat$ s z
 to be available = heal+ ! sick   & h[  
!y produc$ _! effects4 ,we app>5tly owe 
to him !   introduction ( _m *emical    
sub/ances1 = in/ance1 ( #fc             
hydro*loric acid1 :i* he prep>$ f oil ( 
vitriol & salt1   & ( _m vegetable      
drugs4 ,& he 0 app>5tly ! au?or (       
c]ta9 conceptions :i*1 z we %all see1   
play$ an important "p   9 ! developm5t (
 *emi/ry & ( physiology4 ,to him1 x     
seems1   we owe ! idea ( ! ?ree elem5ts1
 z !y 7 & h be5   call$1 replac+ ! old  
idea ( ! anci5ts ( ! f\r   elem5ts--e>?1
 air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 
h[ev]1 t bo? 9 ! anci5t & 9 ! new idea !
 ^w   elem5t 0 n int5d$ to mean t :i* x 
means to u n[1 a   fundam5tal unit (    
matt]1 b a g5]al quality or prop]ty (   
matt]4 ,! ?ree elem5ts ( ,val5t9e 7 7#a7

 sulphur1 or t   :i* is combu/ible1 :i* 
is *ang$ or de/roy$1 or :i* at all      
ev5ts disappe>s dur+ burn+ or combu/ion2
 7#b7 m]cury1 t   :i* tempor>ily        
disappe>s dur+ burn+ or combu/ion1 :i*  
is   dissociat$ 9 ! burn+ f ! body      
burnt1 b :i* may be   recov]$1 t is to  
say1 t :i* is volatile1 & 7#c7 salt1   t
 :i* is fix$1 ! residue or a% :i* rema9s
 aft] burn+4   ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,basil  
,val5t9e's books1 & ! "o :i* has _h !   
mo/ endur+ influ5ce1 is und\bt$ly ,!    
,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony4 ,x has   
be5 translat$ & has _h a wide vogue 9 e 
language ( mod]n ,europe4 ,its          
recomm5dation ( antimony _h su* an      
effect ^u m$ical practice t x cont9u$ to
 be ! mo/ important drug 9 !            
ph>macopoeia d[n almo/ to ! middle ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,if any pro( 7 ne$$ t   
,basil ,val5t9e or t ! au?or ( ! books t
 g "u t "n 0 a monk1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! 
#fd introduction to ?is volume1 :i* n   
only /ates t fact v cle>ly1 b also 9 do+
 s makes use ( language t %[s ! writ] to

 h be5 deeply imbu$ ) ! old mona/ic _s4 
,i quote ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is          
introduction 9 ord] to make cle> :at ,i 
mean4 ,! quotation is tak5 f ! ,engli%  
translation ( ! "w z publi%$ 9 ,london 9
 #afgh4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 see+ !         
obscurity surr\nd+ ,val5t9e himself1 we 
d n "k = sure :o made ! translation4 ,! 
translator apologizes some:at = ! deeply
 religi\s _s ( ! book1 b consid]s t he 0
 n ju/ifi$ 9 elim9at+ any ( ?is4 ,(     
c\rse1 ! translation is left 9 ! qua9t  
old-fa%ion$ =m s em95tly suit$ to !     
?\ghts ( ! old ma/]1 & ! spell+ & use ( 
capitals is n *ang$3    ,basil          
,val5t9e--,8 ,triumphant ,*>iot (       
,antimony ,s9ce ,i1 ,basil   ,val5t9e1  
by ,religi\s ,v[s am b\nd to live       
accord+ to ! ,ord]   ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & t 
requires ano!r mann] ( _s (   ,hol9ess  
?an ! common /ate ( ,mortals ex]cis$ 9 !
 pr(ane   bus9ess ( ?is ,_w2 ,i ?\ght x 
my duty be=e all ?+s1 9   ! beg9n+ ( ?is
 little book1 to decl>e :at is necess>y 
to   be kn[n by ! pi\s ,spagyri/ old-"t 

"n = m$ical *emi/1   inflam$ ) an ard5t 
desire ( ?is ,art1 z :at he ought to d1 
& :]eunto to direct 8 aim1 t he may lay 
su* f\ndations (   ! :ole matt] z may be
 /able2 le/ 8 ,build+1 %ak5 )   ! ,w9ds1
 happ5 to fall1 & ! :ole ,edifice to be 
involv$ 9   %ameful ,ru9e1 #fe :i*      
o!rwise1 be+ f\nd$ on m firm &   solid  
pr9ciples1 might h cont9u$ = a long     
s]ies ( "t   ,:i* ,admonition ,i judg$  
01 is & always w be a necess>y   "p ( my
 ,religi\s ,(fice2 especially s9ce we   
mu/ all die1 &   no "o ( u :i* are n[1  
:e!r high or l[1 %all long be se5       
among ! numb] ( m5 ,= x conc]ns me to   
recomm5d ^!   ,m$itations ( ,mortality  
to ,po/]ity1 leav+ !m beh9d me1 n   only
 t honor may be giv5 to ! ,div9e        
,maje/y1 b also t   ,m5 may obey him    
s9c]ely 9 all ?+s4    ,9 ?is my         
,m$itation ,i f\nd t !re 7 five pr9cipal
 heads1   *iefly to be consid]$ by !    
wise & prud5t spectators ( our   ,wisdom
 & ,art4 ,! fir/ ( :i* is1 ,invocation (
 ,god4 ,!   second1 ,contemplation (    

,nature ,! ?ird1 ,true ,prep>ation4 ,!  
f\r?1 ! ,way ( ,us+4 ,! fif?1 ,utility &
 ,fruit4 ,= he :o   reg>ds n ^!1 %all   
nev] obta9 place among true ,*ymi/s1 or 
fill up ! numb] ( p]fect ,spagyri/s4    
,!re=e1 t\*+ ^!   five heads1 we %all "h
 foll[+ treat & s f> decl>e !m1   z t ! 
g5]al ,"w may be br\ght to light &      
p]fect$ by an   int5t & /udi\s ,op]ator4
  ,?is book1 ?\gh ! title might seem to 
indicate x1 is n devot$ entirely to !   
/udy ( antimony1 b conta9s _m important 
additions to ! *emi/ry ( ! "t4 ,=       
in/ance1 ,basil ,val5t9e expla9s 9 ?is  
"w h[ :at he calls ! _s ( salt might be 
obta9$4 ,he succe$$ 9 manufactur+ ?is   
mat]ial by treat+ common salt ) oil (   
vitriol & heat4 ,f ! description ( !    
uses to :i* he put ! end product ( 8    
*emical manipulation1 x is evid5t t "u !
 "n ( _s ( salt #ff he is describ+ :at  
we n[ "k z hydro*loric acid4 ,?is is !  
fir/ def9ite m5tion ( x 9 ! hi/ory (    
sci5ce1 & ! me?od sugge/$ = its         
prep>ation is n v diff]5t f t employ$   

ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,he also sugge/s 9  
?is volume h[ alcohol may be obta9$ 9   
high /r5g?s4 ,he di/ill$ ! _s obta9$ f  
w9e ov] c>bonate ( potassium1 & ?us     
succe$$ 9 depriv+ x ( a great proportion
 ( its wat]4  ,we h said t he 0 deeply  
int]e/$ 9 ! philosoph]'s /one4          
,naturally ?is turn$ 8 att5tion to !    
/udy ( metals1 & s x is n surpris+ to   
f9d t he succe$$ 9 =mulat+ a me?od by   
:i* metallic copp] c\ld be obta9$4 ,!   
sub/ance us$ = ! purpose 0 copp]        
pyrites1 :i* 0 *ang$ to an impure       
sulphate ( copp] by ! action ( oil (    
vitriol & moi/ air4 ,! sulphate ( copp] 
occurr$ 9 solution1 & ! copp] c\ld be   
precipitat$ f x by plung+ an iron b>    
into x4 ,basil ,val5t9e recogniz$ !     
pres5ce ( ?is peculi> yell[ metal &     
/udi$ "s ( its qualities4 ,he does n    
seem to h be5 q sure1 h[ev]1 :e!r !     
ph5om5on t he witness$ 0 n really a     
transmutation ( ! iron into copp]1 z a  
consequ5ce ( ! o!r *emicals pres5t4     
,!re are "s obs]vations on *emical      

physiology1 & especially ) reg>d to     
respiration1 9 ! book on antimony :i* %[
 _! au?or to h anticipat$ ! true        
explanation ( ! #fg !ory ( respiration4 
,he /ates t animals brea!1 because ! air
 is ne$$ to support _! life1 & t all !  
animals exhibit ! ph5om5on (            
respiration4 ,he ev5 insi/s t ! fi%es1  
?\gh liv+ 9 wat]1 brea! air1 & he       
adduces 9 support ( ?is idea ! fact t   
:5ev] a riv] is entirely froz5 ! fi%es  
die4 ,! reason = ?is be+1 accord+ to ?is
 old-"t physiologi/1 n t ! fi%es are    
froz5 to dea?1 b t !y are n able to     
obta9 air 9 ! ice z !y did 9 ! wat]1 &  
consequ5tly p]i%4  ,!re are _m          
te/imonies to ! practical "* ( all 8 k &
 8 desire to apply x = ! b5efit (       
humanity4 ,! old monk c\ld n repress !  
expression ( 8 impati5ce ) physicians :o
 gave to pati5ts = diseases ( :i* !y    
knew little1 rem$ies ( :i* !y knew less4
 ,= him x 0 an unp>donable s9 = a       
physician n to h fai?fully /udi$ ! v>i\s
 mixtures t he prescrib$ = 8 pati5ts1 & 

n to "k n only _! appe>ance & ta/e &    
effect1 b also ! limits ( _!            
application4 ,consid]+ t at ! pres5t "t 
x is a frequ5t s\rce ( compla9t t       
physicians (t5 prescribe rem$ies ) ^:   
physical appe>ances !y are n famili>1   
?is compla9t ( ! old-"t *emi/ al*emi/ w 
be all ! m int]e/+ = ! mod]n physician4 
,x is evid5t t :5 ,basil ,val5t9e all[s 
8 ire to get ! bett] ( him x is because 
( 8 indignation ov] ! #fh quacks :o 7   
abus+ m$ic9e & pati5ts 9 8 "t1 z !y h   
ev] s9ce4 ,!re is a curi\s bit (        
asp]sion on m]e book-le>n+ 9 ! passage t
 has a di/9ctly mod]n r+1 & "o feels !  
tru? ( ,russell ,l[ell's expression t to
 read a great g5ius1 no matt] h[        
antique1 is l read+ a comm5t>y 9 ! morn+
 pap]1 s up-to-date does g5ius ev]      
rema93--    ,& :5soev] ,i %all h        
occasion to cont5d 9 ! ,s*ool )   su* a 
,doctor1 :o kn[s n h[ himself to prep>e 
8 own   m$ic9es1 b commits t bus9ess to 
ano!r1 ,i am sure ,i %all   obta9 !     
,palm f him2 = inde$ t good man kn[s n  

:at   m$ic9es he prescribes to ! sick2  
:e!r ! color ( !m be   :ite1 black1     
grey1 or blew1 he _c tell2 nor do? ?is  
wret*$   man "k :e!r ! m$ic9e he gives  
be dry or hot1 cold or humid2   b he    
only kn[s t he f\nd x s writt5 9 8      
,books1 &   !nce pret5ds k 7or z x 71   
,possession7 by   ,prescription ( a v   
long "t2 yet he desires to fur!r        
,in=mation ,"h aga9 let x be lawful to  
exclaim1 ,good ,god1 to   :at a /ate is 
! matt] br\ght6 :at goodness ( m9de is 9
   ^! m56 :at c>e d !y take ( ! sick6   
,wo1 wo to !m6 9   ! day ( ,judgm5t !y w
 f9d ! fruit ( _! ignorance &   ra%ness1
 !n !y w see ,him :om !y pi]c$1 :5 !y   
neglect$ _! ,neighbor1 s\ght aft] money 
& no?+ else2   :]eas 7 !y cordial 9 _!  
pr(ession1 !y w\ld sp5d   ,nights &     
,days 9 ,lab\r t !y might become m le>n$
 9   _! ,art1 :5ce m c]ta9 heal? w\ld   
accrew to ! sick )   _! ,e/imation &    
great] glory to !mselves4 ,b s9ce ,lab\r
   is t$i\s to !m1 !y commit ! #fi matt]
 to *ance1 & be+   secure ( _! ,hon\r1 &

 cont5t ) _! ,fame1 !y 7l   ,brawl]s7   
def5d !mselves ) a c]ta9 g>rulity1 )\t  
any   respect _h to ,confid5ce or ,tru?4
  ,p]haps "o ( ! reasons :y ,val5t9e's  
book has be5 ( su* endur+ int]e/ is t x 
is writt5 9 an em95tly human ve9 & out (
 a lively imag9ation4 ,x is full (      
figures relat+ to _m o!r ?+s besides    
*emi/ry1 :i* s]ve to %[ h[ deeply ?is   
inve/igat+ obs]v] 0 att5tive to all !   
problems ( life ar\nd him4 ,= in/ance1  
:5 he wants to describe ! aff9ity t     
exi/s betwe5 _m sub/ances 9 *emi/ry1 &  
:i* makes x impossible = !m n to be     
attract$ to "o ano!r1 he takes a figure 
f ! attractions t he sees exi/ among m5 
& wom54 ,!re are "s p>agraphs ) reg>d to
 ! influ5ce ( ! passion ( love t "o     
might ?9k r a quotation f an old-"t     
s]mon ?an f a great gr\nd-break+ book 9 
! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4    ,love leaves no?+
 entire or s\nd 9 man2 x imp$es 8 sleep2
 he   _c re/ ei!r day or night2 x takes 
(f 8 appetite t he   ha? no disposition 
ei!r to meat or dr9k by reason ( !      

cont9ual torm5ts ( 8 he>t & m9d4 ,x     
deprives him ( all   ,provid5ce1 h5ce he
 neglects 8 affairs1 vocation & bus9ess4
 ,he   m9ds nei!r /udy1 labor nor pray]2
 ca/s away all ?\ghts (   any?+ b ! body
 belov$2 ?is is 8 /udy1 ?is 8 mo/ va9   
occupation4 ,if to lov]s ! success be n 
answ]able to _!   wi%1 or s soon #gj &  
prosp]\sly z !y desire1 h[ _m           
melan*olies h5ce=? arise1 ) griefs &    
sadnesses1 ) :i*   !y p9e away & wax s  
lean z !y h sc>cely any fle%   cleav+ to
 ! bones ,yea1 at la/ !y lose ! life    
itself1 z may   be prov$ by _m examples6
 = su* m51 7:i* is an horrible   ?+ to  
?9k (7 slight & neglect all p]ils &     
detrim5ts1   bo? ( ! body & life1 & ( ! 
s\l & et]nal salvation  ,x is evid5t t  
human nature is n diff]5t 9 our         
sophi/icat$ tw5tie? c5tury f t :i* ?is  
obs]vant old monk saw ar\nd him 9 !     
fifte5?4 ,he cont9ues3--    ,h[ _m      
te/imonies ( ?is viol5ce :i* is 9 love1 
are daily   f\nd8 = x n only inflames ! 
y\ng] sort1 b x s f>   exagg]ates "s    

p]sons f> gone 9 ye>s z ?r\gh ! burn+   
heat !re(1 !y are almo/ mad ,natural    
diseases are = ! mo/   "p gov]n$ by !   
complexion ( man & !re=e invade "s   m  
fi]cely1 o!rs m g5tly2 b ,love1 )\t     
di/9ction (   poor or ri*1 "y or old1   
seize? all1 & hav+ seiz$ s bl9ds   !m z 
=gett+ all rules ( reason1 !y nei!r see 
nor he>   any sn>e4  ,b !n ! old monk   
?9ks t he has said en\gh ab\t ?is       
subject & apologizes = 8 digression 9   
ano!r p>agraph t %\ld remove any l+]+   
d\bt !re may be ) reg>d to ! g5u95ess ( 
8 mona/ic "*4 ,! p]sonal elem5t 9 8     
confession is s naive & s simply        
/raight=w>d t in/ead ( seem+ to be !    
result ( conceit1 & s repell+ ! read]1 x
 r attracts 8 #ga k9dly feel+ = its     
au?or4 ,! p>agraph w\ld rem9d "o 9 c]ta9
 ways ( t p]sonal elem5t t 0 to become m
 popul> 9 lit]ature aft] ,montaigne _h  
made su* ext5sive use ( x4    ,b ( ^!   
en\gh2 = x becomes n a religi\s man to  
insi/   too long ^u ^! cogitations1 or  
to give place to su* a flame 9   8 he>t4

 ,hi!rto 7)\t boa/+ ,i speak x7 ,i h    
?r\gh\t   ! :ole c\rse ( my life kept   
myself safe & free f x1 & ,i   pray &   
invoke ,god to v\*safe me 8 ,grace t ,i 
may keep holy   & inviolate ! fai? :i*  
,i h sworn1 & live cont5t$ )   my       
spiritual sp\se1 ! ,holy1 ,ca?olick     
,*ur*4 ,= no o!r reason   h ,i alleag$  
^! ?an t ,i might express ! love ) :i*  
all t9ctures ought to be mov$ t[>ds     
metals1 if ev] !y be   admitt$ by !m    
into true fri5d%ip1 & by love1 :i*      
p]meates   ! inmo/ p>ts1 be conv]t$ into
 a bett] /ate  ,! application ( ! figure
 at ! end ( 8 long digression is        
*>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he wrote & to
 a consid]able ext5t also ( ! ,g]man    
lit]>y me?ods ( ! "t4  ,9 ?is volume on 
! use ( antimony !re are 9 mo/ ( !      
editions c]ta9 biographical notes :i* h 
sometimes be5 accept$ z au!ntic1 b (t5] 
reject$4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ,basil ,val5t9e
 0 born 9 a t[n 9 ,alsace1 on ! s\!rn   
bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1  
!re are sev]al t[ns t h laid claim to   

be+ 8 bir?place4 ,m4 ,jean ,reynaud1 !  
di/+ui%$ ,fr5* #gb philosophical writ] (
 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 once   
said t ,basil ,val5t9e1 l ,ossian &     
,hom]1 _h _m t[ns claim him ye>s aft] 8 
dea?4 ,he also sugge/$ t1 l ^? old      
poets1 x 0 possible t ! writ+s sometimes
 attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e 7 really !
 "w n ( "o man1 b ( sev]al individuals4 
,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m objections to ?is   
!ory1 ! mo/ =ceful ( :i* is ! int]nal   
evid5ce ( ! books !mselves & _! /yle &  
me?od ( treatm5t4 ,o!r biographic       
details conta9$ 9 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot (
 ,antimony are und\bt$ly m correct4     
,accord+ to !m1 ,basil ,val5t9e travell$
 9 ,engl& & ,holl& on missions = 8      
,ord]1 & w5t ?r\gh ,france & ,spa9 on a 
pilgrimage to ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella4 
,besides ?is "w1 !re is a numb] ( o!r   
books ( ,basil ,val5t9e's1 pr9t$ dur+ ! 
fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t are     
well-kn[n & copies ( :i* may be f\nd 9  
mo/ ( ! important libr>ies4 ,! ,unit$   
,/ates ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y at     

,wa%+ton conta9s sev]al ( ! works on    
m$ical subjects1 & ! ,new ,york ,academy
 ( ,m$ic9e ,libr>y has "s valuable      
editions ( 8 works4 ,"s ( 8 o!r         
well-kn[n books1 ea* ( :i* is a         
good-siz$ octavo volume1 be> ! foll[+   
descriptive titles 7,i give !m 9        
,engli%1 ?\gh1 z !y are usually to be   
f\nd1 !y are 9 ,lat91 sixte5?-c5tury #gc
 translations ( ! orig9al ,g]man73 ,!   
,_w 9 ,m9iature3 or1 ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,_w &
 ( ,human ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 publi%$ at   
,m>burg1 #afji2--,! ,*emical            
,apocalypse3 or1 ,! ,manife/ation (     
,artificial ,*emical ,comp\nds1 publi%$ 
at ,erfurt 9 #afbd2--;,a                
,*emico-,philosophic ,treatise ,conc]n+ 
,?+s ,natural & ,pret]natural1          
,especially ,relat+ to ! ,metals & !    
,m9]als1 publi%$ at ,frankfurt 9        
#afgf2--;,haliography3 or1 ,! ,sci5ce ( 
,salts3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,prep>ation1  
,use & ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,all !     
,m9]al1 ,animal & ,vegetable ,salts1    
publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #afdd2--,! ,twelve

 ,keys ( ,philosophy1 ,leipsic1 #afcj4  
,! great int]e/ manife/$ 9 ,basil       
,val5t9e's "w at ! ,r5aissance p]iod c  
be be/ realiz$ f ! numb] ( manuscript   
copies & _! wide di/ribution4 ,8 books 7
 n all pr9t$ at "o place1 b1 on !       
contr>y1 9 diff]5t portions ( ,europe4  
,! orig9al edition ( ,! ,triumphal      
,*>iot ( ,antimony 0 publi%$ at ,leipsic
 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/
 editions ( ! o!r books1 h[ev]1 appe>$  
at places s di/ant f ,leipsic z ,am/]dam
 & ,bologna1 :ile v>i\s cities (        
,g]many1 z ,erfurt & ,frankfurt1 claim !
 orig9al editions ( /ill o!r works4 ,_m 
( ! manuscript copies /ill exi/ 9 v>i\s 
libr>ies 9 ,europe2 & :ile !re is no    
d\bt t "s unimportant additions to !    
suppos$ works ( ,basil ,val5t9e h come  
#gd f ! attribution to him ( sci5tific  
treatises ( o!r ,g]man writ]s1 ! /yle & 
! me?od ( ! pr9cipal works m5tion$ are  
entirely too simil> n to h be5 ! fruit (
 a s+le m9d & t possess$ ( a di/9ct     
inve/igat+ g5ius sett+ x f> above any ( 

its contempor>ies 9 sci5tific           
speculation & obs]vation4  ,! mo/       
int]e/+ feature ( all ( ,basil          
,val5t9e's writ+s t are extant is !     
di/9ctive t5d5cy to make 8 obs]vations (
 special practical utility4 ,8 /udies 9 
antimony 7 made ma9ly ) ! idea ( %[+ h[ 
t sub/ance might be us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,he   
did n neglect to po9t out o!r possible  
uses1 h[ev]1 & knew ! secret ( !        
employm5t ( antimony 9 ord] to give     
%>pness & def9ition to ! impression     
produc$ by metal types4 ,x w\ld seem z  
?\gh he 0 ! fir/ sci5ti/ :o discuss$ ?is
 subject1 & !re is ev5 "s "q :e!r pr9t]s
 & type f\nd]s did n d]ive _! ideas 9   
?is matt] f ,basil ,val5t9e1 r ?an he f 
!m4 ,int]e/$ z he 0 9 ! transmutation ( 
metals1 he nev] fail$ to try to f9d &   
sugge/ "s m$ic9al use = all ( !         
sub/ances t he inve/igat$4 ,8 0 no gre$y
 se>* = gold & no accumulation (        
inve/igations ) ! idea ( b5efit+ only   
himself4 ,mank9d 0 always 9 8 m9d1 &    
p]haps !re is no bett] demon/ration ( 8 

fulfilm5t ( ! "* ( ! monk ?an ?is       
con/ant #ge solicitude to b5efit o!rs by
 e bit ( inve/igation t he c>ri$ out4 ,=
 him ) m$ieval nobl5ess ( _s ! fir/ "p (
 e "w mu/ be ! invocation ( ,god1 & !   
la/1 ?\gh no less important ?an ! fir/1 
mu/ be ! utility & fruit = mank9d t c be
 d]iv$ f x4  #gf  #gg  ,,iv4  ,,l9acre3 
,,s*ol>1 ,,physician1 ,,prie/4   #gh    
,l9acre1 z ,dr4 ,payne rem>ks1 0        
possess$ f 8 y\? till 8 dea? by !       
en?usiasm ( le>n+4 ,he 0 an ideali/     
devot$ to objects :i* ! _w ?\ght (      
little use4 ,pa9/ak+1 accurate1         
critical1 hyp]critical p]haps1 he rema9s
 to-day ! *ief lit]>y repres5tative (   
,briti% ,m$ic9e4 ,nei!r 9 ,brita9 nor 9 
,great] ,brita9 h we ma9ta9$ ! place 9 !
 _w ( lett]s creat$ = u by ,l9acre's    
noble />t4 ,quot$ by ,osl] 9            
,a,equanimitas4    ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas
 ,,l9acre   #gi  ,,iv4  ,,l9acre3       
,,s*ol>1 ,,physician1 ,,prie/4  ,n long 
ago1 9 "o ( 8 piquant little essays1    
,mr4 ,augu/9e ,birrell discuss$ ! "q z  

to :at really happ5$ at ! "t ( ! s-call$
 ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is mu* m d\bt
 ) reg>d to ?is matt]1 ev5 9 ! m9ds (   
non-,ca?olics1 ?an is usually suspect$4 
,mr4 ,birrell seems to h consid]$ x "o (
 ! mo/ important problems1 & at ! same  
"t n by any means ! lea/ intricate "o1 9
 mod]n ,engli% hi/ory4 ,! s-call$ ,high 
,*ur* p emphatically insi/ t !re is no  
break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 
& t ! mod]n ,anglicanism is a direct    
desc5dant ( ! old ,briti% ,*ur*4 ,!y    
reject ) scorn ! idea t x 0 ! ,lu!ran   
movem5t on ! ,cont95t :i* br\ght ab\t ! 
*anges 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* at t "t4     
,prote/antism did n come into ,engl& = a
 consid]able p]iod aft] ! *ange 9 !     
con/itution ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 & :5 x 
did come its t5d5cies 7 q z subv]sal ( !
 au?ority ( ! ,anglican z ( ! ,roman    
,*ur*1 ,prote/antism is ! "m (          
,noncon=mism 9 ,engl&4 ,x c be se51 !n1 
t ! "q z to :at did really take place 9 
! "t #hj ( ,h5ry ,,viii & ( ,edw>d ,,vi 
is /ill op54 ,x has seem$ to me t no    

little light on ?is vex$ hi/orical "q w 
be ?r[n by a c>eful /udy ( ! life ( ,dr4
 ,l9acre1 :o1 besides be+ ! be/ kn[n    
physician ( 8 "t 9 ,engl&1 0 ! greate/  
s*ol> ( ! ,engli% ,r5aissance p]iod1 yet
 _h all 8 life be5 on v intimate t]ms ) 
! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & ev5tually 
gave up 8 honors1 8 =tune1 & 8 pr(ession
 to become a simple prie/ ( ! old       
,engli% ,*ur*4  ,consid]+ ! usually     
accept$ notions z to ! sad /ate (       
affairs suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! ,*ur* at !  
beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is is a v   
rem>kable occurr5ce1 & des]ves c>eful   
/udy to det]m9e its complete            
significance1 = x tells bett] ?an any?+ 
else ! op9ion ( a di/+ui%$ contempor>y4 
,few m5 h ev] be5 m highly ?\ght ( by _!
 own g5]ation4 ,none has be5 m s9c]ely  
respect$ by intimate fri5ds1 :o 7       
!mselves ! lead]s ( ! ?\ght ( _!        
g5]ation1 ?an ,?omas ,l9acre1 s*ol>1    
physician & prie/2 & 8 action mu/ /& z !
 highe/ possible tribute to ! ,*ur* 9   
,engl& at t "t4  ,h[ unimpair$ 8        

practical judgm5t ( m5 & affairs 0 at ! 
"t he made 8 *ange f royal physician to 
simple prie/ c be/ be ga!r$ f ! sagacity
 display$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal      
,college ( ,physicians1 an in/itution he
 0 end[+ ) ! #ha weal? he _h accumulat$ 
9 "s tw5ty ye>s ( mo/ lucrative m$ical  
practice4 ,! ,royal ,college (          
,physicians repres5ts ! fir/ attempt to 
secure ! regulation ( ! practice (      
m$ic9e 9 ,engl&1 &1 ?anks to its f\nd]'s
 wond]ful =esight & practical wisdom1 x 
rema9s d[n to our own day1 "u its       
orig9al con/itution1 "o ( ! mo/         
effective & highly honor$ ( ,briti%     
sci5tific f\ndations4 ,no di/9ction is m
 s\ght at ! pres5t "t by "y ,briti%     
m$ical m51 or by ,am]ican or ev5        
,cont95tal graduates 9 m$ic9e1 ?an !    
privilege ( add+ to _! names ! lett]s   
,f4,r4,c4,p47,eng471 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal  
,college ( ,physicians ( ,engl&4 ,!     
,college work$ ! re=mation ( m$ical     
practice 9 ,engl&1 & its me?ods h prov$ 
! sugge/ive =mulae = _m ano!r su*       

in/itution & = laws t all ov] ! _w      
protect1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! public f
 quacks & *>latans4  ,l9acre's *ange (  
pr(ession at ! end ( 8 life has be5 a   
fruitful s\rce ( conjecture &           
misconception on ! "p ( 8 biograph]s4   
,few ( !m seem to be able to appreciate 
! fact1 common en\gh 9 ! hi/ory ( !     
,*ur*1 t a man may1 ev5 :5 well on 9    
ye>s1 give up ev]y?+ to :i* 8 life has  
be5 s f> direct$1 & f a s5se ( duty     
devote himself entirely to ! atta9m5t ( 
! "o ?+ necess>y4 ,l9acre appe>s only to
 h done :at _m ano!r 9 ! hi/ory ( #hb ! 
?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies did
 )\t any comm5t2 b 8 ,engli% biograph]s 
insi/ on see+ ult]ior motives 9 x1 or   
else fail entirely to und]/& x4 ,! same 
action is n s r>e ev5 9 our own day t x 
%\ld be ! s\rce ( misconception by lat] 
writ]s4  ,dr4 ,s4 ,weir ,mit*ell has1 9 
! e>ly "p ( ,dr4 ,nor? & ,8 ,fri5ds1 a v
 curi\s passage ) reg>d to ,l9acre4 ,"o 
( ! *>act]s1 ,/4 ,clair1 says3 ,i saw1 !
 o!r day1 at ,ow5's1 a life ( "o        

,l9acre1 a doctor1 :o _h ! luck to live 
ab\t #adfj to #aebd1 :5 m5 knew little &
 ?\ght !y knew all4 ,9 8 old age he took
 = novelty to read+ ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! fif?1
 six?1 & sev5? *apt]s 7 en\gh4 ,he ?rew 
! book aside & cri$ out1 ',ei!r ?is is n
 ! ,gospel1 or we are n ,*ri/ians4' ,:at
 else c\ld he say8 ,/4 ,clair uses !    
/ory to en=ce an idea ( 8 own1 :i* he   
/ates z a "q1 z foll[s3 ,& h none ( y ! 
c\rage to wre/le ) ! ?\ght ,i gave y1 t 
,*ri/ c\ld n h expect$ ! mass ( m5 to   
live ! life ,he po9t$ out z desirable = 
! fir/ disciples ( ,8 fai?8  ,dr4       
,mit*ell's anecdote is n accept$ by     
,l9acre's biograph]s g5]ally1 ?\gh x is 
copi$ by ,dr4 ,payne1 ! writ] ( !       
article on ,l9acre 9 ! 7,engli%7        
,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 :o1  
h[ev]1 discr$its x some:at4 ,! /ory is  
f\nd$ on ,sir ,john ,*eke's #hc acc\nt (
 ! conv]sion ( ,l9acre4 ,x is v d\btful1
 h[ev]1 :e!r ,l9acre's deprecations ( ! 
actions ( ,*ri/ians _h ref]5ce to any?+ 
m ?an ! practice ( false swe>+ s =cibly 

d5\nc$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 :i* _h app>5tly 
become frequ5t 9 8 "t4 ,?is is ,seld5's 
v]sion ( ! /ory z quot$ by ,dr4         
,johnson1 :o 0 ,l9acre's well-kn[n      
biograph]4 ,sir ,john ,*eke 9 8 acc\nt  
seems to h9t t ?is *ance read+ ( !      
,scriptures repres5t$ ! fir/ occasion   
,l9acre _h ev] tak5 ( an opportunity to 
read ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,p]haps we are    
expect$ to believe t1 foll[+ ! worn-out 
,prote/ant tradition ( ! old ,*ur*'s    
disc\rag+ ( ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 & ( !   
extreme sc>city ( copies ( ! ,book1 ?is 
0 ! fir/ "t he _h ev] _h a good         
opportunity to read x4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is
 nons5se4  ,l9acre's e>ly education _h  
be5 obta9$ at ! s*ool ( ! mona/]y (     
,*ri/ ,*ur* at ,cant]bury1 & ! mona/]y  
s*ools all us$ ! ,new ,te/am5t z a      
text-book1 & z ! (fices ( ! day at :i* !
 /ud5ts 7 requir$ to att5d conta9 ^! v  
passages f ,mat!w :i* ,l9acre is suppos$
 to h read = ! fir/ "t lat] 9 life1 ?is 
idea is prepo/]\s4 ,besides1 ,l9acre1 z 
"o ( ! great s*ol>s ( 8 "t1 intimate    

fri5d ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ( ,dean ,colet1 
& ,erasmus1 c sc>cely be ?\ght to f9d 8 
fir/ copy ( ! ,bible only :5 advanc$ 9  
ye>s4 ,?is is #hd evid5tly a            
po/-,re=mation addition1 "p ( !         
,prote/ant tradition ) reg>d to !       
suppos$ suppression ( ! ,scriptures 9   
pre-,re=mation days1 :i* e "o ackn[l$ges
 n[ to be )\t f\ndation4  ,l9acre1 z _m 
ano!r be=e & s9ce1 seems only to h      
realiz$ ! true significance ( ! /rik+   
passages 9 ,mat!w aft] life's exp]i5ces 
& disappo9tm5ts _h made him take m      
s]i\sly ! clauses ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4
 ,!re is mu* 9 fif?1 six?1 & sev5?      
,mat!w t might di/urb ! complac5t       
equanimity ( a man ^: ma9 objects 9     
life1 ?\gh pursu$ ) all honorable       
unselfi%ness1 _h be5 ! p]sonal          
satisfaction ( wide s*ol>%ip & success 9
 8 *os5 pr(ession4  ,) reg>d to ,sir    
,john ,*eke's /ory1 ,dr4 ,john ,noble   
,johnson1 :o wrote ! life ( ,?omas      
,l9acre1 ,footnote #g :i* is accept$ z !
 au?oritative biography by all subsequ5t

 writ]s1 says3 ,! :ole /atem5t c>ries ) 
x an air ( inv5tion1 if n on ! "p (     
,*eke himself1 at lea/ on t ( !         
individual f :om he d]ives x1 & x is    
refut$ by #he ,l9acre's kn[n habits (   
mod]ation & ! _m ecclesia/ical fri5d%ips
 :i*1 ) a s+le exception1 7 pres]v$ )\t 
int]ruption until 8 dea?4 ,x 0 a mo/    
frequ5t mode ( sil5c+ opposition to !   
receiv$ & e/abli%$ t5ets ( ! ,*ur*1 :5  
argum5ts 7 want+1 to br& ! impugn] ) !  
opprobri\s titles ( h]etic & infidel1 ! 
common res\rce ( ! enemies to innovation
 9 e age & c\ntry4    ,footnote #g3 ,!  
,life ( ,?omas ,l9acre1 ,doctor 9       
,m$ic9e1   ,physician to ,k+ ,h5ry      
,,viii1 ! ,tutor & ,fri5d ( ,sir ,?omas 
,m & ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,college ( ,physicians
 9 ,london ,by ,john   ,noble ,johnson1 
,m ,d41 late ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college 
( ,physicians1   ,london4 ,edit$ by     
,rob]t ,graves1 ( ! ,inn] ,temple1      
,b>ri/] at   ,law ,london3 ,edw>d       
,lumley1 ,*anc]y ,lane #ahce4  ,!       
int]e/+ result ( ! reflections inspir$ 9

