,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,?is is ,pap] #ch f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,bullet9 #bdj1 compris+ ,pap]s #cd-dd1 :i* w also be available z a complete e-book4 ,! front mat]ial1 introduction & relevant index entries f ! ,bullet9 are includ$ 9 ea* s+le-pap] e-book4 ,corrections are li/$ at ! end ( ! e-book4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,bullet9 #bdj ,illu/ration ,,smi?sonian ,,press ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,pap]s #cd-dd ,on ,sci5ce & ,te*nology ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution 4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aiff ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,! s*ol>ly & sci5tific publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum include two s]ies1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum & ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,bullet94 ,9 ^! s]ies1 ! ,museum publi%es orig9al articles & monographs deal+ ) ! collections & "w ( its con/itu5t museums--,! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology--sett+ =? newly acquir$ facts 9 ! fields ( an?ropology1 biology1 hi/ory1 geology1 & te*nology4 ,copies ( ea* publication are di/ribut$ to libr>ies1 to cultural & sci5tific organizations1 & to speciali/s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! diff]5t subjects4 ,! ,proce$+s1 begun 9 #ahgh1 are int5d$ = ! publication1 9 sep>ate =m1 ( %ort] pap]s f ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,^! are ga!r$ 9 volumes1 octavo 9 size1 ) ! publication date ( ea* pap] record$ 9 ! table ( cont5ts ( ! volume4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 s]ies1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 issu$ 9 #ahge1 appe> long]1 sep>ate publications consi/+ ( monographs 7occasionally 9 sev]al p>ts7 & volumes 9 :i* are collect$ works on relat$ subjects4 ,bullet9s are ei!r octavo or qu>to 9 size1 dep5d+ on ! ne$s ( ! pres5tation4 ,s9ce #aijb pap]s relat+ to ! botanical collections ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 s]ies "u ! head+ ,contributions f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,h]b>ium1 & s9ce #aiei1 9 ,bullet9s titl$ ,contributions f ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 h be5 ga!r$ %ort] pap]s relat+ to ! collections & rese>* ( t ,museum4 ,! pres5t collection ( ,contributions1 ,pap]s #cd-dd1 comprises ,bullet9 #bdj4 ,ea* ( ^! pap]s has be5 previ\sly publi%$ 9 sep>ate =m4 ,! ye> ( publication is %[n on ! la/ page ( ea* pap]4 ,,frank ,a4 ,,taylor ,director1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #ch ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,electromagnetic ,,in/rum5ts ,rob]t ,a4 ,*ipman ,,electro/atic ,,in/rum5ts ,,be=e #ahjj #abc ,,in/rum5t+ ,,voltaic ,,or ,,galvanic ,,electricity1 #ahjj-ahbj #abd ,,electrical ,,in/rum5tation1 #ahjj-ahbj #abe ,,o]/$',s ,,discov]y #abf ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,electromagnetic ,,in/rum5tation #abf ,,*ronology ,,& ,,priority #abg ,,orig9al ,,electromagnetic ,,multipli]s #abi ,,conclusions #ace ,,ackn[l$gm5ts #acf ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,,models ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,electromagnetic ,,in/rum5ts creat$ by ,s*weigg]1 ,pogg5dorf & ,cumm+ 9 #ahba1 made = an exhibit 9 ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 7,smi?sonian photo #didic47 ,rob]t ,a4 ,*ipman ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,electromagnetic ,,in/rum5ts ,! hi/ory ( ! e>ly /ages ( electromagnetic in/rum5tation is trac$ "h ?r\gh ! m5 :o devis$ ! !ories & con/ruct$ ! in/rum5ts4 ,despite ! _m uses made ( voltaic cells aft] ,volta's ann\ncem5t ( 8 pile inv5tion 9 #ahjj1 two decades pass$ be=e ,o]/$ discov]$ ! magnetic effects ( a voltaic circuit4 ,z a result ( ?is & )9 a five-mon? p]iod1 ?ree m51 app>5tly indep5d5tly1 ann\nc$ ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ electromagnetic in/rum5t4 ,?is article details ! m]its ( _! claims to priority4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,rob]t ,a4 ,*ipman is *airman ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,tol$o 9 ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 & consultant to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,electro/atic ,in/rum5ts be=e #ahjj ,x is ! fundam5tal premise ( in/rum5t-sci5ce t a device = detect+ or measur+ a physical quantity c be bas$ on any ph5om5on associat$ ) t physical quantity4 ,al?\gh ! in/rum5tation ( electro/atics 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 = example1 reli$ ma9ly on ! ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion & ! ubiquit\s sp>ks & o!r lum9osities ( frictional electricity1 ev5 ! physiological s5sation ( electric %ock 0 exploit$ semiquantitatively by ,h5ry ,cav5di% 9 8 well-kn[n anticipation ( ,ohm's rese>*es4 ,likewise1 ,volta 9 #ahjja describ$ at l5g? h[ ! application ( 8 pile to suitably plac$ electrodes on ! eyelids1 on ! tongue1 or 9 ! e>1 caus$ /imulation ( ! s5ses ( sight1 ta/e & he>+2 on ! o!r h&1 he report$ t electrodes 9 ! nose m]ely produc$ a m or less pa9ful prick+ feel+1 ) no impression ( smell4 ,! dis*>ges f ! ,leyd5 j>s ( "s ( ! bigg] frictional ma*9es1 su* z van ,m>um's at ,leyd51 7 f\nd by #aghe to magnetize pieces ( iron & to melt long pieces ( metal wire4#b ,! useful in/rum5ts t em]g$ f all ( ?is exp]i5ce 7 v>i\s deflect+ electromet]s & electroscopes 7! words 7 n c>efully di/+ui%$ 9 use71 includ+ ! important goldleaf electroscope ascrib$ to ,abraham ,b5net 9 #aghg4c ,9 #aghf1 ,galvani fir/ obs]v$ ! twit*+ ( ! legs ( a dissect$ frog produc$ by dis*>ges ( a ne>by electro/atic ma*9e1 !reby reveal+ /ill ano!r effect ( electricity4 ,he !n discov]$ t c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( metals 9 contact ) ! frog n]ves produc$ ! same twit*+1 imply+ some?+ electrical 9 ! frog-metal situation z a :ole4 ,al?\gh ,galvani & 8 nephew ,ald9i drew f ^! exp]im5ts errone\s conclusions involv+ animal electricity1 :i* 7 disput$ by ,volta 9 8 metal-contact !ory1 x is significant f ! in/rum5tation po9t ( view t ! frog's legs 7 unque/ionably by f> ! mo/ s5sitive detector ( metal-contact electrical effects available at ! "t4 ,)\t _! int]v5tion ! developm5t ( ?is entire subject-area1 includ+ ! creation ( *emical cells1 might h be5 delay$ _m ye>s4 ,volta himself realiz$ t ! crucial te/ betwe5 8 !ory & t ( ,galvani requir$ confirm+ ! exi/5ce ( metal-contact electricity by "s electrical b nonphysiological detector4 ,he p]=m$ ?is te/ successfully ) an electroscope1 us+ ! cond5s+ te*nique he _h inv5t$ m ?an a decade e>li]4 ,in/rum5t+ ,voltaic or ,galvanic ,electricity1 #ahjj-ahbj ,9 8 fam\s lett] ( ,m>* #bj1 #ahjj1 writt5 9 ,fr5* f ,como1 ,italy1 to ! presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london1 ,volta made ! fir/ public ann\ncem5t ( bo? 8 pile 7! fir/ ,engli% translator us$ ! ^w column71 & 8 cr[n ( cups 7! same translator us$ *a9 ( cups = ,volta's c\ronne de tasses74 ,! =m] consi/$ ( a v]tical pile ( circul> disks1 9 :i* ! sequ5ce copp]-z9c-pa/ebo>d1 0 repeat$ #aj or #bj or ev5 z _m z #fj times1 ! pa/ebo>d be+ moi/5$ ) salt wat]4 ,! cr[n ( cups c\ld be mo/ conv5i5tly made ) dr9k+ glasses1 said ,volta1 ) sep>at$ in*-squ>e plates ( copp] & z9c 9 salt wat] 9 ea* glass1 ! copp] %eet 9 "o glass be+ jo9$ by "s int]m$iate conductor & sold]$ jo9ts to ! z9c 9 ! next glass4 ,volta consid]$ ! cr[n ( cups & ! pile to be ess5tially id5tical1 & z evid5ces ( ! electrical nature ( ! latt]1 said3 444 if x conta9s ab\t #bj ( ^! /ories or c\ples ( metal1 x w be capable n only ( emitt+ signs ( electricity by ,cavallo's electromet]1 assi/$ by a cond5s]1 beyond #aj deg4 or #ae deg41 & ( *>g+ ?is cond5s] by m]e contact s z to make x emit a sp>k1 etc41 b ( giv+ to ! f+]s ) :i* its extremities 7! bottom & top ( ! column7 h be5 t\*$ sev]al small %ocks1 m or less frequ5t1 accord+ z ! t\*+ has be5 repeat$4 ,ea* ( ^! %ocks has a p]fect resemblance to t slight %ock exp]i5c$ f a ,leyd5 flask weakly *>g$1 or a batt]y /ill m weakly *>g$1 or a torp$o 9 an exce$+ly langui%+ /ate1 :i* imitates /ill bett] ! effects ( my app>atus by ! s]ies ( repeat$ %ocks :i* x c cont9ually communicate4#d ,! effects provid$ by ,volta's pile & cr[n-(-cups are !re=e electroscope deflection1 sp>ks1 & %ocks4 ,lat] 9 ! lett]1 he describes ! /imulation ( sight1 ta/e1 & he>+ z not$ e>li]1 b n[h]e does he m5tion *emical ph5om5a ( any k9d1 or ! heat+ ( a wire jo9+ ! t]m9als ( ei!r device4 ,h5ce1 except = ! additional physiological responses1 he adds no?+ to ! catalog ( obs]vations on :i* in/rum5ts might be bas$4 ,8 famili>ity ) ! moods ( ! torp$o 7electric eel7 seems to be intimate4 ,! read+ ( ,volta's lett] to ! ,royal ,society on ,june #bf1 #ahjj1 its publication 9 ! ,society's ,philosophical ,transactions 79 ,fr5*7 imm$iately !reaft]1 & its publication 9 ,engli% 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,septemb] #ahjj1e gave sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ,europe an easily con/ruct$ & cont9u\sly op]at+ electric g5]ator ) :i* innum]able new physical1 *emical1 & physiological exp]im5ts c\ld be made4 ,editor-eng9e] ,william ,ni*olson read ,volta's lett] be=e its publication &1 by ! end ( ,april1 he & surgeon ,an?ony ,c>lisle _h built a voltaic pile4 ,apply+ a drop ( wat] to improve ! connection ( a wire ly+ on a metal plate1 !y happ5$ to notice gas bubbles =m+ on ! wire1 & pursu$ ! obs]vation to ! po9t ( id5tify+ ! electrical decomposition ( wat] into hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,)9 two or ?ree ye>s innum]able electro*emical reactions _h be5 describ$1 "s ( :i*1 "o might ?9k1 c\ld h s]v$ z op]at+ pr9ciples = electrical in/rum5ts4 ,al?\gh ! ph5om5a ( gas =mation & metal deposition 7 9 fact widely us$ z crude indicators ( ! pol>ity & relative /r5g? ( voltaic piles & *emical cells dur+ ! p]iod #ahjj-ahbj 7& ! gas bubbles 7 made ! basis ( a telegraph receiv] by ,s4 ,t4 ,soemm]+71 ! quantitative laws ( electrolysis 7 n work$ out by ,f>aday until aft] #ahcj1 & n until #ahcd 0 he satisfi$ t ! electrolytic decomposition ( wat] 0 suffici5tly well und]/ood to be made ! basis = a useful measur+ in/rum5t4 ,describ+ 8 wat]-electrolysis device 9 t ye>1 he wrote3 ,! in/rum5t (f]s ! only actual measur] italics 8 ( voltaic electricity :i* we at pres5t possess4 ,= )\t be+ at all affect$ by v>iations 9 "t or int5sity1 or alt]ations 9 ! curr5t itself1 ( any k9d1 or f any cause1 or ev5 ( int]missions ( actions1 x takes note ) accuracy ( ! quantity ( electricity :i* has pass$ ?r\gh x1 & reveals t quantity by inspection2 ,i h !re=e nam$ x a ,,voltaelectromet]4#f ,9 pass+1 ,f>aday comm5t$ t ! ef=ts by ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d to use *emical decomposition z a measure ( ! electricity ( ! voltaic pile 9 #ahaa _h be5 premature because ! pr9ciples & precautions involv$ 7 n !n kn[n4 ,he also not$ t ! details ( metal deposition 9 electrolysis 7 /ill n suffici5tly und]/ood to p]mit its use 9 an in/rum5t4#g ,! heat+ ( ! wires 9 electric circuits mu/ h be5 obs]v$ s e>ly & s (t5 ) bo? electro/atic & voltaic app>atus1 t no "o has bo!r$ to claim or trace priorities = ?is effect4 ,! production ( inc&esc5ce1 h[ev]1 & ! ev5 m dramatic combu/ion or explosion ( metal-foil /rips & f9e wires has a good deal ( record$ hi/ory4 ,among ! fir/ to burn leaf metal ) a voltaic pile 0 ,j4 ,b4 ,tromsdorff ( ,erfurt :o not$ 9 #ahja ! di/9ctly diff]5t colors ( ! flames produc$ by ! v>i\s common metals4 ,9 ! succe$+ few ye>s1 ,humphry ,davy at ! ,royal ,in/itution frequ5tly1 9 8 public lectures1 %[$ wires gl[+ f electric curr5t4 ,e>ly electrical in/rum5tation bas$ on ! heat+ effect took an unusual =m4 ,%ortly aft] #ahjj1 ,w4 ,h4 ,wolla/on1 an ,engli% ,m4,d41 le>n$ a me?od = produc+ malleable plat9um4 ,he kept ! process secret1 & = sev]al ye>s enjoy$ an extremely pr(itable monopoly 9 ! sale ( plat9um crucibles1 wire1 & o!r objects4 ,ab\t #ahaj1 he inv5t$ a te*nique = produc+ plat9um wire z f9e z a few million?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 t has s9ce be5 kn[n z ,wolla/on wire4 ,= sev]al ye>s prec$+ #ahbj1 no o!r in/rum5t c\ld comp>e ! /r5g?s ( two voltaic cells bett] ?an ! te/ ( ! respective maximum l5g?s ( ?is wire t !y c\ld heat to fusion4 ,"o c sympa?ize ) ,cumm+'s comm5t 9 #ahba ab\t ! difficulty 9 sold]+ wires t are b>ely visible4#h ,electrical ,in/rum5tation1 #ahjj-ahbj ,! #bj ye>s foll[+ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! voltaic-pile inv5tion 7 ye>s ( int5se exp]im5tal activity ) ?is device4 ,_m new *emical elem5ts 7 discov]$1 beg9n+s 7 made on ! electro*emical s]ies ( ! elem5ts1 ! electric arc & inc&esc5t plat9um wires sugge/$ ! possibilities ( electric light+1 & v>i\s electro*emical obs]vations gave promise ( o!r practical applications su* z metal-ref9+1 electroplat+1 & quantity production ( c]ta9 gases4 ,inve/igators 7 ke5ly aw>e t all ( ! available means = measur+ & comp>+ ! electrical aspects ( _! exp]im5ts 7h[ev] vaguely ^! electrical aspects may h be5 conceiv$71 7 sl[1 awkw>d1 imprecise1 & unreliable4 ,! atmosph]e 0 su* t prom95t sci5ti/s ev]y:]e 7 ready to p\nce imm$iately on any report$ discov]y ( a new electrical effect1 to explore its pot5tialities = in/rum5tal purposes4 ,into ?is receptive environm5t came ,h4 ,c4 ,o]/$'s ann\ncem5t ( ! magnetic effects ( a voltaic circuit1 on ,july #ba1 #ahbj4i ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,,galvanomet] ,,0 ,,! ,,"n giv5 by ,bis*( to ?is goldleaf electro/atic in/rum5t 9 #ahjb1 #ah ye>s be=e ,amp]e c\pl$ ! ^w ) ! use ( ,o]/$'s electromagnetic exp]im5t z an indicat+ device4 ,o]/$'s ,discov]y ,_m writ]s h express$ surprise t ) all ! use made ( voltaic cells aft] #ahjj1 includ+ ! enorm\s cells t produc$ ! electric arc & vaporiz$ wires1 no "o = #bj ye>s happ5$ to see a deflection ( any ( ! inevitable ne>by compass ne$les1 :i* 7 a basic compon5t ( ! sci5tific app>atus kept by any exp]im5t] at ?is "t4 ,yet s x happ5$4 ,! surprise is /ill great] :5 "o realizes t _m ( ! contempor>y natural philosoph]s 7 firmly