,libr>ies47         ,,florida ,an ,ideal
 ,cattle ,/ate  ,copyright$ #aiah by ,,!
 ,,florida ,,/ate ,,live ,,/ock         
,,association ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aaha        
,jacksonville1 ,florida     ,=eword  ,by
 ,w4 ,f4 ,blackman1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 
,presid5t ( ! ,florida ,/ate ,live ,/ock
 ,association1      ,memb] ( ! ,florida 
,/ate ,live ,/ock ,sanit>y ,bo>d4       
,reque/s = au!ntic in=mation z to !     
advantages & possibilities ( ,florida = 
! gr[+ ( live /ock1 & 9 p>ticul> ( beef 
cattle1 h be5 com+ ( late1 & 9 con/antly
 increas+ numb]s1 f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4
  ,?is booklet has be5 compil$ = !      
purpose ( provid+ ?is in=mation4  ,!    
g5tlem5 :o h contribut$ to ! volume are 
m5 ( ability1 long & successful exp]i5ce
 9 ! live /ock & k9dr$ indu/ries1 & !   
mo/ tru/wor?y "*4 ,sev]al ( !m h be5    
engag$ = _m ye>s 9 ! gr[+ & m>ket+ (    
cattle on a v l>ge scale 9 ,texas1 & h  
rec5tly made a prolong$ & close /udy (  
,florida conditions4 ,! report ( _!     
f9d+s is ( ! utmo/ int]e/4  ,pr(4 ,c4   

,v4 ,pip]1 agro/ologi/ ( ! ,bureau (    
,plant ,indu/ry1 ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 is recogniz$ z !
 =emo/ au?ority on ,s\!rn grasses & =age
 crops4 ,we are indebt$ to him =        
p]mission to make use ( ! valuable      
address on ?is important subject :i* 0  
made by him at ! rec5t annual meet+ ( ! 
,florida ,/ate ,live ,/ock ,association4
  ,a /udy ( ^! pap]s w make x evid5t1 ,i
 believe1 t ,florida possesses a numb] (
 advantages = ! pr(itable gr[+ ( live   
/ock great] ?an ^? to be f\nd else:]e2  
among ^! are a mild1 equable & heal?ful 
climate1 comp>ative fre$om f animal     
diseases1 a long graz+ season1 va/ areas
 ( *eap l&s1 a soil adapt$ to ! gr[+ (  
num]\s improv$ grasses & =age crops     
7especially su* legumes z ! velvet bean1
 ! c[ pea1 ! soy bean1 ! vet*es1 !      
indig5\s begg>-we$1 ! peanut1 & c]ta9   
clov]s71 a copi\s & well-di/ribut$      
ra9fall1 & c\ntless spr+s1 /reams &     
lakes1 provid+ almo/ ev]y:]e an abundant
 & unfail+ supply ( pure wat]4  ,!re c  

be no d\bt1 ,i believe1 t ,florida w    
take a lead+ place 9 ! ne> future among 
! important live /ock /ates ( ! ,union4 
,:at %e ne$s is additional ?\s&s (      
intellig5t1 en]getic1 ?rifty & exp]i5c$ 
f>m]s1 :o w take advantage ( !          
opportunities %e (f]s & develop to !    
full h] imm5se & lat5t res\rces4  ,lake 
,monroe1 ,febru>y1 #aiah4               
,,possibilities ,,( ,,beef ,,production 
,,9 ,,florida4       ,by ,frank ,s4     
,ha/+s1 ,manag] ( ! ,s4 ,m4 ,s4 ,ran*1  
,/am=d1 ,texas1 :o sp5t two weeks /udy+ 
conditions 9      ,florida j previ\s to 
! ,six? ,annual ,conv5tion ( !          
,florida ,/ate ,live ,/ock ,association1
 at :i* he 0 "o (      ! speak]s4 ,^!   
impressions h be5 prep>$ by ,mr4        
,ha/+s = ! b5efit ( ! cattle m5 (       
,florida4   ,be=e com+ to ! ,/ate ,i    
ask$ t ,i might see z _m classes (      
cattle z possible & 9 z _m diff]5t p>ts 
( ! ,/ate z possible4  ,my fir/ trip 0  
?r\gh ! ,ev]glades4 ,i !n made a trip   
ne> ,ga9esville1 & visit$ ! regi/]$     

,h]e=d h]d own$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4         
,callison2 also ! grade h]d ( bo?       
,h]e=ds & ,%or?orns own$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4
 ,jackson ( ,ga9esville1 & ! pure-br$ & 
grad$ ,%or?orn h]d own$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 
,gaitskill ( ,mc,intosh4 ,!n foll[$ a   
f\r days' c>eful trip ov] ! prop]ties & 
h]d ( ! ,kissimmee ,isl& ,cattle        
,company1 :]e ,i saw ,brahma cattle1    
,h]e=d cattle & ,%or?orn cattle 9 v>i\s 
grades1 & _! h]d ( ,florida cattle b\ght
 la/ ye>4 ,!n ov] ! ,indian ,prairie    
c\ntry1 ! ,osceola prairie c\ntry1      
includ+ ,halpatioka ,flats1 ! m>% c\ntry
 ( ,okee*obee1 ) an unusually good      
opportunity = see+ ! cattle scatt]$ ov] 
! op5 range & to obs]ve conditions on ! 
op5 range4  ,incid5t to ?is great       
expanse1 compreh5d+ ov] six hundr$ miles
 9 actual auto driv+1 ,i did n see a    
s+le w9dmill1 or o!r artificial means ( 
furni%+ wat]1 al?\gh ,i am told t on n a
 s+le acre ( t entire prop]ty is !re any
 difficulty 9 f9d+ wat] at a dep? ( f t5
 to fifty feet4 ,i %all come back to ?is

 item1 only paus+ "h to call y\r        
especial att5tion to ! fact t ov] ?is   
va/ area ( undevelop$ wat] conditions1  
wat] c be suppli$ at a v small co/      
suffici5t to increase ! c>ry+ capacity (
 ! range at lea/ sev]al hundr$ p] c5t1 &
 z aga9/ develop+ a simil> wat] supply  
ov] ! av]age ,texas pa/ure c\ntry1 x c  
be done at tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! co/ 9  
,florida z aga9/ ! ,texas co/4          
,probably ! mo/ important ?+ t ,i saw 9 
,florida 0 ! regi/]$ ,h]e=d h]d ( ,mr4  
,callison4 ,i recall t he boa/$ t 9     
eight ye>s !y _h nev] be5 giv5 any w9t] 
help1 & !re 7 no evid5ces on 8 prop]ty t
 ! cattle 7 9 any way pamp]$4  ,he _h   
ab\t ?irty or =ty ( la/ spr+'s calves1  
:i* he 0 j wean+1 & !y 7 z good1 on !   
av]age1 z any bun* ( calves ,i h ev] se5
 9 ! great regi/]$ ,h]e=d produc+       
di/ricts4 ,i saw 8 ye>l+s & twos & 8    
c[s1 & ! entire h]d %[s 9 g5]al         
developm5t & quality a v favorable      
comp>ison ) any?+ 9 ! great bre$+       
di/ricts outside ( di/9ct %[ h]ds4  ,if 

! climate ( ,florida c produce ^!       
regi/]$ cattle )\t help & h !m make a   
favorable comp>ison ) cattle 9 ! great  
regi/]$ bre$+ gr\nds ( o!r p>ts (       
,am]ica1 !re is no reason :y beef cattle
 c n be produc$ :i*1 9 turn1 w =m a     
favorable comp>ison ) ^? ( ! great      
pa/ure bre$+ gr\nds1 :i*1 9 turn1 are   
furni%+ ! fe$] cattle = ! corn belt4    
,on ,mr4 ,jackson's place we f\nd bo?   
grad$ ,h]e=ds & ,%or?orns 9 ! ?ird      
g5]ation1 ) spl5did developm5t &        
quality1 & we f\nd 9 8 regi/]$ or       
pure-br$ h]d ( ,%or?orns good quality & 
developm5t4  ,at ! home ( ,mr4          
,gaitskill we f\nd bo? pure br$s &      
grades ( good developm5t1 & a spl5did   
object lesson 9 a half-br$ c[ kn[n z    
,old ,blue1 h] dam "o ( ! primitive     
,florida c[s & h] sire a pure-br$       
,%or?orn bull4 ,%e is :at might be call$
 a blue roan1 ) ! blue almo/ black4 ,!n 
we saw h] daught]s & _! daught]s1 & ,i  
?9k we saw a f\r? g5]ation1 b ei!r 9 ?is
 ?ird or f\r? g5]ation1 ,i rem>k$ to    

,mr4 ,gaitskill t he c\ld lie a little  
ab\t t heif]1 z %e _h absolutely e      
appe>ance & all developm5t ( an         
absolutely pure-br$ ,%or?orn4  ,9 ?is   
same di/rict we le>n$ f ,mr4 ,jackson t 
grad$ cattle all ! way f half-bre$s up  
to sev5-eigh?s & 9 ! mix$ ?rees & f\rs  
ages1 all by regi/]$ bulls1 weigh$ #ijj 
p\nds (f grass la/ fall4 ,z ne> z ,i c  
obta9 in=mation1 ! same ages 9 ! native 
,florida /e]s & "u mo/ favorable        
conditions w\ld probably n weigh to     
exce$ #fjj p\nds4  ,on ?is same trip    
,mr4 ,edw>ds ( ,mc,intosh told me t he  
got ab\t half ! ga9 on ! native /e]s t  
he does f ?ree-qu>t]-br$ grades1 on !   
same fe$4  ,! =ego+ is a practical      
demon/ration t z f> z climate1 g5]al    
fe$s & ord9>y normal conditions are     
conc]n$1 grad$ cattle ?rive 9 ,florida4 
,x is important t ,i %\ld h se5 !m1     
because ,i am work+ on well def9$ &     
demon/rat$ g5]al pr9ciples ( bre$+ &    
beef production1 & !y respond 9 e way to
 ! =ego+4  ,f ?is "t on we mu/ reckon ) 

! _w's supply ( live /ock4 ,)\t attempt+
 to g into details1 !re has be5 a v     
mat]ial decrease 9 x dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4
 ,we "k t ,europe mu/ be re-/ock$ aft] !
 w>1 & t ! ,am]ican supply is fre] f    
disease ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry4  ,we "k 
t "u normal conditions ! beef production
 ( ,am]ica has n kept pace ) !          
population1 & t ev5 )\t ! influ5ce ( w> 
values ( beef1 /ock cattle values h %[n 
a /eady increase = ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,!re  
is1 !re=e1 e reason to believe t = a v  
long p]iod 9 ! future1 ev5 tak+ into    
consid]ation r$uc$ beef consumption z ! 
result ( sub/itutes or e o!r influ5ce1  
!re is a reasonable expectation = /rong 
values & a pr(it on production "u normal
 exp5se4 ,i ?9k t we may g beyond !     
favorable g5]al m>ket & say t !re w be a
 bett] m>ket 9 proportion = ! int]m$iate
 grades ( beef1 = grass produc$ beef1   
?an = ! v extreme corn-f$ f9i%1 & t 9 ! 
evolution ( ! ,florida beef problem1 !  
grades produc$ w at lea/ be 9 z great   
dem&1 & probably great] dem&1 ?an !     

ultra f9i%$ class4  ,x is1 !re=e1 fair  
to argue t ! m>ket is ) ! produc]4  ,y  
are s+ul>ly =tunate 9 hav+ a            
,legislature :i* seems 9 e way dispos$  
t[>d do+ ev]y?+ 9 its p[] to help       
develop ! res\rces ( ! ,/ate4  ,!       
,gov]nm5t believes t live /ock          
production is its second greate/        
problem1 & 9 e possible way t x c give  
co-op]ation is pl$g$ to d s4 ,9 fact1 ,i
 d n ?9k t ,i w\ld h be5 "h at all      
unless a high (ficial 9 ! ,bureau (     
,animal ,indu/ry _h n urg$ me to come1 9
 l9e ) _! "w ( g5]al developm5t ?r\gh\t 
! ,s\?4  ,ano!r ?+1 ,i f9d t ,florida is
 v mu* 9 ! public eye1 & t all ! live   
/ock j\rnals are anxi\s to h any?+ :i*  
t\*es ^u increas$ beef production       
any:]e1 b 9 ! ,s\? p>ticul>ly4  ,) ! k t
 ,i might be "h "s "t ?is w9t]1 ,i talk$
 to two ( ! great pack]s ab\t !         
developm5t ( ! beef indu/ry 9 ! ,s\?1 & 
!y bo? said t !y ?\ght ! ,s\? 0 go+ to  
come to ! front v rapidly1 & t ei!r !y  
or "s "o else w\ld und\bt$ly keep pace )

 ! developm5t by enl>g+ _! pres5t       
facilities or build+ new pack+ h\ses4   
,9 t connection a pack] loves a hog     
c\ntry to "w 9 conjunction ) cattle4    
,)\t giv+ ! topic any m ?an ?is g5]al   
/atem5t1 ,i c see :]e hog production is 
go+ to be "o ( ! great ?+s 9 ,florida1 &
 t :ile 9 ,texas we d n attempt to      
produce any hogs along ) our cattle1 t  
hogs w be to "s ext5t a "p ( ! great    
pa/ure problems4  ,9 a g5]al way1       
conditions are v simil> 9 ,florida n[ to
 ^? ( "s ?irty-five ye>s ago 9 ,texas1  
at :i* "t t ,/ate 0 an op5 range        
proposition4 ,today1 ) ! exception ( a v
 small /rip along ! ,gulf ,coa/1 !      
entire ,/ate ( ,texas is "u f5ce1 & 9 a 
g5]al way has be5 "u f5ce = ne>ly tw5ty 
ye>s4  ,!re has nev] be5 a "t 9 ! ,/ate 
( ,texas 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s :5          
practically all ( ! graz+ area ( ! ,/ate
 has n be5 occupi$1 & z aga9/ ! cattle  
c>ri$ on ! op5 range ) practically no   
wat] developm5t1 ! pa/ures ( ,texas1 :i*
 are kn[n z ! range 7b ! ^w range 9     