 ,l9acre by ! read+ ( ,mat!w 01 z has   
be5 said1 ! resignation ( 8 high (fice (
 ,royal ,physician & ! surr5d] ( 8 weal?
 = ! f\ndation ( *airs 9 ,m$ic9e &      
,greek at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,) ! true 
lib]al _s ( a man :o wi%$ to accompli% z
 mu* good z possible1 8 f\ndations 7 n  
limit$ to 8 own ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4     
,aft] ^! educational f\ndations1 h[ev]1 
8 weal? 0 appli$ to ! end[m5t ( ! ,royal
 ,college ( ,physicians & its libr>y1 & 
to ! provision ( su* accessories z might
 be expect$ to make ! ,college a        
p]man5tly useful in/itution1 ?\gh left  
at ! same "t p]fectly capable ( t       
evolution :i* w\ld suit x to subsequ5t  
times & ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce &       
practice ( m$ic9e4  ,x is evid5t t !    
life ( su* a man c sc>cely fail to be ( 
p]sonal z well z hi/oric int]e/4  #hf   
,?omas ,l9acre 0 born ab\t #adfj--! ye> 
is unc]ta9--at ,cant]bury4 ,no?+ is kn[n
 ( 8 p>5ts or _! condition1 ?\gh ?is v  
sil5ce 9 _! reg>d w\ld seem to indicate 
t !y 7 poor & obscure4 ,8 education 0   

obta9$ at ! s*ool ( ! mona/]y ( ,*ri/   
,*ur*1 ,cant]bury1 !n presid$ ov] by !  
fam\s ,william ,sell+1 ! fir/ ( ! great 
/ud5ts ( ! new le>n+ 9 ,engl&4 ,sell+'s 
int]e/ seems to h help$ ,l9acre to get  
to ,ox=d1 :]e he ent]$ at ,all ,s\ls'   
,college 9 #adhj4 ,9 #adhd he 0 elect$ a
 ,fell[ ( ! ,college1 & seems to h      
di/+ui%$ himself 9 ,greek1 to :i* he    
appli$ himself ) special assiduity "u   
,cornelio ,vitelli4 ,?\gh ,greek is     
sometimes spok5 ( z hav+ be5 introduc$  
into ,we/]n ,europe only at ! beg9n+ ( !
 sixte5? c5tury1 ,l9acre und\bt$ly laid 
! f\ndation ( t rem>kable k ( ! language
 :i* he display$ at a lat] p]iod ( 8    
life1 dur+ 8 /ud5t days at ,ox=d 9 ! la/
 qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4  ,l9acre w5t 
to ,italy "u ! mo/ auspici\s            
circum/ances4 ,8 old tutor & fri5d at   
,cant]bury1 ,sell+1 :o _h become "o ( ! 
lead+ ecclesia/ics ( ,engl&1 0 s5t to   
,rome z an ,ambassador by ,h5ry ,,vii4  
,he took ,l9acre ) him4 ,a numb] (      
,engli% s*ol>s _h rec5tly be5 9 ,italy &

 _h attract$ att5tion by _! g5iality1 by
 _! ?or\gh-go+ devotion to s*ol>ly      
/udies1 #hg & by _! success 9 _! "w4    
,sell+ himself _h made a numb] ( firm   
fri5ds among ! ,italian /ud5ts ( ! ,new 
,le>n+ on a =m] visit1 & !y n[ welcom$  
him ) en?usiasm & 7 ready to receive 8  
protege ) goodwill & provide him ) ! be/
 opportunities = /udy4 ,z a memb] ( !   
tra9 ( ! ,engli% ambassador1 ,l9acre _h 
an entree to political circles t prov$ (
 great s]vice to him1 & put him on a    
di/9ct foot+ above t ( ! ord9>y ,engli% 
/ud5t 9 ,italy4  ,p>tly because ( ^! &  
p>tly because ( 8 own int]e/+ &         
attractive p]sonal "*1 ,l9acre _h a     
numb] ( special opportunities promptly  
plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,*ur* dignit>ies 9 
,rome welcom$ him & he 0 at once receiv$
 into s*ol>ly circles :]ev] he w5t 9    
,italy4 ,almo/ z soon z he arriv$ 9     
,flor5ce1 :]e he expect$ s]i\sly to take
 up ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 he became !
 intimate fri5d ( ! family ( ,lor5zo de'
 ,m$ici1 :o 0 s *>m$ ) 8 p]sonality & 8 

readily recognizable tal5t t he *ose him
 = ! companion ( 8 son's /udies &       
receiv$ him into 8 own h\sehold4        
,politian 0 at ?is "t ! tutor ( ! "y de'
 ,m$ici 9 ,lat91 & ,demetrius           
,*alcondylas ! tutor 9 ,greek4 ,"u ^!   
two em95t s*ol>s ,l9acre obta9$ a k (   
,lat9 & ,greek su* z x w\ld h be5       
impossible to h obta9$ "u any o!r #hh   
circum/ances1 & :i* ) 8 tal5ts at once  
/amp$ him z "o ( ! =emo/ humani/ic      
s*ol>s 9 ,europe4 ,:ile 9 ,flor5ce he   
came 9 contact ) ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t's
 y\ng] son1 :o aft]w>ds became ,leo ,x4 
,! fri5d%ip ?us =m$ la/$ all dur+       
,l9acre's lifetime1 & lat] on he d$icat$
 at lea/ "o ( 8 books to ,alex&] de'    
,m$ici aft] ! latt]'s elevation to !    
papal ?rone4  ,x is no wond] t ,l9acre  
always look$ back on ,italy z ! ,alma   
,mat]--! fond "m 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( !    
t]m--to :om he ow$ 8 preci\s            
opportunities = education & ! broade/   
possible culture4 ,9 aft]-life !        
expression ( 8 feel+s 0 (t5 t+$ )       

romantic t5d]ness4 ,x is said t :5 he 0 
cross+ ! ,alps1 on 8 homew>d j\rney1    
leav+ ,italy aft] f9i%+ 8 ye>s (        
appr5tice%ip ( /udy1 /&+ on ! highe/    
po9t ( ! m\nta9s f :i* he c\ld /ill see 
! ,italian pla9s1 he built ) 8 own h&s a
 r\gh alt> ( /one & d$icat$ x to ! l& ( 
8 /udies--! l& 9 :i* he _h sp5t six     
happy ye>s--"u ! fond title ( ,sancta   
,mat] ,/udiorum4  ,at fir/1 aft] 8      
return f ,italy1 ,l9acre lectur$ on     
,greek at ,ox=d4 ,some?+ ( ! influ5ce   
acquir$ ov] ,engli% /ud5ts & ! good he  
accompli%$ may be appreciat$ f ! fact t 
) ,grocyn he _h su* /ud5ts z ,m & !     
fam\s ,dean ,colet4 ,erasmus also 0     
attract$ f ! ,ne!rl&s & #hi /udi$ ,greek
 "u ,l9acre1 to :om he ref]s 9 ! mo/    
k9dly & appreciative t]ms _m times 9 8  
aft] life4 ,l9acre wrote books besides  
lectur+1 & 8 "w on c]ta9 f9e po9ts 9 !  
gramm> ( classical ,lat9ity prov$ a     
revelation to ,engli% /ud5ts ( ! old    
classical languages1 = no?+ s advanc$ z 
?is _h ev] be=e be5 attempt$ outside    

,italy4 ,9 "o ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! fifte5?  
c5tury ,l9acre 0 appo9t$ tutor to ,pr9ce
 ,ar?ur1 ! eld] bro!r ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 to
 :om x w be rememb]$ t ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon
 _h be5 betro!d be=e h] m>riage ) ,h5ry4
 ,ar?ur's untimely dea?1 h[ev]1 soon put
 an end to ,l9acres' tutor%ip4  ,z po9t$
 out by ,e9/e91 ! reputation ( ,grocyn &
 ,l9acre 0 n conf9$ to ,engl&1 b soon   
spread all ov] ! ,cont95t4 ,aft] ! dea? 
( ! great ,italian humani/s ( ! fifte5? 
c5tury1 :o _h no wor?y successors 9 !   
,italian p59sula1 ^! two m5 became !    
pr9cipal ,european repres5tatives ( !   
,new ,le>n+4 ,!re 7 o!r di/+ui%$ m51    
h[ev]1 su* z ,vives1 ! ,spani>d2        
,lasc>is1 ! ,greek2 ,buda1 or ,budaeus1 
! ,fr5*man1 & ,erasmus1 :om we h already
 m5tion$--all ( :om jo9$ at v>i\s times 
9 prais+ ,l9acre4  ,"s ( ,l9acre's books
 7 publi%$ by ! eld] ,aldus at ,v5ice2 &
 ,aldus is ev5 said to h s5t 8 regrets  
on publi%+ 8 edition ( ,l9acre's        
translation ( ,! ,sph]e #ij ( ,proclus1 
t ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% humani/ _h n =w>d$ 

him o!rs ( 8 works to pr9t4 ,aldus      
appreciatively add$ ! hope t ! eloqu5ce 
& classic sev]ity ( /yle 9 ,l9acre's    
works & 9 ^? ( ! ,engli% humani/s       
g5]ally might %ame ! ,italian           
philosoph]s & s*ol>s out ( _! uncultur$ 
me?ods ( writ+4  ,augu/a ,!odosia ,drane
 7,"m ,raphael71 9 h] book on ,*ri/ian  
,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 gives a v pleasant   
picture ( h[ ,dean ,colet1 ,eramus1 & ,m
 us$ at ?is "t to sp5d _! aft]noons d[n 
at ,/epney 7!n a v *>m+ suburb (        
,london71 ( ^: p>i% *ur* ,colet 0 !     
vic>4 ,!y /opp$ at ,colet's h\se & 7    
ent]ta9$ by 8 "m1 to :om we f9d pleasant
 ref]5ces 9 ! lett]s t pass$ betwe5 ^!  
s*ol>s4 ,l9acre 0 also (t5 ( ! p>ty1 & !
 conv]sations betwe5 ^! greate/ /ud5ts &
 lit]>y g5iuses ( _! age w\ld inde$ be  
int]e/+ read+1 if we c\ld only h _h     
pres]v$ = u1 9 "s way1 ! table-talk ( ^?
 aft]noons4 ,erasmus p>ticul>ly 0 not$ =
 8 wit & = 8 ability to turn aside any  
s]i\s discussions t might arise among 8 
fri5ds1 s z to prev5t any?+ l unpleasant

 argum5t 9 _! fri5dly int]c\rse4 ,a     
favorite way seems to h be5 to insi/ on 
tell+ "o ( ! old jokes f a classic au?or
 ^: orig9 w\ld naturally be presum$ to  
be mu* lat] ?an ! date ! ,new ,le>n+ _h 
f\nd = x4  #ia  ,dean ,colet's "m appe>s
 to h be5 mu* m ?an m]ely ! conv5tional 
ho/ess4 ,erasmus sket*es h] 9 h] n9etie?
 ye> ) h] c\nt5ance /ill s fair & *e]ful
 t y w\ld ?9k %e _h nev] %$ a te>4 ,h]  
son tells 9 "s ( 8 lett]s to ,erasmus & 
,m ( h[ mu* 8 "m lik$ 8 visitors & h[   
agreeable %e f\nd _! talk & witty       
conv]sation4 ,!y seem to h appreciat$ h]
 9 turn1 = 9 ,"m ,raphael's *apt] on    
,engli% ,s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance !re is  
some?+ ( a description ( h] g>d51 9 :i* 
7 to be f\nd /rawb]ries1 lately br\ght f
 ,holl&1 "s ( ! f9] v>ieties ( :i* ,mrs4
 ,colet possess$ ?r\gh ,erasmus's       
acqua9tance 9 t c\ntry4 ,mrs4 ,colet    
also _h "s ( ! damask roses t _h lately 
be5 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,l9acre1 :o
 0 naturally anxi\s t ! "m ( 8 fri5d    
%\ld h ! opportunity to raise "s ( !    

beautiful fl[]s he 0 s mu* int]e/$ 9    
dome/icat+ 9 ,engl&4  ,x is a v *>m+    
picture1 ?is1 ( ! e>ly humani/s 9       
,engl&1 & v diff]5t f :at might easily  
be imag9$ by ^? unfamili> ) ! details ( 
! life ( ! p]iod4 ,l9acre 0 lat] to give
 up 8 worldly emolum5ts & honors &      
become a cl]gyman1 9 ord] to d good & at
 ! same "t satisfy 8 own crav+ =        
self-abnegation4 ,m 0 to rise to !      
highe/ positions 9 ,engl&1 & !n =       
consci5ce' sake 0 to suff] dea? #ib r   
?an yield to ! wi%es ( 8 k+ 9 a matt] 9 
:i* he saw pr9ciple involv$4 ,dean      
,colet himself 0 to be ! ornam5t ( !    
,engli% cl]gy & ! model ( ! s*ol>       
cl]gyman ( ! eve ( ! ,re=mation1 to :om 
_m g5]ations 7 to look back z a wor?y   
object ( rev]5ce4 ,erasmus 0 to become  
involv$ fir/ ) & !n aga9/ ,lu!r1 & to be
 (f]$ a c>d9al's hat be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 "w1
 l ,newman's1 0 done entirely 9 !       
intellectual field4 ,meantime1 9 ! morn+
 ( life1 all ( !m 7 enjoy+ ! pleasures (
 fri5dly int]c\rse & ! *>ms ( dome/ic   

felicity "u circum/ances t %[$ t _! /udy
 ( humanism & _! admiration = ! classics
 impair$ none ( _! sympa!tic humanity or
 _! appreciation ( ! innoc5t delights ( 
! pres5t4  ,= u1 h[ev]1 ,l9acre's mo/   
int]e/+ biographic details are ^? :i*   
relate to m$ic9e1 =1 besides 8 humani/ic
 /udies :ile 9 ,italy1 ,l9acre graduat$ 
9 m$ic9e1 obta9+ ! degree ( doctor at   
,padua4 ,! memory ( ! brilliant         
disputation :i* he su/a9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 
! m$ical faculty 9 ord] to obta9 8      
degree is /ill "o ( ! preci\s traditions
 9 ! m$ical s*ool ( ,padua4 ,he does n  
seem to h consid]$ 8 m$ical education   
f9i%$1 h[ev]1 by ! m]e fact ( hav+      
obta9$ 8 doctor's degree1 & !re is a    
tradition ( 8 hav+ /udi$ lat] at ,vic5za
 "u ,ni*olas ,leonic5us1 ! mo/ celebrat$
 #ic physician & s*ol> 9 ,italy at ! end
 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :o _m ye>s aft]w>ds
 ref]r$ ) p>donable pride to ! fact t he
 _h be5 ,l9acre's tea*] 9 m$ic9e4  ,x   
may seem /range to _m t ,l9acre1 ) all 8
 k ( ! classics1 %\ld h devot$ himself =

 s _m ye>s to ! /udy ( m$ic9e 9 addition
 to 8 humani/ic /udies4 ,x mu/ n be     
=gott51 h[ev]1 t ! revival ( ! classics 
( ,lat9 & ,greek br\ght ) x a r5ew$ k ( 
! great ,lat9 & ,greek fa!rs ( m$ic9e1  
,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,?is _h a wond]ful
 effect 9 inspir+ ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ! "t
 ) r5ew$ en?usiasm = ! "w 9 :i* !y 7    
engag$4 ,a k ( ! classics l$ to !       
re/oration ( ! /udy ( anatomy1 botany1 &
 ( cl9ical m$ic9e1 :i* _h be5 neglect$ 9
 ! mid/ ( application to ! ,arabian     
writ]s 9 m$ic9e dur+ ! prec$+ c5turies4 
,! re/oration ( ! classics made ( m$ic9e
 a progressive sci5ce 9 :i* e /ud5t felt
 ! possibility ( mak+ great discov]ies t
 w\ld endure n only = 8 own reputation b
 = ! b5efit ( humanity4  ,^! ?\ghts seem
 to h attract$ _m promis+ "y m5 to !    
/udy ( m$ic9e4 ,! result 0 a p]iod (    
writ+ & active obs]vation 9 m$ic9e t    
und\bt$ly makes ?is "o ( ! mo/ important
 ( lit]>y m$ical eras4 ,"s idea ( !     
activity ( ! writ]s ( ! "t c be ga!r$ f 
! important #id m$ical books--mo/ ( !m  

l>ge folios :i* 7 pr9t$ dur+ ! la/ half 
( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,italy4 ,!re is a  
s]ies ( ^! books to be se5 9 "o ( !     
cases ( ! libr>y ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al at 
,wa%+ton1 :i*1 ?\gh by no means         
complete1 mu/ be a s\rce ( nev]-end+    
surprise to ^? :o are apt to ?9k ( ?is  
p]iod z a saison morte 9 m$ical         
lit]ature4  ,!re mu/ h be5 an extremely 
great int]e/ 9 m$ic9e to ju/ify all ?is 
pr9t+4 ,"s ( ! books are among ! real   
incunabula ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,= in/ance1 
9 #adgd !re 0 publi%$ at ,bologna ,de   
,manfr$i's ,lib] de ,hom9e2 at ,v5ice1 9
 #adgf1 ,petrus de ,albano's "w on      
m$ic9e2 & 9 ! next tw5ty ye>s f ! same  
home ( pr9t+ !re came l>ge tomes by     
,angelata1 a translation ( ,celsus1 &   
,aurelius ,cornelius & ,articellus's    
,!saurus ,m$icorum ,vet]um1 besides     
sev]al translations ( ,avic5na &        
,plat9a's "w ,de ,hone/a ,voluptate et  
,valetud9e4 ,at ,f]r>a1 ,arculanus's    
great "w 0 publi%$1 :ile at ,mod5a !re  
appe>$ ! ,hortus ,sanitatis1 or ,g>d5 ( 

,heal?1 ^: au?or 0 ,j4 ,cuba4 ,!re 7    
also translations f o!r ,arabian au?ors 
on m$ic9e 9 addition to ,avic5na1       
notably a translation ( ,rhazes ,abu    
,bekr ,muhamm$ ,b5 ,zank>iah ,abrazi1 a 
di/+ui%$ writ] among ! ,arabian         
physicians ( ! ,middle ,ages4  ,l9acre's
 translations ( ,gal5 rema9 /ill ! #ie  
/&>d1 & !y h be5 repr9t$ _m times4 ,z   
,erasmus once wrote to a fri5d1 9 s5d+  
"s ( ^! books ( ,gal51 ,i pres5t y ) !  
works ( ,gal51 n[ by ! help ( ,l9acre   
speak+ bett] ,lat9 ?an !y ev] be=e spoke
 ,greek4 ,l9acre also translat$         
,ari/otle into ,lat91 & ,erasmus paid !m
 ! high complim5t ( say+ t ,l9acre's    
,lat9 0 z lucid1 z /raight=w>d1 & z     
?or\ghly intelligible z 0 ,ari/otle's   
,greek4 ,( ! translations ( ,ari/otle   
un=tunately none is extant4 ,( ,gal5 we 
h ! ,de ,sanitate ,tu5da1 ! ,me?odus    
,m$5di1 ! ,de ,symptomatum ,diff]5tiis  
et ,causis1 & ! ,de ,pulsuum ,usu4 ,!   
latt] p>ticul>ly is a notewor?y         
monograph on an important subject1 9 :i*

 ,gal5's obs]vations 7 ( great value4   
,"u ! title1 ,! ,significance ( !       
,pulse1 x has be5 translat$ into        
,engli%1 & has influ5c$ _m g5]ations (  
,engli% m$ical m54  ,:ile we h v few    
rema9s ( ,l9acre's "w z a physician1 !re
 seems to be no d\bt t he 0 consid]$ by 
all ^? be/ capable ( judg+1 to /& at !  
head ( 8 pr(ession 9 ,engl&4 ,to 8 c>e1 
z "o ( 8 biograph]s rem>k$1 0 committ$ !
 heal? ( ! =emo/ 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4       
,besides be+ ! ,royal ,physician1 he 0 !
 regul> m$ical att5dant ( ,c>d9al       
,wolsey1 ( ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham1 ! ,primate 
( ,engl&1 ( ,ri*>d ,fox1 ,bi%op (       
,w9*e/]1 ! ,keep] #if ( ! ,privy ,seal1 
& ( ,sir ,reg9ald ,bray1 ,knight ( !    
,g>t] & ,"l ,high ,treasur]1 & ( all ( !
 fam\s s*ol>s ( ,engl&4  ,erasmus1 :il/ 
abs5t 9 ,france1 writes to give him an  
acc\nt ( 8 feel+s1 & begs him to        
prescribe = him1 z he kn[s no "o else to
 :om he c turn ) equal confid5ce4 ,aft] 
a voyage across ! *annel1 dur+ :i* he _h
 be5 f\r days at sea--mak+ a passage by 

! way t n[ takes less ?an two           
h\rs--,erasmus describes 8 condition1 8 
heada*e1 ) ! gl&s beh9d 8 e>s swoll51 8 
temples ?robb+1 a con/ant buzz+ 9 8 e>s2
 & lam5ts t no ,l9acre 0 at h& to re/ore
 him to heal? by skilful advice4 ,9 a   
subsequ5t lett] he writes f ,p>is to ask
 = a copy ( a prescription giv5 him :ile
 9 ,london by ,l9acre1 b :i* a /upid    
s]vant _h left at ! apo!c>y %op1 s t    
,erasmus c\ld n h x fill$ 9 ,p>is4  ,an 
in/ance ( 8 skill 9 prognosis1 ! mo/    
difficult "p ( ! practice ( m$ic9e      
accord+ to ,hippocrates & all subsequ5t 
au?orities1 is cit$ by all 8 biograph]s1
 ) reg>d to 8 fri5d ,william ,lily1 !   
gramm>ian4 ,lily 0 suff]+ f a malignant 
tumor involv+ ! hip1 :i* surgeons 9     
consultation _h decid$ %\ld be remov$4  
,l9acre pla9ly =etold t its removal w\ld
 surely prove fatal1 & ! ev5t v]ifi$ 8  
unfavorable prognosis4 ,g5]ally x seems 
to h be5 consid]$ t 8 op9ion 0 ( great  
value 9 all #ig s]i\s matt]s1 & x 0     
eag]ly s\ght =4 ,"s ( ! nobility & cl]gy

 ( ! "t came ev5 f ! ,cont95t ov] to    
,engl& by no means an easy j\rney1 ev5 =
 a heal?y man 9 ^? days1 z c be         
appreciat$ f ,erasmus's exp]i5ce j      
cit$--9 ord] to obta9 ,l9acre's op9ion4 
,"o ( ,erasmus's lett]s to ,billibaldus 
,pirckheim] conta9s a p>ticul> acc\nt ( 
! me?od ( treatm5t by :i* he 0 reliev$ (
 8 sev]e pa9 "u ,l9acre's direction 9 a 
v torm5t+ attack ( r5al colic4 ,!       
details1 especially ! use ( p\ltice     
applications z hot z c\ld be borne1 %[ t
 ,l9acre ?or\ghly und]/ood ! use ( heat 
9 ! relaxation ( spasm1 :ile 8 c>eful   
prep>ation ( ! rem$ies to be employ$ 9 !
 pres5ce ( ! pati5t himself w\ld seem to
 %[ t he _h a v high appreciation ( h[  
mu* ! m5tal /ate ( ! pati5t & ! attitude
 ( expectancy ?us awak5$ may h 9 giv+   
relief ev5 9 cases ( sev]e pa94  ,! only
 m$ical writ+s ( ,l9acre's t we possess 
are translations4 ,we h said already t !
 rev]sion at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to
 ! classical au?orities 9 m$ic9e        
und\bt$ly did mu* to introduce !        

obs]vant phase ( m$ical sci5ce1 :i* _h  
its highe/ expression 9 ,vesalius at !  
beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury & cont9u$ to  
fl\ri% s fruitfully dur+ ! next two     
c5turies at mo/ ( ! ,italian            
univ]sities4 ,8 translations !n #ih 7 ( 
!mselves m sugge/ive contributions to   
m$ic9e ?an w\ld p]haps h be5 any ev5 ( 8
 orig9al obs]vations1 s9ce ! m9d ( 8    
g5]ation 0 n ready z yet to be influ5c$ 
by discov]ies made by contempor>ies4  ,!
 be/ pro( ( ,l9acre's great practical   
int]e/ 9 m$ic9e is 8 realization ( ! ne$
 = ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians & 8  
arrangem5ts = x4  ,! ,roll ( ! ,college1
 :i* comprises biographical sket*es (   
all ! em95t physicians ^: names are     
record$ 9 ! annals f ! f\ndation ( !    
,college 9 #aeah1 & is publi%$ "u !     
au?ority ( ! ,college itself1 conta9s ! 
be/ tribute to ,l9acre's "w t c possibly
 be paid4 ,x says3 ,! mo/ magnific5t (  
,l9acre's labors 0 ! design ( ! ,royal  
,college ( ,physicians ( ,london--a /&+ 
monum5t ( ! enlight5$ views & g5]osity (

 its projectors4 ,9 ! execution ( x     
,l9acre /ood alone1 = ! munific5ce ( !  
,cr[n 0 limit$ to a grant ( lett]s      
pat5t2 :il/ ! exp5ses & provision ( !   
,college 0 left to be defray$ out ( 8   
own means1 or ( ^? :o 7 associat$ ) him 
9 its f\ndation4 ,9 ! ye> #aeah1 says   
,dr4 ,johnson1 ,footnote #h :5 ,l9acre's
 s*eme 0 c>ri$ into effect1 ! practice (
 m$ic9e 0 sc>cely elevat$ above t ( !   
me*anical arts1 nor 0 ! majority ( its  
practition]s #ii among ! laity bett]    
in/ruct$ ?an ! me*anics by :om ^! arts 7
 ex]cis$4 ,) ! diffusion ( le>n+ to !   
republics & /ates ( ,italy1 e/abli%m5ts 
solely = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce _h be5   
=m$ ) success2 b no society devot$ to ! 
int]e/s ( le>n+ yet exi/$ 9 ,engl&1     
unfett]$ by a union ) ! hi]>*y1 or      
exempt$ f ! rigors & seclusions :i* 7   
impos$ ^u its memb]s z ! necess>y       
obligation ( a mona/ic & religi\s life4 
,9 reflect+ on ! advantages :i* _h be5  
d]iv$ f ^! in/itutions1 ,l9acre did n   
=get ! impossibility ( adapt+ rules &   

regulations :i* accord$ ) ! /ate (      
society 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! improv$  
/ate ( le>n+ 9 8 own1 & 8 plans 7 av[$ly
 modell$ on "s simil> community ( :i* _m
 cities ( ,italy af=d$ r /rik+ examples4
    ,footnote #h3 ,life ( ,l9acre1      
,london1 #ahce4  ,"s idea ( ! /ate into 
:i* ! practice ( m$ic9e _h fall5 9      
,engl& be=e ,l9acre's f\ndation ( !     
,royal ,college ( ,physicians may be    
ga!r$ f ! words ( ! *>t] ( ! ,college4  
,be=e ?is p]iod a great multitude (     
ignorant p]sons1 ( :om ! great] "p _h no
 insight into physic1 nor into any o!r  
k9d ( le>n+--"s c\ld n ev5 read ! lett]s
 on ! book1 s f> =? t common artific]s z
 smi?s1 weav]s & wom5--boldly &         
accu/omably took ^u !m great cures to ! 
high displeasure ( ,god1 great infamy to
 ! faculty1 & ! griev\s hurt1 #ajj      
damage1 & de/ruction ( _m ( ! ,k+'s     
liege p4  ,aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,college
 !re 0 a def9ite way ( decid+ =mally :o 
71 or 7 n1 legally lic5s$ to practise4  
,z a consequ5ce1 :5 s]i\s malpractice   

came to public notice1 ^? )\t a lic5se 7
 occasionally treat$ 9 ! mo/ summ>y     
mann]4 ,/[e1 9 8 *ronicles1 gives a v   
vivid & picturesque description ( !     
treatm5t ( "o ( ^! quacks :o _h be5     
especially flagrant 9 8 imposition ^u ! 
p4 ,a c\nt]feit doctor 0 set on         
horseback1 8 face to ! horse's tail1 !  
tail be+ =c$ into 8 h& z a bridle1 a    
coll> ( jordans ab\t 8 neck1 a :et/one  
on 8 brea/1 & s l$ ?r\gh ! city (       
,london ) r++ ( bas9s1 & bani%$4 ,su*   
deceiv]s1 cont9u$ ! old *ronicl]1 no    
d\bt are _m1 :o be+ nev] tra9$ up 9     
read+ or practice ( physics & ,*irurg]y 
d boa/ to d great cures1 especially ^u  
wom51 z to make !m /raight t be=e 7     
crook$1 corb$1 or crump$ 9 any "p ( _!  
bodies & o!r su* ?+s4 ,b ! contr>y is   
true4 ,= "s h receiv$ gold :5 !y h bett]
 des]v$ ! :et/one4 ,footnote #i ,human  
nature has n *ang$ v mu* 9 ! #aja f\r   
c5turies s9ce ,l9acre's f\ndation1 &    
:ile ! model t he set 9 ! matt] (       
provid+ a prop] lic5s+ body = physicians

 has done some?+ to less5 ! evils       
compla9$ (1 ! abuses /ill rema92 & ! old
 *ronicl] w f9d 9 our "t n a few :o1 9 8
 op9ion1 might des]ve ! :et/one4 ,we c  
sc>cely realize h[ mu* ,l9acre          
accompli%$ by means ( ! ,royal ,college 
( ,physicians1 or h[ great 0 ! organiz+ 
_s ( ! man to enable him to recognize ! 
be/ way out ( ! *aos ( m$ical practice 9
 8 "t4    ,footnote #i3 ,to get !       
:et/one is an old ,engli% expression1   
mean+ to take ! prize = ly+4 ,x is d]iv$
 f ! old   cu/om ( driv+ rogues1 ^: wits
 7 too %>p1 out ( t[n   ) a :et/one     
ar\nd _! necks4  ,! wisdom ( ,l9acre's  
plan1 wrote ,dr4 ,fri5d1 speaks =       
itself4 ,8 s*eme1 )\t d\bt1 0 n only to 
create a good und]/&+ & unanimity among 
8 own pr(ession 7:i* ( itself 0 an      
excell5t ?\ght71 b to make !m m useful  
to ! public4 ,& he imag9$ t by sep>at+  
!m f ! vulg> empirics & sett+ !m ^u su* 
a reputable foot ( di/9ction1 !re w\ld  
always arise a _s ( emulation among m5  
lib]ally educat$1 :i* w\ld animate !m 9 

pursu+ _! inquiries into ! nature (     
diseases & ! me?ods ( cure = ! b5efit ( 
mank9d2 & p]haps no f\nd] ev] _h ! good 
=tune to h 8 designs succe$ m to 8 wi%4 
,8 plans ) reg>d to ! tea*+ ( m$ic9e at 
! two great ,engli% ,univ]sities did n  
succe$ s well1 b t 0 ! fault n ( ,l9acre
 nor ( ! directions left 9 8 w1 b #ajb (
 ! times1 :i* 7 awry = educational      
matt]s4 ,not)/&+ ,l9acre's beque/ (     
funds = two pr(essor%ips at ,ox=d & "o  
at ,cambridge1 x is typical ( ! times t 
! *airs 7 n f\nd$ = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ ,h5ry
 ,,viii's "t1 ! great ef=t ( gov]nm5t 0 
n to enc\rage new f\ndations b to break 
up old ones1 9 ord] to obta9 money = !  
royal treasury1 s t educational         
in/itutions ( all k9ds suff]$ eclipse4  
,! fir/ =mal action ) reg>d to ! ,l9acre
 beque/ 0 tak5 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,edw>d    
,,vi4 ,two lecture%ips 7 e/abli%$ 9     
,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 & "o 9 ,/4      
,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,l9acre's 
idea _h be5 t ^! f\ndations %\ld be     
,univ]sity lecture%ips1 b ,an?ony ,wood 

says t ! ,univ]sity _h lo/ 9 pre/ige s  
mu* dur+ ,h5ry ,,viii's "t t x 0        
consid]$ pref]able to atta* !           
lecture%ips to ,m]ton ,college1 :i* _h  
consid]able reputation because ( its    
m$ical s*ool4 ,dur+ ,elizabe?'s "t ^!   
,l9acre lecture%ips sank to be s9ecures 
& = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s s]v$ b = !      
support ( a fell[%ip4 ,! ,ox=d f\ndation
 0 reviv$ 9 #ahef by ! ,univ]sity       
,commission]s1 & ! pres5t spl5did       
f\ndation ( ! lectures 9 physiology be>s
 ,l9acre's "n 9 honor ( 8 orig9al grant4
  ,at ! age ( ab\t fifty ,l9acre 0      
orda9$ prie/4 ,8 idea 9 becom+ a        
cl]gyman1 z confess$ 9 lett]s to 8      
fri5ds1 0 p>tly 9 #ajc ord] to obta9    
leisure = 8 favorite /udies1 b also out 
( ! desire to give himself up to some?+ 
o!r ?an ! m]e worldly pursuits 9 :i* he 
_h be5 occupi$ dur+ all 8 previ\s life4 
,8 biograph]1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 says3 ,9   
exam9+ ! motives ( ?is *oice (          
,l9acre's1 x w\ld seem t he 0 guid$ less
 by ! expectation ( dignity & pref]m5t  

