,,beautiful ,,shells ,,of ,,new ,,zealand4 ,an ,illustrated ,work for ,amateur ,collectors of ,new ,zealand ,marine ,shells ,,with ,directions for ,collecting and ,cleaning them4 ,,by ,e4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,moss1 ,,barrister1 ,,auckland4 ,photographs by ,c4 ,,spencer1 ,auckland4 #aijh4 ,,publishers3 ,,collins ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,auckland4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words surrounded by tildes1 like this signifies words in bold4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,preface #c ,chapter ,i4--,shells and their ,inmates #e ,chapter ,,ii4--,collecting and ,cleaning ,shells #aj ,chapter ,,iii4--,description of ,plates #ad ,,index4 ,page4 ,acmaea fragilis1 #dc ,acmaea octoradiata1 #dc ,acmaea pileopsis1 #dc ,amphibola crenata1 #bf ,anatina angasi1 #cb ,anaitis yatei1 #cg ,ancilla australis1 #ag ,ancilla pyramidalis1 #ag ,anomia walteri1 #df ,apollo argus1 #bb ,apollo australasia1 #bb ,arca decussata1 #dj ,argonauta nodosa1 #ad ,astralium heliotropium1 #bg ,astralium sulcatum1 #bg ,atactodea subtriangulata1 #cf ,bankivia varians1 #bi ,barbatia decussata1 #dj ,barnea similis1 #cb ,buccinulus kirki1 #cj ,bulla quoyi1 #cb ,calliostoma pellucidum1 #bd ,calliostoma punctulatum1 #bd ,calliostoma selectum1 #bd ,calliostoma tigris1 #bc ,calyptraea maculata1 #db ,cantharidus fasciatus1 #bi ,cantharidus iris1 #bh ,cantharidus purpuratus1 #bh ,cantharidus tenebrosus1 #bh ,cardita australis1 #ci ,cardita aviculina1 #ch ,cassis1 #bc ,cerithidea1 #cj ,chione costata1 #cf ,chione crassa1 #ci ,chione oblonga1 #cf ,chione stutchburyi1 #cf ,chione yatei1 #bg ,cochlodesma angasi1 #cb ,cominella huttoni1 #ba ,cominella lurida1 #ba ,cominella maculata1 #ba ,cominella nassoides1 #bb ,cominella testudinea1 #ba ,cominella virgata1 #bb ,cookia sulcata1 #bg ,corbula zelandica1 #cc ,crenella impacta1 #dj ,crepidula aculeata1 #db ,crepidula monoxyla1 #db ,crepidula unguiformis1 #db ,cylichna striata1 #ca ,daphnella lymneiformis1 #bi ,dentalium nanum1 #dc ,divaricella cumingi1 #ci ,dolium variegatum1 #ah ,dosinea australis1 #dj ,dosinea lambata1 #dj ,dosinea subrosea1 #dj ,drillia zelandica1 #bi ,emarginula striatula1 #db ,ethalia zelandica1 #be ,euthria flavescens1 #bj ,euthria lineata1 #bj ,euthria vittata1 #bj ,galerus zelandicus1 #db ,glycymeris laticostata1 #cg ,glycymeris striatularis1 #cg ,haliotis iris1 #cg ,haliotis rugoso-plicata1 #cg ,haliotis virginea1 #cg ,haminea zelandiae1 #cb ,hemimactra notata1 #cd ,hiatula nitida1 #cd ,hipponyx australis1 #db ,janthina exigua1 #bh ,janthina fragilis1 #bh ,janthina globosa1 #bh ,kalydon1 #cj ,lima bullata1 #da ,lima zelandica1 #da ,lithodomus truncatus1 #ch ,lithophago truncata1 #ch ,litorina cincta1 #bi ,litorina mauritiana1 #bi ,lotorium cornutum1 #bc ,lotorium olearium1 #bb ,lotorium rubicundum1 #ai ,lotorium spengleri1 #bb ,lucina dentata1 #ci ,mactra aequilatera1 #cc ,mactra discors1 #cc ,magellania lenticularis1 #ch ,marinula filholi1 #ca ,mesodesma novae zelandiae1 #cf ,mesodesma ventricosa1 #ce ,mitra melaniana1 #ah ,modiola australis1 #df ,modiolaria impacta1 #dj ,monodonta aethiops1 #bf ,monodonta lugubris1 #bf ,monodonta nigerrima1 #bf ,monodonta subrostrata1 #bf ,murex eos1 #af ,murex octogonus1 #af ,murex ramosus1 #af ,murex zelandicus1 #ae ,myodora boltoni1 #cc ,myodora striata1 #cc ,mytilicardia excavata1 #ch ,mytilus edulis1 #de ,mytilus latus1 #de ,mytilus magellanicus1 #df ,natica zelandica1 #be ,nerita nigra1 #be ,ophicardelus costellaris1 #ca ,ostrea angasi1 #df ,ostrea glomerata1 #df ,panopea zelandica1 #cb ,paphia1 #ce ,parmophorus1 #da ,patella radians1 #dc ,patella stellifera1 #dc ,pecten convexus1 #dd ,pecten medius1 #dd ,pecten zelandiae1 #de ,pectunculus1 #cg ,pholadidea tridens1 #cb ,pinna zelandica1 #de ,pisania1 #bj ,placunanomia zelandica1 #df ,pleurotoma1 #cj ,polytropa1 #ag ,potamides bicarinatus1 #cj ,potamides sub-carinatus1 #cj ,psammobia lineolata1 #cd ,psammobia stangeri1 #cd ,purpura haustrum1 #ag ,purpura scobina1 #ag ,purpura succincta1 #ag ,ranella1 #bb ,resania lanceolata1 #cd ,rhynchonella nigricans1 #ch ,rotella1 #be ,saxicava arctica1 #cc ,scalaria tenella1 #cj ,scalaria zelebori1 #cj ,scaphella gracilis1 #ah ,scaphella pacifica1 #ah ,scutum ambiguum1 #da ,semi-cassis labiata1 #bc ,semi-cassis pyrum1 #bc ,siliquaria australis1 #cj ,siphonalia dilatata1 #ai ,siphonalia mandarina1 #ai ,siphonalia nodosa1 #ai ,siphonaria australis1 #da ,siphonaria obliquata1 #da ,solenomya parkinsoni1 #dj ,solenotellina nitida1 #cd ,solenotellina spenceri1 #cd ,solidula alba1 #cj ,spirula peroni1 #ae ,standella elongata1 #cd ,standella ovata1 #cc ,struthiolaria papulosa1 #ai ,struthiolaria vermis1 #bj ,sub-emarginula intermedia1 #da ,surcula cheesemani1 #cj ,surcula novae zelandiae1 #bi ,tapes intermedia1 #ci ,taron dubius1 #bi ,tellina alba1 #ce ,tellina disculus1 #ce ,tellina glabrella1 #ce ,tellina strangei1 #ce ,tenagodes weldii1 #cj ,terebra tristis1 #cj ,terebratella rubicunda1 #ch ,terebratella sanguinea1 #ch ,tralia australis1 #ca ,tricotropis inornata1 #ca ,triton1 #ai ,trivia australis1 #ca ,trochus chathamensis1 #bd ,trochus tiaratus1 #bd ,trochus viridis1 #bd ,trophon ambiguus1 #af ,trophon cheesemani1 #ag ,trophon duodecimus1 #cj ,trophon plebeius1 #ca ,trophon stangeri1 #af ,turbo granosus1 #bf ,turbo helicinus1 #bg ,turritella rosea1 #ca ,turritella vittata1 #ca ,vanganella taylori1 #cd ,venericardia australis1 #ci ,venerupis elegans1 #ci ,venerupis reflexa1 #ci ,venus1 #cf and #ci ,volsella australis1 #df ,volsella fluviatilis1 #df ,voluta1 #ah ,waldheimia lenticularis1 #ch ,zenatia acinaces1 #cd ,zizyphinus1 #bc ,,preface ,often have ,i heard my young friends regret the great difficulty experienced in identifying the things of beauty found on our coast2 and some time back it occurred to me that the time had arrived when an attempt should be made to remedy this4 ,new ,zealand is a maritime country1 most of its inhabitants living near the sea1 and there are few indeed who do not enjoy occasionally the pleasure of wandering along the seashore1 gathering shells1 seaweed1 echini1 and the numerous other relics of the deep4 ,this pleasant hobby is robbed of a great deal of its interest by a lack of knowledge as regards the names1 habits1 and mode of preserving the various finds1 and especially the finds of shells4 ,when properly preserved and carefully classified they are much more attractive than otherwise they would be4 ,in almost every home shells are seen2 some highly prized as ornaments1 others as mementoes of pleasant hours in foreign lands2 but seldom are our really beautiful shells represented in a collection4 ,in this work marine shells alone are dealt with1 our numerous land and fresh water shells being1 with six or seven exceptions1 small and insignificant4 ,of land and fresh water shells about two hundred varieties1 and of marine shells about four hundred and fifty varieties1 have up to the present been discovered in ,new ,zealand4 ,for some inscrutable reason1 however1 the ,new ,zealand authorities are continually changing the classical names of our shells4 ,the names ,i have used are taken from the late ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,hutton's last list1 published in #aijd4 ,it is really time some attempt was made to stop this foolish proceeding4 ,most of the shells1 since ,i began collecting #bj odd years ago1 have had their names changed once1 many of them twice1 and some even three times4 ,it is more than probable some of the names will be altered while this volume is in the press4 ,these frequent changes in the names cause great confusion1 and but for the kindly help and encouragement given me by ,mr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,cheeseman1 ,f4,l4,s41 of ,auckland1 ,i should have hesitated to undertake its publication4 ,what most ennobles science is the willingness to give assistance to beginners shown by really scientific men1 and doubly pleasing is that help to the recipient when given spontaneously and without stint4 ,this is the first attempt to publish a popular work on ,new ,zealand shells1 and is written by an amateur for amateurs4 ,nearly every shell likely to be met with by an ordinary collector 7except the minute shells7 will be found in the ten plates at the end of this work4 ,i have endeavoured to describe the shells in simple language1 as the scientific words may puzzle some of my readers4 ,for instance1 ,professor ,hutton describes a certain shell as thick1 irregular1 sharp ribbed1 with the margin dentated or lobed1 very inequivalve2 upper valve opercular1 compressed1 wrinkled1 with thick concentric laminae2 lower valve cucullated1 purple1 white within1 edged with purple or black2 lateral margins denticulated2 hinge generally attenuated1 produced1 pointed4 ,when a shell is found that fully answers this description you will know it is an ,auckland rock oyster4 ,errors and omissions will1 ,i trust1 be charitably dealt with1 as the inevitable mistakes of a man who is blazing a track4 ,i have endeavoured to give the ,maori names also1 but1 unfortunately1 in different parts of ,new ,zealand the same name is frequently used for different shells4 ,my own collection of ,new ,zealand marine shells1 made during my residence in ,tauranga1 ,bay of ,plenty1 is1 ,i believe1 the best and largest yet made1 and among the specimens ,i can number no less than a dozen new shells which ,i had the pleasure of adding to the recognised list4 ,over #ij per cent4 of the known species of ,new ,zealand marine shells were found there by my friends or myself during the #ae happy years ,i spent in that delightful1 though not very progressive1 part of ,new ,zealand4 ,my thanks are especially due to ,mr4 ,charles ,spencer1 of ,auckland1 an ardent conchologist1 and for many years my colleague in collecting shells1 for the care taken with the photographs1 and for valuable suggestions and help4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,shells ,,and ,,their ,,inmates4 ,before the study of shellfish1 or molluscs1 was conducted on the scientific principles of the present day1 shells were classified as univalves1 bivalves1 and multivalves4 ,the univalves were shells in one piece1 such as the whelk2 the bivalves those in two pieces1 such as the mussel or oyster2 and the multivalves those in more than two pieces1 such as barnacles or chitons1 barnacles1 however1 being no longer classed with shells4 ,the highest of the five types1 or natural divisions1 of animals are the ,vertebrata1 the ,mollusca1 and the ,annulosa4 ,the vertebrates usually have vertebrae1 or jointed backbones1 and from this the highest division takes its name2 but the real test is the colour of the blood1 which in the vertebrates is always red4 ,the molluscs have soft bodies and no internal skeleton1 but in lieu of this the animal is usually protected by an external shell1 harder than the bones of vertebrates4 ,the annulosa1 like the molluscs1 have soft bodies and no internal skeletons2 but the external shell is divided into joints or segments1 and is usually softer than the bones of vertebrates4 ,fishes belong to the vertebrate division1 oysters to the mollusc1 and crabs and starfish to the annulosa4 ,the remaining two of the five divisions are the ,caelenterata1 in which the general cavity of the body communicates freely with that of the digestive apparatus1 and the ,protozoa1 which includes all animals1 such as sponges1 etc41 not included in the above four divisions4 ,the shell of an oyster takes the place of the bones of a dog2 and although it may seem strange for an animal to have its bones on the outside of its body1 it is really no more strange than for a fruit1 such as the strawberry or raspberry1 to have its seeds on the outside4 ,lime is the principal ingredient of all bones2 and the bones of vertebrate animals contain a large proportion of phosphate of lime1 while the shells of molluscs1 or shellfish 7as they are popularly called71 consist almost entirely of carbonate of lime4 ,when scientists began more carefully to examine the structure of shellfish1 they found that those similarly constructed had shells with certain marked peculiarities4 ,the days of conchology were then doomed2 and the study of the mollusc1 or malacology1 took its place4 ,besides those necessary for digesting food1 most shellfish have organs equivalent to those of vertebrate animals1 such as feet1 arms1 eyes1 head1 heart1 and tongue4 ,although bearing the same names1 these organs rarely have a similar shape to those of the vertebrates1 being necessarily adapted to the different mode of living4 ,the foot of a cockle1 shaped like an animal's tongue1 enables it to move slowly from place to place1 as well as to burrow in a sandy beach with the comical jerks so well known to observers4 ,the tongues are beautifully designed for their work4 ,the long1 narrow tongue of the vegetarian mollusc works like a scythe1 and mows down the delicate marine grasses on which the animal feeds4 ,the powerful tongues of those that prefer an animal diet are able to bore through the strongest shells2 and woe betide the unfortunate shellfish which1 having shown signs of weakness1 or disease1 is surrounded by its active1 carnivorous brethren4 ,the tongue1 sometimes longer even than the shell itself1 is covered with rows of very hard spikes1 or teeth1 arranged similarly to the burrs on a file4 ,as these teeth break1 or are worn out1 they are replaced by others that push themselves forward when wanted4 ,under a microscope of moderate power1 the radula1 or tongue1 of a shellfish1 especially a limpet1 is a most interesting sight1 and many molluscs can be identified merely by examining the tongue under a microscope4 ,the shape of the teeth1 the number1 and the arrangement of them will settle the question4 ,the appetites of molluscs verge on the voracious4 ,break up a few cockles1 or other shellfish1 and place them in shallow water on a calm day1 and watch the result4 ,if in the vicinity of rocks1 and during a rising tide1 all the better4 ,first come the wary little shrimps to the feast4 ,some are creeping cautiously1 and some are jumping and racing1 as if afraid of not being in time4 ,then the carnivorous shellfish approach