,texas means l>ge bodies ( inclos$ l&71 
are c>ry+ sev]al hundr$ p] c5t m cattle 
?an at t "t4  ,! ?+ :i* 9 ,texas l$ to  
great h>d%ips alike to ! l>ge pa/ure    
own] & to ! settl] himself 0 ! fact t s 
mu* ( ! l& did n lie 9 solid bodies4 ,i 
judge t 9 ! ma9 !re is mu* less ( ?is 9 
,florida ?an 9 ,texas1 & t ei!r by      
p>tition1 or pur*ase1 or auxili>y lease1
 ! great bulk ( t complication c be     
h&l$4  ,& t br+s me to ! pr9ciple (     
f5c+1 :i* ,i ?9k may be cov]$ "u ! g5]al
 head+ ( ,control4 ,fir/1 x means def9$ 
own]%ip1 :i* is always recogniz$4 ,x    
means fire control1 because x elim9ates 
! wantonness :i* we n[ f9d all ov] y\r  
op5 range1 ea* man work+ out 8 problem &
 fir+ ! range = v>i\s causes4  ,f5c+    
means t an area may be develop$ to its  
capacity4 ,= in/ance1 on y\r ranges fire
 kills ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ! c>pet or    
blanket grass & kills ! little blue     
cane1 z well z any numb] ( o!r grasses1 
all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 come back :]e an area 
is protect$1 & z !y are among y\r v be/ 

fe$s1 ! c>ry+ capacity ( a pa/ure is    
mat]ially increas$4  ,wat] may be       
develop$ ?r\gh ! w9dmill process        
directly 9 proportion ) ! ne$s ( !      
cattle & conc5trat$ to !m z aga9/ any   
wat] developm5t on ! op5 range4  ,x is a
 sci5tific fact t eradication ( ! tick  
may be accompli%$ by re/+ a pa/ure = a  
c]ta9 "t4 ,f5c+ means ! conc5tration ( t
 area to ! be/ bulls z aga9/ n only _!  
mixture ) ! scrub bulls on ! op5 range1 
b ! fact t ! old ,spani% fight+ blood 9 
! scrub bull mat]ially r$uces !         
effectiv5ess ( ! high] class bull4 ,f5c+
 means t if on any favorable areas y wi%
 to introduce any ( ! wond]ful grasses  
:i* ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is %[+ c 
be spread v rapidly1 x c be done        
conc5trat+ to own]%ip4  ,f5c+ means t   
l&s :i* are n[ be+ occupi$ by "s "o else
 )\t rev5ue1 b at an exp5se1 may be made
 to ei!r pay a fair int]e/ on ! inve/m5t
 ( l&1 improvem5ts & cattle1 or at lea/ 
a r5tal rev5ue :i* w take c>e ( taxes1  
int]e/ on improvem5ts & become a net    

economy1 z aga9/ ! op5 range4  ,i       
believe1 too1 t ! pr9ciple w /& t a     
prop]ty def9$ by f5ces imm$iately takes 
on increas$ value2 t ! buy] w\ld pay m =
 x p] acre def9$ ?an look+ at x 9 !     
ab/ract z "p ( ! op5 range4  ,i d n ?9k 
t 9 ! :ole ,/ate ( ,texas y w f9d a s+le
 l& own]1 :o has f5c$ 8 ran*es1 :o does 
n "k t x has be5 done at a spl5did      
pr(it4  ,y beg9 y\r problem ) a         
tick-wide eradication law1 :i* ,texas   
has only _h a v %ort "t4 ,y beg9 x at a 
"t :5 ! ,gov]nm5t & mo/ ( ! tick-infe/$ 
/ates are releas+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles e 
ye>1 & at a "t :5 bo? sci5ce & e        
practical obs]v] und]/&s x z an economic
 measure1 :i* may be pursu$ )           
practically no detrim5t or dang] to !   
cattle4 ,i ?9k t we probably dipp$ 9 !  
neighborhood ( a million cattle1        
consid]+ ! numb] ( times t !y 7 dipp$1 &
 we did n lose a total ( fifty head f   
all causes4  ,eradication means l>g]    
cattle 9 bett] condition on ! same fe$s 
& a less mortality4 ,x means t !y c g   

any:]e 9 ,am]ica )\t re/riction2 or1 9  
o!r words1 a broad] m>ket & no puni%m5t 
j be=e %ipm5t4 ,i d n ?9k t ! p]petuity 
( ! tick c be def5d$ f any economic     
/&po9t4  ,i want to take up ! bre$+     
section1 fir/ ) ref]5ce to :at y\r      
cattle repres5t & a comp>ison )         
primitive cattle 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,i am  
advis$ on reliable au?ority t =ty ye>s  
ago ! only ready money 9 ?is c\ntry came
 f ! cattle m5 :o ei!r topp$ _! bulls & 
took !m to ,cuba1 or ! ,cubans came "h &
 topp$ !m1 tak+ ! v be/ sires t y       
produc$ = sport & slaught]4 ,y h1 !re=e1
 = =ty ye>s be5 grad+ d[n1 z f> z ! sire
 is conc]n$4  ,9 ! matt] ( ! c[s1 !re   
has be5 no cull+1 add$ to :i* !re has   
be5 9-bre$+1 & on bo? ! sire & dam side 
foll[+ out ! law t evil qualities       
int5sify 9 po/]ity1 ! t5d5cy has be5 d[n
 in/ead ( up 9 ! bre$+ ( native cattle =
 =ty ye>s1 to :i* ! only relief has be5 
a v limit$ introduction ( ! beef /ra9s4 
,9 addition to ?is1 ! cattle h be5      
infe/$ ) ticks1 & e evil influ5ce t c\ld

 arre/ _! developm5t seems to h _h a    
good *ance at !m1 & yet 9 spite ( all   
?is ,i f9d !m on ! :ole mu* bett] ?an ,i
 _h expect$4  ,i h be5 try+ to make a   
comp>ison betwe5 !m & ! primitive cattle
 ( ,texas1 :i* ,i h kn[n = fifty ye>s1 z
 !y 7 pa/ur$ next to my fa!r's f>m 9    
great quantities :5 ,i 0 only sev5 ye>s 
old & long be=e !re 0 any process (     
improvem5t4 ,i ?9k ! ,texas cattle _h   
great] scale1 b f all ,i c le>n ,i d n  
believe !y _h any great] vitality4 ,i   
?9k1 on ! :ole1 ?\gh1 t 9 evolv+ a race 
( cattle y h a little fur!r to g ?an    
,texas _h4  ,mr4 ,alv9 ,s&]s1 ,editor ( 
! ,bre$]s' ,gazette1 9 8 book1 ,! ,/ory 
( ! ,h]e=ds1 traces v c>efully ! fir/   
introduction ( blood$ bulls to ! ,texas 
& ,we/]n ranges1 & =ty ye>s1 c]ta9ly    
=ty-five1 is z f> back z t influ5ce     
began4 ,my own p began on primitive     
,texas cattle 9 #ahhb1 b f t "t us$ only
 full-blood$ sires1 ab\t n9ety p] c5t   
,h]e=d & ab\t t5 p] c5t ,%or?orn1 & only
 ab\t ?ree ye>s aft] ,i w5t ) !m sixte5 

ye>s ago1 ,i took select$ calves f _!   
h]d to ,*icago & won gr& sweep/akes =   
fe$] cattle ) !m aga9/ all competition f
 all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,i 
w5t to ! ,s4 ,m4 ,s4 h]d ,i f\nd a      
wond]ful lot ( bre$+ c[s1 ! bulk ( !m at
 lea/ fifte5-sixte5?s & only requir+ a  
vigor\s cull+ process to br+ !m to a    
rem>kably high /&>d4  ,i 0 id5tifi$ )   
,mr4 ,kirk ,arm\r dur+ ! great progress 
9 grad+ up ,texas h]ds 9 ! '#ij's1 & x 0
 noticeable 9 ! /ock y>ds t 9 a %ort    
space ( ab\t six ye>s !re 0 an absolute 
*ange 9 ! g5]al run ( cattle f ! ranges 
to ! y>ds f primitive cattle to cattle  
%[+ v appreciable improvem5t1 & 9 twelve
 ye>s ! longhorn _h become a sc>city2 he
 0 practically ext9ct 9 #aijj4  ,arg5t9a
 dur+ ! same p]iod evolv$ f a primitive 
race ( cattle "o :i* w comp>e v         
favorably to t ( ,am]ica 9 its up-grad+4
 ,! o!r ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics h be5  
sl[]1 b betwe5 ,arg5t9a & ,am]ica two   
demon/rations h be5 giv5 )9 my own      
lifetime ( a race ( cattle absolutely   

r$eem$ f ! primitive to practically     
full-bloods1 & t ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( t 
"w has result$ 9 animals %[+ fifty p]   
c5t increase 9 weight "u ! same         
conditions1 a mu* high] degree ( meat 9 
! rib & lo9 & r\nd1 ) an imm5se         
improvem5t 9 _! in/9ct = putt+ on weight
 on ! same fe$ ov] ! primitive cattle4  
,i am simply tak+ ^! g5]ally demon/rat$ 
laws ( bre$+ to apply to y\r conditions4
 ,i am sure t by us+ good sires y w f9d 
an imm5se improvem5t 9 ?ree ye>s2 t 9   
six ye>s x w be a revelation1 & t 9     
twelve ye>s y w h a race ( cattle = :i* 
! _w w make a pa? to y\r door4  ,to     
arrive at ?is process ,i mu/ fir/       
disclaim any ?\ght ( urg+ any p>ticul>  
bre$ ^u y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i c\ld n be   
fair to ! problem )\t call+ y\r att5tion
 to ! fact t ! ,h]e=d has be5 ! r$eem] (
 ! great ,we/]n ranges4 ,i am sure1     
h[ev]1 t ! great] ! degree ( purity t y 
use 9 him1 up to at lea/ a sev5-eigh?s1 
w be %[n 9 ! result4  ,i f9d t !re is "s
 prejudice aga9/ ! ,h]e=d 9 ,florida1 b 

z f> z ,i c foll[ x !y app>5tly got a v 
l[ grade ( bulls--,i am incl9$ to ?9k n 
ov] half-bre$s1 & !n1 too1 !y f\nd !y   
didn't get any m at t "t = ! bett]      
grades ?an !y did = ! o!rs4  ,!         
limitation ( ! ,h]e=d is t 9 ! fir/     
cross betwe5 a pure-br$ & any ( !       
primitive cattle n9ety p] c5t w %[ :ite 
faces or dom9ant *>act]i/ics1 & j s 9 ! 
use ( bulls1 ! animal may n h !         
int5sification ( blood t he %\ld h      
simply because he has a :ite face1 & !  
bull p$dl] has1 z a proposition1 b\ght  
some?+ t he c\ld sell at a pr(it1 r ?an 
9 foll[+ out any visions ( cattle       
improvem5t4  ,i c n urge y too /rongly  
to "k absolutely ! bre$+ /r5g? ( any?+ y
 buy1 & t means 9 a g5]al way t y mu/   
buy kn[n cattle4 ,i realize1 too1 t !re 
is a great %ortage ( bulls1 & probably !
 only way t y c get :at y want1 because 
x goes )\t say+ t y c n af=d to pay !   
price = regi/]$ bulls 9 all y\r "w1 is  
to "w 9 "s way ?r\gh a c5tral community 
( int]e/s1 g to ,texas & buy ! bull calf

 crop ( "s h]d ( cattle t w %[          
fifte5-sixte5?s or bett] bre$+4 ,i urge 
?is freely1 because y mu/ g bel[ ! l9e &
 none ( our own cattle are available4 ,i
 believe t if y br+ ^! calves ov] "h1   
say 9 ,novemb] at wean+ "t1 at ! age (  
ab\t six mon?s1 & give !m "s good w9t]  
help1 t !y w acclimate quickly1 & w give
 y v fair returns 9 ! ye>l+ p]iod1      
al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 y c n expect f !m a    
real usefulness until ! two-ye>-old     
p]iod4  ,:ile ! ,h]e=d has be5 ! r$eem] 
( ! ranges1 practically e ran* man 9    
,texas has felt t an und]curr5t (       
,%or?orn is ( ! greate/ advantage4 ,we h
 us$ x p]si/5tly 9 our own "w1 & feel t 
x has giv5 a mo/ appreciable            
contribution to ! weight & g5]al quality
 ( our cattle4  ,9 ! la/ few ye>s !     
,brahma cattle h come into prom95ce1 & e
 inve/igation t ,i h made %[s t !y w    
und\bt$ly prove a great factor 9 !      
evolution ( ,florida cattle4 ,!y seem to
 be immune to mo/ ( ! pe/s & d n require
 z mu* 9 ! way ( acclimatization4 ,!y %[

 a wond]ful gr[? 9 ye>l+s & !y m>k _!   
prog5y ) size & di/9ct *>act]i/ics 9 a  
mo/ decid$ way4 ,! pack]s seem to l !m2 
!y kill out a l>ge p] c5t ( beef1 & :ile
 ,i h nev] _h any exp]i5ce ) !m1 all my 
obs]vation has be5 9 _! favor1 & ,i urge
 y to g z f> z y c 9 utiliz+ !m 9       
,florida4  ,i am1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ t y are
 go+ to ne$ bo? ! ,%or?orn & ! ,h]e=d to
 comb9e ) !m4 ,i am also conv9c$ t bo? !
 ,%or?orns & ! ,black cattle are go+ to 
prove v valuable adjuncts 9 y\r ev5tual 
"w 9 ! ,/ate1 p>ticul>ly z appli$ to    
small areas :]e ! cattle are n ask$ to  
live z mu* ^u _! own res\rces4 ,!       
exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ,texas has be5 t !   
calf crop is n z great f ei!r ( ^! bre$s
 z f ! ,h]e=ds4  ,= y\r in=mation1 on ! 
,s4 ,m4 ,s4 ,ran* we h av]ag$ bett] ?an 
eighty p]c5t calf crop = ! la/ t5 ye>s4 
,i ?9k t p]haps y w f9d ! ,brahma cattle
 ev5 m prolific ?an ! ,h]e=ds4 ,i ?9k1  
too1 t 9 e possible way y %\ld enc\rage 
! bre$]s ( full-blood cattle 9 all ( ^! 
bre$s1 & t y give !m e enc\ragem5t 9    

pur*as+ _! prog5y4  ,! introduction (   
good bulls is a comp>atively simple     
matt]1 because !y c be pur*as$1 b a     
great c[ h]d c only be produc$ by       
accumulation1 probably by a cull+ ( at  
lea/ t5 p] c5t ( all females e ye> dur+ 
! process ( up-grad+4 ,! ye>l+ heif]s   
%\ld n be br$4 ,we always cull !m :5    
ab\t eighte5 mon?s old1 cutt+ !m t5 p]  
c5t4 ,cull+ %\ld be done bo? f an       
individual /&po9t & f ! /&po9t ( ,get4  
,! cull+ process is ! mo/ important     
elem5t 9 beef evolution4  ,! process (  
cull+ w n be extravagant1 because look+ 
to ! next few ye>s x w\ld seem t cann]  
cattle w probably be z /rong z any o!r  
bran* ( ! indu/ry1 & ^! culls are       
usually n only spl5did cann]s1 b furni% 
q an elem5t ( cutt]s1 :i* means cattle  
produc+ v fair meat = regul>            
consumption4 ,i believe1 too1 t on any  
range ( appreciable dim5sions y w f9d x 
an economy to produce y\r own bulls1 & 9
 />t+ any good siz$ prop]ty ,i urge t y 
keep t 9 m9d4 ,get y\r c[s j z good z y 

