,,beautiful ,,%ells  ,,( ,,new ,,zeal&4 
,an ,illu/rat$ ,"w = ,amateur           
,collectors ( ,new ,zeal& ,m>9e ,%ells  
,,)  ,directions = ,collect+ & ,clean+  
!m4  ,,by  ,e4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,moss1          
,,b>ri/]1 ,,auckl&4  ,photographs by ,c4
 ,,sp5c]1 ,auckl&4  #aijh4  ,,publi%]s3 
,,coll9s ,,bros4  ,,co41 ,,limit$1      
,,auckl&4  ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words  
surr\nd$ by tildes1 l ?is signifies     
words 9 bold4     ,,cont5ts4            
,,page4  ,preface                       
#c  ,*apt] ,i4--,%ells & _! ,inmates    
#e  ,*apt] ,,ii4--,collect+ & ,clean+   
,%ells      #aj  ,*apt]                 
,,iii4--,description ( ,plates          
#ad     ,,index4                 ,page4 
,acmaea fragilis1 #dc  ,acmaea          
octoradiata1 #dc  ,acmaea pileopsis1 #dc
  ,amphibola cr5ata1 #bf  ,anat9a       
angasi1 #cb  ,anaitis yatei1 #cg        
,ancilla au/ralis1 #ag  ,ancilla        
pyramidalis1 #ag  ,anomia walt]i1 #df   
,apollo argus1 #bb  ,apollo au/ralasia1 
#bb  ,arca decussata1 #dj  ,argonauta   

nodosa1 #ad  ,a/ralium heliotropium1 #bg
  ,a/ralium sulcatum1 #bg  ,atactodea   
subtriangulata1 #cf   ,bankivia v>ians1 
#bi  ,b>batia decussata1 #dj  ,b>nea    
similis1 #cb  ,bucc9ulus kirki1 #cj     
,bulla quoyi1 #cb   ,callio/oma         
pellucidum1 #bd  ,callio/oma            
punctulatum1 #bd  ,callio/oma selectum1 
#bd  ,callio/oma tigris1 #bc            
,calyptraea maculata1 #db  ,can?>idus   
fasciatus1 #bi  ,can?>idus iris1 #bh    
,can?>idus purpuratus1 #bh  ,can?>idus  
t5ebrosus1 #bh  ,c>dita au/ralis1 #ci   
,c>dita avicul9a1 #ch  ,cassis1 #bc     
,c]i?idea1 #cj  ,*ione co/ata1 #cf      
,*ione crassa1 #ci  ,*ione oblonga1 #cf 
,*ione /ut*buryi1 #cf  ,*ione yatei1 #bg
  ,co*lodesma angasi1 #cb  ,com9ella    
huttoni1 #ba  ,com9ella lurida1 #ba     
,com9ella maculata1 #ba  ,com9ella      
nassoides1 #bb  ,com9ella te/ud9ea1 #ba 
,com9ella virgata1 #bb  ,cookia sulcata1
 #bg  ,corbula zel&ica1 #cc  ,cr5ella   
impacta1 #dj  ,crepidula aculeata1 #db  
,crepidula monoxyla1 #db  ,crepidula    

ungui=mis1 #db  ,cyli*na /riata1 #ca    
,daphnella lymnei=mis1 #bi  ,d5talium   
nanum1 #dc  ,div>icella cum+i1 #ci      
,dolium v>iegatum1 #ah  ,dos9ea         
au/ralis1 #dj  ,dos9ea lambata1 #dj     
,dos9ea subrosea1 #dj  ,drillia zel&ica1
 #bi   ,em>g9ula /riatula1 #db  ,e?alia 
zel&ica1 #be  ,eu?ria flavesc5s1 #bj    
,eu?ria l9eata1 #bj  ,eu?ria vittata1   
#bj   ,gal]us zel&icus1 #db  ,glycym]is 
latico/ata1 #cg  ,glycym]is /riatul>is1 
#cg   ,haliotis iris1 #cg  ,haliotis    
rugoso-plicata1 #cg  ,haliotis virg9ea1 
#cg  ,ham9ea zel&iae1 #cb  ,hemimactra  
notata1 #cd  ,hiatula nitida1 #cd       
,hipponyx au/ralis1 #db   ,jan?9a       
exigua1 #bh  ,jan?9a fragilis1 #bh      
,jan?9a globosa1 #bh   ,kalydon1 #cj    
,lima bullata1 #da  ,lima zel&ica1 #da  
,li?odomus truncatus1 #ch  ,li?ophago   
truncata1 #ch  ,litor9a c9cta1 #bi      
,litor9a mauritiana1 #bi  ,lotorium     
cornutum1 #bc  ,lotorium ole>ium1 #bb   
,lotorium rubicundum1 #ai  ,lotorium    
sp5gl]i1 #bb  ,luc9a d5tata1 #ci        

,mactra aequilat]a1 #cc  ,mactra        
discors1 #cc  ,magellania l5ticul>is1   
#ch  ,m>9ula filholi1 #ca  ,mesodesma   
novae zel&iae1 #cf  ,mesodesma          
v5tricosa1 #ce  ,mitra melaniana1 #ah   
,modiola au/ralis1 #df  ,modiol>ia      
impacta1 #dj  ,monodonta ae?iops1 #bf   
,monodonta lugubris1 #bf  ,monodonta    
nig]rima1 #bf  ,monodonta subro/rata1   
#bf  ,murex eos1 #af  ,murex octogonus1 
#af  ,murex ramosus1 #af  ,murex        
zel&icus1 #ae  ,myodora boltoni1 #cc    
,myodora /riata1 #cc  ,mytilic>dia      
excavata1 #ch  ,mytilus edulis1 #de     
,mytilus latus1 #de  ,mytilus           
magellanicus1 #df   ,natica zel&ica1 #be
  ,n]ita nigra1 #be   ,ophic>delus      
co/ell>is1 #ca  ,o/rea angasi1 #df      
,o/rea glom]ata1 #df   ,panopea zel&ica1
 #cb  ,paphia1 #ce  ,p>mophorus1 #da    
,patella radians1 #dc  ,patella         
/ellif]a1 #dc  ,pect5 convexus1 #dd     
,pect5 m$ius1 #dd  ,pect5 zel&iae1 #de  
,pectunculus1 #cg  ,pholadidea trid5s1  
#cb  ,p9na zel&ica1 #de  ,pisania1 #bj  

,placunanomia zel&ica1 #df  ,pleurotoma1
 #cj  ,polytropa1 #ag  ,potamides       
bic>9atus1 #cj  ,potamides sub-c>9atus1 
#cj  ,psammobia l9eolata1 #cd           
,psammobia /ang]i1 #cd  ,purpura        
hau/rum1 #ag  ,purpura scob9a1 #ag      
,purpura succ9cta1 #ag   ,ranella1 #bb  
,resania lanceolata1 #cd  ,rhyn*onella  
nigricans1 #ch  ,rotella1 #be           
,saxicava arctica1 #cc  ,scal>ia t5ella1
 #cj  ,scal>ia zelebori1 #cj  ,scaphella
 gracilis1 #ah  ,scaphella pacifica1 #ah
  ,scutum ambiguum1 #da  ,semi-cassis   
labiata1 #bc  ,semi-cassis pyrum1 #bc   
,siliqu>ia au/ralis1 #cj  ,siphonalia   
dilatata1 #ai  ,siphonalia m&>9a1 #ai   
,siphonalia nodosa1 #ai  ,siphon>ia     
au/ralis1 #da  ,siphon>ia obliquata1 #da
  ,sol5omya p>k9soni1 #dj  ,sol5otell9a 
nitida1 #cd  ,sol5otell9a sp5c]i1 #cd   
,solidula alba1 #cj  ,spirula p]oni1 #ae
  ,/&ella elongata1 #cd  ,/&ella ovata1 
#cc  ,/ru?iol>ia papulosa1 #ai          
,/ru?iol>ia v]mis1 #bj  ,sub-em>g9ula   
int]m$ia1 #da  ,surcula *eesemani1 #cj  

,surcula novae zel&iae1 #bi   ,tapes    
int]m$ia1 #ci  ,t>on dubius1 #bi        
,tell9a alba1 #ce  ,tell9a disculus1 #ce
  ,tell9a glabrella1 #ce  ,tell9a       
/rangei1 #ce  ,t5agodes weldii1 #cj     
,t]ebra tri/is1 #cj  ,t]ebratella       
rubicunda1 #ch  ,t]ebratella sangu9ea1  
#ch  ,tralia au/ralis1 #ca  ,tricotropis
 inornata1 #ca  ,triton1 #ai  ,trivia   
au/ralis1 #ca  ,tro*us *a?am5sis1 #bd   
,tro*us ti>atus1 #bd  ,tro*us viridis1  
#bd  ,trophon ambiguus1 #af  ,trophon   
*eesemani1 #ag  ,trophon duodecimus1 #cj
  ,trophon plebeius1 #ca  ,trophon      
/ang]i1 #af  ,turbo granosus1 #bf       
,turbo helic9us1 #bg  ,turritella rosea1
 #ca  ,turritella vittata1 #ca          
,vanganella taylori1 #cd  ,v5]ic>dia    
au/ralis1 #ci  ,v5]upis elegans1 #ci    
,v5]upis reflexa1 #ci  ,v5us1 #cf & #ci 
,volsella au/ralis1 #df  ,volsella      
fluviatilis1 #df  ,voluta1 #ah          
,waldheimia l5ticul>is1 #ch   ,z5atia   
ac9aces1 #cd  ,zizyph9us1 #bc           
,,preface   ,(t5 h ,i he>d my "y fri5ds 

regret ! great difficulty exp]i5c$ 9    
id5tify+ ! ?+s ( beauty f\nd on our     
coa/2 & "s "t back x occurr$ to me t !  
"t _h arriv$ :5 an attempt %\ld be made 
to rem$y ?is4 ,new ,zeal& is a m>itime  
c\ntry1 mo/ ( its inhabitants liv+ ne> !
 sea1 & !re are few inde$ :o d n enjoy  
occasionally ! pleasure ( w&]+ along !  
sea%ore1 ga!r+ %ells1 seawe$1 e*9i1 & ! 
num]\s o!r relics ( ! deep4 ,?is        
pleasant hobby is robb$ ( a great deal (
 its int]e/ by a lack ( k z reg>ds !    
names1 habits1 & mode ( pres]v+ ! v>i\s 
f9ds1 & especially ! f9ds ( %ells4 ,:5  
prop]ly pres]v$ & c>efully classifi$ !y 
are mu* m attractive ?an o!rwise !y w\ld
 be4 ,9 almo/ e home %ells are se52 "s  
highly priz$ z ornam5ts1 o!rs z mem5toes
 ( pleasant h\rs 9 =eign l&s2 b seldom  
are our really beautiful %ells repres5t$
 9 a collection4  ,9 ?is "w m>9e %ells  
alone are dealt )1 our num]\s l& & fre% 
wat] %ells be+1 ) six or sev5           
exceptions1 small & insignificant4 ,( l&
 & fre% wat] %ells ab\t two hundr$      

v>ieties1 & ( m>9e %ells ab\t f\r hundr$
 & fifty v>ieties1 h up to ! pres5t be5 
discov]$ 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,= "s           
inscrutable reason1 h[ev]1 ! ,new ,zeal&
 au?orities are cont9ually *ang+ !      
classical names ( our %ells4 ,! names ,i
 h us$ are tak5 f ! late ,pr(essor ,f4  
,w4 ,hutton's la/ li/1 publi%$ 9 #aijd4 
,x is really "t "s attempt 0 made to /op
 ?is fooli% proce$+4 ,mo/ ( ! %ells1    
s9ce ,i began collect+ #bj odd ye>s ago1
 h _h _! names *ang$ once1 _m ( !m      
twice1 & "s ev5 ?ree times4 ,x is m ?an 
probable "s ( ! names w be alt]$ :ile   
?is volume is 9 ! press4 ,^! frequ5t    
*anges 9 ! names cause great confusion1 
& b = ! k9dly help & enc\ragem5t giv5 me
 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,*eeseman1 ,f4,l4,s41 (
 ,auckl&1 ,i %\ld h hesitat$ to und]take
 its publication4 ,:at mo/ ennobles     
sci5ce is ! will+ness to give assi/ance 
to beg9n]s %[n by really sci5tific m51 &
 d\bly pleas+ is t help to ! recipi5t :5
 giv5 spontane\sly & )\t /9t4  ,?is is !
 fir/ attempt to publi% a popul> "w on  

,new ,zeal& %ells1 & is writt5 by an    
amateur = amateurs4 ,ne>ly e %ell likely
 to be met ) by an ord9>y collector     
7except ! m9ute %ells7 w be f\nd 9 ! t5 
plates at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,i h endeav\r$
 to describe ! %ells 9 simple language1 
z ! sci5tific words may puzzle "s ( my  
read]s4 ,= in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,hutton   
describes a c]ta9 %ell z ?ick1 irregul>1
 %>p ribb$1 ) ! m>g9 d5tat$ or lob$1 v  
inequivalve2 upp] valve op]cul>1        
compress$1 wr9kl$1 ) ?ick conc5tric     
lam9ae2 l[] valve cucullat$1 purple1    
:ite )91 edg$ ) purple or black2 lat]al 
m>g9s d5ticulat$2 h+e g5]ally att5uat$1 
produc$1 po9t$4 ,:5 a %ell is f\nd t    
fully answ]s ?is description y w "k x is
 an ,auckl& rock oy/]4 ,errors &        
omissions w1 ,i tru/1 be *>itably dealt 
)1 z ! inevitable mi/akes ( a man :o is 
blaz+ a track4 ,i h endeav\r$ to give ! 
,maori names also1 b1 un=tunately1 9    
diff]5t p>ts ( ,new ,zeal& ! same "n is 
frequ5tly us$ = diff]5t %ells4  ,my own 
collection ( ,new ,zeal& m>9e %ells1    

made dur+ my resid5ce 9 ,tauranga1 ,bay 
( ,pl5ty1 is1 ,i believe1 ! be/ & l>ge/ 
yet made1 & among ! specim5s ,i c numb] 
no less ?an a doz5 new %ells :i* ,i _h !
 pleasure ( add+ to ! recognis$ li/4    
,ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! kn[n species ( ,new
 ,zeal& m>9e %ells 7 f\nd !re by my     
fri5ds or myself dur+ ! #ae happy ye>s  
,i sp5t 9 t delightful1 ?\gh n v        
progressive1 "p ( ,new ,zeal&4  ,my     
?anks are especially due to ,mr4 ,*>les 
,sp5c]1 ( ,auckl&1 an ard5t con*ologi/1 
& = _m ye>s my colleague 9 collect+     
%ells1 = ! c>e tak5 ) ! photographs1 & =
 valuable sugge/ions & help4     ,,*apt]
 ,i4  ,,%ells ,,& ,,_! ,,inmates4       
,be=e ! /udy ( %ellfi%1 or molluscs1 0  
conduct$ on ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( !   
pres5t day1 %ells 7 classifi$ z         
univalves1 bivalves1 & multivalves4 ,!  
univalves 7 %ells 9 "o piece1 su* z !   
:elk2 ! bivalves ^? 9 two pieces1 su* z 
! mussel or oy/]2 & ! multivalves ^? 9 m
 ?an two pieces1 su* z b>nacles or      
*itons1 b>nacles1 h[ev]1 be+ no long]   

class$ ) %ells4  ,! highe/ ( ! five     
types1 or natural divisions1 ( animals  
are ! ,v]tebrata1 ! ,mollusca1 & !      
,annulosa4 ,! v]tebrates usually h      
v]tebrae1 or jo9t$ backbones1 & f ?is ! 
highe/ division takes its "n2 b ! real  
te/ is ! col\r ( ! blood1 :i* 9 !       
v]tebrates is always r$4  ,! molluscs h 
s(t bodies & no int]nal skeleton1 b 9   
lieu ( ?is ! animal is usually protect$ 
by an ext]nal %ell1 h>d] ?an ! bones (  
v]tebrates4 ,! annulosa1 l ! molluscs1 h
 s(t bodies & no int]nal skeletons2 b ! 
ext]nal %ell is divid$ into jo9ts or    
segm5ts1 & is usually s(t] ?an ! bones (
 v]tebrates4  ,fi%es belong to !        
v]tebrate division1 oy/]s to ! mollusc1 
& crabs & />fi% to ! annulosa4  ,!      
rema9+ two ( ! five divisions are !     
,cael5t]ata1 9 :i* ! g5]al cavity ( !   
body communicates freely ) t ( !        
dige/ive app>atus1 & ! ,protozoa1 :i*   
includes all animals1 su* z sponges1    
etc41 n includ$ 9 ! above f\r divisions4
  ,! %ell ( an oy/] takes ! place ( !   

