,illustration3 ,book ,cover             
,,remodeled ,,farmhouses                
,illustration3 ,,the ,,curtis ,,house   
,,from ,,the ,,roadside     ,,remodeled 
,,farmhouses   ,,by ,,mary ,h4          
,,northend  ,,author ,,of ,,colonial    
,,homes ,,and ,,their ,,furnishings1    
,,historic ,,homes ,,of ,,new ,,england1
 ,,etc4   ,,with ,,numerous             
,,illustrations   ,illustration         
,,boston ,,little1 ,,brown1 ,,and       
,,company #aiae     ,copyright1 #aiae1  
,,by ,,little1 ,,brown1 ,,and ,,company4
     ,i ,,dedicate ,,this ,,book ,,to   
,,my ,,friends ,,in ,,my ,,native ,,city
 ,,to ,,whom ,i ,,am ,,indebted ,,for   
,,many ,,kindnesses     ,,preface       
,there is a certain fascination         
connected with the remodeling of a      
farmhouse4 ,its low1 raftered interior1 
its weather-beaten exterior1 never fail 
to appeal4 ,types vary with the period  
in which they were built1 but all are of
 interest4  ,in this collection1 which  
has been pictured with great care1 pains

 have been taken to show as many        
different types as possible1 so that the
 student will be able to find numerous  
interesting details that can be         
incorporated into his contemplated      
remodeling4 ,in the study of this work  
,i have grown to feel a deep reverence  
for the old homes of our forefathers1   
and have come to realize as never before
 the care and painstaking thoroughness  
of the old master builders4  ,i wish to 
thank the owners of these homes who have
 so kindly thrown open their doors to my
 inspection1 and who have told me the   
interesting stories connected with the  
houses4  ,acknowledgment should be made 
to ,american ,homes and ,gardens for    
permission to use various articles of   
mine which they have previously         
published4  ,in the contents of this    
book ,i trust there may be much of value
 to those who are contemplating the     
remodeling of a farmhouse and that the  
work will bring to them the same        
enjoyment that the study of the subject 

has brought to me4    ,,mary ,h4        
,,northend4   ,,august1 #aiae4          
,,contents     ,,chapter                
,,page          ,,preface               
vii       ,i4 ,,iristhorpe              
#a      ,,ii4 ,,limovady                
#ae     ,,iii4 ,,the ,,kittredge ,,house
                                        
#bh      ,,iv4 ,,the ,,curtis ,,house   
#ch       ,v4 ,,green ,,meadows         
#di      ,,vi4 ,,nawn ,,farm            
#fa     ,,vii4 ,,boulder ,,farm         
#ga    ,,viii4 ,,three ,,acres          
#hd      ,,ix4 ,,the ,,robert ,,spencer 
,,house                                 
#ajj       ,x4 ,,the ,,davenport ,,brown
 ,,house                                
#aaj      ,,xi4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,charles
 ,e4 ,,inches ,,house                   
#abd     ,,xii4 ,,the ,,charles ,,martin
 ,,loeffler ,,house                     
#acf    ,,xiii4 ,,little ,,orchard      
#adf     ,,xiv4 ,,willowdale            
#aee      ,,xv4 ,,the ,,george ,e4      
,,barnard ,,estate                      

#aff     ,,xvi4 ,,the ,w4 ,p4 ,,adden   
,,house                                 
#agg    ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,kate ,,douglas  
,,wiggin ,,house                        
#ahg   ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,franklin ,,brett
 ,,house                                
#aih     ,,xix4 ,,the ,,george ,d4      
,,hall ,,house                          
#bjh      ,,xx4 ,,the ,,walter ,,scott  
,,hopkins ,,house                       
#bbj     ,,xxi4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,wright',s 
,,house                                 
#bca    ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,howland ,s4     
,,chandler ,,house                      
#bdc          ,,index                   
#bee     ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations    
,,the ,,curtis ,,house ,,from ,,the     
,,roadside                              
,frontispiece                           
,,facing ,,page   ,,iristhorpe1 ,,front 
,,view                                  
#d     ,the ,entrance ,porch            
#e     ,from the ,garden                
#h     ,the ,entrance ,porch1 ,another  
,view                                   

#i     ,the ,dining ,room1 and the      
,living ,room                           
#ab     ,the ,morning ,room1 and the    
,out-door ,living ,room                 
#ac    ,,limovady1 ,,rear ,,view ,,from 
,,the ,,garden                          
#ah     ,side ,view                     
#ai     ,two ,views of the ,living ,room
                                        
#bb     ,the ,dining ,room1 and the     
,lounge                                 
#bc     ,two of the ,chambers           
#bf    ,,an ,,old ,,cape ,,cod ,,house  
#bg     ,side ,view                     
#cj     ,the ,attic ,chamber1 and the   
,living ,room                           
#ca     ,the ,kitchen                   
#cf    ,,the ,,curtis ,,house1 ,,the    
,,entrance ,,porch                      
#cg     ,before ,remodeling1 and        
,remodeled                              
#db     ,the ,hall and ,unique ,stairway
                                        
#dc     ,side ,view1 and the ,dining    
,room                                   

#dh    ,,green ,,meadows1 ,,front ,,view
                                        
#di     ,an ,old-fashioned ,chamber1 and
 the ,living ,room                      
#ef     ,two ,views of the ,den         
#eg    ,,nawn ,,farm1 ,,front ,,view    
#fd     ,rear ,view1 and the ,living    
,room                                   
#fe     ,two ,views of the ,dining ,room
                                        
#fh     ,the ,china ,closet in the      
,dining ,room                           
#fi    ,,boulder ,,farm1 ,,front ,,view 
#gd     ,the ,front ,doorway            
#ge     ,the ,hall                      
#gh     ,the ,den1 and the ,parlor      
#gi     ,two ,views of the ,dining ,room
                                        
#hd    ,,three ,,acres1 ,,from ,,the    
,,main ,,road                           
#he     ,front ,view                    
#ij     ,side ,view                     
#ia     ,a ,corner of the ,living ,room 
#id     ,the ,living ,room1 and the     
,dining ,room                           

#ie    ,,the ,,robert ,,spencer ,,house 
,,on ,,cape ,,cod                       
#ajj     ,front ,view                   
#aja     ,two ,views of the ,living     
,room                                   
#ajf     ,the ,attic ,chambers          
#ajg    ,,the ,,davenport ,,brown       
,,house                                 
#aab     ,the ,hallway                  
#aac     ,the ,sun-,parlor or ,out-door 
,nursery1 and the ,library              
#aah     ,two of the ,chambers          
#aai     ,the ,nursery1 and the ,service
 ,wing                                  
#abd    ,,the ,,charles ,e4 ,,inches    
,,house1 ,,front ,,view ,,showing ,,the 
,,old ,,well       #abe     ,before     
,remodeling                             
#acj     ,across the ,lawn              
#aca     ,the ,hall and ,stairway1 and  
the ,living ,room                       
#acd    ,,the ,,studio ,,opposite ,,the 
,,charles ,m4 ,,loeffler ,,house        
#ace    ,,the ,,charles ,m4 ,,loeffler  
,,house ,,before ,,remodeling           

#ach     ,as ,remodeled                 
#aci     ,two ,views of the ,living     
,room                                   
#adb     ,the ,dining ,room1 and the    
,music ,room in the ,studio ,building   
#adc    ,,little ,,orchard1 ,,the       
,,house ,,from ,,the ,,driveway         
#adh     ,the ,angle of the ,ell        
#adi     ,the ,stairway                 
#aeb     ,the ,entrance ,porch1 and the 
,dining ,room                           
#aec    ,,willowdale1 ,,before          
,,remodeling1 ,,and ,,the ,,front ,,view
                  #aeh     ,the ,house  
from the ,garden                        
#aei     ,a ,rear ,view1 and the ,living
 ,room                                  
#afb     ,two of the ,chambers          
#afc    ,,the ,,george ,e4 ,,barnard    
,,house ,,before ,,remodeling1 ,,and    
,,the ,,front ,,of       ,,the ,,house  
#aff     ,the ,house from the ,terrace  
#afg     ,the ,pergola-,porch           
#agb     ,the ,hall1 and the ,alcove in 
the ,living ,room                       

#agc     ,the ,den1 and the ,dining     
,room                                   
#agf    ,,the ,w4 ,p4 ,,adden ,,house   
#agg     ,the ,stairway                 
#ahf    ,,quillcote1 ,,mrs4 ,,kate      
,,douglas ,,wiggin',s ,,summer ,,home   
#ahg     ,the ,hall                     
#aib     ,two ,views of the ,living     
,room                                   
#aic     ,the ,den1 and the ,dining     
,room                                   
#aif     ,two of the ,chambers          
#aig    ,,the ,,franklin ,,brett        
,,house1 ,,front ,,view                 
#bjb     ,before ,remodeling1 and as    
,remodeled                              
#bjc     ,the ,pergola-,porch           
#bjf     ,a ,first-floor ,vista1 and the
 ,living ,room                          
#bjg    ,,lone ,,tree ,,farm            
#bab     ,as ,finally ,remodeled1 and   
the ,sun-,parlor                        
#bac     ,the ,living ,room1 and a      
,corner in the ,dining ,room            
#bah     ,the ,sewing ,room1 and the    

,den                                    
#bai    ,,the ,,walter ,,scott ,,hopkins
 ,,house ,,before ,,remodeling          
#bbd     ,as ,remodeled                 
#bbe     ,the ,living ,room             
#bbh     ,two ,views of the ,dining     
,room                                   
#bbi    ,,the ,,henry ,w4 ,,wright      
,,house                                 
#bcf     ,the ,living ,room1 and the    
,dining ,room                           
#bcg     ,two ,noteworthy ,chambers     
#bdb    ,,the ,,howland ,s4 ,,chandler  
,,house                                 
#bdc     ,end ,view                     
#bdh     ,the ,hall                     
#bdi     ,the ,sun-,parlor1 and the     
,living ,room                           
#beb     ,the ,den1 and the ,kitchen    
#bec     ,,chapter ,i  ,,iristhorpe     
,as you drove slowly along the country  
road1 did you ever stop to consider the 
many possibilities for development that 
lie hidden in the old ,colonial         
farmhouses found here and there8 ,some  

are situated quite a distance from the  
main road1 while others are placed      
practically on its boundary line4 ,many 
of the types are disguised by the       
unattractive additions that have been   
built to accommodate the growing needs  
of their occupants4 ,others1 with       
sagging roofs and weather-beaten        
exteriors1 stand mute witnesses of the  
days when our country was making history
 for itself4 ,some of these unattractive
 old dwellings in their early days      
sheltered the most ardent patriots of   
our land1 men whose gallant deeds have  
made them famous1 and who now lie       
forgotten4  ,fortunately for us1 these  
old houses were not all built in the    
same century1 but present a variety of  
types which makes them all the more     
interesting both to architect and house 
owner4 ,the age of the house is clearly 
defined in its design4 ,many of the     
earliest examples were framed in white  
pine1 a wood whose lasting qualities    
have been plainly shown through their   

power to withstand the ravages of time4 
,others were constructed of stone or    
brick and are equally interesting in    
character4 ,from an architectural       
standpoint1 most of these houses1 no    
matter how dilapidated their condition1 
show good lines4 ,to be sure1 these are 
often hidden under poor surroundings1   
for as the families grew larger and     
additions became necessary1 the new     
parts were often badly placed4 ,this    
makes it hard for an inexperienced eye  
to detect where the old house leaves off
 and the additions begin4 ,it must be   
remembered that the early tillers of the
 soil took little interest in their     
homes save as shelters for themselves   
and families1 and chose for their       
buildings material that lay nearest at  
hand4 ,all their ready money was        
expended in the building of large and   
spacious barns to house their cattle4   
,there is a wealth of possibilities in  
the reconstruction of old farmhouses    
that are easily recognized by the       

experienced eye of the architect4 ,the  
study of lines which determine the size 
and design of the old building is most  
interesting and teaches a lesson in     
old-time architecture which is extremely
 fascinating4 ,the adaptation of the    
house to new and different purposes1 the
 creation of a picturesque result wholly
 unlike and yet following the lines of  
the original building1 calls into play  
not only skilful designing but careful  
planning4  ,many of these old houses    
contain fine woodwork which is often    
hidden under layer upon layer of hideous
 wall-paper bought with an eye to price 
rather than good taste4 ,the fireplaces 
are sometimes bricked up and plastered  
over to permit the use of a modern      
air-tight2 the wainscot and molding are 
buried under coats of unattractive paint
 and give little impression of their    
value until the original walls and      
woodwork lie bare4 ,some houses1 more   
especially those situated near the coast
 and erected during the period of       

commercial prosperity1 were built by    
ship carpenters and wood-carvers during 
dull seasons4 ,in these1 one comes      
occasionally upon a wonderful old       
fireplace or perchance a porch that     
shows artistic carving4 ,many of these  
old dwellings naturally show original   
treatment1 and it is to these that the  
architects of to-day turn for details to
 be introduced into the modified        
,colonial house4 ,they were built by men
 who were forced to use their brains1   
since they were unable to turn to books 
for ideas4  ,as originally built1 many  
of them stood with their backs to the   
road1 their long1 sloping roofs sweeping
 to the ground1 their front doors       
opening on to extensive farm lands4     
,before the door usually stood the      
father and mother elm1 their graceful   
branches seeming to hover protectingly  
over the dwellings4 ,many of the trees  
were there when the houses were built1  
while others have replaced their worthy 
sires and contribute a bit of landscape 

picturing that adds much to the         
attractiveness of the home4  ,in these  
old houses1 more especially those that  
are past complete restoration1 the      
architect of to-day frequently finds    
choice old woodwork4 ,sometimes it is a 
rare bit of pumpkin pine such as is     
seldom seen2 again it is a fine old     
wainscot1 or a wonderful staircase that 
has been saved from the ravages of time4
 ,often some of these details are       
introduced into another remodeled       
farmhouse to replace parts too far gone 
to be used4 ,the growing vogue of the   
country home has led to the restoration 
of many of these old-time farmhouses and
 has saved many a valuable structure    
from falling into decay4 ,fortunately   
the appreciation of their possibilities 
came before it was too late to save them
 from destruction1 although many that   
could have done service were allowed to 
go to ruin4 ,there are1 however1 many   
fine examples still standing1 and some  
of these have been altered to suit      

modern uses4 ,little wonder the old     
farmhouse has come into its own1 its    
attractiveness after remodeling making  
it available for summer or              
all-the-year-round uses4 ,to-day there  
is scarcely a farm or country resort    
that does not show one or more of these 
old-time buildings in their new dress4  
,some have interesting history connected
 with them and are associated with      
legends that have been handed down from 
generation to generation4 ,often the    
house has been photographed to show both
 its former appearance and the results  
of the restoration4 ,some owners1       
however1 have given little thought to   
the original structure1 and it is left  
to the imagination to picture the house 
as it used to be4  ,illustration3       
,,iristhorpe--,,front ,,view  ,it was   
six years ago1 while hunting for a place
 to locate a summer home1 that ,doctor  
and ,mrs4 ,homer ,gage of ,worcester1   
,massachusetts1 discovered at           
,shrewsbury a simple little farmhouse1  

showing no claim to architectural       
beauty4 ,it was such an unattractive1   
plain1 little building1 that only the   
experienced eye could discover its fine 
lines4 ,this house stood close by the   
dusty highway2 the fence which formed   
the boundary line had fallen into decay1
 while the farm lands1 run down through 
hard usage1 showed no trace even of an  
old-fashioned garden1 such as many of   
the housewives of the earlier day so    
loved to tend4 ,the house was built     
before the ,revolutionary ,war1 being   
erected in #agfj1 and was considered in 
those days to be a good example of what 
a farmhouse stood for4 ,surely it was an
 excellent type1 considering the usual  
lines in the ,new ,england farmhouses of
 that day1--this small1 unpretentious   
dwelling1 whose entrance door out of    
plumb and windows irregularly placed    
made a curious combination that was in  
reality fascinating and appealing4  ,it 
was two stories in height1 with an attic
 under the eaves1--a hot little place   

during the summer months and cold in    
winter1 but good for storage of         
furniture and unnecessary household     
belongings4 ,the roof had a pitch at the
 back and sloped to meet the kitchen1   
which was only one story in height4 ,two
 sturdy1 six-foot chimneys had been     
built on one side of the house1 as      
stoves were unknown in those days4 ,the 
frame was of white pine1 well seasoned1 
and the timber hand-hewn1 with the mark 
of the adze plainly showing in the      
beams1 for it was built when honest     
labor prevailed and was as stanch as in 
the days when the bush stuck in the     
chimney or ridge-pole showed that the   
carpenters' work was done4 ,the farm    
buildings were connected with the main  
house and comprised a barn1 hen-house1  
corn-crib1 and byre1 all huddled        
together in the most compact kind of    
way4 ,it had not been occupied since    
,doctor ,brown1 the original owner1 paid
 his last visit and left the house to   
its fate4 ,the interior was not as      

dilapidated as in most old houses1 being
 in tolerably good repair4 ,and so1 with
 little alteration1 it was used as a    
dwelling house1 while the new home which
 was being built near the center of the 
estate was erected4  ,after the cellar  
was built and the foundation partly     
laid1 the work on the new house was     
stopped4 ,there was something about the 
old clapboarded farmhouse that appealed 
so strongly to the new occupants that   
they fell under its charm and decided   
not to supplant it by a modern home4    
,but the house stood too near the road2 
there was no privacy and no freedom from
 dust4 ,it was of such solid            
construction1 however1 that its moving  
could be easily accomplished4 ,so1      
slowly but surely1 it slid down the hill
 and finally rested on the foundations  
which had been designed for the summer  
house4  ,illustration3 ,the ,entrance   
,porch  ,under the direction of ,mr4    
,george ,hunt ,ingraham1 the remodeling 
was begun4 ,the old lines of the roof   

were left unaltered1 and although more  
room was needed1 dormers were left out  
in its reconstruction4 ,nothing1 the new
 owners felt1 could so destroy the lines
 of the house as to break them with     
intrusions such as this4 ,the long1     
unbroken skyline is one of its greatest 
charms1 and even the long slope at one  
side1 reaching down and over the        
one-story kitchen ell1 has been         
carefully retained and adds not a little
 to the harmonious effect of the whole  
structure4 ,at the front was added a    
small porch showing ,colonial treatment1
 in the center of which hang graceful   
vases filled with iris4 ,the same       
latticed effect was carried out across  
the front of the house in the space     
between the windows of the first and    
second stories4 ,on either side of the  
main dwelling1 outdoor living-rooms were
 secured by the introduction of screened
 piazzas1 the roofs of which were       
painted with water-proof paint4 ,one of 
these living-rooms opens on to a        

water-garden with its arches of roses at
 one side of the house4 ,it is fitted up
 with willow furniture1 in the coverings
 of which is introduced the prevailing  
flower1 the iris1 which is also shown in
 the table cover and the shape of the   
vase filled with the same flowers4 ,the 
opposite porch is also fitted up as a   
living-room and overlooks the home      
garden4 ,the exterior of the house is   
painted white with conventional green   
blinds1 the chimneys following the same 
treatment1 while the windows remain     
unchanged4 ,the massive stone fireplaces
 were not taken out1 although the old   
kitchen chimney had to be altered       
slightly in order to meet present needs4
 ,the house to-day overlooks extensive  
grounds and is embowered in a wealth of 
rambler roses and iris4 ,it resembles   
the old house in its lines but shows in 
its remodeled form a most wonderful     
effect and reveals what beautiful       
results can be obtained by correct      
restoration4  ,illustration3 ,from the  

,garden  ,the house is named            
,iristhorpe1 the name being chosen by   
the mistress of the house1 who since her
 childhood has taken great interest in  
the iris because of a fairy tale told   
her by her grandmother1 in which the    
flower was supposed to be the home of   
the fairies4  ,illustration3 ,the       
,entrance ,porch4 ,another ,view  ,with 
modern methods of living1 it would have 
been an impossibility to retain the old 
house in its entirety4 ,more room was   
needed1 and a service department was an 
absolute necessity1 but in its          
enlargement such careful attention was  
paid to carrying out the lines of the   
original type that to-day it is almost  
an impossibility to find where the old  
house leaves off1 and the new one       
commences4 ,in the old structure1 as it 
stood facing the main road1 there were  
three rooms in a row on the first floor1
 with the kitchen ell attached at the   
rear1 and the upper part of the house   
cut up into small rooms4 ,in remodeling1

 these rooms were changed over into     
morning-room1 living-room1 and library1 
and occupy the entire front of the      
house1 just as they did in the original 
building4 ,they are connected with doors
 so carefully placed in line that they  
give one the impression of greater space
 than is really found at ,iristhorpe4   
,at the rear1 the old kitchen was       
converted into a most attractive hallway
 and stairway1 with closets and lavatory
 located at the farther side4           
,illustration3 ,the ,dining ,room  ,the 
dining-room1 which is at the rear of the
 living-room1 has been added and        
conforms in every respect to the        
original design of the old house4 ,back 
of this are the service rooms1 which are
 admirably planned and equipped with    
butler's pantry1 servants' dining-room1 
kitchen pantry1 rear hall1 and stairway1
 together with a kitchen4 ,in the       
remodeling1 the second story was divided
 into four servants' bedrooms1 a        
bathroom1 and a large sewing-room at the

 rear4 ,an interesting feature is that  
this department has no connection on the
 second floor with any other room in the
 house4  ,the porch door opens directly 
into the living-room1 which has never   
been changed from its original place in 
the old house4 ,its central feature is  
the old fireplace1 which has been opened
 at the opposite side into the new      
dining-room4 ,this was originally the   
old kitchen chimney and contained the   
brick oven4 ,it has been bricked in for 
modern use1 and here1 as throughout the 
house1 the iris motive prevails4 ,it is 
shown in the graceful andirons1 in the  
coverings of the ,sheraton wing chair1  
in the sofa pillows1 and even in the    
lamp-shade4 ,this room contains fine    
woodwork1 which is1 in fact1 a          
noticeable feature of every part of the 
house1 and the ,colonial idea has been  
carefully carried out in all the        
furniture used4  ,illustration3 ,the    
,living ,room  ,the library opens out   
from the living-room at the right1 and  

from that one passes to the outdoor     
living-room4 ,on the opposite side of   
the living-room is the den or           
morning-room1 with glass doors which    
open on to the porch4 ,here again the   
iris is always the motive of decoration4
 ,in this room particularly the old     
paneling has been retained1 as have the 
old strap hinges and latches1 which1    
when missing1 have been replaced by     
others of like design4 ,this room was   
originally the doctor's office1 and in  
the cupboard was found1 at the purchase 
of the house1 some of his old stock4    
,one of the most interesting rooms is   
the dining-room1 which contains an old  
brick oven and paneling so exactly      
corresponding to the character of the   
original that at first glance it is     
impossible to differentiate between     
them1 either in age or workmanship4 ,the
 window sashes1 with their small        
well-shaped panes1 give to the room an  
appropriate scale1 and the old iron and 
brass hinges and latches lend an        

effective tone4 ,the iris1 charming in  
nature and no less decorative in its    
conventionalized form1 appears here and 
there in the carved woodwork and always 
gives a delicate twist to the ,colonial 
design it embellishes4 ,the beamed      
ceiling carries out the old-time idea1  
while wonderful ,japanese panels have   
been inserted in the finish over the    
fireplace1 and huge iron andirons show  
an exact reproduction of the            
fleur-de-lis4 ,this flower is found also
 in the cushions of the ,chippendale    
chairs1 the decoration of the table1 the
 china1 and in a beautiful ,japanese    
screen of most graceful design that     
hides the service entrance into this    
room4  ,illustration3 ,the ,morning     
,room  ,the white woodwork is a         
noticeable feature of the interior1     
where harmony has been so carefully     
maintained that on entering one feels as
 if he were in a really old house1      
rather than one restored4 ,it should be 
noted that in the architectural         

treatment1 especial consideration has   
been given to lighting and air2 the     
windows have been distributed so that   
the light is concentrated1 giving the   
rooms an effect of cheerfulness that    
could not be obtained otherwise4 ,even  
the hanging of the curtains1 which are  
of the ,colonial type1 adds to the charm
 of the house4  ,illustration3 ,the     
,out-door ,living ,room  ,the bedrooms1 
on the second floor1 of which there are 
four1 show the same low stud that is    
characteristic of the lower floor4 ,they
 are small but most conveniently fitted 
up1 even to the conversion of a small   
closet1 which the architect had         
considered impractical for use1 into an 
extra bathroom4 ,every bit of available 
space has been made usable4  ,an unusual
 feature is the guest house1 which has  
been created in the second story of the 
large stable which stands at one side of
 the estate4 ,this is especially useful 
for week-end parties4 ,the loft has been
 converted into a suite of bedrooms1    

pool-rooms1 and a screened veranda that 
can be used for sleeping accommodations4
  ,iristhorpe might be called a         
conventional farmhouse1 one of the type 
met with on almost every country road4  
,it has no exterior adornment of any    
kind1 but is a fine example of how a    
picturesque building can be evolved from
 an unattractive one1 and is probably   
one of the best examples of remodeling  
that can be found4 ,the house is typical
 of the best ,american architecture1 and
 credit should be given the pioneer who 
first laid the foundation of the old    
farmhouse4 ,as ,iristhorpe now stands1  
its graceful lines cannot be improved   
upon1 and clever as the alterations     
undoubtedly are1 the great fascination  
that grips us as we view the house      
arises from the fact that it is a part  
of the early architecture1 when hewn    
beams were first primed together1 and   
when dwellings were erected that would  
endure for centuries4     ,,chapter ,,ii
  ,,limovady   ,first the electric car  

and now the automobile have solved the  
problem of accessibility which until    
recently confronted those who would have
 returned to the old homestead even     
sooner1 had it been nearer the town4    
,but to-day the house must be far away  
indeed if it cannot be easily reached   
from the more active centers1 and       
probably this fact more than any other  
has opened up for the enjoyment of the  
younger generations the natural charm of
 the countryside endeared to our        
forefathers4 ,in the roomy1             
old-fashioned farmhouses of ,new        
,england1 surrounded by stately trees   
and overlooking acres upon acres of     
rolling pasture and meadow land1        
unlimited opportunities are offered for 
the development of the country home4    
,in remodeling these houses of the early
 builders1 any radical departure from   
the original scheme is seldom necessary4
 ,rather should the lines and motives be
 sacredly preserved to accentuate their 
old-time charm1 and modern improvements 

introduced unobtrusively and with such  
care that the final result is indeed a  
restoration and not an alteration4 ,the 
mellowing passage of time has dealt     
gently with many of our old homes1 and  
history and romance have woven about    
them an added fascination for every     
generation to enjoy4 ,when the work of  
restoration is commenced1 the problem of
 retaining this charm is often a        
difficult one4 ,in some instances it    
would seem as if nothing short of pure  
inspiration had guided the hands of the 
remodelers of many of the quaint and    
irregular old houses that stand by the  
side of the road4  ,the old house is    
nearly always in harmony with its       
surroundings2 if it did not seem a part 
of the landscape when it was built1 it  
has at least had time to grow into it   
through the years1 and the problem of   
all remodeling is to preserve in the    
completed structure the atmosphere that 
will make it appear to have always      
belonged where it stands4 ,while the    

first thought of our forefathers was to 
provide an adequate home1 they          
undoubtedly possessed a peculiar        
instinct in the choice of a picturesque 
location4 ,by selecting the site best   
adapted to their needs1 the house seemed
 literally to grow out of the land1 and 
herein lies the secret of more than half
 the allurement of the old-fashioned    
structures4 ,the intimacy between house 
and grounds seems as strong as were the 
family ties of those hardy pioneers who 
laid the foundations of ,american       
civilization4  ,more practical          
considerations in regard to the         
environment than picturesqueness        
confront the house owner1 however1 and  
one of the most important is that of    
water supply and drainage4 ,these must  
necessarily be kept far apart4 ,a gentle
 incline is the best location for a     
dwelling1 so that the one may come to   
the house from higher ground above1 and 
the other be carried off below4 ,a      
hollow is bad1 because the water will   

not readily flow away from it2 it is    
always damp and hot1 as it is shut in   
from the breezes4 ,on too steep a       
hillside1 heavy rains will work havoc   
with lawns1 walks1 and flower beds4     
,the slope of the land should be        
considered in reference to the          
prevailing winds4 ,the house should be  
placed so that the cool breezes of      
summer blow upon the living-room side   
and not upon the kitchen1 or all the    
heat and odors from cooking will fill   
the rooms1 and they will always be hot  
and stuffy4 ,the attractiveness of the  
immediate outlook should be noted1 and  
it is well to ascertain if there are any
 objectionable features which cannot be 
removed or which are likely to arise    
within immediate prospect4 ,the         
character and proximity of the neighbors
 will play a large part in the enjoyment
 of a summer home4 ,if the house is not 
set well back on the property1 it should
 at least be screened with full-grown   
trees and shrubbery to obtain the       

seclusion desired4 ,old trees add       
greatly not only to the attractiveness  
of a place but to its actual value and  
comfort1 for it takes a long time to    
grow new trees that will provide        
adequate shade from the heat of summer  
suns4  ,there is an illustration of a   
thus happily situated farmhouse at      
,georgetown1 about thirty miles from    
,boston1 known as the ,jewett house1    
which was built in #agaa4 ,it is typical
 of an old ,dutch lean-to and has a     
great central chimney twelve feet       
square1 with four flues4 ,snuggled down 
in the midst of rolling grass land1 it  
made an attractive picture in its       
surroundings of old elms4 ,it stood far 
back from the road and was approached by
 a long lane that wound among splendid  
trees to the front of the house4 ,like  
many dwellings of this period1 its back 
was toward the main road1 and the front 
door opened upon a wide expanse of shady
 meadows which in the summer were bright
 with many-colored wild flowers4        

,between the house and the road there   
was a wide stretch of green grass which 
has been transformed into an            
old-fashioned flower garden1 planted    
about a small1 cement-lined pool and    
water garden4  ,illustration3 ,rear     
,view from the ,garden  ,this house was 
discovered several years ago by a young 
,southerner who had come north from her 
sunny home in ,kentucky to find a summer
 abode for her brother and herself4 ,the
 house as it stood was in a very        
dilapidated condition1 and only an      
artist would have realized its          
possibilities4 ,but about it was a      
warmth of atmosphere that appealed to   
the enthusiastic ,southerner4 ,not the  
least of its attractions were the elms  
that cast their protecting shadows not  
only over the long avenue which led to  
the house but over the dwelling itself2 
many of them were patriarchs of the     
primeval forests when their younger     
companions were yet in seed2 others were
 set out later1 to add their charm to   

the forsaken home4  ,illustration3      
,,limovady--,,side ,,view  ,it was      
purchased in #aijf1 and the work of     
restoration was immediately commenced4  
,the outside was weather-beaten and     
guiltless of paint4 ,the roof sagged1   
and the great stone chimney needed      
repair4 ,it was propped up and made     
thoroughly safe1 and the old roof was   
entirely-rebuilt1 but the original lines
 were closely followed4 ,viewing the    
house as it stands to-day1 one realizes 
what attractive apartments can be       
evolved from ugly interiors1 and what   
interesting results ingenuity and good  
judgment can bring about4  ,the interior
 showed coat after coat of vivid tint   
and layer after layer of atrociously    
colored wall-paper4 ,the rooms1         
originally large and square1 had been   
divided and partitioned off to meet the 
needs of growing families2 many of them 
were small and hopelessly unattractive4 
,but there were latent possibilities4   
,when the house was first purchased1 the

 owner went over the inside herself to  
discover the original lines4 ,as in many
 houses of the kind1 it was easy to     
restore the size of the room by         
following beams and knocking out        
partitions4 ,it must be remembered that 
the usual plan in houses of that period 
was to construct a large1 square room in
 the center with small rooms opening off
 from it which were used as chambers4   
,the work of decorating1 and1 as far as 
possible1 the remodeling itself1 was    
done by ,mrs4 ,william ,otis ,kimball   
and her brother4 ,along the front of the
 house a screened1 outdoor living-room  
has been added4 ,the original building  
consisted of four rooms on the first    
floor4 ,the front door opened into a    
small hall1 to the right of which was   
the great living-room1 and to the left  
the dining-room4 ,back of the former was
 a guest room1 and back of the latter   
the old kitchen4  ,illustration         
,illustration3 ,two ,views of the       
,living ,room  ,in the living-room1 the 

flooring1 which was composed of boards  
often two feet wide1 was in such good   
condition that it was left intact1      
treated to a black walnut stain1 and    
shellacked4 ,the height of the ceiling  
was but seven feet2 so the heavy beams  
of swamp oak were boxed in and painted  
white1 and the space between            
whitewashed4 ,the walls1 which were     
covered with ten tiers of paper1 each   
one uglier than the last1 were cleared  
to the boarding4 ,the last one was found
 to be a wonderfully fine landscape     
paper1 which showed that an early owner 
of the house must have been a person of 
means1 who probably had it brought over 
in one of the merchant-ships during the 
time of commercial prosperity1 when     
,newburyport had a lively trade with    
foreign lands4 ,the walls were treated  
with a water paint colored a creamy     
pumpkin tint that makes the room seem   
always well lighted4 ,it is a most      
inexpensive finish1 such as is used by  
scene painters in a theater1 and can be 

put on with an ordinary-whitewash brush4
 ,the wainscot was stained dark brown to
 harmonize with the floors4 ,around the 
top of the room the owner painted a     
frieze of conventionalized pomegranates1
 which follow the color scheme of the   
woodwork and wall4 ,the old fireplace1  
which had been closed up1 was opened1   
and the over-mantel enriched with a     
splendidly decorative painting by the   
artist herself1 representing a ,normandy
 boar hunt about #accj4  ,after it was  
remodeled1 the room measured twenty-four
 by twenty-six feet1 the original size  
when the house was first built4 ,it is  
now used as a living-room and library4  
,inexpensive shelves1 made of boards    
stained to match the wainscot1 are      
fastened along the walls4 ,in places    
there is a single shelf2 sometimes two  
are placed about twelve inches apart1   
and they are used for books1 pictures1  
and ornaments4 ,the windows are         
curtained with an appropriate simplicity
 that is unusually attractive4          

,unbleached cotton is used for the      
over-curtains and decorated with a      
border of richly colored cretonne1      
corresponding in color and              
conventionality of design to the painted
 frieze on the walls4  ,the hallway is  
five feet in width and has been kept in 
the original boards4 ,they are stained  
in tones of soft brown which harmonize  
splendidly with the varying color       
schemes of the rooms that open on either
 side4 ,opposite the entrance door is a 
narrow1 winding staircase whose white   
steps and balustrade contrast sharply   
with the dark woodwork and hand-rail4   
,half way up is the old nightcap closet 
from which1 in the early days1 our      
forefathers took their nightly toddy4   
,underneath the stairs is a secret      
closet so carefully hidden in the panels
 that only those familiar with it can   
find it4 ,this was known in ,colonial   
days as the priest hole1 and it was     
here1 so the legend runs1 that ,french  
refugees were secreted during the       

