,transcrib]'s notes3 words 9 bold & italics h be5 transcrib$ z ^w & ^w1 respectively2 sup]scripts are indicat$ by 1 subscripts by 4 ,greek lett]s h be5 translit]at$ z alpha1 beta1 etc4 ,spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ 7see li/ at end ( text74 ,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+ ,a ,,specializ$ ,,treatise ,,= ,,ma*9i/s1 ,,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,s*ools1 ,,& ,,appr5tices1 ,,on ,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+ ,,me?ods1 ,,includ+ ,,mod]n ,,practice ,,) ,,eng9e ,,la!s1 ,,turret ,,la!s1 ,,v]tical ,,& ,,horizontal ,,bor+ ,,ma*9es ,,by ,,frankl9 ,d4 ,,jones ,,associate ,,editor ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,au?or ,,( ,,plan+ ,,& ,,mill+ ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,fif? ,,pr9t+ ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,press ,,london3 ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aiai ,,copyright1 #aiad ,,by ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,press ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,specialization 9 ma*9e-tool manufacture has be5 develop$ to su* a degree t !re is ne$ also = treatises :i* specialize on diff]5t classes ( tools & _! application 9 mod]n practice4 ,?is book deals exclusively ) ! use ( v>i\s types ( turn+ & bor+ ma*9es & _! atta*m5ts1 & is believ$ to be unusually complete4 ,9 addition to /&>d practice1 x describes _m special op]ations seldom or nev] pres5t$ 9 text-books4 ,v little space is giv5 to m]e descriptions ( diff]5t types ( ma*9e tools1 ! pr9cipal purpose be+ to expla9 ! use ( ! ma*9e & ! practical problems connect$ ) its op]ation1 r ?an ! con/ructional details4 ,no attempt has be5 made to describe e ma*9e or tool :i* might prop]ly be includ$1 b r to deal ) ! m important & useful op]ations1 especially ^? :i* illu/rate g5]al pr9ciples4 ,read]s ( me*anical lit]ature are famili> ) ,,ma*9]y',s #be-;c5t ,ref]5ce ,books1 ( :i* "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five diff]5t titles h be5 publi%$ dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s4 ,_m subjects1 h[ev]1 _c be adequately cov]$ 9 all _! phases 9 books ( ?is size1 & 9 response to a dem& = m compreh5sive & detail$ treatm5ts on ! m important me*anical subjects1 x has be5 deem$ advisable to br+ out a numb] ( l>g] volumes1 ( :i* ?is is "o4 ,?is "w includes mu* ( ! mat]ial publi%$ 9 ,,ma*9]y',s ,ref]5ce ,books ,nos4 #ia1 #ib & #ie1 toge!r ) a great am\nt ( additional in=mation on mod]n bor+ & turn+ me?ods4 ,x is a pleasure to ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness to ! manufactur]s :o g5]\sly suppli$ illu/rations & data1 includ+ _m int]e/+ op]ations f actual practice4 ,mu* valuable in=mation 0 also obta9$ f ,,ma*9]y4 ,f4 ,d4 ,j4 ,,new ,,york1 ,may1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,eng9e ,,la!--,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+ ,,op]ations ,g5]al ,description ( an ,eng9e ,la!--,example ( ,cyl9drical ,turn+--,fac+ ! ,ends ,squ>e ) a ,side-tool--,turn+ ,tool--,turn+ ,"w ,cyl9drical--,r\gh+ & ,f9i%+ ,cuts--,fil+ & ,f9i%+--,align+ ,c5t]s = ,cyl9drical ,turn+--,application ( ,driv]s or ,dogs--,la! ,arbors or ,m&rels--,diff]5t ,types ( ,la! ,arbors--,m&rel or ,arbor ,press--,/eadyre/ = ,support+ ,flexible ,p>ts--,application ( ,/eadyre/ :5 ,bor+--,! ,foll[-re/--,c5t]+ ,p>ts to be ,turn$--,c5t]+ ,ma*9e--,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,c5t]s--,precaution ,:5 ,c5t]+ ,tool ,/eel--,fac+ ! ,ends ( ,c5t]$ ,/ock--,tru+ ,la! ,c5t]s--,univ]sal1 ,indep5d5t & ,comb9ation ,*ucks--,application ( ,*ucks--,example ( ,bor+--,measur+ ,bor$ ,holes--,sett+ ,"w 9 ! ,*uck--,inaccuracy f ,pressure ( ,*uck ,jaws--,drill+ & ,ream+--,hold+ ,"w on ,faceplate--,application ( ,angle-plate to ,faceplate--,support+ ,out] ,end ( ,*uck$ ,"w--,bor+ ,l>ge ,ca/+s 9 ! ,la!--,bor+ ,holes to a ,giv5 ,c5t] ,di/ance--,turn+ ,brass1 ,bronze & ,copp]--,ma*9+ ,alum9um #a-ec ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,la! ,,turn+ ,,tools ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,spe$s ,turn+ ,tools = ,g5]al ,"w--,tool-hold]s ) ,ins]t$ ,cutt]s--,! ,position ( ,turn+ ,tools--,tool ,gr9d+--,%ape or ,cont\r ( ,cutt+ ,edge--,direction ( ,top ,slope = ,turn+ ,tools--,cle>ance = ! ,cutt+ ,edge--,angle ( ,tool-po9t & ,am\nt ( ,top ,slope--,gr9d+ a ,la! ,tool--,cutt+ ,spe$s & ,fe$s--,av]age ,cutt+ ,spe$s = ,turn+--,factors :i* ,limit ! ,cutt+ ,spe$--,rules = ,calculat+ ,cutt+ ,spe$s--,fe$ ( ,tool & ,dep? ( ,cut--,effect ( ,lubricant on ,cutt+ ,spe$--,lubricants ,us$ = ,turn+--,l>d ,oil z a ,cutt+ ,lubricant #ed-gi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,tap] ,,turn+--,,special ,,op]ations--,,fitt+ ,sett+ ,tail/ock ,c5t] = ,tap] ,turn+--,example ( ,tap] ,turn+--,sett+ ! ,tail/ock ,c5t] ) a ,calip] ,tool--,sett+ ! ,tail/ock ,c5t] ) a ,squ>e--,! ,tap] ,atta*m5t--,application ( ,tap] ,atta*m5t--,height ( ,tool :5 ,turn+ ,tap]s--,tap] ,turn+ ) ! ,comp\nd ,re/--,accurate ,measurem5t ( ,angles & ,tap]s--,to ,f9d ,c5t] ,di/ance = a ,giv5 ,tap]--,to ,f9d ,c5t] ,di/ance = a ,giv5 ,angle--,to ,f9d ,angle = ,giv5 ,tap] p] ,foot--,to ,f9d ,angle = ,giv5 ,disk ,dim5sions--,use ( ! ,c5t] ,indicator--,locat+ ,"w by ! ,button ,me?od--,ecc5tric ,turn+--,turn+ a ,crank%aft 9 a ,la!--,special ,crank%aft ,la!--,op]ation ( ,special ,crank%aft ,la!--,sph]ical ,turn+--,sph]ical ,turn+ ,atta*m5ts--,turn+ ) ,front & ,re> ,tools--,a ,multiple-tool ,la!--,examples ( ,multiple ,turn+--,knurl+ 9 ! ,la!--,reliev+ ,atta*m5t--,application ( ,reliev+ ,atta*m5t--,reliev+ ,hobs or ,taps ,hav+ ,spiral ,flutes--,classes ( ,fits ,us$ 9 ,ma*9e ,con/ruction--,=c$ ,fits--,all[ance = ,=c$ ,fits--,pressure = ,=c$ ,fits--,all[ance = ,giv5 ,pressure-,%r9kage ,fits #hj-acd ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,?read ,,cutt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,la! ,select+ ! ,*ange ,ge>s = ,?read ,cutt+--,! ,?read ,tool--,cutt+ ! ,?read--,indicator or ,*as+ ,dial = ,cat*+ ,?reads--,pr9ciple ( ! ,?read ,indicator--,replac+ ,%>p5$ ,?read ,tool--,use ( ,comp\nd ,re/ = ,?read ,cutt+--,?reads ,commonly ,us$--,multiple ,?reads--,cutt+ a ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,?read--,cutt+ a ,left-h& ,?read--,cutt+ a ,squ>e ,?read--,cutt+ ,multiple ,?reads--,sett+ ,tool ,:5 ,cutt+ ,multiple ,?reads--,tap] ,?read+--,int]nal ,?read+--,/op = ,?read ,tools--,! ,acme ,/&>d ,?read--,! ,:itwor? ,?read--,worm ,?reads--,co>se ,?read+ ,atta*m5t--,te/+ ! ,size ( a ,?read--,! ,?read ,micromet]--,?ree-wire ,sy/em ( ,measur+ ,?reads--,rivett-,dock ,?read+ ,tool--,cutt+ ,screws to ,comp5sate = ,%r9kage--,calculat+ ,*ange ,ge>s = ,?read ,cutt+--,la!s ) ,comp\nd ,ge>+--,fractional ,?reads--,*ange ,ge>s = ,metric ,pit*es--,quick ,*ange-ge> ,type ( ,la! #ace-agg ,,*apt] ,v ,,turret ,,la! ,,practice ,g5]al ,description ( a ,turret ,la!--,example ( ,turret ,la! ,"w--,ma*9+ ,fly:eels 9 ,turret ,la!--,f9i%+ a ,fly:eel at ,"o ,sett+ 9 ,turret ,la!--,f9i%+ a ,webb$ ,fly:eel 9 ,two ,sett+s--,tools = ,turret ,la!s--,box-tools--,examples ( ,box-tool ,turn+--,holl[ ,mills--,releas+ ,die & ,tap ,hold]s--,self-op5+ ,die ,heads--,collaps+ ,taps--,miscellane\s ,turret ,la! ,tools--,turn+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,pi/ons 9 ,turret ,la!--,turn+ ,pi/on ,r+s 9 ,turret ,la!--,pi/on ,turn+ 9 ,pratt & ,:itney ,turret ,la!--,atta*m5t = ,turn+ ,pi/on ,r+s--,turn+ ,worm-ge> ,blanks 9 ,turret ,la!--,turn+ ,bevel ,ge> ,blanks--,%ell ,turn+ ,op]ation 9 ,flat ,turret ,la!--,*uck ,"w 9 ,flat ,turret ,la!--,d\ble-sp9dle ,flat ,turret ,la!--,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e--,example ( ,"w on ,automatic ,turn+ ,ma*9e--,det]m9+ ,spe$ & ,fe$ ,*anges--,sett+ ! ,turret ,slide--,sett+ ! ,cross-slide ,cam--,sett+ ! ,bor+ ,tool = ,recess+--,adju/m5ts = ,automatic ,fe$ & ,spe$ ,*anges--,turn+ ,fly:eel 9 ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e--,automatic ,multiple-sp9dle ,*uck+ ,ma*9e--,select+ ,type ( ,turn+ ,ma*9e #agh-bda ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]tical ,,bor+ ,,mill ,,practice ,bor+ & ,turn+ 9 a ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill--,hold+ & ,sett+ ,"w on ,bor+ ,mill ,table--,turn+ 9 a ,bor+ ,mill--,bor+ ,op]ations--,turn+ ,tools = ! ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill--,turn+ a ,fly:eel on a ,v]tical ,mill--,convex ,turn+ ,atta*m5t = ,bor+ ,mills--,turn+ ,tap] or ,conical ,surfaces--,turret-la! ,type ( ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill--,examples ( ,v]tical ,turret ,la! ,"w--,float+ ,ream] ,hold]s--,multiple ,cyl9d] ,bor+ ,ma*9e #bdb-bgd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,horizontal ,,bor+ ,,ma*9es ,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9e ) ,v]tical ,table ,adju/m5t--,drill+ & ,bor+--,cutt]s ,us$--,cutt]-heads = ,bor+ ,l>ge ,holes--,cyl9d] ,bor+--,bor+ a ,duplex ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,cyl9d]--,examples ( ,bor+1 ,radial ,fac+ & ,mill+--,fixture = ,cyl9d] ,l9+ or ,bu%+--,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9e ( ,floor ,type #bge-big ,,index #bii-cjg ,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,eng9e ,,la!--,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+ ,,op]ations ,! /&>d eng9e la!1 :i* is ! type commonly us$ by ma*9i/s = do+ g5]al "w1 is "o ( ! mo/ important tools 9 a ma*9e %op1 because x is adapt$ to a great v>iety ( op]ations1 su* z turn+ all sorts ( cyl9drical & tap] p>ts1 bor+ holes1 cutt+ ?reads1 etc4 ,! illu/ration ,fig4 #a %[s a la! :i*1 9 _m respects1 repres5ts a typical design1 & :ile "s ( ! p>ts are arrang$ diff]5tly on o!r makes1 ! g5]al con/ruction is practically ! same z on ! ma*9e illu/rat$4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are ! b$ ,b1 ! head/ock ,h1 ! tail/ock ,t1 & ! c>riage ,c4 ,! head/ock conta9s a sp9dle :i* is rotat$ by a belt t passes ov] ! cone-pulley ,p1 & ?is sp9dle rotates ! "w1 :i* is usually held betwe5 po9t$ or conical c5t]s h & h#a 9 ! head/ock & tail/ock1 or 9 a *uck screw$ onto ! sp9dle in/ead ( ! faceplate ,f4 ,! c>riage ,c c be mov$ l5g?wise along ! b$ by turn+ h&le d1 & x c also be mov$ by p[]1 ! movem5t be+ transmitt$ f ! head/ock sp9dle ei!r ?r\gh ge>s a1 b1 c1 & lead-screw ,s1 or by a belt op]at+ on pulleys p & p#a1 :i* drive ! fe$-rod ,r4 ,! lead-screw ,s is us$ :5 cutt+ ?reads1 & ! fe$-rod ,r = ord9>y turn+ op]ations2 9 ?is way ! we> on ! lead-screw is r$uc$ & its accuracy is pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,brad=d ,belt-driv5 ,la!--,view ( ,front or ,op]at+ ,side ,on ! c>riage1 !re is a cross-slide ,d :i* c be mov$ at "r angles to ! la! b$ by h&le e1 & on ,d !re is an upp] or comp\nd slide ,e :i* c be swivel$ to diff]5t positions4 ,! tool t1 t does ! turn+1 is clamp$ to ! upp] slide1 z %[n1 & x c be mov$ ) relation to ! "w by ! movem5t ( ! c>riage ,c along ! b$1 or by mov+ slide ,d crosswise4 ,! l5g?wise movem5t is us$ to fe$ ! tool along ! "w :5 turn+1 bor+ or cutt+ a screw1 & ! crosswise movem5t = fac+ ! ends ( %afts1 etc41 or = radial turn+4 ,:5 ! tool is to be f$ at an angle1 o!r ?an at "r angles to ! b$1 slide ,e1 :i* c be set to ! requir$ angle1 is us$4 ,! l5g?wise & crosswise fe$+ movem5ts c be effect$ by p[]1 ! l5g?wise fe$ be+ engag$ by tight5+ knob k1 & ! cross-fe$ by tight5+ knob l4 ,! direction ( ei!r ( ^! movem5ts c also be rev]s$ by %ift+ lev] r4 ,ord9>ily ! c>riage & slide are adju/$ by h& to br+ ! tool into ! prop] position = turn+ to ! requir$ diamet]1 & !n ! p[] fe$ 7op]at+ 9 ! desir$ direction7 is engag$4 ,! tail/ock ,t c be clamp$ 9 diff]5t positions along ! b$1 to suit ! l5g? ( ! "w1 & its c5t] h#a c be mov$ 9 or out = a %ort di/ance1 :5 adju/+ x to ! "w1 by turn+ h&le n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,plan ,view ( ,la! ,head/ock %[+ ,back-ge>s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fe$ ,me*anism ( ,la! ,apron ,z "s metals are mu* h>d] ?an o!rs1 & z ! diamet]s ( p>ts to be turn$ also v>y consid]ably1 spe$ *anges are necess>y1 because if ! spe$ is excessive1 ! turn+ tool w become dull 9 too %ort a "t4 ,^! spe$ *anges 7) a belt-driv5 la!7 are obta9$ by plac+ ! driv+ belt on diff]5t /eps ( cone-pulley ,p1 & also by ! use ( back-ge>s4 ,! cone-pulley c be connect$ directly ) ! sp9dle or be dis5gag$ f x by means ( bolt m4 ,:5 ! pulley & sp9dle are connect$1 five spe$s 7) ?is p>ticul> la!7 are obta9$ by simply %ift+ ! driv+ belt to diff]5t /eps ( ! cone4 ,:5 a sl[] spe$ is requir$ ?an c be obta9$ ) ! belt on ! l>ge/ /ep ( ! cone1 ! latt] is disconnect$ f ! sp9dle1 & ! back-ge>s ,g & ,g#a 7%[n 9 ! plan view ,fig4 #b7 are mov$ =w>d into me% by turn+ h&le ,o2 ! drive is !n f cone-pulley ,p & ge> ,l to ge> ,g1 & f ge> ,g#a to ! l>ge ge> ,j on ! sp9dle4 ,:5 driv+ ?r\gh ! back-ge>s1 five m spe$ *anges are obta9$ by %ift+ ! position ( ! driv+ belt1 z be=e4 ,! fa/e/ spe$ ) ! back-ge>s 9 me% is some:at sl[] ?an ! sl[e/ spe$ :5 driv+ direct or ) ! back-ge>s out ( me%2 h5ce1 ) ?is p>ticul> la!1 a s]ies ( t5 gradually increas+ spe$s is obta9$4 ,*anges ( fe$ = ! turn+ tool are also requir$1 & ^! are obta9$ by %ift+ ! belt op]at+ on pulleys p & p#a to diff]5t-siz$ /eps4 ,on "s la!s ^! fe$ *anges are obta9$ ?r\gh ge>s :i* c be %ift$ to give diff]5t ratios4 ,_m la!s also h ge>s 9 ! head/ock = *ang+ ! spe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,re> ,view ( ,la! ,apron ,front & re> views ( ! c>riage apron1 :i* conta9s ! fe$+ me*anism1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 to indicate h[ ! fe$s are engag$ & rev]s$4 ,! fe$-rod ,r 7,fig4 #a7 drives ! small bevel ge>s ,a & ,a#a 7,figs4 #c & #d71 :i* are m\nt$ on a slide ,s t c be mov$ by lev] r to br+ ei!r bevel ge> into me% ) ge> ,b4 ,ge> ,b is atta*$ to p9ion b 7see ,fig4 #c7 me%+ ) ge> ,c1 :i*1 :5 knob k 7,fig4 #a7 is tight5$1 is lock$ by a friction clut* to p9ion c4 ,! latt] p9ion drives ge> ,d :i* rotates %aft ,e4 ,a p9ion cut on ! end ( %aft ,e engages rack ,k 7,fig4 #a7 atta*$ to ! b$1 s t ! rotation ( ,e 7:i* is controll$ by knob k7 moves ! c>riage along ! b$4 ,to rev]se ! direction ( ! movem5t1 x is only necess>y to ?r[ ge> ,a into me% & ge> ,a#a out1 or vice v]sa1 by op]at+ lev] r4 ,:5 ! c>riage is trav]s$ by h&1 %aft ,e & ge> ,d are rotat$ by p9ion d#a connect$ ) h&le d 7,fig4 #a74 ,! drive = ! cross-fe$ is f ge> ,c to ge> ,f :i* c be engag$ ?r\gh a friction clut* 7op]at$ by knob l1 ,fig4 #a7 ) ge> ,g me%+ ) a p9ion ,h4 ,! latt] rotates ! cross-fe$ screw1 :i* passes ?r\gh a nut atta*$ to slide ,d 7,fig4 #a71 ?us mov+ ! latt] at "r angles to ! ways ( ! b$4 ,! cross-fe$ is also rev]s$ by means ( lev] r4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 lead-screw ,s is only us$ = fe$+ ! c>riage :5 cutt+ ?reads4 ,! c>riage is engag$ ) ?is screw by means ( two half-nuts ,n 7,fig4 #d7 t are free to slide v]tically & are clos$ ar\nd ! screw by op]at+ lev] u4 ,^! half-nuts c only be clos$ :5 lev] r is 9 a c5tral or neutral position1 s t ! screw fe$ & ! regul> turn+ fe$ _c be engag$ at ! same "t4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 lead-screw ,s1 ,fig4 #a1 is rotat$ f ! la! sp9dle1 ?r\gh ge>s a1 b & c1 call$ *ange ge>s4 ,an assortm5t ( ^! ge>s1 ( v>i\s sizes1 is provid$ ) ! la!1 = cutt+ screws ( diff]5t pit*4 ,! ge>s to use = any pit* )9 ! range ( ! la! are giv5 on ! plate ,i4 ,example ( ,cyl9drical ,turn+4--,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! pr9cipal features ( :at might be call$ a /&>d la!1 ! me?od ( us+ x 9 ! production ( ma*9e p>ts w be expla9$4 ,to beg9 ) a simple example ( "w1 suppose a /eel %aft is to be turn$ to a diamet] ( #b-a_/d in*es & a l5g? ( #ad-a_/b in*es1 ^! be+ ! f9i%$ dim5sions4 ,we w assume t ! r\gh /ock is cut (f to a l5g? ( #ad-e_/h in*es & has a diamet] ( #b-e_/h in*es4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is op]ation is to =m conically %ap$ c5t]-holes 9 ea* end ( ! piece z indicat$ at c 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,z all "w ( ?is k9d is held1 :ile be+ turn$1 betwe5 ! c5t]s h & h#a1 holes correspond+ 9 %ape to ^! c5t]s are necess>y to keep ! "w 9 place4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( =m+ ^! c5t]-holes1 z expla9$ lat]4 ,aft] ! "w is c5t]$1 a dog ,a is clamp$ to "o end by tight5+ screw s2 x is !n plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! la!4 ,! dog has a project+ end or tail1 z x is commonly call$1 :i* ent]s a slot 9 ! faceplate ,f & !reby drives or rotates ! "w1 :5 p[] is appli$ to ! la! sp9dle onto :i* ! faceplate is screw$4 ,! tail/ock c5t] h#a1 aft] be+ oil$1 %\ld be set up j tight en\gh to elim9ate all play1 )\t int]f]+ ) a free rot>y movem5t ( ! "w4 ,?is is done by turn+ h&le n1 & :5 ! c5t] is prop]ly adju/$1 ! tail/ock sp9dle conta9+ ! c5t] is lock$ by tight5+ h&le p4 7,ord9>y ma*9e oil is commonly us$ = lubricat+ la! c5t]s1 b a lubricant hav+ m body %\ld be us$1 especially :5 turn+ heavy p>ts4 ,! foll[+ mixtures are recomm5d$3 #a4 ,dry or p[d]$ r$ lead mix$ ) a good grade ( m9]al oil to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 #b4 ,:ite lead mix$ ) sp]m oil ) en\gh graphite add$ to give ! mixture a d>k lead color47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,plan ,view %[+ ,"w ,m\nt$ betwe5 ,c5t]s ( ,la! ,fac+ ! ,ends ,squ>e ) a ,side-tool4--,ev]y?+ is n[ ready = ! turn+ op]ation4 ,! ends ( ! piece %\ld be fac$ squ>e be=e turn+ ! body to size1 & ! tool = ?is squ>+ op]ation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f2 ?is is kn[n z a side-tool4 ,x has a cutt+ edge e :i* %aves (f ! metal z indicat$ 9 ! end view by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! side f is gr\nd to an angle s t :5 ! tool is mov$ 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[1 ! cutt+ edge w come 9 contact ) ! "p to be turn$2 9 o!r words1 side f is gr\nd s z to provide cle>ance = ! cutt+ edge4 ,9 addition1 ! top surface aga9/ :i* ! *ip be>s1 is bevel$ to give ! tool ke5ness s t x w cut easily4 ,z ! pr9ciples ( tool gr9d+ are treat$ sep>ately 9 ,*apt] ,,ii we %all = ! pres5t consid] ! tool's use r ?an its =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,la! ,side-tool = ,fac+ ,ends ( ,%afts1 etc4 ,= fac+ ! end1 ! side tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ by tight5+ ! screw u1 ,fig4 #e1 & x %\ld be set ) ! cutt+ edge slightly incl9$ f a "r-angl$ position1 ! po9t be+ 9 advance s t x w fir/ come into contact ) ! "w4 ,! cutt+ edge %\ld also be ab\t ! same height z ! c5t] ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! tool is set1 ! la! 7if belt-driv57 is />t$ by %ift+ an ov]head belt & ! tool is !n mov$ 9 until ! po9t is 9 ! position %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! tool-po9t is !n f$ aga9/ ! end by h&le d1 ,fig4 #e1 until a light *ip is be+ turn$ (f1 & !n x is mov$ outw>d by h&le e 7z indicat$ by ! arr[ at ,b1 ,fig4 #g71 ! c>riage rema9+ /ation>y4 ,z ! movem5t ( ! tool-po9t is guid$ by ! cross-slide ,d1 :i* is at "r angles ) ! axis ( ! "w1 ! end w be fac$ squ>e4 ,= %ort turn+ op]ations ( ?is k9d1 ! p[] fe$s ord9>ily are n us$ z !y are int5d$ = comp>atively long cuts4 ,if x 7 necess>y to remove mu* metal f ! end1 a numb] ( cuts w\ld be tak5 across x2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! r\gh /ock is only #a_/h in* too long s t ?is end ne$ only be made true4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,fac+ ,end ) ,side-tool & ,turn+ ,"w ,cyl9drical ,aft] tak+ a cut z describ$1 ! surface1 if left r\gh by ! tool-po9t1 %\ld be made smoo? by a second or f9i%+ cut4 ,if ! tool is gr\nd slightly r\nd at ! po9t & ! cutt+ edge is set almo/ squ>e1 z at ,c1 ,fig4 #g1 a smoo? f9i% c be obta9$2 ! cut1 h[ev]1 %\ld be light & ! outw>d fe$ uni=m4 ,! "w is next rev]s$ 9 ! c5t]s & ! driv+ dog is plac$ on ! end j f9i%$2 ! o!r end is !n fac$1 en\gh metal be+ remov$ to make ! piece #ad-a_/b in*es long1 z requir$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,?is completes ! fac+ op]ation4 ,if ! end ( ! "w does n ne$ to be p]fectly squ>e1 ! fac+ op]ation c be p]=m$ by sett+ ! tool 9 a "r-angl$ position & !n fe$+ x sidewise1 ?us remov+ a *ip equal to ! wid? ( "o side4 ,evid5tly ?is me?od is conf9$ to comp>atively small diamet]s & ! squ>5ess ( ! turn$ end w be det]m9$ by ! position ( ! tool's cutt+ edge4 ,turn+ ,tool--,turn+ ,"w ,cyl9drical4--,! tool us$ to turn ! body to ! requir$ diamet] is %ap$ diff]5tly f ! side-tool1 ! cutt+ edge ,e ( mo/ tools us$ = pla9 cyl9drical turn+ be+ curv$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,a tool ( ?is %ape c be us$ = a v>iety ( cyl9drical turn+ op]ations4 ,z mo/ ( ! "w is done by t "p ( ! edge m>k$ by arr[ a1 ! top ( ! tool is gr\nd to slope back f ?is "p to give x ke5ness4 ,! end ,f1 or ! flank1 is also gr\nd to an angle to provide cle>ance = ! cutt+ edge4 ,if ! tool did n h ?is cle>ance1 ! flank w\ld rub aga9/ ! "w & prev5t ! cutt+ edge f ent]+ ! metal4 ,?is type ( tool is plac$ ab\t squ>e ) ! "w1 = turn+1 & ) ! cutt+ end a little above ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,tool us$ = ,cyl9drical ,turn+ ,be=e beg9n+ to turn1 a pair ( outside calip]s or a micromet] %\ld be set to #b-a_/d in*es1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is ! f9i%$ diamet] ( ! "w4 ,calip]s are sometimes set by us+ a graduat$ scale z at ,a1 ,fig4 #i1 or !y c be adju/$ to fit a /&>d cyl9drical gage ( ! requir$ size z at ,b4 ,v (t5 fix$ calip] gages ,c are us$ in/ead ( ! adju/able spr+ calip]s4 ,^! fix$ gages1 sometimes call$ snap gages1 are accurately made to diff]5t sizes1 & !y are p>ticul>ly useful :5 a numb] ( pieces h to be turn$ to exactly ! same size4 ,! turn+ tool is />t$ at ! "r-h& end ( ! "w & ! tool %\ld be adju/$ ) ! left h& :5 beg9n+ a cut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 9 ord] to h ! "r h& free = calip]+4 ,a %ort space is fir/ turn$ by h& fe$+1 z at ,d1 ,fig4 #g1 & :5 ! calip]s %[ t ! diamet] is slightly great] ?an ! f9i%$ size 7to all[ = a light f9i%+ cut1 ei!r 9 ! la! or gr9d+ ma*9e7 ! p[] fe$ = ! c>riage is engag$2 ! tool !n moves along ! "w1 r$uc+ x z at ,e4 ,evid5tly1 if ! movem5t is along a l9e b--b1 p>allel ) ! axis a--a1 ! diamet] d w be ! same at all po9ts1 & a true cyl9drical piece w be turn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! axis a--a is incl9$ "o way or ! o!r1 ! "w w be made tap]+2 9 fact1 ! tail/ock c5t] h#a c be adju/$ lat]ally = turn+ tap]s1 b = /raight turn+1 bo? c5t]s mu/ be 9 alignm5t ) ! c>riage travel4 ,mo/ la!s h l9es on ! /ation>y & movable p>ts ( ! tail/ock base :i* %[ :5 ! c5t]s are set = /raight turn+4 ,^! l9es1 h[ev]1 may n be absolutely correct1 & x is good practice to te/ ! alignm5t ( ! c5t]s be=e beg9n+ to turn4 ,?is c be done by tak+ trial cuts1 at ea* end ( ! "w 7)\t di/urb+ ! tool's crosswise position71 & !n comp>+ ! diamet]s1 or by te/+ ! c>riage travel ) a true cyl9drical piece held betwe5 ! c5t]s z expla9$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,sett+ ,calip]s by ,scale--,sett+ by ,gage--,fix$ ,gage ,if ! relative positions ( ! la! c5t]s are n kn[n1 ! "w %\ld be calip]$ z ! cut progresses to see if ! diamet] d is ! same at all po9ts4 ,9 case ! diamet] gradually increases1 ! tail/ock c5t] %\ld be %ift$ slightly to ! re> be=e tak+ ! next cut1 b if ! diamet] gradually dim9i%es1 ! adju/m5t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be made 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! diamet] is te/$ by attempt+ to pass ! calip]s ov] ! "w4 ,:5 ! measur+ po9ts j t\* ! "w z !y are g5tly pass$ across x1 ! diamet] be+ turn$ is evid5tly ! same z ! size to :i* ! calip]s are set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,views %[+ h[ ! ,cross-slide & ,c>riage are ,manipulat$ by ,h& :5 ,/>t+ a ,cut--,view to ,left1 ,fe$+ ,tool ,lat]ally2 ,view to ,"r1 ,fe$+ ,tool 9 a ,l5g?wise ,direction ,z ! driv+ dog is on "o end1 ! cut _c be tak5 ov] ! entire l5g?1 & :5 ! tool has arriv$ at say position x1 ,fig4 #e1 x is return$ to ! />t+ po9t & ! "w is rev]s$ 9 ! c5t]s1 ! dog be+ plac$ ^u ! o!r end4 ,! unf9i%$ "p is !n turn$1 & if ! cross-slide is n mov$1 ! tool w meet ! fir/ cut4 ,x is n likely t ! two cuts w be jo9$ or bl5d$ toge!r p]fectly1 h[ev]1 & = ?is reason a cut %\ld be cont9u\s :5 ?is is possible4 ,r\gh+ & ,f9i%+ ,cuts4--,ord9>ily 9 la! "w1 z well z 9 o!r ma*9e "w1 !re are two classes ( cuts1 kn[n z r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts4 ,r\gh+ cuts are = r$uc+ ! "w z quickly z possible almo/ to ! requir$ size1 :]eas f9i%+ cuts1 z ! "n implies1 are int5d$ to leave ! "p smoo? & ( ! prop] size4 ,:5 ! r\gh /ock is only a little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ diamet]1 a s+le cut is suffici5t1 b if !re is consid]able metal to turn away1 "o or m deep r\gh+ cuts w\ld h to be tak51 &1 f9ally1 a light cut = f9i%+4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 "o r\gh+ & "o f9i%+ cut w\ld d\btless be tak51 z ! diamet] has to be r$uc$ #c_/h in*4 ,ord9>ily ! r\gh+ cut w\ld be deep en\gh to leave ! "w ab\t #a_/cb or p]haps #a_/af in* above ! f9i%$ size4 ,:5 !re is consid]able metal to remove & a numb] ( r\gh+ cuts h to be tak51 ! dep? ( ea* cut & ! fe$ ( ! tool are gov]n$ l>gely by ! pull+ p[] ( ! la! & ! /r5g? ( ! "w to )/& ! /ra9 ( a heavy cut4 ,! dep? ( r\gh+ cuts (t5 has to be r$uc$ consid]ably because ! "p be+ turn$ is s flexible t a heavy cut w\ld spr+ ! "w & cause ! tool to g\ge 94 ,( c\rse1 j z few cuts z possible %\ld be tak5 9 ord] to save "t4 ,! spe$ ( ! "w %\ld also be z fa/ z ! conditions w all[ = ! same reason1 b z !re are _m ?+s :i* gov]n ! spe$1 ! fe$ ( ! tool1 & ! dep? ( ! cut1 ^! important po9ts are ref]r$ to sep>ately 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,fil+ & ,f9i%+4--,9 _m cases ! la/ or f9i%+ cut does n leave z smoo? a surface z is requir$ & x is necess>y to resort to o!r means4 ,! me?od commonly employ$ = f9i%+ 9 ! la! is by ! use ( a file & em]y clo?4 ,! "w is rotat$ consid]ably fa/] = fil+ ?an = turn+1 & ! entire surface is fil$ by a flat1 s+le-cut file1 held z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! file is pass$ across ! "w & advanc$ sidewise = ea* =w>d /roke1 until ! entire surface is f9i%$4 ,! file %\ld be kept 9 contact ) ! "w cont9ually1 b on ! return /roke ! pressure %\ld be reliev$4 ,! movem5t ( ! file dur+ ! =w>d or cutt+ /roke %\ld be mu* sl[] ?an :5 fil+ 9 a vise4 ,by mov+ ! file sl[ly1 ! "w c make a numb] ( revolutions = ea* /roke1 :i* t5ds to keep x r\nd1 z practically ! same am\nt ( metal is remov$ f ! entire circumf]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %ort rapid /rokes t5d to produce flat spots1 or at lea/ an irregul> surface1 especially if ! "w c only make "p ( a revolution = ea* cutt+ /roke4 ,! pressure on ! file dur+ ! =w>d /roke %\ld also be kept z ne>ly uni=m z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fil+ ,"w aft] ,f9i%+ ,cut is tak5 ,x is v difficult to file a "p smoo? & at ! same "t to keep x r\nd & cyl9drical1 & ! m fil+ t has to be done1 ! great] ! *ance ( error4 ,= ?is reason1 ! am\nt left = fil+ %\ld be v small2 9 fact1 ! metal remov$ by fil+ %\ld be j en\gh to take out ! tool m>ks & give a smoo? f9i%4 ,v (t5 a satisfactory f9i% c be obta9$ ) a turn+ tool1 & fil+ is n necess>y at all4 ,! file g5]ally us$ = la! "w is a s+le-cut ba/>d ( mill section1 hav+ a l5g? ( f #ab to #ad in*es4 ,sometimes p>ticles ( metal collect betwe5 ! tee? ( a file & make deep scrat*es z ! file is pass$ across ! "w4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! tee? %\ld be clean$ by us+ a wire bru% or a file c>d1 :i* is drawn across ! file 9 ! direction ( ! tee?4 ,?is =m+ ( t9y p>ticles betwe5 ! tee? is kn[n z p9n+ & x c sometimes be avoid$ by rubb+ *alk on ! file4 ,fil+ is n only done to obta9 a smoo? f9i%1 b also to r$uce ! "w to an exact diamet]1 z a v slight r$uction c be made 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,two ,me?ods ( ,align+ ,c5t]s = ,cyl9drical ,turn+ ,if a poli% is desir$1 ?is c be obta9$ by hold+ a piece ( em]y clo? tightly ar\nd ! "w z x revolves4 ,! co>s5ess ( em]y clo? is indicat$ by lett]s & numb]s correspond+ to ! gra9 numb] ( loose em]y4 ,! lett]s & numb]s = grits rang+ f f9e to co>se are z foll[s3 ,,ff1 ,f1 #abj1 #ajj1 #ij1 #hj1 #gj1 #fj1 #ed1 #df1 #dj4 ,= l>ge "w r\ghly fil$1 use co>se clo? su* z ,nos4 #df or #ed1 & !n f9] grades to obta9 ! requir$ poli%4 ,if ! "w has be5 c>efully fil$1 a good poli% c be obta9$ ) ,nos4 #fj & #ij clo?1 & a brilliant poli% by f9i%+ ) ,no4 #abj & fl\r-em]y4 ,mo/ cyl9drical p>ts c be f9i%$ m quickly & accurately 9 ! gr9d] ?an 9 ! la!1 & _m classes ( "w are1 at ! pres5t "t1 simply r\gh-turn$ 9 ! la! & !n gr\nd to size 9 a cyl9drical gr9d+ ma*9e4 ,align+ ,c5t]s = ,cyl9drical ,turn+4--,:5 a rod or %aft mu/ be turn$ cyl9drical or to ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 x is good practice to te/ ! alignm5t ( ! c5t]s1 be=e ins]t+ ! "w4 ,! position ( ! tail/ock c5t] = cyl9drical turn+ may be indicat$ by ! co9cid5ce ( graduation m>ks on ! base1 b if accuracy is necess>y1 ! relative position ( ! two c5t]s %\ld be det]m9$ 9 a m positive way4 ,a v simple & conv5i5t me?od ( te/+ ! alignm5t is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! "w is fir/ turn$ = a %ort di/ance1 ne> ! dogg$ end1 z %[n1 & ! tool is left z set = ?is cut2 !n ! tail/ock c5t] is )drawn & ! "w is mov$ suffici5tly to p]mit runn+ ! tool back to ! tail/ock end )\t *ang+ its orig9al sett+4 ,a %ort cut is !n tak5 at ?is end & ! diamet]s d & d#a are c>efully comp>$4 ,9 case !re is any v>iation1 ! tail/ock c5t] is adju/$ lat]ally1 o!r trial cuts are tak51 & ! te/ repeat$4 ,ano!r me?od is illu/rat$ at ,b1 :i* requires ! use ( a te/-b> t4 ,?is b> %\ld h accurately made c5t]s & ! ends f9i%$ to exactly ! same diamet]4 ,! la! c5t]s are align$ by plac+ ! b> betwe5 !m & !n te/+ ! position ( ! ends4 ,?is c be done by comp>+ ea* end ) a tool held 9 ! toolpo/ & mov$ f "o to ! o!r by %ift+ ! c>riage1 b a bett] me?od is to clamp a te/ indicator i 9 ! toolpo/ & br+ x 9 contact ) fir/ "o end ( ! b> & !n ! o!r4 ,if ! dial does n regi/] ! same at ea* end1 x %[s t ! la! c5t]s are n 9 l9e4 ,ev5 :5 c5t]s are correctly set1 la!s t h be5 9 use a long "t d n always turn cyl9drical or /raight1 because if ! ways t guide ! c>riage are worn unev5ly1 ! tool z x moves along does n rema9 9 ! same plane & ?is causes a v>iation 9 ! diamet] ( ! "p be+ turn$4 ,application ( ,driv]s or ,dogs4--,"w t is turn$ betwe5 c5t]s is sometimes driv5 by a dog :i* is s %ort = ! faceplate t ! b5t driv+ end be>s aga9/ ! bottom a ( ! faceplate slot1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,if ! dog is ne>ly ! "r l5g?1 x may all[ ! head/ock c5t] to ent] ! c5t] 9 ! "w "p way1 ) ! result t ! turn$ surface is n true ) ! c5t]s4 ,:5 a driv+ dog ( ?is type is us$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t x moves freely 9 ! faceplate slot & does n b9d aga9/ ! bottom4 ,by us+ a /raight dog 7,b71 :i* is driv5 by a p9 b bolt$ to ! faceplate1 all dang] f ?is s\rce is elim9at$4 ,! /raight dog1 h[ev]1 is us$ m p>ticul>ly to d away ) ! lev]age l ( a b5t dog1 z ?is lev]age t5ds to spr+ a flexible "p :5 a cut is be+ tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 7,a7 ,dog t is too ,%ort = ,faceplate4 7,b7 ,/raight ,driv+ ,dog ,/raight dogs are also made ) two driv+ ends :i* engage p9s on opposite sides ( ! faceplate4 ,?is type is pref]able because x applies ! p[] requir$ = turn+1 ev5ly to ! "w1 :i* /ill fur!r r$uces ! t5d5cy to spr+ x out ( %ape4 ,! pr9cipal objection to ! d\ble-end$ type lies 9 ! difficulty ( adju/+ ! driv+ p9s s t ea* be>s ) equal pressure aga9/ ! dog4 ,! d\ble-end$ driv] is (t5 us$ = l>ge "w especially if deep r\gh+ cuts are necess>y4 ,la! ,arbors or ,m&rels4--,:5 x is necess>y to turn ! outside ( a "p hav+ a hole ?r\gh x1 c5t]s _c1 ( c\rse1 be drill$ 9 ! ends & o!r means mu/ be resort$ to4 ,we %all assume t ! bu%+ ,b1 ,fig4 #ad1 has a f9i%$ hole ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & x is desir$ to turn ! outside cyl9drical & conc5tric ) ! hole4 ,?is c\ld be done by =c+ a tightly-fitt$ arbor ,m1 hav+ accurately-c5t]$ ends1 into ! bu%+ & ins]t+ ! m&rel & "w betwe5 ! la! c5t]s h & h#a z %[n4 ,evid5tly1 if ! arbor runs true on its c5t]s1 ! hole 9 ! bu%+ w also run true & ! outside c be turn$ ! same z ?\gh ! arbor & bu%+ 7 a solid piece4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t an arbor simply =ms a tempor>y support = p>ts t are bor$ & !re=e _c be c5t]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bu%+ m\nt$ on ,arbor = ,turn+ ,ano!r example ( "w t w\ld be turn$ on an arbor is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is is a small ca/-iron :eel hav+ a f9i%$ hole ?r\gh ! hub1 & ! out] surface & sides ( ! rim are to be turn$ true ) ?is hole4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ca/+ w\ld also be held by press+ a m&rel ?r\gh ! hub2 z %[n4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 w\ld only apply to comp>atively small :eels because x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to prev5t a l>ge :eel f turn+ on ! arbor :5 tak+ a cut1 & ev5 if x c\ld be driv51 l>ge "w c\ld be done to bett] advantage on ano!r type ( ma*9e4 7,! v]tical bor+ mill is us$ ext5sively = turn+ l>ge :eels1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,:5 turn+ ! outside ( ! rim1 a tool simil> to t %[n at t %\ld be us$1 b = fac+ or turn+ ! sides1 x might be bett]1 if n necess>y1 to use tools hav+ b5t ends z %[n by ! dott$ l9es2 9 fact1 turn+ tools ( v>i\s k9ds are made ) ! ends b5t to ! "r or left1 z ?is enables !m to be us$ on surfaces t c\ld n be rea*$ v well ) a /raight tool4 ,if a comp>atively l>ge pulley is m\nt$ ne> ! end ( ! arbor1 x c be driv5 directly by p9s atta*$ to ! faceplate & engag+ ! pulley arms4 ,?is me?od ( driv+ is (t5 employ$ :5 ! diamet] to be turn$ is l>ge & ! hole = ! arbor is s small t !re w n be suffici5t friction = driv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,turn+ ,pulley ,held on an ,arbor ,diff]5t ,types ( ,la! ,arbors4--,?ree diff]5t types ( la! arbors are %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! k9d %[n at ,a is usually made ( tool /eel & ! body is f9i%$ to a /&>d size4 ,! ends are some:at r$uc$ & flat spots are mill$1 z %[n1 to give ! clamp+ screw ( ! dog a good grip4 ,! body ( ! arbor is usually tap]$ ab\t #j4jjf in* p] foot4 ,?is tap] makes x easi] to ins]t ! arbor 9 a close-fitt+ hole1 & x also p]mits slight v>iations 9 ! diamet] ( diff]5t holes4 ,z to h>d5+1 ! practice at ! pres5t "t among manufactur]s is to h>d5 arbors all ov]1 b = extremely accurate "w1 an arbor hav+ h>d5$ ends & a s(t body is g5]ally consid]$ sup]ior1 z !re is less t5d5cy ( di/ortion f int]nal /resses4 ,h>d5$ arbors are season$ be=e f9i%-gr9d+ to relieve ^! int]nal /resses4 ,! solid type ,a1 ,fig4 #af1 is us$ v ext5sively1 b 9 %ops :]e a great v>iety ( "w is be+ done & !re are _m odd-siz$ holes1 "s =m ( exp&+ arbor ,b c be us$ to advantage4 ,?is type1 in/ead ( be+ solid1 consi/s ( a tap]+ inn] arbor ,m on :i* is plac$ a split bu%+ t c be exp&$1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 by driv+ 9 ! tap]+ memb]4 ,! advantage ( ?is type is t a comp>atively small /ock ( arbors is requir$1 z diff]5t-siz$ bu%+s c be us$4 ,?is type c also be fitt$ to holes ( odd sizes1 :]eas a solid arbor mu/ be provid$ = ea* diff]5t size hole1 unless ! v>iation is v slight4 ,! latt] are1 h[ev]1 m accurate ?an ! exp&+ type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,la! ,arbors ,ano!r =m ( exp&+ arbor is %[n at ,c4 ,?is type has a /raight body ,n 9 :i* f\r tap]+ grooves are cut l5g?wise1 z %[n1 & !re is a sleeve ,s1 conta9+ f\r slots t are locat$ to correspond ) ! tap]+ grooves4 ,/rips s are fitt$ into ^! slots1 & z ! "p ,n is driv5 91 ! /rips are mov$ outw>d z !y asc5d ! tap]+ grooves4 ,by hav+ diff]5t sets ( ^! /rips ( v>i\s heights1 "o arbor ( ?is type c be made to cov] q a range ( sizes4 ,x is n suit$1 h[ev]1 to ?9 "w1 z ! pressure1 be+ conc5trat$ 9 f\r places1 w\ld spr+ a flexible "p out ( %ape4 ,! cone arbor or m&rel %[n at ,a1 9 ,fig4 #ag1 is conv5i5t = hold+ p>ts hav+ comp>atively l>ge holes1 z x c be adju/$ = q a range ( diamet]s4 ,! "w is gripp$ betwe5 ! two cones c & c#a :i* are =c$ toge!r by nut n4 ,! cones are prev5t$ f turn+ ^u ! arbor by keys4 ,?is /yle ( arbor %\ld n be us$ = accurate "w4 ,! ?read$ arbor ,b is us$ = fac+ ! sides ( nuts squ>e ) ! tapp$ hole4 ,:5 a nut is fir/ put ^u ! arbor1 ! r\gh side comes aga9/ an equaliz+ wa%] w4 ,?is wa%] re/s aga9/ a sph]ical seat s t x c %ift to provide a uni=m be>+ = ! r\gh side ( ! nut1 ev5 ?\gh x is n squ>e ) ! tapp$ hole4 ,?is feature prev5ts ! nut f be+ cant$ on ! arbor & insures an accurately fac$ nut4 ,! revolv+ conical c5t] %[n at ,c is (t5 us$ = hold+ a pipe or tube :ile turn+ ! outside4 ,! cone is adju/$ to fit into ! hole ( ! pipe1 by means ( ! tail/ock sp9dle1 & ! opposite end is usually held 9 a *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 7,a7 ,cone ,arbor4 7,b7 ,nut ,arbor4 7,c7 ,pipe ,c5t] ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to pres]ve ! accuracy ( ! c5t]s ( la! arbors by keep+ !m clean & well-oil$ :ile 9 use4 ,m&rel or ,arbor ,press4--,! be/ me?od ( ins]t+ an arbor ( ! solid type 9 a hole is by us+ a press1 ,fig4 #ah1 design$ = t purpose1 b if su* a press is n available & x is necess>y to drive ! m&rel 91 a s(t hamm]1 made ( copp]1 lead or o!r s(t mat]ial1 %\ld be us$ to protect ! c5t]$ end ( ! arbor4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! arbor %\ld n be =c$ 9 too tightly1 = if x fits prop]ly1 ?is w n be necess>y 9 ord] to hold ! "w securely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "w might easily be brok5 by attempt+ to =ce ! arbor 9 z f> & z tightly z possible4 ,9 us+ ! arbor press1 ! "w is plac$ on ! base ,b ) ! hole 9 a v]tical position1 & ! arbor 7:i* %\ld be oil$ slightly7 is =c$ d[n into x by ram ,r1 op]at$ by lev] ,l4 ,slots are provid$ 9 ! base1 z %[n1 s t ! end ( ! arbor c come ?r\gh at ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,! lev] ( ?is p>ticul> press is c\nt]-weight$ s t x rises to a v]tical position :5 releas$4 ,! ram c !n be adju/$ quickly to any requir$ height by ! h&:eel se5 at ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,press = ,=c+ ,arbors into ,"w ,"s %ops are equipp$ ) p[]-driv5 m&rel or arbor presses4 ,?is type is p>ticul>ly desirable = l>ge "w1 ow+ to ! great] pressure requir$ = ins]t+ m&rels t are comp>atively l>ge 9 diamet]4 ,"o well-kn[n type ( p[] press is driv5 by a belt1 & ! d[nw>d pressure ( ! ram is controll$ by a h&:eel4 ,! ram is rais$ or l[]$ by turn+ ?is h&:eel 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 & a gage %[s h[ mu* pressure is be+ appli$4 ,?is type ( press c also be us$ = o!r purposes1 su* z =c+ bu%+s or p9s into or out ( holes1 b5d+ or /raight5+ p>ts1 or = simil> "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,/eadyre/ & ,foll[-re/ = ,support+ ,flexible ,p>ts ,/eadyre/ = ,support+ ,flexible ,p>ts4--,occasionally long sl5d] %afts1 rods1 etc41 :i* h to be turn$1 are s flexible t x is necess>y to support !m at "s po9t betwe5 ! la! c5t]s4 ,an atta*m5t = ! la! kn[n z a /eadyre/ is (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a /eadyre/ is compos$ ( a frame conta9+ ?ree jaws ,j 7,fig4 #ai71 t c be adju/$ 9 or out radially by turn+ screws ,s4 ,! frame is h+$ at h1 ?us all[+ ! upp] half to be swung back 7z %[n by ! dott$ l9es7 = ins]t+ or remov+ ! "w4 ,! bolt-clamp c holds ! h+$ "p 9 ! clos$ position4 ,! base ( ! frame has ,v-grooves 9 x t fit ! ways ( ! la! b$4 ,:5 ! /eadyre/ is 9 use1 x is secur$ to ! b$ by clamp ,c1 & ! jaws ,j are set 9 aga9/ ! "w1 ?us support+ or /eady+ x dur+ ! turn+ op]ation4 ,! /eadyre/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be locat$ at a po9t :]e x w n int]f]e ) ! turn+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,application ( ,/eadyre/ to a ,flexible ,rod ,fig4 #bj %[s ! application ( ! /eadyre/ to a long =g$ rod1 hav+ "o small end1 :i* makes x too flexible to be turn$ )\t support4 ,z ?is =g+ is r\gh1 a true surface n a little wid] ?an ! jaws ,j 7,fig4 #ai7 is fir/ turn$ z a be>+ = ! jaws4 ,?is %\ld be done v c>efully to prev5t ! "w f m\nt+ ! tool4 ,a %>p po9t$ tool %\ld be us$ & v light cuts tak54 ,! /eadyre/ is next clamp$ to ! la! b$ opposite ! turn$ surface1 & ! jaws are adju/$ 9 aga9/ ?is surface1 ?us =m+ a be>+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to set up ! jaws too tightly1 z ! "w %\ld turn freely b )\t play4 ,! l>ge "p ( ! rod & c5tral coll> are !n turn$ to size1 ?is half be+ ma*9$ :ile ! small "p is 9 ! r\gh & z /iff z possible4 ,! rod is !n rev]s$ & ! /eadyre/ is appli$ to ! "p j f9i%$1 z %[n at ,b1 ?us support+ ! "w :ile ! small end is be+ turn$4 ,t "p aga9/ :i* ! jaws be> %\ld be kept well oil$1 & if ! surface is f9i%$ x %\ld be protect$ by plac+ a /rip ( em]y clo? b5ea? ! jaws ) ! em]y side out2 a /rip ( belt lea!r is also us$ = ?is purpose1 ! object 9 ea* case be+ to prev5t ! jaws f scrat*+ & m>r+ ! f9i%$ surface1 z !y t5d to d1 especially if at all r\gh4 ,if ! "w 7 too flexible to p]mit turn+ a spot at n1 ?is c\ld be done by fir/ spott+ x at "s po9t o1 & plac+ ! /eadyre/ at t po9t :ile turn+ ano!r spot at n4 ,sometimes x is desirable to apply a /eadyre/ to a surface t does n run true & "o :i* is n to be turn$2 9 su* a case a device call$ a cat-head is us$4 ,?is is simply a sleeve ,s 7,fig4 #ba7 :i* is plac$ ov] ! untrue surface to s]ve z a be>+ = ! /eadyre/4 ,! sleeve is made to run true by adju/+ ! f\r set-screws at ea* end1 & ! jaws ( ! /eadyre/ are set aga9/ x1 ?us support+ ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,cat-head :i* is sometimes us$ z ,be>+ = ,/eadyre/ ,application ( ,/eadyre/ :5 ,bor+4--,ano!r example illu/rat+ ! use ( ! /eadyre/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! rod ,r is turn$ on ! outside & a hole is to be bor$ 9 ! end 7z %[n by dott$ l9es7 true ) ! out] surface4 ,if ! c5t]s us$ = turn+ ! rod are /ill 9 ! ends1 z !y w\ld be ord9>ily1 ?is "w c\ld be done v accurately by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,! rod is fir/ plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s z = turn+1 ) a driv+ dog ,d atta*$1 & ! /eadyre/ jaws ,j are set aga9/ x ne> ! out] end1 z %[n4 ,be=e any ma*9e "w is done1 means mu/ be provid$ = hold+ ! rod back aga9/ ! head/ock c5t] h1 because1 = an op]ation ( ?is k9d1 ! out] end _c be support$ by ! tail/ock c5t]2 consequ5tly ! "w t5ds to %ift to ! "r4 ,"o me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a h>dwood piece w1 hav+ a hole some:at l>g] ?an ! "w1 is clamp$ aga9/ ! dog1 9 a crosswise position1 by ! sw++ bolts & ?umb-screws %[n4 ,if ! dog is n squ>e ) ! "w1 ! wood piece %\ld be cant$ s t ! be>+ w n be all on "o side4 ,= l>ge heavy p>ts a simil> bridle or hold-back--z ?is is commonly call$--is made by us+ /eel in/ead ( wood = ! "p w4 ,ano!r v common me?od :i* requires no special equipm5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,an ord9>y lea!r belt lac+ ,l is atta*$ to ! "w & faceplate :ile ! latt] is screw$ (f a few turns z %[n4 ,!n ! lac+ is drawn up by h& & ti$1 & ! faceplate is screw$ onto ! sp9dle1 ?us tight5+ ! lac+ & draw+ ! "w aga9/ ! head/ock c5t]4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! lac+ is q cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,if a small driv+ faceplate is us$1 x may be necess>y to drill holes = ! belt lac+1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,%aft support$ by ,/eadyre/ = ,drill+ & ,bor+ ,end ,a hole is next drill$ 9 ! end ( ! rod by us+ a twi/ drill 9 ! tail/ock4 ,if ! hole is f9i%$ by bor+1 a dep? m>k %\ld be made on ! tool %ank t w w>n ! workman ( ! cutt+ end's approa* to ! bottom4 ,a *uck c also be us$ 9 connection ) a /eadyre/ = do+ "w ( ?is k9d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! end ( ! rod be+ held & driv5 by ! *uck ,c4 ,if ! piece is c5t]$1 x c be held on ^! c5t]s :ile sett+ ! /eadyre/ & adju/+ ! *uck1 b if ! ends are )\t c5t]s1 a v good way is to make light c5t]s 9 ! ends ) a pun*2 aft] ^! are prop]ly locat$ !y are us$ = hold+ ! "w until ! /eadyre/ & *uck jaws h be5 adju/$4 ,9 case x is necess>y to h ! end hole v accurate ) ! outside ( ! f9i%$ rod1 a te/ indicator ,i %\ld be appli$ to ! %aft z %[n4 ,?is is an in/rum5t :i* %[s ) great accuracy :e!r a rotat+ "p runs true & x is also us$ = _m o!r purposes 9 ma*9e %ops4 ,! indicator is held 9 ! la! toolpo/ & ! contact po9t b5ea? ! dial is br\ght aga9/ ! "w4 ,if ! latt] does n run true1 ! h& ( ! indicator vibrates & ! graduations on ! dial %[ h[ mu* ! "w is out 9 ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,hold-back us$ :5 ,out] ,end ( ,"w is held 9 ,/eadyre/ ,! ,foll[-re/4--,:5 turn+ long sl5d] p>ts1 su* z %afts1 etc41 a foll[-re/ is (t5 us$ = support+ ! "w4 ,! foll[-re/ diff]s f ! /eadyre/ 9 t x is atta*$ to & travels ) ! la! c>riage4 ,! type illu/rat$ to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #ai has two adju/able jaws :i* are locat$ ne>ly opposite ! turn+ tool1 ?us provid+ support :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,9 us+ ?is re/1 a cut is />t$ at ! end & ! jaws are adju/$ to ?is turn$ "p4 ,! tool is !n f$ across ! %aft1 :i* _c spr+ away f ! cut because ( ! support+ jaws4 ,"s foll[-re/s h1 in/ead ( jaws1 a bu%+ bor$ to fit ! diamet] be+ turn$1 diff]5t bu%+s be+ us$ = diff]5t diamet]s4 ,! bu%+ =ms a be>+ = ! "w & holds x rigidly4 ,:e!r a bu%+ or jaws are us$1 ! turn+ tool is slightly 9 advance ( ! support+ memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,te/+ ,"w ) ,dial ,indicator ,c5t]+ ,p>ts to be ,turn$4--,z previ\sly m5tion$1 !re are a numb] ( diff]5t me?ods ( =m+ c5t]-holes 9 ! ends ( p>ts t h to be turn$ :ile held betwe5 la! c5t]s4 ,a me?od ( c5t]+ light "w1 & "o t requires few special tools1 is fir/ to locate a c5tral po9t on ! end & !n drill & ream ! c5t]-hole by us+ ! la! itself4 ,h]maphrodite divid]s are useful = f9d+ ! c5t]1 z illu/rat$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #be1 b if ! "w is fairly r\nd1 a c5t]-squ>e ,b is pref]able4 ,a l9e is scrib$ across ! end & !n ano!r l9e at "r angles to ! fir/ by *ang+ ! position ( ! squ>e2 ! int]section ( ^! two l9es w be ! c5t]1 :i* %\ld be m>k$ by /rik+ a po9t$ pun* ,c ) a hamm]4 ,if a cup or bell c5t]-pun* ,d is available1 x w n be necess>y to fir/ make c5t] l9es1 z ! conical "p %[n locates ! pun* 9 a c5tral position4 ,?is /yle ( pun* %\ld only be us$ on "w :i* is fairly r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,c5t]+ ,end ) ,pun* prep>atory to ,drill+ ,aft] small c5t]s h be5 locat$ 9 bo? ends1 _! position c be te/$ by plac+ ! "w betwe5 ! la! c5t]s & rotat+ x rapidly by draw+ ! h& quickly across x4 ,by hold+ a piece ( *alk close to ! "w z x sp9s ar\nd1 a m>k w be made on ! high side if ! c5t]s are n accurate2 ! c5t]s are !n %ift$ t[>d ^! m>ks4 ,if ! "w is close to ! f9i%$ diamet]1 ! c5t]s %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be locat$ q accurately 9 ord] t ! entire surface ( ! "w w be turn$ true :5 x is r$uc$ to ! f9i%$ size4 ,"o me?od ( =m+ ^! c5t]-holes is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,a *uck ,c is screw$ onto ! sp9dle 9 place ( ! faceplate1 & a comb9ation c5t] drill & ream] ,r is gripp$ by ! *uck jaws & set to run true4 ,! c5t] is !n drill$ & ream$ at "o end by press+ ! "w aga9/ ! revolv+ drill ) ! tail/ock sp9dle1 :i* is f$ out by turn+ h&le n4 ,! piece is !n rev]s$ = drill+ ! opposite end4 ,! "w may be kept f revolv+ :ile ! c5t]s are be+ drill$ & ream$1 by atta*+ a dog to x close to ! tail/ock end & !n adju/+ ! cross-slide until ! dog re/s ^u ! slide4 ,_m p>ts c be held by simply gripp+ !m ) "o h&4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! small c5t]s made by pun* ,c1 ,fig4 #be1 s]ve z a />t+ po9t = ! drill & also z a support = ! out] end ( ! "w :ile ! fir/ hole is be+ drill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,drill+ ,c5t]s 9 ! ,la! ,! =m ( c5t]-hole produc$ by a comb9ation drill & ream] is %[n by ! l[] left-h& view 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a small /raight hole a 9 ! bottom prev5ts ! po9t ( ! la! c5t] f com+ 9 contact ) ! "w & insures a good be>+ on ! conical surface c4 ,! /&>d angle = la! c5t]s is sixty degrees1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 & ! tap]+ "p ( all c5t]-holes %\ld be made to ?is angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,c5t]s ( ,incorrect & ,correct ,=m ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,special ,ma*9e = ,c5t]+ ,p>ts to be ,turn$ ,c5t]+ ,ma*9e4--,_m %ops h a special ma*9e = =m+ c5t]s :i* enables ! op]ation to be p]=m$ quickly4 ,"o type ( c5t]+ ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! "w is gripp$ 9 a *uck ,c t automatically locates x 9 a c5tral position s t x is n necess>y to lay out ! end be=e drill+4 ,!re are two sp9dles s1 "o ( :i* holds ! drill & ! o!r ! c\nt]s9k1 & ^! are rotat$ by a belt pass+ ov] pulley ,p4 ,ea* ( ^! sp9dles is advanc$ by lev] ,l & ei!r ( !m c be mov$ to a position c5tral ) ! "w1 z !y are m\nt$ 9 a swivel+ frame4 ,9 op]at+ ?is ma*9e1 a small /raight hole is fir/ made by a twi/ drill held 9 "o ( ! sp9dles2 ! o!r sp9dle is !n mov$ ov] to ! c5t] & ! hole is ream$ tap]+4 ,! arrangem5t is su* t nei!r sp9dle c be advanc$ by ! fe$+ lev] except :5 9 a c5tral position4 ,! am\nt t ea* sp9dle c be advanc$ is limit$ by a fix$ coll> inside ! head1 & !re is also a sw++ adju/able /op aga9/ :i* ! end ( ! "w %\ld be plac$ be=e tight5+ ! *uck4 ,^! two features make x possible to ream c5t] holes ( ! same size or dep? 9 any numb] ( pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! ,imp]fect ,c5t] ,be>+ is ! ,result ( ,c5t]+ be=e ,/raight5+ ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,c5t]s4--,9 "s poorly equipp$ %ops x is necess>y to =m c5t]s by ! use ( a c5t]-pun* only1 z !re is no bett] tool4 ,if ! end ( ! pun* has a sixty-degree tap]1 a fair c5t] c be =m$ 9 ?is way1 b x is n a me?od to be recomm5d$1 especially :5 accurate "w is requir$4 ,sometimes c5t]s are made ) pun*es t are too blunt1 produc+ a %all[ c5t]1 su* z ! "o %[n 9 ! upp] left-h& view1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 ?is case all ! be>+ is on ! po9t ( ! la! c5t]1 :i* is ! wor/ possible place = x4 ,ano!r way is to simply drill a /raight hole z 9 ! upp] view to ! "r2 ?is is also bad practice 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,! l[] view to ! "r %[s a =m ( c5t] :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 ! ends ( la! arbors1 ! m\? ( ! c5t] be+ r\nd$1 at r1 & ! arbor end recess$ z %[n4 ,! r\nd$ corn] prev5ts ! po9t ( ! la! c5t] f cat*+ :5 x is mov$ rapidly t[>ds "w :i* is n be+ held q c5trally 7z %[n by ! illu/ration71 & ! end is recess$ to protect ! c5t] aga9/ bruises4 ,/ock t is b5t %\ld always be /raight5$ be=e ! c5t]s are drill$ & ream$4 ,if ! "w is fir/ c5t]$ & !n /raight5$ ! be>+ on ! la! c5t] w\ld be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! c5t] w !n we> unev5ly ) ! result t ! surfaces la/ turn$ w n be conc5tric ) ^? :i* 7 f9i%$ fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,tool ,/eel %\ld be c5t]$ ,conc5tric1 9 ord] to remove ! ,dec>boniz$ ,out] ,surface ,precaution ,:5 ,c5t]+ ,tool ,/eel4--,ord9>ily c5t]s are s locat$ t ! /ock runs approximately true be=e be+ turn$1 b :5 c5t]+ tool /eel to be us$ 9 mak+ tools1 su* z ream]s1 mills1 etc41 :i* ne$ to be h>d5$1 p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! r\gh surface run fairly true4 ,?is is n m]ely to insure t ! piece w true-up1 z !re is a m important consid]ation1 ! disreg>d ( :i* (t5 affects ! quality ( ! f9i%$ tool4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! degree ( h>dness ( a piece ( tool /eel t has be5 heat$ & !n sudd5ly cool$ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( c>bon t x conta9s1 /eel t is high 9 c>bon becom+ mu* h>d] ?an t :i* conta9s less c>bon4 ,fur!rmore1 ! am\nt ( c>bon f\nd at ! surface1 & to "s little dep? bel[ ! surface ( a b> ( /eel1 is less ?an ! c>bon cont5t 9 ! re/ ( ! b>4 ,?is is illu/rat$ diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #cj by ! %ad$ area 9 ! view to ! left4 7,?is dec>bonization is probably due to ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air on ! b> dur+ ! process ( manufacture47 ,if /ock = a ream] is s c5t]$ t ! tool removes ! dec>boniz$ surface only on "o side1 z illu/rat$ to ! "r1 evid5tly :5 ! ream] is f9i%$ & h>d5$ ! tee? on ! side ,a w be h>d] ?an ^? on ! opposite side1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case if ! r\gh b> _h be5 c5t]$ true4 ,to avoid any tr\ble ( ?is k9d1 /ock t is to be us$ = h>d5$ tools %\ld be en\gh l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ diamet] & s c5t]$ t ?is dec>boniz$ surface w be entirely remov$ 9 turn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?ree ,me?ods ( ,fac+ ! ,ends ,squ>e ,fac+ ! ,ends ( ,c5t]$ ,/ock4--,z a piece ( "w is n prop]ly c5t]$ until ! ends are fac$ squ>e1 we w consid] ?is op]ation 9 connection ) c5t]+4 ,"s ma*9i/s pref] la! c5t]s t are cut away z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ca1 s t ! po9t ( ! side tool c be f$ 9 f> en\gh to face ! end "r up to ! c5t] hole4 ,o!rs1 in/ead ( us+ a special c5t]1 simply loos5 ! regul> "o slightly & !n1 ) ! tool 9 a position z at ,b1 face ! project+ teat by fe$+ bo? tool & c5t] inw>d z %[n by ! arr[4 ,:5ev] ?is me?od is employ$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove any *ips f ! c5t] hole :i* may h ent]$4 ,a me?od :i* makes x unnecess>y to loos5 ! regul> c5t]1 or to use a special "o1 is to provide cle>ance = ! tool-po9t by gr9d+ x to an angle ( approximately =ty-five degrees1 z %[n at ,c4 ,if ! tool is n set too high1 x c !n be f$ "r up to ! la! c5t] & ! end squ>$ )\t difficulty4 ,z = ! special c5t] ,a1 ! use ( special tools & appliances %\ld always be avoid$ unless !y effect a sav+ 9 "t or _! use makes x possible to accompli% ! same end ) less "w4 ,tru+ ,la! ,c5t]s4--,! la! c5t]s %\ld receive c>eful att5tion especially :5 accurate "w mu/ be turn$4 ,if ! head/ock c5t] does n run true z x revolves ) ! "w1 a r\nd surface may be turn$1 b if ! position ( ! driv+ dog ) ref]5ce to ! faceplate is *ang$1 ! turn$ surface w n run true because ! turn$ surface is n true ) ! "w c5t]s4 ,fur!rmore1 if x is necess>y to rev]se ! "w = f9i%+ ! dogg$ or driv+ end1 ! la/ "p turn$ w be ecc5tric to ! fir/4 ,!re=e1 ! la! c5t]s %\ld be kept true 9 ord] to produce turn$ surfaces t are true or conc5tric ) ! c5t]$ ends1 z x is (t5 necess>y to *ange ! "p be+ turn$ end = end = f9i%+1 & any ecc5tricity betwe5 ! diff]5t surfaces w\ld1 9 _m cases1 spoil ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,gr9d] = ,tru+ ,la! ,c5t]s ,"s la!s are equipp$ ) h>d5$ c5t]s 9 bo? ! head-& tail/ock & o!rs h only "o h>d5$ c5t] :i* is 9 ! tail/ock4 ,! object 9 hav+ a s(t or unh>d5$ head/ock c5t] is to p]mit its be+ tru$ by turn+1 b z a s(t c5t] is q easily bruis$ & requires tru+ (t5] ?an "o t is h>d1 x is bett] to h bo? c5t]s h>d5$4 ,special gr9d]s are us$ = tru+ ^! h>d5$ c5t]s4 ,"o type t is v simple & easily appli$ to a la! is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is gr9d] is held 9 ! la! toolpo/ & is driv5 by a :eel ,a t is held 9 contact ) ! cone-pulley4 ,! em]y :eel ,b is mov$ to a position = gr9d+ by adju/+ ! c>riage & cross-slide1 & x is trav]s$ across ! conical surface ( ! c5t] by h&le ,c4 ,z ! gr9d+ proce$s1 ! :eel is f$ inw>d slightly by manipulat+ ! cross-slide4 ,?is gr9d] is set to ! prop] angle by plac+ ! two c5t]$ ends ,d & ,d#a betwe5 ! la! c5t]s1 :i* %\ld be align$ z = /raight turn+4 ,! gr9d+ sp9dle w !n be #cj degrees f ! axis ( ! la! sp9dle4 ,! gr9d] %\ld be c>efully clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ s t x w rema9 z locat$ by ! c5t]$ ends4 ,aft] ! tail/ock c5t] is )drawn1 ! em]y :eel is adju/$ = gr9d+4 ,z ! :eel sp9dle is #cj degrees f ! axis ( ! la! sp9dle1 ! la! c5t] is n only gr\nd true b to an includ$ angle ( #fj degrees1 :i* is ! /&>d angle = la! c5t]s4 ,!re are _m o!r /yles ( c5t] gr9d]s on ! m>ket1 "s ( :i* are driv5 by a small belt f ! cone-pulley & o!rs by electric motors :i* are connect$ ) ord9>y light+ circuits4 ,! tail/ock c5t] is gr\nd by ins]t+ x 9 ! sp9dle 9 place ( ! head/ock c5t]4 ,be=e a c5t] is replac$ 9 its sp9dle1 ! hole %\ld be p]fectly clean z ev5 a small p>ticle ( dirt may affect ! alignm5t4 ,! c5t] 9 ! head/ock is usually ref]r$ to z ! live c5t] because x turns ar\nd :5 ! la! is 9 use1 & ! c5t] 9 ! tail/ock z ! dead c5t]1 because x rema9s /ation>y4 ,univ]sal1 ,indep5d5t & ,comb9ation ,*ucks4--,_m p>ts t are turn$ 9 ! la! are s %ap$ t !y _c be held betwe5 ! la! c5t]s l %afts & o!r simil> pieces & x is (t5 necess>y to hold !m 9 a *uck ,a1 ,fig4 #cc1 :i* is screw$ onto ! la! sp9dle in/ead ( ! faceplate4 ,! "w is gripp$ by ! jaws ,j :i* c be mov$ 9 or out to accommodate v>i\s diamet]s4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( *ucks ord9>ily us$ on ! la!1 kn[n z ! indep5d5t1 univ]sal & comb9ation types4 ,! indep5d5t *uck is s nam$ because ea* jaw c be adju/$ 9 or out indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs by turn+ ! jaw screws ,s ) a wr5*4 ,! jaws ( ! univ]sal *uck all move toge!r & keep ! same di/ance f ! c5t]1 & !y c be adju/$ by turn+ any "o ( ! screws ,s1 :]eas ) ! indep5d5t type ! *uck wr5* mu/ be appli$ to ea* jaw screw4 ,! comb9ation *uck1 z ! "n implies1 may be *ang$ to op]ate ei!r z an indep5d5t or univ]sal type4 ,! advantage ( ! univ]sal *uck is t r\nd & o!r p>ts ( a uni=m %ape are locat$ 9 a c5tral position = turn+ )\t any adju/m5t4 ,! indep5d5t type is1 h[ev]1 pref]able 9 "s respects z x is usually /rong] & adapt$ = hold+ odd-%ap$ pieces because ea* jaw c be set to any requir$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 7,a7 ,la! ,*uck4 7,b7 ,faceplate ,jaw ,application ( ,*ucks4--,z an example ( *uck "w1 we %all assume t ! sides ( disk ,d1 ,fig4 #cd1 are to be turn$ flat & p>allel ) ea* o!r & t an indep5d5t *uck is to be us$4 ,fir/ ! *uck is screw$ onto ! la! sp9dle aft] remov+ ! faceplate4 ,! *uck jaws are !n mov$ out or 91 z ! case may be1 f> en\gh to receive ! disk & ea* jaw is set ab\t ! same di/ance f ! c5t] by ! aid ( conc5tric circles on ! face ( ! *uck4 ,! jaws are !n tight5$ :ile ! disk is held back aga9/ !m to br+ ! r\gh inn] surface 9 a v]tical plane4 ,if ! "w is q heavy1 x c be held aga9/ ! *uck1 be=e ! jaws are tight5$1 by ins]t+ a piece ( wood betwe5 x & ! tail/ock c5t]2 ! latt] is !n run out f> en\gh to =ce ! "w back4 ,! outside or p]iph]y ( ! disk %\ld run ne>ly true & x may be necess>y to move ! jaws 9 on "o side & out on ! o!r to br+ ! disk to a c5tral position4 ,to te/ its location1 ! la! is run at a mod]ate spe$ & a piece ( *alk is held ne> ! out] surface4 ,if ! latt] runs out1 ! high side w be m>k$ by ! *alk1 & ?is m>k c be us$ z a guide 9 adju/+ ! jaws4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! jaws are mov$ only "o-half ! am\nt t ! "w runs out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 7,a7 ,radial ,fac+4 7,b7 ,bor+ ,pulley ,held 9 ,*uck ,a r\nd-nos$ tool t ( ! %ape %[n c be us$ = radial fac+ or turn+ op]ations ( ! k9d illu/rat$4 ,?is tool is simil> to ! =m us$ :5 turn+ betwe5 c5t]s1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ 9 ! direction ( ! top slope4 ,! radial fac+ tool %\ld be gr\nd to slope d[nw>d t[>d a 7see ,fig4 #ce7 :]eas ! regul> turn+ tool slopes t[>d b1 ! incl9ation 9 ea* case be+ away f t "p ( ! cutt+ edge :i* does ! "w4 ,! cutt+ edge %\ld be ! same height z ! la! c5t]s1 & ! cut is tak5 by fe$+ ! tool f ! outside 9 to ! c5t]4 ,! cut is />t$ by h& & !n ! p[] fe$ is engag$1 except = small surfaces4 ,! fir/ cut %\ld1 if possible1 be deep en\gh to get b5ea? ! scale1 especially if turn+ ca/ iron1 z a tool :i* j grazes ! h>d out] surface w be dull$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,if x 7 simply necess>y to turn a true flat surface & ! ?ickness ( ! disk 7 immat]ial1 two cuts w\ld be suffici5t1 unless ! surface 7 v unev51 ! fir/ or r\gh+ cut be+ foll[$ by a light f9i%+ cut4 ,= a f9i%+ cut1 ! same tool c\ld be us$1 b if !re 7 a numb] ( disks to be fac$1 a squ>e-nos$ tool ,f1 ,fig4 #ce1 c\ld probably be us$ to bett] advantage4 ,?is type has a broad flat cutt+ edge t is set p>allel ) ! r\gh-turn$ surface & ?is broad edge enables a co>se fe$ to be tak51 ?us r$uc+ ! "t requir$ = ! f9i%+ cut4 ,if a co>se fe$ 7 tak5 ) ! r\nd tool1 ! turn$ surface w\ld h spiral grooves 9 x1 :]eas ) ! broad cutt+ edge1 a smoo? surface is obta9$ ev5 ?