,,special ,,me?od                       
,,9 ,,prim>y ,,read+                    
,,special ,,me?od                       
,,9                          ,,prim>y   
,,read+ ,,& ,,oral                      
,,"w ,,) ,,/ories                       
,,by                          ,,*>les   
,a4 ,,mcmurry1 ,,ph4,d4                 
,,director ,,( ,,practice ,,dep>tm5t1   
,,nor!rn ,,ill9ois                      
,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool1 ,,de ,,kalb1   
,,ill9ois                               
,new ,york                           ,,!
 ,,macmillan ,,company                  
,,london3 ,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,,ltd4    
#aije                            ,all   
rights res]v$                           
,,copyright1 #aijc4                     
,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4         
,set up & electrotyp$ ,july1 #aijc2     
repr9t$                                 
,april1 #aije4     ,,preface   ,?is book
 attempts ! discussion ( two v important
 problems 9 prim>y education4 ,fir/1 !  
oral "w 9 ! h&l+ ( /ories1 & second1 !  

introduction to ! art ( read+ 9 ! e>lie/
 s*ool "w4 ,! v close relation betwe5 ! 
oral "w 9 /ories & ! ex]cises 9 read+ 9 
! fir/ ?ree ye>s 9 s*ool is q fully     
expla9$4 ,! oral "w 9 /ory-tell+ has    
ga9$ a great importance 9 rec5t ye>s1 b 
has n receiv$ mu* discussion f writ]s ( 
books on me?od4  ,foll[+ ?is ,special   
,me?od 9 ,prim>y ,read+1 a second       
volume1 call$ ! ,special ,me?od 9 !     
,read+ ( ,complete ,engli% ,classics 9 !
 ,grades ( ! ,common ,s*ool1 completes !
 discussion ( read+ & lit]ature 9 !     
int]m$iate & gramm> grades4  ,bo? ( !   
books ( ,special ,me?od are an          
application ( ! ideas discuss$ 9 ,!     
,pr9ciples ( ,g5]al ,me?od & ,! ,me?od (
 ! ,recitation4  ,/ill o!r volumes (    
,special ,me?od 9 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 &
 ,natural ,sci5ce furni% ! outl9es ( !  
c\rses ( /udy 9 ^! subjects1 & also a   
full discussion ( ! value ( ! mat]ial   
select$ & ( ! me?od ( treatm5t4  ,at !  
close ( ea* *apt] & at ! end ( ! book a 
some:at complete grad$ li/ ( books1 = ! 

use ( bo? pupils & tea*]s1 is giv54 ,!  
same plan is foll[$ 9 all ! books ( ?is 
s]ies1 s t tea*]s may be able to supply 
!mselves ) ! be/ helps ) z little tr\ble
 z possible4                            
,,*>les ,a4 ,mc,m,u,r,r,y4     ,,cont5ts
     ,,*apt] ,i                         
,,page   ,,! ,,reason ,,= ,,oral ,,"w   
,,9 ,,/ories                        #a  
,,*apt] ,,ii   ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,skill  
,,9 ,,oral ,,"w                         
#af    ,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,fir/ ,,grade   
,,/ories                                
#dg    ,,*apt] ,,iv   ,,second ,,grade  
,,/ories                                
#ge    ,,*apt] ,v   ,,?ird ,,grade      
,,/ories                                
#ajc    ,,*apt] ,,vi   ,,prim>y ,,read+ 
,,?r\gh ,,incid5tal ,,ex]cises ,,&      
,,games   #acg    ,,*apt] ,,vii         
,,me?od ,,9 ,,prim>y ,,read+            
#agc    ,,*apt] ,,viii   ,,li/ ,,(      
,,books ,,= ,,prim>y ,,grades           
#aij     ,,special ,,me?od ,,9 ,,prim>y 
,,read+     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,reason ,,=

 ,,oral ,,"w ,,9 ,,/ories   ,! tell+ &  
read+ ( /ories to *ildr5 9 e>ly ye>s1   
be=e !y h ma/]$ ! art ( read+1 is ( su* 
importance z to awak5 ! s]i\s ?\ght (   
p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,to old] p x is a s\rce 
( con/ant surprise--! att5tive int]e/   
:i* *ildr5 be/[ ^u /ories4 ,almo/ any   
k9d ( a /ory w comm& _! wide-awake      
?\ght4 ,b ! tale :i* !y c fully und]/& &
 enjoy has a unique p[] to conc5trate _!
 m5tal en]gy4 ,!re is an undivid$1      
unalloy$ absorption ( m9d 9 good /ories 
:i* augurs well = all phases ( lat]     
ef=t4 ,to get *ildr5 into ?is habit (   
undivid$ m5tal en]gy1 ( s+l5ess (       
purpose 9 /udy1 is mo/ promis+4 ,9      
prim>y grades1 ! flutt]+1 scatt]-bra9$  
truancy ( ?\ght is ! *ronic ob/acle to  
success 9 /udy4  ,! tell+ or read+ (    
/ories to *ildr5 naturally beg9s at     
home1 be=e ! little ones are old en\gh =
 s*ool4 ,! "m & fa!r1 ! aunts & uncles1 
& any old] p]son :o delights 9 *ildr51  
f9d true com=t & ent]ta9m5t 9 rehe>s+ ! 
fam\s /ories to *ildr54 ,! ,"m ,goose1 !

 fables1 ! fairy tales1 ! ,arabian      
,nights1 ,eug5e ,field's & ,/ev5son's   
poems ( *ild life1 ! ,bible /ories1 !   
my?s1 & "s ( ! old ballads h untold     
treasures = *ildr54 ,if "o has a voice =
 s++ ! old melodies1 ! *>m ( music      
int5sifies ! effect4 ,little ones       
quickly memorize :at delights !m1 & n   
seldom1 aft] two or ?ree read+s1 *ildr5 
( ?ree & f\r ye>s w be he>d repeat+ :ole
 poems or l>ge p>ts ( !m4 ,! repetition 
( ! songs & /ories till !y become       
?or\ghly famili> gives !m _! full       
educative effect4 ,!y become a "p ( !   
p]man5t furniture ( ! m9d4 ,if ! ?+s :i*
 ! *ildr5 le>n 9 e>ly ye>s h be5 well   
select$ f ! real treasures ( ! pa/ 7(   
:i* !re is a goodly /ore71 ! se$s ( true
 culture h be5 deeply s[n 9 _!          
affections4  ,! opportunities ( ! home =
 good /ory-tell+ are almo/ b\ndless4    
,p>5ts :o p]ceive its wor? & are will+  
to take "t = x1 f9d 9 ?is e>ly p]iod    
great] opportunity to m\ld ! lives (    
*ildr5 & put !m into sympa!tic t\* ) ?+s

 ( beauty & value ?an at any o!r "t4 ,at
 ?is age *ildr5 are well-nigh :olly at !
 m]cy ( _! eld]s4 ,!y w take :at we give
 !m & take x at its full wor? or        
wor?lessness4 ,!y absorb ^! ?+s z ! t5d]
 plant absorbs ra9 & sun%9e4  ,!        
k9d]g>t5 has naturally f\nd 9 ! /ory "o 
( its *ief means ( effectiv5ess4        
,/ories1 songs1 & occupations are its   
/aples4 ,deal+ ) ?is same p]iod ( e>ly  
*ildhood1 be=e ! m tax+ "w ( ! s*ool    
beg9s1 x f9ds t ! *ildr5's m9ds move ) t
 same fre$om & spontaneity 9 ^! /ories )
 :i* _! bodies & physical en]gies       
disport !mselves 9 games & occupations4 
,x is =tunate = *ildhood t we h su*     
:olesome & heal?ful mat]ial1 :i* is     
fitt$ to give a *ild's m5tal action a   
well-r\nd$ complet5ess4 ,8 w1 8         
s5sibility1 & 8 kn[+ faculty1 all 9 "o  
h>moni\s :ole1 are br\ght into full     
action4 ,9 %ort1 n a fragm5t b ! :ole   
*ild is focuss$ & conc5trat$ ^u "o      
absorb+ object ( ?\ght4  ,! value ( !   
oral treatm5t ( /ories is f\nd 9 !      

great] cle>ness & int]e/ ) :i* !y c be  
pres5t$ orally4 ,!re is a ke5] realism1 
a clos] approximation to exp]im5tal     
facts1 to ! situations1 ! h>d%ips1 to ! 
sorr[s & triumphs ( p]sons4 ,! feel+s & 
impulses ( ! actors 9 ! /ory are felt m 
%>ply4 ,! reality ( ! surr\nd+          
conditions & difficulties is pres5t$ s t
 a *ild transports himself by ! p[] (   
sympa?y & imag9ation into ! sc5es       
describ$4  ,!re is no way by :i* ?is    
result c be accompli%$ 9 e>ly ye>s      
except by ! oral pres5tation ( /ories4  
,until ! *ildr5 h le>n$ to read & h     
acquir$ suffici5t ma/]y ( ! art ( read+ 
s t x is easy & flu5t1 !re is no way by 
:i* !y c get at good /ories = !mselves4 
,av]age *ildr5 require ab\t ?ree ye>s to
 acquire ?is ma/]y ( ! read+ art4 ,n _m 
*ildr5 read /ories f books1 ) enjoym5t &
 appreciation1 till !y are n9e or t5    
ye>s old2 b f ! age ( f\r to t5 !y are  
capable ( receiv+ an inf9ite am\nt (    
in/ruction & m5tal /imulus f he>+ good  
/ories4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! be/ /ories ev]  

produc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w c be ?or\ghly 
enjoy$ by *ildr5 be=e !y h le>n$ to     
read4 ,?is is true ( ,grimm's & ,&]s5's 
/ories1 ( ! my?s ( ,hiawa?a & ,norsel&1 
& ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 ( ! ,bible /ories1 !
 ,arabian ,nights1 ,rob9 ,hood1 besides 
_m o!r /ories1 poems1 ballads1 &        
biographies :i* are among ! be/ ?+s 9   
our lit]ature4  ,9 ^! e>ly ye>s ! m9ds (
 *ildr5 may be enri*$ ) a furni%m5t (   
ideas ( mu* value = all _! future use1 a
 sort ( capital well inve/$1 :i* w br+  
ri* returns4 ,m9ds e>ly f]tiliz$ ) ?is  
v>iety ( ?\ght mat]ial become m         
flexible1 productive1 & acquisitive4  ,=
 _m ye>s1 & ev5 c5turies1 x 0 suppos$ t 
e>ly education c\ld furni% *ildr5 )     
little except ! =ms & in/rum5ts ( k1 !  
tools ( acquisition1 su* z ability to   
read1 spell1 & write1 & to use simple   
numb]s4 ,b ! susceptibility ( y\ng]     
*ildr5 to ! p[]ful culture influ5ce (   
/ory1 poem1 & nature /udy1 0 ov]look$4  
,we n[ h good reason to believe t !re is
 no p]iod :5 ! educative & ref9+        

influ5ces ( good lit]ature 9 ! =m (     
poems & /ory c be made s effective z 9  
?is e>ly p]iod f f\r to t5 ye>s4 ,t     
p]iod :i* has be5 long almo/ :olly      
devot$ to ! dry =malities & me*anics (  
k1 to ! dull & (t5times b5umb+ drills ( 
alphabets1 spell+1 & ari?metical tables1
 is f\nd to be capable ( a fruitful /udy
 ( /ories1 fables1 & my?s1 & an         
indef9ite ext5sion ( ideas & exp]i5ces 9
 nature obs]vation4  ,b ! approa* to ^! 
sunny fields ( v>i$ & vivid exp]i5ce is 
n ?r\gh books1 except z ! tea*]'s m9d   
has assimilat$ _! mat]ials & prep>$ !m =
 lively pres5tation4  ,! oral spee*     
?r\gh :i* ! /ories are giv5 to *ildr5 is
 completely famili> to !m1 s t !y1      
un5cumb]$ by ! =ms ( language1 c give _!
 undivid$ ?\ght to ! /ory4 ,oral spee*  
is1 !re=e1 ! natural *annel ?r\gh :i*   
/ories %\ld come 9 e>ly ye>s4 ,! book is
 at fir/ :olly =eign to !m1 & x takes !m
 ?ree ye>s or m ( great] or less pa9ful 
ef=t to get su* easy ma/]y ( pr9t$ =ms z
 to ga9 ready access to ?\ght 9 books4  

,a book1 :5 fir/ put into ! h&s ( a     
*ild1 is a complete ob/ruction to ?\ght4
 ,! oral /ory1 on ! contr>y1 is a       
p]fectly transp>5t m$ium ( ?\ght4 ,a    
*ild c see ! mean+ ( a /ory ?r\gh oral  
spee* z "o sees a l&scape ?r\gh a cle>  
w9d[-pane4 ,if a *ild1 !re=e1 up to !   
age ( t51 is to get _m & delightsome    
views into ! fruitful fields ( /ory-l&1 
?is m9iature _w ( all realities1 ?is    
repository ( race ideas1 x mu/ be ?r\gh 
oral spee* :i* he has already acquir$ 9 
! ye>s ( babyhood4  ,x is an int]e/+    
blund] ( tea*]s1 & "o t %[s _!          
unreflect+ acceptance ( traditional     
cu/oms1 to assume t ! all-absorb+       
problem ( prim>y in/ruction is !        
acquisition ( a new book language 7!    
le>n+ to read71 & to ignore t ri* "m    
tongue1 already abundantly famili>1 z an
 av5ue ( acquisition & culture4 ,b we   
are n[ well conv9c$ t ! ability to read 
is an in/rum5t ( culture1 n culture     
itself1 & prim>ily ! great object (     
education is to inoculate ! *ildr5 ) !  

ideas ( our civilization4 ,! =ms (      
expression are also ( great value1 b !y 
are second>y & incid5tal z comp>$ ) ! _w
 ( ideas4  ,!re is an intimate          
connection betwe5 le>n+ to read & ! oral
 treatm5t ( /ories 9 prim>y s*ools :i*  
is v int]e/+ & sugge/ive to ! tea*]4    
,r\t9e tea*]s may ?9k x a wa/e ( "t to  
/op = ! oral pres5tation ( /ories4 ,b ! 
m ?\ghtful & sympa!tic tea*] w ?9k x    
bett] to /imulate ! *ild's m9d ?an to   
cram 8 memory4 ,! "y m9d f]tiliz$ by    
ideas is quick] to le>n ! pr9t$ =ms ?an 
a m9d b>r5 ( ?\ght4 ,yet ?is proposition
 ne$s to be se5 & illu/rat$ 9 _m =ms4   
,*ildr5 %\ld d\btless make mu* progress 
9 le>n+ to read 9 ! fir/ ye> ( s*ool4 ,b
 co9cid5t ) ^! ex]cises 9 prim>y read+1 
&1 z a g5]al ?+1 prelim9>y to !m1 is a  
lively & int]e/$ acqua9tance ) ! be/    
/ories4 ,x is a f9e piece ( educative "w
 to cultivate 9 *ildr51 at ! beg9n+ (   
s*ool life1 a real appreciation &       
enjoym5t ( a few good /ories4 ,^!       
/ories1 ?us r5d]$ famili>1 & o!rs (     

simil> tone & quality1 may s]ve well z a
 "p ( ! read+ lessons4 ,x is h>dly      
possible to cultivate ?is lit]>y ta/e 9 
! read+ books alone1 unreliev$ by oral  
"w4 ,! prim]s & fir/ read]s1 :5 exam9$1 
w give ample pro( ( ?is /atem5t4 ,9     
spite ( ! utmo/ ef=t ( skill$ prim>y    
tea*]s to make attractive books = prim>y
 *ildr51 our prim]s & fir/ read]s %[    
unmi/akable signs ( _! =mal & me*anical 
"*4 ,!y are ess5tially drill books4  ,x 
seems well1 !re=e1 to h 9 prim>y s*ools 
two k9ds ( "w 9 connection ) /ory &     
read+1 ! oral "w 9 /ory-tell+1          
reproduction1 expression1 etc41 & !     
drill ex]cises 9 le>n+ to read4 ,! =m] w
 keep up a wide-awake int]e/ 9 ! be/    
?\ght mat]ials suitable = *ildr51 !     
latt] w gradually acqua9t !m ) !        
necess>y =ms ( writt5 & pr9t$ language4 
,moreov]1 ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 ! /ories is  
con/antly transf]r+ itself to ! read+   
lessons & giv+ great] _s & vitality ev5 
to ! prim>y ef=ts at le>n+ to read4 ,9  
discuss+ ! me?od ( prim>y read+ we %all 

h occasion to m5tion ! v>i$ devices (   
games1 activities1 draw+s1 dramatic     
action1 blackbo>d ex]cises1 & picture   
"w1 by :i* an al]t prim>y tea*] puts    
life & motive into e>ly read+ "w1 b     
fully z important z all ^! ?+s put      
toge!r is ! gr[+ insight & appreciation 
= good /ories4 ,:5 a *ild makes !       
discov]y1 z ,hugh ,mill] said1 t le>n+  
to read is le>n+ to get /ories out (    
books he has /ruck ! *ord t %\ld vibrate
 ?r\gh all 8 future life4 ,! real motive
 = read+ is to get some?+ wor? ! ef=t ( 
read+4 ,ev5 if x takes long] to         
accompli% ! result 9 ?is way1 ! result  
:5 accompli%$ is 9 all respects m       
valuable4 ,b x is probable t *ildr5 w   
le>n to read fully z soon :o sp5d a good
 %>e ( _! "t 9 oral /ory "w4  ,9        
discuss+ ! lit]>y mat]ials us$ 9 ! fir/ 
f\r grades1 we sugge/ ! foll[+ grad+ (  
c]ta9 l>ge gr\ps ( lit]>y matt]1 & !    
relation ( oral "w to ! read+ 9 ea*     
subsequ5t grade is cle>ly m>k$4         
,,oral ,,"w4                  ,,read+4  

#a/ ,grade4  ,games1 ,"m ,goose4        
,lessons bas$ on ,games1 etc4           
,fables1 ,fairy ,tales4        ,bo>d    
,ex]cises4                 ,nature      
,my?s1 ,*ild ,poems4  ,prim]s1 ,fir/    
,read]s4                                
,simple ,my?s1 ,/ories1 etc4    #b;d    
,grade4   ,rob9son ,crusoe4             
,fables1 ,fairy ,tales4                 
,hiawa?a4                   ,my?s &     
,poems4                 ,sev5 ,little   
,si/]s4       ,second ,read]s4          
,hiawa?a ,prim]4    #c;d ,grade4        
,greek & ,norse ,my?s4      ,rob9son    
,crusoe4                 ,ballads &     
,leg5d>y       ,&]s5's  ,grimm's ,tales4
                   ,/ories4             
,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses4                 
,ulysses1 ,jason1 ,siegfri$4  ,?ird     
,read]s4                 ,old ,te/am5t  
,/ories4    #d? ,grade4  ,am]ican       
,pione] ,hi/ory    ,greek & ,norse      
,my?s4                   ,/ories4       
,hi/orical ,ballads4                    
,e>ly ,biographical ,/ories  ,ulysses1  

,arabian ,nights4                   (   
,europe1 z ,alfr$1     ,hiawa?a1 ,wond] 
,book4                   ,solon1        
,arm9ius1 etc4  ,?is close dep5d5ce (   
read+ prop]1 9 e>li] ye>s1 ^u ! oral    
treatm5t ( /ories z a prelim9>y1 is bas$
 fundam5tally ^u ! idea t suitable &    
int]e/+ ?\ght matt] is ! true basis (   
progress 9 read+1 & t ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ta/e
 = good books is a mu* great] ?+ ?an !  
m]e acquisition ( ! art ( read+4 ,!     
motive ) :i* *ildr5 read or try to le>n 
to read is1 aft] all1 ( ! greate/       
consequ5ce4  ,! old notion t *ildr5 mu/ 
fir/ le>n to read & !n f9d1 ?r\gh !     
ma/]y ( ?is art1 ! entrance to lit]ature
 is exactly rev]s$4 ,fir/ awak5 a desire
 = ?+s wor? read+1 & !n incorporate ^! &
 simil> /ories into ! regul> read+      
ex]cises z f> z possible4  ,9 accordance
 ) ?is plan1 *ildr51 by ! "t !y are n9e 
or t5 ye>s old1 w become he>tily        
acqua9t$ ) ?ree or f\r ( ! great classes
 ( lit]ature1 ! fables1 fairy tales1    
my?s1 & su* _w /ories z ,crusoe1        

,aladd91 ,hiawa?a1 & ,ulysses4 ,moreov]1
 ! oral treatm5t w br+ ^! p]sons &      
actions clos] to _! ?\ght & exp]i5ce ?an
 ! lat] read+ alone c\ld d4 ,9 fact1 if 
*ildr5 h rea*$ _! t5? ye> )\t enjoy+ ^? 
great =ms ( lit]ature t are appropriate 
to *ildhood1 !re is small prospect t !y 
w ev] acquire a ta/e = !m4 ,!y h pass$  
beyond ! age :]e a lik+ = su* lit]ature 
is mo/ easily & naturally cultivat$4 ,!y
 move on to o!r ?+s4 ,!y h pass$ ?r\gh  
"o great /age ( education & h em]g$ ) a 
meagre & b>r5 outfit4  ,! importance (  
oral "w z a lively means ( entrance to  
/udies is se5 also 9 o!r bran*es besides
 lit]ature4  ,9 geography & hi/ory !    
fir/ ye> or two ( introductory /udy is  
plann$ = ! be/ s*ools 9 ! =m ( oral     
n>rative & discussion4 ,home geography 9
 ! ?ird or f\r? ye>1 & hi/ory /ories 9 !
 f\r? & fif? ye>s ( s*ool1 are be/      
pres5t$ )\t a text book by ! tea*]4     
,al?\gh ! *ildr5 h already ov]come1 to  
"s ext5t1 ! difficulty ( read+1 s great 
is ! p[] ( oral pres5tation & discussion

 to vivify & realize geographical &     
hi/orical sc5es t ! book is disc>d$ at  
fir/ = ! oral treatm5t4  ,9 natural     
sci5ce also1 f ! fir/ ye> on ! tea*] mu/
 employ an oral me?od ( treatm5t4 ,! use
 ( books is n only impossible1 b ev5    
aft] ! *ildr5 h le>n$ to read1 x w\ld   
defeat ! ma9 purpose ( in/ruction to    
make books ! *ief means ( /udy4 ,!      
ability to obs]ve & disc]n ?+s1 to use  
_! own s5ses 9 discrim9at+ & comp>+     
objects1 9 exp]im5ts & inve/igations1 is
 ! fundam5tal purpose4  ,9 language     
lessons1 aga91 x is mu* bett] to use a  
book only z a guide & to h&le ! lessons 
orally1 collect+ examples & /ories f o!r
 /udies z ! basis = language            
discussions4  ,x is app>5t f ?is brief  
survey t an oral me?od is appropriate to
 ! e>ly treatm5t ( all ! common s*ool   
/udies1 t x gives great] vivacity1      
int5sity1 simplicity1 & cle>ness to all 
su* introductory /udies4  ,! importance 
( /ory-tell+ & ! initiation ( *ildr5    
into ! delightful fields ( lit]ature    

?r\gh ! tea*] r ?an ?r\gh ! book are    
f\nd to h>monize ) a mode ( treatm5t    
common to all ! /udies 9 e>ly ye>s4  ,9 
?is connection x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t 
! e>ly lit]ature ( ! ,european nations 0
 develop$ & communicat$ to ! p by ^w (  
m\?4 ,! ,hom]ic songs 7 *ant$ or sung at
 ! c\rts ( pr9ces4 ,at ,a!ns1 9 h] palmy
 days1 ! great dramati/s & poets ei!r   
recit$ _! productions to ! p or _h !m   
pres5t$ to ?\s&s ( citiz5s 9 ! op5-air  
!atres4 ,ev5 hi/orians l ,?ucidides read
 or recit$ _! great hi/ories be=e !     
assembl$ p4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,engl&1  
,scotl&1 & o!r c\ntries1 ! m9/rels sang 
_! ballads & epic poems 9 ! b>onial     
halls & ?us develop$ ! e>ly =ms ( music 
& poetry4 ,%akespe>e wrote 8 dramas = ! 
!atre1 & he seems to h paid no att5tion 
at all to _! appe>ance 9 book =m1 nev]  
revis+ !m or putt+ !m into %ape = !     
press4  ,?is practice ( all ! e>ly races
 ( putt+ _! great lit]ature be=e ! p by 
song1 dramatic action1 & ^w ( m\? is v  
sugge/ive to ! tea*]4 ,! p[] &          

effectiv5ess ( ?is mode ( pres5tation1 n
 only 9 e>ly times b ev5 9 ! highly     
civiliz$ cities ( ,london & ,a!ns1 is   
unmi/akable pro( ( ! educative value (  
su* modes ( tea*+4 ,?is is only ano!r   
indication ( ! k9%ip ( *ild life ) race 
life1 :i* has be5 emphasiz$ by _m great 
?9k]s4  ,! oral me?od (f]s a bett] av5ue
 = all vigor\s modes ( expression ?an ! 
read+ book4 ,x c be obs]v$ t ! g5]al    
t5d5cy ( ! book is t[>d a =mal1         
expressionless /yle 9 "y read]s4 ,g into
 a class :]e ! tea*] is h&l+ a /ory     
orally & y w see h] fall+ naturally into
 all =ms ( vivid n>rative & pres5tation1
 ge/ure1 facial expression1 v]satile    
intonation1 blackbo>d sket*+ & picture  
"w1 ! imp]sonation ( *>act]s 9 dialogue1
 dramatic action1 & g5]al livel9ess (   
mann]4 ,! *ildr5 naturally take up ^!   
same activities & modes ( utt]+         
!mselves4 ,ev5 )\t ! sugge/ion ( tea*]s1
 little *ildr5 express !mselves 9 su*   
actions1 attitudes1 & imp]sonations4    
,?is may be (t5 obs]v$ 9 little boys &  

girls ( k9d]g>t5 age1 :5 tell+ _!       
exp]i5ces to old] p]sons1 or :5 play+   
among !mselves4 ,! fre$om1 activity1 &  
vivacity ( *ildr5 is1 inde$1 9 /rong    
contra/ to ! apa!tic1 expressionless1   
monoton\s /yle ( _m gr[n p1 includ+     
tea*]s4  ,b ! oral treatm5t ( /ories has
 a t5d5cy to "w out into modes (        
activity ev5 m effective ?an ^? j       
describ$4  ,9 rec5t ye>s1 s9ce s mu*    
oral "w has be5 done 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 
*ildr5 h be5 enc\rag$ also to express   
!mselves freely 9 blackbo>d draw+s & 9  
p5cil "w at _! desks by way ( illu/rat+ 
! /ories told4 ,moreov]1 9 pap] cutt+1  
to repres5t p]sons & sc5es1 9 clay      
modell+1 to m\ld objects pres5t$1 & 9   
con/ructive & build+ ef=ts1 9 mak+ =ts1 
t5ts1 h\ses1 tools1 dress1 & 9 %[+ up   
modes ( life1 ! *ildr5 h f\nd free scope
 = _! physical & m5tal activities4 ,^! h
 n only l$ to great] cle>ness &         
vividness 9 _! m5tal conceptions1 b h   
op5$ out new fields ( self-activity &   
inv5tiv5ess4  ,s long z "w 9 read+ &    

lit]ature 0 conf9$ to ! book ex]cises1  
ne>ly all ^! modes ( expression 7 little
 employ$ & ev5 taboo$4  ,f9ally1 ! free 
use ( oral n>rative 9 ! lit]ature ( e>ly
 ye>s1 9 /ory-tell+ & its att5dant modes
 ( expression1 op5s up to prim>y tea*]s 
a r>e opportunity ( becom+ g5u9e        
educators4 ,!re 0 a "t1 & x /ill        
cont9ues ) _m prim>y tea*]s1 :5 tea*+   
*ildr5 to read 0 a matt] ( pure r\t9e1 (
 =mal v]bal drills & repetitions1 z     
tiresome to ! tea*]1 if possible1 z to !
 little ones4 ,b n[ t lit]ature1 ) its  
treasures ( ?\ght & feel+1 ( culture &  
ref9em5t1 has become ! /aple ( ! prim>y 
s*ool1 tea*]s h a wide & ri* field (    
inspir+ /udy4 ,! ma/]y & use ( mu* ( !  
pref]r$ lit]ature :i* has dropp$ d[n to 
u out ( ! pa/ is ! peculi> function ( ! 
prim>y tea*]4 ,contact ) great m9ds1 l  
^? ( ,k+sley1 ,rusk91 ,&]s51 ! ,grimm   
bro!rs1 ,/ev5son1 ,dick5s1 ,haw?orne1   
,de ,foe1 ,br[n+1 ,a,esop1 ,hom]1 & !   
unkn[n au?ors ( _m ( ! be/ ballads1     
epics1 & /ories1 is en\gh to give !     

prim>y tea*] a s5se ( ! dignity ( h] "w4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! opportunity to give to 
*ildr5 ! free & v]satile developm5t ( _!
 active p[]s is an equal enc\ragem5t4   
,tea*]s :o h tak5 up ) zeal ?is great   
problem ( introduc+ *ildr5 to _! full   
bir?right1 ! *oice lit]ature ( ! _w     
suit$ to _! ye>s1 & ( l9k+ ?is /ory "w )
 prim>y read+ s z to give x             
vitality1--su* tea*]s h f\nd s*ool life 
assum+ new & unwont$ *>ms2 ! great      
problems ( ! educator h become !irs2 !  
broad5$ opportunity = ! acquisition (   
v>i$ skill & pr(essional effici5cy has  
giv5 a /rong ambiti\s tone to _! "w4    
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,skill   
,,9 ,,oral ,,"w   ,accept+ ! /atem5t t  
skill 9 oral pres5tation ( a /ory is a  
prime dem& 9 e>ly education1 ! important
 "q = tea*]s is h[ to cultivate _!      
res\rces 9 ?is phase ( tea*+1 h[ to     
become good /ory-tell]s4  ,x may be     
rem>k$ t1 = ! great majority ( p1       
/ory-tell+ is n a gift b an acquisition4
 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 occasional g5iuses1 

b !y may be left out ( consid]ation4 ,!y
 are n (t5 f\nd 9 ! s*oolroom any m ?an 
9 o!r walks ( life4 ,:at we ne$ is a    
practical1 s5sible developm5t ( a p[]   
:i* we all possess 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,nor 
is x ! flu5t1 volatile1 v]bose talk] :o 
makes a good oral tea*]1 b r "o :o c see
 & ?9k cle>ly3 "o :o kn[s h[ to comb9e 8
 ideas & exp]i5ces into cle> & connect$ 
s]ies ( ?\ght4  ,we may proce$1 !re=e1  
to a discussion ( ! ne$s & res\rces ( a 
good /ory-tell]4  #a4 ,)\t mu*          
precaution x may be /at$ t he %\ld h a  
ri* exp]i5ce 9 all ! ess5tial realities 
( human life4 ,?is cov]s a l>ge field ( 
common ?+s & ref]s r to contact ) life  
?an to m]e book k4 ,yet x is ! dep?1    
he>t9ess1 & v>iety ( k r ?an ! s\rce f  
:i* x spr+s t conc]ns u4 ,books (t5 give
 u j ?is deep p5etrat+ exp]i5ce1 z soon 
z we le>n h[ to select & use !m4 ,we ne$
 to "k human life directly & 9 all sorts
 ( acts1 habits1 feel+s1 motives1 &     
conditions1--some?+ z ,%akespe>e knew x1
 only )9 ! compass ( our n>r[]          

possibilities4 ,likewise ! physical _w )
 its visible & invisible =ces & objects 
besett+ u on e side4 ,^! ?+s mu/ impress
 !mselves ^u u vividly 9 detail z well z
 9 ! bulk4 ,! h& t has be5 call\s$ by   
skill-produc+ labor1 ! back t a*es )    
burd5s bravely borne1 ! bra9 t has sweat
 ) /rong ef=t1 are expressions ( ?is k9d
 ( k ( ! _w4 ,cle>-gra9$ p]ceptions are 
acquir$ f _m s\rces3 f travel1 labor1   
books1 reflection1 sickness1 obs]vation4
 ,i g to-day into a small %op :]e heavy 
oak be]-kegs are made1 & wat* ! man     
work+ ?is refractory mat]ial into       
wat]-tight kegs t w /& h>d usage at !   
h&s ( h>d dr9k]s = tw5ty ye>s4 ,if my   
m9d has be5 at "w z ,i wat* ?is man = an
 h\r1 ) 8 heavy r\gh /aves made by h&1 8
 tools & ma*9es1 8 skill & /rong muscul>
 action1 ! am\nt & pr(it ( 8 labor1 t   
man's "w has gone deep into my :ole be+4
 ,i c almo/ live 8 life 9 an h\r's "t1 &
 feel its contact ) ! acute problems (  
our mod]n indu/rial life4 ,t is a k9d ( 
k & exp]i5ce wor? fully z mu* z a s]mon 

9 ,tr9ity ,*ur* or a ,univ]sity lecture4
  ,! tea*] ne$s a great /ore ( ^!       
concrete facts & illu/rations4 ,)\t !m  
he is a c>p5t] )\t tools or bo>ds4 ,he  
ne$s to "k indu/ries1 occupations1 good 
novels1 typical life sc5es1 sunsets1    
sorr[s1 joys1 inv5tions1 poets1         
f>m]s--all su* common1 tangible ?+s4    
,ev5 f fools & blackgu>ds he c get      
exp]i5ces t w la/ him a lifetime if !y  
only /rike 9 & d n fl>e (f into         
no?+ness4  ,social exp]i5ce 9 all sorts 
( human natures1 disposition1 & environ+
 circum/ance is imm$iately valuable to !
 tea*]4  ,close acqua9tance ) *ildr51 ) 
_! e>ly feel+s & exp]i5ces1 ) _!        
timidity or boldness1 ) _! :ims or      
conceits1 _! dislikes & pref]5ces1 _!   
en?usiasms & int]e/s1 ) _! peculi> home 
& neighborhood exp]i5ces & surr\nd+s1 ) 
_! games & ent]ta9m5ts1 ) ! books &     
pap]s !y read1 ) _! dolls & play?+s1 _! 
vacations & out+s1 ) _! pets &          
playh\ses1 ) _! tools & me*anical       
contrivances--all ^! & o!r l realities (

 *ild life put ! tea*] on a foot+ (     
possible appreciation & sympa?y )       
*ildr54 ,^! are ! mat]ials & facts :i* a
 good tea*] kn[s h[ to "w up 9 oral     
recitations4  ,( c\rse ! k9dly1         
sympa!tic social mood :i* is n frett$ by
 o!rs' frailties & p]v]sities1 b1 l     
,irv+ or ,addison1 exhibits a lib]al    
*>ity or humor\s affection = all ?+s    
human1 is a =tunate possession or       
acquisition = ! tea*]4  #b4 ,x may be   
said also1 )\t fe> ( viol5t             
contradiction1 t a tea*] ne$s to be a   
ma/] ( ! /ory he is ab\t to tell4 ,x may
 be well to spread out to view !        
important ?+s necess>y to su* a ma/]y4  
,! read+ ov] ( ! /ory till its facts &  
episodes h become famili> & c be        
reproduc$ 9 easy n>rative is at lea/ a  
m9imum requirem5t4 ,ev5 ?is mod]ate dem&
 is mu* m s]i\s ?an ! old text-book     
r\t9e 9 hi/ory or read+1 :]e ! tea*]1 ) 
"o eye on ! book1 ! o!r on ! class1 & 8 
f+] at ! place1 manag$ to get ! que/ions
 be=e ! class 9 a fix$ ord]4  ,let u    

look a little b5ea? ! surface ( ! /ory4 
,:at is its c5tral idea1 ! au?or's aim  
or motive 9 produc+ x8 ,n a little ef=t 
& reflection may be necess>y to get at !
 bottom ( ?is "q4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fam\s     
/ories1 l ,aladd91 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 
& ! ,city ,musicians1 may be s wild &   
wayw>d z to elude or blunt ! po9t ( ?is 
"q4 ,! /ory may h a h>d %ell1 b ! %>p   
tee? ( reflection w get at ! sweet k]nel
 )91 else ! /ory is n wor? :ile4 ,9 "s (
 ! /ories1 l ,baucis & ,philemon1 ,!    
,great ,/one ,face1 ,! ,pi$ ,pip] (     
,hamel91 ,! ,discont5t$ ,p9e ,tree1 &   
,hiawa?a's ,fa/+1 ! ma9 tru? is easily  
reflect$ f ! /ory & caught up ev5 by !  
*ildr54  ,?is ne$ = gett+ at ! he>t ( ! 
/ory is cle>ly se5 9 all ! subsequ5t "w4
 ,x is ! ex]cise ( su* a critical       
judgm5t :i* qualifies ! tea*] to        
discrim9ate betwe5 good & poor /ories4  
,9 ! treatm5t ( ! /ory ! ess5tial topics
 are laid out ^u ! basis ( ?is controll+
 idea or motive4 ,! lead+ aims &        
c>efully word$ que/ions po9t t[>d ?is   

c5tral tru?4 ,! side lights & att5dant  
episodes are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to x l ! 
sc5es 9 a drama4 ,! ef=t to get at !    
c5tral tru? & ! relat$ ideas is a       
sift+-out process1 a mode ( assimilat+ &
 ma/]+ ! /ory m ?or\gh-go+ ?an ! m]e    
memoriz+ ( ! facts & words = ! purpose (
 n>ration4 ,! ?\ght-gett+ self-activity 
& common-s5se logic :i* are involv$ 9   
?is mode ( assimilat+ a /ory are good = 
bo? pupils & tea*]4  ,! ma/]y ( a /ory  
ne$$ by an oral tea*] implies abundance 
( res\rce 9 illu/rative device &        
explanation4 ,:5 *ildr5 fail to grasp an
 idea1 x is necess>y to fall back ^u "s 
famili> object or exp]i5ce n m5tion$ 9 !
 book4 ,em]g5cies arise :i* tax !       
tea*]'s +5uity to ! utmo/4 ,ev5 ! *ildr5
 w raise qu]ies t baffle 8 wit4 ,9      
prep>+ a /ory = ! classroom x is        
necess>y to see x f _m sides1 to =esee  
^! problems & difficulties4 ,(t5times ! 
collat]al k d]iv$ f hi/ory or geography 
or f simil> episodes 9 o!r /ories w     
sugge/ ! solution4  ,x is a favorite    

maxim ( college tea*]s & ( ^? :o deal   
mo/ly ) adults or old] pupils1 t if a   
p]son kn[s a ?+ he c tea* x4 ,leav+ out 
( acc\nt ! num]\s cases ( ^? :o are well
 po/$ 9 _! subjects1 b _c tea*1 x is    
well to note ! scope1 v>iety1 &         
?or\ghness ( k necess>y to a good tea*] 
to h&le x skilfully ) y\ng] *ildr54     
,besides ! ?or\gh k ( ! subject :i*     
s*ol>s h dem&$1 x requires an equally   
cle> k ( ! m5tal res\rces ( *ildr51 !   
language :i* !y c und]/&1 ! ?+s :i*     
attract _! int]e/ & att5tion1 & ! ways (
 hold+ ! att5tion ( a gr\p ( *ildr5 (   
diff]5t capacities1 temp]1 &            
disposition4 ,any dogmatic pr(essor :o  
?9ks he c tea* ! /ory ( ,c9d]ella or    
,&]s5's ,five ,peas 9 ! ,pod1 because he
 has a full k ( ! facts ( ! /ory1 %\ld  
make trial ( 8 skill ^u a class ( tw5ty 
*ildr5 9 ! fir/ grade4 ,we sugge/1      
h[ev]1 t he d x quietly1 )\t invit+ 9 8 
fri5ds to witness 8 triumph4  ,no1 !    
ma/]y ( ! subject ne$$ = an effective   
h&l+ ( x 9 oral "w is diff]5t & is      

great] ?an !y h yet dream$ ( :o ?9k t   
m]e objective k is all t is ne$$ by a   
tea*]4 ,! application ( k to life is    
g5]ally difficult1 m tax+ by f> ?an !   
m]e acquisition ( facts & pr9ciples4 ,b 
! use ( "o's k 9 ! "w ( in/ruct+ "y     
*ildr51 9 gett+ !m to acquire &         
assimilate x1 is p]haps ! mo/ difficult 
( all =ms ( ! application ( k4 ,x is    
difficult because x is s complex4 ,to   
?9k cle>ly & accurately on "s topic =   
"o's s+le self is n easy1 b to get tw5ty
 *ildr5 ( v>y+ capacities & weaknesses1 
) _! /umbl+1 acquisitive1 fl>+ m9ds1 to 
keep /ep along "o cle> l9e ( ?\ght is a 
piece ( d>+ ent]prise4  ,! ma/]y ( !    
/ory1 !re=e1 = successful oral "w1 mu/  
be detail$1 compreh5sive1 _m-sid$1 &    
adapt$ to ! flutt]+ ?\ghts ( *ildhood4  
#c4 ,! *ief in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! tea*]  
communicates ! /ory is oral spee*1 & ?is
 he ne$s to wield ) discrim9at+ skill & 
p[]4 ,prea*]s & lectur]s1 :5 call$ ^u to
 talk to *ildr51 ne>ly always talk ov]  
_! heads1 us+ language n appropriate &  

compreh5sible to *ildr54 ,^? accu/om$ to
 deal ) little folks are quickly        
s5sitive to ?is amateur awkw>dness4 ,"y 
tea*]s j out ( ! high] s*ools make !    
same blund]4 ,!y are also incl9$ to ?9k 
t flu5cy & v]bosity are a sign ( p[]4 ,b
 su* false t9sel makes no impression ^u 
*ildr5 except confusion ( ?\ght4 ,*ildr5
 require simple1 direct words1 cle>ly   
def9$ 9 ?\ght & gr\nd$ ^u common        
exp]i5ce & conviction4 ,facts &         
realities %\ld /& beh9d ! words ( a     
tea*]4 ,:at he seeks to m>%al be=e      
*ildr5 is p & ?+s4 ,words %\ld s]ve z   
photographs ( objects2 in/antane\s views
 ( exp]i5ces4 ,9 "s social & diplomatic 
circles words are said to conceal ?\ght1
 b ?is k9d ( v]bal diplomacy has no     
place 9 s*ools4  ,x is an int]e/+ "q h[ 
f> ! language & /yle ( ! au?ors %\ld be 
pres]v$ by ! n>rator4 ,x w\ld be an     
error to =bid ! exact use ( ! au?or's   
words & an equal error to require x4 ,x 
seems reasonable to say t ! tea*] %\ld  
become absorb$ 9 ! au?or's /yle & mode (

 pres5t+ ! /ory4 ,?is w lead to a close 
approximation to ! au?or's words1 )\t   
any slavi% imitation4 ,9 ! mid/ ( oral  
pres5tation & discussion x w\ld be      
impossible to hold /rictly to ! orig9al4
 ,! tea*]'s own language & conception ( 
! /ory w press 9 to simplify & cl>ify ! 
mean+4 ,no "o holds /rictly to a lit]>y 
/yle 9 tell+ a /ory4 ,conv]sational     
ideas & orig9al mom5t>y impulses ( ?\ght
 dem& _! own =ms ( utt]ance4 ,& yet x is
 well to appropriate ! /yle & expression
 ( ! writ] s z to accu/om ! *ildr5 to ! 
be/ =ms4 ,a few v apt & =cible s5t5ces w
 be f\nd 9 any good au?or :i* ! tea*] w 
naturally employ4  ,b ! tea*] mu/ h     
fre$om4 ,:5 he has once ?or\ghly        
appropriat$ ! /ory he mu/ give v5t to 8 
own spontaneity & p[]4 ,lat]1 :5 !      
*ildr5 come to read ^! /ories1 !y w     
enjoy !m 9 _! full lit]>y =m4  #d4 ,!   
p[] ( cle> & int]e/+ pres5tation ( a    
/ory is "o ( ! *ief pr(essional         
acquisitions ( a good prim>y tea*]4 ,x  
involves _m ?+s besides language1       

includ+ livel9ess ( mann]1 ge/ure1      
facial expression1 action1 dramatic     
imp]sonation1 skill 9 blackbo>d         
illu/ration1 good humor & tact 9 work+ )
 *ildr51 a /rong imag9ation1 & a real   
appreciation = ! lit]ature adapt$ to    
*ildr54  ,p]haps ! fundam5tal ne$ is    
simplicity & cle>ness ( ?\ght & language
 comb9$ ) a pleas+ & attractive mann]4  
,vague & incompreh5sible ?\ghts & ideas 
are all out ( place4 ,! tea*] %\ld be   
/rict ) himself 9 ?is matt]1 & :ile     
read+ & ma/]+ ! /ory1 %\ld use          
compulsion ^u himself to arrive at an   
unmi/akable cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,!        
objects1 build+s1 palaces1 woods1 caves1
 animals1 p]sons1 & places %\ld be %>ply
 imag$ by ! imag9ation2 ! feel+s &      
passions ( ! actors %\ld be ke5ly       
realiz$4 ,(t5 a vague & unc]ta9         
conception ne$s to be scann$1 ! passage 
r]ead1 & ! notion fram$ into cle>ness4  
,9 describ+ ! palace ( ! sleep+ beauty1 
begirt ) woods1 ! s5t9els /&+ /atuelike 
at ! portal1 ! lords & ladies at _!     