?an by ! desire ( retirem5t & ( r5d]+   
himself acqua9t$ ) ^? writ+s :i* might  
af=d him consolation 9 old age & relief 
f ! infirmities :i* a life ( assidu\s   
/udy & application _h t5d$ to produce4  
,! precise "t ( ,l9acre's ord9ation is n
 kn[n1 nor is x c]ta9 :e!r he 0 orda9$  
by ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham ( ,cant]bury1 or by 
,c>d9al ,wolsey1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4   
,he receiv$ 8 fir/ cl]ical appo9tm5t f  
,w>ham1 by :om he 0 collat$ to ! rectory
 ( ,m]%am 9 ,k5t4 ,he held ?is place    
sc>cely a mon?1 b 8 resignation 0 foll[$
 by 8 in/allation z preb5d 9 ! ,ca!dral 
( ,wells1 & by an admission to ! ,*ur* (
 ,hawkhur/ 9 ,k5t1 :i* he held until !  
ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] he 0 made 
preb5d 9 ! ,collegiate ,*apel ( ,/4     
,/eph51 ,we/m9/]1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he   
became preb5d>y ( ,s\? ,newbold 9 !     
,*ur* ( ,york4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #aeah4 ,9 
! foll[+ ye> he receiv$ ! dignifi$ &    
lucrative appo9tm5t ( pres5t] to !      
,ca!dral ( ,york1 = :i* he 0 indebt$ to 
,c>d9al ,wolsey1 to :om #ajd ab\t ?is "t

 he d$icat$ 8 translation ( ,gal5 ,on ! 
,use ( ! ,pulse4 ,he seems also to h    
held sev]al o!r b5efices dur+ ! lat]    
ye>s ( 8 life1 al?\gh "s ( !m 7 resign$ 
)9 s %ort a "t z to make x difficult to 
und]/& :y he %\ld h accept$ !m1 s9ce !  
exp5ses ( in/itution mu/ h exce$$ !     
pr(its :i* 7 d]iv$ f !m dur+ ! p]iod (  
possession4 ,l9acre ow$ 8 cl]ical       
opportunities dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life  
p>ticul>ly to ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham1 :o1 z   
ambassador1 primate1 & *ancellor1       
occupi$ a l>ge & honorable place 9 !    
hi/ory ( ! times4 ,erasmus says ( him 9 
"o ( 8 lett]s3 ,su* 7 8 vigilance &     
att5tion 9 all matt]s relat+ to religion
 & to ! (fices ( ! ,*ur* t no conc]n :i*
 0 =eign to !m seem$ ev] to di/ract him4
 ,he _h suffici5t "t = a scrupul\s      
p]=mance ( ! accu/om$ ex]cises ( pray]1 
= ! almo/ daily celebration ( ! ,mass1 =
 twice or ?rice he>+ div9e s]vice1 =    
det]m9+ suits1 = receiv+ embassies1 =   
consultation ) ! k+ :5 matt]s ( mom5t   
requir$ 8 pres5ce1 = ! visitation (     

*ur*es :5 regulation 0 ne$$1 = ! welcome
 ( frequ5tly two hundr$ gue/s1 & la/ly =
 a lit]>y leisure4  ,z ! close fri5d (  
su* m51 x is evid5t t ,l9acre mu/ h     
accompli%$ mu* good z a cl]gyman2 & x   
seems n unlikely t 8 frequ5t *anges (   
rector%ip 7 r #aje due to ! fact t !    
,primate wi%$ to make use ( 8 influ5ce 9
 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 diocese = ! b5efit (    
religion ?an = any p]sonal motives on   
,l9acre's "p1 :o1 9 ord] to ent] !      
s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 _h giv5 up s mu* m ?an
 he c\ld expect z a cl]gyman4  ,l9acre z
 a cl]gyman cont9u$ to des]ve ! goodwill
 & e/eem ( all 8 =m] fri5ds1 & seems to 
h made _m new ones4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? he
 0 "o ( ! mo/ honor$ individuals 9      
,engl&4 ,all ( 8 biograph]s are agre$ 9 
/at+ t he 0 ! repres5tative ,engli%man (
 8 "t1 look$ up to by all 8             
contempor>ies1 respect$ & admir$ by ^?  
:o _h n ! opportunity ( 8 intimate      
acqua9tance1 & he>tily lov$ by fri5ds1  
:o 7 !mselves "s ( ! be/ m5 ( ! "t4  ,! 
conclud+ p>agraph ( ! appreciation (    

,l9acre's "* 9 ,lives ( ,briti%         
,physicians ,footnote #aj is z foll[s3  
,to sum up 8 "* x 0 said ( him t no     
,engli%man ( 8 day _h _h su* fam\s      
ma/]s1 namely1 ,demetrius & ,politian ( 
,flor5ce2 su* noble patrons1 ,lor5zo de'
 ,m$ici1 ,h5ry ,,vii & ,h5ry ,,viii2 su*
 high-born s*ol>s1 ! ,pr9ce ,ar?ur &    
,pr9cess ,m>y ( ,engl&2 or su* le>n$    
fri5ds1 = among/ ! latt] 7 to be        
enum]at$ ,erasmus1 ,melan*?on1 ,latim]1 
#ajf ,ton/al1 & ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,8      
biograph] might h add$ ! names ( o!rs ( 
! pre-,re=mation p]iod1 m5 ( culture &  
"* ^: m]its only ! hi/orical rese>*es ( 
rec5t ye>s h br\ght out--,prior ,sell+1 
,dean ,colet 7?\gh 8 fri5d%ip 0         
un=tunately int]rupt$71 ,ar*bi%op       
,w>ham1 ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 ,grocyn1 &     
fur!r s*ol>s & *ur*m54    ,footnote #aj3
 ,london4 ,john ,murray1 #ahcj4  ,dr4   
,j4 ,f4 ,payne1 9 summ+ up ! op9ion (   
,l9acre held by 8 contempor>ies1 9 !    
,diction>y ( ,national ,biography       
7,briti%71 pays a high tribute to ! man4

 ,l9acre's p]sonal "* 0 highly e/eem$ by
 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 evid5tly capable
 ( absolute devotion to a great cause1  
animat$ by g5u9e public _s & a b\ndless 
zeal = le>n+4 ,erasmus sket*es him      
humor\sly 9 ! ,encomium ,moriae 7,!     
,praise ( ,fooli%ness7--) a play on ! ^w
 ,moriae 9 ref]5ce to 8 great fri5d1    
,?omas ,m1 ( :om ,erasmus ?\ght s       
mu*--%[+ him a tireless /ud5t4 ,!       
di/+ui%$ =eign s*ol>1 h[ev]1 consid]$   
,l9acre z an en?usia/ 9 recondite       
/udies1 b no m]e p$ant4 ,dr4 ,payne     
closes 8 appreciation ) ^! words3       
,l9acre _h1 x w\ld seem1 no enemies4    
,caius1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% physician &  
s*ol>1 himself "o ( ! be/ kn[n memb]s ( 
! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians & !     
f\nd] ( ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1    
sket*es #ajg ,l9acre's "* 7he _h z a "y 
man kn[n him p]sonally7 9 v sympa!tic   
ve94 ,z ,dr4 ,caius 0 "o ( ! greate/    
,engli%m5 ( 8 "t 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury1 8 op9ion mu/ c>ry great weight4 
,x is to him t we owe ! fam\s epitaph t 

= long 9 old ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 0 to 
be read on ,l9acre's tomb/one3--        
,fraudes dolosque mire p]osus1 fidus    
amicis1 omnibus ord9ibus   juxta c>us4  
,a /]n hat] ( deceit & und]h& ways1     
fai?ful   to 8 fri5ds1 equally de> to   
all classes1  ,surely ?is is a wor?y    
tribute to ! great physician1 cl]gyman1 
s*ol>1 & philan?ropi/ ( ! eve ( !       
,re=mation 9 ,engl&4   #ajh  ,v4  ,,fa!r
 ,,kir*]1 ,s4,j43  ,,sci5ti/1           
,,ori5tali/1 ,,& ,,collector4  #aji     
,oportet autem neque rec5tiores viros 9 
8 fraud>e quae vel rep]]unt vel recte   
secuti sunt2 et tam5 ea quae apud       
antiquiores aliquos posita sunt         
auctoribus suis r$d]e4--,,celsus de     
,m$ic9a4   #aaj  ,illu/ration3          
,,a?anasius ,,kir*]   #aaa   ,v4        
,,fa!r ,,kir*]1 ,s4,j43 ,,sci5ti/1      
,,ori5tali/1 ,,& ,,collector4   ,except 
9 ! m9ds ( ! unconqu]ably intol]ant1 !  
,galileo controv]sy has 9 rec5t ye>s    
settl$ d[n to occupy some?+ ( its prop] 
place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! suppos$ conflict   

betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,9 t\*+ !     
subject 9 ! life ( ,cop]nicus we sugge/$
 t x has come to be g5]ally recogniz$1 z
 ,m4 ,b]tr&1 ! p]petual ,secret>y ( !   
,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 himself a    
di/+ui%$ ma!matician & hi/orian1        
decl>es1 t ! great lesson = ^? :o w\ld  
wi% to oppose reason ) viol5ce 0 cle>ly 
to be read 9 ,galileo's /ory1 & ! sc&al 
( 8 condemnation 0 le>n$ )\t any pr(\nd 
sorr[ to ,galileo himself2 & 8 long     
life1 consid]$ z a :ole1 0 ! mo/ s]5e & 
enviable 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,someh[1  
not)/&+ ! directness ( ?is decl>ation1  
!re is /ill left 9 ! m9ds ( _m an       
impression r difficult to eradicate t   
!re 0 def9ite1 p]si/5t opposition to    
ev]y?+ associat$ ) sci5tific progress   
among ! *ur*m5 ( ! "t ( ,galileo4       
,p]haps no bett] answ] to ?is un=tunate1
 because absolutely untrue1 impression  
c\ld be 9 #aab =mulat$ ?an is to be f\nd
 9 a sket* ( ! c>e] ( ,fa!r ,a?anasius  
,kir*]1 ! di/+ui%$ ,jesuit :o = s _m    
ye>s occupi$ himself ) ne>ly e bran* (  

sci5ce 9 ,rome1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( !      
,*ur*4 ,he _h be5 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 
,ma!matics1 & ,ori5tal ,languages at    
,wu]zburg1 b 0 driv5 f !re by !         
di/urbances incid5t to ! ,?irty ,ye>s'  
,w>1 9 #afca4 ,he cont9u$ 8 sci5tific   
inve/igation at ,avignon4 ,f "h1 )9 two 
ye>s aft] ,galileo's trial 9 #afce1 he  
01 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1  
summon$ to ,rome1 :]e he devot$ himself 
to ma!matics at fir/1 & !n to e bran* ( 
sci5ce1 z well z ! ,ori5tal languages1 n
 only ) ! approval1 b also ) ! mo/      
lib]al pecuni>y aid f ! ecclesia/ical   
au?orities ( ! papal c\rt & city4  ,"s  
idea ( ! bread? ( ,fa!r ,kir*]'s        
sci5tific sympa?y & 8 g5ius = sci5tific 
obs]vation & discov]y1 :i* am\nt$ almo/ 
to intuition1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t to
 him we owe ! fir/ def9ite /atem5t ( !  
g]m !ory ( disease2 & he seems to h be5 
! fir/ to recognize ! pres5ce ( :at are 
n[ call$ microbes4 ,at ! same "t 8 works
 on magnetism conta9$ n only all ! k ( 8
 own "t1 b also "s wond]ful sugge/ions z

 to ! possibilities ( ! developm5t ( ?is
 sci5ce4 ,8 /udies ) reg>d to light are 
almo/ z epo*al z ^? ) reg>d to          
magnetism4 ,besides ^!1 he #aac 0 ! fir/
 to f9d any clue to ! ,egyptian         
hi]oglyphics1 & yet f\nd "t to write a  
geographical "w on ,latium1 ! c\ntry    
surr\nd+ ,rome1 & to make collections = 
8 museum :i* r5d]$ x 9 its "t ! be/     
sci5tific collection 9 ! _w4 ,x may v   
well inde$ be said t visitors to ,rome )
 sci5tific t5d5cies f\nd z mu* t 0      
sugge/ive 9 ,fa!r ,kir*]'s museum--!    
,kir*]ianum1 z x came to be call$--z    
arti/s & sculptors & ar*itects f\nd 9 ! 
,vatican collections ( ! papal city4    
,all ( ?is "w 0 accompli%$ )9 ! half    
c5tury aft] ,galileo's trial1 = ,fa!r   
,kir*] di$ 9 #afhj1 at ! age (          
sev5ty-eight1 hav+ liv$1 z s _m ( !     
great sci5ti/s h done1 a long life 9 !  
mid/ ( ! mo/ p]si/5t activity4 ,kir*]1 m
 ?an p]haps any o!r1 c be said to be !  
f\nd] ( mod]n natural sci5ce4 ,be=e any 
"o else1 9 a practical way1 he realiz$ !

 necessity = ! collection ( an imm5se   
am\nt ( data1 if sci5ce 0 to be f\nd$ on
 ! broad1 firm f\ndation ( obs]v$ tru?4 
,! pr9ciple :i* _h be5 ann\nc$ by ,bacon
 9 ! ,novum ,organon--to take all t     
comes r ?an to *oose1 & to heap up r ?an
 to regi/]--0 nev] c>ri$ out z fully z  
by ,fa!r ,kir*]4 ,z ,edmund ,gosse said 
9 ! ,june numb] ( ,h>p]'s1 #aijd1 ,bacon
 _h />t$ a great idea1 b he _h n c>ri$ x
 out4 ,he is n ! f\nd]1 he is ! prophet 
#aad ( mod]n physical sci5ce4 ,to be 9  
direct t\* ) nature1 to adv5ture 9 !    
unexplor$ fields ( k1 & to d ?is by     
c>ry+ out an endless c\rse ( sl[ & sure 
exp]im5ts1 ?is 0 ! c\nsel ( ! ',novum   
,organon4' ,bacon di$ 9 #afbf1 & sc>cely
 m ?an a decade _h pass$ be=e ,kir*] 0  
c>ry+ out ! "w ?us outl9$ by ! ,engli%  
philosoph] 9 a way t 0 surpris+ly       
successful1 ev5 look$ at f ! /&po9t (   
our mod]n sci5ce4 ,ne$less to say1      
h[ev]1 x 0 n because ( ,bacon's         
sugge/ion t he did s1 = x is m ?an      
d\btful :e!r he knew ( ,bacon's writ+s  

until long aft] ! l9es ( 8 life-"w _h   
be5 trac$ by 8 own inquir+ _s4 ,!       
fulness ( "t _h come4 ,! inductive      
philosophy 0 9 ! air4 ,bacon's =mulae1  
:i* ! ,engli% philosoph] nev]           
practically appli$1 & ,fa!r ,kir*]'s    
assidu\s collection ( data1 7 b         
expressions ( ! _s ( ! times4 ,h[       
fai?fully ! "w ( ! fir/ mod]n inductive 
sci5ti/ 0 accompli%$ we %all see4  ,x   
may be easily imag9$ t a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 
,fa!r ,kir*]1 ap>t f 8 sci5tific        
atta9m5ts & ! desire to %[ h[ mu* & h[  
successful 0 ! att5tion giv5 to natural 
sci5ce by *ur*m5 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,galileo 
controv]sy1 might influ5ce ?is judgm5t (
 ! di/+ui%$ ,jesuit's sci5tific         
accompli%m5ts4 ,) reg>d to 8 discov]ies 
9 m$ic9e especially1 & above all 8 #aae 
ann\ncem5t ( ! microbic orig9 (         
contagi\s disease1 x may be ?\ght t ?is 
0 a m]e *ance expression & n at all !   
result ( s]i\s sci5tific conclusions4   
,tyndall1 h[ev]1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli%     
physici/1 w\ld n be ! "o to give cr$it =

 sci5tific discov]ies1 & to a cl]gyman 9
 a di/ant c5tury1 unless !re 0 def9ite  
evid5ce ( ! discov]y4 ,x is n g5]ally   
kn[n t to ! great ,engli% physici/ we   
owe ! almo/ absolute demon/ration ( !   
impossibility ( spontane\s g5]ation1    
toge!r ) a s]ies ( /udies %[+ ! exi/5ce 
ev]y:]e 9 ! atmosph]e ( m9ute =ms ( life
 to :i* f]m5tative *anges & also !      
infecti\s diseases--?\gh at t "t ?is 0  
only a probability--are to be attribut$4
 ,:5 ,tyndall 0 review+1 9 ! mid/ ( !   
controv]sy ov] spontane\s g5]ation1 ! "q
 ( ! microbic orig9 ( disease1 he said3 
,side by side ) _m o!r !ories has run ! 
g]m !ory ( epidemic disease4 ,! notion 0
 express$ by ,kir*] & favor$ by         
,l9naeus1 t epidemic diseases may be due
 to g]ms :i* ent] ! body & produce      
di/urbance by ! developm5t )9 ! body (  
p>asitic =ms ( life4  ,h[ mu* att5tion  
,fa!r ,kir*]'s book on ! pe/ or plague1 
9 :i* 8 !ory ( ! micro-organismal orig9 
( disease is put =w>d1 attract$ f !     
m$ical pr(ession c be und]/ood f ! fact 

t x 0 submitt$ to ?ree ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 
physicians 9 #aaf ,rome be=e be+ pr9t$1 
& t _! te/imony to its value z a        
contribution to m$ic9e prefac$ ! fir/   
edition4 ,!y are n sp>+ 9 _! praise ( x4
 ,dr4 ,joseph ,b5$ict ,s9ibaldus1 :o 0 !
 ,pr(essor ( ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 !  
,roman ,univ]sity at ! "t1 says t ,fa!r 
,kir*]'s book n only conta9s an excell5t
 resume ( all t is kn[n ab\t ! pe/ or   
plague1 b also z _m valuable h9ts &     
sugge/ions on ! orig9 & spread ( !      
disease1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 made4 ,he 
consid]s x a v wond]ful ?+ t a          
non-m$ical man %\ld h be5 able to place 
himself s ?or\ghly 9 t\* ) ! pres5t /ate
 ( m$ic9e 9 respect to ?is disease & !n 
po9t out ! conditions ( future progress4
  ,dr4 ,paul ,za*ias1 :o 0 a di/+ui%$   
,roman physician ( ! "t1 said t he _h   
long kn[n ,fa!r ,kir*] z an em95t writ] 
on o!r subjects1 b t aft] read+ 8 book  
on ! pe/ he mu/ consid] him also        
di/+ui%$ 9 m$ical writ+4 ,he says3 ,:ile
 he has set 8 h& at o!r's h>ve/s1 he has

 done x ) s mu* wisdom & prud5ce z to w9
 ! admiration ( ! h>ve/]s already 9 !   
field4 ,he adds t !re c be no d\bt t x  
w\ld be a s\rce ( pr(it = m$ical m5 to  
read ?is little book & t x w und\bt$ly  
prove b5eficial to future g5]ations4    
,te/imony ( ano!r k9d to ! value ( ,fa!r
 ,kir*]'s book is to be f\nd 9 ! fact   
#aag t )9 a half-ye> aft] its           
publication 9 ,lat9 x appe>$ 9 sev]al   
o!r languages4 ,x is too mu* ! cu/om (  
^! mod]n times to consid] t sci5tific   
progress 9 ! c5turies be=e our own & its
 imm$iate pr$ecessor 0 likely to attract
 little att5tion = _m ye>s1 & 0         
especially sl[ to make its way into     
=eign c\ntries4 ,any?+1 h[ev]1 ( real   
importance 9 sci5ce took b a v %ort "t  
to travel f "o c\ntry to ano!r 9 ,europe
 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! fact t        
sci5tific m5 g5]ally us$ ,lat9 z a      
common language made ! spread (         
discov]ies & speculations mu* easi] ev5 
?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,our increas$ means 
( communication h really only s]v$ to   

all[ s5sational ann\ncem5ts ( a progress
 9 sci5ce--:i* is usually no progress at
 all--to be spread q z effectually 9    
mod]n times z 7 real advances 9 ! old]  
days4  ,!re is no good acc\nt ( ,fa!r   
,kir*]'s life available 9 ,engli%1 & x  
has seem$ only prop] t ! m important at 
lea/ ( ! details ( ! life ( ! man :o ?us
 anticipat$ ! beg9n+s ( mod]n           
bact]iology & ( ! relations (           
micro-organisms to disease1 %\ld n be   
left 9 obscurity4 ,8 life hi/ory is all 
! m int]e/+ & important because x       
illu/rates ! int]e/ ( ! *ur*m5 ( ! "t1 &
 especially ( ! ,roman ecclesia/ical    
au?orities1 9 all =ms ( sci5ce2 = ,fa!r 
,kir*] is und\bt$ly "o ( ! greate/      
s*ol>s ( #aah hi/ory & "o ( ! sci5tific 
g5iuses 9 ^: works c be f\nd1 z ! result
 ( "s wond]ful pr9ciples ( intuition    
incompreh5sible to ! sl[] intellectual  
op]ations ( ord9>y m51 anticipations (  
_m ( ! discov]ies ( ! aft]-"t4 ,!re is  
sc>cely a mod]n sci5ce he did n t\* ^u1 
& no?+ t he t\*$ did he fail to         

illum9ate4 ,8 magnific5t collections 9 !
 museum ( ! ,roman ,college demon/rate v
 well 8 extremely wide int]e/s 9 all    
sci5tific matt]s4  ,! hi/ory ( ,fa!r    
,kir*]'s c>e] furni%es p]haps ! be/     
possible refutation ( ! (t-repeat$ sl&] 
t ,jesuit education 0 n>r[ & 0 s f\nd$  
^u & root$ 9 au?ority t orig9al rese>* &
 inve/igation1 9 sci5tific matt]s       
p>ticul>ly1 7 impossible1 & t x utt]ly  
fail$ to enc\rage new discov]ies ( any  
k9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,kir*] 0 n only 
n hamp]$ 9 8 "w by 8 sup]iors or by !   
ecclesia/ical au?orities1 b ! respect 9 
:i* he 0 held at ,rome enabl$ him to use
 ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* & ( great *ur*m5  
all ov] ! _w1 ) ! be/ possible effect1 =
 ! assembl+ at ! ,roman ,college (      
objects ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds1 illu/rat+   
especially ! mod]n sci5ces ( ar*eology1 
e?nology1 & paleontology1 besides       
,egyptian & ,assyrian hi/ory4           
,a?anasius ,kir*] 0 born #b ,may1 #afjb1
 at ,geisa1 ne> ,fulda1 9 ,s\? ,g]many4 
,he 0 educat$ at ! ,jesuit ,college (   

,fulda1 & at #aai ! e>ly age ( sixte51  
hav+ complet$ 8 college c\rse1 ent]$ !  
,jesuit novitiate at ,ma9z4 ,aft] 8     
novitiate he cont9u$ 8 philosophical &  
classical /udies at ,pad]born & complet$
 8 ye>s ( s*ola/ic tea*+ 9 v>i\s cities 
( ,s\? ,g]many--,mun/]1 ,cologne1 &     
,cobl5z--f9ally f9i%+ 8 education by    
!ological /udies at ,cologne & ,ma9z4   
,t[>d ! end ( ! ?ird decade ( ! sev5te5?
 c5tury he became ,pr(essor (           
,philosophy & ,ma!matics at ,wu]zburg4  
,"h 8 int]e/ 9 ,ori5tal languages began1
 & he e/abli%$ a special c\rse 9 ?is    
subject at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wu]zburg4    
,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 h[ev]1 !     
invasion ( ,g]many v s]i\sly di/urb$    
univ]sity "w1 & f9ally 9 #afca ,fa!r    
,kir*] 0 s5t by 8 sup]iors to ,avignon 9
 ,s\? ,france1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 tea*+ "s
 f\r ye>s1 attract+ no little att5tion  
by 8 wide int]e/ 9 _m sci5ces & by v>i\s
 sci5tific works t %[$ him to be a man (
 v broad g5ius4  ,9 #afce1 ?r\gh !      
influ5ce ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 he 0 summon$

 to ,rome1 :]e he became ,pr(essor (    
,ma!matics & ,ori5tal ,languages 9 !    
fam\s ,roman ,college ( ! ,jesuits1 :i* 
0 consid]$ at t "t "o ( ! greate/       
educational in/itutions 9 ! _w4 ,8      
int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 h[ev]1 0 n less5$ by   
tea*+ duties t w\ld app>5tly h dem&$ all
 8 "t2 &1 z we %all see1 he cont9u$ to  
issue books on ! mo/ div]se #abj        
sci5tific subjects1 mo/ ( !m illu/rat$  
by absolutely new exp]im5tal obs]vations
 & all ( !m attract+ widespread         
att5tion4  ,fa!r ,kir*] began 8 c>e] z a
 writ] on sci5ce at ! e>ly age (        
tw5ty-sev51 :5 he issu$ 8 fir/ "w on    
magnetism4 ,! title ( ?is volume1 ,ars  
,magnesia tum ,!orematice tum           
,problematice ,proposita1 %[s t !       
subject 0 n treat$ entirely f a         
speculative /&po9t4 ,inde$1 9 ! preface 
he /ates t he hopes t ! pr9cipal value (
 ! book w be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! k (      
magnetism is pres5t$ by a new me?od1 )  
special demon/rations1 & t ! conclusions
 are confirm$ by v>i\s practical uses & 

long-cont9u$ exp]i5ce ) magnets ( v>i\s 
k9ds4  ,al?\gh x may be a s\rce ( great 
surprise1 ,fa!r ,kir*]'s g5ius 0        
ess5tially exp]im5tal4 ,he has be5 spok5
 ( n infrequ5tly z a man :o collect$ !  
sci5tific in=mation ( 8 "t 9 su* a way z
 to display1 z says ! ,encyclop$ia      
,britannica1 a wide & v>i$ le>n+1 b t he
 0 a man s+ul>ly devoid ( judgm5t &     
critical disc]nm5t4 ,he 0 9 "s respects 
! direct opposite ( ! op9ion ?us        
express$1 s9ce 8 le>n+ 0 always ( a     
practical "*1 & !re are v few subjects 9
 ?is writ+ :i* he has n himself         
illu/rat$ by means ( new & +5i\s        
exp]im5ts4  ,p]haps ! be/ possible pro( 
( ?is is to be #aba f\nd 9 ! fact t 8   
second sci5tific "w 0 on ! con/ruction (
 sun-dials1 & t "o ( ! discov]ies he    
himself consid]$ mo/ valuable 0 !       
inv5tion ( a calculat+ ma*9e1 z well z (
 a complicat$ arrangem5t = illu/rat+ !  
positions ( ! />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,he       
con/ruct$1 moreov]1 a l>ge burn+-glass 9
 ord] to demon/rate ! possibility ( !   

/ory told ( ,ar*im$es1 t he _h succe$$ 9
 burn+ ! enemy's %ips 9 ! h>bor at      
,syracuse by means ( a l>ge l5s4  ,b    
,fa!r ,kir*]'s sure/ claim to be+ a     
practical g5ius is to be f\nd 9 8       
inv5tion ( ! magic lant]n4 ,x 0 ano!r   
,jesuit1 ,aquilonius1 9 8 "w on optics1 
issu$ 9 #afac1 :o _h fir/ s\ght to      
expla9 h[ ! two pictures pres5t$ to !   
two eyes are fus$ into "o1 & x 0 9 a    
practical demon/ration ( ?is by means ( 
l5ses t ,kir*] hit ^u ! inv5tion ( !    
project+ /]eoscope4  ,aft] 8 call to    
,rome our subject cont9u$ 8 "w on       
magnetism1 & 9 #afda issu$ a fur!r      
treatise on ! subject call$ ,magnes or  
,de ,arte ,magnetica4 ,:ile he cont9u$  
to tea* ,ori5tal languages & issu$ 9    
#afdd a book ) ! title ,l+ua            
,a,egyptiaca ,re/ituta1 he also cont9u$ 
to apply himself especially to !        
developm5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,accord+ly
 9 #afde !re appe>$ 8 volume ,ars ,magna
 ,lucis et ,umbrae4 ,?is 0 a treatise on
 light1 illu/rat$1 z 0 8 treatise on    

magnetism1 by _m orig9al exp]im5ts &    
demon/rations4  #abb  ,dur+ ! five ye>s 
until #afej ! dep>tm5t ( ac\/ics came "u
 8 consid]ation1 s t 9 t ye> we h f 8 p5
 a treatise call$ ,musurgia ,univ]salis1
 ) ! subtitle1 ,! ,art ( ,h>mony &      
,discord2 a treatise on ! :ole doctr9e (
 s\nd ) ! philosophy ( music treat$ f ! 
/&po9t ( practical z well z !oretic     
sci5ce4 ,dur+ ! next five ye>s a/ronomy 
0 8 special hobby1 & ! result 0 9 #afef 
a treatise on a/ronomy call$ ,it]       
,cele/e4 ,?is conta9$ a description ( ! 
e>? & ! heav5s & discuss$ ! nature ( !  
fix$ & mov+ />s1 ) v>i\s consid]ations z
 to ! composition & /ructure ( ^!       
bodies4 ,a second volume on ?is subject 
appe>$ 9 #affj4  ,! v>iety ( ,fa!r      
,kir*]'s int]e/s 9 sci5ce 0 n yet       
exhau/$1 h[ev]4 ,five ye>s aft] !       
completion ( 8 two volumes on a/ronomy  
!re came "o on ,mundus ,subt]raneus4    
,?is treat$ ( ! mod]n subjects (        
geology1 metallurgy1 & m9]alogy1 z well 
z ! *emi/ry ( m9]als4 ,x also conta9$ a 

treatise on animals t live "u ! gr\nd1 &
 on insects4 ,?is 0 consid]$ "o ( !     
au?or's greate/ books1 & ! :ole ( x 0   
translat$ into ,fr5*1 :il/ ab/racts f x1
 especially ! *apt]s on poisons1 appe>$ 
9 mo/ ( ! o!r languages ( ,europe4 ,"p (
 x 0 translat$ ev5 into ,engli%1 ?\gh   
sev5te5?-c5tury ,engli%m5 7 loa? to draw
 _! inspiration f ,jesuit writ]s4  #abc 
,jesuits 71 h[ev]1 at ?is "t g5]ally    
ackn[l$g$ on ! ,cont95t to be lead]s 9 e
 dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 sympa!tic coadjutors 
9 e /ep 9 sci5tific progress4 ,/range z 
x may appe> to ^? :o w n und]/& !       
,jesuit _s ( love = le>n+1 two ( ! mo/  
di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s ^: names are immortal 
9 ! hi/ory ( physical sci5ces 9 diff]5t 
dep>tm5ts dur+ ?is c5tury1 ,kepl] &     
,h>vey1 7 on intimate t]ms ( fri5d%ip ) 
! ,jesuits ( ,g]many4 ,h>vey1 on !      
occasion ( a visit to ! ,cont95t1 /opp$ 
= a prolong$ visit ) ! ,jesuits at      
,cologne1 s t "s ( 8 ,engli% fri5ds jok$
 him ab\t ! possibility ( 8 mak+ conv]ts
 ( ! ,jesuits4 ,^! witticisms1 h[ev]1   

did n seem to di/ract ,h>vey v mu*1 = he
 return$ on a subsequ5t occasion to sp5d
 "s fur!r days ) 8 ,jesuit sci5tific    
fri5ds along ! ,rh9e4  ,9 ! meantime    
,fa!r ,kir*] 0 issu+ notable books on 8 
always favorite subject ( ! ,ori5tal    
languages4 ,9 #afej !re appe>$          
,obeliscus ,pamphilius1 conta9+ an      
explanation ( ! hi]oglyphics to be f\nd 
on ! obelisk :i* by ! ord] ( ,innoc5t   
,x1 a memb] ( ! ,pamfili family1 0 plac$
 9 ! ,piazza ,navona by ,b]n9i4 ,?is is 
no m]e pamphlet1 z might be ?\ght1 b a  
book ( #efj pages4 ,9 #afeb !re appe>$  
,o,edipus ,a,egyptiacus1 t is1 ! reveal]
 ( ! sph9x-l riddle ( ! ,egyptian anci5t
 languages4 ,9 #afec a second volume (  
?is appe>$1 & 9 #afee a ?ird #abd       
volume4 ,x 0 consid]$ s important t x 0 
translat$ into ,russian & o!r ,slav     
languages1 besides sev]al o!r ,european 
languages4 ,8 book1 ,l+ua ,a,egyptiaca  
,re/ituta1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afdd1 :5 ,kir*]
 0 =ty-two ye>s ( age1 is consid]$ to be
 ( value yet 9 ! /udy ( ,ori5tal        