\gh ! fe$ is co>se4 ,! am\nt ( fe$ p] revolution ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 %\ld always be less ?an ! wid? w ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,v (t5 broad tools _c be us$ = f9i%+ cuts1 especially :5 turn+ /eel1 because _! great] contact causes *att]+ & results 9 a r\gh surface4 ,an old & worn la! is m liable to *att] ?an "o t is heavy & well-built1 & z ! diamet] ( ! "w also makes a diff]5ce1 a broad tool _c always be us$ = f9i%+1 ev5 ?\gh1 !oretically1 x w\ld be pref]able4 ,aft] "o side ( ! disk is f9i%$1 x is rev]s$ 9 ! *uck1 ! f9i%$ surface be+ plac$ aga9/ ! jaws4 ,! rema9+ r\gh side is !n turn$1 c>e be+ tak5 :5 />t+ ! fir/ cut to calip] ! wid? ( ! disk at sev]al po9ts to make sure t ! two sides are p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,tools ,gr\nd s t ,top ,slopes away f ,work+ ,"p ( ,cutt+ ,edge ,example ( ,bor+4--,ano!r example ( *uck "w is %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,9 ?is case a ca/-iron pulley is to h a true hole h bor$ ?r\gh ! hub4 7,! f9i%+ ( int]nal cyl9drical surfaces 9 a la! is ref]r$ to z bor+ r ?an turn+47 ,! ca/+ %\ld be set true by ! rim in/ead ( by ! r\gh-cor$ hole 9 ! hub2 ?is c be done by ! use ( *alk z previ\sly expla9$4 ,ev5 ?\gh a univ]sal type ( *uck 7 us$1 ! jaws ( :i*1 z w be recall$1 are self-c5t]+1 x might be necess>y to turn ! pulley relative to ! *uck z a ca/+ sometimes runs out because ( r\gh spots or lumps :i* happ5 to come b5ea? "o or m ( ! jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,bor+ ,tool ,! %ape ( tool t = bor+ is q diff]5t f "o us$ = outside turn+1 z %[n by ,fig4 #cf4 ,! cutt+ end ( a solid type ( tool is =g$ approximately at "r angles to ! body or %ank1 & ! top surface is gr\nd to slope away f ! work+ "p w ( ! cutt+ edge1 z ) practically all turn+ tools4 ,! front "p or flank1 f is also gr\nd away to give ! edge cle>ance4 ,?is type ( tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ ) ! body ab\t p>allel ) ! la! sp9dle1 & ord9>ily ! cutt+ edge w\ld be ab\t z high z ! c5t] ( ! hole1 or a little bel[1 if any?+4 ,:5 />t+ a cut1 ! tool is br\ght up to ! "w by mov+ ! c>riage & x is !n adju/$ radially to get ! "r dep? ( cut1 by %ift+ ! cross-slide4 ,! p[] fe$ = ! c>riage is !n us$1 ! tool fe$+ back ?r\gh ! hole z indicat$ by ! arr[1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,9 ?is case1 z ) all turn+ op]ations1 ! fir/ cut %\ld be deep en\gh to remove ! h>d out] scale at e "p ( ! hole4 ,usually a r\gh-cor$ hole is s mu* small] ?an ! f9i%$ size t sev]al cuts are necess>y2 9 any case1 ! la/ or f9i%+ cut %\ld be v light to prev5t ! tool f spr++ away f ! "w1 s t ! hole w be z true z possible4 ,bor+ tools1 p>ticul>ly = small holes1 are n z rigid z ^? us$ = outside turn+1 z ! tool has to be small en\gh to ent] ! hole & = ?is reason comp>atively light cuts h to be tak54 ,:5 bor+ a small hole1 ! l>ge/ tool t w ent] x )\t int]f]5ce %\ld be us$ to get ! greate/ rigidity possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg 7,a7 ,sett+ ,outside ,calip]s4 7,b7 ,transf]r+ ,measurem5ts to ,inside ,calip]s4 7,c7 ,micromet] ,gage ,measur+ ,bor$ ,holes4--,! diamet]s ( small holes t are be+ bor$ are usually measur$ ) inside calip]s or /&>d gages4 ,if ! pulley 7 be+ bor$ to fit ov] "s %aft1 ! diamet] ( ! %aft w\ld fir/ be measur$ by us+ outside calip]s1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #cg1 ! measur+ po9ts ( ! calip]s be+ adju/$ until !y j made contact ) ! %aft :5 pass$ ov] x4 ,! inside calip]s are !n set z at ,b to correspond ) ! size ( ! %aft1 & ! hole is bor$ j l>ge en\gh to admit ! inside calip]s easily4 ,v accurate measurem5ts c be made ) calip]s1 b to become exp]t 9 _! use requires exp]i5ce4 ,"s me*anics nev] become pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( calip]+ because _! h&s are heavy & !y lack ! s5sitiv5ess & delicacy ( t\* t is necess>y4 ,= l>ge holes1 a gage ,c is (t5 us$1 ! l5g? l be+ adju/$ to ! diamet] desir$4 ,small holes are (t5 bor$ to fit h>d5$ /eel plug gages 7,fig4 #ch71 ! cyl9drical measur+ ends ( :i* are made ) great accuracy to /&>d sizes4 ,?is type ( gage is p>ticul>ly useful :5 a numb] ( holes h to be bor$ to ! same size1 all holes be+ made j l>ge en\gh to fit ! gage )\t any p]ceptible play4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,/&>d ,plug ,gage ,sett+ ,"w 9 ! ,*uck4--,:5 sett+ a "p 9 a *uck1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to s locate x t e surface to be turn$ w be true :5 ma*9$ to ! f9i%$ size4 ,z a simple illu/ration1 let u assume t ! hole ?r\gh ! ca/-iron disk1 ,fig4 #ci1 has be5 cor$ consid]ably out ( c5t]1 z %[n4 ,if ! "w is set by ! outside surface ,s1 z x w\ld be ord9>ily1 ! hole is s mu* out ( c5t] t x w n be true :5 bor$ to ! f9i%$ size1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! r\gh hole is set true1 ! outside _c be f9i%$ all ov]1 )\t mak+ ! diamet] too small1 :5 x is f9ally turn$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! ca/+ %\ld be %ift$1 z %[n by ! arr[1 to divide ! error betwe5 ! two surfaces1 bo? ( :i* c !n be turn$ z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! view to ! "r4 ,?is pr9ciple ( divid+ ! error :5 sett+ "w c (t5 be appli$ 9 connection ) turn+ & bor+4 ,aft] a ca/+ or o!r "p has be5 set true by ! mo/ important surface1 all o!r surfaces :i* require ma*9+ %\ld be te/$ to make sure t !y all c be f9i%$ to ! prop] size4 ,inaccuracy f ,pressure ( ,*uck ,jaws4--,"w t is held 9 a *uck is sometimes sprung out ( %ape by ! pressure ( ! *uck jaws s t :5 ! "p is bor$ or turn$1 ! f9i%$ surfaces are untrue aft] ! jaws are releas$ & ! "w has resum$ its normal %ape4 ,?is applies m p>ticul>ly to frail p>ts1 su* z r+s1 ?9 cyl9drical p>ts1 etc4 ,occasionally ! di/ortion c be prev5t$ by s locat+ ! "w ) relation to ! *uck jaws t ! latt] be> aga9/ a rigid "p4 ,:5 ! "w _c be held tightly en\gh = ! r\gh+ cuts )\t spr++ x1 ! jaws %\ld be releas$ some:at be=e tak+ ! f9i%+ cut1 to p]mit ! "p to spr+ back to its natural %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ,importance ( ,sett+ ,"w ) ,ref]5ce to ,surfaces to be ,turn$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,drill+ 9 ! ,la! ,drill+ & ,ream+4--,:5 a hole is to be bor$ f ! solid1 x is necess>y to drill a hole be=e a bor+ tool c be us$4 ,"o me?od ( drill+ 9 ! la! is to ins]t an ord9>y twi/ drill 9 a hold] or socket ,s1 ,fig4 #dj1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! tail/ock sp9dle 9 place ( ! c5t]4 ,! drill is !n f$ ?r\gh ! "w by turn+ ! h&le n & fe$+ ! sp9dle outw>d z %[n by ! arr[4 ,be=e beg9n+ to drill1 x is well to turn a conical spot or c5t] = ! drill po9t s ! latt] w />t true4 ,?is is (t5 done by us+ a special tool hav+ a po9t l a flat drill4 ,?is tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ ) ! po9t at ! same height z ! la! c5t]s4 ,x is !n f$ aga9/ ! c5t] ( ! "w & a conical c5t] is turn$4 ,if ! drill 7 n giv5 ?is true />t+ po9t1 x probably w\ld ent] ! "w m or less (f c5t]4 ,drills c also be />t$ )\t turn+ a c5t] by br++ ! squ>e end or butt ( a tool-%ank held 9 ! toolpo/ 9 contact ) ! drill ne> ! cutt+ end4 ,if ! po9t />ts (f c5t]1 ?us caus+ ! drill to wobble1 ! /ation>y tool-%ank w gradually =ce or bump x ov] to ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,flat ,drill & ,hold] ,small holes are (t5 f9i%$ 9 ! la! by drill+ & ream+ )\t ! use ( a bor+ tool4 ,! =m ( drill t is us$ q ext5sively = drill+ cor$ holes 9 ca/+s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 at ,a4 ,?is drill is flat & ! "r end has a l>ge c5t] hole = receiv+ ! c5t] ( ! tail/ock4 ,to prev5t ! drill f turn+1 a hold] ,b1 hav+ a slot s 9 its end ?r\gh :i* ! drill passes1 is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/1 z at ,c4 ,?is slot %\ld be set c5tral ) ! la! c5t]s1 & ! drill1 :5 be+ />t$1 %\ld be held tightly 9 ! slot by turn+ or twi/+ x ) a wr5* z indicat$ 9 ! end view at ,d2 ?is /eadies ! drill & causes x to />t fairly true ev5 ?\gh ! cor$ hole runs out consid]ably4 ,ano!r /yle ( tool = enl>g+ cor$ holes is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 at ,a4 ,?is is a rose *uck+ ream]1 hav+ bevel$ cutt+ edges on ! end & a cyl9drical body1 :i* fits closely 9 ! ream$ hole1 ?us support+ & guid+ ! cutt+ end4 ,! ream] %[n at ,b is a flut$ type ) cutt+ edges t ext5d f a to b2 x is us$ = f9i%+ holes & ! drill or rose ream] prec$+ x %\ld leave ! hole v close to ! requir$ size4 ,^! ream]s are held :ile 9 use 9 a socket ins]t$ 9 ! tail/ock sp9dle1 z :5 us+ a twi/ drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,rose & ,flut$ ,ream]s ,hold+ ,"w on ,faceplate4--,"s ca/+s or =g+s are s %ap$ t !y _c be held 9 a *uck v well1 or p]haps n at all1 & "w ( ?is k9d is (t5 clamp$ to a faceplate :i* is usually l>g] ?an ! faceplate us$ = driv+ p>ts t are turn$ betwe5 ! c5t]s4 ,an example ( faceplate "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,?is is a rectangul>-%ap$ ca/+ hav+ a r\nd boss or projection1 ! end e ( :i* is to be turn$ p>allel ) ! back face ( ! ca/+ previ\sly f9i%$ on a plan]4 ,a r\gh cor$ hole ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! boss also ne$s to be bor$ true4 ,! be/ way to p]=m ?is op]ation 9 ! la! w\ld be to clamp ! f9i%$ surface ( ! ca/+ directly aga9/ ! faceplate by bolts & clamps a1 b1 c1 & d1 z %[n2 ! "w w\ld !n be turn$ j z ?\gh x 7 held 9 a *uck4 ,by hold+ ! ca/+ 9 ?is way1 face e w be f9i%$ p>allel ) ! back surface because ! latt] is clamp$ directly aga9/ ! true-runn+ surface ( ! faceplate4 ,if a ca/+ ( ?is %ape 7 small en\gh x c\ld also be held 9 ! jaws ( an indep5d5t *uck1 b if ! surface e ne$s to be exactly p>allel ) ! back face1 x is bett] to clamp ! "w to ! faceplate4 ,mo/ la!s h two faceplates3 ,"o ( small diamet] us$ pr9cipally = driv+ "w turn$ betwe5 c5t]s1 & a l>ge "o = hold+ heavy or irregul>ly %ap$ pieces2 ei!r ( ^! c be screw$ onto ! sp9dle1 & ! l>ge faceplate has a numb] ( slots ?r\gh :i* clamp+ bolts c be ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,ca/+ ,clamp$ to ,faceplate = ,turn+ & ,bor+ ,! prop] way to clamp a piece to ! faceplate dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 l>gely on its %ape & ! location ( ! surface to be ma*9$1 b 9 any case x is necess>y to hold x securely to prev5t any %ift+ aft] a cut is />t$4 ,sometimes ca/+s c be held by ins]t+ bolts ?r\gh previ\sly drill$ holes1 b :5 clamps are us$ 9 connection ) ! bolts1 _! out] ends are support$ by h>dwood or metal blocks :i* %\ld be j high en\gh to make ! clamp be> ev5ly on ! "w4 ,:5 deep r\gh+ cuts h to be tak51 especially on l>ge diamet]s1 x is well to bolt a piece to ! faceplate & aga9/ "o side ( ! ca/+1 z at ,d1 to act z a driv] & prev5t ! "w f %ift+2 b a driv] w\ld n be ne$$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,( c\rse a faceplate driv] is always plac$ to ! re>1 z det]m9$ by ! direction ( rotation1 because ! "w t5ds to %ift backw>d :5 a cut is be+ tak54 ,if ! surface :i* is clamp$ aga9/ ! faceplate is f9i%$ z 9 ?is case1 ! "w w be less likely to %ift if a piece ( pap] is plac$ betwe5 x & ! faceplate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,ca/ ,elb[ held on ,angle-plate atta*$ to ,faceplate ,"w m\nt$ on ! faceplate is g5]ally set true by "s surface be=e turn+4 ,z ! hole 9 ?is ca/+ %\ld be true ) ! r\nd boss1 ! ca/+ is %ift$ on ! faceplate until ! r\gh out] surface ( ! boss runs true2 ! clamps :i* 7 previ\sly set up lightly are !n tight5$4 ,! face e is fir/ turn$ by us+ a r\nd-nos$ tool4 ,?is tool is !n replac$ by a bor+ tool & ! hole is f9i%$ to ! requir$ diamet]4 ,if ! hole be+ bor$ is l>g] ?an ! c5tral hole 9 ! faceplate1 ! ca/+ %\ld be clamp$ aga9/ p>allel pieces1 & n directly aga9/ ! faceplate1 to provide cle>ance = ! tool :5 x rea*es ! inn] end ( ! hole & prev5t x f cutt+ ! faceplate4 ,! p>allel pieces %\ld be ( ! same ?ickness & be locat$ ne> ! clamps to prev5t spr++ ! ca/+4 ,application ( ,angle-plate to ,faceplate4--,ano!r example ( faceplate "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is is a ca/-iron elb[ ,e1 ! two flanges ( :i* are to be fac$ true & squ>e ) ea* o!r4 ,! %ape ( ?is ca/+ is su* t x w\ld be v difficult to clamp x directly to ! faceplate1 b x is easily held on an angle-plate ,p1 :i* is bolt$ to ! faceplate4 ,! two surfaces ( ?is angle-plate are squ>e ) ea* o!r s t :5 "o flange ( ! elb[ is f9i%$ & bolt$ aga9/ ! angle-plate1 ! o!r w be fac$ squ>e4 ,:5 sett+ up an angle-plate = "w ( ?is k9d1 ! di/ance f its "w-hold+ side to ! c5t] ( ! faceplate is made equal to ! di/ance d betwe5 ! c5t] ( "o flange & ! face ( ! o!r1 s t ! flange to be fac$ w run ab\t true :5 bolt$ 9 place4 ,z ! angle-plate & "w are almo/ entirely on "o side ( ! faceplate1 a weight ,w is atta*$ to ! opposite side = c\nt]balanc+4 ,v (t5 weights are also ne$$ to c\nt]balance (fset p>ts t are bolt$ directly to ! faceplate4 ,! necessity ( c\nt]balanc+ dep5ds some:at ^u ! spe$ to be us$ = turn+4 ,if ! surface to be ma*9$ is small 9 diamet] s t ! la! c be run q rapidly1 any unbalanc$ "p %\ld always be c\nt]balanc$4 ,sometimes x is r difficult to hold heavy pieces aga9/ ! v]tical surface ( ! faceplate :ile apply+ ! clamps1 & occasionally ! faceplate is remov$ & plac$ 9 a horizontal position on ! b5*2 ! "w c !n be locat$ ab\t "r1 & aft] x is clamp$1 ! faceplate is plac$ on ! la! sp9dle by ! assi/ance ( a crane4 ,special faceplate jaws1 su* z ! "o %[n to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #cc1 c (t5 be us$ to advantage = hold+ "w on l>ge faceplates4 ,?ree or f\r ( ^! jaws are bolt$ to ! faceplate :i* is conv]t$ into a k9d ( indep5d5t *uck4 ,^! faceplate jaws are especially useful = hold+ irregul>ly %ap$ p>ts1 z ! diff]5t jaws c be locat$ 9 any position4 ,support+ ,out] ,end ( ,*uck$ ,"w4--,fig4 #de %[s h[ ! tail/ock c5t] is sometimes us$ = support+ ! out] end ( a long ca/+1 ! opposite end ( :i* is held 9 a *uck4 ,?is p>ticul> ca/+ is to be turn$ & bor$ to make a l9+ = ! cyl9d] ( a locomotive 9 ord] to r$uce ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] :i* has be5 consid]ably enl>g$ by re-bor+ a numb] ( times4 ,^! bu%+s are r\gh-turn$ on ! outside :ile ! out] end is support$ by ! cross-%ap$ piece or spid] :i* =ms a c5t]-be>+ = ! tail/ock4 ,?is spid] has set screws 9 ! flang$ ends ( ! arms1 :i* are tight5$ aga9/ ! inn] surface ( ! ca/+ & are adju/$ "o way or ! o!r 9 ord] to locate x 9 a conc5tric position4 ,aft] r\gh+ ! outside1 ! inside is bor$ to ! f9i% size2 !n c5t]$ disks1 :i* fit into ! bore1 are plac$ 9 ! ends ( ! bu%+ & ! latt] is f9i%-turn$4 ,! object 9 r\gh turn+ ! outside prior to bor+ is to avoid ! di/ortion :i* might occur if ?is h>d out] surface 7 remov$ la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,r\gh ,turn+ a ,cyl9d] ,l9+--,note ,me?od ( ,support+ ,out] ,end ,bor+ ,l>ge ,ca/+s 9 ! ,la!4--,an ord9>y eng9e la! is sometimes us$ = bor+ eng9e or pump cyl9d]s1 l9+s1 etc41 :i* are too l>ge to be held 9 ! *uck or on a faceplate1 & mu/ be atta*$ to ! la! c>riage4 ,z a rule1 "w ( ?is class is done 9 a special bor+ ma*9e 7see ,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9es71 b if su* a ma*9e is n available1 x may be necess>y to use a la!4 ,!re are two g5]al me?ods ( bor+4 ,fig4 #df %[s h[ ! l9+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #de is bor$ 9 a l>ge eng9e la!4 ,! ca/+ is held 9 special fixtures :i* are atta*$ to ! la! c>riage1 & ! bor+-b> is rotat$ by ! la! sp9dle4 ,! tool-head ( ?is bor+-b> c>ries two tools locat$ #ahj degrees ap>t & x is f$ along ! b> by a />-fe$ me*anism %[n atta*$ to ! b> & ! tail/ock sp9dle4 ,ea* "t ! b> revolves1 ! /> :eel /rikes a /ation>y p9 & turns ! fe$-screw :i*1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 ext5ds along a groove cut 9 "o side ( ! b>4 ,?is fe$-screw passes ?r\gh a nut atta*$ to ! tool-head s t ! latt] is sl[ly f$ ?r\gh ! bore4 ,:5 us+ a b> ( ?is type1 ! c>riage1 ( c\rse1 rema9s /ation>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,bor+ a ,cyl9d] ,l9+ 9 an ,ord9>y ,eng9e ,la! ,cyl9drical p>ts atta*$ to ! c>riage c also be bor$ by us+ a pla9 solid b> m\nt$ betwe5 ! c5t]s4 ,! b> mu/ be provid$ ) a cutt] = small holes or a tool-head = l>g] diamet]s 7pref]ably hold+ two or m tools7 & ! bor+ is done by fe$+ ! c>riage along ! b$ by us+ ! regul> p[] fe$ ( ! la!4 ,a symmetrically %ap$ ca/+ l a bu%+ or l9+ is (t5 held ^u wood5 blocks bolt$ across ! c>riage4 ,^! are fir/ cut away to =m a circul> seat ( ! requir$ radius1 by us+ ! bor+-b> & a special tool hav+ a ?9 curv$ edge4 ,! ca/+ is !n clamp$ ^u ^! blocks by ! use ( /raps & bolts1 & if ! curv$ seats 7 cut to ! correct radius1 ! "w w be locat$ conc5tric ) ! bor+-b>4 ,:5 us+ a bor+-b> ( ?is type1 ! b> mu/ be long en\gh to all[ ! "p be+ bor$ to fe$ f "o side ( ! cutt]-head to ! o!r1 ! cutt]-head be+ approximately 9 a c5tral location4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,me?od ( ,sett+ ,circle on ,"w ,conc5tric ) ,la! ,sp9dle ,bor+ ,holes to a ,giv5 ,c5t] ,di/ance4--,9 connection ) faceplate "w1 x is (t5 necess>y to bore two or m holes at a giv5 di/ance ap>t4 ,! be/ me?od ( do+ ?is may dep5d ^u ! accuracy requir$4 ,= ord9>y "w sometimes two or m circles ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #dg7 are drawn ^u ! "p to be bor$1 9 ! position = ! holes2 ! piece is !n clamp$ to ! faceplate & "o ( ! circles is c5t]$ ) ! la! sp9dle by te/+ x ) a po9t] ,c held 9 ! toolpo/2 t is1 :5 ! po9t] foll[s ! circle z ! "w is turn$1 evid5tly ! circle is conc5tric ) ! sp9dle4 ,! hole is !n drill$ & bor$4 ,! o!r circle is !n c5t]$ 9 ! same way = bor+ ! second hole4 ,z w be se51 ! accuracy ( ?is me?od dep5ds fir/1 ^u ! accuracy ) :i* ! circles 7 laid out1 & second2 ^u ! c>e tak5 9 sett+ !m conc5tric4 ,= a m accurate way ( locat+ p>ts = bor+1 see ,use ( ,c5t] ,indicator & ,locat+ ,"w by ! ,button ,me?od4 ,turn+ ,brass1 ,bronze & ,copp]4--,:5 turn+ s(t yell[ brass1 a tool %\ld be us$ hav+ v little or no slope or rake on ! top surface aga9/ :i* ! *ip be>s1 & = pla9 cyl9drical turn+1 ! po9t ( ! tool is drawn out q ?9 & r\nd$1 by gr9d+1 to a radius ( ab\t #a_/h or #c_/af in*4 ,if a tool hav+ v mu* top slope is us$ = brass1 !re is dang] ( its g\g+ into ! metal1 especially if ! "p be+ turn$ is at all flexible4 ,! cle>ance angle ( a brass tool is usually ab\t #ab or #ad degrees1 :i* is #c or #d degrees great] ?an ! cle>ance = /eel turn+ tools4 ,mo/ brass is easily turn$1 z comp>$ ) /eel1 & = t reason ?is increase 9 cle>ance is desirable1 because x facilitates fe$+ ! tool into ! metal1 especially :5 ! c>riage & cross-slide movem5ts are be+ controll$ by h& z :5 turn+ irregul> %apes4 ,! spe$ = turn+ s(t brass is mu* high] ?an = /eel1 be+ ord9>ily betwe5 #aej & #bjj feet p] m9ute4 ,:5 turn+ phosphor1 tob9 or o!r t\gh bronze compositions1 ! tool %\ld be gr\nd ) rake ! same z = turn+ /eel1 & l>d oil is sometimes us$ z a lubricant4 ,! cutt+ spe$ = bronzes v>ies f #ce or #dj to #hj feet p] m9ute1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( bronze alloys4 ,turn+ tools = copp] are gr\nd ) a little m top rake ?an is giv5 /eel turn+ tools1 & ! po9t %\ld be slightly r\nd$4 ,x is important to h a ke5 edge1 & a gr9d/one is recomm5d$ = %>p5+ copp] turn+ tools4 ,milk is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ lubricant to use :5 turn+ copp]4 ,! spe$ c be ne>ly z fa/ z = brass4 ,ma*9+ ,alum9um4--,tools = turn+ alum9um %\ld h acute cutt+ angles4 ,aft] r\gh-gr9d+ ! tool1 x is advisable to f9i% %>p5+ ! cutt+ edge on a gr9d/one or ) an oil/one = f9e "w1 z a ke5 edge is v ess5tial4 ,high spe$s & comp>atively light cuts are recomm5d$4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ! ma*9+ ( alum9um & alum9um alloys is caus$ by ! clogg+ ( ! *ips1 especially :5 us+ su* tools z c\nt]bores & mill+ cutt]s4 ,?is difficulty c be avoid$ l>gely by us+ ! "r k9d ( cutt+ lubricant4 ,soap-wat] & k]os5e are commonly employ$4 ,! latt] enables a f9e f9i% to be obta9$1 provid$ ! cutt+ tool is prop]ly gr\nd4 ,! foll[+ in=mation on ?is subject repres5ts ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,br[n-,lipe ,ge> ,co41 :]e alum9um p>ts are ma*9$ 9 l>ge quantities3 ,= f9i%+ bor$ holes1 a b> equipp$ ) cutt]s has be5 f\nd m practicable ?an ream]s4 ,! cutt]s us$ = ma*9+ #d-;in* holes h a cle>ance ( f #bj to #bb degrees & no rake or slope on ! front faces aga9/ :i* ! *ips be>4 ,! r\gh+ cutt]s = ?is "w h a r %>p nose1 be+ gr\nd on ! po9t to a radius ( ab\t #c_/cb in*1 b = secur+ a smoo? surface1 ! f9i%+ tools are r\nd$ to a radius ( ab\t #c_/d in*4 ,! cutt+ spe$1 z well z ! fe$1 = ma*9+ alum9um is f #ej to #fj p] c5t fa/] ?an ! spe$s & fe$s = ca/ iron4 ,! lubricant us$ by ?is company is compos$ ( "o "p aqual9e & #bj p>ts wat]4 ,?is lubricant n only gives a smoo? f9i% b pres]ves a ke5 cutt+ edge & enables tools to be us$ mu* long] )\t gr9d+4 ,=m]ly1 a lubricant compos$ ( "o "p ( high-grade l>d oil & "o "p ( k]os5e 0 us$4 ,?is mixture co/s approximately #cj c5ts p] gallon1 :]eas ! aqual9e & wat] mixture n[ be+ us$ co/s less ?an #d c5ts p] gallon1 & has prov$ m effective ?an ! lubricant =m]ly employ$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,la! ,,turn+ ,,tools ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,spe$s ,not)/&+ ! fact t a great v>iety ( "w c be done 9 ! la!1 ! numb] ( turn+ tools requir$ is comp>atively small4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! =ms ( tools t are us$ pr9cipally1 & typical examples ( ! application ( ^! v>i\s tools are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ref]5ce lett]s us$ 9 ^! two illu/rations correspond = tools ( ! same type1 & bo? views %\ld be ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! foll[+ description4 ,turn+ ,tools = ,g5]al ,"w4--,! tool %[n at ,a is ! =m g5]ally us$ = r\gh turn+1 t is = tak+ deep cuts :5 consid]able metal has to be remov$4 ,at ,b a tool ( ! same type is %[n1 hav+ a b5t end :i* enables x to be us$ close up to a %\ld] or surface s t might come 9 contact ) ! tool-re/ if ! /raight =m 7 employ$4 ,tool ,c1 :i* has a /raight cutt+ end1 is us$ on c]ta9 classes ( "w = tak+ light f9i%+ cuts1 ) a co>se fe$4 ,?is type ( tool has a flat or /raight cutt+ edge at ! end1 & w leave a smoo? f9i% ev5 ?\gh ! fe$ is co>se1 provid$ ! cutt+ edge is set p>allel ) ! tool's travel s z to avoid ridges4 ,broad-nos$ tools & wide fe$s are bett] adapt$ = f9i%+ ca/ iron ?an /eel4 ,:5 turn+ /eel1 if ! "w is at all flexible1 a broad tool t5ds to g\ge into x & = ?is reason r\nd-nos$ tools & f9] fe$s are g5]ally necess>y4 ,a little exp]i5ce 9 turn+ w tea* m on ?is po9t ?an a :ole *apt] on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,set ( ,la! ,turn+ ,tools = ,g5]al ,"w ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,views illu/rat+ ,use ( ,v>i\s ,types ( ,la! ,tools ,! side-tools %[n at ,d & ,e are = fac+ ! ends ( %afts1 coll>s1 etc4 ,! fir/ tool is kn[n z a "r side-tool because x op]ates on ! "r end or side ( a %aft or coll>1 :]eas ! left side-tool ,e is us$ on ! opposite side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,side-tools are also b5t to ! "r or left because ! cutt+ edge ( a /raight tool _c always be locat$ prop]ly = fac+ c]ta9 surfaces4 ,a b5t "r side-tool is %[n at ,f4 ,a =m ( tool t is frequ5tly us$ is %[n at ,g2 ?is is kn[n z a p>t+ tool & is us$ = sev]+ pieces & = cutt+ grooves1 squ>+ corn]s1 etc4 ,! same type ( tool hav+ a b5t end is %[n at ,h 7,fig4 #b7 sev]+ a piece held 9 ! *uck4 ,"w t is held betwe5 c5t]s %\ld n be entirely sev]$ ) a p>t+ tool unless a /eadyre/ is plac$ betwe5 ! tool & faceplate1 z o!rwise ! tool may be brok5 by ! spr++ ( ! "w j be=e ! piece is cut 9 two4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! sides ( ?is tool slope inw>d back ( ! cutt+ edge to provide cle>ance :5 cutt+ 9 a n>r[ groove4 ,at ,i a ?read tool is %[n = cutt+ a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read4 ,?is ?read is ! =m mo/ commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,a tool = cutt+ a squ>e ?read is %[n at ,j4 ,?is is %ap$ v mu* l a p>t+ tool except t ! cutt+ end is incl9$ slightly to correspond ) ! helix angle ( ! ?read1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 :i* conta9s descriptions ( diff]5t ?read =ms & me?ods ( cutt+ !m4 ,int]nal ?read tools are %[n at ,k & ,l = cutt+ ,u4 ,s4 /&>d & squ>e ?reads 9 holes4 ,x w be se5 t ^! tools are some:at l bor+ tools except+ ! ends :i* are %ap$ to correspond ) ! ?read :i* !y are int5d$ to cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,turn+ ,tool ) ,ins]t$ ,cutt] ,a tool = turn+ brass is %[n at ,m4 ,brass tools int5d$ = g5]al "w are drawn out q ?9 & !y are giv5 a n>r[ r\nd$ po9t4 ,! top ( ! brass tool is usually gr\nd flat or )\t slope z o!rwise x t5ds to g\ge into ! "w1 especially if ! latt] is at all flexible4 ,! end ( a brass tool is sometimes gr\nd ) a /raight cutt+ edge = turn+ l>ge rigid "w1 su* z brass pump l9+s1 etc41 s t a co>se fe$ c be us$ )\t leav+ a r\gh surface4 ,! tools at ,n & ,o are = bor+ or f9i%+ drill$ or cor$ holes4 ,two sizes are %[n1 :i* are int5d$ = small & l>ge holes1 respectively4 ,! diff]5t tools ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ might be call$ ! /&>d types because !y are ! ones g5]ally us$1 & z ,fig4 #b indicates1 !y make x possible to turn an almo/ endless v>iety ( =ms4 ,occasionally "s special =m ( tool is ne$$ = do+ odd jobs1 hav+1 p]haps1 an end b5t diff]5tly or a cutt+ edge %ap$ to "s p>ticul> =m4 ,tools ( ! latt] type1 :i* are kn[n z =m tools1 are sometimes us$ = f9i%+ surfaces t are ei!r convex1 concave1 or irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! cutt+ edges ( ^! tools are c>efully fil$ or gr\nd to ! requir$ %ape1 & ! =m giv5 ! tool is reproduc$ 9 ! "p turn$4 ,ornam5tal or o!r irregul> surfaces c be f9i%$ v neatly by ! use ( su* tools4 ,x is v difficult1 ( c\rse1 to turn convex or concave surfaces ) a regul> tool2 9 fact1 x w\ld n be possible to =m a true sph]ical surface1 = in/ance1 )\t special equipm5t1 because ! tool c\ld n be mov$ along a true curve by simply us+ ! longitud9al & cross fe$s4 ,=m tools %\ld be %>p5$ by gr9d+ entirely on ! top surface1 z any gr9d+ on ! end or flank w\ld alt] ! %ape ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,heavy ,ins]t$-cutt] ,turn+ ,tool ,tool-hold]s ) ,ins]t$ ,cutt]s4--,all ( ! tools %[n 9 ,fig4 #a are =g$ f ! b>1 & :5 ! cutt+ ends h be5 gr\nd d[n consid]ably x is necess>y to =ge a new end4 ,to elim9ate ! exp5se ( ?is cont9ual dress+ ( tools & also to effect a great r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( tool /eel requir$1 tool-hold]s hav+ small ins]t$ cutt]s are us$ 9 _m %ops4 ,a tool-hold] ( ?is type1 = outside turn+1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cutt] ,c is held 9 a fix$ position by ! set-screw %[n1 & x is %>p5$1 pr9cipally1 by gr9d+ ! end1 except :5 x is desir$ to give ! top ( ! cutt] a diff]5t slope f t due to its angul> position4 ,ano!r ins]t$-cutt] turn+ tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is a heavy type int5d$ = r\gh+4 ,! cutt] 9 ?is case has tee? on ! re> side engag+ ) correspond+ tee? cut 9 ! clamp+ block :i* is tight5$ by a set-screw on ! side opposite t %[n4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! cutt] c be adju/$ upw>d z ! top is gr\nd away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,p>t+ ,tool ) ,ins]t$ ,blade ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,bor+ ,tool ) ,ins]t$ ,cutt] & ,adju/able ,b> ,a p>t+ tool ( ! ins]t$ blade type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! blade ,b is clamp$ by screw ,s & also by ! spr+ ( ! hold] :5 ! latt] is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/4 ,! blade c1 ( c\rse1 be mov$ outw>d :5 necess>y4 ,fig4 #f %[s a bor+ tool consi/+ ( a hold] ,h1 a b> ,b t c be clamp$ 9 any position1 & an ins]t$ cutt] ,c4 ,) ?is type ( bor+ tool1 ! b> c be ext5d$ beyond ! hold] j f> en\gh to rea* ?r\gh ! hole to be bor$1 :i* makes ! tool v rigid4 ,a ?read tool ( ! hold] type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! angul> edge ( ! cutt] ,c is accurately gr\nd by ! manufactur]s1 s t ! tool is %>p5$ by simply gr9d+ x flat on ! top4 ,z ! top is gr\nd away1 ! cutt] is rais$ by turn+ screw ,s1 :i* c also be us$ = sett+ ! tool to ! prop] height4 ,! ,position ( ,turn+ ,tools4--,! production ( accurate la! "w dep5ds p>tly on ! condition ( ! la! us$ & also on ! c>e & judgm5t ex]cis$ by ! man op]at+ x4 ,ev5 ?\gh a la! is prop]ly adju/$ & 9 good condition o!rwise1 errors are (t5 made :i* are due to o!r causes :i* %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,if ! turn+ tool is clamp$ s t ! cutt+ end ext5ds too f> f ! support+ block1 ! d[nw>d spr+ ( ! tool1 ow+ to ! ?ru/ ( ! cut1 sometimes results 9 spoil$ "w1 especially :5 an attempt is made to turn close to ! f9i%$ size by tak+ a heavy r\gh+ cut4 ,suppose ! end ( a cyl9drical "p is fir/ r$uc$ = a %ort di/ance by tak+ sev]al trial cuts until ! diamet] d1 ,fig4 #h1 is slightly above ! f9i%$ size & ! p[] fe$ is !n engag$4 ,:5 ! tool beg9s to take ! full dep? e ( ! cut1 ! po9t1 :i* ord9>ily w\ld be set a little above ! c5t]1 t5ds to spr+ d[nw>d into ! "w1 & if !re 7 consid]able spr++ action1 ! "p w\ld probably be turn$ bel[ ! f9i%$ size1 ! increas$ r$uction beg9n+ at ! po9t :]e ! full cut />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,?read+ ,tool ,?is spr++ action1 z f> z ! tool is conc]n$1 c be practically elim9at$ by locat+ ! tool s t ! di/ance ,a betwe5 ! tool-block & cutt+ end1 or ! ov]hang1 is z %ort z possible4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! tool has little ov]hang x may tilt d[nw>d because ! toolslide is loose on its ways1 & = ?is reason ! slide %\ld h a snug adju/m5t t w p]mit an easy movem5t )\t unnecess>y play4 ,! toolslides ( all la!s are provid$ ) gibs :i* c be adju/$ by screws to comp5sate = we>1 or to secure a m rigid be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,to avoid spr++1 ,ov]hang ,a ( ,tool %\ld n be ,excessive ,:5 r\gh+ cuts are to be tak51 ! tool %\ld be locat$ s t any *ange 9 its position :i* might be caus$ by ! pressure ( ! cut w n spoil ! "w4 ,?is po9t is illu/rat$ at ,a 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,suppose ! end ( a rod has be5 r$uc$ by tak+ a numb] ( trial cuts1 until x is #a_/cb in* above ! f9i%$ size4 ,if ! p[] fe$ is !n engag$ ) ! tool clamp$ 9 an oblique position1 z %[n1 :5 ! full cut is enc\nt]$ at c1 ! tool1 unless v tightly clamp$1 may be %ift$ backw>d by ! lat]al ?ru/ ( ! cut1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! po9t w !n beg9 turn+ small] ?an ! f9i%$ size & ! "w w be spoil$4 ,to prev5t any *ange ( position1 x is good practice1 especially :5 r\gh+1 to clamp ! tool squ>e ) ! surface be+ turn$1 or 9 o!r words1 at "r angles to its direction ( movem5t4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re is a decid$ advantage 9 hav+ ! tool set at an angle4 ,= example1 if x is held ab\t z %[n at ,b1 :5 turn+ ! flange ca/+ ,c1 ! surfaces s & s#a c be f9i%$ )\t *ang+ ! tool's position4 ,cyl9drical & radial surfaces are (t5 turn$ 9 ?is way 9 ord] to avoid %ift+ ! tool1 especially :5 ma*9+ p>ts 9 quantity4 ,tool ,gr9d+4--,9 ! gr9d+ ( la! tools !re are ?ree ?+s ( importance to be consid]$3 ,fir/1 ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool 7z view$ f ! top7 ne$s to be giv5 a c]ta9 %ape2 second1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t am\nt ( cle>ance = ! cutt+ edge2 & ?ird1 tools1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 are gr\nd ) a backw>d slope or a side slope1 or ) a comb9ation ( ^! two slopes on t "p aga9/ :i* ! *ip be>s :5 ! tool is 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 7,a7 ,! ,way 9 :i* ,tool is sometimes displac$ by ,?ru/ ( ,cut1 :5 set at an ,angle4 7,b7 ,tool ,set = ,f9i%+ bo? ,cyl9drical & ,radial ,surfaces ,9 ,fig4 #aj a few ( ! diff]5t types ( tools :i* are us$ 9 connection ) la! "w are %[n4 ,?is illu/ration also indicates ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s t]ms us$ 9 tool gr9d+4 ,z %[n1 ! cle>ance ( ! tool is repres5t$ by ! angle alpha1 ! back slope is repres5t$ by ! angle beta1 & ! side slope by ! angle gamma4 ,! angle delta = a tool )\t side slope is kn[n z ! lip angle or ! angle ( ke5ness4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! tool has bo? back & side slopes1 ?is lip angle w\ld m prop]ly be ! angle betwe5 ! flank f & ! top ( ! tool1 measur$ diagonally along a l9e z--z4 ,x w be se5 t ! l9es ,a--,b & ,a--,c f :i* ! angles ( cle>ance & back slope are measur$ are p>allel ) ! top & sides ( ! tool %ank1 respectively4 ,= la! tools1 h[ev]1 ^! l9es are n necess>ily locat$ 9 ?is way :5 ! tool is 9 use1 z ! height ( ! tool po9t ) relation to ! "w c5t] det]m9es ! position ( ^! l9es1 s t ! effective angles ( back slope1 cle>ance & ke5ness are *ang$ z ! tool po9t is l[]$ or rais$4 ,! way ! position ( ! tool affects ^! angles w be expla9$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration %[+ ! ,mean+ ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,tool ,gr9d+ z appli$ to ,tools ( ,diff]5t ,types ,:ile tools mu/1 ( necessity1 be v>i$ consid]ably 9 %ape to adapt !m to v>i\s purposes1 !re are c]ta9 und]ly+ pr9ciples gov]n+ _! %ape :i* apply g5]ally2 s 9 :at foll[s we %all n attempt to expla9 9 detail j :at ! =m ( ea* tool us$ on ! la! %\ld be1 z x is m important to und]/& h[ ! cutt+ action ( ! tool & its effici5cy is affect$ :5 x is improp]ly gr\nd4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple is und]/ood1 ! gr9d+ ( tools ( v>i\s types & %apes is comp>atively easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,plan ,view ( ,la! ,turn+ & ,?read+ ,tools ,%ape or ,cont\r ( ,cutt+ ,edge4--,9 ! fir/ place we %all consid] ! %ape or cont\r ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool z view$ f ! top1 & !n take up ! "q ( cle>ance & slope1 ! diff]5t elem5ts be+ consid]$ sep>ately to avoid confusion4 ,! cont\r ( ! cutt+ edge dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! purpose = :i* ! tool is int5d$4 ,= example1 ! tool ,a1 9 ,fig4 #aa1 :]e a plan view ( a numb] ( diff]5t la! tools is %[n1 has a v diff]5t %ape f t (1 say1 tool ,d1 z ! fir/ tool is us$ = r\gh turn+1 :ile tool ,d is int5d$ = cutt+ grooves or sev]+ a turn$ "p4 ,simil>ly1 tool ,e is ,v-%ap$ because x is us$ = cutt+ ,v-?reads4 ,tools ,a1 ,b & ,c1 h[ev]1 are regul> turn+ tools2 t is1 !y are all int5d$ = turn+ pla9 cyl9drical surfaces1 b ! cont\r ( ! cutt+ edges v>ies consid]ably1 z %[n4 ,9 ?is case x is ! *>act]i/ics ( ! "w & ! cut t are ! factors :i* det]m9e ! %ape4 ,to illu/rate1 tool ,a is ( a %ape suitable = r\gh-turn+ l>ge & rigid "w1 :ile tool ,b is adapt$ = small] & m flexible p>ts4 ,! fir/ tool is well %ap$ = r\gh+ because exp]im5ts h %[n t a cutt+ edge ( a l>ge radius is capable ( high] cutt+ spe$ ?an c\ld be us$ ) a tool l ,b1 :i* has a small] po9t4 ,?is increase 9 ! cutt+ spe$ is due to ! fact t ! tool ,a removes a ?9n] *ip = a giv5 fe$ ?an tool ,b2 !re=e1 ! spe$ may be increas$ )\t injur+ ! cutt+ edge to ! same ext5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 tool ,a 7 to be us$ = turn+ a long & flexible "p1 *att]+ might result2 consequ5tly1 a tool ,b hav+ a po9t ) a small] radius w\ld be pref]able1 if n absolutely necess>y4 ,! "* ( ! "w also affects ! %ape ( tools4 ,! tool %[n at ,c is us$ = tak+ light f9i%+ cuts ) a wide fe$4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! /raight or flat "p ( ! cutt+ edge is 9 l9e ) ! travel ( ! tool1 ! cut w be smoo? & free f ridges1 ev5 ?\gh ! fe$ is co>se1 & by us+ a co>se fe$ ! cut is tak5 9 less "t2 b su* a tool _c be us$ on "w t is n rigid1 z *att]+ w\ld result4 ,!re=e1 a small] cutt+ po9t & a r$uc$ fe$ w\ld h to be employ$4 ,tools ) broad flat cutt+ edges & co>se fe$s are (t5 us$ = tak+ f9i%+ cuts 9 ca/ iron1 z ?is metal (f]s less resi/ance to cutt+ ?an /eel1 & is less conducive to *att]+4 ,! %ape ( a tool 7z view$ f ! top7 :i* is int5d$ = a m specific purpose ?an regul> turn+1 c be l>gely det]m9$ by simply consid]+ ! tool "u work+ conditions4 ,?is po9t may be illu/rat$ by ! p>t+ tool ,d :i*1 z previ\sly /at$1 is us$ = cutt+ grooves1 squ>+ corn]s1 etc4 ,evid5tly ?is tool %\ld be wide/ at ! cutt+ edge2 t is1 ! sides d %\ld h a slight am\nt ( cle>ance s t !y w n b9d z ! tool is f$ into a groove4 ,z ! tool at ,e is = cutt+ a ,v-?read1 ! angle alpha betwe5 its cutt+ edges mu/ equal ! angle betwe5 ! sides ( a ,v-?read1 or #fj degrees4 ,! tool illu/rat$ at ,f is = cutt+ inside squ>e ?reads4 ,9 ?is case ! wid? w %\ld be made equal to "o-half ! pit* ( ! ?read 7or slightly great] to provide cle>ance = ! screw71 & ! sides %\ld be giv5 a slight am\nt ( side cle>ance1 ! same z ) ! p>t+ tool ,d4 ,s we see t ! outl9e ( ! tool1 z view$ f ! top1 mu/ con=m to & be gov]n$ by its use4 ,direction ( ,top ,slope = ,turn+ ,tools4--,aside f ! "q ( ! %ape ( ! cutt+ edge z view$ f ! top1 !re rema9s to be det]m9$ ! am\nt ( cle>ance t ! tool %all h1 & also ! slope 7& its direction7 ( ! top ( ! tool4 ,by ! top is meant t surface aga9/ :i* ! *ip be>s :ile x is be+ sev]$4 ,x may be /at$1 9 a g5]al way1 t ! direction 9 :i* ! top ( ! tool %\ld slope %\ld be away f :at is to be ! work+ "p ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,= example1 ! work+ edge ( a r\gh+ tool ,a 7,fig4 #aa71 :i* is us$ = heavy cuts1 w\ld be1 practically speak+1 betwe5 po9ts a & b1 or1 9 o!r words1 mo/ ( ! "w w\ld be done by ?is "p ( ! cutt+ edge2 !re=e ! top %\ld slope back f ?is "p ( ! edge4 ,obvi\sly1 a tool gr\nd 9 ?is way w h bo? a back & a side slope4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! "w is done on ! po9t or nose ( ! tool1 z1 = example1 ) ! la! f9i%+ tool ,c :i* takes light cuts1 ! slope %\ld be /raight back f ! po9t or cutt+ edge a--b4 ,z ! side tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj does its cutt+ along ! edge a--b1 ! top is giv5 a slope back f ?is edge z %[n 9 ! end view4 ,?is po9t %\ld be rememb]$1 = :5 ! top slopes 9 ! "r direction1 less p[] is requir$ = cutt+4 ,tools = c]ta9 classes ( "w1 su* z ?read tools1 or ^? = turn+ brass or *ill$ iron1 are gr\nd flat on top1 t is1 )\t back or side slope4 ,cle>ance = ! ,cutt+ ,edge4--,9 ord] t ! cutt+ edge may "w )\t int]f]5ce1 x mu/ h cle>ance2 t is1 ! flank f 7,fig4 #aj7 mu/ be gr\nd to a c]ta9 angle alpha s t x w n rub aga9/ ! "w & prev5t ! cutt+ edge f ent]+ ! metal4 ,?is cle>ance %\ld be j en\gh to p]mit ! tool to cut freely4 ,a cle>ance angle ( eight or t5 degrees is ab\t "r = la! turn+ tools4 ,! back slope ( a tool is measur$ f a l9e ,a--,b :i* is p>allel to ! %ank1 & ! cle>ance angle1 f a l9e ,a--,c at "r angles to l9e ,a--,b4 ,^! l9es d n1 h[ev]1 always occupy ?is position ) relation to ! tool %ank :5 ! tool is 9 use4 ,z %[n to ! left 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! base l9e ,a--,b = a turn+ tool 9 use int]sects ) ! po9t ( ! tool & c5t] ( ! "w1 :ile ! l9e ,a--,c rema9s at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t by rais+ ! tool1 z %[n to ! "r1 ! effective cle>ance angle alpha w be dim9i%$1 :]eas l[]+ x1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 w h ! opposite effect4 ,a turn+ tool = brass or o!r s(t metal1 p>ticul>ly :]e consid]able h& manipulation is requir$1 c\ld advantage\sly h a cle>ance ( twelve or f\rte5 degrees1 z x w\ld !n be easi] to fe$ ! tool into ! metal2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! cle>ance = turn+ tools %\ld be j en\gh to p]mit !m to cut freely4 ,excessive cle>ance weak5s ! cutt+ edge & may cause x to crumble "u ! pressure ( ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/rations %[+ h[ ,effective ,angles ( ,slope & ,cle>ance *ange z ,tool is rais$ or l[]$ ,angle ( ,tool-po9t & ,am\nt ( ,top ,slope4--,! lip angle or ! angle ( ke5ness delta 7,fig4 #aj7 is ano!r important consid]ation 9 connection ) tool gr9d+1 = x is ^u ?is angle t ! effici5cy ( ! tool l>gely dep5ds4 ,by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration x w be se5 t ?is angle is gov]n$ by ! cle>ance & ! slope beta1 & z ! cle>ance rema9s practically ! same1 x is ! slope :i* is v>i$ to meet diff]5t conditions4 ,n[1 ! am\nt ( slope a tool %\ld h dep5ds on ! "w = :i* x is int5d$4 ,if1 = example1 a turn+ tool is to be us$ = r\gh+ m$ium or s(t /eel1 x %\ld h a back slope ( ab\t eight degrees & a side slope rang+ f f\rte5 to tw5ty degrees1 :ile a tool = cutt+ v h>d /eel %\ld h a back slope ( ab\t five degrees & a side slope ( n9e degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 7,a7 ,blunt ,tool = ,turn+ ,h>d ,/eel4 7,b7 ,tool-po9t ,gr\nd to give ,ke5ness ,! reason = decreas+ ! slope & ?us increas+ ! lip angle = h>d] metals is to give ! necess>y increas$ /r5g? to ! cutt+ edge to prev5t x f crumbl+ "u ! pressure ( ! cut4 ,! tool illu/rat$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #ac1 is mu* /rong] ?an x w\ld be if gr\nd z %[n at ,b1 z ! =m] is m blunt4 ,if a tool gr\nd z at ,a1 h[ev]1 7 us$ = cutt+ v s(t /eel1 !re w\ld be a great] *ip pressure on ! top &1 consequ5tly1 a great] resi/ance to cutt+1 ?an if a ke5] tool _h be5 employ$2 fur!rmore ! cutt+ spe$ w\ld h to be l[]1 :i* is ( ev5 great] importance ?an ! *ip pressure2 !re=e1 ! lip angle1 z a g5]al rule1 %\ld be z small z possible )\t weak5+ ! tool s t x _c d ! requir$ "w4 ,9 ord] to secure a /rong & well-support$ cutt+ edge1 tools us$ = turn+ v h>d metal1 su* z *ill$ rolls1 etc41 are gr\nd ) practically no slope & ) v little cle>ance4 ,brass tools1 :ile giv5 consid]able cle>ance1 z previ\sly /at$1 are gr\nd flat on top or )\t slope2 ?is is n done1 h[ev]1 to give /r5g? to ! cutt+ edge1 b r to prev5t ! tool f g\g+ into ! "w1 :i* x is likely to d if ! "p be+ turn$ is at all flexible & ! tool has top slope4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor to det]m9e ! mo/ effici5t =m = la! r\gh+ tools %[$ t ! ne>] ! lip angle approa*$ sixty-"o degrees1 ! high] ! cutt+ spe$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply to tools = turn+ ca/ iron1 z ! latt] w "w m effici5tly ) a lip angle ( ab\t sixty-eight degrees4 ,?is is d\btless because ! *ip pressure1 :5 turn+ ca/ iron1 comes clos] to ! cutt+ edge :i* %\ld1 !re=e1 be m blunt to )/& ! abrasive action & heat4 ,( c\rse1 ! =ego+ rem>ks conc]n+ lip angles apply m p>ticul>ly to tools us$ = r\gh+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,gr9d+ ! ,top & ,flank ( a ,turn+ ,tool ,gr9d+ a ,la! ,tool4--,! way a turn+ tool is held :ile ! top surface is be+ gr\nd is %[n to ! left 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,by incl9+ ! tool ) ! :eel face1 x w be se5 t bo? ! back & side slopes may be gr\nd at ! same "t4 ,:5 gr9d+ ! flank ( ! tool x %\ld be held on ! tool-re/ ( ! em]y :eel or gr9d/one1 z %[n by ! view to ! "r4 ,9 ord] to =m a curv$ cutt+ edge1 ! tool is turn$ ab\t ! face ( ! /one :ile x is be+ gr\nd4 ,?is rot>y movem5t c be effect$ by support+ ! inn] end ( ! tool ) "o h& :ile ! %ank is mov$ to & fro ) ! o!r4 ,(t5 a tool :i* has be5 gr\nd prop]ly 9 ! fir/ place is greatly mis%ap5 aft] x has be5 %>p5$ a few times4 ,?is is usually ! result ( attempts on ! "p ( ! workman to re-%>p5 x hurri$ly2 = example1 x is easi] to secure a %>p edge on ! turn+ tool %[n to ! left 9 ,fig4 #ab1 by gr9d+ ! flank z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e1 ?an by gr9d+ ! entire flank4 ,! cle>ance is1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ & ! lip angle *ang$4 ,!re is great dang] :5 gr9d+ a tool ( burn+ x or draw+ ! temp] f ! f9e cutt+ edge1 &1 aside f ! actual %ape ( ! cutt+ end1 ?is is ! mo/ important po9t 9 connection ) tool gr9d+4 ,if a tool is press$ h>d aga9/ an em]y or o!r abrasive :eel1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] has a copi\s supply ( wat]1 ! temp] w sometimes be drawn4 ,:5 gr9d+ a flat surface1 to avoid burn+1 ! tool %\ld frequ5tly be )drawn f ! /one s t ! cool+ wat] 7a copi\s supply ( :i* %\ld be provid$7 c rea* ! surface be+ gr\nd4 ,a mod]ate pressure %\ld also be appli$1 z x is bett] to sp5d an extra m9ute or two 9 gr9d+ ?an to ru9 ! tool by burn+1 9 an attempt to %>p5 x quickly4 ,( c\rse1 :at has be5 said ab\t burn+ applies m p>ticul>ly to c>bon /eel1 b ev5 self-h>d5+ /eels are n improv$ by be+ ov]-heat$ at ! /one4 ,9 "s %ops1 tools are gr\nd to ! !oretically correct %ape 9 special ma*9es in/ead ( by h&4 ,! %>p5$ tools are !n kept 9 ! tool-room & are giv5 out z !y are ne$$4 ,cutt+ ,spe$s & ,fe$s4--,! t]m cutt+ spe$ z appli$ to turn+ op]ations is ! spe$ 9 feet p] m9ute ( ! surface be+ turn$1 or1 practically speak+1 x is equival5t to ! l5g? ( a *ip1 9 feet1 :i* w\ld be turn$ 9 "o m9ute4 ,! t]m cutt+ spe$ %\ld n be confus$ ) revolutions p] m9ute1 because ! cutt+ spe$ dep5ds n only ^u ! spe$ ( ! "w b also ^u its diamet]4 ,! fe$ ( a tool is ! am\nt x moves across ! surface be+ turn$ = ea* revolution2 t is1 :5 turn+ a cyl9drical piece1 ! fe$ is ! am\nt t ! tool moves sidewise = ea* revolution ( ! "w4 ,evid5tly ! "t requir$ = turn+ is gov]n$ l>gely by ! cutt+ spe$1 ! fe$1 & ! dep? ( ! cut2 !re=e1 ^! elem5ts %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,cutt+ ,spe$s & ,fe$s = ,turn+ ,tools#a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,/eel--,/&>d #g_/h-;in* ,tool ,ca/ ,iron--,/&>d #g_/h-;in* ,tool ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,spe$ 9 ,feet p] ,spe$ 9 ,feet p] ,dep?,fe$ ,m9ute = a ,tool ,dep?,fe$ ,m9ute = a ,tool ( 9 :i* is to la/ ( 9 :i* is to la/ ,cut ,9- #a-a_/b ,h\r be=e ,cut ,9- #a-a_/b ,h\r be=e 9 *es ,re-gr9d+ 9 *es ,re-gr9d+ ,9- ------------------- ,9- ------------------- *es ,s(t ,m$ium ,h>d *es ,s(t ,m$ium ,h>d ,/eel ,/eel ,/eel ,ca/ ,ca/ ,ca/ ,iron ,iron ,iron ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a_/fd #dgf #bch #ajh #a_/af #abb #fa4b #ce4g #c_/cb #a_/cb #cbe #afb #gc4h #c_/cb #a_/h #hf4d #dc4b #be4b #a_/af #bbb #aaa #ej4d #c_/af #gj4a #ce4a #bj4e #c_/cb #agg #hh4d #dj4b ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/cb #aef #gg4h #de4d #a_/fd #dbj #baj #ie4e #a_/h #a_/af #aab #ef4b #cb4h #a_/h #a_/cb #bhf #adc #fe4j #a_/h #gi4c #ci4g #bc4b #a_/af #aie #ig4f #dd4d #c_/af #fd4c #cb4b #ah4h #a_/h #acc #ff4d #cj4b ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/cb #acg #fh4f #dj4a #a_/fd #ceb #agf #hj4j #c_/af #a_/af #ii4d #di4g #bi4j #c_/af #a_/cb #bdj #abj #ed4e #a_/h #gj4a #ce4j #bj4e #a_/af #afd #hb #cg4c #c_/af #ef4h #bh4d #af4f #a_/h #aab #ef #be4e ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/cb #abf #fb4i #cf4g #a_/fd #cab #aef #gj4i #a_/d #a_/af #ij4h #de4d #bf4e #a_/d #a_/cb #bac #ajg #dh4d #a_/h #fd4a #cb4j #ah4g #a_/af #ade #gb4f #cc4j #c_/af #eb #bf4j #ae4b #c_/cb #aaf #eh4a #bf4d ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/cb #aaa #ee4d #cb4c #a_/fd #bfd #acb #fj4j #c_/h #a_/af #hj #dj4j #bc4d #c_/h #a_/cb #ahj #ij4b #da4j #a_/h #ef4d #bh4b #af4e #a_/af #abb #fa4a #bg4h ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/cb #ajd #eb4a #cj4d #a_/b #a_/fd #bcg #aah #ec4h #a_/b #a_/af #ge4b #cg4f #bb4j #a_/cb #afb #hj4h #cf4g #a_/h #dc4a #ba4f #ab4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,/eel--,/&>d #e_/h-;in* ,tool ,ca/ ,iron--,/&>d #e_/h-;in* ,tool ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,dep?,fe$ ,s(t ,m$ium ,h>d ,dep?,fe$ ,s(t ,m$ium ,h>d ( ,/eel ,/eel ,/eel ( ,ca/ ,ca/ ,ca/ ,cut ,cut ,iron ,iron ,iron ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a_/fd #edh #bgd #abe #a_/cb #afj #hj4j #df4f #a_/af #a_/cb #ceh #agi #ha4f #c_/cb #a_/af #aaj #ee4j #cb4b #a_/af #bce #aag #ec4c #a_/h #ge4d #cg4g #bb4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a_/fd #dfg #bcd #ajf #a_/cb #adh #gd4j #dc4c #c_/cb #a_/cb #cjf #aec #fi4e #a_/h #a_/af #ajd #ea4h #cb4j #a_/af #bjj #ajj #de4e #a_/h #fi4f #cd4h #bj4c #c_/cb #aef #gh #ce4e ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/fd #ahc #ia4f #fh4j #a_/fd #dag #bji #id4h #c_/af #a_/cb #ace #fg4e #ci4d #a_/h #a_/cb #bgc #acf #fb4j #a_/af #id #dg4j #bg4d #a_/af #agi #hi4c #dj4f #a_/h #fd4c #cb4b #ah4h #c_/cb #adj #fi4h #ca4g ----------------------------- ----------------------------- #a_/fd #aga #he4g #ej4a #a_/fd #cfb #aha #hb4b #a_/d #a_/cb #abf #fc4b #cf4i #c_/af #a_/cb #bcf #aah #ec4h #a_/af #hg4h #dc4i #be4f #a_/af #aee #gg4d #ce4b #c_/cb #gj4d #ce4b #bj4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a_/d #a_/fd #cbh #afd #gd4e #c_/h #a_/fd #aef #gg4h #de4d #a_/cb #bae #ajg #dh4h #a_/cb #aaf #eg4h #cc4h ----------------------------- #a_/af #gi4g #ci4i #bc4c #c_/h #a_/fd #bhf #adc #fe4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,cutt+ spe$s = tools ( a good grade ( high-spe$ /eel1 prop]ly gr\nd & heat-treat$4--,f ,,ma*9]y',s ,,h&book4 ,av]age ,cutt+ ,spe$s = ,turn+4--,! cutt+ spe$ is gov]n$ pr9cipally by ! h>dness ( ! metal to be turn$2 ! k9d ( /eel ( :i* ! turn+ tool is made2 ! %ape ( ! tool & its heat-treatm5t2 ! fe$ & dep? ( cut2 :e!r or n a cool+ lubricant is us$ on ! tool2 ! p[] ( ! la! & also its con/ruction2 h5ce x is impossible to give any def9ite rule = det]m9+ ei!r ! spe$1 fe$1 or dep? ( cut1 because ^! mu/ be v>i$ to suit exi/+ conditions4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! spe$s us$ 9 ord9>y ma*9e %op practice may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ figures3 ,ord9>y ma*9e /eel is g5]ally turn$ at a spe$ v>y+ betwe5 #de & #fe feet p] m9ute4 ,= ord9>y gray ca/ iron1 ! spe$ usually v>ies f #dj to #ej feet p] m9ute2 = anneal$ tool /eel1 f #be to #ce feet p] m9ute2 = s(t yell[ brass1 f #aej to #bjj feet p] m9ute2 = h>d bronze1 f #ce to #hj feet p] m9ute1 ! spe$ dep5d+ ^u ! composition ( ! alloy4 ,:ile ^! spe$s correspond closely to g5]al practice1 !y c be exce$$ = _m ma*9+ op]ations4 ,! mo/ economical spe$s = a giv5 fe$ & dep? ( cut1 z det]m9$ by ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor1 are giv5 9 ! table1 ,cutt+ ,spe$s & ,fe$s = ,turn+ ,tools4 ,! spe$s giv5 9 ?is table repres5t results obta9$ ) tools made ( a good grade ( high-spe$ /eel prop]ly heat-treat$ & correctly gr\nd4 ,x w be not$ t ! cutt+ spe$ is mu* sl[] = ca/ iron ?an = /eel4 ,ca/ iron is cut ) less pressure or resi/ance ?an s(t /eel1 b ! sl[] spe$ requir$ = ca/ iron is probably due to ! fact t ! pressure ( ! *ip is conc5trat$ clos] to ! cutt+ edge1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ca/ iron we>s ! tool fa/] ?an /eel4 ,! spe$s giv5 are high] ?an ^? ord9>ily us$1 &1 9 _m cases1 a sl[] rate w\ld be necess>y to prev5t *att]+ or because ( "s o!r limit+ condition4 ,factors :i* limit ! ,cutt+ ,spe$4--,x is ! durability ( ! turn+ tool or ! l5g? ( "t t x w turn effectively )\t gr9d+1 t limits ! cutt+ spe$2 & ! h>dness ( ! metal be+ turn$ comb9$ ) ! quality ( ! tool are ! two factors :i* l>gely gov]n ! "t t a tool c be us$ be=e gr9d+ is necess>y4 ,! cutt+ spe$ = v s(t /eel or ca/ iron c be ?ree or f\r times fa/] ?an ! spe$ = h>d /eel or h>d ca/+s1 b :e!r ! mat]ial is h>d or s(t1 ! k9d & quality ( ! tool us$ mu/ also be consid]$1 z ! spe$ = a tool made ( ord9>y c>bon /eel w h to be mu* sl[] ?an = a tool made ( mod]n high-spe$ /eel4 ,:5 ! cutt+ spe$ is too high1 ev5 ?