,french and ,indian wars4               
,illustration3 ,the ,dining ,room  ,the 
dining-room opens off the hallway at the
 left4 ,it is a long1 narrow room with a
 fireplace at one side of the end       
nearest the hall4 ,the woodwork has been
 finished in a dark stain1 and the old  
corner cupboard has been kept intact4   
,the fireplace wall is paneled in swamp 
pine1 and over the mantel there is a    
secret panel cupboard4 ,the lower part  
of the walls is covered with dark green 
burlap1 and above is a decorative paper 
in boldly striking colors4 ,there is a  
long1 refectory dining-table in this    
room1 made of stout oak boards1 and the 
other furniture has a monastic          
simplicity which is entirely in keeping 
with the character of the room4  ,the   
small room at the rear of the           
living-room is used as a guest chamber  
and is known as the missionary room4    
,here the walls are tinted a soft moss  
green1 and ornamented at the top by a   
black and white frieze that pictures the

 different stages of a missionary's     
life4 ,he is shown from the time of his 
arrival on the lonely island to his     
chase and capture by a band of          
cannibals1 and finally being roasted    
amidst scenes of hilarity as they turn  
his fat form on the spit4  ,the studio  
was originally the kitchen and opens out
 of this room4 ,the woodwork is of the  
same dark brown tint used through all   
the lower story1 and the walls are hung 
with natural colored burlap4 ,the       
principal features of the room are its  
fireplace and quaint ,dutch oven which  
were built into the center of the       
twelve-foot chimney when the house was  
erected4 ,from the pothook on the crane 
hangs an old ,colonial kettle4 ,of      
almost equal interest are the           
small-paned windows which are closed by 
sliding inside panels4  ,the present    
kitchen has been added at the rear4 ,it 
has white walls decorated with a frieze 
in which lobsters disport themselves in 
different attitudes4  ,a small closet at

 one side of the passage that leads into
 the kitchen has been utilized for a    
bathroom4 ,it is finished in white with 
a dado of tiles painted with turtles4   
,illustration3 ,the ,lounge  ,when the  
house was first purchased1 there was an 
old barn on the property a short        
distance away4 ,this was moved up and   
connected with the house4 ,it opens from
 the dining-room and has been converted 
into a lounge room1 with servants'      
quarters at the rear4 ,this room is one 
of the most interesting in the house4   
,it is finished in stained pine1 and the
 old rafters and woodwork have been left
 as they originally were4 ,the spaces   
between the heavy beams of the ceiling  
are white1 the beams being black with a 
narrow band of peacock blue above4      
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,two of   
the ,chambers  ,the originality used in 
finishing the house is evidenced nowhere
 better than in the chambers1 on the    
second floor4 ,each one has been        
decorated with a different flower1 and  

they are known as the holly-hock1 the   
sweet pea1 the wistaria1 and the        
morning-glory room4 ,a frieze of the    
particular flower has been painted      
around1 and the canopies and bed        
coverings show the same design and      
colors in cretonne4  ,a small room in   
the barn wing1 which was not large      
enough to be converted into a chamber as
 it stood1 has been utilized for this   
purpose by opening up a large1          
connecting closet into an alcove to hold
 the bed4 ,it is so arranged that at    
night the bed can be pulled out into the
 center of the room1 and in the daytime 
hidden behind curtains drawn across the 
alcove4  ,there are quaint old          
four-posters in all of the bedrooms1 and
 old-fashioned and simple furniture is  
used throughout the house4 ,some of it  
is home-made1 and in many of the rooms  
are bookcases constructed from          
packing-boxes1 and hung across with     
curtains of the cretonne used elsewhere 
in the room4  ,in altering many old     

houses for modern occupancy1 there has  
been a greater expenditure than would   
have been required to build an entirely 
new structure4 ,but in this instance the
 charm of the old home has been retained
 with a considerably smaller outlay than
 would have been necessary to erect     
another of equal size and facilities4   
,there is an undeniable satisfaction in 
realizing that all has been gotten out  
of a venture of this kind that was      
possible1 and that no offense has been  
committed against the spirit of the old 
house4 ,every one who has attempted     
remodeling obtains different results    
from those first planned1 for as the    
work proceeds1 new possibilities and new
 limitations constantly appear1 till the
 completed building has an individuality
 unrealized in the beginning4  ,in      
,limovady1 as this little country place 
is named1 we find a good example of what
 can be done to make an old house not   
only a livable but a delightful home1   
and it is a success such as this that   

inspires other home seekers to remodel1 
according to their own ideas4 ,for no   
two people will be likely to conceive   
the reconstruction of a home in just the
 same way1 and it is this stamp of      
individuality that lends to the         
remodeled house a large part of its     
charm4     ,,chapter ,,iii  ,,the       
,,kittredge ,,house   ,have you ever    
noticed the fishermen's little cottages 
that stand along the seacoast wherever  
modern summer resorts have not displaced
 them8 ,from a modern architectural     
point of view1 they would at first seem 
quite insignificant1 and yet1 hidden    
away beneath the rough exteriors1 there 
are often interesting lines and good    
proportions4 ,the humble fishermen who  
dwelt there cared little for external   
appearance1 but they built their        
cottages strong and solid and1 though   
unpretentious1 they were comfortable4   
,these little old houses1 seemingly     
commonplace though they may be1 hold    
much more interest for the prospective  

house owner and the architect than do   
the more elaborate ones of later        
periods4 ,for wherever men have utilized
 what skill and intelligence they have  
to satisfy definite needs in the        
simplest1 most straightforward way1 they
 have achieved something of lasting     
worth4  ,the ages of these old seacoast 
houses vary just as do those farther    
inland4 ,some were built long before the
 ,revolution and others at a much more  
recent date4 ,some have fallen into     
hopeless decay1 while others are still  
stanch and habitable4 ,the possible     
purchaser should make a careful         
examination both inside and out before  
he decides to remodel4 ,sometimes1 from 
a superficial survey1 an old house may  
appear sturdy enough to warrant         
renovation1 but a closer investigation  
will prove that this would be an        
expensive business4 ,for the old timbers
 often hold together firmly because they
 have all settled together as a unit2 if
 any one is disturbed1 the rest may be  

greatly weakened or even threaten to    
fall apart1 like the proverbial house of
 cards4  ,the first indication of       
dangerous weakness is a sagging roof4   
,if the lines are even a little concave1
 it is a bad sign1 for the roof would   
not have settled had the walls held     
absolutely true4 ,because of pressure   
against them1 they have been forced     
apart and perhaps are on the point of   
tumbling down altogether4 ,if the roof  
passes its test well1 then examine the  
line of the walls and be sure they are  
absolutely vertical and have neither    
spread nor fallen inward4  ,next study  
the condition of the timbers4 ,the sill 
is the most important one4 ,if it is    
badly-decayed1 all the other members    
resting upon it will have been thereby  
weakened and the whole structure        
impaired4 ,the upright timbers and the  
studs will all have settled1 and to     
straighten them will mean practically   
the rebuilding of the house4 ,the floors
 and the roof which rest upon them will 

be endangered4 ,sometimes the ends of   
the uprights have rotted1 and the       
slightest new work about them will      
result in their crumbling and           
undermining the beams and rafters they  
support4 ,it is often necessary to use a
 sharp iron or a long knife and pry     
underneath the coverings on both the    
exterior and the interior to determine  
their condition4 ,a little attention    
given to these points will determine    
whether it is worth while to attempt    
remodeling1 or whether the expense      
involved would be out of all proportion 
to the result4  ,scarcely less vital is 
the condition of the cellar4 ,is there  
dampness1 caused by lack of ventilation1
 by bad walls1 or by some inherent      
moisture8 ,some of these old houses have
 a well in the cellar2 this should be   
drained off and filled up4 ,but if there
 is an actual spring of water1 as not   
infrequently occurs1 either move the    
house or abandon it4 ,bad walls can be  
cemented and waterproofed4 ,if the      

trouble comes from lack of light and    
air1 it may be possible to cut larger   
window openings4 ,most old houses were  
set too low1 however1 and it is         
frequently an advantage to raise them4  
,this requires sound underpinning1 or   
the expense will be great4  ,while      
considering the subject of dampness1 it 
is well to examine the roof and see how 
much it leaks under the moss-grown      
shingles4 ,if it is an old house that is
 in tolerably good repair at the present
 time1 it may be that under some        
previous owner the roof fell into decay1
 and rains soaked through4 ,look for    
signs of this1 for it will mean weakness
 in timbers and plaster that must be    
guarded against4 ,examine the boards of 
the roof to see if they are strong      
enough to permit the laying of new      
shingles4  ,the chimney is another      
important matter to investigate4 ,in old
 houses which have not been used for    
some time1 the bricks often deteriorate 
and become so soft that they crumble at 

the touch4 ,this would necessitate the  
not inconsiderable expense of rebuilding
 the whole chimney1 unless it is so     
large that a second smaller one may be  
inserted within the old4 ,with the huge 
fireplaces of other days1 whose yawning 
mouths were often capable of holding a  
ten-foot log1 a metal flue is frequently
 used in the remodeling4 ,it is         
surrounded on the outside1 between      
itself and the old chimney1 with        
concrete1 which renders it entirely safe
 from danger of fire4  ,a glance should 
be given also1 in this inspection1 at   
the condition of the floors4 ,if they   
are not level1 it indicates defects in  
the timbers underneath4 ,the boards     
themselves are often so rough and laid  
with such large cracks that it will be  
necessary to lay new floors4 ,notice1   
too1 the condition of doors and windows2
 whether they are straight and true     
enough to be used again1 or if others   
will have to replace them4 ,tap the     
plaster here and there to see where it  

is loose and to what extent it must be  
renewed4  ,these are the tests that     
indicate whether the old house is worth 
buying and what will be the essential   
expense to make it habitable4 ,sometimes
 one or another defect is so severe as  
to make the venture foolish2 again it   
can be remedied by resort to strenuous  
methods4 ,not infrequently the drawbacks
 of a bad cellar and a poor location are
 at once overcome by removing the house 
altogether to a new site4 ,this is      
practicable when the building is sound  
in structure and an inexpensive         
operation if it is small4               
,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,cape ,,cod  
,,house  ,that was the proceeding which 
,miss ,mabel ,l4 ,kittredge undertook   
with an old fisherman's cottage that had
 stood for many years on the shores of  
,cape ,cod4 ,it was a simple little     
building1 dilapidated and               
weather-beaten1 and quite unsuggestive  
of a summer home4 ,but its very         
quaintness and diminutive size attracted

 her attention1 and she determined to   
investigate it4 ,the owner was willing  
to part with it1 just as it stood1 for  
eighty-five dollars1 not including the  
land4  ,the location was not desirable1 
and it was decided to fleck the house1  
as is the colloquial term on the ,cape  
for preparing a building to be moved4   
,it was taken apart and floated across  
the water to its new foundations in     
,south ,yarmouth4 ,here it was unflecked
 and set up facing the harbor and the   
cool breezes from the ocean4            
,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,cape ,,cod  
,,house--,,side ,,view  ,the original   
building1 erected in the early part of  
the nineteenth century1 was a small1    
shingled structure1 thirty by twenty    
feet1 with a straight gable roof rising 
from the low stud of the first story4   
,its proportions were not at all        
unpleasing1 and the placing of the      
several small-paned windows was         
particularly agreeable4 ,there was a    
kitchen shed attached to the rear4      

,when it was set in position in the new 
location1 additional windows were cut1 a
 small porch built at the front         
entrance1 and a second shed attached at 
right angles to the kitchen wing4 ,in   
the second story1 a broad flat-roofed   
dormer with three windows increased the 
interior space1 without seriously       
altering the straight lines of the roof4
 ,the effort to retain the original     
simplicity of line is also evident in   
the porch roof1 which follows closely   
the wide angle of the gable ends of the 
house4  ,illustration3 ,the ,living     
,room  ,the original interior was cut up
 into a number of small rooms1 the      
partitions of which were removed1 with  
the exception of those dividing off a   
bedroom at the rear4 ,this left one     
good-sized apartment1 which was fitted  
up for living and dining-room combined  
and made a most delightful place4 ,the  
stairs were built at the left1 along the
 rear wall4 ,a group of three windows   
was cut here to give extra light and    

air1 and the manner in which they have  
been handled is interesting4 ,on account
 of the position of a heavy supporting  
beam1 it was impossible to make these   
new windows the height of the original  
ones4 ,the effect of this was           
ameliorated by placing a shelf directly 
above the group of three and extending  
it across the wall to meet the old      
window4 ,a number of interesting pieces 
of china placed on the shelf give it a  
character and weight which thus carries 
the eye along from one opening to the   
other without any consciousness of the  
break in height4 ,this is but one of    
those ingenious methods by which        
remodeling is made successful4  ,the    
large1 old-fashioned fireplace is the   
center of interest in this room4 ,at the
 right of it is a china closet with     
mullioned glass door1 and on the left   
two narrower closets are found in the   
paneling4 ,a new hardwood floor had to  
be laid1 as the original one was in bad 
condition4 ,the wainscot and woodwork   

throughout the house was unusually good 
for such a small and unpretentious      
structure4 ,after the former layers of  
paint had been removed and the wood     
thoroughly cleaned1 it was finished in  
white4 ,the walls1 scraped down to the  
original plaster1 were painted in a soft
 green flat-coat that was delightfully  
fresh and cool4  ,back of this large    
room was a small hallway leading into   
the ell at the back4 ,at the left1 space
 was taken for a bathroom4              
,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,cape ,,cod  
,,house--,,the ,,kitchen  ,the kitchen  
was kept practically the same as in the 
old house4 ,the rough stud and rafters  
were stained a dark brown1 and the      
boards of the roof whitewashed4 ,the    
walls were plastered to the height of   
the stud4 ,a modern stove was attached  
to the old chimney flue on the outside  
of the building4 ,the exposed uprights  
provided an opportunity for convenient  
shelves to be built for the various     
kitchen appliances4  ,illustration3 ,the

 ,attic ,chamber  ,up-stairs the entire 
floor was thrown into one room1 instead 
of making several small1 stuffy1        
sleeping apartments4 ,the dormer which  
was cut in the front added not only to  
the light1 air1 and space of the room1  
but gave an opportunity for a most      
attractive window-seat to be built      
beneath the broad windows4 ,the old1    
wide boards of the floor were in good   
condition and kept intact4 ,the walls   
were plastered to the ridge1 exposing   
the heavy tie-beams4 ,along the walls   
under the eaves1 sets of drawers were   
built into the woodwork1 thus obviating 
the necessity of having chiffoniers or  
chests of drawers to consume already    
limited space4 ,the rough bricks of the 
chimney1 which breaks slantingly through
 the floor near the center of the room1 
are not concealed4 ,instead1 they form a
 rather decorative feature in the little
 apartment1 and about the four sides of 
the flue shelves are built which serve  
as a dressing-table and a desk4  ,the   

furnishings of the whole house are      
delightfully simple and suggestive of   
the quaint ,colonial period when it was 
built4 ,tables and chairs1 pictures1    
mirrors1 and china are interesting      
heirlooms that have been handed down in 
the family of the owner and preserve the
 spirit of the little cottage as        
admirably as do the various alterations 
which have made it so modern and        
habitable4     ,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the    
,,curtis ,,house   ,the great charm of  
,colonial farmhouses lies in the        
simplicity of their appearance4 ,many   
dilapidated1 weather-beaten old         
buildings1 long neglected by an         
indifferent community1 are really little
 masterpieces of harmonious line and    
good proportion4  ,the style of the roof
 tells much about the age of the        
building to the initiated1 and its line 
is easily the most important factor in  
the appearance of the house4 ,the       
pitched roof is one of the oldest types 
and was used long before our country was

 discovered4 ,this roof slopes away from
 the ridge-pole on both sides1 thus     
forming a triangular area1 the angle at 
each end of which is called a gable4 ,in
 the early days1 the pitch was built    
very steep to accommodate the thatching 
with which the roof was covered4 ,as    
shingles came into use1 the slope       
gradually flattened1 and the age can be 
roughly judged by its angle4  ,the      
gambrel roof appeared before the        
eighteenth century and was commonly used
 in ,new ,england farmhouses4 ,each side
 of this is made up of two distinct     
pitches1 which have no rule to govern   
their relationship4 ,a somewhat later   
development was the hipped roof1 in     
which the gabled ends were flattened1   
making four flat sides sloping from the 
ridge-pole4 ,this was used when no attic
 chamber was needed4 ,in the more       
pretentious ,georgian houses1 the top   
was flattened1 and a wooden balustrade  
put around it4 ,these roofs are         
generally shingled and practically never

 painted2 the soft gray color they      
attain in weathering is sometimes       
imitated in stain on new shingles4  ,the
 addition of a wing or ell brought up a 
new problem in roofing1 and it is this  
point that demands most serious         
attention from the remodeler4 ,the old  
builders have not always been successful
 in preserving the unity of the roof    
line that is so essential to pleasing   
design4 ,whenever it is possible1 the   
new roof should be made a part of the   
old1 and the lines of one should run    
into those of the other4 ,the pitch of  
the two should be practically the same4 
,the same type of roof must be used over
 all parts of the building1 although it 
is occasionally permissible to have a   
pitched roof on an ell when the main    
roof is a gambrel4  ,where a veranda is 
added1 its roof line must be carefully  
studied and made to seem an original    
part of the building1 not something     
stuck on as an afterthought4 ,this      
problem of keeping the lines of the     

different roofs in harmony is a vital   
one1 and nowhere is there greater demand
 for ingenuity and thoughtful treatment4
  ,the question of dormers is also      
important4 ,when it is desired to have a
 second-story porch or sleeping-room1   
the dormer often supplies the solution  
of this difficult problem4 ,the earliest
 ones were merely a flattening of the   
pitch of the roof1 and this is the type 
that should be used when it is necessary
 to add a dormer to the older           
farmhouses4 ,as the ,georgian details   
were developed1 the gable-roofed dormer 
was used with the cornice moldings of   
porches and door frames4 ,these dormers 
were high1 with a single window often   
having a semicircular head4 ,they were  
usually combined in groups of three and 
connected with each other by a          
balustrade4  ,the exterior walls of the 
first houses were made of heavy boards  
laid vertically on the framework1       
without studding4 ,before long1 the wood
 was laid horizontally1 each board      

overlapping the one below it4 ,this     
clapboarding and siding was used without
 interruption through all the various   
changes in other details4 ,much later1  
the shingle was adopted for the sides of
 the house as well as for the roof4 ,a  
larger shingle1 however1 was used on the
 walls1 with a wide exposure of surface4
 ,these were made of pine or cypress4   
,although the walls of most old houses  
follow a straight line from one story to
 the next1 there was a type1 copied by  
the colonists from the buildings of the 
mother country and used somewhat freely 
before the ,georgian era1 in which the  
second story extended beyond the first4 
,this overhang was generally used only  
on the front and back and not on all    
four sides1 as in the ,european         
counterparts4 ,the girders and cross    
beams were framed into the second-story 
posts1 which frequently ended in an     
ornamental knob or drop1 as it was      
called4 ,the gables1 too1 occasionally  
had a slight overhang4 ,in altering a   

pre-,georgian house1 it is therefore    
permissible to make use of this overhang
 feature1 and it may solve some         
otherwise knotty problems of required   
extra space4  ,illustration3 ,before    
,remodeling  ,a house which shows       
unusually clever handling of these      
points is situated in the little village
 of ,charles ,river1 not so many miles  
outside of ,boston4 ,within the last few
 years1 this locality has been opened   
up1 and many modern homes have been     
built and farmhouses remodeled4 ,they   
are situated along charming woodland    
roads and seem to nestle in their       
picturesque surroundings4 ,this         
particular one stands on the road from  
,boston to ,dover1 invitingly shaded by 
graceful elms that have watched         
unnumbered generations pass4 ,it        
suggests to passers-by a typical1       
seventeenth century farmhouse1          
ingeniously remodeled1 through the plans
 of the late ,philip ,b4 ,howard and ,f4
 ,m4 ,wakefield1 architects of ,boston1 

into a twentieth-century summer home4   
,this old farmhouse was built in #afdg  
and was of the rectangular type1 built  
about a central chimney1 with four rooms
 and a hall on the lower floor4 ,when   
,mr4 ,frederick ,h4 ,curtis selected it 
for his home1 it had already been       
materially altered from the original    
simple structure by various succeeding  
tenants4 ,and many of these had not     
added to its charms4 ,the exterior was  
most uninviting in a vicious shade of   
red paint with white trim4 ,in front was
 a small lattice porch entirely out of  
keeping with the architecture of the    
house4 ,but in spite of all these       
unattractive features1 there was an     
insistent appeal about the old place    
that made it seem worth venturing to    
restore4  ,the first problem which      
presented itself was that of interior   
space4 ,the difficulty lay in enlarging 
this space in such a way as to provide  
the needed room and at the same time    
maintain the harmony of the exterior    

lines4 ,the original four rooms had been
 added to from time to time by former   
owners by means of the customary ells at
 the rear4 ,the house was two and a half
 stories high1 with a straight1 pitched 
roof starting from the top of the second
 story4 ,in the rear there was a        
two-story ell and a one-story addition  
behind that1 with an outside chimney4   
,each of these was increased by one     
room1 so that space for a laundry was   
added in the lower floor and for        
servants' quarters in the second4 ,the  
chimney was kept on the outside above   
the laundry roof and built up to the    
required height4 ,this second-story     
extension overhangs the old kitchen wall
 by about eighteen inches on one side   
and on the other runs into an entirely  
new wing1 whose roof line joins without 
a break to that of the old ell4 ,the    
roof of the main building has been      
extended in the rear1 following its     
straight line to the top of the first   
story1 as was frequently done in old    

houses4 ,this brought the lines of the  
main building and the rear ells into    
greater harmony and provided space for  
an outdoor living-room on the first     
floor4 ,a flat-roofed dormer was thrown 
out above this on the second floor and  
turned into a sleeping-porch4 ,the lines
 of the several roofs have thus been    
kept remarkably simple1 considering the 
great amount of space which has been    
added4  ,illustration3 ,remodeled       
,illustration3 ,side ,view  ,on the     
opposite side of the house a new wing   
has been added to the second floor1     
parallel to the main building and at    
right angles to the ells in the rear4   
,the front part of it has a pitched roof
 following the angle of that on the main
 building1 and the rear has a flat roof 
on a very low stud4 ,this provides three
 additional rooms on the second floor4  
,it has been built over an outdoor      
breakfast or morning-room on the first  
floor1 and the kitchen has been widened 
under it4  ,illustration3 ,the ,entrance

 ,porch  ,at the front of the house1 the
 flat-roofed entrance porch was removed1
 and one more in keeping with the       
,colonial period built in its place4    
,this has a gabled roof1 supported in   
front on two simple columns4 ,the back  
part of it is closed and forms a small  
vestibule1 with old-time oval windows   
extending on each side beyond the gabled
 roof-line4 ,there are two benches in   
front1 also beyond this line and        
protected by vine-grown lattices and    
small1 extending eaves4 ,the floor is   
paved with brick4  ,these comprise the  
major changes to the exterior2 but new  
shingles were put on the old roof2 the  
dilapidated slat-shutters were replaced 
by blinds of solid wood1 with a diamond 
cut in the upper panel after the        
old-time fashion2 and the ugly red paint
 was changed to a soft ,colonial buff4  
,illustration3 ,the ,hall and ,unique   
,stairway  ,the narrow entrance hall1   
opening directly on the stairs1 has not 
been altered4 ,in the stairs1 however1  

an exceedingly interesting treatment has
 been introduced1 made necessary by the 
plan of the rooms above4 ,on the first  
landing a doorway was cut in the chimney
 wall1 and stairs built up the center of
 the chimney between the two flues4     
,these give access to a small hall in   
the rear1 connecting the several        
bedrooms4 ,the door that leads to these 
stairs1 at the foot1 is a secret one2   
that is1 it is covered with the         
wall-paper which surrounds it and fits  
tightly into the wall without framing   
woodwork4  ,illustration3 ,the ,dining  
,room  ,at the right of the hallway the 
parlor and dining-room were thrown into 
one long living-room1 and a pleasant    
triple window was cut in the rear wall  
looking out upon the veranda4 ,the fine 
old woodwork about the fireplace was    
restored to its original beauty with    
many coats of white paint4 ,the         
hand-hewn beams in the ceiling were     
uncovered from the casing which had     
hidden them1 and the wood rubbed and    

oiled4 ,the floor was found to be in    
good condition and1 after the placing of
 additional boards where the partition  
was removed1 was merely scraped1 filled1
 stained1 and polished4 ,a semicircular 
corner cupboard in a reproduction of an 
old style1 its shelves filled with      
interesting specimens of                
seventeenth-century pewter1 gives       
character to the room4 ,the walls were  
finished in a soft shade of burlap1 and 
the old mahogany furniture1 chintz      
covers1 rag rugs1 and simple scrim      
curtains preserve the delightful        
atmosphere4  ,on the opposite side of   
the hall is the library or den4 ,this is
 unchanged1 except for the white paint  
and the quaint ,colonial wall-paper4    
,willow furniture is used4  ,back of    
this1 and extending across to the       
living-room1 is the dining-room4 ,the   
beams show the position of the original 
walls and indicate the way in which the 
room was enlarged4 ,this leaves the     
fireplace at the side of a sort of      

alcove and so1 to balance it and give   
importance to that end of the room1 a   
china closet was built across the       
corner4 ,an unpaneled wainscot1 with    
simple baseboard and molding at the top1
 runs around the room1 the new part     
matching the old4 ,the woodwork is all  
white1 including the encased beams1     
which here were not in a condition to be
 exposed4 ,the upper walls are covered  
with a blue and silver grass-cloth that 
strikes an effective color note behind  
the mahogany furniture4 ,in this room is
 a good example of the use of modern    
reproductions of ,sheraton chairs with a
 genuine old sideboard4  ,glass doors   
lead from either end of the dining-room 
on to the two verandas4 ,both of these  
verandas are really rooms without walls1
 as they have been incorporated so      
completely within the lines and         
framework of the house4 ,the one on the 
side of the house in front of the       
kitchen is used as a breakfast-room1 and
 many of the other meals are served out 

here in the open air4 ,that in the rear 
of the living-room is a delightful spot 
on summer afternoons and evenings4 ,both
 of these porches are thoroughly        
screened and fitted with framework in   
which glass sashes are placed during the
 winter4  ,on the second floor there are
 four bedrooms and a bath in the main   
part of the building1 with a sleeping   
balcony leading from one of them4 ,this 
is protected with screens and awnings   
and furnished with hammocks and         
reclining chairs4 ,in the wings there   
are three servants' rooms and a bath4   
,all of the rooms have been fitted up in
 a quaintly simple style that is        
thoroughly in keeping with the period of
 the house1 the low ceilings1 and fine  
woodwork4 ,in some of the rooms there   
are valuable old pieces of furniture1 a 
four-poster of the ,sheraton type1 and a
 highboy with details of the ,queen     
,anne period4 ,in another room modern   
white enamel furniture has been used1   
but it is so simple and straightforward 

in design that it harmonizes entirely   
with the atmosphere of the room         
engendered by the old fireplace and     
chimney cupboard1 the thumb latches on  
the doors1 rag rugs1 and an old-time    
wall-paper figured with stripes of      
morning-glories and daintily poised     
humming-birds4 ,in this second floor1   
the old iron hardware has been largely  
used in strap and ,h and ,l hinges1     
latches1 knobs1 and shutter fastenings4 
,throughout the lower story1 modern     
brass knobs and key plates reproducing  
an old ,colonial pattern have been used1
 securing greater convenience and       
safety4  ,hot-air heating has been      
installed and electric lighting4 ,the   
outlets1 however1 are all in the walls  
or baseboard sockets1 so that there is  
no conspicuous inconsistency in the     
atmosphere1 and lamps and candles are   
also used throughout the house4         
,,chapter ,v  ,,green ,,meadows   ,the  
architect of to-day has an advantage    
over the master builder of long ago in  

that he is able to grasp all ideas that 
were introduced into the old house and  
can restore it without losing the spirit
 of the original in either the exterior 
or interior4 ,the wings and ells which  
were added by succeeding tenants often  
bear little relation to the main        
building and must either be torn down or
 harmonized in some way to preserve the 
unity of the completed design4 ,the     
general plan of the house and the       
arrangement of the rooms should be      
carefully observed before the house     
owner and architect undertake the task  
of remodeling4 ,too many houses are     
disappointing because a study has not   
been made of the different types and    
periods of old houses1 and the result is
 a mixture1 neither one thing nor the   
other4  ,old ,colonial houses were      
always built on the rectangular plan1 as
 this provided the greatest amount of   
enclosed space with the least           
expenditure of labor and material4 ,they
 were also constructed about an axis1   

and it is essential for the remodeler to
 determine what that axis is before     
making any alterations4  ,in the        
earliest days1 the chimney was the      
center of the building and dominated the
 plan4 ,the various rooms opened around 
it1 so that as many of them as possible 
could have a fireplace from the one     
chimney4 ,it was consequently a huge    
affair and occupied about three fourths 
as much space as one of the rooms4 ,in  
the first plans1 there were usually but 
two rooms1 a kitchen on one side and a  
parlor on the other4 ,later1 a room was 
built in the back for the kitchen1 and a
 third opening made in the chimney4 ,the
 narrow stairs were built in at the     
front to fit into the chimney space and 
generally ascended with two landings and
 turns at right angles4  ,as a late     
development1 about the time of the      
,revolution1 four equally large rooms   
were needed1 and this one chimney was   
divided into two and placed on either   
side of the center of the house1 so that

 in each of the main rooms there was a  
fireplace opening front or back from one
 of the two chimneys4 ,this arrangement 
altered the position of the stairs1 and 
stairs and hall became the central axis 
of the house4 ,the proportion of the    
space allotted to them1 however1        
remained about the same as when the     
chimney had occupied the center4 ,this  
accounts for the wide ,colonial halls1  
which are such a charming feature of old
 houses4 ,the stairs were built along   
one side1 the length of the hall1 often 
a perfectly straight flight without turn
 or landing1 and the hall was frequently
 cut clear through to a door in the     
back1 which formed a rear exit to the   
garden4 ,the ,georgian houses at the end
 of the eighteenth century were commonly
 built on this plan4  ,there was one    
other distinct type1 in which the       
fireplaces in the four corner rooms were
 in the outer walls1 and four separate  
chimneys were built4 ,the central hall  
and staircase retained their same       

dominant proportions1 but a second cross
 hall was sometimes built1 dividing the 
house from end to end4  ,to all of these
 types1 additions were frequently made1 
as the family increased1 or new owners  
took possession4 ,the extra space was   
not acquired by enlarging the main      
building but by adding an ell in the    
back at right angles to the original    
structure1 or a wing at the side1       
parallel with it4 ,these additions were 
attached to the house by their smallest 
dimension1 as that obstructed the least 
amount of light4 ,they were smaller than
 the main part2 many were but one story 
in height1 and those that were two had a
 lower stud1 so that the original       
building would remain the important     
feature in the whole4  ,after examining 
the old house from this point of view1  
consider the new uses to which it will  
be put and determine what changes will  
have to be made4 ,sketch the entire plan
 out before commencing an alteration1   
and then endeavor to see if the proposed

 remodeling is practical from a         
structural point of view1 and if it     
harmonizes with the original spirit of  
the old building4 ,mark out in each room
 the position of windows and decide     
where new ones may have to be cut in the
 rearranged interiors4 ,study the       
fireplaces and find out whether the     
proposed removal of a partition wall    
will throw them out of balance in the   
rooms1 and what you can do to counteract
 it4 ,pay particular attention to closet
 room1 for in the old days it was given 
too little consideration for modern     
requirements4  ,draw rough plans and put
 your ideas regarding every possibility 
down on paper2 it is surprising how many
 new suggestions will occur as each     
scheme is worked out1 and there is a    
fascination in seeing how much can be   
fitted into a given space4 ,after the   
work is begun1 unforeseen conditions    
will crop up and necessitate changes in 
the project1 as well as disclose new    
opportunities1 but a greater part of the

 planning can be done beforehand4  ,a   
roomy1 old1 ,new ,england farmhouse near
 ,hamilton was recognized by ,mr4       
,george ,burroughs as a fertile subject 
for development into a beautiful country
 home4 ,it was situated in the heart of 
rolling country and surrounded by wide  
stretches of grass land1 from which the 
estate was named ,green ,meadows4       
,illustration3 ,,green                  
,,meadows--,,front ,,view  ,the original
 house1 separated from the highway by an
 old wall of field stone and an         
elm-shaded dooryard1 was built in #aghf1
 and it is curious to note that no deed 
was ever recorded4 ,it was the usual    
type of farmhouse1 constructed about a  
central chimney1 two and a half stories 
in height1 with an unbroken roof line4  
,subsequent owners had added wings at   
each side instead of the more customary 
ell at the rear4 ,one of these wings is 
of brick1 which indicates that it was   
probably not built before the middle of 
the last century1 but although the two  

building materials seem incongruous in  
the one house1 vines have so overgrown  
this wing that the red glimpsed through 
them and contrasting with the white     
walls of the house is very attractive4  
,the only important alterations in the  
exterior appearance of the house were in
 the addition of the long veranda across
 the rear and the alteration of the     
frame wing at the right4 ,the old       
structure was found to be in too        
dilapidated a condition to restore1 but 
it was reproduced in all its exterior   
details and joined to the end of a new  
wing attached to the house and a trifle 
broader than the old4 ,two hip-roofed   
dormers add to the space in the second  
floor and permit the construction of    
attractive servants' quarters4  ,the    
frame of the entrance door in the center
 of the front facade is a particularly  
happy example of the simple ,georgian   
style used in the better class of       
farmhouses of that day4 ,its flat       
pilasters and well-proportioned cornice 

illustrate the restraint and refinement 
in the work of even the average         
builders4  ,the door itself opens into a
 small hallway1 restored with fresh     
white paint to all its original beauty4 
,on this left side of the house the     
partition between the old dining-room   
and parlor has been removed to make one 
large living-room4 ,after the cornices  
and the wainscoting were restored1 the  
woodwork1 including the encased beams in
 the ceiling1 was painted white4 ,the   
condition of the old floor made it      
necessary to lay a new one of hard wood4
 ,this room admirably reflects the old  
,colonial spirit in its fireplace and   
cupboards4 ,the paneling above the      
mantel shelf presents an interesting    
variation in the framing of fireplaces4 
,the original wainscot with its molded  
cap divides the wall surface in an      
agreeable proportion1 and the rather    
heavy cornice moldings at the ceiling   
line relieve the emphasis of the great  
beams4 ,the old hardware is used on     

doors and windows1 the thumb latches are
 finished in the natural black1 and the 
,h and ,l hinges painted white to       
correspond with the woodwork4 ,the upper
 part of the walls is covered with a    
rose-colored paper reproducing a        
conventional ,georgian medallion design 
in silvery gray4 ,this rose color has   
been carried out in all the furnishings 
of this room2 the upholstery of chairs  
and sofas is in a deeper shade2 the     
over-curtains are somewhat paler1 and in
 the ,oriental rugs1 rose blends with   
soft browns and blues4 ,old-fashioned   
,venetian blinds or slat-curtains shade 
the windows in the living-room and      
throughout the house4  ,on the opposite 
side of the entrance hall is the        
reception-room4 ,the same treatment has 
been accorded here as in the            
living-room1 and the furnishings are    
especially harmonious and well arranged4
 ,the long1 low lines of an ,adam sofa1 
a slender-legged desk1 and chairs and   
table1 each one a noteworthy masterpiece

 of cabinet making1 are admirably chosen
 to add apparent height to the low stud1
 but the monotony of too much light and 
low furniture is broken by a tall       
grandfather clock placed in the corner4 
,the pictures on the walls1 old prints  
simply framed in mahogany1 are hung with
 a similar thought to increase the      
apparent height of the room1 and their  
arrangement is well worth studying4 ,the
 fireplace1 on the opposite side of the 
chimney from that in the living-room1 is
 equally interesting4 ,the wall above   
the white wainscot is papered in a      
golden yellow of conventional flowers1  
and the upholstery and draperies are of 
a golden striped and figured ,adam      
damask that brings out the rich color of
 the satinwood and mahogany furniture4  
,in the rear1 on the same side of the   
house1 is the dining-room4 ,the old     
woodwork here was insignificant1 and it 
has been replaced with modern paneled   
wainscot covering two thirds of the wall
 surface4 ,one could wish that the      

proportions of the original woodwork had
 been a little more closely followed1   
and the atmosphere of the other rooms   
carried more definitely into this4 ,the 
old fireplace has been retained across  
the corner of the room with its flue in 
the central chimney1 but its frame is a 
modern conception4 ,the chimney cupboard
 in the side has been turned into a     
china closet with a new door of         
mullioned glass displaying interesting  
old pewter and plates4 ,the upper third 
of the wall above the wainscot is       
covered with a reproduction of an       
old-time scenic paper in greens and     
grays1 and the window hangings are of   
corresponding colors in damask4 ,the    
seats of the ,hepplewhite chairs carry  
the same tones in tapestry4 ,the        
apparent size of the dining-room has    
been cleverly increased by carrying the 
decorative motives into the passageway  
which connects it with the service      
quarters in the right wing4 ,the same   
paneling of the wainscot and the same   

paper above1 seen through the double    
doorway1 give the impression that this  
is all part of the one room1 and the    
placing of a buffet in front of the     
opening enhances the effect4  ,on the   
other side of the dining-room a small   
hall1 paneled with white enameled       
woodwork to the ceiling1 leads into the 
living-room4  ,illustration3 ,the       
,living ,room  ,french doors of glass   
open from here on to the wide veranda   
which has been added across the back of 
the house1 overlooking the green meadows
 and shady vales that stretch away on   
all sides4  ,illustration               
,illustration3 ,two ,views of the ,den  
,from this veranda or from the          
living-room1 one can enter the brick    
wing at the left of the house4 ,this    
originally contained the kitchen with   
bedrooms above1 but in altering it1 the 
entire wing was thrown into one room    
opened to the roof4 ,with the great old 
beams and rafters showing1 and all the  
woodwork stained dark1 this apartment   

lends itself admirably to the character 
of a den or smoking-room4 ,at the end1  
the old kitchen chimney has been        
utilized for a fireplace1 and old       
paneling inserted above the high mantel4
 ,seats have been built under the       
windows flanking the chimney and1 with  
their soft cushions and pillows1 add    
materially to the comfort of the room4  
,the windows in this wing are unusually 
large1--an indication of the later date 
of its construction1--and in order to   
carry the same proportions in their     
divisions as in the older part of the   
house1 twenty-four panes of glass were  
used in each4 ,a rich green and brown   
landscape paper covers the upper two    
thirds of the walls above the wainscot  
molding4 ,the upholstery and cushions on
 davenport1 armchairs1 and window-seats 
of brown leather stamp this apartment   
indelibly as a man's room1 and the      
decorations of old flint-locks in one   
corner add to the effect4  ,the service 
quarters of the house in the wings at   

the right have been made especially     
complete4 ,in the middle section are    
butler's pantry1 kitchen1 laundry1 and  
refrigerator1 with two bedrooms on the  
second floor2 and in the narrower part  
is a servants' hall and three bedrooms  
which are open to the roof4             
,illustration3 ,the ,old-fashioned      
,chamber  ,on the upper floor of the    
main part of the house the four bedrooms
 have been kept much as in the past4    
,those in the rear have been made to    
open out1 through double doors1 on to   
the second story of the veranda1 which  
can be used as a sleeping-porch4 ,the   
old white woodwork and the original     
fireplaces add their ineffable charm4   
,the floors were in poor condition and  
are covered with matting as a background
 for the rag rugs4 ,some very           
interesting old pieces of furniture add 
to the atmosphere of these chambers4    
,the registers of the hot-air heating   
system which has been installed are     
unusually well selected for an old      

,colonial house4 ,instead of the        
customary meaningless scroll and meander
 pattern in the grills1 a simple square 
lattice has been used1 which preserves  
the spirit of other days admirably4     
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,nawn ,,farm   ,city   
people are prone to think that the      
country is agreeable only during the    
summer months1 and that winters spent   
there are unpleasant and dreary4 ,this  
notion is fast being dispelled1 as      
country houses are kept open longer and 
longer each year1 and the pleasures of  
country week-ends during the entire     
winter are definitely proven4 ,there is 
in reality no more delightful place to  
spend the long winter months than in the
 heart of a beautiful country4 ,a       
never-ending round of interests         
astonishes one who has never tried it   
before4 ,each month brings a fresh      
phase1 and it is hard to determine      
whether the country is at its best      
during the summer or winter season4     
,there is a fascination indescribable in

 watching the fall of snow1 the settling
 of flakes on the bare limbs1 the       
transition from brown to diamond-covered
 branches that glisten with every motion
 and are often decorated with long      
icicles reflecting all the prismatic    
colors4 ,if you have never seen this    
side of country life1 you will find it a
 wonderful world1 where it is intensely 
interesting to study the seasons in     
turn1 note the coming and going of      
birds1 look for the early and late      
flowers1 watch the melting of snows and 
the swelling of buds in the warm spring 
suns4  ,more active pleasures1 too1     
await the adventurer in the winter      
country4 ,there are so many sports to be
 enjoyed that one does not wonder the   
youth delights to come here for skating1
 snow-shoeing1 or toboganning4 ,what is 
more delightful than a sleighing party1 
whose destination is a remodeled        
farmhouse not too many miles from the   
city8 ,start the cheery fire in the huge
 fireplace1 pile on the six-foot logs1  

draw your chairs nearer while you forget
 the outside world1 and feel a glow of  
delight that you1 too1 have joined the  
throng who know the thrill of country   
life4  ,the first thing to do when      
contemplating an all-the-year-round     
country home is to look for a house in  
the right location4 ,in selecting it the
 problem of heating must be thought of  
in a different way than as that for     
merely summer use4 ,then fireplaces will
 amply suffice for the few cool days and
 chilly evenings1 and no better method  
could be desired4 ,but for the real cold
 of winter1 whether for continued use or
 the occasional week-end1 more complete 
heating will need to be provided4  ,the 
cheapest and simplest way is undoubtedly
 by stoves which can be attached to the 
fireplace flues4 ,but this necessitates 
closing up the fireplace and depriving  
family and guests of all the joys of the
 blazing logs which never seem more     
cheerful and hospitable than in the     
bitterest weather4 ,if the house is to  

be used mainly for week-end parties1    
stoves have another serious drawback4   
,they must be kept oiled when not in    
use1 to prevent their rusting1 and it   
takes nearly two days after the fire is 
lighted to burn the oil off4 ,then1 when
 closing up the house again1 the stove  
must be re-oiled1 and this necessitates 
putting the fire out and waiting in the 
cold house until the metal is           
sufficiently cool to apply the          
treatment4  ,the most adequate method is
 by hot water or steam1 and for a large 
country house these are really the only 
practical ways4 ,the expense involved   
will depend upon the structure of the   
house4 ,in a brick or stone building1 it
 will cost a good deal to have the pipes
 built into the wall4 ,sometimes        
conditions will allow them to be carried
 up in a closet or partition4 ,in a     
frame house that has been built with    
deep window jambs1 as was so often done 
in the olden times1 the pipes can be    
hidden within this furred framework4    