p]suad$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( positive evid5ce1 t !re mu/ be a connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism4 ,o]/$ himself held ?is latt] op9ion1 & _h be5 seek+ electromagnetic relation%ips m or less delib]ately = sev]al ye>s be=e he made 8 decisive obs]vations4 ,8 famili>ity ) ! subject 0 su* t he fully appreciat$ ! imm5se importance ( 8 discov]y4 ,?is acc\nts = 8 employ+ a r uncommon me?od ( publication4 ,in/ead ( submitt+ a lett] to a sci5tific society or a report to ! editor ( a j\rnal1 he _h privately pr9t$ a f\r-page pamphlet describ+ 8 results4 ,?is1 he =w>d$ simultane\sly to ! le>n$ societies & out/&+ sci5ti/s all ov] ,europe4 ,writt5 9 ,lat91 ! pap] 0 publi%$ 9 v>i\s j\rnals 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian & ,dani% dur+ ! next few weeks4#aj ,9 summ>y1 he report$ t a compass ne$le exp]i5c$ deviations :5 plac$ ne> a wire connect+ ! t]m9als ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,he describ$ fully h[ ! direction & magnitude ( ! ne$le deflections v>i$ ) ! relative position ( ! wire1 & ! pol>ity ( ! batt]y1 & /at$ ,f ! prec$+ facts1 we may likewise collect t ?is conflict p]=ms circles4444 ,o]/$'s comm5t t ! voltaic app>atus us$ %\ld be /rong en\gh to heat a metallic wire r$ hot does n excuse ! #bj-ye> delay ( ! discov]y4 ,beg9n+s ( ,electromagnetic ,in/rum5tation ,! m]e locat+ ( a compass ne$le above or bel[ a suitably ori5t$ portion ( a voltaic circuit creat$ an electrical in/rum5t1 ! mom5t ,o]/$'s effect became kn[n1 & x 0 to ?is basic juxtaposition t ,amp]e quickly gave ! "n ( galvanomet]4#aa ,x _c be said t ! sci5ti/s ( ! day agre$ t ?is in/rum5t detect$ or measur$ electric curr5t1 h[ev]4 ,volta himself _h ref]r$ to ! curr5t 9 8 orig9al circuits1 & ,amp]e us$ ! ^w freely & confid5tly 9 8 electrodynamic rese>*es ( #ahbj-ahbb1 b ,o]/$ did n use x fir/ & _m ( ! ,g]man physici/s :o foll[$ up 8 "w avoid$ x = sev]al ye>s4 ,z late z #ahcb1 ,f>aday c\ld make only ! r noncommittal /atem5t3 ,by curr5t ,i mean any?+ progressive1 :e!r x be a fluid ( electricity or vibrations or g5]ally progressive =ces4#ab ,nev]!less1 :atev] ! words or concepts !y us$1 exp]im5t]s agre$ t ,o]/$'s app>atus provid$ a me?od ( monitor+ ! /r5g? ( a voltaic circuit & a means ( comp>+1 = example1 "o voltaic batt]y or circuit ) ano!r4 ,x 0 p]fectly cle>1 f ,o]/$'s pamphlet1 t if a compass ne$le 0 deflect$ clockwise :5 ! wire ( a p>ticul> voltaic circuit lay above x 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 ! same ne$le w\ld also be deflect$ clockwise if ! wire 0 turn$ end-=-end & plac$ bel[ ! compass ne$le1 )\t *ang+ ! re/ ( ! circuit4 ,anyone p]ceiv+ ?is fact might d$uce1 z a matt] ( logic1 t if ! wire ( ! circuit 0 fir/ pass$ above ! ne$le1 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 !n fold$ & return$ 9 a p>allel pa? bel[ ! ne$le1 ! deflect+ effect on ! ne$le w\ld be repeat$1 & a m s5sitive indicator w\ld result1 assum+ t any additional wire introduc$ has n affect$ ! circuit excessively4 ,s9ce #ahba1 hi/orical acc\nts ( ! orig9s ( electromagnetism seem to h limit$ _! cr$it assignm5ts = ! conception & obs]vation ( ?is electromagnetic d\bl+ effect 7or multiply+ effect1 if ! fold+ is repeat$7 to ?ree p]sons4 ,almo/ )\t exception1 h[ev]1 ^! acc\nts h giv5 no specific in=mation z to precisely :at ea* ( ^! ?ree accompli%$1 :at physical =m _! respective creations took1 :at exp]im5ts !y p]=m$1 & :at functional und]/&+ !y app>5tly _h ( ! situation4 ,! usual /atem5t is simply t a compass ne$le 0 plac$ 9 a coil ( wire4#ac ,! ma9 purpose ( ! pres5t review is to rec\nt "s ( ^! details4 ,! foll[+ are ! ?ree c&idates ^: names are v>i\sly associat$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ con/ruct$ electromagnetic in/rum5t1 or multipli]1 or primitive galvanomet]4 ,,johann ,,salomo ,,*ri/oph ,,s*weigg] 7#aggi-aheg7 9 #ahbj _h already be5 editor = sev]al ye>s ( ! ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik1 & 0 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,pogg5dorf 7#agif-ahgg7 9 #ahbj _h only rec5tly ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 z a /ud5t foll[+ sev]al ye>s z an apo!c>y's appr5tice & a brief p]iod z an apo!c>y4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 he succe$$ ,gilb]t z editor ( ! influ5tial ,annal5 d] ,physik1 a position he held = m ?an #ej ye>s4 ,,james ,,cumm+ 7#agga-ahfa7 9 #ahbj 0 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,*ronology & ,priority ,! e>lie/ e/abli%$ date 9 ! multipli] record is ,septemb] #af1 #ahbj1 :5 ,s*weigg] read 8 fir/ pap] to ! ,natural ,philosophy ,society ( ,halle4 ,!re seems to be no reason to d\bt t ?is report ju/ifies ! frequ5tly us$ label ,s*weigg]'s multipli]4 ,9 an exub]ant support ( ,s*weigg]'s position1 ,spet]#ad ) no m5tion ( ,cumm+ & no h9t ( inv5tion details1 %[s t ,pogg5dorf 9 #ahba admitt$ ,s*weigg]'s priority1 b suff]$ "s lapse ( memory #dj ye>s lat] :5 writ+ sections ( 8 biographical diction>y1 leav+ a di/9ct sugge/ion t ! inv5tion 0 84 ,fur!r confusion = lat] g5]ations result$ f "s ambigu\s entries 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,deuts*e ,biographie ( #ahhh4 ,! "n multipli] seems n to h orig9at$ ) ,s*weigg] himself4 ,spet] cr$its x to ,me9eke z work+ editor ( ,s*weigg]'s ,j\rnal1 b ,seebeck seems to h us$ x mu* e>li]4#ae ,conc$+ priority ( conception to ,s*weigg] 7,cumm+ has n be5 a real competitor on ?is po9t7 does n alt] ! fact t all ?ree seem to h rea*$ _! results indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 t ! fir/ "w ( ea* on ?is subject 0 publi%$ )9 a p]iod ( five mon?s1 t !re 7 significant diff]5ces 9 _! conceptions ( ! uses & ! optimum design ( _! devices & t betwe5 !m !y provid$ an adequate f\ndation = ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! galvanomet] to become ! prim>y electrical-measur+ in/rum5t4 ,9 ! matt] ( publication1 ,s*weigg]1 z editor ( :at 0 popul>ly call$ ,s*weigg]'s ,j\rnal1 _h an obvi\s advantage1 & pres5t$ 8 exp]im5ts beg9n+s on page #a ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,j\rnal = #ahba1 publi%$ ,janu>y #a ( t ye>4#af ,o]/$'s pap] _h appe>$ two volumes previ\sly4 ,he began by ref]r+ to ,o]/$'s discov]y z ! mo/ int]e/+ to be pres5t$ 9 a ?