\gh high-spe$ /eel is us$1 ! po9t ( ! tool is s(t5$ to su* an ext5t by ! heat result+ f ! pressure & friction ( ! *ip1 t ! cutt+ edge is ru9$ 9 too %ort a "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! spe$ is too sl[1 ! heat g5]at$ is s slight z to h little effect & ! tool po9t is dull$ by be+ sl[ly worn or gr\nd away by ! action ( ! *ip4 ,:ile a tool op]at+ at su* a l[ spe$ c be us$ a comp>atively long "t )\t re-%>p5+1 ?is advantage is m ?an (fset by ! fact t too mu* "t is requir$ = remov+ a giv5 am\nt ( metal :5 ! "w is revolv+ s sl[ly4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! spe$ %\ld be su* t a fair am\nt ( "w c be done be=e ! tool requires re-gr9d+4 ,evid5tly1 x w\ld n pay to gr9d a tool e few m9utes 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a high cutt+ spe$2 nei!r w\ld x be economical to use a v sl[ spe$ & wa/e consid]able "t 9 turn+1 j to save ! few m9utes requir$ = gr9d+4 ,= example1 if a numb] ( r\gh+ cuts _h to be tak5 ov] a heavy rod or %aft1 "t might be sav$ by runn+ at su* a spe$ t ! tool w\ld h to be %>p5$ 7or be replac$ by a tool previ\sly %>p5$7 :5 x _h trav]s$ half-way across ! "w2 t is1 ! "t requir$ = %>p5+ or *ang+ ! tool w\ld be %ort z comp>$ ) ! ga9 effect$ by ! high] "w spe$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x might be m economical to run a little sl[] & take a cont9u\s cut across ! "w ) "o tool4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,taylor l$ to ! conclusion t1 z a rule1 x is n economical to use r\gh+ tools at a spe$ s sl[ z to cause !m to la/ m ?an #a-a_/b h\r )\t be+ re-gr\nd2 h5ce ! spe$s giv5 9 ! table previ\sly ref]r$ to are bas$ ^u ?is l5g? ( "t betwe5 gr9d+s4 ,sometimes ! "w spe$ _c be z high z ! tool w p]mit1 because ( ! *att]+ t (t5 results :5 ! la! is old & n massive en\gh to absorb ! vibrations1 or :5 !re is unnecess>y play 9 ! work+ p>ts4 ,! %ape ( ! tool us$ also affects ! "w spe$1 & z !re are s _m ?+s to be consid]$1 ! prop] cutt+ spe$ is be/ det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,rules = ,calculat+ ,cutt+ ,spe$s4--,! numb] ( revolutions requir$ to give any desir$ cutt+ spe$ c be f\nd by multiply+ ! cutt+ spe$1 9 feet p] m9ute1 by #ab & divid+ ! product by ! circumf]5ce ( ! "w 9 in*es4 ,express+ ?is z a =mula we h ,c x #ab ,r -------- pid 9 :i* ,r revolutions p] m9ute2 ,c ! cutt+ spe$ 9 feet p] m9ute2 pi #c4adaf2 d ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,= example if a cutt+ spe$ ( #fj feet p] m9ute is want$ & ! diamet] ( ! "w is #e in*es1 ! requir$ spe$ w\ld be f\nd z foll[s3 #fj x #ab ,r ---------- #df revolutions p] m9ute4 #c4adaf x #e ,if ! diamet] is simply multipli$ by #c & ! fractional "p is omitt$1 ! calculation c easily be made1 & ! result w be close en\gh = practical purposes4 ,9 case ! cutt+ spe$1 = a giv5 numb] ( revolutions & diamet]1 is want$1 ! foll[+ =mula c be us$3 ,rpid ,c ---------- #ab ,ma*9i/s :o op]ate la!s d n "k1 ord9>ily1 :at cutt+ spe$s1 9 feet p] m9ute1 are us$ = diff]5t classes ( "w1 b are guid$ entirely by pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,fe$ ( ,tool & ,dep? ( ,cut4--,! am\nt ( fe$ & dep? ( cut also v>y l ! cutt+ spe$1 = diff]5t conditions4 ,:5 turn+ s(t ma*9e /eel ! fe$ "u ord9>y conditions w\ld v>y betwe5 #a_/cb & #a_/af in* p] revolution4 ,= turn+ s(t ca/ iron ! fe$ might be increas$ to f #a_/af to #a_/h in* p] revolution4 ,^! fe$s apply to fairly deep r\gh+ cuts4 ,co>s] fe$s might be us$ 9 _m cases especially :5 turn+ l>ge rigid p>ts 9 a p[]ful la!4 ,! dep? ( a r\gh+ cut 9 ma*9e /eel might v>y f #a_/h to #c_/h in*1 & 9 ca/ iron f #c_/af to #a_/b in*4 ,^! figures are int5d$ simply to give ! read] a g5]al idea ( fe$s & cuts t are feasible "u av]age conditions4 ,ord9>ily co>s] fe$s & a great] dep? ( cut c be us$ = ca/ iron ?an = s(t /eel1 because ca/ iron (f]s less resi/ance to turn+1 b 9 any case1 ) a giv5 dep? ( cut1 metal c be remov$ m quickly by us+ a co>se fe$ & ! necess>y sl[] spe$1 ?an by us+ a f9e fe$ & ! high] spe$ :i* is possible :5 ! fe$ is r$uc$4 ,:5 ! turn+ op]ation is simply to remove metal1 ! fe$ %\ld be co>se1 & ! cut z deep z practicable4 ,sometimes ! cut mu/ be comp>atively light1 ei!r because ! "w is too fragile & spr+y to )/& ! /ra9 ( a heavy cut1 or ! la! has n suffici5t pull+ p[]4 ,! difficulty ) light sl5d] "w is t a heavy cut may cause ! "p be+ turn$ to b5d "u ! /ra91 ?us caus+ ! tool to g\ge 91 :i* w\ld probably result 9 spoil+ ! "w4 ,/eadyre/s c (t5 be us$ to prev5t flexible p>ts f spr++1 z previ\sly expla9$1 b !re are _m k9ds ( light "w to :i* ! /eadyre/ _c be appli$ to advantage4 ,! am\nt ( fe$ to use = a f9i%+ cut might1 prop]ly1 be ei!r f9e or co>se4 ,ord9>ily1 f9e fe$s are us$ = f9i%+ /eel1 especially if ! "w is at all flexible1 :]eas f9i%+ cuts 9 ca/ iron are (t5 accompani$ by a co>se fe$4 ,fig4 #ae illu/rates ! fe$s t are (t5 us$ :5 turn+ ca/ iron4 ,! view to ! left %[s a deep r\gh+ cut & ! "o to ! "r1 a f9i%+ cut4 ,by us+ a broad flat cutt+ edge set p>allel to ! tool's travel1 & a co>se fe$ = f9i%+1 a smoo? cut c be tak5 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,ca/+s :i* are close to ! f9i%$ size 9 ! r\gh c (t5 be f9i%$ to advantage by tak+ a s+le cut ) a broad tool1 provid$ ! "w is suffici5tly rigid4 ,x is n always practicable to use ^! broad tools & co>se fe$s1 z !y sometimes cause *att]+1 & :5 us$ on /eel1 a broad tool t5ds to g\ge or dig 9 unless ! "p be+ turn$ is rigid4 ,heavy /eel p>ts1 h[ev]1 are sometimes f9i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,! mod]n me?od ( f9i%+ _m /eel p>ts is to simply r\gh !m out 9 a la! to )91 say1 #a_/cb in* ( ! requir$ diamet] & take ! f9i%+ cut 9 a cyl9drical gr9d+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,r\gh+ ,cut--,light ,f9i%+ ,cut & ,co>se ,fe$ ,effect ( ,lubricant on ,cutt+ ,spe$4--,:5 turn+ iron or /eel a high] cutt+ spe$ c be us$1 if a /ream ( soda wat] or o!r cool+ lubricant falls ^u ! *ip at ! po9t :]e x is be+ remov$ by ! tool4 ,9 fact1 exp]im5ts h %[n t ! cutt+ spe$1 :5 us+ a l>ge /ream ( cool+ wat] & a high-spe$ /eel tool1 c be ab\t #dj p]c5t high] ?an :5 turn+ dry or )\t a cool+ lubricant4 ,= ord9>y c>bon /eel tools1 ! ga9 0 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,! mo/ satisfactory results 7 obta9$ f a /ream fall+ at a r sl[ velocity b 9 l>ge volume4 ,! ga9 9 cutt+ spe$1 by ! use ( soda wat] or o!r suitable fluids1 0 f\nd to be practically ! same = all qualities ( /eel f ! s(te/ to ! h>de/4 ,ca/ iron is usually turn$ dry or )\t a cutt+ lubricant4 ,exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 made to det]m9e ! effect ( apply+ a heavy /ream ( cool+ wat] to a tool turn+ ca/ iron1 %[$ ! foll[+ results3 ,cutt+ spe$ )\t wat]1 #dg feet p] m9ute2 cutt+ spe$ ) a heavy /ream ( wat]1 ne>ly #ed feet p] m9ute2 increase 9 spe$1 #ae p] c5t4 ,! dirt caus$ by mix+ ! f9e ca/-iron turn+s ) a cutt+ lubricant is an objectionable feature :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 m ?an (fsets ! increase 9 cutt+ spe$ t might be obta9$4 ,turret la!s & automatic turn+ ma*9es are equipp$ ) a pump & pip+ = supply+ cool+ lubricant to ! tools 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,eng9e la!s us$ = g5]al "w1 h[ev]1 are r>ely provid$ ) su* equipm5t & a lubricant1 :5 us$1 is (t5 suppli$ by a c m\nt$ at ! re> ( ! c>riage1 hav+ a sp\t :i* ext5ds above ! tool4 ,ow+ to ! inconv5i5ce 9 us+ a lubricant on an eng9e la!1 /eel1 z well z ca/ iron1 is (t5 turn$ dry especially :5 ! "w is small & ! cuts light & comp>atively %ort4 ,lubricants ,us$ = ,turn+4--,a good grade ( l>d oil is an excell5t lubricant = use :5 turn+ /eel or wr\ght iron & x is ext5sively us$ on automatic screw ma*9es1 especially ^? :i* op]ate on comp>atively small "w4 ,= "s classes ( "w1 especially :5 high-cutt+ spe$s are us$1 l>d oil is n z satisfactory z soda wat] or "s ( ! comm]cial lubricants1 because ! oil is m sluggi% & does n p5etrate to ! cutt+ po9t ) suffici5t rapidity4 ,_m lubricants :i* are *eap] ?an oil are ext5sively us$ on automatics = g5]al ma*9+ op]ations4 ,^! usually consi/ ( a mixture ( sal-soda 7c>bonate ( soda7 & wat]1 to :i* is add$ "s +r$i5t su* z l>d oil or s(t soap to ?ick5 or give body to ! lubricant4 ,a *eap lubricant = turn+1 mill+1 etc41 & "o t has be5 ext5sively us$1 is made 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 #a p\nd ( sal-soda1 #a qu>t ( l>d oil1 #a qu>t ( s(t soap1 & en\gh wat] to make #aj or #ab gallons4 ,?is mixture is boil$ = "o-half h\r1 pref]ably by pass+ a /eam coil ?r\gh x4 ,if ! solution %\ld h an objectionable odor1 ?is c be elim9at$ by add+ #b p\nds ( unslak$ lime4 ,! soap & soda 9 ?is solution improve ! lubricat+ quality & also prev5t ! surfaces f ru/+4 ,= turn+ & ?read+ op]ations1 pla9 mill+1 deep-hole drill+1 etc41 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( l>d oil & p>aff9 oil w be f\nd v satisfactory1 ! p>aff9 be+ add$ to less5 ! exp5se4 ,brass or bronze is usually ma*9$ dry1 al?\gh l>d oil is sometimes us$ = automatic screw ma*9e "w4 ,babbitt metal is also work$ dry1 ord9>ily1 al?\gh k]os5e or turp5t9e is sometimes us$ :5 bor+ or ream+4 ,if babbitt is bor$ dry1 balls ( metal t5d to =m on ! tool po9t & score ! "w4 ,milk is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ lubricant = ma*9+ copp]4 ,a mixture ( l>d oil & turp5t9e is also us$ = copp]4 ,= alum9um1 ! foll[+ lubricants c be us$3 ,k]os5e1 a mixture ( k]os5e & gasol9e1 soap-wat]1 or aqual9e "o "p1 wat] #bj p>ts4 ,l>d ,oil z a ,cutt+ ,lubricant4--,aft] be+ us$ = a consid]able "t1 l>d oil seems to lose "s ( its good qualities z a cool+ comp\nd4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is3 ,"s manufactur]s use ! same oil ov] & ov] aga9 on diff]5t mat]ials1 su* z brass1 /eel1 etc4 ,?is is objectionable1 = :5 l>d oil has be5 us$ on brass x is practically impossible to get ! f9e du/ sep>at$ f x 9 a c5trifugal sep>ator4 ,:5 ?is impure oil is us$ on /eel1 especially :]e high-spe$ /eels are employ$1 x does n give satisfactory results1 ow+ to ! fact t :5 ! cutt+ tool becomes dull1 ! small brass p>ticles freeze to ! cutt+ tool & ?us produce r\gh "w4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ f l>d oil by keep+ x ?91 & by us+ x on ! same mat]ials--t is1 n transf]r+ ! oil f a ma*9e 9 :i* brass is be+ cut to "o :]e x w\ld be employ$ on /eel4 ,if ! oil is always us$ on ! same class ( mat]ial1 x w n lose any ( its good qualities4 ,prime l>d oil is ne>ly colorless1 hav+ a pale yell[ or gre5i% t+e4 ,! solidify+ po9t & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! oil dep5d ^u ! temp]ature at :i* x 0 express$1 w9t]-press$ l>d oil conta9+ less solid con/itu5ts ( ! l>d ?an t express$ 9 w>m wea!r4 ,! specific gravity %\ld n exce$ #j4iaf2 x is sometimes increas$ by adult]ants1 su* z cotton-se$ & maize oils4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,tap] ,,turn+--,,special ,,op]ations--,,fitt+ ,x is (t5 necess>y1 9 connection ) la! "w1 to turn p>ts tap]+ in/ead ( /raight or cyl9drical4 ,if ! "w is m\nt$ betwe5 ! c5t]s1 "o me?od ( turn+ a tap] is to set ! tail/ock c5t] out ( alignm5t ) ! head/ock c5t]4 ,:5 bo? ( ^! c5t]s are 9 l9e1 ! movem5t ( ! tool is p>allel to ! axis ( ! "w &1 consequ5tly1 a cyl9drical surface is produc$2 b if ! tail/ock h#a is set out ( alignm5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! "w w !n be turn$ tap]+ z ! tool is trav]s$ f a to b1 because ! axis x--x is at an angle ) ! movem5t ( ! tool4 ,fur!rmore ! am\nt ( tap] or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet]s at ! ends = a giv5 l5g?1 w dep5d on h[ mu* c5t] h#a is set ov] f ! c5tral position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,tap] ,turn+ by ! ,(fset-c5t] ,me?od ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,examples ( ,tap] ,"w ,! am\nt ( tap] is usually giv5 on draw+s 9 in*es p] foot1 or ! diff]5ce 9 ! diamet] at po9ts twelve in*es ap>t4 ,= example1 ! tap] ( ! piece %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #b1 is #a in* p] foot1 z ! l5g? ( ! tap]+ surface is j twelve in*es & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet]s at ! ends is #a in*4 ,! conical roll] %[n at ,b has a total l5g? ( #i in*es & a tap]+ surface #f in*es long1 & 9 ?is case ! tap] p] foot is also #a in*1 !re be+ a diff]5ce ( #a_/b in* 9 a l5g? ( #f in*es or #a in* 9 twice t l5g?4 ,:5 ! tap] p] foot is kn[n1 ! am\nt t ! tail/ock c5t] %\ld be set ov] = turn+ t tap] c easily be e/imat$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! sett+ obta9$ 9 ?is way is n absolutely correct1 & is only int5d$ to locate ! c5t] approximately4 ,:5 a tap] ne$s to be at all accurate1 x is te/$ ) a gage1 or by o!r means1 aft] tak+ a trial cut1 z w be expla9$ lat]1 & ! tail/ock c5t] is readju/$ accord+ly4 ,!re are also m accurate me?ods ( sett+ ! c5t]1 ?an by figur+ ! am\nt ( (fset1 b z ! latt] is (t5 conv5i5t ?is w be ref]r$ to fir/4 ,sett+ ,tail/ock ,c5t] = ,tap] ,turn+4--,suppose ! tail/ock c5t] is to be set = turn+ "p ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 to a tap] ( approximately #a in* p] foot4 ,9 ?is case ! c5t] w\ld simply be mov$ t[>d ! front ( ! ma*9e #a_/b in*1 or "o-half ! requir$ tap] p] foot1 because ! total l5g? ( ! "w happ5s to be j #ab in*es4 ,?is sett+1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be correct = all "w requir+ a tap] ( #a in* p] foot1 z ! adju/m5t dep5ds n only on ! am\nt ( ! tap] b on ! total l5g? ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,detail ,view ( ,la! ,tail/ock ,= example1 ! tap] roll] ,b has a tap] ( #a in* p] foot1 b ! c5t]1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be (fset less ?an "o-half ! tap] p] foot1 because ! total l5g? is only #i in*es4 ,= l5g?s long] or %ort] ?an twelve in*es1 ! tap] p] in* %\ld be f\nd fir/2 ?is is !n multipli$ by ! total l5g? ( ! "w 7n ! l5g? ( ! tap]7 :i* gives ! tap] = t l5g?1 & "o-half ?is tap] is ! am\nt to set ov] ! c5t]4 ,= example1 ! tap] p] in* ( "p ,b equals #a in* divid$ by #ab #a_/ab in*4 ,! total l5g? ( #i in*es multipli$ by #a_/ab in* #c_/d in*1 & #a_/b ( #c_/d #c_/h1 :i* is ! di/ance t ! tail/ock c5t] %\ld be (fset4 ,9 ?is example if ! tap] p] foot 7 n kn[n1 & only ! diamet]s ( ! l>ge & small ends ( ! tap]$ "p 7 giv51 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! diamet]s %\ld fir/ be f\nd 7#b-a_/b-b #a_/b72 ?is diff]5ce %\ld !n be divid$ by ! l5g? ( ! tap] 7#a_/b _/ #f #a_/ab in*7 to obta9 ! tap] p] in*4 ,! tap] p] in* times ! total l5g? repres5ts :at ! tap] w\ld be if x ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g?1 & "o-half ( ?is equals ! (fset1 :i* is #c_/h in*4 ,example ( ,tap] ,turn+4--,z a practical example ( tap] turn+ let u assume t ! piece ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* has be5 c5t]$ & r\gh-turn$ z %[n1 is to be made into a tap] plug1 z indicat$ at ,b1 to fit a r+ gage z at ,c4 ,if ! requir$ tap] is #a-a_/b in* p] foot & ! total l5g? is #h in*es1 ! tail/ock c5t] w\ld be (fset #a_/b in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,tap] ,plug & ,gage ,to adju/ ! tail/ock1 ! nuts ,n 7,fig4 #c7 are fir/ loos5$ & !n ! upp] "p ,a is %ift$ sidewise by turn+ screw ,s4 ,scales are provid$ on "s tail/ocks = measur+ ! am\nt ( ?is adju/m5t2 if !re is no scale1 draw a l9e across ! movable & /ation>y p>ts ,a & ,b1 :5 ! tail/ock is set = /raight turn+4 ,! movem5t ( ! upp] l9e 9 relation to ! l[] w !n %[ ! (fset1 :i* c be measur$ ) a scale4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t has be5 made1 nuts ,n are tight5$ & ! "p to be turn$1 ) a dog atta*$1 is plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s ! same z = /raight turn+4 ,! tap] end is !n r$uc$ by turn+1 b be=e x is ne> ! f9i%$ size1 ! "w is remov$ & ! tap] te/$ by ins]t+ x 9 ! gage4 ,if x is mu* out1 ?is c be felt1 z ! end t is too small c be %ak5 9 ! hole4 ,suppose ! plug did n tap] en\gh & only ! small end came into contact ) ! gage1 z %[n some:at exagg]at$ at ,d2 9 t case ! c5t] w\ld be %ift$ a little m t[>ds ! front1 :]eas if ! tap] 7 too /eep1 ! adju/m5t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,a light cut w\ld !n be tak51 to be foll[$ by ano!r te/4 ,if ! plug %\ld fit ! gage s well t !re 0 no p]ceptible %ake1 x c\ld be te/$ m closely z foll[s3 ,draw ?ree or f\r *alk l9es along ! tap]+ surface1 place ! "w 9 ! gage & turn x a few times4 ,! *alk m>ks w !n %[ :e!r ! tap] ( ! plug corresponds to t ( ! gage2 = example1 if ! tap] is too great1 ! m>ks w be rubb$ out on ! l>ge end1 b if ! tap] is correct1 ! l9es ?r\gh\t _! l5g? w be p>tially eras$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,sett+ ,"w = ,tap] ,turn+ by use ( ,calip] ,gage ,ano!r & m accurate me?od ( te/+ tap]s is to apply a ?9 coat ( ,prussian-blue to "o-half ( ! tap]+ surface1 9 a l5g?wise direction4 ,! "w is !n ins]t$ 9 ! hole or gage & turn$ to m>k ! be>+4 ,if ! tap] is correct1 ! be>+ m>ks w be ev5ly di/ribut$1 :]eas if ! tap] is incorrect1 !y w appe> at "o end4 ,tap]+ pieces t h to be driv5 tightly into a hole1 su* z a pi/on-rod1 c be te/$ by ! location ( ! be>+ m>ks produc$ by actual contact4 ,aft] ! tap] is f\nd to be correct1 ! plug is r$uc$ 9 size until x j ent]s ! gage z at ,c4 ,! f9al cut %\ld leave x slightly above ! requir$ size1 s t a smoo? surface c be obta9$ by fil+4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t on "w ( ?is k9d1 especially if great accuracy is requir$1 ! f9al f9i% is (t5 obta9$ by gr9d+ 9 a regul> gr9d+ ma*9e1 in/ead ( by fil+4 ,:5 ?is me?od is employ$1 a la! is us$ m]ely to r\gh-turn ! "p close to size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,side ,view %[+ ,relative ,positions ( ,gage & ,"w ,:5 ! am\nt t ! tail/ock c5t] %\ld be (fset is det]m9$ by calculat+1 z 9 ! =ego+ example1 x is usually necess>y to make slight *anges aft]w>d1 & ! "w %\ld be te/$ be=e x is too ne> ! f9i%$ size s t 9 case "o or m trial cuts are necess>y1 !re w be mat]ial en\gh to p]mit ?is4 ,:5 !re are a numb] ( tap]$ pieces to be turn$ to ! same tap]1 ! adju/m5t ( ! tail/ock c5t] w h to be *ang$ unless ! total l5g? ( ea* piece & ! dep? ( ! c5t] holes are ! same 9 ea* case4 ,sett+ ! ,tail/ock ,c5t] ) a ,calip] ,tool4--,ano!r me?od ( sett+ ! tail/ock c5t] = tap] turn+ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! end ( an eng9e pi/on-rod is to be made tap]+ z at ,a & to dim5sions a1 b1 c & d4 ,x is fir/ turn$ ) ! c5t]s 9 l9e z at ,b4 ,! end d is r$uc$ to diamet] b up to ! beg9n+ ( ! tap] & x is !n turn$ to diamet] a z f> z ! tap] "p c ext5ds4 ,! tail/ock c5t] is next set ov] by guess & a calip] tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/4 ,?is tool1 a side view ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 has a po9t] p t is free to sw+ ab\t pivot r1 :i* %\ld be set to ab\t ! same height z ! c5t] ( ! "w4 ,! tail/ock c5t] is adju/$ until ?is po9t] j t\*es ! "w :5 9 ! positions %[n by ! full & dott$ l9es at ,c1 ,fig4 #e2 t is1 until ! po9t] makes contact at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! tap] "p4 ,! travel ( ! c>riage w !n be p>allel to a l9e x--x1 repres5t+ ! tap]2 consequ5tly1 if a tool is />t$ at ! small end1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es at ,d1 ) ! nose j graz+ ! "w1 x w also j graze x :5 f$ to ! extreme left z %[n4 ,( c\rse1 if ! tap] 7 at all /eep1 m ?an "o cut w\ld be tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,obta9+ ,tail/ock ,c5t] ,adju/m5t by use ( ,squ>e ,if ^! v>i\s op]ations are c>efully p]=m$1 a fairly accurate tap] c be produc$4 ,! /raight end d is r$uc$ to size aft] ! tail-c5t] is set back to ! c5tral position4 ,"s me*anics turn not*es or grooves at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! tap]+ "p1 hav+ diamet]s equal to ! l>ge/ & smalle/ "p ( ! tap]2 ! "w is !n set by ^! grooves ) a calip] tool4 ,! advantage ( ! fir/ me?od is t mo/ ( ! metal is remov$ :ile ! c5t]s are 9 alignm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,second ,/ep 9 ,adju/+ ,tail/ock ,c5t] by use ( ,squ>e ,sett+ ! ,tail/ock ,c5t] ) a ,squ>e4--,/ill ano!r me?od ( adju/+ ! tail/ock = tap] turn+1 :i* is v simple & elim9ates all figur+1 is z foll[s3 ,! "p to be made tap]+ is fir/ turn$ cyl9drical or /raight = #c or #d in*es ( its l5g?1 aft] ! ends h be5 prop]ly c5t]$ & fac$ squ>e4 ,! "w is !n remov$ & ! tail/ock is %ift$ along ! b$ until ! di/ance a--b betwe5 ! extreme po9ts ( ! c5t]s is exactly #a foot4 ,! c5t] is next (fset a di/ance b--c equal to "o-half ! requir$ tap] p] foot1 aft] :i* a p>allel /rip ,d1 hav+ true sides1 is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/4 ,"p ,d is !n set at "r angles to a l9e pass+ f "o c5t] po9t to ! o!r4 ,?is c be done conv5i5tly by hold+ a #a-;foot squ>e 7pref]ably ) a slid+ head7 aga9/ "o side ( ,d & adju/+ ! latt] 9 ! toolpo/ until edge ,e ( ! squ>e blade is exactly 9 l9e ) bo? c5t] po9ts4 ,aft] "p ,d is set1 x %\ld be clamp$ c>efully to prev5t *ang+ ! position4 ,! angle betwe5 ! side ( ,d & an imag9>y l9e :i* is p]p5dicul> to axis a--b is n[ equal to "o-half ! angle ( ! requir$ tap]4 ,! axis ( ! "p to be turn$ %\ld be set p>allel ) l9e ,e1 :i* c be done by sett+ ! cyl9drical surface :i* 0 previ\sly f9i%$1 at "r angles to ! side ( ,d4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! "w is fir/ plac$ betwe5 c5t]s1 ! tail/ock be+ %ift$ along ! b$ if necess>y2 ! tail-c5t] is !n adju/$ lat]ally until ! f9i%$ cyl9drical surface is squ>e ) ! side ( ,d4 ,a small try-squ>e c be us$ = te/+ ! position ( ! "w1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! "w is less ?an #a foot1 x w be necess>y to move ! c5t] t[>d ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 & if ! l5g? is great] ?an #a foot1 ! adju/m5t is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ,la! ,tap] ,atta*m5t ,! ,tap] ,atta*m5t4--,turn+ tap]s by sett+ ov] ! tail/ock c5t] has "s objectionable features4 ,:5 ! la! c5t]s are n 9 alignm5t1 z :5 set = tap] turn+1 !y be> unev5ly 9 ! "w c5t]s because ! axis ( ! "w is at an angle ) !m2 ?is causes ! "w c5t]s to we> unev5ly & results 9 inaccuracy4 ,fur!rmore1 ! adju/m5t ( ! tail/ock c5t] mu/ be *ang$ :5 turn+ duplicate tap]s1 unless ! l5g? ( ea* piece & ! dep? ( ! c5t] holes are ! same4 ,to ov]come ^! objections1 _m mod]n la!s are equipp$ ) a special device = turn+ tap]s1 kn[n z a tap] atta*m5t1 :i* p]mits ! la! c5t]s to be kept 9 alignm5t1 z = cyl9drical turn+1 & enables m accurate "w to be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sectional ,view ( ,tap] ,atta*m5t ,tap] atta*m5ts1 l la!s1 v>y "s 9 _! con/ruction1 b all op]ate on ! same pr9ciple4 ,an improv$ =m ( tap] atta*m5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,fig4 #i %[s a plan view ( a la! c>riage ) an atta*m5t fitt$ to x1 & ,fig4 #aj a sectional view4 ,?is atta*m5t has an arm ,a on :i* is m\nt$ a slide ,s t c be turn$ ab\t a c5tral pivot by adju/+ screw ,d4 ,! arm ,a is support$ by1 & is free to slide on1 a bracket ,b 7see also sectional view7 t is fa/5$ to ! c>riage1 & on "o end ( ! arm !re is a clamp ,c t is atta*$ to ! la! b$ :5 turn+ tap]s4 ,on ! slide ,s !re is a %oe ,f t is connect$ to b> ,e :i* passes b5ea? ! toolslide4 ,! re> end ( ! cross-fe$ screw is connect$ to ?is b>1 & ! latt] is clamp$ to ! toolslide :5 ! atta*m5t is 9 use4 ,:5 a tap] is to be turn$1 ! c>riage is mov$ opposite ! tap] "p & clamp ,c is fa/5$ to ! b$2 ?is holds arm ,a & slide ,s /ation>y s t ! c>riage1 ) bracket ,b & %oe ,f1 c be mov$ ) relation to ! slide4 ,if ?is slide ,s is set at an angle1 z %[n1 ! %oe z x moves along causes ! toolslide & tool to move 9 or out1 b if ! slide is set p>allel to ! c>riage travel1 ! toolslide rema9s /ation>y4 ,n[ if ! tool1 z x fe$s l5g?wise ( ! "w1 is also gradually mov$ crosswise1 x w turn a tap]1 & z ?is crosswise movem5t is caus$ by ! angul>ity ( slide ,s1 diff]5t tap]s are obta9$ by sett+ ! slide to diff]5t positions4 ,by means ( a graduat$ scale ,g at ! end ( slide ,s1 ! tap] t w be obta9$ = any angul> position ( ! slide is %[n4 ,on "s atta*m5ts !re are two sets ( graduations1 "o giv+ ! tap] 9 in*es p] foot & ! o!r 9 degrees4 ,:ile tap]s are ord9>ily giv5 9 in*es p] foot on draw+s1 sometimes ! tap] is giv5 9 degrees in/ead4 ,! atta*m5t is set = turn+ tap]s by adju/+ slide ,s until po9t] p is opposite ! division or fractional "p ( a division repres5t+ ! tap]4 ,! :ole divisions on ! scale repres5t tap] 9 in*es p] foot1 & by means ( ! sub-divisions1 ! slide c be set = turn+ fractional p>ts ( an in* p] foot4 ,:5 slide ,s is prop]ly set1 x is clamp$ to arm ,a by ! nuts ,n4 ,b> ,e is also clamp$ to ! toolslide by bolt ,h1 z previ\sly /at$4 ,! atta*m5t is disconnect$ = /raight turn+ by simply loos5+ clamp ,c & ! bolt ,h4 ,application ( ,tap] ,atta*m5t4--,practical examples ( la! "w1 :i* illu/rate ! use ( ! tap] atta*m5t1 are %[n 9 ,figs1 #aa & #ab4 ,fig4 #aa %[s h[ a tap] hole is bor$ 9 an eng9e pi/on-head1 prep>atory to ream+4 ,! ca/+ mu/ be held ei!r 9 a *uck ,c or on a faceplate if too l>ge = ! *uck4 ,! side ( ! ca/+ 7aft] x has be5 *uck$7 %\ld run true1 & also ! circumf]5ce1 unless ! cor$ hole = ! rod is consid]ably out ( c5t]1 9 :i* case ! "w %\ld be %ift$ to divide ! error4 ,! side ( ! ca/+ = a %ort space ar\nd ! hole is fac$ true ) a r\nd nose turn+ tool1 aft] :i* ! r\gh-cor$ hole is bor$ ) an ord9>y bor+ tool t1 & !n x is f9i%$ ) a ream] to exactly ! "r size & tap]4 ,?is p>ticul> tap] atta*m5t is set to :atev] tap] is giv5 on ! draw+1 by loos5+ nuts ,n & turn+ slide ,s until po9t] ,p is opposite t division on ! scale :i* repres5ts ! tap]4 ,! atta*m5t is !n ready1 aft] bolt ,h & nuts ,n are tight5$1 & clamp ,c is fa/5$ to ! la! b$4 ,! hole is bor$ j z ?\gh x 7 /raight1 & z ! c>riage advances1 ! tool is gradually mov$ inw>d by ! atta*m5t4 ,if ! la! did n h a tap] atta*m5t1 ! tap] hole c\ld be bor$ by us+ ! comp\nd re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,la! ) ,tap] ,atta*m5t arrang$ = ,bor+ ,tap] ,hole 9 ,eng9e ,pi/on ,! hole %\ld be bor$ slightly less ?an ! f9i% size to all[ = ream+4 ,:5 a ream] is us$ 9 ! la!1 ! out] end is support$ by ! tail/ock c5t] & %\ld h a deep c5t]-hole4 ,! la! is run v sl[ly = ream+ & ! ream] is f$ into ! "w by fe$+ out ! tail/ock sp9dle4 ,! ream] c be kept f revolv+1 ei!r by atta*+ a heavy dog to ! end or1 if ! end is squ>$1 by ! use ( a wr5* long en\gh to re/ aga9/ ! la! c>riage4 ,a common me?od is to clamp a dog to ! ream] %ank1 & !n place ! tool-re/ b5ea? x to prev5t rotation4 ,if ! %ank ( a tool is clamp$ to ! toolpo/ s t ! dog re/s aga9/ x1 ! ream] w be prev5t$ f slipp+ (f ! c5t] z x t5ds to d2 ) ?is arrangem5t1 ! c>riage is gradually mov$ along z ! tail/ock sp9dle is f$ outw>d4 ,"s ream]s are provid$ ) /op-coll>s :i* come aga9/ ! f9i%$ side ( ! ca/+ :5 ! hole has be5 ream$ to size4 ,aft] ! ream+ op]ation1 ! ca/+ is remov$ f ! *uck & a tap] m&rel is driv5 into ! hole = turn+ ! outside ( ! pi/on4 ,?is m&rel %\ld run true on its c5t]s1 z o!rwise ! outside surface ( ! pi/on w n be true ) ! bor$ hole4 ,! driv+ dog1 especially = l>ge "w ( ?is k9d1 %\ld be heavy & /iff1 because light flexible clamps or dogs vibrate & frequ5tly cause *att]+4 ,= su* heavy "w x is also pref]able to drive at two po9ts on opposite sides ( ! faceplate1 b ! driv+ p9s %\ld be c>efully adju/$ to secure a uni=m be>+ on bo? sides4 ,! =ego+ me?od ( ma*9+ a pi/on is "o t w\ld ord9>ily be foll[$ :5 us+ a /&>d eng9e la!1 & x w\ld1 p]haps1 be z economical z any if only "o pi/on 7 be+ made2 b :]e su* "w is done 9 l>ge quantities1 "t c\ld be sav$ by proce$+ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= example1 ! bor+ & ream+ op]ation c\ld be p]=m$ mu* fa/] 9 a turret la!1 :i* is a type design$ = j su* "w1 b a turret la! _c be us$ = z great a v>iety ( turn+ op]ations z a la! ( ! regul> type4 ,!re are also _m o!r classes ( "w t c be turn$ m quickly 9 special types ( ma*9es1 b z m or less "t is requir$ = arrang+ ^! special ma*9es & (t5 special tools h to be made1 ! ord9>y la! is frequ5tly indisp5sable :5 only a few p>ts are ne$$2 9 addition1 x is bett] adapt$ to "s turn+ op]ations ?an any o!r ma*9e4 ,fig4 #ab illu/rates h[ a tap] atta*m5t w\ld be us$ = turn+ ! tap] fitt+ = ! cros%ead end ( an eng9e pi/on-rod4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is tap] corresponds to ! tap] ( ! hole 9 ! pi/on1 slide ,s w\ld h to be reset to ! correspond+ division on ! opposite side ( ! c5tral z]o m>k1 because ! tap] ( ! hole decreas$ 9 size dur+ ! bor+ op]ation1 :]eas ! rod is smalle/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! cut1 s t ! tool mu/ move outw>d r ?an inw>d z x advances4 ,! tap] "p is turn$ practically ! same z a cyl9drical "p2 t is1 ! p[] fe$ is us$ &1 z ! c>riage moves along ! b$1 ! tool is gradually mov$ outw>d by ! tap] atta*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,tap] ,atta*m5t ,set = ,turn+ ,tap] ,end ( ,pi/on-rod ,if ! rod is be+ fitt$ directly to ! cros%ead 7z is usually ! case71 ! approximate size ( ! small end ( ! tap] c\ld be det]m9$ by calip]+1 ! calip]s be+ set to ! size ( ! hole at a di/ance f ! %\ld] or face side ( ! cros%ead1 equal to ! l5g? ( ! tap] fitt+ on ! rod4 ,if ! cros%ead 7 bor$ orig9ally to fit a /&>d plug gage1 ! tap] on ! rod c\ld be turn$ ) ref]5ce to ?is gage1 b1 :atev] ! me?od1 ! tap] %\ld be te/$ be=e turn+ too close to ! f9i%$ size4 ,! te/ is made by remov+ ! rod f ! la! & driv+ x tightly into ! cros%ead4 ,?is %[s h[ ne> ! tap] is to size1 & :5 ! rod is driv5 out1 ! be>+ m>ks %[ :e!r ! tap] is exactly "r or n4 ,if ! rod c\ld be driv5 9 until ! %\ld] is1 say1 #a_/h in* f ! cros%ead face1 x w\ld !n be ne> en\gh to f9i% to size by fil+4 ,:5 fil+1 ! la! is run mu* fa/] ?an = turn+1 & mo/ ( ! fil+ %\ld be done :]e ! be>+ m>ks are ! heavie/1 to di/ribute ! be>+ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! tap]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 driv+ ! rod 9 or out1 to protect ! c5t]-holes 9 ! ends by us+ a s(t hamm] or hold+ a piece ( s(t metal aga9/ ! driv+ end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,tool ,po9t %\ld be 9 same ,horizontal ,plane z ,axis ( ,"w = ,tap] ,turn+ ,aft] ! cros%ead end is f9i%$1 ! rod is rev]s$ 9 ! la! = turn+ ! pi/on end4 ,! dog is clamp$ to ! f9i%$ end1 pref]ably ov] a piece ( %eet copp] to prev5t ! surface f be+ m>r$4 ,:5 turn+ ?is end1 ei!r ! pi/on ream] or ! f9i%$ hole 9 ! pi/on c be calip]$4 ,! size & angle ( ! tap] are te/$ by driv+ ! rod into ! pi/on1 & ! end %\ld be fitt$ s t by driv+ tightly1 ! %\ld] w j come up aga9/ ! f9i%$ face ( ! pi/on4 ,:5 ! tap] is f9i%$1 ! atta*m5t is dis5gag$ & a f9i%+ cut is tak5 ov] ! body ( ! rod1 unless x is to be f9i%$ by gr9d+1 :i* is ! mod]n & mo/ economical me?od4 ,height ( ,tool :5 ,turn+ ,tap]s4--,! cutt+ edge ( ! tool1 :5 turn+ tap]s1 %\ld be at ! same height z ! c5t] or axis ( ! "w1 :e!r an atta*m5t is us$ or n4 ,! importance ( ?is w be app>5t by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ac4 ,to turn ! tap] %[n1 ! tool ,t w\ld be mov$ back a di/ance x 7assum+ t an atta*m5t is us$7 :ile trav]s+ ! l5g? l4 ,z an illu/ration1 if ! tool c\ld be plac$ z high z po9t a1 ! sett+ ( ! atta*m5t rema9+ z be=e1 ! tool w\ld aga9 move back a di/ance x1 :ile trav]s+ a di/ance l1 b ! l>ge end w\ld be "u-siz$ 7z %[n by ! dott$ l9e7 if ! diamet]s ( ! small ends 7 ! same 9 ea* case4 ,( c\rse1 if ! tool po9t 7 only slightly above or bel[ ! c5t]1 ! result+ error w\ld also be small4 ,! tool c easily be set c5tral by comp>+ ! height ( ! cutt+ edge at ! po9t ( ! tool ) "o ( ! la! c5t]s be=e plac+ ! "w 9 ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,plan ,view %[+ ,me?od ( ,turn+ a ,tap] ) ! ,comp\nd ,re/ ,tap] ,turn+ ) ! ,comp\nd ,re/4--,! am\nt ( tap] t c be turn$ by sett+ ov] ! tail/ock c5t] & by ! tap] atta*m5t is limit$1 z ! c5t]s c only be (fset a c]ta9 di/ance1 & ! slide ,s 7,fig4 #i7 ( ! atta*m5t _c be swivel$ beyond a c]ta9 position4 ,= /eep tap]s1 ! comp\nd re/ ,e is swivel$ to ! requir$ angle & us$ z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* %[s a plan view ( a re/ set = turn+ ! valve ,v4 ,?is comp\nd re/ is an upp] slide m\nt$ on ! l[] or ma9 cross-slide ,d1 & x c be turn$ to any angul> position s t ! tool1 :i* ord9>ily is mov$ ei!r l5g?wise or crosswise ( ! b$1 c be f$ at an angle4 ,! base ( ! comp\nd re/ is graduat$ 9 degrees & ! position ( ^! graduations %[s to :at angle ! upp] slide is set4 ,suppose ! seat ( valve ,v is to be turn$ to an angle ( #de degrees ) ! axis or c5t]1 z %[n on ! draw+ at ,a1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,to set ! comp\nd re/1 nuts n on ei!r side1 :i* hold x rigidly to ! l[] slide1 are fir/ loos5$ & ! slide is !n turn$ until ! #de-;degree graduation is exactly opposite ! z]o l9e2 ! slide is !n tight5$ 9 ?is position4 ,a cut is next tak5 across ! valve by op]at+ h&le w & fe$+ ! tool 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,example ( ,tap] ,"w ,turn$ by us+ ,comp\nd ,re/ ,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance ! comp\nd re/ is set to ! same angle giv5 on ! draw+1 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,if ! draftsman _h giv5 ! includ$ angle ( #ij degrees1 z %[n at ,b1 :i* w\ld be ano!r way ( express+ x1 ! sett+ ( ! comp\nd re/ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! same z be=e1 or to #de degrees1 b ! numb] ( degrees m>k$ on ! draw+ does n correspond ) ! angle to :i* ! re/ mu/ be set4 ,z ano!r illu/ration1 suppose ! valve 7 to be turn$ to an angle ( #cj degrees ) ! axis z %[n at ,c4 ,9 ?is case ! comp\nd re/ w\ld n be set to #cj degrees b to #fj degrees1 because 9 ord] to turn ! "w to an angle ( #cj degrees1 ! re/ mu/ be #fj degrees f its z]o position1 z %[n4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! numb] ( degrees m>k$ on ! draw+ does n necess>ily correspond to ! angle to :i* ! re/ mu/ be set1 z ! graduations on ! re/ %[ ! numb] ( degrees t x is mov$ f its z]o position1 :i* corresponds to ! l9e a--b4 ,! angle to :i* ! comp\nd re/ %\ld be set c be f\nd1 :5 ! draw+ is m>k$ z at ,a or ,c1 by subtract+ ! angle giv5 f #ij degrees4 ,:5 ! includ$ angle is giv51 z at ,b1 subtract "o-half ! includ$ angle f #ij degrees to obta9 ! requir$ sett+4 ,( c\rse1 :5 us+ a comp\nd re/1 ! la! c5t]s are set 9 l9e z = /raight turn+1 z o!rwise ! angle w be incorrect4 ,rules = ,figur+ ,tap]s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,giv5 ,to ,f9d ,rule ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! tap] p] foot4 ,! tap] p] in*4 ,divide ! tap] p] foot by #ab4 ,! tap] p] in*4 ,! tap] p] foot4 ,multiply ! tap] p] in* by #ab4 ,end diamet]s & ,! tap] p] foot4 ,subtract small diamet] l5g? ( tap] 9 f l>ge2 divide by in*es4 l5g? ( tap]1 & multiply quoti5t by #ab4 ,l>ge diamet] & ,diamet] at small ,divide tap] p] foot by l5g? ( tap] 9 end 9 in*es4 #ab2 multiply by l5g? in*es & tap] ( l5g? ( tap]1 & p] foot4 subtract result f l>ge diamet]4 ,small diamet] & ,diamet] at l>ge ,divide tap] p] foot by l5g? ( tap] 9 end 9 in*es4 #ab2 multiply by l5g? in*es1 & tap] ( tap]1 & add result p] foot4 to small diamet]4 ,! tap] p] foot ,di/ance betwe5 ,subtract small diamet] & two diamet]s two giv5 diamet]s f l>ge2 divide re- 9 in*es4 9 in*es4 ma9d] by tap] p] foot1 & multiply quoti5t by #ab4 ,! tap] p] foot4 ,am\nt ( tap] 9 ,divide tap] p] foot by a c]ta9 l5g? #ab2 multiply by giv5 giv5 9 in*es4 l5g? ( tap]$ "p4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,accurate ,measurem5t ( ,angles & ,tap]s4--,:5 great accuracy is requir$ 9 ! measurem5t ( angles1 or :5 orig9at+ tap]s1 disks are commonly us$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! disk me?od ( tap] measurem5t is t if two disks ( unequal diamet]s are plac$ ei!r 9 contact or a c]ta9 di/ance ap>t1 l9es tang5t to _! p]iph]ies w repres5t an angle or tap]1 ! degree ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! diamet]s ( ! two disks & ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,! gage %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 :i* is a =m commonly us$ = orig9at+ tap]s or measur+ angles accurately1 is set by means ( disks4 ,?is gage consi/s ( two adju/able /raight-edges ,a & ,a#a1 :i* are 9 contact ) disks ,b & ,b#a4 ,! angle alpha or ! tap] betwe5 ! /raight-edges dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! diamet]s ( ! disks & ! c5t] di/ance ,c1 & z ^! ?ree dim5sions c be measur$ accurately1 x is possible to set ! gage to a giv5 angle )9 v close limits4 ,moreov]1 if a record ( ! ?ree dim5sions is kept1 ! exact sett+ ( ! gage c be reproduc$ quickly at any "t4 ,! foll[+ rules may be us$ = adju/+ a gage ( ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,disk ,gage = ,accurate ,measurem5t ( ,angles & ,tap]s ,to ,f9d ,c5t] ,di/ance = a ,giv5 ,tap]4--,:5 ! tap]1 9 in*es p] foot1 is giv51 to det]m9e c5t] di/ance ,c4 ,rule3 ,divide ! tap] by #bd & f9d ! angle correspond+ to ! quoti5t 9 a table ( tang5ts2 !n f9d ! s9e correspond+ to ?is angle & divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! disk diamet]s by twice ! s9e4 ,example3 ,gage is to be set to #c_/d in* p] foot1 & disk diamet]s are #a4be & #a4e in*1 respectively4 ,f9d ! requir$ c5t] di/ance = ! disks4 #j4ge ---- #j4jcabe4 #bd ,! angle ^: tang5t is #j4jcabe equals #a degree #dg4d m9utes2 s9 #a deg4 #dg4d' #j4jcabc2 #a4ej - #a4be #j4be in*2 #j4be ----------- #d4jjb in*es c5t] di/ance ,c4 #b x #j4jcabc ,to ,f9d ,c5t] ,di/ance = a ,giv5 ,angle4--,:5 /raight-edges mu/ be set to a giv5 angle alpha1 to det]m9e c5t] di/ance ,c betwe5 disks ( kn[n diamet]4 ,rule3 ,f9d ! s9e ( half ! angle alpha 9 a table ( s9es2 divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! disk diamet]s by d\ble ?is s9e4 ,example3 ,if an angle alpha ( #bj degrees is requir$1 & ! disks are #a & #c in*es 9 diamet]1 respectively1 f9d ! requir$ c5t] di/ance ,c4 #bj ---- #aj degrees2 s9 #aj deg4 #j4agcfe2 #b #c - #a ----------- #e4gei in*es c5t] di/ance ,c4 #b x #j4agcfe ,to ,f9d ,angle = ,giv5 ,tap] p] ,foot4--,:5 ! tap] 9 in*es p] foot is kn[n1 & ! correspond+ angle alpha is requir$4 ,rule3 ,divide ! tap] 9 in*es p] foot by #bd2 f9d ! angle correspond+ to ! quoti5t1 9 a table ( tang5ts1 & d\ble ?is angle4 ,example3 ,:at angle alpha is equival5t to a tap] ( #a-a_/b in* p] foot8 #a4e --- #j4jfbe4 #bd ,! angle ^: tang5t is #j4jfbe equals #c degrees #ce m9utes1 ne>ly2 !n1 #c deg4 #ce m94 x #b #g deg4 #aj m94 ,to ,f9d ,angle = ,giv5 ,disk ,dim5sions4--,:5 ! diamet]s ( ! l>ge & small disks & ! c5t] di/ance are giv51 to det]m9e ! angle alpha4 ,rule3 ,divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! disk diamet]s by twice ! c5t] di/ance2 f9d ! angle correspond+ to ! quoti5t1 9 a table ( s9es1 & d\ble ! angle4 ,example3 ,if ! disk diamet]s are #a & #a4e in*1 respectively1 & ! c5t] di/ance is #e in*es1 f9d ! includ$ angle alpha4 #a4e - #a ------- #j4je4 #b x #e ,! angle ^: s9e is #j4je equals #b degrees #eb m9utes2 !n1 #b deg4 #eb m94 x #b #e deg4 #dd m94 angle alpha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,sett+ ,c5t] ,m>k 9 ,l9e ) ,axis ( ,la! ,sp9dle by use ( ,te/ ,indicator ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,jig-plate ) ,buttons atta*$1 ready = ,bor+ ,use ( ! ,c5t] ,indicator4--,! c5t] te/ indicator is us$ = sett+ a c5t]-pun* m>k1 ! position ( :i* corresponds ) ! c5t] or axis ( ! hole to be bor$1 9 alignm5t ) ! axis ( ! la! sp9dle4 ,to illu/rate1 if two holes are to be bor$1 say #e in*es ap>t1 small pun* m>ks hav+ t c5t]-to-c5t] di/ance w\ld be laid out z accurately z possible4 ,"o ( ^! m>ks w\ld !n be set c5tral ) ! la! sp9dle by us+ a c5t] te/ indicator z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is indicator has a po9t] ,a ! end ( :i* is conical & ent]s ! pun* m>k4 ,! po9t] is held by %ank ,b :i* is fa/5$ 9 ! toolpo/4 ,! jo9t ,c by means ( :i* ! po9t] is held to ! %ank is univ]sal2 t is1 x all[s ! po9t] to move 9 any direction4 ,n[ :5 ! "p be+ te/$ is rotat$ by runn+ ! la!1 if ! c5t]-pun* m>k is n 9 l9e ) ! axes ( ! la! sp9dle1 obvi\sly ! out] end ( po9t] ,a w vibrate1 & z jo9t ,c is q close to ! inn] end1 a v slight error 9 ! location ( ! c5t]-pun* m>k w cause a p]ceptible movem5t ( ! out] end1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,:5 ! "w has be5 adju/$ until ! po9t] rema9s practically /ation>y1 ! pun* m>k is c5tral1 & ! hole is bor$4 ,! o!r c5t]-pun* m>k is !n set 9 ! same way = bor+ ! second hole4 ,! accuracy ( ?is me?od dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! location ( ! c5t]-pun* m>ks4 ,a /ill m accurate way ( sett+ p>ts = bor+ holes to a giv5 c5t]-to-c5t] di/ance is describ$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,locat+ ,"w by ! ,button ,me?od4--,among ! diff]5t me?ods employ$ by ma*9i/s & toolmak]s = accurately locat+ "w su* z jigs1 etc41 on ! faceplate ( a la!1 ! "o mo/ commonly us$ is kn[n z ! button me?od4 ,?is s*eme is s nam$ because cyl9drical bu%+s or buttons are atta*$ to ! "w 9 positions correspond+ to ! holes to be bor$1 aft] :i* !y are us$ 9 locat+ ! "w4 ,^! buttons1 :i* are ord9>ily ab\t #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 are gr\nd & lapp$ to ! same size & ! ends squ>$4 ,! diamet] %\ld1 pref]ably1 be su* t ! radius c be det]m9$ easily1 & ! hole ?r\gh ! c5t] %\ld be ab\t #a_/h in* l>g] ?an ! reta9+ screw1 s t ! button c be %ift$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! practical application ( ! button me?od1 we %all consid]1 briefly1 ! way ! holes w\ld be accurately ma*9$ 9 ! jig-plate 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fir/ ! c5t]s ( ! sev5 holes %\ld be laid (f approximately correct by ! usual me?ods1 aft] :i* small holes %\ld be drill$ & tapp$ = ! clamp+ screws ,s4 ,aft] ! buttons ,b are clamp$ lightly 9 place1 !y are all set 9 correct relation ) ea* o!r & ) ! jig-plate4 ,! prop] location ( ! buttons is v important z _! positions l>gely det]m9e ! accuracy ( ! "w4 ,a def9ite me?od ( proc$ure t w\ld be applicable 9 all cases _c1 ( c\rse1 be giv51 z ! nature ( ! "w z well z ! tools available make x necess>y to employ diff]5t me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,sett+ a ,button ,true ,prep>atory to ,bor+1 by use ( ,te/ ,indicator ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! ?ree buttons a1 b & c %\ld be set fir/1 beg9n+ ) ! "o 9 ! c5t]4 ,z ?is c5tral hole mu/ be #b4cj & #b4fe in*es f ! f9i%$ sides ,a & ,a#a1 respectively1 ! "w is fir/ plac$ on an accurate surface-plate z %[n2 by re/+ x fir/ on "o ( ^! sides & !n on ! o!r1 & measur+ ) a v]ni] height gage1 ! c5tral button c be accurately set4 ,! buttons a & c are also set to ! correct height f side ,a#a by us+ ! height gage1 & 9 prop] relation to ! c5tral button by us+ a micromet] or a v]ni] calip] & measur+ ! ov]-all dim5sion x4 ,:5 measur+ 9 ?is way1 ! diamet] ( "o button w\ld be d$uct$ to obta9 ! correct c5t]-to-c5t] di/ance4 ,aft] buttons a1 b & c are set equidi/ant f side ,a#a & 9 prop] relation to ea* o!r1 ! rema9+ buttons %\ld be set radially f ! c5tral button b & ! "r di/ance ap>t4 ,by hav+ two micromet]s or gages1 "o set = ! radial dim5sion x & ! o!r = ! *ordal di/ance y1 ! "w may be done 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,te/+ ,conc5tricity ( ,button ) ,dial ,gage ,aft] ! buttons h be5 tight5$1 all measurem5ts %\ld be c>efully *eck$2 ! "w is !n m\nt$ on ! faceplate ( ! la!1 & "o ( ! buttons1 say b1 is set true by ! use ( a te/ indicator z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,:5 ! end ( ?is indicator 7:i* is "o ( a numb] ( types on ! m>ket7 is br\ght into contact ) ! revolv+ button1 ! vibration ( ! po9t] ,i %[s h[ mu* ! button runs out ( true4 ,:5 ! po9t] rema9s practically /ation>y1 ?us %[+ t ! button runs true1 ! latt] %\ld be remov$4 ,! hole is !n drill$ ne>ly to ! requir$ size1 aft] :i* x is bor$ to ! f9i% diamet]4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! o!r buttons are indicat$ & ! holes bor$1 "o at a "t4 ,x is evid5t t if ea* button is correctly locat$ & set p]fectly true 9 ! la!1 ! v>i\s holes w be locat$ at ! requir$ c5t]-to-c5t] dim5sions )9 v close limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,drill+ a ,bu%+ ,hole ,fig4 #bj %[s h[ "o ( ! buttons atta*$ to a plate 9 :i* ?ree holes are to be bor$ is set true or conc5tric4 ,! p>ticul> indicator illu/rat$ is ( ! dial type1 any error 9 ! location ( ! button be+ %[n by a h& ov] a dial hav+ graduations repres5t+ ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,fig4 #ba %[s h[ ! hole is drill$ aft] ! button is remov$4 ,x w be not$ t ! drill is held 9 a *uck1 ! tap] %ank ( :i* fits into ! tail/ock sp9dle1 ?is be+ ! me?od ( hold+ small drills4 ,aft] drill+1 ! hole is bor$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! bor+ tool %\ld h a ke5 edge to avoid spr++1 & if ! "w :5 clamp$ 9 position1 ?r[s ! faceplate out ( balance1 x is advisable to re/ore ! balance1 be=e bor+1 by ! use ( a c\nt]-weight1 because ! la! c be rotat$ q rapidly :5 bor+ su* a small hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,bor+ a ,bu%+ ,hole ,:5 do+ precision "w ( ?is k9d1 ! degree ( accuracy w dep5d ^u ! in/rum5ts us$1 ! judgm5t & skill ( ! workman & ! c>e ex]cis$4 ,a good g5]al rule to foll[ :5 locat+ bu%+s or buttons is to use ! me?od :i* is ! mo/ direct & :i* requires ! lea/ numb] ( measurem5ts4 ,z an illu/ration ( h[ errors may accumulate1 let u assume t sev5 holes are to be bor$ 9 ! jig-plate %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 s t !y are ! same di/ance f ea* o!r & 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! buttons may be br\ght into alignm5t by ! use ( a /raight-edge1 & to simplify matt]s1 x w be tak5 = grant$ t !y h be5 gr\nd & lapp$ to ! same size4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! buttons is fir/ det]m9$ by measur+ ) a micromet]1 & !n ?is diamet] is d$uct$ f ! c5t] di/ance x1 ! diff]5ce w be ! di/ance y betwe5 adjac5t buttons4 ,n[ if a tempor>y gage is made to l5g? y1 all ! buttons c be set practically ! same di/ance ap>t1 ! error betwe5 any two adjac5t ones be+ v slight4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! total l5g? z ov] ! end buttons is measur$ by "s accurate means1 ! *ances are t ?is di/ance w n equal six times dim5sion x plus ! diamet] ( "o button1 z x %\ld1 because ev5 a v slight error 9 ! gage = di/ance y w\ld gradually accumulate z ea* button 0 set4 ,if a micromet] 7 available t w\ld span two ( ! buttons1 ! measurem5ts c\ld be tak5 direct & great] accuracy w\ld d\btless be obta9$4 ,on "w ( ?is k9d :]e !re are a numb] ( holes t ne$ to h accurate ov]-all dim5sions1 ! long measurem5ts %\ld fir/ be tak5 :5 sett+ ! buttons1 provid+1 ( c\rse1 !re are prop] facilities = s do+1 & !n ! %ort ones4 ,= example1 ! end buttons 9 ?is case %\ld fir/ be set1 !n ! c5tral "o & f9ally ^? = ! sub-divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,example ( ,"w illu/rat+ ,accumulation ( ,errors ,ecc5tric ,turn+4--,:5 "o cyl9drical surface mu/ be turn$ ecc5tric to ano!r1 z :5 turn+ ! ecc5tric ( a /eam eng9e1 an arbor hav+ two sets ( c5t]s is commonly us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! di/ance x betwe5 ! c5t]s mu/ equal "o-half ! total ?r[ or /roke ( ! ecc5tric4 ,! hub ( ! ecc5tric is turn$ ^u ! c5t]s a--a1 & ! tongu$ ecc5tric surface1 ^u ! (fset c5t]s1 z indicat$ by ! illu/ration4 ,sometimes ecc5trics are turn$ :ile held ^u special fixtures atta*$ to ! faceplate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,special ,arbor = ,turn+ ,ecc5trics ,:5 mak+ an ecc5tric arbor1 ! (fset c5t] 9 ea* end %\ld be laid out ^u radial l9es :i* c be drawn across ! arbor ends by means ( a surface gage4 ,ea* c5t] is !n drill$ & ream$ to ! same radius x z ne> z possible4 ,! uni=mity ( ! di/ance x at ea* end is !n te/$ by plac+ ! m&rel ^u ! (fset c5t]s & rotat+ x1 by h&1 ) a dial indicator 9 contact at fir/ "o end & !n ! o!r4 ,! am\nt ( (fset c also be te/$ ei!r by measur+ f ! po9t ( a tool held 9 ! toolpo/1 or by sett+ ! tool to j graze ! m&rel at extreme inn] & out] positions1 & not+ ! movem5t ( ! cross-slide by ref]r+ to ! dial gage ( ! cross-fe$ screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,turn+ an ,eng9e ,crank-p9 9 an ,ord9>y ,la! ,turn+ a ,crank%aft 9 a ,la!4--,ano!r example ( ecc5tric turn+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! op]ation is t ( turn+ ! crank-p9 ( an eng9e crank%aft1 9 an ord9>y la!4 ,! ma9 %aft is fir/ r\gh-turn$ :ile ! =g+ revolves ^u its c5t]s ,c & ,c#a & ! ends are turn$ to fit closely ! c5t]-arms ,a & ,a#a4 ,aft] ! sides ,b & ,b#a ( ! crank webs h be5 r\gh-fac$1 ! c5t]-arms are atta*$ to ! ends ( ! %aft z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! arms h c5t]s at ,d & ,d#a 7locat$ at ! requir$ crank radius7 :i* %\ld be align$ ) ! r\gh p91 :5 atta*+ ! arms1 & x is advisable to ins]t braces ,e betwe5 ! arms & crank to take ! ?ru/ ( ! la! c5t]s4 ,) ! =g+ support$ 9 ?is way1 ! crank-p9 & inn] sides ( ! webs are turn$ & fac$1 ! "w revolv+ ab\t ! axis ( ! p94 ,! turn+ tools mu/ ext5d beyond ! tool-hold] f> en\gh to all[ ! crank to cle> z x sw+s ar\nd4 ,ow+ to ?is ov]hang1 ! tool %\ld be z heavy z possible to make x rigid & x is necess>y to take comp>atively light cuts & proce$ r cauti\sly4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! crank-p9 & inside ( ! crank1 ! c5t]-arms are remov$ & ! ma9 body ( ! %aft & ! sides ,b & ,b#a are f9i%$4 ,?is me?od ( turn+ crank%afts is (t5 us$ 9 g5]al repair %ops1 etc41 especially :]e new %afts d n h to be turn$ v (t54 ,x is sl[ & ineffici5t1 h[ev]1 & :]e crank%afts are frequ5tly turn$1 special ma*9es or atta*m5ts are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,le,blond ,la! ) ,special ,equipm5t = ,crank%aft ,turn+ ,special ,crank%aft ,la!4--,a la! hav+ special equipm5t = r\gh-turn+ gas eng9e crank%aft p9s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,?is la! is a heavy-duty type built by ! ,r4 ,k4 ,le,blond ,ma*9e ,tool ,co4 ,x is equipp$ ) special adju/able head/ock & tail/ock fixtures design$ to take crank%afts hav+ /rokes up to ab\t #f in*es4 ,! tools are held 9 a ?ree-tool turret type ( toolpo/ & !re are individual cross-/ops = ea* tool4 ,?is la! also has a roll] /eadyre/ = support+ ! crank%aft2 automatic /ops = ! longitud9al fe$1 & a pump = supply+ cutt+ lubricant4 ,! head/ock fixture is c>ri$ on a faceplate m\nt$ on ! sp9dle & s arrang$ z to be adju/able = cranks ( diff]5t ?r[4 ,:5 ! prop] adju/m5t = a giv5 ?r[ has be5 made1 ! slide is secur$ by f\r ,t-bolts4 ,a graduat$ scale & adju/+ screw p]mit ( accurate adju/m5ts4 ,! revolv+ fixture is accurately index$ = locat+ diff]5t crank-p9s 9 l9e ) ! la! c5t]s1 by a h>d5$ /eel plung] 9 ! slide :i* engages ) h>d5$ bu%+s 9 ! fixture4 ,! index is s divid$ t ! fixture may be rotat$ #abj or #ahj degrees1 mak+ x adju/able = #b-1 #d- & #f-?r[ cranks4 ,aft] index+1 ! fixture is clamp$ by two ,t-bolts :i* engage a circul> ,t-slot4 ,! revolv+ fixture is equipp$ ) removable split bu%+s :i* c be replac$ to fit ! l9e be>+s ( diff]5t siz$ crank%afts4 ,! "w is driv5 by a ,v-%ap$ dovetail piece hav+ a h&-nut adju/m5t1 :i* also c5t]s ! p9 by ! *eek or web4 ,! crank is held 9 position by a h+$ clamp on ! fixture4 ,! tail/ock fixture is also adju/able & x is m\nt$ on a sp9dle :i* revolves 9 a bu%+ 9 ! tail/ock b>rel4 ,! adju/m5t is obta9$ 9 ! same mann] z on ! head/ock fixture1 & removable split bu%+s z well z a h+$ clamp are also employ$4 ,! me?od ( *uck+ a f\r-?r[ crank is z foll[s3 ,! two fixtures are br\ght into alignm5t by two lock+ p9s4 ,"o ( ^! is locat$ 9 ! head & ent]s a bu%+ 9 ! l>ge faceplate & ! o!r is 9 ! tail/ock & engages ! tail/ock fixture4 ,! crank%aft is deliv]$ to ! ma*9e ) ! l9e be>+s r\gh-turn$ & x is clamp$ by ! h+$ clamp previ\sly ref]r$ to & c5t]$ by ! ,v-%ap$ driv]4 ,! lock+ p9s = bo? fixtures are !n )drawn & ! ma*9e is ready to turn two ( ! p9s4 ,aft] ^! h be5 ma*9$1 ! fixtures are aga9 align$ by ! lock+ p9s1 ! two ,t-bolts ( ! head/ock fixture & ! h+$ clamp at ! tail/ock are releas$1 ! index+ plung] is )drawn & ! head/ock fixture & crank are turn$ #ahj degrees or until ! index plung] drops into place4 ,! crank is !n clamp$ at ! tail/ock end & ! revolv+ fixture is secur$ by ! two ,t-bolts previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,aft] ! lock+ p9s are )drawn1 ! la! is ready to turn ! two opposite p9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,diagrams %[+ ,arrangem5ts ( ,tools on ,le,blond ,la! ,op]ation ( ,special ,crank%aft ,la!4--,! total equipm5t ( ?is ma*9e 7see ,fig4 #bg7 is c>ri$ on a ?ree-tool turret tool-block4 ,! me?od ( turn+ a crank%aft is z foll[s3 ,a r\nd-nos$ turn+ tool is fir/ f$ into a cross /op z illu/rat$ 9 ! plan view at ,a1 :i* gives ! prop] diamet]4 ,! fe$ is !n engag$ & ! tool fe$s across ! p9 until ! automatic /op lev] engages ! fir/ /op1 :i* ?r[s out ! fe$ automatically4 ,! c>riage is !n mov$ aga9/ a positive /op by means ( ! h&:eel4 ,! roll] back-re/ is next adju/$ aga9/ ! "w by ! cross-fe$ h&:eel op]at+ ?r\gh a telescopic screw1 & ! fillet+ tools are br\ght into position z at ,b4 ,^! are run 9 aga9/ a /op1 remov+ ! "p left by ! turn+ tool & giv+ ! p9 ! prop] wid? & fillets ( ! correct radius4 ,if ! crank%aft has /raight webs :i* mu/ be f9i%$1 two tools se5 at b are us$ = fac+ ! webs to ! correct wid?4 ,dur+ ^! la/ two op]ations1 ! crank is support$ by ! roll] back-re/1 ?us elim9at+ any t5d5cy ( ! "w to spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 7,a7 ,sph]ical ,turn+ ) ,comp\nd ,re/4 7,b7 ,concave ,turn+ ,aft] "o p9 is f9i%$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 ! back-re/ is mov$ out ( ! way1 ! automatic /op lev] rais$1 ! c>riage %ift$ to ! next p91 & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,! tools are held 9 position on ! turret by /uds1 & !y c be mov$ & o!r tools quickly sub/itut$ = p9s ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,?is ma*9e is us$ = r\gh-turn+ ! p9s close to ! requir$ size1 ! f9i%+ op]ation be+ done 9 a gr9d]4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$1 9 pass+1 t _m crank%afts1 especially ! light] designs us$ 9 agricultural ma*9]y1 etc41 are n turn$ at all b are gr\nd f ! r\gh4 ,sph]ical ,turn+4--,occasionally x may be necess>y to turn a sph]ical surface 9 ! la!4 ,sket* ,a1 ,fig4 #bh1 %[s h[ a small ball-%ap$ end c be turn$ on a piece held 9 a *uck4 ,! la! c>riage is adju/$ s t ! p9 ar\nd :i* ! comp\nd re/ swivels is directly "u ! c5t] a4 ,! bolts :i* hold ! swivel are slightly loos5$ to all[ ! top slide to be turn$1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es2 ?is causes ! tool po9t to move 9 an arc ab\t c5t] a1 & a sph]ical surface is turn$4 ,light cuts mu/ be tak5 z o!rwise x w\ld be difficult to turn ! slide ar\nd by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,sph]ical ,turn+ ,atta*m5t = ,eng9e ,la! ,sket* ,b illu/rates h[ a concave surface c be turn$4 ,! cross-slide is adju/$ until swivel p9 is 9 l9e ) ! la! c5t]s1 & ! c>riage is mov$ along ! b$ until ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 c5t] b ( ! swivel1 & ! face ( ! "w1 equals ! desir$ radius ( ! concave surface4 ,! turn+ is !n done by sw++ ! comp\nd re/ z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! slide c be turn$ m ev5ly by us+ ! tail/ock c5t] to =ce x ar\nd4 ,a project+ b> is clamp$ across ! end ( ! slide at d1 to act z a lev]1 & a c5t]$ b> is plac$ betwe5 ?is lev] & ! tail/ock c5t]2 !n by screw+ out ! tail/ock sp9dle1 ! slide is turn$ ab\t pivot b4 ,! alignm5t betwe5 ! swivel p9 & ! la! c5t]s c be te/$ by tak+ a trial cut2 if ! swivel p9 is too f> =w>d1 ! tool w n t\* ! turn$ surface if mov$ pa/ c5t] c1 & if ! p9 is too f> back1 ! tool w cut 9 on ! re> side4 ,sph]ical ,turn+ ,atta*m5ts4--,:5 sph]ical turn+ mu/ be done repeat$ly1 special atta*m5ts are sometimes us$4 ,fig4 #bi %[s an atta*m5t appli$ to a la! = turn+ ! sph]ical ends ( ball-&-socket jo9ts4 ,! height or radius ( ! cutt+ tool &1 consequ5tly1 ! diamet] ( ! turn$ ball1 is regulat$ by adju/+ screw ,a4 ,! tool is swung ar\nd 9 an arc1 by turn+ h&le ,b :i* revolves a worm me%+ ) an enclos$ worm-:eel4 ,z w be se51 ! "w is held 9 a special *uck1 ow+ to its irregul> %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,atta*m5t = ,turn+ ,sph]ical ,end ( ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,pi/on ,ano!r sph]ical turn+ atta*m5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is is us$ = ma*9+ ! ends ( gasol9e eng9e pi/ons4 ,! cross-slide has bolt$ to x a b> ,a c>ry+ a roll] :i* is press$ aga9/ a =m+ plate ,b by a heavy spr+ ,c4 ,! =m+ plate ,b1 :i* is atta*$ to a cross-piece fa/5$ to ! ways ( ! la! b$1 is curv$ to correspond ) ! radius requir$ on ! pi/on end1 & :5 ! tool is f$ lat]ally by mov+ ! cross-slide1 x foll[s ! curve ( plate ,b4 ,! pi/on is held 9 a special holl[ *uck :i* locates x 9 a c5tral position & holds x rigidly4 ,9 connection ) la! "w1 special atta*m5ts & tools are (t5 us$1 especially :5 consid]able "w ( "o class mu/ be turn$2 h[ev]1 if a c]ta9 "p is requir$ 9 l>ge quantities1 x is usually m economical to use "s semi-automatic or automatic turn+ ma*9e1 especially design$ = repetition "w4 ,turn+ ) ,front & ,re> ,tools4--,9 ord9>y eng9e la! practice1 "o tool is us$ at a "t1 b "s la!s are equipp$ ) tool-hold]s at ! front & re> ( ! c>riage s t two tools c be us$ simultane\sly4 ,fig4 #ca %[s a detail view ( a la! 9 :i* front & re> tools are be+ us$4 ,^! tools are ( ! ins]t$ cutt] type & ! "o at ! re> is inv]t$1 z ! rot>y movem5t ( ! "w is1 ( c\rse1 upw>d on ! re> side4 ,?is p>ticul> la! 0 design$ = tak+ heavy r\gh+ cuts & has consid]able driv+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,front & ,re> ,tools us$ = ,r\gh+ ,! "p %[n 9 ?is illu/ration is a *rome-nickel /eel b> :i* is be+ r\gh$ out to =m a mill+ ma*9e sp9dle4 ,x is necess>y to r$uce ! diamet] ( ! b> f #e-g_/af in*es to #c-c_/d in*es = a l5g? ( #bg in*es1 because ( a coll> on "o end4 ,?is r$uction is made 9 "o passage ( ! two tools1 ) a fe$ ( #a_/cb in* p] revolution & a spe$ ( #fj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! use ( two tools = su* heavy r\gh+ cuts is desirable1 especially :5 ! p>ts are requir$ 9 l>ge quantities1 because ! ?ru/ ( ! cut on "o side1 :i* t5ds to deflect ! "w1 is c\nt]act$ by ! ?ru/ on ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,lo-sw+ ,la! = ,multiple ,turn+ ,sometimes special tool-hold]s are made = ! la!1 s t m ?an "o tool c be us$ = turn+ diff]5t surfaces or diamet]s at ! same "t1 ! tools be+ set 9 ! prop] relation to ea* o!r4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od has result$ 9 ! design ( a special la! = multiple-tool turn+4 ,a ,multiple-tool ,la!4--,! la! %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb 7:i* is built by ! ,fit*burg ,ma*9e ,works & is kn[n z ! ,lo-sw+7 is design$ especially = turn+ %afts1 p9s & =g+s n exce$+ #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x has two c>riages ,a & ,b :i*1 9 conjunction ) special tool-hold]s1 make x possible to turn sev]al diff]5t diamet]s simultane\sly4 ,at ! front ( ?is la! !re is an automatic /op-rod ,c = dis5gag+ ! fe$ :5 ! tools h turn$ a surface to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,?is /op-rod c>ries adju/able /ops ,d :i* are set to correspond ) %\ld]s1 etc41 on ! "w4 ,! rod itself is also adju/able axially1 s t ! tools1 :i* are usually arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( two or m 7dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! "w71 c be dis5gag$ at a po9t ne>] or f>!r f ! head/ock z may be requir$1 ow+ to a v>iation 9 ! dep? ( c5t] holes4 ,= example1 if x 7 necess>y to fe$ a gr\p ( tools f>!r t[>d ! head/ock aft] !y _h be5 automatically dis5gag$1 ! entire rod ) its /ops w\ld be adju/$ ! requir$ am\nt 9 t direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,lo-sw+ ,la! arrang$ = ,turn+ a ,/e]+ ,knuckle ,! gage ,g1 :i* is atta*$ to a sw++ arm1 is us$ to set ! /op b> ) ref]5ce to a %\ld] ne> ! end ( ! "w1 :5 x is necess>y to f9i% o!r p>ts to a giv5 di/ance f su* a %\ld] or o!r surface4 ,! use ( ?is gage w be expla9$ m fully lat]4 ,cool+ lubricant = ! tools is suppli$ ?r\gh ! tubes ,e4 ,! la! %[n 9 ! illu/ration is arrang$ = turn+ ,krupp /eel b>s4 ,a r\gh b> & also "o t has be5 turn$ may be se5 to ! "r4 ,! pla9 cyl9drical b> is turn$ to five diff]5t diamet]s1 by gr\ps ( tools held on bo? c>riages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,plan ,view %[+ ,me?od ( driv+ ,/e]+ ,knuckle & ,arrangem5t ( ,tools ,examples ( ,multiple ,turn+4--,figs4 #cc & #cd %[ h[ a ,lo-sw+ la! is us$ = turn+ ! /e]+ knuckle ( an automobile4 ,f\r tools are us$ 9 ?is case1 ?ree cyl9drical surfaces & "o tap]+ surface be+ turn$ at ! same "t4 ,= ?is job1 ! f\r tools are m\nt$ on "o c>riage4 ,! tap] "p is turn$ by ! second tool f ! head/ock1 :i* is caus$ to fe$ outw>d z ! c>riage advances by a tap] atta*m5t4 ,?is tool is held 9 a special hold] & be>s aga9/ a templet at ! re>1 :i* is tap]$ to correspond ) ! tap] to be turn$4 ,?is templet is atta*$ to a b> :i*1 9 turn1 is fa/5$ to a /ation>y bracket se5 to ! extreme left 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is "p is f9i%$ 9 two op]ations1 ! tool sett+ be+ id5tical = ea* op]ation1 except = diamet] adju/m5ts4 ,z ! illu/rations %[1 ?ree ( ! f\r tools employ$ are us$ = /raight turn+ on diff]5t diamet]s1 :ile ! f\r? f9i%es ! tap]4 ,^! pieces1 :i* are r\gh drop =g+s1 are fir/ r$uc$ to ! approximate size4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to gr9d ! tools1 !y are reset & ^? p>ts :i* h be5 r\gh$ out are turn$ to ! f9i%$ size4 ,! av]age "t = ! fir/ op]ation1 :i* includes />t+1 /opp+1 turn+ & replac+ ! piece1 is "o m9ute1 :ile = ! second op]ation ) ! f9] fe$1 an av]age "t ( two m9utes is requir$4 ,! "w is driv5 by sleeve ,s1 :i* fits ov] ! sp9dle & is held 9 position by ! regul> driv]1 z %[n4 ,?is sleeve is not*$ to fit ! knuckle1 s t ! latt] c easily & quickly be replac$ :5 f9i%$4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ features ( ?is job lies 9 ! me?od ( locat+ ! %\ld]s on ea* knuckle1 at ! same di/ance f ! hole ,h :i* is drill$ previ\sly1 & :i* receives ! bolt on :i* ! knuckle swivels :5 assembl$ 9 a c>4 ,z soon z ! knuckle has be5 plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s1 a close-fitt+ plug ,p 7,fig4 #cc7 is ins]t$ 9 ?is hole & ! indicator arm ) its atta*$ gage or calip] ,g is swung up to ! position %[n4 ,! /op-rod on :i* ! /ops h be5 previ\sly set = ! correct di/ance betwe5 ! %\ld]s is next adju/$ axially until ! gage ,g j t\*es ! plug ,p4 ,! indicator is !n swung out ( ! way1 & ! piece turn$4 ,if ! next knuckle 7 c5t]$1 say1 deep] ?an ! previ\s "o :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 cause x to be locat$ ne>] ! head/ock1 obvi\sly all ! %\ld]s w\ld be locat$ f>!r f ! f9i%$ hole1 provid$ ! position ( ! /ops rema9$ ! same z be=e4 ,9 su* a case _! position w\ld1 h[ev]1 be *ang$ by %ift+ ! /op-rod until ! gage ,g aga9 t\*$ ! plug ?us locat+ all ! /ops ) ref]5ce to ! hole4 ,z ! adju/m5t ( ! /op-rod *anges ! position ( ! tap] templet z well z ! /ops1 x is evid5t t bo? ! %\ld]s & ! tap] are f9i%$ ! same di/ance f ! hole 9 ea* case4 ,! connection ( ! bracket 7to :i* ! templet arm is atta*$7 ) ! /op-rod is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is bracket c ei!r be lock$ to ! ways or adju/$ to slide :5 ! /op-rod is mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fir/ & ,second ,op]ations on ,automobile ,transmission ,%aft--,lo-sw+ ,la! ,! "p illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ce is an automobile transmission %aft4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 cyl9drical1 tap]+ & sph]ical surfaces are turn$4 ,! upp] view %[s1 diagrammatically1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tools & "w = ! fir/ op]ation4 ,aft] ! %aft is spott$ at ,a = ! /eadyre/1 ! /raight "p ,c & ! coll> ,b are siz$ ) tools ,s & ,r :i* are m\nt$ on ! left-h& c>riage4 ,a concave groove is !n cut 9 coll> ,b by tool ,r1 aft] :i* sph]ical end ,d is =m$ by a special atta*m5t m\nt$ on ! "r-h& c>riage4 ,?is atta*m5t is ! same1 9 pr9ciple1 z ! regul> tap]-turn+ atta*m5t1 ! sub/itution ( a circul> templet ,t = ! /raight k9d us$ on tap] "w be+ ! only practical diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,axle ,end turn$ 9 ,"o ,trav]se ( ! ,five ,tools %[n ,aft] ! surfaces m5tion$ h be5 f9i%$ on a numb] ( pieces1 ! "w is rev]s$ & ! tools *ang$ z %[n by ! l[] view4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! second op]ation is to turn ! body ,e ( ! %aft ) ! tool ,t on ! left-h& c>riage4 ,! tap] ,f & ! /raight "p ,g are !n f9i%$1 :i* completes ! turn+4 ,x w be not$ t 9 sett+ up ! ma*9e = ?is second op]ation1 x is arrang$ = tap] turn+ by simply replac+ ! circul> templet ) ! /raight "o %[n4 ,:5 ?is tap] atta*m5t is n 9 use1 ! swivel+ arm ,m1 :i* is atta*$ to a bracket1 is swung out ( ! way4 ,! me?od ( driv+ ?is %aft is wor?y ( note4 ,a dog hav+ two driv+ arms ea* ( :i* be>s aga9/ a p9 ,n t passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! sp9dle is us$4 ,z ! ends ( ?is p91 aga9/ :i* ! dog be>s1 are bevel$ 9 opposite directions1 ! p9 turns 9 its hole :5 ! dog makes contact ) x & automatically adju/s itself aga9/ ! two driv+ memb]s ( ! dog4 ,! advantage ( driv+ by a two-tail$ dog1 z mo/ me*anics "k1 is 9 equaliz+ ! t5d5cy to spr+ sl5d] p>ts :ile !y are be+ turn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,la! ,knurl+ ,tool hav+ ,?ree ,pairs ( ,knurls--,co>se1 ,m$ium & ,f9e ,9 ,fig4 #cf ano!r turn+ op]ation on a la! ( ?is type is %[n1 ! "w 9 ?is case be+ a re> axle = a motor truck4 ,! turn+ ( ?is "p is a good example ( t class ( "w :]e ! rapid removal ( metal is ! important feature4 ,z ! engrav+ %[s1 ! /ock1 prior to turn+1 is #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] & x is r$uc$ to a m9imum diamet] ( #a-a_/af in*4 ,?is metal is turn$ (f ) "o trav]se ( ! c>riage or by "o passage ( ! five tools1 & ! weight ( ! *ips remov$ f ea* end ( ! axle is approximately #ab p\nds4 ,! "t requir$ = ! actual turn+ is ab\t #i m9utes1 :ile ! total "t = ! op]ation1 :i* includes plac+ ! heavy piece 9 ! ma*9e1 turn+1 & remov+ ! "w f ! la!1 is #ab m9utes4 ,! axle revolves1 :ile be+ turn$1 at #aaj revolutions p] m9ute & a fe$ equival5t to #a in* ( tool travel to #fj revolutions ( ! "w is us$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! tap] atta*m5t is also employ$ on ?is "p1 ! tap] be+ turn$ by ! second tool f ! left4 ,z ! axle is equipp$ ) roll] be>+s1 x 0 f\nd desirable to f9i% ! be>+ "p by a sep>ate op]ation2 !re=e1 9 ! op]ation %[n ! axle is simply r\gh$ d[n r close to ! f9i%$ dim5sions1 leav+ en\gh mat]ial = a light f9i%+ cut4 ,knurl+ 9 ! ,la!4--,knurl+ is done ei!r to provide a r\gh surface :i* c be firmly gripp$ by ! h& or = produc+ an ornam5tal effect4 ,! h&les ( gages & o!r tools are (t5 knurl$1 & ! ?umb-screws us$ on in/rum5ts1 etc41 usually h knurl$ edges4 ,a knurl$ surface consi/s ( a s]ies ( small ridges or diamond-%ap$ projections1 & is produc$ 9 ! la! by ! use ( a tool simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 ?is be+ "o ( sev]al diff]5t designs 9 common use4 ,! knurl+ is done by two knurls ,a & ,b hav+ tee? or ridges :i* incl9e to ! "r on "o knurl & to ! left on ! opposite knurl1 z %[n by ! end view4 ,:5 ^! two knurls are press$ aga9/ ! "w z ! latt] revolves1 "o knurl =ms a s]ies ( left-h& ridges & ! o!r knurl "r-h& ridges1 :i* cross & =m ! diamond-%ap$ knurl+ :i* is g5]ally us$4 ,if ! surface to be knurl$ is wid] ?an ! knurls1 ! p[] fe$ ( ! la! %\ld be engag$ & ! knurl+ tool be trav]s$ back & =? until ! diamond-%ap$ projections are well =m$4 ,to prev5t =m+ a d\ble set ( projections1 fe$ ! knurl 9 ) consid]able pressure at ! />t1 !n p>tially relieve ! pressure be=e engag+ ! p[] fe$4 ,use oil :5 knurl+4 ,! knurls commonly us$ = la! "w h spiral tee? & ord9>ily !re are ?ree classes1 kn[n z co>se1 m$ium & f9e4 ,! m$ium pit* is g5]ally us$4 ,! tee? ( co>se knurls h a spiral angle ( #cf degrees & ! pit* ( ! knurl$ cut 7measur$ p>allel to ! axis ( ! "w7 %\ld be ab\t #h p] in*4 ,= m$ium knurls1 ! spiral angle is #bi-a_/b degrees & ! pit*1 measur$ z be=e1 is #ab p] in*4 ,= f9e knurls1 ! spiral angle is #be-c_/d degrees & ! pit* #bj p] in*4 ,! knurls %\ld be ab\t #c_/d in* 9 diamet] & #c_/h in* wide4 ,:5 made to ^! dim5sions1 co>se knurls h #cd tee?2 m$ium1 #ej tee?2 & f9e knurls1 #hj tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,h5dey ,reliev+ ,atta*m5t appli$ to a ,la! ,! p>ticul> tool illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg has ?ree pairs ( knurls ( co>se1 m$ium & f9e pit*4 ,^! are m\nt$ 9 a revolv+ hold] :i* n only s]ves to locate ! requir$ set ( knurls 9 ! work+ position1 b enables ea* knurl to be> aga9/ ! surface ) equal pressure4 ,concave knurls are sometimes us$ = knurl+ r\nd$ edges on screw heads1 etc4 ,reliev+ ,atta*m5t4--,"s la!s1 p>ticul>ly ^? us$ 9 toolrooms1 are provid$ ) reliev+ atta*m5ts :i* are us$ = back+ (f ! tee? ( mill+ cutt]s1 taps1 hobs1 etc4 ,if a mill+ cutt] ( special %ape is to be made1 ! cutt] blank is fir/ turn$ to ! requir$ =m ) a special tool hav+ a cutt+ edge t corresponds ) ! %ape or pr(ile ( ! cutt] to be made4 ,! blank is !n flut$ or ga%$ to =m ! tee?1 aft] :i* ! tops ( ! tee? are reliev$ or back$ (f to provide cle>ance = ! cutt+ edges4 ,! =m+ tool us$ = turn+ ! blank is set to mat* ! turn$ surface1 & ! tee? are back$ (f z ! result ( a reciprocat+ action imp>t$ to ! toolslide by ! reliev+ atta*m5t4 ,! motion ( ! toolslide is s adju/$ t ! tool w meet ! front ( ea* too? & ! return movem5t beg9 promptly aft] ! tool leaves ! back end ( ! too?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,reliev+ a ,=m$ ,cutt] ,^! atta*m5ts diff] some:at 9 _! con/ruction & arrangem5t b ! pr9ciple ( _! op]ation is simil>4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a ,h5dey reliev+ atta*m5t appli$ to a la!4 ,a bracket c>ry+ ! ge>+ ,a ?r\gh :i* ! atta*m5t is driv5 is m\nt$ ^u ! ma9 ge> box ( ! la!1 & ! special slide ,b1 :i* is us$ :5 reliev+1 is plac$ on ! cross-slide aft] remov+ ! regul> comp\nd re/4 ,! ge>s at ,a are *ang$ to suit ! numb] ( flutes or ga%es 9 ! cutt]1 tap or :atev] is to be reliev$4 ,if we assume t ! "w is a =m$ mill+ cutt] hav+ n9e tee?1 !n ) ?is p>ticul> atta*m5t1 a ge> hav+ #ij tee? w\ld be plac$ on ! /ud & a #dj-too? ge> on ! cam-%aft1 ! two ge>s be+ connect$ by a #fj-too? int]m$iate ge>4 ,) ?is comb9ation ( ge>+1 ! toolslide w\ld move 9 & out n9e times = ea* revolution ( ! "w1 s t ! tool c\ld back (f ! top ( ea* too?4 7,! ge>+ to use = v>i\s numb]s ( flutes is %[n by an index plate on ! atta*m5t47 ,! am\nt ( relief is v>i$ to suit ! "w be+ done1 by means ( a too!d c\pl+ :i* makes x possible to *ange ! relative position betwe5 ! ecc5tric :i* actuates ! toolslide & ! cam lev]1 !reby l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! reciprocat+ travel ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,reliev+ ,side ( ,angul> ,mill+ ,cutt] ,application ( ,reliev+ ,atta*m5t4--,"s typical examples ( ! k9d ( "w = :i* ! reliev+ atta*m5t is us$ are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci to #db1 inclusive4 ,fig4 #ci %[s h[ a =m$ mill+ cutt] is reliev$4 ,! toolslide is set at "r angles to ! axis ( ! "w1 & ! tool moves 9 z ea* too? passes1 & out :ile cross+ ! spaces or flutes betwe5 ! tee?4 ,z ! result ( ?is movem5t1 ! tops ( ! tee? are back$ (f ecc5trically b ! =m or %ape is ! same f ! front to ! back ( ! too?2 h5ce1 a cutt] t has be5 reliev$ 9 ?is way c be gr\nd repeat$ly )\t *ang+ ! pr(ile ( ! tee?1 provid$ ! faces are gr\nd s z to lie 9 a radial plane4 ,:5 reliev+1 ! cutt+ spe$ %\ld be mu* less ?an :5 turn+ 9 ord] to give ! toolslide "t to op]ate prop]ly4 ,a maximum ( #ahj tee? p] m9ute is recomm5d$1 &1 if wide =m+ tools are us$1 x might be advisable to r$uce ! spe$ s l[ t only #h tee? p] m9ute w\ld be reliev$4 ,x is also ess5tial to use a tool hav+ a ke5 edge1 & ! toolslide %\ld "w freely b be closely adju/$ to ! dovetail ( ! l[] slide4 ,be=e beg9n+ to back (f ! tee?1 x is a good plan to color ! "w ei!r by heat+ x or dipp+ into a /rong solution ( copp] sulphate4 ,?is w enable "o to see pla9ly ! cutt+ action ( ! tool 9 ord] to /op reliev+ at ! prop] "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,reliev+ a ,"r-h& ,tap ,fig4 #dj %[s a me?od ( reliev+ ! tee? ( an angul> cutt]4 ,= an op]ation ( ?is k9d ! toolslide is swivel$ ar\nd at "r angles to ! side t is to be reliev$4 ,by ! use ( an additional univ]sal jo9t & be>+ to p]mit ! toolslide to be swung to a #ij-;degree angle1 ! tee? ( c\nt]bores1 etc41 c be reliev$ on ! ends4 ,:5 ! atta*m5t is us$ = reliev+ inside "w1 su* z holl[ mills & ?read+ dies1 ! ecc5tric :i* controls ! travel ( ! toolslide is set s t ! reliev+ movem5t is away f ! axis ( ! cutt] in/ead ( t[>d x4 ,?is *ange is made by ! too!d c\pl+ previ\sly ref]r$ to1 :i* connects ! cam lev] & oscillat+ %aft1 ! latt] be+ turn$ beyond ! z]o m>k 9 a clockwise direction z f> z is necess>y to obta9 ! desir$ am\nt ( travel4 ,= int]nal "w x is also necess>y to *ange ! position ( ! oppos+ spr+ ( ! toolslide1 s t x w press aga9/ ! end ( ! slide & prev5t ! tool f jump+ into ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,reliev+ a ,hob hav+ ,spiral ,flutes ,fig4 #da %[s h[ a "r-h& tap is reliev$4 ,! ord9>y practice is to fir/ set ! tool ! same z = cutt+ a ?read4 ,! motion ( ! toolslide is !n adju/$ s t ! tool on ! =w>d /roke w meet ! front ( ea* too?1 & />t back z soon z ! tool leaves ! end ( ! l& or top ( ! too?4 ,taps hav+ a left-h& ?read c be reliev$ by two diff]5t me?ods4 ,) ! fir/ me?od ! cut />ts at ! cutt+ edge ( ea* too?1 & ends at ! heel1 ! tool mov+ 9 t[>d ! c5t] ( ! "w4 ,) ! second me?od1 ! cut beg9s at ! heel & discont9ues at ! cutt+ edge1 ! tool be+ drawn away f ! "w dur+ ! cut4 ,:5 us+ ! fir/ me?od ! tap mu/ be plac$ ) ! po9t t[>d ! head/ock1 ! %ank end be+ support$ by ! tail/ock c5t]4 ,?is is done by provid+ an ext5sion or blank end at ! po9t ( ! tap long en\gh to hold ! driv+ dog4 ,) ! second me?od1 ! tap is held betwe5 c5t]s ! same z "o hav+ a "r-h& ?read1 b ! travel ( ! toolslide is set ! same z = inside relief4 ,reliev+ ,hobs or ,taps ,hav+ ,spiral ,flutes4--,) ?is atta*m5t1 taps or hobs hav+ spiral or helical flutes c also be reliev$4 7,a spiral flute is pref]able to "o t is p>allel to ! axis1 because ) ! =m] ! tool has cutt+ edges :i* are squ>e ) ! tee?2 ?is is ( especial importance :5 ! lead ( ! hob or tap ?read is consid]able47 ,:5 reliev+ "w hav+ spiral flutes 7z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #db71 ! lead ( ! spiral & ! ge>s necess>y to drive ! atta*m5t are fir/ det]m9$4 ,aft] ! atta*m5t is ge>$ = ! numb] ( flutes & to comp5sate = ! spiral1 ! lead-screw is engag$ & ! back+-(f op]ation is p]=m$ ! same z ?\gh ! flutes 7 /raight4 ,! c>riage %\ld n be dis5gag$ f ! lead-screw aft] />t+ ! cut1 ! tool be+ return$ by rev]s+ ! la!4 ,:5 ge>+ ! atta*m5t = reliev+ a tap or hob hav+ spiral flutes1 ! ge>s are n select$ = ! actual numb] ( flutes ar\nd ! circumf]5ce b = a some:at l>g] numb] :i* dep5ds ^u ! lead ( ! hob ?read & ! lead ( ! spiral flutes4 ,let u assume t a hob has #f spiral flutes & t ! atta*m5t is ge>$ = t numb]4 ,! result w\ld be t z ! tool advanc$ along ! ?read1 x w\ld n keep 9 /ep ) ! tee? because ! faces ( ! tee? lie along a spiral 7or helix :i* is ! correct "n = ?is curve72 9 o!r words1 ! tool w\ld soon be mov+ 9 too late to beg9 cutt+ at ! prop] "t1 & to comp5sate = ?is1 ! atta*m5t is ge>$ s t ! tool w make a great] numb] ( /rokes p] revolution ( ! "w ?an ! actual numb] ( flutes ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,) ?is atta*m5t1 ! two ge>s li/$ on ! index plate = ! actual numb] ( flutes are select$1 & !n two comp5sat+ ge>s are add$1 ?us =m+ a comp\nd tra9 ( ge>+4 ,! ratio ,r ( ^! comp5sat+ ge>s is det]m9$ z foll[s3 r #a ,r ------- r 9 :i* r ,l _/ l2 ,l lead ( spiral2 l lead ( hob ?read4 ,= example1 if a hob has a pit* circumf]5ce ( #c4be1 a s+le ?read ( #j4ge in* lead1 & #f spiral flutes1 :at comp5sat+ ge>s w\ld be requir$8 ,! lead ,l ( ! spiral flutes is fir/ det]m9$ by divid+ ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce ,c ( ! hob at ! pit* l9e by ! lead l ( ! hob ?read4 ,?us lead ,l ,c#b_/l1 or1 9 ?is case1 ,l #c4beb_/j4ge #ad in*es1 approximately4 ,!n r #ad _/ #j4ge #ah-b_/c4 ,ins]t+ ^! values 9 ! =mula = ratio ,r1 #ah-b_/c #a #ai-b_/c #ai-b_/c x #c #ei ,r ---------- ------ ---------- -- #ah-b_/c #ah-b_/c #ah-b_/c x #c #ef ,h5ce1 ! comp5sat+ ge>s w h #ef & #ei tee?1 respectively1 ! latt] be+ ! driv]4 ,z ! ge>s = #f flutes li/$ on ! regul> index plate are1 /ud-ge> #fj tee?1 cam-%aft ge> #dj tee?1 ! entire tra9 ( ge>s w\ld be z foll[s3 ,ge> on /ud1 #fj2 driv5 int]m$iate ge>1 #ef2 driv+ int]m$iate ge>1 #ei2 cam-%aft ge>1 #dj4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! position ( ! driv+ ge>s or ! driv5 ge>s c be transpos$ )\t affect+ ! ratio4 ,classes ( ,fits ,us$ 9 ,ma*9e ,con/ruction4--,9 assembl+ ma*9e p>ts x is necess>y to h "s memb]s fit toge!r tightly1 :]eas o!r p>ts su* z %afts1 etc41 mu/ be free to move or revolve ) relation to ea* o!r4 ,! accuracy requir$ = a fitt+ v>ies = diff]5t classes ( "w4 ,a %aft t revolves 9 its be>+ mu/ be slightly small] ?an ! be>+ s t !re w be room = a film ( lubricant4 ,a crank-p9 t mu/ be =c$ into ! crank-disk is made a little l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! hole1 to secure a tight fit4 ,:5 a v accurate fitt+ betwe5 two cyl9drical p>ts t mu/ be assembl$ )\t pressure is requir$1 ! diamet] ( ! inn] memb] is made z close to ! diamet] ( ! out] memb] z is possible4 ,9 ord9>y ma*9e con/ruction1 five classes ( fits are us$1 viz2 runn+ fit1 pu% fit1 driv+ fit1 =c$ fit & %r9kage fit4 ,! runn+ fit1 z ! "n implies1 is employ$ :5 p>ts mu/ rotate2 ! pu% fit is n suffici5tly free to rotate2 ! o!r classes ref]r$ to are us$ = assembl+ p>ts t mu/ be held 9 fix$ positions4 ,=c$ ,fits4--,?is is ! t]m us$ :5 a p91 %aft or o!r cyl9drical "p is =c$ into a hole ( slightly small] diamet]1 by ! use ( a hydraulic press or o!r means4 ,z a rule1 =c$ fits are re/rict$ to p>ts ( small & m$ium size1 :ile %r9kage fits h no su* limitations & are especially applicable :5 a maximum grip is desir$1 or :5 7z 9 ! con/ruction ( ordnance7 accurate results z to ! int5sity ( /resses produc$ 9 ! p>ts unit$ are requir$4 ,! prop] all[ance = a =c$ fit dep5ds ^u ! mass ( metal surr\nd+ ! hole1 ! size ( ! "w1 ! k9d & quality ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! p>ts are compos$ & ! smoo?ness & accuracy ( ! p9 & bore4 ,:5 a p9 or o!r "p is press$ into a hole a second "t1 ! all[ance = a giv5 tonnage %\ld be dim9i%$ some:at because ! surface ( ! bore is smoo!r & ! metal m compact4 ,! pressure requir$ 9 assembl+ a =c$ fit w also v>y = ca/ hubs ( ! same size1 if !y are n uni=m 9 h>dness4 ,!n !re is ! p]sonal factor :i* is mu* 9 evid5ce 9 "w ( ?is k9d2 h5ce1 data & =mulas = =c$ fit all[ances mu/ be g5]al 9 _! application4 ,all[ance = ,=c$ ,fits4--,! all[ance p] in* ( diamet] usually ranges f #j4jja in* to #j4jjbe in*1 #j4jjae be+ a fair av]age4 ,ord9>ily1 ! all[ance p] in* decreases z ! diamet] increases2 ?us ! total all[ance = a diamet] ( #b in*es might be #j4jjd in*1 :]eas = a diamet] ( #h in*es ! total all[ance might n be ov] #j4jji or #j4jaj in*4 ,9 "s %ops ! all[ance is made practically ! same = all diamet]s1 ! increas$ surface area ( ! l>g] sizes giv+ suffici5t increase 9 pressure4 ,! p>ts to be assembl$ by =c$ fits are usually made cyl9drical1 al?\gh sometimes !y are slightly tap]$4 ,! advantages ( ! tap] =m are t ! possibility ( abrasion ( ! fitt$ surfaces is r$uc$2 t less pressure is requir$ 9 assembl+2 & t ! p>ts are m readily sep>at$ :5 r5ewal is requir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tap] fit is less reliable1 because if x loos5s1 ! entire fit is free ) b little axial movem5t4 ,"s lubricant1 su* z :ite lead & l>d oil mix$ to ! consi/5cy ( pa9t1 %\ld be appli$ to ! p9 & bore be=e assembl+1 to r$uce ! t5d5cy ( abrasion4 ,all[ances = ,diff]5t ,classes ( ,fits 7,newall ,eng9e]+ ,co47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tol]ances 9 ,/&>d ,holes#a ,class---------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nom9al ,up to #i_/af-a #a-a_/af- #b-a_/af- #c-a_/af- ,diamet]s #a_/b #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit #j4jjjb #j4jjje #j4jjjg #j4jjaj #j4jjaj ,a ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjjb -#j4jjjb -#j4jjjb -#j4jjje -#j4jjje ,tol]ance #j4jjjd #j4jjjg #j4jjji #j4jjae #j4jjae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit #j4jjje #j4jjjg #j4jjaj #j4jjab #j4jjae ,b ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjje -#j4jjje -#j4jjje -#j4jjjg -#j4jjjg ,tol]ance #j4jjaj #j4jjab #j4jjae #j4jjai #j4jjbb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all[ances = ,=c$ ,fits ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit #j4jjaj #j4jjbj #j4jjdj #j4jjfj #j4jjhj ,f ,l[ ,limit #j4jjje #j4jjae #j4jjcj #j4jjde #j4jjfj ,tol]ance #j4jjje #j4jjje #j4jjaj #j4jjae #j4jjbj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all[ances = ,driv+ ,fits ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit #j4jjje #j4jjaj #j4jjae #j4jjbe #j4jjcj ,d ,l[ ,limit #j4jjjb #j4jjjg #j4jjaj #j4jjae #j4jjbj ,tol]ance #j4jjjc #j4jjjc #j4jjje #j4jjaj #j4jjaj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all[ances = ,pu% ,fits ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit -#j4jjjb -#j4jjjb -#j4jjjb -#j4jjje -#j4jjje ,p ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjjg -#j4jjjg -#j4jjjg -#j4jjaj -#j4jjaj ,tol]ance #j4jjje #j4jjje #j4jjje #j4jjje #j4jjje ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,all[ances = ,runn+ ,fits#b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,high ,limit -#j4jjaj -#j4jjab -#j4jjag -#j4jjbj -#j4jjbe ,x ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjbj -#j4jjbg -#j4jjce -#j4jjdb -#j4jjej ,tol]ance #j4jjaj #j4jjae #j4jjah #j4jjbb #j4jjbe ,high ,limit -#j4jjjg -#j4jjaj -#j4jjab -#j4jjae -#j4jjbj ,y ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjab -#j4jjbj -#j4jjbe -#j4jjcj -#j4jjce ,tol]ance #j4jjje #j4jjaj #j4jjac #j4jjae #j4jjae ,high ,limit -#j4jjje -#j4jjjg -#j4jjjg -#j4jjaj -#j4jjaj ,z ,l[ ,limit -#j4jjjg -#j4jjab -#j4jjae -#j4jjbj -#j4jjbb ,tol]ance #j4jjjb #j4jjje #j4jjjh #j4jjaj #j4jjab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a ,tol]ance is provid$ = holes1 :i* ord9>y /&>d ream]s c produce1 9 two grades1 ,classes ,a & ,b1 ! selection ( :i* is a "q = ! us]'s decision & dep5d5t ^u ! quality ( ! "w requir$2 "s pref] to use ,class ,a z work+ limits & ,class ,b z inspection limits4 #b ,runn+ fits1 :i* are ! mo/ commonly requir$1 are divid$ into ?ree grades3 ,class ,x = eng9e & o!r "w :]e easy fits are want$2 ,class ,y = high spe$s & good av]age ma*9e "w2 ,class ,z = f9e tool "w4 ,pressure = ,=c$ ,fits4--,! pressure requir$ = assembl+ cyl9drical p>ts dep5ds n only ^u ! all[ance = ! fit1 b also ^u ! area ( ! fitt$ surfaces1 ! pressure increas+ 9 proportion to ! di/ance t ! inn] memb] is =c$ 94 ,! approximate ultimate pressure 9 p\nds c be det]m9$ by ! use ( ! foll[+ =mula 9 conjunction ) ! accompany+ table ( ,pressure ,factors4 ,pressure ,factors ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,diam-,pres-,diam-,pres-,diam-,pres-,dia m- ,pres- ,diam- ,pres- et]1sure et]1sure et]1sure et]1 sure et]1 sure ,9- ,fac- ,9- ,fac- ,9- ,fac- ,9- ,fac- ,9- ,fac- *es tor *es tor *es tor *es tor *es tor ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #ejj #c-a_/b #acb #f #ge #i #dh4g #ad #cj4e #a-a_/d #cie #c-c_/d #abc #f-a_/d #gb #i-a_/b #df4j #ad-a_/b #bi4d #a-a_/b #cbe #d #aae #f-a_/b #fi #aj #dc4e #ae #bh4c #a-c_/d #bgf #d-a_/d #ajh #f-c_/d #ff #aj-a_/b #da4c #ae-a_/b #bg4d #b #bdj #d-a_/b #aja #g #fd #aa #ci4c #af #bf4e #b-a_/d #bab #d-c_/d #if #g-a_/d #fa #aa-a_/b #cg4e #af-a_/b #be4f #b-a_/b #ahi #e #ia #g-a_/b #ei #ab #ce4i #ag #bd4h #b-c_/d #aga #e-a_/d #hf #g-c_/d #eg #ab-a_/b #cd4d #ag-a_/b #bd4a #c #aef #e-a_/b #hb #h #ee #ac #cc4j #ah #bc4d #c-a_/d #adc #e-c_/d #gh #h-a_/b #eb #ac-a_/b #ca4g 4444 4444 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assum+ t ,a area ( fitt$ surface2 a total all[ance 9 in*es2 ,p ultimate pressure requir$1 9 tons2 ,f pressure factor bas$ ^u assumption t ! diamet] ( ! hub is twice ! diamet] ( ! bore1 t ! %aft is ( ma*9e /eel1 & ! hub ( ca/ iron1 !n1 ,a x a x ,f ,p --------------- #b ,example3--,:at w be ! approximate pressure requir$ = =c+ a #d-;in* ma*9e /eel %aft hav+ an all[ance ( #j4jjhe in* into a ca/-iron hub #f in*es long8 ,a #d x #c4adaf x #f #ge4ci squ>e in*es2 ,f1 = a diamet] ( #d in*es1 #aae 7see table ( ,pressure ,factors74 ,!n1 ,p 7#ge4ci x #j4jjhe x #aae7_/b #cg tons1 approximately4 ,all[ance = ,giv5 ,pressure4--,by transpos+ ! prec$+ =mula1 ! approximate all[ance = a requir$ ultimate tonnage c be det]m9$4 ,?us1 a #b,p _/ ,,af4 ,! av]age ultimate pressure 9 tons commonly us$ ranges f #g to #aj times ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,assum+ t ! diamet] ( a ma*9e /eel %aft is #d in*es & an ultimate pressure ( ab\t #cj tons is desir$ = =c+ x into a ca/-iron hub hav+ a l5g? ( #e-a_/b in*es1 :at %\ld be ! all[ance8 ,a #d x #c4adaf x #e-a_/b #fi squ>e in*es1 ,f1 = a diamet] ( #d in*es1 #aae4 ,!n1 #b x #cj a -------- #j4jjge in*4 #fi x #aae ,%r9kage ,fits4--,:5 heat is appli$ to a piece ( metal1 su* z iron or /eel1 z is commonly kn[n1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( expansion takes place :i* increases z ! temp]ature is increas$1 & also v>ies some:at ) diff]5t k9ds ( metal1 copp] & brass exp&+ m = a giv5 increase 9 temp]ature ?an iron & /eel4 ,:5 any "p :i* has be5 exp&$ by ! application ( heat is cool$1 x contracts & resumes its orig9al size4 ,?is expansive prop]ty ( metals has be5 tak5 advantage ( by me*anics 9 assembl+ v>i\s ma*9e details4 ,a cyl9drical "p :i* is to be held 9 position by a %r9kage fit is fir/ turn$ a few ?\s&?s ( an in* l>g] ?an ! hole2 ! diamet] ( ! latt] is !n increas$ by heat+1 & aft] ! "p is ins]t$1 ! heat$ out] memb] is cool$1 caus+ x to grip ! p9 or %aft ) trem5d\s pressure4 ,g5]al practice seems to favor a small] all[ance = %r9kage fits ?an = =c$ fits1 al?\gh 9 _m %ops ! all[ances are practically ! same 9 ea* case1 & = "s classes ( "w1 %r9kage all[ances exce$ ^? = =c$ fits4 ,9 any case1 ! %r9kage all[ance v>ies to a great ext5t ) ! =m & con/ruction ( ! "p :i* has to be %runk into place4 ,! ?ickness or am\nt ( metal ar\nd ! hole is ! mo/ important factor4 ,! way 9 :i* ! metal is di/ribut$ also has an influ5ce on ! results4 ,%r9kage all[ances = locomotive driv+ :eel tires adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,railway ,ma/] ,me*anics ,association are z foll[s3 ,c5t] diamet]1 in*es #ch #dd #ej #ef #fb #ff ,all[ance1 in*es #j4jdj #j4jdg #j4jec #j4jfj #j4jff #j4jgj ,:e!r p>ts are to be assembl$ by =c$ or %r9kage fits dep5ds ^u conditions4 ,= example1 to press a driv+ :eel tire ov] its :eel c5t]1 )\t heat+1 w\ld ord9>ily be a r awkw>d & difficult job4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p9s1 etc41 are easily & quickly =c$ into place ) a hydraulic press & !re is ! additional advantage ( kn[+ ! exact pressure requir$ 9 assembl+1 :]eas !re is m or less unc]ta9ty connect$ ) a %r9kage fit1 unless ! /resses are calculat$4 ,te/s to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( %r9kage & =c$ fits %[$ t ! resi/ance ( a %r9kage fit to slippage 01 = an axial pull1 #c4ff times great] ?an t ( a =c$ fit1 & 9 rotation or torsion1 #c4b times great]4 ,9 ea* comp>ative te/1 ! dim5sions & all[ances 7 ! same4 ,! mo/ important po9t to consid] :5 calculat+ %r9kage fits is ! /ress 9 ! hub at ! bore1 :i* dep5ds *iefly ^u ! %r9kage all[ance4 ,if ! all[ance is excessive1 ! ela/ic limit ( ! mat]ial w be exce$$ & p]man5t set w occur1 or1 9 extreme cases1 ! ultimate /r5g? ( ! metal w be exce$$ & ! hub w bur/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,?read ,,cutt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,la! ,:5 ?reads are cut 9 ! la! a tool t is us$ 7see ,fig4 #b71 hav+ a po9t correspond+ to ! %ape ( ! ?read1 & ! c>riage is mov$ along ! b$ a c]ta9 di/ance = ea* revolution ( ! "w 7! di/ance dep5d+ on ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* be+ cut7 by ! lead-screw ,s :i* is rotat$ by ge>s a1 b & c1 :i* receive _! motion f ! sp9dle4 ,z ! am\nt t ! c>riage travels p] revolution ( ! "w1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* t is cut1 dep5ds on ! size ( ! ge>s a & c 7call$ *ange ge>s7 ! latt] h to be *ang$ = cutt+ diff]5t ?reads4 ,! prop] *ange ge>s to use = cutt+ a giv5 numb] ( ?reads to ! in* is ord9>ily det]m9$ by ref]r+ to a table or index plate ,i :i* %[s :at ! size ( ge>s a & c %\ld be1 or ! numb] ( tee? ea* %\ld h1 = cutt+ any giv5 numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,measur+ ,numb] ( ,?reads p] ,in*--,sett+ ,?read ,tool ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,plan & ,elevations ( ,eng9e ,la! ,select+ ! ,*ange ,ge>s = ,?read ,cutt+4--,suppose a ,v-?read is to be cut on ! end ( ! bolt ,b1 ,fig4 #b1 hav+ a diamet] ( #a-a_/d in* & sev5 ?reads p] in* ( l5g?1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* is ! /&>d numb] ( ?reads p] in* = t diamet]4 ,fir/ ! *ange ge>s to use are f\nd on plate ,i :i* is %[n enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is plate has ?ree columns3 ,! fir/ conta9s diff]5t numb]s ( ?reads to ! in*1 ! second ! size ge> to place on ! sp9dle or /ud at a 7,fig4 #b7 = diff]5t ?reads1 & ! ?ird ! size ( ge> c = ! lead-screw4 ,z ! ?read select$ z an example has #g ?reads p] in*1 ge> a %\ld h #dh tee?1 ?is be+ ! numb] giv5 9 ! second column opposite figure #g 9 ! fir/4 ,by ref]r+ to ! la/ column1 we f9d t ! lead-screw ge> %\ld h #hd tee?4 ,^! ge>s are select$ f an assortm5t provid$ ) ! la! & !y are plac$ on ! sp9dle & lead-screw1 respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,index ,plate %[+ ,ge> ,*anges = ,?read+ ,int]m$iate ge> b does n ne$ to be *ang$ z x is simply an idl] = connect+ ge>s a & c4 ,ge> b is m\nt$ on a sw++ yoke ,y s t x c be adju/$ to me% prop]ly ) diff]5t ge> comb9ations2 aft] ?is adju/m5t is made1 ! la! is ge>$ = cutt+ #g ?reads to ! in*4 7,! *ange ge>s ( _m mod]n la!s are s arrang$ t diff]5t comb9ations are obta9$ by simply %ift+ a lev]4 ,a la! hav+ ?is quick-*ange ge> me*anism is describ$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is *apt]47 ,! "w ,b is plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s j z x w\ld be = turn+1 ) ! end to be ?read$ turn$ to a diamet] ( #a-a_/d in*1 :i* is ! outside diamet] ( ! ?read4 ,! ,?read ,tool4--,! =m ( tool us$ = cutt+ a ,v-?read is %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! end is gr\nd ,v-%ap$ & to an angle ( #fj degrees1 :i* corresponds to ! angle ( a /&>d ,v-?read4 ,! front or flank1 f ( ! tool is gr\nd back at an angle to provide cle>ance1 b ! top is left flat or )\t slope4 ,z x is v important to gr9d ! end to exactly #fj degrees1 a gage ,g is us$1 hav+ #fj-;degree not*es to :i* ! tool-po9t is fitt$4 ,! tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ z %[n 9 ! plan view1 ,fig4 #b1 squ>e ) ! "w1 s t bo? sides ( ! ?read w be cut to ! same angle ) ! axis ( ! "w4 ,a v conv5i5t way to set a ?read tool squ>e is illu/rat$ at ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ?read gage is plac$ aga9/ ! "p to be ?read$1 z %[n1 & ! tool is adju/$ until ! angul> sides ( ! po9t be> ev5ly 9 ! #fj-;degree not* ( ! gage4 ,! top ( ! tool po9t %\ld be at ! same height z ! la! c5t]s1 z o!rwise ! angle ( ! ?read w n be correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,?read ,tools & ,gage = te/+ ,angle ( ,end ,cutt+ ! ,?read4--,! la! is n[ ready = cutt+ ! ?read4 ,?is is done by tak+ sev]al cuts1 z indicat$ at ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! tool be+ f$ 9 a little f>!r = ea* successive cut until ! ?read is f9i%$4 ,:5 ^! cuts are be+ tak51 ! c>riage is mov$ along ! b$1 z previ\sly expla9$1 by ! lead-screw ,s1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! c>riage is engag$ ) ! lead-screw by turn+ lev] u :i* causes ! halves ( a split nut to close ar\nd ! screw4 ,! way a la! is h&l$ :5 cutt+ a ?read is z foll[s3 ,aft] ! la! is />t$1 ! c>riage is mov$ until ! tool-po9t is slightly beyond ! "r end ( ! "w1 & ! tool is f$ 9 f> en\gh to take ! fir/ cut :i*1 ord9>ily1 w\ld be ab\t #a_/af in* deep4 ,! c>riage is !n engag$ ) ! lead-screw1 by op]at+ lev] u1 & ! tool moves to ! left 79 ?is case #a_/g in* = ea* revolution ( ! "w7 & cuts a w9d+ groove z at ,a1 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! tool has travel$ z f> z ! ?read is want$1 x is )drawn by a quick turn ( cross-slide h&le e1 & ! c>riage is return$ to ! />t+ po9t = ano!r cut4 ,! tool is !n f$ 9 a little f>!r & a second cut is tak5 z at ,b1 ,fig4 #e1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ z at ,c & ,d until a full ?read is cut or until ! top ( ! ?read is %>p4 ,! ?read is !n te/$ = size b be=e ref]r+ to ?is "p ( ! "w1 ! way ! c>riage is return$ to ! />t+ po9t aft] ea* cut %\ld be expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,?read is =m$ by tak+ a ,numb] ( ,successive ,cuts ,:5 ! tool is )drawn at ! end ( ! fir/ cut1 if ! c>riage is dis5gag$ f ! lead-screw & return$ by h&1 ! tool may or may n foll[ ! fir/ cut :5 ! c>riage is aga9 engag$ ) ! lead-screw4 ,if ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* be+ cut is a multiple ( ! numb] on ! lead-screw ,s1 !n ! c>riage c be return$ by h& & engag$ ) ! lead-screw at r&om & ! tool w foll[ ! fir/ cut4 ,= example1 if ! lead-screw has six ?reads p] in*1 & #f1 #ab1 #ah or any numb] ( ?reads is be+ cut t is a multiple ( six1 ! c>riage c be engag$ at any "t & ! tool w always foll[ ! orig9al cut4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 :5 ! numb] ( ?reads be+ cut is n a multiple ( ! numb] on ! lead-screw4 ,"o me?od ( br++ ! c>riage back to ! />t+ po9t1 :5 cutt+ ?reads :i* are n multiples1 is to rev]se ! la! 7by %ift+ ! ov]head driv+ belts7 9 ord] to br+ ! tool back to ! />t+ po9t )\t dis5gag+ ! c>riage2 9 ?is way ! tool is kept 9 ! same relation to ! "w1 & ! c>riage is n dis5gag$ f ! lead-screw until ! ?read is f9i%$4 ,?is is a good me?od :5 cutt+ %ort ?reads hav+ a l5g? ( say two or ?ree in*es2 b :5 !y are long]1 & especially :5 ! diamet] is comp>atively l>ge 7:i* means a sl[] spe$71 x is r sl[ z consid]able "t is wa/$ :ile ! tool is mov+ back to its />t+ po9t4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! c>riage is mov$ sl[ly by ! lead-screw1 b :5 dis5gag$1 x c be trav]s$ quickly by turn+ h&le d1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a me?od ( return+ ! c>riage by h& :5 ! numb] ( ?reads be+ cut is n a multiple ( ! numb] on ! lead-screw is z foll[s3 ,! tool is mov$ a little beyond ! "r end ( ! "w & ! c>riage or split nut is engag$ ) ! lead-screw4 ,! la! is !n turn$ =w>d by h& to take up any lo/ motion1 & a l9e is made on ! la! b$ %[+ ! position ( ! c>riage4 ,! positions ( ! sp9dle & lead-screw are also m>k$ by *alk+ a too? on bo? ! sp9dle & lead-screw ge>s1 :i* happ5s to be opposite a corn] or o!r po9t on ! b$4 ,aft] a cut is tak51 ! c>riage is return$ by h& to ! orig9al />t+ po9t z %[n by ! l9e on ! b$1 & is aga9 engag$ :5 ! *alk m>ks %[ t ! sp9dle & lead-screw are 9 _! orig9al position2 ! tool w !n foll[ ! fir/ cut4 ,if ! body ( ! tail/ock is mov$ aga9/ ! bridge ( ! c>riage be=e />t+ ! fir/ cut1 ! c>riage c be locat$ = ea* foll[+ cut by mov+ x back aga9/ ! tail/ock1 & x w n be necess>y to h a l9e on ! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,indicator us$ :5 ,cutt+ ,?reads ,indicator or ,*as+ ,dial = ,cat*+ ,?reads4--,on "s la!s !re is an indicator = cat*+ ?reads1 z ?is is call$ 9 %op language4 ,?is is a simple device atta*$ to ! c>riage & consi/s ( a graduat$ dial ,d & a worm-:eel ,w 7see ,figs4 #b & #f7 :i* me%es ) ! lead-screw1 s t ! dial is revolv$ by ! lead-screw :5 ! c>riage is /ation>y1 & :5 ! c>riage is mov$ by ! screw1 ! dial rema9s /ation>y4 ,! indicator is us$ by engag+ ! c>riage :5 "o ( ! graduation l9es is opposite ! arr[ m>k2 aft] a cut is tak5 ! c>riage is return$ by h& & :5 "o ( ! graduation l9es aga9 moves opposite ! arr[1 ! half-nuts are ?r[n into me%1 z be=e1 & ?is is repeat$ = ea* successive cut1 ?us caus+ ! tool to always come "r ) ! ?read4 ,if ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* is ev51 engagem5t c be made :5 any l9e is opposite ! arr[1 b = odd numb]s su* z #c1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 etc41 "o ( ! f\r long or numb]$ l9es mu/ be us$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! ?read be+ cut is a multiple ( ! numb] on ! lead-screw1 engagem5t c be made at any "t1 z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,?read ,indicator4--,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! ?read indicator op]ates is z foll[s3 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 worm-:eel ,w is "s multiple ( ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* ( ! lead-screw1 & ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! worm-:eel1 divid$ by ! pit* ( ! screw1 equals ! numb] ( graduations on ! dial4 ,= example1 if ! lead-screw has six ?reads p] in*1 ! worm-:eel c\ld h tw5ty-f\r tee?1 9 :i* case ! dial w\ld h f\r divisions1 ea* repres5t+ an in* ( c>riage travel1 & by sub-divid+ ! dial into eigh?s 7z %[n7 ea* l9e w\ld correspond to #a_/b in* ( travel4 ,! dial1 !re=e1 w\ld enable ! c>riage to be engag$ ) ! lead-screw at po9ts equal to a travel ( "o-half in*4 ,to illu/rate ! advantage ( ?is suppose t5 ?reads p] in* are be+ cut & 7) ! la! /ation>y7 ! c>riage is dis5gag$ & mov$ #a_/f in* or "o ?read on ! lead-screw2 ! tool po9t w also h mov$ #a_/f in*1 b x w n be opposite ! next ?read groove 9 ! "w z ! pit* is #a_/aj in*4 ,if ! c>riage is mov$ ano!r ?read on ! lead-screw1 or #b_/f in*1 ! tool w /ill be out ( l9e ) ! ?read on ! "w1 b :5 x has mov$ ?ree ?reads1 or #a_/b in*1 ! tool w !n co9cide ) ! orig9al cut because x has pass$ ov] exactly five ?reads4 ,?is w\ld be true = any numb] ( ?reads p] in* t is divisible by #b4 ,if ! ?read be+ cut _h n9e ?reads p] in* or any o!r odd numb]1 ! tool w\ld only co9cide ) ! ?read at po9ts #a in* ap>t4 ,!re=e1 ! c>riage c only be engag$ :5 "o ( ! f\r graduations repres5t+ an in* ( travel is opposite ! arr[1 :5 cutt+ odd ?reads2 :]eas ev5 numb]s c be caught by us+ any "o ( ! eight l9es4 ,?is indicator c also be us$ = cat*+ fractional ?reads4 ,z an illu/ration1 suppose #aa-a_/b ?reads p] in* are to be cut1 & ! c>riage is engag$ = ! fir/ cut :5 graduation l9e #a is opposite ! arr[2 engagem5t w\ld !n be made = ea* successive cut1 :5 ei!r l9e #a or #c 7 opposite ! arr[1 or 9 o!r words at spaces equal to a c>riage movem5t ( #b in*es4 ,z ! use ( ! indicator :5 cutt+ fractional ?reads is liable to result 9 error1 x is bett] to keep ! half-nuts 9 engagem5t & return ! c>riage by rev]s+ ! la!4 ,replac+ ,%>p5$ ,?read ,tool4--,if x is necess>y to %>p5 ! ?read tool be=e ! ?read is f9i%$1 x %\ld be reset squ>e ) ! "w by te/+ ) ! ?read gage z at ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! c>riage is !n engag$ ) ! lead-screw & ! la! is turn$ =w>d to br+ ! tool opposite ! p>tly f9i%$ ?read & also to take up any backla% or lo/ motion 9 ! ge>s or half-nut4 ,if ! tool-po9t is n 9 l9e ) ! ?read groove previ\sly cut1 x c be %ift$ sidewise by fe$+ ! comp\nd re/ ,e 9 or out1 provid$ ! latt] is set 9 an angul> position z %[n 9 ! plan view1 ,fig4 #b4 ,if ! ?read tool is gr\nd flat on ! top z at ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 x is n a good tool = remov+ metal rapidly z nei!r ( its two cutt+ edges has any slope4 ,9 ord] to give ea* cutt+ edge a backw>d slope1 x w\ld be necess>y to gr9d ! top surface holl[ or concave1 :i* w\ld be impracticable4 ,:5 a c\rse ?read is to be cut1 a tool %ap$ z at ,b c be us$ to advantage = r\gh turn+ ! ?read groove1 :i* is aft]w>d f9i%$ to ! correct dep? & angle by tool ,a4 ,?is r\gh+ tool is gr\nd ) a backw>d slope f ! po9t & ! latt] is r\nd$ to make x /rong]4 ,use ( ,comp\nd ,re/ = ,?read ,cutt+4--,ano!r =m ( ?read tool is %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #g1 :i* is v good = cutt+ ,v-?reads especially ( co>se pit*4 ,:5 ?is tool is us$1 ! comp\nd re/ ,e is set to an angle ( #cj degrees1 z %[n1 & x is f$ 9 = ! successive cuts by h&le w 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,x w be se5 t ! po9t a ( ! tool moves at an angle ( #fj degrees ) ! axis ( ! "w1 ?us =m+ "o side ( ! ?read1 & ! cutt+ edge a--b1 :i* c be set z %[n at ,b1 =ms ! opposite side & does all ! cutt+4 ,z ?is edge is giv5 a backw>d slope1 z %[n1 x cuts easily & enables ?read+ op]ations to be p]=m$ quickly4 ,?reads cut 9 ?is way are (t5 f9i%$ by tak+ a light cut ) a regul> ?read tool4 ,! cutt+ edge a--b is gr\nd to an angle ( #fj degrees 7or slightly less1 if any?