,the great objection to steam or        
hot-water systems in old houses1        
however1 is the presence of the         
radiator1 which never can be made to    
harmonize thoroughly with the spirit of 
the old building4 ,when it is used1 some
 attempt must be made to disguise it4   
,if it can be made long and low and     
placed in front of a window1 it can be  
treated as a window-seat with a metal   
grill in front4 ,for houses of the later
 ,georgian period1 grills can be found  
whose designs are not at all out of     
keeping with the other classical        
details4 ,sometimes a radiator can be   
placed entirely within the furred       
partition1 and the heat admitted into   
the room through paneled doors which are
 thrown open when it is in use4  ,for   
small houses1 the hot-air system is     
perhaps the most desirable4 ,the        
registers are inconspicuous and bring no
 jarring note into the old-time         
atmosphere4 ,the pipes require          
considerable overhead room in the       

cellar1 which sometimes becomes a hard  
problem in the low foundations of old   
houses4 ,the fact that it is difficult  
to drive the hot air against the wind   
raises a second objection1 but if the   
furnace is placed in the corner of the  
house from which the cold winds blow1 or
 even a second furnace is installed1 the
 trouble will be largely overcome4 ,and 
there is the great advantage1 especially
 for a week-end house1 that it can be   
started up or left at a moment's notice 
without trouble from water in the pipes 
or danger of freezing as in the         
hot-water systems4  ,whatever the method
 decided upon1 it is an interesting work
 from start to finish4 ,one feels a     
thrill of adventure in evoking from the 
home of past generations one for        
twentieth-century living with all the   
comforts and appliances necessary4 ,but 
to transform an old building that has   
never even been intended for living     
purposes into a residence that is not   
only comfortable and suited to the      

owner's needs but an architectural      
success as well1 is a still more        
fascinating problem4 ,how ,messrs4      
,killam and ,hopkins have accomplished  
this with an old barn at ,dover and kept
 the distinctive simplicity and         
atmosphere of the original building is  
worthy of emulation4  ,illustration3    
,,nawn ,,farm--,,front ,,view  ,when    
,mrs4 ,genevieve ,fuller bought the     
,nawn ,farm some three years ago1 it was
 her intention to alter the farmhouse   
then on the property4 ,its location1    
however1 was not entirely favorable2 the
 house was on sloping ground in somewhat
 of a hollow and too near the public    
road4 ,besides this1 the rooms were     
small and very much out of repair4 ,on  
the crest of the hill was the barn1     
occupying a commanding position and     
framed in splendid old trees4 ,the      
structure was found to be so stanch that
 it was decided to tear down the old    
house and convert the barn into the     
residence4  ,illustration3 ,rear ,view  

,the foundations were left unchanged1   
and an ell on the north side was added  
for the service portion of the building4
 ,the supports and interior divisions   
are all virtually unaltered4 ,the living
 and dining rooms occupy the positions  
of the former mows1 and the hall        
connecting them is the old passage for  
the wagons4 ,most of the original       
studding has been used as it stood1 and 
the beams incased or hidden in the      
finish of the walls4 ,the roof was      
flattened on the top1 and the gables cut
 off1 but the slope was unaltered4      
,wider eaves were added at a slightly   
different pitch1 softening the lines of 
the roof4  ,doors and windows were1 of  
course1 cut anew to conform with the    
different usage of the building4 ,their 
position was necessarily determined     
somewhat by the existing supports1 but  
they have been very happily placed1     
whether in groups or singly4 ,those of  
the sleeping rooms on the second floor  
are especially well handled2 they are   

wide and raised well up under the       
overhanging roof1 so that they carry out
 the broad low lines of the             
architecture4 ,the openings of the      
sleeping-porches have been treated      
exactly as windows1 their size          
corresponding with the apparent         
dimensions of the windows1 and their    
locations determined by the same        
factors4 ,they become at once an        
integral part of the structure instead  
of the unsightly excrescence which the  
presence of a sleeping-porch so often   
proves4  ,illustration3 ,the ,living    
,room  ,on the first floor1 the         
living-room occupies the entire eastern 
end1 having exposures on three sides4   
,this has been attractively finished in 
gum wood stained a dark brown1 and the  
warm tones of natural colored           
grass-cloth tone the walls4 ,an         
interesting treatment has been accorded 
the fireplace by flanking it on either  
side with a nook1 the outer walls of    
which cleverly conceal parts of the old 

structure4 ,in each of the recesses is a
 small window above the paneling and    
window-seat4 ,the furnishings of the    
room are appropriately simple and       
invitingly comfortable1 suggesting      
old-fashioned things adapted for modern 
uses4 ,especial interest is attached to 
the fireplace fittings2 they are of     
hand-forged iron1 wrought by the village
 blacksmith after designs of the owner4 
,the andirons were made from the tires  
of old cart wheels1 flattened and bent  
into shape and curled over at the top4  
,the wood-box is of flat strips of iron 
interlaced4  ,from one wing of the hall 
ascend stairs which are the faithful    
reproduction of an old ,colonial design4
 ,the other part of the hall1 across the
 southern front1 is so broad and        
cheerful with two big windows and two   
glass doors opening on to the sunny     
loggia that it has been furnished with a
 davenport1 tables1 and chairs almost as
 a second living-room4 ,the woodwork is 
,north ,carolina pine stained brown1 and

 the walls are gray4  ,the billiard-room
 back of this hall1 with its attractive 
alcove and fireplace1 is finished in    
fumed oak1 and the walls are also gray4 
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,two      
,views of the ,dining ,room  ,perhaps   
the distinction of being the most       
attractive room in the house can be     
accorded the dining-room with its       
,colonial white woodwork4 ,the fireplace
 and the china closet1 balanced on the  
other side by the door into the pantry1 
are of excellent proportions and        
charming detail4 ,the mullioned panes of
 the china closet and the treatment of  
the moldings about the frame are        
especially interesting4 ,on the opposite
 side of the room a group of three      
windows provides opportunity for an     
unusually delightful feature in the long
 window-box1 built by the village       
carpenter4 ,its simple1 sturdy lines are
 worthy of notice4 ,the walls are       
papered in a deep cream1 and the        
greatest simplicity maintained in the   

furniture and draperies4  ,illustration3
 ,the ,china ,closet in the ,dining     
,room  ,the service portion is well     
arranged both for convenience of labor  
and comfort of the domestics4 ,the      
basement laundry leads directly into a  
large drying yard which was the original
 enclosure for the cows and is          
surrounded by the same wall of field    
stone4  ,up-stairs the rooms might be   
said to be divided into three suites1   
which can be practically shut off from  
each other3 each has its own bath and   
sleeping-porch4 ,in the group over the  
living-room there has been an ingenious 
solution of the structural conditions4  
,the division of the rooms made possible
 by the old supports permitted a        
dressing-room to be placed conveniently 
between the two chambers1 but the       
fireplace added in the living-room was  
directly below1 so that the chimney     
would naturally cut off the outside     
wall4 ,it would have been possible to   
construct a large fireplace in the      

dressing-room and allow the light to    
come through the chambers1 but the      
architects evolved another scheme4 ,the 
chimney was carried up on one side1     
providing a fireplace for one of the    
chambers1 and a second chimney was built
 in the opposite corner of the          
dressing-room4 ,in the space between1 a 
window was cut1 and the two flues joined
 directly over the window4 ,from the    
outside of the building this gives a    
most unusual effect as there is a       
chimney directly over a window1 having  
no apparent support1 or even purpose4   
,the lines of the pyramidal base conform
 to the slope of the roof4     ,,chapter
 ,,vii  ,,boulder ,,farm   ,the         
remodeling of an old farmhouse is       
apparently a simple matter2 it would at 
first seem necessary only to preserve   
the main lines and characteristics of   
the original in the alterations that are
 required to meet the conditions of     
modern life4 ,but when one realizes that
 the less conspicuous details are also  

important1 in order to maintain the     
essential harmony of the whole1 it      
becomes a more intricate proposition4   
,one cannot merely study the details    
already on the building and slavishly   
copy them for the new parts1 because    
frequently it will be found that doors  
or windows or shutters have been added  
by more recent owners and are not really
 in keeping with the old structure at   
all4 ,in order to reclaim the house1    
then1 so that it shall have a consistent
 unity throughout1 one must have some   
understanding of the evolution of these 
details4  ,there is no more significant 
element in these old ,colonial houses   
than the front door4 ,it was placed in  
the center of the front wall and formed 
the unit of the exterior design4 ,the   
very early doors were of heavy oak      
boards placed vertically and fastened   
together with horizontal strips4 ,these 
batten doors1 as they were called1 were 
made very sturdy and strong1 in order to
 resist attacks from ,indians or other  

marauders4 ,often they were marked with 
an awl into diamond and lozenge patterns
 and sometimes studded with hand-wrought
 nails4 ,not for a good many years did  
the panel door come into use4 ,at first 
it was a flat panel1 flush with the     
sides of the door and separated from the
 sides and top only by a small bead     
molding4 ,this was soon developed into  
the flat sunken panel1 meeting the      
surrounding wood with several moldings2 
and then the panels were beveled and    
raised in the center1 and the moldings  
gradually became more elaborate and     
delicate in outline4 ,the early doors   
were solid for purposes of protection1  
but as the country became more settled1 
thick bull's-eye glass was inserted into
 the top horizontal panel to let light  
into the hall4 ,as the interior plan was
 changed in its evolution1 the hall     
became larger1 and these bull's-eyes did
 not provide sufficient light1 so the   
transom was introduced over the door4   
,for some time a simple top light was   

used1 divided by lead and then wooden   
muntins4 ,then side lights were         
introduced1 and the treatment became    
more elaborate in the beautiful styles  
of the later ,georgian period4  ,the    
frame about the door was at first of    
flat1 undecorated boards1 the upper one 
resting on the two at the sides4 ,then  
these were molded and mitered at the    
corners1 and later a cap of heavier     
moldings was put across the top4 ,this  
hood became more and more prominent and 
required the use of definite support4   
,console brackets were sometimes used   
but more frequently flat pilasters set  
against the wall4 ,these gradually      
became more important1 developing into  
the three-quarter round and finally the 
isolated column4 ,the pediment and      
cornice were then extended into the open
 porch that is one of the splendid      
features of the ,georgian style4 ,here  
in cornice and capital was a field for  
the development of all the most delicate
 and beautiful motives of classic       

carving4  ,as this door and porch was   
the center of the design of the         
exterior1 the windows were grouped      
symmetrically about it1 the same on each
 side4 ,there were few of them at first1
 and they were of rather small size4    
,casement windows were the earliest kind
 used1 and the small1 diamond panes were
 sunk in lead1 as were those made in the
 mother country4 ,it is probable that   
most of these windows were brought over 
from ,england and not constructed here4 
,after #agjj1 the sliding sash was      
introduced1 dividing the windows        
horizontally1 and these had wooden      
muntins4 ,it must have been considered a
 more elegant type of window1 for it was
 used in the front of the house for a   
long time1 while the leaded casement was
 still put in rear windows for many     
years4 ,the early wooden muntins were   
quite heavy but later became nearly as  
delicate as the leaden ones4 ,they      
divided the sash horizontally and       
vertically into squares4  ,the window   

casings1 like the door frames1 were at  
first entirely plain and then had a     
heavier band across the top which       
developed into a molded cap or cornice1 
as at the entrance4 ,when sliding sashes
 were introduced1 the walls of the      
houses were not thick enough to contain 
them1 so the frames and the sashes were 
built on to the outside1 frequently     
projecting quite a distance4 ,the       
necessity for constructing them in this 
way led to the deep jambs and sills     
which are such a charming characteristic
 of the ,colonial style4  ,shutters were
 used on the outside of the house as a  
means of protection from the ,indians1  
when the country was being settled1 and 
these were made of heavy1 battened wood 
three or four inches thick1 like the    
doors4 ,subsequently a small diamond was
 cut in the top to admit some light when
 the shutter was closed4 ,then a shutter
 with a solid upper and lower panel was 
used1 and finally these panels were     
replaced with slats4  ,there was one    

other part of the exterior which        
developed interesting characteristics to
 be observed in the remodeling3 that is1
 the cornice of the roof4 ,this was     
merely the overhang in the early        
buildings and sometimes consisted of the
 framing beam actually exposed4 ,in the 
,georgian houses1 this was boxed and    
later elaborated with splendid carvings 
that deserve perpetuation in more       
lasting material than wood4 ,there was  
no gutter for rain-water1 and the drip  
from the eaves was caught on flagstones 
on the ground at the corners of the     
house4 ,this detail1 although not needed
 with modern gutters and rain pipes1    
gives a charming old-time touch when    
retained in the remodeled home4  ,it is 
by attention to such seemingly          
insignificant points that the atmosphere
 of the original buildings has been     
consistently retained in so many cases4 
,an excellent instance of how this has  
been done may be seen in a late         
,georgian type of farmhouse that stands 

somewhat back from the old ,londonderry 
turnpike on an estate at ,hopkinton1    
,new ,hampshire4 ,although it is not    
very old1 having been built in #ahbj1 it
 is typical of the better class of      
simple home in the early days of the    
,republic4  ,illustration3 ,,boulder    
,,farm--,,front ,,view  ,the history of 
the building of this old house is rather
 interesting4 ,in the days when         
lotteries were still in flourishing     
condition1 and some of the best men in  
the community were interesting          
themselves in the various schemes1 a    
member of one of the churches induced   
,deacon ,philip ,brown's hired man to   
purchase a ticket for a paltry sum4     
,repenting his investment1 he afterwards
 sold it to his employer1 who was a     
clever silversmith and clock-maker1 much
 respected and well known in the        
community through his yearly rounds     
about ,hopkinton to repair the clocks of
 the farmers4 ,the ticket proved to be  
the winning one1 that drew a great      

prize4 ,with part of this money1 ,deacon
 ,brown purchased the old ,boulder      
,farm1 as it was called from a great    
rock that still stands in an open field 
just south of the house4 ,here he       
erected the ,georgian farmhouse that is 
standing to-day4 ,the rest of the money1
 so the legend runs1 he buried somewhere
 in the field1 but he probably removed  
it later1 as it has never been found4   
,he placed the house on rising land1 a  
short distance from the broad highway1  
built in the same year and for a long   
time the straight thoroughfare from     
,londonderry to ,concord and ,boston4   
,deacon ,brown lived on the estate until
 #ahdf1 with the exception of the year  
#ahcj1 when it was occupied by ,governor
 ,matthew ,harvey of ,new ,hampshire4   
,the property1 placed on the market1    
then fell into the hands of a man named 
,kelly1 brother-in-law to ,grace        
,fletcher1 the first wife of ,daniel    
,webster4 ,during his life1 the great   
,american statesman often visited there4

 ,what happened during the period       
between this occupancy and the time of  
its purchase by ,mr4 ,harry ,dudley of  
,concord1 ,new ,hampshire1 is not       
recorded1 but we can be confident that  
the house had careful treatment from its
 state of preservation4  ,it was while  
,mr4 ,dudley was looking around for a   
home with ample grounds1 and near enough
 to his business to allow him to go back
 and forth every day1 that he discovered
 this historic place4 ,its              
attractiveness and the healthfulness of 
the surroundings appealed to him4 ,very 
little was needed to bring the house    
back to good condition and make it      
habitable4 ,the land was attractive and 
could be improved4 ,in front of the     
house was a wide stretch of meadow that 
was easily terraced to meet the boundary
 line4 ,to the many old trees shading   
the house and lawn were added young     
trees to replace some of the ancient    
ones that were dying4  ,illustration3   
,the ,front ,doorway  ,although the     

house was a model type of the           
architecture of its day1 and there had  
been abundant room for the old-time     
residents1 modern ways of living        
demanded additional space4 ,a long ell1 
built at the rear for the service       
department1 and a wide veranda in       
dignified ,colonial style along one side
 were the two main exterior alterations4
 ,the appearance of the windows was     
changed by putting in larger panes in   
order to admit more light1 but they were
 still in keeping with the old-time     
atmosphere4 ,the reshingling and        
repainting of the house and the addition
 of the trellises at one side completed 
the exterior improvements4 ,the splendid
 front entrance porch with its graceful 
fanlight1 ,doric columns1 and straight  
cornice1 and the equally interesting    
though less imposing side porch were    
left practically unchanged4 ,the old    
blinds were restored1 to give the       
stately1 old-time atmosphere to the     
mansion4  ,the new veranda is wide and  

extends along the whole side of the     
house4 ,its flat roof rests on coupled  
,doric columns that carry out the       
classical ,georgian detail of the       
entrance porch2 the second story is     
finished with a simple balustrade1 in   
keeping with the fine simplicity of the 
main lines4 ,during the summer months   
this broad piazza is a delightful       
out-of-door living-room1 from which     
there is a splendid view over the green 
country2 and one can1 in imagination1   
picture the old stage-coaches of former 
days lumbering by on the highroad4 ,the 
upper part of the veranda opening from  
the chambers on that side of the house  
is used as a sleeping-porch4  ,the path 
that leads to the main entrance passes  
through a wicket gate and ascends the   
terrace over stone steps to the granite 
block before the door4 ,the pleasant    
formality of this porch is accentuated  
by two close-clipped bay trees1 one on  
either side of the step4  ,illustration3
 ,the ,hall  ,this door opens directly  

into the hall and faces the long1       
straight flight of stairs which reaches 
the second floor without a turn4 ,the   
woodwork of these stairs is particularly
 nice in proportion and line2 and the   
carving under the ends of the steps1 in 
a simple but beautiful scroll design1 is
 most interesting4 ,the hand-rail is    
mahogany1 and the molding which follows 
it on the wall side above the           
wainscoting is also mahogany4           
,illustration3 ,the ,parlor  ,in the    
parlor at the left no innovation has    
been introduced1 and it remains almost  
as when the house was built4 ,there we  
find the old white wainscoting          
unpaneled1 with a fine carved molding   
defining the top4 ,the windows1 recessed
 in the ,colonial style1 retain their   
original inside shutters that are still 
used4 ,it is unusual to find these      
to-day1 for in remodeling houses the    
shutters are almost always removed in   
favor of more modern conveniences4      
,shutters were formerly used as we now  

employ curtains1 to be closed at        
night-fall or to shut out light and     
cold4 ,the fireplace in this room is a  
fine example of ,colonial work4 ,it     
shows a central medallion of a          
plentifully filled fruit basket and     
wheat sheaves over the fluted side      
columns2 the edge of the mantel shelf   
has an unusual ball and string          
ornamentation finely carved4 ,the       
wall-paper dates back to the time of the
 fireplace4 ,it shows a ,grecian        
pastoral design in shades of brown1     
yellow1 and old rose and was            
hand-printed from blocks made in        
,england4 ,through all these years it   
has retained its brightness1 escaping   
the hands of time1 and lends a charming 
and quaint atmosphere to this room4 ,all
 of the movable furnishings are equally 
well in keeping2 the slat-back chairs   
and tables conform to the spirit of the 
period1 as does the fine old ,empire    
mirror1 resting on its rosettes4  ,on   
the opposite side of the hall from the  

parlor is the living-room4 ,this is     
similar in character1 with a fireplace  
only slightly less interesting4 ,it has 
the same old white wainscoting1 but the 
upper walls have been covered with a    
modern foliage paper which1 strangely   
enough1 blends harmoniously with the    
setting of the room4 ,it is furnished   
with eighteenth-century pieces          
corresponding to those in the other     
parts of the house4  ,illustration      
,illustration3 ,two ,views of the       
,dining ,room  ,at the end of the hall  
is the dining-room1 reached through an  
open arch4 ,the old wall and door here  
were cut away in the remodeling to      
produce an impression of spaciousness   
and give a vista from the entrance clear
 through the house and into the garden  
at the rear4 ,the arch was added to     
finish the opening1 but it conforms     
carefully to the details found in the   
architecture of that day4 ,this room was
 originally divided1 and one part used  
as a kitchen1 but the partition was     

removed and the two thrown into one1    
making a long dining-room which occupies
 the greater part of the rear of the    
house4 ,at the end1 the old single      
window was enlarged1 and two smaller    
ones cut through on either side to make 
a delightful sunny group which adds     
materially to the charm of the room4 ,in
 the fireplace1 which was the original  
old kitchen one1 used for cooking and   
baking1 the brick oven was removed to   
admit the introduction of a door opening
 into the living-room4 ,otherwise it was
 left unchanged1 and the white painted  
woodwork about it1 although simple and  
unpretentious1 is beautifully           
proportioned4 ,the old flint-lock and   
warming-pan which hang there pleasantly 
emphasize the ,colonial idea4 ,the      
wall-paper is a reproduction of a       
,colonial block pattern in soft shades  
of gray and green4 ,the floors in this  
room1 as all over the house1 are covered
 with matting laid over the original    
boards1 which were found to be in too   

bad a condition to restore2 entirely new
 ones would have been necessitated had  
bare1 polished floors been demanded4    
,illustration3 ,the ,den  ,at the end of
 the dining-room1 opposite the triple   
window1 a door leads into a small room  
which is used as a den4 ,this retains   
the old fireplace opening from the same 
chimney and directly back of that in the
 parlor4 ,the walls have been papered in
 a plain green and are sparingly        
decorated with sporting prints and      
trophies suggestive of the hunt and the 
master's particular domain4 ,doors lead 
from this room not only into the        
dining-room1 but to the parlor and the  
veranda at the side4  ,the ell of the   
house1 opening from the dining-room1 is 
devoted to butler's pantry1 kitchen1    
servants' dining-room1 and servants'    
chambers on the second floor4  ,the     
upper story of the main part of the     
house has been kept almost as when it   
was built1 and the large square chambers
 are well-lighted and airy4 ,the open   

fireplaces and the ,colonial furniture1 
four-posters and highboys and chests1   
give to the rooms a delightfully        
old-fashioned atmosphere4  ,the whole   
house is a fine example of late         
,georgian architecture1 preserved in all
 its interesting detail4     ,,chapter  
,,viii  ,,three ,,acres   ,few people   
realize how much thought should be put  
into the remodeling of a farmhouse1 and 
many fail to keep the simple country    
atmosphere2 they endeavor to establish  
in suburban surroundings a home that is 
better suited to city life4 ,a house    
reclaimed in this way is necessarily a  
misfit and must always seem inharmonious
 in its setting4 ,it never carries out  
the idea for which we are striving3 that
 a house should be typical of the life  
of the people who live in it4 ,it should
 express individuality1 be a house to   
live in1 to grow in1 to become          
identified with your life2 this is a    
most important fact that cannot be too  
carefully observed1 and it becomes all  

the more essential if the home is to be 
an all-the-year-round one and not merely
 a summer residence where but a few     
months are passed4  ,to-day it is a far 
more difficult matter to select an old  
farmhouse of sufficient distinction to  
remodel than it was even ten years ago4 
,the most desirable ones have already   
been bought1 since the pleasures of     
living in the country have been realized
 by so many former dwellers in the city4
 ,there are many personal matters to be 
thought of in the selection of a house  
for remodeling2 one must consider his   
individual needs in its relation to his 
daily pursuits4 ,the business man must  
select a house near enough to the city  
to allow traveling back and forth every 
day2 but the man whose occupation does  
not require city life during the time he
 wishes to be in the country can        
establish himself wherever he chooses4  
,there is no doubt that the latter is   
able to find a far better farmhouse1 for
 he can go farther away1 where the best 

types have not been reclaimed1 owing to 
their distances from the large cities4  
,it is to be taken for granted that a   
person has a definite purpose when he   
leaves the city for a country existence1
 and it is necessary that he educate    
himself to the point where he makes his 
ideas practical4 ,this cannot be done   
without study beforehand4 ,in making a  
house suit individual requirements1 one 
must follow along its own lines4 ,do not
 attempt to transplant into it features 
from some other house you admire4 ,an   
,elizabethan gable or a craftsman       
living-room may have been very          
interesting in the friends' houses in   
which you saw them1 but they would be   
quite out of place thrust into a        
,colonial farmhouse4 ,if you have a real
 need for the features that you find in 
some other house1 you should adapt them 
to the spirit of the building you are   
remodeling4  ,if it cannot be made to   
harmonize with the other motives1 it is 
possible that you are attempting to make

 a home out of a building that is not   
suited to your style of life4 ,but it is
 because these ,colonial farmhouses meet
 the requirements of the average        
,american families so adequately that   
they are so interesting to remodel4     
,each house owner must decide for       
himself what is the main element in his 
existence and reclaim the house         
accordingly4 ,in one family1 the        
interests will be entirely domestic2    
another household will live in the open1
 occupied with sports2 another devotes  
much time to music2 and there are still 
others who are absorbed in some special 
craft or work that will require definite
 accommodations4 ,in many cases the     
house can readily be adapted to these   
particular requirements without any     
essential change in its atmosphere4 ,the
 success that is achieved by working    
with these old-time elements is due to  
their sincerity and honesty in solving  
the problems of their own day and age2  
they are the results of actual and real 

experience1 and we know no better ways  
to meet the same conditions4 ,so that   
when we have the same problems          
confronting us1 we cannot do better than
 accept the successful results of       
others' experiments4  ,this does not    
mean a slavish copying of the old in    
restoration2 to simply imitate old      
elements would be neither interesting   
nor commendable1 except for the purposes
 of a museum4 ,each style is based upon 
some fundamental principle1 and it      
should be our aim to work with the      
underlying idea of creating that which  
will best meet our special needs1 not   
merely to reproduce the old in imitation
 of itself4  ,nature lends itself to the
 remodeling and suggests many ideas that
 help to identify the house with the    
personality of its owner4 ,everything   
attempted in the way of improvements can
 be broad and expansive and not         
congested1 as would be necessary in the 
city4 ,you should in every particular   
make the house grow to fit the          

surroundings and do it in such a way    
that it will seem to have been so       
always4 ,often the house has to be moved
 on its foundations to meet this need1  
but that is not a difficult matter to   
accomplish1 if the timbers are stanch   
and the underpinning steady4  ,if the   
owner's ideas are carried out1 the house
 in its finished condition will be but  
an expression of his taste and          
understanding4 ,in it we will be able to
 read his likes and dislikes4 ,unity    
should be the keynote of it all and     
should permeate not only the house      
itself in all its details1 but its      
gardens1 lawns1 stables1 and every      
aspect of the estate4  ,illustration3   
,,three ,,acres1 ,,from ,,the ,,main    
,,road  ,there is a house that has been 
given rare individuality in this way at 
,duxbury1 ,massachusetts4 ,as one drives
 along the picturesque country road1 he 
comes to a winding lane that leads by   
graceful turns to a little brown        
farmhouse situated on the crest of a    

hill about three hundred yards from the 
main road4 ,if the farmhouse alone is   
attractive1 how much more so is it made 
by the entrance1 for on either side are 
graceful elms that form an archway1     
disclosing the house beyond like a      
picture set in a rustic frame4 ,on      
either side of the roadway one finds    
meadow lands and flower and vegetable   
gardens1 everywhere dotted with graceful
 trees and the picturesque sumach4      
,vines clamber over the stone walls1    
partly hiding their roughness and giving
 their homelike atmosphere to the       
grounds4 ,there are just three acres in 
this little property1 bounded on two    
sides by delightful woodlands and on the
 others by rolling farmland and         
pastures2 but there is room in even     
these small confines for a garden to    
supply the table all the year round and 
a bit of orchard where the gnarled old  
apple-trees are still fruitful4         
,originally the old farmhouse was in a  
most unprepossessing condition4 ,it had 

been inhabited for many years by farmer 
folk who took little pains with its     
appearance either without or within4    
,when ,mrs4 ,josephine ,hartwell ,shaw1 
of ,boston1 was searching for a country 
seat where she could pursue her         
occupation away from the bustle of city 
life and unmolested by chance guests1   
she was attracted first of all to the   
quiet little town by the name of        
,duxbury4 ,as she looked about for a    
suitable house1 she was charmed with the
 location of this weather-beaten old    
building1 and closer examination proved 
it well worth reclaiming1 both from an  
artist's point of view and from that of 
her own individual requirements4        
,illustration3 ,,three ,,acres--,,front 
,,view  ,like many of the farmhouses in 
eastern ,massachusetts1 it had that     
peculiar beauty which consisted largely 
in its simple and straightforward       
solution of the problems at hand4 ,it   
was not the creation of a master        
architect but of ordinary builders and  

craftsmen following the traditions of   
their fathers1 varied by the            
restrictions of local material and newer
 requirements4 ,it is this rugged and   
sturdy simplicity that gives to it an   
enduring charm2 it was the very lack of 
a set style that gave to the remodeling 
of it an unfailing zest1 increased by   
the very difficulty of the experiment   
that might result in a woeful failure or
 a great success4 ,in dealing with      
houses such as this1 it is impossible   
for the architect to rely on any formula
 or book of rules to direct him in a    
correct restoration4 ,it requires a much
 deeper study and an understanding of   
the problems that confronted the builder
 in erecting the structure and the      
conditions under which he worked4 ,it is
 then that the spirit of the old house  
will be manifest1 and its adaptation to 
modern requirements will be but the     
thought of former years revised to meet 
present needs4  ,illustration3 ,,three  
,,acres--,,side ,,view  ,there are few  

buildings that can claim a more         
sympathetic handling in their           
restoration than this early1            
pre-,georgian farmhouse1 which is called
 ,three ,acres4 ,the excellent line of  
the wide1 gabled roof1 broken by a      
succession of outbuildings1 forms an    
unusually attractive picture1 with the  
weather-stained shingles softened       
against a background of oak and pine    
trees4 ,the house now faces away from   
the main road and fronts upon a wooded  
slope that falls sharply down to the    
shores of a picturesque little pond4    
,this is partly hidden by dense woods   
that form a background and a windbreak  
for the house4 ,formerly the public road
 went along here within a few yards of  
the front of the house1 but it has been 
abandoned for the broader highway in the
 rear1 and only the vaguest traces of it
 remain to-day4  ,the building was a    
two-story1 shingled structure with an   
uncompromising squareness about it4 ,the
 wide1 gable roof sloped down to the    

stud of the first floor1 giving but     
little room in the chambers above4 ,it  
was of the central chimney type4 ,in the
 rear1 a small1 gable-roofed ell had    
been added1 and later still a           
flat-roofed shed at right angles to the 
ell1 or parallel to the main house1 was 
built4 ,in still a third addition1 a    
well was incorporated in the rear1 under
 a continuation of the roof of the shed1
 and another small outhouse in an       
extension to the side4 ,this seeming    
conglomeration of roofs in reality made 
a rather interesting and graceful play  
of line that lifted the little house    
from commonplaceness4  ,it was found to 
be in such good condition on the        
exterior that little repairing was      
needed1 but several alterations were    
made1 adding both to the character of   
the building and the comfort of the     
occupants4 ,the original front door     
opened very abruptly upon the stairs1   
leaving only enough hall space to open  
the door4 ,this was remedied by the     

addition of a small1 flat-roofed bay at 
the front1 increasing the space in the  
hall by just that much4 ,the old door   
with its bull's-eyes was used in the new
 position4 ,the step before it was      
protected under the same roof1 supported
 on two1 small1 square posts and a      
trellis at the sides1 giving somewhat   
the effect of an old-time ,colonial     
porch and serving not only the material 
purpose of adding room to the interior  
but of relieving the abrupt and         
uninteresting severity of the front     
lines4 ,in the second story1 unusually  
successful dormers were cut in both the 
back and front pitch of the roof4 ,the  
plan of these dormers deserves especial 
study1 as each group is in reality      
composed of three separate dormers1     
enlarging three rooms in the interior1  
but confined under the one flat roof4   
,note1 too1 how each end of the dormer  
extends beyond the middle portion1 and  
how the shape of the windows accents the
 design4  ,a new entrance was cut at the

 side toward the lane1 and a screened   
veranda added1 with a flat roof         
corresponding to that at the front4     
,several new windows were made necessary
 by the rearrangements in the interior1 
but they were placed with careful regard
 to the exterior proportion and balance4
 ,the glass used in the old windows when
 the house was bought was all the full  
size of the sashes1 doubtless having    
been put there by some recent owner and 
seeming quite out of harmony with the   
details of the house2 consequently they 
were replaced with small panes1         
twenty-four to a window1 and the new    
windows were all of the casement type4  
,the interior of the house with its ugly
 paint and paper1 presented a rather    
hopeless appearance1 that only a vivid  
imagination and an unwavering enthusiasm
 could have transformed into the        
attractive home that it is to-day4      
,beginning at the front1 the cramped    
little hall was enlarged as has already 
been explained4 ,this made a trifle more

 stair room1 and the first seven steps  
reaching to the little landing were     
rebuilt with lower risers and broader   
treads that made ascent to the second   
floor a less arduous matter4  ,on the   
left of the hall was the living-room1 on
 the right a bedroom1 and in the rear of
 the house the room originally designed 
for the kitchen2 in each of these was a 
fireplace opening out of the one central
 chimney4  ,the first step in the       
restoration consisted of tearing off the
 many layers of hideous wall-paper1     
removing the plaster where it was       
crumbling1 and scraping the woodwork    
free from its dingy paint4 ,in these    
operations a number of unexpected       
discoveries were made concerning the    
fine old paneling and great1 hand-hewn  
beams that had been entirely covered up4
  ,illustration3 ,a ,corner of the      
,living ,room  ,the only change made in 
the plan of this floor was in the corner
 beyond the living-room and at the end  
of the kitchen4 ,this was originally    

divided into a tiny chamber opening from
 the living-room1 and a pantry off the  
kitchen4 ,these were thrown into one1   
and the openings to living-room and     
kitchen enlarged4 ,the former bedroom   
window was changed to a door leading on 
to the screened veranda1 and an         
attractive group of three casement      
windows replaced the one in the rear    
wall1 overlooking the charming vista of 
winding lane and old apple-trees and    
meadows beyond4 ,this little apartment  
has been treated as a sort of anteroom  
or really a wing of the living-room1 and
 wall finish1 paint1 and furnishings all
 harmonize4  ,illustration3 ,the ,living
 ,room  ,in the living-room the         
fireplace holds the center of attention4
 ,it is faced with queer old ,spanish   
tiles inserted at intervals in plain    
cement1 the rich colorings of which give
 a quaintly exotic air to the fine white
 woodwork4 ,the moldings about the frame
 and over the mantel are unusually fine 
for this type of house2 the support of  

the heavy mantel shelf and the carved   
dentils in the ceiling cornice are      
especially interesting4 ,at the right of
 the fireplace is a cupboard with an    
upper and lower door1 in the old-time   
fashion2 the upper one has small1       
square1 mullioned panes of glass which  
disclose some attractive pieces of old  
china and silver4  ,illustration3 ,the  
,dining ,room  ,in the kitchen1 which   
was turned into the dining-room1 the old
 fireplace had been bricked up to       
receive a stovepipe1 and the woodwork   
had been plastered over and papered4    
,the fireplace was opened up to its     
original size1 large enough to          
accommodate a six-foot log1 and in      
refacing it1 the old1 blackened1        
fire-burned bricks were used with       
delightful effect4 ,the paneling about  
it is very simple1 but the proportions  
are interesting1 and the quaint1        
double-panel cupboards on each side lend
 the whole an insistent charm4 ,the two1
 great1 hand-hewn beams in the ceiling  

have been left exposed1 and the fact    
that they have settled a little on their
 supports1 sagging toward one end1 only 
adds to the effect1 just as the         
unevenness of a hand-drawn line is more 
beautiful than the accuracy of one      
ruled4  ,these three rooms opening so   
closely into each other have been       
treated so that there is a harmonious   
and striking vista from every point4    
,the walls are covered with a soft1     
creamy gray1 and the hangings of        
,russian crash are of the same tone4    
,the color is supplied in fireplaces1   
rugs1 books1 pictures1 and such         
ornaments4 ,in the dining-room1 there   
has been a slight accent of blue and    
rose in rug and table runner and        
candle-shades4 ,in the living-room the  
deep green of the upholstery carries the
 strongest note4 ,the characteristically
 old-time furniture1 with a pleasant    
mingling of ,dutch and ,english and     
,american motifs of the eighteenth      
century1 has been arranged with studied 

care to preserve the possibilities of   
the open vistas from room to room4  ,the
 entrance hall completes a delightful   
picture from the living-room2 the soft  
gray colors of a lovely ,japanese paper 
blend strikingly with tiny curtains of a
 wonderfully fresh old blue at the      
casement windows4 ,the rag carpet       
carries this same blue up the white     
stairs to the second floor4  ,the rooms 
on the right of the lower hallway have  
been kept nearly in their original state
 with the addition of fresh paint and   
attractive papers4 ,they form a small   
suite of a study and bedroom1 seeming   
quite apart from the rest of the house4 
,on the second floor1 a refreshing      
simplicity has been observed in the     
bedrooms4 ,the dormers that have been   
cut in the roof add not only to their   
comfort but provide charming little bays
 and alcoves1 giving unexpected         
opportunities for interesting           
furnishings4 ,quaint1 old-time papers   
and hangings and coverlets on the       

four-poster beds1 matched in rugs and   
cushions and candle-shades1 contrast    
gaily with the spotless white paint4    
,considerable ingenuity has been        
necessary in planning this floor1 as the
 original rooms were so tiny and space  
so very limited under the long slopes of
 the roof4 ,the dormers gave the much   
needed increase in the size of the      
chambers1 and part of the rear one was  
converted into the bathroom4  ,in the   
ell and shed at the rear of the house1  
perhaps the most interesting feature of 
all is situated4 ,a step lower than the 
dining-room and reached through swinging
 ,french doors of glass1 is the little  
kitchen which has been fitted up in a   
most compact way4 ,an additional window 
has been cut at the side to provide both
 light and air1 and an outside door     
gives access to the small court on the  
far side of the house between the main  
building and the rear shed4 ,this has   
been turned into a miniature            
old-fashioned garden1 where it is       

pleasant to sit among the flowers4      
,back of the kitchen is the laundry and 
an old well1 which has been drained and 
is now used as a cooling cellar1 and the
 wire basket containing meats and milk  
and butter is drawn up and down on the  
old crank4 ,beyond this1 the old wood   
and coal shed has been transformed into 
the studio4 ,here ,mrs4 ,shaw designs   
all her beautiful jewelry work at the   
long work-table across the rear under   
the four long windows4 ,opening from it 
is a tiny little apartment used as an   
office1 and here at a quaint desk1 the  
designs for the metal work are sketched 
out1 and the correspondence connected   
with the business end transacted4  ,in  
the adaptation of the outbuildings to   
the special and unusual requirements of 
the owner1 an excellent example is given
 to others who have individual hobbies  
such as this to accommodate4 ,but       
throughout the building the needs and   
the personality of the owner have been  
as carefully if not as ostensibly       

expressed4 ,there has been no thought of
 comfort or of service sacrificed in the
 effort to revive the atmosphere of the 
past1 but rather has that very          
simplicity and straight-forwardness been
 utilized to banish all that might      
complicate entire convenience4 ,the     
personality of the owner has been       
interwoven into every detail1 and shows 
nowhere more strongly than in the       
preservation of all the delightful      
vagaries and unevenness of hand work    
played upon and mellowed by time4       
,,chapter ,,ix  ,,the ,,robert ,,spencer
 ,,house   ,the prospective house owner 
generally has little or no idea of how  
to go about designing his own home4 ,if 
he chances to see some other house that 
strikes his fancy1 he realizes that it  
approaches1 at least in part1 what he   
has in mind4 ,how to accomplish his     
desire1 however1 he has no definite     
knowledge4 ,he hesitates to call in an  
architect who is a stranger to him and  
knows nothing of his needs and habits   

and preferences2 he fears that an       
attempt to combine his own ideas with   
those of the architect will result      
unsatisfactorily to both of them4 ,to   
such a man as this1 the remodeled       
farmhouse comes as a boon4 ,from the old
 house he is able to determine what type
 his home will be2 no matter how        
battered and worn it is to start with1  
he can get some impression of the       
possible room space and arrangement by  
studying other old interiors and their  
relation to each other4 ,that is one of 
the reasons why the movement sweeping   
through the country to-day has become so
 extensive4 ,it gives a substantial     
foundation upon which to develop an     
artistic home under one's own           
supervision4  ,when a man purchases a   
weather-beaten farmhouse1 it is evident 
that he is up against a real problem in 
remodeling1 and the task demands plenty 
of time and a wide-awake1 ingenious     
brain4 ,if he consults his friends and  
neighbors across the way1 doubtless     

their opinions differ so materially from
 his own that the result is worse than  
if he had solved the questions in his   
own way4 ,we all have ideals1 but it is 
not always easy to express them2 they   
need to be developed in order to be made
 practical and require thought and      
diligent research if they are to be     
concretely embodied in the altered home4
 ,paper and pencil are good friends at  
this stage of the game1 and even a rough
 sketch drawn carelessly on the back of 
an old envelope1 as an idea occurs1     
gives subject matter for larger schemes 
and more realistic results4  ,few people
 who are planning to spend the summer   
months in a new house realize how much  
their comfort depends upon light and    
space4 ,it would be foolish for you to  
buy an old farmhouse and make the rooms 
small and cramped in size4 ,you would   
lose a great part of the advantage of   
coming to the country to live1 the      
pleasure of being as nearly out of doors
 as possible4 ,most of the old houses   

were cut up into small rooms1 for1 owing
 to the limited heating facilities in   
olden days1 large rooms would have been 
freezing in winter2 accordingly one or  
two bedrooms were invariably crowded    
into the first floor to receive the     
warmth from the kitchen4 ,but it is     
almost always possible to tear out the  
partitions between some of the rooms and
 make them into one large apartment     
which can be used for living purposes4  
,this can usually be done without       
weakening the structure2 the floor above
 will be found to rest upon a great     
beam1 or a new girder can be put across4
  ,if the stud is low1 do not change it1
 or you will spoil the whole atmosphere 
of the place4 ,a low stud and large     
rooms are good developments1 so try to  
achieve them when you are making over   
the house4 ,have plenty of windows2 in  
the old days1 many windows meant a cold 
house in the winter1 but if the         
farmhouse is to be used only as a summer
 home1 the cooler the better4 ,if for a 

winter residence also1 modern systems of
 heating will counteract the difficulty4
 ,windows of the long ,french type are  
especially desirable2 they are more     
adapted to the requirements of country  
life1 as they admit abundant light and  
air and are entirely in keeping with the
 style of the farmhouse4  ,the house    
should represent a unit2 the porch      
should be planned so that it leads into 
the living-room1 and by throwing open   
the windows1 will seem to become part of
 a large airy room4 ,the dining-room    
should either be part of the living-room
 or open conveniently near4 ,the service
 quarters must immediately adjoin the   
dining-room4 ,if there is other space on
 the floor which cannot be used to      
increase the comfort of the two main    
rooms1 well and good2 it may then be    
devoted to whatever purpose you desire4 
,but when the removal of partitions will
 make a place more pleasant to live in1 
it is always wise to make such a change4
  ,we know that there are few of these  

old houses that have not been cut up and
 divided2 but the conditions which made 
that necessary in the earlier days have 
been changed1 and for a simple country  
house one large living and dining-room  
is far better than divisions which shut 
out light and air4 ,many people look at 
these propositions from a limited       
view-point and do not stop to consider  
the complete idea4 ,we all learn from   
houses that we visit what is right and  
what is wrong to do4 ,if we look deeper 
into the subject and go farther afield1 
we find it pays to carefully develop the
 plan before commencing to rebuild4 ,the
 requirements of elaborate modes of     
life1 liveried servants and much        
entertaining1 demand1 of course1 many   
apartments2 reception-room and          
drawing-room1 library and den seem      
essential in the house plan1 but for    
those who come to the country to        
simplify existence1 these are not       
needed4 ,in remodeling your house1 let  
three things be uppermost in your mind3 

convenience1 comfort1 and light2 if you 
follow these1 you will not go far       
astray4  ,even a very small house need  
not be devoid of these qualities4 ,it   
may be very tiny and yet most attractive
 and complete in every detail4 ,with    
careful thought and a broad conception  
of the whole1 it is quite possible to   
make a place where it is a pleasure to  
visit and where even the casual guest   
realizes the application of small and   
interesting details in making a         
harmonious whole4  ,do not let your mind
 wander from the fact that the interior 
is of as much importance1 and even more1
 than the exterior1 for it is there that
 we live much of the time during the    
season1 and it should therefore be      
harmonious and in good taste4 ,the      
development of one room for common      
family use1 and the elimination of the  
shut-up parlor for company1 have brought
 about an atmosphere of simplicity that 
goes to make a perfect and livable      
house4  ,illustration3 ,,the ,,robert   