employm5ts1 ! tea*] %\ld ?9k out !      
entrance way1 hall1 rooms1 & p]sons ( ! 
palace s cle>ly t 8 ?\ght & language w n
 /umble ov] unc]ta9ties4 ,transp>5t     
cle>ness & directness ( ?\ght are !     
result ( ef=t & circumspection4 ,!y are 
well wor? ! pa9s requir$ to ga9 !m4 ,a  
tea*] :o ?9ks cle>ly w g5]ate cle>      
habits ( ?\ght 9 *ildr54  ,! p[] (      
int]e/+ n>rative & description is n     
easily expla9$4 ,x is a ?+ n readily    
analyz$ into its elem5ts4 ,p]haps ! be/ 
way to f9d out :at x is may be discov]$ 
by read+ ! great /ory-tell]s1 su* z     
,macaulay1 ,irv+1 ,k+sley1 ,de ,foe1    
,haw?orne1 ,hom]1 ,plut>*1 ,scott1 &    
,dick5s4 ,noveli/s l ,george ,eliot1    
,victor ,hugo1 ,coop]1 ,scott1 &        
,dick5s1 possess ?is secret also1 & ev5 
"s ( ! hi/orians1 z ,h]odotus1 ,fiske1  
,gre51 ,p>kman1 ,motley1 & o!rs4 ,x is n
 s important t a tea*] %\ld give a cold 
analysis ( _! qualities z t he %\ld fall
 ins5sibly into ! vivid & reali/ic /yle 
( ! be/ /ory-tell]s4 ,"o :o has read    

,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood /ories until !y are 
famili> w1 to a consid]able ext5t1      
appropriate 8 f]tile & happy            
,old-,engli% /yle1 ! /urdy ,engli% _s ( 
bold ,rob91 8 playful humor1 & 8 apt    
utt]ance ( homely tru?s4  ,!re are c]ta9
 qualities t /& out prom95tly 9 ! good  
/ory-tell]s4 ,!y are simple & concrete 9
 _! descriptions1 !y deal v little 9    
g5]al1 vague /atem5ts or ab/ractions1 !y
 hold closely to ! p]sons ( ! /ory 9 !  
mid/ ( int]e/+ surr\nd+s1 !y are pr(use 
9 ! use ( di/9ct figures ( spee*1       
appeal+ to ! fancy or imag9ation4 ,!y   
(t5 h a humor\s ve9 :i* gives inf9ite   
enjoym5t & spreads a happy *>ity ?r\gh\t
 ! _w4  ,! art ( graphic illu/ration on 
! blackbo>d is 9 almo/ con/ant dem& 9   
oral "w4 ,ev5 rude & unte*nical sket*es 
by tea*]s :o h no acquir$ skill 9       
arti/ic draw+ are ( ! greate/ value 9   
giv+ a quick & accurate p]ception (     
places1 build+s1 p]sons1 & surr\nd+     
conditions ( a /ory or action4 ,! map ( 
,crusoe's isl&1 ! draw+s to repres5t 8  

t5t1 cave1 boat1 c\ntry resid5ce1       
=tifications1 dress1 ut5sils1 & battles 
are natural & simple modes ( realiz+    
cle>ly 8 labors & adv5tures4 ,!y save   
mu* v]bal description & circumlocution4 
,! tea*] ne$s to acquire absolute       
boldness & fre$om 9 us+ su* illu/rative 
devices4 ,! *ildr5 w1 ( c\rse1 cat* ?is 
_s1 z !y are by nature incl9$ to use    
draw+ z a mode ( expression4  ,a simil> 
fre$om 9 ! tea*] is necess>y 9 ! use (  
bodily action1 ge/ure1 & facial         
expression 9 /ory-tell+4 ,! tea*] ne$s  
to become natural1 *ildlike1 & mobile 9 
^! ?+s2 = *ildr5 are naturally mu* giv5 
to su* demon/rations 9 ! expression ( _!
 ?\ght4 ,little girls ( ?ree & f\r ye>s 
9 ! home1 :5 free f self-consci\sness1  
are m>vell\sly & delightfully expressive
 by means ( eyes1 ge/ures1 h&s1 & arms &
 :ole bodily attitudes4 ,:y %\ld n ?is  
naive expressiv5ess be g5tly fo/]$ 9 !  
s*ool8 ,inde$ x is1 & 9 _m s*ools !     
little ones are z happy & :ole-s\l$ &   
spontane\s 9 _! modes ( expression z we 

h sugge/$4  ,dramatization1 if          
cultivat$1 ext5ds a tea*]'s gamut (     
expressiv5ess4 ,our inability or sl[ness
 to respond to ?is sugge/ion is a sign (
 a c]ta9 n>r[ness or cramp 9 our culture
 & tra9+4 ,9 ,normal s*ools :]e "y      
tea*]s are tra9$ 9 ! art ( read+1 !     
dramatic in/9ct %\ld be /rongly         
develop$4 ,! p[] to o!r "o's self 9     
dramatic action1 to assume & imp]sonate 
a v>iety ( *>act]s1 is a real expression
 & enl>gem5t ( ! p]sonality4 ,x dem&s   
sympa?y & feel+ z well z intellectual   
insight4 ,! /udy & read+ ( ! great      
dramati/s1 ! see+ ( good plays1 amateur 
ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 ! frequ5t oral   
read+ ( ,%akespe>e1 ,dick5s1 & o!r      
dramati/s & noveli/s w cultivate &      
enl>ge ! tea*]'s p[] 9 ?is wor?y &      
:olesome art4  ,! use ( good pictures is
 also an important means ( add+ to !    
beauty & cle>ness ( /ories4 ,! pictures 
( ,indian life 9 ,hiawa?a1 ! illu/rat$  
editions ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ! copies ( 
anci5t works ( art 9 "s editions ( !    

,greek my?s1 ,h[>d ,pyle's illu/rat$    
,rob9 ,hood1 & o!r books ( ?is "* add   
greatly to ! vividness ( ideas4 ,su*    
pictures %\ld be h&l$ ) c>e1 n di/ribut$
 promiscu\sly among ! *ildr5 :ile !     
lesson is go+ on4 ,! tea*] ne$s to /udy 
a picture1 & discuss x intellig5tly ) ! 
*ildr51 ask+ que/ions :i* br+ out its   
repres5tative qualities4  ,x is evid5t !
 skilful oral pres5tation ( a /ory calls
 out no small degree ( cle> k1 =ce (    
language1 illu/rative device1 dramatic  
in/9ct1 & a fre$om & v]satility ( action
 bo? m5tal & physical4  #e4 ,a cle>     
outl9e ( lead+ po9ts 9 a /ory is a s\rce
 ( /r5g? to ! tea*] & ! basis lat] (    
good reproductive "w by ! *ildr54 ,!    
%ort /ories 9 ! fir/ grade h>dly ne$ a  
=mal outl9e1 & ev5 9 second grade !     
sequ5ce ( ideas 9 a /ory is (t5 s simple
 & easy t outl9es ( lead+ topics may n  
be ne$$4 ,b 9 ?ird & f\r? grade x is    
well 9 ! prelim9>y /udy & ma/]y ( a /ory
 to divide x up into cle>ly m>k$        
segm5ts1 ) a di/9ctive title = ea*      

division4 ,x is difficult to get tea*]s 
to d ?is k9d ( close logical "w1 & /ill 
m difficult to h !m rememb] x 9 ! mid/ (
 oral pres5tation & discussion4 ,if !   
ma9 po9ts ( ! /ory z ?us outl9$ are     
plac$ ^u ! blackbo>d z ! n>rative       
advances1 x keeps 9 m9d a cle> survey ( 
! :ole & s]ves z ! be/ basis = !        
*ildr5's reproduction ( ! /ory4 ,x      
compels bo? tea*] & pupils to keep to a 
close logical connection ( ideas & a    
sift+ out ( ! /ory to get at ! ma9      
po9ts4 ,)\t ^! well-con/ruct$ outl9es ! 
memory ( ! /ory is apt to fall into     
unc]ta9ty & confusion1 & ! *ildr5's     
reproduction becomes fragm5t>y &        
disord]ly4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t tea*]s are   
prone to be loose & c>eless 9 br++ _!   
/ories into su* a well-ord]$ s]ies (    
di/9ct topics4 ,x is really a sign ( a  
?\ghtful1 logical1 & judici\s ma/]y ( a 
subject to h ?r[n x ?us into its prom95t
 po9ts ( n>ration4 ,oral "w (t5 fails ( 
effectiv5ess & ?or\ghness1 because ( ^! 
c>eless habits ( tea*]s4 ,su* an outl9e1

 :5 put into ! *ildr5's regul>          
note-books1 s]ves z ! be/ basis = lat]  
surveys & reviews4  #f4 ,! oral n>ration
 & pres5tation ( /ories has a curi\s way
 ( be+ turn$ into developm5t lessons1 9 
:i* ! tea*] deals 9 que/ions &          
problematic situations & ! *ildr5 "w out
 _m ( ! facts & incid5ts ( ! /ory by a  
s]ies ( guesses & inf]5ces4 ,^! are well
 kn[n z developm5t lessons1 & !y are    
capable ( exhibit+ ! highe/ =ms (       
excell5ce 9 tea*+ or ! mo/ drivell+ wa/e
 ( "t4 ,! subject is a h>d "o to h&le1 b
 x ne$s a cle> & simple elucidation z   
mu* z any problem 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession4  
,g5]ally speak+ x is bett] = "y tea*]s n
 to laun* out recklessly ^u ! full tide 
( developm5t in/ruction4 ,x is bett] to 
le>n ! h&l+ ( ! craft on quiet] wat]s4  
,developm5t "w ne$s to be well *>t$4 ,! 
v>y+ w9ds & curr5ts1 /orms & calms1 ne$ 
to be /udi$ & exp]i5c$ be=e "o may      
become a good %ip's ma/]4 ,let "y tea*]s
 fir/ acquire p[] 9 cle>1 simple1 direct
 n>ration & description1 us+ apt &      

=cible language & hold+ to a cle>-cut   
l9e ( ?\ght4 ,?is is no slight task1 &  
:5 once ma/]$ & fix$ 9 habit becomes !  
f\ndation ( a wid] fre$om & skill 9     
developm5t ex]cises4 ,! works ( ! great 
/ory-tell]s furni% excell5t models ( ?is
 sort ( skill1 & tea*]s may foll[       
closely 9 ! l9es /ruck out by ,scott or 
,haw?orne 9 n>rat+ a /ory4  ,a book /ory
 _c d o!rwise ?an simply n>rate2 x _c   
develop1 set problems & que/ions & h    
*ildr5 to f9d solutions & answ]s4 ,x mu/
 tell ! facts & answ] ! que/ions4 ,b 9  
oral n>ration !re is room n only = all !
 skill ( ! /ory-writ]1 b also ! add$ =ce
 ( voice1 p]sonality1 lively mann]1     
ge/ure1 action1 & close adaptation to ! 
imm$iate ne$s ( *ildr5 & subject4 ,?is  
is en\gh to comm& ! undivid$ ef=t ( ! "y
 tea*] at fir/1 )\t ent]+ ! /ormy wat]s 
& %ift+ curr5ts ( pure developm5t "w4   
,yet ! spirit$ tea*] w n g f> 9 n>rat+ a
 /ory )\t a t5d5cy to ask que/ions to   
int5sify ! *ildr5's ?\ght1 or to quick5 
! discussion ( int]e/+ po9ts4 ,ev5 if ! 

tea*]s or p>5ts are b read+ a good /ory 
f a book1 x is mo/ natural1 at times1 to
 ask que/ions ab\t ! mean+ ( c]ta9 new  
words1 or geographical locations1 or    
probabilities 9 ! work+ out ( ! /ory4   
,^! are ! simple beg9n+s ( developm5t   
"w1 & produce great] ?\ghtfulness1 ke5] 
p]ceptions ( ! facts1 & a bett]         
absorption ( ! /ory into a *ild's       
previ\s k4  ,a %>p limitation (         
developm5t "w is also f\nd 9 !          
circum/ance t a l>ge %>e ( ! facts 9 a  
/ory _c by any sort ( +5uity be         
develop$4 ,!y =m ! necess>y basis = lat]
 developm5t que/ions4 ,ev5 _m ( ! facts 
:i* might be develop$ by a skilful tea*]
 are bett] told directly1 because ( !   
difficulty & "t-dev\r+ nature ( !       
process4 ,!re may be a few c5tral       
problems 9 e /ory1 :i*1 aft] ! necess>y 
facts & conditions h be5 pla9ly told1 c 
be ?or\ghly sift$ out by que/ions1      
answ]s1 & discussions4 ,b to "w out all 
! little details ( a /ory by "q &       
surmise1 to get ! crude1 unbak$ op9ions 

( all ! memb]s ( a class ^u e episode & 
fact 9 a /ory1 is a pitiful c>icature ( 
good in/ruction4  ,! purpose ( good     
developm5t "w is to get *ildr5 to g     
deep] into ! mean+ ( a /ory1 to realize 
its situations m ke5ly1 & to acquire    
habits ( ?\ghtfulness1 self-reliant     
judgm5t1 & inv5tiv5ess 9 solv+          
difficulties4 ,^! results1 & !y are     
among ! *iefe/ set = ! educator1 _c be  
accompli%$ by m]e n>ration &            
description4 ,_! sup]ior excell5ce &    
wor? are ! prize ( t sup]ior skill :i*  
fir/-class developm5t "w dem&s4  ,) ^!  
prelim9>y rem>ks1 criticisms1 &         
limitations 9 m9d1 we may inquire :at   
are ! ess5tials ( good developm5t "w 9  
oral lessons4  7#a7 ,det]m9e :at p>ts ( 
a /ory are capable ( developm5t2 :at    
facts mu/ be cle>ly pres5t to ! m9d be=e
 que/ions c be put & inf]5ces d]iv$4 ,9 
a problem 9 ari?metic we fir/ /ate !    
kn[n facts1 ! conditions ^u :i* a       
solution c be bas$1 & !n put a "q ^:    
answ] is to be ga9$ by a prop]          

conjunction & inf]5ce f ^! facts4 ,!    
same ?+ is true 9 reason+ ^u ! facts 9 a
 /ory4  7#b7 ,9 plac+ a topic be=e      
*ildr5 x is always advisable to t\* up !
 k already possess$ by ! *ildr51 or any 
p>ts ( _! previ\s exp]i5ce :i* h /rong  
int]pretative ideas = ! new lesson4 ,at 
?is po9t apt que/ions :i* probe quickly 
into _! previ\s k & exp]i5ce are at a   
premium4 ,! tea*] ne$s to h consid]$    
be=eh& 9 :at p>ticul>s ! *ildr5's home  
surr\nd+s & peculi> circum/ances may    
furni% ! desir$ k4 ,! =m ( ! que/ions   
may also receive close att5tion4 ,= ^!  
words mu/ provoke def9ite ?\ght4 ,!y    
%\ld h hooks on !m :i* quickly drag     
exp]i5ce into light4  7#c7 ,9 ord] to   
give direction to ! *ildr5's ?\ghts on !
 /ory's l9e ( progress1 int]e/+ aims    
%\ld be set up4 ,^! aims1 )\t anticipat+
 precise results1 mu/ guide ! *ildr5    
t[>ds ! desir$ ends & turn+-po9ts 9 !   
/ory4 ,! m9d %\ld be kept 9 susp5se z to
 ! outcome1 & ! ?\ghts %\ld c5tre & play
 ab\t ^! cle>ly project$ aims4 ,su*     

aims1 float+ con/antly 9 ! van1 are !   
objective po9ts1 t[>ds :i* ! en]gy (    
?\ght is direct$4 ,e good /ory-tell]    
keeps su* aims expressly or tacitly 9   
view4 ,noveli/s & dramati/s h+e ! int]e/
 ( read]s or spectators ^u ?is curiosity
 :i* is kept acutely s5sitive ab\t      
results4 ,su* an aim %\ld be simple &   
concrete1 n vague or ab/ract1 or g5]al4 
,x may be put 9 ! =m ( a "q or /atem5t  
or sugge/ion4 ,x w be a good %>e ( !    
tea*]'s "w 9 ! prep>ation ( ! lesson to 
pick out & ^w ^! aims :i* c5tre ^u !    
lead+ topics ( ! lesson4 ,= x is n en\gh
 to h an aim at ! beg9n+ ( a /ory1 e    
*apt] or sep>ate "p ( ! /ory %\ld h its 
aim4 ,= aims are :at /imulate ef=t &    
keep up an att5tive int]e/4  7#d7       
,self-activity & ?\ghtfulness 9 work+   
out problems f9d _! be/ opportunity 9   
developm5t "w4 ,! book1 9 n>rat+ a /ory1
 _c set problems1 or1 if x does1 x =?)  
assumes ! task ( solv+ !m4 ,b 9 ! oral  
developm5t ( a /ory ! ess5tial facts &  
conditions may be cle>ly pres5t$ & !    

solution ( ! difficulties1 z 9          
ari?metic1 left l>gely to ! +5uity &    
reason+ p[] ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ! /ory (     
,hiawa?a's boat-build+ ! problem may be 
set to ! *ildr5 z to :at mat]ials he w  
use 9 ! con/ruction ( ! canoe1 h[ ! p>ts
 7 put toge!r1 & h[ he might decorate x4
 ,n t ! *ildr5 w give ! :ole solution1 b
 !y c contribute mu* to x4 ,9 ,rob9son  
,crusoe _m su* problems arise4 ,h[ %all 
he conceal 8 cave & h\se f possible     
enemies8 ,:]e c he /ore 8 p[d] to keep x
 f ! lightn+ & f dampness8 ,9 fact1     
ne>ly e /ep 9 ,crusoe's int]e/+ c>e] is 
su* a problem or difficulty to battle )4
 ,9 ,k+sley's ,greek ,h]oes & o!r r5d]+s
 ( ! ,greek my?s1 ! h]oes are "y m5 :o h
 %rewdness1 c\rage1 & /r5g? to ov]come  
difficulties4 ,to put ^! difficulties   
be=e *ildr5 9 su* a way t !y by _! own  
?9k+ may anticipate1 9 "p at lea/1 !    
prop] solutions1 is "o ( ! *ief m]its ( 
developm5t "w4 ,! /ory ( ,ulysses is a  
s]ies ( %rewd contrivances to ma/]      
difficulties or to avoid mis=tunes1 s t 

8 "n has become a synonym = %rewdness4  
,! /ory itself1 !re=e1 furni%es prime   
opportunities to develop res\rcefulness4
 ,h[ %all he escape f ! enrag$          
,polyphemos 9 ! cave8 ,8 inv5tion ( !   
wood5 horse be=e ,troy2 8 escape f !    
sir5s2 8 battle ) ! suitors & o!rs4 ,!  
/ory ( ,aladd9 has su* int]e/+          
inv5tions1 & ev5 ! fairy tales & fables 
h _m turns ( %rewdness & device :]e !   
*ildr5's wits may be /imulat$4 ,!       
turn+-po9ts & c5tres ( int]e/ 9 all su* 
/ories are ! true wre/l+-gr\nds ( ?\ght4
 ,to put !m po9t-blank be=e *ildr5 9    
cont9u\s n>rative1 )\t "q or discussion1
 is n ! way to produce ?\ghtfulness &   
inv5tive p[]4 ,m]ely read+ or tell+     
/ories to *ildr5 )\t comm5t is ent]ta9+1
 b n educative 9 ! bett] s5se4 ,*ildr5 w
 h pl5ty ( *ances at home & 9 ! s*ool   
libr>y to read & he> /ories1 b x is !   
bus9ess ( ! s*ool to tea* !m h[ to ?9k z
 !y read1 to produce a habit ( =esee+1  
review+1 comp>+1 & judg+4 ,! s]i\s      
defect ( mu* ( "y p's read+1 f t5 ye>s  

on1 is its sup]ficial1 transitory "*4 ,x
 lacks dep?1 /r5g?1 & p]man5cy4 ,x is n 
_m /ories t c be orally treat$ 9 ?is    
?or\gh-go+ way1 b en\gh to give ! "r    
idea1 & to cultivate habit & ta/e = m   
?\ghtful /udy4  ,= skill$ tea*]s1 !re=e1
 developm5t lessons1 )9 c]ta9 limits1   
con/itute a mo/ important phase ( oral  
in/ruction4 ,x has be5 sometimes assum$ 
t a *ild acquires great] self-reliance &
 a /rong] ex]cise 9 self-activity by    
le>n+ 8 lesson by himself f a book4 ,?is
 is probably true 9 mu* ( ! ari?metic1  
:]e he works out ! solution ( problems  
unaid$2 b 9 hi/ory & lit]ature ! book "w
 is *iefly memory "w1 & (t5times becomes
 ( su* p>rot-l "* z to be almo/ de/itute
 ( high] educative qualities4 ,x is     
advisable1 !re=e1 to /r5g!n ! educative 
value ( /ory "w by giv+ x1 ?r\gh oral   
in/ruction1 ?is problem-solv+ "*1 ?is   
?\ght-/imulat+1 self-reliant attitude ( 
m9d4  #g4 ,:5 ! tea*] has %[n 8 be/     
skill 9 pres5t+ & discuss+ a section ( a
 /ory1 x !n devolves ^u ! *ildr5 to %[  

_! k & grasp ( ! subject by reproduc+ x4
 ,! task ( gett+ ?is well done requires1
 p]haps1 z mu* skill & =ce ( "* z all   
previ\s "w ( oral in/ruction4 ,ob/acles 
are met ) at once4 ,x is dull "w to g   
back ov] ! same ?+ aga91 & ! *ildr5 soon
 get tir$ ( x4 ,!y want some?+ new & m  
excit+1 & press = ! re/ ( ! /ory4 ,_m   
*ildr5 are at fir/ defici5t 9 p[] (     
att5tion & 9 language1 s t _! ef=ts at  
reproduction are clumsy & poor4 ,!      
int]e/ is weak1 ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5   
scatt]+1 & ! class is apt to g to pieces
 "u ! /ra9 ( su* dull "w4 ,?is is an    
em]g5cy :]e a tea*] ne$s bo? skill & =ce
 ( "*4 7,:at a com=t x is to a writ] to 
h su* a platitude z ?is to fall back ^u1
 :5 he gets a tea*] into a place :]e    
no?+ b 8 own devices c save him47  ,!re 
are1 h[ev]1 "s hopeful consid]ations :i*
 may enc\rage a tea*] ^: feet are n     
already too deep 9 ! bog ( disc\ragem5t4
  ,*ildr5 enjoy ! retell+ ( good /ories 
) :i* !y are famili>4 ,!y w d x at home1
 ev5 if !y are n v pr(ici5t at x 9      

s*ool4 ,9 e class !re are "s talkative  
*ildr5 :o are always will+ to make an   
ef=t4 ,aga91 x is n always difficult to 
int]e/ boys & girls 9 do+ a ?+ t        
requires skill & p[]1 su* z memory1     
att5tiv5ess1 & ma/]y ( correct language4
 ,! =ce ( ! tea*]'s influ5ce & au?ority 
is wor? some?+ 9 sett+ up high /&>ds (  
pr(ici5cy4 ,inde$1 *ildr5 respect a     
tea*] :o makes rigor\s dem&s ^u !m4 ,!  
retell+ ( /ories is1 aft] all1 no h>d]  
nor dull] ?an ! recit+ ( a lesson le>n$ 
out ( a book4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole     
effectiv5ess ( oral "w dep5ds ^u !      
success ( ^! oral reproductions4 ,if    
*ildr5 "k t ! tea*] is 9 e>ne/ !y w be m
 att5tive1 s z to be able to fulfil !   
requirem5t4 ,su* a reproduction reveals 
at once a *ild's correct or incorrect   
grasp ( ! subject1 & 9 ei!r case ! tea*]
 kn[s :at to d next4 ,errors &          
misconceptions c be correct$ & su*      
explanations or additional facts giv5 z 
w cl>ify ! subject4  ,9 su*             
reproductions x is praisewor?y to help !

 *ildr5 z little z possible1 to ?r[ !m  
back ^u _! own p[] z mu* z possible4 ,if
 ! tea*] con/antly relieves !m )        
sugge/ive que/ions1 !y lean m & m ^u h] 
direction & lose all self-reliant p[] ( 
cont9u\s n>rative4 ,no1 let ! tea*] keep
 a prud5t sil5ce1 let h] seal h] lips1  
if necess>y1 9 ord] to tea* boys & girls
 to /& on _! own p[] ( ?\ght4  ,"u ?is  
sort ( discipl9e1 k9dly b rigor\s1      
*ildr5 w gradually acquire confid5ce 9  
mann]1 v>iety & *oice ( language1 9     
%ort1 ! ability to grasp cle>ly1 hold   
firmly1 & express accurately ! ideas :i*
 are pres5t$ to !m4  ,! :ole purpose (  
?is sort ( in/ruction is n s mu* to see 
h[ skilfully a tea*] c pres5t a lesson  
7?\gh t is a f9e art7 z to det]m9e h[   
well a boy or girl c ma/] or express k1 
c le>n to ?9k & speak = himself4  #h4   
,"s tea*]s despair ( treat+ /ories      
orally 9 l>ge classes ( prim>y *ildr54  
,! task ( hold+ toge!r su* wriggl+      
v>ieties ( m5tal =ce & m5tal in]tia is  
great4 ,"s *ildr5 are quick & excitable1

 o!rs are unresponsive & dull4 ,"s are  
timid & s5sitive1 o!rs bold &           
demon/rative4 ,"s are talkative &       
irrepressible1 o!rs sil5t or li/less4   
,x is int]e/+ to consid] ! function &   
value ( a good *ild's /ory to fit 9 to  
su* v>y+ ne$s & p]sonalities4 ,if !     
purpose ( ! prim>y s*ool is simply to   
keep *ildr5 busy at "s k9d ( ord]ly "w1 
!re are o!r tam] employm5ts ?an /ories4 
,b if ! idea is to put *ildr5's m9ds &  
bodies into heal?y1 vigor\s action1 x   
w\ld be difficult to f9d a m suitable   
in/rum5t ?an a fitt+ /ory4  ,b a good   
prim>y tea*] kn[s bett] ?an to e/abli%  
brusque & fix$ /&>ds ( uni=m success =  
all *ildr54 ,x w take mu* "t & pati5ce  
to get any?+ l good oral responses f "s 
*ildr54 ,l budd+ fl[]s "s unfold _!     
leaves & petals mu* quick] at ! t\* (   
sun%9e ?an o!rs4 ,b ! sun does n /op %9+
 because all d n come out at once4 ,!   
crude/ ef=ts ( little *ildr5 mu/ be     
receiv$ ) k9dness & enc\ragem5t4 ,! p[] 
( reproduc+ ?\ght & language is v sl[ly 

acquir$ by _m *ildr54 ,!y are timidly   
self-consci\s1 di/ru/ful ( _! own p[]s1 
& h n le>n$ to ?r[ !mselves ) confid5ce 
^u ! good-w ( _! tea*]s4 ,x may take    
mon?s ) "s *ildr5 to ov]come ^!         
ob/acles1 & to br+ !m to a confid5t use 
( _! p[]s1 b x is ! highe/ delight ( a  
tea*] to rea* ?is result4  ,"s *ildr51  
on ! o!r h&1 are s talkative & impulsive
 t !y w monopolize ! "t ( ! class to no 
good purpose4 ,_! en?usiasm requires    
temp]+ & _! sob]] ?\ght /r5g!n+4  ,ano!r
 difficulty lies 9 ! necess>y ef=t to   
get correct ,engli%1 to gradually m\ld !
 language ( *ildr5 into correct =ms4 ,! 
p]v]se habits ( *ildr51 ! influ5ce (    
home & playgr\nd1 ! invet]ate pref]5ce =
 slang & crude1 crass expressions1 & _! 
s5sitive pride aga9/ unusual ref9em5ts (
 spee*1 make ! cultivation ( good       
,engli% an uphill task4 ,b roads mu/ be 
laid out ?r\gh ?is wild]ness ( hills &  
valleys1 /umps & bru%4 ,& ^! roads mu/  
be gradually work$ d[n into smoo?       
highways ( travel4 ,x is pione] toil1   

requir+ ! /eady use ( axe & mattock &   
spade4  ,!re is no k9d ( s*ool tra9+ :]e
 good ,engli% c be cultivat$ to bett]   
advantage1 :]e ! p[] ( correct1         
indep5d5t1 well-articulat$ spee* c be s 
well /r5g!n$ z 9 oral /ory4 ,x is 9 !   
close contact ( ?is "w t ! tea*] is     
deal+ directly ) ! orig9al /ock (       
exp]i5ces1 ideas1 & words ( e *ild1 & ) 
^! z in/rum5ts ( acquisition1 help+ him 
to get a spirit$ introduction to ! _w ( 
ideas 9 books & lit]ature4  ,x is "h t  
we c get a glimpse ( t va/ "w :i* !     
elem5t>y s*ools ( ! c\ntry are do+ 9 !  
way ( ,am]icaniz+ ! *ildr5 ( v>i\s      
nationalities & 9 giv+ !m n only a      
common language1 b a common body ( ideas
 root$ 9 ! e>lie/ exp]i5ces ( *ildhood &
 already lay+ hold ( _m ( ! ri*e/       
treasures ( ,am]ican hi/ory & ( ! _w's  
lit]ature4  #i4 ,z *ildr5 advance f !   
fir/ ye> into ! second & ?ird ye>s ! "* 
( ! oral /ory-tell+ gradually *anges4   
,*ildr5 %\ld acquire m p[] ( att5tion1  
great] comm& ( language & ability to    

grasp & hold at "o tell+ a l>g] section 
( a /ory4 ,! /ories !mselves become m   
complex1 ! que/ions & problems set by ! 
tea*] m difficult4 ,! necessity = %>p1  
logical outl9es ( lead+ topics increases
 z "o advances 9 ! grades4 ,old] *ildr5 
c be held m rigidly to common /&>ds (   
excell5ce 9 ?\ght & language4 ,9 ?is1   
h[ev]1 ! tea*] %\ld always rememb] t    
*ildr5 diff] greatly 9 _! natural p[]s (
 expression1 & t a =c+ process w n be s 
successful z a /imulat+ & enc\rag+      
attitude 9 ! tea*]4  #aj4 ,! good oral  
treatm5t ( mo/ /ories leads ! *ildr5 to 
mu* activity 9 mat]ial con/ructions4    
,:]e ! m9ds ( *ildr5 are br\ght to a    
heal?y activity _! bodies & physical    
en]gies are pretty sure to be call$ into
 play to "w out ! sugge/$ l9es ( ?\ght4 
,rob9son ,crusoe inv>iably leads !      
*ildr5 to a multitude ( build+ & mak+   
ent]prises1 su* z m\ld+ vessels 9 clay1 
con/ruct+ ! b>ricade ar\nd 8 t5t & cave1
 ! mak+ ( *airs & tables1 etc4  ,we h   
already notic$ ! read9ess ( *ildr5 to   

make blackbo>d or o!r draw+s ( int]e/+  
objects 9 a /ory1 or to cut !m out )    
scissors f pap]4 ,?is ef=t to exp]i5ce !
 realities ( life m directly by mak+    
objects ( common utility & necessity is 
a *>act]i/ic & p[]ful t5d5cy ( *ildhood4
 ,x is commonly se5 9 *ildr5 ab\t !     
h\se1 :51 = example1 !y mu/ h wagons1   
:eelb>r[s1 tools1 or a set ( g>d5       
implem5ts ) :i* to imitate ! employm5ts 
( _! eld]s4 ,p>kman & o!rs (t5 speak ( !
 con/ant practice ( little ,indian boys 
) b[ & arr[s4  ,our purpose "h is n to  
discuss ?is matt] at l5g?1 b simply to  
notice its prom95t place 9 connection ) 
! oral lesson 9 /ory4 ,! int5se int]e/  
awak5$ 9 /ories leads quickly to ^!     
ef=ts at con/ruction4 ,:at %all ! tea*] 
d ) ?is p[]ful t5d5cy ( *ildr5 to c>ry  
ov] ^! ideas into ! field ( practical   
con/ructive labor8 ,to ! ?9k] ?is t5d5cy
 is p]haps ! sure/ pro( ( ! value ( !   
/ory4 ,x does n /op ) words nor ideas4  
,x pu%es f> into ! region ( volunt>y1   
physical1 & m5tal labor & application ( 

k4  ,! tea*] :o w make good use ( ?is   
ent]pris+ con/ructive desire ( *ildr5   
mu/ "k def9itely ab\t tools1 bo>ds1     
%ops1 v>i\s indu/ries1 & te*nical       
trades1 ! special mat]ials1 inv5tions1 &
 devices ( artisans 9 ! common          
occupations1 su* z f>m+1 g>d5+1         
blacksmi?+1 ! c>p5t] %op1 ! bak]1 !     
qu>ry1 ! brick kiln1 etc4  ,x w n be    
/range if _m tea*]s recoil1 at fir/     
glance1 f ?is leap into indu/rial life4 
,x sugge/s t ! s*oolh\se mu/ become a   
big ma*9e %op1 agricultural /ation1 etc4
 ,! tr\ble is1 ( c\rse1 t tea*]s d n    
feel !mselves qualifi$ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,!y "k 
almo/ z little z ! *ildr5 ab\t su*      
matt]s1 & h mu* less incl9ation to "k m4
  ,b our mod]n education is tak+ a      
decid$ turn 9 ?is direction1 & ) good   
reason4 ,! close acqua9tance ( our      
tea*]s ) ! common occupations ( life1 ) 
_! mat]ials1 tools1 ma*9es1             
con/ructions1 & skill w\ld supply !m ) a
 ri* collection ( practical1 concrete1  
illu/rative k ( ! greate/ use 9 in/ruct+

 *ildr54 ,x is impossible to m5tion     
any?+ :i* w\ld be ( m s]vice to !m 9 !  
details ( in/ruction4 ,! advantages to !
 *ildr5 ( su* tea*+1 re-en=c$ by ?is    
concrete detail ( common life1 are s    
num]\s & important z to des]ve a special
 ef=t4 ,! b5efit to tea*]s w\ld quickly 
m ?an recomp5se !m = ! labor involv$4   
,by occasional visits ( obs]vation 9    
%ops1 fields1 /ores1 & factories1 by    
assi/+ *ildr5 9 _! con/ructive ef=ts1 ! 
tea*] w acquire k1 /r5g?1 & confid5ce = 
su* "w4 ,! unfamili>ity ( tea*]s ) ^!   
ev]yday indu/rial matt]s1 & _! feel+ (  
helplessness z reg>ds ?+s n 9 ! usual   
r\t9e ( s*ool1 are ! real h9drances to  
be ov]come4  ,!re are o!r subjects 9 !  
s*ool c\rse1 l home geography & ! e>ly  
lessons 9 nature /udy1 :i* deal m       
directly ?an /ories ) ^! practical =ms (
 indu/rial life & con/ructive activity4 
,!y w also dem& & cultivate an increas+ 
k ( ?is practical phase ( life &        
education4 ,! lessons 9 oral /ory-tell+ 
/& ?us closely l9k$ ) progressive       

exp]im5tal k 9 o!r /udies4  ,a brief    
retrospect & summ>y ( ! requirem5ts     
necess>y z a basis ( good oral treatm5t 
( /ories w impress u ) ! skill &        
res\rcefulness ne$$ by ! tea*]4  #a4    
,fir/-h& exp]i5ce ) ! realities ( life4 
#b4 ,intimate k & sympa?y ) *ild life4  
#c4 ,! _m-sid$ ma/]y ( ! /ory = tea*+   
purposes4  #d4 ,skill 9 ! use ( simple1 
apt1 & =cible language4  #e4 ,p[] (     
n>rative & description1 toge!r ) v>i\s  
=ms ( graphic illu/ration1 dramatic     
action1 etc4  #f4 ,cle> & simple outl9e 
( lead+ topics4  #g4 ,acquir$ p[] 9 !   
use ( developm5t me?ods1 includ+ "q1    
problem1 discussion1 aims1 & ! tra9+ (  
*ildr5 to self-activity & ?\ghtfulness4 
#h4 ,! successful oral reproduction (   
/ories by ! *ildr54  #i4 ,tact 9 ! h&l+ 
( l>ge classes1 ) *ildr5 ( diff]+       
temp]am5t & capacity1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( 
timid *ildr54  #aj4 ,*ang+ "* ( oral "w 
9 advanc+ grades4  #aa4 ,! ne$ ( insight
 & ability to sup]vise con/ructive      
activities4  ,^! ?+s include a wide     

range ( cle> k & confid5t skill &       
res\rce4 ,tea*]s ne$ fir/ ( all to      
cultivate res\rcefulness 9 ! use ( _!   
own k & exp]i5ce1 & to add to bo? ( ^! z
 rapidly z circum/ances p]mit4  ,! m]e  
read+ ( /ories to *ildr5 by ! tea*]1 at 
odd times1 on ,friday aft]noons or on   
special occasions1 is also ( mu* value z
 a means ( int]e/+ *ildr5 9 a wide range
 ( good books4 ,x is a s\rce (          
ent]ta9m5t & culture1 :i*1 :5 judici\sly
 & skilfully employ$1 adds mu* to !     
educative p[] ( ! s*ool4     ,,*apt]    
,,iii  ,,fir/ ,,grade ,,/ories   ,,fairy
 ,,tales  ,"y *ildr51 z we all "k1 are  
delight$ ) /ories1 & 9 ! fir/ grade !y  
are /ill 9 ?is /ory-lov+ p]iod4 ,a good 
/ory is ! be/ m$ium ?r\gh :i* to convey 
ideas & also to approa* ! difficulties (
 le>n+ to read4 ,su* a /ory1 ,wilmann   
says1 is a p$agogical treasure4 ,by _m  
?9k]s & prim>y tea*]s ! fairy /ories h  
be5 adopt$ z be/ suit$ to ! wants ( !   
little folk j em]g+ f ! home4 ,a s]ies (
 fairy tales 0 select$ by ,zill]1 "o ( !

 lead+ ,h]b>tians1 z a c5tre = ! s*ool  
"w ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,^! /ories h long held 
a l>ge place 9 ! home culture ( *ildr51 
especially ( ! m cultivat$ class4 ,n[ x 
is claim$ t :at is good = ! few ^: p>5ts
 may be cultur$ & sympa!tic1 may be good
 en\gh = ! *ildr5 ( ! common p & ( !    
poor4 ,moreov]1 /ories t h made !       
fireside m joy\s & bless$ may p]*ance   
br+ vivacity & happ9ess into s*oolrooms4
 ,! home & ! s*ool are com+ clos]       
toge!r4 ,x is ev5 said t well-tra9$1    
sympa!tic prim>y tea*]s may bett] tell &
 impress ^! /ories ?an ov]work$ mo!rs & 
busy fa!rs4 ,if ^! lit]>y treasures are 
left = ! homes to discov] & use1 !      
majority ( *ildr5 w "k little or no?+ ( 
!m4 ,_m s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 us+ !m
 9 ! fir/ grade 9 rec5t ye>s ) a pleas+ 
effect4  ,b :at virtue lies conceal$ 9  
^! fairy my?s = ! *ildr5 ( our practical
 & s5sible age8 ,:y %\ld we draw f      
f\nta9s ^: s\rces are back 9 !          
prehi/oric & ev5 b>b>\s pa/8 ,to _m p x 
appe>s z a curi\s ana*ronism to n\ri%   

little *ildr5 9 ! fir/ decade ( ?is new 
c5tury ^u food t 0 prep>$ 9 ! t5ts (    
w&]+ tribes 9 e>ly ,european hi/ory4    
,:at are ! m]its ( ^! /ories = *ildr5 j 
ent]+ ^u s*ola/ic pursuits8 ,!y are kn[n
 to be g5]ally attractive to *ildr5 (   
?is age1 b _m sob]-m9d$ p di/ru/ !m4    
,are !y really meat & dr9k = ! little   
ones8 ,& n only s1 b ! *oice/ meat &    
dr9k1 ! be/ food ^u :i* to n\ri% _!     
unfold+ m9ds8  ,fairy tales are *>g$ )  
mislead+ *ildr5 by falsify+ ! tru? (    
?+s4 ,&1 inde$1 !y pay little he$ to    
c]ta9 natural laws t practical p ( good 
s5se always respect4 ,a *ild1 h[ev]1 is 
n s humdrum practical z ^! s]i\s        
tru?-lov]s4 ,a little girl talks to h]  
doll z if x _h real e>s4 ,%e & h] little
 bro!r make teacups & sauc]s out (      
acorns ) no app>5t compunctions (       
consci5ce4 ,!y foll[ ,c9d]ella to ! ball
 9 a pumpk9 *>iot1 trans=m$ by magic w&1
 ) ev5 great] int]e/ ?an we read ( a    
presid5tial ball4 ,a *ild may turn !    
common laws ( physical nature inside out