+7 ) ! side1 z %[n by sket* ,a4 ,:5 cutt+ ?reads 9 /eel or wr\ght iron1 "s sort ( lubricant is usually appli$ to ! tool to pres]ve ! cutt+ end & give a smoo? f9i% to ! ?read4 ,l>d oil or a mixture ( equal p>ts ( l>d oil & p>aff9 oil are (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,if ! ?read is small1 ! lubricant may be appli$ f an ord9>y oil c1 b :5 cutt+ comp>atively l>ge ?reads1 x is bett] to h a /ream ( oil con/antly play+ ^u ! tool-po9t4 ,?is con/ant fl[ may be obta9$ by m\nt+ a c hav+ a sp\t lead+ to ! tool1 on a bracket at ! re> ( ! c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,cutt+ ,?read by us+ ,comp\nd ,re/ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 7,a7 ,v-?read4 7,b7 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,?read4 7,c7 ,squ>e ,?read4 7,d7 ,left-h& ,?read4 7,e7 ,d\ble ,squ>e ,?read4 7,f7 ,triple ,squ>e ,?read ,?reads ,commonly ,us$4--,?ree =ms ( ?reads or screws :i* are 9 common use are %[n 9 ,fig4 #h2 ^! are ! ,v-?read 7,a71 ! ,u4 ,s4 /&>d 7,b71 & ! squ>e ?read 7,c74 ,! %apes ( ^! ?reads are %[n by ! section$ p>ts4 ,! ,v-?read has /raight sides :i* incl9e at an angle ( #fj degrees ) ea* o!r & at ! same angle ) ! axis ( ! screw4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read is simil> to ! ,v-?read except t ! top ( ! ?read & bottom ( ! groove is left flat1 z %[n1 & ! wid? ( ^! flats is made equal to #a_/h ( ! pit*4 ,! squ>e ?read is squ>e 9 section1 ! wid? a1 dep? b & space c be+ all equal4 ,all ( ^! ?reads are "r-h&1 :i* means t ! grooves w9d ar\nd to ! "r s t a nut w h to be turn$ t[>d ! "r to ent] x on ! ?read4 ,a left-h& ?read w9ds 9 ! o!r direction1 z %[n at ,d1 & a nut is screw$ on by turn+ x to ! left4 ,multiple ,?reads4--,?reads1 9 addition to be+ "r-& left-h&$1 are s+le1 z at ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d1 d\ble1 z at ,e1 & triple1 z at ,f1 & = c]ta9 purposes quadruple ?reads or ^? ( a high] multiple are employ$4 ,a d\ble ?read is diff]5t f a s+le ?read 9 t x has two grooves1 />t+ diametrically opposite1 :]eas a triple ?read has ?ree grooves cut z %[n at ,f4 ,! object ( ^! multiple ?reads is to obta9 an increase 9 lead )\t weak5+ ! screw4 ,= example1 ! ?reads %[n at ,c & ,e h ! same pit* p b ! lead l ( ! d\ble-?read$ screw is twice t ( ! "o ) a s+le ?read s t a nut w\ld advance twice z f> 9 "o revolution1 :i* is (t5 a v desirable feature4 ,to obta9 ! same lead ) a s+le ?read1 ! pit* w\ld h to be d\ble1 ?us giv+ a mu* co>s] ?read1 :i* w\ld weak5 ! screw1 unless its diamet] 7 increas$4 7,! lead is ! di/ance l t "o ?read advances 9 a s+le turn1 or ! di/ance t a nut w\ld advance 9 "o turn1 & x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! pit* p1 :i* is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( adjac5t ?reads4 ,obvi\sly ! lead & pit* ( a s+le ?read are ! same47 ,cutt+ a ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,?read4--,! me?od ( cutt+ a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read is ! same z describ$ = a ,v-?read1 s f> z h&l+ ! la! is conc]n$4 ,! ?read tool mu/ correspond1 ( c\rse1 to ! %ape ( a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read4 ,?is tool is fir/ gr\nd to an angle ( #fj degrees1 z x w\ld be = cutt+ a ,v-?read1 & !n ! po9t is made flat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,z w be recall$1 ! wid? ( ?is flat %\ld be equal to #a_/h ( ! pit*4 ,by us+ a gage l ! "o %[n at ,g1 ! tool c easily be gr\nd = any pit*1 z ! not*es ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! gage are m>k$ = diff]5t pit*es & ! tool-po9t is fitt$ into ! not* correspond+ to ! pit* want$4 ,if su* a gage is n available1 ! wid? ( ! flat at ! po9t c be te/$ by us+1 z a gage1 a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d tap ( ! same pit* z ! ?read to be cut4 ,:5 cutt+ ! ?read1 ! tool is set squ>e ) ! blank1 & a numb] ( successive cuts are tak51 ! tool be+ f$ 9 until ! wid? w ( ! flat at ! top ( ! ?read is equal to ! wid? at ! bottom4 ,! ?read w !n be ! "r size provid$ ! outside diamet] ,d is correct & ! tool is ( ! correct =m4 ,z x w\ld be difficult to measure ! wid? ( ?is flat accurately1 ! ?read c be te/$ by screw+ a /&>d nut ov] x if a /&>d ?read is be+ cut4 ,if x is be+ fitt$ to a tapp$ hole1 ! tap itself is a v conv5i5t gage to use1 ! me?od be+ to calip] ! tap & !n comp>e its size ) ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,?read1 ,?read ,tool1 & ,gage ,a good me?od ( cutt+ a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read to a giv5 size is z foll[s3 ,fir/ turn ! outside ( ! blank accurately to diamet] ,d1 & !n turn a small "p ( ! end to diamet] r ( ! ?read at ! root4 ,! f9i%+ cut = ! ?read is !n tak5 ) ! tool po9t set to j graze diamet] r4 ,if ord9>y calip]s 7 set to diamet] r & measurem5ts tak5 9 ! ?read groove1 ! size w\ld be incorrect ow+ to ! angul>ity ( ! groove1 :i* makes x necess>y to hold ! calip]s at an angle :5 measur+4 ,to det]m9e ! root diamet] divide #a4bii by ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* & subtract ! quoti5t f ! outside diamet]4 ,express+ ?is rule z a =mula1 _/#a4bii r ,d - 7 ----- 7 ,n _/ 9 :i* ,d equals outside diamet]2 ,n1 ! numb] ( ?reads p] in*2 & r1 ! root diamet]4 ,! numb] #a4bii is a con/ant t is always us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,end ,view ( ,la! ,head/ock ,cutt+ a ,left-h& ,?read4--,! only diff]5ce betwe5 cutt+ left-h& & "r-h& ?reads 9 ! la! is 9 ! movem5t ( ! tool ) relation to ! "w4 ,:5 cutt+ a "r-h& ?read1 ! tool moves f "r to left1 b ?is movem5t is rev]s$ = left-h& ?reads because ! ?read w9ds ar\nd 9 ! opposite direction4 ,to make ! c>riage travel f left to "r1 ! lead-screw is rotat$ backw>ds by means ( rev]s+ ge>s a & b 7,fig4 #aj7 locat$ 9 ! head/ock4 ,ei!r ( ^! ge>s c be engag$ ) ! sp9dle ge> by *ang+ ! position ( lev] ,r4 ,:5 ge> a is 9 engagem5t1 z %[n1 ! drive f ! sp9dle to ge> c is ?r\gh ge>s a & b1 b :5 lev] ,r is rais$ ?us %ift+ b into me%1 ! drive is direct & ! direction ( rotation is rev]s$4 ,! ?read is cut by />t+ ! tool at a1 ,fig4 #h1 in/ead ( at ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,end ( ,squ>e ,?read ,tool1 & ,graphic ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,helix ,angle ( ,?read ,cutt+ a ,squ>e ,?read4--,! =m ( tool us$ = cutt+ a squ>e ?read is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! wid? w is made equal to "o-half ! pit* ( ! ?read to be cut & ! end ,e is at an angle ) ! %ank1 :i* corresponds to ! incl9ation x--y ( ! ?reads4 ,?is angle ,a dep5ds ^u ! diamet] ( ! screw & ! lead ( ! ?read2 x c be det]m9$ graphically by draw+ a l9e a--b equal 9 l5g? to ! circumf]5ce ( ! screw to be cut1 & a l9e b--c1 at "r angles1 equal 9 l5g? to ! lead ( ! ?read4 ,! angle alpha betwe5 l9es a--b & a--c w be ! requir$ angle ,a4 7,see end view ( ?read tool74 ,x is n necess>y to h ?is angle accurate1 ord9>ily1 z x is simply to prev5t ! tool f b9d+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! ?read4 ,! end ( a squ>e ?read tool is %[n 9 section to ! "r1 to illu/rate its position ) relation to ! ?reads4 ,! sides e & e#a are gr\nd to slope inw>d1 z %[n1 to provide additional cle>ance4 ,:5 cutt+ multiple ?reads1 :i*1 ow+ to _! increas$ lead1 incl9e consid]ably ) ! axis ( ! screw1 ! angles = ea* side ( ! tool c be det]m9$ indep5d5tly z foll[s3 ,draw l9e a--b equal 9 l5g? to ! circumf]5ce ( ! ?read1 z be=e1 to obta9 ! requir$ angle f ( ! re> or foll[+ side e#a2 ! angle l ( ! opposite or lead+ side is f\nd by mak+ a--b equal to ! circumf]5ce at ! root ( ! ?read4 ,! tool illu/rat$ is = cutt+ "r-h& ?reads2 if x 7 int5d$ = a left-h& ?read1 ! end1 ( c\rse1 w\ld incl9e 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! squ>e ?read is cut s t ! dep? d is equal to ! wid?4 ,:5 ?read+ a nut = a squ>e ?read screw1 x is ! usual practice to use a tool hav+ a wid? slightly great] ?an "o-half ! pit*1 to provide cle>ance = ! screw1 & ! wid? ( a tool = ?read+ squ>e-?read taps to be us$ = tapp+ nuts is made slightly less ?an "o-half ! pit*4 ,cutt+ ,multiple ,?reads4--,:5 a multiple ?read is to be cut1 su* z a d\ble or triple ?read1 ! la! is ge>$ ) ref]5ce to ! numb] ( s+le ?reads to ! in*4 ,= example1 ! lead ( ! d\ble ?read1 %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ab1 is "o-half in*1 or twice ! pit*1 & ! numb] ( s+le ?reads to ! in* equals #a _/ #a_/b #b4 ,!re=e1 ! la! is ge>$ = cutt+ two ?reads p] in*4 ,! fir/ cut is tak5 j z ?\gh a s+le ?read 7 be+ cut1 leav+ ! "w z %[n at ,a4 ,:5 ?is cut is f9i%$ ! "w is turn$ "o-half a revolution 7= a d\ble ?read7 )\t di/urb+ ! position ( ! lead-screw or c>riage1 :i* br+s ! tool midway betwe5 ! grooves ( ! s+le ?read z indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! second groove is !n cut1 produc+ a d\ble ?read z %[n at ,b4 ,9 ! case ( a triple ?read1 ! "w w\ld be index$ "o-?ird ( a revolution aft] turn+ ! fir/ groove1 & !n ano!r ?ird revolution to locate ! tool = cutt+ ! la/ groove4 ,simil>ly1 = a quadruple ?read1 x w\ld be turn$ "o-qu>t] revolution aft] cutt+ ea* successive groove or ?read4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( index+ ! "w :5 cutt+ multiple ?reads1 9 ord] to locate ! tool 9 ! prop] position = cutt+ ano!r ?read groove4 ,"s ma*9i/s1 :5 cutt+ a d\ble ?read1 simply remove ! "w f ! la! & turn x "o-half a revolution by plac+ ! tail ( ! driv+ dog 9 ! opposite slot ( ! faceplate4 ,?is is a v simple me?od1 b if ! slots are n directly opposite or #ahj degrees ap>t1 ! la/ ?read w n be c5tral ) ! fir/4 ,ano!r & bett] me?od is to dis5gage ! idl] ge> f ! ge> on ! /ud1 turn ! sp9dle & "w "o-half1 or "o-?ird1 ( a revolution1 z ! case might be1 & !n connect ! ge>s4 ,= example1 if ! /ud ge> _h #if tee?1 ! too? me%+ ) ! idl] ge> w\ld be m>k$ ) *alk1 ! ge>s dis5gag$1 & ! sp9dle turn$ until ! *alk$ too? _h made ! requir$ "p ( a revolution1 :i* c\ld be det]m9$ by c\nt+ ! tee?4 ,:5 ?is me?od is us$1 ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! /ud ge> mu/ be ev5ly divisible by two if a d\ble ?read is be+ cut1 or by ?ree = a triple ?read1 etc4 ,if ! /ud is n ge>$ to ! sp9dle s t ea* makes ! same numb] ( revolutions1 ! ratio ( ! ge>+ mu/ be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,views illu/rat+ h[ a ,d\ble ,squ>e ,?read is ,cut ,sett+ ,tool ,:5 ,cutt+ ,multiple ,?reads4--,ano!r me?od1 :i* c sometimes be us$ = sett+ ! tool aft] cutt+ ! fir/ groove ( a multiple ?read1 is to dis5gage ! lock-nuts f ! lead-screw 7:ile ! sp9dle is /ation>y7 & move ! c>riage back :atev] di/ance is requir$ to locate ! tool 9 ! prop] position = tak+ ! second cut4 ,evid5tly ?is di/ance mu/ n only locate ! tool 9 ! "r place1 b be su* t ! lock-nuts c be re-engag$ ) ! lead-screw4 ,beg9n+ ) a simple illu/ration1 suppose a d\ble ?read is be+ cut hav+ a lead ( #a in*4 ,aft] ! fir/ ?read groove is cut1 ! tool c be set 9 a c5tral position = tak+ ! second cut1 by simply mov+ ! c>riage back #a_/b in* 7"o-half ! lead71 or #a_/b in* plus ! lead or any multiple ( ! lead4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! ?read$ "p 7 #e in*es1 ! tool w\ld be mov$ back f> en\gh to cle> ! end ( ! "w1 or say #a_/b #e #e-a_/b in*es4 ,9 ord] to dis5gage ! lock-nuts & re-engage !m aft] mov+ ! c>riage #e-a_/b in*es 7or any di/ance equal1 9 ?is case1 to "o-half plus a :ole numb]71 ! lead-screw mu/ h an ev5 numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,assume t a d\ble ?read is be+ cut hav+ #a-a_/d s+le ?reads p] in*4 ,! lead !n w\ld equal #a _/ #a-a_/d #j4h in*1 & if ! c>riage is mov$ back #j4h _/ #b #j4d in*1 ! tool w be prop]ly locat$ = ! second cut2 b ! lock-nuts c\ld n be re-engag$ unless ! lead-screw _h t5 ?reads p] in*1 :i* is f9] ?an ! pit* f\nd on ! lead-screws ( ord9>y eng9e la!s4 ,h[ev]1 if ! movem5t 7 #j4d #j4h x #b #b in*es1 ! lock-nuts c\ld be re-engag$ reg>dless ( ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* on ! lead-screw4 ,! rule !n1 is z foll[s3 ,divide ! lead ( ! ?read by #b = a d\ble ?read1 #c = a triple ?read1 #d = a quadruple ?read1 etc41 ?us obta9+ ! pit*2 !n add ! pit* to any multiple ( ! lead1 :i* w give a movem5t1 9 in*es1 t w enable ! lock-nuts to be re-engag$ ) ! lead-screw4 ,:5ev] ! numb] obta9$ by ?is rule is a :ole numb]1 obvi\sly1 ! movem5t c be obta9$ ) a lead-screw ( any pit*4 ,if ! numb] is fractional1 ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* on ! lead-screw mu/ be divisible by ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction4 ,to illu/rate ! application ( ! =ego+ rule1 suppose a quadruple ?read is to be cut hav+ #a-a_/b s+le ?reads p] in* 7:i* w\ld be ! numb] ! la! w\ld be ge>$ to cut74 ,!n ! lead ( ! ?read #a _/ #a-a_/b #j4ffff in* & ! pit* #j4ffff _/ #d #j4afff in*2 add+ ! pit* to twice ! lead we h #j4afff #b x #j4ffff #a4dii in*4 ,h5ce1 if ! c>riage is mov$ #a-a_/b in* 7:i* w require a lead-screw hav+ an ev5 numb] ( ?reads p] in*71 ! tool w be locat$ accurately en\gh = practical purposes4 ,:5 ! tool is set 9 ?is way1 if x does n cle> ! end ( ! "p be+ ?read$1 ! la! c be turn$ backw>d to place ! tool 9 ! prop] position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,index+ ,faceplate us$ = ,multiple ,?read ,cutt+ ,! =ego+ rule1 z appli$ to triple ?reads or ^? ( a high] numb]1 does n always give ! only di/ance t ! c>riage c be mov$4 ,to illu/rate1 9 ! prec$+ example ! c>riage movem5t c\ld be equal to #j4dii1 or :at is practically "o-half in*1 in/ead ( #a-a_/b in*1 & ! tool w\ld be prop]ly locat$4 ,! rule1 h[ev]1 has ! m]it ( simplicity & c be us$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,special faceplates are sometimes us$ = multiple ?read cutt+1 t enable "w to be easily & accurately index$4 ,"o ( ^! is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac2 x consi/s ( two p>ts ,a & ,b1 "p ,a be+ free to rotate 9 relation to ,b :5 bolts ,c are loos5$4 ,! driv+ p9 = ! la! dog is atta*$ to plate ,a4 ,:5 "o groove ( a multiple ?read is f9i%$1 bolts ,c are loos5$ & plate ,a is turn$ ar\nd an am\nt correspond+ to ! type ( ?read be+ cut4 ,! p]iph]y ( plate ,a is graduat$ 9 degrees1 z %[n1 & = a d\ble ?read x w\ld be turn$ "o-half revolution or #ahj degrees1 = a triple ?read1 #abj degrees1 etc4 ,?is is a v good arrangem5t :]e multiple ?read cutt+ is done frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,correct & ,incorrect ,positions ( ,tool = ,tap] ,?read ,cutt+ ,tap] ,?read+4--,:5 a tap] ?read is to be cut1 ! tool %\ld be set squ>e ) axis a--a z at ,a1 ,fig4 #ad1 & n by ! tap]+ surface z at ,b4 ,if !re is a cyl9drical "p1 ! tool c be set z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,all tap] ?reads %\ld be cut by ! use ( tap] atta*m5ts4 ,if ! tail/ock is set ov] to get ! requir$ tap]1 & an ord9>y b5t-tail dog is us$ = driv+1 ! curve ( ! ?read w n be true1 or 9 o!r words ! ?read w n advance at a uni=m rate2 ?is is ref]r$ to by ma*9i/s z a drunk5 ?read4 ,?is error 9 ! ?read is due to ! angul>ity betwe5 ! driv+ dog & ! faceplate1 :i* causes ! "w to be rotat$ at a v>y+ velocity4 ,! pit* ( a tap] ?read t is cut ) ! tail/ock set ov] w also be slightly f9] ?an ! pit* = :i* ! la! is ge>$4 ,! am\nt ( ^! errors dep5ds ^u ! angle ( ! tap] & ! di/ance t ! c5t] mu/ be (fset4 ,int]nal ,?read+4--,int]nal ?read+1 or cutt+ ?reads 9 holes1 is an op]ation p]=m$ on "w held 9 ! *uck or on a faceplate1 z = bor+4 ,! tool us$ is simil> to a bor+ tool except t ! work+ end is %ap$ to con=m to ! ?read to be cut4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure1 :5 cutt+ an int]nal ?read1 is simil> to t = outside "w1 z f> z h&l+ ! la! is conc]n$4 ,! hole to be ?read$ is fir/ bor$ to ! root diamet] ,d1 ,fig4 #ae1 ( ! screw t is to fit into x4 ,! tool-po9t 7( a tool = a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d or ,v-?read7 is !n set squ>e by hold+ a gage ,g aga9/ ! true side ( ! "w & adju/+ ! po9t to fit ! not* 9 ! gage z %[n4 ,! view to ! "r %[s ! tool tak+ ! fir/ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,me?od ( sett+ & us+ ,inside ,?read ,tool ,v (t5 ! size ( a ?read$ hole c be te/$ by us+ z a gage ! ?read$ "p t is to fit into x4 ,:5 mak+ su* a te/1 ! tool is1 ( c\rse1 mov$ back out ( ! way4 ,x is r difficult to cut an accurate ?read 9 a small hole1 especially :5 ! hole is q deep1 ow+ to ! flexibility ( ! tool2 = ?is reason ?reads are sometimes cut slightly "u size ) ! tool1 aft] :i* a tap ) its %ank end held /raight by ! tail/ock c5t] is run ?r\gh ! hole4 ,9 su* a case1 ! tap %\ld be calip]$ & ! ?read made j small en\gh ) ! tool to give ! tap a light cut4 ,small squ>e-?read$ holes are (t5 f9i%$ 9 ?is way1 & if a numb] ( pieces are to be ?read$1 ! use ( a tap makes ! holes uni=m 9 size4 ,/op = ,?read ,tools4--,:5 cutt+ a ?read1 x is r difficult to fe$ 9 ! tool j ! "r am\nt = ea* successive cut1 because ! tool is mov$ 9 be=e x fe$s up to ! "w4 ,a /op is sometimes us$ = ?read+ :i* ov]comes ?is difficulty4 ,?is /op consi/s ( a screw ,s1 ,fig4 #af1 :i* ent]s ! tool slide & passes ?r\gh a block ,b clamp$ 9 front ( ! slide4 ,! hole 9 ! block ?r\gh :i* ! /op-screw passes is n ?read$1 b is l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! screw to move freely4 ,:5 cutt+ a ?read1 ! tool is set = ! fir/ cut & ! screw is adju/$ until ! head is aga9/ ! fix$ block4 ,aft] tak+ ! fir/ cut1 ! /op-screw is back$ out1 say "o-half revolution1 :i* all[s ! tool to be f$ 9 f> en\gh = a second cut4 ,if ?is cut is ab\t "r = dep?1 ! screw is aga9 turn$ ab\t "o-half revolution = ! next cut & ?is is cont9u$ = ea* successive cut until ! ?read is f9i%$4 ,by us+ a /op ( ?is k9d1 !re is no dang] ( fe$+ ! tool 9 too f> z is (t5 done :5 ! tool is set by guess4 ,if ?is =m ( /op is us$ = int]nal ?read+1 ! screw1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! fix$ block1 is plac$ 9 ! slide s t ! end or head w come aga9/ ! /op ,b4 ,?is *ange is made because ! tool is f$ outw>d :5 cutt+ an int]nal ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,cross-slide equipp$ ) ,/op = ,regulat+ ,dep? ( ,cut :5 ,?read+ ,! ,acme ,/&>d ,?read4--,! ,acme ?read is (t5 us$1 at ! pres5t "t1 9 place ( a squ>e ?read4 ,! angle betwe5 ! sides ( ! ,acme ?read is #bi degrees 7see ,fig4 #ba7 & ! dep? is made equal to "o-half ! pit* plus #j4jaj in* to provide cle>ance & insure a be>+ ^u ! sides4 ,! ?read tool is ord9>ily gr\nd to fit a gage hav+ not*es repres5t+ diff]5t pit*es4 ,an improv$ =m ( ,acme ?read gage is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! tool po9t is fir/ gr\nd to ! correct angle by fitt+ x to ! #bi-;degree not* 9 ! end ( ! gage1 z at ,a4 ,! end is !n gr\nd to ! prop] wid? = ! pit* to be cut1 by te/+ x1 z at ,b4 ,! numb]s opposite ! %all[ not*es = gag+ ! wid? repres5t ! numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,) ?is p>ticul> gage1 ! tool c be set squ>e by plac+ edge ,d aga9/ ! turn$ surface to be ?read$1 & adju/+ ! tool until ! end is 9 l9e ) ! gage1 z at ,c4 ,by plac+ ! tool 9 ?is position1 ! angle betwe5 ! side & ! end c also be te/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,gage = gr9d+ & sett+ ,acme ,?read ,tools ,9 case x %\ld be necess>y to measure ! end wid? ( an ,acme ?read tool1 = a pit* n on ! regul> gage1 ?is c be done by us+ a v]ni] ge>-too? calip]1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,if we assume t ! calip] jaws be> on ! sides ( ! tool at a di/ance ,a f ! top1 equal to #a_/d in*1 !n ! wid? ( ! tool po9t equals ! calip] read+ 7z %[n by ! horizontal scale7 m9us #j4abic in*4 ,= example1 if ! calip] read+ 0 #j4cae in*1 ! wid? at ! po9t w\ld equal #j4cae - #j4abic #j4aheg in*1 assum+ t ! sides 7 gr\nd to ! /&>d angle ( #bi degrees4 ,! con/ant to be subtract$ f ! calip] read+ equals #b ,a tan #ad deg4 #cj' or1 9 ?is case1 #b x #j4be x #j4behf #j4abic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,measur+ ,wid? ( ,acme ,?read ,tool ) ,v]ni] ,ge>-too? ,calip] ,! ,:itwor? ,?read4--,! ,:itwor? 7or ,briti% ,/&>d ,:itwor?7 ?read1 :i* is us$ pr9cipally 9 ,great ,brita91 has an includ$ angle ( #ee degrees1 & ! ?reads are r\nd$ at ! top & at ! root1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! %ape ( ! tool us$ = cutt+ ?is ?read is also %[n 9 ?is illu/ration4 ,! end is r\nd$ to =m ! fillet at ! root ( ! ?read1 & ! r\nd corn]s on ! sides give ! top ( ! ?read ! requir$ curvature4 ,e pit* requires a diff]5t tool1 & ! cutt+ end is giv5 ! curv$ =m by mill+ or hobb+4 ,! hob us$ = ?is purpose is accurately ?read$ to correspond ) ! pit* = :i* ! tool is requir$1 & !n x is flut$ to =m cutt+ edges1 & is h>d5$4 ,! hob is !n us$ l a mill+ cutt] = =m+ ! end ( ! ?read tool4 ,! tool is %>p5$ by gr9d+ on ! top4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ a ,:itwor? ?read is1 ( c\rse1 simil> to t foll[$ = a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d or ,v-?read1 9 t ! tool is set squ>e ) ! un?read$ blank & at ! same height z ! la! c5t]s1 9 ord] to secure a ?read ( ! prop] =m4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to turn ! blank to ! "r diamet] s t ! top ( ! ?read w be fully r\nd$ :5 ! screw is ! requir$ size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d ,?read ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,/&>d ,%>p ,v-?read ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,acme ,/&>d ,?read ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,squ>e ,?read ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,:itwor? ,/&>d ,?read ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,/&>d ,worm ,?read ,worm ,?reads4--,! /&>d worm ?read has an angle ( #bi degrees betwe5 ! sides1 ! same z an ,acme ?read1 b ! dep? ( a worm ?read & ! wid? ( ! flat at ! top & bottom diff] f ! ,acme /&>d1 z w be se5 by comp>+ ,figs4 #ba & #bd4 ,! :ole dep? ( ! ?read equals ! l9e> pit* multipli$ by #j4fhff1 & ! wid? ( ! ?read tool at ! end equals ! l9e> pit* multipli$ by #j4ca4 ,gages not*$ = ?reads ( diff]5t pit* are ord9>ily us$ :5 gr9d+ worm ?read tools4 ,:5 x is necess>y to cut multiple-?read$ worms ( l>ge lead 9 an ord9>y la!1 difficulty is sometimes exp]i5c$ because ! lead-screw mu/ be ge>$ to run mu* fa/] ?an ! sp9dle1 ?us impos+ excessive /ra9s on ! ge>+4 ,?is difficulty is sometimes ov]come by m\nt+ a belt pulley on ! lead-screw1 beside ! *ange ge>1 & connect+ x to ! c\nt]%aft by a belt2 ! sp9dle is !n driv5 ?r\gh ! *ange ge>+ f ! lead-screw1 in/ead ( vice v]sa4 ,co>se ,?read+ ,atta*m5t4--,to avoid ! difficulties connect$ ) cutt+ ?reads ( l>ge lead1 "s la!s are equipp$ ) a co>se screw-cutt+ atta*m5t4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is atta*m5t1 z made by ! ,brad=d ,ma*9e ,tool ,co41 is z foll[s3 ,on ! usual rev]s+ %aft1 & inside ( ! head/ock1 !re is a slid+ d\ble ge>1 s arrang$ z to be engag$ ) ei!r ! usual ge> on ! sp9dle1 or ) a small p9ion at ! end ( ! cone4 ,! ge>s are s proportion$ t ! ratio ( ! two engagem5ts is z #aj to #a2 t is1 :5 engag$ ) ! cone ge> 7! back-ge>s be+ ?r[n 97 ! mat+ ge> w make t5 revolutions to "o ( ! sp9dle1 s t :5 ! la! is ord9>ily ge>$ to cut "o ?read p] in*1 x w1 :5 driv5 by ! cone p9ion1 cut "o ?read 9 t5 in*es4 ,?is con/ruction disp5ses ) ! extra /ra9 on ! rev]se ge>s due to mov+ ! c>riage at ! rapid rate t w\ld be necess>y = su* a l>ge lead1 :5 n us+ an atta*m5t4 ,^! atta*m5ts are n only ext5sively us$ = ! cutt+ ( co>se screws b = cutt+ oil grooves on cyl9drical p>ts4 ,:5 cutt+ a ?read ( l>ge lead or /eep pit*1 ! top ( ! ?read tool %\ld be gr\nd s t x is at "r angles to ! ?read2 !n ! ?read groove w be cut to ! same wid? z ! tool4 ,te/+ ! ,size ( a ,?read4--,:5 ! ?read tool has be5 f$ 9 f> en\gh to =m a complete ?read1 ! screw is !n te/$ = size4 ,if we assume t a bolt is be+ ?read$ = a /&>d nut1 x w\ld be remov$ f ! la! & ! te/ made by screw+ a nut on ! end4 ,if ! ?read 7 too l>ge1 ! nut might screw on v tightly or n at all2 9 ei!r case1 ! "w w\ld aga9 be plac$ 9 ! la! & a light cut tak5 ov] x to r$uce ! ?read to ! prop] size4 ,:5 replac+ a ?read$ "p betwe5 ! c5t]s1 x %\ld be put back 9 ! orig9al position1 t is1 ) ! tail ( ! driv+ dog 9 ! same slot ( ! faceplate x previ\sly occupi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,te/+ ,diamet] ( ,?read ) ,calip]s & ,micromet] ,z x is difficult to tell j :5 a ?read is cut to ! exact size1 special ?read calip]s hav+ w$ge-%ap$ ends are sometimes us$ = measur+ ! diamet] ( a ,v-?read or a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read1 at ! bottom ( ! grooves or ! root diamet]1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,^! calip]s c be set f a tap correspond+ to ! size ( ! ?read be+ cut1 or f a previ\sly ?read$ piece ( ! "r size4 ,! ,?read ,micromet]4--,ano!r =m ( calip] = te/+ ?reads is %[n at ,b4 ,?is is "o ( ! micromet] type & is int5d$ = v accurate "w4 ,! sp9dle ( ?is micromet] has a conical end & ! anvil is ,v-%ap$1 & ^! ends be> on ! sides ( ! ?read or ! surfaces :i* =m ! be>+ :5 ! screw is ins]t$ 9 a nut or ?read$ hole4 ,! cone-%ap$ po9t is slightly r\nd$ s t x w n be> 9 ! bottom ( ! ?read4 ,!re is also suffici5t cle>ance at ! bottom ( ! ,v-%ap$ anvil to prev5t x f be>+ on top ( ! ?read4 ,! diamet] z indicat$ by ?is micromet] is ! pit* diamet] ( ! ?read & is equal to ! outside diamet] m9us ! dep? ( "o ?read4 ,?is dep? may be det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,dep? ( a ,v-?read #j4hff _/ ,no4 ( ?reads p] in*2 ,dep? ( a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read #j4fdie _/ ,no4 ( ?reads p] in*2 ,dep? ( ,:itwor? ?read #j4fdjc _/ ,no4 ( ?reads p] in*4 ,! movable po9t measures all pit*es1 b ! fix$ anvil is limit$ 9 its capacity1 = if made l>ge en\gh to measure a ?read (1 say1 #a_/d-;in* pit*1 x w\ld be too wide at ! top to measure a ?read ( #a_/bd-;in* pit*1 h5ce ea* calip] is limit$ 9 ! range ( ?reads t ! anvil c measure4 ,:5 measur+ ! angle diamet] ( a ?read1 ! micromet] %\ld be pass$ back & =? across ! ?read1 9 ord] to make sure t ! l>ge/ dim5sion or ! actual diamet] is be+ measur$4 ,if ! micromet] is plac$ ov] :at seems to be ! c5t] ( ! screw & ! read+ is tak5 by simply adju/+ 9 ! anvil or po9t aga9/ ! ?read1 )\t mov+ ! micromet] back & =? across x1 an incorrect read+ may be obta9$4 ,if /&>d ?read$ ref]5ce gages are available1 ! size ( ! ?read be+ cut c be te/$ by comp>+ x ) ! gage4 ,micromet]s hav+ small sph]ical measur+ ends 7see sket* ,a1 ,fig4 #bf7 are sometimes us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ball po9ts are small en\gh to be> aga9/ ! sides ( ! ?read & ! diamet]1 z comp>$ ) ! ref]5ce gage1 c be det]m9$ ) great accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 7,a7 ,te/+ ,size ( ,?read ) ,ball-po9t ,micromet]4 7,b7 ,te/+ ,size ( ,v-?read by ! ,?ree-wire ,sy/em4 7,c7 ,te/+ ! ,size ( a ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,?read ,?ree-wire ,sy/em ( ,measur+ ,?reads4--,a me?od ( measur+ ?reads by us+ an ord9>y micromet] & ?ree wires ( equal diamet] is illu/rat$ at ,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,two wires are plac$ betwe5 ! ?reads on "o side & "o on ! opposite side ( ! screw4 ,! dim5sion ,m ov] ! wires is !n measur$ ) an ord9>y micromet]4 ,:5 ! ?read is cut to a /&>d size1 ! dim5sion ,m = diff]5t ?reads is z foll[s3 ,= a ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read3 m d - #a4eaeep #cw ,= a %>p ,v-?read3 m d - #a4gcbp #cw ,= a ,:itwor? /&>d ?read3 m d - #a4fjjhp #c4afegw ,9 ^! =mulas1 d /&>d outside diamet] ( screw2 m measurem5t ov] wires2 w diamet] ( wires2 p pit* ( ?read #a _/ numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,to illu/rate ! use ( ! =mula = ! ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read1 let u assume t a screw hav+ #f ?reads p] in* 7#a_/f-;in* pit*7 is to be cut to a diamet] ( #a-a_/b in*1 & t wires #j4adj in* diamet] are to be us$ 9 conjunction ) a micromet] = measurem5t4 ,!n ! micromet] read+ m %\ld be #a-a_/b - #a4eaee x #a_/f #c x #j4adj #a4ffgd in* ,if ! micromet] read+ 7 #a4fgj in*1 x w\ld indicate t ! pit* diamet] ( ! screw 0 too l>ge1 ! error be+ equal to diff]5ce betwe5 #a4ffg & ! actual read+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,rivett-,dock ,circul> ,?read+ ,tool 9 ,work+ ,position ,rivett-,dock ,?read+ ,tool4--,a special =m ( ?read tool1 :i* ov]comes a numb] ( disadvantages common to an ord9>y s+le-po9t ?read tool1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is tool has a circul>-%ap$ cutt] ,c1 hav+ t5 tee? ar\nd its circumf]5ce1 :i*1 beg9n+ ) too? ,no4 #a1 gradually increase 9 height1 cutt] ,no4 #b be+ high] ?an ,no4 #a1 etc4 ,?is cutt] is m\nt$ on a slide ,s1 t is fitt$ to ! frame ,f1 & c be mov$ 9 or out by lev] ,l4 ,! hub ( ?is lev] has an ecc5tric /ud :i* moves slide ,s & locks x :5 9 ! =w>d or cutt+ position4 ,! action ( ! lev] 9 mov+ ! slide engages ! cutt] ) pawl ,p1 ?us rotat+ ! cutt] "o too? at a "t & pres5t+ a diff]5t too? to ! "w = ea* movem5t ( ! lev]4 ,:5 ! slide is mov$ =w>d1 ! heel or und]side ( ! too? :i* is 9 ! work+ position re/s on a /op t takes ! ?ru/ ( ! cut4 ,:5 ! tool is 9 use1 x is m\nt$ on ! tool-block ( ! la! z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! cutt] is set = height by plac+ a too? 9 ! work+ position & sett+ ! top level ) ! la! c5t]4 ,! cutt] is also set squ>e ) ! "w by us+ an ord9>y squ>e1 & x is tilt$ slightly f ! v]tical to correspond ) ! angle ( ! ?read to be cut1 by adju/+ frame ,f4 ,at fir/ a light cut is tak5 ) lev] ,l mov$ =w>d & too? ,no4 #a on ! /op4 ,aft] ?is cut is complet$1 ! lev] is rev]s$ :i* rotates ! cutt] "o too?1 & ! return movem5t places too? ,no4 #b 9 ! work+ position4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! t5? too? f9i%es ! ?read4 ,x is (t5 necess>y1 :5 us+ a s+le-po9t ?read tool1 to re-%>p5 x be=e tak+ ! f9i%+ cut1 b ) a circul> tool ?is is n necess>y1 = by us+ ! diff]5t tee? successively1 ! la/ too?1 :i* only takes f9i%+ cuts1 is kept 9 good condition4 ,cutt+ ,screws to ,comp5sate = ,%r9kage4--,"s tool /eels are liable to %r9k m or less :5 !y are h>d5$2 consequ5tly if a v accurate h>d5$ screw is requir$1 x is sometimes cut s t ! pit* is slightly great] ?an /&>d1 to comp5sate = ! %r9kage due to ! h>d5+ op]ation4 ,z ! am\nt ( contraction incid5t to h>d5+ is v little1 x is n practicable to use *ange ge>s t w give ! exact pit* requir$4 ,a well-kn[n me?od ( obta9+ ?is increase ( pit* is by ! use ( a tap] atta*m5t4 ,= example1 suppose a tap hav+ #h ?reads p] in* is to be ?read$1 &1 ow+ to ! contraction ( ! /eel1 ! pit* mu/ be #j4abejb in* in/ead ( #j4abe in*4 ,! la! is ge>$ to cut #h ?reads p] in* or #j4abe in* pit*1 & !n ! tap] atta*m5t is set to an angle a1 ,fig4 #bh1 ! cos9e ( :i* equals #j4abe_/j4abejb2 t is1 ! cos9e ( angle a equals ! pit* requir$ aft] h>d5+1 divid$ by ! pit* necess>y to comp5sate = %r9kage4 ,! angle is !n f\nd by ref]r+ to a table ( cos9es4 ,! tap blank is also set to ! same angle a by adju/+ ! tail/ock c5t]1 ?us locat+ ! axis ( ! "w p>allel ) ! slide ( ! tap] atta*m5t4 ,:5 ! c>riage moves a di/ance x1 ! tool po9t w h mov$ a great] di/ance y along ! "w1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & y dep5d+ ^u angle a2 h5ce ! tool w cut a ?read ( slightly great] pit* ?an ! la! is ge>$ to cut4 ,to illu/rate by us+ ! prec$+ example1 cos9e ( angle a #j4abe_/j4abejb #j4iiihd4 ,by ref]r+ to a table ( cos9es1 we f9d t #j4iiihd is ! cos9e ( #a degree1 approximately2 h5ce1 ! tap] atta*m5t slide & ! "w %\ld be set to ?is angle4 7,! angle a 9 ,fig4 #bh has be5 exagg]at$ 9 ord] to m cle>ly illu/rate ! pr9ciple47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ,me?od ( ,cutt+ a ,?read to ,comp5sate = ! ,error 9 ,pit* due to ,%r9kage 9 ,h>d5+ ,z is well kn[n1 x is objectionable to cut a ?read ) ! tail/ock c5t] (fset1 because ! "w is n rotat$ at a uni=m velocity1 ow+ to ! fact t ! driv+ dog is at an angle ) ! faceplate4 ,= a small angle su* z #a degree1 h[ev]1 ! error result+ f ?is cause w\ld be v small4 ,if a ?read hav+ a pit* slightly less ?an /&>d is ne$$ to fit a ?read$ "p :i* has contract$ 9 h>d5+1 ! tap] atta*m5t c also be us$ provid$ ! la! is equipp$ ) special ge>s to cut a little less ?an ! requir$ pit*4 ,suppose a screw hav+ a pit* ( #j4aih in* is requir$ to fit ! ?read ( a nut ! pit* ( :i* has be5 r$uc$ f #j4bjj in* to #j4aih in*4 ,if ge>s hav+ #hc & #hd tee? are available1 ^! c be ins]t$ 9 a comp\nd tra91 s z to r$uce ! #j4bjj in* pit* t w\ld be obta9$ ) ! regul> ge>+1 to #hc_/hd ( #j4bjj or #j4aigfb in*4 ,?is pit*1 :i* is less ?an ! #j4aih in* pit* requir$1 is !n increas$ by us+ ! tap] atta*m5t z previ\sly describ$4 7,?is me?od 0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,g>dn] 9 ,,ma*9]y1 ,febru>y1 #aiad47 ,calculat+ ,*ange ,ge>s = ,?read ,cutt+4--,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! *ange ge>s = cutt+ ?reads ( v>i\s pit*es are %[n by a table or index plate atta*$ to ! la!4 ,! prop] ge>s to be us$ c be calculat$1 b ! use ( ! table saves "t & t5ds to avoid mi/akes4 ,e ma*9i/1 h[ev]1 %\ld "k h[ to det]m9e ! size ( ge>s us$ = cutt+ any numb] ( ?reads to ! in*4 ,be=e ref]r+ to any rules1 let u fir/ consid] :y a la! cuts a c]ta9 numb] ( ?reads to ! in* & h[ ?is numb] is *ang$ by ! use ( diff]5t ge>s4 ,z ! c>riage ,c & ! tool are mov$ by ! lead-screw ,s 7see ,fig4 #b71 :i* is ge>$ to ! sp9dle1 ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* t are cut dep5ds1 9 e case1 ^u ! numb] ( turns ! "w makes :ile ! lead-screw is mov+ ! c>riage "o in*4 ,if ! lead-screw has six ?reads p] in*1 x w make six revolutions :ile ! c>riage & ! ?read tool travel "o in* along ! piece to be ?read$4 ,n[ if ! *ange ge>s a & c 7see also sket* ,a1 ,fig4 #bi7 are s proportion$ t ! sp9dle makes ! same numb] ( revolutions z ! lead-screw1 9 a giv5 "t1 x is evid5t t ! tool w cut six ?reads p] in*4 ,if ! sp9dle revolv$ twice z fa/ z ! lead-screw1 x w\ld make twelve turns :ile ! tool mov$ "o in*1 &1 consequ5tly1 twelve ?reads p] in* w\ld be cut2 b to get ?is diff]5ce 9 spe$s x is necess>y to use a comb9ation ( ge>+ t w cause ! lead-screw to revolve once :ile ! la! sp9dle & "w make two revolutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 7,a7 ,la! ) ,simple ,ge>+ = ,?read ,cutt+4 7,b7 ,comp\nd ,ge>$ ,la! ,suppose t n9e ?reads to ! in* are to be cut & ! lead-screw has six ?reads p] in*4 ,9 ?is case ! "w mu/ make n9e revolutions :ile ! lead-screw makes six & causes ! c>riage & ?read tool to move "o in*1 or 9 o!r words1 "o revolution ( ! lead-screw corresponds to "o & "o-half revolution ( ! sp9dle2 !re=e1 if ! lead-screw ge> c has #cf tee?1 ! ge> a on ! sp9dle /ud %\ld h #bd tee?4 ,! sp9dle w !n revolve "o & "o-half times fa/] ?an ! lead-screw1 provid$ ! /ud rotates at ! same rate ( spe$ z ! ma9 la! sp9dle4 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 ! *ange ge>s t is requir$ = a c]ta9 pit* c be f\nd by multiply+ ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* ( ! lead-screw1 & ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* to be cut1 by ! same trial multipli]4 ,! =mula :i* expresses ! relation betwe5 ?reads p] in* ( lead-screw1 ?reads p] in* to be cut1 & ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! *ange ge>s1 is z foll[s3 ?reads p] in* ( lead-screw tee? 9 ge> on sp9dle /ud ------------------------------ ----------------------------- ?reads p] in* to be cut tee? 9 ge> on lead-screw ,apply+ ?is to ! example giv51 we h #f_/i #bd_/cf4 ,! values ( #cf & #bd are obta9$ by multiply+ #f & #i1 respectively1 by #d1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 does n *ange ! proportion4 ,any o!r numb] c\ld be us$ z a multipli]1 & if ge>s hav+ #bd & #cf tee? 7 n available1 ?is might be necess>y4 ,= example1 if !re 7 no ge>s ( ?is size1 "s o!r multipli] z #e or #f might be us$4 ,suppose ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! *ange ge>s suppli$ ) ! la! are #bd1 #bh1 #cb1 #cf1 etc41 increas+ by f\r tee? up to #ajj1 & assume t ! lead-screw has #f ?reads p] in* & t #aj ?reads p] in* are to be cut4 ,!n1 #f #f x #d #bd -- ------ -- #aj #aj x #d #dj ,by multiply+ bo? num]ator & d5om9ator by #d1 we obta9 two available ge>s hav+ #bd & #dj tee?1 respectively4 ,! #bd-too? ge> goes on ! sp9dle /ud &1 ! #dj-too? ge> on ! lead-screw4 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 ! int]m$iate or idl] ge> b1 :i* connects ! /ud & lead-screw ge>s1 is n consid]$ z x does n affect ! ratios betwe5 ge>s a & c1 b is us$ simply to transmit motion f "o ge> to ! o!r4 ,we h assum$ 9 ! =ego+ t ! sp9dle /ud 7on :i* ge> a is m\nt$7 & ! ma9 sp9dle ( ! la! are ge>$ 9 ! ratio ( "o to "o & make ! same numb] ( revolutions4 ,9 "s la!s1 h[ev]1 ^! two memb]s d n rotate at ! same spe$1 s t if equal ge>s 7 plac$ on ! lead-screw & sp9dle /ud1 ! sp9dle w\ld n make ! same numb] ( revolutions z ! lead-screw4 ,9 t case if ! actual numb] ( ?reads p] in* 9 ! lead-screw 7 us$ :5 calculat+ ! *ange ge>s1 ! result w\ld be incorrect2 h5ce1 to avoid mi/akes1 ! foll[+ g5]al rule %\ld be us$ z x gives ! correct result1 reg>dless ( ! ratios ( ! ge>s :i* connect ! sp9dle & sp9dle /ud3 ,rule4--,fir/ f9d ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* t is cut :5 ge>s ( ! same size are plac$ on ! lead-screw & sp9dle1 ei!r by actual trial or by ref]r+ to ! index plate4 ,!n place ?is numb] z ! num]ator ( a fraction & ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* to be cut1 z ! d5om9ator2 multiply bo? num]ator & d5om9ator by "s trial numb]1 until numb]s are obta9$ :i* correspond to numb]s ( tee? 9 ge>s t are available4 ,! product ( ! trial numb] & ! num]ator 7or la! screw con/ant7 repres5ts ! ge> a = ! sp9dle /ud1 & ! product ( ! trial numb] & ! d5om9ator1 ! ge> = ! lead-screw4 ,la!s ) ,comp\nd ,ge>+4--,:5 ge>+ is arrang$ z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #bi1 x is ref]r$ to z simple ge>+1 b sometimes x is necess>y to introduce two ge>s betwe5 ! /ud & screw z at ,b1 :i* is t]m$ comp\nd ge>+4 ,! me?od ( figur+ comp\nd ge>+ is practically ! same z t = simple ge>+4 ,to f9d ! *ange ge>s us$ 9 comp\nd ge>+1 place ! screw con/ant obta9$ by ! =ego+ rule1 z ! num]ator1 & ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* to be cut z ! d5om9ator ( a fraction2 resolve bo? num]ator & d5om9ator into two factors ea*1 & multiply ea* pair ( factors by ! same numb]1 until values are obta9$ repres5t+ numb]s ( tee? 9 available *ange ge>s4 7,"o factor 9 ! num]ator & "o 9 ! d5om9ator make a pair ( factors47 ,suppose ! la! cuts #f ?reads p] in* :5 ge>s ( equal size are us$1 & t ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! ge>s available are #cj1 #ce1 #dj & s on1 increas+ by #e up to #ajj4 ,if #bd ?reads p] in* are to be cut1 ! screw con/ant #f is plac$ 9 ! num]ator & #bd 9 ! d5om9ator4 ,! num]ator & d5om9ator are !n divid$ into factors & ea* pair ( factors is multipli$ by ! same numb] to f9d ! ge>s1 ?us3 #f #b x #c 7#b x #bj7 x 7#c x #aj7 #dj x #cj -- ----- ------------------- ------- #bd #d x #f 7#d x #bj7 x 7#f x #aj7 #hj x #fj ,! la/ f\r numb]s indicate ! ge>s :i* %\ld be us$4 ,! upp] two hav+ #dj & #cj tee? are ! driv+ ge>s & ! l[] two hav+ #hj & #fj tee? are ! driv5 ge>s4 ,! driv+ ge>s are ge> a on ! sp9dle /ud & ge> c on ! int]m$iate /ud1 me%+ ) ! lead-screw ge>1 & ! driv5 ge>s are ge>s b & d4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :i* ( ! driv+ ge>s is plac$ on ! sp9dle /ud1 or :i* ( ! driv5 is plac$ on ! lead-screw4 ,fractional ,?reads4--,sometimes ! lead ( a ?read is giv5 z a fraction ( an in* in/ead ( /at+ ! numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,= example1 a ?read may be requir$ to be cut1 hav+ #c_/h-;in* lead4 ,! expression #c_/h-;in* lead %\ld fir/ be trans=m$ to numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ,! numb] ( ?reads p] in* 7! ?read be+ s+le7 equals3 #a #c #h --- #a _/ - - #b-b_/c #c_/h #h #c ,to f9d ! *ange ge>s to cut #b-b_/c ?reads p] in* 9 a la! hav+ a screw con/ant ( #h & *ange ge>s v>y+ f #bd to #ajj tee?1 increas+ by #d1 proce$ z foll[s3 #h #b x #d 7#b x #cf7 x 7#d x #bd7 #gb x #if ----- --------- ----------------------- ------- #b-b_/c #a x #b-b_/c 7#a x #cf7 x 7#b-b_/c x #bd7 #cf x #fd ,z ano!r illu/ration1 suppose we are to cut #a-c_/d ?read p] in* on a la! hav+ a screw con/ant ( #h1 & t ! ge>s h #bd1 #bh1 #cb1 #cf1 #dj tee?1 etc41 increas+ by f\r up to "o hundr$4 ,foll[+ ! rule3 #h #b x #d 7#b x #cf7 x 7#d x #af7 #gb x #fd ----- --------- ----------------------- ------- #a-c_/d #a x #a-c_/d 7#a x #cf7 x 7#a-c_/d x #af7 #cf x #bh ,! ge>s hav+ #gb & #fd tee? are ! driv+ ge>s1 & ^? ) #cf & #bh tee? are ! driv5 ge>s4 ,*ange ,ge>s = ,metric ,pit*es4--,:5 screws are cut 9 accordance ) ! metric sy/em1 x is ! usual practice to give ! lead ( ! ?read 9 millimet]s1 in/ead ( ! numb] ( ?reads p] unit ( measurem5t4 ,to f9d ! *ange ge>s = cutt+ metric ?reads1 :5 us+ a la! hav+ an ,engli% lead-screw1 fir/ det]m9e ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* correspond+ to ! giv5 lead 9 millimet]s4 ,suppose a ?read ( #c millimet]s lead is to be cut 9 a la! hav+ an ,engli% lead-screw & a screw con/ant ( #f4 ,z !re are #be4d millimet]s p] in*1 ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* w equal #be4d _/ #c4 ,place ! screw con/ant z ! num]ator1 & ! numb] ( ?reads p] in* to be cut z ! d5om9ator3 #f #be4d #f x #c ------- #f _/ ---- ----- #be4d #c #be4d ---- #c ,! num]ator & d5om9ator ( ?is fractional expression ( ! *ange-ge> ratio are next multipli$ by "s trial numb] to det]m9e ! size ( ! ge>s4 ,! fir/ :ole numb] by :i* #be4d c be multipli$ s z to get a :ole numb] z ! result is #e4 ,?us1 #be4d x #e #abg2 h5ce1 "o ge> hav+ #abg tee? is always us$ :5 cutt+ metric ?reads ) an ,engli% lead-screw4 ,! o!r ge> requir$ 9 ?is case has #ij tee?4 ,?us3 #f x #c x #e #ij --------- --- #be4d x #e #abg ,!re=e1 ! foll[+ rule c be us$ to f9d ! *ange ge>s = cutt+ metric pit*es ) an ,engli% lead-screw3 ,rule4--,place ! la! screw con/ant multipli$ by ! lead ( ! requir$ ?read 9 millimet]s multipli$ by #e1 z ! num]ator ( ! fraction1 & #abg z ! d5om9ator4 ,! product ( ! numb]s 9 ! num]ator equals ! numb] ( tee? = ! sp9dle-/ud ge>1 & #abg is ! numb] ( tee? = ! lead-screw ge>4 ,if ! la! has a metric pit* lead-screw1 & a screw hav+ a giv5 numb] ( ?reads p] in* is to be cut1 fir/ f9d ! metric screw con/ant ( ! la! or ! lead ( ?read 9 millimet]s t w\ld be cut ) *ange ge>s ( equal size on ! lead-screw & sp9dle /ud2 !n ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! *ange ge>s is simply ! rev]se ( ! "o already expla9$ = cutt+ a metric ?read ) an ,engli% lead-screw4 ,rule4--,to f9d ! *ange ge>s = cutt+ ,engli% ?reads ) a metric lead-screw1 place #abg 9 ! num]ator & ! ?reads p] in* to be cut1 multipli$ by ! metric screw con/ant multipli$ by #e1 9 ! d5om9ator2 #abg is ! numb] ( tee? on ! sp9dle-/ud ge> & ! product ( ! numb]s 9 ! d5om9ator equals ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! lead-screw ge>4 ,quick ,*ange-ge> ,type ( ,la!4--,a type ( la! t is mu* us$ at ! pres5t "t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is is kn[n z ! quick *ange-ge> type1 because x has a sy/em ( ge>+ :i* makes x unnecess>y to remove ! *ange ge>s & replace !m ) diff]5t sizes = cutt+ ?reads ( v>i\s pit*es4 ,*anges ( fe$ are also obta9$ by ! same me*anism1 b ! fe$+ movem5t is transmitt$ to ! c>riage by ! rod ,r1 :]eas ! screw ,s#a is us$ = screw cutt+4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 ! idea ( us+ ! screw exclusively = ?read+ is to prev5t x f be+ worn excessively1 z x w\ld be if cont9ually us$ 9 place ( rod ,r1 = fe$+ ! c>riage :5 turn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,la! hav+ ,quick ,*ange-ge> ,me*anism ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,end & ,side ,views ( ,quick ,*ange-ge> ,me*anism ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ?is quick *ange ge> me*anism & ! way ! *anges are made = cutt+ ?reads ( diff]5t pit*1 w be expla9$ 9 connection ) ,figs4 #cj1 #ca & #cb1 :i* are m>k$ ) ! same ref]5ce lett]s = correspond+ p>ts4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #cj1 ! movem5t is transmitt$ f ge> s on ! sp9dle /ud ?r\gh idl] ge> ,i1 :i* c be mov$ sidewise to me% ) ei!r ( ! ?ree ge>s a1 b or c1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is cone ( ?ree ge>s engages ge>s d1 e & f1 any "o ( :i* c be lock$ ) %aft ,t 7,fig4 #cb7 by *ang+ ! position ( knob ,k4 ,on %aft ,t !re is a ge> ,s :i* c be mov$ along ! %aft by h& lev] ,l &1 ow+ to ! spl9e or key t1 bo? ! slid+ ge> & %aft rotate toge!r4 ,%aft ,t1 c>ry+ ge>s d1 e & f & ! slid+ ge> ,s1 is m\nt$ 9 a yoke ,y1 :i* c be turn$ ab\t %aft ,n1 ?us mak+ x possible to l[] slid+ ge> ,s into me% ) any "o ( a cone ( eight ge>s ,c1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! %aft on :i* ! eight ge>s are m\nt$ has at ! end a small ge> m me%+ ) ge> n on ! fe$-rod1 & ! latt]1 9 turn1 drives ! lead-screw1 unless ge> o is %ift$ to ! "r out ( engagem5t1 :i* is its position except :5 cutt+ ?reads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,sectional ,views ( ,quick ,*ange-ge> ,me*anism ,) ?is me*anism1 eight *anges = diff]5t ?reads or fe$s are obta9$ by simply plac+ ge> ,s into me% ) ! v>i\s siz$ ge>s 9 cone ,c4 ,z ! spe$ ( %aft ,t dep5ds on :i* ( ! ?ree ge>s d1 e & f are lock$ to x1 ! eight *anges are tripl$ by *ang+ ! position ( knob ,k1 mak+ tw5ty-f\r4 ,n[ by %ift+ idl] ge> ,i1 ?ree spe$ *anges may be obta9$ = ge>s a1 b & c1 :i* rotate toge!r1 s t ! tw5ty-f\r *anges are also tripl$1 giv+ a total ( sev5ty-two v>iations )\t remov+ any ge>s1 & if a diff]5t siz$ ge> s 7 plac$ on ! sp9dle /ud1 an entirely diff]5t range c\ld be obta9$1 b su* a *ange w\ld r>ely be necess>y4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 !re are eight h>d5$ /eel buttons ,b1 or "o = ea* ge> ( ! cone ,c1 plac$ at diff]5t heights 9 ! cas+4 ,:5 lev] ,l is %ift$ sidewise to *ange ! position ( slid+ ge> ,s1 x is l[]$ onto "o ( ^! buttons 7:i* ent]s a pocket on ! "u side7 & 9 ?is way ge> ,s is br\ght into prop] me% ) any ge> ( ! cone ,c4 ,to %ift lev] ,l1 ! h&le is pull$ outw>d aga9/ ! t5sion ( spr+ r 7,fig4 #cb71 :i* dis5gages lat* l & enables ! lev] to be lift$ cle> ( ! button2 yoke ,y is !n rais$ or l[]$1 z ! case may be1 & lev] ,l ) ! slid+ ge> is %ift$ lat]ally to ! requir$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,index ,plate %[+ ,position ( ,control ,lev]s = ,cutt+ ,?reads ( ,diff]5t ,pit* ,! position ( lev] ,l & knob ,k = cutt+ ?reads ( diff]5t pit*es is %[n by an index plate or table atta*$ to ! la! & arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! upp] section a ( ?is table %[s ! diff]5t numb]s ( ?reads to ! in* t c be obta9$ :5 idl] ge> ,i is 9 ! position %[n by ! diagram ,a4 ,section b gives ! *anges :5 ! idl] ge> is mov$1 z %[n at ,b1 &1 simil>ly1 section c gives ! *anges = position ,c ( ! idl]4 ,! horizontal r[ ( figures f #a to #h bel[ ! ^w /ops repres5ts ! eight positions = lev] ,l1 :i* has a plate p 7,fig4 #cj7 j b5ea? x ) correspond+ numb]s1 & ! column to ! left %[s :e!r knob ,k %\ld be out1 9 a c5tral position1 or 94 ,9 ord] to f9d :at ! position ( lev] ,l & knob ,k %\ld be = cutt+ any giv5 numb] ( ?reads to ! in*1 f9d :at /op numb] is directly above ! numb] ( ?reads to be cut1 :i* w indicate ! location ( lev] ,l1 & also :at position %\ld be occupi$ by knob ,k1 z %[n 9 ! column to ! left4 ,= example1 suppose ! la! is to be ge>$ = cutt+ eight ?reads to ! in*4 ,by ref]r+ to section a we see t lev] ,l %\ld be 9 position #d & knob ,k 9 ! c5t]1 provid$ ! idl] ge> ,i 7 9 position ,a1 z x w\ld be ord9>ily1 because all /&>d numb]s ( ?reads p] in* 7,u4 ,s4 /&>d7 f #a_/d in* up to & includ+ #d in*es 9 diamet] c be cut ) ! idl] ge> 9 t position4 ,z ano!r illu/ration1 suppose we want to cut tw5ty-eight ?reads p] in*4 ,?is is li/$ 9 section c1 :i* %[s t lev] ,l mu/ be plac$ 9 position #c ) knob ,k pu%$ 9 & ! idl] ge> %ift$ to ! left z at ,c4 ,! simplicity ( ?is me?od z comp>$ ) ! "t-consum+ op]ation ( remov+ & *ang+ ge>s is app>5t4 ,! diagram ,d to ! "r %[s an arrangem5t ( ge>+ = cutt+ n9ete5 ?reads p] in*4 ,a #bj-too? ge> is plac$ on ! sp9dle /ud 79 place ( ! regul> "o hav+ #af tee?7 & "o ) #ie tee? on ! lead-screw1 ?us driv+ ! latt] direct z ) ord9>y *ange ge>s4 ,( c\rse x w be und]/ood t ! arrangem5t ( a quick *ange-ge> me*anism v>ies some:at on la!s ( diff]5t make4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,turret ,,la! ,,practice ,turret la!s are adapt$ = turn+ duplicate p>ts 9 quantity4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( a turret la! is ! turret :i* is m\nt$ ^u a c>riage & conta9s ! tools :i* are successively br\ght into ! work+ position by index+ or rotat+ ! turret4 ,9 _m in/ances1 all ! tools requir$ c be held 9 ! turret1 al?\gh x is (t5 necess>y to use o!r tools1 held on a cross-slide1 = cutt+ (f ! f9i%$ "p1 fac+ a radial surface1 knurl+1 or = "s o!r op]ation4 ,aft] a turret la! is equipp$ ) ! tools ne$$ = ma*9+ a c]ta9 "p1 x produces ! f9i%$ "w mu* m rapidly ?an w\ld be possible by us+ an ord9>y eng9e la!1 pr9cipally because ea* tool is c>efully set = turn+ or bor+ to :atev] size is requir$ & ! turret makes x possible to quickly place any tool 9 ! work+ position4 ,turret la!s also h sy/ems ( /ops or gages = controll+ ! travel ( ! turret c>riage & cross-slide1 9 ord] to regulate ! dep? ( a bor$ hole1 ! l5g? ( a cyl9drical "p or its diamet]2 h5ce1 turn+ ma*9es ( ?is type are mu* m effici5t ?an ord9>y la!s = turn+ duplicate p>ts1 unless ! quantity is small1 9 :i* case1 ! advantage ( ! turret la! might be mu* m ?an (fset by ! co/ ( ! special tool equipm5t & ! "t requir$ = sett+ up ! ma*9e4 7,see ,select+ ,type ( ,turn+ ,ma*9e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,b>dons ,oliv] ,turret ,la! ( ,motor-driv5 ,ge>$-head ,type ,g5]al ,description ( a ,turret ,la!4--,! turret la! %[n 9 ,fig4 #a has a hexagonal %ap$ turret ,a ) a hole 9 ea* side 9 :i* ! tools are held4 ,?is turret is m\nt$ on a slide ,b :i* is c>ri$ by a saddle ,c t c be mov$ along ! b$ to locate ! turret slide ) ref]5ce to ! l5g? ( ! tools 9 ! turret & ! room requir$ = index+4 ,! turret slide c be mov$ longitud9ally by turn+ ! pilot :eel or turn/ile ,d1 or x c be f$ by p[]4 ,ord9>ily1 ! h& adju/m5t is us$ = quickly mov+ ! c>riage :5 ! tools are n cutt+1 al?\gh sometimes ! h& fe$ is pref]able to a p[] fe$ :5 ! tools are at "w1 especially if ! cuts are %ort4 ,aft] a turret tool has f9i%$ its cut1 ! turn/ile is us$ to return ! slide to ! />t+ po9t1 & at ! end ( ?is backw>d movem5t ! turret is automatically index$ or turn$ "o-six? ( a revolution1 ?us br++ ! next tool into ! work+ position4 ,! turret is accurately locat$ 9 ea* ( its six positions by a lock bolt :i* engages not*es =m$ 9 a l>ge index r+ at ! turret base4 ,a b9d] lev] ,e at ! top ( ! turret /ud is us$ to clamp ! turret rigidly to ! slide :5 ! tools are cutt+4 ,! =w>d movem5t ( ! slide = ea* position ( ! turret is controll$ by /ops at ,f1 :i* are set to suit ! "w be+ turn$4 ,:5 p>ts are be+ turn$ f b> /ock1 ! latt] passes ?r\gh ! holl[ sp9dle ( ! head/ock & ext5ds j f> en\gh beyond ! end ( ! sp9dle to p]mit turn+ "o ( ! p>ts4 ,! b> is held :ile ! turn+ tools are at "w1 by a *uck ( ! collet type at ,g4 ,?is *uck is op5$ or clos$ ar\nd ! b> by turn+ h&:eel ,h4 ,aft] a f9i%$ "p has be5 cut (f by a tool held 9 cross-slide ,j1 ! *uck is releas$ & fur!r movem5t ( :eel ,h causes rat*et fe$ dog ,k1 & ! b> :i* passes ?r\gh x1 to be drawn =w>d4 ,?is =w>d movem5t is cont9u$ until ! end ( ! b> comes aga9/ a /op gage held 9 "o ( ! turret holes1 to insure fe$+ ! b> out j ! "r am\nt = turn+ ! next piece4 ,on "s turret la!s1 ! lev] :i* op]ates ! *uck also controls a p[] fe$ = ! b> /ock1 ! latt] be+ pu%$ ?r\gh ! sp9dle aga9/ ! /op4 ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ has a p[] fe$ = ! cross-slide z well z = ! turret4 ,! motion is obta9$ f ! same %aft ,l :i* actuates ! turret slide1 b ! fe$ *anges are indep5d5t4 ,! cross-slide fe$ *anges are v>i$ by lev]s ,m & ^? = ! turret by lev]s ,n4 ,= _m turret la! op]ations1 su* z turn+ ca/+s1 etc41 a jaw$ *uck is screw$ onto ! sp9dle & ! "w is held ! same z :5 a *uck is us$ on an eng9e la!4 ,sometimes *ucks are us$ hav+ special jaws = hold+ ca/+s ( irregul> %ape1 or special "w-hold+ fixtures :i* are bolt$ to ! faceplate4 ,! small h&le at ,o is = mov+ ! cross-slide along ! b$ :5 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to fe$ a tool sidewise4 ,?is p>ticul> ma*9e is driv5 by a motor at ! re> ( ! head/ock1 connection be+ made ) ! sp9dle ?r\gh ge>+4 ,! necess>y spe$ *anges are obta9$ bo? by v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! motor & by %ift+ ge>s 9 ! head/ock4 ,! motor is controll$ by ! turn/ile ,p & ! ge>s are %ift$ by ! v]tical lev]s %[n4 ,:ile _m ( ! features ref]r$ to are common to turret la!s 9 g5]al1 x w be und]/ood t ! details su* z ! control lev]s1 arrangem5t ( /ops1 etc41 v>y on turret la!s ( diff]5t make4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,diagrams %[+ ,turret ,la! ,tool ,equipm5t = ,ma*9+ ,automobile ,hub ,ca/+ ,example ( ,turret ,la! ,"w4--,! diagrams ,figs4 #b & #c %[ a turret la! op]ation :i* is typical 9 _m respects4 ,! "p to be turn$ is a hub ca/+ = an automobile & x is ma*9$ 9 two s]ies ( op]ations4 ,! fir/ s]ies is %[n by ! plan view1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ca/+ ,a is held 9 a ?ree-jaw *uck ,b4 ,tool ,no4 #a on ! cross-slide is equipp$ ) two cutt]s & r\gh faces ! flange & end1 :ile ! inn] & out] surfaces ( ! cyl9drical "p are r\gh bor$ & turn$ by comb9ation bor+ & turn+ tool ,no4 #b4 ,?is tool has1 9 addition to a regul> bor+-b>1 a bracket or tool-hold] :i* projects above ! "w & c>ries cutt]s t op]ate on ! top surface4 ,tools ,nos4 #c & #d next come into action1 ,no4 #c f9i%+ ! surfaces r\gh$ out by ,no4 #b1 & ,no4 #d f9i%-fac+ ! flange & end ( ! hub4 ,! detail$ side view ( ,tool ,no4 #c 7:i* is practically ! same z ,no4 #b71 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! cutt]s ,c & ,d1 "o ( :i* turns ! cyl9drical surface & ! o!r bevels ! end ( ! hub4 ,! hole 9 ! hub is next f9i%$ by tool ,no4 #e :i* is a /epp$ ream] t ma*9es ! bore & c\nt]bore to ! requir$ size )9 v close limits4 ,! surfaces ma*9$ by ! diff]5t tools ref]r$ to are indicat$ by ! sectional view ,e ( ! hub1 :i* %[s by ! numb]s :at tools are us$ on ea* surface4 ,= ! second s]ies ( op]ations1 ! position ( ! hub is rev]s$ & x is held 9 a spr+ or collet type ( *uck z %[n by ! plan view ,fig4 #c4 ,! f9i%$ cyl9drical end ( ! hub is ins]t$ 9 ! split collet ,f :i* is drawn back into ! tap]+ collet r+ by rod ,g 7op]at$ by turn/ile ,h1 ,fig4 #a7 ?us clos+ ! collet tightly ar\nd ! ca/+4 ,! fir/ op]ation is t ( fac+ ! side ( ! flange & end ( ! hub ) tool ,no4 #f on ! cross-slide1 :i* is %[n 9 ! work+ position4 ,a broad cutt] ,h is us$ = fac+ ! flange & f9i%+ ! l>ge fillet1 & ! end is fac$ by a small] cutt] ,i4 ,:5 ^! tools are )drawn1 tool ,no4 #g is mov$ up = r\gh turn+ ! outside ( ! cyl9drical end 7prep>atory to cutt+ a ?read7 & r\gh bor+ ! hole4 ,^! same surfaces are !n f9i%$ by tool ,no4 #h4 ,! arrangem5t ( tools ,nos4 #g & #h is %[n by ! detail$ view4 ,tool ,j turns ! "p to be ?read$2 tool ,k turns ! end beyond ! ?read$ "p2 & tool ,l bevels ! corn] or edge4 ,! ream+ tool ,no4 #i is next index$ to ! work+ position = f9i%+ ! hole & bevel+ ! out] edge slightly4 ,at ! same "t1 ! =m tool ,no4 #aj1 held at ! re> ( ! cross-slide1 is f$ up = bevel+ ! flange to an angle ( #fj degrees4 ,! f9al op]ation is t ( ?read+ ! end1 :i* is done ) die ,no4 #aa4 ,! bor+-b>s ( tools ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #g & #h are all provid$ ) pilots ,n :i* ent] close fitt+ bu%+s held 9 ! sp9dle1 to /eady ! b> :ile tak+ ! cut4 ,?is is a common me?od ( support+ turret la! tools4 ,! fe$ ( ! turret = bo? ! fir/ & second s]ies ( op]ations is #a_/bg in* p] revolution & ! spe$s #fj revolutions p] m9ute = ! r\gh+ cuts & #ij revolutions p] m9ute = ! f9i%+ cuts4 ,! total "t = ma*9+ "o ( ^! ca/+s complete is ab\t #g-a_/b m9utes1 :i* includes ! "t requir$ = plac+ ! "w 9 ! *uck4 ,ma*9+ ,fly:eels 9 ,turret ,la!4--,figs4 #d to #f1 inclusive1 illu/rate h[ a gasol9e eng9e fly:eel is f9i%$ all ov] 9 two cycles ( op]ations4 ,fir/ ! fly:eel is turn$ complete on "o side1 ! hole bor$ & ream$1 & ! outside ( ! rim f9i%$2 9 ! second cycle ! o!r side ( ! fly:eel is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,fir/ ,cycle ( ,op]ations 9 ,f9i%+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,fly:eels on a ,pond ,turret ,la! ,dur+ ! fir/ op]ation1 ! "w is held by ! inside ( ! rim by means ( a f\r-jaw *uck equipp$ ) h>d jaws4 ,! side ( ! rim1 ! tap]+ circumf]5ce ( ! recess1 ! web1 & ! hub are fir/ r\gh-turn$1 us+ tools held 9 ! c>riage toolpo/4 ,! hole is !n r\gh-bor$ by b> ,c1 :i* is support$ 9 a bu%+ 9 ! *uck1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! outside ( ! :eel rim is r\gh-turn$ at ! same "t by a cutt] held 9 ! ext5sion turret tool-hold] ,t 7,fig4 #e71 & ! tap] fit on ! inside ( ! fly:eel is turn$ by means ( cutt] ,a 7,fig4 #d7 held 9 a tool-hold] atta*$ to ! turret4 ,! outside ( ! :eel rim is next f9i%-turn$ ) cutt] ,v 7,fig4 #e7 held 9 an ext5sion turret tool-hold] ! same z ! r\gh+ tool ,t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! bore is f9i%$ by a cutt] 9 bor+-b> ,d 7,fig4 #d74 ,! side ( ! rim & ! hub ( ! :eel are also f9i%$ at ?is "t by two fac+ cutt]s ,h & ,k1 held 9 tool-hold]s on ! face ( ! turret4 ,:5 ! f9i%+ cuts on ! rim & hub are be+ tak51 ! "w is support$ by a bu%+ on ! bor+-b> :i* ent]s ! bore ( ! :eel1 ! bor+ cutt] & fac+ tools be+ set 9 su* relation to ea* o!r t ! f9al bor+ ( ! hole is complet$ be=e ! fac+ cuts are tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,elevation ( ,turret & ,tools = ,f9i%+ ,fly:eels--,fir/ ,op]ation ,! web ( ! :eel is next f9i%-fac$ ) ! fac+ cutt] held 9 ! hold] ,e1 & ! tap] surface on ! inside ( ! rim is f9i%$ by ! tool ,l1 at ! same "t4 ,:ile ^! la/ op]ations are p]=m$1 ! "w is support$ by a bu%+ on a support+ arbor ,j1 :i* ent]s ! bore ( ! :eel4 ,! bore is f9ally ream$ to size by a ream] ,f held 9 a float+ ream]-hold]4 ,:5 ! ream+ op]ation is complet$1 a cle>ance groove ,n is cut on ! inside ( ! rim1 us+ a tool ,g held 9 ! c>riage toolpo/4 ,! fir/ cycle ( op]ations on ! fly:eel is n[ complet$4 ,! fly:eel is !n remov$ f ! *uck1 turn$ ar\nd1 & held 9 s(t jaws = ! second cycle ( op]ations1 ! jaws fitt+ ! outside ( ! :eel rim4 7,s(t unh>d5$ jaws are us$ to prev5t m>r+ ! f9i%$ surface ( ! rim47 ,! op]ations on ?is side are v simil> to ^? p]=m$ on ! o!r side4 ,fir/1 ! side ( ! rim1 ! inside ( ! rim1 ! web1 & hub are r\gh-turn$1 us+ tools held 9 ! c>riage toolpo/4 ,! inside ( ! rim & ! web are !n f9i%$ by a cutt] held 9 a tool-hold] at ,p1 ,fig4 #f1 :i* is bolt$ to ! face ( ! turret4 ,! "w is support$ dur+ ?is op]ation by a bu%+ held on a support+ arbor ,u1 hav+ a pilot :i* ent]s a bu%+ 9 ! *uck4 ,f9ally1 ! rim & hub are f9i%$1 by ! fac+ cutt]s ,r & ,s1 ! "w be+ support$ by an arbor1 z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,second ,cycle ( ,op]ations on ,fly:eel ,^! op]ations illu/rate ! me?ods employ$ 9 automobile factories1 & o!r %ops :]e l>ge numb]s ( eng9e fly:eels1 etc41 mu/ be ma*9$4 ,f9i%+ a ,fly:eel at ,"o ,sett+ 9 ,turret ,la!4--,! plan view ,a1 ,fig4 #g1 %[s an arrangem5t ( tools = f9i%+ a fly:eel complete at "o sett+4 ,! hole = ! %aft has to be bor$ & ream$ & ! hub fac$ on bo? sides4 ,! sides & p]iph]y ( ! rim also h to be f9i%$ & all f\r corn]s ( ! rim r\nd$4 ,! tools = do+ ?is "w consi/ ( bor+-b>s1 a ream]1 fac+ heads on ! ma9 turret1 a turret toolpo/ on ! slide re/ 7c>ry+1 9 ?is case1 ?ree tools7 & a special supplem5t>y w+ re/ atta*$ to ! front ( ! c>riage at ! extreme left4 ,! ca/+ is held by ?ree special h>d5$ jaws b 9 a univ]sal *uck4 ,^! jaws grip ! "w on ! inn] side ( ! rim1 leav+ room = a tool to f9i% ! re> face )\t /rik+ ! *uck body or jaws4 ,?ree re/s c are provid$ betwe5 ! *uck jaws4 ,! "w is press$ aga9/ ^! re/s :ile be+ tight5$ 9 ! *uck1 & !y s]ve to locate x s t ! arms w run true s f> z sidewise movem5t is conc]n$4 ,^! re/s also locate ! ca/+ ) relation to ! /ops = ! turret & c>riage movem5ts4 ,! *uck c>ries a bu%+ r ( suitable diamet] to support ! bor+-b>s 9 ! ma9 turret1 z w be describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ op]ation1 bor+-b> m is br\ght 9 l9e ) ! sp9dle & is ent]$ 9 bu%+ r 9 ! *uck4 ,d\ble-end$ cutt] n is !n f$ ?r\gh ! hub ( ! pulley to true up ! cor$ hole4 ,:ile bor+ ! hole1 ! scale on ! front face ( ! rim & hub is remov$ by tool j4 ,tool k is !n br\ght into action to r\gh turn ! p]iph]y1 aft] :i* tool e1 9 ! w+ re/1 is f$ d[n to clean up ! back face ( ! rim4 ,z soon z ! scale is remov$1 ! hole is bor$ ne>ly to size by cutt] n#a 9 b> m#a1 & x is f9ally f9i%$ ) ream] q m\nt$ on a float+ arbor4 ,! cutt]s f1 g & h1 9 ! fac+ head1 are next br\ght up to r\gh face ! hub & rim1 & r\nd ! corn]s ( ! rim on ! front side4 ,?is op]ation is all done by broad %av+ cuts4 ,! fac+ head 9 :i* ! tools are held is provid$ ) a pilot b> t :i* fits ! f9i%$ hole 9 ! fly:eel hub1 & /eadies ! head dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! cutt]s f1 g & h are m\nt$ 9 hold]s :i* may be s adju/$ z to br+ !m to ! prop] sett+ = ! desir$ dim5sions4 ,?is completes ! r\gh+ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,turret ,la! ,tool ,equipm5t = ,ma*9+ ,fly:eels ,! p]iph]y ( ! rim is n[ f9i%$ by cutt] l 9 ! turret toolpo/ :i* is index$ to ! prop] position = ?is op]ation4 ,! re> face ( ! rim is f9i%$ by ! same tool e ) :i* ! r\gh+ 0 done4 ,tool e is !n remov$ & replac$ ) d :i* r\nds ! inn] corn] ( ! rim4 ,tool d is also replac$ ) a ?ird tool = r\nd+ ! out] corn] ( ! re> side4 ,= f9i%+ ! front faces ( ! rim & hub & r\nd+ ! corn]s ( ! rim1 a second fac+ head1 id5tical ) ! fir/ "o1 is employ$4 ,?is is %[n 9 position 9 ! illu/ration4 ,cutt]s f#a1 g#a & h#a correspond ) ! cutt]s f1 g & h1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & p]=m ! same op]ations4 ,! rema9+ op]ation ( f9i%+ ! back ( ! hub is effect$ by cutt] p4 ,?is cutt] is remov$ f ! b>1 :i* is !n ins]t$ ?r\gh ! bore2 ! cutt] is !n replac$ 9 its slot & ! re> end ( ! hub is fac$ by fe$+ ! c>riage away f ! head/ock4 ,?is completes ! op]ations1 ! fly:eel be+ f9i%$ at "o sett+4 ,f9i%+ a ,webb$ ,fly:eel 9 ,two ,sett+s4--,! plan views ,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #g1 %[ ! arrangem5t ( tools = f9i%+ a webb$ fly:eel :i* has to be ma*9$ all ov]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 requires two op]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! 