,,! ,,salvag+ ,,( ,,civilization ,,! ,,salvag+ ,,( ,,civilization ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$ ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto & ,melb\rne #aiba ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,probable ,,future ,,( ,,mank9d #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,project ,,( ,a ,,_w ,,/ate #db ,,iii4 ,,! ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,patriotism ,,to ,a ,,_w ,,/ate #fh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bible ,,( ,,civilization2 ,,"p ,,"o #ie ,v4 ,,! ,,bible ,,( ,,civilization2 ,,"p ,,two #aah ,,vi4 ,,! ,,s*ool+ ,,( ,,! ,,_w #aci ,,vii4 ,,college1 ,,newspap] ,,& ,,book #aff ,,viii4 ,,! ,,envoy #aic ,,index #aii ,! ,salvag+ ( ,civilization ,i ,,! ,,probable ,,future ,,( ,,mank9d,a ,a ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,review ( ,reviews4 ,sec4 #a ,! pres5t outlook ( human affairs is "o t admits ( broad g5]alizations & t seems to require broad g5]alizations4 ,we are 9 "o ( ^? phases ( exp]i5ce :i* become c>d9al 9 hi/ory4 ,a s]ies ( imm5se & tragic ev5ts h %att]$ ! self-complac5cy & *all5g$ ! w & intellig5ce ( mank9d4 ,t easy g5]al =w>d movem5t ( human affairs :i* = sev]al g5]ations _h seem$ to ju/ify ! p]suasion ( a necess>y & inv9cible progress1 progress t[>ds great] p[]s1 great] happ9ess1 & a cont9ual enl>gem5t ( life1 has be5 *eck$ viol5tly & p]haps arre/$ altoge!r4 ,! spectacul> cata/rophe ( ! ,great ,w> has reveal$ an accumulation ( de/ructive =ces 9 our outw>dly prosp]\s society1 ( :i* few ( u _h dreamt2 & x has also reveal$ a pr(\nd incapacity to deal ) & re/ra9 ^! =ces4 ,! two ye>s ( want1 confusion1 & indecision t h foll[$ ! ,great ,w> 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & ! unc]ta9ties t h di/urb$ life ev5 9 ! comp>atively unt\*$ ,am]ican _w1 seem to _m wat*ful m9ds ev5 m om9\s to our social ord] ?an ! w> itself4 ,:at is happ5+ to our race8 !y ask4 ,did ! prosp]ities & confid5t hopes ) :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury op5$1 m>k no?+ m ?an a culm9ation ( =tuit\s good luck8 ,has ! cycle ( prosp]ity & progress clos$8 ,to :at w ?is /agg]+ & blund]+1 ! hatr$s & mis*iev\s adv5tures ( ! pres5t "t1 br+ u8 ,is ! _w 9 ! op5+ ( long c5turies ( confusion & disa/] su* z end$ ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire 9 ,europe or ! ,han prosp]ity 9 ,*9a8 ,& if s1 w ! debacle ext5d to ,am]ica8 ,or is ! ,am]ican 7& ,pacific87 sy/em /ill suffici5tly remov$ & /ill suffici5tly autonom\s to ma9ta9 a progressive movem5t ( its own if ! ,old ,_w collapse8 ,"s sort ( answ] to ^! que/ions1 va/ & vague ?\gh !y are1 we mu/ ea* "o ( u h be=e we c take an intellig5t int]e/ or ca/ an effective vote 9 =eign affairs4 ,ev5 ?\gh a man =mulate no def9ite answ]1 he mu/ /ill h an implicit p]suasion be=e he c act 9 ^! matt]s4 ,if he h no cle> conclusions op5ly arriv$ at1 !n he mu/ act ^u subconsci\s conclusions in/9ctively arriv$ at4 ,f> bett] is x t he %\ld br+ !m into ! op5 light ( ?\ght4 ,! suppression ( w> is g5]ally reg>d$ z c5tral to ! complex ( contempor>y problems4 ,b w> is n a new ?+ 9 human exp]i5ce1 & = scores ( c5turies mank9d has manag$ to get along 9 spite ( its frequ5t recurr5ce4 ,mo/ /ates & empires h be5 int]mitt5tly at w> ?r\gh\t _! p]iods ( /ability & prosp]ity4 ,b _! w>f>e 0 n ! w>f>e ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! ?+ t has br\ght ! ru% ( progressive developm5t ( ! pa/ c5tury & a half to a sudd5 %ock ( arre/ is n ! old & famili> w>f>e1 b w>f>e /rangely *ang$ & exagg]at$ by novel conditions4 ,x is ?is *ange 9 conditions1 !re=e1 & n w> itself1 :i* is ! reality we h to analyse 9 its be>+ ^u our social & political ideas4 ,9 #aiad ! ,european ,great ,p[]s resort$ to w>1 z !y _h resort$ to w> on _m previ\s occasions1 to decide c]ta9 op5 issues4 ,?is w> flam$ out ) an unexpect$ rapidity until all ! _w 0 involv$2 & x develop$ a horror1 a mon/rosity ( de/ructiv5ess1 &1 above all1 an inconclusiv5ess q unlike any prec$+ w>4 ,t unlik5ess 0 ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,:atev] ju/ifications c\ld be f\nd = its use 9 ! pa/1 x became cle> to _m m9ds t "u ! new conditions w> 0 no long] a possible me?od ( int]national deal+4 ,! ?+ lay ^u ! surface4 ,! idea ( a ,league ( ,nations su/a9+ a ,supreme ,_w ,c\rt to sup]s$e ! arbitram5t ( w>1 did n s mu* arise at any p>ticul> po9t z break out simultane\sly :]ev] !re 7 intellig5t m54 ,n[ :at 0 ?is *ange 9 conditions t _h confront$ mank9d ) ! p]plex+ necessity ( ab&on+ w>8 ,= p]plex+ x c]ta9ly is4 ,w> has be5 a rul+ & con/ructive idea 9 all human societies up to ! pres5t "t2 few w be f\nd to d5y x4 ,political in/itutions h v l>gely develop$ 9 relation to ! idea ( w>2 def5ce & aggression h %ap$ ! out] =m ( e /ate 9 ! _w1 j z co-op]ation su/a9$ by compulsion has %ap$ its inn] organization4 ,& if abruptly man det]m9es to give up ! wag+ ( w>1 he may f9d t ?is det]m9ation involves ! mo/ ext5sive & p5etrat+ modifications ( political & social conceptions t d n at ! fir/ glance betray any direct connection ) bellig]5t activities at all4 ,x is to ! g5]al problem aris+ out ( ?is consid]ation1 t ?is & ! ?ree foll[+ essays w be address$2 ! "q3 ,:at else has to g if w> is to g out ( human life8 & ! problem ( :at has to be done if x is to be bani%$ & b>r$ out = ev] f ! future exp]i5ces ( our race4 ,= let u face ! tru? 9 ?is matt]2 ! abolition ( w> is no ca/+ ( anci5t1 b>b>ic1 & n[ obsolete traditions1 no easy & natural progressive /ep2 ! abolition ( w>1 if x c be br\ght ab\t1 w be a rev]sal n only ( ! g5]al me?od ( human life hi!rto b ( ! g5]al me?od ( nature1 ! me?od1 t is1 ( conflict & survival4 ,x w be a new phase 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 & n simply an incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,^! brief essays w attempt to pres5t some?+ l ! true dim5sions ( ! task be=e mank9d if w> is inde$ to be sup]s$$1 & to %[ t ! project ( aboli%+ w> by ! occasional meet+ ( "s ,c\ncil ( a ,league ( ,nations or ! l1 is1 9 itself1 ab\t z likely to succe$ z a proposal to aboli% ?ir/1 hung]1 & dea? by a %ort legislative act4 ,let u fir/ exam9e ! *ange 9 ! conditions ( human life t has alt]$ w> f a normal aspect ( ! conflict = exi/5ce ( human societies into a t]ror & a ?reat = ! entire species4 ,! *ange is ess5tially a *ange 9 ! am\nt ( p[] available = human purposes1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! am\nt ( mat]ial p[] t c be controll$ by "o individual4 ,human society up to a c\ple ( c5turies ago 0 ess5tially a man-p[] & horse-p[] sy/em4 ,!re 0 9 addition a c]ta9 limit$ use ( wat] p[] & w9d p[]1 b t 0 n on a scale to affect ! g5]al tru? ( ! proposition4 ,! fir/ intimation ( ! great *ange began sev5 c5turies ago ) ! appe>ance ( explosives4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,mongols made a v effective milit>y use ( ! ,*9ese discov]y ( gunp[d]4 ,!y conqu]$ mo/ ( ! kn[n _w1 & _! introduction ( a l[-grade explosive 9 w>f>e rapidly de/roy$ ! immunity ( ca/les & wall$ cities1 aboli%$ knigh?ood1 & utt]ly wreck$ & deva/at$ ! irrigation sy/em ( ,mesopotamia1 :i* _h be5 a popul\s & civiliz$ region s9ce be=e ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory4 ,b ! re/rict$ metallurgical k ( ! "t set def9ite limits to ! size & range ( cannon4 ,x 0 only ) ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! l>ge scale production ( ca/ /eel & ! gr[? ( *emical k made ! milit>y use ( a v>iety ( explosives practicable4 ,! sy/ematic ext5sion ( human p[] began 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ) ! utilization ( /eam & coal4 ,t op5$ a cresc5do ( inv5tion & discov]y :i* ?ru/ rapidly increas+ quantities ( mat]ial en]gy into m5's h&s4 ,ev5 n[ t cresc5do may n h rea*$ its climax4 ,we ne$ n rehe>se "h ! famili> /ory ( ! abolition ( di/ance t ensu$2 h[ ! radiogram & ! telegram h made e ev5t ( importance a simultane\s ev5t = ! m9ds ( ev]yone 9 ! _w1 h[ j\rneys :i* =m]ly took mon?s or weeks n[ take days or h\rs1 nor h[ pr9t+ & pap] h made possible a univ]sally in=m$ community1 & s =?4 ,nor w we describe ! effect ( ^! ?+s ^u w>f>e4 ,! po9t t conc]ns u "h is ?is1 t be=e ?is age ( discov]y communities _h f\ght & /ruggl$ ) ea* o!r mu* z naughty *ildr5 might d 9 a cr[d$ nurs]y1 )9 ! measure ( _! /r5g?4 ,!y _h hurt & impov]i%$ ea* o!r1 b !y _h r>ely de/roy$ ea* o!r completely4 ,_! squabbles may h be5 di/ress+1 b !y 7 tol]able4 ,x is ev5 possible to reg>d ^! =m] w>s z heal?y1 h>d5+ & invigorat+ conflicts4 ,b into ?is nurs]y has come ,sci5ce1 & has put into ! fi/s ( ^! *ildr5 razor blades ) poison on !m1 bombs ( frightful explosive1 corrosive fluids & ! l4 ,! comp>atively h>mless conflicts ( ^! infants are sudd5ly fraught ) q t]rific possibilities1 & x is only a "q ( soon] or lat] be=e ! nurs]y becomes a heap ( corpses or is bl[n to smi!re5s4 ,a real nurs]y invad$ by a reckless p]son di/ribut+ su* gifts1 w\ld be promptly sav$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! nurse2 b humanity has no nurse b its own poor wisdom4 ,& :e!r t poor wisdom c rise to ! pit* ( effectual int]v5tion is ! mo/ fundam5tal problem 9 mundane affairs at ! pres5t "t4 ,! deadly gifts cont9ue4 ,!re 0 a /eady increase 9 ! frightfulness & de/ructiv5ess ( bellig]5ce f #aiad up to ! beg9n+ ( #aiah1 :5 %ortage ( mat]ial & en]gy *eck$ ! process2 & s9ce ! armi/ice !re has be5 an indu/ri\s developm5t ( milit>y sci5ce4 ,! next well-organiz$ w>1 we are assur$1 w be f> m swift & ext5sive 9 its de/ruction--m p>ticul>ly ( ! civilian population4 ,armies w advance no long] along roads b ext5d$ 9 l9e1 ) heavy tank transport :i* w pl\gh up ! entire surface ( ! l& !y trav]se2 a]ial bomb+1 ) bombs ea* capable ( de/roy+ a small t[n1 w be practicable a ?\s& miles beyond ! milit>y front1 & ! seas w be swept cle> ( %ipp+ by m9es & subm>9e activities4 ,!re w be no di/9ction betwe5 combatants & non-combatants1 because e able-bodi$ citiz51 male or female1 is a pot5tial produc] ( food & munitions2 & probably ! safe/1 & c]ta9ly ! be/ suppli$ %elt]s 9 ! univ]sal cataclysm1 w be ! c>efully buri$1 s&bagg$1 & cam\flag$ g5]al-headqu>t]s ( ! cont5d+ armies4 ,!re milit>y g5tlem5 ( limit$ outlook & high pr(essional tra9+ w1 9 comp>ative security1 a*ieve de/ruction beyond _! und]/&+4 ,! h>d logic ( w> :i* gives victory always to ! mo/ en]getic & de/ructive combatant1 w turn w>f>e m & m f m]e op]ations = loot or conque/ or pr$om9ance into op]ations = ! conclusive de/ruction ( ! antagoni/s4 ,a rel5tless ?ru/ t[>ds /r5u\sness is a *>act]i/ic ( bellig]5t conditions4 ,w> is w>1 & vehem5ce is 9 its nature4 ,y mu/ hit always z h>d z y c4 ,(f5sive & c\nt]-(f5sive me?ods cont9ue to prevail ov] m]ely def5sive ones4 ,! victor 9 ! next great w> w be bomb$ f ! air1 />v$1 & deplet$ almo/ z mu* z ! los]4 ,8 victory w be no easy "o2 x w be a triumph ( ! exhau/$ & dy+ ov] ! dead4 ,x has be5 argu$ t su* highly organiz$ & long prep>$ w>f>e z ! _w saw 9 #aiad-ah is n likely to recur aga9 = a consid]able "t because ( ! %ock inflict$ by x ^u social /ability4 ,!re may be spasmodic w>s ) improvis$ & scanty supplies1 ^! sup]ficially m hopeful critics admit1 b !re rema9 no communities n[ s /able & s sure ( _! p z to prep>e & wage aga9 a fully elaborat$ sci5tific w>4 ,b ?is view implies no happi] outlook = mank9d4 ,x am\nts to ?is1 t s long z m5 rema9 disord]$ & impov]i%$ !y w n rise aga9 to ! full height ( sci5tific w>4 ,b manife/ly ?is w only be = s long z !y rema9 disord]$ & impov]i%$4 ,:5 !y recov] !y w recov] to repeat aga9 _! =m] disa/] ) :atev] mod]n improvem5ts & int5sifications ! +5uity ( ! int]v5+ "t may h devis$4 ,?is new phase ( disord]1 conflict1 & social unravell+ ^u :i* we h ent]$1 ?is phase ( decl9e due to ! enhanc$ & increas+ p[]s = wa/e & de/ruction 9 mank9d1 is b\nd1 !re=e1 to cont9ue s long z ! divisions bas$ ^u anci5t ideas ( conflict rema92 & if = a "t ! decad5ce seems to be arre/$1 x w only be to accumulate "u ! influ5ce ( ^? ideas a fre% w>-/orm suffici5tly de/ructive & disorganiz+ to re/ore ! decad5t process4 ,unless mank9d c readju/ its political & social ideas to ?is ess5tial new fact ( its enorm\sly enl>g$ p[]s1 unless x c elim9ate or control its pugnacity1 no o!r prospect seems op5 to u b decad5ce1 at lea/ to su* a level ( b>b>ism z to lose & =get aga9 all ! sci5tific & indu/rial a*ievem5ts ( our pres5t age4 ,!n1 ) its p[]s %runk5 to _! =m] puny scale1 our race may recov] "s sort ( balance betwe5 ! injuries & advantages ( conflict4 ,or1 s9ce our decad5t species may h less vitality & vig\r ?an x _h 9 its primitive phases1 x may dw9dle & fade out altoge!r be=e "s embold5$ animal antagoni/1 or ?r\gh "s _w-wide disease br\ght to x p]haps by rats & dogs & insects & :at n1 :o may be de/9$ to be heirs to ! ru/+ & m\ld]+ ru9s ( ! cities & ports & ways & bridges ( to-day4 ,only "o alt]native to "s su* retrogression seems possible1 & t is ! consci\s1 sy/ematic recon/ruction ( human society to av]t x4 ,! _w has be5 br\ght into "o community1 & ! human m9d & w may be able to recognize & adapt itself to ?is fact--9 "t4 ,m51 z a race1 may succe$ 9 turn+ _! backs ^u ! me?od ( w>f>e & ! me?ods ( conflict & 9 emb>k+ ^u an imm5se _w-wide ef=t ( co-op]ation & mutual tol]ation & salvage4 ,!y may h ! vig\r to ab&on _! age-long attempt to live 9 sep>ate sov]eign /ates1 & to grapple ) & ma/] ! n[ q de/ructive =ce t traditional ho/ility has become1 & br+ _! affairs toge!r "u "o law & "o peace4 ,^! new va/ p[]s ov] nature :i* h be5 giv5 to !m1 & :i* w c]ta9ly be _! de/ruction if _! purposes rema9 div]g5t & conflict+1 w !n be ! means by :i* !y may set up a new ord] ( z yet sc>cely imag9able int]e/ & happ9ess & a*ievem5t4 ,b is our race capable ( su* an ef=t1 su* a complete rev]sal ( its in/9ctive & traditional impulses8 ,c we f9d premonitions ( any su* bold & revolution>y adaptations z ^!1 9 ! m5tal & political life ( to-day8 ,h[ f> are we1 read] & writ]1 = example1 work+ = ^! l>ge new securities8 ,d we ev5 keep !m /eadfa/ly 9 our m9ds8 ,h[ is x ) ! p ar\nd u8 ,are n we & !y & all ! race /ill j z mu* adrift 9 ! curr5t ( circum/ances z we 7 be=e #aiad8 ,)\t a great ef=t on our "p 7or on someone's "p7 t curr5t :i* swirl$ our k9d into a sun%9e ( hope & opportunity = a :ile w c>ry our race on surely & inexorably to fre% w>s1 to %ortages1 hung]1 mis]ies1 & social debacles1 at la/ ei!r to complete ext9ction or to a degradation beyond our pres5t und]/&+4 ,sec4#b ,! urg5t ne$ = a great creative ef=t has become app>5t 9 ! affairs ( mank9d4 ,x is manife/ t unless "s unity ( purpose c be a*iev$ 9 ! _w1 unless ! ev] m viol5t & disa/r\s incid5ce ( w> c be av]t$1 unless "s common control c be impos$ on ! headlong wa/e ( man's limit$ inh]itance ( coal1 oil1 & moral en]gy t is n[ go+ on1 ! hi/ory ( humanity mu/ pres5tly culm9ate 9 "s sort ( disa/]1 repeat+ & exagg]at+ ! disa/] ( ! great w>1 produc+ *aotic social conditions1 & go+ on !reaft] 9 a deg5]ative process t[>ds ext9ction4 ,s mu* all reasonable m5 seem n[ prep>$ to admit4 ,b ^u ! "q ( h[ & 9 :at =m a unity ( purpose & a common control ( human affairs is to be e/abli%$1 !re is /ill a great & lam5table div]sity ( op9ion &1 z a consequ5ce1 an enfeeblem5t & wa/eful disp]sal ( w4 ,at pres5t no?+ has be5 produc$ b ! manife/ly q inadequate ,league ( ,nations at ,g5eva1 & a numb] ( g5]ally v vague movem5ts = a _w law1 _w dis>mam5t1 & ! l1 among ! intellectuals ( ! v>i\s civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! common fail+s ( all ^! initiatives are a sort ( g5teel timidity & a defective s5se ( ! scale ( ! ent]prise be=e u4 ,a neglect ( ! importance ( scale is "o ( ! grave/ faults ( contempor>y education4 ,because a _w-wide political organ is ne$$1 x does n foll[ t a s-call$ ,league ( ,nations )\t repres5tative sanctions1 milit>y =ces1 or au?ority ( any k9d1 a ,league f :i* l>ge sections ( ! _w are exclud$ altoge!r1 is any contribution to t ne$4 ,p h a way ( say+ x is bett] ?an no?+4 ,b x may be worse ?an no?+4 ,x may create a feel+ ( disillusionm5t ab\t _w-unify+ ef=ts4 ,if a mad elephant 7 loose 9 "o's g>d51 x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ to give "o's g>d5] a gun4 ,b x w\ld h to be an adequate gun1 an elephant gun4 ,to give him a small rook-rifle & tell him x 0 bett] ?an no?+1 & enc\rage him to face ! elephant ) t 9 8 h&1 w\ld be ! directe/ way ( gett+ rid n ( ! elephant b ( ! g>d5]4 ,x is1 if p w b ?9k /eadfa/ly1 inconceivable t !re %\ld be any _w control )\t a m]g] ( sov]eignty1 b ! fram]s ( ^! e>ly t5tatives t[>ds _w unity h lack$ ! c\rage ( frankness 9 ?is respect4 ,!y h be5 afraid ( outbreaks ( bawl+ patriotism1 & !y h tri$ to believe1 & to make o!rs believe1 t !y contemplate no?+ m ?an a league ( nations1 :5 9 reality !y contemplate a subord9ation ( nations & adm9i/rations to "o common law & rule4 ,! elem5t>y necessity ( giv+ ! c\ncil ( any _w-peace organization :i* is to be m ?an a s5tim5tal int]national ge/ure1 n only a complete k b an effective control ( all ! milit>y res\rces & organizations 9 ! _w1 appall$ !m4 ,!y did n ev5 ask = su* a control4 ,! fr[n+ solidity ( exi/+ ?+s 0 too mu* = !m4 ,!y want$ to *ange !m1 b :5 x came to lay+ h&s on !m--,no6 ,!y decid$ to leave !m alone4 ,!y want$ a new _w--& x is to conta9 j ! same ?+s z ! old4 ,b are ^! intellectuals "r 9 _! e/imate ( ! common man8 ,is he su* a %all[ & vehem5t fool z !y seem to believe8 ,is he s patriotic z !y make out8 ,if mank9d is to be sav$ f de/ruction !re mu/ be a _w control2 a _w control means a _w gov]nm5t1 x is only ano!r "n = x1 & manife/ly t gov]nm5t mu/ h a navy t w sup]s$e ! ,briti% navy1 artill]y t w sup]s$e ! ,fr5* artill]y1 air =ces sup]s$+ all exi/+ air =ces1 & s =?4 ,= _m flags !re mu/ be "o sov]eign flag2 orbis t]r>um4 ,unless a _w control am\nts to t x w be ridicul\s1 j z a judge support$ by two or ?ree un>m$ policem51 a newspap] report] & ! c\rt *apla91 propos+ to en=ce 8 decisions 9 a c\rt pack$ ) ! heavily arm$ fri5ds ( ! pla9tiff & def5dant w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,b ! common man is suppos$ to be s bl9dly & incurably set ^u 8 ,briti% navy or 8 ,fr5* army1 or :atev] 8 pet national in/rum5t ( viol5ce may be1 t x is held to be impossible to sup]s$e ^! belov$ & ador$ =ces4 ,if t is s1 !n a _w law is impossible1 & ! wise/ c\rse be=e u is to snat* su* small happ9ess z we may hope to d & leave ! mad elephant to "w its w 9 ! g>d54 ,b is x s8 ,if ! mass ( common m5 are incurably patriotic & bellig]5t :y is !re a note ( qu]ul\s exhortation 9 ne>ly all patriotic lit]ature8 ,:y1 = in/ance1 is ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& s full ( goad+ & scold+8 ,& v significant inde$ to any /ud5t ( ! human outlook 0 ! _w-response to ,presid5t ,wilson's advocacy ( ! ,league ( ,nations idea1 9 its fir/ phase 9 #aiah1 be=e ! weak5+ (f & disillusionm5t ( ! ,v]sailles ,conf]5ce4 ,j = a little :ile x seem$ t ,presid5t ,wilson /ood = a new ord] ( ?+s 9 ! _w1 t he _h ! wisdom & w & p[] to break ! net ( hatr$s & nationalisms & diplomacies 9 :i* ! ,old ,_w 0 entangl$4 ,& :ile he seem$ to be capable ( t1 :ile he promis$ mo/ 9 ! way ( *ange & national control1 !n x 0 t he f\nd 8 utmo/ support 9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! latt] half ( #aiah !re 0 sc>cely a c\ntry any:]e 9 :i* "o c\ld n h f\nd m5 ready to die = ,presid5t ,wilson4 ,a great hopefulness 0 manife/ 9 ! _w4 ,x fad$1 x fad$ v rapidly aga94 ,b t brief wave ( en?usiasm1 :i* set m9ds a/ir ) ! same great idea ( "o peace ( ju/ice ?r\gh\t ! e>? 9 ,*9a & ,bokh>a & ! ,indian baza>s1 9 ,icel& & ,basutol& & ,irel& & ,morocco1 0 inde$ a fact p]haps m memorable 9 hi/ory ev5 ?an ! great w> itself4 ,x display$ a possibility ( ! simultane\s op]ation ( ! same g5]al ideas ?r\gh\t ! _w q beyond any previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,x demon/rat$ t ! g5]ality ( m5 are z capable ( be+ cosmopolitan & pacifi/ z !y are ( be+ patriotic & bellig]5t4 ,bo? moods are ext5sions & exaltations beyond ! ev]yday life1 :i* itself is nei!r "o ?