 & n be a :it ! worse = x4 ,its         
imag9ation c p a pea-pod ) little h]oes 
a*+ = a *ance 9 ! big _w1 or x c put    
t5d] p]sonality into ! trunk & bran*es (
 ! little p9e tree 9 ! =e/4 ,!re are no 
space limits t a *ild's fancy w n spr+  
ov] 9 a tw9kl+4 ,x c ride f /> to /> on 
a broom/ick1 or glide ov] peaceful wat]s
 9 a fairy boat drawn by graceful swans4
 ,)\t sugge/ion f "m or tea*]1 *ildr5   
put life & p]sonality into _! play?+s4  
,_! spontane\s delights are 9 ?is       
playful ex]cise ( ! fancy1 9 masqu]ad+  
"u ! guise ( a soldi]1 be>1 horse1 or   
bird4 ,! fairy tale is ! poetry (       
*ildr5's inn] impulse & feel+2 _! sp>kl+
 eyes & absorb$ int]e/ %[ h[ fitt+ is ! 
contact betwe5 ^! *ildlike creations ( !
 poet & _! own budd+ ?\ghts4  ,9        
discuss+ ! qualities requisite 9 a fairy
 /ory to make x a p$agogical treasure1  
,wilmann says3#a ,:5 x is laid d[n z a  
fir/ & indisp5sable requirem5t t a /ory 
be g5u9ely *ildlike1 ! dem& s\nds less  
rigor\s ?an x really is4 ,x is easi] to 

feel ?an to describe ! qualities :i* l5d
 to a /ory ! true *ildlike _s4 ,x is n  
simplicity alone4 ,a simple /ory t c be 
und]/ood by a *ild is n on t acc\nt     
*ildlike4 ,! simplicity mu/ be !        
+5u\sness ( ! *ild4 ,close to ?is lies !
 abyss ( sill9ess into :i* s _m *ildr5's
 /ories tumble4 ,a simple /ory may be   
manufactur$1 b ! quality ( true         
simplicity w n be brea!d into x unless  
"o c draw f ! deep] spr+s ( poetic      
inv5tion4 ,x is n en\gh t ! ext]nals ( !
 /ory1 su* z situation & action1 h ?is  
"*1 b ! s5sibilities & motives ( !      
actors mu/ be +5u\s & *ildlike2 !y %\ld 
reflect ! *ild's own feel+1 wi%1 & ef=t4
 ,b x is n necess>y on ?is acc\nt t !   
p]sons ( ! /ory be *ildr54 ,inde$ ! k+1 
pr9ce1 & pr9cess1 if !y only speak & act
 l *ildr51 are mu* ne>] ! *ild's        
compreh5sion ?an any ( ! *ildr5 p>ad$ 9 
a manufactur$ /ory1 design$ = !         
'indu/ri\s y\?4' ,= j z real poetry s ! 
real *ild's /ory lies beyond reality 9 !
 field ( fancy4 ,) all its pla9ness (   

?\ght & action1 ! g5u9e *ild's /ory kn[s
 h[ to take hold ( ! *ild's fancy & set 
its w+s 9 motion4 ,& :at a mean+ has    
fancy = ! s\l ( ! *ild z comp>$ ) t ( ! 
adult4 ,= u ! activity ( fancy only     
sket*es arabesques1 z x 71 ar\nd ! %>ply
 def9$ pictures ( reality4 ,! *ild ?9ks 
& lives 9 su* arabesques1 & x is only   
gradually t increas+ exp]i5ce writes    
among ^! arabesques ! firm] outl9es (   
?+s4 ,! *ild's ?\ghts float ab\t        
playfully & un/eadily1 b ! fairy tale is
 ev5 light] w+$ ?an !y4 ,x ov]takes ^!  
fleet+ summ] birds & wafts !m toge!r )\t
 bru%+ ! du/ f _! w+s4      #a ,wilmann1
 ,pa$agogis*e ,vortraege4  ,b fo/]+ !   
activity ( fancy 9 *ildr5 is a means1 n 
an end4 ,x is necess>y to ent] ! field (
 fancy because ! way to ! *ild's he>t   
leads ?r\gh ! fancy4 ,! effect ^u ! he>t
 ( ! *ild is ! second m>k & pro( ( !    
g5u9e *ild's /ory4 ,we are n advocates (
 ! s-call$ moral /ories :i* are s       
%ort-w9d$ z to /op frequ5tly & re/ ^u "s
 moral commonplace4 ,platitudes & moral 

maxims are n design$ to develop a moral 
ta/e 9 ! m9ds ( "y *ildr51 = !y appeal  
to ! und]/&+ & w ( ! pupil & presuppose 
:at mu/ be fir/ built up & e/abli%$4    
,true moral tra9+ is r calculat$ to     
awak5 9 ! *ild judgm5ts ( "r & wrong1 ( 
good & evil 7on simple illu/rative      
examples74 ,n ! impression left by a    
moraliz+ disc\rse is ! g]m ( a love ( ! 
good & "r1 b r ! *ild's judgm5t spr++ f 
its own conviction4 ',t 0 good4' ',:at a
 mean ?+6'  ,^? n>ratives h a moral =ce 
:i* introduce p]sons & acts t are simple
 & transp>5t en\gh to let ! moral light 
%9e ?r\gh1 t possess suffici5t life to  
l5d w>m? & vigor to moral judgm5ts4 ,no 
attempt to cov] up or pass ov] :at is   
bad1 nor to pa9t x 9 extravagant colors4
 ,= ! bad develops ! judgm5t no less ?an
 ! good4 ,x rema9s only to h a c>e t a  
*ild's int]e/ incl9es t[>d ! good1 ! j1 
& ! "r4  ,wilmann summ>izes ! ess5tials 
( a good /ory1 & !n discusses ! fairy   
tales z foll[s3--  ,!re are !n five     
requirem5ts to be made ( a real *ild's  

/ory3 ,let x be truly *ildlike1 t is1   
bo? simple & full ( fancy2 let x =m     
morals 9 ! s5se t x introduces p]sons & 
matt]s :i*1 :ile simple & lively1 call  
out a moral judgm5t ( approval or       
disapproval2 let x be in/ructive & lead 
to ?\ghtful discussions ( society &     
nature2 let x be ( p]man5t value1 invit+
 p]petually to a rep]usal2 let x be a   
connect$ :ole1 s z to "w a deep]        
influ5ce & become ! s\rce ( a _m-sid$   
int]e/4  ,! *ild's /ory :i*1 on ! basis 
( ! a=5am$ pr9ciples1 c be made !       
/>t+-po9t = all o!rs1 is ,grimm's fairy 
tale ( folk lore4 ,we are n[ call$ ^u to
 %[ t ! folk-lore fairy tale answ]s to !
 =ego+ requirem5ts1 & 9 ?is we %all see 
_m a ray ( light ca/ back ^u ^!         
requirem5ts !mselves4  ,is ! ,g]man     
fairy tale *ildlike8 full ( simplicity z
 well z ( fancy8 ,a deeply poetic say+ (
 ,jacob ,grimm may tea* u ! answ]4 ',!re
 runs ?r\gh ^! poetic fairy tales ! same
 deep ve9 ( purity by reason ( :i*      
*ildr5 seem to u s wond]ful & bless$4   

,!y h1 z x 71 ! same pale-blue1 cle>1 & 
lu/r\s eyes :i* c gr[ no m al?\gh ! o!r 
memb]s are /ill delicate & weak &       
uns]viceable to ! uses ( e>?4' ,klaib]  
quotes ?is passage 9 8 ',das ,ma]*5 und 
die ,k9dli*e ,phantasie1' & says ) tru? 
& beauty1 ',yes2 :5 we look into ! tru/+
 eyes ( a *ild1 9 :i* none ( ! _w's     
deceit is to be read z yet1 :5 we see h[
 ^! eyes bright5 & gleam at a beautiful 
fairy tale1 z if !y 7 look+ out into a  
great1 wide1 beautiful wond]-_w1 !n we  
feel some?+ ( ! deep connection ( !     
fairy /ory ) ! *ildi% s\l4' ,we w br+   
=w>d "o m passage f a little treatise1  
%[+ dep? & w>m? ( feel+1 :i* /eal?ily   
takes away f ! d\bt]s _! scruples ab\t !
 ju/ification ( ! fairy tale4 ',x is    
/range h[ well ! fairy tale & ! *ild's  
s\l mutually und]/& ea* o!r4 ,x is z if 
!y _h be5 toge!r f ! v beg9n+ & _h gr[n 
up toge!r4 ,z a rule ! *ild only deals )
 t "p ( real life :i* conc]ns itself &  
*ildr5 ( its age4 ,:atev] lies beyond   
?is is di/ant1 /range1 un9telligible4   

,"u ! lead+ ( ! fairy tale1 h[ev]1 x    
p]mits itself to be borne ov] hill &    
valley1 ov] l& & sea1 ?r\gh sun & moon &
 />s1 ev5 to ! end ( ! _w1 & ev]y?+ is s
 ne>1 s famili>1 s close to its rea*1 z 
if !y _h be5 ev]y:]e be=e1 j z if       
obscure pictures )9 _h all at once      
become wond]fully di/9ct4 ,& ! fairies  
all1 & ! k+'s sons1 & ! o!r di/+ui%$    
p]sonages1 :om x le>ns to "k ?r\gh !    
fairy tale1--!y are z natural &         
intelligible z if ! *ild _h mov$ its    
life long 9 ! highe/ circles1 & _h _h   
pr9ces & pr9cesses = its daily          
playmates4 ,9 a ^w1 ! _w ( ! fairy tale 
is ! *ild's _w1 = x is ! _w ( fancy4'   
,= ?is reason *ildr5 live & move 9      
fairyl&1 :e!r ! /ory be told by ! "m or 
by ! tea*] 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,:at       
att5tion z ! /ory proce$s6 ,:at         
anxi\sness :5 any dang] ?reat5s ! h]o1  
be he k+'s son or a :eat-/raw6 ,:at     
grief1 ev5 to te>s1 :5 a wrong is       
practis$ ^u "s innoc5t creature6 ,& f> f
 x t ! joy 9 ! fairy tale decrease :5 x 

is told or discuss$ ov] aga94 ,!n comes 
! pleasure ( repres5tation--br++ ! /ory 
^u ! /age4 ,?\gh a *ild has b to        
repres5t a fl[] 9 ! mead[1 ! little face
 is transfigur$ ) ! highe/ joy4  ,b !   
*ildi% joy ( fairy tales passes away2 n 
s ! inn] exp]i5ces :i* x has br\ght ) x4
 ,i am n affirm+ too mu* :5 ,i say t he 
:o1 z a *ild1 has nev] li/5$ ) joy to ! 
murmur+ & ru/l+ ( ! fre% f\nta9 (       
fairyl&1 w h no e> & no und]/&+ = _m a  
deep /ream ( ,g]man poetry4 ,x is1 aft] 
all1 ! mode/ f\nta9 ( fairy song :i*1   
fl[+ & unit+ ) ! n[ noisy1 n[ s(t &     
g5tly fl[+1 curr5t ( folk song1 & ) !   
deep & e>ne/ /ream ( tradition1 :i* has 
p\r$ su* a refre%+ curr5t ov] ,g]man    
poetry1 out ( :i* our mo/ excell5t ,uhl&
 has drawn s _m a he>t-/r5g!n+ draught4 
,! _s ( ! p f9ds expression 9 fairy tale
 z 9 tradition & song1 & if we 7 only   
work+ to lift & /r5g!n ! national       
impulse1 a moral-educative in/ruction   
w\ld h to turn aga9 & aga9 to ^!        
creations ( ! p4 ,:at 0 ass]t$ z a g5]al

 tru? 9 reg>d to classical products1 t  
!y are a bond betwe5 l>ge & small1 old &
 "y1 is true ( national /ories & songs m
 ?an ( any?+ else4 ,!y are at once a    
bond betwe5 ! diff]5t classes1 a        
national treasure1 :i* belongs alike to 
ri* & poor1 high & l[4 ,! common s*ool  
!n has ! lea/ "r ( all to put ! fairy   
tale aside1 n[ t few wom5 v]s$ 9 fairy  
lore1 su* z ^? to :om ,grimm li/5$1 are 
left4  ,b does ! fairy tale come ( noble
 blood8 ,does x possess :at we call$ 9 !
 case ( classics an old title (         
nobility8 ,if we keep to ?is figure (   
spee*1 we %all f9d t ! fairy tale is n  
only noble1 b a v royal *ild among      
/ories4 ,x has rul$ f old5 times1 f> &  
wide1 ov] _m a l&4 ,hundr$s ( ye>s gone1
 ,grimm's fairy /ories liv$ 9 ! p's     
he>t1 & n 9 ,g]many alone4 ,if our      
little ones li/5 int5tly to ,as*5puttel1
 ,fr5* *ildr5 delight$ 9 ,c9drillon1 !  
,italian 9 ,c5]5tola1 ! ,poli% 9        
,kopc9szic4 ,! fact t m$iaeval          
/ory-books conta9 ,grimm's tales is n   

rem>kable1 :5 we reflect t traits &     
*>act]i/ics ( ! fairy tale rea* back    
beyond ! ,*ri/ian p]iod2 t ,frau ,holle 
is ,hulda1 or ,frigg1 ! hea!n goddess2 t
 ',wi%+-cap1' ',little ,lame-leg1' &    
',table ,cov] ,?yself1' etc41 are made  
up out ( ! attributes ( ,g]man gods4    
,f9ally1 su* ?+s z ',! ,sleep+ ,beauty1'
 :i* is ! e>? 9 w9t] sleep1 t ! pr9ce ( 
summ] wakes ) kisses 9 spr+time1 po9t   
back to ! p]iod ( primitive ,indo-,g]man
 my?4  ,b 9 addition to ! requirem5t (  
classical nobility1 has ! fairy /ory    
also ! moral tone :i* we requir$ ( !    
g5u9e *ild's /ory8 ,does ! fairy /ory   
make = morals8 ,to be sure x introduces 
to an ideal realm ( simple moral        
relations4 ,! good & bad are %>ply      
sep>at$4 ,! wrong holds = a "t its      
supremacy1 b ! f9al victory is ) ! good4
 ,& ) :at vigor ! judgm5t ( good & evil1
 ( "r & wrong1 is produc$4 ,we meet t\*+
 pictures1 especially ( good-w1 (       
fai?fulness1 *>act]i/ic & full ( life4  
,?9k only ( ! typical int]*ange ( words 

betwe5 ,l5*5 & ,fundevogel4 ,said ,l5*51
 ',leave me n & ,i w nev] leave !e4'    
,said ,fundevogel1 ',n[ & nev]more4' ,we
 are rem9d$ ( ! ,bible words ( ! fai?ful
 ,ru?1 ',:i!r ?\ goe/ ,i w g2 :]e ?\    
lodge/ ,i w lodge2 :]e ?\ die/ ,i w die 
& !re w ,i be buri$4'  ,important = !   
life ( *ildr5 is ! rigor ) :i* ! fairy  
tale puni%es disob$i5ce & falsehood4    
,?9k ( ! sugge/ive leg5d>y /ory ( ! *ild
 :i* 0 visit$ aga9 & aga9 ) mis=tune    
because ( its ob/9acy1 till its f9al    
confession ( guilt br+s full p>don4 ,x  
is ev]y:]e a ,*ri/ian ?read :i* runs    
?r\gh s _m fairy /ories4 ,x is love = ! 
reject$1 oppress$1 & ab&on$4 ,:atev] is 
load$ ) burd5s & tr\bles receives !     
palm1 & ! fir/ becomes ! la/4  ,! fairy 
/ory fulfils ! fir/ ?ree requirem5ts = a
 true *ild's /ory4 ,x is *ildlike1 (    
la/+ value1 & fo/]s moral ideas4 ,z to  
unity x w suffice = *ildr5 ( six ye>s 7=
 ?is is1 9 our op9ion1 ! age at :i* x   
ex]ts its moral =ce7 t ! /ories be told 
9 ! same _s1 al?\gh !y d n =m "o        

connect$ n>rative4 ,if a good selection 
( fairy tales accord+ to _! inn]        
connection is made1 s t frequ5t ref]5ces
 & connections c be f\nd1 ! requirem5t (
 unity w be satisfi$4  ,! fairy tale    
seems to satisfy lea/ ( all ! dem& t !  
true *ild's /ory mu/ be in/ructive1 &   
s]ve z a />t+-po9t = int]e/+ practical  
discussion4 ,! fairy /ory seems too airy
 & dreamy = ?is1 & x might appe> p$antry
 to load x ) in/ruction4 ,b "o w n be   
guilty ( ?is mi/ake if "o simply foll[s 
up ! ideas :i* ! /ory sugge/s4 ,:5 !    
/ory ( a *ick51 a fox1 or a swan is told
 x is fully 9 h>mony ) ! *ildi% ?\ght to
 inquire into ! habits ( ^! animals4 ,:5
 ! k+ is m5tion$ x is natural to say t  
we h a k+1 to ask :]e he lives1 etc4 ,j 
because ! fairy tale s9ks deep & holds a
 firm & undivid$ att5tion1 x is possible
 to direct ! sugge/$ ?\ghts hi!r or ?i!r
 )\t los+ ! pleasure !y create4 ,if "o  
keeps ?is aim 9 m9d1 in/ructive mat]ial 
is abundant4 ,! fairy tale introduces   
v>i\s employm5ts & call+s1 f ! k+ to !  

f>m]1 tailor1 & %oemak]4 ,_m passages 9 
life1 su* z betro?al1 m>riage1 & burial1
 are pres5t$4 ,labors 9 ! h\se1 y>d1 &  
field1 & num]\s animals1 plants1 &      
inanimate ?+s are t\*$ ^u4 ,= !         
obs]vation ( animals & = ! relation     
betwe5 !m & *ildr51 x is =tunate t !    
fairy tale pres5ts !m z talk+ & feel+4  
,!reby ! int]e/ 9 real animals is       
increas$ & he>tlessness bani%$4 ,h[ c\ld
 a *ild put to ! torture an animal :i*  
is an old fri5d 9 fairy /ory8  ,i ne$   
only sugge/ 9 ?is place h[ ! fairy /ory 
furni%es mat]ial = ex]cises 9 oral      
language1 = ! division ( words into     
syllables & lett]s1 & h[ ! beg9n+s (    
writ+1 draw+1 numb]1 & manual ex]cises  
may be drawn f ! same s\rce4  ,f !      
sugge/ions j made ! foll[+ conclusions  
at lea/ may be reasonably drawn4 ,a     
suffici5t c\nt]poise to ! fanta/ical    
nature ( ! fairy tale c be giv5 9 a     
mann] simple & *ildlike1 if ! objects & 
relations involv$ 9 ! n>ratives are     
br\ght cle>ly be=e ! s5ses & discuss$ s 

t in/ruction ab\t common objects & home 
surr\nd+s is begun4  ,9 speak+ (        
,%akespe>e's e>ly tra9+ 9 lit]ature1    
,*>les ,k+sley says3--  ,i said !re 0 a 
lit]>y art be=e ,%akespe>e--an art m    
simple1 m *ildlike1 m girli%1 z x 71 &  
!re=e all ! m adapt$ = "y m9ds1 b also  
an art mo/ vigor\s & pure 9 po9t ( /yle3
 ?or\ghly fitt$ to give its read]s !    
fir/ elem5ts ( ta/e1 :i* mu/ lie at !   
root ( ev5 ! mo/ complex ae/hetics4  ,! 
old fairy sup]/ition1 ! old leg5ds &    
ballads1 ! old *ronicles ( feudal w> &  
*ivalry1 ! e>li] moralities & my/]ies & 
tragicomic attempts--^! 7 ! roots ( 8   
poetic tree--!y mu/ be ! roots ( any    
lit]>y education :i* c tea* u to        
appreciate him4 ,^! f$ ,%akespe>e's y\?2
 :y %\ld !y n fe$ our *ildr5's8 ,:y     
inde$8 ,t inborn delight ( ! "y 9 all t 
is m>vell\s & fanta/ic--has t a m]ely   
evil root8 ,no surely6 ,x is a mo/ pure 
"p ( _! spiritual nature2 a "p ( '!     
heav5 :i* lies ab\t u 9 our infancy'2   
angel-w+s ) :i* ! free *ild leaps !     

prison-walls ( s5se & cu/om1 & ! drudg]y
 ( e>?ly life4  ,felix ,adl] says3#b ,b 
h[ %all we h&le ^! ,ma]*5 & :at me?od   
%all we employ 9 putt+ !m to acc\nt =   
our special purpose8 ,i h a few ?\ghts  
on ?is subject1 :i* ,i %all v5ture to   
submit 9 ! =m ( c\nsels4      #b ,moral 
,in/ruction ( ,*ildr54 ,d4 ,appleton    
,co4  ,my fir/ c\nsel is3 ,tell ! /ory2 
d n give x to ! *ild to read4 ,!re is an
 obvi\s practical reason = ?is4 ,*ildr5 
are able to b5efit by he>+ fairy tales  
be=e !y c read4 ,b t is n ! only reason4
 ,x is ! *ildhood ( ! race1 z we h se51 
t speaks 9 ! fairy /ory ( ! *ild (      
to-day4 ,x is ! voice ( an anci5t f>-(f 
pa/ t e*oes f ! lips ( ! /orytell]4 ,!  
words 'once ^u a "t' op5 up a vague     
retrospect into ! pa/1 & ! *ild gets its
 fir/ indi/9ct notions ( hi/ory 9 ?is   
way4 ,! /ories embody ! tradition ( !   
*ildhood ( mank9d4 ,!y h on ?is acc\nt  
an au?ority all _! own1 n1 inde$1 t (   
lit]al tru?1 b "o d]iv$ f _! be+ types (
 c]ta9 feel+s & long+s :i* belong to    

*ildhood z su*4 ,! *ild1 z x li/5s to ! 
,ma]*51 looks up ) wide-op5$ eyes to !  
face ( ! p]son :o tells ! /ory1 & ?rills
 responsive z ! t\* ( ! e>li] life ( !  
race ?us falls ^u its own4 ,su* an      
effect1 ( c\rse1 _c be produc$ by cold  
type4 ,tradition is a liv+ ?+ & %\ld use
 ! liv+ voice = its vehicle4  ,my second
 c\nsel is also ( a practical nature1 & 
,i make bold to say q ess5tial to !     
successful use ( ! /ories4 ,d n take !  
moral plum out ( ! fairy-tale pudd+1 b  
let ! *ild enjoy x z a :ole4 ,d n make !
 /ory tap] t[>d a s+le po9t1 ! moral    
po9t4 ,y w squeeze all ! juice out ( x  
if y try4 ,d n subord9ate ! purely      
fanciful & naturali/ic elem5ts ( ! /ory1
 su* z ! love ( my/]y1 ! passion = rov+1
 ! s5se ( fell[%ip ) ! animal _w1 9 ord]
 to fix att5tion solely on ! moral      
elem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 y w ga9 ! be/    
moral effect by proce$+ 9 exactly !     
opposite way4 ,treat ! moral elem5t z an
 incid5t1 emphasize x inde$1 b          
incid5tally4 ,pluck x z a wayside fl[]4 

,h[ (t5 does x happ5 t1 hav+ set out on 
a j\rney ) a di/9ct object 9 m9d1 some?+
 occurs on ! way :i* we _h n =ese51 b   
:i* 9 ! end leaves ! deepe/ impression  
on ! m9d4444  ,! value ( ! fairy tales  
is t !y /imulate ! imag9ation2 t !y     
reflect ! unbrok5 communion ( human life
 ) ! life univ]sal1 z 9 bea/s1 fi%es1   
trees1 fl[]s1 & />s2 & t incid5tally1 b 
all ! m p[]fully on t acc\nt1 !y quick5 
! moral s5tim5ts4  ,let u avail         
ourselves freely ( ! treasures :i* are  
?us plac$ at our disposal4 ,let u       
welcome das ,ma]*5 into our prim>y c\rse
 ( moral tra9+1 t ) its g5tle b&s1 wov5 
( 'morn+ mi/ & morn+ glory1' x may help 
to lead our *ildr5 into bright realms ( 
! ideal4  ,a selection ( fairy /ories   
suit$ to our fir/ grade w diff] f a     
simil> selection = =eign s*ools4 ,!re   
has be5 a disposition among ,am]ican    
tea*]s = sev]al ye>s to appropriate !   
be/ ( ^! /ories = use 9 ! prim>y s*ools4
 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry skilful     
prim>y tea*]s h be5 exp]im5t+           

successfully ) ^! mat]ials4 ,!re are _m 
s*ools 9 :i* bo? tea*]s & pupils h tak5 
great delight 9 !m4 ,! ef=t has be5 made
 m p>ticul>ly ) fir/ grade *ildr51 ! aim
 ( tea*]s be+ to lead captive !         
spontane\s int]e/ ( *ildr5 f _! fir/    
entrance ^u s*ool tasks4 ,"s ( ! /ories 
us$ at ! fir/ may seem light & f>cical1 
b exp]im5ts ) *ildr5 are a bett] te/ ?an
 ! preconceiv$ notions ( adults :o may h
 =gott5 _! e>ly *ildhood4 ,! /ory ( !   
,f\r ,musicians1 = example1 is a        
favorite ) ! *ildr54  ,at ! risk (      
repetition1 & to emphasize "s po9ts (   
special importance1 we w review briefly 
! me?od ( oral treatm5t & ! use ( !     
/ories 9 e>ly prim>y read+4  ,! *ildr5 h
 no k ( read+ or p]haps ( lett]s4 ,!    
/ory is told ) _s by ! tea*]1 no book   
be+ us$ 9 ! class4 ,"q & int]*ange (    
?\ght betwe5 pupil & tea*] w become m   
frequ5t & sugge/ive z ! tea*] becomes m 
skill$ & sympa!tic 9 h] treatm5t ( !    
/ory4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( s*ool life ! aim
 is to ga9 ! att5tion & cooep]ation (   

*ildr5 by furni%+ abundant food = ?\ght4
 ,*ildr5 are requir$ or at lea/ enc\rag$
 to n>rate ! /ory or a "p ( x 9 ! class4
 ,!y tell x at s*ool & probably at home1
 till !y become m & m absorb$ 9 x4 ,ev5 
! backw>d or timid *ild gradually       
acquires c\rage & enjoys n>rat+ !       
adv5tures ( ! peas 9 ! pod or ^? ( !    
animals 9 ! ,f\r ,musicians4  ,! tea*]  
%\ld acquire a vivid & picturesque /yle 
( n>rat+1 p]si/5tly weav+ into ! /ory1  
by qu]y & sugge/ion1 ! previ\s home     
exp]i5ces ( ! *ildr54 ,!y are only too  
ready to br+ out ^! treasures at ! call 
( ! tea*]4 ,(t5 x is necess>y to *eck _!
 en?usiasm4 ,!re is a ne$ n simply =    
n>rative p[]1 b = quick insight &       
judgm5t1 s z to br+ _! ?\ghts into close
 relation to ! incid5ts4 ,n[h]e 9 all ! 
s*ools is !re su* a call = close &      
mo!rly sympa?y4 ,! g5tle compulsion (   
k9dness is requir$ to inspire ! timid   
ones ) confid5ce4 ,= "s ( !m are sl[ to 
op5 _! delicate ?\ght & s5sibility1 ev5 
to ! sunny atmosph]e ( a pleasant s*ool4

  ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( drill 9 reproduction 
is necess>y1 b =tunately ! /ories h     
some?+ t be>s repetition ) a gr[+       
int]e/4 ,add$ to ?is is ! desire =      
p]fect ma/]y1 & ?us ! /ories become m   
de> ) famili>ity4  ,incid5tally1 !re    
%\ld be emphasis ( ! in/ructive         
in=mation ga!r$ conc]n+ animals & plants
 t are actors 9 ! sc5es4 ,! commone/ ?+s
 ( ! h\se1 field1 & g>d5 acquire a new &
 la/+ int]e/4 ,sometimes ! tea*] makes  
provision 9 advance ( ! /ory = a deep]  
int]e/ 9 ! plants & animals t are to    
appe>4 ,9 natural sci5ce lessons %e may 
take occasion to exam9e ! pea blossom1  
or ! animals ( ! b>ny>d1 or ! squirrel  
or birds 9 _! cages4 ,:51 a few days    
lat]1 ! /ory t\*es "o ( ^! animals1 !re 
is a quick response f ! *ildr54 ,?is    
relation betwe5 hi/ory & natural sci5ce 
/r5g!ns bo?4  ,_m an opportunity %\ld be
 giv5 = ! pupils to express a w>m       
sympa?y = g5tle acts ( k9dness or       
unselfi%ness4 ,! happ9ess t ev5 a simple
 fl[] may br+ to a home is a contagi\s  

example4 ,k9dly treatm5t ( ! old &      
feeble1 & sympa?y = ! innoc5t &         
helpless1 spr+ into ! *ild's own ?\ght4 
,! fancy1 sympa?y1 & int]e/ awak5$ by a 
good fairy tale make x a vehicle by :i*1
 consci\sly & unconsci\sly1 _m          
advantages are borne home to pupils4    
,among o!r ?+s1 x op5s ! door to ! read+
 lesson2 t is1 to ! beg9n+ ef=ts 9 ma/]+
 & us+ ! symbols ( writt5 language4 ,!  
same /ory :i* all h le>n$ to tell1 !y   
are n[ ab\t to le>n to read f ! bo>d4   
,"o or two s5t5ces are tak5 directly f !
 lips ( ! pupils z !y recall ! /ory1 & !
 "w ( ma/]+ symbols is begun at once )  
ze/4 ,fir/ is ! cle> /atem5t ( "s vivid 
?\ght by a *ild1 !n a quick association 
( ?is ?\ght ) its writt5 symbols on !   
bo>d4 ,!re is no readi] way ( br++ ?\ght
 & =m into firm connection1 t is1 (     
le>n+ to read4 ,keep ! *ild's fre% m5tal
 judgm5t & ! writt5 =m cle>ly be=e 8 m9d
 till ! two are w$d$4 ,let ! ?\ght run  
back & =? betwe5 !m till !y are "o4     
,aft] fix+ two or ?ree s5t5ces on !     

bo>d1 att5tion is direct$ m closely to !
 s+le words1 & a rapid drill ^u ^? 9 !  
s5t5ce is foll[$ by a discov]y & nam+ ( 
!m 9 miscellane\s ord]4 ,aft]w>d new    
s5t5ces are =m$ by ! tea*] out ( ! same 
words1 writt5 on ! bo>d1 & read by !    
*ildr54 ,!y express diff]5t1 & p]haps   
opposite =ms ( ?\ght1 & %\ld ex]cise !  
*ild's s5se & judgm5t z well z 8 memory 
( words4 ,an en]getic1 lively1 &        
successful drill ( ?is k9d ^u s5t5ces   
drawn f /ories has be5 s (t5 witness$1 t
 its excell5ce is no long] a matt] ( "q4
 ,^! ex]cises are a =m ( m5tal activity 
9 :i* *ildr5 delight if ! tea*]'s mann] 
is vigor\s & pleasant4  ,:5 ! ma/]y (   
new ^w-=ms z :oles is fairly complete1 !
 analysis may g a /ep f>!r4 ,"s new ^w 9
 ! lesson may be tak5 & sep>at$ into its
 phonic elem5ts1 z ! ^w hill1 & new     
words =m$ by dropp+ a lett] & prefix+   
lett]s or syllables1 z ill1 till1 until1
 mill1 rill1 etc4 ,! p[] to con/ruct new
 words out ( old mat]ials %\ld be       
cultivat$ all along ! process ( le>n+ to

 read4  ,/ill o!r s*ool activities (    
*ildr5 /& 9 close relation to ! fairy   
tales4 ,!y are enc\rag$ to draw !       
objects & incid5ts 9 :i* ! /ory ab\nds4 
,?\gh rude & unc\?1 ! draw+s /ill (t5   
surprise u ) _! tru? & sugge/iv5ess4 ,! 
sket*es reveal ! cont5t ( a *ild's m9d z
 almo/ no?+ else--8 misconceptions1 8   
vague or cle>ly def9$ notions4 ,!y also 
furni% 8 m5tal & physical activities an 
employm5t exactly suit$ to 8 ne$s &     
wi%es4  ,! p[] to use good ,engli% & to 
express himself cle>ly & fitt+ly is     
cultivat$ f ! v fir/4 ,:ile ?is m]it is 
purely incid5tal1 x is none ! less      
valuable4 ,! p]si/5ce ) :i* bad & unc\? 
words & phrases are employ$ by *ildr5 9 
our common s*ool1 bo? 9 oral "w & 9     
composition1 admoni%es u to beg9 e>ly to
 eradicate ^! faults4 ,x seems (t5 z if 
int]m$iate & gramm> grades 7 m faulty & 
wret*$ 9 _! use ( ,engli% ?an prim>y    
grades4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t e>ly &    
p]si/5t practice 9 ! be/ =ms (          
expression1 especially 9 connection )   

int]e/+ & appropriate ?\ght matt]1 w    
greatly aid correctness1 flu5cy1 &      
confid5ce 9 spee*4 ,!re is also a       
conv9c+ p$agogical reason :y *ildr5 9 ! 
fir/ prim>y %\ld be held to ! be/ models
 ( spok5 language4 ,!y ent] ! s*ool     
bett] furni%$ ) oral spee* ?an ) a k (  
any s*ool /udy4 ,_! home exp]i5ces h    
wr\ght into close association & unity1  
^w & ?+4 ,s intimate & liv+ is !        
relation betwe5 ^w & ?\ght or object1 t 
a *ild really does n di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 
,?is is ! treasure ) :i* he ent]s s*ool1
 & x %\ld n be wrapp$ up 9 a napk94 ,x  
%\ld be unroll$ at once & put to s]vice4
 ,oral spee* is ! capital ) :i* a *ild  
ent]s ! bus9ess ( education2 let him    
employ x4  ,a retrospect ^u ! v>i\s =ms 
( s*ool activity :i* spr+1 9 practical  
"w1 f ! use ( a good fairy /ory1 reveals
 h[ _m-sid$ & inspirit+ are its         
influ5ces4 ,/>t+ out ) a ri* cont5t (   
?\ght peculi>ly g]mane to *ildi%        
int]e/s1 x calls = a full employm5t ( ! 
language res\rces already possess$ by ! 

*ildr54 ,9 ! ef=t to picture out1 )     
p5cil or *alk1 8 conceptions ( ! /ory1 a
 *ild ex]cises 8 fanciful & creative    
wit1 z well z ! muscles ( arms & eyes4  
,a good /ory always f9ds its sett+ 9 !  
mid/ ( nature or society1 & t\*es up ) a
 simple1 homely1 b poetic *>m ! commone/
 v]ities ( human exp]i5ce4 ,! appeal to 
! s5sibility & moral judgm5t ( pupils is
 direct & spontane\s1 because ( !       
int]e/s & sympa?ies t are inh]5t 9      
p]sons1 & t\* directly ! *ildi% fancy4  
,&1 la/ly1 ! irrepressible traditional  
dem& t *ildr5 %all le>n to read1 is     
fairly & hone/ly met & satisfi$4  ,x is 
n claim$ t fairy tales involve ! sum    
total ( prim>y in/ruction1 b !y are an  
illu/ration ( h[ ri* w be ! fruitage (  
our educational ef=t if we consid] fir/ 
! highe/ ne$s & int]e/s ( *ildr51 & all[
 ! =mal arts to drop into _! prop]      
subord9ation4 ,! be/ is good en\gh =    
*ildr51 & :5 we select ! be/1 !         
wide-rea*+ connections :i* are e/abli%$ 
betwe5 /udies c>ry u a long /ep t[>d !  

n[ mu*-bruit$ correlation & conc5tration
 ( /udies4   ,,books ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,= 
,,tea*]s    ,classic ,/ories = ! ,little
 ,ones4 ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co41   
,bloom+ton1 ,ill4   ,grimm's ,fairy     
,tales 7,wiltse74 ,g9n  ,co4   ,g]man   
,fairy ,tales 7,grimm74 ,mayn>d1        
,m]rill1  ,co4   ,grimm's ,g]man        
,h\sehold ,tales4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91    
,co4   ,/ories f ,hans ,&]s54 ,h\ghton1 
,miffl91  ,co4   ,&]s5's ,fairy ,tales1 
two volumes4 ,"p ,i & ,"p ,,ii4 ,g9n    
,co4   ,fairy ,/ories & ,fables4        
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,fables & ,folk   
,/ories 7,scudd]74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91   
,co4   ,rhymes & ,j+les 7,dodge74       
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,fairy ,/ories =    
,*ildr5 7,baldw974 ,am]ican ,book ,co4  
,songs & ,/ories4 ,univ]sity ,publi%+   
,co4   ,fairy ,life4 ,univ]sity ,publi%+
 ,co4   ,six ,nurs]y ,classics          
7,o',%ea74 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4          
,grimm's ,fairy ,tales4 ,educational    
,publi%+ ,co4   ,a ,book ( ,nurs]y      
,rhymes 7,wel*74 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4    

,v]se & ,prose = ,beg9n]s 9 ,read+4     
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4           ,he>t
 ( ,oak1 ,no4 ,i4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4   
,he>t ( ,oak1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  
,co4   ,! ,eug5e ,field ,book4          
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,moral ,education ( 
,*ildr5 7,adl]74 ,d4 ,appleton  ,co4    
,*apt] ,,vi4           on ,fairy ,tales4
   ,lit]ature 9 ,s*ools 7,scudd]74      
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4 ,*apt]         
on ,nurs]y ,classics4   ,,! ,,fables    
,no gr\p ( /ories has a m assur$ place 9
 ! lit]ature = *ildr5 ?an ! ,a,esop's   
,fables4 ,"s ( ! commone/ h be5 exp&$   
into little /ories :i* are pres5t$      
orally to *ildr5 9 ! fir/ s*ool ye>1 z  
,! ,lion & ! ,m\se1 ,! ,ants & !        
,gras%opp]s1 ,! ,dog & 8 ,%ad[1 & o!rs4 
,!y are s simple & direct t !y are us$  
alongside ! fairy tales = ! e>lie/      
in/ruction ( *ildr54  ,z soon z *ildr5 h
 acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( read+ ! ,a,esop's 
,fables are commonly us$ 9 ! second &   
?ird s*ool ye> z a read+ book1 & all !  
e>ly read+ books are p>tly made up f ?is

 mat]ial4  ,if we inquire into !        
qualities ( ^! /ories :i* h giv5 !m su* 
a univ]sal acceptance1 we %all f9d t !y 
conta9 9 a simple1 transp>5t =m a good  
%>e ( ! _w's wisdom4 ,m rec5t rese>*es  
indicate t !y orig9at$ 9 ,india1 & rea*$
 ,europe ?r\gh ,p]sia & ,arabia1 be+    
ascrib$ to ,a,esop4 ,?is indicates t l  
mo/ e>ly lit]ature ( la/+ wor?1 !y are  
products ( ! folk-m9d r ?an ( a s+le    
writ]1 & x is ! op9ion ( ,adl] t !y     
express ! rip5$ wisdom ( ! p "u ! =ms ( 
,ori5tal despotism4 ,! sad & hopeless   
submission to a /rong] p[] express$ by  
"s ( ! fables1 x is claim$1 unfits !m = 
use 9 our fre] life to-day4  ,!re are   
c]ta9 po9ts 9 :i* _! attractiv5ess to   
*ildr5 is cle>ly manife/4 ,! actors 9 ! 
/ories are usually animals1 & ! ready   
int]e/ & sympa?y ( *ildr5 = talk+       
animals are at once appeal$ to4 ,9 all !
 e>ly my?s & fairy tales1 human life    
seems to m]ge into t ( ! animals1 z 9   
,hiawa?a1 & ! fables likewise are a m>k$
 expression ( ?is *ildlike t5d5cy4      