7see sket* ,b7 ! r\gh ca/+ is *uck$ on ! inside ( ! rim ) regul> inside h>d *uck jaws b4 ,! cor$ hole is fir/ r\gh bor$ ) cutt] n atta*$ to ! end ( bor+-b> m1 & guid$ by ! drill support d pivot$ to ! c>riage4 ,next1 ! bor+-b> m#a is br\ght into position1 ! drill support be+ swung back out ( ! way4 ,?is b> is /eadi$ by its be>+ 9 bu%+ r 9 ! *uck4 ,two cutt]s1 n#a & n#b1 are us$ to r\ghly %ape ! hole to ! desir$ tap]1 ! small end be+ f9i%$ to )9 #j4jjb in* ( ! requir$ diamet]4 ,:ile bor+ ) ! b> m#a1 ! scale is brok5 on ! web & hub ( ! ca/+ by ! tool k 9 ! turret toolpo/4 ,! latt] is !n %ift$ to br+ ! tool j into position = remov+ ! scale on ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel4 ,next1 ! hole is ream$ ) tap] ream] q1 ! pilot ( :i* is support$ by bu%+ r4 ,! fir/ ( ! fac+ heads is n[ br\ght into action4 ,?is fac+ head c>ries a guide t :i* is /eadi$ 9 a tap] bu%+ c1 driv5 into ! tap] hole ( ! hub = t purpose4 ,! top cutt] f turns ! p]iph]y1 cutt] g turns ! hub & faces ! web1 & cutt] h faces ! rim4 ,a f\r? cutt] e on ! "u side ( ! head faces ! hub4 ,?is ca/+ is n[ ma*9$ approximately to size4 ,= f9i%+1 simil> cutt]s1 e#a1 f#a1 g#a & h#a1 9 ! o!r fac+ head are us$1 ! latt] be+ support$ by ! tap] bu%+ c 9 ! same way4 ,a v light cut is tak5 = f9i%+4 ,tool l 9 ! c>riage turret is us$ to r\nd ! out] & inn] corn]s ( ! rim1 :i* completes ! "w on ?is face ( ! ca/+4 ,9 ! second cycle ( op]ations1 %[n at ,c1 ! ca/+ is *uck$ on ! outside ) ! s(t jaws b1 :i* are bor$ to ! exact diamet] ( ! f9i%$ rim4 ,! "w is fur!r support$ & c5t]$ by slid+ bu%+ c1 :i* is tap]$ to fit ! f9i%$ hole 9 ! hub1 & has an accurate be>+ 9 bu%+ r 9 ! *uck4 ,?is bu%+ is provid$ ) a ?read$ coll> = =c+ x into ! "w & )draw+ x4 ,! scale on ! web & ! inside & face ( ! rim is fir/ brok5 ) ! tool k 9 ! turret toolpo/4 ,^! surfaces are !n r\gh$ (f ) cutt]s f1 g & h1 9 ! fac+ head4 ,?is latt] is /eadi$ by a pilot t :i* ent]s ! hole 9 ! slid+ bu%+ c on :i* ! "w is support$4 ,a light cut is next tak5 ) cutt]s f#a1 g#a & h#a1 9 ! f9i%+ fac+ head1 :i* completes ! op]ation4 ,tools = ,turret ,la!s4--,! op]ation ( a turret la! aft] ! tools h be5 prop]ly arrang$ is n p>ticul>ly difficult1 b design+ & mak+ ! tools1 det]m9+ :at ord] ( op]ations w give ! mo/ effici5t & accurate results1 & sett+ ! tools on ! ma*9e1 requires bo? skill & exp]i5ce4 ,= "s classes ( "w1 especially if ( a r complicat$ nature1 _m ( ! tools mu/ be specially design$1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 /&>d types us$ on turret la!s :i* are adapt$ to g5]al turn+ op]ations4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal types are ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+4 ,box-tools4--,tools ( ?is type are us$ = turn+ b> /ock4 ,!re are _m diff]5t designs1 "s ( :i* are %[n 9 ,figs4 #h1 #i & #aj4 ,box-tools are held 9 ! turret & !y h back-re/s opposite ! turn+ tools1 = support+ ! "p be+ turn$4 ,! box-tool %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #h1 is = r\gh+4 ,! cutt] a is a piece ( high-spe$ /eel bevel$ on ! cutt+ end to produce a ke5 edge4 ,x takes a %e>+ tang5t cut on top ( ! b> & ! latt] is kept f spr++ away by means ( ! adju/able1 h>d5$ tool-/eel back-re/ b4 ,?is tool is consid]$ sup]ior to a holl[ mill :5ev] a fair am\nt ( /ock mu/ be remov$4 ,if consid]able smoo?ness & accuracy are necess>y1 ! f9i%+ box-tool %[n at ,b %\ld foll[ ! r\gh+ box tool1 b 9 mo/ cases1 especially if ! "p is to be ?read$ by a die1 a f9i%+ cut is unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,box-tools = ,turret ,la! ,! f9i%+ box-tool ,b is also us$ to foll[ a holl[ mill if special accuracy or smoo?ness is desir$4 ,?is tool is only int5d$ = light f9i%+ cuts1 ! all[ances v>y+ f #j4jje in* to #j4jae in* 9 diamet]4 ,! cutt]s are made ( squ>e tool /eel ( comm]cial size1 & are gr\nd & set to take a scrap+ end cut4 ,?is p>ticul> tool has two tool-hold]s :i* p]mit f9i%+ two diamet]s at once4 ,if a l>g] numb] ( sizes mu/ be turn$1 extra tool-hold]s c be appli$4 ,! s+le-cutt] box-tool %[n at ,c is bolt$ directly to ! face ( ! turret in/ead ( be+ held by a %ank 9 ! turret hole1 & x is adapt$ = heavy cuts su* z are necess>y :5 turn+ comp>atively l>ge b> /ock4 ,! tool-hold] a swivels on a /ud1 ?us all[+ ! cutt] to be )drawn f ! "w :ile be+ return$1 :i* prev5ts m>r+ ! turn$ surface4 ,! high-spe$ /eel cutt] is gr\nd to take a side cut on ! end ( ! b>4 ,! latt] is support$ by h>d5$ & gr\nd tool-/eel rolls b :i* revolve on h>d5$ & gr\nd /uds4 ,^! rolls are m\nt$ on sw++ arms :i* h a screw adju/m5t = diff]5t diamet]s4 ,!y c also be adju/$ p>allel to ! b>1 ?us enabl+ !m to be set ei!r 9 advance ( or back ( ! cutt]4 ,! op5+ 9 ! base all[s ! /ock to pass into ! turret :5 x is n l>g] ?an ! turret hole4 ,! box-tool %[n at ,d is simil> to ! "o j describ$1 except t x has two or m cutt]s & roll] back-re/s1 ?us enabl+ diff]5t diamet]s to be turn$ simultane\sly4 ,! cutt]s are gr\nd to take a side cut4 ,ord9>ily ?is gives a satisfactory f9i%1 b if special accuracy & smoo?ness are desir$1 two tools %\ld be us$1 "o = r\gh+ & "o = f9i%+1 ! latt] be+ gr\nd to take a light scrap+ end cut4 ,! tap]-turn+ box-tool %[n at ,e is design$ = accurately turn+ tap]s on brass or ca/-iron p>ts1 :5 !re is a small am\nt ( /ock to be remov$4 ,! tap] is obta9$ by cross motion imp>t$ to ! cutt] slide z ! turret advances4 ,! tap]-turn+ box-tool %[n at ,f1 in/ead ( hav+ a s+le-po9t cutt]1 is provid$ ) a wide cutt] a4 ,?is tool is design$ to turn tap]+ p>ts ( small or m$ium diamet]1 requir+ ! use ( a support :i* _c be provid$ ) a /raight =m+ tool & hold] m\nt$ on ! cut-(f slide4 ,! cutt] is back$ up by ! screws %[n1 :i* also provide adju/m5t = diff]5t tap]s )9 a limit$ range4 ,! b> is support$ by ! ?ree back-re/s %[n1 :i* also h screw adju/m5t4 ,examples ( ,box-tool ,turn+4--,box-tools are n only us$ = cyl9drical & tap] turn+ on ! end ( a b>1 b = _m o!r op]ations4 ,figs4 #i & #aj %[ a numb] ( box-tools ( diff]5t designs1 ) examples ( ! "w = :i* ea* is int5d$4 ,:ile ^! tools are design$ = "s specific "p1 !y c1 ( c\rse1 ) slight modifications be adapt$ to o!r "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,box-tools & ,"w = :i* !y are ,int5d$ ,a box-tool ( ! pilot type t is us$ = f9i%+1 aft] ! surplus /ock has be5 remov$ by r\gh+ tools1 is %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #i4 ,! "w1 :i* is ! cone = a ball be>+1 is %[n at a by ! dott$ l9es & also by ! detail view to ! "r4 ,! pilot b ent]s ! "w be=e ei!r ( ! cutt]s beg9s to op]ate on its respective surface4 ,! inv]t$ cutt] c1 :i* sizes ! flange ( ! cone1 is held 9 position by a clamp d1 :i* is =c$ d[n by a coll>-head screw4 ,! cutt] is fur!r secur$ aga9/ a bevel$ %\ld] at g by ! set-screws f1 & x is adju/$ =w>d by ! screw e4 ,by loos5+ ! screws f & ! coll>-head screw1 ! cutt] may be remov$ = %>p5+4 ,! cutt] h is adju/$ to cut to ! prop] diamet]1 by ! screws l1 aft] :i* ! clamp k is made level by ! screw j4 ,! coll>-screw m is !n us$ to secure ! tool 9 place4 ,! cutt] is made f drill rod & x is slightly cupp$ out on ! cutt+ end to give ke5ness to ! cutt+ edge4 ,! adju/+ screw o1 :i* passes ?r\gh plate p1 prev5ts ! cutt] f back+ away f ! "w4 ,?is adju/+ screw plate has its screw holes slott$ to avoid remov+ ! screws :5 x becomes necess>y to remove ! plate & cutt] = %>p5+4 ,pilot b is held firmly to ! tool body by set-screw r4 ,! hole s ?r\gh ! %ank makes x easy to remove ! pilot1 9 case ?is is necess>y4 ,a pilot box-tool = f9i%+ ano!r type ( ball be>+ cone is %[n at ,b4 ,! %ape ( ! "w itself is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es a & by ! detail view4 ,?is tool is some:at simil> 9 its con/ruction to ! "o j describ$4 ,! cutt]s b & c are inv]t$ & are us$ to face ! flange at d & to turn x to ! prop] diamet]4 ,^! cutt]s are held by ! clamp f & screws g & are adju/$ =w>d by ! screw h4 ,! cutt] j1 :i* op]ates on top ( ! /ock1 re/s on a bol/]1 ( ! prop] angle & is adju/$ up or d[n by ! screws k4 ,! clamp l1 :i* b9ds aga9/ ?is tool1 is bevel$ to correspond ) ! angle ( ! tool4 ,?is clamp is secur$ by ! coll>-screw %[n & x is level$ by set-screws s4 ,! adju/+ screw p prev5ts ! cutt] f slipp+ back4 ,! holes 9 ! adju/+-screw plate are also slott$ 9 ?is case s t x w n be necess>y to remove any screws :5 ! cutt] has to be tak5 out ( ! hold]4 ,a box-tool = f9i%+ a treadle-rod cone = a sew+ ma*9e is %[n at ,c4 ,?is tool is also ( ! pilot type4 ,! cutt]s 9 x op]ate on opposite sides ( ! cone a4 ,! inv]t$ cutt] b sizes ! cyl9drical "p ( ! cone1 :ile ! front cutt] d is set at ! prop] angle to f9i% ! tap]$ "p4 ,! re> cutt] b is held 9 place by ! clamp g & a coll> screw4 ,x is adju/$ =w>d by ! screw h 9 ! plate i :i* is held by screws z %[n4 ,! pilot is reta9$ by a set-screw1 & x is easily remov$ by ins]t+ a small rod 9 ! hole l :i* passes ?r\gh ! %ank4 ,! cutt] d is held by clamp m & is adju/$ by screw n :i* passes ?r\gh a tapp$ hole 9 plate o4 ,! screw holes 9 bo? ! adju/+ plates i & o are slott$ to facilitate _! removal4 ,! box-tool illu/rat$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #aj1 is us$ = f9i%+ ! bu%+ ( a d\ble-tap] cone be>+ a4 ,! cutt]s are s arrang$ t !y all cut on ! c5t]2 t is1 ! cutt+ edges lie 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! inv]t$ cutt] b at ! re> =ms ! %ort angul> surface1 & ! cutt] c 9 front =ms ! long tap]+ "p ( ! be>+4 ,! l>ge diamet] is turn$1 to size by cutt] d4 ,! pilot e has a be>+ 9 ! bore ne>ly equal to ! l5g? ( ! "w & x is provid$ ) oil grooves1 z %[n4 ,! tap] %ank ( ?is pilot is tapp$ = ! screw i :i* ext5ds ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ank & is us$ to draw ! pilot back to its seat4 ,x is n necess>y to remove adju/+-screw plate k to take out ! cutt] b1 z ! latt] c be drawn out f ! front aft] ! coll>-screw m is loos5$4 ,! cutt] c is remov$ by tak+ (f ! adju/+-screw plate s aft] loos5+ ! coll>-screw n4 ,! cutt] d is held 9 a dove-tail$ slot by two headless set-screws q4 ,x is also back$ up by an adju/+ screw 9 ! plate s4 ,^! adju/+ screws %\ld all h f9e ?reads1 say f #cb to #dj p] in*1 & be nicely fitt$ s !y w n loos5 aft] be+ adju/$4 ,! box-tools %[n at ,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #aj1 are = turn+ ! sides ( a loose pulley = a sew+ ma*9e4 ,?is pulley 7%[n by ! dott$ l9es7 is f9i%$ 9 two op]ations4 ,! box-tool = f9i%+ ! side ( ! pulley on :i* ! hub projects beyond ! rim1 is %[n at ,b4 ,! inv]t$ cutt] a1 :i* faces ! end ( ! hub1 is held by a clamp c 7cle>ly %[n 9 ! end view7 f ! "u side & x has no adju/m5t4 ,! coll>-screw d is tapp$ into ?is clamp1 :i* is prev5t$ f gett+ out ( place by ! d[el-p9 f4 ,! pilot g is made small 9 ! %ank1 s t tool a c be s plac$ z to insure ! removal ( all burrs ar\nd ! bore ( ! hub4 ,! pilot is held by a set-screw & x is provid$ ) oil grooves4 ,! cutt] j sizes ! outside ( ! hub1 & ! cutt] k faces ! side ( ! pulley rim4 ,^! cutt]s are bo? held by ! clamp l & ! coll>-screw m4 ,no side plates are us$ on ?is tool1 & ! cutt]s are all easily remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,examples ( ,box-tool ,designs ,sket* ,c %[s ! box-tool us$ = ! second op]ation4 ,z ! hub is flu% ) ! rim on ! side = :i* ?is tool is int5d$1 x ne$s only "o cutt] to face bo?4 ,?is is done by ! wide cutt] a :i* is held 9 a dove-tail$ slot 9 ! front ( ! tool & is fa/5$ by ! clamp b & coll>-screw c4 ,! bu%+ d1 9 :i* ! end ( ! "w arbor is support$1 is held by ! coll>-screw e1 & to obta9 ! necess>y compression1 ! body ( ! tool is slott$ z f> back z f4 ,?is bu%+ is provid$ ) oil grooves & "o side is cut away to cle> ! cutt] a4 ,! pilot end ( ! arbor on :i* ! "w is m\nt$ is #a_/af in* small] ?an ! bore ( ! pulley1 :i* all[s ! cutt] to be set 9 f> en\gh to prev5t any burr :i* might =m at ! edge ( ! bore4 ,a disk i is ins]t$ back ( bu%+ d1 s t ! latt] may be easily remov$ by pass+ a rod ?r\gh ! holl[ %ank4 ,! special *uck us$ = ?is second op]ation on ! loose pulley is screw$ onto ! sp9dle1 & ! "w is m\nt$ on a project+ arbor & driv5 by ! p9s engag+ holes 9 ! pulley web4 ,! arbor is made a driv+ fit = ! "w1 & ! end or pilot is a runn+ fit 9 ! bu%+ ( ! box-tool4 ,a c\nt]bore 9 ! arbor hub provides cle>ance = ! hub ( ! pulley :i* projects beyond ! rim on "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 7,a7 ,holl[ ,mill & ,hold]4 7,b7 ,spr+ ,screw-?read+ ,die & ,releas+ ,die-hold] ,holl[ ,mills4--,a holl[ mill su* z is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #aa is sometimes us$ 9 place ( a box-tool 7especially :5 turn+ brass7 = %ort r\gh+ cuts prec$+ a ?read+ op]ation4 ,! turn+ is done by ! cutt+ edges e1 & ! turn$ "p ent]s ! mill & is /eadi$ by x4 ,if ?is type ( tool is us$ = long1 /raight cuts1 especially on squ>e /ock & :5 mak+ screws ) l>ge heads f ! b>1 x %\ld always be foll[$ by a f9i%+ box-tool to insure accurate "w4 ,a holl[ mill c be %>p5$ readily by gr9d+ ! ends )\t mat]ially *ang+ ! cutt+ size4 ,a slight adju/m5t c be obta9$ by means ( ! clamp coll> %[n to ! left1 al?\gh ?is is n g5]ally us$4 ,:5 mak+ ^! mills1 !y %\ld be ream$ out tap]+ f ! re> to give cle>ance to ! cutt+ edges4 ,= turn+ /eel1 ! cutt+ edge %\ld be ab\t #a_/aj ( ! diamet] ahead ( ! c5t]1 :]eas = brass1 x %\ld be on ! c5t]-l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,geometric ,adju/able ,holl[ ,mill+ ,tool ,holl[ mills are also made adju/able4 ,! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab is especially adapt$ = brass f9i%+4 ,x c also be us$ = tak+ light cuts on ca/ iron or /eel b its use 9 place ( r\gh+ or f9i%+ box-tools = g5]al use is n recomm5d$4 ,) ! exception ( ! cutt]s & screws1 ! complete tool consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 viz41 ! hold]1 cam1 & r+4 ,! cam s]ves to adju/ ! cutt]s = diff]5t diamet]s4 ,! adju/m5t is made by ! two screws %[n1 ! am\nt be+ indicat$ by a micromet] scale4 ,:5 adju/+ ! cutt]s = a giv5 diamet]1 ! use ( a h>d5$ /eel plug ( ! requir$ size is advisable1 ! cutt]s be+ adju/$ aga9/ ! plug4 ,releas+ ,die & ,tap ,hold]s4--,?reads are cut 9 ! turret la! by means ( dies = ext]nal ?read+1 & taps = int]nal ?read+1 ! die or tap be+ held 9 a hold] atta*$ to ! turret4 ,a simple =m ( releas+ die hold] is %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is hold] 0 design$ = ! spr+-screw type ( ?read+ die %[n to ! left4 ,! die is clamp$ 9 ! hold] a by ! set-screw %[n1 & ! %ank b ( ! hold] is ins]t$ 9 ! turret hole4 ,hold] a has an ext5sion c :i* passes ?r\gh ! holl[ %ank4 ,:5 ! die is press$ aga9/ ! end ( ! "w1 hold] a & its ext5sion moves back until lug d on ! hold] engages lug e on ! %ank4 ,! die & hold] are !n prev5t$ f rotat+ ) ! "w & ! die beg9s to cut a ?read4 ,x cont9ues to screw itself onto ! "w ) ! turret foll[+1 until ! ?read has be5 cut to ! requir$ l5g?2 ! turret is !n /opp$ & z ! die & hold] a are drawn =w>d1 lugs d & e dis5gage s t ! die simply rotates ) ! "w )\t cont9u+ to advance4 ,! la! sp9dle is !n rev]s$ & z ! turret is mov$ back by h&1 p9 f comes ar\nd & ent]s not* g1 ?us hold+ ! die /ation>y2 ! die !n backs (f f ! ?read$ end4 ,"s tap hold]s are also con/ruct$ ! same z ?is die hold]1 s f> z ! releas+ me*anism is conc]n$4 ,!re are also _m o!r designs 9 use1 "s ( :i* op]ate on ?is same pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,geometric ,self-op5+ & ,adju/able ,screw-cutt+ ,die ,head ,self-op5+ ,die ,heads4--,! type ( die hold] %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #aa is objectionable because ( ! "t requir$ = back+ ! die (f ! ?read$ end2 h5ce1 self-op5+ dies are ext5sively us$ 9 turret la! "w4 ,z ! "n implies1 ?is type ( die1 in/ead ( be+ solid1 has sev]al *as]s :i* are op5$ automatically :5 ! ?read has be5 cut to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! turret c !n be return$ )\t rev]s+ ! la! sp9dle4 ,! dies are op5$ by simply /opp+ ! travel ( ! turret slide1 ! /op-rod = ! fe$ ( ! turret be+ adju/$ to give ! prop] am\nt ( travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,geometric ,collaps+ ,tap ,a well-kn[n die head ( ! self-op5+ type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! dies op5 automatically z soon z ! travel ( ! head is ret>d$1 or !y c be op5$ at any po9t by simply hold+ back on ! turn/ile or lev] by :i* ! turret slide is mov$4 ,! die is clos$ aga9 by means ( ! small h&le se5 project+ at "r-angles f ! side ( ! head4 ,! clos+ may be done by h& or automatically by screw+ a p9 into a ?read$ hole opposite ! h&le & atta*+ a small piece ( flat /eel to ! back edge ( ! turret slide4 ,! latt] w !n engage ! p9 z ! turret revolves1 ?us clos+ ! die head4 ,?is die head has a r\gh+ & f9i%+ atta*m5t :i* is op]at$ by h&le ,a4 ,:5 ?is h&le is mov$ =w>d1 ! dies are adju/$ outw>d #j4ja in* = ! r\gh+ cut1 :]eas return+ ! h&le closes & locks ! dies = ! f9i%+ cut4 ,! die head has a micromet] scale :i* is us$ :5 mak+ slight adju/m5ts to comp5sate = ! we> ( ! *as]s or to make ei!r a tight-or a loose-fitt+ ?read4 ,collaps+ ,taps4--,! collaps+ tap %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad is "o ( _m diff]5t designs t are manufactur$4 ,!y are (t5 us$ 9 turret la! practice 9 place ( solid taps4 ,:5 us+ ?is p>ticul> /yle ( collaps+ tap1 ! adju/able gage ,a is set = ! l5g? ( ?read requir$4 ,:5 ! tap has be5 f$ to ?is dep?1 ! gage comes into contact ) ! end ( ! "w1 :i* causes ! *as]s to collapse automatically4 ,! tool is !n )drawn1 aft] :i* ! *as]s are aga9 exp&$ & lock$ 9 position by ! h&le se5 at ! side ( ! hold]4 ,9 all ?read+ op]ations1 :e!r us+ taps or dies1 a suitable lubricant %\ld be us$1 z a bett] ?read is obta9$ & !re is less we> on ! tools4 ,l>d oil is a good lubricant1 al?\gh *eap] comp\nds give satisfactory results on _m classes ( "w4 ,miscellane\s ,turret ,la! ,tools4--,! *amf]+ tool %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 is us$ = po9t+ ! end ( a b> be=e runn+ on a r\gh+ box-tool4 ,?is n only f9i%es ! end ( ! b> b provides an ev5 surface = ! box-tool to />t on4 ,! cutt] is bevel$ on ! end to =m a cutt+ edge & x is held at an angle4 ,! back-re/ consi/s ( a bell-m\!d1 h>d5$ tool-/eel bu%+ :i* supports ! b> :ile ! cut is be+ tak54 ,! /op gages ,b & ,c are us$ 9 ! turret to gov]n ! l5g? ( /ock t is f$ ?r\gh ! sp9dle4 ,:5 a f9i%$ piece has be5 cut (f1 ! r\gh b> is f$ ?r\gh ! sp9dle & up aga9/ ! /op gage1 ?us locat+ x = ano!r op]ation4 ,?is gage may be a pla9 cyl9drical piece ( h>d5$ /eel1 z at ,b1 or x may h an adju/+ screw z at ,c2 = special "w1 diff]5t =ms or %apes are also requir$4 ,! /op gages on "s ma*9es1 in/ead ( be+ held 9 ! turret1 are atta*$ to a sw++ arm or bracket t is fa/5$ to ! turret slide & is swung up 9 l9e ) ! sp9dle :5 ! /ock is f$ =w>d4 ,! c5t] drill+ tool ,d is design$ to hold a /&>d comb9ation c5t] drill & ream]4 ,?is type ( tool is (t5 us$ :5 turn+ p>ts t mu/ be f9i%$ aft]w>ds by gr9d+1 to =m a c5t] = ! gr9d+ ma*9e4 ,! adju/able turn+ tool ,e is us$ = turn+ ! outside ( ge> blanks1 pulley hubs or ! rims ( small pulleys4 ,! pilot a ent]s ! f9i%$ bore to /eady ! tool1 & cutt] b is adju/$ to turn to ! requir$ diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,v>i\s ,types ( ,tools = ! ,turret ,la! ,! cutt+-(f tool-hold] ,f 7:i* is held on ! cross-slide ( ! turret la!7 is usually m conv5i5t ?an a regul> toolpo/1 z ! blade c be set clos] to ! *uck4 ,! blade is held 9 an incl9$ position1 z %[n1 to provide rake = ! cutt+ edge2 ! incl9$ blade c also be adju/$ v]tically1 a limit$ am\nt1 by mov+ x 9 or out4 ,! multiple cutt+-(f tool ,g holds two or m blades & is us$ = cutt+ (f sev]al wa%]s1 coll>s1 etc41 simultane\sly4 ,by *ang+ ! di/ance pieces betwe5 ! cutt]s1 ! latt] are spac$ = "w ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,! flat drill hold] ,h is us$ = drill+ %ort holes1 & also to =m a true spot or />t+ po9t = o!r drills4 ,knurl+ tools are %[n at ,i & ,j4 ,! =m] is int5d$ = knurl+ %ort l5g?s & is sometimes clamp$ on top ( ! cut-(f tool on ! cross-slide1 ! end be+ swung back aft] knurl+ 7z %[n by ! dott$ l9es7 to prev5t int]f]5ce ) ! "w :5 ! cutt+-(f tool is 9 op]ation4 ,! knurl+ tool ,j has a %ank & is held 9 ! turret4 ,! two knurls are on opposite sides ( ! "w s t ! pressure ( knurl+ is equaliz$4 ,by adju/+ ! arms :i* hold ! knurls1 ! tool c be set = diff]5t diamet]s4 ,?ree /yles ( drill hold]s are %[n at ,k1 ,l & ,m4 ,hold] ,k is provid$ ) a split collet 7se5 to ! left7 :i* is tight5$ on ! drill %ank by a set-screw 9 ! hold]4 ,?is hold] requires a sep>ate collet = ea* size drill4 ,! tap] %ank drill hold] ,l has a /&>d tap] hole into :i* ! %ank ( ! drill is ins]t$4 ,! adju/able type ( hold] ,m is ext5sively us$1 especially on small & m$ium siz$ ma*9es :5 sev]al sizes ( drills are necess>y4 ,?is hold] is simply a drill *uck fitt$ ) a special %ank4 ,= l>ge drills ! pla9 /yle ( hold] ,k is recomm5d$1 & if only a few sizes ( drills are requir$1 x is m satisfactory & economical ?an ! adju/able type4 ,! v>i\s types ( small turret la! tools ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ = turn+1 ?read+1 tapp+1 knurl+1 etc41 are a few ( ! _m diff]5t designs ( tools us$ 9 turret la! practice4 ,naturally1 ! tool equipm5t = ea* p>ticul> job mu/ be *ang$ some:at to suit ! conditions gov]n+ ea* case4 ,! tools ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 repres5t 9 a g5]al way1 ! pr9cipal types us$ 9 ord9>y practice4 ,"s ( ! m special tools are %[n 9 connection ) examples ( turret la! "w1 :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+4 ,turn+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,pi/ons 9 ,turret ,la!4--,! mak+ ( pi/ons = gas eng9es1 especially 9 automobile factories1 is done on su* a l>ge scale t rapid me?ods ( ma*9+ !m are necess>y4 ,! plan view ,a1 ,fig4 #af1 %[s ! turret la! tools us$ 9 "o %op = do+ ?is "w4 ,z is (t5 advisable ) "w done 9 l>ge quantities1 ! r\gh ca/+s are made ) extra projections s arrang$ z to assi/ 9 hold+ !m4 ,^! projections are1 ( c\rse1 remov$ :5 ! piece is complet$4 ,9 ?is case ! pi/on ca/+ a has a r+ ab\t #a-a_/d in* long & a little less 9 diamet] ?an ! pi/on1 at ! *uck+ end4 ,! pi/on is held 9 suitable *uck jaws b :i* are tight5$ aga9/ ! inside ( ?is r+4 ,! set-screws 9 ^! special jaws are !n tight5$1 ?us clamp+ ! ca/+ betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! screws & ! jaws4 ,?is me?od ( hold+ p]mits ! :ole ext]ior ( ! pi/on to be turn$1 s9ce x projects beyond ! *uck jaws4 ,?is is ! object 9 provid+ ! pi/on ) ! project+ r+ by :i* x is held4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 7,a7 ,me?od ( ,bor+ & ,turn+ ,pi/ons 9 ,gi%olt ,la!4 7,b7 ,special ,*uck & ,tools = ,turn+1 ,bor+ & ,cutt+ ,(f ,ecc5tric ,pi/on ,r+s ,! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 r\gh-bor+ ! front end ( ! pi/on4 ,! d\ble-end$ cutt] n is held 9 bor+-b> m1 :i* is1 9 turn1 support$ by a drill-hold]1 clamp$ to "o ( ! faces ( ! turret4 ,?is b> is /eadi$ by a bu%+ 9 ! drill support c :i* is atta*$ to ! c>riage1 & may be swung into or out ( ! op]at+ position1 z requir$4 ,aft] ?is cut is complet$1 ! turret is revolv$ half way ar\nd & ! ca/+ is f9i%-bor$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ) d\ble-end$ cutt] n#a held 9 b> m#a1 ! drill support be+ us$ z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,! support is !n turn$ back out ( ! way to all[ ! turn+ tools 9 ! turret toolpo/ to be us$4 ,! outside ( ! pi/on is next r\gh-turn$ ) tool k 9 ! turret toolpo/1 :i* is revolv$ to br+ ?is cutt] into action4 ,! toolpo/ is !n turn$ to ! position %[n1 & ! outside is f9i%-turn$ by tool j1 :i* takes a broad %av+ cut4 ,! turret tool-hold] is aga9 revolv$ to br+ =m tool l into position4 ,?is tool cuts ! grooves = ! pi/on r+s4 ,suitable positive /ops are1 ( c\rse1 provid$ = bo? ! longitud9al & cross movem5ts ( ! turret toolpo/4 ,9 ! second op]ation1 ! pi/on a is rev]s$ & held 9 s(t jaws1 :i* are us$ 9 place ( ! h>d5$ jaws b %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! jaws are bor$ to ! outside diamet] ( ! pi/on1 s t :5 clos$1 !y hold ! "w true or conc5tric ) ! la! sp9dle4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! *uck+ r+ by :i* ! pi/on 0 previ\sly held is cut (f1 & ! end ( ! pi/on is fac$ true4 ,if ! crank-p9 hole is to be f9i%$1 a ?ird op]ation is necess>y1 a self-c5t]+ *uck-plate & bor+ & ream+ tools be+ us$4 7,^! are n %[n 9 ! illu/ration47 ,turn+ ,pi/on ,r+s 9 ,turret ,la!4--,"o me?od ( turn+ pi/on r+s is %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! pi/on r+s are cut f a ca/-iron cyl9drical piece :i* has ?ree lugs b ca/ on "o end & s arrang$ t !y may be held 9 a ?ree-jaw$ *uck4 ,?is cyl9drical ca/+ is ab\t #aj in*es long1 & :5 ! r+s are to h _! inside & outside surfaces conc5tric1 ! ca/+ is held by ! lugs 9 ! regul> jaws furni%$ ) ! *uck4 7,! arrangem5t us$ = turn+ & bor+ ecc5tric r+s1 :i* is t %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 w be describ$ lat]47 ,! ca/+ a1 f :i* ! r+s are made1 is fir/ r\gh-bor$ ) d\ble-end$ cutt] n 9 bor+-b> m1 aft] :i* x is f9i%-bor$ ) cutt] n#a 9 b> m#a4 ,:ile tak+ ^! cuts1 ! b>s m & m#a are support$ by _! ext5sion ends :i* ent] bu%+ r locat$ 9 ! c5tral hole ( ! *uck4 ,?is furni%es a rigid support s t a heavy cut c be tak54 ,! outside ( ! ca/+ is next r\gh-turn$ ) tool k1 held 9 ! turret toolpo/4 ,?is toolpo/ is !n revolv$ to br+ tool j into position1 by :i* ! outside is turn$ true to size1 a broad %av+ *ip be+ tak54 ,! toolpo/ is aga9 swung ar\nd1 to br+ ! cutt+-(f tool-hold] l into position4 ,?is hold] conta9s f\r blades set ! prop] di/ance ap>t to give r+s ( ! desir$ wid?4 ,ea* blade1 f "r to left1 is set a little back ( ! prec$+ "o1 s t ! r+s are cut (f "o aft] ! o!r1 ! out] r+s be+ support$ until !y are completely sev]$4 ,aft] ! fir/ f\r r+s are cut (f1 ! c>riage is mov$ ahead to a second /op1 & f\r m r+s are sev]$1 ?is op]ation be+ cont9u$ until ! ca/+ has be5 entirely cut up into r+s4 ,:5 ! bore ( ! r+ is to be ecc5tric ) ! outside1 ! hold+ arrangem5t %[n 9 ! illu/ration is us$4 ,! ca/+ a is bolt$ to a slid+ *uck-plate c1 & ! outside is r\gh-turn$ ) tool k 9 ! toolpo/4 ,f9i%+ tool j is !n br\ght into action1 & ! outside diamet] is turn$ accurately to size4 ,!n ! slid+ *uck-plate c1 c>ry+ ! "w1 is mov$ ov] a di/ance equal to ! ecc5tricity desir$1 & ! "w is bor$ ) cutt]s n & n#a z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,! turret toolpo/ is next revolv$ & ! tools l are us$ = cutt+ (f ! r+s4 ,! reason = f9i%+ ! outside fir/ is to secure smoo? r+s 9 cutt+ (f1 z ?is op]ation %\ld be done :5 ! "w is runn+ conc5tric ) ! bore1 r ?an ) ! ext]ior surface4 ,x w be evid5t t ?is me?od gives a f> great] output ( r+s ?an is possible by f9i%+ !m 9 ! m primitive way on eng9e la!s4 ,! faces ( ! r+s may be f9i%$ 9 a second op]ation if desir$1 or !y may be gr\nd1 dep5d+ on ! me?od us$ 9 ! %op :]e ! "w is be+ done1 & ! accuracy requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,turn+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,pi/ons 9 ,pratt ,:itney ,turret ,la! ,pi/on ,turn+ 9 ,pratt & ,:itney ,turret ,la!4--,a turret la! equipp$ ) tools = turn+1 fac+ & groov+ automobile gasol9e eng9e pi/ons is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! pi/on is held on an exp&+ p9 *uck :i* is s con/ruct$ t all ( ! p9s are =c$ outw>d ) equal pressure & automatically con=m to any irregul>ities on ! inside ( ! pi/on4 ,tool ,a r\gh-turns ! outside1 & j z ?is tool completes its cut1 a c5t] hole is drill$ & ream$ 9 ! end ( ! pi/on by comb9ation drill & ream] ,b4 ,! turret is !n index$ "o-half a revolution & a f9i%+ cut is tak5 by tool ,c4 ,aft] ! cyl9drical body ( ! pi/on has be5 turn$1 tools held 9 a special hold] ,e atta*$ to ! cut-(f slide are us$ to face ! ends ( ! pi/on & cut ! pack+-r+ grooves4 ,:ile ! grooves are be+ cut1 ! out] end ( ! pi/on is support$ by c5t] ,d4 ,! c5t] hole 9 ! end also s]ves to support ! pi/on :ile be+ gr\nd to ! requir$ diamet] 9 a cyl9drical gr9d+ ma*9e4 ,! edge at ! op5 end ( ! pi/on may also be fac$ squ>e & ! inn] corn] bevel$ by a hook tool m\nt$ on ! re> cross-slide1 al?\gh ?is is usually done 9 a sep>ate op]ation4 7,?is provides a true surface by :i* to hold ?is end :5 gr9d+47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,pratt ,:itney ,turret ,la! equipp$ ) ,special ,atta*m5t = ,turn+ ,ecc5tric ,pi/on ,r+s ,?is illu/ration 7,fig4 #ag7 %[s v cle>ly ! /ops :i* automatically dis5gage ! turret fe$4 ,a bracket ,f is bolt$ to ! front ( ! b$ & conta9s six /op-rods ,g 7"o = ea* position or side ( ! turret74 ,:5 "o ( ^! /op-rods /rikes lev] ,h1 ! fe$ is dis5gag$1 ! /op be+ adju/$ to ?r[ out ! fe$ :5 ! tool has complet$ its cut4 ,lev] ,h is automatically align$ ) ! /op-rods = diff]5t sides ( ! turret by a cam ,j on ! turret base4 ,a roll] ,k be>s aga9/ ?is cam &1 ?r\gh ! connect+ %aft & lev] %[n1 causes lev] ,h to move opposite ! /op-rod = :atev] turret face is 9 ! work+ position4 ,lev] ,l is us$ = engag+ ! fe$ & lev] ,r = dis5gag+ x by h&4 ,! index+ ( ! turret at ! end ( ! backw>d movem5t ( ! slide is controll$ by /op ,m aga9/ :i* rod ,n /rikes1 ?us dis5gag+ ! lock bolt s t ! turret c turn4 ,?is /op ,m is adju/$ along ! b$ to a position dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! turret tools & ! di/ance ! turret mu/ move back to all[ ! tools to cle> z !y sw+ ar\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,tool ,equipm5t = ,ma*9+ ,worm ,ge> ,blanks--,davis ,turret ,la! ,atta*m5t = ,turn+ ,pi/on ,r+s4--,fig4 #ah %[s a special atta*m5t appli$ to a ,pratt ,:itney turret la! = turn+ ecc5tric1 gas-eng9e pi/on r+s4 ,! bor+ ( ! r+ ca/+1 turn+ ! outside & cutt+ (f ! r+s1 is done simultane\sly4 ,! int]ior ( ! ca/+ is turn$ conc5tric ) ! la! sp9dle by a heavy bor+-b>1 ! end ( :i* is rigidly support$ by a bu%+ 9 ! sp9dle4 ,! slide :i* c>ries ! outside turn+ tool is m\nt$ on a heavy ca/+ :i* /raddles ! turret4 ,! outside ( ! r+ ca/+ is turn$ ecc5tric to ! bore z a result ( an 9-&-out movem5t imp>t$ to ! tool by a cam on %aft ,a :i* is rotat$ f ! la! sp9dle ?r\gh ! ge>+ %[n4 ,= ea* revolution ( ! "w1 ! tool rec$es f ! c5t] & advances t[>d x an am\nt suffici5t to give ! requir$ ecc5tricity4 ,:5 ! turn+ & bor+ tools h f$ =w>d ab\t #b in*es1 !n ! cutt+-(f tools :i* are held 9 hold] ,b come into action4 ,! end ( ea* cutt+-(f tool1 f "r to left1 is set a little f>!r away f ! "w ?an ! prec$+ tool1 s t ! end r+s are always sev]$ fir/ z ! tools are f$ 9 by ! cross-slide4 ,a numb] ( ! complet$ r+s may be se5 9 ! pan ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,turn+ ,bevel ,ge> ,blanks 9 ,davis ,turret ,la!--,fir/ ,op]ation ,turn+ ,worm-ge> ,blanks 9 ,turret ,la!4--,?is is a second op]ation1 ! hub ( worm-ge> blank ,g 7,fig4 #ai7 hav+ previ\sly be5 bor$1 ream$1 & fac$ on ! re> side4 ,! ca/+ is m\nt$ ^u a close-fitt+ arbor atta*$ to a plate bolt$ to ! faceplate ( ! la!1 & is driv5 by two p9s :i* engage holes on ! re> side4 ,! rim is fir/ r\gh-turn$ by a tool ,a :i* op]ates on top1 & ! side is r\gh-fac$ by a too!d or s]rat$ cutt] ,b4 ,a simil> tool-hold] hav+ a tool ,c & a smoo? cutt] ,d is !n us$ to turn ! rim to ! requir$ diamet] & f9i% ! side4 ,! end ( ! hub is fac$ by cutt]s m\nt$ 9 ! end ( b>s ,e & ,f1 "o be+ ! r\gh+ cutt] & ! o!r ! f9i%+ cutt]4 ,! "w arbor projects beyond ! hub1 z w be se51 & =ms a pilot t /eadies ^! cutt] b>s4 ,! curv$ rim ( ! ge> is turn$ to ! requir$ radius 7prep>atory to ga%+ & bobb+ ! worm-:eel tee?7 by a =m$ tool ,h held on ! cross-slide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,second ,op]ation on ,bevel ,ge> ,blanks ,turn+ ,bevel ,ge> ,blanks4--,fig4 #bj %[s a plan view ( ! tools us$ = ! fir/ turn+ op]ation on bevel ge> blanks 7^! ge>s are us$ = driv+ drill press sp9dles74 ,! cor$ hole is bevel$ true at ! end by flat drill ,a to =m a true />t+ surface = ! ?ree-flut$ drill ,b :i* foll[s4 ,! hole is bor$ close to ! requir$ size by a tool 7n %[n7 held 9 ! end ( b> ,c1 & x is f9i%$ by ream] ,d4 ,! cyl9drical end ( ! ge> blank or hub is r\gh-& f9i%-turn$ by tools held 9 hold]s ,e & ,f1 respectively4 7,^! hold]s 7 made to set at an angle ( #de degrees1 in/ead ( be+ directly ov] ! "w1 z usual1 s t ! cutt]s w\ld be 9 view :5 sett+ up ! ma*9e47 ,x w be not$ t ! *uck is equipp$ ) special jaws :i* fit ! bevel$ "p ( ! ca/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,sectional ,view ( ,tap]+ ,mold ,%ell :i* is turn$ 9 ,h>tness ,flat ,turret ,la!1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #bc to #bg1 ,inclusive ,! second & f9al op]ation on ?is blank is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! "w ,a is held by a special driv] plate atta*$ to ! faceplate ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is driv] plate has two p9s :i* engage holes drill$ 9 ! ge> blank & prev5t x f rotat+4 ,! blank is also held by a bolt ,b :i* =ces a bu%+ aga9/ ! cyl9drical end4 ,fir/1 ! broad bevel$ side :i* is to be ! too!d "p ( ! ge>1 is r\gh-turn$ by too!d cutt]s ,c1 & a recess is =m$ 9 ! end ( ! blank1 by a turn+ tool 9 ?is same tool-hold]4 ,a simil> tool-hold] ,e1 hav+ f9i%+ cutt]s1 is !n us$ to f9i% ! bevel face & recess4 ,! o!r tools se5 9 ! turret are n us$ = ?is second op]ation4 ,! re> bevel is r\gh$ & f9i%$ by tools & held on ! cross-slide4 ,%ell ,turn+ ,op]ation 9 ,flat ,turret ,la!4--,! flat turret la! is s nam$ because ! turret is a flat circul> plate m\nt$ on a l[ c>riage to secure direct & rigid support f ! la! b$4 ,! tools1 in/ead ( be+ held by %anks ins]t$ 9 holes 9 ! turret1 are design$ s t !y c be clamp$ firmly onto ! l[ circul> turret plate4 ,an int]e/+ example ( flat turret la! "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,?is is a /eel %ell :i* mu/ be accurately f9i%$ to a slight tap]1 bo? inside & out1 ?read$ & pla9 recesses are requir$ at ! ends1 &1 9 addition1 "o or two m9or op]ations are necess>y4 ,?is "w is done 9 ! ,h>tness flat turret la!1 built by ! ,jones ,lamson ,ma*9e ,co4 ,! %ells are turn$ f cold-drawn seamless /eel tub+1 hav+ a c>bon cont5t ( #j4bj p] c5t1 & !y are f9i%$ at ! rate ( "o 9 n9e m9utes4 ,! tub+ comes to ! ma*9e 9 #ab-;foot l5g?s1 & ! tube be+ op]at$ ^u is1 ( c\rse1 f$ =w>d ?r\gh ! holl[ sp9dle z ea* successive %ell is sev]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fir/ ,op]ation on ,%ell ,illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb--,r\gh-turn+ & ,bor+ ,9 f9i%+ ?is %ell1 five diff]5t op]ations are requir$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ op]ation ! %ell is r\gh-bor$ & turn$ by "o passage ( a box-tool1 ,fig4 #bc1 & ! recess ,a1 ,fig4 #bb1 at ! out] end1 is f9i%$ to size by a second cutt] locat$ 9 ! bor+-b> close to ! turret4 ,! turret is !n index$ to ! second /ation :i* br+s ! ?read+ atta*m5t ,g into position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,aft] ! ?read is f9i%$1 ! recess ,b1 ,fig4 #bb1 is turn$ by a flat cutt] ,k1 ,fig4 #be4 ,! inn] & out] surfaces are !n f9i%$ to size by a box-tool m\nt$ on ! f\r? /ation ( ! turret & %[n 9 position 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! f9al op]ation1 ,fig4 #bg1 is p]=m$ by ?ree tools held on an auxili>y turret cross-slide1 & consi/s 9 r\nd+ ! corn]s at b & c1 ,fig4 #bb1 & sev]+ ! f9i%$ %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,second ,op]ation--,cutt+ ,int]nal ,?read ,"o ( ! int]e/+ features connect$ ) ! ma*9+ ( ?is %ell is ! f9i%+ ( ! inn] & out] tap]+ surfaces4 ,! tap] on ! outside is #c_/cb in* ,p] foot1 :ile ! bore has a tap] ( only #a_/fd in* p] foot1 & ^! surfaces are f9i%$ simultane\sly4 ,! box-tool employ$ is ( a /&>d type1 ) ! exception ( an ins]t$ bor+-b>1 & ! tap] on ! outside is obta9$ by ! regul> atta*m5t :i* consi/s ( a templet ,d 7,fig4 #bc7 ( ! requir$ tap]1 t causes ! turn+ tool to rec$e at a uni=m rate z x fe$s along4 ,to secure ! int]nal tap]1 ! head/ock ( ! ma*9e is swivel$ slightly on its transv]se ways by ! use ( tap]+ gibs4 ,by ?is simple me?od1 ! d\ble tap] is f9i%$ to ! requir$ accuracy )\t special tools or equipm5t4 ,z ^? famili> ) ?is ma*9e "k1 ! longitud9al movem5ts ( ! turret z well z ! transv]se movem5ts ( ! head/ock are controll$ by positive /ops4 ,! head/ock ( ?is ma*9e has t5 /ops :i* are m\nt$ 9 a revolv+ hold] & are br\ght into position1 z requir$1 by manipulat+ a lev] at ! front4 ,! /ops = l5g?1 or ^? controll+ ! turret travel1 are divid$ into two g5]al gr\ps1 kn[n z ,a & ,b4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps has six /ops s t !re are two /ops = ea* ( ! six positions or /ations ( ! turret1 &1 9 addition1 five extra /ops are available = any "o tool1 by ! engagem5t ( a p9 at ! re> ( ! turret4 ,! *ange f ! ,a to ! ,b /ops is made by adju/+ lev] ,l1 ,fig4 #bf1 :i* also has a neutral position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,?ird ,op]ation--,turn+ ,recess at ,re> ,end2 ,tool is %[n )drawn ,aft] ! box-tool = ! r\gh+ cut1 %[n at "w 9 ,fig4 #bc1 has rea*$ ! end ( its travel1 fur!r movem5t is arre/$ by a /op ( ! ,a gr\p4 ,! outside turn+ tool is !n )drawn by op]at+ lev] ,e & ! turret is run back & index$ to ! second /ation1 ?us br++ ! ?read+ atta*m5t into position4 ,! surface spe$ ( #acj feet p] m9ute :i* is us$ = turn+ is r$uc$ to ab\t #cj feet p] m9ute = ?read+ by manipulat+ lev]s ,h1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,aft] ! turret is locat$ by ano!r /op ( ! ,a gr\p1 ! ?read+ atta*m5t is made op]ative by depress+ a small plung] ,i1 :i* connects a v]tical driv+ %aft f ! sp9dle ) ! spl9$ transmission %aft ,j4 ,a reciprocat+ movem5t is !n imp>t$ to ! ?read *as] t :i* advances on ! cutt+ /roke & !n automatically retreats to cle> ! ?read on ! return4 ,?is movem5t is repeat$ until ! ?read is cut to ! prop] dep?1 z det]m9$ by "o ( ! /ops = ! head/ock4 ,:ile ! ?read is be+ cut1 ! c>riage is lock$ to ! b$ by ! lev] ,n1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to p]=m ! ?read+ op]ation be=e tak+ ! outside f9i%+ cut1 ow+ to a slight di/ortion ( ! %ell wall1 caus$ by ! ?read+ op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,f\r? ,op]ation--,f9i%+ ! ,bore & ,outside ,aft] ! ?read is f9i%$1 ! turret is turn$ to ! ?ird /ation z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 & tool ,k = ! inn] recess ,b1 ,fig4 #bb1 is br\ght into position & f$ to ! prop] dep?1 z det]m9$ by ano!r cross-/op4 ,! turret is also lock$ 9 position = ?is op]ation4 ,! f9i%+ cuts = ! bore & ! outside are next tak5 by a box-tool :i* is %[n ne> ! end ( its cut 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,?is box-tool is simil> to ! "o us$ = r\gh+1 b x is equipp$ ) diff]5tly %ap$ cutt]s to obta9 ! requir$ f9i%4 ,! outside turn+ tool has a /raight cutt+ edge set tang5t to ! cyl9drical surface & at an angle1 :ile ! bor+ tool has a cutt+ edge ( l>ge radius4 ,an end view ( ?is box-tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a r$uc$ fe$ is employ$ = ! f9i%+ cut1 & ! spe$ is increas$ to #acj feet p] m9ute1 :i* is ! same z t us$ = r\gh+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fif? ,op]ation--,r\nd+ ,ends1 ,scor+ ,l>ge ,end1 & ,cutt+ ,(f ,dur+ ! next & f9al op]ation1 ! turret1 aft] be+ index$ to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 is fir/ locat$ by a /op ( ! ,a gr\p s t ! cutt+-(f tool ,r 9 front c be us$ = r\nd+ ! corn] b1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! /op lev] ,l is !n %ift$ & ! turret is mov$ to a second /op ( ! ,b gr\p4 ,! corn] c is !n r\nd$ & ! %ell is scor$ at d by two inv]t$ tools ,s & ,t at ! re>1 aft] :i* ! f9i%$ "w is sev]$ by ! cut-(f tool at ! front4 ,! cross-movem5t ( ^! ?ree tools is controll$ by positive /ops on ! cross-slide1 & ! latt] is mov$ to & fro by h& lev] ,o4 ,aft] ! %ell is cut (f1 ! /op ,m1 m\nt$ on ! turret1 ,fig4 #bf1 is swung into position1 & ! tube is automatically f$ =w>d to ! sw++ /op by ! roll fe$1 z soon z ! *uck is releas$ by op]at+ lev] ,q4 ,?is completes ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,a copi\s supply ( lubricant is1 ( c\rse1 furni%$ to ! tools dur+ ^! op]ations1 & ! two bor+-tool %anks are holl[ s t lubricant c be =c$ ?r\gh !m & be made to play directly ^u ! cutt]s4 ,*uck ,"w 9 ,flat ,turret ,la!4--,two examples ( *uck "w on ! ,acme comb9ation flat turret la! are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bh & #bi4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! tool equipm5t = turn+ a cyl9drical "p ,a :i* is held 9 a ?ree-jaw univ]sal *uck4 ,! front flange is fir/ r\gh-turn$ by a b5t turn+ tool ,b4 ,! diamet] is regulat$ by "o ( ! cross-/ops at ,d :i* has be5 previ\sly set & controls ! movem5t ( ! turret cross-slide4 ,! longitud9al fe$ is dis5gag$ :5 ! flange has be5 turn$1 by an indep5d5t /op4 ,?is ma*9e has twelve longitud9al /ops1 !re be+ "o = ea* turret face & six auxili>y /ops1 9 addition to ! /ops = ! cross-slide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,tool ,equipm5t = ,turn+ ,scroll ,ge> ,blank on ,acme ,flat ,turret ,la! ,aft] r\gh+ ! flange1 ! turret c>riage is lock$ or clamp$ rigidly to ! b$ to prev5t any l5g?wise movem5t1 & ! back face ( ! front flange is r\gh-turn$ by tool ,b 9 to ! diamet] ( ! hub :i* is indicat$ by a micromet] dial on ! cross-fe$ screw4 ,! c>riage is !n unlock$ & auxili>y /op ,no4 #g is engag$ 7by turn+ a knob at ! front ( ! slide7 & ! cyl9drical hub is turn$ back to ! re> flange1 ! fe$ be+ dis5gag$ by ! auxili>y /op j z ! tool rea*es ! flange4 ,! cross-slide is n[ mov$ outw>d1 longitud9al auxili>y /op ,no4 #h is engag$1 ! turret slide is mov$ aga9/ ! /op1 ! c>riage is lock$ & ! front sides ( bo? ! front & re> flanges are r\gh-fac$ by tools ,b & ,c4 ,! turret is next index$ & ! hole r\gh-bor$ by cutt] ,e4 ,aft] aga9 index+ ! turret1 ! hub & flanges are f9i%-turn$ & fac$ by tools ,f & ,g1 z describ$ = ! r\gh-turn+ op]ation4 ,! f9al op]ation is t ( f9i%+ ! bore by cutt] ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,acme ,flat ,turret ,la! ,arrang$ = ,turn+ ,roll] ,fe$ ,body ,! op]ation %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi is t ( turn+ ! body ( a roll] fe$ me*anism = a turret la!4 ,! ca/+ is held 9 a ?ree-jaw univ]sal *uck & x is fir/ r\gh-bor$ by tool ,a4 ,! turret is !n index$ & ! side ( ! body & end ( ! hub are r\gh-fac$ by tools at ,b4 ,! turret is aga9 index$ = r\gh-turn+ ! outside ( ! hub & body1 by tools ,c & ,d4 ,simil> tools ,e & ,f are !n us$ to f9i% ^! same surfaces1 aft] :i* ! end ( ! hub & side ( ! body are f9i%$ by tools ,g & ,h simil> to ^? locat$ at ,b4 ,! f9al op]ation is t ( f9i%+ ! bore by tool ,j & cutt+ a groove 9 ! outside ( ! hub by ! b5t tool ,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,turret & ,head ( ,jones ,lamson ,d\ble-sp9dle ,flat ,turret ,la! ,d\ble-sp9dle ,flat ,turret ,la!4--,! ext5t to :i* mod]n turn+ ma*9es h be5 develop$1 especially = turn+ duplicate p>ts 9 quantity1 is illu/rat$ by ! design ( turret la! ! turret & head ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is ma*9e has two sp9dles & a l>ge flat turret :i* holds a d\ble set ( tools1 s t two duplicate ca/+s or =g+s c be turn$ at ! same "t4 ,x 0 design$ prim>ily = *uck "w & c be us$ z a s+le-sp9dle ma*9e if desirable4 ,:5 two sp9dles are employ$ = ma*9+ two duplicate p>ts simultane\sly1 consid]ably m "t is requir$ = sett+ up ! ma*9e ?an is necess>y = ! regul> s+le-sp9dle type1 b x is claim$ t ! increas$ rate ( production obta9$ ) ! two-sp9dle design m ?an (fsets ?is initial h&icap4 ,! manufactur]s consid] ! s+le-sp9dle ma*9e ! be/ type = ord9>y ma*9e build+ op]ations1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! "w is turn$ f ! b> or is ( ! *uck+ v>iety4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! d\ble-sp9dle type is pref]r$ :5 "w is to be produc$ 9 su* quantities t ! "t = sett+ up ! ma*9e becomes a second>y consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,diagram %[+ ,tool ,equipm5t & ,successive ,/eps 9 ,ma*9+ ,sprocket ,blanks on ,d\ble-sp9dle ,flat ,turret ,la! ,:5 ! d\ble-sp9dle ma*9e is us$ z a s+le-sp9dle type1 a *uck #ag in*es 9 diamet] is us$1 & :5 bo? sp9dles are 9 op]ation1 two #i-;in* *ucks are employ$4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! turret is squ>e1 & ! tools are rigidly held1 ) a m9imum am\nt ( ov]hang1 by means ( tool-blocks & b9d+ screws connect$ ) ! clamp+ plates4 ,two duplicate sets ( tools are clamp$ to ea* side ( ! turret & ^! op]ate simultane\sly on ! two pieces held 9 ! *ucks or on faceplates4 ,prim>ily ! turret is us$ 9 b f\r positions1 b :5 a #ag-;in* *uck or faceplate is employ$1 corn] blocks may be held by ! clamp+ plates 9 :i* tools are support$1 giv+1 if necess>y1 f\r additional op]ations by index+ ! turret to eight positions4 ,a typical job to demon/rate ! application ( ! d\ble-sp9dle flat turret la! is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! p>ts to be turn$ are sprocket :eels :i* are held 9 ! two #i-;in* *ucks4 ,at ! fir/ position ( ! turret 7:i* is ! "o illu/rat$71 ! inside is r\gh-bor$ by tools ,a4 ,at ! second position ( ! turret1 tools ,b r\gh-face ! inn] sides ( ! flanges2 tools ,c face ! out] sides ( ! flanges1 :ile tools ,d turn ! faces ( ! flanges4 ,at ! ?ird position ( ! turret1 tools ,e f9i%-turn ! inside ( ! flanges2 tools ,f f9i%-turn ! outside ( ! flanges1 :ile tools ,g f9i% ! faces ( ! flanges4 ,at ! f\r? position ( ! turret1 tools ,h f9i%-bore ! sprockets2 tools ,i complete ! turn+ on ! outside ( ! flanges1 :ile tools ,j accurately size ! int]ior ( ! flanges4 ,) ! d\ble-sp9dle flat turret la!1 ea* op]ation is a d\ble op]ation1 & ! spe$s are v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! cut2 ?us1 if at "o position ( ! turret1 ! tools are requir$ to r\gh out ! "w1 ?is may be done rapidly1 = x has no be>+ on ! o!r op]ations t are subsequ5tly p]=m$4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! foll[+ op]ation has to be p]=m$ ) great c>e1 ?is may be done )\t r$uc+ ! spe$ ( ! less exact+ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,pott] ,john/on ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e4--,! *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb is automatic 9 its op]ation1 ! fe$+ ( ! tools1 index+ ( ! turret1 etc41 be+ done automatically aft] ! ma*9e is prop]ly arrang$1 & ! "w is plac$ 9 ! *uck4 ,?is ma*9e is adapt$ to turn+ & bor+ a great v>iety ( ca/+s1 =g+s or p>ts f b> /ock1 & x is (t5 us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! h&-op]at$ turret la!1 especially :5 a great _m duplicate p>ts are requir$4 ,x is provid$ ) me*anism = op]at+ ! cross-slide1 fe$+ ! turret slide =w>d1 return+ x rapidly1 rotat+ ! turret to a new position1 & fe$+ x =w>d quickly = tak+ a new cut4 ,! cross-slide & turret-slide movem5ts are effect$ by cams m\nt$ on ! l>ge drum ,e se5 b5ea? ! turret1 :ile ! v>i\s spe$ & fe$ *anges are effect$ by dogs & p9s c>ri$ on disk ,d :i* is key$ to ! same %aft t ! cam drum is m\nt$ ^u4 ,?is %aft ) ! cam drum & gov]n+ disk ,d1 makes "o revolution = ea* piece ( "w complet$4 ,! cams = op]at+ ! turret slide are m\nt$ ^u ! p]iph]y ( drum ,e4 ,! roll :i* engages ! angul> faces ( ^! cams & imp>ts movem5t to ! turret is c>ri$ by an int]m$iate slide :i* has rack tee? engag+ a p9ion on ! squ>e %aft ,c4 ,by turn+ ?is %aft ) a crank1 ! position ( ! turret-slide1 ) relation to ! cam1 may be adju/$ = long or %ort "w & long or %ort tools1 z may be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,re> ,view ( ,ma*9e %[+ ! ,cross-slide ,me*anism1 ,driv+ ,ge>+1 etc4 ,! cams :i* op]ate ! cross-slide are m\nt$ on ! "r-h& end ( drum ,e & actuate ! yoke ,a 7see ,fig4 #cc7 :i* ext5ds diagonally upw>d4 ,! re> end ( ?is yoke has rack tee? me%+ ) ! tee? ( a segm5tal p9ion1 :i* is fa/5$ to rock-%aft ,b4 ,at ! head/ock end1 ?is rock-%aft c>ries ano!r segm5tal p9ion me%+ ) rack tee? =m$ on ! cross-slide4 ,! movem5t imp>t$ to ! yoke by ! cams is ?us transmitt$ ?r\gh ! p9ions & rock-%aft to ! cross-slide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! ,automatic ,controll+ ,me*anism = ,fe$s & ,spe$s ,! cam drum ,e is driv5 by a p9ion me%+ ) a ge> atta*$ to its front side4 ,?is p9ion is driv5 ?r\gh a tra9 ( ge>+ f pulley ,l 7see ,fig4 #cd7 :i* is belt$ to ! sp9dle4 ,! fe$s are ?us always dep5d5t on ! sp9dle spe$4 ,by means ( epicyclic ge>+ & suitable clut*es1 ! motion ?us d]iv$ f ! sp9dle may be made rapid = return+ ! turret to be index$ & !n advanc+ x to ! cutt+ position aga91 or v sl[ = ! =w>d fe$ :5 ! tools are at "w4 ,^! *anges f sl[ to fa/ or vice v]sa are controll$ by disk ,d4 ,?is disk c>ries p9s :i* /rike a /> :eel locat$ back ( ! disk at ! top1 & z ?is /> :eel is turn$1 ! spe$s are *ang$ by op]ation ( ! ge>+ & clut*es ref]r$ to4 ,! fir/ p9 ,m t /rikes ! /> :eel advances x "o-six? ( a rotation1 *ang+ ! fe$ f fa/ to sl[2 ! next p9 t /rikes x advances x ano!r six? ( a rotation1 *ang+ ! fe$ f sl[ to fa/ & s on4 ,by adju/+ ! p9s = ea* piece ( "w1 ! fe$ *anges are made to take place at ! prop] "t4 ,h&:eel ,e is ge>$ ) ! cam-%aft on :i* ! /> :eel is m\nt$1 s t ! fe$s may be *ang$ by h& if desir$4 ,9 addition to ^! fe$-*ang+ p9s1 disk ,d has a dog :i* op]ates a lev] by :i* ! fe$ movem5t is /opp$ :5 ! "w has be5 complet$4 ,f\r rates ( fe$ are provid$ by quick *ange ge>+ ( ! slid+ ge> type1 op]at$ by h&le ,k4 ,) ?is h&le set 9 ! c5tral position1 ! fe$ is dis5gag$4 ,on ! p]iph]y ( disk ,d are also clamp$ dogs or cams ,n1 :i* op]ate a horizontal sw++ lev] ,p connect$ by a l9k ) v]tical lev] ,j1 :i* controls ! two sp9dle spe$s ) :i* ! ma*9e is provid$4 ,ei!r "o ( ^! spe$s c be automatically engag$ at any "t1 by adju/+ ! cams ,n on disk ,d4 ,lev] ,h connects or disconnects ! driv+ pulley f ! %aft on :i* x is m\nt$1 ?us />t+ or /opp+ ! ma*9e4 ,! squ>e %aft ,g s]ves to op]ate ! drums by h& & is turn$ ) a crank4 ,! rotation ( ! turret1 :i* takes place at ! re> ( its travel1 is1 ( c\rse1 effect$ automatically4 ,a dog1 :i* may be se5 9 ,fig4 #cb at ! side ( ! b$1 is set to trip ! turret revolv+ me*anism at ! prop] po9t 9 ! travel1 to avoid int]f]5ce betwe5 ! tools & ! "w4 ,! turret is provid$ ) an automatic clamp+ device4 ,! me*anism fir/ )draws ! lock+ p91 unclamps ! turret1 revolves x1 !n ?r[s 9 ! lock+ p9 & clamps ! turret aga94 ,example ( ,"w on ,automatic ,turn+ ,ma*9e4--,! piece select$ = illu/rat+ ! sett+ up & op]ation ( ! automatic *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is is a second op]ation1 & a v simple "o :i* w cle>ly illu/rate ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,9 ! fir/ op]ation1 ! hole 0 drill$1 bor$ & ream$1 ! small end ( ! bu%+ fac$1 & ! outside diamet] f9i%$1 z indicat$ by ! sket* to ! left4 7,! enl>g$ diamet] at ! end 0 us$ = hold+ ! "w 9 ! *uck47 ,9 ! second op]ation 7illu/rat$ to ! "r71 ! enl>g$ *uck+ end is cut (f &1 9 ord] to prev5t wa/+ ?is piece1 x is made into a coll> = ano!r "p ( ! ma*9e = :i* ! bu%+ is int5d$2 h5ce1 ! outside diamet] is turn$ & ! outside end fac$1 be=e cutt+ (f ! coll>4 ,9 addition1 ! bu%+ is recess$ 9 ! second op]ation1 & ! out] end fac$4 ,9 ord] to h ! surfaces f9i%$ 9 ! second op]ation1 conc5tric ) ^? ma*9$ 9 ! fir/ op]ation1 ! *uck is equipp$ ) a set ( s(t false jaws :i* h be5 c>efully bor$ to exactly ! diamet] ( ! "w to be held4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,simple ,example ( ,"w done 9 ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e ,! fir/ ?