,,spencer ,,house ,,on ,,cape ,,cod     
,this one-room idea has been charmingly 
carried out in a small house that has   
been remodeled for a summer home by ,mr4
 ,robert ,spencer of ,new ,york and     
,south ,yarmouth4 ,it is most           
attractively situated1 standing far back
 from the road1 with a background of    
pine trees that give a picturesque touch
 to the little cottage4 ,originally it  
stood on the opposite side of the bay1  
on the shores of ,cape ,cod at ,south   
,dennis1 ,massachusetts4 ,its           
possibilities seemed to the present     
owner worth developing1 and he had it   
flecked and brought over the water to   
its present site4 ,this was not a hard  
task to accomplish1 as the timbers were 
stanch and in a good state of           
preservation4  ,illustration3 ,,the     
,,robert ,,spencer ,,house--,,front     
,,view  ,it was a typical fisherman's   
cottage1 with a wide gable roof sloping 
down to the first story and four small  
rooms about a central chimney4 ,to meet 

the needs of the new owner1 it required 
considerable enlargement4 ,a two-story  
building was added at the rear and side1
 meeting the main house only along the  
corner4 ,little attempt was made to have
 the two harmonize1 for not only are the
 roof lines of widely different types1  
but the frame of one is of white        
clapboarding and of the other weathered 
shingle4 ,at the angle where they join1 
the roof of the old building has been   
raised to accommodate the higher stud in
 the new1 thus making a break in it near
 the ridge4  ,two dormers have been cut 
in the main roof to give extra room in  
the second floor2 these are flat-roofed 
and well spaced1 with two windows       
occupying the entire front of each4 ,a  
porch has been added across the whole   
front of the house and half of it is    
roofed over4 ,this breaks with the slope
 of the main roof1 but follows that of  
the dormers4 ,a detail which adds much  
to the appearance of the exterior is the
 simple1 square-posted fence that       

surrounds the porch and encloses a      
quaint little garden in the square      
formed by the angle of the two          
buildings4 ,this same detail has been   
adopted at the side of the porch roof in
 an effective way4 ,this fence1 and the 
clapboards and trim of the house1 are   
white1 and the shutters and shingles are
 green4  ,illustration  ,illustration3  
,two ,views of the ,living ,room  ,the  
front door opens immediately into the   
living and dining-room which occupies   
the whole right side of the house and   
opens at the rear on to a grassy        
terrace4 ,a triple window has been cut  
along the side to allow ample light and 
air4 ,small panes are used in these     
windows1 and the ,french doors have     
glass of corresponding size4 ,the       
feature of this room is the fine old    
fireplace at the center of the inside   
wall4 ,it is very simple1 with slight   
attempt at ornamentation1 but the       
proportions are good1 and the lines     
rather unusual4 ,over the fireplace is  

an old cupboard that used to be called a
 nightcap closet from the hospitable    
bottle which was kept there to be passed
 around among the men just before       
retiring4 ,at the left is a cupboard    
with upper and lower doors2 in the      
panels of the former1 panes of glass    
have been inserted4 ,this end of the    
room has been treated as the living-room
 and the opposite end as the            
dining-room4 ,the woodwork is all white1
 and the roughly finished plaster is    
tinted a deep cream4  ,straight stairs  
lead to the second story along the wall 
at the dining end of the room4 ,here1   
about the walls1 a wide molding has been
 carried over doors and windows1 which  
serves as a plate-rail for numerous     
interesting old family plates and jugs4 
,beneath it1 in several places1 shelves 
have been bracketed to the wall to hold 
other pieces of china4 ,the glass door  
at the end opens on to the terrace1 and 
the paneled door beside it communicates 
with the kitchen and servants' quarters 

in the addition4  ,the furnishings in   
this room admirably accord with the     
building in both age and simplicity4    
,the older furniture has been           
supplemented with modern pieces of      
straightest and most unpretentious line 
and character4 ,clocks1 mirrors1        
pictures1 andirons1 and fire-set are    
family heirlooms4 ,the coverings on the 
floor are large and plain rag carpets2  
at the windows are simple muslin        
curtains1 with overhangings of ,colonial
 chintz in soft colors harmonizing with 
the cheerful and sunny atmosphere of the
 room4  ,at the left of this room1      
occupying the other side of the house1  
are two bedrooms4 ,one of them is the   
children's own room and has been        
furnished very attractively2 fresh white
 tables and chairs harmonize with the   
older mahogany pieces and lend an air of
 distinctive charm to the apartment4    
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,the      
,attic ,chambers  ,the space up-stairs  
is divided into large and small rooms   

under the eaves4 ,the slope of the roof 
allows room for many built-in drawers   
and closets1 and every inch has been    
utilized4 ,the white paint and the      
simple white furniture arranged with a  
care and precision that is worthy of    
emulation contribute to make the effect 
of these rooms light and airy and       
inviting4 ,the ,japanese crepe or gay   
cretonne curtains at the windows add    
just the necessary touch of color4  ,the
 lighting fixtures in the house demand  
especial notice1 as it is so difficult a
 matter to attain a distinction in them 
when a house has not been wired but must
 depend upon older methods of           
illumination than electricity or gas4 ,a
 number of simple candle brackets       
attaching to the wall have been         
purchased1 and these are placed         
symmetrically in pairs1 balancing each  
other on either side of a fireplace or  
mirror or window4 ,the candlesticks for 
shelf or table have been arranged with  
equal precision1 and some are given all 

the more importance by attractive       
hand-made shades4 ,an occasional simple1
 square1 candle lantern hangs from the  
ceiling to contribute to the effect4    
,the table and reading lamps have been  
chosen with equal success4     ,,chapter
 ,x  ,,the ,,davenport ,,brown ,,house  
,in planning the remodeling of a        
farmhouse1 has it ever occurred to you  
how much of the appearance of the       
exterior depends upon the architecture  
of verandas and porches8 ,not only must 
we give much thought to the alteration  
of the lines of the house which may be  
required by the interior plan1 but we   
must be equally careful when it comes to
 the addition of entirely exterior      
features4  ,modern country life demands 
plenty of veranda room and1 whenever    
possible1 sleeping-porches4 ,one does   
not go to the country to sit indoors1   
even if the windows are all thrown open4
 ,there is nothing that will so         
materially improve the health as outdoor
 life2 tired and jaded nerves are soon  

restored by use of a sleeping-porch1    
where the fresh air can soothe and      
induce restful slumber4 ,in the early   
days1 the porch or veranda did not      
exist2 it may be supposed that our      
pioneer ancestors were too busy to enjoy
 any leisurely hours out of doors2 at   
least1 they made no provision in        
connection with their houses for such   
relaxation4  ,as the details of the     
exterior became more elaborate1 the     
entrance porch was developed with       
free-standing columns4 ,in time1 this   
assumed greater importance1 especially  
in the south1 where columns the height  
of the whole building supported a roof  
across its entire front4 ,in the north1 
the veranda was less frequently used1   
but there is occasional authority for   
both the front and the less pretentious 
back piazza4 ,it is one of the additions
 which are imperative in remodeling the 
house1 however1 and it becomes something
 of a problem because there is no more  
definite authority for it4  ,if there is

 to be simply an entrance porch1        
offering a bit of shelter at the front  
door for stranger or friend1 it may have
 much precedent in the porches of       
,georgian houses4 ,in planning this1    
take into consideration that it should  
be an index of what one will find in the
 interior2 it should be the keynote1 as 
it were1 of the entire house4 ,here we  
may have the same details and the same  
proportions as in the cornice of the    
roof1 or the fireplace within4 ,we find 
many porches that are sadly out of      
keeping with the rest of the house and  
seem very carelessly designed4 ,it is   
far better to have none at all than one 
which is insignificant and out of scale2
 yet it must not be more elaborate than 
the house itself and tend to dwarf the  
main structure4 ,few people realize how 
important this feature is and how       
necessary that it should be a           
satisfactory adjunct to the architecture
 of the whole4 ,it is almost the first  
thing we notice as we approach the      

house4 ,whether it is well placed and   
rightly proportioned1 whether it has a  
proper overhang1 good roof lines1 and   
adequately supported cornice1 affects to
 a very great extent the style and      
character of the house4  ,there were a  
great many different types of porch in  
the ,georgian houses3 the simple hood   
with a high-backed settle on either side
 that was commonly used at a side       
entrance2 the gable-roofed and          
flat-roofed1 square porch and circular1 
open and partly enclosed1 with round and
 oval windows at the sides1 were all    
developed to high perfection4 ,the      
simple1 ,doric column1 plain or fluted1 
with corresponding pilasters or         
three-fourths round against the house1  
was used on many of the porches2 but the
 ,ionic and ,corinthian capitals are    
more elaborate than is appropriate for  
the simplicity of a farmhouse4 ,from the
 infinite number of models which can be 
found1 it should be a comparatively easy
 matter to construct an entrance porch1 

utilizing the details found in the      
house4  ,a veranda demands somewhat     
different manner of procedure4 ,first it
 is necessary to decide where it shall  
be put4 ,where will it receive the best 
air and the least sun8 ,it must1        
presumably1 open from or adjacent to the
 living-room and yet be so placed that  
its roof will not cut off too much      
light4 ,if the house is uncomfortably   
near the highway or neighbors1 the      
matter of privacy cannot be neglected1  
and a thought may well be given to the  
outlook from the piazza4 ,let it enjoy  
any advantage of a fine view or a       
picturesque garden that may be          
compatible with its other requirements4 
,thus it may be at the front1 at either 
or both sides1 or in the rear4 ,at the  
side of the ordinary1 gable-roofed      
house1 the roof of the veranda should as
 a rule be flat4 ,if it is possible to  
continue the roof line of the house to  
include that of the porch1 by all means 
let it be done2 the unbroken sweep will 

usually be found excellent4 ,at some    
angles it may seem too long and severe2 
then it is often possible to put a      
slight kick in it1 especially if there  
is anything of the ,dutch type about the
 building4  ,the floor of the porch in  
farmhouses should be low2 it may be on a
 level with that of the house1 or a step
 below it4 ,it is well to let the       
underpinning be a continuation of that  
of the house1 and it may then be covered
 with brick or tile1 or the conventional
 boards4 ,the columns or posts which    
support the roof are a stumbling block  
for many remodelers4 ,these should      
closely copy the entrance porch1 if     
there is one2 even if it be no more than
 a flat semblance of a pilaster about   
the frame of the door1 it will supply   
the correct motive4 ,lacking this1 there
 will undoubtedly be some detail in the 
interior which can be magnified to the  
right proportion for the exterior1--the 
upright of a mantel or the frame of a   
door4 ,for a house which can boast no   

such source of suggestion1 a straight1  
square post with a simple molding would 
be the solution4 ,the cornice should    
follow the detail of the entrance door  
or the house cornice2 and it is         
effective and increases the apparent    
unity to repeat the decoration of the   
one on the other4  ,the rails and       
balusters of old houses were extremely  
simple and should be kept so in the     
remodeling4 ,in the very early examples1
 the balusters were square and spaced   
far apart2 later both square and turned 
balusters were used1 and they were      
spaced twice their width4 ,the design   
for these can often be taken from the   
stairs in the interior of the house4 ,it
 is the modern tendency to use no       
railing about verandas1 particularly    
when they are low or when they are      
screened in4 ,some of the flat-roofed   
type had a railing around the roof1 and 
an open-air porch was thus made for the 
second story4  ,sometimes this porch can
 be utilized as a sleeping-porch on the 

second floor4 ,this feature1 while of   
course entirely foreign to the          
farmhouse1 has become as much a         
necessity in many families as the       
open-air living-room1 and it is         
therefore logical to introduce it where 
possible to do so without destroying the
 lines of the building4 ,it is better1  
however1 to do without it than to add it
 in such a way that it will seem an     
afterthought and not really incorporated
 in the structure4 ,often it can be     
placed in a wide dormer cut in the slope
 of the roof2 sometimes the roof line   
can be extended over the roof of the    
sleeping-porch1 or again it may be      
merely a room with the walls largely cut
 away4 ,each remodeler will have his own
 problem in connection with this1 and by
 ingenuity and careful study must work  
it out to his own satisfaction4         
,remember always that the integral      
simplicity of the building must not be  
disturbed1 and that whether it be       
sleeping-porch1 veranda1 or entrance    

portico1 it must seem always a part of  
the original building1 as if it were the
 conception of the master craftsman who 
erected the first timbers4              
,illustration3 ,,the ,,davenport ,,brown
 ,,house  ,most gratifying results along
 this line are shown in an old farmhouse
 at ,medfield1 ,massachusetts1 which was
 built in #agee4 ,like many other old   
houses1 this had fallen into decay and  
stood neglected and unoccupied by the   
side of the road while the extensive    
grounds lay unkempt and desolate4 ,but  
,mr4 ,davenport ,brown recognized in it 
a house that could be made to serve most
 acceptably as the foundation of his    
summer home4  ,it is of the ,georgian   
type1 built with the hall and straight  
flight of stairs as the axis4 ,there are
 two main chimneys opening into four    
fireplaces on the first floor4 ,a       
service wing has been added at the left1
 parallel with the main building1 and   
half its width4 ,back of that1 an ell of
 equal size extends at right angles4    

,both of these are two storied1 but the 
upper stud is somewhat lower than in the
 main building1 thus allowing it to     
retain its predominance in the design4  
,the main part is given further         
importance by the dignified entrance    
porch4 ,two three-fourths round and two 
free-standing1 fluted1 ,doric columns   
are used1 supporting a cornice and a    
gabled roof1 the details of which repeat
 those in the cornice of the house4 ,a  
rather unusual type of scalloped        
dentation lends additional interest4    
,the frame about the door is arched     
over1 and there are side lights and an  
overhead fanlight in a simple style that
 carries out the ,colonial tradition4   
,illustration3 ,the ,hallway  ,the hall 
leads past the stairs and through an    
open doorway to the rear of the house1  
where there is another entrance1        
repeating the design of the front one4  
,this is some distance from the rear    
wall of the house1 and consequently     
there is a small1 arched-over portico   

formed within the lines of the building4
 ,the walls of this are paneled1 and on 
each side is a built-in seat4 ,the floor
 is tiled1 and the woodwork painted     
white4  ,at each end of the main part of
 the building is a flat-roofed veranda  
carrying out the details of the entrance
 porch in column and cornice4 ,the same 
dentil ornamentation that appears on the
 cornice of the house is used here in   
smaller size1 as on the entrance porch4 
,around the edges of the flat roofs1    
boxes filled with blooming plants and   
vines form an original and most         
attractive method of softening the sharp
 lines and finish of the house4 ,the    
veranda on the right side overlooking   
the wide lawns and gardens is used      
largely as the outdoor living-room and  
is screened in4 ,the spacing of the bars
 and framework of the screening is well 
proportioned and adds not a little to   
the decoration4 ,the floor of the       
veranda is edged with brick and paved in
 the center with square tiles which     

slope toward a drain at one side4 ,this 
wing of the living-room has been        
comfortably furnished with canvas       
hammocks and ,chinese grass chairs and  
stools1 and even a sand-box for the     
children finds room here4  ,in the      
central hall1 the details carry out the 
character of the old period carefully4  
,there is a white unpaneled wainscot    
carved around the walls and up the      
stairs1 with a similar treatment in the 
second-floor hall4 ,the stairs are wide1
 with white risers and mahogany treads1 
and the hand-rail is mahogany supported 
on white1 turned balusters and a        
mahogany newel post4 ,the upper walls   
are papered in a gray landscape paper1  
and the furnishings consist of a pair of
 ,sheraton card tables4  ,illustration3 
,the ,sun-,parlor or ,out-door ,nursery 
,illustration3 ,the ,library  ,at the   
right of the hall1 the two rooms have   
been combined into a living-room by     
cutting double arches on either side of 
the fireplaces which open from the back 

and front of the chimney4 ,the          
furnishings are especially interesting  
here1 as there are a number of rare and 
beautiful pieces4 ,the mantel mirror    
over the front fireplace is a fine      
example of ,american workmanship4 ,the  
mahogany frame divides its length into  
three sections1 and it is ornamented    
with carved and gilded husk festoons2   
the scroll top is surmounted with a gilt
 spread eagle4 ,in front of the fire    
there is a beautiful little ,sheraton   
fire-screen4 ,chairs and tables are     
equally interesting2 there is an old    
comb-back chair and an upholstered      
,martha ,washington chair1 as well as   
more modern easy chairs and davenports4 
,the upholstery and curtains are of     
small-patterned1 ,colonial fabrics that 
carry out the spirit of the room4 ,in   
the back part of this room1 a large     
double window has been cut1 looking out 
over the gardens and the grounds4       
,underneath it is a most attractive     
window-seat suggestive of an old-time   

settle1 and on each side low            
book-shelves extend around the whole end
 of the room4  ,the dining-room is      
situated at the left of the hallway4    
,the fireplace and paneling hold the    
attention in this room4 ,the woodwork is
 very simple but well proportioned1 and 
on either side of the mantel are narrow1
 built-in1 china closets with small1    
leaded1 diamond panes in both upper and 
lower parts of the door and even in a   
transom over it4 ,the walls above the   
unpaneled wainscot are painted white and
 divided into simple1 large panels with 
narrow moldings4 ,the furniture in this 
room is suggestive of the early part of 
the nineteenth century1 with the        
exception of the ,queen ,anne type of   
chair4 ,over the heavy and massive      
sideboard is a long gilt mirror of the  
,empire banister type2 between the two  
side windows is a gilt1 convex girandole
 with three branching candlesticks on   
each side4 ,on the mantel is a fine     
example of a ,willard shelf clock1 and  

on each side of it are tall mahogany    
candlesticks with the old-fashioned wind
 glasses4 ,the over-curtains at the     
windows are a soft rose damask2 they    
hang from gilded cornices and are caught
 back on gilded rosettes1--the style of 
draping which is carried out in all the 
main rooms of the house4  ,illustration3
 ,the ,service ,wing  ,the service wing 
opens from the left of the dining-room1 
and the den1 which is back of it1 with a
 fireplace on the opposite side of the  
same chimney1 is reached from the rear  
of the hall4  ,illustration3 ,the       
,nursery  ,at the head of the stairs at 
the right1 one enters the bright and    
sunny nursery4 ,here the fireplace is   
very simple and has no over-mantel4 ,the
 woodwork is white1 and a broad molding 
divides the upper part of the wall4     
,below is a quaint paper picturing      
,mother ,goose scenes which the children
 never tire of studying4 ,the furniture 
is mainly white1 and the little chairs  
and tables in child's size are decorated

 in peasant fashion with painted flowers
 and lines of color4  ,illustration     
,illustration3 ,two of the ,chambers    
,there are two other bedrooms in the    
main part of the house and each has an  
open fireplace4 ,the furnishings are    
simple and old-fashioned in character1  
retaining the ,colonial atmosphere      
admirably4 ,in one room there is a      
,field bedstead of ,english make1 dating
 about #aghj1 showing reeded posts and a
 curved canopy top4 ,the chairs and the 
little night stand at the side of the   
bed are in close harmony with the period
 of its design4 ,in the other chamber   
are twin beds which are modern          
reproductions of four-posters1 but other
 furnishings retain the distinctive     
atmosphere of age4 ,over one bureau     
there is a fine mirror with the         
,georgian eagle ornamentation2 in       
keeping with it are the old fireside    
wing chair and a side chair of ,sheraton
 type4  ,the most interesting bedroom1  
perhaps1 is in the wing of the house1   

where ,hannah ,adams1 the first         
,american authoress1 was born4 ,this is 
reached by a cross hall which leads from
 the main one1 and gives access to baths
 and rear stairs and another tiny       
bedroom4 ,although the old fireplace has
 been remodeled1 the aspect of the room 
is much the same as when the house was  
built4 ,the woodwork here is all dark1  
and the hand-hewn rafters and cross     
beams are exposed in the ceiling4 ,an   
unusual wall-paper in black and gay     
colors forms an interesting background  
for the four-poster and other old       
furnishings4 ,an old batten door with a 
quaint little window in the center strip
 leads from this room to the chambers in
 the service ell4  ,much of the house   
has been restored under the direction of
 the architect1 ,mr4 ,john ,pickering   
,putnam of ,boston1 and to him the      
credit for its successful remodeling    
must be largely given4 ,the planning and
 laying out of the grounds about the    
house1 however1 are the work of the     

owner1 who has spared no pains to make a
 harmonious setting for his home4       
,between the house and the road is a row
 of great overshadowing elms that make a
 delightful setting for the red and     
white of the house4 ,the drive sweeps   
around these trees to the stable on the 
left and is separated from the house and
 the lawns by white palings in a simple 
,colonial pattern1 having fine1 carved  
posts surmounted by balls4 ,the fence   
stops at either side of the front to    
allow wide space for a heavy embankment 
of conifers4 ,somewhat back of this     
fence1 along the whole length of the    
lawn1 is a second lower one1 with posts 
of the same height4 ,this marks the     
boundary of the wide lawn and forms a   
charming background for an old-fashioned
 hardy border that extends all the way  
to a swimming-pool and pergolas at the  
far end4 ,immediately behind the house  
is the flower garden1 from which all the
 blossoms used to decorate the house are
 cut2 this is screened by a white       

trellis and pergola1 carrying out some  
of the details of the entrance porches  
and verandas4     ,,chapter ,,xi  ,,the 
,,doctor ,,charles ,e4 ,,inches ,,house 
,a very interesting feature in an old   
farmhouse is the fireplace1 which varies
 in size with the age of the house2 the 
oldest ones are large1 with cavernous   
mouths1 since they were the only means  
of heating the house4 ,these are capable
 of holding a ten-foot log1 for it must 
be remembered that at that period of our
 country's history the woods grew at the
 very door4  ,a few of these old        
fireplaces are found to-day1 principally
 in the old kitchens or living-rooms1   
although occasionally we see an old     
house which has them in almost every    
room4 ,there is a great variety in their
 design as well as size1 some being very
 simple and framed in wood1 while others
 show tiling2 occasionally we find      
elaborate carving1 but this is in the   
better class building rather than in the
 simple little farmhouse4 ,these details

 denote the different periods and also  
the wealth of the former owner4  ,with  
the introduction of stoves1 many        
fireplaces were bricked in to           
accommodate an air-tight stove which    
gave more heat and saved fuel4 ,one     
unaccustomed to the features of an old  
farmhouse would infer a lack of         
fireplaces4 ,the removal of brick and   
mortar1 however1 reveals the large1     
cavernous hearth which was often three  
feet deep and sometimes showed a second 
bricking in1 to make it smaller4 ,often 
in the narrowing of the fireplace1 tiles
 are used1 generally ,dutch1 which are  
blue and white in coloring4             
,occasionally in opening up these       
fireplaces1 one comes across rare old   
andirons that were considered of too    
little value to be removed2 old cranes  
and kettles are also found1 of the type 
common in the days of our early         
ancestors4  ,it must be remembered that 
the chimneys of these old houses were   
often six feet square and had many      

fireplaces opening from them4 ,it was   
the central feature of the house1 around
 which the rooms were built4 ,the       
earliest chimneys were daubed in clay1  
and in the masonry oak timbers were     
often used4 ,in remodeling a house many 
people tear down these old chimneys for 
the space which may be converted into   
closet use and alcoves1 making a smaller
 chimney do service4  ,in the olden     
times1 when the first chimneys were     
erected1 they were so carefully built   
that they were less liable to smoke than
 the smaller ones1 so that it is better 
to let the old one remain if possible4  
,brick was generally used in the        
construction1 although sometimes we find
 stone4 ,it was not the finished brick  
of to-day but rough and unfaced4 ,this  
was not true1 however1 of those which   
formed a part of cargoes from abroad1   
more especially those brought from      
,holland4 ,the use of stone was not     
popular1 as it was apt to chip when     
brought in contact with the heat2 this  

is also true of the hearthstones1 where 
the flagging became rough and most      
unsatisfactory4  ,the fireback was a    
feature of some of the old fireplaces4  
,the earliest of these made in our      
country were cast in ,saugus1           
,massachusetts1 and some were most      
elaborate in design4 ,often             
coats-of-arms and initials were worked  
out in their construction4 ,in addition 
to the brick and stone1 soapstone       
facings were sometimes shown1 but seldom
 do we come across good carving4  ,the  
crane was a feature of the fireplace1   
and on it were hung the pothooks from   
which depended the iron and brass pots  
in which food was cooked4 ,in one side  
of the bricks1 just at the left of the  
fireplace1 was often a large brick oven 
with an iron door1 and here on baking   
days roaring wood fires were kindled to 
heat the bricks before the weekly baking
 was placed within4 ,examination of     
these old ovens will be very apt to     
reveal the age of the house4  ,in the   

remodeling it is well to leave the      
fireplaces much as they stand1 with the 
exception of bricking them in1 for the  
old ones allowed too much air to come   
down the chimney1 and at the present    
high price of wood1 we are not able to  
indulge in the ten-foot logs that were  
in evidence in our grandmothers' time4  
,a house with many fireplaces that      
stands back from the winding country    
road on the border line between         
,medfield and ,walpole in ,massachusetts
 was chosen for a summer home by        
,charles ,e4 ,inches4 ,it is shaded now 
as it was long ago by large1 old elms   
whose widespreading branches seem to add
 a note of hospitality to this most     
attractive estate4 ,possibly there are  
better examples of the restored         
farmhouse than this one found at        
,medfield1 but it is very picturesque1  
not only in type but in surroundings4   
,it stands near a turn of the road1     
where it was erected1 in #afeb1 situated
 in a sheltered glen and protected from 

cold winds4  ,illustration3 ,front ,view
 showing the ,old ,well  ,at that time  
it was a small and unpretentious        
building about twenty feet long and     
showing in the interior fine examples of
 hand-hewn timbers4 ,even in its        
dilapidated state it was most           
attractive1 with its many fireplaces and
 old woodwork4 ,this particular house   
has two values1 the one relating to its 
historical record and the other to its  
old-time construction4 ,through two     
centuries this little farmhouse had been
 the home of the ,adams family1 a branch
 that was near in kin to the            
presidential line of ,adams who lived at
 ,quincy1 ,massachusetts4               
,illustration3 ,before ,remodeling  ,at 
the time of its building1 a stream wound
 in and out through the meadow land that
 was a part of the property4 ,it was    
such a large stream that it afforded    
sufficient power to run an old mill that
 originally stood on the estate and     
which for many years ground the         

neighbors' grain4 ,on a ridge opposite  
the house1 worn stone steps lead up     
through pastures to a sturdy oak which  
stands nearly opposite the front of the 
house and is known in history as the    
whipping tree4 ,here1 in ,colonial days1
 wrong-doers were tied to be whipped4   
,just before we reach the stone wall1   
which was laid probably by the slaves   
held by the landowner of that period1 we
 find an old mounting-block4 ,on the    
side of one of the stones are the       
figures #afeb2 and it was from this     
block that many a ,colonial dame mounted
 to her pillion to ride in slow and     
dignified style behind her worthy       
squire4 ,even in those days the grounds 
were very extensive and reached for many
 acres4 ,these to-day have been         
reclaimed and laid down to grass land   
and garden4  ,illustration3 ,across the 
,lawn  ,half way between the house and  
the tennis court which defines the      
estate is a wonderful old garden which  
has been designed not so much for show  

purposes as to supply flowers all       
through the season4 ,this is not the    
only garden on the place1 for back of it
 is the vegetable garden and the        
old-fashioned one4 ,the dividing line   
between the two is a row of stately     
trees which hide the former from view at
 the front of the house4 ,rows of       
apple-trees1 many of which were on the  
estate when it was first purchased1     
remnants of the original orchard1       
surround in part the tennis court1      
behind which is a swimming pool which is
 in frequent use4 ,this is about        
twenty-five feet long and twelve wide1  
cemented to a depth of seven feet2 with 
its background of tall poplars it is    
very artistic and lends itself to all   
sorts of water contests4  ,during the   
latter part of the nineteenth century1  
new life came to the old house4 ,it had 
stood for years1 weather-beaten and old1
 guarding the family name4 ,while the   
outside was very attractive and in      
tolerably good repair1 it was the       

interior that appealed especially4      
,there was beautiful old wainscoting and
 paneling of wide boards1 some of which 
was split from logs at least thirty     
inches in width4 ,great reverence was   
paid by the owner to the original       
structure1 particularly to the old      
kitchen with its large1 brick fireplace 
and chimney which was restored to its   
early beauty4  ,sagging plaster was     
removed1 and underneath were found      
well-preserved1 hand-hewn beams and     
rafters4 ,these were carefully cleaned  
and considered of such great beauty that
 they were left exposed as far as       
possible1 more especially those which   
showed the sign of the adze4 ,the walls1
 which had been previously neglected1   
were stripped of wall-papers which were 
in some places ten thicknesses deep4 ,in
 removing one of these1 a wonderfully   
fine landscape paper was discovered1 and
 although every attempt was made to save
 it1 it was too far defaced4 ,under the 
paper was a wide paneling of white pine1

 so good that it needed only a slight   
restoration4 ,in the opening of the     
fireplace the crane1 pothook1 and       
hangers were found to be intact1 while  
many pieces of ancestral pewter and     
copper were polished and placed in      
proper position on the wide1 receding   
chimney4 ,this was to give it the look  
of the olden days1 when pewter was used 
for the table4 ,there was no bricking in
 of this old fireplace1 for it was      
considered such a wonderful example that
 it was left in its original state4 ,the
 old flint-lock that did service in the 
early war was hung over the fireplace1  
while from the chimney hook the old-time
 kettles were swung much as they did in 
the days when they were used for cooking
 purposes4 ,the old brick oven used by  
the ,adams family was not removed1 and  
at one side of the fireplace a long     
braid of corn was hung in conformity    
with the custom of that period4 ,the    
hand-hewn rafters and beams have been   
left intact in this room1 as has the old

 woodwork1 so that the kitchen1 now used
 as a den1 is an exact reproduction of  
the original room4 ,it is the most      
interesting apartment in the house1     
being situated at the right of the      
entrance and furnished with old family  
heirlooms1 including five rare slat-back
 chairs1 a rush-bottomed rocking-chair1 
and a settle of the same period4 ,even  
the wide boards that were used in the   
original flooring have been retained1   
and the old brick hearth1 showing wide  
bricks such as are never found in modern
 residences4 ,to meet present           
requirements1 the cellar was cemented1  
and a furnace added1 in order that the  
occupants need not depend entirely on   
the fireplaces for heat4  ,illustration3
 ,the ,hall and ,stairway  ,in the      
hallway1 the stairway1 following the    
lines of many ,colonial houses1 rises at
 one side4 ,here the wall-paper is      
wonderfully preserved1 being in the old 
colors of yellow and white and of a very
 old design4 ,it was made in ,england   

over a century ago and gives an         
appropriate atmosphere to the entrance  
of the attractive old home4             
,illustration3 ,the ,living ,room  ,the 
living-room1 which is spacious and      
comfortable1 is at the right just before
 you enter the den4 ,the woodwork has   
been painted white1 following the       
,colonial idea1 while old-fashioned1    
diamond-paned windows have been         
substituted for the original ones4      
,here1 as throughout all the house1 one 
comes unexpectedly upon groups of       
shelves filled with books4 ,there are   
built-in cupboards that provide places  
for the wonderful collection of books1  
many of which are rare editions1 owned  
by the present occupants4 ,like every   
room in the house1 this shows several   
tables of unusually fine design1 a      
handsome side-wing chair1 and a few     
other choice pieces4 ,the great open    
fireplace with its ,colonial accessories
 lends much to the hominess of this     
room4  ,at the left of the hallway is   

the large and spacious dining-room1     
which is in reality three rooms opened  
into one1 the partitions showing in the 
beamed ceilings4 ,the walls are finished
 in green textile and are left          
unornamented with the exception of one  
or two choice pictures4 ,there was a    
method in the construction of this room 
which was planned for unbroken spaces to
 bring out to advantage the lines of the
 beautiful old sideboard4 ,then1 too1   
the space shows off the lines of the    
rush-bottomed chairs that are used for  
dining-chairs4 ,the mantel1 framed in   
white wood1 is hung with rare           
porringers1 ranging from large to baby  
size4 ,there is a restful atmosphere    
about this room1 that1 combined with its
 perfect setting1 is most refreshing4   
,at the farther end of the room1 ,french
 doors open upon the sun parlor which is
 used during the summer months for a    
breakfast-room4 ,this overlooks the     
garden4  ,the bedrooms up-stairs are    
large and airy1 each one of them being  

carefully furnished with ,colonial      
pieces which include four-posters1 high 
and lowboys as well as quaint1 old-time 
chests of drawers that can do service as
 bureaus1 or as storage space for extra 
blankets1 hangings1 or rugs4  ,the      
floors throughout the entire house are  
of hard wood1 many of them being the    
original ones that were laid when the   
house was built4 ,rare old ,chippendale1
 ,sheraton1 and ,hepplewhite chairs are 
used in the furnishings1 while          
hand-woven rugs cover the floors4 ,the  
windows are screened by chintz hangings 
of bright colors and gay designs1 and   
the whole house presents a sunny1       
restful atmosphere4  ,at the rear of the
 house an ell has been added where the  
new kitchen with all modern             
conveniences1 pantries1 servants' dining
 and sitting rooms are found4 ,thus     
while the exterior features of the old  
house have been carefully preserved1 the
 addition of the ell gives comfort and  
convenience to the new building4        

