,philipp9e ,bureau ( ,agriculture4 ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 ,no4 #b4 ,,cacao ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es ,by ,,william ,s4 ,,lyon1 ,9 *>ge ( se$ & plant introduction4 ,prep>$ "u ! direction ( ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau4 ,manila3 ,bureau ( ,public ,pr9t+4 #aijb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,lett] ( transmittal #d ,introduction #e ,climate #f ,! plantation site #g ,! soil #g ,prep>ation ( ! soil #h ,dra9age #h ,=m+ ! plantation #i ,selection ( v>ieties #aj ,plant+ #aa ,cultivation #ac ,prun+ #ac ,h>ve/ #af ,enemies & diseases #ah ,manur+ #ai ,supplem5tal notes #ba ,new v>ieties #ba ,resid5ce #ba ,co/ ( a cacao plantation #bb ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,sir3 ,i submit h]e) an essay on ! cultivation ( cacao1 = ! use ( plant]s 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,?is essay is prompt$ fir/1 because mu* ( ! cacao gr[n "h is ( su* excell5t quality z to induce ke5 rivalry among buy]s to procure x at an advance ( q #ej p] c5t ov] ! common export grades ( ! ,java bean1 not)/&+ ! failure on ! "p ( ! local gr[] to process or cure ! product 9 any way2 second1 because 9 p>ts ( ,m9danao & ,negros1 despite ill treatm5t or no treatm5t1 ! plant exhibits a luxuriance ( gr[? & weal? ( productiv5ess t demon/rates its entire fitness = ^? regions & leads u to believe 9 ! successful ext5sion ( its propagation ?r\gh\t ^! ,isl&s2 & la/ly because ( ! repeat$ calls ^u ! ,*ief ( ! ,agricultural ,bureau = lit]ature or in=mation be>+ ^u ?is important horticultural indu/ry4 ,! importance ( cacao-gr[+ 9 ! ,philipp9es c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,rec5t /ati/ics place ! _w's dem& = cacao 7exclusive ( local consumption7 at #bjj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 valu$ at m ?an #cj1jjj1jjj gold4 ,!re is little dang] ( ov]production & consequ5t l[ prices = v _m ye>s to come4 ,s f> z kn[n1 ! areas :]e cacao prosp]s 9 ! great equatorial zone are small1 & ! op5+ & developm5t ( suitable regions has altoge!r fail$ to keep pace ) ! dem&4 ,! bibliography ( cacao is r limit$1 & "s ( ! be/ publications1 #b be+ 9 ,fr5*1 are unavailable to _m4 ,! lead+ ,engli% treatise1 by ,pr(essor ,h>t1 #c admirable 9 _m respects1 deals ma9ly ) conditions 9 ,tr9idad1 ,we/ ,indies1 & is fatally defective1 if n mislead+1 on ! all-important "q ( prun+4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! cacao1 its botany1 *emi/ry1 & /ati/ics are replete ) int]e/1 & w1 p]haps1 be treat$ 9 a future pap]4 ,respectfully1 ,wm4 ,s4 ,lyon1 ,9 ,*>ge ( ,se$ & ,plant ,introduction4 ,hon4 ,f4 ,lamson-,scribn]1 ,*ief ( ! ,insul> ,bureau ( ,agriculture4 ,,cacao ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es4 ,,introduction4 ,cacao 9 cultivation exi/s ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,i h obs]v$ x 9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,luzon1 9 ,m9danao1 ,jol1 ,basilan1 ,panay1 & ,negros1 & h well-v]ifi$ assurances ( its pres5ce 9 ,ceb1 ,bohol1 & ,masbate1 & x is altoge!r reasonable to pr$icate its exi/5ce ^u all ! l>g] isl&s any:]e "u an elevation ( #a1jjj or possibly #a1bjj met]s4 ,nev]!less1 9 _m localities ! condition ( ! plants is su* z n to ju/ify ! g5]al ext5sion ( cacao cultivation into all regions4 ,! pres5ce ( cacao 9 a giv5 locality is an int]e/+ fact1 furni%+ a useful guide = inve/igation & agricultural exp]im5tation1 b1 z ! purpose ( ?is pap] is to deal ) cacao gr[+ f a comm]cial /&po9t1 x is well to /ate t :]ev] ref]5ce is made to ! gr[?1 requirem5ts1 habits1 or cultural treatm5t ( ! plant ! comm]cial aspect is alone consid]$4 ,z an illu/ration1 att5tion is call$ to ! /atem5t made else:]e1 t cacao exacts a m9imum temp]ature ( #ah2 al?\gh1 z is p]fectly well kn[n to ! writ]1 its fruit has sometimes matur$ :]e ! record$ temp]atures h fall5 z l[ z #aj4 ,!re is mu* to be le>n$ "h by exp]im5tation1 = z yet ! cultivation is primitive 9 ! extreme1 prun+ ( any k9d rudim5t>y or negative1 & treatm5t ( ! nut altoge!r unkn[n4 ,else:]e 9 cacao-produc+ c\ntries its cultivation has long pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age1 & ! practices t gov]n ! managem5t ( a well-ord]$ cacao plantation are z cle>ly def9$ z ^? ( an orange grove 9 ,florida or a v9ey>d 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 widely scatt]$ localities ! close obs]v] w f9d _m "y trees t 9 vigor1 color1 & g5]al heal? leave no?+ to be desir$1 b be=e mak+ f9al selection = a plantation he %\ld inspect trees ( l>g] gr[? = evid5ces ( die back ( ! bran*es4 ,if die back is pres5t1 sup]ficial exam9ation w g5]ally det]m9e if x is caus$ by neglect or by ! attacks ( insects4 ,if n caus$ by neglect or insect attacks1 he may assume t "s prim>y ess5tial to ! cont9u$ & successful cultivation ( ! tree is want+ & t ! location is unsuit$ to pr(itable plantations4 ,) due reg>d to ^! prelim9>y precautions & a close ov]sight ( e subsequ5t op]ation1 !re is no reason :y ! gr[+ ( cacao may n ultimately become "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable horticultural ent]prises t c engage ! att5tion ( plant]s 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago4 ,,climate4 ,x is cu/om>y1 :5 writ+ ( any crop culture1 to give prec$5ce to site & soil1 b 9 ! case ( cacao ^! consid]ations are ( second>y importance1 & :ile none ( ! m9or op]ations ( plant+1 prun+1 cultivation1 & f]tiliz+ may be ov]look$1 !y are all outweigh$ by ! s+le ess5tial--climate4 ,9 g5]al1 a /ate ( atmosph]ic saturation keeps pace ) heavy ra9fall1 & = t reason we may successfully look = ! highe/ relative humidity ^u ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 :]e ! ra9fall is m uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ye>1 ?an ^u ! we/4 ,!re are places :]e ! conditions are s peculi> z to *all5ge especial inquiry4 ,we f9d on ! p59sula ( ,zamboanga a record$ annual mean ra9fall ( only #hhh mm41 & yet cacao 7unirrigat$7 exhibits exceptional ?rift & vigor4 ,x is true t ?is ra9 is s ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> t e drop becomes available1 yet ! total ra9fall is insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! v evid5t & abundant atmosph]ic humidity indicat$ by ! prosp]\s conditions ( ! cacao plantations4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 z made to me by ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,algu1 ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,manila1 is to ! effect t /rong equatorial ocean curr5ts con/antly prevail aga9/ s\!rn ,m9danao1 & t _! influ5ce ext5d nor? ne>ly to ! t5? degree ( latitude4 ,^! curr5ts1 c>ry+ _! moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e1 w\ld naturally affect ! :ole ( ?is n>r[ neck ( l& & influ5ce z well "s ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,m9danao1 & probably place x ^u ! same favor$ hygrometric plane z ! ea/]n coa/1 :]e ! ra9fall 9 "s localities am\nts to #d met]s a ye>4 ,:ile #b1jjj mm4 ( mean annual ra9fall equably di/ribut$ is ample to a*ieve complete success1 x seems almo/ impossible to injure cacao by excessive precipitation4 ,x has be5 kn[n to successfully tide ov] inundation ( ! :ole /em up to ! fir/ bran*es = a p]iod cov]+ ne>ly a mon?4 ,irrigation mu/ be resort$ to 9 cases ( defici5t or unev5ly di/ribut$ ra9fall1 & irrigation is always advantage\s :5ev] !re is susp5sion ( ra9 = a p]iod ( m ?an fifte5 days4 ,conc]n+ temp]atures ! be/ is t ) an annual mean ( #bf to #bh1 ) #bj z ! mean m9imum :]e any measure ( success may be expect$4 ,a mean temp]ature ( ov] #cj is prejudicial to cacao gr[+4 ,! la/ b n lea/ important ( ! atmosph]ic ph5om5a = our consid]ation are ! w9ds4 ,cacao loves to /eam & swelt] 9 its own atmosph]e & high w9ds are inimical1 & ev5 refre%+ breezes are incompatible1 ) ! greate/ success4 ,z !re are b few l>ge areas 9 ^! ,isl&s t are exempt f "o or o!r ( our prevail+ w9ds1 ! rem$ies t sugge/ !mselves are3 ,! selection ( small %elt]$ valleys :]e ! prevail+ w9ds are directly cut (f by int]v5+ hills or m\nta9s2 ! plantation ( only small groves 9 ! op51 & _! frequ5t int]section by ! plantation ( rapid gr[+ trees2 &1 be/ ( all1 plant+s made 9 =e/ cle>+s1 :]e ! rema9+ =e/$ l&s w furni% ! ne$$ protection4 ,,location4 ,x is always desirable to select a site t is approximately level or ) only en\gh fall to assure easy dra9age4 ,su* sites may be plant$ symmetrically & are susceptible to ! easie/ & mo/ economical application ( ! _m op]ations connect$ ) a plantation4 ,provid$ ! region is well =e/$ & !re=e protect$ f sea breezes1 ! plantation may be c>ri$ v ne> to ! coa/1 provid$ ! elevation is suffici5t to assure ! grove immunity f incursions ( tide wat]1 :i*1 h[ev] mu* dilut$1 w spe$ily cause ! dea? ( ! plants4 ,excavations %\ld be made dur+ ! dry season to det]m9e t wat] does n /& )9 #a #a_/b met]s ( ! surface1 a m ess5tial condition1 h[ev]1 :5 plant+ is made at /ake ?an :5 nurs]y re>$ trees are plant$4 ,hillsides1 :5 n too precipit\s1 frequ5tly (f] admirable %elt] & desirable soils1 b _! use entails a r m complicat$ sy/em ( dra9age1 to c>ry away /orm wat] )\t l& wa%+1 & = ! ready conv]sion ( ! same into irrigat+ dit*es dur+ ! dry season4 ,fur!r1 e op]ation involv$ mu/ be p]=m$ by h& labor1 & 9 ! selection ( su* a site ! plant] mu/ be l>gely influ5c$ by ! quantity & co/ ( available labor4 ,! unexceptionable %elt]1 ! humidity t prevails1 & ! inexhau/ible supply ( humus t is g5]ally f\nd 9 deep =e/ rav9es frequ5tly lead to _! plant+ to cacao :]e ! slope is ev5 z great z #de4 ,su* plantations1 if done ^u a consid]able comm]cial scale1 involve eng9e]+ problems & ! c>eful t]rac+ ( ea* tree1 &1 except = a de>? ( m suitable locations1 is a practice t has little to comm5d x to ! practical gr[]4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to a n too t5aci\s1 clayey loam4 ,selection1 9 fact1 may be q successfully made ?r\gh ! process ( exclusion1 & by elim9at+ all soils ( a v light & s&y nature1 or clays s t5aci\s t ! surface bakes & cracks :ile /ill too wet )9 #c or #d in*es ( ! surface to op]ate ) f>m tools4 ,^! exclud$1 /ill leave a v wide range ( silt1 clay1 & loam soils1 mo/ ( :i* are suitable to cacao culture4 ,:]e prop]ly protect$ f ! w9d a rocky soil1 o!rwise good1 is n objectionable2 9 fact1 su* l&s h ! advantage ( promot+ good dra9age4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,:5 ! plantation is made ^u =e/ l&s1 x is necess>y to cut & burn all und]bru%1 toge!r ) all timb] trees o!r ?an ^? design$ = %ade4 ,if su* %ade trees are left 7& ! advisability ( leav+ !m w be discuss$ 9 ! prop] place71 only ^? ( ! pulse or bean family are to be recomm5d$4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t1 ow+ 9 "p to ! close plant+ ( cacao & 9 "p to ! fragility ( its wood & its great susceptibility to damage result+ f w\nds1 subsequ5t removal ( l>ge %ade trees f ! plantation is att5d$ ) difficulty & exp5se1 & ! plant] %\ld leave few %ade trees to ! hect>e4 ,cle>+ ! l& %\ld be done dur+ ! dry season1 & refuse burn$ 9 situ1 !reby cons]v+ to ! soil ! pota% salts s ess5tial to ! cont9u$ well-be+ ( cacao4 ,! l& %\ld be deeply pl[$1 &1 if possible1 subsoil$ z well1 & !n1 p5d+ ! "t ( plant+ ! or*>d1 x may be laid d[n to corn1 cotton1 beans1 or "s =age plant4 ,pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ho$ crops1 z x is ess5tial to keep ! surface 9 op5 til?1 z well z to de/roy all we$s4 ,! common practice 9 mo/ cacao-gr[+ c\ntries is to simply dig deep holes :]e ! trees are to /&1 & to give a light work+ to ! re/ ( ! surface j suffici5t to produce ! int]m$iate crops4 ,?is cu/om is p]missible only on slopes too /eep = ! successful op]ation ( a side hill pl[1 or :]e f lack ( draft animals all cultivation has to be done by h&4 ,cacao roots deeply1 & ) relatively few sup]ficial fe$]s1 & ! deep] ! soil is work$ ! bett]4 ,,dra9age4 ,! numb] & size ( ! dra9s w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 ! cont\r ( ! l&1 & ! natural absorb5t "* ( ! soil4 ,9 no case %\ld ! dit*es be less ?an #a met] wide & #fj cm4 deep1 & if loose /ones are at h& ! slop+ sides may be laid ) !m1 :i* w mat]ially protect !m f wa%+ by torr5tial ra9s4 ,^! ma9 dra9s %\ld all be complet$ prior to plant+4 ,connect+ lat]als may be op5$ subsequ5tly1 z ! necessities ( fur!r dra9age or future irrigation may dem&2 %all[ furr[s w g5]ally answ] = ^! lat]als1 & z _! oblit]ation w practically foll[ e "t cultivation is giv51 _! con/ruction may be ( ! *eape/ & mo/ tempor>y nature4 ,ow+ to ! necessity ( ma9 dra9age canals & ! ne$ful int]plant+ ( %ade plants betwe5 ! r[s ( cacao1 no?