,"p ,a ,z5 & ! ,art ( ! ,int]net ,copyright 7c7 #aiib ,br5dan ,p4 ,kehoe ,p]mission is grant$ to make & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ?is guide provid$ ! copyright notice & ?is p]mission notice are pres]v$ on all copies4 ,p]mission is grant$ to copy & di/ribute modifi$ v]sions ( ?is booklet "u ! conditions = v]batim copy+1 provid$ t ! entire result+ d]iv$ "w is di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( a p]mission notice id5tical to ?is "o4 ,p]mission is grant$ to copy & di/ribute translations ( ?is booklet into ano!r language1 "u ! above conditions = modifi$ v]sions1 except t ?is p]mission notice may be /at$ 9 a translation approv$ by ! au?or4 ,z5 & ! ,art ( ! ,int]net ,a ,beg9n]'s ,guide to ! ,int]net ,fir/ ,edition ,janu>y #aiib by ,br5dan ,p4 ,kehoe ,?is is revision #a4j ( ,febru>y #b1 #aiib4 ,copyright 7c7 #aiib ,br5dan ,p4 ,kehoe ,! composition ( ?is booklet 0 orig9ally />t$ because ! ,comput] ,sci5ce dep>tm5t at ,wid5] ,univ]sity 0 9 desp]ate ne$ ( docum5tation describ+ ! capabilities ( ?is great new ,int]net l9k we obta9$4 ,x's s9ce gr[n into an ef=t to acqua9t ! read] ) mu* ( :at's curr5tly available ov] ! ,int]net4 ,aim$ at ! novice us]1 x attempts to rema9 op]at+ sy/em neutral---little in=mation h]e9 is specific to ,unix1 ,,vms1 or any o!r environm5t4 ,?is booklet w1 hopefully1 be usable by ne>ly anyone4 ,a us]'s session is usually (fset f ! re/ ( ! p>agraph1 z su*3 prompt comm& ,! results are usually display$ "h4 ,! purpose ( ?is booklet is two-fold3 fir/1 x's int5d$ to s]ve z a ref]5ce piece1 :i* someone c easily grab on ! fly & look some?+ up4 ,also1 x =ms a f\ndation f :i* p c explore ! va/ expanse ( ! ,int]net4 ,z5 & ! ,art ( ! ,int]net doesn't sp5d a significant am\nt ( "t on any "o po9t2 r1 x provides en\gh = p to le>n ! specifics ( :at 8 or h] local sy/em (f]s4 ,"o w>n+ is p]haps 9 ord]---?is t]ritory we are ent]+ c become a fanta/ic "t-s9k4 ,h\rs c slip by1 p c come & g1 & y'll be lock$ into ,cyb]space4 ,rememb] to d y\r "w6 ,) t1 ,i welcome y1 ! new us]1 to ,! ,net4 br5dancs4wid5]4edu ,*e/]1 ,,pa ,ackn[l$gem5ts ,c]ta9 sections 9 ?is booklet are n my orig9al "w---r1 !y are d]iv$ f docum5ts t 7 available on ! ,int]net & already aptly /at$ _! areas ( conc5tration4 ,! *apt] on ,us5et is1 9 l>ge "p1 made up ( :at's po/$ mon?ly to news4ann\nce4newus]s1 ) "s edit+ & rewrit+4 ,also1 ! ma9 section on ar*ie 0 d]iv$ f :atis4ar*ie by ,pet] ,deuts* ( ! ,mc,gill ,univ]sity ,comput+ ,c5tre4 ,x's available via anonym\s ,,ftp f ar*ie4mcgill4ca4 ,mu* ( :at's 9 ! telnet section came f an impressive introductory docum5t put toge!r by ,sura,net4 ,"s def9itions 9 ! "o are f an excell5t gloss>y put toge!r by ,colorado ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,?is guide w\ld n be ! same )\t ! aid ( _m p on ,! ,net1 & ! provid]s ( res\rces t are already out !re4 ,i'd l to ?ank ! folks :o gave ?is a read-?r\gh & return$ "s excell5t comm5ts1 sugge/ions1 & criticisms1 & ^? :o provid$ mu*-ne$$ in=mation on ! fly4 ,glee ,willis des]ves p>ticul> m5tion = all ( 8 "w2 ?is guide w\ld h be5 consid]ably less poli%$ )\t 8 help4 ,&y ,blank5bill] rablankecrdec#g4;apgea4army4mil ,&y ,blank5bill]1 ,army at ,ab]de5 bajancs4mcgill4ca ,alan ,emtage1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity ,comput] ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t ,brian ,fitzg]ald fitzmml#j4me*e4rpi4edu ,brian ,fitzg]ald1 ,r5ssela] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ,john ,goets* ccjghippo4ru4ac4za ,john ,goets*1 ,rhodes ,univ]sity1 ,s\? ,africa compos]*em4bu4edu ,jeff ,kellem1 ,bo/on ,univ]sity's ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t krauss,wmoravian4edu ,bill ,krauss1 ,moravian ,college ,/eve ,lod9 deaes6swlod9iuvax4cs4indiana4edu ,/eve ,lod91 ,delco ,electronics ,mike ,nesel neselelxsi4dfrf4nasa4gov ,mike ,nesel1 ,,nasa ,bob nevelncs4wid5]4edu ,bob ,neveln1 ,wid5] ,univ]sity ,comput] ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t wamapidunk94cc4mcgill4ca 7,w&a ,pi]ce7 ,w&a ,pi]ce1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity ,comput+ ,c5tre ,jo%ua4,r4,p\lsoncyb]4wid5]4edu ,jo%ua ,p\lson1 ,wid5] ,univ]sity ,comput+ ,s]vices de#eornl4gov ,dave ,sill1 ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory bsm>tbsm>t4tti4com ,bob ,sm>t1 ,citi,corp_/,,tti emvms54com ,ed ,vielmetti1 ,vice ,presid5t ( ,,ms5 ,craig ,e4 ,w>d cewv5]a4isi4edu ,craig ,w>d1 ,,usc_/,in=mation ,sci5ces ,in/itute 7,,isi7 ,glee ,willis willisunssun4nevada4edu ,glee ,willis1 ,univ]sity ( ,nevada1 ,r5o ,*>les ,yamasaki *ipo%comm4o%a4gov ,*ip ,yamasaki1 ,,o%a ,network ,basics ,we are truly 9 an in=mation society4 ,n[ m ?an ev]1 mov+ va/ am\nts ( in=mation quickly across great di/ances is "o ( our mo/ press+ ne$s4 ,f small "o-p]son entrepr5eurial ef=ts1 to ! l>ge/ ( corporations1 m & m pr(essional p are discov]+ t ! only way to be successful 9 ! '#ijs & beyond is to realize t te*nology is advanc+ at a break-neck pace---& !y mu/ someh[ keep up4 ,likewise1 rese>*]s f all corn]s ( ! e>? are f9d+ t _! "w ?rives 9 a network$ environm5t4 ,imm$iate access to ! "w ( colleagues & a virtual libr>y ( millions ( volumes & ?\s&s ( pap]s af=ds !m ! ability to encorporate a body ( k h]et(ore un?9kable4 ,"w gr\ps c n[ conduct int]active conf]5ces ) ea* o!r1 pay+ no he$ to physical location---! possibilities are endless4 ,y h at y\r f+]tips ! ability to talk 9 real-"t ) someone 9 ,japan1 s5d a #b1jjj-^w %ort /ory to a gr\p ( p :o w critique x = ! %e] pleasure ( do+ s1 see if a ,mac9to% sitt+ 9 a lab 9 ,canada is turn$ on1 & f9d out if someone happ5s to be sitt+ 9 front ( _! comput] 7logg$ on7 9 ,au/ralia1 all inside ( ?irty m9utes4 ,no airl9e 7or t>dis1 = t matt]7 c\ld ev] mat* t travel it9]>y4 ,! l>ge/ problem p face :5 fir/ us+ a network is grasp+ all t's available4 ,ev5 season$ us]s f9d !mselves surpris$ :5 !y discov] a new s]vice or feature t !y'd nev] kn[n ev5 exi/$4 ,once acqua9t$ ) ! t]m9ology & suffici5tly com=table ) mak+ occasional mi/akes1 ! le>n+ process w dra/ically spe$ up4 ,doma9s ,gett+ :]e y want to g c (t5 be "o ( ! m difficult aspects ( us+ networks4 ,! v>iety ( ways t places are nam$ w probably leave a blank />e on y\r face at fir/4 ,don't fret2 !re is a me?od to ?is app>5t madness4 ,if someone 7 to ask = a home address1 !y w\ld probably expect a /reet1 ap>tm5t1 city1 /ate1 & zip code4 ,t's all ! in=mation ! po/ (fice ne$s to deliv] mail 9 a reasonably spe$y fa%ion4 ,likewise1 comput] addresses h a /ructure to !m4 ,! g5]al =m is3 a p]son's email address on a comput]3 us]some:]e4doma9 a comput]'s "n3 some:]e4doma9 ,! us] portion is usually ! p]son's acc\nt "n on ! sy/em1 ?\gh x doesn't h to be4 some:]e4doma9 tells y ! "n ( a sy/em or location1 & :at k9d ( organization x is4 ,! trail+ doma9 is (t5 "o ( ! foll[+3 com ,usually a company or o!r comm]cial in/itution or organization1 l ,convex ,comput]s 7convex4com74 edu ,an educational in/itution1 e4g4 ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 nam$ nyu4edu4 gov ,a gov]nm5t site2 = example1 ,,nasa is nasa4gov4 mil ,a milit>y site1 l ! ,air ,=ce 7af4mil74 net ,gateways & o!r adm9i/rative ho/s = a network 7x does n mean all ( ! ho/s 9 a network74 ,! ,matrix1 #aaa4 ,"o su* gateway is ne>4net4 org ,?is is a doma9 res]v$ = private organizations1 :o don't com=tably fit 9 ! o!r classes ( doma9s4 ,"o example is ! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation nam$ eff4org4 ,ea* c\ntry also has its own top-level doma94 ,= example1 ! u doma9 includes ea* ( ! fifty /ates4 ,o!r c\ntries repres5t$ ) doma9s include3 au ,au/ralia ca ,canada fr ,france uk ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,^! also h sub-doma9s ( ?+s l ac4uk = academic sites & co4uk = comm]cial ones4 ,,fqdn 7,fully ,qualifi$ ,doma9 ,"n7 ,! prop] t]m9ology = a site's doma9 "n 7some:]e4doma9 above7 is its ,fully ,qualifi$ ,doma9 ,"n 7,,fqdn74 ,x is usually select$ to give a cle> indication ( ! site's organization or sponsor+ ag5t4 ,= example1 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology's ,,fqdn is mit4edu2 simil>ly1 ,apple ,comput]'s doma9 "n is apple4com4 ,:ile su* obvi\s names are usually ! norm1 !re are ! occasional exceptions t are ambigu\s en\gh to mislead---l vt4edu1 :i* on fir/ impulse "o might surmise is an educational in/itution ( "s sort 9 ,v]mont2 n s4 ,x's actually ! doma9 "n = ,virg9ia ,te*4 ,9 mo/ cases x's relatively easy to glean ! mean+ ( a doma9 "n---su* confusion is f> f ! norm4 ,int]net ,numb]s ,e s+le ma*9e on ! ,int]net has a unique address1 ,at lea/ "o address1 possibly two or ev5 ?ree---b we won't g into t4 call$ its ,int]net numb] or ,,ip ,address4 ,x's actually a #cb-;bit numb]1 b is mo/ commonly repres5t$ z f\r numb]s jo9$ by p]iods 7471 l #adg4ca4bed4acj4 ,?is is sometimes also call$ a dott$ quad2 !re are lit]ally ?\s&s ( diff]5t possible dott$ quads4 ,! ,a,r,p,anet 7! "m to today's ,int]net7 orig9ally only _h ! capacity to h up to #bef sy/ems on x because ( ! way ea* sy/em 0 address$4 ,9 ! e>ly eighties1 x became cle> t ?+s w\ld fa/ outgr[ su* a small limit2 ! #cb-;bit address+ me?od 0 born1 free+ ?\s&s ( ho/ numb]s4 ,ea* piece ( an ,int]net address 7l #aib7 is call$ an octet1 repres5t+ "o ( f\r sets ( eight bits4 ,! fir/ two or ?ree pieces 7e4g4 #aib4ee4bci7 repres5t ! network t a sy/em is on1 call$ its subnet4 ,= example1 all ( ! comput]s = ,wesleyan ,univ]sity are 9 ! subnet #abi4acc4 ,!y c h numb]s l #abi4acc4aj4aj1 #abi4acc4bcj4ai1 up to #fe ?\s& possible comb9ations 7possible comput]s74 ,,ip addresses & doma9 names ar5't assign$ arbitr>ily---t w\ld lead to unbelievable confusion4 ,an application mu/ be fil$ ) ! ,network ,in=mation ,c5t] 7,,nic71 ei!r electronically 7to ho/ma/]nic4ddn4mil7 or via regul> mail4 ,resolv+ ,names & ,numb]s ,ok1 comput]s c be ref]r$ to by ei!r _! ,,fqdn or _! ,int]net address4 ,h[ c "o us] be expect$ to rememb] !m all8 ,!y ar5't4 ,! ,int]net is design$ s t "o c use ei!r me?od4 ,s9ce humans f9d x mu* m natural to deal ) words ?an numb]s 9 mo/ cases1 ! ,,fqdn = ea* ho/ is mapp$ to its ,int]net numb]4 ,ea* doma9 is s]v$ by a comput] )9 t doma91 :i* provides all ( ! necess>y in=mation to g f a doma9 "n to an ,,ip address1 & vice-v]sa4 ,= example1 :5 someone ref]s to foosun4b>4com1 ! resolv] kn[s t x %\ld ask ! sy/em foovax4b>4com ab\t sy/ems 9 b>4com4 ,x asks :at ,int]net address foosun4b>4com has2 if ! "n foosun4b>4com really exi/s1 foovax w s5d back its numb]4 ,all ( ?is magic happ5s beh9d ! sc5es4 ,r>ely w a us] h to rememb] ! ,int]net numb] ( a site 7al?\gh (t5 y'll cat* y\rself rememb]+ an app>5tly obscure numb]1 simply because y've access$ ! sy/em frequ5tly74 ,h[ev]1 y w rememb] a sub/antial numb] ( ,f,q,d,ns4 ,x w ev5tually rea* a po9t :5 y are able to make a reasonably accurate guess at :at doma9 "n a c]ta9 college1 univ]sity1 or company might h1 giv5 j _! "n4 ,! ,networks ,int]net ,! ,int]net is a l>ge network ( networks4 ,!re is no "o network kn[n z ,! ,int]net2 r1 regional nets l ,sura,net1 ,prep,net1 ,near,net1 et al41 are all int]-connect$ 7nay1 int]-network$7 toge!r into "o great liv+ ?+1 communicat+ at amaz+ spe$s ) ! ,,tcp_/,,ip protocol4 ,all activity takes place 9 real-"t4 ,,uucp ,! ,,uucp network is a loose association ( sy/ems all communicat+ ) ! ,,uucp protocol4 7,,uucp /&s = ,unix-to-,unix ,copy ,program'47 ,x's bas$ on two sy/ems connect+ to ea* o!r at specifi$ int]vals1 call$ poll+1 & execut+ any "w s*$ul$ = ei!r ( !m4 ,hi/orically mo/ ,,uucp 0 done ) ,unix equipm5t1 al?\gh ! s(tw>e's s9ce be5 implem5t$ on o!r plat=ms 7e4g4 ,,vms74 ,= example1 ! sy/em oregano polls ! sy/em basil once e two h\rs4 ,if !re's any mail wait+ = oregano1 basil w s5d x at t "t2 likewise1 oregano w at t "t s5d any jobs wait+ = basil4 ,,bitnet ,,bitnet 7! ,because ,x's ,"t ,network7 is compris$ ( sy/ems connect$ by po9t-to-po9t l9ks1 all runn+ ! ,,nje protocol4 ,x's cont9u$ to gr[1 b has f\nd itself suff]+ at ! h&s ( ! fall+ co/s ( ,int]net connections4 ,also1 a numb] ( mail gateways are 9 place to rea* us]s on o!r networks4 ,! ,physical ,connection ,! actual connections betwe5 ! v>i\s networks take a v>iety ( =ms4 ,! mo/ preval5t = ,int]net l9ks are #efk leas$ l9es 7d$icat$ telephone l9es c>ry+ #efkilobit-p]-second connections7 & ,t#a l9ks 7special phone l9es ) #a,mbps connections74 ,also in/all$ are ,t#c l9ks1 act+ z backbones betwe5 major locations to c>ry a massive #de,mbps load ( traffic4 ,^! l9ks are paid = by ea* in/itution to a local c>ri] 7= example1 ,bell ,atlantic owns ,prep,net1 ! ma9 provid] 9 ,p5nsylvania74 ,also available are ,,slip connections1 :i* c>ry ,int]net traffic 7packets7 ov] high-spe$ modems4 ,,uucp l9ks are made ) modems 7= ! mo/ "p71 t run f #abjj baud all ! way up to z high z #ch4d,kbps4 ,z 0 m5tion$ 9 ,! ,networks1 ! connections are ( ! /ore-&-=w>d v>iety4 ,also 9 use are ,int]net-bas$ ,,uucp l9ks 7z if ?+s w]5't already confus+ en\gh674 ,! sy/ems d _! ,,uucp traffic ov] ,,tcp_/,,ip connections1 :i* give ! ,,uucp-bas$ network "s bl9d+ly fa/ hops1 result+ 9 bett] connectivity = ! network z a :ole4 ,,uucp connections fir/ became popul> 9 ! #aigj's1 & h rema9$ 9 wide-spread use ev] s9ce4 ,only ) ,,uucp c ,joe ,smi? correspond ) someone across ! c\ntry or ar\nd ! _w1 = ! price ( a local telephone call4 ,,bitnet l9ks mo/ly take ! =m ( #ifjj;bps modems connect$ f site to site4 ,(t5 places h ?ree or m l9ks go+2 ! majority1 h[ev]1 look to up/ream sites = _! sole l9k to ! network4 ,! ,glory & ! ,no?+ ( a ,"n ,byron1 ,*ur*ill's ,grave ----------- ,electronic ,mail ,! desire to communicate is ! ess5ce ( network+4 ,p h always want$ to correspond ) ea* o!r 9 ! fa/e/ way possible1 %ort ( normal conv]sation4 ,electronic mail 7or email7 is ! mo/ preval5t application ( ?is 9 comput] network+4 ,x all[s p to write back & =? )\t hav+ to sp5d mu* "t worry+ ab\t h[ ! message actually gets deliv]$4 ,z te*nology gr[s clos] & clos] to be+ a common "p ( daily life1 ! ne$ to und]/& ! _m ways x c be utiliz$ & h[ x works1 at lea/ to "s level1 is vital4 "p ( daily life 7z has be5 evid5c$ by ! ,,isdn ef=t1 ! ne$ to und]/& ! _m ways x c be utiliz$ & h[ x works1 at lea/ to "s level1 is vital4 ,email ,addresses ,electronic mail is h+$ ar\nd ! concept ( an address2 ! section on ,network+ ,basics made "s ref]5ce to x :ile introduc+ doma9s4 ,y\r email address provides all ( ! in=mation requir$ to get a message to y f any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,an address doesn't necess>ily h to g to a human be+4 ,x c\ld be an ar*ive s]v]1 ,see ,ar*ive ,s]v]s1 = a description4 a li/ ( p1 or ev5 someone's pocket pag]4 ,^! cases are ! exception to ! norm---mail to mo/ addresses is read by human be+s4 643 ,symbolic ,cacophony ,email addresses usually appe> 9 "o ( two =ms---us+ ! ,int]net =mat :i* conta9s 1 an at-sign1 or us+ ! ,,uucp =mat :i* conta9s 61 an exclamation po9t1 also call$ a bang4 ,! latt] ( ! two1 ,,uucp bang pa?s1 is m re/rictive1 yet m cle>ly dictates h[ ! mail w travel4 ,to rea* ,jim ,morrison on ! sy/em s\?4am]ica4org1 "o w\ld address ! mail z jms\?4am]ica4org4 ,b if ,jim's acc\nt 0 on a ,,uucp site nam$ brazil1 !n 8 address w\ld be brazil6jm4 ,if x's possible 7& "o exi/s71 try to use ! ,int]net =m ( an address2 bang pa?s c fail if an int]m$iate site 9 ! pa? happ5s to be d[n4 ,!re is a gr[+ tr5d = ,,uucp sites to regi/] ,int]net doma9 names1 to help alleviate ! problem ( pa? failures4 ,ano!r symbol t ent]s ! fray is ---x acts z an extra r\t+ me?od4 ,= example1 if ! ,,uucp site dream is connect$ to s\?4am]ica4org1 b doesn't h an ,int]net doma9 "n ( its own1 a us] debbie on dream c be rea*$ by writ+ to ! address n smallexample6 debbiedreams\?4am]ica4org ,! =m is significant4 ,?is address says t ! local sy/em %\ld fir/ s5d ! mail to s\?4am]ica4org4 ,!re ! address debbiedream w turn into debbiedream1 :i* w hopefully be a valid address4 ,!n s\?4am]ica4org w h&le gett+ ! mail to ! ho/ dream1 :]e x w be deliv]$ locally to debbie4 ,all ( ! intricacies ( email address+ me?ods are fully cov]$ 9 ! book 633 ,a ,directory ( ,electronic ,mail ,address+ & ,networks publi%$ by ,o',reilly & ,associates1 z "p ( _! ,nut%ell ,h&book s]ies4 ,x is a mu/ = any active email us]4 ,write to nutsora4com = ord]+ in=mation4 ,s5d+ & ,receiv+ ,mail ,we'll make "o quick div]sion f be+ ,,os-neut] "h1 to %[ y :at x w look l to s5d & receive a mail message on a ,unix sy/em4 ,*eck ) y\r sy/em adm9i/rator = specific in/ructions relat$ to mail at y\r site4 ,a p]son s5d+ ! au?or mail w\ld probably d some?