languages1 & 0 d$icat$ to ! patron1     
,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii1 ^: lib]ality made 
its publication possible4  ,x is (t5 a  
subject = conjecture j h[ sci5ce 0 /udi$
 & taught 9 c5turies be=e ! n9ete5?1 & j
 :at text-books 7 employ$4 ,a little    
famili>ity ) ,fa!r ,kir*]'s             
publications1 h[ev]1 w %[ t !re 0 pl5ty 
( v suitable mat]ial = text-books to be 
f\nd 9 8 works4 ,"u 8 own direction1 :at
 at ! pres5t "t w\ld be call$ a         
text-book ( physics1 b :i* at t "t 0    
call$ ,physiologia ,exp]im5talis1 0     
issu$1 conta9+ all ! exp]im5tal &       
demon/rative p>ts ( 8 v>i\s books on    
*emi/ry1 physics1 music1 magnetism1 &   
me*anics1 z well z ac\/ics & optics4    
,?is =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( mo/ text-books ( 
sci5ce = a full c5tury aft]w>ds4 ,inde$1
 until ! beg9n+ ( ! di/9ctly mod]n      
sci5ce ( *emi/ry ) ! discov]ies (       
,prie/ley & ,lavoisi]1 !re 0 to be      
little add$ ( s]i\s import 9 sci5ce4    
,p]haps ! mo/ comm5dable feature ( ,fa!r
 ,kir*]'s books is ! fact t he himself  

seems nev] to h consid]$ t he _h #abe   
exhau/$ a subject4 ,! fir/ "w he publi%$
 0 on magnetism4 ,"s twelve ye>s lat] he
 return$ to ! subject1 & wrote a m      
ext5sive "w1 conta9+ _m improvem5ts ov] 
! fir/ volume4 ,! same ?+ is true ( 8   
/udies 9 s\nd4 ,9 #afej1 :5 n q fifty   
ye>s ( age1 he issu$ 8 ,musurgia        
,univ]salis1 a sub-title ( :i* /at$ t x 
conta9s ! :ole doctr9e ( s\nd & !       
practical & !oretical philosophy (      
music4 ,a little ov] tw5ty ye>s lat]1   
h[ev]1 he publi%$ ! ,phonurgia ,nova1 ! 
sub-title ( :i* %[$ t x 0 ma9ly conc]n$ 
) ! exp]im5tal demon/ration ( v>i\s     
tru?s 9 ac\/ics & ) ! developm5t ( !    
doctr9e he _h orig9ally /at$ 9 !        
,musurgia4  ,x is no wond] t 8          
contempor>ies spoke ( him z ! ,doctor   
c5tum artium--! tea*] ( a hundr$ arts--=
 !re 0 practically no bran* ( sci5tific 
k 9 8 "t 9 :i* he 0 n exp]t4 ,sci5tific 
visitors to ,rome always consid]$ x "o (
 ! privileges ( _! /ay 9 ! papal city to
 h ! opportunity to meet ,fa!r ,kir*]1 &

 x 0 ?\ght a v great honor to be %[n    
?r\gh 8 museum by himself4  ,( c\rse1 x 
is difficult = pres5t-day sci5ti/s to   
imag9e a man exhau/+ ! :ole r\nd (      
sci5ce 9 ?is way4 ,_m :o h read b little
 m ?an ! titles ( ,fa!r ,kir*]'s _m     
books are accord+ly prone to speak ( him
 z a m9e ( in=mation1 b )\t any #abf    
prop] critical judgm5t4 ,he has succe$$1
 accord+ to !m1 9 heap+ toge!r an imm5se
 am\nt ( in=mation1 b x is ( ! mo/      
disp>ate value4 ,!re is no d\bt t he    
took acc\nt ( _m ?+s 9 sci5ce t are     
manife/ly absurd4 ,a/rology1 = in/ance1 
_h n1 9 8 "t1 gone out ( fa%ion         
entirely1 & he ref]s _m ev5ts 9 m5's    
lives to ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,he ev5    
made rules = a/rological pr$ictions1 & 8
 a/ronomical ma*9e = exhibit+ ! motions 
( ! />s 0 also meant to be helpful 9 !  
con/ruction ( a/rological tables4 ,x mu/
 n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t 9 8 "t ! be/     
a/ronom]s1 l ,ty*o ,brahe & ev5 ,kepl]1 
_h n entirely giv5 up ! idea ( !        
influ5ce ( ! />s ov] man's de/9y4  ,z   

reg>ds o!r sci5ces1 !re are details (   
in=mation t may appe> q z sup]/iti\s z !
 belief 9 a/rology4 ,kir*]1 = in/ance1  
accept$ ! idea ( ! possibility ( !      
transmutation ( metals4 ,x is to be     
said1 ?\gh1 t all mank9d 7 conv9c$ ( ?is
 possibility1 & inde$ n entirely )\t    
reason4 ,all dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury      
sci5ti/s believ$ v firmly 9 ! absolute  
indep5d5ce ( *emical elem5ts & _! utt]  
non-int]*angeability4 ,z ! result (     
rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 9 :i* "o elem5t
 has app>5tly be5 obs]v$ giv+ rise to   
ano!r1 mu* ( ?is doctr9e has come to be 
consid]$ z improbable1 & n[ ! idea (    
possible transmutation ( #abg metals &  
o!r *emical elem5ts into "o ano!r appe>s
 n s absurd z x 0 half a c5tury ago4    
,any "o :o w take up a text-book (      
sci5ce ( a c5tury ago w f9d 9 x _m gl>+ 
absurdities4 ,x w seem almo/ impossible 
t a sci5tific ?9k]1 9 8 "r s5ses1 c\ld h
 accept$ "s ( ! propositions t are      
calmly set d[n z absolute tru?s4 ,e     
g5]ation has made itself ridicul\s by   

kn[+ _m ?+s t are n s1 & ev5 ours is no 
exception4 ,fa!r ,kir*] 0 n outside ?is 
rule1 ?\gh he 0 ahead ( 8 g5]ation 9 !  
critical faculty t enabl$ him to        
elim9ate _m falsities & to illum9ate    
half-tru?s 9 ! sci5ce ( 8 day4          
,und\bt$ly ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,fa!r        
,kir*]'s sci5tific books is 8 "w ,on !  
,pe/1 ) "s consid]ations on its orig91  
mode ( di/ribution1 & treatm5t1 :i* ab\t
 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ga!r$     
toge!r all ! m$ical !ories ( ! times z  
to ! causation ( contagi\s disease1     
discuss$ !m ) critical judgm5t & rea*$  
conclusions :i* anticipate mu* ( :at is 
mo/ mod]n 9 our pres5t-day m$ic9e4 ,x is
 ?is "w ( ,fa!r ,kir*]'s t is n[ mo/ (t5
 ref]r$ to1 & v des]v$ly s1 because x is
 "o ( ! classics :i* repres5ts a l&m>k 9
 k = all "t4 ,x m]its a place beside su*
 books z ,h>vey on ! ,circulation (     
,blood1 or ev5 ,vesalius on ,human #abh 
,anatomy4 ,z we h se51 x is n[ quot$ f  
by our be/ rec5t au?orities :o attempt  
s]i\sly to trace ! hi/ory ( ! microbic  

!ory ( disease1 & its conclusions are ! 
result ( logical processes & n ! m]e    
*ance light+ ^u tru? ( a m9d t _h !     
!ories ( ! "t be=e x4 ,9 x ,fa!r        
,kir*]'s g5ius is be/ exhibit$4 ,x has !
 faults ( 8 too ready cr$ibility2 & 8   
desire to discuss all possible phases ( 
! "q1 ev5 ^? :i* are n[ manife/ly       
absurd1 has l$ him into :at prove to be 
useless digressions4 ,b on ! :ole x     
repres5ts v well ! fir/ great example ( 
! application ( ! pr9ciple ( inductive  
sci5ce to mod]n m$ic9e4 ,all ! kn[n     
facts & obs]vations are collect$ &      
discuss$1 & !n ! conclusions are        
sugge/$4  ,x is v int]e/+ to trace !    
developm5t ( ,fa!r ,kir*]'s ideas )     
reg>d to ! orig91 causation1 &          
communication ( disease1 because 9 _m   
po9ts he s cle>ly anticipates m$ical k t
 has only come to be def9itely accept$ 9
 v rec5t times4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out
 t ,sir ,rob]t ,boyle decl>$ t !        
processes ( f]m5tation & ^? :i* br\ght  
ab\t infecti\s disease1 7 probably (    

simil> nature1 & t ! sci5ti/ :o solv$ ! 
problem ( ! cause ( f]m5tation w\ld ?r[ 
great light on ! orig9 ( ^! diseases4   
,?is prophetic rem>k 0 absolutely v]ifi$
 :5 ,pa/eur1 a *emi/ :o _h solv$ !      
problem ( f]m5tation1 also solv$ #abi ! 
weighti] que/ions connect$ ) human      
diseases4 ,be=e ev5 ,boyle1 h[ev]1 ,fa!r
 ,kir*] _h express$ 8 op9ion t disease  
processes 7 simil> to ^? ( putrefaction4
 ,he consid]$ t putrefaction 0 due to ! 
pres5ce ( c]ta9 corpuscula1 z he call$  
!m1 & ^! he said 7 also probably active 
9 ! causation ( infecti\s disease4  ,he 
0 n sure :e!r or n ^! corpuscula 7 liv+1
 9 ! s5se t !y c\ld multiply ( !mselves4
 ,he consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 v         
probable4 ,z to _! di/ribution1 he is   
especially happy 9 8 anticipations (    
mod]n m$ical progress4 ,:ile he consid]$
 x v possible t !y 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air1 
he gives x z 8 delib]ate op9ion t liv+  
?+s 7 ! mo/ frequ5t ag5ts = !           
di/ribution ( ! corpuscles ( disease4   
,he is sure t !y are c>ri$ by flies1 =  

in/ance1 & t !y may be inoculat$ by !   
/+s ( su* insects z fleas or mosquitoes4
 ,he ev5 gives "s examples t he knew ( 9
 :i* ?is 0 demon/rat$4 ,/ill m /rik+ is 
8 insi/5ce on ! fact t su* a contagi\s  
disease z pe/ may be c>ri$ by cats &    
dogs & o!r dome/ic animals4 ,! cat seem$
 to him to be associat$ ) special dang] 
9 ?is matt]1 & he gives an example ( a  
nunn]y :i* _h c>efully protect$ itself  
aga9/ possible infection1 b _h all[$ a  
cat to come 91 ) ! result t "s cases ( !
 disease develop$4  #acj  ,an int]e/+   
bit ( discussion is to be f\nd 9 ! *apt]
 9 :i* ,fa!r ,kir*] takes up !          
consid]ation ( ! problem :e!r infecti\s 
disease c ev] be produc$ by !           
imag9ation4 ,he is speak+ p>ticul>ly ( !
 pe/1 b !re is m ?an a suspicion t "u ! 
"n pe/ came at times ( epidemics _m (   
our mod]n contagi\s diseases4 ,fa!r     
,kir*] says t !re is no d\bt t worry    
plays an important role 9 pr$ispos+     
p]sons to take ! disease4 ,he does n    
consid]1 h[ev]1 t x c orig9ate ( itself1

 or be eng5d]$ 9 ! p]son )\t contact )  
"s previ\s case ( pe/4 ,) reg>d to ! "q 
( pr$isposition he is v mod]n4 ,he po9ts
 out t _m p]sons d n take ! disease1    
because evid5tly ( "s protective quality
 :i* !y possess4 ,he is sure1 too1 t !  
be/ possible protection comes f keep+ 9 
good1 g5]al heal?4  ,a curi\s sugge/ion 
is t ) reg>d to ! grave-digg]s &        
und]tak]s4 ,x has (t5 be5 not$ 9 ,italy1
 s ,fa!r ,kir*] ass]ts1 t ^! individuals
 z a rule did n succumb to ! disease1   
not)/&+ _! extreme exposure1 :5 !       
majority ( ! population 7 suff]+ f x4   
,t[>d ! end ( ! epidemic1 h[ev]1 at ! "t
 :5 ! t[nspeople 7 beg9n+ to rejoice ov]
 its practical disappe>ance1 x 0 n      
unusual to h ^! c>etak]s ( ! dead br\ght
 d[n ) ! disease--(t51 too1 9 fatal =m4 
,fa!r #aca ,kir*] consid]s t only /rong 
& heal?y individuals w\ld take up su* an
 occupation4 ,t ! satisfaction (        
accompli%+ a l>ge am\nt ( "w & mak+     
money kept !m 9 good heal?4 ,lat] on1   
h[ev]1 z ! result ( ov]work dur+ ! "t ( 

! epidemic & also ( disc\ragem5t because
 !y saw ! end ( prosp]\s times = !m1 !y 
became pr$ispos$ to ! disease & !n fell 
victims4  ,) reg>d to ! prev5tion ( !   
pe/ 9 individual cases1 ,fa!r ,kir*] has
 "s v s5sible rem>ks4 ,he says t        
physicians z a rule dep5d on c]ta9      
m$ic9al protectives or on amulets :i* !y
 c>ry4 ,! amulets he consid]s to be     
m]ely sup]/iti\s4 ,! sweet-smell+       
sub/ances t are sometimes employ$ are   
probably )\t any prev5tive action4      
,c]ta9 physicians employ$ a prophylactic
 rem$y made up ( v _m sub/ances4 ,?is is
 :at 9 mod]n days we w\ld be apt to call
 a gun%ot prescription4 ,x conta9$ s _m 
+r$i5ts t x 0 hop$ t "s "o ( !m w\ld hit
 ! "r spot & prove effective4 ,fa!r     
,kir*] has ano!r "n = x4 ,we d n "k :e!r
 x is orig9al ) him1 b 9 any case x is  
wor? :ile rememb]+4 ,he calls x a cal5d>
 prescription1 because :5 writt5 x      
resembl$ a li/ ( ! days ( ! mon?4  ,8   
op9ion ( ?is cal5d> prescription is n v 
high4 ,x seems to him t if "o +r$i5t did

 good1 mo/ ( ! o!rs w\ld be #acb almo/ z
 sure to d h>m4 ,! ma9 factor 9         
prophylaxis to 8 m9d 0 to keep 9 normal 
heal?1 & ?is seem$ n q compatible )     
frequ5t rec\rse to a prescription       
conta9+ s _m drugs t 7 almo/ sure to h  
no good effect & might h an ill effect4 
,x is all ! m int]e/+ to f9d ^!         
common-s5se views because ord9>ily ,fa!r
 ,kir*] is set d[n z "o :o accept$ mo/ (
 ! traditions ( 8 "t )\t inquir+ v      
deeply into _! orig9 or tru?1 simply    
report+ !m out ( ! fulness ( 8 r p$antic
 in=mation4 ,9 mo/ cases x w be f\nd1   
h[ev]1 t1 l ,h]odotus1 report+ ! curi\s 
?+s t _h be5 told him 9 8 travels1 he is
 v c>eful to /ate :at are 8 own op9ions 
& :at he owes to o!rs & gives place to1 
?\gh )\t atta*+ mu* cr$5ce to !m4  ,x   
mu/ n be =gott5 t 8 great contempor>ies1
 ,von ,helmont & ,p>acelsus1 7 n free f 
_m ( ! curi\s sci5tific sup]/itions ( _!
 "t1 ?\gh !y _h1 l him1 9 _m respects ! 
true sci5tific _s4 ,von ,helmont1 =     
in/ance1 0 a firm believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( 

spontane\s g5]ation1 & ev5 w5t s f> z to
 consid] t x _h its application to      
animals ( r high ord]4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( 
8 works conta9s a r fam\s prescription  
to br+ ab\t ! spontane\s g5]ation (     
mice4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a j> ( meal kept 9 a
 d>k corn] cov]$ by "s soil$ l954 ,aft] 
?ree weeks ^! elem5ts #acc w\ld be f\nd 
to h br$ mice4 ,too mu* mu/ n be        
expect$1 !n1 ( ,kir*] 9 ! matt] ( cr$it+
 suppos$ly sci5tific traditions4  ,x may
 seem surpris+ t ,fa!r ,kir*]'s book did
 n produce a great] impression ^u !     
m$ical rese>* "w & tea*+ ( ! day & lead 
to an e>li] developm5t ( microbiology4  
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! in/rum5ts (      
precision necess>y = su* a /udy 7 n !n  
at h&1 & ! gradual loss ( pre/ige ( !   
book is !re=e readily to be und]/ood4 ,!
 explanation ( ?is delay 9 ! developm5t 
( sci5ce is v well put by ,crook%ank1 :o
 is ! pr(essor ( comp>ative pa?ology &  
bact]iology at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 
& "o ( ! ackn[l$g$ au?orities on ^!     
subjects 9 ! m$ical _w4 ,pr(essor       

,crook%ank says1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/   
*apt] ( 8 text-book on bact]iology1 9   
:i* he traces ! orig9 ( ! sci5ce1 t !   
fir/ attempt to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( !
 contagium vivum dates back almo/ to !  
discov]y ( ! microscope3--,footnote #aa 
,footnote #aa3 ,a ,text-,book (         
,bact]iology4 ,includ+ !     ,etiology &
 ,prev5tion ( ,infecti\s ,diseases ,by  
,edg> ,m4     ,crook%ank4 ,f\r? ,edition
 ,london1 #ahif    ,a?anasius ,kir*]    
ne>ly two & a half c5turies ago express$
 8   belief t !re 7 def9ite             
micro-organisms to :i* diseases   7     
attributable4 ,! microscope _h reveal$ t
 all decompos+   #acd sub/ances sw>m$ ) 
c\ntless micro-organisms :i* 7          
invisible to ! nak$ eye1 & ,kir*] s\ght 
= simil> organisms   9 disease1 :i* he  
consid]$ might be due to _! ag5cy4 ,!   
microscopes :i* he describes obvi\sly   
c\ld n admit ( !   possibility ( /udy+  
or ev5 detect+ ! micro-organisms :i*    
are n[ kn[n to be associat$ ) c]ta9     
diseases2 & x is n   surpris+ t 8 tea*+ 

did n at ! "t ga9 mu*   att5tion4 ,!y 7 
de/9$1 h[ev]1 to receive a great impetus
   f ! discov]ies :i* emanat$ n long    
aft] f ! fa!r   ( microscopy1           
,leeuw5hoek4  ,?is ref]5ce to ,kir*]'s  
"w1 h[ev]1 %[s t m cordial appreciation 
( 8 sci5tific g5ius has come 9 our day1 
& x seems n unlikely t 9 ! progress ( m 
accurate & detail$ k ( sci5tific orig9s 
8 reputation w gr[ z x des]ves4 ,) t    
d\btless w come a bett] und]/&+ ( ! true
 attitude ( ! s*ol>s ( ! "t--s _m ( :om 
7 *ur*m5--to s-call$ physical sci5ce 9  
contradi/9ction to philosophy1 9 :i* (  
c\rse !y _h always be5 pr(\ndly int]e/$4
 ,! "w done by ,kir*] c\ld nev] h be5   
accompli%$ b = ! sympa!tic int]e/ ( ^?  
:o are falsely suppos$ to h be5 bitt]ly 
oppos$ to all progress 9 ! natural      
sci5ces1 b ^: opposition 0 really limit$
 to !oretic phases ( sci5tific inquiry t
 ?reat5$1 z has sci5tific !ory s (t5    
s9ce1 to prove directly contradictory to
 reveal$ tru?4   #ace  ,,vi4  ,,bi%op   
,,/5s53 ,,anatomi/ ,,& ,,fa!r ,,(       

,,geology4  #acf  ,god makes sages &    
sa9ts t !y may be f\nta9-heads ( wisdom 
& virtue = all :o ye>n & aspire3 & :oev]
 has sup]ior k or ability is !reby      
committ$ to m effectual & unselfi%      
s]vice ( 8 fell[-m54 ,if ! love ( fame  
be b an infirmity ( noble s\ls1 ! crav+ 
( pr(essional reputation is b conceit & 
vanity4 ,to be ( help1 & to be ( help n 
m]ely to animals1 b to immortal1 pure1  
lov+ spirits ?is is ! noble/ e>?ly      
fate4--,,bi%op ,,spald+3 ,! ,physician's
 ,call+ & ,education4    ,illu/ration3  
,,nicolaus ,,/5onis   #acg  ,,vi4       
,,bi%op ,,/5s51 ,,anatomi/ ,,& ,,fa!r   
,,( ,,geology4  ,9 ! sket* ( ! life (   
,fa!r ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 ! di/+ui%$     
,jesuit sci5ti/1 ma!matician1 &         
,ori5tali/1 ,i call$ att5tion to ! fact 
t1 at ! v "t :5 ,galileo 0 tri$ &       
condemn$ at ,rome1 because ( 8 abuse (  
,scripture = ! demon/ration ( sci5tific 
!sis1 a condemnation :i* has be5 (t5    
s9ce proclaim$ to be due to ! ,*ur*'s   
intol]ant opposition to sci5ce1 !       

ecclesia/ical au?orities at ,rome invit$
 ,fa!r ,kir*]1 :o 0 at t "t tea*+       
ma!matics 9 ,g]many1 to come to ,rome1 &
 dur+ ! next half-c5tury enc\rag$ him 9 
e way 9 ! cultivation ( all ! physical  
sci5ces ( ! times4 ,x 0 to popes &      
c>d9als1 z well z to influ5tial memb]s (
 8 own ord] ( ! ,jesuits1 t ,fa!r ,kir*]
 ow$ 8 opportunities = ! f\ndation ( a  
complete & magnific5t museum1 illu/rat+ 
_m phases ( natural sci5ce--! fir/ ( its
 k9d 9 ! _w1 & :i* yet cont9ues to be "o
 ( ! notewor?y collections4  ,dur+ !    
decade 9 :i* ! condemnation ( ,galileo &
 ! invitation ( ,fa!r ,kir*] to ,rome   
took place1 !re 0 born1 at #ach         
,cop5hag51 a man ^: c>e] ( di/9ction 9  
sci5ce 0 to prove ev5 m effectively ?an 
t ( ,kir*]1 if possible1 t !re 0 no     
opposition 9 ecclesia/ical circles 9    
,italy1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 to ! developm5t
 ( natural sci5ce ev5 9 dep>tm5ts 9     
respect to :i* ! ,*ur* has1 ov] & ov]   
aga91 be5 said to be specially          
intol]ant4 ,?is sci5ti/ 0 ,ni*olas      

,/5s51 ! discov]] ( ! duct ( ! p>otid   
gl&1 :i* conducts saliva into ! m\?1 & !
 f\nd]1 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ( ! mod]n
 sci5ce ( geology4 ,/5s5's discov]y ( ! 
duct :i* has s9ce borne 8 "n 0 due to no
 m]e accid5t2 = he 0 "o ( ! really great
 anatomi/s ( all "t1 & "o di/+ui%$      
p>ticul>ly = 8 p[]s ( orig9al obs]vation
 & inve/igation4 ,to h ! two di/9ctions1
 !n1 ( a lead] 9 anatomy & a f\nd] 9    
geology1 /amps him z "o ( ! supreme     
sci5tific g5iuses ( all "t1 a man n only
 ( a fruitfully inquir+ disposition (   
m9d1 b also "o :o possess$ a v def9ite  
realization ( h[ important = ! cause (  
sci5tific tru? is ! necessity ( te/+ all
 ideas ) reg>d to ?+s physical1 by      
actual obs]vations ( nature & by draw+  
conclusions n wid] ?an ! obs]v$ facts4  
,not)/&+ ?is *>act]i/ically sci5tific   
temp] ( m9d1 :i*1 accord+ to mo/ mod]n  
ideas1 at lea/1 w\ld seem to be sure to 
lead him away f religi\s tru?1 ,/5s5 at 
! #aci v height ( 8 c>e] z a sci5ti/1   
:ile /udy+ anatomy & geology 9 ,italy1  

became a conv]t f ,lu!ranism1 9 :i* he  
_h be5 born1 to ,ca?olicity1 & !reaft]  
made x "o ( ! prime objects ( 8 life to 
br+ z _m o!rs z possible ( ! sep>at$    
bre?r5 into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 he    
accept$ ! pr(essor%ip ( anatomy at !    
,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 x 0 ) ! def9ite 
idea t he might be able to use !        
influ5ce ( 8 position to make p realize 
h[ mu* ( religi\s tru? !re 0 9 ! old    
,*ur* f :i* !y _h be5 sep>at$ 9 ! prec$+
 c5tury4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 8 zeal l$   
him to resign 8 position1 & ask to be   
made a prie/1 9 ord] t he might be able 
m effectively to fulfil :at he n[       
consid]$ ! ma9 purpose ( 8 life1 ! w9n+ 
( s\ls to ! ,*ur*4 ,z1 s9ce 8 conv]sion1
 he _h giv5 e evid5ce ( ! mo/ s9c]e     
piety & humble simplicity1 8 desires 7  
grant$4 ,8 book on geology1 h[ev]1 0    
p>tly writt5 dur+ ! v "t :5 he 0 prep>+ 
= sacr$ ord]s1 & 0 w>mly welcom$ by all 
8 ,ca?olic fri5ds4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t z a
 mission>y1 & attract+ a great deal (   
att5tion by 8 dev\t life & by ! _m      

fri5ds & conv]ts he succe$$ 9 mak+1 !   
rec5tly conv]t$ ,duke ( ,hanov] ask$ t !
 zeal\s ,dani% conv]t %\ld be made bi%op
 ( 8 capital city4 ,?is reque/ 0        
imm$iately grant$1 & ,/5s5 sp5t sev]al  
ye>s #adj 9 ! h>de/ mission>y labor 9 8 
new field4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 8 labors  
prov$ too mu* = 8 r delicate            
con/itution1 & he di$ at ! comp>atively 
e>ly age ( =ty-eight4 ,! visitor to !   
,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 m>vels to f9d    
among ! portraits ( h] pr(essors (      
anatomy "o 9 ! robes ( a ,roman ,ca?olic
 bi%op4 ,?is is ,/5s54 ,9 #ahha1 :5 !   
,int]national ,geographical ,congress   
met at ,bologna1 x adj\rn$ at ! end ( ! 
session to ,flor5ce to unveil a bu/ (   
,/5s51 ov] 8 tomb !re4 ,"h evid5tly is a
 man ^: life is well wor? /udy+1 because
 ( all t x means = ! hi/ory ( 8 "t4     
,ni*olas ,/5s5--or1 z he is (t5 call$1  
,/5o1 because ?is is ! ,lat9 =m ( 8 "n1 
& ,lat9 0 practically exclusively us$1  
dur+ 8 age1 9 sci5tific circles all ov] 
,europe--0 born #bj ,janu>y1 #afch1 9   

,cop5hag54 ,8 fa!r di$ :ile he 0        
comp>atively "y1 & 8 "m m>ri$ aga91 bo? 
h] husb&s be+ goldsmi?s 9 high repute = 
_! skill1 & bo? ( !m 9 r well-to-d      
circum/ances4 ,8 e>ly education 0 obta9$
 at ,cop5hag51 & ! results display$ 9 8 
atta9m5ts %[ h[ well x mu/ h be5        
conduct$4 ,lat] 9 life he spoke & wrote 
,lat9 v flu5tly & _h1 besides1 a v      
?or\gh k ( ,greek & ( ,hebrew4 ,( !     
mod]n languages1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1         
,italian1 & ,l[ ,dut* he knew v well1   
ma9ly f resid5ce 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries 9   
:i* !y #ada are spok54 ,a m unusual     
atta9m5t at t "t1 & "o %[+ ! ardor ( 8  
?ir/ = k1 0 an acqua9tance ) ,engli%4 ,9
 e>ly life he 0 especially fond (       
ma!matics &1 inde$1 x 0 almo/ by accid5t
 t ?is did n become 8 *os5 field (      
educational developm5t4  ,at eighte5 he 
became a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity (         
,cop5hag51 & aft] "s prelim9>y /udies 9 
philosophy & philology devot$ himself   
ma9ly to m$ic9e4 ,at ?is "t ! ,dani%    
,univ]sity 0 especially di/+ui%$ = its  

"w 9 anatomy4 ,! fam\s family (         
,b>?ol9i1 :o _h = sev]al g5]ations be5  
tea*+ !re1 _h prov$ a copi\s s\rce (    
inspiration = ! /ud5ts 9 _! dep>tm5t1 & 
z a consequ5ce orig9al inve/igation ( a 
high ord]1 ) en?usiasm = ! developm5t ( 
anatomical sci5ce1 _h become ! rule4 ,! 
ext]nal situation 0 n favorable to      
le>n+1 = ,d5m>k 0 engag$ 9 h>ass+ &     
co/ly w>s dur+ a consid]able portion ( !
 sev5te5? c5tury2 yet ! "w accompli%$ "h
 01 und\bt$ly1 "s ( ! be/ 9 ,europe4 ,"y
 ,/5s5 _h ! advantage ( hav+ ,?omas     
,b>?ol9i z 8 preceptor1 & soon1 because 
( 8 en?usiasm = sci5ce1 z fri5d & fa!r4 
,/5s5 _h be5 at ! ,univ]sity sc>cely two
 ye>s :5 ! city ( ,cop5hag5 0 besieg$ by
 ! ,sw$es4 ,pr(essor ,lutz1 ( !         
,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :o has rec5tly  
writt5 #adb an article on ,/5s51 :i*    
appe>$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,libr>y & ,hi/orical 
,j\rnal = ,july1 #aijd1 says ( ?is      
p]iod3    ,a regim5t ( /ud5ts numb]+ two
 hundr$ & sixty-six1 call$   ! black    
coats on acc\nt ( _! d>k clo!s1 0 =m$ = 