c get !m2 ( c\rse pure-br$s w be bett]1 
& !n use only ! be/ regi/]$ sires 9 t   
h]d4  ,i ?9k advisable1 too1 9 y\r br&+1
 to put ! ye> br& on all heif]s1 z x w  
be ( mat]ial assi/ance to y 9 ! matt] ( 
kn[+ ! int5sification ( blood dur+ !    
e>ly process4 ,x w n be s important lat]
 on :5 ! cattle are all v high grade4   
,! use ( ! scrub bull is an economic    
crime2 !re=e no matt] :at y use 9 ! way 
( a sire y are po9t$ upw>d1 b ,i feel t 
x w be a di/9ct economy to try to get   
sev5-eigh?s1 or at lea/ fifte5-sixte5?s 
sires4  ,ano!r ?+ :i* (f]s a great      
economy 9 y\r c\ntry is ! possibility ( 
dropp+ calves an av]age ( ab\t two mon?s
 e>li] ?an !y d 9 ,texas4 ,we d n l to h
 a calf come be=e ! #a/ ( ,april4 ,i    
believe t y c drop y\rs dur+ ,janu>y &  
,febru>y )\t any tr\ble1 judg+ f !      
av]age condition ( y\r cattle 9 a w9t]  
said to be f e>ly ,octob]1 ! mo/ sev]e y
 h ev] _h4 ,dropp+ a calf at t "t w h   
him old en\gh to eat y\r "y grasses :5  
!y beg9 to come4 ,he w h a two mon?s'   

pull ov] ! ,texas calf2 w h at lea/ two 
mon?s long] to comb9e nurs+ & graz+ to  
deliv] him ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4  ,z a     
summ>y ( y\r bre$+ problem1 ,i reg>d x z
 ! simple/ ?+ y h to deal )4 ,!re seems 
to be a sure result by comp>ison ) o!r  
c\ntries2 !re c be little argum5t z to  
its economic value1 & x is simply a     
matt] ( disposition & mak+ ! prop]      
inve/m5t 9 inclosures1 9 bulls & wat]   
developm5t to accompli% a good bus9ess  
result4  ,i only want to add ?is fragm5t
 z to bre$+4 ,s9ce dictat+ ?is section  
,i *anc$ to meet at lun* today ,mr4 ,w  
,goodw91 = ?irty ye>s "o ( ! (fic]s &   
manag]s ( ! ,bre$]s' ,gazette & "o ( !  
be/ au?orities 9 ! _w on cattle4 ,8 w9t]
 home is ne> ,ocala1 ,florida1 & he has 
se5 en\gh ( y\r ranges to conv9ce him ( 
_! great utility 9 beef production4 ,he 
agrees ) me t ! evolution ( y\r cattle  
is simply a matt] ( disposition4 ,i f9d1
 h[ev]1 t he has no use = ! ,brahma     
bull1 al?\gh he jo9s me 9 ! belief t y c
 n d any?+ to hurt ! pres5t bre$+       

process1 & he r grudg+ly admits t !     
,brahma bull may h a place 9 scale4 ,i  
review$ ) him at "s l5g? :at has prec$$ 
& ask$ him :at he ?\ght ab\t my         
comp>ison ) ! ,texas primitive cattle z 
to hav+ m scale4 ,he ?9ks ,i am "r 9 t  
connection1 b says t he believes !      
,florida c[ is m %apely2 t %e has a     
bett] h9dqu>t] ?an ! old ,texan cattle1 
& is1 9 a s5se1 a m9iature ,%or?orn1 & t
 he believes t a cross betwe5 a ,%or?orn
 & a primitive ,florida c[ w give y !   
be/ basis4  ,i call$ 8 att5tion to !    
fact t 9 range exp]i5ce nei!r ! ,blacks 
nor ! ,%or?orns seem to be able to make 
_! own liv+ z well z ! ,h]e=ds & d n get
 ! calf crop1 & he 0 q free to say t x  
_h a little =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he       
confirms fully my belief t :]e a bett]  
class ( protection c be (f]$ ?an ! va/  
ranges1 ! ,%or?orn cross & ! cross ) !  
,blacks ei!r on primitive c[s or _!     
cross w h spl5did results4  ,he also    
call$ my att5tion to ! prom95ce t       
,blacks are gett+ 9 ,florida4  ,!re is1 

!re=e1 a v wide range ( possibilities 9 
y\r bre$+ problem1 all ( x po9t$ upw>d1 
& !re may be some?+ 9 y\r exp]i5ce "h   
:i* w %[ t ! ,%or?orn & ,black h a      
great] mission on ! op5 range ?an !y _h 
9 ,texas4 ,!re c]ta9ly c be no "q ab\t !
 value ( ! blood4  ,& "h ,i might add t 
! ,gov]nm5t is n ask+ any "o to increase
 beef production f a patriotic /&po9t1 b
 r t x (f]s a spl5did inve/m5t4 ,&      
p]haps ,i might add t :5 our boys :o h  
gone into ! army come back aga9 !y w    
practically all be tra9$ a?letes2 m5    
season$ to ! out-(-doors & lov+ x2 m5 :o
 h obta9$ an e>ne/ness 9 life & a new   
vision z to usefulness1 & :5 y /op to   
reflect t we h be5 s5d+ ! fl[] ( ! _w to
 ! front1 :5 x comes back to u we w n   
only h ! attributes ,i h describ$1 b !  
fl[] ( ! _w to apply !m1 & ,i look = an 
increas$ int]e/ 9 all ( ! out-(-door    
l9es ( bus9ess su* z ,am]ica has nev]   
se5 be=e4  ,i ?\ght ,i knew some?+ ( my 
own c\ntry & some?+ ( ! possibilities ( 
l& available = cattle production1 b see+

 y\r ranges has be5 a revelation4 ,!y   
are (f ! track ( ! t\ri/4 ,!re is sp>se 
settlem5t1 & !y are kn[n to v few4 ,9   
fact1 !y might be1 9 a s5se1 call$ a    
hidd5 c\ntry1 b ! :ole ( ,am]ica is     
int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t (f]s a good          
agricultural or /ock-rais+ possibility1 
& :5 our boys come back1 n only ! boys (
 ! ,s\?1 b ! boys ( ,am]ica are go+ to  
inve/igate y\r prop]ties4  ,i promis$ to
 come back to wat] developm5t4          
,practically e "q t ,i h ask$ 9 ! ma9   
ab\t wat] has be5 cov]$ by ! reply1     
,wat] ev]y:]e4 ,mu* ( y\r area is wat]$ 
by riv]s & lakes1 & :]e good surface    
wat] is n easily available = /ock1 y\r  
well wat] is s easily obta9able & at su*
 small inve/m5t y c af=d to h x e two   
miles ov] ! entire c\ntry4  ,i am told t
 ! w9dmill w furni% ample production1 & 
at t n>r[ dep? ! light mills1 :i* g well
 9 a light w9d1 are available4 ,we h    
f\nd x v valuable1 h[ev]1 to use ! "o & 
a half horsep[] gasol9e eng9es1 & f t   
pump+ supply z our live /ock dem&$1     

because y mu/ keep wat] con/antly be=e !
 cattle4 ,cattle become accu/om$ to     
wat]+ at "o place1 & if !re is no wat]  
!y w /& ar\nd & wait = ! mill to pump4  
,)\t attempt+ to g into details1 y %\ld 
h a prop] wat] /orage at ea* mill4 ,x is
 small exp5se1 & ) a /orage tank & a    
w9dmill x w\ld be *eap] ?an a gasol9e   
eng9e4  ,x is always cu/om>y 9 our      
c\ntry to put salt ar\nd ! wat] holes4  
,i f9d1 z a proposition1 y\r cattle d n 
h salt at all1 & x is v mu* ne$$ 9 _!   
developm5t4 ,ov] "s areas !re is no     
lime1 & !re x w\ld probably be wise to  
comb9e salt & lime1 :i* c be v easily   
done by us+ a compress$ cake1 n rock    
salt4 ,x may take ^! primitive cattle "s
 "t to le>n h[ to lick ! salt1 b ! next 
g5]ation w be !re all "r1 & x w h its   
influ5ce 9 _! developm5t4  ,x is my     
obs]vation t "u a prop] developm5t (    
wat]1 a f5c$ area & prop] subdivision   
f5ces p]mitt+ ! protection ( "o pa/ure =
 w9t] purposes1 =c+ ! cattle out 9 summ]
 ^u areas be/ adapt$ to t season1 t     

,florida l&s w c>ry f two to ?ree times 
! numb] ( cattle t ! av]age ,texas range
 does4  ,i f9d1 too1 t a great deal ( ! 
range (f]s a spl5did hog fe$ f ! cabbage
 palm1 ! se$ ( ! palmetto & f ! ma/ f\nd
 9 ! %9n]y4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t an   
appreciable numb] ( hogs may be produc$ 
)\t extra co/ on mo/ ,florida ranges4   
,:ile !y w n sell = ! top prices unless 
fatt5$ on "s conc5trate1 !y br+ a v fair
 figure z aga9/ comb9$ result & ov]head 
*>ges1 & %\ld be a big factor 9 rev5ue &
 "o t we d n h 9 ,texas4  ,y\r l&s are  
s+ul>ly free f pe/s4 ,to illu/rate1 x   
co/ u some?+ ov] #ge1jjj to kill prairie
 dogs on ab\t #dej1jjj acres ( ,texas   
l&s1 & outside ( ! %9n]y l&s ! great    
bulk ( ,texas l&s h be5 populat$ )      
prairie dogs1 :i* 9 bad times take at   
lea/ "o-?ird ( ! grass4 ,y d n seem to h
 ! screw worm1 :i* bo!rs u a great deal 
9 v wet wea!r4  ,y c own y\r po/s at a  
comp>atively small co/ & ) normal prices
 ( wire ,i %\ld say c\ld con/ruct y\r   
f5ces = ?ree-f\r?s ( :at x co/s u4 ,y h 

no v long drives = y\r cattle :5 %ipp+  
!m1 & 9 ! matt] ( w9t] help to y\r      
cattle x w co/ v little z comp>$ ) :at  
we h to sp5d 9 ,texas4 ,to give y an    
idea1 we are buy+ #ej1jjj wor? ( fe$ to 
w9t] a h]d ( #be1jjj head ( cattle4     
,:ile y\r season "h w p]mit y to get    
?r\gh ) v little extra co/1 if any1 ,i  
?9k t y %\ld make a provision = "s      
conc5trate1 s z to h x4 ,9 ,texas1 :5 ! 
grass is all gone1 ! use ( cotton se$   
cake is limit$ :5 n tak5 9 conjunction )
 a good fill]1 & !re is nev] a "t :5 y  
at lea/ don't h a good fill]4 ,x is     
simply a matt] ( gett+ a little         
conc5trate on x & cutt+ out ! weak      
cattle & conc5trat+ !m to su* w9t] help4
  ,y are "r :]e we 7 9 '#hb--l>ge areas 
( l&1 9 :i* our problem 0 to make !m    
c>ry !mselves )\t co/1 or pay a small   
int]e/ until su* "t z !y w\ld sell at   
good value4 ,we _h v l[ values on       
cattle1 long di/ances f ! railroads--9  
fact1 e possible disadvantage1 b ^! l&s 
h always paid = taxes & ov]head exp5ses 

& h always giv5 u a little some?+ 9     
addition1 & are at a po9t n[ :]e !y pay 
u a v good net int]e/ on #aj4jj l& &    
#gj4jj c[s4 ,we probably c\ld sell e    
acre t we own at a price :i* w\ld give u
 m net money ?an we get f ! cattle      
bus9ess1 b our p consid] x a mighty good
 back-log to h l&s :i* 7 almo/ )\t value
 br\ght up to t value & to _! e>n+      
capacity4  ,i ?9k t if y g into ! cattle
 bus9ess y %\ld /udy v c>efully !       
possibility ( dispos+ ( ! calf at wean+ 
"t4 ,t is some?+ y w h to gr[ to4 ,!    
,gov]nm5t is au?ority = ! /atem5t t !   
economical production ( beef is ! calf1 
tak5 at wean+ "t1 n all[$ to g back1 b  
kept com+ 9 ! matt] ( fe$+1 & if ?is    
calf is to be tak5 at t age1 y c run    
tw5ty p] c5t m c[s on y\r range1 produc+
 an av]age ( fifte5 p] c5t m calves1 z  
aga9/ develop+ a /e] to ! ?ree or f\r   
ye> old p]iod1 9 :i* 8 individual ga9 is
 y\r rev5ue 9 ! matt] ( a c>ry+ *>ge4 ,i
 believe1 too1 y w f9d x an economy to  
dehorn ^! calves at br&+ "t4 ,x c be    

done ) practically no loss ( blood4 ,!  
animal is well 9 a v %ort "t4 ,i ?9k he 
develops bett] & he c]ta9ly sells       
quick]4  ,pack]s h imm5se contracts1 &  
if ! w> cont9ues !y mu/ h lots ( t9n$   
beef4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! w> /ops ! _w   
mu/ /ock up aga9 ) t9n$ beef4 ,we "k t  
!y expect$ to pay an av]age ( at lea/ "o
 c5t p] p\nd m = _! cann]s ! pa/ ye>1 b 
t ! great dr\ght has =c$ s _m cattle 91 
! own]s 7 v ?ankful to take :at !y got &
 ! pack]s 7 =c$ to _! capacity to       
attempt to h&le !m 9 su* quantities4 ,we
 "k t ! calf crop ( ,texas next ye> w   
probably %[ a decrease ( tw5ty-five p]  
c5t1 & t if ra9 comes 9 "t to give good 
spr+ grass t a f>m] w pay any:]e f t5 to
 tw5ty-five p] c5t m 9 ,texas ?an any   
o!r "p ( ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld n surprise me 
at all to see y\r ,florida cattle %ippp$
 ov] to ,texas4 ,we "k1 too1 t next ye>1
 in/ead ( ! normal numb] ( c[s com+ 9 9 
! cull+ process1 :i* f9d _! av]age m>ket
 z cann]s1 x w be ! disposition ( e     
ran*man to hold back c[s :i* w\ld       