+ is ga9$ by lay+ (f ! l& = plant+ 9 :at is call$ two ways1 & all subsequ5t work+ ( ! or*>d w consequ5tly be 9 "o direction4 ,,! ,,plantation4 ,cacao1 relatively to ! size ( ! tree1 may be plant$ v closely4 ,we h /at$ t x rejoices 9 a close1 moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e1 & ?is p]mits ( a clos] plant+ ?an w\ld be admissible ) any o!r or*>d crop4 ,9 v ri* soil ! /rong-gr[+ ,=a/]o v>iety may be plant$ #c4g met]s ap>t ea* way1 or #gde trees to ! hect>e1 & on light] l&s ?is1 or ! m dw>f-gr[+ =ms ( ,criollo1 may be set z close z #c met]s or r m ?an #a1jjj trees to ! hect>e4 ,! r[s %\ld be v c>efully l9$ out 9 "o direction & /ak$ :]e ! "y plants are to be set1 & !n 7a ye> be=e ! f9al plant+7 betwe5 ea* r[ ( cacao a l9e ( tempor>y %elt] plants are to be plant$4 ,^! %\ld be plant$ 9 qu9cunx ord]1 i4 e41 at ! int]sect+ po9t ( two l9es drawn betwe5 ! diagonal corn]s ( ! squ>e made by f\r cacaos set equidi/ant ea* way4 ,?is tempor>y %elt] is indisp5sable = ! protection ( ! "y plantation f w9d & sun4 ,! almo/ univ]sal cu/om is to plant1 = tempor>y %elt]1 suck]s ( fruit+ bananas1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,visayas & 9 ,s\!rn ,luzon ,i ?9k abac c\ld be advantage\sly sub/itut$4 ,x is true t1 z commonly gr[n1 abac does n make s rank a gr[? z "s ( ! planta9s1 b if giv5 ! p]fect tillage :i* ! cacao plantation %\ld receive1 & mod]ately ri* soils1 abac ought to furni% all necess>y %ade4 ,?is tempor>y %ade may be ma9ta9$ till ! f\r? or fif? ye>1 :5 x is to be grubb$ out & ! /alks & /umps1 :i* are ri* 9 nitrog51 may be left to decay ^u ! gr\nd4 ,at pres5t prices1 ! f\r or five crops :i* may be secur$ f ! tempor>y %elt] plants ought to meet ! exp5ses ( ! entire plantation until x comes into be>+4 ,9 ! next /ep1 e f\r? tree 9 ! f\r? or fif? r[ ( cacao may be omitt$ & its place fill$ by a p]man5t %ade tree4 ,! plant+ ( %ade trees or madre de cacao among ! cacao has be5 obs]v$ f "t immemorial 9 all c\ntries :]e ! crop is gr[n1 & ! prim>y purpose ( ! plant+ has be5 = %ade alone4 ,obs]v+ t ^! trees 7 almo/ inv>iably ( ! pulse or legume family1 ! writ]1 9 ! ye> #ahib1 rais$ ! "q1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,horticultural ,society1 t ! probable b5efits d]iv$ 7 directly attributable to ! abundant f]tiliz+ microrganisms develop$ 9 ! soil by ^! legum9\s plants1 r ?an ! me*anical protection !y af=d$ f ! sun's rays4 ,to ,mr4 ,o4 ,f4 ,cook1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 h[ev]1 belongs ! cr$it ( publi%+1 9 #aija1 #d a rsum ( 8 inquiries into ! subject ( ! %ades us$ = bo? ! c(fee & ! cacao1 & :i* fully confirm$ ! previ\s op9ions t ! ma9 b5efit d]iv$ f ^! trees 0 _! influ5ce 9 ma9ta9+ a con/ant supply ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,t cacao & its wild cong5ors naturally seek ! %elt] ( well-%ad$ =e/s is well e/abli%$2 b hav+ se5 trees 9 ^! ,isl&s t 7 fully expos$ at all times %[+ no evid5ces ( ei!r scald1 burn1 or sun spot1 & 9 e respect ! embodim5t ( vigor & heal?1 we are fully ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t "h ! climatic conditions are su* z w p]mit ( tak+ "s reasonable lib]ties ) ?is "t-honor$ practice & supply ne$$ nitrog5 to ! soil by ! use ( *eap & effective cat* crops1 su* u c[peas or soy beans4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 an ,ery?r9a1 kn[n z dap-dap1 is a favorite %ade tree among native plant]s2 ! ra9 tree 7,pi!colobium saman7 is also occasionally us$1 & 9 "o in/ance only h ,i se5 a dep>ture f ! use ( ! ,legum9os1 & t 9 we/]n ,m9danao1 !re is a %ade plantation compos$ exclusively ( ,cananga odorata1 locally kn[n z ilang-ilang4 ,:ile n yet prep>$ to advocate ! total exclusion ( all %ade trees1 ,i am prep>$ to recomm5d a %ade tree1 if %ade trees !re mu/ be1 ^: utility & unque/ion$ value has s+ul>ly escap$ notice4 ,! tree 9 "q1 ! ,royal ,po9ciana 7,po9ciana regia71 embodies all ( ! virtues t are ascrib$ to ! be/ ( ! pulse family1 is easily procur$1 gr[s freely & rapidly f se$ or cutt+1 furni%es a m9imum ( %ade at all times1 &1 9 ^! ,isl&s1 becomes almo/ leafless1 at ! season ( maturity ( ! l>ge/ cacao crop :5 ! greate/ sun exposure is desir$4 ,! rema9+ prep>atory "w consi/s 9 ! plant+ ( int]sect+ w9d breaks at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! grove1 & ^u sides expos$ to w9ds1 or :]e a natural =e/ gr[? does n furni% su* a %elt] belt4 ,unless ! plantation lies 9 a p>ticul>ly protect$ valley1 no plantation1 h[ev] l>ge 9 ! aggregate1 %\ld cov] m ?an #d or #e hect>es unbrok5 by at lea/ "o r[ ( w9d-break trees4 ,no?+ t ,i "k ( c approa* ! mango = ?is purpose4 ,x w hold 9 *eck ! fi]ce/ gale & give assurance to ! gr[] t aft] any /orm 8 cacao crop is /ill on ! trees & n on ! gr\nd1 a prey to ants1 mice1 & o!r v]m94 ,,selection ,,( ,,v>ieties4 ,all ! v>ieties ( cacao 9 g5]al cultivation may be ref]r$ to ?ree g5]al types1 ! ,criollo1 ,=a/]o1 & ,calabacillo2 & ( ^!1 ^? t ,i h met 9 cultivation 9 ! ,ar*ipelago are ! fir/ & second only4 ,! ,criollo is incomp>ably ! f9e/ v>iety 9 g5]al use1 & may p]haps be mo/ readily di/+ui%$ by ! inexp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! ripe b unf]m5t$ se$ or almond1 z x is (t5 call$4 ,?is1 on break+1 is f\nd to be :iti% or yell[i%-:ite1 :ile ! se$s ( ^? 