+ nor ! o!r4 ,& bo? are transitory moods1 responses to ext]nal sugge/ion4 ,x is to t fir/ wave ( popul> feel+ = a _w law transc5d+ & mov+ c\nt] to all contempor>y diplomacies1 & n to ! timid legalism ( ! fram]s ( ! fir/ s*emes = a ,league ( ,nations t we mu/ look1 if we are to hope at all = ! e/abli%m5t ( a new ord] 9 human affairs4 ,x is ^u ! _s ( t transitory response to ! transitory greatness ( ,presid5t ,wilson t we h to seize2 we h to lay hold ( t1 to recall x & confirm x & enl>ge & /r5g!n x1 to make x a flux ( patriotisms & a creator ( new loyalties & devotions1 & out ( ! dead du/ ( our pres5t in/itutions to build up = x & animate ) x ! body ( a true _w /ate4 ,we h already /at$ ! cle> necessity1 if mank9d is n to p]i% by ! hyp]trophy ( w>f>e1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( an arm$ & /rong _w law4 ,"h 9 ?is _s t has already gleam$ ^u ! _w is ! possible =ce to create & su/a9 su* a _w law4 ,:at is x t int]v5es betwe5 ! univ]sal human ne$ & its satisfaction8 ,:y1 s9ce !re are ov]:elm+ reasons = x & a widespread disposition = x1 is !re no _w-wide creative ef=t afoot n[ 9 :i* m5 & wom5 by ! million are p>ticipat+--& p>ticipat+ ) all _! he>ts8 ,:y is x t1 except = ! weak ge/ures ( ! ,g5eva ,league ( ,nations & a little writ+ ( books & articles1 a little pamphlete]+1 "s scatt]$ committee activities on ! "p ( p *iefly ( ! busybody class1 an occasional spee* & a dim9i%+ volume ( talk & allusion1 no attempts are app>5t to /ay ! pla9 drift ( human society t[>ds new conflicts & ! sluices ( f9al disa/]8 ,! answ] to t ,:y1 probes deep into ! "q ( human motives4 ,x mu/ be because we are all creatures ( our imm$iate surr\nd+s1 because our m9ds & en]gies are *iefly occupi$ by ! affairs ( e day1 because we are all *iefly liv+ our own lives1 & v few ( u1 except by a k9d ( unconsci\s contribution1 ! life ( mank9d4 ,9 mom5ts ( m5tal activity1 9 ! /udy or 9 contemplation1 we may rise to a s5se ( ! dang]s & ne$s ( human de/9y1 b x is only a few m9ds & *>act]s ( prophetic quality t1 )\t elaborate artificial assi/ance1 seem able to keep hold ^u & guide _! lives by su* relatively gigantic consid]ations4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 & wom51 s f> z _! natural disposition goes1 are sc>cely m capable ( appreh5d+ & consci\sly s]v+ ! human future ?an a van full ( well-f$ rabbits w\ld be ( grasp+ ! fact t _! van 0 runn+ smoo?ly & /eadily d[n an incl9$ plane into ! sea4 ,x is only z ! result ( consid]able educational ef=t & aga9/ consid]able resi/ance t our m9ds are br\ght to a broad] view4 ,9 e age = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s m5 ( exceptional vision h sp5t _! lives 9 passionate ef=ts to br+ u ord9>y m5 into "s relation ( response & s]vice to ! great] issues ( life4 ,x is ^! pione]s ( vision :o h giv5 ! _w its religions & its philosophical cults1 its loyalties & obs]vances2 & :o h impos$ ideas ( greatness & duty on _! fell[s4 ,9 e age ! ord9>y man has submitt$ reluctantly to su* tea*+s1 has made 8 peculi> compromises ) !m1 has r$uc$ !m z f> z possible to =mula & =mality1 & got back z rapidly z possible to ! eat+ & dr9k+ & desire1 ! p]sonal spites & rivalries & glories :i* con/itute 8 reality4 ,! mass ( m5 to-day d n seem to c>e1 nor want to c>e1 :i!r ! political & social in/itutions to :i* !y are accu/om$ are tak+ !m4 ,su* consid]ations ov]/ra9 u4 ,& x is only by ! extreme/ ef=t ( ^? :o are capable ( a s5se ( racial dang] & duty t ! collective en]gies ( m5 c ev] be ga!r$ toge!r & organiz$ & ori5tat$ t[>ds ! common good4 ,to ne>ly all m5 & wom51 unless !y are 9 ! ve9 = x1 su* discussion z ?is 9 ^! essays does n appeal z be+ "r or wrong2 x does n really int]e/ !m1 r x worries !m2 & = ! mo/ "p !y w\ld be glad to disreg>d x z completely z a lecture on :eels & gravitation & ! physiological consequ5ces ( prolong$ subm]g5ce w\ld be disreg>d$ by ^? rabbits 9 ! van4 ,b man is a creature v diff]5t 9 8 nature f a rabbit1 & if he is less in/9ctively social1 he is mu* m consci\sly social4 ,*ief among 8 diff]5ces mu/ be ! pres5ce ( ^? t5d5cies :i* we call consci5ce1 t haunt+ crav+ to be really "r & to d ! really "r ?+ :i* is ! basis ( ! moral & p]haps also ( mo/ ( ! religi\s life4 ,9 ?is lies our hope = mank9d4 ,man hates to be put "r1 & yet also he wants to be "r4 ,he is a creature divid$ aga9/ himself1 seek+ bo? to pres]ve & to ov]come 8 egotism4 ,x is ^u ! pres5ce ( ! latt] /r& 9 man's complex make-up t we mu/ re/ our hopes ( a develop+ w = ! _w /ate :i* w gradually ga!r toge!r & direct into a massive con/ructive ef=t ! n[ q disp]s$ *aotic & traditional activities ( m54 ,z we h exam9$ ?is problem x has become cle> t ! task ( br++ ab\t t consolidat$ _w /ate :i* is necess>y to prev5t ! decl9e & decay ( mank9d is n prim>ily "o = ! diplomati/s & lawy]s & politicians at all4 ,x is an educational "o4 ,x is a moral bas$ on an intellectual recon/ruction4 ,! task imm$iately be=e mank9d is to f9d release f ! cont5ti\s loyalties & ho/ilities ( ! pa/ :i* make collective _w-wide action impossible at ! pres5t "t1 9 a _w-wide common vision ( ! hi/ory & de/9ies ( ! race4 ,on t z a basis1 & on t alone1 c a _w control be organiz$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! ef=t dem&$ f mank9d1 !re=e1 is prim>ily & ess5tially a bold recon/ruction ( ! outlook ^u life ( hundr$s ( millions ( m9ds4 ,! idea ( a _w commonweal has to be e/abli%$ z ! crit]ion ( political in/itutions1 & also z ! crit]ion ( g5]al conduct 9 hundr$s ( millions ( bra9s4 ,x has to dom9ate education ev]y:]e 9 ! _w4 ,:5 t end is a*iev$1 !n ! _w /ate w be a*iev$1 & x c be a*iev$ 9 no o!r way4 ,& unless t _w /ate c be a*iev$1 x w\ld seem t ! outlook be=e mank9d is a cont9uance ( disord] & ( m & m de/ructive & wa/eful conflicts1 a /eady process ( viol5ce1 decad5ce1 & mis]y t[>ds ext9ction1 or t[>ds modifications ( our type altoge!r beyond our pres5t und]/&+ & sympa?y4 ,sec4 #c ,9 fram+ an e/imate ( ! human future two lead+ facts are dom9ant4 ,! fir/ is ! pla9 necessity = a political reorganization ( ! _w z a unity1 to save our race f ! social dis9tegration & complete physical de/ruction :i* w>1 "u mod]n conditions1 mu/ ultimately entail1 & ! second is ! manife/ abs5ce ( any suffici5t w 9 ! g5]al mass ( mank9d at ! pres5t "t to make su* a reorganization possible4 ,!re appe> to be ! factors ( su* a w 9 m51 b !y are = ! mo/ "p unawak5$1 or !y are unorganiz$ & ineffective4 ,& !re is a v curi\s incapacity to grasp ! reality ( ! human situation1 a real resi/ance to see+ ?+s z !y are--= man is an ef=t-%irk+ animal--:i* greatly imp$es ! developm5t ( su* a w4 ,fail+ ! op]ation ( su* a suffici5t w1 human affairs are be+ direct$ by use & wont1 by tradition & accid5tal deflections4 ,mank9d1 aft] ! tragic concussion ( ! great w>1 seems n[ to be drift+ aga9 t[>ds new & probably m disa/r\s concussions4 ,! cata/rophe ( ! ,great ,w> did m or less completely awak5 a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( intellig5t p to ! ne$ ( "s g5]al control replac+ ?is anci5t traditional driftage ( ev5ts4 ,b !y %rank f ! great implications ( su* a _w control4 ,! only practicable way to a*ieve a g5]al control 9 ! face ( exi/+ gov]nm5ts1 in/itutions & prejudices1 int]e/$ ob/ruction & ! common disreg>d1 is by ext5d+ ?is awak5+ to great masses ( p4 ,?is means an unprec$5t$ educational ef=t1 an appeal to m5's intellig5ce & m5's imag9ation su* z ! _w has nev] se5 be=e4 ,is x possible to rationalize ! at pres5t *aotic w ( mank9d8 ,t possibility1 if x is a possibility1 is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 contempor>y human affairs4 ,we are ask+ "h = an imm5se ?+1 = a *ange ( ideas1 a va/ enl>gem5t ( ideas1 & = some?+ v l a *ange ( he>t 9 hundr$s ( millions ( human be+s4 ,b !n we are deal+ ) ! fate ( ! entire species4 ,we are discuss+ ! prev5tion ( w>s1 disord]s1 %ortages1 fam9es & mis]ies = c5turies ahead4 ,! initial capital we h to g ^u is z yet no m ?an ! ar\s$ und]/&+ & consci5ce ( a few ?\s&s1 at mo/ ( a few score ?\s&s ( p4 ,c s little a leav5 leav5 s great a lump8 ,is a response to ?is appeal lat5t 9 ! masses ( mank9d8 ,is !re any?+ 9 hi/ory to ju/ify hope = s gigantic a m5tal turnov] 9 our race8 ,a consid]ation ( ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ f\r c5turies ,a4,d4 or ( ! spread ( ,islam 9 ! sev5? c5tury w1 we believe1 support a reasonable hope t su* a *ange 9 ! m9ds ( m51 :atev] else x may be1 is a practicable *ange1 t x c be done & t x may ev5 probably be done4 ,consid] our two in/ances4 ,! propag&as ( ^? two great religions *ang$ & *ang$ = ev] ! political & social outlook ov] va/ areas ( ! _w's surface4 ,yet :ile ! /ir = _w unity beg9s n[ simultane\sly 9 _m c\ntries & _m gr\ps ( p1 ^? two propag&as ea* radiat$ f a s+le c5tre & 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! tea*+s ( s+le individuals2 & :ile to-day we c deal ) great read+ populations & c rea* !m by press & pr9t$ matt]1 by a univ]sal di/ribution ( books1 by great lectur+ organizations & ! l1 ^? e>li] great *anges 9 human ?\ght 7 a*iev$ ma9ly by ^w ( m\? & by crabb$ manuscripts1 pa9fully copi$ & pass$ sl[ly f h& to h&4 ,s f> x is only ! trad] :o has made any effectual use ( ! va/ facilities ! mod]n _w has produc$ = convey+ a /atem5t simultane\sly to great numb]s ( p at a di/ance4 ,! _w ( ?\ght /ill hesitates to use ! means ( p[] t n[ exi/ = x4 ,hi/ory & political philosophy 9 ! mod]n _w are l ba%ful dons at a d9n] p>ty2 !y crumble _! bread & talk 9 und]tones & clev] allusions to _! ne>e/ neighb\r1 aba%$ at ! ?\ght ( address+ ! :ole table4 ,b 9 a _w :]e ,m>s c rea* out 9 a s+le night & smite a city a ?\s& miles away1 we _c suff] wisdom to hesitate 9 an inaudible g5tility4 ,! k & vision t is good en\gh = ! be/ ( u is good en\gh = all4 ,?is gospel ( human bro!rhood & a common law & rule = all mank9d1 ! attempt to meet ?is urg5t necessity ( a common control ( human affairs1 :i* inde$ is no new religion b only an attempt to realize practically ! common tea*+ ( all ! e/abli%$ religions ( ! _w1 has to speak ) dom9at+ voice ev]y:]e betwe5 ! poles & r\nd ab\t ! _w4 ,& x mu/ become "p ( ! univ]sal education4 ,x mu/ speak ?r\gh ! s*ool & univ]sity4 ,x is too (t5 =gott51 9 ,am]ica1 p]haps1 ev5 m ?an 9 ,europe1 t education exi/s = ! community1 & = ! individual only s f> z x makes him a suffici5t memb] ( ! community4 ,! *ief end ( education is to subjugate & sublimate = ! collective purposes ( our k9d ! savage egotism we inh]it4 ,e s*ool1 e college1 tea*es directly & /ill m by implication1 relation%ip to a community & devotion to a community4 ,9 too _m cases t community we let our s*ools & colleges tea* to our *ildr5 is an extremely n>r[ "o2 x is ! community ( a sect1 ( a class1 or ( an intol]ant1 gre$y & unrighte\s nationalism4 ,s*ools h increas$ greatly 9 numb]s ?r\gh\t ! _w dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 b !re has be5 little or no gr[? 9 ! conception ( education 9 s*ools4 ,education has be5 ext5d$1 b x has n be5 develop$4 ,if man is to be sav$ f self-de/ruction by ! organization ( a _w community1 !re mu/ be a broad5+ ( ! ref]5ce ( ! tea*+ 9 ! s*ools ( all ! _w to t community ( ! _w4 ,_w-wide educational developm5t & re=m are ! necess>y prep>ations = & ! necess>y accompanim5ts ( a political recon/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! two are ! "r & left h&s ( ! same ?+4 ,nei!r c effect mu* )\t ! o!r4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ?is reorganization ( ! _w's affairs & ( ! _w's education :i* we hold to be imp]atively dictat$ by ! *ange 9 w>f>e1 communications & o!r conditions ( human life br\ght ab\t by sci5tific discov]y dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 c>ries ) x a practical repudiation ( ! claims ( e exi/+ sov]eign gov]nm5t 9 ! _w to be f9al & sov]eign1 to be any?+ m ?an provisional & replaceable4 ,!re is ! difficulty t has *eck$ hundr$s ( m5 aft] _! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is "w = a univ]sal peace4 ,x involves1 x _c b involve1 a revision ( _! habitual allegiances4 ,at be/ exi/+ gov]nm5ts are to be reg>d$ z local tru/ees & c>etak]s = ! com+ human commonweal4 ,if !y are n t1 !n !y are necess>ily ob/ructive & antagoni/ic4 ,b few rul]s1 few gov]nm5ts1 few (ficials1 w h ! greatness ( m9d to recognize & admit ?is pla9 reality4 ,by a k9d ( necessity !y =ce ^u _! subjects & publics a conflict ( loyalties4 ,! feeble driftage ( human affairs f "o base or gre$y arrangem5t or c[>dly evasion to ano!r1 s9ce ! ,armi/ice ( #aiah1 is v l>gely due to ! ob/9ate det]m9ation ( ^? :o are 9 positions ( au?ority & responsibility to ignore ! pla9 tea*+s ( ! great w> & its sequelae4 ,!y are resi/+ adju/m5ts2 _! m9ds are fight+ aga9/ ! sacrifices ( pride & au?ority t a full recognition ( _! subord9ation to ! _w commonweal w involve4 ,!y are prep>$1 x w\ld seem1 to fight aga9/ ! "w ( human salvation basely & p]si/5tly1 :5ev] _! accu/om$ importance is ?reat5$4 ,ev5 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! _w ( ?\ght ! e/abli%$ ?+ w make its unrighte\s fight = life4 ,! dull & ! di%one/ 9 high places w suppress ^! great] ideas :5 !y c1 & ignore :5 !y d>e n suppress4 ,x seems too mu* to hope = t !re %\ld be any will+ness on ! "p ( any e/abli%$ au?ority to admit its obsolesc5ce & prep>e ! way = its m]g] 9 a _w au?ority4 ,x is n creative m9ds t produce revolutions1 b ! ob/9ate cons]vatism ( e/abli%$ au?ority4 ,x is ! blank refusal to accept ! idea ( an ord]ly evolution t[>ds new ?+s t gives a revolution>y quality to e con/ructive proposal4 ,! huge task ( political & educational recon/ruction :i* is ne$$ to arre/ ! pres5t drift ( human affairs t[>ds cata/rophe1 mu/ be a*iev$1 if x is to be a*iev$ at all1 ma9ly by volunt>y & un(ficial ef=t2 & = ! mo/ "p 9 ! tee? ( (ficial opposition4 ,!re are "o or two exi/+ /ates to :i* m5 h look$ = "s op5 recognition ( _! duty to mank9d z a :ole1 & ( ! necess>ily provisional nature ( _! contempor>y con/itutions4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica con/itute a political sy/em1 pr(\ndly diff]5t 9 its orig9 & 9 its _s1 f any old-_w /ate2 x 0 felt t "h at lea/ might be an evolution>y /ate2 & 9 ! palmy days ( ,presid5t ,wilson x did seem = a brief int]val z if ! ,new ,_w 0 inde$ com+ to ! rescue ( ! old1 z if ,am]ica 0 to play ! role ( a propag&i/ cont95t1 br++ its ideas ( equality & fre$om1 & ext5d+ ! _s ( its union to all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,f t expectation1 ! _w op9ion is n[ 9 a /ate ( excessive & unreasonable recoil4 ,presid5t ,wilson fell away f 8 fir/ intimations ( t _w-wide f$]al embrace2 8 m9d & w 7 subm]g$ by ! clam\r ( cont5d+ patriotisms & ! subtle exp$i5ts ( old-_w diplomacy 9 ,p>is2 b ,am]ican accessibility to ! idea ( a f$]aliz$ _w nei!r began ) him nor w x end ) 8 failure4 ,am]ica is /ill a hopeful laboratory ( _w-unify+ ?\ght4 ,a long /r+ ( arbitration treaties /&s to ! cr$it ( ,am]ica1 & a s]ies ( develop+ ,pan-,am]ican projects1 po9t+ cle>ly to at lea/ a cont95tal syn!sis )9 a measurable "t4 ,!re has be51 & !re /ill is1 a bett] und]/&+ (1 & a great] receptivity to1 ideas ( int]national syn!sis 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 any ,european /ate4 ,& ! ,briti% ,empire1 :i* accord+ to _m ( its lib]al apologi/s is already a league ( nations l9k$ toge!r 9 a mutually advantage\s peace1 to t too m5 h look$ = "s movem5t ( adaptation to ?is great] syn!sis :i* is ! _w's pre-em95t ne$4 ,b s f> ! ,briti% ,empire has fail$ to respond to su* expectations4 ,! w> has left x /ra9$ & bruis$ & ) its affairs v mu* 9 ! grip ( ! milit>y class1 ! mo/ illit]ate & dang]\s class 9 ! community4 ,!y h done1 p]haps1 irrep>able mis*ief to ! peace ( ! empire 9 ,irel&1 ,india & ,egypt1 & !y h made ! claim ( ! ,briti% sy/em to be an exempl>y unification ( dissimil> peoples seem n[ to _m p incurably absurd4 ,x is a great mis=tune = mank9d t ! ,briti% ,empire1 :i* play$ s /urdy & c5tral a "p 9 ! great w>1 c\ld at its close a*ieve no spl5did & helpful ge/ure t[>ds a g5]\s recon/ruction4 ,s9ce ! armi/ice !re has be5 an extraord9>y opportunity = ! ,briti% mon>*y to h display$ a s5se ( ! new occasions be=e ! _w1 & to h l$ ! way t[>ds ! ef=ts & r5unciations ( an int]national r5asc5ce4 ,x c\ld h tak5 up a lead t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h initiat$ & rel9qui%$2 x c\ld h us$ its peculi> position to make an unexampl$ appeal to ! :ole _w4 ,x c\ld h creat$ a new epo* 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales has be5 t\r+ ! _w-wide dom9ions ( :i*1 "s day1 he is to be ! cr[n$ head4 ,he has receiv$ addresses1 visit$ sights1 be5 ent]ta9$1 %ak5 h&s ) scores ( ?\s&s ( p & submitt$ himself to ! eag]1 yet unp5etrat+ gaze ( va/ multitudes4 ,8 smalle/ acts h be5 obs]v$ ) prem$itat$ admiration1 8 lighte/ words record$4 ,he is n n[ a boy2 he saw some?+ ( ! great w>1 ev5 if 8 exalt$ position d5i$ him any l>ge %>e ( its sev]] h>d%ips & dang]s2 he _c be bl9d to ! g5]al po/ure ( ! _w's affairs4 ,"h1 surely1 0 a *ance ( say+ some?+ t w\ld be he>d f end to end ( ! e>?1 some?+ k+ly & great-m9d$4 ,"h 0 ! occasion = a f9e re/atem5t ( ! obligations & duties ( empire4 ,b f fir/ to la/ ! pr9ce has said no?+ to quick5 ! imag9ations ( ! multitude ( 8 future subjects to ! gigantic possibilities ( ^! times1 no?+ to reassure ! =eign obs]v] t ! ,briti% ,empire embodies any?+ m ?an ! colossal national egotism & imp5etrable self-satisfaction ( ! ,briti% peoples4 ,"h we are1 said ! old ord] 9 ^? demon/rations1 & "h we mean to /ick4 ,j z we h be51 s we rema94 ,briti%6--we are ,b\rbons4 ,^! smil+ t\rs ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9 ^! ye>s ( %ortage1 /ress1 & insecurity1 con/itute a propag&a ( inanity unp>allel$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor d we f9d 9 ! nom9al rul]s & (ficial repres5tatives ( o!r c\ntries any cle> admission ( ! necessity = a great & fundam5tal *ange 9 ! scope & _s ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! (ficial & rul+ p1 m ?an any o!r p1 are "u ! sway ( t life ( use & wont :i* dom9ates u all4 ,!y are (t5 tra9$ to _! positions1 or !y h won _! way to _! positions ( au?ority ?r\gh a c>e] ( political activities :i* am\nts to a tra9+4 ,& t tra9+ is n a tra9+ 9 ent]prise & *ange2 x is a tra9+ 9 /ick+ tight & gett+ back to prec$5t4 ,we c expect no?+ f !m4 ,we %all be lucky if ! resi/ance ( ! adm9i/rative side ( exi/+ /ates to ! conception ( a _w commonweal is m]ely passive4 ,!re is little or no prospect ( any exi/+ gov]n+ sy/em1 unless x be su* a f$]al sy/em z ,switz]l& or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pass+ directly & )\t ext5sive int]nal *anges into comb9ation ) o!r sov]eign p[]s z "p ( a sov]eign _w sy/em4 ,at "s po9t ! indep5d5t /ates w z sy/ems resi/1 & unless an ov]:elm+ _w consci5ce = ! _w /ate has be5 br\ght into be+ & surr\nds !m ) an und]/&+ wat*fulness1 & invades ! consci5ces ( _! support]s & s weak5s _! resi/+ p[]1 !y w resi/ viol5tly & disa/r\sly4 ,b x w be an incoh]5t resi/ance because ! v nature ( ! sov]eign /ates ( to-day is incoh]5ce4 ,!re c be no _w-wide comb9ation ( sov]eign /ates to resi/ ! _w /ate1 because t w\ld be to create ! _w /ate 9 ! attempt to defeat x4 ,sec4 #d ,9 ! ?ree prec$+ essays an attempt has be5 made to /ate ! pass at :i* mank9d has arriv$1 ! dang]s & mis*iefs t ?reat5 our race1 & ! ne$ !re is & ! opportunities !re are = a /r5u\s attempt to end ! age-long bick]+s ( nations & empires & e/abli% "o community ( law & ef=t ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,/ress has be5 laid *iefly ^u ! mon/r\s evils & disa/]s a cont9uation ( our pres5t divisions1 our nationalisms & imp]ialisms & ! l1 w c]ta9ly entail4 ,^! consid]ations ( evil h[ev] are only ! negative argum5t = ?is creative ef=t2 !y h be5 ?ru/ =w>d because w>1 disord]1 insuffici5cy1 & ! ill heal?1 ! p>t+s1 deprivations1 bor$om & unhapp9ess t arise out ( ^! ?+s are well )9 our exp]i5ce & entirely cr$ible2 ! positive argum5t = a _w ord] dem&s at once m fai? & imag9ation4 ,giv5 a _w law & _w security1 a release f ! net ( bick]+ fronti]s1 _w-wide fre$om ( movem5t1 & _w-wide fell[%ip1 a ?\s& good ?+s t are n[ beyond hope or dream+ w\ld come into ! ord9>y life4 ,! :ole _w w\ld be our habitation1 & ! en]gies ( m51 releas$ f _! preoccupation ) cont5tion1 w\ld g m & m abundantly into ! accumulation & application ( sci5tific k1 t is to say into ! increase ( m5tal & bodily heal?1 ( human p[]1 ( int]e/ & happ9ess4 ,ev5 to-day ! mo/ delightful possibilities /& wait+1 inaccessible to ne>ly all ( u because ( ! g5]al insecurity1 di/ru/ & ang]4 ,fly+1 9 a _w safely unit$ 9 peace1 c\ld take u n[ to ! ends ( ! e>? smoo?ly1 securely ?r\gh ! sweet upp] air1 9 five or six days4 ,9 two or ?ree ye>s !re c\ld aga9 be abundance ( food & pleasant clo?+ = ev]yone ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,m5 c\ld be de/roy+ _! slums & pe/il5tial habitations & rebuild+ spaci\s & beautiful cities4 ,giv5 only peace & confid5ce & union we c\ld d\ble our ye>ly production ( all t makes life desirable & /ill d\ble our leisure = ?\ght & gr[?4 ,we c\ld live 9 a univ]sal palace & make ! :ole globe our g>d5 & playgr\nd4 ,b ^! are n consid]ations t sway p to ef=t4 ,fe> & hate1 n hope & desire1 h be5 hi!rto ! effective spurs = m54 ,! mo/ popul> religions are ^? :i* hold out ! wide/ hopes ( damnation4 ,our lives are lives ( use & wont1 we di/ru/ ! promise ( delightful exp]i5ce & a*ievem5ts beyond our accu/om$ ways2 x (f5ds our self-satisfaction ev5 to reg>d !m z possibilities2 we d n l ! impli$ *eap5+ ( famili> ?+s4 ,we are all ready to sne] at ,utopias1 z eld]ly invalids sne] at ! buoyant hopes ( y\? & d _! be/ to ?9k !m sure ( fru/ration4 ,! ag$ & disillusion$ pr(ess a ke5 appreciation ( ! ba? *air & ! homely spoonful ( m$ic9e1 & pity a crudity t misses ! f9e quality ( ^? ripe e/abli%$ ?