ord9>ily g into ! culls 9 ord] t 8 ran* 
may be br\ght up soon] to re-/ock+4  ,i 
w\ld urge all ( y to get y\r f5ces up & 
buy z _m cattle z y c h&le1 because !   
%e-/uff is go+ to be high]4 ,?is is     
p>ticul>ly true ( ! %e-/uff :i* has be5 
sell+ at ! values ( ,florida primitive  
cattle4     ,,=age ,,crops ,,=          
,,florida4       7,address deliv]$ be=e 
! ,florida ,/ate ,live ,/ock            
,association1 ,janu>y #i1 #aiah1 by     
,pr(4 ,c4 ,v4 ,pip]1      ,agro/ologi/1 
,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates
      ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1         
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47   ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5
 int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( m & bett] =age = 
! ,s\?1 because x has long be5 evid5t to
 /ud5ts ( agriculture t soon] or lat]   
!re w\ld be an important live /ock      
indu/ry develop$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! pres5t    
greatly increas$ int]e/ ( ,florida1 &1  
inde$1 ( ! entire ,s\?1 m>ks1 ,i        
believe1 ! beg9n+ ( ?is epo*4 ,sev]al   
economic inc5tives h conspir$ to br+    
ab\t ! pres5t active int]e/ &           

developm5t4 ,*ief among !m1 p]haps1 73  
,fir/1 *anges necessitat$ by ! spread ( 
! cotton boll weevil2 &1 second1 !      
pres5t high range ( prices = live       
/ock--prices t 9 all probability w be   
little1 if any1 r$uc$ = _m ye>s to come4
  ,ano!r inc5tive t mu/1 h[ev]1 be      
recogniz$ 0 ! desire ( ent]pris+ m5 to  
develop ! lat5t res\rces ( ! ,s\?1 n    
only z an atte/ ( _! economic fai?1 b   
also f ! patriotic motive ( help+ !     
nation 9 ?is p]iod ( /ress4  ,z an      
indication ( ! ext5t ( ?is movem5t ,i   
may /ate t )9 ! pa/ two ye>s ov] ?irty  
ext5sive live /ock ent]prises h be5     
laun*$1 all 9 ! p9ey woods region ( !   
,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ^! companies h    
ample capital1 & mo/ ( !m are proce$+   
along cons]vative l9es4  ,! future      
developm5t & prosp]ity ( ?is indu/ry mu/
 re/ ^u a ?or\gh k & prop] utilization (
 ! =age crops adapt$ to ! region4 ,9 v  
l>ge measure ^! =ages are q diff]5t f ^?
 us$ 9 ! portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e 
animal husb&ry is mo/ develop$4 ,f a    

practical /&po9t we _c use 9 ! ,s\? !   
=ages ( ! ,nor? & ,we/1 ) ! important   
exception ( corn4 ,! o!r great          
=ages--timo?y1 r$ clov]1 alfalfa1 blue  
grass & :ite clov]--c nev] become       
important 9 ,florida4 ,?is fact ne$s    
emphasis1 because ! newcom] 9 ,florida  
is (t5 c>ri$ away ) ! idea t ^! =ages   
may be made to succe$4  ,9 ! beg9n+ (   
?is active live /ock developm5t x is    
un=tunate t !re is n a l>g] body ( exact
 data conc]n+ bo? ! culture & fe$+ value
 ( ! m important =ages available4 ,!re  
is a l>ge am\nt ( su* in=mation conc]n+ 
corn1 timo?y1 r$ clov]1 alfalfa1 blue   
grass & :ite clov]1 n only 9 ,am]ica1 b 
also 9 ,europe4 ,fur!rmore1 c\ntless    
live /ock f>ms exi/ :]e ! practical     
utilization ( ^! =ages has be5 work$ out
 9 detail4 ,9 comp>ison1 our /ock ( k   
conc]n+ ,s\!rn =ages1 bo? f exp]im5tal  
inve/igations & f practical exp]i5ce1 is
 relatively small4 ,?is is n surpris+1  
because ! exp]im5t /ations h v prop]ly  
be5 compell$ to devote _! en]gies ma9ly 

to assi/+ agricultural indu/ries 9      
proportion to _! exi/+ importance1 r ?an
 to indu/ries 9 :i* !re 0 relatively    
little int]e/4 ,9 ?is matt] ( ,s\!rn    
=ages ,i h long advocat$ mu* m g5]\s    
support on ! "p ( ! ,/ate & ,f$]al      
agricultural ag5cies1 because ,i h great
 fai? 9 ! future possibilities4  ,) !   
magnific5t />t t has n[ be5 made 9 live 
/ock f>m+ 9 ! ,s\?1 we may hope = mu* m 
g5]\s support to live /ock & =age       
inve/igations1 b ?is hope w be realiz$  
only if we are insi/5t 9 our dem&s4 ,! k
 ?us to be obta9$ is fundam5tal1 & !    
progress t is made 9 live /ock rais+ w  
be condition$ 9 an important measure on 
! accurate inve/igations t c be conduct$
 only at prop]ly equipp$ exp]im5t       
/ations4  ,"o o!r angle ( ^! g5]al      
consid]ations mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,!     
nor!rn or we/]n man :o may be consid]+  
develop+ a live /ock ran* 9 ! ,s\?      
naturally wants to see develop$ ran*es 9
 :i* ! practical problems h be5 work$   
out4 ,9 all ! ,s\? !re are v few cattle 

ran*es :i* h rea*$ a f9i%$ /ate (       
developm5t--:]e ! concrete demon/ration 
exi/s ( a type ( managem5t t c be       
duplicat$4  ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ,i am fully   
aw>e t ,florida & all ! ,s\? has long _h
 an ext5sive cattle indu/ry bas$ on !   
natural grasses ( ! prairies & ( ! p9ey 
woods4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is has be5 a pr(itable
 indu/ry1 especially on free range4 ,)\t
 hurt+ anyone's feel+s1 we w1 ,i ?9k1   
agree t ?is has n be5 a v high grade (  
live /ock ran*+4 ,inde$1 ! ord9>y       
,nor!rn or ,we/]n man1 :o is1 ( c\rse1 a
 sup]ficial obs]v]1 has gott5 ! idea f !
 scrub cattle & razorback hogs t he saw1
 t !re is some?+ 9 ! ,s\? t is inimical 
to good live /ock4 ,usually he has      
decid$ x is ! climate4 ,=tunately we "k 
f ! "w ( e ,s\!rn exp]im5t /ation1 z    
well z ( a few good live /ock ran*es1 t 
! ,s\? c raise j z good cattle & hogs z 
! ,nor?4 ,x isn't a matt] ( climate1 at 
all1 b purely "o ( bre$ & fe$4  ,i h    
spok5 ?us c&idly because ,i feel t ,i am
 a fri5d among fri5ds1 & because ,i h v 

mu* fai? 9 ! indu/ry y repres5t4 ,if ,i 
7 n s optimi/ic z to ! future ( ! live  
/ock indu/ry 9 ,florida ,i %\ld be      
afraid to lay b>e any weak factors t    
exi/4 ,i believe ) ,huxley 9 ! wisdom ( 
fac+ ?+s z !y are1 r ?an indulg+ 9 make 
believe4  ,p]haps x w be mo/ helpful 9  
discuss+ ! =ages adapt$ to ,florida to  
proce$ f ! viewpo9t ( ! man />t+ a      
cattle ran*4 ,! basis1 ( c\rse1 ( any   
pr(itable cattle ran* is p]man5t        
pa/urage1 ! *eape/ ( all fe$s1 &1 to    
supplem5t ?is1 a supply ( fe$1 :i* may  
be hay1 ensilage1 or 9 ,s\!rn ,florida1 
gre5 fe$1 to bridge ov] ! season ( %ort 
pa/ures4 ,if "o is to produce highly    
f9i%$ beef1 gra9 fe$s & o!r conc5trates 
mu/ be rais$ or pur*as$4  ,9 discuss+   
pa/urage x w be conv5i5t to recognize   
?ree types ( l&s1 namely1 p9ey woods1   
prairie1 & mucks1 realiz+1 ( c\rse1 t   
?is is a v r\gh classification4   ,p9ey 
,woods ,l&s4  ,9 ! p9ey woods ! natural 
pa/urage is compos$ ma9ly ( broom s$ge &
 wire grasses4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season1 f   

spr+ till late fall1 ^! grasses furni%  
fair pa/urage1 b ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! ye> !y 
m]ely enable animals to exi/4 ,:at c be 
done t[>ds conv]t+ ^! poor native       
pa/ures into good p]man5t pa/ures8 ,!re 
are ?ree possibilities 9 ! light ( our  
pres5t k4 ,on bett] soils good ,b]muda  
pa/ures c be develop$1 or :]e ! l&s are 
moi/1 z on mo/ flatwood areas1 c>pet    
grass may be us$4 ,on ! dri] & poor]    
soils1 ,natal grass is ! only "o t has  
giv5 mu* success4  ,h[ c ,b]muda or     
c>pet grass pa/ure be/ be e/abli%$8 ,!  
sure me?od is to /ump y\r l& & pl[ x1 & 
!n plant ! ,b]muda by ! vegetative me?od
 9 spr+1 or any "t !reaft] 9 summ]1 dur+
 ! ra9y season4 ,at ! ,mc,neill /ation 9
 ,mississippi1 locat$ on l& mu* l t ( ! 
nor!rn ti] ( c\nties 9 ,florida1 !y h   
develop$ ! foll[+ me?od3 ,pl[ furr[s    
ab\t t5 feet ap>t betwe5 ! /umps 9 spr+1
 & /ick 9 a root or sprig ( ,b]muda ab\t
 e t5 feet4 ,at ,mc,neill x is f\nd     
necess>y to use a little f]tiliz] to    
insure ! gr[? ( ^! ,b]muda plants4 ,dur+

 ! foll[+ w9t] ! /umps are remov$1 & !n 
9 spr+ ! l& is pl[$ & ,lesp$eza se$ s[n4
 ,en\gh ,b]muda has gr[n 9 ! furr[s to  
insure a /& ( ,b]muda1 & ?is is         
supplem5t$ by ! ,lesp$eza4 ,inde$1 !    
fir/ season ! ,lesp$eza w furni% m      
pa/urage ?an ! ,b]muda4 ,lesp$eza is r a
 tricky plant 9 ,florida & is h>dly wor?
 consid]ation except 9 ! nor!rn "p ( !  
,/ate4  ,on mo/ ( ! ,florida flatwood   
soils c>pet grass is mu* m aggressive   
?an ,b]muda1 & 9 "t w1 if left alone1   
completely replace ! ,b]muda4 ,to a l>ge
 ext5t ?is c be obviat$ by pl[+ !       
pa/ures :5ev] ! c>pet grass seems to be 
obta9+ ! upp] h&4 ,un=tunately1 we d n  
"k ! relative values ( equal areas (    
,b]muda grass & ( c>pet grass :]e !     
latt] is mo/ aggressive4 ,c>pet grass   
does n gr[ s tall1 b is gre5 = a long]  
p]iod4 ,x may1 inde$1 be f\nd m         
economical n to try to save ! ,b]muda   
aft] ! c>pet grass cr[ds x4 ,f          
obs]vations1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t  
nei!r ! c>ry+ capacity nor ! fe$ values 

p] acre ( ! two grasses is greatly      
diff]5t on mo/ flatwood soils4 ,if ?is  
be true1 x w\ld n be economy to g to any
 p>ticul> tr\ble to reta9 ! ,b]muda     
in/ead ( ! c>pet grass4  ,at ,mc,neill !
 pa/urage on areas t h long be5 closely 
graz$ is c>pet grass4 ,un=tunately1 no  
exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ to comp>e ^!   
two grasses z to ease ( e/abli%m5t & z  
to c>ry+ capacity4 ,c>pet grass produces
 abundant good se$1 & !re=e spreads mu* 
m rapidly ?an ,b]muda1 :i* r>ely        
produces se$ 9 humid regions4  ,x is    
f\nd necess>y to remove ! /umps at      
,mc,neill1 because = ! fir/ ye> or two  
on ! pl[$ gr\nd1 we$s1 especially f5nel 
or ,yankee we$1 appe> abundantly1 & mu/ 
be m[$ or !y w kill ! grasses by %ad+4  
,m[+ ) ! /umps on ! l& is impracticable1
 z ! we$s conceal _m ( ! /umps4  ,:e!r x
 is practicable to e/abli% good p]man5t 
pa/ures )\t /ump+ & pl[+ ! l& is yet an 
unsolv$ problem4 ,ab\t e ,florida       
settlem5t :]e ! t[n cattle graze1 !re is
 good pa/ure1 commonly c>pet grass4 ,y w

 f9d j ?is on ! outskirts (             
,jacksonville4 ,su* pa/urage has be5    
e/abli%$ by heavy cont9u\s graz+1 "u :i*
 conditions ! broom s$ge & wire grass   
are ext]m9at$1 :ile ! creep+ c>pet grass
 comes 9 & p]si/s4 ,x may be t ! manure 
( ! animals is also a factor1 & !re c   
sc>cely be a "q t ! trampl+ helps4 ,z an
 example ( ?is k9d occurs ab\t ne>ly e  
,florida t[n1 x w\ld seem z if x c\ld be
 duplicat$ on cattle ran*es4 ,i h       
sugge/$ to sev]al cattlem5 t x is wor?  
try+ on a scale by ?ree me?ods3 7#a7    
,simply burn+ ! native grass 9 w9t]2    
7#b7 burn+1 foll[$ by disk+ or h>r[+2 & 
7#c7 pl[+ among ! /umps4  ,if possible1 
c>pet grass se$ %\ld be scatt]$ on ea*  
area1 & 9 all cases close graz+ %\ld be 
practic$4 ,un=tunately1 c>pet grass se$ 
_c be secur$ comm]cially1 except 9 small
 quantities at high prices1 b x is easy 
to cut ! mature c>pet grass 9 fall f a  
pa/ure & cure ! hay4 ,! c>pet grass c !n
 be s[n simply by scatt]+ ! hay4 ,:e!r  
any ( ^! s*emes w "w out satisfactorily 