+ l ?is3 mail br5dancs4wid5]4edu ,subject3 pr9t job's /uck ,i typ$ pr9t babe4gif' & x didn't "w6 ,:y88 ,! next "t ! au?or *eck$ 8 mail1 he w\ld see x li/$ 9 8 mailbox z3 mail _/usr_/spool_/mail_/br5dan3 #a messages #a new #a unread ,u #a joeus]foo4wid5e ,tue ,may #e #bj3cf #bi_/ief pr9t job's /uck 8 :i* gives in=mation on ! s5d] ( ! email1 :5 x 0 s5t1 & ! subject ( ! message4 ,he w\ld probably use ! reply comm& ( ,unix mail to s5d ?is response3 8 r ,to3 joeus]foo4wid5]4edu ,subject3 ,re3 pr9t job's /uck ,y %\ldn't pr9t b9>y files l ,g,i,fs to a pr9t]6 ,br5dan ,try s5d+ y\rself mail a few times1 to get us$ to y\r sy/em's mail]4 ,x'll save a lot ( wa/$ aspir9 = bo? y & y\r sy/em adm9i/rator4 ,anatomy ( a ,mail ,head] ,an electronic mail message has a specific /ructure to x t's common across e type ( comput] sy/em4 ,! /&>d is writt5 d[n 9 ,,rfc-#hbb4 ,see also ,r,f,cs = m info on h[ to get copies ( ! v>i\s ,r,f,cs4 ,a sample w\ld be3 ,f bu%hq4mil ,sat ,may #be #ag3jf3ja #aiia ,receiv$3 f hq4mil by h\se4gov ) ,,smtp id ,,aa#baija 7#d4a_/,,smi = danh\se4gov72 ,sat1 #be ,may #ia #ag3je3ef -#jdjj ,date3 ,sat1 #be ,may #ia #ag3je3ef -#jdjj ,f3 ,! ,presid5t bu%hq4mil ,message-,id3 #iajebebaje4;,,aa#jffca;hq4mil ,to3 dans5ate4gov ,subject3 ,meet+ ,hi ,dan 44 we h a meet+ at #i3cj a4m4 ) ! ,jo9t ,*iefs4 ,please don't ov]sleep ?is "t4 ,! fir/ l9e1 ) ,f & ! two l9es = ,receiv$3 are usually n v int]e/+4 ,!y give ! real address t ! mail is com+ f 7z oppos$ to ! address y %\ld reply to1 :i* may look mu* diff]5t71 & :at places ! mail w5t ?r\gh to get to y4 ,ov] ! ,int]net1 !re is always at lea/ "o ,receiv$3 head] & usually no m ?an f\r or five4 ,:5 a message is s5t us+ ,,uucp1 "o ,receiv$3 head] is add$ = ea* sy/em t ! mail passes ?r\gh4 ,?is c (t5 result 9 m ?an a doz5 ,receiv$3 head]s4 ,:ile !y help ) dissect+ problems 9 mail deliv]y1 odds are ! av]age us] w nev] want to see !m4 ,mo/ mail programs w filt] out ?is k9d ( cruft 9 a head]4 ,! ,date3 head] conta9s ! date & "t ! message 0 s5t4 ,likewise1 ! good address 7z oppos$ to real address7 is laid out 9 ! ,f3 head]4 ,sometimes x won't include ! full "n ( ! p]son 79 ?is case ,! ,presid5t71 & may look diff]5t1 b x %\ld always conta9 an email address ( "s =m4 ,! ,message-,,id3 ( a message is int5d$ ma9ly = trac+ mail r\t+1 & is r>ely ( int]e/ to normal us]s4 ,e ,message-,,id3 is gu>ante$ to be unique4 ,to3 li/s ! email address 7or addresses7 ( ! recipi5ts ( ! message4 ,!re may be a ,cc3 head]1 li/+ additional addresses4 ,f9ally1 a brief subject = ! message goes 9 ! ,subject3 head]4 ,! exact ord] ( a message's head]s may v>y f sy/em to sy/em1 b x w always include ^! fundam5tal head]s t are vital to prop] deliv]y4 ,b\nc$ ,mail ,:5 an email address is incorrect 9 "s way 7! sy/em's "n is wrong1 ! doma9 doesn't exi/1 :atev]71 ! mail sy/em w b\nce ! message back to ! s5d]1 mu* ! same way t ! ,po/al ,s]vice does :5 y s5d a lett] to a bad /reet address4 ,! message w include ! reason = ! b\nce2 a common error is address+ mail to an acc\nt "n t doesn't exi/4 ,= example1 writ+ to ,lisa ,simpson at ,wid5] ,univ]sity's ,comput] ,sci5ce dep>tm5t w fail1 because %e doesn't h an acc\nt4 ,?\gh if %e ask$1 we'd c]ta9ly give h] "o4 ,f3 ,mail ,deliv]y ,subsy/em ,,mail]-,,daemon ,date3 ,sat1 #be ,may #ia #af3de3ad -#jdjj ,to3 mggracie4com ,cc3 ,po/ma/]cs4wid5]4edu ,subject3 ,return$ mail3 ,us] unkn[n ----- ,transcript ( session foll[s ----- ,:ile talk+ to cs4wid5]4edu3 ,,rcpt ,to3lsimpsoncs4wid5]4edu #eej lsimpsoncs4wid5]4edu444 ,us] unkn[n #eej lsimpson444 ,us] unkn[n ,z y c see1 a c>bon copy ( ! message 7! ,cc3 head] entry7 0 s5t to ! po/ma/] ( ,wid5]'s ,,cs dep>tm5t4 ,! ,po/ma/] is responsible = ma9ta9+ a reliable mail sy/em on 8 sy/em4 ,usually po/ma/]s at sites w attempt to aid y 9 gett+ y\r mail :]e x's suppos$ to g4 ,if a typ+ error 0 made1 !n try re-s5d+ ! message4 ,if y're sure t ! address is correct1 contact ! po/ma/] ( ! site directly & ask him h[ to prop]ly address x4 ,! message also includes ! text ( ! mail1 s y don't h to retype ev]y?+ y wrote4 ----- ,uns5t message foll[s ----- ,receiv$3 by cs4wid5]4edu id ,,aa#jfebh2 ,sat1 #be ,may #ia #af3de3ad -#jdjj ,date3 ,sat1 #be ,may #ia #af3de3ad -#jdjj ,f3 ,matt ,gro5+ mggracie4com ,message-,id3 #iajebebjde4;,,aa#jfebh;gracie4com ,to3 lsimpsoncs4wid5]4edu ,subject3 ,script+ y\r future episodes ,reply-,to3 writ+-gr\pgracie4com 4444 v]biage 444 ,! full text ( ! message is return$ intact1 includ+ any head]s t 7 add$4 ,?is c be cut out ) an editor & f$ "r back into ! mail sy/em ) a prop] address1 mak+ r$eliv]y a relatively pa9less process4 ,mail+ ,li/s ,p t %>e common int]e/s are incl9$ to discuss _! hobby or int]e/ at e available opportunity4 ,"o mod]n way to aid 9 ?is ex*ange ( in=mation is by us+ a mail+ li/---usually an email address t r$i/ributes all mail s5t to x back out to a li/ ( addresses4 ,= example1 ! ,sun ,manag]s mail+ li/ 7( int]e/ to p t adm9i/] comput]s manufactur$ by ,sun7 has ! address sun-manag]seecs4nwu4edu4 ,any mail s5t to t address w explode out to ea* p]son nam$ 9 a file ma9ta9$ on a comput] at ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,adm9i/rative tasks 7sometimes ref]r$ to z adm9i/rivia7 are (t5 h&l$ ?r\gh o!r addresses1 typically ) ! suffix -reque/4 ,to cont9ue ! above1 a reque/ to be add$ to or delet$ f ! ,sun ,manag]s li/ %\ld be s5t to sun-manag]s-reque/eecs4nwu4edu4 ,:5 9 d\bt1 try to write to ! -reque/ v]sion ( a mail+ li/ address fir/2 ! o!r p on ! li/ ar5't int]e/$ 9 y\r desire to be add$ or delet$1 & c c]ta9ly d no?+ to exp$ite y\r reque/4 ,(t5 if ! adm9i/rator ( a li/ is busy 7rememb]1 ?is is all p]iph]al to real jobs & real "w71 _m us]s f9d x necess>y to ask aga9 & aga91 (t5 ) h>%] & h>%] language1 to be remov$ f a li/4 ,?is does no?+ m ?an wa/e traffic & bo!r ev]yone else receiv+ ! messages4 ,if1 aft] a reasonable am\nt ( "t1 y /ill hav5't succe$$ to be remov$ f a mail+ li/1 write to ! po/ma/] at t site & see if !y c help4 ,ex]cise caution :5 reply+ to a message s5t by a mail+ li/4 ,if y wi% to respond to ! au?or only1 make sure t ! only address y're reply+ to is t p]son1 & n ! entire li/4 ,(t5 messages ( ! sort ,yes1 ,i agree ) y completely6 w appe> on a li/1 bor+ ! daylights out ( ! o!r read]s4 ,likewise1 if y explicitly d want to s5d ! message to ! :ole li/1 y'll save y\rself "s "t by *eck+ to make sure x's inde$ head$ to ! :ole li/ & n a s+le p]son4 ,a li/ ( ! curr5tly available mail+ li/s is available 9 at lea/ two places2 ! fir/ is 9 a file on ftp4nisc4sri4com call$ int]e/-gr\ps "u ! net9fo_/ directory4 ,x's updat$ fairly regul>ly1 b is l>ge 7pres5tly ar\nd #gjj,k71 s only get x e once 9 a :ile4 ,! o!r li/ is ma9ta9$ by ,g5e ,spaf=d 7spafcs4purdue4edu71 & is po/$ 9 p>ts to ! newsgr\p news4li/s semi-regul>ly4 7,us5et ,news1 = info on h[ to read t & o!r newsgr\ps47 ,li/s]vs ,on ,,bitnet !re's an automat$ sy/em = ma9ta9+ discussion li/s call$ ! li/s]v4 ,r ?an h an already h>ri$ & ov]work$ human take c>e ( additions & removals f a li/1 a program p]=ms ^! & o!r tasks by respond+ to a set ( us]-driv5 comm&s4 ,areas ( int]e/ are wide & v>i$---,,e?ics-,l deals ) e?ics 9 comput+1 :ile ,,adnd-,l has to d ) a role-play+ game4 ,a full li/ ( ! available ,,bitnet li/s c be obta9$ by writ+ to ,,li/s]v,,bitnic4,,bitnet ) a body conta9+ ! comm& li/ global ,h[ev]1 be sp>+ 9 y\r use ( ?is---see if x's already on y\r sy/em some:]e4 ,! reply is q l>ge4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal comm& is subscribe4 ,x w tell ! li/s]v to add ! s5d] to a specific li/4 ,! usage is subscribe foo-l ,y\r ,real ,"n ,x w respond ) a message ei!r say+ t y've be5 add$ to ! li/1 or t ! reque/ has be5 pass$ on to ! sy/em on :i* ! li/ is actually ma9ta9$4 ,! mate to subscribe is1 naturally1 unsubscribe4 ,x w remove a giv5 address f a ,,bitnet li/4 ,x1 along ) all o!r li/s]v comm&s1 c be abbreviat$---subscribe z sub1 unsubscribe z unsub1 etc4 ,= a full li/ ( ! available li/s]v comm&s1 write to ,,li/s]v,,bitnic4,,bitnet1 giv+ x ! comm& help4 ,z an aside1 !re h be5 implem5tations ( ! li/s]v sy/em = non-,,bitnet ho/s 7m specifically1 ,unix sy/ems74 ,"o ( ! mo/ complete is available on cs4bu4edu 9 ! directory pub_/li/s]v4 ,i made ?is lett] long] ?an usual because ,i lack ! "t to make x %ort]4 ,pascal1 ,prov9cial ,lett]s ,,xvi -------------- ,anonym\s ,,ftp ,,ftp 7,file ,transf] ,protocol7 is ! prim>y me?od ( transf]r+ files ov] ! ,int]net4 ,on _m sy/ems1 x's also ! "n ( ! program t implem5ts ! protocol4 ,giv5 prop] p]mission1 x's possible to copy a file f a comput] 9 ,s\? ,africa to "o 9 ,los ,angeles at v fa/ spe$s 7on ! ord] ( #e--aj,k p] second74 ,?is normally requires ei!r a us] id on bo? sy/ems or a special configuration set up by ! sy/em adm9i/rator7s74 ,!re is a good way ar\nd ?is re/riction---! anonym\s ,,ftp s]vice4 ,x ess5tially w let anyone 9 ! _w h access to a c]ta9 area ( disk space 9 a non-?reat5+ way4 ,) ?is1 p c make files publicly available ) little hassle4 ,"s sy/ems h d$icat$ entire disks or ev5 entire comput]s to ma9ta9+ ext5sive ar*ives ( s\rce code & in=mation4 ,!y include gatekeep]4dec4com 7,digital71 wu>*ive4wu/l4edu 7,wa%+ton ,univ]sity 9 ,sa9t ,l\is71 & ar*ive4cis4ohio-/ate4edu 7,! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity74 ,! process involves ! =eign us] 7someone n on ! sy/em itself7 creat+ an ,,ftp connection & logg+ into ! sy/em z ! us] anonym\s1 ) an arbitr>y password3 ,"n 7foo4site4com3y73 anonym\s ,password3 jms\?4am]ica4org ,cu/om & netiquette dictate t p respond to ! ,password3 qu]y ) an email address s t ! sites c track ! level ( ,,ftp usage1 if !y desire4 7,addresses = in=mation on email addresses74 ,! spe$ ( ! transf] dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! und]ly+ l9k4 ,a site t has a #ifjj;bps ,,slip connection w n get ! same ?r\ghput z a sy/em ) a #efk leas$ l9e 7,! ,physical ,connection1 = m on :at k9ds ( connections c exi/ 9 a network74 ,also1 ! traffic ( all o!r us]s on t l9k w affect p]=mance4 ,if !re are ?irty p all ,f,t,ping f "o site simultane\sly1 ! load on ! sy/em 79 addition to ! network connection7 w degrade ! ov]all ?r\ghput ( ! transf]4 ,,ftp ,etiquette ,le/ we =get1 ! ,int]net is !re = p to d "w4 ,p us+ ! network & ! sy/ems on x are do+ s = a purpose1 :e!r x be rese>*1 developm5t1 :atev]4 ,any heavy activity takes away f ! ov]all p]=mance ( ! network z a :ole4 ,! effects ( an ,,ftp connection on a site & its l9k c v>y2 ! g5]al rule ( ?umb is t any extra traffic creat$ detracts f ! ability ( t site's us]s to p]=m _! tasks4 ,to help be consid]ate ( ?is1 x's highly recomm5d$ t ,,ftp sessions be held only aft] normal bus9ess h\rs = t site1 pref]ably late at night4 ,! possible effects ( a l>ge transf] w be less de/ructive at #b a4m4 ?an #b p4m4 ,also1 rememb] t if x's pa/ d9n] "t 9 ,ma9e1 x's /ill e>ly aft]noon 9 ,cali=nia---?9k 9 t]ms ( ! curr5t "t at ! site t's be+ visit$1 n ( local "t4 ,basic ,comm&s ,:ile !re h be5 _m ext5sions to ! v>i\s ,,ftp cli5ts out !re1 !re is a de facto /&>d set t ev]yone expects to "w4 ,= m specific in=mation1 read ! manual = y\r specific ,,ftp program4 ,?is section w only skim ! b>e m9imum ( comm&s ne$$ to op]ate an ,,ftp session4 ,creat+ ! ,connection ,! actual comm& to use ,,ftp w v>y among op]at+ sy/ems2 = ! sake ( cl>ity1 we'll use ,,ftp "h1 s9ce x's ! mo/ g5]al =m4 ,!re are two ways to connect to a sy/em---us+ its ho/name or its ,int]net numb]4 ,us+ ! ho/name is usually pref]r$4 ,h[ev]1 "s sites ar5't able to resolve ho/names prop]ly1 & h no alt]native4 ,we'll assume y're able to use ho/names = simplicity's sake4 ,! =m is ftp some:]e4doma9 ,doma9s = help ) read+ & us+ doma9 names 79 ! example bel[1 some:]e4doma9 is ftp4uu4net74 ,y mu/ fir/ "k ! "n ( ! sy/em y want to connect to4 ,we'll use ftp4uu4net z an example4 ,on y\r sy/em1 type3 ftp ftp4uu4net 7! actual syntax w v>y dep5d+ on ! type ( sy/em ! connection's be+ made f74 ,x w pause mom5t>ily !n respond ) ! message ,connect$ to ftp4uu4net4 & an initial prompt w appe>3 #bbj uunet ,,ftp s]v] 7,v]sion #e4ajj ,mon ,feb #aa #ag3ac3bh ,,e/ #aiia7 ready4 ,"n 7ftp4uu4net3jm73 to :i* y %\ld respond ) anonym\s3 #bbj uunet ,,ftp s]v] 7,v]sion #e4ajj ,mon ,feb #aa #ag3ac3bh ,,e/ #aiia7 ready4 ,"n 7ftp4uu4net3jm73 anonym\s ,! sy/em w !n prompt y = a password2 z not$ previ\sly1 a good response is y\r email address3 #cca ,gue/ log9 ok1 s5d id5t z password4 ,password3 jms\?4am]ica4org #bcj ,gue/ log9 ok1 access re/rictions apply4 ftp ,! password itself w n e*o4 ,?is is to protect a us]'s security :5 he or %e is us+ a real acc\nt to ,,ftp files betwe5 ma*9es4 ,once y rea* ! ftp prompt1 y "k y're logg$ 9 & ready to g4 ,notice ! ftp4uu4net3joe 9 ! ,"n3 prompt8 ,t's ano!r clue t anonym\s ,,ftp is special3 ,,ftp expects a normal us] acc\nts to be us$ = transf]s4 dir ,at ! ftp prompt1 y c type a numb] ( comm&s to p]=m v>i\s functions4 ,"o example is dir---x w li/ ! files 9 ! curr5t directory4 ,cont9u+ ! example f above3 ftp dir #bjj ,,port comm& successful4 #aej ,op5+ ,,ascii mode data connection = _/b9_/ls4 total #caaf drwxr-xr-x #b #g #ba #eab ,nov #ba #aihh 4=w>d -rw-rw-r-- #a #g #aa #j ,jun #bc #aihh 4hu%log9 drwxrwxr-x #b #j #ba #eab ,jun #d #aiij ,c5sus drwxrwxr-x #b #j #abj #eab ,jan #h #ji3cf ,clari,net 444 etc etc 444 -rw-rw-r-- #a #g #ad #dbcij ,may #bj #jb3bd new?isweek4,z 444 etc etc 444 -rw-rw-r-- #a #g #ad #bjahhhg ,may #ba #ja3ja uumap4t>4,z drwxrwxr-x #b #g #f #ajbd ,may #aa #aj3eh uunet-info #bbf ,transf] complete4 #edad bytes receiv$ 9 #a4a seconds 7#d4i ,kbytes_/s7 ftp ,! file new?isweek4,z 0 specifically includ$ because we'll be us+ x lat]4 ,j = g5]al in=mation1 x happ5s to be a li/+ ( all ( ! files add$ to ,,uunet's ar*ives dur+ ! pa/ week4 ,! directory %[n is on a ma*9e runn+ ! ,unix op]at+ sy/em---! dir comm& w produce diff]5t results on o!r op]at+ sy/ems 7e4g4 ,,tops1 ,,vms1 et al474 ,le>n+ to recognize diff]5t =mats w take "s "t4 ,aft] a few weeks ( trav]s+ ! ,int]net1 x proves easi] to see1 = example1 h[ l>ge a file is on an op]at+ sy/em y're o!rwise n acqua9t$ )4 ,) _m ,,ftp implem5tations1 x's also possible to take ! output ( dir & put x into a file on ! local sy/em ) ftp dir n99 outfil5ame ! cont5ts ( :i* c !n be read outside ( ! live ,,ftp connection2 ?is is p>ticul>ly useful = sy/ems ) v long directories 7l ftp4uu4net74 ,! above example w\ld put ! names ( e file t beg9s ) an n into ! local file outfil5ame4 cd ,at ! beg9n+ ( an ,,ftp session1 ! us] is 9 a top-level directory4 ,mo/ ?+s are 9 directories bel[ x 7e4g4 _/pub74 ,to *ange ! curr5t directory1 "o uses ! cd comm&4 ,to *ange to ! directory pub1 = example1 "o w\ld type ftp cd pub :i* w\ld elicit ! response #bej ,,cwd comm& successful4 ,mean+ ! ,*ange ,work+ ,directory comm& 7cd7 work$ prop]ly4 ,mov+ up a directory is m sy/em-specific---9 ,unix use ! comm& cd 441 & 9 ,,vms1 cd -4 get & put ,! actual transf] is p]=m$ ) ! get & put comm&s4 ,to get a file f ! remote comput] to ! local sy/em1 ! comm& takes ! =m3 ftp get fil5ame :]e fil5ame is ! file on ! remote sy/em4 ,aga9 us+ ftp4uu4net z an example1 ! file new?isweek4,z c be retriev$ ) ftp get new?isweek4,z #bjj ,,port comm& successful4 #aej ,op5+ ,,ascii mode data connection = new?isweek4,z 7#dbcij bytes74 #bbf ,transf] complete4 local3 new?isweek4,z remote3 new?isweek4,z #dbeec bytes receiv$ 9 #f4i seconds 7#f ,kbytes_/s7 ftp ,! section bel[ on us+ b9>y mode in/ead ( ,,ascii w describe :y ?is p>ticul> *oice w result 9 a corrupt & subsequ5tly unusable file4 ,if1 = "s reason1 y want to save a file "u a diff]5t "n 7e4g4 y\r sy/em c only h #ad-;"* fil5ames1 or c only h "o dot 9 ! "n71 y c specify :at ! local fil5ame %\ld be by provid+ get ) an additional argum5t ftp get new?isweek4,z uunet-new :i* w place ! cont5ts ( ! file new?isweek4,z 9 uunet-new on ! local sy/em4 ,! transf] works ! o!r way1 too4 ,! put comm& w transf] a file f ! local sy/em to ! remote sy/em4 ,if ! p]missions are set up = an ,,ftp session to write to a remote directory1 a file c be s5t ) ftp put fil5ame ,z ) get1 put w take a ?ird argum5t1 lett+ y specify a diff]5t "n = ! file on ! remote sy/em4 ,,ascii vs ,b9>y ,9 ! example above1 ! file new?isweek4,z 0 transf]r$1 b suppos$ly n correctly4 ,! reason is ?is3 9 a normal ,,ascii transf] 7! default71 c]ta9 *>act]s are translat$ betwe5 sy/ems1 to help make text files m readable4 ,h[ev]1 :5 b9>y files 7^? conta9+ non-,,ascii *>act]s7 are transf]r$1 ?is translation %\ld n take place4 ,"o example is a b9>y program---a few *ang$ *>act]s c r5d] x completely useless4 ,to avoid ?is problem1 x's possible to be 9 "o ( two modes---,,ascii or b9>y4 ,9 b9>y mode1 ! file isn't translat$ 9 any way4 ,:at's on ! remote sy/em is precisely :at's receiv$4 ,! comm&s to g betwe5 ! two modes are3 ftp ascii #bjj ,type set to ,a4 7,note ! ,a1 :i* signifies ,,ascii mode47 ftp b9>y #bjj ,type set to ,i4 7,set to ,image =mat1 = pure b9>y transf]s47 ,note t ea* comm& ne$ only be done once to take effect2 if ! us] types b9>y1 all transf]s 9 t session are done 9 b9>y mode 7t is1 unless ascii is typ$ lat]74 ,! transf] ( new?isweek4,z w "w if done z3 ftp b9>y #bjj ,type set to ,i4 ftp get new?isweek4,z #bjj ,,port comm& successful4 #aej ,op5+ ,,b9>y mode data connection = new?isweek4,z 7#dbcij bytes74 #bbf ,transf] complete4 local3 new?isweek4,z remote3 new?isweek4,z #dbcij bytes receiv$ 9 #g4b seconds 7#e4h ,kbytes_/s7 ,note3 ,! file size 7#dbcij7 is diff]5t f t done 9 ,,ascii mode 7#dbeec7 bytes2 & ! numb] #dbcij mat*es ! "o 9 ! li/+ ( ,,uunet's top directory4 ,we c be relatively sure t we've receiv$ ! file )\t any problems4 mget & mput ,! comm&s mget & mput all[ = multiple file transf]s us+ wildc>ds to get sev]al files1 or a :ole set ( files at once1 r ?an hav+ to d x manually "o by "o4 ,= example1 to get all files t beg9 ) ! lett] f1 "o w\ld type ftp mget f99 ,simil>ly1 to put all ( ! local files t end ) 4c3 ftp mput 994c ,r ?an reit]ate :at's be5 writt5 a hundr$ times be=e1 consult a local manual = m in=mation on wildc>d mat*+ 7e ,,dos manual1 = example1 has a section on x74 ,normally1 ,,ftp assumes a us] wants to be prompt$ = e file 9 a mget or mput op]ation4 ,y'll (t5 ne$ to get a :ole set ( files & n h ea* ( !m confirm$---y "k !y're all "r4 ,9 t case1 use ! prompt comm& to turn ! qu]ies (f4 ftp prompt ,int]active mode (f4 ,likewise1 to turn x back on1 ! prompt comm& %\ld simply be issu$ aga94 ,joe ,granrose's ,li/ ,mon?ly1 ,joe ,granrose 7od9pilot4nj94net7 po/s to ,us5et 7,us5et ,news7 an ext5sive li/ ( sites (f]+ anonym\s ,,ftp s]vice4 ,x's available 9 a numb] ( ways3 ,! ,us5et gr\ps comp4misc & comp4s\rces4want$ ,anonym\s ,,ftp f pilot4nj94net #abh4f4g4ch1 9 _/pub_/ftp-li/4 ,write to od9pilot4nj94net ) a ,subject3 l9e ( li/s]v-reque/ & a message body ( s5d help4 ,please don't bo!r ,joe ) y\r reque/s---! s]v] w provide y ) ! li/4 ,! ar*ie ,s]v] ar*ie is always 9 l[]case ,a gr\p ( p at ,mc,gill ,univ]sity 9 ,canada got toge!r & creat$ a qu]y sy/em call$ ar*ie4 ,x 0 orig9ally =m$ to be a quick & easy way to scan ! (f]+s ( ! _m anonym\s ,,ftp sites t are ma9ta9$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,z "t progress$1 ar*ie grew to include o!r valuable s]vices z well4 ,! ar*ie s]vice is accessible ?r\gh an int]active telnet session1 email qu]ies1 & comm&-l9e & ,x-w9d[ cli5ts4 ,! email responses c be us$ along ) ,f,t,pmail s]v]s = ^? n on ! ,int]net4 7,,ftp-by-,mail ,s]v]s1 = info on us+ ,f,t,pmail s]v]s47 ,us+ ar*ie ,today ,curr5tly1 ar*ie tracks ! cont5ts ( ov] #hjj anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ive sites conta9+ ov] a million files /or$ across ! ,int]net4 ,collectively1 ^! files repres5t well ov] #ej gigabytes ( in=mation1 ) new entries be+ add$ daily4 ,! ar*ie s]v] automatically updates ! li/+ in=mation f ea* site ab\t once a mon?4 ,?is avoids con/antly updat+ ! databases1 :i* c\ld wa/e network res\rces1 yet ensures t ! in=mation on ea* site's hold+s is reasonably up to date4 ,to access ar*ie int]actively1 telnet to "o ( ! exi/+ s]v]s4 ,see ,telnet1 = notes on us+ ! telnet program4 ,!y include ar*ie4ans4net 7,new ,york1 ,,usa7 ar*ie4rutg]s4edu 7,new ,j]sey1 ,,usa7 ar*ie4sura4net 7,m>yl&1 ,,usa7 ar*ie4unl4edu 7,nebraska1 ,,usa7 ar*ie4mcgill4ca 7! fir/ ,ar*ie s]v]1 9 ,canada7 ar*ie4funet4fi 7,f9l&7 ar*ie4au 7,au/ralia7 ar*ie4doc4ic4ac4uk 7,great ,brita97 ,at ! log93 prompt ( "o ( ! s]v]s1 ent] ar*ie to log 94 ,a greet+ w be display$1 detail+ in=mation ab\t ongo+ "w 9 ! ar*ie project2 ! us] w be left at a ar*ie prompt1 at :i* he may ent] comm&s4 ,us+ help w yield in/ructions on us+ ! prog comm& to make qu]ies1 set to control v>i\s aspects ( ! s]v]'s op]ation1 et al4 ,type quit at ! prompt to leave ar*ie4 ,typ+ ! qu]y prog v9e4t>4,z w yield a li/ ( ! sy/ems t (f] ! s\rce to ! ,x-w9d[s program v9e2 a piece ( ! in=mation return$ looks l3 ,ho/ ftp4uu4net 7#acg4ci4a4i7 ,la/ updat$ #aj3cj #g ,jan #aiib ,location3 _/packages_/,x_/contrib ,,file rw-r--r-- #aeedh ,oct #h #bj3bi v9e4t>4,z ,ho/ nic4funet4fi 7#abh4bad4f4ajj7 ,la/ updat$ #je3jg #d ,jan #aiib ,location3 _/pub_/,x#aa_/;contrib ,,file rw-rw-r-- #aeedh ,nov #h #jc3be v9e4t>4,z ar*ie ,cli5ts ,!re are two ma9-/ream ar*ie cli5ts1 "o call$ 7naturally en\gh7 ar*ie1 ! o!r x>*ie 7= ,x-,w9d[s74 ,!y qu]y ! ar*ie databases & yield a li/ ( sy/ems t h ! reque/$ file7s7 available = anonym\s ,,ftp1 )\t requir+ an int]active session to ! s]v]4 ,= example1 to f9d ! same in=mation y tri$ ) ! s]v] comm& prog1 y c\ld type ar*ie v9e4t>4,z ,ho/ a!ne4uni-pad]born4de ,location3 _/local_/,x#aa_/mcontrib ,,file -rw-r--r-- #ahhed ,nov #ae #aiij v9e4t>4,z ,ho/ emx4utexas4edu ,location3 _/pub_/mnt_/s\rce_/games ,,file -rw-r--r-- #abjai ,may #g #aihh v9e4t>4,z ,ho/ export4lcs4mit4edu ,location3 _/contrib ,,file -rw-r--r-- #aeedh ,oct #i #jj3bi v9e4t>4,z ,note t y\r sy/em adm9i/rator may n h in/all$ ! ar*ie cli5ts yet2 ! s\rce is available on ea* ( ! ar*ie s]v]s1 9 ! directory ar*ie_/cli5ts4 ,us+ ! ,x-w9d[s cli5t is mu* m intuitive---if x's in/all$1 j read its man page & give x a :irl4 ,x's ess5tial = ! network$ desktop4 ,mail+ ar*ie ,us]s limit$ to email connectivity to ! ,int]net %\ld s5d a message to ! address ar*iear*ie4mcgill4ca ) ! s+le ^w help 9 ! body ( ! message4 ,an email message w be return$ expla9+ h[ to use ! email ar*ie s]v]1 along ) ! details ( us+ ,f,t,pmail4 ,mo/ ( ! comm&s (f]$ by ! telnet int]face c be us$ ) ! mail s]v]4 ,! :atis database ,9 addition to (f]+ access to anonym\s ,,ftp li/+s1 ar*ie also p]mits access to ! :atis description database4 ,x includes ! names & brief synopses = ov] #c1ejj public doma9 s(tw>e packages1 datasets & in=mational docum5ts locat$ on ! ,int]net4 ,additional :atis databases are s*$ul$ to be add$ 9 ! future4 ,plann$ (f]+s include li/+s = ! names & locations ( onl9e libr>y catalog programs1 ! names ( publicly accessible electronic mail+ li/s1 compilations ( ,frequ5tly ,ask$ ,que/ions li/s1 & ar*ive sites = ! mo/ popul> ,us5et newsgr\ps4 ,sugge/ions = additional descriptions or locations databases are welcom$ & %\ld be s5t to ! ar*ie develop]s at ar*ie-lcs4mcgill4ca4 ,0 fur plund]n6 7,:at a place to plund]67 ,gebh>d ,leb]e*t ,blu*] ------ ,us5et ,news ,orig9al f3 *ipc\nt4tct4com 7,*ip ,salz5b]g7 ,mo/ rec5t *ange3 #ai ,may #aiia by spafcs4purdue4edu 7,g5e ,spaf=d7 ,! fir/ ?+ to und]/& ab\t ,us5et is t x is widely misund]/ood4 ,e day on ,us5et ! bl9d m5 & ! elephant ph5om5on appe>s1 9 spades4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 m flame w>s 7rabid argum5ts7 arise because ( a lack ( und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,us5et ?an f any o!r s\rce4 ,& consid] t su* flame w>s arise1 ( necessity1 among p :o are on ,us5et4 ,imag9e1 !n1 h[ poorly und]/ood ,us5et mu/ be by ^? outside6 ,no essay on ! nature ( ,us5et c ignore ! errone\s impressions held by _m ,us5et us]s4 ,!re=e1 ?is section w treat falsehoods fir/4 ,keep read+ = tru?4 7,beauty1 alas1 is n relevant to ,us5et47 ,:at ,us5et ,is ,us5et is ! set ( ma*9es t ex*ange articles tagg$ ) "o or m univ]sally-recogniz$ labels1 call$ newsgr\ps 7or gr\ps = %ort74 7,note t ! t]m newsgr\p is correct1 :ile area1 base1 bo>d1 bbo>d1 conf]5ce1 r\nd table1 ,,sig1 etc4 are incorrect4 ,if y want to be und]/ood1 be accurate47 ,! ,div]sity ( ,us5et ,if ! above def9ition ( ,us5et s\nds vague1 t's because x is4 ,x is almo/ impossible to g5]alize ov] all ,us5et sites 9 any non-trivial way4 ,us5et encompasses gov]nm5t ag5cies1 l>ge univ]sities1 high s*ools1 bus9esses ( all sizes1 home comput]s ( all descriptions1 etc4 ,e adm9i/rator controls 8 own site4 ,no "o has any real control ov] any site b 8 own4 ,! adm9i/rator gets 8 p[] f ! own] ( ! sy/em he adm9i/]s4 ,z long z ! own] is happy ) ! job ! adm9i/rator is do+1 he c d :atev] he pleases1 up to & includ+ cutt+ (f ,us5et entirely4 ,c'e/ la vie4 ,:at ,us5et ,is ,n ,us5et is n an organization4 ,us5et has no c5tral au?ority4 ,9 fact1 x has no c5tral any?+4 ,!re is a vague notion ( up/ream & d[n/ream relat$ to ! direction ( high-volume news fl[4 ,x foll[s t1 to ! ext5t t up/ream sites decide :at traffic !y w c>ry = _! d[n/ream neighbors1 t up/ream sites h "s influ5ce on _! neighbors4 ,b su* influ5ce is usually easy to circumv5t1 & heavy-h&$ manipulation typically results 9 a backla% ( res5tm5t4 ,us5et is n a democracy4 ,a democracy c be loosely def9$ z gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p4 ,h[ev]1 z expla9$ above1 ,us5et is n an organization1 & only an organization c be run z a democracy4 ,ev5 a democracy mu/ be organiz$1 = if x lacks a means ( en=c+ ! peoples' wi%es1 !n x may z well n exi/4 ,"s p wi% t ,us5et 7 a democracy4 ,_m p pret5d t x is4 ,bo? gr\ps are sadly delud$4 ,us5et is n fair4 ,aft] all1 :o %all decide :at's fair8 ,= t matt]1 if someone is behav+ unfairly1 :o's go+ to /op him8 ,nei!r y nor ,i1 t's c]ta94 ,us5et is n a "r4 ,"s p misund]/& _! local "r ( fre$om ( spee* to mean t !y h a legal "r to use o!rs' comput]s to say :at !y wi% 9 :atev] way !y wi%1 & ! own]s ( said comput]s h no "r to /op !m4 ,^? p are wrong4 ,fre$om ( spee* also means fre$om n to speak2 if ,i *oose n to use my comput] to aid y\r spee*1 t is my "r4 ,fre$om ( ! press belongs to ^? :o own "o4 ,us5et is n a public utility4 ,"s ,us5et sites are publicly fund$ or subsidiz$4 ,mo/ ( !m1 by pla9 c\nt1 are n4 ,!re is no gov]nm5t monopoly on ,us5et1 & little or no control4 ,us5et is n a comm]cial network4 ,_m ,us5et sites are academic or gov]nm5t organizations2 9 fact1 ,us5et orig9at$ 9 academia4 ,!re=e1 !re is a ,us5et cu/om ( keep+ comm]cial traffic to a m9imum4 ,if su* comm]cial traffic is g5]ally consid]$ wor? c>ry+1 !n x may be grudg+ly tol]at$4 ,ev5 s1 x is usually sep>at$ someh[ f non-comm]cial traffic2 see comp4newprod4 ,us5et is n ! ,int]net4 ,! ,int]net is a wide-rang+ network1 p>ts ( :i* are subsidiz$ by v>i\s gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,int]net c>ries _m k9ds ( traffic2 ,us5et is only "o ( !m4 ,& ! ,int]net is only "o ( ! v>i\s networks c>ry+ ,us5et traffic4 ,us5et is n a ,unix network1 nor ev5 an ,,ascii network4 ,don't assume t ev]yone is us+ rn on a ,unix ma*9e4 ,!re are ,vax5 runn+ ,,vms1 ,,ibm ma9frames1 ,amigas1 & ,,ms-,,dos ,p,cs read+ & po/+ to ,us5et4 ,&1 yes1 "s ( !m use 7%udd]7 ,,ebcdic4 ,ignore !m if y l1 b !y're out !re4 ,us5et is n s(tw>e4 ,!re are doz5s ( s(tw>e packages us$ at v>i\s sites to transport & read ,us5et articles4 ,s no "o program or package c be call$ ! ,us5et s(tw>e4 ,s(tw>e design$ to support ,us5et traffic c be 7& is7 us$ = o!r k9ds ( communication1 usually )\t risk ( mix+ ! two4 ,su* private communication networks are typically kept di/9ct f ,us5et by ! inv5tion ( newsgr\p names diff]5t f ! univ]sally-recogniz$ ones4 ,us5et is n a ,,uucp network4 ,,uucp is a protocol 7"s might say protocol suite1 b t's a te*nical po9t7 = s5d+ data ov] po9t-to-po9t connections1 typically us+ dialup modems4 ,us5et is only "o ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( traffic c>ri$ via ,,uucp1 & ,,uucp is only "o ( ! v>i\s transports c>ry+ ,us5et traffic4 ,well1 en\gh negativity4 ,propagation ( ,news ,9 ! old days1 :5 ,,uucp ov] long-di/ance dialup l9es 0 ! dom9ant means ( article transmission1 a few well-connect$ sites _h real influ5ce 9 det]m9+ :i* newsgr\ps w\ld be c>ri$ :]e4 ,^? sites call$ !mselves ! backbone4 ,b ?+s h *ang$4 ,n[adays1 ev5 ! smalle/ ,int]net site has connectivity ! likes ( :i* ! backbone adm9 ( ye/]ye> c\ld only dream4 ,9 addition1 9 ! ,u4,s41 ! adv5t ( *eap] long-di/ance calls & high-spe$ modems has made long-di/ance ,us5et fe$s ?9kable = small] companies4 ,!re is only "o pre-em95t ,,uucp transport site today 9 ! ,u4,s41 namely ,,uunet4 ,b ,,uunet isn't a play] 9 ! propagation w>s1 because x nev] refuses any traffic---x gets paid by ! m9ute1 aft] all2 to refuse bas$ on cont5t w\ld jeop>dize its legal /atus z an enhanc$ s]vice provid]4 ,all ( ! above applies to ! ,u4,s4 ,9 ,europe1 diff]5t co/ /ructures favor$ ! creation ( /rictly controll$ hi]>*ical organizations ) c5tral regi/ries4 ,?is is all v unlike ! traditional mode ( ,u4,s4 sites 7pick a "n1 get ! s(tw>e1 get a fe$1 y're on74 ,europe's b5ign monopolies1 long unconte/$1 n[ face competition f loos] organizations patt]n$ aft] ! ,u4,s4 model4 ,gr\p ,creation ,z discuss$ above1 ,us5et is n a democracy4 ,nev]!less1 curr5tly ! mo/ popul> way to create a new newsgr\p involves a vote to det]m9e popul> support = 7& opposition to7 a propos$ newsgr\p4 ,newsgr\p ,creation1 = detail$ in/ructions & guidel9es on ! process involv$ 9 mak+ a newsgr\p4 ,if y foll[ ! guidel9es1 x is probable t y\r gr\p w be creat$ & w be widely propagat$4 ,h[ev]1 due to ! nature ( ,us5et1 !re is no way = any us] to en=ce ! results ( a newsgr\p vote 7or any o!r decision1 = t matt]74 ,!re=e1 = y\r new newsgr\p to be propagat$ widely1 y mu/ n only foll[ ! lett] ( ! guidel9es2 y mu/ also foll[ its _s4 ,& y mu/ n all[ ev5 a :iff ( %ady deal+s or dirty tricks to m> ! vote4 ,s1 y may ask3 ,h[ is a new us] suppos$ to "k any?+ ab\t ! _s ( ! guidel9es8 ,obvi\sly1 %e c't4 ,?is fact leads inexorably to ! foll[+ recomm5dation3 ,if y're a new us]1 don't try to create a new newsgr\p alone4 ,if y h a good newsgr\p idea1 !n read ! news4gr\ps newsgr\p = a :ile 7six mon?s1 at lea/7 to f9d out h[ ?+s "w4 ,if y're too impati5t to wait six mon?s1 !n y really ne$ to le>n2 read news4gr\ps = a ye> in/ead4 ,if y j c't wait1 f9d a ,us5et old h& to run ! vote = y4 ,read]s may ?9k ?is advice unnecess>ily /rict4 ,ignore x at y\r p]il4 ,x is emb>rass+ to speak be=e le>n+4 ,x is fooli% to jump into a society y don't und]/& ) y\r m\? op54 ,& x is futile to try to =ce y\r w on p :o c tune y out ) ! press ( a key4 ,if ,y're ,unhappy444 ,prop]ty rights be+ :at !y are1 !re is no high] au?ority on ,us5et ?an ! p :o own ! ma*9es on :i* ,us5et traffic is c>ri$4 ,if ! own] ( ! ma*9e y use says1 ,we w n c>ry alt4sex on ?is ma*9e1 & y are n happy ) t ord]1 y h no ,us5et rec\rse4 ,:at c we outsid]s d1 aft] all8 ,t doesn't mean y are )\t options4 ,dep5d+ on ! nature ( y\r site1 y may h "s int]nal political rec\rse4 ,or y might f9d ext]nal pressure helpful4 ,or1 ) a m9imal inve/m5t1 y c get a fe$ ( y\r own f some:]e else4 ,comput]s capable ( tak+ ,us5et fe$s are d[n 9 ! #ejj range n[1 ,unix-capable boxes are go+ = "u #bjjj1 & !re are at lea/ two ,unix lookalikes 9 ! #ajj price range4 ,no matt] :at1 appeal+ to ,us5et won't help4 ,ev5 if ^? :o read su* an appeal reg>d+ sy/em adm9i/ration are sympa!tic to y\r cause1 !y w almo/ c]ta9ly h ev5 less influ5ce at y\r site ?an y d4 ,by ! same tok51 if y don't l :at "s us] at ano!r site is do+1 only ! adm9i/rator &_/or own] ( t site h any au?ority to d any?+ ab\t x4 ,p]suade !m t ! us] 9 "q is a problem = !m1 & !y might d some?+ 7if !y feel l x74 ,if ! us] 9 "q is ! adm9i/rator or own] ( ! site f :i* he or %e po/s1 =get x2 y c't w94 ,arrange = y\r newsread+ s(tw>e to ignore articles f him or h] if y c1 & *alk "o up to exp]i5ce4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,us5et 7,! ,a,b,cs7 ,9 ! beg9n+1 !re 7 conv]sations1 & !y 7 good4 ,!n came ,us5et 9 #aigi1 %ortly aft] ! release ( ,v#g ,unix ) ,,uucp2 & x 0 bett]4 ,two ,duke ,univ]sity grad /ud5ts 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,tom ,truscott & ,jim ,ellis1 ?\ght ( hook+ comput]s toge!r to ex*ange in=mation ) ! ,unix community4 ,/eve ,bellov91 a grad /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 put toge!r ! fir/ v]sion ( ! news s(tw>e us+ %ell scripts & in/all$ x on ! fir/ two sites3 unc & duke4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #aihj ! network consi/$ ( ^? two sites & phs 7ano!r ma*9e at ,duke71 & 0 describ$ at ! ,janu>y #aihj ,us5ix conf]5ce 9 ,b\ld]1 ,,co4 ,! ,us5ix conf]5ces are semi-annual meet+s :]e memb]s ( ! ,us5ix ,association1 a gr\p ( ,unix en?usia/s1 meet & trade notes4 ,/eve ,bellov9 lat] rewrote ! scripts into ,c programs1 b !y 7 nev] releas$ beyond unc & duke4 ,%ortly !reaft]1 ,/eve ,daniel did ano!r implem5tation 9 ! ,c programm+ language = public di/ribution4 ,tom ,truscott made fur!r modifications1 & ?is became ! ,a news release4 ,9 #aiha at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,b]keley1 grad /ud5t ,m>k ,horton & high s*ool /ud5t ,matt ,glickman rewrote ! news s(tw>e to add functionality & to cope ) ! ev] increas+ volume ( news---,a news 0 int5d$ = only a few articles p] gr\p p] day4 ,?is rewrite 0 ! ,b news v]sion4 ,! fir/ public release 0 v]sion #b4a 9 #aihb2 all v]sions be=e #b4a 7 consid]$ 9 beta te/4 ,z ,! ,net grew1 ! news s(tw>e 0 exp&$ & modifi$4 ,! la/ v]sion ma9ta9$ & releas$ prim>ily by ,m>k 0 #b4aj4a4 ,rick ,adams1 !n at ! ,c5t] = ,seismic ,/udies1 took ov] coord9ation ( ! ma9t5ance & enhancem5t ( ! news s(tw>e ) ! #b4aj4b release 9 #aihd4 ,by ?is "t1 ! increas+ volume ( news 0 becom+ a conc]n1 & ! me*anism = mod]at$ gr\ps 0 add$ to ! s(tw>e at #b4aj4b4 ,mod]at$ gr\ps 7 inspir$ by ,,arpa mail+ li/s & exp]i5ce ) o!r bullet9 bo>d sy/ems4 ,9 late #aihf1 v]sion #b4aa ( news 0 releas$1 includ+ a numb] ( *anges to support a new nam+ /ructure = newsgr\ps1 enhanc$ bat*+ & compression1 enhanc$ ihave_/s5dme control messages1 & o!r features4 ,! curr5t release ( news is #b4aa1 pat*level #ai4 ,a new v]sion ( news1 becom+ kn[n z ,c news1 has be5 develop$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto by ,ge(f ,colly] & ,h5ry ,sp5c]4 ,?is v]sion is a rewrite ( ! l[e/ levels ( news to increase article process+ spe$1 decrease article expiration process+ & improve ! reliability ( ! news sy/em ?r\gh bett] lock+1 etc4 ,! package 0 releas$ to ,! ,net 9 ! autumn ( #aihg4 ,= m in=mation1 see ! pap] ,news ,ne$ ,n ,be ,sl[1 publi%$ 9 ! ,w9t] #aihg ,us5ix ,te*nical ,conf]5ce proce$+s4 ,us5et s(tw>e has also be5 port$ to a numb] ( plat=ms1 f ! ,amiga & ,,ibm ,p,cs all ! way to m9icomput]s & ma9frames4 ,hi]>*ies ,newsgr\ps are organiz$ accord+ to _! specific areas ( conc5tration4 ,s9ce ! gr\ps are 9 a tree /ructure1 ! v>i\s areas are call$ hi]>*ies4 ,!re are sev5 major categories3 comp ,topics ( int]e/ to bo? comput] pr(essionals & hobbyi/s1 includ+ topics 9 comput] sci5ce1 s(tw>e s\rces1 & in=mation on h>dw>e & s(tw>e sy/ems4 misc ,gr\p address+ !mes n easily classifi$ into any ( ! o!r head+s or :i* incorporate !mes f multiple categories4 ,subjects include fitness1 job-hunt+1 law1 & inve/m5ts4 sci ,discussions m>k$ by special k relat+ to rese>* 9 or application ( ! e/abli%$ sci5ces4 soc ,gr\ps prim>ily address+ social issues & socializ+4 ,includ$ are discussions relat$ to _m diff]5t _w cultures4 talk ,gr\ps l>gely debate-ori5t$ & t5d+ to feature long discussions )\t resolution & )\t appreciable am\nts ( g5]ally useful in=mation4 news ,gr\ps conc]n$ ) ! news network1 gr\p ma9t5ance1 & s(tw>e4 rec ,gr\ps ori5t$ t[>ds hobbies & recreational activities ,^! _w newsgr\ps are 7usually7 circulat$ ar\nd ! entire ,us5et---?is implies _w-wide di/ribution4 ,n all gr\ps actually enjoy su* wide di/ribution1 h[ev]4 ,! ,european ,us5et & ,eunet sites take only a select$ subset ( ! m te*nical gr\ps1 & controv]sial noise gr\ps are (t5 n c>ri$ by _m sites 9 ! ,u4,s4 & ,canada 7^! gr\ps are prim>ily "u ! talk & soc classifications74 ,_m sites d n c>ry "s or all ( ! comp4b9>ies gr\ps because ( ! typically l>ge size ( ! po/s 9 !m 7be+ actual executable programs74 ,also available are a numb] ( alt]native hi]>*ies3 alt ,true an>*y2 any?+ & ev]y?