+s4 ,mo/ p are q ready to dismiss ! promise ( a full free life = all mank9d ) a sne]4 ,t w\ld rob ! _w ( romance1 !y say1 ! romance ( passport (fices1 cu/om h\ses1 %ortages ( food1 endless petty deprivations1 slums1 pe/il5ce1 "u-educat$ /unt$ *ildr51 y\?s dy+ 9 heaps 9 muddy tr5*es1 an almo/ univ]sal lack ( vitality1 & all ! picturesque ev5tfulness ( contempor>y conditions4 ,s t we h n dwelt "h ^u ! life-giv+ aspect ( a possible _w /ate1 b only on its life-sav+ aspects4 ,we h n argu$ t our pres5t life ( use & wont c\ld be replac$ by an inf9itely bett] way ( liv+4 ,we h r po9t$ out t if ?+s cont9ue to drift z !y are do+1 ! pres5t life ( use & wont w become intol]ably insecure4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( ! l>ge bomb+ a]oplane & n ! hope ( swift travell+ across ! sky t w move ! g5]ality ( m51 if !y are to be mov$ at all1 t[>ds a _w peace4 ,b :e!r ! lev] t moves !m is desire or fe> ! majority ( m51 unless ! species is to p]i%1 mu/ be br\ght )9 a measurable "t to an und]/&+ (1 & a w =1 a s+le _w gov]nm5t4 ,& s9ce at fir/ exi/+ in/itutions1 e/abli%$ traditions1 educational organizations & ! l1 w all be passively if n actively resi/ant to ! spread ( ?is sav+ idea1 & mu* m s to any attempts to realize ?is sav+ idea1 !re rema9s no?+ = u to look to1 at ! pres5t "t1 = ! fir/ organization ( ?is imm5se ef=t ( m5tal rev]sal1 b ! zeal & devotion & self-sacrifice ( conv9c$ individuals4 ,! _w /ate mu/ beg92 x c only beg91 z a propag&i/ cult1 or z a gr\p ( propag&i/ cults1 to :i* m5 & wom5 mu/ give !mselves & _! en]gies1 reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces to !mselves4 ,lay+ ! f\ndations ( a _w /ate ^u a site already occupi$ by a muddle ( build+s is an und]tak+ :i* w almo/ necess>ily br+ its vot>ies into conflict ) e/abli%$ au?ority & curr5t s5tim5t2 !y w h to face ! possibility ( lives ( conflict1 misund]/&+1 mu* ?ankless ex]tion2 !y mu/ c\nt on little hon\r & consid]able active dislike2 & !y w h to f9d :at consolation !y c 9 ! int]e/ ( ! conflict itself & 9 ! ?\ght ( a _w1 made at la/ by su* ef=ts z !irs1 peaceful & secure & vigor\s1 a _w !y c nev] hope to see4 ,s /at$ x seems a bad b>ga9 t ! work] = ! _w /ate is invit$ to make1 yet ! _w has nev] lack$ p prep>$ to make su* a b>ga9 & !y w n fail x n[4 ,!re are worse ?+s ?an conflict )\t manife/ victory & ef=t )\t app>5t rew>d4 ,to ! f9] k9d ( m9d x is inf9itely m tragic & di/ress+ to f9d t exi/5ce be>s a fooli% aimless face4 ,_m p1 torm5t$ by ! discont5t ( consci5ce1 & want+1 m ?an !y c ev] want any satisfaction1 "s satisfy+ rule ( life1 "s crit]ion ( conduct1 w f9d 9 ?is cult ( ! _w /ate j t su/a9+ reality !y ne$4 ,& _! numb] w gr[4 ,because x is a practical & reasonable %ape = a life1 aris+ naturally out ( a prop] und]/&+ ( hi/ory & physical sci5ce1 & embody+ 9 a unify+ plan ! tea*+ ( all ! great religions ( ! _w4 ,x comes to u n to de/roy b to fulfil4 ,! activities ( a cult :i* set itself to br+ ab\t ! _w /ate w\ld at fir/ be propag&i/1 !y w\ld be intellectual & educational1 & only z a suffici5t mass ( op9ion & w _h accumulat$ w\ld !y become to a pr$om9ant ext5t politically con/ructive4 ,su* a cult mu/ direct itself p>ticul>ly to ! tea*+ ( ! "y4 ,s f> ! propag&a = a _w law1 ! ,league ( ,nations propag&a1 s9ce x has s\ght imm$iate political results1 has be5 address$ almo/ entirely to adults2 & z a consequ5ce x has _h to adapt itself z f> z possible to _! preconceptions ab\t ! hi/ory & outlook ( _! own nationality1 & to ! g5]al abs5ce z yet 9 ! _w ( any vision ( ! welf>e ( mank9d z "o :ole4 ,x is because ( ?is acceptance ( curr5t adult ideas ab\t patriotism & nationality t ! movem5t has adopt$ ! unsatisfactory phrase1 a ,league ( ,nations1 :5 :at is contemplat$ is mu* m ?an a league & a v consid]able subord9ation ( national sov]eignty4 ,& a l>ge %>e 9 ! curr5t ineffectiv5ess ( ! ,league ( ,nations is evid5tly due to ! fact t m5 int]pret ! phrase & ! proposition ( ! ,league ( ,nations diff]5tly 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t fundam5tal hi/orical ideas !y possess1 ideas t propag&a has hi!rto left unassail$4 ,! work] = ! _w /ate w look fur!r & pl\gh deep]4 ,x is ^! fundam5tal ideas :i* are ! vitally important objective ( a _w-unify+ movem5t1 & !y c only be br\ght into t _w-wide uni=mity :i* is ess5tial to ! endur+ peace ( mank9d1 by tea*+ *ildr5 ?r\gh\t all ! e>? ! common hi/ory ( _! k9d1 & s direct+ _! att5tion to ! common future ( _! desc5dants4 ,! driv+ =ce t makes ei!r w> or peace is eng5d]$ :]e ! "y are taught4 ,! tea*]1 :e!r "m1 prie/1 or s*oolma/]1 is ! real mak] ( hi/ory2 rul]s1 /atesm5 & soldi]s d b "w out ! possibilities ( co-op]ation or conflict ! tea*] creates4 ,?is is no rhetorical fl\ri%2 x is a sob] fact4 ,! politicians & masses ( our "t dance on ! wires ( _! e>ly education4 ,tea*+ !n is ! initial & decisive factor 9 ! future ( mank9d1 & ! fir/ duty ( ev]yone :o has ! ability & opportunity1 is to tea*1 or to subs]ve ! tea*+ (1 ! true hi/ory ( mank9d & ( ! possibilities ( ?is vision ( a s+le _w /ate t hi/ory op5s out to u4 ,m5 & wom5 c help ! spread ( ! sav+ doctr9e 9 a ?\s& v>i\s ways2 = x is n only 9 homes & s*ools t m9ds are %ap$4 ,!y c pr9t & publi% books1 end[ s*ools & tea*+1 organize ! di/ribution ( lit]ature1 insi/ ^u ! prop] in/ruction ( *ildr5 9 _w wide *>ity & fell[%ip1 fight aga9/ e sort ( suppression or re/rictive control ( "r education1 br+ pressure ?r\gh political & social *annels ^u e tea*+ organization to tea* hi/ory aright1 su/a9 missions & a new sort ( mission>y1 ! mission>ies to all mank9d ( k & ! idea ( "o _w civilization & "o _w community2 !y c promote & help ! progress ( hi/orical & e?nological & political sci5ce1 !y c set _! faces aga9/ e campaign ( hate1 racial suspicion1 & patriotic falsehood1 !y c refuse1 !y are b\nd to refuse1 ob$i5ce to any public au?ority :i* oppresses & embitt]s class aga9/ class1 race aga9/ race1 & p aga9/ p4 ,a bellig]5t gov]nm5t z su*1 !y c refuse to obey2 & !y c refuse to help or suff] any milit>y prep>ations t are n direct$ :olly & pla9ly to pres]v+ ! peace ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! pla9 duty ( e hone/ man to-day1 to judge 8 magi/rate be=e he obeys him1 & to r5d] unto ,caes> no?+ t he owes to ,god & mank9d4 ,& ^? :o are awak5$ to ! full significance ( ! va/ creative ef=t n[ be=e mank9d w set !mselves p>ticul>ly to revise ! common moral judgm5t ^u _m acts & me?ods ( liv+ t ob/ruct ! way ( ! _w /ate4 ,blatant1 aggressive patriotism & ! incitem5ts aga9/ =eign peoples t usually g ) x1 are j z crim9al & f> m injuri\s to our race ?an1 = example1 indec5t provocations & op5 incitem5ts to sexual vice2 !y produce a mu* bea/li] & cruell] /ate ( m9d1 & !y des]ve at lea/ an equal condemnation4 ,yet y w f9d ev5 prie/s & cl]gym5 to-day r\s+ ! w> passions ( _! flocks & prea*+ conflict f ! v /eps ( ! alt>4 ,s f> ! movem5t t[>ds a _w /ate has lack$ any driv+ p[] ( passion4 ,we h be5 pass+ ?r\gh a phase ( intellectual revision4 ,! idea ( a _w unity & bro!rhood has come back aga9 into ! _w almo/ apologetically1 def]5tially1 ask+ = ! k9d words ( successful politicians & = a ge/ure ( patronage f k+s4 ,yet ?is dem& = "o _w-empire ( righte\sness 0 inh]5t 9 ! tea*+s ( ,buddha1 x fla%$ = a little :ile beh9d ! sword ( ,islam1 x is ! embodim5t 9 e>?ly affairs ( ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,x is a call to m5 = s]vice z ( "r1 x is n an appeal to !m t !y may refuse1 n a voice t !y may disreg>d4 ,x is too great a ?+ to hov] = long ?us def]5tially on ! outskirts ( ! active _w x has come to save4 ,to-day ! _w /ate says ,please li/52 make way = me4 ,to-morr[ x w say3 ,make way = me1 little p4 ,! day is n remote :5 disreg>dful patriotic m5 hector+ 9 ! cr[d w be twi/$ r\nd p]=ce to ! light !y refuse to see4 ,fir/ comes ! idea & !n sl[ly ! full compreh5sion ( ! idea1 comes realization1 & ) t realization w come a k9dl+ ang] at ! vulg>ity1 ! meanness1 ! gre$ & bas5ess & utt] /upidity t refuses to att5d to ?is cle> voice1 ?is def9ite dem& ( our racial necessity4 ,to-day we tea*1 b z und]/&+ gr[s we mu/ beg9 to act4 ,we mu/ put ourselves & our rul]s & our fell[ m5 on trial4 ,we mu/ ask3 ,:at h y done1 :at are y do+ to help or h9d] ! peace & ord] ( mank9d8 ,a "t w come :5 a politician :o has wilfully made w> & promot$ int]national diss5sion w be z sure ( ! dock & mu* sur] ( ! noose ?an a private homicide4 ,x is n reasonable t ^? :o gamble ) m5's lives %\ld n /ake _! own4 ,! s]vice ( ! _w /ate calls = mu* m ?an passive resi/ance to bellig]5t au?orities1 = mu* m ?an exempl>y m>tyrdoms4 ,x calls = ! great] ef=t ( active int]f]5ce ) mis*iev\s m54 ,i w believe 9 ! ,league ( ,nations1 "o man has writt51 :5 m5 w fight = x4 ,= ?is ,league ( ,nations at ,g5eva1 ?is little corn] ( ,balf\rian jobs & g5tility1 no man w\ld dream ( fight+1 b = ! great /ate ( mank9d1 m5 w pres5tly be v ready to fight &1 z ! ?+ may g1 ei!r to kill or die4 ,?+s mu/ come 9 _! ord]2 fir/ ! idea1 !n ! k9dl+ ( imag9ations1 !n ! _w wide battle4 ,we :o live 9 ! bleak days aft] a great crisis1 ne$ be no m disc\rag$ by ! app>5t indiff]5ce ( ! pres5t "t ?an are fields t are pl\gh$ & s[n by ! wet days ( ,febru>y & ! cold indiff]5ce ( ! w9ds ( e>ly ,m>*4 ,! pl\gh+ has be5 done1 & ! se$ is 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! _w /ate /irs 9 a multitude ( g]m9at+ m9ds4 ,,ii ,,! ,,project ,,( ,a ,,_w ,,/ate,b ,b ,writt5 orig9ally z a lecture to be deliv]$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is pap]1 ,i want to tell y ( ! idea t n[ %apes & dom9ates my public life--! idea ( a _w politically unit$--( a _w securely & p]man5tly at peace4 ,& ,i want to say :at ,i h to say1 s f> z reg>ds ! ma9 argum5t ( x1 z accurately & pla9ly z possible1 )\t any eloqu5ce or fl\ri%es4 ,:5 ,i fir/ plann$ ?is pap]1 ,i *ose z ! title ,! ,utopia ( a ,_w ,/ate4 ,well1 !re is some?+ a little too flimsy & unpracticable ab\t t ^w ,utopia4 ,to mo/ p ,utopia conveys ! idea ( a high-ton$ political & e?ical dream--agreeable & edify+1 no d\bt1 b ( no practical value :atev]4 ,:at ,i h to talk ab\t ?is ev5+ is n a bit dreamlike1 x is ab\t real dang]s & urg5t necessities4 ,x is a ,project & n a ,utopia4 ,x may be a va/ & impossible project4 ,x may be a hopeless project4 ,b if x fails our civilization fails4 ,& s ,i h call$ ?is pap] n ! ,utopia b ,! ,project ( a ,_w ,/ate4 ,!re are "s ?+s t x is almo/ impossible to tell )\t seem+ to scream & exagg]ate1 & yet ^! ?+s may be 9 reality ! sob]e/ matt] ( fact4 ,i want to say t ?is civilization 9 :i* we are liv+ is tumbl+ d[n1 & ,i ?9k tumbl+ d[n v fa/2 t ,i ?9k rapid enorm\s ef=ts w be ne$$ to save x2 & t ,i see no su* ef=ts be+ made at ! pres5t "t4 ,i d n "k if ^! words convey any concrete ideas to ! read]'s m9d4 ,!re are /atem5ts t c op5 su* unfamili> vi/as z to seem devoid ( any real practical mean+ at all1 & ?is ,i ?9k may be "o ( !m4 ,9 ! pa/ ye> ,i h be5 go+ ab\t ,europe4 ,i h _h glimpses ( a new phase ( ?is civilization ( ours--a new phase t w\ld h s\nd$ l a fanta/ic dream if "o _h told ab\t x t5 ye>s ago4 ,i h se5 a great city t _h ov] two million inhabitants1 dy+1 & dy+ ) incr$ible rapidity4 ,9 #aiad ,i 0 9 ! city ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg & x seem$ z safe & ord]ly a great city z y\rs4 ,i w5t ?i!r 9 com=table & punctual tra9s4 ,i /ay$ 9 an hotel z well equipp$ & manag$ z any ,am]ican hotel4 ,i w5t to d9e ) & visit h\seholds ( cultivat$ p4 ,i walk$ along /reets ( brilliantly lit & well-furni%$ %ops4 ,x 01 9 fact1 mu* ! same sort ( life t y are liv+ "h to-day--a "p ( our 7!n7 _w-wide mod]n civilization4 ,i revisit$ ^! ?+s la/ summ]4 ,i f\nd su* a spectacle ( decay t x seems almo/ impossible to describe x to ^? :o h nev] se5 ! l4 ,/reets ) great holes :]e ! dra9s _h fall5 94 ,/ret*es ( roadway f :i* ! wood pav+ _h be5 torn = firewood4 ,lamppo/s t _h be5 knock$ ov] ly+ z !y 7 left1 )\t an attempt to set !m up aga94 ,%ops & m>kets des]t$ & decay$ & ru9\s4 ,n clos$ %ops b ab&on$ %ops1 z ab&on$-look+ z an old boot or an old c by ! wayside4 ,! railways fall+ out ( use4 ,a population ( half a million :]e =m]ly !re _h be5 two4 ,a /rangely homeless city1 a city ( discom=ts & anxieties1 a city ( want & ill-heal? & dea?4 ,su* 0 ,pet]sburg 9 #aibj4 ,i "k !re are p :o h a quick & glib explanation ( ?is va/ & awe-inspir+ spectacle ( a great empire 9 collapse4 ,!y say x is ,bol%evism has caus$ all ?is de/ruction4 ,b ,i hope to %[ "h1 among o!r m important ?+s1 t ,bol%evism is m]ely a "p ( ?is imm5se collapse--t ! ov]?r[ ( a huge civiliz$ organization ne$s "s m compreh5sive explanation ?an t a little man nam$ ,l59 0 able to get f ,g5eva to ,russia at a p>ticul> crisis 9 ,russian hi/ory4 ,& p>ticul>ly is x to be not$ t ?is imm5se de/ruction ( civiliz$ life has n be5 conf9$ to ,russia or to regions "u ,bol%evik rule4 ,au/ria & ,hung>y pres5t spectacles h>dly less desolat+ ?an ,russia4 ,!re is a conspicu\s ebb 9 civilization 9 ,ea/]n ,g]many4 ,& ev5 :5 y come to ,france & ,italy & ,irel& !re are cities1 t[n%ips1 :ole wide regions1 :]e y c say3 ,?is has gone back s9ce #aiad & x is /ill go+ back 9 mat]ial prosp]ity1 9 heal?1 9 social ord]4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 9 ,holl& & ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 x is h>d to det]m9e :e!r ?+s are /agnant or mov+ =w>d or mov+ back--!y are c]ta9ly n go+ ahead z !y 7 be=e #aiac-ad4 ,! feel+ 9 ,engl& is r l ! feel+ ( a man :o is n q sure :e!r he has caught a slight *ill or :e!r he is 9 ! op5+ /age ( a s]i\s illness4 ,n[ :at ,i want to d "h is to !orize ab\t ?is %ad[1 ?is *ill & arre/1 t seems to h come ^u ! fl\ri%+ & exp&+ civilization 9 :i* all ( u 7 born & re>$4 ,i want to put a p>ticul> view ( :at is happ5+ be=e y1 & :at x is t we are up aga9/4 ,i want to put be=e y = y\r judgm5t ! view t ?is ov]/ra9 & break+ d[n & /oppage ( ! great upru% ( civilization t has gone on = ! pa/ ?ree c5turies is due to ! same =ces & is ! logical outcome ( ! same =ces t l$ to t upru%1 to t trem5d\s expansion ( human k & p[] & life4 ,& t t break+ up is an inevitable ?+ unless we meet x by a v great ef=t ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,n[ ! gi/ ( my case is ?is3 ,t ! civilization ( ! pa/ ?ree c5turies has produc$ a great /ore ( sci5tific k1 & t ?is sci5tific k has alt]$ ! mat]ial scale ( human affairs & enorm\sly enl>g$ ! physical range ( human activities1 b t !re has be5 no adequate adju/m5t ( m5's political ideas to ! new conditions4 ,?is adju/m5t is a subtle & a difficult task4 ,x is also a greatly neglect$ task4 ,& ^u ! possibility ( our mak+ ?is adju/m5t dep5ds ! issue :e!r ! ebb ( civiliz+ en]gy1 ! actual sma%+ & break+ d[n ( mod]n civilization1 :i* has already gone v f> inde$ 9 ,russia & :i* is go+ on 9 mo/ ( ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,europe1 ext5ds to ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,let me make a v r\gh & small scale analysis ( :at is happ5+ to ! _w to-day4 ,& let u disreg>d _m v important issues & conc5trate ^u ! *ief1 mo/ typical issue1 ! revolution 9 ! facilities ( locomotion & communication t has occurr$ to ! _w & ! consequ5ces ( t revolution4 ,= ! int]national problem to-day is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! "q ( transport & communication--all o!rs are subord9ate to t4 ,i %all p>ticul>ly call y\r att5tion to c]ta9 wide diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,am]ican case & ! old-_w case 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is n und]/ood cle>ly en\gh at ! pres5t "t h[ diff]5t is ! ,am]ican int]national problem f ! ,european int]national problem1 & h[ inevitable x is t ,am]ica & ,europe %\ld approa* int]national problems f a diff]5t angle & 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,bo? l9es ( ?\ght & exp]i5ce d1 ,i believe1 lead at la/ to ! _w /ate1 b !y get !re by a diff]5t r\te & 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! idea t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c take its place side by side ) ! gov]nm5ts ( ! old _w on t]ms ( equality ) ^? gov]nm5ts 9 ord] to organize ! peace ( ! _w1 is1 ,i believe1 a mi/ak5 & unworkable idea4 ,i %all argue t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! community ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ?+s diff]5t politically & m5tally f ^? ( ! /ates ( ! old _w1 & t ! role !y are de/9$ to play 9 ! developm5t ( a _w /ate ( mank9d is ess5tially a di/9ctive "o4 ,& ,i %all try to %[ cause = reg>d+ ! v noble & spl5did project ( a _w-wide ,league ( ,nations t has held ! att5tion ( ! _w = ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 z "o t is1 at once1 a little too mu* = complete ,am]ican p>ticipation1 & n suffici5t = ! urg5t ne$s ( ,europe4 ,x is n really s practicable & reasonable a proposition z x seem$ at fir/4 ,! idea ( a _w /ate1 ?\gh x looks a f> great] & m difficult project1 is1 9 ! long run1 a s\nd] & m hopeful proposition4 ,n[ let me make myself z cle> z ,i c be ab\t ! c5tral idea ^u :i* ! :ole ( ! argum5ts 9 ?is lecture re/s4 ,x is ?is3 =give me = a repetition--t !re has be5 a complete alt]ation 9 ! range & p[] ( human activities 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,m5 c react ^u m5 ) a rapidity & at a di/ance inconceivable a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) locomotion & me?ods ( communication g5]ally4 ,i w n rem9d y 9 any detail ( facts ) :i* y are famili>2 h[ t 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon ! mo/ rapid travel possible ( ! great conqu]or himself did n av]age all ov] z mu* z f\r & a half miles an h\r4 ,a hundr$ & sev5 miles a day = ?irte5 days--! pace ( 8 ru% f ,vilna to ,p>is aft] ! ,mosc[ disa/]--0 reg>d$ z a triumph ( spe$4 ,9 ^? days1 too1 x 0 a m>vel t by means ( semaphores x 0 possible to transmit a %ort message f ,london to ,portsm\? 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or s4 ,s9ce !n we h se5 a developm5t ( telegraphy t has at la/ made news almo/ simultane\s ab\t ! _w1 & a /eady increase 9 ! rate ( travel until1 z we work$ x out 9 ! ,civil ,air ,transport ,committee 9 ,london1 x is possible1 if n at pres5t practicable1 to fly f ,london to ,au/ralia1 half way r\nd ! e>?1 9 ab\t eight days4 ,i say possible1 b n practicable1 because at pres5t prop]ly survey$ r\tes1 l&+ gr\nds & adequate supplies ( petrol & sp>e p>ts d n exi/4 ,giv5 ^? ?+s1 t j\rney c\ld be done n[ 9 ! "t ,i h /at$4 ,?is trem5d\s *ange 9 ! range ( human activities involves *anges 9 ! conditions ( our political life t we are only beg9n+ to "w out to _! prop] consequ5ces to-day4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t ,am]ica1 :i* owes mo/ to ?is accel]ation 9 locomotion1 has felt x lea/4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h tak5 ! railway1 ! riv] /eamboat1 ! telegraph & s =? z ?\gh !y 7 a natural "p ( _! gr[?4 ,!y 7 n4 ,^! ?+s happ5$ to come along j 9 "t to save ,am]ican unity4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( to-day 7 made fir/ by ! riv] /eamboat1 & !n by ! railway4 ,)\t ^! ?+s1 ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?is va/ cont95tal nation1 w\ld h be5 altoge!r impossible4 ,! we/w>d fl[ ( population w\ld h be5 f> m sluggi%4 ,x might nev] h cross$ ! great c5tral pla9s4 ,x took1 y w rememb]1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s = effective settlem5t to rea* f ! coa/ to ! ,miss\ri1 mu* less ?an half-way across ! cont95t4 ,! fir/ /ate e/abli%$ beyond ! riv] 0 ! /eamboat /ate ( ,miss\ri 9 #ahba4 ,b ! re/ ( ! di/ance to ! ,pacific 0 done 9 a few decades4 ,if we _h ! res\rces ( ! c9ema x w\ld be int]e/+ to %[ a map ( ,nor? ,am]ica ye> by ye> f #afjj onw>d1 ) little dots to repres5t hundr$s ( p1 ea* dot a hundr$1 & />s to repres5t cities ( a hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s y w\ld see t /ippl+ creep+ sl[ly along ! coa/al di/ricts & navigable wat]s1 spread+ /ill m gradually into ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 & s =?4 ,!n some:]e ab\t #ahaj w\ld come a *ange4 ,?+s w\ld get m lively along ! riv] c\rses4 ,! dots w\ld be multiply+ & spread+4 ,t w\ld be ! /eamboat4 ,! pione] dots w\ld be spread+ soon f a numb] ( jump+-(f places along ! great riv]s ov] ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,!n f ab\t #ahcj onw>d w\ld come ! black l9es ( ! railways1 & aft] t ! little black dots w\ld n simply creep b run4 ,!y w\ld appe> n[ s rapidly1 x w\ld be almo/ z ?\gh !y 7 be+ put on by "s sort ( spray+ ma*9e4 ,& sudd5ly "h & !n !re w\ld appe> ! fir/ />s to indicate ! fir/ great cities ( a hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,fir/ "o or two & !n a multitude ( cities--ea* l a knot 9 ! gr[+ net ( ! railways4 ,?is is a famili> /ory4 ,i recall x to y n[ to en=ce ?is po9t--t ! gr[? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a process t has no prec$5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 x is a new k9d ( occurr5ce4 ,su* a community c\ld n h come into exi/5ce be=e1 & if x _h x w\ld1 )\t railways1 h c]ta9ly dropp$ to pieces long be=e n[4 ,)\t railways or telegraph x w\ld be f> easi] to adm9i/] ,cali=nia f ,pek9 ?an f ,wa%+ton4 ,b ?is great population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica has n only gr[n outrage\sly2 x has kept uni=m4 ,nay1 x has become m uni=m4 ,! man ( ,san ,francisco is m l ! man ( ,new ,york to-day ?an ! man ( ,virg9ia 0 l ! man ( ,new ,engl& a c5tury ago4 ,& ! process ( assimilation goes on unimp$$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is be+ wov5 by railway1 by telegraph1 m & m into "o va/ human unity1 speak+1 ?9k+1 & act+ h>moni\sly ) itself4 ,soon aviation w be help+ 9 ! "w4 ,n[ ?is great community ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 ,i repeat1 an altoge!r new ?+ 9 hi/ory4 ,!re h be5 great empires be=e ) populations exce$+ #ajj millions1 b ^! 7 associations ( div]g5t peoples2 !re has nev] be5 "o s+le p on ?is scale be=e4 ,we want a new t]m = ?is new ?+4 ,we call ! ,unit$ ,/ates a c\ntry1 j z we call ,france or ,holl& a c\ntry4 ,b really ! two ?+s are z diff]5t z an automobile & a "o-horse %ay4 ,!y are ! creations ( diff]5t p]iods & diff]5t conditions2 !y are go+ to "w at a diff]5t pace & 9 an entirely diff]5t way4 ,if y propose--z ,i ga!r "s ( ! ,league ( ,nations p propose--to pu% ! ,peace ( ! ,_w along on a comb9ation ( ^! two sorts ( vehicle1 ,i v5ture to ?9k ! ,peace ( ! ,_w w be subject$ to "s v consid]able /ra9s4 ,let me n[ make a brief comp>ison betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ! ,european situation 9 relation to ^! vital matt]s1 locomotion & ! g5]al means ( communicat+4 ,i said j n[ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica owe mo/ to ! revolution 9 locomotion & h felt x lea/4 ,europe on ! o!r h& owes lea/ to ! revolution 9 locomotion & has felt x mo/4 ,! revolution 9 locomotion f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica a fr+e ( population on ! sea m>g9s ( a great ri* virg9 empty c\ntry into :i* x desir$ to exp&1 & into :i* x 0 free to exp&4 ,! /eamboat & railway seem$ to come z a natural "p ( t expansion4 ,!y came z unqualifi$ bless+s4 ,b into ,we/]n ,europe !y came z a frightful nuisance4 ,! ,/ates ( ,europe1 except+ ,russia1 7 already a settl$1 e/abli%$ & balanc$ sy/em4 ,!y 7 liv+ 9 f9al & conclusive b\nd>ies ) no fur!r possibility ( peaceful expansion4 ,e ext5sion ( a ,european /ate involv$ a w>2 x 0 only possible ?r\gh w>4 ,& :ile ! limits to ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 set by ! /eam%ip & ! railroad1 ! limits to ! ,european sov]eign /ates 7 drawn at a mu* e>li] "t4 ,!y 7 drawn by ! horse1 & p>ticul>ly ! coa*-horse travell+ along ! high road4 ,if y w exam9e a s]ies ( political maps ( ,europe = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 y w see t !re has evid5tly be5 a def9ite limit to ! size ( sov]eign /ates ?r\gh all t "t1 due to ! impossibility ( keep+ !m toge!r because ( ! difficulty ( int]communication if !y grew bigg]4 ,& ?is 0 9 spite ( ! fact t !re 7 two great unify+ ideas pres5t 9 m5's m9ds 9 ,europe ?r\gh\t t p]iod1 namely1 ! unify+ idea ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! unify+ idea ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,bo? ^! ideas t5d$ to make ,europe "o1 b ! difficulties ( communication defeat$ t t5d5cy4 ,x is q int]e/+ to wat* ! adv5tures ( :at is call$ fir/ ! ,roman ,empire & aft]w>ds ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 9 a s]ies ( hi/orical maps4 ,x keeps exp&+ & !n dropp+ to pieces aga94 ,x is l ! ef=ts ( someone :o is try+ to pack up a p>cel :i* is mu* too big1 9 wet blott+ pap]4 ,! cohesion 0 inadequate4 ,& s x 0 t ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ,europe /ill divid$ up into :at ,i may p]haps call ^! high-road & coa*-horse /ates1 ea* ) a highly develop$ =eign policy1 ea* ) an int5se s5se ( national diff]5ce & ea* ) int5se traditional antagonisms4 ,!n came ?is revolution 9 ! means ( locomotion1 :i* has increas$ ! normal range ( human activity at lea/ t5 times4 ,! effect ( t 9 ,am]ica 0 opportunity2 ! effect ( x 9 ,europe 0 conge/ion4 ,x is z if "s r c>eless work] ( miracles _h decid$ sudd5ly to make giants ( a score ( ord9>y m51 & *ose ! mom5t = ! miracle :5 !y 7 all ) "o exception /rap-hang+ 9 a /reet c>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t =tunate exception4 ,n[ ?is is :at mod]n civilization has come up aga9/1 & x is ! ess5tial riddle ( ! mod]n sph9x :i* mu/ be solv$ if we are to live4 ,all ! ,european b\nd>ies ( to-day are impossibly small = mod]n conditions4 ,& !y are su/a9$ by an int5sity ( anci5t tradition & patriotic passion4444 ,t is :]e we /&4 ,! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica are n )\t _! exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,! crisis ( ! national hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican community1 ! w> betwe5 ,union & ,secession1 0 ess5tially a crisis betwe5 ! great /ate ( ! new age & ! local feel+ ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,b ,union triumph$4 ,am]icans live n[ 9 a g5]ation t has almo/ =gott5 t !re once seem$ a possibility t ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica might be brok5 up at la/ into z _m communities z ! map ( ,europe4 ,except by =eign travel1 ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,am]icans c h no idea ( ! net ( vexations & limitations 9 :i* ,europeans are liv+ at ! pres5t "t because ( _! political disunion4 ,let me take a small b q significant set ( diff]5ces1 ! inconv5i5ces ( travel ^u a j\rney ( a little ov] a ?\s& miles4 ,!y are 9 !mselves petty inconv5i5ces1 b !y w s]ve to illu/rate ! net t is mak+ free civiliz$ life 9 ,europe m & m impossible4 ,take fir/ ! ,am]ican case4 ,an ,am]ican wants to travel f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,he looks up ! next tra91 packs 8 bag1 gets abo>d a sleep] & turns out at ,/4 ,l\is next day ready = bus9ess4 ,take n[ ! ,european p>allel4 ,a ,european wants to travel f ,london to ,w>saw4 ,n[ t is a %ort] di/ance by fifty or sixty miles ?an ! di/ance f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,w he pack 8 bag1 get abo>d a tra9 & g !re8 ,he w n4 ,he w h to get a passport1 & gett+ a passport involves all sorts ( tiresome little err&s4 ,"o has to g to a photograph]1 = example1 to get photographs to /ick on ! passport4 ,! good ,european has !n to take 8 passport to ! ,fr5* repres5tative 9 ,london = a ,fr5* visa1 or1 if he is go+ ?r\gh ,belgium1 = a ,belgian visa4 ,aft] t he mu/ get a ,g]man visa4 ,!n he mu/ g r\nd to ! ,cze*o-,slovak (fice = a ,cze*oslovak visa4 ,f9ally w come ! ,poli% visa4 ,ea* ( ^! endorsem5ts necessitates some?+ vexati\s1 p]sonal att5dance1 photography1 /amps1 rubb] /amps1 my/]i\s signatures & ! l1 & always ! paym5t ( fees4 ,also !y necessitate delays4 ,! o!r day ,i _h occasion to g to ,mosc[1 & ,i le>nt t x takes ?ree weeks to get a visa = ,f9l& & ?ree weeks to get a visa = ,e/honia4 ,y see y c't travel ab\t ,europe at all )\t weeks & weeks ( prep>ation4 ,! prep>ations = a little j\rney to ,russia ! o!r day took ?ree :ole days out ( my life1 co/ me sev]al p\nds 9 /amps & fees1 & five 9 brib]y4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! good ,european is free to />t4 ,arriv+ at ! ,fr5* fronti] 9 an h\r or s1 he w be held up = a long cu/oms' exam9ation4 ,also he w ne$ to *ange "s ( 8 money into francs4 ,8 ,engli% money w be no good 9 ,france4 ,! ex*ange 9 ,europe is always fluctuat+1 & he w be *eat$ on ! ex*ange4 ,all ,european c\ntries1 includ+ my own1 *eat travell]s on ! ex*ange--t is app>5tly :at ! ex*ange is =4 ,he w !n travel = a few h\rs to ! ,g]man fronti]4 ,!re he w be bundl$ out aga94 ,! ,fr5* w inve/igate him closely to see t he is n c>ry+ gold or l>ge sums ( money out ( ,france4 ,!n he w be h&$ ov] to ! ,g]mans4 ,he w g ?r\gh ! same bus9ess ) ! cu/oms & ! same bus9ess ) ! money4 ,8 ,fr5* money is no fur!r use to him & he mu/ get ,g]man4 ,a few m h\rs & he w arrive on ! fronti] ( ,bohemia4 ,same se>* = gold4 ,!n cu/oms' exam9ation & *ange ( money aga94 ,a few h\rs m & he w be 9 ,pol&4 ,se>* = gold1 cu/oms1 fre% money4 ,z mo/ ( ^! c\ntries are pursu+ diff]5t railway policies1 he w probably h to *ange tra9s & rebook 8 luggage ?ree or f\r times4 ,! tra9s may be +5i\sly contriv$ n to connect s z to =ce him to take "s long] r\te politically fav\r$ by "o ( ! int]v5+ /ates4 ,he w be lucky if he gets to ,w>saw 9 f\r days4 ,arriv$ 9 ,w>saw1 he w probably ne$ a p]mit to /ay !re1 & he w c]ta9ly ne$ no end ( p]mits to leave4 ,n[ "h is a fuss ov] a fiddl+ little j\rney ( #a1ajj miles4 ,is x any wond] t ! book+s f ,london to ,w>saw are inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison ) ! book+s f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is8 ,b :at ,i h not$ "h are only ! normal inconv5i5ces ( ! travell]4 ,!y are by no means ! mo/ s]i\s inconv5i5ces4 ,! same ob/ructions t hamp] ! free movem5t ( a travell]1 hamp] ! movem5t ( food/uffs & all sorts ( m]*&ise 9 a mu* great] degree4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,europe trade is be+ ?rottl$ by t>iffs & crippl$ by ! ,/4 ,vitus' dance ( ! ex*anges4 ,ea* ( ^! ,european sov]eign /ates turns out pap] money at its own sweet w4 ,la/ summ] ,i w5t to ,prague & ex*ang$ p\nds = kron]s4 ,!y ought to h be5 #be to ! p\nd4 ,on ,monday !y 7 #ahj to ! p\nd3 on ,friday #afi4 ,!y jump ab\t betwe5 #bbj & #aej1 & ev]ybody is inconv5i5c$ except ! bank]s & money *ang]s4 ,& ?is unc]ta9 ex*ange div]ts consid]able am\nts ( money t %\ld be /imulat+ bus9ess ent]prise into a b>r5 & mis*iev\s gambl+ ) ! circulation4 ,betwe5 ea* "o ( ^! compress$ ,european c\ntries ! movem5t ( food or lab\r is /ill m block$ & imp$$4 ,& 9 addition to ^! nuisances ( national t>iffs & indep5d5t national co9ages at e few score miles1 ,europe is extraord9>ily crippl$ by its want ( any c5tral au?ority to manage ! mo/ elem5t>y collective int]e/s2 ! control ( vice1 = example2 ! h&l+ ( infecti\s diseases2 ! suppression ( int]national crim9als4 ,europe is n[ confront$ by a new problem--! problem ( air transport4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 air transport is go+ to be /rangl$ 9 ,europe by int]national difficulties4 ,"o c fly com=tably & safely f ,london to ,p>is 9 two or ?ree h\rs4 ,b ! passport prelim9>ies w take days be=eh&4 ,! o!r day ,i want$ to get quickly to ,reval 9 ,e/honia f ,engl& & back aga94 ,! di/ance is ab\t ! same z f ,bo/on to ,m9neapolis1 & x c\ld be done com=tably 9 #aj or #ab h\rs' fly+4 ,i propos$ to ! ,h&ley ,page ,company t !y %\ld arrange ?is = me4 ,!y expla9$ t !y _h no p[] to fly beyond ,am/]dam 9 ,holl&2 !nce x might be possible to get a ,g]man plane to ,hamburg1 & !nce aga9 a ,dani% plane to ,cop5hag5--leav+ ab\t #ejj miles :i* 7 too complicat$ politically to fly4 ,ea* /oppage w\ld involve passport & o!r difficulties4 ,9 ! end x took me five days to get to ,reval & sev5 days to get back4 ,9 ,europe1 ) its pres5t fronti]s1 fly+ is n wor? hav+4 ,x c nev] be wor? hav+--x c nev] be work$ successfully--until x is work$ z at lea/ a pan-,european affair4 ,all ^! are ! normal inconv5i5ces ( ! national divisions ( ,europe 9 peace "t4 ,by !mselves !y are /rangl+ all hope ( economic recov]y4 ,= ,europe is n gett+ on to its feet economically4 ,only a unit$ ef=t c effect t4 ,b along ea* ( ! ridicul\sly re/rict$ fronti]s into :i* ! ,european c\ntries are pack$1 lies also ! possibility ( w>4 ,national indep5d5ce means ! "r to decl>e w>4 ,& s ea* ( ^! pack$ & /rangulat$ ,european c\ntries is oblig$1 by its bless$ indep5d5ce1 to ma9ta9 z big an army & z big a milit>y equipm5t z its bankrupt condition--= we are all bankrupt--p]mits4 ,s9ce ! end ( ! ,great ,w>1 no?+ has be5 done ( any real value to ensure any ,european c\ntry aga9/ ! ?reat ( w>1 & no?+ w be done1 & no?+ c be done to lift t ?reat1 s long z ! idea ( national indep5d5ce ov]rides all o!r consid]ations4 ,& aga91 x is a little difficult = a m9d accu/om$ to ,am]ican conditions1 to realize :at mod]n w> w mean 9 ,europe4 ,n "o ( ^! sov]eign ,european /ates ,i h nam$ betwe5 ,london & ,w>saw is any l>g] ?an ! "o s+le ,am]ican /ate ( ,texas1 & n "o has a capital t _c be effectively bomb$ by a]oplane raid]s f its fronti] )9 five or six h\rs ( a decl>ation ( w>4 ,we c fly f ,london to ,p>is 9 two or ?ree h\rs4 ,& ! a]ial bombs ( to-day1 ,i c assure y1 w make ! bigge/ bombs ( #aiah seem l little crack]s4 ,ov] all ^! ,european c\ntries broods ?is imm$iate ?reat ( a w>f>e t w /ra9 & torm5t ! n]ves ( e liv+ man1 woman or *ild 9 ! c\ntries affect$4 ,no?+ ( ! sort c approa* ! ,am]ican citiz5 except aft] a long w>n+4 ,! wor/ w> t c\ld happ5 to any ,nor? ,am]ican c\ntry w\ld m]ely t\* its coa/s4 ,n[ ,i h dwelt on ^! diff]5ces betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe because !y involve an absolute diff]5ce 9 outlook t[>ds _w peace projects1 t[>ds leagues ( nations1 _w /ates & ! l1 betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ! ,european4 ,! ,am]ican lives 9 a political unity on ! big mod]n scale4 ,he c g on com=tably = a hundr$ ye>s yet be=e he beg9s to feel tight 9 8 political sk91 & be=e he beg9s to feel ! ?reat ( imm$iate w>f>e close to 8 dome/ic life4 ,he believes by exp]i5ce 9 peace1 b he feels "u no passionate urg5cy to organize x4 ,s f> z he himself is conc]n$1 he has got peace organiz$ = a good long "t ahead4 ,i d\bt if x w\ld make any v s]i\s diff]5ce = "s "t 9 ! ord9>y daily life ( ,kansas ,city1 let u say1 if all ,europe 7 r$uc$ to a des]t 9 ! next five ye>s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! intellig5t ,european is up aga9/ ! unity ( ,europe problem night & day4 ,europe _c g on4 ,european civilization _c g on1 unless t net ( b\nd>ies :i* /rangles h] is dissolv$ away4 ,! difficulties creat$ by language diff]5ces1 by bitt] national traditions1 by bad political habits & ! l1 are no d\bt /up5d\s4 ,b /up5d\s ?\gh !y are1 !y h to be fac$4 ,unless !y are ov]come1 & ov]come 9 a v few ye>s1 ,europe--entangl$ 9 ?is net ( b\nd>ies1 & "u a p]petual fe> ( w>1 w1 ,i am conv9c$1 foll[ ,russia & slide d[n beyond any hope ( recov]y into a process ( social dissolution z pr(\nd & disa/r\s z t :i* clos$ ! c>e] ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,am]ican intellig5ce & ! ,european intellig5ce approa* ?is "q ( a _w peace1 !re=e1 f an entirely diff]5t angle & 9 an entirely diff]5t _s4 ,to ! ,am]ican 9 ! bless$ ease ( 8 great unbrok5 t]ritory1 x seems a matt] simply ( mak+ 8 own ample securities _w-wide by treaties ( arbitration & su*-l simple agreem5ts4 ,& my impression is t he ?9ks ( ,europeans z liv+ "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,no?+ ( t sort w meet ! problem ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,european situation is altoge!r m int5se & tragic ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,europe ne$s n treaties b a pr(\nd *ange 9 its political ideas & habits4 ,europe is saturat$ ) n>r[ patriotism l a body saturat$ by "s evil inh]it$ disease4 ,%e is haunt$ by n>r[ ambitions & anci5t animosities4 ,x is because ( ?is pr(\nd diff]5ce ( situation & outlook t ,i am conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( any common political co-op]ation to organize a _w peace betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,am]ican type ( /ate & ! ,european type ( /ate are diff]5t ?+s1 incapable ( an effectual alliance2 ! /eam tractor & ! ox _c pl\gh ?is furr[ toge!r4 ,am]ican ?\ght1 ,am]ican individuals1 may no d\bt play a v great "p 9 ! task ( recon/ruction t lies be=e ,europe1 b n ! ,am]ican f$]al gov]nm5t z a sov]eign /ate among equal /ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itute a /ate on a diff]5t scale & level f any old _w /ate4 ,patriotism & ! national idea 9 ,am]ica is a diff]5t ?+ & a bigg] scale ?+ ?an ! patriotism & national idea 9 any old _w /ate4 ,any ,league ( ,nations aim+ at /ability n[1 w\ld necess>ily be a league seek+ to /]eotype exi/+ b\nd>ies & exi/+ national ideas4 ,n[ ^! b\nd>ies & ^! ideas are j :at h to be got rid ( at any co/4 ,be=e ,europe c get on to a level & on to equal t]ms ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,european communities h to g ?r\gh a process t ,am]ica w5t ?r\gh--"u mu* easi] conditions--a c5tury & a half ago4 ,!y h to repeat1 on a mu* great] scale & aga9/ pr(\nd] prejudices1 ! feat ( und]/&+ & readju/m5t t 0 accompli%$ by ! ,am]ican p betwe5 #agha & #aghh4 ,z y w all rememb]1 ^! ,/ates aft] !y _h decid$ ^u ,indep5d5ce1 fram$ c]ta9 ,articles ( ,conf$]ation2 !y 7 articles ( conf$]ation betwe5 ?irte5 nations1 betwe5 ! p ( ,massa*usetts1 ! p ( ,virg9ia1 ! p ( ,georgia1 & s =?--?irte5 di/9ct & sep>ate sov]eign peoples4 ,!y made a ,union s lax & feeble t x c\ld nei!r keep ord] at home nor ma9ta9 respect abroad4 ,!n !y produc$ ano!r con/itution4 ,!y swept aside all t talk ab\t ! p ( ,massa*usetts1 ! p ( ,virg9ia1 & ! re/ ( _! ?irte5 nations4 ,!y bas$ _! union on a wid] idea3 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n[ ,europe1 if x is n to s9k d[n to an>*y1 has to d a p>allel ?+4 ,if ,europe is to be sav$ f ultimate disa/]1 ,europe has to /op ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ! p ( ,france1 ! p ( ,engl&1 ! p ( ,g]many1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,briti%1 ! ,g]mans1 & s =?4 ,europe has to ?9k at lea/ ( ! p ( ,europe1 if n ( ! civiliz$ p ( ! _w4 ,if we ,europeans _c br+ our m9ds to t1 !re is no hope = u4 ,only by ?9k+ ( all peoples c any p be sav$ 9 ,europe4 ,fre% w>s w de/roy ! social fabric ( ,europe1 & ,europe w p]i% z nations1 fight+4 ,!re are _m p :o ?9k t !re is at lea/ "o political sy/em 9 ! old _w :i*1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is l>ge en\gh & _w wide en\gh to g on by itself "u mod]n conditions = "s consid]able "t4 ,!y ?9k t ! ,briti% ,empire c1 z x 71 /& out ( ! re/ ( ! ,old ,_w z a self-suffici5t sy/em4 ,!y ?9k t x c /& out freely z ! ,unit$ ,/ates c /& out1 & t ^! two ,engli%-speak+ p[]s h m]ely to agree toge!r to dom9ate & keep ! peace ( ! _w4 ,let me give a little att5tion to ?is idea4 ,x is ,i believe a wrong idea1 & "o t may be v disa/r\s to our common ,engli%-speak+ culture if x is too fondly *]i%$4 ,!re c be no d5y+ t ! ,briti% ,imp]ial sy/em is a sy/em diff]5t 9 its nature & size f a typical ,european /ate1 f a /ate ( ! horse & road scale1 l ,france1 let u say1 or ,g]many4 ,& equally x is ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates a new gr[?4 ,! pres5t ,briti% ,empire is inde$ a new] gr[? ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itute a homog5e\s sy/em & gr[ m homog5e\s1 ! ,briti% ,empire is het]og5e\s & %[s little or no assimilative p[]4 ,& :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates are all ga!r$ toge!r & are /ill v remote f any s]i\s antagoni/1 ! ,briti% ,empire is scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1 entangl$ ) & /ress$ aga9/ a multitude ( possible antagoni/s4 ,i h be5 argu+ t ! size & manageability ( all political /ates is f9ally a matt] ( transport & communications4 ,!y gr[ to a limit /rictly det]m9$ by ^! consid]ations4 ,beyond t limit !y are un/able4 ,let u n[ apply ^! ideas to ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,i h %[n t ! great sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! creation ( ! riv] /eamboat & ! railway4 ,q z mu* s is ! pres5t ,briti% ,empire ! creation ( ! ocean-go+ /eam%ip--protect$ by a great navy4 ,! ,briti% ,empire is a mod]n ocean /ate j z ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a mod]n cont95tal /ate4 ,! political & economic cohesion ( ! ,briti% ,empire re/s ^u ?is "o ?+1 ^u ! /eam%ip rema9+ ! dom9ant & secure means ( _w transport 9 ! future4 ,if ! ,briti% ,empire is to rema9 sov]eign & secure & indep5d5t ( ! approval & co-op]ation ( o!r /ates1 x is necess>y t /eam%ip transport 7ocean transport7 %\ld rema9 dom9ant 9 peace & invuln]able 9 w>4 ,well1 t br+s u face to face ) two comp>atively new facts t ?r[ a %ad[ ^u bo? t pr$om9ance & ^u t invuln]ability4 ,"o is air transport2 ! o!r ! subm>9e4 ,! possibilities ( ! ocean-go+ subm>9e ,i w n enl>ge ^u n[4 ,!y w be famili> to ev]yone :o foll[$ ! lat] phases ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,x mu/ be cle> t sea p[] is no long] ! simple & decisive ?