from all directions1 foremost amongst them being the different species of ,cominella4 ,while they are lumbering along1 shells appear to be actually running2 but a close inspection shows that these contain active little hermit crabs1 whose tender tails1 having no hard covering of their own1 are snugly stowed in the empty shells of defunct molluscs4 ,then the sand or gravel moves1 and crabs appear4 ,the shrimps1 crabs1 and hermit crabs run off with the smaller morsels2 but the molluscs gather round the remnants and pull and haul and roll over one another until the feast is ended1 when some1 being satiated1 contentedly burrow into the sand2 while others1 with their appetites only sharpened1 will wander away in search of fresh prey4 ,in many shells1 such as the ,triton1 or ,lotorium as it is now called 7,plate ,,iii471 every increase in growth can be traced in the thick lip formed by the animal when it has increased the size of its shell4 ,others again1 such as the ,struthiolaria 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d71 only form a lip when their full size has been attained1 and by this the difference between an old and young ,struthiolaria can at a glance be seen4 ,others form a lip at each growth1 and then dissolve the lip before starting again4 ,vertebrate fish are supposed to grow1 and increase in size1 till the day of their death1 but shellfish do not do this4 ,the shell becomes stronger and thicker with age1 the animal having the ability to add layer after layer of nacreous1 or pearly deposit1 on the inside of the shell2 and as the animal shrivels and lessens in size the thickness of the shell increases4 ,and some1 when they become too large1 have power to dissolve the partitions in the shell1 and deposit the material on the outside of the shell4 ,the time it takes a shellfish to grow to its full size varies a great deal4 ,oysters take about five years2 but the giant ,tridacna1 the largest bivalve in the world1 has been found so enclosed in the slow-growing coral that it could hardly open its valves4 ,the young of most shellfish are active little things1 and are usually so different from their parents as to be unrecognisable4 ,some swim1 or frisk about1 and travel even long distances in search of suitable quarters to settle in4 ,others float on the surface1 and are driven where the winds and currents list4 ,some1 like mussels1 are distributed all over the world1 others again are found1 perhaps1 on one rock1 or on one small sandbank in a large district4 ,many shells are rare1 because we do not know where to look for them2 but if we know and can find their food1 we will find the shellfish not far away4 ,some change their shape so much that1 as they age1 they have to dissolve all the partitions made in their youth in the shell4 ,the eggs of some are scattered on the surface of the water1 while the eggs of others are hatched by the mother before being turned adrift4 ,marine shellfish live in all kinds of places below high water mark2 and some of the semi-amphibious ones thrive even above ordinary high water mark1 where for days at a time nothing but the tops of the waves could reach them4 ,they are found on seaweed and on rocks1 and on sand or mud-banks2 but especially in places near rocks on marine grass banks bare at low spring tides4 ,some live on the surface of the water1 some burrow in sand or mud1 and some bore holes for themselves in the softer rocks4 ,some live in deep water2 but the better coloured shells are found near low water mark1 or in shallow water2 for light is as necessary to the perfecting of colour in shells as in flowers4 ,shells that have grown in a harbour are more fragile than those grown in the ocean1 and are usually less brilliant in colour1 as harbour water is not as clean as ocean water4 ,the colour of shells 7as of insects7 depends largely on environment1 and is only one1 and by no means the most reliable1 method of deciding the species4 ,an expert can at a glance tell whether a given shell has come from shallow or deep water1 and whether from an exposed or sheltered spot4 ,most shellfish move about a great deal1 and migrate into deeper water in summer2 and on bright clear days retire into dark corners amongst1 and even under1 stones4 ,on a dull day a collector is frequently more successful than on a bright1 sunny day2 and in spring or early summer the best hauls of live shells can be made4 ,nearly all shells have an epidermis1 or outer skin4 ,in some this is very apparent1 as in the ,lotorium olearium 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #a71 or the ,solenomya parkinsoni 7,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #ah71 while in others it is nearly transparent1 and hardly perceptible4 ,to enable the true colours of a shell to be seen the epidermis must be removed4 ,the supposed original form of a shell was that of a volute univalve1 such as the ,triton 7now ,lotorium71 or ,struthiolaria4 ,to properly enclose the animal1 and make it safe from enemies1 an operculum1 or lid1 was so formed that when the animal retired into the shell this filled up the opening4 ,the operculum is usually like a piece of thin1 rough brown horn1 and where no reference is made to an operculum in this work1 it must be understood that the operculum is horny4 ,some shells1 such as the ,astralium sulcatum 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ah71 and the ,turbo helicinus 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ag71 have a shelly operculum2 that of the latter being the well-known cat's eye4 ,in some shells the operculum is small1 in others large1 and progressing step by step we find some1 such as the scallop and oyster1 with one side round1 and the other 7really an operculum7 flat and as large as the shell2 until we come to the perfect type with each valve the same shape and size4 ,then the operculum disappears1 as in the limpet1 and the covering shell becomes smaller and smaller1 till in the ,scutum ambiguum 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #bc7 the shell bears about the same proportion to the animal that the little bonnet1 fashionable a few years ago1 bore to the lady that wore it4 ,the shell is built up of very thin layers of nacre1 or mother of pearl1 and calcareous or chalky matter1 the thinner being the layers of nacre the more lustrous and iridescent is the shell4 ,as would be expected from its isolated position1 many of the genera of ,new ,zealand shells are not found elsewhere4 ,the late ,professor ,hutton mentions nine genera in this position4 ,the dispersal of shells is an interesting natural phenomenon4 ,the eggs of molluscs are so small that they can easily be carried by currents1 attached to floating seaweed or floating timber1 on the hulls of ships1 or in the feathers or feet of our migratory birds1 such as the godwit1 which every year travels from ,new ,zealand to ,siberia and back4 ,a great many of our shells are found on the ,australian coasts2 and a surprising number are common to both ,new ,zealand and ,queensland4 ,in describing the illustrations1 length means extreme length1 and by measuring the shell on the plate the proportionate width can be ascertained4 ,the illustrations are1 generally speaking1 half the natural length of the shell depicted2 and the shell photographed1 although in most cases an average full-sized specimen1 in some instances was smaller than the average4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii ,,collecting ,,and ,,cleaning ,,shells4 ,shells are described as live and dead shells4 ,live shells are those found with the animal enclosed1 and are more likely to be perfect in form and colour than dead shells4 ,dead shells found amongst rocks are nearly always battered and worn1 and useless from the collector's point of view4 ,live shells are found below high water mark1 among rocks1 or in the sand1 or amongst seaweed and marine grasses4 ,wait till a storm from the sea is ended1 and then1 if the wind is blowing from the land1 a rich harvest of live and dead shells will be found on the sandy beaches and amongst the seaweed and wrack that comes ashore4 ,many of the smaller shells will be found amongst the leaves and roots of kelp4 ,start early in the morning1 or pigs1 rats1 and seabirds will have destroyed the choicest specimens4 ,even such solid bivalves as the ,dosinia will be carried skywards by the gulls and dropped on to a hard part of the beach1 so that the shells may be cracked and the gulls get the contents4 ,most birds have this habit2 even thrushes can be seen carrying snails up in the air and dropping them on to paths4 ,soak the dead shells in hot water for a few hours to get rid of the salt1 and then scrub with a hard brush1 or1 if encrusted or very dirty1 rub with sand1 using a brush or cloth4 ,no need to fear hurting them1 unless very fragile1 in which case the best thing is a soft toothbrush1 with fine sand4 ,if patches of dirt1 or encrustations1 still remain1 scrape with a piece of hard wood or a knife4 ,as a last resource use muriatic acid1 diluted with an equal volume of water2 but be careful to put it only on the spots to be cleaned1 using a penholder1 or small stick1 with a small piece of rag tied to the point4 ,the inside of the shell1 if discoloured1 can be cleaned in the same way4 ,when cleaned1 wash again carefully1 and dry thoroughly4 ,then rub the shell with a mixture of sewing machine oil and chloroform in equal parts4 ,the machine oil1 being fish oil1 will replace the oil the shell has lost1 and chloroform is the best restorer of colour we have4 ,for very delicate shells poppy oil is sometimes used2 but it is expensive and difficult to obtain4 ,the greatest trouble is getting the animal out of live shells4 ,anthills are few and small in ,new ,zealand1 so the lazy man's method of putting shells on an anthill1 and letting the insects do the work1 is impracticable4 ,boiling for a minute will not hurt the stronger and heavier shells2 but even pouring boiling water on the more delicate shells will cause them in time to fade4 ,after taking the shells out of the boiling water1 let them cool1 and then place them in cold1 fresh water for a couple of days in summer or for a week in winter1 changing the water every day4 ,the animal can then usually be removed with a bradawl1 or1 better still1 a sail needle stuck into a cork4 ,although soaking in fresh water for a few days makes the animal slip out more easily1 still a large proportion will break during extraction4 ,the piece left behind must also be extracted1 or the shell will be offensive4 ,the coarser shells can be buried for a few months in sandy soil1 or for a few weeks on a sandy beach below high water mark1 or put in baskets or bags made of twine or netting1 and placed in tidal pools1 or fastened to stakes at low water mark1 where the marine insects will quickly do their share of the work4 ,or they may be buried in a boxful of clean sand or sandy soil1 and the sand kept moist by watering it every few days4 ,the box is all the better for being put away in a damp place under a tree1 or on the shady side of a building or fence4 ,this1 however1 is a slow process1 and if the specimens are required at once1 the best way is to extract all you can of the animal by the hot water and soaking process1 and then keep the shell half-full of water in a shady place1 every morning holding it under a water tap and shaking it carefully4 ,after each shaking a very little pure muriatic acid may be put into the shell1 and when all the effervescing from the acid is over1 wash and shake it again4 ,two or three mornings of this treatment should clean the shell4 ,the more delicate shells will lose their colour if put into boiling water1 so first put the boiling water in a basin and then place the shells in it4 ,nearly all salt water shellfish1 if soaked for a few hours in fresh water1 will die4 ,the only exceptions ,i know of are the ,nerita and ,littorina1 families which are semi-amphibious4 ,the best way to remove coral or vegetable growths from shells is to leave them for a few weeks1 or if very hard1 for a few months1 in a shady place1 where the wind and rain can get at them1 but not the sun4 ,the growths will then be sufficiently soft to be scraped off with a piece of hard wood or a knife1 or rubbed off with sand4 ,it is a good plan to oil or paste calico over portions not covered with growths1 so as to reduce the risk of the colour fading4 ,when the animal is removed and the growth cleaned away1 wash1 scrub1 and dry1 as with dead shells4 ,shellfish are sometimes obtained by dredging with a naturalist's dredge1 or by diving for them1 or lifting them out of the water with instruments such as hay forks and hooks4 ,sandy beaches and banks yield many of the most beautiful specimens1 but only with experience will the collector be able to identify the marks of the syphons of the various shellfish4 ,nearly all shellfish that burrow have two syphons1 or tubes1 which they push through the sand4 ,the water is drawn down one syphon and up the other2 and as it passes through its stomach the mollusc absorbs the animal and vegetable particles in the water4 ,some of these shellfish live feet below the surface of the sand2 some1 such as the common cockle1 only a fraction of an inch4 ,apparently even cockles do not come to the surface1 except to die4 ,some instinct seems to urge a shellfish1 when sick unto death1 to save its fellows from infection by leaving the common shelter4 ,cockles found on the surface are to be avoided as unhealthy1 and1 unless they die naturally1 are soon killed by the carnivorous shellfish4 ,it does not take one of the whelk family long to bore a hole in the centre of the cockle shell4 ,it knows too much to risk having its radula1 or tongue1 nipped off by putting it between the partly-open valves of the dying cockle4 ,the end of the syphon1 which projects from the sand1 is like a miniature sea anemone4 ,each sand-burrowing shellfish has a different shaped end to its syphon1 and the skilled collector can tell at a glance what shellfish is down below4 ,if he can grip the syphon with his hand he will have no difficulty in digging up the shellfish1 even such a deep-living one as the ,panopaea 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #c71 one