! def5ce ( ! city2 ^u its ro/] we f9d ! 
"n ( "y   ,/5o4 ,dur+ ! day !y 7 at "w  
m5d+ ! ramp>ts1 &   ! nights 7 sp5t 9   
repell+ ! attacks ( ! enemy4 ,9 !       
c\rse ( ?is long siege1 ! city 0        
compell$ to cope ) a   m =midable enemy 
?an ! ,sw$es--fam9e ) all its           
horrors--be=e relief came 9 ! %ape (    
provisions &   re9=cem5ts furni%$ by !  
,dut* fleet4 ,?r\gh\t ^!   turbul5t days
 ! /ud5t soldi]s r5d]$ valuable s]vices 
to   _! c\ntry1 & ?\gh x be true t int] 
arma sil5t   musae--! w> gods d n favor 
! muses--x appe>s   nev]!less t ,/5o    
att5d$ ! lectures & dissections :i*   7 
conduct$ by ! tea*]s 9 ! int]vals :5 !  
/ud5t   7 n on duty4  ,aft] "s ?ree ye>s
 sp5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51      
,/5s51 z 0 ! cu/om ( ! times1 w5t to    
pursue 8 po/-graduate /udies 9 a =eign  
univ]sity4 ,b>?ol9i furni%$ him ) a     
lett] ( recomm5dation to ,pr(essor      
,blasius1 :o 0 tea*+ anatomy at ,am/]dam
 9 ,holl&4 ,am/]dam _h become fam\s dur+
 ! sev5te5? c5tury = ! v practical "* ( 

its anatomical tea*+4 ,z ! result ( !   
cordial comm5dation ( ,b>?ol9i1 ,/5s5   
became an inmate ( ! h\se ( ,pr(essor   
,blasius1 & 0 giv5 #adc special         
opportunities to pursue 8 anatomical    
/udies = himself4 ,he _h be5 b a v %ort 
"t at ,am/]dam1 :5 he made ! discov]y to
 :i* 8 "n has ev] s9ce be5 atta*$1 t ( !
 duct ( ! p>otid gl&4 ,/5s5's discov]y 0
 made :ile he 0 dissect+ ! head ( a     
%eep4 ,he f\nd %ortly aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 t
 ! canal c\ld be demon/rat$ to exi/ 9 ! 
dog1 ?\gh x 0 n s l>ge a /ructure4      
,blasius seems to h be5 r annoy$ at !   
fact t a /ud5t1 j beg9n+ "w ) him1 %\ld 
make s important a discov]y1 & wi%$ to  
claim ! honor ( x = himself4 ,!re is no 
d\bt1 h[ev]1 n[1 not)/&+ ! discussion   
ov] ! priority ( ! discov]y :i* took    
place at ! "t1 t ,/5s5 0 ! fir/ to make 
?is important obs]vation4  ,n long be=e1
 ,:>ton1 an ,engli% obs]v]1 _h          
demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a canal lead+ f !
 submaxill>y gl& into ! m\?4 ,?is might 
h be5 expect$ to lead to ! discov]y (   

o!r gl&ul> ducts1 b s f> _h n4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact1 ! function ( ! p>otid gl& 
0 n well und]/ood at ?is "t4 ,dur+ !    
discussion z to priority ( discov]y1    
,/5o po9t$ out "o fact :i* he v prop]ly 
consid]s z ! mo/ conclusive pro( t      
,blasius did n discov] ! duct ( ! gl&4  
,he says3 ,blasius %[s pla9ly 9 8       
treatise ',de ,m$ic9a ,g5]ali' t he has 
nev] s\ght = ! duct1 = he does n assign 
#add to x ei!r ! prop] po9t ( beg9n+ or 
end+1 & assigns to ! p>otid gl& itself s
 unwor?y a function z t ( furni%+ w>m?  
to ! e>1 s t if ,i 7 n p]fectly sure (  
hav+ once %[n him ! duct myself1 ,i %\ld
 be tempt$ to say t he _h nev] se5 x4   
,b>?ol9i settl$ ! controv]sy1 & at !    
same "t remov$ any disc\ragem5t t might 
h aris5 9 8 "y pupil's m9d1 by writ+ to 
him3--    ,y\r assiduity 9 inve/igat+ ! 
secrets ( ! human body1 z   well z y\r  
=tunate discov]ies1 are highly prais$ by
 !   le>n$ ( y\r c\ntry4 ,! fa!rl&      
congratulates itself ^u   su* a citiz51 
,i ^u su* a pupil1 ?r\gh ^: ef=ts       

anatomy   makes daily progress1 & our   
lympa?ic vessels are trac$ out m   & m4 
,y divide honors ) ,:>ton1 s9ce y h add$
 to   8 int]nal duct an ext]nal "o1 & h 
!reby discov]$ !   s\rces ( ! saliva    
conc]n+ :i* _m h hi!rto dream$   mu*1 b 
:i* no "o has 7p]mit ! expression7 po9t$
 out )   ! f+]4 ,cont9ue1 my ,/5o1 to   
foll[ ! pa? to immortal glory   :i* true
 anatomy holds out to y4  ,"u ! /imulus 
( su* enc\ragem5t1 x is no wond] t ,/5s5
 cont9u$ 8 orig9al "w ) em95t success4  
,he publi%$ an ext5sive article on !    
gl&s ( ! eye & ! vessels ( ! nose4      
,b>?ol9i wrote to him aga93 ,y\r fame is
 gr[+ f day to day1 = y\r p5 & y\r %>p  
eye "k no re/4 ,lat] he wrote #ade aga93
 ,y may c\nt ^u ! favor ( ! k+ z well z 
^u ! applause ( ! le>n$4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s
 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam1 ,/5o       
return$ to ,cop5hag51 :]e he publi%$ 8  
,anatomical ,obs]vations ,conc]n+ !     
,muscles & ,gl&s4 ,x 0 9 ?is book t he  
ann\nc$ 8 p]suasion t ! he>t 0 a muscle4
 ,z he said himself1 ! he>t has be5     

consid]$ ! seat ( natural w>m?1 ! ?rone 
( ! s\l2 b if y exam9e x m closely1 x   
turns out to be no?+ b a muscle4 ,! m5 (
 ! pa/ w\ld n h be5 s grossly mi/ak5 )  
reg>d to x1 _h !y n pref]r$ _! imag9>y  
!ories to ! results ( ! simple          
obs]vation ( nature4 ,x is easy to      
und]/& t ?is obs]vation creat$ a v great
 s5sation4 ,x _h mu* to d ) ov]?r[+     
c]ta9 !oretic sy/ems ( m$ic9e1 & ne>ly a
 c5tury lat] ! di/+ui%$ physiologi/1    
,hall]1 did n hesitate to proclaim !    
volume 9 :i* x occurs1 z a gold5 book4  
,/5s5's /udies 9 anatomy /amp him z an  
orig9al g5ius ( a high ord]1 & ?is is   
all ! m rem>kable because 8 c>e] occurs 
j 9 ^? ye>s :5 !re 7 di/+ui%$ discov]]s 
9 anatomy 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,:5     
,/5s5 began 8 "w 9 anatomy1 ,h>vey 0    
/ill alive4 ,! eld] ,b>?ol9i1 ! fir/ :o 
ev] e/abli%$ an anatomical museum1 0    
ano!r ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,among ! names 
( di/+ui%$ anatomi/s #adf ) :om ,/5s5 0 
br\ght intimately 9 contact dur+ ! c\rse
 ( 8 /udies 9 ,holl&1 ,france & ,italy  

are ^? ( ,swamm]dam1 ,van ,horne1 &     
,malpighi4 ,!re is no d\bt t 8 int]c\rse
 ) su* m5 %>p5$ 8 own intellectual      
activity1 & increas$ 8 en?usiasm =      
orig9al inve/igation 9 contradi/9ction  
to ! m]e accumulation ( in=mation4  ,8  
contempor>ies1 inde$1 exhau/$ mo/ ( !   
adjectives ( ! ,lat9 language 9 try+ to 
express _! appreciation ( 8 acuity (    
obs]vation4 ,he 0 spok5 ( z             
oculatissimus--t is1 z be+ all eyes1    
subtilissimus1 acutissimus1 sagacissimus
 9 8 k ( ! human body1 & z ! mo/        
p]spicaci\s anatomi/ ( ! "t4 ,leibnitz &
 ,hall] 7 9 accord 9 consid]+ him "o ( !
 greate/ ( anatomi/s4 ,9 lat] ye>s ?is  
admiration = ,/5s5's g5ius has n be5    
less en?usia/ically express$4 ,haes]1 9 
8 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 ! ?ird edition (   
:i* appe>$ at ,j5a 9 #ahgi1 says3 ,among
 ! greate/ anatomi/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury
 belongs ,ni*olas ,/5o1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$  
pupil ( ,?omas ,b>?ol9i4 ,/5o 0 rightly 
consid]$ 9 8 own "t z "o ( ! greate/ (  
anatomical discov]]s4 ,!re is sc>cely   

any "p ( ! human body ! k ( :i* 0 n     
r5d]$ m complete by 8 inve/igations4  ,!
 mo/ valuable discov]y made by ,/5s5 0  
und\bt$ly t ! he>t is a muscle4 ,x #adg 
mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 8 "t1 ,h>vey's      
discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood 0 n  
yet g5]ally accept$2 inde$1 !re 7 _m :o 
consid]$ ! !ory 7z !y call$ x7 ( !      
,engli% inve/igator z "o ( ! pass+ fads 
( m$ic9e4 ,two significant discov]ies1  
made aft] ,h>vey1 s]v$1 h[ev]1 to       
e/abli% ! !ory ( ! circulation ( ! blood
 on a firm basis & to make x a def9ite  
m$ical doctr9e4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 
,malpighi's discov]y t ! capill>ies--t  
is1 ! m9ute vessels at ! end ( ! art]ial
 tree on ! surface ( ! body & 9 v>i\s   
organs--s]v$ z ! direct connexion betwe5
 ! ve9s & ! art]ies4 ,?is demon/rat$ j  
h[ ! blood pass$ f ! art]ial to ! v5\s  
sy/em4 ,sc>cely less important1 h[ev]1 =
 ! confirmation ( ,h>vey's tea*+ 0      
,/5s5's demon/ration ( ! muscul> "* ( ! 
tissue ( ! he>t4  ,"s ( 8 obs]vations ^u
 muscles are extremely int]e/+1 &1 ?\gh 

he made _m mi/akes 9 expla9+ _!         
function1 he add$ n a little to !       
anatomical & physiological k ( ! "t 9 _!
 reg>d4 ,he seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/  
to recognize ! fact t 9 ! high] animals 
! he>t may cont9ue to beat = a          
consid]able "t aft] ! animal is app>5tly
 dead2 &1 inde$1 t by irritation ( !    
remov$ he>t1 volunt>y contractions may  
be br\ght ab\t :i* w cont9ue            
spontane\sly = "s mom5ts4  #adh  ,)     
reg>d to ! objections made by "s1 t su* 
/udies z ^! ^u muscles c\ld sc>cely be  
expect$ to produce any direct result = !
 treatm5t ( disease1 or 9 ! ord9>y      
practice ( m$ic9e1 ,/5s5 said 9 reply t 
x is only on ! basis ( ! anatomical1    
physiological1 & pa?ological obs]vation 
t progress 9 m$ic9e is to be look$ =4 ,9
 spite1 !n1 ( ! disc\ragem5t ( ! _m1 :o 
look always = imm$iate practical        
results1 ,/5s5 cont9u$ 8 inve/igation1 &
 ev5 propos$ to make an ext5d$ /udy ( ! 
me*anism ( ! muscul> action4  ,9 !      
meantime1 h[ev]1 !re _h gradually be5   

com+ into 8 life ano!r elem5t :i* 0 to  
prove m absorb+ ?an ev5 8 zeal =        
sci5tific discov]y4 ,x is ?is :i*       
con/itutes ! ess5tial index ( ! man's "*
 & has be5 sadly misund]/ood by _m ( 8  
biograph]s4  ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 (      
,cambridge1 ,engl&1 9 8 ,lectures on !  
,hi/ory ( ,physiology1 orig9ally deliv]$
 z ! ,lane ,lectures at ,coop] ,m$ical  
,college1 ,san ,francisco1 said3--      
,:ile ?us engag$1 /ill work+ at         
physiology1 ,/5s5 turn$ 8   v]satile m9d
 to o!r problems1 z well z to ^? (      
comp>ative   anatomy1 & especially to ^?
 ( ! infant1 inde$ h>dly z yet   born1  
sci5ce ( geology4 ,8 "w ,de solido intra
 solidum is   ?\ght by geologi/s to be a
 brilliant ef=t t[>d ! beg9n+   ( _!    
sci5ce    ,9 #afgb he return$ = a :ile  
to 8 native city ( #adi   ,cop5hag51 b  
)9 two ye>s he 0 back aga9 at ,flor5ce2 
&   !n !re came to him1 :ile z yet a "y 
man ( "s ?irty-six   summ]s1 a sudd5 &  
pr(\nd *ange 9 8 life4    ,9 8 e>ly days
 he _h he>d mu*1 too mu* p]haps1 ( !    

doctr9es ( ,lu!r4 ,probably he _h be5   
repell$ by ! au/]e   devotion :i* rul$ !
 pat]nal ro(4 ,&1 z 8 answ] to          
,bossuet %[s1 8 univ]sity life & /udies1
 8 int]c\rse )   ! active intellects (  
_m l&s1 & 8 passion = inquiry   into    
natural k1 _h fre$ him f passive ob$i5ce
 to   dogma4 ,he d\btless1 z did _m o!rs
 ( 8 "t1 look$ ^u   himself z "o ( !    
enlight5$1 z "o rais$ above ! b>r5      
!ological que/ions :i* 7 mov+ ! m9ds (  
less] m5  ,yet x 0 out ( ?is sceptical  
/ate ( m9d1 t life 9 ,italy & intimate  
contact ) ecclesia/ics & religi\s1 s (t5
 said to be likely n to h any su*       
effect1 br\ght ?is acute sci5tific m9d  
into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,nor did he      
become m]ely a =mal adh]5t1 b an ard5t  
believ]1 & !n an en?usia/ic proselytiz]4
 ,"o ,am]ican writ] ( a hi/ory ( m$ic9e1
 9 8 utt] failure to compreh5d or       
sympa?ize ) ! *ange t came ov] ,/5s51   
speaks ( him z hav+ become at ! end ( 8 
life a m]e p]ipatetic conv]t] ( h]etics4
 ,?is phase ( ,/5s5's life has1 h[ev]1 z

 ample significance z any t prec$$ x4   
,/5o's expectations ( ! pr(essor%ip (   
anatomy at ,cop5hag5 7 disappo9t$1 b !  
appo9tm5t w5t to ,jacobson1 ^: "w inde$ 
is sc>cely less di/+ui%$ ?an t ( #aej 8 
unsuccessful rival4 ,! next few ye>s    
,/5s5 pass$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he 0 assidu\s 9
 mak+ dissections1 & :]e he attract$ mu*
 att5tion2 & !n1 some:at lat]1 9 ,italy2
 9 #affe & #afff he 0 9 ,rome4 ,!nce he 
w5t to ,flor5ce1 9 ord] to p]fect       
himself 9 ,italian4 ,! next few ye>s he 
sp5t 9 ?is city1 hav+ receiv$ !         
appo9tm5t ( body physician to ! ,gr&    
,duke1 z well z an appo9tm5t ( visit+   
physician1 z we w\ld call x n[1 to !    
,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova4  ,x 0  
:ile at ,flor5ce t ! :ole curr5t (      
,/5s5's life 0 *ang$ by 8 conv]sion to  
,ca?olicity4 ,8 position z physician to 
! ,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova br\ght
 him frequ5tly into ! apo!c>y %op atta*$
 to ! hospital4 ,z a result he came to  
"k v well ! religi\s 9 *>ge ( !         
dep>tm5t1 ,si/] ,m>ia ,flavia1 ! daught]

 ( a well-kn[n ,tuscan family4 ,at ?is  
"t %e _h be5 = "s ?irty-five ye>s a nun4
 ,be=e long %e le>n$ t ! di/+ui%$ "y    
physician1 at ?is "t sc>cely ?irty ye>s 
( age1 :o 0 su* a pleasant g5tleman 9   
all 8 ways1 0 a ,lu!ran4 ,%e began1 z %e
 told aft]w>ds1 fir/ by pray]1 & !n by  
fri5dly sugge/ions1 to attempt to w9 him
 to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,/5s51 :o seems   
already to h be5 well-dispos$ t[>d !    
,*ur*1 & :o _h always be5 kn[n = a      
wond]ful purity ( he>t & simplicity (   
"*1 li/5$ v will+ly to ! naive words ( !
 #aea old religi\s1 :o might v well h   
be5 8 "m4  ,_m ye>s lat]1 by ! comm& (  
h] confessor1 ! good ,si/] relat$ !     
detail$ /ory ( 8 conv]sion4 ,%e began v 
simply by tell+ him "o day t if he did n
 accept ! true ,ca?olic fai?1 he w\ld   
surely g to hell4 ,he li/5$ to ?is )\t  
any impati5ce1 & %e said x a numb] ( o!r
 times1 half jok+ly p]haps1 b mu* m ?an 
half 9 e>ne/4 ,z he li/5$ s k9dly1 %e   
said to him "o day t he mu/ pray e day  
to ,god to let him "k ! tru?4 ,?is he   

promis$ to d &1 z %e f\nd out f 8 s]vant
 7:at is x ^! nuns d n f9d out87 he did 
pray e ev5+4 ,"o day1 :ile he 0 9 !     
apo!c>y %op1 ! ,angelus bell rang1 & %e 
ask$ him to say ! ,angelus4 ,he 0       
p]fectly will+ to say ! fir/ "p ( !     
,hail ,m>y1 b he did n want to say !    
second "p1 z he did n believe 9 !       
invocation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ! sa9ts4
 ,!n %e ask$ him to visit ! ,*ur* ( !   
,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,santissima ,nunziata1
 :i* he did4 ,aft] ?is %e sugge/$ to him
 t he %\ld ab/a9 f meat on ,fridays &   
,saturdays1 :i* he promis$ to d1 & :i* !
 good nun f\nd out once m f 8 s]vant1 he
 actually did d4 ,& !n ! religi\s ?\ght 
x 0 "t to sugge/ t he %\ld consult a    
cl]gyman1 & 8 conv]sion 0 n long delay$4
  ,"y ,/5s5 seems to h be5 ! object #aeb
 ( solicitude on ! "p ( a numb] ( !     
good1 eld]ly wom5 ) :om he 0 br\ght 9   
contact4 ,he discuss$ ) ,signora        
,arnolf9i ! great difficulty he _h 9    
believ+ ! my/]y ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,ano!r good
 woman1 ! ,signora ,lav9ia ,felice1 see+

 h[ int]e/$ he 0 9 ?+s ,ca?olic1 succe$$
 9 br++ him to ! notice ( a prom95t     
,jesuit 9 ,flor5ce4 ,z 8 fri5d1 ,si/]   
,m>ia ,flavia1 _h recomm5d$ ! same ,fa!r
 to him1 he foll[$ ! advice all ! m     
readily1 & x 0 n long be=e 8 la/ d\bts 7
 solv$4  ,x 0 aft] 8 conv]sion t ,/5s5  
receiv$ 8 invitation to become !        
pr(essor ( anatomy at ! ,univ]sity (    
,cop5hag54 ,mu* z he _h become atta*$ to
 ,flor5ce1 ! ?\ght ( return+ to 8 native
 city 0 sweet2 & !n besides he hop$ t he
 might be able to influ5ce 8 c\ntrym5 9 
_! views t[>d ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x 0 n  
long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! bigotry ( 8         
compatriots made life s unpleasant = him
 9 ,cop5hag5 t he resign$ 8 position &  
return$ to ,italy4 ,v>i\s (ficial po/s 9
 ,flor5ce 7 op5 = him1 b n[ he _h       
resolv$ to devote himself to ! s]vice ( 
! ,*ur*1 & s he became a prie/4 ,8      
contempor>y1 ! ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op (      
,flor5ce1 said ) reg>d to him3 ,already 
z a memb] ( a ,prote/ant sect he _h liv$
 a life ( innoc5ce & _h practis$ all !  

moral virtues4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion he _h  
m>k$ out = himself s sev]e a me?od (    
life & _h #aec rema9$ s true to x t 9 a 
v %ort "t he rea*$ a high degree (      
p]fection4 ,! ,ar*bi%op does n hesitate 
to say t he _h become a man ( con/ant   
union ) ,god & entirely dead to himself4
 ,!re 0 v little hesitation1 !n1 9      
accept+ him z a c&idate = ! prie/hood1 &
 z 8 k ( !ology 0 v ?or\gh1 mo/ ( !     
delay 9 rais+ him to t dignity came f 8 
own humility & 8 desire to prep>e       
himself prop]ly = ! privilege4 ,he made 
! ex]cises ( ,/4 ,ignatius z "p ( 8     
prep>ation1 & aft] 8 ord9ation x 0 a    
s\rce ( rem>k ) h[ mu* devotion he said 
8 fir/ & all succe$+ ,masses4 ,x 0 n    
long be=e ! piety ( ,/5s5's life        
attract$ great att5tion4 ,at ?is "t he 0
 9 frequ5t communication ) su* m5 z     
,sp9oza & ,leibnitz1 ! di/+ui%$         
philosoph]s4 ,x is curi\s to ?9k ( !    
ard5t my/ic1 ! pan!i/ic philosoph]1 & ! 
speculative sci5ti/1 s diff]5t 9 "*1    
hav+ _m int]e/s 9 common4  ,x 0 dur+ ^! 

ye>s 9 ,italy t ,/5s5 did :at mu/ be    
consid]$1 und\bt$ly1 8 mo/ important "w1
 ev5 m important1 if possible1 ?an 8    
anatomical discov]ies4 ,?is 0 8         
f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,z has  
be5 well said 9 a prom95t text-book (   
geology1 8 book on ?is subject sets him 
9 t gr\p ( m5 :o z prophets ( sci5ce (t5
 run f> ahead ( _! times to po9t out !  
pa? :i* lat] c5turies w foll[ 9 ! road (
 #aed k4 ,x is r surpris+ to f9d t !    
sev5te5? c5tury mu/ enjoy ! privilege ( 
be+ consid]$ ! cradle ( geological k4   
,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! great       
pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 7 laid d[n 9       
,/5s5's little book1 :i* he int5d$ only 
to be an introduction to a m ext5sive   
"w1 b ! latt] 0 un=tunately nev]        
complet$1 nor1 inde$1 s f> z we are able
 to decide n[1 ev] s]i\sly begun4  ,"o (
 ! basic pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( geology 
,/5s5 taught z foll[s3 ,if a giv5 body (
 def9ite =m1 produc$ accord+ to ! laws (
 nature1 be c>efully exam9$1 x w %[ 9   
itself ! place & mann] ( its orig94 ,?is

 pr9ciple he %[$ w\ld apply s           
compreh5sively t ! exi/5ce ( _m ?+s1    
hi!rto app>5tly inexplicable1 became r  
easy ( solution4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t   
be=e ?is "t two explanations = ! exi/5ce
 ( peculi> bodies1 or ( ord9>y bodies1 9
 peculi> places1 _h be5 (f]$4 ,accord+  
to "o s*ool ( ?\ght1 ! fossils f\nd deep
 9 ! e>?1 or sometimes 9 ! mid/ ( rocks1
 _h be5 creat$ !re4 ,x 0 z if ! creative
 =ce _h run beyond ! ord9>y b\nds (     
nature & _h produc$ c]ta9 ?+s1 ord9>ily 
associat$ ) life1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( dead   
matt]4 ,! o!r explanation sugge/$ 0 t ! 
flood _h 9 its "w ( de/ruction ^u e>?   
caus$ _m anomal\s displacem5ts ( liv+   
?+s1 & _h buri$ "s ( ! #aee animals "u  
su* circum/ances t lat] !y 7 f\nd ev5   
b5ea? rocks1 or deep d[n 9 ! e>?1 f>    
beyond :]e ! animals c\ld be suppos$ to 
h p5etrat$ by any ord9>y means dur+     
life4  ,/5s5 _h obs]v$ v fai?fully !    
v>i\s /rata t are to be f\nd :]ev]      
special appe>ances ( ! e>?'s surface 7  
expos$1 or :]ev] deep excavations 7     

made4 ,8 explanation ( h[ ^! v>i\s /rata
 are =m$ w s]ve to %[1 p]haps bett] ?an 
any?+ else1 h[ f> advanc$ he 0 9 8      
realization ( ideas t are suppos$ to    
belong only to mod]n geology4 ,he said3 
,! p[d]y lay]s ( ! e>?'s surface mu/    
necess>ily at "s "t h be5 held 9        
susp5sion 9 wat]1 f :i* !y 7 precipitat$
 by _! own weight4 ,! movem5t ( ! fluid 
scatt]$ ! precipitate "h & !re & gave to
 x a level surface4  ,bodies (          
consid]able circumf]5ce1 ,/5s5 cont9ues1
 :i* are f\nd 9 ! v>i\s lay]s ( ! e>?1  
foll[$ ! laws ( gravity z reg>ds _!     
position & _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,! 
p[d]y mat]ial ( ! e>?'s /rata took on s 
completely ! =m ( ! bodies :i* x        
surr\nd$ t ev5 ! smalle/ ap]tures became
 fill$ up & ! p[d]y lay] fitt$          
accurately to ! surface ( ! object & ev5
 took some?+ ( its poli%4  ,) reg>d to !
 composition ( ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>?1 ! 
fa!r ( geology #aef consid]$ t if 9 a   
lay] ( rock all ! portions are ( ! same 
k9d !re is no reason to d5y t su* a lay]

 came into exi/5ce at ! "t ( creation1  
:5 ! :ole surface ( ! e>? 0 cov]$ )     
fluid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 any "o /ratum      
portions ( ano!r /ratum are f\nd1 or if 
! rema9s ( plants or animals occur1 !re 
is no d\bt t su* a /ratum _h n its orig9
 at ! "t ( creation1 b came into exi/5ce
 lat]4  ,if !re is to be f\nd 9 a /ratum
 traces ( sea salt1 or ! rema9s ( sea   
animals1 or portions ( vessels1 or su* l
 objects1 :i* are only to be enc\nt]$ at
 ! bottom ( ! sea1 !n x mu/ be consid]$ 
t ?is portion ( ! e>?'s surface once 0  
bel[ ! sea level1 ?\gh x may happ5 t ?is
 occurr$ only by ! accid5t ( a flood (  
"s k9d4 ,! great di/ance f ! sea1 or o!r
 body ( wat]1 at ! pres5t "t1 may be due
 to ! s9k+ ( ! wat] level 9 !           
neighborhood1 or by ! ris+ up ( a m\nta9
 f "s int]nal t]re/rial cause 9 !       
int]val ( "t4 ,he cont9ues3--    ,if "o 
f9ds 9 any lay] rema9s ( bran*es (      
trees1 or h]bs1   !n x is only "r to    
conclude t ^! objects 7 br\ght   toge!r 
because ( flood or ( "s su* condition 9 

! place   :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,if 9 a   
lay] coal & a%es & burnt   clay or o!r  
scor*$ bodies are f\nd1 !n x seems sure 
t   "s place 9 ! neighborhood ( a       
wat]c\rse a fire took place1   & ?is is 
all ! m sure :5 ! :ole lay] consi/s (   
a%es   & #aeg coal4 ,:5ev] 9 ! same     
place ! mat]ial ( :i* all   ! lay]s is  
compos$ is ! same1 !re seems to be no   
d\bt t   ! fluid to :i* ! /ratum owes   
its orig9 did n at diff]5t   times obta9
 diff]5t mat]ial = its build+ purposes4 
,9 respect to ! m\nta9s & _! =mation1   
,/5s5 said v def9itely3--    ,all !     
m\nta9s :i* we see n[ h n exi/$ f !     
beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,m\nta9s d n1 h[ev]1 gr[ z
 d plants4   ,! /ones ( :i* m\nta9s are 
compos$ h only a c]ta9   analogy ) !    
bones ( animals1 b h no simil>ity 9     
/ructure or 9 orig91 nor h !y ! same    
function & purpose4   ,m\nta9 ranges1 or
 *a9s ( m\nta9s z "s pref] to call !m1  
d n always run 9 c]ta9 directions1 ?\gh 
?is has sometimes   be5 claim$4 ,su*    
claims correspond nei!r to reason nor to

   obs]vation4 ,m\nta9s may be v mu*    
di/urb$ 9 ! c\rse (   ye>s4 ,m\nta9     
peaks rise & fall some:at4 ,*asms op5 & 
%ut   "h & !re 9 !m1 & ?\gh !re are ^?  
:o pret5d t   x is only ! cr$ul\s :o w  
accept ! /ories ( su*   happ5+s1 !re is 
no d\bt t !y h be5 e/abli%$ on          
tru/wor?y evid5ce4  ,9 ! c\rse ( 8      
obs]vations 9 ,italy1 ,/5s5 _h se5 _m   
mussel %ells1 :i* _h be5 ga!r$ f v>i\s  
lay]s ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,) reg>d to !  
%ells !mselves1 he said t !re c\ld be no
 d\bt t !y _h come z ! excretion ( !    
mantle ( ! mussel1 & t ! diff]5ces t    
c\ld be not$ 9 !m 7 9 accordance ) !    
v>y+ =ms ( ^! animals4 ,he po9t$ out1   
h[ev]1 t "s ( ! mussel %ells f\nd 9 #aeh
 /rata ( rock 7 really mussel %ells 9 e 
respect z reg>ds ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7   
compos$ z well z _! int]ior /ructure &  
_! ext]nal =m1 s t !re c\ld be no       
possible "q ( _! orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 a 
c]ta9 numb] ( ! s-call$ mussel %ells 7 n
 compos$ ( ! ord9>y mat]ials ( :i* su*  
%ells are usually made up2 b _h inde$   

only ! ext]nal =m ( g5u9e %ells4 ,/5s5  
consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^! mu/ be reg>d$ 
z orig9at+ 9 real mussel %ells1 !       
orig9al sub/ance hav+ be5 lat] on       
replac$ by o!r mat]ial4 ,he expla9$ ?is 
replacem5t process 9 v mu* ! same way t 
we n[ sugge/ ! explanation ( v>i\s      
processes ( petrification4 ,!re is no   
d\bt t 9 ?is he w5t f> beyond 8         
contempor>ies1 & po9t$ out v cle>ly :at 
0 to be ! tea*+ ( g5]ations long aft] 8 
own4  ,! same pr9ciples he appli$ to    
mussel %ells1 ,/5s5 consid]$ mu/ h _!   
application also to all o!r portions (  
animal bodies1 tee?1 bones1 :ole        
skeletons1 & ev5 m p]i%able animal      
mat]ials t might be f\nd buri$ 9 ! e>?'s
 /rata4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! "q ( ! rema9s ( 
plants 0 q z satisfactory z t ( !       
animals4 ,he di/+ui%$ betwe5 !          
impressions ( plants1 ! petrification ( 
plants1 ! c>bonization ( plants1 & !n   
dwelt some:at on ! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 m9]als
 to =m d5drites1 t is1 bran*+ #aei      
processes :i* look n unlike plants4 ,he 

po9t$ out h[ easy x is to be deceiv$ by 
^! appe>ances1 & /at$ v cle>ly !        
di/9ction betwe5 real plants & su*      
simulat$ ones4  ,x w be sc>cely necess>y
 = u to apologize = hav+ giv5 s mu*     
space to ,/5s5's "w on geology4 ,_m     
di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s1 h[ev]1 h insi/$ t no 
great] advance at ! bir? ( a sci5ce 0   
ev] made ?an t :i* ,/5s5 accompli%$ 9 8 
geological "w4 ,h(fman says t aft]      
c>efully /udy+ ! "w1 he has come to !   
conclusion t ( ! successors ( ,/5s51 no 
/ud5t ( ! m\nta9s d[n to ,w]n]'s day _h 
succe$$ 9 compreh5d+ s _m fruitful po9ts
 ( view 9 geology4 ,none ( 8 great      
successors 9 geology has succe$$ 9      
introduc+ s _m new ideas into ! sci5ce z
 ! fir/ great obs]v]4 ,= sev]al c5turies
 mo/ ( 8 successors 9 geology rema9$ f> 
beh9d him 9 creative g5ius1 & s !re is  
little progress wor? :ile not+ 9 ! k ( !
 me?od ( e>? =mation1 until almo/ !     
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?\gh 8 little
 book 0 writt5 9 #affh & #affi4         
,leibnitz regrett$ v mu* t ,/5s5 did n  

complete 8 "w on geology z he orig9ally 
int5d$4 ,_h he succe$$ 9 ga!r+ toge!r   
all ( 8 orig9al obs]vations1 illu/rat$  
by ! mat]ial he _h collect$1 8 "w w\ld h
 _h mu* great] effect4 ,z x 01 ! gold5  
tru? :i* he _h express$ 9 su* #afj few  
words1 )\t be+ able always to /ate j h[ 
he _h come to 8 conclusions1 0 only (   
avail to sci5ce 9 a limit$ way4 ,m5 _h  
to repeat 8 obs]vations long ye>s       
aft]w>ds 9 ord] to realize ! tru? ( :at 
he _h laid d[n4 ,leibnitz consid]$ t x  
took m ?an a c5tury = geological sci5ce 
to rea* ! po9t at :i* x _h be5 left by  
,/5o's "w1 & :i* he _h rea*$ at a s+le  
b\nd4 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le mod]n      
geologi/ int]e/$ at all 9 ! hi/ory ( !  
sci5ce :o has n paid a wor?y tribute to 
,/5o's great basic discov]ies 9 !       
sci5ce4 ,x 0 n a matt] = surprise1 !n1 t
 ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,geologi/s 
:i* met at ,bologna 9 #ahha assembl$ at 
8 tomb 9 ,flor5ce 9 ord] to d him honor1
 aft] ! regul> sessions ( ! ,congress _h
 clos$4 ,!y erect$ to 8 memory a tablet 

) ! foll[+ scription3    ,nicolae       
,/5onis imag9em vides hospes quam a]e   
collato docti   amplius mille ex univ]so
 t]r>um orbe insculp5dam cur>unt 9      
memoriam ejus diei ,,iv cal4 ,octobr4   
an4 ,,mdccclxxxi quo geologi po/        
conv5tum ,bononiae habitum praeside     
,joanne ,capell9io equite hue           
p]egr9ati sunt atque ad/antibus legatis 
flor ,municipii et ,r4   ,in/ituti      
,altiorum doctr9>um c9]es viri int]     
geologos et   anatomicos prae/antissimi 
9 hujus templi hypogaeo laurea corona   
honoris gratique animi ergo hone/av]unt4
 ,footnote #ab      ,footnote #ab3 ,y   
behold "h1 travell]1 ! bu/ ( ,ni*olas   
,/5o z x 0 set up by m ?an a ?\s&       
sci5ti/s f all     ov] ! _w1 z a        
memorial to him1 on ! f\r? ( ! ,kal5ds  
( ,octob]1 #ahha4 ,! geologi/s ( ! _w1  
aft] _! meet+     9 ,bologna1 "u !      
presid5cy ( ,c\nt ,john ,capell9i1 made 
a     pilgrimage to 8 tomb1 & 9 !       
pres5ce ( ! *os5     repres5tatives ( ! 
municipality1 & ( ! le>n$ pr(essors     

( ! ,univ]sity1 honor$ ! mortal a%es (  
?is man1     illu/ri\s among geologi/s &
 anatomi/s4   #afa  ,/5s5's "w br\ght   
him 9 contact ) "s ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( !  
sev5te5? c5tury1 all ( :om le>n$ to     
appreciate 8 bread? ( intellig5ce &     
acuity ( judgm5t4 ,we h already m5tion$ 
8 epi/ol>y relation ) ,sp9oza1 & h said 
some?+ ab\t ! controv]sy ) ,leibnitz1   
into :i*1 9 spite ( 8 dis9cl9ation to   
controv]sy g5]ally1 he 0 drawn by !     
circum/ances ( ! "t & ! solicitation (  
fri5ds4 ,ano!r great ?9k] ( ! c5tury )  
:om he 0 br\ght into intimate           
relation%ip 0 ,des ,c>tes1 ! di/+ui%$   
philosoph]4 ,9 fact1 ,des ,c>tes's sy/em
 ( ?\ght influ5c$ ,/5s5 n a little1 & he
 felt1 :5 describ+ ! function ( muscles 
9 ! human body1 & especially :5 he      
demon/rat$ t ! he>t 0 a muscle1 t !     
me*anical notions he 0 ?us introduc+    
into anatomy 7 likely to prove          
confirmatory ( ,des ,c>tes's philosophic
 speculations4 ,almo/ m ?an any o!r1    
,/5s5 0 ! fa!r ( _m ideas t h s9ce      

become common1 ) reg>d to ! physics ( ! 
human body & its qualities z a ma*9e4   
,) 8 bread? ( view1 f famili>ity #afb ) 
! progress ( sci5ce g5]ally 9 8 "t1     
,/5o's discussions ( ! reason = ! lack (
 exact k & = ! preval5ce ( error1 9     
spite ( en?usia/ic inve/igation1 are    
wor? :ile appreciat+4 ,he consid]$ t !  
reason :y s _m portions ( natural sci5ce
 are /ill 9 d\bt is t 9 ! inve/igation (
 natural objects no c>eful di/9ction is 
made betwe5 :at is kn[n to a c]ta9ty &  
:at is kn[n only ) a c]ta9 am\nt (      
assurance4 ,he discusses ! "q ( d$uctive
 & inductive sci5ce1 & consid]s t ev5 ^?
 :o dep5d on exp]i5ce w n infrequ5tly be
 f\nd 9 error1 because _! conclusions   
are wid] ?an _! premises1 & because x   
only too (t5 happ5s t !y admit pr9ciples
 z true = :i* !y h no sure evid5ce4     
,/5s5 consid]$ x important1 !re=e1 n to 
hurry on 9 ! explanation ( ?+s1 b1 s f> 
z possible1 to cl+ to old-"t pr9ciples t
 _h be5 univ]sally accept$1 s9ce ne>ly  
always ^! w\ld be f\nd to conta9        

fruitful g]ms ( tru?4  ,he 0 univ]sally 
ackn[l$g$ z "o ( ! greate/ orig9al ?9k]s
 ( 8 "t1 & 8 conv]sion to ! ,*ur* did   
mu* to dissipate religi\s prejudices    
among ^? ( ,g]man nationality4 ,8       
influ5ce ov] di/+ui%$ visitors :o came  
to ,flor5ce1 & :o 7 v glad to h !       
opportunity ( mak+ 8 acqua9tance1 0 su* 
t n a few ,nor!rn visitors became1 l    
himself1 conv]ts to ! ,*ur*4  #afc  ,x 0
 9 ! mid/ ( ?is t ! reque/ ( ! ,duke (  
,hanov] came t he %\ld cons5t to become 
! bi%op ( 8 capital city4 ,x 0 only aft]
 ,/5s5 _h be5 put "u holy ob$i5ce t he  
w\ld cons5t to accept ! pr(f]$ dignity4 
,8 fir/ ?\ght 0 to di/ribute all 8 goods
 among ! poor1 & betake himself ev5 )\t 
%oes on 8 feet1 on a p$e/rian j\rney to 
,rome4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 he made a          
pilgrimage to ,loretto1 :]e he arriv$ s 
ov]come by ! fatigue ( ! j\rney t !     
cl]gyman :o took c>e ( him :ile !re1    
insi/$ on 8 accept+ a pair ( %oes f him1
 ?\gh he c\ld n prevail ^u him to travel
 9 any o!r way ?an on foot4  ,8 fir/    

action1 aft] 8 consecration z bi%op1 0  
to write a lett]1 s5d+ 8 episcopal      
b5$iction to ,si/] ,m>ia ,flavia1 to :om
 he felt he ow$ ! great privilege ( 8   
life4 ,8 la/+ s5se ( satisfaction &     
consolation 9 8 *ange ( religion may be 
appreciat$ f :at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/      
int]e/+ p]sonal docum5t t we h f ,/5s5's
 own h&1 9 :i*1 on ! eighte5? anniv]s>y 
( 8 conv]sion1 he writes to a fri5d to  
describe 8 feel+s4 ,to-morr[1 he says1  
,i %all f9i%1 ,god will+1 ! eighte5? ye>
 ( my happy life z a memb] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i
 wi% to ackn[l$ge once m my ?ankfulness 
= ! "p :i* y took "u ,god 9 my          
conv]sion4 ,z ,i hope to h ! grace to be
 grateful to ,him =ev]1 s ,i sigh = !   
opportunity to express #afd my          
?ankfulnes to y & y\r family4 ,i c feel 
t my own +ratitude t[>d ,god1 my sl[ness
 9 ,8 s]vice1 make me unwor?y ( ,8      
graces2 b ,i hope t y :o h help$ me to  
ent] 8 s]vice w n cease to pray1 s t ,i 
may obta9 p>don = ! pa/ & grace = !     
future1 9 ord] 9 "s measure to repay all

 ! favors t h be5 conf]r$ on me4  ,!    
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 life z a bi%op 0
 8 insi/5ce on pov]ty z ! pr9cipal      
elem5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,he refus$ to ent] 8
 diocese 9 /ate 9 ! c>riage :i* ! ,duke 
(f]$ to provide = him1 b proce$$ !re on 
foot4 ,no "q ( suppos$ dignity c\ld make
 him employ a numb] ( s]vants1 & 8 only 
reta9]s 7 conv]ts made by himself1 :o   
help$ 9 ! h\sehold & :om he treat$ q z  
equals4 ,he became engag$ 9 "o          
controv]sy on religi\s matt]s1 b said t 
he did n consid] t conv]ts _h ev] be5   
made by controv]sies4 ,he comp>$ x1     
inde$1 to ! gladiatorial conte/s 9 :i* !
 conte/ants _h _! heads completely      
envelop$ 9 armor1 s z to prev5t any     
possible p5etration ( ! weapons ( an    
oppon5t4 ,he insi/$ especially t 9      
religi\s controv]sies ! cont5d+ p>ties d
 n realize ! significance giv5 to words 
by ea* o!r1 & t !re=e no good c result4 
,aft] a "t1 ,/5s5 did n f9d 8 "w 9      
,hamburg v satisfactory1 because x 0    
typically a mission>y c\ntry1 & !       

