,an ,essay ,9 ,aid ,( ,a ,gramm> ,( ,ass5t4 by ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 ,( ! ,oratory4 ,non 9 dialectic complacuit ,deo salvum fac]e populum suum4 ,,/4 ,,ambrose4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates1 ,co4 #ag #ah1 ,portman ,/reet1 & #fc1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 #ahgd ,,cont5ts ,d$ication4 ,"p ,i4 ,ass5t ,& ,appreh5sion4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,modes ,( ,hold+ ,& ,appreh5d+ ,propositions4 #a4 ,modes ( ,hold+ ,propositions4 #b4 ,modes ( appreh5d+ ,propositions4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ass5t ,consid]$ ,z ,appreh5sive4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,appreh5sion ,( ,propositions4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,notional ,& ,real ,ass5t4 #a4 ,notional ,ass5ts4 #b4 ,real ,ass5ts4 #c4 ,notional & ,real ,ass5ts ,contra/$4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,appreh5sion ,& ,ass5t ,9 ,! ,matt] ,( ,religion4 #a4 ,belief 9 ,"o ,god4 #b4 ,belief 9 ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 #c4 ,belief 9 ,dogmatic ,!ology4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,ass5t ,& ,inf]5ce4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ass5t ,consid]$ ,z ,unconditional4 #a4 ,simple ,ass5t4 #b4 ,complex ,ass5t4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,c]titude4 #a4 ,ass5t & ,c]titude ,contra/$4 #b4 ,indefectibility ( ,c]titude4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,inf]5ce4 #a4 ,=mal ,inf]5ce4 #b4 ,in=mal ,inf]5ce4 #c4 ,natural ,inf]5ce4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,illative ,s5se4 #a4 ,! ,sanction ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 #b4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 #c4 ,! ,range ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,inf]5ce ,& ,ass5t ,9 ,! ,matt] ,( ,religion4 #a4 ,natural ,religion4 #b4 ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,note4 ,footnotes ,,d$ication4 ,to ,edw>d ,bellasis1 ,s]jeant ,at ,law1 ,9 ,remembrance ,( ,a ,long1 ,equable1 ,sunny ,fri5d%ip2 ,9 ,gratitude ,= ,cont9ual ,k9dnesses ,%[n ,to ,me1 ,= ,an ,unwe>i$ ,zeal ,9 ,my ,behalf1 ,= ,a ,tru/ ,9 ,me ,:i* ,has ,nev] ,wav]$1 ,& ,a ,prompt1 ,effectual ,succ\r ,& ,support ,9 ,times ,( ,special ,trial1 ,f ,8 ,affectionate ,j4 ,h4 ,n4 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahgj4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,ass5t ,,& ,,appreh5sion4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,modes ,( ,hold+ ,& ,appreh5d+ ,propositions4 #a4 ,modes ( ,hold+ ,propositions4 #a4 ,propositions 7consi/+ ( a subject & pr$icate unit$ by ! copula7 may take a categorical1 conditional1 or int]rogative =m4 7#a7 ,an int]rogative1 :5 !y ask a ,"q1 7e4 g4 ,does ,free-trade b5efit ! poor] classes87 & imply ! possibility ( an affirmative or negative resolution ( x4 7#b7 ,a conditional1 :5 !y express a ,conclusion 7e4 g4 ,free-trade !re=e b5efits ! poor] classes71 & bo? imply1 & imply _! dep5d5ce on1 o!r propositions4 7#c7 ,a categorical1 :5 !y simply make an ,ass]tion 7e4 g4 ,free-trade does b5efit71 & imply ! abs5ce ( any condition or res]vation ( any k9d1 look+ nei!r be=e nor beh9d1 z re/+ 9 !mselves & be+ intr9sically complete4 ,^! ?ree modes ( %ap+ a proposition1 di/9ct z !y are f ea* o!r1 foll[ ea* o!r 9 natural sequ5ce4 ,a proposition1 :i* />ts ) be+ a ,"q1 may become a ,conclusion1 & !n be *ang$ into an ,ass]tion2 b x has ( c\rse ceas$ to be a "q1 s f> =? z x has become a conclusion1 & has rid itself ( its argum5tative =m--t is1 has ceas$ to be a conclusion1--s f> =? z x has become an ass]tion4 ,a "q has n yet got s f> z to be a conclusion1 ?\gh x is ! necess>y prelim9>y ( a conclusion2 & an ass]tion has got beyond be+ a m]e conclusion1 ?\gh x is ! natural issue ( a conclusion4 ,_! correlation is ! measure ( _! di/9ction "o f ano!r4 ,no "o is likely to d5y t a "q is di/9ct bo? f a conclusion & f an ass]tion2 & an ass]tion w be f\nd to be equally di/9ct f a conclusion4 ,=1 if we re/ our affirmation on argum5ts1 ?is %[s t we are n ass]t+2 &1 :5 we ass]t1 we d n argue4 ,an ass]tion is z di/9ct f a conclusion1 z a ^w ( comm& is f a p]suasion or recomm5dation4 ,comm& & ass]tion1 z su*1 bo? ( !m1 9 _! diff]5t ways1 disp5se )1 disc>d1 ignore1 antec$5ts ( any k9d1 ?\gh antec$5ts may h be5 a s9e qu non condition ( _! be+ elicit$4 ,!y bo? c>ry ) !m ! pret5sion ( be+ p]sonal acts4 ,9 insi/+ on ! intr9sic di/9ctness ( ^! ?ree modes ( putt+ a proposition1 ,i am n ma9ta9+ t !y may n co-exi/ z reg>ds "o & ! same subject4 ,= :at we h already conclud$1 we may1 if we w1 make a "q (2 & :at we are ass]t+1 we may ( c\rse conclude ov] aga94 ,we may ass]t1 to "o man1 & conclude to ano!r1 & ask ( a ?ird2 /ill1 :5 we ass]t1 we d n conclude1 &1 :5 we ass]t or conclude1 we d n "q4 #b4 ,! int]nal act ( hold+ propositions is = ! mo/ "p analog\s to ! ext]nal act ( enunciat+ !m2 z !re are ?ree ways ( enunciat+1 s are !re ?ree ways ( hold+ !m1 ea* correspond+ to ea*4 ,^! ?ree m5tal acts are ,d\bt1 ,inf]5ce1 & ,ass5t4 ,a "q is ! expression ( a d\bt2 a conclusion is ! expression ( an act ( inf]5ce2 & an ass]tion is ! expression ( an act ( ass5t4 ,to d\bt1 = in/ance1 is n to see "o's way to hold t ,free-trade is or t x is n a b5efit2 to inf]1 is to hold on suffici5t gr\nds t ,free-trade may1 mu/1 or %\ld be a b5efit2 to ass5t to ! proposition1 is to hold t ,free-trade is a b5efit4 ,moreov]1 propositions1 :ile !y are ! mat]ial ( ^! ?ree enunciations1 are ! objects ( ! ?ree correspond+ m5tal acts2 & z )\t a proposition1 !re _c be a "q1 conclusion1 or ass]tion1 s )\t a proposition !re is no?+ to d\bt ab\t1 no?+ to inf]1 no?+ to ass5t to4 ,m5tal acts ( :atev] k9d presuppose _! objects4 ,&1 s9ce ! ?ree enunciations are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 !re=e ! ?ree m5tal acts also1 ,d\bt1 ,inf]5ce1 & ,ass5t1 are1 ) ref]5ce to "o & ! same proposition1 di/9ct f ea* o!r2 else1 :y %\ld _! sev]al enunciations be di/9ct8 ,& inde$ x is v evid5t1 t1 s f> =? z we inf]1 we d n d\bt1 & t1 :5 we ass5t1 we are n inf]r+1 &1 :5 we d\bt1 we _c ass5t4 ,& 9 fact1 ^! ?ree modes ( ent]ta9+ propositions1--d\bt+ !m1 inf]r+ !m1 ass5t+ to !m1 are s di/9ct 9 _! action1 t1 :5 !y are sev]ally c>ri$ out into ! intellectual habits ( an individual1 !y become ! pr9ciples & notes ( ?ree di/9ct /ates or *>act]s ( m9d4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 accord+ z "o or o!r ( ^! is p>am\nt )9 him1 a man is a sceptic z reg>ds x2 or a philosoph]1 ?9k+ x m or less probable consid]$ z a conclusion ( reason2 or he has an unhesitat+ fai? 9 x1 & is recogniz$ z a believ]4 ,if he simply disbelieves1 or diss5ts1 he is ass5t+ to ! contradictory ( ! !sis1 viz4 t !re is no ,revelation4 ,_m m9ds ( c\rse !re are1 :i* are n "u ! pr$om9ant influ5ce ( any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,?us m5 are to be f\nd ( irreflective1 impulsive1 unsettl$1 or aga9 ( acute m9ds1 :o d n "k :at !y believe & :at !y d n1 & :o may be by turns sceptics1 inquir]s1 or believ]s2 :o d\bt1 ass5t1 inf]1 & d\bt aga91 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! season4 ,nay fur!r1 9 all m9ds !re is a c]ta9 coexi/5ce ( ^! di/9ct acts2 t is1 ( two ( !m1 = we c at once inf] & ass5t1 ?\gh we _c at once ei!r ass5t or inf] & also d\bt4 ,inde$1 9 a multitude ( cases we inf] tru?s1 or app>5t tru?s1 be=e1 & :ile1 & aft] we ass5t to !m4 ,la/ly1 x _c be d5i$ t ^! ?ree acts are all natural to ! m9d2 ,i mean1 t1 9 ex]cis+ !m1 we are n violat+ ! laws ( our nature1 z if !y 7 9 !mselves an extravagance or weakness1 b are act+ accord+ to x1 accord+ to its legitimate con/itution4 ,und\bt$ly1 x is possible1 x is common1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 to err 9 ! ex]cise ( ,d\bt1 ( ,inf]5ce1 & ( ,ass5t2 t is1 we may be )hold+ a judgm5t ab\t propositions on :i* we h ! means ( com+ to "s def9itive conclusion2 or we may be ass5t+ to propositions :i* we ought to receive only on ! cr$it ( _! premisses1 or aga9 to keep ourselves 9 susp5se ab\t2 b su* errors ( ! individual belong to ! individual1 n to 8 nature1 & _c avail to =feit = him 8 natural "r1 "u prop] circum/ances1 to d\bt1 or to inf]1 or to ass5t4 ,we d b fulfil our nature 9 d\bt+1 inf]r+1 & ass5t+2 & our duty is1 n to ab/a9 f ! ex]cise ( any function ( our nature1 b to d :at is 9 itself "r rightly4 #c4 ,s f> 9 g5]al3--9 ?is ,essay ,i treat ( propositions only 9 _! be>+ ^u concrete matt]1 & ,i am ma9ly conc]n$ ) ,ass5t2 ) ,inf]5ce1 9 its relation to ,ass5t1 & only su* inf]5ce z is n demon/ration2 ) ,d\bt h>dly at all4 ,i dismiss ,d\bt ) "o obs]vation4 ,i h "h spok5 ( x simply z a susp5se ( m9d1 9 :i* s5se ( ! ^w1 to h 8no d\bt0 ab\t a !sis is equival5t to "o or o!r ( ! two rema9+ acts1 ei!r to inf]r+ x or else ass5t+ to x4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w is (t5 tak5 to mean ! delib]ate recognition ( a !sis z be+ unc]ta92 9 ?is s5se ,d\bt is no?+ else ?an an ass5t1 viz4 an ass5t to a proposition at v>iance ) ! !sis1 z ,i h already notic$ 9 ! case ( ,disbelief4 ,conf9+ myself to ! subject ( ,ass5t & ,inf]5ce1 ,i obs]ve two po9ts ( contra/ betwe5 !m4 ,! fir/ ,i h already not$4 ,ass5t is unconditional2 else1 x is n really repres5t$ by ass]tion4 ,inf]5ce is conditional1 because a conclusion at lea/ implies ! assumption ( premisses1 & /ill m1 because 9 concrete matt]1 on :i* ,i am engag$1 demon/ration is impossible4 ,! second has reg>d to ! appreh5sion necess>y = hold+ a proposition4 ,we _c ass5t to a proposition1 )\t "s intellig5t appreh5sion ( x2 :]eas we ne$ n und]/& x at all 9 ord] to inf] x4 ,we _c give our ass5t to ! proposition t 8x is z10 till we are told some?+ ab\t "o or o!r ( ! t]ms2 b we c inf]1 if 8x is y1 & y is z1 t x is z10 :e!r we "k ! mean+ ( x & z or no4 ,^! po9ts ( contra/ & _! results w come be=e u 9 due c\rse3 "h1 = a "t leav+ ! consid]ation ( ! modes ( hold+ propositions1 ,i proce$ to inquire into :at is to be und]/ood by appreh5d+ !m4 #b4 ,modes ( appreh5d+ ,propositions4 ,by our appreh5sion ( propositions ,i mean our imposition ( a s5se on ! t]ms ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,n[ :at d ! t]ms ( a proposition1 ! subject & pr$icate1 /& =8 ,sometimes !y /& = c]ta9 ideas exi/+ 9 our own m9ds1 & = no?+ outside ( !m2 sometimes = ?+s simply ext]nal to u1 br\ght home to u ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces & in=mations we h ( !m4 ,all ?+s 9 ! ext]ior _w are unit & individual1 & are no?+ else2 b ! m9d n only contemplates ^? unit realities1 z !y exi/1 b has ! gift1 by an act ( creation1 ( br++ be=e x ab/ractions & g5]alizations1 :i* h no exi/5ce1 no c\nt]p>t1 out ( x4 ,n[ !re are propositions1 9 :i* "o or bo? ( ! t]ms are common n\ns1 z /&+ = :at is ab/ract1 g5]al1 & non-exi/+1 su* z 8,man is an animal1 "s m5 are le>n$1 an ,apo/le is a creation ( ,*ri/ianity1 a l9e is l5g? )\t bread?1 to err is human1 to =give div9e40 ,^! ,i %all call notional propositions1 & ! appreh5sion ) :i* we inf] or ass5t to !m1 notional4 ,& !re are o!r propositions1 :i* are compos$ ( s+ul> n\ns1 & ( :i* ! t]ms /& = ?+s ext]nal to u1 unit & individual1 z 8,philip 0 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]10 8! e>? goes r\nd ! sun10 8! ,apo/les fir/ prea*$ to ! ,jews20 & ^! ,i %all call real propositions1 & _! appreh5sion real4 ,!re are !n two appreh5sions or int]pretations to :i* propositions may be subject$1 notional & real4 ,next ,i obs]ve1 t ! same proposition may admit ( bo? ( ^! int]pretations at once1 hav+ a notional s5se z us$ by "o man1 & a real z us$ by ano!r4 ,?us a s*oolboy may p]fectly appreh5d1 & con/rue ) _s1 ! poet's words1 8,dum ,capitolium sc&et cum tacit ,virg9e ,pontifex20 he has se5 /eep hills1 flights ( /eps1 & processions2 he kn[s :at en=c$ sil5ce is2 also he kn[s all ab\t ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 & ! ,ve/al ,virg9s2 he has an ab/ract hold ^u e ^w ( ! description1 yet )\t ! words !re=e br++ be=e him at all ! liv+ image :i* !y w\ld light up 9 ! m9d ( a contempor>y ( ! poet1 :o _h se5 ! fact describ$1 or ( a mod]n hi/orian :o _h duly in=m$ himself 9 ! religi\s ph5om5a1 & by m$itation _h realiz$ ! ,roman c]emonial1 ( ! age ( ,augu/us4 ,aga91 8,dulce et decorum e/ pro patri mori10 is a m]e common-place1 a t]se expression ( ab/ractions 9 ! m9d ( ! poet himself1 if ,philippi is to be ! index ( 8 patriotism1 :]eas x w\ld be ! record ( exp]i5ces1 a sov]eign dogma1 a gr& aspiration1 inflam+ ! imag9ation1 pi]c+ ! he>t1 ( a ,wallace or a ,tell4 ,z ! multitude ( common n\ns h orig9ally be5 s+ul>1 x is n surpris+ t _m ( !m %\ld s rema9 /ill 9 ! appreh5sion ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,9 ! proposition 8,sug> is sweet10 ! pr$icate is a common n\n z us$ by ^? :o h comp>$ sug> 9 _! ?\ghts ) honey or glyc]9e2 b x may be ! only di/9ctively sweet ?+ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( a *ild1 & may be us$ by him z a n\n s+ul>4 ,! fir/ "t t he ta/es sug>1 if 8 nurse says1 8,sug> is sweet0 9 a notional s5se1 mean+ by sug>1 lump-sug>1 p[d]$1 br[n1 & c&i$1 & by sweet1 a specific flav\r or sc5t :i* is f\nd 9 _m articles ( food & _m fl[]s1 he may answ] 9 a real s5se1 & 9 an individual proposition 8,sug> is sweet10 mean+ 8?is sug> is ?is sweet ?+40 ,?irdly1 9 ! same m9d & at ! same "t1 ! same proposition may express bo? :at is notional & :at is real4 ,:5 a lectur] 9 me*anics or *emi/ry %[s to 8 class by exp]im5t "s physical fact1 he & 8 he>]s at once enunciate x z an individual ?+ be=e _! eyes1 & also z g5]aliz$ by _! m9ds into a law ( nature4 ,:5 ,virgil says1 8,v>ium et mutabile semp] fm9a10 he bo? sets be=e 8 read]s :at he means to be a g5]al tru?1 & at ! same "t applies x individually to ! in/ance ( ,dido4 ,he expresses at once a notion & a fact4 ,( ^! two modes ( appreh5d+ propositions1 notional & real1 real is ! /rong]2 ,i mean by /rong] ! m vivid & =cible4 ,x is s to be acc\nt$ = ! v reason t x is conc]n$ ) :at is ei!r real or tak5 = real2 = intellectual ideas _c compete 9 effectiv5ess ) ! exp]i5ce ( concrete facts4 ,v>i\s prov]bs & maxims sanction me 9 s speak+1 su* z1 8,facts are /ubborn ?+s10 8,exp]i5tia docet10 8,see+ is believ+20 & ! popul> contra/ betwe5 !ory & practice1 reason & sight1 philosophy & fai?4 ,n t real appreh5sion1 z su*1 impels to action1 any m ?an notional2 b x excites & /imulates ! affections & passions1 by br++ facts home to !m z motive causes4 ,?us x indirectly br+s ab\t :at ! appreh5sion ( l>ge pr9ciples1 ( g5]al laws1 or ( moral obligations1 nev] c\ld effect4 ,rev]t+ to ! two modes ( hold+ propositions1 conditional & unconditional1 :i* 0 ! subject ( ! =m] ,section1 t is1 inf]5ces & ass5ts1 ,i obs]ve t inf]5ces1 :i* are conditional acts1 are especially cognate to notional appreh5sion1 & ass5ts1 :i* are unconditional1 to real4 ,?is di/9ction1 too1 w come be=e u 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,& n[ ,i h /at$ ! ma9 subjects ( :i* ,i propose to treat2 viz41 ! di/9ctions 9 ! use ( propositions1 :i* ,i h be5 draw+1 & ! que/ions :i* ^? di/9ctions involve4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ass5t ,consid]$ ,z ,appreh5sive4 ,i h already said ( an act ( ,ass5t1 fir/1 t x is 9 itself ! absolute acceptance ( a proposition )\t any condition2 & next t1 9 ord] to its be+ made1 x presupposes ! condition1 n only ( "s previ\s inf]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! proposition1 b especially ( "s concomitant appreh5sion ( its t]ms4 ,i proce$ to ! latt] ( ^! two subjects2 t is1 ( ,ass5t consid]$ z appreh5sive1 leav+ ! discussion ( ,ass5t z unconditional = a lat] place 9 ?is ,essay4 ,by appreh5sion ( a proposition1 ,i mean1 z ,i h already said1 ! int]pretation giv5 to ! t]ms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:5 we inf]1 we consid] a proposition 9 relation to o!r propositions2 :5 we ass5t to x1 we consid] x = its own sake & 9 its intr9sic s5se4 ,t s5se mu/ be 9 "s degree kn[n to u2 else1 we d b ass]t ! proposition1 we 9 no wise ass5t to x4 ,ass5t ,i h describ$ to be a m5tal ass]tion2 9 its v nature !n x is ( ! m9d1 & n ( ! lips4 ,we c ass]t )\t ass5t+2 ass5t is m ?an ass]tion j by ?is mu*1 t x is accompani$ by "s appreh5sion ( ! matt] ass]t$4 ,?is is pla92 & ! only "q is1 :at measure ( appreh5sion is suffici5t4 ,& ! answ] to ?is "q is equally pla93--x is ! pr$icate ( ! proposition :i* mu/ be appreh5d$4 ,9 a proposition "o t]m is pr$icat$ ( ano!r2 ! subject is ref]r$ to ! pr$icate1 & ! pr$icate gives u in=mation ab\t ! subject2--!re=e to appreh5d ! proposition is to h t in=mation1 & to ass5t to x is to acquiesce 9 x z true4 ,!re=e ,i appreh5d a proposition1 :5 ,i appreh5d its pr$icate4 ,! subject itself ne$ n be appreh5d$ p] se 9 ord] to a g5u9e ass5t3 = x is ! v ?+ :i* ! pr$icate has to elucidate1 & !re=e by its =mal place 9 ! proposition1 s f> z x is ! subject1 x is some?+ unkn[n1 some?+ :i* ! pr$icate makes kn[n2 b ! pr$icate _c make x kn[n1 unless x is kn[n itself4 ,let ! "q be1 8,:at is ,trade80 "h is a di/9ct pr(ession ( ignorance ab\t 8,trade20 & let ! answ] be1 8,trade is ! int]*ange ( goods20--trade !n ne$ n be kn[n1 z a condition ( ass5t to ! proposition1 except s f> z ! acc\nt ( x :i* is giv5 9 answ]1 8! int]*ange ( goods10 makes x kn[n2 & t mu/ be appreh5d$ 9 ord] to make x kn[n4 ,! v drift ( ! proposition is to tell u some?+ ab\t ! subject2 b !re is no reason :y our k ( ! subject1 :atev] x is1 %\ld g beyond :at ! pr$icate tells u ab\t x4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! subject ne$ n be appreh5d$3 z f> z ?is x mu/2 x w n be appreh5d$ ?us f>1 unless we appreh5d ! pr$icate4 ,if a *ild asks1 8,:at is ,luc]n80 & is answ]$1 8,luc]n is m$icago sativa1 ( ! class ,diadelphia & ord] ,dec&ria20 & h5ce=? says ob$i5tly1 8,luc]n is m$icago sativa1 c410 he makes no act ( ass5t to ! proposition :i* he enunciates1 b speaks l a p>rot4 ,b1 if he is told1 8,luc]n is food = cattle10 & is %[n c[s graz+ 9 a mead[1 !n ?\gh he nev] saw luc]n1 & kn[s no?+ at all ab\t x1 besides :at he has le>n$ f ! pr$icate1 he is 9 a position to make z g5u9e an ass5t to ! proposition 8,luc]n is food = cattle10 on ! ^w ( 8 in=mant1 z if he knew ev] s mu* m ab\t luc]n4 ,& z soon z he has got z f> z ?is1 he may g fur!r4 ,he n[ kn[s en\gh ab\t luc]n1 to enable him to appreh5d propositions :i* h luc]n = _! pr$icate1 %\ld !y come be=e him = ass5t1 z1 8,t field is s[n ) luc]n10 or 8,clov] is n luc]n40 ,yet !re is a way1 9 :i* ! *ild c give an indirect ass5t ev5 to a proposition1 9 :i* he und]/ood nei!r subject nor pr$icate4 ,he _c inde$ 9 t case ass5t to ! proposition itself1 b he c ass5t to its tru?4 ,he _c d m ?an ass]t t 8,luc]n is m$icago sativa10 b he c ass5t to ! proposition1 8,t luc]n is m$icago sativa is true40 ,= "h is a pr$icate :i* he suffici5tly appreh5ds1 :at is inappreh5sible 9 ! proposition be+ conf9$ to ! subject4 ,?us ! *ild's "m might tea* him to repeat a passage ( ,%akespe>e1 & :5 he ask$ ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> l9e1 su* z 8,! quality ( m]cy is n /ra9$10 or 8,virtue itself turns vice1 be+ misappli$10 %e might answ] him1 t he 0 too "y to und]/& x yet1 b t x _h a beautiful mean+1 z he w\ld "o day "k3 & he1 9 fai? on h] ^w1 might give 8 ass5t to su* a proposition1--n1 t is1 to ! l9e itself :i* he _h got by he>t1 & :i* w\ld be beyond him1 b to its be+ true1 beautiful1 & good4 ,( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( ass5t itself1 & its intr9sic conditions1 n ( ! gr\nd or motive ( x4 ,:e!r !re is an obligation ^u ! *ild to tru/ 8 "m1 or :e!r !re are cases :]e su* tru/ is impossible1 are irrelevant que/ions1 & ,i notice !m 9 ord] to put !m aside4 ,i am exam9+ ! act ( ass5t itself1 n its prelim9>ies1 & ,i h specifi$ ?ree directions1 :i* among o!rs ! ass5t may take1 viz4 ass5t imm$iately to a proposition1 ass5t to its tru?1 & ass5t bo? to its tru? & to ! gr\nd ( its be+ true toge!r1--8,luc]n is food = cattle10--8,t luc]n is m$icago sativa is true10--& 8,my "m's ^w1 t luc]n is m$icago sativa1 & is food = cattle1 is ! tru?40 ,n[ 9 ea* ( ^! !re is "o & ! same absolute adhesion ( ! m9d to ! proposition1 on ! "p ( ! *ild2 he ass5ts to ! appreh5sible proposition1 & to ! tru? ( ! inappreh5sible1 & to ! v]acity ( 8 "m 9 h] ass]tion ( ! inappreh5sible4 ,i say ! same absolute adhesion1 because1 unless he did ass5t )\t any res]ve to ! proposition t luc]n 0 food = cattle1 or to ! accuracy ( ! botanical "n & description ( x1 he w\ld n be giv+ an unres]v$ ass5t to 8 "m's ^w3 yet1 ?\gh ^! ass5ts are all unres]v$1 /ill !y c]ta9ly diff] 9 /r5g?1 & ?is is ! next po9t to :i* ,i wi% to draw att5tion4 ,x is inde$ pla91 t1 ?\gh ! *ild ass5ts to 8 "m's v]acity1 )\t p]haps be+ consci\s ( 8 own act1 nev]!less t p>ticul> ass5t ( 8 has a =ce & life 9 x :i* ! o!r ass5ts h n1 insomu* z he appreh5ds ! proposition1 :i* is ! subject ( x1 ) great] ke5ness & en]gy ?an belongs to 8 appreh5sion ( ! o!rs4 ,h] v]acity & au?ority is to him no ab/ract tru? or item ( g5]al k1 b is b\nd up ) t image & love ( h] p]son :i* is "p ( himself1 & makes a direct claim on him = 8 summ>y ass5t to h] g5]al tea*+s4 ,accord+ly1 by reason ( ?is circum/ance ( 8 appreh5sion he w\ld n hesitate to say1 did 8 ye>s admit ( x1 t he w\ld lay d[n 8 life 9 def5ce ( 8 "m's v]acity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w\ld n make su* a pr(ession 9 ! case ( ! propositions1 8,luc]n is food = cattle10 or 8,t luc]n is m$icago sativa is true20 & yet x is cle> too1 t1 if he did 9 tru? ass5t to ^! propositions1 he w\ld h to die = !m also1 r ?an d5y !m1 :5 x came to ! po9t1 unless he made up 8 m9d to tell a falsehood4 ,t he w\ld h to die = all ?ree propositions sev]ally r ?an d5y !m1 %[s ! complet5ess & absolut5ess ( ass5t 9 its v nature2 t he w\ld n spontane\sly *all5ge s sev]e a trial 9 ! case ( two out ( ! ?ree p>ticul> acts ( ass5t1 illu/rates 9 :at s5se "o ass5t may be /rong] ?an ano!r4 ,x appe>s !n1 t1 9 ass5t+ to propositions1 an appreh5sion 9 "s s5se ( _! t]ms is n only necess>y to ass5t1 z su*1 b also gives a di/9ct "* to its acts4 ,if !re=e we w\ld "k m ab\t ,ass5t1 we mu/ "k m ab\t ! appreh5sion :i* accompanies x4 ,accord+ly to ! subject ( ,appreh5sion ,i proce$4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,appreh5sion ,( ,propositions4 ,i said 9 my ,introductory ,*apt] t !re c be no ass5t to a proposition1 )\t "s sort ( appreh5sion ( its t]ms2 next t !re are two modes ( appreh5sion1 notional & real2 ?irdly1 t1 :ile ass5t may be giv5 to a proposition on ei!r appreh5sion ( x1 /ill its acts are elicit$ m he>tily & =cibly1 :5 !y are made ^u real appreh5sion :i* has ?+s = its objects1 ?an :5 !y are made 9 fav\r ( notions & ) a notional appreh5sion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree po9ts ,i h j be5 discuss+2 n[ ,i w proce$ to ! second1 viz4 ! two modes ( appreh5d+ propositions1 leav+ ! ?ird = ! ,*apt]s :i* foll[4 ,i h us$ ! ^w appreh5sion1 & n und]/&+1 because ! latt] ^w is ( unc]ta9 mean+1 /&+ sometimes = ! faculty or act ( conceiv+ a proposition1 sometimes = t ( compreh5d+ x1 nei!r ( :i* come into ! s5se ( appreh5sion4 ,x is possible to appreh5d )\t und]/&+4 ,i appreh5d :at is meant by say+ t ,john is ,ri*>d's wife's fa!r's aunt's husb&1 b1 if ,i am unable s to take 9 ^! successive relation%ips z to und]/& ! up%ot ( ! :ole1 viz4 t ,john is great-uncle-9-law to ,ri*>d1 ,i _c be said to und]/& ! proposition4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i may take a j view ( a man's conduct1 & !re=e appreh5d x1 & yet may pr(ess t ,i _c und]/& x2 t is1 ,i h n ! key to x1 & d n see its consi/5cy 9 detail3 ,i h no j conception ( x4 ,appreh5sion !n is simply an intellig5t acceptance ( ! idea or ( ! fact :i* a proposition enunciates4 8,pride w h a fall20 8,napoleon di$ at ,/4 ,hel5a20 ,i h no difficulty 9 ent]+ into ! s5tim5t conta9$ 9 ! =m] ( ^!1 or into ! fact decl>$ 9 ! latt]2 t is1 ,i appreh5d !m bo?4 ,n[ appreh5sion1 z ,i h said1 has two subject-matt]s3--accord+ z language expresses ?+s ext]nal to u1 or our own ?\ghts1 s is appreh5sion real or notional4 ,x is notional 9 ! gramm>ian1 x is real 9 ! exp]im5tali/4 ,! gramm>ian has to det]m9e ! =ce ( words & phrases2 he has to ma/] ! /ructure ( s5t5ces & ! composition ( p>agraphs2 he has to comp>e language ) language1 to asc]ta9 ! common ideas express$ "u diff]5t idiomatic =ms1 & to a*ieve ! difficult "w ( reca/+ ! m9d ( an orig9al au?or 9 ! m\ld ( a translation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosoph] or exp]im5tali/ aims at inve/igat+1 que/ion+1 asc]ta9+ facts1 causes1 effects1 actions1 qualities3 ^! are ?+s1 & he makes 8 words di/9ctly subord9ate to ^!1 z means to an end4 ,! prim>y duty ( a lit]>y man is to h cle> conceptions1 & to be exact & intelligible 9 express+ !m2 b 9 a philosoph] x is ev5 a m]it to be n altoge!r vague1 in*oate & obscure 9 8 tea*+1 & if he fails ev5 ( ?is l[ /&>d ( language1 we rem9d ourselves t 8 obscurity p]haps is ow+ to 8 dep?4 ,no p[] ( words 9 a lectur] w\ld be suffici5t to make psy*ology easy to 8 he>]s2 if !y are to pr(it by him1 !y mu/ ?r[ _! m9ds into ! matt]s 9 discussion1 mu/ accompany 8 treatm5t ( !m ) an active1 p]sonal concurr5ce1 & int]pret = !mselves1 z he proce$s1 ! dim sugge/ions & adumbrations ( objects1 :i* he has a "r to presuppose1 :ile he uses !m1 z images exi/+ 9 _! appreh5sion z well z 9 8 own4 ,9 some?+ ( a p>allel way x is ! lea/ p>donable fault 9 an ,orator to fail 9 cle>ness ( /yle1 & ! mo/ p>donable fault ( a ,poet4 ,s aga91 an ,economi/ is deal+ ) facts2 :atev] !re is ( !ory 9 8 "w pr(esses to be f\nd$ on facts1 by facts alone mu/ 8 s5se be int]pret$1 & to ^? only :o are well furni%$ ) ! necess>y facts does he address himself2 yet a clev] s*oolboy1 f a ?or\gh grammatical k ( bo? languages1 might turn into ,engli% a ,fr5* treatise on national weal?1 produce1 consumption1 lab\r1 pr(its1 measures ( value1 public debt1 & ! circulat+ m$ium1 ) an appreh5sion ( :at x 0 t 8 au?or 0 /at+ suffici5t = mak+ x cle> to an ,engli% read]1 :ile he _h n ! fa9te/ conception himself :at ! treatise1 :i* he 0 translat+ really det]m9$4 ,! man uses language z ! vehicle ( ?+s1 & ! boy ( ab/ractions4 ,h5ce 9 lit]>y exam9ations1 x is a te/ ( good s*ol>%ip to be able to con/rue aright1 )\t ! aid ( und]/&+ ! s5tim5t1 action1 or hi/orical occurr5ce convey$ 9 ! passage ?us accurately r5d]$1 let x be a battle 9 ,livy1 or "s subtle tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ,virgil or ,p9d>4 ,& ^? :o h acquitt$ !mselves be/ 9 ! trial1 w (t5 be dispos$ to ?9k !y h mo/ notably fail$1 = ! v reason t !y h be5 too busy ) ! gramm> ( ea* s5t5ce1 z x came1 to h be5 able1 z !y con/ru$ on1 to ent] into ! facts or ! feel+s1 :i*1 unkn[n to !mselves1 !y 7 br++ out ( x4 ,to take a v diff]5t in/ance ( ?is contra/ betwe5 notions & facts2--pa?ology & m$ic9e1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 & z a protection to ! practition]1 veil ! %ock+ realities ( disease & physical suff]+ "u a notional phraseology1 "u ! ab/ract t]ms ( debility1 di/ress1 irritability1 p>oxysm1 & a ho/ ( ,greek & ,lat9 words4 ,! arts ( m$ic9e & surg]y are necess>ily exp]im5tal2 b = writ+ & conv]s+ on ^! subjects !y require to be /ripp$ ( ! association ( ! facts f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,su* are ! two modes ( appreh5sion4 ,! t]ms ( a proposition d or d n /& = ?+s4 ,if !y d1 !n !y are s+ul> t]ms1 = all ?+s t are1 are units4 ,b if !y d n /& = ?+s !y mu/ /& = notions1 & are common t]ms4 ,s+ul> n\ns come f exp]i5ce1 common f ab/raction4 ,! appreh5sion ( ! =m] ,i call real1 & ( ! latt] notional4 ,n[ let u look at ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m m n>r[ly4 #a4 ,real ,appreh5sion1 is1 z ,i h said1 9 ! fir/ in/ance an exp]i5ce or in=mation ab\t ! concrete4 ,n[1 :5 ^! in=mations are 9 fact pres5t$ to u1 7t is1 :5 !y are directly subject$ to our bodily s5ses or our m5tal s5sations1 z :5 we say1 8,! sun %9es10 or 8,! prospect is *>m+10 or indirectly by means ( a picture or ev5 a n>rative17 !n !re is no difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at is meant by say+ t our enunciation ( a proposition conc]n+ !m implies an appreh5sion ( ?+s2 because we c actually po9t out ! objects :i* !y indicate4 ,b suppos+ ^? ?+s are no long] be=e u1 suppos+ !y h pass$ beyond our field ( view1 or ! book is clos$ 9 :i* ! description ( !m occurs1 h[ c an appreh5sion ( ?+s be said to rema9 to u8 ,x rema9s on our m9ds by means ( ! faculty ( memory4 ,memory consi/s 9 a pres5t imag9ation ( ?+s t are pa/2 memory reta9s ! impressions & lik5esses ( :at !y 7 :5 be=e u2 & :5 we make use ( ! proposition :i* ref]s to !m1 x supplies u ) objects by :i* to int]pret x4 ,!y are ?+s /ill1 z be+ ! reflections ( ?+s 9 a m5tal mirror4 ,h5ce ! poet calls memory 8! m9d's eye40 ,i am 9 a =eign c\ntry among unfamili> sights2 at w ,i am able to conjure up be=e me ! vision ( my home1 & all t belongs to x1 its rooms & _! furniture1 its books1 its inmates1 _! c\nt5ances1 looks & movem5ts4 ,i see ^? :o once 7 !re & are no m2 pa/ sc5es1 & ! v expression ( ! features1 & ! tones ( ! voices1 ( ^? :o took "p 9 !m1 9 a "t ( trial or difficulty4 ,i create no?+2 ,i see ! facsimiles ( facts2 & ( ^! facsimiles ! words & propositions :i* ,i use conc]n+ !m are f habitual association ! prop] or ! sole expression4 ,& s aga91 ,i may h se5 a celebrat$ pa9t+1 or "s great pageant1 or "s public man2 & ,i h on my memory /or$ up & ready at h&1 b lat5t1 an impress m or less di/9ct ( t exp]i5ce4 ,! words 8! ,madonna di ,s4 ,si/o10 or 8! la/ ,coronation10 or 8! ,duke ( ,well+ton10 h p[] to revive t impress ( x4 ,memory has to d ) individual ?+s & no?+ t is n individual4 ,& my appreh5sion ( its notices is convey$ 9 a collection ( s+ul> & real propositions4 ,i h hi!rto be5 adduc+ in/ances f 7= ! mo/ "p7 objects ( sight2 b ! memory pres]ves ! impress1 ?\gh n s vivid1 ( ! exp]i5ces :i* come to u ?r\gh our o!r s5ses also4 ,! memory ( a beautiful air1 or ! sc5t ( a p>ticul> fl[]1 z f> z any remembrance rema9s ( x1 is ! cont9u$ pres5ce 9 our m9ds ( a lik5ess ( x1 :i* its actual pres5ce has left !re4 ,i c br+ be=e me ! music ( ! ,ade/e ,fideles1 z if ,i 7 actually he>+ x2 & ! sc5t ( a clematis z if ,i 7 9 my g>d52 & ! flav\r ( a pea* z if x 7 9 season2 & ! ?\ght ,i h ( all ^! is z ( some?+ individual & f )\t1--z mu* z ! ?+s !mselves1 ! tune1 ! sc5t1 & ! flav\r1 are f )\t1--?\gh1 comp>$ ) ! ?+s !mselves1 ^! images 7z !y may be call$7 are fa9t & int]mitt+4 ,nor ne$ su* an image be 9 any s5se an ab/raction1 ?\gh ,i may h eat5 a hundr$ pea*es 9 times pa/1 ! impression1 :i* rema9s on my memory ( ! flav\r1 may be ( any ( !m1 ( ! t51 tw5ty1 ?irty units1 z ! case may be1 n a g5]al notion1 di/9ct f e "o ( !m1 & =m$ f all ( !m by a fabrication ( my m9d4 ,& s aga9 ! appreh5sion :i* we h ( our pa/ m5tal acts ( any k9d1 ( hope1 inquiry1 ef=t1 triumph1 disappo9tm5t1 suspicion1 hatr$1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 is an appreh5sion ( ! memory ( ^? def9ite acts1 & !re=e an appreh5sion ( ?+s2 n to say t _m ( !m d n ne$ memory1 b are su* z admit ( be+ actually summon$ & repeat$ at our w4 ,su* an appreh5sion aga9 is elicit$ by propositions embody+ ! notices ( our hi/ory1 ( our pursuits & _! results1 ( our fri5ds1 ( our b]eavem5ts1 ( our illnesses1 ( our =tunes1 :i* rema9 impr9t$ ^u our memory z %>ply & deeply z is any recollection ( sight4 ,nay1 & su* recollections may h 9 !m an individuality & complet5ess :i* outlives ! impressions made by s5sible objects4 ,! memory ( c\nt5ances & ( places 9 times pa/ may fade away f ! m9d2 b ! vivid image ( c]ta9 anxieties or deliv]ances nev]4 ,& by means ( ^! p>ticul> & p]sonal exp]i5ces1 ?us impress$ ^u u1 we atta9 an appreh5sion ( :at su* ?+s are at o!r times :5 we h n exp]i5ce ( !m2 an appreh5sion ( sights & s\nds1 ( col\rs & =ms1 ( places & p]sons1 ( m5tal acts & /ates1 p>allel to our actual exp]i5ces1 su*1 t1 :5 we meet ) def9ite propositions expressive ( !m1 our appreh5sion _c be call$ ab/ract & notional4 ,if ,i am told 8!re is a rag+ fire 9 ,london10 or 8,london is on fire10 8fire0 ne$ n be a common n\n 9 my appreh5sion m ?an 8,london40 ,! ^w may recall to my memory ! exp]i5ce ( a fire :i* ,i h kn[n else:]e1 or ( "s vivid description :i* ,i h read4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to draw ! l9e & to say :]e ! (fice ( memory ends1 & :]e ab/raction takes its place2 & aga91 z ,i said 9 my fir/ pages1 ! same proposition is to "o man an image1 to ano!r a notion2 b /ill !re is a ho/ ( pr$icates1 ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds1 8lovely10 8vulg>10 8a conceit$ man10 8a manufactur+ t[n10 8a cata/rophe10 & any numb] ( o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh z pr$icates !y w\ld be acc\nt$ common n\ns1 are 9 fact 9 ! m\?s ( p>ticul> p]sons s+ul>1 z convey+ images ( ?+s individual1 z ! ru/ic 9 ,virgil says1-- 8,urbem1 quam dicunt ,romam1 ,melibe1 putavi1 ,/ultus ego1 huic no/r similem40 ,& s ! *ild's idea ( a k+1 z d]iv$ f 8 picture-book1 w be t ( a fi]ce or /]n or v5]able man1 seat$ above a flight ( /eps1 ) a cr[n on 8 head & a sceptre 9 8 h&4 ,9 ^! two in/ances inde$ ! exp]i5ce does b mislead1 :5 appli$ to ! unkn[n2 b x (t5 happ5s on ! contr>y1 t x is a s]viceable help1 especially :5 a man has l>ge exp]i5ces & has le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 !m & apply !m duly1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! h]o 8:o knew _m cities ( m5 & _m m9ds40 ,fur!r1 we are able by an inv5tive faculty1 or1 z ,i may call x1 ! faculty ( composition1 to foll[ ! descriptions ( ?+s :i* h nev] come be=e u1 & to =m1 out ( su* passive impressions z exp]i5ce has h]et(ore left on our m9ds1 new images1 :i*1 ?\gh m5tal creations1 are 9 no s5se ab/ractions1 & ?\gh ideal1 are n notional4 ,!y are concrete units 9 ! m9ds bo? ( ! p>ty describ+ & ! p>ty in=m$ ( !m4 ,?us ,i may nev] h se5 a palm or a banana1 b ,i h conv]s$ ) ^? :o h1 or ,i h read graphic acc\nts ( x1 &1 f my own previ\s k ( o!r trees1 h be5 able ) s ready an intellig5ce to int]pret _! language1 & to light up su* an image ( x 9 my ?\ghts1 t1 7 x n t ,i nev] 0 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! tree is f\nd1 ,i %\ld fancy t ,i _h actually se5 x4 ,h5ce aga9 x is ! v praise we give to ! *>act]s ( "s great poet or hi/orian t he is s individual4 ,i am able z x 7 to gaze on ,tib]ius1 z ,tacitus draws him1 & to figure to myself our ,james ! ,fir/1 z he is pa9t$ 9 ,scott's ,romance4 ,! assass9ation ( ,cs>1 8 8,et tu1 ,brute80 8 collect+ 8 robes ab\t him1 & 8 fall "u ,pompey's /atue1 all ?is becomes a fact to me & an object ( real appreh5sion4 ,?us x is t we live 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! di/ant2 by means ( our capacity ( int]pret+ ! /atem5ts ( o!rs ab\t =m] ages or =eign climes by ! lights ( our own exp]i5ce4 ,! picture1 :i* hi/orians are able to br+ be=e u1 ( ,cs>'s dea?1 d]ives its vividness & effect f its virtual appeal to ! v>i\s images ( our memory4 ,?is faculty ( composition is ( c\rse a /ep beyond exp]i5ce1 b we h n[ rea*$ its fur!/ po9t2 x is ma9ly limit$ z reg>ds its mat]ials1 by ! s5se ( sight4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r s5ses1 new images _c well be elicit$ & %ap$ out ( old exp]i5ces4 ,no description1 h[ev] complete1 c\ld convey to my m9d an exact lik5ess ( a tune or an h>mony1 :i* ,i h nev] he>d2 & /ill less ( a sc5t1 :i* ,i h nev] smelt4 ,g5]ic resemblances & metaphorical sub/itutes are inde$ producible2 b ,i %\ld n acquire any real k ( ! ,scot* air 8,!re's nae luck0 by be+ told x 0 l 8,auld lang syne10 or 8,rob9 ,gray20 & if ,i said t ,moz>t's melodies 7 z a summ] sky or z ! brea? ( ,zephyr1 ,i %\ld be bett] und]/ood by ^? :o knew ,moz>t ?an by ^? :o did n4 ,su* vague illu/rations sugge/ intellectual notions1 n images4 ,& q z difficult is x to create or to appreh5d by description images ( m5tal facts1 ( :i* we h no direct exp]i5ce4 ,i may inde$1 z ,i h already said1 br+ home to my m9d s complex a fact z an hi/orical "*1 by composition out ( my exp]i5ces ab\t "* g5]ally2 ,tib]ius1 ,james ! ,fir/1 ,l\is ! ,elev5?1 or ,napoleon2 b :o is able to infuse into me1 or h[ %all ,i imbibe1 a s5se ( ! peculi>ities ( ! /yle ( ,cic]o or ,virgil1 if ,i h n read _! writ+s8 or h[ %all ,i ga9 a %ad[ ( a p]ception ( ! wit or ! grace ascrib$ to ! conv]sation ( ! ,fr5* salons1 be+ myself an untravell$ ,john ,bull8 ,& s aga91 z reg>ds ! affections & passions ( our nature1 !y are sui g5]is respectively1 & incomm5surable1 & mu/ be sev]ally exp]i5c$ 9 ord] to be appreh5d$ really4 ,i c und]/& ! rabbia ( a native ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 if ,i am ( a passionate temp] myself2 & ! ta/e = speculation or bett+ f\nd 9 great trad]s or on ! turf1 if ,i am fond ( ent]prise or games ( *ance2 b on ! o!r h&1 n all ! possible descriptions ( headlong love w make me compreh5d ! delirium1 if ,i h nev] _h a fit ( x2 nor w ev] s _m s]mons ab\t ! inw>d satisfaction ( /rict consci5ti\sness create 9 my m9d ! image ( a virtu\s action & its att5dant s5tim5ts1 if ,i h be5 br\ght up to lie1 ?ieve & indulge my appetites4 ,?us we meet ) m5 ( ! _w :o _c ent] into ! v idea ( devotion1 & ?9k1 = in/ance1 t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 a life ( religi\s seclusion mu/ be ei!r "o ( unutt]able dre>9ess or ab&on$ s5suality1 because !y "k ( no ex]cise ( ! affections b :at is m]ely human2 & ) o!rs aga91 :o1 liv+ 9 ! home ( _! own selfi%ness1 ridicule z some?+ fanatical & pitiable ! self-sacrifices ( g5]\s high-m9d$ness & *ivalr\s hon\r4 ,!y _c create images ( ^! ?+s1 any m ?an *ildr5 c on ! contr>y ( vice1 :5 !y ask :]eab\ts & :o ! bad m5 are2 = !y h no p]sonal memories1 & h to cont5t !mselves ) notions drawn f books or f :at o!rs tell !m4 ,s mu* on ! appreh5sion ( ?+s & on ! real s5se 9 our use ( language2 n[ let u pass on to ! notional s5se4 #b4 ,exp]i5ce tells u only ( individual ?+s1 & ^! ?+s are innum]able4 ,our m9ds might h be5 s con/ruct$ z to be able to receive & reta9 an exact image ( ea* ( ^! v>i\s objects1 "o by "o1 z x came be=e u1 b only 9 & = itself1 )\t ! p[] ( comp>+ x ) any ( ! o!rs4 ,b ?is is n our case3 on ! contr>y1 to comp>e & to contra/ are among ! mo/ prom95t & busy ( our intellectual functions4 ,in/9ctively1 ev5 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 we are ev] in/itut+ comp>isons betwe5 ! manifold ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w1 z we meet ) !m1 criticiz+1 ref]r+ to a /&>d1 collect+1 analyz+ !m4 ,nay1 z if by "o & ! same action1 z soon z we p]ceive !m1 we also p]ceive t !y are l ea* o!r or unlike1 or r bo? l & unlike at once4 ,we appreh5d spontane\sly1 ev5 be=e we set ab\t appreh5d+1 t man is l man1 yet unlike2 & unlike a horse1 a tree1 a m\nta91 or a monum5t1 yet 9 "s1 ?\gh n ! same respects1 l ea* ( !m4 ,& 9 consequ5ce1 z ,i h said1 we are ev] gr\p+ & discrim9at+1 measur+ & s\nd+1 fram+ cross classes & cross divisions1 & !reby ris+ f p>ticul>s to g5]als1 t is f images to notions4 ,9 processes ( ?is k9d we reg>d ?+s1 n z !y are 9 !mselves1 b ma9ly z !y /& 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,we look at no?+ simply = its own sake2 we _c look at any "o ?+ )\t keep+ our eyes on a multitude ( o!r ?+s besides4 8,man0 is no long] :at he really is1 an individual pres5t$ to u by our s5ses1 b z we read him 9 ! light ( ^? comp>isons & contra/s :i* we h made him sugge/ to u4 ,he is att5uat$ into an aspect1 or relegat$ to 8 place 9 a classification4 ,?us 8 appellation is made to sugge/1 n ! real be+ :i* he is 9 ?is or t specim5 ( himself1 b a def9ition4 ,if ,i might use a h>% metaphor1 ,i %\ld say he is made ! log>i?m ( 8 true self1 & 9 t %ape is work$ ) ! ease & satisfaction ( log>i?ms4 ,x is pla9 :at a diff]5t s5se language w be> 9 ?is sy/em ( intellectual notions f :at x has :5 x is ! repres5tative ( ?+s3 & su* a use ( x is n only ! v f\ndation ( all sci5ce1 b may be1 & is1 c>ri$ out 9 lit]ature & 9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( man ) man4 ,& !n x comes to pass t individual propositions ab\t ! concrete almo/ cease to be1 & are dilut$ or />v$ into ab/ract notions4 ,! ev5ts ( hi/ory & ! *>act]s :o figure 9 x lose _! individuality4 ,/ates & gov]nm5ts1 society & its compon5t p>ts1 cities1 nations1 ev5 ! physical face ( ! c\ntry1 ?+s pa/1 & ?+s contempor>y1 all t fulness ( mean+ :i* ,i h describ$ z accru+ to language f exp]i5ce1 n[ t exp]i5ce is abs5t1 necess>ily becomes to ! multitude ( m5 no?+ b a heap ( notions1 little m intelligible ?an ! beauties ( a prospect to ! %ort-sight$1 or ! music ( a great ma/] to a li/5] :o has no e>4 ,i suppose mo/ m5 w recollect 9 _! pa/ ye>s h[ _m mi/akes !y h made ab\t p]sons1 p>ties1 local occurr5ces1 nations & ! l1 ( :i* at ! "t !y _h no actual k ( _! own3 h[ a%am$ or h[ amus$ !y h s9ce be5 at _! own gratuit\s idealism :5 !y came into possession ( ! real facts conc]n+ !m4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to treat ! def9ite ,titus or ,sempronius z ! quidam homo1 ! individuum vagum ( ! logician4 ,!y spoke ( 8 op9ions1 8 motives1 8 practices1 z _! traditional rule = ! species ,titus or ,sempronius enjo9$4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at individual m5 9 fle% & blood 71 !y fanci$ t !y _h no?+ to d b to ref] to commonplaces1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,?us !y 7 well up ) ! "* ( a ,:ig /atesman or ,tory magnate1 a ,wesleyan1 a ,congregationali/1 a p>son1 a prie/1 a philan?ropi/1 a writ] ( controv]sy1 a sceptic2 & f\nd !mselves prep>$1 )\t ! tr\ble ( direct inquiry1 to draw ! individual aft] ! peculi>ities ( 8 type4 ,& s ) national "*2 ! late ,duke ( ,well+ton mu/ h be5 impulsive1 qu>relsome1 witty1 clev] at rep>tee1 = he 0 an ,iri%man2 9 l mann]1 we mu/ h cold & selfi% ,scots1 crafty ,italians1 vulg> ,am]icans1 & ,fr5*m51 half tig]1 half monkey4 ,z to ! ,fr5*1 ^? :o are old en\gh to recollect ! w>s ) ,napoleon1 "k :at ecc5tric notions 7 popul>ly ent]ta9$ ab\t !m 9 ,engl&2 h[ x 0 ev5 a surprise to f9d "s milit>y man1 :o 0 a prison] ( w>1 to be tall & /\t1 because x 0 a receiv$ idea t all ,fr5*m5 7 und]siz$ & liv$ on frogs4 ,su* aga9 are ! ideal p]sonages :o figure 9 romances & dramas ( ! old s*ool2 tyrants1 monks1 crusad]s1 pr9ces 9 disguise1 & captive damsels2 or b5evol5t or angry fa!rs1 & sp5d?rift heirs2 l ! symbolical *>act]s 9 "s ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 8a ,tap/]10 or 8a ,"l ,mayor10 or 9 ! /age directions 8,ent] two murd]]s40 ,:at ,i h be5 illu/rat+ 9 ! case ( p]sons1 might be in/anc$ 9 reg>d to places1 transactions1 physical calamities1 ev5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,words :i* are us$ by an eye-witness to express ?+s1 unless he be especially eloqu5t or graphic1 may only convey g5]al notions4 ,su* is1 & ev] mu/ be1 ! popul> & ord9>y mode ( appreh5d+ language4 ,on few subjects only h any ( u ! opportunity ( realiz+ 9 our m9ds :at we speak & he> ab\t2 & we fancy t we are do+ ju/ice to individual m5 & ?+s by mak+ !m a m]e syn!sis ( qualities1 z if any numb] :atev] ( ab/ractions w\ld1 by be+ fus$ toge!r1 be equival5t to "o concrete4 ,"h !n we h two modes ( ?\ght1 bo? us+ ! same words1 bo? hav+ "o orig91 yet ) no?+ 9 common 9 _! results4 ,! in=mations ( s5se & s5sation are ! initial basis ( bo? ( !m2 b 9 ! "o we take hold ( objects f )9 !m1 & 9 ! o!r we view !m f )\t !m2 we p]petuate !m z images 9 ! "o case1 we trans=m !m into notions 9 ! o!r4 ,& natural to u z are bo? processes 9 _! fir/ elem5ts & 9 _! gr[?1 h[ev] div]g5t & indep5d5t 9 _! direction1 !y _c really be inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 yet no "o f ! sight ( a horse or a dog w\ld be able to anticipate its zoological def9ition1 nor f a k ( its def9ition to draw su* a picture z w\ld direct ano!r to ! liv+ specim54 ,ea* use ( propositions has its own excell5ce & s]viceabl5ess1 & ea* has its own imp]fection4 ,to appreh5d notionally is to h bread? ( m9d1 b to be %all[2 to appreh5d really is to be deep1 b to be n>r[-m9d$4 ,! latt] is ! cons]vative pr9ciple ( k1 & ! =m] ! pr9ciple ( its advancem5t4 ,)\t ! appreh5sion ( notions1 we %\ld = ev] pace r\nd "o small circle ( k2 )\t a firm hold ^u ?+s1 we %all wa/e ourselves 9 vague speculations4 ,h[ev]1 real appreh5sion has ! prec$5ce1 z be+ ! scope & end & ! te/ ( notional2 & ! full] is ! m9d's hold ^u ?+s or :at x consid]s su*1 ! m f]tile is x 9 its aspects ( !m1 & ! m practical 9 its def9itions4 ,( c\rse1 z ^! two are n inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 !y may co-exi/ 9 ! same m9d4 ,inde$ !re is no "o :o does n to a c]ta9 ext5t ex]cise bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 ,view$ 9 relation to ,ass5t1 :i* has l$ to my speak+ ( !m1 !y d n 9 any way affect ! nature ( ! m5tal act1 :i* is 9 all cases absolute & unconditional2 b !y give x an ext]nal "* correspond+ respectively to _! own3 s mu* s1 t at fir/ sight x might seem z if ,ass5t admitt$ ( degrees1 on acc\nt ( ! v>iation ( vividness 9 ^! diff]5t appreh5sions4 ,z notions come ( ab/ractions1 s images come ( exp]i5ces2 ! m fully ! m9d is occupi$ by an exp]i5ce1 ! ke5] w be its ass5t to x1 if x ass5ts1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! dull] w be its ass5t & ! less op]ative1 ! m x is engag$ ) an ab/raction2 & ?us a scale ( ass5ts is conceivable1 ei!r 9 ! in/ance ( "o m9d ^u diff]5t subjects1 or ( _m m9ds ^u "o subject1 v>y+ f an ass5t :i* looks l m]e inf]5ce up to a belief bo? int5se & practical1--f ! acceptance :i* we accord to "s accid5tal news ( ! day to ! sup]natural dogmatic fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x foll[s to treat ( ,ass5t "u ?is d\ble aspect ( its subject-matt]1--ass5t to notions1 & ass5t to ?+s4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,notional ,& ,real ,ass5t4 #a4 ,i h said t our appreh5sion ( a proposition v>ies 9 /r5g?1 & t x is /rong] :5 x is conc]n$ ) a proposition expressive to u ( ?+s ?an :5 conc]n$ ) a proposition expressive ( notions2 & ,i h giv5 ?is reason = x1 viz4 t :at is concrete ex]ts a =ce & makes an impression on ! m9d :i* no?+ ab/ract c rival4 ,t is1 ,i h argu$ t1 because ! object is m p[]ful1 !re=e s is ! appreh5sion ( x4 ,i d n ?9k x unfair reason+ ?us to take ! appreh5sion = its object4 ,! m9d is ev] /imulat$ 9 proportion to ! cause /imulat+ x4 ,sights1 = in/ance1 sway u1 z sc5ts d n2 :e!r ?is be ow+ to a great] p[] 9 ! ?+ se51 or to a great] receptivity & expansiv5ess 9 ! s5se ( see+1 is a sup]flu\s "q4 ,! /rong object w\ld make ! appreh5sion /rong4 ,our s5se ( see+ is able to op5 to its object1 z our s5se ( smell _c op5 to its own4 ,its objects are able to awak5 ! m9d1 take possession ( x1 inspire x1 act ?r\gh x1 ) an en]gy & v>i\sness :i* is n f\nd 9 ! case ( sc5ts & _! appreh5sion4 ,s9ce we _c draw ! l9e betwe5 ! object & ! act1 ,i am at lib]ty to say1 z ,i h said1 t1 z is ! ?+ appreh5d$1 s is ! appreh5sion4 ,& s 9 l mann] z reg>ds appreh5sion ( m5tal objects4 ,if an image d]iv$ f exp]i5ce or in=mation is /rong] ?an an ab/raction1 conception1 or conclusion--if ,i am m arre/$ by our ,"l's be>+ be=e ,pilate & ,h]od ?an by ! 8,ju/um et t5acem0 c4 ( ! poet1 m arre/$ by ,8 ,voice say+ to u1 8,give to him t aske? !e10 ?an by ! be/ argum5ts ( ! ,economi/ aga9/ indiscrim9ate almsgiv+1 x does n matt] = my pres5t purpose :e!r ! objects give /r5g? to ! appreh5sion or ! appreh5sion gives l>ge admittance into ! m9d to ! object4 ,x is 9 human nature to be m affect$ by ! concrete ?an by ! ab/ract2 x may be ! rev]se ) o!r be+s4 ,! appreh5sion1 !n1 may be z fairly said to possess ! =ce :i* acts ^u u1 z ! object appreh5d$4 #b4 ,real appreh5sion1 !n1 may be pron\nc$ /rong] ?an notional1 because ?+s1 :i* are its objects1 are confess$ly m impressive & affective ?an notions1 :i* are ! objects ( notional4 ,exp]i5ces & _! images /rike & occupy ! m9d1 z ab/ractions & _! comb9ations d n4 ,next1 pass+ on to ,ass5t1 ,i obs]ve t x is ?is v>iation 9 ! m9d's appreh5sion ( an object to :i* x ass5ts1 & n any incomplet5ess 9 ! ass5t itself1 :i* leads u to speak ( /rong & weak ass5ts1 z if ,ass5t itself admitt$ ( degrees4 ,9 ei!r mode ( appreh5sion1 be x real or be x notional1 ! ass5t pres]ves its ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( be+ unconditional4 ,! ass5t ( a ,/oic to ! 8,ju/um et t5acem0 c4 may be z g5u9e an ass5t1 z absolute & entire1 z little admitt+ ( degree or v>iation1 z di/9ct f an act ( inf]5ce1 z ! ass5t ( a ,*ri/ian to ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's ,passion 9 ! ,gospel4 #c4 ,h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic z x is ( ,ass5t1 to be ?us 9 its nature simply "o & indivisible1 & !reby ess5tially diff]5t f ,inf]5ce1 :i* is ev] v>y+ 9 /r5g?1 nev] q at ! same pit* 9 any two ( its acts1 /ill x is at ! same "t true t x may be difficult 9 fact1 by ext]nal tok5s1 to di/+ui% c]ta9 acts ( ass5t f c]ta9 acts ( inf]5ce4 ,?us1 :]eas no "o c\ld possibly confuse ! real ass5t ( a ,*ri/ian to ! fact ( our ,"l's crucifixion1 ) ! notional acceptance ( x1 z a po9t ( hi/ory1 on ! "p ( a philosophical hea!n 7s remov$ f ea* o!r1 toto clo1 are ! respective modes ( appreh5d+ x 9 ! two cases1 ?\gh 9 bo? ! ass5t is 9 its nature "o & ! same71 nev]!less x w\ld be easy to mi/ake ! ,/oic's notional ass5t1 g5u9e ?\gh x might be1 to ! moral nobl5ess ( ! j man 8/ruggl+ 9 ! /orms ( fate10 = a m]e act ( inf]5ce result+ f ! pr9ciples ( 8 ,/oical pr(ession1 or aga9 = an ass5t m]ely to ! inf]5tial necessity ( ! nobl5ess ( t /ruggle4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m common ?an to praise m5 = _! consi/5cy to _! pr9ciples1 :atev] ^? pr9ciples are1 t is1 to praise !m on an inf]5ce1 )\t !reby imply+ any ass5t to ! pr9ciples !mselves4 ,! cause ( ?is resemblance betwe5 acts s di/9ct is obvi\s4 ,x exi/s only 9 cases ( notional ass5ts2 :5 ! ass5t is giv5 to notions1 !n x is possible to hesitate 9 decid+ :e!r x is ass5t or inf]5ce1 :e!r ! m9d is m]ely )\t d\bt or :e!r x is actually c]ta94 ,& ! reason is ?is3 notional ,ass5t seems l ,inf]5ce1 because ! appreh5sion :i* accompanies acts ( inf]5ce is notional also1--because ,inf]5ce is engag$ = ! mo/ "p on notional propositions1 bo? premiss & conclusion4 ,?is po9t1 :i* ,i h impli$ ?r\gh\t1 ,i "h di/9ctly record1 & %all enl>ge ^u h]eaft]4 ,only propositions ab\t individuals are n notional1 & !y are seldom ! matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,?us1 did ! ,/oic inf] ! fact ( our ,"l's dea? in/ead ( ass5t+ to x1 ! proposition w\ld h be5 z mu* an ab/raction to him z ! 8,ju/um et t5acem10 c2 nay fur!r1 ! 8,ju/us et t5ax0 0 at lea/ a notion 9 8 m9d1 b 8,jesus ,*ri/0 w\ld1 9 ! s*ools ( ,a!ns or ( ,rome1 h /ood = less1 = an unkn[n be+1 ! x or y ( a =mula4 ,except !n 9 "s ( ! cases ( s+ul> conclusions1 inf]5ces are employ$ on notions1 t is1 unless !y are employ$ on m]e symbols2 &1 inde$1 :5 !y are symbolical1 !n are !y cle>e/ & mo/ cog5t1 z ,i %all h]eaft] %[4 ,! next cle>e/ are su* z c>ry out ! necess>y results ( previ\s classifications1 & !re=e may be call$ def9itions or conclusions1 z we please4 ,= in/ance1 hav+ divid$ be+s into _! classes1 ! def9ition ( man is inevitable4 #d4 ,we may call x !n ! normal /ate ( ,inf]5ce to appreh5d propositions z notions3--& we may call x ! normal /ate ( ,ass5t to appreh5d propositions z ?+s4 ,if notional appreh5sion is mo/ cong5ial to ,inf]5ce1 real appreh5sion w be ! mo/ natural concomitant on ,ass5t4 ,an act ( ,inf]5ce includes 9 its object ! dep5d5ce ( its !sis ^u its premisses1 t is1 ^u a relation1 :i* is ab/ract2 b an act ( ,ass5t re/s :olly on ! !sis z its object1 & ! reality ( ! !sis is almo/ a condition ( its unconditionality4 #e4 ,i am l$ on to make "o rem>k m1 & x %all be my la/4 ,an act ( ass5t1 x seems1 is ! mo/ p]fect & highe/ ( its k9d1 :5 x is ex]cis$ on propositions1 :i* are appreh5d$ z exp]i5ces & images1 t is1 :i* /& = ?+s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an act ( inf]5ce is ! mo/ p]fect & highe/ ( its k9d1 :5 x is ex]cis$ on propositions :i* are appreh5d$ z notions1 t is1 :i* are creations ( ! m9d4 ,an act ( inf]5ce inde$ may be made ) ei!r ( ^! modes ( appreh5sion2 s may an act ( ass5t2 b1 :5 inf]5ces are ex]cis$ on ?+s1 !y t5d to be conjectures or pres5tim5ts1 )\t logical =ce2 & :5 ass5ts are ex]cis$ on notions1 !y t5d to be m]e ass]tions )\t any p]sonal hold on !m on ! "p ( ^? :o make !m4 ,if ?is be s1 ! p>adox is true1 t1 :5 ,inf]5ce is cle>e/1 ,ass5t may be lea/ =cible1 &1 :5 ,ass5t is mo/ int5se1 ,inf]5ce may be lea/ di/9ct2--=1 ?\gh acts ( ass5t require previ\s acts ( inf]5ce1 !y require !m1 n z adequate causes1 b z s9e qu non conditions3 &1 :ile ! appreh5sion /r5g!ns ,ass5t1 ,inf]5ce (t5 weak5s ! appreh5sion4 #a4 ,notional ,ass5ts4 ,i %all consid] ,ass5t made to propositions :i* express ab/ractions or notions "u five heads2 :i* ,i %all call ,pr(ession1 ,cr$5ce1 ,op9ion1 ,presumption1 & ,speculation4 #a4 ,pr(ession4 ,!re are ass5ts s feeble & sup]ficial1 z to be little m ?an ass]tions4 ,i class !m all toge!r "u ! head ( ,pr(ession4 ,su* are ! ass5ts made ^u habit & )\t reflection2 z :5 a man calls himself a ,tory or a ,lib]al1 z hav+ be5 br\ght up z su*2 or aga91 :5 he adopts z a matt] ( c\rse ! lit]>y or o!r fa%ions ( ! day1 admir+ ! poems1 or ! novels1 or ! music1 or ! p]sonages1 or ! co/ume1 or ! w9es1 or ! mann]s1 :i* happ5 to be popul>1 or are patroniz$ 9 ! high] circles4 ,su* aga9 are ! ass5ts ( m5 ( wav]+ re/less m9ds1 :o take up & !n ab&on beliefs s readily1 s sudd5ly1 z to make x appe> t !y _h no view 7z x is call$7 on ! matt] !y pr(ess$1 & did n "k to :at !y ass5t$ or :y4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 m5 say !y h no d\bt ( a ?+1 ?is is a case1 9 :i* x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r !y ass5t to x1 inf] x1 or consid] x highly probable4 ,!re are _m cases1 inde$1 9 :i* x is impossible to discrim9ate betwe5 ass5t1 inf]5ce1 & ass]tion1 on acc\nt ( ! otiose1 passive1 in*oate "* ( ! act 9 "q4 ,if ,i say t to-morr[ w be f9e1 :at does ?is enunciation mean8 ,p]haps x means t x ought to be f9e1 if ! glass tells truly2 !n x is ! inf]5ce ( a probability4 ,p]haps x means no m ?an a surmise1 because x is f9e to-day1 or has be5 s = ! week pa/4 ,& p]haps x is a compliance ) ! ^w ( ano!r1 9 :i* case x is sometimes a real ass5t1 sometimes a polite ass]tion or a wi%4 ,_m a disciple ( a philosophical s*ool1 :o talks flu5tly1 does b ass]t1 :5 he seems to ass5t to ! dicta ( 8 ma/]1 little z he may be aw>e ( x4 ,nor is he secur$ aga9/ ?is self-deception by kn[+ ! argum5ts on :i* ^? dicta re/1 = he may le>n ! argum5ts by he>t1 z a c>eless s*oolboy gets up 8 ,euclid4 ,?is practice ( ass]t+ simply on au?ority1 ) ! pret5ce & )\t ! reality ( ass5t1 is :at is meant by =malism4 ,to say 8,i d n und]/& a proposition1 b ,i accept x on au?ority10 is n =malism1 b fai?2 x is n a direct ass5t to ! proposition1 /ill x is an ass5t to ! au?ority :i* enunciates x2 b :at ,i "h speak ( is pr(ess+ to und]/& )\t und]/&+4 ,x is ?us t political & religi\s wat*words are creat$2 fir/ "o man ( "n & !n ano!r adopts !m1 till _! use becomes popul>1 & !n e "o pr(esses !m1 because e "o else does4 ,su* words are 8lib]ality10 8progress10 8light10 8civilization20 su* are 8ju/ification by fai? only10 8vital religion10 8private judgm5t10 8! ,bible & no?+ b ! ,bible40 ,su* aga9 are 8,rationalism10 8,gallicanism10 8,jesuitism10 8,ultramontanism0--all ( :i*1 9 ! m\?s ( consci5ti\s ?9k]s1 h a def9ite mean+1 b are us$ by ! multitude z w>-cries1 nicknames1 & %ibbole?s1 ) sc>cely en\gh ( ! scantie/ grammatical appreh5sion ( !m to all[ ( _! be+ consid]$ really m ?an ass]tions4 ,?us1 in/ances occur n[ & !n1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! urg5cy ( "s fa%ionable sup]/ition or popul> delusion1 "s em95t sci5tific au?ority is provok$ to come =w>d1 & to set ! _w "r by 8 8ipse dixit40 ,he1 inde$1 himself kn[s v well :at he is ab\t2 he has a "r to speak1 & 8 reason+s & conclusions are suffici5t1 n only = 8 own1 b = g5]al ass5t1 &1 x may be1 are z simply true & impregnable1 z !y are au?oritative2 b an intellig5t hold on ! matt] 9 dispute1 su* z he has himself1 _c be expect$ 9 ! case ( m5 9 g5]al4 ,!y1 nev]!less1 "o & all1 repeat & retail 8 argum5ts1 z sudd5ly z if !y _h n to /udy !m1 z he>tily z if !y und]/ood !m1 *ang+ r\nd & becom+ z /rong antagoni/s ( ! error :i* _! ma/] has expos$1 z if !y _h nev] be5 its advocates4 ,if _! ^w is to be tak51 x is n simply 8 au?ority t moves !m1 :i* w\ld be s5sible en\gh & suitable 9 !m1 bo? appreh5sion & ass5t be+ 9 t case gr\nd$ on ! maxim 8,cuique 9 arte su cr$5dum10 b s f> =? z !y dis[n ?is motive1 & claim to judge 9 a sci5tific "q ( ! wor? ( argum5ts :i* require "s real k1 !y are little bett]1 n ( c\rse 9 a v s]i\s matt]1 ?an pret5d]s & =mali/s4 ,n only ,au?ority1 b ,inf]5ce also may impose on u ass5ts :i* 9 !mselves are little bett] ?an ass]tions1 & :i*1 s f> z !y are ass5ts1 c only be notional ass5ts1 z be+ ass5ts1 n to ! propositions inf]r$1 b to ! tru? ( ^? propositions4 ,= in/ance1 x c be prov$ by irrefragable calculations1 t ! />s are n less ?an billions ( miles di/ant f ! e>?2 & ! process ( calculation1 ^u :i* su* /atem5ts are made1 is n s difficult z to require au?ority to secure our acceptance ( bo? x & ( !m2 yet :o c say t he has any real1 nay1 any notional appreh5sion ( a billion or a trillion8 ,we c1 inde$1 h "s notion ( x1 if we analyze x into its factors1 if we comp>e x ) o!r numb]s1 or if we illu/rate x by analogies or by its implications2 b ,i am speak+ ( ! va/ numb] 9 itself4 ,we _c ass5t to a proposition ( :i* x is ! pr$icate2 we c b ass5t to ! tru? ( x4 ,?is leads me to ! "q1 :e!r belief 9 a my/]y c be m ?an an ass]tion4 ,i consid] x c be an ass5t1 & my reasons = say+ s are z foll[s3--,a my/]y is a proposition convey+ incompatible notions1 or is a /atem5t ( ! inconceivable4 ,n[ we c ass5t to propositions 7& a my/]y is a proposition71 provid$ we c appreh5d !m2 !re=e we c ass5t to a my/]y1 =1 unless we 9 "s s5se appreh5d$ x1 we %\ld n recognize x to be a my/]y1 t is1 a /atem5t unit+ incompatible notions4 ,! same act1 !n1 :i* enables u to disc]n t ! words ( ! proposition express a my/]y1 capacitates u = ass5t+ to x4 ,words :i* make nons5se1 d n make a my/]y4 ,no "o w\ld call ,w>ton's l9e--8,revolv+ swans proclaim ! welk9 ne>0--an inconceivable ass]tion4 ,x is equally pla91 t ! ass5t :i* we give to my/]ies1 z su*1 is notional ass5t2 =1 by ! supposition1 x is ass5t to propositions :i* we _c conceive1 :]eas1 if we _h _h exp]i5ce ( !m1 we %\ld be able to conceive !m1 & )\t exp]i5ce ass5t is n real4 ,b ! "q foll[s1 ,c processes ( inf]5ce end 9 a my/]y8 t is1 n only 9 :at is incompreh5sible1 t ! />s are billions ( miles f ea* o!r1 b 9 :at is inconceivable1 9 ! co-exi/5ce ( 7seem+7 incompatibilities8 ,= h[1 x may be ask$1 c reason c>ry out notions into _! contradictories8 s9ce all ! developm5ts ( a tru? mu/ f ! nature ( ! case be consi/5t bo? ) x & ) ea* o!r4 ,i answ]1 c]ta9ly processes ( inf]5ce1 h[ev] accurate1 c end 9 my/]y2 & ,i solve ! objection to su* a doctr9e ?us3--our notion ( a ?+ may be only p>tially fai?ful to ! orig9al2 x may be 9 excess ( ! ?+1 or x may repres5t x incompletely1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 x may s]ve = x1 x may /& = x1 only to a c]ta9 po9t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 b no fur!r4 ,aft] t po9t is rea*$1 ! notion & ! ?+ "p company2 & !n ! notion1 if /ill us$ z ! repres5tative ( ! ?+1 w "w out conclusions1 n inconsi/5t ) itself1 b ) ! ?+ to :i* x no long] corresponds4 ,?is is se5 mo/ famili>ly 9 ! use ( metaphors4 ,?us1 9 an ,ox=d satire1 :i* des]v$ly made a s5sation 9 its day1 x is said t ,vice 8f its h>dness takes a poli% too407#a7 ,:5ce we might argue1 t1 :]eas ,caliban 0 vici\s1 he 0 !re=e poli%$2 b polit5ess & ,caliban are incompatible notions4 ,or aga91 :5 "s "o said1 p]haps to ,dr4 ,johnson1 t a c]ta9 writ] 7say ,hume7 0 a cle> ?9k]1 he made answ]1 8,all %all[s are cle>40 ,b suppos+ ,hume to be 9 fact bo? a cle> & a deep ?9k]1 yet suppos+ cle>ness & dep? are incompatible 9 _! lit]al s5se1 :i* ! objection seems to imply1 & /ill 9 _! full lit]al s5se 7 to be ascrib$ to ,hume1 !n our reason+ ab\t 8 intellect has end$ 9 ! my/]y1 8,deep ,hume is %all[20 :]eas ! contradiction lies1 n 9 ! reason+1 b 9 ! fancy+ t inadequate notions c be tak5 z ! exact repres5tations ( ?+s4 ,h5ce 9 sci5ce we sometimes use a def9ition or a =mula1 n z exact1 b z be+ suffici5t = our purpose1 = work+ out c]ta9 conclusions1 = a practical approximation1 ! error be+ small1 till a c]ta9 po9t is rea*$4 ,?is is :at 9 !ological inve/igations ,i %\ld call an economy4 ,a l contra/ betwe5 notions & ! ?+s :i* !y repres5t is ! pr9ciple ( susp5se & curiosity 9 ^? enigmatical say+s :i* 7 frequ5t 9 ! e>ly /age ( human society4 ,9 !m ! problem propos$ to ! acut5ess ( ! he>]s1 is to f9d "s real ?+ :i* may unite 9 itself c]ta9 conflict+ notions :i* 9 ! "q are attribut$ to x3 8,out ( ! eat] came =? meat1 & out ( ! /rong came =? sweetness20 or1 8,:at creature is t1 :i* 9 ! morn+ goes on f\r legs1 at noon on two1 & on ?ree 9 ! ev5+80 ,! answ]1 :i* names ! ?+1 int]prets & !reby limits ! notions "u :i* x has be5 repres5t$4 ,let u take an example 9 algebra4 ,its calculus is commonly us$ to inve/igate1 n only ! relations ( quantity g5]ally1 b geometrical facts 9 p>ticul>4 ,n[ x is at once too wide & too n>r[ = su* a purpose1 fitt+ on to ! doctr9e ( l9es & angles ) a bad fit1 z ! coat ( a %ort & /\t man might s]ve ! ne$s ( "o :o 0 tall & slim4 ,c]ta9ly x works well = geometrical purposes up to a c]ta9 po9t1 z :5 x enables u to disp5se ) ! cumbr\s me?od ( pro( 9 que/ions ( ratio & proportion1 :i* is adopt$ 9 ! fif? book ( ,euclid2 b :at are we to make ( ! f\r? p[] ( a1 :5 x is to be translat$ into geometrical language8 ,if f ?is algebraical expression we det]m9$ t space admitt$ ( f\r dim5sions1 we %\ld be enunciat+ a my/]y1 because we %\ld be apply+ to space a notion :i* belongs to quantity4 ,9 ?is case algebra is 9 excess ( geometrical tru?4 ,n[ let u take an in/ance 9 :i* x falls %ort ( geometry1--,:at is ! mean+ ( ! squ>e root ( m9us a8 ,"h ! my/]y is on ! side ( algebra2 &1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple :i* ,i am illu/rat+1 x has sometimes be5 consid]$ z an abortive ef=t to express1 :at is really beyond ! capacity ( algebraical notation1 ! direction & position ( l9es 9 ! ?ird dim5sion ( space1 z well z _! l5g? ^u a plane4 ,:5 ! calculus is urg$ on by ! inevitable c\rse ( ! work+ to d :at x _c d1 x /ops %ort z if 9 resi/ance1 & prote/s by an absurdity4 ,our notions ( ?+s are nev] simply comm5surate ) ! ?+s !mselves2 !y are aspects ( !m1 m or less exact1 & sometimes a mi/ake ab initio4 ,take an in/ance f ari?metic3--,we are accu/om$ to subject all t exi/s to num]ation2 b1 to be correct1 we are b\nd fir/ to r$uce to "s level ( possible comp>ison ! ?+s :i* we wi% to numb]4 ,we mu/ be able to say1 n only t !y are t51 tw5ty1 or a hundr$1 b s _m def9ite some?+s4 ,= in/ance1 we c\ld n )\t extravagance ?r[ toge!r ,napoleon's bra91 ambition1 h&1 s\l1 smile1 height1 & age at ,m>5go1 & say t !re 7 sev5 ( !m1 ?\gh !re are sev5 words2 nor w x ev5 be en\gh to cont5t ourselves ) :at may be call$ a negative level1 viz4 t ^! sev5 7 an un-,engli% or are a dep>t$ sev54 ,unless num]ation is to issue 9 nons5se1 x mu/ be conduct$ on conditions4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !re are1 = :at we "k1 collections ( be+s1 to :om ! notion ( numb] _c be atta*$1 except cata*re/ically1 because1 tak5 individually1 no positive po9t ( real agreem5t c be f\nd betwe5 !m1 by :i* to call !m4 ,if inde$ we c d5ote !m by a plural n\n1 !n we c measure t plurality2 b if !y agree 9 no?+1 !y _c agree 9 be>+ a common "n1 & to say t !y am\nt to a ?\s& ^! or ^?1 is n to numb] !m1 b to c\nt up a c]ta9 numb] ( names or words :i* we h writt5 d[n4 ,?us1 ! ,angels h be5 consid]$ by div9es to h ea* ( !m a species to himself2 & we may fancy ea* ( !m s absolutely sui similis z to be l no?+ else1 s t x w\ld be z untrue to speak ( a ?\s& ,angels z ( a ?\s& ,hannibals or ,cic]os4 ,x w be said1 inde$1 t all be+s b ,"o at lea/ w come "u ! notion ( creatures1 & are dep5d5t ^u t ,"o2 b t is true ( ! bra91 smile1 & height ( ,napoleon1 :i* no "o w\ld call ?ree creatures4 ,b1 if all ?is be s1 mu* m does x apply to our speculations conc]n+ ! ,supreme ,be+1 :om x may be unmean+1 n only to numb] ) o!r be+s1 b to subject to numb] 9 reg>d to ,8 own intr9sic *>act]i/ics4 ,t is1 to apply ari?metical notions to ,him may be z unphilosophical z x is pr(ane4 ,?\gh ,he is at once ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 ! ^w 8,tr9ity0 belongs to ^? notions ( ,him :i* are =c$ on u by ! necessity ( our f9ite conceptions1 ! real & immutable di/9ction :i* exi/s betwe5 ,p]son & ,p]son imply+ 9 itself no infr+em5t ( ,8 real & num]ical ,unity4 ,& if x be ask$ h[1 if we _c prop]ly speak ( ,him z ,?ree1 we c speak ( ,him z ,"o1 ,i reply t ,he is n ,"o 9 ! way 9 :i* creat$ ?+s are sev]ally units2 = "o1 z appli$ to ourselves1 is us$ 9 contra/ to two or ?ree & a :ole s]ies ( numb]s2 b ( ! ,supreme ,be+ x is saf] to use ! ^w 8monad0 ?an unit1 = ,he has n ev5 su* relation to ,8 creatures z to all[1 philosophically speak+1 ( our contra/+ ,him ) !m4 ,com+ back to ! ma9 subject1 :i* ,i h illu/rat$ at ! risk ( digression1 ,i obs]ve1 t an alleg$ fact is n !re=e impossible because x is inconceivable2 = ! incompatible notions1 9 :i* consi/s its inconceivabl5ess1 ne$ n ea* ( !m really belong to x 9 t fulness :i* involves _! be+ incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,x is true inde$ t ,i d5y ! possibility ( two /raight l9es enclos+ a space1 on ! gr\nd ( its be+ inconceivable2 b ,i d s because a /raight l9e is a notion & no?+ m1 & n a ?+1 to :i* ,i may h atta*$ a notion m or less unfai?ful4 ,i h def9$ a /raight l9e 9 my own way at my own pleasure2 ! "q is n "o ( facts at all1 b ( ! consi/5cy ) ea* o!r ( def9itions & ( _! logical consequ5ces4 8,space is n inf9ite1 = no?+ b ! ,creator is su*30--/>t+ f ?is !sis z a !ological in=mation1 to be assum$ z a fact1 ?\gh n "o ( exp]i5ce1 we arrive at once at an insoluble my/]y2 =1 if space be n inf9ite1 x is f9ite1 & f9ite space is a contradiction 9 notions1 space1 z su*1 imply+ ! abs5ce ( b\nd>ies4 ,"h aga9 x is our notion t c>ries u beyond ! fact1 & 9 opposition to x1 %[+ t f ! fir/ :at we appreh5d ( space does n 9 all respects correspond to ! ?+1 ( :i* inde$ we h no image4 ,?is1 !n1 is ano!r in/ance 9 :i* ! juxtaposition ( notions by ! logical faculty l&s u 9 :at are commonly call$ my/]ies4 ,notions are b aspects ( ?+s2 ! free d$uctions f "o ( ^! necess>ily contradicts ! free d$uctions f ano!r4 ,aft] proce$+ 9 our inve/igations a c]ta9 way1 sudd5ly a blank or a maze pres5ts itself be=e ! m5tal vision1 z :5 ! eye is confus$ by ! v>y+ slides ( a telescope4 ,?us1 we believe 9 ! inf9itude ( ! ,div9e ,attributes1 b we c h no exp]i5ce ( inf9itude z a fact2 ! ^w /&s = a def9ition or a notion4 ,h5ce1 :5 we try h[ to reconcile 9 ! moral _w ! fulness ( m]cy ) exactitude 9 sanctity & ju/ice1 or to expla9 t ! physical tok5s ( creative skill ne$ n sugge/ any want ( creative p[]1 we feel we are n ma/]s ( our subject4 ,we appreh5d suffici5tly to be able to ass5t to ^! !ological tru?s z my/]ies2 did we n appreh5d !m at all1 we %\ld be m]ely ass]t+2 ?\gh ev5 !n we might conv]t t ass]tion into an ass5t1 if we wi%$ to d s1 z ,i h already %[n1 by mak+ x ! subject ( a proposition1 & pr$icat+ ( x t x is true4 #b4 ,cr$5ce4 ,:at ,i mean by giv+ cr$5ce to propositions is pretty mu* ! same z hav+ 8no d\bt0 ab\t !m4 ,x is ! sort ( ass5t :i* we give to ^? op9ions & pr(ess$ facts :i* are ev] pres5t+ !mselves to u )\t any ef=t ( ours1 & :i* we commonly take = grant$1 !reby obta9+ a broad f\ndation ( ?\ght = ourselves1 & a m$ium ( int]c\rse betwe5 ourselves & o!rs4 ,?is =m ( notional ass5t comprises a great v>iety ( subject-matt]s2 & is1 z ,i h impli$1 ( an otiose & passive "*1 accept+ :atev] comes to h&1 f :atev] qu>t]1 w>rant$ or n1 s t x convey no?+ on ! face ( x to its own disadvantage4 ,f ! "t t we beg9 to obs]ve1 ?9k1 & reason1 to ! f9al failure ( our p[]s1 we are ev] acquir+ fre% & fre% in=mations by means ( our s5ses1 & /ill m f o!rs & f books4 ,! fri5ds or /rang]s :om we fall 9 ) 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 ! conv]sations or discussions to :i* we are p>ties1 ! newspap]s1 ! light read+ ( ! season1 our recreations1 our rambles 9 ! c\ntry1 our =eign t\rs1 all p\r _! contributions ( intellectual matt] into ! /oreh\ses ( our memory2 &1 ?\gh mu* may be lo/1 mu* is reta9$4 ,^! in=mations1 ?us receiv$ ) a spontane\s ass5t1 con/itute ! furniture ( ! m9d1 & make ! diff]5ce betwe5 its civiliz$ condition & a /ate ( nature4 ,!y are its education1 z f> z g5]al k c s be call$2 &1 ?\gh education is discipl9e z well z le>n+1 /ill1 unless ! m9d implicitly welcomes ! tru?s1 real or o/5sible1 :i* ^! in=mations supply1 x w ga9 nei!r =mation nor a /imulus = its activity & progress4 ,besides1 to believe frankly :at x is told1 is 9 ! "y an ex]cise ( tea*abl5ess & humility4 ,cr$5ce is ! means by :i*1 9 high & l[1 9 ! man ( ! _w & 9 ! recluse1 our b>e & b>r5 nature is ov]run & div]sifi$ f )\t ) a ri* & liv+ clo?+4 ,x is by su* ungrudg+1 prompt ass5ts to :at is (f]$ to u s lavi%ly1 t we become possess$ ( ! pr9ciples1 doctr9es1 s5tim5ts1 facts1 :i* con/itute useful1 & especially lib]al k4 ,^! v>i\s tea*+s1 %all[ ?\gh !y be1 are ( a bread? :i* secures u aga9/ ^? lacun ( k :i* are apt to befall ! pr(ess$ /ud5t1 & keep u up to ! m>k 9 lit]ature1 9 ! arts1 9 hi/ory1 & 9 public matt]s4 ,!y give u 9 great measure our morality1 our politics1 our social code1 our art ( life4 ,!y supply ! elem5ts ( public op9ion1 ! wat*words ( patriotism1 ! /&>ds ( ?\ght & action2 !y are our mutual und]/&+s1 our *annels ( sympa?y1 our means ( co-op]ation1 & ! bond ( our civil union4 ,!y become our moral language2 we le>n !m z we le>n our "m tongue2 !y di/+ui% u f =eign]s2 !y are1 9 ea* ( u1 n inde$ p]sonal1 b national *>act]i/ics4 ,?is acc\nt ( !m implies t !y are receiv$ ) a notional1 n a real ass5t2 !y are too manifold to be receiv$ 9 any o!r way4 ,ev5 ! mo/ practis$ & e>ne/ m9ds mu/ ne$s be sup]ficial 9 ! great] "p ( _! atta9m5ts4 ,!y "k j en\gh on all subjects1 9 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 politics1 philosophy1 & art1 to be able to conv]se s5sibly on !m1 & to und]/& ^? :o are really deep 9 "o or o!r ( !m4 ,?is is :at is call$1 ) a special apposit5ess1 a g5tleman's k1 z contra/$ ) t ( a pr(essional man1 & is nei!r wor?less nor despicable1 if us$ = its prop] ends2 b x is nev] m ?an ! furniture ( ! m9d1 z ,i h call$ x2 x nev] is ?or\ghly assimilat$ ) x4 ,yet ( c\rse !re is no?+ to h9d] ^? :o h ev5 ! l>ge/ /ock ( su* notions f devot+ !mselves to "o or o!r ( ! subjects to :i* ^? notions belong1 & ma/]+ x ) a real appreh5sion2 & !n _! g5]al k ( all subjects may be made v>i\sly useful 9 ! direction ( t p>ticul> /udy or pursuit :i* !y h select$4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( secul> k2 b religion may be made a subject ( notional ass5t also1 & is especially s made 9 our own c\ntry4 ,!ology1 z su*1 always is notional1 z be+ sci5tific3 religion1 z be+ p]sonal1 %\ld be real2 b1 except )9 a small range ( subjects1 x commonly is n real 9 ,engl&4 ,z to ,ca?olic populations1 su* z ^? ( m$ieval ,europe1 or ! ,spa9 ( ?is day1 or quasi-,ca?olic z ^? ( ,russia1 among !m ass5t to religi\s objects is real1 n notional4 ,to !m ! ,supreme ,be+1 our ,"l1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ,angels & ,sa9ts1 heav5 & hell1 are z pres5t z if !y 7 objects ( sight2 b su* a fai? does n suit ! g5ius ( mod]n ,engl&4 ,!re is 9 ! lit]>y _w j n[ an affectation ( call+ religion a 8s5tim5t20 & x mu/ be confess$ t usually x is no?+ m ) our own p1 educat$ or rude4 ,objects are b>ely necess>y to x4 ,i d n say s ( old ,calv9ism or ,evangelical ,religion2 ,i d n call ! religion ( ,leighton1 ,bev]idge1 ,wesley1 ,?omas ,scott1 or ,cecil a m]e s5tim5t2 nor d ,i s t]m ! high ,anglicanism ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b ^! are only d5om9ations1 p>ties1 s*ools1 comp>$ ) ! national religion ( ,engl& 9 its l5g? & bread?4 8,bible ,religion0 is bo? ! recogniz$ title & ! be/ description ( ,engli% religion4 ,x consi/s1 n 9 rites or cre$s1 b ma9ly 9 hav+ ! ,bible read 9 ,*ur*1 9 ! family1 & 9 private4 ,n[ ,i am f> inde$ f und]valu+ t m]e k ( ,scripture :i* is imp>t$ to ! population ?us promiscu\sly4 ,at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 x has to a c]ta9 po9t made up = great & griev\s losses 9 its ,*ri/ianity4 ,! reit]ation1 aga9 & aga91 9 fix$ c\rse 9 ! public s]vice1 ( ! words ( inspir$ tea*]s "u bo? ,cov5ants1 & t 9 grave maje/ic ,engli%1 has 9 matt] ( fact be5 to our p a va/ b5efit4 ,x has attun$ _! m9ds to religi\s ?\ghts2 x has giv5 !m a high moral /&>d2 x has s]v$ !m 9 associat+ religion ) compositions :i*1 ev5 humanly consid]$1 are among ! mo/ sublime & beautiful ev] writt52 especially1 x has impress$ ^u !m ! s]ies ( ,div9e ,provid5ces 9 behalf ( man f 8 creation to 8 end1 &1 above all1 ! words1 de$s1 & sacr$ suff]+s ( ,him 9 :om all ! ,provid5ces ( ,god c5tre4 ,s f> ! indiscrim9ate read+ ( ,scripture has be5 ( s]vice2 /ill1 mu* m is necess>y ?an ! b5efits :i* ,i h enum]at$1 to answ] to ! idea ( a ,religion2 :]eas our national =m pr(esses to be little m ?an ?us read+ ! ,bible & liv+ a correct life4 ,x is n a religion ( p]sons & ?+s1 ( acts ( fai? & ( direct devotion2 b ( sacr$ sc5es & pi\s s5tim5ts4 ,x has be5 comp>atively c>eless ( cre$ & cate*ism2 & has 9 consequ5ce %[n little s5se ( ! ne$ ( consi/5cy 9 ! matt] ( its tea*+4 ,its doctr9es are n s mu* facts1 z /]eotyp$ aspects ( facts2 & x is afraid1 s to say1 ( walk+ r\nd !m4 ,x induces its foll[]s to be cont5t ) ?is meagre view ( reveal$ tru?2 or1 r1 x is suspici\s & prote/s1 or is fright5$1 z if x saw a figure 9 a picture move out ( its frame1 :5 our ,"l1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 or ! ,holy ,apo/les1 are spok5 ( z real be+s1 & really su* z ,scripture implies !m to be4 ,i am n d5y+ t ! ass5t :i* x inculcates & elicits is g5u9e z reg>ds its contract$ range ( doctr9e1 b x is at be/ notional4 ,:at ,scripture especially illu/rates f its fir/ page to its la/1 is ,god's ,provid5ce2 & t is ne>ly ! only doctr9e held ) a real ass5t by ! mass ( religi\s ,engli%m54 ,h5ce ! ,bible is s great a solace & refuge to !m 9 tr\ble4 ,i repeat1 ,i am n speak+ ( p>ticul> s*ools & p>ties 9 ,engl&1 :e!r ( ! ,high ,*ur* or ! ,l[1 b ( ! mass ( pi\sly-m9d$ & well-liv+ p 9 all ranks ( ! community4 #c4 ,op9ion4 ,t class ( ass5ts :i* ,i h call$ ,cr$5ce1 be+ a spontane\s acceptance ( ! v>i\s in=mations1 :i* are by :atev] means convey$ to our m9ds1 sometimes goes by ! "n ( ,op9ion4 ,:5 we speak ( a man's op9ions1 :at d we mean1 b ! collection ( notions :i* he happ5s to h1 & does n easily "p )1 ?\gh he has nei!r suffici5t pro( nor firm grasp ( !m8 ,?is is true2 h[ev]1 ,op9ion is a ^w ( v>i\s significations1 & ,i pref] to use x 9 my own4 ,besides /&+ = ,cr$5ce1 x is sometimes tak5 to mean ,conviction1 z :5 we speak ( ! 8v>iety ( religi\s op9ions10 or ( be+ 8p]secut$ = religi\s op9ions10 or ( our hav+ 8no op9ion on a p>ticul> po9t10 or ( ano!r hav+ 8no religi\s op9ions40 ,& sometimes x is us$ 9 contra/ ) ,conviction1 z synonym\s ) a light & casual1 ?\gh g5u9e ass5t2 ?us1 if a man 0 e day *ang+ 8 m9d1 t is1 8 ass5ts1 we might say1 t he 0 v *angeable 9 8 op9ions4 ,i %all "h use ! ^w to d5ote an ass5t1 b an ass5t to a proposition1 n z true1 b z probably true1 t is1 to ! probability ( t :i* ! proposition enunciates2 &1 z t probability may v>y 9 /r5g? )\t limit1 s may ! cog5cy & mom5t ( ! op9ion4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,op9ion may seem to confuse x ) ,inf]5ce2 = ! /r5g? ( an inf]5ce v>ies ) its premisses1 & is a probability2 b ! two acts ( m9d are really di/9ct4 ,op9ion1 z be+ an ass5t1 is indep5d5t ( premisses4 ,we h op9ions :i* we nev] ?9k ( def5d+ by argum5t1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 we ?9k !y c be s def5d$4 ,we are ev5 ob/9ate 9 !m1 or :at is call$ 8op9ionat$10 & may say t we h a "r to ?9k j z we please1 reason or no reason2 :]eas ,inf]5ce is 9 its nature & by its pr(ession conditional & unc]ta94 ,to say t 8we %all h a f9e hay-h>ve/ if ! pres5t wea!r la/s10 does n come ( ! same /ate ( m9d z1 8,i am ( op9ion t we %all h a f9e hay-h>ve/ ?is ye>40 ,op9ion1 ?us expla9$1 has m connexion ) ,cr$5ce ?an ) ,inf]5ce4 ,x diff]s f ,cr$5ce 9 ^! two po9ts1 viz4 t1 :ile ,op9ion explicitly ass5ts to ! probability ( a giv5 proposition1 ,cr$5ce is an implicit ass5t to its tru?4 ,x diff]s f ,cr$5ce 9 a ?ird respect1 viz4 9 be+ a reflex act2--:5 we take a ?+ = grant$1 we h cr$5ce 9 x2 :5 we beg9 to reflect ^u our cr$5ce1 & to measure1 e/imate1 & modify x1 !n we are =m+ an op9ion4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,ca?olics speak ( !ological op9ion1 9 contra/ ) fai? 9 dogma4 ,x is mu* m ?an an inf]5tial act1 b x is di/9ct f an act ( c]titude4 ,& ?is is really ! s5se :i* ,prote/ants give to ! ^w1 :5 !y int]pret x by ,conviction2 = _! highe/ op9ion 9 religion is1 g5]ally speak+1 an ass5t to a probability--z ev5 ,butl] has be5 und]/ood or misund]/ood to tea*1--& !re=e consi/5t ) tol]ation ( its contradictory4 ,op9ion1 be+ su* z ,i h describ$1 is a notional ass5t1 = ! pr$icate ( ! proposition1 on :i* x is ex]cis$1 is ! ab/ract ^w 8probable40 #d4 ,presumption4 ,by ,presumption ,i mean an ass5t to fir/ pr9ciples2 & by fir/ pr9ciples ,i mean ! propositions ) :i* we />t 9 reason+ on any giv5 subject-matt]4 ,!y are 9 consequ5ce v num]\s1 & v>y 9 great measure ) ! p]sons :o reason1 accord+ to _! judgm5t & p[] ( ass5t1 be+ receiv$ by "s m9ds1 n by o!rs1 & only a few ( !m receiv$ univ]sally4 ,!y are all ( !m notions1 n images1 because !y express :at is ab/ract1 n :at is individual & f direct exp]i5ce4 #a4 ,sometimes our tru/ 9 our p[]s ( reason+ & memory1 t is1 our implicit ass5t to _! tell+ truly1 is treat$ z a fir/ pr9ciple2 b we _c prop]ly be said to h any tru/ 9 !m z faculties4 ,at mo/ we tru/ 9 p>ticul> acts ( memory & reason+4 ,we are sure !re 0 a ye/]day1 & t we did ?is or t 9 x2 we are sure t ?ree times six is eighte51 & t ! diagonal ( a squ>e is long] ?an ! side4 ,s f> z ?is we may be said to tru/ ! m5tal act1 by :i* ! object ( our ass5t is v]ifi$2 b1 9 do+ s1 we imply no recognition ( a g5]al p[] or faculty1 or ( any capability or affection ( our m9ds1 ov] & above ! p>ticul> act4 ,we "k inde$ t we h a faculty by :i* we rememb]1 z we "k we h a faculty by :i* we brea!2 b we ga9 ?is k by ab/raction or inf]5ce f its p>ticul> acts1 n by direct exp]i5ce4 ,nor d we tru/ 9 ! faculty ( memory or reason+ z su*1 ev5 aft] t we h inf]r$ its exi/5ce2 = its acts are (t5 inaccurate1 nor d we inv>iably ass5t to !m4 ,h[ev]1 if ,i mu/ speak my m9d1 ,i h ano!r gr\nd = reluctance to speak ( our tru/+ memory or reason+1 except inde$ by a figure ( spee*4 ,x seems to me unphilosophical to speak ( tru/+ ourselves4 ,we are :at we are1 & we use1 n tru/ our faculties4 ,to debate ab\t tru/+ 9 a case l ?is1 is p>allel to ! confusion impli$ 9 wi%+ ,i _h _h a *oice if ,i w\ld be creat$ or no1 or speculat+ :at ,i %\ld be l1 if ,i 7 born ( o!r p>5ts4 8,proximus sum egomet mihi40 ,our consci\sness ( self is prior to all que/ions ( tru/ or ass5t4 ,we act accord+ to our nature1 by means ( ourselves1 :5 we rememb] or reason4 ,we are z little able to accept or reject our m5tal con/itution1 z our be+4 ,we h n ! option2 we c b misuse or m> its functions4 ,we d n confront or b>ga9 ) ourselves2 & !re=e ,i _c call ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! faculties ( memory & reason+ "o ( our fir/ pr9ciples4 #b4 ,next1 z to ! proposition1 t ?+s exi/ ext]nal to ourselves1 ?is ,i d consid] a fir/ pr9ciple1 & "o ( univ]sal reception4 ,x is f\nd$ on an in/9ct2 ,i s call x1 because ! brute creation possesses x4 ,?is in/9ct is direct$ t[>ds individual ph5om5a1 "o by "o1 & has no?+ ( ! "* ( a g5]alization2 &1 s9ce x exi/s 9 brutes1 ! gift ( reason is n a condition ( its exi/5ce1 & x may ju/ly be consid]$ an in/9ct 9 man4 ,:at ! human m9d does is :at brutes _c d1 viz4 to draw f our ev]-recurr+ exp]i5ces ( its te/imony 9 p>ticul>s a g5]al proposition1 &1 because ?is in/9ct or intuition acts :5ev] ! ph5om5a ( s5se pres5t !mselves1 to lay d[n 9 broad t]ms1 by an inductive process1 ! great aphorism1 t !re is an ext]nal _w1 & t all ! ph5om5a ( s5se proce$ f x4 ,?is g5]al proposition1 to :i* we g on to ass5t1 goes 7ext5siv1 ?\gh n int5siv7 f> beyond our exp]i5ce1 illimitable z t exp]i5ce may be1 & repres5ts a notion4 #c4 ,i h spok51 & ,i ?9k rightly spok51 ( in/9ct z a =ce :i* spontane\sly impels u1 n only to bodily movem5ts1 b to m5tal acts4 ,x is in/9ct :i* leads ! quasi-intellig5t pr9ciple 7:atev] x is7 9 brutes to p]ceive 9 ! ph5om5a ( s5se a some?+ di/9ct f & beyond ^? ph5om5a4 ,x is in/9ct :i* impels ! *ild to recognize 9 ! smiles or ! fr[ns ( a c\nt5ance :i* meets 8 eyes1 n only a be+ ext]nal to himself1 b "o ^: looks elicit 9 him confid5ce or fe>4 ,&1 z he in/9ctively int]prets ^! physical ph5om5a1 z tok5s ( ?+s beyond !mselves1 s f ! s5sations att5dant ^u c]ta9 classes ( 8 ?\ghts & actions he ga9s a p]ception ( an ext]nal be+1 :o reads 8 m9d1 to :om he is responsible1 :o praises & blames1 :o promises & ?reat5s4 ,z ,i am only illu/rat+ a g5]al view by examples1 ,i %all take ?is analogy = grant$ "h4 ,z !n we h our initial k ( ! univ]se ?r\gh s5se1 s d we 9 ! fir/ in/ance beg9 to le>n ab\t its ,"l & ,god f consci5ce2 &1 z f p>ticul> acts ( t in/9ct1 :i* makes exp]i5ces1 m]e images 7z !y ultimately are7 ^u ! ret9a1 ! means ( our p]ceiv+ some?+ real beyond !m1 we g on to draw ! g5]al conclusion t !re is a va/ ext]nal _w1 s f ! recurr+ in/ances 9 :i* consci5ce acts1 =c+ ^u u importunately ! m&ate ( a ,sup]ior1 we h fre% & fre% evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,sov]eign ,rul]1 f :om ^? p>ticul> dictates :i* we exp]i5ce proce$2 s t1 ) limitations :i* _c "h be made )\t digress+ f my ma9 subject1 we may1 by means ( t induction f p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( consci5ce1 h z good a w>rant = conclud+ ! ,ubiquit\s ,pres5ce ( ,"o ,supreme ,ma/]1 z we h1 f p>allel exp]i5ce ( s5se1 = ass5t+ to ! fact ( a multi=m & va/ _w1 mat]ial & m5tal4 ,h[ev]1 ?is ass5t is notional1 because we g5]alize a consi/5t1 me?odical =m ( ,div9e ,unity & ,p]sonality ) ,its attributes1 f p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( ! religi\s in/9ct1 :i* are !mselves1 only int5siv1 n ext5siv1 & 9 ! imag9ation1 n intellectually1 notices ( ,its ,pres5ce2 ?\gh at ! same "t t ass5t may become real ( c\rse1 z may ! ass5t to ! ext]nal _w1 viz4 :5 we apply our g5]al k to a p>ticul> in/ance ( t k1 z1 accord+ to a =m] rem>k1 ! g5]al 8v>ium et mutabile0 0 realiz$ 9 ,dido4 ,& 9 ?us treat+ ! orig9 ( ^! great notions1 ,i am n =gett+ ! aid :i* f our e>lie/ ye>s we receive f tea*]s1 nor am ,i d5y+ ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 orig9al =ms ( ?9k+ or =mative ideas1 connatural ) our m9ds1 )\t :i* we c\ld n reason at all4 ,i am only contemplat+ ! m9d z x moves 9 fact1 by :atev] hidd5 me*anism2 z a locomotive eng9e c\ld n move )\t /eam1 b /ill1 "u :atev] numb] ( =ces1 x c]ta9ly does />t f ,birm+ham & does arrive 9 ,london4 #d4 ,& s aga91 z reg>ds ! fir/ pr9ciples express$ 9 su* propositions z 8,!re is a "r & a wrong10 8a true & a false10 8a j & an unju/10 8a beautiful & a de=m$20 !y are ab/ractions to :i* we give a notional ass5t 9 consequ5ce ( our p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( qualities 9 ! concrete1 to :i* we give a real ass5t4 ,z we =m our notion ( :it5ess f ! actual sight ( sn[1 milk1 a lily1 or a cl\d1 s1 aft] exp]i5c+ ! s5tim5t ( approbation :i* arises 9 u on ! sight ( c]ta9 acts "o by "o1 we g on to assign to t s5tim5t a cause1 & to ^? acts a quality1 & we give to ?is notional cause or quality ! "n ( virtue1 :i* is an ab/raction1 n a ?+4 ,& 9 l mann]1 :5 we h be5 affect$ by a c]ta9 specific admir+ pleasure at ! sight ( ?is or t concrete object1 we proce$ by an arbitr>y act ( ! m9d to give a "n to ! hypo!tical cause or quality 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* excites x4 ,we speak ( x z beautifulness1 & h5ce=?1 :5 we call a ?+ beautiful1 we mean by ! ^w no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 quality ( ?+s :i* creates 9 u ?is special s5sation4 ,^! s-call$ fir/ pr9ciples1 ,i say1 are really conclusions or ab/ractions f p>ticul> exp]i5ces2 & an ass5t to _! exi/5ce is n an ass5t to ?