+ to det]m9e :5 sett+ up a ma*9e ( ?is type is ! ord] ( op]ations4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! ord] is z foll[s3 ,at ! fir/ position ( ! turret1 ! outside coll> is r\gh-turn$ & ! out] end r\gh-fac$4 ,at ! second position1 ! coll> is turn$ to ! requir$ diamet] & ! out] face is f9i%$4 ,! ?ird face ( ! turret is n equipp$ ) tools1 ?is "p ( ! cycle be+ tak5 up 9 cutt+ (f ! coll> ) a cut-(f tool on ! re> cross-slide4 ,! f\r? op]ation is t ( recess+ ! bu%+1 & ! fif? op]ation1 fac+ ! end to remove ! r\gh surface left by ! cutt+-(f tool4 ,! tools ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #cf1 us$ = turn+ ! outside ( ! flange1 are held 9 brackets ,c bolt$ to ! face ( ! turret4 ,^! brackets are ea* provid$ ) ?ree holes = c>ry+ turn+ tool-hold]s4 ,?is arrangem5t provides = turn+ a numb] ( diamet]s at diff]5t positions1 simultane\sly1 b = ?is p>ticul> op]ation1 a s+le cutt+ tool = ea* tool-hold] is all t is necess>y4 ,a special device is us$ = recess+ & w be describ$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,front ,view ( ,ma*9e set up = ! ,f9i%+ ,op]ation on ! ,recess$ ,bu%+ & ,coll> %[n 9 ! ,=egr\nd & 9 ,fig4 #ce ,det]m9+ ,spe$ & ,fe$ ,*anges4--,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! p>ticul> ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cb c be arrang$ = two automatic *anges ( spe$ to suit diff]5t diamet]s on ! "w4 ,! *ange ge>s t w give ! requir$ sp9dle spe$s %\ld fir/ be select$4 ,^! *ange ge>s = diff]5t spe$s are li/$ on a spe$ & fe$ plate atta*$ to ! head/ock ( ! ma*9e 7see ,fig4 #cg74 ,x is possible to use "o spe$ f ! li/ giv5 = ! fa/ tra9 ( ge>s1 & "o f ! li/ = ! sl[ tra91 s long z ! same ge>s are n us$ 9 ea* case4 ,! diamet] ( ! coll> on ! "w %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce is #b-a_/b in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! body is #b in*es4 ,assum+ t ! surface spe$ = ?is job %\ld be ab\t #dj feet p] m9ute1 a little calculation %[s t ! #ff revolutions p] m9ute1 giv5 by ! fa/ tra9 ( ge>s1 is equival5t to a surface spe$ ( #dc feet p] m9ute on a diamet] ( #b-a_/b in*es4 ,moreov]1 ! #gh revolutions p] m9ute obta9$ f ! sl[ tra9 ( ge>+1 gives ab\t #da feet p] m9ute on a diamet] ( #b in*es4 ,! sp9dle ge>+ indicat$ = ^! spe$s is1 !re=e1 plac$ 9 position on ! prop] /uds at ! back ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,plate on ! ,head/ock ( ,ma*9e ,illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cb giv+ ! ,spe$s & ,fe$s ,next we h to det]m9e on :i* faces ( ! turret to place ! diff]5t tools4 ,ea* turret face is numb]$ to agree ) ! correspond+ fe$ cam on ! drum4 ,! spe$ & fe$ plate 7,fig4 #cg7 gives ! v>i\s fe$s obta9able p] revolution ( ! sp9dle4 ,z w be se51 ! diff]5t cams give diff]5t fe$s4 ,cam ,no4 #a has a co>se fe$ suitable = r\gh+2 cam ,no4 #b a f9] fe$ adapt$ to f9i%+1 & s on4 ,s9ce ! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 r\gh-turn+1 cam ,no4 #a is us$4 ,cam ,no4 #b1 :i* gives a f9] fe$1 is us$ = ! f9i%-turn+ op]ation4 ,cam ,no4 #d1 :i* is ord9>ily us$ = ream+1 c\ld1 9 ?is case1 be us$ = recess+1 z ?is recess is = cle>ance only & may be bor$ ) a co>se fe$4 ,! f9al op]ation1 :i* is t ( fac+1 c be done ) any cam & cam ,no4 #e may be us$4 ,x w be und]/ood t = fac+ op]ations1 ! fe$s giv5 d n apply4 ,z ! roll passes ov] ! po9t ( ! fe$ cam at ! extreme end ( ! movem5t1 ! fe$ ( ! turret slide is gradually sl[$ d[n to z]o2 s9ce ! fac+ takes place 9 ! la/ eigh? or sixte5? in* ( ?is movem5t1 x is done at a fe$ :i* is gradually r$uc$ to z]o4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 z x %\ld be1 & x is n necess>y to pay any att5tion to ! tabulat$ fe$s 9 fac+ op]ations4 ,sett+ ! ,turret ,slide4--,! next adju/m5t is t ( sett+ ! turret slide4 ,9 mak+ ?is adju/m5t ! turret is set 9 su* relation to ! "w t ! tools w h b a small am\nt ( ov]hang1 ! cam-%aft be+ revolv$ by h& until ! cam-roll is at ! extreme top ( ! =w>d fe$+ cam1 s t ! turret slide is at ! extreme ( its =w>d movem5t4 ,:5 ?is adju/m5t has be5 made by ! means provid$1 set ! turret index tripp+ dog s z to revolve ! turret at ! prop] po9t4 ,aft] a turn+ tool-hold] & tool is atta*$ to ! face ( ! turret1 cam ,no4 #a is plac$ 9 its op]at+ position & is revolv$ by h& until ! roll is on ! po9t ( ! cam & ! turret at ! =w>d extreme ( its motion4 ,at ?is po9t ! tool-hold] is set s t ! cutt] w be f> en\gh =w>d to complete its turn+ op]ation4 ,! fe$ cam is !n turn$ backw>d1 ?us return+ ! turret slide1 & ! cutt] is set to turn ! flange to ! prop] diamet] = ! r\gh+ cut4 ,! turret slide is f$ =w>d & back :ile ! cutt] is adju/$1 & :5 x is prop]ly set1 ! flange is turn$1 ! cam-drum be+ f$ by h&4 ,?is is ! fir/ trial cut on ! piece4 ,a fac+ tool1 %[n 9 ! work+ position 9 ,fig4 #cf1 is plac$ at ?is /ation ( ! turret1 be+ held 9 ! turret hole4 ,?is tool has a pilot b> & a hold] :i* conta9s a fac+ blade4 ,fe$+ by h&1 z be=e1 ! tool is adju/$ l5g?wise s z to r\gh-face ! "w to ! dim5sion desir$4 ,9 a simil> way ! f9i%-turn+ & fac+ tools = ! second position ( ! turret are set1 ! cam-%aft be+ revolv$ by h& to br+ ?is second face & second cam into ! work+ position4 7,! f9i%-fac+ tool is n %[n 9 place 9 ,fig4 #cf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,diagram ( ,cross-slide ,cams & ,fe$+ ,me*anism ,sett+ ! ,cross-slide ,cam4--,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! ?ird turret face has no tool1 ! cutt+ (f ( ! coll> be+ done dur+ ?is "p ( ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t 9 sett+ ! turret slide1 room has be5 left betwe5 x & ! *uck = ! cross-slide4 ,! cross-slide is clamp$ 9 a longitud9al position on ! b$1 conv5i5t = ! cutt+-(f op]ation1 :i* is done ) a tool ,d 7,fig4 #cf7 9 ! re> toolpo/1 ?us leav+ ! front unob/ruct$ = ! op]ator4 ,:5 bo? =m+ & cutt+ (f are to be done1 ! =m+ tool is g5]ally held at ! front & ! cutt+-(f tool at ! back because heavi] & m accurate =m+ c be done ) ! "w revolv+ d[nw>d t[>d a tool 9 ! front toolpo/1 ?an ) ! tool at ! re> :]e x is subject$ to a lift+ action4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! cross-slide cams is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 :i* is an end view ( ! l>ge drum ,e1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! re> fe$ cam is ! "o to be us$1 & s9ce ?is cutt+-(f op]ation is a %ort "o1 x may be done dur+ ! return ( ! turret = position ,no4 #c4 ,! cam drum is1 !re=e1 rotat$ by h& until ! turret face ,no4 #c has begun to return4 ,! cross-slide cams are !n loos5$ & ! re> fe$ cam is swung ar\nd to j t\* ! roll] ,r :i* op]ates arm ,a1 ! cross-slide hav+ be5 adju/$ out to ne>ly ! limit ( its =w>d travel1 leav+ approximately en\gh movem5t = cutt+ (f ! coll>4 ,! re> fe$ cam is !n clamp$ 9 ?is position4 ,a cutt+-(f tool is next plac$ 9 ! re> toolpo/ at ! prop] height4 ,! re> toolpo/ slide is !n adju/$ to br+ ! po9t ( ! cutt+-(f tool up to ! "w1 & ! cam drum is revolv$ by h& until ! piece is cut (f4 ,! cross-slide tool is1 ( c\rse1 set 9 ! prop] position to make a coll> ( ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,fe$+ by h& is discont9u$ :5 ! roll is on ! po9t ( ! cam2 ! cutt+-(f tool slide is !n p]man5tly set on ! cross-slide s t ! po9t ( ! cutt+-(f tool ent]s ! bore j f> en\gh to completely sev] ! coll> f ! bu%+4 ,! motion ( ! cam drum is cont9u$1 by h&1 until ! roll is ov] ! po9t ( ! fe$ cam4 ,! cross-slide is !n pu%$ back1 by h&1 until ! cam & roll are aga9 9 contact1 :5 ! return cam is br\ght up & clamp$ 9 position1 s t !re is j room = ! roll betwe5 ! fe$ cam & ! return cam4 ,! re> return cam 7z ! h& fe$ ( ! cam drum is cont9u$7 br+s ! cross-slide back to its c5tral position4 ,s9ce !re is no front tool us$ = ?is s]ies ( op]ations 7al?\gh a tool is %[n 9 ! front toolpo/1 ,fig4 #cf71 ! fir/ fe$ & return cams are all[$ to rema9 :]ev] !y happ5 to be4 ,^! cam adju/m5ts c all be made f ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,sett+ ! ,bor+ ,tool = ,recess+4--,! fe$+ ( ! turret slide is n[ cont9u$ to make sure t ! cutt+-(f tool is return$ to its normal position be=e ! fac+ tool 9 ! next face ( ! turret beg9s to "w4 ,! fac+ ( ! bu%+1 s f> z ! sett+ ( ! tool is conc]n$1 is m]ely a repetition ( ! fac+ op]ation at ! fir/ position ( ! turret4 ,! recess+ tool is next set4 ,?is tool1 :i* is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #ci1 is v simple z comp>$ ) ! some:at complex op]ation x has to p]=m4 ,?is recess is = cle>ance only1 & accurate dim5sions & f9e f9i% are n necess>y4 ,! recess+ tool consi/s simply ( a sl5d] bor+-b> held 9 ! turret & c>ry+ a cutt] suitably locat$ ab\t midway ! b>4 ,! =w>d end ( ! b> is small en\gh to ent] a bell-m\!d bu%+ held 9 ! *uck4 ,! bor+-b> is b5t to "o side f> en\gh s t ! cutt] cle>s ! hole z ! b> ent]s1 b is =c$ into ! "w z ! r\nd$ hole ( ! bu%+ engages ! end ( ! b> & deflects x into ! work+ position4 ,! upp] diagram %[s ! position ( ! b> z x ent]s ! hole1 & ! l[] "o ! position aft] x has ent]$ ! bu%+ & is engag$ 9 turn+ ! recess4 ,?is b> is set 9 ! turret s t at ! extreme =w>d travel ( ! turret slide1 ! recess w be bor$ to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! cutt] mu/ also be adju/$ to bore to ! desir$ diamet]4 ,?is completes ! sett+ ( ! cutt+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,flexible ,bor+ ,tool us$ = ,recess+ a ,bu%+ 9 ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e ,adju/m5ts = ,automatic ,fe$ & ,spe$ ,*anges4--,! ma*9e mu/ n[ be set to p]=m automatically ! desir$ *anges ( sp9dle spe$ & ! fa/ & sl[ cam movem5ts = ! tools4 ,aft] plac+ a new piece ( "w 9 ! ma*9e 7! fir/ "o hav+ be5 complet$ 9 ! sett+-up op]ation71 ! cam-%aft is revolv$ by h& until ! turn+ tool 9 turret face ,no4 #a is j ab\t to beg9 its cut4 ,! control :eel ,d1 ,fig4 #cd1 is rotat$ 9 its normal direction until ! next graduation m>k$ sl[ is 9 l9e ) an index m>k on ! base ( ! ma*9e4 ,!n ! ne>e/ p9 ,m is mov$ up until x be>s aga9/ a too? ( ! /> :eel 7previ\sly ref]r$ to7 & is clamp$ 9 ?is position4 ,! p9 %\ld n[ be 9 ! prop] location1 b to te/ its position1 rotate ! cam %aft backw>d by h& & ?r[ 9 ! automatic fe$2 !n wat* ! cut to see if ! drum sl[s d[n j be=e ! tool beg9s to "w4 ,if x does n1 ! p9 %\ld be adju/$ a little1 "o way or ! o!r1 z may be requir$4 7,9 go+ ov] a piece ( "w = ! fir/ "t1 x is be/ to h ! fe$ set to ! smalle/ rate1 fe$ *ange h&le ,k be+ 9 position ,no4 #a47 ,aft] ! cut has be5 complet$ & ! turret fe$ cam-roll is on ! high "p ( ! cam1 ! p[] fe$ %\ld aga9 be /opp$ & ! h&:eel revolv$ until ! next graduation m>k$ fa/ is opposite ! index m>k4 ,! next /op p9 is !n mov$ up until x j t\*es ! /> :eel1 :]e x is clamp$ 9 position4 ,! fe$ be+ aga9 ?r[n 91 ! turret w be return$ rapidly1 index$1 & mov$ =w>d = ! second op]ation4 ,aft] /opp+ ! automatic movem5t1 ! p9s are set = ?is face1 & s on = all ! op]ations1 includ+ t 9 :i* ! cross-slide is us$ = cutt+ (f ! f9i%$ coll>4 ,z ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird op]ations are on comp>atively l>ge diamet]s1 !y %\ld be done at ! sl[ spe$1 h&le ,j1 ,fig4 #cd1 be+ set to give t spe$4 ,:ile ! turret slide is be+ return$ betwe5 op]ations #c & #d1 "o ( ! sp9dle spe$-*ang+ dogs ,n %\ld be clamp$ to ! rim ( disk ,d s z to *ange ! sp9dle spe$ to ! fa/ movem5t4 ,?is spe$ is cont9u$ until ! la/ op]ation is complet$1 :5 a second dog is clamp$ 9 place to aga9 ?r[ 9 ! sl[ movem5t4 ,! fe$ knock-(f dog %\ld also be clamp$ 9 place on ! disk to /op ! ma*9e at ! completion ( ! fif? op]ation1 :5 ! turret is 9 its re> position4 ,?is completes ! sett+ up ( ! ma*9e4 ,if ! fe$ is f9] ?an is necess>y1 ! fe$ *ange h&le ,k may n[ be mov$ to a position :i* w give ! maximum fe$ t c be us$4 ,x has tak5 consid]able "t to describe ! sett+ up ( ! ma*9e = ?is simple op]ation1 b 9 ! h&s ( a compet5t man x c be done q rapidly4 ,:ile a simple op]ation has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+1 x w be und]/ood t a great v>iety ( "w c be done on a ma*9e ( ?is type4 ,x is n unusual to see z _m z t5 cutt+ tools op]at+ simultane\sly on a piece ( "w1 ! tools be+ c>ri$ by ! turret1 cross-slide & back fac+ atta*m5t4 ,! latt] is op]at$ f a sep>ate cam appli$ to ! cam-%aft & act+ ?r\gh lev]s on a back fac+ b> :i* passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! sp9dle4 ,9 ?is back fac+ b> may be m\nt$ drills1 cutt]s1 fac+ tools1 etc4 = ma*9+ ! re> face ( a ca/+ held 9 ! *uck jaws4 ,:]e extreme accuracy is requir$1 a d\ble back fac+ atta*m5t may be us$1 arrang$ ) cutt]s = tak+ bo? r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts4 ,! use ( ?is atta*m5t (t5 saves a second op]ation4 ,?is automatic *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e is also adapt$ = b> "w1 especially 9 diamet]s v>y+ f #c to #f in*es4 ,turn+ ,fly:eel 9 ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e4--,a typical op]ation on ! ,pott] ,john/on automatic *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dj1 :i* %[s ! ma*9e arrang$ = turn+ ! ca/-iron fly:eel = ! eng9e ( a motor truck4 ,! rim is turn$ & fac$ on bo? sides & ! hub is bor$1 ream$ & fac$ on bo? sides4 ,! fly:eel ca/+ is held 9 a *uck by ?ree special jaws :i* grip ! inside ( ! rim4 ,! ord] ( ! op]ations is z foll[s3 ,! re> end ( ! hub is fac$ by ! back fac+ b>2 ! cor$ hole is />t$ by a f\r-lipp$ drill 9 ! turret & ! front end ( ! hub is r\gh-fac$4 7,^! tools are on ! re> side ( ! turret :5 ! latt] is 9 ! position %[n 9 ! illu/ration47 ,aft] ! turret indexes1 ! hole is r\gh-bor$ by tool ,a & :ile ?is is be+ done1 ! outside ( ! rim is r\gh-turn$ by tool ,b held 9 a special bracket atta*$ to ! turret4 ,bo? sides ( ! rim are also r\gh-fac$ by tools ,c & ,d held at ! front ( ! cross-slide1 ?is op]ation tak+ place at ! same "t t ! rim is turn$ & ! hole is be+ bor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,ma*9+ ,fly:eels 9 ,pott] ,john/on ,automatic ,*uck+ & ,turn+ ,ma*9e ,! turret aga9 automatically rec$es & indexes1 ?us locat+ b> ,e & turn+ tool ,g 9 ! work+ position4 ,! hole is !n f9i%-bor$ by tool ,e & ! hub is f9i%-fac$ by blade ,f2 at ! same "t ! rim is f9i%-turn$ by tool ,g & ! sides are f9i%-fac$ to ! prop] wid? by two tools held at ! re> ( ! cross-slide4 ,! turret automatically rec$es & indexes a ?ird "t1 ?us locat+ ! flat-cutt] ream]-b> ,h 9 ! work+ position & !n ! hole is ream$ to ! requir$ diamet]4 ,?is completes ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,! total "t = ma*9+ ?is fly:eel is =ty m9utes4 ,automatic ,multiple-sp9dle ,*uck+ ,ma*9e4--,an example ( ! specializ$ ma*9es n[ us$ = produc+ duplicate p>ts1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,?is is a ,new ,brita9 automatic multiple-sp9dle *uck+ ma*9e ( ! s+le-head type & x is especially adapt$ = bor+1 ream+ & fac+ op]ations on ca/+s or =g+s :i* c readily be held 9 *uck jaws4 ,?is p>ticul> ma*9e has five sp9dles1 :i* c>ry & revolve ! tools4 ,! "w be+ ma*9$ is held /ation>y 9 ! multiple *uck turret ,a :i* holds ea* "p 9 l9e ) "o ( ! sp9dles & automatically indexes1 s t ! "w passes f "o sp9dle to ano!r until x is f9i%$4 ,! turret !n indexes ! f9i%$ piece to a six? or load+ position :i* is n opposite a sp9dle1 :]e ! "p is remov$ & replac$ ) a r\gh ca/+4 ,ea* pair ( *uck jaws is op]at$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs by ! use ( a *uck wr5*4 ,^! jaws are made to suit ! %ape ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,new ,brita9 ,multiple-sp9dle ,automatic ,*uck+ ,ma*9e ( ,s+le-head ,type ,:5 a s+le-head ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! turret advances & fe$s ! "w aga9/ ! revolv+ tools s t a numb] ( pieces are op]at$ ^u at ! same "t4 ,! turret is f$ by a cam drum ,b4 ,cam /rips are bolt$ to ! outside ( ?is drum & act directly aga9/ a roll] atta*$ to ! yoke ,c :i* c be clamp$ 9 diff]5t positions on ! sp9dle ,d1 ! position dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! "w4 ,on ! opposite end ( ! turret sp9dle is ! index+ me*anism ,e4 ,an automatically spr+-op]at$ lat* ,f engages not*es 9 ! rim ( ! divid+ :eel1 ?us accurately locat+ ! turret4 ,! turret is lock$ by a /eadyre/ ,g1 :i*1 = ea* work+ position1 automatically slides into engagem5t ) "o ( ! not*es 9 ! turret4 ,?is relieves ! index+ me*anism ( all /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,detail ,view ( ,new ,brita9 ,d\ble-head ,eight-sp9dle ,ma*9e1 ,bor+1 ,ream+ & ,fac+ ,ca/+s ,?is type ( ma*9e is also built ) two sp9dle heads1 ! d\ble-head design be+ us$ = "w requir+ op]ations on bo? ends4 ,:5 ! d\ble-head ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! revolv+ sp9dles & tools advance on bo? sides ( ! *uck turret1 ! latt] rema9+ /ation>y except :5 index+4 ,! fe$ drums on ! d\ble-head ma*9e are locat$ directly b5ea? ea* gr\p ( sp9dles4 ,fig4 #db %[s an example ( "w on a ma*9e ( ! d\ble-head design4 ,?is is an eight-sp9dle ma*9e1 !re be+ two gr\ps ( f\r sp9dles on ea* side ( ! turret4 ,! ca/+s ,e are = ! :eel hubs ( automobiles4 ,! ord] ( ! op]ations on "o ( ! ca/+s1 z x indexes ar\nd1 is z foll[s3 ,! hole 9 ! hub is fir/ r\gh-ream$ by tap] ream] ,a & ! opposite end ( ! hub is r\gh-fac$ & c\nt]bor$ by a tool 9 sp9dle ,a#a4 ,:5 ! turret indexes1 ?is same ca/+ is ream$ close to ! f9i%$ size by ream] ,b & ! left end ( ! hub is r\gh-fac$ by cutt] ,f1 :ile a tool 9 ! opposite sp9dle ,b#a f9i%es ! c\nt]bor+ & fac+ op]ation4 ,at ! ?ird position1 ream] ,c f9i%es ! hole accurately to size1 & :5 ! "w is index$ to ! f\r? position1 ! hub on ! left side is f9i%-fac$ by a tool 9 sp9dle ,d4 7,! ?ird & f\r? sp9dles ( ! "r-h& gr\p are n us$ = ?is p>ticul> op]ation47 ,:5 ! turret aga9 indexes1 ! f9i%$ ca/+ is remov$ & replac$ ) a r\gh "o4 ,:ile ! successive op]ations on a s+le ca/+ h j be5 describ$1 x w be und]/ood t all ( ! tools op]ate simultane\sly & t a f9i%$ ca/+ arrives at ! unload+ & load+ position ea* "t ! turret indexes4 ,?ree hundr$ ( ^! malleable ca/+s are ma*9$ 9 n9e h\rs4 ,select+ ,type ( ,turn+ ,ma*9e4--,! v>iety ( ma*9e tools n[ 9 use is v ext5sive1 & z diff]5t types c (t5 be employ$ = ! same k9d ( "w1 ! selection ( ! be/ & mo/ effici5t ma*9e is (t5 a r difficult problem4 ,to illu/rate1 !re are _m diff]5t types & designs ( turn+ ma*9es1 su* z ! ord9>y eng9e la!1 ! h&-op]at$ turret la!1 ! semi-automatic turn+ ma*9e1 & ! fully automatic type1 :i*1 aft] x is set up & />t$1 is entirely indep5d5t4 ,h5ce1 :5 a c]ta9 "p mu/ be turn$1 ! "q is1 :at k9d ( ma*9e %\ld be us$1 assum+ t x w\ld be possible to employ sev]al diff]5t ma*9es8 ,! answ] to ?is "q usually dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! numb] ( p>ts t mu/ be turn$4 ,= example1 a c]ta9 ca/+ or =g+ might be turn$ 9 a la!1 :i* c\ld be f9i%$ 9 "s =m ( automatic or semi-automatic turn+ ma*9e mu* m quickly4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! automatic is ! be/ ma*9e to use1 because ! la! is design$ = g5]al "w & ! "p ref]r$ to c\ld d\btless be turn$ ) ! regul> la! equipm5t1 :]eas ! automatic ma*9e w\ld require special tools & x w\ld also ne$ to be c>efully adju/$4 ,!re=e1 if only a few p>ts 7 ne$$1 ! la! might be ! be/ tool to use1 b if a l>ge numb] 7 requir$1 ! automatic or semi-automatic ma*9e w\ld d\btless be pref]able1 because ! sav+ 9 "t effect$ by ! latt] type w\ld m ?an (fset ! extra exp5se = tool equipm5t & sett+ ! ma*9e4 ,x is also necess>y1 9 connection ) "s "w1 to consid] ! degree ( accuracy requir$1 z well z ! rate ( production1 & x is because ( ^! v>y+ conditions t "w ( ! same g5]al class is (t5 done 9 ma*9es ( diff]5t types1 9 ord] to secure ! mo/ effici5t results4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]tical ,,bor+ ,,mill ,,practice ,all ! diff]5t types ( turn+ ma*9es n[ 9 use orig9at$ f ! la!4 ,_m ( ^! tools1 h[ev]1 d n resemble ! la! because1 9 ! process ( evolution1 !re h be5 _m *anges made 9 ord] to develop turn+ ma*9es = h&l+ c]ta9 classes ( "w to ! be/ advantage4 ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a belongs to ! la! family & is kn[n z a v]tical bor+ & turn+ mill4 ,?is type1 z ! "n implies1 is us$ = bor+ & turn+ op]ations1 & x is v effici5t = "w )9 its range4 ,! "p to be ma*9$ is held to ! table ,b ei!r by clamps or 9 *uck jaws atta*$ to ! table4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! table revolves & ! turn+ or bor+ tools 7:i* are held 9 tool-blocks ,t7 rema9 /ation>y1 except = ! fe$+ movem5t4 ,v (t5 m ?an "o tool is us$ at a "t1 z w be %[n lat] by examples ( v]tical bor+ mill "w4 ,! tool-blocks ,t are ins]t$ 9 tool-b>s ,t#a c>ri$ by saddles ,s :i* are m\nt$ on cross-rail ,c4 ,ea* tool-head 7consi/+ ( a saddle & tool-b>7 c be mov$ horizontally along cross-rail ,c1 & ! tool-b>s ,t#a h a v]tical movem5t4 ,^! movem5ts c be effect$ ei!r by h& or p[]4 ,:5 a surface is be+ turn$ p>allel to ! "w table1 ! entire tool-head moves horizontally along ! cross-rail1 b :5 a cyl9drical surface is be+ turn$1 ! tool-b> moves v]tically4 ,! tool-heads are mov$ horizontally by ! screws ,h & ,h#a1 & ! v]tical fe$ = ! tool-b>s is obta9$ f ! spl9$ %afts ,v & ,v#a1 !re be+ a sep>ate screw & %aft = ea* head s t ! fe$+ movem5ts are indep5d5t4 ,^! fe$ %afts are rotat$ = ! p[] fe$ by v]tical %afts ,a & ,a#a on ea* side ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! v]tical %afts connect ) ! fe$ %afts ?r\gh bevel & spur ge>s locat$ at ! ends ( ! cross-rail4 ,on mo/ bor+ mills1 connection is made ) "o ( ! spl9$ %afts ,v or screw ,h1 by a movable ge>1 :i* is plac$ on :i*ev] %aft w give ! desir$ direction ( fe$4 ,! p>ticul> ma*9e illu/rat$ is s arrang$ t ei!r ! "r or left screw or fe$ %aft c be engag$ by simply %ift+ lev]s ,d#a or ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,gi%olt ,v]tical ,bor+ & ,turn+ ,mill ,! am\nt ( fe$ p] revolution ( ! table is v>i$ = ea* tool-head by fe$-*ang+ me*anisms ,f on ea* side ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! fe$ boxes conta9 ge>s ( diff]5t sizes1 & by *ang+ ! comb9ations ( ^! ge>s1 ! am\nt ( fe$ is v>i$4 ,five fe$ *anges are obta9$ on ?is ma*9e by %ift+ lev] ,e1 & ?is numb] is d\bl$ by %ift+ lev] ,g4 ,by hav+ two fe$ boxes1 ! fe$+ movem5t ( ea* head c be v>i$ indep5d5tly4 ,! direction ( ei!r ! horizontal or v]tical fe$ c be rev]s$ by lev] ,r1 :i* is also us$ = engag+ or dis5gag+ ! fe$s4 ,?is ma*9e is equipp$ ) ! dials ,i & ,i#a :i* c be set to automatically dis5gage ! fe$ at any pr$et]m9$ po9t4 ,!re are also micromet] dials graduat$ to ?\s&?s ( an in* & us$ = adju/+ ! tools )\t ! use ( measur+ in/rum5ts4 ,! "w table ,b is driv5 indirectly f a belt pulley at ! re>1 :i* transmits ! p[] ?r\gh ge>+4 ,! spe$ ( ! table c be v>i$ = turn+ l>ge or small p>ts1 by lev]s ,j & ,k & ! table c be />t$1 /opp$ or rotat$ "p ( a revolution by lev] ,l :i* connects ) a friction clut*4 ,!re are correspond+ fe$ & spe$ lev]s on ! opposite side1 s t ! ma*9e c be controll$ f ei!r position4 ,! heads c be adju/$ along ! cross-rail = sett+ ! tools by h&-cranks ,n1 & ! tool slides c be mov$ v]tically by turn+ %afts ,v ) ! same cranks4 ,) ?is ma*9e1 h[ev]1 ^! adju/m5ts d n h to be made by h&1 ord9>ily1 z !re are rapid p[] movem5ts controll$ by lev]s ,m4 ,^! lev]s automatically dis5gage ! fe$s & enable ! tool-heads to be rapidly %ift$ to ! requir$ position1 ! direction ( ! movem5t dep5d+ ^u ! position ( ! fe$ rev]se lev] ,r & lev] ,d4 ,?is rapid trav]se1 :i* is a feature appli$ to mod]n bor+ mills ( m$ium & l>ge size1 saves "t & ! labor connect$ ) h& adju/m5ts4 ,! cross-rail ,c has a v]tical adju/m5t on ! faces ( ! "r & left h\s+s :i* support x1 9 ord] to locate ! tool-heads at ! "r height = ! "w4 ,?is adju/m5t is effect$ by p[] & is controll$ by lev]s at ! sides ( ! h\s+s4 ,normally1 ! cross-rail is bolt$ to ! h\s+s1 & ^! bolts mu/ be loos5$ be=e mak+ ! adju/m5t1 & mu/ always be tight5$ aft]w>ds4 ,! function ( ^! diff]5t lev]s has be5 expla9$ to %[1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ a v]tical bor+ ma*9e is op]at$4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! arrangem5t diff]s consid]ably on ma*9es ( o!r makes4 ,! con/ruction also v>ies consid]ably on ma*9es ( ! same make b ( diff]5t size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,small ,bor+ & ,turn+ ,mill ) ,s+le ,turret-head ,all mod]n v]tical bor+ mills ( m$ium & l>ge sizes are equipp$ ) two tool-heads1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 because a great deal ( "w done on a ma*9e ( ?is type c h two surfaces ma*9$ simultane\sly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 small mills ( ! type illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b h a s+le head4 ,! toolslide ( ?is ma*9e1 in/ead ( hav+ a s+le tool-block1 c>ries a five-sid$ turret ,t 9 :i* diff]5t tools c be m\nt$4 ,^! tools are %ift$ to ! work+ position z !y are ne$$1 by loos5+ b9d] lev] ,l & turn+ or index+ ! turret4 ,! turret is locat$ & lock$ 9 any ( its five positions by lev] ,i1 :i* controls a plung] t engages not*es at ! re>4 ,frequ5tly1 all ! tools = ma*9+ a "p c be held 9 ! turret1 s t little "t is requir$ = *ang+ f "o tool to ! next4 ,"s l>ge ma*9es hav+ two tool-heads are also equipp$ ) a turret on "o head4 ,bor+ & ,turn+ 9 a ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill4--,! v]tical bor+ mill is1 9 _m respects1 l a la! plac$ 9 a v]tical position1 ! table ( ! mill correspond+ to ! faceplate or *uck ( ! la! & ! tool-head to ! la! c>riage4 ,mu* ( ! "w done by a v]tical mill c\ld also be ma*9$ 9 a la!1 b ! =m] is mu* m effici5t = "w )9 its range4 ,to beg9 )1 x is m conv5i5t to clamp "w to a horizontal table ?an to ! v]tical surface ( a la! faceplate1 or1 z someone has aptly said1 ,x is easi] to lay a piece d[n ?an to hang x up4 ,?is is especially true ( ! heavy p>ts = :i* ! bor+ mill is pr9cipally us$4 ,v deep r\gh+ cuts c also be tak5 ) a v]tical mill4 ,?is type ( ma*9e mill is design$ = turn+ & bor+ "w :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 is q l>ge 9 diamet] 9 proportion to ! wid? or height4 ,! "w v>ies greatly1 especially 9 reg>d to its diamet]1 s t bor+ mills are built 9 a l>ge range ( sizes4 ,! small & m$ium sizes w sw+ "w v>y+ f ab\t #cj in*es to #f or #g feet 9 diamet]1 :]eas l>ge ma*9es1 su* z are us$ = turn+ v l>ge fly:eels1 %eaves1 etc41 h a sw+ ( #af or #bj feet1 & l>g] sizes are us$ 9 "s %ops4 ,! size ( a v]tical mill1 l any o!r ma*9e tool1 %\ld be some:at 9 proportion to ! size ( ! "w = :i* x is int5d$1 z a v l>ge ma*9e is unwieldy1 &1 !re=e1 ineffici5t = ma*9+ comp>atively small p>ts4 ,hold+ & ,sett+ ,"w on ,bor+ ,mill ,table4--,!re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( hold+ "w to ! table ( a bor+ mill2 namely1 by ! use ( *ucks1 by ord9>y bolts & clamps1 or 9 special fixtures4 ,*ucks :i* are built into ! table 7z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b7 & h bo? univ]sal & indep5d5t adju/m5ts = ! jaws c be us$ to advantage = hold+ ca/+s t are ei!r r\nd or irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! univ]sal adju/m5t is us$ = cyl9drical p>ts1 su* z disks1 fly:eels1 ge> blanks1 etc41 & ! indep5d5t adju/m5t1 = ca/+s ( irregul> %ape4 ,*ucks :i* h ei!r an indep5d5t or univ]sal movem5t = ! jaws are kn[n z a comb9ation type & usually h ?ree jaws4 ,!re is also a f\r-jaw type :i* has ! indep5d5t adju/m5t only4 ,?is /yle is pref]able = "w t is n cyl9drical & :i* mu/ be held v securely4 ,*uck jaws t d n =m a "p ( ! ma*9e table1 b are bolt$ to x 9 ! requir$ position1 are also employ$ ext5sively1 especially on comp>atively l>ge ma*9es4 ,mo/ ( ! "w done 9 a v]tical mill is held 9 a *uck4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 x is pref]able to clamp a "p directly to ! table4 ,?is may be desirable because ( ! %ape & size ( ! "w1 or because x is necess>y to hold a previ\sly ma*9$ surface directly aga9/ ! table 9 ord] to secure great] accuracy4 ,sometimes a ca/+ is held 9 ! *uck = turn+ "o side1 & !n ! f9i%$ side is clamp$ aga9/ ! table = turn+ ! opposite side4 ,p>ts :i* are to be ma*9$ 9 l>ge quantities are (t5 held 9 special fixtures4 ,?is me?od is employ$ :5 x enables ! "w to be set up m quickly ?an w\ld be possible if regul> clamps or *uck jaws 7 us$4 ,"w t is to be turn$ or bor$ %\ld fir/ be set s t ! "p to be ma*9$ is ab\t c5tral ) ! table4 ,= example1 ! rim ( a fly:eel %\ld be set to run true s t x c be f9i%$ by remov+ ab\t ! same am\nt ( metal ar\nd ! entire rim2 9 o!r words1 ! rim %\ld be set conc5tric ) ! table1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & ! sides ( ! rim %\ld also be p>allel to ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,plan ,view %[+ ,fly:eel ,ca/+ ,*uck$ = ,turn+ ,a simple tool t is v useful = te/+ ! position ( any cyl9drical ca/+ consi/s ( a wood5 %ank into :i* is ins]t$ a piece ( wire1 hav+ "o end b5t4 ,?is tool is clamp$ 9 ! toolpo/ & z ! "w revolves ! wire is adju/$ close to ! cyl9drical surface be+ te/$4 ,! movem5t ( ! "w ) relation to ! /ation>y wire po9t w1 ( c\rse1 %[ :e!r or n ! "p runs true4 ,! advantage ( us+ a piece ( wire = te/+1 in/ead ( a rigid tool1 is t ! wire1 ow+ to its flexibility1 w simply be b5t backw>d if x is mov$ too close to a surface :i* is consid]ably out ( true4 ,! upp] surface ( a ca/+ c be te/$ = p>allelism ) ! table by us+ ?is same wire gage1 or by comp>+ ! surface1 z ! table is revolv$ sl[ly1 ) a tool held 9 ! toolpo/4 ,an ord9>y surface gage is also us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! prop] surface to set true1 9 any case1 dep5ds ^u ! requirem5ts4 ,a pla9 cyl9drical disk w\ld be set s t ! outside ran true & ! top surface 0 p>allel ) ! table4 ,:5 sett+ a fly:eel1 if ! inside ( ! rim is to rema9 r\gh1 ! ca/+ %\ld be set by ?is surface r ?an by ! outside1 s t ! rim1 :5 f9i%$1 w be uni=m 9 ?ickness4 ,z f> z possible1 *ucks %\ld be us$ = hold+ cyl9drical p>ts1 ow+ to _! conv5i5ce4 ,! jaws %\ld be set aga9/ an int]ior cyl9drical surface :5ev] ?is is feasible4 ,to illu/rate1 ! fly:eel 9 ,fig4 #c is gripp$ by ! inside ( ! rim :i* p]mits ! outside to be turn$ at ?is sett+ ( ! "w4 ,x is also advisable to set a fly:eel ca/+ 9 ! *uck s t a spoke re/s aga9/ "o ( ! jaws z at d1 if ?is is possible4 ,?is jaw w !n act z a driv] & prev5t ! ca/+ f slipp+ or turn+ 9 ! *uck jaws1 ow+ to ! tang5tial pressure ( ! turn+ tool4 ,:5 a cut is be+ tak51 ! table & "w rotate z %[n by arr[ a1 & ! ?ru/ ( ! cut 7tak5 by tool t7 t5ds to move ! :eel backw>d aga9/ ! direction ( rotation1 z %[n by arr[ b4 ,if "o ( ! *uck jaws be>s aga9/ "o ( ! spokes1 ?is movem5t is prev5t$4 ,x is n always feasible to use a *uck jaw z a driv] & !n a special driv] hav+ ! =m ( a small angle-plate or block is sometimes bolt$ directly to ! table4 ,ano!r me?od ( driv+ is to set a brace betwe5 a spoke or projection on ! "w & a *uck jaw or /rip atta*$ to ! table4 ,driv]s are n only us$ :5 turn+ fly:eels1 b 9 connection ) any l>ge ca/+1 especially :5 heavy cuts h to be tak54 ,( c\rse1 "s ca/+s are s %ap$ t driv]s _c be employ$4 ,turn+ 9 a ,bor+ ,mill4--,! v]tical type ( bor+ mill is us$ m = turn+ cyl9drical surfaces ?an = actual bor+1 al?\gh a l>ge "p ( ! "w requires bo? turn+ & bor+4 ,we %all fir/ consid]1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ surfaces are turn$ & !n ref] to "s bor+ op]ations4 ,! diagram ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 illu/rates h[ a horizontal surface w\ld be turn$4 ,! tool t is clamp$ 9 tool-block t#a1 9 a v]tical position1 & x is f$ horizontally z ! table & "w rotate4 ,! tool is fir/ adju/$ by h& = ! prop] dep? ( cut & ! automatic horizontal fe$ is !n engag$4 ,:5 a cyl9drical surface is to be turn$1 ! tool 7provid$ a /raight tool is us$7 is clamp$ 9 a horizontal position & is f$ d[nw>d z indicat$ at ,b4 ,! am\nt t ! tool %\ld fe$ p] revolution ( ! "w1 dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( mat]ial be+ turn$1 ! diamet] ( ! turn$ "p & ! dep? ( ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 7,a7 ,turn+ a ,flat ,surface4 7,b7 ,turn+ a ,cyl9drical ,surface ,mo/ ( ! p>ts ma*9$ 9 a v]tical bor+ mill are made ( ca/ iron &1 ord9>ily1 at lea/ "o r\gh+ & "o f9i%+ cut is tak54 ,! numb] ( r\gh+ cuts requir$ 9 any case dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! am\nt ( metal to be remov$4 ,an ord9>y r\gh+ cut 9 s(t ca/ iron might v>y 9 dep? f #a_/h or #c_/af in* to #c_/h or #a_/b in* & ! tool w\ld probably h a fe$ p] revolution ( f #a_/af to #a_/h in*1 al?\gh deep] cuts & co>s] fe$s are sometimes tak54 ,^! figures are m]ely giv5 to %[1 9 a g5]al way1 :at cuts & fe$s are practicable4 ,! tool us$ = r\gh+ usually has a r\nd$ end :i* leaves a ridg$ or r\gh surface4 ,to obta9 a smoo? f9i%1 broad flat tools are us$4 ,! flat cutt+ edge is set p>allel to ! tool's travel & a co>se fe$ is us$ 9 ord] to r$uce ! "t requir$ = tak+ ! cut4 ,! f9i%+ fe$s = ca/ iron v>y f #a_/d to #c_/d in* on ord9>y "w4 ,! diff]5t tools us$ on ! v]tical mill w be ref]r$ to m 9 detail lat]4 ,all m$ium & l>ge siz$ v]tical bor+ mills are equipp$ ) two tool-heads & two tools are frequ5tly us$ at ! same "t1 especially on l>ge "w4 ,fig4 #i illu/rates ! use ( two tools simultane\sly4 ,! ca/+ %[n is a fly:eel1 & ! tool on ! "r side turns ! upp] side ( ! rim1 :ile ! tool on ! left side turns ! outside or cyl9drical surface4 ,z a bor+ mill table rotates 9 a c\nt]-clockwise direction1 ! left-h& tool is rev]s$ to br+ ! cutt+ edge at ! re>4 ,by turn+ two surfaces at once1 ! total "t = ma*9+ ! ca/+ is1 ( c\rse1 greatly r$uc$4 ,! turn+ ( fly:eels is a common v]tical bor+ mill op]ation1 & ?is "w w be ref]r$ to 9 detail lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,tools = ,bor+ & ,ream+ ,holes ,bor+ ,op]ations4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( ma*9+ holes :5 us+ a v]tical bor+ mill4 ,ord9>ily1 small holes are cor$ 9 ca/+s & x is simply necess>y to f9i% ! r\gh surface to ! requir$ diamet]4 ,"s ( ! tools us$ = bor+ & f9i%+ comp>atively small holes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,sket* ,a %[s a bor+ tool consi/+ ( a cutt] c ins]t$ 9 a %ank1 :i*1 9 turn1 is held 9 ! tool slide1 or 9 a turret atta*$ to ! tool slide4 ,) a tool ( ?is type1 a hole is bor$ by tak+ "o or m cuts d[n ?r\gh x4 ,! tool %[n at ,b is a f\r-lipp$ drill :i* is us$ = drill+ cor$ holes prep>atory to f9i%+ by a cutt] or ream]4 ,?is drill w\ld probably f9i% a hole to )9 ab\t #a_/cb in* ( ! f9i% diamet]1 ?us leav+ a small am\nt ( metal = ! ream] to remove4 ,! tool illu/rat$ at ,c has a d\ble-end$ flat cutt] c1 :i* cuts on bo? sides4 ,^! cutt]s are (t5 made 9 sets = bor+ duplicate p>ts4 ,ord9>ily1 !re are two cutt]s 9 a set1 "o be+ us$ = r\gh+ & ! o!r = f9i%+4 ,! cutt] passes ?r\gh a rectangul> slot 9 ! b> & ?is p>ticul> /yle is c5trally locat$ by %\ld]s s1 & is held by a tap] p9 p4 ,"s cutt] b>s h an ext5sion end1 or pilot z x is call$1 :i* passes ?r\gh a close-fitt+ bu%+ 9 ! table to /eady ! b>4 ,sket* ,d %[s a f9i%+ ream]4 ,?is tool takes a v light cut & is int5d$ to f9i% holes t h be5 previ\sly bor$ close to ! requir$ size4 ,sometimes a flat cutt] ,c is us$ = r\gh+ & a ream] = f9i%+4 ,! ream] is especially desirable = int]*angeable "w1 :5 all holes mu/ h a smoo? f9i% & be ( ! same diamet]4 ,:5 a ream] is held rigidly to a turret or toolslide1 x is liable to produce a hole t is ei!r tap]+ or l>g] ?an ! ream] diamet]4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! ream] %\ld be held 9 a float+ hold] :i*1 by means ( a slight adju/m5t1 all[s ! ream] to align itself ) ! hole4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( secur+ ?is float+ movem5t4 7,see ,float+ ,ream] ,hold]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,bor+ ) ,regul> ,turn+ ,tools ,l>ge holes or int]ior cyl9drical surfaces are bor$ by tools held 9 ! regul> tool-head4 ,! tool is sometimes clamp$ 9 a horizontal position z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #f1 or a b5t type is us$ z at ,b4 ,ca/ iron is usually f9i%$ by a broad flat tool z at ,c1 ! same z :5 turn+ ext]ior surfaces4 ,obvi\sly a hole t is bor$ 9 ?is way mu/ be l>ge en\gh to admit ! tool-block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,set ( ,bor+ ,mill ,tools ,turn+ ,tools = ! ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill4--,a set ( turn+ tools = ! v]tical bor+ mill is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,^! tools c be us$ = a wide v>iety ( ord9>y turn+ op]ations4 ,:5 a great _m duplicate p>ts are to be ma*9$1 special tool equipm5t c (t5 be us$ to advantage1 b z ! =m ( ?is equipm5t dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! "w1 only /&>d tools h be5 %[n 9 ?is illu/ration4 ,! tool %[n at ,a is a "r-h&1 r\gh+ tool1 & a left-h& tool ( ! same type is %[n at ,b4 ,tool ,c is an (fset or b5t1 left-h& r\nd nose = r\gh+1 & ,d is a "r-h& (fset r\gh+ tool4 ,a /raight r\nd nose is %[n at ,e4 ,tool ,f has a flat1 broad cutt+ edge & is us$ = f9i%+4 ,left-& "r-h& f9i%+ tools ( ! (fset type are %[n at ,g & ,h1 respectively4 ,tool ,i has a squ>e end & is us$ = cutt+ grooves4 ,"r-& left-h& p>t+ tools are %[n at ,j & ,k1 & tool ,l is a =m frequ5tly us$ = r\nd+ corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,diagrams ,illu/rat+ ,use ( ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,tools ,! diagrams 9 ,fig4 #h %[1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ ea* ( ! tools illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g are us$1 & correspond+ tools are m>k$ by ! same ref]5ce lett]s 9 bo? ( ^! illu/rations4 ,! "r-& left-h& r\gh+ tools ,a & ,b are especially adapt$ = tak+ deep r\gh+ cuts4 ,"o fe$s away f ! c5t] ( ! table1 or to ! "r 7:5 held 9 ! "r-h& tool-block7 & ! o!r tool is gr\nd to fe$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ord9>ily1 :5 turn+ pla9 flat surfaces1 ! cut is />t$ at ! outside & ! tool fe$s t[>d ! c5t]1 z at ,b1 al?\gh x is sometimes m conv5i5t to fe$ 9 ! opposite direction1 z at ,a1 especially :5 !re is a rim or o!r project+ "p at ! outside edge4 ,! tool %[n at ,a c\ld also be us$ = turn+ cyl9drical surfaces1 by clamp+ x 9 a horizontal position across ! bottom ( ! tool-block4 ,! fe$+ movem5t w\ld !n be d[nw>d or at "r-angles to ! "w table4 ,! (fset r\nd-nose tools ,c & ,d are = turn+ ext]ior or int]ior cyl9d] surfaces4 ,! %ank ( ?is tool is clamp$ 9 ! tool-block 9 a v]tical position & z ! b5t end ext5ds bel[ ! tool-block1 x c be f$ d[n close to a %\ld]4 ,! /raight type %[n at ,e is commonly us$ = turn+ /eel or iron1 & :5 ! po9t is drawn out n>r[]1 x is also us$ = brass1 al?\gh ! front is !n gr\nd )\t slope4 ,tool ,f is = light f9i%+ cuts & broad fe$s4 ,! am\nt ( fe$ p] revolution ( ! "w %\ld always be less ?an ! wid? ( ! cutt+ edge z o!rwise ridges w be left on ! turn$ surface4 ,! (fset tools ,g & ,h are = f9i%+ ext]ior & int]ior cyl9drical surfaces4 ,^! tools also h bo? v]tical & horizontal cutt+ edges & are sometimes us$ = fir/ f9i%+ a cyl9drical & !n a horizontal surface1 or vice v]sa4 ,tool ,i is adapt$ to su* "w z cutt+ pack+-r+ grooves 9 eng9e pi/ons1 =m+ squ>e or rectangul> grooves1 & simil> "w4 ,! p>t+ tools ,j & ,k c also be us$ = =m+ n>r[ grooves or = cutt+ (f r+s1 etc4 ,! sket* ,k 7,fig4 #h7 indicates h[ a tool ( ?is k9d might be us$ = squ>+ a corn] "u a %\ld]4 ,tool ,l is frequ5tly us$ on bor+ mills = r\nd+ ! corn]s ( fly:eel rims1 9 ord] to give !m a m f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,x has two cutt+ edges s t ei!r side c be us$ z :5 r\nd+ ! inn] & out] corn]s ( a rim4 ,! turn+ tools ( a v]tical bor+ mill are simil>1 9 _m respects1 to ^? us$ 9 a la!1 al?\gh ! %anks ( ! =m] are %ort] & m /ocky ?an ^? ( la! tools4 ,! cutt+ edges ( "s ( ! tools also diff] some:at 9 =m1 b ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! gr9d+ ( la! & bor+ mill tools are id5tical1 & ^? :o are n famili> ) tool gr9d+ are ref]r$ to ,*apt] ,,ii1 9 :i* ?is subject is treat$4 ,turn+ a ,fly:eel on a ,v]tical ,mill4--,! turn+ ( a fly:eel is a good example ( ! k9d ( "w = :i* a v]tical bor+ mill is adapt$4 ,a fly:eel %\ld pref]ably be ma*9$ on a d\ble-head mill s t "o side & ! p]iph]y ( ! rim c be turn$ at ! same "t4 ,a common me?od ( hold+ a fly:eel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! rim is gripp$ by f\r *uck jaws ,d :i*1 if practicable1 %\ld be on ! inside :]e !y w n int]f]e ) ! movem5t ( ! tool4 ,two ( ! jaws1 9 ?is case1 are set aga9/ ! spokes on opposite sides ( ! :eel1 to act z driv]s & prev5t any backw>d %ift+ ( "w :5 a heavy cut is be+ tak54 ,! illu/ration %[s ! tool to ! "r r\gh turn+ ! side ( ! rim1 :ile ! left-h& tool turns ! p]iph]y4 ,f9i%+ cuts are also tak5 ov] ! rim1 at ?is sett+1 & ! hub is turn$ on ! outside1 fac$ on top1 & ! hole bor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,turn+ ! ,rim ( a ,fly:eel ,! ?ree tools ,a1 ,b & ,c1 = f9i%+ ! hole1 are m\nt$ 9 ! turret4 ,b> ,a1 :i* c>ries a cutt] at its end1 fir/ r\gh bores ! hole4 ,! siz+ cutt] ,b is !n us$ to /raight5 x be=e ins]t+ ! f9i%+ ream] ,c4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! turret mov$ ov] to a c5tral position & ! siz+ cutt] ,b set = bor+4 ,! head is c5trally locat$ 7on ?is p>ticul> ma*9e7 by a positive c5t]-/op4 ,! turret is index$ = br++ ! diff]5t tools into ! work+ position1 by loos5+ ! clamp+ lev] ,l & pull+ d[n lev] ,i :i* dis5gages ! turret lock-p94 ,:5 all ! fly:eels 9 a lot h be5 ma*9$ z describ$1 ! opposite side is f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,tool ,b set = ,bor+ ! ,hub ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,diagrams %[+ ,me?od ( ,turn+ & ,bor+ a ,fly:eel on a ,d\ble-head ,mill hav+ "o ,turret ,head ,9 ord] to %[ m cle>ly ! me?od ( h&l+ "w ( ?is class1 ! ma*9+ ( a fly:eel w be expla9$ m 9 detail 9 connection ) ,fig4 #aa1 :i* illu/rates practically ! same equipm5t z is %[n 9 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,! successive ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s op]ations are p]=m$ is z foll[s3 ,tool a 7see sket* ,a7 r\gh turns ! side ( ! rim1 :ile tool b1 :i* is set ) its cutt+ edge t[>d ! re>1 r\gh turns ! outside4 ,! direction ( ! fe$+ movem5t = ea* tool is indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,:5 tool a has cross$ ! rim1 x is mov$ ov] = fac+ ! hub1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! side & p]iph]y ( ! rim are next f9i%$ by ! broad-nose f9i%+ tools c & d 7see sket* ,b74 ,! fe$ %\ld be increas$ = f9i%+1 s t ea* tool w h a movem5t ( say #a_/d or #c_/h in* p] revolution ( ! "w1 & ! cuts %\ld1 at lea/1 be deep en\gh to remove ! m>ks made by ! r\gh+ tools4 ,tool c is also us$ = f9i%+ ! hub z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,aft] ^! cuts are tak51 ! outside ( ! hub & inn] surface ( ! rim are usually turn$ d[n z f> z ! spokes1 by us+ (fset tools simil> to ! ones %[n at ,c & ,d 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! corn]s ( ! rim & hub are also r\nd$ to give ! "w a m f9i%$ appe>ance1 by us+ a tool ,l4 ,! next op]ation is t ( f9i%+ ! hole ?r\gh ! hub4 ,! h>d scale is fir/ remov$ by a r\gh+ cutt] r 7sket* ,c71 :i* is foll[$ by a siz+ cutt] s4 ,! hole is !n f9i%$ smoo? & to ! "r diamet] by ream] f4 ,! b>s c>ry+ cutt]s r & s h ext5sions or pilots :i* ent] a close-fitt+ bu%+ 9 ! table1 9 ord] to /eady ! b> & hold x 9 alignm5t4 ,:5 ! hole is f9i%$1 ! :eel is turn$ ov]1 s t ! l[] side ( ! rim & hub c be fac$4 ,! me?od ( hold+ ! ca/+ = ! f9al op]ation is %[n at ,d4 ,! *uck jaws are remov$1 & ! f9i%$ side ( ! rim is clamp$ aga9/ p>allels p re/+ on ! table4 ,! :eel is c5trally locat$ = turn+ ?is side by a plug e :i* is ins]t$ 9 a hole 9 ! table & fits ! bore ( ! hub4 ,! :eel is held by clamps :i* be> aga9/ ! spokes4 ,r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts are next tak5 ov] ! top surface ( ! rim & hub & ! corn]s are r\nd$1 :i* completes ! ma*9+ op]ations4 ,if ! rim ne$s to be a c]ta9 wid?1 ab\t ! same am\nt ( metal %\ld be remov$ f ea* side1 unless s&y spots or bl[-holes 9 ! ca/+ make x necess>y to take m f "o side ?an f ! o!r4 ,t side ( ! rim :i* 0 up 9 ! mold :5 ! ca/+ 0 made %\ld be turn$ fir/1 because ! por\s1 spongy spots usually =m on ! cope or top side ( a ca/+4 ,convex ,turn+ ,atta*m5t = ,bor+ ,mills4--,fig4 #ab %[s a v]tical bor+ mill arrang$ = turn+ pulleys hav+ convex rims2 t is1 ! rim1 in/ead ( be+ cyl9drical1 is r\nd$ some:at s t x slopes f ! c5t] t[>d ei!r side4 7,! reason = turn+ a pulley rim convex is to prev5t ! belt f runn+ (f at "o side1 z x sometimes t5ds to d :5 a cyl9drical pulley is us$47 ,! convex surface is produc$ by a special atta*m5t :i* causes ! turn+ tool to gradually move outw>d z x fe$s d[n1 until ! c5t] ( ! rim is rea*$1 aft] :i* ! movem5t is inw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,gi%olt ,mill equipp$ ) ,convex ,turn+ ,atta*m5t ,! p>ticul> atta*m5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab consi/s ( a special box-%ap$ tool-head ,f conta9+ a slid+ hold] ,g1 9 :i* ! tool is clamp$ by set-screws pass+ ?r\gh elongat$ slots 9 ! front ( ! tool-head4 ,9 addition1 !re is a radius l9k ,l :i* swivels on a /ud at ! re> ( ! tool-head & is atta*$ to v]tical l9k ,h4 ,l9k ,l is s connect$ to ! slid+ tool-block t any d[nw>d movem5t ( ! tool-b> ,i causes ! tool to move outw>d until ! l9k is 9 a horizontal position1 aft] :i* ! movem5t is rev]s$4 ,:5 ! atta*m5t is fir/ set up1 ! turn+ tool is plac$ at ! c5t] ( ! rim & !n l9k ,l is clamp$ to ! v]tical l9k :ile 9 a horizontal position4 ,! cut is />t$ at ! top edge ( ! rim1 & ! tool is f$ d[nw>d by p[]1 ! same z :5 turn+ a cyl9drical surface4 ,! am\nt ( curvature or convexity ( a rim c be v>i$ by ins]t+ ! clamp bolt ,j 9 diff]5t holes 9 l9k ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,turn+ a ,tap] or ,conical ,surface ,! tools = ma*9+ ! hub & sides ( ! rim are held 9 a turret m\nt$ on ! left-h& head1 z %[n4 ,! special tool-hold] ,a conta9s two b5t tools = turn+ ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! pulley rim at ! same "t z ! tool-head is f$ horizontally4 ,r\gh+ & f9i%+ tools ,b are = fac+ ! hub1 & ! tools ,c1 ,d1 & ,e r\gh bore1 f9i% bore1 & ream ! hole = ! %aft4 ,turn+ ,tap] or ,conical ,surfaces4--,conical or tap] surfaces are turn$ 9 a v]tical bor+ mill by swivel+ ! tool-b> to ! prop] angle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,:5 ! tap] is giv5 9 degrees1 ! tool-b> c be set by graduations on ! edge ( ! circul> base ,b1 :i* %[ ! angle a to :i* ! b> is swivel$ f a v]tical position4 ,! base turns on a c5tral /ud & is secur$ to ! saddle ,s by ! bolts %[n1 :i* %\ld be tight5$ aft] ! tool-b> is set4 ,! v]tical p[] fe$ c be us$ = tap] turn+ ! same z = cyl9drical "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,turn+ a ,conical ,surface by us+ ! ,comb9$ ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,fe$s ,occasionally x is necess>y to ma*9e a conical surface :i* has su* a l>ge includ$ angle t ! tool-b> _c be swivel$ f> en\gh ar\nd to p]mit turn+ by ! me?od illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is sometimes resort$ to = "w ( ?is class1 is to use ! comb9$ v]tical & horizontal fe$s4 ,suppose we want to turn ! conical ca/+ ,w 7,fig4 #ad71 to an angle ( #cj degrees1 z %[n1 & t ! tool-head ( ! bor+ mill moves horizontally #a_/d in* p] turn ( ! fe$-screw & has a v]tical movem5t ( #c_/af in* p] turn ( ! upp] fe$-%aft4 ,if ! two fe$s are us$ simultane\sly1 ! tool w move a di/ance h ( say #h in*es1 :ile x moves d[nw>d a di/ance v ( #f in*es1 ?us turn+ ! surface to an angle y4 ,?is angle is great] 7z measur$ f a horizontal plane7 ?an ! angle requir$1 b1 if ! tool-b> is swivel$ to an angle x1 ! tool1 z x moves d[nw>d1 w also be advanc$ horizontally1 9 addition to ! regul> horizontal movem5t4 ,! result is t ! angle y is dim9i%$ & if ! tool-b> is set ov] ! "r am\nt1 ! conical surface c be turn$ to an angle a ( #cj degrees4 ,! problem1 !n1 is to det]m9e :at ! angle x %\ld be = turn+ to a giv5 angle a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,diagram %[+ ,me?od ( ,obta9+ ,angul> ,position ( ,tool-head :5 ,turn+ ,conical ,surfaces by us+ ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,fe$+ ,movem5ts ,! way angle x is calculat$ w be expla9$ 9 connection ) ! enl>g$ diagram1 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* %[s "o-half ( ! ca/+4 ,! s9e ( ! kn[n angle a is fir/ f\nd 9 a table ( natural s9es4 ,!n ! s9e ( angle b1 betwe5 ! tap] surface & c5t]-l9e ( ! tool-head1 is det]m9$ z foll[s3 s9b 7s9a x h7 _/ v1 9 :i* h repres5ts ! rate ( horizontal fe$ & v ! rate ( v]tical fe$4 ,! angle correspond+ to s9e b is next f\nd 9 a table ( s9es4 ,we n[ h angles b & a1 & by subtract+ ! sum ( ^! angles f #ij degrees1 ! desir$ angle x is obta9$4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! s9e ( #cj degrees is #j4e2 !n s9 b 7#j4e x #a_/d7 _/ #c_/af #j4ffff2 h5ce angle b #da degrees #di m9utes1 & x #ij deg4-7#cj deg4 #da deg4 #di'7 #ah degrees #aa m9utes4 ,h5ce to turn ! ca/+ to angle a 9 a bor+ mill hav+ ! horizontal & v]tical fe$s giv51 ! tool-head w\ld be set ov] f ! v]tical #ah degrees & #aa m9utes :i* is equival5t to ab\t #ah-a_/f degrees4 ,if ! requir$ angle a 7 great] ?an angle y obta9$ f ! comb9$ fe$s ) ! tool-b> 9 a v]tical position1 x w\ld !n be necess>y to sw+ ! l[] end ( ! b> to ! left r ?an to ! "r ( a v]tical plane4 ,:5 ! requir$ angle a exce$s angle y1 ! sum ( angles a & b is great] ?an #ij degrees s t angle x = ! tool-head 7a b7 - #ij degrees4 ,turret-la! ,type ( ,v]tical ,bor+ ,mill4--,! ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #af 0 design$ to comb9e ! advantages ( ! horizontal turret la! & ! v]tical bor+ mill4 ,x is kn[n z a v]tical turret la!1 b resembles1 9 _m respects1 a v]tical bor+ mill4 ,?is ma*9e has a turret on ! cross-rail ! same z _m v]tical bor+ mills1 &1 9 addition1 a side-head ,s4 ,! side-head has a v]tical fe$+ movem5t1 & ! tool-b> ,t c be f$ horizontally4 ,! tool-b> is also equipp$ ) a f\r-sid$ turret = hold+ turn+ tools4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! tool-heads makes x possible to use two tools simultane\sly ^u comp>atively small "w4 ,:5 bo? heads are m\nt$ on ! cross-rail1 z ) a d\ble-head bor+ mill1 x is (t5 impossible to ma*9e c]ta9 p>ts to advantage1 because "o head int]f]es ) ! o!r4 ,! drive to ! table 7= ! p>ticul> ma*9e illu/rat$7 is f a belt pulley at ! re>1 & fifte5 spe$ *anges are available4 ,five *anges are obta9$ by turn+ ! pilot-:eel ,a & ?is s]ies ( five spe$s is comp\nd$ ?ree times by turn+ lev] ,b4 ,ea* spoke ( pilot-:eel ,a indicates a spe$ :i* is engag$ only :5 ! spoke is 9 a v]tical position1 & ! ?ree positions = ,b are indicat$1 by slots 9 ! disk %[n4 ,! numb] ( table revolutions p] m9ute = diff]5t positions ( pilot-:eel ,a & lev] ,b are %[n by figures se5 ?r\gh :i*ev] slot is at ,c4 ,!re are five r[s ( figures correspond+ to ! five spokes ( ! pilot-:eel & ?ree figures 9 a r[1 & ! spe$ is %[n by arr[s on ! sides ( ! slots4 ,! segm5t disk conta9+ ^! figures also s]ves z an int]lock+ device :i* prev5ts mov+ m ?an "o spe$ controll+ lev] at a "t1 9 ord] to avoid damag+ ! driv+ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,bull>d ,v]tical ,turret ,la! ,! fe$+ movem5t = ea* head is indep5d5t4 ,lev] ,d controls ! engagem5t or dis5gagem5t ( ! v]tical or cross fe$s = ! head on ! cross-rail4 ,! fe$ = ! side-head is controll$ by lev] ,e4 ,:5 ?is lev] is pu%$ inw>d1 ! entire head fe$s v]tically1 b :5 x is pull$ out1 ! tool-b> fe$s horizontally4 ,^! two fe$s c be dis5gag$ by plac+ ! lev] 9 a neutral position4 ,! direction ( ! fe$+ movem5t = ei!r head c be rev]s$ by lev] ,r4 ,! am\nt ( fe$ is v>i$ by fe$-:eel ,f & clut*-rod ,g4 ,:5 lev] ,e is 9 ! neutral position1 ! side-head or tool-b> c be adju/$ by ! h&-cranks ,h & ,i1 respectively4 ,! cross-rail head & its turret slide h rapid p[] trav]se movem5ts = mak+ quick adju/m5ts4 ,?is rapid trav]se is controll$ by ! key-h&les ,j4 ,! fe$-screws = ! v]tical head h micromet] dials ,k = mak+ accurate adju/m5ts4 ,!re are also l>ge dials at ,l :i* indicate v]tical movem5ts ( ! side head & horizontal movem5ts ( ! tool slide4 ,all ( ^! dials h small adju/able clips c :i* are numb]$ to correspond to numb]s on ! faces ( ! respective turrets4 ,^! clips or obs]vation /ops are us$ 9 ! production ( duplicate p>ts4 ,= example1 suppose a tool 9 face ,no4 #a = ! ma9 turret is set = a giv5 diamet] & height ( %\ld] on a "p :i* is to be duplicat$4 ,to obta9 ! same sett+ ( ! tools = ! next piece1 clips ,no4 #a1 on bo? ! v]tical fe$ rod & screw dials1 are plac$ opposite ! graduations :i* are int]sect$ by /ation>y po9t]s secur$ to ! cross-rail4 ,! clips are set 9 ?is way aft] ! fir/ "p has be5 ma*9$ to ! requir$ size & be=e di/urb+ ! f9al position ( ! tools4 ,= turn+ a duplicate "p1 ! tools are simply br\ght to ! same position by turn+ ! fe$ screws until ! clips & /ation>y po9t]s aga9 co9cide4 ,= sett+ tools on o!r faces ( ei!r turret1 ?is op]ation is repeat$1 except t clips are us$ be>+ numb]s correspond+ to ! turret face 9 use4 ,! ma9 turret ( ?is ma*9e has five holes 9 :i* are ins]t$ ! necess>y bor+ & turn+ tools1 drills or ream]s1 z may be requir$4 ,by hav+ all ! tools m\nt$ 9 ! turret1 !y c be quickly & accurately set 9 ! work+ position4 ,:5 ! turret is index$ f "o face to ! next1 b9d] lev] ,n is fir/ loos5$4 ,! turret !n moves =w>d1 away f its seat1 ?us dis5gag+ ! index+ & regi/]+ p9s :i* accurately locate x 9 any "o ( ! five positions4 ,! turret is revolv$ by turn+ crank ,m1 "o turn ( ?is h&le mov+ ! turret #a_/e revolution or f "o hole to ! next4 ,! side-head turret is turn$ by loos5+ lev] ,o4 ,! turret slide c be lock$ rigidly 9 any position by lev] ,p & its saddle is clamp$ to ! cross-rail by lev] ,q4 ,! b9d] lev]s = ! saddle & toolslide ( ! side-head are locat$ at ,u & ,v1 respectively4 ,a slide t does n require fe$+ movem5ts is lock$ 9 ord] to obta9 great] rigidity4 ,to illu/rate1 if ! ma9 tool slide 7 to fe$ v]tically & n horizontally1 x might be advisable to lock ! saddle to ! cross-rail1 :ile tak+ ! v]tical cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,turn+ a ,ge> ,blank on a ,v]tical ,turret ,la! ,! v]tical slide c be set at an angle = tap] turn+1 & ! turret is accurately locat$ ov] ! c5t] ( ! table = bor+ or ream+1 by a positive c5t] /op4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) a brake = /opp+ ! "w table quickly1 :i* is op]at$ by lift+ ! %aft ( pilot-:eel ,a4 ,! side-& cross-rails are a unit & are adju/$ toge!r to accommodate "w ( diff]5t heights4 ,?is adju/m5t is effect$ by p[] on ! p>ticul> ma*9e illu/rat$1 & x is controll$ by a lev] ne> ! left end ( ! cross-rail4 ,be=e mak+ ?is adju/m5t1 all b9d] bolts :i* normally hold ! rails rigidly to ! ma*9e column mu/ be releas$1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to tight5 !m aft] ! adju/m5t is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,turn+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,fly:eel on ,v]tical ,turret ,la!--,fir/ ,position ,examples ( ,v]tical ,turret ,la! ,"w4--,9 ord] to illu/rate h[ a v]tical turret la! is us$1 "o or two examples ( "w w be ref]r$ to 9 detail4 ,^! examples also indicate1 9 a g5]al way1 ! class ( "w = :i* ?is type ( ma*9e is adapt$4 ,fig4 #ag %[s h[ a ca/-iron ge> blank is ma*9$4 ,! "w is gripp$ on ! inside ( ! rim by ?ree *uck jaws1 & all ( ! tools requir$ = ! v>i\s op]ations are m\nt$ 9 ! ma9 & side turrets4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! fir/ op]ation :i* is t ( r\gh turn+ ! hub1 ! top side ( ! blank & its p]iph]y4 ,! tools ,a = fac+ ! hub & upp] surface are bo? held 9 "o tool-block on ! ma9 turret1 & tool ,a#a = r\gh+ ! p]iph]y is 9 ! side turret4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! ?ree surfaces c be turn$ simultane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,turn+ ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,fly:eel--,second ,position ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,diagrams %[+ ,h[ ,successive ,op]ations are ,p]=m$ by ,diff]5t ,tools 9 ! ,turret ,! ma9 turret is next index$ "o-six? ( a revolution :i* br+s ! broad f9i%+ tools ,b into position1 & ! side turret is also turn$ to locate f9i%+ tool ,b#a at ! front4 7,! index+ ( ! ma9 turret on ?is p>ticul> ma*9e is effect$ by loos5+ b9d] lev] n & rais+ ! turret lock-p9 by means ( lev] p47 ,! hub1 side & p]iph]y ( ! blank are !n f9i%$4 ,:5 tools ,b are clamp$ 9 ! tool-blocks1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 set = turn+ ! hub to ! requir$ height4 ,! ?ird op]ation is p]=m$ by ! tools at ,c1 "o ( :i* breaks or *amf]s ! corn] ( ! cor$ hole 9 ! hub1 to provide a />t+ surface = drill ,d1 & ! o!r turns ! outside ( ! hub1 aft] ! *amf]+ tool is remov$4 ,! f\r-lipp$ %ell-drill ,d is next us$ to drill ! cor$ hole & !n ?is hole is bor$ close to ! f9i%$ size & conc5tric ) ! circumf]5ce ( ! blank by bor+ tool ,e1 :i* is foll[$ by ! f9i%+ ream] ,f4 ,:5 ! drill1 bor+ tool & ream] are be+ us$1 ! turret is set ov] ! c5t] or axis ( ! table1 by means ( a positive c5t] /op on ! left-side ( ! turret saddle4 ,if x is necess>y to move ! turret beyond ! c5tral position1 ?is /op c be swung out ( ! way4 ,figs4 #ah & #ai illu/rate ! turn+ ( an automobile fly:eel1 :i* is ano!r typical example ( "w = a ma*9e ( ?is type4 ,! fly:eel is f9i%$ 9 two sett+s4 ,its position = ! fir/ s]ies ( op]ations is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & ! successive ord] ( ! f\r op]ations = ! fir/ sett+ is %[n by ! diagrams1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! fir/ op]ation requires f\r tools :i* act simultane\sly4 ,! ?ree held 9 tool-block ,a ( ! turret1 face ! hub1 ! web & ! rim ( ! fly:eel1 :ile tool a 9 ! side-head r\gh turns ! outside diamet]4 ,! outside diamet] is also f9i%$ by broad-nos$ tool b :i* is giv5 a co>se fe$4 ,9 ! second op]ation1 ! "u face ( ! rim is f9i%$ by tool c1 ! out] corn]s are r\nd$ by tool d & ! inn] surface ( ! rim is r\gh turn$ by a b5t tool ,b1 :i* is mov$ into position by index+ ! ma9 turret4 ,9 ! ?ird op]ation1 ! side-head is mov$ out ( ! way & ! inside ( ! rim is f9i%$ by ano!r b5t tool ,b#a4 ,! f9al op]ation at ?is sett+ is ! bor+ ( ! c5tral hole1 :i* is done ) a b> ,c hav+ int]*angeable cutt]s :i* make x possible to f9i% ! hole at "o sett+ ( ! turret4 ,! rema9+ op]ations are p]=m$ on ! opposite side ( ! "w :i* is held 9 s(t jaws ,j accurately bor$ to fit ! f9i%$ outside diamet] z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! tool 9 ! ma9 turret turns ! inside ( ! rim1 & ! side-head is equipp$ ) two tools = fac+ ! web & hub simultane\sly4 ,z ! tool 9 ! ma9 turret op]ates on ! left side ( ! rim1 x is set ) ! cutt+ edge t[>d ! re>4 ,9 ord] to move ! turret to ?is position1 :i* is beyond ! c5t] ( ! table1 ! c5t] /op previ\sly ref]r$ to is swung out ( ! way4 ,float+ ,ream] ,hold]s4--,if a ream] is held rigidly 9 ! turret ( a bor+ mill or turret la!1 x is liable to produce a hole :i* tap]s slightly or is too l>ge4 ,:5 a hole is bor$ ) a s+le-po9t bor+ tool1 x is conc5tric ) ! axis ( rotation1 & if a ream] t is align$ exactly ) ! bor$ hole is f$ into ! "w1 ! f9i%$ hole %\ld be cyl9drical & ! correct size4 ,x is v difficult1 h[ev]1 to locate a ream] exactly 9 l9e ) a bor$ hole1 because ( slight v>iations 9 ! index+ ( ! turret1 or errors result+ f we> ( ! guid+ ways or o!r important p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,to prev5t inaccuracies due to ?is cause1 ream]s are (t5 held 9 :at is kn[n z a float+ hold]4 ,?is type ( hold] is s arrang$ t ! ream]1 in/ead ( be+ held rigidly1 is all[$ a slight free or float+ movem5t s t x c foll[ a hole :i* has be5 bor$ true1 )\t re/ra9t4 ,9 ?is way ! hole is ream$ /raight & to practically ! same size z ! ream]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,two ,types ( ,float+ ,ream] ,hold]s ,!re are _m diff]5t designs ( float+ hold]s b ! g5]al pr9ciple ^u :i* !y are bas$ is illu/rat$ by ! two types %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! ream] & hold] %[n to ! left has a ball-%ank ,a :i* be>s aga9/ a back+-up screw ,b ins]t$ 9 ! end ( hold] ,c ?r\gh :i* ! driv+ p9 passes4 ,! l[] end ( ! ream] %ank is also sph]ical-%ap$ at ,d1 & screw-p9 ,e secures ! %ell ream] to ?is end4 ,x w be not$ t ! hole 9 ! %ank = p9 ,e is bell-m\!d on ea* side ( ! c5t] & t !re is cle>ance at ,f betwe5 ! %ank & ream] %ell2 h5ce ! ream] has a free float+ action 9 any direction4 ,?is hold] has giv5 v satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,multiple-sp9dle ,cyl9d] ,bor+ ,ma*9e ,! hold] %[n to ! "r is atta*$ to ! face ( ! turret by f\r filli/]-head screws4 ,sleeve ,c is held 9 plate ,a by means ( two /eel p9s ,b :i* are tight 9 plate ,a & made to fit freely 9 bayonet grooves ,d4 ,ream] hold] ,e floats on sleeve ,c1 ! float+ motion be+ obta9$ ?r\gh ! f\r /eel p9s ,g ext5d+ into driv+ r+ ,f4 ,two ( ! p9s are tight 9 ! hold] ,e & two 9 sleeve ,c4 ,! faces ( sleeve ,c1 driv+ r+ ,f1 & ream] hold] ,e are held tightly aga9/ ea* o!r by means ( spr+ ,h :i* insures ! ream] be+ held p]fectly true4 ,spr+ ,h is adju/$ by means ( nut ,i :i* is turn$ ) a spann] wr5* furni%$ ) ea* hold]4 ,! ream] is s held t its axis is always ma9ta9$ p>allel to ! c5t] ( ! hole1 &1 at ! same "t1 x has a slight self-adju/+ t5d5cy radially1 s t ! hole & ream] w automatically keep 9 p]fect alignm5t ) ea* o!r4 ,multiple ,cyl9d] ,bor+ ,ma*9e4--,9 automobile & o!r factories :]e a great _m gasol9e eng9e cyl9d]s are requir$1 multiple-sp9dle bor+ ma*9es ( ! v]tical type are commonly us$4 ,! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb is a special design = bor+ f\r cyl9d]s :i* are ca/ en bloc or 9 "o solid ca/+4 ,! "w is held 9 a box jig :i* has a top plate equipp$ ) guide be>+s = hold+ ! sp9dles rigidly :ile bor+4 ,! l[] end ( ea* sp9dle has atta*$ to x a cutt]-head & ! bor+ is done by fe$+ ! table & ca/+ v]tically4 ,?is fe$+ movem5t is effect$ by p[] & x is dis5gag$ automatically :5 ! cutt]s h bor$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,! p>ticul> ma*9e illu/rat$ is us$ = r\gh bor+ only1 ! cyl9d]s be+ f9i%$ by ream+ 9 ano!r simil> ma*9e4 ,! cyl9d]s are bor$ to a diamet] ( #c-e_/h in*es1 & ab\t #c_/h in* ( metal is remov$ by ! r\gh+ cut4 ,! sp9dles h fix$ c5t]-to-c5t] di/ances z ! ma*9e is int5d$ = con/ant use on cyl9d]s ( "o size1 s t adju/m5t is n necess>y4 ,( c\rse1 a special ma*9e ( ?is k9d is only us$ 9 %ops :]e l>ge numb]s ( cyl9d]s ( "o design are requir$ cont9ually4 ,"s cyl9d] bor+ ma*9es ( ! v]tical type h sp9dles :i* c be adju/$ = diff]5t c5t]-to-c5t] di/ances if ?is %\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to accommodate a cyl9d] ( ano!r size4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,horizontal ,,bor+ ,,ma*9es ,a bor+ ma*9e ( ! horizontal type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( ?is ma*9e is v diff]5t f t ( a v]tical bor+ mill & x is also us$ = an entirely diff]5t class ( "w4 ,! horizontal ma*9e is employ$ pr9cipally = bor+1 drill+ or mill+1 :]eas ! v]tical design is especially adapt$ to turn+ & bor+4 ,! horizontal type is also us$ = turn+ or fac+ flanges or simil> surfaces :5 su* an op]ation c be p]=m$ to advantage 9 connection ) o!r ma*9e "w on ! same "p4 ,! type ( ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a has a heavy base or b$ to :i* is bolt$ ! column ,c hav+ v]tical ways on :i* ! sp9dle-head ,h is m\nt$4 ,?is head conta9s a sleeve or quill 9 :i* ! sp9dle ,s slides longitud9ally4 ,! sp9dle c>ries cutt]s = bor+1 :]eas mill+ cutt]s or ! auxili>y fac+ arm are bolt$ to ! end ,a ( ! sp9dle sleeve4 ,! "w itself is atta*$ ei!r directly or indirectly to ! table or plat5 ,p4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! cutt] or tool revolves ) ! sp9dle sleeve or sp9dle & ei!r ! cutt] or ! "p be+ ma*9$ is giv5 a fe$+ movem5t1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! "w4 ,! sp9dle c be mov$ 9 or out by h& = adju/m5t1 or by p[] = fe$+ ! cutt]1 z :5 bor+ or drill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,lucas ,horizontal ,bor+1 ,drill+ & ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,! entire sp9dle-head ,h c also be mov$ v]tically on ! face ( ! column ,c1 by h&1 = sett+ ! sp9dle to ! prop] height1 or by p[] = fe$+ a mill+ cutt] 9 a v]tical direction4 ,:5 ! v]tical position ( ! sp9dle-head is *ang$1 ! outbo>d be>+ block ,b also moves up or d[n a correspond+ am\nt1 ! two p>ts be+ connect$ by %afts & ge>+4 ,block ,b /eadies ! out] end ( ! bor+-b> & ! back-re/ 9 :i* ?is block is m\nt$ c be %ift$ along ! b$ to suit ! l5g? ( ! "w1 by turn+ ! squ>$ end ( %aft ,d ) a crank4 ,! plat5 ,p has a cross-fe$1 & ! saddle ,e on :i* x is m\nt$ c be trav]s$ l5g?wise on ! b$2 bo? ( ^! movem5ts c also be effect$ by h& or p[]4 ,!re is a s]ies ( p[] fe$+ movem5ts = ! cutt]s &1 9 addition1 rapid p[] movem5ts 9 a rev]se direction f ! fe$ = return+ a cutt] quickly to its />t+ position1 :5 ?is is desirable4 ,?is ma*9e is driv5 by a belt connect+ pulley ,g ) an ov]head %aft4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ?is pulley is engag$ ) ! ma9 driv+ %aft by a friction clut* ,f controll$ by lev] ,l4 ,?is ma9 %aft drives ?r\gh ge>+ a v]tical %aft ,i1 :i* by means ( o!r ge>s 9 ! sp9dle-head imp>ts a rot>y movem5t to ! sp9dle4 ,z a ma*9e ( ?is type is us$ = bor+ holes ( v>i\s diamet]s & = a v>iety ( o!r "w1 x is necess>y to h a numb] ( spe$ *anges = ! sp9dle4 ,n9e spe$s are obta9$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! slid+ ge>s controll$ by lev]s ,r & ?is numb] is d\bl$ by back-ge>s 9 ! sp9dle-head & controll$ by lev] ,j4 ,! am\nt ( fe$ = ! sp9dle1 sp9dle-head1 plat5 or saddle is v>i$ by two lev]s ,k & ,k#a :i* control ! position ( slid+ ge>s ?r\gh :i* ! fe$+ movem5ts are transmitt$4 ,! direction ( ! fe$ c be rev]s$ by %ift+ lev] ,o4 ,) ?is p>ticul> ma*9e1 n9e fe$ *anges are available = ea* position ( ! sp9dle back-ge>s1 mak+ a total ( eighte5 *anges4 ,! fe$+ movem5t is transmitt$ to ! sp9dle-head1 sp9dle1 plat5 or saddle1 z requir$1 by ! ?ree di/ribut+ lev]s ,t1 ,u & ,v1 :i* control clut*es connect+ ) ! transmission %afts or fe$ screws4 ,:5 lev] ,t is turn$ to ! left1 ! longitud9al p[] fe$ = ! sp9dle is engag$1 :]eas turn+ x to ! "r ?r[s 9 ! v]tical fe$ = ! sp9dle-head4 ,lev] ,u engages ! cross-fe$ = plat5 ,p & lev] ,v1 ! longitud9al fe$ = saddle ,e4 ,^! lev]s h a simple b +5i\s int]lock+ device :i* makes x impossible to engage m ?an "o fe$ at a "t4 ,= example1 if lev] ,t is set = fe$+ ! sp9dle1 lev]s ,u & ,v are lock$ aga9/ movem5t4 ,! fe$s are />t$ & /opp$ by lev] ,m :i* also engages ! rapid p[] trav]se :5 ?r[n 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is rapid trav]se op]ates = :atev] fe$ is engag$ by ! di/ribut+ lev]s &1 z be=e /at$1 9 a rev]se direction4 ,= example1 if ! rev]se lev] ,o is set = fe$+ ! sp9dle to ! "r1 ! rapid trav]se w\ld be to ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,! cross-fe$ = ! plat5 c be automatically tripp$ at any po9t by sett+ an adju/able /op 9 ! prop] position & ! fe$ c also be tripp$ by a h& lev] at ! side ( ! plat54 ,all ! diff]5t fe$+ movem5ts c be effect$ by h& z well z by p[]4 ,by means ( h&:eel ,n1 ! sp9dle c be mov$ 9 or out sl[ly1 = fe$+ a cutt] by h&4 ,:5 ! friction clamp ,q is loos5$1 ! turn/ile ,w c be us$ = trav]s+ ! sp9dle1 9 case a h& adju/m5t is desirable4 ,! sp9dle-head c be adju/$ v]tically by turn+ squ>$ %aft ,x ) a crank1 & ! saddle c be %ift$ along ! b$ by turn+ %aft ,y4 ,! h& adju/m5t ( ! plat5 is effect$ by %aft ,z4 ,! sp9dle-head1 plat5 & saddle c also be adju/$ f ! end ( ! ma*9e1 :5 ?is is m conv5i5t4 ,%afts ,x1 ,y & ,z are equipp$ ) micromet] dials :i* are graduat$ to %[ movem5ts ( "o-?\s&? in*4 ,^! dials are us$ = accurately adju/+ ! sp9dle or "w & = bor+ holes or mill+ surfaces t mu/ be an exact di/ance ap>t4 ,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9e ) ,v]tical ,table ,adju/m5t4--,ano!r horizontal bor+ ma*9e is p>tly %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is ma*9e is ( ! same type z t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 b its con/ruction is q diff]5t1 z w be se54 ,! sp9dle _c be adju/$ v]tically z ) ! fir/ design describ$1 b x is m\nt$ & driv5 v mu* l ! sp9dle ( a la!1 & adju/m5t = height is obta9$ by rais+ or l[]+ ! "w table4 ,! design is j ! rev]se1 9 ?is respect1 ( ! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i* has a v]tical adju/m5t = ! sp9dle1 & a "w table t rema9s 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! table is effect$ by %aft ,e1 :i* rotates l>ge nuts engag+ ! screws ,s4 ,%aft ,e is turn$ ei!r by h& or p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,horizontal ,bor+ & ,drill+ ,ma*9e ) ,v]tical ,table ,adju/m5t ,! ma9 sp9dle is driv5 by a cone pulley ,p1 ei!r directly1 or indirectly ?r\gh ! back-ge>s %[n4 ,?is arrangem5t gives six sp9dle spe$s1 & d\ble ?is numb] is obta9$ by us+ a two-spe$ c\nt]%aft ov]head4 ,! motion = fe$+ ! sp9dle longitud9ally is transmitt$ ?r\gh a cone ( ge>s1 :i* gives ! requir$ *anges1 to a p9ion me%+ ) a rack :i* trav]ses ! sp9dle4 ,! l>ge h&:eel ,h & a correspond+ :eel on ! opposite side are us$ = adju/+ ! sp9dle rapidly by h&4 ,! yoke or outbo>d be>+ ,b = ! bor+-b>s c be clamp$ 9 any position along ! b$ = support+ ! b> z close to ! "w z possible4 ,horizontal bor+ ma*9es are built 9 _m o!r designs1 b !y all h ! same g5]al arrangem5t z ! ma*9es illu/rat$ & op]ate on ! same pr9ciple1 ) ! exception ( special types int5d$ = h&l+ c]ta9 classes ( "w exclusively4 ,! horizontal bor+1 drill+ & mill+ ma*9e is v effici5t = c]ta9 classes ( "w because x enables all ! ma*9+ op]ations on "s p>ts to be complet$ at "o sett+4 ,to illu/rate1 a ca/+ :i* requires drill+1 bor+ & mill+ at diff]5t places1 c (t5 be f9i%$ )\t di/urb+ its position on ! plat5 aft] x is clamp$ 9 place4 ,frequ5tly a comp>atively small surface ne$s to be mill$ aft] a "p has be5 bor$4 ,if ?is mill+ op]ation c be p]=m$ :ile ! "w is set up = bor+1 accurate results w be obta9$ 7provid$ ! ma*9e is 9 good condition7 & ! "t sav$ t w\ld o!rwise be requir$ = re-sett+ ! "p on ano!r ma*9e4 ,"s examples ( "w on :i* diff]5t op]ations are p]=m$ at ! same sett+ w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,! horizontal bor+ ma*9e also makes x possible to ma*9e duplicate p>ts )\t ! use ( jigs1 :i* is important1 especially on l>ge "w1 ow+ to ! co/ ( jigs4 ,drill+ & ,bor+--,cutt]s ,us$4--,holes are drill$ 9 a horizontal ma*9e by simply ins]t+ a drill ( requir$ size ei!r directly 9 ! sp9dle ,s 7see ,fig4 #a71 or 9 a r$uc+ socket1 & !n fe$+ ! sp9dle outw>d ei!r by h& or p[]4 ,:5 a hole is to be bor$1 a bor+-b> ,b#a is ins]t$ 9 ! sp9dle & ! cutt] is atta*$ to ?is b>4 ,! latt] is !n f$ ?r\gh ! hole z ! cutt] revolves4 ,! di/9ction made by ma*9i/s betwe5 drill+ & bor+ is z foll[s3 ,a hole is said to be drill$ :5 x is =m$ by s9k+ a drill into solid metal1 :]eas bor+ means ! enl>gem5t ( a drill$ or cor$ hole ei!r by ! use ( a s+le bor+ tool1 a d\ble-end$ cutt] :i* op]ates on bo? sides ( ! hole1 or a cutt]-head hav+ sev]al tools4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( atta*+ cutt]s to bor+-b>s & ! cutt]s us$ v>y = diff]5t classes ( "w4 ,a simple /yle ( cutt] :i* is us$ widely = bor+ small holes is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cutt] c is made f flat /ock & ! cutt+ is done by ! front edges e & e#a1 :i* are bevel$ 9 opposite directions4 ,! cutt] is held 9 ! b> by a tap] w$ge w & x is c5t]$ by %\ld]s at s1 s t ! diamet] ( ! hole w equal ! l5g? across ! cutt]4 ,! out] corn]s at ! front %\ld be slightly r\nd$1 z a %>p corn] w\ld be dull$ quickly4 ,^! cutt]s are made 9 diff]5t sizes & also 9 sets = r\gh+ & f9i%+4 ,! r\gh+ cutt] bores holes to )9 ab\t #a_/cb in* ( ! f9i% size & x is !n replac$ by ! f9i%+ cutt]4 ,a cutt] hav+ r\nd$ ends1 z %[n by ! detail sket* a1 is sometimes us$ = light f9i%+ cuts4 ,^! r\nd$ ends =m ! cutt+ edges & give a smoo? f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,bor+-cutt]s ( ,diff]5t ,types ,ano!r me?od ( hold+ a flat cutt] is %[n at ,b4 ,! conical end ( a screw be>s aga9/ a conical seat 91 ! cutt]1 ?us b9d+ ! latt] 9 its slot4 ,! conical seat also c5t]s ! cutt]4 ,a v simple & inexp5sive =m ( cutt] is %[n at ,c4 ,?is is made f a piece ( r\nd /eel1 & x is held 9 ! b> by a tap] p9 :i* be>s aga9/ a circul> recess 9 ! side ( ! cutt]4 ,?is =m has ! advantage ( only requir+ a hole ?r\gh ! bor+-b>1 :]eas x is necess>y to cut a rectangul> slot = ! flat cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,bor+ ) a ,flat ,d\ble-end$ ,cutt] ,fig4 #d %[s h[ a hole is bor$ by cutt]s ( ! type ref]r$ to4 ,! b> rotates z indicat$ by ! arr[ a & at ! same "t fe$s longitud9ally z %[n by arr[ b4 ,! spe$ ( rotation dep5ds ^u ! diamet] ( ! hole & ! k9d ( mat]ial be+ bor$1 & ! fe$ p] revolution mu/ also be v>i$ to suit conditions4 ,no def9ite rule c be giv5 = spe$ or fe$4 ,on "s classes ( "w a long bor+-b> is us$1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! hole to be bor$ & is /eadi$ at its out] end by ! back-re/ ,b1 ,figs1 #a & #b4 ,on o!r "w1 a %ort b> is ins]t$ 9 ! sp9dle hav+ a cutt] at ! out] end4 ,an inexp5sive me?od ( hold+ a cutt] at ! end ( a b> is %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cutt] passes ?r\gh a slot & is clamp$ by a bolt z %[n4 ,:5 x is necess>y to bore holes t are bl9d or clos$ at ! bottom1 a long bor+-b> :i* passes ?r\gh ! "w _c1 ( c\rse1 be us$4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to h a cutt] m\nt$ at ! extreme end ( a b> 9 ord] to bore close to a %\ld] or ! bottom ( a hole4 ,"o me?od ( hold+ a cutt] s t x projects beyond ! end ( a b> is indicat$ at ,e4 ,a screw simil> to ! "o %[n at ,b is us$1 & ! conical end be>s 9 a conical hole 9 ! cutt]4 ,?is hole %\ld be slightly (fset s t ! cutt] w be =c$ back aga9/ its seat4 ,! tool %[n at ,f has adju/able cutt]s4 ,! inn] end ( ea* cutt] is tap]+ & be>s aga9/ a conical-head$ screw b :i* gives ! requir$ outw>d adju/m5t4 ,! cutt]s are held aga9/ ! c5tral bolt by filli/]-head screws f & !y are clamp$ by ! screws c4 ,bor+ tools are made 9 _m diff]5t designs & ! numb] & =m ( ! cutt]s is v>i$ some:at = diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,cutt]-heads = ,bor+ ,l>ge ,holes ,cutt]-heads = ,bor+ ,l>ge ,holes4--,:5 l>ge holes are to be bor$1 ! cutt]s are usually held 9 a ca/-iron head :i* is m\nt$ on ! bor+-b>4 ,"o type ( cutt]-head is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is p>ticul> head is d\ble-end$ & c>ries two cutt]s c4 ,! cutt]-head is bor$ to fit ! b> closely & x is prev5t$ f turn+ by a key aga9/ :i* a set-screw is tight5$4 ,by ref]r+ to ! end view1 x w be se5 t ea* cutt] is (fset ) relation to ! c5t] ( ! b>1 9 ord] to locate ! front ( ! tool on a radial l9e4 ,! numb] ( cutt]s us$ 9 a cutt]-head v>ies4 ,by hav+ sev]al cutt]s1 ! "w ( remov+ a giv5 am\nt ( metal 9 bor+ is di/ribut$1 & holes c be bor$ m quickly ) a multiple cutt]-head1 al?\gh m p[] is requir$ to drive ! bor+-b>4 ,! bor+-b> is also /eadi$ by a multiple cutt]-head1 because ! t5d5cy ( any "o cutt] to deflect ! b> is c\nt]act$ by ! cutt]s on ! opposite side4 ,a disk-%ap$ head hav+ f\r cutt]s is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! cutt]s are ins]t$ 9 slots or grooves 9 ! face ( ! disk & !y are held by slott$ clamp+ po/s4 ,! %ape ( ^! po/s is %[n by ! sectional view4 ,! tool passes ?r\gh an elongat$ slot & x is tightly clamp$ aga9/ ! disk by tight5+ nut n4 ,?is head is also driv5 by a key :i* engages a keyway 9 ! bor+-b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,cutt]-head ) ,f\r ,bor+ ,tools ,two o!r designs ( cutt]-heads are %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! "o illu/rat$ at ,a has ?ree equally spac$ cutt]s :i* are held 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! cutt]s are clamp$ by screws c & !y c be adju/$ )9 c]ta9 limits by screws s4 ,! cutt]s are plac$ at an angle s t !y w ext5d beyond ! front ( ! head1 ?us p]mitt+ ! latt] to be mov$ up close to a %\ld]4 ,! cutt]-heads %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f c also be mov$ up close to a %\ld] if b5t cutt]s are us$ z %[n 9 ! "r-h& view1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! idea 9 b5d+ ! cutt]s is to br+ ! cutt+ edges 9 advance ( ! clamp+ po/s s t !y w rea* a %\ld] be=e ! b9d+ po/s /rike x4 ,! arrangem5t ( cutt]-head ,b 7,fig4 #g7 is cle>ly %[n by ! illu/ration4 ,cutt]-heads are (t5 provid$ ) two sets ( cutt]s1 "o set be+ us$ = r\gh+ & ! o!r = f9i%+4 ,x is a good plan to make ^! cutt]s s t ! ends e 7,fig4 #f7 w re/ aga9/ ! b> or bottom ( ! slot1 :5 ! cutt+ edge is set to ! requir$ radius4 ,! cutt]s c !n be easily set = bor+ duplicate "w4 ,"o me?od ( mak+ cutt]s 9 sets is to clamp ! anneal$ /ock 9 ! cutt]-head & !n turn ! ends to ! requir$ radius by plac+ ! head 9 ! la!4 ,aft] bo? sets ( cutt]s h be5 turn$ 9 ?is way1 !y are gr\nd to %ape & !n h>d5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,cutt]-heads equipp$ ) ,adju/able ,tools ,bor+ cutt]s int5d$ = r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts are %[n 9 ! detail view ,fig4 #h at ,a & ,b1 respectively4 ,! side ( ! r\gh+ cutt] ,a is gr\nd to a slight angle c to provide cle>ance = ! cutt+ edge1 & ! front has a backw>d slope s to give ! tool ke5ness4 ,?is tool is a good =m to use = r\gh+ cuts 9 ca/ iron4 ,! f9i%+ tool at ,b has a broad flat edge e & x is int5d$ = co>se fe$s & light cuts 9 ca/ iron4 ,if a r\nd cutt+ edge is us$ = f9i%+1 a comp>atively f9e fe$ is requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 a smoo? surface4 ,! corn]s ( tool ,b are r\nd$ & !y %\ld be gr\nd to slope inw>d z %[n 9 ! plan view4 ,! top or ends d ( bo? ( ^! tools are back$ (f slightly to provide cle>ance4 ,?is cle>ance %\ld be j en\gh to prev5t ! surface back ( ! cutt+ edge f dragg+ ov] ! "w4 ,excessive end cle>ance n only weak5s ! cutt+ edge1 b t5ds to cause *att]+4 ,z a f9i%+ tool cuts on ! upp] end in/ead ( on ! side1 ! front %\ld slope backw>d z %[n 9 ! side view1 r ?an sidewise z ) a r\gh+ cutt]4 ,! angle ( ! slope %\ld be some:at great] = /eel ?an ca/ iron1 unless ! /eel is q h>d1 ?us requir+ a /rong blunt tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,bor+ ,tools = ,r\gh+ & ,f9i%+ ,cuts ,cyl9d] ,bor+4--,fig4 #i illu/rates ! use ( a cutt]-head = cyl9d] bor+4 ,aft] ! cyl9d] ca/+ is set on ! plat5 ( ! ma*9e1 ! bor+-b> ) ! cutt]-head m\nt$ on x is ins]t$ 9 ! sp9dle4 ,! b> ,b has a tap] %ank & a driv+ tang simil> to a drill %ank1 :i* fits a tap] hole 9 ! end ( ! sp9dle4 ,! cutt]-head ,c is fa/5$ to ! b> s t x w be 9 ! position %[n :5 ! sp9dle is %ift$ to ! "r1 z ! fe$+ movem5t 7) ?is p>ticul> ma*9e7 is to be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! ca/+ ,a %\ld be set c5tral ) ! b> by adju/+ ! "w-table v]tically & lat]ally1 if necess>y1 & ! out] support ,f %\ld be mov$ close to ! "w1 to make ! b> z rigid z possible4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ ready to be bor$4 ,ord9>ily1 "o or two r\gh+ cuts & "o f9i%+ cut w\ld be suffici5t1 unless ! r\gh bore 7 consid]ably bel[ ! f9i% diamet]4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 ! spe$ & fe$ mu/ be gov]n$ by ! k9d ( mat]ial be+ bor$ & ! diamet] ( ! cut4 ,! p[] & rigidity ( ! bor+ ma*9e & ! quality ( ! /eel us$ = mak+ ! cutt]s also affect ! cutt+ spe$ & fe$4 ,z ! f9i%+ cut is v light1 a tool hav+ a flat cutt+ edge set p>allel to ! b> is ord9>ily us$ :5 bor+ ca/ iron4 ,! co>se fe$ enables ! cut to be tak5 9 a comp>atively %ort "t & ! broad-nos$ tool gives a smoo? f9i% if prop]ly gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cyl9d] m\nt$ on ,horizontal ,ma*9e = ,bor+ ,! co>se f9i%+ fe$ is n always practicable1 especially if ! bor+ ma*9e is 9 poor condition1 ow+ to ! *att]+ ( ! tool1 :i* results 9 a r\gh surface4 ,! la/ or f9i%+ cut %\ld inv>iably be a cont9u\s "o1 = if ! ma*9e is /opp$ be=e ! cut is complet$1 !re w be a ridge 9 ! bore at ! po9t :]e ! tool tempor>ily left (f cutt+4 ,?is ridge is caus$ by ! cool+ & result+ contraction & %ort5+ ( ! tool dur+ ! "t t x is /ation>y4 ,= ?is reason indep5d5t drives are desirable = bor+ ma*9es4 ,fac+ arms are atta*$ to ! b> on ei!r side ( ! cyl9d] = fac+ ! flanges aft] ! bor+ op]ation4 ,! turn+ tool ( a fac+ arm is fa/5$ to a slide :i* is f$ outw>d a %ort di/ance ea* revolution1 by a />-:eel t is caus$ to turn z x /rikes aga9/ a /ation>y p94 ,by fac+ ! flanges 9 ?is way1 !y are f9i%$ squ>e ) ! bore4 ,:5 sett+ a cyl9d] :i* is to be bor$ x %\ld1 :5 ! design w p]mit1 be set true by ! outside ( ! flange1 or :at is ev5 bett]1 by ! outside ( ! cyl9d] itself1 r ?an by ! r\gh bore1 9 ord] t ! walls ( ! f9i%$ cyl9d] w h a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! position ( v l>ge cyl9d]s1 :ile !y are be+ bor$1 is an important consid]ation4 ,su* cyl9d]s %\ld be bor$ 9 ! position :i* !y w subsequ5tly occupy :5 assembl$4 ,= example1 ! cyl9d] = a l>ge horizontal eng9e %\ld be bor$ :ile 9 a horizontal position1 z ! bore is liable to spr+ to a slight oval %ape :5 ! cyl9d] is plac$ horizontal aft] be+ bor$ :ile /&+ 9 a v]tical position4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cyl9d] is bor$ :ile 9 ! position 9 :i* x w be plac$ 9 ! assembl$ eng9e1 ?is tr\ble is practically elim9at$4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ma*9i/s z to ! prop] %ape ( ! cutt+ po9t ( a bor+ tool = f9i%+ cuts1 "s cont5d+ t a wide cutt+ edge is to be pref]r$1 :ile o!rs advocate ! use ( a comp>atively n>r[ edge ) a r$uc$ fe$4 ,x is claim$1 t ! n>r[ tool produces a m p]fect bore1 z x is n s easily affect$ by h>d spots 9 ! iron1 & x is also po9t$ out t ! m9ute ridges left by ! n>r[ tool are an advantage r ?an a disadvantage1 z !y =m pockets = oil & aid 9 lubricat+ ! cyl9d]4 ,x is ! mod]n practice1 h[ev]1 to use a broad tool & a co>se fe$ = ! light f9i%+ cut1 provid$ ! tool does n *att]4 ,! type ( ma*9e tool us$ = bor+ cyl9d]s1 & also ! me?od ( proc$ure is det]m9$ l>gely by ! size ( ! "w & ! quantity :i* is to be ma*9$4 ,! turret la!1 z well z horizontal & v]tical bor+ mills1 is us$ = ?is "w1 & 9 automobile factories or o!r %ops :]e a great _m cyl9d]s are bor$1 special ma*9es & fixtures are (t5 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bor+ a ,duplex ,cyl9d] on a ,horizontal ,ma*9e ,bor+ a ,duplex ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,cyl9d]4--,! me?od ( hold+ "w on a horizontal bor+ ma*9e dep5ds on its %ape4 ,a cyl9d] or o!r ca/+ hav+ a flat base c be clamp$ directly to ! plat51 b pieces ( irregul> %ape are usually held 9 special fixtures4 ,fig4 #aj %[s h[ ! cyl9d] ca/+ ( a gasol9e eng9e is set up = ! bor+ op]ation4 ,! ca/+ ,w is plac$ 9 a fixture ,f :i* is clamp$ to ! ma*9e table4 ,"o end ( ! ca/+ re/s on ! adju/able screws ,s & x is clamp$ by set-screws locat$ 9 ! top & sides ( ! fixture4 ,!re are two cyl9d]s ca/ integral & ^! are bor$ by a %ort /iff b> m\nt$ 9 ! end ( ! sp9dle & hav+ cutt]s at ! out] end4 ,a long b> ( ! type :i* passes ?r\gh ! "w & is support$ by ! outbo>d be>+ ,b1 c\ld n be us$ = ?is "w1 because ! top ( ea* cyl9d] is clos$4 ,:5 "o cyl9d] is f9i%$ ! o!r is set 9 l9e ) ! sp9dle by adju/+ ! "w-table lat]ally4 ,?is adju/m5t is effect$ by screw ,c1 & ! requir$ c5t]-to-c5t] di/ance betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s c be gag$ by ! micromet] dial ,m on ! cross-fe$ screw1 al?\gh positive /ops are (t5 us$ 9 pref]5ce4 ,aft] ! fir/ cyl9d] is bor$1 ! dial is set to ! z]o position by loos5+ ! small knurl$ screw %[n1 & turn+ ! dial ar\nd4 ,! fe$ screw is !n rotat$ until ! dial %[s t ! requir$ lat]al adju/m5t is made1 :i* locates ! ca/+ = bor+ ! second cyl9d]4 ,! end ( ! ca/+ is also fac$ true by a mill+ cutt]4 ,ord9>ily1 mill+ cutt]s are bolt$ directly to ! sp9dle sleeve ,a on ?is p>ticul> ma*9e1 :i* gives a rigid support = ! cutt] & a p[]ful drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,cyl9d] turn$ ar\nd = ,ma*9+ ,valve ,seats ,! next op]ation is t ( bor+ & mill+ ! opposite end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is end is turn$ t[>d ! sp9dle 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa7 )\t unclamp+ ! "w or fixture1 by simply turn+ ! circul> table ,t half way ar\nd4 ,?is table is an atta*m5t :i* is clamp$ to ! ma9 table = hold+ "w t mu/ be turn$ to diff]5t positions = ma*9+ ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,its position is easily *ang$1 & z ! "w rema9s fix$ ) relation to ! table1 ! alignm5t betwe5 diff]5t holes or surfaces is assur$1 if ! table is turn$ ! "r am\nt4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ca/+ ne$s to be rotat$ "o-half a revolution or #ahj degrees1 & ?is is done by means ( angul> graduations on ! base ( ! table4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! ca/+ set = bor+ ! inlet & exhau/ valve *amb]s4 ,! diff]5t cutt]s requir$ = bor+ are m\nt$ on "o b> z %[n1 & ! ca/+ is adju/$ crosswise to br+ ea* valve *amb] 9 position1 by us+ ! micromet] dial4 ,! s+le-end$ cutt] c =ms a %all[ circul> recess or seat 9 ! rais$ pad :i* surr\nds ! op5+4 ,! cov] jo9t directly back ( ! cyl9d]s is f9i%$ by mill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,bor+ ,diff]5tial ,ge> ,cas+ ,examples ( ,bor+1 ,radial ,fac+ & ,mill+4--,ano!r example ( bor+1 9 :i* ! circul> table is us$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! "w ,w is a cas+ = ! diff]5tial ge>s ( an automobile4 ,x is m\nt$ 9 a fixture ,f :i* is bolt$ to ! table4 ,! ca/+ has r\nd ends1 :i* are clamp$ 9 ,v-blocks1 ?us align+ ! "w4 ,?is fixture has a guide-bu%+ ,g :i* is c5t]$ ) ! b> & cutt] 9 ord] to prop]ly locate ! ca/+4 ,!re is a be>+ at ea* end ( ! cas+1 & two l>g] ones 9 ! c5t]4 ,^! are bor$ by flat cutt]s simil> to ! /yle illu/rat$ at ,a 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! cutt] = ! inn] be>+s is %[n at c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fac+ & ,turn+ ,flange ( ,diff]5tial ,ge> ,cas+ ,aft] ! be>+s are bor$1 ! circul> table is turn$ #ij degrees & ! "w is mov$ clos] to ! sp9dle 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac7 = fac+ flange ,f at "r angles to ! be>+s4 ,circul> flanges ( ?is k9d are fac$ 9 a horizontal bor+ ma*9e by a special fac+-arm or head ,h4 ,= ?is p>ticul> job ?is head is clamp$ directly to ! sp9dle sleeve1 b x c also be clamp$ to ! sp9dle if necess>y4 ,! turn+ tool is held 9 a slott$ toolpo/1 & x is f$ radially = turn+ ! side or face ( ! flange1 by ! well-kn[n /> fe$ at ,s4 ,:5 ?is fe$ is 9 op]ation ! b5t f+] ,e is turn$ d[nw>d s t x /rikes "o ( ! /> :eel arms = ea* revolution2 ?is turns ! :eel slightly1 & ! movem5t is transmitt$ to ! tool-block by a fe$-screw4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! tool set = turn+ ! outside or p]iph]y ( ! flange4 ,?is is done by sett+ ! tool to ! prop] radius & !n fe$+ ! "w horizontally by %ift+ ! "w-table along ! b$4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ab x w be se5 t ! fac+ head does n ne$ to be remov$ = bor+1 z x is atta*$ to ! sp9dle driv+ quill & does n int]f]e ) ! longitud9al adju/m5t ( ! sp9dle4 ,?is fac+ head is also us$ frequ5tly = tru+ ! flanges ( cyl9d]s :i* are to be bor$1 & = simil> "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,example ( ,"w requir+ ,bor+ & ,mill+ ,fig4 #ad %[s ano!r example ( "w :i* requires bor+ & mill+4 ,?is ca/+ is m\nt$ on a fixture :i* is bolt$ to ! ma9 table4 ,9 ?is case ! circul> table is n necess>y1 because ! "w c be f9i%$ )\t swivel+ x ar\nd4 ,aft] ! bor+ is complet$ ! edge ,e is tru$ by ! l>ge-face mill+ cutt] ,m bolt$ to ! sp9dle sleeve4 ,! irregul> outl9e ( ! edge is foll[$ by mov+ ! table crosswise & ! sp9dle v]tically1 z requir$4 ,fixture = ,cyl9d] ,l9+ or ,bu%+4--,a me?od ( hold+ a cyl9d] l9+ or bu%+ :ile x is be+ bor$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! l9+ ,l is m\nt$ 9 two ca/-iron r+-%ap$ fixtures ,f4 ,^! fixtures are circul> 9 %ape & h flat bases :i* are bolt$ to ! table ( ! ma*9e4 ,on ! inside ( ea* fixture1 !re are f\r equally spac$ w$ges ,w :i* fit into grooves z %[n 9 ! end view4 ,^! w$ges are drawn 9 aga9/ ! "w by bolts1 & !y prev5t ! l9+ f rotat+ :5 a cut is be+ tak54 ,?is =m ( fixture is especially adapt$ = hold+ ?9 bronze l9+s1 su* z are us$ 9 pump cyl9d]s1 because only a light pressure aga9/ ! w$ges is requir$1 & ?9 "w c be held )\t di/ort+ x4 ,if a v ?9 l9+ is be+ bor$1 x is well to loos5 ! w$ges slightly be=e tak+ ! f9i%+ cut1 s t ! "w c spr+ back to its normal %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,cyl9d] ,l9+ m\nt$ 9 ,fixture = ,bor+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,detrick ,h>vey ,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9e ( ! ,floor ,type ,bor+ ,eng9e ,b$ ,ca/+ ,horizontal ,bor+ ,ma*9e ( ,floor ,type4--,! type ( horizontal bor+1 drill+ & mill+ ma*9e1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 is int5d$ = bor+ heavy p>ts su* z ! cyl9d]s ( l>ge eng9es or pumps1 ! be>+s ( heavy ma*9e b$s & simil> "w4 ,?is ma*9e c also be us$ = drill+ & mill+1 al?\gh x is int5d$ prim>ily = bor+1 & ! o!r op]ations are usually second>y4 ,?is design is ord9>ily ref]r$ to z ! floor type1 because ! "w-table is l[ = accommodat+ l>ge heavy ca/+s4 ,! sp9dle ,s :i* drives ! bor+-b>1 & ! sp9dle fe$+ me*anism1 are c>ri$ by a saddle4 ,?is saddle is free to move v]tically on ! face ( column ,c :i* is m\nt$ on transv]se ways ext5d+ across ! "r-h& end ( ! ma9 b$4 ,?is con/ruction p]mits ! sp9dle to move v]tically or lat]ally 7by trav]s+ ! column7 ei!r = adju/+ x to ! requir$ position or = mill+ op]ations4 ,! sp9dle also has a longitud9al movem5t = bor+4 ,!re is an out] be>+ ,b = support+ ! bor+-b>1 :i* also has lat]al & v]tical adju/m5ts1 s t x c be align$ ) ! b>4 ,! "w done on a ma*9e ( ?is type is ei!r clamp$ directly to ! l>ge b$-plate ,a 7:i* has a numb] ( ,t-slots = receiv+ ! heads ( ! clamp+ bolts7 or1 9 "s cases1 a special fixture may be us$ or an auxili>y table4 ,bor+ ma*9es ( ?is same g5]al con/ruction are built 9 _m diff]5t sizes4 ,! ma9 sp9dle ( ! ma*9e illu/rat$ is driv5 by a motor locat$ at ! re> ( ! v]tical column ,c1 ! motion be+ transmitt$ to ! sp9dle ?r\gh %afts & ge>+4 ,! ca/+ ,d1 %[n 9 ?is p>ticul> illu/ration1 is = a /eam eng9e ( ! horizontal type1 & ! op]ation is t ( bor+ ! cyl9drical guides or be>+s = ! cros%ead4 ,^! be>+s h a diamet] ( #ae-c_/d in*es & are #cg-c_/d in*es long4 ,9 bor+ !m1 two r\gh+ cuts & "o f9i%+ cut are tak54 ,! end ( ! ca/+1 :i* 9 ! assembl$ eng9e be>s aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 is !n fac$ by means ( a regul> fac+ arm4 ,aft] remov+ ! bor+-b> ! table ,e ( ! special fixture on :i* ! ca/+ is m\nt$ is turn$ "o qu>t] ( a revolution4 ,a l>ge mill+ cutt] #bd in*es 9 diamet] is next m\nt$ on ! sp9dle ( ! ma*9e1 & "o side ( ! ma9 be>+1 z well z ! pads = ! valve-rod guide-b> brackets1 are mill$4 ,! table is !n revolv$ & ! opposite side ( ! ma9 be>+ is mill$ 9 ! same way1 ! table be+ accurately locat$ 9 ! diff]5t positions by an index plung] ,f :i* engages holes on ! "u side4 ,! sp9dle is n[ mov$ upw>d to all[ ! table to be turn$ s z to locate ! be>+ end ( ! frame next to ! head/ock ( ! ma*9e4 ,! mill+ cutt] is !n us$ to ma*9e ! inside & top surfaces ( ! ma9 be>+4 ,by turn+ ! fixture & n *ang+ ! position ( ! ca/+ aft] x is bolt$ into place1 ! v>i\s surfaces are ma*9$ 9 ! correct relation to "o ano!r )\t difficulty4 ,?is is a good example ( ! "w done on horizontal bor+ ma*9es ( ! floor type4 ,,index ,,page ,acme flat turret la!1 examples ( *uck "w #bai ,acme /&>d ?read & tool = cutt+ #aei ,acme /&>d ?read gage #aeg ,acme ?read tool1 measur+ wid? ) v]ni] calip] #aeg1 #aeh ,accumulation ( errors #aje1 #ajf ,align+ la! c5t]s = cyl9drical turn+ #af ,all[ances1 av]age1 = =c$ fits #acj = diff]5t classes ( fits #aca = driv+ fits #aca = =c$ fits ( giv5 pressure #acc = pu% fits #aca = runn+ fits #aca = %r9kage fits #acc ,alum9um1 lubricant = ma*9+ #ec %ape ( tools = turn+ #ec spe$ & fe$ = ma*9+ #ec ,angle-plate appli$ to la! faceplate #dh ,angles1 gage = accurate measurem5t ( #ig ,apron ( la! #d1 #e ,arbor or m&rel press #bb ,arbors or m&rels = la! "w1 types ( #ai use ( #ag ,atta*m5t1 application ( ,h5dey reliev+ #abe convex turn+ = v]tical bor+ mill #bei = co>se ?read+ 9 la! #afj = sph]ical turn+ #aac = tap] turn+ 9 la! #hh ,h5dey reliev+ #abc ,automatic *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e1 ,pott] ,john/on #bbc ,pott] ,john/on1 me?od ( sett+-up #bbg ,pott] ,john/on1 turn+ fly:eel 9 #bcf ,back-ge>s ( la! #c1 #d ,b>dons ,oliv] turret la!1 g5]al description #agh ,bor$ holes1 measur+ diamet] ( #da ,bor+ & ream+ tools = v]tical mill #bea ,bor+ & turn+ mill1 v]tical1 g5]al description #bdb v]tical1 hold+ & sett+ "w #bdg v]tical1 turn+ 9 #bdi ,bor+ & turn+ mill1 v]tical1 turn+ tools = #bec ,bor+-b> cutt]s & me?ods ( hold+ #bhj ,bor+ cutt]s = r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts #bhe ,bor+ cyl9d]s on horizontal ma*9e #bhf ,bor+ holes to giv5 c5t] di/ance 9 la! #ea ,bor+ 9 la!1 example ( #ci ,bor+ l>ge ca/+s 9 la! #di ,bor+ l>ge holes1 cutt]-heads us$ = #bhc ,bor+ ma*9e1 horizontal #bge horizontal1 examples ( "w on #bhi-big horizontal1 floor type #bid v]tical1 multiple-sp9dle type #bgd ,bor+ tool1 la! #dj ,box-tools1 diff]5t designs & examples ( "w #aic = g5]al turret la! "w #aij ,brad=d belt-driv5 la!1 g5]al description #a ,brad=d quick *ange-ge> type ( la! #agc ,brass1 spe$ = turn+ #eb tool = turn+ 9 la! #eb ,bridle or hold-back = la! #bf1 #bg ,bull>d v]tical turret la! #bfd examples ( "w #bfh ,button me?od ( locat+ "w #aja ,calip] tool = tap] turn+ #he ,calip]s1 me?ods ( sett+ #aj1 #aa ,cat-head1 application 9 la! "w #be ,c5t] holes1 incorrect & correct =ms #cb ,c5t] indicator1 use ( #ajj ,c5t]$ /ock1 me?ods ( fac+ ends #cd ,c5t]s1 la!1 align+ = cyl9drical turn+ #af la!1 gr9d] = tru+ #cd ,c5t]+ ma*9e #cj ,c5t]+ p>ts to be turn$ #bh ,c5t]+1 precaution = tool /eel #cc ,*ange ge>s1 calculat+ = ?read cutt+ #afg comp\nd1 = ?read cutt+ #agj = cutt+ fractional ?reads #aga = cutt+ metric pit*es #aga = ?read cutt+ #ace ,*as+ dial = cat*+ ?reads :5 screw cutt+ #ada ,*uck1 inaccuracy f pressure ( jaws #db la!1 application ( #cg sett+ "w 9 #db univ]sal1 indep5d5t & comb9ation #cf ,*uck+ & turn+ ma*9e1 ,pott] ,john/on automatic #bbc ,pott] ,john/on automatic1 me?od ( sett+-up #bbg ,pott] ,john/on automatic1 turn+ fly:eel 9 #bcf ,*uck+ ma*9e1 ,new ,brita91 multiple-sp9dle type #bch ,cle>ance angle = turn+ tools #ff ,cle>ance ( turn+ tools1 mean+ ( #fb1 #fc ,co>se ?read+ atta*m5t = la! #afj ,collaps+ tap1 ,geometric #bjb ,comb9ation *uck = la! #cf ,comp\nd re/1 appli$ to screw or ?read cutt+ #adc appli$ to tap] turn+ #ie ,convex turn+ atta*m5t = v]tical bor+ mills #bei ,copp]1 tool = turn+ 9 la! #eb ,crank%aft la!1 description ( ,r4 ,k4 ,le,blond special #ajh op]ation ( ,r4 ,k4 ,le,blond #aaj ,crank%aft turn+ 9 eng9e la! #ajg ,cross-slide /op = ?read+ #aee ,cuts1 av]age dep? = turn+ #ge r\gh+ & f9i%+ 9 la! #ab1 #ge1 #gf ,cutt]-heads1 = bor+1 equipp$ ) adju/able tools #bhd1 #bhe = horizontal bor+ ma*9e #bhc ,cutt]s1 bor+1 r\gh+ & f9i%+ types #bhe = bor+-b>s #bhj ,cutt+ lubricants = turn+ tools #gg ,cutt+ spe$s1 av]age = turn+ #gb bas$ on ,taylor's exp]im5ts #ga effect ( lubricant on #gf factors :i* limit spe$s = turn+ #gb rules = calculat+ #gd ,cyl9d] bor+ ma*9e1 multiple-sp9dle type #bgd ,cyl9d] bor+ on horizontal ma*9e #bhf ,cyl9d] l9+1 fixture = hold+ :5 bor+ #bic ,cyl9drical turn+1 simple example ( #f ,davis turret la!1 turn+ bevel ge> blanks #bab turn+ worm-ge> blanks #baa ,dep? ( cut = turn+1 av]age #ge ,detrick ,h>vey horizontal bor+ ma*9e1 floor type #bid ,dial = cat*+ ?reads :5 screw cutt+ #ada ,dial gage1 te/+ conc5tricity ( button ) #ajc1 #ajd ,die & tap hold]s1 releas+ #aii ,die-heads1 self-op5+ type #bjj ,disk gage1 = angles & tap]s #ig rules = sett+ #ih1 #ii ,dogs or driv]s1 la!1 application ( #af ,drill1 flat1 = la! #dd ,drill+ & ream+ 9 la! #dc ,driv]s or dogs1 la!1 application ( #af ,driv+ fits1 all[ances = #aca ,ecc5tric turn+ 9 la! #ajf ,eng9e la!1 g5]al description #a ,errors1 accumulation ( #aje1 #ajf ,faceplate1 index+ = multiple-?read cutt+ #aec la!1 application ( angle-plate to #dh la!1 hold+ "w on #de ,fac+ ends ( c5t]$ /ock1 diff]5t me?ods #cd ,fe$ & dep? ( cut = turn+1 av]age #ge ,fe$s & spe$s = turn+ bas$ on ,taylor's exp]im5ts #ga ,fil+ & poli%+ 9 la! #ac ,f9i%+ & r\gh+ cuts 9 la! #ge1 #gf ,fits1 all[ances = diff]5t classes #aca diff]5t classes us$ 9 ma*9e con/ruction #abi driv+1 all[ances = #aca =c$1 all[ances = giv5 pressure #acc =c$1 av]age all[ance = #acj =c$1 pressure = #acb pu%1 all[ances = #aca runn+1 all[ances = #aca %r9kage1 all[ances = #acc ,fixture = hold+ ?9 l9+ :5 bor+ #bic ,flat drill & hold] = la! #dd ,flat turret la!1 ,acme1 examples ( *uck "w #bai ,h>tness1 example ( turn+ #bac ,jones ,lamson d\ble-sp9dle type #bba ,float+ ream] hold]s #bga ,fly:eel1 f9i%+ 9 "o sett+ 9 turret la! #ahf f9i%+ 9 two sett+s 9 turret la! #ahi ma*9+ 9 turret la! #ahd turn+ 9 ,pott] ,john/on automatic #bcf turn+ 9 v]tical bor+ mill #bee ,foll[-re/ = la! #bg ,=c$ fits1 all[ances = giv5 pressure #acc av]age all[ance = #acj pressure g5]ally us$ 9 assembl+ #acb ,fractional ?reads1 *ange ge>s = cutt+ #aga ,gage1 disk1 = angles & tap]s #ig disk1 rules = sett+ #ih1 #ii = te/+ ,v-?read tool #ach /&>d plug1 = holes #db ?read1 ,acme /&>d #aeg ,geometric collaps+ tap #bjb ,geometric self-op5+ die-head #bjj ,gi%olt convex atta*m5t = v]tical mill #bei ,gi%olt v]tical bor+ mill1 g5]al description #bdb ,gr9d] = tru+ la! c5t]s #cd ,gr9d+ la! tools #fb ,h>tness flat turret la!1 example ( turn+ #bac ,h5dey reliev+ atta*m5t #abc application (1 = reliev+ taps1 cutt]s & hobs #abe ,hold-back or bridle = la! #bf1 #bg ,holl[ mills = turret la! #aih ,horizontal bor+ ma*9e #bge ,detrick ,h>vey floor type #bid examples ( "w #bhi-big ,indep5d5t *uck = la! #cf ,index plate1 *ange ge>1 = la! #acg ,indicator1 c5t]1 use on la! #ajj = cat*+ ?reads :5 screw cutt+ #ada te/1 tru+ buttons ) #ajb1 #ajc ?read1 = la! apron1 pr9ciple ( #adb ,ins]t$ cutt] turn+ tools = la! #eh ,int]nal ?read+ #aed ,jones ,lamson d\ble-sp9dle flat turret la! #bba ,knurl+ 9 la! & tool us$ #abb ,l>d oil z a cutt+ lubricant #gh ,la!1 bor+ holes to giv5 c5t] di/ance 9 #ea bor+ l>ge ca/+s 9 #di bor+ small hole ) #ajd1 #aje cutt+ ?reads 9 #ace drill+ small hole ) #ajd g5]al description ( ,brad=d #a ,le,blond crank%aft1 op]ation ( #aaj ,lo-sw+1 g5]al description #aae me?od ( h&l+ :5 cutt+ ?reads #ach quick *ange-ge> type #agc ,r4 ,k4 ,le,blond special crank%aft #ajh turret type1 g5]al description #agh ,la! c5t]s1 gr9d] = tru+ #cd ,la! *ucks1 application ( #cg univ]sal1 indep5d5t & comb9ation #cf ,la! faceplate1 hold+ "w on #de ,la! foll[-re/ #bg ,la! /eadyre/ #bc application (1 :5 bor+ #be ,la! tap] atta*m5t #hh practical application ( #ij ,la! tool gr9d+ #fb ,la! tools1 angle ( cle>ance #ff angle ( ke5ness #fg application ( v>i\s types #ef slope ( cutt+ edge #ff1 #fg ,la! turn+ tools1 ins]t$-cutt] type #eh set ( tools = g5]al "w #ed ,lead ( ?read1 def9ition ( #adf ,le,blond1 ,r4 ,k41 la! = crank%aft turn+ #ajh ,left-h& ?read1 me?od ( cutt+ #adh ,l9+1 fixture = hold+ :5 bor+ #bic ,lo-sw+ la!1 g5]al description #aae example ( multiple-turn+ #aag ,lubricant1 effect on cutt+ spe$ #gf = cool+ turn+ tools #gg = ma*9+ alum9um #ec l>d oil z a cutt+ #gh ,lucas horizontal bor+ ma*9e #bge ,m&rel or arbor press #bb ,m&rels or arbors = la! "w1 types ( #ai = la! "w1 use ( #ag ,metric pit*es1 *ange ge>s = cutt+ #aga ,micromet] = measur+ ?reads #afb ,mills1 holl[1 = turret la! #aih ,multiple-sp9dle *uck+ ma*9e1 ,new ,brita9 #bch ,multiple-?read cutt+1 index+ faceplate = #aec ,multiple ?reads #adf me?od ( cutt+ #aej sett+ tool :5 cutt+ #aeb ,multiple-turn+ 9 ,lo-sw+ la! #aag ,new ,brita9 multiple-sp9dle *uck+ ma*9e #bch ,newall ,eng9e]+ ,co's fit all[ances #aca ,pi/ons1 gasol9e eng9e1 turn+ 9 turret la! #bjd ,pi/on r+s1 atta*m5t = turn+ 9 turret la! #baj turn+ 9 turret la! #bjf ,pi/on turn+ 9 ,pratt ,:itney turret la! #bjh ,pit*1 metric1 *ange ge>s = cutt+ #aga ,pit* ( ?read1 def9ition ( #adf ,plug gage1 /&>d #db ,poli%+ & fil+ 9 la! #ac ,pott] ,john/on automatic *uck+ & turn+ ma*9e #bbc me?od ( sett+-up #bbg turn+ fly:eel 9 #bcf ,pratt ,:itney turret la!1 arrang$ = pi/on turn+ #bjh equipp$ ) pi/on r+ turn+ atta*m5t #baj ,press = arbors or m&rels #bb ,pressure g5]ally us$ 9 assembl+ =c$ fits #acb ,pu% fits1 all[ances = #aca ,quick *ange-ge> type ( la! #agc ,ream] hold]s1 float+ type #bga ,ream+ & drill+ 9 la! #dc ,releas+ die & tap hold]s #aii ,reliev+ atta*m5t1 ,h5dey #abc ,reliev+ atta*m5t1 ,h5dey1 application ( #abe ,reliev+ hobs or taps hav+ spiral flutes #abh ,rivett-,dock ?read+ tool #afd ,r\gh+ & f9i%+ cuts 9 la! #ge1 #gf ,runn+ fits1 all[ances = #aca ,screw cutt+1 calculat+ *ange ge>s = #afg comp\nd ge>+ = #agj 9 eng9e la! #ace me?od ( h&l+ la! #ach select+ *ange ge>s = #ace ) comp\nd re/ #adc ,screws1 cutt+ to comp5sate = %r9kage #afe metric1 *ange ge>s = cutt+ #aga te/+ size ( #afa ,select+ type ( turn+ ma*9e #bdj ,%r9kage1 cutt+ screws to comp5sate = #afe ,%r9kage fits1 all[ances = #acc ,side-tool1 fac+ ) #g ,spe$s = turn+1 av]age #gb bas$ on ,taylor's exp]im5ts #ga effect ( lubricant #gf factors :i* limit #gb rules = calculat+ #gd ,sph]ical turn+ #aaa atta*m5ts = #aac ,spid] = support+ bu%+ :ile turn+ #dh1 #di ,spiral flutes1 me?od ( reliev+ hobs or taps ) #abh ,squ>e ?read & me?od ( cutt+ #adi1 #aei ,/eadyre/1 application ( :5 bor+ #be = eng9e la! #bc ,/op = la! cross-slide :5 ?read+ #aee ,tap & die hold]s1 releas+ type #aii ,tap] atta*m5t = la! #hh practical application ( #ij ,tap] bor+ ) tap] atta*m5t #ij ,tap] ?read+1 position ( tool = #aed ,tap] turn+1 adju/m5t ( tail/ock c5t] = #hb by (fset-c5t] me?od #hj examples ( #hc height ( tool = #id 9 v]tical bor+ mill #bfa 9 v]tical mill ) horizontal & v]tical fe$s #bfb sett+ tail/ock c5t] ) calip] tool #he sett+ tail/ock c5t] ) squ>e #hg ) comp\nd re/ #ie ) tap] atta*m5t #ib1 #ic ,tap]s1 gage = accurate measurem5t ( #ig ,tap]s1 rules = figur+ #ig ,te/ indicator1 tru+ buttons ) #ajb1 #ajc ,te/ or c5t] indicator = use on la! #ajj ,?read cutt+1 calculat+ *ange ge>s = #afg comp\nd ge>+ = #agj cross-slide /op us$ = #aee index+ faceplate = multiple ?reads #aec 9 eng9e la! #ace int]nal #aed me?od ( h&l+ la! #ach select+ *ange ge>s = #ace tap]1 position ( tool = #aed ) comp\nd re/ #adc ,?read gage1 ,acme /&>d #aeg ,?read indicator = la! apron #ada1 #adb ,?read micromet] #afb ,?read tool1 ,acme1 measur+ wid? ) v]ni] calip] #aeg1 #aeh = cutt+ ,v-?read #ach ,?read tools = /&>d ?reads #aei ,?reads1 ,acme /&>d1 & tool = cutt+ #aei *ange ge>s = fractional #aga cutt+ to comp5sate = %r9kage #afe diff]5t =ms ( #add left-h&1 me?od ( cutt+ #adh metric1 *ange ge>s = cutt+ #aga multiple #adf multiple1 me?od ( cutt+ #aej multiple1 sett+ tool :5 cutt+ #aeb %>p ,v1 & tool = cutt+ #aei squ>e1 & me?od ( cutt+ #adi1 #aei te/+ size ( #afa ?ree-wire sy/em = measur+ #afc ,u4 ,s4 /&>d1 & tool = cutt+ #adf1 #aei ,:itwor? /&>d1 & tool = cutt+ #aeh1 #aei worm1 & tool = cutt+ #aei1 #afj ,?read+ atta*m5t1 la!1 = co>se ?reads #afj ,?read+ tool1 ,rivett-,dock #afd ,tool gr9d+ #fb ,tools = la!1 set = g5]al turn+ #ed ,tools = turn+1 angle ( cle>ance #ff angle ( ke5ness #fg ins]t$-cutt] type #eh slope ( cutt+ edge #ff1 #fg ,tools = turret la! #aij ,tools1 la!1 application ( v>i\s types #ef ,turn+1 cyl9drical1 simple example ( #f ecc5tric #ajf multiple1 9 ,lo-sw+ la! #aag ) front & re> tools #aad ,turn+ spe$s1 av]age = la! #gb bas$ on ,taylor's exp]im5ts #ga factors :i* limit #gb rules = calculat+ #gd ,turn+ tools1 angle ( cle>ance #ff angle ( ke5ness #fg = alum9um #ec = brass #eb = copp] #eb = la!1 position ( #fj = la!1 set (1 = g5]al "w #ed ins]t$-cutt] type = la! #eh slope ( cutt+ edge #ff1 #fg ,turret la!1 ,b>dons ,oliv]1 g5]al description #agh examples ( *uck "w 9 ,acme flat #bai ,h>tness flat1 example ( turn+ #bac ,jones ,lamson d\ble-sp9dle type #bba ma*9+ fly:eels 9 #ahd ,pratt ,:itney arrang$ = pi/on turn+ #bjh pi/on r+ turn+ atta*m5t = #baj tools = g5]al "w #aij turn+ bevel ge> blanks 9 ,davis #bab turn+ gasol9e eng9e pi/ons 9 #bjd turn+ pi/on r+s 9 #bjf turn+ worm-ge> blanks 9 ,davis #baa typical example ( turret la! "w #aha ,turret la! tools1 miscellane\s types #bjb ,turret la! type ( v]tical bor+ mill #bfd ,type ( turn+ ma*9e1 factors :i* gov]n selection #bdj ,u4 ,s4 /&>d ?read #aei me?od ( cutt+ #adf ,univ]sal *uck = la! #cf ,v-?read & tool = cutt+ #aei ,v]tical bor+ mill1 ,bull>d turret la! type #bfd convex turn+ atta*m5t #bei g5]al description #bdb hold+ & sett+ "w #bdg tap] turn+ 9 #bfa tap] turn+ ) horizontal & v]tical fe$s #bfb tools = bor+ & ream+ #bea turn+ fly:eel 9 #bee turn+ tools = #bec ,v]tical turret la!1 ,bull>d1 examples ( "w #bfh ,:itwor? /&>d ?read & tool = cutt+ #aeh1 #aei ,wire sy/em = measur+ ?reads #afc ,worm ?read & tool = cutt+ #aei1 #afj ,transcrib]'s notes on *anges made to text3 ,left z 9 orig9al3 use ( degree1 deg4 & deg42 use ( m9ute1 m94 & '4 ,/&>dis$ to ! mo/ commonly us$ 9 ! book3 backge> to back-ge>2 cam%aft to cam-%aft2 crankp9 to crank-p92 face-plate to faceplate2 out-bo>d to outbo>d2 ov]-hang to ov]hang2 setscrew to set-screw2 /eady-re/ to /eadyre/2 subdivision7s7 to sub-division7s72 tail-/ock to tail/ock2 ?umbscrew to ?umb-screw2 tool-po/ to toolpo/2 tool-slide to toolslide2 h&-:eel to h&:eel2 ,u4,s4 to ,u4 ,s4 ,page #fd _h a blot*$ 7illegible7 ^w1 ?is has be5 replac$ by 7l>ge & rigid7 "w4 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 l>gely re-compil$ to create "o-to-"o l9ks ) nam$ p>agraphs & sections 9 text4