bones ( a dog2 & al?\gh x may seem      
/range = an animal to h its bones on !  
outside ( its body1 x is really no m    
/range ?an = a fruit1 su* z ! /rawb]ry  
or raspb]ry1 to h its se$s on ! outside4
 ,lime is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( all bones2
 & ! bones ( v]tebrate animals conta9 a 
l>ge proportion ( phosphate ( lime1 :ile
 ! %ells ( molluscs1 or %ellfi% 7z !y   
are popul>ly call$71 consi/ almo/       
entirely ( c>bonate ( lime4  ,:5        
sci5ti/s began m c>efully to exam9e !   
/ructure ( %ellfi%1 !y f\nd t ^?        
simil>ly con/ruct$ _h %ells ) c]ta9 m>k$
 peculi>ities4 ,! days ( con*ology 7 !n 
doom$2 & ! /udy ( ! mollusc1 or         
malacology1 took its place4  ,besides ^?
 necess>y = dige/+ food1 mo/ %ellfi% h  
organs equival5t to ^? ( v]tebrate      
animals1 su* z feet1 arms1 eyes1 head1  
he>t1 & tongue4 ,al?\gh be>+ ! same     
names1 ^! organs r>ely h a simil> %ape  
to ^? ( ! v]tebrates1 be+ necess>ily    
adapt$ to ! diff]5t mode ( liv+4 ,! foot
 ( a cockle1 %ap$ l an animal's tongue1 

enables x to move sl[ly f place to      
place1 z well z to burr[ 9 a s&y bea* ) 
! comical j]ks s well kn[n to obs]v]s4  
,! tongues are beautifully design$ = _! 
"w4 ,! long1 n>r[ tongue ( ! veget>ian  
mollusc works l a scy!1 & m[s d[n !     
delicate m>9e grasses on :i* ! animal   
fe$s4 ,! p[]ful tongues ( ^? t pref] an 
animal diet are able to bore ?r\gh !    
/ronge/ %ells2 & woe betide ! un=tunate 
%ellfi% :i*1 hav+ %[n signs ( weakness1 
or disease1 is surr\nd$ by its active1  
c>nivor\s bre?r54 ,! tongue1 sometimes  
long] ev5 ?an ! %ell itself1 is cov]$ ) 
r[s ( v h>d spikes1 or tee?1 arrang$    
simil>ly to ! burrs on a file4 ,z ^!    
tee? break1 or are worn out1 !y are     
replac$ by o!rs t pu% !mselves =w>d :5  
want$4 ,"u a microscope ( mod]ate p[]1 !
 radula1 or tongue1 ( a %ellfi%1        
especially a limpet1 is a mo/ int]e/+   
sight1 & _m molluscs c be id5tifi$ m]ely
 by exam9+ ! tongue "u a microscope4 ,! 
%ape ( ! tee?1 ! numb]1 & ! arrangem5t (
 !m w settle ! "q4  ,! appetites (      

molluscs v]ge on ! voraci\s4 ,break up a
 few cockles1 or o!r %ellfi%1 & place !m
 9 %all[ wat] on a calm day1 & wat* !   
result4 ,if 9 ! vic9ity ( rocks1 & dur+ 
a ris+ tide1 all ! bett]4 ,fir/ come !  
w>y little %rimps to ! fea/4 ,"s are    
creep+ cauti\sly1 & "s are jump+ & rac+1
 z if afraid ( n be+ 9 "t4 ,!n !        
c>nivor\s %ellfi% approa* f all         
directions1 =emo/ among/ !m be+ !       
diff]5t species ( ,com9ella4 ,:ile !y   
are lumb]+ along1 %ells appe> to be     
actually runn+2 b a close inspection %[s
 t ^! conta9 active little h]mit crabs1 
^: t5d] tails1 hav+ no h>d cov]+ ( _!   
own1 are snugly /[$ 9 ! empty %ells (   
defunct molluscs4 ,!n ! s& or gravel    
moves1 & crabs appe>4 ,! %rimps1 crabs1 
& h]mit crabs run (f ) ! small] morsels2
 b ! molluscs ga!r r\nd ! remnants &    
pull & haul & roll ov] "o ano!r until ! 
fea/ is end$1 :5 "s1 be+ satiat$1       
cont5t$ly burr[ into ! s&2 :ile o!rs1 ) 
_! appetites only %>p5$1 w w&] away 9   
se>* ( fre% prey4  ,9 _m %ells1 su* z ! 

,triton1 or ,lotorium z x is n[ call$   
7,plate ,,iii471 e increase 9 gr[? c be 
trac$ 9 ! ?ick lip =m$ by ! animal :5 x 
has increas$ ! size ( its %ell4 ,o!rs   
aga91 su* z ! ,/ru?iol>ia 7,plate ,,iv41
 ,fig4 #d71 only =m a lip :5 _! full    
size has be5 atta9$1 & by ?is ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 an old & "y ,/ru?iol>ia c at a  
glance be se54 ,o!rs =m a lip at ea*    
gr[?1 & !n dissolve ! lip be=e />t+     
aga94 ,v]tebrate fi% are suppos$ to gr[1
 & increase 9 size1 till ! day ( _!     
dea?1 b %ellfi% d n d ?is4 ,! %ell      
becomes /rong] & ?ick] ) age1 ! animal  
hav+ ! ability to add lay] aft] lay] (  
nacre\s1 or pe>ly deposit1 on ! inside (
 ! %ell2 & z ! animal %rivels & less5s 9
 size ! ?ickness ( ! %ell increases4 ,& 
"s1 :5 !y become too l>ge1 h p[] to     
dissolve ! p>titions 9 ! %ell1 & deposit
 ! mat]ial on ! outside ( ! %ell4  ,! "t
 x takes a %ellfi% to gr[ to its full   
size v>ies a great deal4 ,oy/]s take    
ab\t five ye>s2 b ! giant ,tridacna1 !  
l>ge/ bivalve 9 ! _w1 has be5 f\nd s    

enclos$ 9 ! sl[-gr[+ coral t x c\ld     
h>dly op5 its valves4  ,! "y ( mo/      
%ellfi% are active little ?+s1 & are    
usually s diff]5t f _! p>5ts z to be    
unrecognisable4 ,"s swim1 or frisk ab\t1
 & travel ev5 long di/ances 9 se>* (    
suitable qu>t]s to settle 94 ,o!rs float
 on ! surface1 & are driv5 :]e ! w9ds & 
curr5ts li/4 ,"s1 l mussels1 are        
di/ribut$ all ov] ! _w1 o!rs aga9 are   
f\nd1 p]haps1 on "o rock1 or on "o small
 s&bank 9 a l>ge di/rict4 ,_m %ells are 
r>e1 because we d n "k :]e to look = !m2
 b if we "k & c f9d _! food1 we w f9d ! 
%ellfi% n f> away4 ,"s *ange _! %ape s  
mu* t1 z !y age1 !y h to dissolve all ! 
p>titions made 9 _! y\? 9 ! %ell4 ,!    
eggs ( "s are scatt]$ on ! surface ( !  
wat]1 :ile ! eggs ( o!rs are hat*$ by ! 
"m be=e be+ turn$ adrift4  ,m>9e %ellfi%
 live 9 all k9ds ( places bel[ high wat]
 m>k2 & "s ( ! semi-amphibi\s ones ?rive
 ev5 above ord9>y high wat] m>k1 :]e =  
days at a "t no?+ b ! tops ( ! waves    
c\ld rea* !m4 ,!y are f\nd on seawe$ &  

on rocks1 & on s& or mud-banks2 b       
especially 9 places ne> rocks on m>9e   
grass banks b>e at l[ spr+ tides4 ,"s   
live on ! surface ( ! wat]1 "s burr[ 9  
s& or mud1 & "s bore holes = !mselves 9 
! s(t] rocks4 ,"s live 9 deep wat]2 b ! 
bett] col\r$ %ells are f\nd ne> l[ wat] 
m>k1 or 9 %all[ wat]2 = light is z      
necess>y to ! p]fect+ ( col\r 9 %ells z 
9 fl[]s4 ,%ells t h gr[n 9 a h>b\r are m
 fragile ?an ^? gr[n 9 ! ocean1 & are   
usually less brilliant 9 col\r1 z h>b\r 
wat] is n z clean z ocean wat]4 ,! col\r
 ( %ells 7z ( insects7 dep5ds l>gely on 
environm5t1 & is only "o1 & by no means 
! mo/ reliable1 me?od ( decid+ !        
species4 ,an exp]t c at a glance tell   
:e!r a giv5 %ell has come f %all[ or    
deep wat]1 & :e!r f an expos$ or %elt]$ 
spot4 ,mo/ %ellfi% move ab\t a great    
deal1 & migrate into deep] wat] 9 summ]2
 & on bright cle> days retire into d>k  
corn]s among/1 & ev5 "u1 /ones4 ,on a   
dull day a collector is frequ5tly m     
successful ?an on a bright1 sunny day2 &

 9 spr+ or e>ly summ] ! be/ hauls ( live
 %ells c be made4 ,ne>ly all %ells h an 
epid]mis1 or out] sk94 ,9 "s ?is is v   
app>5t1 z 9 ! ,lotorium ole>ium 7,plate 
,v41 ,fig4 #a71 or ! ,sol5omya p>k9soni 
7,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #ah71 :ile 9 o!rs x 
is ne>ly transp>5t1 & h>dly p]ceptible4 
,to enable ! true col\rs ( a %ell to be 
se5 ! epid]mis mu/ be remov$4  ,!       
suppos$ orig9al =m ( a %ell 0 t ( a     
volute univalve1 su* z ! ,triton 7n[    
,lotorium71 or ,/ru?iol>ia4 ,to prop]ly 
enclose ! animal1 & make x safe f       
enemies1 an op]culum1 or lid1 0 s =m$ t 
:5 ! animal retir$ into ! %ell ?is fill$
 up ! op5+4 ,! op]culum is usually l a  
piece ( ?91 r\gh br[n horn1 & :]e no    
ref]5ce is made to an op]culum 9 ?is "w1
 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! op]culum is      
horny4 ,"s %ells1 su* z ! ,a/ralium     
sulcatum 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ah71 & ! 
,turbo helic9us 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4    
#ag71 h a %elly op]culum2 t ( ! latt]   
be+ ! well-kn[n cat's eye4  ,9 "s %ells 
! op]culum is small1 9 o!rs l>ge1 &     

progress+ /ep by /ep we f9d "s1 su* z ! 
scallop & oy/]1 ) "o side r\nd1 & ! o!r 
7really an op]culum7 flat & z l>ge z !  
%ell2 until we come to ! p]fect type )  
ea* valve ! same %ape & size4 ,!n !     
op]culum disappe>s1 z 9 ! limpet1 & !   
cov]+ %ell becomes small] & small]1 till
 9 ! ,scutum ambiguum 7,plate ,,ix41    
,fig4 #bc7 ! %ell be>s ab\t ! same      
proportion to ! animal t ! little       
bonnet1 fa%ionable a few ye>s ago1 bore 
to ! lady t wore x4 ,! %ell is built up 
( v ?9 lay]s ( nacre1 or "m ( pe>l1 &   
calc>e\s or *alky matt]1 ! ?9n] be+ !   
lay]s ( nacre ! m lu/r\s & iridesc5t is 
! %ell4  ,z w\ld be expect$ f its       
isolat$ position1 _m ( ! g5]a ( ,new    
,zeal& %ells are n f\nd else:]e4 ,! late
 ,pr(essor ,hutton m5tions n9e g5]a 9   
?is position4  ,! disp]sal ( %ells is an
 int]e/+ natural ph5om5on4 ,! eggs (    
molluscs are s small t !y c easily be   
c>ri$ by curr5ts1 atta*$ to float+      
seawe$ or float+ timb]1 on ! hulls (    
%ips1 or 9 ! fea!rs or feet ( our       

migratory birds1 su* z ! godwit1 :i* e  
ye> travels f ,new ,zeal& to ,sib]ia &  
back4 ,a great _m ( our %ells are f\nd  
on ! ,au/ralian coa/s2 & a surpris+     
numb] are common to bo? ,new ,zeal& &   
,que5sl&4  ,9 describ+ ! illu/rations1  
l5g? means extreme l5g?1 & by measur+ ! 
%ell on ! plate ! proportionate wid? c  
be asc]ta9$4 ,! illu/rations are1       
g5]ally speak+1 half ! natural l5g? ( ! 
%ell depict$2 & ! %ell photograph$1     
al?\gh 9 mo/ cases an av]age full-siz$  
specim51 9 "s in/ances 0 small] ?an !   
av]age4  ,illu/ration     ,,*apt] ,,ii  
,,collect+ ,,& ,,clean+ ,,%ells4        
,%ells are describ$ z live & dead %ells4
 ,live %ells are ^? f\nd ) ! animal     
enclos$1 & are m likely to be p]fect 9  
=m & col\r ?an dead %ells4 ,dead %ells  
f\nd among/ rocks are ne>ly always      
batt]$ & worn1 & useless f ! collector's
 po9t ( view4 ,live %ells are f\nd bel[ 
high wat] m>k1 among rocks1 or 9 ! s&1  
or among/ seawe$ & m>9e grasses4  ,wait 
till a /orm f ! sea is end$1 & !n1 if ! 

w9d is bl[+ f ! l&1 a ri* h>ve/ ( live &
 dead %ells w be f\nd on ! s&y bea*es & 
among/ ! seawe$ & wrack t comes a%ore4  
,_m ( ! small] %ells w be f\nd among/ ! 
leaves & roots ( kelp4 ,/>t e>ly 9 !    
morn+1 or pigs1 rats1 & seabirds w h    
de/roy$ ! *oice/ specim5s4 ,ev5 su*     
solid bivalves z ! ,dos9ia w be c>ri$   
skyw>ds by ! gulls & dropp$ on to a h>d 
"p ( ! bea*1 s t ! %ells may be crack$ &
 ! gulls get ! cont5ts4 ,mo/ birds h ?is
 habit2 ev5 ?ru%es c be se5 c>ry+ snails
 up 9 ! air & dropp+ !m on to pa?s4     
,soak ! dead %ells 9 hot wat] = a few   
h\rs to get rid ( ! salt1 & !n scrub ) a
 h>d bru%1 or1 if encru/$ or v dirty1   
rub ) s&1 us+ a bru% or clo?4 ,no ne$ to
 fe> hurt+ !m1 unless v fragile1 9 :i*  
case ! be/ ?+ is a s(t too?bru%1 ) f9e  
s&4 ,if pat*es ( dirt1 or encru/ations1 
/ill rema91 scrape ) a piece ( h>d wood 
or a knife4 ,z a la/ res\rce use        
muriatic acid1 dilut$ ) an equal volume 
( wat]2 b be c>eful to put x only on !  
spots to be clean$1 us+ a p5hold]1 or   

small /ick1 ) a small piece ( rag ti$ to
 ! po9t4 ,! inside ( ! %ell1 if         
discol\r$1 c be clean$ 9 ! same way4 ,:5
 clean$1 wa% aga9 c>efully1 & dry       
?or\ghly4 ,!n rub ! %ell ) a mixture (  
sew+ ma*9e oil & *lor(orm 9 equal p>ts4 
,! ma*9e oil1 be+ fi% oil1 w replace !  
oil ! %ell has lo/1 & *lor(orm is ! be/ 
re/or] ( col\r we h4 ,= v delicate %ells
 poppy oil is sometimes us$2 b x is     
exp5sive & difficult to obta94  ,!      
greate/ tr\ble is gett+ ! animal out (  
live %ells4 ,an?ills are few & small 9  
,new ,zeal&1 s ! lazy man's me?od (     
putt+ %ells on an an?ill1 & lett+ !     
insects d ! "w1 is impracticable4 ,boil+
 = a m9ute w n hurt ! /rong] & heavi]   
%ells2 b ev5 p\r+ boil+ wat] on ! m     
delicate %ells w cause !m 9 "t to fade4 
,aft] tak+ ! %ells out ( ! boil+ wat]1  
let !m cool1 & !n place !m 9 cold1 fre% 
wat] = a c\ple ( days 9 summ] or = a    
week 9 w9t]1 *ang+ ! wat] e day4 ,!     
animal c !n usually be remov$ ) a       
bradawl1 or1 bett] /ill1 a sail ne$le   

/uck into a cork4 ,al?\gh soak+ 9 fre%  
wat] = a few days makes ! animal slip   
out m easily1 /ill a l>ge proportion w  
break dur+ extraction4 ,! piece left    
beh9d mu/ also be extract$1 or ! %ell w 
be (f5sive4 ,! co>s] %ells c be buri$ = 
a few mon?s 9 s&y soil1 or = a few weeks
 on a s&y bea* bel[ high wat] m>k1 or   
put 9 baskets or bags made ( tw9e or    
nett+1 & plac$ 9 tidal pools1 or fa/5$  
to /akes at l[ wat] m>k1 :]e ! m>9e     
insects w quickly d _! %>e ( ! "w4 ,or  
!y may be buri$ 9 a boxful ( clean s& or
 s&y soil1 & ! s& kept moi/ by wat]+ x e
 few days4 ,! box is all ! bett] = be+  
put away 9 a damp place "u a tree1 or on
 ! %ady side ( a build+ or f5ce4 ,?is1  
h[ev]1 is a sl[ process1 & if ! specim5s
 are requir$ at once1 ! be/ way is to   
extract all y c ( ! animal by ! hot wat]
 & soak+ process1 & !n keep ! %ell      
half-full ( wat] 9 a %ady place1 e morn+
 hold+ x "u a wat] tap & %ak+ x         
c>efully4 ,aft] ea* %ak+ a v little pure
 muriatic acid may be put into ! %ell1 &