+s or _! images1 b to notions1 real ass5t be+ conf9$ to ! propositions directly embody+ ^? exp]i5ces4 ,su* notions inde$ are an evid5ce ( ! reality ( ! special s5tim5ts 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 )\t :i* !y w\ld n h be5 =m$2 b 9 !mselves !y are ab/ractions f facts1 n elem5t>y tru?s prior to reason+4 ,i am n ( c\rse dream+ ( d5y+ ! objective exi/5ce ( ! ,moral ,law1 nor our in/9ctive recognition ( ! immutable diff]5ce 9 ! moral quality ( acts1 z elicit$ 9 u by "o in/ance ( !m4 ,ev5 "o act ( cruelty1 +ratitude1 g5]osity1 or ju/ice reveals to u at once int5siv ! immutable di/9ction betwe5 ^? qualities & _! contr>ies2 t is1 9 t p>ticul> in/ance & pro hac vice4 ,f su* exp]i5ce--an exp]i5ce :i* is ev] recurr+--we proce$ to ab/ract & g5]alize2 & ?us ! ab/ract proposition 8,!re is a "r & a wrong10 z repres5t+ an act ( inf]5ce1 is receiv$ by ! m9d ) a notional1 n a real ass5t4 ,h[ev]1 9 proportion z we obey ! p>ticul> dictates :i* are its tok5s1 s are we l$ on m & m to view x 9 ! association ( ^? p>ticul>s1 :i* are real1 & virtually to *ange our notion ( x into ! image ( t objective fact1 :i* 9 ea* p>ticul> case x und5iably is4 #e4 ,ano!r ( ^! presumptions is ! belief 9 causation4 ,x is to me a p]plexity t grave au?ors seem to enunciate z an intuitive tru?1 t e ?+ mu/ h a cause4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! voice ( nature w\ld tell false2 = :y 9 t case /op %ort at ,"o1 :o is ,himself )\t cause8 ,! ass5t :i* we give to ! proposition1 z a fir/ pr9ciple1 t no?+ happ5s )\t a cause1 is d]iv$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f :at we "k ( ourselves2 & we argue analogically f :at is )9 u to :at is ext]nal to u4 ,"o ( ! fir/ exp]i5ces ( an infant is t ( 8 will+ & do+2 &1 z "t goes on1 "o ( ! fir/ temptations ( ! boy is to br+ home to himself ! fact ( 8 sov]eign arbitr>y p[]1 ?\gh x be at ! price ( wayw>dness1 mis*iev\sness1 & disob$i5ce4 ,& :5 8 p>5ts1 z antagoni/s ( ?is wilfulness1 beg9 to re/ra9 him1 & to br+ 8 m9d & conduct into %ape1 !n he has a second s]ies ( exp]i5ces ( cause & effect1 & t ^u a pr9ciple or rule4 ,?us ! notion ( causation is "o ( ! fir/ lessons :i* he le>ns f exp]i5ce1 t exp]i5ce limit+ x to ag5ts possess$ ( intellig5ce & w4 ,x is ! notion ( p[] comb9$ ) a purpose & an end4 ,physical ph5om5a1 z su*1 are )\t s5se2 & exp]i5ce tea*es u no?+ ab\t physical ph5om5a z causes4 ,accord+ly1 :]ev] ! _w is "y1 ! movem5ts & *anges ( physical nature h be5 & are spontane\sly ascrib$ by its p to ! pres5ce & w ( hidd5 ag5ts1 :o haunt e "p ( x1 ! woods1 ! m\nta9s & ! /reams1 ! air & ! />s1 = good or = evil2--j z *ildr5 aga91 by beat+ ! gr\nd aft] fall+1 imply t :at has bruis$ !m has intellig5ce2--nor is !re any?+ illogical 9 su* a belief4 ,x re/s on ! argum5t f analogy4 ,z "t goes on1 & society is =m$1 & ! idea ( sci5ce is ma/]$1 a diff]5t aspect ( ! physical univ]se pres5ts itself to ! m9d4 ,s9ce causation implies a sequ5ce ( acts 9 our own case1 & our do+ is always po/]ior1 nev] contemporane\s or prior1 to our will+1 !re=e1 :5 we witness inv>iable antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 we call ! =m] ! cause ( ! latt]1 ?\gh intellig5ce is abs5t1 f ! analogy ( ext]nal appe>ances4 ,at l5g? we g on to confuse causation ) ord]2 &1 because we happ5 to h made a successful analysis ( "s complicat$ assemblage ( ph5om5a1 :i* exp]i5ce has br\ght be=e u 9 ! visible sc5e ( ?+s1 & h r$uc$ !m to a tol]able dep5d5ce on ea* o!r1 we call ! ultimate po9ts ( ?is analysis1 & ! hypo!tical facts 9 :i* ! :ole mass ( ph5om5a is ga!r$ up1 by ! "n ( causes1 :]eas !y are really only ! =mula "u :i* ^? ph5om5a are conv5i5tly repres5t$4 ,?us ! con/itutional =mula1 8,! k+ c d no wrong10 is n a fact1 or a cause ( ! ,con/itution1 b a happy mode ( br++ out its g5ius1 ( det]m9+ ! correlations ( its elem5ts1 & ( gr\p+ or regulat+ political rules & proce$+s 9 a p>ticul> direction & 9 a p>ticul> =m4 ,& 9 l mann]1 t all ! p>ticles ( matt] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se are attract$ to ea* o!r ) a =ce v>y+ inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( _! respective di/ances1 is a pr(\nd idea1 h>moniz+ ! physical works ( ! ,creator2 b ev5 c\ld x be prov$ to be a univ]sal fact1 & also to be ! actual cause ( ! movem5ts ( all bodies 9 ! univ]se1 /ill x w\ld n be an exp]i5ce1 any m ?an is ! my?ological doctr9e ( ! pres5ce ( innum]able spirits 9 physical ph5om5a4 ,( ^! two s5ses ( ! ^w 8cause10 viz4 t :i* br+s a ?+ to be1 & t on :i* a ?+ "u giv5 circum/ances foll[s1 ! =m] is t ( :i* our exp]i5ce is ! e>li] & m intimate1 be+ sugge/$ to u by our consci\sness ( will+ & do+4 ,! latt] ( ! two requires a discrim9ation & exactness ( ?\ght = its appreh5sion1 :i* implies special m5tal tra9+2 else1 h[ d we le>n to call food ! cause ( refre%m5t1 b day nev] ! cause ( night1 ?\gh night foll[s day m surely ?an refre%m5t foll[s food8 ,/>t+1 !n1 f exp]i5ce1 ,i consid] a cause to be an effective w2 &1 by ! doctr9e ( causation1 ,i mean ! notion1 or fir/ pr9ciple1 t all ?+s come ( effective w2 & ! reception or presumption ( ?is notion is a notional ass5t4 #f4 ,z to causation 9 ! second s5se 7viz4 an ord9>y succession ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 or :at is call$ ! ,ord] ( ,nature71 :5 s expla9$1 x falls "u ! doctr9e ( g5]al laws2 & ( ?is ,i proce$ to make m5tion1 z ano!r fir/ pr9ciple or notion1 d]iv$ by u f exp]i5ce1 & accept$ ) :at ,i h call$ a presumption4 ,by natural law ,i mean ! fact t ?+s happ5 uni=mly accord+ to c]ta9 circum/ances1 & n )\t !m & at r&om3 t is1 t !y happ5 9 an ord]2 &1 z all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are unit & individual1 ord] implies a c]ta9 repetition1 :e!r ( ?+s or l ?+s1 or ( _! affections & relations4 ,?us we h exp]i5ce1 = in/ance1 ( ! regul>ity ( our physical functions1 su* z ! beat+ ( ! pulse & ! heav+ ( ! brea?2 ( ! recurr+ s5sations ( hung] & ?ir/2 ( ! alt]nation ( wak+ & sleep+1 & ! succession ( y\? & age4 ,9 l mann] we h exp]i5ce ( ! great recurr+ ph5om5a ( ! heav5s & e>?1 ( day & night1 summ] & w9t]4 ,also1 we h exp]i5ce ( a l uni=m succession 9 ! in/ance ( fire burn+1 wat] *ok+1 /ones fall+ d[n & n up1 iron mov+ t[>ds a magnet1 friction foll[$ by sp>ks & crackl+1 an o> look+ b5t 9 ! /ream1 & compress$ /eam bur/+ its vessel4 ,also1 by sci5tific analysis1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ph5om5a1 :i* seem v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 admit ( be+ gr\p$ toge!r z modes ( ! op]ation ( "o hypo!tical law1 act+ "u v>i$ circum/ances4 ,= in/ance1 ! motion ( a /one fall+ freely1 ( a projectile1 & ( a planet1 may be g5]aliz$ z "o & ! same prop]ty1 9 ea* ( !m1 ( ! p>ticles ( matt]2 & ?is g5]alization loses its "* ( hypo!sis1 & becomes a probability1 9 proportion z we h reason = ?9k+ on o!r gr\nds t ! p>ticles ( all matt] really move & act t[>ds ea* o!r 9 "o c]ta9 way 9 relation to space & "t1 & n 9 half a doz5 ways2 t is1 t nature acts by uni=m laws4 ,& ?us we advance to ! g5]al notion or fir/ pr9ciple ( ! sov]eignty ( law ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,!re are philosoph]s :o g f>!r1 & tea*1 n only a g5]al1 b an inv>iable1 & inviolable1 & necess>y uni=mity 9 ! action ( ! laws ( nature1 hold+ t e ?+ is ! result ( "s law or laws1 & t exceptions are impossible2 b ,i d n see on :at gr\nd ( exp]i5ce or reason !y take up ?is position4 ,our exp]i5ce r is adv]se to su* a doctr9e1 = :at concrete fact or ph5om5on exactly repeats itself8 ,"s ab/ract conception ( x1 m p]fect ?an ! recurr5t ph5om5on itself1 is necess>y1 be=e we are able to say t x has happ5$ ev5 twice1 & ! v>iations :i* accompany ! repetition are ( ! nature ( exceptions4 ,! e>?1 = in/ance1 nev] moves exactly 9 ! same orbit ye> by ye>1 b is 9 p]petual vacillation4 ,x w1 inde$1 be repli$ t ?is arises f ! int]action ( "o law ) ano!r1 ( :i* ! actual orbit is only ! accid5tal issue1 t ! e>? is "u ! influ5ce ( a v>iety ( attractions f cosmical bodies1 & t1 if x is subject to cont9ual ab]rations 9 its c\rse1 ^! are acc\nt$ = accurately or suffici5tly by ! pres5ce ( ^? extraord9>y & v>iable attractions3--sci5ce1 !n1 by its analytical processes sets "r ! prim facie confusion4 ,( c\rse2 /ill let u n by our words imply t we are appeal+ to exp]i5ce1 :5 really we are only acc\nt+1 & t by hypo!sis1 = ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,! confusion is a fact1 ! reason+ processes are n facts4 ,! extraord9>y attractions assign$ to acc\nt = our exp]i5ce ( t confusion are n !mselves exp]i5c$ ph5om5al facts1 b m or less probable hypo!ses1 argu$ out by means ( an assum$ analogy betwe5 ! cosmical bodies to :i* ^? attractions are ref]r$ & fall+ bodies on ! e>?4 ,i say 8assum$10 because t analogy 79 o!r words1 ! unfail+ uni=mity ( nature7 is ! v po9t :i* has to be prov$4 ,x is true1 t we c make exp]im5t ( ! law ( attraction 9 ! case ( bodies on ! e>?2 b1 ,i repeat1 to assume f analogy t1 z /ones d fall to ! e>?1 s ,jupit]1 if let alone1 w\ld fall ^u ! e>? & ! e>? ^u ,jupit]1 & ) c]ta9 peculi>ities ( velocity on ei!r side1 is to h rec\rse to an explanation :i* is n necess>ily valid1 unless nature is necess>ily uni=m4 ,nor1 inde$1 has x yet be5 prov$1 nor ought x to be assum$1 ev5 t ! law ( velocity ( fall+ bodies on ! e>? is inv>iable 9 its op]ation2 = t aga9 is only an in/ance ( ! g5]al proposition1 :i* is ! v !sis 9 debate4 ,x seems saf] !n to hold t ! ord] ( nature is n necess>y1 b g5]al 9 its manife/ations4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 if a ?+ happ5s once1 x mu/ happ5 always2 = :at is to h9d] x8 ,nay1 on ! contr>y1 :y1 because "o p>ticle ( matt] has a c]ta9 prop]ty1 %\ld all p>ticles h ! same8 ,:y1 because p>ticles h in/anc$ ! prop]ty a ?\s& times1 %\ld ! ?\s& & fir/ in/ance x also8 ,x is prim facie unacc\ntable t an accid5t %\ld happ5 twice1 n to speak ( its happ5+ always4 ,if we expect a ?+ to happ5 twice1 x is because we ?9k x is n an accid5t1 b has a cause4 ,:at has br\ght ab\t a ?+ once1 may br+ x ab\t twice4 ,:at is to h9d] its happ5+8 r1 ,:at is to make x happ58 ,"h we are ?r[n back f ! "q ( ,ord] to t ( ,causation4 ,a law is n a cause1 b a fact2 b :5 we come to ! "q ( cause1 !n1 z ,i h said1 we h no exp]i5ce ( any cause b ,w4 ,if1 !n1 ,i mu/ answ] ! "q1 ,:at is to alt] ! ord] ( nature8 ,i reply1 ,t :i* will$ x2--,t :i* will$ x1 c unwill x2 & ! inv>iabl5ess ( law dep5ds on ! un*angeabl5ess ( t ,w4 ,& "h ,i am l$ to obs]ve t1 z a cause implies a w1 s ord] implies a purpose4 ,did we see fl9t celts1 9 _! v>i\s receptacles all ov] ,europe1 scor$ always ) c]ta9 special & *>act]i/ic m>ks1 ev5 ?\gh ^? m>ks _h no assignable mean+ or f9al cause :atev]1 we %\ld take t v repetition1 :i* inde$ is ! pr9ciple ( ord]1 to be a pro( ( intellig5ce4 ,! ag5cy !n :i* has kept up & keeps up ! g5]al laws ( nature1 en]giz+ at once 9 ,sirius & on ! e>?1 & on ! e>? 9 its prim>y p]iod z well z 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 mu/ be ,m9d1 & no?+ else1 & ,m9d at lea/ z wide & z endur+ 9 its liv+ action1 z ! immeasurable ages & spaces ( ! univ]se on :i* t ag5cy has left its traces4 ,9 ^! rem>ks ,i h digress$ f my imm$iate subject1 b !y h "s be>+ on po9ts :i* w subsequ5tly come into discussion4 #e4 ,speculation4 ,speculation is "o ( ^? words :i*1 9 ! v]nacul>1 h s diff]5t a s5se f :at !y be> 9 philosophy4 ,x is commonly tak5 to mean a conjecture1 or a v5ture on *ances2 b its prop] mean+ is m5tal sight1 or ! contemplation ( m5tal op]ations & _! results z oppos$ to exp]i5ce1 exp]im5t1 or s5se1 analog\s to its mean+ 9 ,%akspe>e's l9e1 8,?\ ha/ no speculation 9 ^? eyes40 ,9 ?is s5se ,i use x "h4 ,& ,i use x 9 ?is s5se to d5ote ^? notional ass5ts :i* are ! mo/ direct1 explicit1 & p]fect ( _! k9d1 viz4 ^? :i* are ! firm1 consci\s acceptance ( propositions z true4 ,?is k9d ( ass5t includes ! ass5t to all reason+ & its conclusions1 to all g5]al propositions1 to all rules ( conduct1 to all prov]bs1 aphorisms1 say+s1 & reflections on m5 & society4 ,( c\rse ma!matical inve/igations & tru?s are ! subjects ( ?is speculative ass5t4 ,s are legal judgm5ts1 & con/itutional maxims1 z f> z !y appeal to u = ass5t4 ,s are ! det]m9ations ( sci5ce2 s are ! pr9ciples1 disputations1 & doctr9es ( !ology4 ,t !re is a ,god1 t ,he has c]ta9 attributes1 & 9 :at s5se ,he c be said to h attributes1 t ,he has done c]ta9 works1 t ,he has made c]ta9 revelations ( ,himself & ( ,8 w1 & :at !y are1 & ! multipli$ be>+s ( ! p>ts ( ! tea*+1 ?us develop$ & =m$1 ^u ea* o!r1 all ?is is ! subject ( notional ass5t1 & ( t p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( x :i* ,i h call$ ,speculation4 ,z f> z ^! p>ticul> subjects c be view$ 9 ! concrete & repres5t exp]i5ces1 !y c be receiv$ by real ass5t also2 b z express$ 9 g5]al propositions !y belong to notional appreh5sion & ass5t4 #b4 ,real ,ass5ts4 ,i h 9 a measure anticipat$ ! subject ( ,real ,ass5t by :at ,i h be5 say+ ab\t ,notional4 ,9 comp>ison ( ! directness & =ce ( ! appreh5sion1 :i* we h ( an object1 :5 our ass5t is to be call$ real1 ,notional ,ass5t & ,inf]5ce seem to be ?r[n back into "o & ! same class ( intellectual acts1 ?\gh ! =m] ( ! two is always an unconditional acceptance ( a proposition1 & ! latt] is an acceptance on ! condition ( an acceptance ( its premisses4 ,9 its notional ass5ts z well z 9 its inf]5ces1 ! m9d contemplates its own creations in/ead ( ?+s2 9 real1 x is direct$ t[>ds ?+s1 repres5t$ by ! impressions :i* !y h left on ! imag9ation4 ,^! images1 :5 ass5t$-to1 h an influ5ce bo? on ! individual & on society1 :i* m]e notions _c ex]t4 ,i h already giv5 v>i\s illu/rations ( ,real ,ass5t2 ,i w foll[ !m up "h by "s in/ances ( ! *ange ( ,notional ,ass5t into ,real4 #a4 ,= in/ance3 boys at s*ool look l ea* o!r1 & pursue ! same /udies1 "s ( !m ) great] success ?an o!rs2 b x w sometimes happ51 t ^? :o acquitt$ !mselves b poorly 9 class1 :5 !y come into ! action ( life1 & engage 9 "s p>ticul> "w1 :i* !y h already be5 le>n+ 9 its !ory & ) little promise ( pr(ici5cy1 are sudd5ly f\nd to h :at is call$ an eye = t "w--an eye = trade matt]s1 or = eng9e]+1 or a special ta/e = lit]ature--:i* no "o expect$ f !m at s*ool1 :ile !y 7 engag$ on notions4 ,m9ds ( ?is /amp n only "k ! receiv$ rules ( _! pr(ession1 b ent] into !m1 & ev5 anticipate !m1 or disp5se ) !m1 or sub/itute o!r rules in/ead4 ,& :5 new que/ions are op5$1 & argum5ts are drawn up on "o side & ! o!r 9 long array1 !y ) a natural ease & promptness =m _! views & give _! decision1 z if !y _h no ne$ to reason1 f _! cle> appreh5sion ( ! lie & issue ( ! :ole matt] 9 dispute1 z if x 7 drawn out 9 a map be=e !m4 ,^! are ! re=m]s1 sy/ematiz]s1 inv5tors1 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 speculative & practical2 9 education1 9 adm9i/ration1 9 social & political matt]s1 9 sci5ce4 ,su* m5 inde$ are f> f infallible2 h[ev] great _! p[]s1 !y sometimes fall into great errors1 9 _! own special dep>tm5t1 :ile second-rate m5 :o g by rule come to s\nd & safe conclusions4 ,images ne$ n be true2 b ,i am illu/rat+ :at vividness ( appreh5sion is1 & :at is ! /r5g? ( belief consequ5t ^u x4 #b4 ,aga93--tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton wrote 8 celebrat$ lett] on ! subject ( ! national def5ces4 ,8 au?ority gave x an imm$iate circulation among all classes ( ! community2 none que/ion$ :at he said1 nor z if tak+ 8 words on fai? m]ely1 b z intellectually recogniz+ _! tru?2 yet few c\ld be said to see or feel t tru?4 ,8 lett] lay1 s to say1 ^u ! pure intellect ( ! national m9d1 & no?+ = a "t came ( x4 ,b elev5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! ang] ( ! ,fr5* colonels ) u1 aft] ! attempt ^u ,l\is ,napoleon's life1 transf]r$ its facts to ! *>ge ( ! imag9ation4 ,!n =?) ! national ass5t became 9 v>i\s ways an op]ative pr9ciple1 especially 9 its promotion ( ! volunte] movem5t4 ,! ,duke1 hav+ a special eye = milit>y matt]s1 _h realiz$ ! /ate ( ?+s f ! fir/2 b x took a c\rse ( ye>s to impress ^u ! public m9d an ass5t to 8 w>n+ deep] & m en]getic ?an ! reception x is accu/om$ to give to a clev] article 9 a newspap] or a review4 #c4 ,& s g5]ally3 great tru?s1 practical or e?ical1 float on ! surface ( society1 admitt$ by all1 valu$ by few1 exemplify+ ! poet's adage1 8,probitas laudatur et alget10 until *ang$ circum/ances1 accid5t1 or ! cont9ual pressure ( _! advocates1 =ce !m ^u its att5tion4 ,! iniquity1 = in/ance1 ( ! slave-trade ought to h be5 ackn[l$g$ by all m5 f ! fir/2 x 0 ackn[l$g$ by _m1 b x ne$$ an organiz$ agitation1 ) tracts & spee*es innum]able1 s to affect ! imag9ation ( m5 z to make _! ackn[l$gm5t ( t iniquit\sness op]ative4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce1 aft] succe$+ 9 ! slave "q1 urg$ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton to use 8 great influ5ce 9 disc\nt5anc+ duell+1 he c\ld only get f him 9 answ]1 8,a relic ( b>b>ism1 ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce20 z if he accept$ a notion )\t realiz+ a fact3 at l5g?1 ! gr[+ intellig5ce ( ! community1 & ! %ock inflict$ ^u x by ! tragical circum/ances ( a p>ticul> duel1 7 fatal to t b>b>ism4 ,! gov]n+ classes 7 r\s$ f _! dreamy acquiesc5ce 9 an ab/ract tru?1 & recogniz$ ! duty ( giv+ x practical expression4 #d4 ,let u consid]1 too1 h[ diff]5tly "y & old are affect$ by ! words ( "s classic au?or1 su* z ,hom] or ,horace4 ,passages1 :i* to a boy are b rhetorical commonplaces1 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an a hundr$ o!rs :i* any clev] writ] might supply1 :i* he gets by he>t & ?9ks v f9e1 & imitates1 z he ?9ks1 successfully1 9 8 own fl[+ v]sification1 at l5g? come home to him1 :5 long ye>s h pass$1 & he has _h exp]i5ce ( life1 & pi]ce him1 z if he _h nev] be=e kn[n !m1 ) _! sad e>ne/ness & vivid exactness4 ,!n he comes to und]/& h[ x is t l9es1 ! bir? ( "s *ance morn+ or ev5+ at an ,ionian fe/ival1 or among ! ,sab9e hills1 h la/$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ) a p[] ov] ! m9d1 & a *>m1 :i* ! curr5t lit]ature ( 8 own day1 ) all its obvi\s advantages1 is utt]ly unable to rival4 ,p]haps ?is is ! reason ( ! m$ieval op9ion ab\t ,virgil1 z if a prophet or magician2 8 s+le words & phrases1 8 pa!tic half l9es1 giv+ utt]ance1 z ! voice ( ,nature h]self1 to t pa9 & we>9ess1 yet hope ( bett] ?+s1 :i* is ! exp]i5ce ( h] *ildr5 9 e "t4 #e4 ,& :at ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w effects = ! illu/ration ( classical au?ors1 t (fice ! religi\s s5se1 c>efully cultivat$1 fulfils t[>ds ,holy ,scripture4 ,to ! dev\t & spiritual1 ! ,div9e ,^w speaks ( ?+s1 n m]ely ( notions4 ,&1 aga91 to ! disconsolate1 ! tempt$1 ! p]plex$1 ! suff]+1 !re comes1 by means ( _! v trials1 an enl>gem5t ( ?\ght1 :i* enables !m to see 9 x :at !y nev] saw be=e4 ,h5ce=? !re is to !m a reality 9 its tea*+s1 :i* !y recognize z an argum5t1 & ! be/ ( argum5ts1 = its div9e orig94 ,h5ce ! practice ( m$itation on ! ,sacr$ ,text1 s highly ?\ght ( by ,ca?olics4 ,read+1 z we d1 ! ,gospels f our y\? up1 we are 9 dang] ( becom+ s famili> ) !m z to be dead to _! =ce1 & to view !m z a m]e hi/ory4 ,! purpose1 !n1 ( m$itation is to realize !m2 to make ! facts :i* !y relate /& out be=e our m9ds z objects1 su* z may be appropriat$ by a fai? z liv+ z ! imag9ation :i* appreh5ds !m4 ,x is obvi\s to ref] to ! unwor?y use made ( ! m solemn p>ts ( ! sacr$ volume by ! m]e popul> prea*]4 ,8 v mode ( read+1 :e!r w>n+s or pray]s1 is z if he ?\ght !m to be little m ?an f9e writ+1 poetical 9 s5se1 musical 9 s\nd1 & wor?y ( inspiration4 ,! mo/ awful tru?s are to him b sublime or beautiful conceptions1 & are adduc$ & us$ by him1 9 season & out ( season1 = 8 own purposes1 = embelli%+ 8 /yle or r\nd+ 8 p]iods4 ,b let 8 he>t at l5g? be pl\gh$ by "s ke5 grief or deep anxiety1 & ,scripture is a new book to him4 ,?is is ! *ange :i* s (t5 takes place 9 :at is call$ religi\s conv]sion1 & x is a *ange s f> simply = ! bett]1 by :atev] infirmity or error x is 9 ! p>ticul> case accompani$4 ,& x is /rik+ly sugge/$ to u1 to take a sa9tly example1 9 ! confession ( ! patri>* ,job1 :5 he contra/s 8 appreh5sion ( ! ,almighty be=e & aft] 8 afflictions4 ,he says he _h inde$ a true appreh5sion ( ! ,div9e ,attributes be=e z well z aft]2 b ) ! trial came a great *ange 9 ! "* ( t appreh5sion3--8,) ! he>+ ( ! e>10 he says1 8,i h he>d ,!e1 b n[ m9e eye see? ,!e2 !re=e ,i repreh5d myself1 & d p5ance 9 du/ & a%es40 ,let ^! in/ances suffice ( ,real ,ass5t 9 its relation to ,notional2 !y lead me to make ?ree rem>ks 9 fur!r illu/ration ( its "*4 #a4 ,! fact ( ! di/9ctness ( ! images1 :i* are requir$ = real ass5t1 is no w>rant = ! exi/5ce ( ! objects :i* ^? images repres5t4 ,a proposition1 be x ev] s ke5ly appreh5d$1 may be true or may be false4 ,if we simply put aside all inf]5tial in=mation1 su* z is d]iv$ f te/imony1 f g5]al belief1 f ! concurr5ce ( ! s5ses1 f common s5se1 or o!rwise1 we h no "r to consid] t we h appreh5d$ a tru?1 m]ely because ( ! /r5g? ( our m5tal impression ( x4 ,h5ce ! prov]b1 8,fronti nulla fides40 ,an image1 ) ! *>act]s ( p]fect v]acity & fai?fulness1 may be ev] s di/9ct & eloqu5t an object pres5t$ be=e ! m9d 7or1 z x is sometimes call$1 an 8objectum int]num10 or a 8subject-object072 b1 nev]!less1 !re may be no ext]nal reality 9 ! case1 correspond+ to x1 9 spite ( its impressiv5ess4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ?is fallaci\s impressiv5ess is ! illusion :i* possesses ! m9ds ( able m51 ^? especially :o are ex]cis$ 9 physical inve/igations1 9 fav\r ( ! inviolability ( ! laws ( nature4 ,philosoph]s ( ! s*ool ( ,hume disc>d ! v supposition ( miracles1 & scornfully refuse to he> evid5ce 9 _! behalf 9 giv5 in/ances1 f _! intimate exp]i5ce ( physical ord] & ( ! ev]-recurr+ connexion ( antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,_! imag9ation usurps ! functions ( reason2 & !y _c br+ !mselves ev5 to ent]ta9 z a hypo!sis 7& ?is is all t !y are ask$ to d7 a ?\ght contr>y to t vivid impression ( :i* !y are ! victims1 t ! uni=mity ( nature1 :i* !y witness h\r by h\r1 is equival5t to a necess>y1 inviolable law4 ,yet x is pla91 & ,i %all take x = grant$ "h1 t :5 ,i ass5t to a proposition1 ,i ought to h "s m legitimate reason = do+ s1 ?an ! brilliancy ( ! image ( :i* t proposition is ! expression4 ,t ,i h no exp]i5ce ( a ?+ happ5+ except 9 "o way1 is a cause ( ! int5sity ( my ass5t1 if ,i ass5t1 b n ! reason ( my ass5t+4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i am n dispos$ to d5y ! pres5ce 9 "s m5 ( an idiosyncratic sagacity1 :i* really & rightly sees reasons 9 impressions :i* common m5 _c see1 & is secur$ f ! p]il ( confus+ tru? ) make-belief2 b ?is is g5ius1 & beyond rule4 ,i grant too1 ( c\rse1 t accid5tally impressiv5ess does 9 matt] ( fact1 z 9 ! in/ance :i* ,i h be5 giv+1 con/itute ! motive pr9ciple ( belief2 = ! m9d is ev] expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ c>ri$ away by ! livel9ess ( its conceptions1 to ! sacrifice ( good s5se & consci5ti\s caution1 & ! great] & ! m r>e are its gifts1 ! great] is ! risk ( sw]v+ f ! l9e ( reason & duty2 b "h ,i am n speak+ ( transgressions ( rule any m ?an ( exceptions to x1 b ( ! normal con/itution ( our m9ds1 & ( ! natural & rightful effect ( acts ( ! imag9ation ^u u1 & ?is is1 n to create ass5t1 b to int5sify x4 #b4 ,next1 ,ass5t1 h[ev] /rong1 & accord$ to images h[ev] vivid1 is n !re=e necess>ily practical4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n imag9ation t causes action2 b hope & fe>1 likes & dislikes1 appetite1 passion1 affection1 ! /irr+s ( selfi%ness & self-love4 ,:at imag9ation does = u is to f9d a means ( /imulat+ ^? motive p[]s2 & x does s by provid+ a supply ( objects /rong en\gh to /imulate !m4 ,! ?\ght ( hon\r1 glory1 duty1 self-aggr&isem5t1 ga91 or on ! o!r h& ( ,div9e ,goodness1 future rew>d1 et]nal life1 p]sev]+ly dwelt ^u1 leads u along a c\rse ( action correspond+ to itself1 b only 9 case !re be t 9 our m9ds :i* is cong5ial to x4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !re is t prep>ation ( m9d1 ! ?\ght does lead to ! act4 ,h5ce x is t ! fact ( a proposition be+ accept$ ) a real ass5t is accid5tally an e>ne/ ( t proposition be+ c>ri$ out 9 conduct1 & ! imag9ation may be said 9 "s s5se to be ( a practical nature1 inasmu* z x leads to practice indirectly by ! action ( its object ^u ! affections4 #c4 ,!re is a ?ird rem>k sugge/$ by ! view :i* ,i h be5 tak+ ( real ass5ts1 viz4 t !y are ( a p]sonal "*1 ea* individual hav+ 8 own1 & be+ kn[n by !m4 ,x is o!rwise ) notions2 notional appreh5sion is 9 itself an ord9>y act ( our common nature4 ,all ( u h ! p[] ( ab/raction1 & c be taught ei!r to make or to ent] into ! same ab/ractions2 & ?us to co-op]ate 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a common measure betwe5 m9d & m9d4 ,&1 ?\gh = "o & all ( u to ass5t to ! notions :i* we ?us appreh5d 9 common1 is a fur!r /ep1 z requir+ ! adoption ( a common /&-po9t ( pr9ciple & judgm5t1 yet ?is too dep5ds 9 good measure on c]ta9 logical processes ( ?\ght1 ) :i* we are all famili>1 & on facts :i* we all take = grant$4 ,b we _c make sure1 = ourselves or o!rs1 ( real appreh5sion & ass5t1 because we h to secure fir/ ! images :i* are _! objects1 & ^! are (t5 peculi> & special4 ,!y dep5d on p]sonal exp]i5ce2 & ! exp]i5ce ( "o man is n ! exp]i5ce ( ano!r4 ,real ass5t1 !n1 z ! exp]i5ce :i* x presupposes1 is prop] to ! individual1 &1 z su*1 ?w>ts r ?an promotes ! int]c\rse ( man ) man4 ,x %uts itself up1 z x 71 9 its own home1 or at lea/ x is its own witness & its own /&>d2 &1 z 9 ! in/ances above giv51 x _c be reckon$ on1 anticipat$1 acc\nt$ =1 inasmu* z x is ! accid5t ( ?is man or t4 ,i call ! *>act]i/ics ( an individual accid5ts1 9 spite ( ! univ]sal reign ( law1 because !y are sev]ally ! co-incid5ts ( _m laws1 & !re are no laws z yet discov]$ ( su* co9cid5ce4 ,a man :o is run ov] 9 ! /reet & kill$1 9 "o s5se suff]s accord+ to rule or law2 he 0 cross+1 he 0 %ort-sight$ or preoccupi$ 9 m9d1 or he 0 look+ ano!r way2 he 0 deaf1 lame1 or flurri$2 & ! cab came up at a great pace4 ,if all ?is 0 s1 x 0 by a necessity t he 0 run ov]2 x w\ld h be5 a miracle if he _h escap$4 ,s f> is cle>2 b :at is n cle> is h[ all ^! v>i\s conditions met toge!r 9 ! p>ticul> case1 h[ x 0 t a man1 %ort-sight$1 h>d ( he>+1 defici5t 9 pres5ce ( m9d1 happ5$ to get 9 ! way ( a cab hurry+ along to cat* a tra94 ,?is concrete fact does n come "u any law ( sudd5 dea?s1 b1 l ! e>?'s ye>ly pa? :i* ,i spoke ( above1 is ! accid5t ( ! individual4 ,x does n meet ! case to ref] to ! law ( av]ages1 = su* laws deal ) p]c5tages1 n ) individuals1 & x is ab\t individuals t ,i am speak+4 ,t ?is p>ticul> man out ( ! ?ree millions congregat$ 9 ! metropolis1 0 to h ! exp]i5ce ( ?is cata/rophe1 & to be ! select victim to appease t law ( av]ages1 no /ati/ical tables c\ld =etell1 ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld det]m9e t x 0 9 ! fates t 9 t week or day "s f\r p]sons 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ,london %\ld be run ov]4 ,& 9 l mann] t ?is or t p]son %\ld h ! p>ticul> exp]i5ces necess>y = real ass5t on any po9t1 t ! ,dei/ %\ld become a ,!i/1 ! ,era/ian a ,ca?olic1 ! ,protectioni/ a ,free-trad]1 ! ,cons]vative a ,legitimi/1 ! high ,tory an out-&-out ,democrat1 are facts1 ea* ( :i* may be ! result ( a multitude ( co9cid5ces 9 "o & ! same individual1 co9cid5ces :i* we h no means ( det]m9+1 & :i*1 !re=e1 we may call accid5ts4 ,=-- 8,!re's a ,div9ity t %apes our ends1 ,r\gh hew !m h[ we w40 ,su* accid5ts are ! *>act]i/ics ( p]sons1 z diff]5ti & prop]ties are ! *>act]i/ics ( species or natures4 ,t a man dies :5 depriv$ ( air1 is n an accid5t ( 8 p]son1 b a law ( 8 nature2 t he _c live )\t qu99e or opium1 or out ( ! climate ( ,madeira1 is 8 own peculi>ity4 ,if all m5 e :]e usually _h ! yell[ fev] once 9 _! lives1 we %\ld call x 7speak+ accord+ to our k7 a law ( ! human con/itution2 if ! inhabitants ( a p>ticul> c\ntry commonly _h x1 we %\ld call x a law ( ! climate2 if a heal?y man has a fev] 9 a heal?y place1 9 a heal?y season1 we call x an accid5t1 ?\gh x be r$ucible to ! co9cid5ce ( laws1 because !re is no kn[n law ( _! co9cid5ce4 ,to be rational1 to h spee*1 to pass ?r\gh successive *anges ( m9d & body f infancy to dea?1 belong to man's nature2 to h a p>ticul> hi/ory1 to be m>ri$ or s+le1 to h *ildr5 or to be *ildless1 to live a giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 to h a c]ta9 con/itution1 moral temp]am5t1 intellectual outfit1 m5tal =mation1 ^! & ! l1 tak5 all toge!r1 are ! accid5ts :i* make up our notion ( a man's p]son1 & are ! gr\nd-"w or condition ( 8 p>ticul> exp]i5ces4 ,moreov]1 v>i\s ( ! exp]i5ces :i* befall ?is man may be ! same z ^? :i* befall t1 al?\gh ^? exp]i5ces result ea* f ! comb9ation ( its own accid5ts1 & are ultimately traceable ea* to its own special condition or hi/ory4 ,t is1 images :i* are possess$ 9 common1 ) _! appreh5sions & ass5ts1 may nev]!less be p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,if two or ?ree hundr$ m5 are to be f\nd1 :o _c live out ( ,madeira1 t inability w\ld /ill be an accid5t & a peculi>ity ( ea* ( !m4 ,ev5 if 9 ea* case x impli$ delicacy ( lungs1 /ill t delicacy is a vague notion1 compreh5d+ "u x a great v>iety ( cases 9 detail4 ,if 8five hundr$ bre?r5 at once0 saw our ris5 ,"l1 t common exp]i5ce w\ld n be a law1 b a p]sonal accid5t :i* 0 ! pr]ogative ( ea*4 ,& s aga9 9 ?is day ! belief ( s _m ?\s&s 9 ,8 ,div9ity1 is n !re=e notional1 because x is common1 b may be a real & p]sonal belief1 be+ produc$ 9 diff]5t individual m9ds by v>i\s exp]i5ces & dispos+ causes1 v>i\sly comb9$2 su* z a w>m or /rong imag9ation1 great s5sibility1 compunction & horror at s91 frequ5t+ ! ,mass & o!r rites ( ! ,*ur*1 m$itat+ on ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels1 famili>ity ) hymns & religi\s poems1 dwell+ on ! ,evid5ces1 p>5tal example & in/ruction1 religi\s fri5ds1 /range provid5ces1 p[]ful prea*+4 ,9 ea* case ! image 9 ! m9d1 ) ! exp]i5ces out ( :i* x is =m$1 w\ld be a p]sonal result2 &1 ?\gh ! same 9 all1 w\ld 9 ea* case be s idiosyncratic 9 its circum/ances1 t x w\ld /& by itself1 a special =mation1 unconnect$ ) any law2 ?\gh at ! same "t x w\ld necess>ily be a pr9ciple ( sympa?y & a bond ( int]c\rse betwe5 ^? ^: m9ds _h be5 ?us v>i\sly wr\ght into a common ass5t1 f> /rong] ?an c\ld foll[ ^u any multitude ( m]e notions :i* !y unanim\sly held4 ,& ev5 :5 t ass5t is n ! result ( concurr5t causes1 if su* a case is possible1 b has "o s+le orig91 z ! /udy ( ,scripture1 c>eful tea*+1 or a religi\s temp]1 /ill its pres5ce argues a special hi/ory1 & a p]sonal =mation1 :i* an ab/raction does n4 ,= an ab/raction c be made at w1 & may be ! "w ( a mom5t2 b ! moral exp]i5ces :i* p]petuate !mselves 9 images1 mu/ be s\ght aft] 9 ord] to be f\nd1 & enc\rag$ & cultivat$ 9 ord] to be appropriat$4 ,i h n[ said all t occurs to me on ! subject ( ,real ,ass5ts1 p]haps n )\t "s risk ( subtlety & m9ut5ess4 ,!y are sometimes call$ beliefs1 convictions1 c]titudes2 &1 z giv5 to moral objects1 !y are p]haps z r>e z !y are p[]ful4 ,till we h !m1 9 spite ( a full appreh5sion & ass5t 9 ! field ( notions1 we h no intellectual moor+s1 & are at ! m]cy ( impulses1 fancies1 & w&]+ lights1 :e!r z reg>ds p]sonal conduct1 social & political action1 or religion4 ,^! beliefs1 be !y true or false 9 ! p>ticul> case1 =m ! m9d out ( :i* !y gr[1 & imp>t to x a s]i\sness & manl9ess :i* inspires 9 o!r m9ds a confid5ce 9 its views1 & is "o secret ( p]suasiv5ess & influ5ce 9 ! public /age ( ! _w4 ,!y create1 z ! case may be1 h]oes & sa9ts1 great lead]s1 /atesm51 prea*]s1 & re=m]s1 ! pione]s ( discov]y 9 sci5ce1 vision>ies1 fanatics1 knight-errants1 demagogues1 & adv5tur]s4 ,!y h giv5 to ! _w m5 ( "o idea1 ( imm5se en]gy1 ( adamant9e w1 ( revolution>y p[]4 ,!y k9dle sympa?ies betwe5 man & man1 & knit toge!r ! innum]able units :i* con/itute a race & a nation4 ,!y become ! pr9ciple ( its political exi/5ce2 !y imp>t to x homog5eity ( ?\ght & fell[%ip ( purpose4 ,!y h giv5 =m to ! m$ieval !ocracy & to ! ,mahometan sup]/ition2 !y are n[ ! life bo? ( 8,holy ,russia10 & ( t fre$om ( spee* & action :i* is ! special boa/ ( ,engli%m54 #c4 ,notional & ,real ,ass5ts ,contra/$4 ,x appe>s f :at has be5 said1 t1 ?\gh ,real ,ass5t is n intr9sically op]ative1 x accid5tally & indirectly affects practice4 ,x is 9 itself an intellectual act1 ( :i* ! object is pres5t$ to x by ! imag9ation2 & ?\gh ! pure intellect does n lead to action1 nor ! imag9ation ei!r1 yet ! imag9ation has ! means1 :i* pure intellect has n1 ( /imulat+ ^? p[]s ( ! m9d f :i* action proce$s4 ,real ,ass5t !n1 or ,belief1 z x may be call$1 view$ 9 itself1 t is1 simply z ,ass5t1 does n lead to action2 b ! images 9 :i* x lives1 repres5t+ z !y d ! concrete1 h ! p[] ( ! concrete ^u ! affections & passions1 & by means ( ^! indirectly become op]ative4 ,/ill ?is practical influ5ce is n inv>iable1 nor to be reli$ on2 = giv5 images may h no t5d5cy to affect giv5 m9ds1 or to excite !m to action4 ,?us1 a philosoph] or a poet may vividly realize ! brilliant rew>ds ( milit>y g5ius or ( eloqu5ce1 )\t wi%+ ei!r to be a comm&] or an orator4 ,h[ev]1 on ! :ole1 broadly contra/+ ,belief ) ,notional ,ass5t & ) ,inf]5ce1 we %all n1 ) ?is explanation1 be v wrong 9 pron\nc+ t acts ( ,notional ,ass5t & ( ,inf]5ce d n affect our conduct1 & acts ( ,belief1 t is1 ( ,real ,ass5t1 d 7n necess>ily1 b d7 affect x4 ,i h sc>cely spok5 ( ,inf]5ce s9ce my ,introductory ,*apt]1 ?\gh ,i int5d1 be=e ,i conclude1 to consid] x fully2 b ,i h said en\gh to admit ( my introduc+ x "h 9 contra/ ) ,real ,ass5t or ,belief1 & t contra/ is necess>y 9 ord] to complete :at ,i h be5 say+ ab\t ! latt]4 ,let me !n1 = ! sake ( ! latt]1 be all[$ "h to say1 t1 :ile ,ass5t1 or ,belief1 presupposes "s appreh5sion ( ! ?+s believ$1 ,inf]5ce requires no appreh5sion ( ! ?+s inf]r$2 t 9 consequ5ce1 ,inf]5ce is necess>ily conc]n$ ) surfaces & aspects2 t x beg9s ) itself1 & ends ) itself2 t x does n rea* z f> z facts2 t x is employ$ ^u =mulas2 t1 z f> z x takes real objects ( :atev] k9d into acc\nt1 su* z motives & actions1 "* & conduct1 art1 sci5ce1 ta/e1 morals1 religion1 x deals ) !m1 n z !y are1 b simply 9 its own l9e1 z mat]ials ( argum5t or inquiry1 t !y are to x no?+ m ?an major & m9or premisses & conclusions4 ,belief1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ conc]n$ ) ?+s concrete1 n ab/ract1 :i* v>i\sly excite ! m9d f _! moral & imag9ative prop]ties1 has = its object1 n only directly :at is true1 b inclusively :at is beautiful1 useful1 admirable1 h]oic2 objects :i* k9dle devotion1 r\se ! passions1 & atta* ! affections2 & ?us x leads ! way to actions ( e k9d1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples1 & ! =mation ( "*1 & is ?us aga9 intimately connect$ ) :at is individual & p]sonal4 ,i insi/$ on ?is m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ,beliefs on ! "o h&1 & ,notional ,ass5ts & ,inf]5ces on ! o!r1 _m ye>s ago 9 words :i* x w be to my purpose to use n[47#b7 ,i quote !m1 because1 ov] & above _! apposit5ess 9 ?is place1 !y pres5t ! doctr9e on :i* ,i h be5 insi/+1 f a second po9t ( view1 & ) a fre%ness & =ce :i* ,i _c n[ comm&1 &1 moreov]1 7?\gh !y are my own1 nev]!less1 f ! l5g? ( "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce _! publication17 almo/ ) ! cog5cy ( an indep5d5t te/imony4 ,!y occur 9 a prote/ :i* ,i _h occasion to write 9 ,febru>y1 #ahda1 aga9/ a dang]\s doctr9e ma9ta9$1 z ,i consid]$1 by two v em95t m5 ( t day1 n[ no m--,"l ,br\gham & ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,t doctr9e 0 to ! effect t ! claims ( religion c\ld be secur$ & su/a9$ 9 ! mass ( m51 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! l[] classes ( society1 by acqua9tance ) lit]ature & physical sci5ce1 & ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,me*anics' ,in/itutes & ,read+ ,rooms1 to ! s]i\s disp>agem5t1 z x seem$ to me1 ( direct ,*ri/ian in/ruction4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my rem>ks is f\nd ! passage :i* ,i %all "h quote1 & :i*1 ) :atev] diff]5ces 9 t]m9ology1 & h>dihood ( ass]tion1 befitt+ ! circum/ances ( its publication1 nay1 z f> z words g1 inaccuracy ( !ological /atem5t1 suitably illu/rates ! subject "h "u discussion4 ,x runs ?us3-- 8,p say to me1 t x is b a dream to suppose t ,*ri/ianity %\ld rega9 ! organic p[] 9 human society :i* once x possess$4 ,i _c help t2 ,i nev] said x c\ld4 ,i am n a politician2 ,i am propos+ no measures1 b expos+ a fallacy & resi/+ a pret5ce4 ,let ,b5?amism reign1 if m5 h no aspirations2 b d n tell !m to be romantic & !n solace !m ) #8glory3' d n attempt by philosophy :at once 0 done by religion4 ,! asc5d5cy ( fai? may be impracticable1 b ! reign ( k is incompreh5sible4 ,! problem = /atesm5 ( ?is age is h[ to educate ! masses1 & lit]ature & sci5ce _c give ! solution4 8,sci5ce gives u ! gr\nds or premisses f :i* religi\s tru?s are to be en=c$2 b x does n set ab\t inf]r+ !m1 mu* less does x rea* ! inf]5ce--t is n its prov9ce4 ,x br+s be=e u ph5om5a1 & x leaves u1 if we w1 to call !m works ( design1 wisdom1 or b5evol5ce2 & fur!r /ill1 if we w1 to proce$ to confess an ,intellig5t ,creator4 ,we h to take its facts1 & to give !m a mean+1 & to draw our own conclusions f !m4 ,fir/ comes k1 !n a view1 !n reason+1 & !n belief4 ,?is is :y sci5ce has s little ( a religi\s t5d5cy2 d$uctions h no p[] ( p]suasion4 ,! he>t is commonly rea*$1 n ?r\gh ! reason1 b ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 by means ( direct impressions1 by ! te/imony ( facts & ev5ts1 by hi/ory1 by description4 ,p]sons influ5ce u1 voices melt u1 looks subdue u1 de$s inflame u4 ,_m a man w live & die ^u a dogma3 no man w be a m>tyr = a conclusion4 ,a conclusion is b an op9ion2 x is n a ?+ :i* is1 b :i* we are #8q sure ab\t2' & x has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 t we nev] say we are sure & c]ta9 )\t imply+ t we d\bt4 ,to say t a ?+ mu/ be1 is to admit t x may n be4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 w die = 8 own calculations3 he dies = realities4 ,?is is :y a lit]>y religion is s little to be dep5d$ ^u2 x looks well 9 fair wea!r2 b its doctr9es are op9ions1 &1 :5 call$ to suff] = !m1 x slips !m betwe5 its folios1 or burns !m at its he>?4 ,& ?is aga9 is ! secret ( ! di/ru/ & raill]y ) :i* morali/s h be5 s commonly visit$4 ,!y say & d n4 ,:y8 ,because !y are contemplat+ ! fitness ( ?+s1 & !y live by ! squ>e1 :5 !y %\ld be realiz+ _! high maxims 9 ! concrete4 ,n[ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel ?9ks bett] ( natural hi/ory1 *emi/ry1 & a/ronomy ?an ( su* e?ics2 b ^! too1 :at are !y m ?an div9ity 9 posse8 ,he prote/s aga9/ #8controv]sial div9ity3' is inf]5tial mu* bett]8 8,i h no confid5ce1 !n1 9 philosoph]s :o _c help be+ religi\s1 & are ,*ri/ians by implication4 ,!y sit at home1 & rea* =w>d to di/ances :i* a/oni% u2 b !y hit )\t grasp+1 & are sometimes z confid5t ab\t %ad[s z ab\t realities4 ,!y h work$ out by a calculation ! lie ( a c\ntry :i* !y nev] saw1 & mapp$ x by means ( a gazette]2 &1 l bl9d m51 ?\gh !y c put a /rang] on 8 way1 !y _c walk /raight !mselves1 & d n feel x q _! bus9ess to walk at all4 8,logic makes b a sorry rhetoric ) ! multitude2 fir/ %oot r\nd corn]s1 & y may n despair ( conv]t+ by a syllogism4 ,tell m5 to ga9 notions ( a ,creator f ,8 works1 &1 if !y 7 to set ab\t x 7:i* nobody does7 !y w\ld be jad$ & we>i$ by ! labyr9? !y 7 trac+4 ,_! m9ds w\ld be gorg$ & surfeit$ by ! logical op]ation4 ,logicians are m set ^u conclud+ rightly1 ?an on "r conclusions4 ,!y _c see ! end = ! process4 ,few m5 h t p[] ( m9d :i* may hold fa/ & firmly a v>iety ( ?\ghts4 ,we ridicule 'm5 ( "o idea2' b a great _m ( u are born to be su*1 & we %\ld be happi] if we knew x4 ,to mo/ m5 argum5t makes ! po9t 9 h& only m d\btful1 & consid]ably less impressive4 ,aft] all1 man is n a reason+ animal2 he is a see+1 feel+1 contemplat+1 act+ animal4 ,he is influ5c$ by :at is direct & precise4 ,x is v well to fre%5 our impressions & convictions f physics1 b to create !m we mu/ g else:]e4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel #8nev] c ?9k x possible t a m9d c be s con/itut$1 t1 aft] be+ famili>iz$ ) ! wond]ful discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 e "p ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 x c retire f su* contemplation )\t m enl>g$ conceptions ( ,god's provid5ce1 & a high] rev]5ce = ,8 ,"n6' ,if he speaks ( religi\s m9ds1 he p]petrates a truism2 if ( irreligi\s1 he ins9uates a p>adox4 8,life is n long en\gh = a religion ( inf]5ces2 we %all nev] h done beg9n+1 if we det]m9e to beg9 ) pro(4 ,we %all ev] be lay+ our f\ndations2 we %all turn !ology into evid5ces1 & div9es into textu>ies4 ,we %all nev] get at our fir/ pr9ciples4 ,resolve to believe no?+1 & y mu/ prove y\r pro( & analyze y\r elem5ts1 s9k+ f>!r & f>!r1 & f9d+ #89 ! l[e/ dep? a l[] deep1' till y come to ! broad bosom ( scepticism4 ,i w\ld r be b\nd to def5d ! reasonabl5ess ( assum+ t ,*ri/ianity is true1 ?an to demon/rate a moral gov]nance f ! physical _w4 ,life is = action4 ,if we insi/ on pro(s = e ?+1 we %all nev] come to action3 to act y mu/ assume1 & t assumption is fai?4 8,let no "o suppose1 t 9 say+ ?is ,i am ma9ta9+ t all pro(s are equally difficult1 & all propositions equally debatable4 ,"s assumptions are great] ?an o!rs1 & "s doctr9es involve po/ulates l>g] ?an o!rs1 & m num]\s4 ,i only say1 t impressions lead to action1 & t reason+s lead f x4 ,k ( premisses1 & inf]5ces ^u !m1--?is is n to live4 ,x is v well z a matt] ( lib]al curiosity & ( philosophy to analyze our modes ( ?\ght3 b let ?is come second1 & :5 !re is leisure = x1 & !n our exam9ations w 9 _m ways ev5 be subs]vi5t to action4 ,b if we comm5ce ) sci5tific k & argum5tative pro(1 or lay any great /ress ^u x z ! basis ( p]sonal ,*ri/ianity1 or attempt to make man moral & religi\s by libr>ies & museums1 let u 9 consi/5cy take *emi/s = our cooks1 & m9]alogi/s = our masons4 8,n[ ,i wi% to /ate all ?is z matt] ( fact1 to be judg$ by ! c&id te/imony ( any p]sons :atev]4 ,:y we are s con/itut$ t fai?1 n k or argum5t1 is our pr9ciple ( action1 is a "q ) :i* ,i h no?+ to d2 b ,i ?9k x is a fact1 &1 if x be su*1 we mu/ resign ourselves to x z be/ we may1 unless we take refuge 9 ! intol]able p>adox1 t ! mass ( m5 are creat$ = no?+1 & are meant to leave life z !y ent]$ x4 8,s well has ?is practically be5 und]/ood 9 all ages ( ! _w1 t no religion yet has be5 a religion ( physics or ( philosophy4 ,x has ev] be5 synonym\s ) revelation4 ,x nev] has be5 a d$uction f :at we "k2 x has ev] be5 an ass]tion ( :at we are to believe4 ,x has nev] liv$ 9 a conclusion2 x has ev] be5 a message1 a hi/ory1 or a vision4 ,no legislator or prie/ ev] dream$ ( educat+ our moral nature by sci5ce or by argum5t4 ,!re is no diff]5ce "h betwe5 true religions & pret5d$4 ,moses 0 in/ruct$ n to reason f ! creation1 b to "w miracles4 ,*ri/ianity is a hi/ory sup]natural1 & almo/ sc5ic3 x tells u :at its ,au?or is1 by tell+ u :at ,he has done4 8,"l ,br\gham himself has recogniz$ ! =ce ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,he has n left 8 philosophical religion to argum5t2 he has committ$ x to ! keep+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,:y %\ld he depict a great republic ( lett]s1 & an intellectual pan!on1 b t he feels t in/ances & patt]ns1 n logical reason+s1 are ! liv+ conclusions :i* alone h a hold ov] ! affections or c =m ! "*80 ,*apt] ,v4 ,appreh5sion ,& ,ass5t ,9 ,! ,matt] ,( ,religion4 ,we are n[ able to det]m9e :at a dogma ( fai? is1 & :at x is to believe x4 ,a dogma is a proposition2 x /&s = a notion or = a ?+2 & to believe x is to give ! ass5t ( ! m9d to x1 z x /&s = ! "o or = ! o!r4 ,to give a real ass5t to x is an act ( religion2 to give a notional1 is a !ological act4 ,x is disc]n$1 re/$ 91 & appropriat$ z a reality1 by ! religi\s imag9ation2 x is held z a tru?1 by ! !ological intellect4 ,n z if !re 7 9 fact1 or c\ld be1 any l9e ( dem>cation or p>ty-wall betwe5 ^! two modes ( ass5t1 ! religi\s & ! !ological4 ,z intellect is common to all m5 z well z imag9ation1 e religi\s man is to a c]ta9 ext5t a !ologian1 & no !ology c />t or ?rive )\t ! initiative & abid+ pres5ce ( religion4 ,z 9 matt]s ( ?is _w1 s5se1 s5sation1 in/9ct1 intuition1 supply u ) facts1 & ! intellect uses !m2 s1 z reg>ds our relations ) ! ,supreme ,be+1 we get our facts f ! witness1 fir/ ( nature1 !n ( revelation1 & our doctr9es1 9 :i* !y issue1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ab/raction & inf]5ce4 ,?is is obvi\s2 b x does n int]f]e ) hold+ t !re is a !ological habit ( m9d1 & a religi\s1 ea* di/9ct f ea*1 religion us+ !ology1 & !ology us+ religion4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ,i propose to consid] ! dogmas ( ! ,be+ ( a ,god1 & ( ! ,div9e ,tr9ity 9 ,unity1 9 _! relation to ass5t1 bo? notional & real1 & pr9cipally to real ass5t2--h[ev]1 ,i h n yet f9i%$ all ,i h to say by way ( introduction4 ,n[ fir/1 my subject is ass5t1 & n inf]5ce4 ,i am n propos+ to set =? ! argum5ts :i* issue 9 ! belief ( ^! doctr9es1 b to inve/igate :at x is to believe 9 !m1 :at ! m9d does1 :at x contemplates1 :5 x makes an act ( fai?4 ,x is true t ! same elem5t>y facts :i* create an object = an ass5t1 also furni% matt] = an inf]5ce3 & 9 %[+ :at we believe1 ,i %all unavoidably be 9 a measure %[+ :y we believe2 b ?is is ! v reason t makes x necess>y = me at ! outset to insi/ on ! real di/9ction betwe5 ^! two concurr+ & co9cid5t c\rses ( ?\ght1 & to premise by way ( caution1 le/ ,i %\ld be misund]/ood1 t ,i am n consid]+ ! "q t !re is a ,god1 b r :at ,god is4 ,& secondly1 ,i mean by belief1 n precisely fai?1 because fai?1 9 its !ological s5se1 includes a belief1 n only 9 ! ?+ believ$1 b also 9 ! gr\nd ( believ+2 t is1 n only belief 9 c]ta9 doctr9es1 b belief 9 !m expressly because ,god has reveal$ !m2 b "h ,i am engag$ only ) :at is call$ ! mat]ial object ( fai?1 n ) ! =mal1--) ! ?+ believ$4 ,! ,almighty witnesses to ,himself 9 ,revelation2 we believe t ,he is ,"o & t ,he is ,?ree1 because ,he says s4 ,we believe also :at ,he tells u ab\t ,8 ,attributes1 ,8 provid5ces & disp5sations1 ,8 det]m9ations & acts1 :at ,he has done & :at ,he w d4 ,& if all ?is is too mu* = u1 :e!r to br+ be=e our m9ds at "o "t f its v>iety1 or ev5 to appreh5d at all or enunciate f our n>r[ness ( intellect or want ( le>n+1 !n at lea/ we believe 9 globo all t ,he has reveal$ to u ab\t ,himself1 & t1 because ,he has reveal$ x4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 8because ,he says x0 does n ent] into ! scope ( ! pres5t inquiry1 b only ! tru?s !mselves1 & ^! p>ticul> tru?s1 8,he is ,"o10 8,he is ,?ree20 & ( ^! two1 bo? ( :i* are 9 ,revelation1 ,i %all consid] 8,he is ,"o10 n z a reveal$ tru?1 b z1 :at x is also1 a natural tru?1 ! f\ndation ( all religion4 ,& ) x ,i beg94 #a4 ,belief 9 ,"o ,god4 ,!re is "o ,,god1 su* & su* 9 ,nature & ,attributes4 ,i say 8su* & su*10 =1 unless ,i expla9 :at ,i mean by 8"o ,god10 ,i use words :i* may mean any ?+ or no?+4 ,i may mean a m]e anima mundi2 or an initial pr9ciple :i* once 0 9 action & n[ is n2 or collective humanity4 ,i speak !n ( ! ,god ( ! ,!i/ & ( ! ,*ri/ian3 a ,god :o is num]ically ,"o1 :o is ,p]sonal2 ! ,au?or1 ,su/a9]1 & ,f9i%] ( all ?+s1 ! life ( ,law & ,ord]1 ! ,moral ,gov]nor2 ,"o :o is ,supreme & ,sole2 l ,himself1 unlike all ?+s besides ,himself1 :i* all are b ,8 creatures2 di/9ct f1 indep5d5t ( !m all2 ,"o :o is self-exi/+1 absolutely inf9ite1 :o has ev] be5 & ev] w be1 to :om no?+ is pa/ or future2 :o is all p]fection1 & ! fulness & ar*etype ( e possible excell5ce1 ! ,tru? ,itself1 ,wisdom1 ,love1 ,ju/ice1 ,hol9ess2 ,"o :o is ,all-p[]ful1 ,all-kn[+1 ,omnipres5t1 ,incompreh5sible4 ,^! are "s ( ! di/9ctive pr]ogatives :i* ,i ascribe unconditionally & unres]v$ly to ! great ,be+ :om ,i call ,god4 ,?is be+ :at ,!i/s mean :5 !y speak ( ,god1 _! ass5t to ?is tru? admits )\t difficulty ( be+ :at ,i h call$ a notional ass5t4 ,x is an ass5t foll[+ ^u acts ( inf]5ce1 & o!r purely intellectual ex]cises2 & x is an ass5t to a l>ge developm5t ( pr$icates1 correlative to ea* o!r1 or at lea/ intimately connect$ toge!r1 drawn out z if on pap]1 z we might map a c\ntry :i* we _h nev] se51 or con/ruct ma!matical tables1 or ma/] ! me?ods ( discov]y ( ,newton or ,davy1 )\t be+ geograph]s1 ma!maticians1 or *emi/s ourselves4 ,s f> is cle>2 b ! "q foll[s1 ,c ,i atta9 to any m vivid ass5t to ! ,be+ ( a ,god1 ?an t :i* is giv5 m]ely to notions ( ! intellect8 ,c ,i ent] ) a p]sonal k into ! circle ( tru?s :i* make up t great ?\ght8 ,c ,i rise to :at ,i h call$ an imag9ative appreh5sion ( x8 ,c ,i believe z if ,i saw8 ,s9ce su* a high ass5t requires a pres5t exp]i5ce or memory ( ! fact1 at fir/ sight x w\ld seem z if ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative2 = h[ c ,i ass5t z if ,i saw1 unless ,i h se58 b no "o 9 ?is life c see ,god4 ,yet ,i conceive a real ass5t is possible1 & ,i proce$ to %[ h[4 ,:5 x is said t we _c see ,god1 ?is is und5iable2 b 9 :at s5se h we a disc]nm5t ( ,8 creatures1 ( ! individual be+s :i* surr\nd u8 ,! evid5ce :i* we h ( _! pres5ce lies 9 ! ph5om5a :i* address our s5ses1 & our w>rant = tak+ ^! = evid5ce is our in/9ctive c]titude t !y are evid5ce4 ,by ! law ( our nature we associate ^? s5sible ph5om5a or impressions ) c]ta9 units1 individuals1 sub/ances1 :atev] !y are to be call$1 :i* are outside & out ( ! rea* ( s5se1 & we picture !m to ourselves 9 ^? ph5om5a4 ,! ph5om5a are z if pictures2 b at ! same "t !y give u no exact measure or "* ( ! unkn[n ?+s beyond !m2--= :o w say !re is any uni=mity betwe5 ! impressions :i* two ( u w\ld respectively h ( "s ?ird ?+1 suppos+ "o ( u _h only ! s5se ( t\*1 & ! o!r only ! s5se ( he>+8 ,!re=e1 :5 we speak ( our hav+ a picture ( ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 we mean a c]ta9 repres5tation1 true z f> z x goes1 b n adequate4 ,& s ( ^? intellectual & moral objects :i* are br\ght home to u ?r\gh our s5ses3--t !y exi/1 we "k by in/9ct2 t !y are su* & su*1 we appreh5d f ! impressions :i* !y leave ^u our m9ds4 ,?us ! life & writ+s ( ,cic]o or ,dr4 ,johnson1 ( ,/4 ,j]ome or ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 leave ^u u c]ta9 impressions ( ! intellectual & moral "* ( ea* ( !m1 sui g5]is1 & unmi/akable4 ,we take up a passage ( ,*ryso/om or a passage ( ,j]ome2 !re is no possibility ( confus+ ! "o ) ! o!r2 9 ea* case we see ! man 9 8 language4 ,& s ( any great man :om we may h kn[n3 t he is n a m]e impression on our s5ses1 b a real be+1 we "k by in/9ct2 t he is su* & su*1 we "k by ! matt] or quality ( t impression4 ,n[ c]ta9ly ! ?\ght ( ,god1 z ,!i/s ent]ta9 x1 is n ga9$ by an in/9ctive association ( ,8 pres5ce ) any s5sible ph5om5a2 b ! (fice :i* ! s5ses directly fulfil z reg>ds creation t devolves indirectly on c]ta9 ( our m5tal ph5om5a z reg>ds ! ,creator4 ,^? ph5om5a are f\nd 9 ! s5se ( moral obligation4 ,z f a multitude ( in/9ctive p]ceptions1 act+ 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 ( some?+ beyond ! s5ses1 we g5]alize ! notion ( an ext]nal _w1 & !n picture t _w 9 & accord+ to ^? p>ticul> ph5om5a f :i* we />t$1 s f ! p]ceptive p[] :i* id5tifies ! intimations ( consci5ce ) ! rev]b]ations or e*oes 7s to say7 ( an ext]nal admonition1 we proce$ on to ! notion ( a ,supreme ,rul] & ,judge1 & !n aga9 we image ,him & ,8 attributes 9 ^? recurr+ intimations1 out ( :i*1 z m5tal ph5om5a1 our recognition ( ,8 exi/5ce 0 orig9ally ga9$4 ,&1 if ! impressions :i* ,8 creatures make on u ?r\gh our s5ses oblige u to reg>d ^? creatures z sui g5]is respectively1 x is n wond]ful t ! notices1 :i* ,he indirectly gives u ?r\gh our consci5ce1 ( ,8 own nature are su* z to make u und]/& t ,he is l ,himself & l no?+ else4 ,i h already said ,i am n propos+ "h to prove ! ,be+ ( a ,god2 yet ,i h f\nd x impossible to avoid say+ :]e ,i look = ! pro( ( x4 ,= ,i am look+ = t pro( 9 ! same qu>t] z t f :i* ,i w\ld comm5ce a pro( ( ,8 attributes & "*1--by ! same means z ^? by :i* ,i %[ h[ we appreh5d ,him1 n m]ely z a notion1 b z a reality4 ,! la/ inde$ ( ^! ?ree inve/igations alone conc]ns me "h1 b ,i _c altoge!r exclude ! two =m] f my consid]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ,i repeat1 :at ,i am directly aim+ at1 is to expla9 h[ we ga9 an image ( ,god & give a real ass5t to ! proposition t ,he exi/s4 ,& next1 9 ord] to d ?is1 ( c\rse ,i mu/ />t f "s fir/ pr9ciple2--& t fir/ pr9ciple1 :i* ,i assume & %all n attempt to prove1 is t :i* ,i %\ld also use z a f\ndation 9 ^? o!r two inquiries1 viz4 t we h by nature a consci5ce4 ,i assume1 !n1 t ,consci5ce has a legitimate place among our m5tal acts2 z really s1 z ! action ( memory1 ( reason+1 ( imag9ation1 or z ! s5se ( ! beautiful2 t1 z !re are objects :i*1 :5 pres5t$ to ! m9d1 cause x to feel grief1 regret1 joy1 or desire1 s !re are ?+s :i* excite 9 u approbation or blame1 & :i* we 9 consequ5ce call "r or wrong2 & :i*1 exp]i5c$ 9 ourselves1 k9dle 9 u t specific s5se ( pleasure or pa91 :i* goes by ! "n ( a good or bad consci5ce4 ,?is be+ tak5 = grant$1 ,i %all attempt to %[ t 9 ?is special feel+1 :i* foll[s on ! commission ( :at we call "r or wrong1 lie ! mat]ials = ! real appreh5sion ( a ,div9e ,sov]eign & ,judge4 ,! feel+ ( consci5ce 7be+1 ,i repeat1 a c]ta9 ke5 s5sibility1 pleasant or pa9ful1--self-approval & hope1 or compunction & fe>1--att5dant on c]ta9 ( our actions1 :i* 9 consequ5ce we call "r or wrong7 is tw(old3--x is a moral s5se1 & a s5se ( duty2 a judgm5t ( ! reason & a magi/]ial dictate4 ,( c\rse its act is indivisible2 /ill x has ^! two aspects1 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & admitt+ ( a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,?\gh ,i lo/ my s5se ( ! obligation :i* ,i lie "u to ab/a9 f acts ( di%one/y1 ,i %\ld n 9 consequ5ce lose my s5se t su* actions 7 an outrage (f]$ to my moral nature4 ,aga92 ?\gh ,i lo/ my s5se ( _! moral de=mity1 ,i %\ld n !re=e lose my s5se t !y 7 =bidd5 to me4 ,?us consci5ce has bo? a critical & a judicial (fice1 & ?\gh its prompt+s1 9 ! brea/s ( ! millions ( human be+s to :om x is giv51 are n 9 all cases correct1 t does n necess>ily int]f]e ) ! =ce ( its te/imony & ( its sanction3 its te/imony t !re is a "r & a wrong1 & its sanction to t te/imony convey$ 9 ! feel+s :i* att5d on "r or wrong conduct4 ,"h ,i h to speak ( consci5ce 9 ! latt] po9t ( view1 n z supply+ u1 by means ( its v>i\s acts1 ) ! elem5ts ( morals1 su* z may be develop$ by ! intellect into an e?ical code1 b simply z ! dictate ( an au?oritative monitor be>+ ^u ! details ( conduct z !y come be=e u1 & complete 9 its sev]al acts1 "o by "o4 ,let u !n ?us consid] consci5ce1 n z a rule ( "r conduct1 b z a sanction ( "r conduct4 ,?is is its prim>y & mo/ au?oritative aspect2 x is ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,half ! _w w\ld be puzzl$ to "k :at 0 meant by ! moral s5se2 b e "o kn[s :at is meant by a good or bad consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is ev] =c+ on u by ?reats & by promises t we mu/ foll[ ! "r & avoid ! wrong2 s f> x is "o & ! same 9 ! m9d ( e "o1 :atev] be its p>ticul> errors 9 p>ticul> m9ds z to ! acts :i* x ord]s to be done or to be avoid$2 & 9 ?is respect x corresponds to our p]ception ( ! beautiful & de=m$4 ,z we h naturally a s5se ( ! beautiful & graceful 9 nature & art1 ?\gh ta/es prov]bially diff]1 s we h a s5se ( duty & obligation1 :e!r we all associate x ) ! same c]ta9 actions 9 p>ticul> or n4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,ta/e & ,consci5ce "p company3 = ! s5se ( beautifulness1 z inde$ ! ,moral ,s5se1 has no special relations to p]sons1 b contemplates objects 9 !mselves2 consci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is conc]n$ ) p]sons prim>ily1 & ) actions ma9ly z view$ 9 _! do]s1 or r ) self alone & "o's own actions1 & ) o!rs only indirectly & z if 9 association ) self4 ,& fur!r1 ta/e is its own evid5ce1 appeal+ to no?+ beyond its own s5se ( ! beautiful or ! ugly1 & enjoy+ ! specim5s ( ! beautiful simply = _! own sake2 b consci5ce does n repose on itself1 b vaguely rea*es =w>d to some?+ beyond self1 & dimly disc]ns a sanction high] ?an self = its decisions1 z is evid5c$ 9 t ke5 s5se ( obligation & responsibility :i* in=ms !m4 ,& h5ce x is t we are accu/om$ to speak ( consci5ce z a voice1--a t]m :i* we %\ld nev] ?9k ( apply+ to ! s5se ( ! beautiful2 & moreov] a voice1 or ! e*o ( a voice1 imp]ative & con/ra9+1 l no o!r dictate 9 ! :ole ( our exp]i5ce4 ,& aga91 9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr]ogative ( dictat+ & comm&+1 :i* is ( its ess5ce1 ,consci5ce has an intimate be>+ on our affections & emotions1 lead+ u to rev]5ce & awe1 hope & fe>1 especially fe>1 a feel+ :i* is =eign = ! mo/ "p1 n only to ,ta/e1 b ev5 to ! ,moral ,s5se1 except 9 consequ5ce ( accid5tal associations4 ,no fe> is felt by any "o :o recognizes t 8 conduct has n be5 beautiful1 ?\gh he may be mortifi$ at himself1 if p]haps he has !reby =feit$ "s advantage2 b1 if he has be5 betray$ into any k9d ( immorality1 he has a lively s5se ( responsibility & guilt1 ?\gh ! act be no (f5ce aga9/ society1--( di/ress & appreh5sion1 ev5 ?\gh x may be ( pres5t s]vice to him1--( compunction & regret1 ?\gh 9 itself x be mo/ pleasurable1--( confusion ( face1 ?\gh x may h no witnesses4 ,^! v>i\s p]turbations ( m9d1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( a bad consci5ce1 & may be v consid]able1--self-reproa*1 poignant %ame1 haunt+ remorse1 *ill dismay at ! prospect ( ! future1--& _! contr>ies1 :5 ! consci5ce is good1 z real ?\gh less =cible1 self-approval1 inw>d peace1 lightness ( he>t1 & ! l1--^! emotions con/itute a specific diff]5ce betwe5 consci5ce & our o!r intellectual s5ses1--common s5se1 good s5se1 s5se ( exp$i5ce1 ta/e1 s5se ( hon\r1 & ! l1--z inde$ !y w\ld also con/itute betwe5 consci5ce & ! moral s5se1 suppos+ ^! two 7 n aspects ( "o & ! same feel+1 ex]cis$ ^u "o & ! same subject-matt]4 ,s mu* = ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a1 :i* consci5ce pres5ts1 nor is x difficult to det]m9e :at !y imply4 ,i ref] once m to our s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,?is s5se is att5d$ by an intellectual enjoym5t1 & is free f :atev] is ( ! nature ( emotion1 except 9 "o case1 viz4 :5 x is excit$ by p]sonal objects2 !n x is t ! tranquil feel+ ( admiration is ex*ang$ = ! excitem5t ( affection & passion4 ,consci5ce too1 consid]$ z a moral s5se1 an intellectual s5tim5t1 is a s5se ( admiration & disgu/1 ( approbation & blame3 b x is some?+ m ?an a moral s5se2 x is always1 :at ! s5se ( ! beautiful is only 9 c]ta9 cases2 x is always emotional4 ,no wond] !n t x always implies :at t s5se only sometimes implies2 t x always involves ! recognition ( a liv+ object1 t[>ds :i* x is direct$4 ,inanimate ?+s _c /ir our affections2 ^! are correlative ) p]sons4 ,if1 z is ! case1 we feel responsibility1 are a%am$1 are fright5$1 at transgress+ ! voice ( consci5ce1 ?is implies t !re is ,"o to :om we are responsible1 be=e :om we are a%am$1 ^: claims ^u u we fe>4 ,if1 on do+ wrong1 we feel ! same te>ful1 brok5-he>t$ sorr[ :i* ov]:elms u on hurt+ a "m2 if1 on do+ "r1 we enjoy ! same sunny s]5ity ( m9d1 ! same soo?+1 satisfactory delight :i* foll[s on our receiv+ praise f a fa!r1 we c]ta9ly h )9 u ! image ( "s p]son1 to :om our love & v5]ation look1 9 ^: smile we f9d our happ9ess1 = :om we ye>n1 t[>ds :om we direct our plead+s1 9 ^: ang] we are tr\bl$ & wa/e away4 ,^! feel+s 9 u are su* z require = _! excit+ cause an intellig5t be+3 we are n affectionate t[>ds a /one1 nor d we feel %ame be=e a horse or a dog2 we h no remorse or compunction on break+ m]e human law3 yet1 s x is1 consci5ce excites all ^! pa9ful emotions1 confusion1 =ebod+1 self-condemnation2 & on ! o!r h& x %$s ^u u a deep peace1 a s5se ( security1 a resignation1 & a hope1 :i* !re is no s5sible1 no e>?ly object to elicit4 8,! wick$ flees1 :5 no "o pursue?20 !n :y does he flee8 :5ce 8 t]ror8 ,:o is x t he sees 9 solitude1 9 d>kness1 9 ! hidd5 *amb]s ( 8 he>t8 ,if ! cause ( ^! emotions does n belong to ?is visible _w1 ! ,object to :i* 8 p]ception is direct$ mu/ be ,sup]natural & ,div9e2 & ?us ! ph5om5a ( ,consci5ce1 z a dictate1 avail to impress ! imag9ation ) ! picture7#c7 ( a ,supreme ,gov]nor1 a ,judge1 holy1 j1 p[]ful1 all-see+1 retributive1 & is ! creative pr9ciple ( religion1 z ! ,moral ,s5se is ! pr9ciple ( e?ics4 ,& let me "h ref] aga9 to ! fact1 to :i* ,i h already drawn att5tion1 t ?is in/9ct ( ! m9d recogniz+ an ext]nal ,ma/] 9 ! dictate ( consci5ce1 & imag+ ! ?\ght ( ,him 9 ! def9ite impressions :i* consci5ce creates1 is p>allel to t o!r law (1 n only human1 b ( brute nature1 by :i* ! pres5ce ( unse5 individual be+s is disc]n$ "u ! %ift+ %apes & col\rs ( ! visible _w4 ,is x by s5se1 or by reason1 t brutes und]/& ! real unities1 mat]ial & spiritual1 :i* are signifi$ by ! lights & %ad[s1 ! brilliant ev]-*ang+ calidoscope1 z x may be call$1 :i* plays ^u _! ret9a8 ,n by reason1 = !y h n reason2 n by s5se1 because !y are transc5d+ s5se2 !re=e x is an in/9ct4 ,?is faculty on ! "p ( brutes1 unless we 7 us$ to x1 w\ld /rike u z a great my/]y4 ,x is "o peculi>ity ( animal natures to be susceptible ( ph5om5a ?r\gh ! *annels ( s5se2 x is ano!r to h 9 ^? s5sible ph5om5a a p]ception ( ! individuals to :i* ?is or t gr\p ( !m belongs4 ,?is p]ception ( individual ?+s1 amid ! maze ( %apes & col\rs :i* meets _! sight1 is giv5 to brutes 9 l>ge measures1 & t1 app>5tly f ! mom5t ( _! bir?4 ,x is by no m]e physical in/9ct1 su* z t :i* leads him to 8 "m = milk1 t ! new-dropp$ lamb recognizes ea* ( 8 fell[ lambk9s z a :ole1 consi/+ ( _m p>ts b\nd up 9 "o1 &1 be=e he is an h\r old1 makes exp]i5ce ( 8 & _! rival individualities4 ,& mu* m di/9ctly d ! horse & dog recognize ev5 ! p]sonality ( _! ma/]s4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ?is appreh5sion ( ?+s1 :i* are "o & individual1 9 ! mid/ ( a _w ( pluralities & transmutations1 :e!r 9 ! in/ance ( brutes or aga9 ( *ildr58 ,b until we acc\nt = ! k :i* an infant has ( 8 "m or 8 nurse1 :at reason h we to take exception at ! doctr9e1 z /range & difficult1 t 9 ! dictate ( consci5ce1 )\t previ\s exp]i5ces or analogical reason+1 he is able gradually to p]ceive ! voice1 or ! e*oes ( ! voice1 ( a ,ma/]1 liv+1 p]sonal1 & sov]eign8 ,i grant1 ( c\rse1 t we _c assign a date1 ev] s e>ly1 be=e :i* he _h le>n$ no?+ at all1 & =m$ no m5tal associations1 f ! words & conduct ( ^? :o h ! c>e ( him4 ,b /ill1 if a *ild ( five or six ye>s old1 :5 reason is at l5g? fully awake1 has already ma/]$ & appropriat$ ?\ghts & beliefs1 9 consequ5ce ( _! tea*+1 9 su* sort z to be able to h&le & apply !m famili>ly1 accord+ to ! occasion1 z pr9ciples ( intellectual action1 ^? beliefs at ! v lea/ mu/ be s+ul>ly cong5ial to 8 m9d1 if n connatural ) its initial action4 ,& t su* a spontane\s reception ( religi\s tru?s is common ) *ildr51 ,i %all take = grant$1 till ,i am conv9c$ t ,i am wrong 9 s do+4 ,! *ild ke5ly und]/&s t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong2 & :5 he has done :at he believes to be wrong1 he is consci\s t he is (f5d+ ,"o to :om he is am5able1 :om he does n see1 :o sees him4 ,8 m9d rea*es =w>d ) a /rong pres5tim5t to ! ?\ght ( a ,moral ,gov]nor1 sov]eign ov] him1 m9dful1 & j4 ,x comes to him l an impulse ( nature to ent]ta9 x4 ,x is my wi% to take an ord9>y *ild1 b /ill "o :o is safe f influ5ces de/ructive ( 8 religi\s in/9cts4 ,suppos+ he has (f5d$ 8 p>5ts1 he w all alone & )\t ef=t1 z if x 7 ! mo/ natural ( acts1 place himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & beg ( ,him to set him "r ) !m4 ,let u consid] h[ mu* is conta9$ 9 ?is simple act4 ,fir/1 x involves ! impression on 8 m9d ( an unse5 ,be+ ) :om he is 9 imm$iate relation1 & t relation s famili> t he c address ,him :5ev] he himself *ooses2 next1 ( ,"o ^: goodwill t[>ds him he is assur$ (1 & c take = grant$--nay1 :o loves him bett]1 & is ne>] to him1 ?an 8 p>5ts2 fur!r1 ( ,"o :o c he> him1 :]ev] he happ5s to be1 & :o c read 8 ?\ghts1 = 8 pray] ne$ n be vocal2 la/ly1 ( ,"o :o c effect a critical *ange 9 ! /ate ( feel+ ( o!rs t[>ds him4 ,t is1 we %all n be wrong 9 hold+ t ?is *ild has 9 8 m9d ! image ( an ,invisible ,be+1 :o ex]cises a p>ticul> provid5ce among u1 :o is pres5t e :]e1 :o is he>t-read+1 he>t-*ang+1 ev]-accessible1 op5 to impetration4 ,:at a /rong & intimate vision ( ,god mu/ he h already atta9$1 if1 z ,i h suppos$1 an ord9>y tr\ble ( m9d has ! spontane\s effect ( lead+ him = consolation & aid to an ,invisible ,p]sonal ,p[]6 ,moreov]1 ?is image br\ght be=e 8 m5tal vision is ! image ( ,"o :o by implicit ?reat & promise comm&s c]ta9 ?+s :i* he1 ! same *ild1 co9cid5tly1 by ! same act ( 8 m9d1 approves2 :i* receive ! adhesion ( 8 moral s5se & judgm5t1 z "r & good4 ,x is ! image ( ,"o :o is good1 inasmu* z enjo9+ & en=c+ :at is "r & good1 & :o1 9 consequ5ce1 n only excites 9 ! *ild hope & fe>1--nay 7x may be add$71 gratitude t[>ds ,him1 z giv+ a law & ma9ta9+ x by rew>d & puni%m5t1--b k9dles 9 him love t[>ds ,him1 z giv+ him a good law1 & !re=e z be+ good ,himself1 = x is ! prop]ty ( goodness to k9dle love1 or r ! v object ( love is goodness2 & all ^? di/9ct elem5ts ( ! moral law1 :i* ! typical *ild1 :om ,i am suppos+1 m or less consci\sly loves & approves1--tru?1 purity1 ju/ice1 k9dness1 & ! l1--are b %apes & aspects ( goodness4 ,& hav+ 9 8 degree a s5sibility t[>ds !m all1 = ! sake ( !m all he is mov$ to love ! ,lawgiv]1 :o enjo9s !m ^u him4 ,&1 z he c contemplate ^! qualities & _! manife/ations "u ! common "n ( goodness1 he is prep>$ to ?9k ( !m z indivisible1 correlative1 supplem5t>y ( ea* o!r 9 "o & ! same ,p]sonality1 s t !re is no aspect ( goodness :i* ,god is n2 & t ! m1 because ! notion ( a p]fection embrac+ all possible excell5ces1 bo? moral & intellectual1 is especially cong5ial to ! m9d1 & !re are 9 fact intellectual attributes1 z well z moral1 includ$ 9 ! *ild's image ( ,god1 z above repres5t$4 ,su* is ! appreh5sion :i* ev5 a *ild may h ( 8 ,sov]eign ,lawgiv] & ,judge2 :i* is possible 9 ! case ( *ildr51 because1 at lea/1 "s *ildr5 possess x1 :e!r o!rs possess x or no2 & :i*1 :5 x is f\nd 9 *ildr51 is f\nd to act promptly & ke5ly1 by reason ( ! paucity ( _! ideas4 ,x is an image ( ! good ,god1 good 9 ,himself1 good relatively to ! *ild1 ) :atev] incomplet5ess2 an image be=e x has be5 reflect$ on1 & be=e x is recogniz$ by him z a notion4 ,?\gh he _c expla9 or def9e ! ^w 8,god10 :5 told to use x1 8 acts %[ t to him x is f> m ?an a ^w4 ,he li/5s1 inde$1 ) wond] & int]e/ to fables or tales2 he has a dim1 %ad[y s5se ( :at he he>s ab\t p]sons & matt]s ( ?is _w2 b he has t )9 him :i* actually vibrates1 responds1 & gives a deep mean+ to ! lessons ( 8 fir/ tea*]s ab\t ! w & ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,h[ f> ?is initial religi\s k comes f )\t1 & h[ f> f )91 h[ mu* is natural1 h[ mu* implies a special div9e aid :i* is above nature1 we h no means ( det]m9+1 nor is x necess>y = my pres5t purpose to det]m9e4 ,i am n engag$ 9 trac+ ! image ( ,god 9 ! m9d ( a *ild or a man to its fir/ orig9s1 b %[+ t he c become possess$ ( su* an image1 ov] & above all m]e notions ( ,god1 & 9 :at t image consi/s4 ,:e!r its elem5ts1 lat5t 9 ! m9d1 w\ld ev] be elicit$ )\t extr9sic help is v d\btful2 b :atev] be ! actual hi/ory ( ! fir/ =mation ( ! div9e image )9 u1 s f> at lea/ is c]ta91 t1 by in=mations ext]nal to ourselves1 z "t goes on1 x admits ( be+ /r5g!n$ & improv$4 ,x is c]ta9 too1 t1 :e!r x gr[s bright] & /rong]1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 is dimm$1 di/ort$1 or oblit]at$1 dep5ds on ea* ( u individually1 & on 8 circum/ances4 ,x is m ?an probable t1 9 ! ev5t1 f neglect1 f ! temptations ( life1 f bad companions1 or f ! urg5cy ( secul> occupations1 ! light ( ! s\l w fade away & die out4 ,m5 transgress _! s5se ( duty1 & gradually lose ^? s5tim5ts ( %ame & fe>1 ! natural supplem5ts ( transgression1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 are ! witnesses ( ! ,unse5 ,judge4 ,&1 ev5 7 x deem$ impossible t ^? :o _h 9 _! fir/ y\? a g5u9e appreh5sion ( ,him1 c\ld ev] utt]ly lose x1 yet t appreh5sion may become almo/ undi/+ui%able f an inf]5tial acceptance ( ! great tru?1 or may dw9dle into a m]e notion ( _! intellect4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! image ( ,god1 if duly *]i%$1 may exp&1 deep51 & be complet$1 ) ! gr[? ( _! p[]s & 9 ! c\rse ( life1 "u ! v>i$ lessons1 )9 & )\t !m1 :i* are br\ght home to !m conc]n+ t same ,god1 ,"o & ,p]sonal1 by means ( education1 social int]c\rse1 exp]i5ce1 & lit]ature4 ,to a m9d ?us c>efully =m$ ^u ! basis ( its natural consci5ce1 ! _w1 bo? ( nature & ( man1 does b give back a reflection ( ^? tru?s ab\t ! ,"o ,liv+ ,god1 :i* h be5 famili> to x f *ildhood4 ,good & evil meet u daily z we pass ?r\gh life1 & !re are ^? :o ?9k x philosophical to act t[>ds ! manife/ations ( ea* ) "s sort ( imp>tiality1 z if evil _h z mu* "r to be !re z good1 or ev5 a bett]1 z hav+ m /rik+ triumphs & a broad] jurisdiction4 ,& because ! c\rse ( ?+s is det]m9$ by fix$ laws1 !y consid] t ^? laws preclude ! pres5t ag5cy ( ! ,creator 9 ! c>ry+ out ( p>ticul> issues4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! !ology ( a religi\s imag9ation4 ,x has a liv+ hold on tru?s :i* are really to be f\nd 9 ! _w1 ?\gh !y are n ^u ! surface4 ,x is able to pron\nce by anticipation1 :at x takes a long argum5t to prove--t good is ! rule1 & evil ! exception4 ,x is able to assume t1 uni=m z are ! laws ( nature1 !y are consi/5t ) a p>ticul> ,provid5ce4 ,x int]prets :at x sees ar\nd x by ?is previ\s inw>d tea*+1 z ! true key ( t maze ( va/ complicat$ disord]2 & ?us x ga9s a m & m consi/5t & lum9\s vision ( ,god f ! mo/ unpromis+ mat]ials4 ,?us consci5ce is a connect+ pr9ciple betwe5 ! creature & 8 ,creator2 & ! firme/ hold ( !ological tru?s is ga9$ by habits ( p]sonal religion4 ,:5 m5 beg9 all _! works ) ! ?\ght ( ,god1 act+ = ,8 sake & to fulfil ,8 w1 :5 !y ask ,8 bless+ on !mselves & _! life1 pray to ,him = ! objects !y desire1 & see ,him 9 ! ev5t1 :e!r x be accord+ to _! pray]s or n1 !y w f9d e ?+ t happ5s t5d to confirm !m 9 ! tru? ab\t ,him :i* live 9 _! imag9ation1 v>i$ & une>?ly z ^? tru?s may be4 ,!n !y are br\ght into ,8 pres5ce z t ( a ,liv+ ,p]son1 & are able to hold conv]se ) ,him1 & t ) a directness & simplicity1 ) a confid5ce & intimacy1 mutatis mut&is1 :i* we use t[>ds an e>?ly sup]ior2 s t x is d\btful :e!r we realize ! company ( our fell[-m5 ) great] ke5ness ?an ^! fav\r$ m9ds are able to contemplate & adore ! ,unse51 ,incompreh5sible ,creator4 ,?is vivid appreh5sion ( religi\s objects1 on :i* ,i h be5 enl>g+1 is indep5d5t ( ! writt5 records ( ,revelation2 x does n require any k ( ,scripture1 nor ( ! hi/ory or ! tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is indep5d5t ( books4 ,b if s mu* may be trac$ out 9 ! twilight ( ,natural ,religion1 x is obvi\s h[ great an addition 9 fulness & exactness is made to our m5tal image ( ! ,div9e ,p]sonality & ,attributes1 by ! light ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,&1 inde$1 to give u a cle> & suffici5t object = our fai?1 is "o ma9 purpose ( ! sup]natural ,disp5sations ( ,religion4 ,?is purpose is c>ri$ out 9 ! writt5 ,^w1 ) an effectiv5ess :i* inspiration alone c\ld secure1 fir/1 by ! hi/ories :i* =m s l>ge a portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & sc>cely less impressively 9 ! prophetical sy/em1 z x is gradually unfold$ & p]fect$ 9 ! writ+s ( ^? :o 7 its m9i/]s & spokesm54 ,& z ! ex]cise ( ! affections /r5g!ns our appreh5sion ( ! object ( !m1 x is impossible to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! religi\s imag9ation by a book ( devotions s sublime1 s p5etrat+1 s full ( deep in/ruction z ! ,psalt]1 to say no?+ ( o!r portions ( ! ,hagiographa4 ,& !n z reg>ds ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,gospels1 f _! subject1 conta9 a manife/ation ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 s special1 z to make x appe> f ! contra/ z if no?+ 7 kn[n ( ,god1 :5 !y are unkn[n4 ,la/ly1 ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 ! long hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ) its fre% exhibitions ( ,div9e ,ag5cy1 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ! reason+s1 int]nal collisions1 & decisions ( ! ,!ological ,s*ool1 =m an ext5d$ comm5t on ! words & works ( our ,"l4 ,i ?9k ,i ne$ n say m 9 illu/ration ( ! subject :i* ,i propos$ = consid]ation 9 ?is ,section4 ,i h wi%$ to trace ! process by :i* ! m9d arrives1 n only at a notional1 b at an imag9ative or real ass5t to ! doctr9e t !re is ,"o ,god1 t is1 an ass5t made ) an appreh5sion1 n only ( :at ! words ( ! proposition mean1 b ( ! object d5ot$ by !m4 ,)\t a proposition or !sis !re c be no ass5t1 no belief1 at all2 any m ?an !re c be an inf]5ce )\t a conclusion4 ,! proposition t !re is ,"o ,p]sonal & ,pres5t ,god may be held 9 ei!r way2 ei!r z a !ological tru?1 or z a religi\s fact or reality4 ,! notion & ! reality ass5t$-to are repres5t$ by "o & ! same proposition1 b s]ve z di/9ct int]pretations ( x4 ,:5 ! proposition is appreh5d$ = ! purposes ( pro(1 analysis1 comp>ison1 & ! l intellectual ex]cises1 x is us$ z ! expression ( a notion2 :5 = ! purposes ( devotion1 x is ! image ( a reality4 ,!ology1 prop]ly & directly1 deals ) notional appreh5sion2 religion ) imag9ative4 ,"h we h ! solution ( ! common mi/ake ( suppos+ t !re is a contr>iety & antagonism betwe5 a dogmatic cre$ & vital religion4 ,p urge t salvation consi/s1 n 9 believ+ ! propositions t !re is a ,god1 t !re is a ,savi\r1 t our ,"l is ,god1 t !re is a ,tr9ity1 b 9 believ+ 9 ,god1 9 a ,savi\r1 9 a ,sanctifi]2 & !y object t su* propositions are b a =mal & human m$ium de/roy+ all true reception ( ! ,gospel1 & mak+ religion a matt] ( words or ( logic1 in/ead ( its hav+ its seat 9 ! he>t4 ,!y are "r s f> z ?is1 t m5 c & sometimes d re/ 9 ! propositions !mselves z express+ intellectual notions2 !y are wrong1 :5 !y ma9ta9 t m5 ne$ d s or always d s4 ,! propositions may & mu/ be us$1 & c easily be us$1 z ! expression ( facts1 n notions1 & !y are necess>y to ! m9d 9 ! same way t language is ev] necess>y = d5ot+ facts1 bo? = ourselves z individuals1 & = our int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,aga91 !y are useful 9 _! dogmatic aspect z asc]ta9+ & mak+ cle> = u ! tru?s on :i* ! religi\s imag9ation has to re/4 ,k mu/ ev] prec$e ! ex]cise ( ! affections4 ,we feel gratitude & love1 we feel indignation & dislike1 :5 we h ! in=mations actually put be=e u :i* are to k9dle ^? sev]al emotions4 ,we love our p>5ts1 z our p>5ts1 :5 we "k !m to be our p>5ts2 we mu/ "k conc]n+ ,god1 be=e we c feel love1 fe>1 hope1 or tru/ t[>ds ,him4 ,devotion mu/ h its objects2 ^? objects1 z be+ sup]natural1 :5 n repres5t$ to our s5ses by mat]ial symbols1 mu/ be set be=e ! m9d 9 propositions4 ,! =mula1 :i* embodies a dogma = ! !ologian1 readily sugge/s an object = ! wor%ipp]4 ,x seems a truism to say1 yet x is all t ,i h be5 say+1 t 9 religion ! imag9ation & affections %\ld always be "u ! control ( reason4 ,!ology may /& z a sub/antive sci5ce1 ?\gh x be )\t ! life ( religion2 b religion _c ma9ta9 its gr\nd at all )\t !ology4 ,s5tim5t1 :e!r imag9ative or emotional1 falls back ^u ! intellect = its /ay1 :5 s5se _c be call$ into ex]cise2 & x is 9 ?is way t devotion falls back ^u dogma4 #b4 ,belief 9 ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,( c\rse ,i _c hope to c>ry all inquir+ m9ds ) me 9 :at ,i h be5 lay+ d[n 9 ! =ego+ ,section4 ,i h appeal$ to ! te/imony giv5 implicitly by our consci5ce to ! ,div9e ,be+ & ,8 ,attributes1 & !re are ^?1 ,i "k1 ^: exp]i5ce w n respond to ! appeal3--d\btless2 b are !re any tru?s :i* h reality1 :e!r ( exp]i5ce or ( reason1 :i* are n disput$ by "s s*ools ( philosophy or "s bodies ( m58 ,if we assume no?+ b :at has univ]sal reception1 ! field ( our possible discussions w suff] mu* contraction2 s t x mu/ be consid]$ suffici5t 9 any inquiry1 if ! pr9ciples or facts assum$ h a l>ge foll[+4 ,?is condition is abundantly fulfill$ z reg>ds ! au?ority & religi\s mean+ ( consci5ce2--t consci5ce is ! voice ( ,god has almo/ gr[n into a prov]b4 ,?is solemn dogma is recogniz$ z su* by ! great mass bo? ( ! "y & ( ! un$ucat$1 by ! religi\s few & ! irreligi\s _m4 ,x is proclaim$ 9 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( nations2 x has _h support]s 9 all ages1 places1 cre$s1 =ms ( social life1 pr(essions1 & classes4 ,x has held its gr\nd "u great intellectual & moral disadvantages2 x has recov]$ its supremacy1 & ultimately triumph$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h rebell$ aga9/ x4 ,ev5 philosoph]s1 :o h be5 antagoni/s on o!r po9ts1 agree 9 recogniz+ ! inw>d voice ( t solemn ,monitor1 p]sonal1 p]emptory1 un>gum5tative1 irresponsible1 m9atory1 def9itive4 ,?is ,i consid] relieves me ( ! necessity ( argu+ ) ^? :o w\ld resolve our s5se ( "r & wrong into a s5se ( ! ,exp$i5t or ! ,beautiful1 or w\ld ref] its au?oritative sugge/ions to ! effect ( tea*+ or ( association4 ,!re are ^? :o c see & he> = all ! common purposes ( life1 yet h no eye = col\rs or _! %ades1 or no e> = music2 moreov]1 !re are degrees ( s5sibility to col\rs & to s\nds1 9 ! comp>ison ( man ) man1 :ile "s m5 are /one-bl9d or /one-deaf4 ,aga91 all m51 z "t goes on1 h ! prospect ( los+ t ke5ness ( sight & he>+ :i* !y possess$ 9 _! y\?2 & s1 9 l mann]1 we may lose 9 manhood & 9 age t s5se ( a ,supreme ,tea*] & ,judge :i* 0 ! gift ( our fir/ ye>s2 & t ! m1 because 9 mo/ m5 ! imag9ation suff]s f ! lapse ( "t & ! exp]i5ce ( life1 long be=e ! bodily s5ses fail4 ,& ?is accords ) ! advice ( ! sacr$ writ] to 8rememb] our ,creator 9 ! days ( our y\?10 :ile our moral s5sibilities are fre%1 8be=e ! sun & ! light & ! moon & ! />s be d>k5$1 & ! cl\ds return aft] ! ra940 ,accord+ly1 if !re be ^? :o d5y t ! dictate ( consci5ce is ev] m ?an a ta/e1 or an association1 x is a less difficulty to me to believe t !y are defici5t ei!r 9 ! religi\s s5se or 9 _! memory ( e>ly ye>s1 ?an t !y nev] _h at all :at ^? ar\nd !m )\t hesitation pr(ess to h receiv$ f nature4 ,s mu* on ! doctr9e ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 & ( ! real appreh5sion ) :i* we c contemplate & ass5t to x3--n[ ,i turn to ! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ) ! purpose ( inve/igat+ 9 l mann] h[ f> x belongs to !ology1 h[ f> to ! fai? & devotion ( ! individual2 h[ f> ! propositions enunciat+ x are conf9$ to ! expression ( intellectual notions1 & h[ f> !y /& = ?+s also1 & admit ( t ass5t :i* we give to objects pres5t$ to u by ! imag9ation4 ,& fir/ ,i h to /ate :at our doctr9e is4 ,no "o is to be call$ a ,!i/1 :o does n believe 9 a ,p]sonal ,god1 :atev] difficulty !re may be 9 def9+ ! ^w 8,p]sonal40 ,n[ x is ! belief ( ,ca?olics ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+1 t ?is ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,8 ,nature is reit]at$ 9 ?ree di/9ct ways or modes2 s t ! ,almighty ,god1 in/ead ( be+ ,"o ,p]son only1 :i* is ! tea*+ ( ,natural ,religion1 has ,?ree ,p]sonalities1 & is at once1 accord+ z we view ,him 9 ! "o or ! o!r ( !m1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,_s--a ,div9e ,?ree1 :o be> t[>ds ,ea* ,o!r ! sev]al relations :i* ^? names indicate1 & are 9 t respect di/9ct f ,ea* ,o!r1 & 9 t alone4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$2 viz4 t ! ,"o ,p]sonal ,god1 :o is n a logical or physical unity1 b a ,liv+ ,monas1 m really "o ev5 ?an an individual man is "o--,he 78unus10 n 8unum10 because ( ! insep>ability ( ,8 ,nature & ,p]sonality71--,he at once is ,fa!r1 is ,son1 is ,holy ,gho/1 ,ea* ( :om is t ,"o ,p]sonal ,god 9 ! fulness ( ,8 ,be+ & ,attributes2 s t ! ,fa!r is all t is meant by ! ^w 8,god10 z if we knew no?+ ( ,son1 or ( ,_s2 & 9 l mann] ! ,son & ! ,_s are ,ea* by ,himself all t is meant by ! ^w1 z if ! ,o!r ,two 7 unkn[n2 moreov]1 t by ! ^w 8,god0 is meant no?+ ov] & above :at is meant by ! 8,fa!r10 or by 8! ,son10 or by 8! ,holy ,gho/20 & t ! ,fa!r is 9 no s5se ! ,son1 nor ! ,son ! ,holy ,gho/1 nor ! ,holy ,gho/ ! ,fa!r4 ,su* is ! pr]ogative ( ! ,div9e ,inf9itude1 t t ,"o & ,s+le ,p]sonal ,be+1 ! ,almighty ,god1 is really ,?ree1 :ile ,he is absolutely ,"o4 ,inde$1 ! ,ca?olic dogma may be said to be summ$ up 9 ?is v =mula on :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e lays s mu* /ress1 8,tres et ,unus10 n m]ely 8,unum20 h5ce t =mula is ! key-note1 z x may be call$1 ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,9 t ,cre$ we te/ify to ! ,unus ,increatus1 to ! ,unus ,imm5sus1 ,omnipot5s1 ,deus1 & ,dom9us2 yet ,ea* ( ! ,?ree also is by ,himself ,increatus1 ,imm5sus1 ,omnipot5s1 = ,ea* is t ,"o ,god1 ?\gh ,ea* is n ! ,o!r2 ,ea*1 z is intimat$ by ,unus ,increatus1 is ! ,"o ,p]sonal ,god ( ,natural ,religion4 ,t ?is doctr9e1 ?us drawn out1 is ( a notional "*1 is pla92 ! "q be=e me is :e!r 9 any s5se x c become ! object ( real appreh5sion1 t is1 :e!r any portion ( x may be consid]$ z address$ to ! imag9ation1 & is able to ex]t t liv+ ma/]y ov] ! m9d1 :i* is in/anc$ z ,i h %[n above1 z reg>ds ! proposition1 8,!re is a ,god40 8,!re is a ,god10 :5 really appreh5d$1 is ! object ( a /rong en]getic adhesion1 :i* works a revolution 9 ! m9d2 b :5 held m]ely z a notion1 x requires b a cold & ineffective acceptance1 ?\gh x be held ev] s unconditionally4 ,su* 9 its "* is ! ass5t ( ?\s&s1 ^: imag9ations are n at all k9dl$1 nor _! he>ts inflam$1 nor _! conduct affect$1 by ! mo/ augu/ ( all conceivable tru?s4 ,i ask1 !n1 z conc]ns ! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 su* z ,i h drawn x out to be1 is x capable ( be+ appreh5d$ o!rwise ?an notionally8 ,is x a !ory1 und5iable inde$1 b address$ to ! /ud5t1 & to no "o else8 ,is x ! elaborate1 subtle1 triumphant exhibition ( a tru?1 completely develop$1 & happily adju/$1 & accurately balanc$ on its c5tre1 & impregnable on e side1 z a sci5tific view1 8totus1 t]es1 atque rotundus10 *all5g+ all assailants1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 does x come to ! unle>n$1 ! "y1 ! busy1 & ! afflict$1 z a fact :i* is to arre/ !m1 p5etrate !m1 & to support & animate !m 9 _! passage ?r\gh life8 ,t is1 does x admit ( be+ held 9 ! imag9ation1 & be+ embrac$ ) a real ass5t8 ,i ma9ta9 x does1 & t x is ! normal fai? :i* e ,*ri/ian has1 on :i* he is /ay$1 :i* is 8 spiritual life1 !re be+ no?+ 9 ! exposition ( ! dogma1 z ,i h giv5 x above1 :i* does n address ! imag9ation1 z well z ! intellect4 ,n[ let u obs]ve :at is n 9 t exposition2--!re are no sci5tific t]ms 9 x4 ,i w n all[ t 8,p]sonal0 is su*1 because x is a ^w 9 common use1 & ?\gh x _c mean precisely ! same :5 us$ ( ,god z :5 x is us$ ( man1 yet x is suffici5tly expla9$ by t common use1 to all[ ( its be+ intelligibly appli$ to ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,! o!r words1 :i* occur 9 ! above acc\nt ( ! doctr9e1--,?ree1 ,"o1 ,he1 ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 ,_s1--are none ( !m words peculi> to !ology1 h all a popul> mean+1 & are us$ accord+ to t obvi\s & popul> mean+1 :5 introduc$ into ! ,ca?olic dogma4 ,no human words inde$ are wor?y ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 none are adequate2 b we h no o!r words to use b human1 & ^? 9 "q are among ! simple/ & mo/ intelligible t are to be f\nd 9 language4 ,!re are !n no t]ms 9 ! =ego+ exposition :i* d n admit ( a pla9 s5se1 & !y are !re us$ 9 t s5se2 &1 moreov]1 t s5se is :at ,i h call$ real1 = ! words 9 _! ord9>y use /& = ?+s4 ,! words1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 ,_s1 ,he1 ,"o1 & ! re/1 are n ab/ract t]ms1 b concrete1 & adapt$ to excite images4 ,& ^! words ?us simple & cle>1 are embodi$ 9 simple1 cle>1 brief1 categorical propositions4 ,!re is no?+ ab/ruse ei!r 9 ! t]ms !mselves1 or 9 _! sett+4 ,x is o!rwise ( c\rse ) =mal !ological treatises on ! subject ( ! dogma4 ,!re we f9d su* words z sub/ance1 ess5ce1 exi/5ce1 =m1 subsi/5ce1 notion1 circum9cession2 &1 ?\gh ^! are f> easi] to und]/& ?an might at fir/ sight be ?\ght1 /ill !y are d\btless address$ to ! intellect1 & c only comm& a notional ass5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ also t n ev5 ! words 8my/]i\sness0 & 8my/]y0 occur 9 ! exposition :i* ,i h above giv5 ( ! doctr9e2 ,i omitt$ !m1 because !y are n p>ts ( ! ,div9e ,v]ity z su*1 b 9 relation to creatures & to ! human intellect2 & because !y are ( a notional "*4 ,x is pla9 ( c\rse ev5 at fir/ sight t ! doctr9e is an inscrutable my/]y1 or has an inscrutable my/]i\sness2 few m9ds inde$ b h !ology en\gh to see ?is2 & if an educat$ man1 to :om x is pres5t$1 does n p]ceive t my/]i\sness at once1 t is a sure tok5 t he does n rightly appreh5d ! propositions :i* conta9 ! doctr9e4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! !sis 8! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 9 ,unity is my/]i\s0 is indirectly an article ( fai?4 ,b su* an article1 be+ a reflection made ^u a reveal$ tru? 9 an inf]5ce1 expresses a notion1 n a ?+4 ,x does n relate to ! direct appreh5sion ( ! object1 b to a judgm5t ( our reason ^u ! object4 ,accord+ly ! my/]i\sness ( ! doctr9e is n1 /rictly speak+1 intr9sical to x1 z x is propos$ to ! religi\s appreh5sion1 ?\gh 9 matt] ( fact a devotional m9d1 on p]ceiv+ t my/]i\sness1 w lov+ly appropriate x1 z involv$ 9 ! div9e revelation2 &1 z su* a m9d turns all ?\ghts :i* come be=e x to a sacr$ use1 s w x dwell ^u ! ,my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity ) awe & v5]ation1 z a tru? befitt+1 s to say1 ! ,imm5sity & ,incompreh5sibility ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n put =w>d ! my/]y z ! direct object ( real or religi\s appreh5sion2 nor aga91 ! complex doctr9e 7:5 x is view$1 p] modum unius1 z "o :ole71 9 :i* ! my/]y lies4 ,let x be obs]v$1 x is possible = ! m9d to hold a numb] ( propositions ei!r 9 _! comb9ation z "o :ole1 or "o by "o2 "o by "o1 ) an intellig5t p]ception inde$ ( ea*1 & ( ! g5]al direction ( ea* t[>ds ! re/1 yet ( ea* sep>ately f ! re/1 = its own sake only1 & n 9 connexion & "o ) ! re/4 ,?us ,i may "k ,london q well1 & f9d my way f /reet to /reet 9 any "p ( x )\t difficulty1 yet be q unable to draw a map ( x4 ,comp>ison1 calculation1 catalogu+1 arrang+1 classify+1 are intellectual acts subsequ5t ^u1 & n necess>y =1 a real appreh5sion ( ! ?+s on :i* !y are ex]cis$4 ,/rictly speak+ !n1 ! dogma ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 z a complex :ole1 or z a my/]y1 is n ! =mal object ( religi\s appreh5sion & ass5t2 b z a numb] ( propositions1 tak5 "o by "o4 ,t my/]y also is ( c\rse ! object ( ass5t1 b x is ! notional object2 & :5 pres5t$ to religi\s m9ds1 x is receiv$ by !m notionally2 & aga9 implicitly1 viz4 9 ! real ass5t :i* !y give to ! ^w ( ,god z convey$ to !m ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,on ^! po9ts x may be "r to enl>ge4 ,( c\rse1 z ,i h be5 say+1 a man ( ord9>y intellig5ce w be at once /ruck ) ! app>5t contr>iety betwe5 ! propositions "o ) ano!r :i* con/itute ! ,heav5ly ,dogma1 &1 by reason ( 8 spontane\s activity ( m9d & by an habitual association1 he w be compell$ to view ! ,dogma 9 ! light ( t contr>iety1--s mu* s1 t to hold "o & all ( ^! sep>ate propositions w be to su* a man all "o ) hold+ ! my/]y1 z a my/]y2 & 9 consequ5ce he w s hold x2--b /ill1 ,i say1 s f> he w hold x only ) a notional appreh5sion4 ,he w accurately take 9 ! mean+ ( ea* ( ! dogmatic propositions 9 its relation to ! re/ ( !m1 comb9+ !m into "o :ole & embrac+ :at he _c realize1 ) an ass5t1 notional inde$1 b z g5u9e & ?or\gh z any real ass5t c be4 ,b ! "q is :e!r a real ass5t to ! my/]y1 z su*1 is possible2 & ,i say x is n possible1 because1 :ile we c image ! sep>ate propositions1 we _c image !m all toge!r4 ,we _c1 because ! my/]y transc5ds all our exp]i5ce2 we h no exp]i5ces 9 our memory :i* we c put toge!r1 comp>e1 contra/1 unite1 & !reby transmute into an image ( ! ,ineffable ,v]ity2--c]ta9ly2 b :at is 9 "s degree a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 :at is pres5t$ = ! imag9ation1 ! affections1 ! devotion1 ! spiritual life ( ! ,*ri/ian to repose ^u ) a real ass5t1 :at /&s = ?+s1 n = notions only1 is ea* ( ^? propositions tak5 "o by "o1 & t1 n 9 ! case ( intellectual & ?\ghtful m9ds only1 b ( all religi\s m9ds :atev]1 9 ! case ( a *ild or a peasant1 z well z ( a philosoph]4 ,?is is only "o in/ance ( a g5]al pr9ciple :i* holds good 9 all su* real appreh5sion z is possible to u1 ( ,god & ,8 ,attributes4 ,n only d we see ,him at be/ only 9 %ad[s1 b we _c br+ ev5 ^? %ad[s toge!r1 = !y flit to & fro1 & are nev] pres5t to u at once4 ,we c inde$ comb9e ! v>i\s matt]s :i* we "k ( ,him by an act ( ! intellect1 & treat !m !ologically1 b su* !ological comb9ations are no objects = ! imag9ation to gaze ^u4 ,our image ( ,him nev] is "o1 b brok5 into numb]less p>tial aspects1 indep5d5t ea* ( ea*4 ,z we _c see ! :ole />ry firmam5t at once1 b h to turn ourselves f ea/ to we/1 & !n r\nd to ea/ aga91 sight+ fir/ "o con/ellation & !n ano!r1 & los+ ^! 9 ord] to ga9 ^?1 s x is1 & mu* m1 ) su* real appreh5sions z we c secure ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,we "k "o tru? ab\t ,him & ano!r tru?1--b we _c image bo? ( !m toge!r2 we _c br+ !m be=e u by "o act ( ! m9d2 we drop ! "o :ile we turn to take up ! o!r4 ,none ( !m are fully dwelt on & enjoy$1 :5 !y are view$ 9 comb9ation4 ,moreov]1 our devotion is tri$ & confus$ by ! long li/ ( propositions :i* !ology is oblig$ to draw up1 by ! limitations1 explanations1 def9itions1 adju/m5ts1 balanc+s1 cautions1 arbitr>y prohibitions1 :i* are imp]atively requir$ by ! weakness ( human ?\ght & ! imp]fections ( human language4 ,su* ex]cises ( reason+ inde$ d b increase & h>monize our notional appreh5sion ( ! dogma1 b !y add little to ! lum9\sness & vital =ce ) :i* its sep>ate propositions come home to our imag9ation1 & if !y are necess>y1 z !y c]ta9ly are1 !y are necess>y n s mu* = fai?1 z aga9/ unbelief4 ,break a ray ( light into its con/itu5t col\rs1 ea* is beautiful1 ea* may be enjoy$2 attempt to unite !m1 & p]haps y produce only a dirty :ite4 ,! pure & indivisible ,light is se5 only by ! bless$ inhabitants ( heav52 "h we h b su* fa9t reflections ( x z its diffraction supplies2 b !y are suffici5t = fai? & devotion4 ,attempt to comb9e !m into "o1 & y ga9 no?+ b a my/]y1 :i* y c describe z a notion1 b _c depict z an imag9ation4 ,& ?is1 :i* holds ( ! ,div9e ,attributes1 holds also ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 9 ,unity4 ,& h5ce1 p]haps1 x is t ! latt] doctr9e is nev] spok5 ( z a ,my/]y 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* is address$ f> m to ! imag9ation & affections ?an to ! intellect4 ,h5ce1 too1 :at is m rem>kable1 ! dogma is n call$ a my/]y 9 ! ,cre$s2 n 9 ! ,apo/les' nor ! ,nic5e1 nor ev5 9 ! ,a?anasian4 ,! reason seems to be1 t ! ,cre$s h a place 9 ! ,ritual2 !y are devotional acts1 & ( ! nature ( pray]s1 address$ to ,god2 &1 9 su* addresses1 to speak ( intellectual difficulties w\ld be out ( place4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ especially t ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ has sometimes be5 call$ ! 8,psalmus ,quicunque40 ,x is n a m]e collection ( notions1 h[ev] mom5t\s4 ,x is a psalm or hymn ( praise1 ( confession1 & ( pr(\nd1 self-pro/rat+ homage1 p>allel to ! canticles ( ! elect 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,x appeals to ! imag9ation q z mu* z to ! intellect4 ,x is ! w>-song ( fai?1 ) :i* we w>n fir/ ourselves1 !n ea* o!r1 & !n all ^? :o are )9 its he>+1 & ! he>+ ( ! ,tru?1 :o our ,god is1 & h[ we mu/ wor%ip ,him1 & h[ va/ our responsibility w be1 if we "k :at to believe1 & yet believe n4 ,x is 8,! ,psalm t ga!rs 9 "o glori\s lay ,all *ants t e'er f heav5 to e>? f\nd way2 ,cre$ ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ,an!m ( ! ,ble/1 ,& calm-brea!d w>n+ ( ! k9dlie/ love ,t ev] heav$ a wakeful "m's brea/40 ,= myself1 ,i h ev] felt x z ! mo/ simple & sublime1 ! mo/ devotional =mul>y to :i* ,*ri/ianity has giv5 bir?1 m s ev5 ?an ! ,v5i ,creator & ! ,te ,deum4 ,ev5 ! anti!tical =m ( its s5t5ces1 :i* is a /umbl+-block to s _m1 z seem+ to =ce1 & to exult 9 =c+ a my/]y ^u recalcitrat+ m9ds1 has to my appreh5sion1 ev5 notionally consid]$1 a v diff]5t drift4 ,x is int5d$ z a *eck ^u our reason+s1 le/ !y ru% on 9 "o direction beyond ! limits ( ! tru?1 & x turns !m back into ! opposite direction4 ,c]ta9ly x implies a glory+ 9 ! ,my/]y2 b x is n simply a /atem5t ( ! ,my/]y = ! sake ( its my/]i\sness4 ,:at is m rem>kable /ill1 a l sil5ce z to ! my/]i\sness ( ! doctr9e is obs]v$ 9 ! successive def9itions ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ x4 ,confession aft] confession1 canon aft] canon is drawn up 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies2 ,popes & ,c\ncils h f\nd x _! duty to insi/ afre% ^u ! dogma2 !y h enunciat$ x 9 new or additional propositions2 b n ev5 9 _! mo/ elaborate =mul>ies d !y use ! ^w 8my/]y10 z f> z ,i "k4 ,! great ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o pursues ! sci5tific ramifications ( ! doctr9e1 ) ! exact dilig5ce ( !ology1 at a l5g? f\r times t ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$2 ! f\r? ,lat]an completes1 by a f9al enunciation1 ! developm5t ( ! sacr$ doctr9e aft] ! m9d ( ,/4 ,augu/9e2 ! ,cre$ ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 prescribes ! g5]al rule ( fai? aga9/ ! h]esies ( ^! latt] times2 b 9 none ( !m d we f9d ei!r ! ^w 8my/]y10 or any sugge/ion ( my/]i\sness4 ,su* is ! usage ( ! ,*ur* 9 its dogmatic /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 z if fulfill+ ! maxim1 8,lex or&i1 lex cr$5di40 ,i suppose x is f\nd$ on a tradition1 because ! cu/om is o!rwise z reg>ds cate*isms & !ological treatises4 ,^! belong to p>ticul> ages & places1 & are address$ to ! intellect4 ,9 !m1 c]ta9ly1 ! my/]i\sness ( ! doctr9e is almo/ uni=mly insi/$ on4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is contra/ ( usage is to be expla9$1 ! ,cre$s are en\gh to %[ t ! dogma may be taught 9 its fulness = ! purposes ( popul> fai? & devotion )\t directly insi/+ on t my/]i\sness1 :i* is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! comb9$ view ( its sep>ate propositions4 ,t sy/ematiz$ :ole is ! object ( notional ass5t1 & its propositions1 "o by "o1 are ! objects ( real4 ,to %[ ?is 9 fact1 ,i w enum]ate ! sep>ate propositions ( :i* ! dogma consi/s4 ,!y are n9e1 & /& z foll[s3-- #a4 ,!re are ,?ree :o give te/imony 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w or ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s4 #b4 ,f ! ,fa!r is1 & ev] has be51 ! ,son4 #c4 ,f ! ,fa!r & ,son is1 & ev] has be51 ! ,_s4 #d4 ,! ,fa!r is ! ,"o ,et]nal ,p]sonal ,god4 #e4 ,! ,son is ! ,"o ,et]nal ,p]sonal ,god4 #f4 ,! ,_s is ! ,"o ,et]nal ,p]sonal ,god4 #g4 ,! ,fa!r is n ! ,son4 #h4 ,! ,son is n ! ,holy ,gho/4 #i4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is n ! ,fa!r4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x is a fact1 t1 :]eas ^! n9e propositions conta9 ! ,my/]y1 yet1 tak51 n z a :ole1 b sep>ately1 ea* by itself1 !y are n only appreh5sible1 b admit ( a real appreh5sion4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if ! proposition 8,!re is ,"o :o be>s witness ( ,himself10 or 8reveals ,himself10 w\ld admit ( a real ass5t1 :y does n also ! proposition 8,!re are ,?ree :o be> witness08 ,aga91 if ! ^w 8,god0 may create an image 9 our m9ds1 :y may n ! proposition 8,! ,fa!r is ,god08 or aga91 8,! ,son10 or 8,! ,holy ,gho/ is ,god08 ,aga91 to say t 8! ,son is o!r ?an ! ,holy ,gho/10 or 8nei!r ,son nor ,holy ,gho/ is ! ,fa!r10 is n a simple negative1 b also a decl>ation t ,ea* ( ! ,div9e ,?ree by ,himself is complete 9 ,himself1 & simply & absolutely ,god z ?\gh ! ,o!r ,two 7 n reveal$ to u4 ,aga91 f our exp]i5ce ( ! works ( man1 we accept ) a real appreh5sion ! proposition 8,! ,angels are made by ,god10 correct+ ! ^w 8made10 z is requir$ 9 ! case ( a creat+ ,p[]1 & a spiritual "w3--:y may we n 9 l matt] ref9e & elevate ! human analogy1 yet keep ! image1 :5 a ,div9e ,bir? is set be=e u 9 t]ms :i* prop]ly belong to :at is human & e>?ly8 ,if our exp]i5ce enables u to appreh5d ! ess5tial fact ( son%ip1 z be+ a communication ( be+ & ( nature f "o to ano!r1 :y %\ld we n !reby 9 a c]ta9 measure realize ! proposition 8,! ,^w is ! ,son ( ,god08 ,aga91 we h abundant in/ances 9 nature ( ! g5]al law ( "o ?+ com+ f ano!r or f o!rs3--z ! *ild issues 9 ! man z 8 successor1 & ! *ild & ! man issue 9 ! old man1 l !m bo?1 b n ! same1 s diff]5t z almo/ to h a fre% p]sonality di/9ct f ea*1 s we may =m "s image1 h[ev] vague1 ( ! procession ( ! ,holy ,_s f ,fa!r & ,son4 ,?is is :at ,i %\ld say ( ! propositions :i* ,i h numb]$ two & ?ree1 :i* are ! lea/ susceptible ( a real ass5t out ( ! n9e4 ,s mu* at fir/ sight2 b ! =ce ( :at ,i h be5 say+ w be be/ und]/ood1 by consid]+ :at ,scripture & ! ,ritual ( ! ,*ur* witness 9 accordance ) x4 ,9 ref]r+ to ^! two great /ore-h\ses ( fai? & devotion1 ,i mu/ premise1 z :5 ,i spoke ( ! ,be+ ( a ,god1 t ,i am n prov+ by means ( !m ! dogma ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 b us+ ! "o & ! o!r 9 illu/ration ( ! action ( ! sep>ate articles ( t dogma ^u ! imag9ation1 ?\gh ! complex tru?1 9 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 !y issue1 is n 9 sympa?y or correspond5ce ) x1 b altoge!r beyond x2 & next ( ! action & influ5ce ( ^? sep>ate articles1 by means ( ! imag9ation1 ^u ! affections & ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ians1 high & l[4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ,i ask :at *apt] ( ,/4 ,john or ,/4 ,paul is n full ( ! ,?ree ,div9e ,names1 introduc$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! above n9e propositions1 express$ or impli$1 or 9 _! p>allels1 or 9 p>ts or equival5ts ( !m8 ,:at lesson is !re giv5 u by ^! two *ief writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* does n gr[ out ( ,_! ,p]sons & ,_! ,(fices8 ,at "o "t we read ( ! grace ( ! ,second ,p]son1 ! love ( ! ,fir/1 & ! communication ( ! ,?ird2 at ano!r we are told by ! ,son1 8,i w pray ! ,fa!r1 & ,he w s5d y ano!r ,p>aclete20 & !n1 8,all t ! ,fa!r ha? are ,m9e2 ! ,p>aclete %all receive ( ,m9e40 ,!n aga9 we read ( 8! =ekn[l$ge ( ! ,fa!r1 ! sanctification ( ! ,_s1 ! ,blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/20 & aga9 we are to 8pray 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 abide 9 ! love ( ,god1 & look = ! m]cy ( ,jesus40 ,& s1 9 l mann]1 to ,ea*1 9 "o passage or ano!r1 are ascrib$ ! same titles & works3 ,ea* is ackn[l$g$ z ,"l2 ,ea* is et]nal2 ,ea* is ,tru?2 ,ea* is ,hol9ess2 ,ea* is all 9 all2 ,ea* is ,creator2 ,ea* wills ) a ,supreme ,w2 ,ea* is ! ,au?or ( ! new bir?2 ,ea* speaks 9 ,8 m9i/]s2 ,ea* is ! ,reveal]2 ,ea* is ! ,lawgiv]2 ,ea* is ! ,tea*] ( ! elect2 9 ,ea* ! elect h fell[%ip2 ,ea* leads !m on2 ,ea* raises !m f ! dead4 ,:at is all ?is1 b 8! ,fa!r ,et]nal1 ! ,son ,et]nal1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ ,et]nal2 ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/ ,omnipot5t2 ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/ ,god10 ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$8 ,& if ! ,new ,te/am5t be1 z x confess$ly is1 s real 9 its tea*+1 s lum9\s1 s impressive1 s con/ra9+1 s full ( images1 s sp>+ 9 m]e notions1 :5ce is ?is b because1 9 its ref]5ces to ! ,object ( our supreme wor%ip1 x is ev] r++ ! *anges 7s to say7 on ! n9e propositions :i* ,i h set d[n1 & on ! p>ticul> /atem5ts into :i* !y may be sev]ally resolv$8 ,take "o ( !m1 z an in/ance1 viz4 ! dogmatic s5t5ce 8,! ,son is ,god40 ,:at an illu/ration ( ! real ass5t :i* c be giv5 to ?is proposition1 & its p[] ov] our affections & emotions1 is ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's gospel6 or aga9 ! vision ( our ,"l 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,apocalypse6 or ! fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's fir/ ,epi/le6 ,aga91 h[ burn+ are ,/4 ,paul's words :5 he speaks ( our ,"l's crucifixion & dea?6 :at is ! secret ( t flame1 b ?is same dogmatic s5t5ce1 8,! ,son is ,god08 :y %\ld ! dea? ( ! ,son be m awful ?an any o!r dea?1 except t ,he1 ?\gh man1 0 ,god8 ,& s1 aga91 all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :at is x :i* gives an int]pretation & a p]suasive p[] to s _m passages & portions1 especially ( ! ,psalms & ! ,prophets1 b ?is same !ological =mula1 8,! ,messias is ,god10 a proposition :i* nev] c\ld ?us vivify 9 ! religi\s m9d ! lett] ( ! sacr$ text1 unless x appeal$ to ! imag9ation1 & c\ld be held ) a mu* /rong] ass5t ?an any t is m]ely notional4 ,?is same p[] ( ! dogma may be illu/rat$ f ! ,ritual4 ,consid] ! s]vices = ,*ri/mas or ,epiphany2 = ,ea/]1 ,asc5sion1 & 7,i may say7 pre-em95tly ,corpus ,*ri/i2 :at are ^! great ,fe/ivals b comm5ts on ! words1 8,! ,son is ,god08 ,yet :o w say t !y h ! subtlety1 ! aridity1 ! coldness ( m]e s*ola/ic sci5ce8 ,are !y address$ to ! pure intellect1 or to ! imag9ation8 d !y int]e/ our logical faculty1 or excite our devotion8 ,:y is x t p]sonally we (t5 f9d ourselves s ill-fitt$ to take "p 9 !m1 except t we are n good en\gh1 t 9 our case ! dogma is f> too mu* a !ological notion1 f> too little an image liv+ )9 u8 ,& s aga91 z to ! ,div9ity ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 consid] ! brevi>y (fices = ,p5teco/ & its ,octave1 ! gr&e/ p]haps 9 ! :ole ye>2 are !y creat$ out ( m]e ab/ractions & inf]5ces1 or has n ! categorical proposition ( ,/4 ,a?anasius1 8,! ,holy ,gho/ is ,god10 su* a place 9 ! imag9ation & ! he>t1 z suffices to give bir? to ! noble ,hymns1 ,v5i ,creator1 & ,v5i ,sancte ,spiritus8 ,i sum up !n to ! same effect z 9 ! prec$+ ,section4 ,religion has to d ) ! real1 & ! real is ! p>ticul>2 !ology has to d ) :at is notional1 & ! notional is ! g5]al & sy/ematic4 ,h5ce !ology has to d ) ! dogma ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity z a :ole made up ( _m propositions2 b ,religion has to d ) ea* ( ^? sep>ate propositions :i* compose x1 & lives & ?rives 9 ! contemplation ( !m4 ,9 !m x f9ds ! motives = devotion & fai?ful ob$i5ce2 :ile !ology on ! o!r h& =ms & protects !m by virtue ( its function ( reg>d+ !m1 n m]ely "o by "o1 b z a sy/em ( tru?4 ,"o o!r rem>k is 9 place "h4 ,if ! sep>ate articles ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ are s closely connect$ ) vital & p]sonal religion z ,i h %[n !m to be1 if !y supply motives on :i* a man may act1 if !y det]m9e ! /ate ( m9d1 ! special ?\ghts1 affections1 & habits1 :i* he c>ries ) him f ?is _w to ! next1 is !re cause to wond]1 t ! ,cre$ %\ld proclaim al\d1 t ^? :o are n int]nally su* z ,*ri/1 by means ( x1 came to make !m1 are n capable ( ! heav5 to :i* ,he di$ to br+ !m8 ,is n ! importance ( accept+ ! dogma ! v explanation ( t c>eful m9ut5ess ) :i* ! few simple tru?s :i* compose x are inculcat$1 are reit]at$1 9 ! ,cre$8 ,& %all ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 to :om 8! disp5sation0 ( ! ,gospel is committ$1 =get ! concomitant obligation1 8,woe is unto me if ,i prea* n ! ,gospel08 ,are h] m9i/]s by _! sil5ce to br+ ^u !mselves ! ,prophet's ana!ma1 8,curs$ is he t do? ! "w ( ! ,"l deceitfully08 ,c !y ev] =get ! lesson convey$ to !m 9 ! ,apo/le's prote/ation1 8,god is fai?ful1 z our prea*+ :i* 0 among y 0 n ,yea & ,nay4444 ,= we are a good od\r ( ,*ri/ unto ,god 9 !m t are 9 ! way ( salvation1 & 9 !m t are p]i%+4 ,= we are n z ! _m1 :o adult]ate ! ^w ( ,god2 b ) s9c]ity1 b z f ,god1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 s speak we 9 ,*ri/08 #c4 ,belief 9 ,dogmatic ,!ology4 ,x is a famili> *>ge aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! m\?s ( h] oppon5ts1 t %e imposes on h] *ildr5 z matt]s ( fai?1 n only su* dogmas z h an intimate be>+ on moral conduct & "*1 b a great numb] ( doctr9es :i* none b pr(ess$ !ologians c und]/&1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce d b oppress ! m9d1 & are ! p]petual fuel ( controv]sy4 ,! fir/ :o made ?is compla9t 0 no less a man ?an ! great ,con/ant9e1 & on no less an occasion ?an ! rise ( ! ,arian h]esy1 :i* he1 z yet a cate*um51 0 pleas$ to consid] a trifl+ & tol]able error4 ,s1 decid+ ! matt]1 he wrote at once a lett] to ,alex&]1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 & to ,arius1 :o 0 a presbyt] 9 ! same city1 exhort+ !m to drop ! matt] 9 dispute1 & to live 9 peace ) "o ano!r4 ,he 0 answ]$ by ! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 & by ! ins]tion ( ! ^w 8,consub/antial0 into ! ,cre$ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at ! ,emp]or ?\ght ( ! controv]sy itself1 t ,bi%op ,j]emy ,taylor ?\ght ( ! ins]tion ( ! 8,consub/antial10 viz4 t x 0 a mis*iev\s affair1 & ought nev] to h tak5 place4 ,he ?us quotes & comm5ts on ! ,emp]or's lett]3 8,! ,epi/le ( ,con/ant9e to ,alex&] & ,arius tells ! tru?1 & *ides !m bo? = comm5c+ ! "q1 ,alex&] = broa*+ x1 ,arius = tak+ x up4 ,& al?\gh ?is be true1 t x _h be5 bett] = ! ,*ur* x _h nev] begun1 yet1 be+ begun1 :at is to be done ) x8 ,( ?is also1 9 t admirable epi/le1 we h ! ,emp]or's judgm5t 7,i suppose n )\t ! advice & privity ( ,hosius71 444 = fir/ he calls x a c]ta9 va9 piece ( a "q1 ill begun1 & m unadvis$ly publi%$1--a "q :i* no law or ecclesia/ical canon def9e?2 a fruitless cont5tion2 ! product ( idle bra9s2 a matt] s nice1 s obscure1 s intricate1 t x 0 nei!r to be explicat$ by ! cl]gy nor und]/ood by ! p2 a dispute ( words1 a doctr9e inexplicable1 b mo/ dang]\s :5 taught1 le/ x introduce discord or blasphemy2 &1 !re=e1 ! objector 0 ra%1 & ! answ] unadvis$1 = x conc]n$ n ! sub/ance ( fai? or ! wor%ip ( ,god1 nor ! *ief comm&m5t ( ,scripture2 &1 !re=e1 :y %\ld x be ! matt] ( discord8 = ?\gh ! matt] be grave1 yet1 because nei!r necess>y nor explicable1 ! cont5tion is trifl+ & toyi%4444 ,s t ! matt] be+ ( no great importance1 b va9 & a toy 9 respect ( ! excell5t bless+s ( peace & *>ity1 x 7 good t ,alex&] & ,arius %\ld leave cont5d+1 keep _! op9ions to !mselves1 ask ea* o!r =giv5ess1 & give mutual tol]ation47#d70 ,moreov]1 ,taylor is ( op9ion t 8!y bo? did believe ,"o ,god1 & ! ,holy ,tr9ity20 an op9ion 9 ! tee? ( hi/orical fact4 ,also he is ( op9ion1 t 8t fai? is be/ :i* ha? greate/ simplicity1 & t x is bett] 9 all cases humbly to submit1 ?an curi\sly to inquire & pry into ! my/]y "u ! cl\d1 & to haz>d our fai? by improv+ k40 ,he is1 fur!r1 ( op9ion1 t 8if ! ,nic5e ,fa!rs _h done s too1 possibly ! ,*ur* w\ld nev] h rep5t$ x40 ,he also ?9ks t _! ins]tion ( ! 8,consub/antial0 into ! ,cre$ 0 a bad prec$5t4 ,:e!r x 0 likely to act z a prec$5t or n1 x has n be5 s 9 fact1 = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 & x is ! "o in/ance ( a sci5tific ^w hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! ,cre$ f t day to ?is4 ,& aft] all1 ! ^w 9 "q has a pla9 mean+1 z ! ,c\ncil us$ x1 easily /at$ & intelligible to all2 = 8consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r10 means no?+ m ?an 8really "o ) ! ,fa!r10 be+ adopt$ to meet ! evasion ( ! ,arians4 ,! ,cre$ !n rema9s n[ :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 a popul> =m ( fai?1 suit$ to e age1 class1 & condition4 ,its decl>ations are categorical1 brief1 cle>1 elem5t>y1 ( ! fir/ importance1 expressive ( ! concrete1 ! objects ( real appreh5sion1 & ! basis & rule ( devotion4 ,z to ! prop] ,nic5e =mula itself1 except+ ! "o t]m 8,consub/antial10 x has n a ^w :i* does n relate to ! rudim5tal facts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,nic5o-,con/ant9opolitan & ! v>i\s ante-,nic5e ,symbols1 ( :i* ! ,apo/les' is "o1 add summ>ily "o or two notional articles1 su* z 8! communion ( ,sa9ts10 & 8! =giv5ess ( s9s10 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be readily conv]t$ into real propositions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o *ief dogma1 :i* is easy to popul> appreh5sion1 is necess>ily abs5t f all ( !m1 ! ,real ,pres5ce2 b ! omission is ow+ to ! anci5t 8,discipl9a ,arcani10 :i* )held ! ,sacr$ ,my/]y f cate*um5s & hea!n1 to :om ! ,cre$ 0 kn[n4 ,s f> ! *>ge :i* ,taylor br+s =w>d has no great plausibility2 b x is n ! :ole ( 8 case4 ,i _c d5y t a l>ge & ev]-increas+ collection ( propositions1 ab/ract notions1 n concrete tru?s1 become1 by ! successive def9itions ( ,c\ncils1 a portion ( ! cr$5da1 & h an imp]ative claim ^u ! fai? ( e ,ca?olic2 & ?is be+ ! case1 x w be ask$ me h[ ,i am borne out by facts 9 enl>g+1 z ,i h done1 on ! simplicity & directness1 on ! tangible reality1 ( ! ,*ur*'s dogmatic tea*+4 ,i w suppose ! objection urg$ ?us3--:y has n ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* limit$ h] cr$5da to propositions su* z ^? 9 h] ,cre$1 concrete & practical1 easy ( appreh5sion1 & ( a "* to w9 ass5t8 su* z 8,*ri/ is ,god20 8,?is is ,my ,body20 8,baptism gives life to ! s\l20 8,! ,sa9ts int]c$e = u20 8,dea?1 judgm5t1 heav51 hell1 ! f\r la/ ?+s20 8,!re are sev5 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/10 8?ree !ological virtues10 8sev5 capital s9s10 & ! l1 z !y are f\nd 9 h] cate*isms4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e makes x imp]ative on e "o1 prie/ & layman1 to pr(ess z reveal$ tru? all ! canons ( ! ,c\ncils1 & innum]able decisions ( ,popes1 propositions s v>i\s1 s notional1 t b few c "k !m1 & few] c und]/& !m4 ,:at s5se1 = in/ance1 c a *ild or a peasant1 nay1 or any ord9>y ,ca?olic1 put ^u ! ,trid5t9e ,canons1 ev5 9 translation8 su* z1 8,siquis dix]it hom9es s9e ,*ri/i ju/iti1 p] quam nobis m]uit1 ju/ific>i1 aut p] eam ipsam =malit] ju/os esse1 ana!ma sit20 or 8,siquis dix]it ju/ificatum pecc>e1 dum intuitu t]n m]c$is b5e op]atur1 ana!ma sit40 ,or aga91 consid] ! v ana!ma annex$ by ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil to its ,cre$1 ! language ( :i* is s obscure1 t ev5 !ologians diff] ab\t its mean+4 ,x runs z foll[s3--8,^? :o say t once ! ,son 0 n1 & be=e ,he 0 begott5 ,he 0 n1 & t ,he 0 made out ( t :i* 0 n1 or :o pret5d t ,he 0 ( o!r hypo/asis or sub/ance1 or t ! ,son ( ,god is creat$1 mutable1 or alt]able1 ! ,holy ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur* ana!matizes40 ,^! doctr9al enunciations are de fide2 peasants are b\nd to believe !m z well z controv]siali/s1 & to believe !m z truly z !y believe t our ,"l is ,god4 ,h[ !n are ! ,ca?olic cr$5da easy & )9 rea* ( all m58 ,i beg9 my answ] to ?is objection by recurr+ to :at has already be5 said conc]n+ ! relation ( !ology ) its notional propositions to religi\s & devotional ass5t4 ,devotion is excit$ d\btless by ! pla91 categorical tru?s ( revelation1 su* z ! articles ( ! ,cre$2 on ^! x dep5ds2 ) ^! x is satisfi$4 ,x accepts !m "o by "o2 x is c>eless ab\t intellectual consi/5cy2 x draws f ea* ( !m ! spiritual n\ri%m5t :i* x 0 int5d$ to supply4 ,f> diff]5t1 c]ta9ly1 is ! nature & duty ( ! intellect4 ,x is ev] active1 inquisitive1 p5etrat+2 x exam9es doctr9e & doctr9e2 x comp>es1 contra/s1 & =ms !m into a sci5ce2 t sci5ce is !ology4 ,n[ !ological sci5ce1 be+ ?us ! ex]cise ( ! intellect ^u ! cr$5da ( revelation1 is1 ?\gh n directly devotional1 at once natural1 excell5t1 & necess>y4 ,x is natural1 because ! intellect is "o ( our highe/ faculties2 excell5t1 because x is our duty to use our faculties to ! full2 necess>y1 because1 unless we apply our intellect to reveal$ tru? rightly1 o!rs w ex]cise _! m9ds ^u x wrongly4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,ca?olic intellect makes a survey & a catalogue ( ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 ! depositum ( revelation1 z committ$ to ! ,*ur*'s keep+2 x locates1 adju/s1 def9es !m ea*1 & br+s !m toge!r into a :ole4 ,moreov]1 x takes p>ticul> aspects or portions ( !m2 x analyzes !m1 :e!r into fir/ pr9ciples really su*1 or into hypo!ses ( an illu/rative "*4 ,x =ms g5]alizations1 & gives names to !m4 ,all ^! d$uctions are true1 if rightly d$uc$1 because !y are d$uc$ f :at is true2 & !re=e 9 "o s5se !y are a portion ( ! depositum ( fai? or cr$5da1 :ile 9 ano!r s5se !y are additions to x3 h[ev]1 additions or n1 !y h1 ,i readily grant1 ! *>act]i/ic disadvantage ( be+ ab/ract & notional /atem5ts4 ,nor is ?is all3 error gives opportunity to _m m additions ?an tru?4 ,!re is ano!r set ( d$uctions1 inevitable also1 & also "p or n "p ( ! reveal$ cr$5da1 accord+ z we please to view !m4 ,if a proposition is true1 its contradictory is false4 ,if !n a man believes t ,*ri/ is ,god1 he believes also1 & t necess>ily1 t to say ,he is n ,god is false1 & t ^? :o s say are 9 error4 ,"h !n aga9 ! prospect op5s ^u u ( a c\ntless multitude ( propositions1 :i* 9 _! fir/ elem5ts are close ^u devotional tru?1--( gr\ps ( propositions1 & ^? gr\ps div]g5t1 indep5d5t1 ev] spr++ into life ) an inexhau/ible fecundity1 accord+ to ! ev]-g]m9at+ =ms ( h]esy1 ( :i* !y are ! antagoni/s4 ,^! too h _! place 9 !ological sci5ce4 ,su* is !ology 9 contra/ to religion2 & z foll[s f ! circum/ances ( its =mation1 ?\gh "s ( its /atem5ts easily f9d equival5ts 9 ! language ( devotion1 ! great] numb] ( !m are m or less un9telligible to ! ord9>y ,ca?olic1 z law-books to ! private citiz54 ,& especially ^? portions ( !ology :i* are ! indirect creation1 n ( or?odox1 b ( h]etical ?\ght1 su* z ! repudiations ( error conta9$ 9 ! ,canons ( ,c\ncils1 ( :i* specim5s h be5 giv5 above1 w ev] be =eign1 /range1 & h>d to ! pi\s b uncontrov]sial m9d2 = :at h good ,*ri/ians to d1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 ) ! subtle halluc9ations ( ! intellect8 ,?is is manife/ f ! nature ( ! case2 b !n ! "q recurs1 :y %\ld ! refutations ( h]esy be our objects ( fai?8 if no m9d1 !ological or n1 c believe :at x _c und]/&1 9 :at s5se c ! ,canons ( ,c\ncils & o!r ecclesia/ical det]m9ations be includ$ 9 ^? cr$5da :i* ! ,*ur* pres5ts to e ,ca?olic z if appreh5sible1 & to :i* e ,ca?olic gives 8 firm int]ior ass5t8 ,9 solv+ ?is difficulty ,i wi% x fir/ obs]v$1 t1 if x is ! duty ( ! ,*ur* to act z 8! pill> & gr\nd ( ! ,tru?10 %e is manife/ly oblig$ f "t to "t1 & to ! end ( "t1 to d5\nce op9ions incompatible ) t tru?1 :5ev] able & subtle m9ds 9 h] communion v5ture to publi% su* op9ions4 ,suppose c]ta9 ,bi%ops & prie/s at ?is day began to tea* t ,islamism or ,buddhism 0 a direct & imm$iate revelation f ,god1 %e w\ld be b\nd to use ! au?ority :i* ,god has giv5 h] to decl>e t su* a proposition w n /& ) ,*ri/ianity1 & t ^? :o hold x are none ( h]s2 & %e w\ld be b\nd to impose su* a decl>ation on t v knot ( p]sons :o _h committ$ !mselves to ! novel proposition1 9 ord] t1 if !y w\ld n recant1 !y might be sep>at$ f h] communion1 z !y 7 sep>ate f h] fai?4 ,9 su* a case1 h] masses ( population w\ld ei!r n he> ( ! controv]sy1 or !y w\ld at once take "p ) h]1 & )\t ef=t take any te/1 :i* secur$ ! exclusion ( ! innovators2 & %e on ! o!r h& w\ld feel t :at is a rule = "s ,ca?olics mu/ be a rule = all4 ,:o is to draw ! l9e betwe5 :o are to ackn[l$ge x1 & :o are n8 ,x is pla91 !re _c be two rules ( fai? 9 ! same communion1 or r1 z ! case really w\ld be1 an endless v>iety ( rules1 com+ into =ce accord+ to ! multiplication ( h]etical !ories1 & to ! degrees ( k & v>ieties ( s5tim5t 9 individual ,ca?olics4 ,!re is b "o rule ( fai? = all2 & x w\ld be a great] difficulty to all[ ( an unc]ta9 rule ( fai?1 ?an 7if t 0 ! alt]native1 z x is n71 to impose ^u un$ucat$ m9ds a pr(ession :i* !y _c und]/&4 ,b x is n ! necess>y result ( unity ( pr(ession1 nor is x ! fact1 t ! ,*ur* imposes dogmatic /atem5ts on ! int]ior ass5t ( ^? :o _c appreh5d !m4 ,! difficulty is remov$ by ! dogma ( ! ,*ur*'s infallibility1 & ( ! consequ5t duty ( 8implicit fai?0 9 h] ^w4 ,! 8,"o ,holy ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur*0 is an article ( ! ,cre$1 & an article1 :i*1 inclusive ( h] infallibility1 all m51 high & l[1 c easily ma/] & accept ) a real & op]ative ass5t4 ,x /&s 9 ! place ( all ab/ruse propositions 9 a ,ca?olic's m9d1 = to believe 9 h] ^w is virtually to believe 9 !m all4 ,ev5 :at he _c und]/&1 at lea/ he c believe to be true2 & he believes x to be true because he believes 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! rationale ( ?is provision = unle>n$ devotion is z foll[s3--,x /&s to reason t all ( u1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 are b\nd to believe ! :ole reveal$ doctr9e 9 all its p>ts & 9 all t x implies1 accord+ z portion aft] portion is br\ght home to our consci\sness z belong+ to x2 & x also /&s to reason1 t a doctr9e1 s deep & s v>i\s1 z ! reveal$ depositum ( fai?1 _c be br\ght home to u & made our own all at once4 ,no m9d1 h[ev] l>ge1 h[ev] p5etrat+1 c directly & fully by "o act und]/& any "o tru?1 h[ev] simple4 ,:at c be m intelligible ?an t 8,alex&] conqu]$ ,asia10 or t 8,v]acity is a duty08 b :at a multitude ( propositions is includ$ "u ei!r ( ^! !ses6 /ill1 if we pr(ess ei!r1 we pr(ess all t x includes4 ,?us1 z reg>ds ! ,ca?olic ,cre$1 if we really believe t our ,"l is ,god1 we believe all t is meant by su* a belief2 or1 else1 we are n 9 e>ne/1 :5 we pr(ess to believe ! proposition4 ,9 ! act ( believ+ x at all1 we =?) commit ourselves by anticipation to believe tru?s :i* at pres5t we d n believe1 because !y h nev] come be=e u2--we limit h5ce=? ! range ( our private judgm5t 9 prospect by ! conditions1 :atev] !y are1 ( t dogma4 ,?us ! ,arians said t !y believ$ 9 our ,"l's div9ity1 b :5 !y 7 press$ to confess ,8 et]nity1 !y d5i$ x3 !reby %[+ 9 fact t !y nev] _h believ$ 9 ,8 div9ity at all4 ,9 o!r words1 a man :o really believes 9 our ,"l's prop] div9ity1 believes implicit 9 ,8 et]nity4 ,& s1 9 l mann]1 ( ! :ole depositum ( fai?1 or ! reveal$ ^w3--if we believe 9 ! revelation1 we believe 9 :at is reveal$1 9 all t is reveal$1 h[ev] x may be br\ght home to u1 by reason+ or 9 any o!r way4 ,he :o believes t ,*ri/ is ! ,tru?1 & t ! ,evangeli/s are tru?ful1 believes all t ,he has said ?r\gh !m1 ?\gh he has only read ,/4 ,mat!w & has n read ,/4 ,john4 ,he :o believes 9 ! depositum ( ,revelation1 believes 9 all ! doctr9es ( ! depositum2 & s9ce he _c "k !m all at once1 he kn[s "s doctr9es1 & does n "k o!rs2 he may "k only ! ,cre$1 nay1 p]haps only ! *ief portions ( ! ,cre$2 b1 :e!r he kn[s little or mu*1 he has ! int5tion ( believ+ all t !re is to believe1 :5ev] & z soon z x is br\ght home to him1 if he believes 9 ,revelation at all4 ,all t he kn[s n[ z reveal$1 & all t he %all "k1 & all t !re is to "k1 he embraces x all 9 8 int5tion by "o act ( fai?2 o!rwise1 x is b an accid5t t he believes ?is or t1 n because x is a revelation4 ,?is virtual1 int]pretative1 or prospective belief is call$ a believ+ implicit2 & x foll[s f ?is1 t1 grant+ t ! ,canons ( ,c\ncils & ! o!r ecclesia/ical docum5ts & confessions1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 are really involv$ 9 ! depositum or reveal$ ^w1 e ,ca?olic1 9 accept+ ! depositum1 does implicit accept ^? dogmatic decisions4 ,i say1 8grant+ ^! v>i\s propositions are virtually conta9$ 9 ! reveal$ ^w10 = ?is is ! only "q left2 & t x is to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 is cle> at once to ! ,ca?olic1 f ! fact t ! ,*ur* decl>es t !y really belong to x4 ,to h] is committ$ ! c>e & ! int]pretation ( ! revelation4 ,! ^w ( ! ,*ur* is ! ^w ( ! revelation4 ,t ! ,*ur* is ! infallible oracle ( tru? is ! fundam5tal dogma ( ! ,ca?olic religion2 & 8,i believe :at ! ,*ur* proposes to be believ$0 is an act ( real ass5t1 includ+ all p>ticul> ass5ts1 notional & real2 &1 :ile x is possible = unle>n$ z well z le>n$1 x is imp]ative on le>n$ z well z unle>n$4 ,& ?us x is1 t by believ+ ! ^w ( ! ,*ur* implicit1 t is1 by believ+ all t t ^w does or %all decl>e itself to conta91 e ,ca?olic1 accord+ to 8 intellectual capacity1 supplem5ts ! %ortcom+s ( 8 k )\t blunt+ 8 real ass5t to :at is elem5t>y1 & takes ^u himself f ! fir/ ! :ole tru? ( revelation1 progress+ f "o appreh5sion ( x to ano!r accord+ to 8 opportunities ( do+ s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,ass5t ,,& ,,inf]5ce4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ass5t ,consid]$ ,z ,unconditional4 ,i h n[ said z mu* z ne$ be said ab\t ! relation ( ,ass5t to ,appreh5sion1 & %all turn to ! consid]ation ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ,ass5t & ,inf]5ce4 ,z appreh5sion is a concomitant1 s inf]5ce is ord9>ily ! antec$5t ( ass5t2--on ?is surely ,i ne$ n enl>ge2--b nei!r appreh5sion nor inf]5ce int]f]es ) ! unconditional "* ( ! ass5t1 view$ 9 itself4 ,! circum/ances ( an act1 h[ev] necess>y to x1 d n ent] into ! act2 ass5t is 9 its nature absolute & unconditional1 ?\gh x _c be giv5 except "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is is obvi\s2 b :at pres5ts "s difficulty is ?is1 h[ x is t a conditional acceptance ( a proposition1--su* z is an act ( inf]5ce1--is able to lead1 z x does1 to an unconditional acceptance ( x1--su* z is ass5t2 h[ x is t a proposition :i* is n1 & _c be1 demon/rat$1 :i* at ! highe/ c only be prov$ to be tru?-l1 n true1 su* z 8,i %all die10 nev]!less claims & receives our unqualifi$ adhesion4 ,to ! consid]ation ( ?is p>adox1 z x may be call$1 ,i %all n[ proce$2 t is1 to ! consid]ation1 fir/1 ( ! act ( ass5t to a proposition1 :i* act is unconditional2 next1 ( ! act ( inf]5ce1 :i* goes be=e ! ass5t & is conditional2 &1 ?irdly1 ( ! solution ( ! app>5t inconsi/5cy :i* is involv$ 9 hold+ t an unconditional acceptance ( a proposition c be ! result ( its conditional v]ification4 #a4 ,simple ,ass5t4 ,! doctr9e :i* ,i h be5 enunciat+ requires su* c>eful explanation1 t x is n wond]ful t writ]s ( great ability & "n are to be f\nd :o h put x aside = a doctr9e ( _! own2 b no doctr9e on ! subject is )\t its difficulties1 & c]ta9ly n !irs1 ?\gh x c>ries ) x a %[ ( common s5se4 ,! au?ors to :om ,i ref] wi% to ma9ta9 t !re are degrees ( ass5t1 & t1 z ! reasons = a proposition are /rong or weak1 s is ! ass5t4 ,x foll[s f ?is t absolute ass5t has no legitimate ex]cise1 except z ratify+ acts ( intuition or demon/ration4 ,:at is ?us br\ght home to u is inde$ to be accept$ unconditionally2 b1 z to reason+s 9 concrete matt]s1 !y are nev] m ?an probabilities1 & ! probability 9 ea* conclusion :i* we draw is ! measure ( our ass5t to t conclusion4 ,?us ass5t becomes a sort ( necess>y %ad[1 foll[+ ^u inf]5ce1 :i* is ! sub/ance2 & is nev] )\t "s alloy ( d\bt1 because inf]5ce 9 ! concrete nev] rea*es m ?an probability4 ,su* is :at may be call$ ! priori me?od ( reg>d+ ass5t 9 its relation to inf]5ce4 ,x condemns an unconditional ass5t 9 concrete matt]s on :at may be call$ ! nature ( ! case4 ,ass5t _c rise high] ?an its s\rce2 inf]5ce 9 su* matt]s is at be/ conditional1 !re=e ass5t is conditional also4 ,ab/ract argum5t is always dang]\s1 & ?is in/ance is no exception to ! rule2 ,i pref] to g by facts4 ,! !ory to :i* ,i h ref]r$ _c be c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,x may be rightly said to prove too mu*2 = x deb>s u f unconditional ass5t 9 cases 9 :i* ! common voice ( mank9d1 ! advocates ( ?is !ory includ$1 w\ld prote/ aga9/ ! prohibition4 ,!re are _m tru?s 9 concrete matt]1 :i* no "o c demon/rate1 yet e "o unconditionally accepts2 & ?\gh ( c\rse !re are innum]able propositions to :i* x w\ld be absurd to give an absolute ass5t1 /ill ! absurdity lies 9 ! circum/ances ( ea* p>ticul> case1 z x is tak5 by itself1 n 9 _! common violation ( ! pret5ti\s axiom t probable reason+ c nev] lead to c]titude4 ,locke's rem>ks on ! subject are an illu/ration ( :at ,i h be5 say+4 ,?is celebrat$ writ]1 aft] ! mann] ( 8 s*ool1 speaks freely ( degrees ( ass5t1 & consid]s t ! /r5g? ( ass5t giv5 to ea* proposition v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( ! inf]5ce on :i* ! ass5t foll[s2 yet he is oblig$ to make exceptions to 8 g5]al pr9ciple1--exceptions1 un9telligible on 8 ab/ract doctr9e1 b dem&$ by ! logic ( facts4 ,! practice ( mank9d is too /rong = ! antec$5t !orem1 to :i* he is desir\s to subject x4 ,fir/ he says1 9 8 *apt] 8,on ,probability10 8,mo/ ( ! propositions we ?9k1 reason1 disc\rse1 nay1 act ^u1 are su* z we _c h und\bt$ k ( _! tru?2 yet "s ( !m bord] s ne> ^u c]ta9ty1 t we make no d\bt at all ab\t !m1 b ass5t to !m z firmly1 & act accord+ to t ass5t z resolutely1 z if !y 7 infallibly demon/rat$1 & t our k ( !m 0 p]fect & c]ta940 ,"h he all[s t inf]5ces1 :i* are only 8ne> ^u c]ta9ty10 are s ne>1 t we legitimately accept !m ) 8no d\bt at all10 & 8ass5t to !m z firmly z if !y 7 infallibly demon/rat$40 ,t is1 he affirms & sanctions ! v p>adox to :i* ,i am committ$ myself4 ,aga92 he says1 9 8 *apt] on 8,! ,degrees ( ,ass5t10 t 8:5 any p>ticul> ?+1 consonant to ! con/ant obs]vation ( ourselves & o!rs 9 ! l case1 comes atte/$ by ! concurr5t reports ( all t m5tion x1 we receive x z easily1 & build z firmly ^u x1 z if x 7 c]ta9 k1 & we reason & act !reupon1 ) z little d\bt z if x 7 p]fect demon/ration40 ,& he repeats1 8,^! probabilities rise s ne> to c]ta9ty1 t !y gov]n our ?\ghts z absolutely1 & influ5ce all our actions z fully1 z ! mo/ evid5t demon/ration2 & 9 :at conc]ns u1 we make little or no diff]5ce betwe5 !m & c]ta9 k4 ,our belief ?us gr\nd$1 rises to assurance40 ,"h aga91 8probabilities0 may be s /rong z to 8gov]n our ?\ghts z absolutely0 z %e] demon/ration1 s /rong t belief1 gr\nd$ on !m1 8rises to assurance10 t is1 c]titude4 ,i h s high a respect bo? = ! "* & ! ability ( ,locke1 = 8 manly simplicity ( m9d & 8 outspok5 c&\r1 & !re is s mu* 9 8 rem>ks ^u reason+ & pro( 9 :i* ,i fully concur1 t ,i feel no pleasure 9 consid]+ him 9 ! light ( an oppon5t to views1 :i* ,i myself h ev] *]i%$ z true ) an ob/9ate devotion2 & ,i w\ld will+ly ?9k t 9 ! passage :i* foll[s 9 8 *apt] on 8,en?usiasm10 he is aim+ at sup]/iti\s extravagances :i* ,i %\ld repudiate myself z mu* z he c d2 b1 if s1 8 words g beyond ! occasion1 & contradict :at ,i h quot$ f him above4 8,he t w\ld s]i\sly set ^u ! se>* ( tru?1 ought1 9 ! fir/ place1 to prep>e 8 m9d ) a love ( x4 ,= he t loves x n w n take mu* pa9s to get x1 nor be mu* conc]n$ :5 he misses x4 ,!re is nobody1 9 ! commonweal? ( le>n+1 :o does n pr(ess himself a lov] ( tru?1--& !re is n a rational creature1 t w\ld n take x amiss1 to be ?\ght o!rwise (4 ,& yet1 = all ?is1 "o may truly say1 !re are v few lov]s ( tru?1 = tru?-sake1 ev5 among/ ^? :o p]suade !mselves t !y are s4 ,h[ a man may "k1 :e!r he be s1 9 e>ne/1 is wor? inquiry2 & ,i ?9k1 !re is ?is "o un]r+ m>k ( x1 viz4 ! n ent]ta9+ any proposition ) great] assurance ?an ! pro(s x is built on w w>rant4 ,:oev] goes beyond ?is measure ( ass5t1 x is pla91 receives n tru? 9 ! love ( x1 loves n tru? = tru?-sake1 b = "s o!r by-end4 ,= ! evid5ce t any proposition is true 7except su* z are self-evid5t7 ly+ only 9 ! pro(s a man has ( x1 :atsoev] degrees ( ass5t he af=ds x beyond ! degrees ( t evid5ce1 x is pla9 all t surplusage ( assurance is ow+ to "s o!r affection1 & n to ! love ( tru?2 x be+ z impossible t ! love ( tru? %\ld c>ry my ass5t above ! evid5ce !re is to me t x is true1 z t ! love ( tru? %\ld make me ass5t to any proposition = ! sake ( t evid5ce :i* x has n t x is true2 :i* is 9 effect to love x z a tru?1 because x is possible or probable t x may n be true47#e70 ,"h he says t x is n only illogical1 b immoral to 8c>ry our ass5t above ! evid5ce t a proposition is true10 to h 8a surplusage ( assurance beyond ! degrees ( t evid5ce40 ,& he excepts f ?is rule only self-evid5t propositions4 ,h[ !n is x n inconsi/5t ) "r reason1 ) ! love ( tru? = its own sake1 to all[1 9 8 words quot$ above1 c]ta9 /rong 8probabilities0 to 8gov]n our ?\ghts z absolutely z ! mo/ evid5t demon/ration08 h[ is !re no 8surplusage ( assurance beyond ! degrees ( evid5ce0 :5 9 ! case ( ^? /rong probabilities1 we p]mit 8our belief1 ?us gr\nd$1 to rise to assurance10 z he pron\nces we are rational 9 do+8 ,( c\rse he _h 9 view "o set ( in/ances1 :5 he impli$ t demon/ration 0 ! condition ( absolute ass5t1 & ano!r set :5 he said t x 0 no su* condition2 b he surely _c be acquitt$ ( slov5ly ?9k+ 9 ?us treat+ a c>d9al subject4 ,a philosoph] %\ld s anticipate ! application1 & gu>d ! enunciation ( 8 pr9ciples1 z to secure !m aga9/ ! risk ( _! be+ made to *ange places ) ea* o!r1 to def5d :at he is eag] to d5\nce1 & to condemn :at he f9ds x necess>y to sanction4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] is to be ?\ght ( 8 priori me?od & 8 logical consi/5cy1 8 animus1 ,i fe>1 mu/ be und]/ood z ho/ile to ! doctr9e :i* ,i am go+ to ma9ta94 ,he takes a view ( ! human m9d1 9 relation to inf]5ce & ass5t1 :i* to me seems !oretical & unreal4 ,reason+s & convictions :i* ,i deem natural & legitimate1 he app>5tly w\ld call irrational1 en?usia/ic1 p]v]se1 & immoral2 & t1 z ,i ?9k1 because he consults 8 own ideal ( h[ ! m9d ought to act1 in/ead ( int]rogat+ human nature1 z an exi/+ ?+1 z x is f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,in/ead ( go+ by ! te/imony ( psy*ological facts1 & !reby det]m9+ our con/itutive faculties & our prop] condition1 & be+ cont5t ) ! m9d z ,god has made x1 he w\ld =m m5 z he ?9ks !y ought to be =m$1 into some?+ bett] & high]1 & calls !m irrational & immoral1 if 7s to speak7 !y take to ! wat]1 in/ead ( rema9+ "u ! n>r[ w+s ( 8 own arbitr>y !ory4 #a4 ,n[ ! fir/ "q :i* ?is !ory leads me to consid] is1 :e!r !re is su* an act ( ! m9d z ass5t at all4 ,if !re is1 x is pla9 x ought to %[ itself unequivocally z su*1 z di/9ct f o!r acts4 ,= if a pr(ess$ act c only be view$ z ! recess>y & imm$iate repetition ( ano!r act1 if ass5t is a sort ( reproduction & d\ble ( an act ( inf]5ce1 if :5 inf]5ce det]m9es t a proposition is some:at1 or n a little1 or a good deal1 or v l tru?1 ass5t z its natural & normal c\nt]p>t says t x is some:at1 or n a little1 or a good deal1 or v l tru?1 !n ,i d n see :at we mean by say+1 or :y we say at all1 t !re is any su* act4 ,x is simply sup]flu\s1 9 a psy*ological po9t ( view1 & a curiosity ( subtle m9ds1 & ! soon] x is got out ( ! way ! bett]4 ,:5 ,i ass5t1 ,i am suppos$1 x seems1 to d precisely :at ,i d :5 ,i inf]1 or r n q s mu*1 b some?+ :i* is includ$ 9 inf]r+2 =1 :ile ! disposition ( my m9d t[>ds a giv5 proposition is id5tical 9 ass5t & 9 inf]5ce1 ,i m]ely drop ! ?\ght ( ! premisses :5 ,i ass5t1 ?\gh n ( _! influ5ce on ! proposition inf]r$4 ,?is1 !n1 & no m aft] all1 is :at nature prescribes2 & ?is1 & no m ?an ?is1 is ! consci5ti\s use ( our faculties1 s to ass5t =soo? z to d no?+ else ?an inf]4 ,!n1 ,i say1 if ?is be really ! /ate ( ! case1 if ass5t 9 no real way diff]s f inf]5ce1 x is "o & ! same ?+ ) x4 ,x is ano!r "n = inf]5ce1 & to speak ( x at all does b mislead4 ,nor c x fairly be urg$ z a p>allel case t an act ( consci\s recognition1 ?\gh di/9ct f an act ( k1 is aft] all only its repetition4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a recognition is a reflex act ) its own object1 viz4 ! act ( k itself4 ,z well might x be said t ! he>+ ( ! notes ( my voice is a repetition ( ! act ( s++3--x gives no plausibility !n to ! anomaly ,i am combat+4 ,i lay x d[n1 !n1 z a pr9ciple t ei!r ass5t is intr9sically di/9ct f inf]5ce1 or ! soon] we get rid ( ! ^w 9 philosophy ! bett]4 ,if x be only ! e*o ( an inf]5ce1 d n treat x z a sub/antive act2 b on ! o!r h&1 suppos+ x be n su* an idle repetition1 z ,i am sure x is n1 suppos+ ! ^w 8ass5t0 does hold a necess>y place 9 language & 9 ?\ght1 if x does n admit ( be+ confus$ ) conclud+ & inf]r+1 if ! two words are us$ = two op]ations ( ! intellect :i* _c *ange _! "*1 if 9 matt] ( fact !y are n always f\nd toge!r1 if !y d n v>y ) ea* o!r1 if "o is sometimes f\nd )\t ! o!r1 if "o is /rong :5 ! o!r is weak1 if sometimes !y seem ev5 9 conflict ) ea* o!r1 !n1 s9ce we "k p]fectly well :at an inf]5ce is1 x comes ^u u to consid] :at1 z di/9ct f inf]5ce1 an ass5t is1 & we are1 by ! v fact ( its be+ di/9ct1 advanc$ "o /ep t[>ds t acc\nt ( x :i* ,i ?9k is ! true "o4 ,! fir/ /ep !n t[>ds decid+ ! po9t1 w be to inquire :at ! exp]i5ce ( human life1 z x is daily br\ght be=e u1 tea*es u ( ! relation to ea* o!r ( inf]5ce & ass5t4 7#a47 ,fir/1 we "k f exp]i5ce t ass5ts may endure )\t ! pres5ce ( ! inf]5tial acts ^u :i* !y 7 orig9ally elicit$4 ,x is pla91 t1 z life goes on1 we are n only inw>dly =m$ & *ang$ by ! accession ( habits1 b we are also enri*$ by a great multitude ( beliefs & op9ions1 & t on a v>iety ( subjects4 ,^! beliefs & op9ions1 held1 z "s ( !m are1 almo/ z fir/ pr9ciples1 are ass5ts1 & !y con/itute1 z x 71 ! clo?+ & furniture ( ! m9d4 ,i h already spok5 ( !m "u ! head ( 8,cr$5ce0 & 8,op9ion40 ,sometimes we are fully consci\s ( !m2 sometimes !y are implicit1 or only n[ & !n come directly be=e our reflective faculty4 ,/ill !y are ass5ts2 &1 :5 we fir/ admitt$ !m1 we _h "s k9d ( reason1 slight or /rong1 recogniz$ or n1 = do+ s4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] ^? reasons 71 ev5 if we ev] realiz$ !m1 we h long =gott5 !m4 ,:e!r x 0 ! au?ority ( o!rs1 or our own obs]vation1 or our read+1 or our reflections1 :i* became ! w>rant ( our ass5t1 any h[ we receiv$ ! matt]s 9 "q into our m9ds z true1 & gave !m a place !re4 ,we ass5t$ to !m1 & we /ill ass5t1 ?\gh we h =gott5 :at ! w>rant 04 ,at pres5t !y are self-su/a9$ 9 our m9ds1 & h be5 s = long ye>s2 !y are 9 no s5se conclusions2 !y imply no process ( ?\ght4 ,"h !n is a case 9 :i* ass5t /&s out z di/9ct f inf]5ce4 7#b47 ,aga92 sometimes ass5t fails1 :ile ! reasons = x & ! inf]5tial act :i* is ! recognition ( ^? reasons1 are /ill pres5t1 & 9 =ce4 ,our reasons may seem to u z /rong z ev]1 yet !y d n secure our ass5t4 ,our beliefs1 f\nd$ on !m1 7 & are n2 we _c p]haps tell :5 !y w5t2 we may h ?\ght t we /ill held !m1 till some?+ happ5$ to call our att5tion to ! /ate ( our m9ds1 & !n we f\nd t our ass5t _h become an ass]tion4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 a cause may be f\nd :y !y w5t2 !re may h be5 "s vague feel+ t a fault lay at ! ultimate basis1 or 9 ! und]ly+ conditions1 ( our reason+s2 or "s misgiv+ t ! subject-matt] ( !m 0 beyond ! rea* ( ! human m9d2 or a consci\sness t we _h ga9$ a broad] view ( ?+s 9 g5]al ?an :5 we fir/ gave our ass5t2 or t !re 7 /rong objections to our fir/ convictions1 :i* we _h nev] tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b ?is is n always s2 sometimes our m9d *anges s quickly1 s unacc\ntably1 s disproportionately to any tangible argum5ts to :i* ! *ange c be ref]r$1 & ) su* abid+ recognition ( ! =ce ( ! old argum5ts1 z to sugge/ ! suspicion t moral causes1 aris+ out ( our condition1 age1 company1 occupations1 =tunes1 are at ! bottom4 ,h[ev]1 :at once 0 ass5t is gone2 yet ! p]ception ( ! old argum5ts rema9s1 %[+ t inf]5ce is "o ?+1 & ass5t ano!r4 7#c47 ,& z ass5t sometimes dies out )\t tangible reasons1 suffici5t to acc\nt = its failure1 s sometimes1 9 spite ( /rong & conv9c+ argum5ts1 x is nev] giv54 ,we sometimes f9d m5 l\d 9 _! admiration ( tru?s :i* !y nev] pr(ess4 ,z1 by ! law ( our m5tal con/itution1 ob$i5ce is q di/9ct f fai?1 & m5 may believe )\t practis+1 s is ass5t also indep5d5t ( our acts ( inf]5ce4 ,aga91 prejudice h9d]s ass5t to ! mo/ incontrov]tible pro(s4 ,aga91 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 t :ile ! ke5ness ( ! ratioc9ative faculty enables a man to see ! ultimate result ( a complicat$ problem 9 a mom5t1 x takes ye>s = him to embrace x z a tru?1 & to recognize x z an item 9 ! circle ( 8 k4 ,yet he does at la/ s accept x1 & !n we say t he ass5ts4 7#d47 ,aga92 v num]\s are ! cases1 9 :i* good argum5ts1 & really good z f> z !y g1 & confess$ by u to be good1 nev]!less are n /rong en\gh to incl9e our m9ds ev] s little to ! conclusion at :i* !y po9t4 ,b :y is x t we d n ass5t a little1 9 proportion to ^? argum5ts8 ,on ! contr>y1 we ?r[ ! full onus prob&i on ! side ( ! conclusion1 & we refuse to ass5t to x at all1 until we c ass5t to x altoge!r4 ,! pro( is capable ( gr[?2 b ! ass5t ei!r exi/s or does n exi/4 7#e47 ,i h already allud$ to ! influ5ce ( moral motives 9 h9d]+ ass5t to conclusions :i* are logically unimpea*able4 ,accord+ to ! c\plet1-- 8,a man conv9c$ aga9/ 8 w ,is ( ! same op9ion /ill20-- ass5t !n is n ! same z inf]5ce4 7#f47 ,/range z x may seem1 ?is contra/ betwe5 inf]5ce & ass5t is exemplifi$ ev5 9 ! prov9ce ( ma!matics4 ,argum5t is n always able to comm& our ass5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be demon/rative4 ,sometimes ( c\rse x =ces its way1 t is1 :5 ! /eps ( ! reason+ are few1 & admit ( be+ view$ by ! m9d altoge!r4 ,c]ta9ly1 "o _c conceive a man hav+ be=e him ! s]ies ( conditions & tru?s on :i* x dep5ds t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles1 & yet n ass5t+ to t proposition4 ,7 all propositions z pla91 ?\gh ass5t w\ld n 9 consequ5ce be ! same act z inf]5ce1 yet x w\ld c]ta9ly foll[ imm$iately ^u x4 ,i all[ !n z mu* z ?is1 t1 :5 an argum5t is 9 itself & by itself conclusive ( a tru?1 x has by a law ( our nature ! same comm& ov] our ass5t1 or r ! tru? :i* x has rea*$ has ! same comm&1 z our s5ses h4 ,c]ta9ly our intellectual nature is "u laws1 & ! correlative ( asc]ta9$ tru? is unres]v$ ass5t4 ,b ,i am n speak+ ( %ort & lucid demon/rations2 b ( long & intricate ma!matical inve/igations2 & 9 t case1 ?\gh e /ep may be indisputable1 x /ill requires a specially su/a9$ att5tion & an ef=t ( memory to h 9 ! m9d all at once all ! /eps ( ! pro(1 ) _! be>+s on ea* o!r1 & ! antec$5ts :i* !y sev]ally involve2 & ^! conditions ( ! inf]5ce may int]f]e ) ! promptness ( our ass5t4 ,h5ce x is t p>ty _s or national feel+ or religi\s prepossessions h be=e n[ _h p[] to ret>d ! reception ( tru?s ( a ma!matical "*2 :i* nev] c\ld h be51 if demon/rations 7 ipso facto ass5ts4 ,nor inde$ w\ld any ma!matician1 ev5 9 que/ions ( pure sci5ce1 ass5t to 8 own conclusions1 on new & difficult gr\nd1 & 9 ! case ( ab/ruse calculations1 h[ev] (t5 he w5t ov] 8 "w1 till he _h ! corroboration ( o!r judgm5ts besides 8 own4 ,he w\ld h c>efully revis$ 8 inf]5ce1 & w\ld ass5t to ! probability ( 8 accuracy 9 inf]r+1 b /ill he w\ld ab/a9 f an imm$iate ass5t to ! tru? ( 8 conclusion4 ,yet ! corroboration ( o!rs _c add to 8 p]ception ( ! pro(2 he w\ld /ill p]ceive ! pro(1 ev5 ?\gh he fail$ 9 ga9+ _! corroboration4 ,& yet aga9 he might arbitr>ily make x 8 rule1 nev] to ass5t to 8 conclusions )\t su* corroboration1 or at lea/ be=e ! lapse ( a suffici5t int]val4 ,"h aga9 inf]5ce is di/9ct f ass5t4 ,i h be5 %[+ t inf]5ce & ass5t are di/9ct acts ( ! m9d1 & t !y may be made ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,( c\rse ,i _c be tak5 to mean t !re is no legitimate or actual connexion betwe5 !m1 z if argum5ts adv]se to a conclusion did n naturally h9d] ass5t2 or z if ! incl9ation to give ass5t 7 n great] or less accord+ z ! p>ticul> act ( inf]5ce express$ a /rong] or weak] probability2 or z if ass5t did n always imply gr\nds 9 reason1 implicit1 if n explicit1 or c\ld be rightly giv5 )\t suffici5t gr\nds4 ,s mu* is x commonly felt t ass5t mu/ be prec$$ by inf]5tial acts1 t ob/9ate m5 give _! own w z _! v reason = ass5t+1 if !y c ?9k ( no?+ bett]2 8/at pro ratione voluntas40 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt :e!r ass5t is ev] giv5 )\t "s prelim9>y1 :i* /&s = a reason2 b x does n foll[ f ?is1 t x may n be )held 9 cases :5 !re are good reasons = giv+ x to a proposition1 or may n be )drawn aft] x has be5 giv51 ! reasons rema9+1 or may n rema9 :5 ! reasons are =gott52 or mu/ always v>y 9 /r5g?1 z ! reasons v>y2 & ?is sub/antiv5ess1 z ,i may call x1 ( ! act ( ass5t is ! v po9t :i* ,i h wi%$ to e/abli%4 #b4 ,& 9 %[+ t ass5t is di/9ct f an act ( inf]5ce1 ,i h gone a good way t[>ds %[+ 9 :at x diff]s f x4 ,if ass5t & inf]5ce are ea* ( !m ! acceptance ( a proposition1 b ! special *>act]i/ic ( inf]5ce is t x is conditional1 x is natural to suppose t ass5t is unconditional4 ,aga91 if ass5t is ! acceptance ( tru?1 & tru? is ! prop] object ( ! intellect1 & no "o c hold conditionally :at by ! same act he holds to be true1 "h too is a reason = say+ t ass5t is an adhesion )\t res]ve or d\bt to ! proposition to :i* x is giv54 ,& aga91 x is to be presum$ t ! ^w has n two mean+s3 :at x has at "o "t1 x has at ano!r4 ,inf]5ce is always inf]5ce2 ev5 if demon/rative1 x is /ill conditional2 x e/abli%es an incontrov]tible conclusion on ! condition ( incontrov]tible premisses4 ,to ! conclusion ?us drawn1 ass5t gives its absolute recognition4 ,9 ! case ( all demon/rations1 ass5t1 :5 giv51 is unconditionally giv54 ,9 "o class ( subjects1 !n1 ass5t c]ta9ly is always unconditional2 b if ! ^w /&s = an und\bt+ & unhesitat+ act ( ! m9d once1 :y does x n d5ote ! same always8 :at evid5ce is !re t x ev] means any ?+ else ?an t :i* ! :ole _w w unite 9 witness+ t x means 9 c]ta9 cases8 :y are we n to int]pret :at is controv]t$ by :at is kn[n8 ,?is is :at is sugge/$ on ! fir/ view ( ! "q2 b to cont9ue3-- ,9 demon/rative matt]s ass5t excludes ! pres5ce ( d\bt3 n[ are in/ances producible1 on ! o!r h&1 ( its ev] co-exi/+ ) d\bt 9 cases ( ! concrete8 ,z ! above in/ances h %[n1 on v _m que/ions we d n give an ass5t at all4 ,:at commonly happ5s is ?is1 t1 aft] he>+ & ent]+ into :at may be said = a proposition1 we pron\nce nei!r = nor aga9/ x4 ,we may accept ! conclusion z a conclusion1 dep5d5t on premisses1 ab/ract1 & t5d+ to ! concrete2 b we d n foll[ up our inf]5ce ( a proposition by giv+ an ass5t to x4 ,t !re are concrete propositions to :i* we give unconditional ass5ts1 ,i %all pres5tly %[2 b ,i am n[ ask+ = in/ances ( conditional1 = in/ances 9 :i* we ass5t a little & n mu*4 ,usually1 we d n ass5t at all4 ,e day1 z x comes1 br+s ) x opportunities = u to enl>ge our circle ( ass5ts4 ,we read ! newspap]s2 we look ?r\gh debates 9 ,p>liam5t1 plead+s 9 ! law c\rts1 lead+ articles1 lett]s ( correspond5ts1 reviews ( books1 criticisms 9 ! f9e arts1 & we ei!r =m no op9ion at all ^u ! subjects discuss$1 z ly+ out ( our l9e1 or at mo/ we h only an op9ion ab\t !m4 ,at ! utmo/ we say t we are incl9$ to believe ?is proposition or t1 t we are n sure x is n true1 t mu* may be said = x1 t we h be5 mu* /ruck by x2 b we nev] say t we give x a degree ( ass5t4 ,we might z well talk ( degrees ( tru? z ( degrees ( ass5t4 ,yet ,locke heads "o ( 8 *apt]s ) ! title 8,degrees ( ,ass5t20 & a writ]1 ( ?is c5tury1 :o claims our respect f ! tone & drift ( 8 "w1 ?us expresses himself aft] ,locke's mann]3 8,moral evid5ce10 he says1 8may produce a v>iety ( degrees ( ass5ts1 f suspicion to moral c]ta9ty4 ,=1 "h1 ! degree ( ass5t dep5ds ^u ! degree 9 :i* ! evid5ce on "o side prepond]ates1 or exce$s t on ! o!r4 ,& z ?is prepond]ancy may v>y almo/ inf9itely1 s likewise may ! degrees ( ass5t4 ,= a few ( ^! degrees1 ?\gh b = a few1 names h be5 inv5t$4 ,?us1 :5 ! evid5ce on "o side prepond]ates a v little1 !re is gr\nd = suspicion1 or conjecture4 ,presumption1 p]suasion1 belief1 conclusion1 conviction1 moral c]ta9ty1--d\bt1 wav]+1 di/ru/1 disbelief1--are words :i* imply an increase or decrease ( ?is prepond]ancy4 ,"s ( ^! words also admit ( epi!ts :i* d5ote a fur!r increase or dim9ution ( ! ass5t47#f70 ,c !re be a bett] illu/ration ?an ?is passage supplies ( :at ,i h be5 insi/+ on above1 viz4 t1 9 tea*+ v>i\s degrees ( ass5t1 we t5d to de/roy ass5t1 z an act ( ! m9d1 altoge!r8 ,?is au?or makes ! degrees ( ass5t 8inf9ite10 z ! degrees ( probability are inf9ite4 ,8 ass5ts are really only inf]5ces1 & ass5t is a "n )\t a mean+1 ! ne$less repetition ( an inf]5ce4 ,b 9 tru? 8suspicion1 conjecture1 presumption1 p]suasion1 belief1 conclusion1 conviction1 moral c]ta9ty10 are n 8ass5ts0 at all2 !y are simply m or less /rong inf]5ces ( a proposition2 & 8d\bt1 wav]+1 di/ru/1 disbelief10 are recognitions1 m or less /rong1 ( ! probability ( its contradictory4 ,!re is only "o s5se 9 :i* we are all[$ to call su* acts or /ates ( m9d ass5ts4 ,!y are op9ions2 &1 z be+ su*1 !y are1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 :5 speak+ ( ,op9ion1 ass5ts to ! plausibility1 probability1 d\btfulness1 or untru/wor?9ess1 ( a proposition2 t is1 n v>iations ( ass5t to an inf]5ce1 b ass5ts to a v>iation 9 inf]5ces4 ,:5 ,i ass5t to a d\btfulness1 or to a probability1 my ass5t1 z su*1 is z complete z if ,i ass5t$ to a tru?2 x is n a c]ta9 degree ( ass5t4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ,i may be c]ta9 ( an unc]ta9ty2 t does n de/roy ! specific notion conv5$ 9 ! ^w 8c]ta940 ,i d n "k !n :5 x is t we ev] delib]ately pr(ess ass5t to a proposition )\t mean+ to convey to o!rs ! impression t we accept x unres]v$ly1 & t because x is true4 ,c]ta9ly1 we famili>ly use su* phrases z a half-ass5t1 z we also speak ( half-tru?s2 b a half-ass5t is n a k9d ( ass5t any m ?an a half-tru? is a k9d ( tru?4 ,z ! object is indivisible1 s is ! act4 ,a half-tru? is a proposition :i* 9 "o aspect is a tru?1 & 9 ano!r is n2 to give a half-ass5t is to feel drawn t[>ds ass5t1 or to ass5t "o mom5t & n ! next1 or to be 9 ! way to ass5t to x4 ,x means t ! proposition 9 "q des]ves a he>+1 t x is probable1 or attractive1 t x op5s important views1 t x is a key to p]plex+ difficulties1 or ! l4 #c4 ,treat+ ! subject !n1 n accord+ to priori fitness1 b accord+ to ! facts ( human nature1 z !y are f\nd 9 ! concrete action ( life1 ,i f9d numb]less cases 9 :i* we d n ass5t at all1 none 9 :i* ass5t is evid5tly conditional2--& _m1 z ,i %all n[ proce$ to %[1 9 :i* x is unconditional1 & ^! 9 subject-matt]s :i* admit ( no?+ high] ?an probable reason+4 ,if human nature is to be its own witness1 !re is no m$ium betwe5 ass5t+ & n ass5t+4 ,locke's !ory ( ! duty ( ass5t+ m or less accord+ to degrees ( evid5ce1 is invalidat$ by ! te/imony ( high & l[1 "y & old1 anci5t & mod]n1 z cont9ually giv5 9 _! ord9>y say+s & do+s4 ,inde$1 z ,i h %[n1 he does n /rictly ma9ta9 x himself2 yet1 ?\gh he feels ! claims ( nature & fact to be too /rong = him 9 c]ta9 cases1 he gives no reason :y he %\ld violate 8 !ory 9 ^!1 & yet n 9 _m m4 ,n[ let u review "s ( ^? ass5ts1 :i* m5 give on evid5ce %ort ( intuition & demon/ration1 yet :i* are z unconditional z if !y _h t highe/ evid5ce4 ,fir/ ( all1 />t+ f intuition1 ( c\rse we all believe1 )\t any d\bt1 t we exi/2 t we h an individuality & id5tity all our own2 t we ?9k1 feel1 & act1 9 ! home ( our own m9ds2 t we h a pres5t s5se ( good & evil1 ( a "r & a wrong1 ( a true & a false1 ( a beautiful & a hide\s1 h[ev] we analyze our ideas ( !m4 ,we h an absolute vision be=e u ( :at happ5$ ye/]day or la/ ye>1 s z to be able )\t any *ance ( mi/ake to give evid5ce ^u x 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 let ! consequ5ces be ev] s s]i\s4 ,we are sure t ( _m ?+s we are ignorant1 t ( _m ?+s we are 9 d\bt1 & t ( _m ?+s we are n 9 d\bt4 ,nor is ! ass5t :i* we give to facts limit$ to ! range ( self-consci\sness4 ,we are sure beyond all haz>d ( a mi/ake1 t our own self is n ! only be+ exi/+2 t !re is an ext]nal _w2 t x is a sy/em ) p>ts & a :ole1 a univ]se c>ri$ on by laws2 & t ! future is affect$ by ! pa/4 ,we accept & hold ) an unqualifi$ ass5t1 t ! e>?1 consid]$ z a ph5om5on1 is a globe2 t all its regions see ! sun by turns2 t !re are va/ tracts on x ( l& & wat]2 t !re are really exi/+ cities on def9ite sites1 :i* g by ! names ( ,london1 ,p>is1 ,flor5ce1 & ,madrid4 ,we are sure t ,p>is or ,london1 unless swall[$ up by an e>?quake or burn$ to ! gr\nd1 is to-day j :at x 0 ye/]day1 :5 we left x4 ,we laugh to scorn ! idea t we _h no p>5ts1 ?\gh we h no memory ( our bir?2 t we %all nev] dep>t ?is life1 ?\gh we c h no exp]i5ce ( ! future2 t we are able to live )\t food1 ?\gh we h nev] tri$2 t a _w ( m5 did n live be=e our "t1 or t t _w has _h no hi/ory2 t !re has be5 no rise & fall ( /ates1 no great m51 no w>s1 no revolutions1 no art1 no sci5ce1 no lit]ature1 no religion4 ,we %\ld be ei!r indignant or amus$ at ! report ( our intimate fri5d be+ false to u2 & we are able sometimes1 )\t any hesitation1 to accuse c]ta9 p>ties ( ho/ility & inju/ice to u4 ,we may h a deep consci\sness1 :i* we nev] c lose1 t we on our "p h be5 cruel to o!rs1 & t !y h felt u to be s1 or t we h be51 & h be5 felt to be1 ung5]\s to ^? :o love u4 ,we may h an ov]p[]+ s5se ( our moral weakness1 ( ! prec>i\sness ( our life1 heal?1 weal?1 position1 & good =tune4 ,we may h a cle> view ( ! weak po9ts ( our physical con/itution1 ( :at food or m$ic9e is good = u1 & :at does u h>m4 ,we may be able to ma/]1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! c\rse ( our pa/ hi/ory2 its turn+-po9ts1 our hits1 & our great mi/akes4 ,we may h a s5se ( ! pres5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 :i* nev] has be5 dimm$ by ev5 a pass+ %ad[1 :i* has inhabit$ u ev] s9ce we c recollect any ?+1 & :i* we _c imag9e our los+4 ,we may be able1 = o!rs h be5 able1 s to realize ! precepts & tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 z delib]ately to surr5d] our life1 r ?an transgress ! "o or to d5y ! o!r4 ,on all ^! tru?s we h an imm$iate & an unhesitat+ hold1 nor d we ?9k ourselves guilty ( n lov+ tru? = tru?'s sake1 because we _c rea* !m ?r\gh a s]ies ( intuitive propositions4 ,ass5t on reason+s n demon/rative is too widely recogniz$ an act to be irrational1 unless man's nature is irrational1 too famili> to ! prud5t & cle>-m9d$ to be an infirmity or an extravagance4 ,none ( u c ?9k or act )\t ! acceptance ( tru?s1 n intuitive1 n demon/rat$1 yet sov]eign4 ,if our nature has any con/itution1 any laws1 "o ( !m is ?is absolute reception ( propositions z true1 :i* lie outside ! n>r[ range ( conclusions to :i* logic1 =mal or virtual1 is te!r$2 nor has any philosophical !ory ! p[] to =ce on u a rule :i* w n "w = a day4 ,:51 !n1 philosoph]s lay d[n pr9ciples1 on :i* x foll[s t our ass5t1 except :5 giv5 to objects ( intuition or demon/ration1 is conditional1 t ! ass5t giv5 to propositions by well-ord]$ m9ds necess>ily v>ies ) ! pro( producible = !m1 & t x does n & _c rema9 "o & ! same :ile ! pro( is /r5g!n$ or weak5$1--are !y n to be consid]$ z confus+ toge!r two ?+s v di/9ct f ea* o!r1 a m5tal act or /ate & a sci5tific rule1 an int]ior ass5t & a set ( logical =mulas8 ,:5 !y speak ( degrees ( ass5t1 surely !y h no int5tion at all ( def9+ ! position ( ! m9d itself relative to ! adoption ( a giv5 conclusion1 b !y mean to det]m9e ! relation ( t conclusion t[>ds its premisses4 ,!y are contemplat+ h[ repres5tative symbols "w1 n h[ ! intellect is affect$ t[>ds ! ?+ :i* ^? symbols repres5t4 ,9 real tru? !y z little mean to ass]t ! pr9ciple ( measur+ our ass5ts by our logic1 z !y w\ld fancy !y c\ld record ! refre%m5t :i* we receive f ! op5 air by ! read+s ( ! graduat$ scale ( a !rmomet]4 ,!re is a connexion d\btless betwe5 a logical conclusion & an ass5t1 z !re is betwe5 ! v>iation ( ! m]cury & our s5sations2 b ! m]cury is n ! cause ( life & heal?1 nor is v]bal argum5tation ! pr9ciple ( inw>d belief4 ,if we feel hot or *illy1 no "o w conv9ce u to ! contr>y by insi/+ t ! glass is at #fj4 ,x is ! m9d t reasons & ass5ts1 n a diagram on pap]4 ,i may h difficulty 9 ! managem5t ( a pro(1 :ile ,i rema9 un%ak5 9 my adh]5ce to ! conclusion4 ,suppos+ a boy _c make 8 answ] to "s ari?metical or algebraical "q tally ) ! book1 ne$ he at once di/ru/ ! book8 ,does 8 tru/ 9 x fall d[n a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees1 accord+ to ! =ce ( 8 difficulty8 ,on ! contr>y1 he keeps to ! pr9ciple1 implicit b pres5t to 8 m9d1 ) :i* he took up ! book1 t ! book is m likely to be "r ?an he is2 & ?is m]e prepond]ance ( probability is suffici5t to make him fai?ful to 8 belief 9 its correctness1 till its incorrectness is actually prov$4 ,my own op9ion is1 t ! class ( writ]s ( :om ,i h be5 speak+1 h !mselves z little misgiv+ ab\t ! tru?s :i* !y pret5d to weigh out & measure1 z _! unsophi/icat$ neighb\rs2 b !y ?9k x a duty to rem9d u1 t s9ce ! full etiquette ( logical requirem5ts has n be5 satisfi$1 we mu/ believe ^? tru?s at our p]il4 ,!y w>n u1 t an issue :i* c nev] come to pass 9 matt] ( fact1 is nev]!less 9 !ory a possible supposition4 ,!y d n1 = in/ance1 int5d = a mom5t to imply t !re is ev5 ! %ad[ ( a d\bt t ,great ,brita9 is an isl&1 b !y ?9k we ought to "k1 if we d n "k1 t !re is no pro( ( ! fact1 9 mode & figure1 equal to ! pro( ( a proposition ( ,euclid2 & t 9 consequ5ce !y & we are all b\nd to susp5d our judgm5t ab\t su* a fact1 ?\gh x be 9 an inf9itesimal degree1 le/ we %\ld seem n to love tru? = tru?'s sake4 ,hav+ made _! prote/1 !y subside )\t scruple into t same absolute assurance ( only p>tially-prov$ tru?s1 :i* is natural to ! illogical imag9ation ( ! multitude4 #d4 ,x rema9s to expla9 "s conv]sational expressions1 at fir/ sight fav\rable to t doctr9e ( degrees 9 ass5t1 :i* ,i h be5 combat+4 7#a47 ,we (t5 speak ( giv+ a modifi$ & qualifi$1 or a presumptive & prim facie ass5t1 or 7z ,i h already said7 a half-ass5t to op9ions or facts2 b ^! expressions admit ( an easy explanation4 ,ass5t1 ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs is (t51 z ,i h notic$1 :5 speak+ ( notional ass5ts1 little m ?an a pr(ession or acquiesc5ce or inf]5ce1 n a real acceptance ( a proposition4 ,i report1 = in/ance1 t !re 0 a s]i\s fire 9 ! t[n 9 ! pa/ night2 & !n p]haps ,i add1 t at lea/ ! morn+ pap]s say s2--t is1 ,i h p]haps no positive d\bt ( ! fact2 /ill1 by ref]r+ to ! newspap]s ,i imply t ,i d n take on myself ! responsibility ( ! /atem5t4 ,9 ?us qualify+ my app>5t ass5t1 ,i %[ t x 0 n a g5u9e ass5t at all4 ,9 l mann] a prim facie ass5t is an ass5t to an antec$5t probability ( a fact1 n to ! fact itself2 z ,i might give a prim facie ass5t to ! ,plurality ( worlds or to ! p]sonality ( ,hom]1 )\t pl$g+ myself to ei!r absolutely4 8,half-ass5t10 ( :i* ,i spoke above1 is an incl9ation to ass5t1 or aga91 an int5tion ( ass5t+1 :5 c]ta9 difficulties are surm\nt$4 ,:5 we speak )\t ?\ght1 ass5t has z vague a mean+ z half-ass5t2 b :5 we delib]ately say1 8,i ass5t10 we signify an act ( ! m9d s def9ite1 z to admit ( no *ange b t ( its ceas+ to be4 7#b47 ,& s1 too1 ?\gh we sometimes use ! phrase 8conditional ass5t10 yet we only mean !reby to say t we w ass5t "u c]ta9 cont+5cies4 ,( c\rse we may1 if we please1 include a condition 9 ! proposition to :i* our ass5t is giv52 & !n1 t condition ent]s into ! matt] ( ! ass5t1 b n into ! ass5t itself4 ,to ass5t to--8,if ?is man is 9 a consumption1 8 days are numb]$10--is z little a conditional ass5t1 z to ass5t to--8,( ?is consumptive pati5t ! days are numb]$10--:i*1 7?\gh )\t ! conditional =m17 is an equival5t proposition4 ,9 su* cases1 /rictly speak+1 ! ass5t is giv5 nei!r to antec$5t nor consequ5t ( ! conditional proposition1 b to _! connexion1 t is1 to ! en?ymematic inf]5tia4 ,if we place ! condition ext]nal to ! proposition1 !n ! ass5t w be giv5 to 8,t #88 days are numb]$' is conditionally true20 & ( c\rse we c ass5t to ! conditionality ( a proposition z well z to its probability4 ,or aga91 if s be1 we may give our ass5t n only to ! inf]5tia 9 a complex conditional proposition1 b to ea* ( ! simple propositions1 ( :i* x is made up1 besides4 8,!re w be a /orm soon1 = ! m]cury falls20--"h1 besides ass5t+ to ! connexion ( ! propositions1 we may ass5t also to 8,! m]cury falls10 & to 8,!re w be a /orm40 ,?is is ass5t+ to ! premiss1 inf]5tia1 & ?+ inf]r$1 all at once2--we ass5t to ! :ole syllogism1 & to its compon5t p>ts4 7#c47 ,9 l mann] are to be expla9$ ! phrases1 8delib]ate ass5t10 a 8rational ass5t20 a 8sudd510 8impulsive10 or 8hesitat+0 ass5t4 ,^! expressions d5ote1 n k9ds or qualities1 b ! circum/ances ( ass5t+4 ,a delib]ate ass5t is an ass5t foll[+ ^u delib]ation4 ,x is sometimes call$ a conviction1 a ^w :i* commonly includes 9 its mean+ two acts1 bo? ! act ( inf]5ce1 & ! act ( ass5t consequ5t ^u ! inf]5ce4 ,?is subject w be consid]$ 9 ! next ,section4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a hesitat+ ass5t is an ass5t to :i* we h be5 sl[ & int]mitt5t 9 com+2 or an ass5t :i*1 :5 giv51 is ?w>t$ & obscur$ by ext]nal & flitt+ misgiv+s1 ?\gh n su* z to ent] into ! act itself1 or ess5tially to damage x4 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* we speak ( a hesitat+ or unc]ta9 ass5t2 viz4 :5 we ass5t 9 act1 b n 9 ! habit ( our m9ds4 ,till ass5t to a doctr9e or fact is my habit1 ,i am at ! m]cy ( inf]5ces contr>y to x2 ,i ass5t to-day1 & give up my belief1 or incl9e to disbelief1 to-morr[4 ,i may f9d x my duty1 = in/ance1 aft] ! opportunity ( c>eful inquiry & inf]5ce1 to ass5t to ano!r's innoc5ce1 :om ,i h = ye>s consid]$ guilty2 b f long prejudice ,i may be unable to c>ry my new ass5t well ab\t me1 & may e n[ & !n relapse into mom5t>y ?\ghts injuri\s to him4 7#d47 ,a m plausible objection to ! absolute abs5ce ( all d\bt or misgiv+ 9 an act ( ass5t is f\nd 9 ! use ( ! t]ms firm & weak ass5t1 or 9 ! gr[? ( belief & tru/4 ,?us1 we ass5t to ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 b n ) t fulness & =ce ( adh]5ce to ! receiv$ acc\nt ( !m ) :i* we realize a record ( occurr5ces :i* are )9 our own memory4 ,& aga91 we ass5t to ! praise be/[$ on a fri5d's good qualities ) an en]gy :i* we d n feel1 :5 we are speak+ ( virtue 9 ! ab/ract3 & if we are political p>tisans1 our ass5t is v cold1 :5 we _c refuse x1 to repres5tations made 9 fav\r ( ! wisdom or patriotism ( /atesm5 :om we dislike4 ,& !n z to religi\s subjects we speak ( 8/rong0 fai? & 8feeble0 fai?2 ( ! fai? :i* w\ld move m\nta9s1 & ( ! ord9>y fai? 8)\t :i* x is impossible to please ,god40 ,& z we c gr[ 9 graces1 s surely c we inclusively 9 fai?4 ,aga9 we rise f "o "w ( ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces ) our fai? enliv5$ & invigorat$2 f ano!r p]haps ) ! di/ract$ fa!r's words 9 our m\?1 8,i believe1 help my unbelief40 ,n[ x is evid5t1 fir/ ( all1 t habits ( m9d may gr[1 z be+ a some?+ p]man5t & cont9u\s2 & by ass5t gr[+1 x is (t5 only meant t ! habit gr[s & has great] hold ^u ! m9d4 ,b aga91 :5 we c>efully consid] ! matt]1 x w be f\nd t ?is increase or decrease ( /r5g? does n lie 9 ! ass5t itself1 b 9 its circum/ances & concomitants2 = in/ance1 9 ! emotions1 9 ! ratioc9ative faculty1 or 9 ! imag9ation4 ,= in/ance1 z to ! emotions1 ?is /r5g? ( ass5t may be no?+ m ?an ! /r5g? ( love1 hatr$1 int]e/1 desire1 or fe>1 :i* ! object ( ! ass5t elicits1 & ?is is especially ! case :5 t object is ( a religi\s nature4 ,su* /r5g? is adv5titi\s & accid5tal2 x may come1 x may g2 x is f\nd 9 "o man1 n 9 ano!r2 x does n int]f]e ) ! g5u95ess & p]fection ( ! act ( ass5t4 ,balaam ass5t$ to ! fact ( 8 own int]c\rse ) ! sup]natural1 z well z ,moses2 b1 to use religi\s language1 he _h light )\t love2 8 intellect 0 cle>1 8 he>t 0 cold4 ,h5ce 8 fai? w\ld popul>ly be consid]$ want+ 9 /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 prejudice implies /rong ass5ts to ! disadvantage ( its object2 t is1 x enc\rages su* ass5ts1 & gu>ds !m f ! *ance ( be+ lo/4 ,aga91 :5 a conclusion is recomm5d$ to u by ! numb] & =ce ( ! argum5ts 9 pro( ( x1 our recognition ( !m inve/s x ) a lum9\sness1 :i* 9 "o s5se adds /r5g? to our ass5t to x1 z x c]ta9ly does protect & embold5 t ass5t4 ,?us we ass5t to a review ( rec5t ev5ts1 :i* we h /udi$ f orig9al docum5ts1 ) a triumphant p]emptor9ess :i* x nei!r occurs to u1 nor is possible = u1 to ex]cise1 :5 we make an act ( ass5t to ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,caes>1 or to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,abipones1 ?\gh we are z securely c]ta9 ( ^! latt] facts z ( ! do+s & occurr5ces ( ye/]day4 ,& fur!r1 all t ,i h said ab\t ! appreh5sion ( propositions is 9 po9t "h4 ,we may speak ( ass5t to our ,"l's div9ity z /rong or feeble1 accord+ z x is giv5 to ! reality z impress$ ^u ! imag9ation1 or to ! notion ( x z ent]ta9$ by ! intellect4 7#e47 ,nor1 la/ly1 does ?is doctr9e ( ! intr9sic integrity & indivisibility 7if ,i may s speak7 ( ass5t int]f]e ) ! tea*+ ( ,ca?olic !ology z to ! pre-em95ce ( /r5g? 9 div9e fai?1 :i* has a sup]natural orig91 :5 comp>$ ) all belief :i* is m]ely human & natural4 ,= fir/1 t pre-em95ce consi/s1 n 9 its diff]+ f human fai?1 m]ely 9 degree ( ass5t1 b 9 its be+ sup]ior 9 nature & k9d17#g7 s t ! "o does n admit ( a comp>ison ) ! o!r2 & next1 its intr9sic sup]iority is n a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 b is above exp]i5ce47#h7 ,ass5t is ev] ass5t27#i7 b 9 ! ass5t :i* foll[s on a div9e ann\ncem5t1 & is vivifi$ by a div9e grace1 !re is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 a transc5dant adhesion ( m9d1 intellectual & moral1 & a special self-protection17#aj7 beyond ! op]ation ( ^? ord9>y laws ( ?\ght1 :i* alone h a place 9 my discussion4 #b4 ,complex ,ass5t4 ,i h be5 consid]+ ass5t z ! m5tal ass]tion ( an intelligible proposition1 z an act ( ! intellect direct1 absolute1 complete 9 itself1 unconditional1 arbitr>y1 yet n incompatible ) an appeal to argum5t1 & at lea/ 9 _m cases ex]cis$ unconsci\sly4 ,on ?is la/ *>act]i/ic ( ass5t ,i h n dwelt1 z x has n come 9 my way2 nor is x m ?an an accid5t ( acts ( ass5t1 ?\gh an ord9>y accid5t4 ,t x is ( ord9>y occurr5ce _c be d\bt$4 ,a great _m ( our ass5ts are m]ely expressions ( our p]sonal lik+s1 ta/es1 pr9ciples1 motives1 & op9ions1 z dictat$ by nature1 or result+ f habit2 9 o!r words1 !y are acts & manife/ations ( self3 n[ :at is m r>e ?an self-k8 ,9 proportion !n to our ignorance ( self1 is our unconsci\sness ( ^? innum]able acts ( ass5t1 :i* we are incessantly mak+4 ,& s aga9 9 :at may be almo/ call$ ! me*anical op]ation ( our m9ds1 9 our cont9ual acts ( appreh5sion & inf]5ce1 speculation1 & resolve1 propositions pass be=e u & receive our ass5t )\t our consci\sness4 ,h5ce x is t we are s apt to confuse toge!r acts ( ass5t & acts ( inf]5ce4 ,inde$1 ,i may fairly say1 t ^? ass5ts :i* we give ) a direct k ( :at we are do+1 are few comp>$ ) ! multitude ( l acts :i* pass ?r\gh our m9ds 9 long succession )\t our obs]v+ !m4 ,t mode ( ass5t :i* is ex]cis$ ?us unconsci\sly1 ,i may call simple ass5t1 & ( x ,i h treat$ 9 ! =ego+ ,section2 b n[ ,i am go+ to speak ( su* ass5ts z mu/ be made consci\sly & delib]ately1 & :i* ,i %all call complex or reflex ass5ts4 ,& ,i beg9 by recall+ :at ,i h already /at$ ab\t ! relation 9 :i* ,ass5t & ,inf]5ce /& to ea* o!r1--,inf]5ce1 :i* holds propositions conditionally1 & ,ass5t1 :i* unconditionally accepts !m2 ! relation is ?is3-- ,acts ( inf]5ce are bo? ! antec$5ts ( ass5t be=e ass5t+1 & its usual concomitants aft] ass5t+4 ,= in/ance1 ,i hold absolutely t ! c\ntry :i* we call ,india exi/s1 ^u tru/wor?y te/imony2 & next1 ,i may cont9ue to believe x on ! same te/imony4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i h ev] believ$ t ,great ,brita9 is an isl&1 = c]ta9 suffici5t reasons2 & on ! same reasons ,i may p]si/ 9 ! belief4 ,b x may happ5 t ,i =get my reasons = :at ,i believe to be s absolutely true2 or ,i may nev] h ask$ myself ab\t !m1 or =mally m>%all$ !m 9 ord]1 & h be5 accu/om$ to ass5t )\t a recognition ( my ass5t or ( its gr\nds1 & !n p]haps some?+ occurs :i* leads to my review+ & complet+ ^? gr\nds1 analyz+ & arrang+ !m1 yet )\t on t acc\nt imply+ ( necessity any susp5se1 ev] s slight1 ( ass5t1 to ! proposition t ,india is 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! e>?1 & t ,great ,brita9 is an isl&4 ,) no susp5se ( ass5t at all2 any m ?an ! boy 9 my =m] illu/ration _h any d\bt ab\t ! answ] set d[n 9 8 ari?metic-book1 :5 he began work+ out ! "q2 any m ?an he w\ld be d\bt+ 8 eyes & 8 common s5se1 t ! two sides ( a triangle are toge!r great] ?an ! ?ird1 because he drew out ! geometrical pro( ( x4 ,he does b repeat1 aft] 8 =mal demon/ration1 t ass5t :i* he made be=e x1 & ass5ts to 8 previ\s ass5t+4 ,?is is :at ,i call a reflex or complex ass5t4 ,i say1 !re is no necess>y incompatibility betwe5 ?us ass5t+ & yet prov+1--= ! conclusiv5ess ( a proposition is n synonym\s ) its tru?4 ,a proposition may be true1 yet n admit ( be+ conclud$2--x may be a conclusion & yet n a tru?4 ,to contemplate x "u "o aspect1 is n to contemplate x "u ano!r2 & ! two aspects may be consi/5t1 f ! v fact t !y are two aspects4 ,!re=e to set ab\t conclud+ a proposition is n ipso facto to d\bt its tru?2 we may aim at inf]r+ a proposition1 :ile all ! "t we ass5t to x4 ,we h to d ?is z a common occurr5ce1 :5 we take on ourselves to conv9ce ano!r on any po9t 9 :i* he diff]s f u4 ,we d n d5y our fai?1 because we become controv]siali/s2 & 9 l mann] we may employ ourselves 9 prov+ :at we believe to be true1 simply 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! producible evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 & 9 ord] to fulfil :at is due to ourselves & to ! claims & responsibilities ( our education & social position4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( inve/igation1 n ( inquiry2 x is q true t inquiry is inconsi/5t ) ass5t1 b inquiry is some?+ m ?an ! m]e ex]cise ( inf]5ce4 ,he :o inquires has n f\nd2 he is 9 d\bt :]e ! tru? lies1 & wi%es 8 pres5t pr(ession ei!r prov$ or disprov$4 ,we _c )\t absurdity call ourselves at once believ]s & inquir]s also4 ,?us x is sometimes spok5 ( z a h>d%ip t a ,ca?olic is n all[$ to inquire into ! tru? ( 8 ,cre$2--( c\rse he _c1 if he w\ld reta9 ! "n ( believ]4 ,he _c be bo? inside & outside ( ! ,*ur* at once4 ,x is m]ely common s5se to tell him t1 if he is seek+1 he has n f\nd4 ,if seek+ includes d\bt+1 & d\bt+ excludes believ+1 !n ! ,ca?olic :o sets ab\t inquir+1 !reby decl>es t he is n a ,ca?olic4 ,he has already lo/ fai?4 ,& ?is is 8 be/ def5ce to himself = inquir+1 viz4 t he is no long] a ,ca?olic1 & wi%es to become "o4 ,!y :o w\ld =bid him to inquire1 w\ld 9 t case be %utt+ ! /able-door aft] ! /e$ is /ol54 ,:at c he d bett] ?an inquire1 if he is 9 d\bt8 h[ else c he become a ,ca?olic aga98 ,n to inquire is 9 8 case to be satisfi$ ) disbelief4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?us speak+1 ,i am view+ ! matt] 9 ! ab/ract1 & )\t all[+ = ! manifold inconsi/5cies ( individuals1 z !y are f\nd 9 ! _w1 :o attempt to unite incompatibilities2 :o d n d\bt1 b :o act z if !y did2 :o1 ?\gh !y believe1 are weak 9 fai?1 & put !mselves 9 ! way ( los+ x by unnecess>ily li/5+ to objections4 ,moreov]1 !re are m9ds1 und\bt$ly1 ) :om at all times to "q a tru? is to make x que/ionable1 & to inve/igate is equival5t to inquir+2 & aga91 !re may be beliefs s sacr$ or s delicate1 t1 if ,i may use ! metaphor1 !y w n wa% )\t %r9k+ & los+ col\r4 ,i grant all ?is2 b "h ,i am discuss+ broad pr9ciples1 n individual cases2 & ^! pr9ciples are1 t inquiry implies d\bt1 & t inve/igation does n imply x1 & t ^? :o ass5t to a doctr9e or fact may )\t inconsi/5cy inve/igate its cr$ibility1 ?\gh !y _c lit]ally inquire ab\t its tru?4 ,next1 ,i consid] t1 9 ! case ( educat$ m9ds1 inve/igations into ! argum5tative pro( ( ! ?+s to :i* !y h giv5 _! ass5t1 is an obligation1 or r a necessity4 ,su* a trial ( _! intellects is a law ( _! nature1 l ! gr[? ( *ildhood into manhood1 & analog\s to ! moral ordeal :i* is ! in/rum5t ( _! spiritual life4 ,! lessons ( "r & wrong1 :i* are taught !m at s*ool1 are to be c>ri$ out into action amid ! good & evil ( ! _w2 & s aga9 ! intellectual ass5ts1 9 :i* !y h 9 l mann] be5 in/ruct$ f ! fir/1 h to be te/$1 realiz$1 & develop$ by ! ex]cise ( _! mature judgm5t4 ,c]ta9ly1 su* processes ( inve/igation1 :e!r 9 religi\s subjects or secul>1 (t5 issue 9 ! rev]sal ( ! ass5ts :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to confirm2 z ! boy :o works out an ari?metical problem f 8 book may end 9 detect+1 or ?9k+ he detects1 a false pr9t 9 ! answ]4 ,b ! "q be=e u is :e!r acts ( ass5t & ( inf]5ce are compatible2 & my vague consci\sness ( ! possibility ( a rev]sal ( my belief 9 ! c\rse ( my rese>*es1 z little int]f]es ) ! hone/y & firmness ( t belief :ile ^? rese>*es proce$1 z ! recognition ( ! possibility ( my tra9's ov]sett+ is an evid5ce ( an int5tion on my "p ( und]go+ s great a calamity4 ,my m9d is n mov$ by a sci5tific computation ( *ances1 nor c any law ( av]ages affect my p>ticul> case4 ,to incur a risk is n to expect rev]se2 & if my op9ions are true1 ,i h a "r to ?9k t !y w be> exam9+4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 does belief1 view$ 9 its idea1 imply a positive resolution 9 ! p>ty believ+ nev] to ab&on t belief4 ,:at belief1 z su*1 does imply is1 n an int5tion nev] to *ange1 b ! utt] abs5ce ( all ?\ght1 or expectation1 or fe> ( *ang+4 ,a spontane\s resolution nev] to *ange is inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( belief2 = ! v =ce & absolut5ess ( ! act ( ass5t precludes any su* resolution4 ,we d n commonly det]m9e n to d :at we _c fancy ourselves ev] do+4 ,we %\ld readily inde$ make su* a =mal promise if we 7 call$ ^u to d s2 =1 s9ce we h ! tru?1 & tru? _c *ange1 h[ c we possibly *ange 9 our belief1 except inde$ ?r\gh our own weakness or fickl5ess8 ,we h no int5tion :atev] ( be+ weak or fickle2 s our promise is b ! natural gu>antee ( our s9c]ity4 ,x is possible !n1 )\t disloyalty to our convictions1 to exam9e _! gr\nds1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! ev5t !y are to fail "u ! exam9ation1 = we h no suspicion ( ?is failure4 ,& su* exam9ation1 z ,i h said1 does b fulfil a law ( our nature4 ,our fir/ ass5ts1 "r or wrong1 are (t5 little m ?an prejudices4 ,! reason+s1 :i* prec$e & accompany !m1 ?