,shrubbery has been planted around the  
house1 and a veranda thrown out2        
window-boxes filled with brilliantly    
blossoming plants add a bit of color to 
the remodeled farmhouse which is painted
 red with white trim4 ,velvety lawns    
have replaced the old-time farming      
lands1 and the planting of trees has    
done much to add to the picturesqueness 
of this estate4 ,the grounds themselves 
are extensive1 covering forty-five      
acres1 and the natural beauties are     
unusually varied4 ,broad stretches of   
fields and hills intersected with trees 
make a most appropriate setting for the 
old ,adams homestead4     ,,chapter     
,,xii  ,,the ,,charles ,,martin         
,,loeffler ,,house   ,it was a staircase
 that was responsible for the remodeling
 of one house which had no other unusual
 feature4 ,it was designed by a village 
carpenter whose object was four walls   
and a shelter rather than architectural 
beauty4 ,the structure was so simple and
 unobtrusive that it did not arouse any 

enthusiasm in the heart of the architect
 who examined it1 for it presented no   
chance to show his ability in its       
remodeling4 ,it was the kind of a       
farmhouse that one would find in almost 
any suburban town1 built without any    
pretensions1 its only good feature being
 the staircase which saved it from      
passing into oblivion and caused it to  
be remodeled into a charming1           
all-the-year-round home4  ,it had been  
unoccupied for a long period and with   
exterior weather-beaten and interior    
uninhabitable1 it presented a forlorn   
appearance1 repelling to most would-be  
purchasers4 ,it stood by the side of a  
traveled road and in its best days was  
occupied by a farmer and his family who 
cared more for the barn adjoining the   
house than they did for the farmhouse   
itself4  ,the estate was a large one    
that had been neglected and allowed to  
run down until weeds and rank grass were
 so intermingled that it seemed a       
discouraging task to bring it back into 

a good state of cultivation4 ,adjoining 
the house1 and connected with it by a   
shed1 was a large barn with sagging roof
 and so dilapidated that it seemed past 
restoring4 ,across the front1 defining  
the estate1 was once a neat paling fence
 that had been torn down until only a   
small portion remained4  ,many acres of 
the estate were meadow-land which swept 
to the horizon of trees1 yet the once   
fine apple orchard1 though sadly in need
 of pruning1 showed promise1 and there  
were possibilities in the whole estate  
that needed only attention and          
development to make them profitable4    
,there had been no one to care for the  
old house1 and it stood discouraged by  
the roadside awaiting a sympathetic     
owner4  ,illustration3 ,before          
,remodeling  ,it was in this condition  
when first seen by ,mr4 ,charles ,martin
 ,loeffler1 whose experienced eye       
discerned its possibilities4 ,it is the 
wise man who fits his house to his      
grounds and who in the general scheme   

considers its surroundings4 ,the grass  
land1 the garden1 the orchards1 the     
fencing of the estate1 each one of which
 demands separate treatment1 should be  
so arranged that they will be profitable
 in the end4 ,the new owner realized    
this and also that he could not be too  
careful in combining house and garden so
 that they would make a harmonious      
whole4  ,the location was ideal1 quiet  
and retired and exactly what had been   
most desired1 so the remodeling was     
placed in the hands of a careful        
architect1 who1 after thoroughly        
considering the situation1 decided it   
could not be done4 ,it was then that    
,mr4 ,loeffler took the matter into his 
own hands1 drawing exact plans of what  
was necessary to achieve the desired    
result1 and it was under his personal   
direction that the workmen began to     
remodel the unattractive little cottage4
 ,it was borne in mind that even the    
addition of a porch or veranda must be  
carefully considered to avoid confusion 

of architecture so that the house       
itself1 when finished1 should follow a  
single idea and not a composite mass of 
details that were entirely out of place 
and in bad taste4 ,it was realized that 
no house1 no matter how situated1 should
 have discordant surroundings4          
,out-buildings should not be allowed to 
mar the symmetry of the house and should
 be removed so that they would not be an
 eyesore but in keeping with the general
 plan4  ,the house itself1 however1     
demanded attention first2 it was very   
small1 with a pitched roof in the upper 
story and a long ell connecting it with 
the farm buildings4 ,the exterior was   
left practically as when first          
purchased1 with the exception of a small
 and well-planned porch at the front1 a 
long ell for servants' quarters1 and a  
wide veranda at the rear that extended  
the entire length of the house4 ,in the 
porch settles were added on either side 
which help to give the house an air of  
dignity and invite the guest to rest and

 enjoy the beautiful scenery4           
,illustration3 ,as ,remodeled  ,the     
screened-in veranda at the back is used 
as an out-of-doors living-room4 ,it is  
wide1 carpeted with rugs1 and furnished 
with simple but substantial pieces4 ,it 
is a most comfortable place1 where      
charming views and wonderful vistas can 
be enjoyed1 for beyond lie the old      
orchard with the meadows between and a  
background of finger-pointed pines that 
seemingly melt into the blue of the sky4
 ,trellises were built on the garden    
side of the house to carry vines1 but   
this was after the house had been given 
a coat of white paint and the blinds    
painted green4 ,over the veranda a      
balcony was built which can be used for 
outdoor sleeping purposes if desired4   
,the picket fence was restored and      
painted white to match the coloring of  
the house1 and a stone wall was built at
 the farther end to enclose the garden2 
on the outside wild shrubs were planted 
to give a note of color to the gray     

stone4 ,the old trees1 pruned1 took on a
 new life and are now in a most         
nourishing condition2 across the entire 
front1 as a partial screening1          
silver-leafed poplars were planted4 ,the
 farm lands were reclaimed1 new trees   
planted in the old apple orchard1 and at
 the side of the house an attractive    
garden was laid out with a background of
 apple-trees4 ,it was a small garden1   
only about an eighth of an acre in size1
 and filled with old-fashioned flowers  
to make it harmonize with the period in 
which the house was built4 ,a single    
path divides it in two1 and its color   
schemes have been given careful study4  
,at one side of the garden a rustic     
pergola has been built with a central   
path of grass1 and over this a grapevine
 has been trained which makes it a      
restful1 shady place in summer1 while in
 early fall the vines are loaded with   
great clusters of purple grapes4        
,everywhere surrounding the garden are  
stretches of green lawns that prove a   

fitting setting to the bright blossoms  
in the trim and well-kept beds4 ,the    
fields beyond have been brought back to 
a good state of cultivation and present 
a beautiful green tract beyond which    
stretch rich meadows with waving grass  
where flit the bobolink and the         
red-winged blackbird4 ,in the trees     
around the house orioles and robins     
nest1 while everywhere the old          
apple-trees grow1 many of them gnarled  
and twisted with age4 ,in the early     
fall1 loaded with fruit1 they form an   
attractive color note of red and yellow 
in the landscape4 ,great care has been  
taken to remove the branches of the old 
trees in order to afford attractive     
vistas4 ,this gives a landscape picture 
carefully planned and creates a         
delightful feeling of restfulness and a 
sense of relief from the bustle of city 
life4  ,over the porch has been built a 
lattice to be covered eventually with   
rambler roses1 and in order to obtain   
more light1 clusters of windows have    

been let in on either side of the front 
door4  ,the interior as well as the     
exterior has been carefully planned with
 a regard to light and views4 ,one      
enters the house through the little     
porch and finds himself in a spacious   
hallway which extends to the            
living-room4 ,the staircase is at the   
right of the' entrance4 ,it is not a    
primitive affair of the ladder type     
which is the earliest on record2 neither
 is it steep with flat treads1 high     
risers and molded box stringers1 but the
 kind that shows simple posts and rail  
with plain balusters4 ,it is of the box 
stringer type and has no carving in     
either post or balusters2 it is         
perfectly straight and leads by easy    
treads to the second-story floor4       
,illustration3 ,the ,dining ,room  ,the 
dining-room is at the left of the       
hallway and is a room built for comfort 
and for everyday life1 showing plenty of
 windows4 ,a feature is the great1 open 
fireplace and the bricked               

chimney-breast1 with small closets at   
one side4 ,the woodwork in this room is 
the same that was in the house when it  
was discovered by ,mr4 ,loeffler and1   
cleaned and treated to a coat of paint1 
is most attractive4 ,the wide board     
floor has been retained and stained dark
 to bring out the color schemes of the  
rugs4  ,illustration  ,illustration3    
,two ,views of the ,living ,room  ,this 
room leads directly into the living-room
 which extends entirely across the house
 and is also entered from the hallway4  
,its windows face the green fields      
studded with trees and also overlook the
 old-fashioned garden which is near     
enough to the house so that every summer
 breeze wafts the perfume of its flowers
 to the occupants4 ,a central feature is
 a bricked-in fireplace that has been   
built into the room4 ,instead of        
plastering1 the old oaken cross-beams   
have been left in their original state1 
and the room is finished with a wainscot
 painted white1 above which is a wall   

covering of ,japanese grass-cloth4      
,bookcases form an important furnishing 
of this room which also contains many   
pieces of antique furniture4 ,it is a   
cheerful1 homelike apartment1 into which
 the sun shines practically all day     
long4 ,through large ,french windows one
 steps from the living-room on to the   
veranda4 ,the second story is devoted to
 chambers and bath4  ,its location has a
 distinctive charm1 as it is not too    
near the city or too far away from      
neighbors4 ,it is well adapted for      
outdoor living1 with its wide1 inviting 
veranda and the side garden where bloom 
the stately phlox1 the gaudy poppies1   
and the bright-hued marigold4           
,illustration3 ,,the ,,studio ,,opposite
 ,,the ,,charles ,m4 ,,loeffler ,,house 
,illustration3 ,the ,music ,room in the 
,studio ,building  ,as time went on1 the
 house grew too small for the owner's   
needs1 and so another house just across 
the way that had passed its prime and   
stood desolate and deserted was also    

purchased and remodeled into a studio1  
one room expressly designed for ,mr4    
,loeffler's work1--large and commodious 
with high1 vaulted ceiling4 ,here1 too1 
a veranda was built across one end that 
can be used if need be for an outdoor   
living-room4 ,it is shaded by many      
trees1 more especially some fine old    
elms whose graceful branches shadow the 
house1 while a stretch of lawn extends  
to the street4 ,across the front a      
paling fence corresponding in style to  
that across the street was built1       
entrance being through a swinging gate  
that leads directly to the outside      
porch4 ,this house shows less remodeling
 than the first one2 it is principally  
in the interior that changes have been  
made4 ,the whole front of the house is  
made into a music-room of unusual type1 
being hung with pictures of the old     
masters4 ,here the second-story flooring
 has been removed1 and the ceiling      
vaulted and sheathed1 in order to secure
 acoustic properties4  ,a large chimney 

has been introduced into the inner wall1
 with brick mantel and chimney breast1  
and big enough to hold a six-foot log4  
,the floors are of polished hardwood1   
and the ornamentation shows ,chinese    
ships hung upon the walls1--an          
interesting feature for interior        
decoration4 ,the room is entered through
 ,french windows that lead on to the    
outside porch4  ,in addition to the     
music-room1 this house is also used for 
the caretaker and week-end guests4 ,the 
long ell at one side is used for the    
former1 while at the back of the        
music-room several rooms are fitted up  
for the use of guests1 thus solving a   
problem that is to-day vexing the minds 
of many a house owner1 more especially  
in suburban towns4  ,there is about the 
whole place a restfulness that has been 
achieved by careful planning and        
attention to details4 ,there is no part 
of the estate where one may wander      
without coming upon picturesque bits of 
landscape1 that while apparently in     

their natural state1 yet are restored   
and preserved with a true appreciation  
of nature4 ,this estate is a lesson in  
reclaiming and remodeling that cannot   
fail to be instructive to all home      
builders4 ,it goes to show that         
forethought and ingenuity can create a  
comfortable and inviting home in the    
midst of desolation1 and transform an   
old dilapidated cottage into a charming 
and picturesque abode4     ,,chapter    
,,xiii  ,,little ,,orchard   ,the old   
farmhouse can well be copied as a type  
for the modern summer home1 for its     
lines are excellent1 and its design is  
often so striking that it lends itself  
to easy reproduction4 ,to the house     
owner of to-day it may seem a little    
strange that1 with the trend of modern  
improvements1 the old houses should be  
used for this purpose1 and the          
architecture of the master builders of  
long ago shown preference over that of  
modern architects who have given their  
life to this subject4  ,the builders and

 designers of old houses had to depend  
on their own ideas or possibly on a few 
designs that were sent over in the      
cumbersome ships that plied between     
,england and the new country1--the work 
of ,sir ,christopher ,wren1 one of the  
most celebrated architects of his day4  
,there are no more satisfactory details 
of house construction than we find in   
these old houses1 where fireplaces1     
doors1 porches1 and carving show        
individuality4 ,these ideas1 modified   
and improved upon1 are found in many a  
twentieth-century home1 lending a       
dignity and charm that would otherwise  
be lacking4  ,if you are remodeling an  
old house and wish to change a fireplace
 that is unsatisfactory or a stairway   
that is not artistic in design1 do not  
introduce modern ideas1 but rather seek 
for an old house that is being torn down
 and from it take bits that will        
satisfactorily fit into the work of     
remodeling4 ,it is not a hard matter to 
find details of this kind1 for many an  

old farmhouse has been neglected so long
 that it is past redemption1 and it is  
the blending of the old with the old    
that does much to keep distinctive the  
period that you are seeking to preserve4
  ,sometimes the house has been badly   
mutilated1 often to such an extent that 
its best features are disguised1 and it 
is a serious problem to eliminate the   
wrong ideas and duplicate the original4 
,the old craftsmen before ,colonial     
times were apt to build houses along    
certain lines which often failed to     
bring proper results2 details varied and
 sometimes were incongruous with the    
type of the house4 ,the first houses    
were generally one-roomed2 later1 other 
rooms like units were gathered around   
it1 and the result in some cases was the
 appearance of a lean-to4 ,later on came
 the ell1 and1 to save steps1 chambers  
were designed on the lower floor1       
leading off the main rooms of the       
houses4 ,naturally in houses of this    
kind the largest room was the kitchen1  

for this was the family-living-room1    
more especially during the cold weather4
  ,we will find as we examine an old    
farmhouse that the dominant portion of  
the building was the first floor1 and   
that the chambers were adapted to the   
lower-story plan4 ,these were not always
 satisfactory1 as little or no care was 
given to the arrangement of the rooms1  
and in many houses closets were little  
considered4 ,the partitions between     
these rooms were not double1 like those 
found to-day1 but were made of matched  
board and accommodated themselves to the
 framework4 ,later on plastering came   
into vogue and this made the rooms      
warmer and much more habitable4  ,the   
windows were generally spaced carefully 
and were in harmony with the front door1
 making an attractive exterior4 ,the    
walls were of wood1 often with a layer  
of brick to keep out the cold and also  
to form a better protection4 ,the roofs1
 more especially in the early houses1   
were very steep1 since they were planned

 for thatching2 later on1 when shingles 
came into use1 they grew lower and      
wider4 ,it was not until #agjj that the 
gambrel roof came into style4 ,in       
considering the evolution of the house  
we must look backward1 and thus we come 
to realize the progression of           
architecture4 ,we then discover that    
every old house shows interesting       
features1 and it is the house with a    
history that makes its greatest appeal  
to the antiquarian2 while the revival of
 ,colonial architecture brings a renewed
 interest in the history of that period4
  ,there is no more attractive remodeled
 farmhouse than that of ,mr4 ,roland ,c4
 ,lincoln1 which is a charming1         
rambling1 summer home situated on the   
,gloucester road half way between       
,manchester-by-the-,sea and ,magnolia4  
,it is a low1 yellow cottage1           
picturesquely placed against a          
background of trees and nestled on the  
side of a hill seemingly as if it had   
been there for centuries4 ,at the front 

is the ocean1 while surrounding it is   
well-placed shrubbery and artistically  
trained vines4  ,illustration3 ,the     
,house from the ,driveway  ,the grounds 
are just at the left of the main road   
and separated from it by a low stone    
wall2 the entrance is by a driveway at  
one side that winds to an entrance      
porch4 ,all around the house are        
carefully trimmed lawns and gardens gay 
with flowers1 while the soft expanse of 
green sward extends to the shadowing    
trees and the background of forest and  
rock4 ,the house was built two hundred  
and fifteen years ago4 ,at that time it 
stood on the road and was overshadowed  
by the very oldest house there was in   
the town1 which stood on the crest of an
 adjoining hill4 ,it then contained four
 rooms only1 each one of which was      
thirteen and a half feet square4        
,surrounding the old farmhouse was an   
orchard of apple-trees that even in the 
early days gave to it its present name  
of ,little ,orchard4  ,illustration3    

,the ,angle of the ,ell  ,the           
possibilities of the little cottage1 as 
it stood forlorn by the side of the     
road1 attracted the attention of the    
present owner1 who purchased it1 moved  
it back from the road to its present    
location1 and remodeled it1 adding a    
wing at the left4 ,the old front door   
was improved by the addition of a       
semicircular porch which is an exact    
reproduction of the porch on the ,white 
house at ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,the   
side porch was unique and most          
picturesque in its design4 ,ivy has been
 trained to cover the veranda and       
outline many of the windows4  ,at the   
rear1 facing the garden with its        
frontage of gnarled apple-trees1 we find
 the veranda or out-of-doors            
living-room4 ,this is used during the   
summer months and commands one of the   
most picturesque views on the estate1   
overlooking lawns and forest4           
,illustration3 ,the ,entrance ,porch    
,illustration3 ,the ,stairway  ,entrance

 to the old house is through the porch1 
and one finds himself in a most charming
 hallway1 at one side of which is an    
alcoved recess4 ,this is hung in blue   
and white ,morris paper4 ,near the front
 door at the right is the staircase     
which leads with low treads and broad   
landing to the second-story floor2 it   
has a hand-carved balustrade with a     
mahogany rail1 while its newel post     
shows fine carving4 ,half way up between
 two huge beams have been placed some   
wonderful old pieces of china of the    
,colonial period1 and under them is the 
quaint inscription1 a welcome to the    
home1 ,in ,god's hands stands this      
house1 may good luck come to it and bad 
luck go out of it4 ,the staircase is    
reproduced from a particularly fine     
model found in a house in ,boston that  
was originally the home of one of       
,america's greatest statesmen1 ,edward  
,everett4 ,it fits into its new         
surroundings as if it had always been   
there and is exactly the type one would 

expect to find in such a house as this4 
,there is a fine old cabinet near the   
staircase that is considered one of the 
best pieces in the country4 ,inside is  
an entire tea-set of ,lowestoft         
originally brought to ,manchester by one
 of the old sea captains as a commercial
 venture and placed on sale4 ,it was    
purchased by the present owner and holds
 a prominent place in her collection4   
,at the foot of the stairs1 inside the  
front door1 the name of the house has   
been done in burnt wood4 ,mrs4 ,lincoln 
arranged to have this executed while she
 was traveling abroad and when talking  
with the workman she told him the story 
of her remodeled farmhouse and why it   
was named ,little ,orchard4 ,he was very
 much interested in her description1 and
 when the inscription was finished1 it  
bore not only the name1 but decorations 
in each corner of tiny little apples4   
,illustration3 ,the ,dining ,room  ,at  
the end of the entrance hall is the     
dining-room which is long and well      

lighted by many windows on two sides4   
,this was a part of the original house1 
enlarged and added to4 ,here we find the
 low stud and the beamed ceiling so     
prevalent in houses of that day4 ,it is 
hung with a most interesting ,morris    
paper done in pink and blue1 and at one 
end is a recessed sideboard4 ,the upper 
part of this is used as a china         
cupboard1 while on either side bookcases
 have been inserted4 ,the furnishing of 
this room is all of the ,colonial       
period2 the chairs are ,sheraton1 as is 
also the sideboard4 ,the fireplace is   
unusually good1 being handsomely carved 
with a basket of fruit as the central   
decoration4  ,opening from the          
dining-room is the living-room1 a large1
 square room with beamed ceiling1 a     
feature being a built-in bookcase at the
 farther end4 ,on the walls are many    
original paintings including one by the 
late ,william ,h4 ,hunt1 ,tired of      
,work4 ,an interesting inglenook is a   
space-saving device that has been       

introduced4 ,underneath the window-seat1
 studded in brass nails1 is the name of 
the house again1 ,little ,orchard4  ,the
 reception-room is back of the          
living-room and shows the staircase of  
old ,colonial design at the farther end4
 ,the fireplace was taken from a house  
which once sheltered ,general           
,lafayette4 ,when the house was torn    
down1 the beauty of the carving and the 
graceful design attracted the attention 
of the present owner1 who purchased it  
for his remodeled house4 ,when it was   
brought home1 it was found to be almost 
impracticable1 through being so badly   
worm-eaten2 under the hands of skilful  
workmen1 however1 it has been thoroughly
 renovated and is now a prominent       
feature of the room4 ,the apartment is  
well lighted by many windows1 each one  
of which is of a different design4      
,these have been perfectly planned1 and 
there is no discordant note4  ,the      
second story has been so arranged that  
all the rooms open into each other and  

also into the hallway4 ,they are of low 
stud and contain dormer windows4 ,the   
,colonial atmosphere has been carefully 
observed1 so that new pieces which have 
been introduced fit in harmoniously with
 the old ones4 ,each room has a large1  
open fireplace with a crane1 suggestive 
of good cheer4  ,the success of this    
house has been attained through the     
careful thought of the owners1 and it is
 an example of a charmingly remodeled   
farmhouse of a type such as one seldom  
finds4     ,,chapter ,,xiv  ,,willowdale
   ,should you chance to run across an  
old farmhouse that shows good interior  
woodwork1 do not carelessly pass it by1 
for such houses are not easy to         
discover4 ,you must realize that when   
restored it will be much more attractive
 than one with a plain mopboard and     
narrow cornice4  ,woodwork was not of   
the ,colonial type in the earliest      
houses2 it was used merely as a wall    
covering and was called wainscot1 the   
same as it is to-day4 ,this was because 

the paneling was originally made from   
wainscot oak which was well grained and 
without knots4 ,differing from that in  
nineteenth-century houses1 it was put on
 the walls vertically1 the boards being 
rough and wide4 ,it must be remembered  
that in those days trees had not been   
felled to any extent1 and the giants of 
the forest provided the best of lumber  
for this purpose4 ,these boards were    
either lapped or put together with      
tongue-strips4 ,later on1 we find       
interiors where they were laid          
horizontally1 like those of a century or
 more ago1 and instead of being plain   
boards1 were well finished4  ,wainscot  
is an inheritance from our early        
ancestors1 for in the manor houses in   
the mother country there is wonderful   
woodwork1 used not only for wainscot1   
but for other parts of the interior     
finish4 ,white pine1 which at that time 
grew abundantly in our native woods1 was
 employed for interior as well as       
exterior purposes1 this being more      

especially true in the northern and     
eastern parts of the country1 where it  
was more plentiful4 ,it has generally   
been conceded that this wood was the    
best on account of its wearing          
properties1 and as it did not show      
figure in either the grain or markings4 
,it was often called cheese-like and for
 this reason was preferred by           
wood-carvers and cabinetmakers for their
 art4  ,the wainscot was used until     
about the time of the ,revolution and   
not until a later period were the walls 
plastered4 ,it has never lost its       
popularity and is found in many         
twentieth-century houses4 ,it is        
generally shown in paneled effects which
 came into vogue much later than the    
plain board period4 ,this woodwork was  
generally in the lower story1 where more
 time and thought were given to interior
 finish2 very rarely is it found in the 
chambers and then only in the better    
class of houses4 ,wainscot is not the   
only interior woodwork used2 we often   

find whole walls finished in paneled    
wood1 and fireplaces with a simple frame
 in paneled effects4 ,many of these old 
fireplaces showed a wooden shelf only1  
while later on1 in the early part of the
 nineteenth century1 fine carvings were 
included4 ,occasionally we run across a 
mantel of this kind in an old farmhouse1
 but it is very rare4  ,it would be out 
of place for the house owner to         
introduce a mantel of this kind1 no     
matter how attractive1 in some types of 
old farmhouses4 ,it would not be in     
keeping with the style and1 while       
handsome and graceful in design1 would  
be incongruous even in remodeled        
surroundings4  ,door-frames as well as  
the wainscot betoken the age of the     
house1 for in the earlier ones doors are
 perfectly plain in finish1 elaboration 
in design of paneling and wood-carving  
coming into play at a little later      
period4 ,cornices widened and also      
became more elaborate as house building 
progressed1 and a century after the     

first wainscot was used1 we find them   
sometimes several inches in width and   
showing different motives1 such as the  
egg and dart4 ,these also are rarely    
found in an old farmhouse1 for it must  
be remembered that our early ancestors  
had little time to think out elaboration
 in the interior finish of their homes  
which were built solely as shelters4    
,in the reproductions of to-day the wide
 boards are not easy to find1 unless    
they are taken from some old house4 ,one
 of the most valuable boards is the     
pumpkin pine which is now rarely found1 
having disappeared from the ,new        
,england forest long ago4 ,fortunate is 
the house owner who discovers this wood 
in his old farmhouse1 for it is found   
only in the very oldest buildings4 ,the 
softness of the wood and the great width
 of the boards distinguish it from the  
white pine4  ,in #afie1 on the shores of
 ,cape ,cod1 not far from ,cataumet1 a  
small farmhouse was built1 with four    
rooms down-stairs and two rooms and an  

unfinished attic above4 ,it was the home
 of one of the early settlers and stood 
facing the highway1 a simple1           
unpretentious dwelling of no particular 
design and incongruous architecture4    
,although it had been substantially     
built1 it had been abandoned for many   
years and was in a most dilapidated     
condition4 ,originally the water came   
nearly to its door1 but the shore line  
gradually had receded1 so when first    
discovered1 the little building stood   
with its back to the road1 and its face 
to the bare meadows4  ,illustration3    
,before ,remodeling  ,like other houses 
of this early period1 it was guiltless  
of paint1 and its weather-beaten sides  
showed the wear and exposure of many    
years' conflict with the elements4 ,to  
transform this house into a summer home 
equipped with accommodations adequate   
for a modern family1 was a difficult    
problem4 ,the proportions of the        
exterior were good but so simple that in
 order to extend the original quaint    

outline of the house without marring it1
 the additions had to be made with      
unusual care4  ,illustration3 ,the      
,front ,view  ,the first step was to    
carefully study the period for correct  
remodeling and to lay out the five acres
 of grounds to balance the house and    
preserve symmetry of detail4 ,a driveway
 starts at the entrance1 where on a high
 pole swings a shield-like sign with a  
red background and showing the name of  
the house1 ,willowdale1 in white4 ,the  
estate is defined by a fence1 and the   
house in its remodeled state is         
attractively located on rising land1    
many feet back from the main highway4   
,illustration3 ,the ,house from the     
,garden  ,a hundred years after the     
house was built1 a new highway was      
opened at the rear2 thus the front or   
south side was wholly screened from     
observation1 and it was here that the   
new owner decided to lay out his garden4
 ,it is enclosed by a high fence painted
 white1 with latticed panels stained    

green2 at the end a summer-house was    
erected1 whose axis is the central path 
of flat stepping-stones that leads to   
the quaint porch entrance4 ,its three   
outer sides extend beyond the fence and 
command a broad view of the picturesque 
shore territory4 ,the garden proper is  
of the old-fashioned type1 in conformity
 with the old-time atmosphere of the    
estate1 and the same sorts of flowers   
thrive in the trim beds that bloomed no 
doubt in the first owner's garden4      
,trailing vines conceal the fence       
outlining this plot from view4 ,the only
 distinctive modern touch and yet one   
quite in harmony with the quaintness of 
the grounds is a large crystal          
gazing-bowl4 ,this reflects in its      
luminous surface the nodding heads of   
the flowers1 the floating clouds1 the   
children dashing past1 or the still     
loveliness of the summer sunset which   
preludes the night4  ,illustration3 ,a  
,rear ,view  ,the original house had    
been substantially built1 and while     

appearing dilapidated1 few of the       
shingles needed replacing even after two
 hundred years' wear4 ,in the interior  
comparatively few repairs were          
necessary1 paint and paper being the    
principal requisites4 ,additions had to 
be made to secure the needed room1 and  
the first problem was to arrange these  
to conform with the original quaint     
outline4 ,the old part was of the old   
farmhouse type1 low of build4 ,to the   
right a wing was built to contain three 
bedrooms and a bathroom1 and to balance 
this a broad1 covered veranda was added 
at the left2 behind this1 at the rear1  
quarters for the kitchen1 servants'     
hall1 and chambers were thrown out4     
,there was need of more light for the   
second-floor rooms in the old building1 
so dormers were inserted in the deep    
pitched roof at the front4  ,the        
exterior was then painted dark red with 
a white trim1 following the style of the
 first painted houses4 ,whether the red 
was used for economy's sake or not is a 

question1 but it probably was1 and      
proved most appropriate4 ,yellow was the
 next coloring used1 which is shown by  
the fact that it is sometimes found with
 red underneath2 the white paint came   
into vogue still later4  ,over the front
 door a small porch was built which was 
in strict keeping with the period4      
,trellises were erected at one side of  
the house for rambler roses and vines   
that would break the plain1 solid effect
 of the shingled surface4 ,an           
old-fashioned well was boxed in1 at the 
rear of the kitchen entrance1 and       
furnishes drinking-water for the family4
 ,the old chimney was retained1 so that 
the fireplaces could be used4  ,when the
 house was first built1 there were two  
rooms at the front and at the rear a    
kitchen1 kitchen-bedroom1 and a dairy4  
,the three small rooms were thrown into 
one large room which is now used as a   
dining-room4 ,when the plaster was      
scraped off from the ceiling1 it was    
found that there were hand-hewn beams   

underneath in such a good state of      
preservation that they were left        
uncovered1 giving to the new apartment a
 distinctive touch4 ,it was then        
discovered that the house had been built
 around a tree1 for a substantial oak1  
with its roots deep in the ground and   
its large trunk still shouldering the   
roof beam1 was disclosed4 ,underneath   
the old paper was found fine wood       
paneling which was scraped and painted  
white2 next the fireplace was opened1   
and proved to be eight feet wide with a 
swinging crane at the back4 ,this was   
restored to its original size1 and a    
square1 brick hearth was laid4 ,the old 
floors were replaced by new ones1 and   
the entire room was given the tone of   
the period4 ,rag rugs are laid on the   
floor1 and all the furniture represents 
seventeenth-century pieces4 ,at one end 
of the room is the dining-table1 and at 
the farther side1 large ,french windows 
hung with chintz open on to a vine-clad 
veranda4  ,illustration3 ,the ,living   

,room  ,the parlor1 which opened from   
the dining-room1 was covered with many  
layers of dirty wall-paper4 ,when these 
were removed1 it was discovered that    
there was a very fine wainscoting4 ,in  
one corner was a three-cornered cupboard
 with a paneled door underneath4 ,the   
fireplace was opened up1 and when the   
room was painted it developed into one  
of the most charming rooms in the house4
 ,the paneling was painted just off the 
white1 and the walls were hung with     
soft1 gray paper with tiny pink flowers1
 making the color scheme of the room    
gray and pink4 ,this was carried out in 
all the furnishings1--the chintz used   
for cushions and the hangings           
harmonizing with these tones4 ,instead  
of having all the furniture of the      
,colonial period1 comfortable willow    
chairs were introduced1 in order to give
 the light1 airy touch that makes a     
summer home distinctive4 ,this is a     
large1 livable room1 well-lighted by    
many windows and looking out upon the   

lawn and the garden4  ,the hallway is of
 the plain1 simple type which was so    
common in the oldest houses4 ,the walls 
are covered with a reproduction of an   
old-time landscape paper1 and the       
passage forms the division line between 
the old sitting-room and the            
dining-room4 ,this dining-room is now   
used as a chamber2 it is large and sunny
 with a wide-open fireplace4 ,it is     
furnished with an ,empire bed and shows 
everything that would have been found in
 the early days in a chamber of this    
kind1 even to the spirit lamp that      
stands on the high mantel1 the          
warming-pan beside the generous         
fireplace1 the oval mirror1 and the     
wooden cradle with its hand-woven       
blanket1 where now sleeps a             
twentieth-century baby4  ,illustration  
,illustration3 ,two of the ,chambers    
,on the second story the rooms have been
 remodeled and show the same good taste 
which prevails all through the house4   
,the unfinished attic has been          

plastered1 papered1 and converted into  
two bedrooms which are equipped with the
 old-time furnishings and are used      
primarily as guest rooms4 ,the gable    
windows make them light and airy and at 
the same time afford a charming glimpse 
of the garden1 heavy with the fragrance 
of the sweet-smelling blossoms1 much as 
it was two centuries ago4  ,willowdale  
is one of the most comfortable and well 
appointed of the many remodeled houses  
that are found in ,new ,england4 ,it is 
the possession of such a quantity of    
fine old woodwork that has given the    
house its distinctive atmosphere1 though
 this has been preserved and heightened 
by the good taste of the present        
residents1 who have succeeded in making 
it a most livable dwelling4 ,every room 
is well lighted and well ventilated1 yet
 the house maintains in its renovated   
state all the quaintness and charm of a 
seventeenth-century home4 ,it is a fine 
example of how an old house can be      
remodeled with little trouble and       

expense1 and how the old and new can be 
combined harmoniously4     ,,chapter    
,,xv  ,,the ,,george ,e4 ,,barnard      
,,estate   ,in remodeling a farmhouse1  
one should plan to build wide verandas1 
overlooking pleasing views4 ,these can  
be glass-enclosed1 so that during       
inclement weather one need not stay     
indoors4 ,out-door life is a part of the
 essentials in planning a summer home1  
and it means so much to the house owner 
that every possible means should be     
devised to secure it4 ,with this object 
in view1 why not lay out around the     
house attractive flower beds8 ,just a   
plain lawn does not mean much1 but      
planted with trees1 effective shrubbery1
 and well-planned gardens1 it furnishes 
an inducement to sit on the porch and   
watch the ever changing views4  ,in     
attempting this work1 plan for vistas1  
well-selected spaces through which one  
can get glimpses of the world beyond4   
,have an objective point in view1 so    
that the beauty of the setting sun and  

the clouds clothed in rainbow hues make 
it more attractive4 ,panorama effects   
are always interesting and are obtained 
through judicious planting1 for one must
 remember that a plain level lawn in    
itself has few features that attract4   
,let the units be carefully spaced1 and 
if there are walks or drives near the   
house1 lay them out where they will not 
detract from the picturesque effect that
 you desire4 ,an exception can be made  
with the ,english or flag treads1 which 
make a charming adjunct to the grounds  
when grass grown4  ,in the early days1  
the first settlers had their flower beds
 close to the house1 probably because   
they did not then interfere with garden 
space4 ,the effect was pleasing1 for it 
added to the simple attraction of the   
early building4 ,it is a good plan1     
after remodeling a house1 to carry out  
this scheme of our forebears and have a 
narrow bed following the line of the    
house4 ,trees also are always effective2
 they break the roof line and shut off  

objectionable views4 ,if you have no    
trees1 by all means plant some4 ,screens
 can be devised by planting shrubbery1  
which makes unnecessary a latticed      
enclosure and is all the more           
interesting if the shrubs bear flowers1 
adding a bright spot to the color       
scheme4 ,they are very practical as     
well1 since they serve many purposes    
besides shutting off objectionable      
portions of the grounds4 ,if rightly    
planted1 they serve as windbreaks and   
can be arranged to frame a vista4 ,while
 evergreen is often used for this       
scheme1 yet shrubs such as the lilac1   
forsythia1 bridal wreath1 flowering     
almond1 and many others are suitable4   
,plant these so that there will be a    
continuation in bloom1 and also with    
reference to a definite color scheme4   
,a remodeled farmhouse set back from the
 road without any surrounding decoration
 of garden or hedge cannot be           
picturesque1 for merely a stretch of    
green lawn leaves it bare and           

uninviting1 no matter how much you cover
 the house with vines4 ,the composition 
of house and garden should be carefully 
planned1 all the more if the estate is  
extensive1 with plenty of land that can 
be used for this purpose4 ,it is not    
much trouble to plant shrubs1 and they  
need little cultivation4 ,in the woods  
near at hand you can usually find plenty
 that will serve the purpose1 if economy
 has to be considered4  ,in planting the
 garden there are many things to be     
regarded2 one of the most important is  
the sequence of bloom4 ,this should be  
arranged with a view to color effects1  
for nowhere will one's taste be more    
conspicuous than in the garden plot     
which surrounds the house4 ,there is no 
doubt that the harmony of color is a    
vital question1 and complementary ones  
should be grouped together4 ,yellow     
should never be left out of the garden  
unless one wishes a very quiet effect2  
red is a favorite color and contrasts   
well with white4 ,it must be remembered 

that quiet colors can be used in greater
 profusion than glaring ones2 and if the
 exterior of the house is white1 it     
permits one a much wider latitude in the
 choice of colors and in the arrangement
 of pleasing effects4  ,the combination 
of house and garden that is found on the
 ,george ,e4 ,barnard estate of         
,ipswich1 ,massachusetts1 is ideal and  
the result of many years of careful     
thought4 ,the house was originally a    
small and unattractive farmhouse which  
contained only four rooms2 it was       
dilapidated and forlorn in appearance   
and situated in the midst of            
uncultivated grounds4 ,it was the       
location which attracted the present    
owner1 for he saw here great            
possibilities for development2 so he    
purchased the estate with a view of     
surrounding the house with gardens4     
,illustration3 ,before ,remodeling  ,the
 house has been added to1 a little at a 
time1 by throwing out here a room and   
there a veranda1 instead of completing  

the whole work at once4 ,vine-covered   
verandas now surround three sides of the
 house2 the shrubbery has been well     
planted4  ,from the time the garden was 
first started1 it was the desire of the 
owner to paint in flowers what other    
people have painted on canvas4 ,steep   
hills that obstructed the view at the   
side of the house have been converted   
into gentle slopes2 bare spots have been
 thickly planted1 and colors have been  
combined so that there is no            
inharmonious note in the finished       
garden4 ,careful planning eliminated    
straight lines1 but not even the        
slightest curve in a flower bed was made
 until after due consideration4 ,the    
flowers were planted to fulfill1 as near
 as possible1 the scheme of a landscape 
picture1 and each plant not in perfect  
harmony was removed4 ,the effect as one 
sits on the veranda is like looking at  
an immense canvas1 where the pictures   
change with every move1 for the estate  
is a masterpiece of color and bloom1    

depicting a different phase of landscape
 on every side4  ,in remodeling the     
house1 so many changes have been made   
that it is almost impossible to tell the
 manner in which the improvements were  
effected4 ,there is not a room in the   
house but has been thoroughly changed1  
nor one that has not been enlarged4 ,the
 service quarters are all new2 they have
 been placed in the rear1 where they do 
not intrude on the scheme that has been 
carried out in remodeling--that of      
making an attractive house in keeping   
with the setting of the grounds4 ,the   
main house is at the front and has been 
kept in practically the same general    
style as when purchased4 ,the entire    
rear portion of the house has been added
 a little at a time1 until now it is    
most complete in each and every detail4 
,illustration3 ,the ,front of the ,house
  ,illustration3 ,the ,house from the   
,terrace  ,dormer windows have been let 
into the roof in order to give better   
lighting1 and the wide verandas have    

been railed in1 to provide an up-stairs 
living-room1 from which one gets the    
best views of the garden4 ,the lower    
veranda is furnished with well-chosen   
willow furniture1 each piece being      
carefully selected so that there are no 
two alike4 ,it has been given a setting 
of ornamental bay-trees in green tubs   
and huge pottery vases filled with      
masses of bloom4 ,the most attractive   
part of the veranda is at one side of   
the house1 where it is paved with brick 
and lined on the one side with evergreen
 trees and on the other with scarlet    
geraniums4  ,illustration3 ,the         
,pergola-,porch  ,illustration3 ,the    
,hall  ,the hall or morning-room was a  
part of the original house4 ,it is      
entered directly from the veranda and   
has been so treated as to present a     
different series of pictures from the   
time one enters the door until one      
leaves1 each room which opens out of it 
being carefully designed for harmonious 
effects4  ,illustration3 ,the ,alcove in

 the ,living ,room  ,at the left of the 
room is the staircase which leads to the
 second-story floor4 ,the low mahogany  
risers and treads contrast with the     
white balusters which are topped with a 
highly polished mahogany rail4 ,doors   
have been removed so that the adjoining 
rooms are glimpsed as one enters from   
the veranda4 ,this room is hung with a  
,colonial paper showing delicately      
tinted red flowers against a gray       
background1 and its beauty is heightened
 by the leaded glass windows of the     
china closet at the right and the simple
 fireplace with its brass accessories4  
,every bit of furniture here is old     
,colonial and is upholstered in green to
 match the color of the hangings4 ,a    
long ,french window opens on to the     
veranda and gives glimpses of the       
beautiful gardens4 ,the upper portions  
of the old cupboards that were in the   
house have been glassed in4 ,the floors 
have had to be re-laid4  ,illustration3 
,the ,den  ,particularly noticeable is  