of which was captured by ,mr4 ,c4 ,spencer on ,cheltenham ,beach1 near ,takapuna ,head1 in ,auckland ,harbour4 ,i believe this was the only ,panopaea captured in ,new ,zealand in situ1 and was about eighteen inches below the surface of the sand at half-tide mark4 ,if he miss gripping the syphon he will probably lose the shellfish2 as it can burrow nearly as fast as a man can dig with his hand4 ,a beginner cannot do better than take a small spade1 and walk along a sandy beach at low water4 ,as the tide begins to rise1 and the buried shellfish feel the water1 he will see the sand moving1 or showing signs of life2 and if he digs quickly enough he may unearth rare and beautiful specimens for his cabinet4 ,wherever animals or vegetables are crowded1 disease appears4 ,this is true of molluscs1 and it is seldom worth while looking for a specimen fit for a collection where any particular kind of shellfish lives in great numbers4 ,animal and vegetable parasites will be found wherever shellfish are crowded together4 ,for instance1 a perfect cockle1 or one good enough for a collection1 will not be found on a cockle bank1 but solitary ones must be looked for elsewhere4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,amongst the best known shells in any part of the world the ,nautilus takes a leading position4 ,named ,argonauta by scientific men1 after the ,argonautae1 or sailors of the ,argo1 it has been the subject of many legends from the earliest times4 ,aristotle describes it as floating on the surface of the sea in fine weather1 and holding out its sail-shaped arms to the breeze4 ,this is now known to be incorrect1 as the use it makes of these arms is to help it in swimming through the water4 ,new ,zealand's specimen1 the ,argonauta nodosa1 also known as ,argonauta argo1 the most beautiful of the four known species1 is depicted on ,plate ,i4 ,being a floating shell1 and found even hundreds of miles from land1 our ,nautilus is not peculiar to ,new ,zealand4 ,its beautiful white1 horny-looking shell can be obtained from most parts of the ,pacific and ,indian ,oceans1 but in no part of the world can finer specimens than ours be found4 ,it is known to the ,maoris as ,muheke or ,ngu1 and colloquially as the ,paper ,nautilus4 ,the animal that produces this shell belongs to the octopus1 or cuttlefish1 family4 ,the male is an insignificant-looking octopus1 about an inch long4 ,the female grows many times larger1 as can be imagined from a glance at the shell in the plate1 which measured nine inches across1 and was found at ,mayor ,island1 in the ,bay of ,plenty1 and is now in the possession of ,mr4 ,c4 ,spencer4 ,in the shell the female lays her eggs1 and in it the young are hatched4 ,unlike all other shells1 the ,nautilus is not moulded on the animal1 nor is she even attached to her shell by muscles4 ,when washed ashore she can wriggle out of her shell and swim away4 ,in her shell she lies as in a boat1 propelling herself by slowly sucking up water1 and violently ejecting it through a funnel1 or syphon1 at the same time using her arms as oars1 to increase her speed4 ,dame ,nautilus can sink to the bottom of the sea if she chooses2 and when wishing to crawl about the sand or rocks she turns over and carries her shell on her back1 like a snail4 ,beside the ,nautilus is her little cousin1 the ,spirula peroni1 which sometimes1 although not quite scientifically correct1 is called an ,ammonite4 ,our ,nautilus is frequently found alive1 but only one living specimen of this ,ammonite has hitherto been caught1 though several shells have been obtained from different parts of the world with portions of the fish attached4 ,neither towing nets nor dredges have been successful in catching the ,ammonite1 so it evidently does not live either on the surface or bottom of the sea1 but probably between the two1 in deep water4 ,the shell is in a number of divisions1 connected by a fine tube1 and no doubt its use is to regulate the depth at which the animal wishes to stay4 ,this the creature does by filling a number of the divisions with water or air1 according as it wishes to sink deeper or float upwards4 ,after a gale1 on looking amongst the wrack cast up by the highest waves1 large numbers of our ,spirula will be found4 ,light and fragile the shells are1 and they ride ashore without injury1 and frequently are found covered with small barnacles1 a proof that many weeks must have elapsed between the death of the owner and the casting ashore of its shell4 ,in places in ,new ,zealand1 and elsewhere1 large fossil deposits of ,spirula peroni occur4 ,it is worth remembering that1 even though this shell is found as far away as ,england1 the only living specimen was caught on the ,new ,zealand coast4 ,our only other floating shells are three species of ,janthina1 or violet shells1 two of which are shown on ,plate ,,vii41 ,figures #a and #b4 ,the first three shells on ,plate ,,ii4 belong to the ,murex family4 ,from this species the ancient ,tyrians obtained a portion of their celebrated purple dye4 ,the ,janthina family 7,plate ,,vii471 however1 contributed the greater portion4 ,the dye was extracted by bruising the smaller shells in mortars4 ,,murex ,,zelandicus 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #a is known as the spider shell1 from the spines1 which look like spider's legs4 ,it is a white or greyish shell1 about two inches in length4 ,the long spines would interfere with the growth of this ,murex if it had not the power of dissolving them as the outside of one whorl becomes the inside of the next4 ,the removal is supposed to be assisted by chemical action1 as the saliva of some shellfish is known to contain a small percentage of muriatic acid4 ,such powers have some shellfish of dissolving or altering the form of their shells1 that the ,cyprae1 or ,cowry1 our representative of which family is the ,trivia australis 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #bi71 not only can dissolve the inner part of its shell1 but can deposit new layers on the outside4 ,this ,murex lives on sand in the open ocean1 and is found in the ,north ,island only4 ,,murex ,,octogonus 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig #b is a slightly longer shell than the ,murex zelandicus1 and1 like it1 is found only in the ,north ,island4 ,but in place of being round or oval1 this shell is octagonal1 from which peculiarity it derives its name4 ,the grooves that cross the shell are deep1 and between them are small curved spines4 ,the shell is thick and solid1 the exterior being reddish white1 sometimes stained with brown4 ,there is a smaller variety of this shell1 darker in colour and with more numerous spines than the photographed specimens shown4 ,,murex ,,eos 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #c is a beautiful pink shell1 about an inch long4 ,dead shells only have been found1 and a good specimen is much prized4 ,none of the ,murex family are common1 and they are seldom found alive4 ,murex eos1 although existing in ,tasmania and ,australia1 has so far been found in ,new ,zealand nowhere ,south of the ,bay of ,islands4 ,,murex ,,ramosus4--,two specimens of this well-known ,island shell have been found in ,tauranga during the last five years4 ,one excellent specimen1 #h-a_/b inches long1 was a live shell1 and is now in the possession of ,mrs4 ,t4 ,m4 ,humphreys1 of ,tauranga4 ,an illustration of this shell will be found on ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,trophon ,,stangeri 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #d is a rough grey shell1 with a dark purple interior4 ,it is covered with parallel ridges and lines1 which are known as varices1 very thin and close together1 and running from the apex to the mouth of the shell4 ,it is over an inch in length1 and usually found on cockle banks in harbours4 ,,trophon ,,ambiguus 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #e is in shape very like the ,murex stangeri1 but twice the dimensions1 and can be easily distinguished1 as the varices are much higher and further apart2 besides which they cross one another at right angles1 forming a perfect network1 and the interior is pinkish brown4 ,this shell is found on ocean beaches1 as well as on cockle banks4 ,,trophon ,,cheesemani 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #f is a small1 grey ,trophon1 with a dark interior4 ,the shell is deeply grooved1 and about three-quarters of an inch long4 ,found1 so far1 only on the ,west ,coast1 near ,waikato ,heads4 ,we have #c other small ,trophons1 two of which are shown on ,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #bb and #bc4 ,,ancilla ,,australis 7,plate ,,ii47--,fig4 #g 7also known as the ,new ,zealand ,olive7 is a beautiful clean bright shell1 and looks as if covered with shining enamel4 ,the upper part of shells of the ,ancilla family is kept polished by the mollusc's foot1 which swells to such an extent when the animal is moving about that the whole shell is concealed in its folds4 ,the broad band in the centre is usually dark chestnut or brownish purple1 the points of the shell being tipped with darker shades of the same colour4 ,the interior is purplish4 ,large numbers are found on the edges of channels in harbours1 buried in the sand2 but their presence is easily located by the oval-shaped mound under which they conceal themselves4 ,when washed up on ocean beaches1 they are frequently bleached to a brown or chocolate colour4 ,the ,maoris sometimes use them for buttons1 and very pretty buttons the medium-sized ones make4 ,the largest ,i have seen were two inches long4 ,there are two other kinds of ,ancilla found in ,new ,zealand1 the one much larger1 and the other much smaller1 than the one depicted4 ,the larger is ,ancilla pyramidalis1 the smaller ,ancilla mucronata4 ,the native names are ,pupurore and ,tikoaka4 ,,purpura ,,succincta 7,plate ,,ii474--,figs4 #h and #i is found all over the ,north ,island1 on ocean beaches and in harbours4 ,it may have a comparatively smooth exterior1 as in ,fig4 #h1 or be deeply grooved1 as in ,fig4 #i4 ,the interior is usually yellow or brown1 and generally has a pale band round the margin of the outer lip4 ,it is very variable in colour and general outside appearance1 and although at one time divided by naturalists into #c or #d varieties1 under different names1 it is now believed to be only one very variable species4 ,,purpura ,,scobina 7,plate ,,ii47--,fig4 #aj 7late ,polytropa scobina7 is a rough1 thick1 brown shell1 with a dark interior4 ,it varies in colour and shape1 and is found everywhere in ,new ,zealand on surf-beaten rocks4 ,it is usually under an inch in length4 ,,purpura ,,haustrum 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig #aa 7late ,polytropa haustrum7 is a brown shell1 with a greyish or yellow interior4 ,it is found in great numbers on rocks in all parts of ,new ,zealand4 ,sometimes it is over three inches in length4 ,the animal equals the ,cominella in voracity4 ,the ,maori name is ,kakare1 or ,kaeo1 both of which names are also given to the ,astralium sulcatum 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ah74 ,,scaphella ,,pacifica 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #ab 7late ,voluta pacifica7 is a yellow or chestnut-coloured shell1 with dark markings1 and is sometimes nine inches in length4 ,it is found in large numbers washed up on the beaches in both ,islands after gales1 and varies so much in colour1 markings1 and shape that a good pair is seldom procurable4 ,sometimes even the nodules1 or lumps1 shown in the plate1 are wanting1 and sometimes the markings are wanting4 ,it was until lately known as the ,voluta pacifica1 being one of the well-known ,volute family4 ,it lives in the sand on exposed beaches4 ,the ,maori name is ,pupurore1 which name is also used for the ,ancilla australis 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #g74 ,,scaphella ,,gracilis 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #ac 7late ,voluta gracilis71 besides being smaller and narrower than the ,scaphella pacifica1 is distinguished by the markings1 which in the latter appear to form bands1 while in the former they do not4 ,with such a variable shell1 however1 it is difficult to distinguish the one from the other4 ,,mitra ,,melaniana 7,plate ,,ii474--,fig4 #ad is a dark chocolate-coloured mitre-shaped shell4 ,being smooth and of the same colour1 both internally and externally1 it cannot be mistaken4 ,about a score of dead ones1 varying from one and a-half to two inches in length1 have been found by my friends and myself on the ocean beaches near the entrance to ,tauranga ,harbour1 and at ,maketu1 in the ,bay of ,plenty4 ,this is a particularly interesting discovery1 as the ,mitre shells 7so called from their shape resembling that of a bishop's mitre7 hitherto found out of the tropics were minute4 ,we have one other ,mitre shell1 which is pink or brownish1 and under one-third of an inch long4 ,plate ,,iii4 represents two of our largest and most handsome shells4 ,,dolium ,,variegatum1 the upper figure 7from ,latin dolium--a jar with a wide mouth7 is a yellowish brown shell1 with dark brown spots1 and exceeds six inches in length4 ,being fragile1 and having a very wide mouth1 perfect specimens are rare1 although numbers of broken shells are from time to time washed up on the ocean beaches in the ,province of ,auckland4 ,it lives in sand1 but sometimes may be found crawling amongst rocks4 ,it has no operculum4 ,the ,australian specimens are more handsome than the ,new ,zealand ones4 ,the ,maori name is ,pupuwaitai4 ,,lotorium ,,rubicundum4--,the lower figure1 until lately known as the ,triton nodiferus1 from the old legend that it was the shell on which ,triton blew at the bidding of ,neptune to calm or rouse the waves1 is a heavy1 solid shell1 varying a great deal in shape and colour2 but usually brownish pink1 variegated with dark brown4 ,no difficulty will be found in identifying it4 ,the specimens from ,australia have more pink and less brown1 and are not quite as fine as those of ,new ,zealand4 ,it is found on rocks and grassy banks in the ,north ,island1 but from being sluggish in its habits the point of the spire in large shells is usually worm-eaten1 and good