/ill rema9s to be det]m9$4  ,z to ,natal
 grass1 ,i h already m5tion$ t ?is      
succe$s bett] on ! poor] & dri] p9e l&s 
?an any o!r grass yet introduc$4 ,?us f>
 x has be5 exploit$ purely z a grass =  
m>ket hay4 ,on ?is basis _m hundr$ acres
 7 plant$ 9 ,lake ,c\nty & else:]e4     
,grass culture purely = m>ket hay is a v
 prec>i\s proposition4 ,! prop]         
agricultural economy is grass = live    
/ock1 sell+ only ! surplus to ! m>ket4  
,not)/&+ ! v l>ge acreage plant$ to     
,natal1 ,i h be5 q unable to secure     
satisfactory data z to its value =      
pa/urage1 measur$ 9 c>ry+ capacity &    
satisfactory ga9s4 ,x seems to me1 f !  
sl5d] data ,i h be5 able to secure1     
fairly probable t ,natal w prove a      
valuable grass = comb9$ hay & pa/ure on 
! soils to :i* x is s well adapt$1 b (  
c\rse x c h>dly be expect$ to yield     
en\gh to ju/ify ! extravagant prices    
paid = l& plant$ to ,natal4   ,prairie  
,l&s4  ,on ! prairies ( ,florida !re is 
mu* bett] natural pa/urage ?an 9 ! p9ey 

woods1 &1 inde$1 x is on ! prairies t ! 
old type ( cattle indu/ry rea*$ its     
highe/ developm5t4 ,! prairies are 9    
reality wet mead[s4 ,_! grass cov] is   
due to wat] relations1 mo/ ( !m be+     
p]iodically ov]fl[$--conditions t are   
inimical to p9es & palmettos4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ! p]iod ( ov]fl[ is too brief to    
meet ! conditions necess>y = cypress &  
o!r swamp trees4 ,^! prairies /ret* f ! 
bord] ( ! p9e woods & palmettos on      
relatively high gr\nd to p]man5tly wet  
swamps4 ,! be/ natural pa/urage consi/s 
( v>i\s species ( paspalum & relat$     
flat-leav$ grasses on ! soils fairly    
moi/ dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ye>2 & maid5    
cane on /ill moi/] l&1 or ev5 9 %all[   
wat]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! moi/ure        
relations ( ! m ext5sive prairies are   
ne>ly ideal = cont9u\s pa/urage 9 ! v>y+
 seasons4 ,!re is grave dang] 9 any     
ext5sive dra9age op]ations1 z palmettos 
& p9es w quickly invade su* dra9$ l&1 & 
?us de/roy ! grass4  ,= improv$ pa/ure  
on ^! l&s1 p>ticul>ly on ^? reasonably  

moi/1 ,p>a grass (f]s great             
possibilities4 ,! rem>kably rapid gr[? &
 high yield ( ?is grass1 comb9$ ) its   
palatability & nutriti\sness1 make x (  
prime importance 9 connection ) bett]   
live /ock4 ,p>a succe$s well also on !  
bett] upl&s1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 x is a  
grass = moi/ l&s4 ,! f>!r s\?1 ! m      
valuable x is1 z aft] fro/ x is ( little
 value4  ,ano!r grass t is likely to be 
v valuable on ! prairies1 &1 inde$1 on !
 flatwoods & bett] upl&s1 is paspalum   
dilatatum1 native to ,arg5t9a4 ,?is is  
p]haps ! be/ ( ! paspalums1 & x is n[   
widespread 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4           
,un=tunately1 ) u ! se$s are l>gely     
de/roy$ by a fungus1 b good comm]cial   
se$ is obta9able 9 quantity f ,au/ralia4
   ,muck ,l&s4  ,on ! muck l&s ! problem
 ( pa/urage is easy4 ,at lea/ f\r       
grasses1 namely1 ,p>a1 ,c>ib1 ,rhodes & 
,b]muda1 especially ,giant ,b]muda1     
yield wond]fully4 ,! enorm\s area ( muck
 l&s 9 ,florida1 especially 9 !         
,ev]glades1 c1 x w\ld seem1 be utiliz$  

only ) ! aid ( live/ock4 ,:ile !re may  
be "s fairly difficult problems to solve
 9 h&l+ live /ock on muck soils1        
especially 9 ! wet season1 !re c be     
little d\bt t grass & live /ock w insure
 ! p]man5cy ( ^! l&s4 ,"u cont9u\s      
cultivation !re is a con/ant %r9kage 9  
muck soils1 b ) grass & live /ock ?is is
 ne>ly1 if n q1 c\nt]balanc$4  ,c>ib    
grass on muck soils is1 f limit$ data1  
sup]ior to ,p>a grass bo? 9 yield &     
quality4 ,on o!r types ( soil ,p>a w    
outyield ,c>ib4 ,rhodes grass does      
wond]fully on muck soil1 &1 inde$1 on   
mo/ ri* soils4 ,giant ,b]muda is f>     
co>s] & m vigor\s ?an ord9>y ,b]muda4 ,x
 w succe$ :]ev] ord9>y ,b]muda w gr[1 &1
 9 addition1 seems mu* bett] able to )/&
 flood+4  ,tempor>y or annual pa/ure    
crops are ma9ly important 9 connection )
 sw9e rais+4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( su* crops h
 be5 devis$ to furni% successive        
pa/ures4 ,florida has a long li/ ( su*  
crops t c be utiliz$4 ,among !m are     
oats1 rye1 rape1 sorghum1 peanuts1 c[   

peas1 *ufas1 sweet potatoes1 corn &     
velvet beans4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions !    
cattleman may h to utilize "o or m ( ^! 
crops1 b corn & velvet beans is ! "o t  
is ! mo/ important4  ,! /ory ( ! velvet 
bean is really "o ( ! romances (        
agriculture4 ,introduc$ into ,florida   
ab\t #ahge f "s unkn[n s\rce1 x fir/    
attract$ att5tion z a =age ab\t #ahij4  
,until #aiad x 0 b little gr[n outside (
 ,florida4 ,9 #aiae ! crop 0 c]ta9ly    
less ?an #a1jjj1jjj acres4 ,9 #aiaf x _h
 increas$ to #b1ejj1jjj1 & 9 #aiag to   
ab\t #f1jjj1jjj acres4 ,! explanation ( 
?is rem>kable increase 0 ! f9d+ ( e>li] 
sports4 ,?ree ( ^! appe>$               
indep5d5tly--"o 9 ,alabama1 two 9       
,georgia4 ,^! e>ly v>ieties imm5sely    
increas$ ! area ov] :i* ! velvet bean c 
be gr[n1 s t n[ x embraces practically  
all ( ! cotton belt4 ,^! e>ly sports ( !
 old ,florida are mo/ gr[n1 b ! ,*9ese  
velvet bean1 introduc$ by ! ,dep>tm5t1 &
 ! hybrids develop$ by ! ,florida       
,exp]im5t ,/ation1 are important4 ,9    

spite ( vigor\s se>*1 ! native home ( ! 
,florida velvet bean yet rema9s unkn[n1 
b x is probably 9 ! ,indo-,malayan      
region ( ,s\!rn ,asia4  ,! importance ( 
! velvet bean to ! live /ock indu/ry n[ 
develop+ 9 ! ,s\? c sc>cely be          
ov]-e/imat$4 ,gr[n ) corn1 x increases !
 corn crop ye> aft] ye>1 & besides      
furni%es a l>ge am\nt ( nutriti\s fe$ to
 be eat5 by ! animals :5 ! grass pa/ure 
season is ov]4 ,x r$uces greatly ! co/ (
 f9i%+ ( beef animals = m>ket4 ,?is ye> 
! velvet bean has be5 no small factor 9 
help+ out ! great %ortage ( food/uffs1  
quantities ( !m hav+ be5 %ipp$ to       
,texas4 ,f9ally1 x has result$ 9 a new  
indu/ry = ! ,s\?1 namely1 ! manufacture 
( velvet bean meal1 :i* has already won 
= itself a l>ge dem&4   ,hay ,plants4   
,! problem ( produc+ hay 9 ,florida is  
made p>ticul>ly difficult by frequ5t    
ra9s1 except 9 ! fall ( ! ye>4 ,! bulk (
 ! hay n[ produc$ is f ! crab grass t   
volunte]s 9 cultivat$ fields4 ,9 rec5t  
ye>s mu* ,natal hay has be5 gr[n =      

m>ket4 ,p>a grass hay is ( good quality1
 & ,rhodes grass ( v f9e quality4 ,o!r  
hays are made f c[ peas1 c[ peas &      
sorghum mix$1 ,mexican clov]1 begg>-we$1
 oats1 millet1 etc4  ,! subject ( hay1  
h[ev]1 is vital only to ! city m>ket4   
,to ! live /ock man x is ( m9or         
importance1 z silage furni%es s         
satisfactory a sub/itute4   ,ensilage   
,crops4  ,corn is1 ( c\rse1 ! /&>d crop 
= ensilage1 & its relative importance 9 
,florida is n f> diff]5t f t 9 o!r      
,/ates4  ,"u c]ta9 conditions sorghums w
 yield great] tonnage ?an corn1 & !     
result+ silage is b slightly inf]ior4   
,florida possesses1 9 addition1 a unique
 silage plant 9 ,japanese sug> cane4 ,! 
p]5nial nature ( ?is plant & its high   
yield+ capacity make x a *eap fodd] to  
gr[4 ,x may be utiliz$ z gre5 fe$1 z    
silage1 z dry fodd]1 or = pa/ure4 ,y\r  
own exp]im5t /ation has publi%$ ! be/   
in=mation we h on ?is =age4 ,z a fe$ =  
dairy c[s !re c be no "q ( its high     
value1 ei!r gre5 or z silage4 ,!re /ill 

seems to be "q1 h[ev]1 z to ! relative  
value ( ,japanese cane silage z comp>$ )
 corn silage4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,florida ! cane 
/ays gre5 all w9t]1 z a rule1 s t !re is
 no necessity = ensil+ x = w9t] fe$4 ,x 
may well prove1 h[ev]1 t a supply (     
,japanese cane silage w prove good      
insurance aga9/ p]iods ( %ortage ev5 9  
,s\? ,florida4  ,y may h not$ t all !   
pa/ure plants ,i h m5tion$ are grasses4 
,v un=tunately we h n z yet any good    
p]5nial pa/ure legume adapt$ to         
,florida4 ,i say un=tunately because1 z 
is well kn[n1 ! true grasses are        
nutriti\s 9 proportion to ! f]tility ( !
 l&4 ,t is1 ! bett] ! l& ! m nutriti\s !
 pa/ure4 ,b ) legumes no su* relations  
exi/1 because legumes are n dep5d5t on !
 soil = _! nitrog5 supply4  ,:ile we h  
no satisfactory p]5nial pa/ure legume1  
we h "o summ] annual1 lesp$eza1 t helps 
to "s ext5t 9 ,nor? ,florida4 ,!re are  
also two w9t] annuals t reproduce       
!mselves 9 :i* ,i h consid]able         
confid5ce1 namely1 burr clov] &         

n>r[-leaf vet*4 ,i believe t on _m ( !  
bett] pa/ure soils1 especially 9 ,nor?  
,florida1 t ^! legumes c be e/abli%$ & t
 !y w re-se$ !mselves ye> aft] ye>4 ,(  
c\rse due c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure     
inoculation1 pref]ably by ! soil me?od4 
,! ,outlook = ,new ,=ages4  ,:at !      
future may hold 9 /ore = u 9 ! way ( new
 =ages does n assi/ at ! pres5t "t1 b x 
is wor? consid]+4 ,x is well to be> 9   
m9d t ! agriculture ( ! ,nor?1 ) ! s+le 
important exception ( corn1 is ma9ly a  
direct inh]itance f ,european           
agriculture4 ,sub/itute root crops =    
corn & y h 9 ess5ce ! ,european         
practice4 ,s\!rn agriculture1 on !      
contr>y1 is almo/ purely an ,am]ican    
developm5t--cotton1 corn1 tobacco1 sweet
 potatoes1 f ! ,am]ican ,indian2 c[     
peas1 ,rhodes grass1 ,natal grass &     
sorghum f ,s\? ,africa2 soy beans1      
lesp$eza1 ,japanese cane f ,japan2 c>pet
 grass & ,p>a grass f ! ,we/ ,indies2   
,b]muda f ,india2 velvet beans f ,s\!rn 
,asia4  ,nor!rn =age plants h be5 pretty

 ?or\ghly /udi$ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1
 because ,european conditions are fairly
 l ^? ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,b !re yet  
rema9s ho/s ( grasses & legumes adapt$  
to sub-tropical climates conc]n+ :i* we 
"k practically no?+4  ,out ( v num]\s   
grasses & legumes at pres5t "u te/ are  
sev]al t possess promise1 & ^! ,i %all  
discuss briefly4   ,kudzu4  ,kudzu is n 
p>ticul>ly new1 b x seems to me de/9$ to
 a mu* great] importance ?an at pres5t4 
,x is ! only p]5nial =age legume t has 9
 any s5se made good 9 ,florida4 ,x is   
mu* bett] adapt$ to clayey soils ?an to 
s&y soils1 b x also succe$s rem>kably   
well on ! lime/one soils ab\t ,miami4   
,on ! bett] s&y soils x w\ld also seem  
to be valuable1 b on ! poor] s&y soils &
 poorly dra9$ l&s x is d\btful if x has 
a place4 ,on clay soils at ,arl+ton     
,f>m1 ,va41 we h consi/5tly gott5 two   
cutt+s1 total+ five tons ( hay p]       
acre--d\ble :at we c get f c[ peas or   
soy beans4 ,i believe kudzu is entitl$  
to a fair trial by e ,florida cattleman4

   ,napi] ,grass4  ,y h d\btless se5 "s 
( ! num]\s ref]5ces rec5tly 9 ,florida  
pap]s to ,japanese bamboo grass or      
,c>t]'s grass z gr[n ab\t ,arcadia4 ,^! 
names re/ ^u a misconception4 ,! grass  
is a native ( ,s\? ,africa1 prop]ly kn[n
 z ,napi] grass1 or ,p5nisetum          
macro/a*yum1 introduc$ by ! ,dep>tm5t 9 
#aiac4 ,?is is a p]5nial mu* l ,japanese
 cane1 & 9 our te/s is f\nd h>dy z f>   
nor? z ,*>le/on4 ,x does well on r poor 
soil & yields heavy crops4 ,9 *emical   
analysis x is ri*] ?an corn 9 prote9 &  
c>bohydrates1 b also conta9s ?ree times 
z mu* fib]4 ,x is ?is high fib] cont5t  
or woody "* t makes me dubi\s ab\t its  
silage value1 9 :i* op9ion ,pr(essor    
,rolfs concurs4 ,:5 two or ?ree feet    
high x is gre$ily eat5 by animals1 & s  
may be a pa/urage possibility4 ,z a gre5
 fe$ crop x c\ld be cut ?ree or m times 
ea* season1 :5 ?ree or f\r feet high1 & 
,i am sure w prove a v valuable =age = !
 man ) "o or two c[s4 ,:e!r x is a crop 
= ! /ockman is /ill d\btful4  ,9 #aiaf  

we introduc$ a v simil> species1        
,p5nisetum m]k]i1 :i* is p]haps a little
 sup]ior1 ?\gh x is h>d to tell ! two   
ap>t4   ,metake4  ,! "n ,japanese bamboo
 grass leads me to m5tion a true        
,japanese bamboo1 ! metake4 ,?is is a   
bamboo t spreads by root/ocks & =ms d5se
 ?ickets t5 to fifte5 feet high1 mu* l  
cane brake1 &1 l our native cane1 a     
valuable w9t] pa/ure plant4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,k4
 ,yonge has gr[n x ) m>k$ success ab\t  
tw5ty miles nor? ( ,p5sacola4 ,x seems  
to me a valuable plant to furni% a      
supply ( pa/urage 9 w9t]1 :5 pa/urage is
 practically gone4 ,x is wor?y ( c>eful 
trial on all well-dra9$ ,florida soils4 
,tripsacum ,laxum4  ,la/ ye> we secur$ f
 ,guatemala a new p]5nial grass :i*1 if 
x proves w9t] h>dy1 w1 ,i am c]ta91 be (
 enorm\s value to ,s\? ,florida4 ,?is   
grass gr[s mu* l teos9te1 b is /\t] & v 
mu* m leafy4 ,! /em is t5d]1 sweet &    
juicy1 & all ! leaves rema9 gre54 ,x is 
an ideal silage plant4 ,s f> z ,i am    
aw>e1 our trial at ,miami is ! fir/ "t  