 :5 all ! eff]vesc+ f ! acid is ov]1 wa%
 & %ake x aga94 ,two or ?ree morn+s (   
?is treatm5t %\ld clean ! %ell4 ,! m    
delicate %ells w lose _! col\r if put   
into boil+ wat]1 s fir/ put ! boil+ wat]
 9 a bas9 & !n place ! %ells 9 x4 ,ne>ly
 all salt wat] %ellfi%1 if soak$ = a few
 h\rs 9 fre% wat]1 w die4 ,! only       
exceptions ,i "k ( are ! ,n]ita &       
,littor9a1 families :i* are             
semi-amphibi\s4 ,! be/ way to remove    
coral or vegetable gr[?s f %ells is to  
leave !m = a few weeks1 or if v h>d1 = a
 few mon?s1 9 a %ady place1 :]e ! w9d & 
ra9 c get at !m1 b n ! sun4 ,! gr[?s w  
!n be suffici5tly s(t to be scrap$ (f ) 
a piece ( h>d wood or a knife1 or rubb$ 
(f ) s&4 ,x is a good plan to oil or    
pa/e calico ov] portions n cov]$ )      
gr[?s1 s z to r$uce ! risk ( ! col\r    
fad+4 ,:5 ! animal is remov$ & ! gr[?   
clean$ away1 wa%1 scrub1 & dry1 z ) dead
 %ells4  ,%ellfi% are sometimes obta9$  
by dr$g+ ) a naturali/'s dr$ge1 or by   
div+ = !m1 or lift+ !m out ( ! wat] )   

in/rum5ts su* z hay =ks & hooks4 ,s&y   
bea*es & banks yield _m ( ! mo/         
beautiful specim5s1 b only ) exp]i5ce w 
! collector be able to id5tify ! m>ks ( 
! syphons ( ! v>i\s %ellfi%4 ,ne>ly all 
%ellfi% t burr[ h two syphons1 or tubes1
 :i* !y pu% ?r\gh ! s&4 ,! wat] is drawn
 d[n "o syphon & up ! o!r2 & z x passes 
?r\gh its /oma* ! mollusc absorbs !     
animal & vegetable p>ticles 9 ! wat]4   
,"s ( ^! %ellfi% live feet bel[ !       
surface ( ! s&2 "s1 su* z ! common      
cockle1 only a fraction ( an in*4       
,app>5tly ev5 cockles d n come to !     
surface1 except to die4 ,"s in/9ct seems
 to urge a %ellfi%1 :5 sick unto dea?1  
to save its fell[s f infection by leav+ 
! common %elt]4 ,cockles f\nd on !      
surface are to be avoid$ z unheal?y1 &1 
unless !y die naturally1 are soon kill$ 
by ! c>nivor\s %ellfi%4 ,x does n take  
"o ( ! :elk family long to bore a hole 9
 ! c5tre ( ! cockle %ell4 ,x kn[s too   
mu* to risk hav+ its radula1 or tongue1 
nipp$ (f by putt+ x betwe5 ! p>tly-op5  

valves ( ! dy+ cockle4 ,! end ( !       
syphon1 :i* projects f ! s&1 is l a     
m9iature sea anemone4 ,ea* s&-burr[+    
%ellfi% has a diff]5t %ap$ end to its   
syphon1 & ! skill$ collector c tell at a
 glance :at %ellfi% is d[n bel[4 ,if he 
c grip ! syphon ) 8 h& he w h no        
difficulty 9 digg+ up ! %ellfi%1 ev5 su*
 a deep-liv+ "o z ! ,panopaea 7,plate   
,,viii41 ,fig4 #c71 "o ( :i* 0 captur$  
by ,mr4 ,c4 ,sp5c] on ,*elt5ham ,bea*1  
ne> ,takapuna ,head1 9 ,auckl& ,h>b\r4  
,i believe ?is 0 ! only ,panopaea       
captur$ 9 ,new ,zeal& 9 situ1 & 0 ab\t  
eighte5 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! s& at  
half-tide m>k4 ,if he miss gripp+ !     
syphon he w probably lose ! %ellfi%2 z x
 c burr[ ne>ly z fa/ z a man c dig ) 8  
h&4 ,a beg9n] _c d bett] ?an take a     
small spade1 & walk along a s&y bea* at 
l[ wat]4 ,z ! tide beg9s to rise1 & !   
buri$ %ellfi% feel ! wat]1 he w see ! s&
 mov+1 or %[+ signs ( life2 & if he digs
 quickly en\gh he may une>? r>e &       
beautiful specim5s = 8 cab9et4  ,:]ev]  

animals or vegetables are cr[d$1 disease
 appe>s4 ,?is is true ( molluscs1 & x is
 seldom wor? :ile look+ = a specim5 fit 
= a collection :]e any p>ticul> k9d (   
%ellfi% lives 9 great numb]s4 ,animal & 
vegetable p>asites w be f\nd :]ev]      
%ellfi% are cr[d$ toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 a 
p]fect cockle1 or "o good en\gh = a     
collection1 w n be f\nd on a cockle     
bank1 b solit>y ones mu/ be look$ =     
else:]e4  ,illu/ration     ,,*apt]      
,,iii4  ,,description ,,( ,,plates4     
,among/ ! be/ kn[n %ells 9 any "p ( ! _w
 ! ,nautilus takes a lead+ position4    
,nam$ ,argonauta by sci5tific m51 aft] !
 ,argonautae1 or sailors ( ! ,argo1 x   
has be5 ! subject ( _m leg5ds f ! e>lie/
 times4 ,ari/otle describes x z float+  
on ! surface ( ! sea 9 f9e wea!r1 &     
hold+ out its sail-%ap$ arms to !       
breeze4 ,?is is n[ kn[n to be incorrect1
 z ! use x makes ( ^! arms is to help x 
9 swimm+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,new ,zeal&'s    
specim51 ! ,argonauta nodosa1 also kn[n 
z ,argonauta argo1 ! mo/ beautiful ( !  

f\r kn[n species1 is depict$ on ,plate  
,i4 ,be+ a float+ %ell1 & f\nd ev5      
hundr$s ( miles f l&1 our ,nautilus is n
 peculi> to ,new ,zeal&4 ,its beautiful 
:ite1 horny-look+ %ell c be obta9$ f mo/
 p>ts ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 b 
9 no "p ( ! _w c f9] specim5s ?an ours  
be f\nd4 ,x is kn[n to ! ,maoris z      
,muheke or ,ngu1 & colloquially z !     
,pap] ,nautilus4  ,! animal t produces  
?is %ell belongs to ! octopus1 or       
cuttlefi%1 family4 ,! male is an        
insignificant-look+ octopus1 ab\t an in*
 long4 ,! female gr[s _m times l>g]1 z c
 be imag9$ f a glance at ! %ell 9 !     
plate1 :i* measur$ n9e in*es across1 & 0
 f\nd at ,mayor ,isl&1 9 ! ,bay (       
,pl5ty1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4   
,c4 ,sp5c]4  ,9 ! %ell ! female lays h] 
eggs1 & 9 x ! "y are hat*$4 ,unlike all 
o!r %ells1 ! ,nautilus is n m\ld$ on !  
animal1 nor is %e ev5 atta*$ to h] %ell 
by muscles4 ,:5 wa%$ a%ore %e c wriggle 
out ( h] %ell & swim away4 ,9 h] %ell %e
 lies z 9 a boat1 propell+ h]self by    

sl[ly suck+ up wat]1 & viol5tly eject+ x
 ?r\gh a funnel1 or syphon1 at ! same "t
 us+ h] arms z o>s1 to increase h] spe$4
 ,dame ,nautilus c s9k to ! bottom ( !  
sea if %e *ooses2 & :5 wi%+ to crawl    
ab\t ! s& or rocks %e turns ov] & c>ries
 h] %ell on h] back1 l a snail4  ,beside
 ! ,nautilus is h] little c\s91 !       
,spirula p]oni1 :i* sometimes1 al?\gh n 
q sci5tifically correct1 is call$ an    
,ammonite4 ,our ,nautilus is frequ5tly  
f\nd alive1 b only "o liv+ specim5 ( ?is
 ,ammonite has hi!rto be5 caught1 ?\gh  
sev]al %ells h be5 obta9$ f diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! _w ) portions ( ! fi% atta*$4      
,nei!r t[+ nets nor dr$ges h be5        
successful 9 cat*+ ! ,ammonite1 s x     
evid5tly does n live ei!r on ! surface  
or bottom ( ! sea1 b probably betwe5 !  
two1 9 deep wat]4 ,! %ell is 9 a numb] (
 divisions1 connect$ by a f9e tube1 & no
 d\bt its use is to regulate ! dep? at  
:i* ! animal wi%es to /ay4 ,?is !       
creature does by fill+ a numb] ( !      
divisions ) wat] or air1 accord+ z x    

wi%es to s9k deep] or float upw>ds4     
,aft] a gale1 on look+ among/ ! wrack   
ca/ up by ! highe/ waves1 l>ge numb]s ( 
our ,spirula w be f\nd4 ,light & fragile
 ! %ells are1 & !y ride a%ore )\t       
injury1 & frequ5tly are f\nd cov]$ )    
small b>nacles1 a pro( t _m weeks mu/ h 
elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ! own] & ! ca/+  
a%ore ( its %ell4 ,9 places 9 ,new      
,zeal&1 & else:]e1 l>ge fossil deposits 
( ,spirula p]oni occur4 ,x is wor?      
rememb]+ t1 ev5 ?\gh ?is %ell is f\nd z 
f> away z ,engl&1 ! only liv+ specim5 0 
caught on ! ,new ,zeal& coa/4 ,our only 
o!r float+ %ells are ?ree species (     
,jan?9a1 or violet %ells1 two ( :i* are 
%[n on ,plate ,,vii41 ,figures #a & #b4 
,! fir/ ?ree %ells on ,plate ,,ii4      
belong to ! ,murex family4 ,f ?is       
species ! anci5t ,tyrians obta9$ a      
portion ( _! celebrat$ purple dye4 ,!   
,jan?9a family 7,plate ,,vii471 h[ev]1  
contribut$ ! great] portion4 ,! dye 0   
extract$ by bruis+ ! small] %ells 9     
mort>s4  ,,murex ,,zel&icus 7,plate     

,,ii474--,fig4 #a is kn[n z ! spid]     
%ell1 f ! sp9es1 :i* look l spid]'s     
legs4 ,x is a :ite or greyi% %ell1 ab\t 
two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! long sp9es w\ld    
int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ?is ,murex if x _h n 
! p[] ( dissolv+ !m z ! outside ( "o    
:orl becomes ! inside ( ! next4 ,!      
removal is suppos$ to be assi/$ by      
*emical action1 z ! saliva ( "s %ellfi% 
is kn[n to conta9 a small p]c5tage (    
muriatic acid4 ,su* p[]s h "s %ellfi% ( 
dissolv+ or alt]+ ! =m ( _! %ells1 t !  
,cyprae1 or ,c[ry1 our repres5tative (  
:i* family is ! ,trivia au/ralis 7,plate
 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #bi71 n only c dissolve !
 inn] "p ( its %ell1 b c deposit new    
lay]s on ! outside4 ,?is ,murex lives on
 s& 9 ! op5 ocean1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,nor?  
,isl& only4  ,,murex ,,octogonus 7,plate
 ,,ii474--,fig #b is a slightly long]   
%ell ?an ! ,murex zel&icus1 &1 l x1 is  
f\nd only 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&4 ,b 9 place ( 
be+ r\nd or oval1 ?is %ell is octagonal1
 f :i* peculi>ity x d]ives its "n4 ,!   
grooves t cross ! %ell are deep1 &      

betwe5 !m are small curv$ sp9es4 ,! %ell
 is ?ick & solid1 ! ext]ior be+ r$di%   
:ite1 sometimes /a9$ ) br[n4 ,!re is a  
small] v>iety ( ?is %ell1 d>k] 9 col\r &
 ) m num]\s sp9es ?an ! photograph$     
specim5s %[n4  ,,murex ,,eos 7,plate    
,,ii474--,fig4 #c is a beautiful p9k    
%ell1 ab\t an in* long4 ,dead %ells only
 h be5 f\nd1 & a good specim5 is mu*    
priz$4 ,none ( ! ,murex family are      
common1 & !y are seldom f\nd alive4     
,murex eos1 al?\gh exi/+ 9 ,tasmania &  
,au/ralia1 has s f> be5 f\nd 9 ,new     
,zeal& n[h]e ,s\? ( ! ,bay ( ,isl&s4    
,,murex ,,ramosus4--,two specim5s ( ?is 
well-kn[n ,isl& %ell h be5 f\nd 9       
,tauranga dur+ ! la/ five ye>s4 ,"o     
excell5t specim51 #h-a_/b in*es long1 0 
a live %ell1 & is n[ 9 ! possession (   
,mrs4 ,t4 ,m4 ,humphreys1 ( ,tauranga4  
,an illu/ration ( ?is %ell w be f\nd on 
,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #aj4  ,,trophon       
,,/ang]i 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #d is a 
r\gh grey %ell1 ) a d>k purple int]ior4 
,x is cov]$ ) p>allel ridges & l9es1 :i*

 are kn[n z v>ices1 v ?9 & close toge!r1
 & runn+ f ! apex to ! m\? ( ! %ell4 ,x 
is ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & usually f\nd on 
cockle banks 9 h>b\rs4  ,,trophon       
,,ambiguus 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #e is 
9 %ape v l ! ,murex /ang]i1 b twice !   
dim5sions1 & c be easily di/+ui%$1 z !  
v>ices are mu* high] & fur!r ap>t2      
besides :i* !y cross "o ano!r at "r     
angles1 =m+ a p]fect network1 & !       
int]ior is p9ki% br[n4 ,?is %ell is f\nd
 on ocean bea*es1 z well z on cockle    
banks4  ,,trophon ,,*eesemani 7,plate   
,,ii474--,fig4 #f is a small1 grey      
,trophon1 ) a d>k int]ior4 ,! %ell is   
deeply groov$1 & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an  
in* long4 ,f\nd1 s f>1 only on ! ,we/   
,coa/1 ne> ,waikato ,heads4 ,we h #c o!r
 small ,trophons1 two ( :i* are %[n on  
,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4        
,,ancilla ,,au/ralis 7,plate            
,,ii47--,fig4 #g 7also kn[n z ! ,new    
,zeal& ,olive7 is a beautiful clean     
bright %ell1 & looks z if cov]$ ) %9+   
enamel4 ,! upp] "p ( %ells ( ! ,ancilla 

family is kept poli%$ by ! mollusc's    
foot1 :i* swells to su* an ext5t :5 !   
animal is mov+ ab\t t ! :ole %ell is    
conceal$ 9 its folds4 ,! broad b& 9 !   
c5tre is usually d>k *e/nut or br[ni%   
purple1 ! po9ts ( ! %ell be+ tipp$ )    
d>k] %ades ( ! same col\r4 ,! int]ior is
 purpli%4 ,l>ge numb]s are f\nd on !    
edges ( *annels 9 h>b\rs1 buri$ 9 ! s&2 
b _! pres5ce is easily locat$ by !      
oval-%ap$ m\nd "u :i* !y conceal        
!mselves4 ,:5 wa%$ up on ocean bea*es1  
!y are frequ5tly blea*$ to a br[n or    
*ocolate col\r4 ,! ,maoris sometimes use
 !m = buttons1 & v pretty buttons !     
m$ium-siz$ ones make4 ,! l>ge/ ,i h se5 
7 two in*es long4 ,!re are two o!r k9ds 
( ,ancilla f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! "o mu* 
l>g]1 & ! o!r mu* small]1 ?an ! "o      
depict$4 ,! l>g] is ,ancilla            
pyramidalis1 ! small] ,ancilla          
mucronata4 ,! native names are ,pupurore
 & ,tikoaka4  ,,purpura ,,succ9cta      
7,plate ,,ii474--,figs4 #h & #i is f\nd 
all ov] ! ,nor? ,isl&1 on ocean bea*es &

 9 h>b\rs4 ,x may h a comp>atively smoo?
 ext]ior1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 or be deeply    
groov$1 z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! int]ior is     
usually yell[ or br[n1 & g5]ally has a  
pale b& r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! out] lip4 ,x is 
v v>iable 9 col\r & g5]al outside       
appe>ance1 & al?\gh at "o "t divid$ by  
naturali/s into #c or #d v>ieties1 "u   
diff]5t names1 x is n[ believ$ to be    
only "o v v>iable species4  ,,purpura   
,,scob9a 7,plate ,,ii47--,fig4 #aj 7late
 ,polytropa scob9a7 is a r\gh1 ?ick1    
br[n %ell1 ) a d>k int]ior4 ,x v>ies 9  
col\r & %ape1 & is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ,new  
,zeal& on surf-beat5 rocks4 ,x is       
usually "u an in* 9 l5g?4  ,,purpura    
,,hau/rum 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig #aa     
7late ,polytropa hau/rum7 is a br[n     
%ell1 ) a greyi% or yell[ int]ior4 ,x is
 f\nd 9 great numb]s on rocks 9 all p>ts
 ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,sometimes x is ov] ?ree
 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! animal equals !       
,com9ella 9 voracity4 ,! ,maori "n is   
,kak>e1 or ,kaeo1 bo? ( :i* names are   
also giv5 to ! ,a/ralium sulcatum       

7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ah74  ,,scaphella 
,,pacifica 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #ab   
7late ,voluta pacifica7 is a yell[ or   
*e/nut-col\r$ %ell1 ) d>k m>k+s1 & is   
sometimes n9e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is f\nd 9
 l>ge numb]s wa%$ up on ! bea*es 9 bo?  
,isl&s aft] gales1 & v>ies s mu* 9      
col\r1 m>k+s1 & %ape t a good pair is   
seldom procurable4 ,sometimes ev5 !     
nodules1 or lumps1 %[n 9 ! plate1 are   
want+1 & sometimes ! m>k+s are want+4 ,x
 0 until lately kn[n z ! ,voluta        
pacifica1 be+ "o ( ! well-kn[n ,volute  
family4 ,x lives 9 ! s& on expos$       
bea*es4 ,! ,maori "n is ,pupurore1 :i*  
"n is also us$ = ! ,ancilla au/ralis    
7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #g74  ,,scaphella  
,,gracilis 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #ac   
7late ,voluta gracilis71 besides be+    
small] & n>r[] ?an ! ,scaphella         
pacifica1 is di/+ui%$ by ! m>k+s1 :i* 9 
! latt] appe> to =m b&s1 :ile 9 ! =m] !y
 d n4 ,) su* a v>iable %ell1 h[ev]1 x is
 difficult to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4     
,,mitra ,,melaniana 7,plate             

,,ii474--,fig4 #ad is a d>k             
*ocolate-col\r$ mitre-%ap$ %ell4 ,be+   
smoo? & ( ! same col\r1 bo? int]nally & 
ext]nally1 x _c be mi/ak54 ,ab\t a score
 ( dead ones1 v>y+ f "o & a-half to two 
in*es 9 l5g?1 h be5 f\nd by my fri5ds & 
myself on ! ocean bea*es ne> ! entrance 
to ,tauranga ,h>b\r1 & at ,maketu1 9 !  
,bay ( ,pl5ty4 ,?is is a p>ticul>ly     
int]e/+ discov]y1 z ! ,mitre %ells 7s   
call$ f _! %ape resembl+ t ( a bi%op's  
mitre7 hi!rto f\nd out ( ! tropics 7    
m9ute4 ,we h "o o!r ,mitre %ell1 :i* is 
p9k or br[ni%1 & "u "o-?ird ( an in*    
long4  ,plate ,,iii4 repres5ts two ( our
 l>ge/ & mo/ h&some %ells4 ,,dolium     
,,v>iegatum1 ! upp] figure 7f ,lat9     
dolium--a j> ) a wide m\?7 is a yell[i% 
br[n %ell1 ) d>k br[n spots1 & exce$s   
six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,be+ fragile1 & hav+ a
 v wide m\?1 p]fect specim5s are r>e1   
al?\gh numb]s ( brok5 %ells are f "t to 
"t wa%$ up on ! ocean bea*es 9 !        
,prov9ce ( ,auckl&4 ,x lives 9 s&1 b    
sometimes may be f\nd crawl+ among/     

rocks4 ,x has no op]culum4 ,! ,au/ralian
 specim5s are m h&some ?an ! ,new ,zeal&
 ones4 ,! ,maori "n is ,pupuwaitai4     
,,lotorium ,,rubicundum4--,! l[] figure1
 until lately kn[n z ! ,triton nodif]us1
 f ! old leg5d t x 0 ! %ell on :i*      
,triton blew at ! bidd+ ( ,neptune to   
calm or r\se ! waves1 is a heavy1 solid 
%ell1 v>y+ a great deal 9 %ape & col\r2 
b usually br[ni% p9k1 v>iegat$ ) d>k    
br[n4 ,no difficulty w be f\nd 9        
id5tify+ x4 ,! specim5s f ,au/ralia h m 
p9k & less br[n1 & are n q z f9e z ^? ( 
,new ,zeal&4 ,x is f\nd on rocks &      
grassy banks 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 b f be+   
sluggi% 9 its habits ! po9t ( ! spire 9 
l>ge %ells is usually worm-eat51 & good 
specim5s ov] six in*es long are seldom  
se54 ,! ,lotorium tritonis1 ! l>ge/     
univalve 9 ! _w1 is simil> to !         
,lotorium rubicundum1 b n q z solid or  
heavy4 ,x has occasionally be5 f\nd 9 ! 
,nor!rn "p ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,maoris us$
 x z a trumpet1 fa/5+ a m\?-piece to !  
spire4 ,! ,polynesian specim5s ( !      