\gh suffici5t = _! purpose1 d n rise up to ! importance & en]gy ( ! ass5ts !mselves4 ,z "t goes on1 by degrees & )\t set purpose1 by reflection & exp]i5ce1 we beg9 to confirm or to correct ! notions & ! images to :i* ^? ass5ts are giv54 ,at times x is a necessity =mally to und]take a survey & revision ( ?is or t class ( !m1 ( ^? :i* relate to religion1 or to social duty1 or to politics1 or to ! conduct ( life4 ,sometimes ?is review beg9s 9 d\bt z to ! matt]s :i* we propose to consid]1 t is1 9 a susp5sion ( ! ass5ts hi!rto famili> to u2 sometimes ^? ass5ts are too /rong to all[ ( be+ lo/ on ! fir/ /irr+ ( ! inquisitive intellect1 & if1 z "t goes on1 !y give way1 our *ange ( m9d1 be x = good or = evil1 is ow+ to ! accumulat+ =ce ( ! argum5ts1 s\nd or uns\nd1 :i* be> d[n ^u ! propositions :i* we h hi!rto receiv$4 ,objections1 inde$1 z su*1 h no direct =ce to weak5 ass5t2 b1 :5 !y multiply1 !y tell aga9/ ! implicit reason+s or ! =mal inf]5ces :i* are its w>rant1 & susp5d its acts & gradually und]m9e its habit4 ,!n ! ass5t goes2 b :e!r sl[ly or sudd5ly1 noticeably or imp]ceptibly1 is a matt] ( circum/ance or accid5t4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ! orig9al ass5t is cont9u$ on or n1 ! new ass5t diff]s f ! old 9 ?is1 t x has ! /r5g? ( explicitness & delib]ation1 t x is n a m]e prejudice1 & its /r5g? ! /r5g? ( prejudice4 ,x is an ass5t1 n only to a giv5 proposition1 b to ! claim ( t proposition on our ass5t z true2 x is an ass5t to an ass5t1 or :at is commonly call$ a conviction4 ,( c\rse ^! reflex acts may be repeat$ 9 a s]ies4 ,z ,i pron\nce t 8,great ,brita9 is an isl&10 & !n pron\nce 8,t #8,great ,brita9 is an isl&' has a claim on my ass5t10 or is to 8be ass5t$-to10 or to be 8accept$ z true10 or to be 8believ$10 or simply 8is true0 7^! pr$icates be+ equival5t71 s ,i may proce$1 8,! proposition #8t ,great-,brita9-is-an-isl& is to be believ$1' is to be believ$10 c41 c41 & s on to ad inf9itum4 ,b ?is w\ld be trifl+4 ,! m9d is l a d\ble mirror1 9 :i* reflexions ( self )9 self multiply !mselves till !y are undi/+ui%able1 & ! fir/ reflexion conta9s all ! re/4 ,at ! same "t1 x is wor? :ile to notice two o!r reflex propositions3--8,t #8,great ,brita9 is an isl&' is probable0 is true2--& 8,t #8,great ,brita9 is an isl&' is unc]ta90 is true3--= ! =m] ( ^! is ! expression ( ,op9ion1 & ! latt] ( =mal or !ological ,d\bt1 z ,i h already det]m9$4 ,i h "o /ep f>!r to make3--let ! proposition to :i* ! ass5t is giv5 be z absolutely true z ! reflex act pron\nces x to be1 t is1 objectively true z well z subjectively3--!n ! ass5t may be call$ a p]ception1 ! conviction a c]titude1 ! proposition or tru? a c]ta9ty1 or ?+ kn[n1 or a matt] ( k1 & to ass5t to x is to "k4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?us speak+1 ,i op5 ! all-important "q1 :at is tru?1 & :at app>5t tru?8 :at is g5u9e k1 & :at is its c\nt]feit8 :at are ! te/s = discrim9at+ c]titude f m]e p]suasion or delusion8 ,:atev] a man holds to be true1 he w say he holds = c]ta92 & = ! pres5t ,i mu/ all[ him 9 8 assumption1 hop+ 9 "o way or ano!r1 z ,i proce$1 to less5 ! difficulties :i* lie 9 ! way ( call+ him to acc\nt = s do+4 ,& ,i h ! less scruple 9 tak+ ?is c\rse1 z believ+ t1 among fairly prud5t & circumspect m51 !re are f> few] in/ances ( false c]titude ?an at fir/ sight might be suppos$4 ,m5 are (t5 d\btful ab\t propositions :i* are really true2 !y are n commonly c]ta9 ( su* z are simply false4 ,:at !y judge to be a c]ta9ty is 9 matt] ( fact = ! mo/ "p a tru?4 ,n t !re is n a great deal ( ra% talk+ ev5 among ! educat$ portion ( ! community1 & _m a man makes pr(essions ( c]titude1 = :i* he has no w>rant2 b t su* (f-h&1 confid5t language is no tok5 h[ ^! p]sons w express !mselves :5 br\ght to book4 ,no "o w ) ju/ice consid] himself c]ta9 ( any matt]1 unless he has suffici5t reasons = s consid]+2 & x is r>e t :at is n true %\ld be s free f e circum/ance & tok5 ( falsity z to create no suspicion 9 8 m9d to its disadvantage1 no reason = susp5se ( judgm5t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all h to rem>k on ?is difficulty by & by2 "h ,i w m5tion two conditions ( c]titude1 9 close connexion ) t necess>y prelim9>y ( inve/igation & pro( ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+1 :i* w ?r[ "s light ^u x4 ,! "o1 :i* is priori1 or f ! nature ( ! case1 w tell u :at is n c]titude2 ! o!r1 :i* is po/]iori1 or f exp]i5ce1 w tell u 9 a measure :at c]titude is4 #a4 ,c]titude1 z ,i h said1 is ! p]ception ( a tru? ) ! p]ception t x is a tru?1 or ! consci\sness ( kn[+1 z express$ 9 ! phrase1 8,i "k t ,i "k10 or 8,i "k t ,i "k t ,i "k10--or simply 8,i "k20 = "o reflex ass]tion ( ! m9d ab\t self sums up ! s]ies ( self-consci\snesses )\t ! ne$ ( any actual evolution ( !m4 ,c]titude is ! k ( a tru?3--b :at is once true is always true1 & _c fail1 :]eas :at is once kn[n ne$ n always be kn[n1 & is capable ( fail+4 ,x foll[s1 t if ,i am c]ta9 ( a ?+1 ,i believe x w rema9 :at ,i n[ hold x to be1 ev5 ?\gh my m9d %\ld h ! bad =tune to let x drop4 ,s9ce m]e argum5t is n ! measure ( ass5t1 no "o c be call$ c]ta9 ( a proposition1 ^: m9d does n spontane\sly & promptly reject1 on _! fir/ sugge/ion1 z idle1 z imp]t95t1 z sophi/ical1 any objections :i* are direct$ aga9/ its tru?4 ,no man is c]ta9 ( a tru?1 :o c endure ! ?\ght ( ! fact ( its contradictory exi/+ or occurr+2 & t n f any set purpose or ef=t to reject t ?\ght1 b1 z ,i h said1 by ! spontane\s action ( ! intellect4 ,:at is contradictory to ! tru?1 ) its app>atus ( argum5t1 fades out ( ! m9d z fa/ z x ent]s x2 & ?\gh x be br\ght back to ! m9d ev] s (t5 by ! p]t9acity ( an oppon5t1 or by a volunt>y or involunt>y act ( imag9ation1 /ill t contradictory proposition & its argum5ts are m]e phantoms & dreams1 9 ! light ( our c]titude1 & _! v ent]+ into ! m9d is ! fir/ /ep ( _! go+ out ( x4 ,su* is ! position ( our m9ds t[>ds ! hea!n fancy t ,enceladus lies "u ,etna2 or1 n to take s extreme a case1 t ,joanna ,s\?cote 0 a mess5g] f heav51 or ! ,emp]or ,napoleon really _h a />4 ,equal to ?is p]emptory ass]tion ( negative propositions is ! revolt ( ! m9d f suppositions incompatible ) positive /atem5ts ( :i* we are c]ta91 :e!r ab/ract tru?s or facts2 z t a /raight l9e is ! longe/ possible di/ance betwe5 its two extreme po9ts1 t ,great ,brita9 is 9 %ape an exact squ>e or circle1 t ,i %all escape dy+1 or t my intimate fri5d is false to me4 ,we may inde$ say1 if we please1 t a man ought n to h s supreme a conviction 9 a giv5 case1 or 9 any case :atev]2 & t he is !re=e wrong 9 treat+ op9ions :i* he does n himself hold1 ) ?is ev5 involunt>y contempt2--c]ta9ly1 we h a "r to say s1 if we w2 b if1 9 matt] ( fact1 a man has su* a conviction1 if he is sure t ,irel& is to ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 or t ! ,pope is ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/1 no?+ is left to him1 if he w\ld be consi/5t1 b to c>ry 8 conviction out into ?is magi/]ial intol]ance ( any contr>y ass]tion2 & if he 7 9 8 own m9d tol]ant1 ,i d n say pati5t 7= pati5ce & g5tl5ess are moral duties1 b ,i mean intellectually tol]ant71 ( objections z objections1 he w\ld virtually be giv+ c\nt5ance to ! views :i* ^? objections repres5t$4 ,i say ,i c]ta9ly %\ld be v intol]ant ( su* a notion z t ,i %all "o day be ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*2 ,i %\ld ?9k x too absurd ev5 to be ridicul\s1 & t ,i mu/ be mad be=e ,i c\ld ent]ta9 x4 ,& did a man try to p]suade me t trea*]y1 cruelty1 or +ratitude 7 z praisewor?y z hone/y & temp]ance1 & t a man :o liv$ ! life ( a knave & di$ ! dea? ( a brute _h no?+ to fe> f future retribution1 ,i %\ld ?9k !re 0 no call on me to li/5 to 8 argum5ts1 except ) ! hope ( conv]t+ him1 ?\gh he call$ me a bigot & a c[>d = refus+ to inquire into 8 speculations4 ,& if1 9 a matt] 9 :i* my temporal int]e/s 7 conc]n$1 he attempt$ to reconcile me to fraudul5t acts by :at he call$ philosophical views1 ,i %\ld say to him1 8,retro ,satana10 & t1 n f any suspicion ( 8 ability to rev]se immutable pr9ciples1 b f a consci\sness ( my own moral *angeabl5ess1 & a fe>1 on t acc\nt1 t ,i might n be intellectually true to ! tru?4 ,?is1 !n1 f ! nature ( ! case1 is a ma9 *>act]i/ic ( c]titude 9 any matt]1 to be confid5t inde$ t t c]titude w la/1 b to be confid5t ( ?is also1 t1 if x did fail1 nev]!less1 ! ?+ itself1 :atev] x is1 ( :i* we are c]ta91 w rema9 j z x is1 true & irrev]sible4 ,if ?is be s1 x is easy to in/ance cases ( an adh]5ce to propositions1 :i* does n fulfil ! conditions ( c]titude2 = in/ance3-- 7#a47 ,h[ positive & circum/antial disputants may be on bo? sides ( a "q ( fact1 on :i* !y give _! evid5ce1 till !y are call$ to swe> to x1 & !n h[ gu>d$ & conditional _! te/imony becomes6 ,aga91 h[ confid5t are !y 9 _! rival acc\nts ( a transaction at :i* !y 7 pres5t1 till a ?ird p]son makes 8 appe>ance1 ^: ^w w be decisive ab\t x6 ,!n !y sudd5ly drop _! tone1 & trim _! /atem5ts1 & by provisos & explanations leave !mselves loopholes = escape1 9 case 8 te/imony %\ld turn out to _! disadvantage4 ,at fir/ no language c\ld be too bold or absolute to express ! di/9ctness ( _! k on ?is side or t2 b second ?\ghts are be/1 & _! giv+ way %[s t _! belief does n come up to ! m>k ( c]titude4 7#b47 ,aga91 c we d\bt t _m a confid5t exp\nd] ( ,scripture1 :o is s sure t ,/4 ,paul meant ?is1 & t ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,james did n mean t1 w\ld be s]i\sly disconc]t$ at ! pres5ce ( ^? ,apo/les1 if _! pres5ce 7 possible1 & t !y h n[ an especial 8boldness ( spee*0 9 treat+ _! subject1 because !re is no "o au?oritatively to set !m "r1 if !y are wrong8 7#c47 ,take ano!r in/ance1 9 :i* ! abs5ce ( c]titude is pr(ess$ f ! fir/4 ,?\gh x is a matt] ( fai? ) ,ca?olics t miracles nev] cease 9 ! ,*ur*1 /ill t ?is or t pr(ess$ miracle really took place1 is = ! mo/ "p only a matt] ( op9ion1 & :5 x is believ$1 :e!r on te/imony or tradition1 x is n believ$ to ! exclusion ( all d\bt1 :e!r ab\t ! fact or its miracul\sness4 ,?us ,i may believe 9 ! liquefaction ( ,/4 ,pantaleon's blood1 & believe x to ! be/ ( my judgm5t to be a miracle1 yet1 suppos+ a *emi/ (f]$ to produce exactly ! same ph5om5a "u exactly simil> circum/ances by ! mat]ials put at 8 comm& by 8 sci5ce1 s z to r$uce :at seem$ beyond nature )9 natural laws1 ,i %\ld wat* ) "s susp5se ( m9d & misgiv+ ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5t1 z hav+ no ,div9e ,^w to fall back ^u z a gr\nd ( c]ta9ty t ! liquefaction 0 miracul\s4 7#d47 ,take ano!r virtual exhibition ( fe>2 ,i mean irritation & impati5ce ( contradiction1 vehem5ce ( ass]tion1 det]m9ation to sil5ce o!rs1--^! are ! tok5s ( a m9d :i* has n yet atta9$ ! tranquil enjoym5t ( c]titude4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 w\ld say t he 0 c]ta9 ( ! ,plurality ( worlds3 t unc]titude on ! subject is j ! explanation1 & ! only explanation satisfactory to my m9d1 ( ! /range viol5ce ( language :i* has be=e n[ di%on\r$ ! philosophical controv]sy ^u x4 ,^? :o are c]ta9 ( a fact are indol5t disputants2 x is en\gh = !m t !y h ! tru?2 & !y h little disposition1 except at ! call ( duty1 to criticize ! halluc9ations ( o!rs1 & mu* less are !y angry at _! positiv5ess or +5uity 9 argum5t2 b to call names1 to impute motives1 to accuse ( sophi/ry1 to be impetu\s & ov]be>+1 is ! "p ( m5 :o are al>m$ = _! own position1 & fe> to h x approa*$ too ne>ly4 ,& 9 l mann] ! intemp]ance ( language & ( ?\ght1 :i* is sometimes f\nd 9 conv]ts to a religi\s cre$1 is (t5 attribut$1 n )\t plausibility 7ev5 ?\gh errone\sly 9 ! p>ticul> case71 to "s flaw 9 ! complet5ess ( _! c]titude1 :i* int]f]es ) ! h>mony & repose ( _! convictions4 7#e47 ,aga91 ?is intellectual anxiety1 :i* is incompatible ) c]titude1 %[s itself 9 our runn+ back 9 our m9ds to ! argum5ts on :i* we came to believe1 9 n lett+ our conclusions alone1 9 go+ ov] & /r5g!n+ ! evid5ce1 &1 z x 71 gett+ x by he>t1 z if our highe/ ass5t 7 only an inf]5ce4 ,& su* too is our unnecess>ily decl>+ t we are c]ta91 z if to reassure ourselves1 & our appeal+ to o!rs = _! suffrage 9 behalf ( ! tru?s ( :i* we are s sure2 :i* is l our ask+ ano!r :e!r we are we>y & hungry1 or h eat5 & drunk to our satisfaction4 ,all laws are g5]al2 none are inv>iable2 ,i am n writ+ z a morali/ or casui/4 ,x mu/ ev] be recollect$ t ^! v>i\s ph5om5a ( m9d1 ?\gh signs1 are n infallible signs ( unc]titude2 !y may proce$1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 f o!r circum/ances4 ,su* anxieties & al>ms may be m]ely emotional & f ! imag9ation1 n intellectual2 p>allel to ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 nay1 z ,i h be5 told1 ! trembl+ ( ! limbs1 ( ev5 ! brave/ m51 be=e a battle1 :5 /&+ /ill to receive ! fir/ attack ( ! enemy4 ,su* too is t palpitat+ self-int]rogation1 t tr\ble ( ! m9d le/ x %\ld n believe /rongly en\gh1 :i*1 & n d\bt1 und]lies ! s5sitiv5ess describ$ 9 ! well-kn[n l9es1-- 8,) eyes too trembl+ly awake1 ,to be> ) dimness = ,8 sake40 ,& s aga91 a man's ov]-e>ne/ness 9 argum5t may arise f zeal or *>ity2 8 impati5ce f loyalty to ! tru?2 8 extravagance f want ( ta/e1 f en?usiasm1 or f y\?ful ard\r2 & 8 re/less recurr5ce to argum5t1 n f p]sonal disquiet1 b f a vivid appreciation ( ! controv]sial tal5t ( an oppon5t1 or ( 8 own1 or ( ! m]e philosophical difficulties ( ! subject 9 dispute4 ,^! are po9ts = ! consid]ation ( ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 regi/]+ & expla9+ :at may be call$ ! meteorological ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 & d n int]f]e ) ! broad pr9ciple :i* ,i w\ld lay d[n1 t to fe> argum5t is to d\bt ! conclusion1 & to be c]ta9 ( a tru? is to be c>eless ( objections to x2--nor ) ! practical rule1 t m]e ass5t is n c]titude1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) x4 #b4 ,n[ to consid] :at ,c]titude positively is1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is accompani$1 z a /ate ( m9d1 by a specific feel+1 prop] to x1 & discrim9at+ x f o!r /ates1 intellectual & moral1 ,i d n say1 z its practical te/ or z its diff]5tia1 b z its tok51 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se its =m4 ,:5 a man says he is c]ta91 he means he is consci\s to himself ( hav+ ?is specific feel+4 ,x is a feel+ ( satisfaction & self-gratulation1 ( intellectual security1 aris+ out ( a s5se ( success1 atta9m5t1 possession1 f9ality1 z reg>ds ! matt] :i* has be5 9 "q4 ,z a consci5ti\s de$ is att5d$ by a self-approval :i* no?+ b itself c create1 s c]titude is unit$ to a s5tim5t sui g5]is 9 :i* x lives & is manife/$4 ,^! two p>allel s5tim5ts inde$ h no relation%ip ) ea* o!r1 ! enjoyable self-repose ( c]titude be+ z =eign to a good de$1 z ! self-approv+ gl[ ( consci5ce is to ! p]ception ( a tru?2 yet k1 z well z virtue1 is an end1 & bo? k & virtue1 :5 reflect$ on1 c>ry ) !m respectively _! own rew>d 9 ! *>act]i/ic s5tim5t1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is prop] to ea*4 ,&1 z ! p]=mance ( :at is "r is di/+ui%$ by ?is religi\s peace1 s ! atta9m5t ( :at is true is atte/$ by ?is intellectual security4 ,&1 z ! feel+ ( self-approbation1 :i* is prop] to good conduct1 does n belong to ! s5se or to ! possession ( ! beautiful or ( ! becom+1 ( ! pleasant or ( ! useful1 s nei!r is ! special relaxation & repose ( m9d1 :i* is ! tok5 ( ,c]titude1 ev] f\nd to att5d ^u simple ,ass5t1 on processes ( ,inf]5ce1 or on ,d\bt2 nor on inve/igation1 conjecture1 op9ion1 z su*1 or on any o!r /ate or action ( m9d1 besides ,c]titude4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? acts & /ates ( m9d h gratifications prop] to !mselves1 & unlike t ( ,c]titude1 z w suffici5tly appe> on consid]+ !m sep>ately4 7#a47 ,philosoph]s are fond ( enl>g+ on ! pleasures ( ,k1 7t is1 ,k z su*17 nor ne$ ,i "h prove t su* pleasures exi/2 b ! repose 9 self & 9 its object1 z connect$ ) self1 :i* ,i attribute to ,c]titude1 does n atta* to m]e kn[+1 t is1 to ! p]ception ( ?+s1 b to ! consci\sness ( hav+ t k4 ,! simple & direct p]ception ( ?+s has its own great satisfaction2 b x mu/ recognize !m z realities1 & recognize !m z kn[n1 be=e x becomes ! p]ception & has ! satisfaction ( c]titude4 ,inde$1 z f> z ,i see1 ! pleasure ( p]ceiv+ tru? )\t reflect+ on x z tru?1 is n v diff]5t1 except 9 int5sity & 9 dignity1 f ! pleasure1 z su*1 ( ass5t or belief giv5 to :at is n true1 nay1 f ! pleasure ( ! m]e passive reception ( recitals or n>ratives1 :i* nei!r pr(ess to be true nor claim to be believ$4 ,repres5tations ( any k9d are 9 _! own nature pleasurable1 :e!r !y be true or n1 :e!r !y come to u1 or d n come1 z true4 ,we read a hi/ory1 or a biographical notice1 ) pleasure2 & we read a romance ) pleasure2 & a pleasure :i* is q ap>t f ! "q ( fact or fiction4 ,inde$1 :5 we w\ld p]suade "y p to read hi/ory1 we tell !m t x is z int]e/+ z a romance or a novel4 ,! m]e acquisition ( new images1 & ^? images /rik+1 great1 v>i\s1 unexpect$1 beautiful1 ) mutual relations & be>+s1 z be+ p>ts ( a :ole1 ) cont9uity1 succession1 evolution1 ) recurr+ complications & correspond+ solutions1 ) a crisis & a cata/rophe1 is highly pleasurable1 q indep5d5tly ( ! "q :e!r !re is any tru? 9 !m4 ,i am n d5y+ t we %\ld be baulk$ & disappo9t$ to be told !y 7 all untrue1 b ?is seems to arise f ! reflection t we h be5 tak5 92 n z if ! fact ( _! tru? 7 a di/9ct elem5t ( pleasure1 ?\gh x w\ld increase ! pleasure1 z inve/+ !m ) a "* ( m>vell\sness1 & z associat+ !m ) kn[n or asc]ta9$ places4 ,b ev5 if ! pleasure ( k is n ?us f\nd$ on ! imag9ation1 at lea/ x does n consi/ 9 t triumphant repose ( ! m9d aft] a /ruggle1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,c]titude4 ,& s too z to su* /atem5ts z ga9 f u a half-ass5t1 z sup]/iti\s tales1 /ories ( magic1 ( romantic crime1 ( gho/s1 or su* z we foll[ = ! mom5t ) a fa9t & languid ass5t1--contempor>y hi/ory1 political occurr5ces1 ! news ( ! day1--! pleasure result+ f ^! is t ( novelty or curiosity1 & is l ! pleasure aris+ f ! excitem5t ( *ance & f v>iety2 x has 9 x no s5se ( possession3 x is simply ext]nal to u1 & has no?+ ak9 to ! ?\ght ( a battle & a victory4 7#b47 ,aga91 ! ,pursuit ( k has its own pleasure1--z di/9ct f ! pleasures ( k1 z x is di/9ct f t ( consci\sly possess+ x4 ,?is w be evid5t at once1 if we consid] :at a vacuity & depression ( m9d sometimes comes ^u u on ! t]m9ation ( an inquiry1 h[ev] successfully t]m9at$1 comp>$ ) ! int]e/ & _s ) :i* we c>ri$ x on4 ,! pleasure ( a se>*1 l t ( a hunt1 lies 9 ! se>*+1 & ends at ! po9t at :i* ! pleasure ( ,c]titude beg9s4 ,its elem5ts are altoge!r =eign to ^? :i* g to compose ! s]5e satisfaction ( ,c]titude4 ,fir/1 ! successive /eps ( discov]y1 :i* att5d on an inve/igation1 are cont9ual & ev]-ext5d+ in=mations1 & pleasurable1 n only z su*1 b also z ! evid5ce ( pa/ ef=ts1 & ! e>ne/ ( success at ! la/4 ,next1 !re is ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to a my/]y1 n yet remov$1 b t5d+ to removal1--! complex pleasure ( wond]1 expectation1 sudd5 surprises1 susp5se1 & hope1 ( advances fitful1 yet sure1 to ! unkn[n4 ,& !re is ! pleasure :i* atta*es to ! toil & conflict ( ! /rong1 ! consci\sness & successive evid5ces ( p[]1 moral & intellectual1 ! pride ( +5uity & skill1 ( indu/ry1 pati5ce1 vigilance1 & p]sev]ance4 ,su* are ! pleasures ( inve/igation & discov]y2 & to ^! we mu/ add1 :at ,i h sugge/$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! logical satisfaction1 z x may be call$1 :i* accompanies ^! ef=ts ( m9d4 ,!re is great pleasure1 z is pla91 at lea/ to c]ta9 m9ds1 9 proce$+ f p>ticul> facts to pr9ciples1 9 g5]aliz+1 discrim9at+1 r$uc+ into ord] & mean+ ! maze ( ph5om5a :i* nature pres5ts to u4 ,?is is ! k9d ( pleasure att5dant on ! treatm5t ( probabilities :i* po9t at conclusions )\t rea*+ !m1 or ( objections :i* mu/ be weigh$ & measur$1 & adju/$ = :at !y are wor?1 ov] & aga9/ propositions :i* are antec$5tly evid5t4 ,x is ! special pleasure belong+ to ,inf]5ce z contra/$ ) ,ass5t1 a pleasure almo/ poetical1 z twilight has m poetry 9 x ?an noon-day4 ,su* is ! joy ( ! plead]1 ) a good case 9 h&1 & expect+ ! sep>ate attacks ( half a doz5 acute intellects1 ea* advanc+ f a po9t ( 8 own4 ,i suppose ?is 0 ! pleasure :i* ! ,academics _h 9 m9d1 :5 !y prop\nd$ t happ9ess lay1 n 9 f9d+ ! tru?1 b 9 seek+ x4 ,to seek1 inde$1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( n f9d+ :at we seek1 _c 9 any s]i\s matt]1 be pleasurable1 any m ?an ! lab\r ( ,sisyphus or ! ,danaides2 b :5 ! result does n conc]n u v mu*1 clev] argum5ts & rival ones h ! attraction ( a game ( *ance or skill1 :e!r or n !y lead to any def9ite conclusion4 7#c47 ,are !re pleasures ( ,d\bt1 z well z ( ,inf]5ce & ( ,ass5t8 ,9 "o s5se1 !re are4 ,n inde$1 if d\bt simply means ignorance1 unc]ta9ty1 or hopeless susp5se2 b !re is a c]ta9 grave acquiesc5ce 9 ignorance1 a recognition ( our impot5ce to solve mom5t\s & urg5t que/ions1 :i* has a satisfaction ( its own4 ,aft] high aspirations1 aft] r5ew$ endeav\rs1 aft] bootless toil1 aft] long w&]+s1 aft] hope1 ef=t1 we>9ess1 failure1 pa9fully alt]nat+ & recurr+1 x is an imm5se relief to ! exhau/$ m9d to be able to say1 8,at l5g? ,i "k t ,i c "k no?+ ab\t any ?+10--t is1 :ile x c ma9ta9 itself 9 a po/ure ( ?\ght :i* has no promise ( p]man5ce1 because x is unnatural4 ,b "h ! satisfaction does n lie 9 n kn[+1 b 9 kn[+ !re is no?+ to "k4 ,x is a positive act ( ass5t or conviction1 giv5 to :at 9 ! p>ticul> case is an untru?4 ,x is ! ass5t & ! false c]titude :i* are ! cause ( ! tranquillity ( m9d4 ,ignorance rema9s ! evil :i* x ev] 01 b some?+ ( ! peace ( ,c]titude is ga9$ 9 kn[+ ! wor/1 & 9 hav+ reconcil$ ! m9d to ! endurance ( x4 ,i may seem to h be5 ne$lessly diffuse 9 ?us dwell+ on ! pleasurable affections sev]ally att5d+ on ^! v>i\s conditions ( ! intellect1 b ,i h _h a purpose 9 do+ s4 ,t ,c]titude is a natural & normal /ate ( m9d1 & n 7z is sometimes object$7 "o ( its extravagances or infirmities1 is prov$ inde$ by ! rem>ks :i* ,i h made above on ! same objection1 z direct$ aga9/ ,ass5t2 = ,c]titude is only "o ( its =ms4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x well 9 addition to sugge/1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( a digression1 t z no "o w\ld refuse to ,inquiry1 ,d\bt1 & ,k a legitimate place among our m5tal con/itu5ts1 s no "o c reasonably ignore a /ate ( m9d :i* n only is %[n to be sub/antive by possess+ a s5tim5t sui g5]is & *>act]i/ic1 b is analogical to ,inquiry1 ,d\bt1 & ,k1 9 ! fact ( its ?us hav+ a s5tim5t ( its own4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,c]titude4 #a4 ,ass5t & ,c]titude ,contra/$4 ,9 proce$+ to comp>e toge!r simple ass5t & complex1 t is1 ,ass5t & ,c]titude1 ,i beg9 by obs]v+1 t popul>ly no di/9ction is made betwe5 ! two2 or r1 t 9 religi\s tea*+ t is call$ ,c]titude to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( ,ass5t4 ,i h no difficulty 9 adopt+ su* a use ( ! words1 ?\gh ! c\rse ( my inve/igation has l$ me to ano!r4 ,p]haps religi\s ass5t may be fitly call$1 to use a !ological t]m1 8mat]ial c]titude20 & ! fir/ po9t ( comp>ison :i* ,i %all make betwe5 ! two /ates ( m9d1 w s]ve to set me "r ) ! common way ( speak+4 #a4 ,x c]ta9ly foll[s !n1 f ! di/9ctions :i* ,i h made1 t great numb]s ( m5 mu/ be consid]$ to pass ?r\gh life ) nei!r d\bt nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c]titude 7z ,i h us$ ! words7 on ! mo/ important propositions :i* c occupy _! m9ds1 b ) only a simple ass5t1 t is1 an ass5t :i* !y b>ely recognize1 or br+ home to _! consci\sness or reflect ^u1 z be+ ass5t4 ,su* an ass5t is all t religi\s ,prote/ants commonly h to %[1 :o believe nev]!less ) _! :ole he>ts ! cont5ts ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,su* too is ! /ate ( m9d ( multitudes ( good ,ca?olics1 p]haps ! majority1 :o live & die 9 a simple1 full1 firm belief 9 all t ! ,*ur* tea*es1 because %e tea*es x1--9 ! belief ( ! irrev]sible tru? ( :atev] %e def9es & decl>es1--b :o1 z be+ f> remov$ f ,prote/ant & o!r diss5ti5ts1 & hav+ b little intellectual tra9+1 h nev] _h ! temptation to d\bt1 & nev] ! opportunity to be c]ta94 ,!re 7 :ole nations 9 ! middle ages ?us /eep$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 :o nev] us$ its doctr9es z matt] = argum5t or rese>*1 or *ang$ ! orig9al belief ( _! *ildhood into ! m sci5tific convictions ( philosophy4 ,z !re is a condition ( m9d :i* is *>act]iz$ by inv9cible ignorance1 s !re is ano!r :i* may be said to be possess$ ( inv9cible k2 & x w\ld be p>adoxical 9 me to d5y to su* a m5tal /ate ! highe/ quality ( religi\s fai?1--,i mean c]titude4 ,i all[ ?is1 & !re=e ,i w call simple ass5t mat]ial c]titude2 or1 to use a /ill m apposite t]m = x1 int]pretative c]titude4 ,i call x int]pretative1 signify+ !reby t1 ?\gh ! ass5t 9 ! individuals contemplat$ is n a reflex act1 /ill ! "q only has to be />t$ ab\t ! tru? ( ! objects ( _! ass5t1 9 ord] to elicit f !m an act ( fai? 9 response :i* w fulfil ! conditions ( c]titude1 z ,i h drawn !m out4 ,z to ! argum5tative process necess>y = su* an act1 x is valid & suffici5t1 if x be c>ri$ out s]i\sly1 & proportionate to _! sev]al capacities3--8,! ,ca?olic ,religion is true1 because its objects1 z pres5t to my m9d1 control & influ5ce my conduct z no?+ else does20 or 8because x has ab\t x an od\r ( tru? & sanctity sui g5]is1 z p]ceptible to my moral nature z fl[]s to my s5se1 su* z c only come f heav520 or 8because x has nev] be5 to me any ?+ b peace1 joy1 consolation1 & /r5g?1 all ?r\gh my tr\bl$ life40 ,& if ! p>ticul> argum5t us$ 9 "s in/ances ne$s /r5g!n+1 !n let x be obs]v$1 t ! ke5ness ( ! real appreh5sion ) :i* ! ass5t is made1 ?\gh x _c be ! legitimate basis ( ! ass5t1 may /ill legitimately act1 & /rongly act1 9 confirmation4 ,su*1 ,i say1 w\ld be ! promptitude & effectiv5ess ( ! reason+1 & ! facility ( ! *ange f ass5t to c]titude prop]1 9 ! case ( ! multitudes 9 "q1 did ! occasion = reflection occur2 b x does n occur2 & accord+ly1 mo/ g5u9e & ?or\gh z is ! ass5t1 x c only be call$ virtual1 mat]ial1 or int]pretative c]titude1 if ,i h above expla9$ c]titude rightly4 ,( c\rse ^! rem>ks hold good 9 secul> subjects z well z religi\s3--,i believe1 = in/ance1 t ,i am liv+ 9 an isl&1 t ,julius ,cs> once invad$ x1 t x has be5 conqu]$ by successive races1 t x has _h great political & social *anges1 & t at ?is "t x has colonies1 e/abli%m5ts1 & imp]ial dom9ion all ov] ! e>?4 ,all ?is ,i am accu/om$ to take = grant$ )\t a ?\ght2 b1 7 ! ne$ to arise1 ,i %\ld n f9d mu* difficulty 9 draw+ out f my own m5tal res\rces reasons suffici5t to ju/ify me 9 ^! beliefs4 ,x is true inde$ t1 among ! multitudes :o are ?us implicitly c]ta91 !re may be ^? :o w\ld *ange _! ass5ts1 did !y seek to place !m ^u an argum5tative foot+2 = in/ance1 "s believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity1 did !y exam9e into its claims1 might end 9 r5\nc+ x4 ,b ?is is only say+ t !re are g5u9e ass5ts1 & ass5ts t ultimately prove to be n g5u9e2 & aga91 t !re is an ass5t :i* is n a virtual c]titude1 & is lo/ 9 ! attempt to make x c]titude4 ,& ( c\rse we are n gift$ ) t insight into ! m9ds ( individuals1 :i* enables u to det]m9e be=e ! ev5t1 :5 x is t an ass5t is really su*1 & :5 n1 or n a deeply root$ ass5t4 ,m5 may ass5t lightly1 or f m]e prejudice1 or )\t und]/&+ :at x is to :i* !y ass5t4 ,!y may be g5u9e believ]s 9 ,revelation up to ! "t :5 !y beg9 =mally to exam9e1--nay1 & really h implicit reasons = _! belief1--& !n1 be+ ov]come by ! numb] ( views :i* !y h to confront1 & sway$ by ! urg5cy ( special objections1 or biass$ by _! imag9ations1 or fright5$ by a deep] insight into ! claims ( religion ^u ! s\l1 may1 9 spite ( _! habitual & lat5t gr\nds = believ+1 %r9k back & )draw _! ass5t4 ,or aga91 !y may once h believ$1 b _! ass5t has gradually become a m]e pr(ession1 )\t _! kn[+ x2 !n1 :5 by accid5t !y int]rogate !mselves1 !y f9d no ass5t )9 !m at all1 to turn into c]titude4 ,! ev5t1 ,i say1 alone det]m9es :e!r :at is outw>dly an ass5t is really su* an act ( ! m9d z admits ( be+ develop$ into c]titude1 or is a m]e self-delusion or a cloak = unbelief4 #b4 ,next1 ,i obs]ve1 t1 ( ! two modes ( appreh5d+ propositions1 notional & real1 ass5t1 z ,i h already said1 has clos] relations ) real ?an ) notional4 ,n[ a simple ass5t ne$ n be notional2 b ! reflex or confirmatory ass5t ( c]titude always is giv5 to a notional proposition1 viz4 to ! tru?1 necessity1 duty1 c41 ( our ass5t to ! simple ass5t & to its proposition4 ,its pr$icate is a g5]al t]m1 & _c /& = a fact1 :]eas ! orig9al proposition1 includ$ 9 x1 may1 & (t5 does1 express a fact4 ,?us1 8,! *ol]a is 9 ! mid/ ( u0 is a real proposition2 b 8,t #8! *ol]a is 9 ! mid/ ( u' is beyond all d\bt0 is a notional4 ,n[ ass5t to a real proposition is ass5t to an imag9ation1 & an imag9ation1 z supply+ objects to our emotional & moral nature1 is adapt$ to be a pr9ciple ( action3 accord+ly1 ! simple ass5t to 8,! *ol]a is among u10 is m emphatic & op]ative1 ?an ! confirmatory ass5t1 8,x is beyond reasonable d\bt t #8! *ol]a is among u4'0 ,! confirmation gives mom5tum to ! complex act ( ! m9d1 b ! simple ass5t gives x its edge4 ,! simple ass5t w\ld /ill be op]ative 9 its measure1 ?\gh ! reflex ass5t 01 n 8,x is und5iable10 b 8,x is probable0 t 8! *ol]a is among u20 :]eas !re w\ld be no op]ative =ce 9 ! m5tal act at all1 ?\gh ! reflex ass5t 0 to ! tru?1 n to ! probability ( ! fact1 if ! fact :i* 0 ! object ( ! simple ass5t 0 no?+ m ?an 8,! *ol]a is 9 ,*9a40 ,! reflex ass5t !n1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( c]titude1 does n imm$iately t\* u2 x is purely intellectual1 &1 tak5 by itself1 has sc>cely m =ce ?an ! record+ ( a conclusion4 ,i h tak5 an in/ance1 9 :i* ! matt] :i* is submitt$ = exam9ation & = ass5t1 c h>dly fail ( be+ int]e/+ to ! m9ds employ$ ^u x2 b 9 _m cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! fact ass5t$-to has a be>+ ^u action1 x is n directly ( a nature to influ5ce ! feel+s or conduct1 except ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,& 9 su* in/ances ( c]titude1 ! previ\s lab\r ( com+ to a conclusion1 & t repose ( m9d :i* ,i h above describ$ z att5dant on an ass5t to its tru?1 (t5 c\nt]acts :atev] ( lively s5sation ! fact ?us conclud$ is 9 itself adapt$ to excite2 s t :at is ga9$ 9 dep? & exactness ( belief is lo/ z reg>ds fre%ness & vig\r4 ,h5ce x is t lit]>y or sci5tific m51 :o may h inve/igat$ "s difficult po9t ( hi/ory1 philosophy1 or physics1 & h come to _! own settl$ conclusion ab\t x1 hav+ _h a p]fect "r to =m "o1 are f> m dispos$ to be sil5t z to _! convictions1 & to let o!rs alone1 ?an p>tisans on ei!r side ( ! "q1 :o take x up ) less ?\ght & s]i\sness4 ,& s aga91 9 ! religi\s _w1 no "o seems to look = any great devotion or f]v\r 9 controv]siali/s1 writ]s on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces1 !ologians1 & ! l1 x be+ tak5 = grant$1 rightly or wrongly1 t su* m5 are too intellectual to be spiritual1 & are m occupi$ ) ! tru? ( doctr9e ?an ) its reality4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we w\ld see :at ! =ce ( simple ass5t c be1 view$ ap>t f its reflex confirmation1 we h b to look at ! g5]\s & uncalculat+ en]gy ( fai? z exemplifi$ 9 ! primitive ,m>tyrs1 9 ! y\?s :o defi$ ! pagan tyrant1 or ! maid5s :o 7 sil5t "u 8 tortures4 ,x is ass5t1 pure & simple1 :i* is ! motive cause ( great a*ievem5ts2 x is a confid5ce1 gr[+ out ( in/9cts r ?an argum5ts1 /ay$ ^u a vivid appreh5sion1 & animat$ by a transc5d5t logic1 m conc5trat$ 9 w & 9 de$ = ! v reason t x has n be5 subject$ to any intellectual developm5t4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t1 9 ?us speak+1 ,i am contra/+ ) ea* o!r ! simple & ! reflex ass5t1 :i* toge!r make up ! complex act ( c]titude4 ,9 its complete exhibition ke5ness 9 believ+ is unit$ ) repose & p]si/5ce4 #c4 ,we mu/ take ! con/itution ( ! human m9d z we f9d x1 & n z we may judge x ought to be2--?us ,i am l$ on to ano!r rem>k1 :i* is at fir/ sight disadvantage\s to ,c]titude4 ,introspection ( our intellectual op]ations is n ! be/ ( means = pres]v+ u f intellectual hesitations4 ,to m$dle ) ! spr+s ( ?\ght & action is really to weak5 !m2 &1 z to t argum5tation :i* is ! prelim9>y to ,c]titude1 x may inde$ be unavoidable1 b1 z 9 ! case ( o!r s]viceable allies1 x is n s easy to disc>d x1 aft] x has done its "w1 z x 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance to obta9 its assi/ance4 ,que/ion+1 :5 enc\rag$ on any subject-matt]1 readily becomes a habit1 & leads ! m9d to sub/itute ex]cises ( inf]5ce = ass5t1 :e!r simple or complex4 ,reasons = ass5t+ sugge/ reasons = n ass5t+1 & :at 7 realities to our imag9ation1 :ile our ass5t 0 simple1 may become little m ?an notions1 :5 we h atta9$ to c]titude4 ,objections & difficulties tell ^u ! m9d2 x may lose its ela/icity1 & be unable to ?r[ !m (f4 ,& ?us1 ev5 z reg>ds ?+s :i* x may be absurd to d\bt1 we may1 9 consequ5ce ( "s pa/ sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( error1 or ( "s *ance association to _! disadvantage1 be teaz$ f "t to "t & hamp]$ by involunt>y que/ion+s1 z if we 7 n c]ta91 :5 we are4 ,nay1 !re are ^?1 :o are visit$ ) ^! ev5 p]man5tly1 z a sort ( musc volitantes ( _! m5tal vision1 ev] flitt+ to & fro1 & dimm+ its cle>ness & complet5ess--visitants1 = :i* !y are n responsible1 & :i* !y "k to be unreal1 /ill s s]i\sly int]f]+ ) _! com=t & ev5 ) _! en]gy1 t !y may be tempt$ to compla9 t ev5 bl9d prejudice has m ( quiet & ( durability ?an c]titude4 ,z ev5 ,sa9ts may suff] f imag9ations 9 :i* !y h no "p1 s ! %r$s & tatt]s ( =m] controv]sies1 & ! litt] ( an argum5tative habit1 may beset & ob/ruct ! intellect1--que/ions :i* h be5 solv$ )\t _! solutions1 *a9s ( reason+ ) miss+ l9ks1 difficulties :i* h _! roots 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & :i* are necess>ily left beh9d 9 a philosophical inquiry because !y _c be remov$1 & :i* call = ! ex]cise ( good s5se & = /r5g? ( w to put !m d[n ) a high h&1 z irrational or prepo/]\s4 ,:5ce comes evil8 :y are we creat$ )\t our cons5t8 h[ c ! ,supreme ,be+ h no beg9n+8 h[ c ,he ne$ skill1 if ,he is omnipot5t8 if ,he is omnipot5t1 :y does ,he p]mit suff]+8 ,if ,he p]mits suff]+1 h[ is ,he all-lov+8 if ,he is all-lov+1 h[ c ,he be j8 if ,he is inf9ite1 :at has ,he to d ) ! f9ite8 h[ c ! tempor>y be decisive ( ! et]nal8--^!1 & a ho/ ( l que/ions1 mu/ arise 9 e ?\ghtful m9d1 &1 aft] ! be/ use ( reason1 mu/ be delib]ately put aside1 z beyond reason1 z 7s to speak7 no-?or\ghf>es1 :i*1 hav+ no outlet !mselves1 h no legitimate p[] to div]t u f ! ,k+'s highway1 & to h9d] ! direct c\rse ( religi\s inquiry f rea*+ its de/9ation4 ,a s]i\s ob/ruction1 h[ev]1 !y w be n[ & !n to p>ticul> m9ds1 enfeebl+ ! fai? :i* !y _c de/roy1--be+ p>allel to ! uncom=table1 associations ) :i* sometimes we reg>d "o :om we h fall5-9 )1 acqua9tance or /rang]1 aris+ f "s *ance ^w1 look1 or action ( 8 :i* we h witness$1 & :i* prejudices him 9 our imag9ation1 ?\gh we are angry ) ourselves t x %\ld d s4 ,aga91 :51 9 confid5ce ( our own c]titude1 & ) a view to philosophical fairness1 we h attempt$ successfully to ?r[ ourselves out ( our habits ( belief into a simply dispassionate frame ( m9d1 !n vague antec$5t improbabilities1 or :at seem to u z su*1--m]ely :at is /range or m>vell\s 9 c]ta9 tru?s1 m]ely ! fact t ?+s happ5 9 "o way & n 9 ano!r1 :5 !y mu/ happ5 9 "s way1--may di/urb u1 z sugge/+ to u1 8,is x possible8 :o w\ld h ?\ght x6 :at a co9cid5ce60 )\t really t\*+ ! deep ass5t ( our :ole intellectual be+ to ! object1 :atev] x be1 ?us irrationally assail$4 ,?us we may wond] at ! ,div9e ,m]cy ( ! ,inc>nation1 till we gr[ />tl$ at x1 & ask :y ! e>? has s special a !ological hi/ory1 or :y we are ,*ri/ians & o!rs n1 or h[ ,god c really ex]t a p>ticul> gov]nance1 s9ce ,he does n puni% su* s9n]s z we are1 ?us seem+ to d\bt ,8 p[] or ,8 equity1 ?\gh 9 tru? we are n d\bt+ at all4 ,! occasion ( ?is intellectual wayw>dness may be slight] /ill4 ,i gaze on ! ,palat9e ,hill1 or on ! ,p>!non1 or on ! ,pyramids1 :i* ,i h read ( f a boy1 or ^u ! matt]-(-fact reality ( ! sacr$ places 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & ,i h to =ce my imag9ation to foll[ ! guidance ( sight & ( reason4 ,x is to me s /range t a lifelong belief %\ld be *ang$ into sight1 & ?+s %\ld be s ne> me1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 visions4 ,& s 9 times1 fir/ ( susp5se1 !n ( joy2 8,:5 ! ,"l turn$ ! captivity ( ,sion1 !n0 7accord+ to ! ,hebrew text7 8we 7 l unto !m t dream40 ,yet x 0 a dream :i* !y 7 c]ta9 0 a tru?1 :ile !y seem$ to d\bt x4 ,s1 too1 0 x 9 "s s5se ) ! ,apo/les aft] our ,"l's resurrection4 ,su* vague ?\ghts1 haunt+ or evanesc5t1 are 9 no s5se ak9 to t /ruggle betwe5 fai? & unbelief1 :i* made ! poor fa!r cry out1 8,i believe1 help ,?\ m9e unbelief60 ,nay1 ev5 :at 9 "s m9ds seems l an und]curr5t ( scepticism1 or a fai? f\nd$ on a p]il\s sub/ratum ( d\bt1 ne$ n be m ?an a temptation1 ?\gh robb+ ,c]titude ( its normal peacefulness4 ,9 su* a case1 fai? may /ill express ! /eady conviction ( ! intellect2 x may /ill be ! grave1 deep1 calm1 prud5t assurance ( mature exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x is n ! ready & impetu\s ass5t ( ! "y1 ! g5]\s1 or ! unreflect+4 #d4 ,!re is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ,c]titude1 9 contra/ ) ,ass5t1 :i* x is important to insi/ ^u1 & t is1 its p]si/5ce4 ,ass5ts may & d *ange2 c]titudes endure4 ,?is is :y religion dem&s m ?an an ass5t to its tru?2 x requires a c]titude1 or at lea/ an ass5t :i* is conv]tible into c]titude on dem&4 ,)\t c]titude 9 religi\s fai? !re may be mu* dec5cy ( pr(ession & ( obs]vance1 b !re c be no habit ( pray]1 no directness ( devotion1 no int]c\rse ) ! unse51 no g5]osity ( self-sacrifice4 ,c]titude !n is ess5tial to ! ,*ri/ian2 & if he is to p]sev]e to ! end1 8 c]titude mu/ include 9 x a pr9ciple ( p]si/5ce4 ,?is x has2 z ,i %all expla9 9 ! next ,section4 #b4 ,indefectibility ( ,c]titude4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( c]titude t its object is a tru?1 a tru? z su*1 a proposition z true4 ,!re are "r & wrong convictions1 & c]titude is a "r conviction2 if x is n "r ) a consci\sness ( be+ "r1 x is n c]titude4 ,n[ tru? _c *ange2 :at is once tru? is always tru?2 & ! human m9d is made = tru?1 & s re/s 9 tru?1 z x _c re/ 9 falsehood4 ,:5 !n x once becomes possess$ ( a tru?1 :at is to dispossess x8 b ?is is to be c]ta92 !re=e once c]titude1 always c]titude4 ,if c]titude 9 any matt] be ! t]m9ation ( all d\bt or fe> ab\t its tru?1 & an unconditional consci\s adh]5ce to x1 x c>ries ) x an inw>d assurance1 /rong ?\gh implicit1 t x %all nev] fail4 ,indefectibility almo/ ent]s into its v idea1 ent]s into x at lea/ s f> z ?is1 t its failure1 if ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 w\ld prove t c]titude 0 aft] all & 9 fact an impossible act1 & t :at look$ l x 0 a m]e extravagance ( ! intellect4 ,tru? w\ld /ill be tru?1 b ! k ( x w\ld be beyond u & unatta9able4 ,x is ( great importance !n to %[1 t1 z a g5]al rule1 c]titude does n fail2 t failures ( :at 0 tak5 = c]titude are ! exception2 t ! intellect1 :i* is made = tru?1 c atta9 tru?1 &1 hav+ atta9$ x1 c keep x1 c recognize x1 & pres]ve ! recognition4 ,?is is on ! :ole reasonable2 yet are ! /ipulations1 ?us obvi\sly necess>y = an act or /ate ( c]titude1 ev] fulfill$8 ,we "k :at conjecture is1 & :at op9ion1 & :at ass5t is1 c we po9t out any specific /ate or habit ( ?\ght1 ( :i* ! di/+ui%+ m>k is un*angeabl5ess8 ,on ! contr>y1 any conviction1 false z well z true1 may la/2 & any conviction1 true z well z false1 may be lo/4 ,a conviction 9 fav\r ( a proposition may be ex*ang$ = a conviction ( its contradictory2 & ea* ( !m may be att5d$1 :ile !y la/1 by t s5se ( security & repose1 :i* a true object alone c legitimately imp>t4 ,no l9e c be drawn betwe5 su* real c]titudes z h tru? = _! object1 & app>5t c]titudes4 ,no di/9ct te/ c be nam$1 suffici5t to discrim9ate betwe5 :at may be call$ ! false prophet & ! true4 ,:at looks l c]titude always is expos$ to ! *ance ( turn+ out to be a mi/ake4 ,if our intimate1 delib]ate conviction may be c\nt]feit 9 ! case ( "o proposition1 :y n 9 ! case ( ano!r8 if 9 ! case ( "o man1 :y n 9 ! case ( a hundr$8 ,is c]titude !n ev] possible )\t ! att5dant gift ( infallibility8 c we "k :at is "r 9 "o case1 unless we are secur$ aga9/ error 9 any8 ,fur!r1 if "o man is infallible1 :y is he diff]5t f 8 bre?r58 unless inde$ he is di/9ctly m>k$ out = ! pr]ogative4 ,mu/ n all m5 be infallible by consequ5ce1 if any man is to be consid]$ z c]ta98 ,! difficulty1 ?us /at$ argum5tatively1 has only too accurate a response 9 :at actually goes on 9 ! _w4 ,x is a fact ( daily occurr5ce t m5 *ange _! c]titudes1 t is1 :at !y consid] to be su*1 & are z confid5t & well-e/abli%$ 9 _! new op9ions z !y 7 once 9 _! old4 ,!y take up =ms ( religion only to leave !m = _! contradictories4 ,!y risk _! =tunes & _! lives on impossible adv5tures4 ,!y commit !mselves by ^w & de$1 9 reputation & position1 to s*emes :i* 9 ! ev5t !y bitt]ly rep5t ( & r5\nce2 !y set out 9 y\? ) intemp]ate confid5ce 9 prospects :i* fail !m1 & 9 fri5ds :o betray !m1 ere !y come to middle age2 & !y end _! days 9 cynical disbelief ( tru? & virtue any :]e2--& (t51 ! m absurd are _! means & _! ends1 s mu* ! long] d !y cl+ to !m1 & !n aga9 s mu* ! m passionate is _! ev5tual disgu/ & contempt ( !m4 ,h[ !n c c]titude be !irs1 h[ is c]titude possible at all1 consid]+ x is s (t5 misplac$1 s (t5 fickle & inconsi/5t1 s defici5t 9 available crit]ia8 ,&1 z to ! feel+ ( f9ality & security1 ought x ev] to be indulg$8 ,is x n a m]e weakness or extravagance1 a deceit1 to be es*ew$ by e cle> & prud5t m9d8 ,) ! c\ntless in/ances1 on all sides ( u1 ( human fallibility1 ) ! con/ant exhibitions ( antagoni/ c]titudes1 :o c s s9 aga9/ mode/y & sobriety ( m9d1 z n to be cont5t ) probability1 z ! true guide ( life1 r5\nc+ ambiti\s ?\ghts1 :i* are sure ei!r to delude him1 or to disappo9t8 ,?is is :at may be object$3 n[ let u see :at c be said 9 answ]1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds religi\s c]titude4 #a4 ,fir/1 z to fallibility & infallibility4 ,x is v common1 d\btless1 especially 9 religi\s controv]sy1 to confuse infallibility ) c]titude1 & to argue t1 s9ce we h n ! "o1 we h n ! o!r1 = t no "o c claim to be c]ta9 on any po9t1 :o is n infallible ab\t all2 b ! two words /& = ?+s q di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,= example1 ,i rememb] = c]ta9 :at ,i did ye/]day1 b /ill my memory is n infallible2 ,i am q cle> t two & two makes f\r1 b ,i (t5 make mi/akes 9 long addition sums4 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t ,john or ,ri*>d is my true fri5d1 b ,i h be=e n[ tru/$ ^? :o fail$ me1 & ,i may d s aga9 be=e ,i die4 ,a c]titude is direct$ to ?is or t p>ticul> proposition2 x is n a faculty or gift1 b a disposition ( m9d relatively to a def9ite case :i* is be=e me4 ,infallibility1 on ! contr>y1 is j t :i* c]titude is n2 x is a faculty or gift1 & relates1 n to "s "o tru? 9 p>ticul>1 b to all possible propositions 9 a giv5 subject-matt]4 ,we ought 9 /rict propriety1 to speak1 n ( infallible acts1 b ( acts ( infallibility4 ,a belief or op9ion z little admits ( be+ call$ infallible1 z a de$ c correctly be call$ immortal4 ,a de$ is done & ov]2 x may be great1 mom5t\s1 effective1 any?+ b immortal2 x is its fame1 x is ! "w :i* x br+s to pass1 :i* is immortal1 n ! de$ itself4 ,& z a de$ is good or bad1 b nev] immortal1 s a belief1 op9ion1 or c]titude is true or false1 b nev] infallible4 ,we _c speak ( ?+s :i* exi/ or ?+s :i* once 71 z if !y 7 some?+ 9 posse4 ,x is p]sons & rules t are infallible1 n :at is br\ght out into act1 or committ$ to pap]4 ,a man is infallible1 ^: words are always true2 a rule is infallible1 if x is un]r+ 9 all its possible applications4 ,an infallible au?ority is c]ta9 9 e p>ticul> case t may arise2 b a man :o is c]ta9 9 "s "o def9ite case1 is n on t acc\nt infallible4 ,i am q c]ta9 t ,victoria is our ,sov]eign1 & n h] fa!r1 ! late ,duke ( ,k5t1 )\t lay+ any claim to ! gift ( infallibility2 z ,i may d a virtu\s action1 )\t be+ impeccable4 ,i may be c]ta9 t ! ,*ur* is infallible1 :ile ,i am myself a fallible mortal2 o!rwise1 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ! ,supreme ,be+ is infallible1 until ,i am infallible myself4 ,x is a /range objection1 !n1 :i* is sometimes urg$ aga9/ ,ca?olics1 t !y _c prove & ass5t to ! ,*ur*'s infallibility1 unless !y fir/ believe 9 _! own4 ,c]titude1 z ,i h said1 is direct$ to "o or o!r def9ite concrete proposition4 ,i am c]ta9 ( proposition "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five1 "o by "o1 ea* by itself4 ,i may be c]ta9 ( "o ( !m1 )\t be+ c]ta9 ( ! re/2 t ,i am c]ta9 ( ! fir/ makes x nei!r likely nor unlikely t ,i am c]ta9 ( ! second2 b 7 ,i infallible1 !n ,i %\ld be c]ta91 n only ( "o ( !m1 b ( all1 & ( _m m besides1 :i* h nev] come be=e me z yet4 ,!re=e we may be c]ta9 ( ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile we admit t 9 _m ?+s we are n1 & _c be1 c]ta9 at all4 ,x is wond]ful t a cle>-head$ man1 l ,*ill+wor?1 sees ?is z little z ! run ( e-day objectors to ! ,ca?olic religion2 = 9 8 celebrat$ 8,religion ( ,prote/ants0 he writes z foll[s3--8,y tell me !y _c be sav$1 unless !y believe 9 y\r proposals ) an infallible fai?4 ,to :i* end !y mu/ believe also y\r prop\nd]1 ! ,*ur*1 to be simply infallible4 ,n[ h[ is x possible = !m to give a rational ass5t to ! ,*ur*'s infallibility1 unless !y h "s infallible means to "k t %e is infallible8 ,nei!r c !y infallibly "k ! infallibility ( ?is means1 b by "s o!r2 & s on = ev]1 unless !y c dig s deep1 z to come at l5g? to ! ,rock1 t is1 to settle all ^u some?+ evid5t ( itself1 :i* is n s mu* z pret5d$47#aa70 ,n[ :at is an 8infallible means08 ,x is a means ( com+ at a fact )\t ! *ance ( mi/ake4 ,x is a pro( :i* is suffici5t = c]titude 9 ! p>ticul> case1 or a pro( t is c]ta94 ,:5 !n ,*ill+wor? says t !re c be no 8rational ass5t to ! ,*ur*'s infallibility0 )\t 8"s infallible means ( kn[+ t %e is infallible10 he means no?+ else ?an "s means :i* is c]ta92 he says t = a rational ass5t to infallibility !re mu/ be an absolutely valid or c]ta9 pro(4 ,?is is intelligible2 b obs]ve h[ 8 argum5t w run1 if word$ accord+ to ?is int]pretation3 8,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*'s infallibility requires a pro( t is c]ta92 & t c]ta9 pro( requires ano!r previ\s c]ta9 pro(1 & t aga9 ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum1 unless inde$ we dig s deep z to settle all ^u some?+ evid5t ( itself40 ,:at is ?is b to say t no?+ 9 ?is _w is c]ta9 b :at is self-evid5t8 t no?+ c be absolutely prov$8 ,c he really mean ?is8 ,:at !n becomes ( physical tru?8 ( ! discov]ies 9 optics1 *emi/ry1 & electricity1 or ( ! sci5ce ( motion8 ,intuition by itself w c>ry u b a little way into t circle ( k :i* is ! boa/ ( ! pres5t age4 ,i c believe !n 9 ! infallible ,*ur* )\t my own p]sonal infallibility4 ,c]titude is at mo/ no?+ m ?an infallibility pro hac vice1 & promises no?+ z to ! tru? ( any proposition beside its own4 ,t ,i am c]ta9 ( ?is proposition to-day1 is no gr\nd = ?9k+ t ,i %all h a "r to be c]ta9 ( t proposition to-morr[2 & t ,i am wrong 9 my convictions ab\t to-day's proposition1 does n h9d] my hav+ a true conviction1 a g5u9e c]titude1 ab\t to-morr['s proposition4 ,if inde$ ,i claim$ to be infallible1 "o failure w\ld %iv] my claim to pieces2 b ,i may claim to be c]ta9 ( ! tru? to :i* ,i h already atta9$1 ?\gh ,i %\ld arrive at no new tru?s 9 addition z long z ,i live4 #b4 ,let u put aside ! ^w 8infallibility20 let u und]/& by c]titude1 z ,i h expla9$ x1 no?+ m ?an a relation ( ! m9d t[>ds giv5 propositions3--/ill1 x may be urg$1 x involves a s5se ( security & ( repose1 at lea/ z reg>ds ^! 9 p>ticul>4 ,n[ h[ c ?is security be m9e1--)\t :i* c]titude is n1--if ,i "k1 z ,i "k too well1 t be=e n[ ,i h ?\ght myself c]ta91 :5 ,i 0 c]ta9 aft] all ( an untru?8 ,is n ! v possibility ( c]titude lo/ to me = ev] by t "o mi/ake8 ,:at happ5$ once1 may happ5 aga94 ,all my c]titudes be=e & aft] are h5ce=? de/roy$ by ! introduction ( a reasonable d\bt1 und]ly+ !m all4 ,ipso facto !y cease to be c]titudes1--!y come %ort ( unconditional ass5ts by ! measure ( t c\nt]feit assurance4 ,!y are no?+ m to me ?an op9ions or anticipations1 judgm5ts on ! v]isimilitude ( intellectual views1 n ! possession & enjoym5t ( tru?s4 ,& :o has n ?us be5 balk$ by false c]titudes a hundr$ times 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce8 & h[ c c]titude h a legitimate place 9 our m5tal con/itution1 :5 x ?us manife/ly m9i/]s to error & to scepticism8 ,?is is :at may be object$1 & x is n1 z ,i ?9k1 difficult to answ]4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! exp]i5ce ( mi/akes 9 ! ass5ts :i* we h made are to ! prejudice ( subsequ5t ones4 ,!re is an antec$5t difficulty 9 our all[+ ourselves to be c]ta9 ( some?+ to-day1 if ye/]day we _h to give up our belief ( some?+ else1 ( :i* we _h up to t "t pr(ess$ ourselves to be c]ta94 ,?is is true2 b antec$5t objections to an act are n suffici5t ( !mselves to prohibit its ex]cise2 !y may dem& ( u an increas$ circumspection be=e committ+ ourselves to x1 b may be met ) reasons m ?an suffici5t to ov]come !m4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t c]titude is a delib]ate ass5t giv5 expressly aft] reason+4 ,if !n my c]titude is unf\nd$1 x is ! reason+ t is 9 fault1 n my ass5t to x4 ,x is ! law ( my m9d to seal up ! conclusions to :i* ratioc9ation has br\ght me1 by t =mal ass5t :i* ,i h call$ a c]titude4 ,i c\ld inde$ h )held my ass5t1 b ,i %\ld h act$ aga9/ my nature1 _h ,i done s :5 !re 0 :at ,i consid]$ a pro(2 & ,i did only :at 0 fitt+1 :at 0 incumb5t on me1 ^u ^? exi/+ conditions1 9 giv+ x4 ,?is is ! process by :i* k accumulates & is /or$ up bo? 9 ! individual & 9 ! _w4 ,x has sometimes be5 rem>k$1 :5 m5 h boa/$ ( ! k ( mod]n times1 t no wond] we see m ?an ! anci5ts1 because we are m\nt$ ^u _! %\ld]s4 ,! conclusions ( "o g5]ation are ! tru?s ( ! next4 ,we are able1 x is our duty1 delib]ately to take ?+s = grant$ :i* our =efa!rs _h a duty to d\bt ab\t2 & unless we summ>ily put d[n disputation on po9ts :i* h be5 already prov$ & rul$1 we %all wa/e our "t1 & make no advances4 ,circum/ances inde$ may arise1 :5 a "q may legitimately be reviv$1 :i* has already be5 def9itely det]m9$2 b a re-consid]ation ( su* a "q ne$ n abruptly unsettle ! exi/+ c]titude ( ^? :o engage 9 x1 or ?r[ !m into a scepticism ab\t ?+s 9 g5]al1 ev5 ?\gh ev5tually !y f9d !y h be5 wrong 9 a p>ticul> matt]4 ,x w\ld h be5 absurd to prohibit ! controv]sy :i* has lately be5 held conc]n+ ! obligations ( ,newton to ,pascal2 & suppos+ x _h issu$ 9 _! be+ e/abli%$1 ! p>tisans ( ,newton w\ld n h ?\ght x necess>y to r5\nce _! c]titude ( ! law ( gravitation itself1 on ! gr\nd t !y _h be5 mi/ak5 9 _! c]titude t ,newton discov]$ x4 ,if we are nev] to be c]ta91 aft] hav+ be5 once c]ta9 wrongly1 !n we ought nev] to attempt a pro( because we h once made a bad "o4 ,errors 9 reason+ are lessons & w>n+s1 n to give up reason+1 b to reason ) great] caution4 ,x is absurd to break up ! :ole /ructure ( our k1 :i* is ! glory ( ! human intellect1 because ! intellect is n infallible 9 its conclusions4 ,if 9 any p>ticul> case we h be5 mi/ak5 9 our inf]5ces & ! c]titudes :i* foll[$ ^u !m1 we are b\nd ( c\rse to take ! fact ( ?is mi/ake into acc\nt1 9 mak+ up our m9ds on any new "q1 be=e we proce$ to decide ^u x4 ,b if1 :ile weigh+ ! argum5ts on "o side & ! o!r & draw+ our conclusion1 t old mi/ake has already be5 all[$ =1 or has be51 to use a famili> mode ( speak+1 disc\nt$1 !n x has no out/&+ claim aga9/ our acceptance ( t conclusion1 aft] x has actually be5 drawn4 ,:atev] be ! legitimate weight ( ! fact ( t mi/ake 9 our inquiry1 ju/ice has be5 done to x1 be=e we h all[$ ourselves to be c]ta9 aga94 ,suppose ,i am walk+ out 9 ! moonlight1 & see dimly ! outl9es ( "s figure among ! trees2--x is a man4 ,i draw ne>]1--x is /ill a man2 ne>] /ill1 & all hesitation is at an end1--,i am c]ta9 x is a man4 ,b he nei!r moves1 nor speaks :5 ,i address him2 & !n ,i ask myself :at c be 8 purpose 9 hid+ among ! trees at su* an h\r4 ,i come q close to him1 & put out my arm4 ,!n ,i f9d = c]ta9 t :at ,i took = a man is b a s+ul> %ad[1 =m$ by ! fall+ ( ! moonlight on ! int]/ices ( "s bran*es or _! foliage4 ,am ,i n to indulge my second c]titude1 because ,i 0 wrong 9 my fir/8 does n any objection1 :i* lies aga9/ my second f ! failure ( my fir/1 fade away be=e ! evid5ce on :i* my second is f\nd$8 ,or aga93 ,i depose on my oa? 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 to ! be/ ( my k & belief1 t ,i 0 robb$ by ! prison] at ! b>4 ,!n1 :5 ! real (f5d] is br\ght be=e me1 ,i am oblig$1 to my great confusion1 to retract4 ,because ,i h be5 mi/ak5 9 my c]titude1 may ,i n at lea/ be c]ta9 t ,i h be5 mi/ak58 ,& fur!r1 9 spite ( ! %ock :i* t mi/ake gives me1 is x impossible t ! sight ( ! real culprit may give me s lum9\s a conviction t at l5g? ,i h got ! "r man1 t1 7 x dec5t t[>ds ! c\rt1 or consi/5t ) self-respect1 ,i may f9d myself prep>$ to swe> to ! id5tity ( ! second1 z ,i h already solemnly committ$ myself to ! id5tity ( ! fir/8 ,x is manife/ t ! two c]titudes /& ea* on its own basis1 & ! antec$5t objection to ! admission ( a tru? :i* 0 br\ght home to me second1 drawn f a halluc9ation :i* came fir/1 is a m]e ab/ract argum5t1 impot5t :5 direct$ aga9/ good evid5ce ly+ 9 ! concrete4 #c4 ,if 9 ! crim9al case :i* ,i h be5 suppos+1 ! second c]titude1 felt by a witness1 0 a legitimate /ate ( m9d1 s 0 ! fir/4 ,an act1 view$ 9 itself1 is n wrong1 because x is done wrongly4 ,false c]titudes are faults because !y are false1 n because !y are 7s-call$7 c]titudes4 ,!y are1 or may be1 ! attempts & ! failures ( an intellect insuffici5tly tra9$1 or (f its gu>d4 ,ass5t is an act ( ! m9d1 cong5ial to its nature2 & x1 z o!r acts1 may be made bo? :5 x ought to be made1 & :5 x ought n4 ,x is a free act1 a p]sonal act = :i* ! do] is responsible1 & ! actual mi/akes 9 mak+ x1 be !y ev] s num]\s or s]i\s1 h no =ce :atev] to prohibit ! act itself4 ,we are accu/om$ 9 su* cases1 to appeal to ! maxim1 8,usum non tollit abusus20 & x is pla9 t1 if :at may be call$ functional dis>rangem5ts ( ! intellect are to be consid]$ fatal to ! recognition ( ! functions !mselves1 !n ! m9d has no laws :atev] & no normal con/itution4 ,i j n[ spoke ( ! gr[? ( k2 !re is also a gr[? 9 ! use ( ^? faculties by :i* k is acquir$4 ,! intellect admits ( an education2 man is a be+ ( progress2 he has to le>n h[ to fulfil 8 end1 & to be :at facts %[ t he is int5d$ to be4 ,8 m9d is 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 disord]1 & runs wild2 8 faculties h _! rudim5tal & in*oate /ate1 & are gradually c>ri$ on by practice & exp]i5ce to _! p]fection4 ,no in/ances !n :atev] ( mi/ak5 c]titude are suffici5t to con/itute a pro(1 t c]titude itself is a p]v]sion or extravagance ( 8 nature4 ,we d n disp5se ) clocks1 because f "t to "t !y g wrong1 & tell untruly4 ,a clock1 organically consid]$1 may be p]fect1 yet x may require regulat+4 ,till t ne$ful "w is done1 ! mom5t-h& may m>k ! half-m9ute1 :5 ! m9ute-h& is at ! qu>t]-pa/1 & ! h\r h& is j at noon1 & ! qu>t]-bell /rikes ! ?ree-qu>t]s1 & ! h\r-bell /rikes f\r1 :ile ! sun-dial precisely tells two o'clock4 ,! s5se ( c]titude may be call$ ! bell ( ! intellect2 & t x /rikes :5 x %\ld n is a pro( t ! clock is out ( ord]1 no pro( t ! bell w be untru/wor?y & useless1 :5 x comes to u adju/$ & regulat$ f ! h&s ( ! clock-mak]4 ,our consci5ce too may be said to /rike ! h\rs1 & w /rike !m wrongly1 unless x be duly regulat$ = ! p]=mance ( its prop] function4 ,x is ! l\d ann\ncem5t ( ! pr9ciple ( "r 9 ! details ( conduct1 z ! s5se ( c]titude is ! cle> witness to :at is true4 ,bo? c]titude & consci5ce h a place 9 ! normal condition ( ! m9d4 ,z a human be+1 ,i am unable1 if ,i 7 to try1 to live )\t "s k9d ( consci5ce2 & ,i am z little able to live )\t ^? l&m>ks ( ?\ght :i* c]titude secures = me2 /ill1 z ! hamm] ( a clock may tell untruly1 s may my consci5ce & my s5se ( c]titude be atta*$ to m5tal acts1 :e!r ( cons5t or ( ass5t1 :i* h no claim to be ?us sanction$4 ,bo? ! moral & ! intellectual sanction are liable to be biass$ by p]sonal incl9ations & motives2 bo? require & admit ( discipl9e2 &1 z x is no dispro( ( ! au?ority ( consci5ce t false consci5ces ab\nd1 nei!r does x de/roy ! importance & ! uses ( c]titude1 because ev5 educat$ m9ds1 :o are e>ne/ 9 _! inquiries aft] ! tru?1 9 _m cases rema9 "u ! p[] ( prejudice or delusion4 ,to ?is defici5cy 9 m5tal tra9+ a wid] error is to be attribut$1--! mi/ak+ = conviction & c]titude /ates & frames ( m9d :i* make no pret5ce to ! fundam5tal condition on :i* conviction re/s z di/9ct f ass5t4 ,! multitude ( m5 confuse toge!r ! probable1 ! possible1 & ! c]ta91 & apply ^! t]ms to doctr9es & /atem5ts almo/ at r&om4 ,!y h no cle> view :at x is !y "k1 :at !y presume1 :at !y suppose1 & :at !y only ass]t4 ,!y make little di/9ction betwe5 cr$5ce1 op9ion1 & pr(ession2 at v>i\s times !y give !m all p]haps ! "n ( c]titude1 & accord+ly1 :5 !y *ange _! m9ds1 !y fancy !y h giv5 up po9ts ( :i* !y _h a true conviction4 ,or at lea/ by/&]s ?us speak ( !m1 & ! v idea ( c]titude falls into disrepute4 ,9 ?is day ! subject-matt] ( ?\ght & belief has s increas$ ^u u1 t a f> high] m5tal =mation is requir$ ?an 0 necess>y 9 times pa/1 & high] ?an we h actually rea*$4 ,! :ole _w is br\ght to our doors e morn+1 & our judgm5t is requir$ ^u social conc]ns1 books1 p]sons1 p>ties1 cre$s1 national acts1 political pr9ciples & measures4 ,we h to =m our op9ion1 make our pr(ession1 take our side on a hundr$ matt]s on :i* we h b little "r to speak at all4 ,b we d speak1 & mu/ speak1 ^u !m1 ?\gh nei!r we nor ^? :o he> u are well able to det]m9e :at is ! real position ( our intellect relatively to ^? _m que/ions1 "o by "o1 on :i* we commit ourselves2 & !n1 s9ce _m ( ^! que/ions *ange _! complexion ) ! pass+ h\r1 & _m require elaborate consid]ation1 & _m are simply beyond u1 x is n wond]ful1 if1 at ! end ( a few ye>s1 we h to revise or to repudiate our conclusions2 & !n we %all be unfairly said to h *ang$ our c]titudes1 & %all confirm ! doctr9e1 t1 except 9 ab/ract tru?1 no judgm5t rises high] ?an probability4 ,su* are ! mi/akes ab\t c]titude among educat$ m52 & aft] ref]r+ to !m1 x is sc>cely wor? :ile to dwell ^u ! absurdities & excesses ( ! rude intellect1 z se5 9 ! _w at l>ge2 z if any "o c\ld dream ( treat+ z delib]ate ass5ts1 z ass5ts ^u ass5ts1 z convictions or c]titudes1 ! prejudices1 cr$ulities1 infatuations1 sup]/itions1 fanaticisms1 ! :ims & fancies1 ! sudd5 irrevocable plunges into ! unkn[n1 ! ob/9ate det]m9ations1--! (fspr+1 z !y are1 ( ignorance1 wilfulness1 cupidity1 & pride1--:i* g s f> to make up ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 yet ^! are (t5 set d[n z in/ances ( c]titude & ( its failure4 #d4 ,i h spok5 ( c]titude z be+ assign$ a def9ite & fix$ place among our m5tal acts2--x foll[s ^u exam9ation & pro(1 z ! bell s\nds ! h\r1 :5 ! h&s rea* x1--s t no act or /ate ( ! intellect is c]titude1 h[ev] x may resemble x1 :i* does n obs]ve ?is appo9t$ law4 ,?is proviso greatly dim9i%es ! catalogue ( g5u9e c]titudes4 ,ano!r re/riction is ?is3--! occasions or subject-matt]s ( c]titude are "u law also4 ,putt+ aside ! daily ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 ! pr9cipal subjects 9 secul> k1 ab\t :i* we c be c]ta91 are ! tru?s or facts :i* are its basis4 ,z to ?is _w1 we are c]ta9 ( ! elem5ts ( k1 :e!r g5]al1 sci5tific1 hi/orical1 or su* z be> on our daily ne$s & habits1 & relate to ourselves1 our homes & families1 our fri5ds1 neighb\rhood1 c\ntry1 & civil /ate4 ,beyond ^! elem5t>y po9ts ( k1 lies a va/ subject-matt] ( op9ion1 cr$5ce1 & belief1 viz4 ! field ( public affairs1 ( social & pr(essional life1 ( bus9ess1 ( duty1 ( lit]ature1 ( ta/e1 nay1 ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,on subjects su* z ^! ! reason+s & conclusions ( mank9d v>y1--8mundum tradidit disputationi eorum20--& prud5t m5 9 consequ5ce seldom speak confid5tly1 unless !y are w>rant$ to d s by g5ius1 great exp]i5ce1 or "s special qualification4 ,!y det]m9e _! judgm5ts by :at is probable1 :at is safe1 :at promises be/1 :at has v]isimilitude1 :at impresses & sways !m4 ,!y nei!r c possess1 nor ne$ c]titude1 nor d !y look out = x4 ,h5ce x is t--! prov9ce ( c]titude be+ s contract$1 & t ( op9ion s l>ge--x is common to call probability ! guide ( life4 ,?is say+1 :5 prop]ly expla9$1 is true2 h[ev]1 we mu/ n suff] ourselves to c>ry a true maxim to an extreme2 x is f> f true1 if we s hold x z to =get t )\t fir/ pr9ciples !re c be no conclusions at all1 & t ?us probability does 9 "s s5se presuppose & require ! exi/5ce ( tru?s :i* are c]ta94 ,especially is ! maxim untrue1 9 respect to ! o!r great dep>tm5t ( k1 if tak5 to support ! doctr9e1 t ! fir/ pr9ciples & elem5ts ( religion1 :i* are univ]sally receiv$1 are m]e matt] ( op9ion2 ?\gh 9 ?is day1 x is too (t5 tak5 = grant$ t religion is "o ( ^? subjects on :i* tru? _c be discov]$1 & on :i* "o conclusion is pretty mu* on a level ) ano!r4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ! initial tru?s ( div9e k ought to be view$ z p>allel to ! initial tru?s ( secul>3 z ! latt] are c]ta91 s too are ! =m]4 ,i _c inde$ d5y t a dec5t rev]5ce = ! ,supreme ,be+1 an acquiesc5ce 9 ! claims ( ,revelation1 a g5]al pr(ession ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & "s sort ( att5dance on sacr$ ord9ances1 is 9 fact all ! religion t is usual ) ev5 ! bett] sort ( m51 & t = all ?is a suffici5t basis may c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 probabilities2 b if religion is to be devotion1 & n a m]e matt] ( s5tim5t1 if x is to be made ! rul+ pr9ciple ( our lives1 if our actions1 "o by "o1 & our daily conduct1 are to be consi/5tly direct$ t[>ds an ,invisible ,be+1 we ne$ some?+ high] ?an a m]e balance ( argum5ts to fix & to control our m9ds4 ,sacrifice ( weal?1 "n1 or position1 fai? & hope1 self-conque/1 communion ) ! spiritual _w1 presuppose a real hold & habitual intuition ( ! objects ( ,revelation1 :i* is c]titude "u ano!r "n4 ,to ?is issue inde$ we may br+ ! ma9 diff]5ce1 view$ philosophically1 betwe5 nom9al ,*ri/ianity on ! "o h&1 & vital ,*ri/ianity on ! o!r4 ,rational1 s5sible m51 z !y consid] !mselves1 m5 :o d n compreh5d ! v notion ( lov+ ,god above all ?+s1 are cont5t ) su* a measure ( probability = ! tru?s ( religion1 z s]ves !m 9 _! secul> transactions2 b ^? :o are delib]ately /ak+ _! all ^u ! hopes ( ! next _w1 ?9k x reasonable1 & f9d x necess>y1 be=e />t+ on _! new c\rse1 to h "s po9ts1 cle> & immutable1 to />t f2 o!rwise1 !y w n />t at all4 ,!y ask1 z a prelim9>y condition1 to h ! gr\nd sure "u _! feet2 !y look = m ?an human reason+s & inf]5ces1 = no?+ less ?an ! 8/rong consolation10 z ! ,apo/le speaks1 ( ^? 8immutable ?+s 9 :i* x is impossible = ,god to lie10 ,8 c\nsel & ,8 oa?4 ,*ri/ian e>ne/ness may be rul$ by ! _w to be a p]v]s5ess or a delusion2 b1 z long z x exi/s1 x w presuppose c]titude z ! v life :i* is to animate x4 ,?is is ! true p>allel betwe5 human & div9e k2 ea* ( !m op5s into a l>ge field ( m]e op9ion1 b 9 bo? ! "o & ! o!r ! prim>y pr9ciples1 ! g5]al1 fundam5tal1 c>d9al tru?s are immutable4 ,9 human matt]s we are guid$ by probabilities1 b1 ,i repeat1 !y are probabilities f\nd$ on c]ta9ties4 ,x is on no probability t we are con/antly receiv+ ! in=mations & dictates ( s5se & memory1 ( our intellectual in/9cts1 ( ! moral s5se1 & ( ! logical faculty4 ,x is on no probability t we receive ! g5]alizations ( sci5ce1 & ! great outl9es ( hi/ory4 ,^! are c]ta9 tru?s2 & f !m ea* ( u =ms 8 own judgm5ts & directs 8 own c\rse1 accord+ to ! probabilities :i* !y sugge/ to him1 z ! navigator applies 8 obs]vations & 8 *>ts = ! det]m9ation ( 8 c\rse4 ,su* is ! ma9 view to be tak5 ( ! sep>ate prov9ces ( probability & c]ta9ty 9 matt]s ( ?is _w2 & s1 z reg>ds ! _w invisible & future1 we h a direct & consci\s k ( our ,mak]1 ,8 attributes1 ,8 provid5ces1 acts1 works1 & w2 &1 beyond ?is k lies ! l>ge doma9 ( !ology1 metaphysics1 & e?ics1 on :i* x is n all[$ to u to advance beyond probabilities1 or to atta9 to m ?an an op9ion4 ,su* on ! :ole is ! analogy betwe5 our k ( matt]s ( ?is _w & matt]s ( ! _w unse52--indefectible c]titude 9 prim>y tru?s1 manifold v>iations ( op9ion 9 _! application & disposition4 #e4 ,i h said t ,c]titude1 :e!r 9 human or div9e k1 is atta9able z reg>ds g5]al & c>d9al tru?s2 & t 9 nei!r dep>tm5t ( k1 on ! :ole1 is c]titude discr$it$1 lo/1 or rev]s$2 =1 9 matt] ( fact1 :e!r 9 human or div9e1 ^? prim>y tru?s h ev] kept _! place f ! "t :5 !y fir/ took possession ( x4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o obvi\s objection :i* may be made to ?is repres5tation1 & ,i proce$ to take notice ( x4 ,x may be urg$ !n1 t "t 0 :5 ! prim>y tru?s ( sci5ce 7 unkn[n1 & :5 9 consequ5ce v>i\s !ories 7 held1 contr>y to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ elem5t ( all ?+s 0 said to be wat]1 to be air1 to be fire2 ! framework ( ! univ]se 0 et]nal2 or x 0 ! ev]-new comb9ation ( innum]able atoms3 ! planets 7 fix$ 9 solid cry/al revolv+ sph]es2 or !y mov$ r\nd ! e>? 9 epicycles m\nt$ ^u circul> orbits2 or !y 7 c>ri$ :irl+ r\nd ab\t ! sun1 :ile ! sun 0 :irl+ r\nd ! e>?4 ,ab\t su* doctr9es !re 0 no c]titude1 no m ?an !re is n[ c]titude ab\t ! orig9 ( languages1 ! age ( man1 or ! evolution ( species1 consid]$ z philosophical que/ions4 ,n[ !ology is at pres5t 9 ! v same /ate 9 :i* natural sci5ce 0 five hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ?is is ! pro( ( x1--t1 in/ead ( !re be+ "o receiv$ !ological sci5ce 9 ! _w1 !re are a multitude ( hypo!ses4 ,we h a pr(ess$ sci5ce ( ,a!ism1 ano!r ( ,deism1 a ,pan!i/ic1 ev] s _m ,*ri/ian !ologies1 to say no?+ ( ,judaism1 ,islamism1 & ! ,ori5tal religions4 ,ea* ( ^! cre$s has its own uphold]s1 & ^! uphold]s all c]ta9 t x is ! v & ! only tru?1 & ^! same uphold]s1 x may happ51 pres5tly giv+ x up1 & !n tak+ up "s o!r cre$1 & be+ c]ta9 aga91 z !y pr(ess1 t x & x only is ! tru?1 ^! v>i\s s-call$ tru?s be+ incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,are n ,jews c]ta9 ab\t _! int]pretation ( _! law8 yet !y become ,*ri/ians3 are n ,ca?olics c]ta9 ab\t ! new law8 yet !y become ,prote/ants4 ,at pres5t !n1 & z yet1 !re is no cle> c]ta9ty any:]e ab\t religi\s tru? at all2 x has /ill to be discov]$2 & !re=e = ,ca?olics to claim ! "r to lay d[n ! fir/ pr9ciples ( !ological sci5ce 9 _! own way1 is to assume ! v matt] 9 dispute4 ,fir/ let _! doctr9es be univ]sally receiv$1 & !n !y w h a "r to place !m on a level ) ! c]ta9ty :i* belongs to ! laws ( motion or ( refraction4 ,?is is ! objection :i* ,i propose to consid]4 ,n[ fir/ z to ! want ( univ]sal reception :i* is urg$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic dogmas1 ?is "p ( ! objection w n require _m words4 ,surely a tru? or a fact may be c]ta91 ?\gh x is n g5]ally receiv$2--we are ea* ( u ev] ga9+ ?r\gh our s5ses v>i\s c]ta9ties1 :i* no "o %>es ) u2 aga91 ! c]ta9ties ( ! sci5ces are 9 ! possession ( a few c\ntries only1 & = ! mo/ "p only ( ! educat$ classes 9 ^? c\ntries2 yet ! philosoph]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica w\ld feel c]ta9 t ! e>? roll$ r\nd ! sun1 9 spite ( ! ,indian belief ( its be+ support$ by an elephant ) a tortoise "u x4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* !n1 ?\gh n univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 may )\t inconsi/5cy claim to tea* ! prim>y tru?s ( religion1 j z mod]n sci5ce1 ?\gh b p>tially receiv$1 claims to tea* ! great pr9ciples & laws :i* are ! f\ndation ( secul> k1 & t ) a significance to :i* no o!r religi\s sy/em c pret5d1 because x is its v pr(ession to speak to all mank9d1 & its v badge to be ev] mak+ conv]ts all ov] ! e>?1 :]eas o!r religions are m or less v>iable 9 _! tea*+1 tol]ant ( ea* o!r1 & local1 & pr(ess$ly local1 9 _! habitat & "*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! ma9 po9t ( ! objection2 ! real difficulty lies n 9 ! v>iety ( religions1 b 9 ! contradiction1 conflict1 & *ange ( religi\s c]titudes4 ,tru? ne$ n be univ]sal1 b x mu/ ( necessity be c]ta92 & c]ta9ty1 9 ord] to be c]ta9ty1 mu/ endure2 yet h[ is ?is reasonable expectation fulfill$ 9 ! case ( religion8 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? :o h be5 ! mo/ c]ta9 9 _! beliefs are sometimes f\nd to lose !m1 ,ca?olics z well z o!rs2 & !n to take up new beliefs1 p]haps contr>y ones1 ( :i* !y become z c]ta9 z if !y _h nev] be5 c]ta9 ( ! old4 ,9 answ]+ ?is repres5tation1 ,i beg9 ) recurr+ to ! rem>k :i* ,i h already made1 t ass5t & c]titude h ref]5ce to propositions1 "o by "o4 ,we may ( c\rse ass5t to a numb] ( propositions all toge!r1 t is1 we may make a numb] ( ass5ts all at once2 b 9 do+ s we run ! risk ( putt+ ^u "o level1 & treat+ z if ( ! same value1 acts ( ! m9d :i* are v diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 "* & circum/ance4 ,an ass5t1 inde$1 is ev] an ass5t2 b giv5 ass5ts may be /rong or weak1 delib]ate or impulsive1 la/+ or ephem]al4 ,n[ a religion is n a proposition1 b a sy/em2 x is a rite1 a cre$1 a philosophy1 a rule ( duty1 all at once2 & to accept a religion is nei!r a simple ass5t to x nor a complex1 nei!r a conviction nor a prejudice1 nei!r a notional ass5t nor a real1 n a m]e act ( pr(ession1 nor ( cr$5ce1 nor ( op9ion1 nor ( speculation1 b x is a collection ( all ^! v>i\s k9ds ( ass5ts1 "s ( "o description1 "s ( ano!r2 b1 out ( all ^! diff]5t ass5ts1 h[ _m are ( t k9d :i* ,i h call$ c]titude8 ,c]titudes inde$ d n *ange1 b :o %all pret5d t ass5ts are indefectible8 ,= in/ance3 ! fundam5tal dogma ( ,prote/antism is ! exclusive au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture2 b 9 hold+ ?is a ,prote/ant holds a ho/ ( propositions1 explicitly or implicitly1 & holds !m ) ass5ts ( v>i\s "*4 ,among ^! propositions1 he holds t ,scripture is ! ,div9e ,revelation itself1 t x is inspir$1 t no?+ is kn[n 9 doctr9e b :at is !re1 t ! ,*ur* has no au?ority 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 t1 z claim+ x1 x condemn$ long ago 9 ! ,apocalypse1 t ,/4 ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse1 t ju/ification is by fai? only1 t our ,"l is ,god1 t !re are sev5ty-two g5]ations betwe5 ,adam & our ,"l4 ,n[ ( :i*1 out ( all ^! propositions1 is he c]ta98 & to h[ _m ( !m is 8 ass5t ( "o & ! same description8 ,8 belief1 t ,scripture is comm5surate ) ! ,div9e ,revelation1 is p]haps implicit1 n consci\s2 z to inspiration1 he does n well "k :at ! ^w means1 & 8 ass5t is sc>cely m ?an a pr(ession2 t no doctr9e is true b :at c be prov$ f ,scripture he und]/&s1 & 8 ass5t to x is :at ,i h call$ speculative2 t ! ,*ur* has no au?ority he holds ) a real ass5t or belief2 t ! ,*ur* is condemn$ 9 ! ,apocalypse is a /&+ prejudice2 t ,/4 ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse is 8 op9ion2 t ju/ification is by fai? only1 he accepts1 b sc>cely c be said to appreh5d2 t our ,"l is ,god p]haps he is c]ta92 t !re are sev5ty-two g5]ations betwe5 ,adam & ,*ri/ he accepts on cr$5ce4 ,yet1 if he 7 ask$ ! "q1 he w\ld mo/ probably answ] t he 0 c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( 8,prote/antism10 ?\gh 8,prote/antism0 means ^! ?+s & a hundr$ m all at once1 & ?\gh he believes ) actual c]titude only "o ( !m all1--t inde$ a dogma ( mo/ sacr$ importance1 b n ! discov]y ( ,lu!r or ,calv94 ,he w\ld ?9k x en\gh to say t he 0 a foe to 8,romanism0 & 8,soc9ianism10 & to av[ t he glori$ 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,he looks ^u ea* ( ^! religi\s pr(essions1 ,prote/antism1 ,romanism1 ,soc9ianism & ,!ism1 m]ely z units1 z if !y 7 n ea* made up ( _m elem5ts1 z if !y _h no?+ 9 common1 z if a transition f ! "o to ! o!r involv$ a simple oblit]ation ( all t _h be5 z yet writt5 on 8 m9d1 & w\ld be ! reception ( a new fai?4 ,:51 !n1 we are told t a man has *ang$ f "o religion to ano!r1 ! fir/ "q :i* we h to ask1 is1 h ! fir/ & ! second religions no?+ 9 common8 ,if !y h common doctr9es1 he has *ang$ only a portion ( 8 cre$1 n ! :ole3 & ! next "q is1 has he ev] made mu* ( ^? doctr9es :i* are common to 8 new cre$ & 8 old8 & !n aga91 :at doctr9es 0 he c]ta9 ( among ! old1 & :at among ! new8 ,?us1 ( ?ree ,prote/ants1 "o becomes a ,ca?olic1 a second a ,unit>ian1 & a ?ird an unbeliev]3 h[ is ?is8 ,! fir/ becomes a ,ca?olic1 because he ass5t$1 z a ,prote/ant1 to ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's div9ity1 ) a real ass5t & a g5u9e conviction1 & because ?is c]titude1 tak+ possession ( 8 m9d1 l$ him on to welcome ! ,ca?olic doctr9es ( ! ,real ,pres5ce & ( ! ,!otocos1 till 8 ,prote/antism fell (f f him1 & he submitt$ himself to ! ,*ur*4 ,! second became a ,unit>ian1 because1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t ,scripture 0 ! rule ( fai? & t a man's private judgm5t 0 its rule ( int]pretation1 & f9d+ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s did n foll[ by logical necessity f ! text ( ,scripture1 he said to himself1 8,! ^w ( ,god has be5 made ( none effect by ! traditions ( m510 & !re=e no?+ 0 left = him b to pr(ess :at he consid]$ primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & to become a ,humanit>ian4 ,! ?ird gradually subsid$ into infidelity1 because he />t$ ) ! ,prote/ant dogma1 *]i%$ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 nature1 t a prie/hood 0 a corruption ( ! simplicity ( ! ,gospel4 ,fir/1 !n1 he w\ld prote/ aga9/ ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass2 next he gave up baptismal reg5]ation1 & ! sacram5tal pr9ciple2 !n he ask$ himself :e!r dogmas 7 n a re/ra9t on ,*ri/ian lib]ty z well z sacram5ts2 !n came ! "q1 :at aft] all 0 ! use ( tea*]s ( religion8 :y %\ld any "o /& betwe5 him & 8 ,mak]8 ,aft] a "t x /ruck him1 t ?is obvi\s "q _h to be answ]$ by ! ,apo/les1 z well z by ! ,anglican cl]gy2 s he came to ! conclusion t ! true & only revelation ( ,god to man is t :i* is writt5 on ! he>t4 ,?is did = a "t1 & he rema9$ a ,dei/4 ,b !n x occurr$ to him1 t ?is inw>d moral law 0 !re )9 ! brea/1 :e!r !re 0 a ,god or n1 & t x 0 a r\ndab\t way ( en=c+ t law1 to say t x came f ,god1 & simply unnecess>y1 consid]+ x c>ri$ ) x its own sacr$ & sov]eign au?ority1 z our feel+s in/9ctively te/ifi$2 & :5 he turn$ to look at ! physical _w ar\nd him1 he really did n see :at sci5tific pro( !re 0 !re ( ! ,be+ ( ,god at all1 & x seem$ to him z if all ?+s w\ld g on q z well z at pres5t1 )\t t hypo!sis z ) x2 s he dropp$ x1 & became a purus1 putus ,a!i/4 ,n[ ! _w w say1 t 9 ^! ?ree cases old c]titudes 7 lo/1 & new 7 ga9$2 b x is n s3 ea* ( ! ?ree m5 />t$ ) j "o c]titude1 z he w\ld h himself pr(ess$1 _h he exam9$ himself n>r[ly2 & he c>ri$ x out & c>ri$ x ) him into a new sy/em ( belief4 ,he 0 true to t "o conviction f fir/ to la/2 & on look+ back on ! pa/1 w\ld p]haps insi/ ^u ?is1 & say he _h really be5 consi/5t all ?r\gh1 :5 o!rs made mu* ( 8 great *anges 9 religi\s op9ion4 ,he has inde$ made s]i\s additions to 8 initial rul+ pr9ciple1 b he has lo/ no conviction ( :i* he 0 orig9ally possess$4 ,i w take "o m in/ance4 ,a man is conv]t$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* f 8 admiration ( its religi\s sy/em1 & 8 disgu/ ) ,prote/antism4 ,t admiration rema9s2 b1 aft] a "t1 he leaves 8 new fai?1 p]haps returns to 8 old4 ,! reason1 if we may conjecture1 may sometimes be ?is3 he has nev] believ$ 9 ! ,*ur*'s infallibility2 9 h] doctr9al tru? he has believ$1 b 9 h] infallibility1 no4 ,he 0 ask$1 be=e he 0 receiv$1 :e!r he held all t ! ,*ur* taught1 he repli$ he did2 b he und]/ood ! "q to mean1 :e!r he held ^? p>ticul> doctr9es 8:i* at t "t ! ,*ur* 9 matt] ( fact =mally taught10 :]eas x really meant 8:atev] ! ,*ur* !n or at any future "t %\ld tea*40 ,?us1 he nev] _h ! indisp5sable & elem5t>y fai? ( a ,ca?olic1 & 0 simply no subject = reception into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is be+ ! case1 :5 ! ,immaculate ,conception is def9$1 he feels t x is some?+ m ?an he b>ga9$ = :5 he became a ,ca?olic1 & accord+ly he gives up 8 religi\s pr(ession4 ,! _w w say t he has lo/ 8 c]titude ( ! div9ity ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 b he nev] _h x4 ,! fir/ po9t to be asc]ta9$1 !n1 :5 we he> ( a *ange ( religi\s c]titude 9 ano!r1 is1 :at ! doctr9es are on :i* 8 s-call$ c]titude be=e n[ & at pres5t has respectively fall54 ,all doctr9es besides ^! 7 ! accid5ts ( 8 pr(ession1 & ! indefectibility ( c]titude w\ld n be disprov$1 ?\gh he *ang$ !m e ye>4 ,!re are few religions :i* h no po9ts 9 common2 & ^!1 :e!r true or false1 :5 embrac$ ) an absolute conviction1 are ! pivots on :i* *anges take place 9 t collection ( cr$5ces1 op9ions1 prejudices1 & o!r ass5ts1 :i* make up :at is call$ a man's selection & adoption ( a =m ( religion1 a d5om9ation1 or a ,*ur*4 ,!re h be5 ,prote/ants ^: idea ( enlight5$ ,*ri/ianity has be5 a /r5u\s antagonism to :at !y consid] ! unmanl9ess & unreasonabl5ess ( ,ca?olic morality1 an antipa?y to ! precepts ( pati5ce1 meekness1 =giv5ess ( injuries1 & *a/ity4 ,all ?is !y h consid]$ a woman's religion1 ! ornam5t ( monks1 ( ! sick1 ! feeble1 & ! old4 ,lu/1 rev5ge1 ambition1 c\rage1 pride1 ^!1 !y h fanci$1 made ! man1 & want ( !m ! slave4 ,no "o c\ld fairly accuse su* m5 ( any great *ange ( _! convictions1 or ref] to !m 9 pro( ( ! defectibility ( c]titude1 if !y 7 "o day f\nd to h tak5 up ! pr(ession ( ,islam4 ,& if ?is int]communion ( religions holds good1 ev5 :5 ! common po9ts betwe5 !m are b errors held 9 common1 mu* m natural w be ! transition f "o religion to ano!r1 )\t injury to exi/+ c]titudes1 :5 ! common po9ts1 ! objects ( ^? c]titudes1 are tru?s2 & /ill /rong] 9 t case & m con/ra9+ w be ! sympa?y1 ) :i* m9ds t love tru?1 ev5 :5 !y h surr\nd$ x ) error1 w ye>n t[>ds ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* conta9s )9 itself1 & claims z its own1 all tru? t is else:]e to be f\nd1 & m ?an all1 & no?+ b tru?4 ,?is is ! secret ( ! influ5ce1 by :i* ! ,*ur* draws to h]self conv]ts f su* v>i\s & conflict+ religions4 ,!y come1 n to lose :at !y h1 b to ga9 :at !y h n2 & 9 ord] t1 by means ( :at !y h1 m may be giv5 to !m4 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u t !re is no false tea*+ )\t an int]mixture ( tru?2 & x is by ! light ( ^? p>ticul> tru?s1 conta9$ respectively 9 ! v>i\s religions ( m51 & by our c]titudes ab\t !m1 :i* are possible :]ev] ^? tru?s are f\nd1 t we pick our way1 sl[ly p]haps1 b surely1 into ! ,"o ,religion :i* ,god has giv51 tak+ our c]titudes ) u1 n to lose1 b to keep !m m securely1 & to und]/& & love _! objects m p]fectly4 ,n ev5 are idolat]s & hea!n out ( ! range ( "s ( ^! religi\s tru?s & _! correlative c]titudes4 ,! old ,greek & ,roman poly!i/s _h1 z !y %[ 9 _! lit]ature1 cle> & /rong notions1 nay1 vivid m5tal images1 ( a ,p>ticul> ,provid5ce1 ( ! p[] ( pray]1 ( ! rule ( ,div9e ,gov]nance1 ( ! law ( consci5ce1 ( s9 & guilt1 ( expiation by means ( sacrifices1 & ( future retribution3 ,i w ev5 add1 ( ! ,unity & ,p]sonality ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,?is x is t ?r[s su* a magnific5t light ov] ! ,hom]ic poems1 ! tragic *oruses1 & ! ,odes ( ,p9d>2 & x has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! philosophy ( ,socrates & ( ! ,/oics1 & 9 su* hi/orians z ,h]odotus4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to speak confid5tly ( a /ate ( society :i* has pass$ away1 b at fir/ sight x does n appe> :y ! tru?s :i* ,i h enum]at$ %\ld n h receiv$ z g5u9e & delib]ate an ass5t on ! "p ( ,socrates or ,clean!s1 7( c\rse ) div9e aids1 b !y d n ent] into ?is discussion17 z 0 giv5 to !m by ,/4 ,john or ,/4 ,paul1 nay1 an ass5t :i* rose to c]titude4 ,mu* m safely may x be pron\nc$ ( a ,mahometan1 t he may h a c]titude ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 z well z a ,*ri/ian2 & ( a ,jew1 t he may believe z truly z a ,*ri/ian 9 ! resurrection ( ! body2 & ( a ,unit>ian t he c give a delib]ate & real ass5t to ! fact ( a sup]natural revelation1 to ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 to ! et]nal moral law1 & to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,& s1 aga91 a ,prote/ant may1 n only 9 words1 b 9 m9d & he>t1 hold1 z if he 7 a ,ca?olic1 ) simple c]titude1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ( ! fall ( man1 ( ! ne$ ( reg5]ation1 ( ! efficacy ( ,div9e ,grace1 & ( ! possibility & dang] ( fall+ away4 ,& ?us x is conceivable t a man might travel 9 8 religi\s pr(ession all ! way f hea!nism to ,ca?olicity1 ?r\gh ,mahometanism1 ,judaism1 ,unit>ianism1 ,prote/antism1 & ,anglicanism1 )\t any "o c]titude lo/1 b ) a cont9ual accumulation ( tru?s1 :i* claim$ f him & elicit$ 9 8 intellect fre% & fre% c]titudes4 ,9 say+ all ?is1 ,i d n =get t ! same doctr9es1 z held 9 diff]5t religions1 may be & (t5 are held v diff]5tly1 z belong+ to di/9ct :oles or =ms1 z !y are call$1 & expos$ to ! influ5ce & ! bias ( ! tea*+1 p]haps false1 ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :atev] be ! resemblance betwe5 ,/4 ,augu/9e's doctr9e ( ,pr$e/9ation & ! t5et ( ,calv9 ^u x1 ! two really diff] f ea* o!r toto clo 9 significance & effect1 9 consequ5ce ( ! place !y hold 9 ! sy/ems 9 :i* !y are respectively incorporat$1 j z %ades & t9ts %[ s diff]5tly 9 a pa9t+ accord+ to ! masses ( col\r to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is1 a man may s hold ! doctr9e ( p]sonal election z a ,calv9i/1 z to be able /ill to hold x z a ,ca?olic4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h be5 speak+ ( c]titudes :i* rema9 unimpair$1 or r confirm$1 by a *ange ( religion2 on ! contr>y !re are o!rs1 :e!r we call !m c]titudes or convictions1 :i* p]i% 9 ! *ange1 z ,/4 ,paul's conviction ( ! suffici5cy ( ! ,jewi% ,law came to an end on 8 becom+ a ,*ri/ian4 ,n[ h[ is su* a s]ies ( facts to be reconcil$ ) ! doctr9e :i* ,i h be5 en=c+8 ,:at conviction c\ld be /rong] ?an ! fai? ( ! ,jews 9 ! p]petuity ( ! ,mosaic sy/em8 ,^?1 !n1 x may be said1 :o ab&on$ ,judaism = ! ,gospel1 surely1 9 s do+1 bore ! mo/ emphatic ( te/imonies to ! defectibility ( c]titude4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 a ,mahometan may be s deeply conv9c$ t ,mahomet is ! prophet ( ,god1 t x w\ld be only by a quibble ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8c]titude0 t we c\ld ma9ta91 t1 on 8 becom+ a ,ca?olic1 he did n unequivocally prove t c]titude is defectible4 ,& x may be argu$1 p]haps1 9 ! case ( "s memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 t _! fai? 9 ! validity ( ,anglican ord]s1 & ! invisibility ( ! ,*ur*'s unity1 is s absolute1 s delib]ate1 t _! ab&onm5t ( x1 did !y become ,ca?olics or sceptics1 w\ld be tantam\nt to ! ab&onm5t ( a c]titude4 ,n[1 9 meet+ ?is difficulty1 ,i w n urge 7le/ ,i %\ld be accus$ ( quibbl+71 t c]titude is a conviction ( :at is true1 & t ^! s-call$ c]titudes h come to n\ght1 because1 _! objects be+ errors1 n tru?s1 !y really 7 n c]titudes at all2 nor w ,i insi/1 z ,i might1 t !y ought to be prov$ fir/ to be some?+ m ?an m]e prejudices1 ass5ts )\t reason & judgm5t1 be=e !y c fairly be tak5 z in/ances ( ! defectibility ( c]titude2 b ,i simply ask1 z reg>ds ! zeal ( ! ,jews = ! suffici5cy ( _! law1 7ev5 ?\gh x impli$ g5u9e c]titude1 n a prejudice1 n a m]e conviction17 /ill 0 su* zeal1 su* pr(ess$ c]titude1 f\nd 9 ^? :o 7 ev5tually conv]t$1 or 9 ^? :o 7 n2 =1 if ^? :o _h n t c]titude became ,*ri/ians & ^? :o _h x rema9$ ,jews1 !n loss ( c]titude 9 ! latt] is n in/anc$ 9 ! fact ( ! conv]sion ( ! =m]4 ,/4 ,paul c]ta9ly is an exception1 b 8 conv]sion1 z also 8 aft]-life1 0 miracul\s2 ord9>ily speak+1 x 0 n ! zealots :o suppli$ memb]s to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b ^? 8m5 ( good w10 :o1 in/ead ( consid]+ ! law z p]fect & et]nal1 8look$ = ! r$emption ( ,israel10 & = 8! k ( salvation 9 ! remission ( s9s40 ,&1 9 l mann]1 z to ^? le>n$ & dev\t m5 among ! ,anglicans at ! pres5t day1 :o come s ne> ! ,*ur* )\t ackn[l$g+ h] claims1 ,i ask :e!r !re are n two classes among !m also1--^? :o are look+ out beyond _! own body = ! p]fect way1 & ^? on ! o!r h& :o tea* t ! ,anglican communion is ! gold5 mean betwe5 m5 :o believe too mu* & m5 :o believe too little1 ! c5tre ( unity to :i* ,ea/ & ,we/ are de/9$ to gravitate1 ! in/rum5t & ! m\ld1 z ! ,jews might ?9k ( _! own moribund in/itutions1 ?r\gh :i* ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ is to be e/abli%$ all ov] ! e>?4 ,& next ,i w\ld ask1 :i* ( ^! two classes supplies conv]ts to ! ,*ur*2 = if !y come f among ^? :o nev] pr(ess$ to be q c]ta9 ( ! special /r5g? ( ! ,anglican position1 su* m5 _c be quot$ z in/ances ( ! defectibility ( c]titude4 ,!re is inde$ ano!r class ( beliefs1 ( :i* ,i mu/ take notice1 ! failure ( :i* may be tak5 at fir/ sight z a pro( t c]titude may be lo/4 ,yet !y cle>ly des]ve no o!r "n ?an prejudices1 z be+ f\nd$ ^u reports ( facts1 or on argum5ts1 :i* w n be> c>eful exam9ation4 ,su* 0 ! disgu/ felt t[>ds our pr$ecessors 9 primitive times1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies1 z a secret society1 z a conspiracy aga9/ ! civil p[]1 z a set ( mean1 sordid1 despicable fanatics1 z mon/]s revell+ 9 blood & impurity4 ,su* also is ! deep prejudice n[ exi/+ aga9/ ! ,*ur* among ,prote/ants1 :o dress h] up 9 ! mo/ hide\s & loa?some images1 :i* rightly atta*1 9 ! prophetic descriptions1 to ! evil _s1 8 ag5ts & in/rum5ts4 ,& s ( ! numb]less calumnies direct$ aga9/ individual ,ca?olics1 aga9/ our religi\s bodies1 & m5 9 au?ority1 :i* s]ve to fe$ & su/a9 ! suspicion & dislike ) :i* ev]y?