,adl] says3 ,! "q may be ask$ :y fables 
are s popul> ) boys4 ,i %\ld say because
 s*oolboy society reproduces 9 m9iature1
 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! social conditions  
:i* are reflect$ 9 ! fables4 ,among     
unreg5]ate s*oolboys !re (t5 exi/s a k9d
 ( despotism1 n ! less degrad+ because  
petty4 ,! /rong are pitt$ aga9/ !       
weak--witness ! fagg+ sy/em 9 ,engli%   
s*ools--& _! mutual antagonism produces 
9 bo? ! *>act]i/ic vices :i* we h not$  
above4 ,a lit]ature :i* cle>ly pictures 
^! relations s t !y c be se5 objectively
 by ! *ildr5 may be ( ! greate/ social  
s]vice 9 education4  ,adl] says fur!r3  
,! psy*ological /udy ( s*oolboy society 
has be5 only begun1 b ev5 :at lies on ! 
surface w1 ,i ?9k1 be> out ?is rem>k4   
,n[ x has become "o ( ! commonplaces (  
educational lit]ature t ! individual (  
to-day mu/ pass ?r\gh ! same /ages (    
evolution z ! human race z a :ole4 ,b x 
%\ld n be =gott5 t ! advance (          
civilization dep5ds on two conditions3  
fir/1 t ! c\rse ( evolution be          

accel]at$1 t ! "t all[$ to ! successive 
/ages be %ort5$2 &1 secondly1 t !       
unwor?y & degrad+ elem5ts :i* ent]$ into
 ! process ( evolution 9 ! pa/1 & at !  
"t 7 insep>able f x1 be n[ elim9at$4    
,?us ! fairy tales :i* correspond to !  
my?-mak+ epo* 9 human hi/ory mu/ be     
purg$ ( ! dross ( sup]/ition :i* /ill   
adh]es to !m1 & ! fables :i* correspond 
to ! age ( primitive despotisms mu/ be  
cleans$ ( ! immoral elem5ts !y /ill     
embody4#c      #c ,adl]1 ,moral         
,in/ruction ( ,*ildr51 pp4 #hh-hi4  ,!  
peculi> =m ( moral tea*+ 9 ! ,fables    
suits !m especially to *ildr54 ,a s+le  
trait ( conduct1 l gre$9ess or          
selfi%ness1 is %>ply outl9$ 9 ! /ory &  
its results made pla94 ,we h se5 no?+   
f9] 9 tea*+ ?an ! build+ up ( ^! little 
/ories 9 conv]sational lessons--fir/ to 
illu/rate "s m5tal or moral trait2 !n to
 deta* ! idea f its /ory picture1 & f9d 
illu/rations = x 9 "s o!r act or        
incid5t4 ,& no?+ c be m gratify+ z a    
result1 ?an1 ?r\gh ! transp>5cy ( *ildi%

 he>ts1 to wat* ! gr[? ( "r conduct f ! 
impulses d]iv$ f ! tea*+2 & s lay+ !    
f\ndations ( future rightness ( "*4#d   
#d ,introduction to ,/ickney's ,a,esop's
 ,fables4 ,g9n  ,co4  ,! moral ideas    
inculcat$ by ! fables are usually ( a   
practical1 worldly-wisdom sort1 n high  
ideals ( moral quality1 n virtue = its  
own sake1 b v>i$ examples ( ! results ( 
ra%ness & folly4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 "o    
reason :y !y are s well suit$ to !      
immature moral judgm5ts ( *ildr54  ,adl]
 says3 ,(t5 :5 a *ild has committ$ "s   
fault1 x is useful to ref] by "n to !   
fable t fits x4 ,z1 :5 a boy has made   
room 9 8 seat = ano!r1 & ! o!r cr[ds him
 out1 ! m]e m5tion ( ! fable ( !        
porcup9e is a tell+ rebuke2 or ! fable (
 ! hawk & ! pigeons may be call$ to m9d 
:5 a boy has be5 guilty ( mean excuses4 
,on ! same pr9ciple t angry *ildr5 are  
sometimes tak5 be=e a mirror to %[ !m h[
 ugly !y look1 ! fable is a k9d ( mirror
 = ! vices ( ! "y4 ,aga93 ,! peculi>    
value ( ! fables is t !y are in/antane\s

 photographs :i* reproduce1 z x 71 9 a  
s+le fla% ( light1 "s "o aspect ( human 
nature1 & :i*1 exclud+ ev]y?+ else1     
p]mit ! att5tion to be entirely fix$ on 
t "o4  ,b ! value ( ! fable rea*es f>   
beyond *ildhood4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* x is 
cit$ 9 ne>ly all ! =ms ( lit]ature1 &   
its aptness to express ! real mean+ ( _m
 episodes 9 real life1 9 politics &     
social ev5ts1 9 peace & w>1 %[ !        
univ]sality ( ! tru? x embodies4 ,a /ory
 :i* engraves a tru?1 z x 7 ) a diamond 
po9t1 ^u a *ild's m9d1 a tru? :i* w     
swiftly int]pret _m ev5ts 9 8 lat] life1
 des]ves to take a high place among     
educative influ5ces4   ,,fables ,,&     
,,nature ,,my?s    ,scudd]'s ,fables &  
,folk ,/ories4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4 
,a,esop's ,fables 7,/ickney74 ,g9n  ,co4
   ,book ( ,leg5ds 7,scudd]74 ,h\ghton1 
,miffl91  ,co4   ,/ories = ,*ildr5      
7,lane74 ,! ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,a    
,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses 7,/ev5son74      
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,a,esop's ,fables4  
,educational ,publi%+ ,co4   ,! ,book ( 

,nature ,my?s 7,holbrook74 ,h\ghton1    
,miffl91  ,co4   ,! ,moral ,in/ruction (
 ,*ildr5 7,adl]71 ,*apt]s ,,vii &       
,,viii4         ,d4 ,appleton  ,co4     
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,second ,,grade ,,/ories 
,,rob9son ,,crusoe  ,9 select+ suitable 
lit]ature = *ildr5 ( ! second grade1 we 
foll[ 9 ! /eps ( a numb] ( di/+ui%$     
writ]s & tea*]s & *oose an ,engli%      
classic--,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,r\sseau gave
 ?is book 8 unqualifi$ approval1 & said 
t x w\ld be ! fir/1 &1 = a "t1 ! only   
book t ,emile %\ld read4 ,! ,h]b>tians h
 be5 us+ x a numb] ( ye>s1 :ile _m      
,am]ican tea*]s h employ$ x = oral "w 9 
second grade1 9 a %ort s*ool edition4 ,9
 "o s5se1 ! book ne$s no introduction1 z
 x has f\nd its way into e nook & corn] 
( ! _w4 ,orig9ally a /ory = adults1 x   
has rea*$ all1 & illu/rat$ ,*ri/mas     
editions1 design$ ev5 = *ildr5 f ?ree   
ye>s & upw>d1 are abundant4 ,to ! y\? ( 
all l&s1 x has be51 to say ! lea/1 a    
s\rce ( delight1 b x has be5 reg>d$ z a 
book = ! family & home4 ,:at w\ld happ5 

%\ld ! s*oolma/] lay 8 h& on ?is        
treasure & desecrate x to s*ool         
purposes6 ,we desire to te/ ?is classic 
"w on ! side ( its p$agogical value &   
its adaptation to ! uses ( regul>       
in/ruction4 ,if x is really unrivall$ z 
a piece ( *ildr5's lit]ature1 p]haps x  
has also no equal = s*ool purposes4  ,9 
mak+ ! transition f ! fairy tale to     
,rob9son ,crusoe1 an int]e/+ diff]5ce or
 contra/ may be notic$4 ,wilmann says3#e
 ',crusoe' is at once simple1 & pla91 & 
fanciful2 to be sure1 9 ! latt] case1   
entirely diff]5t f ! fairy tale4 ,9 !   
fairy /ory ! fancy seldom pu%es rudely  
aga9/ ! b\nd>ies ( ! real _w4 ,b o!rwise
 9 ',crusoe4' ,"h x is ! practical fancy
 t is ar\s$1 if ?is expression appe> n  
contradictory4 ,:at is ,crusoe to d n[8 
,h[ c he help himself8 ,:at means c he  
inv5t8 ,_m ( ! proposals ( ! *ildr5 w h 
to be reject$4 ,! inexorable 'n         
possible' %oves a bolt be=e ! door4 ,!  
imag9ation is compell$ to limit itself  
to ! task ( comb9+ & adju/+ real ?+s4 ,!

 compulsion ( ?+s conditions ! progress 
( ! /ory4 ',?\ghts dwell toge!r easily1 
b ?+s jo/le ea* o!r r\ghly 9 space4'    
#e ,wilmann1 ,pa$agogis*e ,vortraege4   
,!re are o!r /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5     
,crusoe & ! folk-lore /ories1 b 9 ?is   
contra/ we are n[ *iefly conc]n$4 ,aft] 
rea*+ ! isl&1 he is *eck$ & limit$ at e 
/ep by ! physical laws impos$ by nature4
 ,/ruggle & fret z he may aga9/ ^!      
limits1 he becomes at la/ a philosoph]1 
& quietly takes up ! /ruggle = exi/5ce  
"u ^? inexorable conditions4 ,! *ild (  
sev5 or eight is vaguely acqua9t$ ) _m (
 ! simple employm5ts ( ! h\sehold & ( ! 
neighborhood4 ,crusoe also _h a vague   
memory ( h[ p 9 society 9 diff]5t trades
 & occupations supply ! necess>ies &    
com=ts ( life4 ,ev5 ! fairy /ories give 
_m h9ts ( ?is k9d ( k1 b ,rob9son       
,crusoe is face to face ) ! s\r facts4  
,he is cut (f f help & left to 8 own    
res\rces4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! /ory is 9 see+  
h[ he w %ift = himself & ex]cise 8 wits 
to insure pl5ty & com=t4 ,) few tools & 

on a b>b>\s coa/1 he und]takes :at m5 9 
society1 by mutual ex*ange & by division
 ( labor1 h mu* difficulty 9 p]=m+4     
,crusoe becomes a c>p5t]1 a bak] & cook1
 a hunt]1 a pott]1 a fi%]1 a f>m]1 a    
tailor1 a boatman1 a /ock-rais]1 a      
basket-mak]1 a %oemak]1 a tann]1 a      
fruit-gr[]1 a mason1 a physician4 ,& n  
only s1 b he grapples ) ! difficulties (
 ea* trade or occupation 9 a bungl+     
mann] because ( inexp]i5ce & lack (     
skill & exact k4 ,he is an exp]im5t] &  
te/] along _m l9es4 ,! entire abs5ce (  
help]s c5tres ! :ole int]e/ ( ?is v>i$  
/ruggle 9 "o p]son4 ,x is to be rememb]$
 t ,crusoe is no g5ius1 b ! ord9>y boy  
or man4 ,he has abundant v>iety ( ne$s  
su* z a *ild re>$ "u civiliz$ conditions
 has le>n$ to feel4 ,! :ole range (     
activities1 usually di/ribut$ to v>i\s  
classes & p]sons 9 society1 re/s n[ ^u 8
 s+le %\ld]s4 ,if he 7 an exp]t 9 all   
directions1 ! task w\ld be easi]1 b he  
has only vague k & sc>cely any skill4 ,!
 *ild1 !re=e1 :o reads ?is /ory1 by     

reason ( ! sl[1 toilsome1 & bungl+      
processes ( ,crusoe 9 meet+ 8 ne$s1     
becomes aw>e h[ difficult & labori\s are
 ! ef=ts by :i* ! simple1 common ne$s ( 
all *ildr5 are suppli$4  ,a ref]5ce to !
 diff]5t trades & call+s t ,crusoe      
assumes w %[ u t he is n deal+ ) r>e &  
unusual ev5ts1 b ) ! common1 simple     
employm5ts t lie at ! basis ( society 9 
all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! c>p5t]1 ! bak]1 !   
f>m]1 ! %oemak]1 etc41 are at "w 9 e    
village 9 e l&4 ,d\btless ?is is "o     
reason :y ! /ory acquires su* a hold 9 !
 mo/ div]se c\ntries4 ,! ,arab or !     
,*9ese boy1 ! ,g]man or ,am]ican *ild1  
f9ds ! /ory t\*+ ! ord9>y facts ( 8 own 
surr\nd+s4 ,?\gh ! /ory f9ds its sett+ 9
 a f>-away1 lonely isl& 9 tropical seas1
 ,crusoe is daily try+ to create !      
objects & conditions ( 8 old home 9     
,engl&4 ,b ^! are ! same objects t      
surr\nd e *ild2 & !re=e1 9 read+        
,rob9son ,crusoe1 ! pupil is mak+ an    
exhau/ive & int]e/+ /udy ( 8 own home4  
,! pres5ce ( a tropical vegetation & ( a

 /range climate does n s]i\sly impair   
?is fact4 ,! skill ( a great lit]>y     
arti/ appe>s 9 8 p[] to create a        
situation almo/ devoid ( common com=ts &
 bless+s & !n 9 sett+ 8 h]o to "w to    
create !m by s+le-h&$ ef=t4  ,x w h>dly 
be que/ion$ t ! /udy ( ! home & home    
neighborhood by *ildr5 is "o ( ! l>ge & 
prom95t problems 9 education4 ,out ( _! 
social1 economic1 & physical environm5t 
*ildr5 get ! mo/ important lessons (    
life4 ,n only does ! home furni% a v>i$ 
fund ( in=mation t enables !m to        
int]pret books1 & p1 & in/itutions1 z !y
 soon] or lat] g out into ! _w1 b all ! 
facts ga!r$ by exp]i5ce & read+ 9 di/ant
 fields mu/ fl[ back aga9 to give deep] 
mean+ to ! labors & duties :i* surr\nd  
ea* citiz5 9 8 own home4 ,b society )   
its comm]ce1 education1 & indu/ries1 is 
an exce$+ly complex affair4 ,! *ild kn[s
 n :]e to beg9 to unravel ?is endless   
ma*9]y ( =ms & in/itutions4 ,9 a s5se he
 mu/ get away f or dis5tangle himself f 
8 surr\nd+s 9 ord] to und]/& !m4 ,!re   

are no complex conditions surr\nd+      
,crusoe1 & he takes up ! labors ( !     
common trades 9 a simple & primitive    
mann]4 ,physical & m5tal ef=t are dem&$ 
at e /ep1 f ,crusoe & f ! *ildr54 ,_m ( 
8 ef=ts involve repeat$ failure1 z 9    
mak+ pott]y1 9 build+ a boat1 :ile "s   
?+s t he und]takes ) pa9ful toil nev]   
atta9 success4 ,! lesson ( toil & h>d%ip
 connect$ ) ! simple indu/ries is "o (  
great mom5t to *ildr54 ,our :ole social 
fabric is bas$ on ^! toils1 & x is "o ( 
! be/ results ( a s\nd education to     
realize ! place & importance ( h>d "w4  
,x sc>cely ne$s to be po9t$ out t       
,crusoe typifies a long p]iod ( man's   
e>ly hi/ory1 ! age :5 m5 7 le>n+ !      
rudim5ts ( civilization by tak+ up !    
toils ( ! blacksmi?1 ! agriculturi/1 !  
build]1 ! dome/icator ( animals &       
plants4 ,m5 em]g$ f b>b>ism z !y sl[ly &
 pa9fully ga9$ ! ma/]y ov] ! res\rces ( 
nature4 ,crusoe is a sort ( univ]sal    
man1 embody+ 9 8 s+le ef=t t upw>d      
movem5t ( m5 :i* has /eadily c>ri$ !m to

 ! high] levels ( progress4 ,x has be5  
said ) "s tru? t ,rob9son ,crusoe is a  
philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,b we sc>cely ne$  
su* a high-s\nd+ "n4 ,to ! *ild he is a 
v concrete1 individual man1 ) v simple &
 int]e/+ duties4  ,9 a second po9t !    
au?or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe %[s himself a  
lit]>y ma/]4 ,!re is an int5se & naive  
realism 9 8 /ory4 ,ev5 if "o 7 s        
dispos$1 x w\ld require a /rong ef=t to 
break loose f ! feel+ t we are 9 !      
pres5ce ( real exp]i5ces4 ,!re is a     
quiet b irresi/ible assumption (        
unv>ni%$ & ev5 disagreeable fact 9 !    
n>rative4 ,b x is useless to describe ! 
/yle ( a book s famili>4 ,its p[] ov]   
y\?ful fancy & feel+ has be5 too (t5    
exp]i5c$ to be d\bt$4 ,! vivid int]e/   
:i* ! book awak5s is c]ta9 to c>ry home 
:atev] lessons x may tea* ) add$ =ce4 ,s
 great is ?is influ5ce t boys sometimes 
imitate ! ef=ts ( ,crusoe by mak+ caves1
 build+ ov5s1 & assum+ a /yle ( dress & 
liv+ t approximates ,crusoe's /ate4 ,?is
 supplies to tea*]s a h9t ( "s value4 ,!

 /ory ( ,crusoe %\ld lead to excursions 
into ! home neighborhood = ! purpose ( a
 clos] exam9ation ( ! trades &          
occupations !re repres5t$4 ,an imitation
 ( 8 labors may also be enc\rag$4 ,!    
ef=t to m\ld & bake vessels f pott]'s   
clay1 ! platt+ ( baskets f will[ )es1 ! 
use ( tools 9 mak+ boxes or tables may  
be attempt$ f> en\gh to discov] h[ lack+
 9 practical ability ! *ildr5 are4 ,?is 
w c]ta9ly tea* !m great] respect =      
manual skill4  ,f ! previ\s discussion x
 might appe> t we reg>d ! /ory ( ,crusoe
 z te*nological & indu/rial r ?an moral4
 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t a   
book is n moral because x is n          
p]petually disp5s+ moral platitudes4    
,mo/ m5's lives are ma9ly indu/rial4 ,! 
display ( moral qualities is only       
occasional & incid5tal4 ,! developm5t ( 
moral "* is co9cid5t ) ! labors &       
exp]i5ces ( life & spr+s out ( !m1 be+  
manife/$ by ! _s ) :i* "o acts t[>d 8   
fell[-m54 ,b ,crusoe 0 alone on 8 isl&1 
& !re might seem to be no opportunity to

 be moral 9 relation to o!rs4 ,society1 
to be sure1 0 conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 
,b ! int5se long+ ) :i* he ?\ght ( !    
home & companion%ips lo/ is p]haps !    
/ronge/ s5tim5t 9 ! book4 ,8 lonel9ess  
br+s out mo/ vividly 8 true relation to 
home & fri5ds4  ,8 e>ly life1 till !    
%ipwreck1 0 t ( a wayw>d & reckless y\?1
 disob$i5t to p>5ts & seem+ly )\t moral 
scruples4 ,ev5 dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ^u !   
isl& !re appe>s little moral *ange or   
bett]m5t4 ,b sl[ly ! bitt] exp]i5ces ( 8
 lonely life sob] him4 ,he f9ds a       
,bible1 & a fit ( sickness reveals !    
di/resses t may lie be=e him4 ,:5 once !
 *ange has set 91 x is rapid & ?or\gh4  
,he becomes dev\t1 he longs to return to
 8 p>5ts & atone = 8 faults4 ,a complete
 re=mation ( 8 moral disposition is     
effect$4 ,if "o w take ! pa9s to read ! 
orig9al ,rob9son ,crusoe he w f9d x     
surpris+ly s]i\s & moral 9 its tone4 ,he
 devotes mu* "t to soliloquiz+ on !     
di/resses ( 8 condition & ^u ! causes   
:i* h br\ght him to mis]y4 ,he diagnoses

 8 case ) an am\nt ( detail t mu/ be    
t$i\s to *ildr54 ,! fact t ^! p>ts ( !  
book (t5 leave little direct impression 
^u *ildr5 is pro( t !y are *iefly engag$
 ) ! adv5ture & physical emb>rassm5ts ( 
,crusoe4 ,= ! pres5t x is suffici5t to  
obs]ve t ! /ory is deeply & int5sely    
moral bo? 9 its _s & 9 ! *anges describ$
 9 ,crusoe4  ,we are next l$ to inquire 
:e!r ! indu/rial & moral lessons conta9$
 9 ?is /ory are likely to be extract$ f 
x by a boy or girl :o reads x alone1 )\t
 ! aid ( a tea*]4 ,mo/ "y read]s (      
,crusoe are c>ri$ along by ! int]e/+    
adv5ture4 ,x is a v surpris+ & ent]ta9+ 
/ory4 ,b *ildr5 ev5 less ?an adults are 
incl9$ to g deep] ?an ! surface & draw  
up hidd5 treasures4 ,de ,foe's "w is a  
piece ( classic lit]ature4 ,b few p are 
incl9$ to get at ! deep] mean+ & _s ( a 
classical ma/]piece unless !y g ?r\gh x 
9 companion%ip ) a tea*] :o is gift$ to 
disclose its bett] mean+4 ,?is is true (
 any classical product we might m5tion4 
,x %\ld be ! peculi> function ( ! s*ool 

to cultivate a ta/e1 & an appreciative  
ta/e1 = ! be/ lit]ature2 n by leav+ x to
 ! haphaz>d home read+ ( pupils1 b by   
select+ ! be/ ?+s adapt$ to ! m9ds (    
*ildr5 & !n employ+ true tea*+ skill to 
br+ ^! treasures close to ! he>ts &     
sympa?ies ( *ildr54 ,_m "y p d n read   
,rob9son ,crusoe at all2 _m o!rs d n    
appreciate its bett] phases4 ,! s*ool w 
mu* improve its "w by tak+ = its own ?is
 be/ ( *ildr5's /ories1 & by ext5d+ &   
deep5+ ! *ildr5's appreciation ( a      
classic4  ,! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe is 
made by ! ,h]b>tians ! nucleus = !      
conc5tration ( /udies 9 ! second ye>4   
,?is importance is giv5 to x on acc\nt (
 its /rong moral tone & because ( its   
univ]sal typical "* 9 man's developm5t4 
,)\t attempt+ a solution ( ! problem (  
conc5tration at ?is juncture1 we %\ld at
 lea/ obs]ve ! relations ( ?is /ory to !
 o!r /udies4 ,wilmann says3 ,! ev]y:]e &
 n[h]e ( ! fairy tale gives place to !  
fir/ geographical limitations4 ,!       
cont95ts1 ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe1    

come up1 besides a s]ies ( geographical 
concepts su* z isl&1 coa/1 bay1 riv]1   
hill1 m\nta91 sea1 etc4 ,! diff]5ce 9   
climate is surpris+4 ,crusoe fe>s ! w9t]
 & prep>es = x1 b 8 fe> is ne$less1 = no
 w9t] rea*es 8 isl&4 ,we h already      
obs]v$ its in/ructive treatm5t ( !      
common occupations :i* prep>e = lat]    
geographical /udy1 z well z = natural   
sci5ce4  ,_m plants & animals are br\ght
 to notice :i* w\ld furni% a good beg9n+
 = natural sci5ce lessons4 ,x is        
advisable1 h[ev]1 to /udy r ^? home     
animals & plants :i* correspond be/ to !
 tropical products or animals 9 !       
lessons4 ,tropical fruits1 ! p>rot1 & ! 
goat we (t5 meet at home1 b 9 addition1 
! %eep1 ! ox1 ! mock+-bird1 ! woodpeck]1
 our native fruits & gra9s1 & ! fi%1    
turtles1 & m9]als ( ! home1 may well be 
sugge/$ & /udi$ 9 sci5ce lessons p>allel
 ) ! life ( ,crusoe4  ,foll[+ ^u ! oral 
treatm5t & discussion ( ,rob9son ,crusoe
 ! *ildr5 are easily l$ to l ef=ts at   
con/ruction1 z1 = in/ance1 ! mak+ ( a   

raft1 ! build+ ( ! cave & /ockade1 !    
mak+ ( *airs & tables1 ! m\ld+ ( j>s &  
kettles out ( clay1 ! weav+ ( baskets1 !
 prep>ation & cook+ ( foods1 ! plant+ ( 
gra9s1 ! con/ruction ( an ov5 or h\se1  
boat build+1 & o!r labors ( ,crusoe 9   
provid+ = 8 wants4  ,x is q cu/om>y n[ 9
 second grade to set ! *ildr5 to "w 9 ^!
 ef=ts to solve ,crusoe's problems1 s t 
!y1 by work+ ) actual mat]ials1 may     
realize m fully ! difficulties & trials 
to :i* he 0 subject$4 ,9 close          
connection ) ^! con/ructive ef=ts are ! 
draw+s ( ! sc5es ( ! /ory1 su* z !      
%ipwreck1 ! /ockade1 ! boat1 ! map ( !  
isl&1 & "s ( ! lat] ev5ts ( ! /ory4 ,a  
/ill fur!r means ( giv+ reality to !    
ev5ts is to dramatize "s ( ! sc5es      
betwe5 ,friday & ,crusoe1 & to dress &  
equip ^! & o!r p]sons 9 ! /ory 9 fitt+  
mann]4 ,! *ildr5 gladly ent] into su*   
dramatic action4 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( draw+1 
action1 & con/ructive "w are 9 close    
connection ) ! home /udies ( indu/ries &
 occupations1--f>m+1 g>d5+1 c>p5t] &    

blacksmi? %ops1 weav+1 cook+1 bak]ies1 &
 excursions to %ops--:i* foll[ ! ,crusoe
 /ory 9 ! /udy ( home geography 9 ! ?ird
 grade4  ,al?\gh ! /ory %\ld be giv5 &  
discuss$ orally1 ! *ildr5 %\ld also read
 x lat] z a "p ( ! regul> read+ ex]cise 
( ! c\rse4 ,in/ead ( suff]+ f ?is       
repetition1 _! int]e/ w only be         
increas$4 ,classical products usually   
ga9 by repetition4 ,! facts are br\ght  
out m cle>ly & ! deep] mean+ is p]ceiv$4
 ,to h ! oral treatm5t ( a /ory prec$e  
its read+ by "s weeks or mon?s produces 
an excell5t effect ^u ! /yle ( ! read+4 
,! ?\ght be+ famili>1 & ! int]e/ /rong1 
! expression w be vigor\s & natural4    
,*ildr5 take a pride 9 read+ a /ory :i* 
!y at fir/ mu/ receive orally = lack (  
read+ p[]4  ,! same advantage\s drill 9 
! use ( good ,engli% accrues to !       
,crusoe /ory t 0 obs]v$ 9 ! fairy tales4
 ,!re is abundant opportunity = oral    
n>rative & description4  ,! use ( !     
p5cil & *alk 9 graphic repres5tation    
%\ld be enc\rag$ bo? 9 tea*] & 9 pupils4

 ,?us ! eye becomes m accurate 9        
obs]vation & ! h& m free & facile 9     
trac+ ! outl9es ( ! int]e/+ =ms /udi$4  
,! use ( tools & mat]ials 9 con/ruction 
gives ideas an an*orage1 n only 9 !     
bra91 b ev5 9 ! n]ves & muscles4  ,9 ?us
 glanc+ ov] ! field we discov] ! same   
_m-sid$ & intimate relation ) o!r s*ool 
/udies1 z 9 ! previ\s grade4 ,9 fact1   
,crusoe is ! fir/ ext5d$ classical      
ma/]piece :i* is pres5t$ to ! *ildr5 z a
 :ole4 ,su* p>ts ( ! /ory z are ( mo/   
p$agogical value %\ld be simplifi$ &    
wov5 toge!r into a cont9u\s n>rative4 ,t
 "p ( ! /ory :i* prec$es ! %ipwreck may 
be r$uc$ to a few p>agraphs :i* br+ out 
cle>ly 8 e>ly home surr\nd+s1 8         
disob$i5ce & ! des]tion ( 8 p>5ts1 & !  
voyage :i* l$ to 8 lonely life ^u !     
isl&4 ,! p]iod embrac$ 9 8 companionless
 labors & exp]i5ces con/itutes !        
important "p = s*ool uses4 ,a few ( ! m 
important episodes foll[+ ! capture (   
,friday & 8 return home may be briefly  
told4 ,we deem x a long /ep =w>d to get 

"s ( our great classical ma/]pieces     
firmly emb$d$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( our s*ool 
c\rse4 ,x w contribute almo/ z mu* to ! 
culture & /imulation ( tea*]s z (       
pupils4  ,! me?od ( h&l+ ?is n>rative   
be=e ! class w be simil> to t ( ! fairy 
tales4 ,a simple & vivid recital ( !    
facts1 ) frequ5t que/ions & discussions1
 s z to draw ! /ory clos] to ! *ild's   
own ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 %\ld be made by ! 
tea*]4 ,mu* skill 9 illu/rative device1 
9 graphic description1 9 diagram or     
draw+1 9 ! appeal to ! s5se exp]i5ces ( 
! pupils1 is 9 dem&4 ,! excursion to    
places ( int]e/ 9 ! neighborhood sugge/$
 by ! /ory beg9s to be an important     
factor ( ! s*ool ex]cises4 ,z *ildr5 gr[
 old] !y acquire skill & confid5ce 9    
oral n>rative1 & %\ld be held to great] 
indep5d5ce 9 oral reproductions4  ,"o ( 
! be/ s*ool editions ( ,rob9son ,crusoe 
is publi%$ by ,g9n  ,co4  ,a simple     
edition = second grade is publi%$ by !  
,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co4  ,! tea*]  
%\ld be suppli$ ) "o ( ! l>g]1 full]    

editions ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 l t (      
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co41 9 ! ,riv]side 
,lit]ature ,s]ies4 ,x furni%es a mu*    
full] detail ( k = ! tea*]'s use4 ,x w  
also be ( great advantage = classroom   
use to possess an illu/rat$ edition l t 
( ,george ,r\tl$ge  ,sons4  ,! full     
treatm5t ( ?is /ory1 fir/ 9 simple1 oral
 n>rative1 lat] by its use z a read+    
book1 & lat] /ill by ! *ild read+ !     
complete edition = himself 9 private1   
illu/rates ! int5sive conc5tration (    
?\ght & con/ructive activity ^u a great 
piece ( lit]ature z oppos$ to a loose & 
sup]ficial treatm5t4 ,su* a piece ( "w  
%\ld rema9 = life a s\rce ( deep] ?\ght1
 feel+1 & exp]i5ce4   ,,o!r ,,editions  
,life & ,adv5tures ( ,rob9son ,crusoe4  
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,rob9son ,crusoe4 
,lee & ,%ep>d4   ,rob9son ,crusoe =     
,y\nge/ ,read]s4 ,educational ,pub4 ,co4
   ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,univ]sity ,publi%+
 ,co4   ,de ,foe's ,rob9son ,crusoe     
7,hale74 ,g9n  ,co4   ,de ,foe's        
,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,mayn>d1 ,m]rill1     

,co4   ,,hiawa?a  ,! /ory ( ,hiawa?a has
 be5 mu* us$ = oral treatm5t 9 prim>y   
grades1 & z a basis = ex]cises 9 le>n+  
to read4 ,lat] ! complete poem has be5  
mu* read 9 ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? grade z a
 piece ( *oice lit]ature4  ,a /ory :i*  
is gr[+ s rapidly 9 favor ) prim>y      
tea*]s may expla9 our ef=t to det]m9e   
its educational value4  ,t ! /ory beg9s 
) ! e>ly *ildhood ( ,hiawa?a & describes
 8 home & e>ly tra9+ at ! feet (        
,nokomis1 is at lea/ "o po9t 9 its      
favor4      ,by ! %ores ( ,git*e ,gumee1
   ,by ! %9+ ,big-,sea-,wat]1   ,/ood ! 
wigwam ( ,nokomis1   ,daught] ( ! ,moon1
 ,nokomis4   ,d>k beh9d x rose ! =e/1   
,rose ! black & gloomy p9e-trees1       
,rose ! firs ) cones ^u !m2   ,bright   
be=e x beat ! wat]1   ,beat ! cle> &    
sunny wat]1   ,beat ! %9+               
,big-,sea-,wat]4   ,!re ! wr9kl$1 old   
,nokomis   ,nurs$ ! little ,hiawa?a1    
,rock$ him 9 8 l9d5 cradle1   ,b$d$ s(t 
9 moss & ru%es1   ,safely b\nd ) re9de] 
s9ews4  ,! traditions & /ories he le>n$ 

f ! lips ( ,nokomis w rem9d *ildr5 ( _! 
own home life1 :ile 8 companion%ip )    
birds & animals w t\* !m 9 a sympa!tic  
place4      ,!n ! little ,hiawa?a       
,le>n$ ( e bird its language1   ,le>n$  
_! names & all _! secrets1   ,h[ !y     
built _! ne/s 9 ,summ]1   ,:]e !y hid   
!mselves 9 ,w9t]1   ,talk$ ) !m :5e'er  
he met !m1   ,call$ !m ,hiawa?a's       
,*ick5s4  ,! games & ex]cises ( 8 y\? w 
rem9d !m ( _! own sports & introduce !m 
to ,indian life4 ,?is home ( ,hiawa?a1 &
 ! description ( 8 *ildhood1 are a happy
 introduction to ! simple surr\nd+s (   
,indian life on ! %ores ( ! nor!rn sea4 
,primitive ,indian modes ( life1        
traditions & my?s1 appeal naturally to  
*ildr51 & ! :ole /ory has ?is sett+ (   
e>ly simplicity :i* adapts x 9 _m ways  
to *ild /udy4 ,! ,indian nature my?s1   
:i* 9 !mselves are attractive1 are "h   
wov5 into a connect$ s]ies by _!        
relation to ,hiawa?a 9 ! tra9+ ( 8      
*ildhood & 9 ! exploits ( 8 manhood4  ,!
 numb] ( pure fairy tales scatt]$ ?r\gh 

! /ory adapts x especially = "y *ildr51 
:ile ! descriptions ( home cu/oms1      
fea/s1 w$d+s1 m]rymak+1 & games1 %[ !   
happi] side ( _! life4      ,ye :o love 
a nation's leg5ds1   ,love ! ballads ( a
 p1   ,t l voices f af> (f   ,call to u 
to pause & li/51   ,speak 9 tones s pla9
 & *ildlike1   ,sc>cely c ! e> di/+ui%  
,:e!r !y are sung or spok52--   ,li/5 to
 ?is ,indian ,leg5d1   ,to ?is song (   
,hiawa?a6   ,ye ^: he>ts are fre% &     
simple1   ,:o h fai? 9 ,god & ,nature1  
,:o believe1 t 9 all ages   ,e human    
he>t is human1   ,t 9 ev5 savage bosoms 
,!re are long+s1 ye>n+s1 /riv+s   ,= !  
good !y compreh5d n1   ,t ! feeble h&s &
 helpless1   ,grop+ bl9dly 9 ! d>kness1 
,t\* ,god's "r h& 9 t d>kness1   ,& are 
lift$ up & /r5g!n$2--   ,li/5 to ?is    
simple /ory1   ,to ?is ,song ( ,hiawa?a6
  ,! description ( husk+ "t is su* a    
pleas+ sc5e1 :ile ! picture writ+ ( !   
,indians1 _! totems & rude draw+s1 are 9
 h>mony ) _! traditions & religion4     
,on ! bord] ( ! =e/1   ,und]nea? !      

fragrant p9e-trees1   ,sat ! old m5 & ! 
w>riors   ,smok+ 9 ! pleasant %ad[4   ,9
 un9t]rupt$ sil5ce   ,look$ !y at !     
gamesome labor   ,( ! "y m5 & ! wom52   
,li/5$ to _! noisy talk+1   ,to _!      
laught] & _! s++1   ,he>d !m *att]+ l ! 
magpies1   ,he>d !m laugh+ l ! blue     
jays1   ,he>d !m s++ l ! rob9s4   ,&    
:5e'er "s lucky maid5   ,f\nd a r$ e> 9 
! husk+1   ,f\nd a maize-e> r$ z blood  
is1   ,nu%ka6 cri$ !y all toge!r1       
,nu%ka6 y %all h a swee!>t1   ,y %all h 
a h&some husb&6   ,ugh6 ! old m5 all    
respond$   ,f _! seats b5ea? !          
p9e-trees4      ,& ! ,jossake$s1 !      
,prophets1   ,! ,wab5os1 ! ,magicians1  
,& ! ,m$ic9e-m51 ! ,m$as1   ,pa9t$ ^u   
b>k & de]-sk9   ,figures = ! songs !y   
*ant$1   ,= ea* song a sep>ate symbol1  
,figures my/ical & awful1   ,figures    
/range & brightly color$2   ,& ea*      
figure _h its mean+1   ,ea* "s magic    
song sugge/$4  ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+        
features ( ?is /ory is its sett+ 9      
nature4 ,m ?an any o!r piece ( lit]ature

 n[ us$ 9 ! s*ool1 x is r$ol5t ( fields 
& =e/4    ,%\ld y ask me1 :5ce ^!       
/ories1   ,:5ce ^! leg5ds & traditions1 
,) ! odors ( ! =e/1   ,) ! dew & damp ( 
mead[s1   ,) ! curl+ smoke ( wigwams1   
,) ! ru%+ ( great riv]s1   ,) _! frequ5t
 repetitions1   ,& _! wild rev]b]ations1
   ,z ( ?und] 9 ! m\nta9s8   ,i %\ld    
answ]1 ,i %\ld tell y1     ,f ! =e/s & !
 prairies1   ,f ! great lakes ( !       
,nor?l&1   ,f ! l& ( ! ,ojibways1   ,f !
 l& ( ! ,dacotahs1   ,f ! m\nta9s1      
moors1 & f5l&s1   ,:]e ! h]on1 !        
,%uh-%uh-gah1   ,fe$s among ! re$s &    
ru%es4      ,%\ld y ask :]e ,nawadaha   
,f\nd ^! songs1 s wild & wayw>d1   ,f\nd
 ^! leg5ds & traditions1   ,i %\ld      
answ]1 ,i %\ld tell y1     ,9 !         
birds'-ne/s ( ! =e/1   ,9 ! lodges ( !  
beav]1   ,9 ! ho(-pr9ts ( ! bison1   ,9 
! eyry ( ! eagle6     ,all ! wild-f[l   
sang !m to him1   ,9 ! moorl&s & !      
f5l&s1   ,9 ! melan*oly m>%es2          
,*et[aik1 ! plov]1 sang !m1   ,mahng1 ! 
loon1 ! wild-goose1 ,wawa1   ,! blue    

h]on1 ! ,%uh-%uh-gah1   ,& ! gr\se1 !   
,mu%kodasa6  ,?is description (         
primitive man is z complete an          
absorption into 8 natural surr\nd+s z is
 possible4 ,8 food & clo?+1 8 t5ts &    
boats1 8 weapons & w> ge>1 are drawn    
directly f nature's fir/ supplies1 &    
man1 9 ?is case1 seems almo/ a "p (     
nature1 s completely are 8 ?\ghts &     
activities det]m9$ & color$ by 8        
environm5t4 ,l ! animals1 9 _!          
protective color+1 he becomes an        
undi/+ui%able "p ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,8      
nature my?s & sup]/itions are b phases &
 expressions ( ! contact ( 8 crude m9d )
 =ces & objects 9 nature4 ,9 ?is respect
 !re are _m int]e/+ sugge/ions ( simil> 
int]pretations among ! ,norse & ,greek  
my?ologies4  ,! close & fri5dly contact 
( ,hiawa?a ) trees & animals1 8         
companion%ip ) ! squirrel1 ! woodpeck]1 
& ! beav]1 8 talk+ acqua9tance ) trees (
 ! =e/1 ) ! fi%es 9 ! ,big-,sea-,wat]1 &
 ) ! ma/]s ( ! w9ds1 ! /orm1 & ! ?und]1 
make him an int]e/+ guide = ! *ildr5    

among ! realms ( nature4      ,ye :o    
love ! haunts ( nature1   ,love ! sun%9e
 ( ! mead[1   ,love ! %ad[ ( ! =e/1     
,love ! w9d among ! bran*es1   ,& !     
ra9-%[] & ! sn[-/orm1   ,& ! ru%+ (     
great riv]s   ,?r\gh _! palisades (     
p9e-trees1   ,& ! ?und] 9 ! m\nta9s1    
,^: innum]able e*oes   ,flap l eagles 9 
_! eyries2--   ,li/5 to ^! wild         
traditions1   ,to ?is ,song ( ,hiawa?a6 
,a happy1 sympa!tic love = ! sights &   
s\nds 9 nature is a =tunate beg9n+ (    
nature lore4 ,! imag9ative              
int]pretations are common to all ! e>ly 
races & 9 full h>mony ) ! temp] (       
*ildhood4 ,ev5 f ! /&po9t ( nature /udy1
 ?is e>ly poetic joy 9 nature           
descriptions is pr(itable4 ,!           
matt]-(-fact1 analytic /udy ( natural   
sci5ce 9 succe$+ ye>s ne$ n begrudge !  
*ildr5 ?is happ9ess1 ?is int]pretative  
play ( ! imag9ation1 ?is music ( field &
 =e/4 ,9 e>ly *ildhood1 nature & poetry 
are "o1 & z ,l[ell says1 ,let u n g ab\t
 to make life dull] ?an x is4  ,!       

simplicity & beauty ( ! language &      
figure ( spee* make _m p>ts ( ?is poem  
especially appropriate = *ildr54        
,"y & beautiful 0 ,wabun2   ,he x 0 :o  
br\ght ! morn+1   ,he x 0 ^: silv] arr[s
   ,*as$ ! d>k o'er hill & valley2   ,he
 x 0 ^: *eeks 7 pa9t$   ,) ! brighte/   
/reaks ( crimson1   ,& ^: voice awoke ! 
village1   ,call$ ! de]1 & call$ !      
hunt]4    ,he mean:ile sat we>y wait+   
,= ! com+ ( ,mondam91   ,till ! %ad[s1  
po9t+ ea/w>d1   ,l5g!n$ ov] field & =e/1
   ,till ! sun dropp$ f ! heav51        
,float+ on ! wat]s we/w>d1   ,z a r$    
leaf 9 ! ,autumn   ,falls & floats ^u ! 
wat]1   ,falls & s9ks into its bosom4   
,& ! pleasant wat]-c\rses1   ,y c\ld    
trace !m ?r\gh ! valley1   ,by ! ru%+ 9 
! ,spr+-"t1   ,by ! ald]s 9 ! ,summ]4   
,by ! :ite fog 9 ! ,autumn1   ,by !     
black l9e 9 ! ,w9t]4  ,! simple music & 
rhy?m ( ! poetic =m is s delightful to  
*ildr5 t !y absorb :ole passages into _!
 memory )\t consci\s ef=t4 ,! m]e       
re-read+ ( p>ts ( ! poem to little      

*ildr5 "u six ye>s w (t5 produce ?is    
happy result4 ,a little girl ( ?ree ye>s
 pick$ up1 among o!rs1 ?is passage3--   
,d>k beh9d x rose ! =e/1   ,rose ! black
 & gloomy p9e-trees1   ,rose ! firs )   
cones ^u !m2   ,bright be=e x beat !    
wat]1   ,beat ! cle> & sunny wat]1      
,beat ! %9+ ,big-,sea-,wat]4  ,!        
repetitions ( ! same or simil> passages1
 s common ?r\gh\t ! poem1 is a          
successful appeal to *ildr5's favor4 ,x 
gives ! /ory a sort ( ,"m ,goose flavor 
:i* is delightful4  ,:ile ! /ory c5tres 
9 ,hiawa?a1 x has a v>iety ( int]e/+    
p]sonalities1 giv+ expression to ! /rik+
 features ( ?is primitive society4      
,hiawa?a's lov$ ones1 ,m9nehaha & old   
,nokomis1 /& fir/1 & 8 *os5 fri5ds are  
next4    ,two good fri5ds _h ,hiawa?a1  
,s+l$ out f all ! o!rs1   ,b\nd to him 9
 close/ union1   ,& to :om he gave ! "r 
h&   ,( 8 he>t 9 joy & sorr[2           
,*ibiabos1 ! musician1   ,& ! v /rong   
man1 ,kwas9d4      ,& ^! two1 z ,i h    
told y1   ,7 ! fri5ds ( ,hiawa?a1       