?is grass has ev] be5 cultivat$4 ,! few 
live /ock m5 :o h se5 x w5t into        
ec/asies4 ,x may prove valuable1 h[ev]1 
only = fro/less regions4   ,creep+      
,pa/ure ,grasses4  ,at ! pres5t "t we h 
"u trial five creep+ pa/ure grasses1 m  
or less l ,b]muda 9 a g5]al way4 ,y are1
 ( c\rse1 aw>e t a pa/ure grass to be   
valuable %\ld be able to spread         
naturally & mu/ be able to hold ! gr\nd4
 ,naturally x takes "t to det]m9e all ^!
 facts4 ,! five grasses ,i ref] to are z
 foll[s3  ,blue ,c\* 7,digit>ia         
didactyla74 ,?is is mu* l ,b]muda1 b    
produces abundant good se$4 ,= lawns &  
pa/ures x promises to be ab\t equally z 
valuable z ,b]muda4  ,manilla ,grass    
7,o/]damia matrella74 ,?is is especially
 adapt$ to r moi/ s&y l&s4 ,x gr[s v    
d5se1 & :]e x ?rives %\ld be valuable4  
,lovi-lovi 7,*rysopogon aciculatus74    
,?is furni%es mu* pa/urage 9 ,india1 !  
,philipp9es1 & ,s\? ,*9a4 ,! se$s are v 
abundant1 & ea* /icks into ! clo?+ l a  
p94 ,b ab\t ,hongkong x is us$ g5]ally z

 a lawn grass4 ,x is well adapt$ to dry 
s&y soils4 ,if x proves well adapt$ to  
,florida we c1 ,i ?9k1 *ance its becom+ 
a nuisance1 because if x does ?rive x w 
give mu* pa/ure4  ,nilghiri ,grass      
7,&ropogon em]sus74 ,?is is ! only      
creep+ grass ( ! g5us ,&ropogon 7:i*    
includes our broom s$ges7 t we h yet    
f\nd4 ,i secur$ x 9 ! ,nilghiri ,hills (
 ,s\? ,india4 ,x looks promis+4  ,kikuyu
 ,grass 7,p5nisetum sp474 ,?is is native
 to ! highl&s ( ,ug&a1 9 ,briti% ,ea/   
,africa1 & 9 ,s\? ,africa has creat$    
great int]e/4 ,x looks mu* l ,/4        
,augu/9e grass4 ,at ,biloxi1 ,miss41 x  
has succe$$ well4 ,x look$ v f9e at     
,arl+ton1 ,va41 b c\ld n /& ! w9t]4 ,?is
 grass is said to be v nutriti\s1 & ,i  
believe t on ! bett] soils ( ,florida x 
w prove a real acquisition4  ,i m5tion  
^! new ?+s to give y "s idea ( :at we   
are do+4 ,i might m5tion sev]al o!rs t  
look good to u1 b x w be "t to speak :5 
we h tri$ !m fur!r4 ,9 brief1 we are    
sc\r+ ! e>? to f9d grasses & legumes to 

meet ,florida's ne$s4 ,we h fai? t !    
grasses & legumes exi/1 if we only c f9d
 !m4  ,g5tlem51 9 clos+ ,i mu/ say "o ?+
 m4 ,our c\ntry is at w>--a w> t w tax  
our en]gies & res\rces to ! utt]mo/4 ,no
 m dang]\s idea c be ent]ta9$ ?an to    
m9imize ! task1 or to delude ourselves )
 ! prospect ( an e>ly peace4  ,"o       
important factor is food1 especially    
meat & :eat4 ,only an unusually         
favorable season c produce = u z mu*    
:eat z la/ ye>4 ,our meat & =age        
supplies are l[1 because 9 times ( food 
sc>city1 grass crops are necess>ily     
sacrific$4 ,g5tlem51 y c d mu* to help  
increase ! meat supply4 ,9 develop+ y\r 
ran*es to increase y\r output1 ,i want  
to urge z a patriotic duty t y increase 
y\r good pa/urage & y\r w9t] fe$ supply 
z rapidly z y c4 ,i c\ld n urge ?is 9   
peace times1 because rapid developm5t is
 nev] ! mo/ economical4 ,b 9 ?is "t (   
/ress y cattlem5 c help ! nation mo/ by 
increas+ y\r output to ! maximum4 ,!re  
is no o!r way = y to give to ! nation t 

w c\nt s mu*4 ,i !re=e urge t y bru%    
aside all que/ions z to ! economically  
be/ me?od ( increas+ pa/urage & =age1 & 
to devote all y\r capital & all y\r     
en]gy to do+ ?is along any l9es t are   
sure4     ,,florida ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,a    
,,texas ,,/&po9t4       ,address by ,w4 
,n4 ,waddell ( ,=t ,wor?1 ,texas1 be=e !
      ,florida ,/ate ,live ,/ock        
,association1 ,janu>y #i1 #aiah4   ,mr4 
,waddell />t$ to work+ cattle on !      
,texas ranges 9 #ahge1 & has be5 9 !    
cattle bus9ess = himself s9ce #ahha4    
,he 0 *airman ( ! ,live ,/ock ,sanit>y  
,commission ( ,texas = f\r ye>s1 & = a  
numb] ( ye>s has be5 ! ,texas           
repres5tative ( ! ,live ,/ock ,ex*ange  
,national ,bank ( ,*icago1 & ( ! ,*icago
 ,cattle ,loan ,company4  ,aft] sp5d+ a 
week 9 ,florida dur+ ,augu/ ( #aiag1    
,mr4 ,waddell return$ to ! ,/ate 9      
,novemb] & sp5t consid]able "t          
inve/igat+ ! opportunities = rais+      
cattle4 ,?is address gives 8 views on ! 
advantages ,florida possesses z a       

cattle-produc+ /ate4  ,9 ord] to und]/& 
or to be able to appreciate a           
proposition ( almo/ any "* x is necess>y
 to approa* x by comp>ison1 & 9 mak+    
comp>isons t\*+ ,florida ,i wi% to /ate 
t ,i h travel$ ov] ! range ( ! five     
nor!rn /ates ( old ,mexico2 ,i h travel$
 ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ! range belt (        
,arizona2 ,i h travel$ ov] ab\t half ( !
 /ate ( ,new ,mexico & virtually all (  
,texas1 & ,i f9d 9 ,florida conditions  
favorable to ! production ( live /ock t 
d n exi/ 9 any ( ! /ates ,i h nam$1 :i* 
con/itute ! great range belt ( !        
,s\?we/4 ,9 ,mexico !re is v little     
wat]1 & wat] is v h>d to get by digg+1 !
 wells av]ag+ f #aej to #a1jjj feet     
deep1 & 9 a great _m in/ances no wat] at
 all4 ,9 ,mexico !y also h a great _m   
animals t prey on ! live /ock1 su* z    
pan!rs1 lobo wolves1 be>s1 z well z !   
common1 ord9>y coyote4 ,none ( ^! h to  
be cont5d$ ) "h4  ,9 ,arizona & ,new    
,mexico ab\t ! same conditions prevail z
 d 9 nor!rn ,old ,mexico4 ,9 ,texas we h

 be>s & sundry pe/s to prey on our live 
/ock4 ,! prairie dog infe/s a great _m (
 our ran*es1 de/roy+ ! grass1 digg+     
holes 9 ! gr\nd1 & mak+ x dang]\s = !   
c[boy to ride ov] 9 ! pursuit ( 8 range 
endeavors4 ,we h wolves ( all species4  
,9 ,texas we h also ! screw worms t are 
a tax on ! live /ock produc] to ! ext5t 
( f two to five p] c5t ( ! calves born  
on 8 ran*1 & ,i am sorry to say t wor/ (
 all we h p]iodical dr\ghts4 ,none ( ^! 
adv]se conditions ,i f9d prevail 9      
,florida4  ,"h ,i f9d ! c\ntry cov]$ ) a
 ?ick1 heavy coat ( grass1 /reams runn+ 
) pl5ty ( wat] & ,i und]/& :]e natural  
wat] is n available t x is only ab\t f  
tw5ty to "o hundr$ feet to an abundant  
supply ( wat] "u ! gr\nd1 mak+ !        
proposition ( wat]+ ! ran*es 9 ,florida1
 :]e artificial wat] is necess>y1 a v   
simple matt]4 ,! climate 9 ,florida is  
temp]ate & mild1 ra9fall is regul> &    
abundant1 &1 s f> z ! production ( =age 
= live /ock on ! range is conc]n$1 y\r  
ra9fall & y\r soils all seem to comb9e 9

 favor ( ! produc] ( live /ock4  ,i nev]
 0 m amaz$ 9 my life ?an ,i 0 la/ summ]1
 :51 9 company ) a committee ( o!r      
cattle m5 f ,texas1 ,i visit$ ?is /ate4 
,at t "t ,i 0 %[n ov] ! s\!rn middle "p 
( ,florida2 0 %[n a great doma9 ( c\ntry
 ly+ out ( doors1 z x 7 & z we t]m x 9  
,texas1 furni%+ free range = hundr$s (  
?\s&s ( cattle4 ,i did n believe my e>s 
:5 ,i 0 told ^? conditions exi/$ "h1 &  
,i c't und]/& yet :y a /ate z old z     
,florida1 ) z _m surface indications (  
possibilities = ! production ( live     
/ock1 %\ld rema9 unf5c$1 unoccupi$1 &   
non-rev5ue produc+ to ! m5 :o own ! l&4 
,ano!r surprise t met u :5 we came to   
,florida 9 ! summ] 0 ! absolute lack (  
any improvem5t 9 ! live /ock t we f\nd  
"h4 ,9 fact1 x is my judgm5t t ! cattle 
9 ,florida today1 f :at ,i h read ( !   
hi/ory ( ,florida1 are n z good z !y 7  
?irty ye>s ago1 & ,i am surpris$1 :5 ,i 
?9k ( ! facilities furni%$ ! cattle m5 (
 ,florida by ! l& own]s = ! graz+ ( _!  
cattle1 t !y hav5't tak5 any m int]e/ 9 

_! cattle ?an !y h & tri$ to improve !m4
  ,florida today1 z nev] be=e1 is       
attract+ national att5tion z a possible 
beef-produc+ /ate4 ,! eyes ( ! inve/+   
public are turn$ t[>d ,florida1 & x is  
my judgm5t t )9 ! next five ye>s        
,florida w make great] /rides 9 !       
developm5t ( ! live /ock indu/ry ?an x  
has ev] made be=e4 ,& ,i want "h & n[ to
 issue a w>n+ to y g5tlem5 :o are runn+ 
y\r cattle on ! op5 ranges ( ,florida t 
y _h bett] get busy & get control ( :at 
l& y expect to use z a cattle ran*1 = if
 ,i mi/ake n1 outsid]s are com+ into ?is
 /ate :o w buy or lease ^! l&s1 put !m  
"u f5ce & inaugurate a sy/em ( live /ock
 production on an improv$ basis z comp>$
 to ! pres5t me?ods be+ pursu$ 9 ?is    
/ate4  ,& 9 ?is connection ,i wi% to    
/ate t ,i h discuss$ ?is op5 range      
proposition ) "s ( ! l>ge/ l& own]s 9   
,florida4 ,!y tell me t !y want to see  
,florida develop$2 !y tell me !y are 9  
l9e to l5d _! en]gies1 _! "t & _! money 
to any?+ t w develop ! ,/ate ( ,florida4

 ,aft] li/5+ to !m talk ?is l9e ( e>ne/ 
progressiv5ess1 ,i h put ! proposition  
to !m j l x 0 put to u 9 ,texas1 & t is1
 =mulate an equitable leas+ proposition1
 "o t w safegu>d ! int]e/s ( ! l& own]1 
& at ! same "t l5d protection to ! ve/$ 
rights ( ! lessee1 & adv]tise t to ! _w4
 ,let ! p n only ( ,florida1 b ! p      
outside ( ! ,/ate ( ,florida1 "k t !y c 
come to ,florida & at a small r5tal co/1
 lease z _m acres ( good graz+ l& z !y h
 money to get cattle ) :i* to /ock x1   
assur+ ! prospective lessee t !y w f5ce 
! l& accord+ to 8 desires & w build him 
a ran* h\se to live 92 t !y w f5ce him a
 horse pa/ure to keep 8 saddle horses 92
 w build him a dipp+ vat on ! l&1 & :]e 
necess>y w bore wells & equip !m )      
w9dmill & pump suffici5t to furni% pl5ty
 ( wat] = ! live /ock on ! l& s leas$4  
,!re 0 nev] any m>k$ developm5t or m>k$ 
improvem5t 9 ! live /ock indu/ry 9 !    
,/ate ( ,texas z long z ! cattle rang$  
on ! free grass1 b 9 #ahhd !            
,legislature pass$ :at 0 kn[n z a ,lease