specimens over six inches long are seldom seen4 ,the ,lotorium tritonis1 the largest univalve in the world1 is similar to the ,lotorium rubicundum1 but not quite as solid or heavy4 ,it has occasionally been found in the ,northern part of ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,maoris used it as a trumpet1 fastening a mouth-piece to the spire4 ,the ,polynesian specimens of the ,lotorium tritonis attain a length of nearly three feet1 but nine or ten inches is the extreme length of our specimens4 ,the ,maori name is ,pupukakara1 or ,putara4 ,,siphonalia ,,dilatata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #a has a pale yellow or greenish interior1 the outside being reddish brown4 ,common on sandy1 exposed beaches1 and is sometimes over five inches long4 ,the ,maori name is ,onare roa4 ,,siphonalia ,,mandarina 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #b grows to the same length as the ,dilatata2 but is a narrower and more graceful shell4 ,the interior is usually greenish4 ,found in the same localities as the ,siphonalia dilatata4 ,,siphonalia ,,nodosa 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #c is a pretty shell1 sometimes #b-a_/b inches long4 ,the interior is whitish1 and the exterior the same colour1 with purple and white markings4 ,it is common on ocean beaches and sand banks in harbours4 ,,struthiolaria ,,papulosa 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #d is a handsome yellowish shell1 with brown or purplish stripes4 ,the interior is purple4 ,the nodules on the whorls are very prominent4 ,this shell is sometimes four inches long1 and the lip1 when the shell has attained full size1 is remarkably strong and solid1 forming a shell ring4 ,from this it is known as the ring shell4 ,in some places the lips1 bleached to a perfect whiteness1 come ashore in great numbers1 the more delicate body of the shell having been broken to pieces among the rocks4 ,these rings are sometimes seen strung together as ornaments4 ,the lip does not form till the shell has attained its full growth1 and though the shell is fairly common in the ,north ,island1 it is rare in the ,south4 ,it is edible1 and much esteemed by some people4 ,the ,maori name is ,kaikai karoro1 which is also the name for the ,chione costata 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #bf71 and the ,mactra aequilatera 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig #aj74 ,it is also called ,tote rere4 ,,struthiolaria ,,vermis 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #e is smaller than the ,struthiolaria papulosa1 which it resembles in its habits of growth4 ,it is a pale brownish or yellowish shell1 usually without nodules2 and on the edge of each whorl nearest to the spire is a groove1 as shown in the plate4 ,the best ,struthiolaria papulosa are found in the clean sandy margins of tidal channels1 but their burrowing habits make them difficult to detect4 ,i have never found the ,struthiolaria vermis except cast up on ocean beaches1 and it is comparatively rare4 ,the ,struthiolaria family1 which derives its name from ,struthio1 an ostrich1 as its mouth is supposed to be shaped like an ostrich's foot1 is found only in ,new ,zealand1 ,australia1 and ,kerguelen's ,land4 ,the ,maori name is ,takai4 ,,euthria ,,lineata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #f 7late ,pisania lineata7 is a solid1 heavy shell1 varying from grey to brown1 and the lines shown in the plate are almost black4 ,it is sometimes one and a-half inches long1 and is found under stones and rocks4 ,the colours vary very much1 and the lines1 in number and breadth1 vary even more4 ,,euthria ,,flavescens 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #i 7late ,pisania flavescens7 is a whitish or orange variety1 with very pale markings1 and much smaller than the ,euthria lineata4 ,,euthria ,,vittata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #aj 7late ,pisania vittata7 is a yellowish-brown shell1 with broad brown bands4 ,another variety of the ,euthria is somewhat like the ,cominella lurida 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #g7 in shape and size4 ,another1 the ,euthria littorinoides1 is an orange-brown shell1 but the interior of the aperture is a pale flesh-colour4 ,in other respects1 it is like the ,euthria lineata4 ,it is very difficult to draw any distinct line of demarcation between the varieties of this variable shell4 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 and #ad are of the ,cominella family1 the ,new ,zealand representatives of the voracious ,english whelks4 ,,cominella ,,lurida 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #g is the most active and1 for its size1 the most voracious of our shellfish4 ,found in all harbours in the ,province of ,auckland1 even up to high water mark1 this greedy little animal1 seldom more than an inch long1 is well worth watching4 ,in some localities1 when a cart has been driven along a beach1 the track1 as soon as the tide reaches it1 will swarm with the ,cominella lurida4 ,they are looking for cockles or other shellfish smashed by the wheel1 and will even burrow in the sand to get at them4 ,if you lift up a broken or injured cockle1 some will cling to it with their rasp-like tongues till they are lifted out of the water4 ,in calm1 sunny weather1 what looks like little bits of fat or candle-grease will be seen floating with the rising tide in very shallow water4 ,these are ,cominella lurida1 which have perhaps eaten up everything in their vicinity1 and have therefore decided to emigrate4 ,a ,cominella lurida1 when shifting camp1 will turn upside down1 spread out its large white foot into a cup-shape1 and let the rising tide sweep it along4 ,they vary very much1 from grey to purple or black1 and sometimes even a mixture of two or more of these colours4 ,,cominella ,,huttoni 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #h is a small pale brown shell1 spotted with reddish-brown4 ,the ridges on the exterior of the shell make it easy to identify4 ,,cominella ,,maculata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #aa is a yellowish shell1 with reddish-purple spots on the outside1 the interior being also yellow4 ,its length is sometimes over two inches1 and it is found in large numbers on sandy or shelly beaches1 near low-water mark1 in the ,north ,island4 ,although a heavy1 solid shell1 it is of coarse texture1 and therefore open to attacks by animal and vegetable parasites4 ,a large specimen in good order is by no means common1 the spire1 or upper end of the shell1 as shown in the plate1 being usually worm-eaten4 ,,cominella ,,testudinea 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #ab is a handsome purple shell1 the interior being darker than the exterior4 ,it is about the same length as the ,cominella maculata1 but narrower1 and the shell is thinner and harder4 ,the exterior is covered with brown and white spots and splashes4 ,it is common in the ,north ,island and as far south as ,banks' ,peninsula4 ,it is found on cockle banks and amongst rocks1 especially those where sand is mixed with mud4 ,the name ,testudinea1 from ,latin testudo1 a tortoise1 is an appropriate one1 as when held up to the light this ,cominella looks like tortoise-shell4 ,,cominella ,,virgata 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #ac is a greyish-brown shell1 the raised lines1 or ridges1 that cross it being almost black4 ,i have rarely found it1 except amongst rocks in the harbours4 ,it is much narrower than the ,cominella testudinea1 and not quite as long4 ,the best way to obtain good specimens of these two ,cominella is to break limpets1 or other shellfish1 and throw them into shallow water1 close to rocks4 ,in a few minutes1 on revisiting the baits1 the best specimens can be selected for the cabinet4 ,,cominella ,,nassoides 7,plate ,,iv474--,fig4 #ad is a pinkish-yellow shell1 with very pronounced ridges on the exterior4 ,the interior is brownish4 ,so far1 ,i have heard of its being found only in the ,south ,island and the ,chathams4 ,,lotorium ,,olearium 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #a 7late ,triton olearium7 is a mottled brown and white shell1 similar in its habits to the ,lotorium rubicundum 7,plate ,,iii471 but usually found on grassy banks in harbours at or below low water mark4 ,the second figure on the plate is a good specimen of this shell1 with its epidermis untouched1 while the first figure has had the epidermis removed4 ,to such shells as this and the ,solenomya parkinsoni 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #ah7 the epidermis adds an additional beauty1 and to preserve it ,i have used a preparation of glycerine and chloride of calcium1 being careful to put it on before the epidermis has time to dry or crack4 ,,apollo ,,argus 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #b 7late ,ranella argus7 is a white or light grey shell1 covered with a thin chestnut-brown epidermis4 ,the lines that show so distinctly on the figure are dark chestnut4 ,it is found on ocean beaches in both ,islands1 and attains a length of four inches4 ,,apollo ,,australasia 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #c 7late ,ranella leucostoma7 is a reddish-brown shell1 covered with a fine hairy epidermis4 ,the interior is purple4 ,it is found amongst rocks in the open sea around the ,north ,island4 ,the edge of the lip is very deeply grooved4 ,it attains a length of #d inches4 ,,lotorium ,,spengleri 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #d 7late ,triton spengleri7 is a yellowish-white shell1 covered with a pale brown transparent epidermis4 ,the lines shown on the plate mark the grooves which cross the shell1 and are slightly darker in shade than the ridges4 ,it attains a length of five inches1 and is found on the grass banks in sheltered places4 ,,semi-,,cassis ,,pyrum 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #e1 the helmet shell1 from the ,latin cassis1 a helmet1 is familiar to residents on the seaside1 both in ,australia and ,new ,zealand1 as it is a handsome shell1 sometimes upwards of four inches in length4 ,the colour varies a good deal1 but is usually pinkish-white or pale chestnut1 the wavy spots arranged in bands round the shell being usually dark brown4 ,sometimes the shell is nearly white4 ,after heavy gales numbers are washed up on ocean beaches from the sandy banks on which they live4 ,,semi-,,cassis ,,labiata 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #f 7late ,cassis achatina7 is a smaller and narrower shell than the former1 and somewhat rare4 ,the dark markings are splashed1 and not arranged in bands1 thereby giving the shell a mottled appearance4 ,the interior is brown or purplish4 ,,lotorium ,,cornutum 7,plate ,v474--,fig4 #g is a bright reddish-yellow shell1 covered with a very long epidermis1 which makes the shell appear more than double its real size4 ,i have found a dozen or more of them on the ocean beaches in the ,bay of ,plenty4 ,they were all dead shells1 about one and a-half inches long1 and the epidermis was wanting4 ,the uneven1 blunt-pointed lumps1 with which this shell is covered1 make it easily recognised4 ,i have not heard of its being found anywhere in ,new ,zealand1 except in the ,bay of ,plenty1 but it is fairly common in ,sydney4 ,,calliostoma ,,tigris 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #a 7late ,zizyphinus tigris7 is a whitish shell1 striped or dotted in rows with red4 ,although sometimes over two inches across1 the shell is thin and light4 ,its glistening interior1 and shapely lines1 make it one of our most handsome shells4 ,these shells are sometimes found at low water mark1 under and amongst rocks in harbours1 as well as amongst kelp in the surf4 ,when once a rock1 or small patch of rocks1 frequented by them is found1 subsequent visits in the spring or early summer will nearly always be successful4 ,it is common to both ,islands4 ,during the hot weather of summer1 they apparently move to below low-water mark1 and remain there in the deeper water until the winter4 ,i obtained a considerable number of excellent specimens from a strip of rocks near the water tank at the entrance to ,tauranga ,harbour1 but never found them except in spring or early summer4 ,the ,maori name is ,mata-ngo-ngore1 which name is also used for the ,cantharidus family1 on ,plate ,,vii4 ,,calliostoma ,,selectum 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #b 7late ,zizyphinus cunninghamii7 is about the same width1 but not the same height as the ,tigris4 ,the colour is white1 with pale red spots arranged in rows around the spire4 ,,calliostoma ,,pellucidum 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #c 7late ,zizyphinus selectus7 is a whitish shell1 covered with chestnut-coloured spots and splashes4 ,it is about #a-a_/b inches across4 ,,calliostoma ,,punctulatum 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #d 7late ,zizyphinus punctulatus7 is the commonest and least fragile of this family4 ,it is seldom more than #a-a_/d inches across4 ,its rounded whorls1 and prominent chestnut and white granules1 make it easily distinguishable4 ,,trochus ,,viridis 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #e is a greenish1 cone-shaped shell4 ,the interior is nacreous1 and the exterior covered with coarse granules4 ,the base1 which is flat1 is greyish4 ,the figure but faintly shows the contour of this shell1 which is a perfect cone4 ,the young differ somewhat from the adult shells1 and have a bright pink tip to the spire4 ,in the plate the upper shell is a young one1 and the two lower are adults4 ,they are found amongst rocks at low water mark1 in harbours1 as well as in the surf4 ,it is very difficult to extract the animal from the shell4 ,its maximum size is one inch across4 ,,trochus ,,tiaratus 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #f is usually white1 with large grey or brownish-purple dots and bands on both the upper surface and the base1 but it is a very variable shell4 ,it is seldom as much as half an inch in length1 and has a nacreous interior4 ,it is covered with fine granules1 and the base is flat4 ,it appears to live slightly below low water mark1 and can be easily obtained by dredging