,*ibiabos1 ! musician1   ,& ! v /rong   
man1 ,kwas9d4   ,long !y liv$ 9 peace   
toge!r1   ,spake ) nak$ he>ts toge!r1   
,pond]+ mu* & mu* contriv+   ,h[ !      
tribes ( m5 might prosp]4  ,9 connection
 ) ^! p]sons is a mo/ pleas+ s]ies (    
adv5tures1 br++ to notice ^? h]oic      
qualities :i* *ildr5 love to witness4 ,!
 v /rong man1 ,kwas9d1 is a fitt+       
companion 9 _! ?\ghts to ,samson &      
,h]cules2 & ,*ibiabos1    ,he ! be/ (   
all musicians1   ,he ! sweete/ ( all    
s+]s1  has _h _m a prototype s9ce ! days
 ( ,orpheus4  ,pau-,puk-,keewis1 ) 8    
danc+ & tricks1 w also prove a curi\s   
"*1 some?+ l ,proteus ( old4    ,y %all 
he> h[ ,pau-,puk-,keewis   ,he1 ! h&some
 ,y5adizze1   ,:om ! p call$ ! ,/orm    
,fool1   ,vex$ ! village ) di/urbance2  
,y %all he> ( all 8 mis*ief1   ,& 8     
flight f ,hiawa?a1   ,& 8 wondr\s       
transmigrations1   ,& ! end ( 8         
adv5tures4  ,! "* ( ,hiawa?a1 z ( !     
b5efactor1 ( "o devot$1 ) high purpose1 
to ! welf>e ( 8 p1 may be reg>d$ z !    

deep] motive ( ! au?or4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( 
ideal good 9 ,hiawa?a :i* gives tone &  
mean+ to ! :ole poem4      ,y %all he>  
h[ ,hiawa?a   ,pray$ & fa/$ 9 ! =e/1    
,n = great] skill 9 hunt+1   ,n = great]
 craft 9 fi%+1   ,n = triumphs 9 !      
battle1   ,& r5[n among ! w>riors1   ,b 
= pr(it ( ! p1   ,= advantage ( !       
nations4  ,! views ( geography & hi/ory 
at ! beg9n+ & close ( ! poem n only give
 a broad scope to ! /ory1 b h an int]e/+
 be>+ ^u ! /udy ( geography & hi/ory 9  
^? ye>s ( s*ool :i* imm$iately foll[4 ,!
 n>rative rea*es f ! ,vale ( ,tawas5?a 9
 ,new ,york1 across ! great lakes & %9+ 
,big-,sea-,wat] to ,m9nehaha & ! ,upp]  
,mississippi1 & ev5 to ! prairies & !   
di/ant ,rocky ,m\nta9s beyond4 ,9 !     
summon+ ( ! tribes at ! ,great ,pipe    
,/one ,qu>ry !re is a broad survey ( !  
,indian tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4       
,f ! vale ( ,tawas5?a1   ,f ! ,valley ( 
,wyom+1   ,f ! groves ( ,tuscaloosa1    
,f ! f>-(f ,rocky ,m\nta9s1   ,f !      
,nor!rn lakes & riv]s   ,all ! tribes   

beheld ! signal1   ,saw ! di/ant smoke  
asc5d+1   ,! ,pukwana ( ! ,peace-,pipe4 
,d[n ! riv]s1 o'er ! prairies1   ,came !
 w>riors ( ! nations4  ,a map ( ,nor?   
,am]ica is necess>y = %[+ ! mean+ ( ?is 
description to ! *ildr54  ,9 ! la/ "p ! 
com+ ( ! :ite man & ! prophecy ( 8      
spread+ ov] ! l&1 & ! dw9dl+ ( ! native 
tribes to ! we/w>d1 are giv54  ,iagoo's 
description ( ! :ite m51 _! %ips &      
appe>ance1 to 8 p on ! return f 8       
travels1 w greatly please ! *ildr54     
,he _h se51 he said1 a wat]   ,bigg] ?an
 ! ,big-,sea-,wat]1   ,broad] ?an !     
,git*e ,gumee1   ,bitt] s t none c\ld   
dr9k x6   ,at ea* o!r look$ ! w>riors1  
,look$ ! wom5 at ea* o!r1   ,smil$1 &   
said1 ,x _c be s6   ,kaw6 !y said1 ,x _c
 be s2      ,o'er x1 said he1 o'er ?is  
wat]   ,came a great canoe ) p9ions1    
,a canoe ) w+s came fly+1   ,bigg] ?an a
 grove ( p9e-trees1   ,tall] ?an !      
talle/ tree-tops6   ,& ! old m5 & ! wom5
   ,look$ & titt]$ at ea* o!r2   ,kaw6  
!y said1 we don't believe x6  ,! /ory ( 

,hiawa?a has be5 us$ suffici5tly 9      
prim>y grades to %[ h[ _m are its       
sugge/ions = draw+ & con/ructive "w4    
,little *ildr5 take delight 9 draw+ !   
,indian t5ts1 b[s & arr[s1 p9e =e/s1    
,indian w>riors & dress1 ! canoe1 !     
tomahawk1 ! birds & animals4 ,! cutt+ ( 
^! =ms 9 pap] !y h fully enjoy$4        
,pictures ( ,indian life1 collections ( 
arr[-heads1 ! peace-pipes1 articles (   
dress1 cook+ ut5sils1 wampum1 /one      
hat*ets1 r$ pipe-/one ornam5ts1 or a    
visit to any collection ( ,indian relics
 are desirable z a "p ( ?is in/ruction4 
,! museums 9 cities & expositions are   
ri* 9 ^! mat]ials1 & 9 _m private       
collections are j ! desir$ objects (    
/udy4  ,x is well kn[n t *ildr5 love to 
con/ruct t5ts1 dress 9 ,indian /yle1 &  
imitate ! mode ( life1 ! hunt+1 danc+1 &
 sports ( ,indians4 ,tea*]s h tak5      
advantage ( ?is in/9ct to all[ !m to    
con/ruct an ,indian village on a small  
scale1 & assume ! dress & action (      
,hiawa?a & 8 fri5ds1 & ev5 to dramatize 

p>ts ( ! /ory4  ,x is only c]ta9 select$
 p>ts ( ! ,hiawa?a t l5d !mselves be/ to
 ! oral treatm5t ) *ildr51 & t1 at fir/1
 n 9 ! poetic =m4 ,9 fact1 ! oral       
treatm5t ( a /ory 9 beautiful poetic =m 
dem&s a peculi> me?od4  ,= example1 9   
treat+ ! *ildhood ( ,hiawa?a z he dwelt 
) old ,nokomis 9 ! t5t beside ! sea1 !  
ma9 facts ( ?is episode1 or a "p ( x1   
may be talk$ ov] by means ( description1
 p>tly also by developm5t1 "q1 & answ]1 
& :5 ^! ?+s are cle>1 let ?is passage ( 
! poem be read to ! *ildr54 ,! prelim9>y
 treatm5t & discussion w put ! *ildr5 9 
possession ( ! ideas & pictures by :i*  
!y c bett] appreciate & assimilate !    
poem4 ,?is mode ( introduc+ *ildr5 to a 
poem or lit]>y ma/]piece is n uncommon )
 *ildr5 9 lat] ye>s1 at lea/ 9 ! middle 
grades4  ,x has be5 cu/om>y to use ne>ly
 ! :ole poem 9 f\r? or fif? s*ool ye> = 
regul> read+1 & x is well suit$ to ?is  
purpose4 ,its use 9 prim>y grades = su* 
oral treatm5t z we h describ$ w n       
int]f]e ) its employm5t z read+ matt]   

lat] on1 b r increase its value = t     
purpose4  ,! me?od ( h&l+ su* a poem z  
read+ has be5 discuss$ 9 ! ,special     
,me?od 9 ! ,read+ ( ,complete ,engli%   
,classics4  ,a numb] ( books h be5      
writt5 by practical tea*]s on ! use (   
,hiawa?a 9 prim>y grades3--    ,!       
,hiawa?a ,prim]4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91     
,co4   ,h9ts on ! ,/udy ( ,hiawa?a      
7,alice ,m4 ,krack[iz]74 ,a4 ,flanagan1 
publi%]4  ,! be/ edition ( ! ,hiawa?a is
 ,longfell['s ,song ( ,hiawa?a1 :i* is  
well illu/rat$4 ,publi%$ by ,h\ghton1   
,miffl91  ,co4  ,o!r editions are ,!    
,song ( ,hiawa?a4 ,! ,educational       
,publi%+ ,co4    ,longfell['s ,hiawa?a4 
,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,song ( ,hiawa?a4  
,univ]sity ,publi%+ ,co4     ,,*apt] ,v 
,,?ird ,,grade ,,/ories   ,,! ,,my?ical 
,,/ories  ,9 ! ?ird grade we wi% to br+ 
a numb] ( ! my?ical /ories vividly be=e 
! *ildr54 ,! classical my?s :i* belong  
to ! lit]ature ( ,europe are ! fund f   
:i* to select ! be/4 ,n all1 b only a   
few ( ! simple & appropriate /ories c be

 *os54 ,only two recitation p]iods a    
week are usually set ap>t = ! oral      
treatm5t ( ^! old my?s4 ,b lat] 9 !     
progress ( ! read+ lessons o!r simil>   
/ories %\ld be treat$4 ,! few recitation
 p]iods us$ = oral "w are r design$ to  
introduce *ildr5 to ! _s ( ?is          
lit]ature1 to get !m into ! appreciative
 m9d4  ,?is body ( anci5t my?s comes d[n
 to u1 sift$ out ( ! e>ly lit]ature ( ! 
active-m9d$ ,greeks4 ,!y h f\nd _! way z
 a simple & *>m+ poetry into ! national 
lit]ature ( all ! ,european c\ntries4   
,is ?is ! mat]ial suit$ to n9e- &       
t5-ye>-old *ildr58 ,x w n be que/ion$ t 
^! my?s belong to ! be/ lit]>y products 
( ,europe1 b are !y suit$ to *ildr58  ,x
 is evid5t t "s ( our be/ lit]>y judges 
h deem$ !m appropriate4 ,haw?orne has   
put !m into a =m design$ especially = ! 
"y folk4 ,*>les ,k+sley wrote ( ! ,greek
 my?s = 8 *ildr53 ,n[ ,i love ^! old    
,hell5s he>tily1 & !y seem to me l      
bro!rs1 ?\gh !y h all be5 dead & gone _m
 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y are come to tell y  

"s ( _! old fairy tales1 :i* !y lov$ :5 
!y 7 "y l y4 ,= nations beg9 at fir/ by 
be+ *ildr5 l y1 ?\gh !y are made up (   
gr[n m54 ,!y are *ildr5 at fir/ l y--m5 
& wom5 ) *ildr5's he>ts2 frank1 &       
affectionate1 & full ( tru/1 & tea*able1
 lov+ to see & le>n all ! wond]s ar\nd  
!m2 & gre$y also1 too (t51 & passionate 
& silly1 z *ildr5 are4  ,n a few o!r    
au?ors ( less note h tri$ to turn !     
classical my?s ( ! old ,greek poets into
 simple ,engli% = ! ent]ta9m5t &        
in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,sc>cely any ( ^!  
/ories t h n appe>$ 9 v>i\s *ildr5's    
books 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 !y  
are a /oreh\se ( *ildr5's lit]ature4 ,! 
philosoph]1 ,h]b>t1 look$ ^u poems (    
,hom] z giv+ ideal expression to !      
boyhood ( ! race1 & ! /ory ( ,ulysses 0 
reg>d$ by him z ! boy's book1--! ,greek 
,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,= ! *ild ( n9e ye>s  
he ?\ght x ! mo/ suitable /ory4  ,k+sley
 says 9 8 ,introduction3 ,n[ y mu/ n ?9k
 ( ! ,greeks 9 ?is book z le>n$ m51 liv+
 9 great cities1 su* z !y 7 aft]w>ds1 :5

 !y wr\ght all _! beautiful works1 b z  
c\ntry p1 liv+ on f>ms & 9 wall$        
villages1 9 a simple1 h>d-work+ way2 s t
 ! greate/ k+s & h]oes cook$ _! own     
meals & ?\ght x no %ame1 & made _! own  
%ips & weapons1 & f$ & h>ness$ _! own   
horses4 ,s t a man 0 honor$ among !m1 n 
because he happ5$ to be ri*1 b accord+  
to 8 skill & 8 /r5g? & c\rage & ! numb] 
( ?+s he c\ld d4 ,= !y 7 b gr[n-up      
*ildr51 ?\gh !y 7 "r noble *ildr5 too1 &
 x 0 ) !m z x is n[ at s*ool1 ! /ronge/ 
& clev]e/ boy1 ?\gh he be poor1 leads   
all ! re/4  ,9 ! introduction to !      
,wond] ,book we f9d ! foll[+3 ,haw?orne 
took a vital int]e/ 9 *ild life4 ,he 0  
accu/om$ to obs]ve 8 own *ildr5 v       
closely4 ,!re are private manuscripts   
extant :i* pres5t exact records ( :at 8 
"y son & eld] daught] said or did f h\r 
to h\r1 ! fa!r seat+ himself 9 _!       
playroom & pati5tly not+ all t pass$4   
,to ?is habit ( wat*ful & sympa!tic     
scrut9y we may attribute 9 "p !         
rem>kable felicity1 ! =tunate ease (    

adaptation to ! immature und]/&+1 & !   
skilful appeal to ! fre% imag9ations :i*
 *>act]ize 8 /ories = ! "y4 ,haw?orne   
himself says3 ,! au?or has long be5 ( ! 
op9ion t _m ( ! classical my?s 7 capable
 ( be+ r5d]$ into v capital read+ =     
*ildr54444 ,no epo* ( "t c claim a      
copyright on ^! immortal fables4 ,!y    
seem nev] to h be5 made1 & s long z man 
exi/s !y c nev] p]i%2 b by _!           
inde/ructibility itself !y are          
legitimate subjects1 = e age to clo! )  
its own g>niture ( mann]s & s5tim5t1 &  
to imbue ) its own morality4444 ,! au?or
 has n always ?\ght x necess>y to write 
d[nw>d 9 ord] to meet ! compreh5sion (  
*ildr54 ,he has g5]ally suff]$ ! !me to 
so>1 :5ev] su* 0 its t5d5cy4 ,*ildr5    
possess an une/imat$ s5sibility to      
:atev] is deep or high 9 imag9ation or  
feel+ s long z x is simple likewise4 ,x 
is only ! artificial & ! complex t      
bewild] !m4  ,a brief analysis ( !      
qualities :i* r5d] ^! my?s s attractive 
w help u to see _! value 9 ! education (

 *ildr54  ,! a/oni%+ brightness (       
fanciful episode & ( pure & cle>-cut    
imag]y has an inde/ructible *>m =       
*ildr54 ,!y c so> into & above ! cl\ds  
on ! %9+ w+s ( ,pegasus4 ,) ,eolus !y   
%ut up ! contr>y w9ds 9 an ox-hide1 &   
lat] let !m out to plague ! mu*-suff]+  
,ulysses4 ,!y wat* ) a/oni%m5t z ,jason 
yokes ! fire-brea?+ ox5 & /rews ! field 
) uproot$ /umps & /ones z he prep>es !  
soil = ! se$ ( dragon's tee?4 ,ea* *ild 
becomes a poet z he recreates ! sp>kl+  
brightness ( ^! simple pictures4 ,& :5 a
 *ild has once suff]$ 8 fancy to so> to 
^! m\nta9 heights & ocean dep?s1 x w no 
long] be possible to make 8 life        
entirely dull & prosaic4 ,he has caught 
glimpses ( a bright _w t w l+] unfad+ 9 
! upl&s ( 8 memory4 ,& :ile !y are s    
deep & l(ty !y are /ill1 z ,haw?orne    
says1 v simple4 ,"s ( ! mo/ classic ( ! 
old /ories are inde$ too long = ?ird    
grade *ildr52 too _m p]sons & too mu*   
complexity1 z 9 ! ,tales ( ,troy4 ,b on 
! o!r h&1 _m ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! old  

my?s are z pla9 & simple to a *ild z a  
float+ summ] cl\d4 ,high 9 ! sky !y may 
be or deep 9 ! reflection ( "s lake or  
spr+1 b cle> & pla9 to ! ?\ght ( a      
little *ild4 ,^! /ories 9 _! naive      
simplicity reflect ! wond] & surprise ) 
:i* a p]son fir/ beholds gr& & t\*+     
sc5]y1 :e!r x be ! oppressive gr&eur (  
"s beetl+ m\nta9 crag1 or ! placid quiet
 ( a moonlit /ream4 ,! /ories select$ = 
?is grade %\ld be ! simple/ & be/3 ,!   
,gold5 ,t\*1 ,p]seus1 ,! ,*ima]a1 (     
,haw?orne1 ! episodes ( ! ,gold5        
,fleece1 ) o!rs simil>4  ,9 "o =m or    
ano!r !y introduce u to ! company (     
h]oes1 or1 at lea/1 ( great & simple    
*>act]s4 ,de$s ( ent]prise & manl9ess or
 ( unselfi%ness & g5]osity are ! climax 
( ! /ory4 ,to meet dang] & h>d%ip or    
ridicule = ! sake ( a high purpose is _!
 und]ly+ ?\ght4 ,p]seus & ,jason &      
,ulysses are all ambiti\s to prove _!   
title to sup]ior %rewdness & c\rage &   
self-control4 ,:5 we get fairly into !  
my?ical age1 we f9d ourselves among !   

h]oes1 among ^? /riv+ = ma/]y & lead]%ip
 9 great und]tak+s4 ,physical pr[ess &  
manly _s are its *ief virtues4 ,& c !re 
be any "q t !re is a "t 9 ! lives (     
*ildr5 :5 ^! ideas fill ! horizon ( _!  
?\ght8 ,samson & ,david & ,h]cules1     
,bell]ophon & ,jason1 are a *ild's      
natural ?\ghts or1 at lea/1 !y fit !    
frame ( 8 m9d s exactly t "o may say !  
picture & ! frame 7 made = ea* o!r4 ,!  
hi/ory ( mo/ c\ntries conta9s su* an age
 ( h]oes4 ,tell 9 ,switz]l&1 ,siegfri$ 9
 ,g]many1 ,bruce 9 ,scotl&1 ,romulus &  
,horatius at ,rome1 ,alfr$ 9 ,engl&1 are
 all national h]oes ( ! my?ical age1 ^: 
de$s are h]oic & ( public good4 ,!      
,greek /ories are only a m classic      
edition ( ?is hi/orical epo*1 & %\ld    
lead up to a /udy ( ^! lat] products (  
,european lit]ature4  ,sev]al =ms (     
moral excell5ce are objectively realiz$ 
or p]sonifi$ 9 ^! /ories4  ,z ! wise    
,c5taur1 aft] tea*+ ,jason to be skilful
 & brave1 s5t him out into ! _w1 he     
said3 ,well1 g1 my son2 ! ?rone belongs 

to ?y fa!r & ! gods love ju/ice4 ,b     
rememb]1 :]ev] ?\ do/ w&]1 to obs]ve ^! 
?ree ?+s3    ,relieve ! di/ress$4       
,respect ! ag$4   ,be true to ?y ^w4#f  
#f ,jason's ,que/ 7,l[ell71 p4 #ee4  ,& 
_m ev5ts 9 ,jason's life illu/rate !    
wisdom ( ^! words4 ,! miracul\s pit*] is
 "o ^: f\nta9 ( refre%+ milk bubbl$     
always because ( a g5tle de$ (          
hospitality to /rang]s4 ,k+ ,midas1 on !
 o!r h&1 exp]i5ces 9 mo/ graphic =m !   
puni%m5t :i* ought to foll[ mis]ly gre$1
 :ile 8 humble p5it5ce br\ght back 8    
daught] & ! homely com=ts ( life4       
,bell]ophon is fill$ ) a desire to p]=m 
a noble de$ t w relieve ! di/ress ( a   
:ole p4 ,aft] ! ex]cise ( mu* pati5ce & 
self-control he succe$s 9 8 g5]\s       
ent]prise4 ,_m a lesson ( worldly wisdom
 & homely virtue is br\ght out 9 ! /ory 
( ,ulysses' v>i$ & adv5turesome c>e]4   
,^! my?s br+ *ildr5 into lively contact 
) ,european hi/ory & geography1 z well z
 ) its modes ( life & ?\ght4 ,! e>ly    
hi/ory ( ,europe is 9 all cases %r\d$ 9 

mi/ & leg5d4 ,b ev5 f ?is hi/orically   
imp5etrable pa/ has sprung a lit]ature t
 has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! life
 & gr[? ( ! p4 ,n t *ildr5 are consci\s 
( ! significance ( ^! ideas1 b be+ plac$
 9 an atmosph]e :i* is full ( !m1 _!    
deep] mean+ gradually unfolds itself4 ,!
 e>ly my?s af=d an int]e/+ approa* =    
*ildr5 to ! hi/ory & geography (        
important c\ntries4 ,^? c\ntries !y mu/1
 soon] or lat]1 make ! acqua9tance ( bo?
 geographically & hi/orically1 & c\ld   
any?+ be design$ to take /rong] hold ^u 
_! imag9ation & memory ?an ^! *>m+ my?s1
 :i* 7 ! poetry & religion ( ! p once   
liv+ !re8  ,x is a v simple & primitive 
/ate ( culture1 ^: %ips1 arms1          
agriculture1 & dome/ic life are giv5 u 9
 cle> & pleas+ pictures4 ,our own c\ntry
 is l>gely lack+ 9 a my?ical age4 ,our  
culture sprang1 m ?an half-gr[n1 f !    
mid/ ( ,europe's *oice/ nations1 & out (
 in/itutions t _h be5 c5turies 9 =m+4 ,!
 my?s ( ,europe are !re=e z truly ours z
 !y are ! treasure ( ,engli%m51 (       

,g]mans1 or ( ,greeks4 ,aga91 our own   
lit]ature1 z well z t ( ,european /ates1
 is full ( ! _s & sugge/ion ( ! my?ical 
age4 ,our poets & writ]s h drawn mu* (  
_! imag]y f ?is old /oreh\se ( ?\ght1 & 
a *ild w bett] und]/& ! works ( ! pres5t
 ?r\gh ?is contact ) my?ical ages4  ,9  
me?od ( treatm5t ) s*ool classes1 ^!    
/ories w admit ( a v>iation f ! plan us$
 ) ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,"o unaccu/om$ to !
 read+ ( su* /ories w\ld be at a loss = 
a me?od ( treatm5t ) *ildr54 ,!re is a  
*>m & lit]>y art 9 ! pres5tation t may  
make ! tea*] feel unqualifi$ to pres5t  
!m4 ,! *ildr5 are n yet suffici5tly     
ma/]s ( ! pr9t$ symbols ( spee* to read 
= !mselves4 ,%all ! tea*] simply read ! 
/ories to *ildr58 ,we w\ld sugge/ fir/ (
 all1 t ! tea*]1 :o w\ld expect to make 
use ( ^! mat]ials1 /eep himself fully 9 
lit]ature ( ?is class1 & br+ 8 m9d into 
famili> acqua9tance & sympa?y ) its     
*>act]s4 ,9 int]pret+ classical au?ors  
to pupils1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 requir+ ( ! 
tea*] intimate k & appreciative sympa?y 

) 8 au?or4 ,c]ta9ly no "o w tea* ^!     
/ories well ^: fancy 0 nev] t\*$ into   
airy flights--:o _c become a *ild aga9 &
 p>take ( 8 pleasures4 ,no condesc5sion 
is ne$$1 b asc5sion to a free & ready   
flight ( fancy4 ,by le>n+ to dr9k at ^! 
anci5t f\nta9s ( song & poetry1 ! tea*] 
might le>n to tell a fairy /ory =       
himself4 ,b d\btless x w be well to m+le
 oral n>rative & description on ! "p ( !
 tea*] ) ! fit read+ ( *oice p>ts s z to
 bett] pres]ve ! classic beauty &       
sugge/ion ( ! au?or4 ,*ildr5 are q old  
en\gh n[ to appreciate beauty ( language
 & expressive1 happy turns ( spee*4 ,9 !
 mid/ ( "q1 sugge/ion1 & discussion     
betwe5 pupil & tea*]1 ! /ory %\ld be    
c>ri$ =w>d1 nev] =gett+ to /op at       
suitable int]vals & get su* a           
reproduction ( ! /ory z ! little *ildr5 
are capable (4 ,& inde$ !y are capable (
 mu* 9 ?is direction1 = _! ?\ghts are m 
nimble1 & _! p[] ( expression m apt1    
(t5times1 ?an ! tea*]'s own4  ,we w\ld n
 favor a simple read+ ( ^! /ories = !   

ent]ta9m5t ( pupils4 ,x %\ld take m ! =m
 ( a s*ool ex]cise1 requir+ n only      
int]e/ & att5tion1 b vigor\s ef=t to    
grasp & reproduce ! ?\ght4 ,! result    
%\ld be a mu* liveli] & deep] insight   
into ! /ory ?an w\ld be secur$ by a     
simple read+ = amusem5t or v>iety4 ,!y  
%\ld prep>e also = an appreciative read+
 ( o!r my?s 9 ! foll[+ grades4  ,aft]   
all1 9 two or ?ree recitation p]iods a  
week1 ext5d+ ?r\gh a ye>1 x _c be       
expect$ t *ildr5 w make ! acqua9tance ( 
all ! lit]ature t c\ld be prop]ly call$ 
! my? ( ! h]oic age 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 
,all t we may expect is to ent] ?is     
p>adise ( *ildr51 to pluck a few ( its  
*oice/ fl[]s1 & get su* a brea? ( _!    
fragrance t !re w be a *ild's desire to 
return aga9 & aga94 ,! s*ool also %\ld  
provide 9 ! succe$+ ye> = an abundance (
 read+ ( my?s4 ,! same old /ories :i* !y
 fir/ le>n$ to enjoy 9 oral recitations 
%\ld be read 9 books1 & /ill o!rs %\ld  
be utiliz$ 9 ! regul> read+ classes ( ! 
f\r? & fif? grades4 ,9 ?is way ! my?s ( 

o!r c\ntries may be br\ght 91 ! /ory (  
,tell1 ( ,siegfri$1 ( ,alfr$1 & ( o!rs4 
,9 summ>iz+ ! advantages ( a sy/ematic  
attempt to get ?is simple classic lore  
into our s*ools1 we recall ! int]e/ &   
m5tal activity :i* x ar\ses1 its p[] to 
please & satisfy ! creative fancy 9     
*ildr51 its fundam5tal feel+ & in/9cts1 
! virtues ( brav]y1 manl9ess1 &         
unselfi%ness1 & all ?is 9 a =m t /ill   
fur!r increases its culture effect ^u   
tea*] & pupil4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t 
tea*] & pupil alike are "h imbib+       
lessons & inspirations t draw !m into   
clos] sympa?y because ! subject is wor?y
 ( bo? old & "y4  ,9 addition to ! e>li]
 ,greek my?s we may m5tion ! foll[+     
subjects z suitable = oral treatm5t3  ,!
 /ory ( ,ulysses has be5 mu* us$ 9      
s*ools ) oral pres5tation1 & is "o ( !  
be/ tales = ?is purpose 9 all lit]ature4
 ,a some:at full discussion ( ! value ( 
?is /ory = s*ools is f\nd 9 ! ,special  
,me?od 9 ,read+ ( ,complete ,engli%     
,classics4  ,! ,norse my?ology has also 

receiv$ mu* att5tion f tea*]s :o h us$ !
 oral mode ( treatm5t4 ,sev]al ( ! be/  
books ( ,norse my?ology are m5tion$ 9 ! 
app5d$ li/4 ,also ! great /ory (        
,siegfri$4  ,"s ( ! old traditional     
/ories 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome1 (       
,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 h be5 us$ = 
oral n>ration & read+ to *ildr54  ,!    
,sev5 ,little ,si/]s & its companion    
book ,ea* & ,all1 & ! ,t5 ,boys on !    
,road f ,long ,ago to ,n[1 by ,jane     
,&rews1 publi%$ by ,g9n  ,co41 h be5    
employ$ ext5sively = oral & read+ "w 9 !
 ?ird & f\r? ye>s ( s*ool4 ,! ,sev5     
,little ,si/]s is valuable 9 connection 
) ! beg9n+s ( geography4   ,,books ,,=  
,,?ird ,,ye> ,,( ,,s*ool  ,! ,wond]     
,book ( ,na?aniel ,haw?orne4      ,!    
foll[+ /ories are especially recomm5d$3 
,! ,gorgon's     ,head1 ,! ,gold5 ,t\*1 
,! ,miracul\s ,pit*]1 & ,! ,*ima]a4     
,"o %\ld pres]ve z mu* z possible ( ! _s
 &     language ( ! au?or4 ,p]haps 9    
classes ) *ildr5 !     o!r /ories w be  
f\nd equally attractive3 ,! ,p>adise (  

,*ildr5 & ! ,?ree ,gold5 ,apples4       
,publi%$ by ,h\ghton1     ,miffl91      
,co41 ,bo/on4  ,k+sley's ,greek ,h]oes4 
,! /ories ( ,p]seus1 ! ,argonauts1 &    
,!seus1 especially     adapt$ to *ildr54
 ,x may be advisable = ! tea*] to       
abbreviate ! /ories1 leav+ out          
unimportant p>ts1 b     giv+ ! be/      
portions 9 ! fulle/ detail4 ,publi%$ by 
,g9n  ,co42 ,! ,macmillan ,co4  ,/ory ( 
! ,iliad & ,/ory ( ! ,odyssey 7,*ur*74  
,simple & int]e/+ n>rative ( ! ,hom]ic  
/ories4 ,!     ,macmillan ,co4  ,jason's
 ,que/ 7,l[ell74      ,! /ory ( !       
,argonauts ) _m o!r ,greek my?s wov5    
into ! n>rative4 ,?is book is a /ore (  
excell5t mat]ial4     ,! tea*] %\ld     
select f x ^? p>ts specially suit$      
to ! grade4 ,publi%$ by ,sibley  ,duck]1
 ,*icago4  ,adv5tures ( ,ulysses        
7,lamb74      ,a small book f :i* ! *ief
 episodes ( ,ulysses' c>e]     c be     
obta9$4 ,publi%$ by ,g9n  ,co41 ,bo/on4 
,! ,/ory ( ,siegfri$ 7,baldw974 ,publi%$
 by ,scribn]'s ,sons4  ,peabody's ,old  

,greek ,folk ,/ories4      ,simple &    
well writt54 ,a supplem5t to ! ,wond]   
,book4     ,publi%$ by ,h\ghton1        
,miffl91  ,co4  ,tales ( ,troy 7,de     
,g>mo74      ,! /ory ( ! siege ( ,troy &
 ( ! great ev5ts (     ,hom]'s ,iliad4  
,?is /ory1 on acc\nt ( its complexity1  
we deem     bett] adapt$ to ! f\r?      
grade4 ,publi%$ by ! ,public     ,s*ool 
,publi%+ ,co41 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill4        
,/ories ( ! ,old ,_w 7,*ur*74           
,/ories ( ! ,argo1 ( ,!bes1 ( ,troy1 (  
,ulysses1 & (     ,a,eneas4 ,/ories are 
simply & well told4 ,x is a book ( #cej 
pages1 & w\ld s]ve well z a supplem5t>y 
read] 9 f\r?     grade4 ,publi%$ by ,g9n
  ,co4  ,gods & ,h]oes 7,francillon74   
,a successful ef=t to cov] ! :ole field 
( ,greek my?ology     9 ! /ory =m4 ,g9n 
,co4  ,! ,tanglewood ,tales 7,na?aniel  
,haw?orne74      ,a cont9uation ( !     
,wond] ,book4  ,h]oes ( ,asg>d4         
,/ories ( ,norse my?ology2 simple &     
attractive4     ,macmillan  ,co4  ,!    
,/ory ( ,ulysses 7,agnes ,s4 ,cook74    

,an acc\nt ( ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses1    
told 9 connect$     n>rative1 9 language
 easily compreh5d$ by *ildr5 9 !        
?ird & f\r? grades4 ,public ,s*ool      
,publi%+ ,co41     ,bloom+ton1 ,ill4    
,old ,norse ,/ories 7,bradi%74          
,/ories = ref]5ce & sight read+4        
,am]ican ,book ,co4  ,norse ,/ories     
7,mabie74      ,an excell5t r5d]+ ( !   
old /ories4 ,dodd1 ,mead1  ,co4  ,my?s (
 ,nor!rn ,l&s 7,gu]b]74 ,am]ican ,book  
,co4  ,! ,age ( ,fable 7,bulf9*74 ,lee &
 ,%ep>d4  ,read+s 9 ,folk ,lore         
7,sk9n]74 ,am]ican ,book ,co4  ,national
 ,epics 7,rabb74 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg  ,co4
  ,classic ,my?s 7,gayley74 ,g9n  ,co4  
,bryant's ,odyssey4 ,complete poetic    
translation4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   
,bryant's ,iliad4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91    
,co4  ,but*] & ,lang's prose translation
 ( ! ,odyssey4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4  ,!   
,odyssey ( ,hom] 7,palm]74 ,h\ghton1    
,miffl91  ,co4      ,a prose            
translation4  ,my?s & ,my? ,mak]s       
7,fiske74  ,moral ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr5 

7,felix ,adl]74      ,*apt] ,x4 ,d4     
,appleton  ,co4   ,,! ,,bible ,,/ories  
,! /ories ( e>ly ,bible hi/ory h be5 mu*
 us$ 9 all ,european l&s1 & 9 ,am]ica1 =
 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,among ,jews &  
,*ri/ians ev]y:]e1 & ev5 among          
,mohamm$ans1 ^! /ories h be5 ext5sively 
us$4 ,!y include ! simple acc\nts ( !   
patri>*s1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1     
,joseph & 8 bre?r51 ,moses1 ,jo%ua1     
,samson1 ,samuel1 & ,david4 ,x may be   
se5 at a glance t no m fam\s /ories ?an 
^! c\ld be select$ f ! hi/ory ( any     
c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,!y /& preem95t z graphic
 descriptions ( ! modes ( life :i*      
prevail$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( civiliz$      
races4 ,! old patri>*s liv$ 9 :at is    
usually call$ ! pa/oral age1 :5 m5 dwelt
 9 t5ts & mov$ ab\t f place to place )  
_! flocks 9 se>* ( pa/ure4 ,! patri>* at
 ! head ( ! family1 & ev5 ( a :ole      
tribe1 is ! fa!r1 rul]1 prie/1 & judge =
 ! little community ov] :i* he presides4
 ,9 8 p]son !re is a simple union ( all 
! important p[]s ( ! lat] ,hebrew /ate4 

,! dignity & au?ority :i* c5tre 9 !     
p]son ( ,abraham1 toge!r ) a m>k$       
gravity & /r5g? ( "*1 l5d a di/9ct      
gr&eur to 8 p]sonality1 s t he has be5  
recogniz$ 9 all ages z "o ( ! great     
figures 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 ! =emo/ ( !  
old patri>*s1--! fa!r ( ! fai?ful4 ,a   
simil> respect & dignity atta*es to all 
^! old ,bible *>act]s1 & 9 ! case (     
,moses1 rises to a supreme height1 :ile 
9 ,david ! w>rior1 /atesman1 & poet are 
unit$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ & pleas+    
*>act]s 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,^! old /ories 
are also unp>allel$ 9 ! simplicity &    
transp>5t cle>ness ) :i* ! life ( !     
pa/oral age is depict$4 ,human nature   
comes out 9 a s]ies ( pictures mo/ /rik+
 & individual1 & yet unmi/akably true to
 life & reality4 ,& yet :ile ?is life 0 
s small 9 its compass1 x is almo/ :olly 
free f n>r[ness & prov9cialism4 ,!      
univ]sal qualities ( human nature1      
common to m5 9 all ages & c\ntries1 /&  
out ) a cle>ness :i* ev5 little *ildr5 c
 grasp4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph & 8 bre?r5 is 

probably ! f9e/ /ory t 0 ev] writt5 =   
*ildr5 f eight to t5 ye>s ( age4 ,!     
*>act]s involv$ 9 ?is family hi/ory are 
/rik+ & impressive1 & ! /r5g? ( ! family
 virtues & affections has nev] be5 set  
=? ) great] simplicity & p[]4  ,! h]oic 
qualities :i* appe> 9 ! old ,bible      
/ories1 especially 9 ,moses1 ,samson1 & 
,david1 w\ld be> a favorable comp>ison )
 ! m5 ( ! h]oic age 9 all c\ntries4     
,/r5g? ( "* comb9$ ) fai? 9 high ideals1
 pursu$ ) unwav]+ resolution1 is a      
peculi> m]it ( ^! n>ratives4 ,! h]oes ( 
! ,hebrew race %\ld be comp>$1 lat] on1 
) ! mo/ r5[n$ h]oes ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1  
,g]many1 & ,greece1 & ev5 ( ,am]ica1 =  
!y h common qualities :i* h l m]it z    
educative mat]ials = ! "y4  ,?is e>ly   
lit]ature ( ! ,bible /ories w be f\nd to
 conta9 a l>ge "p ( ! univ]sal ?\ght ( !
 _w1 t is1 ( ! ma/]ly ideas :i*1 because
 ( _! sup]ior tru? & excell5ce1 h       
gradually work$ _! way z controll+      
pr9ciples into ! life ( all mod]n       
nations4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ^!      