9 :i* ! ,=a/]o or ,calabacillo blood pr$om9ates are r$di%1 or1 9 ! case ( ,=a/]o1 almo/ violet 9 color4 ,= flavor1 fre$om f bitt]ness1 facility 9 cur+1 & high comm]cial value1 ! ,criollo is ev]y:]e conc$$ to be facile pr9ceps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 po9t ( yield1 vigor1 fre$om f disease1 & compatibility to environm5t x is n to be comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 :]e su* p]fect conditions exi/ z are f\nd 9 p>ts ( ,m9danao1 ,i d n hesitate to urge ! plant+ ( ,criollo4 ,else:]e1 or :]ev] ! plantation is t5tative or ! conditions n v well kn[n to ! plant]1 ! ,=a/]o is to be recomm5d$4 ,! =m] is comm]cially kn[n z ,c>acas & old r$ ,ceylon1 & may be obta9$ f ,ceylon deal]s2 & ! latt]1 ! ,=a/]o1 or =ms ( x :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! isl&1 c be procur$ f ,java4 ,x seems n unlikely t ! true ,=a/]o may h be5 br\ght to ^! ,isl&s f ,acapulco1 ,mexico1 two hundr$ & ?irty-two ye>s ago1 #e z x 0 at t "t ! dom9ant k9d gr[n 9 s\!a/]n ,mexico1 &1 if s1 ! place :]e ! pure type w\ld mo/ likely be f\nd 9 ^! ,isl&s w\ld be 9 ! ,cam>9es1 ,s\!rn ,luzon4 ,aside f ! se$ *>act]s already giv51 ,=a/]o is recogniz$ by its l>g]1 ?ick]1 m abundant1 & r m abruptly po9t$ fruit ?an ,criollo1 & its co>se leaves :i* are f #bb to #ej cm4 long by #g to #ac cm4 wide1 dim5sions ne>ly d\ble ^? rea*$ by ! ,criollo or ,calabacillo v>ieties4 ,,plant+4 ,plant+ may be done at /ake or f ! nurs]y4 ,= ! unskill$ or inexp]i5c$ plant]1 :o has means at h& to defray ! great] co/1 plant+ at /ake is p]haps to be recomm5d$4 ,?is is no m ?an ! dropp+ & lightly cov]+1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 ( ?ree or f\r se$s at ! /ake :]e ! plant is to /&1 protect+ ! spot ) a bit ( banana leaf1 left till ! se$s h spr\t$1 & subsequ5tly pull+ out all b ! "o /ronge/ & ?riftie/ plant4 ,! cont+5cies to be met by ?is sy/em are _m4 ,! enemies ( ! cacao se$ are legion4 ,dr\ght1 birds1 worms1 ants1 beetles1 mice1 & rats w all contribute _! quota to prev5t a good /& & entail ! necessity ( repeat$ plant+s4 ,success by plant+ at /ake is s d\btful t x is r>ely foll[$ by exp]i5c$ plant]s4 ,! consequ5t alt]native lies 9 re>+ se$l+s 9 se$ b$s t are "u imm$iate control1 &1 :5 ! plants are ( suffici5t size1 9 transplant+ !m to _! prop] sites 9 ! or*>d4 ,9 view ( ! rem>kable %ort-liv$ vitality ( ! cacao se$1 x is 9 e way advisable t ! untra9$ gr[] procure 8 plants f pr(essional nurs]ym51 or1 if ?is res\rce is lack+1 t he import ! "y plants 9 ,w>dian cases f "s ( ! _m firms abroad :o make a specialty ( prep>+ !m = =eign m>kets4 ,bo? ( ^! exp$i5ts fail+1 !n x is advis$ t ! se$s be s[n "o by "o 9 small pots1 or1 if ^! are n procurable1 9 small bamboo tubes1 &1 = ! sake ( uni=m moi/ure1 plunge !m to _! rims 9 any free1 light soil 9 a well-%ad$ easily protect$ spot :]e !y may be c>efully wat]$4 ,9 ?ree to six mon?s 7accord+ to gr[?7 ! tube ) its includ$ plant may be plant$ 9 ! op5 field1 :5 ! =m] w spe$ily decompose & ! gr[? ( ! cacao proce$ )\t *eck or injury4 ,at be/1 all ( ! above sugge/$ me?ods are b crude exp$i5ts to replace ! m workmanlike1 exp$iti\s1 & satisfactory process ( plant+ ! conv5tional nurs]y gr[n /ock4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult 9 ! re>+ ( cacao se$l+s ?an 9 gr[+ any o!r ev]gre5 fruit tree4 ,briefly /at$1 x is only ! f9d+ ( a well-prep>$1 well-%ad$ se$ b$ & s[+ ! se$s 9 r[s or drills1 &1 :5 ! se$l+s are ( prop] size1 9 lift+ & transf]r+ !m to ! plantation4 ,b 9 actual practice !re are _m details call+ = ! ex]cise ( tra9$ judgm5t f ! prep>ation ( ! se$ b$ d[n to ! f9al process ( h>d5+ (f1 conc]n+ :i* ! read] is ref]r$ to ! _m available text-books on g5]al nurs]y managem5t4 ,x may be said = ! b5efit ( ^? unable to adopt m sci5tific me?ods3 ,let ! se$ b$ be select$ 9 a well-%ad$ spot1 &1 if possible1 ^u a r /iff1 pla/ic1 b well-dra9$ soil4 ,aft] ?is is well brok5 up & made smoo?1 broadca/ ov] all #c or #d in*es ( well-decompos$ leaf mold mix$ ) s&1 & 9 ?is s[ ! se$ 9 furr[s ab\t #a in* deep4 ,?is s[+ %\ld be made dur+ ! dry season1 n only to avoid ! beat+ & wa%+ ( viol5t /orms b to h ! nurs]y plants ( prop] size = plant+ at ! op5+ ( ! ra9y season4 ,! se$ b$ %\ld be accessible to wat]1 9 ord] t x may be conv5i5tly wat]$ by frequ5t spr9kl+s ?r\gh\t ! dry season4 ,! ri* top dress+ w /imulate ! e>ly gr[? ( ! se$l+1 & :5 its roots ent] ! heavi] soil bel[ x w enc\rage a /ocky gr[?4 ,f\r or five mon?s lat] ! roots w be s well e/abli%$ 9 ! /iff] soil t if lift$ c>efully ea* plant may be secur$ ) a ball ( e>? ab\t its roots1 plac$ 9 a tray or basket1 & 9 ?is way c>ri$ intact to ! field4 ,plants ?us re>$ give to ! inexp]i5c$ an assurance ( success n always obta9$ by ! tra9$ or vet]an plant] ( b>e root$ subjects4 ,,cultivation4 ,plant]s are unit$ 9 ! op9ion t prun+1 cutt+1 or 9 any way lac]at+ ! roots is injuri\s to ! cacao1 & 9 def]5ce to ?is op9ion all cultivation close to ! tree %\ld be done ) a h>r[-too? cultivator1 or %all[ sc>ifi]4 ,all int]m$iate cultivation %\ld be deep & ?or\gh1 :5ev] ! me*anical condition ( ! soil w p]mit x4 ,a plant /unt$ 9 y\? w nev] make a prolific tree2 e>ly & cont9u\s gr[? c only be secur$ by deep & ?or\gh cultivation4 ,( ev5 m consid]ation ?an an occasional root cutt+ is any injury1 h[ev] small1 to ! tree /em1 & on ?is acc\nt e precaution %\ld be tak5 to protect ! trees f accid5tal injury :5 pl[+ or cultivat+4 ,! :iffletree ( ! pl[ or cultivator us$ %\ld be c>efully f5d]$ ) rubb] or a s(t wool5 pack+ t w effectually gu>d aga9/ ! c>elessness ( workm54 ,w\nds 9 ! b>k or /em (f] an invit+ field = ! entry ( insects or ! spores ( fungi1 & are1 fur!rmore1 apt to be ov]look$ until ! injury becomes deep seat$ & sometimes beyond repair4 ,) ! gradual ext5sion ( root developm5t1 cultivation w be r$uc$ to a n>r[ /rip betwe5 ! r[s once occupi$ by ! planta9 or ! abac1 b1 to ! v la/1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! prop] soil conditions %\ld be obs]v$ by at lea/ "o good annual pl[+ & by z _m sup]ficial cultivations z ! gr[? ( ! trees & ! me*anical /ate ( ! l& w admit4 ,,prun+4 ,:5 left to its own res\rces ! cacao w fruit = an almo/ indef9ite "t4 ,:5 well & /r5u\sly gr[n x w be> mu* m abundant fruit f its fif? to its tw5ty-fif? ye>1 & by a simple process ( r5ewal c be made productive = a mu* long] "t4 ,a necess>y factor to ?is result is an annual prun+ ^u /rictly sci5tific l9es4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple involv$ is1 prim>ily1 ! fact t ! cacao be>s its crop directly ^u ! ma9 bran*es & trunk1 & n ^u spurs or twigs2 secondly1 t wood "u ?ree ye>s is r>ely fruitful1 & t only ^u /ems or bran*es ( five ye>s or upw>d does ! maximum fruitfulness occur2 t ! seat ( infloresc5ce is directly ov] ! axil ( a fall5 leaf1 f :5ce ! fl[]s are born at irregul> times ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,) ?is necess>y1 fundam5tal in=mation z a basis ( op]ations1 ! rational sy/em ( prun+ t sugge/s itself is ! ma9t5ance ( z l>ge an ext5sion at all times ( /raight1 well-gr[n mature wood & ! p]fect+ ( t by ! e>ly & frequ5t removal ( all limbs or bran*es t ! =m ( ! tree does n admit ( c>ry+ )\t