in harbours4 ,the cup-shaped hollow at the base of the spire is much more pronounced than in the ,viridis4 ,there is another not shown on the plate1 the ,trochus chathamensis1 a small white shell1 with pink or brownish-purple markings1 that hitherto has only been found in the ,chatham ,islands4 ,,ethalia ,,zelandica 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #g 7late ,rotella zelandica7 is a well-polished1 smooth shell1 washed up in large numbers on the ocean beaches4 ,the colours of the upper side vary1 but are usually chestnut or purple waving lines on a yellowish-white ground4 ,on the base is a circular band of purple round the columella1 which is white4 ,the interior is nacreous4 ,occasionally a shell is entirely pink1 and then the circular band on the base is pink also4 ,the largest shell ,i have seen was nearly one inch across1 and1 being very flat1 would be only half an inch high4 ,they appear to live in sandy ground1 below low water mark in the ocean2 and a dredge if drawn over one of their favourite spots will be filled with them4 ,i have dredged half a bucketful at one cast between ,karewa and ,tauranga in five fathoms of water4 ,the former name was ,rotella zealandica1 and ,rotella1 meaning a little wheel1 well described the appearance of the shell1 the waving line representing the spokes4 ,,natica ,,zelandica 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #h1 a yellowish or reddish-brown shell1 with chestnut-brown bands1 the interior being pale brown1 the mouth and its vicinity white4 ,it is a clean1 bright little shell1 upwards of an inch across4 ,those in the ocean are lighter in colour1 and larger and more solid than those found in harbours4 ,as the tide falls in harbours1 they conceal themselves near low water mark1 especially in the vicinity of marine grass banks4 ,when the tide is rising on a warm1 sunny day1 they spring out of the sand1 dropping sometimes two or three inches from where they had been concealed4 ,the operculum is horny1 with a shelly outer layer2 and the animal is prettily mottled and striped red and white4 ,there are two other ,natica found in ,new ,zealand1 neither of which exceeds one-third of an inch across1 and in shape are very like the ,n4 zelandica4 ,the ,natica australis is a brown or grey shell1 and the ,natica vitrea is white4 ,,nerita ,,nigra 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #i 7late ,nerita saturata7 is a heavy1 solid blue-black shell1 with a whitish interior4 ,this sombre-looking member of a handsome tropical family 7of which the bleeding tooth ,nerita is the best known7 is sometimes over an inch in length1 and found in large numbers clinging to the surf-beaten rocks of the ,north ,island1 quite up to high water mark4 ,the operculum is shelly and prettily mottled with purple4 ,this shell will stand boiling water1 and1 in fact1 boiling water is required to kill the animal1 which is quite as tenacious of life as an oyster4 ,the ,maori name is ,mata ngarahu4 ,,amphibola ,,crenata 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #aj 7the ,new ,zealand winkle71 lately known as ,amphibola avellana1 is an uneven1 battered-looking shell of a mixed brown and purple colour1 the interior being purple and the mouth whitish4 ,it is an inch or more in length4 ,most mud flats up to high water mark are strewn with ,amphibola4 ,the natives eat this shellfish1 which they call ,titiko or ,koriakai1 in large numbers2 but the muddy flavour1 according to our ideas1 makes it unpalatable4 ,,monodonta ,,subrostrata 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #aa is a yellowish shell1 about half an inch across1 and is usually found near half-tide mark in harbours4 ,the exterior is covered with black or bluish irregular bands4 ,the interior is nacreous1 and of a greenish colour1 with a white patch round the columella4 ,,monodonta ,,aethiops 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ab is a purplish-black shell1 tesselated with white between the grooves4 ,these grooves look like lines in the plate4 ,the interior of the mouth is white4 ,besides being usually covered with vegetable growth1 part of which is seen in the illustration1 the point of the spire is frequently worm-eaten and defective4 ,this is the usual state in which all shellfish that herd together are found4 ,it is upwards of an inch across1 and found in large numbers amongst rocks1 especially at the entrance to harbours1 and from half-tide mark downwards4 ,,monodonta ,,nigerrima 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ac has a smooth1 purplish-black exterior1 sometimes with small blue spots4 ,the interior is white1 and the shell about half an inch across4 ,,monodonta ,,lugubris 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ad is a thick1 solid black shell1 sometimes over half an inch across1 and covered with coarse1 irregular granules4 ,the interior is white4 ,this shell is found in large numbers under stones1 at the entrances to harbours and sheltered beaches1 almost up to high water mark4 ,there are six or seven other ,monodonta in ,new ,zealand1 but they are small1 and the four above described are the ones most likely to be met with4 ,,turbo ,,granosus 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ae is a reddish-purple shell1 varied with white1 and is sometimes over #b-a_/b inches across4 ,the specimen photographed was much below the average size4 ,the exterior is covered with well-defined rows of granules1 while the interior is iridescent4 ,it is found on rocks in the open sea in both ,islands1 but is a rare shell4 ,the operculum is white and shelly4 ,,turbo ,,helicinus 7,plate ,,vi474--,figs4 #af and #ag 7late ,turbo smaragdus7 is a blackish-green shell1 found in great numbers at half tide mark on rocks all over ,new ,zealand1 especially at the entrance to harbours and in sheltered bays4 ,some are as much as #b-a_/b inches across4 ,the inside is white and glistening4 ,the operculum is a solid1 round1 shelly one1 with a greenish centre4 ,in some specimens the outer side of the whorl1 instead of being round and smooth1 has two or three prominent raised ribs or bands on it4 ,this variety is called ,tricostata1 and is represented by ,fig4 #af4 ,i am inclined to believe it is only the young form of the ordinary variety4 ,the ,maori name is ,ata marama4 ,,astralium ,,sulcatum 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ah 7late ,cookia sulcata7 is a pinkish-brown shell1 sometimes over #c-a_/b inches wide4 ,the interior is pearly1 and the operculum is shelly1 solid1 and white4 ,the laminae which cover the shell are easily bleached off1 and when the shell is cleaned it has a handsome appearance4 ,it is found in considerable numbers at low water mark amongst rocks on exposed beaches all over the ,north ,island4 ,the ,maori name is ,kakara or ,kaeo1 both of which names are also given to the ,purpura haustrum 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #aa74 ,,astralium ,,heliotropium 7,plate ,,vi474--,fig4 #ai is generally known as the circular-saw shell1 and1 although found all over ,new ,zealand1 is comparatively rare4 ,it is reddish-purple1 with an iridescent interior1 and is sometimes over four inches in width4 ,the shells on the plate are adults4 ,the spines of the younger shells are much longer than those of adults4 ,the best specimens have been dredged by oyster boats4 ,plate ,,vii4--,figs4 #a and #b are ,janthina1 or violet shells1 representatives of which are found all over the warmer parts of the world4 ,the ,janthinae live in great numbers on the surface of the ocean1 being unable to sink1 and are swept by gales and currents in every direction4 ,at intervals1 after very heavy gales1 they come ashore in the ,northern part of ,new ,zealand in cart-loads2 but after any ordinary gale a few specimens can be procured amongst the grass cast up by the highest waves4 ,the animal1 when touched1 emits a quantity of violet-coloured fluid1 the same colour as the shell4 ,the shells are very light and fragile4 ,a singular provision for its eggs is found attached to the female ,janthina1 in the shape of a float1 or raft1 to the under surface of which the eggs in little bags or capsules are attached1 and there they remain until hatched4 ,,janthina ,,exigua 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #a is the smallest of the ,janthina found in ,new ,zealand1 being rarely half an inch in width4 ,the whorls are more rounded than in the other two varieties1 and the spire is usually the same violet colour as the mouth1 and the grooves on the shell are deep and prominent4 ,,janthina ,,fragilis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #b is sometimes over an inch in width1 the spire being much lighter in colour than the rest of the shell1 frequently indeed being white4 ,the grooves on the shell are fine1 but clearly visible4 ,there is another variety occasionally found in ,new ,zealand1 the ,janthina globosa1 like the ,janthina exigua in shape1 but larger1 and the grooving being very faint the shell has a glistening appearance4 ,this variety is rare4 ,,cantharidus ,,iris 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #c1 from ,iris1 a rainbow1 well describes the colour of this pretty little shell1 seldom more than one and a-half inches in length4 ,pink1 purple1 yellow1 and red seem to be the prevailing colours2 and they are arranged in irregular waving lines on its smooth and polished surface4 ,the interior is highly iridescent4 ,it lives amongst seaweed and rocks below low water mark4 ,the ,maori name is ,mata-ngo-ngore1 which is also used for the ,calliostoma shells on ,plate ,,vi4 ,,cantharidus ,,tenebrosus1 var4 ,huttoni 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #g is a little bluish-black shell1 about a-third of an inch long1 with fine striae or grooves running down the whorls4 ,alive1 it is found in great numbers at low water on marine grass banks in harbours1 and seems to be very active1 as the anchors and cables of boats1 moored for a few hours over one of their favourite haunts1 will be liberally sprinkled with them4 ,,cantharidus ,,purpuratus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #h is a heavier and rougher shell than the ,iris1 and of a rose-pink colour4 ,sometimes the whole shell is of this colour1 but frequently only the top of the spire4 ,it also lives amongst seaweed and rocks2 but when living on grassy banks in harbours seems to lose its pink colour and become a pale grey4 ,,cantharidus ,,fasciatus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #i 7lately known as ,bankivia varians7 is found in ,westland4 ,white1 green1 rose1 purple1 or black in colour and plain or banded1 and sometimes even with longitudinal wavy lines4 ,it is about half an inch in length4 ,all of the ,cantharidus family have beautiful nacreous interiors1 and are the favourite ,new ,zealand shells for necklaces and bracelets4 ,when cleaned with acid1 they are much admired4 ,we have six or eight other varieties of ,cantharidus1 but they are small1 and are not figured on the plate4 ,,taron ,,dubius 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #d is a shell about three-quarters of an inch long1 and found under rocks in partly-sheltered harbours4 ,the exterior varies from chocolate to black4 ,the interior varies between purple and white4 ,the lip end of the spire is usually reddish4 ,,litorina ,,cincta 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #e is a semi-amphibious shellfish common to both ,islands4 ,it is found amongst rocks in the open sea near high water mark4 ,the exterior is brown1 or bluish-black1 with fine grooves or lines round it4 ,the interior is violet1 and the extreme length about #c_/d inch4 ,,litorina ,,mauritiana 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #f is a very common shell in the ,north ,island1 where it is found on rocks in the open sea1 or in harbours up to1 and even above1 high water mark4 ,the shell is under half an inch long1 and usually not more than a quarter of an inch4 ,the colour outside is bluish-white1 with a broad spiral band of dark blue4 ,the interior is violet4 ,,daphnella ,,lymneiformis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #aj is a very thin1 whitish shell1 with irregular brown markings1 and is often dredged up in the vicinity of ,auckland4 ,its extreme length appears to be #a-a_/d inches4 ,,surcula ,,novae-,,zelandiae 7,plate ,,vii474--,figs4 #aa and #ab 7late ,drillia zelandica7 is a pale rose-coloured shell1 nearly #a-a_/b inches in length4 ,it belongs to the ,pleurotoma family1 any of which can easily be identified by the notch in the outer lip1 as shown near the centre of the figure4 ,all of this family live below low water mark1 and are obtained by dredging4 ,it is found in both ,islands4 ,,surcula ,,cheesemani 7,plate ,,vii47--,figs4 #ae and #af 7late ,pleurotoma7 is a shell varying from pale pink to brown in colour4 ,interior rose or purple4 ,the spire end is usually smooth4 ,it is found in ,auckland1 and is about one inch in length4 ,,solidula ,,alba 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ad 7late ,buccinulus kirki7 is a whitish shell1 found in the ,north of ,auckland4 ,its extreme length is #c_/d inch4 ,,potamides ,,sub-,,carinatus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ac 7late ,cerithidea subcarinata7 is a dull black shell seldom over half an inch long4 ,the colour is usually concealed by the reddish-brown epidermis4 ,the interior is dark purple4 ,,potamides ,,bicarinatus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ai 7late ,cerithidea bicarinatus7 is a reddish-brown or purple shell1 covered with a blue or brown epidermis4 ,the interior is purple4 ,it is found in the ,north ,island in large numbers on banks of sand mixed with mud near high water mark4 ,its extreme length is one inch4 ,,scalaria ,,zelebori 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ag is the ,new ,zealand representative of the ,wentletrap family4 ,it is a pure white shell1 sometimes over an inch in length4 ,the numerous ribs across the whorls are very prominent1 and look like the steps of a ladder1 whence it derives its name4 ,it lives in the ocean below low water mark1 and ,i have dredged it up with the ,ethalia zelandica 