/ories h a peculi> *>m & attractiv5ess =
 *ildr54 ,! simplicity ( a patri>*al    
age1 ! /rong int]e/ 9 p]sons ( h]oic    
quality1 ! descriptions ( e>ly *ildhood1
 ! h]oic de$s ( bold & high-spirit$     
y\?1--^! ?+s comm& ! unfalt]+ int]e/ (  
*ildr51 & at ! same "t give _! lives a  
t\* ( moral /r5g? & idealism :i* is ( ! 
highe/ promise4  ,! oral treatm5t ( ^!  
/ories 9 ! ?ird or f\r? ye> ( s*ool is !
 only mode ( br++ !m be=e ! *ildr5 9 _! 
full p[]1 & !y are well adapt$ to easy  
oral n>rative & discussion4 ,! language 
is ! g5u9e1 simple1 p[]ful old ,engli%1 
& ! tea*] %\ld become ?or\ghly saturat$ 
) ^! simple words & modes ( ?\ght4 ,!   
dramatic elem5t is also n lack+ 9 _m    
p>ts1 & c be well execut$ 9 ! classroom4
 ,_m opportunities w be furni%$ to !    
*ildr5 = draw+ pictures illu/rat+ !     
/ories4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fam\s ma/]pieces (  
pa9t+ & sculpture repres5t ! p]sons &   
sc5es ( ^! tales4 ,! great h]oes (      
,*ri/ian art h exhau/$ _! skill 9 ^!    
repres5tations1 :i* are n[ be+ furni%$  

to ! s*ools by ! l>ge publi%+ h\ses4    
,ev5 ! co/umes & modes ( life are ?us   
br\ght home to ! *ildr5 9 ! mo/ reali/ic
 yet arti/ic way4  ,an acqua9tance ) su*
 e>ly /ories ( ,hebrew hi/ory is an     
introduction to "s ( ! f9e/ lit]ature ( 
! ,engli% language4 ,fir/1 t deal+ ) !  
,hebrew scriptures !mselves1 z ! books (
 ,moses1 ! psalms ( ,david1 & second1 a 
numb] ( ! great poems ( ,engli% ma/]s1 z
 ! ,burial ( ,moses & ,milton's ,samson 
,agoni/es4 ,9 %ort1 we may say t ^!     
/ories are ! key to a l>ge "p ( our be/ 
,engli% ?\ght4  ,adl]1 9 8 ,moral       
,in/ruction ( ,*ildr51 says3 ,! n>rative
 ( ! ,bible is fairly saturat$ ) ! moral
 _s2 ! moral issues are ev]y:]e 9 !     
=efront4 ,duty1 guilt1 & its puni%m5t1 !
 conflict ( consci5ce ) incl9ation1 are 
! lead+ !mes4 ,! ,hebrew p seem to h be5
 end[$ ) :at may be call$ 'a moral      
g5ius1' & especially did !y emphasize ! 
filial & frat]nal duties to an ext5t    
h>dly equall$ else:]e4 ,n[ x is         
precisely ^! duties t mu/ be impress$ ^u

 "y *ildr51 & h5ce ! biblical /ories    
pres5t u ) ! v mat]ial we require4 ,!y  
_c1 9 ?is respect1 be replac$2 !re is no
 o!r lit]ature 9 ! _w t (f]s :at is     
equal to !m 9 value = ! p>ticul> object 
we n[ h 9 view4  ,if we c\ld only       
contemplate ! patri>*al /ories z a "p ( 
! great lit]ature ( ! _w1 on acc\nt (   
its typical yet reali/ic portraiture (  
m5 & wom51 we might use ?is mat]ial z we
 use ! v be/ d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,mr4   
,adl] rem>ks t ?is typical quality 9    
,hom]'s portraiture has be5 "o secret ( 
its univ]sal impressiv5ess4 ,! ,hom]ic  
outl9es are 9 ea* case brilliantly      
di/9ct1 :ile !y leave to ! read] a c]ta9
 lib]ty ( private conception1 & he c    
fill !m 9 to satisfy 8 own ideal4 ,we   
may add t ?is is j z true ( ! ,bible z (
 ,hom]4 ,! biblical n>rative1 too1      
depicts a few ess5tial traits ( human   
nature1 & refra9s f multiply+ m9or      
traits :i* might int]f]e ) ! ma9 effect4
 ,! ,bible1 too1 draws its figures 9    
outl9e1 & leaves e age free to fill !m 9

 s z to satisfy its own ideal4          
,moreov]1 _! use is n a matt] (         
exp]im5t4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s !y h held ! 
fir/ place 9 ! be/ homes & s*ools (     
,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica1 & _!        
educative influ5ce has be5 pr(\ndly felt
 9 all ,*ri/ian nations4  ,we h sev]al  
editions ( ! /ories adapt$ f ! ,bible = 
s*ool use4 ,9 ! ,bible itself !y are n  
f\nd 9 ! simple1 connect$ =m t makes !m 
available = s*ool use4 ,"o ( ! be/      
editions = s*ool is t publi%$ by        
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co41 call$1 ,old   
,te/am5t ,/ories 9 ,scriptural          
,language4 ,a free & some:at orig9al    
r5d]+ ( ! /ories is giv5 by ,baldw9 9 8 
,old ,/ories ( ! ,ea/1 publi%$ by !     
,am]ican ,book ,co4 ,bo? ( ^! books h   
be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ! s*ools ( ?is     
c\ntry4 ,! oral treatm5t ( ! ,bible     
/ories 9 ! s*ools has n be5 common 9 ?is
 c\ntry1 b x has all ! m]its describ$ by
 u 9 ! *apt] on oral in/ruction4 ,9 f\r?
 & fif? grades ^! books may s]ve well = 
ex]cises 9 read+4  ,9 a great _m s*ools 

( ?is c\ntry !y c be us$ & are us$ )\t  
giv+ (f5ce to anybody1 & :]e ?is is     
true1 !y well des]ve recognition 9 our  
s*ool c\rse because ( _! sup]ior        
pres5tation ( "s ( ! great univ]sal     
ideas ( our civilization4   ,,books ,,= 
,,tea*]s ,,( ,,bible ,,lit]ature    ,!  
,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible1 tw5ty-"o volumes
 7,ri*>d ,m\lton74         ,! ,macmillan
 ,co4   ,*ildr5's ,s]ies4 ,old ,te/am5t 
& ,new ,te/am5t ,/ories4         ,9 two 
volumes4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,/ories f 
! ,bible 7,*ur*74 ,! ,macmillan ,co4    
,/ory ( ! ,*os5 ,p 7,gu]b]74 ,! ,am]ican
 ,book ,co4   ,! ,lit]>y ,/udy ( !      
,bible 7,m\lton74 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4   
,,/ories ,,( ,,rob9 ,,hood  ,9 ! latt]  
"p ( ?ird grade or beg9n+ ( f\r?1 !     
/ories ( ,rob9 ,hood are likely to prove
 exhil>at+ to *ildr54  ,^! /ories ( !   
bold1 manly1 good-natur$ outlaw1 ) 8 b& 
( tru/y m5 9 ,%]wood ,=e/1 h be5 fam\s  
?r\gh\t ,engl& ^! five hundr$ ye>s1 & ! 
/ories !mselves1 & ! ballads accompany+ 
!m1 are a g5u9e "p ( ! treasures ( !    

old] ,engli% lit]ature4 ,!y h be5 work$ 
by ,h[>d ,pyle into ! /\t1 he>ty ,engli%
 /yle :i* is s appropriate to ! r5d]+ ( 
! de$s ( ?is /urdy ,engli% yeoman & 8   
b&4  ,_! c>eless life & woodl& sports "u
 ! ,gre5wood ,tree1 & _! m]ry adv5tures 
& %oot+ mat*es1 h be5 ! delight ( _m a  
g5]ation ( ,engli% *ildr54 ,b ev5 _!    
woodl& sports 7 a sev]e & rugg$ tra9+ 9 
h>dy endurance & manly _s4 ,pyle says   
well 9 8 preface3 ,= hone/ purposes     
manfully foll[$ & h>d knocks c\rage\sly 
endur$ mu/ always int]e/ ! :olesome boy2
 :ile nature is s closely ak9 to man 9 !
 gold5 days ( 8 gre5 y\? t tales ( !    
,gre5wood1 :]e ! leaves ru/le & ! birds 
s+1 & all ! air is full ( sweet savors (
 gr[+ ?+s1 mu/ ev] h a pot5t *>m = !    
fre% imag9ation ( *ildhood4  ,"o phase (
 ?is tra9+1 z manife/$ 9 ! /ories1 is n 
only ! ability to take h>d knocks & keep
 a /iff upp] lip1 z ! old say+ goes1 b  
to ma/] *agr9 & ang] & endure fun &     
gibes at "o's own exp5se2 inde$1 ev5 )  
a*+ bones & buzz+ e>s1 to jo9 9 !       

m]rim5t ov] "o's own discomfiture4 ,?is 
is an unusual accompanim5t ( ev5 good   
/ories1 :i* makes !m truly :olesome4 ,! 
fun ( ! /ories also is ( a light &      
rollick+ sort :i* *ildr5 %\ld h a *ance 
to ?or\ghly enjoy4 ,9 fact x is excell5t
 mat]ial ^u :i* to cultivate _! e>ly    
s5se ( ! comic & humor\s4 ,! lit]ature  
us$ 9 e>ly s*ool ye>s has1 un=tunately1 
too little ( ! sportive & laughable1 & !
 ,rob9 ,hood adv5tures w help 9 no small
 degree to rem$y ?is defect4  ,x is     
int]e/+ to note1 also1 t brute /r5g? is 
n at a premium1 b skill &               
quick-witt$ness4 ,n ! lea/ attractive & 
=cible "p ( ,rob9 ,hood's "* is !       
%rewd-witt$ v]satility & boldness ) :i* 
he plays any "p :i* circum/ances require
 him to assume4 ,8 foes are circumv5t$  
by 8 %rewdness & ke5 wit ev5 z mu* z by 
8 unfail+ skill 9 ar*]y or dext]\s /r5g?
 9 p]sonal conte/4  ,rob9 ,hood's       
relation to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 0 kn[n z 
t ( ! outlaw1 al?\gh ! visit ( ,k+      
,ri*>d to him 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ & 8 s]vice 

"u t pr9ce & o!rs gave him a c]ta9 legal
 /atus4 ,he has always be5 reg>d$ z a   
popul> h]o repres5t+ ! rights ( ! common
 p4  ,aft] describ+ ,rob9 ,hood's fir/  
adv5ture ) ! =e/]s & 8 outlawry1 ,h[>d  
,pyle says3 ,b ,rob9 ,hood lay hidd5 9  
,%]wood ,=e/ = "o ye>1 & 9 t "t !re     
ga!r$ ar\nd him _m o!rs l himself1      
outlaw$ = ?is cause & = t4  ,s1 9 all t 
ye>1 five score or m good1 /\t yeom5    
jo9$ !mselves to him1 & *ose him to be  
_! lead] & *ief4 ,!n !y v[$ t ev5 z !y  
!mselves _h be5 despoil$ !y w\ld despoil
 _! oppressors1 :e!r b>on1 abbot1       
knight1 or squire1 & t f ea* !y w\ld    
take t :i* _h be5 wrung f ! poor by     
unju/ taxes1 or l& r5ts1 or 9 wrongful  
f9es2 b to ! poor folk !y w\ld give a   
help+ h& 9 ne$ & tr\ble1 & w\ld return  
to !m t :i* _h be5 unju/ly tak5 f !m4   
,besides ?is1 !y swore nev] to h>m a    
*ild1 nor to wrong a woman1 be %e maid1 
wife1 or wid[2 s t1 aft] a :ile1 :5 ! p 
began to f9d t no h>m 0 meant to !m1 b t
 money or food came 9 "t ( want to _m a 

poor family1 !y came to praise ,rob9 & 8
 m]ry m51 & to tell _m tales ( him & ( 8
 do+s 9 ,%]wood ,=e/1 = !y felt him to  
be "o ( !mselves4  ,:5 we consid] !     
/ories :i* tradition has h&$ d[n        
relative to ! exploits ( ,rob9 ,hood1 ! 
,old-,engli% ballads :i* celebrate !m 9 
song1 ! /ories ( ,k+ ,ri*>d's visit to  
him 9 ,%]wood1 & ,rob9's visit to ! c\rt
 ( ,eleanor & ,k+ ,h5ry at ,london t[n1 
to %>e 9 ! great %oot+-mat*1 & ! /ory ( 
,locksley 9 ,scott's ,ivanhoe--we might 
almo/ say t ,rob9 ,hood w\ld be>        
favorable comp>ison ) any ,engli%man ( 8
 "t4 ,at any rate x w\ld be difficult to
 f9d among ! k+s & great lords ( t age  
"o :o _h s mu* reg>d = ju/ice & fair    
deal+ among m51 to say no?+ ( 8 k9dness 
to ! poor & ne$y4  ,he /&s di/9ctly = ^?
 rights ( ! common p :i* 7 con/antly    
violat$ by ! p[]ful & influ5tial 9 t    
half-b>b>\s age ( feudalism4 ,x is f ?is
 in/9ct = popul> rights t ! body (      
,engli% lib]ties has gradually develop$1
 & x is n /range t ,rob9 ,hood has      

always be5 reg>d$ z a h]o among a p :o h
 pres]v$ ?is in/9ct = lib]ty & ju/ice4  
,! =e/]s ( ,rob9 ,hood's b& 7 lov]s (   
=e/ & glade2 ! song ( ! bird & fragrance
 ( wild fl[]s 7 sweet to !m4 ,9 ,pyle's 
introductory *apt] is ?is description ( 
_! retreat "u ! ,gre5wood4 ,s turn+ _!  
backs ^u ! /ream1 !y plung$ into ! =e/  
once m1 ?r\gh :i* !y trac$ _! /eps till 
!y rea*$ ! spot :]e !y dwelt 9 ! dep?s (
 ! woodl&4 ,!re _h !y built huts ( b>k &
 bran*es ( trees1 & made c\*es ( sweet  
ru%es spread ov] ) sk9s ( fall[ de]4 ,"h
 /ood a great oak tree ) bran*es spread+
 broadly ar\nd1 b5ea? :i* 0 a seat (    
gre5 moss :]e ,rob9 ,hood 0 wont to sit 
at fea/ & at m]rymak+1 ) 8 /\t m5 ab\t  
him4 ,"h !y f\nd ! re/ ( ! b&1 "s ( :om 
_h come 9 ) a brace ( fat does4 ,!n !y  
built great fires1 & aft] ! fea/ 0 ready
 !y all sat d[n1 b ,rob9 ,hood plac$    
,little ,john at 8 "r h&1 = he 0 h5ce=? 
to be ! second 9 ! b&4  ,little ,john's 
b\t ) ! tann] ( ,bly? is introduc$      
?us3--  ,"o f9e day1 n long aft] ,little

 ,john _h left abid+ ) ! ,%]iff & _h    
come back to ! m]ry ,gre5wood1 ,rob9    
,hood & a few *os5 fell[s ( 8 b& lay ^u 
! s(t sw>d b5ea? ! ,gre5wood ,tree :]e  
!y dwelt4 ,! day 0 w>m & sultry1 s t    
:il/ mo/ ( ! b& 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/ ^u
 ?is mission & ^u t1 ^! few /\t fell[s  
lay lazily b5ea? ! %ade ( ! tree1 9 !   
s(t aft]noon1 pass+ je/s among !mselves 
& tell+ m]ry /ories1 ) laught] & mir?4  
,all ! air 0 lad5 ) ! bitt] fragrance ( 
! ,may1 & all ! bosky %ades ( ! woodl&s 
beyond rang ) ! sweet song ( birds1--!  
?ro/le-cock1 ! cuckoo1 & !              
wood-pigeon1--& ) ! song ( birds m+l$ ! 
cool s\nd ( ! gurgl+ brook t leap$ out (
 ! =e/ %ades1 & ran frett+ amid its r\gh
 gray /ones across ! sunlit op5 glade   
be=e ! try/+-tree4  ,?is delight 9 !    
beauty & music ( all nature ab\t !m is a
 sort ( atmosph]e :i* gives tone to all 
! /ories ( ?is gr\p4  ,! language 9 :i* 
! /ories are n>rat$ is ri* 9 ! qua9t &  
vigor\s phrases ( ,old ,engli%1 rem9d+  
"o ( ! times ( ,%akespe>e & be=e4 ,"o   

c\ld h>dly give ! *ildr5 a bett]        
introduction to ! ri*es ( our "m tongue4
  ,! description ( ,engli% cu/oms1 !    
popul> fe/ivities1 ! boo?s ( ! m>ket    
t[n1 ! p>ade ( feudal lords & reta9]s1 !
 con/ra9ts plac$ ^u hunt+ by k+s &      
lords1 & ! h>d%ips ( ! poor are t\*$ ^u 
9 significant ways4 ,! /ories give an   
insight into ! ,engli% "*1 _! love (    
rude sports1 _! ballad lit]ature1 & _!  
respect = hone/y & c\rage & %rewdness4  
,! ballads associat$ ) ! ,rob9 ,hood    
leg5ds are (t5 beautiful & /rik+        
expressions ( ! ,engli% _s1 & h a       
special *>m = *ildr54 ,!y %\ld be read 9
 connection ) ! lat] read+ ( ! /ories 9 
! ?ird & f\r? s*ool ye>s4  ,! be>+ ( ^! 
tales ^u e>ly feudal hi/ory & ! g5]al   
lit]ature ( t age is ( importance4 ,?is 
is well illu/rat$ 9 ,ivanhoe 9 ! use by 
,ri*>d ( ,rob9 ,hood & 8 ar*]s 9 !      
attack ^u ,torquil/one1 & 9 v>i\s       
exploits ( ! m5 ( ! ,gre5wood :5 br\ght 
9 contact ) knights on horseback4 ,!re  
is also a k9%ip 9 ^! n>ratives ) "s ( ! 

be/ /ories & novels ( e>ly ,engli%      
hi/ory1 z ,scott's ,tales ( a ,gr&fa!r1 
,k+sley's ,h]ew>d ! ,wake1 ,jane ,&rew's
 ,gilb]t ! ,page1 & a numb] ( ,scott's  
novels4  ,9 ! oral treatm5t ( ! /ories 9
 ! ?ird or f\r? s*ool ye>1 ! tea*] w f9d
 h] p[]s ( pres5tation tax$ 9 a peculi> 
way4 ,! qua9t language & humor\s tone1 !
 occasional witty conceits1 w ne$ to be 
appreciat$ & enjoy$1 & ! mode (         
pres5tation suit$ to ! ?\ght4 ,let !    
tea*] fir/ ( all ?or\ghly enjoy ! /ories
 & 9 r5d]+ !m to *ildr5 9 ! classroom   
lose h]self 9 ! tone & _s ( ! acc\nt4 ,x
 requires great fre$om & flexibility (  
body & m9d to d ?is well1 b t is :at a  
tea*] mo/ ( all ne$s4 ,! humor\s "p1    
especially1 w require a c]ta9 unb5d+ ( !
 /iff mann]s ( a tea*]1 b no h>m is done
 9 ?is4  ,! l>ge volume ( ,rob9 ,hood   
/ories by ,pyle %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( !     
tea*]1 if possible1 al?\gh x is an      
exp5sive book4 ,x is mu* full] 9 !      
special details ( ! /ories ne$$ by !    
tea*]1 ?\gh ! small] book is f> bett]   

adapt$ z a read+ book = s*ools4  ,to    
illu/rate ! place :i* ! ,rob9 ,hood     
leg5ds hold 9 ,engli% hi/ory &          
lit]ature1 ! foll[+ selections1 quot$ f 
,t5nyson's ,! ,=e/]s & "o ( ! old       
ballads1 are giv54 ,!y are tak5 f       
,engli% ,hi/ory told by ,engli% ,poets1 
publi%$ by ,! ,macmillan ,company1 :]e !
 passage f ,! ,=e/]s is giv5 at great]  
l5g?4   ,,k+ ,,ri*>d ,,9 ,,%]wood ,,=e/ 
,,"l ,,t5nyson  7,f ,! ,=e/]s7  ,rob9   
,hood & ,maid ,m>ian1 ,fri> ,tuck &     
,george-a-,gre51 ,w ,sc>let1 ,midge !   
,mill]'s ,son1 ,little ,john1 & ! re/   
are leg5d>y *>act]s lov$ & sung f !     
f\rte5? c5tury to mod]n times4 ,! *>m ( 
^! light-he>t$ highwaym5 0 felt by      
,%akespe>e himself3 ,!y say he is       
already 9 ! =e/ ( ,ard51 & a _m m]ry m5 
) him3 & !re !y live l ! old ,rob9 ,hood
 ( ,engl&2 !y say _m "y g5tlem5 flock to
 him e day1 & fleet ! "t c>elessly1 z !y
 did 9 ! gold5 _w4--7,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,i1   
,i47 ,t5nyson adopts ! tradition t !    
g5]\s outlaws dwelt 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ 9    

,cumb]l&%ire1 & t _! lead]1 ,rob9 ,hood1
 0 ! bani%$ ,e>l ( ,hunt+don4 ,! plot ( 
! ,! ,=e/]s turns ^u ! sudd5 return (   
,ri*>d f 8 ,au/rian captivity & !       
consequ5t collapse ( ! intrigues        
conduct$ by 8 crafty & cruel bro!r      
,john4    ,rob9 ,hood4        ,am ,i    
worse or bett]8   ,i am outlaw'd4 ,i am 
none ! worse = t   ,i held = ,ri*>d & ,i
 hat$ ,john4   ,i am a ?ief1 ay1 & a k+ 
( ?ieves4   ,ay6 b we rob ! robb]1 wrong
 ! wrong]1   ,& :at we wr+ f !m we give 
! poor4   ,i am none ! worse = t1 & all 
! bett]   ,= ?is free =e/-life1 = :ile  
,i sat   ,among my ?ralls 9 my b>onial  
hall   ,! gro9+ hid ! heav5s2 b s9ce ,i 
brea!d1   ,a h\seless head b5ea? ! sun &
 />s1   ,! s\l ( ! woods ha? /rick5 ?ro'
 my blood1   ,! love ( fre$om1 ! desire 
( ,god1   ,! hope ( l>g] life h]eaft]1 m
   ,t5fold ?an "u ro(4                  
,true1 7 ,i tak5   ,!y w\ld prick out my
 sight4 ,a price is set   ,on ?is poor  
head2 b ,i believe !re lives   ,no man  
:o truly loves & truly rules   ,8       

foll[+1 b c keep 8 foll[]s true4   ,i am
 "o ) m9e4 ,traitors are r>ely br$      
,save "u traitor k+s4 ,our vice-k+      
,john1   ,true k+ ( vice--true play on  
words--our ,john1   ,by 8 ,norman       
arrogance & dissolut5ess1   ,ha? made me
 k+ ( all ! discont5t   ,( ,engl& up    
?ro' all ! =e/ l&   ,nor? to ! ,tyne3   
be+ outlaw'd 9 a l&   ,:]e law lies     
dead1 we make ourselves ! law4    ,k+   
,ri*>d 7to ,rob974 ,my good fri5d ,rob91
 ,e>l ( ,hunt+don1   ,= ,e>l ?\ art     
aga91 ha/ ?\ no fett]s   ,= ^? ( ?9e own
 b& :o w\ld betray !e8    ,rob94 ,i h2 b
 ^! 7 nev] worn z yet1   ,i nev] f\nd "o
 traitor 9 my b&4         99       99   
99       99       99    ,our =e/ games  
are end$1 our free life1   ,& we mu/    
h5ce to ! ,k+'s c\rt4 ,i tru/   ,we %all
 return to ! wood4 ,mean:ile1 f>ewell   
,old fri5ds1 old patri>* oaks4 ,a ?\s&  
w9t]s   ,w /rip y b>e z dea?1 a ?\s&    
summ]s   ,robe y life-gre5 aga94 ,y     
seem1 z x 71   ,immortal1 & we mortal4  
,h[ few ,junes   ,w heat our pulses     

quick]6 ,h[ few fro/s   ,w *ill ! he>ts 
t beat = ,rob9 ,hood6    ,m>ian4 ,& yet 
,i ?9k ^! oaks at dawn & ev51   ,or 9 ! 
balmy brea?+s ( ! night1   ,w :isp]     
ev]more ( ,rob9 ,hood4   ,we leave b    
happy memories to ! =e/4   ,we dealt 9 !
 wild ju/ice ( ! woods4   ,all ^? poor  
s]fs :om we h s]v$ w bless u1   ,all ^? 
pale m\?s :i* we h f$ w praise u--      
,all wid[s we h holp5 pray = u1   ,our  
,lady's bless$ %r9es ?r\gh\t ! l&   ,be 
all ! ri*] = u4 ,y1 good fri>1   ,y     
,mu*1 y ,sc>let1 y de> ,little ,john1   
,y\r names w cl+ l ivy to ! wood4   ,&  
"h p]haps a hundr$ ye>s away   ,"s hunt]
 9 day-dreams or half asleep   ,w he>   
our arr[s :izz+ ov]head1   ,& cat* !    
w9d+ ( a phantom horn4    ,rob94 ,&     
surely ^! old oaks w murmur !e   ,m>ian 
along ) ,rob94 ,i am mo/ happy--   ,art 
?\ n m9e8--& happy t our ,k+   ,is "h   
aga91 nev] ,i tru/ to roam   ,s f> aga91
 b dwell among 8 own4   ,/rike up a     
/ave1 my ma/]s1 all is well4   ,,h[     
,,rob9 ,,hood ,,rescu$ ,,! ,,wid[',s    

,,?ree ,,sons  ,rob9 ,hood & 8 foll[]s 7
 b&its & outlaws1 b ! p lov$ !m because 
!y defi$ ! hateful =e/ laws & made light
 ( ! %]iff4 ,! k+'s (fic]s 7 responsible
 = ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 b 9 ^! lawless   
times !y (t5 us$ _! p[] = _! own        
advantage1 impos+ heavy f9es & p5alties 
on ! poor1 & extort+ bribes f ! ri*4 ,! 
foll[+ is "o ( ! olde/ & rude/ ( ! _m   
,rob9 ,hood ballads3--    ,!re are      
twelve mon?s 9 all ! ye>1       ,z ,i   
he> _m say1   ,b ! m]rie/ mon? 9 all !  
ye>       ,is ! m]ry mon? ( ,may4    ,n[
 ,rob9 ,hood is to ,nott+ham gone1      
,) a l9k a d[n & a day1   ,& !re he met 
a silly#g old woman1       ,0 weep+ on !
 way4    ,:at news8 :at news1 ?\ silly  
old woman8       ,:at news ha/ ?\ = me8 
,said %e1 ,!re's my ?ree sons 9         
,nott+ham t[n       ,to-day condemn$ to 
die4    ,o1 h !y p>i%es burnt8 he said1 
,or h !y m9i/]s sla98   ,or h !y robb$  
any virg98       ,or o!r m5's wives h   
ta'en8    ,!y h no p>i%es burnt1 good   
sir1       ,nor yet h m9i/]s sla91      

,nor h !y robb$ any virg91       ,nor   
o!r m5's wives h ta'en4    ,o1 :at h !y 
done8 said ,rob9 ,hood1       ,i pray !e
 tell to me4   ,x's = slay+ ( ! k+'s    
fall[-de]1       ,be>+ _! long b[s ) !e4
    ,do/ ?\ n m9d1 old woman1 he said1  
,h[ ?\ made/ me sup & d9e8   ,by ! tru? 
( my body1 quo? bold ,rob9 ,hood1       
,y c\ld n tell x 9 bett] "t4    ,n[     
,rob9 ,hood is to ,nott+ham gone1       
,) a l9k a d[n & a day1   ,& !re he met 
) a silly old palm]1       ,0 walk+     
along ! highway4    ,:at news8 :at news1
 ?\ silly old man8       ,:at news1 ,i d
 !e pray8   ,said he1 ,?ree squires 9   
,nott+ham t[n       ,are condemn$ to die
 ?is day4    ,come *ange ?y app>el ) me1
 old man1       ,come *ange ?y app>el = 
m9e2   ,"h is =ty %ill+s 9 good silv]1  
,g dr9k x 9 be] or w9e4    ,n[ ,rob9    
,hood is to ,nott+ham gone1       ,) a  
l9k a d[n & a d[n4   ,& !re he met ) !  
pr\d %]iff1       ,0 walk+ along ! t[n4 
,o ,*ri/ y save1 ,o %]iff6 he said2     
,o ,*ri/ y save & see2   ,& :at w y give

 to a silly old man       ,to-day w y\r 
hangman be8    ,"s suits1 "s suits1 !   
%]iff he said1       ,"s suits ,i'll    
give to !e2   ,"s suits1 "s suits1 &    
p5ce ?irte51       ,to-day's a hangman's
 fee4    ,!n ,rob9 he turns him r\nd    
ab\t1       ,& jumps f /ock to /one3    
,by ! tru? ( my body1 ! %]iff he said1  
,t's well jumpt1 ?\ nimble old man4     
,i 0 ne'er a hangman 9 all my life1     
,nor yet int5ds to trade2   ,b cur/ be  
he1 said bold ,rob91       ,t fir/ a    
hangman 0 made6    ,i've a bag = meal1 &
 a bag = malt1       ,& a bag = b>ley & 
corn2   ,a bag = bread1 & a bag = beef1 
,& a bag = my little small horn4    ,i h
 a horn 9 my pocket1       ,i got x f   
,rob9 ,hood1   ,& /ill :5 ,i set x to my
 m\?1       ,= !e x bl[s little good4   
,o1 w9d ?y horn1 ?\ pr\d fell[1       ,(
 !e ,i h no d\bt4   ,i wi% t ?\ give su*
 a bla/1       ,till bo? ?y eyes fall   
out4    ,! fir/ l\d bla/ t he did bl[1  
,he blew bo? l\d & %rill2   ,a hundr$ & 
fifty ( ,rob9 ,hood's m5       ,came    

rid+ ov] ! hill4    ,! next l\d bla/ t  
he did give1       ,he blew bo? l\d &   
ama94   ,& quickly sixty ( ,rob9 ,hood's
 m5       ,came %9+ ov] ! pla94    ,o1  
:o are ^!1 ! %]iff he said1       ,come 
tripp+ ov] ! lea8   ,!y're my att5dants1
 brave ,rob9 did say2       ,!y'll pay a
 visit to !e4    ,!y took ! gall[s f !  
slack1       ,!y set x 9 ! gl54   ,!y   
hang$ ! pr\d %]iff on t1       ,releas$ 
_! own ?ree m54      #g simple   ,,rob9 
,,hood ,,books    ,! ,m]ry ,adv5tures ( 
,rob9 ,hood 7,h[>d ,pyle74 ,f9ely       
illu/rat$1 #c4jj4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4     
,"s ,adv5tures ( ,rob9 ,hood 7,pyle74   
,small s*ool edition1         illu/rat$2
 ,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,t5nyson's ,!      
,=e/]s4   ,! ,rob9 ,hood ballads are    
f\nd 9 _m ( ! ballad books4   ,ivanhoe  
conta9s sev]al sc5es f ! life ( ,rob9   
,hood         7,locksley74     ,,*apt]  
,,vi  ,,prim>y ,,read+ ,,?r\gh          
,,incid5tal ,,ex]cises ,,& ,,games      
,,bas$ ,,on ,,s*ool ,,movem5ts1         
,,/udies1 ,,& ,,games  ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! 

discussion ( ! usual me?ods ( introduc+ 
*ildr5 to ! art ( read+ we w give a     
treatm5t ( ! incid5tal opportunities    
(f]$ by ! o!r /udies1 by s*ool movem5ts 
& games 9 prim>y classes1 = introduc+   
*ildr5 to ! writt5 & pr9t$ =ms4  ,x is  
assum$ t ! m closely ! writt5 or pr9t$  
words & s5t5ces are relat$ to ! *ildr5's
 activities1 or ! m dep5d5t ^!          
activities are made ^u a k ( ! ^w-=ms1 !
 quick] & m natural w be _! ma/]y4 ,to  
put x briefly1 ! tea*] ab/a9s f ! use ( 
oral spee* to a consid]able ext5t &     
sub/itutes ! writt5 =ms ( ! words on !  
blackbo>d 9 giv+ directions1 9 games1 & 
9 treat+ topics 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,!
 foll[+ *apt] is tak5 :olly f ! lessons 
giv5 by ,mrs4 ,lida ,b4 ,mc,murry 9 !   
fir/ grade4 ,_m o!r simil> lessons 7    
work$ out1 b ^! are probably suffici5t  
to fully illu/rate ! plan4  ,! tea*]'s  
aim 9 ! beg9n+ read+ is to lead ! *ild  
to look to ! lesson1 ei!r ^w or s5t5ce  
or p>agraph1 to f9d :at x has to say to 
him--to pres5t ! lesson 9 su* a way t ! 

*ild %all quick5 into life 9 its        
pres5ce--%all rea* =w>d to grasp ?is    
mu*-desir$ ?+4 ,! att5tion ( ! *ild is  
c5tr$ on ! ?\ght2 he grasps ! symbols   
because he mu/ rea*1 ?r\gh !m1 ! ?\ght4 
,mu* ( ! e>ly read+ c be taught 9 a     
purely incid5tal way--9 ! g5]al ex]cises
 ( ! s*ool & 9 ! lit]ature & nature-/udy
 recitations4   ,,read+ ,,taught        
,,incid5tally  7a7 ,9 ! ,g5]al          
,managem5t ( ! ,s*ool4 ,! directions :i*
 are at fir/ giv5 to *ildr5 orally1     
e4g41 rise1 turn1 pass1 sit1 skip1 fly1 
m>*1 run1 walk1 pass to ! front1 pass to
 ! back1 are lat] writt5 ^u ! bo>d4 ,:5 
! *ildr5 seem to h become famili> ) !   
writt5 direction1 ! ord] 9 :i* !        
directions are giv5 is sometimes *ang$1 
z a te/1 e4g41 ! foll[+ directions are  
usually giv5 9 ?is ord]--turn1 rise1    
pass4 ,in/ead ( writ+ turn fir/1 ! tea*]
 writes pass4 ,if ! *ildr5 und]/&1 !y w 
rise at once & pass )\t wait+ to turn4  
,! names ( ! *ildr51 in/ead ( be+ spok51
 are (t5 writt52 9 ?is way ! *ildr5     

become famili> ) ! names ( all ! *ildr5 
9 ! s*ool4 ,! tea*]1 writ+ ,cl>5ce ^u ! 
bo>d1 says1 ,i w\ld l ?is boy to erase !
 bo>ds to-night4 ,! fir/ "t x is writt5 
! tea*] speaks ! "n z %e writes x4 ,x   
may be necess>y to d ?is sev]al times4  
,! tea*] does n look at ,cl>5ce z %e    
writes 8 "n4 ,if he does n recognize 8  
"n aft] x has appe>$ repeat$ly1 8       
eyesight may well be te/$4 ,if          
he$lessness is ! cause ( ! failure1     
ano!r "n is writt5 at ! bo>d1 & ,cl>5ce 
loses ! opportunity to d ! s]vice4 ,no  
drill %\ld be giv5 on ^! names4 ,!      
repetition incid5t to ! frequ5t call+ ^u
 ! *ild is all t is necess>y to fix !   
"n4  ,! names ( ! songs & ( ! poems :i* 
! *ildr5 are memoriz+ are writt5 ^u !   
bo>d z ne$$4 ,! tea*] says1 ,we w s+ ?is
 song ?is morn+4 ,if ! *ildr5 d n       
recognize its title z ! tea*] po9ts to  
x1 %e gives x4 ,aft] a :ile ! *ildr5 w  
recognize ! names ( all ! songs & !     
poems :i* are 9 use 9 ! room4  ,! *ildr5
 become famili> ) ! writt5 =m ( ! small]

 numb]s 9 ?is way--! numb] ( abs5t      
*ildr5 is report$ at ea* session &      
writt5 on ! bo>d4 ,on ,friday ! tea*]   
records ^u ! bo>d "s facts ( ! week1 or 
( ! mon?1 :i* ! *ildr5 le>n$ f _! wea!r 
*>ts--viz41 ! numb] ( sunny & ! numb] ( 
cl\dy days4 ,! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ea* r[  
is asc]ta9$ & writt5 at ! bo>d t !      
monitors may "k h[ _m pairs ( scissors1 
pieces ( clay1 or p5cils to select4  ,! 
poems1 aft] be+ p>tially committ$ to    
memory1 are writt5 ^u ! bo>d2 :5 !      
pupils falt]1 ref]5ce is made to ! l9e 9
 "q z x appe>s ^u ! bo>d4  ,! tea*]     
sometimes writes h] morn+ greet+ or ev5+
 f>ewell at ! bo>d--?us3 ,good morn+1   
*ildr51 or1 ,good-by = to-day4 ,! *ildr5
 read sil5tly & respond )1 ,good morn+1 
,miss ,eades1 or1 ,good night1 ,miss    
,f>r4  ,(t5 %e communicates facts (     
int]e/ at ! bo>d4 ,if ! pupils are      
unable to int]pret :at %e has writt51 %e
 reads = !m1 e4g41 ! tea*] writes1 ,we h
 vacation to-morr[4 ,q likely "s *ild1  
unable to read at all1 w say1 ,we h     

some?+1 b ,i c't tell :at x is4 7,^!    
same words w occur aga91 :5 ne$$ to     
express a ?\ght1 & x is a wa/e ( en]gy  
to drill ^u !m47 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h         
int]pret$ ! above s5t5ce at ! bo>d1 !   
tea*] writes1 ,d y "k :y8 ,! *ildr5 read
 ! "q sil5tly & give ! answ] audibly1 & 
say1 ,x is ,decoration ,day4 ,we too (t5
 all[ *ildr5 to treat a "q 9 _! read+ z 
if its end 7 rea*$ 9 ! ask+4 ,to lead ! 
*ildr5 to =m a habit ( answ]+ que/ions  
ask$ 9 writ+ or 9 pr9t1 su* que/ions z !
 foll[+ are1 f "t to "t1 writt5 at !    
bo>d3 ,did y see ! ra9b[ la/ night8 ,:at
 color 0 x8 ,did y see any birds on     
,saturday8 ,:at ones8 ,h y be5 to !     
woods8 ,:at did y f9d !re8  7b7 ,9      
,connection ) ! ,lit]ature4 ,! "n ( !   
/ory :i* ! tea*] is ab\t to tell is     
plac$ ^u ! bo>d4 ,at ! fir/ writ+ !     
tea*] tells ! pupils :at x is1 if       
necess>y1 e4g41 ! tea*] says1 ,we %all h
 a /ory ab\t ',! ,?ree ,be>s1' po9t+ to 
! title ^u ! bo>d4 ,! next day %e says1 
,i w\ld l y to tell me all y c ab\t ?is 

/ory--writ+ its "n ^u ! bo>d4  ,9 ! f9al
 reproduction ( ! /ory ! tea*] assigns  
topics1 e4g43 ,*auncey may tell me ab\t 
?is 7writ+ at ! bo>d73 ,silv]-,hair go+ 
to ! woods4 ,eva may tell ab\t ?is3     
,silv]-,hair go+ into ! kit*54 ,j5nie   
may tell ab\t ?is3 ,silv]-,hair go+ into
 ! sitt+ room4 ,willie may tell ab\t    
?is3 ,silv]-,hair go+ up/airs4 ,%\ld !  
*ild g beyond ! limit$ topic1 ! tea*]   
po9ts to ! bo>d & asks ab\t :at he 0 to 
tell4  ,at ! close ( ea* /ory t c be    
dramatiz$1 ! tea*] assigns at ! bo>d !  
"p :i* ea* is to take1 ?us3 ,aft] ! /ory
 ( ,! ,old ,woman & ! ,pig is le>n$1 !  
tea*] writes 9 a column ea* *ild's "n   
opposite ! animal or ?+ :i* he is to    
repres5t1 9 ?is way4    ,agnes--! old   
woman4   ,gl5n--! pig4   ,sadie--! dog1 
etc4  7c7 ,9 ,connection ) ! ,nature    
,/udy4 ,9 ! spr+ ! *ildr5 are look+ = ! 
return ( ! birds1 ! fir/ spr+ blossoms1 
& ! op5+ ( ! tree buds4 ,! tea*] (t5    
makes h] own discov]ies kn[n ?r\gh      
writ+1 ^u ! bo>d1 e4g41 ,i saw a rob9   

?is morn+1 or ,i f\nd a blue violet     
ye/]day1 or ,i saw "s elm blossoms la/  
night4  ,! class1 by ! aid ( ! tea*]1   
make a bird1 a fl[]1 & a tree-bud       
cal5d>1 on :i* are record$ ! "n & date (
 ! fir/ se5 ( ea*4 ,^! names are put on 
! cal5d>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ildr51 & !y  
frequ5tly "n _! treasures o'er4  ,! mode
 ( travell+ is writt5 beside ! "n ( ea* 
famili> bird z ! *ildr5 make !          
discov]ies1 ?us3--           hops4      
walks4   ,rob9  runs4      ,cr[         
flies4           flies4  ,que/ions arise
 dur+ ! recitation :i* ! *ildr5 w answ] 
lat] f obs]vation4 ,t ! *ildr5 may n    
=get !m !y are plac$ high up on ! bo>d  
:]e !y c be pres]v$4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce is
 made to !m to see if ! pupils are      
prep>$ to answ] !m4 ,:5 a "q is answ]$ x
 is eras$1 mak+ room = ano!r4   ,,!     
,,read+ ,,recitation  ,= ! e>ly read+1  
,games1 ,lit]ature1 & ,nature ,/udy may 
=m ! basis4         99       99       99
       99       99  7,i7 ,games z a     
,basis = ! ,read+4 ,! *ild ent]s s*ool f

 a life ( play4 ,x is our purpose1 s f> 
z possible1 to make use ( ?is natural   
b5t ( ! *ild to insure int]e/ 9 8 read+1
 z well z to give him ! free ex]cise1   
:i* he ne$s1 ( 8 muscles4 ,x may be urg$
 z an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( ! games1 t  
!y are too noisy & attract ! att5tion ( 
! *ildr5 :o are busy at _! seats4 ,(t5 x
 w\ld be a good ?+ = ^! *ildr5 to wat* !
 y\ng] ones at _! games4 ,x w\ld re/ !m 
& put !m into clos] sympa?y ) ! little  
ones4 ,9 a %ort "t !y w n c>e s mu* to  
wat* !m4 ,! little *ildr5 %\ld be       
?\ghtful ( ! old] ones & move ab\t z    
quietly z is possible4  ,! foll[+ are "s
 ( ! games :i* we h us$ 9 our prim>y    
s*ool4 ,!y are giv5 9 ! way ( sugge/ion 
only4 ,!y are play$ at fir/ by foll[+   
spok5 directions4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are      
p]fectly famili> ) ! oral direction1 !  
writt5 direction is gradually sub/itut$4
 ,! *ildr5 d n /ay long en\gh on "o game
 to become tir$ ( x4 ,two or ?ree or ev5
 m are play$ at a s+le recitation4 ,x is
 n ! plan to drill ! pupils ^u ! writt5 

directions1 b by frequ5t repetitions to 
famili>ize !m ) !m4 ,! games are mo/    
suitable = ! v e>lie/ read+ lessons4 ,! 
plan = tea*+ "o ( !m1 ! fir/ "o giv5 "h1
 w be writt5 out q fully4 ,! o!rs w be  
giv5 ) less detail4   ,,! ,,r+ ,,game   
,mat]ial4--,six celluloid r+s1 r$1 :ite1
 blue1 yell[1 gre51 & black4 ,surc+le   
r+s c be pa9t$ ! colors desir$4         
,directions4--,take ! r$ r+1 ,j5nie4    
,take ! blue r+1 ,eva4                  
,take ! yell[ r+1 ,wallace4             
,take ! gre5 r+1 ,*auncey4              
,take ! black r+1 ,gregory4             
,take ! :ite r+1 ,lloyd4  ,:5 ! *ildr5  
are ready to hide ! r+s ?is direction is
 giv5 to ! rema9d] ( ! class3--         
,close y\r eyes4  ,?is to ! pupils :o   
hold ! r+s3--    ,hide ! r+s4  ,:5 !    
*ildr5 h all ! r+s hid !y ann\nce x by  
lightly clapp+ _! h&s1 ^u :i* ! *ildr5  
op5 _! eyes4 ,directions are !n giv5 to 
^? :o did n hide r+s1 = f9d+ ! r+s1     
e4g43--    ,f9d ! r$ r+4   ,f9d ! blue  
r+1 etc4  ,no notice is tak5 ( any r+ b 

! "o call$ =4 ,a limit$ "t is giv5 = !  
f9d+ ( ea*4 ,at ! close ( t "t1 if ! r+ 
is n discov]$1 ! "o :o hid x gets x4 ,:5
 ! writt5 directions are fir/ us$ ! :ole
 s5t5ce ne$ n be put ^u ! bo>d1 e4g41 ! 
tea*] ne$ write only--! r$ r+4 ,%e says 
to ! *ild1 f9d ?is--po9t+ to ! bo>d2 or 
r$1 alone1 may be writt51 9 :i* case !  
tea*] po9ts to ! ^w1 say+1 ,y may f9d   
?is r+4 ,!re is consid]able rivalry to  
see :o w f9d ! mo/ r+s4  ,:5 ! *ildr5   
seem to "k ! writt5 directions p]fectly1
 a te/ is made ( _! ability1 actually1  
to read !m2 ?us1 in/ead ( writ+1 ,take !
 r$ r+1 ! tea*] writes1 ,f9d ! r$ r+4   
,%e writes ,hide ! r+s1 be=e %e writes1 
,close y\r eyes4 ,if ! *ildr5 recognize 
:at is writt5 !y w set ! tea*] "r4      
,,ball ,,& ,,cord  ,mat]ial4--,small1   
s(t rubb] balls ) %ort rubb] cords      
atta*$4 ,! cords h a loop = ! f+]4      
,ball 9 "r h&4   ,toss up4   ,hold4     
,toss d[n4   ,hold4   ,toss to ! "r4    
,hold4   ,toss to ! left4   ,hold4      
,ball 9 left h&4   ,toss up1 etc4  ,9   

?is & succe$+ games x is left to !      
discretion ( ! tea*] z to :5 ! writt5   
directions %all be introduc$4   ,,ball  
,,game  ,mat]ial4--,a s(t rubb] ball4   
,=m a circle4   ,take ! ball1 ,roy4     
,toss ! ball4   ,roll ! ball4   ,b\nce !
 ball4   ,?r[ ! ball4   ,give ! ball to 
,sadie4  ,9 ?is game "o ( ! *ildr5 takes
 ! ball to ! circle4 ,ea*1 z ! ball is  
toss$ to him1 tosses x to ano!r4 ,at !  
direction ( ! tea*] ! game ( toss+ !    
ball is *ang$ to "o ( roll+ ! ball1 !   
pupils squatt+ on ! floor2 ?is 9 turn is
 *ang$ lat] z ! directions indicate4    
,c>e mu/ be tak5 t all *ildr5 are treat$
 alike 9 ?is game4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves w 
look out = ?is if prop]ly direct$ at !  
outset ( ! game4   ,,hunt+ ,,! ,,violet 
,mat]ial4--,violets scatt]$ ab\t ! room4
    ,f9d a blue violet1 ,gl5n4   ,f9d a 
violet bud1 ,edi?4   ,f9d a yell[       
violet1 ,lloyd4   ,f9d a violet leaf1   
,sadie4   ,f9d a :ite violet1 ,j5nie4   
,f9d a purple violet1 ,rudolph4   ,s+ to
 ! violets4  ,*ildr5 s+ s(tly3--    ,oh1

 violets1 pretty violets1     ,i pray y 
tell to me   ,:y are y ! fir/ fl[]s     
,t bloom ^u ! lea8 etc4   ,a ,,tree     
,,game--7,,spr+ ,,or ,,fall7            
,mat]ial4--,leaves ( ! diff]5t trees )  
:i* ! *ildr5 are famili>4    ,gl5n may  
be a maple tree4       ,*oose y\r leaf4 
,wallace may be an elm tree4            
,*oose y\r leaf4   ,*auncey may be a    
bir* tree4       ,*oose y\r leaf1 etc4  
,make a little =e/4       ,toss 9 ! w9d4
  7,! leaves are p9n$ ^u ! *ildr5 z ea* 
*ooses 8 leaf1 & !y dance lightly ab\t z
 if toss$ by ! w9d47   ,,c>+ ,,= ,,!    
,,animals  ,mat]ial4--,wood5 or pap]    
animals4 ,a portion ( ! table is m>k$ (f
 by a *alk l9e = ! f>my>d4    ,drive 9 a
 pig1 ,willie4   ,lead 9 a horse1       
,gregory4   ,drive 9 a %eep1 ,sadie4    
,lead 9 a c[1 ,roy1 etc4  ,!y are driv5 
9 at night1 !n driv5 out 9 ! morn+4     
,sometimes !y are hurri$ 9 because ( !  
approa* ( a /orm4   ,,doll              
,,play--7,,g5]al7  ,mat]ial4--,p5ny     
dolls or l>g] ones4    ,take a doll4    