+ x 0 be=e ! com+ ( ! subm>9e4 ,! sea ways c no long] be tak5 & possess$ completely4 ,to no o!r p[]1 except ,japan1 is ?is s grave a consid]ation z x is to ,brita94 ,& if we turn to ! possibilities ( air-transport 9 ! future we are =c$ t[>ds ! same conclusion1 t ! security ( ! ,briti% ,empire mu/ re/ 9 ! future n on its /r5g? 9 w>f>e1 b on its keep+ ! peace )9 & )\t its b\nd>ies4 ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,civil ,air ,transport ,committee1 & we w5t ) c>e & ?or\ghness into ! possibilities & probabilities ( ! air4 ,my "w on t committee conv9c$ me t 9 ! ne> future ! air may be ! *ief if n ! only highway = long-di/ance mails1 = long-di/ance pass5g] traffic1 & = ! c>riage ( mo/ valuable & compact commodities4 ,! ocean ways are likely to be only ! ways = sl[ travel & = /aple & bulky trade4 ,& my /udies on t committee did mu* to confirm my op9ion t 9 q a brief "t ! *ief l9e ( milit>y attack w be nei!r by sea nor l& b ?r\gh ! air4 ,moreov]1 x 0 borne 9 ^u me t ! *ief air r\tes ( ! _w w lie ov] ! great pla9s ( ! _w1 t !y w cross wide /ret*es ( sea or m\nta9\s c\ntry only v reluctantly4 ,n[ ?9k ( h[ ! ,briti% ,empire lies ) relation to ! great sea & l& masses ( ! _w4 ,!re has be5 talk 9 ,great ,brita9 ( :at p h call$ all-r$ air r\tes1 t is to say1 all-,briti% air r\tes4 ,!re are no all-r$ air r\tes4 ,y _c get out ( ,brita9 to any o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire1 unless p]haps x is ,canada1 )\t cross+ =eign t]ritory4 ,t is a fact t ,briti% p h to face & dige/1 & ! soon] !y grasp x ! bett] = !m4 ,brita9 _c use air ways ev5 to develop h] comm]ce 9 peace "t )\t ! cons5t & co-op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( h] int]v5+ neighb\rs4 ,if %e emb>ks s+le-h&$ on any consid]able w> %e w f9d bo? h] air & h] sea communications almo/ completely cut4 ,& s ! ,briti% ,empire1 9 spite ( its size & its mod]nity1 is n mu* bett] (f n[ 9 ! way ( /&+ alone ?an ! o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,x is no exception to our g5]alization t 7ap>t f all o!r que/ions7 ! scale & =m ( ! ,european /ates are out ( h>mony ) contempor>y & develop+ transport conditions1 & t all ^! p[]s are1 if only on ?is acc\nt1 "u "o urg5t necessity to s9k ^? ideas ( complete indep5d5ce t h hi!rto dom9at$ !m4 ,x is a life & dea? necessity4 ,if !y _c obey x !y w all be de/roy$4 ,,iii ,,! ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,patriotism ,,to ,a ,,_w ,,/ate ,9 my op5+ argum5t ,i h %[n ! connexion betwe5 ! pres5t int5se political tr\bles ( ! _w & m p>ticul>ly ( ,europe1 & ! advance 9 me*anical k dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,i h %[n t )\t a v dra/ic readju/m5t ( political ideas & habits1 !re op5s be=e ,europe & ! _w g5]ally1 a sure prospect ( deg5]ative conflicts2 t )\t su* a readju/m5t1 our civilization has pass$ its z5i? & mu/ cont9ue ! process ( collapse t has be5 9 progress s9ce ,augu/1 #aiad4 ,n[ ?is readju/m5t means an imm$iate conflict ) exi/+ patriotism4 ,we h emb>k$ "h ^u a discussion 9 :i* emotion & passion seem q unavoidable1 ! discussion ( nationality4 ,at ! v outset we bump viol5tly aga9/ patriotism z any ,european und]/&s t ^w4 ,& x is1 ,i hold1 impossible n to bump aga9/ ,european patriotisms4 ,we _c temporize ) patriotism1 z "o f9ds x 9 ,europe1 & get on t[>ds a common human welf>e4 ,! two ?+s are flatly oppos$4 ,"o or o!r mu/ be sacrific$4 ,! political & social muddle ( ,europe at ! pres5t "t is v l>gely due to ! attempt to compromise betwe5 patriotism & ! common good ( ,europe4 ,d we want to get rid ( patriotism altoge!r8 ,i d n ?9k we want to get rid ( patriotism1 & ,i d n ?9k we c\ld1 ev5 if we want$ to d s4 ,x seems to be necess>y to 8 moral life1 t a man %\ld feel himself "p ( a community1 belong+ to x1 & x belong+ to him4 ,& t ?is community %\ld be a s+le & lovable reality1 inspir$ by a common idea1 ) a common fa%ion & aim4 ,b a po9t ,i h be5 try+ to br+ out ?r\gh\t all ?is argum5t s f> is ?is--t :5 a ,european goes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica he f9ds a new sort ( /ate1 mat]ially bigg] & mat]ially less encumb]$ ?an any ,european /ate4 ,& he also f9ds an int5sely patriotic p ^: patriotism isn't really ! equival5t ( a ,european patriotism4 ,x is hi/orically & practically a syn!sis ( ,european patriotisms4 ,x is num]ically bigg]4 ,x is geographically t5 times z big4 ,t is v important inde$ f ! po9t ( view ( ?is discussion4 ,& x is syn!tic2 x is a ?+ made out ( some?+ small]4 ,p1 ,i believe1 talk ( #ajj p] c5t4 ,am]icans4 ,!re is no #ajj p] c5t4 ,am]ican except ! ,r$ ,indian4 ,!re isn't a :ite man 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ^: blood a l>ge factor ( ,european patriotism hasn't be5 wa%$ out to make way = 8 ,am]ican patriotism4 ,^u ?is fact ( ,am]ican patriotism1 z a l>g] diff]5t ?+ ?an ,european patriotism1 ,i build4 ,! ?+ c be done4 ,if x c be done 9 ! ,europeans & _! desc5dants :o h come to ,am]ica1 x c conceivably be done 9 ! ,europeans :o abide 9 ,europe4 ,& h[ c we set ab\t do+ x8 ,am]ica1 ! sil5t1 compreh5sive cont95t ( ,am]ica1 did ! ?+ by tak+ all ! v>i\s nationalities :o h made up h] population & oblig+ !m to live toge!r4 ,unhappily we _c take ! re/ ( our ,european nations n[ & put !m on to a great virg9 cont95t to le>n a wid] political wisdom4 ,!re are no m virg9 cont95ts4 ,europe mu/ /ay :]e %e is4444 ,n[ ,i am told x sometimes helps sci5tific m5 to cle> up _! ideas ab\t a process by imag9+ t process rev]s$ & s gett+ a view ( x f a diff]5t direction4 ,let u !n1 = a few mom5ts1 in/ead ( talk+ ( ! expansion & syn!sis ( patriotism 9 ,europe1 imag9e a developm5t ( n>r[ patriotism 9 ,am]ica & consid] h[ t case c\ld be dealt )4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 !re 0 a s]i\s outbreak ( local patriotism 9 ,k5tucky4 ,suppose y f\nd ! p ( ,k5tucky />t+ a flag ( _! own & object+ to :at !y w\ld probably call ! vague int]nationalism ( ! />s & /ripes4 ,suppose y f\nd !m want+ to set up t>iff b>ri]s to ! trade ( ! /ates r\nd ab\t !m4 ,suppose y f\nd !y 7 prep>+ to annex consid]able p>ts ( ! /ate ( ,virg9ia by =ce1 9 ord] to secure a prop] /rategic fronti] among ! m\nta9s to ! ea/1 & t !y 7 also talk+ d>kly ( _! ne$ = an outlet to ! sea ( _! v own4 ,:at w\ld an ,am]ican citiz5 ?9k ( su* an outbreak8 ,he w\ld probably ?9k t ,k5tucky _h gone mad4 ,b ?is1 :i* seems su* fanta/ic behavi\r :5 we imag9e x occurr+ 9 ,k5tucky1 is exactly :at is happ5+ 9 ,europe 9 ! case ( little /ates t are h>dly any l>g] ?an ,k5tucky4 ,!y h always be5 s4 ,!y h n gone mad2 if ?is sort ( ?+ is madness !n !y 7 born mad4 ,& !y h nev] be5 cur$4 ,a /ate ( affairs t is reg>d$ 9 ,europe z normal w\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a grave case ( local m5tal tr\ble4 ,& :at w\ld ! ,am]ican community probably d 9 su* a case8 ,x w\ld probably beg9 by inquir+ :]e ,k5tucky _h got ^! /range ideas4 ,!y w\ld look = s\rces ( infection4 ,somebody mu/ h be5 prea*+ !re or writ+ 9 ! newspap]s or tea*+ mis*ief 9 ! s*ool4 ,& ,i suppose ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld set !mselves v e>ne/ly to see t s\nd] s5se 0 talk$ & taught to ! p ( ,k5tucky ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,n[ t is precisely :at has to be done 9 ! p>allel ,european case4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,europe !re goes on 9 ! national s*ools1 9 ! patriotic *ur*es1 9 ! national presses1 9 ! highly nationaliz$ lit]atures1 a unity-de/roy+ propag&a ( patriotism4 ,! s*ools ( all ! ,european c\ntries at ! pres5t "t ) sc>cely an exception1 tea* ! mo/ rancid patriotism2 !y are c5tres ( an abom9able political infection4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,europe gr[ up ) an int5sity ( national egotism t makes !m1 = all practical int]national purposes1 insane4 ,!y are n born ) x1 b !y are infect$ ) x z soon z !y c read & write4 ,! ,briti% le>n no?+ b ! glories ( ,brita9 & ! ,briti% ,empire2 ! ,fr5* are1 if possible1 /ill m insanely conc5trat$ on ,france2 ! ,g]mans are j recov]+ f ! bitt] consequ5ces ( =ty ye>s ( int5sive nationali/ education4 ,& s on4 ,e c\ntry 9 ,europe is its own ,s9n ,fe91 cultivat+ t ugly & silly obsession ( ourselves alone4 ,ourselves alone is ! sure guide to conflict & disa/]1 to want1 mis]y1 viol5ce1 degradation & dea? = our *ildr5 & our *ildr5's *ildr5--until our race is dead4 ,! fir/ task be=e u 9 ,europe is1 at any co/1 to release our *ildr5 f ?is nationali/ obsession1 to tea* ! mass ( ,european p a little tru?ful hi/ory 9 :i* ea* "o w see ! pa/ & future ( 8 own c\ntry 9 _! prop] proportions1 & a little tru?ful e?nology 9 :i* ea* c\ntry w get ov] ! delusion t its p are a di/9ct & individual race4 ,! hi/ory tea*+ 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe is at ! v core ( ?is bus9ess4 ,b t is only1 s to speak1 ! po9t ( application ( great complex influ5ces1 ! influ5ces t m\ld u 9 *ildhood1 ! tea*+s ( lit]ature1 ( ! v>i\s religi\s bodies1 & ! daily reit]ation ( ! press4 ,be=e ,europe c get on1 !re has to be a colossal turnov] ( ^! moral & intellectual =ces 9 ! direction ( creat+ an int]national m9d4 ,if t c be effect$ !n !re is hope = ,europe & ! ,old ,_w4 ,if x _c be effect$1 !n c]ta9ly ,europe w g d[n--) its flags nail$ to its ma/s4 ,we are on a s9k+ %ip t only "o ?+ c save4 ,we h to ou/ ^! ,european patriotisms by "s great] idea or p]i%4 ,:at is ?is great] idea to be8 ,n[ ,i submit t ?is great] idea _h be/ be ! idea ( ! ,_w ,/ate ( ,all ,mank9d4 ,i w admit t s f> ,i h made a case only = tea*+ ! idea ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe 9 ,europe4 ,i h conc5trat$ our att5tion ^u t region ( maximum conge/ion & conflict4 ,b z a matt] ( fact !re are no real & effective b>ri]s & b\nd>ies 9 ! ,old ,_w betwe5 ,europe & ,asia & ,africa4 ,! ord9>y ,russian talks ( ,europe z "o :o is outside x4 ,! ,european political sy/ems fl[ ov] & h always ov]fl[$ into ! great] areas to ! ea/ & s\?4 ,rememb] ! e>ly empires ( ,mac$onia & ,rome4 ,see h[ ! ,russian language runs to ! ,pacific1 & h[ ,islam radiates into all ?ree cont95ts4 ,i w n elaborate ?is case4 ,:5 y be> su* ?+s 9 m9d1 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t if we are to talk ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe1 x is j z easy & practicable to talk ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,& are we to /op at a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,old ,_w8 ,no d\bt ! mo/ evid5t syn!tic =ces 9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t po9t t[>ds "s sort ( pan-,am]ican unification4 ,t is ! ne>e/ ?+4 ,t may come fir/4 ,b are we to contemplate a sort ( dual _w--! ,new ,_w aga9/ ! ,old8 ,i d n ?9k t w\ld be any v p]man5t or satisfactory /opp+-place4 ,:y make two bites at a planet8 ,if we "w = unity on ! l>ge scale we are contemplat+1 we may z well "w = _w unity4 ,n only 9 di/ance b 9 a score ( o!r matt]s are ,london & ,rome ne>] to ,new ,york ?an is ,patagonia1 & ,san ,francisco is always likely to be m int]e/+ to ,japan ?an ,p>is or ,madrid4 ,i _c see any reason = suppos+ t ! me*anical draw+ toge!r ( ! peoples ( ! _w into "o economic & political unity is likely to cease--unless our civilization ceases4 ,i see no signs t our pres5t facilities = transport & communication are ! ultimate possible facilities4 ,once we break away f curr5t nationali/ limitations 9 our political ideas1 !n !re is no reason & no advantage 9 contemplat+ any halfway h\se to a complete human unity4 ,n[ aft] :at ,i h be5 say+ x is v easy to expla9 :y ,i w\ld h ?is idea ( human unity put be=e p's m9ds 9 ! =m ( a ,_w ,/ate & n ( a ,league ( ,nations4 ,let me fir/ admit ! extraord9>y educational value ( ! ,league ( ,nations propag&a1 & ( ! attempt t has be5 made to create a ,league ( ,nations4 ,x has br\ght be=e ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! _w ! proposition ( a _w law & a _w unity t c\ld n p]haps h be5 broa*$ 9 any o!r way4 ,b is x a league ( nations t is want$8 ,i submit to y t ! ^w nations is j ! ^w t %\ld h be5 avoid$--t x admits & t5ds to /]eotype j ^? conceptions ( division & diff]5ce t we mu/ at any co/ m9imize & oblit]ate if our species is to cont9ue4 ,& ! phrase has a ?9 & legal & litigi\s flav\r4 ,:at loyalty & :at devotion c we expect ?is multiple association to comm&8 ,x has no unity--no p]sonality4 ,x is l ask+ a man to love ! av]age memb] ( a woman's club in/ead ( lov+ 8 wife4 ,= ! idea ( ,man1 = human unity1 = our common blood1 = ! "o ord] ( ! _w1 ,i c imag9e m5 liv+ & dy+1 b n = a miscellane\s assembly t w n mix--ev5 9 its "n4 ,x has no c5tral idea1 no he>t to x1 ?is ,league ( ,nations =mula4 ,x is weak & compromis+ j :]e x %\ld be /rong--9 def9+ its antagonism to sep>ate national sov]eignty4 ,= t is :at x aims at1 if x means bus9ess4 ,if x means bus9ess x means at lea/ a sup]-/ate ov]rid+ ! autonomy ( exi/+ /ates1 & if x does n mean bus9ess !n we h no use = x :atev]4 ,x may seem a mu* great] und]tak+ to attack nationality & nationalism in/ead ( pat*+ up a compromise ) ^! ?+s1 b along ! l9e ( indep5d5t nationality lies no hope ( unity & peace & cont9u+ progress = mank9d4 ,we _c suff] ^! old conc5trations ( loyalty because we want t v loyalty :i* n[1 conc5trates ^u !m to cem5t & su/a9 ! peace ( all ! _w4 ,j z 9 ! pa/ prov9cial patriotisms h giv5 place to national patriotisms1 s n[ we ne$ to ou/ ^! /ill too n>r[ devotions by a new unity & a new reign+ idea1 ! idea ( "o /ate & "o flag 9 all ! e>?4 ,! idea ( ! ,_w ,/ate /&s to ! idea ( ! ,league ( ,nations mu* z ! idea ( ! "o ,god ( ,e>? & ,heav5 /&s to a ,div9e ,committee compos$ ( ,wod9 & ,baal & ,jupit] & ,amon ,ra & ,mumbo ,jumbo & all ! o!r national & tribal gods4 ,!re is no compromise possible 9 ! "o matt] z 9 ! o!r4 ,!re is no way r\nd4 ,! task be=e mank9d is to sub/itute ! "o common idea ( an ov]rid+ _w commonweal = ! multitud9\s ideas ( little commonweals t prevail ev]y:]e to-day4 ,we h already glanc$ at ! ne> & curr5t consequ5ces ( our failure to br+ ab\t t sub/itution4 ,n[ ?is is an imm5se proposal4 ,is x a prepo/]\s "o8 ,let u n %irk ! trem5d\s scale ^u :i* ! f\ndations ( a _w /ate ( all mank9d mu/ be laid4 ,b rememb]1 h[ev] great t task be=e u may seem1 h[ev] ne> x may come to ! impossible1 nev]!less1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( "o _w rule & "o _w law lies ! only hope ( escape f an increas+ tangle ( w>s1 f social ov]/ra91 & at la/ a social dissolution s complete z to end = ev] ! tale ( mank9d z we und]/& mank9d4 ,p]sonally ,i am appall$ by ! de/ruction already done 9 ! _w 9 ! pa/ sev5 ye>s4 ,i d\bt if any untravell$ ,am]ican c realize h[ mu* ( ,europe is already brok5 up4 ,i d n ?9k _m p realize h[ swiftly ,europe is /ill s9k+1 h[ urg5t x is to get ,european affairs put back ^u a basis ( ! common good if civilization is to be sav$4 ,& n[1 z to ! imm5sity ( ?is project ( sub/itut+ loyalty to a _w commonweal = loyalty to a s+le egoti/ical bellig]5t nation4 ,x is a project to invade hundr$s ( millions ( m9ds1 to attack c]ta9 ideas e/abli%$ 9 ^? m9ds & ei!r to efface ^? ideas altoge!r or to supplem5t & correct !m pr(\ndly by ?is new idea ( a human commonweal4 ,we h to get n only into ! at pres5t int5sely patriotic m9ds ( ,fr5*m51 ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 ,iri% & ,japanese1 b into ! remote & difficult m9ds ( ,arabs & ,indians & into ! m9ds ( ! c\ntless millions ( ,*9a4 ,is !re any prec$5t to ju/ify u 9 hop+ t su* a *ange 9 _w ideas is possible8 ,i ?9k !re is4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?\ght ab\t ^! ?+s to-day is altoge!r too sceptical ( :at tea*+ & propag&a c d 9 ^! matt]s4 ,9 ! pa/ !re h be5 v great *anges 9 human ?\ght4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d y ( ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 a few c5turies ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe 0 *ang$ f ! wild confusion ( w>r+ tribes t succe$$ ! breakd[n ( ! ,roman ,empire1 into ! unity ( ,*ri/5dom1 into a community ) su* an idea ( unity t x c\ld be r\s$ f end to end by ! common idea ( ! ,crusades4 ,/ill m rem>kable 0 ! swift trans=mation 9 less ?an a c5tury ( all ! nations & peoples to ! s\? & we/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 f ,spa9 to ,c5tral ,asia1 into ! unity ( ,islam1 a unity :i* has la/$ to ?is day4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 :at ,i may call ! m5tal turnov] 0 imm5se4 ,i ?9k if y w consid] ! spread ( ^! v complex & difficult religions1 & comp>e ! means at ! disposal ( _! promot]s ) ! means at ! disposal ( intellig5t p to-day1 y w f9d _m reasons = believ+ t a reca/+ ( p's ideas into ! framework ( a univ]sal /ate is by no means an impossible project4 ,^? great tea*+s ( ! pa/ 7 spread l>gely by ^w ( m\?4 ,_! tea*]s _h to travel sl[ly & dang]\sly4 ,p 7 ga!r$ toge!r to he> ) great difficulty1 except 9 a few cr[d$ t[ns4 ,books c\ld be us$ only sp>+ly4 ,few p c\ld read1 few] /ill c\ld translate1 & ,,mss4 7 copi$ ) extreme sl[ness ^u p>*m5t4 ,!re 0 no pr9t+1 no pap]1 no po/4 ,& except = a v few p !re 7 no s*ools4 ,bo? ,*ri/5dom & ,islam _h to create _! common s*ools 9 ord] to pres]ve ev5 a m9imum ( _! doctr9e intact f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,all ?is 0 done 9 ! tee? ( mu* bitt] opposition & p]secution4 ,n[ to-day we h means ( putt+ ideas & argum5ts swiftly & effectively be=e p all ov] ! _w at ! same "t1 su* z no "o c\ld h dreamt ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we h n only books & pap]s1 b 9 ! c9ema we h a means ( rapid1 vivid pres5tation /ill h>dly us$4 ,we h s*ools ne>ly ev]y:]e4 ,& "h 9 ! ne$ = an ov]rul+ _w /ate1 & ! idea ( _w s]vice replac+ combative patriotism1 we h an urg5t1 a comm&+ human ne$4 ,we h an inv9cible case = ?is _w /ate & an unansw]able objection to ! nationalisms & patriotisms t w\ld oppose x4 ,is x n almo/ inevitable t "s ( u %\ld get toge!r & beg9 a propag&a ^u mod]n l9es ( ?is organiz$ _w peace1 )\t :i* our race mu/ p]i%8 ,! _w p]i%es = ! want ( a common political idea4 ,x is /ill q possible to give ! _w ?is common political idea1 ! idea ( a f$]al _w /ate4 ,we _c help b set ab\t do+ x4 ,s ,i put x to y t ! mo/ important "w be=e m5 & wom5 to-day is ! prea*+ & tea*+1 ! elaboration & !n at la/ ! realization ( ?is ,project ( ! ,_w ,/ate4 ,we h to create a vision ( x1 to make x seem fir/ a possibility & !n an approa*+ reality4 ,?is is a task t dem&s ! "w & ?\ght ( ?\s&s ( m9ds4 ,we h to spread ! idea ( a ,f$]al ,_w ,/ate1 z an approa*+ reality1 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we c d ?is n[adays ?r\gh a hundr$ v>i\s *annels4 ,we c d x ?r\gh ! press1 ?r\gh all sorts ( lit]>y expression1 9 our s*ools1 colleges1 & univ]sities1 ?r\gh political m\?pieces1 by special organizations1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! *ur*es4 ,= rememb] t all ! great religions ( ! _w are 9 !ory univ]sali/2 !y may tol]ate ! divisions ( m5 b !y _c sanction !m4 ,we propose no religi\s revolution1 b at mo/ a religi\s revival4 ,we c spread ideas & sugge/ions n[ ) a hundr$ times ! utmo/ rapidity ( a c5tury ago4 ,?is movem5t ne$ n at once int]v5e 9 politics4 ,x is a prospective movem5t1 & its special conc]n w be ) "y & /ill gr[+ m9ds4 ,b z x spreads x w inevitably *ange politics4 ,! nations1 /ates1 & k+doms ( to-day1 :i* fight & s*eme aga9/ ea* o!r z ?\gh !y _h to g on fight+ & s*em+ = ev]1 w become m & m op5ly & manife/ly m]ely gu>dian gov]nm5ts1 gov]nm5ts play+ a wait+ "p 9 ! _w1 :ile ! _w /ate comes ( age4 ,= ?is ,_w ,/ate1 = :i* ! _w is wait+1 mu/ necess>ily be a fusion ( all gov]nm5ts1 & heir to all ! empires4 ,s f> ,i h be5 occupi$ by e/abli%+ a case = ! ,_w ,/ate4 ,x has be51 ,i fe>1 r an ab/ract discussion4 ,i h kept closely to ! b>e h>d logic ( ! pres5t human situation4 ,b n[ let me attempt v briefly1 9 ! b>e/ outl9e1 "s concrete realization ( :at a ,_w ,/ate w\ld mean4 ,let u try & conceive = ourselves ! =m a ,_w ,/ate w\ld take4 ,i d n c>e to leave ?is discussion ) no?+ to x b a phrase :i* is really h>dly m ?an a negative phrase until we put "s body to x4 ,z x /&s ,_w ,/ate means simply a politically undivid$ _w4 ,let u try & c>ry t ov] to ! idea ( a unifi$ organiz$ /ate ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,let u try to imag9e :at a ,_w ,gov]nm5t w\ld be l4 ,i f9d t :5 "o speaks ( a ,_w ,/ate p ?9k at once ( "s exi/+ gov]nm5t & magnify x to _w proportions4 ,!y ask1 = example1 :]e w ! ,_w ,congress meet2 & h[ w y elect y\r ,_w ,presid5t8 ,won't y\r ,_w ,presid5t1 !y say1 be r a trem5d\s p]sonage8 ,h[ are we to *oose him8 ,or w !re be a ,_w ,k+8 ,^! are v natural que/ions1 at ! fir/ onset4 ,b are !y s\nd que/ions8 ,may !y n be a little affect$ by false analogies8 ,! gov]n+ ( ! :ole ( ! _w may turn out to be n a magnifi$ v]sion ( gov]n+ a "p ( ! _w1 b a diff]5t sort ( job altoge!r4 ,^! analogies t p draw s readily f national /ates may n really "w 9 a _w /ate4 ,& fir/ ) reg>d to ?is "q ( a k+ or presid5t4 ,let u ask :e!r x is probable t ! _w /ate w h any s+le p]sonal head at all8 ,is ! _w /ate likely to be a mon>*y--ei!r an elective %ort t]m limit$ mon>*y su* z is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or an inh]it$ limit$ mon>*y l ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,_m p w say1 y mu/ h a head ( ! /ate4 ,b mu/ y8 ,is n ?is idea a legacy f ! days :5 /ates 7 small communities ne$+ a lead] 9 w> & diplomacy8 ,9 ! ,_w ,/ate we mu/ rememb] !re w be no w>--& no diplomacy z su*4 ,i w\ld ev5 "q :e!r 9 su* a great mod]n /ate z ! ,u4,s4,a4 ! idea & ! functions ( ! presid5t may n be made too important4 ,inde$ ,i believe t "q has be5 ask$ by _m p 9 ! ,/ates lately1 & has be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! broad l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution 7 drawn 9 a p]iod ( almo/ univ]sal mon>*y4 ,am]ican affairs 7 ov]%ad[$ by ! p]sonality ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 & z y "k1 mon>*i/ ideas 7 s rife t !re 0 a project1 dur+ ! ye>s ( d\bt & division t foll[$ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 = import+ a ,g]man ,k+1 a ,prussian ,pr9ce1 9 imitation ( ! ,briti% ,mon>*y4 ,b if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 beg9n+ aga9 to-day on its pres5t scale1 w\ld x put s mu* p[] & importance ^u a s+le individual z x put ^u ,george ,wa%+ton & 8 successors 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se8 ,i d\bt x v mu*4 ,!re may be a limit1 ,i sugge/1 to ! size & complexity ( a community t c be direct$ by a s+le p]sonal head4 ,p]haps t limit may h be5 pass$ by bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & by ! ,briti% ,empire at ! pres5t "t4 ,x may be possible = "o p]son to be lead] & to h an effect ( direct+ p]sonality 9 a community ( millions or ev5 ( t5s ( millions4 ,b is x possible = "o small %ort-liv$ individual to get ov] & affect & make any sort ( contact ) hundr$s ( millions 9 ?