\s& ye>s ( ! hi/ory ( magnetism4 ,he 01 9 fact1 s impress$ ) ! epo*al nature ( ,o]/$'s a*ievem5t t he commemorat$ x by giv+ 8 ,j\rnal a second title s t volume "o ( ! new title c\ld beg9 9 ! ye> aft] ,o]/$'s publication4 ,pogg5dorf1 z a relatively junior /ud5t1 _h no su* easy access to publicity1 b he _h a /aun* admir] 9 "o ( 8 pr(essors1 ,paul ,erman at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,erman add$ a sev5-page po/script on ,pogg5dorf's inv5tion to 8 book ,outl9e ( ! ,physical ,aspects ( ! ,electro-*emical ,magnetism ,discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,o]/$1 publi%$ be=e ,april #ahba1ag ) an introductory p>agraph3 ,h]r ,pogg5dorf1 :o is "o ( ! mo/ excell5t ornam5ts ( ! lecture room & laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity "h1 c>ri$ out a v coh]5t & well-conceiv$ inve/igation ( electro-*emical magnetism1 lead+ /ep-by-/ep to a me?od ( amplify+ ?is activity-ph5om5on by means ( itself4 ,! po/script beg9s by ref]r+ to ! cond5s] ,kond5sator j br\ght to my att5tion by ,h]r ,pogg5dorf & expla9s t he _c release 8 treatise )\t prelim9>y ann\ncem5t ( ?is subject ( ! highe/ importance4 7,x c be inf]r$ f ! text t ! "n cond5s] 0 *os5 because ( ! device's enhanc+ ( magnetic measurem5ts analog\sly to ! enhanc+ ( electric measurem5ts by ,volta's electro/atic cond5s]47 ,imm$iately on read+ ! book1 ,s*weigg] publi%$ extracts1 ma9ly ( ! po/script1 ) indignant comm5ts on ,erman's remissness 7or worse7 9 hav+ fail$ to m5tion ,s*weigg]'s prior "w4#ah ,h[ev]1 ,erman 0 n alone 9 8 unaw>5ess1 if x 0 t1 ( ,s*weigg]'s discov]y4 ,rival editor ,gilb]t ( ! ,annal5 d] ,physik review$ ,erman at mu* great] l5g? ?an ,s*weigg]1 repr9t+ mo/ ( ! po/script ) evid5t en?usiasm1 & /at+ 9 8 preamble t ! inv5tion is attribut$ to a "y physici/ /udy+ "h 9 ,b]l91 ,h]r ,pogg5dorf4#ai ,only 9 a footnote is ! read] direct$ to ano!r footnote 9 ! next article 9 ! volume1 :]e ,gilb]t f9ally /ates t he _c leave unm5tion$ ! fact t ?is amplify+ app>atus seems to be due to ,h]r ,pr(essor ,s*weigg]4 ,he !n quotes r fully f ,s*weigg]'s fir/ two pap]s4#af ,o]/$ 9 #ahbc expla9$ ! situation ?us3 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,pogg5dorf1 hav+ be5 m5tion$ 9 a book on electromagnetism by ! celebrat$ ,m4 ,erman publi%$ v %ortly aft] its discov]y1 became kn[n to _m sci5ti/s be=e t ( ,m4 ,s*weigg]4 ,?is is ! reason = ! same app>atus c>ry+ diff]5t names4#bj ,! same confusion is well illu/rat$ by ! pap] to :i* ,gilb]t atta*$ 8 confessional footnote m5tion$ above4 ,writt5 by ,pr(essor ,ras*ig ( ,dresd51 on ,april #c1 #ahba1 ! pap] is entitl$ ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,electro-magnetic ,multipli]1 b ! device1 ?r\gh\t ! pap]1 is repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ! phrase ,pogg5dorf's cond5s]1 or r multipli]1 an awkw>d comb9ation t sugge/s editorial int]v5tion4#ba ,! "w ( ,james ,cumm+ at ,cambridge is describ$ 9 two pap]s :i* he read to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahba1 :i* 7 !n duly publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( t ,society4 ,! fir/1 ,on ! ,connexion ( ,galvanism & ,magnetism1 0 read ,april #b1 #ahba1bb & ! second1 ,on ! ,application ( ,magnetism z a ,measure ( ,electricity1 0 read a few weeks lat] on ,may #ba/4#bc ,?\gh he quotes "s unrelat$ #ah?-c5tury exp]im5ts by ,ritt] 9 ,g]many1 an #ahjg publication ( ,o]/$'s1 & electromagnetic exp]im5ts ) sol5oids p]=m$ by ,arago & ,amp]e 9 late #ahbj1 ,cumm+ makes no m5tion ( ,s*weigg] or ,pogg5dorf1 & nev] uses ! ^w multipli]4 ,x1 !re=e1 seems probable t 8 "w 0 done )\t k ( ! ,g]man publications or inv5tions4 ,orig9al ,electromagnetic ,multipli]s ,( ! ?ree sets ( in/rum5ts made1 respectively1 by ,s*weigg]1 ,pogg5dorf & ,cumm+1 ^? ( ,s*weigg] are ! mo/ elem5t>y1 & ! lea/ reali/ic f a practical po9t ( view4 ,he makes little ef=t to inve/igate ! effect ( any design p>amet]s1 b pres5ts "s odd conductor configurations t involve unimportant v>iations ( ! basic pr9ciple4 ,! foll[+ extracts f 8 fir/ ?ree pap]s#ac conta9 ! major ref]5ces to 8 conception1 con/ruction1 & use ( 8 multipli]4 ,,pap] ,,read ,,9 ,,halle1 ,,septemb] #af1 #ahbj ,t a p[]ful voltaic pile is requir$ = ^! exp]im5ts 7( ,o]/$7 ,i h confirm$ 9 my physics lectures1 us+ an electric pile t 0 s /rong x w\ld easily produce potassium metal ! second & ?ird day aft] x 0 built4 ,h[ev]1 ,i soon saw t ! electromagnetic effect 0 relat$1 n to ! pile1 b to ! simple circuit1 & ,i 0 !reby l$ to p]=m ! exp]im5t ) mu* great] s5sitivity4 ,to amplify ^! electromagnetic ph5om5a ( ! simple circuit x seem$ to me necess>y to adopt a diff]5t arrangem5t f t initiat$ by ,volta1 9 ord] t ! electrical ph5om5a ( 8 simple circuit might be rais$ to a high] degree4 ,s9ce a rev]sal ( ! effect occurs accord+ to :e!r ! connect+-wire lies ov] or "u ! ne$le1 & likewise accord+ to :e!r ! wire leads f ! positive or negative pole1 !nce ,i say x is an easy inf]5ce t a d\bl+ ( ! effect is atta9able1 :i* is v]ifi$ 9 practice4 ,i pres5t to ! ,society ! simple d\bl+ app>atus ,v]doppelungs-,app>at1 :]e ! compass is plac$ betwe5 two wires pass+ ar\nd x4 ,a multiplication ( ! effect is easily obta9$ :5 ! wire is n j once b _m times w\nd ar\nd4 ,a s+le turn suffices1 h[ev]1 to demon/rate ,o]/$'s exp]im5ts1 us+ small /rips ( z9c & copp] dipp$ 9 ammonium-*loride solution4 ,amid innum]able1 rambl+ !orizations 7su* z1 t hydrog5ation affects magnetism z oxidation affects galvanism1 or sulphur1 phosphor\s & c>bon are especially significant 9 magnetism1 s9ce iron 9 comb9ation ) any ( ^! inflammable mat]ials becomes a magnet-mat]ial71 ,s*weigg] ann\nces t he look$ = ! reactive =ce ( ! ne$le on ! connect+ wire 9 ! simple ,o]/$ exp]im5t1 & t he us$ 8 amplify+ app>atus to look = magnetic effects f an electro/atic ma*9e1 b )\t success 9 bo? cases4 ,he sugge/s t he w cont9ue ) _m m electromagnetic exp]im5ts because ) ! use ( ! d\bl+-app>atus1 ! ne$le1 in/ead ( ne$+ = excitation a cell capable ( g5]at+ sp>ks1 approa*es m closely ! s5sitivity ( a twit*+ n]ve4 ,h[ev]1 additional special exp]im5ts are requir$ to f9d to :at limits ! amplification c be increas$ by ! me?od ,i h creat$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is d\bl+-app>atus1 us+ multiple turns ( wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,,?is ,,wire ,,b[-,,patt]n 0 ! fir/ illu/ration ,s*weigg] gave ( 8 d\bl+ app>atus1 ?\gh he _h pres5t$ a v]bal description ( a s+le-coil arrangem5t some:at e>li]4 ,! purpose ( ! b[ patt]n 0 to %[ t compass ne$les at ! c5t]s ( ! two loops deflect$ 9 opposite directions4 7,f ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik47 ,,pap] ,,read ,,9 ,,halle1 ,,novemb] #d1 #ahbj ,! fir/ half ( ?is pap] describes successful obs]vations ( ! reaction-=ce ( a magnetic ne$le on ! connect+ wire ( a voltaic circuit1 a*iev$ by pivot+ ! connect+ wire 9 ! =m ( brass ne$les above & bel[ ! compass ne$le4 ,?\gh ! multipli] configuration ( ne$le & wire is 9 fact pres5t "h1 ,s*weigg] does n m5tion x1 evid5tly reg>d+ ?is z a sep>ate project4 ,he cont9ues4 ,9 my lecture ( ,septemb] #af?1 ,i %[$ t ,o]/$'s results dep5d1 n on ! voltaic cell1 b only on ! connect+ circuit4 ,! pr9ciple ,i h us$ = amplification ( ! effects1 = ! con/ruction ( an electromagnetic batt]y z x 71 0 ! w9d+ ( wire ar\nd ! compass1 & ,i n[ pres5t to ! ,society a b[-patt]n ( multiple-w\nd1 wax-insulat$ wire1 ,figure #c4 ,!re 7 no illu/rations ) ,s*weigg]'s fir/ pap]4 ,:ile a s+le wire1 us+ ! weak electric circuit "h1 deflects ! magnetic ne$le only #cj deg4 or #dj deg41 if ! compass is plac$ 9 "o ( ! op5+s ( ?is patt]n1 ! ne$le is deflect$ #ij deg4 to ! ea/1 or 9 ! o!r op5+ #ij deg4 to ! we/1 us+ ! same weak electric circuit4444 ,! b[-patt]n device has novelty int]e/ only1 add+ no?