+ c & does appe>2 subjects include sex1 ! ,simpsons1 & privacy4 gnu ,gr\ps conc5trat+ on int]e/s & s(tw>e ) ! ,,gnu ,project ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,= fur!r info on :at ! ,,fsf is1 ,,fsf4 biz ,bus9ess-relat$ gr\ps4 ,mod]at$ vs ,unmod]at$ ,"s newsgr\ps insi/ t ! discussion rema9 focus$ & on-t>get2 to s]ve ?is ne$1 mod]at$ gr\ps came to be4 ,all articles po/$ to a mod]at$ gr\p get mail$ to ! gr\p's mod]ator4 ,he or %e p]iodically 7hopefully soon] ?an lat]7 reviews ! po/s1 & !n ei!r po/s !m individually to ,us5et1 or po/s a composite dige/ ( ! articles = ! pa/ day or two4 ,?is is h[ _m mail+ li/ gateways "w 7= example1 ! ,risks ,dige/74 news4gr\ps news4ann\nce4newgr\ps ,be+ a good net4citiz5 includes be+ involv$ 9 ! cont9u+ gr[? & evolution ( ! ,us5et sy/em4 ,"o "p ( ?is involvem5t includes foll[+ ! discussion 9 ! gr\ps news4gr\ps & ! notes 9 news4ann\nce4newgr\ps4 ,x is !re t discussion goes on ab\t ! creation ( new gr\ps & de/ruction ( inactive ones4 ,e p]son on ,us5et is all[$ & enc\rag$ to vote on ! creation ( a newsgr\p4 ,h[ ,us5et ,works ,! transmission ( ,us5et news is entirely coop]ative4 ,fe$s are g5]ally provid$ out ( good w & ! desire to di/ribute news ev]y:]e4 ,!re are places :i* provide fe$s = a fee 7e4g4 ,,uunet71 b = ! l>ge "p no ex*ange ( money is involv$4 ,!re are two major transport me?ods1 ,,uucp & ,,nntp4 ,! fir/ is ma9ly modem-bas$ & involves ! normal *>ges = telephone calls4 ,! second1 ,,nntp1 is ! prim>y me?od = di/ribut+ news ov] ! ,int]net4 ,) ,,uucp1 news is /or$ 9 bat*es on a site until ! neighbor calls to receive ! articles1 or ! fe$ site happ5s to call4 ,a li/ ( gr\ps :i* ! neighbor wi%es to receive is ma9ta9$ on ! fe$ site4 ,! ,cnews sy/em compresses its bat*es1 :i* c dramatically r$uce ! transmission "t necess>y = a relatively heavy newsfe$4 ,,nntp1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s a little m latitude ) h[ news is s5t4 ,! traditional /ore-&-=w>d me?od is1 ( c\rse1 available4 ,giv5 ! real-"t nature ( ! ,int]net1 ?\gh1 o!r me?ods h be5 devis$4 ,programs n[ keep con/ant connections ) _! news neighbors1 s5d+ news ne>ly in/antane\sly1 & c h&le doz5s ( simultane\s fe$s1 bo? incom+ & outgo+4 ,! transmission ( a ,us5et article is c5t]$ ar\nd ! unique ,message-,,id3 head]4 ,:5 an ,,nntp site (f]s an article to a neighbor1 x says x has t specific ,message ,,id4 ,if ! neighbor f9ds x hasn't receiv$ ! article yet1 x tells ! fe$ to s5d x ?r\gh2 ?is is repeat$ = ea* & e article t's wait+ = ! neighbor4 ,us+ unique ,i,ds helps prev5t a sy/em f receiv+ five copies ( an article f ea* ( its five news neighbors1 = example4 ,fur!r in=mation on h[ ,us5et works ) relation to ! v>i\s transports is available 9 ! docum5tation = ! ,cnews & ,,nntp packages1 z well z 9 ,,rfc-#ajcf1 ! ,/&>d = ,int]*ange ( ,,us5et ,messages & ,,rfc-#igg1 ,network ,news ,transf] ,protocol3 ,a ,propos$ ,/&>d = ! ,/ream-,bas$ ,transmission ( ,news4 ,! ,r,f,cs d t5d to be r dry read+1 p>ticul>ly to ! new us]4 ,mail ,gateways ,a natural progression is = ,us5et news & electronic mail+ li/s to someh[ become m]g$---:i* !y h1 9 ! =m ( news gateways4 ,_m mail+ li/s are set up to reflect messages n only to ! read]%ip ( ! li/1 b also into a newsgr\p4 ,likewise1 po/s to a newsgr\p c be s5t to ! mod]ator ( ! mail+ li/1 or to ! entire mail+ li/4 ,"s examples ( ?is 9 action are comp4risks 7! ,risks ,dige/7 & comp4dcom4telecom 7! ,telecom ,dige/74 ,?is me?od ( propagat+ mail+ li/ traffic has help$ solve ! problem ( a s+le message be+ deliv]$ to a numb] ( p at ! same site---in/ead1 anyone c j subscribe to ! gr\p4 ,also1 mail+ li/ ma9t5ance is l[]$ sub/antially1 s9ce ! mod]ators don't h to be con/antly remov+ & add+ us]s to & f ! li/4 ,in/ead1 ! p c read & n read ! newsgr\p at _! leisure4 f ,de> ,emily ,po/news by ,brad ,templeton ,us5et ,netiquette ,!re are _m traditions ) ,us5et1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is dubb$ netiquette---be+ polite & consid]ate ( o!rs4 ,if y foll[ a few basic guidel9es1 y1 & ev]yone t reads y\r po/s1 w be mu* happi] 9 ! long run4 ,signatures ,at ! end ( mo/ articles is a small blurb call$ a p]son's signature4 ,9 ,unix ?is file is nam$ 4signature 9 ! p]son's log9 directory---x w v>y = o!r op]at+ sy/ems4 ,x exi/s to provide in=mation ab\t h[ to get 9 t\* ) ! p]son po/+ ! article1 includ+ _! email address1 phone numb]1 address1 or :]e !y're locat$4 ,ev5 s1 signatures h become ! graffiti ( comput]s4 ,p put song lyrics1 pictures1 philosophical quotes1 ev5 adv]tisem5ts 9 _! 4sigs4 7,note1 h[ev]1 t adv]tis+ 9 y\r signature w m (t5 ?an n get y flam$ until y take x out47 ,f\r l9es w suffice---m is j extra g>bage = ,us5et sites to c>ry along ) y\r article1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! int5d$ focus ( ! read]4 ,netiquette dictates limit+ oneself to ?is quota ( f\r---"s p make signatures t are t5 l9es or ev5 m1 includ+ elaborate ,,ascii draw+s ( _! h&-writt5 signature or faces or ev5 ! space %uttle4 ,?is is n cute1 & w bo!r p to no end4 ,simil>ly1 x's n necess>y to include y\r signature---if y =get to app5d x to an article1 don't worry ab\t x4 ,! article's j z good z x ev] w\ld be1 & conta9s ev]y?+ y %\ld want to say4 ,don't re-po/ ! article j to include ! signature4 ,po/+ ,p]sonal ,messages ,if mail to a p]son doesn't make x ?r\gh1 avoid po/+ ! message to a newsgr\p4 ,ev5 if ! likelihood ( t p]son read+ ! gr\p is v high1 all ( ! o!r p read+ ! articles don't give a :it :at y h to say to ,jim ,morrison4 ,simply wait = ! p]son to po/ aga9 & d\ble-*eck ! address1 or get 9 t\* ) y\r sy/em adm9i/rator & see if x's a problem ) local email deliv]y4 ,x may also turn out t _! site is d[n or is hav+ problems1 9 :i* case x's j necess>y to wait until ?+s return to normal be=e contact+ ,jim4 ,po/+ ,mail ,9 ! int]e/s ( privacy1 x's consid]$ extremely bad ta/e to po/ any email t someone may h s5t1 unless !y explicitly give y p]mission to r$i/ribute x4 ,:ile ! legal issues c be heavily debat$1 mo/ ev]yone agrees t email %\ld be treat$ z any?+ "o w\ld receive via normal snailmail1 ,! slang = ! normal l& & air po/al s]vice4 1 ) all ( ! assum$ rights t are c>ri$ ) x4 ,te/ ,messages ,_m p1 p>ticul>ly new us]s1 want to try out po/+ be=e actually tak+ "p 9 discussions4 ,(t5 ! me*anics ( gett+ messages out is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ,us5et4 ,to ?is end1 _m1 _m us]s f9d x necess>y to po/ _! te/s to normal gr\ps 7= example1 news4adm9 or comp4mail4misc74 ,?is is consid]$ a major netiquette faux pas 9 ! ,us5et _w4 ,!re are a numb] ( gr\ps available1 call$ te/ gr\ps1 t exi/ solely = ! purpose ( try+ out a news sy/em1 read]1 or ev5 new signature4 ,!y include alt4te/ gnu4gnus5et4te/ misc4te/ "s ( :i* w g5]ate auto-magic replies to y\r po/s to let y "k !y made x ?r\gh4 ,!re are c]ta9 d5iz5s ( ,us5et t frequ5t ! te/ gr\ps to help new us]s out4 ,!y respond to ! po/s1 (t5 includ+ ! article s ! po/] c see h[ x got to ! p]son's site4 ,also1 _m regional hi]>*ies h te/ gr\ps1 l phl4te/ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,by all means1 exp]im5t & te/---j d x 9 its prop] place4 ,fam\s ,p ,appe>+ ,e once 9 a :ile1 someone says t a celebrity is accessible ?r\gh ,! ,net2 or1 ev5 m ent]ta9+1 an article is =g$ to appe> to be com+ f t celebrity4 ,"o example is ,/eph5 ,spielb]g---! rec4arts4movies read]%ip 0 9 an upro> = two weeks foll[+ a c\ple ( po/s suppos$ly made by ,mr4 ,spielb]g4 7,"s detective "w reveal$ x to be a hoax47 ,!re are a few well-kn[n p t are acqua9t$ ) ,us5et & comput]s 9 g5]al---b ! ov]:elm+ majority are j normal p4 ,"o %\ld act ) skepticism :5ev] a notable p]sonality is se5 9 a newsgr\p4 ,summ>ies ,au?ors ( articles occasionally say t read]s %\ld reply by mail & !y'll summ>ize4 ,accord+ly1 read]s %\ld d j t---reply via mail4 ,respond+ ) a foll[up article to su* an article defeats ! int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,%e1 9 a few days1 w po/ "o article conta9+ ! highlights ( ! responses %e receiv$4 ,by foll[+ up to ! :ole gr\p1 ! au?or may n read :at y h to say4 ,:5 creat+ a summ>y ( ! replies to a po/1 try to make x z read]-fri5dly z possible4 ,avoid j putt+ all ( ! messages receiv$ into "o big file4 ,r1 take "s "t & edit ! messages into a =m t conta9s ! ess5tial in=mation t o!r read]s w\ld be int]e/$ 94 ,also1 sometimes p w respond b reque/ to rema9 anonym\s 7"o example is ! employees ( a corporation t feel ! in=mation's n propriet>y1 b at ! same "t want to protect !mselves f political backla%74 ,summ>ies %\ld honor ?is reque/ accord+ly by li/+ ! ,f3 address z anonym\s or 7,address )held by reque/74 ,quot+ ,:5 foll[+ up to an article1 _m newsread]s provide ! facility to quote ! orig9al article ) ea* l9e prefix$ by 1 z 9 ,9 article #abcb;foo4b>4com1 %>onfoo4b>4com wrote3 ,i agree1 ,i ?9k t basketweav+'s really cat*+ on1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,"h's a li/ ( e p]son 9 ,,pa t curr5tly engages 9 x publicly3 l9e 444 etc 444 ,?is is a sev]e example 7pot5tially a horribly long article71 b proves a po9t4 ,:5 y quote ano!r p]son1 edit out :atev] isn't directly applicable to y\r reply4 ,b n *ang+ _! words1 ( c\rse4 ,?is gives ! read] ( ! new article a bett] idea ( :at po9ts y 7 address+4 ,by includ+ ! entire article1 y'll only annoy ^? read+ x4 ,also1 signatures 9 ! orig9al ar5't necess>y2 ! read]s already "k :o wrote x 7by ! attribution74 ,avoid be+ t$i\s ) responses---r ?an pick ap>t an article1 address x 9 p>ts or z a :ole4 ,address+ practically ea* & e ^w 9 an article only proves t ! p]son respond+ has absolutely no?+ bett] to d ) 8 "t4 ,if a w> />ts 7insults & p]sonal comm5ts get ?r[n back & =?71 take x into email---ex*ange email ) ! p]son y're argu+ )4 ,no "o enjoys wat*+ p bick] incessantly4 ,crosspo/+ ,! ,newsgr\ps3 l9e isn't limit$ to j "o gr\p---an article c be po/$ 9 a li/ ( gr\ps4 ,= in/ance1 ! l9e ,newsgr\ps3 sci4space1comp4simulation po/s ! article to bo? ! gr\ps sci4space & comp4simulation4 ,x's usually safe to crosspo/ to up to ?ree or f\r gr\ps4 ,to li/ m ?an t is consid]$ excessive noise4 ,x's also sugge/$ t if an article is crosspo/$ a ,foll[up-,to3 head] be includ$4 ,x %\ld "n ! gr\p to :i* all additional discussion %\ld be direct$ to4 ,= ! above example a possible ,foll[up-,to3 w\ld be ,foll[up-,to3 sci4space :i* w\ld make all foll[ups automatically be po/$ to j sci4space1 r ?an bo? sci4space & comp4simulation4 ,if e response made ) a newsread]'s foll[up comm& %\ld g to ! p]son po/+ ! article no matt] :at1 !re's also a me*anism work$ 9 to accommodate4 ,! ,foll[up-,to3 head] %\ld conta9 ! s+le ^w po/]3 ,foll[up-,to3 po/] ,c]ta9 newsread]s w use ?is to s5se t a reply %\ld nev] be po/$ back onto ,! ,net4 ,?is is (t5 us$ ) que/ions t w yield a summ>y ( in=mation lat]1 a vote1 or an adv]tisem5t4 ,rec5t ,news ,"o %\ld avoid po/+ rec5t ev5ts---sports scores1 a plane cra%1 or :atev] p w see on ! ev5+ news or read 9 ! morn+ pap]4 ,by ! "t ! article has propagat$ across all ( ,us5et1 ! news value ( ! article w h become /ale4 7,?is is "o case = ! argum5t t ,us5et news is a misnom]4 ,note t ! ,cl>9et ,news s]vice 7,cl>9et7 (f]s news items 9 a ,us5et =mat z a precise alt]native to ! morn+ pap]1 et4 al47 ,quality ( ,po/+s ,h[ y write & pres5t y\rself 9 y\r articles is important4 ,if y h t]rible spell+1 keep a diction>y ne> by4 ,if y h tr\ble ) gramm> & punctuation1 try to get a book on ,engli% gramm> & composition 7f\nd 9 _m book/ores & at g>age sales74 ,by all means pay att5tion to :at y say---x makes y :o y are on ,! ,net4 ,likewise1 try to be cle> 9 :at y ask4 ,ambigu\s or vague que/ions (t5 lead to no response at all1 leav+ ! po/] disc\rag$4 ,give z mu* ess5tial in=mation z y feel is necess>y to let p help y1 b keep x )9 limits4 ,= in/ance1 y %\ld probably include ! op]at+ sy/em ( y\r comput] 9 ! po/ if x's ne$$1 b don't tell ev]ybody :at p]iph]als y h hang+ (f ( x4 ,useful ,subjects ,! ,subject3 l9e ( an article is :at w fir/ attract p to read x---if x's vague or doesn't describe :at's conta9$ )91 no "o w read ! article4 ,at ! same "t1 ,subject3 l9es t're too wordy t5d to be irritat+4 ,= example3 ,good ,subject3 ,build+ ,emacs on a ,sun ,sp>c "u #d4a ,good ,subject3 ,try9' to f9d ,waldo 9 ,,nj4 ,bad ,subject3 ,i c't get emacs to "w 666 ,bad ,subject3 ,i'm desp]ately 9 se>* ( ! honorable ,mr4 ,waldo 9 ! /ate (444 ,simply put1 try to ?9k ( :at w be/ help ! read] :5 he or %e enc\nt]s y\r article 9 a newsread+ session4 ,tone ( ,voice ,s9ce common comput]s c't portray ! inflection or tone 9 a p]son's voice1 h[ articles are word$ c directly affect ! response to !m4 ,if y say ,anybody us+ a ,vic-#bj %\ld g buy !mselves a life4 y'll def9itely get "s responses---tell+ y to take a leap4 ,r ?an be inflammatory1 phrase y\r articles 9 a way t rationally expresses y\r op9ion1 l ,:at're ! practical uses ( a ,vic-#bj ^! days8 :i* pres5ts y\rself z a mu* m level-head$ individual4 ,also1 :at case 7upp] or l[]7 y use c indicate h[ y're try+ to speak---netiquette dictates t if y ,,use ,,all ,,capital ,,lett]s1 p w ?9k y're %\t+4 ,write z y w\ld 9 a normal lett] to a fri5d1 foll[+ traditional rules ( ,engli% 7or :atev] language y happ5 to speak74 ,comput] ,religion ,no matt] :at k9d ( comput] a p]son is us+1 !irs is always ! be/ & mo/ effici5t ( !m all4 ,po/+ articles ask+ que/ions l ,:at comput] %\ld ,i buy8 ,an ,at>i ,,/ or an ,amiga8 w lead only to f]v5t argum5ts ov] ! m]its & drawbacks ( ea* br&4 ,don't ev5 ask ,! ,net---g to a local us] gr\p1 or d "s rese>* ( y\r own l read+ "s magaz9e reviews4 ,try+ to say "o comput] is someh[ bett] ?an ano!r is a moot po9t4 ,! ,anatomy ( an ,article ,frequ5tly ,ask$ ,que/ions ,a numb] ( gr\ps include ,frequ5tly ,ask$ ,"q 7,,faq7 li/s1 :i* give ! answ]s to que/ions or po9ts t h be5 rais$ "t & "t aga9 9 a newsgr\p4 ,!y're int5d$ to help cut d[n on ! r$undant traffic 9 a gr\p4 ,= example1 9 ! newsgr\p alt4tv4simpsons1 "o recurr+ "q is ,did y notice t !re's a diff]5t blackbo>d op5+ at ! beg9n+ ( e ,simpsons episode8 ,z a result1 x's "p ( ! ,,faq = t gr\p4 ,usually1 ,,faq li/s are po/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* mon?1 & are set to expire "o mon? lat] 7:51 suppos$ly1 ! next ,,faq w be publi%$74 ,ne>ly e ,,faq is also crosspo/$ to news4answ]s1 :i* is us$ z a ,us5et repository = !m4 ,! ,pit-,manag] ,ar*ive ,,mit1 ) ,jona?an ,kam5s1 has graci\sly d$icat$ a ma*9e to ! ar*iv+ & /orage ( ! v>i\s p]iodic po/+s t are pepp]$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,us5et gr\ps4 ,to access !m1 ,,ftp to ! sy/em pit-manag]4mit4edu & look 9 ! directory _/pub_/us5et4 ,be x true or false1 s x be news4 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,news f ! ,new ,_w ----- ,telnet ,telnet is ! ma9 ,int]net protocol = creat+ a connection ) a remote ma*9e4 ,x gives ! us] ! opportunity to be on "o comput] sy/em & d "w on ano!r1 :i* may be across ! /reet or ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,:]e modems are limit$1 9 ! majority1 by ! quality ( telephone l9es & a s+le connection1 telnet provides a connection t's error-free & ne>ly always fa/] ?an ! late/ conv5tional modems4 ,us+ ,telnet ,z ) ,,ftp 7,anonym\s ,,ftp71 ! actual comm& = negotiat+ a telnet connection v>ies f sy/em to sy/em4 ,! mo/ common is telnet itself1 ?\gh4 ,x takes ! =m (3 telnet some:]e4doma9 ,to be safe1 we'll use y\r local sy/em z a work+ example4 ,by n[1 y hopefully "k y\r site's doma9 "n4 ,if n1 ask or try to figure x out4 ,y'll n get by )\t x4 ,to op5 ! connection1 type telnet y\r4sy/em4"n ,if ! sy/em 7 wubba4cs4wid5]4edu1 = example1 ! comm& w\ld look l telnet wubba4cs4wid5]4edu ,! sy/em w respond ) some?+ simil> to ,try+ #adg4ca4bed4iii444 ,connect$ to wubba4cs4wid5]4edu4 ,escape "* is ''4 ,! escape "*1 9 ?is example 7,control-71 is ! "* t w let y g back to ! local sy/em to close ! connection1 susp5d x1 etc4 ,to close ?is connection1 ! us] w\ld type 1 & respond to ! telnet prompt ) ! comm& close4 ,local docum5tation %\ld be *eck$ = in=mation on specific comm&s1 functions1 & escape "* t c be us$4 ,telnet ,ports ,_m telnet cli5ts also include a ?ird option1 ! port on :i* ! connection %\ld take place4 ,normally1 port #bc is ! default telnet port2 ! us] nev] has to ?9k ab\t x4 ,b sometimes x's desirable to telnet to a diff]5t port on a sy/em1 :]e !re may be a s]vice available1 or to aid 9 debugg+ a problem4 ,us+ telnet some:]e4doma9 port w connect ! us] to ! giv5 port on ! sy/em some:]e4doma94 ,_m libr>ies use ?is port me?od to (f] _! facilities to ! g5]al ,int]net community2 o!r s]vices are also available4 ,= in/ance1 "o w\ld type telnet m>t9i4eecs4umi*4edu #cjjj to connect to ! geographic s]v] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan 7,geographic ,s]v]74 ,o!r su* port connections foll[ ! same usage4 ,publicly ,accessible ,libr>ies ,ov] ! la/ sev]al ye>s1 mo/ univ]sity libr>ies h swit*$ f a manual 7c>d7 catalog sy/em to comput]iz$ libr>y catalogs4 ,! automat$ sy/ems provide us]s ) easily accessible & up-to-date in=mation ab\t ! books available 9 ^! libr>ies4 ,?is has be5 fur!r improv$ ^u ) ! adv5t ( local area networks1 dialup modems1 & wide area networks4 ,n[ _m ( u c *eck on our local libr>y's hold+s or t ( a libr>y halfway ar\nd ! _w6 ,_m1 _m in/itutions ( high] le>n+ h made _! libr>y catalogs available = se>*+ by anyone on ! ,int]net4 ,!y include ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 ! ,colorado ,alliance ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies 7,,c>l71 & ,london ,univ]sity ,k+'s ,college4 ,to include a li/+ ( "s ( ! exi/+ sites w\ld n only be f> too long = ?is docum5t1 x w\ld soon be out ( date4 ,in/ead1 sev]al li/s are be+ ma9ta9$ & are available ei!r by mail or via ,,ftp4 ,also1 ! ,int]net ,res\rce ,guide 7,,irg7 also describes a few libr>ies t are accessible---,,irg = fur!r in=mation4 ,art ,/4 ,george & ,ron ,l>s5 are ma9ta9+ a li/ ( ,int]net-accessible libr>ies & databases (t5 ref]r$ to z ! ,/4 ,george directory4 ,x began ) only libr>y catalogs b has exp&$ to include sections on campus-wide in=mation sy/ems1 & ev5 bullet9 bo>d sy/ems t are n on ! ,int]net4 ,! libr>y catalog sections are divid$ into ^? t are free1 ^? t *>ge1 & int]national 7i4e4 non-,u4,s47 catalogs2 !y are arrang$ by /ate1 prov9ce1 or c\ntry )9 ea* section4 ,!re is also a section giv+ dialup in=mation = "s ( ! libr>y catalogs4 ,x's available = ,,ftp 7,anonym\s ,,ftp7 on nic4c]f4net 9 ! directory c]fnet_/c]fnetinfo_/libr>ycatalog4 ,! file int]net-catalogs has a date suffix2 *eck = ! mo/ curr5t date4 ,! in=mation is updat$ p]iodically4 ,billy ,b>ron1 ,sy/ems ,manag] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,texas1 produces a directory z an aid to 8 us] community4 ,x complem5ts ! ,/4 ,george guide by provid+ a /&>d =mat = all sy/ems :i* li/s ! ,int]net address1 log9 in/ructions1 ! sy/em v5dor1 & log(f in=mation4 ,! arrangem5t is alphabetic by organization "n4 ,x's available = ,,ftp on vaxb4acs4unt4edu 9 ! subdirectory libr>y z ! file libr>ies4txt4 ,= ann\ncem5ts ( new libr>ies be+ available & discussion on relat$ topics1 consult ! ,us5et newsgr\p comp4int]net4libr>y 7,us5et ,news to le>n h[ to read news74 ,bullet9 ,bo>d ,sy/ems ,! ,clevel& ,fre5et ,fre5ets are op5-access1 free1 community comput] sy/ems4 ,"o su* sy/em is ! ,clevel& ,fre5et1 sponsor$ by ,,cwru 7,case ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity74 ,anyone & ev]yone is welcome to jo9 & take "p 9 ! excit+ project---t ( a ,national ,telecomput+ ,public ,network1 :]e ev]yone b5efits4 ,!re's no *>ge = ! regi/ration process & no *>ge to use ! sy/em4 ,to regi/]1 telnet to any "o ( fre5et-9-a4cwru4edu fre5et-9-b4cwru4edu fre5et-9-c4cwru4edu ,aft] y're connect$1 *oose ! entry on ! m5u t signifies y're a gue/ us]4 ,ano!r m5u w foll[2 select ,apply = an acc\nt1 & y'll be well on y\r way to be+ a ,free,net memb]4 ,y w ne$ to fill out a =m & s5d x to !m ?r\gh ! ,po/al ,s]vice---y\r log9 id & password w be creat$ 9 a few days4 ,at t po9t y're free to use ! sy/em z y wi%4 ,!y provide multi-us] *at1 email1 ,us5et news1 & a v>iety ( o!r ?