\s&s ( t[ns & cities8 ,rec5tly we h wat*$ ) admiration & sympa?y ! h]oic ef=ts ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales to %ake h&s ) & get 8 smile well home into ! he>ts ( ! entire population ( ! ,briti% ,empire ( :i* he is de/9$ to become ! gold5 l9k4 ,aft] trem5d\s ex]tions a v l>ge am\nt ( ! gr\nd /ill rema9s to be cov]$4 ,i w confess ,i _c see any s+le individual human head 9 my vision ( ! ,_w ,/ate4 ,! l9k+ reality ( ! ,_w ,/ate is mu* m likely to be n an individual b an idea--su* an idea z t ( a human commonweal "u ! ,god ( all mank9d4 ,if at any "t1 = any purpose1 "s "o individual _h to /ep out & act = ! ,_w ,/ate z a :ole1 !n ,i suppose ! s5ior judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 or ! ,speak] ( ! ,c\ncil1 or ! head ( ! ,associat$ ,sci5tific ,societies1 or "s su* p]son1 c\ld /ep out & d :at _h to be done4 ,b if !re is to be no s+le head p]son1 !re mu/ be at lea/ "s sort ( assembly or c\ncil4 ,t seems to be necess>y4 ,b w x be a ga!r+ at all l ,congress or ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 ) a ,gov]nm5t side & an opposition rul$ by p>ty traditions & p>ty ideas8 ,!re aga91 ,i ?9k we may be too easily misl$ by exi/+ b tempor>y conditions4 ,i d n ?9k x is necess>y to assume t ! c\ncil ( ! ,_w ,/ate w be an assembly ( p>ty politicians4 ,i believe x w be possible to h x a real ga!r+ ( repres5tatives1 a fair sample ( ! ?\ght & w ( mank9d at l>ge1 & to avoid a p>ty developm5t by a m sci5tific me?od ( vot+ ?an ! b>b>ic devices us$ = elect+ repres5tatives to ,congress or ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 devices t play directly into ! h&s ( ! p>ty organiz] :o trades ^u ! defects ( political me?od4 ,w ?is c\ncil be directly elect$8 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 may be f\nd to be ess5tial4 ,& ^u a v broad fran*ise4 ,because1 fir/ly1 x is be=e all ?+s important t e adult 9 ! _w %\ld feel a direct & p]sonal contact betwe5 himself & ! ,_w ,/ate1 & t he is an ass5t+ & p>ticipat+ citiz5 ( ! _w2 & secondly1 because if y\r c\ncil is appo9t$ by any int]m$iate body1 all sorts ( local & national consid]ations1 ess5tial 9 ! bus9ess ( ! subord9ate body1 w get 9 ! way ( a simple & direct reg>d = ! _w commonweal4 ,& z to ?is c\ncil3 ,w x h great debates & wond]ful sc5es & crises & s =?--! sort ( ?+ t looks well 9 a l>ge hi/orical pa9t+8 ,!re aga9 we may be easily misl$ by analogy4 ,"o consid]ation t b>s ! way to any?+ ( t sort is t its memb]s w h no common language :i* !y w be all able to speak ) ! facility necess>y = eloqu5ce4 ,eloqu5ce is f> m adapt$ to ! conditions ( a ,r$ ,indian p[-w[ ?an to ! ord]+ ( l>ge & complicat$ affairs4 ,! ,_w ,c\ncil may be a v taciturn assembly4 ,x may ev5 meet infrequ5tly4 ,its memb]s may communicate _! views l>gely by notes :i* may h to be v cle> & explicit1 because !y w h to /& translation1 & %ort--to escape neglect4 ,& :at w be ! *ief organs & organizations & works & me?ods ) :i* ?is ,c\ncil ( ! ,_w ,/ate w be conc]n$8 ,!re w be a ,supreme ,c\rt det]m9+ n ,int]national ,law1 b ,_w ,law4 ,!re w be a gr[+ ,code ( ,_w ,law4 ,!re w be a _w curr5cy4 ,!re w be a m9i/ry ( po/s1 transport & communications g5]ally4 ,!re w be a m9i/ry ( trade 9 /aple products & = ! cons]vation & developm5t ( ! natural res\rces ( ! e>?4 ,!re w be a m9i/ry ( social & lab\r conditions4 ,!re w be a m9i/ry ( _w heal?4 ,!re w be a m9i/ry1 ! mo/ important m9i/ry ( all1 wat*+ & supplem5t+ national educational "w & tak+ up ! c>e & /imulation ( backw>d communities4 ,& in/ead ( a ,w> ,(fice & ,naval & ,milit>y dep>tm5ts1 !re w be a ,peace ,m9i/ry /udy+ ! bellig]5t possibilities ( e new inv5tion1 wat*+ = arm$ di/urbances ev]y:]e1 & hav+ complete control ( e arm$ =ce t rema9s 9 ! _w4 ,all ^! _w m9i/ries w be work+ 9 co-op]ation ) local au?orities :o w apply _w-wide g5]al pr9ciples to local conditions4 ,^! items probably compreh5d ev]y?+ t ! gov]nm5t ( a ,_w ,/ate w\ld h to d4 ,mu* ( its activity w\ld be m]ely ! co-ord9ation & adju/m5t ( activities already v ?or\ghly discuss$ & prep>$ = x by local & national discussions4 ,i ?9k x w be a mi/ake = u to assume t ! "w ( a _w gov]nm5t w be va/] & m complex ?an t ( su* gov]nm5ts z ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,9 _m respects x w h an enorm\sly simplifi$ task4 ,!re w be no =eign enemy1 no =eign competition1 no t>iffs1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 or t>iff w>s4 ,x w be keep+ ord]2 x w n be c>ry+ on a conte/4 ,!re w be no necessity = secrecy2 x w n be necess>y to h a ,cab9et plott+ & plann+ beh9d clos$ doors2 !re w be no g5]al policy except a /eady att5tion to ! common welf>e4 ,ev5 ! prim>y orig9 ( a ,_w ,c\ncil mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t f t ( any national gov]nm5t4 ,e exi/+ gov]nm5t owes its beg9n+s to =ce & is 9 its fundam5tal nature militant4 ,x is an (f5sive-def5sive organ4 ,?is fact saturates our legal & social tradition m ?an "o realizes at fir/4 ,!re is1 ab\t civil law ev]y:]e1 a fa9t flav\r ( a relax$ /ate ( siege4 ,b a _w gov]nm5t w arise out ( diff]5t motives & realize a diff]5t ideal4 ,x w be prim>ily an organ = keep+ ! peace4 ,& n[ p]haps we may look at ?is project ( a ,_w ,/ate mirror$ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! life ( "o individual citiz54 ,let u consid] v briefly ! life ( an ord9>y "y man liv+ 9 a ,_w ,/ate & consid] h[ x w\ld diff] f a commonplace life to-day4 ,he w h be5 born 9 "s "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,_w--9 ,new ,york or ,cali=nia1 or ,ont>io or ,new ,zeal&1 or ,portugal or ,france or ,b5gal or ,%an-si2 b :]ev] 8 lot may fall1 ! fir/ hi/ory he w le>n w be ! wond]ful hi/ory ( mank9d1 f its ne>ly animal beg9n+s1 a few score ?\s& ye>s ago1 ) no tools1 b implem5ts ( *ipp$ /one & hack$ wood1 up to ! p[] & k ( our own "t4 ,8 education w trace = him ! beg9n+s ( spee*1 ( writ+1 ( cultivation & settlem5t4 ,he w le>n ( ! peoples & nations ( ! pa/1 & h[ ea* "o has br\ght its peculi> gifts & its di/9ctive contribution to ! accumulat+ inh]itance ( our race4 ,he w "k1 p]haps1 less ( w>s1 battles1 conque/s1 massacres1 k+s & ! l unpleasant invasions ( human dignity & welf>e1 & he w "k m ( explor]s1 discov]]s & /\t outspok5 m5 ?an our contempor>y citiz54 ,:ile he is /ill a little boy1 he w h ! great outl9es ( ! human adv5ture br\ght home to 8 m9d by all sorts ( vivid me?ods ( pres5tation1 su* z ! poor pov]ty-/ruck s*ools ( our own "t _c dream ( employ+4 ,& on ?is broad f\ndation he w build up 8 k ( 8 own p>ticul> /ate & nation & p1 le>n+ n tales ( anci5t grievances & triumphs & rev5ges1 b :at 8 p>ticul> race & c\ntryside h giv5 & :at x gives & may be expect$ to give to ! common welf>e ( ! _w4 ,on su* f\ndations 8 social consci\sness w be built4 ,he w le>n an outl9e ( all t mank9d kn[s & ( ! fasc9at+ realms ( half k 9 :i* man is /ill /ruggl+ to "k4 ,8 curiosity & 8 imag9ation w be r\s$ & develop$4 ,he w probably be educat$ cont9u\sly at lea/ until he is eighte5 or n9ete51 & p]haps until he is two or ?ree & tw5ty4 ,= a _w t wa/es none ( its res\rces ^u armam5ts or soldi]+1 & :i* produces :atev] x wants 9 ! regions be/ adapt$ to t production1 & deliv]s !m to ! consum] by ! directe/ r\te1 w be ri* en\gh n only to sp>e ! fir/ qu>t] ( ev]ybody's life = education entirely1 b to keep on ) "s education ?r\gh\t ! :ole lifetime4 ,( c\rse ! s*ool to :i* our "y citiz5 ( ! _w w g w be v diff]5t f ! r\gh & tumble s*ools ( to-day1 und]/aff$ ) und]paid assi/ants1 & hav+ b>e walls4 ,x w h b5efit$ by "s ( ! intellig5ce & weal? we lavi% to-day on range-f9d]s & subm>9es4 ,ev5 a village s*ool w be 9 a beautiful little build+ co/+ z mu* p]haps z a big naval gun or a bomb+-a]oplane co/s to-day4 ,i "k ?is w s\nd l %ock+ extravagance to _m contempor>y he>]s1 b 9 ! ,_w ,/ate ! /&>ds w be diff]5t4 ,i don't "k :e!r any ( u really grasp :at we are say+ :5 we talk ( great] educational effici5cy 9 ! future4 ,t means--if x means any?+--tea*+ m ) mu* less tr\ble4 ,x w mean1 = in/ance1 t mo/ p w h ?ree or f\r languages prop]ly le>nt2 t !y w ?9k ab\t ?+s ma!matical ) a quickness & cle>ness t puzzles u2 t ab\t all sorts ( ?+s _! m9ds w move 9 daylight :]e ours move 9 a haze ( ignorance or 9 an emotional fog4 ,?is cle>-head$1 broad-?9k+ "y citiz5 ( ! ,_w ,/ate w n be giv5 up aft] 8 educational ye>s to a life ( toil--!re w be v little toil left 9 ! _w4 ,mank9d w h ma*9es & p[] en\gh to d mo/ ( ! toil = x4 ,:y1 betwe5 #aiad & #aiah we blew away en\gh en]gy & de/roy$ en\gh ma*9]y & turn$ en\gh good grey matt] into /9k+ fil? to release hundr$s ( millions ( toil]s f toil = ev]6 ,our "y citiz5 w *oose "s sort ( int]e/+ "w--p]haps creative "w4 ,& he w be free to travel ab\t ! :ole _w )\t a passport or visa1 )\t a *ange ( money2 ev]y:]e w be 8 c\ntry2 he w f9d p ev]y:]e :o w be endlessly diff]5t1 b none suspici\s or ho/ile4 ,ev]y:]e he w f9d beautiful & di/9ctive cities1 freely expressive ( ! _s ( ! l& 9 :i* !y h aris54 ,/range & yet fri5dly cities4 ,! _w w be a f> heal?i] place ?an x is n[--= mank9d z a :ole w /ill c>ry on organiz$ w>s--no long] w>s ( m5 aga9/ m51 b ( m5 aga9/ mal>ias & diseases & infections4 ,probably he w nev] "k :at a cold is1 or a heada*e4 ,he w be able to g ?r\gh ! great =e/s ( ! tropics )\t %iv]+ ) fev] & )\t saturat+ himself ) prev5tive drugs4 ,he w g freely among great m\nta9s2 he w fly to ! ,poles ( ! e>? if he *ooses1 & dive into ! cold1 n[ hidd51 deep places ( ! sea4 ,b x is v difficult to fill 9 ! picture ( 8 adult life s t x w seem real to our exp]i5ce4 ,x is h>d to conceive & /ill m difficult to convey4 ,we live 9 ?is conge/$1 bick]+1 elb[+1 %ov+ _w1 & x has soak$ into our natures & made u a "p ( itself4 ,h>dly any ( u "k :at x is to be prop]ly educat$1 & h>dly any :at x is to be 9 con/ant g5]al good heal?4 ,to talk ( :at ! _w may be to mo/ ( u is l talk+ ( ba?s & leisure & happy ?+s to "s poor hopeless1 g9-soak$ drudge 9 a slum4 ,! creature is s devitaliz$2 ! dirt is s +ra9$1 s mu* a second nature1 t a ba? really isn't attractive4 ,clean & beautiful clo!s s\nd l a mock]y or priggi%ness4 ,to talk ( spaci\s & beautiful places only ar\ses a viol5t desire 9 ! poor ?+ to get away some:]e & hide4 ,9 squalor & mis]y1 qu>rell+ & fight+ make a sort ( n]v\s relief4 ,to multitudes ( slum-br$ p ! prospect ( no m fight+ is a disagreeable prospect1 a dull outlook4 ,well1 all ?is _w ( ours may seem a slum to ! p ( a happi] age4 ,!y w feel ab\t our _w j z we feel ab\t ! n9? or t5? c5tury1 :5 we read ( its brig&s & its insecurities1 its pe/il5ces1 its mis]able h\s+1 its ab/95ce f ablutions4 ,b our "y citiz5 w n h be5 inur$ to our base _w4 ,he w h little ( our +ra9$ dirt 9 8 m9d & he>t4 ,he w love4 ,he w love beautifully4 ,z mo/ ( u once hop$ to d 9 our m romantic mom5ts4 ,he w h ambitions--= ! _w /ate w give great scope to ambition4 ,he w "w skilfully & brilliantly1 or he w adm9i/] public s]vices1 or he w be an able tea*]1 or a m5tal or physical physician1 or he w be an int]pretative or creative arti/2 he may be a writ] or a sci5tific inve/igator1 he may be a /atesman 9 8 /ate1 or ev5 a _w /atesman4 ,if he is a /atesman he may be go+ up p]haps to ! f$]al _w congress4 ,9 ! ye> #bjbj !re w /ill be politics1 b !y w be great politics4 ,in/ead ( ! _w's affairs be+ manag$ 9 a score ( =eign (fices1 all s*em+ meanly & cunn+ly aga9/ ea* o!r1 all plann+ to ?w>t & injure ea* o!r1 !y w be manag$ "u ! direction ( an educat$ & organiz$ common intellig5ce int5t only ^u ! common good4 ,de>6 ,de>6 ,de>6 ,does x s\nd l rubbi% to y8 ,i suppose x does4 ,y ?9k ,i am talk+ ( a dreaml&1 ( an unatta9able ,utopia8 ,p]haps ,i am6 ,?is de>1 jolly old _w ( dirt1 w>1 bankruptcy1 murd] & malice1 ?w>t$ lives1 wa/$ lives1 torm5t$ lives1 g5]al ill heal? & a social decad5ce t spreads & deep5s t[>ds a univ]sal sma%--h[ c we hope to turn x back f its c\rse8 ,h[ priggi% & impracticable6 ,h[ imp]t95t6 ,h[ prepo/]\s6 ,i seem to he> a di/ant hoot+4444 ,sometimes x seems to me t ! b>ri]s t sep>ate man & man are ne>ly insurm\ntable & inv9cible1 t we :o talk ( a _w /ate n[ are only ! pione]s ( a va/ uphill /ruggle 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( m5 t may ne$ to be wag$ = c5turies--t may fail 9 ! end4 ,sometimes aga91 9 o!r moods1 x seems to me t ^! b>ri]s & nationalities & sep>ations are s illogical1 s mu* a matt] ( tradition1 s pla9ly mis*iev\s & cruel1 t at any "t we may f9d ! common s5se ( our race dissolv+ !m away4444 ,:o c see into t d>ke/ ( all my/]ies1 ! he>ts & wills ( mank9d8 ,x may be t x is well = u n to "k ( ! _m g5]ations :o w h to su/a9 ?is conflict4 ,yes1 t is "o mood1 & !re is ! o!r4 ,p]haps we fe> too mu*4 ,ev5 be=e our lives run out we may feel ! dawn ( a great] age p]ceptible among ! black %ad[s & artificial gl>es ( ^! unhappy ye>s4 ,,iv ,,! ,,bible ,,( ,,civilization ,,"p ,,"o ,sec4 #a ,9 my next two pap]s ,i am go+ to discuss &--:at %all ,i say8--exp]im5t ) an old b neglect$ idea1 an idea t 0 fir/ broa*$ ,i believe ab\t ! "t :5 ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut 0 com+ into exi/5ce & :ile ,new ,york 0 /ill ! ,dut* city ( ,new ,am/]dam4 ,! man :o prop\nd$ ?is idea 0 a c]ta9 great ,bohemian1 ,kom5sky1 :o is p]haps bett] kn[n 9 our we/]n _w by 8 ,lat9iz$ "n ,com5ius4 ,he pr(ess$ himself ! pupil ( ,bacon4 ,he 0 ! fri5d ( ,milton4 ,he travell$ f "o ,european c\ntry to ano!r ) 8 political & educational ideas4 ,= a "t he ?\ght ( com+ to ,am]ica4 ,x is a great pity t he nev] came4 ,& 8 idea1 ! p>ticul> idea ( 8 we are go+ to discuss1 0 ! idea ( a common book1 a book ( hi/ory1 sci5ce & wisdom1 :i* %\ld =m ! basis & framework = ! ?\ghts & imag9ations ( e citiz5 9 ! _w4 ,9 _m ways ! ?9k]s & writ]s ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury seem m ak9 to u & m sympa!tic ) ! _w ( to-day1 ?an any int]v5+ gr\p ( lit]>y figures4 ,!y /rike u z hav+ a long] vision ?an ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & z be+ bold]--&1 h[ %all ,i put x8--m desp]ate 9 _! ?9k+ ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury m9ds4 ,& ?is clos] aff9ity to our own "t arises1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 directly & naturally1 out ( ! clos] resemblance ( _! circum/ances4 ,betwe5 #afdj & #afej1 j z 9 our pres5t age1 ! _w 0 trem5d\sly unsettl$ & di/ress$4 ,a c5tury & m ( expansion & prosp]ity _h giv5 place to a phase ( conflict1 exhau/ion & entire political unsettlem5t4 ,brita9 0 involv$ 9 ! bitt] political /ruggle t culm9at$ 9 ! execution ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,irel& 0 a l& ( massacre & c\nt]-massacre4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> 9 ,c5tral ,europe 0 9 its clos+1 mo/ dreadful /ages ( fam9e & plund]4 ,9 ,france ! cr[n & ! nobles 7 /riv+ desp]ately = asc5dancy 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,fronde4 ,! ,turk ?reat5$ ,vi5na4 ,n[h]e 9 ,we/]n ,europe did !re rema9 any secure & settl$ political arrangem5ts4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 disord]1 ev]y:]e x seem$ t any?+ might happ51 & x is j ^? disord]$ & indet]m9ate times t are mo/ fruitful ( bold religi\s & social & political & educational speculations & initiatives4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod t produc$ ! ,quak]s & a numb] ( ! mo/ vigor\s developm5ts ( ,puritanism1 9 :i* ! f\ndations ( mod]n republicanism 7 laid1 & 9 :i* ! project ( a _w league ( nations--or r ( a _w /ate--receiv$ wide att5tion4 ,& ! /ud5t ( ,com5ius w f9d 9 him an active & s5sitive m9d respond+ ) a mo/ int]e/+ simil>ity to our own responses1 to ! simil> conditions ( 8 "t4 ,he has be5 di/ress$ & dismay$--z mo/ ( u h be5 di/ress$ & dismay$--by a rapid developm5t ( viol5ce1 by a great release ( cruelty & suff]+ 9 human affairs4 ,he felt none ( ! security t 0 felt 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies ( ! c]ta9ty ( progress4 ,he realiz$ z we d t ! outlook = humanity is a v d>k & unc]ta9 "o unless human ef=t is /imulat$ & organiz$4 ,he trac$ ! evils ( 8 "t to human discords & divisions1 to our political divisions1 & ! mutual misconceptions due to our div]sity ( languages & lead+ ideas4 ,9 all t he might be writ+ & ?9k+ 9 #aiba4 ,& 8 propos$ rem$ies f9d an e*o 9 a numb] ( our contempor>y movem5ts4 ,he want$ to br+ all nations to =m "o s+le /ate4 ,he want$ to h a univ]sal language z ! common m$ium ( in/ruction & discussion1 & he want$ to create a common ,book ( ,necess>y ,k1 a sort ( common basis ( wisdom1 = all educat$ m5 9 ! _w4 ,n[ ?is la/ is ! idea ,i w\ld l to develop n[4 ,i w\ld l to discuss :e!r our education--:i* n[adays 9 our mod]n /ates rea*es ev]yone--:e!r our education c include & ought to include su* a ,book ( ,necess>y ,k & ,wisdom2 & 7hav+ attempt$ to answ] t enquiry 9 ! affirmative7 ,i %all !n attempt a sket* ( su* a book4 ,b to beg9 ) p]haps ,i may meet an objection t is likely to arise4 ,i h call$ ?is hypo!tical book ( ours ! ,bible ( ,civilization1 & x may be t someone w say3 ,yes1 b y h a suffici5t book ( t sort already2 y h ! ,bible itself & t is all y ne$4 ,well1 ,i am tak+ ! ,bible z my model4 ,i am tak+ x because twice 9 hi/ory--fir/ z ! ,old ,te/am5t & !n aga9 z ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t toge!r--x has =m$ a culture1 & unifi$ & kept toge!r ?r\gh _m g5]ations great masses ( p4 ,x has be5 ! basis ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian civilizations alike4 ,& ev5 9 ! ,new ,_w ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut did1 ,i believe1 9 its e>lie/ beg9n+s take ! ,bible z its only law4 ,nev]!less1 ,i hope ,i %all n (f5d any read] if ,i po9t out t ! ,bible is n all t we ne$ to-day1 & t also 9 "s respects x is r$undant4 ,its v virtues creat$ its limitations4 ,x s]v$ m5 s well t !y made a ,canon ( x & refus$ to alt] x fur!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! mo/ vital phases ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 ?r\gh\t ! mo/ liv+ ye>s ( ,*ri/ian developm5t ! ,bible *ang$ & grew4 ,!n its gr[? ceas$ & its text became fix$4 ,b ! _w w5t on gr[+ & discov]+ new ne$s & new necessities4 ,let me deal fir/ ) its r$undancy4 ,s f> z r$undancy goes1 a great deal ( ! ,book ( ,leviticus1 = example1 seems n vitally necess>y = ! ord9>y citiz5 ( to-day2 !re are long explicit directions = temple wor%ip & sacrificial proc$ure4 ,!re is aga91 s f> z ! latt] day citiz5 is conc]n$1 an excess ( in=mation ab\t ! m9or ,k+s ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,& !re is m light ?an mo/ ( u feel we require n[adays ^u ! =eign policies ( ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,x /irs our pulses feebly1 x helps u only v indirectly to le>n t ,attai begat ,na?an & ,na?an begat ,zabad1 or t ,ob$ begat ,jehu & ,jehu begat ,az>iah1 & s on = two or ?ree hundr$ v]ses4 ,& s f> z defici5cies g1 !re is a great multitude ( mod]n problems--problems t ent] intimately into ! moral life ( all ( u1 ) :i* ! ,bible does n deal1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce1 = example1 & ! age-long feud ( ,russia & ,pol& t has gone on ) v>y+ =tunes = f\r c5turies4 ,t is mu* m important to our mod]n _w ?an ! anci5t conflict ( ,assyria & ,egypt :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! old ,bible record4 ,& !re are all sorts ( moral problems aris+ out ( mod]n conditions on :i* ! ,bible %$s little or no direct light3 ! duties ( a citiz5 at an election1 or ! duties ( a %>ehold] to ! lab\r employ$ by 8 company1 = example4 ,= ^! ?+s we ne$ at lea/ a supplem5t1 if we are /ill to keep our community ^u "o g5]al basis ( und]/&+1 ^u "o unify+ /&>d ( ?\ght & behavi\r4 ,we are s br\ght up ^u ! ,bible1 we are s us$ to x long be=e we beg9 to ?9k h>d ab\t x1 t all sorts ( ?