 ,law4 ,!n x 01 g5tlem51 t ! f5c+ up ( !
 ,/ate ( ,texas began 9 e>ne/4 ,no man 0
 will+ to pay lease on l& & let somebody
 else's cattle graze on x4 ,& t is !    
fir/ /ep ne$$ to be tak5 9 ! evolution (
 bett] cattle 9 ,florida4 ,! l& own]s   
%\ld f5ce up _! l&s1 cut !m up 9 pa/ures
 to suit ! m5 :o want to run _! cattle  
on !m1 mak+ ! l&s ( ,florida            
rev5ue-produc+1 in/ead ( be+ a          
liability1 & put ! cattle ( ,florida "u 
f5ce & "u control :]e9 individual ef=t  
may develop 9 a desire to excel4 ,i c n 
/ress ?is proposition too /rongly4 ,i   
hav5't ! language to express !          
importance ( putt+ ! l&s ( ,florida "u  
f5ce & ! cattle "u control 9 ord] t     
bett] cattle & m cattle may be rais$4 ,!
 mo/ important /ep look+ to bett] cattle
 9 ,florida has already be5 tak5 9 !    
creation ( a ,live ,/ock ,sanit>y ,bo>d 
& ! "w incid5t !reto ( tick eradication4
 ,?is "w & ! ef=ts ( ! ,florida ,/ate   
,live ,/ock ,sanit>y ,bo>d w be mu* m   
effective & easi] ( accompli%m5t :5 y   

get ! ranges ( ,florida f5c$ & ! cattle 
"u control4  ,x seems to me t ,florida  
has be5 ov]look$4 ,i am l$ to ! belief t
 ! ,florida c[m5 h be5 lull$ to sleep1 z
 x 71 by ! fact t !y hav5't be5 bo!r$ by
 any outside influ5ces4 ,9 discuss+ !   
bre$+ up or improv+ ( ! cattle ) a good 
_m bre$]s :om ,i h met 9 ?is ,/ate1 ,i  
f9d t all voice ! s5tim5t t !y w\ld l to
 raise bett] cattle2 t ! ,/ate ought to 
produce bett] cattle2 & t x is a good   
cattle c\ntry4  ,florida is wa/+        
approximately en\gh good pa/ure to      
produce a meat supply suffici5t to fe$  
sev]al /ates by conf9+ ! quality ( !    
h]ds to ! little native cattle we saw on
 ! ranges4 ,true1 we saw lots ( cattle1 
m ?an ,i suppos$ exi/$ 9 ! entire ,/ate1
 b ! opportunity be=e ! cattle m5 is to 
bre$ up ! quality & size4 ,t ?is c be   
done 0 demon/rat$ by "s h]ds we visit$1 
& ! reports on ^? h]ds %[ t ?is is a    
bett] cattle bre$+ c\ntry ?an ,texas1 = 
y\r own]s are br&+ a l>g] proportion (  
calves to bre$+ c[s 9 h]ds ?an we are   

able to get4  ,i am sure t good cattle c
 be rais$ 9 ,florida because ,i h se5   
!m4 ,i am sure t good hogs c be rais$ 9 
,florida because ,i h se5 !m1 & on ! "q 
( ! hog1 ,i wi% to /ate t on ! op5 range
 c\ntry ( ,florida1 especially ! s\!rn  
"p 9 ! prairie c\ntry1 :]e !re are h>d  
wood & cabbage hammocks1 is ! ideal     
c\ntry 9 :i* to gr[ hogs4 ,i made !     
/atem5t :5 ,i 0 "h 9 ! summ] t ,i       
believ$ a man c\ld f5ce up a range ( t5 
or tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& acres 9 ,florida1
 /ock x ) cattle & /ock x ) hogs1 & t ,i
 believ$ ! hogs w\ld pay ! ov]head *>ges
 ( runn+ ! ran*1 & my obs]vations "h = !
 pa/ ?irty days travel+ ov] ! ,/ate h   
conv9c$ me t t /atem5t 0 n v mu*        
exagg]at$4  ,!re is no reason :y cattle 
m5 %\ld n make divid5ds on inve/m5ts    
:ile bre$+ up ! quality ( _! h]ds1 = ?is
 is a great cattle c\ntry4  ,i am v mu* 
surpris$ to f9d t %eep are n m g5]ally  
h&l$ on ! ranges ) ! cattle4 ,! abs5ce (
 coyotes make %eep rais+ p>ticul>ly     
attractive1 & !y w n injure ! cattle    

pa/urage if prop]ly proportion$4 ,!re   
ought to be sev]al hundr$ ?\s& %eep on !
 ,kissimmee ,riv] ,valley ranges4 ,we   
h&le l>ge numb]s ( %eep & cattle toge!r1
 al?\gh our ranges are n ne>ly s good z 
^? 9 ,florida4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,9 conclusion1 ,i 
w /ate t ,i ?9k ,florida (f]s ! be/     
field = live /ock production along      
improv$ l9es ( any ,/ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,t  
is1 cattle c be rais$ "h *eap] & ) less 
unc]ta9ty ?an any place ,i "k4     ,a   
,,glance ,,backw>d ,,& ,,=w>d4          
,annual ,address be=e ! ,florida ,/ate  
,live ,/ock      ,association1 ,janu>y  
#h1 #aiah1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,blackman1   
,presid5t ( ! ,association4   ,nev] be=e
 h we met 9 circum/ances s extraord9>y &
 "u ! /ress ( ?\ghts & emotions s _m1 s 
v>i\s1 s conflict+ & p]plex+ z today4   
,our m9ds are engross$ & appall$ by ! _w
 cata/rophe into :i* we h be5 plung$4   
,s9ce our la/ meet+1 life = e man &     
woman ( u has be5 *ang$ 9 all its major 
aspects & fall5 into disord]4 ,all !    

peaceful r\t9e ( our ?\ghts & habits has
 be5 upset4 ,our sons & neighbors are on
 _! way to ! hide\s & h]oic & bloody "w 
abroad to :i* !y h be5 summon$4 99 99 99
  ,b disquiet+ z are ! times1 ! bus9ess 
( ! /ock rais] 9 ,am]ica1 & p>ticul>ly 9
 ,florida1 0 nev] on s s\nd a basis z   
today1 nev] s full ( promise4 ,!        
exhau/ion ( dome/ic animals ?r\gh\t     
,europe & ! increas+ %ortage 9 our own  
c\ntry are creat+ a dem& :i* w insure = 
_m ye>s to come a pr(itable m>ket = all 
! beef1 pork1 mutton & dairy products   
:i* we c supply4  ,def9itely1 ,i ?9k x c
 be said t !re c be no dang] (          
ov]production 9 ^! l9es = a long "t to  
come4 ,& = ?is indu/ry1 :i* we may      
p]haps prop]ly call ! mo/ anci5t1       
fundam5tal1 necess>y1 /able1 :olesome1  
honorable & delightful ( all !          
occupations 9 :i* m5 are engag$1        
,florida has advantages ( soil1 climate1
 ra9fall & location great]1 on ! :ole1  
?an ^? enjoy$ by any o!r /ate ( !       
,am]ican union4 ,?is is be+ recogniz$ 9 

increas+ measure1 f> & wide4 ,! eyes (  
disc]n+ & exp]i5c$ m5 are be+ turn$ ?is 
way z nev] be=e4 ,inquiries by mail &   
visits ( exploration f ! ,nor?1 ! ,we/ &
 ! ,s\?we/ h nev] be=e be5 s num]\s z   
dur+ ! ye> :i* we are review+1 & our own
 p are awak5+ to ! opportunities :i* lie
 all ab\t !m1 unus$ & invit+4  ,!re are 
va/ areas ( *eap & hi!rto wa/e l&s 9 e  
"p ( ! ,/ate1 ly+ op5 ! ye> r\nd to !   
g5ial & fructify+ rays ( a semi-tropical
 & sub-tropical sun1 :i* ne$ only !     
exp5diture ^u !m ( money & labor to fit 
!m = ! support ( h]ds & flocks great]   
?an any o!r region c ma9ta94 ,we h e    
reason1 z we face ! new ye>1 to take    
c\rage & to gird ourselves = ! task (   
turn+ into reality ^! graci\s           
possibilities :i* nature has spread ab\t
 u ) a lavi% h&4  ,! pa/ ye> has be5    
signaliz$ by "o great a*ievem5t1 c>ry+  
two o!rs 9 its tra94 ,! great a*ievem5t 
to :i* ,i ref]1 ! greate/ by all odds   
ev] accompli%$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 is !        
creation by ! ,legislature ( a ,/ate    

,live ,/ock ,sanit>y ,bo>d & !          
appropriation ( public monies = ! c>ry+ 
on ( its "w2 & ! two consequ5t          
a*ievem5ts are ! beg9n+ ( def9ite1      
det]m9$1 /atewide1 co-op]ative &        
adequately support$ ef=ts to eradicate !
 pe/il5t cattle tick f all our bord]s & 
to control hog *ol]a4 99 99 99  ,& ,i   
v5ture n[ to say--& ,i say x ) p>donable
 pride & great pleasure--t no /ate 9 !  
,union has a m c>efully consid]$1 bett] 
balanc$ & gu>d$1 & m rigid & effective  
law1 cov]+ ! matt] ( live /ock          
sanitation1 ?an has ,florida4 ,p]haps a 
detail "h & !re ne$s to be am5d$ &      
/r5g!n$1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! measure 0 a    
good "o & is work+ well4 99 99 99  ,i   
may add1 f9ally1 t ! ,/ate ,live ,/ock  
,sanit>y ,bo>d1 9 ! two great und]tak+s 
to :i*1 = ! pres5t & ! imm$iate future1 
x w1 ( necessity1 *iefly devote its     
en]gies1 ! eradication ( ! cattle tick &
 ! control ( hog *ol]a1 we are lean+    
heavily on two co-op]ative ag5cies4 ,!  
fir/ ( ^! is ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh  

its ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 & !     
,/ates ,relations ,s]vice4  ,9 ,dr4 ,e4 
,m4 ,nighb]t1 inspector 9 *>ge ( ! "w ( 
tick eradication2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,logan1  
inspector 9 *>ge = hog *ol]a control2   
,dean ,p4 ,h4 ,rolfs ( ! ,univ]sity1    
director ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 9 *>ge (
 ! "w 9 ,florida ( ! ,/ates ,relations  
,s]vice1 & ! num]\s assi/ants plac$ by !
 ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 "u ! direction ( ^!  
?ree g5tlem51 we h a l>ge body (        
capable1 tra9$ & en]getic exp]ts1 ^:    
co-op]ation ) our ,bo>d is ( ine/imable 
value to ! ,/ate1 & ^: ma9t5ance co/s u 
no?+4  ,! memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,live ,/ock  
,sanit>y ,bo>d s]ve )\t remun]ation1 s t
 we h 9 ,florida approximately ?irty m5 
:o are engag$ 9 promot+ ! "w ( live /ock
 sanitation )\t exp5se to ! taxpay]s ( !
 ,/ate4 ,x is fitt+1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is      
,association %\ld be rem9d$ ( ?is v     
great & v co/ly1 b nev]!less :olly      
gratuit\s1 s]vice :i* is be+ r5d]$ to ! 
int]e/s :i* we repres5t4 99 99 99  ,s   
mu* = ! pa/ ye>2 n[ = a glance =w>d4    

,:at ,i h j be5 say+ indicates cle>ly ! 
special "w to :i* we ought1 9 my        
judgm5t1 to devote ourselves 9 !        
imm$iate future--,i mean ! complete &   
f9al eradication ( ! tick 9 e c\nty 9   
,florida & ! l>ge/ possible measure (   
control ( hog *ol]a4 ,if we see cle>ly1 
we see t ^! tasks are prelim9>y to all  
o!rs4 99 99 99  ,=tunately ! tick is a v
 weak & vuln]able enemy1 ?\gh s         
mis*iev\s4 ,put all ! cattle ( ,florida 
?r\gh ! dipp+ vat once a =tnight = five 
or six mon?s1 & !re w\ld be no m ticks  
left 9 ?is ,/ate ?an !re are snakes 9   
,irel&4 ,let u consecrate ourselves "h 9
 ?is meet+ to ! do+ ( ?is ?+1 & do+ x   
soon4  ,hog *ol]a is n s simple &       
manageable an affair4 ,9 !              
micro-organism :i* causes ?is disease1  
we face an enemy f> subtl]1 m cunn+1 m  
elusive1 m p]si/5t & m swiftly fatal ?an
 is ! tick4 ,x escapes obs]vation by !  
mo/ p[]ful microscope2 x laughs at      
qu>ant9e l9es2 x fl[s 9 ! /ream2 x lurks
 9 ! pool2 x rides ^u ! foot ( bea/ &   

bird1 ! %oe ( man1 ! wagon's :eel2 x    
so>s al(t on ! buzz>d's w+2 y c n cat* &
 dip x4  ,i e>ne/ly advise ! =mation (  
local live /ock associations ?r\gh\t !  
,/ate1 at lea/ "o 9 ea* c\nty affiliat$ 
) ! ,/ate ,association1 & hav+ special  
committees on ,tick ,eradication & ,hog 
,*ol]a ,control1 compos$ ( ! able/1 !   
mo/ en]getic & ! mo/ influ5tial m5 9 !  
v>i\s communities4 ,let ^! associations 
hold meet+s at regul> int]vals = ! free 
ex*ange ( views & exp]i5ces2 let exp]t &
 int]e/+ speak]s f abroad br+ to ^!     
meet+s fre% in=mation & impetus2 let !re
 be add$ su* social & ent]ta9+ features 
z may be available--music1 b>becues1    
mov+ pictures1 boat excursions1         
:at-n--to attract ! multitude1 relieve !
 monotony ( f>m life1 & increase        
neighborl9ess & good community feel+4   
,let ! co-op]ation ( ! banks ( ! region 
be secur$1 = ! g5]\s f9anc+ ( pig clubs 
& corn clubs4 99 99 99  ,!re is "o o!r  
matt] ( prime importance to :i* ,i      
invite y\r att5tion4 ,if ! live /ock    

indu/ry ( ,florida is to be put on ! mo/
 /able basis & develop$ ) reasonable    
rapidity1 imm5se sums ( money w be      
requir$4 ,f5ces mu/ be built2 dra9age   
canals & dit*es mu/ be dug2 improv$ & m 
n\ri%+ grasses mu/ be introduc$ ov] va/ 
areas2 o!r great areas mu/ be plant$ )  
=age crops2 silos mu/ be built2 pl[s1   
h>r[s & o!r exp5sive implem5ts mu/ be   
pur*as$2 horses1 mules & tractors1      
h]dsm51 f>m]s & labor]s mu/ be secur$ & 
put to "w 9 great numb]s2 a multitude ( 
pure-br$ bulls & c[s1 bo>s & s[s1 rams &
 ewes1 /allions1 jacks & m>es mu/ be    
import$ = ! improvem5t ( our native     
/ock4  ,:]e are ! necess>y funds com+ f 
= ! f9anc+ ( ^? ent]prises8 ,p]haps !   
l>ge ran* own]s c take c>e ( !mselves1 b
 :at our ,/ate ne$s above all ?+s else  
is ?rifty f>m]s by ! ?\s&1 n[ on ! gr\nd
 or drawn f o!r /ates by our surpass+   
advantages ( soil & climate2 :]e %all ^!
 secure ! funds necess>y = ! developm5t 
( _! m mode/ hold+s8  ,florida is a     
relatively new & scantily populat$      