,jesuit #afe mission>ies :o _h be5      
introduc$ 7 accompli%+ all t c\ld be    
hop$ =4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! ,duke (        
,meckl5burg-,s*w]9 became a conv]t to ! 
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ask$ t ,/5s5 %\ld be  
s5t z a bi%op into 8 duk$om1 ! reque/ 0 
compli$ )4 ,"h1 9 ! h>de/ k9d ( labor z 
a mission>y1 & 9 ! mid/ ( pov]ty t 0    
truly apo/olic1 ,/5s5 work$ out ! rema9+
 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,at 8 dea? he 0 look$ ^u
 z almo/ a sa9t4 ,not)/&+ 8 close       
relation%ip ) two reign+ pr9ces1 he did 
n leave en\gh p]sonal effects to defray 
! exp5ses ( 8 fun]al4 ,besides 8 bi%op's
 r+1 & ! v simple episcopal cross he    
wore1 he _h no?+ ( any value except "s  
relics ( ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 ,/4       
,ignatius ,loyola1 & ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1  
:i* he _h priz$ above all o!r treasures4
  ,8 mission>y labors _h n be5 m>k$ by  
any v /rik+ success 9 ! numb] ( conv]ts 
made4 ,9 ?is 8 life w\ld seem to h be5 a
 bitt] p]sonal disappo9tm5t4 ,he nev]   
look$ ^u x z su*1 h[ev]1 b cont9u$ to be
 em95tly *e]ful & fri5dly until ! end4  

,z a matt] ( fact1 ! influ5ce ( 8 c>e] 0
 to be felt mu* m two c5turies aft] 8   
dea? ?an dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,at ! pres5t  
mom5t1 8 life is well kn[n 9 nor!rn     
,g]many1 ?anks to ! biographic sket*    
writt5 by ,fa!r ,pl5k]s = ! ,/imm5 aus  
,m>ia ,laa*1 :i* has be5 v widely #aff  
circulat$ s9ce its appe>ance 9 #ahhd4   
,some?+ ( ! reaction among sci5tific    
m9ds 9 ,g]many t[>d a heal?i] or?odoxy (
 feel+1 ) reg>d to great religi\s       
que/ions1 is und\bt$ly due to ! spread (
 ! k ( ! c>e] ( ! great anatomi/ &      
geologi/ :o gave up 8 sci5tific "w = !  
sake ( ! spread ( ! high] tru?4  ,aft] 8
 dea? ! ,m$ici family ask$ = & obta9$ ! 
privilege ( hav+ 8 body buri$ 9 ,san    
,lor5zo at ,flor5ce1 ) ! memb]s ( !     
pr9cely ,m$ici h\se4 ,m & m d visitors  
realize t ! tablet ov] 8 rema9s         
*ronicles ! dea? ( a man :o 0 und\bt$ly 
"o ( ! _w's great sci5ti/s1 & "o ( ! mo/
 orig9al ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 & t "t a p]iod   
greatly f]tile 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4     
#afg  ,,vii4  ,,abbe ,h,a,ue,y1 ,,fa!r  

,,( ,,cry/allography4   #afh  ,!y       
cont9ue ?is day z !y 7 creat$1 p]fect 9 
numb] & measure & weight1 & f !         
ineffaceable *>act]s impress$ on !m we  
may le>n t ^? aspirations aft] accuracy 
9 measurem5t1 tru? 9 /atem5t1 & ju/ice 9
 action1 :i* we reckon among our noble/ 
attributes z m51 are ours because !y are
 ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! image ( ,him :o
 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ n only heav5 & e>?1 b
 ! mat]ials ( :i* heav5 & e>?           
consi/4--,,cl]k ,,maxwell ,on !         
,molecule1 ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 #ahgc4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,r5e ,,j ,h,a,ue,y   
#afi  ,,vii4  ,,abbe ,h,a,ue,y1         
,footnote #ac ,,fa!r ,,(                
,,cry/allography    ,footnote #ac3      
,pron\nc$ a-ue 7,c5tury ,diction>y71    
,ne>ly   ,repres5t$ ,by ah-we4  ,mod]n  
le>n+ is gradually los+ some?+ ( !      
self-complac5cy t *>act]iz$ x 9 s       
con/antly h>bor+ ! ?\ght t ! mo/        
important discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce  
came 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a m g5]al     
att5tion to critical hi/ory has l$ to ! 

realization t _m ( ! primal discov]ies  
^: importance made ! developm5t ( mod]n 
sci5ce possible1 came 9 e>li] c5turies1 
?\gh _! full significance 0 n !n fully  
appreciat$4 ,! f\ndations ( mo/ ( our   
mod]n sci5ces 71 inde$1 laid 9 !        
eighte5? c5tury1 b "s ( !m came mu*     
e>li]4 ,x is g5ius alone t is able to   
break away f e/abli%$ traditions ( k1 &1
 /epp+ across ! b\nd>y into ! unkn[n1   
blaze a pa? along :i* x w be easy =     
subsequ5t work]s to foll[4 ,only 9 rec5t
 ye>s has ! due me$ ( appreciation = ^! 
great pione]s become "p ( ! preci\s     
traditions ( sci5tific k4  ,we h se5 t  
cl]gym5 7 great orig9al inve/igators 9  
sci5ce 9 ! old] times & we %all f9d1    
?\gh x may be a s\rce ( #agj a/oni%m5t  
to mo/ p t ev5 our mod]n sci5ce has _h  
"s supreme orig9al work]s1 dur+ ! la/   
two c5turies1 9 ! ranks ( ! ,ca?olic    
cl]gy4  ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 n beh9d !  
sev5te5? 9 orig9al contributions made to
 sci5ce by cl]gym54 ,ab\t ! middle ( !  
c5tury1 a ,premon/rat5sian monk1        

,procopius ,dirwis* by "n1 ( ! little   
t[n ( ,pr5ditz 9 ,bohemia1 demon/rat$ ! 
id5tity ( electrical ph5om5a ) lightn+1 
?us anticipat+ ! "w ( our own ,frankl94 
,dirwis* d>$ to set up a                
lightn+-conductor1 by :i* dur+          
?und]/orms he obta9$ sp>ks f cl\ds1 &   
also le>n$ to appreciate ! dang] involv$
 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,:51 9 #agea1 he pr9t$ 
8 article on ?is subject1 he po9t$ out  
?is dang]4 ,8 w>n+1 h[ev]1 0 n always   
he$$1 & at lea/ "o subsequ5t exp]im5t] 0
 /ruck dead by a *>ge ( electricity4  ,j
 at ! junction ( ! la/ two c5turies1    
,fa!r ,piazzi enri*$ ! realm ( sci5ce by
 "o ( ! mo/ important ( mod]n discov]ies
 9 a/ronomy4 ,on ! night ( #ca ,decemb]1
 #ahjj--a ,janu>y1 #ahja1 he discov]$ ! 
little planet ,c]es4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( !  
a/]oids1 s _m m ( :i* 7 to be reveal$ to
 a/ronomical /udy dur+ ! next           
half-c5tury4 ,fa!r ,piazzi's discov]y 0 
made1 n by accid5t1 b z ! result (      
detail$ a/ronomical "w ( ! mo/ pa9/ak+  
"*4 ,he #aga _h set out to make a map ( 

! heav5s1 & to det]m9e & locate !       
absolute position ( all ! visible />s4  
,he _h succe$$ 9 catalogu+ ov] #g1jjj   
/>s :5 8 att5tion 0 call$ to "o1 hi!rto 
suppos$ to be fix$1 :i* he f\nd _h mov$1
 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 two obs]vations1 
f its orig9al position4 ,he made /ill   
o!r obs]vations1 & ?us det]m9$ ! fact t 
x 0 a planetoid & n a fix$ /> ) :i* he  
_h to deal4 ,ne$less to say1 8 discov]y 
prov$ a /rong inc5tive to pati5t        
a/ronomical /udy ( ! same k9d2 & x is to
 ^!1 r ?an to great s+le discov]ies1 t  
we owe :atev] progress 9 a/ronomy 0 made
 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,contempor>y ) 
bo? ( ^! la/-m5tion$ m51 & wor?y to %>e 
9 ! sci5tific honors t 7 !irs1 0 ! ,abbe
 ,hauey1 :o t[>d ! end ( ! second half (
 ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd$ ! sci5ce (     
cry/allography2 made a s]ies (          
obs]vations ! value ( :i* c nev] be     
disput$1 orig9at$ !ories "s ( :i* h s]v$
 d[n to our own "t z ! basis ( cry/al k1
 & attract$ ! att5tion ( _m /ud5ts to ! 
new sci5ce because ( 8 *>m+ p]sonal "* &

 8 w9n+ tea*+ me?ods4 ,8 life is a      
typical example ( ! value ( "w done 9   
pati5t obscurity1 f\nd$ on obs]vation1 &
 n on brilliant !ories2 & :at he        
accompli%$ /amps him z "o ( ! great #agb
 sci5tific g5iuses ( all "t--"o ( ! m5  
:o wid5$ ! b\nds ( k 9 directions hi!rto
 consid]$ inaccessible to ! ord9>y      
me?ods ( human inve/igation4  ,x is a   
commonplace ( ! lectur] on popul> sci5ce
 at ! pres5t day1 t ! impulse to !      
developm5t ( our mod]n sci5tific        
discov]ies :i* became s m>k$ t[>d ! end 
( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 due 9 a notewor?y
 degree to ! "w ( ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s4
 ,_! br++ toge!r ( all ! details ( k 9 a
 =m 9 :i* x c\ld be readily consult$1 & 
9 :i* previ\s progress & ! special l9es 
( advance c\ld be realiz$1 might be     
expect$ to prove a fruitful s\rce (     
sugge/ive inve/igation4 ,z a matt] (    
fact1 h[ev]1 a detail$ k ( ! pa/ 9      
sci5ce (t5 seems to be r a h9drance ?an 
a help to orig9al g5ius1 always prone to
 take its own way if n too mu* di/urb$  

by ! conv5tional k already ga9$4 ,mo/ ( 
! great discov]]s 9 sci5ce 7            
comp>atively "y m5 :5 !y began _! c>e]s 
z orig9al inve/igators2 & x 0 app>5tly  
_! fre$om f ! incubus ( too copi\s      
in=mation t left _! m9ds untrammell$ to 
foll[ _! own b5t 9 seek+ = causes :]e   
o!rs _h fail$ to f9d any h9ts ( possible
 developm5ts4  ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case )  
reg>d to _m ( ^? di/+ui%$ f\nd]s :o liv$
 9 c5turies prior to ! n9ete5?4 ,mo/ (  
#agc !m 7 m5 "u ?irty ye>s ( age1 & n "o
 ( !m _h be5 not$1 be=e he began 8 own  
rese>*es1 = ! ext5t ( 8 k 9 ! p>ticul>  
dep>tm5t ( sci5ce 9 :i* 8 "w 0 to prove 
s fruitful4 ,_! lives illu/rate !       
ess5tial diff]5ce !re is betwe5 !ory &  
obs]vation 9 sci5ce4 ,! !oriz] rea*es   
conclusions t are popul> z a rule 9 8   
own g5]ation1 & receives ! honor due to 
a progressive sci5ti/2 ! obs]v] usually 
has 8 ann\ncem5ts ( :at he has actually 
se5 sc\t$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! same  
/udies1 & x is only succe$+ g5]ations :o
 appreciate h[ mu* he really accompli%$4

  ,?is 0 especially exemplifi$ 9 ! case 
( ! ,abbe ,hauey1 ^: "w 9 cry/allography
 0 to mean s mu*4 ,:at he le>n$ 0 n f   
books1 b f contact ) ! actual objects ( 
8 dep>tm5t ( sci5ce2 & x is because !   
example ( a life l ?is c sc>cely fail to
 s]ve a good purpose = ! tw5tie?-c5tury 
/ud5t1 9 impress+ ! lesson ( ! value (  
obs]vation z oppos$ to !ory1 t its      
details are retold4  ,r5e ,j ,hauey 0   
born #bh ,febru>y1 #agdc1 9 ! little    
village ( ,sa9t-,j1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t (     
,oise1 some:at nor? ( ! c5t] ( ,france4 
,l _m ano!r great g5ius1 he 0 ! son ( v 
poor p>5ts4 ,8 fa!r 0 a /ruggl+         
l95-weav]1 :o 0 able to support himself 
only ) difficulty4 ,at fir/ #agd !re    
seem$ to be no o!r prospect = 8 elde/   
son ?an to succe$ to 8 fa!r's bus9ess4  
,c]ta9ly !re seem$ to be no possibility 
t he %\ld be able to ga9 8 livelihood by
 any o!r means ?an by ! "w ( 8 h&s4     
,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re 0 9 ,hauey's     
native t[n a ,premon/rat5sian mona/]y1 &
 x 0 n long be=e "s ( ! monks began to  

notice t ! son ( ! weav] 0 ( an         
especially pi\s disposition & att5d$    
*ur* c]emonies v fai?fully4 ,! *ance 0  
giv5 to him to att5d ! mona/]y s*ool1 & 
he succe$$ admirably 9 8 /udies4 ,z a   
consequ5ce1 ! prior _h 8 att5tion       
direct$ to ! boy1 & f\nd 9 him ! signs (
 a sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,he summon$ !   
lad's p>5ts & discuss$ ) !m !           
possibility ( obta9+ = _! son an        
education4 ,!re 7 _m difficulties 9 !   
way1 b ! pr9cipal "o 0 _! absolute      
f9ancial inability to help him4 ,if !   
son 0 to obta9 an education1 x mu/ be   
someh[ ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts1 & )\t any     
exp5se to 8 p>5ts4  ,! prior !reupon    
obta9$ = "y ,hauey a position z a memb] 
( a *ur* *oir 9 ,p>is2 &1 lat]1 "s ( ^? 
to :om he _h recomm5d$ ! boy secur$ =   
him a place 9 ! college ( ,nav>re4 ,"h1 
dur+ ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 he made su*  
an impression ^u ! memb]s ( ! faculty t 
!y ask$ him to become "o ( ! tea*+ corps
 ( ! in/itution4 ,x 0 a v mode/ position
 t he #age held1 & 8 sal>y sc>cely m ?an

 paid = 8 bo>d & clo!s & a few books4   
,hauey 0 well satisfi$1 h[ev]1 because 8
 position provid$ him ) opportunities = 
pursu+ ! /udies = :i* he c>$ mo/4 ,at   
?is "t he 0 int]e/$ ma9ly 9 lit]ature1 &
 succe$$ 9 le>n+ sev]al languages1 :i* 7
 to be ( consid]able use to him lat] on 
9 8 sci5tific c>e]4  ,aft] "s ye>s sp5t 
9 ! college ( ,nav>re he 0 orda9$ prie/1
 & n long aft]w>d became a memb] ( !    
faculty ( ! college ( ,c>d9al ,lemo9e4  
,"h 8 position 0 some:at bett]1 & he 0  
br\ght 9 contact ) _m ( ! prom95t s*ol>s
 ( ,p>is4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 q  
cont5t$ 9 8 r n>r[ circle ( int]e/s1 & 0
 n specially anxi\s to advance himself4 
,x is r curi\s to realize t a man :o 0  
lat] to sp5d all 8 "t 9 ! pursuit ( !   
physical sci5ces1 knew practically no?+ 
at all ab\t !m1 & c]ta9ly _h no special 
int]e/ 9 any p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce1   
until he rea*$ ! age ( almo/ ?irty ye>s4
  ,ev5 !n 8 fir/ introduction to s]i\s  
sci5ce did n come because ( any special 
int]e/ t _h be5 ar\s$ 9 8 own m9d1 b    

entirely because ( 8 fri5d%ip = a       
di/+ui%$ old fell[-pr(essor1 ^: walks he
 us$ to %>e1 & :o 0 deeply int]e/$ 9    
botany4 ,?is 0 ! ,abbe ,lhomond1 a v    
#agf well-kn[n s*ol>1 to :om we owe a   
numb] ( classic text-books arrang$      
especially = "y folk4  ,! ,abbe's       
recreation consi/$ 9 botaniz+           
exp$itions2 & ,hauey1 :o _h *os5 ! k9dly
 old prie/ z 8 spiritual director1 0 8  
mo/ frequ5t companion4 ,occasionally1 :5
 ,m4 ,lhomond 0 ail+1 & unable to take 8
 usual walks1 ,hauey sp5t ! "t ) him4   
,he r regrett$ ! fact t he did n "k     
en\gh ab\t botany to be able to make    
collections ( c]ta9 plants to br+ to !  
pr(essor at su* times1 9 ord] t ! latt] 
might n entirely miss 8 favorite        
recreation4 ,accord+ly1 "o summ] :5 he 0
 on 8 vacation at 8 c\ntry home1 he ask$
 "o ( ! ,premon/rat5sian monks1 :o 0 v  
mu* int]e/$ 9 botany1 to tea* him !     
pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 s z to enable him 
to recognize v>i\s plants4 ,( c\rse 8   
reque/ 0 grant$4 ,he expect$ to h a     

pleasant surprise = ,abbe ,lhomond on 8 
return1 & to draw ev5 clos] 9 8 fri5dly 
relations ) him1 because ( _! mutual    
int]e/ 9 :at ! old ,abbe call$ 8 sci5tia
 amabilis 7lovely sci5ce74 ,8 little    
plan work$ to p]fection1 & !re 0 won = !
 /udy ( physical sci5ce a new recruit1  
:o 0 to d z mu* z probably any "o ( 8   
g5]ation to ext5d sci5tific k 9 "o      
dep>tm5t1 ?\gh t dep>tm5t 0 r di/ant f  
botany4  ,hauey's int]e/ 9 botany1      
h[ev]1 0 to #agg prove only tempor>y4 ,x
 br\ght him 9 contact ) o!r dep>tm5ts ( 
natural hi/ory1 & x 0 n long be=e he    
f\nd t 8 favorite /udy 0 t ( m9]als1 &  
especially ( ! v>i\s =ms ( cry/als4 ,s  
absorb$ did he become 9 ?is subject t   
no?+ pleas$ him bett] ?an ! opportunity 
to sp5d long days 9 ! inve/igation ( !  
comp>ative size & %ape ( ! cry/als 9 !  
museum at ,p>is4 ,a fri5d has said ( him
 t1 :e!r !y 7 ! mo/ preci\s /ones & gems
 or ! mo/ wor?less specim5s ( ord9>y    
m9]als1 x 0 always only _! cry/all9e    
%ape t int]e/$ ,hauey4 ,diamonds he     

/udi$1 b only 9 ord] to det]m9e _!      
angles2 & app>5tly !y _h no m attraction
 = him ?an any o!r well-def9$           
cry/al--mu* less1 inde$1 ?an "s ( ! m   
complex cry/all9e v>ieties1 :i* attract$
 8 int]e/ because ( ! difficulty ( !    
problems !y pres5t$4  ,l _m ano!r       
advance 9 sci5ce1 ,hauey's fir/ great   
orig9al /ep 9 cry/allography 0 ! result 
( :at w\ld be call$ a lucky accid5t4 ,^!
 accid5ts1 h[ev]1 be x not$1 happ5 only 
to g5iuses :o are capable ( tak+        
advantage ( !m4 ,h[ _m a man _h se5 an  
apple fall f a tree be=e ?is little     
circum/ance gave ,newton ! h9t f :i*    
grew1 ev5tually1 ! laws ( gravity6 ,_m a
 man1 d\btless1 _h se5 little boys tapp+
 on logs ( wood1 to he> h[ well s\nd 0  
#agh c>ri$ ?r\gh a solid body1 )\t gett+
 f ?is any h9t1 su* z ,la5nec d]iv$ f x1
 = ! inv5tion ( ! /e?oscope4 ,s1 too1 _m
 a p]son be=e ,hauey's "t _h se5 a      
cry/al fall & break1 leav+ a smoo?      
surface1 )\t d]iv+ any h9t = !          
explanation ( ! orig9 ( cry/als4        

,accord+ to ! famili> /ory1 ,hauey 0 "o 
day look+ ov] a collection ( v f9e      
cry/als 9 ! h\se ( ,citiz5 ,du          
,croisset1 ,treasur] ( ,france4 ,he 0   
exam9+ an especially f9e specim5 (      
calcsp>1 :5 x fell f 8 h&s & 0 brok54 ,(
 c\rse ! visitor 0 mu* di/urb$ by ?is   
accid5t4 ,8 fri5d1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to %[  
him t he 0 n at all put out at ! break+ 
( ! cry/al1 insi/$ on ,hauey's tak+ x ) 
him = purposes ( /udy1 z !y _h bo? be5 v
 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! p]fectly smoo? plane ( 
! fracture4 ,z ,hauey himself says1 ?is 
brok5 portion _h a peculi>ly brilliant  
lu/re1 poli%$1 z x 7 by nature1 z       
beautifully z ! out] portions ( !       
cry/al2 ?us demon/rat+ t 9 build+ up ( s
 l>ge a cry/al !re mu/ h be5 c]ta9 /eps 
( progress1 at any ( :i*1 7 ! =mation   
arre/$1 smoo? surfaces w\ld be f\nd4    
,on tak+ ! cry/al home1 ,hauey proce$$  
fur!r to break up ! small] fragm5t2 & he
 soon f\nd t he c\ld remove slice aft]  
slice ( x1 until !re 0 no trace ( !     
orig9al prism1 b 9 place ( x a rhomboid1

 #agi p]fectly simil> to ,icel& sp>1 &  
ly+ 9 ! middle ( :at 0 ! orig9al prism4 
,?is fact seem$ to him v important4 ,f x
 he began ! developm5t ( a !ory (       
cry/allization1 us+ ?is obs]vation z !  
key4 ,be=e ?is "t x _h be5 h>d = /ud5ts 
( m9]alogy to und]/& h[ x 0 t sub/ances 
( ! same composition might yet h :at    
seem$ to be diff]5t cry/all9e =ms4      
,calcsp>1 = in/ance1 might be f\nd      
cry/alliz$ 9 =ms1 app>5tly1 q at v>iance
 ) "o ano!r4  ,by 8 /udies1 h[ev]1      
,hauey 0 able to det]m9e t :5ev]        
sub/ances ( ! same composition          
cry/alliz$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ext]nal =m ( !   
cry/als seem$ to be diff]5t1 all ( !m 7 
f\nd to h ! same int]nal nucleus4 ,:5ev]
 ! m9]al "u obs]vation 0 *emically      
diff]5t f ano!r1 !n ! nucleus also _h a 
di/9ctive "*2 & s !re came ! law t all  
sub/ances ( ! same k9d cry/alliz$ 9 !   
same way1 not)/&+ app>5t diff]5ces4     
,inde$1 "o ( ! fir/ results ( ?is law 0 
! recognition ( ! fact t :5 ! cry/all9e 
=ms ( two m9]als 7 ess5tially diff]5t1  

!n1 no matt] h[ simil> !y might be1 !re 
0 sure to be "s *emical diff]5ce4 ,?is  
enabl$ ,hauey to make c]ta9 prophecies )
 reg>d to ! composition ( m9]als4  ,a   
numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( cry/als _h be5   
class$ toge!r "u ! "n ( #ahj heavysp>4  
,"s ( ^! c\ld n1 by ! splitt+ process1  
be made to produce nuclei ( simil> =ms1 
& ! angles ( ! cry/als 7 q diff]5t4     
,hauey insi/$ t1 9 spite ( close        
resemblances1 !re 0 an ess5tial         
di/9ction 9 ! *emical composition ( ^!  
two diff]5t cry/all9e =mations2 & be=e  
long c>eful inve/igation %[$ t1 :ile _m 
( ! specim5s call$ heavysp> conta9      
b>ium1 "s ( !m conta9 a new             
sub/ance--/rontium--:i* _h be5 v little 
/udi$ h]et(ore4 ,?is pr9ciple did n     
prove to be absolute 9 its application2 
b ! am\nt ( tru? 9 x attract$ att5tion  
to ! subject ( cry/allography because ( 
! help :i* t sci5ce w\ld af=d 9 ! easy  
recognition ( ! g5]al *emical           
composition ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,! mo/   
important "p ( ,hauey's "w 0 !          

annunciation ( ! law ( symmetry4 ,he    
emphasiz$ ! fact t ! =ms ( cry/als are n
 irregul> or caprici\s1 b are v con/ant 
& def9ite1 & f\nd$ on absolutely fix$ & 
asc]ta9able laws4 ,he ev5 %[$ t1 :ile f 
c]ta9 cry/all9e nuclei sundry second>y  
=ms may be d]iv$1 !re are o!r =ms t _c  
by any possibility occur4 ,any *ange (  
cry/all9e =m notic$ 9 8 exp]im5ts l$ to 
a correspond+ *ange along all simil>    
p>ts ( ! cry/al4 ,! angles1 ! edges1 !  
faces1 7 modifi$ 9 ! same way1 at ! same
 "t4 ,all ^! elem5ts ( m5suration )9 !  
cry/al ,hauey ?\ght c\ld be indicat$ by 
rational coeffici5ts4  #aha             
,cry/allography1 h[ev]1 did n absorb all
 ,hauey's att5tion4 ,he fur!r demon/rat$
 8 intellectual p[] by foll[+ out o!r   
important l9es ( inve/igation t _h be5  
sugge/$ by 8 /udy ( cry/als4 ,x is to   
him m ?an to any o!r1 = in/ance1 t is   
due ! fir/ /eps 9 our k ( pyro-7or      
!rmo-7 electricity4 ,mr4 ,george        
,*ry/al1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at !      
,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 9 ! article on 

electricity writt5 = ! n9? edition ( !  
,encyclop$ia1 says x 0 res]v$ = ! ,abbe 
,hauey 9 8 ,treatise on ,m9]alogy to ?r[
 a cle> light on ?is curi\s bran* ( !   
sci5ce ( electricity4  ,to ^? :o are    
famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ?is 
sci5ce x w be no surprise to f9d a      
cl]gyman play+ a prom95t role 9 its     
developm5t4 ,dur+ ! days ( ! beg9n+ (   
electricity _m ecclesia/ics seem to h   
be5 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! curi\s ways (
 electrical ph5om5a1 & z a consequ5ce !y
 are ! orig9al discov]]s ( "s ( ! mo/   
important e>ly advances4 ,n long be=e   
?is1 ,pr(essor ,gordon1 a ,scot*        
,b5$ict9e monk :o 0 tea*+ at !          
,univ]sity ( ,erfurt1 con/ruct$ ! fir/  
practical electrical ma*9e4 ,klei/1 :o  
is "o ( ! ?ree m5 to :om is attribut$ ! 
discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( /or+ &          
conc5trat+ electricity1 & :o inv5t$ !   
,leyd5 ,j>1 :i* 0 nam$ aft] ! t[n :]e x 
0 fir/ manufactur$1 0 also a memb] ( a  
,religi\s ,ord]4 ,z #ahb we h already   
/at$1 ,dirwis*1 ! ,premon/rat5sian monk1

 set up a lightn+-conductor by :i* he   
obta9$ sp>ks f ! cl\ds ev5 be=e our own 
,frankl94  ,abbe ,hauey 0 only foll[+ a 
v common prec$5t1 !n1 :5 he succe$$ by 8
 orig9al rese>* 9 sett+ ! sci5ce (      
pyro-electricity firmly on its feet4 ,x 
is true1 o!rs be=e him _h not$ t        
sub/ances l t\rmal9e possess$ electrical
 prop]ties4 ,!re is ev5 "s good reason =
 ?9k+ t ! lyncurium ( ! anci5ts :i*1    
accord+ to c]ta9 ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1
 especially ,!ophra/us1 :o seems to h   
made a close /udy ( ! subject1 attract$ 
light bodies1 0 really our mod]n        
t\rmal9e4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,dut* f\nd   
?is m9]al 9 ,ceylon &1 because x        
attract$ a%es & o!r light sub/ances to  
itself1 call$ x as*5trik]--t is1        
attractor ( a%es4 ,o!rs _h /ill fur!r   
exp]im5t$ ) ?is curi\s sub/ance & its   
int]e/+ electrical ph5om5a4 ,x rema9$ = 
,abbe ,hauey1 h[ev]1 to demon/rate !    
sci5tific prop]ties ( t\rmal9e & !      
relations :i* its electrical ph5om5a    
bore t[>d ! cry/all9e /ructure ( !      