+s t are really v /rik+ ab\t x1 ! facts t ! hi/ory ( ,judah & ,israel is told twice ov] & t ! gospel n>rative is repeat$ f\r times ov] = example1 d n seem at all odd to u4 ,h[ else1 we ask1 c\ld y h x8 ,yet ^! are v odd features if we are to reg>d ! ,bible z ! compacte/ & mo/ p]fect /atem5t ( ess5tial tru? & wisdom4 ,& /ill m rem>kable1 x seems to me1 is x t ! ,bible breaks (f4 ,"o c\ld und]/& v well if ! ,bible broke (f ) ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ ?is ev5t has happ5$1 x might say1 no?+ else matt]s4 ,x is ! culm9ation4 ,b ! ,bible does n d t4 ,x goes on to a fairly detail$ acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s & e>ly politics ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x gives ! op5+ lit]ature ( !ological exposition4 ,& !n1 ) t /range & d\btful book1 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 x comes to an end4 ,z ,i say1 x leaves (f4 ,x leaves (f 9 ! middle ( ,roman imp]ial & social conflicts4 ,b ! _w has gone on & goes on--elaborat+ its problems1 enc\nt]+ fre% problems--until n[ !re is a gulf ( upw>ds ( eighte5 hundr$ ye>s betwe5 u & ! conclud+ expression ( ! ?\ght ( t anci5t "t4 ,i make ^! obs]vations 9 no _s ( detraction4 ,if any?+1 ^! peculi>ities ( ! ,bible add to ! wond] ( its influ5ce ov] ! lives & m9ds ( m54 ,x has be5 ,! ,book t has held toge!r ! fabric ( we/]n civilization4 ,x has be5 ! h&book ( life to c\ntless millions ( m5 & wom54 ,! civilization we possess c\ld n h come into exi/5ce & c\ld n h be5 su/a9$ )\t x4 ,x has expla9$ ! _w to ! mass ( our p1 & x has giv5 !m moral /&>ds & a =m into :i* _! consci5ces c\ld "w4 ,b does x d t to-day8 ,frankly1 ,i d n ?9k x does4 ,i ?9k t dur+ ! la/ c5tury ! ,bible has lo/ mu* ( its =m] hold4 ,x no long] grips ! community4 ,& ,i ?9k x has lo/ hold because ( ^? sund]+ eighte5 c5turies1 to :i* e fre% ye> adds itself1 because ( pr(\nd *anges 9 ! me?ods & me*anisms ( life1 & because ( ! va/ ext5sion ( our ideas by ! developm5t ( sci5ce 9 ! la/ c5tury or s4 ,x has lo/ hold1 b no?+ has aris5 to take its place4 ,t is ! grave/ aspect ( ?is matt]4 ,x 0 ! cem5t ) :i* our we/]n communities 7 built & by :i* !y 7 held toge!r4 ,& ! wea!r+ ( ^! c5turies & ! acids ( ^! lat] ye>s h eat5 into its social & p]sonal influ5ce4 ,x is no long] a suffici5t cem5t4 ,&--?is is ! ess5ce ( :at ,i am driv+ at--our mod]n communities are no long] cem5t$1 !y lack organiz$ solid>ity1 !y are n prep>$ to /& %ocks & /ra9s1 !y h become dang]\sly loose m5tally & morally4 ,t1 ,i believe1 is ! clue to a great proportion ( ! pres5t social & political tr\bles ( ! _w4 ,we ne$ to get back to a cem5t4 ,we want a ,bible4 ,we want a ,bible s badly t we _c af=d to put ! old ,bible on a p9nacle out ( daily use4 ,we want x re-adapt$ = use4 ,if x is true t ! old ,bible falls %ort 9 its hi/ory & does n apply closely to _m mod]n problems1 !n we ne$ a revis$ & enl>g$ ,bible 9 our s*ools & homes to re/ore a common gr\nd ( ideas & int]pretations if our civilization is to hold toge!r4 ,n[ let u see :at ! ,bible gave a man 9 ! days :5 x c\ld really grip & hold & conta9 him2 & let u ask if x is impossible to re/ore & recon/ruct a ,bible = ! ne$s ( ^! great & dang]\s days 9 :i* we are liv+4 ,c we re-cem5t our increas+ly un/able civilization8 ,i w n ask n[ :e!r !re is /ill "t left = u to d any?+ ( ! sort4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! ,bible gave a man 0 a ,cosmogony4 ,x gave him an acc\nt ( ! _w 9 :i* he f\nd himself & ( 8 place 9 x4 ,& !n x w5t on to a g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x did n tell him t hi/ory z a /r+ ( facts & dates1 b z a mov+ & int]e/+ /ory into :i* he himself f9ally came1 a /ory ( promises made & de/9ies to be fulfill$4 ,x gave him a dramatic relation%ip to ! s*emes ( ?+s4 ,x l9k$ him to all mank9d ) a conception ( relation%ips & duties4 ,x gave him a place 9 ! _w & put a mean+ into 8 life4 ,x expla9$ him to himself & to o!r p1 & x expla9$ o!r p to him4 ,9 o!r words1 out ( ! individual x made a citiz5 ) a code ( duties & expectations4 ,n[ ,i take x t bo? f ! po9t ( view ( individual happ9ess & f ! po9t ( view ( ! g5]al welf>e1 ?is developm5t ( ! citiz5%ip ( a man1 ?is plac+ ( a man 9 8 own _w1 is ( prim>y importance4 ,x is ! necess>y basis ( all "r education2 x is ! fundam5tal purpose ( ! s*ool1 & ,i d n believe an individual c be happy or a community be prosp]\s )\t x4 ,! ,bible & ! religions bas$ on x gave t idea ( a place 9 ! _w to ! p x taught4 ,b d we provide t idea ( a place 9 ! _w = our p to-day8 ,i sugge/ t we d n4 ,we d n give !m a cle> vision ( ! univ]se 9 :i* !y live1 & we d n give !m a hi/ory t inve/s _! lives ) mean+ & dignity4 ,! cosmogony ( ! ,bible has lo/ grip & conviction ^u m5's m9ds1 & ! ev]-wid5+ gulf ( ye>s makes its hi/ory & its political tea*+ m & m remote & unhelpful amid/ ! great ne$s ( to-day4 ,no?+ has be5 done to fill up ^! wid5+ gaps4 ,we h s great a respect = ! lett] ( ! ,bible t we ignore its _s & its prop] use4 ,we d n rewrite & retell ,g5esis 9 ! light & language ( mod]n k1 & we d n revise & br+ its hi/ory up to date & s apply x to ! problems ( our own "t4 ,s we h all[$ ! ,bible to become antiquat$ & remote1 v5]able & unhelpful4 ,!re has be5 a great ext5sion ( :at we call education 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 b :ile we h spread education widely1 !re has be5 a sort ( %r9kage & enfeeblem5t ( its aims4 ,education 9 ! pa/ set out to make a ,*ri/ian & a citiz5 & aft]w>ds a g5tleman out ( ! crude1 vulg>1 self-seek+ individual4 ,does education ev5 pret5d to d z mu* to-day8 ,x does no?+ ( ! sort4 ,our "y p are taught to read & write4 ,!y are taught bookkeep+ & languages t are likely to be useful to !m4 ,!y are giv5 a c]ta9 measure ( te*nical education1 & !y are taught to %ove4 ,& !n we turn !m out into ! _w to get on4 ,our te/ ( a college education is--,does x make a successful bus9ess man8 ,well1 ?is1 ,i take x1 is ! absolute degradation ( education4 ,x is a mod]n error t education exi/s = ! individual4 ,education exi/s = ! community & ! race2 x exi/s to subdue ! individual = ! good ( ! _w & 8 own ultimate happ9ess4 ,b we h be5 lett+ ! ess5tials ( education slip back into a second>y place 9 our pursuit ( m]e equipm5t1 & we see ! results to-day ?r\gh\t all ! mod]n /ates ( ! _w1 9 a loss ( cohesion1 discipl9e & co-op]ation4 ,m5 w n co-op]ate except to raise prices on ! consum] or wages on ! employ]1 & ev]yone scrambles = a front place & a good "t4 ,& !y d s1 p>tly no d\bt by virtue ( an in]adicable factor 9 !m kn[n z ,orig9al ,s91 b also v l>gely because ! vision ( life t 0 built up 9 _! m9ds at s*ool & 9 _! homes 0 fragm5t>y & un9spir+2 x _h no comm&+ appeal = _! imag9ations1 & no imp]atives = _! lives4 ,s ,i put x1 t = ! op5+ books ( our ,bible ( ,civilization1 our ,bible translat$ into t]ms ( mod]n k1 & z ! basis ( all our culture1 we %all foll[ ! old ,bible prec$5t exactly4 ,we %all tell to e citiz5 ( our community1 z pla9ly1 simply & beautifully z we c1 ! ,new ,/ory ( ,g5esis1 ! trem5d\s spectacle ( ! ,univ]se t sci5ce has op5$ to u1 ! flam+ beg9n+s ( our _w1 ! va/ ages ( its mak+ & ! a/\nd+ unfold+1 age aft] age1 ( ,life4 ,we %all tell ( ! *ang+ climates ( ?is sp9n+ globe & ! com+ & go+ ( great floras & faunas1 mighty races ( liv+ ?+s1 until out ( ! va/1 sl[ process our own k9d em]g$4 ,& we %all tell ! /ory ( our race4 ,h[ ?r\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s x won p[] ov] nature1 hunt$ & pres5tly s[$ & reap$4 ,h[ x le>nt ! secrets ( ! metals1 ma/]$ ! riddle ( ! seasons1 & took to ! seas4 ,t /ory ( our common inh]itance & ( our sl[ upw>d /ruggle has to be taught ?r\gh\t our entire community1 9 ! city slums & 9 ! out-(-!-way f>m/eads mo/ ( all4 ,by tea*+ x1 we re/ore aga9 to our p ! lo/ basis ( a community1 a common idea ( _! place 9 space & "t4 ,!n1 /ill foll[+ ! ,bible prec$5t1 we mu/ tell a univ]sal hi/ory ( man4 ,& ?\gh on ! surface x may seem to be a v diff]5t hi/ory f ! ,bible /ory1 9 sub/ance x w really be v mu* ! same hi/ory1 only robb$ ( anci5t trapp+s & symbols1 & made real & fre% aga9 = our pres5t ideas4 ,x w /ill be a /ory ( conditional promises1 ! promises ( human possibility1 a record ( s9s & blund]s & lo/ opportunities1 ( m5 :o walk$ n 9 ! ways ( righte\sness1 ( /iff-neck$ g5]ations1 & ( m]ciful r5ewals ( hope4 ,x w /ill po9t our lives to a common future :i* w be ! rew>d & judgm5t ( our pres5t lives4 ,y may say t no su* book exi/s--:i* is p]fectly true--& t no su* book c\ld be writt54 ,b !re ,i ?9k y und]rate ! capacity ( our ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,x w\ld be q possible to get toge!r a committee t w\ld give u ! compact & cle> cosmogony ( hi/ory t is ne$$4 ,"s ( ! greate/1 mo/ inspir+ books & docum5ts 9 ! _w h be5 produc$ by ,committees3 ,magna ,c>ta1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! ,engli% ,translation ( ! ,bible1 & ! ,pray] ,book ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* are all ! productions ( committees1 & !y are all f9e & inspir+ compilations4 ,= ! la/ ?ree ye>s ,i h be5 exp]im5t+ ) ?is p>ticul> task1 &1 ) ! help ( six o!r p1 ,i h sket*$ out & publi%$ an outl9e ( our _w's orig9s & hi/ory to %[ ! sort ( ?+ ,i mean4 ,t ,outl9e is1 ( c\rse1 a corrupt+ mass ( faults & m9or inaccuracies1 b x does demon/rate ! possibility ( do+ :at is requir$4 ,& its reception bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,engl& has %[n h[ ready1 h[ gre$y _m p are1 on acc\nt ( !mselves & on acc\nt ( _! *ildr51 = an ord]$ g5]al acc\nt ( ! exi/+ k ( our place 9 space & "t4 ,= want ( any?+ bett] !y h tak5 my ,outl9e v eag]ly4 ,f> m eag]ly w\ld !y h tak5 a f9]1 s\nd] & m au?oritative "w4 ,9 ,engl& ?is ,outl9e 0 almo/ ! fir/ exp]im5t ( ! k9d t has be5 made--! only o!r ,i "k ( 9 ,engl&1 0 a v compact ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w by ,mr4 ,osc> ,br[n+ publi%$ 9 #aiac4 ,b !re are sev]al educationi/s 9 ,am]ica :o h be5 at "w on ! same task4 ,9 ?is matt] ( a m g5]aliz$ hi/ory tea*+1 ! ,new ,_w is decid$ly lead+ ! ,old4 ,! p>ticul> problems ( a population ( mix$ orig9s h =c$ x ^u tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,my fri5d--,i am v happy to be able to call him my fri5d--,pr(essor ,brea/$1 9 conjunction ) t v able tea*] ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 has produc$ two books1 ,anci5t ,times & ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,times1 :i* toge!r make a v complete hi/ory ( civiliz$ man4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 give a hi/ory ( life be=e man1 nor v mu* ( human pre-hi/ory4 ,ano!r admirable ,am]ican summ>y ( hi/ory is ,doctor ,hutton ,web/]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,_w toge!r ) 8 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,?is aga9 is v sp>+ ( ! /ory ( primitive man4 ,b ! "w ( ^! g5tlem5 confirms my own exp]i5ce t x is q possible to tell 9 a compreh5sible & inspir+ outl9e ! :ole hi/ory ( life & mank9d 9 ! compass ( a c\ple ( manageable volumes4 ,nei!r ,br[n+ nor ,brea/$ & ,rob9son1 nor ,hutton ,web/]1 nor my own ef=t are v mu* long] ?an twice ! l5g? ( ,dick5s' novel ( ,bleak ,h\se4 ,s !re y h x4 ,!re is ! ?+ %[n to be possible4 ,if x is possible = u isolat$ work]s to d z mu* !n :y %\ld n ! ?+ be done 9 a big & au?oritative mann]8 ,:y %\ld we n h a great educational conf]5ce ( tea*]s1 sci5tific m5 & hi/orians f all ! civiliz$ peoples ( ! _w1 & :y %\ld !y n draft out a /&>d ,_w ,hi/ory = g5]al use 9 ! _w's s*ools8 ,:y %\ld t draft n be revis$ by scores ( speciali/s8 ,discuss$ & re-discuss$8 ,poli%$ & f9i%$1 & made ! op5+ "p ( a new ,bible ( ,civilization1 a new common basis = a _w culture8 ,at int]vals x w\ld ne$ to be revis$1 & x c\ld be revis$ & br\ght up to date 9 ! same mann]4 ,n[ su* a book & su* a book alone w\ld put ! p ( ! _w ^u an absolutely new foot+ ) reg>d to social & int]national affairs4 ,!y w\ld be told a hi/ory com+ "r up to ! ,daily ,newspap]4 ,!y w\ld see !mselves & ! news ( to-day z "p ( "o great developm5t4 ,x w\ld give _! lives significance & dignity4 ,x w\ld give ! ev5ts ( ! curr5t day significance & dignity4 ,x w\ld lift _! imag9ations up to a new level4 ,i say lift1 b ,i mean re/ore _! imag9ations to a =m] level4 ,because if y look back into ! lives ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 let u say1 or into ^? ( ! great soldi]s & /atesm5 ( ,cromwellian ,engl&1 y w f9d t ^! m5 _h a s5se ( p]sonal significance1 a s5se ( de/9y1 su* z no "o 9 politics or lit]ature seems to possess to-day4 ,!y 7 /ill 9 t\* ) ! old ,bible4 ,to-day if life seems adv5tur\s & fragm5t>y & g5]ally aimless x is l>gely because ( ?is "o ?+4 ,we h lo/ t\* ) hi/ory4 ,we h ceas$ to see human affairs z "o great epic unfold+4 ,& only by ! univ]sal tea*+ ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory c t epic quality be re/or$4 ,y see !n ! fir/ "p ( my project = a ,bible ( ,civilization1 a rewrit+ ( ,g5esis & ,exodus & ,judges & ,*ronicles 9 t]ms ( ,_w ,hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be a q possible ?+ to d4444 ,is x wor? do+8 ,& let me add "h t :5 we d get our ,new ,g5esis & our new hi/orical books1 !y w h a great numb] ( illu/rations z a liv+ & necess>y "p ( !m4 ,= n[adays we c n only h a canonical text1 b canonical maps & illu/rations4 ,! old ,hebrew ,bible 0 m]ely ! writt5 ^w4 ,inde$ x 0 n ev5 t1 = x 0 writt5 )\t v[els4 ,t 0 n a m]it1 nor a prec$5t = u2 x 0 an unavoidable limitation 9 ^? days2 b "u mod]n conditions !re is no reason :atev] :y we %\ld conf9e our ,bible to words :5 a draw+ or a map c bett] express ! ?+ we wi% to convey4 ,x is "o ( ! great advantages ( ! mod]n book ov] ! anci5t book t because ( pr9t+ x c use pictures z well z words4 ,:5 books _h to be reproduc$ by copyi/s ! use ( pictures 0 impossible4 ,!y w\ld h v>i$ ) ea* copy+ until !y became hopelessly di/ort$4444 ,sec4 #b ,b ! cosmological & hi/orical "p ( ! old ,bible 0 m]ely ! op5+1 ! gr\ndwork ^u :i* ! re/ 0 built4 ,let u n[ consid] :at else ! ,bible gave a man & a community1 & :at w\ld be ! mod]n =m ( ! ?+s x gave4 ,! next ?+ 9 ord] t ! ,bible gave a man & ! community to :i* he belong$ 0 ! ,law4 ,rules ( ,life4 ,rules ( ,heal?4 ,prescriptions--(t5 v detail$ & intimate--( p]missible & unp]missible conduct4 ,?is also ! mod]n citiz5 ne$s & %\ld h3 he & %e ne$ a book ( p]sonal wisdom4 ,fir/ z to ,heal?4 ,"o ( ! fir/ duties ( a citiz5 is to keep himself 9 m5tal & bodily heal? 9 ord] to be fit = ! re/ ( 8 duties4 ,n[ ! real ,bible1 our model1 is extremely explicit ^u a numb] ( po9ts1 ^u :at con/itutes cleanness or uncleanness1 ^u ablutions1 ^u :at a man or woman may eat & :at may n be eat51 ^u a numb] ( su* po9ts4 ,x 0 = its times & circum/ances a directory ( heal?y practice4 ,well1 ,i d n see :y ! ,bible ( a ,mod]n ,civilization %\ld n conta9 a book ( simil>ly cle> injunctions & w>n+s--:y we %\ld n tell e "o ( our p :at is to be kn[n ab\t self-c>e4 ,& closely connect$ ) ! c>e ( "o's m5tal & bodily heal? is sexual morality1 ^u :i* aga9 ,deut]onomy & ,leviticus are mo/ explicit1 leav+ v little to ! imag9ation4 ,i am all = imitat+ ! :olesome frankness ( ! anci5t book4 ,:]e !re are no d>k corn]s !re is v little f]m5tation1 !re is v little f\lness or infection4 ,b 9 ne>ly e detail & 9 me?od & mann]1 ! ,bible ( our ,civilization ne$s to be full] & diff]5t f its prototype ^u ^! matt]s4 ,! real ,bible dealt ) an ori5tal population liv+ "u mu* crud] conditions ?an our own1 engag$ ma9ly 9 agriculture1 & ) a f> less v>i\s diet>y ?an ours4 ,!y _h f]m5t$ b n di/ill$ liquors2 !y _h no pres]v$ nor refrig]at$ foods2 !y m>ri$ at adolesc5ce2 _m grave diseases t prevail to-day 7 unkn[n to !m1 & _! sanit>y problems 7 entirely diff]5t4 ,g5]ally our ,new ,leviticus w h to be mu* full]4 ,x mu/ deal ) ex]cise--:i* came naturally to ^? ,hebrew %eph]ds4 ,x mu/ deal ) ! pres]vation ( en]gy "u conditions ( en]vation ( :i* ! prophets knew no?+4 ,on ! o!r h& our ,new ,leviticus c af=d to give mu* less att5tion to leprosy--:i* almo/ dom9ates ! heal? in/ructions ( ! anci5t law-giv]4 ,i d n "k any?+ v mu* ab\t ! movem5ts 9 ,am]ica t aim at ! improvem5t ( ! public heal? & at ! removal ( public ignorance ^u vital ?+s4 ,9 ,brita9 we h a numb] ( p[]ful organizations active 9 dissem9at+ k to c\nt]act ! spread ( ?is or t infecti\s or contagi\s disease4 ,! ,w> has made u 9 ,europe mu* m outspok5 & fe>less 9 deal+ ) lurk+ hide\s evils4 ,we believe mu* m ?an we did 9 ! curative value ( light & k4 ,& we h a v consid]able lit]ature ( books on--:at %all ,i call x8 on ,sex ,wisdom1 :i* aim to prev5t "s ( t great volume ( mis]y1 deprivation & n]v\s disease due to ! prevail+ ignorance & secrecy 9 ^! matt]s4 ,= 9 ^! matt]s great multitudes ( mod]n p /ill live 9 an ignorance t w\ld h be5 inconceivable to an anci5t ,hebrew4 ,9 ,engl& n[ ! books ( su* a writ] z ,dr4 ,m>ie ,/opes are enorm\sly read1 &--?\gh !y are by no means p]fect works--d mu* to mitigate ! hidd5 disappo9tm5ts1 discont5ts1 /resses & cruelties ( m>ri$ life4 ,n[ ,i believe t x w\ld be possible to compile a mod]n ,leviticus & ,deut]onomy to tell our :ole mod]n community dec5tly & pla9ly--j z pla9ly z ! old ,hebrew ,bible in/ruct$ its ,hebrew population--:at 0 to be kn[n & :at _h to be done1 & :at _h n to be done 9 ^! intimate matt]s4 ,b ,heal? & ,sex d n exhau/ ! problems ( conduct4 ,!re are also ! problems ( ,prop]ty & ,trade & ,lab\r4 ,^u ^! also ! old ,bible did n hesitate to be explicit4 ,= example1 x insi/$ meticul\sly ^u ! "r ( lab\r to glean & ^u ! sell] giv+ a full measure brimm+ ov]1 & x prohibit$ usury4 ,b "h aga9 ! ,bible is extraord9>ily unhelpful :5 we come to mod]n issues1 because its rules & regulations 7 fram$ = a community & = an economic sy/em altoge!r crud]1 m limit$ & less complicat$ ?an our own4 ,mu* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t we h to rememb] 0 already 9 exi/5ce be=e ! free use ( co9$ metal4 ,! va/ cr$it sy/em ( our days1 jo9t-/ock company ent]prise & ! l1 7 beyond ! imag9ation ( t "t4 ,s too 0 any anticipation ( mod]n indu/rialism4 ,& accord+ly we live to-day 9 a _w 9 :i* nei!r prop]ty nor employm5t h ev] be5 prop]ly moraliz$4 ,! bulk ( our pres5t social & economic tr\bles is due v l>gely to t4 ,9 no matt] is ?is muddl$ civilization ( ours m hopelessly at sixes & sev5s ?an 9 ?is matt] ( ! rights & duties ( prop]ty4 ,manife/ly prop]ty is a tru/ = ! community v>y+ 9 its responsibilities ) ! nature ( ! prop]ty4 ,! prop]ty "o has 9 "o's too?bru% is diff]5t f ! prop]ty "o has 9 t5 ?\s& acres ( l&2 ! prop]ty "o has 9 a photograph ( a fri5d is diff]5t f ! prop]ty "o has 9 "s irreplaceable ma/]piece ( portraiture4 ,! =m] "o may de/roy ) a good consci5ce1 b n ! latt]4 ,at lea/ s x seems to me4 ,b op9ions v>y enorm\sly on ^! matt]s because we h nev] really work$ !m out4 ,on ! "o h&1 9 ?is matt] ( prop]ty1 we h ! extreme individuali/ :o decl>es t a man has an unlimit$ "r to d :at he likes ) 8 own--s t a man :o owns a coal m9e may j burn x out to please himself or spite ! _w1 or raise ! price ( coal g5]ally--& on ! o!r h& we h ! extreme communi/ :o d5ies all prop]ty & 9 practice--s f> z ,i c und]/& 8 practice--goes on ! pr9ciple t ev]y?+ belongs to somebody else or t "o is entitl$ to ex]cise propriet>y rights ov] ev]y?+ t does n belong to oneself4 7,i confess t communi/ic practice is a little difficult to =mulate47 ,betwe5 ^! extremi/s y c f9d e v>iety ( idea ab\t :at "o may d & ab\t :at "o may n d ) money & cr$it & prop]ty g5]ally4 ,is x an (f5ce to gamble8 ,is x an (f5ce to speculate8 ,is x an (f5ce to hold f]tile fields & n cultivate !m8 ,is x an (f5ce to hold f]tile fields & und]cultivate !m8 ,is x an (f5ce to use y\r inve/$ money m]ely to live pleasantly )\t work+8 ,is x an (f5ce to sp5d y\r money on y\rself & refuse y\r wife m ?an b>e necessities8 ,is x an (f5ce to sp5d exorbitant sums t might o!rwise g 9 reproductive inve/m5ts1 to gratify ! :ims & vanities ( y\r wife8 ,y w f9d diff]5t p answ]+ any ( ^! que/ions ) ,yes or ,no4 ,b x _c be bo? ,yes & ,no4 ,!re mu/ be a def9able ,"r or ,wrong ^u all ^! issues4 ,almo/ all ! lab\r tr\ble 9 ! _w spr+s directly f our lack ( an effective detail$ moral code ab\t prop]ty4 ,! fre$om t is claim$ = all sorts ( prop]ty & ex]cis$ by all sorts ( prop]ty to wa/e or )hold is ! clue to t savage res5tm5t :i* fl>es out n[adays 9 e great lab\r conflict4 ,lab\r is a rebel because prop]ty is a lib]t9e4 ,n[ ?is untill$ field ( conduct1 ?is moral wild]ness ( ! rights & duties & limitations ( prop]ty1 ! ,books ( ! ,law 9 a mod]n ,bible c\ld cle> up 9 ! mo/ lucid & satisfy+ way4 ,i want to get ^? p>ts ( ,deut]onomy & ,leviticus writt5 aga91 m urg5tly ?an any o!r "p ( ! mod]n ,bible4 ,i want to see x at "w 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! law-c\rts4 ,i admit t x w\ld be a mo/ difficult book to write & t we %\ld raise controv]sial /orms ov] e v]se4 ,b :at an excell5t ?+ to h x out1 once = all1 ) "s ( ^! rankl+ problems6 ,:at an excell5t ?+ if we c\ld get toge!r a *oice gr\p ( repres5tative m5--/rictly ration$ z to pap]--& get !m to set d[n cle>ly & exactly j :at classes ( prop]ty !y recogniz$ & :at limitations ! community 0 entitl$ to impose ^u ea* sort4 ,e c\ntry 9 ! _w does impose limitations4 ,9 ,italy y may n export an anci5t "w ( art1 al?