+ ,ca?olic is reg>d$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b z a p]si/5ce 9 su* prejudices is no evid5ce ( _! tru?1 s an ab&onm5t ( !m is no evid5ce t c]titude c fail4 ,!re is yet ano!r class ( prejudices aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,religion1 :i* is f> m tol]able & intelligible ?an ^? on :i* ,i h be5 dwell+1 b /ill 9 no s5se c]titudes4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt :e!r !y w\ld be consid]$ m ?an presumptive op9ions by ! p]sons :o ent]ta9 !m4 ,su* is ! idea :i* has possess$ c]ta9 philosoph]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 t miracles are an infr+em5t & disfigurem5t ( ! beautiful ord] ( nature4 ,su*1 too1 is ! p]suasion1 common among political & lit]>y m51 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is inconsi/5t ) ! true int]e/s ( ! human race1 ) social progress1 ) rational fre$om1 ) good gov]nm5t4 ,a r5unciation ( ^! imag9ations is n a *ange 9 c]titudes4 ,s mu* on ?is subject4 ,all concrete laws are g5]al1 & p]sons1 z su*1 d n fall "u laws4 ,/ill1 ,i h gone a good way1 z ,i ?9k1 to remove ! objections to ! doctr9e ( ! indefectibility ( c]titude 9 matt]s ( religion4 #f4 ,"o fur!r rem>k may be made4 ,c]titude does n admit ( an int]ior1 imm$iate te/1 suffici5t to discrim9ate x f false c]titude4 ,su* a te/ is r5d]$ impossible f ! circum/ance t1 :5 we make ! m5tal act express$ by 8,i "k10 we sum up ! :ole s]ies ( reflex judgm5ts :i* might1 ea* 9 turn1 successively ex]cise a critical function t[>ds ^? ( ! s]ies :i* prec$e x4 ,b /ill1 if x is ! g5]al rule t c]titude is indefectible1 w n t indefectibility itself become at lea/ 9 ! ev5t a crit]ion ( ! g5u95ess ( ! c]titude8 or is !re any rival /ate or habit ( ! intellect1 :i* claims to be indefectible also8 ,a few words w suffice to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,premis+ t all rules are b g5]al1 especially ^? :i* relate to ! m9d1 ,i obs]ve t indefectibility may at lea/ s]ve z a negative te/ ( c]titude1 or s9e qu non condition1 s t :oev] loses 8 conviction on a giv5 po9t is !reby prov$ n to h be5 c]ta9 ( x4 ,c]titude ought to /& all trials1 or x is n c]titude4 ,its v (fice is to *]i% & ma9ta9 its object1 & its v lot & duty is to su/a9 rude %ocks 9 ma9t5ance ( x )\t be+ damag$ by !m4 ,i w take an example4 ,let u suppose we are told on an unimpea*able au?ority1 t a man :om we saw die is n[ alive aga9 & at 8 "w1 z x 0 8 wont to be2 let u suppose we actually see him & conv]se ) him2 :at w become ( our c]titude ( 8 dea?8 ,i d n ?9k we %\ld give x up2 h[ c\ld we1 :5 we actually saw him die8 ,at fir/1 inde$1 we %\ld be ?r[n into an a/oni%m5t & confusion s great1 t ! _w w\ld seem to reel r\nd u1 & we %\ld be ready to give up ! use ( our s5ses & ( our memory1 ( our reflective p[]s1 & ( our reason1 & ev5 to d5y our p[] ( ?9k+1 & our exi/5ce itself4 ,su* confid5ce h we 9 ! doctr9e t :5 life goes x nev] returns4 ,nor w\ld our bewild]m5t be less1 :5 ! fir/ bl[ 0 ov]2 b our reason w\ld rally1 & ) our reason our c]titude w\ld come back to u4 ,:atev] came ( x1 we %\ld nev] cease to "k & to confess to ourselves bo? ( ! contr>y facts1 t we saw him die1 & t aft] dy+ we saw him alive aga94 ,! ov]p[]+ /rang5ess ( our exp]i5ce w\ld h no p[] to %ake our c]titude 9 ! facts :i* creat$ x4 ,aga91 let u suppose1 = argum5t's sake1 t e?nologi/s1 philologi/s1 anatomi/s1 & antiqu>ians agre$ toge!r 9 sep>ate demon/rations t !re 7 half a doz5 races ( m51 & t !y 7 all desc5d$ f gorillas1 or *impanzees1 or ourang-outangs1 or baboons2 moreov]1 t ,adam 0 an hi/orical p]sonage1 ) a well-asc]ta9$ dwell+-place1 surr\nd+s & date1 9 a comp>atively mod]n _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let me believe t ! ,^w ( ,god ,himself di/9ctly decl>es t !re 7 no m5 be=e ,adam1 t he 0 imm$iately made out ( ! slime ( ! e>?1 & t he is ! fir/ fa!r ( all m5 t are or ev] h be54 ,"h is a contradiction ( /atem5ts m direct ?an 9 ! =m] in/ance2 ! two _c /& toge!r2 "o or o!r ( !m is untrue4 ,b :atev] means ,i might be l$ to take1 = mak+1 if possible1 ! antagonism tol]able1 ,i conceive ,i %\ld nev] give up my c]titude 9 t tru? :i* on suffici5t gr\nds ,i det]m9$ to come f heav54 ,if ,i s believ$1 ,i %\ld n pret5d to argue1 or to def5d myself to o!rs2 ,i %\ld be pati5t2 ,i %\ld look = bett] days2 b ,i %\ld /ill believe4 ,if1 inde$1 ,i _h hi!rto only half believ$1 if ,i believ$ ) an ass5t %ort ( c]titude1 or ) an acquiesc5ce %ort ( ass5t1 or ha/ily or on light gr\nds1 !n ! case w\ld be alt]$2 b if1 aft] full consid]ation1 & avail+ myself ( my be/ lights1 ,i did ?9k t beyond all "q ,god spoke z ,i ?\ght ,he did1 philosoph]s & exp]im5tali/s might take _! c\rse = me1--,i %\ld consid] t !y & ,i ?\ght & reason$ 9 diff]5t m$iums1 & t my c]titude 0 z little 9 collision ) !m or damag$ by !m1 z if !y attempt$ to c\nt]act 9 "s great matt] *emical action by ! =ce ( gravity1 or to weigh magnetic influ5ce aga9/ capill>y attraction4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am putt+ an impossible case1 = philosophical discov]ies _c really contradict div9e revelation4 ,s mu* on ! indefectibility ( c]titude2 z to ! "q :e!r any o!r ass5t is indefectible besides x1 ,i ?9k prejudice may be su*2 b x _c be confus$ ) c]titude1 = ! "o is an ass5t previ\s to rational gr\nds1 & ! o!r an ass5t giv5 expressly aft] c>eful exam9ation4 ,x seems !n t on ! :ole !re are ?ree conditions ( c]titude3 t x foll[s on inve/igation & pro(1 t x is accompani$ by a specific s5se ( intellectual satisfaction & repose1 & t x is irrev]sible4 ,if ! ass5t is made )\t rational gr\nds1 x is a ra% judgm5t1 a fancy1 or a prejudice2 if )\t ! s5se ( f9ality1 x is sc>cely m ?an an inf]5ce2 if )\t p]man5ce1 x is a m]e conviction4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,inf]5ce4 #a4 ,=mal ,inf]5ce4 ,inf]5ce is ! conditional acceptance ( a proposition1 ,ass5t is ! unconditional2 ! object ( ,ass5t is a tru?1 ! object ( ,inf]5ce is ! tru?-l or a v]isimilitude4 ,! problem :i* ,i h und]tak5 is t ( asc]ta9+ h[ x comes to pass t a conditional act leads to an unconditional2 &1 hav+ n[ %[n t ass5t really is unconditional1 ,i proce$ to %[ h[ inf]5tial ex]cises1 z su*1 always mu/ be conditional4 ,we reason1 :5 we hold ?is by virtue ( t2 :e!r we hold x z evid5t or z approximat+ or t5d+ to be evid5t1 9 ei!r case we s hold x because ( hold+ some?+ else to be evid5t or t5d+ to be evid5t4 ,9 ! next place1 our reason+ ord9>ily pres5ts itself to our m9d z a simple act1 n a process or s]ies ( acts4 ,we appreh5d ! antec$5t & !n appreh5d ! consequ5t1 )\t explicit recognition ( ! m$ium connect+ ! two1 z if by a sort ( direct association ( ! fir/ ?\ght ) ! second4 ,we proce$ by a sort ( in/9ctive p]ception1 f premiss to conclusion4 ,i call x in/9ctive1 n z if ! faculty 7 "o & ! same to all m5 9 /r5g? & quality 7z we g5]ally conceive ( in/9ct71 b because ord9>ily1 or at lea/ (t51 x acts by a spontane\s impulse1 z prompt & inevitable z ! ex]cise ( s5se & memory4 ,we p]ceive ext]nal objects1 & we rememb] pa/ ev5ts1 )\t kn[+ h[ we d s2 & 9 l mann] we reason )\t ef=t & int5tion1 or any necess>y consci\sness ( ! pa? :i* ! m9d takes 9 pass+ f antec$5t to conclusion4 ,su* is ratioc9ation1 9 :at may be call$ a /ate ( nature1 z x is f\nd 9 ! un$ucat$1--nay1 9 all m51 9 its ord9>y ex]cise2 nor is !re any antec$5t gr\nd = det]m9+ t x w n be z correct 9 its in=mations z x is in/9ctive1 z tru/wor?y z are s5sible p]ception & memory1 ?\gh its in=mations are n s imm$iate & h a wid] range4 ,by means ( s5se we ga9 k directly2 by means ( reason+ we ga9 x indirectly1 t is1 by virtue ( a previ\s k4 ,& if we may ju/ly reg>d ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 z "o :ole1 we may also believe ju/ly t to "k "o "p ( x is necess>ily to "k mu* m ?an t "o "p4 ,?is ?\ght leads u to a fur!r view ( ratioc9ation4 ,! prov]b says1 8,ex p$e ,h]culem20 & we h actual exp]i5ce h[ ! practis$ zoologi/ c build up "s intricate organization f ! sight ( its smalle/ bone1 evok+ ! :ole z if x 7 a remembrance2 h[1 aga91 a philosophical antiqu>ian1 by means ( an inscription1 int]prets ! my?ical traditions ( =m] ages1 & makes ! pa/ live2 & h[ a ,columbus is l$1 f consid]ations :i* are common prop]ty1 & =tuit\s ph5om5a :i* are successively br\ght to 8 notice1 to h su* fai? 9 a we/]n _w1 z will+ly to commit himself to ! t]rors ( a my/]i\s ocean 9 ord] to arrive at x4 ,t :i* ! m9d is able ?us v>i\sly to br+ toge!r into unity1 mu/ h "s real intr9sic connexion ( "p ) "p4 ,b if ?is summa r]um is ?us "o :ole1 x mu/ be con/ruct$ on def9ite pr9ciples & laws1 ! k ( :i* w enl>ge our capacity ( reason+ ab\t x 9 p>ticul>s2--?us we are l$ on to aim at det]m9+ on a l>ge scale & on sy/em1 :at ev5 gift$ or practis$ intellects are only able by _! own p]sonal vig\r to rea* piece-meal & fitfully1 t is1 at sub/itut+ sci5tific me?ods1 su* z all may use1 = ! action ( individual g5ius4 ,!re is ano!r reason = attempt+ to discov] an in/rum5t ( reason+ 7t is1 ( ga9+ new tru?s by means ( old71 :i* may be less vague & arbitr>y ?an ! tal5t & exp]i5ce ( ! few or ! common-s5se ( ! _m4 ,z memory is n always accurate1 & has on t acc\nt l$ to ! adoption ( writ+1 z be+ a memoria te*nica1 unaffect$ by ! failure ( m5tal impressions1--z our s5ses at times deceive u1 & h to be correct$ by ea* o!r2 s is x also ) our reason+ faculty4 ,! conclusions ( "o man are n ! conclusions ( ano!r2 ^? ( ! same man d n always agree toge!r2 ^? ( ev] s _m :o agree toge!r may diff] f ! facts !mselves1 :i* ^? conclusions are int5d$ to asc]ta94 ,9 consequ5ce x becomes a necessity1 if x be possible1 to analyze ! process ( reason+1 & to inv5t a me?od :i* may act z a common measure betwe5 m9d & m9d1 z a means ( jo9t inve/igation1 & z a recogniz$ intellectual /&>d1--a /&>d su* z to secure u aga9/ hopeless mi/akes1 & to emancipate u f ! caprici\s ipse dixit ( au?ority4 ,z ! index on ! dial notes d[n ! sun's c\rse 9 ! heav5s1 z a key1 revolv+ ?r\gh ! intricate w>ds ( ! lock1 op5s = u a treasure-h\se1 s let u1 if we c1 provide ourselves ) "s ready exp$i5t to s]ve z a true record ( ! sy/em ( objective tru?1 & an available rule = int]pret+ its ph5om5a2 or at lea/ let u g z f> z we c 9 provid+ x4 ,"o su* exp]im5tal key is ! sci5ce ( geometry1 :i*1 9 a c]ta9 dep>tm5t ( nature1 sub/itutes a collection ( true pr9ciples1 fruitful & int]m9able 9 consequ5ces1 = ! guesses1 pro re nat1 ( our intellect1 & saves x bo? ! lab\r & ! risk ( guess+4 ,ano!r f> m subtle & effective in/rum5t is algebraical sci5ce1 :i* acts z a spell 9 unlock+ = u1 )\t m]it or ef=t ( our own individually1 ! arcana ( ! concrete physical univ]se4 ,a m ambiti\s1 because a m compreh5sive contrivance /ill1 = int]pret+ ! concrete _w is ! me?od ( logical inf]5ce4 ,:at we desid]ate is some?+ :i* may sup]s$e ! ne$ ( p]sonal gifts by a f>-rea*+ & infallible rule4 ,n[1 )\t ext]nal symbols to m>k out & to /eady its c\rse1 ! intellect runs wild2 b ) ! aid ( symbols1 z 9 algebra1 x advances ) precision & effect4 ,let !n our symbols be words3 let all ?\ght be arre/$ & embodi$ 9 words4 ,let language h a monopoly ( ?\ght2 & ?\ght g = only s mu* z x c %[ itself to be wor? 9 language4 ,let e prompt+ ( ! intellect be ignor$1 e mom5tum ( argum5t be dis[n$1 :i* is unprovid$ ) an equival5t word+1 z its ticket = %>+ 9 ! common se>* aft] tru?4 ,let ! au?ority ( nature1 common-s5se1 exp]i5ce1 g5ius1 g = no?+4 ,ratioc9ation1 ?us re/rict$ & put into grooves1 is :at ,i h call$ ,inf]5ce1 & ! sci5ce1 :i* is its regulat+ pr9ciple1 is ,logic4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! inf]5tial me?od is to ?r[ ! "q to be decid$ into ! =m ( a proposition2 !n to ?r[ ! pro( itself into propositions1 ! =ce ( ! pro( ly+ 9 ! comp>ison ( ^! propositions ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! analysis is c>ri$ out fully & put into =m1 x becomes ! ,ari/otelic syllogism4 ,h[ev]1 an inf]5ce ne$ n be express$ ?us te*nically2 an en?ymeme fulfils ! requirem5ts ( :at ,i h call$ ,inf]5ce4 ,s does any o!r =m ( words ) ! m]e grammatical expressions1 8=10 8!re=e10 8suppos+10 8s t10 8simil>ly10 & ! l4 ,v]bal reason+1 ( :atev] k9d1 z oppos$ to m5tal1 is :at ,i mean by inf]5ce1 :i* diff]s f logic only inasmu* z logic is its sci5tific =m4 ,& x w be m conv5i5t "h to use ! two words indiscrim9ately1 = ,i %all say no?+ ab\t logic :i* does n 9 its sub/ance also apply to inf]5ce4 ,logical inf]5ce1 !n1 be+ su*1 & its (fice su* z ,i h describ$1 ! "q foll[s1 h[ f> x answ]s ! purpose = :i* x is us$4 ,x proposes to provide bo? a te/ & a common measure ( reason+2 & ,i ?9k x w be f\nd p>tly to succe$ & p>tly to fail2 succe$+ s f> z words c 9 fact be f\nd = repres5t+ ! c\ntless v>ieties & subtleties ( human ?\ght1 fail+ on acc\nt ( ! fallacy ( ! orig9al assumption1 t :atev] c be ?\ght c be adequately express$ 9 words4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,inf]5ce1 be+ conditional1 is hamp]$ ) o!r propositions besides t :i* is especially its own1 t is1 ) ! premisses z well z ! conclusion1 & ) ! rules connect+ ! latt] ) ! =m]4 ,x views its own prop] proposition 9 ! m$ium ( prior propositions1 & measures x by !m4 ,x does n hold a proposition = its own sake1 b z dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 & ^? o!rs x ent]ta9s = ! sake ( ! conclusion4 ,?us x is practically f> m conc]n$ ) ! comp>ison ( propositions1 ?an ) ! propositions !mselves4 ,x is oblig$ to reg>d all ! propositions1 ) :i* x has to d1 n s mu* = _! own sake1 z = ! sake ( ea* o!r1 z reg>ds ! id5tity or lik5ess1 indep5d5ce or dissimil>ity1 :i* has to be mutually pr$icat$ ( !m4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t ! m simple & def9ite are ! words ( a proposition1 & ! n>r[] _! mean+1 & ! m t mean+ 9 ea* proposition is re/rict$ to ! relation :i* x has to ! words ( ! o!r propositions comp>$ ) x1--9 o!r words1 ! ne>] ! propositions conc]n$ 9 ! inf]5ce approa* to be+ m5tal ab/ractions1 & ! less !y h to d ) ! concrete reality1 & ! m closely !y are made to express exact1 intelligible1 compreh5sible1 communicable notions1 & ! less !y /& = objective ?+s1 t is1 ! m !y are ! subjects1 n ( real1 b ( notional appreh5sion1--s mu* ! m suitable d !y become = ! purposes ( ,inf]5ce4 ,h5ce x is t no process ( argum5t is s p]fect1 z t :i* is conduct$ by means ( symbols4 ,9 ,ari?metic #a is #a1 & j #a1 & nev] any?+ else b #a2 x nev] is #b1 x has no t5d5cy to *ange its mean+1 & to become #b2 x has no portion1 quality1 admixture ( #b 9 its mean+4 ,& #f "u all circum/ances is #c times #b1 & ! sum ( #b & #d2 nor c ! :ole _w supply any?+ to ?r[ d\bt ^u ^! elem5t>y positions4 ,x is n s ) language4 ,take1 by contra/1 ! ^w 8inf]5ce10 :i* ,i h be5 us+3 x may /& = ! act ( inf]r+1 z ,i h us$ x2 or = ! connect+ pr9ciple1 or inf]5tia1 betwe5 premisses & conclusions2 or = ! conclusion itself4 ,& sometimes x w be difficult1 9 a p>ticul> s5t5ce1 to say :i* x be>s ( ^! ?ree s5ses4 ,& s aga9 9 ,algebra1 a is nev] x1 or any?+ b a1 :]ev] x is f\nd2 & a & b are always /&>d quantities1 to :i* x & y are always to be ref]r$1 & by :i* !y are always to be measur$4 ,9 ,geometry aga91 ! subjects ( argum5t1 po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces1 are precise creations ( ! m9d1 sugge/$ inde$ by ext]nal objects1 b mean+ no?+ b :at !y are def9$ to mean3 !y h no col\r1 no motion1 no heat1 no qualities :i* address !mselves to ! e> or to ! palate2 s t1 9 :atev] comb9ations or relations ! words d5ot+ !m occur1 & to :omsoev] !y come1 ^? words nev] v>y 9 _! mean+1 b are j ( ! same measure & weight at "o "t & at ano!r4 ,:at is true ( ,ari?metic1 ,algebra1 & ,geometry1 is true also ( ,ari/otelic argum5tation 9 its typical modes & figures4 ,x comp>es two giv5 words sep>ately ) a ?ird1 & !n det]m9es h[ !y /& t[>ds ea* o!r1 9 a bona fide id5tity ( s5se4 ,9 consequ5ce1 its =mal process is be/ conduct$ by means ( symbols1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,:ile x keeps to ^!1 x is safe2 x has ! cog5cy ( ma!matical reason+1 & draws its conclusions by a rule z un]r+ z x is bl9d4 ,symbolical notation1 !n1 be+ ! p]fection ( ! syllogi/ic me?od1 x foll[s t1 :5 words are sub/itut$ = symbols1 x w be its aim to circumscribe & /9t _! import z mu* z possible1 le/ p]*ance ,a %\ld n always exactly mean ,a1 & ,b mean ,b2 & to make !m1 z mu* z possible1 ! calculi ( notions1 :i* are 9 our absolute p[]1 z mean+ j :at we *oose !m to mean1 & z little z possible ! tok5s ( real ?+s1 :i* are outside ( u1 & :i* mean we d n "k h[ mu*1 b s mu* c]ta9ly z may run away ) u1 9 proportion z we ent] into !m1 beyond ! range ( sci5tific managem5t4 ,! concrete matt] ( propositions is a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble to syllogi/ic reason+1 z m>r+ ! simplicity & p]fection ( its process4 ,words1 :i* d5ote ?+s1 h innum]able implications2 b 9 inf]5tial ex]cises x is ! v triumph ( t cle>ness & h>dness ( head1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic tal5t = ! art1 to h /ripp$ !m ( all ^! connatural s5ses1 to h dra9$ !m ( t dep? & bread? ( associations :i* con/itute _! poetry1 _! rhetoric1 & _! hi/orical life1 to h />v$ ea* t]m d[n till x has become ! gho/ ( itself1 & ev]y:]e "o & ! same gho/1 8omnibus umbra locis10 s t x may /& = j "o unreal aspect ( ! concrete ?+ to :i* x prop]ly belongs1 = a relation1 a g5]alization1 or o!r ab/raction1 = a notion neatly turn$ out ( ! laboratory ( ! m9d1 & suffici5tly tame & subdu$1 because exi/+ only 9 a def9ition4 ,?us x is t ! logician = 8 own purposes1 & mo/ usefully z f> z ^? purposes are conc]n$1 turns riv]s1 full1 w9d+1 & beautiful1 into navigable canals4 ,to him dog or horse is n a ?+ :i* he sees1 b a m]e "n sugge/+ ideas2 & by dog or horse univ]sal he means1 n ! aggregate ( all individual dogs or horses br\ght toge!r1 b a common aspect1 meagre b precise1 ( all exi/+ or possible dogs or horses1 :i* all ! :ile does n really correspond to any "o s+le dog or horse out ( ! :ole aggregate4 ,su* m9ute fidelity 9 ! repres5tation ( individuals is nei!r necess>y nor possible to 8 art2 8 bus9ess is n to asc]ta9 facts 9 ! concrete1 b to f9d & dress up middle t]ms2 &1 provid$ !y & ! extremes :i* !y g betwe5 are n equivocal1 ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 _! use1 & he c enable 8 pupils to %[ well 9 a viv voce disputation1 or 9 a popul> h>angue1 or 9 a writt5 diss]tation1 he has a*iev$ ! ma9 purpose ( 8 pr(ession4 ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( reason+1 view$ z a sci5ce or sci5tific art1 or inf]5tial process1 & we might anticipate t1 n>r[ z by necessity is its field ( view1 = t reason its pret5sions to be demon/rative 7 incontrov]tible4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se !y really are s2 :ile we talk logic1 we are unansw]able2 b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is univ]sal liv+ sc5e ( ?+s is aft] all z little a logical _w z x is a poetical2 &1 z x _c )\t viol5ce be exalt$ into poetical p]fection1 nei!r c x be att5uat$ into a logical =mula4 ,ab/ract c only conduct to ab/ract2 b we h ne$ to atta9 by our reason+s to :at is concrete2 & ! m>g9 betwe5 ! ab/ract conclusions ( ! sci5ce1 & ! concrete facts :i* we wi% to asc]ta91 w be f\nd to r$uce ! =ce ( ! inf]5tial me?od f demon/ration to ! m]e det]m9ation ( ! probable4 ,?us1 :]eas 7z ,i h already said7 ,inf]5ce />ts ) conditions1 z />t+ ) premisses1 "h are two reasons :y1 :5 employ$ ^u matt]s ( fact1 x c only conclude probabilities3 fir/1 because its premisses are assum$1 n prov$2 & secondly1 because its conclusions are ab/ract1 & n concrete4 ,i w n[ consid] ^! two po9ts sep>ately4 #a4 ,inf]5ce comes %ort ( pro( 9 concrete matt]s1 because x has n a full comm& ov] ! objects to :i* x relates1 b m]ely assumes its premisses4 ,9 ord] to complete ! pro(1 we are ?r[n ^u "s previ\s syllogism or syllogisms1 9 :i* ! assumptions may be prov$2 & !n1 /ill f>!r back1 we are ?r[n ^u o!rs aga91 to prove ! new assumptions ( t second ord] ( syllogisms4 ,:]e is ?is process to /op8 especially s9ce x mu/ run ^u sep>at$1 div]g5t1 & multipli$ l9es ( argum5t1 ! f>!r ! inve/igation is c>ri$ back4 ,at l5g? a score ( propositions pres5t !mselves1 all to be prov$ by propositions m evid5t ?an !mselves1 9 ord] to enable !m respectively to become premisses to t s]ies ( inf]5ces :i* t]m9ates 9 ! conclusion :i* we orig9ally drew4 ,b ev5 n[ ! difficulty is n at an end2 x w\ld be some?+ to arrive at l5g? at premisses :i* are und5iable1 h[ev] long we might be 9 arriv+ at !m2 b 9 ?is case ! long retrospection lodges u at l5g? at :at are call$ fir/ pr9ciples1 ! recondite s\rces ( all k1 z to :i* logic provides no common measure ( m9ds1--:i* are accept$ by "s1 reject$ by o!rs1--9 :i*1 & n 9 ! syllogi/ic exhibitions1 lies ! :ole problem ( atta9+ to tru?1--& :i* are call$ self-evid5t by _! respective advocates because !y are evid5t 9 no o!r way4 ,"o ( ! two uses contemplat$ 9 reason+ by rule1 or 9 v]bal argum5tation1 01 z ,i h said1 to e/abli% a /&>d ( tru? & to sup]s$e ! ipse dixit ( au?ority3 h[ does x fulfil ?is end1 if x only leads u back to fir/ pr9ciples1 ab\t :i* !re is int]m9able controv]sy8 ,we are n able to prove by syllogism t !re are any self-evid5t propositions at all2 b suppos+ !re are 7z ( c\rse ,i hold !re are71 /ill :o c det]m9e ^! by logic8 ,syllogism1 !n1 ?\gh ( c\rse x has its use1 /ill does only ! m9ute/ & easie/ "p ( ! "w1 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?1 = :5 !re is any difficulty1 t difficulty commonly lies 9 det]m9+ fir/ pr9ciples1 n 9 ! arrangem5t ( pro(s4 ,ev5 :5 argum5t is ! mo/ direct & sev]e ( its k9d1 !re mu/ be ^? assumptions 9 ! process :i* resolve !mselves into ! conditions ( human nature2 b h[ _m m assumptions does t process 9 ord9>y concrete matt]s involve1 subtle assumptions n directly aris+ out ( ^! prim>y conditions1 b accompany+ ! c\rse ( reason+1 /ep by /ep1 & traceable to ! s5tim5ts ( ! age1 c\ntry1 religion1 social habits & ideas1 ( ! p>ticul> inquir]s or disputants1 & pass+ curr5t )\t detection1 because admitt$ equally on all h&s6 ,& to ^! mu/ be add$ ! assumptions :i* are made f ! necessity ( ! case1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prolixity & elaborat5ess ( any argum5t :i* %\ld fai?fully note d[n all ! propositions :i* g to make x up4 ,we recognize ?is t$i\sness ev5 9 ! case ( ! !orems ( ,euclid1 ?\gh ma!matical pro( is comp>atively simple4 ,logic !n does n really prove2 x enables u to jo9 issue ) o!rs2 x sugge/s ideas2 x op5s views2 x maps out = u ! l9es ( ?\ght2 x v]ifies negatively2 x det]m9es :5 diff]5ces ( op9ion are hopeless2 & :5 & h[ f> conclusions are probable2 b = g5u9e pro( 9 concrete matt] we require an organon m delicate1 v]satile1 & ela/ic ?an v]bal argum5tation4 ,i ought to give an illu/ration ( :at ,i h be5 /at+ 9 g5]al t]ms2 b x is difficult to d s )\t a digression4 ,h[ev]1 if x mu/ be1 ,i look r\nd ! room 9 :i* ,i happ5 to be writ+1 & take d[n ! fir/ book :i* cat*es my eye4 ,x is an old volume ( a ,magaz9e ( great "n2 ,i op5 x at r&om & fall ^u a discussion ab\t ! !n lately discov]$ em5dations ( ! text ( ,%akespe>e4 ,x w d = my purpose4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,fal/aff's dea? 9 8,h5ry ,v40 7act ii4 sc5e #c7 we read1 accord+ to ! receiv$ text1 ! well-kn[n words1 8,8 nose 0 z %>p z a p51 & 'a babbl$ ( gre5 fields40 ,9 ! fir/ au!ntic edition1 publi%$ 9 #afbc1 "s ye>s aft] ,%akespe>e's dea?1 ! words1 ,i believe1 ran1 8& a table ( gre5 fields10 :i* has no s5se4 ,accord+ly1 an anonym\s critic1 report$ by ,!obald 9 ! la/ c5tury1 correct$ !m to 8& 'a talk$ ( gre5 fields10 ,!obald himself improv$ ! read+ into 8& 'a babbl$ ( gre5 fields10 :i* s9ce 8 "t has be5 ! receiv$ text4 ,b j tw5ty ye>s ago an annotat$ copy ( ! edition ( #afcb 0 f\nd1 annotat$ p]haps by a contempor>y1 :i*1 among z _m z #bj1jjj corrections ( ! text1 sub/itut$ = ! corrupt read+ ( #afbc1 ! words 8on a table ( gre5 frieze10 :i* has a suffici5t s5se1 ?\gh f> less acceptable to an admir] ( ,%akespe>e1 ?an ,!obald's4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is copy ) its annotations1 z x is pres5t$ to u1 ,i %all "h take = grant$4 ,n[ ,i und]/&1 or at lea/ w suppose1 ! argum5t1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! article ( ! ,magaz9e 9 "q1 to run ?us3--8,!obald's read+1 z at pres5t receiv$1 is to be reta9$1 to ! exclusion ( ! text ( #afbc & ( ! em5dation made on ! copy ( ! edition ( #afcb2--to ! exclusion ( ! text ( #afbc because t text is corrupt2 to ! exclusion ( ! annotation ( #afcb because x is anonym\s40 ,i wi% x !n obs]v$ h[ _m l>ge que/ions are op5$ 9 ! discussion :i* ensues1 h[ _m recondite & untractable pr9ciples h to be settl$1 & h[ impot5t is logic1 or any reason+s :i* c be ?r[n into language1 to deal ) ^! indisp5sable fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ position is1 8,! au?oritative read+ ( #afbc is n to be re/or$ to ! receiv$ text1 because x is corrupt40 ,n[ are we to take x = grant$1 z a fir/ pr9ciple1 :i* ne$s no pro(1 t a text may be tamp]$ )1 because x is corrupt8 ,h[ev] ! corrupt read+ arose1 x is au?oritative4 ,x is f\nd 9 an edition1 publi%$ by kn[n p]sons1 only six ye>s aft] ,%akespe>e's dea?1 f 8 own manuscript1 z x appe>s1 & ) 8 corrections ( e>li] faulty impressions4 ,au?ority _c sanction nons5se1 b x c =bid critics f exp]im5taliz+ ^u x4 ,if ! text ( ,%akespe>e is corrupt1 x %\ld be publi%$ z corrupt4 ,i believe ! be/ editors ( ! ,greek trag$ians h giv5 up ! imp]t95ce ( introduc+ _! conjectures into ! text2 & a classic l ,%akespe>e has a "r to be treat$ ) ! same respect z s*ylus4 ,to ?is x w be repli$1 t ,%akespe>e is = ! g5]al public & s*ylus = /ud5ts ( a dead language2 t ! run ( m5 read = amusem5t or z a recreation1 & t1 if ! editions ( ,%akespe>e 7 made on critical pr9ciples1 !y w\ld rema9 unsold4 ,"h1 !n1 we are br\ght to ! "q :e!r x is any advantage to read ,%akespe>e except ) ! c>e & pa9s :i* a classic dem&s1 & :e!r he is 9 fact read at all by ^? :om su* critical exactness w\ld (f5d2 & ?us we are l$ on to fur!r que/ions ab\t cultivation ( m9d & ! education ( ! masses4 ,fur!r1 ! "q pres5ts itself1 :e!r ! g5]al admiration ( ,%akespe>e is g5u9e1 :e!r x is n a m]e fa%ion1 :e!r ! multitude ( m5 und]/& him at all1 :e!r x is n true t e "o makes mu* ( him1 because e "o else makes mu* ( him4 ,c we possibly make ,%akespe>e light read+1 especially 9 ?is day ( *eap novels1 by ev] s mu* correction ( 8 text8 ,n[ suppos+ ?is po9t settl$1 & ! text ( #afbc put out ( c\rt1 !n comes ! claim ( ! ,annotator to introduce into ,%akespe>e's text ! em5dation made ^u 8 copy ( ! edition ( #afcb2 :y is he n ( great] au?ority ?an ,!obald1 ! inv5tor ( ! receiv$ read+1 & 8 em5dation ( m au?ority ?an ,!obald's8 ,if ! corrupt read+ mu/ any h[ be got out ( ! way1 :y %\ld n ! ,annotator1 r ?an ,!obald1 det]m9e its sub/itute8 ,= :at we "k1 ! au?ority ( ! anonym\s ,annotator may be v great4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t he 0 n a contempor>y ( ! poet2 & if s1 ! "q arises1 :at is ! "* ( 8 em5dations8 are !y 8 own private & arbitr>y conjectures1 or are !y in=mations f ^? :o knew ,%akespe>e1 traditions ( ! !atre1 ( ! actors or spectators ( 8 plays8 ,"h1 !n1 we are involv$ 9 intricate que/ions :i* c only be decid$ by a m9ute exam9ation ( ! #bj1jjj em5dations s indu/ri\sly br\ght toge!r by ?is anonym\s critic4 ,b x is obvi\s t a v]bal argum5tation ^u #bj1jjj corrections is impossible3 !re mu/ be fir/ c>eful processes ( p]usal1 classification1 discrim9ation1 selection1 :i* ma9ly are acts ( ! m9d )\t ! int]v5tion ( language4 ,!re mu/ be a cumulation ( argum5ts on "o side & on ! o!r1 ( :i* only ! heads or ! results c be put ^u pap]4 ,next come 9 que/ions ( criticism & ta/e1 ) _! recondite & disputable premisses1 & ! usual d$uctions f !m1 s subtle & difficult to foll[4 ,all ?is be+ consid]$1 am ,i wrong 9 say+ t1 ?\gh controv]sy is bo? possible & useful at all times1 yet x is n adequate to ?is occasion2 r t t sum-total ( argum5t 7:e!r = or aga9/ ! ,annotator7 :i* is furni%$ by 8 num]\s em5dations1--or :at may be call$ ! multi=m1 evid5tial fact1 9 :i* ! exam9ation ( ^! em5dations results1--requires r to be photograph$ on ! individual m9d z by "o impression1 ?an admits ( del9eation = ! satisfaction ( ! _m 9 any kn[n or possible language1 h[ev] ri* 9 vocabul>y & flexible 9 /ructure8 ,& n[ z to ! ?ird po9t :i* pres5ts itself = consid]ation1 ! claim ( ,!obald's em5dation to reta9 its place 9 ! textus receptus4 ,x /rikes me ) wond] t an argum5t 9 its def5ce c\ld h be5 put =w>d to ! foll[+ effect1 viz4 t true ?\gh x be1 t ! ,editors ( #afbc are ( mu* m au?ority ?an ,!obald1 & t ! ,annotator's read+ 9 ! passage 9 "q is m likely to be correct ?an ,!obald's1 nev]!less ,!obald's has by ?is "t acquir$ a prescriptive "r to its place !re1 ! prescription ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s2--t usurpation has become legitimacy2 t ,!obald's words h sunk into ! he>ts ( ?\s&s2 t 9 fact !y h become ,%akespe>e's2 t x w\ld be a dang]\s innovation & an evil prec$5t to t\* !m4 ,if we beg9 an unsettlem5t ( ! popul> m9d1 :]e is x to /op8 ,?us x appe>s1 9 ord] to d ju/ice to ! "q be=e u1 we h to betake ourselves to ! consid]ation ( my?s1 pi\s frauds1 & o!r grave matt]s1 :i* introduce u into a sylva1 d5se & intricate1 ( fir/ pr9ciples & elem5t>y ph5om5a1 belong+ to ! doma9s ( ar*eology & !ology4 ,nor is ?is all2 :5 su* views ( ! duty ( g>bl+ a classic are prop\nd$1 !y op5 ^u u a long vi/a ( sceptical int]rogations :i* g f> to disp>age ! claims ^u u1 ! g5ius1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! great poet to ^: hon\r ^! views are int5d$ to m9i/]4 ,= p]haps1 aft] all1 ,%akespe>e is really b a collection ( _m ,!obalds1 :o h ea* ( !m a "r to 8 own %>e ( him4 ,!re 0 a great dramatic s*ool 9 8 day2 he 0 "o ( a numb] ( fir/-rate arti/s1--p]haps !y wrote 9 common4 ,h[ are we to "k :at is 81 or h[ mu*8 ,are ! be/ p>ts 81 or ! wor/8 ,x is said t ! play]s put 9 :at is vulg> & (f5sive 9 8 writ+s2 p]haps !y ins]t$ ! beauties4 ,i h he>d x urg$ ye>s ago1 z an objection to ,%]idan's claim ( au?or%ip to ! plays :i* be> 8 "n1 t !y 7 s unlike ea* o!r2 is n ?is ! v peculi>ity ( ^? imput$ to ,%akespe>e8 ,7 ev] ! writ+s ( "o man s v>i\s1 s imp]sonal8 c we =m any "o true idea ( :at he 0 9 hi/ory or "*1 by means ( !m8 is he n 9 %ort 8vox et prt]ea nihil08 ,!n aga91 9 corroboration1 is !re any au?or's life s defici5t 9 biographical notices z 88 ,we "k ab\t ,hook]1 ,sp5s]1 ,spelman1 ,raleigh1 ,h>vey1 8 contempor>ies3 :at d we "k ( ,%akespe>e8 ,is he mu* m ?an a "n8 ,is n ! traditional object ( an ,engli%man's idolatry aft] all a nebula ( g5ius1 de/9$1 l ,hom]1 to be resolv$ into its sep>ate & indep5d5t lum9>ies1 z soon z we h a criticism p[]ful en\gh = ! purpose8 ,i mu/ n be suppos$ = a mom5t to c\nt5ance su* scepticism myself1--?\gh x is a subject wor?y ! att5tion ( a sceptical age3 "h ,i h introduc$ x simply to sugge/ h[ _m words g to make up a ?or\ghly valid argum5t2 h[ %ort & easy a way to a true conclusion is ! logic ( good s5se2 h[ little syllogisms h to d ) ! =mation ( op9ion2 h[ little dep5ds ^u ! inf]5tial pro(s1 & h[ mu* ^u ^? pre-exi/+ beliefs & views1 9 :i* m5 ei!r already agree ) ea* o!r or hopelessly diff]1 be=e !y beg9 to dispute1 & :i* are hidd5 deep 9 our nature1 or1 x may be1 9 our p]sonal peculi>ities4 #b4 ,s mu* on ! multiplicity ( assumptions1 :i* 9 spite ( =mal exactness1 logical reason+ 9 concrete matt]s is =c$ to admit1 & on ! consequ5t unc]ta9ty :i* att5ds its conclusions4 ,n[ ,i come to ! second reason :y its conclusions are ?us want+ 9 precision4 ,9 ?is _w ( s5se we h to d ) ?+s1 f> m ?an ) notions4 ,we are n solit>y1 left to ! contemplation ( our own ?\ghts & _! legitimate developm5ts4 ,we are surr\nd$ by ext]nal be+s1 & our enunciations are direct$ to ! concrete4 ,we reason 9 ord] to enl>ge our k ( matt]s1 :i* d n dep5d on u = be+ :at !y are4 ,b h[ is an ex]cise ( m9d1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p occupi$ ) notions1 n ?+s1 compet5t to deal ) ?+s1 except p>tially & indirectly8 ,?is is ! ma9 reason :y an inf]5ce1 h[ev] fully word$1 7except p]haps 9 "s peculi> cases1 :i* are out ( place "h17 nev] c rea* s f> z to asc]ta9 a fact4 ,z ,i h already said1 argum5ts ab\t ! ab/ract _c h&le & det]m9e ! concrete4 ,!y may approximate to a pro(1 b !y only rea* ! probable1 because !y _c rea* ! p>ticul>4 ,ev5 9 ma!matical physics a m>g9 is left = possible imp]fection 9 ! inve/igation4 ,:5 ! planet ,neptune 0 discov]$1 x 0 des]v$ly consid]$ a triumph ( sci5ce1 t ab/ract reason+s _h done s mu* t[>ds det]m9+ ! planet & its orbit4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no triumph 9 success1 _h !re be5 no haz>d ( failure2 x is no triumph to ,euclid1 9 pure ma!matics1 t ! geometrical conclusions ( 8 second book c be work$ out & v]ifi$ by algebra4 ,! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies are almo/ ma!matical 9 _! precision2 b !re is a multitude ( matt]s1 to :i* ma!matical sci5ce is appli$1 :i* are 9 _! nature intricate & obscure1 & require t reason+ by rule %\ld be complet$ by ! liv+ m9d4 ,:o w\ld be satisfi$ ) a navigator or eng9e]1 :o _h no practice or exp]i5ce :]eby to c>ry on 8 sci5tific conclusions out ( _! native ab/ract into ! concrete & ! real8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! di/ru/1 :i* is ord9>ily felt1 ( speculators & !ori/s b ?is1 t !y are dead to ! necessity ( p]sonal prud5ce & judgm5t to qualify & complete _! logic8 ,sci5ce1 work+ by itself1 rea*es tru? 9 ! ab/ract1 & probability 9 ! concrete2 b :at we aim at is tru? 9 ! concrete4 ,?is is true ( o!r inf]5ces besides ma!matical4 ,!y come to no def9ite conclusions ab\t matt]s ( fact1 except z !y are made effectual = _! purpose by ! liv+ intellig5ce :i* uses !m4 8,all m5 h _! price2 ,fabricius is a man2 he has 8 price20 b he _h n 8 price2 h[ is ?is8 ,because he is m ?an a univ]sal2 because he falls "u o!r univ]sals2 because univ]sals are ev] at w> ) ea* o!r2 because :at is call$ a univ]sal is only a g5]al2 because :at is only g5]al does n lead to a necess>y conclusion4 ,let u judge him by ano!r univ]sal4 8,m5 h a consci5ce2 ,fabricius is a man2 he has a consci5ce40 ,until we h actual exp]i5ce ( ,fabricius1 we c only say1 t1 s9ce he is a man1 p]haps he w take a bribe1 & p]haps he w n4 8,latet dolus 9 g5]alibus20 !y are arbitr>y & fallaci\s1 if we take !m = m ?an broad views & aspects ( ?+s1 s]v+ z our notes & indications = judg+ ( ! p>ticul>1 b n absolutely t\*+ & det]m9+ facts4 ,let units come fir/1 & 7s-call$7 univ]sals second2 let univ]sals m9i/] to units1 n units be sacrific$ to univ]sals4 ,john1 ,ri*>d1 & ,rob]t are individual ?+s1 indep5d5t1 incommunicable4 ,we may f9d "s k9d ( common measure betwe5 !m1 & we may give x ! "n ( man1 man z su*1 ! typical man1 ! auto-an?ropos4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 s do+1 & 9 inve/+ x ) g5]al attributes1 & be/[+ on x :at we consid] a def9ition4 ,b we ?9k we may g on to impose our def9ition on ! :ole race1 & to e memb] ( x1 to ! ?\s& ,johns1 ,ri*>ds1 & ,rob]ts :o are f\nd 9 x4 ,no2 ea* ( !m is :at he is1 9 spite ( x4 ,n any "o ( !m is man1 z su*1 or co9cides ) ! auto-an?ropos4 ,ano!r ,john is n necess>ily rational1 because 8all m5 are rational10 = he may be an idiot2--nor because 8man is a be+ ( progress10 does ! second ,ri*>d progress1 = he may be a dunce2--nor1 because 8man is made = society10 mu/ we !re=e g on to d5y t ! second ,rob]t is a gipsy or a b&it1 z he is f\nd to be4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z /]eotyp$ humanity2 x mu/ ev] be a vague1 bodiless idea1 because ! concrete units f :i* x is =m$ are indep5d5t realities4 ,g5]al laws are n inviolable tru?s2 mu* less are !y necess>y causes4 ,s9ce1 z a rule1 m5 are rational1 progressive1 & social1 !re is a high probability ( ?is rule be+ true 9 ! case ( a p>ticul> p]son2 b we mu/ "k him to be sure ( x4 ,ea* ?+ has its own nature & its own hi/ory4 ,:5 ! nature & ! hi/ory ( _m ?+s are simil>1 we say t !y h ! same nature2 b !re is no su* ?+ z "o & ! same nature2 !y are ea* ( !m itself1 n id5tical1 b l4 ,a law is n a fact1 b a notion4 8,all m5 die2 !re=e ,elias has di$20 b he has n di$1 & did n die4 ,he 0 an exception to ! g5]al law ( humanity2 s f>1 he did n come "u t law1 b "u ! law 7s to say7 ( ,elias4 ,x 0 ! peculi>ity ( 8 individuality1 t he left ! _w )\t dy+3 :at "r h we to subject ! p]son ( ,elias to ! sci5tific notion ( an ab/ract humanity1 :i* we h =m$ )\t ask+ 8 leave8 ,:y mu/ ! tyrant majority f9d a rule = 8 hi/ory8 8,b all m5 are mortal20 n s2 :at is really meant is1 t 8man1 z su*1 is mortal10 or ! ab/ract1 typical auto-an?ropos2 !re=e ! m9or premiss ought to be1 8,elias 0 ! auto-an?ropos or ab/ract man20 b he 0 n1 & c\ld n be ! ab/ract man1 nor c\ld any "o else1 any m ?an ! av]age man ( an ,insurance ,company is e individual man :o insures 8 life ) x4 ,su* a syllogism proves no?+ ab\t ! v]itable ,elias1 except 9 ! way ( antec$5t probability4 ,if x be said t ,elias 0 exempt$ f dea?1 n by nature1 b by miracle1 :at is ?is to ! purpose1 und5iable z x is8 ,/ill1 to h ?is miracul\s exemption 0 ! p]sonal pr]ogative ( ,elias4 ,we call x miracle1 because ,god ord9>ily acts o!rwise4 ,he :o causes m5 9 g5]al to die1 gave to ,elias n to die4 ,?is miracul\s gift comes into ! individuality ( ,elias4 ,on ?is individuality we mu/ fix our ?\ghts1 & n beg9 our notion ( him by ignor+ x4 ,he 0 a man1 & some?+ m ?an 8man02 & if we d n take ?is into acc\nt1 we fall into an initial error 9 our ?\ghts ( him4 ,:at is true ( ,elias is true ( e "o 9 8 own place & degree4 ,we call rationality ! di/9ction ( man1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r animals4 ,?is is true 9 logic2 b 9 fact a man diff]s f a brute1 n 9 rationality only1 b 9 all t he is1 ev5 9 ^? respects 9 :i* he is mo/ l a brute2 s t 8 :ole self1 8 bones1 limbs1 make1 life1 reason1 moral feel+1 immortality1 & all t he is besides1 is 8 real diff]5tia1 9 contra/ to a horse or a dog4 ,& 9 l mann] z reg>ds ,john & ,ri*>d1 :5 comp>$ ) "o ano!r2 ea* is himself1 & no?+ else1 &1 ?\gh1 reg>d$ ab/ract$ly1 ! two may fairly be said to h some?+ 9 common1 7viz4 t ab/ract sam5ess :i* does n exi/ at all17 yet1 /rictly speak+1 !y h no?+ 9 common1 = ea* ( !m has a ve/$ int]e/ 9 all t he himself is2 &1 moreov]1 :at seems to be common 9 ! two1 becomes 9 fact s uncommon1 s sui simile1 9 _! respective individualities--! bodily frame ( ea* is s s+l$ out f all o!r bodies by its special con/itution1 s\nd or weak1 by its vitality1 activity1 pa?ological hi/ory & *anges1 &1 aga91 ! m9d ( ea* is s di/9ct f all o!r m9ds1 9 disposition1 p[]s1 & habits1--t1 in/ead ( say+1 z logicians say1 t ! two m5 diff] only 9 numb]1 we ought1 ,i repeat1 r to say t !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 all t !y are1 9 id5tity1 9 incommunicability1 9 p]sonality4 ,nor does any real ?+ admit1 by any calculus ( logic1 ( be+ dissect$ into all ! possible g5]al notions :i* x admits1 nor1 9 consequ5ce1 ( be+ recompos$ out ( !m2 ?\gh ! attempt ?us to treat x is m unpromis+ 9 proportion to ! intricacy & complet5ess ( its make4 ,we _c see ?r\gh any "o ( ! myriad be+s :i* make up ! univ]se1 or give ! full catalogue ( its belong+s4 ,we are accu/om$1 inde$1 & rightly1 to speak ( ! ,creator ,himself z incompreh5sible2 &1 inde$1 ,he is s by an incommunicable attribute2 b 9 a c]ta9 s5se ea* ( ,8 creatures is incompreh5sible to u also1 9 ! s5se t no "o has a p]fect und]/&+ ( x b ,he4 ,we recognize & appropriate aspects ( !m1 & logic is useful to u 9 regi/]+ ^! aspects & :at !y imply2 b x does n give u to "k ev5 "o individual be+4 ,s mu* on logical argum5tation2 & 9 speak+ ( ! syllogism1 ,i h spok5 ( all inf]5tial processes :atev]1 z express$ 9 language1 7if !y are su* z to be r$ucible to sci5ce17 = !y all require g5]al notions1 z conditions ( _! com+ to a conclusion4 ,?us1 9 ! d$uctive argum5t1 8,europe has no security = peace1 till its l>ge /&+ armies 9 its sep>ate /ates are r$uc$2 = a l>ge /&+ army is 9 its v idea provocative ( w>10 ! conclusion is only probable1 = x may s be t 9 no c\ntry is t pure idea realiz$1 b 9 e c\ntry 9 concrete fact !re may be circum/ances1 political or social1 :i* de/roy ! ab/ract dang]\sness4 ,s1 too1 z reg>ds ,induction & ,analogy1 z modes ( ,inf]5ce2 =1 :e!r ,i argue1 8,?is place w h ! *ol]a1 unless x is dra9$2 = !re are a numb] ( well-asc]ta9$ cases :i* po9t to ?is conclusion20 or1 8,! sun w rise to-morr[1 = x rose to-day20 9 ei!r me?od ( reason+ ,i appeal1 9 ord] to prove a p>ticul> case1 to a g5]al pr9ciple or law1 :i* has n =ce en\gh to w>rant m ?an a probable conclusion4 ,z to ! *ol]a1 ! place 9 "q may h c]ta9 antagoni/ advantages1 :i* anticipate or neutralize ! miasma :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! poison2 & z to ! sun's ris+ to-morr[1 !re 0 a fir/ day ( ! sun's ris+1 & !re=e !re may be a la/4 ,?is is :at ,i h to say on =mal ,inf]5ce1 :5 tak5 to repres5t ,ratioc9ation4 ,sci5ce 9 all its dep>tm5ts has too mu* simplicity & exactness1 f ! nature ( ! case1 to be ! measure ( fact4 ,9 its v p]fection lies its incompet5cy to settle p>ticul>s & details4 ,z to ,logic1 its *a9 ( conclusions hangs loose at bo? ends2 bo? ! po9t f :i* ! pro( %\ld />t1 & ! po9ts at :i* x %\ld arrive1 are beyond its rea*2 x comes %ort bo? ( fir/ pr9ciples & ( concrete issues4 ,ev5 its mo/ elaborate exhibitions fail to repres5t adequately ! sum total ( consid]ations by :i* an individual m9d is det]m9$ 9 its judgm5t ( ?+s2 ev5 its mo/ c>eful comb9ations made to be> on a conclusion want t /ead9ess ( aim :i* is necess>y = hitt+ x4 ,z ,i said :5 ,i began1 ?\ght is too ke5 & manifold1 its s\rces are too remote & hidd51 its pa? too p]sonal1 delicate1 & circuit\s1 its subject-matt] too v>i\s & intricate1 to admit ( ! trammels ( any language1 ( :atev] subtlety & ( :atev] compass4 ,nor is x any disp>agem5t ( ! prop] value ( =mal reason+s ?us to speak ( !m4 ,t !y _c proce$ beyond probabilities is mo/ readily all[$ by ^? :o use !m mo/4 ,philosoph]s1 exp]im5tali/s1 lawy]s1 9 _! sev]al ways1 h commonly ! reputation ( be+1 at lea/ on moral & religi\s subjects1 h>d ( belief2 because1 proce$+ 9 ! necess>y inve/igation by ! analytical me?od ( v]bal inf]5ce1 !y f9d )9 its limits no suffici5t res\rces = atta9+ a conclusion4 ,nay1 !y d n always f9d x possible 9 _! own special prov9ce sev]ally2 =1 ev5 :5 9 _! he>ts !y h no d\bt ab\t a conclusion1 /ill (t51 f ! habit ( _! m9ds1 !y are reluctant to own x1 & dwell ^u ! defici5cies ( ! evid5ce1 or ! possibility ( error1 because !y speak by rule & by book1 ?\gh !y judge & det]m9e by common-s5se4 ,e ex]cise ( nature or ( art is good 9 its place2 & ! uses ( ?is logical inf]5ce are manifold4 ,x is ! great pr9ciple ( ord] 9 our ?9k+2 x r$uces a *aos into h>mony2 x catalogues ! accumulations ( k2 x maps out = u ! relations ( its sep>ate dep>tm5ts2 x puts u 9 ! way to correct its own mi/akes4 ,x enables ! indep5d5t intellects ( _m1 act+ & re-act+ on ea* o!r1 to br+ _! collective =ce to be> ^u "o & ! same subject-matt]1 or ! same "q4 ,if language is an ine/imable gift to man1 ! logical faculty prep>es x = our use4 ,?\gh x does n g s f> z to asc]ta9 tru?1 /ill x tea*es u ! direction 9 :i* tru? lies1 & h[ propositions lie t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,nor is x a slight b5efit to "k :at is probable1 & :at is n s1 :at is ne$$ = ! pro( ( a po9t1 :at is want+ 9 a !ory1 h[ a !ory hangs toge!r1 & :at w foll[1 if x be admitt$4 ,?\gh x does n itself discov] ! unkn[n1 x is "o pr9cipal way by :i* discov]ies are made4 ,moreov]1 a c\rse ( argum5t1 :i* is simply conditional1 w po9t out :5 & :]e exp]im5t & obs]vation %\ld be appli$1 or te/imony s\ght =1 z (t5 happ5s bo? 9 physical & legal que/ions4 ,a logical hypo!sis is ! means ( hold+ facts toge!r1 expla9+ difficulties1 & reconcil+ ! imag9ation to :at is /range4 ,&1 aga91 processes ( logic are useful z enabl+ u to get ov] p>ticul> /ages ( an inve/igation spe$ily & surely1 z on a j\rney we n[ & !n ga9 "t by travell+ by night1 make %ort cuts :5 ! high-road w9ds1 or adopt wat]-c>riage to avoid fatigue4 ,b reason+ by rule & 9 words is too natural to u1 to admit ( be+ reg>d$ m]ely 9 ! light ( utility4 ,our inquiries spontane\sly fall into sci5tific sequ5ce1 & we ?9k 9 logic1 z we talk 9 prose1 )\t aim+ at do+ s4 ,h[ev] sure we are ( ! accuracy ( our in/9ctive conclusions1 we z in/9ctively put !m into words1 z f> z we c2 z pref]r+1 if possible1 to h !m 9 an objective %ape :i* we c fall back ^u1--fir/ = our own satisfaction1 !n = our ju/ification ) o!rs4 ,su* a tangible def5ce ( :at we hold1 inadequate z x necess>ily is1 consid]$ z an analysis ( our ratioc9ation 9 its l5g? & bread?1 nev]!less is 9 su* s5se associat$ ) our hold+s1 & s =tifies & illu/rates !m1 t x acts z a vivid appreh5sion acts1 giv+ !m lum9\sness & =ce4 ,?us inf]5ce becomes a sort ( symbol ( ass5t1 & ev5 be>s ^u action4 ,i h enl>g$ on ^! obvi\s consid]ations1 le/ ,i %\ld seem p>adoxical2 b !y d n impair ! ma9 position ( ?is ,section1 t ,inf]5ce1 consid]$ 9 ! %ape ( v]bal argum5tation1 det]m9es nei!r our pr9ciples1 nor our ultimate judgm5ts1--t x is nei!r ! te/ ( tru?1 nor ! adequate basis ( ass5t47#ab7 #b4 ,in=mal ,inf]5ce4 ,x is pla9 t =mal logical sequ5ce is n 9 fact ! me?od by :i* we are enabl$ to become c]ta9 ( :at is concrete2 & x is equally pla91 f :at has be5 already sugge/$1 :at ! real & necess>y me?od is4 ,x is ! cumulation ( probabilities1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 aris+ out ( ! nature & circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> case :i* is "u review2 probabilities too f9e to avail sep>ately1 too subtle & circuit\s to be conv]tible into syllogisms1 too num]\s & v>i\s = su* conv]sion1 ev5 7 !y conv]tible4 ,z a man's portrait diff]s f a sket* ( him1 9 hav+1 n m]ely a cont9u\s outl9e1 b all its details fill$ 91 & %ades & col\rs laid on & h>moniz$ toge!r1 su* is ! multi=m & intricate process ( ratioc9ation1 necess>y = our rea*+ him z a concrete fact1 comp>$ ) ! rude op]ation ( syllogi/ic treatm5t4 ,let u suppose ,i wi% to conv]t an educat$1 ?\ghtful ,prote/ant1 & accord+ly pres5t = 8 acceptance a syllogism ( ! foll[+ k9d3--8,all ,prote/ants are b\nd to jo9 ! ,*ur*2 y are a ,prote/ant3 ergo40 ,he answ]s1 we w say1 by d5y+ bo? premisses2 & he does s by means ( argum5ts1 :i* bran* out into o!r argum5ts1 & ^? into o!rs1 & all ( !m sev]ally requir+ to be consid]$ by him on _! own m]its1 be=e ! syllogism rea*es him1 & 9 consequ5ce m\nt+ up1 tak5 all toge!r1 into an array ( inf]5tial ex]cises l>ge & v>i\s beyond calculation4 ,moreov]1 he is b\nd to submit himself to ?is complicat$ process f ! nature ( ! case2 he w\ld act ra%ly1 if he did n2 = he is a concrete individual unit1 & be+ s1 is "u s _m laws1 & is ! subject ( s _m pr$ications all at once1 t he _c det]m9e1 (fh&1 8 position & 8 duty by ! law & ! pr$ication ( "o syllogism 9 p>ticul>4 ,i mean he may fairly say1 8,di/+uo10 to ea* ( its premisses3 he says1 8,prote/ants are b\nd to jo9 ! ,*ur*1--"u circum/ances10 & 8,i am a ,prote/ant--9 a c]ta9 s5se20 & !re=e ! syllogism1 at fir/ sight1 does n t\* him at all4 ,be=e1 !n1 he grants ! major1 he asks :e!r all ,prote/ants really are b\nd to jo9 ! ,*ur*--are !y b\nd 9 case !y d n feel !mselves b\nd2 if !y are satisfi$ t _! pres5t religion is a safe "o2 if !y are sure x is true2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h grave d\bts z to ! doctr9al fidelity & purity ( ! ,*ur*2 if !y are conv9c$ t ! ,*ur* is corrupt2 if _! consci5ce in/9ctively rejects c]ta9 ( its doctr9es2 if hi/ory conv9ces !m t ! ,pope's p[] is n jure div9o1 b m]ely 9 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce8 if1 aga91 !y are 9 a hea!n c\ntry :]e prie/s are n8 or :]e ! only prie/ :o is to be f\nd exacts ( !m1 z a condition ( _! reception1 a pr(ession1 :i* ! ,cre$ ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 says no?+ ab\t2 = in/ance1 t ! ,holy ,see is fallible ev5 :5 x tea*es1 or t ! ,temporal ,p[] is an anti-,*ri/ian corruption8 ,on "o or o!r ( su* gr\nds he ?9ks he ne$ n *ange 8 religion2 b pres5tly he asks himself1 ,c a ,prote/ant be 9 su* a /ate z to be really satisfi$ ) 8 religion1 z he has j n[ be5 pr(ess+8 ,c he possibly believe ,prote/antism came f above1 z a :ole8 h[ mu* ( x c he believe came f above8 &1 z to t portion :i* he feels did come f above1 has x n all be5 d]iv$ to him f ! ,*ur*1 :5 trac$ to its s\rce8 ,is n ,prote/antism 9 itself a negation8 ,did n ! ,*ur* exi/ be=e x8 & c he be sure1 on ! o!r h&1 t any "o ( ! ,*ur*'s doctr9es is n f above8 ,fur!r1 he f9ds he has to make up 8 m9d :at is a corruption1 & :at are ! te/s ( x2 :at he means by a religion2 :e!r x is obligatory to pr(ess any religion 9 p>ticul>2 :at are ! /&>ds ( tru? & falsehood 9 religion2 & :at are ! special claims ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& s1 aga91 z to ! m9or premiss1 p]haps he w answ]1 t he is n a ,prote/ant2 t he is a ,ca?olic ( ! e>ly undivid$ ,*ur*2 t he is a ,ca?olic1 b n a ,papi/4 ,!n he has to det]m9e que/ions ab\t division1 s*ism1 visible unity1 :at is ess5tial1 :at is desirable2 ab\t provisional /ates2 z to ! adju/m5t ( ! ,*ur*'s claims ) ^? ( p]sonal judgm5t & responsibility2 z to ! s\l ( ! ,*ur* contra/$ ) ! body2 z to degrees ( pro(1 & ! degree necess>y = 8 conv]sion2 z to :at is call$ 8 provid5tial position1 & ! responsibility ( *ange2 z to ! s9c]ity ( 8 purpose to foll[ ! ,div9e ,w1 :i!rsoev] x may lead him2 z to 8 intellectual capacity ( inve/igat+ su* que/ions at all4 ,none ( ^! que/ions1 z !y come be=e him1 admit ( simple demon/ration2 b ea* c>ries ) x a numb] ( indep5d5t probable argum5ts1 suffici5t1 :5 unit$1 = a reasonable conclusion ab\t itself4 ,& fir/ he det]m9es t ! que/ions are su* z he p]sonally1 ) su* tal5ts or atta9m5ts z he has1 may fairly ent]ta92 & !n he goes on1 aft] delib]ation1 to =m a def9ite judgm5t ^u !m2 & det]m9es !m1 "o way or ano!r1 9 _! be>+ on ! bald syllogism :i* 0 orig9ally (f]$ to 8 acceptance4 ,&1 we w say1 he comes to ! conclusion1 t he ought to accept x z true 9 8 case2 t he is a ,prote/ant 9 su* a s5se1 ( su* a complexion1 ( su* k1 "u su* circum/ances1 z to be call$ ^u by duty to jo9 ! ,*ur*2 t ?is is a conclusion ( :i* he c be c]ta91 & ought to be c]ta91 & t he w be incurr+ grave responsibility1 if he does n accept x z c]ta91 & act ^u ! c]ta9ty ( x4 ,& to ?is conclusion he comes1 z is pla91 n by any possible v]bal enum]ation ( all ! consid]ations1 m9ute b abundant1 delicate b effective1 :i* unite to br+ him to x2 b by a m5tal compreh5sion ( ! :ole case1 & a disc]nm5t ( its up%ot1 sometimes aft] mu* delib]ation1 b1 x may be1 by a cle> & rapid act ( ! intellect1 always1 h[ev]1 by an unwritt5 summ+-up1 some?+ l ! summation ( ! t]ms1 plus & m9us ( an algebraical s]ies4 ,?is ,i conceive to be ! real me?od ( reason+ 9 concrete matt]s2 & x has ^! *>act]i/ics3--,fir/1 x does n sup]s$e ! logical =m ( inf]5ce1 b is "o & ! same ) x2 only x is no long] an ab/raction1 b c>ri$ out into ! realities ( life1 its premisses be+ in/9ct ) ! sub/ance & ! mom5tum ( t mass ( probabilities1 :i*1 act+ ^u ea* o!r 9 correction & confirmation1 c>ry x home def9itely to ! individual case1 :i* is its orig9al scope4 ,next1 f :at has be5 said x is pla91 t su* a process ( reason+ is m or less implicit1 & )\t ! direct & full adv]t5ce ( ! m9d ex]cis+ x4 ,z by ! use ( our eyesight we recognize two bro!rs1 yet )\t be+ able to express :at x is by :i* we di/+ui% !m2 z at fir/ sight we p]haps confuse !m toge!r1 b1 on bett] k1 we see no lik5ess betwe5 !m at all2 z x requires an arti/'s eye to det]m9e :at l9es & %ades make a c\nt5ance look "y or old1 amiable1 ?\ghtful1 angry or conceit$1 ! pr9ciple ( discrim9ation be+ 9 ea* case real1 b implicit2--s is ! m9d unequal to a complete analysis ( ! motives :i* c>ry x on to a p>ticul> conclusion1 & is sway$ & det]m9$ by a body ( pro(1 :i* x recognizes only z a body1 & n 9 its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,& ?irdly1 x is pla91 t1 9 ?is inve/igation ( ! me?od ( concrete inf]5ce1 we h n advanc$ "o /ep t[>ds depriv+ inf]5ce ( its conditional "*2 = x is /ill z dep5d5t on premisses1 z x is 9 its elem5t>y idea4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h r add$ to ! obscurity ( ! problem2 = a syllogism is at lea/ a demon/ration1 :5 ! premisses are grant$1 b a cumulation ( probabilities1 ov] & above _! implicit "*1 w v>y bo? 9 _! numb] & _! sep>ate e/imat$ value1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> intellect :i* is employ$ ^u x4 ,x foll[s t :at to "o intellect is a pro( is n s to ano!r1 & t ! c]ta9ty ( a proposition does prop]ly consi/ 9 ! c]titude ( ! m9d :i* contemplates x4 ,& ?is ( c\rse may be said )\t prejudice to ! objective tru? or falsehood ( propositions1 s9ce x does n foll[ t ^! propositions on ! "o h& are n true1 & bas$ on "r reason1 & ^? on ! o!r n false1 & bas$ on false reason1 because n all m5 discrim9ate !m 9 ! same way4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! view :i* ,i w\ld take ( reason+ 9 ! concrete1 viz4 t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 & f ! con/itution ( ! human m9d1 c]titude is ! result ( argum5ts :i*1 tak5 9 ! lett]1 & n 9 _! full implicit s5se1 are b probabilities1 ,i proce$ to dwell on "s in/ances & circum/ances ( a ph5om5on :i* seems to me z und5iable z to _m x may be p]plex+4 #a4 ,let u take ?ree in/ances belong+ respectively to ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! future4 #a4 ,we are all absolutely c]ta91 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t ,great ,brita9 is an isl&4 ,we give to t proposition our delib]ate & unconditional adhesion4 ,!re is no security on :i* we %\ld be bett] cont5t to /ake our int]e/s1 our prop]ty1 our welf>e1 ?an on ! fact t we are liv+ 9 an isl&4 ,we h no fe> ( any geographical discov]y :i* may rev]se our belief4 ,we %\ld be amus$ or angry at ! ass]tion1 z a bad je/1 did any "o say t we 7 at ?is "t jo9$ to ! ma9-l& 9 ,norway or 9 ,france1 ?\gh a canal 0 cut across ! i/hmus4 ,we are z little expos$ to ! misgiv+1 8,p]haps we are n on an isl& aft] all10 z to ! "q1 8,is x q c]ta9 t ! angle 9 a semi-circle is a "r-angle80 ,x is a simple & prim>y tru? ) u1 if any tru? is su*2 to believe x is z legitimate an ex]cise ( ass5t1 z !re are legitimate ex]cises ( d\bt or ( op9ion4 ,?is is ! position ( our m9ds t[>ds our insul>ity2 yet are ! argum5ts producible = x 7to use ! common expression7 9 black & :ite comm5surate ) ?is ov]p[]+ c]titude ab\t x8 ,our reasons = believ+ t we are circumnavigable are su* z ^!3--fir/1 we h be5 s taught 9 our *ildhood1 & x is s 9 all ! maps2 next1 we h nev] he>d x contradict$ or que/ion$2 on ! contr>y1 e "o :om we h he>d speak on ! subject ( ,great ,brita91 e book we h read1 inv>iably took x = grant$2 our :ole national hi/ory1 ! r\t9e transactions & curr5t ev5ts ( ! c\ntry1 our social & comm]cial sy/em1 our political relations ) =eign]s1 imply x 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,numb]less facts1 or :at we consid] facts1 re/ on ! tru? ( x2 no receiv$ fact re/s on its be+ o!rwise4 ,if !re is any:]e a junction betwe5 u & ! cont95t1 :]e is x8 & h[ d we "k x8 is x 9 ! nor? or 9 ! s\?8 ,!re is a manife/ r$uctio ad absurdum atta*$ to ! notion t we c be deceiv$ on su* a po9t z ?is4 ,h[ev]1 negative argum5ts & circum/antial evid5ce are n all1 9 su* a matt]1 :i* we h a "r to require4 ,!y are n ! highe/ k9d ( pro( possible4 ,^? :o h circumnavigat$ ! isl& h a "r to be c]ta93 h we ev] ourselves ev5 fall5 9 ) any "o :o has8 ,& z to ! common belief1 :at is ! pro( t we are n all ( u believ+ x on ! cr$it ( ea* o!r8 ,& !n1 :5 x is said t e "o believes x1 & ev]y?+ implies x1 h[ mu* comes home to me p]sonally ( ?is 8e "o0 & 8ev]y?+08 ,! "q is1 ,:y d ,i believe x myself8 ,a liv+ /atesman is said to h fanci$ ,dem]>a an isl&2 8 belief 0 an impression2 h we p]sonally m ?an an impression1 if we view ! matt] argum5tatively1 a lifelong impression ab\t ,great ,brita91 l ! belief1 s long & s widely ent]ta9$1 t ! e>? 0 immovable1 & ! sun c>e]$ r\nd x8 ,i am n at all ins9uat+ t we are n rational 9 our c]titude2 ,i only mean t we _c analyze a pro( satisfactorily1 ! result ( :i* good s5se actually gu>antees to u4 #b4 ,fa!r ,h>d\9 ma9ta9$ t ,t]5ce's ,plays1 ,virgil's 8neid10 ,horace's ,odes1 & ! ,hi/ories ( ,livy & ,tacitus1 7 ! =g]ies ( ! monks ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,t he %\ld be able to argue 9 behalf ( su* a position1 %[s ( c\rse t ! pro( 9 behalf ( ! receiv$ op9ion is n ov]:elm+4 ,t is1 we h no means ( inf]r+ absolutely1 t ,virgil's episode ( ,dido1 or ( ! ,sibyl1 & ,horace's 8,te quoque m5sorem0 & 8,quem tu ,melpom5e10 belong to t ,augu/an age1 :i* owes its celebrity ma9ly to ^? poets4 ,our common-s5se1 h[ev]1 believes 9 _! g5u95ess )\t any hesitation or res]ve1 z if x _h be5 demon/rat$1 & n 9 proportion to ! available evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 or ! balance ( argum5ts4 ,s mu* at fir/ sight2--b :at are our gr\nds = dismiss+ ?us summ>ily1 z we are likely to d1 a !ory su* z ,h>d\9's8 ,= let x be obs]v$ fir/1 t all k ( ! ,lat9 classics comes to u f ! m$ieval transcriptions ( !m1 & !y :o transcrib$ !m _h ! opportunity ( =g+ or g>bl+ !m4 ,we are simply at _! m]cy2 = nei!r by oral transmission1 nor by monum5tal inscriptions1 nor by contemporane\s manuscripts are ! works ( ,virgil1 ,horace1 & ,t]5ce1 ( ,livy & ,tacitus1 br\ght to our k4 ,! exi/+ copies1 :5ev] made1 are to u ! autographic orig9als4 ,next1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t ! num]\s religi\s bodies1 !n exi/+ ov] ! face ( ,europe1 _h leisure en\gh1 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 to compose1 n only all ! classics1 b all ! ,fa!rs too4 ,! "q is1 :e!r !y _h ! ability4 ,?is is ! ma9 po9t on :i* ! inquiry turns1 or at lea/ ! mo/ obvi\s2 & x =ms "o ( ^? argum5ts1 :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 are felt r ?an are conv]tible into syllogisms4 ,h>d\9 all[s t ! ,georgics1 ,horace's ,satires & ,epi/les1 & ! :ole ( ,cic]o1 are g5u9e3 we h a /&>d !n 9 ^! undisput$ compositions ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,we h a /&>d also1 9 ! extant m$ieval works1 ( :at ! ?irte5? c5tury c\ld d2 & we see at once h[ widely ! disput$ works diff] f ! m$ieval4 ,n[ c\ld ! ?irte5? c5tury simulate ,augu/an writ]s bett] ?an ! ,augu/an c\ld simulate su* writ]s z ^? ( ! ?irte5?8 ,no4 ,p]haps1 :5 ! subject is critically exam9$1 ! "q may be br\ght to a m simple issue2 b z to our p]sonal reasons = receiv+ z g5u9e ! :ole ( ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,livy1 ,tacitus1 & ,t]5ce1 !y are summ$ up 9 our conviction t ! monks _h n ! ability to write !m4 ,t is1 we take = grant$ t we are suffici5tly in=m$ ab\t ! capabilities ( ! human m9d1 & ! conditions ( g5ius1 to be q sure t an age :i* 0 f]tile 9 great ideas & 9 mom5t\s elem5ts ( ! future1 robu/ 9 ?\ght1 hopeful 9 its anticipations1 ( s+ul> intellectual curiosity & acum51 & ( high g5ius 9 at lea/ "o ( ! f9e arts1 c\ld n1 = ! v reason ( its pre-em95ce 9 its own l9e1 h an equal pre-em95ce 9 a contr>y "o4 ,we d n pret5d to be able to draw ! l9e betwe5 :at ! m$ieval intellect c\ld or c\ld n d2 b we feel sure t at lea/ x c\ld n write ! classics4 ,an in/9ctive s5se ( ?is1 & a fai? 9 te/imony1 are ! suffici5t1 b ! undevelop$ argum5t on :i* to gr\nd our c]titude4 ,i w add1 t1 if we deal ) argum5ts 9 ! m]e lett]1 ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( works 9 any case has mu* difficulty4 ,i h notic$ x 9 ! in/ance ( ,%akespe>e1 & ( ,newton4 ,we are all c]ta9 t ,johnson wrote ! prose ( ,johnson1 & ,pope ! poetry ( ,pope2 b :at is !re b prescription1 at lea/ aft] contempor>ies are dead1 to connect toge!r ! au?or ( ! "w & ! own] ( ! "n8 ,our lawy]s pref] ! exam9ation ( pres5t witnesses to affidavits on pap]2 b ! tradition ( 8te/imonia10 su* z are prefix$ to ! classics & ! ,fa!rs1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( diss5ti5t voices1 is ! adequate gr\ndwork ( our belief 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 #c4 ,once m3 :at are my gr\nds = ?9k+ t ,i1 9 my own p>ticul> case1 %all die8 ,i am z c]ta9 ( x 9 my own inn]mo/ m9d1 z ,i am t ,i n[ live2 b :at is ! di/9ct evid5ce on :i* ,i all[ myself to be c]ta98 h[ w\ld x tell 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice8 h[ %\ld ,i f>e "u a cross-exam9ation ^u ! gr\nds ( my c]titude8 ,demon/ration ( c\rse ,i _c h ( a future ev5t1 unless by means ( a ,div9e ,voice2 b :at logical def5ce c ,i make = t und\bt+1 ob/9ate anticipation ( x1 ( :i* ,i c\ld n rid myself1 if ,i tri$8 ,fir/1 ! future _c be prov$ po/]iori2 !re=e we are compell$ by ! nature ( ! case to put up ) priori argum5ts1 t is1 ) antec$5t probability1 :i* is by itself no logical pro(4 ,m5 tell me t !re is a law ( dea?1 mean+ by law a necessity2 & ,i answ] t !y are ?r[+ du/ into my eyes1 giv+ me words in/ead ( ?+s4 ,:at is a law b a g5]aliz$ fact8 & :at p[] has ! pa/ ov] ! future8 & :at p[] has ! case ( o!rs ov] my own case8 & h[ _m dea?s h ,i se58 h[ _m ocul> witnesses h imp>t$ to me _! exp]i5ce ( dea?s1 suffici5t to e/abli% :at is call$ a law8 ,b let !re be a law ( dea?2 s !re is a law1 we are told1 t ! planets1 if let alone1 w\ld sev]ally fall into ! sun--x is ! c5trifugal law :i* h9d]s x1 & s ! c5tripetal law is nev] c>ri$ out4 ,9 l mann] ,i am n "u ! law ( dea? alone1 ,i am "u a ?\s& laws1 if ,i am "u "o2 & !y ?w>t & c\nt]act ea* o!r1 & jo9tly det]m9e ! irregul> l9e1 along :i* my actual hi/ory runs1 div]g5t f ! special direction ( any "o ( !m4 ,no law is c>ri$ out1 except 9 cases :]e x acts freely3 h[ d ,i "k t ! law ( dea? w be all[$ its free action 9 my p>ticul> case8 ,we (t5 are able to av]t dea? by m$ical treatm5t3 :y %\ld dea? h its effect1 soon] or lat]1 9 e case conceivable8 ,x is true t ! human frame1 9 all in/ances :i* come be=e me1 fir/ gr[s1 & !n decl9es1 wa/es1 & decays1 9 visible prep>ation = dissolution4 ,we see dea? seldom1 b ( ?is decl9e we are witnesses daily2 /ill1 x is a pla9 fact1 t mo/ m5 :o die1 die1 n by any law ( dea?1 b by ! law ( disease2 & "s writ]s h que/ion$ :e!r dea? is ev]1 /rictly speak+1 natural4 ,n[1 are diseases necess>y8 is !re any law t e "o1 soon] or lat]1 mu/ fall "u ! p[] ( disease8 & :at w\ld happ5 on a l>ge scale1 7 !re no diseases8 ,is :at we call ! law ( dea? any?+ m ?an ! *ance ( disease8 ,is ! prospect ( my dea?1 9 its logical evid5ce1--z t evid5ce is br\ght home to me--mu* m ?an a high probability8 ,! /ronge/ pro( ,i h = my inevitable mortality is ! r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,c ,i po9t to ! man1 9 hi/oric times1 :o has liv$ 8 two hundr$ ye>s8 ,:at has become ( pa/ g5]ations ( m51 unless x is true t !y suff]$ dissolution8 ,b ?is is a circuit\s argum5t to w>rant a conclusion to :i* 9 matt] ( fact ,i adh]e s rel5tlessly4 ,anyh[1 !re is a consid]able 8surplusage10 z ,locke calls x1 ( belief ov] pro(1 :5 ,i det]m9e t ,i individually mu/ die4 ,b :at logic _c d1 my own liv+ p]sonal reason+1 my good s5se1 :i* is ! heal?y condition ( su* p]sonal reason+1 b :i* _c adequately express itself 9 words1 does = me1 & ,i am possess$ ) ! mo/ precise1 absolute1 ma/]ful c]titude ( my dy+ "s day or o!r4 ,i am l$ on by ^! reflections to make ano!r rem>k4 ,if x is difficult to expla9 h[ a man kn[s t he %all die1 is x n m difficult = him to satisfy himself h[ he kn[s t he 0 born8 ,8 k ab\t himself does n re/ on memory1 nor on di/9ct te/imony1 nor on circum/antial evid5ce4 ,c he br+ into "o focus ( pro( ! reasons :i* make him s sure8 ,i am n speak+ ( sci5tific m51 :o h div]se *annels ( k1 b ( an ord9>y individual1 z "o ( ourselves4 ,answ]s d\btless may be giv5 to "s ( ^! que/ions2 b1 on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k x is ! fact t _m ( our mo/ ob/9ate & mo/ reasonable c]titudes dep5d on pro(s :i* are in=mal & p]sonal1 :i* baffle our p[]s ( analysis1 & _c be br\ght "u logical rule1 because !y _c be submitt$ to logical /ati/ics4 ,if we mu/ speak ( ,law1 ?is recognition ( a correlation betwe5 c]titude & implicit pro( seems to me a law ( our m9ds4 #b4 ,i said j n[ t an object ( s5se pres5ts itself to our view z "o :ole1 & n 9 its sep>ate details3 we take x 91 recognize x1 & discrim9ate x f o!r objects1 all at once4 ,su* too is ! intellectual view we take ( ! mom5ta ( pro( = a concrete tru?2 we grasp ! full tale ( premisses & ! conclusion1 p] modum unius1--by a sort ( in/9ctive p]ception ( ! legitimate conclusion 9 & ?r\gh ! premisses1 n by a =mal juxta-position ( propositions2 ?\gh ( c\rse su* a juxta-position is useful & natural1 bo? to direct & to v]ify1 j z 9 objects ( sight our notice ( bodily peculi>ities1 or ! rem>ks ( o!rs may aid u 9 e/abli%+ a case ( disput$ id5tity4 ,&1 z ?is man or t w receive 8 own impression ( "o & ! same p]son1 & judge diff]5tly f o!rs ab\t 8 c\nt5ance1 its expression1 its moral significance1 its physical cont\r & complexion1 s an intellectual "q may /rike two m9ds v diff]5tly1 may awak5 9 !m di/9ct associations1 may be inve/$ by !m 9 contr>y *>act]i/ics1 & lead !m to opposite conclusions2--& s1 aga91 a body ( pro(1 or a l9e ( argum5t1 may produce a di/9ct1 nay1 a dissimil> effect1 z address$ to "o or to ! o!r4 ,?us 9 concrete reason+s we are 9 great measure ?r[n back into t condition1 f :i* logic propos$ to rescue u4 ,we judge = ourselves1 by our own lights1 & on our own pr9ciples2 & our crit]ion ( tru? is n s mu* ! manipulation ( propositions1 z ! intellectual & moral "* ( ! p]son ma9ta9+ !m1 & ! ultimate sil5t effect ( 8 argum5ts or conclusions ^u our m9ds4 ,x is ?is di/9ction betwe5 ratioc9ation z ! ex]cise ( a liv+ faculty 9 ! individual intellect1 & m]e skill 9 argum5tative sci5ce1 :i* is ! true int]pretation ( ! prejudice :i* exi/s aga9/ logic 9 ! popul> m9d1 & ( ! animadv]sions :i* are levell$ aga9/ x1 z t its =mulas make a p$ant & a doctr9aire1 t x nev] makes conv]ts1 t x leads to rationalism1 t ,engli%m5 are too practical to be logical1 t an ounce ( common-s5se goes f>!r ?an _m c>tloads ( logic1 t ,laputa is ! l& ( logicians1 & ! l4 ,su* maxims mean1 :5 analyz$1 t ! processes ( reason+ :i* legitimately lead to ass5t1 to action1 to c]titude1 are 9 fact too multi=m1 subtle1 omnig5\s1 too implicit1 to all[ ( be+ measur$ by rule1 t !y are aft] all p]sonal1--v]bal argum5tation be+ useful only 9 subord9ation to a high] logic4 ,x is ?is :i* 0 meant by ! ,judge :o1 :5 ask$ = 8 advice by a fri5d1 on 8 be+ call$ to important duties :i* 7 new to him1 bade him always lay d[n ! law boldly1 b nev] give 8 reasons1 = 8 decision 0 likely to be "r1 b 8 reasons sure to be unsatisfactory4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* ,i proce$ to illu/rate4 #a4 ,i w take a "q ( ! pres5t mom5t4 8,we %all h a ,european w>1 = ,greece is audaci\sly defy+ ,turkey40 ,h[ are we to te/ ! validity ( ! reason1 impli$1 n express$1 9 ! ^w 8=08 ,only ! judgm5t ( diplomati/s1 /atesm51 capitali/s1 & ! l1 f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 /r5g!n$ by practical & hi/orical k1 controll$ by self-int]e/1 c decide ! wor? ( t 8=0 9 relation to accept+ or n accept+ ! conclusion :i* dep5ds on x4 ,! argum5t is f concrete fact to concrete fact4 ,h[ w m]e logical inf]5ces1 :i* _c proce$ )\t g5]al & ab/ract propositions1 help u on to ! det]m9ation ( ?is p>ticul> case8 ,x is n ! case ( ,switz]l& attack+ ,au/ria1 or ( ,portugal attack+ ,spa91 or ( ,belgium attack+ ,prussia1 b a case )\t p>allels4 ,to draw a sci5tific conclusion1 ! argum5t mu/ run some:at 9 ?is way3--8,all audaci\s defiances ( ,turkey on ! "p ( ,greece mu/ end 9 a ,european w>2 ^! pres5t acts ( ,greece are su*3 ergo20--:]e ! major premiss is m difficult to accept ?an ! conclusion1 & ! pro( becomes an 8obscurum p] obscurius40 ,b1 9 tru?1 ,i %\ld n betake myself to "s "o univ]sal proposition to def5d my view ( ! matt]2 ,i %\ld det]m9e ! p>ticul> case by its p>ticul> circum/ances1 by ! comb9ation ( _m uncatalogu$ exp]i5ces float+ 9 my memory1 ( _m reflections1 v>i\sly produc$1 felt r ?an capable ( /atem5t2 & if ,i _h !m n1 ,i %\ld g to ^? :o _h4 ,i ass5t 9 consequ5ce ( "s su* complex act ( judgm5t1 or f fai? 9 ^? :o are capable ( mak+ x1 & practically syllogism has no "p1 ev5 v]ificatory1 9 ! action ( my m9d4 ,i take ?is in/ance at r&om 9 illu/ration2 n[ let me foll[ x up by m s]i\s cases4 #b4 ,leighton says1 8,:at a full confession d we make ( our dissatisfaction ) ! objects ( our bodily s5ses1 t 9 our attempts to express :at we conceive ( ! be/ ( be+s & ! greate/ ( felicities to be1 we describe by ! exact contr>ies ( all t we exp]i5ce "h1--! "o z inf9ite1 incompreh5sible1 immutable1 c42 ! o!r z incorruptible1 undefil$1 & t passe? n away4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is co9cid5ce1 say r id5tity ( attributes1 is suffici5t to apprise u t1 to be inh]itors ( bliss1 we mu/ become ! *ildr5 ( ,god40 ,col]idge quotes ?is passage1 & adds1 8,ano!r & m fruitful1 p]haps m solid1 inf]5ce f ! facts w\ld be1 t !re is some?+ 9 ! human m9d :i* makes x "k t 9 all f9ite quantity1 !re is an inf9ite1 9 all measures ( "t an et]nal2 t ! latt] are ! basis1 ! sub/ance1 ( ! =m]2 & t1 z we truly are only z f> z ,god is ) u1 s nei!r c we truly possess1 t is1 enjoy our be+ or any o!r real good1 b by liv+ 9 ! s5se ( ,8 holy pres5ce47#ac70 ,:at is ?is an argum5t =8 h[ few read]s w ent] into ei!r premiss or conclusion6 & ( ^? :o und]/& :at x means1 w n at lea/ "s confess t !y und]/& x by fits & />ts1 n at all times8 ,c we asc]ta9 its =ce by mood & figure8 ,is !re any royal road by :i* we may indol5tly be c>ri$ along into ! acceptance ( x8 ,does n ! au?or rightly numb] x among 8 8aids0 = our 8reflection10 n in/rum5ts = our compulsion8 ,x is pla9 t1 if ! passage is wor? any?+1 we mu/ secure t wor? = our own use by ! p]sonal action ( our own m9ds1 or else we %all be only pr(ess+ & ass]t+ its doctr9e1 )\t hav+ any gr\nd or "r to ass]t x4 ,& our prep>ation = und]/&+ & mak+ use ( x w be ! g5]al /ate ( our m5tal discipl9e & cultivation1 our own exp]i5ces1 our appreciation ( religi\s ideas1 ! p]spicacity & /ead9ess ( our intellectual vision4 #c4 ,x is argu$ by ,hume aga9/ ! actual occurr5ce ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian miracles1 t1 :]eas 8x is exp]i5ce only :i* gives au?ority to human te/imony1 & x is ! same exp]i5ce :i* assures u ( ! laws ( nature10 !re=e1 8:5 ^! two k9ds ( exp]i5ce are contr>y0 to ea* o!r1 8we are b\nd to subtract ! "o f ! o!r20 &1 9 consequ5ce1 s9ce we h no exp]i5ce ( a violation ( natural laws1 & mu* exp]i5ce ( ! violation ( tru?1 8we may e/abli% x z a maxim t no human te/imony c h su* =ce z to prove a miracle1 & make x a j f\ndation = any su* sy/em ( religion40 ,i w accept ! g5]al proposition1 b ,i resi/ its application4 ,d\btless x is ab/ract$ly m likely t m5 %\ld lie ?an t ! ord] ( nature %\ld be infr+$2 b :at is ab/ract reason+ to a "q ( concrete fact8 ,to arrive at ! fact ( any matt]1 we mu/ es*ew g5]alities1 & take ?+s z !y /&1 ) all _! circum/ances4 priori1 ( c\rse ! acts ( m5 are n s tru/wor?y z ! ord] ( nature1 & ! pret5ce ( miracles is 9 fact m common ?an ! occurr5ce4 ,b ! "q is n ab\t miracles 9 g5]al1 or m5 9 g5]al1 b def9itely1 :e!r ^! p>ticul> miracles1 ascrib$ to ! p>ticul> ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 are m likely to h be5 or n2 :e!r !y are unlikely1 suppos+ t !re is a ,p[]1 ext]nal to ! _w1 :o c br+ !m ab\t2 suppos+ !y are ! only means by :i* ,he c reveal ,himself to ^? :o ne$ a revelation2 suppos+ ,he is likely to reveal ,himself2 t ,he has a great end 9 do+ s2 t ! pr(ess$ miracles 9 "q are l ,8 natural works1 & su* z ,he is likely to "w1 9 case ,he wr\ght miracles2 t great effects1 o!rwise unacc\ntable1 9 ! ev5t foll[$ ^u ! acts said to be miracul\s2 t !y 7 f ! fir/ accept$ z true by l>ge numb]s ( m5 aga9/ _! natural int]e/s2 t ! reception ( !m z true has left its m>k ^u ! _w1 z no o!r ev5t ev] did2 t1 view$ 9 _! effects1 !y h--t is1 ! belief ( !m has--s]v$ to raise human nature to a high moral /&>d1 o!rwise unatta9able3 ^! & ! l consid]ations are p>ts ( a great complex argum5t1 :i* s f> c be put into propositions1 b :i*1 ev5 betwe51 & ar\nd1 & beh9d ^!1 /ill is implicit & secret1 & _c by any +5uity be imprison$ 9 a =mula1 & pack$ into a nut-%ell4 ,^! v>i\s conditions may be decid$ 9 ! affirmative or 9 ! negative4 ,t is a fur!r po9t2 "h ,i only insi/ ^u ! nature ( ! argum5t1 if x is to be philosophical4 ,x mu/ be no sm>t anti!sis :i* may look well on pap]1 b ! liv+ action ( ! m9d on a great problem ( fact2 & we mu/ summon to our aid all our p[]s & res\rces1 if we w\ld enc\nt] x wor?ily1 & n z if x 7 a lit]>y essay4 #d4 8,consid] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion10 says ,pascal 9 8 8,?\ghts40 8,"h is a religion contr>y to our nature1 :i* e/abli%es itself 9 m5's m9ds ) s mu* mildness1 z to use no ext]nal =ce2 ) s mu* en]gy1 t no tortures c\ld sil5ce its m>tyrs & confessors2 & consid] ! hol9ess1 devotion1 humility ( its true disciples2 its sacr$ books1 _! sup]human gr&eur1 _! admirable simplicity4 ,consid] ! "* ( its ,f\nd]2 ,8 associates & disciples1 unlett]$ m51 yet possess$ ( wisdom suffici5t to conf\nd ! able/ philosoph]2 ! a/oni%+ succession ( prophets :o h]ald$ ,him2 ! /ate at ?is day ( ! ,jewi% p :o reject$ ,him & ,8 religion2 its p]petuity & its hol9ess2 ! light :i* its doctr9es %$ ^u ! contr>ieties ( our nature2--aft] consid]+ ^! ?+s1 let any man judge if x be possible to d\bt ab\t its be+ ! only true "o47#ad70 ,?is is an argum5t p>allel 9 its "* to t by :i* we ascribe ! classics to ! ,augu/an age4 ,we urge1 t1 ?\gh we _c draw ! l9e def9itely betwe5 :at ! monks c\ld d 9 lit]ature1 & :at !y c\ld n1 anyh[ ,virgil's 8neid0 & ! ,odes ( ,horace are f> beyond ! highe/ capacity ( ! m$ieval m9d1 :i*1 h[ev] great1 0 diff]5t 9 ! "* ( its end[m5ts4 ,& 9 l mann] we ma9ta91 t1 grant+ t we _c decide h[ f> ! human m9d c advance by its own unaid$ p[]s 9 religi\s ideas & s5tim5ts1 & 9 religi\s practice1 /ill ! facts ( ,*ri/ianity1 z !y /&1 are beyond :at is possible to man1 & betok5 ! pres5ce ( a high] intellig5ce1 purpose1 & might4 ,_m h be5 conv]t$ & su/a9$ 9 _! fai? by ?is argum5t1 :i* admits ( be+ p[]fully /at$2 b /ill su* /atem5t is aft] all only int5d$ to be a vehicle ( ?\ght1 & to op5 ! m9d to ! appreh5sion ( ! facts ( ! case1 & to trace !m & _! implications 9 outl9e1 n to conv9ce by ! logic ( its m]e word+4 ,d we n ?9k & muse z we read x1 try to ma/] x z we proce$1 put d[n ! book 9 :i* we f9d x1 fill out its details f our own res\rces1 & !n resume ! /udy ( x8 ,&1 :5 we h to give an acc\nt ( x to o!rs1 %\ld we make use ( its language1 or ev5 ( its ?\ghts1 & n r ( its drift & _s8 ,has x nev] /ruck u :at diff]5t lights diff]5t m9ds ?r[ ^u ! same !ory & argum5t1 nay1 h[ !y seem to be diff]+ 9 detail :5 !y are pr(ess+1 & 9 reality %[+1 a concurr5ce 9 x8 ,h we nev] f\nd1 t1 :5 a fri5d takes up ! def5ce ( :at we h writt5 or said1 t at fir/ we are unable to recognize 9 8 /atem5t ( x :at we meant x to convey8 ,x w be our wisdom to avail ourselves ( language1 z f> z x w g1 b to aim ma9ly by means ( x to /imulate1 9 ^? to :om we address ourselves1 a mode ( ?9k+ & tra9s ( ?\ght simil> to our own1 lead+ !m on by _! own indep5d5t action1 n by any syllogi/ic compulsion4 ,h5ce x is t an intellectual s*ool w always h some?+ ( an esot]ic "*2 = x is an assemblage ( m9ds t ?9k2 _! bond is unity ( ?\ght1 & _! words become a sort ( tess]a1 n express+ ?\ght1 b symboliz+ x4 ,recurr+ to ,pascal's argum5t1 ,i obs]ve t1 its =ce dep5d+ ^u ! assumption t ! facts ( ,*ri/ianity are beyond human nature1 !re=e1 accord+ z ! p[]s ( nature are plac$ at a high or l[ /&>d1 t =ce w be great] or less2 & t /&>d w v>y accord+ to ! respective dispositions1 op9ions1 & exp]i5ces1 ( ^? to :om ! argum5t is address$4 ,?us its value is a p]sonal "q2 n z if !re 7 n an objective tru? & ,*ri/ianity z a :ole n sup]natural1 b t1 :5 we come to consid] :]e x is t ! sup]natural pres5ce is f\nd1 !re may be fair diff]5ces ( op9ion1 bo? z to ! fact & ! pro( ( :at is sup]natural4 ,!re is a multitude ( facts1 :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 may p]haps be natural1 b1 f\nd toge!r1 mu/ come f a s\rce above nature2 & :at ^! are1 & h[ _m are necess>y1 w be v>i\sly det]m9$4 ,& :ile e inquir] has a "r to det]m9e ! "q accord+ to ! be/ ex]cise ( 8 judgm5t1 /ill :e!r he s det]m9e x = himself1 or tru/ 9 "p or altoge!r to ! judgm5t ( ^? :o h ! be/ claim to judge1 9 ei!r case he is guid$ by ! implicit processes ( ! reason+ faculty1 n by any manufacture ( argum5ts =c+ _! way to an irrefragable conclusion4 #e4 ,pascal writes 9 ano!r place1 8,he :o d\bts1 b seeks n to h 8 d\bts remov$1 is at once ! mo/ crim9al & ! mo/ unhappy ( mortals4 ,if1 toge!r ) ?is1 he is tranquil & self-satisfi$1 if he be va9 ( 8 tranquillity1 or makes 8 /ate a topic ( mir? & self-gratulation1 ,i h n words to describe s insane a creature4 ,truly x is to ! hon\r ( religion to h = its adv]s>ies m5 s b]eft ( reason2 _! opposition1 f> f be+ =midable1 be>s te/imony to its mo/ di/+ui%+ tru?s2 = ! great object ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is to e/abli% ! corruption ( our nature1 & ! r$emption by ,jesus ,*ri/47#ae70 ,else:]e he says ( ,montaigne1 8,he involves ev]y?+ 9 su* univ]sal1 unm+l$ scepticism1 z to d\bt ( 8 v d\bts4 ,he 0 a pure ,pyrrhoni/4 ,he ridicules all attempts at c]ta9ty 9 any?+4 ,delight$ ) exhibit+ 9 8 own p]son ! contradictions t exi/ 9 ! m9d ( a free-?9k]1 x is all "o to him :e!r he is successful or n 9 8 argum5t4 ,! virtue he lov$ 0 simple1 sociable1 gay1 sprightly1 & playful2 to use "o ( 8 own expressions1 #8,ignorance & incuri\sness are two *>m+ pill[s = a s\nd head4'7#af70 ,"h are two celebrat$ writ]s 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r 9 _! fundam5tal view ( tru? & duty4 ,%all we say t !re is no su* ?+ z tru? & error1 b t any?+ is tru? to a man :i* he tr[e?8 & n r1 z ! solution ( a great my/]y1 t tru? !re is1 & atta9able x is1 b t its rays /ream 9 ^u u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our moral z well z our intellectual be+2 & t 9 consequ5ce t p]ception ( its fir/ pr9ciples :i* is natural to u is enfeebl$1 ob/ruct$1 p]v]t$1 by allurem5ts ( s5se & ! supremacy ( self1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 quick5$ by aspirations aft] ! sup]natural2 s t at l5g? two *>act]s ( m9d are br\ght out into %ape1 & two /&>ds & sy/ems ( ?\ght1--ea* logical1 :5 analyz$1 yet contradictory ( ea* o!r1 & only n antagoni/ic because !y h no common gr\nd on :i* !y c conflict8 #f4 ,montaigne 0 end[$ ) a good e/ate1 heal?1 leisure1 & an easy temp]1 lit]>y ta/es1 & a suffici5cy ( books3 he c\ld af=d ?us to play ) life1 & ! abysses into :i* x leads u4 ,let u take a case 9 contra/4 8,i ?9k10 says ! poor dy+ factory-girl 9 ! tale1 8if ?is %\ld be ! end ( all1 & if all ,i h be5 born = is j to "w my he>t & life away1 & to sick5 9 ?is dree place1 ) ^? mill-/ones 9 my e>s = ev]1 until ,i c\ld scream out = !m to /op & let me h a little piece ( quiet1 & ) ! fluff fill+ my lungs1 until ,i ?ir/ to dea? = "o long deep brea? ( ! cle> air1 & my "m gone1 & ,i nev] able to tell h] aga9 h[ ,i lov$ h]1 & ( all my tr\bles1--,i ?9k1 if ?is life is ! end1 & t !re is no ,god to wipe away all te>s f all eyes1 ,i c\ld g mad67#ag70 ,"h is an argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,z to its =ce1 be x great or small1 w x make a figure 9 a logical disputation1 c>ri$ on secundum artem8 ,c any sci5tific common measure compel ! intellects ( ,dives & ,laz>us to take ! same e/imate ( x8 ,is !re any te/ ( ! validity ( x bett] ?an ! ipse dixit ( private judgm5t1 t is1 ! judgm5t ( ^? :o h a "r to judge1 & next1 ! agreem5t ( _m private judgm5ts 9 "o & ! same view ( x8 #g4 8,9 ord] to prove pla9ly & intelligibly10 says ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 8t ,god is a ,be+1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be endu$ ) p]fect k1 'tis to be obs]v$ t k is a p]fection1 )\t :i* ! =ego+ attributes are no p]fections at all1 & )\t :i* ^? :i* foll[ c h no f\ndation4 ,:]e !re is no ,k1 ,et]nity & ,imm5sity are z no?+1 & ,ju/ice1 ,goodness1 ,m]cy1 & ,wisdom c h no place4 ,! idea ( et]nity & omnipres5ce1 devoid ( k1 is z ! notion ( d>kness comp>$ ) t ( light4 ',tis z a notion ( ! _w )\t ! sun to illum9ate x2 'tis z ! notion ( inanimate matt] 7:i* is ! a!i/'s supreme cause7 comp>$ ) t ( light & _s4 ,& z = ! foll[+ attributes ( ,ju/ice1 ,goodness1 ,m]cy1 & ,wisdom1 'tis evid5t t )\t k !re c\ld n possibly be any su* ?+s z ^! at all47#ah70 ,! argum5t "h us$ 9 behalf ( ! ,div9e ,attribute ( ,k comes "u ! g5]al proposition t ! attributes imply ea* o!r1 = ! d5ial ( "o is ! d5ial ( ! re/4 ,to "s m9ds ?is !sis is self-evid5t2 o!rs are utt]ly ins5sible to its =ce4 ,w x be> br++ out into words ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( its argum5tative l9ks8 = if x does1 !n ei!r ^? :o ma9ta9 x or ^? :o reject x1 ! "o or ! o!r1 w be compell$ by logical necessity to confess t !y are 9 error4 8,god is wise1 if ,he is et]nal2 ,he is good1 if ,he is wise2 ,he is j1 if ,he is good40 ,:at skill c s arrange ^! propositions1 s add to !m1 s comb9e !m1 t !y may be able1 by ! =ce ( _! juxta-position1 to foll[ "o f ! o!r1 & become "o & ! same by an inevitable correlation4 ,t is n ! me?od by :i* ! argum5t becomes a demon/ration4 ,su* a me?od1 us$ by a ,!i/ 9 controv]sy aga9/ m5 :o are unprep>$ p]sonally = ! "q1 w b issue 9 8 retreat along a s]ies ( major propositions1 f>!r & f>!r back1 till he & !y f9d !mselves 9 a l& ( %ad[s1 8:]e ! light is z d>kness40 ,to feel ! true =ce ( an argum5t l ?is1 we mu/ n conf9e ourselves to ab/ractions1 & m]ely comp>e notion ) notion1 b we mu/ contemplate ! ,god ( our consci5ce z a ,liv+ ,be+1 z "o ,object & ,reality1 "u ! aspect ( ?is or t attribute4 ,we mu/ pati5tly re/ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! ,et]nal1 ,omnipres5t1 & ,all-kn[+1 r ?an ( ,et]nity1 ,omnipres5ce1 & ,omnisci5ce2 & we mu/ n hurry on & =ce a s]ies ( d$uctions1 :i*1 if !y are to be realiz$1 mu/ di/il l dew into our m9ds1 & =m !mselves spontane\sly !re1 by a calm contemplation & gradual und]/&+ ( _! premisses4 ,ord9>ily speak+1 su* d$uctions d n fl[ =?1 except accord+ z ! ,image17#ai7 pres5t$ to u ?r\gh consci5ce1 on :i* !y dep5d1 is *]i%$ )9 u ) ! s5tim5ts :i*1 suppos+ x be1 z we "k x is1 ! tru?1 x necess>ily claims ( u1 & is se5 reflect$1 by ! habit ( our intellect1 9 ! appo9tm5ts & ! ev5ts ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,&1 9 _! manife/ation to our inw>d s5se1 !y are analog\s to ! k :i* we at l5g? atta9 ( ! details ( a l&scape1 aft] we h select$ ! "r /&-po9t1 & h le>n$ to accommodate ! pupil ( our eye to ! v>y+ focus necess>y = see+ !m2 h accu/om$ x to ! gl>e ( light1 h m5tally gr\p$ or discrim9at$ l9es & %ad[s & giv5 !m _! due mean+1 & h ma/]$ ! p]spective ( ! :ole4 ,or !y may be comp>$ to a l&scape z drawn by ! p5cil 7unless ! illu/ration seem =c$71 9 :i* by ! skill ( ! arti/1 amid ! bold outl9es ( trees & rocks1 :5 ! eye has le>n$ to take 9 _! rev]se aspects1 ! =ms or faces ( hi/orical p]sonages are disc]nible1 :i* we cat* & lose aga91 & !n recov]1 & :i* "s :o look on ) u are nev] able to cat* at all4 ,analog\s to su* an ex]cise ( sight1 mu/ be our mode ( deal+ ) ! v]bal expositions ( an argum5t su* z ,cl>ke's4 ,8 words speak to ^? :o und]/& ! spee*4 ,to ! m]e b>r5 intellect !y are b ! pale gho/s ( notions2 b ! tra9$ imag9ation sees 9 !m ! repres5tations ( ?+s4 ,he :o has once detect$ 9 8 consci5ce ! outl9e ( a ,lawgiv] & ,judge1 ne$s no def9ition ( ,him1 :om he dimly b surely contemplates !re1 & he rejects ! me*anism ( logic1 :i* _c conta9 9 its grasp matt]s s real & s recondite4 ,su* a "o1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & p]spicacity ( 8 m9d1 ! =ce ( 8 pres5tim5ts1 & 8 p[] ( su/a9$ att5tion1 is able to pron\nce ab\t ! great ,sight :i* encompasses him1 z ab\t "s visible object2 &1 9 8 inve/igation ( ! ,div9e ,attributes1 is n inf]r+ ab/raction f ab/raction1 b not+ d[n ! aspects & phases ( t "o ?