+ to ! elucidation ( ! multipli] ph5om5on4 ,! same is true ( ,s*weigg]'s next proposal1 %[n 9 figure #d4 444 ,i w n[ add ano!r app>atus1 :i* is j an ext5sion ( ! previ\s "o1 :]eby ! ne$le c take up any angle f #j deg4 to #ahj deg4 ,a %ort l5g? ( circul> glass tub+1 ( inside diamet] l>ge en\gh to conta9 a compass ne$le1 /&s ) its axis v]tical & has s+le or multiple loops ( wire w\nd on x 9 v]tical diametral planes4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 successive plane coils are incl9$ at #cj deg4 to "o ano!r4 444 ! electric curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! :ole wire1 & ! ne$le moves "u all ( ^! curr5ts1 & com+ always into ano!r loop c take any desir$ angle4 ,) mu* fur!r !oriz+ ab\t ! correlation ( magnetism ) ! cohesion ( bodies1 ,s*weigg] /ates aga9 8 evaluation ( 8 discov]y3 ,o]/$ succe$$ 9 electromagnetic rese>* by us+ a sp>k-produc+ cell1 :i* c\ld make a wire gl[4 ,my amplify+ electromagnetic device ne$s only a weak circuit ( copp]1 z9c1 & ammonium *loride solution4#bd ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,,s*weigg] ,,made ,,?is peculi> con/ruction ( wire coils1 w\nd endwise on a %ort v]tical section ( glass tub+ ) a compass ne$le inside1 m]ely to />tle 8 ,halle audi5ce ) ! fact t ! compass ne$le c\ld re/ 9 any ( sev]al /able positions4 7,f ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,,s*weigg]',s ,,sugge/ion ( "o possible design = an amplify+ electromagnetic indicator4 ,! compon5ts are wood5 rods & insulat$ wire4 ,position b ref]r$ to 9 ! text is at ! bottom ( ! diagram betwe5 ! lett]s a & c4 7,f ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik47 ,,fur!r ,,words ,,ab\t ,,! ,,new ,,magnetic ,,ph5om5a ,?is 0 presumably writt5 betwe5 ,novemb] #d1 #ahbj1 & ! ,janu>y #a1 #ahba1 publication date ( 8 ,j\rnal4 ,^! wond]ful new electrical effects#be are mo/ easily r5d]$ p]ceptible ) ! help ( ! previ\sly describ$ wire loops4 ,to focus att5tion on j "o ( ! w9d+s ( ,figure #c1 we sket* a new draw+1 ,figure #e4444 ,s9ce x is ( major importance t ^! loops be made ( silk-cov]$ wire ly+ ev5ly on "o ano!r1 x is conv5i5t to w9d ! loops on two small slott$ /icks ( wood1 al?\gh x is also possible to hold ! wires toge!r ) wax or %ellac1 or to tie !m toge!r 9 an ord]ly mann] ) silk ?read4444 ,9 ,figure #e1 ,aa & ,cc repres5t little slott$ rods ( wood on :i* ! silk-cov]$ wire is w\nd4 ,only ?ree w9d+s are %[n 9 ! figure1 b ,i g5]ally adopt ?ree times t _m4 ,n[ t is connect$ ) ! copp] & d ) ! z9c1 & ! compass ,b set betwe5 ! rods ,aa & ,cc ) ! coil p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian & ! t]m9als d1 t at ! ea/4 ,! in/ant ,z & ,k are dipp$ 9 ! ammonium *loride solution1 ! ne$le turns ar\nd & /ays ) ! nor? pole po9t s\?4444 ,if n[ ! compass is tak5 out ( ! coil & put 9 position b1 all effects are rev]s$1 & are consid]ably weak]1 = obvi\s reasons4444 ,x is ( ! same significance :e!r we br+ ! compass f ,b to b 9 ,figure #e1 or f me% #a to me% #b 9 ,figure #c1 only t 9 ! latt] case1 because ! compass is enclos$ by ! two sides1 a /rong] effect results4444 ,if n[ ! coil is rotat$ 444 s t ! face previ\sly nor? n[ faces s\?1 !n on connect+ ! electric circuit !re is absolutely no trace ( effect on ! ne$le1 assum+ t ! t]m9al wires are n rev]s$4444 ,x seems unnecess>y to note t our magnetic coil c be plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idian or at any arbitr>y angle ) x4444 ,foll[+ sev]al pages ( fur!r talk ab\t ! relation ( cohesion to magnetism & ab\t unipol> & bipol> conductors1 ! only additional item ( int]e/ is ! obs]vation t dis*>ges ( a ,leyd5 j> 7,klei/i*5 ,flas*e7 /rong en\gh to burn /rips ( leaf gold & to magnetize an iron rod 9 a coil1 produc$ no compass-ne$le deflections1 ev5 ) ! help ( ! amplify+ app>atus4 ,s*weigg]1 !re=e1 describ$ ! basic multipli] idea cle>ly en\gh 9 8 fir/ pap]1 b (f]$ no sket* ( ! simple/ con/ruction until ! ?ird pap]4 ,9 ! second pap]1 mean:ile1 he _h illu/rat$ two peculi> designs involv+ ! pr9ciple 9 less elem5t>y ways4 ,8 indiff]5ce to :e!r ! wire loops lie 9 ! magnetic m]idian 7fig4 #c7 or p]p5dicul> to x 7fig4 #e7 or at any o!r arbitr>y angle to x1 reveals a poor appreciation ( ! measur+-in/rum5t pot5tialities4 ,8 conception seems to be prim>ily t ( a detector4 ,pogg5dorf's inv5tion1 z fir/ report$ by ,erman & pres5t$ to a wid] audi5ce by ,gilb]t#bf 0 describ$ z consi/+ ( typically #dj to #ej turns ( #a_/aj-l9e diamet]1 silk-cov]$ copp] wire ti$ tightly toge!r1 ) ! :ole press$ lat]ally to =m an elliptical op5+ 9 :i* a pivot$ compass ne$le c\ld move freely :ile ma9ta9+ cle>ance ( ab\t #b l9es f ! wire at all po9ts4#bg ,?is magnetic cond5s] c be a great boon to electro-*emi/ry1 said ,erman1 = x avoids all ! difficulties ( electric cond5s]s4 ,he not$ t1 us+ ! cond5s]1 ,pogg5dorf _h already e/abli%$ ! electric s]ies = a great numb] ( bodies1 discov]$ v>i\s anomalies ab\t conductivities1 & f\nd a way ( detect+ dissymmetry ( ! poles ( a compass ne$le4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ) ! cond5s]1 no magnetic effects h s f> be5 obta9able f a /rong t\rmal9e1 or f a #ab1jjj-pair1 ,zamboni dry cell4 ,pogg5dorf's own acc\nt ( 8 "w f9ally appe>$ z a v long article 9 ! j\rnal kn[n z ,ok5's ,isis4#bh ,! editorial controv]sies m5tion$ e>li] may h occasion$ ?is use ( a p]iodical ( su* m9or /atus 9 ! fields ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,! s\rce ( ,pogg5dorf's vision ( ! multipli] pr9ciple 0 a little diff]5t f ,s*weigg]'s inspiration4 ,aim+ at "s detail$ analysis ( ,o]/$'s obs]vation1 ,pogg5dorf ran ! connect+ wire ( 8 cell-circuit along a v]tical l9e to j above or bel[ ! pivot-po9t ( ! compass ne$le1 !n1 aft] a "r-angle b5d1 horizontally above or bel[ "o ( ! poles ( ! ne$le4 ,z he /udi$ ! deflections produc$ = all f\r possible positions ( su* a wire1 ) bo? cell pol>ities1 he came to realize t if a rectangul> wire loop 9 a v]tical plane enclos$ a compass ne$le1 all p>ts ( ! horizontal sides ( ! loop w\ld produce additive deflections4 ,by a sep>ate exp]im5t1 he %[$ t ! v]tical sides ( ! loop w\ld also increase ! deflections4 ,he saw at ! same "t t ! effect ( additional turns w\ld be cumulative4 ,! multiple surr\nd+ ( ! ne$le by a silk-cov]$ wire1 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! long axis ( ! ne$le1 af=ds ! physici/ a v simple & s5sitive means ( detect+ ! slighte/ trace ( galvanism1 or ( magnetism produc$ by x1 s t ,i h giv5 ! "n ( magnetic cond5s] to ?is con/ruction1 ?\gh ,i atta* no special value to ?is "n 444 ,9 analyz+ ! a/oni%+ly increas$ p[] :i* ! cond5s] gives to ! magnetic effect ( a circuit1 ! fir/ "q t arises is h[ ! effect v>ies ) ! numb] ( turns1 :e!r x increases indef9itely or rea*es a maximum beyond :i* additional turns h no effect4 ,! answ] to ?is fir/ "q is l9k$ to ! solution ( ano!r1 viz1 :e!r ! degrees deflection are a direct expression ( ! measure ( ! magnetic =ce or n4 ,to in/ruct myself on ?is po9t ,i made use ( ?ree sep>ate circuits1 ea* conta9+ an #h-turn cond5s]1 & put ^! z close toge!r z possible 9 ! magnetic m]idian 444 ) ! ne$le betwe5 ! w9d+s4 ,ea* s+le circuit 444 gave a deflection ( #de deg4 444 ,:5 two 7 connect$ ! deflection 0 #fj deg41 & :5 f9ally all ?ree 7 put 9 magnetic op]ation1 ! deflection grew to only #gj deg4 ,x appe>s cle>ly f ?is t ! angle ( deflection is n 9 a simple ratio ) ! magnetic =ce act+ on ! ne$le4444 ,nei!r ,pogg5dorf nor ,s*weigg] seems to h rul$ out1 on logical gr\nds alone1 ! possibility ( deflections great] ?an #ij deg41 ) ! loop-plane 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 ?