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #g74 ,the ,maori name is ,totoro4 ,,scalaria ,,tenella 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ah is a dirty yellow1 almost transparent1 shell about a-third of an inch long4 ,there is usually a pale brown band near the centre of the whorl4 ,found about half-tide mark in sheltered water4 ,,terebra ,,tristis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bj is a bluish or blue-grey shell1 slightly over half an inch in length4 ,the interior is brownish-white1 with a yellow band in the centre of the whorl4 ,the varices on the exterior are not so prominent as in the ,potamides 7,fig4 #ac74 ,,tenagodes ,,weldii 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ba 7late ,siliquaria australis7 is a small white shell1 not more than one inch long4 ,it is found in ,hauraki ,gulf4 ,,trophon ,,duodecimus 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bb 7late ,kalydon duodecimus7 is a pale yellow shell1 usually covered with a thick1 rough grey or brown coralline growth4 ,the length is under half an inch2 and it is found in the ,north ,island amongst rocks on partly-sheltered beaches4 ,,trophon ,,plebeius 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bc 7late ,kalydon plebeius7 is a brown or slate-coloured shell half an inch in length4 ,the interior is reddish-purple1 with six or eight narrow darker lines on the whorl4 ,,tricotropis ,,inornata 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bd is a pale brown or white shell1 under half an inch in length1 and found all over ,new ,zealand4 ,,marinula ,,filholi 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #be is a pale chestnut-coloured shell1 with two large and one small white plaits on the inner lip4 ,it is about a-third of an inch long1 and is found in ,auckland and ,massacre ,bay4 ,,tralia ,,australis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bf 7late ,ophicardelus costellaris7 is a brown1 horny-looking shell1 over half an inch long4 ,it has two plaits on the inner lip4 ,it is found in ,auckland amongst mangroves near high water mark1 and is also found in ,australia4 ,the maturer shells have narrow1 dark brown bands on them4 ,,turritella ,,vittata 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bg is a yellowish-white shell1 with spiral brown bands4 ,it is under two inches in length1 and found in the ,north ,island4 ,,turritella ,,rosea 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bh is a reddish-brown1 or yellowish1 shell1 finely banded with purplish-brown4 ,it is found over three inches in length1 and1 though common enough in the ,north ,island1 is rare in the ,south4 ,it is found amongst grassy banks during very low tides1 point down1 and almost buried in the sand4 ,a sand bank of considerable size near ,rangiawahia1 in ,tauranga ,harbour1 was inhabited by nothing but ,turritella rosea4 ,four other kinds of ,turritellae are found in ,new ,zealand1 all smaller1 but similar to the above4 ,,trivia ,,australis 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #bi is the ,new ,zealand ,cowry shell4 ,it is less than #a_/b inch in length1 and is white1 with one or more flesh-coloured spots4 ,it is found in the ,northern part of ,auckland ,province and in ,australia4 ,,cylichna ,,striata 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #cj is a small1 very narrow1 smooth white shell4 ,it is found in ,auckland4 ,,haminea ,,zelandiae 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #ca is an exceedingly thin1 horny1 white or grey shell4 ,it is sometimes called the sea snail1 and is found on the marine grass in harbours1 as well as in the open sea4 ,stray ones may be found in mud or sand4 ,,bulla ,,quoyi 7,plate ,,vii474--,fig4 #cb is a smooth1 greenish shell1 an inch and a-half long4 ,it is sometimes marbled with purplish-grey1 or with white dots4 ,this shell is found in ,auckland and ,australia4 ,the ,maori name is ,pupu wharoa4 ,,barnea ,,similis 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #a is a white rock borer1 up to two and a-half inches long4 ,it is found all over the ,north ,island1 and at ,waikowaiti1 in the ,south ,island4 ,,pholadidea ,,tridens 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #b is also a white rock borer1 found up to nearly two inches in length4 ,it seems particularly fond of the soft sandstone in the ,auckland ,harbour4 ,,panopea ,,zelandica 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #c is a widely-gaping white shell1 upwards of four inches long4 ,it is common in the ,north ,island1 but rare in the ,south4 ,it lives a considerable distance below the surface of the sand in the open sea or on exposed beaches4 ,one1 caught in situ1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,spencer at ,cheltenham ,beach 7,auckland7 was about eighteen inches below the surface of the sand at about half-tide mark4 ,one species of the ,panopea family1 which is found in ,south ,africa1 lives at a depth of several feet4 ,all bivalves that live in the sand have shells which gape more or less1 apparently to enable them to push their syphons through the sand to the water4 ,the deeper in the sand the shellfish lives1 the longer and stronger the syphon must be4 ,the ,panopea burrows deeper than any other of our shellfish1 and therefore requires the largest gape4 ,as mentioned on page #ab1 bivalves do not leave their beds to feed1 but push the syphon through the sand to the water and draw the water down one syphon and eject it through the other1 absorbing the animal and vegetable matter as it passes through the mollusc's stomach4 ,the ,maori name is ,hohehohe1 which is also given to the ,tellina family1 on ,plate ,,viii4 ,,cochlodesma ,,angasi 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #d 7late ,anatina angasi7 is a very white1 almost transparent1 thin shell1 three and a-half inches long4 ,one valve is nearly flat1 and the shell gapes to a considerable extent at the narrower end4 ,it is found in the open sea in sand in the ,north ,island1 ,cook ,strait1 and ,australia4 ,,corbula ,,zelandica 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #e is a yellowish or pinkish-white shell1 with fine longitudinal lines on it4 ,the interior is brownish1 and the shell over half an inch long4 ,it is common in the ,north ,island and ,australia4 ,,saxicava ,,arctica 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #f is a rough1 distorted1 yellowish-grey shell1 about three-quarters of an inch long4 ,the interior is whitish4 ,it is usually found in the roots of kelp or in sponges1 and is obtained in both ,islands4 ,,myodora ,,striata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #g is a whitish or greyish-white shell1 with fine longitudinal lines1 the interior being pearly4 ,it is #a-c_/d inches long4 ,the right valve is rounded and the left valve flat4 ,it is found in harbours1 as well as on ocean beaches4 ,the flat valves make excellent counters for card-players4 ,,myodora ,,boltoni 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #h is a smaller and narrower shell than the ,myodora striata1 and the left valve is flat4 ,in colour it is similar to the ,striata4 ,it is seldom over half an inch long1 and lives on flat1 sandy beaches4 ,it is often found when sifting sand for small shells through a fine meshed sieve4 ,,mactra ,,discors 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #i is a large1 rotund1 greyish-white shell1 with a blackish-brown epidermis4 ,it is over #c-a_/b inches across1 and is found on sandy ocean beaches all over ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,maori name is ,kuhakuha4 ,,mactra ,,aequilatera 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #aj is a yellowish or white shell4 ,it generally has a bluish-purple patch round the hinge4 ,it is found on ocean beaches1 and is over two inches long4 ,the ,maori name is ,kaikaikaroro1 which is also used for the ,struthiolaria 7,plate ,,iv471 and ,chione costata 7,plate ,,viii474 ,,standella ,,ovata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #aa is a thin1 brownish-white1 and somewhat wrinkled1 shell over three inches long4 ,the edge of the shell1 and sometimes the whole shell1 is covered with a brownish epidermis1 the interior being yellowish4 ,this shell is found all over ,new ,zealand on muddy beaches1 and especially near mangrove bushes in ,auckland ,harbour4 ,,standella ,,elongata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ab 7late ,hemimactra notata7 is a solid1 greyish-white shell1 four inches long4 ,it is covered with an epidermis of pale chestnut1 sometimes with darker chestnut bands1 dots and splashes4 ,the interior of the shell is yellowish4 ,,resania ,,lanceolata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ac 7lately known as ,vanganella taylori7 is a smooth1 white shell1 covered with a thin1 pale chestnut epidermis1 the interior being white4 ,it is upwards of four and a-half inches in length4 ,it inhabits sandy ocean beaches in both ,islands of ,new ,zealand4 ,,zenatia ,,acinaces 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ad is a greyish-yellow shell1 four inches long1 and covered with a brown epidermis4 ,the interior is bluish-green1 pearly1 and iridescent4 ,this shell also inhabits the sandy ocean beaches of both ,islands4 ,,psammobia ,,stangeri 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ae is a purplish-white shell1 sometimes rayed with darker purple4 ,the interior is pinkish-purple4 ,its length is #b-a_/b inches1 and the shell is found in both ,islands on sandy ocean beaches4 ,the natives call it ,wahawaha4 ,,psammobia ,,lineolata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ag is a purplish-pink shell1 with darker concentric bands4 ,its interior is reddish-purple4 ,this shell1 which is found in both ,islands on open ocean beaches1 attains a length of #b-a_/b inches4 ,the ,maori name is ,kuwharu1 or ,takarape4 ,,solenotellina ,,nitida 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #af 7late ,hiatula nitida7 is a thin1 almost transparent1 purplish-white shell1 covered with a smooth1 polished1 horny epidermis4 ,the interior is much the same colour as the exterior4 ,its length is about two inches4 ,it is found in both ,islands on sandy banks in harbours1 and on sandy ocean beaches1 but those found in harbours have sometimes little or no colour4 ,the ,maori name is ,pi-,pipi4 ,,solenotellina ,,spenceri 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ah is a thin1 almost transparent1 milky-white shell4 ,the interior is white4 ,it is very like the ,tellina alba 7,fig4 #ba7 in colour and general appearance1 but much narrower1 and the posterior end is curved and comes to a finer point4 ,its length is about two inches4 ,i have found over a dozen live specimens washed up on ,buffalo ,beach1 in ,mercury ,bay4 ,,tellina ,,glabrella 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ai is a smooth white1 or pale yellow1 shell1 #c inches in length1 with a thin brown epidermis on the outer edge4 ,the interior is chalky white4 ,it is found on ocean beaches1 but is also common on cockle banks in harbours4 ,it lives some inches below the surface4 ,dead shells are found in considerable numbers1 but the live ones are rare4 ,the ,maoris call this shell ,hohehohe or ,ku waru or ,peraro4 ,the name ,hohehohe is also given to the ,panopea 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #c74 ,,tellina ,,disculus 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bj is a clean smooth yellowish-white shell1 with a bright yellow centre1 the interior being the same colour as the exterior4 ,its length is #a-a_/b inches1 and it is found only in the ,north ,island4 ,,tellina ,,alba 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #ba is a very thin1 flat1 nearly transparent1 glistening white shell1 the interior being the same colour4 ,its length is #b-a_/b inches1 and it is found on sandy ocean beaches in both ,islands4 ,the native name for this shell is ,hohehohe1 which name is also used for the ,tellina glabrella4 ,,tellina ,,strangei 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bb 7late ,tellina subovata7 is a whitish shell1 similar to the ,tellina alba1 but more globose4 ,it is under an inch long4 ,,mesodesma ,,ventricosa 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bc 7late ,paphia ventricosa7 is an opaque white1 solid1 smooth shell1 found in the ,north ,island1 especially on the ocean beach near ,kaipara4 ,it is one of the many useful food molluscs we have4 ,in the ,kaipara district the natives take horses and ploughs on to the beach1 and plough up the ,mesodesma ventricosa like potatoes4 ,under the native name of ,toheroa1 a factory at ,dargaville preserves these bivalves in tins4 ,the specimen photographed was only a half-grown shell4 ,in the ,bay of ,plenty ,i have found this shell seven inches long and extremely solid and heavy1 and ,i am inclined to think from the shape and structure of the valve that the ,bay of ,plenty ,mesodesma is different from the ,ventricosa2 but ,i never secured a live one while in ,tauranga4 ,,mesodesma ,,novae-,,zelandiae 7,plate ,,viii47--,fig4 #be 7late ,paphia novae-zelandiae7 is the common oval ,pipi1 or ,kokota1 of the ,maoris4 ,this whitish shell1 covered with a thin1 horny epidermis1 is sometimes #b-a_/b inches long4 ,it is found in both the ,north and ,south ,islands on sandy banks in harbours and in tidal rivers4 ,,atactodea ,,subtriangulata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bd 7late ,paphia spissa7 is a white shell1 found in considerable quantities on sandy ocean beaches at half-tide mark4 ,when the tide is flowing it is a very common sight to see great numbers of these bivalves washed up by the surf from their beds1 and it is very interesting to watch the speed with which they can bury themselves again4 ,they attain a length of about two inches1 and are known to the ,maoris as ,tuatua or ,kahitua4 ,,chione ,,costata 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig #bf 7late ,venus costata7 is a strong1 solid white shell1 with thick radiating ribs4 ,the only live ones ,i have found were either washed up on ocean beaches1 or inside schnappers4 ,this fish appears very fond of the ,chione costata1 and swallows it