,lotorium tritonis atta9 a l5g? ( ne>ly 
?ree feet1 b n9e or t5 in*es is !       
extreme l5g? ( our specim5s4 ,! ,maori  
"n is ,pupukak>a1 or ,put>a4            
,,siphonalia ,,dilatata 7,plate         
,,iv474--,fig4 #a has a pale yell[ or   
gre5i% int]ior1 ! outside be+ r$di%     
br[n4 ,common on s&y1 expos$ bea*es1 &  
is sometimes ov] five in*es long4 ,!    
,maori "n is ,on>e roa4  ,,siphonalia   
,,m&>9a 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #b gr[s  
to ! same l5g? z ! ,dilatata2 b is a    
n>r[] & m graceful %ell4 ,! int]ior is  
usually gre5i%4 ,f\nd 9 ! same          
localities z ! ,siphonalia dilatata4    
,,siphonalia ,,nodosa 7,plate           
,,iv474--,fig4 #c is a pretty %ell1     
sometimes #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,! int]ior
 is :iti%1 & ! ext]ior ! same col\r1 )  
purple & :ite m>k+s4 ,x is common on    
ocean bea*es & s& banks 9 h>b\rs4       
,,/ru?iol>ia ,,papulosa 7,plate         
,,iv474--,fig4 #d is a h&some yell[i%   
%ell1 ) br[n or purpli% /ripes4 ,!      
int]ior is purple4 ,! nodules on ! :orls

 are v prom95t4 ,?is %ell is sometimes  
f\r in*es long1 & ! lip1 :5 ! %ell has  
atta9$ full size1 is rem>kably /rong &  
solid1 =m+ a %ell r+4 ,f ?is x is kn[n z
 ! r+ %ell4 ,9 "s places ! lips1 blea*$ 
to a p]fect :it5ess1 come a%ore 9 great 
numb]s1 ! m delicate body ( ! %ell hav+ 
be5 brok5 to pieces among ! rocks4 ,^!  
r+s are sometimes se5 /rung toge!r z    
ornam5ts4 ,! lip does n =m till ! %ell  
has atta9$ its full gr[?1 & ?\gh ! %ell 
is fairly common 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 x is  
r>e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is edible1 & mu* e/eem$
 by "s p4 ,! ,maori "n is ,kaikai k>oro1
 :i* is also ! "n = ! ,*ione co/ata     
7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #bf71 & ! ,mactra
 aequilat]a 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig #aj74 
,x is also call$ ,tote r]e4             
,,/ru?iol>ia ,,v]mis 7,plate            
,,iv474--,fig4 #e is small] ?an !       
,/ru?iol>ia papulosa1 :i* x resembles 9 
its habits ( gr[?4 ,x is a pale br[ni%  
or yell[i% %ell1 usually )\t nodules2 & 
on ! edge ( ea* :orl ne>e/ to ! spire is
 a groove1 z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! be/      

,/ru?iol>ia papulosa are f\nd 9 ! clean 
s&y m>g9s ( tidal *annels1 b _! burr[+  
habits make !m difficult to detect4 ,i h
 nev] f\nd ! ,/ru?iol>ia v]mis except   
ca/ up on ocean bea*es1 & x is          
comp>atively r>e4 ,! ,/ru?iol>ia family1
 :i* d]ives its "n f ,/ru?io1 an o/ri*1 
z its m\? is suppos$ to be %ap$ l an    
o/ri*'s foot1 is f\nd only 9 ,new       
,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 & ,k]guel5's ,l&4 ,! 
,maori "n is ,takai4  ,,eu?ria ,,l9eata 
7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #f 7late ,pisania
 l9eata7 is a solid1 heavy %ell1 v>y+ f 
grey to br[n1 & ! l9es %[n 9 ! plate are
 almo/ black4 ,x is sometimes "o &      
a-half in*es long1 & is f\nd "u /ones & 
rocks4 ,! col\rs v>y v mu*1 & ! l9es1 9 
numb] & bread?1 v>y ev5 m4  ,,eu?ria    
,,flavesc5s 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #i   
7late ,pisania flavesc5s7 is a :iti% or 
orange v>iety1 ) v pale m>k+s1 & mu*    
small] ?an ! ,eu?ria l9eata4  ,,eu?ria  
,,vittata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #aj    
7late ,pisania vittata7 is a            
yell[i%-br[n %ell1 ) broad br[n b&s4    

,ano!r v>iety ( ! ,eu?ria is some:at l !
 ,com9ella lurida 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4  
#g7 9 %ape & size4 ,ano!r1 ! ,eu?ria    
littor9oides1 is an orange-br[n %ell1 b 
! int]ior ( ! ap]ture is a pale         
fle%-col\r4 ,9 o!r respects1 x is l !   
,eu?ria l9eata4 ,x is v difficult to    
draw any di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 
! v>ieties ( ?is v>iable %ell4  ,figs4  
#g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad are ( !    
,com9ella family1 ! ,new ,zeal&         
repres5tatives ( ! voraci\s ,engli%     
:elks4  ,,com9ella ,,lurida 7,plate     
,,iv474--,fig4 #g is ! mo/ active &1 =  
its size1 ! mo/ voraci\s ( our %ellfi%4 
,f\nd 9 all h>b\rs 9 ! ,prov9ce (       
,auckl&1 ev5 up to high wat] m>k1 ?is   
gre$y little animal1 seldom m ?an an in*
 long1 is well wor? wat*+4 ,9 "s        
localities1 :5 a c>t has be5 driv5 along
 a bea*1 ! track1 z soon z ! tide rea*es
 x1 w sw>m ) ! ,com9ella lurida4 ,!y are
 look+ = cockles or o!r %ellfi% sma%$ by
 ! :eel1 & w ev5 burr[ 9 ! s& to get at 
!m4 ,if y lift up a brok5 or injur$     

cockle1 "s w cl+ to x ) _! rasp-l       
tongues till !y are lift$ out ( ! wat]4 
,9 calm1 sunny wea!r1 :at looks l little
 bits ( fat or c&le-grease w be se5     
float+ ) ! ris+ tide 9 v %all[ wat]4 ,^!
 are ,com9ella lurida1 :i* h p]haps eat5
 up ev]y?+ 9 _! vic9ity1 & h !re=e      
decid$ to emigrate4 ,a ,com9ella lurida1
 :5 %ift+ camp1 w turn upside d[n1      
spread out its l>ge :ite foot into a    
cup-%ape1 & let ! ris+ tide sweep x     
along4 ,!y v>y v mu*1 f grey to purple  
or black1 & sometimes ev5 a mixture (   
two or m ( ^! col\rs4  ,,com9ella       
,,huttoni 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #h is a
 small pale br[n %ell1 spott$ )         
r$di%-br[n4 ,! ridges on ! ext]ior ( !  
%ell make x easy to id5tify4  ,,com9ella
 ,,maculata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #aa  
is a yell[i% %ell1 ) r$di%-purple spots 
on ! outside1 ! int]ior be+ also yell[4 
,its l5g? is sometimes ov] two in*es1 & 
x is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on s&y or %elly 
bea*es1 ne> l[-wat] m>k1 9 ! ,nor?      
,isl&4 ,al?\gh a heavy1 solid %ell1 x is

 ( co>se texture1 & !re=e op5 to attacks
 by animal & vegetable p>asites4 ,a l>ge
 specim5 9 good ord] is by no means     
common1 ! spire1 or upp] end ( ! %ell1 z
 %[n 9 ! plate1 be+ usually worm-eat54  
,,com9ella ,,te/ud9ea 7,plate           
,,iv474--,fig4 #ab is a h&some purple   
%ell1 ! int]ior be+ d>k] ?an ! ext]ior4 
,x is ab\t ! same l5g? z ! ,com9ella    
maculata1 b n>r[]1 & ! %ell is ?9n] &   
h>d]4 ,! ext]ior is cov]$ ) br[n & :ite 
spots & spla%es4 ,x is common 9 ! ,nor? 
,isl& & z f> s\? z ,banks' ,p59sula4 ,x 
is f\nd on cockle banks & among/ rocks1 
especially ^? :]e s& is mix$ ) mud4 ,!  
"n ,te/ud9ea1 f ,lat9 te/udo1 a         
tortoise1 is an appropriate "o1 z :5    
held up to ! light ?is ,com9ella looks l
 tortoise-%ell4  ,,com9ella ,,virgata   
7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #ac is a         
greyi%-br[n %ell1 ! rais$ l9es1 or      
ridges1 t cross x be+ almo/ black4 ,i h 
r>ely f\nd x1 except among/ rocks 9 !   
h>b\rs4 ,x is mu* n>r[] ?an ! ,com9ella 
te/ud9ea1 & n q z long4 ,! be/ way to   

obta9 good specim5s ( ^! two ,com9ella  
is to break limpets1 or o!r %ellfi%1 &  
?r[ !m into %all[ wat]1 close to rocks4 
,9 a few m9utes1 on revisit+ ! baits1 ! 
be/ specim5s c be select$ = ! cab9et4   
,,com9ella ,,nassoides 7,plate          
,,iv474--,fig4 #ad is a p9ki%-yell[     
%ell1 ) v pron\nc$ ridges on ! ext]ior4 
,! int]ior is br[ni%4 ,s f>1 ,i h he>d (
 its be+ f\nd only 9 ! ,s\? ,isl& & !   
,*a?ams4  ,,lotorium ,,ole>ium 7,plate  
,v474--,fig4 #a 7late ,triton ole>ium7  
is a mottl$ br[n & :ite %ell1 simil> 9  
its habits to ! ,lotorium rubicundum    
7,plate ,,iii471 b usually f\nd on      
grassy banks 9 h>b\rs at or bel[ l[ wat]
 m>k4 ,! second figure on ! plate is a  
good specim5 ( ?is %ell1 ) its epid]mis 
unt\*$1 :ile ! fir/ figure has _h !     
epid]mis remov$4 ,to su* %ells z ?is & !
 ,sol5omya p>k9soni 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4
 #ah7 ! epid]mis adds an additional     
beauty1 & to pres]ve x ,i h us$ a       
prep>ation ( glyc]9e & *loride (        
calcium1 be+ c>eful to put x on be=e !  

epid]mis has "t to dry or crack4        
,,apollo ,,argus 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #b
 7late ,ranella argus7 is a :ite or     
light grey %ell1 cov]$ ) a ?9           
*e/nut-br[n epid]mis4 ,! l9es t %[ s    
di/9ctly on ! figure are d>k *e/nut4 ,x 
is f\nd on ocean bea*es 9 bo? ,isl&s1 & 
atta9s a l5g? ( f\r in*es4  ,,apollo    
,,au/ralasia 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #c    
7late ,ranella leuco/oma7 is a          
r$di%-br[n %ell1 cov]$ ) a f9e hairy    
epid]mis4 ,! int]ior is purple4 ,x is   
f\nd among/ rocks 9 ! op5 sea ar\nd !   
,nor? ,isl&4 ,! edge ( ! lip is v deeply
 groov$4 ,x atta9s a l5g? ( #d in*es4   
,,lotorium ,,sp5gl]i 7,plate            
,v474--,fig4 #d 7late ,triton sp5gl]i7  
is a yell[i%-:ite %ell1 cov]$ ) a pale  
br[n transp>5t epid]mis4 ,! l9es %[n on 
! plate m>k ! grooves :i* cross ! %ell1 
& are slightly d>k] 9 %ade ?an ! ridges4
 ,x atta9s a l5g? ( five in*es1 & is    
f\nd on ! grass banks 9 %elt]$ places4  
,,semi-,,cassis ,,pyrum 7,plate         
,v474--,fig4 #e1 ! helmet %ell1 f !     

,lat9 cassis1 a helmet1 is famili> to   
resid5ts on ! seaside1 bo? 9 ,au/ralia &
 ,new ,zeal&1 z x is a h&some %ell1     
sometimes upw>ds ( f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! 
col\r v>ies a good deal1 b is usually   
p9ki%-:ite or pale *e/nut1 ! wavy spots 
arrang$ 9 b&s r\nd ! %ell be+ usually   
d>k br[n4 ,sometimes ! %ell is ne>ly    
:ite4 ,aft] heavy gales numb]s are wa%$ 
up on ocean bea*es f ! s&y banks on :i* 
!y live4  ,,semi-,,cassis ,,labiata     
7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #f 7late ,cassis   
a*at9a7 is a small] & n>r[] %ell ?an !  
=m]1 & some:at r>e4 ,! d>k m>k+s are    
spla%$1 & n arrang$ 9 b&s1 !reby giv+ ! 
%ell a mottl$ appe>ance4 ,! int]ior is  
br[n or purpli%4  ,,lotorium ,,cornutum 
7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #g is a bright     
r$di%-yell[ %ell1 cov]$ ) a v long      
epid]mis1 :i* makes ! %ell appe> m ?an  
d\ble its real size4 ,i h f\nd a doz5 or
 m ( !m on ! ocean bea*es 9 ! ,bay (    
,pl5ty4 ,!y 7 all dead %ells1 ab\t "o & 
a-half in*es long1 & ! epid]mis 0 want+4
 ,! unev51 blunt-po9t$ lumps1 ) :i* ?is 

%ell is cov]$1 make x easily recognis$4 
,i h n he>d ( its be+ f\nd any:]e 9 ,new
 ,zeal&1 except 9 ! ,bay ( ,pl5ty1 b x  
is fairly common 9 ,sydney4             
,,callio/oma ,,tigris 7,plate           
,,vi474--,fig4 #a 7late ,zizyph9us      
tigris7 is a :iti% %ell1 /rip$ or dott$ 
9 r[s ) r$4 ,al?\gh sometimes ov] two   
in*es across1 ! %ell is ?9 & light4 ,its
 gli/5+ int]ior1 & %apely l9es1 make x  
"o ( our mo/ h&some %ells4 ,^! %ells are
 sometimes f\nd at l[ wat] m>k1 "u &    
among/ rocks 9 h>b\rs1 z well z among/  
kelp 9 ! surf4 ,:5 once a rock1 or small
 pat* ( rocks1 frequ5t$ by !m is f\nd1  
subsequ5t visits 9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ] 
w ne>ly always be successful4 ,x is     
common to bo? ,isl&s4 ,dur+ ! hot wea!r 
( summ]1 !y app>5tly move to bel[       
l[-wat] m>k1 & rema9 !re 9 ! deep] wat] 
until ! w9t]4 ,i obta9$ a consid]able   
numb] ( excell5t specim5s f a /rip (    
rocks ne> ! wat] tank at ! entrance to  
,tauranga ,h>b\r1 b nev] f\nd !m except 
9 spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,! ,maori "n is   

,mata-ngo-ngore1 :i* "n is also us$ = ! 
,can?>idus family1 on ,plate ,,vii4     
,,callio/oma ,,selectum 7,plate         
,,vi474--,fig4 #b 7late ,zizyph9us      
cunn+hamii7 is ab\t ! same wid?1 b n !  
same height z ! ,tigris4 ,! col\r is    
:ite1 ) pale r$ spots arrang$ 9 r[s     
ar\nd ! spire4  ,,callio/oma            
,,pellucidum 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #c  
7late ,zizyph9us selectus7 is a :iti%   
%ell1 cov]$ ) *e/nut-col\r$ spots &     
spla%es4 ,x is ab\t #a-a_/b in*es       
across4  ,,callio/oma ,,punctulatum     
7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #d 7late         
,zizyph9us punctulatus7 is ! commone/ & 
lea/ fragile ( ?is family4 ,x is seldom 
m ?an #a-a_/d in*es across4 ,its r\nd$  
:orls1 & prom95t *e/nut & :ite granules1
 make x easily di/+ui%able4  ,,tro*us   
,,viridis 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #e is a
 gre5i%1 cone-%ap$ %ell4 ,! int]ior is  
nacre\s1 & ! ext]ior cov]$ ) co>se      
granules4 ,! base1 :i* is flat1 is      
greyi%4 ,! figure b fa9tly %[s ! cont\r 
( ?is %ell1 :i* is a p]fect cone4 ,! "y 

diff] some:at f ! adult %ells1 & h a    
bright p9k tip to ! spire4 ,9 ! plate ! 
upp] %ell is a "y "o1 & ! two l[] are   
adults4 ,!y are f\nd among/ rocks at l[ 
wat] m>k1 9 h>b\rs1 z well z 9 ! surf4  
,x is v difficult to extract ! animal f 
! %ell4 ,its maximum size is "o in*     
across4  ,,tro*us ,,ti>atus 7,plate     
,,vi474--,fig4 #f is usually :ite1 )    
l>ge grey or br[ni%-purple dots & b&s on
 bo? ! upp] surface & ! base1 b x is a v
 v>iable %ell4 ,x is seldom z mu* z half
 an in* 9 l5g?1 & has a nacre\s int]ior4
 ,x is cov]$ ) f9e granules1 & ! base is
 flat4 ,x appe>s to live slightly bel[  
l[ wat] m>k1 & c be easily obta9$ by    
dr$g+ 9 h>b\rs4 ,! cup-%ap$ holl[ at !  
base ( ! spire is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an 9 !
 ,viridis4  ,!re is ano!r n %[n on !    
plate1 ! ,tro*us *a?am5sis1 a small :ite
 %ell1 ) p9k or br[ni%-purple m>k+s1 t  
hi!rto has only be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*a?am     
,isl&s4  ,,e?alia ,,zel&ica 7,plate     
,,vi474--,fig4 #g 7late ,rotella        
zel&ica7 is a well-poli%$1 smoo? %ell1  

wa%$ up 9 l>ge numb]s on ! ocean bea*es4
 ,! col\rs ( ! upp] side v>y1 b are     
usually *e/nut or purple wav+ l9es on a 
yell[i%-:ite gr\nd4 ,on ! base is a     
circul> b& ( purple r\nd ! columella1   
:i* is :ite4 ,! int]ior is nacre\s4     
,occasionally a %ell is entirely p9k1 & 
!n ! circul> b& on ! base is p9k also4  
,! l>ge/ %ell ,i h se5 0 ne>ly "o in*   
across1 &1 be+ v flat1 w\ld be only half
 an in* high4 ,!y appe> to live 9 s&y   
gr\nd1 bel[ l[ wat] m>k 9 ! ocean2 & a  
dr$ge if drawn ov] "o ( _! fav\rite     
spots w be fill$ ) !m4 ,i h dr$g$ half a
 bucketful at "o ca/ betwe5 ,k>ewa &    
,tauranga 9 five fa?oms ( wat]4 ,! =m]  
"n 0 ,rotella zeal&ica1 & ,rotella1     
mean+ a little :eel1 well describ$ !    
appe>ance ( ! %ell1 ! wav+ l9e repres5t+
 ! spokes4  ,,natica ,,zel&ica 7,plate  
,,vi474--,fig4 #h1 a yell[i% or         
r$di%-br[n %ell1 ) *e/nut-br[n b&s1 !   
int]ior be+ pale br[n1 ! m\? & its      
vic9ity :ite4 ,x is a clean1 bright     
little %ell1 upw>ds ( an in* across4 ,^?