the den which is at the left of the     
hallway4 ,here the color scheme is      
green1 the walls being covered with     
textile2 the wainscot is painted white1 
and the hangings at the window brighten 
the plain effect of the wall treatment4 
,there is no crowding of furniture1 but 
a dignified atmosphere pervades the     
entire room4 ,it is an apartment such as
 one loves to find--quiet and restful4  
,these two rooms occupy the entire front
 of the house4  ,opening from the hall  
is a long reception-room which was      
originally a part of the old house and  
which shows two rooms thrown into one1  
with an addition at the end nearest the 
avenue4 ,this is done in old blue velour
 and is furnished in mahogany4 ,the     
plain tint of the wall gives an         
admirable background to the fine old    
pictures which hang here and there4     
,every piece of furniture in this room  
is ,colonial4 ,ionic columns outline the
 wide double windows4 ,light and air    
have been carefully considered in the   

remodeling of the entire house and have 
particularly been sought in designing   
this room1 as is shown by the many      
windows on either side4 ,at the farther 
end1 to one side1 a ,french window leads
 to a glassed-in veranda which is used  
for a breakfast-room4  ,this room is a  
feature of the house1 for it has been   
set in the middle of the terraced       
grounds that lie at the side of the     
house1 so that one can get the full     
benefit of the picture garden with the  
slope of the hill beyond rising to meet 
the blue of the horizon4  ,in the       
reception-room1 as in every room in the 
house1 wooden doors have been removed   
and replaced by glass ones which act as 
windows to reveal the room beyond4 ,it  
is a most unusual treatment1--this      
picture idea carried out inside as well 
as outside of the house1--for there is  
no spot in the whole interior where you 
do not get a vista of some kind4        
,illustration3 ,the ,dining ,room       
,beyond the reception-room is the       

dining-room4 ,this1 too1 is a long1     
narrow room and has been added1 since   
the house was purchased1 but so fitted  
in that it is seemingly a part of the   
old house4 ,this room is divided into a 
dining and a breakfast-room and is used 
during inclement weather4 ,heavy        
draperies make it possible to shut the  
rooms off from each other if desired4   
,the entire end of the breakfast-room   
has been given up to groups of long     
,french windows which are repeated on   
either side1 making a wide bay window4  
,here again has the picture effect been 
carried out1 for the windows act as a   
frame to the mass of harmonious blossoms
 beyond1 with their setting of green4   
,the dining-room proper has a paneled   
,colonial landscape paper2 the furniture
 is of the ,empire period1 while at the 
farther end of the room have been let in
 on either side of the long windows an  
attractive china closet4 ,here1 as in   
every room in the house1 we find        
wainscot and the same use of white      

paint4  ,at the rear of this dining-room
 are the service quarters which consist 
of a large1 sanitary1 and well-equipped 
kitchen1 butlers' pantries1 servants'   
dining-room and sitting-room4 ,the      
chambers in the second story are        
entirely separate from the rest of the  
house4  ,the second floor shows at the  
right of the staircase a most delightful
 morning-room which is large and square 
with an open fireplace4 ,this is a      
particularly attractive room1 for it    
commands magnificent views4 ,the rest of
 the house is given over to chambers    
which are laid out in suites and        
furnished with old-time furniture4      
,there is an atmosphere about this      
remodeled farmhouse that is refreshing  
and most unusual4 ,it has taken years to
 satisfactorily develop the owner's idea
 of combining house and garden in one   
harmonious color scheme4 ,in the        
exterior this is changed each year1 the 
favorite combination being lavender and 
white4 ,this is attained by the use of  

heliotrope and sweet alyssum which      
outline the terraced wall and which show
 a carpet of green for central effect4  
,the veranda is a harmony of green and  
white which is carried out in the       
awnings1 the foliage1 the willow        
furniture1 and the white of the exterior
 and the balustrade4 ,in the interior   
there is not a jumble of different      
colorings1 and the rooms have been so   
arranged that they present a series of  
pictures brought about by the use of    
plain colors that perfectly blend4 ,this
 has not been the work of a day or a    
year1 but of ten years of careful study 
and is one of the most instructive      
lessons for those who are planning to   
remodel an old farmhouse and to         
introduce into its interior finish      
harmonious1 restful1 color schemes4     
,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,the ,w4 ,p4 ,,adden  
,,house   ,many of the old houses still 
contain some fine specimens of old      
hardware that were used when they were  
built1 more especially the ,h and ,l    

hinges and the old latches which have   
not been removed4 ,the knockers have    
often disappeared1 being more           
conspicuous and therefore eagerly       
sought1 not only by collectors but by   
builders of new houses into which       
,colonial ideas have been introduced4   
,if you are looking for this particular 
feature in the farmhouse1 you will      
probably find it widely varied1 as the  
different owners of the house each had  
his own special ideas and changed the   
hardware to suit his tastes4 ,many did  
not realize the importance of these     
fixtures in retaining the sixteenth and 
seventeenth-century interiors4  ,it is  
absolutely necessary that the hardware  
should correspond in material to period4
 ,too little thought has been given to  
this subject and has led to an          
incongruous use of hardware1 leaving an 
impression of lack of information       
concerning the correct architectural    
details of the house4 ,there is a       
decided difference between the hardware 

that was used in the latter part of the 
sixteenth century and the early         
seventeenth and that we employ to-day4  
,the twentieth-century builders'        
hardware covers a great variety of      
objects included in every part of the   
house4 ,in ,colonial times the term was 
applied to few1 such as latches1 locks1 
knockers1 and hinges1 some of which were
 very ornamental in design1 for they    
ranged from small pieces to large ones4 
,the evolution of this special feature  
of the house is of interest to the house
 builder2 it originated in the ,dark    
,ages1 at which period we find used     
,romanesque1 ,renaissance1 and ,gothic  
types in so many different forms that it
 is little wonder the architect turns to
 them for copy4 ,the best examples are  
seen in the late sixteenth and early    
seventeenth-century houses1 when the    
decoration of the entrance door was a   
very serious subject and received great 
attention1 especially during the        
,colonial period4 ,then the knockers    

were of the most importance and were    
either of cast-iron or brass4 ,the      
former were often very beautiful in     
design and were used on the earlier     
houses1 for brass did not come into     
favor until later4 ,unfortunately the   
waning vogue of this piece of hardware  
led to many rare pieces being destroyed 
or thrown into the melting pot4 ,it is  
fortunate that some house owners        
realized their worth and that collectors
 felt they would become a fad later on  
and so stored them away1 which accounts 
for many old knockers found on the      
market to-day4  ,the latch1 lock1 knob1 
and hinge are also interesting4 ,the    
former is made from either iron or brass
 but rarely of any other metal4 ,before 
the appearance of the latch1 the        
door-ring was used1 but this it would be
 most difficult to locate4 ,the         
thumb-latch is occasionally fanciful in 
design but is generally very plain and  
is rarely seen even in old-time houses1 
having been replaced by the door-knob4  

,the most common feature1 and one which 
we are quite apt to discover1 is the    
long strap-hinge which was designed for 
a special purpose1 for we must remember 
that in the early days wooden pins were 
used to fasten the door2 and while they 
kept it compact1 yet it demanded the    
strap-hinge also for protection4 ,this  
hinge will be found in many different   
patterns and makes1 sometimes running   
almost the entire width of the door1 and
 often constructed in three             
sections1--the upper1 lower1 and        
central1 although frequently only two   
were used4 ,the ornamental ones are     
rarely if ever seen in farmhouses1 being
 confined to the wealthier class4 ,the  
plain iron ones were more often found1  
and these are of two types1--the one    
known as the ,h hinge and the other as  
the ,h and ,l4  ,closet doors often are 
equipped with the ,h hinge which takes  
its name from its formation4 ,because of
 the fact that the home builders of     
to-day are turning their attention more 

and more to the use of decorative       
hardware1 one should be very careful to 
retain this feature as an effective     
detail in the interior finish of a      
remodeled farmhouse4  ,in the town of   
,reading1 ,massachusetts1 is a most     
attractive remodeled farmhouse that has 
been carefully worked out by ,w4 ,p4    
,adden with such a regard for the       
preservation of old-time atmosphere that
 it can be considered as a fine type to 
copy4 ,not only has the exterior been   
carefully planned1 but the owner has    
gone farther and made a special study of
 the hardware1 so that the house to-day 
contains many wonderful examples that   
are correct in their treatment and add  
much to the atmosphere of the home4     
,illustration3 ,,the ,w4 ,p4 ,,adden    
,,house  ,this old farmhouse was        
originally a gambrel-roofed cottage     
built about #agfj and was probably a    
four-roomed house1 as is indicated by   
the partitions filled with brick that   
were found in the center of the present 

house1 and also by an old brick oven and
 fireplace which were buried up and     
covered over by the portion of an old   
brick chimney evidently added later4    
,the additions to this dwelling1 even   
when purchased by the present owner1 had
 been carefully planned1 so that there  
were no awkward joinings or incongruous 
jogs discernible in the outline4 ,there 
is no doubt that here1 as in other old  
farmhouses1 the early builders had      
displayed an inherent sense of proper   
proportion1 and the additions which were
 made from time to time might be said to
 be after-expressions of first thoughts4
  ,when this house was first purchased1 
it was in an excellent state of         
preservation1 with the exception of the 
ell which was past repairing4 ,it faced 
directly south and had evidently been   
set by a compass regardless of street   
boundary1 though the location was only a
 short distance from the main road4 ,the
 design of the house contained all the  
characteristics of early                

construction1--the small-paned windows1 
closely cropped eaves1 and long1        
unrelieved1 roof line4 ,at the time of  
the purchase of the estate1 which had   
originally included hundreds of acres1  
it was surrounded by a low wall of field
 stone which had evidently been taken   
from the grounds to make tillage        
possible4 ,the house stood on a slope   
and was surrounded by grass land2 the   
same idea is carried out to-day1 in that
 little attempt has been made at garden 
culture1 the owner preferring to keep   
the estate as near as possible to the   
farm lands of centuries ago4  ,after the
 remodeling was commenced1 many         
interesting facts of construction were  
brought to light4 ,the north side of the
 house1 which was originally the rear1  
was changed by the present owner into   
the main front1 with entrance and       
staircase hall4 ,the hall was           
necessarily small1 and in order to make 
it practical1 five feet of the large    
central chimney had to be removed1      

including three fireplaces and two brick
 ovens4 ,it was then found that this    
portion had evidently been added to the 
house after the original chimney had    
been built1 as an old fireplace and     
brick oven were found on the line of a  
partition on the south side of the hall4
 ,it was also discovered that in all    
probability the original house had a    
lean-to at the north which was used for 
a kitchen1 and that this fireplace and  
brick oven were a part of the old room4 
,the original chimney was found by      
actual measurement to be sixteen feet by
 seven and a half feet1 and the stone   
foundation was the largest ever seen1   
being ample enough to accommodate the   
wide hearths as well as the chimney4 ,in
 fact1 to-day it takes all the central  
portion of the basement1 leaving two    
small spaces on either side4 ,in the    
remodeling1 it was found that the       
original work was laid up with clay1    
meadow clay being taken as a binder4    
,the exterior required little           

alteration1 save on the north side1     
where it was necessary to remove a      
portion of the wall in order to run the 
hall out under the roof of the house so 
that it might be two stories in height4 
,the front of the house1 which faced    
directly south1 was left unaltered1 with
 the exception that on the opposite side
 from the ell a glass-enclosed piazza   
was built of like width1 length1 and    
height4 ,this afforded a ballast1 as it 
were1 to the main building and made a   
comfortable playroom for the children4  
,a new porch1 arched with ,colonial     
pillars1 was built at the front of the  
house in keeping with the type4 ,in the 
ell a second one of less formal         
proportions was designed which was      
reached by a flagging of rough stones4  
,a third porch of entirely different    
character was a finish to the rear of   
the house and shows lattice work1 being 
quite ornamental in design4  ,the angle 
formed by the main building and the new 
ell gave space for a flower plot1 and   

here is located a small rose garden4    
,this is outlined by broad paths of     
stone2 surrounding the whole are wide   
borders of old-fashioned flowers which  
lend a touch of color that is very      
attractive4  ,illustration3 ,the        
,stairway  ,entering through the front  
porch1 one comes to a new hall1 and with
 the exception of this1 there has been  
little change in interior4 ,this hall is
 most interesting2 here are found the ,h
 and ,l hinges1 a yellow and white      
,colonial wall-paper1 and a staircase   
that divides at the landing and by easy 
treads leads on either side to chambers 
above4 ,an old grandfather's clock is an
 appropriate furnishing for this part of
 the house4 ,all through the lower story
 the old woodwork has been carefully    
preserved1 and where it was destroyed it
 has been replaced4  ,the living-room is
 practically as it was when purchased4  
,here we find the ,h hinges and the     
old-time latches1 while through the     
center of the room runs a beam which had

 to be cased in and which has been      
painted white to match the trim4 ,at one
 side a built-in bookcase has followed  
the architectural lines so perfectly    
that it seems as if it had been there   
ever since the house was built4 ,the    
simple ,colonial fireplace shows more   
ornamentation than is generally found in
 old farmhouses1 which indicates that it
 was of a better type dwelling4 ,with   
its new wall hangings and white trim1   
this room is most attractive4 ,it       
connects with the sun-parlor at one end 
and is well-lighted and most homelike in
 atmosphere4  ,the dining-room1 facing  
east1 has had a new group of windows    
added and contains the largest fireplace
 in the house4 ,the china closet above  
the fireplace was discovered when the   
plaster was removed for the purpose of  
building in a similar one4 ,this room is
 fitted with ,h and ,l hinges and the   
old-time iron latch4 ,it was originally 
a portion of the old kitchen1 the       
remainder of it being taken for a       

lavatory and passageway4  ,all through  
the house we find that careful attention
 has been paid not only to hardware but 
to furnishings4 ,no new-fashioned pieces
 have been used in any room in the      
house1 and this careful attention to    
details has been carried out even in the
 lighting fixtures1 which are all of the
 ,colonial type4  ,the second-story     
floor has undergone changes to meet the 
requirements of the present owner4 ,one 
half of this story is devoted to the    
nursery2 it is equipped with a large    
fireplace1 deep closets1 bath1 and      
nurse's room1 while the remainder       
provides a large bedroom1 bath1 and     
dressing-room4 ,it has been so arranged 
that each part is distinct by itself1   
and convenience has been looked after in
 every particular4  ,the original attic 
was entirely unfinished1 and when new   
stairs were erected in the second-story 
hall1 there was great difficulty in     
finding room enough to enter the attic  
by the side of the large chimney4  ,in  

the remodeling of this house1 comfort1 a
 careful following of ,colonial details1
 and an especial attention to the       
hardware are the salient features4      
,,chapter ,,xvii  ,,the ,,kate ,,douglas
 ,,wiggin ,,house   ,there is one thing 
that should be carefully considered in  
buying an old farmhouse1--that is1      
character4 ,in order to obtain this1    
distinct points should be sought after  
and brought out4 ,these can be          
accentuated not only in the house but   
also in its surroundings1--the garden1  
the trees1 and the shrubbery2 even the  
defining wall or fence does its part in 
making a good or bad impression on the  
casual passer-by4  ,one must remember1  
in dealing with subjects of this sort1  
that the term farmhouses is a varying   
one4 ,these range from small1           
insignificant little dwellings to the   
more elaborate houses that were built   
primarily for comfort as well as        
shelter4 ,there are many large1         
substantial dwellings1 not of the       

earlier type1 for they were erected much
 later1 but which illustrate the        
progression of the farmhouse design4    
,one looks in houses such as these for  
larger rooms1 higher stud1 and more     
up-to-date ideas4  ,the fireplaces are  
smaller and more ornate1 for it must be 
remembered that as time passed on1 money
 circulated more freely through the     
colonies1 allowing for more extensive   
work and better finished details4 ,while
 it is not necessary to copy the        
,colonial wall hangings1 yet in the     
older houses it is much more            
satisfactory2 still one can depart from 
this custom in a more elaborate house   
and use his own taste in selecting an   
attractive modern paper4 ,many people   
consider that houses restored1 no matter
 of what period1 should invariably have 
carefully consistent interior finish1   
without realization that it is sometimes
 better to look for character than type4
  ,the old-time wall-papers1 more       
especially the picturesque ones1 were   

generally used in more expensive houses1
 although we find them here and there in
 the more simple ones4 ,often this      
feature of the interior decoration is   
not well carried out1 the wall hangings 
being chosen for cheapness rather than  
merit4  ,to-day there is on the market  
such a great variety of papers that it  
is a very easy matter to get one        
suitable for any certain room and       
suggesting good taste4 ,many of them are
 reproductions of old motives1 while    
others are plain and simple in          
character1 giving to the room a quiet   
effect and providing a good background  
for pictures and hangings4 ,there is    
nothing more restful in character than  
the soft grays2 they are effective as a 
setting for stronger colors that can be 
used in the curtains1 for this part of a
 room finish is as important as the wall
 hangings themselves4 ,there is an      
indescribable charm to a room that has  
been carefully planned and shows good   
taste and restful surroundings4  ,in    

many houses1 some decorative scheme has 
been introduced which necessitates a    
particular kind of wall hanging1 and    
even though it may be most unusual in   
type1 it illustrates a motive that has  
been in the mind of the owner4 ,houses  
would lack character if the same line of
 interior decoration were carried out in
 all of them4 ,with a high wainscot and 
cornice painted ivory white1            
comparatively little paper is needed1   
which reduces the cost and permits a    
better paper than if the room had a     
simple mopboard and a tiny molding4     
,papers that are garish and discordant  
in themselves1 if skilfully handled1 can
 produce harmonious effects1 for it is  
often the unusual wall hangings that    
attract most4 ,in curtaining these rooms
 let the same main tone be reproduced2  
this need not apply to every detail but 
to the general tone4 ,many people are   
timid in the use of odd wall-papers or  
curtains2 they are afraid that they may 
look bizarre1 but they should remember  

that color is in reality a very powerful
 agent in making an artistic home4  ,it 
is sometimes effective to treat a house 
as a whole1 and then again it is better 
that each room should have its own      
individuality4 ,very few houses but have
 at least one corner that offers        
interesting opportunities1 and it is the
 artistic treatment of this that helps  
out the harmony of the room4  ,there is 
a charming atmosphere surrounding       
,quillcote1 the home of ,kate ,douglas  
,wiggin1 at ,hollis1 ,maine1 where ,mrs4
 ,riggs spends three months of the year4
 ,it may be that the quietness of the   
place lends to it additional charm1 and 
then again it may possibly be the result
 of its environment4  ,illustration3    
,mrs4 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin's ,summer  
,house  ,the house itself is typical of 
the better class of ,new ,england       
farmhouses1 and since it has come into  
,mrs4 ,riggs' possession1 many          
alterations have been made1 until to-day
 it is one of the most attractive       

farmhouses to be found anywhere4 ,two   
stories and a half in height1 with a    
slant to the roof1 it stands back from  
the road on a slight elevation1 with a  
surrounding of lawns and overshadowed by
 century-old elms4 ,to-day its          
weather-beaten sides have been renovated
 by a coat of white paint1 while the    
blinds have been painted green4 ,a touch
 of picturesqueness has been secured    
through the introduction of a window-box
 over the porch1 bright all through the 
season with blossoming flowers4 ,there  
is no attempt at floriculture1 the owner
 preferring to maintain the rural       
simplicity of a farmhouse devoid of     
flowers and only relieved by the        
shrubbery planted around the building4  
,when the house was first purchased1 it 
was not in a dilapidated condition1     
having been lived in by townspeople and 
kept in good repair4 ,the work of       
remodeling has been done by the people  
of the village1 and it has been         
superintended by the owner of the house1

 in order that her own ideas1 not only  
in remodeling1 but in decorating1 should
 be exactly carried out4 ,the old shed  
is now used as the service department1 a
 wide veranda having been built at one  
side for a servants' outdoor            
sitting-room4 ,at the rear of the house 
is the old barn1 which to-day is used   
for a study and for entertainment       
purposes4  ,illustration3 ,the ,hall    
,entrance to the house is through a     
,colonial door with a fanlight on either
 side4 ,the owner has preferred to keep 
this in its original state1 rather than 
add a porch of the ,colonial type4 ,the 
only porch that has been added to the   
house is a latticed1 circular one at the
 side door4 ,the entrance hall is long  
and narrow1 the staircase also being    
narrow and built at one side in order to
 save space4 ,the ,colonial idea has    
been carried out here in the wainscot1  
and the ornamentation of hand-carving on
 the stairs shows it was done by a      
stair-builder and not by an ordinary    

mechanic4 ,the lighting is from a       
lantern which carries out the general   
effect4 ,the wall-hanging is in         
,colonial colors1--yellow and           
white1--while the rugs are the old1     
woven rag carpets which are repeated for
 stair covering4 ,the balusters are very
 simple in design1 while the balustrade 
has been painted white1 thus showing it 
is not of mahogany4  ,illustration3 ,the
 ,dining ,room  ,at the right is the    
dining-room1 a bright1 sunny room that  
has been uniquely planned to occupy the 
front of the house instead of the rear1 
as is more usual4 ,it is a large1 square
 room1 in which little or no alteration 
has been made and which has been treated
 so as to make an effective setting to  
the rare old ,colonial furniture4 ,the  
size of the dining-room has been        
considered in reference to the          
furniture1 this being one reason why    
,mrs4 ,riggs has chosen this large1     
square room--in order to correctly place
 her old mahogany pieces4 ,the          

decorations are very simple and follow  
out the idea of ,colonial days1 there   
being no pieces that are not in actual  
use4 ,the walls are hung in shades of   
yellow and brown1 and she has been most 
successful in carrying out her color    
scheme4  ,illustration3 ,the ,den  ,the 
home study1 or den1 leads from the      
dining-room and has been carefully      
planned with an idea of restfulness4 ,a 
chamber at one end has been converted   
into an alcove1 and additional light is 
obtained by cutting a group of casement 
windows over the writing-table4 ,the    
room is very simply furnished and shows 
marked originality4 ,the walls are      
papered with woodland scenes1 for it was
 a fad of the occupant to bring into the
 house by wall hangings suggestions of  
the outside world4 ,while it is unique1 
it has a distinctly restful influence   
and is in tone with the fireplace1 which
 has been decorated with unusual        
features and which bears the name       
,quillcote4 ,the draperies in this room 

are original in treatment1 being        
decorated to order by a noted artist who
 has introduced his signature in some   
part of the work4 ,they are ornamented  
with original designs suggestive of farm
 life1 with such subjects as wheat1     
apples1 or corn and are covered with    
delicate traceries of rushes or climbing
 vines4 ,the fireplace has for andirons 
black owls1 and on either side stand    
altar candles4 ,in the furnishing of the
 room everything has been chosen with an
 eye to restful effects2 the owner has  
done away with the pure ,colonial idea1 
using the mission type and considering  
comfort more than conventionality4      
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,two      
,views of the ,living ,room  ,opposite  
the dining-room at the front of the     
house is the living-room1 where further 
originality is found in furnishings and 
in scenes from nature introduced in the 
unique wall hangings4 ,this room is in  
blue and white1 the wall-paper being    
delft blue with a rush design over which

 hover gulls4 ,singularly enough1 the   
idea is very pleasing4 ,the hangings are
 of white muslin with blue              
over-curtains1 while the furniture is a 
mixture of ,colonial and modern pieces4 
,an inglenook has been obtained through 
the introduction of a built-in          
window-seat which is covered with blue  
to match the tone of the paper4 ,the    
furniture is all painted white1 and the 
white fur rugs laid upon the blue floor 
covering give a charming effect4 ,the   
decoration and furnishing of this room  
is quiet and restful1 for those two     
ideas form the basis of the owner's     
scheme which she had in mind long before
 she took this house and while she lived
 in the old family mansion that stands  
just across the way4 ,it is a           
comfortable1 livable room and not used  
for state occasions alone1 but for      
everyday needs4  ,just beyond is the    
sitting-room in which an entirely       
different idea is presented4 ,here the  
china fad is evidenced in the           

ornamentation of priceless old plates   
that have been collected by the owner's 
sister1 ,miss ,nora ,smith1 and arranged
 according to her taste4 ,this room is a
 typical ,colonial room1 and the        
furniture shown is all of that period1  
even to a spinning-wheel which gives an 
old-time effect4 ,from this room one    
passes through a door on to the rear    
porch1 from which fine views are        
obtained of the little1 old-fashioned   
garden1 the pine grove opposite the     
house1 and the winding road4            
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,two of   
the ,chambers  ,the second story shows  
large1 square chambers which have been  
carefully planned1 each following out a 
distinct color scheme4 ,in one of these 
rooms there is a combination of         
lavender1 white1 and green1 shown in    
wall hangings1 curtains1 and            
furnishings4 ,the canopied ,field bed1  
with its lavender and white spread1 has 
been painted white4 ,over it has been   
draped a white muslin canopy4 ,the walls

 are in light green and show no pictures
 save that of a ,madonna and ,child1    
suggestive of the author's love of      
children4 ,on the mantel are several    
very rare pieces of ,staffordshire1 many
 of which can not be duplicated4 ,the   
furniture has been painted white1 with  
the exception of two chairs which have  
been treated to a coat of green4        
,another room1 showing wainscot and a   
quiet yellow and white ,colonial paper1 
has a ,field bed with white spread and  
white muslin canopy4 ,here the ,colonial
 idea in furnishing has been strictly   
carried out4  ,an original and yet      
artistic room has its walls entirely    
covered with a dainty cretonne1 the     
bed-covering and hangings being of the  
same material4  ,the most interesting   
idea in remodeling is presented by the  
old barn1 which has been converted into 
a large music-room or hall1 with a      
rustic platform at one end4 ,here a new 
floor has been laid1 many windows       
inserted1 and a few old-time settles    

placed1 constructed of weathered wood   
toned by time to an almost silvery hue4 
,nothing else has been changed2 the     
ancient rafters and walls remain as they
 were a century ago4 ,the hall is       
lighted by many lanterns hanging from   
ceiling and harness pegs1 also by       
curious ,japanese lanterns painted      
especially for ,mrs4 ,wiggin and bearing
 the name of the artist4 ,the lanterns1 
hung from overhead1 greatly relieve the 
somber effect of the heavy beams4 ,at   
the rear of the hall a broad door space 
makes a frame for a pretty picture1--a  
field of buttercups and daisies1 a      
distant house1 and two arching elms4 ,a 
large closet1 once the harness-room1 is 
fitted up with shelves and contains all 
the necessary china for a spread such as
 is given to the village folk several   
times a year1 when dances are held in   
the old barn4     ,,chapter ,,xviii     
,,the ,,franklin ,,brett ,,house        
,floors are an important detail in the  
remodeled house4 ,sometimes the original

 building has many that are in fairly   
good condition so that they can be      
saved4 ,there is a great advantage in   
keeping these old floors if possible1   
for they were made with plain edge1 of  
strong timber and laid close together4  
,the earliest floors were not double in 
treatment1 therefore the edges had to be
 either lapped or rabbited4  ,these wide
 boards that were used in the early     
construction stand the test of furnaces 
and modern heating a great deal better  
than do modern ones of the same width4  
,the latter are much more apt to shrink 
and open joints4 ,it will be found that 
the better floors are in the second     
story in almost every house4  ,it is    
probable1 however1 that if you are      
remodeling your house1 you will have to 
lay at least one or more floors1 and in 
such cases1 matched hemlock is the most 
advisable for the under floor2 but the  
boards should be laid diagonally and    
close together4 ,the usual method is to 
lay them matching the upper floor4 ,it  

is a great mistake1 even if advised to  
do so by an architect1 to lay only one  
floor1 for with shrinkage come cracks   
through which cold air and dust can     
rise2 even a carpet does not remedy the 
trouble4  ,hardwood boards make the most
 popular floors and come in varying     
thicknesses1 the oak being generally    
three eighths of an inch thick and the  
,north ,carolina pine averaging seven   
eighths of an inch4 ,both are employed  
for new floors and for re-covering old1 
soft-wood ones4 ,the narrow width of oak
 is more satisfactory1 as the narrower  
the stock the smaller the space between 
the strips and the less danger of       
unsightly appearance4 ,they may be a    
little more expensive than the wider    
ones1 but they make a much better       
showing4 ,then1 too1 the shading and    
figure blend more harmoniously than when
 the broader strips are employed4       
,narrow widths also obviate any danger  
of the flooring strips cupping1 as they 
are laid and stay absolutely flat4 ,one 

should be careful not to lay oak        
flooring while the walls and plaster are
 damp2 in fact1 if you have to do much  
remodeling1 the floor should be the last
 thing attended to1 as it is a better   
plan to get everything else done and    
thoroughly dried--even to painting1 wall
 hangings1 and decorating4  ,hard pine  
is best for the kitchen1 as it does not 
splinter1 is more reasonable in price1  
and has fine wearing qualities4 ,it must
 be taken into consideration that oak   
flooring is cheaper in the end than     
carpet4 ,a yard of carpet is            
twenty-seven inches wide by three feet  
in length and contains six and three    
quarters square feet4 ,clear            
quartered-oak flooring can be bought1   
laid1 and polished for one dollar per   
carpet yard1 and when you consider the  
lasting qualities of the wood and the   
beauty of a polished floor1 you will    
make no mistake to put in one of the    
better quality1 more sanitary1 and the  
best background for rugs1 instead of    

laying a floor of cheap wood4  ,carpets1
 with the exception of straw matting1   
are inadvisable for a home like this4   
,they are unsanitary1 hold the dust1 and
 are not nearly as attractive as rugs4  
,these may vary in price with the purse 
of the owner1 and can range from        
,oriental rugs1 costing hundreds of     
dollars1 to the simple rag rug which is 
always appropriate and in good taste4   
,the absolute carrying out of the       
,colonial idea is not necessary1 for it 
would not be appropriate to have        
old-fashioned rag mats in every room of 
the house4 ,they can be used1 however1  
in the dining-room or in the chambers1  
and to-day the woven rag carpets and    
mats are so attractive in their weave   
and so lasting that they are            
satisfactory adjuncts to the house      
furnishings4 ,in the parlor and         
living-room1 while they can be used if  
desired1 there are so many attractive   
low-priced rugs1 both ,oriental and     
domestic1 that it is an easy matter to  

get something both suitable and in good 
taste4  ,illustration3 ,,the ,,franklin 
,,brett ,,house--,,front ,,view  ,this  
attention to floors and their covering  
is nowhere better shown than in the     
,franklin ,brett ,house at ,north       
,duxbury1 ,massachusetts4 ,this house1  
which is over two hundred and fifty     
years old1 was put up at auction several
 years ago1 at just the time when the   
present owner was looking for an old    
farmhouse to remodel4 ,it was a double  
house that had been occupied by two     
families4 ,the frame1 excepting certain 
parts of the first floor joints and also
 portions of the sills1 was in very good
 condition1 but the first-floor boarding
 was badly worn and was not fit to be   
retained for use4 ,it was replaced by a 
new one of narrow boards4  ,the second  
story1 however1 was in much better      
condition1 and the floors1 with the     
exception of the one in the bathroom1   
could all be used4 ,the house was       
particularly ugly1 displaying a         

combination of bright yellow paint and  
dark red trim1 and the exterior was     
wholly devoid of any artistic design4   
,illustration3 ,before ,remodeling  ,at 
the front of the house there was a wide 
porch2--just a simple flooring and two  
doors that stood side by side4 ,the old 
place was so forlorn that it was bid in 
during the excitement of the auction    
partly out of sympathy4 ,it showed so   
little possibilities that at first the  
owner was doubtful whether it had been a
 good purchase1 for the building did not
 in any way fit his ideal of what was   
desired in order to make a suitable     
summer home4  ,illustration3 ,as        
,remodeled  ,after careful examination1 
however1 various possibilities were     
discovered indicating that there was a  
very good chance to make it attractive4 
,originally the house was built for one 
family only2 in architecture it was     
square-framed1 containing two stories   
and an attic1 with ells at the rear and 
one side and a deep1 sloping roof broken

 by two chimneys4 ,in the old house     
there were nine rooms on the first floor
 and five rooms and a hallway on the    
second4 ,some of these on the first     
floor have been combined by removing    
partitions to make a living-room and    
dining-room1 together with a hallway4   
,illustration3 ,the ,pergola-,porch  ,in
 the living-room were found some        
hand-hewn1 second-floor joists1 and it  
was decided to leave these exposed and  
plaster in between them1 instead of     
bringing the ceiling down to its        
original level4 ,in practically every   
room the plaster was in good condition  
and needed only to be treated in places4
 ,the chimneys were touched up wherever 
needed1 but on the whole very few       
repairs were necessary4 ,in the lower   
story to-day there are four rooms and a 
good-sized hall1 while the second story 
is divided into six rooms and a         
bathroom4 ,five additional windows were 
added down-stairs and two in the second 
story1 in order to secure proper light4 

,very little new material was put into  
the house1 the work consisting chiefly  
of tearing out old material and patching
 woodwork and plaster4 ,at the rear of  
the house1 on a line with the larger    
ell1--the smaller kitchen ell having    
been torn down1--a rustic pergola was   
constructed and a covered veranda1 over 
which grape-vines were trained for      
shade4 ,the roof was partially          
reshingled1 and the house was painted   
light gray with white trim1 with green  
for the blinds4 ,at the front a         
,colonial porch was added with latticed 
sides and a settle1 which is in direct  
keeping with the architecture of the    
house4 ,in its remodeled condition1 with
 its setting of closely cropped lawn1 it
 bears little resemblance to the ugly   
farmhouse of a few years ago4  ,there   
was no plumbing in the old house1 so a  
single bathroom was put in1 a hot-water 
boiler was added in the kitchen1 and a  
hot-air engine and pump were installed  
in the cellar which furnish water under 

pressure from a thousand-gallon supply  
tank4 ,later on1 a hot-water heater was 
installed1 so that with the modern      
improvements the house was made very    
comfortable for habitation all the year 
round if desired4  ,illustration3 ,a    
,first-floor ,vista  ,the original      
parlor on the left has been utilized for
 a morning-room2 the bedroom1           
dining-room1 and pantry have been       
combined into a living-room4 ,the       
partitions between the old hallways have
 been removed1 converting them into one 
good-sized hall4 ,the remaining portion 
of the old dining-room has been made    
into a large pantry4 ,the kitchen in the
 main ell has been left practically     
unchanged as to size and shape1 although
 the shed opening from it1 as well as   
the kitchen itself1 have been entirely  
renovated and equipped with up-to-date  
improvements4 ,paint and paper and rugs 
have effected an interior transformation
 that is most attractive4 ,there are no 
doors in the house1 wide openings making

 it appear as though it were one large  
room4  ,the hallway is entered from the 
,colonial porch and is unique because of
 its spaciousness4 ,the stairs are at   
the further end1 opposite the door4 ,the
 ,colonial atmosphere has been          
maintained in the wall hangings1 the    
braided rag mats1 and the old furniture4
  ,at the left of the hall is the       
morning-room with its wide1 open        
fireplace1 its ,colonial paper1 and     
,oriental rugs which are in color tones 
to correspond with the paper4           
,illustration3 ,the ,living ,room       
,opening from this room is the          
living-room1 where the same kind of rugs
 are laid on the hardwood floor4 ,in    
this room1 after the house was          
purchased1 a fireplace was discovered   
hidden away behind the partition4 ,it   
was opened up and restored to its       
original size4 ,at one side a closet was
 glassed in1 while in either corner     
cosy1 built-in settles give an inglenook
 effect that is very interesting4 ,the  

furnishings are wholly ,colonial and in 
keeping with the general character of   
the apartment4 ,here the low stud1 the  
beamed ceiling1 the depth and lightness 
of the room1 are most attractive4 ,from 
the long ,french window one steps out on
 grass land which commands a most       
attractive vista of shrubbery and trees4
  ,in the planting around the house1    
great care has been taken to secure     
shade and picturesqueness1 so that in   
its new life the remodeled farmhouse is 
surrounded by charming effects4  ,on the
 opposite side of the hallway one enters
 the long dining-room4 ,it is finished  
in red and white1 with one-toned        
hangings2 at the farther end is a quaint
 corner cupboard2 a handsome fireplace  
has been introduced at one side4 ,many  
of the pieces in this room are very     
rare1 especially the ,hepplewhite       
sideboard1 the chair-table that was once
 owned by ,governor ,bradford1 and the  
rush-bottomed chairs4 ,long glass       
windows open on the side veranda and    

combine with attractively grouped       
windows to make this room light and     
cheerful4  ,opening out of this is the  
pantry1 conveniently equipped with      
cupboards and shelves1 and beyond is the
 kitchen and shed which have been made  
entirely modern in their appointments4  
,the chambers up-stairs are large1      
square1 and fitted up with furniture of 
the period4 ,in taking a secret cupboard
 out of a closet1 there was discovered  
some paneling that had been plastered   
and papered over4 ,on removing the      
plaster1 it was found that the whole    
side of the room was paneled4 ,by the   
restoration of this old-time finish1 the
 chamber became even more indicative of 
the period in which it was built4 ,here 
the wall hangings are all ,colonial in  
design4  ,few houses1 even among the    
many that are being restored1 have      
retained the old-time atmosphere        
throughout as completely as has this    
farmhouse4 ,each room has been made     
comfortable and given an air of space1  

and consistency has been shown in the   
furnishing1 thus securing a result that 
is perfectly harmonious and in the best 
of taste4 ,by comparing the appearance  
of the old house at the time of its     
purchase with the results that have been
 obtained1 one realizes how much thought
 and care have been put into its every  
part4 ,the lines remain the same but    
have been extended by the introduction  
of the pergola at one side and a porch  
which are very attractive features in   
themselves4 ,the combination of old and 
new1 correctly treated1 has done much to
 make a harmonious whole4     ,,chapter 
,,xix  ,,the ,,george ,d4 ,,hall ,,house
   ,fortunate is he who1 on opening up  
the old fireplace in the house he       
intends to remodel1 finds hidden away   
behind plaster and paper a pair of old  
andirons and possibly a shovel and      
tongs1 indispensable furnishings for the
 fireplace4 ,no old farmhouse but what  
has in almost every room some kind of an
 open hearth1 and these are useless for 

the burning of wood without fire-dogs or
 andirons1 as they are commonly known4  
,to the inexperienced house owner who is
 looking for economy in his house       
furnishing1 reproductions are tempting1 
and most attractive sets of fire-dogs   
are to be found in almost every store4  
,in choosing a set1 however1 one must   
exercise judgment4 ,many of the         
reproductions are low in cost but are   
really merely lengths of brass piping1  
showing brass balls that are lacquered  
and strung together on invisible wire   
frames4 ,they are in reality the        
cheapest kind of spun-brass andirons4   
,if one with a knowledge of the weight  
of brass handles them1 he will realize  
their flimsiness1 but thousands of      
people do not recognize the difference4 
,poor fireplace accessories such as     
these detract greatly from the charm    
that surrounds a good hearth and mantel4
  ,it is no longer easy to pick up      
original1 cut-brass andirons at the     
antique and junk shops1--that is1 at a  

reasonable price4 ,it is in the country 
places1 old farmhouses1 and from people 
who have not yet learned to gage their  
worth1 that one can get a good bargain1 
bringing often only three or four       
dollars a pair1 and being of the best   
material4 ,in reproduction there are on 
the market to-day plenty of good1       
cast-brass andirons1 but they are       
expensive and cannot be purchased at    
less than seven dollars1 ranging from   
that to a hundred dollars a pair1 while 
the spun-brass kind may be purchased for
 two dollars and a half a pair4         
,andirons come in a great many heights1 
and in the olden times two sets were    
used1 the one holding the forestick1 and
 the other the backlog4 ,in addition to 
that1 in the earliest ,american houses1 
creepers were used2 they were1 in       
reality1 of iron1 small enough to be    
placed between the andirons1 and they   
helped out in holding the sticks4 ,the  
first material used for andirons was    
iron1 and we find to-day occasional     

specimens of this kind1 many of them not
 particularly graceful1 while others are
 very ornamental in design4 ,there are  
the ,hessian andirons which are found   
either in plain iron or decorated with  
bright paint2 these came into use about 
#aggf and were used to caricature the   
,british soldiers who were very         
unpopular in our country4  ,the most    
interesting of these old andirons show  
unusual shapes1 a great many of them    
having artistic ornamentation2          
occasionally we find them with brass    
tops4 ,it was fitting to use this metal1
 on account of the fire frame1 which was
 of cast-iron as well1 and while many of
 these were of foreign manufacture1 yet 
not a few were fashioned by the village 
blacksmith4 ,in the choice of andirons1 
the size of the fireplace should be     
considered2 the small ones should not   
have the steeple tops but small1 ball   
pattern or some other design that is low
 enough not to crowd the fireplace and  
thus give the impression of bad taste4  