without attempting to crack the shell4 ,it attains a length of about two inches1 and the ,maoris call it ,kaikai karoro1 which name is also given to the ,struthiolaria papulosa 7,plate ,,iv47 and the ,mactra aequilatera 7,plate ,,viii474 ,,chione ,,stutchburyi 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bg 7late ,venus stutchburyii7 is the common round cockle1 found in both ,north and ,south ,islands4 ,although when found on clean sandy banks it is usually reddish-brown on the outside and bluish-white inside1 it varies in colour if the sand contains an appreciable quantity of mud4 ,it is called ,anga or ,huai or ,pipi by the ,maoris1 and attains a length of two inches4 ,,chione ,,oblonga 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bh 7late ,venus oblonga7 is a brown or brownish-white shell1 with a white interior1 and is rather larger and more solid than the ,stutchburyii1 besides being more oval4 ,,anaitis ,,yatei 7,plate ,,viii474--,fig4 #bi 7late ,chione yatei7 is a pale yellowish or brown shell1 with a purple or slate-coloured patch round the hinge4 ,the ridges on the outside1 especially on the young shells1 are thin and very high4 ,as the shell attains its full size these ridges wear down4 ,the old shells become thick and heavy1 and are over two inches in width4 ,it is found on exposed or ocean beaches in the ,north ,island1 and rarely in the ,south4 ,the ,maoris call it ,pukauri4 ,,haliotis ,,iris 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #a is the ,pawa or ,papa of the ,maori1 and the ,mutton fish of the colonist4 ,the outside is brown1 and the inside a dark metallic blue and green1 with an iridescent play of yellow and other colours4 ,it is found on rocks in the open sea or on exposed beaches1 and is six or seven inches wide4 ,,haliotis ,,rugoso-,,plicata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #b is about half the size of the ,haliotis iris1 and is known to the ,maoris as the ,pawa-rore or ,koro-riwha4 ,the outside is pinkish-brown1 the interior being pale and highly iridescent4 ,it is usually found with the ,haliotis iris1 but is not so common4 ,another ,haliotis1 named the ,virginea1 is much smaller and thinner than either of the above4 ,the interior of this is like that of the ,haliotis rugoso-plicata1 but the exterior is variegated1 and dotted and splashed with every conceivable colour4 ,it is rare1 and usually found on the sheltered side of small islands in the open sea4 ,,glycymeris ,,laticostata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #c 7late ,pectunculus laticostatus7 is a very solid1 reddish-brown shell1 sometimes 7especially in the immature shells7 splashed with chestnut and white4 ,the six or eight teeth near the hinge on both valves are of even size and shape4 ,it is usually found cast up on ocean beaches4 ,the shell attains a length and breadth of three and a-half inches4 ,the younger shells have ridges or ribs on the outside1 but these wear off with age4 ,the ,maori name is ,kuakua4 ,,glycymeris ,,striatularis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #d 7late ,pectunculus striatularis7 is a small brownish shell1 irregularly marked with chestnut1 red1 or white4 ,the interior is whitish and brown1 the exterior being smooth1 and the extreme length of the shell about an inch4 ,the markings of the hinge and teeth are similar to those of the ,glycymeris laticostata4 ,,cardita ,,aviculina 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #e 7late ,mytilicardia excavata7 is an irregular-shaped white shell1 with yellow1 pink1 or dirty brown markings4 ,the longitudinal grooves on the outside are very rugged and deep4 ,the shell is over an inch in length1 and is found in both ,islands and in ,australia4 ,,rhynchonella ,,nigricans 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #f is an irregular-shaped1 ribbed1 black or dark brown shell1 the left valve being much more rounded than the other4 ,it is found up to one and a-quarter inches in breadth in the ,south ,island and in the ,bay of ,plenty4 ,,terebratella ,,sanguinea 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #g 7late ,terebratella cruenta7 is an orange-red1 evenly ribbed1 shell up to one and three-quarter inches in breadth1 found in the ,south ,island4 ,the left valve in this shell is nearly flat4 ,,terebratella ,,rubicunda 7not shown on plate7 is a smooth1 pink1 or dark red shell1 of the same shape1 but only half the size1 of the ,telebratella sanguinea1 and found in considerable numbers in both ,islands amongst stones4 ,it is particularly plentiful amongst the stones on ,rangitoto ,island1 in ,auckland ,harbour4 ,,magellania ,,lenticularis 7late ,waldheimia lenticularis7 is not shown in the plate1 but is a large1 smooth1 red or brown shell1 two inches long1 similar in shape to the above4 ,all the above four shells1 namely1 the ,rhynchonella1 ,terebratella 7#b71 and ,magellania1 belong to the ,terebratula family1 and the right valve is longer than the left1 and there is a small round orifice at the hinge end for the foot of the animal4 ,on account of the resemblance these shells bear to the old ,roman lamp1 they are known as ,lamp shells4 ,,lithophago ,,truncata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #h 7late ,lithodomus truncatus7 is a thin brown shell1 covered with a black or dark brown epidermis4 ,it is found in the ,north ,island1 and attains a length of over one and a-half inches4 ,it is a rock borer1 and can bore into very hard rock4 ,i have seen a small one that had bored into a thick ,glycymeris shell4 ,,venerupis ,,reflexa 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #i is a very irregular-shaped greyish shell1 with prominent ridges on the outside4 ,the interior is yellow1 with a large blackish-purple patch4 ,it is sometimes an inch in length1 and is found in both ,islands in the sand or mud1 amongst rocks4 ,,venerupis ,,elegans 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #aj is a white shell1 with a white interior1 and up to one and a-half inches long4 ,the ridges on one end are very prominent4 ,this shell is found only in the ,north ,island4 ,,divaricella ,,cumingi 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #aa 7late ,lucina dentata7 is a milk-white shell1 sometimes #a-a_/d inches in length4 ,the grooves or furrows on the outside bend in the centre to almost a right-angle1 giving it a peculiarly beautiful appearance1 and making it easily recognisable4 ,found in both ,islands on ocean beaches and in harbours4 ,,venericardia ,,australis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ab 7late ,cardita australis7 is a pale brownish-white shell1 with prominent ribs4 ,sometimes the outside is marked and splashed with reddish-brown4 ,the interior is white1 with pink or rose-coloured patches4 ,the shell is about one and three-quarter inches wide4 ,it is found in both ,islands attached to kelp roots1 which usually discolour one end of the shell4 ,the ,maori name is ,purimu4 ,,chione ,,crassa 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ac 7late ,venus mesodesma7 is a white or brown shell1 one inch in length4 ,it is found in large numbers on ocean beaches after a gale4 ,the markings on it vary very much1 and consist of radiating bands1 or zigzag lines1 of brown or purple brown4 ,the interior is white1 with a violet band round the margin4 ,,tapes ,,intermedia 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ad is a brown or yellowish-white shell1 with a white or grey interior4 ,the young shells are marked with brown wavy or zigzag lines4 ,it is found in both ,islands on ocean beaches and in harbours1 being sometimes over two inches wide4 ,it is known to the ,maoris as ,hakari4 ,,dosinia ,,australis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ae is a pale1 pinkish-brown shell1 with a white interior1 turning to violet round the margin4 ,it is found on ocean beaches in both ,islands1 and attains a length of three inches4 ,the ,maoris call it ,tupa or ,tuangi haruru4 ,,dosinia ,,subrosea 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #af is a smooth copy of the above4 ,it is pale pinkish-white1 and found up to two inches long in the same localities as ,dosinia australis4 ,the ,maori name for this shell is ,hakari1 the same as for ,tapes intermedia4 ,there is another species of ,dosinea 7not shown in plate71 about one inch long and pure white1 found in the ,north ,island4 ,it is called ,dosinia lambata4 ,,barbatia ,,decussata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ag 7late ,arca decussata7 is an irregular-shaped1 brown or yellowish shell1 the interior being white1 varied with brownish-purple4 ,it is covered with a long1 brown1 hairy epidermis4 ,it is found in both ,islands on ocean beaches and under rocks1 and is up to three inches in length4 ,,solenomya ,,parkinsoni 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ah is a dark brown1 delicate shell1 rayed with paler brown4 ,the interior is greyish4 ,the shining1 thick1 chestnut and black epidermis1 which covers this shell1 cannot be mistaken4 ,it is found in both ,islands on sandy banks in harbours1 and is up to two inches in length4 ,when the mantle is spread out in shallow water1 this shellfish looks like a pink and purple flower4 ,,modiolaria ,,impacta 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ai 7late ,crenella impacta7 is a brown shell1 frequently with a mixture of green near the edge4 ,the centre is smooth1 but both ends are ornamented with fine radiating ridges4 ,the interior is highly iridescent4 ,the shell attains a length of #a-a_/b inches1 and is found in both ,islands1 in seaweed or grass and under rocks1 both in harbours and on ocean beaches4 ,the ,maori name is ,korona4 ,,lima ,,bullata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bj is a white shell1 about one and a-half inches long1 and found in the ,north ,island4 ,both it and the ,lima zelandica are rare shells4 ,,lima ,,zelandica 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ba 7lately known as ,lima squamosa and recently renamed ,lima lima7 is a beautiful white shell1 with eighteen ribs4 ,the spikes on the ribs are sometimes tinted with brown4 ,it is found at ,whangaroa ,north1 and has also been dredged up at ,stewart's ,island4 ,it attains a breadth of #b-a_/b inches4 ,although ,lima lima is the latest name given this shell1 ,i trust the name of ,lima zelandica given it by ,sowerby will be adhered to4 ,it is quite as silly to duplicate the names of the family1 to describe a species1 as to have a kind of horse known as horse horse4 ,crepidula crepidula 7,fig4 #bg7 is a similar instance4 ,,sub-,,emarginula ,,intermedia 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bb 7late ,parmophorus intermedia7 is a white limpet-like shell1 covered with a thin brown epidermis4 ,it is sometimes #a-a_/b inches long1 the animal being like a large yellow slug4 ,,scutum ,,ambiguum 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bc 7late ,parmophorus unguis7 is a white shell1 covered with a thin brown epidermis1 and is sometimes over #b-a_/b inches long4 ,the animal is like a big black slug1 and1 in comparison with the size of the slug1 the shell is very small4 ,a slug the size of a man's fist would have a shell about an inch long4 ,most shell-hunters would pass by a ,scutum abiguum1 not thinking it had a shell embedded in its folds4 ,the shell is found amongst rocks in sheltered places on ocean beaches4 ,,siphonaria ,,obliquata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bd is like a brown limpet1 about one and three-quarter inches long4 ,on the right side is the siphonal groove1 which is much more clearly defined in the ,siphonaria australis 7,fig4 #be74 ,the shell is found in ,dunedin4 ,,siphonaria ,,australis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #be is a brown or chestnut-coloured limpet1 up to one inch in length4 ,the siphonal groove can be seen on the upper side of the figure4 ,the best specimens ,i have found were on the piles of ,tauranga ,wharf4 ,,emarginula ,,striatula 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bf is a whitish limpet1 about an inch in length4 ,the notch1 or fissure1 which is a peculiar feature of this shell1 is seen on the end of the shell facing the ,lima zelandica 7,fig4 #ba74 ,,crepidula ,,unguiformis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bg is a parasite shell1 over an inch long1 and found inside the lips of other shells4 ,it is a thin1 clear white shell1 and is well named1 from unguis1 a finger-nail1 which it much resembles4 ,it varies in shape from nearly flat to semi-circular1 according to the curve of the part of the shell on which it grows4 ,the ,crepidula shells are easily identified by the shelly internal appendage1 or lamina1 in which the body of the animal rests4 ,from the peculiar effect of this lamina the ,crepidula shell looks like a boat4 ,this shell has recently been renamed ,crepidula crepidula1 a silly duplication1 like ,lima lima 7,fig4 #ba74 ,the ,maori name for the ,crepidula is the same as for a limpet1 namely1 ,ngakahi or ,ngakihi4 ,,crepidula ,,aculeata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bh 7late ,crepidula costata7 is an oval-shaped white parasite shell1 with purplish lines on the edge4 ,it is a common shell in the ,north ,island1 and found on rocks and amongst roots of kelp1 and on the outside of other shells1 especially mussels4 ,it varies in colour and shape1 but is usually deeply ribbed1 and attains a length of #a-a_/b inches4 ,there is another species of the ,crepidula1 viz41 ,monoxyla1 similar in shape to the ,crepidula aculeata1 but white and smooth1 and much smaller4 ,,calyptraea ,,maculata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #bi 7late ,galerus zelandicus7 is a circular shell1 found on rocks or kelp1 and sometimes is attached to other shells1 especially mussels4 ,it attains a width of #a-a_/b inches1 and is covered with a brown1 hairy epidermis4 ,,hipponyx ,,australis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #cj is a limpet1 which takes its name from its shape1 being like a horse's foot4 ,there was a colony of some hundreds of this ,hipponyx under a flat rock1 resting on other rocks1 on the ocean side of ,mount ,maunganui1 at the