 9 ! ocean are light] 9 col\r1 & l>g] & 
m solid ?an ^? f\nd 9 h>b\rs4 ,z ! tide 
falls 9 h>b\rs1 !y conceal !mselves ne> 
l[ wat] m>k1 especially 9 ! vic9ity (   
m>9e grass banks4 ,:5 ! tide is ris+ on 
a w>m1 sunny day1 !y spr+ out ( ! s&1   
dropp+ sometimes two or ?ree in*es f :]e
 !y _h be5 conceal$4 ,! op]culum is     
horny1 ) a %elly out] lay]2 & ! animal  
is prettily mottl$ & /rip$ r$ & :ite4   
,!re are two o!r ,natica f\nd 9 ,new    
,zeal&1 nei!r ( :i* exce$s "o-?ird ( an 
in* across1 & 9 %ape are v l ! ,n4      
zel&ica4 ,! ,natica au/ralis is a br[n  
or grey %ell1 & ! ,natica vitrea is     
:ite4  ,,n]ita ,,nigra 7,plate          
,,vi474--,fig4 #i 7late ,n]ita saturata7
 is a heavy1 solid blue-black %ell1 ) a 
:iti% int]ior4 ,?is sombre-look+ memb] (
 a h&some tropical family 7( :i* ! ble$+
 too? ,n]ita is ! be/ kn[n7 is sometimes
 ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s
 cl++ to ! surf-beat5 rocks ( ! ,nor?   
,isl&1 q up to high wat] m>k4 ,!        
op]culum is %elly & prettily mottl$ )   

purple4 ,?is %ell w /& boil+ wat]1 &1 9 
fact1 boil+ wat] is requir$ to kill !   
animal1 :i* is q z t5aci\s ( life z an  
oy/]4 ,! ,maori "n is ,mata ng>ahu4     
,,amphibola ,,cr5ata 7,plate            
,,vi474--,fig4 #aj 7! ,new ,zeal&       
w9kle71 lately kn[n z ,amphibola        
avellana1 is an unev51 batt]$-look+ %ell
 ( a mix$ br[n & purple col\r1 ! int]ior
 be+ purple & ! m\? :iti%4 ,x is an in* 
or m 9 l5g?4 ,mo/ mud flats up to high  
wat] m>k are /rewn ) ,amphibola4 ,!     
natives eat ?is %ellfi%1 :i* !y call    
,titiko or ,koriakai1 9 l>ge numb]s2 b !
 muddy flav\r1 accord+ to our ideas1    
makes x unpalatable4  ,,monodonta       
,,subro/rata 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #aa 
is a yell[i% %ell1 ab\t half an in*     
across1 & is usually f\nd ne> half-tide 
m>k 9 h>b\rs4 ,! ext]ior is cov]$ )     
black or blui% irregul> b&s4 ,! int]ior 
is nacre\s1 & ( a gre5i% col\r1 ) a :ite
 pat* r\nd ! columella4  ,,monodonta    
,,ae?iops 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ab is 
a purpli%-black %ell1 tesselat$ ) :ite  

betwe5 ! grooves4 ,^! grooves look l    
l9es 9 ! plate4 ,! int]ior ( ! m\? is   
:ite4 ,besides be+ usually cov]$ )      
vegetable gr[?1 "p ( :i* is se5 9 !     
illu/ration1 ! po9t ( ! spire is        
frequ5tly worm-eat5 & defective4 ,?is is
 ! usual /ate 9 :i* all %ellfi% t h]d   
toge!r are f\nd4 ,x is upw>ds ( an in*  
across1 & f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s among/     
rocks1 especially at ! entrance to      
h>b\rs1 & f half-tide m>k d[nw>ds4      
,,monodonta ,,nig]rima 7,plate          
,,vi474--,fig4 #ac has a smoo?1         
purpli%-black ext]ior1 sometimes ) small
 blue spots4 ,! int]ior is :ite1 & !    
%ell ab\t half an in* across4           
,,monodonta ,,lugubris 7,plate          
,,vi474--,fig4 #ad is a ?ick1 solid     
black %ell1 sometimes ov] half an in*   
across1 & cov]$ ) co>se1 irregul>       
granules4 ,! int]ior is :ite4 ,?is %ell 
is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s "u /ones1 at !    
entrances to h>b\rs & %elt]$ bea*es1    
almo/ up to high wat] m>k4  ,!re are six
 or sev5 o!r ,monodonta 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b

 !y are small1 & ! f\r above describ$   
are ! ones mo/ likely to be met )4      
,,turbo ,,granosus 7,plate              
,,vi474--,fig4 #ae is a r$di%-purple    
%ell1 v>i$ ) :ite1 & is sometimes ov]   
#b-a_/b in*es across4 ,! specim5        
photograph$ 0 mu* bel[ ! av]age size4 ,!
 ext]ior is cov]$ ) well-def9$ r[s (    
granules1 :ile ! int]ior is iridesc5t4  
,x is f\nd on rocks 9 ! op5 sea 9 bo?   
,isl&s1 b is a r>e %ell4 ,! op]culum is 
:ite & %elly4  ,,turbo ,,helic9us       
7,plate ,,vi474--,figs4 #af & #ag 7late 
,turbo sm>agdus7 is a blacki%-gre5 %ell1
 f\nd 9 great numb]s at half tide m>k on
 rocks all ov] ,new ,zeal&1 especially  
at ! entrance to h>b\rs & 9 %elt]$ bays4
 ,"s are z mu* z #b-a_/b in*es across4  
,! inside is :ite & gli/5+4 ,! op]culum 
is a solid1 r\nd1 %elly "o1 ) a gre5i%  
c5tre4 ,9 "s specim5s ! out] side ( !   
:orl1 in/ead ( be+ r\nd & smoo?1 has two
 or ?ree prom95t rais$ ribs or b&s on x4
 ,?is v>iety is call$ ,trico/ata1 & is  
repres5t$ by ,fig4 #af4 ,i am incl9$ to 

believe x is only ! "y =m ( ! ord9>y    
v>iety4 ,! ,maori "n is ,ata m>ama4     
,,a/ralium ,,sulcatum 7,plate           
,,vi474--,fig4 #ah 7late ,cookia        
sulcata7 is a p9ki%-br[n %ell1 sometimes
 ov] #c-a_/b in*es wide4 ,! int]ior is  
pe>ly1 & ! op]culum is %elly1 solid1 &  
:ite4 ,! lam9ae :i* cov] ! %ell are     
easily blea*$ (f1 & :5 ! %ell is clean$ 
x has a h&some appe>ance4 ,x is f\nd 9  
consid]able numb]s at l[ wat] m>k among/
 rocks on expos$ bea*es all ov] ! ,nor? 
,isl&4 ,! ,maori "n is ,kak>a or ,kaeo1 
bo? ( :i* names are also giv5 to !      
,purpura hau/rum 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4   
#aa74  ,,a/ralium ,,heliotropium 7,plate
 ,,vi474--,fig4 #ai is g5]ally kn[n z ! 
circul>-saw %ell1 &1 al?\gh f\nd all ov]
 ,new ,zeal&1 is comp>atively r>e4 ,x is
 r$di%-purple1 ) an iridesc5t int]ior1 &
 is sometimes ov] f\r in*es 9 wid?4 ,!  
%ells on ! plate are adults4 ,! sp9es ( 
! y\ng] %ells are mu* long] ?an ^? (    
adults4 ,! be/ specim5s h be5 dr$g$ by  
oy/] boats4  ,plate ,,vii4--,figs4 #a & 

#b are ,jan?9a1 or violet %ells1        
repres5tatives ( :i* are f\nd all ov] ! 
w>m] p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,jan?9ae live 9    
great numb]s on ! surface ( ! ocean1 be+
 unable to s9k1 & are swept by gales &  
curr5ts 9 e direction4 ,at int]vals1    
aft] v heavy gales1 !y come a%ore 9 !   
,nor!rn "p ( ,new ,zeal& 9 c>t-loads2 b 
aft] any ord9>y gale a few specim5s c be
 procur$ among/ ! grass ca/ up by !     
highe/ waves4 ,! animal1 :5 t\*$1 emits 
a quantity ( violet-col\r$ fluid1 ! same
 col\r z ! %ell4 ,! %ells are v light & 
fragile4 ,a s+ul> provision = its eggs  
is f\nd atta*$ to ! female ,jan?9a1 9 ! 
%ape ( a float1 or raft1 to ! "u surface
 ( :i* ! eggs 9 little bags or capsules 
are atta*$1 & !re !y rema9 until hat*$4 
,,jan?9a ,,exigua 7,plate               
,,vii474--,fig4 #a is ! smalle/ ( !     
,jan?9a f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 be+ r>ely   
half an in* 9 wid?4 ,! :orls are m r\nd$
 ?an 9 ! o!r two v>ieties1 & ! spire is 
usually ! same violet col\r z ! m\?1 & !
 grooves on ! %ell are deep & prom95t4  

,,jan?9a ,,fragilis 7,plate             
,,vii474--,fig4 #b is sometimes ov] an  
in* 9 wid?1 ! spire be+ mu* light] 9    
col\r ?an ! re/ ( ! %ell1 frequ5tly     
inde$ be+ :ite4 ,! grooves on ! %ell are
 f9e1 b cle>ly visible4  ,!re is ano!r  
v>iety occasionally f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 
! ,jan?9a globosa1 l ! ,jan?9a exigua 9 
%ape1 b l>g]1 & ! groov+ be+ v fa9t !   
%ell has a gli/5+ appe>ance4 ,?is v>iety
 is r>e4  ,,can?>idus ,,iris 7,plate    
,,vii474--,fig4 #c1 f ,iris1 a ra9b[1   
well describes ! col\r ( ?is pretty     
little %ell1 seldom m ?an "o & a-half   
in*es 9 l5g?4 ,p9k1 purple1 yell[1 & r$ 
seem to be ! prevail+ col\rs2 & !y are  
arrang$ 9 irregul> wav+ l9es on its     
smoo? & poli%$ surface4 ,! int]ior is   
highly iridesc5t4 ,x lives among/ seawe$
 & rocks bel[ l[ wat] m>k4 ,! ,maori "n 
is ,mata-ngo-ngore1 :i* is also us$ = ! 
,callio/oma %ells on ,plate ,,vi4       
,,can?>idus ,,t5ebrosus1 v>4 ,huttoni   
7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #g is a little  
blui%-black %ell1 ab\t a-?ird ( an in*  

long1 ) f9e /riae or grooves runn+ d[n !
 :orls4 ,alive1 x is f\nd 9 great numb]s
 at l[ wat] on m>9e grass banks 9       
h>b\rs1 & seems to be v active1 z !     
an*ors & cables ( boats1 moor$ = a few  
h\rs ov] "o ( _! fav\rite haunts1 w be  
lib]ally spr9kl$ ) !m4  ,,can?>idus     
,,purpuratus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #h 
is a heavi] & r\gh] %ell ?an ! ,iris1 & 
( a rose-p9k col\r4 ,sometimes ! :ole   
%ell is ( ?is col\r1 b frequ5tly only ! 
top ( ! spire4 ,x also lives among/     
seawe$ & rocks2 b :5 liv+ on grassy     
banks 9 h>b\rs seems to lose its p9k    
col\r & become a pale grey4  ,,can?>idus
 ,,fasciatus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #i 
7lately kn[n z ,bankivia v>ians7 is f\nd
 9 ,we/l&4 ,:ite1 gre51 rose1 purple1 or
 black 9 col\r & pla9 or b&$1 &         
sometimes ev5 ) longitud9al wavy l9es4  
,x is ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4  ,all ( !
 ,can?>idus family h beautiful nacre\s  
int]iors1 & are ! fav\rite ,new ,zeal&  
%ells = necklaces & bracelets4 ,:5      
clean$ ) acid1 !y are mu* admir$4 ,we h 

six or eight o!r v>ieties ( ,can?>idus1 
b !y are small1 & are n figur$ on !     
plate4  ,,t>on ,,dubius 7,plate         
,,vii474--,fig4 #d is a %ell ab\t       
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & f\nd "u    
rocks 9 p>tly-%elt]$ h>b\rs4 ,! ext]ior 
v>ies f *ocolate to black4 ,! int]ior   
v>ies betwe5 purple & :ite4 ,! lip end (
 ! spire is usually r$di%4  ,,litor9a   
,,c9cta 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #e is a 
semi-amphibi\s %ellfi% common to bo?    
,isl&s4 ,x is f\nd among/ rocks 9 ! op5 
sea ne> high wat] m>k4 ,! ext]ior is    
br[n1 or blui%-black1 ) f9e grooves or  
l9es r\nd x4 ,! int]ior is violet1 & !  
extreme l5g? ab\t #c_/d in*4  ,,litor9a 
,,mauritiana 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #f 
is a v common %ell 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 :]e 
x is f\nd on rocks 9 ! op5 sea1 or 9    
h>b\rs up to1 & ev5 above1 high wat]    
m>k4 ,! %ell is "u half an in* long1 &  
usually n m ?an a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,!    
col\r outside is blui%-:ite1 ) a broad  
spiral b& ( d>k blue4 ,! int]ior is     
violet4  ,,daphnella ,,lymnei=mis       

7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #aj is a v ?91  
:iti% %ell1 ) irregul> br[n m>k+s1 & is 
(t5 dr$g$ up 9 ! vic9ity ( ,auckl&4 ,its
 extreme l5g? appe>s to be #a-a_/d      
in*es4  ,,surcula ,,novae-,,zel&iae     
7,plate ,,vii474--,figs4 #aa & #ab 7late
 ,drillia zel&ica7 is a pale rose-col\r$
 %ell1 ne>ly #a-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x   
belongs to ! ,pleurotoma family1 any (  
:i* c easily be id5tifi$ by ! not* 9 !  
out] lip1 z %[n ne> ! c5tre ( ! figure4 
,all ( ?is family live bel[ l[ wat] m>k1
 & are obta9$ by dr$g+4 ,x is f\nd 9 bo?
 ,isl&s4  ,,surcula ,,*eesemani 7,plate 
,,vii47--,figs4 #ae & #af 7late         
,pleurotoma7 is a %ell v>y+ f pale p9k  
to br[n 9 col\r4 ,int]ior rose or       
purple4 ,! spire end is usually smoo?4  
,x is f\nd 9 ,auckl&1 & is ab\t "o in* 9
 l5g?4  ,,solidula ,,alba 7,plate       
,,vii474--,fig4 #ad 7late ,bucc9ulus    
kirki7 is a :iti% %ell1 f\nd 9 ! ,nor? (
 ,auckl&4 ,its extreme l5g? is #c_/d    
in*4  ,,potamides ,,sub-,,c>9atus       
7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ac 7late       