+ on :i* he ev] is gaz+4 ,nor is x possible to limit ! dep? ( mean+1 :i* at l5g? he w atta* to words1 :i* to ! _m are b def9itions & ideas4 ,"h !n aga91 z 9 ! o!r in/ances1 x seems cle>1 t me?odical processes ( inf]5ce1 useful z !y are1 z f> z !y g1 are only in/rum5ts ( ! m9d1 & ne$1 9 ord] to _! due ex]cise1 t real ratioc9ation & pres5t imag9ation :i* gives !m a s5se beyond _! lett]1 & :i*1 :ile act+ ?r\gh !m1 rea*es to conclusions beyond & above !m4 ,su* a liv+ organon is a p]sonal gift1 & n a m]e me?od or calculus4 #c4 ,t !re are cases1 9 :i* evid5ce1 n suffici5t = a sci5tific pro(1 is nev]!less suffici5t = ass5t & c]titude1 is ! doctr9e ( ,locke1 z ( mo/ m54 ,he tells u t belief1 gr\nd$ on suffici5t probabilities1 8rises to assurance20 & z to ! "q ( suffici5cy1 t :]e propositions 8bord] ne> on c]ta9ty10 !n 8we ass5t to !m z firmly z if !y 7 infallibly demon/rat$40 ,! only "q is1 :at ^! propositions are3 ?is he does n tell u1 b he seems to ?9k t !y are few 9 numb]1 & w be )\t any tr\ble recogniz$ at once by common-s5se2 :]eas1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 !y are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! range ( concrete matt]1 & t supra-logical judgm5t1 :i* is ! w>rant = our c]titude ab\t !m1 is n m]e common-s5se1 b ! true heal?y action ( our ratioc9ative p[]s1 an action m subtle & m compreh5sive ?an ! m]e appreciation ( a syllogi/ic argum5t4 ,x is (t5 call$ ! 8judicium prud5tis viri10 a /&>d ( c]titude :i* holds good 9 all concrete matt]1 n only 9 ^? cases ( practice & duty1 9 :i* we are m famili> ) x1 b 9 que/ions ( tru? & falsehood g5]ally1 or 9 :at are call$ 8speculative0 que/ions1 & t1 n inde$ to ! exclusion1 b z ! supplem5t ( logic4 ,?us a pro(1 except 9 ab/ract demon/ration1 has always 9 x1 m or less1 an elem5t ( ! p]sonal1 because 8prud5ce0 is n a con/itu5t "p ( our nature1 b a p]sonal end[m5t4 ,& ! language 9 common use1 :5 concrete conclusions are 9 "q1 implies ! pres5ce ( ?is p]sonal elem5t 9 ! pro( ( !m4 ,we are consid]$ to feel1 r ?an to see1 its cog5cy2 & we decide1 n t ! conclusion mu/ be1 b t x _c be o!rwise4 ,we say1 t we d n see our way to d\bt x1 t x is impossible to d\bt1 t we are b\nd to believe x1 t we %\ld be idiots1 if we did n believe4 ,we nev] %\ld say1 9 ab/ract sci5ce1 t we c\ld n escape ! conclusion t #be 0 a mean proportional betwe5 #e & #abe2 or t a man _h no "r to say t a tang5t to a circle at ! extremity ( ! radius makes an acute angle ) x4 ,yet1 ?\gh our c]titude ( ! fact is q z cle>1 we %\ld n ?9k x unnatural to say t ! insul>ity ( ,great ,brita9 is z good z demon/rat$1 or t none b a fool expects nev] to die4 ,phrases inde$ su* z ^! are sometimes us$ to express a %ade ( d\bt1 b x is en\gh = my purpose if !y are also us$ :5 d\bt is altoge!r abs5t4 ,:at1 !n1 !y signify1 is1 :at ,i h s mu* insi/$ on1 t we h arriv$ at ^! conclusions--n ex op]e op]ato1 by a sci5tific necessity indep5d5t ( ourselves1--b by ! action ( our own m9ds1 by our own individual p]ception ( ! tru? 9 "q1 "u a s5se ( duty to ^? conclusions & ) an intellectual consci5ti\sness4 ,?is c]titude & ?is evid5ce are (t5 call$ moral2 a ^w :i* ,i avoid1 z hav+ a v vague mean+2 b us+ x "h = once1 ,i obs]ve t moral evid5ce & moral c]titude are all t we c atta91 n only 9 ! case ( e?ical & spiritual subjects1 su* z religion1 b ( t]re/rial & cosmical que/ions also4 ,s f>1 physical ,a/ronomy & ,revelation /& on ! same foot+4 ,v9ce1 9 8 treatise on ,a/ronomy1 does b use ! language ( philosophical sobriety1 :51 aft] speak+ ( ! pro(s ( ! e>?'s rotatory motion1 he says1 8,:5 ^! reasons1 all ^u diff]5t pr9ciples1 are consid]$1 !y am\nt to a pro( ( ! e>?'s rotation ab\t its axis1 :i* is z satisfactory to ! m9d z ! mo/ direct demon/ration c\ld be20 or1 z he _h said j be=e1 8! m9d re/s equally satisfi$1 z if ! matt] 0 /rictly prov$47#bj70 ,t is1 fir/ !re is no demon/ration t ! e>? rotates2 next !re is a clu/] ( 8reasons on diff]5t pr9ciples10 t is1 indep5d5t probabilities 9 cumulation2 ?irdly1 ^! 8am\nt to a pro(10 & 8! m9d0 feels 8z if ! matt] 0 /rictly prov$10 t is1 !re is ! equival5t ( pro(2 la/ly1 8! m9d re/s satisfi$10 t is1 x is c]ta9 on ! po9t4 ,& ?\gh evid5ce ( ! fact is n[ obta9$ :i* 0 n kn[n fifty ye>s ago1 t evid5ce on ! :ole has n *ang$ its "*4 ,comp>e ) ?is av[al ! language ( ,butl]1 :5 discuss+ ! pro( ( ,revelation4 8,probable pro(s10 he says1 8by be+ add$1 n only increase ! evid5ce1 b multiply x4 ,! tru? ( our religion1 l ! tru? ( common matt]s1 is to be judg$ by ! :ole evid5ce tak5 toge!r 444 9 l mann] z1 if 9 any common case num]\s ev5ts ackn[l$g$ 7 to be alleg$ 9 pro( ( any o!r ev5t disput$1 ! tru? ( ! disput$ ev5t w\ld be prov$1 n only if any "o ( ! ackn[l$g$ ones did ( itself cle>ly imply x1 b ?\gh no "o ( !m s+ly did s1 if ! :ole ( ! ackn[l$g$ ev5ts tak5 toge!r c\ld n 9 reason be suppos$ to h happ5$1 unless ! disput$ "o 7 true47#ba70 ,"h1 z 9 ,a/ronomy1 is ! same abs5ce ( demon/ration ( ! !sis1 ! same cumulat+ & conv]g+ indications ( x1 ! same indirectness 9 ! pro(1 z be+ p] impossibile1 ! same recognition nev]!less t ! conclusion is n only probable1 b true4 ,"o o!r *>act]i/ic ( ! argum5tative process is giv51 :i* is unnecess>y 9 a subject-matt] s cle> & simple z a/ronomical sci5ce1 viz4 ! moral /ate ( ! p>ties inquir+ or disput+4 ,!y mu/ be 8z mu* 9 e>ne/ ab\t religion1 z ab\t _! temporal affairs1 capable ( be+ conv9c$1 on real evid5ce1 t !re is a ,god :o gov]ns ! _w1 & feel !mselves to be ( a moral nature & acc\ntable creatures47#bb70 ,?is be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 ! "q arises1 :e!r1 grant+ t ! p]sonality 7s to speak7 ( ! p>ties reason+ is an important elem5t 9 prov+ propositions 9 concrete matt]1 any acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! ratioc9ative me?od 9 su* pro(s1 ov] & above t analysis into syllogism :i* is possible 9 ea* ( its /eps 9 detail4 ,i ?9k !re c2 ?\gh ,i fe>1 le/ to "s m9ds x may appe> f>-fet*$ or fanciful2 h[ev]1 ,i w haz>d ?is imputation4 ,i consid]1 !n1 t ! pr9ciple ( concrete reason+ is p>allel to ! me?od ( pro( :i* is ! f\ndation ( mod]n ma!matical sci5ce1 z conta9$ 9 ! celebrat$ lemma ) :i* ,newton op5s 8 8,pr9cipia40 ,we "k t a regul> polygon1 inscrib$ 9 a circle1 its sides be+ cont9ually dim9i%$1 t5ds to become t circle1 z its limit2 b x vani%es be=e x has co9cid$ ) ! circle1 s t its t5d5cy to be ! circle1 ?\gh ev] ne>] fulfilm5t1 nev] 9 fact gets beyond a t5d5cy4 ,9 l mann]1 ! conclusion 9 a real or concrete "q is =ese5 & pr$ict$ r ?an actually atta9$2 =ese5 9 ! numb] & direction ( accumulat$ premisses1 :i* all conv]ge to x1 & approa* x1 z ! result ( _! comb9ation1 m ne>ly ?an any assignable diff]5ce1 yet d n t\* x logically1 7?\gh only n t\*+ x17 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( its subject-matt]1 & ! delicate & implicit "* ( at lea/ "p ( ! reason+s on :i* x dep5ds4 ,x is by ! /r5g?1 v>iety1 or multiplicity ( premisses1 :i* are only probable1 n by inv9cible syllogisms1--by objections ov]come1 by adv]se !ories neutraliz$1 by difficulties gradually cle>+ up1 by exceptions prov+ ! rule1 by unlook$-= correlations f\nd ) receiv$ tru?s1 by susp5se & delay 9 ! process issu+ 9 triumphant reactions1--by all ^! ways1 & _m o!rs1 ! practis$ & exp]i5c$ m9d is able to make a sure div9ation t a conclusion is inevitable1 ( :i* 8 l9es ( reason+ d n actually put him 9 possession4 ,?is is :at is meant by a proposition be+ 8z good z prov$10 a conclusion z und5iable 8z if x 7 prov$10 & by ! reasons = x 8am\nt+ to a pro(10 = a pro( is ! limit ( conv]g+ probabilities4 ,x may be add$1 t1 :]eas ! logical =m ( ?is argum5t1 is1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 indirect1 viz4 t 8! conclusion _c be o!rwise10 & ,butl] says t an ev5t is prov$1 if its antec$5ts 8c\ld n 9 reason be suppos$ to h happ5$ unless x 7 true10 & law-books tell u t ! pr9ciple ( circum/antial evid5ce is ! r$uctio ad absurdum1 s ,newton is =c$ to ! same mode ( pro( = ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 lemma1 ab\t prime & ultimate ratios4 8,if y d5y t !y become ultimately equal10 he says1 8let !m be ultimately unequal20 & ! consequ5ce foll[s1 8:i* is aga9/ ! supposition40 ,su* be+ ! "* ( ! m5tal process 9 concrete reason+1 ,i %\ld wi% to adduce "s good in/ances ( x 9 illu/ration1 in/ances 9 :i* ! p]son reason+ confesses t he is reason+ on ?is v process1 z ,i h be5 /at+ x2 b ^! are difficult to f9d1 f ! v circum/ance t ! process f fir/ to la/ is c>ri$ on z mu* )\t words z ) !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w set d[n ?ree su*4 #a4 ,fir/1 an in/ance 9 physics4 ,wood1 treat+ ( ! laws ( motion1 ?us describes ! l9e ( reason+ by :i* ! m9d is c]tifi$ ( !m4 8,!y are n inde$ self-evid5t1 nor d !y admit ( accurate pro( by exp]im5t1 on acc\nt ( ! effects ( friction & ! air's resi/ance1 :i* _c entirely be remov$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 con/antly & inv>iably sugge/$ to our s5ses1 & !y agree ) exp]im5t1 z f> z exp]im5t c g2 & ! m accurately ! exp]im5ts are made1 & ! great] c>e we take to remove all ^? imp$im5ts :i* t5d to r5d] ! conclusions errone\s1 ! m ne>ly d ! exp]im5ts co9cide ) ^! laws4 8,_! tru? is also e/abli%$ ^u a diff]5t gr\nd3 f ^! g5]al pr9ciples innum]able p>ticul> conclusions h be5 d$uct$2 sometimes ! d$uctions are simple & imm$iate1 sometimes !y are made by t$i\s & intricate op]ations2 yet !y are all1 )\t exception1 consi/5t ) ea* o!r & ) exp]im5t4 ,x foll[s !reby1 t ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! calculations are f\nd$ are true47#bc70 ,! reason+ ( ?is passage 79 :i* ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature is assum$7 seems to me a good illu/ration ( :at mu/ be consid]$ ! pr9ciple or =m ( an induction4 ,! conclusion1 :i* is its scope1 is1 by its own confession1 n prov$2 b x ought to be prov$1 or is z good z prov$1 & a man w\ld be irrational :o did n take x to be virtually prov$2 fir/1 because ! imp]fections 9 ! pro( arise out ( its subject-matt] & ! nature ( ! case1 s t x is prov$ int]pretativ2 & next1 because 9 ! same degree 9 :i* ^! faults 9 ! subject-matt] are ov]come "h or !re1 are ! involv$ imp]fections "h or !re ( ! pro( rem$i$2 & fur!r1 because1 :5 ! conclusion is assum$ z an hypo!sis1 x ?r[s light ^u a multitude ( collat]al facts1 acc\nt+ = !m1 & unit+ !m toge!r 9 "o :ole4 ,consi/5cy is n always ! gu>antee ( tru?2 b !re may be a consi/5cy 9 a !ory s v>i\sly tri$ & exemplifi$ z to lead to belief 9 x1 z reasonably z a witness 9 a c\rt ( law may1 aft] a sev]e cross-exam9ation1 satisfy & assure judge1 jury1 & ! :ole c\rt1 ( 8 simple v]acity4 #b4 ,& f ! c\rts ( law %all my second illu/ration be tak54 ,a le>n$ writ] says1 8,9 crim9al prosecutions1 ! circum/antial evid5ce %\ld be su*1 z to produce ne>ly ! same degree ( c]ta9ty z t :i* arises f direct te/imony1 & to exclude a rational probability ( innoc5ce47#bd70 ,by degrees ( c]ta9ty he seems to mean1 toge!r ) _m o!r writ]s1 degrees ( pro(1 or approximations t[>ds pro(1 & n c]titude1 z a /ate ( m9d2 & he says t no "o %\ld be pron\nc$ guilty on evid5ce :i* is n equival5t 9 weight to direct te/imony4 ,s f> is cle>2 b :at is meant by ! expression 8rational probability08 = !re c be no probability b :at is rational4 ,i consid] t ! 8exclusion ( a rational probability0 means 8! exclusion ( any argum5t 9 ! man's fav\r :i* has a rational claim to be call$ probable10 or r1 8! rational exclusion ( any supposition t he is innoc5t20 & 8rational0 is us$ 9 contradi/9ction to argum5tative1 & means 8re/+ on implicit reasons10 su* z we feel1 inde$1 b :i* = "s cause or o!r1 because !y are too subtle or too circuit\s1 we _c put into words s z to satisfy logic4 ,if ?is is a correct acc\nt ( 8 mean+1 he says t ! evid5ce aga9/ a crim9al1 9 ord] to be decisive ( 8 guilt1 to ! satisfaction ( our consci5ce1 mu/ be> ) x1 along ) ! palpable argum5ts = t guilt1 su* a reasonabl5ess1 or body ( implicit reasons = x 9 addition1 z may exclude any probability1 really su*1 t he is n guilty1--t is1 x mu/ be an evid5ce free f any?+ obscure1 suspici\s1 unnatural1 or defective1 su* z 79 ! judgm5t ( a prud5t man7 to h9d] t summation or coalesc5ce ( ! evid5ce into a pro(1 :i* ,i h comp>$ to ! runn+ into a limit1 9 ! case ( ma!matical ratios4 ,j z an algebraical s]ies may be ( a nature nev] to t]m9ate or admit ( valuation1 z be+ ! equival5t ( an irrational quantity or surd1 s !re may be "s grave imp]fections 9 a body ( reasons1 explicit or implicit1 :i* is direct$ to a pro(1 suffici5t to int]f]e ) its successful issue or resolution1 & to balk u ) an irrational1 t is1 an indet]m9ate1 conclusion4 ,s mu* z to ! pr9ciple ( conclusions made ^u evid5ce 9 crim9al cases2 n[ let u turn to an in/ance ( its application 9 a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 a murd] committ$1 :i* unusually agitat$ ! popul> m9d1 & ! evid5ce aga9/ ! culprit 0 necess>ily circum/antial4 ,at ! trial ! ,judge1 9 address+ ! ,jury1 in/ruct$ !m on ! k9d ( evid5ce necess>y = a v]dict ( guilty4 ,( c\rse he c\ld n mean to say t !y mu/ convict a man1 ( ^: guilt !y 7 n c]ta91 especially 9 a case 9 :i* two =eign c\ntries1 ,g]many & ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 7 att5tively look+ on4 ,if ! ,jury _h any d\bt1 t is1 reasonable d\bt1 ab\t ! man's guilt1 ( c\rse !y w\ld give him ! b5efit ( t d\bt4 ,nor c\ld ! c]titude1 :i* w\ld be necess>y = an adv]se v]dict1 be m]ely t :i* is sometimes call$ a 8practical c]titude10 t is1 a c]titude inde$1 b a c]titude t x 0 a 8duty10 8exp$i5t10 8safe10 to br+ 9 a v]dict ( guilty4 ,( c\rse ! ,judge spoke ( :at is call$ a 8speculative c]titude10 t is1 a c]titude ( ! fact t ! man 0 guilty2 ! only "q be+1 :at evid5ce 0 suffici5t = ! pro(1 = ! c]titude ( t fact4 ,?is is :at ! ,judge meant2 & ^! are among ! rem>ks :i*1 ) ?is drift1 he made ^u ! occasion3-- ,aft] obs]v+ t by circum/antial evid5ce he meant a case 9 :i* 8! facts d n directly prove ! actual crime1 b lead to ! conclusion t ! prison] committ$ t crime10 he w5t on to disclaim ! sugge/ion1 made by c\nsel 9 ! case1 t ! ,jury c\ld n pron\nce a v]dict ( guilty1 unless !y 7 z mu* satisfi$ t ! prison] did ! de$ z if !y _h se5 him commit x4 8,t is n ! c]ta9ty10 he said1 8:i* is requir$ ( y to dis*>ge y\r duty to ! prison]1 ^: safety is 9 y\r h&s40 ,!n he /at$ :at 0 ! 8degree ( c]ta9ty10 t is1 ( c]ta9ty or p]fection ( pro(1 :i* 0 necess>y to ! "q1 8involv+ z x did ! life ( ! prison] at ! b>10--x 0 su* z t 8) :i*10 he said1 8y decide ^u & conclude y\r own mo/ important transactions 9 life4 ,take ! facts :i* are prov$ be=e y1 sep>ate ^? y believe f ^? :i* y d n believe1 & all ! conclusions t naturally & almo/ necess>ily result f ^? facts1 y may confide 9 z mu* z 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,! case on ! "p ( ! prosecution is ! /ory ( ! murd]1 told by ! diff]5t witnesses1 :o unfold ! circum/ances "o aft] ano!r1 accord+ to _! occurr5ce1 toge!r ) ! gradual discov]y ( "s app>5t connexion betwe5 ! prop]ty t 0 lo/1 & ! possession ( x by ! prison]40 ,n[ "h ,i obs]ve1 t :]eas ! conclusion :i* is contemplat$ by ! ,judge1 is :at may be pron\nc$ 7on ! :ole1 & consid]+ all ?+s1 & judg+ reasonably7 a prov$ or c]ta9 conclusion1 t is1 a conclusion ( ! tru? ( ! allegation aga9/ ! prison]1 or ( ! fact ( 8 guilt1 on ! o!r h&1 ! motiva con/itut+ ?is reasonable1 rational pro(1 & ?is satisfactory c]titude1 ne$$ n1 accord+ to him1 to be /rong] ?an ^? on :i* we prud5tly act on matt]s ( important int]e/ to ourselves1 t is1 probable reasons view$ 9 _! conv]g5ce & comb9ation4 ,& :]eas ! c]titude is view$ by ! ,judge z foll[+ on conv]g+ probabilities1 :i* con/itute a real1 ?\gh only a reasonable1 n an argum5tative1 pro(1 s x w be obs]v$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 t1 9 illu/ration ( ! g5]al doctr9e :i* ,i h laid d[n1 ! process is "o ( 8l9e ^u l9e1 & lett] ^u lett]10 ( v>i\s details accumulat+ & ( d$uctions fitt+ 9 to ea* o!r2 =1 9 ! ,judge's words1 !re 0 a /ory--& t n told "r out & by "o witness1 b tak5 up & h&$ on f witness to witness--gradually unfold$1 & t5d+ to a pro(1 :i* ( c\rse might h be5 t5 times /rong] ?an x 01 b 0 /ill a pro( = all t1 & suffici5t = its conclusion1--j z we see t two /raight l9es are meet+1 & are c]ta9 !y w meet at a giv5 di/ance1 ?\gh we d n actually see ! junction4 #c4 ,! ?ird in/ance ,i w take is "o ( a lit]>y "*1 ! div9ation ( ! au?or%ip ( a c]ta9 anonym\s publication1 z sugge/$ ma9ly by int]nal evid5ce1 z ,i f9d x 9 a critique writt5 "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! extract :i* ,i make f x1 we may obs]ve ! same /eady m>* ( a pro( t[>ds a conclusion1 :i* is 7z x 77 out ( sight2--a reckon+1 or a reasonable judgm5t1 t ! conclusion really is prov$1 & a p]sonal c]titude ^u t judgm5t1 jo9$ ) a confession t a logical argum5t c\ld n well be made out = x1 & t ! v>i\s details 9 :i* ! pro( consi/$ 7 9 no small measure implicit & impalpable4 8,rum\r speaks uni=mly & cle>ly en\gh 9 attribut+ x to ! p5 ( a p>ticul> individual4 ,nor1 al?\gh a cursory read] might well skim ! book )\t f9d+ 9 x any?+ to sugge/1 c41 444 w x appe> improbable to ! m att5tive /ud5t ( its int]nal evid5ce2 & ! improbability w decrease m & m1 9 proportion z ! read] is capable ( judg+ & appreciat+ ! delicate1 & at fir/ invisible t\*es1 :i* limit1 to ^? :o und]/& !m1 ! individuals :o c h writt5 x to a v small numb] inde$4 ,! utmo/ scepticism z to its au?or%ip 7:i* we d n feel ourselves7 _c remove x f>!r f him ?an to t ( "s "o among 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds2 s t1 leav+ o!rs to discuss antec$5t probabilities10 c4 ,"h is a writ] :o pr(esses to h no d\bt at all ab\t ! au?or%ip ( a book1--:i* at ! same "t he _c prove by m]e argum5tation set d[n 9 words4 ,! reasons ( 8 conviction are too delicate1 too intricate2 nay1 !y are 9 "p invisible2 invisible1 except to ^? :o f circum/ances h an intellectual p]ception ( :at does n appe> to ! _m4 ,!y are p]sonal to ! individual4 ,?is aga9 is an in/ance1 di/9ctly set be=e u1 ( ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* ! m9d progresses 9 concrete matt]1 viz4 f m]ely probable antec$5ts to ! suffici5t pro( ( a fact or a tru?1 &1 aft] ! pro(1 to an act ( c]titude ab\t x4 ,i tru/ ! =ego+ rem>ks may n des]ve ! blame ( a ne$less ref9em5t4 ,i h ?\ght x incumb5t on me to illu/rate ! intellectual process by :i* we pass f conditional inf]5ce to unconditional ass5t2 & ,i h _h only ! alt]native ( ly+ "u ! imputation ( a p>adox or ( a subtlety4 #c4 ,natural ,inf]5ce4 ,i comm5c$ my rem>ks ^u ,inf]5ce by say+ t reason+ ord9>ily %[s z a simple act1 n z a process1 z if !re 7 no m$ium int]pos$ betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t1 & ! transition f "o to ! o!r 7 ( ! nature ( an in/9ct1--t is1 ! process is altoge!r unconsci\s & implicit4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to take "s notice ( ?is natural or mat]ial ,inf]5ce1 z an exi/+ ph5om5on ( m9d2 & t ! m1 because ,i %all !reby be illu/rat+ & support+ :at ,i h be5 say+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( inf]5tial processes z c>ri$ on 9 concrete matt]1 & especially ( _! be+ ! action ( ! m9d itself1 t is1 by its ratioc9ative or illative faculty1 n a m]e op]ation z 9 ! rules ( ari?metic4 ,i say1 !n1 t our mo/ natural mode ( reason+ is1 n f propositions to propositions1 b f ?+s to ?+s1 f concrete to concrete1 f :oles to :oles4 ,:e!r ! consequ5ts1 at :i* we arrive f ! antec$5ts ) :i* we />t1 lead u to ass5t or only t[>ds ass5t1 ^? antec$5ts commonly are n recogniz$ by u z subjects = analysis2 nay1 (t5 are only indirectly recogniz$ z antec$5ts at all4 ,n only is ! inf]5ce ) its process ignor$1 b ! antec$5t also4 ,to ! m9d itself ! reason+ is a simple div9ation or pr$iction2 z x lit]ally is 9 ! in/ance ( en?usia/s1 :o mi/ake _! own ?\ghts = inspirations4 ,?is is ! mode 9 :i* we ord9>ily reason1 deal+ ) ?+s directly1 & z !y /&1 "o by "o1 9 ! concrete1 ) an intr9sic & p]sonal p[]1 n a consci\s adoption ( an artificial in/rum5t or exp$i5t2 & x is especially exemplifi$ bo? 9 un$ucat$ m51 & 9 m5 ( g5ius1--9 ^? :o "k no?+ ( intellectual aids & rules1 & 9 ^? :o c>e no?+ = !m1--9 ^? :o are ei!r )\t or above m5tal discipl9e4 ,z true poetry is a spontane\s outp\r+ ( ?\ght1 & !re=e belongs to rude z well z to gift$ m9ds1 :]eas no "o becomes a poet m]ely by ! canons ( criticism1 s ?is unsci5tific reason+1 be+ sometimes a natural1 uncultivat$ faculty1 sometimes approa*+ to a gift1 sometimes an acquir$ habit & second nature1 has a high] s\rce ?an logical rule1--8nascitur1 non fit40 ,:5 x is *>act]iz$ by precision1 subtlety1 promptitude1 & tru?1 x is ( c\rse a gift & a r>ity3 9 ord9>y m9ds x is biass$ & degrad$ by prejudice1 passion1 & self-int]e/2 b /ill1 aft] all1 ?is div9ation comes by nature1 & belongs to all ( u 9 a measure1 to wom5 m ?an to m51 hitt+ or miss+1 z ! case may be1 b ) a success on ! :ole suffici5t to %[ t !re is a me?od 9 x1 ?\gh x be implicit4 ,a peasant :o is wea!r-wise may be simply unable to assign intelligible reasons :y he ?9ks x w be f9e to-morr[2 & if he attempts to d s1 he may give reasons wide ( ! m>k2 b t w n weak5 8 own confid5ce 9 8 pr$iction4 ,8 m9d does n proce$ /ep by /ep1 b he feels all at once ! =ce ( v>i\s comb9$ ph5om5a1 ?\gh he is n consci\s ( !m4 ,aga91 !re are physicians :o excel 9 ! diagnosis ( compla9ts2 ?\gh x does n foll[ f ?is1 t !y c\ld def5d _! decision 9 a p>ticul> case aga9/ a bro!r physician :o disput$ x4 ,!y are guid$ by natural acut5ess & v>i$ exp]i5ce2 !y h _! own idiosyncratic modes ( obs]v+1 g5]aliz+1 & conclud+2 :5 que/ion$1 !y c b re/ on _! own au?ority1 or appeal to ! future ev5t4 ,9 a popul> novel17#be7 a lawy] is introduc$1 :o 8w\ld "k1 almo/ by in/9ct1 :e!r an accus$ p]son 0 or 0 n guilty2 & he _h already p]ceiv$ by in/9ct0 t ! h]o9e 0 guilty4 8,i've no d\bt %e's a clev] woman10 he said1 & at once nam$ an attorney practis+ at ! ,old ,bailey4 ,s1 aga91 exp]ts & detectives1 :5 employ$ to inve/igate my/]ies1 9 cases :e!r ( ! civil or crim9al law1 disc]n & foll[ out indications :i* promise solution ) a sagacity incompreh5sible to ord9>y m54 ,a p>allel gift is ! intuitive p]ception ( "* possess$ by c]ta9 m51 :ile o!rs are z de/itute ( x1 z o!rs aga9 are ( an e> = music4 ,:at common measure is !re betwe5 ! judgm5ts ( ^? :o h ?is intuition1 & ^? :o h n8 ,:at b ! ev5t c settle any diff]5ce ( op9ion :i* occurs 9 _! e/imation ( a ?ird p]son8 ,^! are in/ances ( a natural capacity1 or ( nature improv$ by practice & habit1 enabl+ ! m9d to pass promptly f "o set ( facts to ano!r1 n only1 ,i say1 )\t consci\s m$ia1 b )\t consci\s antec$5ts4 ,sometimes1 ,i say1 ?is illative faculty is no?+ %ort ( g5ius4 ,su* seems to h be5 ,newton's p]ception ( tru?s ma!matical & physical1 ?\gh pro( 0 abs5t4 ,at lea/ t is ! impression left on my own m9d by v>i\s /ories :i* are told ( him1 "o ( :i* 0 /at$ 9 ! public pap]s a few ye>s ago4 8,pr(essor ,sylve/]10 x 0 said1 8has j discov]$ ! pro( ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's rule = asc]ta9+ ! imag9>y roots ( equations4444 ,?is rule has be5 a ,gordian-knot among algebrai/s = ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,! pro( be+ want+1 au?ors became a%am$ at l5g? ( advanc+ a proposition1 ! evid5ce = :i* re/$ on no o!r f\ndation ?an belief 9 ,newton's sagacity47#bf70 ,su* is ! gift ( ! calculat+ boys :o n[ & !n make _! appe>ance1 :o seem to h c]ta9 %ort-cuts to conclusions1 :i* !y _c expla9 to !mselves4 ,"s are said to h be5 able to det]m9e (f-h& :at numb]s are prime1--numb]s1 ,i ?9k1 up to sev5 places4 ,9 a v diff]5t subject-matt]1 ,napoleon supplies u ) an in/ance ( a p>allel g5ius 9 reason+1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to look at ?+s 9 8 own prov9ce1 & to int]pret !m truly1 app>5tly )\t any ratioc9ative m$ia4 8,by long exp]i5ce10 says ,alison1 8jo9$ to great natural quickness & precision ( eye1 he _h acquir$ ! p[] ( judg+1 ) extraord9>y accuracy1 bo? ( ! am\nt ( ! enemy's =ce oppos$ to him 9 ! field1 & ( ! probable result ( ! movem5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ complicat$1 go+ =w>d 9 ! opposite armies4444 ,he look$ ar\nd him = a little :ile ) 8 telescope1 & imm$iately =m$ a cle> conception ( ! position1 =ces1 & int5tion ( ! :ole ho/ile array4 ,9 ?is way he c\ld1 ) surpris+ accuracy1 calculate 9 a few m9utes1 accord+ to :at he c\ld see ( _! =mation & ! ext5t ( ! gr\nd :i* !y occupi$1 ! num]ical =ce ( armies ( #fj1jjj or #hj1jjj m52 & if _! troops 7 at all scatt]$1 he knew at once h[ long x w\ld require = !m to conc5trate1 & h[ _m h\rs mu/ elapse be=e !y c\ld make _! attack47#bg70 ,x is difficult to avoid call+ su* cle> pres5tim5ts by ! "n ( in/9ct2 & ,i ?9k !y may s be call$1 if by in/9ct be und]/ood1 n a natural s5se1 "o & ! same 9 all1 & incapable ( cultivation1 b a p]ception ( facts )\t assignable m$ia ( p]ceiv+4 ,!re are ^? :o c tell at once :at is conducive or injuri\s to _! welf>e1 :o are _! fri5ds1 :o _! enemies1 :at is to happ5 to !m1 & h[ !y are to meet x4 ,pres5ce ( m9d1 fa?om+ ( motives1 tal5t = rep>tee1 are in/ances ( ?is gift4 ,z to t div9ation ( p]sonal dang] :i* is f\nd 9 ! "y & innoc5t1 we f9d a description ( x 9 "o ( ,scott's romances1 9 :i* ! h]o9e1 8)\t be+ able to discov] :at 0 wrong ei!r 9 ! sc5es ( unusual luxury ) :i* %e 0 surr\nd$1 or 9 ! mann] ( h] ho/ess10 is said nev]!less to h felt 8an in/9ctive appreh5sion t all 0 n "r1--a feel+ 9 ! human m9d10 ! au?or proce$s to say1 8alli$ p]haps to t s5se ( dang]1 :i* animals exhibit1 :5 plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! natural enemies ( _! race1 & :i* makes birds c[] :5 ! hawk is 9 ! air1 & bea/s tremble :5 ! tig] is abroad 9 ! des]t47#bh70 ,a religi\s biography1 lately publi%$1 af=ds u an in/ance ( ?is spontane\s p]ception ( tru? 9 ! prov9ce ( reveal$ doctr9e4 8,h] firm fai?10 says ! ,au?or ( ! ,preface1 80 s vivid 9 its "*1 t x 0 almo/ l an intuition ( ! entire prospect ( reveal$ tru?4 ,let an error aga9/ fai? be conceal$ "u expressions h[ev] ab/ruse1 & h] sure in/9ct f\nd x out4 ,i h tri$ ?is exp]im5t repeat$ly4 ,%e might n be able to sep>ate ! h]esy by analysis1 b %e saw1 & felt1 & suff]$ f its pres5ce47#bi70 ,& s ( ! great fundam5tal tru?s ( religion1 natural & reveal$1 & z reg>ds ! mass ( religi\s m53 ^! tru?s1 d\btless1 may be prov$ & def5d$ by an array ( inv9cible logical argum5ts1 b su* is n commonly ! me?od 9 :i* ^? same logical argum5ts make _! way into our m9ds4 ,! gr\nds1 on :i* we hold ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! previ\s tru?s :i* are taught u by nature--! be+ ( a ,god1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l--are felt by mo/ m5 to be recondite & impalpable1 9 proportion to _! dep? & reality4 ,z we _c see ourselves1 s we _c well see intellectual motives :i* are s intimately ours1 & :i* spr+ up f ! v con/itution ( our m9ds2 & :ile we refuse to admit ! notion t religion has n irrefragable argum5ts 9 its behalf1 /ill ! attempts to argue1 on ! "p ( an individual hic et nunc1 w sometimes only confuse 8 appreh5sion ( sacr$ objects1 & subtracts f 8 devotion q z mu* z x adds to 8 k4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! case ( o!r p]ceptions besides t ( fai?4 ,x is ! case ( nature aga9/ art3 ( c\rse1 if possible1 nature & art %\ld be comb9$1 b sometimes !y are incompatible4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( calculat+ boys1 x is said1 ,i "k n ) :at tru?1 t to tea* !m ! ord9>y rules ( ari?metic is to endang] or to de/roy ! extraord9>y end[m5t4 ,& m5 :o h ! gift ( play+ on an in/rum5t by e>1 are sometimes afraid to le>n by rule1 le/ !y %\ld lose x4 ,!re is an analogy1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ,ratioc9ation & ,memory1 ?\gh ! latt] may be ex]cis$ )\t antec$5ts or m$ia1 :]eas ! =m] requires !m 9 its v idea4 ,at ! same "t association has s mu* to d ) memory1 t we may n unfairly consid] t memory1 z well z reason+1 dep5ds on c]ta9 previ\s conditions4 ,writ+1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is a memoria te*nica1 or logic ( memory4 ,n[ x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t indisp5sable z is ! use ( lett]s1 /ill1 9 fact1 we weak5 our memory 9 proportion z we habituate ourselves to commit all t we wi% to rememb] to memor&ums4 ,( c\rse 9 proportion z our memory is weak or ov]-burd5$1 & !reby trea*]\s1 we _c help ourselves2 b 9 ! case ( m5 ( /rong memory 9 any p>ticul> subject-matt]1 z 9 t ( dates1 all artificial exp$i5ts1 f ! 8,?irty days has ,septemb]10 c41 to ! m =midable =mulas :i* are (f]$ = _! use1 are z difficult & repulsive z ! natural ex]cise ( memory is heal?y & easy to !m2 j z ! cle>-head$ & practical reason]1 :o sees conclusions at a glance1 is uncom=table "u ! drill ( a logician1 be+ oppress$ & hamp]$1 z ,david 9 ,saul's arm\r1 by :at is int5d$ to be a b5efit4 ,i ne$ n say m on ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,:at is call$ reason+ is (t5 only a peculi> & p]sonal mode ( ab/raction1 & s f>1 l memory1 may be said to exi/ )\t antec$5ts4 ,x is a p[] ( look+ at ?+s 9 "s p>ticul> aspect1 & ( det]m9+ _! int]nal & ext]nal relations !reby4 ,& accord+ to ! subtlety & v]satility ( _! gift1 are m5 able to read :at comes be=e !m ju/ly1 v>i\sly1 & fruitfully4 ,h5ce1 too1 x is1 t 9 our int]c\rse ) o!rs1 9 bus9ess & family matt]s1 9 social & political transactions1 a ^w or an act on ! "p ( ano!r is sometimes a sudd5 revelation2 light breaks 9 ^u u1 & our :ole judgm5t ( a c\rse ( ev5ts1 or ( an und]tak+1 is *ang$4 ,we det]m9e correctly or o!rwise1 z x may be2 b 9 ei!r case1 by a s5se prop] to ourselves1 = ano!r may see ! objects :i* we are ?us us+1 & give !m q a diff]5t int]pretation1 inasmu* z he ab/racts ano!r set ( g5]al notions f ^? same ph5om5a :i* pres5t !mselves to u4 ,:at ,i h be5 say+ ( ,ratioc9ation1 may be said ( ,ta/e1 & is confirm$ by ! obvi\s analogy betwe5 ! two4 ,ta/e1 skill1 inv5tion 9 ! f9e arts--& s1 aga91 discretion or judgm5t 9 conduct--are ex]t$ spontane\sly1 :5 once acquir$1 & c\ld n give a cle> acc\nt ( !mselves1 or ( _! mode ( proce$+4 ,!y d n g by rule1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 po9t _! ex]cise may be analyz$1 & may take ! %ape ( an art or me?od4 ,b ^! p>allels w come be=e u pres5tly4 ,& n[ ,i come to a fur!r peculi>ity ( ?is natural & spontane\s ratioc9ation4 ,?is faculty1 z x is actually f\nd 9 u1 proce$+ f concrete to concrete1 belongs to a def9ite subject-matt]1 accord+ to ! individual4 ,9 spite ( ,ari/otle1 ,i w n all[ t g5u9e reason+ is an in/rum5tal art2 & 9 spite ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,i w ass]t t g5ius1 z f> z x is manife/$ 9 ratioc9ation1 is n equal to all und]tak+s1 b has its own peculi> subject-matt]1 & is circumscrib$ 9 its range4 ,no "o w\ld = a mom5t expect t because ,newton & ,napoleon bo? _h a g5ius = ratioc9ation1 t1 9 consequ5ce1 ,napoleon c\ld h g5]aliz$ ! pr9ciple ( gravitation1 or ,newton h se5 h[ to conc5trate a hundr$ ?\s& m5 at ,au/]litz4 ,! ratioc9ative faculty1 !n1 z f\nd 9 individuals1 is n a g5]al in/rum5t ( k1 b has its prov9ce1 or is :at may be call$ dep>tm5tal4 ,x is n s mu* "o faculty1 z a collection ( simil> or analog\s faculties "u "o "n1 !re be+ really z _m faculties z !re are di/9ct subject-matt]s1 ?\gh 9 ! same p]son "s ( !m may1 if x s happ51 be unit$1--nay1 ?\gh "s m5 h a sort ( lit]>y p[] 9 argu+ 9 all subject-matt]s1 de omni scibili1 a p[] ext5sive1 b n deep or real4 ,?is surely is ! conclusion1 to :i* we are br\ght by our ord9>y exp]i5ce ( m54 ,x is almo/ prov]bial t a h>d-head$ ma!matician may h no head at all = :at is call$ hi/orical evid5ce4 ,successful exp]im5tali/s ne$ n h tal5t = legal rese>* or plead+4 ,a %rewd man ( bus9ess may be a bad argu] 9 philosophical que/ions4 ,able /atesm5 & politicians h be5 be=e n[ ecc5tric or sup]/iti\s 9 _! religi\s views4 ,x is notori\s h[ ridicul\s a clev] man may make himself1 :o v5tures to argue ) pr(ess$ !ologians1 critics1 or geologi/s1 ?\gh )\t positive defects 9 k ( 8 subject4 ,prie/ley1 great 9 electricity & *emi/ry1 0 b a poor ecclesia/ical hi/orian4 ,! ,au?or ( ! ,m9ute ,philosoph] is also ! ,au?or ( ! ,analy/4 ,newton wrote n only 8 8,pr9cipia10 b 8 comm5ts on ! ,apocalypse2 ,cromwell1 ^: actions sav\r$ ( ! bolde/ logic1 0 a confus$ speak]4 ,9 ^!1 & v>i\s simil> in/ances1 ! defect lay1 n s mu* 9 an ignorance ( facts1 z 9 an inability to h&le ^? facts suitably2 9 feeble or p]v]se modes ( ab/raction1 obs]vation1 comp>ison1 analysis1 inf]5ce1 :i* no?+ c\ld h obviat$1 b t :i* 0 want+1--a specific tal5t1 & a ready ex]cise ( x4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! faculty ( memory 9 illu/ration2 x w s]ve me also "h4 ,we c =m an ab/ract idea ( memory1 & call x "o faculty1 :i* has = its subject-matt] all pa/ facts ( our p]sonal exp]i5ce2 b ?is is really only an illusion2 = !re is no su* gift ( univ]sal memory4 ,( c\rse we all rememb]1 9 a way1 z we reason1 9 all subject-matt]s2 b ,i am speak+ ( rememb]+ rightly1 z ,i spoke ( reason+ rightly4 ,9 real fact memory1 z a tal5t1 is n "o indivisible faculty1 b a p[] ( reta9+ & recall+ ! pa/ 9 ?is or t dep>tm5t ( our exp]i5ce1 n 9 any :atev]4 ,two memories1 :i* are bo? specially ret5tive1 may also be incomm5surate4 ,"s m5 c recite ! canto ( a poem1 or good "p ( a spee*1 aft] once read+ x1 b h no head = dates4 ,o!rs h great capacity = ! vocabul>y ( languages1 b recollect no?+ ( ! small occurr5ces ( ! day or ye>4 ,o!rs nev] =get any /atem5t :i* !y h read1 & c give volume & page1 b h no memory = faces4 ,i h kn[n ^? :o c\ld1 )\t ef=t1 run ?r\gh ! succession ( days on :i* ,ea/] fell = ye>s back2 or c\ld say :]e !y 71 or :at !y 7 do+1 on a giv5 day1 9 a giv5 ye>2 or c\ld recollect accurately ! ,*ri/ian names ( fri5ds & /rang]s2 or c\ld enum]ate 9 exact ord] ! names on all ! %ops f ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] to ! ,bank2 or _h s ma/]$ ! ,univ]sity ,cal5d> z to be able to be> an exam9ation 9 ! academical hi/ory ( any ,m4 ,a4 tak5 at r&om4 ,& ,i believe 9 mo/ ( ^! cases ! tal5t1 9 its exceptional "*1 did n ext5d beyond sev]al classes ( subjects4 ,!re are a hundr$ memories1 z !re are a hundr$ virtues4 ,virtue is "o inde$ 9 ! ab/ract2 b1 9 fact1 g5tle & k9d natures are n !re=e h]oic1 & prud5t & self-controll$ m9ds ne$ n be op5-h&$4 ,at ! utmo/ su* virtue is "o only 9 posse2 z develop$ 9 ! concrete1 x takes ! %ape ( species :i* 9 no s5se imply ea* o!r4 ,s is x ) ,ratioc9ation2 & z we %\ld betake ourselves to ,newton = physical1 n = !ological conclusions1 & to ,well+ton = 8 milit>y exp]i5ce1 n = /atesman%ip1 s ! maxim holds good g5]ally1 8,cuique 9 arte su cr$5dum e/30 or1 to use ! gr& words ( ,ari/otle1 8,we are b\nd to give he$ to ! undemon/rat$ say+s & op9ions ( ! exp]i5c$ & ag$1 n less ?an to demon/rations2 because1 f _! hav+ ! eye ( exp]i5ce1 !y behold ! pr9ciples ( ?+s47#cj70 ,in/ead ( tru/+ logical sci5ce1 we mu/ tru/ p]sons1 namely1 ^? :o by long acqua9tance ) _! subject h a "r to judge4 ,& if we wi% ourselves to %>e 9 _! convictions & ! gr\nds ( !m1 we mu/ foll[ _! hi/ory1 & le>n z !y h le>n$4 ,we mu/ take up _! p>ticul> subject z !y took x up1 beg9n+ at ! beg9n+1 give ourselves to x1 dep5d on practice & exp]i5ce m ?an on reason+1 & ?us ga9 t m5tal insight into tru?1 :atev] its subject-matt] may be1 :i* our ma/]s h ga9$ be=e u4 ,by foll[+ ?is c\rse1 we may make ourselves ( _! numb]1 & !n we rightly lean ^u ourselves2 we foll[ our own moral or intellectual judgm5t1 b n our skill 9 argum5tation4 ,?is doctr9e1 /at$ 9 sub/ance z above by ! great philosoph] ( antiquity1 is m fully exp\nd$ 9 a passage :i* he else:]e quotes f ,hesiod4 8,be/ ( all is he10 says t poet1 8:o is wise by 8 own wit2 next be/ he :o is wise by ! wit ( o!rs2 b :oso is nei!r able to see1 nor will+ to he>1 he is a good-=-no?+ fell[40 ,judgm5t !n 9 all concrete matt] is ! ar*itectonic faculty2 & :at may be call$ ! ,illative ,s5se1 or "r judgm5t 9 ratioc9ation1 is "o bran* ( x4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,illative ,s5se4 ,my object 9 ! =ego+ pages has be51 n to =m a !ory :i* may acc\nt = ^? ph5om5a ( ! intellect ( :i* !y treat1 viz4 ^? :i* *>act]ize inf]5ce & ass5t1 b to asc]ta9 :at is ! matt] ( fact z reg>ds !m1 t is1 :5 x is t ass5t is giv5 to propositions :i* are inf]r$1 & "u :at circum/ances4 ,i h nev] _h ! ?\ght ( an attempt :i* w\ld be ambiti\s 9 me1 & :i* has fail$ 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 if t attempt may n unfairly be call$ unsuccessful1 :i*1 ?\gh made by ! acute/ m9ds1 has n succe$$ 9 conv9c+ oppon5ts4 ,especially h ,i f\nd myself unequal to antec$5t reason+s 9 ! in/ance ( a matt] ( fact4 ,!re are ^?1 :o1 argu+ priori1 ma9ta91 t1 s9ce exp]i5ce leads by syllogism only to probabilities1 c]titude is ev] a mi/ake4 ,!re are o!rs1 :o1 :ile !y d5y ?is conclusion1 grant ! priori pr9ciple assum$ 9 ! argum5t1 & 9 consequ5ce are oblig$1 9 ord] to v9dicate ! c]ta9ty ( our k1 to h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( intuitions1 intellectual =ms1 & ! l1 :i* belong to u by nature1 & may be consid]$ to elevate our exp]i5ce into some?+ m ?an x is 9 itself4 ,e>ne/ly ma9ta9+1 z ,i w\ld1 ) ?is latt] s*ool ( philosoph]s1 ! c]ta9ty ( k1 ,i ?9k x en\gh to appeal to ! common voice ( mank9d 9 pro( ( x4 ,t is to be acc\nt$ a normal op]ation ( our nature1 :i* m5 9 g5]al d actually in/ance4 ,t is a law ( our m9ds1 :i* is exemplifi$ 9 action on a l>ge scale1 :e!r priori x ought to be a law or no4 ,our hop+ is a pro( t hope1 z su*1 is n an extravagance2 & our possession ( c]titude is a pro( t x is n a weakness or an absurdity to be c]ta94 ,h[ x comes ab\t t we c be c]ta9 is n my bus9ess to det]m9e2 = me x is suffici5t t c]titude is felt4 ,?is is :at ! s*oolm51 ,i believe1 call treat+ a subject 9 facto esse1 9 contra/ ) 9 fi]i4 ,_h ,i attempt$ ! latt]1 ,i %\ld h be5 fall+ into metaphysics2 b my aim is ( a practical "*1 su* z t ( ,butl] 9 8 ,analogy1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t he treats ( probability1 d\bt1 exp$i5ce1 & duty1 :]eas 9 ^! pages1 )\t exclud+1 f> f x1 ! "q ( duty1 ,i w\ld conf9e myself to ! tru? ( ?+s1 & to ! m9d's c]titude ( t tru?4 ,c]titude is a m5tal /ate3 c]ta9ty is a quality ( propositions4 ,^? propositions ,i call c]ta91 :i* are su* t ,i am c]ta9 ( !m4 ,c]titude is n a passive impression made ^u ! m9d f )\t1 by argum5tative compulsion1 b 9 all concrete que/ions 7nay1 ev5 9 ab/ract1 = ?\gh ! reason+ is ab/ract1 ! m9d :i* judges ( x is concrete7 x is an active recognition ( propositions z true1 su* z x is ! duty ( ea* individual himself to ex]cise at ! bidd+ ( reason1 &1 :5 reason =bids1 to )hold4 ,& reason nev] bids u be c]ta9 except on an absolute pro(2 & su* a pro( c nev] be furni%$ to u by ! logic ( words1 = z c]titude is ( ! m9d1 s is ! act ( inf]5ce :i* leads to x4 ,e "o :o reasons1 is 8 own c5tre2 & no exp$i5t = atta9+ a common measure ( m9ds c rev]se ?is tru?2--b !n ! "q foll[s1 is !re any crit]ion ( ! accuracy ( an inf]5ce1 su* z may be our w>rant t c]titude is rightly elicit$ 9 fav\r ( ! proposition inf]r$1 s9ce our w>rant _c1 z ,i h said1 be sci5tific8 ,i h already said t ! sole & f9al judgm5t on ! validity ( an inf]5ce 9 concrete matt] is committ$ to ! p]sonal action ( ! ratioc9ative faculty1 ! p]fection or virtue ( :i* ,i h call$ ! ,illative ,s5se1 a use ( ! ^w 8s5se0 p>allel to our use ( x 9 8good s5se10 8common s5se10 a 8s5se ( beauty10 c42--& ,i own ,i d n see any way to g f>!r ?an ?is 9 answ] to ! "q4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c at lea/ expla9 my mean+ m fully2 & !re=e ,i w n[ speak1 fir/ ( ! sanction ( ! ,illative ,s5se1 next ( its nature1 & !n ( its range4 #a4 ,! ,sanction ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,we are 9 a _w ( facts1 & we use !m2 = !re is no?+ else to use4 ,we d n qu>rel ) !m1 b we take !m z !y are1 & avail ourselves ( :at !y c d = u4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to dem& ( fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & air _! cr$5tials1 s to say1 = act+ ^u u1 or m9i/]+ to u4 ,we call !m elem5ts1 & turn !m to acc\nt1 & make ! mo/ ( !m4 ,we speculate on !m at our leisure4 ,b :at we are /ill less able to d\bt ab\t or annul1 at our leisure or n1 is t :i* is at once _! c\nt]p>t & _! witness1 ,i mean1 ourselves4 ,we are consci\s ( ! objects ( ext]nal nature1 & we reflect & act ^u !m1 & ?is consci\sness1 reflection1 & action we call our rationality4 ,& z we use ! 7s call$7 elem5ts )\t fir/ criticiz+ :at we h no comm& ov]1 s is x mu* m unmean+ 9 u to criticize or f9d fault ) our own nature1 :i* is no?+ else ?an we ourselves1 in/ead ( us+ x accord+ to ! use ( :i* x ord9>ily admits4 ,our be+1 ) its faculties1 m9d & body1 is a fact n admitt+ ( "q1 all ?+s be+ ( necessity ref]r$ to x1 n x to o!r ?+s4 ,if ,i may n assume t ,i exi/1 & 9 a p>ticul> way1 t is1 ) a p>ticul> m5tal con/itution1 ,i h no?+ to speculate ab\t1 & _h bett] let speculation alone4 ,su* z ,i am1 x is my all2 ?is is my ess5tial /&-po9t1 & mu/ be tak5 = grant$2 o!rwise1 ?\ght is b an idle amusem5t1 n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,!re is no m$ium betwe5 us+ my faculties1 z ,i h !m1 & fl++ myself ^u ! ext]nal _w accord+ to ! r&om impulse ( ! mom5t1 z spray ^u ! surface ( ! waves1 & simply =gett+ t ,i am4 ,i am :at ,i am1 or ,i am no?+4 ,i _c ?9k1 reflect1 or judge ab\t my be+1 )\t />t+ f ! v po9t :i* ,i aim at conclud+4 ,my ideas are all assumptions1 & ,i am ev] mov+ 9 a circle4 ,i _c avoid be+ suffici5t = myself1 = ,i _c make myself any?+ else1 & to *ange me is to de/roy me4 ,if ,i d n use myself1 ,i h no o!r self to use4 ,my only bus9ess is to asc]ta9 :at ,i am1 9 ord] to put x to use4 ,x is en\gh = ! pro( ( ! value & au?ority ( any function :i* ,i possess1 to be able to pron\nce t x is natural4 ,:at ,i h to asc]ta9 is ! laws "u :i* ,i live4 ,my fir/ elem5t>y lesson ( duty is t ( resignation to ! laws ( my nature1 :atev] !y are2 my fir/ disob$i5ce is to be impati5t at :at ,i am1 & to indulge an ambiti\s aspiration aft] :at ,i _c be1 to *]i% a di/ru/ ( my p[]s1 & to desire to *ange laws :i* are id5tical ) myself4 ,tru?s su* z ^!1 :i* are too obvi\s to be call$ irresi/ible1 are illu/rat$ by :at we see 9 univ]sal nature4 ,e be+ is 9 a true s5se suffici5t = itself1 s z to be able to fulfil its p>ticul> ne$s4 ,x is a g5]al law t1 :atev] is f\nd z a function or an attribute ( any class ( be+s1 or is natural to x1 is 9 its sub/ance suitable to x1 & subs]ves its exi/5ce1 & _c be rightly reg>d$ z a fault or enormity4 ,no be+ c\ld endure1 ( :i* ! con/itu5t p>ts 7 at w> ) ea* o!r4 ,& m ?an ?is2 !re is t pr9ciple ( vitality 9 e be+1 :i* is ( a sanative & re/orative "*1 & :i* br+s all its p>ts & functions toge!r into "o :ole1 & is ev] repell+ & correct+ ! mis*iefs :i* befall x1 :e!r f )9 or )\t1 :ile %[+ no t5d5cy to ca/ (f its belong+s z if =eign to its nature4 ,! brute animals are f\nd sev]ally ) limbs & organs1 habits1 in/9cts1 appetites1 surr\nd+s1 :i* play toge!r = ! safety & welf>e ( ! :ole2 &1 aft] all exceptions1 may be said ea* ( !m to h1 aft] its own k9d1 a p]fection ( nature4 ,man is ! highe/ ( ! animals1 & m inde$ ?an an animal1 z hav+ a m9d2 t is1 he has a complex nature diff]5t f !irs1 ) a high] aim & a specific p]fection2 b /ill ! fact t o!r be+s f9d _! good 9 ! use ( _! p>ticul> nature1 is a reason = anticipat+ t to use duly our own is our int]e/ z well z our necessity4 ,:at is ! peculi>ity ( our nature1 9 contra/ ) ! inf]ior animals ar\nd u8 ,x is t1 ?\gh man _c *ange :at he is born )1 he is a be+ ( progress ) relation to 8 p]fection & *>act]i/ic good4 ,o!r be+s are complete f _! fir/ exi/5ce1 9 t l9e ( excell5ce :i* is allott$ to !m2 b man beg9s ) no?+ realiz$ 7to use ! ^w71 & he has to make capital = himself by ! ex]cise ( ^? faculties :i* are 8 natural inh]itance4 ,?us he gradually advances to ! fulness ( 8 orig9al de/9y4 ,nor is ?is progress me*anical1 nor is x ( necessity2 x is committ$ to ! p]sonal ef=ts ( ea* individual ( ! species2 ea* ( u has ! pr]ogative ( complet+ 8 in*oate & rudim5tal nature1 & ( develop+ 8 own p]fection out ( ! liv+ elem5ts ) :i* 8 m9d began to be4 ,x is 8 gift to be ! creator ( 8 own suffici5cy2 & to be emphatically self-made4 ,?is is ! law ( 8 be+1 :i* he _c escape2 & :atev] is involv$ 9 t law he is b\nd1 or r he is c>ri$ on1 to fulfil4 ,& "h ,i am br\ght to ! be>+ ( ^! rem>ks ^u my subject4 ,= ?is law ( progress is c>ri$ out by means ( ! acquisition ( k1 ( :i* inf]5ce & ass5t are ! imm$iate in/rum5ts4 ,suppos+1 !n1 ! advancem5t ( our nature1 bo? 9 ourselves individually & z reg>ds ! human family1 is1 to e "o ( u 9 8 place1 a sacr$ duty1 x foll[s t t duty is intimately b\nd up ) ! "r use ( ^! two ma9 in/rum5ts ( fulfill+ x4 ,& z we d n ga9 ! k ( ! law ( progress by any priori view ( man1 b by look+ at x z ! int]pretation :i* is provid$ by himself on a l>ge scale 9 ! ord9>y action ( 8 intellectual nature1 s too we mu/ appeal to himself1 z a fact1 & n to any antec$5t !ory1 9 ord] to f9d :at is ! law ( 8 m9d z reg>ds ! two faculties 9 "q4 ,if !n su* an appeal does be> me out 9 decid+1 z ,i h done1 t ! c\rse ( inf]5ce is ev] m or less obscure1 :ile ass5t is ev] di/9ct & def9ite1 & yet t :at is 9 its nature ?us absolute does1 9 fact foll[ ^u :at 9 outw>d manife/ation is ?us complex1 indirect1 & recondite1 :at is left to u b to take ?+s z !y are1 & to resign ourselves to :at we f9d8 t is1 in/ead ( devis+1 :at _c be1 "s suffici5t sci5ce ( reason+ :i* may compel c]titude 9 concrete conclusions1 to confess t !re is no ultimate te/ ( tru? besides ! te/imony born to tru? by ! m9d itself1 & t ?is ph5om5on1 p]plex+ z we may f9d x1 is a normal & inevitable *>act]i/ic ( ! m5tal con/itution ( a be+ l man on a /age su* z ! _w4 ,8 progress is a liv+ gr[?1 n a me*anism2 & its in/rum5ts are m5tal acts1 n ! =mulas & contrivances ( language4 ,we are accu/om$ 9 ?is day to lay great /ress ^u ! h>mony ( ! univ]se2 & we h well le>n$ ! maxim s p[]fully inculcat$ by our own ,engli% philosoph]1 t 9 our inquiries into its laws1 we mu/ /]nly de/roy all idols ( ! intellect1 & subdue nature by co-op]at+ ) h]4 ,k is p[]1 = x enables u to use et]nal pr9ciples :i* we _c alt]4 ,s also is x 9 t microcosm1 ! human m9d4 ,let u foll[ ,bacon m closely ?an to di/ort its faculties accord+ to ! dem&s ( an ideal optimism1 in/ead ( look+ out = modes ( ?\ght prop] to our nature1 & fai?fully obs]v+ !m 9 our intellectual ex]cises4 ,( c\rse ,i d n /op "h4 ,z ! /ructure ( ! univ]se speaks to u ( ,him :o made x1 s ! laws ( ! m9d are ! expression1 n ( m]e con/itut$ ord]1 b ( ,8 w4 ,i %\ld be b\nd by !m ev5 7 !y n ,8 laws2 b s9ce "o ( _! v functions is to tell me ( ,him1 !y ?r[ a reflex light ^u !mselves1 &1 = resignation to my de/9y1 ,i sub/itute a *e]ful concurr5ce 9 an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce4 ,we may gladly welcome su* difficulties z !re are 9 our m5tal con/itution1 & 9 ! int]action ( our faculties1 if we are able to feel t ,he gave !m to u1 & ,he c ov]rule !m = u4 ,we may securely take !m z !y are1 & use !m z we f9d !m4 ,x is ,he :o tea*es u all k2 & ! way by :i* we acquire x is ,8 way4 ,he v>ies t way accord+ to ! subject-matt]2 b :e!r ,he has set be=e u 9 our p>ticul> pursuit ! way ( obs]vation or ( exp]im5t1 ( speculation or ( rese>*1 ( demon/ration or ( probability1 :e!r we are inquir+ into ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 or into ! elem5ts ( matt] & ( life1 or into ! hi/ory ( human society & pa/ times1 if we take ! way prop] to our subject-matt]1 we h ,8 bless+ ^u u1 & %all f9d1 besides abundant matt] = m]e op9ion1 ! mat]ials 9 due measure ( pro( & ass5t4 ,& especially1 by ?is disposition ( ?+s1 %all we le>n1 z reg>ds religi\s & e?ical inquiries1 h[ little we c effect1 h[ev] mu* we ex]t ourselves1 )\t t ,bless+2 =1 z if on set purpose1 ,he has made ?is pa? ( ?\ght rugg$ & circuit\s above o!r inve/igations1 t ! v discipl9e inflict$ on our m9ds 9 f9d+ ,him1 may m\ld !m into due devotion to ,him :5 ,he is f\nd4 8,v]ily ,?\ art a hidd5 ,god1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! ,savi\r10 is ! v law ( ,8 deal+s ) u4 ,c]ta9ly we ne$ a clue into ! labyr9? :i* is to lead u to ,him2 & :o among u c hope to seize ^u ! true />t+-po9ts ( ?\ght = t ent]prise1 & ^u all ( !m1 :o is to und]/& _! "r direction1 to foll[ !m out to _! j limits1 & duly to e/imate1 adju/1 & comb9e ! v>i\s reason+s 9 :i* !y issue1 s z safely to arrive at :at x is wor? any lab\r to secure1 )\t a special illum9ation f ,himself8 ,su* are ! deal+s ( ,wisdom ) ! elect s\l4 8,%e w br+ ^u him fe>1 & dread1 & trial2 & ,%e w torture him ) ! tribulation ( ,h] discipl9e1 till ,%e try him by ,h] laws1 & tru/ 8 s\l4 ,!n ,%e w /r5g!n him1 & make ,h] way /raight to him1 & give him joy40 #b4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,x is ! m9d t reasons1 & t controls its own reason+s1 n any te*nical app>atus ( words & propositions4 ,?is p[] ( judg+ & conclud+1 :5 9 its p]fection1 ,i call ! ,illative ,s5se1 & ,i %all be/ illu/rate x by ref]r+ to p>allel faculties1 :i* we commonly recognize )\t difficulty4 ,= in/ance1 h[ does ! m9d fulfil its function ( supreme direction & control1 9 matt]s ( duty1 social int]c\rse1 & ta/e8 ,9 all ( ^! sep>ate actions ( ! intellect1 ! individual is supreme1 & responsible to himself1 nay1 "u circum/ances1 may be ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ himself to ! judgm5t ( ! :ole _w2 ?\gh he uses rules to 8 great advantage1 z f> z !y g1 & is 9 consequ5ce b\nd to use !m4 ,z reg>ds moral duty1 ! subject is fully consid]$ 9 ! well-kn[n e?ical treatises ( ,ari/otle47#ca7 ,he calls ! faculty :i* guides ! m9d 9 matt]s ( conduct1 by ! "n ( phronesis1 or judgm5t4 ,?is is ! direct+1 controll+1 & det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 su* matt]s1 p]sonal & social4 ,:at x is to be virtu\s1 h[ we are to ga9 ! j idea & /&>d ( virtue1 h[ we are to approximate 9 practice to our own /&>d1 :at is "r & wrong 9 a p>ticul> case1 = ! answ]s 9 fulness & accuracy to ^! & simil> que/ions1 ! philosoph] ref]s u to no code ( laws1 to no moral treatise1 because no sci5ce ( life1 applicable to ! case ( an individual1 has be5 or c be writt54 ,su* is ,ari/otle's doctr9e1 & x is und\bt$ly true4 ,an e?ical sy/em may supply laws1 g5]al rules1 guid+ pr9ciples1 a numb] ( examples1 sugge/ions1 l&m>ks1 limitations1 cautions1 di/9ctions1 solutions ( critical or anxi\s difficulties2 b :o is to apply !m to a p>ticul> case8 :i!r c we g1 except to ! liv+ intellect1 our own1 or ano!r's8 ,:at is writt5 is too vague1 too negative = our ne$4 ,x bids u avoid extremes2 b x _c asc]ta9 = u1 accord+ to our p]sonal ne$1 ! gold5 mean4 ,! au?oritative oracle1 :i* is to decide our pa?1 is some?+ m se>*+ & manifold ?an su* jejune g5]alizations z treatises c give1 :i* are mo/ di/9ct & cle> :5 we lea/ ne$ !m4 ,x is seat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! individual1 :o is ?us 8 own law1 8 own tea*]1 & 8 own judge 9 ^? special cases ( duty :i* are p]sonal to him4 ,x comes ( an acquir$ habit1 ?\gh x has its fir/ orig9 9 nature itself1 & x is =m$ & matur$ by practice & exp]i5ce2 & x manife/s itself1 n 9 any bread? ( view1 any philosophical compreh5sion ( ! mutual relations ( duty t[>ds duty1 or any consi/5cy 9 its tea*+s1 b x is a capacity suffici5t = ! occasion1 decid+ :at ought to be done "h & n[1 by ?is giv5 p]son1 "u ^! giv5 circum/ances4 ,x decides no?+ hypo!tical1 x does n det]m9e :at a man %\ld d t5 ye>s h5ce1 or :at ano!r %\ld d at ?is "t4 ,x may inde$ happ5 to decide t5 ye>s h5ce z x does n[1 & to decide a second case n[ z x n[ decides a fir/2 /ill its pres5t act is = ! pres5t1 n = ! di/ant or ! future4 ,/ate or public law is inflexible1 b ?is m5tal rule is n only m9ute & p>ticul>1 b has an ela/icity1 :i*1 9 its application to individual cases1 is1 z ,i h said1 n /udi\s to ma9ta9 ! appe>ance ( consi/5cy4 ,9 old times ! mason's rule :i* 0 9 use at ,lesbos 01 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 n ( wood or iron1 b ( lead1 s z to all[ ( its adju/m5t to ! unev5 surface ( ! /ones br\ght toge!r = ! "w4 ,by su* ! philosoph] illu/rates ! nature ( equity 9 contra/ ) law1 & su* is t phronesis1 f :i* ! sci5ce ( morals =ms its rules1 & receives its complem5t4 ,9 ?is respect ( c\rse ! law ( tru? diff]s f ! law ( duty1 t duties *ange1 b tru?s nev]2 b1 ?\gh tru? is ev] "o & ! same1 & ! ass5t ( c]titude is immutable1 /ill ! reason+s :i* c>ry u on to tru? & c]titude are _m & di/9ct1 & v>y ) ! inquir]2 & x is n ) ass5t1 b ) ! controll+ pr9ciple 9 inf]5ces t ,i am comp>+ phronesis4 ,x is ) ?is drift t ,i obs]ve t ! rule ( conduct = "o man is n always ! rule = ano!r1 ?\gh ! rule is always "o & ! same 9 ! ab/ract1 & 9 its pr9ciple & scope4 ,to le>n 8 own duty 9 8 own case1 ea* individual mu/ h rec\rse to 8 own rule2 & if 8 rule is n suffici5tly develop$ 9 8 intellect = 8 ne$1 !n he goes to "s o!r liv+1 pres5t au?ority1 to supply x = him1 n to ! dead lett] ( a treatise or a code4 ,a liv+1 pres5t au?ority1 himself or ano!r1 is 8 imm$iate guide 9 matt]s ( a p]sonal1 social1 or political "*4 ,9 buy+ & sell+1 9 contracts1 9 8 treatm5t ( o!rs1 9 giv+ & receiv+1 9 ?9k+1 speak+1 do+1 & work+1 9 toil1 9 dang]1 9 8 recreations & pleasures1 e "o ( 8 acts1 to be praisewor?y1 mu/ be 9 accordance ) ?is practical s5se4 ,?us x is1 & n by sci5ce1 t he p]fects ! virtues ( ju/ice1 self-comm&1 magnanimity1 g5]osity1 g5tl5ess1 & all o!rs4 ,phronesis is ! regulat+ pr9ciple ( e "o ( !m4 ,^! la/ words lead me to a fur!r rem>k4 ,i d\bt :e!r x is correct1 /rictly speak+1 to consid] ?is phronesis z a g5]al faculty1 direct+ & p]fect+ all ! virtues at once4 ,s und]/ood1 x is little bett] ?an an ab/ract t]m1 includ+ "u x a circle ( analog\s faculties1 sev]ally prop] to ! sep>ate virtues4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re are z _m k9ds ( phronesis z !re are virtues2 = ! judgm5t1 good s5se1 or tact :i* is conspicu\s 9 a man's conduct 9 "o subject-matt]1 is n necess>ily traceable 9 ano!r4 ,z 9 ! p>allel cases ( memory & reason+1 he may be great 9 "o aspect ( 8 "*1 & little-m9d$ 9 ano!r4 ,he may be exempl>y 9 8 family1 yet commit a fraud on ! rev5ue2 he may be j & cruel1 brave & s5sual1 imprud5t & pati5t4 ,& if ?is be true ( ! moral virtues1 x holds good /ill m fully :5 we comp>e :at is call$ 8 private "* ) 8 public4 ,a good man may make a bad k+2 pr(ligates h be5 great /atesm51 or magnanim\s political lead]s4 ,s1 too1 ,i may g on to speak ( ! v>i\s call+s & pr(essions :i* give scope to ! ex]cise ( great tal5ts1 = ^! tal5ts also are matur$1 n by m]e rule1 b by p]sonal skill & sagacity4 ,!y are z div]se z plead+ & cross-exam9+1 conduct+ a debate 9 ,p>liam5t1 sway+ a public meet+1 & comm&+ an army2 & "h1 too1 ,i obs]ve t1 ?\gh ! direct+ pr9ciple 9 ea* case is call$ by ! same "n1--sagacity1 skill1 tact1 or prud5ce1--/ill !re is no "o rul+ faculty lead+ to em95ce 9 all ^! v>i\s l9es ( action 9 common1 b m5 w excel 9 "o ( !m1 )\t any tal5t = ! re/4 ,! p>allel may be cont9u$ 9 ! case ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 9 :i*1 ?\gh true & sci5tific rules may be giv51 no "o w\ld !re=e d5y t ,phidias or ,rafael _h a f> m subtle /&>d ( ta/e & a m v]satile p[] ( embody+ x 9 8 works1 ?an any :i* he c\ld communicate to o!rs 9 ev5 a s]ies ( treatises4 ,& "h aga9 g5ius is indissolubly unit$ to "o def9ite subject-matt]2 a poet is n !re=e a pa9t]1 or an ar*itect a musical compos]4 ,& s1 aga91 z reg>ds ! useful arts & p]sonal accompli%m5ts1 we use ! same ^w 8skill10 b pr(ici5cy 9 eng9e]+ or 9 %ip-build+1 or aga9 9 engrav+1 or aga9 9 s++1 9 play+ in/rum5ts1 9 act+1 or 9 gymna/ic ex]cises1 is z simply "o ) its p>ticul> subject-matt]1 z ! human s\l ) its p>ticul> body1 & is1 9 its own dep>tm5t1 a sort ( in/9ct or inspiration1 n an ob$i5ce to ext]nal rules ( criticism or ( sci5ce4 ,x is natural1 !n1 to ask ! "q1 :y ratioc9ation %\ld be an exception to a g5]al law :i* atta*es to ! intellectual ex]cises ( ! m9d2 :y x is held to be comm5surate ) logical sci5ce2 & :y logic is made an in/rum5tal art suffici5t = det]m9+ e sort ( tru?1 :ile no "o w\ld dream ( mak+ any "o =mula1 h[ev] g5]aliz$1 a work+ rule at once = poetry1 ! art ( m$ic9e1 & political w>f>e8 ,?is is :at ,i h to rem>k conc]n+ ! ,illative ,s5se1 & 9 explanation ( its nature & claims2 & on ! :ole1 ,i h spok5 ( x 9 f\r respects1--z view$ 9 itself1 9 its subject-matt]1 9 ! process x uses1 & 9 its function & scope4 ,fir/1 view$ 9 its ex]cise1 x is "o & ! same 9 all concrete matt]s1 ?\gh employ$ 9 !m 9 diff]5t measures4 ,we d n reason 9 "o way 9 *emi/ry or law1 9 ano!r 9 morals or religion2 b 9 reason+ on any subject :atev]1 :i* is concrete1 we proce$1 z f> inde$ z we c1 by ! logic ( language1 b we are oblig$ to supplem5t x by ! m subtle & ela/ic logic ( ?\ght2 = =ms by !mselves prove no?+4 ,secondly1 x is 9 fact atta*$ to def9ite subject-matt]s1 s t a giv5 individual may possess x 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 = in/ance1 hi/ory1 & n 9 ano!r1 = in/ance1 philosophy4 ,?irdly1 9 com+ to its conclusion1 x proce$s always 9 ! same way1 by a me?od ( reason+1 :i* is ! elem5t>y pr9ciple ( t ma!matical calculus ( mod]n times1 :i* has s wond]fully ext5d$ ! limits ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,f\r?ly1 9 no class ( concrete reason+s1 :e!r 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce1 hi/orical rese>*1 or !ology1 is !re any ultimate te/ ( tru? & error 9 our inf]5ces besides ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,illative ,s5se t gives !m its sanction2 j z !re is no suffici5t te/ ( poetical excell5ce1 h]oic action1 or g5tleman-l conduct1 o!r ?an ! p>ticul> m5tal s5se1 be x g5ius1 ta/e1 s5se ( propriety1 or ! moral s5se1 to :i* ^? subject-matt]s are sev]ally committ$4 ,our duty 9 ea* ( ^! is to /r5g!n & p]fect ! special faculty :i* is its liv+ rule1 & 9 e case z x comes to d our be/4 ,& su* also is our duty & our necessity1 z reg>ds ! ,illative ,s5se4 #c4 ,! ,range ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,great z are ! s]vices ( language 9 enabl+ u to ext5d ! compass ( our inf]5ces1 to te/ _! validity1 & to communicate !m to o!rs1 /ill ! m9d itself is m v]satile & vigor\s ?an any ( its works1 ( :i* language is "o1 & x is only "u its p5etrat+ & subtle action t ! m>g9 disappe>s1 :i* ,i h describ$ z int]v5+ betwe5 v]bal argum5tation & conclusions 9 ! concrete4 ,x det]m9es :at sci5ce _c det]m9e1 ! limit ( conv]g+ probabilities & ! reasons suffici5t = a pro(4 ,x is ! ratioc9ative m9d itself1 & no trick ( art1 h[ev] simple 9 its =m & sure 9 op]ation1 by :i* we are able to det]m9e t a mov+ body left to itself w nev] /op1 & t no man c live )\t eat+4 ,nor1 aga91 is x by any diagram t we are able to scrut9ize1 sort1 & comb9e ! _m premisses :i* mu/ be fir/ run toge!r be=e we answ] duly a giv5 "q4 ,x is to ! liv+ m9d t we mu/ look = ! means ( us+ correctly pr9ciples ( :atev] k9d1 facts or doctr9es1 exp]i5ces or te/imonies1 true or probable1 & ( disc]n+ :at conclusion f ^! is necess>y1 suitable1 or exp$i5t1 :5 !y are tak5 = grant$2 & ?is1 ei!r by means ( a natural gift1 or f m5tal =mation & practice & a long famili>ity ) ^? v>i\s />t+-po9ts4 ,?us1 :5 ,laud said t he did n see 8 way to come to t]ms ) ! ,holy ,see1 8till ,rome 0 o!r ?an %e 010 no ,ca?olic w\ld admit ! s5tim5t3 b any ,ca?olic may und]/& t ?is is j ! judgm5t consi/5t ) ,laud's actual condition ( ?\ght & ca/ ( op9ions1 8 ecclesia/ical position1 & ! exi/+ /ate ( ,engl&4 ,nor1 la/ly1 is an action ( ! m9d itself less necess>y 9 relation to ^? fir/ elem5ts ( ?\ght :i* 9 all reason+ are assumptions1 ! pr9ciples1 ta/es1 & op9ions1 v (t5 ( a p]sonal "*1 :i* are half ! battle 9 ! inf]5ce ) :i* ! reason+ is to t]m9ate4 ,x is ! m9d itself t detects !m 9 _! obscure recesses1 illu/rates !m1 e/abli%es !m1 elim9ates !m1 resolves !m into simpl] ideas1 z ! case may be4 ,! m9d contemplates !m )\t ! use ( words1 by a process :i* _c be analyz$4 ,?us x 0 t ,bacon sep>at$ ! physical sy/em ( ! _w f ! !ological2 ?us t ,butl] connect$ toge!r ! moral sy/em ) ! religi\s4 ,logical =mulas c\ld nev] h su/a9$ ! reason+s involv$ 9 su* inve/igations4 ,?us ! ,illative ,s5se1 t is1 ! reason+ faculty1 z ex]cis$ by gift$1 or by educat$ or o!rwise well-prep>$ m9ds1 has its function 9 ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( all discussion & inquiry1 & 9 e /ep ( ! process4 ,x is a rule to itself1 & appeals to no judgm5t beyond its own2 & att5ds ^u ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght f antec$5ts to consequ5ts1 ) a m9ute dilig5ce & unwe>i$ pres5ce1 :i* is impossible to a cumbr\s app>atus ( v]bal reason+1 ?\gh1 9 communicat+ ) o!rs1 words are ! only in/rum5t we possess1 & a s]viceable1 ?\gh imp]fect in/rum5t4 ,"o function inde$ !re is ( ,logic1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 :i* ! ,illative ,s5se does n & _c p]=m4 ,x supplies no common measure betwe5 m9d & m9d1 z be+ no?+ else ?an a p]sonal gift or acquisition4 ,few !re are1 z ,i said above1 :o are good reason]s on all subject-matt]s4 ,two m51 :o reason well ea* 9 8 own prov9ce ( ?\ght1 may1 "o or bo? ( !m1 fail & pron\nce opposite judgm5ts on a "q belong+ to "s ?ird prov9ce4 ,moreov]1 all reason+ be+ f premisses1 & ^? premisses aris+ 7if x s happ57 9 _! fir/ elem5ts f p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 9 :i* m5 are 9 fact 9 ess5tial & irrem$iable v>iance "o ) ano!r1 ! ratioc9ative tal5t c d no m ?an po9t out :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies1 h[ f> x is immat]ial1 :5 x is wor? :ile cont9u+ an argum5t betwe5 !m1 & :5 n4 ,n[ ( ! ?ree ma9 occasions ( ! ex]cise ( ! ,illative ,s5se1 :i* ,i h be5 insi/+ on1 & :i* are ! measure ( its range1 ! />t1 ! c\rse1 & ! issue ( an inquiry1 ,i h already1 9 treat+ ( ,in=mal ,inf]5ce1 %[n ! place x holds 9 ! f9al resolution ( concrete que/ions4 ,"h !n x is left to me to illu/rate its pres5ce & action 9 relation to ! elem5t>y premisses1 &1 aga91 to ! conduct ( an argum5t4 ,& fir/ ( ! latt]4 #a4 ,!re has be5 a great deal writt5 ( late ye>s on ! subject ( ! /ate ( ,greece & ,rome dur+ ! pre-hi/oric p]iod2 let u say be=e ! ,olympiads 9 ,greece1 & ! w> ) ,pyrrhus 9 ! annals ( ,rome4 ,n[1 9 a "q l ?is1 x is pla9 t ! inquir] has fir/ ( all to decide on ! po9t f :i* he is to />t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! receiv$ acc\nts2 on :at side1 f :at qu>t] he is to approa* !m2 on :at pr9ciples 8 discussion is to be conduct$2 :at he is to assume1 :at op9ions or objections he is summ>ily to put aside z nugatory1 :at argum5ts1 & :51 he is to consid] z apposite1 :at false issues are to be avoid$1 :5 ! /ate ( 8 argum5ts is ripe = a conclusion4 ,is he to comm5ce ) absolutely disc>d+ all t has hi!rto be5 receiv$2 or to reta9 x 9 outl9e2 or to make selections f x2 or to consid] & int]pret x z my?ical1 or z allegorical2 or to hold s mu* to be tru/wor?y1 or at lea/ ( prim facie au?ority1 z he _c actually disprove2 or nev] to de/roy except 9 proportion z he c con/ruct8 ,!n1 z to ! k9d ( argum5ts suitable or admissible1 h[ f> are tradition1 analogy1 isolat$ monum5ts & records1 ru9s1 vague reports1 leg5ds1 ! facts or say+s ( lat] times1 language1 popul> prov]bs1 to tell 9 ! inquiry8 :at are m>ks ( tru?1 :at ( falsehood1 :at is probable1 :at suspici\s1 :at promises well = discrim9at+ facts f fictions8 ,!n1 argum5ts h to be balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & !n la/ly ! decision is to be made1 :e!r any conclusion at all c be drawn1 or :e!r any be=e c]ta9 issues are tri$ & settl$1 or :e!r a probable conclusion or a c]ta94 ,x is pla9 h[ incessant w be ! call "h or !re = ! ex]cise ( a def9itive judgm5t1 h[ little t judgm5t w be help$ on by logic1 & h[ intimately x w be dep5d5t ^u ! intellectual complexion ( ! writ]4 ,?is might be illu/rat$ at great l5g?1 7 x necess>y1 f ! writ+s ( any ( ^? able m51 ^: names are s well kn[n 9 connexion ) ! subject ,i h in/anc$2 su* z ,niebuhr1 ,mr4 ,cl9ton1 ,sir ,george ,lewis1 ,mr4 ,grote1 & ,colonel ,mure4 ,^! au?ors h sev]ally views ( _! own on ! p]iod ( hi/ory :i* !y h select$ = inve/igation1 & !y are too le>n$ & logical n to "k & to use to ! utmo/ ! te/imonies by :i* ! facts :i* !y inve/igate are to be asc]ta9$4 ,:y !n d !y diff] s mu* f ea* o!r1 :e!r 9 _! e/imate ( ^? te/imonies or ( ^? facts8 ,because t e/imate is simply _! own1 com+ ( _! own judgm5t2 & t judgm5t com+ ( assumptions ( _! own1 explicit or implicit2 & ^? assumptions spontane\sly issu+ out ( ! /ate ( ?\ght respectively belong+ to ea* ( !m2 & all ^! successive processes ( m9ute reason+ sup]9t5d$ & direct$ by an intellectual in/rum5t f> too subtle & spiritual to be sci5tific4 ,:at 0 ,niebuhr's idea ( ! (fice he _h und]tak58 ,i suppose x 0 to accept :at he f\nd 9 ! hi/orians ( ,rome1 to int]rogate x1 to take x to pieces1 to put x toge!r aga91 to re-arrange & int]pret x4 ,prescription toge!r ) int]nal consi/5cy 0 to him ! evid5ce ( fact1 & if he pull$ d[n he felt he 0 b\nd to build up4 ,v diff]5t is ! _s ( ano!r s*ool ( writ]s1 ) :om prescription is no?+1 & :o w admit no evid5ce :i* has n fir/ prov$ its "r to be admitt$4 8,we are able10 says ,niebuhr1 8to trace ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman con/itution back to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,commonweal?1 z accurately z we wi%1 & ev5 m p]fectly ?an ! hi/ory ( _m portions ( ! middle ages40 ,b1 8we may rejoice10 says ,sir ,george ,lewis1 8t ! +5uity or le>n+ ( ,niebuhr %\ld h enabl$ him to advance _m noble hypo!ses & conjectures respect+ ! =m ( ! e>ly con/itution ( ,rome1 b1 unless he c support ^? hypo!ses by suffici5t evid5ce1 !y are n entitl$ to our belief40 8,niebuhr10 says a writ] ne>ly relat$ to myself1 8(t5 expresses mu* contempt = m]e incr$ul\s criticism & negative conclusions2 444 yet wisely to disbelieve is our fir/ gr& requisite 9 deal+ ) mat]ials ( mix$ wor?40 ,& ,sir ,george ,lewis aga91 8,x may be said t !re is sc>cely any ( ! lead+ conclusions ( ,niebuhr's "w :i* has n be5 impugn$ by "s subsequ5t writ]40 ,aga91 8,x is true10 says ,niebuhr1 8t ! ,trojan w> belongs to ! region ( fable1 yet und5iably x has an hi/orical f\ndation40 ,b ,mr4 ,grote writes1 8,if we are ask$ :e!r ! ,trojan w> is n a leg5d 444 rais$ ^u a basis ( tru?1 444 our answ] mu/ be1 t1 z ! possibility ( x _c be d5i$1 s nei!r c ! reality ( x be affirm$40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,cl9ton lays d[n ! g5]al rule1 8,we may ackn[l$ge z real p]sons1 all ^? :om !re is no reason = reject+4 ,! presumption is 9 fav\r ( ! e>ly tradition1 if no argum5t c be br\ght to ov]?r[ x40 ,?us he lodges ! onus prob&i ) ^? :o impugn ! receiv$ acc\nts2 b ,mr4 ,grote & ,sir ,george ,lewis ?r[ x ^u ^? :o def5d !m4 8,hi/orical evid5ce10 says ! latt]1 8is f\nd$ on ! te/imony ( cr$ible witnesses40 ,& aga91 8,x is p]petually assum$ 9 practice1 t hi/orical evid5ce is diff]5t 9 its nature f o!r sorts ( evid5ce4 ,?is laxity seems to be ju/ifi$ by ! doctr9e ( tak+ ! be/ evid5ce :i* c be obta9$4 ,! object ( my inquiry w be to apply to ! e>ly ,roman hi/ory ! same rules ( evid5ce :i* are appli$ by common cons5t to mod]n hi/ory40 ,f> less sev]e is ! judgm5t ( ,colonel ,mure3 8,:]e no positive hi/orical pro( is affirmable1 ! balance ( hi/orical probability mu/ r$uce itself v mu* to a reasonable indulg5ce to ! weight ( national conviction1 & a def]5ce to ! te/imony ( ! e>lie/ native au?orities40 8,reasonable indulg5ce0 to popul> belief1 8def]5ce0 to anci5t tradition1 are pr9ciples ( writ+ hi/ory abhorr5t to ! judicial temp] ( ,sir ,george ,lewis4 ,he consid]s ! words 8reasonable indulg5ce0 to be 8ambigu\s10 & obs]ves t 8! v po9t :i* _c be tak5 = grant$1 & 9 :i* writ]s diff]1 is1 z to ! ext5t to :i* contempor>y atte/ation may be presum$ )\t direct & positive pro(1 444 ! ext5t to :i* ! exi/5ce ( a popul> belief conc]n+ a suppos$ matt] ( fact au?orizes ! inf]5ce t x grew out ( au!ntic te/imony40 ,& ,mr4 ,grote obs]ves to ! same effect3 8,! ^w tradition is an equivocal ^w1 & begs ! :ole "q4 ,x is tacitly und]/ood to imply a tale descriptive ( "s real matt] ( fact1 tak+ rise at ! "t :5 ! fact happ5$1 orig9ally accurate1 b corrupt$ by oral transmission40 ,& ,lewis1 :o quotes ! passage1 adds1 8,?is tacit und]/&+ is ! key-/one ( ! :ole argum5t40 ,i am n contra/+ ^! v>i\s op9ions ( able m51 :o h giv5 !mselves to hi/orical rese>*1 z if x 7 any reflection on !m t !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,x is ! cause ( _! diff]+ on :i* ,i wi% to insi/4 ,tak+ ! facts by !mselves1 probably ^! au?ors w\ld come to no conclusion at all2 x is ! 8tacit und]/&+s0 :i* ,mr4 ,grote speaks (1 ! vague & impalpable notions ( 8reasonabl5ess0 on 8 own side z well z on t ( o!rs1 :i* bo? make conclusions possible1 & are ! pl$ge ( _! be+ contradictory4 ,! conclusions v>y ) ! p>ticul> writ]1 = ea* writes f 8 own po9t ( view & ) 8 own pr9ciples1 & ^! admit ( no common measure4 ,?is 9 fact is _! own acc\nt ( ! matt]3 8,! results ( speculative hi/orical inquiry10 says ,colonel ,mure1 8c r>ely am\nt to m ?an fair presumption ( ! reality ( ! ev5ts 9 "q1 z limit$ to _! g5]al sub/ance1 n z ext5d+ to _! details4 ,nor c !re consequ5tly be expect$ 9 ! m9ds ( diff]5t inquir]s any su* unity reg>d+ ! precise degree ( reality1 z may frequ5tly exi/ 9 respect to ev5ts atte/$ by docum5t>y evid5ce40 ,mr4 ,grote corroborates ?is decision by ! /rik+ in/ance ( ! div]sity ( exi/+ op9ions conc]n+ ! ,hom]ic ,poems4 8,our means ( k10 he says1 8are s limit$1 t no "o c produce argum5ts suffici5tly cog5t to cont5d aga9/ oppos+ preconceptions1 & x creates a pa9ful s5sation ( diffid5ce1 :5 we read ! expressions ( equal & absolute p]suasion ) :i* ! two opposite conclusions h bo? be5 advanc$40 ,& aga91 8,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! be/ critics1 :i* is probably n de/9$ to be adju/$1 s9ce s mu* dep5ds p>tly ^u critical feel+1 p>tly ^u ! g5]al reason+s 9 respect to anci5t epical unity1 ) :i* a man sits d[n to ! /udy40 ,exactly s2 e "o has 8 own 8critical feel+10 8 antec$5t 8reason+s10 & 9 consequ5ce 8 own 8absolute p]suasion10 com+ 9 fre% & fre% at e turn ( ! discussion2 & :o1 :e!r /rang] or fri5d1 is to rea* & affect :at is s intimately b\nd up ) ! m5tal con/itution ( ea*8 ,h5ce ! categorical contradictions betwe5 "o writ] & ano!r1 :i* ab\nd4 ,colonel ,mure appeals 9 def5ce ( an hi/orical !sis to ! 8fact ( ! ,hell5ic conf$]acy comb9+ = ! adoption ( a common national sy/em ( *ronology 9 #ggf ,b4,c40 ,mr4 ,grote replies3 8,no?+ is m at v>iance ) my conception10--he j n[ spoke ( ! preconceptions ( o!rs1--8( ! /ate ( ! ,hell5ic _w 9 #ggf ,b4,c41 ?an ! idea ( a comb9ation among all ! memb]s ( ! race = any purpose1 mu* m = ! purpose ( adopt+ a common national sy/em ( *ronology40 ,colonel ,mure speaks ( ! 8bigot$ ,a!nian public20 ,mr4 ,grote replies t 8no public ev] less des]v$ ! epi!t ( #8bigot$' ?an ! ,a!nian10 ,colonel ,mure also speaks ( ,mr4 ,grote's 8arbitr>y hypo!sis20 & aga9 79 ,mr4 ,grote's words71 ( 8 8unreasonable scepticism40 ,he _c disprove by m]e argum5t ! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,grote2 he c b h rec\rse to a p]sonal criticism4 ,he virtually says1 8,we diff] 9 our p]sonal view ( ?+s40 ,m5 become p]sonal :5 logic fails2 x is _! mode ( appeal+ to _! own prim>y elem5ts ( ?\ght1 & _! own illative s5se1 aga9/ ! pr9ciples & ! judgm5t ( ano!r4 ,i h already t\*$ ^u ,niebuhr's me?od ( inve/igation1 & ,sir ,george ,lewis's dislike ( x3 x supplies u ) z apposite an in/ance ( a diff]5ce 9 fir/ pr9ciples z is af=d$ by ,mr4 ,grote & ,colonel ,mure4 8,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( 8 hi/ory10 says ,lewis1 8is ! ext5t to :i* he relies ^u int]nal evid5ce1 & ^u ! indications af=d$ by ! n>rative itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! te/imony ( its tru?40 ,&1 8,+5uity & lab\r c produce no?+ b hypo!ses & conjectures1 :i* may be support$ by analogies1 b c nev] re/ ^u ! solid f\ndation ( pro(40 ,& x is und5iable1 t1 rightly or wrongly1 disda9+ ! scepticism ( ! m]e critic1 ,niebuhr does consci\sly proce$ by ! high pa? ( div9ation4 8,= my own "p10 he says1 8,i div9e t1 s9ce ! c5sor%ip ( ,fabius & ,decius falls 9 ! same ye>1 t ,cn4 ,flavius became m$iator betwe5 8 own class & ! high] ord]s40 ,lewis consid]s ?is to be a process ( guess+2 & says1 8,in/ead ( employ+ ^? te/s ( cr$ibility :i* are consi/5tly appli$ to mod]n hi/ory10 ,niebuhr1 & 8 foll[]s1 & mo/ ( 8 oppon5ts1 8attempt to guide _! judgm5t by ! indication ( int]nal evid5ce1 & assume t ! tru? is discov]$ by an occult faculty ( hi/orical div9ation40 ,niebuhr def5ds himself ?us3 8,! real geograph] has a tact :i* det]m9es 8 judgm5t & *oice among diff]5t /atem5ts4 ,he is able f isolat$ /atem5ts to draw inf]5ces respect+ ?+s t are unkn[n1 :i* are closely approximate to results obta9$ f obs]vation ( facts1 & may supply _! place4 ,he is able ) limit$ data to =m an image ( ?+s :i* no eyewitness has describ$40 ,he applies ?is to himself4 ,! pr9ciple set =? 9 ?is passage is obvi\sly ! same z ,i %\ld put =w>d myself2 b ,sir ,george ,lewis1 ?\gh n simply d5y+ x z a pr9ciple1 makes little acc\nt ( x1 :5 appli$ to hi/orical rese>*4 8,x is n en\gh10 he says1 8= an hi/orian to claim ! possession ( a retrospective second-sight1 :i* is d5i$ to ! re/ ( ! _w--( a my/]i\s doctr9e1 reveal$ only to ! initiat$40 ,& he pron\nces1 t 8! hi/ory ( ,niebuhr has op5$ m que/ions ?an x has clos$1 & x has set 9 motion a l>ge body ( combatants1 ^: mutual v>iances are n at pres5t likely to be settl$ by def]5ce to a common pr9ciple47#cb70 ,we see f ! above extracts h[ a controv]sy1 su* z t to :i* !y belong1 is c>ri$ on f />t+-po9ts1 & ) collat]al aids1 n =mally prov$1 b m or less assum$1 ! process ( assumption ly+ 9 ! action ( ! ,illative ,s5se1 z appli$ to prim>y elem5ts ( ?\ght respectively cong5ial to ! disputants4 ,n t explicit argum5tation on ^! m9ute or m9or1 ?\gh important1 po9ts is n sometimes possible to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b1 z ,i _h said1 x is too unwieldy an exp$i5t = a con/antly recurr+ ne$1 ev5 :5 x is tol]ably exact4 #b4 ,& n[ secondly1 z to ! fir/ pr9ciples !mselves4 ,9 illu/ration1 ,i w m5tion "u sep>ate heads "s ( ^? elem5t>y contr>ieties ( op9ion1 on :i* ! ,illative ,s5se has to act1 discov]+ !m1 foll[+ !m out1 def5d+ or resi/+ !m1 z ! case may be4 #a4 ,z to ! /atem5t ( ! case4 ,?is dep5ds on ! p>ticul> aspect "u :i* we view a subject1 t is1 on ! ab/raction :i* =ms our repres5tative notion ( :at x is4 ,sci5ces are only s _m di/9ct aspects ( nature2 sometimes sugge/$ by nature itself1 sometimes creat$ by ! m9d4 7#a7 ,"o ( ! simple/ & broade/ aspects "u :i* to view ! physical _w1 is t ( a sy/em ( f9al causes1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ( initial or effective causes4 ,bacon1 hav+ x 9 view to ext5d our p[] ov] nature1 adopt$ ! latt]4 ,he took firm hold ( ! idea ( causation 79 ! common s5se ( ! ^w7 z contra/$ ) t ( design1 refus+ to mix up ! two ideas 9 "o inquiry1 & d5\nc+ su* traditional int]pretations ( facts1 z did b obscure ! simplicity ( ! aspect necess>y = 8 purpose4 ,he saw :at o!rs be=e him might h se5 9 :at !y saw1 b :o did n see z he saw x4 ,9 ?is a*ievem5t ( intellect1 :i* has be5 s fruitful 9 results1 lie 8 g5ius & 8 fame4 7#b7 ,s aga91 to ref] to a v diff]5t subject-matt]1 we (t5 he> ( ! exploits ( "s great lawy]1 judge or advocate1 :o is able 9 p]plex$ cases1 :5 common m9ds see no?+ b a hopeless heap ( facts1 =eign or contr>y to ea* o!r1 to detect ! pr9ciple :i* rightly int]prets ! riddle1 &1 to ! admiration ( all he>]s1 conv]ts a *aos into an ord]ly & lum9\s :ole4 ,?is is :at is meant by orig9ality1 9 ?9k+3 x is ! discov]y ( an aspect ( a subject-matt]1 simpl]1 p]haps1 & m intelligible ?an any hi!rto tak54 7#c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* aspects are (t5 unreal1 z be+ m]e exhibitions ( +5uity1 n ( true orig9ality ( m9d4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 :at are call$ philosophical views ( hi/ory4 ,su* seems to me ! !ory advocat$ 9 a "w ( great le>n+1 vig\r1 & acut5ess1 ,w>burton's 8,div9e ,legation ( ,moses40 ,i d n call ,gibbon m]ely +5i\s2 /ill 8 acc\nt ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity is ! m]e subjective view ( "o :o c\ld n ent] into its dep? & p[]4 7#d7 ,! aspect "u :i* we view ?+s is (t5 int5sely p]sonal2 nay1 ev5 awfully s1 consid]+ t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 x does n br+ home its idiosyncrasy ei!r to ourselves or to o!rs4 ,ea* ( u looks at ! _w 9 8 own way1 & does n "k t p]haps x is *>act]i/ically 8 own4 ,?is is ! case ev5 z reg>ds ! s5ses4 ,"s m5 h little p]ception ( col\rs2 "s recognize "o or two2 to "s m5 two contr>y col\rs1 z r$ & gre51 are "o & ! same4 ,h[ poorly c we appreciate ! beauties ( nature1 if our eyes disc]n1 on ! face ( ?+s1 only an ,indian-ink or a drab creation6 7#e7 ,s aga91 z reg>ds =m3 ea* ( u ab/racts ! relation ( l9e to l9e 9 8 own p]sonal way1--z "o man might appreh5d a curve z convex1 ano!r z concave4 ,( c\rse1 z 9 ! case ( a curve1 !re may be a limit to possible aspects2 b /ill1 ev5 :5 we agree toge!r1 x is n p]haps t we le>n "o f ano!r1 or fall "u any law ( agreem5t1 b t our sep>ate idiosyncrasies happ5 to concur4 ,i fe> ,i may seem trifl+1 if ,i allude to an illu/ration :i* has ev] _h a great =ce ) me1 & t = ! v reason x is s trivial & m9ute4 ,*ildr51 le>n+ to read1 are sometimes pres5t$ ) ! lett]s ( ! alphabet turn$ into ! figures ( m5 9 v>i\s attitudes4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve f su* repres5tations1 h[ diff]5tly ! %ape ( ! lett]s /rikes diff]5t m9ds4 ,9 consequ5ce ,i h cont9ually ask$ ! "q 9 a *ance company1 :i* way c]ta9 ( ! great lett]s look1 to ! "r or to ! left2 & :]eas ne>ly e "o pres5t _h 8 own cle> view1 s cle> t he c\ld n endure ! opposite view1 /ill ,i h g5]ally f\nd t "o half ( ! p>ty consid]$ ! lett]s 9 "q to look to ! left1 :ile ! o!r half ?\ght !y look$ to ! "r4 7#f7 ,?is v>iety ( int]pretation 9 ! v elem5ts ( outl9es seems to ?r[ light ^u o!r cognate diff]5ces betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,if !y look at ! m]e lett]s ( ! alphabet s diff]5tly1 we may und]/& h[ x is !y =m su* di/9ct judgm5ts ^u h&writ+2 nay1 h[ "s m5 may h a tal5t = decyph]+ f x ! intellectual & moral "* ( ! writ]1 :i* o!rs h n4 ,ano!r ?\ght t occurs is1 t p]haps "h lies ! explanation :y x is t family lik5esses are s v>i\sly recogniz$1 & h[ mi/akes 9 id5tity may be dang]\sly frequ5t4 7#g7 ,if we s v>i\sly appreh5d ! famili> objects ( s5se1 /ill m v>i\s1 we may suppose1 are ! aspects & associations atta*$ by u1 "o ) ano!r1 to intellectual objects4 ,i d n say we diff] 9 ! objects !mselves1 b t we may h int]m9able diff]5ces z to _! relations & circum/ances4 ,i h he>d say 7aga9 to take a trifl+ matt]7 t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 x 0 a subject ( s]i\s1 nay1 ( angry controv]sy1 :e!r x began ) ,janu>y #ahjj1 or ,janu>y #ahja4 ,argum5t1 :i* ought1 if 9 any case1 to h easily br\ght ! "q to a decision1 0 b spr9kl+ wat] ^u a flame4 ,i am n cle> t1 if x c\ld be fairly />t$ n[1 x w\ld n lead to simil> results2 c]ta9ly ,i "k ^? :o /udi\sly )draw f giv+ an op9ion on ! subject1 :5 x is accid5tally moot$1 f _! exp]i5ce ( ! eag] feel+ :i* x is sure to excite 9 "s "o or o!r :o is pres5t4 ,?is eag]ness c only arise f an ov]p[]+ s5se t ! tru? ( ! matt] lies 9 ! "o alt]native1 & n 9 ! o!r4 ,^! in/ances1 because !y are s casual1 sugge/ h[ x comes to pass1 t m5 diff] s widely f ea* o!r 9 religi\s & moral p]ceptions4 ,"h1 ,i say aga91 x does n prove t !re is no objective tru?1 because n all m5 are 9 possession ( x2 or t we are n responsible = ! associations :i* we atta*1 & ! relations :i* we assign1 to ! objects ( ! intellect4 ,b ?is x does sugge/ to u1 t !re is some?+ deep] 9 our diff]5ces ?an ! accid5t ( ext]nal circum/ances2 & t we ne$ ! int]position ( a ,p[] great] ?an human tea*+ & human argum5t to make our beliefs true & our m9ds "o4 #b4 ,next ,i come to ! implicit assumption ( def9ite propositions 9 ! fir/ />t ( a c\rse ( reason+1 & ! arbitr>y exclusion ( o!rs1 ( :atev] k9d4 ,unless we _h ! "r1 :5 we pleas$1 ( rul+ t propositions 7 irrelevant or absurd1 ,i d n see h[ we c\ld conduct an argum5t at all2 our way w\ld be simply block$ up by extravagant pr9ciples & !ories1 gratuit\s hypo!ses1 false issues1 unsupport$ /atem5ts1 & incr$ible facts4 ,!re are ^? :o h treat$ ! hi/ory ( ,abraham z an a/ronomical record1 & h spok5 ( our ,adorable ,savi\r z ! sun 9 ,aries4 ,arabian ,my?ology has *ang$ ,solomon into a mighty wiz>d4 ,noah has be5 consid]$ ! patri>* ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,! t5 tribes h be5 pron\nc$ /ill to live 9 _! desc5dants1 ! ,r$ ,indians2 or to be ! ance/ors ( ! ,go?s & ,v&als1 & !reby ( ! pres5t ,european races4 ,"s h conjectur$ t ! ,apollos ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 0 ,apollonius ,tyaneus4 ,able m5 h reason$ out1 almo/ aga9/ _! w1 t ,adam 0 a negro4 ,^! propositions1 & _m o!rs ( v>i\s k9ds1 we %\ld ?9k ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ ov]1 if we 7 engag$ 9 a "w on sacr$ hi/ory2 & !re are o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 :i* we %\ld assume z true by our own "r & )\t notice1 & )\t :i* we c\ld n set ab\t or c>ry on our "w4 7#a7 ,h[ev]1 ! "r ( mak+ assumptions has be5 disput$2 b1 :5 ! objections are exam9$1 ,i ?9k !y only g to %[ t we h no "r 9 argum5t to make any assumption we please4 ,?us1 9 ! hi/orical rese>*es :i* j n[ came be=e u1 x seems fair to say t no te/imony %\ld be receiv$1 except su* z comes f compet5t witnesses1 :ile x is n unfair to urge1 on ! o!r side1 t tradition1 ?\gh unau!nticat$1 be+ 7:at is call$7 9 possession1 has a prescription 9 its fav\r1 & may1 prim facie1 or provisionally1 be receiv$4 ,"h are ! mat]ials ( a fair dispute2 b !re are writ]s :o seem to h gone f> beyond ?is reasonable scepticism1 lay+ d[n z a g5]al proposition t we h no "r 9 philosophy to make any assumption :atev]1 & t we ought to beg9 ) a univ]sal d\bt4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ( all assumptions ! greate/1 & to =bid assumptions univ]sally is to =bid ?is "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,d\bt itself is a positive /ate1 & implies a def9ite habit ( m9d1 & !reby necess>ily involves a sy/em ( pr9ciples & doctr9es all its own4 ,aga91 if no?+ is to be assum$1 :at is our v me?od ( reason+ b an assumption8 & :at our nature itself8 ,! v s5se ( pleasure & pa91 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ intimate portions ( ourselves1 inevitably translates itself into intellectual assumptions4 ,( ! two1 ,i w\ld r h to ma9ta9 t we ought to beg9 ) believ+ ev]y?+ t is (f]$ to our acceptance1 ?an t x is our duty to d\bt ( ev]y?+4 ,! =m]1 inde$1 seems ! true way ( le>n+4 ,9 t case1 we soon discov] & disc>d :at is contradictory to itself2 & error hav+ always "s portion ( tru? 9 x1 & ! tru? hav+ a reality :i* error has n1 we may expect1 t :5 !re is an hone/ purpose & fair tal5ts1 we %all someh[ make our way =w>d1 ! error fall+ (f f ! m9d1 & ! tru? develop+ & occupy+ x4 ,?us x is t ! ,ca?olic religion is rea*$1 z we see1 by inquir]s f all po9ts ( ! compass1 z if x matt]$ n :]e a man began1 s t he _h an eye & a he>t = ! tru?4 7#b7 ,an argum5t has be5 (t5 put =w>d by unbeliev]s1 ,i ?9k by ,pa9e1 to ?is effect1 t 8a revelation1 :i* is to be receiv$ z true1 ought to be writt5 on ! sun40 ,?is appeals to ! common-s5se ( ! _m ) great =ce1 & implies ! assumption ( a pr9ciple :i* ,butl]1 inde$1 w\ld n grant1 & w\ld consid] unphilosophical1 & yet ,i ?9k some?+ may be said 9 its fav\r4 ,:e!r ab/ract$ly def5sible or n1 ,ca?olic populations w\ld n be av]se1 mutatis mut&is1 to admitt+ x4 ,till ^! la/ c5turies1 ! ,visible ,*ur* 01 at lea/ to h] *ildr51 ! light ( ! _w1 z conspicu\s z ! sun 9 ! heav5s2 & ! ,cre$ 0 writt5 on h] =ehead1 & proclaim$ ?r\gh h] voice1 by a tea*+ z precise z x 0 emphatical2 9 accordance ) ! text1 8,:o is %e t looke? =? at ! dawn1 fair z ! moon1 bright z ! sun1 t]rible z an army set 9 array80 ,x 0 n1 /rictly speak+1 a miracle1 d\btless2 b 9 its effect1 nay1 9 its circum/ances1 x 0 little less4 ,( c\rse ,i w\ld n all[ t ! ,*ur* fails 9 ?is manife/ation ( ! tru? n[1 any m ?an 9 =m] times1 ?\gh ! cl\ds h come ov] ! sun2 = :at %e has lo/ 9 h] appeal to ! imag9ation1 %e has ga9$ 9 philosophical cog5cy1 by ! evid5ce ( h] p]si/5t vitality4 ,s f> is cle>1 t if ,pa9e's aphorism has a prim facie =ce aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 x owes ?is advantage to ! mis]able de$s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 7#c7 ,ano!r conflict ( fir/ pr9ciples or assumptions1 :i* h (t5 be5 implicit on ei!r side1 has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 our day1 & relates to ! end & scope ( civil society1 t is1 :e!r gov]nm5t & legislation ought to be ( a religi\s "*1 or n2 :e!r ! /ate has a consci5ce2 :e!r ,*ri/ianity is ! law ( ! l&2 :e!r ! magi/rate1 9 puni%+ (f5d]s1 ex]cises a retributive (fice or a corrective2 or :e!r ! :ole /ructure ( society is rais$ ^u ! basis ( secul> exp$i5cy4 ,! relation ( philosophy & ! sci5ces to !ology comes into ! "q4 ,! old "t-hon\r$ !ory has1 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 be5 vigor\sly cont5d+ ) ! new2 & ! new is 9 ! asc5dant4 7#d7 ,!re is ano!r great conflict ( fir/ pr9ciples1 & t among ,*ri/ians1 :i* has occupi$ a l>ge space 9 our dome/ic hi/ory1 dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 & t is ! controv]sy ab\t ! ,rule ( ,fai?4 ,i notice x z af=d+ an in/ance ( an assumption s deeply sunk into ! popul> m9d1 t x is a "w ( great difficulty to obta9 f its ma9ta9]s an ackn[l$gm5t t x is an assumption4 ,t ,scripture is ! ,rule ( ,fai? is 9 fact an assumption s cong5ial to ! /ate ( m9d & c\rse ( ?