ov]cr[d+4 ,x is desirable t ?is ext5sion ( ! bran* sy/em %\ld be lat]al r ?an v]tical1 = ! great] facility ) :i* fruit may be pluck$ & possible insect enemies f\ght2 & on ?is acc\nt ! lead+ gr[?s %\ld be /opp$ :5 a conv5i5t height has be5 atta9$4 ,:5 well gr[n & )\t accid5t to its lead]1 ! cacao w naturally bran* at f #a to #a4d met]s f ! gr\nd4 ,^! prim>y bran*es are mo/ly ?ree to five 9 numb]1 & all 9 excess ( ?ree %\ld be remov$ z soon z selection c be made ( ?ree /ronge/ t are z ne>ly equidi/ant f ea* o!r z may be4 ,:5 ^! bran*es are f #hj cm4 to #a met] long1 & pref]ably ! %ort] di/ance1 !y are to be /opp$ by p9*+ ! extremities4 ,?is w cause !m & ! ma9 /em z well to break1 i4 e41 to bran* 9 _m places4 ,at ?is po9t ! vigilance & judgm5t ( ! plant] are call$ into great] play4 ,^! second>y bran*es are1 9 turn1 all to be r$uc$ z 7 ! prim>y ones1 & _! selection c n be made 9 a symmetrical :orl1 = ! habit ( ! tree does n admit ( x1 & selection ( ! ?ree %\ld be made ) ref]5ce to _! future ext5sion1 t ! int]ior ( ! tree %\ld n be ov]cr[d$ & t su* out] bran*es be reta9$ z %all fairly ma9ta9 ! equilibrium ( ! cr[n4 ,?is w complete ! ?ird ye> & ! =mative /age ( ! plant4 ,subsequ5t prun+s w be conduct$ on ! same l9es1 ) ! modification t :5 ! second>y bran*es are aga9 cut back1 ! room 9 ! head ( ! tree w r>ely admit ( m ?an "o1 at mo/ two1 t]ti>y bran*es be+ all[$ to rema94 ,:5 ^! are gr[n to an ext5t t br+s ! total height ( ! tree to #c or #d met]s1 !y %\ld be cut back annually1 at ! close ( ! dry season4 ,su* m9or op]ations z ! removal ( ?91 wiry1 or hide-b\nd gr[?s & all suck]s sugge/ !mselves to e horticulturi/1 :e!r he be exp]i5c$ 9 cacao gr[+ or n4 ,:5 a tree is exhau/$ by ov]be>+1 or has orig9ally be5 s ill =m$ t x is n productive1 a /rong suck] or g\rm& spr++ f ne> ! gr\nd may be enc\rag$ to gr[4 ,by di/ribut+ ! prun+ ov] two or ?ree p]iods1 9 "o ye> ! old tree c be entirely remov$ & its place sub/itut$ by ! g\rm&4 ,dur+ ! ?ird ye> fl[]s w be abundant & "s fruit w set1 b x is advisable to remove x :ile small & p]mit all ( ! en]gy ( ! plant to be exp5d$ 9 wood mak+4 ,f :at we "k ( its fl[]+ habit1 x is obvi\s t e op]ation connect$ ) ! h&l+ or prun+ ( a cacao1 %\ld be conduct$ ) extreme c>e2 to see t ! b>k is nev] injur$ ab\t ! old leaf sc>s1 = to j ! ext5t x is s injur$ is ! fruit-be>+ area curtail$4 ,fur!r1 no prun+ cut %\ld ev] be inflict$1 except ) ! %>pe/ ( knives & saws1 & ! use ( %e>s1 t always bruise to "s ext5t1 is to be avoid$4 ,all ! rules t are laid d[n = ! guidance ( ! prun+ ( mo/ or*>d trees 9 reg>d to clean cuts1 slop+ cuts1 & ! cov]+ ( l>ge w\nds ) t> or res9 apply ) f\rfold =ce to ! cacao4 ,its wood is rem>kably spongy & an easy prey to ! enemies ev] ly+ 9 wait to attack x1 & ! sure/ rem$ies = disease are prev5tive ones1 & by ! ma9t5ance ( ! b>k ( ! tree at all times 9 ! s\nd condition1 we are assur$ t x is be/ qualifi$ to resi/ invasion4 ,( ! great numb] ( worm-riddl$ trees to be se5 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 x is easy 9 e case to trace ! cause to ! neglect & brutal treatm5t :i* left !m 9 a condition to invite ! attacks ( disease ( e k9d4 ,,h>ve/4 ,! rip5+ p]iod ( cacao g5]ally occurs at two seasons ( ! ye>1 b 9 ^! isl&s ! mo/ abundant crop is obta9$ at ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! dry season1 & ! fruits cont9ue to rip5 = two mon?s or long]4 ,! "t ( its approa*+ maturity is easily recogniz$ by ! tyro by ! unmi/akable aroma ( *ocolate t p]vades ! or*>d at t p]iod1 & by "s ( ! pods turn+ r$di% or yell[ accord+ to ! v>iety4 ,! pods are atta*$ by a v %ort /alk to ! trunk ( ! tree1 & ^? )9 rea* ( ! h& are c>efully cut ) %e>s4 ,^? high] up are mo/ safely remov$ ) an ext5sion ,am]ican tree prun]4 ,a ,we/ ,indian hook knife ) a cutt+ edge above & bel[ & m\nt$ on a bamboo pole1 if kept ) ! edges v %>p1 does excell5tly well1 b %\ld only be intru/$ to ! mo/ c>eful workm54 ,!re is h>dly a conceivable cont+5cy to w>rant ! climb+ ( a cacao tree4 ,if x %\ld occur1 ! p]son climb+ %\ld g b>efoot$4 ,z soon z ! fruit1 or s mu* ( x z is well rip5$1 has be5 ga!r$1 x is ?r[n into heaps & %\ld be op5$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! op5+ is done 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b ! practice foll[$ 9 ,sur9am w\ld be an excell5t "o "h if exp]i5c$ labor 0 n at comm&4 ,!re1 ) a heavy knife or cutlass 7bolo71 !y cut (f ! base or /em end ( ! fruit & !reby expose ! column to :i* ! se$s are atta*$1 & !n wom5 & *ildr51 :o free mo/ ( ! se$s1 are able to draw out ! entire se$ mass intact4 ,x is exce$+ly important t ! se$s are n w\nd$1 & = t reason x is inexp$i5t to intru/ ! m exp$iti\s me?od ( halv+ ! fruit ) a %>p knife to any b exp]i5c$ workm54 ,! process ( cur+ t ,i h se5 foll[$ 9 ^! ,isl&s is simplicity itself4 ,two j>s half fill$ ) wat] are provid$ = ! clean]s1 & z ! se$s are deta*$ f ! pulp !y are sort$ & grad$ on ! spot4 ,only ^? ( l>ge1 uni=m size1 well =m$ & ?or\ghly ripe1 be+ ?r[n into "o2 de=m$1 small1 & imp]fectly matur$ se$s go+ to ! o!r4 ,9 ^! j>s ! se$s are all[$ to /& 9 _! own juice = a day1 !n !y are tak5 out1 wa%$ 9 fre% wat]1 dri$ 9 ! sun f two to f\r days1 accord+ to ! wea!r1 & ! process f ! ,filip9o /&po9t is complete4 ,mu* ( ! product ?us obta9$ is s+ul>ly free f bitt]ness & ( su* excell5t quality2 z to be saleable at unusually high prices1 & at ! same "t 9 su* good dem& t x is ) "s hesitancy t ! process ( f]m5tation is recomm5d$ = g5]al use4 ,b x is also equally c]ta9 t localities 9 ^! ,isl&s w be plant$ to cacao :]e all ! conditions t help to turn out an unrival$ natural product are by no means assur$4 ,= su* places1 :]e ! rank-gr[+1 m co>se-flavor$1 & bitt]-fruit$ ,=a/]o may produce exceptionally good crops1 x w become incumb5t on ! plant] to adopt "s ( ! _m me?ods ( f]m5tation1 :]eby he c correct ! crud5ess ( ! untreat$ bean & receive a remun]ative price = ! process$ or ameliorat$ product4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,/rickl& me?od1 or "s modification ( x1 is ! be/1 & is n[ 9 g5]al use on all consid]able e/ates :]e ! h>ve/ is #bjj piculs or upw>d p] annum1 & its use probably assures a m uni=m product ?an any ( ! rud] processes 9 common use by small proprietors4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! pres5t