,rock ! baby4   ,pat ! baby4   ,s+ !    
baby to sleep4   ,put ! baby to b$4     
,take up ! baby4   ,wa% its face4       
,comb its hair4   ,fe$ x bread & milk4  
,take x = a walk4  ,at ! direction1 ,s+ 
! baby to sleep1 ! *ildr5 s+ v s(tly3-- 
,rock-a-bye ,baby1--or "s o!r lullaby4  
,! b$ is ! *air on :i* ! *ild is sitt+4 
,all /& & turn ab\t toge!r to put !     
babies to b$4 ,!y g ?r\gh ! movem5ts    
only ( wa%+ ! face & h&s & comb+ ! hair1
 & ( fe$+ bread & milk4 ,!y p]=m ^! acts
 9 unison4   ,,! ,,ra9b[                
,,fairies--7,,spr+7  ,mat]ial4--,l>ge   
b[s ( tissue pap] ) /ream]s1 ( ! v>i\s  
colors m5tion$4    ,eva may be a yell[  
fairy4   ,roy may be a blue fairy4      
,edi? may be a gre5 fairy4   ,l\ise may 
be a r$ fairy4   ,lloyd may be an orange
 fairy4   ,sadie may be a violet fairy4 
,! o!rs may be trees4   ,jo9 h&s1       
fairies4   ,dance ab\t ! trees4  ,z !   
fir/ direction is giv5 ,eva /eps to !   
table & takes a yell[ b[ :i* is p9n$ to 
h] left %\ld]3 ! o!rs foll[ z call$ ^u4 

,,! ,,leaves  ,mat]ial4--,a leaf ( "o ( 
sev]al colors p9n$ on ea* *ild4 ,! w9d  
calls3--    ,come yell[ leaf4   ,come r$
 leaf4   ,come gre5 leaves1 etc4        
,dance 9 ! w9d4  ,at ! la/ direction !  
*ildr5 fly ov] a small area1 hi!r &     
?i!r2 "s "o way1 "s ano!r1 pass+ &      
repass+ "o ano!r1 simulat+ ! leaves 9 a 
/orm4   ,a ,,flock ,,( ,,birds  ,all !  
*ildr5 are little birds4    ,fly to !   
fields4   ,pick up se$s4   ,take a dr9k4
   ,ba! 9 ! creek4   ,pre5 y\r fea!rs4  
,fly home4   ,p]* on a twig4    ,s+4    
,!y s+3--    ,we are little birdies1    
,happy we1 happy we4   ,we are little   
birdies     ,s++ 9 a tree4   ,,hunt+    
,,birds  ,mat]ial4--,color$ pictures (  
birds common to ! locality 9 :i* ! game 
is us$4    ,f9d a rob91 ,rudolph4   ,f9d
 a bluebird1 ,gregory1 etc4  ,! *ild    
indicat$ f9ds ! picture ( ! bird call$ =
 & places x on ! blackbo>d l$ge :i*     
s]ves z a picture gall]y4   ,,hunt+     
,,leaves  is a game simil> to ! above4  
,,movem5t ,,game    ,fr$]ick may be a   

pony4   ,l\ise may be a kitty1 etc4  7,(
 ! o!r *ildr5--"o may be a boy2 ano!r1 a
 bird2 ano!r1 a horse2 ano!r1 a fi%2    
ano!r1 a girl1 etc47    ,trot1 pony4    
,run1 dog4   ,skip1 boy1 etc4  ,!y p]=m 
s+ly1 & also 9 a body4   ,,mak+ ,,g>d5  
,mat]ial4--,trays or box-cov]s ( s&1 & a
 toy set ( g>d5 tools = ea* pupil4      
,take ! spade4   ,spade ! e>?4   ,take !
 hoe4   ,hoe ! gr\nd4   ,take ! rake4   
,smoo? ! gr\nd4   ,make holes 7or r[s74 
,plant corn 7or s[ ! se$74   ,cov] !    
se$4   ,wat] ! g>d54   ,,! ,,f>m]',s    
,,pets  ,= ?is game ! *ildr5 are all    
seat$ 9 *airs except "o = :om no *air is
 provid$4 ,ea* *ild seat$ takes ! "n (  
"s animal on ! f>m1 e4g41 a dog1 cat1   
horse1 *ick51 duck1 or c[4 ,! "o /&+ is 
! f>m-h& & says1 e4g41 ,my ma/] wants 8 
dog4 ,! dog mu/ jump up & turn ar\nd4   
,if he fails to d s1 he /eps to "o side 
tak+ 8 *air ) him4 ,if :5 he is aga9    
call$ ^u he answ]s correctly1 he resumes
 8 seat 9 ! circle4 ,occasionally !     
f>m-h& says1 ,my ma/] wants all ( 8     

pets4 ,:5 all rise & *ange seats        
quietly4 ,! f>m-h& tries to get a seat1 
leav+ ano!r *ild to be ! f>m-h&4 ,9     
*ang+ seats !y *ange names z a s+le "n  
belongs to ea* *air4         99       99
       99       99       99  7,,ii7     
,lit]ature z a ,basis = ! ,read+4 ,!    
/ories 9 ! =m indicat$ bel[ are giv5    
aft] ! *ildr5 h become ?or\ghly famili> 
) !m ?r\gh oral pres5tation1 aft]1 too1 
! *ildr5 h ga9$ "s facility 9 read+1    
?r\gh ! use ( ! games1 & ! directions1  
etc41 us$ 9 ! g5]al managem5t ( ! s*ool4
 ,be=e ! bo>d "w is pres5t$ ! *ildr5    
dramatize ! /ory :i* !y are to read4 ,!y
 look to ! bo>d to f9d out :at to say t 
!y may imp]sonate ! "* 9 ! /ory4 ,ea*   
mimics 9 tone & action ! "o ^: "p he    
takes4 ,z no two mimic 9 ! same way !re 
is no lack ( v>iety & int]e/4 ,if !     
*ildr5 are ?\ghtful !y w "k e "t into ^:
 m\? to put ea* s5t5ce4 ,!y ne$ to be   
al]t1 h[ev]4 ,! names ( ! speak]s1 giv5 
9 ! m>g91 are = ! b5efit ( ! read]s (   
?is article4 ,!y are n put on ! bo>d4 ,!

 *ildr5 d n ne$ !m4   ,,! ,,old ,,woman 
,,& ,,! ,,pig  ,i    ,! old woman4 ,i 0 
sweep+ my h\se4   ,i f\nd ?is dime4     
,:at %all ,i buy8   ,i "k2 ,i w buy a   
pig4   ,:]e is my sunbonnet8   ,:]e is  
my cane8   ,"h ,i g4   ,tramp6 tramp6   
tramp6  ,,ii4    ,old woman4 ,tap1 tap1 
tap6    ,! f>m]4 ,come 94   ,good morn+1
 old woman4    ,old woman4 ,good morn+1 
sir4   ,i want to buy a pig4    ,f>m]4  
,all "r2 ,i h "s4   ,w y look at !m8    
,"h !y are4    ,old woman4 ,i l ?is "o4 
,i w take x4   ,good morn+4    ,f>m]4   
,good morn+4  ,,iii    ,old woman4 ,g   
on1 pig4   ,t f5ce is l[1   ,y c jump   
ov]4    ,pig4 ,grunt6 grunt6    ,old    
woman4 ,:at %all ,i d8   ,i mu/ h help4 
,i w g back4  ,,iv    ,old woman4 ,dog1 
dog1 bite pig4    ,dog4 ,no1 no4 7,%ak+ 
8 head47  ,v    ,old woman4 ,/ick1 /ick1
 :ip dog4    ,/ick4 ,no1 no4 7,%ak+ head
 z be=e47  ,,vi-,,xii4 ,simil> to two   
above4  ,,xiii    ,old woman4 ,cat1 cat1
 kill rat4    ,cat4 ,i w if y w give me 
"s milk4    ,old woman4 ,i w g to ! c[4 

,,xiv    ,old woman4 ,c[1 c[1 give me "s
 milk4    ,c[4 ,i w if y w give me "s   
hay4    ,old woman4 ,all "r4   ,tramp6  
tramp6 tramp6   ,"h is ! hay1 c[4       
,c[4 ,*ew1 *ew1 *ew1 *ew4   ,n[ y may h 
"s milk4    ,old woman4 ,?ank y1 c[4    
,,xv    ,old woman4 ,come1 kitty1 kitty1
 kitty4   ,"h is "s milk = y4    ,cat4  
,lap1 lap1 lap1 lap4    ,old woman4 ,n[ 
cat* ! rat4    ,cat4 ,patt]1 patt]1     
patt]4 7,giv5 s(tly--x is ! cat runn+   
aft] ! rat47   ,,! ,,?ree ,,be>s  ,i    
,! papa be>4 ,t s\p is hot4   ,x mu/    
cool4   ,we w take a walk4  ,,ii        
,silv]-,hair4 ,tap6 tap6 tap6   ,no "o  
at home4   ,i w g 94   ,:at is t on !   
table8   ,x is ?ree b[ls ( s\p4   ,i am 
hungry4   7,ta/+ ( ! s\p 9 ! big b[l47  
,t is too hot4   7,ta/+ ( s\p 9         
middle-siz$ b[l47   ,t is too cold4     
7,ta/+ ( s\p 9 little b[l47   ,t is j   
"r4   ,x is good4   ,i w eat a little4  
,,iii    ,i am tir$4   ,"h are ?ree     
*airs4   ,t is too high4   ,t is too    
wide4   ,?is is j "r4   ,i w re/ "h4    

,oh1 x broke6  ,,iv    ,i am sleepy4    
,i w g up/airs4   ,"h are ?ree b$s4   ,t
 is too h>d4   ,t is too s(t4   ,?is is 
j "r4   ,i w sleep "h4  ,v    ,papa be>4
 ,,somebody ,,has ,,be5 ,,ta/+ ,,my     
,,s\p4    ,mamma be>4 ,somebody has be5 
ta/+ my s\p4    ,baby be>4 ,somebody has
 be5 ta/+ my s\p4   ,x is all gone4     
,,vi    ,papa be>4 ,,somebody ,,has     
,,be5 ,,sitt+ ,,9 ,,my ,,*air4    ,mamma
 be>4 ,somebody has be5 sitt+ 9 my *air4
    ,baby be>4 ,somebody has be5 sitt+ 9
 my *air4   ,x is all brok54  ,,vii     
,papa be>4 ,,somebody ,,has ,,be5 ,,ly+ 
,,on ,,my ,,b$4    ,mamma be>4 ,somebody
 has be5 ly+ on my b$4    ,baby be>4    
,somebody has be5 ly+ on my b$4   ,:y1  
"h %e is6    ,silv]-,hair4 ,oh1 my6   ,i
 w jump4   ,n[ ,i w run4  ,,! ,,fir     
,,tree  ,i    ,i am a little fir tree4  
,i want to be tall4   ,i hate rabbits4  
,!y jump ov] me4  ,,ii    ,i am ?ree    
ye>s old4   ,! rabbit _c jump ov] me n[4
   ,x runs ar\nd me4   ,i wi% ,i 7      
tall]4   ,i hate to be s little4  ,,iii 

,n[ ,i am six ye>s old4   ,"h come !    
wood*opp]s4   ,!y w take me away4   ,"h 
,i g4   ,?ump6 ?ump6 ?ump6  ,,iv    ,:at
 a f9e h\se4   ,h[ beautiful ?is moss   
is4   ,:at are ^! p go+ to give me8   ,i
 am s happy6  ,v    ,"h are ! *ildr54   
,h[ !y l me6   ,see !m dance ab\t me4   
,ev]ybody looks at me4   ,d n take away 
my beautiful dress4   ,d n put out !    
lights4  ,,vi    ,"h come ! s]vants4    
,!y w give me my beautiful dress4   ,oh1
 oh1 oh6   ,don't put me up !re4   ,x is
 d>k4   ,i want to be plant$4  ,,vii    
,i wi% ,i 7 at home4   ,i want to see ! 
rabbit4   ,x may jump ov] me4   ,i w n  
c>e4   ,i want to see ! o!r trees4   ,! 
rats come4 ,i d n l rats4  ,,viii       
,out aga96   ,i l ! air4   ,n[ ,i %all  
be plant$4   ,i am glad to see ! fl[]s4 
,i am glad to he> ! birds4   ,n[ ,i %all
 live4  ,,ix    ,t boy call$ me ugly4   
,he took my beautiful />4   ,i wi% ,i 7 
9 ! woods4   ,i %all nev] be happy aga94
   ,pop6 pop6 pop6 pop6   ,,! ,,/reet   
,,musicians  ,i    ,! donkey4 ,i am v   

old4   ,i am v weak4   ,i c "w no m4    
,my ma/] w n keep me4   ,i w run away4  
,i w g to ! city4   ,i c make music4    
,i w jo9 a b&4   ,trot6 trot6 trot6     
,,ii    ,:at is t 9 ! road8   ,x is an  
old dog4   ,:at is ! matt]8    ,dog4 ,i 
am v old4   ,i am v weak4   ,i _c hunt4 
,my ma/] w n keep me4   ,h[ c ,i live8  
,donkey4 ,come ) me4   ,y c play ! bass 
drum4   ,jo9 a b&4    ,dog4 ,good6 good6
 good6   ,i w g4    ,dog & donkey4      
,trot6 trot6 trot6  ,,iii    ,donkey4   
,:at is t 9 ! road8   ,x is an old cat4 
,:at is ! matt]1 old :isk]s8    ,cat4 ,i
 am v old4   ,i am v weak4   ,i _c cat* 
mice4   ,my mi/ress w n keep me4   ,h[ c
 ,i live8    ,donkey4 ,come ) u4   ,y c 
s+4   ,jo9 a b&4    ,cat4 ,good6 good6  
good6   ,i w g4    ,all ?ree4 ,trot6    
trot6 trot6  ,,iv    ,donkey4 ,:at is t 
on ! gate8   ,x is a roo/]4   ,:at is ! 
matt]8    ,roo/]4 ,! cook w kill me4    
,donkey4 ,come ) u4   ,y c s+4   ,jo9 a 
b&4    ,roo/]4 ,good6 good6 good6   ,i w
 g4    ,all f\r4 ,trot6 trot6 trot6     

,,! ,,unhappy ,,p9e ,,tree   ,i    ,i am
 a little p9e tree4   ,i d n l to be a  
p9e tree4   ,my leaves are ne$les4      
,ne$les are n pretty4   ,i wi% ,i _h    
gold leaves4  ,,ii    ,9 ! morn+4 ,:y d 
! trees look at me8   ,:at has happ5$8  
,gold leaves6 ,gold leaves6   ,j :at ,i 
want$6   ,good6 good6 good6  ,,iii      
,to ! robb]4 ,d n take my leaves4   ,i  
want !m4   ,!y are beautiful4   ,give !m
 back4   ,no leaves6 ,no leaves6   ,i   
wi% ,i _h glass leaves4  ,,iv    ,9 !   
morn+4 ,oh1 h[ beautiful6   ,glass      
leaves6 ,glass leaves6   ,no robb] w    
take !m4   ,i c keep !m4   ,i am s      
happy6  ,v    ,cl\d1 d n come4   ,w9d1 d
 n bl[4   ,keep /ill1 keep /ill4   ,a   
leaf is brok54   ,ano!r6 ,ano!r6   ,all 
gone6 ,all gone6   ,no beautiful leaves4
   ,i wi% ,i _h bright gre5 leaves4     
,,vi    ,9 ! morn+4 ,oh1 my pretty gre5 
leaves6   ,no "o w /eal !m4   ,no?+ w   
break !m4   ,i %all n ne$ to keep /ill4 
,i w dance4   ,dance6 dance6 dance6     
,,vii    ,goat1 d n come "h4   ,^! are  

my leaves4   ,i want !m4   ,!y are      
pretty4   ,oh1 oh1 oh6   ,all my pretty 
leaves are gone4   ,:at %all ,i d8   ,i 
wi% ,i _h my ne$les4  ,,viii    ,oh1 "m1
 "m1 see6   ,i h my old leaves4   ,i l  
!m4   ,!y are be/ ( all4   ,no "o w /eal
 !m4   ,no?+ w break !m4   ,no?+ w eat  
!m4   ,i c keep !m4   ,my de> old       
leaves6         99       99       99    
99       99  7,,iii7 ,nature ,/udy z a  
,basis = ! ,read+4 ,! subjects 9 :i* !  
pupils are mo/ int]e/$ are made ! basis 
= ! read+ lessons4  ,sometimes !re is a 
guess+ game l ! foll[+3 ,! tea*]1 hold+ 
a fl[] 9 h] clos$ h&1 writes3--         
,guess :at ,i h4   ,x is a fl[]4   ,x is
 :ite4   ,x has a yell[ c5tre4  7,!     
*ildr5 answ]--a daisy47 ,or--    ,guess 
:at ,i h4   ,x is a leaf4   ,x is yell[4
   ,x is long4   ,x is n>r[4  7,! *ildr5
 answ]--! will[47  ,aft] ! pupils h made
 a c>eful /udy ( a few birds or fl[]s1 !
 read+ lesson describes "o ( ^!1 & !    
pupils are expect$ to "n x f !          
description4 ,if a *ild gives ! wrong   

"n1 "o ( ^? :o "k bett] po9ts out ! l9e 
or l9es b>r+ out ?is object1 & reads to 
! "o mak+ ! mi/ake z pro( ( 8 error4    
,i live 9 ! woods4   ,i am n a bird4    
,i am n a fl[]4   ,i am n a tree4   ,i  
run up trees4   ,i eat nuts4   ,i h a   
bu%y tail4   ,:at is my "n8 7,squirrel47
   ,i am a little bird4   ,my back is   
br[n4   ,my brea/ is :ite4   ,my bill is
 curv$4   ,i g up a tree trunk4   ,i fly
 to ano!r tree4   ,i l insects4   ,:at  
is my "n8 7,! br[n creep]47   ,?is is a 
big bird4   ,x is blue4   ,x has black  
b&s on its tail & w+s4   ,x has a cre/4 
,its bill is black4   ,x scolds4   ,:at 
is its "n8 7,! blue jay47  ,! *ildr5    
sometimes play a game l ! foll[+3 ,all b
 "o p]sonify r$-head$ woodpeck]s4 ,! "o 
que/ions f ! bo>d4 ,if a r$-head$       
woodpeck] fails to answ] ! "q put to    
him1 he takes ! place ( ! int]locutor4  
,x is an honor to be able to answ] all !
 que/ions put3--    ,:at color is y\r   
head8   ,:at color is y\r ?roat8   ,:at 
color is y\r brea/8   ,:at colors on y\r

 w+s8   ,:at color is y\r bill8   ,:at d
 y d8   ,:]e d y make y\r ne/8  ,to a   
set ( que/ions l ! foll[+1 ! *ildr5 give
 ! answ]s1 aft] read+ ! que/ions        
sil5tly3--    ,:at bird did y fir/ see  
?is spr+8   ,:at h y se5 a rob9 d8      
,:at fl[] did y see fir/8   ,:at yell[  
fl[]s h y se5 ?is spr+8   ,:at :ite     
fl[]s8   ,:at blue fl[]s8   ,:at bird   
builds a ne/ 9 a tree trunk8   ,:at bird
 builds a ne/ on ! gr\nd8   ,,! ,,baby  
,,rob9  ,i saw two rob9s on ! gr\nd4    
,"o 0 a mamma rob94  ,! o!r 0 a baby    
rob94  ,! baby rob9 0 z big z its "m4   
,its brea/ 0 spott$4  ,its "m gave x an 
e>?worm4  ,at fir/ x dropp$ x1 b its "m 
pick$ x up & gave x to h] baby aga94    
,?is "t x got a bett] hold4 ,by sev]al  
gulps x swall[$ ! worm4  ,! "m look$    
pr\d ( h] baby4 7,?is is ! tea*]'s      
exp]i5ce :i* %e tells ! *ildr5 f ! bo>d4
 ,sometimes %e writes ! obs]vations :i* 
"o ( ! *ildr5 h made47  ,z no two tea*]s
 w h ! same mat]ial = ,nature ,/udy1 !  
read+ mat]ial w n be multipli$ "h4      

,gradually1 z ! pupils c /& x1 ! s5t5ces
 are l5g!n$ a little z necess>y1 & mass$
 into p>agraphs4  ,! use ( ! ,"m ,goose 
,rhymes z a means ( enliv5+ ! fir/ ye>  
read+ lessons is also treat$ z foll[s by
 ,mrs4 ,lida ,mc,murry4 7,tak5 f ,s*ool 
& ,home ,education = ,octob]1 #aijb47   
,_m ( ! *ildr5 on ent]+ s*ool are well  
v]s$ 9 ,nurs]y ,rhymes4 ,!y enjoy       
repeat+ !m4 ,o!r *ildr5 may n "k !m s   
well1 b soon le>n !m f _! classmates4   
,tea*]s & pupils may h a happy "t toge!r
 ) ,"m ,goose1 & at ! same "t ! pupils  
are le>n+ to read )\t realiz+ t :at !y  
are do+ is some?+ t !y are n accu/om$   
to4  ,i w sugge/ a few ways 9 :i* ^!    
rhymes may be made ! basis = read+      
lessons3--  ,take ?is rhyme--   #a4     
,dance1 ,?umbk91 dance1     ,dance1 ye  
m]rym51 e "o2     ,= ,?umbk9 he c dance 
alone1     ,?umbk9 he c dance alone4  ,!
 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? /anzas are l
 ! fir/1 only ,=eman1 ,longman1 ,r+man1 
& ,littleman are 9 turn sub/itut$ =     
,?umbk94  ,! *ildr5 fir/ le>n to act out

 ea* /anza z !y recite x toge!r4 ,! ?umb
 is held up & mov$ ab\t z if danc+1 z ! 
fir/ l9e is giv54 ,all ! f+]s dance z ! 
second l9e is recit$4 ,! ?umb dances    
alone z ! ?ird & f\r? l9es are repeat$4 
,! tea*] !n repeats ! /anza alone1 & !  
*ildr5's f+]s accompany h]4  ,lat]1 :5 !
 *ildr5 h le>n$ to act out ! /ory well1 
z ! tea*] repeats x1 ! tea*] writes !   
fir/ l9e at ! bo>d1 &1 po9t+ to x1 asks 
! *ildr5 to d :at ! bo>d directs4 ,!y _c
 tell :at x is1 s ! tea*] says1 ,! bo>d 
is talk+ to ,?umbk91 writ+ ! "n on !    
bo>d z %e says x4 ,:at d y ?9k x wants  
,?umbk9 to d8 po9t+ to ,dance 9 ! l9e on
 ! bo>d4 ,! next l9e is writt5 on !     
bo>d4 ,! *ildr5 q likely w guess rightly
 :at x says1 because ( its sett+4 ,if n1
 ! tea*] w help !m z at fir/4 ,9 ! same 
way !y connect ! ?ird & f\r? l9es ) !   
oral expression ( ! same1 & act !m out  
accord+ly4 ,t ! *ildr5 respond readily  
to ! directions z writt5 is no pro(1 at 
fir/1 t !y "k ev5 mo/ ( ! words 9 !     
l9es4 ,! tea*]'s te/ is a "p ( ! play4  

,to-day1 in/ead ( writ+ ! fir/ l9e1 %e  
writes ! second4 ,_m get caught4 ,!y w  
be m al]t ano!r "t4 ,z !y c nev] tell   
:i* l9e w appe> fir/1 !y le>n to        
discrim9ate by giv+ clos] att5tion to ! 
=m ( ! words4  ,sometimes ! tea*] writes
 ! six names--,?umbk91 ,=eman1 etc41 &  
,m]rym51 on ! bo>d4 ,%e po9ts to ! "n or
 names ( ! "o1 or ones1 t %\ld dance4 ,!
 *ildr5 d n l to make mi/akes 9 respond+
 ) ! f+]s4  ,sometimes ! tea*] po9ts to 
a "n on ! bo>d1 z ,=eman1 & writes dance
 alone1 or dance e "o4 ,! al]t *ildr5   
see t ! latt] does n apply4  ,! words   
are n drill$ ^u4 ,! game1 ) v>iations   
sometimes1 is play$ q frequ5tly1 b nev] 
s long at a "t t ! *ildr5 we>y ( x4     
,?ree or f\r plays or games are giv5 at 
a s+le recitation4 ,! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5
 are /udi$1 & rhymes :i* !y d n enjoy z 
read+ mat]ial are dropp$1 & o!rs        
sub/itut$4 ,! rhymes %\ld (t5 be        
repeat$1 j z !y occur 9 ,"m ,goose1 t ! 
*ildr5 may n =get !m4   #b4 ,eye w9k]4  
,tom t9k]4     ,m\? eat]4     ,*9 *opp]4

     ,*9 *opp]4  ,! *ildr5 po9t to !    
p>ts ( ! face z !y are nam$4 ,!y fir/   
le>n to give ! rhyme ) its accompany+   
motion orally1 !n !y respond to x z     
writt5 on ! bo>d 7,tom t9k] is ! o!r    
eye74 ,:5 !y d ?is readily ! directions 
are writt5 out ( _! ord]4 ,?is te/s !   
*ildr5's ability to di/+ui% "o =m f     
ano!r4 ,no *ild likes to give ! wrong   
motion 9 response to a direction1 e4g41 
po9t to 8 m\? :5 ,eye w9k] is call$ =4  
#c4 ,! *ildr51 we w suppose1 "k a numb] 
( rhymes1 z1 e4g41      ,a dill]1 a     
doll>1 a t5 o'clock s*ol>4     ,a little
 boy w5t into a b>n4     ,baa1 baa1     
black %eep4     ,ra91 ra91 g away1 etc4 
,! tea*] writes ! fir/ l9e ( "o ( ^!    
rhymes on ! bo>d & asks a *ild to give !
 rhyme4 ,he _c at fir/4 ,lat] he w le>n 
to recognize x2 s ) all ! rhymes he     
kn[s4 ,:5 he c give any rhyme call$ = 9 
response to ! fir/ l9e z writt5 at !    
bo>d1 ano!r l9e 7n ! fir/7 is writt51 & 
! *ild ask$ to give ! rhyme ( :i* x is a
 "p4   #d4 ,is ,john ,smi? )98     ,yes1

 t he is4     ,c he set a %oe8     ,ay1 
m>ry1 two4     ,"h a nail & !re a nail1 
,tick1 tack1 too4  ,aft] ! *ildr5 h     
le>n$ ! above rhyme1 act+ x out1 by     
imitat+ ! voices ( ! two speak]s1 & by  
driv+ ! nails1 ! two que/ions are ask$  
at ! bo>d1 & ! *ildr5 respond orally4   
,sometimes ! second "q1 slightly alt]$1 
is ask$ fir/1 e4g41 ,c ,john ,smi? set a
 %oe8 ,sometimes ,:o is )98 appe>s on ! 
bo>d4   #e4 ,old ,"m ,hubb>d4  ,!re are 
_m /anzas to ?is poem1 a few ( :i* !    
tea*] w wi% to omit1 z ^? ref]r+ to !   
visits to ! ale-h\se & ! tav]n4 ,!      
pupils become p]fectly famili> ) ! j+le1
 s !y c ) ease give x orally1 !n ! tea*]
 writes ! fir/ l9e ( a /anza at ! bo>d &
 po9t+ to x asks a pupil to give !      
rema9d] ( ! /anza4 ,! mi/ake is ludicr\s
 if ! wrong l9es foll[ ! fir/1 & !      
pupils wi% to avoid su* a mi/ake4   #f4 
,!re 7 two birds sat on a /one1         
,fa1 la1 la1 la1 lal1 de4     ,"o flew  
away & !n !re 0 "o1       ,fa1 la1 la1  
la1 lal1 de4     ,! o!r flew aft] & !n  

!re 0 none1       ,fa1 la1 la1 la1 lal1 
de4     ,& s ! poor /one 0 left all     
alone1       ,fa1 la1 la1 la1 lal1 de4  
,! *ildr5 act out ?is rhyme at fir/ z !y
 say x1 lat]1 sil5tly1 z !y see :at is  
call$ = at ! bo>d4  ,any numb] may be   
sub/itut$ = two 9 ! fir/ l9e1 b :5 !y   
come to ! ?ird l9e ! numb] sub/itut$ =  
"o %\ld be su* t only "o w rema91 e4g41 
,!re 7 eight birds sat on a /one1 ,sev5 
flew away1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 are sometimes 
caught by ! wrong numb] be+ told to fly4
 ,! *ildr5 %\ld n fly until !y are sure 
t x is all "r4   #g4 ,:at are y\r eyes  
=8     ,:at are y\r e>s =8     ,:at is  
y\r nose =8     ,:at is y\r tongue =8   
,:at is y\r m\? =8     ,:at is y\r h& =8
     ,:at are y\r f+]s =8     ,:at are  
y\r tee? =8     ,:at is y\r bra9 =8     
,:at is y\r he>t =8  ,^! que/ions are   
read sil5tly by ! *ildr51 !n answ]$     
orally 9 complete s5t5ces1 "o *ild only 
answ]+ at "o "t4 ,! answ]s are s absurd 
:5 wrong t ea* *ild is c>eful to "k :at 
is ask$4  ,^! are only a few ( ! ways 9 

:i* ,"m ,goose may be us$ z read+       
mat]ial4 ,ea* tea*] w ?9k out = h]self  
ways 9 :i* ^! rhymes may be pr(itably & 
happily employ$4                        
,,mrs4 ,,lida ,,mcmurry4     ,,*apt]    
,,vii  ,,me?od ,,9 ,,prim>y ,,read+   ,!
 problem ( prim>y read+ is "o ( ! mo/   
complex & difficult 9 ! :ole range (    
s*ool in/ruction4 ,a l>ge proportion ( !
 f9e/ skill & sympa?y ( tea*]s has be5  
exp5d$ 9 ef=ts to f9d ! appropriate &   
natural me?od ( tea*+ *ildr5 to read4   
,all sorts ( me?ods & devices h be5     
employ$1 f ! mo/ =mal & me*anical to !  
mo/ spirit$ & reali/ic4  ,! fir/        
requisite to good read+ is some?+ wor?  
read+1 some?+ valuable & int]e/+ to !   
*ildr51 & adapt$ to _! m9ds4 ,we mu/    
take x = grant$ 9 ?is discussion t ! be/
 lit]ature & ! be/ /ories h be5 select$1
 & :at ! tea*] has to d is1 fir/1 to    
appreciate ^! ma/]pieces = h]self1 &    
second1 to br+ ! *ildr5 9 ! read+       
lessons to appreciate & enjoy !m4 ,9 !  
prim>y grades we are n s ri*ly suppli$ )

 available mat]ials f good lit]ature z 9
 int]m$iate & gramm> grades4 ,?is is due
 n to difficulty 9 ?\ght1 b to !        
unfamili> writt5 & pr9t$ =ms4 ,! great  
problem 9 prim>y read+ is to ma/] ^!    
/range =ms z quickly z possible1 & f9d  
entrance to ! /ory-l& ( books4 ,= sev]al
 ye>s1 h[ev]1 prim>y tea*]s h be5       
select+ & adapt+ ! be/ /ories1 & "s ( ! 
lead+ publi%]s h br\ght out 9 *oice     
s*ool-book =m books :i* are well adapt$ 
to ! read+ ( prim>y grades4  ,we %\ld l 
to assume "o o!r advantage4 ,if ! *ildr5
 h be5 treat$ orally to ,rob9son ,crusoe
 9 ! second grade1 !y w appreciate &    
read ! /ory mu* bett] 9 ! ?ird grade4   
,if "s ( ,grimm's /ories are told 9 fir/
 grade1 !y c be read ) ease 9 ! second  
grade4 ,! tea*]'s oral pres5tation ( !  
/ories is ! "r way to br+ !m close to ! 
life & int]e/ ( *ildr54 ,9 ! fir/ grade1
 z %[n 9 ! *apt] on oral lessons1 x is !
 only way1 because ! *ildr5 _c yet read4
 ,b ev5 if !y c\ld read1 ! oral treatm5t
 is mu* bett]4 ,! oral pres5tation is m 

lively1 natural1 & reali/ic4 ,! tea*] c 
adapt ! /ory & ! language to ! imm$iate 
ne$s ( ! class z no au?or c4 ,%e c "q1  
or sugge/ l9es ( ?\ght1 or call up ideas
 f ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce4 ,! oral mann] is
 ! true way to let ! *ildr5 delve into !
 ri* culture-cont5t ( /ories & to awak5 
a ta/e = _! beauty & tru?4 ,we c\ld well
 wi% t be=e *ildr5 read my?ical /ories 9
 f\r? grade1 !y _h be5 /irr$ up to enjoy
 !m by oral n>ration & discussion 9 !   
prec$+ ye>4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! read+   
be>s on int]e/+ sci5ce topics previ\sly 
/udi$1 x w be a di/9ct advantage to !   
read+ lesson4 ,*ildr5 l to read ab\t ?+s
 t h previ\sly excit$ _! int]e/1 :e!r 9 
/ory or sci5ce4 ,! difficulties ( =mal  
read+ w also be p>tly ov]come by        
famili>ity ) ! h>d] names & words4 ,our 
conclusion is t read+ lessons1 alone1 _c
 provide all ! conditions favorable to  
good read+4 ,"s ( ^! c be well suppli$  
by o!r /udies or by prelim9>y lessons   
:i* pave ! way = ! read+ prop]4 ,?is    
matt] has be5 s fully discuss$ 9 ! e>li]

 *apt]s on oral "w t x requires no fur!r
 treatm5t "h4   ,,folk-,,lore ,,/ories  
,,z ,,read+ ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,fir/       
,,grade  ,let x be suppos$ t a class (  
fir/-grade *ildr5 has le>n$ to tell a   
c]ta9 /ory orally4 ,x has int]e/$ !m &  
/irr$ up _! ?\ght4  ,let !m next le>n to
 read ! same /ory 9 a v simple =m4 ,?is 
w lead to a s]ies ( elem5t>y read+      
lessons 9 connection ) ! /ory1 & ! aim  
%\ld be /rictly t ( ma/]+ ! e>ly        
difficulties ( read+4 ,! tea*] recalls !
 /ory1 & asks = a /atem5t f its beg9n+4 
,if ! s5t5ce furni%$ by ! *ild is simple
 & suitable1 ! tea*] writes x on !      
blackbo>d 9 pla9 l>ge script4 ,ea* *ild 
reads x ?r\gh & po9ts out ! words4 ,let 
!re be a lively drill ^u ! s5t5ce till !
 picture ( ea* ^w becomes cle> & di/9ct4
 ,dur+ ! fir/ lesson1 two or ?ree %ort  
s5t5ces c be h&l$ ) success4 ,z new     
words are le>n$1 !y %\ld be mix$ up on !
 bo>d ) ^? le>n$ be=e1 & a quick & v>i$ 
drill on ! words 9 s5t5ces or 9 columns 
be employ$ to e/abli% ! =ms 9 memory4#h 

,spe$1 v>iety 9 device1 & wat*fulness to
 keep all busy & att5tive are necess>y  
to secure good results4      #h         
,fir/-class prim>y tea*]s claim t drills
 are     unnecess>y if ! tea*] is       
skilful 9 recomb9+ !     old words 9 new
 s5t5ces4  ,aft] a few lessons "o or two
 ( ! simpl] words may be tak5 = phonetic
 analysis4 ,! simple s\nds are associat$
 ) ! lett]s t repres5t !m4 ,^! famili>  
lett]s are lat] met & id5tifi$ 9 new    
words1 &1 z soon z a numb] ( s\nds ) _! 
symbols h be5 le>n$1 new words c be     
con/ruct$ & pron\nc$ f ^! kn[n elem5ts4 
,! self-activity ( ! *ildr5 9 recogniz+ 
! elem5t>y s\nds1 already met1 9 new    
words z fa/ z !y come up1 is "o ( ! *ief
 m]its ( ?is e>ly /udy ( words4 ,!y ?us 
e>ly le>n ! p[] ( self-help & ( confid5t
 reliance ^u !mselves 9 acquir+ & us+ k4
 ,! *ief difficulty is 9 tell+ :i* s\nd 
to use1 z a lett] (t5 has sev]al s\nds  
7z a1 e1 s1 c1 etc474 ,b ! *ildr5 are   
capable ( te/+ ! kn[n s\nds ( a lett] ^u
 a new ^w1 & 9 mo/ cases1 ( decid+ :i*  

to use4 ,! ?\ghtless habit ( pron\nc+ e 
new ^w = a *ild1 )\t ef=t on 8 "p1 *ecks
 & spoils 8 int]e/ & self-activity4 ,x  
does n seem necess>y to use an ext5sive 
sy/em ( diacritical m>k+s to guide him 9
 ^! ef=ts to discrim9ate s\nds4 ,x is   
bett] to use ! m>ks z little z possible 
& le>n to int]pret words z !y usually   
appe> 9 pr9t4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n         
decisively t a lively & vigor\s         
self-activity is manife/$ by su* e>ly   
ef=ts 9 le>n+ to read4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ 
enc\rag+ signs 9 education to see little
 *ildr5 9 _! fir/ ef=ts to ma/] ! =mal  
art ( read+1 %[+ ?is spirit$            
self-reliant en]gy4  ,9 ! same way1 !y  
recognize old words 9 s5t5ces & new or  
*ang$ comb9ations ( old =ms1 & beg9 to  
read new s5t5ces :i* comb9e old words 9 
new relations4  ,9 %ort1 ! s5t5ce1 ^w1 &
 phonic me?ods are all us$ 9 fitt+      
alt]nation1 :ile orig9ality & v>iety (  
device are necess>y 9 ! be/ ex]cise (   
tea*+ p[]4  ,! processes ( le>n+ to read
 by su* bo>d-script "w are p>tly        

analytic & p>tly syn!tic4 ,*ildr5 beg9 )
 s5t5ces1 analyze !m into words1 & "s ( 
! words into _! simple s\nds4 ,b :5 ^!  
s\nds beg9 to gr[ famili>1 !y are       
id5tifi$ aga9 9 o!r words1 ?us comb9+ !m
 into new =ms4 ,9 ! same way1 words once
 le>n$ by ! analytic /udy ( s5t5ces are 
recogniz$ aga9 9 new s5t5ces1 & ?us     
int]pret$ 9 new relations4  ,! %ort     
s5t5ces1 d]iv$ f a famili> /ory1 :5     
rang$ toge!r supply a brief1 simple     
outl9e ( ! /ory4 ,if n[ ?is s]ies (     
s5t5ces be writt5 on ! bo>d or pr9t$ on 
slips ( pap]1 ! :ole /ory may be review$
 by ! class f day to day till ! ^w &    
s5t5ce =ms are well ma/]$4 ,= mak+ ^!   
pr9t$ slips1 "s tea*]s use a small      
pr9t+-press1 or a typewrit]4 ,ev5tually 
sev]al /ories may be collect$ & sew$    
toge!r1 s z to =m a little read+-book   
:i* is ! result ( ! con/ructive "w (    
tea*] & pupils4  ,! read+ lessons j     
describ$ are entirely sep>ate f ! oral  
treatm5t & reproduction ( ! /ories2 yet 
! ?\ght & int]e/ awak5$ 9 ! oral "w are 

helpful 9 keep+ up a lively ef=t 9 !    
read+ class4 ,! ?\ght mat]ial 9 a good  
/ory is itself a m5tal /imulus1 &       
produces a wakefulness :i* is favorable 
to impr9t+ ! =ms z well z ! cont5t (    
?\ght4 ,expression1 also1 t is1 natural 
& vivid r5d]+ ( ! ?\ght1 is always aim$ 
at 9 read+1 & spr+s spontane\sly f      
int]e/+ ?\ght /udies4  ,_m tea*]s use ! 
mat]ials furni%$ by oral lessons 9      
natural sci5ce z a simil> introduction  
to read+ 9 fir/ grade4 ,! sci5ce lessons
 furni% good ?\ght matt] = simple       
s5t5ces1 & !re is good reason :y1 9     
le>n+ to read1 *ildr5 %\ld use s5t5ces  
drawn bo? f lit]ature & f natural       
sci5ce4   ,,read+ ,,9 ,,! ,,second      
,,grade  ,! oral lessons 9 good /ories1 
& ! lat] bo>d-use ( ^! mat]ials 9 le>n+ 
! elem5ts ( =mal read+1 are an excell5t 
prep>ation = ! full] & m ext5d$ read+ ( 
simil> matt] 9 ! second & ?ird grades4  
,:5 ! oral "w ( ! fir/ grade has ?us    
k9dl$ ! fancy ( a *ild ^u ^! *>m+       
pictures1 & ! lat] bo>d-"w has acqua9t$ 

him ) lett] & ^w symbols :i* express su*
 ?\ght1 ! read+ ( ! same & o!r /ories ( 
l "* 7a ye> lat]7 w foll[ z an easy &   
natural sequ5ce4 ,z a prelim9>y to all  
good read+ ex]cises1 !re %\ld be ri* &  
fruitful ?\ght adapt$ to ! age ( *ildr54
 ,! realm ( classic folk-lore conta9s   
abundant ?\ght mat]ial peculi> 9 its    
fitness to awak5 ! int]e/ & fancy (     
*ildr5 9 ! fir/ two grades4 ,to br+ ^!  
*oice /ories close to ! he>ts ( *ildr5  
%\ld be ! aim ( mu* ( ! "w 9 bo? ^!     
grades4 ,su* an aim1 skilfully c>ri$    
out1 n only conduces to ! joy ( *ildr5 9
 fir/ grade1 b infuses ! read+ lessons (
 second grade ) ?\ght & culture ( ! be/ 
quality4  ,int]e/ & vigor ( ?\ght are   
c]ta9 to help "r expression & read+4    
,read+1 l e o!r /udy1 %\ld be bas$ ^u   
realities4 ,:5 !re is real ?\ght & feel+
 9 ! *ildr51 a correct expression ( !m  
is m easily secur$ ?an by =mal dem&s or 
by intimidation4  ,! /ories to be read 9
 second or ?ird grade may be full] &    
long] ?an ! brief outl9e s5t5ces us$ =  

bo>d-"w 9 ! fir/ grade4 ,besides1 ^!    
tales1 be+ classic & ( p]man5t value1 d 
n lose _! *>m by repetition4   ,,me?od  
,by oral read+1 we mean ! giv+ ( ! ?\ght
 obta9$ f a pr9t$ page to o!rs ?r\gh !  
m$ium ( ! voice4  ,!re is fir/ ! tra9+ (
 ! eye 9 tak+ 9 a numb] ( words at a    
glance--a me*anical process2 !n !       
int]pretation ( ^! gr\ps ( words--a     
m5tal process2 next ! mak+ kn[n ( !     
ideas ?us obta9$ to o!rs1 by means ( !  
voice--also a me*anical process4  ,!    
*ildr5 ne$ special help 9 ea* /ep4 ,we  
are apt to ov]do "o at ! exp5se ( !     
o!rs4  #a4 ,eye-tra9+ is ! f\ndation (  
all good read+4 ,v>i\s devices are      
resort$ to 9 obta9+ x4 ,we w sugge/ a   
few1 n new at all1 b useful4      7a7 ,a
 /rip ( c>dbo>d1 on :i* is a clause or  
s5t5ce1 is     held be=e ! class1 = a   
mom5t only1 & !n remov$4 ,!     l5g? ( !
 task is increas$ z ! eye becomes tra9$ 
to     ?is k9d ( "w4      7b7 ,! *ildr5 
op5 _! books at a signal f !     tea*]1 
glance ?r\gh a l9e1 or "p ( "o1 indicat$

 by !     tea*]1 close book at once &   
give ! l9e4      7c7 ,! tea*] places on 
! bo>d clauses or s5t5ces     be>+ on ! 
lesson1 & cov]s ) a map4 ,! map is roll$
     up to %[ "o ( ^!1 :i* is almo/     
imm$iately eras$4 ,!     *ildr5 are !n  
ask$ to give x4 ,! map is !n roll$ up   
high]1 expos+ ano!r1 :i* also is spe$ily
 eras$--& s     on until all h be5 giv5 
to ! *ildr5 & eras$4  #b4 ,! *ild ne$s n
 only to be able to recognize gr\ps (   
words1 b he mu/ be able to get ?\ght f  
!m4 ,! foll[+ are "s devices to t end3--
      7a7 ,sugge/ive pictures c be made 
use ( to advantage all     ?r\gh !      
prim>y grades4 ,if ! *ild reads "p ( !  
/ory     9 ! picture1 & f9ds x int]e/+1 
he w want to read     f ! pr9t$ page !  
"p n giv5 9 ! picture4      7b7 ,:]e !re
 is no picture--or ev5 :]e !re is "o--an
     aim may be useful to ar\se int]e/ 9
 ! ?\ght1 i4e4 a     ?\ghtful "q may be 
put by ! tea*]1 :i* !     *ildr5 c answ]
 only by read+ ! /ory2 e4g4 9 !         
supplem5t>y read]1 ,easy ,/eps = ,little