m9]al4 ,he %[$ t ! electricity (        
t\rmal9e decreases rapidly f ! summits  
or poles t[>d ! middle ( ! cry/al4 ,z a 
matt] ( fact1 at ! middle ( ! cry/al its
 electrical p[] becomes imp]ceptible4   
,he %[$ also t ea* p>ticle ( a cry/al   
#ahc t exhibits pyro-electricity is     
itself a s\rce ( ! same sort (          
electricity & exhibits pol>ity4 ,8      
exp]im5tal obs]vations s]v$ to prove    
also t ! pyro-electric /ate has an      
important connexion ) ! want ( symmetry 
9 ! cry/als ( ! sub/ances t exhibit ?is 
curi\s prop]ty4 ,9 t\rmal9e1 = in/ance1 
he f\nd ! vitre\s *>ge always at !      
summit ( ! cry/al :i* _h six faces1 & ! 
res9\s electricity at ! summit ( !      
cry/al ) ?ree faces4  ,8 exp]im5ts soon 
%[$ him1 too1 t !re 7 a numb] ( o!r     
sub/ances1 besides t\rmal9e1 :i*        
possess$ ?is same electrical prop]ty :5 
subject$ to heat 9 ! cry/all9e /age4    
,among ^! 7 ! ,sib]ian & ,brazilian     
topaz1 borate ( magnesia1 mesotype1     
sph5e1 & calam9e4 ,9 all ( ^! o!r       

pyro-electrical cry/als1 ,hauey detect$ 
a correspond+ deviation f ! rules (     
symmetry 9 _! second>y cry/als to t :i* 
occurs 9 t\rmal9e4 ,9 a ^w1 aft] he _h  
conclud$ 8 exp]im5ts & obs]vations !re 0
 v little left = o!rs to add to ?is     
bran* ( sci5ce1 al?\gh su* di/+ui%$ m5 z
 ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 ,engl& 7 among 8 
successors 9 ! /udy ( ! peculi> ph5om5a 
( pyro-electricity4  ,x may naturally   
en\gh be ?\ght t1 born 9 ! c\ntry1 (    
poor p>5ts1 & compell$ to "w = 8 liv+1  
,hauey w\ld at lea/ h ! advantage (     
rugg$ heal? to help him 9 8 #ahd c>e]4  
,he _h be5 a delicate *ild1 h[ev]2 & 8  
physical condition nev] improv$ to su*  
an ext5t z to inure him to h>d%ips ( any
 k9d4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s has gone s f> z
 to say t 8 life 0 "o long malady4 ,!   
only di/raction f 8 almo/ con/ant suff]+
 0 8 /udies4 ,yet ?is man liv$ to be    
ne>ly eighty ye>s ( age1 & accompli%$ an
 am\nt ( "w t might well be envi$ ev5 by
 ! h>die/4  ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 magnific5t    
success z a sci5ti/1 ,hauey 0 fai?ful to

 all 8 obligations z a prie/4 ,8 "n 0   
kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & _m ( ! sci5tific
 societies _h consid]$ t !y 7 honor+    
!mselves by conf]r+ titles1 or degrees1 
^u him2 b he cont9u$ to be ! humble1    
simple /ud5t t he _h always be54  ,at ! 
beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution1 ,abbe ,hauey 0  
among ! prie/s :o refus$ ! oa? :i* !    
,republican gov]nm5t insi/$ on _! tak+1 
& :i* s _m ( !m consid]$ d]ogatory to _!
 duty z *ur*m54 ,^? :o refus$ 7 ?r[n    
into prison1 ,hauey among !m4 ,he did n 
seem to m9d 8 inc>c]ation mu*1 b he 0 n 
a little p]turb$ by ! fact t ! (fic]s :o
 made ! arre/ insi/$ on tak+ 8 preci\s  
pap]s1 & t 8 cry/als 7 all toss$ aside &
 _m ( !m brok54 ,= "s "t he 0 kept 9    
conf9em5t ) a numb] ( o!r memb]s ( !    
faculty ( ! ,univ]sity1 ma9ly #ahe      
cl]gym51 9 ! ,sem9>y ( ,/4 ,firm91 :i*  
_h be5 turn$ into a tempor>y jail4      
,hauey did n all[ 8 /udies to be        
entirely int]rupt$ by 8 imprisonm5t4 ,he
 succe$$ 9 obta9+ p]mission to h 8      
cab9ets ( cry/als br\ght to 8 cell1 & he

 cont9u$ 8 inve/igation ( !m4 ,x 0 n    
long be=e p[]ful fri5ds1 & especially 8 
sci5tific colleague1 ,gregory ,/4       
,hilaire1 int]e/$ !mselves 9 8 case1 &  
succe$$ 9 obta9+ 8 lib]ation4 ,:5 ! ord]
 = 8 release came1 h[ev]1 ,hauey 0      
engag$ on a v int]e/+ problem 9         
cry/allography1 & he refus$ to int]rupt 
8 "w & leave ! prison4 ,x 0 only aft]   
consid]able p]suasion t he cons5t$ to g 
! next morn+4 ,x may be add$ t only two 
weeks lat] _m f ?is same prison 7 s5t to
 ! guillot9e4  ,x is r rem>kable t !    
,revolution>y gov]nm5t1 aft] 8 release1 
did n di/urb him 9 any way4 ,he 0 s mu* 
occupi$ ) 8 sci5tific pursuits t he     
seems to h be5 consid]$ absolutely      
incapable ( antagoniz+ ! gov]nm5t2 &1 z 
he _h no enemies1 he 0 n d5\nc$ to !    
,conv5tion4 ,?is 0 =tunate1 because x   
enabl$ him to pursue 8 /udies 9 peace4  
,!re 0 _m ano!r memb] ( ! faculty ( !   
,univ]sity :o _h n ! same good =tune4   
,lavoisi] 0 ?r[n into prison1 &1 9 spite
 ( all ! influ5ce t c\ld be br\ght to   

be>1 ! great discov]] ( oxyg5 met 8 dea?
 by ! guillot9e4 ,at lea/ #ahf two o!rs 
( ! pr(essors 9 ! physical dep>tm5t1    
,borda & ,de ,lambre1 7 dismiss$ f _!   
po/s4 ,hauey1 ?\gh himself a prie/ :o _h
 refus$ to take ! oa?1 & ?\gh he cont9u$
 to ex]cise 8 religi\s functions1 did n 
hesitate to =mulate petitions = 8       
imprison$ sci5tific fri5ds2 yet1 because
 ( 8 well-kn[n g5tl5ess ( "*1 ?is did n 
result 9 ar\s+ ! enmity ( any memb]s ( !
 gov]nm5t1 or attract+ su* odi\s        
att5tion z might h made 8 religi\s &    
sci5tific "w extremely difficult or ev5 
prev5t$ x entirely4  ,not)/&+ ! /ormy   
times ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! /irr+   
ev5ts go+ on all r\nd him 9 ,p>is1      
,hauey cont9u$ to /udy 8 cry/als 9 ord] 
to complete 8 obs]vations2 & !n he      
embodi$ 8 inve/igations & 8 !ories 9 8  
fam\s ,treatise on ,cry/allography4 ,?is
 attract$ att5tion n only on acc\nt ( ! 
evid5t novelty ( ! subject1 b m         
especially because ( ! v ?or\gh me?od ) 
:i* ,hauey _h accompli%$ 8 "w4 ,8 /yle1 

says ! hi/orian ( cry/allography1 0     
p]spicu\s & elegant4 ,! volume itself 0 
notewor?y = its cle> arrangem5t & full  
illu/ration by figures4 ,9 spite ( its  
defici5cies1 !n defici5cies :i* mu/ exi/
 9 any gr\nd-break+ "w--?is monograph   
has _h an endur+ influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! mo/  
s]i\s flaws 9 8 !ory 7 soon br\ght to   
light because ( ! v /imulus af=d$ by 8  
inve/igations4  #ahg  ,z to ! real value
 ( 8 treatise1 p]haps no bett] e/imate c
 be =m$ ?an t giv5 by ,cuvi] 9 8        
collection ( hi/orical eulogies 7,vol4  
,,iii1 p4 #aee73 ,9 possession ( a l>ge 
collection1 to :i* !re fl[$ f all sides 
! mo/ v>i$ m9]als1 arrang$ ) ! assi/ance
 ( "y1 en?usia/ic1 & progressive /ud5ts1
 x 0 n long be=e !re 0 giv5 back to     
,hauey ! "t :i* he _h app>5tly wa/$ ov] 
o!r ?+s4 ,9 a few ye>s he rais$ up a    
wondr\s monum5t1 :i* br\ght z mu* glory 
to ,france z x did some:at lat] to      
himself4 ,aft] c5turies ( neglect1 8    
c\ntry at "o b\nd f\nd itself 9 ! fir/  
rank 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce4 ,9

 ,hauey's book are unit$ 9 ! highe/     
degree two qualities :i* are seldom     
associat$4 ,"o ( ^! is t x 0 f\nd$ on an
 orig9al discov]y :i* _h sprung entirely
 f ! g5ius ( its au?or2 & ! o!r is t ?is
 discov]y is pursu$ & develop$ ) almo/  
unhe>d-( p]si/5ce d[n ev5 to ! lea/     
important m9]al v>iety4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! "w  
is great1 bo? z reg>ds conception &     
detail4 ,x is z complete z ! !ory x     
ann\nces4  ,x 0 n surpris+1 !n1 t1 aft] 
! dea? ( ,pr(essor ,dolomieu1 ,hauey    
%\ld be rais$ to ! *air ( m9]alogy &    
made director ( t dep>tm5t 9 ! ,p>is    
,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,"h he 0 to 
h new triumphs4 ,we h already said t 8  
book 0 not$ = ! elegance ( its /yle &   
its p]spicuity4 #ahh ,z ! result ( ?is  
absolute cle>ness ( ideas1 & complet5ess
 & simplicity ( expression1 ,hauey      
attract$ to him a l>ge numb] ( pupils4  
,moreov]1 all ^? int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce1 :5 
!y came 9 contact ) him1 7 s *>m$ by 8  
grace & simplicity ( mann] t !y 7 v glad
 to att5d 8 lectures & to be consid]$ z 

8 p]sonal fri5ds4 ,among 8 li/5]s 7 (t5 
su* m5 z ,la ,place1 ,b]?ollet1         
,f\rcroy1 ,lagrange & ,lavoisi]4  ,x 0 n
 long be=e honors ( all k9ds1 degrees f 
univ]sities & memb]%ips 9 sci5tific     
societies all ov] ,europe1 began to be  
heap$ ^u ,hauey4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 cause
 any *ange 9 ! mann]s or mode ( life ( !
 simple pr(essor ( old times4 ,e day he 
cont9u$ to take 8 little walks ?r\gh !  
city1 & 0 v glad to h opportunity to be 
( assi/ance to o!rs4 ,he %[$ /rang]s !  
way to po9ts ( int]e/ = :i* !y inquir$1 
:5ev] x 0 necess>y1 obta9$ entrance c>ds
 = !m to ! collection2 & n a few ( ^? :o
 7 ?us enabl$ to take advantage ( 8     
k9dness fail$ to realize :o ! di/+ui%$  
man 0 to :om !y ow$ _! opportunities4 ,8
 old-fa%ion$ clo?+ /ill cont9u$ to be q 
good en\gh = him1 & 8 mode/ demeanor &  
simple spee* did n betray 9 any way !   
di/+ui%$ sci5ti/ he _h become4  ,"s idea
 ( ! consid]ation 9 :i* ! #ahi ,abbe    
,hauey 0 held by 8 contempor>ies may be 
ga!r$ f ! fact t sev]al ( ! reign+      

mon>*s ( ,europe1 z well z ! heirs      
app>5t to _m ?rones1 came at "s "t or   
o!r to visit him1 to see 8 collection1 &
 to he> ! k9dly old man talk on 8 hobby4
 ,!re 0 only "o o!r sci5ti/ 9 ! n9ete5? 
c5tury--& t 0 ,pa/eur1 t[>d ! end (     
x--:o attract$ z mu* att5tion f royalty4
 ,among ,hauey's visitors 7 ! ,k+ (     
,prussia1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 !        
,ar*duke ,john1 z well z ! ,emp]or (    
,russia & 8 two bro!rs1 ,ni*olas &      
,mi*ael1 ! fir/ ( :om succe$$ 8 eld]    
bro!r1 ,alex&]1 to ! ?rone1 & half a    
c5tury lat] 0 rul+ ,russia dur+ !       
,crimean ,w>4 ,! ,pr9ce ,royal ( ,d5m>k 
sp5t a portion ( ea* ye> = sev]al ye>s )
 ,hauey1 be+ "o ( 8 intimates1 :o 0     
admitt$ to 8 room :ile he 0 conf9$ to 8 
b$1 & :o 0 p]mitt$ to %>e 8 p]sonal     
inve/igations & sci5tific /udies4  ,8   
mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic 0 8 suavity t[>d   
all4 ,! humble/ ( 8 /ud5ts 0 z sure to  
receive a k9dly reception f him1 & to h 
8 difficulties solv$ ) z mu* pati5ce z !
 mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essor 9 ?is dep>tm5t4  

,x 0 said t he _h /ud5ts ( all classes4 
,! att5dants at ! normal s*ool 7 invit$ 
to visit him at 8 h\se1 & he p]mitt$ !m 
to le>n all 8 secrets4 ,:5 !y came to   
him = a :ole #aij day1 he insi/$ on tak+
 "p 9 _! games1 & all[$ !m to g home    
only aft] !y _h tak5 supp] ) him4 ,all (
 !m look$ ^u him z a p]sonal fri5d1 & "s
 ( !m 7 m confid5tial ) him ?an ) _!    
ne>e/ relatives4 ,_m a "y man 9 ,p>is   
dur+ ! tr\bl\s times ( ! ,revolution>y  
p]iod f\nd 9 ! good ,abbe ,hauey n only 
a k9d fri5d1 b a wise director & ano!r  
fa!r4  ,x is said t "o day1 :5 tak+ 8   
usual walk1 he came ^u two =m] soldi]s  
:o 7 j prep>+ to fight a duel & 7 on _! 
way to ! duel+ gr\nd4 ,he succe$$ 9     
gett+ !m to tell him ! cause ( _!       
qu>rel1 & aft] a "t tempt$ !m to come ) 
him into :at ,i fe> we %\ld call at !   
pres5t day a saloon4 ,"h1 ov] a glass ( 
w9e1 he f9ally p]suad$ !m to make peace 
& seal x effectually4 ,x is h>d to      
reconcile ?is absolute simplicity ( "* &
 k9dness ( he>t ) :at is sometimes      

assum$ to be ! typical1 di/ant1         
ab/ract$1 self-c5t]$ ways ( ! great     
sci5ti/4  ,few m5 h _h s _m pro(s ( !   
l(ty appreciation ( great contempor>ies4
 ,_m incid5ts s]ve to %[ h[ mu*         
,napoleon ?\ght ( ! di/+ui%$ s*ol> :o _h
 creat$ a new dep>tm5t ( sci5ce &       
attract$ ! att5tion ( ! _w to 8 spl5did 
"w at ,p>is4 ,n long aft] he became     
emp]or1 ,napoleon nam$ him ,honor>y     
,canon ( ! #aia ,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame2
 & :5 he f\nd$ ! ,legion ( ,honor1 he   
made ! ,abbe "o ( ! orig9al memb]s4     
,%ortly aft] ^! dignities _h be5 conf]r$
 ^u him1 x happ5$ t ! ,abbe fell ill2 & 
,napoleon1 hav+ s5t 8 own physician to  
him1 w5t p]sonally to call on him 9 8   
humble qu>t]s1 say+ to ! physician3     
,rememb] t y mu/ cure ,abbe ,hauey1 &   
re/ore him to u z "o ( ! glories ( our  
reign4 ,aft] ,napoleon's return f ,elba1
 he told ! ,abbe t ! latt]'s ,treatise  
on ,cry/allography 0 "o ( ! books t he  
_h specially select$ to take ) him to   
,elba1 to :ile away ! leisure t he ?\ght

 he w\ld h = _m ye>s4 ,abbe ,hauey's    
indep5d5ce ( _s1 & 8 unselfi% devotion  
to 8 native c\ntry1 may be be/          
appreciat$ f ! tradition t aft] ! return
 f ,elba1 :5 !re 0 a popul> vote = !    
confirmation ( ,napoleon's second       
usurpation1 ! old sci5ti/ vot$1 ,no4  ,9
 spite ( 8 con/ant labor at 8           
inve/igations1 8 uni=mly regul> life    
enabl$ him to ma9ta9 8 heal?1 & he liv$ 
to ! ripe age ( ov] sev5ty-n9e4 ,t[>d ! 
end ( 8 c>e]1 he did n obta9 !          
recognition t 8 labors des]v$4 ,aft] !  
,re/oration1 he 0 n 9 favor ) ! new     
au?orities 9 ,france1 & he accord+ly lo/
 8 position z pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity4 
,! absolute simplicity ( life t he _h   
always ma9ta9$ n[ /ood him 9 good /ead2 
&1 not)/&+ ! #aib smallness ( 8 income1 
he did n h to make any *ange 9 8 ord9>y 
r\t9e4 ,un=tunately1 an accid5tal fall 9
 8 room at ! beg9n+ ( 8 eightie? ye>    
conf9$ him to 8 b$2 & !n 8 heal? began  
to fail v s]i\sly4 ,he di$ on ! #c      
,june1 #ahbb4  ,he _h %[n dur+ 8 illness

 ! same g5tl5ess & humility1 & ev5      
en?usiasm = /udy :5ev] x 0 possible1 t  
_h always *>act]iz$ him4 ,:ile he 0     
conf9$ to 8 b$ he divid$ 8 "t betwe5    
pray]1 att5tion to ! new edition ( 8    
works :i* 0 ab\t to appe>1 & 8 int]e/ = 
! future ( ^? /ud5ts :o _h help$ him 9 8
 inve/igations4 ,cuvi] says ( him t he 0
 z fai?ful to 8 religi\s duties z he 0 9
 ! pursuit ( 8 /udies4 ,! pr(\nde/      
speculations ) reg>d to weighty matt]s (
 sci5ce _h n kept him f ! lea/ important
 duty :i* ecclesia/ical regulations     
might require ( him4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no
 life 9 all ! hi/ory ( sci5ce :i* %[s s 
cle>ly h[ absolutely untrue is !        
decl>ation s (t5 made1 t !re is ess5tial
 opposition betwe5 ! intellectual       
disposition ( ! inquir+ sci5ti/ & ^? o!r
 m5tal qualities :i* are necess>y to    
enable ! ,*ri/ian to b[ humbly be=e !   
my/]ies ( religion1 ackn[l$ge all t is  
beyond und]/&+ 9 :at has be5 reveal$1 & 
obs]ve fai?fully all ! duties t fl[ f   
su* belief4  #aic  ,,viii4  ,,abbot     

,,m5del3 ,a ,,new ,,outlook ,,9         
,,h]$ity4    ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view (
 life1 ) its sev]al p[]s hav+ be5       
orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a   
few =ms or into "o2 & t1 :ile ?is planet
 has gone circl+ on accord+ to ! fix$   
law ( gravity f s simple a beg9n+1      
endless =ms1 mo/ beautiful & mo/        
wond]ful1 h be5 & are be+ evolv$4--     
,clos+ s5t5ce ( ,,d>w9',s ,orig9 (      
,species4   #aid  ,illu/ration3 ,,gregor
 ,,m5del   #aie   ,,viii4  ,,abbot      
,,m5del1 ,footnote #ad3 ,a ,,new1       
,,outlook ,,9 ,,h]$ity4    ,footnote    
#ad3 ,! portrait ( ,abbot ,m5del :i*    
prec$es ?is   sket* 0 k9dly furni%$ by !
 ,vic> ( ! ,augu/9ian   ,mona/]y (      
,bru5n4 ,x repres5ts him hold+ a fu*sia1
 8   favorite fl[]1 & 0 tak5 9 #ahfg1 j 
z he 0 complet+   ! rese>*es :i* 7 a    
g5]ation lat] to make 8 "n s   fam\s4 ,!
 portrait has = ?is reason a v special  
int]e/ z   a human docum5t4 ,we may add 
t ! sket* ( ,abbot ,m5del :i*   appe>s  
"h 0 read by ! ,v ,rev4 ,klem5s         

,janets*ek1 !   ,vic> ( ! ,mona/]y1 :o  
sugge/$ "o slight *ange 9 x1 s   t x may
 be said to h _h ! revision ( "o :o knew
 him &   8 environm5t v well4           
,sci5tific progress does n run 9 cycles 
( c5turies1 & z a rule x be>s no        
relation%ip to ! conv5tional arrangem5t 
( ye>s4 ,z has be5 well said--= sci5ce a
 new c5tury beg9s e second4 ,!re are    
int]e/+ co9cid5ces1 h[ev]1 ( epo*-mak+  
discov]ies 9 sci5ce correspond+ ) !     
beg9n+ ( def9ite eras 9 "t t are at lea/
 impressive f a mnemonic /&po9t1 if f no
 o!r4  ,! v eve ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw !
 fir/ def9ite =mulation ( ! !ory (      
evolution4 ,lam>ck1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5*    
biologi/1 /at$ a !ory ( developm5t 9    
nature :i*1 al?\gh x attract$ v little  
att5tion #aif = _m ye>s aft] its        
publication1 has come 9 our day to be   
recogniz$ z ! mo/ sugge/ive advance 9   
biology 9 mod]n times4  ,z we beg9 !    
tw5tie? c5tury1 ! mo/ int]e/+ "q 9      
biology is und\bt$ly t ( h]$ity4 ,j at !
 dawn ( ! c5tury ?ree di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s1

 work+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 r$iscov]$ a  
law ) reg>d to h]$ity :i* promises to be
 ev5 m important = ! sci5ce ( biology 9 
! tw5tie? c5tury ?an 0 ,lam>ck's "w = ! 
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is law1 :i*1 x is     
?\ght1 w d m to simplify ! problems (   
h]$ity ?an all ! obs]vations & !ories ( 
n9ete5?-c5tury work]s1 & :i* has already
 done mu* m to po9t out ! me?ods by :i* 
obs]vation1 & ! l9es along :i*          
exp]im5tation %all be be/ direct$ s z to
 replace elaborate b untru/wor?y        
sci5tific !oriz+ by def9ite k1 0        
discov]$ by a memb] ( a small religi\s  
community 9 ! little-kn[n t[n ( ,bru5n1 
9 ,au/ria1 "s ?irty-five ye>s be=e !    
beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4  ,consid]+ h[ 
g5]ally1 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries at   
lea/1 x is suppos$ t ! tra9+ ( a        
cl]gyman & p>ticul>ly t ( a religi\s    
unfits him = any su* initiative 9       
sci5ce1 ,fa!r ,m5del's discov]y comes ) 
all ! m emphatic surprise4 ,!re is no   
d\bt1 h[ev]1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! mo/      
prom95t pres5t-day work]s 9 biology t 8 

#aig discov]ies are ( a gr\nd-break+ "* 
t w furni% sub/antial f\ndation = a new 
developm5t ( sci5tific k ) reg>d to     
h]$ity4  ,le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t p]haps  
!re is a t5d5cy to make ,fa!r ,m5del's  
discov]y appe> m important "h ?an x     
really is1 because ( 8 /ation 9 life1 x 
seems desirable to quote "s rec5t       
au?oritative expressions ( op9ion )     
reg>d to ! value ( 8 obs]vations & !    
importance ( ! law he enunciat$1 z well 
z ! pr9ciple :i* he consid]$ to be !    
explanation ( t law4  ,9 ! ,febru>y     
numb] ( ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly = #aijc1        
,pr(essor ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan1         
,pr(essor ( ,biology at ,bryn ,mawr1 &  
"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( our ,am]ican          
biologi/s1 ^: rec5t "w on ,reg5]ation   
has attract$ favorable notice all ov] ! 
_w1 calls att5tion to ! revolution>y "* 
( ,m5del's discov]y4 ,he consid]s t     
rec5t demon/rations ( ! ma!matical tru? 
( ,m5del's ,law absolutely confirm      
,m5del's orig9al obs]vations1 & !       
movem5t ?us initiat$1 9 ,pr(essor       

,morgan's eyes1 gives ! f9al c\p de     
grace to ! !ory ( natural selection4    
,if1 he says1 we reject ,d>w9's !ory (  
natural selection z an explanation (    
evolution1 we h at lea/ a new & promis+ 
outlook 9 ano!r direction & are 9 a     
position to answ] ! (t-he>d b           
unsci5tific qu]y ( ^? :o mu/ cl+ to "s  
dogma3 if y reject ,d>w91 :at bett] h y 
to (f]8  #aih  ,pr(essor ,edmund ,b4    
,wilson1 ! ,director ( ! ,zoological    
,laboratory ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1     
call$ att5tion 9 ,sci5ce 7#ai ,decemb]1 
#aijb7 to ! fact t /udies 9 cytology1 t 
is to say1 obs]vations on ! =mation1    
developm5t1 & maturation ( cells1       
confirm ,m5del's pr9ciples ( inh]itance 
& ?us furni% ano!r pro( ( ! tru? ( ^!   
pr9ciples4  ,two /ud5ts work+ 9         
,pr(essor ,wilson's laboratory h obta9$ 
def9ite evid5ce 9 favor ( ! cytological 
explanation ( ,m5del's pr9ciples1 & h   
?us made an important /ep 9 ! solution (
 "o ( ! important fundam5tal my/]ies (  
cell developm5t 9 ! v e>ly life (       

organisms4  ,9 a pap] read be=e !       
,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces la/
 ye>1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,ca/le1 ( ,h>v>d
 ,univ]sity1 said ) reg>d to ,m5del's   
,law ( ,h]$ity3--    ,:at w d\btless    
rank z "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies 9 !    
/udy ( biology1 & 9 ! /udy ( h]$ity1    
p]haps !   greate/1 0 made by ,gregor   
,m5del1 an ,au/rian monk1 9 ! g>d5   ( 8
 cloi/]1 "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,! discov]y 0 
ann\nc$   9 ! proce$+s ( a fairly       
well-kn[n sci5tific society1 b   seems  
to h attract$ little att5tion1 & to h   
be5 soon   =gott54 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory !n  
occupi$ ! c5tre ( !   sci5tific /age1 & 
,m5del's brilliant discov]y 0 all b     
unnotic$ = a ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,mean:ile1
 ! discussion   ar\s$ by ,weissman's g]m
 plasm !ory1 9 p>ticul> ! idea (   !    
non-inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 put ! 
sci5tific   public into a m receptive   
frame ( m9d4 ,m5del's law 0   r$iscov]$ 
#aii indep5d5tly by ?ree diff]5t        
botani/s1   engag$ 9 ! /udy ( plant     
hybrids--de ,vries1 ,corr5s1 &          

,ts*]mak1 9 ! ye> #aijj4 ,x rema9$1     
h[ev]1 = a zoologi/1   ,bateson1 two    
ye>s lat]1 to po9t out ! full importance
 & !   wide applicability ( ! law4 ,s9ce
 !n ! ,m5delian discov]ies   h attract$ 
! att5tion ( biologi/s g5]ally4         
,footnote #ae      ,footnote #ae3 ,?is  
pap] 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 "p 9 !       
,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts 
& ,sci5ces1 ,vol4     xxxviii1 ,no4 #ah1
 ,janu>y1 #aijc4 ,x may be f\nd complete
 9     ,sci5ce = #be ,septemb]1 #aijc4  
,pr(essor ,bateson1 ^: book on ,m5del's 
,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity is ! be/ popul>    
exposition 9 ,engli% ( ,m5del's "w1 says
 t an exact det]m9ation ( ! laws (      
h]$ity w probably produce m *ange 9     
man's outlook ^u ! _w & 9 8 p[] ov]     
nature ?an any o!r advance 9 natural k t
 c be cle>ly =ese54 ,no "o has bett]    
opportunities ( pursu+ su* "w ?an       
horticulturi/s & /ockbre$]s4 ,!y are    
daily witnesses ( ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4   
,_! success also dep5ds l>gely on a k ( 
its laws1 & obvi\sly e increase 9 t k is

 ( direct & special importance to !m4   
,aft] ?us insi/+ on ! !oretic &         
practical importance ( ! subject1       
,pr(essor ,bateson says3--    ,z reg>ds 
! ,m5delian pr9ciples :i* x is ! *ief   
aim (   ?is introduction to pres5t      
cle>ly be=e ! read]1 x may be   said t  
by ! #bjj application ( ^? pr9ciples we 
are   enabl$ to rea* & deal 9 a         
compreh5sive mann] ) ph5om5a   ( a      
fundam5tal nature1 ly+ at ! v root ( all
 conceptions   n m]ely ( ! physiology ( 
reproduction & h]$ity1 b ev5   ( !      
ess5tial nature ( liv+ organisms2 & ,i  
?9k t ,i use   no extravagant words :51 
9 introduc+ ,m5del's "w to !   notice ( 
! ,royal ,horticultural ,society's      
,j\rnal1 ,i v5tur$ to   decl>e t 8      
exp]im5ts are wor?y to rank ) ^? :i*    
laid ! f\ndation ( ! atomic laws (      
*emi/ry4  ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 :o 
is ! ,director ( ! ,horticultural       
,dep>tm5t at ,cornell ,univ]sity & !    
editor ( ! au?oritative ,encyclop$ia (  
,horticulture1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( rec5t    

sci5ti/s to call att5tion to ,m5del's   
"w4 ,x 01 we believe1 because ( a       
ref]5ce to ,m5del's pap]s by ,bailey t  
,pr(essor de ,vries 0 put on ! track (  
,m5del's discov]ies & f\nd t ! ,au/rian 
monk _h completely anticipat$ ! "w at   
:i* he 0 !n engag$4 ,9 a rec5t issue (  
,! ,indep5d5t1 ( ,new ,york1 ,pr(essor  
,bailey said3--    ,! tea*+ ( ,m5del    
/rikes at ! root ( two or ?ree difficult
   & vital problems4 ,x pres5ts a new   
conception ( ! proximate   me*anism (   
h]$ity4 ,! hypo!sis ( h]$ity t x sugge/s
   w focus our att5tion along new l9es1 
& w1 ,i believe1   ar\se z mu*          
discussion z ,weissmann's hypo!sis1 & x 
is   probable t x w h a wid] influ5ce4  
,:e!r x expresses   ! actual means (    
h]$ity or n1 x is yet mu* too e>ly to   
say4 ,b ! hypo!sis 7:i* ,fa!r ,m5del    
evolv$ 9 ord] to   expla9 ! reasons = 8 
law z he saw !m7 is ev5 a #bja   great] 
contribution to sci5ce ?an ! s-call$    
,m5del's ,law z   to ! num]ical results 
( hybridization4 ,9 ! g5]al discussion  

( evolution ,m5del's "w w be ( ! greate/
 value because x   introduces a new po9t
 ( view1 *all5ges old ideas & op9ions1  
gives u a new !ory = discussion1        
emphasizes ! great   importance ( actual
 exp]im5ts = ! solution ( _m que/ions   
( evolution1 & !n =ces ! necessity =    
giv+ great]   att5tion to ! real *>act]s
 & attributes ( plants &   animals ?an  
to ! vague gr\ps t we are 9 ! habit (   
call+   species4  ,x is v evid5t t a man
 ( ^: "w s _m au?orities are agre$ t x  
is ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 biology1 &    
especially 9 t mo/ int]e/+ ( all        
que/ions1 h]$ity1 mu/ be wor?y ( close  
acqua9tance4 ,h5ce ! pres5t sket* ( 8   
c>e] & p]sonality1 z f> z !y are        
asc]ta9able1 = 8 mode/y1 & ! failure ( !
 _w to recognize 8 wor? 9 8 lifetime1 h 
un=tunately depriv$ u ( _m details t    
w\ld h be5 preci\s4  ,gregor ,johann    
,m5del 0 born #bg ,july1 #ahbb1 at      
,he9z5dorf1 nor f> f ,odrau1 9 ,au/rian 
,silesia4 ,he 0 ! son ( a well-to-d     
peasant f>m]1 :o gave him e opportunity 

( gett+ a good education :5 he 0 "y4 ,he
 0 educat$ at ,olmutz1 9 ,moravia1 &    
aft] graduat+ f ! college !re1 at ! age 
( tw5ty-"o1 he ent]$ z a novice !       
,augu/9ian ,ord]1 beg9n+ 8 novitiate 9  
#ahdc 9 ! ,augu/9ian mona/]y            
,ko5ig5-klo/]1 9 ,altbru5n4 ,he 0 v     
successful 9 #bjb 8 !ological /udies1 & 
9 #ahdf he 0 orda9$ prie/4 ,he seems to 
h made a /rik+ success z a tea*]1       
especially ( natural hi/ory & physics1 9
 ! high] ,reals*ule 9 ,bru5n4 ,he       
attract$ ! att5tion ( 8 sup]iors1 :o 7  
p]suad$ to give him additional          
opportunities = ! /udy ( ! sci5ces1     
p>ticul>ly ( biological sci5ce1 = :i* he
 _h a di/9ct lik+ & special tal5ts4     
,accord+ly1 9 #ahea he w5t to ,vi5na = !
 purpose ( do+ po/-graduate "w 9 !      
natural sci5ces at ! univ]sity !re4     
,dur+ ! two ye>s he sp5t at ?is         
in/itution he attract$ att5tion by 8    
s]i\s application to /udy1 b app>5tly   
)\t hav+ giv5 any special evid5ce ( !   
tal5t = orig9al obs]vation t 0 9 him4 ,9

 #ahec he return$ to ! mona/]y 9        
,altbru5n1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! s*ool ye>  
became a tea*] at ! ,reals*ule 9 ,bru5n4
 ,he rema9$ 9 ,bru5n = ! re/ ( 8 life1  
dy+ at ! comp>atively e>ly age (        
sixty-two1 9 #ahhd4 ,dur+ ! la/ sixte5  
ye>s ( 8 life he held ! position ( abbot
 ( ! mona/]y1 ! duties ( :i* prev5t$ him
 f apply+ himself z he probably w\ld h  
desir$1 to ! fur!r inve/igation (       
sci5tific que/ions4  ,! exp]im5ts on :i*
 8 great discov]ies 7 f\nd$ 7 c>ri$ out 
9 ! g>d5 ( ! mona/]y dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s 
f #ahec to #ahfh4 ,h[ s]i\s 0 8         
sci5tific devotion may be ga!r$ f ! fact
 t 9 #bjc e/abli%+ ! law :i* n[ be>s 8  
"n1 & :i* 0 f\nd$ on obs]vations on     
peas1 "s #aj1jjj plants 7 c>efully      
exam9$1 _! v>i\s peculi>ities not$1 _!  
ance/ry c>efully trac$1 ! se$s kept 9   
def9ite ord] & entirely sep>ate1 s z to 
be us$ = ! /udy ( c]ta9 qualities 9 _!  
desc5dants1 & ! :ole s*eme (            
exp]im5tation plann$ ) su* detail t = ! 
fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( /udies 9 h]$ity1 no

 extrane\s & inexplicable data 7 all[$  
to ent] ! problem4 ,besides 8 "w on     
plants1 ,m5del occupi$ himself ) o!r    
obs]vations ( a sci5tific "* on two     
subjects :i* 7 at t "t attract+         
consid]able att5tion4 ,^! 7 ! /ate &    
condition ( ! gr\nd-wat]--a subject :i* 
0 ?\ght to /& at ! basis ( hygi5ic      
pr9ciples at ! "t & :i* _h occupi$ !    
att5tion ( ! di/+ui%$ ,pr(essor         
,pett5k(] & ! ,muni* ,s*ool ( ,hygi5e = 
_m ye>s--& wea!r obs]vations4 ,at t "t  
,pett5k(]1 ! mo/ widely kn[n ( sanit>y  
sci5ti/s1 ?\ght t he 0 able to %[ t !   
curve ( frequ5cy ( typhoid fev] 9 !     
diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> dep5d$ ^u !     
clos5ess ) :i* ! gr\nd-wat] came to !   
surface4 ,au?orities 9 hygi5e g5]ally d 
n n[ accept ?is suppos$ law1 = o!r      
factors h be5 f\nd :i* are s mu* m      
important t1 if ! gr\nd-wat] has any    
influ5ce1 x c be neglect$4 ,m5del's     
obs]vations 9 ! matt] #bjd 71 h[ev]1 9  
l9e ) ! sci5tific ideas ( ! "t &        
und\bt$ly mu/ be consid]$ ( value4  ,!  