,the large fireplaces need the high     
andirons1 of which there are so many    
different kinds4 ,the modern adaptation 
of the ,colonial has brought these      
furnishings into vogue1 so that to-day  
it would be almost impossible to tell   
the old from the new4  ,shovel and tongs
 were much used during the early period1
 but a poker never accompanied the set4 
,these appeared after the introduction  
of coal and are found among the         
reproductions on the market to-day4     
,another bit of the furnishings is the  
fender1 of which there are many designs1
 some being of simple wire painted black
 with brass top and balls1 while others 
are entirely of brass4 ,the warming-pan 
is an appropriate accessory for this    
part of the room2 it should be hung on a
 peg at one side of the hearth4 ,in     
addition to that1 we find the bellows1  
some of which are most decorative in    
their design4 ,the proper selection of  
this furniture gives an air of          
refinement to the room4  ,there is a    

most attractive farmhouse situated in   
,dover1 ,massachusetts4 ,it is owned by 
,mr4 ,george ,d4 ,hall1 and shows a     
series of remodelings1 rather than a    
complete work1 for each year an addition
 has been made which has bettered the   
initial scheme4 ,the original farmhouse1
 for instance1 which was built in #agbi1
 was a small1 unpretentious building    
that was very dilapidated in condition1 
but whose situation appealed to its     
present owner4 ,it was his desire to    
obtain an old house that could be used  
if need be for an all-the-year-round    
home2 plenty of land1 picturesque views1
 good landscape effects1 and ample elbow
 room were what he especially desired4  
,illustration3 ,,lone ,,tree ,,farm     
,the house stands back from a winding   
country road in one of the most         
picturesque situations it would be      
possible to find4 ,an old stone wall1   
built over a century ago by the original
 owner1 still forms a boundary line to  
protect the grounds4 ,few estates show  

so many beautiful trees2 they add       
greatly to the pictorial effect of the  
place4 ,graceful elms with swaying      
branches are on every side1 while on the
 opposite side of the road pine trees   
are in evidence1 and on either side of  
the stone wall wild shrubs have been    
planted4 ,there has been no attempt at  
formal arrangement of the grounds1 not  
even with the garden which is at the    
side of the house4 ,there has been built
 simply a picturesque lattice that      
separates house from barn and over which
 have been trained attractive vines4    
,illustration3 ,as ,finally ,remodeled  
,in #aijg a wing was thrown out to the  
south1 with an enclosed1 tiled porch and
 a sitting-room above4 ,a small eyebrow 
window was placed in the roof to light  
the stairway1 while the original porch  
on the west and south was carefully     
retained4 ,two years later this porch   
was removed1 and a smaller entrance one 
was substituted4 ,this showed a brick   
walk extending from carriage block to   

covered loggia at the south4 ,again in  
#aiad the eyebrow window was removed1   
and dormers inserted in the roof4 ,an   
open1 tiled platform was built outside  
the enclosed loggia1 and a              
sleeping-porch was added to the east    
sitting-room4 ,a garden and pond were   
laid out to the south of the loggia1    
with a vista framed by two huge elms    
that were some thirty feet south of the 
house4 ,these improvements have         
converted the old farmhouse into one of 
the most interesting and beautiful      
houses that can be found4  ,within the  
last few years the planting and garden  
effects have been more carefully        
considered2 the grounds have been       
enlarged1 and at the left of the house  
an old-fashioned garden has been laid   
out with a gazing-globe for the central 
feature4 ,the name ,lone ,tree ,farm was
 given at the time of purchase from the 
fact that a single tree guarded the     
house at the front4 ,this tree still    
stands but has been enhanced by the     

careful planting of shrubbery on either 
side the driveway1 which has now grown  
until it has become a partial screen for
 the lower floor of the farmhouse4      
,other trees have been added1 and in    
order to obtain the seclusion desired1  
extensive grounds have been purchased on
 the opposite side of the road1 so that 
no neighbors may come near enough to    
detract from the quiet4  ,in remodeling 
this house1 an ell has been added at the
 rear for the service department1 and a 
sun-parlor has been thrown out at one   
side4 ,this makes a most attractive     
living-room in winter and1 with windows 
removed1 a cool sleeping-porch in the   
summer4 ,the ,colonial porch which has  
been added at the front is much more    
attractive than the former long veranda 
which is replaced by the sun-parlor4 ,in
 painting the house1 white has been used
 with green blinds1 so that it is in    
reality a symphony of green and white1  
and as it stands in the center of the   
lot1 surrounded on three sides by       

pasture land1 gardens1 and meadows1 and 
on the front by hundreds of acres of    
woodland1 it is one of the most         
interesting studies in house remodeling 
to be found4  ,the small hallway is     
simply an entrance with narrow1 winding 
staircase that leads by easy treads to  
the second-story floor4 ,in #aiad1 in   
ripping out these front stairs to secure
 the space above them for a small room1 
it was discovered that the old          
smoke-house1 where in olden days hams   
were cured1 and the back of the bake    
oven behind it had not been torn out4   
,the former consisted of two ,gothic    
arches1 the taller of which was twenty  
feet in height2 the shape was dependent 
on the two fireplaces in adjoining      
rooms4 ,the smoke-house is about five   
feet deep and when discovered was       
enclosed with an inch of greasy soot4   
,an oak cross-beam with hand-wrought    
nails indicated where the hogs were     
hung4 ,it had been left in its natural  
state after being cleaned out1 and as it

 looked crude to one entering the front 
door1 it was shut off with an old1      
paneled door1 so that the hall1 with    
stairs removed1 is now shaped like six  
sides of a hexagon1 the front door      
remaining where it originally was       
placed4  ,illustration3 ,the ,living    
,room  ,the living-room1 which is at the
 right of the hallway1 has been made    
from two rooms4 ,in this the old        
woodwork has been carefully retained1   
and the walls have been hung with a soft
 green that is a fine background for the
 many pictures and which brings out the 
beauty of the white woodwork4 ,the      
furniture here does not follow the      
,colonial lines1 for comfort has been   
the first consideration4 ,it is shown in
 the large1 roomy davenport piled with  
sofa pillows and the comfortable        
armchair at one side of the open        
fireplace4 ,here the owner has supplied 
the correct fireplace accessories1 the  
andirons being low with brass ball tops1
 and the shovel and tongs having the    

same finish4 ,the mantel1 while not     
elaborate1 shows hand-carving and       
paneling4 ,bookcases are a feature of   
this room and are found everywhere4     
,illustration3 ,the ,sun ,parlor        
,opening from the living-room is the    
glass-enclosed sun-parlor which has been
 tiled1 and in which is a modern        
fireplace of bricks laid in white       
mortar4 ,over it is a bas-relief4 ,the  
andirons are high1 of modern type1      
showing fleur-de-lis design1 and are in 
keeping with the fireplace4 ,willow     
furniture is used in order to give the  
sun-parlor a light touch which could not
 have been done if the ,colonial idea   
had been carried out4 ,it is an ideal   
summer living-room1 being sunny most of 
the day4 ,then1 too1 its location is    
well chosen1 as it overlooks the        
old-fashioned garden and commands vistas
 cut in trees and shrubbery4            
,illustration3 ,the ,den  ,the den1 used
 extensively by the owner1 is a typical 
man's room4 ,built-in bookcases and     

window-seats give it a most livable     
look1 while pictures of the hunt line   
the wall1 and a hunting scene is used as
 a frieze4 ,it is placed in a sunny part
 of the house so as to catch as much    
light as possible4  ,illustration3 ,a   
,corner in the ,dining ,room  ,the      
dining-room was made from a part of the 
old kitchen and strangely enough shows  
fine paneling of white pine1 which has  
been carefully preserved and makes a    
background for the mantel ornaments4    
,the mantel shelf is narrow and extends 
around the whole fireplace2 the old     
chimney has been partly built in for    
modern use1 while the andirons are very 
unique reproductions4 ,the old crane has
 been retained1 as have the pothooks and
 iron kettle1 while the old brick oven1 
now never used1 is a memento of the days
 when our grandmothers cooked with great
 logs of wood1 heating the oven once a  
week in order to do the family baking4  
,the furniture is of the ,colonial type1
 while the rugs are modern but blend    

with the scheme color of the room4 ,it  
is large1 well-lighted by many windows1 
and divided by an alcove only from the  
living-room which adjoins it4  ,every   
room in this house has been carefully   
considered with regard to view1 and one 
can stand at any window and look out    
upon a different phase of country life1 
for trees and shrubbery are so arranged 
that the grounds lend themselves        
admirably to pictorial effects upon     
which no neighboring house intrudes4    
,illustration3 ,the ,sewing ,room       
,up-stairs in the ell of the house1 over
 the sun-parlor1 is a large             
sitting-room4 ,it has been so designed  
that it faces three different directions
 and is lighted by a group of long      
windows at one side4 ,in this room the  
sunlight lays practically all day1      
making it a bright1 livable room1 where 
,colonial features have not been        
considered4 ,to be sure there are       
several pieces1 such as the old-time    
work-table1 but modern ideas mainly have

 been introduced4 ,on either side of the
 cluster of windows are built-in        
bookcases which have been painted white 
to match the trim and are filled with   
well-read books4 ,between these         
bookcases is a long window-seat1 beneath
 which drawers have been built which are
 very convenient for holding unfinished 
work4 ,the hangings are of muslin with  
blue over-drapery1 harmonizing with the 
color scheme of the room4 ,a large1 open
 fireplace on the opposite side provides
 for a cheery wood fire1 more especially
 on stormy days1 for this house is one  
that is lived in all the year round1 so 
that heating and lighting had to be     
taken into consideration4  ,in addition 
to this room there are three chambers1  
two bathrooms1 and a closet on the      
floor4 ,each one of these chambers has  
been given a different treatment4 ,one  
of the most interesting shows fine      
woodwork in the paneled doors and also  
in the small closet that is over the    
fireplace1 a favorite place for a closet

 to be introduced in the early days4    
,the fireplace is not a large one1 and  
the andirons are small-sized steeple    
tops4 ,the bed is an old slat bed1 while
 every piece of furniture is in keeping 
with the period4  ,take it all in all1  
one rarely finds a farmhouse that shows 
more attractive features than this one1 
where comfort1 light1 and view have all 
been carefully considered4 ,it is       
perfectly available for an              
all-the-year-round home1 as it is not   
too far from the station to allow its   
occupants to go back and forth to       
business every day4     ,,chapter ,,xx  
,,the ,,walter ,,scott ,,hopkins ,,house
   ,when you plan to remodel your house1
 there is nothing that should receive   
much more careful attention than the    
closets4 ,it is doubtful1 that is1 if   
the house is of the earliest period1 if 
you will find many4 ,our emigrant       
ancestors did not have as many clothes  
or table appointments as we require     
to-day4 ,the few of the former they     

possessed were hung on pegs or disposed 
of in chests2 the dishes were placed on 
racks1 thus eliminating the necessity   
for closet room in houses where every   
available bit of space was utilized for 
living purposes4  ,in all probability   
you will find corner cupboards which    
will be more or less elaborate in       
design4 ,the best examples show a shell 
treatment4 ,the earliest corner         
cupboards were clumsy affairs1 being    
movable2 later on they were built into  
the house and employed to hold family   
china and glassware4 ,there was a great 
variety in these closets1 some being    
fitted up with shelves only1 while      
others were divided in two1 the         
underneath part being used for books and
 odds and ends4  ,fortunate is the house
 owner who finds in his old house one or
 more of these old corner cupboards4 ,to
 be sure they can be reproduced2 but how
 much better are the originals4 ,dig out
 the old plaster1 rip open the sides of 
the partitions1 if you think there is   

any chance of odd closets being hidden  
away between1 and remember that in many 
old houses there are secret closets1 and
 it will pay you to tap the wall space  
to discover their whereabouts4          
,sometimes they are hidden under the    
flooring1 and again the space between   
the windows is used for this purpose4   
,it is always well to open them1 for who
 knows what valuable heirlooms may be   
hidden inside4  ,there are plenty of    
spaces where new closets can be         
introduced as1 for instance1 the end of 
the dining-room1 where a glassed-in     
china closet with an arched top and     
half-domed interior makes an excellent  
place to display the old china and      
glass4 ,panels in the wainscot can be   
utilized1 more especially when they are 
under the first step of the staircase4  
,these are most convenient for filing   
newspapers or any magazines that are    
kept for reference4  ,if the hallway is 
paneled1 it is a very easy matter to put
 an invisible door into one of the      

panels4 ,this can be used for the coat  
closet1 with a low shelf underneath to  
hold hats2 and on the floor partitions  
can be made to hold rubbers4 ,on each   
side of the chimney a great deal of     
waste space can be converted into       
bookcases1 with little1 leaded1 glass   
doors4 ,above the mantel1 set in the    
chimney-breast1 will be found spaces    
which even in the early days were       
devoted to closets4 ,they are cut in a  
panel and were used to protect china or 
old pewter from the dust4 ,sometimes    
three of these closets have been found  
built into the fireplaces1 all of which 
were used to hold the household china4  
,in the upper part of the house1 under  
the attic stairs1 can generally be found
 places that can be made into linen     
closets1 but it must be remembered that 
if no ventilation is allowed1 cloth will
 become yellowed1 so by all means have  
brass ventilators in the doors4         
,whatever the purpose of the closet1 its
 location should be carefully           

considered1--the shape1 the place1 and  
the cost1--so that as many as possible  
can be introduced4  ,there is no doubt  
that the majority of old-time farmhouses
 readily adapt themselves to modern     
requirements and show possibilities that
 allow of most attractive development4  
,the result of working out certain      
possibilities is shown in the ,walter   
,scott ,hopkins house at ,reading1      
,massachusetts4 ,it is a long1 rambling 
house that seemed when first purchased  
wholly lacking in artistic qualities1   
and it was not until after careful      
deliberation that the owner realized    
that the old farmhouse1 beneath its     
coating of accumulated dust1 possessed a
 wealth of fine features that were well 
worth developing4  ,illustration3       
,before ,remodeling  ,the house had been
 used for two families1 and each section
 was separate and distinct1 although    
under the same roof4 ,it was built in   
the latter part of the eighteenth       
century and contains fine               

woodwork1--better than that found in    
most houses of that day4 ,all the       
distinctive features of the ,colonial   
architecture were evident in this old   
farmhouse1 where unbroken roof-line1    
close-cropped eaves1 and small-paned    
windows were placed with mathematical   
precision1 and the severely simple      
exterior was in strict conformity with  
the period4  ,in remodeling the house1  
the original outlines were carefully    
preserved1 and the additions were made  
to conform4 ,the small1 ugly entrances  
which had marred the exterior of the    
house were torn down and replaced by    
windows1 so that only a single entrance 
was left4 ,a very attractive porch with 
sloping roof-line was supported by solid
 but unornamented columns4 ,in the roof 
dormer windows were cut1 both at the    
front and rear4 ,this was to make the   
attic practical for living purposes by  
affording sufficient light and air4 ,at 
one side of the house1 in place of the  
woodshed1 an out-of-door living-room was

 added1 broad and low of build1 with a  
sloping roof that harmonized in outline 
with the main roof4 ,at the rear a small
 addition of the deep1 bay-window type  
was added2 this was to secure extra     
space for the newly arranged dining-room
 and the remodeled kitchen4 ,two small  
porches were built in addition to the   
new trellised entrance1 giving a simple 
dignity to the old house1 which has been
 painted white with green blinds4       
,illustration3 ,as ,remodeled  ,the     
grounds1 rough and unkempt1 with a stone
 wall defining a part of them1 were     
beautified to afford a fitting          
environment for the new home1 and to-day
 smooth sweeps of lawn and judicious    
groupings of shrubbery add in no small  
degree to the exterior attractiveness of
 the old homestead4 ,a path of rough1   
irregular flagstones leads to the main  
entrance1 and a similar path winds from 
the street to a gateway in the outlying 
wall and opens into a charming garden   
plot that has been laid out just beyond 

the outdoor living-room4 ,planting has  
been judiciously carried out1 and the   
estate has been brought to a fine state 
of cultivation1 with the result that it 
has become an attractive setting for the
 remodeled house1 which stands on the   
slope of a hill4  ,the interior required
 a great deal of altering1 including    
much tearing down of partitions to suit 
present-day needs and to make broad1    
spacious rooms out of the tiny spaces   
which sufficed a century or more ago4   
,there was installation of plumbing1    
lighting and heating devices1 in order  
to meet the demands of modern life1 and 
the ,new ,england attic was made over   
into servants' quarters that were       
sufficiently ample for a large country  
house4  ,a leaded glass door that shows 
fanlight above opens into a broad1      
low-ceilinged hall4 ,at one side is a   
large fireplace1 and a heavy beam       
crosses the ceiling4 ,to the right is   
the new dining-room1 to the left the    
living-room1 and from the end of the    

hall opens the den1 a passageway        
connecting this with the servants'      
department4 ,in all the rooms every     
detail of the old-fashioned construction
 has been retained4 ,the fine woodwork  
shows the original paneling2 the great  
fireplaces with their chimney closets   
have been preserved intact1 and even the
 old1 hand-made hardware has been       
retained for present-day use4 ,cupboards
 were discovered1 when the coating of   
plaster and paper were removed1 and are 
serving the same purpose in the         
twentieth-century home that they did    
years ago in the ,colonial one2 and the 
new cupboards that have been added seem 
to fit in as if they had always been    
there4 ,the house in its entirety shows 
many points that are of unusual         
interest4 ,the arrangement of the       
windows is particularly good1 as are the
 chimneys1 while the sweeping roof-line 
at the rear carries out the old contour 
and yet has been slightly changed to    
afford light and air to chambers inside4

 ,the semblance of the original         
farmhouse has been left unaltered1 while
 the really radical changes have been   
tempered with a regard for the          
preservation of the old-time atmosphere4
  ,illustration3 ,the ,living ,room     
,the living-room shows a typical old    
farmhouse room4 ,the woodwork here is   
particularly good2 there is a wainscot  
three feet high that comes above the    
lower sill of the window frame1 and     
which is paneled in doors and over the  
mantel4 ,the fireplace has remained     
unchanged1 being a ,colonial one of huge
 size4 ,the early period is evidenced in
 the absence of a mantel1 which brings  
out the lines of the wonderful old      
woodwork to the greatest advantage4 ,the
 andirons1 instead of following the     
sixteenth or seventeenth-century type1  
represent griffins4 ,a nightcap closet1 
introduced in the middle panel over the 
fireplace1 shows the original ,h hinges 
of iron4 ,when the house was first      
purchased1 these were hidden away1 and  

only when the original woodwork was     
reached were they discovered1 restored1 
treated to a coat of white paint1 and   
adapted to present use4 ,this is a      
feature that is rarely found in the     
remodeled farmhouse of to-day4 ,the     
walls are hung with a one-toned paper of
 soft coloring1 while plain muslin      
curtains shade the windows4 ,the old    
floor was re-laid with narrow boards    
over which are laid ,daghestan rugs2    
,mission furniture is used4 ,the        
lighting fixtures are of the ,colonial  
type and placed at the sides only4 ,the 
room contains many well-placed windows  
which give to it light and air4         
,illustration  ,illustration3 ,two      
,views of the ,dining ,room  ,the       
dining-room is at the rear of the       
living-room and opens into it1 being    
connected with a wide opening so that1  
if need be1 the rooms can be used as    
one1 giving plenty of space for large   
dinner parties4 ,here the woodwork has  
been restored to its original charming  

simplicity and painted white to match   
that of the living-room4 ,the walls have
 been covered with a dark-toned paper1  
and at one end1 opposite the            
living-room1 an alcoved recess has been 
added in order that its group of windows
 may give better lighting to the        
dining-room which is exposed to the     
outside on two sides only4 ,the floors  
of this room1 too1 have been re-laid and
 handsomely polished1 and are an        
effective foil to the domestic rug which
 is used4 ,here1 also1 the furniture    
follows the ,mission style1 in order to 
be in keeping with that of the          
living-room4 ,the lighting fixtures are 
of the same type found in the adjoining 
room and are also side lights1          
considered more effective because softer
 than a ceiling light4  ,in order to let
 the light in from the hallway1 windows 
were inserted which follow the early    
window casing in their plain style and  
contain small panes1 there being no     
elaboration4 ,they are placed on either 

side of the entrance door1 which is     
glassed in the upper portion4 ,here1 as 
all through the house1 the early style  
of small-paned windows has been         
retained4 ,there are many reasons why   
these are advantageous3 not only do they
 follow the period in which the house   
was built1 carrying out details         
correctly1 but when broken they are more
 easily replaced1 though much harder to 
keep clean4 ,these windows are usually  
placed near the ceiling1 being designed 
for light and ornamentation1 rather than
 as outlooks4 ,the ornamental design    
which has been carried out in the       
arrangement of windows and door is      
unusual even in ,colonial houses1 where 
the low stud and the beamed ceiling     
helped much towards effectiveness4      
,this room was originally the kitchen   
and bedroom combined4 ,the old fireplace
 has been preserved1 as has the brick   
oven1 and over it is a series of small  
closets such as are rarely found4 ,there
 is a central closet and a smaller one  

on either side4 ,here the ,h hinges have
 been retained and also the old-time    
latches4  ,on the opposite side of the  
hall is the parlor1 which corresponds in
 size to the living-room and shows      
equally fine woodwork4 ,this was        
originally the parlor in the farther    
side of the double house and has been   
left practically its original shape and 
size1 for in this part of the house very
 little remodeling has been done4 ,the  
old fireplace has been retained at the  
farther end of the room4  ,at the rear  
of this1 what was once the sitting-room 
has been converted into an office4      
,beyond this room1 the original kitchen 
on that side of the house and the shed  
have been thrown into a most attractive 
summer room4  ,in the story above there 
were formerly two large bedrooms on     
either side4 ,these remain practically  
as they were and are furnished with     
,colonial pieces4 ,the old attic1 which 
originally was used for clutter1 is now 
remodeled into servants' quarters and by

 the addition of the dormer windows has 
been made into comfortable rooms which  
can be kept cool during the warm weather
 by the cross draughts4  ,the architects
 were very wise in remodeling this house
 so as to show its extremely simple     
lines1 for they give it individuality   
and character and accentuate certain    
features that were necessary to create  
of it a home for one family4 ,there is  
no doubt that the alterations have been 
planned and executed with rare taste and
 discrimination4     ,,chapter ,,xxi    
,henry ,w4 ,wright's ,house   ,people   
who possess old pieces of furniture     
often have very erroneous ideas as to   
their real age and call everything      
,colonial for want of a better name4    
,they assume1 that is1 if they have not 
made a careful study of the subject1    
that anything belonging to their great  
grandmother must be at least two hundred
 years old4 ,but1 for instance1         
sideboards were not made two hundred    
years ago1 and ,chippendale never       

designed one2 the nearest he came to it 
was a serving-table4 ,people get an     
impression that he included this piece  
of furniture in his productions1 but    
they are wrong in their assumption4     
,the revival of interest in antiques has
 caused many an heirloom that has been  
relegated to attic or storehouse to be  
brought out1 renovated1 and given a     
prominent place4 ,can we assign to each 
ancient article an approximate date or  
maker1 it becomes much more valuable    
than the daintiest piece of up-to-date  
furniture4 ,worm-holes are a sign of age
 and a proof of guarantee1 that is1 if  
the pieces are family possessions4      
,there is so much cunning workmanship in
 remodeled furniture that this does not 
apply to every bit1 though apparently   
original4 ,it must be remembered that   
very few furnishings were brought over  
by the colonists1 and the early houses  
were very scantily supplied4  ,the      
oldest furniture was made of oak2 it was
 very heavy and showed more or less     

elaboration in carving4 ,chests made at 
this early period are often found in    
families where they have been carefully 
treasured since they were brought over  
the sea packed with clothing4  ,the     
three leading cabinetmakers were        
,chippendale1 ,hepplewhite1 and         
,sheraton4 ,chippendale was the earliest
 but was not appreciated until after his
 death4 ,his masterpieces1 which        
combined the ,chinese1 ,french1 and     
,dutch models with ideas originated in  
his own brain1 were so perfectly        
constructed that we find them in a fine 
state of preservation even to-day4      
,lighter and more dainty in character   
were the designs of ,hepplewhite1 who   
cultivated a freedom of line such as was
 adopted by his predecessor1 but who    
banished the ,chippendale heaviness4    
,the ,prince of ,wales feather was a    
favorite design of his4 ,carved drapery1
 the belle-flower1 and wheat were often 
used by him4 ,a distinguishing mark was 
usually given to the backs of his       

chairs1 which are either oval1 heart1 or
 shield-shaped4 ,they were finished in  
japanned work and often inlaid in light 
and dark wood4 ,the legs were generally 
much more slender than the ,chippendale 
and often ended in what is known as a   
spade-foot4  ,sheraton1 who succeeded   
him1 took advantage of the ideas of his 
forerunners and revealed a still more   
delicate touch1 although he retained    
many of ,hepplewhite's ideas which he   
strengthened and improved4 ,the shield  
is rarely if ever found in a chair of   
his make1 which can be distinguished by 
its rectangular back and its slender    
uprights1 ranging in number from four to
 seven4 ,the legs show a great many     
different styles1 the best being        
straight1 while carved1 fluted1 and     
twisted ones are also found4 ,the       
general trend of fancy in those days was
 towards light1 elegant designs and     
showy decorations4 ,sheraton indulged   
his fancy for brilliant coloring in the 
most gorgeously painted decorations1    

combining them with inlay and carving4  
,next he introduced white and gold1     
following the ,french style1 and still  
later the brass inlay so fashionable in 
,napoleon's day4 ,caned work was used   
for seats and was varied by coverings of
 needlework1 morocco1 striped and       
variegated horsehair1 damasks1 and fine 
printed silks4 ,the curved piece which  
,sheraton introduced about #ahjj        
remained the favorite chair pattern for 
a century1 although it lost the brass   
mounts which he at first used4 ,there is
 not much danger of confounding the     
three great masters1 for each produced  
an entirely different style of          
furniture4  ,after the ,french          
,revolution1 the furniture became       
markedly different in style2 ,greek     
models were once more popular1 and the  
tripod became a favorite support4       
,coarse woods and mahogany were freely  
used and were carved and profusely      
gilded4  ,the ,empire furniture which is
 so popular to-day was heavy and stiff  

in its early period1 particularly so    
when of ,english make1 but under        
,american manipulation the beauty of the
 wood showed to the best advantage4 ,yet
 there is a certain appeal in its       
solidity and massiveness4 ,when the     
darkened mahogany came into fashion an  
opportunity arose for the revival of    
brass and wood that lent charm to the   
court of the ,empress ,josephine4 ,few  
good examples of the ,empire style are  
found in remodeled farmhouses4  ,old    
furniture is most interesting1 and if   
you intend to furnish your remodeled    
farmhouse with it1 do not fail to make a
 careful study of the subject before    
attempting it4 ,it covers a wide field  
of makers1 styles1 and decorations1 but 
the modern home affords ample scope for 
the employment of these old pieces1 many
 of which have been brought down from   
the attic4  ,when ,salem was in her     
highest and proudest days of mercantile 
prosperity1 when her wharves were       
bustling scenes of unlading and         

shipping1 when her harbor was a         
gathering place of quaintly rigged      
vessels1 and great ,east-,indiamen      
labored under clouds of canvas1 then    
from the holds of these cumbersome ships
 were discharged cargoes of rich        
furniture1 teakwood1 and sandalwood     
brought from every land4 ,the wealth of 
these incoming treasures has made the   
quiet city prominent even until to-day4 
,here may be found many old heirlooms1  
and in the homes of the descendants of  
old shipmasters we frequently find rare 
pieces4 ,these show to advantage in     
various remodeled farmhouses that have  
been adopted as all-the-year-round homes
 by the last generation4  ,illustration3
 ,,the ,,henry ,w4 ,,wright ,,house     
,many fine old pieces are found in the  
home of ,mr4 ,henry ,w4 ,wright at      
,danvers1 ,massachusetts4 ,some of them 
are of exceptional value and rare       
examples such as are seldom seen even in
 the homes of collectors4 ,the farmhouse
 itself stands close to the road1 a     

simple1 plain1 unostentatious building1 
yet showing good lines and careful      
treatment4 ,the soft gray of the        
exterior and the white trim blend       
harmoniously with the green of the grass
 and the bright-colored flowers of the  
little garden4 ,at the front of the     
house at each side stand tall elms that 
cast a grateful shade over the old      
farmhouse4  ,the entrance porch has been
 made square1 its lattice1 designed for 
the support of vines1 taking away the   
plain look of the exterior4 ,the windows
 are well spaced1 and the small panes   
have been retained4 ,at the side of the 
house a porch has been thrown out which 
can be glassed in as a living-room or   
sun-parlor during the winter and used as
 an out-of-door veranda during the      
summer months4 ,it is so situated that  
it commands a picturesque view of the   
rolling country which is on every side4 
,the big chimney1 that was formerly the 
central feature of the house1 has given 
way to two smaller ones1 one on either  

end4 ,the sloping roof has been treated 
to new shingles1 while the exterior has 
been left practically as it was when    
built4 ,the addition of green blinds has
 done much to soften what would         
otherwise be a rather bare exterior4    
,the house is of the type that shows    
four rooms in each story4  ,the hallway 
has a castellated paper in gray and     
white and a winding staircase with box  
stairs and simple balusters and posts   
painted white and a mahogany rail4 ,it  
is a simple little hall1 small1 compact1
 and truly ,colonial in its type1 with  
its ,dutch armchair showing pierced     
slats of ,chippendale influence4 ,this  
chair was probably made about the time  
the house was built which was in the    
early part of the eighteenth century1   
the date not being definitely known4    
,illustration3 ,the ,living ,room  ,at  
the left of the hallway is the          
living-room1 which is of the simple     
farmhouse type1 lacking a wainscot but  
containing a simple mopboard and paneled

 door4 ,the wide boards in the flooring 
have been retained here as well as in   
the dining-room1--plain-edged boards    
that1 while laid close together1 still  
show a crack between4 ,this living-room 
was in the early days used as           
living-room and bedroom2 the space at   
the farther end1 which was used as a    
closet into which the bed folded during 
the daytime1 is now utilized as a       
bookcase and makes an interesting       
feature4 ,the slat-back chair beside the
 bookcase is the most valuable type of  
its period1 being made about #agej4 ,it 
shows a turned knob4 ,in chairs of this 
kind1 which were more commonly used     
during the first part of the eighteenth 
century1 the number of slats varied1 the
 most common having three1 while the    
rarest have five4  ,the gate-legged     
table is a good example1 while the      
,chippendale chair is unusual1 showing  
very graceful effect1 with wonderfully  
delicate carving1 and being of the best 
design4 ,an equally rare example of a   

,hepplewhite chair1 which is beautifully
 carved1 is contained in the same room4 
,in addition to these are banister and  
,sheraton chairs1 as well as a fine     
example of girandole1 uncommon from the 
fact that there is a pair exactly alike1
 and they are seen one on either side of
 the room4  ,illustration3 ,the ,dining 
,room  ,opposite the living-room is the 
dining-room1 and here the same correct  
furnishing has been used4 ,the plain    
wainscot is of the early type1 the      
lighting has ,colonial fixtures1 while  
the chairs are painted ,sheraton1 being 
most unusual in that there is a whole   
set of the same pattern which are all   
originals4 ,a wonderfully fine example  
of a mahogany dining-table has been     
utilized as a serving-table1 and the    
silver is all of the ,colonial pattern4 
,here one finds the low stud1 but none  
of the exposed beams often found in old 
houses4  ,at the rear of the dining-room
 is the kitchen which is equipped with  
modern appliances4 ,leading from the    

dining-room at the left is a small room 
which has been fitted up as a music-room
 and den combined4 ,it is a most livable
 room1 there being no stiffness or      
formality in the arrangement of the     
furniture1 and each piece of furniture  
proves a fitting foil for its mate4 ,the
 wall hangings are not of the ,colonial 
type2 they are plain gray and bring out 
to advantage the setting of furniture1  
pictures1 and ornaments in the room4    
,in the upper hall is found a fine old  
carved chest of the ,jacobean period4   
,this is considered one of the best     
examples of chests in existence1 being  
wonderfully carved1 of solid oak1 and   
probably used originally as a dower     
chest4 ,leading off from the hallway are
 four large1 square chambers1 each one  
correctly furnished with ,colonial      
pieces1 many of which are family        
heirlooms4 ,here1 where modern lighting 
has been introduced1 the ,colonial type 
of fixtures has been carefully          
maintained4 ,in all the house there is  

no central light1 all the lights being  
at the side4 ,in the upper story as well
 as the lower1 the wide flooring has    
been retained1 as it was found in such  
excellent condition it could easily be  
used4  ,illustration  ,illustration3    
,two ,noteworthy ,chambers  ,the        
steeple-topped andirons in the simple   
fireplace1 the painted mirror1 and the  
old brass candlesticks of one chamber   
are most appropriately chosen4 ,the     
,field bed has a canopy of white with   
ball fringe which is an exact replica of
 the old-time draping4 ,rag mats have   
been used for the floor2 they are not   
the common braided ones but woven rugs  
which are more suitable4 ,alcoved       
recesses are shown on either side of the
 fireplace2 in one of them a six-legged1
 high chest of drawers with china steps1
 designed about #agbj1 shows drop       
handles1 and is ornamented with rare old
 family china4 ,on the opposite side is 
a wing or ,martha ,washington chair of  
the ,sheraton type4 ,the bureau1 #ahae1 

is a fine example of the period1 while  
the swell-front1 ,hepplewhite bureau    
with the oval1 pressed-brass handles and
 the painted mirror above are in        
conformity with the general scheme4 ,a  
banister-backed chair with a rush bottom
 stands at one side of the bed4  ,very  
unusual is the ,colonial wall-paper     
which is found in a second chamber1     
while eighteenth-century andirons are   
used in the fireplace which is still of 
the original size and which shows a     
plain ,colonial mantel4 ,in this        
chamber1 as in the other1 there is a    
very plain wainscot of boards placed    
horizontally4 ,an ,empire bed which has 
wonderfully beautiful carving is shown  
in this room1 and also a very unusual   
chair known as a comb-back rocker and   
dating about #agej4 ,the rugs here are  
of the ,arts and ,crafts style1 while   
the bureau and writing-table have       
cabriole legs and secret drawers1 the   
central one with rising sun or fan      
carving4  ,every piece in this house is 

genuine1 for they all are heirlooms or  
pieces that have been carefully chosen1 
since the owner is an expert in         
determining period and correct types4   
,it is a well-known fact that to-day one
 has to be a careful student of         
furniture not to be deceived4 ,the      
popularity of the ,colonial period1 more
 especially since the vogue of the      
modified ,colonial house1 has led many a
 fakir to reproduce the lines of the    
genuine antique4 ,skilful workmen are   
employed to manufacture these pieces1   
and they are able1 by imitating         
worm-holes1 dentation1 and other        
distinguishing marks1 to put on the     
market pieces whose genuineness even the
 antique dealer is puzzled to decide4   
,all through the country the value of   
antiques is becoming better and better  
known1 so that it is far more difficult 
to obtain bargains than it was even five
 years ago4 ,to-day1 so great has grown 
the demand1 people who before were      
unaware of the worth of their heirlooms 

have been led to overestimate their     
value and they now ask fabulous sums for
 pieces hitherto neglected and ignored4 
,,chapter ,,xxii  ,,the ,,howland ,s4   
,,chandler ,,house   ,when your house is
 remodeled1 be careful what kind of     
paint you use for both outside and      
inside finish4 ,a variation from the    
right tone will mar the whole effect4   
,so much depends on this that one should
 not copy from houses of to-day but turn
 back to the style of a century ago1 so 
that in this particular1 at least1 the  
house shall correspond with the old     
,colonial idea4  ,few1 if any1 care to  
use a weathered exterior1 that is1      
unless the scientifically treated       
shingles that will soon turn a silver   
gray are employed4 ,there are two       
reasons why your house should be        
painted3 one is that it preserves the   
wood and if rightly treated is          
fireproof2 the second is that it gives  
the finish a far better appearance than 
it would have without paint4 ,every     

house needs paint of some kind to       
improve its appearance1 whether it be   
oil paint or stain4  ,there are many    
different brands found to-day1 and they 
are of every conceivable color1 so that 
you have a wide range of choice4 ,it is 
always safe to use one made by a        
reliable concern or one hand-mixed1 if  
both white lead and linseed oil are     
absolutely pure4 ,there is nothing more 
variable in quality than paint1 and even
 experts are puzzled at times and it is 
necessary to have a chemical analysis in
 order to determine between good and    
bad4  ,for exterior use the proper kind 
should be a mixture of pure white lead  
and linseed oil or pure zinc white and  
linseed oil4 ,manufacturers1 more       
especially those of white lead paints1  
will insist that theirs is the only kind
 to use1 and the zinc paint producers   
will do likewise1 but a reliable dealer 
or architect will inform you correctly4 
,one of the first colors to be used on  
any house is white1--in all probability 

there is nothing as durable as this4    
,the reason for it is that the          
ingredients used have greater wearing   
qualities than any of the other         
pigments4 ,there is a complaint that it 
is apt to yellow with age and become    
discolored1 but in reality it remains   
unchanged longer than almost any other  
color4 ,green blinds secure the best    
effect1 or trellises that relieve the   
monotony of the white4 ,this the old    
farmers realized1 and it is one of the  
reasons why it was so much used4 ,if    
your house is shingled1 there are a     
great many shades of gray that need a   
white trim1 and there is no color that  
harmonizes with every other as well as  
this4  ,there are a great many reliable 
stains for shingles2 do not let the     
painter mix the stain himself1 because  
that carefully prepared by a            
manufacturer is generally superior both 
in color and durability4 ,in mixing     
these stains1 both ,creosote and oil are
 used1 there being on the market to-day 

excellent brands of both kinds4  ,the   
repainting of the country house is a    
necessary evil that recurs periodically4
 ,we tire of one color as we weary of an
 old dress1 and this leads to a         
different tone of coloring each time4   
,for instance1 the white house is       
changed possibly to a ,colonial yellow  
or a gray1 and with its new coat it     
seems to take on a new lease of life4   
,the fall of the year is the best time  
for the painting1 as the dry ,october   
weather is especially suited for good   
results4 ,during the summer months there
 are insects flying about and too much  
dust4 ,by ,october the outside has had  
time to cool after the heat and is in   
good condition for treatment4  ,the time
 to paint is before the house gets      
shabby1 when the paint is powdery or    
porous4 ,it can be tested with either a 
knife or the finger1 and if the old     
paint chips off1 soaks up water1 or can 
be rubbed off like a powder with the    
finger1 it no longer protects the wood  