,c]i?idea subc>9ata7 is a dull black    
%ell seldom ov] half an in* long4 ,!    
col\r is usually conceal$ by !          
r$di%-br[n epid]mis4 ,! int]ior is d>k  
purple4  ,,potamides ,,bic>9atus 7,plate
 ,,vii474--,fig4 #ai 7late ,c]i?idea    
bic>9atus7 is a r$di%-br[n or purple    
%ell1 cov]$ ) a blue or br[n epid]mis4  
,! int]ior is purple4 ,x is f\nd 9 !    
,nor? ,isl& 9 l>ge numb]s on banks ( s& 
mix$ ) mud ne> high wat] m>k4 ,its      
extreme l5g? is "o in*4  ,,scal>ia      
,,zelebori 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ag  
is ! ,new ,zeal& repres5tative ( !      
,w5tletrap family4 ,x is a pure :ite    
%ell1 sometimes ov] an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!   
num]\s ribs across ! :orls are v        
prom95t1 & look l ! /eps ( a ladd]1 :5ce
 x d]ives its "n4 ,x lives 9 ! ocean    
bel[ l[ wat] m>k1 & ,i h dr$g$ x up ) ! 
,e?alia zel&ica 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4    
#g74 ,! ,maori "n is ,totoro4  ,,scal>ia
 ,,t5ella 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ah is
 a dirty yell[1 almo/ transp>5t1 %ell   
ab\t a-?ird ( an in* long4 ,!re is      

usually a pale br[n b& ne> ! c5tre ( !  
:orl4 ,f\nd ab\t half-tide m>k 9 %elt]$ 
wat]4  ,,t]ebra ,,tri/is 7,plate        
,,vii474--,fig4 #bj is a blui% or       
blue-grey %ell1 slightly ov] half an in*
 9 l5g?4 ,! int]ior is br[ni%-:ite1 ) a 
yell[ b& 9 ! c5tre ( ! :orl4 ,! v>ices  
on ! ext]ior are n s prom95t z 9 !      
,potamides 7,fig4 #ac74  ,,t5agodes     
,,weldii 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ba    
7late ,siliqu>ia au/ralis7 is a small   
:ite %ell1 n m ?an "o in* long4 ,x is   
f\nd 9 ,hauraki ,gulf4  ,,trophon       
,,duodecimus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bb
 7late ,kalydon duodecimus7 is a pale   
yell[ %ell1 usually cov]$ ) a ?ick1 r\gh
 grey or br[n corall9e gr[?4 ,! l5g? is 
"u half an in*2 & x is f\nd 9 ! ,nor?   
,isl& among/ rocks on p>tly-%elt]$      
bea*es4  ,,trophon ,,plebeius 7,plate   
,,vii474--,fig4 #bc 7late ,kalydon      
plebeius7 is a br[n or slate-col\r$ %ell
 half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! int]ior is      
r$di%-purple1 ) six or eight n>r[ d>k]  
l9es on ! :orl4  ,,tricotropis          

,,inornata 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bd  
is a pale br[n or :ite %ell1 "u half an 
in* 9 l5g?1 & f\nd all ov] ,new ,zeal&4 
,,m>9ula ,,filholi 7,plate              
,,vii474--,fig4 #be is a pale           
*e/nut-col\r$ %ell1 ) two l>ge & "o     
small :ite plaits on ! inn] lip4 ,x is  
ab\t a-?ird ( an in* long1 & is f\nd 9  
,auckl& & ,massacre ,bay4  ,,tralia     
,,au/ralis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bf  
7late ,ophic>delus co/ell>is7 is a br[n1
 horny-look+ %ell1 ov] half an in* long4
 ,x has two plaits on ! inn] lip4 ,x is 
f\nd 9 ,auckl& among/ mangroves ne> high
 wat] m>k1 & is also f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4  
,! matur] %ells h n>r[1 d>k br[n b&s on 
!m4  ,,turritella ,,vittata 7,plate     
,,vii474--,fig4 #bg is a yell[i%-:ite   
%ell1 ) spiral br[n b&s4 ,x is "u two   
in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&4   
,,turritella ,,rosea 7,plate            
,,vii474--,fig4 #bh is a r$di%-br[n1 or 
yell[i%1 %ell1 f9ely b&$ ) purpli%-br[n4
 ,x is f\nd ov] ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 &1   
?\gh common en\gh 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 is   

r>e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is f\nd among/ grassy  
banks dur+ v l[ tides1 po9t d[n1 & almo/
 buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,a s& bank ( consid]able 
size ne> ,rangiawahia1 9 ,tauranga      
,h>b\r1 0 inhabit$ by no?+ b ,turritella
 rosea4 ,f\r o!r k9ds ( ,turritellae are
 f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 all small]1 b      
simil> to ! above4  ,,trivia ,,au/ralis 
7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bi is ! ,new   
,zeal& ,c[ry %ell4 ,x is less ?an #a_/b 
in* 9 l5g?1 & is :ite1 ) "o or m        
fle%-col\r$ spots4 ,x is f\nd 9 !       
,nor!rn "p ( ,auckl& ,prov9ce & 9       
,au/ralia4  ,,cyli*na ,,/riata 7,plate  
,,vii474--,fig4 #cj is a small1 v n>r[1 
smoo? :ite %ell4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,auckl&4  
,,ham9ea ,,zel&iae 7,plate              
,,vii474--,fig4 #ca is an exce$+ly ?91  
horny1 :ite or grey %ell4 ,x is         
sometimes call$ ! sea snail1 & is f\nd  
on ! m>9e grass 9 h>b\rs1 z well z 9 !  
op5 sea4 ,/ray ones may be f\nd 9 mud or
 s&4  ,,bulla ,,quoyi 7,plate           
,,vii474--,fig4 #cb is a smoo?1 gre5i%  
%ell1 an in* & a-half long4 ,x is       

sometimes m>bl$ ) purpli%-grey1 or )    
:ite dots4 ,?is %ell is f\nd 9 ,auckl& &
 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,maori "n is ,pupu :>oa4 
,,b>nea ,,similis 7,plate               
,,viii474--,fig4 #a is a :ite rock bor]1
 up to two & a-half in*es long4 ,x is   
f\nd all ov] ! ,nor? ,isl&1 & at        
,waik[aiti1 9 ! ,s\? ,isl&4             
,,pholadidea ,,trid5s 7,plate           
,,viii474--,fig4 #b is also a :ite rock 
bor]1 f\nd up to ne>ly two in*es 9 l5g?4
 ,x seems p>ticul>ly fond ( ! s(t s&/one
 9 ! ,auckl& ,h>b\r4  ,,panopea         
,,zel&ica 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #c is
 a widely-gap+ :ite %ell1 upw>ds ( f\r  
in*es long4 ,x is common 9 ! ,nor?      
,isl&1 b r>e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x lives a       
consid]able di/ance bel[ ! surface ( !  
s& 9 ! op5 sea or on expos$ bea*es4 ,"o1
 caught 9 situ1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,sp5c] at   
,*elt5ham ,bea* 7,auckl&7 0 ab\t eighte5
 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! s& at ab\t    
half-tide m>k4 ,"o species ( ! ,panopea 
family1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,africa1     
lives at a dep? ( sev]al feet4 ,all     

bivalves t live 9 ! s& h %ells :i* gape 
m or less1 app>5tly to enable !m to pu% 
_! syphons ?r\gh ! s& to ! wat]4 ,!     
deep] 9 ! s& ! %ellfi% lives1 ! long] & 
/rong] ! syphon mu/ be4 ,! ,panopea     
burr[s deep] ?an any o!r ( our %ellfi%1 
& !re=e requires ! l>ge/ gape4 ,z       
m5tion$ on page #ab1 bivalves d n leave 
_! b$s to fe$1 b pu% ! syphon ?r\gh ! s&
 to ! wat] & draw ! wat] d[n "o syphon &
 eject x ?r\gh ! o!r1 absorb+ ! animal &
 vegetable matt] z x passes ?r\gh !     
mollusc's /oma*4 ,! ,maori "n is        
,hohehohe1 :i* is also giv5 to ! ,tell9a
 family1 on ,plate ,,viii4  ,,co*lodesma
 ,,angasi 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #d   
7late ,anat9a angasi7 is a v :ite1 almo/
 transp>5t1 ?9 %ell1 ?ree & a-half in*es
 long4 ,"o valve is ne>ly flat1 & ! %ell
 gapes to a consid]able ext5t at ! n>r[]
 end4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! op5 sea 9 s& 9 !   
,nor? ,isl&1 ,cook ,/rait1 & ,au/ralia4 
,,corbula ,,zel&ica 7,plate             
,,viii474--,fig4 #e is a yell[i% or     
p9ki%-:ite %ell1 ) f9e longitud9al l9es 

on x4 ,! int]ior is br[ni%1 & ! %ell ov]
 half an in* long4 ,x is common 9 !     
,nor? ,isl& & ,au/ralia4  ,,saxicava    
,,arctica 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #f is
 a r\gh1 di/ort$1 yell[i%-grey %ell1    
ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long4 ,!      
int]ior is :iti%4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 !
 roots ( kelp or 9 sponges1 & is obta9$ 
9 bo? ,isl&s4  ,,myodora ,,/riata       
7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #g is a :iti%  
or greyi%-:ite %ell1 ) f9e longitud9al  
l9es1 ! int]ior be+ pe>ly4 ,x is #a-c_/d
 in*es long4 ,! "r valve is r\nd$ & !   
left valve flat4 ,x is f\nd 9 h>b\rs1 z 
well z on ocean bea*es4 ,! flat valves  
make excell5t c\nt]s = c>d-play]s4      
,,myodora ,,boltoni 7,plate             
,,viii474--,fig4 #h is a small] & n>r[] 
%ell ?an ! ,myodora /riata1 & ! left    
valve is flat4 ,9 col\r x is simil> to !
 ,/riata4 ,x is seldom ov] half an in*  
long1 & lives on flat1 s&y bea*es4 ,x is
 (t5 f\nd :5 sift+ s& = small %ells     
?r\gh a f9e me%$ sieve4  ,,mactra       
,,discors 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #i is

 a l>ge1 rotund1 greyi%-:ite %ell1 ) a  
blacki%-br[n epid]mis4 ,x is ov] #c-a_/b
 in*es across1 & is f\nd on s&y ocean   
bea*es all ov] ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,maori "n
 is ,kuhakuha4  ,,mactra ,,aequilat]a   
7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #aj is a       
yell[i% or :ite %ell4 ,x g5]ally has a  
blui%-purple pat* r\nd ! h+e4 ,x is f\nd
 on ocean bea*es1 & is ov] two in*es    
long4 ,! ,maori "n is ,kaikaik>oro1 :i* 
is also us$ = ! ,/ru?iol>ia 7,plate     
,,iv471 & ,*ione co/ata 7,plate         
,,viii474  ,,/&ella ,,ovata 7,plate     
,,viii474--,fig4 #aa is a ?91           
br[ni%-:ite1 & some:at wr9kl$1 %ell ov] 
?ree in*es long4 ,! edge ( ! %ell1 &    
sometimes ! :ole %ell1 is cov]$ ) a     
br[ni% epid]mis1 ! int]ior be+ yell[i%4 
,?is %ell is f\nd all ov] ,new ,zeal& on
 muddy bea*es1 & especially ne> mangrove
 bu%es 9 ,auckl& ,h>b\r4  ,,/&ella      
,,elongata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ab 
7late ,hemimactra notata7 is a solid1   
greyi%-:ite %ell1 f\r in*es long4 ,x is 
cov]$ ) an epid]mis ( pale *e/nut1      

sometimes ) d>k] *e/nut b&s1 dots &     
spla%es4 ,! int]ior ( ! %ell is yell[i%4
  ,,resania ,,lanceolata 7,plate        
,,viii474--,fig4 #ac 7lately kn[n z     
,vanganella taylori7 is a smoo?1 :ite   
%ell1 cov]$ ) a ?91 pale *e/nut         
epid]mis1 ! int]ior be+ :ite4 ,x is     
upw>ds ( f\r & a-half in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x  
inhabits s&y ocean bea*es 9 bo? ,isl&s (
 ,new ,zeal&4  ,,z5atia ,,ac9aces       
7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ad is a       
greyi%-yell[ %ell1 f\r in*es long1 &    
cov]$ ) a br[n epid]mis4 ,! int]ior is  
blui%-gre51 pe>ly1 & iridesc5t4 ,?is    
%ell also inhabits ! s&y ocean bea*es ( 
bo? ,isl&s4  ,,psammobia ,,/ang]i       
7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ae is a       
purpli%-:ite %ell1 sometimes ray$ ) d>k]
 purple4 ,! int]ior is p9ki%-purple4    
,its l5g? is #b-a_/b in*es1 & ! %ell is 
f\nd 9 bo? ,isl&s on s&y ocean bea*es4  
,! natives call x ,wahawaha4            
,,psammobia ,,l9eolata 7,plate          
,,viii474--,fig4 #ag is a purpli%-p9k   
%ell1 ) d>k] conc5tric b&s4 ,its int]ior

 is r$di%-purple4 ,?is %ell1 :i* is f\nd
 9 bo? ,isl&s on op5 ocean bea*es1      
atta9s a l5g? ( #b-a_/b in*es4 ,! ,maori
 "n is ,ku:>u1 or ,tak>ape4             
,,sol5otell9a ,,nitida 7,plate          
,,viii474--,fig4 #af 7late ,hiatula     
nitida7 is a ?91 almo/ transp>5t1       
purpli%-:ite %ell1 cov]$ ) a smoo?1     
poli%$1 horny epid]mis4 ,! int]ior is   
mu* ! same col\r z ! ext]ior4 ,its l5g? 
is ab\t two in*es4 ,x is f\nd 9 bo?     
,isl&s on s&y banks 9 h>b\rs1 & on s&y  
ocean bea*es1 b ^? f\nd 9 h>b\rs h      
sometimes little or no col\r4 ,! ,maori 
"n is ,pi-,pipi4  ,,sol5otell9a ,,sp5c]i
 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ah is a ?91  
almo/ transp>5t1 milky-:ite %ell4 ,!    
int]ior is :ite4 ,x is v l ! ,tell9a    
alba 7,fig4 #ba7 9 col\r & g5]al        
appe>ance1 b mu* n>r[]1 & ! po/]ior end 
is curv$ & comes to a f9] po9t4 ,its    
l5g? is ab\t two in*es4 ,i h f\nd ov] a 
doz5 live specim5s wa%$ up on ,buffalo  
,bea*1 9 ,m]cury ,bay4  ,,tell9a        
,,glabrella 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ai

 is a smoo? :ite1 or pale yell[1 %ell1  
#c in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a ?9 br[n epid]mis on
 ! out] edge4 ,! int]ior is *alky :ite4 
,x is f\nd on ocean bea*es1 b is also   
common on cockle banks 9 h>b\rs4 ,x     
lives "s in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,dead    
%ells are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s1 b !
 live ones are r>e4 ,! ,maoris call ?is 
%ell ,hohehohe or ,ku w>u or ,p]>o4 ,!  
"n ,hohehohe is also giv5 to ! ,panopea 
7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #c74  ,,tell9a   
,,disculus 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bj 
is a clean smoo? yell[i%-:ite %ell1 ) a 
bright yell[ c5tre1 ! int]ior be+ ! same
 col\r z ! ext]ior4 ,its l5g? is #a-a_/b
 in*es1 & x is f\nd only 9 ! ,nor?      
,isl&4  ,,tell9a ,,alba 7,plate         
,,viii474--,fig4 #ba is a v ?91 flat1   
ne>ly transp>5t1 gli/5+ :ite %ell1 !    
int]ior be+ ! same col\r4 ,its l5g? is  
#b-a_/b in*es1 & x is f\nd on s&y ocean 
bea*es 9 bo? ,isl&s4 ,! native "n = ?is 
%ell is ,hohehohe1 :i* "n is also us$ = 
! ,tell9a glabrella4  ,,tell9a ,,/rangei
 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bb 7late     

,tell9a subovata7 is a :iti% %ell1      
simil> to ! ,tell9a alba1 b m globose4  
,x is "u an in* long4  ,,mesodesma      
,,v5tricosa 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bc
 7late ,paphia v5tricosa7 is an opaque  
:ite1 solid1 smoo? %ell1 f\nd 9 ! ,nor? 
,isl&1 especially on ! ocean bea* ne>   
,kaip>a4 ,x is "o ( ! _m useful food    
molluscs we h4 ,9 ! ,kaip>a di/rict !   
natives take horses & pl\ghs on to !    
bea*1 & pl\gh up ! ,mesodesma v5tricosa 
l potatoes4 ,"u ! native "n ( ,toh]oa1 a
 factory at ,d>gaville pres]ves ^!      
bivalves 9 t9s4 ,! specim5 photograph$ 0
 only a half-gr[n %ell4 ,9 ! ,bay (     
,pl5ty ,i h f\nd ?is %ell sev5 in*es    
long & extremely solid & heavy1 & ,i am 
incl9$ to ?9k f ! %ape & /ructure ( !   
valve t ! ,bay ( ,pl5ty ,mesodesma is   
diff]5t f ! ,v5tricosa2 b ,i nev] secur$
 a live "o :ile 9 ,tauranga4            
,,mesodesma ,,novae-,,zel&iae 7,plate   
,,viii47--,fig4 #be 7late ,paphia       
novae-zel&iae7 is ! common oval ,pipi1  
or ,kokota1 ( ! ,maoris4 ,?is :iti%     

%ell1 cov]$ ) a ?91 horny epid]mis1 is  
sometimes #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,x is f\nd
 9 bo? ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,isl&s on s&y     
banks 9 h>b\rs & 9 tidal riv]s4         
,,atactodea ,,subtriangulata 7,plate    
,,viii474--,fig4 #bd 7late ,paphia      
spissa7 is a :ite %ell1 f\nd 9          
consid]able quantities on s&y ocean     
bea*es at half-tide m>k4 ,:5 ! tide is  
fl[+ x is a v common sight to see great 
numb]s ( ^! bivalves wa%$ up by ! surf f
 _! b$s1 & x is v int]e/+ to wat* ! spe$
 ) :i* !y c bury !mselves aga94 ,!y     
atta9 a l5g? ( ab\t two in*es1 & are    
kn[n to ! ,maoris z ,tuatua or ,kahitua4
  ,,*ione ,,co/ata 7,plate              
,,viii474--,fig #bf 7late ,v5us co/ata7 
is a /rong1 solid :ite %ell1 ) ?ick     
radiat+ ribs4 ,! only live ones ,i h    
f\nd 7 ei!r wa%$ up on ocean bea*es1 or 
inside s*napp]s4 ,?is fi% appe>s v fond 
( ! ,*ione co/ata1 & swall[s x )\t      
attempt+ to crack ! %ell4 ,x atta9s a   
l5g? ( ab\t two in*es1 & ! ,maoris call 
x ,kaikai k>oro1 :i* "n is also giv5 to 