o!r subject 9 :i* ,m5del int]e/$ himself
 0 meteorology4 ,he publi%$ 9 ! j\rnal (
 ! ,bru5n ,society ( ,naturali/s a s]ies
 ( /ati/ical obs]vations ) reg>d to !   
wea!r4 ,besides ?is he organiz$ 9       
connexion ) ! ,reals*ule 9 ,bru5n a     
s]ies ( obs]vation /ations 9 diff]5t    
p>ts ( ! c\ntry ar\nd2 & at ! "t :5 mo/ 
sci5ti/s consid]$ meteorological        
problems to be too complex = hopeful    
solution1 ,m5del seems to h realiz$ t ! 
que/ions involv$ dep5d$ r on ! collation
 ( a suffici5t numb] ( obs]vations & !  
d$uction ( def9ite laws f !m ?an on any 
!oretic pr9ciples ( a suppos$ sci5ce ( !
 wea!r4  ,! man evid5tly _h a g5ius =   
sci5tific obs]vations4 ,8 p]sonal "* 0 (
 ! highe/4 ,! fact t 8 fell[-monks      
select$ him z abbot ( ! mona/]y %[s !   
consid]ation 9 :i* he 0 held = tact &   
true religi\s feel+4 ,!re are _m /ill   
alive 9 ,bru5n :o rememb] him well & _c 
say en\gh ( 8 k9dly disposition1 !      
froeli*e ,lieb5swu]digkeit 7:i* means   
ev5 m ?an our p]sonal magnetism71 t won 

= him respect & rev]5ce f all4 ,he is   
rememb]$1 n only = 8 successful         
discov]ies1 & n alone by 8 fri5ds & !   
fell[-memb]s ( ! ,naturali/ ,society1 b 
by practically all 8 #bje contempor>ies 
9 ! t[n2 & x is 8 lovable p]sonal "* t  
seems to h mo/ impress$ itself on !m4   
,he 0 = a "t ! presid5t ( ! ,bru5n      
,society ( ,naturali/s1 :ile also abbot 
( ! mona/]y4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 a         
comb9ation t w\ld /rike ,engli%-speak+ p
 z r curi\s1 b seems to h be5 consid]$ n
 out ( ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,au/ria4
  ,fa!r ,m5del's introduction to 8 pap] 
on plant hybridization1 :i* describes ! 
result ( ! exp]im5ts made by him 9 d$uc+
 ! law :i* he ann\nces1 is a model (    
simple /raight=w>dness4 ,x brea!s ! _s (
 ! l(tie/ sci5ce 9 its cle>-ey$ vision (
 ! nature ( ! problem he _h to solve1 ! 
factors :i* make up ! problem1 & !      
exp]im5tal obs]vations necess>y to      
elucidate x4 ,we reproduce !            
introductory rem>ks "h f ! translations 
made ( !m by ! ,royal ,horticultural    

,society ( ,engl&4 ,footnote #af ,fa!r  
,m5del said at ! beg9n+ ( 8 pap] z read 
#h ,febru>y1 #ahfe3--      ,footnote    
#af3 ,! orig9al pap] 0 publi%$ 9 !      
,v]h&lung5 des ,natur=s*]-,v]e9s1 9     
,bru5n1 ,abh&lung51     iv1 t is1 !     
proce$+s ( ! ye> #ahfe1 :i* 7           
publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,copies ( ^!           
transactions 7 ex*ang$     ) all !      
important sci5tific j\rnals1 especially 
^? 9     connexion ) important societies
 & univ]sities ?r\gh\t     ,europe1 & ! 
wond] is t ?is pap] attract$ s little   
att5tion4    ,exp]i5ce ( artificial     
f]tilization su* z is affect$ )         
ornam5tal plants 9 ord] to obta9 new    
v>iations 9 color1 has   l$ to !        
exp]im5ts1 ! #bjf details ( :i* ,i am   
ab\t to   discuss4 ,! /rik+ regul>ity ) 
:i* ! same hybrid =ms   always reappe>$ 
:5ev] f]tilization took place betwe5 !  
same   species1 induc$ fur!r exp]im5ts  
to be und]tak51 ! object (   :i* 0 to   
foll[ up ! developm5ts ( ! hybrid 9 a   
numb] (   successive g5]ations ( _!     

prog5y4    ,^? :o survey ! "w t has be5 
done 9 ?is dep>tm5t up   to ! pres5t "t 
w arrive at ! conviction t among all !  
num]\s exp]im5ts made n "o has be5 c>ri$
 out to su* an   ext5t & 9 su* a way z  
to make x possible to det]m9e !   numb] 
( diff]5t =ms "u :i* ! (fspr+ ( hybrids 
appe>1 or to arrange ^! =ms ) c]ta9ty1  
accord+ to _!   sep>ate g5]ations1 or to
 asc]ta9 def9itely _! /ati/ical         
relations4  ,^! ?ree prim>y necessities 
= ! solution ( ! problem (              
h]$ity--namely1 fir/1 ! numb] ( diff]5t 
=ms "u :i* ! (fspr+ ( hybrids appe>2    
secondly1 ! arrangem5t ( ^! =ms1 )      
def9it5ess & c]ta9ty1 z reg>ds _!       
relations 9 ! sep>ate g5]ation2 &       
?irdly1 ! /ati/ical results ( !         
hybridization ( ! plants 9 successive   
g5]ations1 are ! secret ( ! success (   
,m5del's "w1 z has be5 v well said by   
,bateson1 9 comm5t+ on ?is p>agraph 9 8 
"w on ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity4    
,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t any "o _h ev] realiz$
 exactly ! nature ( ! problems pres5t$  

91 _! nak$ simplicity4 ,to see a problem
 well is m ?an half to solve x1 & ?is   
prov$ to be ! case ) ,m5del's           
/raight=w>d vision ( ! nature ( !       
exp]im5ts requir$ = advance 9 our k (   
h]$ity4  #bjg  ,:ile ,m5del 0 beg9n+ 8  
exp]im5ts almo/ absolutely "u ! guidance
 ( 8 own sci5tific _s1 & und]tak+ 8     
s]ies ( obs]vations 9 ! mona/]y g>d5 )\t
 any ref]5ce to o!r "w 9 ?is l9e1 he    
knew v well :at di/+ui%$ botani/s 7 do+ 
9 ?is l9e & 0 by no means presumptu\sly 
foll[+ a /udy ( ! deepe/ ( nature's     
problems )\t kn[+ :at o!rs _h accompli%$
 9 ! matt] 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ! second    
p>agraph ( 8 introduction he quotes ! m5
 ^: "w 9 ?is sci5ce 0 attract+ att5tion1
 & says t to ?is object num]\s c>eful   
obs]v]s1 su* a ,koelreut]1 ,ga]tn]1     
,h]b]t1 ,lecoq1 ,wi*ura & o!rs1 _h      
devot$ a "p ( _! lives ) inexhau/ible   
p]sev]ance4  ,to quote ,m5del's own     
words3--    ,ga]tn]1 especially 9 8 "w1 
,die ,ba/>d]zeugung im   ,pflanz5rei*e1 
,footnote #ag has record$ v valuable    

obs]vations2 & q rec5tly ,wi*ura publi%$
 ! results (   "s pr(\nd obs]vations on 
! hybrids ( ! will[4 ,t s f>   no       
g5]ally applicable law gov]n+ ! =mation 
& developm5t   ( hybrids has be5        
successfully =mulat$ c h>dly be wond]$  
at by anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( 
! task & c   appreciate ! difficulties )
 :i* exp]im5ts ( ?is class   h to       
cont5d4 ,a f9al decision c only be      
arriv$ at :5 we   %all h be=e u !       
results ( ! *ang$ detail$ exp]im5ts     
made on plants belong+ to ! mo/ div]se  
ord]s4 ,x requires   "s c\rage inde$ to 
und]take a labor ( su* f>-rea*+   ext5t2
 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be ! only "r way by
 :i* we   c f9ally rea* ! solution ( a  
"q ! importance ( :i*   c n be          
ov]e/imat$ 9 connexion ) ! hi/ory ( !   
evolution ( organic =ms4    ,! pap] n[  
pres5t$ records ! results ( su* a       
detail$   exp]im5t4 ,?is exp]im5t 0     
practically conf9$ to a small   plant   
gr\p1 & is n[ aft] eight ye>s' pursuit  
conclud$ 9 all   ess5tials4 ,:e!r ! plan

 ^u :i* ! sep>ate exp]im5ts   7 conduct$
 & c>ri$ out 0 ! be/ suit$ to atta9 !   
desir$ end is left to ! fri5dly decision
 ( ! read]4      ,footnote #ag3 ,!      
,production ( ,hybrids 9 ! ,vegetable   
,k+dom4  #bjh   ,m5del's discov]ies )   
reg>d to peas & ! influ5ce ( h]$ity on  
!m1 7 f\nd$ on v simple1 b v int]e/+1   
obs]vations4 ,he f\nd t if peas (       
diff]5t colors 7 tak51 t is to say1 if1 
= in/ance1 yell[-color$ peas 7 cross$ ) 
gre51 ! result+ pea se$s 71 9 ! great   
majority ( cases1 ( yell[ color4 ,if !  
yell[-color$ peas obta9$ f su* cross+ 7 
plant$ & all[$ to be f]tiliz$ only by   
poll5 f plants rais$ f simil> se$s1 !   
succe$+ g5]ation1 h[ev]1 did n give all 
yell[ peas1 b a def9ite numb] ( yell[ & 
a def9ite numb] ( gre54 ,9 o!r words1   
:ile !re might h be5 expect$ a p]man5ce 
( ! yell[ color1 !re 0 really a rev]sion
 9 a numb] ( ! plants app>5tly to ! type
 ( ! gr&p>5t4 ,m5del tri$ ! same        
exp]im5t ) se$s ( diff]5t %ape4 ,c]ta9  
peas are r\nd$ & c]ta9 o!rs are wr9kl$4 

,:5 ^! 7 cross$1 ! next g5]ation #bji   
consi/$ ( wr9kl$ peas1 b ! next succe$+ 
g5]ation pres5t$ a def9ite numb] ( r\nd 
peas besides ! wr9kl$ ones1 & s on z    
be=e4 ,he next br$ peas ) reg>d to o!r  
s+le qualities1 su* z ! color ( ! se$   
coat1 ! inflation or con/riction ( !    
pod1 z to ! color+ ( ! pod1 z to !      
di/ribution ( ! fl[]s along ! /em1 z to 
! l5g? ( ! /em1 f9d+ always1 no matt]   
:at ! quality te/$1 ! laws ( h]$ity he  
_h =mulat$ always held true4  ,:at he   
?us discov]$ he =mulat$ some:at z       
foll[s3 ,9 ! case ( ea* ( ! crosses !   
hybrid "*1 t is1 ! quality ( ! resultant
 se$1 resembles "o ( ! p>5tal =ms s     
closely t ! o!r escapes obs]vation      
completely or _c be detect$ ) c]ta9ty4  
,?is quality ?us impress$ on ! next     
g5]ation1 ,m5del call$ ! dom9ant        
quality4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! rev]sion ( a      
def9ite proportion ( ! peas 9 ! ?ird    
g5]ation to t quality ( ! orig9al p>5t  
:i* did n appe> 9 ! second g5]ation 0   
f\nd to occur1 ?us %[+ t1 ?\gh x _c be  

detect$1 x is pres5t1 ,m5del call$ x !  
recessive quality4 ,he did n f9d        
transitional =ms 9 any ( 8 exp]im5ts1 b 
con/antly obs]v$ t :5 plants 7 br$ )    
reg>d to two special qualities1 "o ( ^? 
qualities became dom9ant 9 ! resultant  
hybrid1 & ! o!r became recessive1 t is1 
pres5t ?\gh lat5t & ready to produce its
 effects ^u a def9ite proportion ( !    
succe$+ g5]ation4  #baj  ,rememb]+1 !n1 
t ,m5del means by hybrid ! result ( !   
cross+ ( two di/9ct species1 8          
significant discov]y has be5 /at$ ?us3  
,! hybrid1 :atev] its own "*1 produces  
ripe g]m cells1 :i* be> only ! pure "* (
 "o p>5t or ! o!r4 ,?us1 :5 "o p>5t has 
! "* ,a1 9 peas1 = example1 a gre5      
color1 & ! o!r ! "* ,b1 9 peas once m a 
yell[ color1 ! hybrid w h 9 cases (     
simple dom9ance ! "* ,,ab or ,,ba1 b ) !
 second quality 9 ei!r case n           
noticeable4 ,:atev] ! "* ( ! hybrid may 
be1 t is to say1 to rev]t to ! example (
 ! peas1 :e!r x be gre5 or yell[1 its   
g]m cells :5 mature w be> ei!r ! "* ,a  

7gre571 or ! "* ,b 7yell[71 b n bo?4  ,z
 ,pr(essor ,ca/le says3 ,?is p]fectly   
simple pr9ciple is kn[n z ! law (       
segregation1 or ! law ( ! purity ( ! g]m
 cells4 ,x bids fair to prove z         
fundam5tal to a "r und]/&+ ( ! facts (  
h]$ity z is ! law ( def9ite proportions 
9 *emi/ry4 ,f x foll[ _m important      
consequ5ces4  ,to foll[ ?is acute       
obs]v]'s "w /ill fur!r by lett+ !       
crossbr$s f]tilize !mselves1 ,m5del     
rais$ a ?ird g5]ation4 ,9 ?is g5]ation 7
 individuals :i* %[$ ! dom9ant "* & also
 individuals :i* pres5t$ ! recessive "*4
 ,su* an obs]vation _h ( c\rse be5 made 
9 a good _m in/ances be=e4  #baa  ,b    
,m5del not$--& ?is is ! ess5ce ( ! new  
discov]y 9 8 obs]vations--t 9 ?is ?ird  
g5]ation ! num]ical proportion (        
dom9ants to recessives is 9 ! av]age ( a
 s]ies ( cases approximately            
con/ant--be+1 9 fact1 z ?ree to "o4 ,)  
almo/ absolute regul>ity ?is proportion 
0 ma9ta9$ 9 e case ( cross+ ( pairs (   
*>act]s1 q oppos$ to "o ano!r1 9 8 pea  

plants4 ,9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 rais$ f 8   
crossbr$s1 or1 z he calls !m1 hybrids1  
!re 7 sev5ty-five p] c5t dom9ants &     
tw5ty-five p] c5t recessives4  ,:5 ^!   
plants 7 aga9 self-f]tiliz$ & ! (fspr+ (
 ea* plant sep>ately s[n1 a new surprise
 await$ ! obs]v]4 ,! prog5y ( !         
recessives rema9$ pure recessive2 & 9   
any numb] ( subsequ5t g5]ations nev]    
produc$ ! dom9ant type aga91 t is1 nev] 
rev]t$ to ! orig9al p>5t1 ^: qualities  
_h fail$ to appe> 9 ! second g5]ation4  
,:5 ! se$s obta9$ by self-f]tiliz+ !    
plants ) ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics 7 s[n1 x 
0 f\nd by ! te/ ( prog5y t ! dom9ants 7 
n all ( l nature1 b consi/$ ( two       
classes--fir/1 "s :i* gave rise to pure 
dom9ants2 & secondly1 o!rs :i* gave a   
mix$ (fspr+1 compos$ p>tly ( recessives1
 p>tly ( dom9ants4 ,once m1 h[ev]1 !    
ratio ( h]$ity ass]t$ itself & x 0 f\nd 
t ! av]age num]ical proportions 7       
con/ant--^? ) pure dom9ant #bab (fspr+  
be+ to ^? ) mix$ (fspr+ z "o to two4    
,h5ce1 x 0 se5 t ! sev5ty-five p] c5t ( 

dom9ants are n really ( id5tical        
con/itution1 b consi/ ( tw5ty-five p]   
c5t :i* are pure dom9ants & fifty p] c5t
 :i* are really crossbr$s1 ?\gh l mo/ ( 
! crossbr$s rais$ by cross+ ! two       
orig9al v>ieties1 !y exhibit ! dom9ant  
"* only4  ,^! fifty crossbr$s h mix$    
(fspr+2 ^! (fspr+ aga9 9 _! num]ical    
proportion foll[ ! same law1 namely1    
?ree dom9ants to "o recessive4 ,!       
recessives are pure l ^? ( ! la/        
g5]ation1 b ! dom9ants c1 by fur!r      
self-f]tilization & cultivation ( ! se$s
 produc$1 be aga9 %[n to be made up (   
pure dom9ant & crossbr$s 9 ! same       
proportion ( "o dom9ant to two          
crossbr$s4  ,! process ( break+ up into 
! p>5t =ms is ?us cont9u$ 9 ea*         
successive g5]ation1 ! same num]ical    
laws be+ foll[$ s f> z obs]vation has   
gone4 ,z ,m5del's obs]vations h n[ be5  
confirm$ by work]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1    
inve/igat+ _m diff]5t k9ds ( plants1 x  
w\ld seem t ?is law :i* he discov]$ has 
a basis 9 ! nature ( ?+s & is to furni% 

! f\ndation = a new & sci5tific !ory (  
h]$ity1 :ile at ! same "t af=d+ scope = 
! collection ( obs]vations ( ! mo/      
valuable "* ) a def9ite purpose & )\t   
any !oretic bias4  #bac  ,! task ( !    
practical bre$] :o seeks to e/abli% or  
fix a new v>iety produc$ by cross-bre$+ 
9 a case involv+ two v>iable *>act]s is 
simply ! isolation & propagation ( t "o 
9 ea* sixte5 ( ! second g5]ation (fspr+ 
:i* w be pure z reg>ds ! desir$         
comb9ation ( *>act]s4 ,m5del's discov]y1
 by putt+ ! bre$] 9 possession ( ?is    
in=mation enables him to attack ?is     
problem sy/ematically ) confid5ce 9 !   
outcome1 :]eas hi!rto 8 "w1 important & 
fasc9at+ z x is1 has consi/$ l>gely (   
grop+ = a treasure 9 ! d>k4 ,! great] ! 
numb] ( sep>ately v>iable *>act]s       
involv$ 9 a cross1 ! great] w be ! numb]
 ( new comb9ations obta9able2 ! great]  
too w be ! numb] ( individuals :i* x w  
be necess>y to raise 9 ord] to secure   
all ! possible comb9ations2 & ! great]  
aga9 w be ! difficulty ( isolat+ ! pure1

 t is1 ! /able =ms 9 su* z are simil> to
 !m 9 appe>ance1 b /ill hybrid 9 "o or m
 *>act]s4  ,! law ( ,m5del r$uces to an 
exact sci5ce ! art ( bre$+ 9 ! case mo/ 
c>efully /udi$ by him1 t ( entire       
dom9ance4 ,x gives to ! bre$] a new     
conception ( purity4 ,no animal or plant
 is pure1 simply because x is desc5d$ f 
a long l9e ( ance/ors1 possess+ a desir$
 comb9ation ( *>act]s2 b any animal or  
plant is pure if x produces gametes--t  
is1 p>ticles = conjugation ( only "o    
sort--ev5 ?\gh its gr&p>5ts may among   
#bad !mselves h possess$ opposite       
*>act]s4 ,! exi/5ce ( purity c be       
e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty only by suitable     
bre$+ te/s1 especially by cross+ )      
recessives2 b x may be safely assum$ =  
any animal or plant1 desc5d$ f p>5ts :i*
 7 l ea* o!r & _h be5 %[n by bre$+ te/s 
to be pure4  ,?is naturally leads u to  
:at "s biologi/s h consid]$ to be ! mo/ 
important "p ( 8 "w--! !ory :i* he      
elaborat$ to expla9 8 results1 !        
pr9ciple :i* he consid]s to be ! basis (

 ! laws he discov]$4 ,m5del sugge/s z   
foll[+ logically f ! results ( 8        
exp]im5ts & obs]vations a c]ta9 !ory ( !
 con/itution ( g]m9al p>ticles4 ,he has 
put ?is important matt] s cle>ly himself
 & ) su* little wa/e ( words t x seems  
bett] to quote ! translation ( ! passage
 z giv5 by ,pr(essor ,bateson1 ,footnote
 #ah ?an to attempt to expla9 x 9 o!r   
words4 ,m5del says3--      ,footnote    
#ah3 ,bateson3 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples (    
,h]$ity4     ,cambridge4 ,! ,univ]sity  
,press4 #aijb4    ,! results ( !        
previ\sly describ$ exp]im5ts induc$     
fur!r   exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* appe>
 fitt$ to af=d "s   conclusions z reg>ds
 ! composition ( ! egg & poll5-cells   (
 hybrids4 ,an important matt] =         
consid]ation is af=d$ 9   peas 7pisum7  
by ! circum/ance t among ! prog5y ( !   
hybrids con/ant =ms appe>1 & t ?is      
occurs1 too1 9 all   comb9ations ( !    
associat$ *>act]s4 ,s f> z exp]i5ce     
goes1 we f9d x 9 e #bae case confirm$ t 
con/ant prog5y   c only be =m$ :5 !     

egg-cells & ! f]tiliz+ poll5 are   ( l  
"*1 s t bo? are provid$ ) ! mat]ial =   
creat+ q simil> individuals1 z is ! case
 ) ! normal   f]tilization ( pure       
species4    ,we mu/ !re=e reg>d x z     
ess5tial t exactly simil>   factors are 
at "w also 9 ! production ( ! con/ant   
=ms 9   ! hybrid plants4 ,s9ce ! v>i\s  
con/ant =ms are produc$ 9   "o plant1 or
 ev5 9 "o fl[] ( a plant1 ! conclusion  
appe>s   logical t 9 ! ov>ies ( !       
hybrids !re are =m$ z _m   sorts (      
egg-cells & 9 ! an!rs z _m sorts (      
poll5-cells   z !re are possible con/ant
 comb9ation =ms1 & t ^! egg   &         
poll5-cells agree 9 _! int]nal          
composition ) ^? (   ! sep>ate =ms4     
,9 po9t ( fact1 x is possible to        
demon/rate !oretically t   ?is hypo!sis 
w\ld fully suffice to acc\nt = !        
developm5t   ( ! hybrids 9 ! sep>ate    
g5]ations1 if we might at ! same   "t   
assume t ! v>i\s k9ds ( egg &           
poll5-cells 7   =m$ 9 ! hybrids on !    
av]age 9 equal numb]s4  ,bateson says 9 

a note on ?is passage t ?is la/ & !     
prec$+ p>agraph conta9 ! ess5ce ( !     
,m5delian pr9ciples ( h]$ity4 ,m5del    
himself1 aft] /at+ ?is hypo!sis1 gives !
 details ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts by :i* he
 0 able to decide t ! !oretic           
consid]ations sugge/$ 7 f\nd$ 9 ! nature
 ( plants & _! g]m9al cells4  ,x w1 (   
c\rse1 be int]e/+ to realize :at ! be>+ 
( ,m5del's discov]ies is on ! "q ( !    
/ability ( species z well z on ! orig9 (
 species4 ,pr(essor ,morgan1 9 8 #baf   
article on ,d>w9ism 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n 
,criticism1 already quot$1 says !       
important fact 7) reg>d to ,m5del's     
,law7 f ! po9t ( view ( ! !ory (        
evolution is t ! new species h sprung   
fully arm$ f ! old ones1 l ,m9]va f !   
head ( ,jove4 ,f de ,vries's results1 he
 adds1 we und]/& bett] h[ x is t we d n 
see new =ms aris+1 because !y appe>1 z x
 71 fully equipp$ ov] night4 ,old       
species are n sl[ly *ang$ into new ones1
 b a %ak+ up ( ! old organization takes 
place & ! egg br+s =? a new species4 ,x 

is l ! turn+ ( ! kaleidoscope1 a slight 
%ift & ! new figure sudd5ly appe>s4 ,x  
ne$s no great p5etration to see t ?is   
po9t ( view is entirely diff]5t f !     
conception ( ! =mation ( new species by 
accumulat+ individual v>iations1 until  
!y are c>ri$ s f> t ! new =m may be     
call$ a new species4  ,) reg>d to ?is "q
 ( ! trans=mation ( "o species into     
ano!r1 ,m5del himself1 9 ! conclud+     
p>agraphs ( 8 article on hybridization1 
seems to agree ) ! expressions (        
,morgan4 ,he quotes ,ga]tn]'s op9ion )  
app>5t approval3 ,ga]tn]1 by ! results (
 ^! trans=mation exp]im5ts 0 l$ to      
oppose ! op9ion ( ^? naturali/s :o      
dispute ! /ability ( plant species &    
believe 9 a cont9u\s evolution (        
vegetation4 ,he p]ceives 9 ! complete   
trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r an 
indubitable pro( t #bag species are fix$
 )9 limits beyond :i* !y _c *ange4      
,al?\gh ?is op9ion1 adds ,m5del1 _c be  
unconditionally accept$1 we f9d1 on !   
o!r h&1 9 ,ga]tn]'s exp]im5ts a         

notewor?y confirmation ( t supposition  
reg>d+ ! v>iability ( cultivat$ plants  
:i* has already be5 express$4 ,?is      
expression ( op9ion is n v def9ite1 &   
,bateson1 9 :at ,pr(essor ,wilson (     
,columbia calls 8 rec5t admirable little
 book on ,m5del's pr9ciples1 adds !     
foll[+ note t may prove ( s]vice 9      
elucidat+ ,m5del's mean+1 z few m5 h    
ent]$ s fully into ! und]/&+ ( ,m5del's 
"w z ,bateson1 :o introduc$ him to !    
,engli%-speak+ sci5tific public1 ,!     
argum5t ( ?is p>agraph appe>s to be t   
?\gh ! g5]al mutability ( natural       
species might be d\btful1 yet among     
cultivat$ plants ! transf]5ce ( *>act]s 
may be accompli%$ & may occur by        
integral /eps italics ours1 until "o    
species is def9itely 'trans=m$' into !  
o!r4  ,ne$less to say1 ?is is q diff]5t 
f ! gradual trans=mation ( species t    
,d>w9ism or ,lam>ckism assumes to take  
place4 ,"o species becomes ano!r p]     
saltum 9 virtue ( "s special en]gy      
infus$ into x1 "s orig9al t5d5cy ( its  

intr9sic nature1 n because ( gradual    
modification by =ces outside ( !        
organisms1 nor because ( ! comb9ation ( 
influ5ces !y are subject$ to f )\t & )91
 because ( t5d5cy to evolute plus #bah  
environm5tal =ces4 ,?is ?r[s biology    
back to ! p]man5cy ( species 9 !mselves1
 ?\gh successive g5]ations may be (     
diff]5t species1 & does away ) ! idea ( 
miss+ l9ks1 s9ce !re are no gradual     
connect+ gradations4  ,a v int]e/+ phase
 ( ,m5del's discov]ies is conc]n$ ) !   
relative value ( ! egg-cell & !         
poll5-cell1 z reg>ds _! effect ^u future
 g5]ations4 ,x is an old & (t-discuss$  
problem z to :i* ( ^! g]m9al p>ticles is
 ! m important 9 its influ5ce ^u !      
transmission ( p>5tal qualities4        
,m5del's obs]vations w\ld seem to decide
 def9itely t1 9 plants &1 by            
implication1 9 animals1 s9ce ! g]m9al   
process is biog5etically simil>1 ! value
 ( bo? g]m9al p>ticles is exactly equal4
  ,9 a note1 ,m5del says3--    ,9 pisum 
7i4 e4 9 peas71 x is beyond d\bt t1 = ! 

=mation ( ! new embryo1 a p]fect union (
 ! elem5ts ( bo?   f]tiliz+ cells mu/   
take place4 ,h[ c\ld we o!rwise expla9  
t1 among ! (fspr+ ( ! hybrids1 bo?      
orig9al types   reappe> 9 equal numb]s1 
& ) all _! peculi>ities8 ,if !          
influ5ce ( ! egg-cell ^u ! poll5-cell 7 
only ext]nal1   if x fulfill$ ! role ( a
 nurse only1 !n ! result ( ea*          
artificial f]tilization c\ld be no o!r  
?an t ! develop$   hybrid %\ld exactly  
resemble ! poll5 p>5t1 or1 at any rate1 
d s v closely4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 s f>1 h 9 
no wise be5   confirm$4 ,an evid5t pro( 
( ! complete union ( ! cont5ts (   bo?  
cells is af=d$ by ! #bai exp]i5ce ga9$  
on all sides1   t x is immat]ial z      
reg>ds ! =m ( ! hybrid :i* ( !   orig9al
 species is ! se$ cell1 or :i* ! poll5  
p>5t6  ,?is is ! fir/ actual            
demon/ration ( ! equival5t value ( bo?  
g]m9al p>ticles z reg>ds _! influ5ce on 
transmission inh]itance 9 future        
g5]ations4  ,x is only by simplify+ !   
problem s t all di/urb+ factors c\ld be 

elim9at$ t ,m5del succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is    
demon/ration4 ,too _m qualities h hi!rto
 be5 consid]$ ) consequ5t confusion z to
 ! results obta9$4  ,x is ( ! g5ius ( ! 
man t he %\ld h be5 able to succe$ 9    
see+ ! problem 9 simple t]ms :ile x is  
app>5tly s complex1 & ?us obta9 results 
t are z f>-rea*+ z ! problem !y solve is
 basic 9 its "*4  ,bateson1 9 8 "w      
,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 says3--  
,x may seem surpris+ t a "w ( su*       
importance %\ld s long   h fail$ to f9d 
recognition & to become curr5t 9 ! _w   
( sci5ce4 ,x is true t ! ,j\rnal 9 :i* x
 appe>$ is   sc>ce1 b ?is circum/ance   
has seldom long delay$ g5]al            
recognition4 ,! cause is unque/ionably  
to be f\nd 9 t neglect   ( ! exp]im5tal 
/udy ( ! problem ( species :i* sup]v5$  
on ! g5]al acceptance ( ! ,d>w9ian      
doctr9e4 ,! problem (   species1 z      
,koelreut]1 ,ga]tn]1 ,naud91 ,wi*ura1 & 
! hybridi/s   ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury conceiv$ x1 attract$   !nce=? no 
work]s4  #bbj    ,! "q1 x 0 imag9$1 _h  

be5 answ]$ & ! debate   end$4 ,no "o    
felt mu* int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,a ho/ ( o!r 
l9es ( "w 0 sudd5ly op5$ up1 & 9 #ahfe !
 m orig9al   inve/igators naturally f\nd
 ^! new me?ods ( rese>* m   attractive  
?an ! t$i\s obs]vations ( hybridiz]s1 ^:
   inquiries 7 suppos$1 moreov]1 to h l$
 to no def9ite   results4    ,9 #ahfh   
appe>$ ! fir/ edition ( ,d>w9's ,animals
 & ,plants1   m>k+ ! v z5i? ( ^! /udies 
) reg>d to hybrids &   ! que/ions 9     
h]$ity :i* !y illu/rate1 & !nce=? !     
decl9e 9 ! exp]im5tal inve/igation (    
evolution & !   problem ( species h be5 
/udi$4 ,) ! r$iscov]y &   confirmation (
 ,m5del's "w by de ,vries1 ,corr5s &    
,ts*]mak 9   #aijj a new era beg9s4 ,_h 
,m5del's "w come into ! h&s (   ,d>w9 x 
is n too mu* to say t ! hi/ory ( !      
developm5t   ( evolution>y philosophy   
w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f t   :i* we h     
witness$4    ,t ,m5del's "w1 appe>+ z x 
did at a mom5t :5 sev]al   naturali/s ( 
! fir/ rank 7 /ill occupi$ ) ^!         
problems1 %\ld h pass$ :olly unnot$1 w  

always rema9   inexplicable1 ! m s z !  
,bru5n society ex*ang$ its   publication
 ) mo/ ( ! great academies ( ,europe1   
includ+   bo? ! ,royal & ! ,l9nean      
societies ( ,london4  ,! :ole hi/ory (  
,m5del's "w1 its long p]iod )\t effect  
^u sci5tific ?\ght1 its ?or\ghly simple 
yet satisfactory "*1 its basis 9        
manifold obs]vations ( problems         
simplifi$ to ! la/ degree1 & its pres5t 
complete acceptance illu/rate v well !  
*ief defect ( ! la/ two g5]ations (     
work]s 9 biology4 #bba ,!re has be5     
entirely too mu* !oriz+1 too mu* ef=t at
 obs]vations = ! purpose ( bol/]+ up    
preconceiv$ ideas--preaccept$ dogmas (  
sci5ce t h prov$ false 9 ! end--& too   
little /raight=w>d obs]vation & simple  
report+ ( ! facts )\t try+ to h !m fit  
into any !ory prematurely1 t is until _!
 true place 0 f\nd4 ,?is w be ! crit]ion
 by :i* ! latt] half ( n9ete5? c5tury   
biology w be judg$2 & because ( failure 
"h mu* ( our suppos$ progress w h no    
effect on ! curr5t ( biological         

progress1 b w repres5t only an eddy 9   
:i* !re 0 no end ( bu/l+ movem5t manife/
 b no real advance4  ,z /at$ v cle>ly by
 ,pr(essor ,morgan at ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
pap]1 & ,pr(essor ,bateson ne> ! end1   
,d>w9's doctr9e ( natural selection z ! 
ma9 factor 9 evolution & its practically
 univ]sal premature acceptance by       
sci5tific work]s 9 biology are und\bt$ly
 responsible = ?is4 ,! pres5t g5]ation  
may well be w>n$1 !n1 n to surr5d] _!   
judgm5t to tak+ !ories1 b to wait 9     
pati5ce = ! facts 9 ! case1 work+1 n    
!oriz+1 :ile !y wait4