+s to keep y occupi$ = h\rs on end4 ,directories ,!re are a few sy/ems t are ma9ta9$ to provide ! ,int]net community ) access to li/s ( in=mation---us]s1 organizations1 etc4 ,!y range f fully d$icat$ comput]s ) access to pap]s & rese>* results1 to a sy/em to f9d out ab\t ! faculty memb]s ( a univ]sity4 ,kn[bot ,kn[bot is a ma/] directory t conta9s email address in=mation f ! ,,nic ,,:ois database 7,:ois71 ! ,,psi ,:ite ,pages ,pilot ,project1 ! ,,nys]net ,x4#ejj database & ,,mci ,mail4 ,mo/ ( ^! s]vices are email regi/ries !mselves1 b ,kn[bot provides a v com=table way to access all ( !m 9 "o place4 ,telnet to nri4re/on4va4u on port #ahe4 ,:ite ,pages ,,psi ma9ta9s a directory ( in=mation on individuals4 ,x w li/ ! p]son's "n1 organization1 & email address if x is giv54 ,telnet to wp4psi4net & log 9 z fr$4 ,! ,:ite ,pages ,project also includes an int]face to use ,xw9d[s remotely4 ,faculty & ,/aff ,li/+s ,_m univ]sities (f] access to in=mation on curr5t faculty & /aff4 ,includ$ are3 ,cornell ,telnet to cu9fo4cornell4edu on port #cjjj4 ,,nc ,/ate ,telnet to ccvax#a4;cc4ncsu4edu & log 9 z info4 ,rutg]s ,telnet to hang\t4rutg]s4edu on port #ih4 ,u ( ,m>yl& ,telnet to umail4umd4edu & log 9 z lookup4 ,,unc ,*apel ,hill ,telnet to info4acs4unc4edu & log 9 z info4 ,yale ,telnet to yalevm4ycc4yale4edu on port #cjj4 ,databases ,= in=mation on database s]vices1 ,comm]cial ,databases4 ,n all databases on ! ,int]net require paym5t = use1 ?\gh4 ,!re d exi/ "s1 l>gely rese>*-driv5 databases1 :i* are publicly accessible4 ,new ones spr+ up regul>ly4 ,to f9d out m ab\t ! databases 9 ?is section1 contact ! p directly responsible = !m4 ,_! areas ( conc5tration & ! s(tw>e us$ to implem5t !m are widely disp>ate1 & are probably beyond ! au?or's exp]tise4 ,also1 don't =get to *eck ) y\r local libr>y---! ref]5ce libr>ian !re c provide in=mation on conv5tional res\rces1 & possibly ev5 ^? available ov] ! ,int]net 7!y are becom+ m common74 ,colorado ,alliance ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies 7,,c>l7 ,! ,colorado ,alliance ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies 7,,c>l71 9 association ) ,,c>l ,sy/ems ,inc41 op]ates a public access catalog ( s]vices4 ,(f]$ are a numb] ( libr>y databases1 includ+ se>*es = gov]nm5t p]iodicals1 book reviews1 indices = curr5t articles1 & access to to o!r libr>y databases ar\nd ! c\ntry4 ,o!r s]vices are available to ,,c>l memb]s includ+ an onl9e encyclop$ia4 ,telnet to pac4c>l4org1 or write to helpc>l4org = m details4 ,p,e,npages ,p,e,npages is an agriculturally-ori5t$ database adm9i/]$ by ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,in=mation ent]$ into ,p,e,npages is provid$ by num]\s s\rces includ+ ! ,p5nsylvania ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,rutg]s ,univ]sity1 & ,p5n ,/ate4 ,easy-to-use m5us guide us]s to in=mation rang+ f cattle & agricultural prices to curr5t wea!r in=mation1 f heal? in=mation to agricultural news f ar\nd ! nation4 ,a keyword se>* option also all[s us]s to se>* ! database = relat$ in=mation & articles4 ,! database is updat$ daily1 & a li/+ ( mo/ rec5t additions is display$ aft] log94 ,telnet to psup54psu4edu & log 9 z ! us] ,,pnotpa4 ,clemson ,univ4 ,=e/ry ,agricultural ,network ,clemson ma9ta9s a database simil> to ,p,e,npages 9 cont5t1 b ! in=mation provid$ t5ds to be localiz$ to ! ,s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a m5u-driv5 database (f]s qu]ies involv+ ! wea!r1 food1 family1 & human res\rces4 ,telnet to eureka4clemson4edu & log 9 z ,,public4 ,y ne$ to be on a good ,,vt#ajj emulator 7or a real ,,vt t]m9al74 ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& ,info ,database ,! ,comput] ,sci5ce dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& ma9ta9s a repository ( in=mation on a wide v>iety ( topics4 ,!y wi% to give a work+ example ( h[ network te*nology c 7& %\ld7 provide z mu* in=mation z possible to ^? :o use x4 ,telnet to info4umd4edu & log 9 z info4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! database is accessible ?r\gh a scre5-ori5t$ int]face1 & ev]y?+ !re9 is available via anonym\s ,,ftp4 ,!re is a mail+ li/ us$ to discuss ! ,,umd ,info ,database1 welcom+ sugge/ions = new in=mation1 comm5ts on ! int]face ! sy/em provides1 & o!r relat$ topics4 ,s5d mail to li/s]vumdd4umd4edu ) a body ( subscribe ,,info-,l ,y\r ,full ,"n ,li/s]vs = m in=mation on us+ ! ,li/s]v sy/em4 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,wea!r ,und]gr\nd ,! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan's ,dep>tm5t ( ,atmosph]ic1 ,oceanic1 ,space ,sci5ces ma9ta9s a database ( wea!r & relat$ in=mation = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,available are curr5t wea!r conditions & =eca/s = cities 9 ! ,u4,s41 a national wea!r summ>y1 ski conditions1 e>?quake & hurricane updates1 & a li/+ ( sev]e wea!r conditions4 ,telnet to madlab4sprl4umi*4edu on port #cjjj to use ! sy/em4 ,geographic ,"n ,s]v] ,a geographic database li/+ in=mation = cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "s int]national locations is ma9ta9$ by ,m]it1 ,inc4 ,! database is se>*able by city "n1 zip code1 etc4 ,x w respond ) a lot ( in=mation3 ! area code1 elevation1 "t zone1 & longitude & latitude are includ$4 ,= example1 a qu]y ( #aijac yields #j ,*e/] #a #dbjde ,delaw>e #b ,,pa ,p5nsylvania #c ,,u ,unit$ ,/ates ,f #de ,populat$ place ,l #ci #ej #eh ,n #ge #ba #bb ,w ,p #degid ,e #bb ,z #aijac ,z #aijad ,z #aijae ,z #aijaf 44 ,to use ! s]v]1 telnet to m>t9i4eecs4umi*4edu on port #cjjj4 ,! comm& help w yield fur!r in/ructions1 along ) an explanation = ea* ( ! fields 9 a reponse4 ,,f$ix---,m9ority ,s*ol>%ip ,in=mation ,,f$ix is an on-l9e in=mation s]vice t l9ks ! high] education community & ! f$]al gov]nm5t to facilitate rese>*1 education1 & s]vices4 ,! sy/em provides accurate & timely f$]al ag5cy in=mation to colleges1 univ]sities1 & o!r rese>* organizations4 ,!re are no regi/ration fees & no access *>ges = ,,f$ix :atsoev]4 ,,f$ix (f]s ! ,m9ority ,on-,l9e ,in=mation ,s]vice 7,,molis71 a database li/+ curr5t in=mation ab\t ,black & ,hispanic colleges & univ]sities4 ,daily in=mation updates are made on f$]al education & rese>* programs1 s*ol>%ips1 fell[%ips1 & grants1 available us$ rese>* equipm5t1 & g5]al in=mation ab\t ,,f$ix itself4 ,to access ! database1 telnet to f$ix4fie4com & log 9 z f$ix4 ,sci5ce ,te*nology ,in=mation ,sy/em ,! ,,/is is ma9ta9$ by ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation 7,,nsf71 & provides access to _m ,,nsf publications4 ,! full text ( publications c be se>*$ onl9e & copi$ f ! sy/em1 :i* c accommodate up to t5 us]s at "o "t4 ,telnet to /is4nsf4gov & log 9 z public4 ,ev]y?+ on ! sy/em is also available via anonym\s ,,ftp4 ,= fur!r in=mation1 contact3 ,,/is1 ,(fice ( ,in=mation ,sy/ems1 ,room #dja ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation #ahjj ,g4 ,/reet1 ,n4,w4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjeej /is-reque/nsf4gov 7#bjb7 #ceg-gdib 7#bjb7 #ceg-gffc 7,fax7 ,ocean ,network ,in=mation ,c5t] ,! ,univ]sity ( ,delaw>e ,college ( ,m>9e ,/udies (f]s access to an int]active database ( rese>* in=mation cov]+ all aspects ( m>9e /udies1 nicknam$ ,,oceanic4 ,?is includes ! ,_w ,oceanic ,circulation ,exp]im5t 7,,woce7 in=mation & program in=mation1 rese>* %ip s*$ules & in=mation1 & a ,:o's ,:o ( email & mail+ addresses = oceanic /udies4 ,data f a v>iety ( academic in/itutions bas$ on rese>* /udies is also available4 ,telnet to delocn4udel4edu & log 9 z ,,info4 ,,nasa_/,,ipac ,extragalactic ,database 7,,n$7 ,! ,,nasa_/,,ipac ,extragalactic ,database 7,,n$7 is an ongo+ project1 fund$ by ,,nasa1 to make data & lit]ature on extragalactic objects available ov] comput] networks4 ,,n$ is an object-ori5t$ database :i* conta9s ext5sive in=mation = ne>ly #acb1jjj extragalactic objects tak5 f ab\t major catalogs ( galaxies1 quas>s1 infr>$ & radio s\rces4 ,,n$ provides positions1 names1 & o!r basic data 7e4g4 magnitude types1 sizes & r$%ifts z well z bibliographic ref]5ces & ab/racts74 ,se>*es c be done by "n1 ar\nd a "n1 & on an a/ronomical position4 ,,n$ conta9s a tutorial :i* guides ! us] ?r\gh ! retrieval process4 ,telnet to ipac4calte*4edu & log 9 z n$4 ,u4,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory ,automat$ ,data ,s]vice ,op]at$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ?is automat$ data s]vice provides database access to in=mation rang+ f curr5t navigational satellite position+1 a/ronomical data1 & s(tw>e utilities4 ,a wide v>iety ( databases c be se>*$ & in/ructions = file transf] are giv54 ,telnet to ty*o4usno4navy4mil & log 9 z ads4 ,my consci\sness sudd5ly swit*$ locations1 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 f ! vic9ity ( my head & body to a po9t ab\t tw5ty feet away f :]e ,i normally see ! _w4 ,h[>d ,rhe+old1 ,virtual ,reality p#bee ----------------- ,v>i\s ,tools ,new & int]e/+ ways to use ! ,int]net are be+ dream$ up e day4 ,z !y ga9 wide-spread use1 "s me?ods become ne>-/&>d 7or actual writt5 /&>d7 tools = ,int]net us]s to take advantage (4 ,a few are detail$ "h2 !re are und\bt$ly o!rs1 & new ideas spr+ up all ! "t4 ,an active us] ( ! ,int]net w discov] mo/ ( ! m common ones 9 "t4 ,usually1 ^! s]vices are free4 ,comm]cial ,s]vices = applications t are comm]cially available ov] ! ,int]net4 ,us5et is (t5 us$ to ann\nce a new s]vice or capability on ! ,int]net4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! gr\ps comp4ar*ives & comp4protocols4tcp-ip are good places to look4 ,in=mation w drift into o!r areas z ^w spreads4 ,us5et ,news = in=mation on read+ news4 ,f+] ,on _m sy/ems !re exi/s ! f+] comm&1 :i* yield in=mation ab\t ea* us] t's curr5tly logg$ 94 ,?is comm& also has ext5sions = use ov] ! ,int]net1 z well4 ,"u normal circum/ances1 ! comm& is simply f+] = a summ>y ( :o's logg$ into ! local sy/em1 or f+] us]name = specific in=mation ab\t a us]4 ,x's also possible to g "o /ep fur!r & g onto ! network4 ,! g5]al usage is f+] ho/name ,to see :o's curr5tly logg$ 9 at ,wid5] ,univ]sity1 = in/ance1 use f+] cs4wid5]4edu cs4wid5]4edu ,log9 ,"n ,,tty ,idle ,:5 ,:]e br5dan ,br5dan ,kehoe p#j ,fri #jb3ad tattoo4cs4wid5e sv5 ,sv5 ,he9icke p#a ,fri #jd3af xyplex#c4;cs4wid5 ,to f9d out ab\t a c]ta9 us]1 !y c be f+]$ specifically 7& ne$ n be logg$ 973 f+] b>tcs4wid5]4edu cs4wid5]4edu ,log9 "n3 b>t ,9 real life3 ,b>t ,simpson ,directory3 _/home_/spr+field_/b>t ,%ell3 _/b9_/und]a*iev] ,affiliation3 ,bro!r ( ,lisa ,home ,sy/em3 *annel#bi4;fox4org ,la/ log9 ,?u ,may #bc #ab3ad 7,,edt7 on ttyp#f f *annel#bi4;fox4org4 ,no unread mail ,project3 ,to become a fluff c>toon "*4 ,plan3 ,don't h a c[1 man4 ,please realize t "s sites are v security consci\s1 & ne$ to re/rict ! in=mation ab\t _! sy/ems & us]s available to ! outside _w4 ,to t end1 !y (t5 block f+] reque/s f outside sites---s don't be surpris$ if f+]+ a comput] or a us] returns ) ,connection refus$4 ,int]net ,relay ,*at ,! ,lamont ,view ,s]v] ,sy/em ,on lamont4ldgo4columbia4edu 9 pub_/gb4t>4,z4 ,p+ ,! p+ comm& all[s ! us] to *eck if ano!r sy/em is curr5tly up & runn+4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! comm& is p+ sy/em4 ,! usage w1 aga91 v>y4 ,= example1 p+ cs4wid5]4edu w tell y if ! ma9 ma*9e 9 ,wid5] ,univ]sity's ,comput] ,sci5ce lab is curr5tly onl9e 7we c]ta9ly hope s674 ,_m implem5tations ( p+ also include an option to let y see h[ fa/ a l9k is runn+ 7to give y "s idea ( ! load on ! network74 ,= example3 p+ -s cs4sw>?more4edu ,,p+ cs4sw>?more4edu3 #ef data bytes #fd bytes f #acj4eh4fh4a3 icmpseq#j ttl#bea "t#ff ms #fd bytes f #acj4eh4fh4a3 icmpseq#a ttl#bea "t#de ms #fd bytes f #acj4eh4fh4a3 icmpseq#b ttl#bea "t#df ms ,c --- cs4sw>?more4edu p+ /ati/ics --- #c packets transmitt$1 #c packets receiv$1 #j packet loss r\nd-trip m9_/avg_/max #de_/eb_/ff ms ,?is case tells u t = cs4sw>?more4edu x takes ab\t #df milliseconds = a packet to g f ,wid5] to ,sw>?more ,college & back aga94 ,x also gives ! av]age & wor/-case spe$s1 & any packet loss t may h occurr$ 7e4g4 because ( network conge/ion74 ,:ile p+ g5]ally doesn't hurt network p]=mance1 y %\ldn't use x too (t5---usually once or twice w leave y relatively sure ( ! o!r sy/em's /ate4 ,talk ,sometimes email is clumsy & difficult to manage :5 "o really ne$s to h an int]active conv]sation4 ,! ,int]net provides = t z well1 9 ! =m ( talk4 ,two us]s c lit]ally see ea* o!r type across ?\s&s ( miles4 ,to talk ) ,b>t ,simpson at ,wid5]1 "o w\ld type talk b>tcs4wid5]4edu :i* w\ld cause a message simil> to ! foll[+ to be display$ on ,b>t's t]m9al3 ,message f ,talk,daemoncs4wid5]4edu at #ba3de 444 talk3 connection reque/$ by joeee4someplace4edu talk3 respond )3 talk joeee4someplace4edu ,b>t w\ld1 presumably1 respond by typ+ talk joeee4someplace4edu4 ,!y c\ld !n *at ab\t :atev] !y wi%$1 ) in/antane\s response "t1 r ?an ! write-&-wait /yle ( email4 ,to leave talk1 on _m sy/ems "o w\ld type ,ctrl-,c 7hold d[n ! ,control key & press ,c74 ,*eck local docum5tation to be sure4 ,!re are two diff]5t v]sions ( talk 9 common use today4 ,! fir/1 dubb$ old talk1 is support$ by a set ( ,unix sy/ems 7mo/ notably1 ^? curr5tly sold by ,sun74 ,! second1 ntalk 7aka new talk71 is m ( ! /&>d4 ,if1 :5 attempt+ to talk ) ano!r us]1 x responds ) an error ab\t protocol families1 odds are ! incompatibilities betwe5 v]sions ( talk is ! culprit4 ,x's up to ! sy/em adm9i/rators ( sites :i* use ! old talk to in/all ntalk = _! us]s4 ,wide ,area ,in=mation ,s]v]s 7,,wais7 ,! ,,:ois ,database ,! ma9 ,,:ois database is run at ! ,network ,in=mation ,c5t] 7,,nic74 ,! :ois comm& w let y se>* a database ( e regi/]$ doma9 7e4g4 mit4edu7 & ( regi/]$ us]s4 ,x's prim>ily us$ by sy/em po/ma/]s or li/[n]s to f9d ! ,po9ts ( ,contact = a site1 to let !m "k ( a problem or contact !m = "o reason or ano!r4 ,y c also f9d out _! po/al address4 ,= example3 :ois mit4edu ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 7,,mit7 ,,mit4,,edu #ah4gb4b4a ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 7,,mit-,,dom7 ,,mit4,,edu ,note t !re are two entries = mit4edu2 we'll g = ! second4 :ois mit-dom ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 7,,mit-,,dom7 ,cambridge1 ,,ma #jbaci ,doma9 ,"n3 ,,mit4,,edu ,adm9i/rative ,contact1 ,te*nical ,contact1 ,zone ,contact3 ,s*ill]1 ,jeffrey ,i4 7,,jis7 ,,jis,,mit4,,edu 7#fag7 #bec-hdjj ,record la/ updat$ on #bb-;,jun-#hh4 ,doma9 s]v]s 9 li/$ ord]3 ,,/rawb4,,mit4,,edu #ah4ga4j4aea ,w#bj,,ns4,,mit4,,edu #ah4gj4j4afj ,,bitsy4,,mit4,,edu #ah4gb4j4c ,,li?ium4,,lcs4,,mit4,,edu #ah4bf4j4aba ,to see ?is ho/ record ) regi/]$ us]s1 repeat ! comm& ) a /> 7'99'7 be=e ! "n2 or1 use '' to %[ ,,j ! regi/]$ us]s4 ,mu* bett]6 ,n[ ?is in=mation 7s\ght1 possibly1 by a sy/em adm9i/rator7 c be us$ to f9d out h[ to notify ,,mit ( a security issue or problem ) connectivity4 ,qu]ies c be made = individuals z well2 ! foll[+ w\ld yield an entry = ! au?or3 :ois br5dan ,kehoe1 ,br5dan 7,,bk#ei7 br5dancs4wid5]4edu ,wid5] ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5t ( ,comput] ,sci5ce ,kirkbride #bai ,p4,o4 ,box #hc ,wid5] ,univ]sity ,*e/]1 ,,pa #aijac 7#bae7_/dii-djaa ,record la/ updat$ on #jb-,may-#ia4 ,includ$ is ! au?or's "n1 8 h&le 7a unique sequ5ce ( lett]s & numb]s71 in=mation on h[ to contact him1 & ! la/ "t ! record 0 modifi$ 9 any way4 ,anyone c regi/] ) ! :ois database4 ,p :o are adm9i/rative or te*nical contacts = doma9s are regi/]$ automatically :5 _! doma9 applications are process$4 ,= normal us]s1 "o mu/ simply fill out a =m f ! ,,nic4 ,,ftp to nic4ddn4mil & get ! file net9fo_/us]-template4txt4 ,! complet$ =m %\ld be mail$ to regi/r>nic4ddn4mil4 ,o!r ,uses ( ,,:ois ,also1 _m educational sites run ,,:ois s]v]s ( _! own1 to (f] in=mation ab\t p :o may be curr5tly on ! /aff or att5d+ ! in/itution4 ,to specify a ,,:ois s]v]1 _m implem5tations include "s sort ( option or qualifi]---9 ,,vms "u ,multi,net1 x's _/,,ho/1 9 ,unix -h4 ,to receive in=mation ab\t us+ ! ,/an=d s]v]1 "o might use ! comm& :ois -h /an=d4edu help ,a l>ge li/ ( sy/ems (f]+ ,,:ois s]vices is be+ ma9ta9$ by ,matt ,p[] ( ,,mit 7mhp[]/an4mit4edu74 ,x is available via anonym\s ,,ftp f sipb4mit4edu1 9 ! directory pub_/:ois4 ,! file is nam$ :ois-s]v]s4li/4 ,! sy/ems available include1 b are c]ta9ly n limit$ to1 ,syracuse ,univ]sity 7syr4edu71 ,new ,york ,univ]sity 7acfclu/]4nyu4edu71 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,san ,diego 7ucsd4edu71 & ,/an=d ,univ]sity 7/an=d4edu74 ,f+]s 7 made be=e =ks4 ,jona?an ,swift1 ,polite ,conv]sation ------- ,comm]cial ,s]vices ,_m s]vices c be access$ ?r\gh ! ,int]net4 ,z "t progresses & m outlets = comm]cial activity appe>1 once-re/rict$ traffic 7by ! ,n,s,fnet ,acceptable ,use ,policy7 may n[ fl[ freely4 ,n[ t !re are o!r networks = t in=mation to travel on1 bus9esses are mak+ _! move4 ,int]net ,s]vice ,provid]s ,provid]s 7,alter,net1 ,,psi1 etc7444 ,sup]comput]s ,! ,int]net ,res\rce ,guide 7,,irg7 conta9s a *apt] on comput] "t t's available = a fee4 ,r ?an reproduce x "h1 :i* w\ld fa/ become out-(-date z well z triple ! size ( ?is guide1 x's sugge/$ t ! read] consult ! ,,irg if su* s]vices are ( int]e/4 ,electronic ,j\rnals ,! ,association ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies 7,,arl7 publi%es a h>d-copy directory ( electronic j\rnals1 newslett]s1 & s*ol>ly discussion li/s4 ,x is a compilation ( entries = hundr$s ( /s1 doz5s ( j\rnals & newslett]s1 & a _m o!r titles1 includ+ newslett]-dige/s1 into "o ref]5ce s\rce4 ,ea* entry includes in/ructions on h[ to access ! ref]5c$ publication or li/4 ,! docum5ts are available electronically by s5d+ ! comm&s get ej\rnl#a directry get ej\rnl#b directry to ! s]v] at ,,li/s]v,,ottawa4,,bitnet4 ,li/s]vs = fur!r in/ructions on us+ a li/s]v4 ,! directory1 along ) a compilation by ,diane ,kovacs call$ ,directories ( ,academic ,e-,mail ,conf]5ces1 is available 9 pr9t & on diskette 7,,dos ,word,perfect & ,mac,word7 f3 ,(fice ( ,sci5tific ,academic ,publi%+ ,association ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies #aebg ,new ,hamp%ire ,av5ue1 ,,nw ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjjcf ,,arlhq,,umdc4,,bitnet 7#bjb7 #bcb--bdff 7#bjb7 #dfb--ghdi 7,fax7 ,! ,,arl is a n-=-pr(it organization repres5t+ ov] "o hundr$ rese>* libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! publication is available to ,,arl memb]s = #aj & to non-memb]s = #bj 7add #e po/age p] directory = =eign addresses74 ,ord]s ( six or m copies w receive a #aj disc\nt2 all ord]s mu/ be prepaid & s5t to ! ,,arl4 ,comm]cial ,databases ,! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,physics ma9ta9s ! ,physics ,in=mation ,network4 ,x conta9s ! bibliographic ,,sp9 & ,g5]al ,physics ,advanc$ ,ab/racts databases4 ,also available is access to bullet9 bo>ds & sev]al se>*able li/s 7job notices1 ann\ncem5ts1 etc74 ,telnet to p9et4aip4org2 new us]s mu/ log 9 z ,,new & give regi/ration in=mation4 ,"s ( ! databases accessible ?r\gh ,,wais 7,,wais7 are available = a fee4 ,cl>9et ,news ,cl>9et's an electronic publi%+ network s]vice t provides pr(essional news & in=mation1 includ+ live ,,upi wires]vice news1 9 ! ,us5et file =mat4 ,cl>9et lets y read an electronic newspap] "r on ! local sy/em2 y c get timely indu/ry news1 te*nology relat$ wire/ories1 syndicat$ columns & features1 f9ancial in=mation1 /ock quotes & m4 ,cl>9et's provid$ by us+ ! ,us5et message int]*ange =mat1 & is available via ,,uucp & o!r deliv]y protocols1 includ+ ,,nntp4 ,! ma9 feature is ,clari,news1 an electronic newspap]1 ga!r$ live f ! wire s]vices ( ,unit$ ,press ,int]national 7,,upi74 ,clari,news articles are di/ribut$ 9 #ajj newsgr\ps bas$ on _! subject matt]1 & are keyword$ = additional topics & ! geographical location ( ! /ory4 ,clari,news includes headl9es1 indu/ry news1 box scores1 network ,,tv s*$ules1 & m4 ,! ma9 products ( ,clari,news are3 ,clari,news ,g5]al1 ! g5]al newspap] ) news1 sports1 & features1 av]ag+ ab\t #djj /ories p] day4 ,tech,wire1 special gr\ps = /ories on sci5ce1 te*nology1 & indu/ry /ories ar\nd !m4 ,clari,news-,biz1 bus9ess & f9ancial /ories4 ,newsbytes1 a daily comput] indu/ry newsmagaz9e4 ,syndicat$ ,columns1 includ+ ,dave ,b>ry 7humor7 & ,mike ,royko 7op9ion74 ,full in=mation on ,clari,net1 includ+ subscription in=mation1 is available f ,cl>9et ,communications ,corp4 #abd ,k+ ,/4 ,nor? ,wat]loo1 ,ont>io ,n#b;,j #b,x#h infocl>9et4com 7#hjj7 ,,use-,,nets or ) anonym\s ,,ftp 9 ! directory _/,cl>9et on ftp4uu4net 7,anonym\s ,,ftp74 ,ne$less to say1 ,ari/otle did n envisage mod]n f9ance4 ,fr$]ick ,cople/on1 ,s4,j4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy3 ,vol #a ,greece ,rome ,"p ,,ii1 p#ie --------- ,?+s ,y'll ,he> ,ab\t ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s t y'll he> ab\t %ortly aft] y />t actively us+ ! ,int]net4 ,mo/ p assume t ev]yone's famili> ) !m1 & !y require no additional explanation4 ,if only t 7 true6 ,?is section addresses a few topics t are commonly enc\nt]$ & ask$ ab\t z a new us] explores ,cyb]space4 ,"s ( !m are directly relat$ to h[ ! networks are run today2 o!r po9ts are simply int]e/+ to read ab\t4 ,! ,int]net ,worm f a lett] by ,sev]o ,m4 ,orn/e91 9 ,,acm ,june #hi ,vol#cb ,no#f & ! appeal notice ,on ,novemb] #b1 #aihh1 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,jr41 a graduate /ud5t 9 ,comput] ,sci5ce at ,cornell1 wrote an exp]im5tal1 self-replicat+1 self-propagat+ program call$ a worm & inject$ x into ! ,int]net4 ,he *ose to release x f ,,mit1 to disguise ! fact t ! worm came f ,cornell4 ,morris soon discov]$ t ! program 0 replicat+ & re9fect+ ma*9es at a mu* fa/] rate ?an he _h anticipat$---!re 0 a bug4 ,ultimately1 _m ma*9es at locations ar\nd ! c\ntry ei!r cra%$ or became catatonic4 ,:5 ,morris realiz$ :at 0 happ5+1 he contact$ a fri5d at ,h>v>d to discuss a solution4 ,ev5tually1 !y s5t an anonym\s message f ,h>v>d ov] ! network1 in/ruct+ programm]s h[ to kill ! worm & prev5t re9fection4 ,h[ev]1 because ! network r\te 0 clogg$1 ?is message did n get ?r\gh until x 0 too late4 ,comput]s 7 affect$ at _m sites1 includ+ univ]sities1 milit>y sites1 & m$ical rese>* facilities4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( deal+ ) ! worm at ea* in/allation rang$ f #bjj to m ?an #ec1jjj4 ,d]iv$ 9 "p f a lett] by ,sev]o ,m4 ,orn/e91 9 ! ,communications ( ! ,,acm1 ,vol #cb ,no #f1 ,june #aihi4 ,! program took advantage ( a hole 9 ! debug mode ( ! ,unix s5dmail program1 :i* runs on a sy/em & waits = o!r sy/ems to connect to x & give x email1 & a hole 9 ! f+] daemon f+]d1 :i* s]ves f+] reque/s 7,f+]74 ,p at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,b]keley & ,,mit _h copies ( ! program & 7 actively disassembl+ x 7return+ ! program back into its s\rce =m7 to try to figure out h[ x work$4 ,teams ( programm]s work$ non-/op to come up ) at lea/ a tempor>y fix1 to prev5t ! cont9u$ spread ( ! worm4 ,aft] ab\t twelve h\rs1 ! team at ,b]keley came up ) /eps t w\ld help ret>d ! spread ( ! virus4 ,ano!r me?od 0 also discov]$ at ,purdue & widely publi%$4 ,! in=mation didn't get out z quickly z x c\ld h1 h[ev]1 s9ce s _m sites _h completely disconnect$ !mselves f ! network4 ,aft] a few days1 ?+s sl[ly began to return to normalcy & ev]yone want$ to "k :o _h done x all4 ,morris 0 lat] nam$ 9 ,! ,new ,york ,times z ! au?or 7?\gh ?is hadn't yet be5 (ficially prov51 !re 0 a sub/antial body ( evid5ce po9t+ to ,morris74 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris 0 convict$ ( violat+ ! comput] ,fraud & ,abuse ,act 7,title #ah71 & s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s ( probation1 #djj h\rs ( community s]vice1 a f9e ( #aj1jej1 & ! co/s ( 8 sup]vision4 ,8 appeal1 fil$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiij1 0 reject$ ! foll[+ ,m>*4 ,! ,cuckoo's ,egg ,fir/ 9 an article entitl$ ,/alk+ ! ,wily ,hack]1 & lat] 9 ! book ,! ,cuckoo's ,egg1 ,clif=d ,/oll detail$ 8 exp]i5ces try+ to track d[n someone break+ into a sy/em at ,lawr5ce ,b]keley ,laboratory 9 ,cali=nia4 ,see ! bibliography = full citations4 ,a #ge-;c5t discrepancy 9 ! ,lab's acc\nt+ records l$ ,/oll on a *ase ?r\gh ,cali=nia1 ,virg9ia1 & ,europe to end up 9 a small ap>tm5t 9 ,hannov]1 ,we/ ,g]many4 ,/oll dealt ) _m levels ( bureaucracy & r$ tape1 & work$ ) ! ,,fbi1 ! ,,cia1 & ! ,g]man ,bundespo/ try+ to track 8 hack] d[n4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ,/oll1 & p>ticul>ly 8 message 9 speak+ engagem5ts1 h all po9t$ out ! dire ne$ = communication betwe5 p>ties on a network ( networks4 ,! only way ev]yone c peacefully co-exi/ 9 ,cyb]space is by ensur+ rapid recognition ( any exi/+ problems4 ,organizations ,! indomitable ne$ = humans to congregate & %>e _! common int]e/s is also pres5t 9 ! comput+ _w4 ,us] gr\ps exi/ ar\nd ! _w1 :]e p %>e ideas & exp]i5ces4 ,simil>ly1 !re are organizations :i* are "o /ep above us] gr\ps2 t is to say1 !y exi/ to enc\rage or promote an idea or set ( ideas1 r ?an support a specific comput] or application ( comput]s4 ,! ,association = ,comput+ ,ma*9]y ,! ,association = ,comput+ ,ma*9]y 7! ,,acm7 0 f\nd$ 9 #aidg1 imm$iately aft] ,eck]t & ,mau*ly unveil$ "o ( ! fir/ electronic comput]s1 ! ,,eniac1 9 #aidf4 ,s9ce !n1 ! ,,acm has gr[n by leaps & b\nds1 becom+ "o ( ! lead+ educational & sci5tific societies 9 ! comput] indu/ry4 ,! ,,acm's /at$ purposes are3 ,to advance ! sci5ces & arts ( in=mation process+2 ,to promote ! free int]*ange ( in=mation ab\t ! sci5ces & arts ( in=mation process+ bo? among speciali/s & among ! public2 ,to develop & ma9ta9 ! integrity & compet5ce ( individuals engag$ 9 ! practices ( ! sci5ces & arts ( in=mation process+4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! ,,acm has gr[n f sev5ty-eight 9 ,septemb]1 #aidg1 to ov] #gg1jjj today4 ,!re are local *apt]s ar\nd ! _w1 & _m colleges & univ]sities endorse /ud5t *apt]s4 ,lectur]s frequ5t ^! meet+s1 :i* t5d to be "o /ep above ! normal us] gr\p ga!r+4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( publi%$ mat]ial is also available at disc\nt$ prices = memb]s ( ! association4 ,! ,,acm has a numb] ( ,special ,int]e/ ,gr\ps 7,s,i,gs7 t conc5trate on a c]ta9 area ( comput+1 rang+ f graphics to ! ,ada programm+ language to security4 ,ea* ( ! ,s,i,gs also publi%es its own newslett]4 ,!re is a ,us5et gr\p1 comp4org4acm1 = ! discussion ( ,,acm topics4 ,us5et ,news = m in=mation on read+ news4 ,= m in=mation & a memb]%ip application1 write to3 ,assocation = ,comput+ ,ma*9]y #aeae ,broadway ,new ,york ,city1 ,,ny #ajjcf ,,acmhelp,,acmvm4,,bitnet 7#bab7 #hfi-gddj ,comput] ,pr(essionals = ,social ,responsibility f _! lett] to prospective memb]s ,! ,,cpsr is an alliance ( comput] pr(essionals conc5trat+ on c]ta9 areas ( ! impact ( comput] te*nology on society4 ,x traces its hi/ory to ! fall ( #aiha1 :5 sev]al rese>*]s 9 ,palo ,alto1 ,cali=nia1 organiz$ a lun* meet+ to discuss _! %>$ conc]ns ab\t ! connection betwe5 comput+ & ! nucle> arms race4 ,out ( t meet+ & ! discussions :i* foll[$1 ,,cpsr 0 born1 & has be5 active ev] s9ce4 ,?is section is "p ( ! ,,cpsr's lett] to prospective memb]s4 ,! national ,,cpsr program focuses on ! foll[+ project areas3 ,reliability & ,risk ,?is area reflects on ! conc]n t ov]reliance on comput+ te*nology c lead to unacceptable risks to society4 ,x includes1 b isn't limit$ to1 "w 9 analyz+ milit>y sy/ems su* z ,,sdi4 ,civil ,lib]ties & ,privacy ,?is project is conc]n$ ) su* topics z ! ,,fbi ,national ,crime ,in=mation ,c5t]1 ! gr[+ use ( databases by bo? gov]nm5t & private indu/ry1 ! "r ( access to public in=mation1 ext5sion ( ,fir/ ,am5dm5t rights to electronic communication1 & e/abli%+ legal protections = privacy ( comput]iz$ in=mation4 ,comput]s 9 ! ,workplace ,! ,,cpsr ,workplace ,project has conc5trat$ its att5tion on ! design ( s(tw>e = ! workplace1 & p>ticul>ly on ! philosophy ( p>ticipatory design1 9 :i* s(tw>e design]s "w toge!r ) us]s to ensure t sy/ems meet ! actual ne$s ( t workplace4 ,! #ba/ ,c5tury ,project ,?is is a coalition ) o!r pr(essional organizations work+ t[>ds r$irect+ national rese>* priorities f conc5trat+ on milit>y issues to anticipat+ & deal+ ) future problems z sci5ce & te*nology ent] ! next c5tury4 ,= m in=mation on ! ,,cpsr1 contact !m at3 ,comput] ,pr(essionals = ,social ,responsibility ,p4,o4 ,box #gag ,palo ,alto1 ,,ca #idcjb cpsrcsli4/an=d4edu 7#dae7 #cbb--cggh 7#dae7 #cbb--cgih 7,fax7 ,! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation ,! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation 7,,eff7 0 e/abli%$ to help civilize ! electronic fronti]---! ,cyb]spacial m$ium becom+ ev]-pres5t 9 today's society2 to make x truly useful & b5eficial n j to a te*nical elite1 b to ev]yone2 & to d ?is 9 a way :i* is 9 keep+ ) ! society's highe/ traditions ( ! free & op5 fl[ ( in=mation & communication4 ,?is section 0 d]iv$ f eff4ab\t1 available along ) o!r mat]ial via anonym\s ,,ftp f ftp4eff4org ,! mission ( ! ,,eff is to engage 9 & support educational activities :i* increase popul> und]/&+ ( ! opportunities & *all5ges pos$ by developm5ts 9 comput+ & telecommunications2 to develop among policy-mak]s a bett] und]/&+ ( ! issues und]ly+ free & op5 telecommunications1 & support ! creation ( legal & /ructural approa*es :i* w ease ! assimilation ( ^! new te*nologies by society2 to raise public aw>5ess ab\t civil lib]ties issues aris+ f ! rapid advancem5t 9 ! area ( new comput]-bas$ communications m$ia &1 :]e necess>y1 support litigation 9 ! public int]e/ to pres]ve1 protect1 & ext5d ,fir/ ,am5dm5t rights )9 ! realm ( comput+ & telecommunications te*nology2 to enc\rage & support ! developm5t ( new tools :i* w end[ non-te*nical us]s ) full & easy access to comput]-bas$ telecommunications2 ,! ,us5et newsgr\ps comp4org4eff4talk & comp4org4eff4news are d$icat$ to discussion conc]n+ ! ,,eff4 ,!y also h mail+ li/ c\nt]p>ts = ^? t don't h access to ,us5et1 eff-talk-reque/eff4org & eff-news-reque/eff4org4 ,! fir/ is an in=mal ar5a 7aka a normal newsgr\p7 :]e anyone may voice 8 or h] op9ions4 ,! second1 comp4org4eff4news1 is a mod]at$ area = regul> po/+s f ! ,,eff 9 ! =m ( ,e,f,fector ,onl9e4 ,to submit a po/+ = ! ,e,f,fector ,onl9e1 or to get g5]al in=mation ab\t ! ,,eff1 write to effeff4org4 ,!re is also a weal? ( in=mation available via anonym\s ,,ftp on ftp4eff4org4 ,! ,,eff c be contact$ at ,! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation1 ,inc4 #aee ,second ,/4 #a ,cambridge1 ,,ma #jbada effeff4org 7#fag7 #hfd-jffe 7#fag7 #hfd-jhff 7,fax7 ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation 0 />t$ by ,ri*>d ,/allman 7creator ( ! popul> ,,gnu ,emacs editor74 ,x is d$icat$ to elim9at+ re/rictions on copy+1 r$i/ribut+1 & modify+ s(tw>e4 ,! ^w free 9 _! "n does n ref] to price2 x ref]s to fre$om4 ,fir/1 ! fre$om to copy a program & r$i/ribute x to y\r neighbors1 s t !y c use x z well z y4 ,second1 ! fre$om to *ange a program1 s t y c control x in/ead ( x controll+ y2 = ?is1 ! s\rce code mu/ be made available to y4 ,! ,f\ndation works to provide ^! fre$oms by develop+ free compatible replacem5ts = propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,specifically1 !y are putt+ toge!r a complete1 integrat$ s(tw>e sy/em call$ ,,gnu t is upw>d-compatible ) ,unix4 ,z an aside1 ! editor ( ! ,,gnu project1 emacs1 conta9s a built-9 ,,lisp int]pret] & a l>ge "p ( its functionality is writt5 9 ,,lisp4 ,! "n ,,gnu is itself recursive 7! ma9/ay ( ! ,,lisp language72 x /&s = ,gnu's ,n ,unix4 ,:5 x is releas$1 ev]yone w be p]mitt$ to copy x & di/ribute x to o!rs4 ,9 addition1 x w be di/ribut$ ) s\rce code1 s y w be able to le>n ab\t op]at+ sy/ems by read+ x1 to port x to y\r own ma*9e1 & to ex*ange ! *anges ) o!rs4 ,= m in=mation on ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation & ! /atus ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 or = a li/ ( ! curr5t tasks t /ill ne$ to be done1 write to gnuprep4ai4mit4edu4 ,! ,,ieee ,ne$ ,,ieee444 ,! ,league = ,programm+ ,fre$om ,! ,league = ,programm+ ,fre$om is a grass-roots organization ( pr(essors1 /ud5ts1 bus9essm51 programm]s & us]s d$icat$ to br++ back ! fre$om to write programs1 :i* !y cont5d has be5 lo/ ov] ! pa/ numb] ye>s4 ,! ,league is n oppos$ to ! legal sy/em t ,congress int5d$--copyright on individual programs4 ,_! aim is to rev]se ! rec5t *anges made by judges 9 response to special int]e/s1 (t5 explicitly reject+ ! public int]e/ pr9ciples ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,league works to aboli% ! new monopolies by publi%+ articles1 talk+ ) public (ficials1 boycott+ egregi\s (f5d]s1 & 9 ! future may int]v5e 9 c\rt cases4 ,on ,may #bd1 #aihi1 ! ,league picket$ ,lotus headqu>t]s because ( _! lawsuits1 & !n aga9 on ,augu/ #b1 #aiij4 ,^! m>*es /imulat$ widespread m$ia cov]age = ! issue4 ,!y welcome sugge/ions = o!r activities1 z well z help 9 c>ry+ !m out4 ,= in=mation on ! ,league & h[ to jo91 write to ,league = ,programm+ ,fre$om #a ,k5dall ,squ>e #adc ,p4,o4 ,box #iaga ,cambridge1 ,,ma #jbaci leagueprep4ai4mit4edu ,network+ ,initiatives ,rese>* & developm5t are two buzz words (t5 he>d :5 discuss+ ! network+ field---ev]y?