! ,/ru?iol>ia papulosa 7,plate ,,iv47 & 
! ,mactra aequilat]a 7,plate ,,viii474  
,,*ione ,,/ut*buryi 7,plate             
,,viii474--,fig4 #bg 7late ,v5us        
/ut*buryii7 is ! common r\nd cockle1    
f\nd 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,isl&s4 ,al?\gh 
:5 f\nd on clean s&y banks x is usually 
r$di%-br[n on ! outside & blui%-:ite    
inside1 x v>ies 9 col\r if ! s& conta9s 
an appreciable quantity ( mud4 ,x is    
call$ ,anga or ,huai or ,pipi by !      
,maoris1 & atta9s a l5g? ( two in*es4   
,,*ione ,,oblonga 7,plate               
,,viii474--,fig4 #bh 7late ,v5us        
oblonga7 is a br[n or br[ni%-:ite %ell1 
) a :ite int]ior1 & is r l>g] & m solid 
?an ! ,/ut*buryii1 besides be+ m oval4  
,,anaitis ,,yatei 7,plate               
,,viii474--,fig4 #bi 7late ,*ione yatei7
 is a pale yell[i% or br[n %ell1 ) a    
purple or slate-col\r$ pat* r\nd ! h+e4 
,! ridges on ! outside1 especially on ! 
"y %ells1 are ?9 & v high4 ,z ! %ell    
atta9s its full size ^! ridges we> d[n4 
,! old %ells become ?ick & heavy1 & are 

ov] two in*es 9 wid?4 ,x is f\nd on     
expos$ or ocean bea*es 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 
& r>ely 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,maoris call x     
,pukauri4  ,,haliotis ,,iris 7,plate    
,,ix474--,fig4 #a is ! ,pawa or ,papa ( 
! ,maori1 & ! ,mutton fi% ( ! coloni/4  
,! outside is br[n1 & ! inside a d>k    
metallic blue & gre51 ) an iridesc5t    
play ( yell[ & o!r col\rs4 ,x is f\nd on
 rocks 9 ! op5 sea or on expos$ bea*es1 
& is six or sev5 in*es wide4  ,,haliotis
 ,,rugoso-,,plicata 7,plate             
,,ix474--,fig4 #b is ab\t half ! size ( 
! ,haliotis iris1 & is kn[n to ! ,maoris
 z ! ,pawa-rore or ,koro-ri:a4 ,!       
outside is p9ki%-br[n1 ! int]ior be+    
pale & highly iridesc5t4 ,x is usually  
f\nd ) ! ,haliotis iris1 b is n s       
common4  ,ano!r ,haliotis1 nam$ !       
,virg9ea1 is mu* small] & ?9n] ?an ei!r 
( ! above4 ,! int]ior ( ?is is l t ( !  
,haliotis rugoso-plicata1 b ! ext]ior is
 v>iegat$1 & dott$ & spla%$ ) e         
conceivable col\r4 ,x is r>e1 & usually 
f\nd on ! %elt]$ side ( small isl&s 9 ! 

op5 sea4  ,,glycym]is ,,latico/ata      
7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #c 7late         
,pectunculus latico/atus7 is a v solid1 
r$di%-br[n %ell1 sometimes 7especially 9
 ! immature %ells7 spla%$ ) *e/nut &    
:ite4 ,! six or eight tee? ne> ! h+e on 
bo? valves are ( ev5 size & %ape4 ,x is 
usually f\nd ca/ up on ocean bea*es4 ,! 
%ell atta9s a l5g? & bread? ( ?ree &    
a-half in*es4 ,! y\ng] %ells h ridges or
 ribs on ! outside1 b ^! we> (f ) age4  
,! ,maori "n is ,kuakua4  ,,glycym]is   
,,/riatul>is 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #d  
7late ,pectunculus /riatul>is7 is a     
small br[ni% %ell1 irregul>ly m>k$ )    
*e/nut1 r$1 or :ite4 ,! int]ior is :iti%
 & br[n1 ! ext]ior be+ smoo?1 & !       
extreme l5g? ( ! %ell ab\t an in*4 ,!   
m>k+s ( ! h+e & tee? are simil> to ^? ( 
! ,glycym]is latico/ata4  ,,c>dita      
,,avicul9a 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #e    
7late ,mytilic>dia excavata7 is an      
irregul>-%ap$ :ite %ell1 ) yell[1 p9k1  
or dirty br[n m>k+s4 ,! longitud9al     
grooves on ! outside are v rugg$ & deep4

 ,! %ell is ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd
 9 bo? ,isl&s & 9 ,au/ralia4            
,,rhyn*onella ,,nigricans 7,plate       
,,ix474--,fig4 #f is an irregul>-%ap$1  
ribb$1 black or d>k br[n %ell1 ! left   
valve be+ mu* m r\nd$ ?an ! o!r4 ,x is  
f\nd up to "o & a-qu>t] in*es 9 bread? 9
 ! ,s\? ,isl& & 9 ! ,bay ( ,pl5ty4      
,,t]ebratella ,,sangu9ea 7,plate        
,,ix474--,fig4 #g 7late ,t]ebratella    
cru5ta7 is an orange-r$1 ev5ly ribb$1   
%ell up to "o & ?ree-qu>t] in*es 9      
bread?1 f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,isl&4 ,! left    
valve 9 ?is %ell is ne>ly flat4         
,,t]ebratella ,,rubicunda 7n %[n on     
plate7 is a smoo?1 p9k1 or d>k r$ %ell1 
( ! same %ape1 b only half ! size1 ( !  
,telebratella sangu9ea1 & f\nd 9        
consid]able numb]s 9 bo? ,isl&s among/  
/ones4 ,x is p>ticul>ly pl5tiful among/ 
! /ones on ,rangitoto ,isl&1 9 ,auckl&  
,h>b\r4  ,,magellania ,,l5ticul>is 7late
 ,waldheimia l5ticul>is7 is n %[n 9 !   
plate1 b is a l>ge1 smoo?1 r$ or br[n   
%ell1 two in*es long1 simil> 9 %ape to !

 above4 ,all ! above f\r %ells1 namely1 
! ,rhyn*onella1 ,t]ebratella 7#b71 &    
,magellania1 belong to ! ,t]ebratula    
family1 & ! "r valve is long] ?an !     
left1 & !re is a small r\nd orifice at !
 h+e end = ! foot ( ! animal4 ,on acc\nt
 ( ! resemblance ^! %ells be> to ! old  
,roman lamp1 !y are kn[n z ,lamp %ells4 
,,li?ophago ,,truncata 7,plate          
,,ix474--,fig4 #h 7late ,li?odomus      
truncatus7 is a ?9 br[n %ell1 cov]$ ) a 
black or d>k br[n epid]mis4 ,x is f\nd 9
 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 & atta9s a l5g? ( ov] "o
 & a-half in*es4 ,x is a rock bor]1 & c 
bore into v h>d rock4 ,i h se5 a small  
"o t _h bor$ into a ?ick ,glycym]is     
%ell4  ,,v5]upis ,,reflexa 7,plate      
,,ix474--,fig4 #i is a v irregul>-%ap$  
greyi% %ell1 ) prom95t ridges on !      
outside4 ,! int]ior is yell[1 ) a l>ge  
blacki%-purple pat*4 ,x is sometimes an 
in* 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 bo? ,isl&s 9 !  
s& or mud1 among/ rocks4  ,,v5]upis     
,,elegans 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #aj is 
a :ite %ell1 ) a :ite int]ior1 & up to  

"o & a-half in*es long4 ,! ridges on "o 
end are v prom95t4 ,?is %ell is f\nd    
only 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&4  ,,div>icella     
,,cum+i 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #aa 7late
 ,luc9a d5tata7 is a milk-:ite %ell1    
sometimes #a-a_/d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!      
grooves or furr[s on ! outside b5d 9 !  
c5tre to almo/ a "r-angle1 giv+ x a     
peculi>ly beautiful appe>ance1 & mak+ x 
easily recognisable4 ,f\nd 9 bo? ,isl&s 
on ocean bea*es & 9 h>b\rs4  ,,v5]ic>dia
 ,,au/ralis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ab  
7late ,c>dita au/ralis7 is a pale       
br[ni%-:ite %ell1 ) prom95t ribs4       
,sometimes ! outside is m>k$ & spla%$ ) 
r$di%-br[n4 ,! int]ior is :ite1 ) p9k or
 rose-col\r$ pat*es4 ,! %ell is ab\t "o 
& ?ree-qu>t] in*es wide4 ,x is f\nd 9   
bo? ,isl&s atta*$ to kelp roots1 :i*    
usually discol\r "o end ( ! %ell4 ,!    
,maori "n is ,purimu4  ,,*ione ,,crassa 
7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ac 7late ,v5us  
mesodesma7 is a :ite or br[n %ell1 "o   
in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on 
ocean bea*es aft] a gale4 ,! m>k+s on x 

v>y v mu*1 & consi/ ( radiat+ b&s1 or   
zigzag l9es1 ( br[n or purple br[n4 ,!  
int]ior is :ite1 ) a violet b& r\nd !   
m>g94  ,,tapes ,,int]m$ia 7,plate       
,,ix474--,fig4 #ad is a br[n or         
yell[i%-:ite %ell1 ) a :ite or grey     
int]ior4 ,! "y %ells are m>k$ ) br[n    
wavy or zigzag l9es4 ,x is f\nd 9 bo?   
,isl&s on ocean bea*es & 9 h>b\rs1 be+  
sometimes ov] two in*es wide4 ,x is kn[n
 to ! ,maoris z ,hak>i4  ,,dos9ia       
,,au/ralis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ae is
 a pale1 p9ki%-br[n %ell1 ) a :ite      
int]ior1 turn+ to violet r\nd ! m>g94 ,x
 is f\nd on ocean bea*es 9 bo? ,isl&s1 &
 atta9s a l5g? ( ?ree in*es4 ,! ,maoris 
call x ,tupa or ,tuangi h>uru4  ,,dos9ia
 ,,subrosea 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #af  
is a smoo? copy ( ! above4 ,x is pale   
p9ki%-:ite1 & f\nd up to two in*es long 
9 ! same localities z ,dos9ia au/ralis4 
,! ,maori "n = ?is %ell is ,hak>i1 !    
same z = ,tapes int]m$ia4  ,!re is ano!r
 species ( ,dos9ea 7n %[n 9 plate71 ab\t
 "o in* long & pure :ite1 f\nd 9 ! ,nor?

 ,isl&4 ,x is call$ ,dos9ia lambata4    
,,b>batia ,,decussata 7,plate           
,,ix474--,fig4 #ag 7late ,arca          
decussata7 is an irregul>-%ap$1 br[n or 
yell[i% %ell1 ! int]ior be+ :ite1 v>i$ )
 br[ni%-purple4 ,x is cov]$ ) a long1   
br[n1 hairy epid]mis4 ,x is f\nd 9 bo?  
,isl&s on ocean bea*es & "u rocks1 & is 
up to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4  ,,sol5omya    
,,p>k9soni 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ah is
 a d>k br[n1 delicate %ell1 ray$ ) pal] 
br[n4 ,! int]ior is greyi%4 ,! %9+1     
?ick1 *e/nut & black epid]mis1 :i* cov]s
 ?is %ell1 _c be mi/ak54 ,x is f\nd 9   
bo? ,isl&s on s&y banks 9 h>b\rs1 & is  
up to two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! mantle is 
spread out 9 %all[ wat]1 ?is %ellfi%    
looks l a p9k & purple fl[]4            
,,modiol>ia ,,impacta 7,plate           
,,ix474--,fig4 #ai 7late ,cr5ella       
impacta7 is a br[n %ell1 frequ5tly ) a  
mixture ( gre5 ne> ! edge4 ,! c5tre is  
smoo?1 b bo? ends are ornam5t$ ) f9e    
radiat+ ridges4 ,! int]ior is highly    
iridesc5t4 ,! %ell atta9s a l5g? (      

#a-a_/b in*es1 & is f\nd 9 bo? ,isl&s1 9
 seawe$ or grass & "u rocks1 bo? 9      
h>b\rs & on ocean bea*es4 ,! ,maori "n  
is ,korona4  ,,lima ,,bullata 7,plate   
,,ix474--,fig4 #bj is a :ite %ell1 ab\t 
"o & a-half in*es long1 & f\nd 9 ! ,nor?
 ,isl&4 ,bo? x & ! ,lima zel&ica are r>e
 %ells4  ,,lima ,,zel&ica 7,plate       
,,ix474--,fig4 #ba 7lately kn[n z ,lima 
squamosa & rec5tly r5am$ ,lima lima7 is 
a beautiful :ite %ell1 ) eighte5 ribs4  
,! spikes on ! ribs are sometimes t9t$ )
 br[n4 ,x is f\nd at ,:ang>oa ,nor?1 &  
has also be5 dr$g$ up at ,/ew>t's ,isl&4
 ,x atta9s a bread? ( #b-a_/b in*es4    
,al?\gh ,lima lima is ! late/ "n giv5   
?is %ell1 ,i tru/ ! "n ( ,lima zel&ica  
giv5 x by ,s[]by w be adh]$ to4 ,x is q 
z silly to duplicate ! names ( ! family1
 to describe a species1 z to h a k9d (  
horse kn[n z horse horse4 ,crepidula    
crepidula 7,fig4 #bg7 is a simil>       
in/ance4  ,,sub-,,em>g9ula ,,int]m$ia   
7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bb 7late        
,p>mophorus int]m$ia7 is a :ite limpet-l

 %ell1 cov]$ ) a ?9 br[n epid]mis4 ,x is
 sometimes #a-a_/b in*es long1 ! animal 
be+ l a l>ge yell[ slug4  ,,scutum      
,,ambiguum 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bc   
7late ,p>mophorus unguis7 is a :ite     
%ell1 cov]$ ) a ?9 br[n epid]mis1 & is  
sometimes ov] #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,!    
animal is l a big black slug1 &1 9      
comp>ison ) ! size ( ! slug1 ! %ell is v
 small4 ,a slug ! size ( a man's fi/    
w\ld h a %ell ab\t an in* long4 ,mo/    
%ell-hunt]s w\ld pass by a ,scutum      
abiguum1 n ?9k+ x _h a %ell emb$d$ 9 its
 folds4 ,! %ell is f\nd among/ rocks 9  
%elt]$ places on ocean bea*es4          
,,siphon>ia ,,obliquata 7,plate         
,,ix474--,fig4 #bd is l a br[n limpet1  
ab\t "o & ?ree-qu>t] in*es long4 ,on !  
"r side is ! siphonal groove1 :i* is mu*
 m cle>ly def9$ 9 ! ,siphon>ia au/ralis 
7,fig4 #be74 ,! %ell is f\nd 9 ,dun$94  
,,siphon>ia ,,au/ralis 7,plate          
,,ix474--,fig4 #be is a br[n or         
*e/nut-col\r$ limpet1 up to "o in* 9    
l5g?4 ,! siphonal groove c be se5 on !  

upp] side ( ! figure4 ,! be/ specim5s ,i
 h f\nd 7 on ! piles ( ,tauranga ,:>f4  
,,em>g9ula ,,/riatula 7,plate           
,,ix474--,fig4 #bf is a :iti% limpet1   
ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! not*1 or fissure1
 :i* is a peculi> feature ( ?is %ell1 is
 se5 on ! end ( ! %ell fac+ ! ,lima     
zel&ica 7,fig4 #ba74  ,,crepidula       
,,ungui=mis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bg  
is a p>asite %ell1 ov] an in* long1 &   
f\nd inside ! lips ( o!r %ells4 ,x is a 
?91 cle> :ite %ell1 & is well nam$1 f   
unguis1 a f+]-nail1 :i* x mu* resembles4
 ,x v>ies 9 %ape f ne>ly flat to        
semi-circul>1 accord+ to ! curve ( ! "p 
( ! %ell on :i* x gr[s4 ,! ,crepidula   
%ells are easily id5tifi$ by ! %elly    
int]nal app5dage1 or lam9a1 9 :i* ! body
 ( ! animal re/s4 ,f ! peculi> effect ( 
?is lam9a ! ,crepidula %ell looks l a   
boat4 ,?is %ell has rec5tly be5 r5am$   
,crepidula crepidula1 a silly           
duplication1 l ,lima lima 7,fig4 #ba74  
,! ,maori "n = ! ,crepidula is ! same z 
= a limpet1 namely1 ,ngakahi or         

,ngakihi4  ,,crepidula ,,aculeata       
7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bh 7late        
,crepidula co/ata7 is an oval-%ap$ :ite 
p>asite %ell1 ) purpli% l9es on ! edge4 
,x is a common %ell 9 ! ,nor? ,isl&1 &  
f\nd on rocks & among/ roots ( kelp1 &  
on ! outside ( o!r %ells1 especially    
mussels4 ,x v>ies 9 col\r & %ape1 b is  
usually deeply ribb$1 & atta9s a l5g? ( 
#a-a_/b in*es4  ,!re is ano!r species ( 
! ,crepidula1 viz41 ,monoxyla1 simil> 9 
%ape to ! ,crepidula aculeata1 b :ite & 
smoo?1 & mu* small]4  ,,calyptraea      
,,maculata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bi   
7late ,gal]us zel&icus7 is a circul>    
%ell1 f\nd on rocks or kelp1 & sometimes
 is atta*$ to o!r %ells1 especially     
mussels4 ,x atta9s a wid? ( #a-a_/b     
in*es1 & is cov]$ ) a br[n1 hairy       
epid]mis4  ,,hipponyx ,,au/ralis 7,plate
 ,,ix474--,fig4 #cj is a limpet1 :i*    
takes its "n f its %ape1 be+ l a horse's
 foot4 ,!re 0 a colony ( "s hundr$s (   
?is ,hipponyx "u a flat rock1 re/+ on   
o!r rocks1 on ! ocean side ( ,m\nt      

,maunganui1 at ! entrance to ,tauranga  
,h>b\r4 ,al?\gh !re 7 ?\s&s ( o!r rocks 
r\nd x1 ,i nev] f\nd ! ,hipponyx except 
"u ! "o rock ,i h m5tion$1 & z f> z ,i  
"k x has nev] be5 f\nd alive 9 any o!r  
"p ( ,new ,zeal&4  ,,d5talium ,,nanum   
7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ca is l a       
m9iature :ite tusk ( an elephant4 ,x is 
ab\t #a-a_/b in*es long4 ,x is really a 
limpet1 :i*1 hav+ *os5 mud & s& z its   
habitat1 has adapt$ itself to its       
surr\nd+s & become long & ?91 in/ead (  
broad & flat1 l ! rock-lov+ limpet4 ,x  
is f\nd on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,auckl&       
,prov9ce1 especially betwe5 ,manukau &  
,raglan4  ,,acmaea ,,octoradiata 7,plate
 ,,ix474--,fig4 #cb is "o ( ! doz5      
,acmaea f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,x is a v   
flat %ell1 & lives among/ rocks 9 !     
surf4  ,,acmaea ,,pileopsis 7,plate     
,,ix474--,fig4 #cc is a ne>ly r\nd1     
smoo? limpet1 ! outside be+ blacki%1    
spott$ ) :ite1 & ! int]ior blui%1 ) a   
black m>g94 ,x is ab\t an in* across4   
,among/ ! o!r t5 ,acmaea f\nd 9 ,new    