\gh ,pogg5dorf does add a vague note t if ! ne$le deflect$ too f> x w\ld enc\nt] =ces ( ! oppos+ sign4 ,pogg5dorf exp]im5t$ ) ! size ( ! circuit wires1 f9d+ t l>g] wires l$ to great] deflections4 ,he not$ t ! size ( ! cell plates & ! nature ( ! cell's moi/ conductors w\ld c]ta9ly h a great effect1 b t to inve/igate ^! 9 detail w\ld take undue "t1 & he !re=e propos$ to keep ?is "p ( ! app>atus con/ant1 us+ "o pair ( z9c & copp] plates #c4f in*es 9 diamet]1 sep>at$ by clo? soak$ 9 ammonium-*loride solution4 ,pogg5dorf's pr9cipal quantitative /udy ( 8 magnetic cond5s] us$ #ac id5tical coils1 ea* ) #ajj turns4 ,9 ord] t ! turns %\ld all be at approximately ! same di/ance f ! ne$le1 ! coils 7 w\nd ( ! f9e/ brass wire t c\ld be silk-insulat$1 ! wire diamet] be+ #j4jb l9es4 ,on add+ coils "o at a "t across ! cell 7i4e41 connect+ !m 9 p>allel71 ! deflections 7 z foll[s3 ,turns #ajj #bjj #cjj #djj #ejj #fjj #gjj ,deflection 9 degrees #de #ej #ee #ei-fj #fb #fc #fd ,turns #hjj #ijj #ajjj #aajj #abjj #acjj ,deflection 9 degrees #fe #fe-a_/b #ff #ff #ff #ff ,add+ "s coils ) few] turns1 & connect+ v>i\s comb9ations z a cont9uum 7i4e41 9 s]ies71 ! deflections us+ ! same cell 73 ,turns #a #e #aj #be #ej #ge #ajj #bjj ,deflection 9 degrees #aj #bb #bg #cj #ce-dj #dj #dj #dj ,turns #cjj #djj #ejj #fjj #gjj #hjj #ijj #ajjj ,deflection 9 degrees #dj #dj #da #dj #dj #dj #dj #dj ,mak+ a few coils f wire ) #a_/h-l9e diamet]1 ! deflections1 aga9 us+ ! same cell 73 ,turns #e #be #ej #ajj ,ov] #ajj ,deflection 9 degrees #bj-bb #dj-de #de #fe #fe ,s9ce ! ne$le us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 almo/ z long z ! inside cle>ance ( ! coils1 no simple tang5t law c be appli$1 & x is n possible to discov] an equival5t circuit 9 mod]n t]ms4 ,h[ev]1 ! con/ancy ( ! deflections = l>ge numb]s ( turns 9 ea* case indicates t ! cell voltage & resi/ance 7 fairly con/ant1 & a r\gh e/imate sugge/s t ! cell resi/ance 0 comp>able to ! resi/ance ( "o ( ! #ajj-turn coils ( f9e wire4 ,su* a value means t cell resi/ance limit$ ! maximum deflections = ! p>allel-connect$ multipli]s1 :ile coil resi/ance fix$ ! limit 9 ! s]ies case4 ,= all ( ^! reasons1 x 0 impossible t any useful functional law c\ld be obta9$ f ! data4 ,pogg5dorf conclud$ only t ! amplify+ p[] ( ! cond5s] does n increase )\t limit1 b has a maximum value dep5d5t on ! conditions ( plate area & wire size4 ,he add$ two o!r significant comm5ts d]iv$ f v>i\s obs]vations1 t ! basic ,o]/$ ph5om5on is indep5d5t ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 & t ! ph5om5on is localiz$1 i4e41 is n affect$ by di/ant p>ts ( ! circuit4 ,only a small fraction ( ,pogg5dorf's pap] is devot$ to elucidat+ ! prop]ties ( ! cond5s]4 ,a simil> am\nt is conc]n$ ) refut+ v>i\s proposals1 su* z ^? ( ,b]zelius & ,erman1 ab\t di/ributions ( magnetic pol>ity 9 a conduct+ wire to acc\nt = ,o]/$'s results4 ,m ?an half ( ! pap] describes results obta9$ by us+ ! cond5s] to comp>e conductivities & cell pol>ities "u conditions :]e no effect _h previ\sly be5 detectable4 ,notable is ! obs]vation ( ne$le deflections 9 circuits ^: connect+ wires are int]rupt$ by pieces ( graphite1 manganese dioxide1 v>i\s sulphur comp\nds1 etc41 mat]ials :i* _h previ\sly be5 consid]$ z insulators 9 galvanic circuits4 ,pogg5dorf gives ^! ! "n ( semi-conductor 7halb-,leit]74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,,electromagnetic ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,james ,,cumm+1 us$ at ,cambridge 9 #ahba4 ,"o is a s+le-wire galvanomet]1 foll[+ ,amp]e's def9ition4 ,cumm+ call$ ! multiple-turn con/ruction galvanoscopes4 ,he %[$ h[ to increase _! s5sitivity by p>tial cancellation ( ! e>?'s magnetism at ! location ( ! compass ne$le4 7,f ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 #a1 #ahba47 ,cumm+'s fir/ m5tion ( ! multipli] ph5om5on1 9 8 pap] ( ,april #b1 #ahba1bb is q casual1 & describes only a "o-turn con/ruction4 ,he speaks fir/ ( s+le-turn r+ ( ?ick1 brass wire1 & aft] not+ t ! sides ( a circuit produce additive effects on a ne$le1 he comm5ts t a flatt5$ rectangul> loop produces ne>ly quadruple ! effect ( a s+le wire4 ,! pap] is prim>ily a review ( ,o]/$'s "w1 ) ref]5ces to electromagnetic obs]vations be=e ,o]/$1 & acc\nts ( v>i\s relat$ b nonmultipli] exp]im5ts t ,cumm+ has made4 ,8 second pap]1 ( ,may #ba/1 conta9s a f9e plate 7fig4 #f7 illu/rat+ arrangem5ts us$ 9 inve/igat+ ! subject ( ! pap]'s title ,! ,application ( ,magnetism z a ,measure ( ,electricity4 7,nei!r ,pogg5dorf nor any ( 8 comm5tators ev] illu/rat$ 8 cond5s]47 ,al?\gh ?is plate is nev] ref]r$ to 9 ! pap] itself1 a ne>by ,description gives a few comm5ts4 ,! two wire patt]ns %[n are not$ z simply =ms ( spiral = increas+ ! electromagnetic int5sity4 ,! m\nt$ wire loop1 ) enclos$ compass ne$le & t]m9al m]cury cups1 is cle>ly id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ! devices ( ,s*weigg] & ,pogg5dorf1 & is call$ a galvanoscope4 ,! l>ge/ /ructure illu/rat$ does n involve ! multiply+ effect4 ,x is call$ a galvanomet]1 consi/5t ) ,amp]e's def9ition ( t ^w4 ,to use x1 two leads ( a voltaic circuit are ins]t$ into ! m]cury cups ,,ac & ,,bd1 & ! bo>d ,,efgh c>ry+ ! cups is mov$ v]tically until "s /&>d deflection is obta9$ on ! compass ne$le bel[4 ,! relative /r5g? ( ! circuit is !n giv5 by ! calibrat$ position ( ! slid+ section4 ,unc]ta9ties are und\bt$ly introduc$ by ! arbitr>y positions ( ! connect+ wires f ! te/ circuit to ! m]cury cups1 b ,cumm+ drew "s int]e/+ conclusions f v>i\s measurem5ts he made4 ,obs]v+ ne$le deflections = v>i\s positions ( ! wire ,a-,b1 ) a con/ant voltaic circuit1 he f\nd t ! tang5t ( ! deviation v>ies inv]sely z ! di/ance ( ! connect+ wire f ! magnetic ne$le4 ,"h is a comb9ation ( ! deflection law = a ne$le 9 a transv]se horizontal field & ! magnetic-=ce law = a long1 /raight wire4 ,! latt] _h be5 det]m9$ exp]im5tally by ,biot & ,sav>t1 9 ,novemb] #ahbj1 by tim+ ! oscillations ( a susp5d$ magnet4#bi ,cumm+ consid]s 8 /raight-wire calibrat$ galvanomet] to be a device = measur+ galvanic electricity2 on ! o!r h&1 8 multiple-loop galvanoscopes are = discov]+ galvanic electricity4 ,) ! multipli] in/rum5t1 he f\nd galvanic effects 7i4e41 ne$le deflections7 us+ copp] & z9c electrodes ) sev]al acids n previ\sly kn[n to create galvanic action4 ,a potassium-m]cury amalgam electrode creat$ a p[]ful cell ) z9c z ! positive electrode1 e/abli%+ bo? ! metallic nature ( potassium & ! fact t x is ! mo/ negative ( all metals4 ,9 a ?ird pap]1 pres5t$ ,april #bh1 #ahbc1cj ,cumm+ reports use ( ! galvanoscope 9 exp]im5ts on ! !rmoelectric ph5om5a rec5tly discov]$ by ,seebeck4 ,8 note t = ! m m9ute effects a