and needs another coat4 ,with this      
covering of paint1 wood will last       
practically forever1 and as lumber is   
expensive1 it is greater economy to keep
 your house properly painted4  ,the cost
 of painting is a serious problem to    
many house owners and is never alluded  
to by an agent when selling a house2 to 
the novice it does not occur1 so eager  
is he to secure for himself a new home4 
,at the end of the second year1 its     
freshness is dimmed through exposure to 
wind and storm1 and at the end of the   
third season1 it is shabby and needs a  
new covering4 ,in attempting to figure  
the cost1 it is necessary to ascertain  
the square feet on the outside4 ,any    
painter has a rule for this1 making     
allowances for errors4 ,windows and     
doors are considered as plain surfaces  
that are to be treated to paint even    
though only the sills and sides are in  
need of it4  ,good exterior paint costs 
from three to five dollars a gallon1 and
 a painter can put on one hundred square

 yards in a day for the first coat and  
seventy-five for the second4 ,this gives
 the house owner a little idea of what  
it will cost1 although it is best to    
make a regular bargain with the         
architect to cover this expense4  ,for  
interior finish1 white is always        
preferable4 ,it seems to be the proper  
treatment for any ,colonial home4 ,to be
 sure1 if you are planning for a den1 a 
dark color can be used and also a stain 
for the kitchen part of the house4  ,in 
searching for a farmhouse to be         
converted into a country home1 ,mr4     
,howland ,s4 ,chandler of ,boston       
chanced upon an old house at ,needham1  
,massachusetts1 that seemed to meet his 
requirements4 ,it was a square-framed   
house1 two stories and a half in height1
 with a kitchen ell at the rear4 ,it was
 not handsome but quite ordinary in     
appearance and without any unusual      
exterior features4 ,it was not even a   
seventeenth-century house but was built 
in #ahja1 and it was in such good       

condition and the frame was so sound    
that it hardly deserved the term old4   
,illustration3 ,,the ,,howland ,s4      
,,chandler ,,house  ,the farmhouse      
fronted the southwest1 so that its main 
rooms were dark1 with little sunlight1  
while the rear was flooded with light   
and very cheerful4 ,there were          
delightful views from this part of the  
house which overlooked a merry1 gurgling
 brook1 the mill-pond1 and the distant  
hills4 ,but this idea had not entered   
the minds of the former owners1 who had 
given little consideration to the       
subject and with no forethought had     
inserted only two small windows1 one in 
the kitchen and the other in a bedroom4 
,evidently their idea was to sacrifice  
view to arrangement1 for to their minds1
 houses should be built parallel to the 
street and with the best room at the    
front4  ,illustration3 ,,the ,,howland  
,s4 ,,chandler ,,house--,,end ,,view    
,the grounds showed little care1 but in 
remodeling a brick-paved terrace was    

arranged at the left just outside the   
original parlor4 ,an old-fashioned      
garden was planted near the kitchen end1
 and a trellis enclosed the             
clothes-yard4 ,the grounds in front of  
the house have been laid out in         
well-trimmed lawns1 while a brick walk  
now leads from the sidewalk to the      
house4 ,a feature of the house is a     
large1 overhanging elm which affords    
shade and picturesqueness2 fresh        
shrubbery has been attractively planted1
 and vines trained to clamber over      
latticed work and the trellised porch   
which is at the front of the house4     
,dormer windows have been added to the  
roof1 and the simple little farmhouse   
has been converted into a most          
attractive all-the-year-round home4  ,in
 the process of remodeling1 the original
 house was left unchanged1 and additions
 were depended upon for development4 ,a 
good-sized porch with brick floor and   
high-backed settles at the side replaced
 the unattractive1 old-time entrance1   

while the dormers relieved the long1    
monotonous roof-line and afforded light 
to the apartment constructed from the   
formerly unfinished attic space4 ,just  
outside the original parlor1 beside the 
shed space1 an addition has been built  
that runs midway of the shed to the line
 of the chimney in the parlor1 and      
without a large covered veranda is      
added4 ,to the kitchen ell an addition  
of about four feet was made to provide  
space for a vestibule within the new    
back door and also to secure extra space
 at one side of the room so that a      
window might be inserted4  ,due         
attention was paid to the rear1 in the  
matter of windows1 and here were laid   
out the rooms which would be most       
frequently used4 ,in consequence of the 
rearrangement1 the interior is          
practically wholly changed4 ,the shed   
was remodeled into a charming           
sewing-room that opens at one side on to
 a veranda1 and the new addition was    
combined with the little bedroom and a  

small portion from the parlor to secure 
space for a library4 ,this made possible
 a doorway to the dining-room and       
sewing-room1 and a broad open space to  
the living-room4  ,illustration3 ,the   
,sun-,parlor  ,the old-time parlor      
showed two deep closets beside the      
fireplace4 ,one of these was torn out1 a
 window was inserted in the outer wall1 
and a seat was built beneath it4 ,the   
other was made into an opening into the 
library4 ,this arrangement secured      
additional light and at the same time   
permitted a glimpse of the picturesque  
rear view4  ,in the dining-room several 
alterations were made1 resulting in a   
complete change in shape and size4      
,oblique walls replace the two rear     
corners1 one containing the doorway     
leading to the library1 and the other   
affording entrance and furnishing some  
space for the china closet which was    
inserted between the dining-room and the
 kitchen4 ,the single window on the     
southeast was replaced by a             

semi-octagonal bow recess4 ,this was    
fitted with small lights of glass and   
affords space for the grouping of many  
plants and incidentally adds a touch of 
distinct picturesqueness4  ,the kitchen 
received its share of consideration     
during the process of remodeling1       
resulting in the substitution of a      
pleasant1 convenient apartment in place 
of the conspicuous1 ill-lighted1        
original one4 ,there was added at the   
right of the vestibule a built-in       
refrigerator1 and about the side walls  
of the room newly built-in cupboards    
were grouped4  ,two important changes in
 the body of the house consisted in the 
enlargement of the cellar1 made         
necessary by the greater space required 
for the modern heating apparatus1 and in
 the substitution of the original1      
small-paned type of window for the two  
panes which had been inserted to take   
the place of the old ones4              
,illustration3 ,the ,hall  ,the entrance
 hall at the front of the house is a    

small apartment hung with landscape     
paper of the ,colonial period2 a        
staircase with one landing and a half   
turn in its flight1 showing white       
balusters and mahogany top1 leads to the
 second story4 ,in the lighting1 the    
,colonial idea is attained by the use of
 a lantern1 while under the stairs is a 
closet opened by a brass door-pull4     
,illustration3 ,the ,living ,room  ,at  
the left is the living-room1 with dull  
red hangings and a white wainscot that  
provides a fitting background for the   
wonderful old mahogany found in this    
room4 ,there are some rare ,dutch chairs
 sometimes known as ,queen ,anne from   
the opening that is found on either side
 of the central slat1 designed about    
#agaj1 and the earliest of that design4 
,there is a refreshing simplicity and a 
dignified air to this room1 brought     
about in part by the simple ,colonial   
fireplace with its steeple-topped       
andirons1 and the well-spaced windows   
that let plenty of sunlight into the    

apartment4  ,on the opposite side of the
 room is the dining-room which is       
finished with tapestry hanging in dark  
green1 brown1 and yellow1 with a design 
of pine cones and needles that contrasts
 prettily with the white wainscot4 ,a   
slight reduction in the height of the   
window casing affords an opportunity to 
carry the wall-paper and moldings across
 the windows and doors1 thus avoiding   
the cramped effect of too high window   
arrangement4 ,the original floor has    
been replaced by a new one1 and a       
cheerful atmosphere has been given to   
the room by opening a semicircular bay  
up for a small conservatory which can be
 closed or opened at pleasure by the use
 of glass doors4  ,illustration3 ,the   
,den  ,the library has been finished in 
dark brown with low bookcases extending 
around part of the room1 corresponding  
in color with the woodwork4 ,the        
hangings are tan color1 and the         
furniture is partly ,colonial and partly
 modern1 to meet the demands of a den4  

,this is one of the pleasantest rooms in
 the house1 having a delightful outlook2
 combined with the sewing-room and      
living-room opening from it1 it makes a 
charming and conveniently arranged      
interior4  ,illustration3 ,the ,kitchen 
,the kitchen at the rear of the house   
has been altered with the idea of saving
 steps4 ,this is shown in the numberless
 closets at the right1 for flour barrel 
and other supplies4 ,at the left is the 
kitchen cupboard1 while the china is in 
the built-in closet above and the       
groceries in the drawers below4 ,the    
sink has a shelf underneath to hold the 
dishpan and drainer4 ,the whole color   
tone1 including the beamed ceiling1 is a
 dark stain with lighter wall finish4   
,this house is an interesting example of
 successful and artistic remodeling1 the
 interior and exterior being in harmony 
and giving the result of a comfortable  
and attractive home which was secured at
 much less cost than if an entirely new 
house had been built4         99        

99       99       99       99  ,the     
houses described in this book cover but 
the merest fraction of the homes and    
summer places evolved from old-fashioned
 farmhouses4 ,they are scattered        
broadcast through ,new ,england1        
sometimes isolated on roads which still 
retain their country atmosphere1        
sometimes surrounded by the town which  
has outgrown its early limits1 and      
sometimes the center of a large estate4 
,each has its individual charm1 its     
special beauties1 but wherever found    
these remodeled farmhouses testify to   
the stanchness of early ,american       
workmanship and to the appreciation of  
modern ,americans for their forefathers'
 handiwork4 ,certainly many a one of the
 latter builded better than he knew4    
,,index     ,adams family1 #abh4        
,hannah1 #abb4    ,adden1 ,w4 ,p41 #ahj4
    ,adden house1 ,w4 ,p41 #ahj-ahf4    
age1 #aha4     chimney1 #ahb-ahc4       
hardware1 #ahd1 #ahe4     location1     
#ahj4     porches1 #ahc-ahd4            

remodeling1 #ahb-ahf4     type1 #aha4   
,andirons1 #aa1 #ab1 #fh1 #abe1 #aid1   
#bjh-baj1 #baf1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bdj1 
#bda1       #beb4     ,hessian1 #baj4   
,arches1 #ha1 #aai4    ,attics1 #f1     
#afd1 #ahf1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcj4           
,balusters1 #aad-aae4    ,barns1 #b1    
#be1 #fe-gj1 #acg1 #aia1 #aif-aig4      
,barnard house1 ,george ,e41 #afi-agf4  
breakfast-room1 #agc4     color scheme1 
#age4     den1 #agb4     dining-room1   
#agd4     location1 #afi4     picture   
effect1 #agj1 #agd4     remodeling1     
#agj-agd4    ,bathrooms1 #ad1 #be1 #ce1 
#dg1 #ig1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bah4    ,beams1  
#g1 #bj1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf1 #df1 #dg1 #ee1  
#eh1 #ff1 #ge1 #id1 #ajb1 #abb1 #acj1   
#aca1 #aea1 #ahe1 #aig1 #bjc1 #bae4     
,bedrooms1 #ac1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #dg1
 #ei1 #hc1 #ajh1 #aba1 #abb1 #acc1 #adh1
       #afd1 #age1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bah1    
#bcj1 #bci4    ,billiard-room1 #fh4     
,blinds1 #gi1 #bcg4     inside1 #hj4    
paneled1 #ge4     slat1 #de1 #ge4       
solid1 #de1 #ge4     ,venetian1 #ef4    

,boston1 ,massachusetts1 #ah1 #db1 #gg1 
#abb1 #aea4    ,boulder ,farm1 #gf-hc4  
arch1 #ha4     history1 #gf-gg4         
improvements1 #gh-gi4     location1 #gf1
 #gh4     parlor1 #hj4    ,bradford1    
,governor1 #bjf4    ,breakfast-rooms1   
#dd1 #dg1 #acc1 #agc-agd4    ,brett     
house1 ,franklin1 #bja-bjg4     age1    
#bja4     dining-room1 #bjf4     floors1
 #bjb4     heating1 #bjd4               
living-room1 #bje4     location1 #bja4  
paneling1 #bjg4     repairs1 #bjc4      
type1 #bjb4    ,bricks1 #abf1 #acb4     
,brown1 ,doctor1 #g4    ,brown1         
,davenport1 #aaf4    ,brown house1      
,davenport1 #aaf-abc4     age1 #aaf4    
bedroom1 #abb4     dining-room1 #abj4   
furnishings1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4    
grounds1 #abb-abc4     living-room1     
#aai4     location1 #aaf4     nursery1  
#aba4     porches1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah4    
remodeling1 #aaf-abb4     type1 #aaf4   
,brown1 ,deacon ,philip1 #gf1 #gg4      
,burroughs1 ,george1 #ec4     ,cape     
,cod1 #cc1 #aje4    ,cataumet1          

,massachusetts1 #aeh4    ,ceilings1     
beamed1 #ab1 #ba1 #be1 #de1 #ee1 #if1   
#aeb1 #aec1 #afb1 #bje-bjf1 #bbe1       
#bec4     vaulted1 #add4    ,cellars1   
#g1 #cj1 #ih1 #bea4    ,chambers1 see   
,,bedrooms4    ,chandler house1 ,howard 
,s41 #bdg-bec4     age1 #bdg4           
dining-room1 #bej1 #beb4     grounds1   
#bdh4     kitchen1 #bec4     library1   
#beb4     living-room1 #bea4            
location1 #bdg4     remodeling1         
#bdg-bec4     type1 #bdg4     views1    
#bdg1 #bdi1 #bej4    ,charles ,river1   
,massachusetts1 #da4    ,chimneys1 #g1  
#i1 #ah1 #ai1 #ca1 #dc1 #ej1 #ec1       
#fi-gj1 #aje1 #aaf1 #abe1 #add1         
#ahb-ahc1 #bjc1 #bag1 #bcg1 #bdi4       
,clapboards1 #g1 #dj-da1 #ajf4          
,closets1 #aj1 #bc1 #eb1 #ee1 #ie1 #if1 
#aji1 #acb1 #adb1 #adh1 #bje1 #bah1     
#bbj-bbb1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bec4 
chimney1 #eg1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbf4         
china1 #ce1 #df1 #eg1 #fh1 #abj1 #aec1  
#agb1 #ahe1 #aig1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bej4     
corner1 #bc1 #df1 #afc1 #bjf1 #bbj-bba4 

linen1 #bbb4     nightcap1 #bc1 #ajg4   
secret1 #bc1 #bjg1 #bba4     wainscot1  
#bba1 #bbb4    ,concord1 ,new           
,hampshire1 #gg4    ,cottages1          
fishermen's1 #bh4     flecked1 #cc1     
#aje4    ,cupboards1 see ,,closets4     
,curtis1 ,frederick ,h41 #db4    ,curtis
 house1 ,frederick ,h41 #db-dh4     age1
 #db4     furnishings1 #dh4             
hardware1 #dh4     heating1 #dh4        
lighting1 #dh4     lines of1 #dc-dd4    
location1 #da-db4     new wing1 #dd4    
remodeling1 #dc-dh4     stairway1 #de4  
veranda1 #dg4     ,danvers1             
,massachusetts1 #bcf4    ,dens1 #ab1    
#df1 #eh1 #hc1 #ajd1 #aba1 #aca1 #agc1  
#aic1 #baf4    ,dining-rooms1 #aj1 #aa1 
#bc1 #cd1 #df1 #ef-eg1 #fh1 #ha-hb1 #ie1
 #if1 #ajc1 #ajg1       #abj1 #acc1     
#adb1 #aeb1 #afb1 #agd1 #ahe1 #bjf1     
#bag1 #bbg1 #bch1 #bej1 #beb4    ,doors1
 #f1 #aj1 #cb1 #de1 #ga-gc1 #ahj4       
batten1 #gb1 #abb4     ,french1 #ih1    
#ajg1 #acc4     front1 #ah1 #ed1 #ga1   
#ib1 #ajf1 #aej1 #afa1 #agh1 #aib1 #bjb4

     glass1 #ab1 #cd1 #dg1 #eh1 #fh1    
#bbe1 #beb4     panel1 #gb4     secret1 
#de4    ,door-frames1 #ed1 #gc1 #aag1   
#aeg4    ,door lights1 bull's-eye1 #gb1 
#ib4     fanlight1 #aag1 #aib1 #bbe4    
side1 #gc1 #aag4     top1 #gc4          
transom1 #gb4    ,dover1 ,massachusetts1
 #db1 #fe1 #baa4    ,drainage1 #ag4     
,drawing-room1 #ajd4    ,dudley1 ,harry1
 #gg4    ,duxbury1 ,massachusetts1 #hh1 
#hi4     ,ells1 #h1 #i1 #dc1 #dd1 #ea1  
#ec1 #ff1 #gh1 #hc1 #ia1 #ih1 #aaf1     
#acd1 #aci1 #ade1       #adh1 #aej1     
#afa1 #aha1 #bab1 #bag1 #bdi4     brick1
 #eh4    ,everett1 ,edward1 #aea4       
,farmhouses1 architectural treatment1   
#ga1 #ajj1 #ach1 #adf4     axis1 #ej-ea1
 #aaf4     ,colonial1 #di1 #bbc4        
construction1 #di-ea1 #aaf1 #adg1 #adh4 
cottages1 #bh1 #bi4     examination1    
#bi-cc4     frame1 #g1 #ajf4            
,georgian1 #ea1 #ge1 #gf1 #hc1 #aaf4    
heating1 #dh1 #ei1 #fb-fe1 #ajb1 #bjd4  
individuality1 #hd-hh1 #adf1 #ahg4      
lighting1 #dh1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji1 #aib1  

#aif1 #bea4     lines1 #b1 #c1 #h1 #ae1 
#bh1 #bi1 #ch1 #adg4     location1 #h1  
#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #cc1 #da-db1 #ec1 #fb1   
#fe1 #ff1 #gf1 #gh1 #hh-hi1       #aje1 
#aaf1 #abg1 #acf1 #ach1 #adc1 #adi1     
#aeh1 #afi1 #ahj1 #aij1 #bja1 #bab1     
#bbc1 #bcf1 #bdg4     painting1         
#bdb-bdg4     remodeling1 #h1 #i-ad1    
#ai-bf1 #cd-cf1 #dc-dh1 #eb1 #ed-fj1    
#ff-gj1 #gh-hc1       #ij-ii1 #aja-ajd1 
#aje-ajh1 #aaa-abc1 #acj-acd1 #aci-ade1 
#adg1 #aej-aed1       #aei-afd1         
#agj-agd1 #ahb-ahf1 #bja-bjg1 #bad-bai1 
#bbc-bcj1 #bcf-bdj1       #bdg-bec4     
,fireback1 #abf4    ,fireplace fittings1
 #fh1 #hb1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca1 #bjh1 #bji1
 #baj-baa1 #baf1       #bag4            
,fireplaces1 #c1 #aa1 #ac1 #bb1 #bd1    
#ca1 #ce1 #df1 #ej1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fb1 
#fg1 #fh1       #hj1 #hb1 #ie1 #ajg1    
#abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd-abg1 #acj1 #adb1 
#adc1 #add1 #aec1       #aeg1 #afb1     
#age1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bje1 #bah1     
#bbg1 #bcj1 #bdj1 #bej1 #beb4           
,fences1 #ajf1 #abc1 #acg1 #adj1 #add1  

#aei1 #afj4    ,flagstones1 #ge1 #afg1  
#bbd4    ,fletcher1 ,grace1 #gg4        
,floors1 #ba1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce1 #df1 #ee1  
#hb1 #aad1 #acb1 #acd1 #adb1 #add1      
#aih-bjj1       #bbh1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #beb4 
brick1 #dd1 #aah4     tiled1 #aag1 #bab1
 #baf4    ,flower-boxes1 #aah1 #acd1    
#aia4    ,french and ,indian ,war1 #bc4 
,frieze1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #baf4           
,fuller1 ,mrs4 ,genevieve1 #fe4         
,furnaces1 #fe4    ,furniture1 #bb1 #ef1
 #ei1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #ajh1 #aah1 #aai1  
#abj1 #aba1 #acb1 #acc1       #aci1     
#aeb1 #afc1 #ahd1 #aid1 #aif1 #bje1     
#bjf1 #bae1 #bai1 #bca-bce1 #bcg1       
#bch1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bea1 #beb4     
,adams1 #ef4     ,chippendale1 #ac1     
#acd1 #bcb1 #bch4     ,empire1 #hj1     
#abj1 #afd1 #age1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda4     
,field1 #aba1 #aif1 #bdj4               
,hepplewhite1 #eg1 #acd1 #bjf1 #bcb1    
#bch1 #bdj4     home-made1 #bf4         
,jacobean1 #bci4     ,mission1 #bbg1    
#bbh4     old-fashioned1 #bf1 #cg1 #df1 
#ei1 #fh1 #if1 #ajh1 #aba1 #aca1 #adc1  

#aec1 #agb1       #agc1 #aic1 #aie1     
#bcj1 #bce1 #bci4     ,queen ,anne1     
#abj1 #bea4     ,sheraton1 #aa1 #dg1    
#dh1 #aai1 #abb1 #acd1 #aec1 #bcc1 #bch1
 #bci1 #bdj4     white enamel1 #dh4     
willow1 #i1 #df1 #afc1 #aga1 #agf4      
,gables1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #ff4    ,gage1  
,doctor ,homer1 #e4    ,gardens1 #ajf1  
#abc1 #abi1 #aff-afh1 #agj4             
old-fashioned1 #f1 #ai1 #ih1 #adj1 #adc1
 #afj1 #ahd1 #aie1 #bac1 #bdh4          
water1 #i1 #ai1 #bac4    ,georgetown1   
,massachusetts1 #ah4    ,girandoles1    
#abj1 #bch4    ,gloucester1             
,massachusetts1 #adi4    ,green         
,meadows1 #ec-fj4     age1 #ec4         
alterations1 #ed-fj4     dining-room1   
#eg4     door1 #ed4     heating1 #ei4   
living-room1 #ee4     location1 #ec4    
reception-room1 #ef4     type1 #ec4     
wing1 #eh4    ,grills1 #fj1 #fd4        
,grounds1 #i1 #ah1 #hi1 #aah1 #abb1     
#abc1 #abi1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1     
#adj1 #ada1       #aej1 #aei1 #afg-afh1 
#ahb1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbd1 #bdh4     

,hall1 ,george ,d41 #baa4     house1 see
 ,,lone ,,tree ,,farm4    ,hallways1    
#aj1 #bc1 #de1 #ej1 #ea1 #ed1 #ib1 #if1 
#ig1 #aah1 #aea1 #afc1 #aga1 #ahd1      
#aib1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bae1 #bcg1 #bea4     
,hangings1 #ac1 #bb1 #ee1 #ef1 #if1 #ig1
 #ajh1 #aji1 #aai1 #abj1 #acd1 #afc1    
#agb1       #agc1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib1     
#aic1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bah1 #bbg1     
#bci1 #bea1 #beb4    ,hardware1 #ab1    
#dh1 #ee1 #agg-ahj4    ,harvey1         
,governor ,matthew1 #gg4    ,heating1 by
 fireplaces1 #fb4     hot-air1 #dh1 #ei1
 #fd4     hot-water1 #fc1 #fd1 #bjd4    
steam1 #fc1 #fd4     stoves1 #fc4       
,hinges1 ,h1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #bbg4     ,h   
and ,l1 #ee1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahd1    
#ahe4     strap1 #ab4    ,hollis1       
,maine1 #aij4    ,hopkins house1 ,walter
 ,scott1 #bbc-bcj4     age1 #bbc4       
attic1 #bcj4     closets1 #bbf1 #bbg1   
#bbi4     dining-room1 #bbg1 #bbh4      
grounds1 #bbd1 #bbe4     hardware1 #bbg1
 #bbi4     lighting1 #bbg4              
living-rooms1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bbg4         

location1 #bbc     parlor1 #bbi4        
remodeling1 #bbc-bcj4     type1 #bbc4   
,hopkinton1 ,new ,hampshire1 #gf4       
,howard1 ,philip ,b41 #db4    ,hunt1    
,william ,h41 #aec4     ,ingraham1      
,george ,hunt1 #h4    ,inches1 ,doctor  
,charles ,e41 #abg4    ,inches house1   
,charles ,e41 #abg-ace4     age1 #abg4  
den1 #aca4     dining-room1 #acc4       
furnishings1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1    
#ace4     gardens1 #abi4     grounds1   
#abi1 #acd1 #ace4     living-room1 #acb4
     location1 #abg4     remodeling1    
#acj-acd4     swimming-pool1 #abi4      
value1 #abh4     whipping-tree1 #abh4   
,ipswich1 ,massachusetts1 #afi4         
,iristhorpe1 #f-ad4     age1 #f4        
architectural treatment1 #ac4     guest 
house1 #ad4     iris motive1 #i4        
lines1 #h1 #ad4     location1 #f4       
remodeling1 #h-ac4      ,jewett house1  
see ,,limovody4    ,josephine1 ,empress1
 #bce4    ,kelly1 ,william1 #gg4        
,killam and ,hopkins 7,architects71 #fd4
    ,kimball1 ,mrs4 ,william ,otis1 #bj4

    ,kitchens1 #aj1 #cf1 #dd1 #ej1 #ie1 
#ih1 #ajh1 #acj1 #adh1 #bjd1 #bci1 #bej1
 #bec4    ,kittredge1 ,mabel ,l41 #cc4  
,kittredge house1 #cc-cg4     chimney1  
#cf1 #cg4     furnishings1 #cg4         
lines1 #cd4     location1 #cc4          
remodeling1 #cd-cf4     size1 #cc4      
,knockers1 #agh4     ,lafayette1        
,general1 #aec4    ,latches1 #ab1 #dh1  
#ee1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe4            
,lavatories1 #aj1 #ahe4    ,lean-to1    
,dutch1 #ah4    ,libraries1 #aj1 #ab1   
#bb1 #df1 #ajd1 #beb4    ,lighting1     
#ajc4     candles1 #dh1 #aji4           
electric1 #dh4     lamps1 #dh1 #aji4    
lanterns1 #aib1 #aif1 #bea4             
,limovady1 #ah-bg4     age1 #ah4        
bedrooms1 #be1 #bf4     lines1 #bj4     
location1 #ah4     lounge room1 #be4    
,missionary room1 #bd4     priest hole1 
#bc4     remodeling1 #ai-bf4     studio1
 #bd4    ,lincoln1 ,roland ,c41 #adi4   
,mrs4 ,roland ,c41 #aeb4    ,little     
,orchard1 #adi-aed4     age1 #aej4      
china1 #aeb4     fireplace1 #aec4       

furnishings1 #aeb1 #aec4     location1  
#adi4     name1 #aeb4     remodeling1   
#aej-aed4     staircase1 #aea4          
,living-rooms1 #aj1 #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #cd1 
#de1 #ee1 #eh1 #fg1 #ha1 #id1 #ie1 #ajc1
       #ajg1 #aai1 #acb1 #aec1 #ahd1    
#aid1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bad1 #bae1     
#bbf1 #bcg1       #bea4     outdoor1 #h1
 #i1 #ab1 #ba1 #dd1 #fh1 #gi1 #aah1     
#aci1 #adb1 #add1 #aea1 #aga1           
#bbd4    ,loeffler1 ,charles ,martin1   
#acg1 #ach1 #adb1 #add4    ,loeffler    
house1 #acf-adf4     atmosphere1 #ada1  
#ade4     grounds1 #adj1 #ada4          
location1 #acf1 #ach1 #adc4     music   
room1 #add4     remodeling1 #aci-add4   
,loggia1 #bac4    ,londonderry1 ,new    
,hampshire1 #gf1 #gg4    ,lone ,tree    
,farm1 #baa-bai4     age1 #baa4         
dining-room1 #bag4     furnishings1     
#bae-bai4     grounds1 #bad4            
living-room1 #bae4     location1 #bab4  
sitting-room1 #bah4     smoke-house1    
#bad1 #bae4     remodeling1 #bad-bai4   
vistas1 #baf1 #bag4     wing1 #bab4     

,magnolia1 ,massachusetts1 #adi4        
,manchester-by-the-,sea1 ,massachusetts1
 #adi4    ,mantels1 #aeg1 #baf1 #bag1   
#bda4    ,medfield1 ,massachusetts1     
#aaf1 #abg4    ,morning-rooms1 #aj1 #ab1
 #dd1 #age1 #bjd1 #bje4    ,music-rooms1
 #add1 #aif1 #bci4     ,nawn ,farm1     
#fe-gj4     alterations1 #ff-gj4        
chimney1 #gj4     dining-room1 #fh4     
living-room1 #fg4     location1 #fe1    
#ff4     windows1 #ff1 #gj4    ,needham1
 ,massachusetts1 #bdg4    ,newburyport1 
,massachusetts1 #ba4    ,new ,york      
,city1 #aje4    ,north ,duxbury1        
,massachusetts1 #bja4    ,nurseries1    
#aba1 #ahf4     ,office1 #bcj4          
,out-buildings1 #g1 #ia1 #ii1 #ach4     
,ovens1 brick1 #aa1 #ab1 #hb1 #abg1     
#aca1 #aha1 #bag1 #bbi4     ,dutch1 #bd4
    ,overmantel1 #bb4     ,paint1 #i1   
#ba1 #db1 #de1 #acd1 #adj1 #afa1 #aia1  
#bjb1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bbd1 #bdc-bdg4       
,paneling1 #ab1 #bc1 #ee1 #eh1 #id1 #ie1
 #abj1 #acj1 #aed1 #afb1 #bjg1 #bag1    
#bai1       #bba1 #bbb1 #bbf4           

,japanese1 #ac4    ,parlors1 #ej1 #hj1  
#aje1 #afc1 #bbi1 #bej4     sun1 #baf1  
#bcf4    ,partitions1 #adh4     removal 
of1 #bj1 #cd1 #df1 #eb1 #ed1 #hb1 #ajb1 
#ajc1 #bjc1 #bjd4    ,pergolas1 #abc1   
#adj1 #bjc1 #bjg4    ,pewter1 #df1 #eg1 
#aca4    ,piazza1 see ,,porches4        
,plate-rail1 #ajg4    ,porch columns1   
#dd1 #gc1 #gh1 #gi1 #ib1 #aaa1 #aab1    
#aad1 #aag1 #bbd4    ,porches1 #c1 #cd1 
#dj1 #db1 #dg1 #gi1 #ic1 #ajc1 #ajf1    
#aaa-aaf1 #aag1 #ach1 #aci1       #aej1 
#afa1 #agj1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aib1 #bjb1     
#bab1 #bac1 #bbd1 #bcf1 #bdi4           
,colonial1 #h1 #dd1 #ib1 #bjd1 #bad4    
,georgian1 #gc1 #gh1 #aaa1 #aab4        
sleeping1 #dj1 #dd1 #dg1 #ei1 #fg1 #gi1 
#aaj1 #aae1 #aag1 #adj1 #bac1 #bad4     
types of1 #aab4    ,porch railings1     
#aad4    ,portico1 #aag4    ,putnam1    
,john ,pickering1 #abb4     ,quillcote1 
#aij-aig4     barn1 #aif1 #aig4         
china1 #aie1 #aif4     furnishings1     
#aic1 #aid1 #aif4     location1 #aij4   
type1 #aij4     wall-papers1 #aic1 #aid4

    ,quincy1 ,massachusetts1 #abh4      
,radiators1 #fd4    ,reading1           
,massachusetts1 #ahj1 #bbc4             
,reception-rooms1 #ef1 #ajd1 #aec1 #agc1
 #agd4    ,registers1 #ei4              
,revolution1 ,american1 #f1 #bi1 #ej1   
#aef4     ,french1 #bcd4    ,roofs1 #ai1
 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #ch-dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #ff1  
#ia1 #aac1 #adh1 #aij1 #bbd1 #bbf4      
flat1 #dd4     gambrel1 #ch1 #adi1 #aha4
     hipped1 #ci4     overhang1 #da1    
#ge4     pitched 7gable71 #f1 #ch1 #dd1 
#ia1 #aje1 #aci1 #bjb1 #bcg4    ,rugs1  
,arts and ,crafts1 #bd4     fur1 #aid4  
modern1 #bag4     ,oriental1 #ee1 #bjj1 
#bja1 #bje1 #bbg4     rag1 #df1 #dh1    
#ei1 #ajh1 #acd1 #afb1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bja1
 #bje1 #bdj4     ,salem1 ,massachusetts1
 #aej1 #bce4    ,saugus1 ,massachusetts1
 #abf4    ,screen1 ,japanese1 #ac4      
,servants' rooms1 #aa1 #dc1 #dg1 #hc1   
#ajh1 #acd1 #bbe4    ,service           
departments1 #aj1 #aa1 #dc1 #ei1 #fi1   
#gh1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #aba1 #aga1 #age1      
#aia1 #bjf4    ,serving-room1 #bdi4     

,shaw1 ,mrs4 ,josephine ,hartwell1 #hi1 
#ih4    ,shingles1 #da1 #ia1 #ajf1 #adi1
 #bdc1 #bde4    ,shrewsbury1            
,massachusetts1 #f1 #acd1 #adi4         
,shrubbery1 #afg1 #afh1 #bac1 #bbd1     
#bdh4    ,shutters1 see ,,blinds4       
,sill1 #cj4    ,sitting-room1 #bah4     
,sleeping-porches1 see ,,porches4       
,smith1 ,nora1 #aie4    ,south ,dennis1 
,massachusetts1 #aje4    ,south         
,yarmouth1 ,massachusetts1 #cc1 #aje4   
,spencer1 ,robert1 #aje4    ,spencer    
house1 #aje-aji4     fence1 #ajf4       
furniture1 #ajh1 #aji4     lighting1    
#aji4     location1 #aje4     new wing1 
#aje1 #ajf4     windows1 #ajf4          
,staircases1 #d1 #aj1 #bc1 #de1 #ej1    
#ea1 #fh1 #hj1 #ic1 #ajg1 #aah1 #acb1   
#acf1       #adb1 #aea1 #aec1 #ahd1     
#aib1 #bad1 #bea4    ,stoves1 #fc4      
,stud1 #cj1 #ff1 #ajf1 #aag4     low1   
#ac1 #dd1 #eb1 #ef1 #ajb1 #aeb1 #aed1   
#bje1 #bci4     ,three ,acres1 #hh-ii4  
living-room1 #ie4     location1 #hh1    
#hi4     restoration1 #ij-ii4           

studio1 #ih4     type1 #ia4     vistas1 
#if4     windows1 #ib1 #ig4    ,tiles1  
#abe4    ,tired of ,work 7picture71     
#aec4    ,trees1 #d1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #db1
 #gh1 #hh1 #ia1 #aje1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh1 
#abi1 #acd1       #adj1 #ada1 #add1     
#aej1 #afg1 #bab1 #bac1 #bcf1 #bdh4     
,verandas1 see ,,porches4     ,wainscot1
 #bb1 #ce1 #df1 #ee1 #eg1 #hj1 #ha1     
#aah1 #abj1 #acj1 #adc1 #aee-aeg1       
#afc1 #agc1 #aib1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bch1     
#bda1 #bea1 #beb4    ,wakefield1 ,f4    
,m41 #db4    ,walls1 #bi1 #da1 #df1 #dg1
 #fg1 #fi1 #hc1 #if1 #acj1 #acc1 #adh1  
#aee-aeg1 #agc1       #bae4     burlap1 
#bc1 #de4     exterior1 #dj1 #da4       
grass-cloth1 #dg1 #fg1 #adc4            
painted1 #ba1 #bd1 #be1 #ce1 #fh4       
papered1 #bc1 #de1 #dh1 #ee1 #ef1   #eg1
 #ei1 #fi1 #ha1 #hc1 #aai1   #abb1 #afc1
 #bbg1 #bbh4     plastered1 #cf1 #ajg1  
#aef4     sheathed1 #add1 #aee4         
stone1 #abh1 #adj1 #adi1 #ahb1 #bab1    
#bbd4     tapestry1 #beb4               
,wall-papers1 #c1 #bj1 #bc1 #dh1 #hj1   

#ig1 #acb1 #ahh-aij4     castellated1   
#bcg4     ,colonial1 #df1 #hb1 #agb1    
#ahd1 #ahh1 #aif1 #bda4     foliage1    
#ha4     ,georgian1 #ee4     ,japanese1 
#ig4     landscape1 #ba1 #eg1 #ei1 #aai1
 #afd1 #age1 #aic1 #aid1 #bea4          
,morris1 #aea1 #aeb4    ,wall-papers1   
,mother ,goose1 #aba4    ,walpole1      
,massachusetts1 #abg4    ,water supply1 
#ag1 #bjd4    ,webster1 ,daniel1 #gg4   
,white house 7,salem71 #aej4    ,wiggin1
 ,kate ,douglas1 #aij1 #aig4            
,willowdale1 #aeh-afe4     additions1   
#afa4     age1 #aeh4     dining-room1   
#afb4     garden1 #afj4     lines1 #aei4
     location1 #aeh4     parlor1 #afc4  
tree1 #afb4     woodwork1 #afe4         
,window casings1 #gd4     muntins1 #gc1 
#gd4    ,windows1 #f1 #i1 #cd1 #ce1 #eb1
 #eh1 #ff1 #gc1 #gh1 #ajb1 #aai1 #ada1  
#adh1 #aed1       #bah1 #bbf4     bay1  
#ib1 #bbd1 #bej1 #beb4     casement1    
#gd1 #ic1 #id1 #ig1 #aic4     dormer1   
#h1 #cd1 #cf1 #dj1 #ed1 #ib1 #ig1 #ajf1 
#aae1 #aed1 #afa1 #aga1 #bac1           

#bbd1 #bdh4     eyebrow1 #bab4          
,french1 #ajb1 #adc1 #ade1 #afc1 #agb1  
#agd1 #bjf4     gable1 #ajd4     oval1  
#dd1 #aab4     small-paned1 #bd1 #cd1   
#gd1 #acb1 #bbh1 #bcf1 #bea4     triple1
 #de1 #fi1 #hb1 #ajg4    ,window-seats1 
#cf1 #eh1 #fg1 #aai1 #aec1 #aid1 #baf1  
#bah1 #bej4    ,wings1 see ,,ells4      
,wood1 cypress1 #da4     gum1 #fg4      
hemlock1 #ih4     oak1 #aee1 #aii1 #bjj4
       fumed1 #fh4       swamp1 #ba1    
#abe4     pine1 hard1 #bjj4       ,north
 ,carolina1 #fh1 #aii4       pumpkin1   
#d1 #aeh4       swamp1 #bc4       white1
 #b1 #g1 #da1 #aef4    ,woodwork1 #c1   
#d1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1   #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 
#be1 #ce1 #de1 #df1   #dh1 #ee1 #ef1    
#eh1 #ei1 #fh1 #hj1   #hb1 #ie1 #ajg1   
#abj1 #aba1 #abb1   #aca1 #adb1         
#aee-aeh1 #afe1 #ahd1   #aib1 #bae1     
#bai1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh4    ,worcester1  
,massachusetts1 #e4    ,wren1 ,sir      
,christopher1 #adf4    ,wright1 ,henry  
,w41 #bcf4    ,wright house1 #bcf-bda4  
furniture1 #bcg-bda4     lighting1 #bch1

 #bdj4     location1 #bcf4              
remodeling1 #bcf-bdj4     type1 #bcf1   
#bcg4