+ ne$s to g fa/]1 ov] long] di/ances1 = a l[] co/4 ,to keep curr5t1 "o %\ld read ! v>i\s trade magaz9es & newspap]s1 or frequ5t ! network+-ori5t$ newsgr\ps ( ,us5et4 ,if possible1 att5d trade %[s & symposia l ,us5ix1 ,int]op1 et4 al4 ,,isdn ,,nr5 ,! ,national ,rese>* & ,education ,network 7,,nr57 is a five-ye> project approv$ by ,congress 9 ! ,fall ( #aiia4 ,x's int5d$ to create a national electronic sup]-highway4 ,! ,,nr5 w be #ej times fa/] ?an ! fa/e/ available networks 7at ! "t ( ?is writ+74 ,propon5ts ( ! ,,nr5 claim x w be possible to transf] ! equival5t ( ! entire text ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica 9 "o second4 ,fur!r in=mation1 includ+ ! orig9al text ( ! bill pres5t$ by ,s5ator ,al ,gore 7,d--,,tn71 is available ?r\gh anonym\s ,,ftp to nis4nsf4net1 9 ! directory nsfnet4 ,9 addition1 ,v9t ,c]f wrote on ! !n-propos$ ,,nr5 9 ,,rfc-#aafg1 ,?\ghts on ! ,national ,rese>* & ,education ,network4 ,r,f,cs = in=mation on obta9+ ,r,f,cs4 ,a mail+ li/1 nr5-discussuu4psi4com1 is available = discussion ( ! ,,nr52 write to nr5-discuss-reque/uu4psi4com to be add$4 ,to talk 9 publick1 to ?9k 9 solitude1 to read & to he>1 to inquire1 & to answ] inquiries1 is ! bus9ess ( a s*ol>4 ,samuel ,johnson ,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rasselas1 ,pr9ce ( ,abiss9ia ----- ,f9d+ ,out ,m ,int]net ,res\rce ,guide ,! ,,nsf ,network ,s]vice ,c5t] 7,,nnsc7 compiles & makes available an ,int]net ,res\rce ,guide 7,,irg74 ,! goal ( ! guide is to increase ! visibility ( v>i\s ,int]net res\rces t may help us]s d _! "w bett]4 ,:ile n yet an exhau/ive li/1 ! guide is a useful comp5dium ( _m res\rces & c be a helpful ref]5ce = a new us]4 ,res\rces li/$ are gr\p$ by types into sections4 ,curr5t sections include descriptions ( onl9e libr>y catalogs1 data ar*ives1 onl9e :ite pages directory s]vices1 networks1 network in=mation c5t]s1 & computational res\rces1 su* z sup]comput]s4 ,ea* entry describes ! res\rce1 id5tifies :o c use ! res\rce1 expla9s h[ to rea* ! local network via ! ,int]net1 & li/s contacts = m in=mation4 ,! li/ is di/ribut$ electronically by ! ,,nnsc4 ,to receive a guide1 or to get on a mail+ li/ t al]ts y to :5 x is updat$1 s5d a message to res\rce-guide-reque/nnsc4nsf4net4 ,! curr5t edition ( ! ,,irg is available via anonym\s ,,ftp f nnsc4nsf4net1 9 ! directory _/res\rce-guide4 ,reque/s = ,comm5ts ,! int]nal work+s ( ! ,int]net are def9$ by a set ( docum5ts call$ ,r,f,cs 7,reque/ = ,comm5ts74 ,! g5]al process = creat+ an ,,rfc is = someone want+ some?+ =maliz$ to write a docum5t describ+ ! issue & mail+ x to ,jon ,po/el 7po/elisi4edu74 ,he acts z a ref]ee = ! proposal4 ,x is !n comm5t$ ^u by all ^? wi%+ to take "p 9 ! discussion 7electronically1 ( c\rse74 ,x may g ?r\gh multiple revisions4 ,%\ld x be g5]ally accept$ z a good idea1 x w be assign$ a numb] & fil$ ) ! ,r,f,cs4 ,! ,r,f,cs c be divid$ into five gr\ps3 requir$1 sugge/$1 directional1 in=mational & obsolete4 ,requir$ ,r,f,cs 7e4g41 ,,rfc-#gia1 ,! ,int]net ,protocol7 mu/ be implem5t$ on any ho/ connect$ to ! ,int]net4 ,sugge/$ ,r,f,cs are g5]ally implem5t$ by network ho/s4 ,lack ( !m does n preclude access to ! ,int]net1 b may impact its usability4 ,,rfc-#gic1 ,transmission ,control ,protocol1 is a mu/ = ^? implem5t+ ,,tcp4 ,directional ,r,f,cs 7 discuss$ & agre$ to1 b _! application has nev] come into wide use4 ,?is may be due to ! lack ( wide ne$ = ! specific application 7,,rfc-#icg1 ,! ,po/ ,(fice ,protocol7 or t1 al?\gh te*nically sup]ior1 ran aga9/ o!r p]vasive approa*es 7,,rfc-#hia1 ,hello74 ,x is sugge/$ t1 %\ld ! facility be requir$ by a p>ticul> site1 an implem5tation be done 9 accordance ) ! ,,rfc4 ,?is ensures t1 %\ld ! idea be "o ^: "t has come1 ! implem5tation w be 9 accordance ) "s /&>d & w be g5]ally usable4 ,in=mational ,r,f,cs conta9 factual in=mation ab\t ! ,int]net & its op]ation 7,,rfc-#iij1 ,assign$ ,numb]s74 ,!re is also a subset ( ,r,f,cs call$ ,f,y,is 7,= ,y\r ,in=mation74 ,!y are writt5 9 a language mu* m in=mal ?an t us$ 9 ! o!r1 /&>d ,r,f,cs4 ,topics range f answ]s to common que/ions = new & exp]i5c$ us]s to a sugge/$ bibliography4 ,f9ally1 z ! ,int]net has gr[n & te*nology has *ang$1 "s ,r,f,cs become unnecess>y4 ,^! obsolete ,r,f,cs _c be ignor$1 h[ev]4 ,frequ5tly :5 a *ange is made to "s ,,rfc t causes a new "o to obsolete o!rs1 ! new ,,rfc only conta9s explanations & motivations = ! *ange4 ,und]/&+ ! model on :i* ! :ole facility is bas$ may involve read+ ! orig9al & subsequ5t ,r,f,cs on ! topic4 ,r,f,cs & ,f,y,is are available via ,,ftp f _m s\rces1 includ+3 ,! nic4ddn4mil ar*ive1 z _/rfc_/rfc-xxxx4txt1 :]e xxxx is ! numb] ( ! ,,rfc4 f ftp4uu4net1 9 ! directory _/,,rfc4 ,!y're also available ?r\gh mail by writ+ to s]vicenic4ddn4mil1 ) a ,subject3 l9e ( s5d ,,rfc-xxxx4,,txt1 aga9 ) xxxx be+ ! ,,rfc numb]4 ,k is ( two k9ds4 ,we "k a subject ourselves1 or we "k :]e we c f9d in=mation ^u x4 ,samuel ,johnson ,lett] to ,"l ,*e/]field ,febru>y1 #agee a book ( quotes said ,april #ah1 #agge 44 ! book ( ,johnson's works said x's #agee2 ,i'll g ) ! latt]4 ------- ,conclusion ,?is guide is f> f complete---! ,int]net *anges on a daily 7if n h\rly7 basis4 ,h[ev]1 ?is booklet %\ld provide en\gh in=mation to make ! incr$ible bread? & complexity ( ! ,int]net a mite less impos+4 ,c\pl$ ) "s exploration & exp]im5tation1 e us] has ! pot5tial to be a compet5t net citiz51 us+ ! facilities t are available to _! fulle/4 ,y1 ! read]1 are /rongly enc\rag$ to sugge/ improvem5ts to any "p ( ?is booklet4 ,if some?+ 0 uncle>1 left y ) d\bts1 or wasn't address$1 x %\ld be fix$4 ,if y f9d any problems1 inaccuracies1 spell+ errors1 etc41 please report !m to3 ,br5dan ,kehoe ,dep>tm5t ( ,comput] ,sci5ce ,wid5] ,univ]sity ,*e/]1 ,,pa #aijac ,int]net3 guide-bugscs4wid5]4edu ,,uucp3 4446wid5]6guide-bugs ,if y are int]e/$ 9 future updates to ?is guide 7aside f normal new editions71 discussion ab\t in=mation to be includ$ or remov$1 etc41 write to guide-reque/cs4wid5]4edu to be plac$ on a mail+ li/ = su* ?+s4 dots is actually 4 4 4 4' ,i've se$ de fir/ an de la/ dots ,i se$ de beg9n91 en n[ ,i sees de end94 ,william ,faulkn] ,! ,s\nd ,! ,fury ,april #h1 #aibh -------- ,gett+ to ,o!r ,networks ,int]-connectivity has be5 & always w be "o ( ! bigge/ goals 9 comput] network+4 ,! ultimate desire is to make x s "o p]son c contact anyone else no matt] :]e !y are4 ,a numb] ( gateways betwe5 networks h be5 set up4 ,!y include3 ,apple,link ,quantum ,s]vices sells access to ,apple,link1 :i* is simil> to ,quantum,link = ,commodore comput]s & ,p,c,link = ,,ibm ,p,cs & compatibles4 ,x also provides email access ?r\gh ! address us]applel9k4apple4com4 ,a,t,t,mail ,,at,t sells a comm]cial email s]vice call$ ,a,t,t,mail4 ,its us]s c be rea*$ by writ+ to us]attmail4com4 ,,bix ,us]s on ,,bix 7! ,byte ,in=mation e,xchange7 c be rea*$ ?r\gh ! ,,das gateway at us]cibix4das4net4 ,compu,serve 7,,ci7 ,to rea* a us] on ! comm]cial s]vice ,compu,serve1 y mu/ address ! mail z xxxxx4xxxcompus]ve4com1 ) xxxxx4xxx be+ _! ,compu,serve us] ,,id4 ,normally ,compu,serve ids are repres5t$ z be+ sep>at$ by a comma 7l #gaiii1ada72 s9ce mo/ mail]s don't react well to hav+ commas 9 addresses1 x 0 *ang$ to a p]iod4 ,= ! above address1 mail w\ld be s5t to #gaiii4ada;compus]ve4com4 ,easy,net ,digital sells a s]vice call$ ,easy,net2 us]s t subscribe to x c be rea*$ ) ! addresses us]ho/4enet4dec4com or us]ho/4enetdecwrl4dec4com4 ,fido,net ,! ,fido,net comput] network c be rea*$ by us+ a special address+ me?od4 ,if ,john ,smi? is on ! node #a3b_/c4d on ,fido,net1 8 or h] email address w\ld be john4smi?p#d4;f#c4n#b4z#a4;fidonet4org 7notice h[ ! numb]s fall 9 place874 ,,mci ,mail ,,mci also sells email acc\nts 7simil> to ,a,t,t,mail74 ,us]s c be rea*$ ) us]mcimail4com4 ,peace,net ,us]s on ! ,peace,net network c be rea*$ by writ+ to us]igc4org4 ,! ,well ,us]s on ! s]vice ,! ,well c be rea*$ by writ+ to us]well4sf4ca4u4 ,! ,well is directly connect$ to ! ,int]net4 ,?is table is f> f complete4 ,9 addition to sites n be+ li/$1 "s s]vices are n 7nor d !y plan to be7 accessible f ! outside 7l ,prodigy72 o!rs1 l ,g,enie1 are actively inve/igat+ ! possibility ( creat+ a gateway into _! sy/em4 ,= ! late/ in=mation1 consult a li/ call$ ! ,int]-,network ,mail ,guide4 ,x's available f a numb] ( ,,ftp sites1 includ+ ,,uunet2 ,anonym\s ,,ftp1 = m in=mation on gett+ a copy ( x us+ anonym\s ,,ftp4 ,retriev+ ,files via ,email ,= ^? :o h a connection to ! ,int]net1 b _c ,,ftp1 !re d exi/ a few alt]natives to get ^? files y s desp]ately ne$4 ,:5 reque/+ files1 x's imp]ative t y keep 9 m9d ! size ( y\r reque/---odds are ! o!r p :o may be us+ y\r l9k won't be too receptive to sudd5 bur/s ( really heavy traffic on _! normally s$ate connection4 ,ar*ive ,s]v]s ,an alt]native to ! curr5tly well ov]-us$ ,f,t,pmail sy/em is tak+ advantage ( ! _m ar*ive s]v]s t are pres5tly be+ ma9ta9$4 ,^! are programs t receive email messages t conta9 comm&s1 & act on !m4 ,= example1 s5d+ an ar*ive s]v] ! comm& help w usually yield1 9 ! =m ( a piece ( email1 in=mation on h[ to use ! v>i\s comm&s t ! s]v] has available4 ,"o su* ar*ive s]v] is s]vicenic4ddn4mil4 ,ma9ta9$ by ! ,network ,in=mation ,c5t] 7,,nic7 9 ,*antilly1 ,,va1 ! s]v] is set up to make all ( ! in=mation at ! ,,nic available = p :o don't h access to ,,ftp4 ,?is also includes ! ,,:ois s]vice 7,:ois74 ,"s sample ,subject3 l9es = qu]ies to ! ,,nic s]v] are3 ,subject3 help ,describes available comm&s4 ,subject3 rfc #hbb ,s5ds a copy ( ,,rfc-#hbb4 ,subject3 rfc index ,s5ds an index ( ! available ,r,f,cs4 ,subject3 net9fo doma9-template4txt ,s5ds a doma9 application4 ,subject3 :ois wid5] ,s5ds ,,:ois in=mation on wid5]'4 ,m in=mation on us+ _! ar*ive s]v] c be obta9$ by writ+ to _! s]v] address s]vicenic4ddn4mil ) a ,subject3 ( help4 ,!re are diff]5t br&s ( ar*ive s]v]1 ea* ) its own set ( comm&s & s]vices4 ,among !m !re (t5 exi/s a common set ( comm&s & s]vices 7e4g4 index1 help1 etc74 ,be t z x may1 "o %\ld always consult ! individual help = a specific s]v] be=e assum+ ! syntax---#ajj,k surprises c be h>d on a sy/em4 ,,ftp-by-,mail ,s]v]s ,"s sy/ems (f] p ! ability to receive files ?r\gh a mock-,,ftp int]face via email4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp = a g5]al ov]view ( h[ to ,,ftp4 ,! effects ( provid+ su* a s]vice v>ies1 al?\gh a rule ( ?umb is t x w probably use a sub/antial am\nt ( ! available res\rces on a sy/em4 ,! orig9al ,,ftp-by-,mail s]vice1 ,,bitftp1 is available to ,,bitnet us]s f ! ,pr9ceton node ,,pucc4 ,x 0 once accessible to anyone1 b _h to be clos$ out to non-,,bitnet us]s because ( ! heavy load on ! sy/em4 ,9 response to ?is closure1 ,paul ,vixie design$ & in/all$ a sy/em call$ ,f,t,pmail on "o ( ,digital's gateway comput]s1 decwrl4dec4com4 ,write to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com ) help 9 ! body ( ! lett] = in/ructions on its use4 ,! s(tw>e is und]go+ con/ant developm5t2 once x rea*es a /able /ate1 o!r sites w be enc\rag$ to adopt x & provide ! s]vice also4 ,newsgr\p ,creation ,ev]yone has ! opportunity to make a ,call ,= ,votes on ! ,us5et & attempt to create a newsgr\p t he_/%e feels w\ld be ( b5efit to ! g5]al read]%ip4 ,! rules gov]n+ newsgr\p creation h evolv$ ov] ! ye>s into a g5]ally accept$ me?od4 ,!y only gov]n ! _w gr\ps2 !y ar5't applicable to regional or o!r alt]native hi]>*ies4 ,discussion ,a discussion mu/ fir/ take place to address issues l ! nam+ ( ! gr\p1 :]e 9 ! gr\p tree x %\ld g 7e4g4 rec4sports4koo% vs rec4games4koo%871 & :e!r or n x %\ld be creat$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! =mal ,reque/ ,= ,discussion 7,,rfd7 %\ld be po/$ to news4ann\nce4newgr\ps1 along ) any o!r gr\ps or mail+ li/s at all relat$ to ! propos$ topic4 news4ann\nce4newgr\ps is mod]at$4 ,y %\ld place x fir/ 9 ! ,newsgr\ps3 head]1 s t x w get mail$ to ! mod]ator only4 ,! article won't be imm$iately po/$ to ! o!r newsgr\ps li/$2 r1 x w give y ! opportunity to h ! mod]ator correct any inconsi/5cies or mi/akes 9 y\r ,,rfd4 ,he or %e w take c>e ( po/+ x to ! newsgr\ps y indicat$4 ,also ! ,foll[up-,to3 head] w be set s t ! actual discussion takes place only 9 news4gr\ps4 ,if a us] has difficulty po/+ to a mod]at$ gr\p1 he or %e may mail submissions int5d$ = news4ann\nce4newgr\ps to ! address ann\nce-newgr\psrpi4edu4 ,! f9al "n & *>t] ( ! gr\p1 & :e!r x w be mod]at$ or unmod]at$1 w be det]m9$ dur+ ! discussion p]iod4 ,if x's to be mod]at$1 ! discussion w also decide :o ! mod]ator w be4 ,if !re's no g5]al agreem5t on ^! po9ts among ^? 9 favor ( a new gr\p at ! end ( #cj days1 ! discussion w be tak5 into mail r ?an cont9u$ po/+ to news4gr\ps2 t way1 ! propon5ts ( ! gr\p c iron out _! diff]5ces & come back ) a prop] proposal1 & make a new ,reque/ ,= ,discussion4 ,vot+ ,aft] ! discussion p]iod 7:i* is m&atory71 if x's be5 det]m9$ t a new gr\p really is desir$1 a "n & *>t] are agre$ ^u1 & x's be5 det]m9$ :e!r ! gr\p w be mod]at$ 7& by :om71 a ,call ,= ,votes 7,,cfv7 %\ld be po/$ to news4ann\nce4newgr\ps1 along ) any o!r gr\ps t ! orig9al ,reque/ ,= ,discussion 0 po/$ to4 ,! ,,cfv %\ld be po/$ 7or mail$ to ! news4ann\nce4newgr\ps mod]ator7 z soon z possible aft] ! discussion ends 7to keep x fre% 9 ev]yone's m9d74 ,! ,call = ,votes %\ld include cle> in/ructions on h[ to ca/ a vote4 ,x's important t x be cle>ly expla9$ h[ to bo? vote = & aga9/ a gr\p 7& be ( equival5t difficulty or ease74 ,if x's easi] = y or y\r adm9i/rator1 two sep>ate addresses c be us$ to mail yes & no votes to1 provid+ t !y're on ! same ma*9e4 ,reg>dless ( ! me?od1 ev]yone mu/ h a v specific idea ( h[ to get 8_/h] vote c\nt$4 ,! vot+ p]iod c la/ betwe5 #ba & #ca days1 no matt] :at ! prelim9>y results ( ! vote are4 ,a vote c't be call$ (f simply because #djj no votes h come 9 & only two yes votes4 ,! ,call = ,votes %\ld include ! exact date t ! vot+ p]iod w end---only ^? votes arriv+ on ! vote-tak]'s ma*9e be=e ?is date c be c\nt$4 ,to keep aw>5ess high1 ! ,,cfv c be repeat$ dur+ ! vote1 provid$ t x gives ! same cle>1 unbias$ in/ructions = ca/+ a vote z ! orig9al2 x also has to be ! same proposal z 0 fir/ po/$4 ,! *>t] c't *ange 9 mid-vote4 ,also1 votes t're po/$ don't c\nt---only ^? t 7 mail$ to ! vote-tak] c be talli$4 ,p>tial results %\ld nev] be includ$2 only a /atem5t ( ! specific proposal1 t a vote is 9 progress on x1 & h[ to ca/ a vote4 ,a mass ackn[l$gem5t 7,mass ,,ack or ,vote ,,ack7 is p]mitt$2 h[ev]1 x mu/ be pres5t$ 9 a way t gives no indication ( :i* way a p]son vot$4 ,"o way to avoid ?is is to create "o l>ge li/ ( ev]yone :o's vot$1 & sort x 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,x %\ld n be two sort$ li/s 7( ! yes & no votes1 respectively74 ,e vote is autonom\s4 ,! votes = or aga9/ "o gr\p c't be transf]r$ to ano!r1 simil> proposal4 ,a vote c only c\nt = ! exact proposal t x 0 a response to4 ,9 p>ticul>1 a vote = or aga9/ a newsgr\p "u "o "n c't be c\nt$ z a vote = or aga9/ ano!r gr\p ) a diff]5t "n or *>t]1 a diff]5t mod]at$_/unmod]at$ /atus1 or1 if x's mod]at$1 a diff]5t mod]ator or set ( mod]ators4 ,:ew6 ,f9ally1 ! vote has to be explicit2 !y %\ld be ( ! =m ,i vote = ! gr\p foo4b> z propos$ or ,i vote aga9/ ! gr\p foo4b> z propos$4 ,! word+ doesn't h to be exact1 y\r int5tion j has to be cle>4 ,! ,result ( a ,vote ,at ! end ( ! vot+ p]iod1 ! vote-tak] has to po/ 7to news4ann\nce4newgr\ps7 ! tally & email addresses ( ! votes receiv$4 ,aga91 x c also be po/$ to any ( ! gr\ps li/$ 9 ! orig9al ,,cfv4 ,! tally %\ld make cle> :i* way a p]son vot$1 s ! results c be v]ifi$ if x proves necess>y to d s4 ,aft] ! vote result is po/$ to news4ann\nce4newgr\ps1 !re is a m&atory five-day wait+ p]iod4 ,?is af=ds ev]yone ! opportunity to correct any errors or inconsi/5cies 9 ! vot] li/ or ! vot+ proc$ure4 ,creation ( ! ,gr\p ,if1 aft] ! wait+ p]iod1 !re are no s]i\s objections t might invalidate ! vote1 ! vote is put to ! wat] te/4 ,if !re 7 #ajj m valid ,,yes_/create votes ?an ,,no_/don't create votes1 & at lea/ two-?irds ( ! total numb] ( votes are 9 favor ( creation1 !n a newgr\p control message c be s5t out 7(t5 by ! mod]ator ( news4ann\nce4newgr\ps74 ,if ! #ajj-vote m>g9 or ! two-?irds p]c5tage isn't met1 ! gr\p has fail$ & c't be creat$4 ,if ! proposal fail$1 all is n lo/---aft] a six-mon? wait+ p]iod 7a cool+ d[n71 a new ,reque/ ,= ,discussion c be po/$ to news4gr\ps1 & ! :ole process c />t ov] aga94 ,if aft] a c\ple ( tries x becomes obvi\s t ! gr\p is n want$ or ne$$1 ! vote-tak] %\ld humbly /ep back & accept ! op9ion ( ! majority4 7,z life goes1 s goes ,us5et47 -------- ,gloss>y ,?is gloss>y is only a t9y subset ( all ( ! v>i\s t]ms & o!r ?