plant]s 9 ! ,philipp9es are all small proprietors1 & t until su* "t z ! matur+ ( l>ge plantations calls = ! m elaborate app>atus ( ! ,/rickl& patt]n1 "s practice :]eby ! inf]ior crude bean may be economically & quickly conv]t$ into a m>ketable product c n be avoid$4 ,z simple & efficaci\s z any is t l>gely pursu$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,v5ezuela1 :]e is produc$ ! fam\s ,c>acas cacao4 ,! beans & pulp are ?r[n into wood5 vats t are pi]c$ ) holes suffici5t to p]mit ( ! escape ( ! juice1 = :i* tw5ty-f\r h\rs suffices4 ,! vat is !n expos$ to ! sun = five or six h\rs1 & ! beans1 :ile /ill hot1 are tak5 out1 ?r[n into l>ge heaps1 & cov]$ ) blankets4 ,! next day !y are return$ to ! box1 subject$ to a /rong sun heat & aga9 return$ to ! heap4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ = sev]al days1 until ! beans1 by _! bright *ocolate color & suppl5ess1 indicate t !y are cur$4 ,if1 dur+ ! p]iod ( f]m5tation1 ra9 is ?reat5$ or occurs1 ! beans are %ovel$1 /ill hot1 into bags & reta9$ !re until !y c once m be expos$ to ! sun4 ,be=e ! f9al bagg+ !y are c>efully h& rubb$ 9 ord] to remove ! adh]5t gums & fibr\s matt]s t did n pass (f 9 ! prim>y f]m5tation4 ,9 ,ceylon1 imm$iately aft] ! beans h be5 f]m5t$ !y are wa%$1 & ! univ]sally high prices obta9$ by ! ,ceylon plant]s make x desirable to reproduce "h a brief rsum ( _! me?od4 ,! f]m5tation is c>ri$ on "u %$s1 & ! beans are heap$ up 9 b$s ( #fj cm4 to #a met] 9 ?ickness ^u a plat=m ( p>allel joi/s arrang$ to p]mit ( ! escape ( ! juices4 ,?is plat=m is elevat$ f ! gr\nd & ! :ole heap is cov]$ ) sacks or matt+4 ,! f]m5tation takes f five to sev5 days1 accord+ to ! heat ( ! atmosph]e & ! size ( ! heap1 & :5ev] ! temp]ature rises above #dj ! mass is c>efully turn$ ov] ) wood5 %ovels4 ,imm$iately aft] ! f]m5tation is complet$ ! ,ceylon plant] passes ! mass ?r\gh repeat$ wa%+s1 & no?+ rema9s b to dry ! se$4 ,?is 9 ,ceylon is v ext5sively done1 9 dry]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 "s patt]n$ aft] ! ,am]ican fruit dry]1 "s 9 sl[ly rotat+ cyl9d]s ?r\gh ! axis ( :i* a p[]ful bla/ ( hot air is driv54 ,! process ( wa%+ unque/ionably dim9i%es some:at ! weight ( ! cur$ bean2 = t reason ! practice is n g5]ally foll[$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,ceylon product x is "o ( ! contribut+ factors to ! high prices obta9$4 ,,enemies ,,& ,,diseases4 ,monkeys1 rats1 & p>rots are "h & 9 all tropical c\ntries ! subject ( mu* compla9t1 & if ! plantation is remote f t[ns or 9 ! =e/1 _! depr$ations c only be held 9 *eck by ! con/ant pres5ce ( well-arm$ hunt] or wat*man4 ,( ! m s]i\s enemies ) :i* we h to deal1 p]nici\s insects & 9 p>ticul> ^? t attack ! wood ( ! tree1 ev]y?+ has yet to be le>n$4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,n4 ,banks1 an accompli%$ entomologi/1 n[ /ation$ at ,maao1 ,occid5tal ,negros1 is mak+ a close /udy ( ! life hi/ory ( ! insect enemies ( cacao1 & ?r\gh 8 rese>*es x is hop$ t mu* light w be ?r[n ^u ! :ole subject & t ways w be devis$ to ov]come & prev5t ! depr$ations ( ^! insect pe/s4 ,! mo/ =midable insect t has s f> be5 enc\nt]$ is a beetle1 :i* pi]ces & deposits its eggs )9 ! b>k4 ,:5 ! worm hat*es1 x ent]s ! wood & trav]ses x longitud9ally until x is ready to assume ! mature or beetle /ate1 :5 x comes to ! surface & makes its escape4 ,^! worms w frequ5tly riddle an entire bran* & ev5 ent] ! trunk4 ,! ap]tures t ! beetle makes = ! lay+ ( its eggs are s small--m m9ute ?an ! head ( a p9--t discov]y & prob+ = ! worm ) a f9e wire is n z fruitful ( results z has be5 claim$4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 we are positively assur$1 i4 e41 t ! epo* ( rip5+ ( ! cacao fruit is ! "t :5 its p[]ful fragrance s]ves to attract ! greate/ numb] ( ^! beetles & _m o!r noxi\s insects to ! grove4 ,?is1 too1 is ! "t :5 ! mo/ con/ant & abundant supply ( labor is on ! plantation & :5 va/ numb]s ( ^! insects c be caught & de/roy$4 ,! build+ ( small fires at night 9 ! groves1 z commonly practic$ "h & 9 _m tropical c\ntries1 is att5d$ ) "s b5efits4 ,lately1 9 ,india1 ?is rem$y has be5 subject to an improvem5t t gives promise ( results :i* w 9 "t m9imize ! ravages ( insect pe/s4 ,x is 9 plac+ p[]ful acetyl5e lights ov] broad1 %all[ vats ( wat] ov]laid ) m9]al oil or petroleum4 ,"s ( ^! lamps n[ made "u rec5t pat5ts yield a light ( dazzl+ brilliancy1 & if well di/ribut$ w\ld d\btless lure millions ( insects to _! dea?4 ,! *eap co/ ( ! fuel also makes ! rem$y available = trial by e plant]4 ,!re is a small hemipt]\s insect :i* /+s ! fruit :5 ab\t two-?irds gr[n1 & deposits its eggs )94 ,= ?is class ( insects ,m4 ,a4 ,tonduz1 :o has issu$ publications on ! diseases ( cacao 9 ,v5ezuela1 recomm5ds wa%+ ! fruit ) salt wat]1 & aga9/ ! attacks ( beetles 9 g5]al by pa9t+ ! tree /em & bran*es ) ,bordeaux mixture1 or ) ! vassilire insecticide1 ( :i* ! basis is a comb9ation ( :ale-oil soap & petroleum susp5d$ 9 lime wa%4 ,!re c be no possible virtue 9 ! =m]1 except z a prev5tive aga9/ possible fung\s diseases2 ( ! sanitive value ( ! latt] we c also af=d to be skeptical1 z ! me*anical seal+ ( ! bor]'s holes1 & !reby cutt+ (f ! air supply1 w\ld only result 9 driv+ ! worm soon] to ! surface4 ,! odor ( petroleum & p>ticul>ly ( :ale-oil soap is s repell5t1 h[ev]1 to mo/ insects t its prophylactic virtues w\ld und\bt$ly be great4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s appe> to be s f> s+ul>ly exempt f ! v _m cryptogamic or fung\s diseases1 blights1 mildews1 ru/s1 & cank]s t h play$ havoc ) cacao-gr[+ 9 _m c\ntries4 ,t we %\ld enjoy cont9u$ immunity w dep5d greatly ^u secur+ se$s or "y plants only f non9fe/$ di/ricts or f reputable deal]s1 :o w c>efully dis9fect any %ipm5ts1 & to supplem5t ?is by a close microscopical exam9ation ^u arrival & ! imm$iate burn+ ( any suspect$ %ipm5ts4 ,ano!r g5]al precaution t w be tak5 by e plant] :o aims to ma9ta9 ! be/ condition 9 8 or*>d is ! ga!r+ & burn+ ( all prun+s or trimm+s f ! or*>d1 :e!r !y are diseas$ or n4 ,decay+ wood ( any k9d is a field = special activity = insect life & fung\s gr[?1 & ! soon] x is de/roy$ ! bett]4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is cu/om>y 9 "s c\ntries to remove ! fruit pods f ! field4 ,b unless diseas$1 or unless !y are to be return$ aft] ! h>ve/1 !y %\ld be buri$ ^u ! l& = _! manurial value4 ,,manur+4 ,!re are few cultivat$ crops t make less dra9 ^u soil f]tility ?an cacao1 & few drafts ^u ! l& are s easily & inexp5sively return$4 ,f an exam9ation made ( detail$ analyses by _m au?ors & cov]+ _m regions1 x may be broadly /at$ t an av]age crop ( cacao 9 ! mo/-favor$ di/ricts is ab\t #i piculs p] hect>e1 & t ( ! ?ree all-important elem5ts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 a total ( slightly m ?an #d4b kilograms is remov$ 9 ea* picul ( cur$ se$s h>ve/$4 ,^! #cg kilos ( plant food t are annually tak5 f ea* hect>e may be r\ghly subdivid$ z foll[s3 #ah kilos ( nitrog51 #aj kilos ( pota%1 #i kilos ( phosphoric acid4 ,on ?is basis1 aft] ! plantation is 9 full be>+1 we w\ld h to make good ) /&>d f]tiliz]s ea* ye> = ea* hect>e ab\t #bbj kilos ( nitrate ( soda1 or1 if ! plantation 0 %ad$ ) legum9\s trees1 only "o-half t am\nt1 or #aaj kilos4 ,( pota% salts1 say ! sulphate1 only "o-half t am\nt1 or #ee kilos1 if ! plantation 0 un%ad$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 0 %ad$1 z ! legum9\s trees are all heavy fe$]s ( pota%1 we w\ld h to d\ble ! am\nt & use #aaj kilos4 ,9 any case1 z fix$ nitrog5 always repres5ts a co/ q d\ble t ( pota%1 f an economical /&po9t ! plant] is /ill ! ga9] :o supplies pota% to ! %ade trees4 ,!re /ill rema9s phosphoric acid1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( ! be/ sup]phosphate ( lime1 w\ld require #ee kilos = un%ad$ or*>ds1 & ab\t #gj if dap-dap1 ,pionciana1 or any legum9\s tree 0 gr[n 9 ! or*>d4 ,^! ?ree +r$i5ts may be ?or\ghly incorporat$ & us$ z a top dress+ & lightly h>r[$ 9 ab\t ea* tree4 ,if ! comm]cial nitrates c n be readily obta9$1 !n rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! sp>+ use ( f>m manures4 ,until ! be>+ age ^! may be us$ freely1 b aft] t ) caution & discrim9ation4 ,al?\gh ,i h se5 trees "h t h be5 be>+ cont9u\sly = tw5ty-two ye>s1 ,i h be5 unable to f9d s mu* z "o t to ! k ( ! olde/ resid5t has ev] be5 f]tiliz$ 9 any way1 yet1 not)/&+ our lack ( k ( local conditions1 x seems p]fectly safe to pr$icate t lib]al manur+ ) /able manure or highly ammoniat$ f]tiliz]s w\ld insure a rank1 succul5t gr[? t is always prejudicial to ! be/ & heavie/ fruit production4 ,9 ?is ,i am oppos$ to ,pr(essor ,h>t1 #f :o seems to ?9k t /able manures are ^? only t may be us$ ) a free h&4 ,we h _m safe ways ( apply+ nitrog5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( v>i\s cat* crops ( pulse or beans1 ) ! c]ta9ty t we c nev] ov]load ! soil ) m ?an ! adjac5t tree roots c take up & ?or\ghly assimilate4 ,:5 ! "t comes t ! or*>d s %ades ! gr\nd t crops c no long] be gr[n betwe5 ! r[s1 !n1 9 pref]5ce to /able manures ,i w\ld recomm5d cotton-se$ cake or poonac1 ! latt] be+ always obta9able 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago4 ,:ile ! mo/ desirable =m 9 :i* pota% c be appli$ is 9 ! =m ( ! sulphate1 excell5t results h be5 _h ) ! use ( ,ka9it or ,/assfur? salts1 & z a /ill m available sub/itute1 wood a%es is sugge/$4 ,:5 =e/ l&s are ne>1 ! und]bru% may be cut & burn$ 9 a cle>+ or :]ev] x may be done )\t detrim5t to ! /&+ timb]1 & ! a%es scatt]$ 9 ! or*>d be=e !y h be5 lea*$ by ra9s4 ,! rema9+ ess5tial ( phosphoric acid 9 ! =m ( sup]phosphates w = "s ye>s to come necess>ily be ! subject ( direct importation4 ,9 ! *eap =m ( phosphate slag x is report$ to h be5 us$ ) great success 9 bo? ,gr5ada & ,briti% ,guiana1 & w\ld be well wor?y ( trial "h4 ,l&s v ri* 9 humus1 z "s ( our =e/ valleys are1 und\bt$ly c>ry ample nitrog5\s elem5ts ( f]tility to ma9ta9 ! trees at a high /&>d ( gr[? = _m ye>s1 b provision is indisp5sable = a regul> supply ( pota% & phosphoric acid z soon z ! trees come into heavy be>+4 ,x is to !m & n to ! nitrog5 t we look = ! =mation ( /rong1 /ocky1 well-rip5$ wood capable ( fruit be>+ & = fruit t %all be s\nd1 highly flavor$1 & well matur$4 ,! be>+ life ( su* a tree w surely be heal?fully prolong$ = _m ye>s beyond "o con/antly driv5 ) highly /imulat+ foods1 & 9 ! end amply repay ! gr[] = ! vigilance1 toil1 & orig9al exp5diture ( money necess>y to ma9ta9+ a well-gr[n & well-appo9t$ cacao plantation4 ,,supplem5tal ,,notes4 ,new ,v>ieties4--,cacao is exclusively gr[n f se$1 & x is only by c>eful selection ( ! mo/ valuable trees t ! plant] c hope to make ! mo/ pr(itable r5ewals or additions to 8 plantations4 ,x is by ?is means t _m excell5t sorts are n[ 9 cultivation 9 diff]5t regions t h cont9u$ to v>y f ! ?ree orig9al1 common =ms ( ,!obroma cacao1 until n[ x is a matt] ( "s difficulty to diff]5tiate !m4 ,resid5ce4--,! conditions = liv+ 9 ! ,philipp9es (f] peculi>1 x may be said unexampl$1 advantages to ! plant] ( cacao4 ,! climate z a :ole is rem>kably salubri\s1 & sites are to be f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e = ! e/ate build+s1 suffici5tly elevat$ to obviate ! necessity ( liv+ ne> /agnant wat]s4 ,mal>ial fev]s are relatively few1 pr$aci\s animals unkn[n1 & insects & reptiles prejudicial to human life or heal? extraord9>ily few 9 numb]4 ,9 contra/ to ?is we ne$ only call att5tion to ! entire ,c>ibbean coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! climate & soil conditions are su* t ! cacao comes to a sup]lative degree ( p]fection1 & yet ! limits ( its fur!r ext5sion h probably be5 rea*$ by ! insup]able b>ri] ( a climate s insalubri\s t ! ,caucasian's life is "o endless conflict ) disease1 & :5 n engag$ 9 active combat ) "s =m ( mal>ial poison+ 8 en]gies are conc5trat$ ^u battle ) ! v>i\s insect or animal pe/s t make life a burd5 9 su* regions4 ,nonresid5ce ^u a cacao plantation is an equival5t t]m = ultimate failure4 ,e op]ation dem&s ! ex]cise ( ! obs]vant eye & ! direct+ h& ( a ma/]1 b !re is no field ( horticultural ef=t t (f]s m assur$ rew>d1 or t w m ri*ly repay close /udy & ! application ( me?ods wr\ght out z ! sequ5ce ( ^? /udies4 ,,e/imat$ ,,co/ ,,& ,,rev5ues ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,cacao ,,plantation4 ,e/imates ( exp5ses 9 e/abli%+ a cacao f>m 9 ! ,visayas & pr(its aft] ! fif? ye>4 ,! size ( ! f>m select$ is #af hect>es1 ! am\nt ( l& prescrib$ by ,congress ( a s+le public l& entry4 ,! co/ ( procur+ su* a tract ( l& is