,zeal& ! mo/ noticeable is ! ,acmaea    
fragilis1 a v delicate1 ?91 gre5 %ell1 )
 n>r[ br[n b&s4 ,!re is a gre5 r+ 9 !   
int]ior ( ! %ell4 ,x is f\nd "u /ones1 &
 is ab\t #a_/b in* across4  ,,patella   
,,radians 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #cd71 &  
,,patella ,,/ellif]a 7,fig4 #ce7 are two
 repres5tatives ( ! _m species (        
beautiful limpets we h4 ,! limpet family
 has n _h ! att5tion ( our sci5ti/s :i* 
x m]its4 ,! %ells v>y s mu* t x is      
extremely difficult to classify !m4 ,9 !
 attempt to d s1 ,patella radians has   
be5 subdivid$ into five sub-species1 b  
ev5 ?is division is n a success4 ,we h  
few m beautiful or int]e/+ %ells ?an    
limpets4 ,we h !m ( e %ape1 & f ?ree    
in*es 9 wid? d[n to microscopic         
specim5s4 ,! limpet resides on "o spot1 
b moves ab\t ) ! ris+ tide 9 se>* ( !   
vegetation on :i* x lives4 ,?is x m[s   
d[n ) its long scy!-l tongue1 &1 :5     
satisfi$1 x returns to re/ 9 its        
fav\rite spot4 ,limpets h ! reputation (
 be+ indige/ible1 if n poison\s1 b ?is  

is due to ! head n be+ remov$ be=e !    
mollusc is eat54 ,if ! head be remov$   
c>efully1 ! tongue1 or radula1 :i* is   
usually ! l5g? ( ! %ell itself1 w come )
 x4 ,! #bjjj or s f9e tee? f\nd on !    
av]age limpet's tongue w q acc\nt = !   
belief t ! fi% is poison\s1 z great     
irritation mu/ be caus$ by ^! %>p little
 tee?4 ,! ,patella /ellif]a is usually  
f\nd 9 caves or %elt]$ places among/    
rocks expos$ to ! ocean swell4 ,x is    
always cov]$ ) a coral9e gr[?1 usually (
 a p9ki% t9t1 :i* gr[? has to be remov$ 
be=e ! m>k+s c be se54 ,/>s ( all %apes1
 regul> & irregul>1 w be f\nd on ! spire
 ( ! ,patella /ellif]a4 ,!re is a       
reputation yet to be made by ! man :o c 
classify our ,new ,zeal& limpets4 ,!    
,maori "n = ! limpet is ,ngakihi1 or    
,ngakahi1 :i* "n is also us$ = !        
,crepidula family4  ,,pect5 ,,m$ius     
7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #a 7late ,pect5    
latico/atus7 is ! well-kn[n scallop f\nd
 among ! grass banks 9 h>b\rs z well z 9
 ! op5 sea4 ,! %ells are sometimes five 

or ev5 six in*es across1 & ( all        
conceivable col\rs & mixtures ( col\rs4 
,! valve %[n 9 ! plate is ! flat valve1 
:i* looks l a fan4 ,! o!r valve1 :i* is 
r\nd$1 makes a good sub/itute = a scoop4
 ,?is ,pect51 or scallop1 is ! mo/      
delicate ( our edible %ellfi%1 b is nev]
 se5 9 our m>kets4 ,! animal moves by   
op5+ its %ell1 sl[ly swall[+ a l>ge     
quantity ( wat]1 & 9 a rapid mann]      
eject+ x1 !reby pu%+ ! %ell backw>ds4 ,!
 ,maori "n is ,tipa4  ,,pect5 ,,convexus
 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #b is a mu* small]
 %ell ?an ,no4 #a1 & q z brilliantly    
col\r$4 ,! valves are ne>ly equal 9     
%ape4 ,x is f\nd among/ rocks1 b is     
usually dr$g$ 9 comp>atively %all[ wat]4
  ,,pect5 ,,zel&iae 7,plate ,x474--,fig4
 #c is a /ill small] %ell1 & ! mo/      
brilliantly col\r$ ( our ,pect5 family4 
,! valves are simil> 9 %ape1 & cov]$ )  
%ort spikes4 ,x has only ! "o e>1 or    
lug1 at ! h+e end1 b sometimes a portion
 ( ! e> is f\nd on ! o!r side4 ,?is %ell
 lives among/ rocks1 or 9 sponges1 or on

 ! roots ( kelp1 9 %elt]$ or fairly     
%elt]$ portions ( op5 bea*es4 ,x is f\nd
 atta*$ to ! rocks by a byssus1 or be>d4
  ,,p9na ,,zel&ica 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 
#d is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,horse ,mussel4  
,x is usually f\nd among/ ! grass1 ab\t 
l[ wat] m>k1 on s&y bea*es1 especially  
^? conta9+ a proportion ( mud4 ,!       
natives call x ,hururoa or ,kupa1 & 9 "s
 places x is a /aple article ( diet )   
!m4 ,?is horse mussel is f\nd 9 c]ta9   
spots 9 great numb]s1 & is !n useless = 
a cab9et4 ,! collector %\ld look = odd  
scatt]$ specim5s4 ,z a rule1 only ab\t  
half an in* ( ! %ell w be f\nd protrud+ 
above ! bea*1 9 v %all[ wat]1 b 9 deep  
wat] m ( ! %ell w protrude4  ,,mytilus  
,,latus 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #e is !    
ord9>y mussel1 ) a gre5 epid]mis1 & ! "p
 ne> ! h+e is usually erod$1 z %[n 9 !  
plate4 ,x gr[s to a consid]able size 9  
,new ,zeal&1 be+ sometimes #h in*es 9   
l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 enorm\s quantities 9  
fav\r$ localities on rocks or atta*$ by 
its be>d 9 clu/]s to old cockle & o!r   

%ells on ! banks4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago  
hundr$s ( acres ( banks betwe5 ! t[n (  
,tauranga & ! sea 7 9 "o season colonis$
 by mussel spawn1 & al?\gh ! mussel 0   
be=e t date a r>e ?+ on ^! banks1 yet   
aft] ! colonisation ! banks 7 simply a  
mass ( mussels1 & ! wat]1 be+ only f "o 
to two fa?oms deep at l[ spr+ tide1 !y 7
 easily procurable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 banks 
ne> ,kati ,kati ,heads1 t 7 cov]$ a few 
ye>s ago1 are n[ )\t mussels4 ,?is is   
probably due to "s disease break+ out   
?r\gh ov]cr[d+4 ,! ,mytilus edulis 7n   
%[n on plate7 is a purpli% %ell1 (      
simil> %ape & habits to ! above1 b mu*  
small] 9 size4 ,! ,maori "n = a mussel  
is ,kuku or ,porope or ,tore-tore or    
,kutai1 & = ! small] mussels ,kukup>a or
 ,purewa or ,toriwai4  ,,mytilus        
,,magellanicus 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #f  
is a blui% mussel1 ) prom95t ribs1 z %[n
 9 ! plate4 ,! int]ior is :ite1 & ! %ell
 is f\nd up to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4       
,,volsella ,,au/ralis 7,plate           
,x474--,fig4 #g 7late ,modiola au/ralis7

 is a r\gh-look+1 unev5 %ell1 ( a pale  
*e/nut col\r4 ,x usually has a          
hairy-look+ gr[? ne> ! edge1 z %[n 9 !  
plate4 ,x is f\nd up to f\r in*es 9     
l5g?4  ,!re are two o!r ( ! ,volsella   
family 9 ,new ,zeal&1 nei!r ( :i* are   
illu/rat$4 ,! ,volsella fluviatilis1 a  
%9y1 black mussel1 %ap$ l ! ,edulis1 &  
ab\t #a-a_/b in*es long1 f\nd 9 bracki% 
wat]1 is ! mo/ common4 ,! inside is     
blui%-:ite1 & purpli% r\nd ! m>g94      
,,o/rea ,,angasi 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #h
 is a mud oy/]1 ( :i* ^? dr$g$ at       
,/ew>t's ,isl& are ! l>ge/ we h4 ,f9e   
specim5s 7 f\nd 9 ,ohiwa ,h>b\r prior to
 ! ,t>aw]a eruption ( #ahhf1 b ! deposit
 f t eruption appe>s = ! "t be+ to h    
de/roy$ !m4 ,!re mu/ be "s l>ge banks ( 
?is oy/] 9 ! ,bay ( ,pl5ty1 judg+ by !  
numb] ( dead %ells wa%$ up 9 places2 b1 
al?\gh ,i _m times us$ ! dr$ge :ile 9   
,tauranga1 ,i nev] _h ! good =tune to   
f9d "o ( ! banks4 ,c>tloads ( ! %ells 7 
at times wa%$ up on ! bea* betwe5 ! t[n 
( ,tauranga & ! entrance to ! h>b\r4  ,!

 be/ kn[n oy/] 9 ,new ,zeal& is !       
,auckl& rock oy/]1 ! ,o/rea glom]ata 7n 
%[n 9 ! plate71 :i* is famili> to all :o
 visit ! sea%ore 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! ,maori "n
 = ! rock oy/] is ,tio1 & = ! mud oy/]  
,tiop>a4  ,,placunanomia ,,zel&ica      
7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #i is ( ! family   
kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! pepp] & salt oy/]4 ,! 
l[] valve is flat & has ! l>ge oval     
op5+1 %[n 9 ! plate1 ?r\gh :i* ! foot ( 
! animal protrudes & holds ! %ell on to 
! rock4 ,! %ell is ?9 & fragile1 & is   
f\nd 9 bo? ,isl&s4 ,ano!r %ell ( ! same 
family1 ! ,anomia walt]i 7n %[n on      
plate71 is f\nd at ! ,bay ( ,isl&s1 & is
 usually col\r$ bright yell[ or orange4 
,,murex ,,ramosus1 ! la/ figure1 is !   
late/ addition to our ,new ,zeal& m>9e  
%ells1 & is describ$ ) ! o!rs ( ! ,murex
 family on ,plate ,,ii41 & on page #af4 
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4               
,page     ,argonauta nodosa       #ad   
,spirula p]oni         #ae              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4             
,page     #a--,murex zel&icus           

#ae     #b--,murex octogonus            
#af     #c--,murex eos                  
#af     #d--,trophon /ang]i             
#af     #e--,trophon ambiguus           
#af     #f--,trophon *eesemani          
#ag     #g--;,ancilla au/ralis          
#ag     #h & #i--,purpura succ9cta      
#ag     #aj--,purpura scob9a            
#ag     #aa--,purpura hau/rum           
#ag     #ab--,scaphella pacifica        
#ah     #ac--,scaphella gracilis        
#ah     #ad--,mitra melaniana           
#ah  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4       
,page     ,dolium v>iegatum             
#ah     ,lotorium rubicundum            
#ai  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4        
,page     #a--,siphonalia dilatata      
#ai     #b--,siphonalia m&>9a           
#ai     #c--,siphonalia nodosa          
#ai     #d--,/ru?iol>ia papulosa        
#ai     #e--,/ru?iol>ia v]mis           
#bj     #f--;,eu?ria l9eata             
#bj     #g--;,com9ella lurida           
#ba     #h--;,com9ella huttoni          
#ba     #i--;,eu?ria flavesc5s          

#bj     #aj--;,eu?ria vittata           
#bj     #aa--;,com9ella maculata        
#ba     #ab--;,com9ella te/ud9ea        
#ba     #ac--;,com9ella virgata         
#bb     #ad--;,com9ella nassoides       
#bb  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v           
,page     #a--,lotorium ole>ium         
#bb     #b--;,apollo argus              
#bb     #c--;,apollo au/ralasia         
#bb     #d--,lotorium sp5gl]i           
#bb     #e--,semi-cassis pyrum          
#bc     #f--,semi-cassis labiata        
#bc     #g--,lotorium cornutum          
#bc  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4        
,page     #a--;,callio/oma tigris       
#bc     #b--;,callio/oma selectum       
#bd     #c--;,callio/oma pellucidum     
#bd     #d--;,callio/oma punctulatum    
#bd     #e--,tro*us viridis             
#bd     #f--,tro*us ti>atus             
#bd     #g--;,e?alia zel&ica            
#be     #h--,natica zel&ica             
#be     #i--,n]ita nigra                
#be     #aj--;,amphibola cr5ata         
#bf     #aa--,monodonta subro/rata      

#bf     #ab--,monodonta ae?iops         
#bf     #ac--,monodonta nig]rima        
#bf     #ad--,monodonta lugubris        
#bf     #ae--,turbo granosus            
#bf     #af & #ag--,turbo helic9us      
#bg     #ah--;,a/ralium sulcatum        
#bg     #ai--;,a/ralium heliotropium    
#bg  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4       
,page     #a--;,jan?9a exigua           
#bh     #b--;,jan?9a fragilis           
#bh     #c--;,can?>idus iris            
#bh     #d--,t>on dubius                
#bi     #e--,litor9a c9cta              
#bi     #f--,litor9a mauritiana         
#bi     #g--;,can?>idus t5ebrosus       
#bh     #h--;,can?>idus purpuratus      
#bh     #i--;,can?>idus fasciatus       
#bi     #aj--;,daphnella lymnei=mis     
#bi     #aa  #ab--,surcula novae-zel&iae
    #bi     #ac--,potamides sub-c>9atus 
#cj     #ad--,solidula alba             
#cj     #ae  #af--,surcula *eesemani    
#cj     #ag--,scal>ia zelebori          
#cj     #ah--,scal>ia t5ella            
#cj     #ai--,potamides bic>9atus       

#cj     #bj--,t]ebra tri/is             
#cj     #ba--,t5agodes weldii           
#cj     #bb--,trophon duodecimus        
#cj     #bc--,trophon plebeius          
#ca     #bd--,tricotropis inornata      
#ca     #be--,m>9ula filholi            
#ca     #bf--,tralia au/ralis           
#ca     #bg--,turritella vittata        
#ca     #bh--,turritella rosea          
#ca     #bi--,trivia au/ralis           
#ca     #cj--;,cyli*na /riata           
#ca     #ca--;,ham9ea zel&ia            
#cb     #cb--;,bulla quoyi              
#cb  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4      
,page     #a--;,b>nea similis           
#cb     #b--,pholadidea trid5s          
#cb     #c--,panopea zel&ica            
#cb     #d--;,co*lodesma angasi         
#cb     #e--;,corbula zel&ica           
#cc     #f--,saxicava arctica           
#cc     #g--,myodora /riata             
#cc     #h--,myodora boltoni            
#cc     #i--,mactra discors             
#cc     #aj--,mactra aequilat]a         
#cc     #aa--,/&ella ovata              

#cc     #ab--,/&ella elongata           
#cd     #ac--,resania lanceolata        
#cd     #ad--,z5atia ac9aces            
#cd     #ae--,psammobia /ang]i          
#cd     #af--,sol5otell9a nitida        
#cd     #ag--,psammobia l9eolata        
#cd     #ah--,sol5otell9a sp5c]i        
#cd     #ai--,tell9a glabrella          
#ce     #bj--,tell9a disculus           
#ce     #ba--,tell9a alba               
#ce     #bb--,tell9a /rangei            
#ce     #bc--,mesodesma v5tricosa       
#ce     #bd--;,atactodea subtriangulata 
#cf     #be--,mesodesma novae-zel&iae   
#cf     #bf--;,*ione co/ata             
#cf     #bg--;,*ione /ut*buryi          
#cf     #bh--;,*ione oblonga            
#cf     #bi--;,anaitis yatei            
#cg  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4        
,page     #a--;,haliotis iris           
#cg     #b--;,haliotis rugoso-plicata   
#cg     #c--;,glycym]is latico/ata      
#cg     #d--;,glycym]is /riatul>is      
#cg     #e--;,c>dita avicul9a           
#ch     #f--,rhyn*onella nigricans      

#ch     #g--,t]ebratella sangu9ea       
#ch     #h--,li?ophago truncata         
#ch     #i--,v5]upis reflexa            
#ci     #aj--,v5]upis elegans           
#ci     #aa--;,div>icella cum+i         
#ci     #ab--,v5]ic>dia au/ralis     #ci
     #ac--;,*ione crassa                
#ci     #ad--,tapes int]m$ia            
#ci     #ae--;,dos9ia au/ralis          
#dj     #af--;,dos9ia subrosea          
#dj     #ag--;,b>batia decussata        
#dj     #ah--,sol5omya p>k9soni         
#dj     #ai--,modiol>ia impacta         
#dj     #bj--,lima bullata              
#da     #ba--,lima zel&ica              
#da     #bb--,sub-em>g9ula int]m$ia  #da
     #bc--,scutum ambiguum              
#da     #bd--,siphon>ia obliquata       
#da     #be--,siphon>ia au/ralis        
#da     #bf--;,em>g9ula /riatula        
#db     #bg--;,crepidula ungui=mis      
#db     #bh--;,crepidula aculeata       
#db     #bi--;,calyptraea maculata      
#db     #cj--;,hipponyx au/ralis        
#db     #ca--;,d5talium nanum           

#dc     #cb--;,acmaea octoradiata       
#dc     #cc--;,acmaea pileopsis         
#dc     #cd--,patella radians           
#dc     #ce--,patella /ellif]a          
#dc  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4          
,page     #a--,pect5 m$ius              
#dd     #b--,pect5 convexus             
#dd     #c--,pect5 zel&iae              
#de     #d--,p9na zel&ica               
#de     #e--,mytilus latus              
#de     #f--,mytilus magellanicus       
#df     #g--,volsella au/ralis          
#df     #h--,o/rea angasi               
#df     #i--,placunanomia zel&ica       
#df     #aj--,murex ramosus             
#df