compass 0 employ$ 9 ! galvanoscope1 hav+ its t]re/rial magnetism neutraliz$ 444 seems to be ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ?is v]sion ( ! a/atic pr9ciple1 a te*nique ^: dramatic effects 7 especially valuable 9 l[-resi/ance !rmoelectric circuits1 :]e ! extra resi/ance ( additional multipli] turns l>gely (fsets _! magnetic contribution4 ,9 detail1 ! ne$le is neutraliz$ by plac+ a p[]ful magnet ,nor? & ,s\? on a l9e ) its c5t]2 & ano!r1 :i* is mu* weak]1 ,ea/ & ,we/ at "s di/ance above x3 by means ( ! fir/ ! ne$le is plac$ ne>ly at "r angles to ! m]idian1 & ! adju/m5t is complet$ by ! second4 ,on v>y+ ! l5g? ( ! connect+ wire ( ! circuit1 ,cumm+ f\nd ! deflections ( ! multipli] ne$le to be 9 a ne>ly reciprocal relation4 ,he speaks ( ! conduct+ p[] ( ! wire1 & seems n f> f visualiz+ ,ohm's law1 ( :i* no publi%$ =m appe>$ until #ahbf4 ,ohm's own exp]im5ts 7 made ) v simil> app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,,s*weigg] ,,multipli] us$ by ,o]/$ 9 #ahbc4 ,a ?9 magnetic ne$le is held 9 a light1 pap] sl+ at ,f1 susp5d$ by a f9e1 v]tical fib]4 7,f ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique47 ,conclusions ,an ef=t has be5 made to %[ t electrical exp]im5t]s prior to ,o]/$'s discov]y 9 #ahbj 7 9 desp]ate ne$ ( "s electrical in/rum5t = galvanic or voltaic circuits t w\ld comb9e s5sitivity1 simplicity1 reliability1 & quick response4 ,! ne>ly simultane\s creation by ,s*weigg]1 ,pogg5dorf & ,cumm+ ( an arrangem5t consi/+ ( a coil ( wire & a compass ne$le provid$ ! fir/ primitive v]sion ( a device to fill t ne$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,,completely ,,useless ,,arrangem5t ( v]tical coil & horizontal1 unmagnetiz$ ne$le1 pres5t$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal ( #ahba z ,pogg5dorf's ,galvano-,magnetic ,cond5s]4 ,almo/ e aspect ( ,pogg5dorf's in/rum5t has be5 incorrectly repres5t$4 ,x appe>s t ,s*weigg] is cle>ly entitl$ to cr$it = absolute priority 9 ! discov]y1 b ! orig9al s\rces sugge/ t bo? 8 und]/&+ ( ! device & ! subsequ5t rese>*es he p]=m$ ) x 7 m>k$ly inf]ior to ^? ( ! o!r indep5d5t discov]]s4 ,9 us+ ! g5]ic label1 ,s*weigg]'s ,multipli]1 !re h be5 hi/orical examples ( attribut+ to ,s*weigg] consid]ably m sophi/ication ?an is ju/ifi$4 ,figure #g %[s an in/rum5t design$ by ,o]/$ 9 #ahbc1bj :i* he says diff]s 9 only m9or p>ticul>s f t ( ,m4 ,s*weigg]4 ,on comp>+ figure #g ) figures #c1 #d1 or #e1 ! rem>k seems ov]ly g5]\s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! multipli] in/rum5ts has _h its fair %>e ( errone\s reports & mislead+ clues4 ,a f9e example is ! illu/ration ( figure #h1 tak5 f :at is (t5 quot$ z ! fir/ report 9 ,engli% on ,pogg5dorf's ,galvano-,magnetic ,cond5s]4#ca ,! sket* is ! editor's int]pretation ( a v]bal description giv5 him by a visit+ ,dani% *emi/ :o1 9 turn1 _h receiv$ ! in=mation 9 a lett] f ,o]/$4 ,x incorporates1 fai?ful to ! description1 a spiral wire 444 e/abli%$ v]tically1 ) a ne$le 9 ! axis ( ! spiral1 yet by misund]/&+ ( ! axial relations & ( ! ratio ( l5g? to diamet] = ! coil1 a completely mean+less arrangem5t has result$4 ,! confusion is comp\nd$ by ! specify+ ( an unmagnetiz$ ne$le4 ,s*weigg] & ,pogg5dorf1 ?r\gh _! editorial positions1 7 among ! be/ kn[n ( all ,european sci5ti/s = sev]al decades4 ,on "o basis or ano!r _! reputations are firmly e/abli%$4 ,comp>ison ( ! acc\nts ( ! e>ly multipli]s1 h[ev]1 sugge/s t ! ,rev]5d ,james ,cumm+1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 0 a v p]ceptive philosoph]4 ,?is 0 well und]/ood by ,g4 ,t4 ,bettany :o wrote 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography t ,cumm+'s e>ly pap]s ?\gh extremely unpret5ti\s1 7 l&m>ks 9 electromagnetism & !rmoelectricity1 & conclud$ t3 ,_h he be5 m ambiti\s & ( less unc]ta9 heal?1 8 cle>ness & grasp & 8 great aptitude = rese>* might h c>ri$ him into ! front rank ( discov]]s4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,i wi% to ?ank ,dr4 ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf1 *airman ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,te*nology 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 = enc\ragem5t 9 ! writ+ ( ?is pap] & = ! provision ( opportunity to consult ! appropriate s\rces4 ,to ,dr4 ,w4 ,james ,k+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,physics1 ,i am grateful = _m provocative discussions on ?is & relat$ topics4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a4 ,,volta1 ,on ! ,electricity ,excit$ by ! ,m]e ,contact ( ,conduct+ ,sub/ances ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds1 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#ahjj71 vol4 #ij1 pp4 #djc-dca4 #b ,"s little-kn[n b delightful obs]vations 9 ! prehi/ory ( electromagnetism are describ$ 9 a lett] writt5 by ,g4 ,w4 ,,s*ill+ f ,london to ! ,b]l9 ,academy on ,july #h1 #agfi1 publi%$ z ,sur les ph5om5es de l',anguleil ,tremblante ,n\veaux ,memoires de l',academie ,royale des ,sci5ces et ,belles-,lettres1 #aggj 7,b]l91 #aggb71 pp4 #fh-gd1 translat$ to ,fr5* f ! orig9al ,g]man4 ,! lett] rec\nts a multitude ( exp]im5ts ) v>i\s electric eels4 ,! two obs]vations ( electromagnetic int]e/ are t a piece ( iron held by ! h& 9 ! eel's tank c\ld be felt quiv]+ ev5 :5 ! fi% 0 /ation>y sev]al in*es away1 & a compass ne$le %[$ a deflection1 bo? 9 ! wat] ne> ! fi%1 & outside ! tank1 also ) ! fi% /ation>y4 #c ,,abraham ,,b5net1 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#aghg71 p4 #bf4 #d ,op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 p4 #djc4 #e ,philosophical ,magaz9e 7#ahjj71 vol4 #g1 pp4 #bhi-caa4 ,= a facsimile repr9t1 see ,galvani-,volta 7,b]n ,dibn]'s ,burndy ,libr>y ,publication ,no4 #g71 ,norwalk1 ,connecticut1 #aieb4 #f ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday1 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity1 vol4 #a 7,london1 #ahci71 p>agraph #gci1 dat$ ,janu>y #ahcd4 #g ,ibid41 sec4 #gda4 #h ,,james ,,cumm+1 ,on ! ,application ( ,magnetism z a ,measure ( ,electricity1 ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 7#ahba71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bhb-bhf4 ,also publi%$ 9 ,philosophical ,magaz9e 7#ahbb71 vol4 #fj1 pp4 #bec-beg4 #i ,h4 ,c4 ,,o]/$1 ,exp]im5ta ,circa ,effectum ,conflictus ,electrici 9 ,acum ,magneticam 7,cop5hag51 ,july #ba1 #ahbj74 #aj ,full details ( ,o]/$'s "w & publications are 9 ,o]/$ & ! ,discov]y ( ,electromagnetism 7,b]n ,dibn]'s ,burndy ,libr>y ,publication ,no4 #ah71 ,norwalk1 ,connecticut1 #aifa4 ,! orig9al ,lat9 v]sion & fir/ ,engli% translation are reproduc$ 9 ,isis 7#aibh71 vol4 #cd1 pp4 #dce-ddd4 #aa ,a4 ,m4 ,,amp]e1 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique 7#ahbj71 vol4 #ae1 p4 #fg4 ,! ^w galvanomet] _h be5 us$ mu* e>li] by ,,bis*(1 ,on ,galvanism & its ,m$ical ,applications1 ,! ,m$ical & ,physical ,j\rnal 7#ahjb71 vol #g1 p4 #ebi1 = a =m ( goldleaf electroscope %[n "h 9 figure #b1 b ?is use ( ! ^w does n seem to h be5 adopt$ by o!rs4 #ab ,op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 p>agraph #bhc1 dat$ ,janu>y #ahcc4 ,a simil> attitude 0 express$ 9 ! same ye> by ,,*ri/ie1 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#ahcc71 vol4 #abc1 p4 #if3 ,i adopt ! ^w curr5t z a conv5i5t mode ( expression1 444 b ,i w\ld n be consid]$ z adopt+ any !oretical views on ! subject4444 #ac ,"s prom95t examples ( ?is brevity ( treatm5t are 9 ,e4 ,,hoppe1 ,ges*i*te d] ,elektrizitaet 7,leipzig1 #ahhd72 ,o4 ,,mahr1 ,ges*i*tli*e ,e9zeld>/ellung5 aus d] ,elektrote*nik 7,b]l91 #aida72 ,r4 ,s4 ,,:ipple1 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,galvonomet]1 ,j\rnal ( ,sci5tific ,in/rum5ts 7#aicd71 vol4 #g1 pp4 #cg-dc2 ,,william ,,/urgeon1 ,sci5tific ,rese>*es 7,bury1 #ahej72 ,a4 ,w4 ,,humphreys1 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,conception & ,measurem5t ( ,electric ,curr5t1 ,annals ( ,sci5ce 7#aicg71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #afd-agh4 #ad ,m4 ,,spet]1 ,kla]ung d] ,multiplikator-,prioritaetsfrage ,s*weigg]-,pogg5dorf1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,in/rum5t5kunde 7#aicg7 vol4 #eg1 pp4 #bi-cb4 #ae ,t4 ,,seebeck1 ,ueb] d5 ,magnetismus d] ,galvanis*5 ,kette1 ,abh&lung5 d] ,ko5igli*e ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l9 7#ahbj-ahba71 pp4 #bhi-cdf4 ,! phrase ,s*weigg]'s multipli] is us$ on page #cai4 ,! _m exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ?is pap] add$ little or no?+ to contempor>y appreciation ( ! multipli] z an in/rum5t4 #af ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,s*weigg]1 ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik 7#ahba71 vol4 #ca1 pp4 #a-ah1 #ce-db4 ,pages #a-f are ! pap] pres5t$ 9 ,halle on ,septemb] #af1 #ahbj2 pages #g-ah are ! pap] pres5t$ 9 ,halle on ,novemb] #d1 #ahbj1 & pages #ce-db are a few additional words4 ,! preface to ! :ole volume is dat$ ,janu>y #a1 #ahba4 ,a some:at e>li] public ann\ncem5t ref]r+ to ,s*weigg]'s discov]y appe>$ 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,lit]atur-,zeitung 7,novemb] #ahbj71 no4 #bif1 cols4 #fbb-fbd1 b ?is 0 lack+ 9 detail & seems n to h be5 notic$ by any sci5ti/s4 #ag ,p4 ,,erman1 ,umrisse zu d5 physis*5 ,v]haeltniss5 des von ,h]rn ,pr(4 ,o]/$ entdeckt5 elektro-*emis*5 ,magnetismus 7,b]l91 #ahba74 ,hoppe 7footnote #ac7 /ates t ,erman's book 0 publi%$ 9 ,may2 h[ev]1 x is ref]r$ to 9 a lett] dat$ ,april #c1 #ahba1 by ,,ras*ig1 ,annal5 d] ,physik 7#ahba71 vol4 #fg1 pp4 #dbg-dcf4 #ah ,op4 cit4 7footnote #af71 vol4 #cb1 pp4 #ch-ej4 #ai ,annal5 d] ,physik 7#ahba71 vol4 #fg1 pp4 #chb-dbf1 & footnote on pages #dbi-dcj ( same volume4 ,! footnote accompanies ! article by ,ras*ig m5tion$ 9 footnote #ag4 #bj ,h4 ,c4 ,,o]/$1 ,sur le ,multipli] electro-magnetique de ,m4 ,s*weigg]1 et sur quelques applications qu'on en a faites1 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique 7#ahbc71 vol4 #bb1 pp4 #ceh-cfe4 #ba ,v]su*e mit dem electris*-magnetis*5 ,multiplicator1 ,annal5 d] ,physik 7#ahba71 vol4 #fg1 pp4 #dbg-dcf4 #bb ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 7#ahba71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bfi-bgh4 #bc ,op4 cit4 7footnote #h74 #bd ,! ,g]man ^w ,kette has be5 translat$ z circuit ?r\gh\t4 ,al?\gh ! equival5ce ( ^! words is cle>1 = example1 9 ,ohm's "w ( #ahbf1 ! context 9 :i* ,kette is sometimes us$ 9 #ahbj & #ahba indicates t ! concept ( a circuit1 9 ! s5se ( ! wir+ ext]nal to ! s\rce ( electricity1 has n be5 e/abli%$4 ,! wir+ is reg>d$ m z some?+ incid5tal1 us$ to close ! cell1 ! cell be+ consid]$ ess5tially ! :ole ( ! app>atus4 ,?is view und]lies ! _m attempts to correlate ! ,o]/$ ph5om5a ) cell mat]ials & design1 & ) ! use ( su* t]ms z *emical magnetism by ,erman & o!rs4 #be ,! ref]5ce "h is to ! ,o]/$-type exp]im5ts describ$ 9 two pap]s by au?ors o!r ?an ,s*weigg] on pages #ai to #cd ( ! volume4 #bf ,op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 pp4 #dbb-dbf4 #bg ,"o l9e seems to h be5 ab\t #a_/ab in*4 #bh ,j4 ,g4 ,,pogg5dorf1 ,physis*-*emis*e ,unt]su*ung5 zur naeh]5 ,k5ntniss des ,magnetismus d] voltais*5 ,saeule1 ,isis von ,ok5 7#ahba71 vol4 #h1 pp4 #fhg-gaj4 ,mo/ ( ,pogg5dorf's num]ical data is also 9 ,c4 ,h4 ,,pfaff1 ,d] ,elektromagnetismus 7,hamburg1 #ahbd71 along ) "s ( ,pfaff's own "w4 #bi ,report$ 9 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique 7#ahbj71 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #bbb-bbc4 #cj ,on ! ,developm5t ( ,electro-,magnetism by ,heat1 ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society 7#ahbc71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #dg-gf4 #ca ,acc\nt ( ! ,new ,galvano-,magnetic ,cond5s] inv5t$ by ,m4 ,pogg5dorf ( ,b]l91 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal 7,july #ahba71 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aab-aac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aifd ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #bj c5ts ,,index ,ald9i1 ,giovanni1 #abd ,amp]e1 ,&re ,m>ie1 #abg1 #abi ,arago1 ,dom9ique ,francois ,jean1 #abi ,b5net1 ,abraham1 #abd ,b]zelius1 ,jo5s ,jakob1 #acc ,bettany1 ,g4 ,t41 #acf ,biot1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ace ,c>lisle1 ,an?ony1 #abd ,cavallo1 ,tib]io1 #abd ,cav5di%1 ,h5ry1 #abc ,cumm+s1 ,james1 #abe1 #abg1 #acc ,erman1 ,paul1 #abh1 #abi1 #acb1 #acc ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael1 #abe ,galvani1 ,luigi1 #abd ,gay-,lussac1 ,joseph ,l\is1 #abe ,gilb]t1 ,l4 ,w41 #abg1 #acb ,me9eke1 ----1 #abh ,ni*olson1 ,william1 #abd ,o]/$1 ,hans ,*ri/ian1 #abe1 #acb ,ohm1 ,georg ,simon1 #abc1 #ace ,ok51 ,lor5z1 #acb ,pfaff1 ,*ri/ian ,he9ri*1 #acb ,pogg5dorf1 ,johann ,*ri/ian1 #abg1 #acb1 #acf ,ras*ig1 ,*ri/oph ,eusebius1 #abi ,ritt]1 ,johann ,wilhelm1 #abi ,sav>t1 ,felix1 #ace ,s*weigg]1 ,johann ,salomo ,*ri/oph1 #abg1 #acb1 #acf ,seebeck1 ,t41 #abh1 #ace ,soemm]+1 ,s4 ,t41 #abe ,spet]1 ,m41 #abg1 #abh ,!n>d1 ,l\is ,jacques1 #abe ,tromsdorff1 ,johann ,b>?olomacus1 #abe ,van ,m>um1 ,m>t91 #abc ,volta1 ,aless&ro1 #abc1 #abd1 #abg ,wolla/on1 ,w4 ,h41 #abe ,zamboni1 ,giuseppe1 #acb ,transcrib]'s ,corrections4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ z foll[s3 ,page #abg3 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 !n--_h m]idan4 ,page #abh3 ma9ly ( ! po/script1 )--_h po/cript4 ,page #acd3 pap] ( ,april #b1 #ahba1bb is q--_h #aiba4 ,page #ace3 !rmoelectric circuits1 :]e--_h !rmoelectirc4 ,page #ace3 arrangem5t has result$4--_h arragnem5t4 ,page #ace3 ,k+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,physics4--_h ,physic4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ges*i*te d] ,elektrizitaet--_h ,elektrizitat4 ,footnote #af3 ,j\rnal fu] ,*emie und ,physik--_h &4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,g]man ^w ,kette--_h "w4 ,que/ionable spell+s h be5 reta9$ z foll[s3 ,page #abe & ,index3 ,j4 ,b4 ,johann ,b>?olomacus ,tromsdorff--%\ld be ,johann ,b>?olomaeus ,trommsdorff8 ,page #abi3 sulphur1 phosphor\s & c>bon444--%\ld be phosphorus b may be misspell$ 9 ! quot$ mat]ial8 ,footnote #bj3 ,sur le ,multipli] electro-magnetique444--%\ld be ,multiplicateur8