 ,feet1 is f\nd !     /ory ( ,! ,p9 &   
,ne$le4 ,!re is no picture4 ,! tea*]    
says1 z ! class are seat$3 ,n[ we h a   
/ory ab\t a big     qu>rel betwe5 a p9 &
 a ne$le ov] ! "q1 ',:i* "o     is !    
bett] fell[8' ,( :at c\ld ! ne$le boa/8 
,( :at     ! p98 ,let u see :i* won4    
7c7 ,let all ! pupils look ?r\gh "o or m
 p>agraphs1     read+ sil5tly1 to get ! 
?\ght1 be=e any "o is call$     ^u to   
read al\d4 ,if a *ild comes to a ^w t he
 does n     "k1 dur+ ! sil5t read+1 !   
tea*] helps him to get     x--f !       
context if possible--if n1 by ! s\nds ( 
!     lett]s :i* compose x4  ,z ea* *ild
 f9i%es ! task assign$1 he raises 8 eyes
 f ! book1 %[+ by ?is act t he is ready 
to tell :at he has j read4 ,! ?\ght may 
be giv5 by ! *ild 9 8 own language to   
assure ! tea*] t he has x4 ,usually1    
h[ev]1 9 ! l[] grades1 ?is is           
unnecess>y1 ! language ( ! book be+     
ne>ly z simple z 8 own4  ,! advantage ( 
hav+ all ! pupils kept busy1 in/ead ( "o
 alone :o might be call$ ^u to read !   

p>agraph1 is evid5t4 ,e *ild reads      
sil5tly all ( ! lesson4 ,"t w\ld n p]mit
 t ?is be done orally1 7 x advisable to 
d s4 ,:5 ! *ild gets up to read1 he is n
 likely to /umble1 = he has bo? ! ?\ght 
& ! expression = x1 at ! />t4  ,:ile    
aim+ to h ! *ildr5 compreh5d ! ?\ght1 ! 
tea*] %\ld n =get1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?is is
 ! read+ h\r1 & n ! "t = mu* oral       
in/ruction & reproduction4 ,!re are o!r 
recitations 9 :i* ! *ild is tra9$ to    
free oral expression ( ?\ght1 z 9 sci5ce
 & lit]ature4 ,su* (fh& oral expression 
( 8 own ideas is n ! prim>y aim ( !     
read+ lesson4 ,its purpose is to l5d    
life to ! recitation4  #c4 ,/eps #a & #b
 deal ) prep>ation = ! read+4 ,up to ?is
 "t1 no oral read+ has be5 done4 ,n[ we 
are ready to beg94  ,*ildr5 w g5]ally   
express ! ?\ght ) ! prop] emphasis if !y
 n only see its mean+ b also feel x4    
,suppose ! *ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 ! ?\ght 
( ! piece1 !y /ill fail1 sometimes1 to  
give ! prop] emphasis4 ,h[ c ! tea*]1 by
 que/ion+1 get !m to realize ! m        

important "p ( ! ?\ght8      7a7 ,!     
tea*] has gone deep] into ! mean+ ?an h 
!     *ildr54 ,h] que/ions %\ld be su* z
 to make real to !     *ildr5 ! m       
emphatic "p ( ! ?\ght2 e4g4 9 !         
,riv]side ,prim] we h1 ,poor ,bun1 good 
dog1 did y ?9k ,i     meant to hit y8   
,john reads1 ,d y ?9k ,i meant to hit   
y8 ,! tea*] says1 ,i w be ,bun1 ,john4  
,:at is x t     y d n want ,bun to ?9k8 
7,t ,i meant to hit him47     ,b y did  
mean to hit some?+4 ,:at 0 x y did n    
mean     to hit8 ,tell ,bun4 7,i did n  
mean to hit y47 ,n[ ask     him if he   
?\ght t y did4 7,did y ?9k ,i meant to  
hit     y87      7b7 ,:5 ! /ory is 9 !  
=m ( a dialogue1 ! *ildr5     may       
p]sonate ! *>act]s 9 ! /ory4 ,?us1 gett+
 into     ! real _s ( ! piece1 _!       
emphasis w naturally fall     :]e x     
prop]ly belongs4      7c7 ,sometimes !  
tea*] w f9d x necess>y to %[ !     *ild 
h[ to read a passage prop]ly1 by read+ x
 himself4 ,x     is seldom be/ to d     
?is--c]ta9ly n if ! correct             

expression c be rea*$ ?r\gh que/ion+4   
,_m a tea*] makes a practice ( giv+ !   
prop] emphasis to ! *ild1 he copy+ x f  
h] voice4 ,frequ5tly1 *ildr5 taught 9   
?is way c read "o piece aft] ano!r 9 _! 
read]s ) excell5t expression1 b1 :5     
que/ion$1 %[ t _! m9ds are a blank z to 
! mean+ ( :at !y are read+4  ,9 work+ = 
expression1 a great _m tea*]s wa/e ! "t 
& en]gy ( ! pupils by indef9ite         
directions4 ,! emphasis is n correctly  
plac$1 s ! tea*] says1 ,i d n l t2 try x
 aga91 ,may4 ,n[1 ,may has no idea 9 :at
 p>ticul> %e has fail$1 s %e gives x    
aga91 v likely z %e gave x be=e1 or %e  
may put ! emphasis on "s o!r ^w1 hop+ by
 s do+ to please ! tea*]4 ,:y1 no1 ,may1
 y surely c d bett] ?an t1 says ! tea*]4
 ,s ,may makes ano!r fruitless attempt1 
:5 ! tea*]1 disgu/$1 calls on ano!r     
pupil to %[ h] h[ to read4 ,may has ga9$
 no cle>] insight into ! ?\ght ?an %e   
/>t$ out )1 no p[] to grapple m         
successfully ) a simil> difficulty ano!r
 "t1 & has lo/1 p>tly at lea/1 h] int]e/

 9 ! piece4 ,%e has be5 bo!r$ &         
disc\rag$1 & ! class we>i$4  ,sometimes 
:5 ! expression is o!rwise good1 !      
*ildr5 pit* _! voices too high or too   
l[4 ,natural tones mu/ be insi/$ ^u4 ,a 
good aid to ! *ildr5 9 ?is respect is ! 
habitual example ( quiet1 cle> tones 9 !
 tea*]4  ,ano!r fault ( o!rwise good    
read+ is a failure to enunciate         
di/9ctly4 ,*ildr5 are incl9$ to slight  
_m s\nds1 especially at ! end ( ! words1
 & ! tea*] is apt to ?9k3 ,t doesn't    
make s v mu* diff]5ce1 s9ce !y are only 
*ildr54 ,:5 !y are old] !y w see t _!   
pronunciation is babyi%1 & adopt a      
correct =m4 ,?is is uns\nd reason+4 ,e  
"t ! *ild says las = la/ he is e/abli%+ 
m firmly a habit1 to ov]come :i* w give 
him mu* difficulty4  ,9 ! pronunciation 
( words z well z 9 ! read+ ( a s5t5ce1  
mu* "t is wa/$ ?r\gh failure to po9t out
 ! exact ^w1 & ! syllable 9 ! ^w1 9 :i* 
! mi/ake has be5 made4 ,! *ild _c       
improve unless he kn[s 9 :at p>ticul>   
!re is room = improvem5t4  ,*ildr5 9    

prim>y grades %\ld be suppli$ ) a good  
v>iety ( prim]s1 read]s1 & simple /ory  
books4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! "w !y %\ld read  
?r\gh a numb] ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird    
read]s4 ,mu* ( ?is read+ %\ld be simple 
& easy1 s t !y c move rapidly ?r\gh a   
book1 & ga9 confid5ce & satisfaction f  
x4 ,9 ea* grade !re %\ld be sev]al sets 
( read]s1 :i* c be turn$ to z ! occasion
 may dem&4 ,x is mu* bett] to read a new
 read]1 involv+ 9 ! ma9 ! same          
vocabul>y1 ?an to r]ead an old book4    
,?is use ( sev]al books 9 ea* grade adds
 to ! int]e/ & r$uces to a m9imum ! m]e 
drills1 :i* are to be avoid$ z mu* z    
possible4   ,,summ>y  #a4 ,let *ildr5   
read "u ! impulse ( /rong & int]e/+     
?\ght4      7a7 ,! previ\s oral treatm5t
 ( ! /ories n[ us$ z     read+ lessons w
 help ?is ?\ght impulse4      7b7 ,an   
aim concretely /at$1 & t\*+ an int]e/+  
?\ght 9 ! lesson1 w give impetus to !   
"w4      7c7 ,let *ildr5 pass judgm5t on
 ! tru?1 wor?1 or beauty     ( :at !y   
read4      7d7 ,cle> m5tal pictures ( p1

 actions1 places1 etc41     conduce to  
vigor ( ?\ght4 ,to ?is end ! tea*] %\ld 
use     good pictures1 make sket*es1 &  
give descriptions or     explanations4  
,*ildr5 %\ld also be all[$ to sket*     
freely     at ! bo>d4  #b4 ,*ildr5 %\ld 
be enc\rag$ con/antly to help !mselves 9
 int]pret+ new words & s5t5ces 9 read+4 
7a7 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! new s5t5ce & mak+ 
x out1 if     possible1 = !mselves be=e 
any "o reads x al\d4      7b7 ,by       
analyz+ a new ^w into its s\nds1 & !n   
comb9+ !m to get its pronunciation4     
7c7 ,by int]pret+ a new ^w f its        
context1 or by !     fir/ s\nd or       
syllable4      7d7 ,by us+ ! new p[]s ( 
! lett]s z fa/ z !y are     le>n$ 9     
int]pret+ new words4      7e7 ,by try+ !
 diff]5t s\nds ( a lett] to a new ^w    
to see :i* seems to fit be/4      7f7   
,by recogniz+ famili> words 9 new       
s5t5ces ) a     diff]5t context4        
7g7 ,see t e *ild reads ! s5t5ces 9 !   
new lesson     = himself4  #c4 ,!re %\ld
 be a gradual introduction to ! elem5t>y

 s\nds 7p[]s ( ! lett]s74  ,! fir/ words
 analyz$ %\ld be simple & phonetic 9    
spell+1 z dog1 h51 cat1 etc4  ,new s\nds
 ( lett]s are taught z ! *ildr5 ne$ !m 9
 /udy+ out new words4  ,v little        
att5tion ne$s to be giv5 to le>n+ !     
names ( ! lett]s4  ,!re ne$ be little   
use ( diacritical m>k+s 9 e>ly read+4   
#d4 ,_m ( ! new words w occur 9         
connection ) ! picture at ! head ( !    
lesson4 ,place ^! on ! bo>d z !y come   
up4  ,if ! tea*] w weave ^! words into  
h] conv]sation1 !y w give ! *ildr5      
little future tr\ble4  #e4 ,all !       
diff]5t phases ( ! phonic1 ^w1 & s5t5ce 
me?od %\ld be wov5 toge!r by a skilful  
tea*]4  #f4 ,! close att5tion ( all !   
memb]s ( ! class1 s t ea* reads ?r\gh ! 
:ole lesson1 %\ld be an ev]-pres5t aim (
 ! tea*]4  #g4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ to 
grasp sev]al words at a glance3--       
7a7 ,by quick writ+ & erasure ( words & 
s5t5ces at !     bo>d4      7b7 ,by     
expos+ = an in/ant s5t5ces cov]$ by a   
scre54      7c7 ,by ! use ( phrases or  

%ort s5t5ces on c>dbo>d4      7d7 ,by   
que/ions = gr\p ?\ght4  ,^! te/s %\ld   
increase 9 difficulty ) gr[+ skill4  #h4
 ,sp5d b little "t 9 ! oral reproduction
 ( /ories4 ,practice 9 good read+ &     
int]pretation is ! ma9 ?+4  #i4 ,*ildr51
 f ! fir/1 %\ld be enc\rag$ to          
articulate di/9ctly 9 oral read+4 ,let !
 tea*] beg9 at home4  #aj4 ,let ! tea*] 
cultivate a pleas+ tone ( voice1 n l\d  
or h>%4 ,?is w help ! *ildr5 to ! same4 
#aa4 ,vigor\s & =cible expression is    
secur$3--      7a7 ,by hav+ int]e/+     
/ories4      7b7 ,by apt que/ions to br+
 out ! emphatic ?\ght4      7c7 ,by     
dramatiz+ ! sc5es ( ! /ory4      7d7 ,by
 occasional examples ( lively read+ by !
 tea*]4      7e7 ,by def9it5ess 9       
que/ion+4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,li/ ,,( 
,,books ,,= ,,prim>y ,,grades   ,9      
select+ read+ books = prim>y grades !   
purpose is to f9d ^? :i* w give !       
readie/ ma/]y ( ! pr9t$ =ms ( spee*4  ,=
 ?is purpose books ne$ to be well grad$ 
& int]e/+4 ,prim>y tea*]s h exp5d$ _!   

utmo/ skill ^u su* simple1 attractive1 &
 int]e/+ books = *ildr54 ,pictorial     
illu/ration has add$ to ! cle>ness &    
beauty ( ! books1 s t1 ) ! rivalry ( _m 
l>ge publi%+ h\ses1 we n[ h a great     
v>iety ( good prim>y books to select f4 
,! e>lie/ & simple/ ( ^! are ! prim]s1  
:i*1 foll[$ by ! fir/ read]s1 give ! mo/
 necess>y drills ^u ! =ms ( easy words &
 s5t5ces4 ,great c>e has be5 tak5 to    
give an easy regul> grad+ s z to let a  
*ild help himself z mu* z possible4 ,b z
 soon z *ildr51 by blackbo>d ex]cises & 
by means ( prim]s1 h ga9$ a ma/]y ( !   
simpl] words & ! p[]s ( ! lett]s1 ! ,"m 
,goose rhymes1 ! fables & fairy tales   
7already famili> to ! *ildr5 9 oral "w7 
are introduc$ into _! read+ books 9 !   
simple/ possible =ms4  ,! use ( int]e/+ 
rhymes & /ories 9 ?is e>ly read+ is !   
only means ( giv+ x a lively cont5t & ( 
?us secur+ int]e/ & conc5tration (      
?\ght4 ,good prim>y tea*]s h be5 able 9 
?is way to relieve ! read+ lessons ( _! 
t$ium1 &1 :at is equally good1 h /r5g!n$

 ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 9 ! be/ lit]ature (
 *ildhood4  ,besides ! *oice/ fables &  
fairy tales1 _m ( ! simpl] nature my?s &
 ev5 su* long] poems & /ories z         
,hiawa?a1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & ,ulysses h
 be5 us$ ) happy results z read+ books 9
 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,!re are also c]ta9  
collections ( *ildr5's poems1 su* z     
,/ev5son's ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses1      
,field's ,love-songs ( ,*ildhood1       
,%]man's ,little ,folk ,lyrics1 ,old    
,ballads 9 ,prose1 ,! ,li/5+ ,*ild1 &   
o!rs1 :i* may sugge/ ! beauty & v>iety (
 *oice lit]>y mat]ials :i* are n[ easily
 )9 ! rea* ( tea*]s & *ildr5 9 prim>y   
s*ools4  ,!re is no long] any d\bt t    
little folk 9 prim>y classes may reap ! 
full b5efit ( a close acqua9tance ) ^!  
favorite songs1 /ories1 & poems1 & t 9 !
 highe/ educative s5se ! effect is      
admirable4  ,9 ! foll[+ li/ ! books =   
ea* grade are arrang$ into ?ree gr\ps3--
  ,fir/4 ,a s]ies ( *oice/ books & ^?   
ext5sively us$ & well adapt$ = ! grade z
 regul> read+ ex]cises4  ,second4 ,a    

supplem5t>y li/ ( simil> quality &      
excell5ce1 b some:at m difficult4  ,!y  
may1 9 "s cases1 s]ve z sub/itutes = ^? 
giv5 9 ! fir/ gr\p4  ,?ird4 ,a          
collection ( books = tea*]s1 p>tly      
simil> 9 "* to ^? m5tion$ 9 ! two       
previ\s gr\ps & p>tly ( a mu* wid]1     
pr(essional range 9 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 &
 nature4 ,"s books ( *ild-/udy1         
psy*ology1 & p$agogy are also includ$4  
,! problems ( ! prim>y tea*] are no     
long] limit$ to ! small drills &        
ex]cises 9 spell+ & read+1 b compreh5d  
_m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & f>-rea*+ que/ions (
 education4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 = !      
prim>y tea*] to become acqua9t$ n only )
 ! great works ( lit]ature b ) ! be/    
pr(essional books 9 education4   ,,li/  
,,( ,,*oice ,,read+ ,,matt] ,,= ,,!     
,,grades   ,,fir/ ,,grade--,,fir/       
,,s]ies    ,cyr's ,prim]4 ,g9n  ,co4    
,cyr's ,fir/ ,read]4 ,g9n  ,co4         
,riv]side ,prim] & ,fir/ ,read]4        
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,nature      
,/ories = ,"y ,read]s 7,plants71 ,d4 ,c4

 ,hea?  ,co4   ,hiawa?a ,prim]4         
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,/epp+ ,/ones
 to ,lit]ature1 ,book ,i4 ,silv]1       
,burdett1  ,co4   ,*ild ,life ,prim]4 ,!
 ,macmillan ,co4   ,taylor's ,fir/      
,read]4 ,w]n] ,s*ool ,book ,co4         
,arnold's ,prim]4 ,silv]1 ,burdett1     
,co4   ,! ,?\ght ,read]4 ,g9n  ,co4     
,sunbonnet ,babies4 ,r&1 ,mc,nally1     
,co4   ,nature's ,by-ways4 ,! ,morse    
,co4   ,grad$ ,classics1 ,no4 ,i4 ,b4   
,f4 ,johnson ,pub4 ,co4   ,grad$        
,lit]ature1 ,no4 ,i4 ,mayn>d1 ,m]rill1  
,co4   ,fir/ ,read] 7,hodsk9s74 ,g9n    
,co4   ,baldw9's ,prim] 7,kirk74        
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,,fir/            
,,grade--,,second ,,s]ies    ,six       
,nurs]y ,classics 7,o',%ea74 ,d4 ,c4    
,hea?  ,co4   ,v]se & ,prose = ,beg9n]s 
9 ,read+4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4      
,/ories = ,*ildr54 ,am]ican ,book ,co4  
,rhymes & ,fables4 ,univ]sity ,publi%+  
,co4   ,! ,f9* ,fir/ ,read]4 ,g9n  ,co4 
,baldw9's ,fir/ ,read]4 ,am]ican ,book  
,co4   ,he>t ( ,oak1 ,no4 #a4 ,d4 ,c4   

,hea?  ,co4   ,*oice ,lit]ature1 ,book  
,i 7,williams74 ,butl]1 ,%eldon1  ,co4  
,*ild ,life1 ,fir/ ,book4 ,! ,macmillan 
,co4   ,fables & ,rhymes = ,beg9n]s4    
,g9n  ,co4   ,,fir/ ,,grade--,,=        
,,tea*]s--,,?ird ,,s]ies    ,a ,book (  
,nurs]y ,rhymes 7,"m ,goose74 ,d4 ,c4   
,hea?  ,co4   ,! ,adv5tures ( a ,br[nie4
 ,h>p]  ,bros4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,/ories &    
,morn+ ,talks 7,wiltse74 ,g9n  ,co4     
,talks = ,k9d]g>t5 & ,prim>y ,s*ools    
7,wiltse74 ,g9n  ,co4   ,hall's ,h[ to  
,tea* ,read+4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4       
,place ( ! ,/ory 9 ,e>ly ,education     
7,wiltse74 ,g9n  ,co4   ,me?ods ( ,tea*+
 ,read+ 7,branson74 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4 
,l[ell's ,books & ,libr>ies4 ,h\ghton1  
,miffl91  ,co4   ,rusk9's ,books &      
,read+4 ,9 ,sesame & ,lilies4           
,lectures to ,k9d]g>tn]s 7,peabody74 ,d4
 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4   ,"m ,goose 7,d5sl[74 
,mc,clure1 ,phillips1  ,co4   ,bo/on    
,collection ( ,k9d]g>t5 ,/ories4 ,j4 ,l4
 ,hammett  ,co4   ,! ,/udy ( ,*ildr5 &  
_! ,s*ool ,tra9+ 7,w>n]74           ,!  

,macmillan ,co4   ,! ,/ory ,h\r 7,kate  
,d\glas ,wigg974 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91     
,co4   ,trumpet & ,drum 7,eug5e ,field74
 ,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( 
,v]ses 7,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son74         
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,treetops & ,mead[s4
 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co41       
,bloom+ton1           ,ill4   ,songs f !
 ,ne/ 7,emily ,hunt+ton ,mill]74        
,k9d]g>t5           ,lit]ature ,co4   ,!
 ,moral ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr5 7,felix   
,adl]74 ,d4 ,appleton  ,co4   ,*ildr5's 
,rights 7,kate ,d\glas ,wigg974         
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,! ,/ory (   
,patsy 7,wigg974 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91     
,co4   ,fir/ ,book ( ,birds 7,mill]74   
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,,second     
,,grade--,,fir/ ,,s]ies    ,nature      
,/ories = ,"y ,read]s 7cont9u$74 ,d4 ,c4
 ,hea?  ,co4   ,easy ,/eps = ,little    
,feet4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,classic   
,/ories = ,little ,ones4 ,public ,s*ool 
,publi%+ ,co41           ,bloom+ton1    
,ill4   ,v]se & ,prose = ,beg9n]s4      
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,cyr's       

,second ,read]4 ,g9n  ,co4   ,/epp+     
,/ones to ,lit]ature1 ,book ,,ii4       
,pets & ,companions 7,/ickney74 ,g9n    
,co4   ,*ild ,life1 ,second ,book4 ,!   
,macmillan ,co4   ,nature ,my?s &       
,/ories = ,little ,ones 7,cooke74 ,a4   
,flanagan  ,co4  ,! prec$+ books are =  
second & ?ird grades4    ,ar\nd ! ,_w1  
,book ,i4 ,! ,morse ,co4   ,grad$       
,classics1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,b4 ,f4 ,johnson  
,publi%+ ,co4   ,grad$ ,lit]ature1 ,no4 
,,ii4 ,mayn>d1 ,m]rill1  ,co4   ,a ,book
 ( ,nurs]y ,rhymes 7,wel%74 ,d4 ,c4     
,hea?  ,co4   ,book ( ,nature ,my?s     
7,holbrook74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   
,,second ,,grade--,,second ,,s]ies      
,he>t ( ,oak1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  
,co4   ,g]man ,fairy ,tales 7,grimm74   
,mayn>d1 ,m]rill1  ,co4   ,fables &     
,folk ,lore 7,scudd]74 ,h\ghton1        
,miffl91  ,co4   ,nature ,/ories = ,"y  
,read]s--,animals4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4  
,dani% ,fairy ,tales 7,&]s574 ,mayn>d1  
,m]rill1  ,co4   ,baldw9's ,second      
,read]4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,*oice    

,lit]ature1 ,book ,,ii 7,williams74     
,butl]1 ,%eldon1  ,co4   ,fairy ,tale & 
,fable 7,?ompson74 ,! ,morse ,co4       
,fairy ,/ories & ,fables 7,baldw974     
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,plant ,babies &  
,_! ,cradles4 ,educational ,publi%+ ,co4
   ,a,esop's ,fables4 ,educational      
,publi%+ ,co4   ,/ory ,read]4 ,am]ican  
,book ,co4   ,op5 ,sesame1 ,"p ,i4 ,g9n 
,co4  ,! above are excell5t selections =
 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? grades4    ,songs 
& ,/ories4 ,univ]sity ,publi%+ ,co4     
,love ,songs ( ,*ildhood 7,field74      
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,,second            
,,grade--,,= ,,tea*]s    ,poetry =      
,*ildr5 7,eliot74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91    
,co4   ,! ,/ory ,h\r 7,wigg974 ,h\ghton1
 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,/ory ( ,hiawa?a4     
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,r\nd ! ,ye> 
9 ,my? & ,song 7,holbrook74 ,am]ican    
,book ,co4   ,old ,ballads 9 ,prose     
7,tappan74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4     
,/4 ,ni*olas ,*ri/mas ,book4 ,c5tury    
,co41 ,new ,york4   ,asg>d ,/ories      
7,fo/]-,cumm+s74 ,silv]1 ,burdett1  ,co4

   ,fairy ,tale ,plays & ,h[ to ,act ,!m
 7,mrs4 ,bell74 ,longmans1 ,gre51       
,co4   ,little ,folk ,lyrics 7,%]man74  
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,read+s 9    
,folk ,lore 7,sk9n]74 ,am]ican ,book    
,co4   ,nature ,pictures by ,am]ican    
,poets4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,squirrels 
& ,o!r ,fur-be>]s 7,burr\ghs74 ,h\ghton1
 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,sev5 ,great ,am]ican 
,poets 7,h>t74 ,silv]1 ,burdett1  ,co4  
,e>ly ,tra9+ ( ,*ildr5 7,malleson74 ,d4 
,c4 ,hea?  ,co4   ,com5ius's ,! ,s*ool (
 ,infancy4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4          
,kruesi's ,life ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,am]ican  
,book ,co4   ,developm5t ( ! ,*ild      
7,opp5heim74 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,!    
,/udy ( ,*ild ,nature 7,elizabe?        
,h>rison74 ,publi%$ by ,*icago          
,k9d]g>t5 ,college4   ,li/5+ ,*ild      
7,?at*]74 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,hi/ory &
 ,lit]ature 7,rice74 ,a4 ,flanagan  ,co4
   ,,?ird ,,grade--,,fir/ ,,s]ies       
,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,public ,s*ool        
,publi%+ ,co4   ,gold5 ,book ( ,*oice   
,read+4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,a,esop's 

,fables 7,/ickney74 ,g9n  ,co4   ,&]s5's
 ,fairy ,tales1 ,"p ,i4 ,g9n  ,co4      
,sev5 ,little ,si/]s4 ,g9n  ,co4   ,he>t
 ( ,oak1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co4 
,fairy ,/ories & ,fables4 ,am]ican ,book
 ,co4   ,*ild ,life1 ,?ird ,read]4 ,!   
,macmillan ,co4   ,grimm's ,g]man       
,h\sehold ,tales4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91    
,co4   ,fables 7publi%$ z leaflets74 ,c4
 ,m4 ,p>k]1 ,taylorville1 ,ill4   ,ar\nd
 ! ,_w1 ,book ,,ii4 ,! ,morse ,co4      
,grad$ ,classics1 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,b4 ,f4   
,johnson ,publi%+ ,co4   ,grad$         
,lit]ature1 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,mayn>d1        
,m]rill1  ,co4   ,grimm's ,fairy ,tales4
 ,educational ,publi%+ ,co4   ,grimm's  
,fairy ,tales 7,wiltse74 ,g9n  ,co4     
,nature ,my?s & ,/ories = ,little ,ones 
7,cooke74 ,a4 ,flanagan  ,co4   ,fairy  
,tales 9 ,v]se & ,prose 7,rolfe74       
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,,?ird            
,,grade--,,second ,,s]ies    ,arabian   
,nights4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl94  ,co4       
,hans ,&]s5's ,/ories4 ,h\ghton1        
,miffl91  ,co4   ,fairy ,tales 9 ,v]se &

 ,prose 7,rolfe74 ,h>p]  ,bros4         
,/ories ,"m ,nature ,told ,h] ,*ildr54  
,g9n  ,co4   ,&]s5's ,fairy ,tales1 ,"p 
,,ii4 ,g9n  ,co4   ,op5 ,sesame1 ,"p ,i4
 ,g9n  ,co4   ,judd's ,classic ,my?s4   
,grimm's ,fairy ,tales1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,g9n  
,co4   ,! ,eug5e ,field ,book 7,burt74  
,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 (  
,v]ses4 ,r&1 ,mc,nally1  ,co4   ,little 
,lame ,pr9ce 7,craik74 ,mayn>d1 ,m]rill1
  ,co4   ,prose & ,v]se = ,*ildr5       
7,pyle74 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,book (  
,tales4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,,?ird    
,,grade--,,= ,,tea*]s    ,/ories f !    
,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4     
,fri5ds & ,help]s 7,eddy74 ,g9n  ,co4   
,little ,lucy's ,wond]ful ,globe        
7,yonge74 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,rob9son 
,crusoe4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4       
,arabian ,nights1 ,aladd91 etc4 ,mayn>d1
 ,m]rill1  ,co4   ,bird's ,*ri/mas ,c>ol
 7,wigg974 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4     
,uncle ,remus 7,h>ris74 ,d4 ,appleton   
,co4   ,fifty ,fam\s ,/ories ,retold    
7,baldw974 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,f\r   

,great ,am]icans 7,baldw974 ,w]n] ,s*ool
 ,book ,co4   ,/ories ( ,great ,am]icans
 = ,little ,am]icans 7,eggle/on74       
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,! ,/ory ( ,l9coln
 7,cav5s74 ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co4 
,among ! ,f>my>d ,p 7,pi]son74 ,e4 ,p4  
,dutton  ,co4   ,! ,h[ells ,/ory ,book  
7,burt74 ,scribn]'s ,sons4   ,! ,jungle 
,book 7,kipl+74 ,c5tury ,co41 ,new      
,york4   ,old ,norse ,/ories 7,bradi%74 
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,little ,bro!rs ( 
! ,air 7,mill]74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91     
,co4   ,hans ,br9k] 7,m>y ,mapes        
,dodge74 ,c5tury ,co4   ,black ,beauty4 
,univ]sity ,publi%+ ,co4   ,tanglewood  
,tales 7,haw?orne74 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  
,co4   ,wond] ,book 7,haw?orne74        
,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,! ,/ory ( ! 
,wagn] ,op]a4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4         
,?\ghts on ,education 7,locke74 ,!      
,macmillan ,co4   ,! ,education ( ,man  
7,froebel74 ,d4 ,appleton  ,co4         
,*ildhood 9 ,lit]ature & ,art 7,scudd]74
 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91  ,co4   ,waym>ks =  
,tea*]s 7,arnold74 ,silv]1 ,burdett1    

,co4   ,hailman's ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy4   
,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,,s]ies ,,(       
,,select ,,read]s ,,= ,,! ,,grades      
,*ild ,life4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4   ,ar\nd
 ! ,_w4 ,! ,morse ,co4   ,baldw9's      
,read]s4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4   ,grad$   
,classics4 ,b4 ,f4 ,johnson ,publi%+    
,co4   ,grad$ ,lit]ature4 ,mayn>d1      
,m]rill1  ,co4   ,/epp+ ,/ones to       
,lit]ature4 ,silv]1 ,burdett1  ,co4     
,lights to ,lit]ature4 ,r&1 ,mc,nally1  
,co4   ,! ,he>t ( ,oak ,s]ies4 ,d4 ,c4  
,hea?  ,co4   ,*oice ,lit]ature4 ,butl]1
 ,%eldon1  ,co4     ,,me?ods ,,9        
,,elem5t>y ,,education       ,a ,s]ies (
 ,educational ,books 9 ,two ,gr\ps cov]+
 ! ,g5]al     ,pr9ciples ( ,me?od & ,its
 ,special ,applications to ! ,common    
,s*ool      ,,by      ,,*>les ,a4       
,mc,m,u,r,r,y1 ,ph4,d4     ,nor!rn      
,ill9ois ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,de,kalb1
 ,ill9ois      ,,)      ,f4 ,m4         
,mc,m,u,r,r,y     ,,z ,,jo9t ,,au?or ,,=
 ,,me?od ,,( ,,recitation       ,i4     
,,books ,,( ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,9         

,,education      ,! ?ree books 9 ?is    
gr\p deal ) ! fundam5tal1               
compreh5sive pr9ciples ( ,education = ! 
s*ool z a :ole1     & include bo?       
in/ruction & managem5t4       ,,ii4     
,,books ,,( ,,special ,,me?od ,,9       
,,common ,,s*ool ,,/udies4      ,ea*    
s*ool /udy is treat$ 9 a sep>ate book1 &
 !     selection & arrangem5t ( mat]ial1
 & ! me?od (     in/ruction appropriate 
to t /udy ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 are        
fully discuss$4 ,illu/rative lessons &  
ext5sive li/s (     books ( special     
value z helps to tea*]s & s*ools are    
includ$4     ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,9        
,,education       ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,(     
,,g5]al ,,me?od     ,,bas$ ,,on ,,!     
,,ideas ,,( ,,h]b>t      ,by ,,*>les ,a4
 ,,mcmurry      ,new edition1 revis$ &  
enl>g$4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #cca pp4      #ij 
c5ts net1 po/age #aj c5ts      ,?is     
volume discusses fully ! controll+      
pr9ciples ( our     progressive mod]n   
education1 su* z ,! ,aim ( ,education2  
,!     ,mat]ials & ,s\rces ( ,moral     

,tra9+2 ,! ,relative ,value (           
,/udies 9 ! ,s*ool ,c\rse2 ,! ,nature & 
,value ( ,int]e/     z a ,vital ,elem5t 
9 ,in/ruction2 ,! ,correlation (        
,/udies2     ,inductive & ,d$uctive     
,processes z ,fundam5tal to ,all        
,?9k+2 ,app]ception1 its ,close &       
,con/ant ,application to     ! ,process 
( ,le>n+2 ,! ,w1 its ,tra9+ & ,function 
&     its ,close ,relation to ,o!r ,=ms 
( ,m5tal ,action4      ,! book closes ) 
an acc\nt ( ,h]b>t & 8 disciples 9      
,g]many1 & a summ>y ( _! pron\nc$ ideas 
& influ5ce     ^u education4       ,,!  
,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation      ,new  
edition1 revis$ & enl>g$      ,by       
,,*>les ,a4 ,,mcmurry & ,,frank ,m4     
,,mcmurry      ,clo?4 #abmo4 #cci pp4   
#ij c5ts net1 po/age #aj c5ts      ,?is 
book1 z a :ole1 is design$ to simplify1 
organize1 &     illu/rate ! *ief        
pr9ciples ( class-room me?od 9          
elem5t>y s*ools4 ,a few important       
fundam5tal pr9ciples are     c>efully   
work$ out z a basis4 ,! ess5tial /eps1 9

 !     acquisition ( k 9 all /udies1 are
 work$ out &     appli$ to diff]5t      
bran*es4 ,! develop+ me?od (            
in/ruction s mu* us$ 9 ! oral treatm5t (
 lessons is     work$ out1 & ! me?od (  
c>eful & suitable que/ion+     discuss$4
      ,two *apt]s are giv51 consi/+ (   
,illu/rative ,lessons     select$ f !   
diff]5t /udies & work$ out 9 full1 z    
examples ( a "r me?od4 ,9 ^! examples1 &
 also 9 !     discussions1 ! application
 ( ! pr9ciples ( app]ception1           
int]e/1 induction1 & d$uction to        
class-room "w are %[n4     ,! peculi>   
application ( ^! v>i\s pr9ciples to     
diff]5t /udies is c>efully discuss$4    
,,s*ool ,,& ,,class ,,managem5t--,9     
,prep>ation     ,,special ,,me?od ,,9   
,,common ,,s*ool ,,/udies               
,,special ,,me?od ,,9 ,,! ,,read+ ,,(   
,,complete ,,engli% ,,classics ,,9      
,,! ,,common ,,s*ools      ,by ,,*>les  
,a4 ,,mcmurry      ,clo?4 #abmo4 #bed   
pp4 #ge c5ts1 po/age #i c5ts      ,?is  
discusses 9 a compreh5sive way ! regul> 

read+     lessons1 ! *oice ( /ories1    
poems1 & long] ma/]pieces1     adapt$ to
 ! ne$s ( ! v>i\s grades f ! f\r? to    
! eigh? s*ool ye> inclusive2 ! value =  
s*ool use (     ! be/ lit]ature1 includ+
 complete ma/]pieces1 bo? long     &    
%ort2 me?od 9 read+2 & pr9ciples (      
class-room "w4     ,a descriptive li/ ( 
m ?an f\r hundr$ books =ms !     la/    
*apt]4 ,! li/ has be5 c>efully made1 &  
is design$     to assi/ tea*]s &        
sup]9t5d5ts 9 select+ suitable     read+
 mat]ial = ! successive grades4         
,,special ,,me?od ,,9 ,,prim>y ,,read+  
,,& ,,oral ,,"w ,,9 ,,/ory ,,tell+      
,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,mcmurry      ,clo?4   
#abmo4 #ge c5ts net1 po/age #h c5ts     
,! relation ( oral /ory "w to e>ly      
ex]cises 9 prim>y     read+ is expla9$  
at l5g?4 ,a full discussion ( oral      
me?ods 9 prim>y grades & a detail$      
acc\nt ( prim>y     ex]cises 9 read+ are
 giv54 ,! use ( games = incid5tal       
read+ is also fully discuss$ &          
illu/rat$4       ,,special ,,me?od ,,9  

,,hi/ory      ,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,mcmurry 
,,new ,,edition ,,9 ,,prep>ation        
,?is book conta9s a c\rse ( /udy 9      
hi/ory ) a full     discussion ( me?ods 
( treat+ topics4 ,! value1 selection1   
& arrangem5t ( hi/orical mat]ials = ea* 
grade are     discuss$1 & illu/rative   
lessons giv54 ,! relation (     hi/ory  
to geography1 lit]ature1 & o!r /udies is
 treat$1     & li/s ( books suitable =  
ea* ye> are suppli$4       ,,special    
,,me?od ,,9 ,,geography      ,by ,,*>les
 ,a4 ,,mcmurry      ,,new ,,edition ,,9 
,,prep>ation      ,! entire c\rse ( /udy
 is laid out aft] a c>eful selection    
( topics4 ,me?ods ( class in/ruction are
 fully discuss$1 &     illu/rations are 
giv5 ( geographical topics treat$ 9     
detail4 ,! close relation ( geography to
 o!r /udies is     %[n1 & ! be/ li/s (  
books suppli$4       ,,special ,,me?od  
,,9 ,,natural ,,sci5ce      ,by ,,*>les 
,a4 ,,mcmurry      ,,new ,,edition ,,9  
,,prep>ation      ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce    
tea*+ 9 elem5t>y s*ools is giv54     ,! 

basis = select+ ! topics = a c\rse (    
/udy1 &     ! me?od ( class in/ruction  
suitable to object /udy1                
exp]im5tation1 etc41 are fully discuss$4
 ,! book conta9s1     also1 a c>efully  
select$ li/ ( ! be/ books = ! use (     
tea*]s & pupils4       ,a ,,c\rse ,,(   
,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,eight ,,grades ,,( ,,! 
,,common ,,s*ool      ,,9 ,,prep>ation  
,,! ,,macmillan ,,company     #ff ,,fif?
 ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york      ,,bo/on     
,,*icago     #ajj ,boyl/on ,/4  #cgh-chh
 ,waba% ,ave4      ,,atlanta            
,,san ,,francisco     ,empire ,build'g  
#cai-cbe ,sansome ,/4