,/ate2 !re are "h no great res]ves ( ca%
 & securities1 accumulat$ & bequea!d by 
g5]ations ( toil+ & ?rifty ance/ors1 z 9
 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! banks are  
do+ _! be/ to c>e = our live /ock       
int]e/s1 b ! ability ( our local        
banks--& ,i speak n[ z a bank]--is      
/rictly limit$ 9 ?is direction4  ,:at we
 ne$ 9 ,florida1 9 my judgm5t1 z ! v    
next /ep to be tak51 is "o or m /rong   
cattle loan companies1 su* z fl\ri% 9 ! 
,we/1 ^: sole bus9ess x w be to provide 
! funds necess>y = ! developm5ts :i* ,i 
h m5tion$1 s f> z cattle are conc]n$4   
,?is is a matt] :i* w occupy u dur+ "o  
entire session ( ?is meet+1 & ,i ne$ n1 
!re=e1 deal ) x fur!r n[1 except to say 
t ! pres5t "t seems especially propiti\s
 = ! secur+ ( su* funds z we ne$ = ?is  
bus9ess4  ,m5 are ask+ h[ !y may make   
safe inve/m5t ( _! sav+s 9 ^! tr\bl$    
times2 ! future ( ! railways1 n[ "u     
,gov]nm5t control1 is unc]ta92 indu/rial
 ent]prises h be5 l>gely ?r[n into      
abnormal condition by ! w>2 /ocks1 bonds

 & o!r simil> securities h 9 !m today a 
consid]able speculative elem5t :i* gives
 pause to cons]vative inve/ors4 ,b amid 
all ?is flux & unc]ta9ty1 "h lies ! l&1 
z f ( old1 un*ang+1 peaceful1 fruitful1 
a "m's full brea/1 & ^u ! l& fe$ & gr[1 
enri*+ & r5ew+ x =ev] ev5 z !y fe$ ^u x1
 ! fri5dly animals1 ^: fle% & milk      
support our life f ! cradle to ! grave4 
,!re is no?+ speculative "h1 & ,i am    
confid5t t inve/ors1 p]plex$ n[ by !    
unhe>d ( aspect ( ! _w's affairs1 w be  
dispos$ to put _! funds m & m into !    
soil & its products1 if !y are %[n !    
way2 & ! cattle-loan company1 organiz$ &
 adm9i/]$ by exp]i5c$ & c>eful m51 c %[ 
!m ! way & lead !m safely 9 x4  ,& n[1  
g5tlem51 we w proce$ to ! program our   
,executive ,committee has provid$4 ,i   
hope t our meet+ toge!r1 ! messages :i* 
w be br\ght u f abroad1 & ! v>i\s       
discussions 9 :i* we ourselves %all     
engage1 w s]ve to he>t5 u = our "w &    
help u to feel1 amid ! toil &           
p]plexities ( our daily task1 t 9       

provid+ a m copi\s supply ( food = ! _w1
 9 caus+ two blades ( grass to gr[ :]e  
"o grew be=e1 & 9 trans=m+ ^! blades (  
grass by ! my/]i\s & wond]ful processes 
( nature into ! ?\ghts & loves ( m5 &   
wom51 ! orator's spee*1 ! poet's song1 !
 /atesman's wisdom1 ! soldi]'s fi]ce    
en]gy1 ! "m's brood+ c>e1 & ! babe's new
 life1 we are do+ our "p to support &   
r5d] m ri* & wor?y ?is wondr\s human    
drama & are p>tn]s ) ,god 9 ! "w ( 8    
e>?ly k+dom4     ,,florida ,,suit$ ,,to 
,,ext5sive ,,cattle ,,rais+4  ,texas    
,ran*m5 ,decl>e ,conditions ,ideal =    
,cattle1 ,%eep & ,goats4   ,! impression
 made ^u a prom95t ,texas ran* own] :o  
rec5tly visit$ ! great cattle ranges (  
,florida 0 t ,nature has be5 too good to
 ! cattle indu/ry 9 ?is ,/ate to        
enc\rage improvem5t 9 ! crude me?ods (  
bre$+ & h&l+ /ock :i* h be5 9 vogue =   
ye>s1 = ! cattle own]s h made money )\t 
try+4  ,among ^? :o sp5t a week dur+ !  
latt] "p ( ,augu/ inspect+ range        
conditions 7 ,m4 ,sansom ( ,=t ,wor?1   

presid5t ( ! ,cassidy-,s\?we/]n         
,commission ,co41 director ( ! ,f$]al   
,res]ve ,bank & own] ( l>ge cattle ran* 
int]e/s4 99 99 99  ,mr4 ,sansom express$
 8 impression ( ,florida's opportunity =
 rais+ cattle 9 ^! words3  ,! only      
tr\ble y h 9 ,florida1 ,nature has be5  
too good to y4 ,if x _h done half z mu* 
= ,texas ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials w\ld n n[ 
be worry+ ab\t ! future meat supply = ! 
,unit$ ,/ates & our ,allies4 ,i h se5   
,texas :5 ! cattle 7 no bett] ?an !     
grade ,i h se5 on ?is trip4 ,we />t$    
tw5ty-five ye>s ago to improve our h]ds 
& /ay$ ) x1 until today we furni% "s ( !
 be/ bre$+ & fe$+ cattle = ! ,nor!rn    
,/ates4  ,florida n[ has v great        
advantage ov] pione] ,texas1 z y c get  
"s ( our good bre$+ /ock & make rapid   
progress bre$+ up y\r h]ds4 ,! ,osceola 
,cattle ,co41 9 ,osceola ,c\nty1 has    
/>t$ along "r l9es1 & ! manag] gave me  
"s figures on calf production :i* %[ t 8
 h]d are produc+ a l>g] p]c5tage (      
calves ?an we get 9 ,texas4  ,b y\r     

luxuriant range grasses & abundance (   
/ock wat] are almo/ unbelievable4 ,y\r  
range w c>ry f ?ree to t5 times z _m    
cattle p] section z ! ,texas l& 9 a     
normal ye>4 ,& :5 ,i say normal ye> ,i  
want y to rememb] t sometimes ! ra9     
cl\ds =get all ab\t ,texas = mon?s at a 
"t1 & !n our ranges suff] f dr\ght1 z   
l>ge sections ( !m are do+ at ?is "t4   
,y h a %eep c\ntry z good z exi/s1 & a  
goat c\ntry bett] ?an any o!r4 ,x is too
 bad t y d n raise m %eep on y\r ranges1
 = !y d n hurt ! cattle pa/ures1 eat+   
only ! t5d] blades d[n "u ! m mature    
grass4 ,we run ?\s&s ( %eep on our      
cattle ranges 9 ,texas4 ,! goats w be a 
di/9ct b5efit to ! ,florida ranges1 z !y
 d n eat mu* grass :5 !y c get und]bru%1
 bri>s & we$s4 ,by hav+ ^? clean$ out ( 
! pa/ures ! grass w h a bett] *ance to  
gr[4  ,i am in=m$ t ,florida does n h to
 combat coyotes1 :i* are our wor/ %eep  
enemies1 s y really h no s]i\s losses to
 anticipate on y\r %eep inve/m5ts4 ,&   
yet !re are v few %eep on ! ranges we h 

visit$4 ,x is to be hop$ t y\r cattlem5 
w use m %eep on ! ranges4  ,! range     
c\ntry %\ld become ! calf incubator = ! 
,s\!a/]n ,/ates1 ! (fspr+ be+ sold at   
wean+ "t or z ye>l+s4 ,t w give y\r     
ranges a l>g] c>ry+ capacity = bre$+    
/ock & let ! gra9-produc+ sections d !  
f9i%+4--,f ! ,manufactur]s' ,record1    
,sept4 #ac1 #aiag4     ,,cattle ,,rais+ 
,,9 ,,florida4       ,z ,i ,saw x on a  
,?\s&-mile ,t\r ( ! ,c5tral ,"p (      !
 ,/ate4  ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,williams4         
,wasn't x ,saul :o w5t out 9 se>* (     
asses & f\nd a k+dom8 ,y m5 :o are      
famili> ) ! ,bible c answ] t4 ,b ,i c   
te/ify t ,i1 :ile n 9 se>* ( asses1     
duplicat$ ,saul's exp]i5ce dur+ ! pa/   
mon?1 :51 9 company ) ,m4 ,sansom1 ,w4  
,n4 ,waddell1 ,caes> ,kleb]g & ,tom ,t4 
,ea/ ( ,texas1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,all5 (     
,oklahoma1 ,geo4 ,m4 ,rommel ( ,wa%+ton1
 ,p4 ,l4 ,su!rl&1 ,c4 ,l4 ,ga9es & ,j4  
,g4 ,boyd ( ,florida1 ,i _h ! pleasure (
 a ?\s&-mile trip ?r\gh ! c5tral "p ( ! 
,/ate ( ,florida4  ,nature has be5 v k9d

 to ,florida1 provid+ delightful        
climate1 f]tile l&s & adequate ra9fall =
 f>m+ purposes2 broad prairies1 c>pet$ )
 succul5t grasses & wat]$ by runn+      
/reams = live /ock rais+2 timb] galore =
 sawmills1 & c\ntless beauty spots      
beckon+ to t\ri/s4 ,b ! citiz5s ( t     
,/ate h be5 sl[ to take advantage ( _!  
opportunities4 ,agriculture 9 _m        
sections has be5 a neglect$ art4        
,practically all ( ! food/uffs1 includ+ 
gra91 meat1 butt] & eggs1 h be5 produc$ 
outside ! ,/ate4 ,colonization companies
 h devot$ _! en]gies to boo/+ orange    
or*>ds & truck g>d5s 7! pok] game (     
agriculture71 & little organiz$ ef=t has
 be5 made to attract f>m]s & /ockm5 (   
tireless en]gy--! backbone ( any        
community4  ,among ! neglect$ indu/ries1
 none /& out m conspicu\sly ?an /ock    
rais+4 ,! native cattle1 inbr$1 /unt$   
specim5s ( d\btful orig91 h be5 turn$   
loose on ! free1 op5 range to ru/le =   
!mselves1 & little ef=t has be5 made 9  
mo/ sections t[>d bre$ improvem5t4 ,due 

to ! mild climate1 good range1 adequate 
wat] supply & abs5ce ( screw worms1     
coyotes & o!r pe/s1 !y h surviv$4 ,& )  
op5 range & no exp5se !y h be5 v        
pr(itable4 ,9 our entire trip we saw    
only two or ?ree flocks ( %eep & goats4 
,!y 7 ( bett] quality ?an ,i _h         
expect$--fairly good = mutton1 b light  
on wool4  ,a new era is dawn+ = ! cattle
 bus9ess ( ,florida4 ,! w> has =c$ a    
r$uction 9 ! exports ( turp5t9e & ros91 
& ! l>ge l& own]s are turn+ _! att5tion 
to improv$ /ock rais+4 ,a pack+ h\se has
 be5 erect$ at ,jacksonville4 ,sy/ematic
 tick eradication is be+ c>ri$ on4 ,l>ge
 tracts ( l& h be5 f5c$ & /ock$4        
,hundr$s ( well-br$ ,texas c[s & regi/]$
 ,h]e=d1 ,angus1 ,%or?orn & ,brahma     
bulls are be+ pur*as$1 & ! "w ( bre$    
improvem5t is gr[+ 9 popul>ity4  ,good  
fe$ & =age crops c be gr[n 9 mo/        
sections1 & ) ?is new movem5t = improv$ 
live /ock w come deep] int]e/ 9         
agriculture4 ,! *ief =age crops n[      
produc$ 9 t ,/ate are corn1 velvet      

beans1 ,japanese cane1 sorghum1 c[ peas 
& begg>-we$4 ,! fir/ ?ree p]haps take ! 
lead4 ,! corn & velvet beans are plant$ 
toge!r1 9 r[s f f\r to six feet ap>t4 ,!
 beans gr[ v rank1 produc+ an abundance 
( good hay1 & beans :i* are high 9 fe$+ 
value4 ,! beans may be left on ! v9es = 
pa/urage1 or ga!r$ & gr\nd into bean    
meal1 :i* is excell5t = cattle fe$+4    
,japanese cane resembles our ,texas     
ribbon cane4 ,x makes good silage1 keeps
 well & is highly reli%$ by cattle4 ,!  
,florida begg>-we$ gr[s z a volunte] 9  
old fields ( a light s&y soil4 ,if cut  
at ! "r "t x makes good hay1 &1 :ile x  
is r bulky = silage alone1 x is said to 
add greatly to ! fatt5+ value ( silage4 
,corn & c[ peas ne$ no introduction to  
our read]s4  ,! mo/ common grasses are  
sev]al v>ieties ( paspalum or c>pet     
grass1 swit* grass1 wire grass1 little  
blue maid5 cane & ,b]muda4 ,crab &      
,natal grass are volunte]s :i* foll[    
crops on s&y soils4 ,bo? ,gu9ea & ,p>a  
grasses ?rive 9 ,s\? ,florida1 :]e less 

liable to injury by fro/4 ,=t ,?ompson  
grass1 :i* resembles giant ,b]muda1 )   
l>g] jo9t1 /em & leaf1 is a native (    
,florida1 :i* w "s day be recogniz$ z "o
 ( _! v be/ pa/ure grasses4  ,) _! op5  
range & native cattle--a poor] grade ?an
 our old-"t longhorn--! cattle bus9ess (
 ,florida today may be comp>$ to t (    
,texas tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,:at !y ne$ is m 
bulls & exp]i5c$ cattlem5 :o w apply !  
intellig5ce1 en]gy & p]si/5ce t "k n    
failure4  ,leav+ ,k5ansville at #h3ae1  
we 7 soon out on ! ,kissimmee prairie ( 
?\s&s & ?\s&s ( acres ( op5 range4 ,"h1 
:]e ! grass 0 v luxuriant1 resembl+ a   
hay mead[1 we saw sev]al hundr$ m ( !   
small native cattle1 foll[$ by ! common 
scrubby bulls4 ,! fat f\r-ye>-old /e]s  
weigh$ ar\nd #eej p\nds1 & are valu$ at 
#cj p] head4 ,! c[s weigh$ ar\nd #ejj   
p\nds4 ,! range h]ds ( mix$ ages &      
classes are valu$ at #bj p] head4 ,we   
soon left ! public highway1 circl+ m>%es
 & dodg+ palmettos4 ,our next /op 0 on  
,gum ,sl\gh ,ran*1 :]e we 7 told t on a 

pa/ure ( #aj1jjj acres !re 7 #f1jjj     
cattle4 ,! gr\nd 0 well cov]$ ) c>pet & 
a v>iety ( o!r grasses1 & did n %[ !    
effects ( close graz+4 ,! cattle 7 9    
good condition & ( bett] quality ?an mo/
 ( ! o!rs :i* we _h inspect$4--,f ,!    
,cattleman1 ,septemb]1 #aiag4