entrance to ,tauranga ,harbour4 ,although there were thousands of other rocks round it1 ,i never found the ,hipponyx except under the one rock ,i have mentioned1 and as far as ,i know it has never been found alive in any other part of ,new ,zealand4 ,,dentalium ,,nanum 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #ca is like a miniature white tusk of an elephant4 ,it is about #a-a_/b inches long4 ,it is really a limpet1 which1 having chosen mud and sand as its habitat1 has adapted itself to its surroundings and become long and thin1 instead of broad and flat1 like the rock-loving limpet4 ,it is found on the ,west ,coast of ,auckland ,province1 especially between ,manukau and ,raglan4 ,,acmaea ,,octoradiata 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #cb is one of the dozen ,acmaea found in ,new ,zealand4 ,it is a very flat shell1 and lives amongst rocks in the surf4 ,,acmaea ,,pileopsis 7,plate ,,ix474--,fig4 #cc is a nearly round1 smooth limpet1 the outside being blackish1 spotted with white1 and the interior bluish1 with a black margin4 ,it is about an inch across4 ,amongst the other ten ,acmaea found in ,new ,zealand the most noticeable is the ,acmaea fragilis1 a very delicate1 thin1 green shell1 with narrow brown bands4 ,there is a green ring in the interior of the shell4 ,it is found under stones1 and is about #a_/b inch across4 ,,patella ,,radians 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #cd71 and ,,patella ,,stellifera 7,fig4 #ce7 are two representatives of the many species of beautiful limpets we have4 ,the limpet family has not had the attention of our scientists which it merits4 ,the shells vary so much that it is extremely difficult to classify them4 ,in the attempt to do so1 ,patella radians has been subdivided into five sub-species1 but even this division is not a success4 ,we have few more beautiful or interesting shells than limpets4 ,we have them of every shape1 and from three inches in width down to microscopic specimens4 ,the limpet resides on one spot1 but moves about with the rising tide in search of the vegetation on which it lives4 ,this it mows down with its long scythe-like tongue1 and1 when satisfied1 it returns to rest in its favourite spot4 ,limpets have the reputation of being indigestible1 if not poisonous1 but this is due to the head not being removed before the mollusc is eaten4 ,if the head be removed carefully1 the tongue1 or radula1 which is usually the length of the shell itself1 will come with it4 ,the #bjjj or so fine teeth found on the average limpet's tongue will quite account for the belief that the fish is poisonous1 as great irritation must be caused by these sharp little teeth4 ,the ,patella stellifera is usually found in caves or sheltered places amongst rocks exposed to the ocean swell4 ,it is always covered with a coraline growth1 usually of a pinkish tint1 which growth has to be removed before the markings can be seen4 ,stars of all shapes1 regular and irregular1 will be found on the spire of the ,patella stellifera4 ,there is a reputation yet to be made by the man who can classify our ,new ,zealand limpets4 ,the ,maori name for the limpet is ,ngakihi1 or ,ngakahi1 which name is also used for the ,crepidula family4 ,,pecten ,,medius 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #a 7late ,pecten laticostatus7 is the well-known scallop found among the grass banks in harbours as well as in the open sea4 ,the shells are sometimes five or even six inches across1 and of all conceivable colours and mixtures of colours4 ,the valve shown in the plate is the flat valve1 which looks like a fan4 ,the other valve1 which is rounded1 makes a good substitute for a scoop4 ,this ,pecten1 or scallop1 is the most delicate of our edible shellfish1 but is never seen in our markets4 ,the animal moves by opening its shell1 slowly swallowing a large quantity of water1 and in a rapid manner ejecting it1 thereby pushing the shell backwards4 ,the ,maori name is ,tipa4 ,,pecten ,,convexus 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #b is a much smaller shell than ,no4 #a1 and quite as brilliantly coloured4 ,the valves are nearly equal in shape4 ,it is found amongst rocks1 but is usually dredged in comparatively shallow water4 ,,pecten ,,zelandiae 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #c is a still smaller shell1 and the most brilliantly coloured of our ,pecten family4 ,the valves are similar in shape1 and covered with short spikes4 ,it has only the one ear1 or lug1 at the hinge end1 but sometimes a portion of the ear is found on the other side4 ,this shell lives amongst rocks1 or in sponges1 or on the roots of kelp1 in sheltered or fairly sheltered portions of open beaches4 ,it is found attached to the rocks by a byssus1 or beard4 ,,pinna ,,zelandica 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #d is generally known as the ,horse ,mussel4 ,it is usually found amongst the grass1 about low water mark1 on sandy beaches1 especially those containing a proportion of mud4 ,the natives call it ,hururoa or ,kupa1 and in some places it is a staple article of diet with them4 ,this horse mussel is found in certain spots in great numbers1 and is then useless for a cabinet4 ,the collector should look for odd scattered specimens4 ,as a rule1 only about half an inch of the shell will be found protruding above the beach1 in very shallow water1 but in deep water more of the shell will protrude4 ,,mytilus ,,latus 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #e is the ordinary mussel1 with a green epidermis1 and the part near the hinge is usually eroded1 as shown in the plate4 ,it grows to a considerable size in ,new ,zealand1 being sometimes #h inches in length1 and is found in enormous quantities in favoured localities on rocks or attached by its beard in clusters to old cockle and other shells on the banks4 ,about twenty years ago hundreds of acres of banks between the town of ,tauranga and the sea were in one season colonised by mussel spawn1 and although the mussel was before that date a rare thing on these banks1 yet after the colonisation the banks were simply a mass of mussels1 and the water1 being only from one to two fathoms deep at low spring tide1 they were easily procurable4 ,on the other hand1 banks near ,kati ,kati ,heads1 that were covered a few years ago1 are now without mussels4 ,this is probably due to some disease breaking out through overcrowding4 ,the ,mytilus edulis 7not shown on plate7 is a purplish shell1 of similar shape and habits to the above1 but much smaller in size4 ,the ,maori name for a mussel is ,kuku or ,porope or ,tore-tore or ,kutai1 and for the smaller mussels ,kukupara or ,purewa or ,toriwai4 ,,mytilus ,,magellanicus 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #f is a bluish mussel1 with prominent ribs1 as shown in the plate4 ,the interior is white1 and the shell is found up to three inches in length4 ,,volsella ,,australis 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #g 7late ,modiola australis7 is a rough-looking1 uneven shell1 of a pale chestnut colour4 ,it usually has a hairy-looking growth near the edge1 as shown in the plate4 ,it is found up to four inches in length4 ,there are two other of the ,volsella family in ,new ,zealand1 neither of which are illustrated4 ,the ,volsella fluviatilis1 a shiny1 black mussel1 shaped like the ,edulis1 and about #a-a_/b inches long1 found in brackish water1 is the most common4 ,the inside is bluish-white1 and purplish round the margin4 ,,ostrea ,,angasi 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #h is a mud oyster1 of which those dredged at ,stewart's ,island are the largest we have4 ,fine specimens were found in ,ohiwa ,harbour prior to the ,tarawera eruption of #ahhf1 but the deposit from that eruption appears for the time being to have destroyed them4 ,there must be some large banks of this oyster in the ,bay of ,plenty1 judging by the number of dead shells washed up in places2 but1 although ,i many times used the dredge while in ,tauranga1 ,i never had the good fortune to find one of the banks4 ,cartloads of the shells were at times washed up on the beach between the town of ,tauranga and the entrance to the harbour4 ,the best known oyster in ,new ,zealand is the ,auckland rock oyster1 the ,ostrea glomerata 7not shown in the plate71 which is familiar to all who visit the seashore in the ,north4 ,the ,maori name for the rock oyster is ,tio1 and for the mud oyster ,tiopara4 ,,placunanomia ,,zelandica 7,plate ,x474--,fig4 #i is of the family known in ,england as the pepper and salt oyster4 ,the lower valve is flat and has the large oval opening1 shown in the plate1 through which the foot of the animal protrudes and holds the shell on to the rock4 ,the shell is thin and fragile1 and is found in both ,islands4 ,another shell of the same family1 the ,anomia walteri 7not shown on plate71 is found at the ,bay of ,islands1 and is usually coloured bright yellow or orange4 ,,murex ,,ramosus1 the last figure1 is the latest addition to our ,new ,zealand marine shells1 and is described with the others of the ,murex family on ,plate ,,ii41 and on page #af4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,page ,argonauta nodosa #ad ,spirula peroni #ae ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,page #a--,murex zelandicus #ae #b--,murex octogonus #af #c--,murex eos #af #d--,trophon stangeri #af #e--,trophon ambiguus #af #f--,trophon cheesemani #ag #g--;,ancilla australis #ag #h and #i--,purpura succincta #ag #aj--,purpura scobina #ag #aa--,purpura haustrum #ag #ab--,scaphella pacifica #ah #ac--,scaphella gracilis #ah #ad--,mitra melaniana #ah ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,page ,dolium variegatum #ah ,lotorium rubicundum #ai ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,page #a--,siphonalia dilatata #ai #b--,siphonalia mandarina #ai #c--,siphonalia nodosa #ai #d--,struthiolaria papulosa #ai #e--,struthiolaria vermis #bj #f--;,euthria lineata #bj #g--;,cominella lurida #ba #h--;,cominella huttoni #ba #i--;,euthria flavescens #bj #aj--;,euthria vittata #bj #aa--;,cominella maculata #ba #ab--;,cominella testudinea #ba #ac--;,cominella virgata #bb #ad--;,cominella nassoides #bb ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v ,page #a--,lotorium olearium #bb #b--;,apollo argus #bb #c--;,apollo australasia #bb #d--,lotorium spengleri #bb #e--,semi-cassis pyrum #bc #f--,semi-cassis labiata #bc #g--,lotorium cornutum #bc ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,page #a--;,calliostoma tigris #bc #b--;,calliostoma selectum #bd #c--;,calliostoma pellucidum #bd #d--;,calliostoma punctulatum #bd #e--,trochus viridis #bd #f--,trochus tiaratus #bd #g--;,ethalia zelandica #be #h--,natica zelandica #be #i--,nerita nigra #be #aj--;,amphibola crenata #bf #aa--,monodonta subrostrata #bf #ab--,monodonta aethiops #bf #ac--,monodonta nigerrima #bf #ad--,monodonta lugubris #bf #ae--,turbo granosus #bf #af and #ag--,turbo helicinus #bg #ah--;,astralium sulcatum #bg #ai--;,astralium heliotropium #bg ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,page #a--;,janthina exigua #bh #b--;,janthina fragilis #bh #c--;,cantharidus iris #bh #d--,taron dubius #bi #e--,litorina cincta #bi #f--,litorina mauritiana #bi #g--;,cantharidus tenebrosus #bh #h--;,cantharidus purpuratus #bh #i--;,cantharidus fasciatus #bi #aj--;,daphnella lymneiformis #bi #aa #ab--,surcula novae-zelandiae #bi #ac--,potamides sub-carinatus #cj #ad--,solidula alba #cj #ae #af--,surcula cheesemani #cj #ag--,scalaria zelebori #cj #ah--,scalaria tenella #cj #ai--,potamides bicarinatus #cj #bj--,terebra tristis #cj #ba--,tenagodes weldii #cj #bb--,trophon duodecimus #cj #bc--,trophon plebeius #ca #bd--,tricotropis inornata #ca #be--,marinula filholi #ca #bf--,tralia australis #ca #bg--,turritella vittata #ca #bh--,turritella rosea #ca #bi--,trivia australis #ca #cj--;,cylichna striata #ca #ca--;,haminea zelandia #cb #cb--;,bulla quoyi #cb ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,page #a--;,barnea similis #cb #b--,pholadidea tridens #cb #c--,panopea zelandica #cb #d--;,cochlodesma angasi #cb #e--;,corbula zelandica #cc #f--,saxicava arctica #cc #g--,myodora striata #cc #h--,myodora boltoni #cc #i--,mactra discors #cc #aj--,mactra aequilatera #cc #aa--,standella ovata #cc #ab--,standella elongata #cd #ac--,resania lanceolata #cd #ad--,zenatia acinaces #cd #ae--,psammobia stangeri #cd #af--,solenotellina nitida #cd #ag--,psammobia lineolata #cd #ah--,solenotellina spenceri #cd #ai--,tellina glabrella #ce #bj--,tellina disculus #ce #ba--,tellina alba #ce #bb--,tellina strangei #ce #bc--,mesodesma ventricosa #ce #bd--;,atactodea subtriangulata #cf #be--,mesodesma novae-zelandiae #cf #bf--;,chione costata #cf #bg--;,chione stutchburyi #cf #bh--;,chione oblonga #cf #bi--;,anaitis yatei #cg ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,page #a--;,haliotis iris #cg #b--;,haliotis rugoso-plicata #cg #c--;,glycymeris laticostata #cg #d--;,glycymeris striatularis #cg #e--;,cardita aviculina #ch #f--,rhynchonella nigricans #ch #g--,terebratella sanguinea #ch #h--,lithophago truncata #ch #i--,venerupis reflexa #ci #aj--,venerupis elegans #ci #aa--;,divaricella cumingi #ci #ab--,venericardia australis #ci #ac--;,chione crassa #ci #ad--,tapes intermedia #ci #ae--;,dosinia australis #dj #af--;,dosinia subrosea #dj #ag--;,barbatia decussata #dj #ah--,solenomya parkinsoni #dj #ai--,modiolaria impacta #dj #bj--,lima bullata #da #ba--,lima zelandica #da #bb--,sub-emarginula intermedia #da #bc--,scutum ambiguum #da #bd--,siphonaria obliquata #da #be--,siphonaria australis #da #bf--;,emarginula striatula #db #bg--;,crepidula unguiformis #db #bh--;,crepidula aculeata #db #bi--;,calyptraea maculata #db #cj--;,hipponyx australis #db #ca--;,dentalium nanum #dc #cb--;,acmaea octoradiata #dc #cc--;,acmaea pileopsis #dc #cd--,patella radians #dc #ce--,patella stellifera #dc ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,page #a--,pecten medius #dd #b--,pecten convexus #dd #c--,pecten zelandiae #de #d--,pinna zelandica #de #e--,mytilus latus #de #f--,mytilus magellanicus #df #g--,volsella australis #df #h--,ostrea angasi #df #i--,placunanomia zelandica #df #aj--,murex ramosus #df