+s t p regul>ly use on ,! ,net4 ,= a m complete 7& v ent]ta9+7 ref]5ce1 x's sugge/$ y get a copy ( ,! ,new ,hack]'s ,diction>y1 :i* is bas$ on a ,,v l>ge text file call$ ! ,j>gon ,file4 ,edit$ by ,eric ,raymond 7ericsn>k4?yrsus4com71 x is available f ! ,,mit ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 #jbadb2 its ,,isbn numb] is #j-bfb-fhjfi-f4 ,also see ,,rfc-#abjh1 ,a ,gloss>y ( ,network+ ,t]ms4 3-7 ,?is odd symbol is "o ( ! ways a p]son c portray mood 9 ! v flat m$ium ( comput]s---by us+ smilies4 ,?is is metacommunication'1 & !re are lit]ally hundr$s ( !m1 f ! obvi\s to ! obscure4 ,?is p>ticul> example expresses happ9ess4 ,don't see x8 ,tilt y\r head to ! left #ij degrees4 ,smilies are also us$ to d5ote s>casm4 ,network addresses are usually ( two types3 ! physical or h>dw>e address ( a network int]face c>d2 = e!rnet ?is #dh-;bit address might be #jbfj4h;,c#jj4gfff4 ,! h>dw>e address is us$ to =w>d packets )9 a physical network4 ,=tunately1 network us]s d n h to be conc]n$ ab\t h>dw>e addresses s9ce !y are automatically h&l$ by ! network+ s(tw>e4 ,! logical or ,int]net address is us$ to facilitate mov+ data betwe5 physical networks4 ,! #cb-;bit ,int]net address is made up ( a network numb]1 a subnetwork numb]1 & a ho/ numb]4 ,ea* ho/ comput] on ! ,int]net1 has a unique address4 ,= example1 all ,int]net addresses at ,colorado ,/ate h a network numb] ( #abi4hb1 a subnet numb] 9 ! range ( #a-bed1 & a ho/ numb] 9 ! range ( #a-bed4 ,all ,int]net ho/s h a num]ic address & an ,engli%-/yle "n4 ,= example1 ! ,int]net address = ,,ucc's ,,cyb] #hdj is #abi4hb4ajc4if2 its ,int]net "n is csugre54,,ucc4,colo,state4,,edu4 address resolution ,conv]sion ( an ,int]net address to ! correspond+ physical address4 ,on an e!rnet1 resolution requires broadca/+ on ! local area network4 adm9i/rivia ,adm9i/rative tasks1 mo/ (t5 relat$ to ! ma9t5ance ( mail+ li/s1 dige/s1 news gateways1 etc4 anonym\s ,,ftp ,also kn[n z anon ,,ftp2 a s]vice provid$ to make files available to ! g5]al ,int]net community---,anonym\s ,,ftp4 ,,ansi ,! ,am]ican ,national ,/&>ds ,in/itute dissem9ates basic /&>ds l ,,ascii1 & acts z ! ,unit$ ,/ates' delegate to ! ,,iso4 ,/&>ds c be ord]$ f ,,ansi by writ+ to ! ,,ansi ,sales ,dep>tm5t1 #adcj ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,,ny #ajjah1 or by telephon+ 7#bab7 #ced-ccjj4 ar*ie ,a s]vice :i* provides lookups = packages 9 a database ( ! (f]+s ( c\ntless ( anonym\s ,,ftp sites4 ar*ie = a full description4 ar*ive s]v] ,an email-bas$ file transf] facility (f]$ by "s sy/ems4 ,,arpa 7,advanc$ ,rese>* ,projects ,ag5cy7 ,=m] "n ( ,,d>pa1 ! gov]nm5t ag5cy t fund$ ,a,r,p,anet & lat] ! ,,d>pa ,int]net4 ,a,r,p,anet ,a pione]+ long haul network fund$ by ,,arpa4 ,x s]v$ z ! basis = e>ly network+ rese>* z well z a c5tral backbone dur+ ! developm5t ( ! ,int]net4 ,! ,a,r,p,anet consi/$ ( individual packet swit*+ comput]s int]connect$ by leas$ l9es4 ,! ,a,r,p,anet no long] exi/s z a s+ul> entity4 asyn*ron\s ,transmission by individual bytes1 n relat$ to specific tim+ on ! transmitt+ end4 auto-magic ,some?+ :i* happ5s pseudo-automatically1 & is usually too complex to g into any fur!r ?an to say x happ5s auto-magically4 backbone ,a high-spe$ connection )9 a network t connects %ort]1 usually sl[] circuits4 ,also us$ 9 ref]5ce to a sy/em t acts z a hub = activity 7al?\gh ^? are becom+ mu* less preval5t n[ ?an !y 7 t5 ye>s ago74 b&wid? ,! capacity ( a m$ium to transmit a signal4 ,m in=mally1 ! my?ical size ( ,! ,net1 & its ability to c>ry ! files & messages ( ^? t use x4 ,"s view c]ta9 k9ds ( traffic 7,f,t,ping hundr$s ( graphics images1 = example7 z a wa/e ( b&wid? & look d[n ^u !m4 ,,bitnet 7,because ,x's ,"t ,network7 ,an ,,nje-bas$ int]national educational network4 b\nce ,! return ( a piece ( mail because ( an error 9 its deliv]y4 btw ,an abbreviation = by ! way4 ,,cfv 7,call ,= ,votes7 ,initiates ! vot+ p]iod = a ,us5et newsgr\p4 ,at lea/ "o 7occasionally two or m7 email address is cu/om>ily includ$ z a repository = ! votes4 ,see ,newsgr\p ,creation = a full description ( ! ,us5et vot+ process4 ,clari,news ,! fee-bas$ ,us5et newsfe$ available f ,clari,net ,communications4 cli5t ,! us] ( a network s]vice2 also us$ to describe a comput] t relies ^u ano!r = "s or all ( its res\rces4 ,cyb]space ,a t]m co9$ by ,william ,gibson 9 8 fantasy novel ,neuromanc] to describe ! _w ( comput]s1 & ! society t ga!rs ar\nd !m4 datagram ,! basic unit ( in=mation pass$ across ! ,int]net4 ,x conta9s a s\rce & de/9ation address along ) data4 ,l>ge messages are brok5 d[n into a sequ5ce ( ,,ip datagrams4 disassembl+ ,conv]t+ a b9>y program into human-readable ma*9e language code4 ,,dns 7,doma9 ,"n ,sy/em7 ,! me?od us$ to conv]t ,int]net names to _! correspond+ ,int]net numb]s4 doma9 ,a "p ( ! nam+ hi]>*y4 ,syntactically1 a doma9 "n consi/s ( a sequ5ce ( names or o!r words sep>at$ by dots4 dott$ quad ,a set ( f\r numb]s connect$ ) p]iods t make up an ,int]net address2 = example1 #adg4ca4bed4acj4 email ,! v]nacul> abbreviation = electronic mail4 email address ,! ,,uucp or doma9-bas$ address t a us] is ref]r$ to )4 ,= example1 ! au?or's address is br5dancs4wid5]4edu4 e!rnet ,a #aj-million bit p] second network+ s*eme orig9ally develop$ by ,x]ox ,corporation4 ,e!rnet is widely us$ = ,l,a,ns because x c network a wide v>iety ( comput]s1 x is n propriet>y1 & compon5ts are widely available f _m comm]cial s\rces4 ,,fddi 7,fib] ,di/ribut$ ,data ,int]face7 ,an em]g+ /&>d = network te*nology bas$ on fib] optics t has be5 e/abli%$ by ,,ansi4 ,,fddi specifies a #ajj-million bit p] second data rate4 ,! access control me*anism uses tok5 r+ te*nology4 flame ,a piece ( mail or a ,us5et po/+ :i* is viol5tly argum5tative4 ,,fqdn 7,fully ,qualifi$ ,doma9 ,"n7 ,! ,,fqdn is ! full site "n ( a sy/em1 r ?an j its ho/name4 ,= example1 ! sy/em lisa at ,wid5] ,univ]sity has a ,,fqdn ( lisa4cs4wid5]4edu4 ,,ftp 7,file ,transf] ,protocol7 ,! ,int]net /&>d high-level protocol = transf]r+ files f "o comput] to ano!r4 ,,fyi ,an abbreviation = ! phrase = y\r in=mation4 ,!re is also a s]ies ( ,r,f,cs put out by ! ,network ,in=mation ,c5t] call$ ,f,y,is2 !y address common que/ions ( new us]s & _m o!r useful ?+s4 ,r,f,cs = in/ructions on retriev+ ,f,y,is4 gateway ,a special-purpose d$icat$ comput] t atta*es to two or m networks & r\tes packets f "o network to ! o!r4 ,9 p>ticul>1 an ,int]net gateway r\tes ,,ip datagrams among ! networks x connects4 ,gateways r\te packets to o!r gateways until !y c be deliv]$ to ! f9al de/9ation directly across "o physical network4 head] ,! portion ( a packet1 prec$+ ! actual data1 conta9+ s\rce & de/9ation addresses & error-*eck+ fields4 ,also "p ( a message or news article4 ho/name ,! "n giv5 to a ma*9e4 7,see also ,,fqdn47 ,,imho 7,9 ,my ,humble ,op9ion7 ,?is usually accompanies a /atem5t t may br+ ab\t p]sonal (f5se or /rong disagreem5t4 ,int]net ,a concat5ation ( _m individual ,,tcp_/,,ip campus1 /ate1 regional1 & national networks 7su* z ,n,s,fnet1 ,a,r,p,anet1 & ,milnet7 into "o s+le logical network all %>+ a common address+ s*eme4 ,int]net numb] ,! dott$-quad address us$ to specify a c]ta9 sy/em4 ,! ,int]net numb] = ! site cs4wid5]4edu is #adg4ca4bed4acj4 ,a resolv] is us$ to translate betwe5 ho/names & ,int]net addresses4 int]op]ate ,! ability ( multi-v5dor comput]s to "w toge!r us+ a common set ( protocols4 ,) int]op]ability1 ,p,cs1 ,macs1 ,suns1 ,dec ,v,a,xen1 ,,cdc ,cyb]s1 etc1 all "w toge!r all[+ "o ho/ comput] to communicate ) & take advantage ( ! res\rces ( ano!r4 ,,iso 7,int]national ,organization = ,/&>dization7 ,coord9ator ( ! ma9 network+ /&>ds t are put into use today4 k]nel ,! level ( an op]at+ sy/em or network+ sy/em t conta9s ! sy/em-level comm&s or all ( ! functions hidd5 f ! us]4 ,9 a ,unix sy/em1 ! k]nel is a program t conta9s ! device driv]s1 ! memory managem5t r\t9es1 ! s*$ul]1 & sy/em calls4 ,?is program is always runn+ :ile ! sy/em is op]at+4 ,,lan 7,local ,area ,network7 ,any physical network te*nology t op]ates at high spe$ ov] %ort di/ances 7up to a few ?\s& met]s74 mail gateway ,a ma*9e t connects to two or m electronic mail sy/ems 7especially dissimil> mail sy/ems on two diff]5t networks7 & transf]s mail messages among !m4 mail+ li/ ,a possibly mod]at$ discussion gr\p1 di/ribut$ via email f a c5tral comput] ma9ta9+ ! li/ ( p involv$ 9 ! discussion4 mail pa? ,a s]ies ( ma*9e names us$ to direct electronic mail f "o us] to ano!r4 m$ium ,! mat]ial us$ to support ! transmission ( data4 ,?is c be copp] wire1 coaxial cable1 optical fib]1 or electromagnetic wave 7z 9 micr[ave74 multiplex ,! division ( a s+le transmission m$ium into multiple logical *annels support+ _m simultane\s sessions4 ,= example1 "o network may h simultane\s ,,ftp1 telnet1 rlog91 & ,,smtp connections1 all go+ at ! same "t4 net4citiz5 ,an inhabitant ( ,cyb]space4 ,"o usually tries to be a good net4citiz51 le/ "o be flam$4 netiquette ,a pun on etiquette2 prop] behavior on ,! ,net4 ,us5et ,netiquette4 network ,a gr\p ( ma*9es connect$ toge!r s !y c transmit in=mation to "o ano!r4 ,!re are two k9ds ( networks3 local networks & remote networks4 ,,nfs 7,network ,file ,sy/em7 ,a me?od develop$ by ,sun ,microsy/ems to all[ comput]s to %>e files across a network 9 a way t makes !m appe> z if !y're local to ! sy/em4 ,,nic ,! ,network ,in=mation ,c5t]4 node ,a comput] t is atta*$ to a network2 also call$ a ho/4 ,n,s,fnet ,! national backbone network1 fund$ by ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation & op]at$ by ! ,m]it ,corporation1 us$ to int]connect regional 7mid-level7 networks su* z ,west,net to "o ano!r4 packet ,! unit ( data s5t across a packet swit*+ network4 ,! t]m is us$ loosely4 ,:ile "s ,int]net lit]ature uses x to ref] specifically to data s5t across a physical network1 o!r lit]ature views ! ,int]net z a packet swit*+ network & describes ,,ip datagrams z packets4 poll+ ,connect+ to ano!r sy/em to *eck = ?+s l mail or news4 po/ma/] ,! p]son responsible = tak+ c>e ( mail problems1 answ]+ qu]ies ab\t us]s1 & o!r relat$ "w at a site4 protocols ,a =mal description ( message =mats & ! rules two comput]s mu/ foll[ to ex*ange ^? messages4 ,protocols c describe l[-level details ( ma*9e-to-ma*9e int]faces 7e4g41 ! ord] 9 :i* bits & bytes are s5t across a wire7 or high-level ex*anges betwe5 allocation programs 7e4g41 ! way 9 :i* two programs transf] a file across ! ,int]net74 recursion ,! facility ( a programm+ language to be able to call functions f )9 !mselves4 resolve ,translate an ,int]net "n into its equival5t ,,ip address or o!r ,,dns in=mation4 ,,rfd 7,reque/ ,= ,discussion7 ,usually a two- to ?ree-week p]iod 9 :i* ! p>ticul>s ( newsgr\p creation are battl$ out4 r\te ,! pa? t network traffic takes f its s\rce to its de/9ation4 r\t] ,a d$icat$ comput] 7or o!r device7 t s5ds packets f "o place to ano!r1 pay+ att5tion to ! curr5t /ate ( ! network4 ,,rtfm 7,read ,! ,fanta/ic ,manual74 ,?is anacronym is (t5 us$ :5 someone asks a simple or common "q4 ,! ^w ,fanta/ic' is usually replac$ ) "o mu* m vulg>4 ,,smtp 7,simple ,mail ,transf] ,protocol7 ,! ,int]net /&>d protocol = transf]r+ electronic mail messages f "o comput] to ano!r4 ,,smtp specifies h[ two mail sy/ems int]act & ! =mat ( control messages !y ex*ange to transf] mail4 s]v] ,a comput] t %>es its res\rces1 su* z pr9t]s & files1 ) o!r comput]s on ! network4 ,an example ( ?is is a ,network ,file ,sy/em 7,,nfs7 s]v] :i* %>es its disk space ) o!r comput]s4 signal-to-noise ratio ,:5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,us5et activity1 signal-to-noise ratio describes ! relation betwe5 am\nt ( actual in=mation 9 a discussion1 comp>$ to _! quantity4 ,m (t5 ?an n1 !re's sub/antial activity 9 a newsgr\p1 b a v small numb] ( ^? articles actually conta9 any?+ useful4 signature ,! small1 usually f\r-l9e message at ! bottom ( a piece ( email or a ,us5et article4 ,9 ,unix1 x's add$ by creat+ a file 44signature 9 ! us]'s home directory4 ,l>ge signatures are a no-no4 summ>ize ,to encapsulate a numb] ( responses into "o coh]5t1 usable message4 ,(t5 done on controll$ mail+ li/s or active newsgr\ps1 to help r$uce b&wid?4 syn*ron\s ,data communications 9 :i* transmissions are s5t at a fix$ rate1 ) ! s5d+ & receiv+ devices syn*roniz$4 ,,tcp_/,,ip 7,transmission ,control ,protocol_/,int]net ,protocol7 ,a set ( protocols1 result+ f ,,arpa ef=ts1 us$ by ! ,int]net to support s]vices su* z remote log9 7telnet71 file transf] 7,,ftp7 & mail 7,,smtp74 telnet ,! ,int]net /&>d protocol = remote t]m9al connection s]vice4 ,telnet all[s a us] at "o site to int]act ) a remote time%>+ sy/em at ano!r site z if ! us]'s t]m9al 7 connect$ directly to ! remote comput]4 t]m9al s]v] ,a small1 specializ$1 network$ comput] t connects _m t]m9als to a ,,lan ?r\gh "o network connection4 ,any us] on ! network c !n connect to v>i\s network ho/s4 ,te,x ,a free typesett+ sy/em by ,donald ,knu?4 twi/$ pair ,cable made up ( a pair ( insulat$ copp] wires wrapp$ ar\nd ea* o!r to cancel ! effects ( electrical noise4 ,,uucp 7,unix to ,unix ,copy ,program7 ,a /ore-&-=w>d sy/em1 prim>ily = ,unix sy/ems b curr5tly support$ on o!r plat=ms 7e4g4 ,,vms & p]sonal comput]s74 ,,wan 7,wide-,area ,network7 ,a network spann+ hundr$s or ?\s&s ( miles4 work/ation ,a network$ p]sonal comput+ device ) m p[] ?an a /&>d ,,ibm ,,pc or ,mac9to%4 ,typically1 a work/ation has an op]at+ sy/em su* z unix t is capable ( runn+ sev]al tasks at ! same "t4 ,x has sev]al megabytes ( memory & a l>ge1 high-resolution display4 ,examples are ,sun work/ations & ,digital ,d,e,cstations4 worm ,a comput] program :i* replicates itself4 ,! ,int]net worm 7,! ,int]net ,worm7 0 p]haps ! mo/ fam\s2 x successfully 7& accid5tally7 duplicat$ itself on sy/ems across ! ,int]net4 wrt ,) respect to4 ,i hate def9itions4 ,b5jam9 ,disraeli ,vivian ,grey1 bk i *ap ii ------ ,bibliography ,:at foll[s is a comp5dium ( s\rces t h in=mation t w be ( use to anyone read+ ?is guide4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 us$ 9 ! writ+ ( ! booklet1 :ile o!rs are simply not$ because !y are a mu/ = any good net4citiz5's book%elf4 ,books ,com]1 ,d\glas ,e4 ,int]network+ ,) ,,tcp_/,,ip1 #bnd ed41 #bv ,pr5tice ,hall ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,,nj #aiia ,davidson1 ,john ,an ,introduction to ,,tcp_/,,ip ,spr+]-,v]lag ,b]l9 #aihh ,frey1 ,donnalyn1 & ,adams1 ,rick 633 ,a ,directory ( ,electronic ,mail ,address+ & ,networks ,o',reilly & ,associates ,newton1 ,,ma #aihi ,gibson1 ,william ,neuromanc] ,ace ,new ,york1 ,,ny #aihd ,la,quey1 ,tracy ,us]s' ,directory ( ,comput] ,networks ,digital ,press ,b$=d1 ,,ma #aiij ,levy1 ,/eph5 ,hack]s3 ,h]oes ( ! ,comput] ,revolution ,an*or ,press_/,d\bl$ay ,g>d5 ,city1 ,,ny #aihd ,p>tridge1 ,craig ,innovations 9 ,int]network+ ,,arte* ,h\se ,norwood1 ,,ma #aihh ,qu>t]man1 ,john ,s4 ,! ,matrix3 ,comput] ,networks & ,conf]5c+ ,sy/ems ,worldwide ,digital ,press ,b$=d1 ,,ma #aihi ,raymond1 ,eric 7ed7 ,! ,new ,hack]'s ,diction>y ,,mit ,press ,cambridge1 ,,ma #aiia ,/oll1 ,clif=d ,! ,cuckoo's ,egg ,d\bl$ay ,new ,york #aihi ,tan5baum1 ,&rew ,s4 ,comput] ,networks1 #b;d ed ,pr5tice-,hall ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,,nj #aihh ,tod9ao1 ,grace ,us+ ,,uucp & ,,us5et3 ,a ,nut%ell ,h&book ,o',reilly & ,associates ,newton1 ,,ma #aihf ,! ,waite ,gr\p ,unix ,communications1 #bnd ed4 ,h[>d ,w4 ,sams ,company ,indianapolis #aiia ,p]iodicals ,pap]s magaz9e3 ,b>l[1 ,j ,com+ ,into ,! ,c\ntry ,communications ( ! ,,acm #cd3c #b ,m>* #aiia ,addresses ,cyb]space---,john ,b>l[ 0 a co-f\nd] ( ! ,,eff4 proce$+s3 ,colly]1 ,g41 & ,sp5c]1 ,h ,news ,ne$ ,n ,be ,sl[ ,proce$+s ( ! #aihg ,w9t] ,,us5ix ,conf]5ce #aha--ij ,,us5ix ,association1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca ,janu>y #aihg magaz9e3 ,d5n+1 ,p ,! ,int]net ,worm ,am]ican ,sci5ti/ #abf--abh ,m>*--,april #aihi magaz9e3 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,comput+3 ,comput] ,networks ,am]ican ,sci5ti/ #abg--abi ,m>*--,april #aihe magaz9e3 ,frey1 ,d41 & ,adams1 ,r ,,us5et3 ,dea? by ,success8 ,,unix ,,review #ee--fj ,augu/ #aihg magaz9e3 ,gif=d1 ,w4 ,s ,,isdn ,us]-,network ,int]faces ,,ieee ,j\rnal on ,select$ ,areas 9 ,communications #cdc--cdh ,may #aihf magaz9e3 ,g9sb]g1 ,k ,gett+ f ,"h to ,!re ,,unix ,,review #de ,janu>y #aihf magaz9e3 ,hiltz1 ,s4 ,r ,! ,human ,elem5t 9 ,comput]iz$ ,conf]5c+ ,sy/ems ,comput] ,networks #dba--dbh ,decemb] #aigh proce$+s3 ,horton1 ,m ,:at is a ,doma98 ,proce$+s ( ! ,summ] #aihd ,,us5ix ,conf]5ce #cfh--cgb ,,us5ix ,association1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca ,june #aihd magaz9e3 ,jacobs51 ,ole ,j ,in=mation on ,,tcp_/,,ip ,conne,xions---,! ,int]op]ability ,report #ad--ae ,july #aihh magaz9e3 ,j5n+s1 ,d41 et al ,comput] ,network+ = ,sci5ti/s ,sci5ce #idc--iej #bh ,febru>y #aihf pap]3 ,m>k(f1 ,j ,au?or ( comput] virus' is son ( ,u4,s4 electronic security exp]t4 ,new ,york ,times ,nov4 #e1 #aihh ,a#a pap]3 ,comput] sn>l3 ,a back door' aj>4 ,new ,york ,times ,nov4 #g1 #aihh ,b#aj magaz9e3 ,mc,quillan1 ,j4 ,m41 & ,wald51 ,d4 ,c ,! ,,arpa ,network ,design ,decisions ,comput] ,networks #bdc--bhi #aigg magaz9e3 ,orn/e91 ,s4 ,m ,a lett] conc]n+ ! ,int]net worm ,communications ( ! ,,acm #cb3f ,june #aihi proce$+s3 ,p>tridge1 ,c ,mail ,r\t+ ,us+ ,doma9 ,names3 ,an ,in=mal ,t\r ,proce$+s ( ! #aihf ,summ] ,,us5ix ,conf]5ce #cff--gf ,,us5ix ,association1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca ,june #aihf magaz9e3 ,qu>t]man1 ,j ,etiquette & ,e?ics ,conne,xions---,! ,int]op]ability ,report #ab--af ,m>* #aihi magaz9e3 ,notable ,comput] ,networks ,communications ( ! ,,acm #bi3aj ,octob] #aihf ,?is 0 ! pr$ecessor to ,! ,matrix4 magaz9e3 ,ra$]1 ,a4 ,w41 & ,&rews1 ,k4 ,l ,se>*+ ,libr>y ,catalogs on ! ,int]net3 ,a ,survey ,database ,se>*] #f #af--ca ,septemb] #aiij proce$+s3 ,seeley1 ,d ,a t\r ( ! worm ,proce$+s ( ! #aihi ,w9t] ,,us5ix ,conf]5ce #bhg--cjd ,,us5ix ,association1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca ,febru>y #aihi magaz9e3 ,%ulman1 ,g ,legal ,rese>* on ,,us5et ,liability ,issues 2log93 ,! ,,us5ix ,association ,newslett] #aa--ag ,decemb] #aihd magaz9e3 ,smi?1 ,k ,e-,mail to ,any:]e ,,pc ,_w #bbj--bbc ,m>* #aihh magaz9e3 ,/oll1 ,c ,/alk+ ! ,wily ,hack] ,communications ( ! ,,acm #ca3e #ad ,may #aihh ,?is article grew into ! book ,! ,cuckoo's ,egg4 proce$+s3 ,taylor1 ,d ,! ,po/man ,always ,r+s ,twice3 ,electronic ,mail 9 a ,highly ,di/ribut$ ,environm5t ,proce$+s ( ! #aihh ,w9t] ,,us5ix ,conf]5ce #ade--aec ,,us5ix ,association1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca ,decemb] #aihh magaz9e3 ,u4,s4,g5'l ,acc\nt+ ,(c ,comput] ,security3 ,virus ,highlights ,ne$ = ,improv$ ,int]net ,managem5t ,,gao_/,,imtec-#hi-eg1 #aihi ,addresses ! ,int]net worm4 ,& all else is lit]ature4 ,paul ,v]la9e ,! ,sun1 ,new ,york ,:ile he 0 city editor 9 #ahgc--ahij4 -- ,bill ,wal!r1 ,c>leton ,univ]sity1 ,ottawa1 ,canada