z yet undet]m9$ & c n be reckon$ 9 ! foll[+ tables4 ,! prices ( ! crop are e/imat$ at #dh c5ts p] kilo1 :i* is ! curr5t price = ! be/ grades ( cacao 9 ! _w's m>kets4 ,! yield p] tree is giv5 z #b catties1 or #a4be kilos1 a fair & cons]vative e/imate = a good tree1 ) little or no cultivation4 ,! prices = unskill$ labor are #be p] c5t 9 advance ( ! f>m h& 9 ! ,visayan isl&s4 ,no provision is made = managem5t or sup]vision1 z ! own] w1 x is assum$1 act z manag]4 ,*>ges to capital acc\nt are giv5 = ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? ye>1 b no curr5t exp5ses are giv51 = o!r crops are to defray op]at+ exp5ses until ! cacao trees beg9 to be>4 ,no e/imate ( resid5ce is giv54 ,all acc\nts are 9 ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy4 ,exp5dable ! fir/ ye>4 ,capital acc\nt3 ,cle>+ ( av]age bru% & timb] l&1 at #ae p] hect>e #cdj4jj ,f\r c>abaos1 pl[s1 h>r[s1 cultivators1 c>ts1 etc4 #eej4jj ,break+ & prep>+ l&1 at #e p] hect>e #hj4jj ,op5+ ma9 dra9age canals1 at #f p] hect>e #if4jj ,tool h\se & /or]oom #bjj4jj ,pur*ase & plant+ #aj1jjj abac /ools1 at #b c5ts ea* #bjj4jj ,se$ pur*ase1 re>+ & plant+ #ab1jjj cacao1 at #c c5ts ea* #cfj4jj ,cont+5t & incid5tal #agd4jj ------- ,total #b1jjj4jj ,second ye>4 ,int]e/ on inve/m5t #bjj4jj ,depreciation on tools1 build+s1 & animals 7#bj p] c5t ( co/7 #aej4jj ------- #cej4jj ,?ird ye>4 ,int]e/ on inve/m5t #bjj4jj ,depreciation z above #aej4jj ------- #cej4jj ,f\r? ye>4 ,int]e/ on inve/m5t #bjj4jj ,depreciation z above #aej4jj ,build+ ( dry+ h\se & sweat boxes1 capacity #bj1jjj kilos #dej4jj ------- #hjj4jj -------- ,total capital inve/m5t #c1ejj4jj ,fif? ye>4 ,income acc\nt3 ,f #aa1fhj cacao trees1 #cjj grams cacao ea*1 equals #c1ejj kilos1 at #dh c5ts #a1fhj4jj ,exp5se acc\nt3 ,fix$ int]e/ & depreciation *>ges on inve/m5t ( #c1ejj4jj #cej4jj ,taxes #a #a_/b p] c5t on a "o-?ird valuation basis ( #bej p] hect>e #fj4jj ,cultivat+1 prun+1 etc41 at #e4ej p] hect>e #hh4jj ,f]tiliz+1 at #f p] hect>e #if4jj ,h>ve/+1 cur+1 pack+ #c1ejj kilos cacao1 at #aj c5ts p] kilo #cej4jj ,cont+5t #hf4jj ------- #a1jcj4jj -------- ,cr$it balance #fej4jj ,six? ye>4 ,income acc\nt3 ,f #aa1fhj cacao trees1 at #ejj grams cacao ea*1 equals #e1hdj kilos1 at #dh c5ts #b1hjc4bj ,exp5se acc\nt3 ,fix$ int]e/ & depreciation *>ges z above #cej4jj ,taxes z above #fj4jj ,cultivat+1 etc41 z above #hh4jj ,f]tiliz+1 at #h p] hect>e #abh4jj ,h>ve/+1 etc41 #e1hdj kilos cacao1 at #aj c5ts p] kilo #ehd4jj ,cont+5t #ic4bj ------- #a1cjc4bj -------- ,cr$it balance #a1ejj4jj ,sev5? ye>4 ,income acc\nt3 ,f #aa1fhj cacao trees1 at #gej grams cacao ea*1 equals #h1gfj kilos1 at #dh c5ts #d1bjd4hj ,exp5se acc\nt3 ,fix$ int]e/ *>ges z above #cej4jj ,taxes z above #fj4jj ,cultivat+1 etc41 z above #hh4jj ,f]tiliz+1 at #aj p] hect>e #afj4jj ,h>ve/1 etc41 ( #h1gfj kilos ( cacao1 at #aj c5ts p] kilo #hgf4jj ,cont+5t #agj4hj ------- #a1gjd4hj -------- ,cr$it balance #b1ejj4jj ,eigh? ye>4 ,income acc\nt3 ,f #aa1fhj cacao trees1 at #a kilo cacao ea*1 equals #aa1fhj kilos1 at #dh c5ts #e1fjf4dj ,exp5se acc\nt3 ,fix$ int]e/ *>ges z above #cej4jj ,taxes z above #fj4jj ,cultivat+1 etc41 z above #hh4jj ,f]tiliz+1 at #ab4ej p] hect>e #bjj4jj ,h>ve/1 etc41 #aa1fhj kilos ( cacao1 at #aj c5ts p] kilo #a1afh4jj ,cont+5t #bdj4dj -------- #b1ajf4dj -------- ,cr$it balance #c1ejj4jj ,n9? ye>4 ,income acc\nt3 ,f #aa1fhj trees1 at #b catties or #a4be kilos cacao ea*1 equals #ad1fjj kilos1 at #dh c5ts #g1jjh4jj ,exp5se acc\nt3 ,fix$ int]e/ *>ges z above #cej4jj ,taxes at #a #a_/b p] c5t on a "o-?ird valuation ( #ejj p] hect>e #abj4jj ,cultivation & prun+ z above #hh4jj ,f]tiliz+1 at #ae p] hect>e #bdj4jj ,h>ve/+1 etc41 ( #ad1fjj kilos ( cacao1 at #aj c5ts p] kilo #a1dfj4jj ,cont+5t #bej4jj -------- #b1ejh4jj -------- ,cr$it balance #d1ejj4jj ,9 ! t5? ye> !re %\ld be no increase 9 taxes or f]tiliz]s1 & a slight increase 9 yield1 suffici5t to br+ ! net pr(its ( ! e/ate to ! approximate am\nt ( #e1jjj4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to a divid5d ( r m ?an #cab p] hect>e1 or its equival5t ( ab\t #abf p] acre4 ,^! tables fur!r %[ orig9al capitalization co/ ( ne>ly #ij p] acre1 & f ! n9? ye> annual op]at+ exp5ses ( r m ?an #fj p] acre4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! op]at+ exp5ses are bas$ ^u a sy/ematic & sci5tific managem5t ( ! e/ate2 :ile ! returns or income are bas$ ^u rev5ue f trees t are at ! disadvantage ( be+ )\t culture ( any k9d1 &1 :ile ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! orig9al co/ p] acre ( ! plantation1 nor its curr5t op]at+ exp5ses may be mu* r$uc$ bel[ ! figures giv51 ,i feel t !re is a reasonable c]ta9ty t ! crop product may be mat]ially increas$ beyond ! limit ( two catties4 ,9 ,cam]\ns1 ,dr4 ,preuss1 a close & well-tra9$ obs]v]1 gives ! mean annual yield ( trees ( full-be>+ age at #d4d p\nds4 ,mr4 ,r\sselot places ! yield on ! ,fr5* ,congo at ! same figure4 ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s x rea*es #e p\nds & 9 ,sur9am1 accord+ to ,m4 ,ni*ols1 ! av]age at maturity is #f #a_/b p\nds4 ,9 ,m9danao1 ,i h be5 told1 b d n v\* = ! report1 ( m ?an t5 catties tak5 9 "o ye> f a s+le tree2 &1 z !re are well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( record1 ( s+le trees hav+ yield$ z mu* z #cj p\nds1 ,i am n prep>$ to altoge!r discr$it ! ,m9danao /ory4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 good returns & enorm\s pr(its aris+ f cacao gr[+ 9 ! ,philipp9es w be det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( k1 exp]i5ce1 & en]gy t ! plant] is capable ( br++ to be> ^u ! culture 9 "q4 ,,notes #a ,a %ort introduction to cacao & its cultivation 9 ! ,philipp9es4 #b ,le ,cacaoy]1 p> ,h5ri ,jumelle4 ,culture de ,cacaoy] dans ,guadal\pe p> ,dr ,paul ,gu]94 #c ,cacao1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,h>t1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,tr9idad4 #d ,%ade 9 ,c(fee ,culture4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,ag41 ,wa%+ton1 #aija4 #e ,accord+ to ,hi/oria de ,filip9as1 by ,p4 ,fr4 ,gasp> de ,s4 ,augu/91 cacao plants 7 fir/ br\ght "h 9 ! ye> #afgj by a pilot nam$ ,p$ro ,brabo1 ( ,laguna ,prov9ce1 :o gave !m to a prie/ ( ! ,cam>9es nam$ ,b>toleme ,brabo4 #f ,cacao1 p4 #af4