\ght usual among ,prote/ants1 t x seems to !m r a truism ?an a tru?4 ,if !y are 9 controv]sy ) ,ca?olics on any po9t ( fai?1 !y at once ask1 8,:]e d y f9d x 9 ,scripture80 & if ,ca?olics reply1 z !y mu/ d1 t x is n necess>ily 9 ,scripture 9 ord] to be true1 no?+ c p]suade !m t su* an answ] is n an evasion1 & a triumph to !mselves4 ,yet x is by no means self-evid5t t all religi\s tru? is to be f\nd 9 a numb] ( works1 h[ev] sacr$1 :i* 7 writt5 at diff]5t times1 & did n always =m "o book2 & 9 fact x is a doctr9e v h>d to prove4 ,s mu* s1 t ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 consid]+ x f a ,prote/ant po9t ( view1 & wi%$ to def5d x to ! be/ ( my p[]1 ,i 0 unable to give any bett] acc\nt ( x ?an ! foll[+1 :i* ,i "h quote f its apposit5ess to my pres5t subject4 8,x matt]s n10 ,i said1 speak+ ( ! fir/ ,prote/ants1 8:e!r or n !y only happ5$ to come "r on :at1 9 a logical po9t ( view1 are faulty premisses4 ,!y _h no "t = !ories ( any k9d2 & to require !ories at _! h& argues an ignorance ( human nature1 & ( ! ways 9 :i* tru? is /ruck out 9 ! c\rse ( life4 ,common s5se1 *ance1 moral p]ception1 g5ius1 ! great discov]]s ( pr9ciples d n reason4 ,!y h no argum5ts1 no gr\nds1 !y see ! tru?1 b !y d n "k h[ !y see x2 & if at any "t !y attempt to prove x1 x is z mu* a matt] ( exp]im5t ) !m1 z if !y _h to f9d a road to a di/ant m\nta91 :i* !y see ) ! eye2 & !y get entangl$1 emb>rass$1 & p]*ance ov]?r[n 9 ! sup]flu\s endeav\r4 ,x is ! second-rate m51 ?\gh mo/ useful 9 _! place1 :o prove1 reconcile1 f9i%1 & expla94 ,probably1 ! popul> feel+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury saw ! ,bible to be ! ,^w ( ,god1 s z no?+ else is ,8 ,^w1 by ! p[] ( a /rong s5se1 by a sort ( moral in/9ct1 or by a happy augury47#cc70 ,t is1 ,i consid]$ ! assumption an act ( ! ,illative ,s5se2--,i %\ld n[ add1 ! ,illative ,s5se1 act+ on mi/ak5 elem5ts ( ?\ght4 #c4 ,aft] ! aspects 9 :i* a "q is to be view$1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* x is to be consid]$1 come ! argum5ts by :i* x is decid$2 among ^! are antec$5t reasons1 :i* are especially 9 po9t "h1 because !y are 9 great measure made by ourselves & belong to our p]sonal "*1 & to !m ,i %all conf9e myself4 ,antec$5t reason+1 :5 negative1 is safe4 ,?us no "o w\ld say t1 because ,alex&]'s ra% h]oism is "o ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( 8 hi/ory1 !re=e we are ju/ifi$1 except 9 writ+ a romance1 9 ass]t+ t at a p>ticul> "t & place1 he di/+ui%$ himself by a c]ta9 exploit ab\t :i* hi/ory is altoge!r sil5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 8 notori\s brav]y w\ld be almo/ decisive aga9/ any *>ge aga9/ him ( hav+ on a p>ticul> occasion act$ z a c[>d4 ,9 l mann]1 good "* goes f> 9 de/roy+ ! =ce ( ev5 plausible *>ges4 ,!re is inde$ a degree ( evid5ce 9 support ( an allegation1 aga9/ :i* reputation is no def5ce2 b x mu/ be s+ul>ly /rong to ov]come an e/abli%$ antec$5t probability :i* /&s oppos$ to x4 ,?us hi/orical p]sonages or great au?ors1 m5 ( high & pure "*1 h _h imputations ca/ ^u !m1 easy to make1 difficult or impossible to meet1 :i* are indignantly trodd5 "u foot by all j & s5sible m51 z be+ z anti-social z !y are inhuman4 ,i ne$ n add :at a cruel & despicable "p a husb& or a son w\ld play1 :o readily li/5$ to a *>ge aga9/ 8 wife or 8 fa!r4 ,yet all ?is be+ admitt$1 a great numb] ( cases rema9 :i* are p]plex+1 & on :i* we _c adju/ ! claims ( conflict+ & het]og5e\s argum5ts except by ! ke5 & subtle op]ation ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,butl]'s argum5t 9 8 ,analogy is su* a presumption us$ negatively4 ,objection be+ br\ght aga9/ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 he meets x by ! presumption 9 _! fav\r d]iv$ f _! p>allels z discov]able 9 ! ord] ( nature1 argu+ t !y d n tell aga9/ ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 unless !y tell aga9/ ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! natural sy/em also4 ,b he c\ld n adduce x z a positive & direct pro( ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es t !y _h _! p>allels 9 nature1 or at ! utmo/ z m ?an a recomm5dation ( !m to ! religi\s inquir]4 ,unbeliev]s use ! antec$5t argum5t f ! ord] ( nature aga9/ our belief 9 miracles4 ,"h1 if !y only mean t ! fact ( t sy/em ( laws1 by :i* physical nature is gov]n$1 makes x antec$5tly improbable t an exception %\ld occur 9 x1 !re is no objection to ! argum5t2 b if1 z is n uncommon1 !y mean t ! fact ( an e/abli%$ ord] is absolutely fatal to ! v notion ( an exception1 !y are us+ a presumption z if x 7 a pro(4 ,!y are say+1--,:at has happ5$ #iii times "o way _c possibly happ5 on ! #ajjj? "t ano!r way1 because :at has happ5$ #iii times "o way is likely to happ5 9 ! same way on ! #ajjj?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y mean t ! ord] ( nature con/itutes a physical necessity1 & t a law is an unalt]able fate1 ?is is to assume ! v po9t 9 debate1 & is mu* m ?an its antec$5t probability4 ,facts _c be prov$ by presumptions1 yet x is rem>kable t 9 cases :]e no?+ /rong] ?an presumption 0 ev5 pr(ess$1 sci5tific m5 h sometimes act$ z if !y ?\ght ?is k9d ( argum5t1 tak5 by itself1 decisive ( a fact :i* 0 9 debate4 ,9 ! controv]sy ab\t ! ,plurality ( worlds1 x has be5 consid]$1 on purely antec$5t gr\nds1 z f> z ,i see1 to be s necess>y t ! ,creator %\ld h fill$ ) liv+ be+s ! lum9>ies :i* we see 9 ! sky1 & ! o!r cosmical bodies :i* we imag9e !re1 t x almo/ am\nts to a blasphemy to d\bt x4 ,!ological conclusions1 x is true1 h (t5 be5 made on antec$5t reason+2 b !n x mu/ be recollect$ t !ological reason+ pr(esses to be su/a9$ by a m ?an human p[]1 & to be gu>ante$ by a m ?an human au?ority4 ,x may be true1 also1 t conv]sions to ,*ri/ianity h (t5 be5 made on antec$5t reasons2 yet1 ev5 admitt+ ! fact1 :i* is n q cle>1 a numb] ( antec$5t probabilities1 confirm+ ea* o!r1 may make x a duty 9 ! judgm5t ( a prud5t man1 n only to act z if a /atem5t 7 true1 b actually to accept & believe x4 ,?is is n unfrequ5tly in/anc$ 9 our deal+s ) o!rs1 :5 we feel x "r1 9 spite ( our misgiv+s1 to oblige ourselves to believe _! hone/y4 ,& 9 all ^! delicate que/ions !re is con/ant call = ! ex]cise ( ! ,illative ,s5se4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,inf]5ce ,& ,ass5t ,9 ,! ,matt] ,( ,religion4 ,& n[ ,i h complet$ my review ( ! second subject to :i* ,i h giv5 my att5tion 9 ?is ,essay1 ! connexion exi/+ betwe5 ! intellectual acts ( ,ass5t & ,inf]5ce1 my fir/ be+ ! connexion ( ,ass5t ) ,appreh5sion2 & z ,i clos$ my rem>ks ^u ,ass5t & ,appreh5sion by apply+ ! conclusions at :i* ,i _h arriv$ to our belief 9 ! ,tru?s ( ,religion1 s n[ ,i ought to speak ( its ,evid5ces1 be=e quitt+ ! consid]ation ( ! dep5d5ce ( ,ass5t ^u ,inf]5ce4 ,i %all attempt to d s 9 ?is ,*apt]1 n )\t mu* anxiety1 le/ ,i %\ld injure s l>ge1 mom5t\s1 & sacr$ a subject by a necess>ily cursory treatm5t4 ,i beg9 ) express+ a s5tim5t1 :i* is habitually 9 my ?\ghts1 :5ev] !y are turn$ to ! subject ( m5tal or moral sci5ce1 & :i* ,i am z will+ to apply "h to ! ,evid5ces ( ,religion z x prop]ly applies to ,metaphysics or ,e?ics1 viz4 t 9 ^! prov9ces ( inquiry egotism is true mode/y4 ,9 religi\s inquiry ea* ( u c speak only = himself1 & = himself he has a "r to speak4 ,8 own exp]i5ces are en\gh = himself1 b he _c speak = o!rs3 he _c lay d[n ! law2 he c only br+ 8 own exp]i5ces to ! common /ock ( psy*ological facts4 ,he kn[s :at has satisfi$ & satisfies himself2 if x satisfies him1 x is likely to satisfy o!rs2 if1 z he believes & is sure1 x is true1 x w approve itself to o!rs also1 = !re is b "o tru?4 ,& d\btless he does f9d 9 fact1 t1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce ( m9ds & ( modes ( spee*1 :at conv9ces him1 does conv9ce o!rs also4 ,!re w be v _m exceptions1 b ^! w admit ( explanation4 ,great numb]s ( m5 refuse to inquire at all2 !y put ! subject ( religion aside altoge!r2 o!rs are n s]i\s en\gh to c>e ab\t que/ions ( tru? & duty & to ent]ta9 !m2 & to numb]s1 f _! temp] ( m9d1 or ! abs5ce ( d\bt1 or a dormant intellect1 x does n occur to inquire :y or :at !y believe2 _m1 ?\gh !y tri$1 c\ld n d s 9 any satisfactory way4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x causes no uneas9ess to any "o :o hone/ly attempts to set d[n 8 own view ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,religion1 t at fir/ sight he seems to be b "o among _m :o are all 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 he br+s toge!r 8 reasons1 & relies on !m1 because !y are 8 own1 & ?is is 8 prim>y evid5ce2 & he has a second gr\nd ( evid5ce1 9 ! te/imony ( ^? :o agree ) him4 ,b 8 be/ evid5ce is ! =m]1 :i* is d]iv$ f 8 own ?\ghts2 & x is t :i* ! _w has a "r to dem& ( him2 & !re=e 8 true sobriety & mode/y consi/s1 n 9 claim+ = 8 conclusions an acceptance or a sci5tific approval :i* is n to be f\nd any:]e1 b 9 /at+ :at are p]sonally 8 own gr\nds = 8 belief 9 ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1--gr\nds :i* he holds to be s suffici5t1 t he ?9ks t o!rs d hold !m implicitly or 9 sub/ance1 or w\ld hold !m1 if !y inquir$ fairly1 or w hold if !y li/5 to him1 or d n hold f imp$im5ts1 inv9cible or n z x may be1 into :i* he has no call to inquire4 ,h[ev]1 8 own bus9ess is to speak = himself4 ,he uses ! words ( ! ,sam>itans to _! c\ntrywoman1 :5 our ,"l _h rema9$ ) !m = two days1 8,n[ we believe1 n = ?y say+1 = we h he>d ,him ourselves1 & "k t ?is is inde$ ! ,savi\r ( ! _w40 ,9 ^! words x is decl>$ bo? t ! ,gospel ,revelation is div9e1 & t x c>ries ) x ! evid5ce ( its div9ity2 & ?is is ( c\rse ! matt] ( fact4 ,h[ev]1 ^! two attributes ne$ n h be5 unit$2 a revelation might h be5 really giv51 yet giv5 )\t cr$5tials4 ,our ,supreme ,ma/] might h imp>t$ to u tru?s :i* nature _c tea* u1 )\t tell+ u t ,he _h imp>t$ !m1 z is actually ! case n[1 z reg>ds hea!n c\ntries1 into :i* portions ( reveal$ tru? ov]fl[ & p5etrate1 )\t _! populations kn[+ :5ce ^? tru?s came4 ,b ! v idea ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its pr(ession & hi/ory1 is some?+ m ?an ?is2 x is a 8,revelatio revelata20 x is a def9ite message f ,god to man di/9ctly convey$ by ,8 *os5 in/rum5ts1 & to be receiv$ z su* a message2 & !re=e to be positively ackn[l$g$1 embrac$1 & ma9ta9$ z true1 on ! gr\nd ( its be+ div9e1 n z true on intr9sic gr\nds1 n z probably true1 or p>tially true1 b z absolutely c]ta9 k1 c]ta9 9 a s5se 9 :i* no?+ else c be c]ta91 because x comes f ,him :o nei!r c deceive nor be deceiv$4 ,& ! :ole t5or ( ,scripture f beg9n+ to end is to ?is effect3 ! matt] ( revelation is n a m]e collection ( tru?s1 n a philosophical view1 n a religi\s s5tim5t or _s1 n a special morality1--p\r$ out ^u mank9d z a /ream might p\r itself into ! sea1 mix+ ) ! _w's ?\ght1 modify+1 purify+1 invigorat+ x2--b an au?oritative tea*+1 :i* be>s witness to itself & keeps itself toge!r z "o1 9 contra/ to ! assemblage ( op9ions on all sides ( x1 & speaks to all m51 z be+ ev] & ev]y:]e "o & ! same1 & claim+ to be receiv$ intellig5tly1 by all :om x addresses1 z "o doctr9e1 discipl9e1 & devotion directly giv5 f above4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! exhibition ( cr$5tials1 t is1 ( evid5ce1 t x is :at x pr(esses to be1 is ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity1 z x comes to u2 = we are n left at lib]ty to pick & *oose out ( its cont5ts accord+ to our judgm5t1 b mu/ receive x all1 z we f9d x1 if we accept x at all4 ,x is a religion 9 addition to ! religion ( nature2 & z nature has an intr9sic claim ^u u to be obey$ & us$1 s :at is ov] & above nature1 or sup]natural1 mu/ also br+ ) x valid te/imonials ( its "r to dem& our homage4 ,next1 z to its relation to nature4 ,z ,i h said1 ,*ri/ianity is simply an addition to x2 x does n sup]s$e or contradict x2 x recognizes & dep5ds on x1 & t ( necessity3 = h[ possibly c x prove its claims except by an appeal to :at m5 h already8 be x ev] s miracul\s1 x _c disp5se ) nature2 ?is w\ld be to cut ! gr\nd f "u x2 = :at w\ld be ! wor? ( evid5ces 9 fav\r ( a revelation :i* d5i$ ! au?ority ( t sy/em ( ?\ght1 & ^? c\rses ( reason+1 out ( :i* ^? evid5ces necess>ily grew8 ,& 9 agreem5t ) ?is obvi\s conclusion we f9d 9 ,scripture our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les always treat+ ,*ri/ianity z ! completion & supplem5t ( ,natural ,religion1 & ( previ\s revelations2 z :5 ,he says t ! ,fa!r te/ifi$ ( ,him2 t n to "k ,him 0 n to "k ! ,fa!r2 & z ,/4 ,paul at ,a!ns appeals to ! 8,unkn[n ,god10 & says t 8,he t made ! _w0 8n[ decl>e? to all m5 to d p5ance1 because ,he ha? appo9t$ a day to judge ! _w by ! man :om ,he ha? appo9t$40 ,z !n our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les appeal to ! ,god ( nature1 we mu/ foll[ !m 9 t appeal2 &1 to d ?is ) ! bett] effect1 we mu/ fir/ inquire into ! *ief doctr9es & ! gr\nds ( ,natural ,religion4 #a4 ,natural ,religion4 ,by ,religion ,i mean ! k ( ,god1 ( ,8 ,w1 & ( our duties t[>ds ,him2 & !re are ?ree ma9 *annels :i* ,nature furni%es = our acquir+ ?is k1 viz4 our own m9ds1 ! voice ( mank9d1 & ! c\rse ( ! _w1 t is1 ( human life & human affairs4 ,! in=mations :i* ^! ?ree convey to u tea* u ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 our responsibility to ,him1 our dep5d5ce on ,him1 our prospect ( rew>d or puni%m5t1 to be someh[ br\ght ab\t1 accord+ z we obey or disobey ,him4 ,& ! mo/ au?oritative ( ^! ?ree means ( k1 z be+ specially our own1 is our own m9d1 ^: in=mations give u ! rule by :i* we te/1 int]pret1 & correct :at is pres5t$ to u = belief1 :e!r by ! univ]sal te/imony ( mank9d1 or by ! hi/ory ( society & ( ! _w4 ,our great int]nal tea*] ( religion is1 z ,i h said 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is ,essay1 our ,consci5ce47#cd7 ,consci5ce is a p]sonal guide1 & ,i use x because ,i mu/ use myself2 ,i am z little able to ?9k by any m9d b my own z to brea! ) ano!r's lungs4 ,consci5ce is ne>] to me ?an any o!r means ( k4 ,& z x is giv5 to me1 s also is x giv5 to o!rs2 & be+ c>ri$ ab\t by e individual 9 8 own brea/1 & requir+ no?+ besides itself1 x is ?us adapt$ = ! communication to ea* sep>ately ( t k :i* is mo/ mom5t\s to him individually1--adapt$ = ! use ( all classes & conditions ( m51 = high & l[1 "y & old1 m5 & wom51 indep5d5tly ( books1 ( educat$ reason+1 ( physical k1 or ( philosophy4 ,consci5ce1 too1 tea*es u1 n only t ,god is1 b :at ,he is2 x provides = ! m9d a real image ( ,him1 z a m$ium ( wor%ip2 x gives u a rule ( "r & wrong1 z be+ ,8 rule1 & a code ( moral duties4 ,moreov]1 x is s con/itut$ t1 if obey$1 x becomes cle>] 9 its injunctions1 & wid] 9 _! range1 & corrects & completes ! accid5tal feebl5ess ( its initial tea*+s4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 consid]$ z our guide1 is fully furni%$ = its (fice4 ,i say all ?is )\t ent]+ into ! "q h[ f> ext]nal assi/ances are 9 all cases necess>y to ! action ( ! m9d1 because 9 fact man does n live 9 isolation1 b is ev]y:]e f\nd z a memb] ( society4 ,i am n conc]n$ "h ) ab/ract que/ions4 ,n[ ,consci5ce sugge/s to u _m ?+s ab\t t ,ma/]1 :om by means ( x we p]ceive1 b its mo/ prom95t tea*+1 & its c>d9al & di/+ui%+ tru?1 is t ,he is our ,judge4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! special ,attribute "u :i* x br+s ,him be=e u1 to :i* x subord9ates all o!r ,attributes1 is t ( ju/ice--retributive ju/ice4 ,we le>n f its in=mations to conceive ( ! ,almighty1 prim>ily1 n z a ,god ( ,wisdom1 ( ,k1 ( ,p[]1 ( ,b5evol5ce1 b z a ,god ( ,judgm5t & ,ju/ice2 z ,"o1 :o n simply = ! good ( ! (f5d]1 b z an end good 9 itself1 & z a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 orda9s t ! (f5d] %\ld suff] = 8 (f5ce4 ,if x tells u any?+ at all ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 x c]ta9ly tells u ?is2 &1 consid]+ t our %ortcom+s are f> m frequ5t & important ?an our fulfilm5t ( ! duties enjo9$ ^u u1 & t ( ?is po9t we are fully aw>e ourselves1 x foll[s t ! aspect "u :i* ,almighty ,god is pres5t$ to u by ,nature1 is 7to use a figure7 ( ,"o :o is angry ) u1 & ?reat5s evil4 ,h5ce its effect is to burd5 & sadd5 ! religi\s m9d1 & is 9 contra/ ) ! enjoym5t d]ivable f ! ex]cise ( ! affections1 & f ! p]ception ( beauty1 :e!r 9 ! mat]ial univ]se or 9 ! creations ( ! intellect4 ,?is is t fe>ful antagonism br\ght out ) su* s\l-pi]c+ reality by ,lucretius1 :5 he speaks s di%on\rably ( :at he consid]s ! heavy yoke ( religion1 & ! 8t]nas pnas 9 morte tim5dum20 &1 on ! o!r h&1 rejoices 9 8 8,alma ,v5us10 8qu r]um naturam sola gub]nas40 ,& we may appeal to him = ! fact1 :ile we repudiate 8 view ( x4 ,su* be+ ! prim facie aspect ( religion :i* ! tea*+s ( ,consci5ce br+ be=e u individually1 9 ! next place let u consid] :at are ! doctr9es1 & :at ! influ5ces ( religion1 z we f9d x embodi$ 9 ^? v>i\s rites & devotions :i* h tak5 root 9 ! _m races ( mank9d1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 & be=e hi/ory1 all ov] ! e>?4 ,( ^! also ,lucretius gives u a specim52 & !y accord 9 =m & complexion ) t doctr9e ab\t duty & responsibility1 :i* he s bitt]ly hates & loa!s4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to insi/1 t :]ev] ,religion exi/s 9 a popul> %ape1 x has almo/ inv>iably worn its d>k side outw>ds4 ,x is f\nd$ 9 "o way or o!r on ! s5se ( s92 & )\t t vivid s5se x w\ld h>dly h any precepts or any obs]vances4 ,its _m v>ieties all proclaim or imply t man is 9 a degrad$1 s]vile condition1 & requires expiation1 reconciliation1 & "s great *ange ( nature4 ,?is is sugge/$ to u 9 ! _m ways 9 :i* we are told ( a realm ( light & a realm ( d>kness1 ( an elect fold & a reg5]ate /ate4 ,x is sugge/$ 9 ! almo/ ubiquit\s & ev]-recurr+ in/itution ( a ,prie/hood2 = :]ev] !re is a prie/1 !re is ! notion ( s91 pollution1 & retribution1 z1 on ! o!r h&1 ( int]cession & m$iation4 ,also1 /ill m directly1 is ! notion ( our guilt impress$ ^u u by ! doctr9e ( future puni%m5t1 & t et]nal1 :i* is f\nd 9 my?ologies & cre$s ( su* v>i\s p>5tage4 ,( ^! di/9ct rites & doctr9es embody+ ! sev]e side ( ,natural ,religion1 ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( atonem5t1 t is1 8a sub/itution ( some?+ (f]$1 or "s p]sonal suff]+1 = a p5alty :i* w\ld o!rwise be exact$20 mo/ rem>kable1 ,i say1 bo? f its close connexion ) ! notion ( vic>i\s satisfaction1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 f its univ]sality4 8,! practice ( atonem5t10 says ! au?or1 ^: def9ition ( ! ^w ,i h j giv51 8is rem>kable = its antiquity & univ]sality1 prov$ by ! e>lie/ records t h come d[n to u ( all nations1 & by ! te/imony ( anci5t & mod]n travell]s4 ,9 ! olde/ books ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 we h num]\s in/ances ( expiatory rites1 :]e atonem5t is ! prom95t feature4 ,at ! e>lie/ date1 to :i* we c c>ry our inquiries by means ( ! hea!n records1 we meet ) ! same notion ( atonem5t4 ,if we pursue our inquiries ?r\gh ! acc\nts left u by ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s ( ! b>b>\s nations ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 f ,india to ,brita91 we %all f9d ! same notions & simil> practices ( atonem5t4 ,f ! mo/ popul> portion ( our own lit]ature1 our n>ratives ( voyages & travels1 e "o1 probably1 :o reads at all w be able to f9d = himself abundant pro( t ! notion has be5 z p]man5t z x is univ]sal4 ,x %[s itself among ! v>i\s tribes ( ,africa1 ! isl&]s ( ! ,s\? ,seas1 & ev5 t mo/ peculi> race1 ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( "s (f]+1 or "s mutilation ( ! p]son47#ce70 ,^! c]emonial ackn[l$gm5ts1 9 s _m di/9ct =ms ( wor%ip1 ( ! exi/+ degradation ( ! human race1 ( c\rse imply a bright]1 z well z a ?reat5+ aspect ( ,natural ,religion2 = :y %\ld m5 adopt any rites ( deprecation or ( purification at all1 unless !y _h "s hope ( atta9+ to a bett] condition ?an _! pres5t8 ,( ?is happi] side ( religion ,i w speak pres5tly2 "h1 h[ev]1 a "q ( ano!r k9d occurs1 viz4 :e!r ! notion ( atonem5t c be admitt$ among ! doctr9es ( ,natural ,religion1--,i mean1 on ! gr\nd t x is inconsi/5t ) ^? tea*+s ( ,consci5ce1 :i* ,i h recogniz$ above1 z ! rule & corrective ( e o!r in=mation on ! subject4 ,if !re is any tru? br\ght home to u by consci5ce1 x is ?is1 t we are p]sonally responsible = :at we d1 t we h no means ( %ift+ our responsibility1 & t d]eliction ( duty involves puni%m5t2 h[1 x may be ask$1 c acts ( ours ( any k9d--h[ c ev5 am5dm5t ( life--undo ! pa/8 ,& if ev5 our own subsequ5t acts ( ob$i5ce br+ ) !m no promise ( rev]s+ :at has once be5 committ$1 h[ c ext]nal rites1 or ! actions ( ano!r 7z ( a prie/71 be sub/itutes = t puni%m5t :i* is ! connatural fruit & intr9sic developm5t ( violation ( ! s5se ( duty8 ,i ?9k ?is objection avails z f> z ?is1 t am5dm5t is no rep>ation1 & t no c]emonies or p5ances c 9 !mselves ex]cise any vic>i\s virtue 9 our behalf2 & t1 if !y avail1 !y only avail 9 ! int]m$iate season ( probation2 t 9 "s way we mu/ make !m our own2 & t1 :5 ! "t comes1 :i* consci5ce =ebodes1 ( our be+ call$ to judgm5t1 !n1 at lea/1 we %all h to /& 9 & by ourselves1 :atev] we %all h by t "t become1 & mu/ be> our own burd54 ,b x is pla9 t 9 ?is f9al acc\nt1 z x lies betwe5 u & our ,ma/]1 ,he alone c decide h[ ! pa/ & ! pres5t w /& toge!r :o is our ,creator & our ,judge4 ,9 ?us mak+ x a necess>y po9t to adju/ ! religions ( ! _w ) ! intimations ( our consci5ce1 ,i am sugge/+ ! reason :y ,i conf9e myself to su* religions z h _h _! rise 9 b>b>\s times1 & d n recognize ! religion ( :at is call$ civilization1 z hav+ legitimately a "p 9 ! del9eation ( ,natural ,religion4 ,x may at fir/ sight seem /range1 t1 consid]+ ,i h laid su* /ress ^u ! progressive nature ( man1 ,i %\ld take my ideas ( 8 religion f 8 initial1 & n 8 f9al te/imony ab\t its doctr9es2 & x may be urg$ t ! religion ( civiliz$ times is q opposite 9 "* to ! rites & traditions ( b>b>ians1 & has no?+ ( t gloom & /]nness1 on :i* ,i h insi/$ z _! *>act]i/ic4 ,?us ! ,greek ,my?ology 0 = ! mo/ "p *e]ful & graceful1 & ! new gods c]ta9ly m g5ial & indulg5t ?an ! old ones4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! religion ( philosophy is m noble & m humane ?an ^? primitive conceptions :i* 7 suffici5t = e>ly k+s & w>riors4 ,b my answ] to ?is objection is obvi\s3 ! progress ( :i* man's nature is capable is a developm5t1 n a de/ruction ( its orig9al /ate2 x mu/ subs]ve ! elem5ts f :i* x proce$s1 9 ord] to be a true developm5t & n a p]v]sion47#cf7 ,& x does 9 fact subs]ve & complete t nature ) :i* man is born4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! religion ( s-call$ civilization2 su* religion does b contradict ! religion ( b>b>ism2 & s9ce ?is civilization itself is n a developm5t ( man's :ole nature1 b ma9ly ( ! intellect1 recogniz+ inde$ ! moral s5se1 b ignor+ ! consci5ce1 no wond] t ! religion 9 :i* x issues has no sympa?y ei!r ) ! hopes & fe>s ( ! awak5$ s\l1 or ) ^? frightful pres5tim5ts :i* are express$ 9 ! wor%ip & traditions ( ! hea!n4 ,?is artificial religion1 !n1 has no place 9 ! inquiry2 fir/1 because x comes ( a "o-sid$ progress ( m9d1 & next1 = ! v reason t x contradicts in=mants :i* speak ) great] au?ority ?an itself4 ,n[ we come to ! ?ird natural in=mant on ! subject ( ,religion2 ,i mean ! sy/em & ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,?is e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 if x has a ,creator1 mu/ surely speak ( ,8 w 9 its broad outl9es & its ma9 issues4 ,?is pr9ciple be+ laid d[n z c]ta91 :5 we come to apply x to ?+s z !y are1 our fir/ feel+ is "o ( surprise & 7,i may say7 ( dismay1 t ,8 control ( ! _w is s indirect1 & ,8 action s obscure4 ,?is is ! fir/ lesson t we ga9 f ! c\rse ( human affairs4 ,:at /rikes ! m9d s =cibly & s pa9fully is1 ,8 abs5ce 7if ,i may s speak7 f ,8 own _w47#cg7 ,x is a sil5ce t speaks4 ,x is z if o!rs _h got possession ( ,8 "w4 ,:y does n ,he1 our ,mak] & ,rul]1 give u "s imm$iate k ( ,himself8 ,:y does ,he n write ,8 ,moral ,nature 9 l>ge lett]s ^u ! face ( hi/ory1 & br+ ! bl9d1 tumultu\s ru% ( its ev5ts into a cele/ial1 hi]>*ical ord]8 ,:y does ,he n grant u 9 ! /ructure ( society at lea/ s mu* ( a revelation ( ,himself z ! religions ( ! hea!n attempt to supply8 ,:y f ! beg9n+ ( "t has no "o uni=m /eady light guid$ all families ( ! e>?1 & all individual m51 h[ to please ,him8 ,:y is x possible )\t absurdity to d5y ,8 w1 ,8 attributes1 ,8 exi/5ce8 ,:y does ,he n walk ) u "o by "o1 z ,he is said to h walk$ ) ,8 *os5 m5 ( old "t8 ,we bo? see & "k ea* o!r2 :y1 if we _c h ! sight ( ,him1 h we n at lea/ ! k8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he is specially 8a ,hidd5 ,god20 & ) our be/ ef=ts we c only glean f ! surface ( ! _w "s fa9t & fragm5t>y views ( ,him4 ,i see only a *oice ( alt]natives 9 explanation ( s critical a fact3--ei!r !re is no ,creator1 or ,he has dis[n$ ,8 creatures4 ,are !n ! dim %ad[s ( ,8 ,pres5ce 9 ! affairs ( m5 b a fancy ( our own1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 has ,he hid ,8 face & ! light ( ,8 c\nt5ance1 because we h 9 "s special way di%on\r$ ,him8 ,my true in=mant1 my burd5$ consci5ce1 gives me at once ! true answ] to ea* ( ^! antagoni/ que/ions3--x pron\nces )\t any misgiv+ t ,god exi/s3--& x pron\nces q z surely t ,i am ali5at$ f ,him2 t 8,8 ,h& is n %ort5$1 b t our iniquities h divid$ betwe5 u & our ,god40 ,?us x solves ! _w's my/]y1 & sees 9 t my/]y only a confirmation ( its own orig9al tea*+4 ,let u pass on to ano!r great fact ( exp]i5ce1 be>+ on ,religion1 :i* confirms ?is te/imony bo? ( consci5ce & ( ! =ms ( wor%ip :i* prevail among mank9d2--,i mean1 ! am\nt ( suff]+1 bodily & m5tal1 :i* is our portion 9 ?is life4 ,n only is ! ,creator f> (f1 b "s be+ ( malignant nature seems1 z ,i h said1 to h got hold ( u1 & to be mak+ u 8 sport4 ,let u say !re are a ?\s& millions ( m5 on ! e>? at ?is "t2 :o c weigh & measure ! aggregate ( pa9 :i* ?is "o g5]ation has endur$ & w endure f bir? to dea?8 ,!n add to ?is all ! pa9 :i* has fall5 & w fall ^u our race ?r\gh c5turies pa/ & to come4 ,is !re n !n "s great gulf fix$ betwe5 u & ! good ,god8 ,"h aga9 ! te/imony ( ! sy/em ( nature is m ?an corroborat$ by ^? popul> traditions ab\t ! unse5 /ate1 :i* are f\nd 9 my?ologies & sup]/itions1 anci5t & mod]n2 = ^? traditions speak1 n only ( pres5t mis]y1 b ( pa9 & evil h]eaft]1 & ev5 )\t end4 ,b ?is dreadful addition is n necess>y = ! conclusion :i* ,i am "h wi%+ to draw4 ,! real my/]y is1 n t evil %\ld nev] h an end1 b t x %\ld ev] h _h a beg9n+4 ,ev5 a univ]sal re/itution c\ld n undo :at _h be51 or acc\nt = evil be+ ! necess>y condition ( good4 ,h[ are we to expla9 x1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god be+ tak5 = grant$1 except by say+ t ano!r w1 besides ,81 has _h a "p 9 ! disposition ( ,8 "w1 t !re is an intractable qu>rel1 a *ronic ali5ation1 betwe5 ,god & man8 ,i h impli$ t ! laws on :i* ?is _w is gov]n$ d n g s f> z to prove t evil w nev] die out ( ! creation2 nev]!less1 !y look 9 t direction4 ,no exp]i5ce inde$ ( life c assure u ab\t ! future1 b x c & does give u means ( conjectur+ :at is likely to be2 & ^? conjectures co9cide ) our natural =ebod+s4 ,exp]i5ce enables u to asc]ta9 ! moral con/itution ( man1 & !reby to presage 8 future f 8 pres5t4 ,x tea*es u1 fir/1 t he is n suffici5t = 8 own happ9ess1 b is dep5d5t ^u ! s5sible objects :i* surr\nd him1 & t ^! he _c take ) him :5 he leaves ! _w2 secondly1 t disob$i5ce to 8 s5se ( "r is ev5 by itself mis]y1 & t he c>ries t mis]y ab\t him1 :]ev] he is1 ?\gh no div9e retribution foll[$ ^u x2 & ?irdly1 t he _c *ange 8 nature & 8 habits by wi%+1 b is simply himself1 & w ev] be himself & :at he n[ is1 :]ev] he is1 z long z he cont9ues to be1--or at lea/ t pa9 has no natural t5d5cy to make him o!r ?an he is1 & t ! long] he lives1 ! m difficult he is to *ange4 ,h[ c we meet ^! n irrational anticipations1 except by %utt+ our eyes1 turn+ away f !m1 & say+ t we h no call1 no "r1 to ?9k ( !m at pres5t1 or to make ourselves mis]able ab\t :at is n c]ta91 & may be n true87#ch7 ,su* is ! sev]e aspect ( ,natural ,religion3 also x is ! mo/ prom95t aspect1 because ! multitude ( m5 foll[ _! own lik+s & wills1 & n ! decisions ( _! s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,to !m ,religion is a m]e yoke1 z ,lucretius describes x2 n a satisfaction or refuge1 b a t]ror & a sup]/ition4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ n = an in/ant be suppos$ to mean1 t ?is is its only1 its *ief1 or its legitimate aspect4 ,all ,religion1 s f> z x is g5u9e1 is a bless+1 ,natural z well z ,reveal$4 ,i h insi/$ on its sev]e aspect 9 ! fir/ place1 because1 f ! circum/ances ( human nature1 ?\gh n by ! fault ( ,religion1 su* is ! %ape 9 :i* we fir/ enc\nt] x4 ,its l>ge & deep f\ndation is ! s5se ( s9 & guilt1 & )\t ?is s5se !re is = man1 z he is1 no g5u9e religion4 ,o!rwise1 x is b c\nt]feit & holl[2 & t is ! reason :y ?is s-call$ religion ( civilization & philosophy is s great a mock]y4 ,h[ev]1 true z ?is judgm5t is :i* ,i pass on philosophical religion1 & tr\bl$ z are ! exi/+ relations betwe5 ,god & man1 z bo? ! voice ( mank9d & ! facts ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t te/ify1 equally true are o!r g5]al laws :i* gov]n ^? relations1 & !y speak ano!r language1 & comp5sate = :at is /]n 9 ! tea*+ ( nature1 )\t t5d+ to d5y t /]nness4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws1 reliev+ ! aspect ( ,natural ,religion1 is ! v fact t religi\s beliefs & in/itutions1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 are ( su* g5]al acceptance 9 all times & places4 ,:y %\ld m5 subject !mselves to ! tyranny :i* ,lucretius d5\nces1 unless !y _h ei!r exp]i5ce or hope ( b5efits to !mselves by s do+8 ,?\gh x be m]e hope ( b5efits1 t alone is a great alleviation ( ! gloom & mis]y :i* _! religi\s rites presuppose or occasion2 = !reby !y h a prospect1 m or less cle>1 ( "s happi] /ate 9 res]ve = !m1 or at lea/ ! *ances ( x4 ,if !y simply despair$ ( _! =tunes1 !y w\ld n c>e ab\t religion4 ,& hope ( future good1 z we "k1 sweet5s all suff]+4 ,moreov]1 !y h an e>ne/ ( t future 9 ! real & recurr+ bless+s ( life1 ! enjoym5t ( ! gifts ( ! e>?1 & ( dome/ic affection & social int]c\rse1 :i* is suffici5t to t\* & to subdue ev5 ! mo/ guilty ( m5 9 8 bett] mom5ts1 rem9d+ him t he is n utt]ly ca/ (f by ,him :om nev]!less he is n giv5 to "k4 ,or1 9 ! ,apo/le's words1 ?\gh ! ,creator once 8suff]$ all nations to walk 9 _! own ways10 /ill1 8,he left n ,himself )\t te/imony1 do+ good f heav51 giv+ ra9s & fruitful seasons1 fill+ our he>ts ) food & gladness40 ,nor are ^! bless+s ( physical nature ! only tok5s 9 ! ,div9e ,sy/em1 :i* 9 t hea!n "t1 & inde$ 9 e age1 br+ home to our exp]i5ce ! fact ( a ,good ,god1 9 spite ( ! tumult & confusion ( ! _w4 ,x is possible to give an int]pretation to ! c\rse ( ?+s1 by :i* e ev5t or occurr5ce 9 its ord] becomes provid5tial3 & ?\gh t int]pretation does n hold good unless ! _w is contemplat$ f a p>ticul> po9t ( view1 9 "o giv5 aspect1 & ) c]ta9 inw>d exp]i5ces1 & p]sonal fir/ pr9ciples & judgm5ts1 yet ^! may be fairly pron\nc$ to be common conditions ( human ?\ght1 t is1 till !y are wilfully or accid5tally lo/2 & !y issue 9 fact1 9 lead+ ! great majority ( m5 to recognize ! ,h& ( unse5 p[]1 direct+ 9 m]cy or 9 judgm5t ! physical & moral sy/em4 ,9 ! prom95t ev5ts ( ! _w1 pa/ & contempor>y1 ! fate1 evil or happy1 ( great m51 ! rise & fall ( /ates1 popul> revolutions1 decisive battles1 ! migration ( races1 ! repl5i%+ ( ! e>?1 e>?quakes & pe/il5ces1 critical discov]ies & inv5tions1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ! advancem5t ( k1 9 ^! ! spontane\s piety ( ! human m9d disc]ns a ,div9e ,sup]vision4 ,nay1 !re is a g5]al feel+1 orig9at+ directly 9 ! work+s ( consci5ce1 t a simil> gov]nance is ext5d$ ov] ! p]sons ( individuals1 :o !reby bo? fulfil ! purposes & receive ! j recomp5ses ( an ,omnipot5t ,provid5ce4 ,good to ! good1 & evil to ! evil1 is in/9ctively felt to be1 ev5 f :at we see1 amid :atev] obscurity & confusion1 ! univ]sal rule ( ,god's deal+s ) u4 ,h5ce come ! great prov]bs1 indig5\s 9 bo? ,*ri/ian & hea!n nations1 t puni%m5t is sure1 ?\gh sl[1 t murd] w out1 t treason nev] prosp]s1 t pride w h a fall1 t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & t curses fall on ! heads ( ^? :o utt] !m4 ,to ! unsophi/icat$ appreh5sion ( ! _m1 ! successive passages ( life1 social or political1 are s _m miracles1 if t is to be acc\nt$ miracul\s :i* br+s be=e !m ! imm$iate ,div9e ,pres5ce2 & %\ld x be object$ t ?is is an illogical ex]cise ( reason1 ,i answ]1 t s9ce x actually br+s !m to a "r conclusion1 & 0 int5d$ to br+ !m to x1 if logic f9ds fault ) x1 s mu* ! worse = logic4 ,aga91 pray] is ess5tial to religion1 &1 :]e pray] is1 !re is a natural relief & solace 9 all tr\ble1 great or ord9>y3 n[ pray] is n less g5]al 9 mank9d at l>ge ?an is fai? 9 ,provid5ce4 ,x has ev] be5 9 use1 bo? z a p]sonal & z a social practice4 ,"h aga91 if1 9 ord] to det]m9e :at ! ,religion ( ,nature is1 we may ju/ly h rec\rse to ! spontane\s acts & proce$+s ( our race1 z view$ on a l>ge field1 we may safely say t pray]1 z well z hope1 is a con/itu5t ( man's religion4 ,nor is x a fair objection to ?is argum5t1 to say t su* pray]s & rites z h obta9$ 9 v>i\s places & times1 are 9 _! "*1 object1 & scope inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 because _! contr>ieties d n come into ! idea ( religion1 z su*1 at all1 & ! v fact ( _! discordance de/roys _! "r to be tak5 into acc\nt1 s f> z !y are discordant2 = :at is n univ]sal has no claim to be consid]$ natural1 "r1 or ( div9e orig94 ,?us we may det]m9e pray] to be "p ( ,natural ,religion1 f su* in/ances ( ! usage z are suppli$ by ! prie/s ( ,baal & by danc+ ,d]vi%es1 )\t !re=e includ+ 9 our notions ( pray] ! frantic excesses ( ! "o1 or ! arti/ic sp9n+ ( ! o!r1 or sanction+ _! respective objects ( belief1 ,baal or ,mahomet4 ,z pray] is ! voice ( man to ,god1 s ,revelation is ! voice ( ,god to man4 ,accord+ly1 x is ano!r alleviation ( ! d>kness & di/ress :i* weigh ^u ! religions ( ! _w1 t 9 "o way or o!r su* religions are f\nd$ on "s idea ( express revelation1 com+ f ! unse5 ag5ts ^: ang] !y deprecate2 nay1 t ! v rites & obs]vances1 by :i* !y hope to ga9 ! fav\r ( ^! be+s1 are by ^! be+s !mselves communicat$ & appo9t$4 ,! ,religion ( ,nature is n a d$uction ( reason1 or ! jo9t1 volunt>y manife/o ( a multitude meet+ toge!r & pl$g+ !mselves to ea* o!r1 z m5 move resolutions n[ = "s political or social purpose1 b x is a tradition or an int]position v\*saf$ to a p f above4 ,to su* an int]position m5 ev5 ascrib$ _! civil polity or citiz5%ip1 :i* did n orig9ate 9 any plebiscite1 b 9 dii m9ores or h]oes1 0 inaugurat$ ) port5ts or palladia1 & protect$ & prosp]$ by oracles & auguries4 ,"h is an evid5ce1 too1 h[ cong5ial ! notion ( a revelation is to ! human m9d1 s t ! expectation ( x may truly be consid]$ an integral "p ( ,natural ,religion4 ,among ! obs]vances impos$ by ^! pr(ess$ revelations1 none is m rem>kable1 or m g5]al1 ?an ! rite ( sacrifice1 9 :i* guilt 0 remov$ or bless+ ga9$ by an (f]+1 :i* avail$ in/ead ( ! m]its ( ! (f]]4 ,?is1 too1 z well z ! notion ( div9e int]positions1 may be consid]$ almo/ an integral "p ( ! ,religion ( ,nature1 & an alleviation ( its gloom4 ,b x does n /& by itself2 ,i h already spok5 ( ! doctr9e ( atonem5t1 "u :i* x falls1 & :i*1 if :at is univ]sal is natural1 ent]s into ! idea ( religi\s s]vice4 ,& :at ! nature ( man sugge/s1 ! provid5tial sy/em ( ! _w sanctions by en=c+4 ,x is ! law1 or ! p]mission1 giv5 to our :ole race1 to use ! ,apo/le's words1 to 8be> "o ano!r's burd5s20 & ?is1 z ,i said :5 on ! subject ( ,atonem5t1 is q consi/5t ) 8 anti!sis t 8e "o mu/ be> 8 own burd540 ,! f9al burd5 ( responsibility :5 we are call$ to judgm5t is our own2 b among ! m$ia by :i* we are prep>$ = t judgm5t are ! ex]tions & pa9s tak5 9 our behalf by o!rs4 ,on ?is vic>i\s pr9ciple1 by :i* we appropriate to ourselves :at o!rs d = u1 ! :ole /ructure ( society is rais$4 ,p>5ts "w & endure pa91 t _! *ildr5 may prosp]2 *ildr5 suff] = ! s9 ( _! p>5ts1 :o h di$ be=e x bore fruit4 8,delirant reges1 plectuntur ,a*ivi40 ,sometimes x is a compulsory1 sometimes a will+ m$iation4 ,! puni%m5t :i* is e>n$ by ! husb& falls ^u ! wife2 ! b5efits 9 :i* all classes p>take are wr\ght out by ! unheal?y or dang]\s toil ( ! few4 ,soldi]s endure w\nds & dea? = ^? :o sit at home2 & m9i/]s ( /ate fall victims to _! zeal = _! c\ntrym51 :o d little else ?an criticize _! actions4 ,& s 9 "s measure or way ?is law embraces all ( u4 ,we all suff] = ea* o!r1 & ga9 by ea* o!r's suff]+s2 = man nev] /&s alone "h1 ?\gh he w /& by himself "o day h]eaft]2 b "h he is a social be+1 & goes =w>d to 8 long home z "o ( a l>ge company4 ,butl]1 x ne$ sc>cely be said1 is ! great ma/] ( ?is doctr9e1 z x is br\ght out 9 ! sy/em ( nature4 ,9 answ] to ! objection to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( satisfaction1 t x 8repres5ts ,god z indiff]5t :e!r ,he puni%es ! innoc5t or ! guilty10 he obs]ves t 8! _w is a con/itution or sy/em1 ^: p>ts h a mutual ref]5ce to ea* o!r2 & t !re is a s*eme ( ?+s gradually c>ry+ on1 call$ ! c\rse ( nature1 to ! c>ry+ on ( :i* ,god has appo9t$ u1 9 v>i\s ways1 to contribute4 ,& 9 ! daily c\rse ( natural provid5ce1 x is appo9t$ t innoc5t p %\ld suff] = ! faults ( ! guilty4 ,f9ally1 inde$ & ^u ! :ole1 e "o %all receive accord+ to 8 p]sonal des]ts2 b dur+ ! progress1 &1 = aught we "k1 ev5 9 ord] to ! completion ( ?is moral s*eme1 vic>i\s puni%m5ts may be fit1 & absolutely necess>y4 ,we see 9 :at v>iety ( ways "o p]son's suff]+s contribute to ! relief ( ano!r2 & be+ famili>iz$ to x1 m5 are n %ock$ ) x4 ,s ! reason ( _! insi/+ on objections aga9/ ! doctr9e ( satisfaction is1 ei!r t !y d n consid] ,god's settl$ & uni=m appo9tm5ts z ,8 appo9tm5ts at all2 or else !y =get t vic>i\s puni%m5t is a provid5tial appo9tm5t ( e day's exp]i5ce47#ci70 ,i w b add1 t1 s9ce all human suff]+ is 9 its la/ resolution ! puni%m5t ( s91 & puni%m5t implies a ,judge & a rule ( ju/ice1 he :o und]goes ! puni%m5t ( ano!r 9 8 /ead may be said 9 a c]ta9 s5se to satisfy ! claims ( ju/ice t[>ds t o!r 9 8 own p]son4 ,"o conclud+ rem>k has to be made "h4 ,9 all sacrifices x 0 specially requir$ t ! ?+ (f]$ %\ld be some?+ r>e1 & unblemi%$2 & 9 l mann] 9 all atonem5ts & all satisfactions1 n only 0 ! innoc5t tak5 = ! guilty1 b x 0 a po9t ( special importance t ! victim %\ld be spotless1 & ! m manife/ t spotlessness1 ! m efficaci\s 0 ! sacrifice4 ,?is leads me to a la/ pr9ciple :i* ,i %all notice z prop] to ,natural ,religion1 & z light5+ ! prophecies ( evil 9 :i* x is f\nd$2 ,i mean ! doctr9e ( m]itori\s int]cession4 ,! man 9 ! ,gospel did b speak = ! human race ev]y:]e1 :5 he said1 8,god he>e? n s9n]s2 b if a man be a wor%ipp] ( ,god1 & do? ,8 w1 him ,he he>e?40 ,h5ce e religion has _h its em95t devotees1 exalt$ above ! body ( ! p1 mortifi$ m51 br\ght ne>] to ! ,s\rce ( good by au/]ities1 self-inflictions1 & pray]1 :o h influ5ce ) ,him1 & ext5d a %elt] & ga9 bless+s = ^? :o become _! cli5ts4 ,a belief l ?is has be51 ( c\rse1 att5d$ by numb]less sup]/itions2 b ^? sup]/itions v>y ) times & places1 & ! belief itself 9 ! m$iatorial p[] ( ! good & holy has be5 "o & ! same ev]y:]e4 ,nor is ?is belief an idea ( pa/ times only or ( hea!n c\ntries4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ natural visions ( ! "y & innoc5t4 ,& all ( u1 ! m ke5ly we feel our own di/ance f holy p]sons1 ! m are we drawn ne> to !m1 z if =gett+ t di/ance1 & pr\d ( !m because !y are s unlike ourselves1 z be+ specim5s ( :at our nature may be1 & ) "s vague hope t we1 _! relations by blood1 may pr(it 9 our own p]sons by _! hol9ess4 ,su*1 !n1 9 outl9e is t sy/em ( natural beliefs & s5tim5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh true & div9e1 is /ill possible to u indep5d5tly ( ,revelation1 & is ! prep>ation = x2 ?\gh 9 ,*ri/ians !mselves x _c really be sep>at$ f _! ,*ri/ianity1 & nev] is possess$ 9 its high] =ms 9 any p )\t "s portion ( ^? inw>d aids :i* ,*ri/ianity imp>ts to u1 & ^? endemic traditions :i* h _! fir/ orig9 9 a p>adisiacal illum9ation4 #b4 ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,9 det]m9+1 z above1 ! ma9 features ( ,natural ,religion1 & di/+ui%+ x f ! religion ( philosophy or civilization1 ,i may be accus$ ( hav+ tak5 a c\rse ( my own1 = :i* ,i h no suffici5t w>rant4 ,su* an accusation does n give me mu* conc]n4 ,e "o :o ?9ks on ^! subjects takes a c\rse ( 8 own1 ?\gh x w also happ5 to be ! c\rse :i* o!rs take besides himself4 ,! m9ds ( _m sep>ately be> !m =w>d 9 ! same direction1 & !y are confirm$ 9 x by ea* o!r4 ,?is ,i consid] to be my own case2 if ,i h mis-/at$ or omitt$ notori\s facts 9 my acc\nt ( ,natural ,religion1 if ,i h contradict$ or disreg>d$ any?+ :i* ,he :o speaks ?r\gh my consci5ce has told u all directly f ,heav51 !n inde$ ,i h act$ unju/ifiably & h some?+ to unsay2 b1 if ,i h done no m ?an view ! notori\s facts ( ! case 9 ! m$ium ( my prim>y m5tal exp]i5ces1 "u ! aspects :i* !y spontane\sly pres5t to me1 & ) ! aid ( my be/ illative s5se1 ,i only d on "o side ( ! "q :at ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly d on ! o!r4 ,z !y />t ) "o set ( fir/ pr9ciples1 ,i />t ) ano!r4 ,i gave notice j n[ t ,i %\ld (f] my own witness 9 ! matt] 9 "q2 ?\gh ( c\rse x w\ld n be wor? :ile my (f]+ x1 unless :at ,i felt myself agre$ ) :at is felt by hundr$s & ?\s&s besides me1 z ,i am sure x does1 :atev] be ! measure1 m or less1 ( _! explicit recognition ( x4 ,9 ?us speak+ ( ,natural ,religion z 9 "o s5se a matt] ( private judgm5t1 & t ) a view ( proce$+ f x to ! pro( ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i seem to give up ! int5tion ( demon/rat+ ei!r4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d2 n t ,i d5y t demon/ration is possible4 ,tru? c]ta9ly1 z su*1 re/s ^u gr\nds intr9sically & objectively & ab/ract$ly demon/rative1 b x does n foll[ f ?is t ! argum5ts producible 9 its fav\r are unansw]able & irresi/ible4 ,^! latt] epi!ts are relative1 & be> ^u matt]s ( fact2 argum5ts 9 !mselves ought to d1 :at p]haps 9 ! p>ticul> case !y _c d4 ,! fact ( revelation is 9 itself demon/rably true1 b x is n !re=e true irresi/ibly2 else1 h[ comes x to be resi/$8 ,!re is a va/ di/ance betwe5 :at x is 9 itself1 & :at x is to u4 ,light is a quality ( matt]1 z tru? is ( ,*ri/ianity2 b light is n recogniz$ by ! bl9d1 & !re are ^? :o d n recognize tru?1 f ! fault1 n ( tru?1 b ( !mselves4 ,i _c conv]t m51 :5 ,i ask = assumptions :i* !y refuse to grant to me2 & )\t assumptions no "o c prove any?+ ab\t any?+4 ,i am suspici\s !n ( sci5tific demon/rations 9 a "q ( concrete fact1 9 a discussion betwe5 fallible m54 ,h[ev]1 let ^? demon/rate :o h ! gift2 8unusquisque 9 suo s5su abundet40 ,= me1 x is m cong5ial to my own judgm5t to attempt to prove ,*ri/ianity 9 ! same in=mal way 9 :i* ,i c prove = c]ta9 t ,i h be5 born into ?is _w1 & t ,i %all die out ( x4 ,x is pleasant to my own feel+s to foll[ a !ological writ]1 su* z ,amort1 :o has d$icat$ to ! great ,pope1 ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 :at he calls 8a new1 mode/1 & easy way ( demon/rat+ ! ,ca?olic ,religion40 ,9 ?is "w he adopts ! argum5t m]ely ( ! great] probability27#dj7 ,i pref] to rely on t ( an accumulation ( v>i\s probabilities2 b we bo? hold 7t is1 ,i hold ) him71 t f probabilities we may con/ruct legitimate pro(1 suffici5t = c]titude4 ,i foll[ him 9 hold+1 t1 s9ce a ,good ,provid5ce wat*es ov] u1 ,he blesses su* means ( argum5t z x has pleas$ ,him to give u1 9 ! nature ( man & ( ! _w1 if we use !m duly = ^? ends = :i* ,he has giv5 !m2 & t1 z 9 ma!matics we are ju/ifi$ by ! dictate ( nature 9 )hold+ our ass5t f a conclusion ( :i* we h n yet a /rict logical demon/ration1 s by a l dictate we are n ju/ifi$1 9 ! case ( concrete reason+ & especially ( religi\s inquiry1 9 wait+ till su* logical demon/ration is ours1 b on ! contr>y are b\nd 9 consci5ce to seek tru? & to look = c]ta9ty by modes ( pro(1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$ to ! %ape ( =mal propositions1 fail to satisfy ! sev]e requisitions ( sci5ce47#da7 ,"h !n at once is "o mom5t\s doctr9e or pr9ciple1 :i* ent]s into my own reason+1 & :i* ano!r ignores1 viz4 ! provid5ce & int5tion ( ,god2 & ( c\rse !re are o!r pr9ciples1 explicit or implicit1 :i* are 9 l circum/ances4 ,x is n wond]ful !n1 t1 :ile ,i c prove ,*ri/ianity div9e to my own satisfaction1 ,i %all n be able to =ce x ^u any "o else4 ,multitudes inde$ ,i ought to succe$ 9 p]suad+ ( its tru? )\t any =ce at all1 because !y & ,i />t f ! same pr9ciples1 & :at is a pro( to me is a pro( to !m2 b if any "o />ts f any o!r pr9ciples b ours1 ,i h n ! p[] to *ange 8 pr9ciples or ! conclusion :i* he draws f !m1 any m ?an ,i c make a crook$ man /raight4 ,:e!r 8 m9d w ev] gr[ /raight1 :e!r ,i c d any?+ t[>ds its becom+ /raight1 :e!r he is n responsible1 responsible to 8 ,mak]1 = be+ m5tally crook$1 is ano!r matt]2 /ill ! fact rema9s1 t1 9 any inquiry ab\t ?+s 9 ! concrete1 m5 diff] f ea* o!r1 n s mu* 9 ! s\ndness ( _! reason+ z 9 ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n its ex]cise1 t ^? pr9ciples are ( a p]sonal "*1 t :]e !re is no common measure ( m9ds1 !re is no common measure ( argum5ts1 & t ! validity ( pro( is det]m9$1 n by any sci5tific te/1 b by ! illative s5se4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( say+ t ! tru?s ( ,revelation dep5d on ^? ( ,natural ,religion1 x is m p]t95t to say t belief 9 reveal$ tru?s dep5ds on belief 9 natural4 ,belief is a /ate ( m9d2 belief g5]ates belief2 /ates ( m9d correspond to ea* o!r2 ! habits ( ?\ght & ! reason+s :i* lead u on to a high] /ate ( belief ?an our pres5t1 are ! v same :i* we already possess 9 connexion ) ! l[] /ate4 ,^? ,jews became ,*ri/ians 9 ,apo/olic times :o 7 already :at may be call$ crypto-,*ri/ians2 & ^? ,*ri/ians 9 ?is day rema9 ,*ri/ian only 9 "n1 & 7if x s happ57 at l5g? fall away1 :o are no?+ deep] or bett] ?an m5 ( ! _w1 savants1 lit]>y m51 or politicians4 ,t a special prep>ation ( m9d is requir$ = ea* sep>ate dep>tm5t ( inquiry & discussion 7except+1 ( c\rse1 t ( ab/ract sci5ce7 is /rongly insi/$ ^u 9 well-kn[n passages ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,speak+ ( ! v>iations :i* are f\nd 9 ! logical p]fection ( pro( 9 v>i\s subject-matt]s1 ,ari/otle says1 8,a well-educat$ man w expect exactness 9 e class ( subjects1 accord+ z ! nature ( ! ?+ admits2 = x is mu* ! same mi/ake to put up ) a ma!matician us+ probabilities1 & to require demon/ration ( an orator4 ,ea* man judges skilfully 9 ^? ?+s ab\t :i* he is well-in=m$2 x is ( ^!1 t he is a good judge2 viz4 he1 9 ea* subject-matt]1 is a judge1 :o is well-educat$ 9 t subject-matt]1 & he is 9 an absolute s5se a judge1 :o is 9 all ( !m well-educat$40 ,aga93 8,"y m5 come to be ma!maticians & ! l1 b !y _c possess practical judgm5t2 = ?is tal5t is employ$ ^u individual facts1 & ^! are le>n$ only by exp]i5ce2 & a y\? has n exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce is only ga9$ by a c\rse ( ye>s4 ,& s1 aga91 x w\ld appe> t a boy may be a ma!matician1 b n a philosoph]1 or le>n$ 9 physics1 & = ?is reason1--because ! "o /udy deals ) ab/ractions1 :ile ! o!r /udies ga9 _! pr9ciples f exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! latt] subjects y\?s d n give ass5t1 b make ass]tions1 b 9 ! =m] !y "k :at x is t !y are h&l+40 ,^! words ( a hea!n philosoph]1 lay+ d[n broad pr9ciples ab\t all k1 express a g5]al rule1 :i* 9 ,scripture is appli$ au?oritatively to ! case ( reveal$ k 9 p>ticul>2--& t n once or twice only1 b cont9ually1 z is notori\s4 ,= in/ance3--8,i h und]/ood10 says ! ,psalmi/1 8m ?an all my tea*]s1 because ,?y te/imonies are my m$itation40 ,& s our ,"l3 8,he t ha? e>s1 let him he>40 8,if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e40 ,& 8,he t is ( ,god1 he>e? ! words ( ,god40 ,?us too ! ,angels at ! ,nativity ann\nce 8,peace to m5 ( good w40 ,& we read 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ( 8,lydia1 ^: he>t ! ,"l op5$ to att5d to ^? ?+s :i* 7 said by ,paul40 ,& we are told on ano!r occasion1 t 8z _m z 7 orda9$10 or dispos$ by ,god1 8to life ev]la/+1 believ$40 ,& ,/4 ,john tells u1 8,he t kn[e? ,god1 he>e? u2 he t is n ( ,god1 he>e? u n2 by ?is we "k ! _s ( tru?1 & ! _s ( error40 #a4 ,rely+ !n on ^! au?orities1 human & ,div9e1 ,i h no scruple 9 beg9n+ ! review ,i %all take ( ,*ri/ianity by pr(ess+ to consult = ^? only ^: m9ds are prop]ly prep>$ = x2 & by be+ prep>$1 ,i mean to d5ote ^? :o are imbu$ ) ! religi\s op9ions & s5tim5ts :i* ,i h id5tifi$ ) ,natural ,religion4 ,i d n address myself to ^?1 :o 9 moral evil & physical see no?+ m ?an imp]fections ( a p>allel nature2 :o consid] t ! diff]5ce 9 gravity betwe5 ! two is "o ( degree only1 n ( k9d2 t moral evil is m]ely ! (fspr+ ( physical1 & t z we remove ! latt] s we inevitably remove ! =m]2 t !re is a progress ( ! human race :i* t5ds to ! annihilation ( moral evil2 t k is virtue1 & vice is ignorance2 t s9 is a bugbe>1 n a reality2 t ! ,creator does n puni% except 9 ! s5se ( correct+2 t v5geance 9 ,him w\ld ( necessity be v9dictiv5ess2 t all t we "k ( ,him1 be x mu* or little1 is ?r\gh ! laws ( nature2 t miracles are impossible2 t pray] to ,him is a sup]/ition2 t ! fe> ( ,him is unmanly2 t sorr[ = s9 is slavi% & abject2 t ! only intelligible wor%ip ( ,him is to act well our "p 9 ! _w1 & ! only s5sible rep5tance to d bett] 9 future2 t if we d our duties 9 ?is life1 we may take our *ance = ! next2 & t x is ( no use p]plex+ our m9ds ab\t ! future /ate1 = x is all a matt] ( guess4 ,^! op9ions *>act]ize a civiliz$ age2 & if ,i say t ,i w n argue ab\t ,*ri/ianity ) m5 :o hold !m1 ,i d s1 n z claim+ any "r to be impati5t or p]emptory ) any "o1 b because x is pla9ly absurd to attempt to prove a second proposition to ^? :o d n admit ! fir/4 ,i assume !n t ! above sy/em ( op9ion is simply false1 inasmu* z x contradicts ! prim>y tea*+s ( nature 9 ! human race1 :]ev] a religion is f\nd & its work+s c be asc]ta9$4 ,i assume ! ,pres5ce ( ,god 9 our consci5ce1 & ! univ]sal exp]i5ce1 z ke5 z our exp]i5ce ( bodily pa91 ( :at we call a s5se ( s9 or guilt4 ,?is s5se ( s91 z ( some?+ n only evil 9 itself1 b an affront to ! good ,god1 is *iefly felt z reg>ds "o or o!r ( ?ree violations ( ,8 ,law4 ,he ,himself is ,sanctity1 ,tru?1 & ,love2 & ! ?ree (f5ces aga9/ ,8 ,maje/y are impurity1 inv]acity1 & cruelty4 ,all m5 are n di/ress$ at ^! (f5ces alike2 b ! pi]c+ pa9 & %>p remorse :i* "o or o!r inflicts ^u ! m9d1 till habituat$ to !m1 br+s home to x ! notion ( :at s9 is1 & is ! vivid type & repres5tative ( its intr9sic hatefulness4 ,/>t+ f ^! elem5ts1 we may det]m9e )\t difficulty ! class ( s5tim5ts1 intellectual & moral1 :i* con/itute ! =mal prep>ation = ent]+ ^u :at are call$ ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! ,evid5ces1 !n1 presuppose a belief & p]ception ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce1 a recognition ( ,8 attributes & an admiration ( ,8 ,p]son view$ "u !m1 a conviction ( ! wor? ( ! s\l & ( ! reality & mom5t\sness ( ! unse5 _w1 an und]/&+ t1 9 proportion z we p>take 9 our own p]sons ( ! attributes :i* we admire 9 ,him1 we are de> to ,him1 a consci\sness on ! contr>y t we are f> f p>tak+ !m1 a consequ5t insight into our guilt & mis]y1 an eag] hope ( reconciliation to ,him1 a desire to "k & to love ,him1 & a s5sitive look+-out 9 all t happ5s1 :e!r 9 ! c\rse ( nature or ( human life1 = tok5s1 if su* !re be1 ( ,8 be/[+ on u :at we s greatly ne$4 ,^! are specim5s ( ! /ate ( m9d = :i* ,i /ipulate 9 ^? :o w\ld inquire into ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity2 & my w>rant = s def9ite a /ipulation lies 9 ! tea*+1 z ,i h describ$ x1 ( consci5ce & ! moral s5se1 9 ! te/imony ( ^? religi\s rites :i* h ev] prevail$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 ! "* & conduct ( ^? :o h commonly be5 select$ by ! popul> in/9ct z ! special fav\rites ( ,heav54 #b4 ,i h appeal$ to ! popul> ideas on ! subject ( religion1 & to ! objects ( popul> admiration & praise1 z illu/rat+ my acc\nt ( ! prep>ation ( m9d :i* is necess>y = ! inquir] into ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h an obvi\s objection occurs1 9 notic+ :i* ,i %all be advanc$ "o /ep f>!r 9 ! "w :i* ,i h und]tak54 ,x may be urg$1 !n1 t no appeal w avail me1 :i* is made to religions s notori\sly immoral z ^? ( paganism2 nor inde$ c x be made )\t an explanation4 ,c]ta9ly1 z reg>ds e?ical tea*+1 v>i\s religions1 :i* h be5 popul> 9 ! _w1 h n suppli$ any2 & 9 ! corrupt /ate 9 :i* !y appe> 9 hi/ory1 !y are little bett] ?an s*ools ( impo/ure1 cruelty1 & impurity4 ,_! objects ( wor%ip 7 immoral z well z false1 & _! f\nd]s & h]oes h be5 9 keep+ ) _! gods4 ,?is is und5iable1 b x does n de/roy ! use t may be made ( _! te/imony4 ,!re is a bett] side ( _! tea*+2 purity has (t5 be5 held 9 rev]5ce1 if n practis$2 ascetics h be5 9 hon\r2 hospitality has be5 a sacr$ duty2 & di%one/y & inju/ice h be5 "u a ban4 ,"h !n1 z be=e1 ,i take our natural p]ception ( "r & wrong z ! /&>d = det]m9+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ,natural ,religion1 & ,i use ! religi\s rites & traditions :i* are actually f\nd 9 ! _w1 only s f> z !y agree ) our moral s5se4 ,?is leads me to lay d[n ! g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* ,i h all along impli$3--t no religion is f ,god :i* contradicts our s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,d\btless2 b at ! same "t we ought to be q sure t1 9 a p>ticul> case :i* is be=e u1 we h satisfactorily asc]ta9$ :at ! dictates ( our moral nature are1 & t we apply !m rightly1 & :e!r ! apply+ !m or n comes into "q at all4 ,! precepts ( a religion c]ta9ly may be absolutely immoral2 a religion :i* simply comm&$ u to lie1 or to h a community ( wives1 w\ld ipso facto =feit all claim to a div9e orig94 ,jupit] & ,neptune1 z repres5t$ 9 ! classical my?ology1 are evil spirits1 & no?+ c make !m o!rwise4 ,& ,i %\ld 9 l mann] repudiate a !ology :i* taught t m5 7 creat$ 9 ord] to be wick$ & wret*$4 ,i allud$ j n[ to ^? :o consid] ! doctr9e ( retributive puni%m5t1 or ( div9e v5geance1 to be incompatible ) ! true religion2 b ,i d n see h[ !y c ma9ta9 _! gr\nd4 ,9 ord] to d s1 !y h fir/ to prove t an act ( v5geance mu/1 z su*1 be a s9 9 our own in/ance2 b ev5 ?is is f> f cle>4 ,ang] & indignation aga9/ cruelty & inju/ice1 res5tm5t ( injuries1 desire t ! false1 ! ungrateful1 & ! deprav$ %\ld meet ) puni%m5t1 ^!1 if n 9 !mselves virtu\s feel+s1 are at lea/ n vici\s2 b1 fir/ f ! c]ta9ty t1 if habitual1 x w run into excess & become s91 & next because ! (fice ( puni%m5t has n be5 committ$ to u1 & fur!r because x is a feel+ unsuitable to ^? :o are !mselves s lad5 ) imp]fection & guilt1 !re=e v5geance1 9 itself all[able1 is =bidd5 to u4 ,^! exceptions d n hold 9 ! case ( a p]fect be+1 & c]ta9ly n 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,supreme ,judge4 ,moreov]1 we see t ev5 m5 on e>? h diff]5t duties1 accord+ to _! p]sonal qualifications & _! positions 9 ! community4 ,! rule ( morals is ! same = all2 & yet1 not)/&+1 :at is "r 9 "o is n necess>ily "r 9 ano!r4 ,:at w\ld be a crime 9 a private man to d1 is a crime 9 a magi/rate n to h done2 /ill wid] is ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott51 t1 z ,i h obs]v$ above1 retributive ju/ice is ! v attribute "u :i* ,god is prim>ily br\ght be=e u 9 ! tea*+s ( our natural consci5ce4 ,& fur!r1 we _c det]m9e ! "* ( p>ticul> actions1 till we h ! :ole case be=e u out ( :i* !y arise2 unless1 inde$1 !y are 9 !mselves di/9ctively vici\s4 ,we all feel ! =ce ( ! maxim1 8,audi alt]am p>tem40 ,x is difficult to trace ! pa? & to det]m9e ! scope ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,we read ( a day :5 ! ,almighty w condesc5d to place ,8 actions 9 _! complet5ess be=e ,8 creatures1 & 8w ov]come :5 ,he is judg$40 ,if1 till !n1 we feel x to be a duty to susp5d our judgm5t conc]n+ c]ta9 ( ,8 actions or precepts1 we d no m ?an :at we d e day 9 ! case ( an e>?ly fri5d or enemy1 ^: conduct 9 "s po9t requires explanation4 ,x surely is n too mu* to expect ( u t we %\ld act ) p>allel caution1 & be 8memores conditionis no/r0 z reg>ds ! acts ( our ,creator4 ,!re is a poem ( ,p>nell's :i* /rik+ly br+s home to u h[ diff]5tly ! div9e appo9tm5ts w look 9 ! light ( day1 f :at !y appe> to be 9 our pres5t twilight4 ,an ,angel1 9 disguise ( a man1 /eals a gold5 cup1 /rangles an infant1 & ?r[s a guide into ! /ream1 & !n expla9s to 8 horrifi$ companion1 t acts :i* w\ld be enormities 9 man1 are 9 him1 z ,god's m9i/]1 de$s ( m]ciful correction or ( retribution4 ,moreov]1 :5 we are ab\t to pass judgm5t on ! deal+s ( ,provid5ce ) o!r m51 we %all d well to consid] fir/ ,8 deal+s ) ourselves4 ,we _c "k ab\t o!rs1 ab\t ourselves we d "k some?+2 & we "k t ,he has ev] be5 good to u1 & n sev]e4 ,is x n wise to argue f :at we actually "k to :at we d n "k8 ,x may turn out 9 ! day ( acc\nt1 t un=giv5 s\ls1 :ile *>g+ ,8 laws ) inju/ice 9 ! case ( o!rs1 may be unable to f9d fault ) ,8 deal+s sev]ally t[>ds !mselves4 ,z to ^? v>i\s religions :i*1 toge!r ) ,*ri/ianity1 tea* ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t1 "h aga9 we ought1 be=e we judge1 to und]/&1 n only ! :ole /ate ( ! case1 b :at is meant by ! doctr9e itself4 ,et]nity1 or endlessness1 is 9 itself only a negative idea1 ?\gh puni%m5t is positive4 ,its fe>ful =ce1 z add$ to puni%m5t1 lies 9 :at x is n2 x means no *ange ( /ate1 no annihilation1 no re/oration4 ,b x _c become a quality ( puni%m5t1 any m ?an a man's liv+ sev5ty ye>s is a quality ( 8 m9d1 or ent]s into ! idea ( 8 virtues or tal5ts4 ,if puni%m5t be att5d$ by cont9uity1 by a s5se ( duration & succession1 by ! m5tal pres5ce ( its pa/ & its future1 by a su/a9$ p[] ( realiz+ x17#db7 ?is mu/ be because x is endless & some?+ m2 su* inflictions are an addition to its endlessness1 & d n necess>ily belong to x because x is endless4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! great my/]y is1 n t evil has no end1 b t x _h a beg9n+4 ,b ,i submit ! :ole subject to ! ,!ological ,s*ool4 #c4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important effects ( ,natural ,religion on ! m9d1 9 prep>ation = ,reveal$1 is ! anticipation :i* x creates1 t a ,revelation w be giv54 ,t e>ne/ desire ( x1 :i* religi\s m9ds *]i%1 leads ! way to ! expectation ( x4 ,^? :o "k no?+ ( ! w\nds ( ! s\l1 are n l$ to deal ) ! "q1 or to consid] its circum/ances2 b :5 our att5tion is r\s$1 !n ! m /eadily we dwell ^u x1 ! m probable does x seem t a revelation has be5 or w be giv5 to u4 ,?is pres5tim5t is f\nd$ on our s5se1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( our own extreme mis]y & ne$--two doctr9es :i* are ! prim>y con/itu5ts ( ,natural ,religion4 ,x is difficult to put a limit to ! legitimate =ce ( ?is antec$5t probability4 ,"s m9ds w feel x s p[]fully1 z to recognize 9 x almo/ a pro(1 )\t direct evid5ce1 ( ! div9ity ( a religion claim+ to be ! true1 suppos+ its hi/ory & doctr9e are free f positive objection1 & !re be no rival religion ) plausible claims ( its own4 ,nor ought ?is tru/ 9 a presumption to seem prepo/]\s to ^? :o are s confid5t1 on priori gr\nds1 t ! moon is inhabit$ by rational be+s1 & t ! c\rse ( nature is nev] cross$ by miracul\s ag5cy4 ,any h[1 v little positive evid5ce seems to be necess>y1 :5 ! m9d is p5etrat$ by ! /rong anticipation :i* ,i am suppos+4 ,x 0 ?is in/9ctive appreh5sion1 z we may conjecture1 :i* c>ri$ on ,dionysius & ,dam>is at ,a!ns to a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh ,/4 ,paul did no miracle !re1 & only ass]t$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 ! ,resurrection1 & ! univ]sal judgm5t1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x _h _h no t5d5cy to atta* !m to any ( ! my?ological rites 9 :i* ! place ab\nd$4 ,"h my me?od ( argum5t diff]s f t adopt$ by ,paley 9 8 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is cle>-head$ & almo/ ma!matical reason] po/ulates1 = 8 pro( ( its miracles1 only ?us mu*1 t1 "u ! circum/ances ( ! case1 a revelation is n improbable4 ,he says1 8,we d n assume ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 or ! exi/5ce ( a future /ate40 8,x is n necess>y = our purpose t ^! propositions 7viz4 t a future exi/5ce %\ld be de/9$ by ,god = ,8 human creation1 & t1 be+ s de/9$1 ,he %\ld h acqua9t$ !m ) x17 be capable ( pro(1 or ev5 t1 by argum5ts drawn f ! light ( nature1 !y c be made out z probable2 x is en\gh t we are able to say ( !m1 t !y are n s viol5tly improbable1 s contradictory to :at we already believe ( ! div9e p[] & "*1 t !y ought to be reject$ at fir/ sight1 & to be reject$ by :atev] /r5g? or complication ( evid5ce !y be atte/$40 ,he has su* confid5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! te/imony :i* he c produce 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 t he only asks to be all[$ to br+ x into c\rt4 ,i confess to mu* suspicion ( legal proce$+s & legal argum5ts1 :5 us$ 9 que/ions :e!r ( hi/ory or ( philosophy4 ,rules ( c\rt are dictat$ by :at is exp$i5t on ! :ole & 9 ! long run2 b !y incur ! risk ( be+ unju/ to ! claims ( p>ticul> cases4 ,:y am ,i to beg9 ) tak+ up a position n my own1 & unclo?+ my m9d ( t l>ge outfit ( exi/+ ?\ghts1 pr9ciples1 lik+s1 desires1 & hopes1 :i* make me :at ,i am8 ,if ,i am ask$ to use ,paley's argum5t = my own conv]sion1 ,i say pla9ly ,i d n want to be conv]t$ by a sm>t syllogism27#dc7 if ,i am ask$ to conv]t o!rs by x1 ,i say pla9ly ,i d n c>e to ov]come _! reason )\t t\*+ _! he>ts4 ,i wi% to deal1 n ) controv]siali/s1 b ) inquir]s4 ,i ?9k ,paley's argum5t cle>1 clev]1 & p[]ful2 & !re is some?+ :i* looks l *>ity 9 go+ out into ! highways & h$ges1 & compell+ m5 to come 92 b 9 ?is matt] "s ex]tion on ! "p ( ! p]sons :om ,i am to conv]t is a condition ( a true conv]sion4 ,!y :o h no religi\s e>ne/ness are at ! m]cy1 day by day1 ( "s new argum5t or fact1 :i* may ov]take !m1 9 fav\r ( "o conclusion or ! o!r4 ,& h[1 aft] all1 is a man bett] = ,*ri/ianity1 :o has nev] felt ! ne$ ( x or ! desire8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he has long$ = a revelation to enlight5 him & to cleanse 8 he>t1 :y may he n use1 9 8 inquiries aft] x1 t j & reasonable anticipation ( its probability1 :i* su* long+ has op5$ ! way to 8 ent]ta9+8 ,m5 are too well incl9$ to sit at home1 in/ead ( /irr+ !mselves to inquire :e!r a revelation has be5 giv52 !y expect its evid5ces to come to !m )\t _! tr\ble2 !y act1 n z suppliants1 b z judges47#dd7 ,modes ( argum5t su* z ,paley's1 enc\rage ?is /ate ( m9d2 !y all[ m5 to =get t revelation is a boon1 n a debt on ! "p ( ! ,giv]2 !y treat x z a m]e hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,if ,i 0 told t "s great man1 a =eign]1 :om ,i did n "k1 _h come into t[n1 & 0 on 8 way to call on me1 & to g ov] my h\se1 ,i %\ld s5d to asc]ta9 ! fact1 & mean:ile %\ld d my be/ to put my h\se into a condition to receive him4 ,he w\ld n be pleas$ if ,i left ! matt] to take its *ance1 & w5t on ! maxim t see+ 0 believ+4 ,l ?is is ! conduct ( ^? :o resolve to treat ! ,almighty ) dispassionat5ess1 a judicial temp]1 cle>head$ness1 & c&\r4 ,x is ! way ) "s m51 7surely n a good way17 to say1 t )\t ^! lawy]like qualifications conv]sion is immoral4 ,x is _! way1 a mis]able way1 to pron\nce t !re is no religi\s love ( tru? :]e !re is fe> ( error4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i w\ld ma9ta9 t ! fe> ( error is simply necess>y to ! g5u9e love ( tru?4 ,no inquiry comes to good :i* is n conduct$ "u a deep s5se ( responsibility1 & ( ! issues dep5d+ ^u its det]m9ation4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y matt]s ( life are an ex]cise ( consci5ti\sness2 & :]e consci5ce is1 fe> mu/ be4 ,s mu* is ?is ackn[l$g$ j n[1 t !re is almo/ an affectation1 9 popul> lit]ature1 9 ! case ( criticisms on ! f9e arts1 on poetry1 & music1 ( speak+ ab\t consci5ti\sness 9 writ+1 pa9t+1 or s++2 & t e>ne/ness & simplicity ( m9d1 :i* makes m5 fe> to g wrong 9 ^! m9or matt]s1 has surely a place 9 ! mo/ s]i\s ( all und]tak+s4 ,x is on ^! gr\nds t1 9 consid]+ ,*ri/ianity1 ,i />t ) conditions diff]5t f ,paley's2 n1 h[ev]1 z und]valu+ ! =ce & ! s]viceabl5ess ( 8 argum5t1 b z pref]r+ inquiry to disputation 9 a "q ab\t tru?4 #d4 ,!re is ano!r po9t on :i* my basis ( argum5t diff]s f ,paley's4 ,he argues on ! pr9ciple t ! cr$5tials1 :i* asc]ta9 = u a message f above1 are necess>ily 9 _! nature miracul\s2 nor h ,i any ?\ght ( v5tur+ to say o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 all pr(ess$ revelations h be5 att5d$1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 ) ! pr(ession ( miracles2 & we "k h[ direct & unequivocal are ! miracles ( bo? ! ,jewi% ,cov5ant & ( our own4 ,h[ev]1 my object "h is to assume z little z possible z reg>ds facts1 & to dwell only on :at is pat5t & notori\s2 & !re=e ,i w only insi/ on ^? co9cid5ces & _! cumulations1 :i*1 ?\gh n 9 !mselves miracul\s1 d irresi/ibly =ce ^u u1 almo/ by ! law ( our nature1 ! pres5ce ( ! extraord9>y ag5cy ( ,him ^: be+ we already ackn[l$ge4 ,?\gh co9cid5ces rise out ( a comb9ation ( g5]al laws1 !re is no law ( ^? co9cid5ces27#de7 !y h a "* ( _! own1 & seem left by ,provid5ce 9 ,8 own h&s1 z ! *annel by :i*1 inscrutable to u1 ,he may make kn[n to u ,8 w4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i am a believ] 9 a ,god ( ,tru? & ,av5g] ( di%one/y1 & "k = c]ta9 t a m>ket-woman1 aft] call+ on ,him to /rike h] dead if %e _h 9 h] possession a piece ( money n h]s1 did fall d[n dead on ! spot1 & t ! money 0 f\nd 9 h] h&1 h[ c ,i call ?is a bl9d co9cid5ce1 & n disc]n 9 x an act ( ,provid5ce ov] & above its g5]al laws8 ,s1 c]ta9ly1 ?\ght ! inhabitants ( an ,engli% t[n1 :5 !y erect$ a pill> z a record ( su* an ev5t at ! place :]e x occurr$4 ,& if a ,pope excommunicates a great conqu]or2 & he1 on he>+ ! ?reat1 says to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 8,does he ?9k ! _w has gone back a ?\s& ye>s8 does he suppose ! arms w fall f ! h&s ( my soldi]s80 & )9 two ye>s1 on ! retreat ov] ! sn[s ( ,russia1 z two contempor>y hi/orians relate1 8fam9e & cold tore _! arms f ! grasp ( ! soldi]s10 8!y fell f ! h&s ( ! brave/ & mo/ robu/10 & 8de/itute ( ! p[] ( rais+ !m f ! gr\nd1 ! soldi]s left !m 9 ! sn[20 is n ?is too1 ?\gh no miracle1 a co9cid5ce s special1 z rightly to be call$ a ,div9e judgm5t8 ,s ?9ks ,alison1 :o av[s ) religi\s hone/y1 t 8!re is some?+ 9 ^! m>vell\s co9cid5ces beyond ! op]ation ( *ance1 & :i* ev5 a ,prote/ant hi/orian feels himself b\nd to m>k = ! obs]vation ( future ye>s47#df70 ,& s1 too1 ( a cumulation ( co9cid5ces1 sep>ately less /rik+2 :5 ,spelman sets ab\t e/abli%+ ! fact ( ! ill-=tune :i* 9 a multitude ( in/ances has foll[$ ^u acts ( sacrilege1 !n1 ev5 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances x has n foll[$1 & 9 _m in/ances he exagg]ates1 /ill !re may be a l>ge residuum ( cases :i* _c be prop]ly resolv$ into ! m]e accid5t ( concurr5t causes1 b mu/ 9 reason be consid]$ ! w>n+ voice ( ,god4 ,s1 at lea/1 ?\ght ,gibson1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 :5 he wrote1 8,_m ( ! in/ances1 & ^? too well-atte/$1 are s t]rible 9 ! ev5t1 & 9 ! circum/ances s surpris+1 t no consid]+ p]son c well pass !m ov]40 ,i ?9k1 !n1 t ! circum/ances "u :i* a pr(ess$ revelation comes to u1 may be su* z to impress bo? our reason & our imag9ation ) a s5se ( its tru?1 ev5 ?\gh no appeal be made to /rictly miracul\s int]v5tion--9 say+ :i* ,i d n mean ( c\rse to imply t ^? circum/ances1 :5 trac$ back to _! fir/ orig9s1 are n ! outcome ( su* int]v5tion1 b t ! miracul\s int]v5tion addresses u at ?is day 9 ! guise ( ^? circum/ances2 t is1 ( co9cid5ces1 :i* are indications1 to ! illative s5se ( ^? :o believe 9 a ,moral ,gov]nor1 ( ,8 imm$iate ,pres5ce1 especially to ^? :o 9 addition hold ) me ! /rong antec$5t probability t1 9 ,8 m]cy1 ,he w ?us sup]naturally pres5t ,himself to our appreh5sion4 #e4 ,n[ z to ! fact2 has :at is s probable 9 anticipation actually be5 grant$ to u1 or h we /ill to look out = x8 ,x is v pla91 suppos+ x has be5 grant$1 :i* among all ! religions ( ! _w comes f ,god3 & if x is n t1 a revelation is n yet giv51 & we mu/ look =w>d to ! future4 ,!re is only "o ,religion 9 ! _w :i* t5ds to fulfil ! aspirations1 ne$s1 & =e%ad[+s ( natural fai? & devotion4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t1 educat$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,i m]ely judge ( x by its own pr9ciples2 b ?is is n ! fact4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h tak5 my idea ( :at a revelation mu/ be1 9 good measure1 f ! actual religions ( ! _w2 & z to its e?ics1 ! ideas ) :i* ,i come to x are d]iv$ n simply f ! ,gospel1 b prior to x f hea!n morali/s1 :om ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & ,ecclesia/ical writ]s h imitat$ or sanction$2 & z to ! intellectual position f :i* ,i h contemplat$ ! subject1 ,ari/otle has be5 my ma/]4 ,besides1 ,i d n "h s+le out ,*ri/ianity ) ref]5ce simply to its p>ticul> doctr9es or precepts1 b = a reason :i* is on ! surface ( its hi/ory4 ,x alone has a def9ite message address$ to all mank9d4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! religion ( ,mahomet has br\ght into ! _w no new doctr9e :atev]1 except1 inde$1 t ( its own div9e orig92 & ! "* ( its tea*+ is too exact a reflection ( ! race1 "t1 place1 & climate 9 :i* x arose1 to admit ( its becom+ univ]sal4 ,! same dep5d5ce on ext]nal circum/ances is *>act]i/ic1 s f> z ,i "k1 ( ! religions ( ! f> ,ea/2 nor am ,i sure ( any def9ite message f ,god to man :i* !y convey & protect1 ?\gh !y may h sacr$ books4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 its idea an ann\ncem5t1 a prea*+2 x is ! deposit>y ( tru?s beyond human discov]y1 mom5t\s1 practical1 ma9ta9$ "o & ! same 9 sub/ance 9 e age f its fir/1 & address$ to all mank9d4 ,& x has actually be5 embrac$ & is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 9 all climates1 among all races1 9 all ranks ( society1 "u e degree ( civilization1 f b>b>ism to ! highe/ cultivation ( m9d4 ,com+ to set "r & to gov]n ! _w1 x has ev] be51 z x ought to be1 9 conflict ) l>ge masses ( m51 ) ! civil p[]1 ) physical =ce1 ) adv]se philosophies2 x has _h successes1 x has _h rev]ses2 b x has _h a gr& hi/ory1 & has effect$ great ?+s1 & is z vigor\s 9 its age z 9 its y\?4 ,9 all ^! respects x has a di/9ction 9 ! _w & a pre-em95ce ( its own2 x has ^u x prim facie signs ( div9ity2 ,i d n "k :at c be advanc$ by rival religions to mat* pr]ogatives s special2 s t ,i feel myself ju/ifi$ 9 say+ ei!r ,*ri/ianity is f ,god1 or a revelation has n yet be5 giv5 to u4 ,x w n surely be object$1 z a po9t 9 fav\r ( "s ( ! ,ori5tal religions1 t !y are old] ?an ,*ri/ianity by "s c5turies2 yet1 %\ld x be s said1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ,*ri/ianity is only ! cont9uation & conclusion ( :at pr(esses to be an e>li] revelation1 :i* may be trac$ back into prehi/oric times1 till x is lo/ 9 ! d>kness t hangs ov] !m4 ,z f> z we "k1 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 t revelation 0 n1--a revelation cont9u\s & sy/ematic1 ) di/9ct repres5tatives & an ord]ly succession4 ,& ?is1 ,i suppose1 is f> m ?an c be said = ! religions ( ! ,ea/4 #f4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i am br\ght to ! consid]ation ( ! ,hebrew nation & ! ,mosaic religion1 z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! direct evid5ce = ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,jews are "o ( ! few ,ori5tal nations :o are kn[n 9 hi/ory z a p ( progress1 & _! l9e ( progress is ! developm5t ( religi\s tru?4 ,9 t _! own l9e !y /& by !mselves among all ! populations1 n only ( ! ,ea/1 b ( ! ,we/4 ,_! c\ntry may be call$ ! classical home ( ! religi\s pr9ciple1 z ,greece is ! home ( intellectual p[]1 & ,rome t ( political & practical wisdom4 ,!ism is _! life2 x is emphatically _! national religion1 = !y nev] 7 )\t x1 & 7 made a p by means ( x4 ,?is is a ph5om5on s+ul> & solit>y 9 hi/ory1 & mu/ h a mean+4 ,if !re be a ,god & ,provid5ce1 x mu/ come f ,him1 :e!r imm$iately or indirectly2 & ! p !mselves h ev] ma9ta9$ t x has be5 ,8 direct "w1 & has be5 recogniz$ by ,him z su*4 ,we are apt to treat pret5ces to a div9e mission or to sup]natural p[]s z ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & on t score to dismiss !m f our ?\ghts2 b we _c s deal ) ,judaism4 ,:5 mank9d _h univ]sally d5i$ ! fir/ lesson ( _! consci5ce by laps+ into poly!ism1 is x a ?+ ( slight mom5t t !re 0 j "o exception to ! rule1 t !re 0 j "o p :o1 fir/ by _! rul]s & prie/s1 & aft]w>ds by _! own unanim\s zeal1 pr(ess$1 z _! di/+ui%+ doctr9e1 ! ,div9e ,unity & ,gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & t1 moreov]1 n only z a natural tru?1 b z reveal$ to !m by t ,god ,himself ( :om !y spoke1--:o s embodi$ x 9 _! national polity1 t a ,!ocracy 0 ! only "n by :i* x c\ld be call$8 ,x 0 a p f\nd$ & set up 9 ,!ism1 kept toge!r by ,!ism1 & ma9ta9+ ,!ism = a p]iod f fir/ to la/ ( #bjjj ye>s1 till ! dissolution ( _! body politic2 & !y h ma9ta9$ x s9ce 9 _! /ate ( exile & w&]+ = #bjjj ye>s m4 ,!y beg9 ) ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 & ! prea*+ ( ?is augu/ dogma beg9s ) !m4 ,!y are its witnesses & confessors1 ev5 to torture & dea?2 on x & its revelation are m\ld$ _! laws & gov]nm5t2 on ?is _! politics1 philosophy1 & lit]ature are f\nd$2 ( ?is tru? _! poetry is ! voice1 p\r+ itself out 9 devotional compositions :i* ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh all its _m c\ntries & ages1 has be5 unable to rival2 on ?is aborig9al tru?1 z "t goes on1 prophet aft] prophet bases 8 fur!r revelations1 ) a su/a9$ ref]5ce to a "t :51 accord+ to ! secret c\nsels ( its ,div9e ,object & ,au?or1 x is to receive completion & p]fection1--till at l5g? t "t comes4 ,! la/ age ( _! hi/ory is z /range z _! fir/4 ,:5 t "t ( de/9$ bless+ came1 :i* !y _h s accurately m>k$ out1 & 7 s c>efully wait+ =--a "t :i* f\nd !m1 9 fact1 m zeal\s = _! ,law1 & = ! dogma x en%r9$1 ?an !y ev] _h be5 be=e--!n1 in/ead ( any f9al fav\r com+ on !m f above1 !y fell "u ! p[] ( _! enemies1 & 7 ov]?r[n1 _! holy city raz$ to ! gr\nd1 _! polity de/roy$1 & ! remnant ( _! p ca/ (f to w&] f> & away ?r\gh e l& except _! own1 z we f9d !m at ?is day2 la/+ on1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 n absorb$ 9 o!r populations1 n annihilat$1 z likely to la/ on1 z unlikely to be re/or$1 z f> z outw>d appe>ances g1 n[ z a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,:at nation has s gr&1 s romantic1 s t]rible a hi/ory8 ,does x n fulfil ! idea (1 :at ! nation calls itself1 a *os5 p1 *os5 = good & evil8 ,is x n an exhibition 9 a c\rse ( hi/ory ( t prim>y decl>ation ( consci5ce1 z ,i h be5 det]m9+ x1 8,) ! upright ,?\ %alt be upright1 & ) ! fr[>d ,?\ %alt be fr[>d08 ,x mu/ h a mean+1 if !re is a ,god4 ,we "k :at 0 _! witness ( old "t2 :at is _! witness n[8 ,:y1 ,i say1 0 x t1 aft] s memorable a c>e]1 :5 _! s9s & suff]+s 7 n[ to come to an end1 :5 !y 7 look+ out = a deliv]ance & a ,deliv]]1 sudd5ly all 0 rev]s$ = once & = all8 ,!y 7 ! fav\r$ s]vants ( ,god1 & yet a peculi> reproa* & note ( infamy is affix$ to _! "n4 ,x 0 _! belief t ,8 protection 0 un*angeable1 & t _! ,law w\ld la/ = ev]2--x 0 _! consolation to be taught by an un9t]rupt$ tradition1 t x c\ld n die1 except by *ang+ into a new self1 m wond]ful ?an x 0 be=e2--x 0 _! fai?ful expectation t a promis$ ,k+ 0 com+1 ! ,messiah1 :o w\ld ext5d ! sway ( ,israel ov] all p2--x 0 a condition ( _! cov5ant1 t1 z a rew>d to ,abraham1 _! fir/ fa!r1 ! day at l5g? %\ld dawn :5 ! gates ( _! n>r[ l& %\ld op51 & !y %\ld p\r out = ! conque/ & occupation ( ! :ole e>?2--&1 ,i repeat1 :5 ! day came1 !y did g =?1 & !y did spread into all l&s1 b z hopeless exiles1 z et]nal w&]]s4 ,are we to say t ?is failure is a pro( t1 aft] all1 !re 0 no?+ provid5tial 9 _! hi/ory8 ,= myself1 ,i d n see h[ a second port5t oblit]ates a fir/2 &1 9 tru?1 _! own te/imony & _! own sacr$ books c>ry u on t[>ds a bett] solution ( ! difficulty4 ,i h said !y 7 9 ,god's fav\r "u a cov5ant1--p]haps !y did n fulfil ! conditions ( x4 ,?is inde$ seems to be _! own acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ?\gh x is n cle> :at _! brea* ( engagem5t 04 ,& t 9 "s way !y did s91 :atev] _! s9 01 is corroborat$ by ! well-kn[n *apt] 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 :i* s /rik+ly anticipates ! nature ( _! puni%m5t4 ,t passage1 translat$ into ,greek z _m z #cej ye>s be=e ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 has on x ! m>ks ( a wond]ful prophecy2 b ,i am n n[ ref]r+ to x z su*1 b m]ely z an indication t ! disappo9tm5t1 :i* actually ov]took !m at ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 n necess>ily out ( keep+ ) ! orig9al div9e purpose1 or aga9 ) ! old promise made to !m1 & _! confid5t expectation ( its fulfilm5t4 ,_! national ru91 :i* came in/ead ( aggr&izem5t1 is describ$ 9 t book1 9 spite ( all promises1 ) an emphasis & m9ut5ess :i* prove t x 0 contemplat$ long be=e1 at lea/ z a possible issue ( ! =tunes ( ,israel4 ,among o!r inflictions :i* %\ld befall ! guilty p1 x 0 told !m t !y %\ld fall d[n be=e _! enemies1 & %\ld be scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all ! k+doms ( ! e>?2 t !y nev] %\ld h quiet 9 ^? nations1 or h re/ = ! sole ( _! foot2 t !y 7 to h a fe>ful he>t & langui%+ eyes1 & a s\l consum$ ) heav9ess2 t !y 7 to suff] wrong1 & to be cru%$ at all times1 & to be a/oni%$ at ! t]ror ( _! lot2 t _! sons & daught]s 7 to be giv5 to ano!r p1 & !y 7 to look & to sick5 all ! day1 & _! life 0 ev] to hang 9 d\bt be=e !m1 & fe> to haunt !m day & night2 t !y %\ld be a prov]b & a by-^w ( all p among :om !y 7 br\ght2 & t curses 7 to come on !m1 & to be signs & wond]s on !m & _! se$ = ev]4 ,su* are "s portions1 & n ! mo/ t]rible1 ( ?is ext5d$ ana!ma2 & its p>tial accompli%m5t at an e>li] date ( _! hi/ory 0 a w>n+ to !m1 :5 ! de/9$ "t drew ne>1 t1 h[ev] great ! promises made to !m might be1 ^? promises 7 dep5d5t on ! t]ms ( ! cov5ant :i* /ood betwe5 !m & _! ,mak]1 & t1 z !y _h turn$ to curses at t =m] "t1 s !y might turn to curses aga94 ,?is gr& drama1 s impress$ ) ! *>act]s ( sup]natural ag5cy1 conc]ns u "h only 9 its be>+ ^u ! evid5ce = ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity2 & x is at ?is po9t t ,*ri/ianity comes ^u ! hi/orical sc5e4 ,x is a notori\s fact t x issu$ f ! ,jewi% l& & p2 &1 _h x no o!r ?an ?is hi/orical connexion ) ,judaism1 x w\ld h "s %>e 9 ! pre/ige ( its orig9al home4 ,b x claims to be f> m ?an ?is2 x pr(esses to be ! actual completion ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 ! promis$ means ( deliv]ance & triumph to ! nation1 :i* t nation itself1 z ,i h said1 has s9ce consid]$ to be1 on acc\nt ( "s s9 or o!r1 )held or =feit$4 ,x pr(esses to be1 n ! casual1 b ! legitimate (fspr+1 heir1 & successor ( ! ,mosaic cov5ant1 or r to be ,judaism itself1 develop$ & trans=m$4 ,( c\rse x has to prove its claim1 z well z to pref] x2 b if x succe$s 9 do+ s1 !n all ^? tok5s ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce1 :i* di/+ui% ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 at once belong to x1 & are a portion ( its cr$5tials4 ,& at lea/ ! prim facie view ( its relations t[>ds ,judaism is 9 fav\r ( ^! pret5sions4 ,x is an hi/orical fact1 t1 at ! v "t t ! ,jews committ$ _! unp>donable s91 :atev] x 01 & 7 driv5 out f _! home to w&] ov] ! e>?1 _! ,*ri/ian bre?r51 born ( ! same /ock1 & equally citiz5s ( ,j]usalem1 did also issue =? f ! same home1 b 9 ord] to subdue t same e>? & make x _! own2 t is1 !y und]took ! v "w :i*1 accord+ to ! promise1 _! nation actually 0 orda9$ to execute2 &1 ) a me?od ( _! own inde$1 & ) a new end1 & only sl[ly & pa9fully1 b /ill really & ?or\ghly1 !y did x4 ,& s9ce t "t ! two *ildr5 ( ! promise h ev] be5 f\nd toge!r--( ! promise =feit$ & ! promise fulfill$2 & :]eas ! ,*ri/ian has be5 9 high place1 s ! ,jew has be5 degrad$ & despis$--! "o has be5 8! head10 & ! o!r 8! tail20 s t1 to g no f>!r1 ! fact t ,*ri/ianity actually has done :at ,judaism 0 to h done1 decides ! controv]sy1 by ! logic ( facts1 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! prophecies ann\nc$ t ! ,messiah 0 to come at a def9ite "t & place2 ,*ri/ians po9t to ,him z com+ !n & !re1 z ann\nc$2 !y are n met by any c\nt] claim or rival claimant on ! "p ( ! ,jews1 only by _! ass]tion t ,he did n come at all1 ?\gh up to ! ev5t !y _h said ,he 0 !n & !re com+4 ,fur!r1 ,*ri/ianity cle>s up ! my/]y :i* hangs ov] ,judaism1 acc\nt+ fully = ! puni%m5t ( ! p1 by specify+ _! s91 _! he9\s s94 ,if1 in/ead ( hail+ _! own ,messiah1 !y crucifi$ ,him1 !n ! /range sc\rge :i* has pursu$ !m aft] ! de$1 & ! en]getic word+ ( ! curse be=e x1 are expla9$ by ! v /rang5ess ( _! guilt2--or r1 _! s9 is _! puni%m5t2 = 9 reject+ _! ,div9e ,k+1 !y ipso facto lo/ ! liv+ pr9ciple & tie ( _! nationality4 ,moreov]1 we see :at l$ !m into error2 !y ?\ght a triumph & an empire 7 to be giv5 to !m at once1 :i* 7 giv5 inde$ ev5tually1 b by ! sl[ & gradual gr[? ( _m c5turies & a long w>f>e4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i obs]ve1 on ! "o h&1 t1 ,judaism hav+ be5 ! *annel ( religi\s traditions :i* are lo/ 9 ! dep? ( _! antiquity1 ( c\rse x is a great po9t = ,*ri/ianity to succe$ 9 prov+ t x is ! legitimate heir to t =m] religion4 ,nor is x1 on ! o!r1 ( less importance to ! significance ( ^? e>ly traditions to be able to det]m9e t !y 7 n lo/ toge!r ) _! orig9al /ore-h\se1 b 7 transf]r$1 on ! failure ( ,judaism1 to ! cu/ody ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& ?is app>5t correspond5ce betwe5 ! two is 9 itself a presumption = su* correspond5ce be+ real4 ,next1 ,i obs]ve1 t if ! hi/ory ( ,judaism is s wond]ful z to sugge/ ! pres5ce ( "s special div9e ag5cy 9 its appo9tm5ts & =tunes1 /ill m wond]ful & div9e is ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity2 & aga9 x is m wond]ful /ill1 t two su* wond]ful creations %\ld span almo/ ! :ole c\rse ( ages1 dur+ :i* nations & /ates h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & %\ld con/itute a pr(ess$ sy/em ( cont9u$ int]c\rse betwe5 e>? & heav5 f fir/ to la/ amid all ! vicissitudes ( human affairs4 ,?is ph5om5on aga9 c>ries on its face1 to ^? :o believe 9 a ,god1 ! probability t x has t div9e orig9 :i* x pr(esses to h2 &1 7:5 view$ 9 ! light ( ! /rong presumption :i* ,i h insi/$ on1 t 9 ,god's m]cy a revelation f ,him w be grant$ to u1 & ( ! contra/ pres5t$ by o!r religions1 no "o ( :i* pr(esses to be a revelation direct1 def9ite1 & integral z ?is is17--?is ph5om5on1 ,i say1 ( cumulative m>vels raises t probability1 bo? = ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 9 religi\s m9ds1 almo/ to a c]ta9ty4 #g4 ,if ,*ri/ianity is connect$ ) ,judaism z closely z ,i h be5 suppos+1 !n !re h be51 by means ( ! two1 direct communications betwe5 man & 8 ,mak] f "t immemorial d[n to ?is day--a great pr]ogative su*1 t x is n[h]e else ev5 claim$4 ,no o!r religion b ^! two pr(esses to be ! organ ( a =mal revelation1 c]ta9ly n ( a revelation :i* is direct$ to ! b5efit ( ! :ole human race4 ,"h x is t ,mahometanism fails1 ?\gh x claims to c>ry on ! l9e ( revelation aft] ,*ri/ianity2 = x is ! m]e cre$ & rite ( c]ta9 races1 br++ ) x1 z su*1 no gifts to our nature1 & is r a re=mation ( local corruptions1 & a return to ! c]emonial wor%ip ( e>li] times1 ?an a new & l>g] revelation4 ,& :ile ,*ri/ianity 0 ! heir to a dead religion1 ,mahometanism 0 little m ?an a rebellion aga9/ a liv+ "o4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ,mahomet pr(ess$ to be ! ,p>aclete1 no "o pret5ds t he occupies a place 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures z prom95t z t :i* ! ,messiah fills 9 ! ,jewi%4 ,to ?is especial prom95ce ( ! ,messianic idea ,i %all n[ adv]t2 t is1 to ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,scriptures1 & to ! argum5t :i* !y furni% 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ?\gh ,i "k t argum5t might be cle>] & m exact ?an x is1 & ,i d n pret5d "h to d mu* m ?an ref] to ! fact ( its exi/5ce1 /ill s f> =? z we ent] into x1 w x /r5g!n our conviction ( ! claim to div9ity bo? ( ! ,religion :i* is ! organ ( ^? prophecies1 & ( ! ,religion :i* is _! object4 ,n[ t ! ,jewi% ,scriptures 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & 7 9 ! sole cu/ody ( ! ,jews1 is und5iable2 :atev] !n _! ,scriptures di/9ctly say ( ,*ri/ianity1 if n attributable to *ance or to happy conjecture1 is prophetic4 ,x is und5iable too1 t ! ,jews ga!r$ f ^? books t a great ,p]sonage 0 to be born ( _! /ock1 & to conqu] ! :ole _w & to become ! in/rum5t ( extraord9>y bless+s to x2 moreov]1 t he w\ld make 8 appe>ance at a fix$ date1 & t1 ! v date :51 z x turn$ out1 our ,"l did actually come4 ,?is is ! great outl9e ( ! pr$iction1 & if no?+ m c\ld be said ab\t !m ?an ?is1 to prove z mu* z ?is is f> f unimportant4 ,& x is und5iable1 ,i say1 bo? t ! ,jewi% ,scriptures conta9 ?us mu*1 & t ! ,jews actually und]/ood !m z conta9+ x4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to :at ,scripture decl>es4 ,f ! book ( ,g5esis we le>n t ! *os5 p 0 set up 9 ?is "o idea1 viz4 to be a bless+ to ! :ole e>?1 & t1 by means ( "o ( _! own race1 a great] ?an _! fa!r ,abraham4 ,?is 0 ! mean+ & drift ( _! be+ *os54 ,!re is no room = mi/ake "h2 ! div9e purpose is /at$ f ! fir/ ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,at ! v "t ( ,abraham's call1 he is told ( x3--8,i w make ( !e a great nation1 & 9 !e %all all tribes ( ! e>? be bless$40 ,?rice is ?is promise & purpose ann\nc$ 9 ,abraham's hi/ory2 & aft] ,abraham's "t x is repeat$ to ,isaac1 8,9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$20 & aft] ,isaac to ,jacob1 :5 a w&]] f 8 home1 8,9 !e & 9 ?y se$ %all all ! tribes ( ! e>? be bless$40 ,& f ,jacob ! promise passes on to 8 son ,judah1 & t ) an addition1 viz4 ) a ref]5ce to ! great ,p]son :o 0 to be ! _w-wide bless+1 & to ! date :5 ,he %\ld come4 ,judah 0 ! *os5 son ( ,jacob1 & 8 /aff or sceptre1 t is1 8 patri>*al au?ority1 0 to endure till a great] ?an ,judah came1 s t ! loss ( ! sceptre1 :5 x took place1 0 ! sign ( ,8 ne> approa*4 8,! sceptre10 says ,jacob on 8 dea?-b$1 8%all n be tak5 away f ,judah1 until ,he come = :om x is res]v$10 or 8:o is to be s5t10 8& ,he %all be ! expectation ( ! nations47#dg70 ,su* 0 ! categorical prophecy1 lit]al & unequivocal 9 its word+1 direct & simple 9 its scope4 ,"o man1 born ( ! *os5 tribe1 0 ! de/9$ m9i/] ( bless+ to ! :ole _w2 & ! race1 z repres5t$ by t tribe1 0 to lose its old self 9 ga9+ a new self 9 ,him4 ,its de/9y 0 seal$ ^u x 9 its beg9n+4 ,an expectation 0 ! measure ( its life4 ,x 0 creat$ = a great end1 & 9 t end x _h its end+4 ,su* 7 ! initial communications made to ! *os5 p1 & !re !y /opp$2--z if ! outl9e ( promise1 s %>ply cut1 _h to be effectually impr9t$ on _! m9ds1 be=e m k 0 giv5 to !m2 z if1 by ! long int]val ( ye>s :i* pass$ be=e ! m v>i$ prophecies 9 type & figure1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ea/1 7 add$1 ! orig9al notices might /& out 9 ! sight ( all 9 _! sev]e explicitness1 z ar*etypal tru?s1 & guides 9 int]pret+ :atev] else 0 obscure 9 its word+ or complex 9 its direction4 ,& 9 ! second place x is q cle> t ! ,jews did ?us und]/& _! prophecies1 & did expect _! great ,rul]1 9 ! v age 9 :i* our ,"l came1 & 9 :i* !y1 on ! o!r h&1 7 de/roy$1 los+ _! old self )\t ga9+ _! new4 ,hea!n hi/orians %all speak = ! fact4 8,a p]suasion _h possession ( mo/ ( !m10 says ,tacitus1 speak+ ( _! resi/ance to ! ,romans1 8t x 0 conta9$ 9 ! anci5t books ( ! prie/s t at t v "t ! ,ea/ %\ld prevail1 & t m5 :o issu$ f ,judea %\ld obta9 ! empire4 ,! common p1 z is ! way ) human cupidity1 hav+ once int]pret$ 9 _! own fav\r ?is gr& de/9y1 7 n ev5 by _! rev]ses br\ght r\nd to ! tru? ( facts40 ,& ,suetonius ext5ds ! belief3--8,! :ole ,ea/ 0 rife ) an old & p]si/5t belief1 t at t "t p]sons :o issu$ f ,judea1 %\ld possess ! empire40 ,aft] ! ev5t ( c\rse ! ,jews drew back1 & d5i$ ! correctness ( _! expectation1 /ill !y c\ld n d5y t ! expectation _h exi/$4 ,?us ! ,jew ,josephus1 :o 0 ( ! ,roman p>ty1 says t :at enc\rag$ !m 9 ! /& !y made aga9/ ! ,romans 0 8an ambigu\s oracle1 f\nd 9 _! sacr$ writ+s1 t at t date "s "o ( !m f t c\ntry %\ld rule ! _w40 ,he c b pron\nce t ! oracle 0 ambigu\s2 he _c /ate t !y ?\ght x s4 ,n[1 consid]+ t at t v "t our ,"l did appe> z a tea*]1 & f\nd$ n m]ely a religion1 b 7:at 0 !n q a new idea 9 ! _w7 a sy/em ( religi\s w>f>e1 an aggressive & militant body1 a dom9ant ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* aim$ at ! b5efit ( all nations by ! spiritual conque/ ( all2 & t ?is w>f>e1 !n begun by x1 has gone on )\t cessation d[n to ?is day1 & n[ is z liv+ & real z ev] x 02 t t militant body has f ! fir/ fill$ ! _w1 t x has _h wond]ful successes1 t its successes h on ! :ole be5 ( extreme b5efit to ! human race1 t x has imp>t$ an intellig5t notion ab\t ! ,supreme ,god to millions :o w\ld h liv$ & di$ 9 irreligion1 t x has rais$ ! tone ( morality :]ev] x has come1 has aboli%$ great social anomalies & mis]ies1 has elevat$ ! female sex to its prop] dignity1 has protect$ ! poor] classes1 has de/roy$ slav]y1 enc\rag$ lit]ature & philosophy1 & _h a pr9cipal "p 9 t civilization ( human k9d1 :i*1 ) "s evils /ill1 has on ! :ole be5 productive ( f> great] good1--consid]+1 ,i say1 t all ?is began at ! de/9$1 expect$1 recogniz$ season :5 ! old prophecy said t 9 "o ,man1 born ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 all ! tribes ( ! e>? 7 to be bless$1 ,i feel ,i h a "r to say 7& my l9e ( argum5t does n lead me to say m71 t x is at ! v lea/ a rem>kable co9cid5ce1--t is1 "o ( ^? co9cid5ces :i*1 :5 !y are accumulat$1 come close ^u ! idea ( miracle1 z be+ impossible )\t ! ,h& ( ,god directly & imm$iately 9 !m4 ,:5 we h got z f> z ?is1 we may g on a great deal f>!r4 ,ann\ncem5ts1 :i* c\ld n be put =w>d 9 ! front ( ! argum5t1 z be+ figurative1 vague1 or ambigu\s1 may be us$ validly & ) great effect1 :5 !y h be5 int]pret$ = u1 fir/ by ! prophetic outl9e1 & /ill m by ! hi/orical object4 ,x is a pr9ciple :i* applies to all matt]s on :i* we reason1 t :at is only a maze ( facts1 )\t ord] or drift prior to ! explanation1 may1 :5 we once h t explanation1 be locat$ & adju/$ ) great facility 9 all its sep>ate p>ts1 z we "k is ! case z reg>ds ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies s9ce ! hypo!sis ( ,newton4 ,9 l mann] ! ev5t is ! true key to prophecy1 & reconciles conflict+ & div]g5t descriptions by embody+ !m 9 "o common repres5tative4 ,?us x is t we le>n h[1 z ! prophecies said1 ! ,messiah c\ld bo? suff]1 yet be victori\s2 ,8 k+dom be ,judaic 9 /ructure1 yet evangelic 9 _s2 & ,8 p ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 yet 8s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles40 ,^! seem+ p>adoxes1 are only p>allel & ak9 to ^? o!rs :i* =m s prom95t a feature 9 ! tea*+ ( our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,z to ! ,jews1 s9ce !y liv$ be=e ! ev5t1 x is n wond]ful1 t1 ?\gh !y 7 "r 9 _! g5]al int]pretation ( ,scripture z f> z x w5t1 !y /opp$ %ort ( ! :ole tru?2 nay1 t ev5 :5 _! ,messiah came1 !y c\ld n recognize ,him z ! promis$ ,k+ z we recognize ,him n[2--= we h ! exp]i5ce ( ,8 hi/ory = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 by :i* to int]pret _! ,scriptures4 ,we may p>tly und]/& _! position t[>ds ^? prophecies1 by our own at pres5t t[>ds ! ,apocalypse4 ,:o c d5y ! sup]human gr&eur & impressiv5ess ( t sacr$ book6 yet1 z a prophecy1 ?\gh "s outl9es ( ! future are disc]nible1 h[ diff]5tly x affects u f ! pr$ictions ( ,isaiah6 ei!r because x relates to undream$-( ev5ts /ill to come1 or because x has be5 fulfill$ long ago 9 ev5ts :i* 9 _! detail & circum/ance h nev] become hi/ory4 ,& ! same rem>k applies d\btless to portions ( ! ,messianic prophecies /ill2 b1 if _! fulfilm5t has be5 ?us gradual 9 "t pa/1 we mu/ n be surpris$ ?\gh portions ( !m /ill await _! sl[ b true accompli%m5t 9 ! future4 #h4 ,:5 ,i impli$ t 9 "s po9ts ( view ,*ri/ianity has n answ]$ ! expectations ( ! old prophecies1 ( :i* x claims to be ! fulfilm5t1 ,i _h 9 m9d pr9cipally ! contra/ :i* is pres5t$ to u betwe5 ! picture :i* !y draw ( ! univ]sality ( ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah1 & t p>tial developm5t ( x ?r\gh ! _w1 :i* is all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* c %[2 & aga9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! re/ & peace :i* !y said ,he 0 to introduce1 & ! ,*ur*'s actual hi/ory1--! conflicts ( op9ion :i* h rag$ )9 its pale1 ! viol5t acts & unwor?y lives ( _m ( its rul]s1 & ! moral degradation ( great masses ( its p4 ,i d n pr(ess to meet ^! difficulties "h1 except by say+ t ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity 9 "o respect 9 correspond+ to ^? prophecies _c de/roy ! =ce ( its correspond5ce to !m 9 o!rs2 j z we may all[ t ! portrait ( a fri5d is a faulty lik5ess to him1 & yet be q sure t x is 8 portrait4 ,:at ,i %all actually attempt to %[ "h is ?is1--t ,*ri/ianity 0 q aw>e f ! fir/ ( its own prospective future1 s unlike ! expectations :i* ! prophets w\ld excite conc]n+ x1 & t x meets ! difficulty !nce aris+ by anticipation1 by giv+ u its own pr$ictions ( :at x 0 to be 9 hi/orical fact1 pr$ictions :i* are at once explanatory comm5ts ^u ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 & direct evid5ces ( its own presci5ce4 ,i ?9k x obs]vable !n1 t1 ?\gh our ,"l claims to be ! ,messiah1 ,he %[s s little ( consci\s dep5d5ce on ! old ,scriptures1 or ( anxiety to fulfil !m2 z if x became ,him1 :o 0 ! ,"l ( ! ,prophets1 to take ,8 own c\rse1 & to leave _! utt]ances to adju/ !mselves to ,him z !y c\ld1 & n to be c>eful to accommodate ,himself to !m4 ,! evangeli/s d inde$ %[ "s su* natural zeal 9 ,8 behalf1 & !reby illu/rate :at ,i notice 9 ,him by ! contra/4 ,!y betray an e>ne/ness to trace 9 ,8 ,p]son & hi/ory ! accompli%m5t ( prophecy1 z :5 !y disc]n x 9 ,8 return f ,egypt1 9 ,8 life at ,naz>e?1 9 ! g5tl5ess & t5d]ness ( ,8 mode ( tea*+1 & 9 ! v>i\s m9ute occurr5ces ( ,8 passion2 b ,he ,himself goes /raight =w>d on ,8 way1 ( c\rse claim+ to be ! ,messiah ( ! ,prophets17#dh7 /ill n s mu* recurr+ to pa/ prophecies1 z utt]+ new ones1 ) an anti!sis n unlike t :i* is s impressive 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :5 ,he fir/ says1 8,x has be5 said by !m ( old "t10 & !n adds1 8,b ,i say unto y40 ,ano!r /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is se5 9 ! ,names "u :i* ,he spoke ( ,himself1 :i* h little or no f\ndation 9 any ?+ :i* 0 said ( ,him be=eh& 9 ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,!y speak ( ,him z ,rul]1 ,prophet1 ,k+1 ,hope ( ,israel1 ,(fspr+ ( ,judah1 & ,messiah2 & ,8 ,evangeli/s & ,disciples call ,him ,ma/]1 ,"l1 ,prophet1 ,son ( ,david1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 & ,messiah or ,*ri/2 b ,he ,himself1 ?\gh1 ,i repeat1 ,he ackn[l$ges ^! titles z ,8 own1 especially t ( ! ,*ri/1 *ooses z ,8 special designations ^! two1 ,son ( ,god & ,son ( ,man1 ! latt] ( :i* is only once giv5 ,him 9 ! ,old ,scriptures1 & by :i* ,he corrects any n>r[ ,judaic int]pretation ( !m2 :ile ! =m] 0 nev] di/9ctly us$ ( ,him be=e ,he came1 & seems fir/ to h be5 ann\nc$ to ! _w by ! ,angel ,gabriel & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ^? two ,names1 ,son ( ,god & ,son ( ,man1 decl>atory ( ! two natures ( ,emmanuel1 ,he sep>ates ,himself f ! ,jewi% ,disp5sation1 9 :i* ,he 0 born1 & inaugurates ! ,new ,cov5ant4 ,?is is n an accid5t1 & ,i %all n[ give "s in/ances ( x1 t is1 ( :at ,i may call ! indep5d5t autocratic view :i* ,he takes ( ,8 own religion1 into :i* ! old ,judaism 0 melt+1 & ( ! prophetic insight into its _s & its future :i* t view involves4 ,9 quot+ ,8 own say+s f ! ,evangeli/s = ?is purpose1 ,i assume 7( :i* !re is no reasonable d\bt7 t !y wrote be=e any hi/orical ev5ts _h happ5$ ( a nature to cause !m unconsci\sly to modify or to col\r ! language :i* _! ,ma/] us$4 #a4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! fact has be5 (t5 insi/$ on z a bold conception1 unhe>d ( be=e1 & wor?y ( div9e orig91 t ,he %\ld ev5 project a univ]sal religion1 & t to be effect$ by :at may be call$ a propag&i/ movem5t f "o c5tre4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 ! receiv$ notion 9 ! _w1 t ea* nation _h its own gods4 ,! ,romans legislat$ ^u t basis1 & ! ,jews _h held x f ! fir/1 hold+ ( c\rse also1 t all gods b _! own ,god 7 idols & demons4 ,x is true t ! ,jews ought to h be5 taught by _! prophecies :at 0 9 /ore = ! _w & = !m1 & t _! fir/ disp]sion ?r\gh ! ,empire c5turies be=e ,*ri/ came1 & ! proselytes :i* !y collect$ ar\nd !m 9 e place1 7 a k9d ( comm5t on ! prophecies l>g] ?an _! own2 b we see :at 01 9 fact1 :5 our ,"l came1 _! expectation f ^? prophecies1 9 ! passages :i* ,i h quot$ above f ! ,roman hi/orians ( ,8 day4 ,b ,he f ! fir/ resi/$ ^? plausible1 b mi/ak5 int]pretations ( ,scripture4 ,9 ,8 cradle inde$ ,he _h be5 recogniz$ by ! ,ea/]n sages z _! k+2 ! ,angel ann\nc$ t ,he 0 to reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob2 ,na?anael1 too1 own$ ,him z ! ,messiah ) a regal title2 b ,he1 on ent]+ ^u ,8 "w1 int]pret$ ^! anticipations 9 ,8 own way1 & t n ! way ( ,!udas & ,judas ( ,galilee1 :o took ! sword1 & collect$ soldi]s ab\t !m1--nor ! way ( ! ,tempt]1 :o (f]$ ,him 8all ! k+doms ( ! _w40 ,9 ! words ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,he began1 n to fight1 b 8to prea*20 & fur!r1 to 8prea* ! k+dom ( heav510 say+1 8,! "t is accompli%$1 & ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&2 rep5t1 & believe ! ,gospel40 ,?is is ! significant title1 8! k+dom ( heav510--! m significant1 :5 expla9$ by ! att5dant precept ( rep5tance & fai?1--on :i* ,he f\nds ! polity :i* ,he 0 e/abli%+ f fir/ to la/4 ,"o ( ,8 la/ say+s be=e ,he suff]$ 01 8,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w40 ,& ,8 la/ words1 be=e ,he left ! e>?1 :5 ,8 disciples ask$ ,him ab\t ,8 k+dom1 7 t !y1 prea*]s z !y 71 & n soldi]s1 %\ld 8be ,8 witnesses to ! end ( ! e>?10 %\ld 8prea* to all nations1 beg9n+ ) ,j]usalem10 %\ld 8g into ! _w & prea* ! ,gospel to e creature10 %\ld 8g & make disciples ( all nations till ! consummation ( all ?+s40 ,! la/ ,evangeli/ ( ! f\r is equally precise 9 record+ ! initial purpose ) :i* our ,"l began ,8 m9i/ry1 viz4 to create an empire1 n by =ce1 b by p]suasion4 8,light is come into ! _w2 e "o t do? evil1 hate? ! light1 b he t do? tru?1 come? to ! light40 8,lift up y\r eyes1 & see ! c\ntries1 = !y are :ite already to h>ve/40 8,no man c come to ,me1 except ! ,fa!r1 :o ha? s5t ,me1 draw him40 8,& ,i1 if ,i be lift$ up f ! e>?1 w draw all ?+s to ,myself40 ,?us1 :ile ! ,jews1 rely+ on _! ,scriptures ) great appe>ance ( reason1 look$ = a deliv]] :o %\ld conqu] ) ! sword1 we f9d t ,*ri/ianity1 f ! fir/1 n by an aft]-?\ght ^u trial & exp]i5ce1 b z a fundam5tal tru?1 magi/]ially set "r t mi/ake1 transfigur+ ! old prophecies1 & br++ to light1 z ,/4 ,paul might say1 8! my/]y :i* _h be5 hidd5 f ages & g5]ations1 b n[ 0 made manife/ 9 ,8 sa9ts1 ! glory ( ?is my/]y among ! ,g5tiles1 :i* is ,*ri/ 9 y10 n simply ov] y1 b 9 y1 by fai? & love1 8! hope ( glory40 #b4 ,i h p>tly anticipat$ my next rem>k1 :i* relates to ! means by :i* ! ,*ri/ian ent]prise 0 to be c>ri$ into effect4 ,t prea*+ 0 to h a %>e 9 ! victories ( ! ,messiah 0 pla9 f ,prophet & ,psalmi/2 b !n ,*>lemagne prea*$1 & ,mahomet prea*$1 ) an army to back !m4 ,! same ,psalm :i* speaks ( ^? 8:o prea* good tid+s10 speaks also ( _! ,k+'s 8foot be+ dipp$ 9 ! blood ( ,8 enemies20 b :at is s gr&ly orig9al 9 ,*ri/ianity is1 t on its broad field ( conflict its prea*]s 7 to be simply un>m$1 & to suff]1 b to prevail4 ,if we 7 n s famili> ) our ,"l's words1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld a/oni% u4 8,behold1 ,i s5d y z %eep 9 ! mid/ ( wolves40 ,?is 0 to be _! normal /ate1 & s x 02 & all ! promises & directions giv5 to !m imply x4 8,bless$ are !y t suff] p]secution20 8bless$ are ye :5 !y revile y20 8! meek %all inh]it ! e>?20 8resi/ n evil20 8y %all be hat$ ( all m5 = ,my ,"n's sake20 8a man's enemies %all be !y ( 8 own h\sehold20 8he t %all p]sev]e to ! end1 he %all be sav$40 ,:at sort ( enc\ragem5t 0 ?is = m5 :o 7 to g ab\t an imm5se "w8 ,d m5 9 ?is way s5d out _! soldi]s to battle1 or _! sons to ,india or ,au/ralia8 ,! ,k+ ( ,israel hat$ ,micaiah1 because he always 8prophesi$ ( him evil40 8,s p]secut$ !y ! ,prophets t 7 be=e y10 says our ,"l4 ,yes1 & ! ,prophets fail$2 !y 7 p]secut$ & !y lo/ ! battle4 8,take1 my bre?r510 says ,/4 ,james1 8= an example ( suff]+ evil1 ( lab\r & pati5ce1 ! ,prophets1 :o spake 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l40 ,!y 7 8rack$1 mock$1 /on$1 cut asund]1 !y w&]$ ab\t1--( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y10 says ,/4 ,paul4 ,:at an argum5t to enc\rage !m to aim at success by suff]+1 to put be=e !m ! prec$5t ( ^? :o suff]$ & :o fail$6 ,yet ! fir/ prea*]s1 our ,"l's imm$iate disciples1 saw no difficulty 9 a prospect to human eyes s appall+1 s hopeless4 ,h[ connatural ?is /range1 unreason+1 reckless c\rage 0 ) _! reg5]ate /ate is %[n mo/ signally 9 ,/4 ,paul1 z hav+ be5 a conv]t ( lat] vocation4 ,he 0 no p]sonal associate ( our ,"l's1 yet h[ fai?fully he e*oes back our ,"l's language6 ,8 in/rum5t ( conv]sion is 8! fooli%ness ( prea*+20 8! weak ?+s ( ! e>? conf\nd ! /rong20 8we hung] & ?ir/1 & are nak$1 & are buffet$1 & h no home20 8we are revil$ & bless1 we are p]secut$1 & blasphem$1 & are made ! refuse ( ?is _w1 & ! (fsc\r+ ( all ?+s40 ,su* is ! intimate compreh5sion1 on ! "p ( "o :o _h nev] se5 our ,"l on e>?1 & knew little f ,8 orig9al disciples ( ! g5ius ( ,8 tea*+2--& consid]+ t ! prophecies1 ^u :i* he _h liv$ f 8 bir?1 = ! mo/ "p be> on _! surface a contr>y doctr9e1 & t ! ,jews ( t day did commonly und]/& !m 9 t contr>y s5se1 we _c d5y t ,*ri/ianity1 9 trac+ out ! me?od by :i* x 0 to prevail 9 ! future1 took its own1 indep5d5t l9e1 &1 9 assign+ f ! fir/ a rule & a hi/ory to its propagation1 a rule & a hi/ory :i* h be5 c>ri$ out to ?is day1 rescues itself f ! *>ge ( b p>tially fulfill+ ^? ,jewi% prophecies1 by ! assumption ( a prophetical "* ( its own4 #c4 ,n[ we come to a ?ird po9t1 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,ma/] expla9s1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se corrects1 ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 by a m exact int]pretation ( !m f ,himself4 ,i h grant$ t !y seem$ to say t ,8 com+ w\ld issue 9 a p]iod ( peace & religi\sness4 8,behold10 says ! ,prophet1 8a k+ %all reign 9 ju/ice1 & pr9ces %all rule 9 judgm5t4 ,! fool %all no m be call$ pr9ce1 nei!r %all ! deceitful be call$ great4 ,! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d lie d[n ) ! kid4 ,!y %all n hurt nor kill 9 all ,my holy m\nta91 = ! e>? is fill$ ) ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! cov]+ wat]s ( ! sea40 ,^! words seem to pr$ict a rev]sal ( ! consequ5ces ( ! fall1 & t rev]sal has n be5 grant$ to u1 x is true2 b let u consid] h[ di/9ctly ,*ri/ianity w>ns u aga9/ any su* anticipation4 ,:ile x is s =cibly laid d[n 9 ! ,gospels t ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( heav5 beg9s 9 suff]+ & sanctity1 x is z pla9ly said t x results 9 unfai?fulness & s92 t is to say1 t1 ?\gh !re are at all times _m holy1 _m religi\s m5 9 x1 & ?\gh sanctity1 z at ! beg9n+1 is ev] ! life & ! sub/ance & ! g]m9al se$ ( ! ,div9e ,k+dom1 yet !re w be _m too1 !re w be m1 :o by _! lives are a sc&al & injury to x1 n a def5ce4 ,?is aga91 is an a/oni%+ ann\ncem5t1 & ! m s :5 view$ 9 contra/ ) ! precepts deliv]$ by our ,"l 9 ,8 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & ,8 description to ! ,apo/les ( _! weapons & _! w>f>e4 ,s p]plex+ to ,*ri/ians 0 ! fact :5 fulfill$1 z x 0 9 no long "t on a l>ge scale1 t ?ree ( ! e>ly h]esies m or less orig9at$ 9 ob/9ate1 un*ri/ian refusal to readmit to ! privileges ( ! ,gospel ^? :o _h fall5 into s94 ,yet our ,"l's words are express3 ,he tells u t 8,_m are call$1 few are *os520 9 ! p>able ( ! ,m>riage ,fea/1 ! s]vants :o are s5t out ga!r toge!r 8all t !y f\nd1 bo? bad & good20 ! fooli% virg9s 8_h no oil 9 _! vessels20 amid ! good se$ an enemy s[s se$ t is noxi\s or wor?less2 & 8! k+dom is l to a net :i* ga!r$ toge!r all k9d ( fi%es20 & 8at ! end ( ! _w ! ,angels %all g =?1 & %all sep>ate ! wick$ f among ! j40 ,moreov]1 ,he n only speaks ( ,8 religion z de/9$ to possess a wide temporal p[]1 su*1 t1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,babylonian1 8! birds ( ! air %\ld dwell 9 its bran*es10 b ,he op5s on u ! prospect ( ambition & rivalry 9 its lead+ memb]s1 :5 ,he w>ns ,8 disciples aga9/ desir+ ! fir/ places 9 ,8 k+dom2 nay1 ( gross] s9s1 9 ,8 description ( ! ,rul]1 :o 8began to /rike 8 fell[-s]vants1 & to eat & dr9k & be drunk510--passages :i* h an awful significance1 consid]+ :at k9d ( m5 h be=e n[ be5 ,8 *os5 repres5tatives1 & h sat 9 ! *air ( ,8 ,apo/les4 ,if !n x be object$ t ,*ri/ianity does n1 z ! old prophets seem to promise1 aboli% s9 & irreligion )9 its pale1 we may answ]1 n only t x did n engage to d s1 b t actually 9 a prophetical _s x w>n$ its foll[]s aga9/ ! expectation ( its s do+4 #i4 ,accord+ to our ,"l's ann\ncem5ts be=e ! ev5t1 ,*ri/ianity 0 to prevail & to become a great empire1 & to fill ! e>?2 b x 0 to accompli% ?is de/9y1 n z o!r victori\s p[]s _h done1 & z ! ,jews expect$1 by =ce ( arms or by o!r means ( ?is _w1 b by ! novel exp$i5t ( sanctity & suff]+4 ,if "s aspir+ p>ty ( ?is day1 ! great ,orleans family1 or a bran* ( ! ,hoh5zoll]n1 wi%+ to f\nd a k+dom1 7 to pr(ess1 z _! only weapon1 ! practice ( virtue1 !y w\ld n />tle u m ?an x />tl$ a ,jew eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 to be told t 8 glori\s ,messiah 0 n to fight1 l ,jo%ua or ,david1 b simply to prea*4 ,x is inde$ a ?\ght s /range1 bo? 9 its pr$iction & 9 its fulfilm5t1 z urg5tly to sugge/ to u t "s ,div9e ,p[] w5t ) him :o conceiv$ & proclaim$ x4 ,?is is :at ,i h be5 say+2--n[ ,i wi% to consid] ! fact1 :i* 0 pr$ict$1 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce to its be+ ! subject :e!r ( a pr$iction or ( a fulfilm5t2 t is1 ! hi/ory ( ! rise & e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 & to inquire :e!r x is a hi/ory t admits ( be+ resolv$1 by any philosophical +5uity1 into ! ord9>y op]ation ( moral1 social1 or political causes4 ,z is well kn[n1 v>i\s writ]s h attempt$ to assign human causes 9 explanation ( ! ph5om5on3 ,gibbon especially has m5tion$ five1 viz4 ! zeal ( ,*ri/ians1 inh]it$ f ! ,jews1 _! doctr9e ( a future /ate1 _! claim to miracul\s p[]1 _! virtues1 & _! ecclesia/ical organization4 ,let u briefly consid] !m4 ,he ?9ks ^! five causes1 :5 comb9$1 w fairly acc\nt = ! ev5t2 b he has n ?\ght ( acc\nt+ = _! comb9ation4 ,if !y are ev] s available = 8 purpose1 /ill t availabl5ess arises out ( _! co9cid5ce1 & out ( :at does t co9cid5ce arise8 ,until ?is is expla9$1 no?+ is expla9$1 & ! "q _h bett] h be5 let alone4 ,^! presum$ causes are q di/9ct f ea* o!r1 &1 ,i say1 ! wond] is1 :at made !m come toge!r4 ,h[ came a multitude ( ,g5tiles to be influ5c$ ) ,jewi% zeal8 ,h[ came zealots to submit to a /rict1 ecclesia/ical rgime8 ,:at connexion has a secul> rgime ) ! immortality ( ! s\l8 ,:y %\ld immortality1 a philosophical doctr9e1 lead to belief 9 miracles1 :i* is a sup]/ition ( ! vulg>8 ,:at t5d5cy _h miracles & magic to make m5 au/]ely virtu\s8 ,la/ly1 :at p[] 0 !re 9 a code ( virtue1 z calm & enlight5$ z t ( ,anton9us1 to g5]ate a zeal z fi]ce z t ( ,maccabu8 ,wond]ful ev5ts be=e n[ h app>5tly be5 no?+ b co9cid5ces1 c]ta9ly2 b !y d n become less wond]ful by catalogu+ _! con/itu5t causes1 unless we also %[ h[ ^! came to be con/itu5t4 ,h[ev]1 ?is by ! way2 ! real "q is ?is1--are ^! hi/orical *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 also 9 matt] ( fact1 hi/orical causes ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,has ,gibbon giv5 pro( t !y are8 ,has he br\ght evid5ce ( _! op]ation1 or does he simply conjecture 9 8 private judgm5t t !y op]at$8 ,:e!r !y 7 adapt$ to accompli% a c]ta9 "w1 is a matt] ( op9ion2 :e!r !y did accompli% x is a "q ( fact4 ,he ought to adduce in/ances ( _! effici5cy be=e he has a "r to say t !y are effici5t4 ,& ! second "q is1 :at is ?is effect1 ( :i* !y are to be consid]$ z causes8 ,x is no o!r ?an ?is1 ! conv]sion ( bodies ( m5 to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,let u keep ?is 9 view4 ,we h to det]m9e :e!r ^! five *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ianity 7 effici5t causes ( bodies ( m5 becom+ ,*ri/ians8 ,i ?9k !y nei!r did effect su* conv]sions1 nor 7 adapt$ to d s1 & = ^! reasons3-- #a4 ,= fir/1 z to zeal1 by :i* ,gibbon means p>ty _s1 or esprit de corps2 ?is d\btless is a motive pr9ciple :5 m5 are already memb]s ( a body1 b does x op]ate 9 br++ !m into x8 ,! ,jews 7 born 9 ,judaism1 !y _h a long & glori\s hi/ory1 & w\ld naturally feel & %[ esprit de corps2 b h[ did p>ty _s t5d to transplant ,jew or ,g5tile out ( 8 own place into a new society1 & t a society :i* z yet sc>cely 0 =m$ 9 a society8 ,zeal1 c]ta9ly1 may be felt = a cause1 or = a p]son2 on ?is po9t ,i %all speak pres5tly2 b ,gibbon's idea ( ,*ri/ian zeal is no?+ bett] ?an ! old w9e ( ,judaism decant$ into new ,*ri/ian bottles1 & w\ld be too flat a /imulant1 ev5 if x admitt$ ( su* a transf]5ce1 to be tak5 z a cause ( conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity )\t def9ite evid5ce 9 pro( ( ! fact4 ,*ri/ians _h zeal = ,*ri/ianity aft] !y 7 conv]t$1 n be=e4 #b4 ,next1 z to ! doctr9e ( a future /ate4 ,gibbon seems to mean by ?is doctr9e ! fe> ( hell2 n[ c]ta9ly 9 ?is day !re are p]sons conv]t$ f s9 to a religi\s life1 by vivid descriptions ( ! future puni%m5t ( ! wick$2 b !n x mu/ be recollect$ t su* p]sons already believe 9 ! doctr9e ?us urg$ ^u !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 give "s ,tract ^u hell-fire to "o ( ! wild boys 9 a l>ge t[n1 :o has _h no education1 :o has no fai?2 &1 in/ead ( be+ />tl$ by x1 he w laugh at x z some?+ frightfully ridicul\s4 ,! belief 9 ,/yx & ,t>t>us 0 dy+ out ( ! _w at ! "t t ,*ri/ianity came 91 z ! p>allel belief n[ seems to be dy+ out 9 all classes ( our own society4 ,! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t does only ang] ! multitude ( m5 9 our l>ge t[ns n[1 & make !m blaspheme2 :y %\ld x h _h any o!r effect on ! hea!n populations 9 ! age :5 our ,"l came8 ,yet x 0 among ^? populations1 t ,he & ,8 made _! way f ! fir/4 ,z to ! hope ( et]nal life1 t d\btless1 z well z ! fe> ( hell1 0 a mo/ op]ative doctr9e 9 ! case ( m5 :o _h be5 actually conv]t$1 ( ,*ri/ians br\ght be=e ! magi/rate1 or wri?+ "u torture1 b ! ?\ght ( et]nal glory does n keep bad m5 f a bad life n[1 & :y %\ld x conv]t !m !n f _! pleasant s9s1 to a heavy1 mortifi$1 joyless exi/5ce1 to a life ( ill-usage1 fright1 contempt1 & desolation8 #c4 ,t ! claim to miracles %\ld h any wide influ5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity among hea!n populations1 :o _h pl5ty ( port5ts ( _! own1 is an op9ion 9 curi\s contra/ ) ! objection aga9/ ,*ri/ianity :i* has provok$ an answ] f ,paley1 viz4 t 8,*ri/ian miracles are n recit$ or appeal$ to1 by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s !mselves1 s fully or s frequ5tly z might h be5 expect$40 ,paley solves ! difficulty z f> z x is a fact1 by obs]v+1 z ,i h sugge/$1 t 8x 0 _! lot to cont5d ) magical ag5cy1 aga9/ :i* ! m]e production ( ^! facts 0 n suffici5t = ! conv9c+ ( _! adv]s>ies30 8,i d n "k10 he cont9ues1 8:e!r !y !mselves ?\ght x q decisive ( ! controv]sy40 ,a claim to miracul\s p[] on ! "p ( ,*ri/ians1 :i* 0 s unfrequ5t z to become n[ an objection to ! fact ( _! possess+ x1 c h>dly h be5 a pr9cipal cause ( _! success4 #d4 ,& h[ is x possible to imag9e ) ,gibbon t :at he calls ! 8sob] & dome/ic virtues0 ( ,*ri/ians1 _! 8av]sion to ! luxury ( ! age10 _! 8*a/ity1 temp]ance1 & economy10 t ^! dull qualities 7 p]suasives ( a nature to w9 & melt ! h>d hea!n he>t1 9 spite too ( ! dre>y prospect ( ! b>a?rum1 ! amphi!atre1 & ! /ake8 ,did ! ,*ri/ian morality by its sev]e beauty make a conv]t ( ,gibbon himself8 ,on ! contr>y1 he bitt]ly says1 8,x 0 n 9 ?is _w t ! primitive ,*ri/ians 7 desir\s ( mak+ !mselves ei!r agreeable or useful40 8,! virtue ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 l t ( ! fir/ ,romans1 0 v frequ5tly gu>d$ by pov]ty & ignorance40 8,_! gloomy & au/]e aspect1 _! abhorr5ce ( ! common bus9ess & pleasures ( life1 & _! frequ5t pr$ictions ( imp5d+ calamities1 inspir$ ! ,pagans ) ! appreh5sion ( "s dang] :i* w\ld arise f ! new sect40 ,"h we h n only ,gibbon hat+ _! moral & social be>+1 b 8 hea!n also4 ,h[ !n 7 ^? hea!n ov]come by ! amiabl5ess ( t :i* !y view$ ) su* disgu/8 ,we h "h pla9 pro( t ! ,*ri/ian "* repell$ ! hea!n2 :]e is ! evid5ce t x conv]t$ !m8 #e4 ,la/ly1 z to ! ecclesia/ical organization1 ?is1 d\btless1 z "t w5t on1 0 a special *>act]i/ic ( ! new religion2 b h[ c\ld x directly contribute to its ext5sion8 ,( c\rse x gave x /r5g?1 b x did n give x life4 ,we are n born ( bones & muscles4 ,x is "o ?+ to make conque/s1 ano!r to consolidate an empire4 ,x 0 be=e ,con/ant9e t ,*ri/ians made _! great conque/s4 ,rules are = settl$ times1 n = "t ( w>4 ,s mu* is ?is contra/ felt 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* n[1 t1 z is well kn[n1 9 hea!n c\ntries & 9 c\ntries :i* h ?r[n (f h] yoke1 %e susp5ds h] diocesan adm9i/ration & h] ,canon ,law1 & puts h] *ildr5 "u ! extraord9>y1 extra-legal jurisdiction ( ,propag&a4 ,?is is :at ,i am l$ to say on ,gibbon's ,five ,causes4 ,i d n d5y t !y might h op]at$ n[ & !n2 ,simon ,magus came to ,*ri/ianity 9 ord] to le>n ! craft ( miracles1 & ,p]egr9us f love ( influ5ce & p[]2 b ,*ri/ianity made its way1 n by individual1 b by broad1 :olesale conv]sions1 & ! "q is1 h[ !y orig9at$8 ,x is v rem>kable t x %\ld n h occurr$ to a man ( ,gibbon's sagacity to inquire1 :at acc\nt ! ,*ri/ians !mselves gave ( ! matt]4 ,w\ld x n h be5 wor? :ile = him to h let conjecture alone1 & to h look$ = facts in/ead8 ,:y did he n try ! hypo!sis ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity8 ,did he nev] he> ( rep5tance t[>ds ,god1 & fai? 9 ,*ri/8 ,did he n recollect ! _m words ( ,apo/les1 ,bi%ops1 ,apologi/s1 ,m>tyrs1 all =m+ "o te/imony8 ,no2 su* ?\ghts are close ^u him1 & close ^u ! tru?2 b he _c sympa?ize ) !m1 he _c believe 9 !m1 he _c ev5 ent] into !m1 because he ne$s ! due =mation ( m9d47#di7 ,let u see :e!r ! facts ( ! case d n come out cle> & unequivocal1 if we w b h ! pati5ce to endure !m4 ,a ,deliv]] ( ! human race ?r\gh ! ,jewi% nation _h be5 promis$ f "t immemorial4 ,! day came :5 ,he 0 to appe>1 & ,he 0 eag]ly expect$2 moreov]1 ,"o actually did make ,8 appe>ance at t date 9 ,pale/9e1 & claim$ to be ,he4 ,he left ! e>? )\t app>5tly do+ mu* = ! object ( ,8 com+4 ,b :5 ,he 0 gone1 ,8 disciples took ^u !mselves to g =? to prea* to all p>ts ( ! e>? ) ! object ( prea*+ ,him1 & collect+ conv]ts 9 ,8 ,"n4 ,aft] a little :ile !y are f\nd wond]fully to h succe$$4 ,l>ge bodies ( m5 9 v>i\s places are to be se51 pr(ess+ to be ,8 disciples1 own+ ,him z _! ,k+1 & cont9ually swell+ 9 numb] & p5etrat+ into ! populations ( ! ,roman ,empire2 at l5g? !y conv]t ! ,empire itself4 ,all ?is is hi/orical fact4 ,n[1 we want to "k ! f>!r hi/orical fact1 viz4 ! cause ( _! conv]sion2 9 o!r words1 :at 7 ! topics ( t prea*+ :i* 0 s effective8 ,if we believe :at is told u by ! prea*]s & _! conv]ts1 ! answ] is pla94 ,!y 8prea*$ ,*ri/20 !y call$ on m5 to believe1 hope1 & place _! affections1 9 t ,deliv]] :o _h come & gone2 & ! moral in/rum5t by :i* !y p]suad$ !m to d s1 0 a description ( ! life1 "*1 mission1 & p[] ( t ,deliv]]1 a promise ( ,8 invisible ,pres5ce & ,protection "h1 & ( ! ,vision & ,fruition ( ,him h]eaft]4 ,f fir/ to la/ to ,*ri/ians1 z to ,abraham1 ,he ,himself is ! c5tre & fulness ( ! disp5sation4 ,!y1 z ,abraham1 8see ,8 day1 & are glad40 ,a temporal sov]eign makes himself felt by means ( 8 subord9ate adm9i/rators1 :o br+ 8 p[] & w to be> ^u e individual ( 8 subjects :o p]sonally "k him n2 ! univ]sal ,deliv]]1 long expect$1 :5 ,he came1 ,he too1 in/ead ( mak+ & secur+ subjects by a visible graci\sness or maje/y1 dep>ts2--b is f\nd1 ?r\gh ,8 prea*]s1 to h impr9t$ ! ,image7#ej7 or ,idea ( ,himself 9 ! m9ds ( ,8 subjects individually2 & t ,image1 appreh5d$ & wor%ipp$ 9 individual m9ds1 becomes a pr9ciple ( association1 & a real bond ( ^? subjects "o ) ano!r1 :o are ?us unit$ to ! body by be+ unit$ to t ,image2 & moreov] t ,image1 :i* is _! moral life1 :5 !y h be5 already conv]t$1 is also ! orig9al in/rum5t ( _! conv]sion4 ,x is ! ,image ( ,him :o fulfils ! "o great ne$ ( human nature1 ! ,heal] ( its w\nds1 ! ,physician ( ! s\l1 ?is ,image x is :i* bo? creates fai?1 & !n rew>ds x4 ,:5 we recognize ?is c5tral ,image z ! vivify+ idea bo? ( ! ,*ri/ian body & ( individuals 9 x1 !n1 c]ta9ly1 we are able to take into acc\nt at lea/ two ( ,gibbon's causes1 z hav+1 9 connexion ) t idea1 "s influ5ce bo? 9 mak+ conv]ts & 9 /r5g!n+ !m to p]sev]e4 ,x 0 ! ,?\ght ( ,*ri/1 n a corporate body or a doctr9e1 :i* inspir$ t zeal :i* ! hi/orian s poorly compreh5ds2 & x 0 ! ,?\ght ( ,*ri/ :i* gave a life to ! promise ( t et]nity1 :i* )\t ,him w\ld be1 9 any s\l1 no?+ %ort ( an intol]able burd54 ,n[ a m5tal vision su* z ?is1 p]haps w be call$ cl\dy1 fanciful1 un9telligible2 t is1 9 o!r words1 miracul\s4 ,i ?9k x is s4 ,h[1 )\t ! ,h& ( ,god1 c\ld a new idea1 "o & ! same1 ent] at once into myriads ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ( all ranks1 especially ! l[]1 & h p[] to wean !m f _! indulg5ces & s9s1 & to n]ve !m aga9/ ! mo/ cruel tortures1 & to la/ 9 vig\r z a su/a9+ influ5ce = sev5 or eight g5]ations1 till x f\nd$ an ext5d$ polity1 broke ! ob/9acy ( ! /ronge/ & wise/ gov]nm5t :i* ! _w has ev] se51 & =c$ its way f its fir/ caves & catacombs to ! fulness ( imp]ial p[]8 ,9 consid]+ ?is subject1 ,i %all conf9e myself to ! pro(1 z f> z my limits all[1 ( two po9ts1--fir/1 t ?is ,?\ght or ,image ( ,*ri/ 0 ! pr9ciple ( conv]sion & ( fell[%ip2 & next1 t among ! l[] classes1 :o _h no p[]1 influ5ce1 reputation1 or education1 lay its pr9cipal success47#ea7 ,z to ! vivify+ idea1 ?is is ,/4 ,paul's acc\nt ( x3 8,i make kn[n to y ! gospel :i* ,i prea*$ to y1 :i* also y h receiv$1 & :]e9 y /&2 by :i* also y are sav$4 ,= ,i deliv]$ to y fir/ ( all t :i* ,i also receiv$1 h[ t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s accord+ to ! ,scriptures10 c41 c4 8,i am ! lea/ ( ! ,apo/les2 b1 :e!r ,i or !y1 s we prea*$1 & s y believ$40 8,x has pleas$ ,god by ! fooli%ness ( prea*+ to save !m t believe40 8,we prea* ,*ri/ crucifi$40 8,i det]m9$ to "k no?+ among y1 b ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,him crucifi$40 8,y\r life is hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,:5 ,*ri/1 :o is y\r life1 %all appe>1 !n y also %all appe> ) ,him 9 glory40 8,i live1 b n[ n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me40 ,/4 ,pet]1 :o has be5 acc\nt$ ! ma/] ( a sep>ate s*ool1 says ! same3 8,jesus ,*ri/1 :om y h n se51 yet love2 9 :om y n[ believe1 & %all rejoice40 ,& ,/4 ,john1 :o is sometimes acc\nt$ a ?ird ma/] 9 ,*ri/ianity3 8,x ha? n yet appe>$ :at we %all be2 b we "k t1 :5 ,he %all appe>1 we %all be l to ,him1 because we %all see ,him z ,he is40 ,t _! disciples foll[$ !m 9 ?is sov]eign devotion to an ,invisible ,"l1 w appe> z ,i proce$4 ,& next1 z to ! worldly position & "* ( ,8 disciples1 our ,"l1 9 ! well-kn[n passage1 returns ?anks to ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r 8because10 ,he says1 8,?\ ha/ hid ^! ?+s0--! my/]ies ( ,8 k+dom--8f ! wise & prud5t1 & ha/ reveal$ !m to little ones40 ,&1 9 accordance ) ?is ann\ncem5t1 ,/4 ,paul says t 8n _m wise m5 accord+ to ! fle%1 n _m mighty1 n _m noble10 became ,*ri/ians4 ,he1 inde$1 is "o ( ^? few2 s 7 o!rs 8 contempor>ies1 &1 z "t w5t on1 ! numb] ( ^! exceptions increas$1 s t conv]ts 7 f\nd1 n a few1 9 ! high places ( ! ,empire1 & 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy & le>n+2 b /ill ! rule held1 t ! great mass ( ,*ri/ians 7 to be f\nd 9 ^? classes :i* 7 ( no acc\nt 9 ! _w1 :e!r on ! score ( rank or ( education4 ,we all "k ?is 0 ! case ) our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,x seems almo/ irrev]5t to speak ( _! temporal employm5ts1 :5 we are s simply accu/om$ to consid] !m 9 _! spiritual associations2 b x is pr(itable to rem9d ourselves t our ,"l ,himself 0 a sort ( smi?1 & made pl\ghs & cattle-yokes4 ,f\r ,apo/les 7 fi%]m51 "o a petty tax collector1 two husb&m51 & ano!r is said to h be5 a m>ket g>d5]47#eb7 ,:5 ,pet] & ,john 7 br\ght be=e ! ,c\ncil1 !y are spok5 ( z be+1 9 a secul> po9t ( view1 8illit]ate m51 & ( ! l[] sort10 & ?us !y are spok5 ( 9 a lat] age by ! ,fa!rs4 ,t _! conv]ts 7 ( ! same rank z !mselves1 is report$1 9 _! fav\r or to _! discr$it1 by fri5ds & enemies1 = f\r c5turies4 8,if a man be educat$10 says ,celsus 9 mock]y1 8let him keep cle> ( u ,*ri/ians2 we want no m5 ( wisdom1 no m5 ( s5se4 ,we acc\nt all su* z evil4 ,no2 b1 if !re be "o :o is inexp]i5c$1 or /upid1 or untaught1 or a fool1 let him come ) good he>t40 8,!y are weav]s10 he says else:]e1 8%oemak]s1 full]s1 illit]ate1 cl[ns40 8,fools1 l[-born fell[s10 says ,trypho4 8,! great] "p ( y10 says ,ccilius1 8are worn ) want1 cold1 toil1 & fam9e2 m5 collect$ f ! l[e/ dregs ( ! p2 ignorant1 cr$ul\s wom520 8unpoli%$1 boors1 illit]ate1 ignorant ev5 ( ! sordid arts ( life2 !y d n und]/& ev5 civil matt]s1 h[ c !y und]/& div9e80 8,!y h left _! tongs1 mallets1 & anvils1 to prea* ab\t ! ?+s ( heav510 says ,libanius4 8,!y deceive wom51 s]vants1 & slaves10 says ,julian4 ,! au?or ( ,philopatris speaks ( !m z 8poor creatures1 blocks1 )]$ old fell[s1 m5 ( d[nca/ & pale visages40 ,z to _! religion1 x _h ! reputation popul>ly1 accord+ to v>i\s ,fa!rs1 ( be+ an anile sup]/ition1 ! discov]y ( old wom51 a joke1 a madness1 an infatuation1 an absurdity1 a fanaticism4 ,! ,fa!rs !mselves confirm ^! /atem5ts1 s f> z !y relate to ! insignificance & ignorance ( _! bre?r54 ,a!nagoras speaks ( ! virtue ( _! 8ignorant m51 me*anics1 & old wom540 8,!y are ga!r$10 says ,/4 ,j]ome1 8n f ! ,academy or ,lyceum1 b f ! l[ populace40 8,!y are :itesmi?s1 s]vants1 f>m-lab\r]s1 woodm51 m5 ( sordid trades1 begg>s10 says ,!odoret4 8,we are engag$ 9 ! f>m1 9 ! m>ket1 at ! ba?s1 w9e-%ops1 /ables1 & fairs2 z seam51 z soldi]s1 z peasants1 z deal]s10 says ,t]tullian4 ,h[ came su* m5 to be conv]t$8 &1 be+ conv]t$1 h[ came su* m5 to ov]turn ! _w8 ,yet !y w5t =? f ! fir/1 8conqu]+ & to conqu]40 ,! fir/ manife/ation ( _! =midable numb]s is made j ab\t ! "t :5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul suff]$ m>tyrdom1 & 0 ! cause ( a t]rible p]secution4 ,we h ! acc\nt ( x 9 ,tacitus4 8,n]o10 he says1 8to put an end to ! common talk t ,rome _h be5 set on fire by 8 ord]1 imput$ x to o!rs1 visit+ ) a ref9em5t ( puni%m5t ^? dete/able crim9als :o w5t by ! "n ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! au?or ( t d5om9ation 0 ,*ri/us1 :o _h be5 execut$ 9 ,tib]ius's "t by ! procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate4 ,! pe/il5t sup]/ition1 *eck$ = a :ile1 bur/ out aga91 n only ?r\gh\t ,judea1 ! fir/ seat ( ! evil1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ,rome1 ! c5tre bo? ( conflu5ce & outbreak ( all t is atroci\s & disgraceful f e qu>t]4 ,fir/ 7 arre/$ ^? :o made no secret ( _! sect2 & by ?is clue a va/ multitude ( o!rs1 convict$1 n s mu* ( fir+ ! city1 z ( hatr$ to ! human race4 ,mock]y 0 add$ to dea?2 clad 9 sk9s ( bea/s1 !y 7 torn to pieces by dogs2 !y 7 nail$ up to crosses2 !y 7 made inflammable1 s t1 :5 day fail$1 !y might s]ve z lights4 ,h5ce1 guilty z !y 71 & des]v+ ( exempl>y puni%m5t1 !y excit$ compassion1 z be+ de/roy$1 n = ! public welf>e1 b f ! cruelty ( "o man40 ,! two ,apo/les suff]$1 & a sil5ce foll[s ( a :ole g5]ation4 ,at ! end ( ?irty or =ty ye>s1 ,pl9y1 ! fri5d ( ,trajan1 z well z ( ,tacitus1 is s5t z t ,emp]or's ,proprtor into ,bi?ynia1 & is />tl$ & p]plex$ by ! numb]1 influ5ce1 & p]t9acity ( ! ,*ri/ians :om he f9ds !re1 & 9 ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,pontus4 ,he has ! opportunity ( be+ f> m fair to !m ?an 8 fri5d ! hi/orian4 ,he writes to ,trajan to "k h[ he ought to deal ) !m1 & ,i w quote "s portions ( 8 lett]4 ,he says he does n "k h[ to proce$ ) !m1 z _! religion has n receiv$ tol]ation f ! /ate4 ,he nev] 0 pres5t at any trial ( !m2 he d\bt$ :e!r ! *ildr5 among !m1 z well z gr[n p1 ought to be acc\nt$ z culprits1 :e!r recantation w\ld set matt]s "r1 or :e!r !y incurr$ puni%m5t all ! same2 :e!r !y 7 to be puni%$1 m]ely because ,*ri/ians1 ev5 ?\gh no def9ite crime 0 prov$ aga9/ !m4 ,8 way _h be5 to exam9e !m1 & put que/ions to !m2 if !y confess$ ! *>ge1 he gave !m "o or two *ances1 ?reat5+ !m ) puni%m5t2 !n1 if !y p]si/$1 he gave ord]s = _! execution4 8,=10 he argues1 8,i felt no d\bt t1 :atev] might be ! "* ( _! op9ions1 /ubborn & inflexible ob/9acy des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,o!rs !re 7 ( a l infatuation1 :om1 be+ citiz5s1 ,i s5t to ,rome40 ,"s satisfi$ him2 !y repeat$ aft] him an invocation to ! gods1 & (f]$ w9e & inc5se to ! ,emp]or's image1 & 9 addition1 curs$ ! "n ( ,*ri/4 8,accord+ly10 he says1 8,i let !m g2 = ,i am told no?+ c compel a real ,*ri/ian to d any ( ^! ?+s40 ,!re 7 o!rs1 too1 :o sacrific$2 :o _h be5 ,*ri/ians1 "s ( !m = z _m z tw5ty ye>s4 ,!n he is curi\s to "k some?+ m def9ite ab\t !m4 8,?is1 ! in=m]s told me1 0 ! :ole ( _! crime or mi/ake1 t !y 7 accu/om$ to assemble on a /at$ day be=e dawn1 & to say toge!r a hymn to ,*ri/ z a god1 & to b9d !mselves by an oa? sacram5to 7n to any crime1 b on ! contr>y7 to keep f !ft1 robb]y1 adult]y1 brea* ( promise1 & mak+ free ) deposits4 ,aft] ?is !y us$ to sep>ate1 & !n to meet aga9 = a meal1 :i* 0 social & h>mless4 ,h[ev]1 !y left ev5 t (f1 aft] my ,edict aga9/ _! meet+40 ,?is in=mation l$ him to put to ! torture two maid-s]vants1 8:o 7 call$ m9i/]s10 9 ord] to f9d out :at 0 true1 :at 0 false 9 x2 b he says he c\ld make out no?+1 except a deprav$ & excessive sup]/ition4 ,?is is :at l$ him to consult ! ,emp]or1 8especially because ( ! numb] :o 7 implicat$ 9 x2 = ^! are1 or are likely to be1 _m1 ( all ages1 nay1 ( bo? sexes4 ,= ! contagion ( ?is sup]/ition has spread1 n only 9 ! cities1 b ab\t ! villages & ! op5 c\ntry40 ,he adds t already !re 0 "s improvem5t4 8,! almo/ =sak5 temples beg9 to be fill$ aga91 & ! sacr$ solemnities aft] a long int]mission are reviv$4 ,victims1 too1 are aga9 on sale1 pur*as]s hav+ be5 mo/ r>e to f9d40 ,! sali5t po9ts 9 ?is acc\nt are ^!1 t1 at ! end ( "o g5]ation f ! ,apo/les1 nay1 almo/ 9 ! lifetime ( ,/4 ,john1 ,*ri/ians _h s widely spread 9 a l>ge di/rict ( ,asia1 z ne>ly to suppress ! ,pagan religions !re2 t !y 7 p ( exempl>y lives2 t !y _h a "n = inv9cible fidelity to _! religion2 t no ?reats or suff]+s c\ld make !m d5y x2 & t _! only tangible *>act]i/ic 0 ! wor%ip ( our ,"l4 ,?is 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury2 n a great _m ye>s aft]1 we h ano!r acc\nt ( ! ,*ri/ian body1 f an anonym\s ,greek ,*ri/ian1 9 a lett] to a fri5d :om he 0 anxi\s to conv]t4 ,x is f> too long to quote1 & difficult to compress2 b a few s5t5ces w %[ h[ /rik+ly x agrees ) ! acc\nt ( ! hea!n ,pl9y1 especially 9 two po9ts1--fir/1 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ians1 secondly1 on devotion to our ,"l z ! vivify+ pr9ciple ( _! association4 8,*ri/ians10 says ! writ]1 8diff] n f o!r m5 9 c\ntry1 or spee*1 or cu/oms4 ,!y d n live 9 cities ( _! own1 or speak 9 any peculi> dialect1 or adopt any /range modes ( liv+4 ,!y inhabit _! native c\ntries1 b z soj\rn]s2 !y take _! "p 9 all burd5s1 z if citiz5s1 & 9 all suff]+s1 z if !y 7 /rang]s4 ,9 =eign c\ntries !y recognize a home1 & 9 e home !y see a =eign c\ntry4 ,!y m>ry l o!r m51 b d n dis[n _! *ildr54 ,!y obey ! e/abli%$ laws1 b !y g beyond !m 9 ! t5or ( _! lives4 ,!y love all m51 & are p]secut$ by all2 !y are n kn[n1 & !y are condemn$2 !y are poor1 & make _m ri*2 !y are di%on\r$1 yet 9 di%on\r !y are glorifi$2 !y are sl&]$1 & !y are cle>$2 !y are call$ names1 & !y bless4 ,by ! ,jews !y are assail$ z ali5s1 by ! ,greeks !y are p]secut$1 nor c !y :o hate !m say :y4 8,*ri/ians are 9 ! _w1 z ! s\l 9 ! body4 ,! s\l p]vades ! limbs ( ! body1 & ,*ri/ians ! cities ( ! _w4 ,! fle% hates ! s\l1 & w>s aga9/ x1 ?\gh suff]+ no wrong f x2 & ! _w hates ,*ri/ians4 ,! s\l loves ! fle% t hates x1 & ,*ri/ians love _! enemies4 ,_! tradition is n an e>?ly inv5tion1 nor is x a mortal ?\ght :i* !y s c>efully gu>d1 nor a disp5sation ( human my/]ies :i* is committ$ to _! *>ge2 b ,god ,himself1 ! ,omnipot5t & ,invisible ,creator1 has f heav5 e/abli%$ among m5 ,8 ,tru? & ,8 ,^w1 ! ,holy & ,incompreh5sible1 & has deeply fix$ ! same 9 _! he>ts2 n1 z might be expect$1 s5d+ any s]vant1 angel1 or pr9ce1 or adm9i/rator ( ?+s e>?ly or heav5ly1 b ! v ,artific] & ,demiurge ( ! ,univ]se4 ,him ,god ha? s5t to man1 n to inflict t]ror1 b 9 clem5cy & g5tl5ess1 z a ,k+ s5d+ a ,k+ :o 0 ,8 ,son2 ,he s5t ,him z ,god to m51 to save !m4 ,he hat$ n1 nor reject$ u1 nor rememb]$ our guilt1 b %[$ ,himself long-suff]+1 &1 9 ,8 own words1 bore our s9s4 ,he gave ,8 own ,son z a ransom = u1 ! j = ! unju/4 ,= :at o!r ?+1 except ,8 ,righte\sness1 c\ld cov] our guilt8 ,9 :om 0 x possible = u1 lawless s9n]s1 to f9d ju/ification1 save 9 ! ,son ( ,god alone8 ,o sweet int]*ange6 ,o heav5ly workman%ip pa/ f9d+ out6 ,o b5efits exce$+ expectation6 ,s5d+1 !n1 a ,savi\r1 :o is able to save ^? :o ( !mselves are incapable ( salvation1 ,he has will$ t we %\ld reg>d ,him z our ,gu>dian1 ,fa!r1 ,tea*]1 ,c\nsellor1 ,physician2 our ,m9d1 ,light1 ,hon\r1 ,glory1 ,/r5g?1 & ,life47#ec70 ,! writ+ f :i* ,i h be5 quot+ is ( ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,tw5ty or ?irty ye>s aft] x ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks z /rongly ( ! spread ( ! new ,religion3 8,!re is n any "o race ( m510 he says1 8b>b>ian or ,greek1 nay1 ( ^? :o live 9 waggons1 or :o are ,nomads1 or ,%eph]ds 9 t5ts1 among :om pray]s & eu*>i/s are n (f]$ to ! ,fa!r & ,mak] ( ! ,univ]se1 ?r\gh ! "n ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus40 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,clem5t3--8,! ^w ( our ,ma/] did n rema9 9 ,judea1 z philosophy rema9$ 9 ,greece1 b has be5 p\r$ out ov] ! :ole _w1 p]suad+ ,greeks & ,b>b>ians alike1 race by race1 village by village1 e city1 :ole h\ses1 & he>]s "o by "o1 nay1 n a few ( ! philosoph]s !mselves40 ,& ,t]tullian1 at ! v close ( x1 c\ld 9 8 ,apologia ev5 proce$ to ?reat5 ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t3--8,we are a p ( ye/]day10 he says2 8& yet we h fill$ e place belong+ to y1 cities1 isl&s1 ca/les1 t[ns1 assemblies1 y\r v camp1 y\r tribes1 companies1 palaces1 s5ate1 =um4 ,we leave y y\r temples only4 ,we c c\nt y\r armies1 & our numb]s 9 a s+le prov9ce w be great]4 ,9 :at w> ) y %\ld we n be suffici5t & ready1 ev5 ?\gh unequal 9 numb]s1 :o s will+ly are put to dea?1 if x 7 n 9 ?is ,religion ( ours m lawful to be sla9 ?an to slay80 ,once m1 let u he> ! great ,orig51 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! next c5tury3--8,9 all ,greece & 9 all b>b>\s races )9 our _w1 !re are t5s ( ?\s&s :o h left _! national laws & cu/om>y gods = ! law ( ,moses & ! ^w ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 ?\gh to adh]e to t law is to incur ! hatr$ ( idolat]s1 & ! risk ( dea? besides to h embrac$ t ^w4 ,& consid]+ h[1 9 s few ye>s1 9 spite ( ! attacks made on u1 to ! loss ( life or prop]ty1 & ) no great /ore ( tea*]s1 ! prea*+ ( t ^w has f\nd its way into e "p ( ! _w1 s t ,greek & b>b>ians1 wise & unwise1 adh]e to ! religion ( ,jesus1 d\btless x is a "w great] ?an any "w ( man40 ,we ne$ no pro( to assure u t ?is /eady & rapid gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity 0 a ph5om5on :i* />tl$ its contempor>ies1 z mu* z x excites ! curiosity ( philosophic hi/orians n[2 & !y too !n _h _! own ways ( acc\nt+ = x1 diff]5t inde$ f ,gibbon's1 b q z p]t95t1 ?\gh less elaborate4 ,^! 7 pr9cipally two1 bo? lead+ !m to p]secute x1--! ob/9acy ( ! ,*ri/ians & _! magical p[]s1 ( :i* ! =m] 0 ! explanation adopt$ by educat$ m9ds1 & ! latt] *iefly by ! populace4 ,z to ! =m]1 f fir/ to la/1 m5 9 p[] magi/]ially reprobate ! s5seless ob/9acy ( ! memb]s ( ! new sect1 z _! *>act]i/ic (f5ce4 ,pl9y1 z we h se51 f\nd x to be _! only fault1 b "o suffici5t to m]it capital puni%m5t4 ,! ,emp]or ,m>cus seems to consid] ob/9acy ! ultimate motive-cause to :i* _! unnatural conduct 0 traceable4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! s\l1 z 8ready1 if x mu/ n[ be sep>at$ f ! body1 to be ext+ui%$1 or dissolv$1 or to rema9 ) x20 he adds1 8b ! read9ess mu/ come ( its own judgm5t1 n f simple p]v]s5ess1 z 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ians1 b ) consid]at5ess1 ) gravity1 & )\t !atrical effect1 s z to be p]suasive40 ,& ,diocletian1 9 8 ,edict ( p]secution1 pr(esses x to be 8 8e>ne/ aim to puni% ! deprav$ p]si/5ce ( ^? mo/ wick$ m540 ,z to ! latt] *>ge1 _! f\nd]1 x 0 said1 _h ga9$ a k ( magic 9 ,egypt1 & _h left beh9d him 9 8 sacr$ books ! secrets ( ! art4 ,suetonius himself speaks ( !m z 8m5 ( a magical sup]/ition20 & ,celsus accuses !m ( 8incantations 9 ! "n ( demons40 ,! (fic] :o _h cu/ody ( ,/4 ,p]petua1 fe>$ h] escape f prison 8by magical incantations40 ,:5 ,/4 ,tiburtius _h walk$ b>efoot on hot coals1 8 judge cri$ out t ,*ri/ _h taught him magic4 ,/4 ,ana/asia 0 ?r[n into prison z deal+ 9 poisons2 ! populace call$ out aga9/ ,/4 ,agnes1 8,away ) ! wit*6 away ) ! sorc]ess60 ,:5 ,/4 ,bonosus & ,/4 ,maximilian bore ! burn+ pit* )\t %r9k+1 ,jews & hea!n cri$ out1 8,^? wiz>ds & sorc]]s60 8,:at new delusion10 says ! magi/rate conc]n+ ,/4 ,romanus1 9 ! ,hymn ( ,prud5tius1 8has br\ght 9 ^! sophi/s :o d5y ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods8 h[ do? ?is *ief sorc]] mock u1 /ill$ by 8 ,!ssalian *>m to laugh at puni%m5t87#ed70 ,x is inde$ difficult to ent] into ! feel+s ( irritation & fe>1 ( contempt & amazem5t1 :i* 7 excit$1 :e!r 9 ! t[n populace or 9 ! magi/rates 9 ! pres5ce ( conduct s novel1 s unv>y+1 s absolutely beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,! v "y & ! v old1 ! *ild1 ! y\? 9 ! heyday ( 8 passions1 ! sob] man ( middle age1 maid5s & mo!rs ( families1 boors & slaves z well z philosoph]s & nobles1 solit>y confessors & companies ( m5 & wom51--all ^! 7 se5 equally to defy ! p[]s ( d>kness to d _! wor/4 ,9 ?is /range enc\nt] x became a po9t ( hon\r ) ! ,roman to break ! det]m9ation ( 8 victim1 & x 0 ! triumph ( fai? :5 8 mo/ savage exp$i5ts = t purpose 7 f\nd to be 9 va94 ,! m>tyrs %rank f suff]+ l o!r m51 b su* natural %r9k+ 0 incomm5surable ) apo/asy4 ,no int5sity ( torture _h any means ( affect+ :at 0 a m5tal conviction2 & ! sov]eign ,?\ght 9 :i* !y _h liv$ 0 _! adequate support & consolation 9 _! dea?4 ,to !m ! prospect ( w\nds & loss ( limbs 0 n m t]rible ?an x is to ! combatant ( ?is _w4 ,!y fac$ ! implem5ts ( torture z ! soldi] takes 8 po/ be=e ! enemy's batt]y4 ,!y *e]$ & ran =w>d to meet 8 attack1 & z x 7 d>$ him1 if he w\ld1 to de/roy ! numb]s :o kept clos+ up ! =emo/ rank1 z _! comrades :o _h fill$ x fell4 ,& :5 ,rome at la/ f\nd %e _h to deal ) a ho/ ( ,scvolas1 !n ! pr\de/ ( e>?ly sov]eignties1 array$ 9 ! complet5ess ( h] mat]ial res\rces1 humbl$ h]self be=e a p[] :i* 0 f\nd$ on a m]e s5se ( ! unse54 ,9 ! colloquy ( ! ag$ ,ignatius1 ! disciple ( ! ,apo/les1 ) ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 we h a sort ( type ( :at w5t on = ?ree1 or r f\r c5turies4 ,he 0 s5t all ! way f ,antio* to ,rome to be dev\r$ by ! bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre4 ,z he travell$1 he wrote lett]s to v>i\s ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 & among o!rs to 8 ,roman bre?r51 among :om he 0 to suff]4 ,let u see :e!r1 z ,i h said1 ! ,image ( t ,div9e ,k+1 :o _h be5 promis$ f ! beg9n+1 0 n ! liv+ pr9ciple ( 8 ob/9ate resolve4 ,! old man is almo/ fi]ce 9 8 det]m9ation to be m>tyr$4 8,may ^? bea/s10 he says to 8 bre?r51 8be my ga91 :i* are 9 read9ess = me6 ,i w provoke & coax !m to dev\r me quickly1 & n to be afraid ( me1 z !y are ( "s :om !y w n t\*4 ,%\ld !y be unwill+1 ,i w compel !m4 ,be> ) me2 ,i "k :at is my ga94 ,n[ ,i beg9 to be a disciple4 ,( no?+ ( ?+s visible or invisible am ,i ambiti\s1 save to ga9 ,*ri/4 ,:e!r x is fire or ! cross1 ! assault ( wild bea/s1 ! wr5*+ ( my bones1 ! crun*+ ( my limbs1 ! cru%+ ( my :ole body1 let ! tortures ( ! devil all assail me1 if ,i d b ga9 ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,else:]e 9 ! same ,epi/le he says1 8,i write to y1 /ill alive1 b long+ to die4 ,my ,love is crucifi$6 ,i h no ta/e = p]i%able food4 ,i long = ,god's ,bread1 heav5ly ,bread1 ,bread ( life1 :i* is ,fle% ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,i long = ,god's draught1 ,8 ,blood1 :i* is ,love )\t corruption1 & ,life = ev]more40 ,x is said t1 :5 he came into ! pres5ce ( ,trajan1 ! latt] cri$ out1 8,:o are y1 poor devil1 :o are s eag] to transgress our rules80 8,t is no "n10 he answ]$1 8= ,!ophorus40 8,:o is ,!ophorus80 ask$ ! ,emp]or4 8,he :o be>s ,*ri/ 9 8 brea/40 ,9 ! ,apo/le's words1 already cit$1 he _h 8,*ri/ 9 him1 ! hope ( glory40 ,all ?is may be call$ en?usiasm2 b en?usiasm af=ds a mu* m adequate explanation ( ! confessor%ip ( an old man1 ?an d ,gibbon's five reasons4 ,in/ances ( ! same ard5t _s1 & ( ! liv+ fai? on :i* x 0 f\nd$1 are to be f\nd :]ev] we op5 ! ,acta ,m>tyrum4 ,9 ! outbreak at ,smyrna1 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 amid tortures :i* ev5 mov$ ! hea!n by/&]s to compassion1 ! suff]]s 7 conspicu\s = _! s]5e calmness4 8,!y made x evid5t to u all10 says ! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur*1 8t 9 ! mid/ ( ^? suff]+s !y 7 abs5t f ! body1 or r1 t ! ,"l /ood by !m1 & walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m40 ,at t "t ,polyc>p1 ! famili> fri5d ( ,/4 ,john1 & a contempor>y ( ,ignatius1 suff]$ 9 8 extreme old age4 ,:51 be=e 8 s5t5ce1 ! ,proconsul bade him 8swe> by ! =tunes ( ,cs>1 & h done ) ,*ri/10 8 answ] betray$ t intimate devotion to ! self-same ,idea1 :i* _h be5 ! inw>d life ( ,ignatius4 8,eighty & six ye>s10 he answ]$1 8h ,i be5 ,8 s]vant1 & ,he has nev] wrong$ me1 b ev] has pres]v$ me2 & h[ c ,i blaspheme my ,k+ & my ,savi\r80 ,:5 !y w\ld h fa/5$ him to ! /ake1 he said1 8,let alone2 ,he :o gives me to be> ! fire1 w give me also to /& firm ^u ! pyre )\t y\r nails40 ,*ri/ians felt x z an acceptable s]vice to ,him :o lov$ !m1 to confess ) c\rage & to suff] ) dignity4 ,9 ?is *ivalr\s _s1 z x may be call$1 !y met ! words & de$s ( _! p]secutors1 z ! *ildr5 ( m5 return bitt]ness = bitt]ness1 & bl[ = bl[4 8,:at soldi]10 says ,m9ucius1 ) a ref]5ce to ! invisible ,pres5ce ( our ,"l1 8does n *all5ge dang] m d>+ly "u ! eye ( 8 comm&]80 ,9 t same outbreak at ,smyrna1 :5 ! ,proconsul urg$ ! "y ,g]manicus to h m]cy on himself & on 8 y\?1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! populace he provok$ a wild bea/ to fall ^u him4 ,9 l mann]1 ,/4 ,ju/9 tells u ( ,lucius1 :o1 :5 he saw a ,*ri/ian s5t (f to suff]1 at once remon/rat$ %>ply ) ! judge1 & 0 s5t (f to execution ) him2 & !n ano!r pres5t$ himself1 & 0 s5t (f also4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians 7 ?r[n into prison1 9 ! fi]ce p]secution at ,lyons1 ,vettius ,epaga?us1 a y\? ( di/9ction :o _h giv5 himself to an ascetic life1 c\ld n be> ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( 8 bre?r51 & ask$ leave to plead _! cause4 ,! only answ] he got 0 to be s5t (f ! fir/ to die4 ,:at ! contempor>y acc\nt sees 9 8 conduct is1 n t he 0 zeal\s = 8 bre?r51 ?\gh zeal\s he 01 nor t he believ$ 9 miracles1 ?\gh he d\btless did believe2 b t he 80 a graci\s disciple ( ,*ri/1 foll[+ ! ,lamb :i!rsoev] ,he w5t40 ,9 t memorable p]secution1 :5 ,bl&9a1 a slave1 0 seiz$ = confessor%ip1 h] mi/ress & h] fell[-,*ri/ians dread$ le/1 f h] delicate make1 %e %\ld give way "u ! torm5ts2 b %e ev5 tir$ out h] torm5tors4 ,x 0 a refre%m5t & relief to h] to cry out amid h] pa9s1 8,i am a ,*ri/ian40 ,!y rem&$ h] to prison1 & !n br\ght h] out = fre% suff]+ a second day & a ?ird4 ,on ! la/ day %e saw a boy ( fifte5 br\ght into ! amphi!atre = dea?2 %e fe>$ = him1 z o!rs _h fe>$ = h]2 b he too w5t ?r\gh 8 trial g5]\sly1 & w5t to ,god be=e h]4 ,h] la/ suff]+s 7 to be plac$ 9 ! notori\s r$-hot *air1 & !n to be expos$ 9 a net to a wild bull2 !y f9i%$ by cutt+ h] ?roat4 ,sanctus1 too1 :5 ! burn+ plates ( brass 7 plac$ on 8 limbs1 all ?r\gh 8 torm5ts did b say1 8,i am a ,*ri/ian10 & /ood erect & firm1 8ba!d & /r5g!n$10 say 8 bre?r5 :o write ! acc\nt1 89 ! heav5ly well ( liv+ wat] :i* fl[s f ! brea/ ( ,*ri/10 or1 z !y say else:]e ( all ! m>tyrs1 8refre%$ ) ! joy ( m>tyrdom1 ! hope ( bless$ness1 love t[>ds ,*ri/1 & ! _s ( ,god ! ,fa!r40 ,h[ cle>ly d we see all ?r\gh ?is n>rative :at x 0 :i* n]v$ !m = ! combat6 ,if !y love _! bre?r51 x is 9 ! fell[%ip ( _! ,"l2 if !y look = heav51 x is because ,he is ! ,light ( x4 ,epipodius1 a y\? ( g5tle nurture1 :5 /ruck by ! ,prefect on ! m\?1 :ile blood fl[$ f x1 cri$ out1 8,i confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,god1 toge!r ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,symphorian1 ( ,autun1 also a y\?1 & ( noble bir?1 :5 told to adore an idol1 answ]$1 8,give me leave1 & ,i w hamm] x to pieces40 ,:5 ,leonidas1 ! fa!r ( ! "y ,orig51 0 9 prison = 8 fai?1 ! boy1 !n sev5te51 burn$ to %>e 8 m>tyrdom1 & 8 "m _h to hide 8 clo!s to prev5t him f execut+ 8 purpose4 ,aft]w>ds he att5d$ ! confessors 9 prison1 /ood by !m at ! tribunal1 & gave !m ! kiss ( peace :5 !y 7 l$ out to suff]1 & ?is1 9 spite ( be+ sev]al times appreh5d$ & put ^u ! rack4 ,also 9 ,alex&ria1 ! beautiful slave1 ,potamina1 :5 ab\t to be /ripp$ 9 ord] to be ?r[n into ! cauldron ( hot pit*1 said to ! ,prefect1 8,i pray y r let me be dipp$ d[n sl[ly into x ) my clo!s on1 & y %all see ) :at pati5ce ,i am gift$ by ,him ( :om y are ignorant1 ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,:5 ! populace 9 ! same city _h beat5 out ! ag$ ,apollonia's tee?1 & lit a fire to burn h]1 unless %e w\ld blaspheme1 %e leap$ into ! fire h]self1 & s ga9$ h] cr[n4 ,:5 ,sixtus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 0 l$ to m>tyrdom1 8 deacon1 ,laur5ce1 foll[$ him weep+ & compla9+1 8,o my fa!r1 :i!r goe/ ?\ )\t ?y son80 ,& :5 8 own turn came1 ?ree days aft]w>ds1 & he 0 put ^u ! gridiron1 aft] a :ile he said to ! ,prefect1 8,turn me2 ?is side is done40 ,:5ce came ?is trem5d\s _s1 sc>+1 nay1 (f5d+1 ! fa/idi\s criticism ( our delicate days8 ,does ,gibbon ?9k to s\nd ! dep?s ( ! et]nal ocean ) ! tape & measur+-rod ( 8 m]ely lit]>y philosophy8 ,:5 ,b>ulas1 a *ild ( sev5 ye>s old1 0 sc\rg$ to blood = repeat+ 8 cate*ism be=e ! hea!n judge--viz4 8,!re is b "o ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ is true ,god0--8 "m enc\rag$ him to p]sev]e1 *id+ him = ask+ = "s dr9k4 ,at ,m]ida1 a girl ( noble family1 ( ! age ( twelve1 pres5t$ h]self be=e ! tribunal1 & ov]turn$ ! idols4 ,%e 0 sc\rg$ & burn$ ) tor*es2 %e nei!r %$ a te>1 nor %[$ o!r signs ( suff]+4 ,:5 ! fire rea*$ h] face1 %e op5$ h] m\? to receive x1 & 0 suffocat$4 ,at ,cs>ea1 a girl1 "u eighte51 w5t boldly to ask ! pray]s ( "s ,*ri/ians :o 7 9 *a9s be=e ! ,prtorium4 ,%e 0 seiz$ at once1 & h] sides torn op5 ) ! iron rakes1 pres]v+ ! :ile a bright & joy\s c\nt5ance4 ,pet]1 ,doro!us1 ,gorgonius1 7 boys ( ! imp]ial b$*amb]2 !y 7 highly 9 fav\r ) _! ma/]s1 & 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,!y too suff]$ dreadful torm5ts1 dy+ "u !m1 )\t a %ad[ ( wav]+4 ,call su* conduct madness1 if y w1 or magic3 b d n mock u by ascrib+ x 9 su* m]e *ildr5 to simple desire ( immortality1 or to any ecclesia/ical organization4 ,:5 ! p]secution rag$ 9 ,asia1 a va/ multitude ( ,*ri/ians pres5t$ !mselves be=e ! ,proconsul1 *all5g+ him to proce$ aga9/ !m4 8,poor wret*es60 half 9 contempt & half 9 affright1 he answ]$1 8if y mu/ die1 _c y f9d ropes or precipices = ! purpose80 ,at ,utica1 a hundr$ & fifty ,*ri/ians ( bo? sexes & all ages 7 m>tyrs 9 "o company4 ,!y are said to h be5 told to burn inc5se to an idol1 or !y %\ld be ?r[n into a pit ( burn+ lime2 !y )\t hesitation leapt into x4 ,9 ,egypt a hundr$ & tw5ty confessors1 aft] hav+ su/a9$ ! loss ( eyes or ( feet1 endur$ to l+] out _! lives 9 ! m9es ( ,pale/9e & ,cilicia4 ,9 ! la/ p]secution1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! grave ,eusebius1 a contempor>y1 ! slaught] ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 w5t on by tw5ties1 sixties1 hundr$s1 till ! in/rum5ts ( execution 7 worn out1 & ! execution]s c\ld kill no m4 ,yet he tells u1 z an eye-witness1 t1 z soon z any ,*ri/ians 7 condemn$1 o!rs ran f all p>ts1 & surr\nd$ ! tribunals1 confess+ ! fai?1 & joyfully receiv+ _! condemnation1 & s++ songs ( ?anksgiv+ & triumph to ! la/4 ,?us 0 ! ,roman p[] ov]come4 ,?us did ! ,se$ ( ,abraham1 & ! ,expectation ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! meek ,son ( man1 8take to ,himself ,8 great p[] & reign0 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 p1 9 ! public !atre ( ! _w4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! primeval prophecy 0 fulfill$ is z m>vell\s1 z ! prophecy itself is cle> & bold4 8,s may all ,?y enemies p]i%1 ,o ,"l2 b let !m t love ,!e %9e1 z ! sun %9e? 9 8 ris+60 ,i w add ! memorable words ( ! two great ,apologi/s ( ! p]iod3-- 8,y\r cruelty10 says ,t]tullian1 8?\gh ea* act be m ref9$ ?an ! la/1 do? pr(it y no?+4 ,to our sect x is r an inducem5t4 ,we gr[ up 9 great] numb]s1 z (t5 z y cut u d[n4 ,! blood ( ! m>tyrs is _! se$ = ! h>ve/40 ,orig5 ev5 uses ! language ( prophecy4 ,to ! objection ( ,celsus t ,*ri/ianity f its pr9ciples w\ld1 if let alone1 op5 ! :ole empire to ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians1 & ! utt] ru9 ( civilization1 he replies1 8,if all ,romans are su* z we1 !n too ! b>b>ians w draw ne> to ! ,^w ( ,god1 & w become ! mo/ obs]vant ( ! ,law4 ,& e wor%ip %all come to n\ght1 & t ( ! ,*ri/ians alone obta9 ! ma/]y1 = ! ,^w is cont9ually ga9+ possession ( m & m s\ls40 ,"o additional rem>k3--,x 0 fitt+ t ^? mix$ unlett]$ multitudes1 :o = ?ree c5turies _h suff]$ & triumph$ by virtue ( ! inw>d ,vision ( _! ,div9e ,"l1 %\ld be select$1 z we "k !y 71 9 ! f\r?1 to be ! special *ampions ( ,8 ,div9ity & ! victori\s foes ( its impugn]s1 at a "t :5 ! civil p[]1 :i* _h f\nd !m too /rong = its arms1 attempt$1 by means ( a port5t\s h]esy 9 ! high places ( ! ,*ur*1 to rob !m ( t ,tru? :i* _h all along be5 ! pr9ciple ( _! /r5g?4 #aj4 ,i h be5 =e/all+ all along ! ?\ght ) :i* ,i %all close ^! consid]ations on ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity2 & necess>ily =e/all+ x1 because x prop]ly comes fir/1 ?\gh ! c\rse :i* my argum5t has tak5 has n all[$ me to introduce x 9 its natural place4 ,revelation beg9s :]e ,natural ,religion fails4 ,! ,religion ( ,nature is a m]e in*oation1 & ne$s a complem5t1--x c h b "o complem5t1 & t v complem5t is ,*ri/ianity4 ,natural ,religion is bas$ ^u ! s5se ( s92 x recognizes ! disease1 b x _c f9d1 x does b look out = ! rem$y4 ,t rem$y1 bo? = guilt & = moral impot5ce1 is f\nd 9 ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,revelation1 ! ,m$iation ( ,*ri/4 ,i ne$ n g into a subject s famili> to all m5 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry4 ,?us x is t ,*ri/ianity is ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise made to ,abraham1 & ( ! ,mosaic revelations2 ?is is h[ x has be5 able f ! fir/ to occupy ! _w & ga9 a hold on e class ( human society to :i* its prea*]s rea*$2 ?is is :y ! ,roman p[] & ! multitude ( religions :i* x embrac$ c\ld n /& aga9/ x2 ?is is ! secret ( its su/a9$ en]gy1 & its nev]-flagg+ m>tyrdoms2 ?is is h[ at pres5t x is s my/]i\sly pot5t1 9 spite ( ! new & fe>ful adv]s>ies :i* beset its pa?4 ,x has ) x t gift ( /aun*+ & heal+ ! "o deep w\nd ( human nature1 :i* avails m = its success ?an a full encyclop$ia ( sci5tific k & a :ole libr>y ( controv]sy1 & !re=e x mu/ la/ :ile human nature la/s4 ,x is a liv+ tru? :i* nev] c gr[ old4 ,"s p]sons speak ( x z if x 7 a ?+ ( hi/ory1 ) only indirect be>+s ^u mod]n times2 ,i _c all[ t x is a m]e hi/orical religion4 ,c]ta9ly x has its f\ndations 9 pa/ & glori\s memories1 b its p[] is 9 ! pres5t4 ,x is no dre>y matt] ( antiqu>ianism2 we d n contemplate x 9 conclusions drawn f dumb docum5ts & dead ev5ts1 b by fai? ex]cis$ 9 ev]-liv+ objects1 & by ! appropriation & use ( ev]-recurr+ gifts4 ,our communion ) x is 9 ! unse51 n 9 ! obsolete4 ,at ?is v day its rites & ord9ances are cont9ually elicit+ ! active int]position ( t ,omnipot5ce 9 :i* ! ,religion long ago began4 ,fir/ & above all is ! ,holy ,mass1 9 :i* ,he :o once di$ = u ^u ! ,cross1 br+s back & p]petuates1 by ,8 lit]al pres5ce 9 x1 t "o & ! same sacrifice :i* _c be repeat$4 ,next1 !re is ! actual entrance ( ,himself1 s\l & body1 & div9ity1 into ! s\l & body ( e wor%ipp] :o comes to ,him = ! gift1 a privilege m intimate ?an if we liv$ ) ,him dur+ ,8 long-pa/ soj\rn ^u e>?4 ,& !n1 moreov]1 !re is ,8 p]sonal abidance 9 our *ur*es1 rais+ e>?ly s]vice into a =eta/e ( heav54 ,su* is ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 &1 ,i repeat1 its v div9ation ( our ne$s is 9 itself a pro( t x is really ! supply ( !m4 ,^u ! doctr9es :i* ,i h m5tion$ z c5tral tru?s1 o!rs1 z we all "k1 foll[1 :i* rule our p]sonal conduct & c\rse ( life1 & our social & civil relations4 ,! promis$ ,deliv]]1 ! ,expectation ( ! nations1 has n done ,8 "w by halves4 ,he has giv5 u ,sa9ts & ,angels = our protection4 ,he has taught u h[ by our pray]s & s]vices to b5efit our dep>t$ fri5ds1 & to keep up a memorial ( ourselves :5 we are gone4 ,he has creat$ a visible hi]>*y & a succession ( sacram5ts1 to be ! *annels ( ,8 m]cies1 & ! ,crucifix secures ! ?\ght ( ,him 9 e h\se & *amb]4 ,9 all ^! ways ,he br+s ,himself be=e u4 ,i am n "h speak+ ( ,8 gifts z gifts1 b z memorials2 n z :at ,*ri/ians "k !y convey1 b 9 _! visible "*2 & ,i say1 t1 z human nature itself is /ill 9 life & action z mu* z ev] x 01 s ,he too lives1 to our imag9ations1 by ,8 visible symbols1 z if ,he 7 on e>?1 ) a practical efficacy :i* ev5 unbeliev]s _c d5y1 to be ! corrective ( t nature1 & its /r5g? day by day1 & t ?is p[] ( p]petuat+ ,8 ,image1 be+ altoge!r s+ul> & special1 & ! pr]ogative ( ,him & ,him alone1 is a gr& evid5ce h[ well ,he fulfils to ?is day t ,sov]eign ,mission :i*1 f ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! _w's hi/ory1 has be5 9 prophecy assign$ to ,him4 ,i _c bett] illu/rate ?is argum5t ?an by recurr+ to a deep ?\ght on ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has be=e n[ attract$ ! notice ( philosoph]s & prea*]s17#ee7 z com+ f ! wond]ful man :o sway$ ! de/9ies ( ,europe 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,x 0 an argum5t n unnatural 9 "o :o _h t special passion = human glory1 :i* has be5 ! inc5tive ( s _m h]oic c>e]s & ( s _m mighty revolutions 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 ! solitude ( 8 imprisonm5t1 & 9 ! view ( dea?1 he is said to h express$ himself to ! foll[+ effect3-- 8,i h be5 accu/om$ to put be=e me ! examples ( ,alex&] & ,cs>1 ) ! hope ( rivall+ _! exploits1 & liv+ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 = ev]4 ,yet1 aft] all1 9 :at s5se does ,cs>1 9 :at s5se does ,alex&] live8 ,:o kn[s or c>es any?+ ab\t !m8 ,at be/1 no?+ b _! names is kn[n2 = :o among ! multitude ( m51 :o he> or :o utt] _! names1 really kn[s any?+ ab\t _! lives or _! de$s1 or atta*es to ^? names any def9ite idea8 ,nay1 ev5 _! names d b flit up & d[n ! _w l gho/s1 m5tion$ only on p>ticul> occasions1 or f accid5tal associations4 ,_! *ief home is ! s*oolroom2 !y h a =emo/ place 9 boys' gramm>s & ex]cise-books2 !y are spl5did examples = !mes2 !y =m writ+-copies4 ,s l[ is h]oic ,alex&] fall51 s l[ is imp]ial ,cs>1 #8ut pu]is placeant et declamatio fiant4' 8,b1 on ! contr>y0 7he is report$ to h cont9u$71 8!re is j ,"o ,"n 9 ! :ole _w t lives2 x is ! ,"n ( ,"o :o pass$ ,8 ye>s 9 obscurity1 & :o di$ a malefactor's dea?4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s h gone s9ce t "t1 b /ill x has its hold ^u ! human m9d4 ,x has possess$ ! _w1 & x ma9ta9s possession4 ,amid ! mo/ v>i$ nations1 "u ! mo/ div]sifi$ circum/ances1 9 ! mo/ cultivat$1 9 ! rude/ races & intellects1 9 all classes ( society1 ! ,own] ( t great ,"n reigns4 ,high & l[1 ri* & poor1 ackn[l$ge ,him4 ,millions ( s\ls are conv]s+ ) ,him1 are v5tur+ on ,8 ^w1 are look+ = ,8 pres5ce4 ,palaces1 sumptu\s1 innum]able1 are rais$ to ,8 hon\r2 ,8 image1 z 9 ! h\r ( 8 deepe/ humiliation1 is triumphantly display$ 9 ! pr\d city1 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 9 ! corn]s ( /reets1 on ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,x sanctifies ! ance/ral hall1 ! closet1 & ! b$*amb]2 x is ! subject = ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ g5ius 9 ! imitative arts4 ,x is worn next ! he>t 9 life2 x is held be=e ! fail+ eyes 9 dea?4 ,"h1 !n1 is ,"o :o is n a m]e "n1 :o is n a m]e fiction1 :o is a reality4 ,he is dead & gone1 b /ill ,he lives1--lives z ! liv+1 en]getic ?\ght ( successive g5]ations1 z ! awful motive-p[] ( a ?\s& great ev5ts4 ,he has done )\t ef=t :at o!rs ) life-long /ruggles h n done4 ,c ,he be less ?an ,div9e8 ,:o is ,he b ! ,creator ,himself2 :o is sov]eign ov] ,8 own works1 t[>ds :om our eyes & he>ts turn in/9ctively1 because ,he is our ,fa!r & our ,god87#ef70 ,"h ,i end my specim5s1 among ! _m :i* might be giv51 ( ! argum5ts adducible = ,*ri/ianity4 ,i h dwelt ^u !m1 9 ord] to %[ h[ ,i w\ld apply ! pr9ciples ( ?is ,essay to ! pro( ( its div9e orig94 ,*ri/ianity is address$1 bo? z reg>ds its evid5ces & its cont5ts1 to m9ds :i* are 9 ! normal condition ( human nature1 z believ+ 9 ,god & 9 a future judgm5t4 ,su* m9ds x addresses bo? ?r\gh ! intellect & ?r\gh ! imag9ation2 creat+ a c]titude ( its tru? by argum5ts too v>i\s = enum]ation1 too p]sonal & deep = words1 too p[]ful & concurr5t = refutation4 ,nor ne$ reason come fir/ & fai? second 7?\gh ?is is ! logical ord]71 b "o & ! same tea*+ is 9 diff]5t aspects bo? object & pro(1 & elicits "o complex act bo? ( inf]5ce & ( ass5t4 ,x speaks to u "o by "o1 & x is receiv$ by u "o by "o1 z ! c\nt]p>t1 s to say1 ( ourselves1 & is real z we are real4 ,9 ! sacr$ words ( its ,div9e ,au?or & ,object conc]n+ ,himself1 8,i am ! ,good ,%eph]d1 & ,i "k m9e1 & ,m9e "k ,me4 ,my %eep he> ,my voice1 & ,i "k !m1 & !y foll[ ,me4 ,& ,i give !m ev]la/+ life1 & !y %all nev] p]i%2 & no man %all pluck !m out ( ,my h&40 ,,note4 #a4 ,on ! fir/ publication ( ?is volume1 a ,correspond5t did me ! fav\r ( m>k+ = me a li/ ( passages 9 ,*ill+wor?'s celebrat$ "w1 besides t :i* ,i _h myself quot$1 9 :i* ! argum5t 0 m or less br\ght =w>d1 on :i* ,i h animadv]t$ 9 *4 vii4 #b1 p4 #bbf4 ,he did ?is ) ! purpose ( %[+1 t ,*ill+wor?'s mean+1 :5 c>efully inquir$ into1 w\ld be f\nd to be 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! di/9ction ,i _h myself made betwe5 infallibility & c]titude2 ^? inaccuracies ( language into :i* he fell1 be+ necess>ily involv$ 9 ! argum5tum ad hom9em1 :i* he 0 urg+ ^u 8 oppon5t1 or be+ ! accid5tal result ( ! peculi> "* ( 8 intellect1 :i*1 :ile full ( ideas1 0 want+ 9 ! calmness & caution :i* are conspicu\s 9 ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,o!rs m famili> ) ,*ill+wor? ?an ,i am mu/ decide on ?is po9t2 b ,i c h no indisposition to accept an explanation1 :i* deprives controv]siali/s ( ?is day ( ! au?ority ( a vigor\s & acute m9d 9 _! use ( an argum5t1 :i* is c]ta9ly f\nd$ on a great confusion ( ?\ght4 ,i subjo9 ! ref]5ces ) :i* my ,correspond5t has suppli$ me3-- 7#a47 ,passages t5d+ to %[ an agreem5t ( ,*ill+wor?'s op9ion on ! di/9ction betwe5 c]titude & infallibility ) t laid d[n 9 ! =ego+ essay3-- #a4 8,religion ( ,prote/ants10 *4 ii4 #aba 7vol4 i4 p4 #bdc1 ,oxf4 ed4 #ahch71 8,= may n a private man10 c4 #b4 ,ibid4 #aeb 7p4 #bfe74 ,! la/ s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 aft] 8:5 !y ?\ght !y dreamt10 is a fall into ! error :i* he _h be5 expos+4 #c4 ,ibid4 #afj 7p4 #bge74 #d4 ,*4 iii4 #bf 7p4 #ccb71 8,nei!r is y\r argum5t10 c4 #e4 ,ibid4 #cf 7p4 #cdf74 #f4 ,ibid4 #ej 7p4 #cfc71 8,t ,abraham10 c4 #g4 ,*4 v4 #fc 7vol ii4 p4 #bae74 #h4 ,ibid4 #ajg 7p4 #bfe74 #i4 ,* vii4 #ac 7p4 #deb74 ,vide also vol4 i4 pp4 #aae1 #aba1 #aif1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #daa4 7#b47 ,passages inconsi/5t ) ! above3-- #a4 ,*4 ii4 #be 7vol4 i4 p4 #agg74 ,an argum5tum ad hom9em4 #b4 ,ibid4 #bh 7p4 #ahj74 #c4 ,ibid4 #de 7p4 #ahi74 ,an argum5tum ad hom9em4 #d4 ,ibid4 #adi 7p4 #bfc74 ,an argum5tum ad hom9em4 #e4 ,ibid4 #aed 7p4 #bfg74 ,quot$ 9 ! text1 p4 #bbf4 #f4 ,*4 v4 #de 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cia74 ,he is argu+ on 8 oppon5t's pr9ciples4 #b4 ,also1 ,i h to express my obligation to ano!r ,correspond5t1 :o call$ my att5tion to a passage ( ,hook] 78,eccles4 ,pol40 ii4 #g7 beg9n+ 8,an e>ne/ desire10 c41 :i* seem$ to anticipate ! doctr9e ( ,locke ab\t c]titude4 ,x is s difficult to be sure ( ! mean+ ( a writ] ^: /yle is s =eign to t ( our own times1 t ,i am %y ( attempt+ to turn ?is passage into categorical /atem5ts4 ,else1 ,i %\ld ask1 does n ,hook] "h assume ! absolute c]ta9ty ( ! inspiration & div9e au?ority ( ,scripture1 & believe its tea*+ z ! v tru? unconditionally & )\t any admixture ( d\bt8 ,yet :at _h he b probable evid5ce z a w>rant = su* a view ( x8 ,aga91 did he receive ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ on any logical demon/ration t its articles 7 9 ,scripture8 ,yet he felt himself able )\t any misgiv+ to say al\d 9 ! congregation1 8,:i* fai? except e "o d keep :ole & undefil$1 )\t d\bt he %all p]i% ev]la/+ly40 ,9 tru? x is ! happy inconsi/5cy ( 8 s*ool to be m or?odox 9 _! conclusions ?an 9 _! premisses2 to be sceptics 9 _! pap] !ories1 & believ]s 9 _! own p]sons4 #c4 ,also1 a fri5d s5ds me ^w1 z reg>ds ! controv]sy on ! v>i\s read+s ( ,%akespe>e to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7supra1 *4 viii4 #a1 p4 #bga7 9 illu/ration ( ! %ortcom+s ( ,=mal ,inf]5ce1 t1 s9ce ! date ( ! article 9 ! magaz9e1 ( :i* ,i h !re avail$ myself1 ! v]dict ( critics has be5 unfav\rable to ! au?ority & value ( ! ,annotat$ ,copy1 discov]$ tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,i may add1 t1 s9ce my fir/ edition1 ,i h _h ! pleasure ( read+ ,dr4 ,+leby's int]e/+ diss]tation on ! 8,traces ( ! ,au?or%ip ( ! ,works attribut$ to ,%akespe>e40 ,,footnotes #a 8,! ,ox=d ,spy10 #ahah2 by ,j4 ,s4 ,boone1 p4 #ajg4 #b ,vide 8,discussions & ,argum5ts on ,v>i\s ,subjects10 art4 #d4 #c ,on ! ,=mation ( ,images1 vide supr4 *4 iii4 #a1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #d ,lib]ty ( ,prophesy+1 #b4 #e ,?is passage is already quot$ 9 my 8,essay on ,developm5t ( ,doctr9e10 vi4 #a1 #b4 #f ,gambi] on ,moral ,evid5ce1 p4 #f4 #g 8,sup]naturalis m5tis ass5sus1 rebus fidei exhibitus1 cm prcipu dep5deat grati ,dei intr9secus m5tem illum9ante et commov5te1 pote/ esse1 et e/1 major quocunque ass5su c]titud9i naturali pr/ito1 seu ex motivis naturalibus orto10 c4--,dm\ski1 ,in/it4 t4 i4 p4 #bh4 #h 8,hoc viz4 multo c]tior e/ homo de eo quod audit ,deo qui falli non pote/1 qum de eo quod videt propri ratione qu falli pote/ intellig5dum e/ de c]titud9e fidei secundum appretiationem1 non secundum int5tionem2 nam spe cont+it1 ut sci5tia cl>is p]cipiatur ab intellectu1 atque ut connexio sci5ti cum v]itate magis app>eat1 qum connexio fidei cum edem2 cognitiones enim naturales1 utpote captui no/ro accommodat1 magis animum quietant1 delectant1 et veluti4 satiant40--,scav9i1 ,!ol4 ,moral4 t4 ii4 p4 #dbh4 #i 8,suppono enim1 v]itatem fidei non esse c]tiorem v]itate metaphysic aut geometric quoad modum ass5sionis1 s$ tantum quoad modum adhsionis2 quia utr9que intellectus absolut s9e modo limitante ass5titur4 ,sola autem adhsio voluntatis div]sa e/2 quia 9 actu fidei gratia seu habitus infusus roborat intellectum et voluntatem1 ne tam facil mut5tur aut p]turb5tur40--,amort1 ,!ol4 t4 i4 p4 #cab4 8,hc di/9ctio c]titud9is ex div]sitate motivorum extr9secam tantum diff]5tiam importat1 cm omnis naturalis c]titudo1 =malit] spectata1 sit qualis2 debet enim ess5tialit] erroris p]iculum amov]e1 exclusio autem p]iculi erroris 9 indivisibili consi/it2 aut enim babetur aut non habetur40--,dm\ski1 ibid4 p4 #bg4 #aj 8,fides e/ c]tior omni v]itate naturali1 etiam geometric aut metaphysic c]t2 idque non solum c]titud9e adhsionis s$ etiam ass5tionis4444 ,intellectus s5tit se 9 multis v]itatibus etiam metaphysic c]tis posse p] objectiones p]turb>i1 e4 g4 si legat scepticos4444 ,e contr circa ea1 qu con/at esse revelata ,deo1 nullus pote/ p]turb>i40--,amort1 ibid4 p4 #cfg4 #aa ii4 n4 #aed4 ,vide ,note at ! end ( ! volume4 #ab ,i h assum$ ?r\gh\t ?is ,section t all v]bal argum5tation is ultimately syllogi/ic2 & 9 consequ5ce t x ev] requires univ]sal propositions & comes %ort ( concrete fact4 ,a fri5d ref]s me to ! dispute betwe5 ,des ,c>tes & ,gass5di1 ! latt] ma9ta9+ aga9/ ! =m] t 8,cogito ergo sum0 implies ! univ]sal 8,all :o ?9k exi/40 ,i %\ld d5y ?is ) ,des ,c>tes2 b ,i %\ld say 7z inde$ he said71 t 8 dictum 0 n an argum5t1 b 0 ! expression ( a ratioc9ative in/9ct1 z ,i expla9 bel[ "u ! head ( 8,natural ,logic40 ,z to ! in/ance 8,brutes are n m52 !re=e m5 are n brutes10 !re seems to me no consequ5ce "h1 nei!r a prt] nor a propt]1 b a tautology4 ,& z to 8,x 0 ei!r ,tom or ,dick t did x2 x 0 n ,dick1 ergo10 ?is may be ref]r$ to ! "o great pr9ciple on :i* all logical reason+ is f\nd$1 b really x ought n to be acc\nt$ an inf]5ce any m ?an if ,i broke a biscuit1 flung half away1 & !n said ( ! o!r half1 8,?is is :at rema9s40 ,x does b /ate a fact4 ,s1 :5 ! #a/1 #bnd1 or #crd proposition ( ,euclid ,,ii4 is put be=e ! eyes 9 a diagram1 a boy1 be=e he yet has le>n$ to reason1 sees ) 8 eyes ! fact ( ! !sis1 & ?is see+ x ev5 makes x difficult = him to ma/] ! ma!matical pro(4 ,"h1 !n1 a fact is /at$ 9 ! =m ( an argum5t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h ins]t$ p>5!ses at pp4 #bgg & #bhc1 9 ord] to say 8transeat0 to ! "q4 #ac 8,aids to ,reflection10 p4 #ei1 ed4 #ahci4 #ad ,taylor's ,translation1 p4 #aca4 #ae ,ibid4 pp4 #ajh-aaj4 #af ,ibid4 pp4 #dbi-dcf4 #ag 8,nor? & ,s\?40 #ah ,s]m4 xi4 init4 #ai ,vide supr4 *4 v4 #a1 pp4 #aji1 #aac4 #bj ,pp4 #hd1 #he4 #ba 8,analogy10 pp4 #cbi1 #ccj1 ed4 #ahcf4 #bb ,ibid4 p4 #bgh4 #bc 8,me*anics10 p4 #ca4 #bd ,phillipps' 8,law ( ,evid5ce10 vol4 i4 p4 #def4 #be 8,orley ,f>m40 #bf ,gu>dian1 ,june #bh1 #ahfe4 #bg ,hi/ory1 vol4 x4 pp4 #bhf1 #bhg4 #bh 8,pev]il ( ! ,peak40 #bi 8,life ( ,"m ,m>g>et ,m4 ,hallahan10 p4 vii4 #cj ,e?4 ,nicom4 vi4 #aa1 f94 #ca ,?\gh ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 speaks ( z ! virtue ( ! g5]ally1 & z be+ conc]n$ g5]ally ) cont+5t matt] 7vi4 #d71 or :at ,i h call$ ! concrete1 & ( its function be+1 z reg>ds t matt]1 7ibid4 #c71 he does n treat ( x 9 t "w 9 its g5]al relation to tru? & ! affirmation ( tru?1 b only z x be>s ^u 4 #cb ,niebuhr1 8,roman ,hi/ory10 vol4 i4 p4 #agg2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bfb4 #cah4 #cbb4 8,lectures10 vol4 iii4 ,app4 p4 xxii4 ,lewis1 8,roman ,hi/ory10 vol4 i4 pp4 #aa-ag2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dhi-dib4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 8,regal ,rome10 p4 v4 ,grote1 8,greece10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 #bah4 #fcj-fci4 ,mure1 8,greece10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ejc2 vol4 iv4 p4 #cah4 ,cl9ton1 ap4 ,grote1 supr4 #cc 8,prophetical ,(fice ( ! ,*ur*10 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh1 ed4 #ahcg4 #cd ,supra1 p4 #aje1 c4 ,vide also ,univ4 ,s]m4 ii4 #g-ac4 #ce ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 art4 8,atonem5t0 7abridg$74 #cf ,on ^! v>i\s subjects ,i h writt5 9 8,univ]sity ,s]mons0 7,ox=d71 ,no4 vi4 8,idea ( ! ,univ]sity10 ,disc4 viii4 8,hi/ory ( ,turks10 *4 iv4 8,developm5t ( ,doctr9e10 *4 i4 sect4 #c4 #cg ,vide 8,apologia10 p4 #bda4 #ch ,vide 8,calli/a10 *4 xix4 #ci 8,analogy10 ,pt4 ii4 *4 #e 7abridg$74 #dj 8,scopus op]is e/1 planiorem ,prote/antibus ap]ire viam ad v]am ,ecclesiam4 ,cm enim hact5us ,polemici no/ri insud>9t toti 9 demon/r&is s+ulis ,religionis ,ca?olic articulis1 9 id ego unum incumbo1 ut hc tria ev9cam4 ,primo3 ,articulos fundam5tales ,religionis ,ca?olic esse evid5t] cr$ibiliores oppositis1 c4 c4444 ,demon/ratio autem hujus nov1 mode/1 ac facilis vi1 qu ex articulis fundam5talibus solm probabilioribus ad/ruitur summa ,religionis c]titudo1 hc e/3 ,deus1 cm sit sapi5s ac providus1 t5etur1 ,religionem se revelatam r$d]e evid5t] cr$ibiliorem religionibus falsis4 ,imprud5t] enim vellet1 suam ,religionem ab hom9ibus recipi1 nisi eam r$d]et evid5t] cr$ibiliorem religionibus ct]is4 ,ergo illa religio1 qu e/ evid5t] cr$ibilior ct]is1 e/ ipsissima religio a ,deo revelata1 adeoque c]tissim v]a1 seu demon/rata4 ,atqui1 c4444 ,motivum aggr$i5di novam hanc1 mode/am1 ac facilem viam illud prcipuum e/1 qud obs]vem1 ,prote/antium plurimos po/ innum]os conc]tationum fluctus1 9 iis t&em cons$isse syrtibus1 ut cr$ant1 nullam d>i religionem undequaque demon/ratam1 c4444 ,ratioc9iis d5ique opponunt ratioc9ia2 prjudiciis prjudicia ex majoribus sua10 c4 #da 8,docet naturalis ratio1 ,deum1 ex ips natur bonitatis ac provid5ti su1 si velit 9 mundo hab]e religionem puram1 eamque in/itu]e ac cons]v>e usque 9 f9em mundi1 t5]i ad eam religionem r$d5dam evid5t] cr$ibiliorem ac v]isimiliorem ct]is1 c4 c4444 ,ex hoc sequitur ult]ius2 c]titud9em moralem de v] ,ecclesi elev>i posse ad c]titud9em metaphysicam1 si homo adv]tat1 c]titud9em moralem absolut fallibilem sub/>e 9 mat]i religionis circa ejus con/itutiva fundam5talia speciali provid5ti div91 prs]vatrici ab omni errore4444 ,itaque homo semel ex s]ie hi/oric actorum p]ductus ad moralem c]titud9em de auctore1 fundatione1 propagatione1 et cont9uatione ,ecclesi ,*ri/ian1 p] reflexionem ad exi/5tiam c]tissimam provid5ti div9 9 mat]i religionis1 priori lum9e natur c]titud9e metaphysic notam1 eo ipso eadem infallibili c]titud9e intelliget1 argum5ta de auctore10 c4--,amort4 ,e?ica ,*ri/iana1 p4 #beb4 #db 8,de hac damnatorum saltem hom9um respiratione1 nihil adhuc c]ti decretum e/ ab ,ecclesi ,ca?olic3 ut propt]ea non tem]1 tanquam absurda1 sit explod5da sanctissimorum ,patrum hc op9io3 quamvis communi s5su ,ca?olicorum hoc tempore sit ali5a40--,petavius de ,angelis1 f94 #dc ,vide supra1 p4 #cjb4 #dd ,vide ! au?or's ,occasional ,s]mons1 ,no4 #e4 #de ,vide supra1 p4 #hd4 #df ,hi/ory1 vol4 viii4 #dg ,be=e & ap>t f ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,sam>itan ,v]sion reads1 8donec v5iat ,pacificus1 et ad ipsum congregabuntur populi40 ,! ,t>gum1 8donec v5iat ,messias1 cujus e/ regnum1 et ob$i5t populi40 ,! ,septuag9t1 8donec v5iant qu res]vata sunt illi0 7or 8donec v5iat cui res]vatum e/071 8et ipse expectatio g5tium40 ,& s aga9 ! ,vulgate1 8donec v5iat qui mitt5dus e/1 et ipse erit expectatio g5tium40 ,! +5i\s translation ( "s le>n$ m5 78donec v5]it ,juda ,siluntem10 i4 e4 8! tribe-sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah till ,judah comes to ,%iloh071 ) ! explanation t ! tribe ( ,judah _h ! lead]%ip 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,canaanites1 vide ,judges i4 #a1 #b2 xx4 #ah 7i4 e4 aft] ,jo%ua's dea?71 & t possibly1 & = :at we "k1 ! tribe gave up t w>-comm& at ,%iloh1 vide ,jo%ua xviii4 #a 7i4 e4 9 ,jo%ua's life-"t71 lab\rs "u ?ree grave difficulties3 #a4 ,t ! patri>*al sceptre is a tempor>y w>-comm&4 #b4 ,t ?is comm& belong$ to ,judah at ! v "t t x belong$ to ,jo%ua4 ,& #c4 ,t x 0 f9ally lo/ to ,judah 7,jo%ua liv+7 be=e x _h be5 committ$ to ,judah 7,jo%ua dead74 #dh ,he appeals to ! prophecies 9 evid5ce ( ,8 ,div9e mission1 9 address+ ! ,naz>ites 7,luke iv4 #ah71 ,/4 ,john's disciples 7,matt4 xi4 #e71 & ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 xxi4 #db1 & ,john v4 #ci71 b n 9 details4 ,! appeal to details ,he res]ves = ,8 disciples4 ,vide ,matt4 xi4 #aj2 xxvi4 #bd1 #ca1 #ed3 ,luke xxii4 #cg2 xxiv4 #bg1 #df4 #di ,vide supra1 pp4 #cda1 #cge1 #dac-daf4 #ej ,vide supra4 #ea ,_h my limits all[$ x1 ,i ought1 z a ?ird subject1 to h describ$ ! exi/+ sy/em ( impure idolatry1 & ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( su* multitudes1 :o _h be5 slaves to x1 escap+ f x by ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1--"u ! guidance ( ! great "w 78,on ! ,g5tile & ! ,jew07 ( ,dr4 ,dll+]4 #eb ,on ! subjects :i* foll[1 vide ,lami1 ,de ,eruditione ,apo/olorum2 ,mama*ius1 ,orig9es ,*ri/42 ,ru9>t1 ,act4 ,m>t42 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c42 ,fleury1 ,eccles4 ,hi/42 ,kor?olt1 ,calumn4 ,pagan42 & ,de ,morib4 ,*ri/41 c4 #ec ,ep4 ad ,diognet4 #ed ,essay on ,developm5t ( ,doctr9e1 *4 iv4 #a4 #ee ,fr4 ,lacordaire & ,m4 ,nicolas4 #ef ,occas4 ,s]m41 pp4 #di-ea4