\gh x is y\r own4 ,9 ,engl& y may n maltreat y\r own dog or cat4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i am told1 y may n use y\r doll>s to buy alcohol4 ,:y %\ld we n make all ?is classification ( prop]ty & ! re/ra9ts ^u ea* class ( prop]ty1 sy/ematic & _w-wide8 ,if we c\ld s moralize ! use ( prop]ty1 if we c\ld arrive at a cle> idea ( j :at use an own] c\ld make ( 8 ma*9]y1 or a f9anci] c\ld make ( 8 cr$it1 w\ld !re be mu* left ( ! incessant lab\r conflicts ( ! pres5t "t8 ,= if y w look into x1 y w f9d !re is h>dly ev] a lab\r conflict into :i* "s unsettl$ "q ( pr9ciple1 "s unsettl$ "q ( ! p]missible use ( prop]ty1 does n ent] z ! f9al & ess5tial dispute4 ,v ,,! ,,bible ,,( ,,civilization ,,"p ,,two ,sec4 #c ,9 ! prec$+ sections we h discuss$ ,g5esis & ! ,hi/orical ,books g5]ally z !y w\ld appe> 9 a mod]niz$ ,bible1 & we h dealt ) ! ,law4 ,b ^! are only ! f\ndations & op5+s ( ! ,bible z we "k x4 ,we come n[ to ! ,psalms & ,prov]bs1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 ! ,book ( ,job--& ! ,prophets4 ,:at are ! mod]n equival5ts ( ^! books8 ,well1 :at 7 !y8 ,!y 7 ! entire ,hebrew lit]ature d[n to ab\t ! "t ( ,ezra2 !y include sacr$ songs1 love songs1 a dramatic dialogue1 a sort ( novel 9 ! ,books ( ,ru? & ,e/h]1 & s =?4 ,:at w\ld be our equival5t ( ?is "p ( ! ,bible to-day8 ,:at w\ld be ! equival5t = ! ,bible ( a _w civilization8 ,i suppose t x w\ld be ! :ole _w lit]ature4 ,t1 ,i admit1 is a r trem5d\s proposition4 ,are we to contemplate ! prospect ( a mod]n ,bible 9 tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& volumes8 ,su* a va/ ,bible w\ld defeat its own end4 ,we want a ,bible t ev]yone w "k1 :i* w be grasp$ by ! m9d ( ev]yone4 ,t is ess5tial to our idea ( a ,bible z a social cem5t4 ,=tunately our model ,bible1 z we h x to-day1 gives u a lead 9 ?is matt]4 ,its cont5ts are classifi$4 ,we h fir/ ( all ! canonical books1 :i* are treat$ z ! vitally important books2 !y are ! books1 to quote ! phrase us$ 9 ! ,engli% pray] book1 :i* are necess>y to salvation4 ,& !n we h a collection ( o!r books1 ! ,apocrypha1 ! books set aside1 books (t5 admirable & beautiful1 b n ess5tial1 good to be read = example ( life & in/ruction ( mann]s1 yet books t ev]yone ne$ n read & "k4 ,let u take ?is lead & let u ask :e!r we c--) ! :ole accumulat$ lit]ature ( ! _w z our mat]ial--select a bookful or s ( matt]1 ( su* exceptional value t x w\ld be well = all mank9d to read x & "k x4 ,?is w be our equival5t = ! canonical ,books4 ,i w return to t 9 a mom5t4 ,& outside ?is canonical ,book or ,books1 %all we leave all ! re/ ( lit]ature 9 a limitless ,apocrypha8 ,i am d\btful ab\t t4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t we make a second int]m$iate class betwe5 ! canonical books t ev]yone 9 our civilization ought to read & ! out] ,apocrypha t y may read or n z y *oose4 ,?is int]m$iate class ,i w\ld call ! ,great ,books ( ! ,_w4 ,x w\ld n be a "p ( our ,bible1 b x w\ld come next to our ,bible4 ,x w\ld n be :at "o mu/ read b only :at x is desirable ! p %\ld read4 ,n[ ?is canonical lit]ature we are discuss+ is to be ! ?ird vital "p ( our mod]n ,bible4 ,i conceive ( x z some?+ t w\ld g into ! h&s ( e man & woman 9 t com+ great civilization :i* is ! dream ( our race4 ,toge!r ) ! ,book ( ,_w ,hi/ory & ! ,book ( ,law & ,righte\sness & ,wisdom t ,i h sket*$ out to y1 & ano!r ,book ( :i* ,i %all h some?+ to say lat]1 ?is canonical lit]ature w con/itute ! intellectual & moral cem5t ( ! ,_w ,society1 t intellectual & moral cem5t = ! want ( :i* our _w falls into political & social confusion & disa/] to-day4 ,^u su* a basis1 ^u a common body ( ideas1 a common moral tea*+ & ! _w-wide assimilation ( ! same emotional & ae/hetic mat]ial1 x may /ill be possible to build up humanity into "o co-op]ative v>i\s & und]/&+ community4 ,n[ if we be> ?is idea ( a cem5t+ function firmly 9 m9d1 we %all h a crit]ion by :i* to judge :at %all be omitt$ f & :at %all be includ$ 9 ! ,books ( ,lit]ature 9 ?is mod]n ,bible ( ours4 ,we %all beg91 ( c\rse1 by levy+ toll ^u ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ne$ ju/ify t /ep4 ,i suppose t !re w be no d\bt ( ! inclusion ( _m ( ! ,psalms--b ,i "q if we %\ld include !m all--& ( a numb] ( spl5did passages f ! ,prophets4 ,%\ld we include ! ,song ( ,songs8 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! compil]s ( a new ,bible w\ld hesitate at t4 ,%\ld we include ! ,book ( ,job8 ,t ,i ?9k w\ld be a v difficult "q inde$ = our compil]s4 ,! ,book ( ,job is a v wond]ful & beautiful discussion ( ! pr(\nd problem ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,x is a trem5d\s ex]cise to read & und]/&1 b is x univ]sally necess>y8 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! ,book ( ,job1 possibly ) ! illu/rations ( ,blake1 w\ld n make a "p ( our ,canon b w\ld rank among our ,great ,books4 ,x is a "p ( a v l>ge lit]ature ( discussion1 ( :i* ,i %all h m to say 9 a mom5t4 ,s too ,i "q if we %\ld make ! /ory ( ,ru? or ! /ory ( ,e/h] fundam5tal tea*+ = our _w civilization4 ,daniel1 aga91 ,i imag9e relegat$ to ! ,apocrypha4 ,b to ?is ,i w return lat]4 ,! /ory ( ! ,gospels w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 incorporat$ 9 our ,hi/orical ,book1 b 9 addition z "p ( our fir/ canon1 ea* ( ! f\r gospels--) ! possible omission ( ! g5ealogies--w\ld h a place1 = ! sake ( _! mat*less directness1 simplicity & beauty4 ,!y give a picture1 !y convey an atmosph]e ( supreme value to u all1 incommunicable 9 any o!r =m or language4 ,aga9 !re is a great weal? ( mat]ial 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,x is1 = example1 inconceivable t su* a passage z t ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians--,?\gh ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & angels & h n *>ity ,i am become z s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal--! :ole ( t wond]ful *apt]--%\ld ev] pass out ( ! common h]itage ( mank9d4 ,s mu* f ! ,anci5t ,bible = our mod]n ,bible1 all its inspiration & beauty & fire4 ,& n[ :at else8 ,speak+ 9 ,engli% to an ,engli%-speak+ audi5ce "o "n comes close ^u ! ,bible1 ,%akespe>4 ,:at are we go+ to d ab\t ,%akespe>8 ,if y 7 to waylay almo/ any ,engli%man or ,am]ican & put ?is project ( a mod]n ,bible be=e him1 & !n beg9 y\r li/ ( +r$i5ts ) ! ,bible & ! :ole ( ,%akespe>1 he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly say1 ,yes1 ,yes4 ,b w\ld he be "r8 ,on reflection he might p]haps rec$e & say ,n ! :ole ( ,%akespe>1 b well1 ,hamlet1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,a ,midsumm]-,night's ,dream4 ,b ev5 ^!6 ,are !y g5]ally necess>y to salvation8 ,we run our m9ds ?r\gh ! treasures ( ,%akespe> z we might run our f+]s ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( a box ( v preci\s & beautiful jewels--be=e equipp+ a y\? = battle4 ,no4 ,^! ?+s are = ornam5t & joy4 ,i d\bt if we c\ld h a s+le play--a s+le sc5e ( ,%akespe>'s 9 our ,canon4 ,he goes altoge!r into ! ,great ,books1 all ( him2 he jo9s ! ari/ocracy ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,&1 ,i believe1 ne>ly all ! great plays ( ! _w w\ld h to jo9 him !re4 ,euripides & ,sophocles1 ,s*ill] & ,ibs54 ,p]haps "s spee*es & su*-l passages might be quot$ 9 ! ,canon1 b t is all4 ,our ,canon1 rememb]1 is to be ! ess5tial cem5t+ /uff ( our community & no?+ m4 ,if once we admit m]ely beautiful & delightful ?+s1 !n ,i see an ov]:elm+ inru% ( jewels & fl[]s4 ,if we admit ,a ,midsumm]-,night's ,dream1 !n ,i mu/ insi/ t we also admit su* lovely nons5se z ,9 ,xanadu did ,kubla ,khan ,a /ately pleasure dome decree1 ,:]e ,alph ! sacr$ riv] ran ,?r\gh cav]ns measureless to man ,d[n to a sunless sea4444 ,our ,canon ,i am afraid _c take 9 su* ?+s1 & ) ! plays we mu/ bani% also all ! novels2 ! great] books ( su* writ]s z ,c]vantes1 ,defoe1 ,dick5s1 ,field+1 ,tol/oi1 ,h>dy1 ,hamsun1 t great succession ( writ]s--!y are all good = example ( life & in/ruction ( mann]s1 & to ! ,apocrypha !y mu/ g4 ,& s x is t s9ce ,i w\ld bani% ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,i w\ld also bani% ! ,song ( ,songs1 & s9ce ,i mu/ put away ,vanity ,fair & ! ,%abby ,g5teel ,/ory1 ,i w\ld also put away ,e/h] & ,ru?4 ,& ,i f9d myself mo/ reluctant to exclude n any novels writt5 9 ,engli%1 b "o or two great sweep+ books by non-,engli% writ]s4 ,x seems to me t ,tol/oi's ,w> & ,peace & ,hamsun's ,gr[? ( ! ,soil are books on an almo/ ,biblical scale1 t !y deal ) life s greatly z to come ne>e/ to ! idea ( a univ]sally inspir+ & illum9at+ lit]ature :i* und]lies ! idea ( our ,canon4 ,if we put 9 any :ole novels into ! ,canon ,i w\ld plead = ^!4 ,b ,i w n plead n[ ev5 = ^!4 ,i d n ?9k any novels at all c g into our mod]n ,bible1 z :ole works4 ,! possibility ( long passages go+ 91 is ( c\rse1 q a diff]5t matt]4 ,& pass+ n[ f great plays & great novels & romances1 we come to ! /ill m difficult problem ( great philosophical & critical works4 ,take ,gulliv]'s ,travels--an int5se1 d>k1 /irr+ criticism ( life & social ord]--& ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 full ( light & inspiration4 ,9 ^! latt] we might qu>ry = beautiful passages = our ,canon1 b ,i d n ?9k we c\ld take !m 9 z :oles1 & if we d n take !m 9 z complete books1 !n ,i ?9k t ,semitic p>allel to ^! ,greek dialogues1 ,! ,book ( ,job1 mu/ /& n 9 our ,canon1 b 9 ! ,great ,book section ( our ,apocrypha4 ,& next we h to consid] all ! great ,epics 9 ! _w4 ,!re aga9 ,i am = exclusion4 ,?is ,bible we are consid]+ mu/ be univ]sally available4 ,if x is too bulky = univ]sal use x loses its prim>y function ( a moral cem5t4 ,we _c include ! ,iliad1 ! ,norse ,sagas1 ! ,a,eneid or ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 our ,canon4 ,let !m swell ! great sack ( our ,apocrypha1 & let ! *ildr5 read !m if !y w4 ,:5 "o glances 9 ?is fa%ion ov] ! accumulat$ lit]>y res\rces ( mank9d x becomes pla9 t our canonical books ( lit]ature 9 ?is mod]n ,bible ( ours c be little m ?an an ,an?ology or a gr\p ( ,an?ologies4 ,p]haps !y might be ga!r$ "u sep>ate heads1 z ! ',book ( ,fre$om1' ! ',book ( ,ju/ice1' ! ',book ( ,*>ity4' ,& n[ hav+ done no?+ z yet b reject1 let me beg9 to accept4 ,let me quote a few samples ( ! k9d ( ?+ t ,i imag9e w\ld be/ s]ve ! purpose ( our ,bible & t %\ld c]ta9ly be includ$4 ,"h are words t e ,am]ican kn[s by he>t already--,i w\ld l e man 9 ! _w to "k !m by he>t & to repeat !m4 ,x is ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address & ,i w n sp>e y a ^w ( x3 ,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago our fa!rs br\ght =? on ?is cont95t a new nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal4 ,n[ we are engag$ 9 a great civil w>1 te/+ :e!r t nation1 or any nation s conceiv$ & s d$icat$1 c long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield ( t w>4 ,we h come to d$icate a portion ( t field1 z a f9al re/+-place = ^? :o "h gave _! lives t t nation might live4 ,x is altoge!r fitt+ & prop] t we %\ld d ?is4 ,b 9 a l>g] s5se1 we _c d$icate--we _c consecrate--we _c hall[--?is gr\nd4 ,! brave m51 liv+ & dead1 :o /ruggl$ "h1 h consecrat$ x1 f> above our poor p[] to add or detract4 ,! _w w little note1 nor long rememb] :at we say "h1 b x c nev] =get :at !y did "h4 ,x is = u1 ! liv+1 r1 to be d$icat$ "h to ! unf9i%$ "w :i* !y :o f\ght "h h ?us f> s nobly advanc$4 ,x is r = u to be "h d$icat$ to ! great task rema9+ be=e u--t f ^! honor$ dead we take increas$ devotion to t cause = :i* !y gave ! la/ full measure ( devotion4 ,t we "h highly resolve t ^! dead %all n h di$ 9 va9--t ?is nation1 "u ,god1 %all h a new bir? ( fre$om--& t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,& "h is some?+ t might p]haps make ano!r %ort *apt] 9 ! same ,book ( ,fre$om--b x deals ) ,fre$om ( a diff]5t sort3 ,out ( ! night t cov]s me ,black z ! pit f pole to pole1 ,i ?ank :atev] gods may be ,= my unconqu]able s\l4 ,9 ! fell clut* ( circum/ance ,i h n w9c$ nor cri$ al\d1 ,"u ! bludgeon+s ( ,*ance1 ,my head is bloody b unb[$4 ,beyond ?is ,place ( wra? & te>s1 ,looms b ! ,horror ( ! ,%ade1 ,& yet ! ,m5ace ( ! ye>s ,f9ds & %all f9d me ,unafraid4 ,x matt]s n h[ /rait ! gate1 ,h[ *>g$ ) puni%m5ts ! scroll1 ,i am ! ,ma/] ( my ,fate1 ,i am ! ,capta9 ( my ,s\l4 ,t1 z y "k1 0 ,h5ley's1 & z ,i turn$ up 8 volume ( poems to copy out t poem ,i came aga9 on ^! famili> l9es3 ,! ways ( ,dea? are soo?+ & s]5e1 ,& all ! words ( ,dea? are grave & sweet1 ,f camp & *ur*1 ! fireside & ! /reet1 ,%e beckons =?--& /rife & song h be54 ,a summ]'s night desc5d+ cool & gre51 ,& d>k on daytime's du/ & /ress & heat1 ,! ways ( ,dea? are soo?+ & s]5e1 ,& all ! words ( ,dea? are grave & sweet4 ,!re seems some?+ 9 t also :i* ,i c\ld sp>e only v reluctantly f a new ,bible 9 ! _w4 ,yet ,i t5d] ^? l9es v d\btfully4 ,= ,i am n a v cultivat$ & well-read p]son1 & note only ! ?+s t h /ruck ^u my m9d2 b ,i q und]/& t !re mu/ be _m ?+s ( ! same sort1 b bett]1 t ,i h nev] enc\nt]$1 or t ,i h n he>d or read "u circum/ances t 7 fav\rable to _! prop] appreciation4 ,i w\ld r say ab\t :at ,i am quot+ 9 ?is section1 n positively ?is ?+1 b m]ely ?is sort ( ?+4 ,& 9 ! ve9 ( ?is sort ( ?+ let me quote y--aga9 = ! ,book ( ,fre$om--a passage f ,milton1 def5d+ ! anci5t ,engli% tradition ( free spee* & free decision & prais+ ,london & ,engl&4 ,?is ,london & ,engl& ( :i* he boa/s h broad5$ out z ! idea ( ,j]usalem has broad5$ out1 to _w-wide compreh5sions4 ,let no false mode/y bl9d u to our great tradition2 y & ,i are /ill ?9k+ 9 ,milton's city2 we cont9ue1 h[ev] unwor?ily1 ! great inh]itance ( ! _w-wide responsibility & s]vice1 ( ,8 ,engli%m54 ,"h is my passage3 ,n[ once aga9 by all concurr5ce ( signs1 & by ! g5]al in/9ct ( holy & dev\t m51 z !y daily & solemnly express _! ?\ghts1 ,god is decree+ to beg9 "s new & great p]iod 9 ,8 ,*ur*1 ev5 to ! re=m+ ( re=mation itself2 :at does ,he !n b reveal ,himself to ,8 s]vants1 & z ,8 mann] is1 fir/ to ,8 ,engli%m58 ,i say1 z ,8 mann] is1 fir/ to u1 ?\gh we m>k n ! me?od ( ,8 c\nsels1 & are unwor?y4 ,behold n[ ?is va/ city1 a city ( refuge1 ! mansion-h\se ( lib]ty1 encompass$ & surr\nd$ ) ,8 protection2 ! %op ( w> ha? n !re m anvils & hamm]s work+1 to fa%ion out ! plates & in/rum5ts ( arm$ ju/ice 9 def5ce ( beleagu]$ tru?1 ?an !re be p5s & heads !re1 sitt+ by _! /udi\s lamps1 mus+1 se>*+1 revolv+ new notions & ideas :]e) to pres5t1 z ) _! homage & _! fealty1 ! approa*+ re=mation3 o!rs z fa/ read+1 try+ all ?+s1 ass5t+ to ! =ce ( reason & conv9cem5t4 ,:at c\ld a man require m f a nation s pliant & s prone to seek aft] k8 ,:at wants !re to su* a t[>dly & pregnant soil1 b wise & fai?ful lab\r]s1 to make a kn[+ p1 a nation ( prophets1 ( sages1 & ( wor?ies8 ,we reckon m ?an five mon?s yet to h>ve/2 !re ne$ n be five weeks1 _h we b eyes to lift up1 ! fields are :ite already4 ,:]e !re is mu* desire to le>n1 !re ( necessity w be mu* argu+1 mu* writ+1 _m op9ions2 = op9ion 9 good m5 is b k 9 ! mak+4 ,"u ^! fanta/ic t]rors ( sect & s*ism1 we wrong ! e>ne/ & zeal\s ?ir/ aft] k & und]/&+1 :i* ,god ha? /irr$ up 9 ?is city4 ,:at "s lam5t (1 we r %\ld rejoice at1 %\ld r praise ?is pi\s =w>dness among m51 to reassume ! ill-deput$ c>e ( _! religion into _! own h&s aga94 ,a little g5]\s prud5ce1 a little =be>ance ( "o ano!r1 & "s gra9 ( *>ity might w9 all ^! dilig5cies to jo9 & unite into "o g5]al & bro!rly se>* aft] tru?2 c\ld we b =ego ?is prelatical tradition ( cr[d+ free consci5ces & ,*ri/ian lib]ties into canons & precepts ( m54 ,i d\bt n1 if "s great & wor?y /rang] %\ld come among u1 wise to disc]n ! m\ld & temp] ( a p1 & h[ to gov]n x1 obs]v+ ! high hopes & aims1 ! dilig5t alacrity ( our ext5d$ ?\ghts & reason+s 9 ! pursuance ( tru? & fre$om1 b t he w\ld cry out z ,pyrrhus did1 admir+ ! ,roman docility & c\rage3 ',if su* 7 my ,epirots1 ,i w\ld n despair ! greate/ design t c\ld be attempt$ to make a *ur* or k+dom happy4' ,yet ^! are ! m5 cri$ out aga9/ = s*ismatics & sect>ies1 z if1 :ile ! temple ( ! ,"l 0 build+1 "s cutt+1 "s squ>+ ! m>ble1 o!rs hew+ ! c$>s1 !re %\ld be a sort ( irrational m51 :o c\ld n consid] !re mu/ be _m s*isms & _m dissections made 9 ! qu>ry & 9 ! timb] ere ! h\se ( ,god c be built4 ,& :5 e /one is laid artfully toge!r1 x _c be unit$ into a cont9uity1 x c b be contigu\s 9 ?is _w3 nei!r c e piece ( ! build+ be ( "o =m2 nay1 r ! p]fection consi/s 9 ?is1 t out ( _m mod]ate v>ieties & bro!rly dissimilitudes t are n va/ly disproportional1 arises ! goodly & ! graceful symmetry t comm5ds ! :ole pile & /ructure4 ,b ,i w n g on turn+ ov] ! pages ( books & recit+ prose & poetry to y4 ,i _c ev5 beg9 to rem9d y ( ! imm5se treasure ( noble & ennobl+ prose & v]se t ?is _w has accumulat$ 9 ! pa/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,n "o s\l 9 t5 ?\s& t is born into ?is _w ev5 ta/es f t /ore4 ,= mo/ ( mank9d n[ t treasure is z if x _h nev] be54 ,is x too mu* to sugge/ t we %\ld make "s organiz$ attempt to ga!r up ! qu9tess5ce ( lit]ature n[1 & make x accessible to ! masses ( our race8 ,:y %\ld we n on a l>ge scale ) a c]ta9 bread? & dignity set ab\t compil+ ! ,poetic ,books1 ! ,books ( ,inspiration = a r5ew$ ,bible1 = a ,bible ( ,civilization8 ,x seems to me t su* a ,book made univ]sally accessible1 made a basis ( tea*+ ev]y:]e c\ld set ! key ( ! :ole _w's ?\ght4 ,sec4 #d ,today ,!re rema9s "o o!r elem5t if we are to complete ! p>allelism ( ! old ,bible & ! new4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,bible ends ) a =eca/1 ! ,book ( ,revelation2 ! ,hebrew ,bible end$ also ) =eca/s1 ! ,prophets4 ,to t ! old ,bible ow$ mu* ( its magic p[] ov] m5's imag9ations & ! inspiration x gave !m4 ,x 0 n a dead record1 n an accumulation ( ?+s f9i%$ & ( songs sung4 ,x po9t$ /eadily & pla9ly to ! ,days to ,come z ! end & explanation ( all t w5t be=e4 ,s too our ,mod]n ,bible1 if x is to hold & rule ! imag9ation ( m51 mu/ close ,i ?9k ) a ,book ( ,=eca/s4 ,we want to make our _w ?9k m ?an x does ab\t ! consequ5ces ( ! lives x leads & ! political de$s t x does & t x p]mits to be done4 ,we want to turn ! human imag9ation r\nd aga9 t[>ds ! future :i* our lives create4 ,we want a collection & dige/ ( =eca/s & w>n+s to complete ?is mod]n ,bible ( ours4 ,n[ "h ,i ?9k y w say--& ,i admit ) p]fect reason--t ,i am float+ away f any reasonable possibility at all4 ,h[ c we h =eca/s & prophecies ( ?+s t are happ5+ n[8 ,well1 ,i w make a clean brea/ ( x1 & admit t ,i am ask+ = some?+ t may be impossible4 ,nev]!less x is some?+ t is v necess>y if m5 are to rema9 inde$ intellig5t co-op]at+ communities4 ,9 ! pa/ y w f9d :]e !re h be5 ord]ly & successful communities ! m5 9 !m _h an idea ( a ,de/9y1 ( "s object1 some?+ t w\ld am\nt to a crit]ion & judgm5t ^u _! collective conduct4 ,well1 ,i believe t we h to get back to some?+ ( t sort4 ,we h /atesm5 & politicians :o pr(ess to guide our de/9ies4 ,:i!r are !y guid+ our de/9ies8 ,surely !y h "s idea4 ,! great ,am]ican /atesm5 & ! great ,european /atesm5 are mak+ ,to-morr[4 ,:at is ! ,to-morr[ !y are mak+8 ,!y mu/ h "s idea ( x4 ,o!rwise !y mu/ be impo/]s4 ,i am lo? to believe !m impo/]s1 m]e adv5tur]s :o h blund]$ into positions ( p[] & hon\r ) no idea ( :at !y are do+ to ! _w4 ,b if !y h an idea ( :at !y are do+ to ! _w1 !y =esee & int5d a ,future4 ,t1 ,i take x1 is s\nd reason+ & ! inf]5ce is pla94 ,!y ought to write d[n _! ideas ( ?is ,future be=e u4 ,x w\ld be helpful to all ( u4 ,x might be a v helpful ex]cise = !m4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 reasonable = ,am]icans to ask ! great political p]sonages ( ,am]ica1 ! presid5t & s =?1 = example3 :e!r !y ?9k ! ,unit$ ,/ates w /& alone 9 tw5ty-five ye>s' "t z !y /& alone n[8 ,or :e!r !y ?9k t !re w be a great] ,unit$ ,/ates--( all ,am]ica--or ( all ! _w8 ,!y mu/ "k _! own w ab\t t4 ,& x is equally reasonable to ask ! great political p]sonages ( ! ,briti% ,empire3 :at w ,irel& be 9 tw5ty-five ye>s' "t8 ,:at w ,india be8 ,!re mu/ be a plan1 an int5d$ ?+4 ,o!rwise ^! m5 h no int5tions2 o!rwise !y mu/ be1 9 two words1 dang]\s fools4 ,! soon] we sub/itute a type ( man ) a suffici5t =esight & capable ( articulate spee* 9 ! matt]1 ! bett] = our race4 ,& aga9 e /atesman & e politician ?r\gh\t ! _w says t ! relations ( indu/rial ent]prise to ! lab\r x employs are unsatisfactory4 ,yes4 ,b h[ are ^? relations go+ to develop8 ,h[ d !y mean !m to develop8 ,are we j drift+ into an unkn[n d>kness 9 all ^! matt]s ) bl9d lead]s ( our bl9dness8 ,or _c a lot ( ^! ?+s be figur$ out by able & intellig5t p8 ,i put x to y t !y c4 ,t x is a reasonable & prop] ?+ to ask our /atesm5 & politicians3 :at is go+ to happ5 to ! _w8 ,:at sort ( bett] social ord] are y mak+ =8 ,:at sort ( _w ord] are y creat+8 ,let !m op5 _! m9ds to u1 let !m put ^u p]man5t record ! significance ( all _! intrigues & manoeuvres4 ,!n z !y g on we c *eck _! capacity & good fai?4 ,we c e/abli% a control at la/ t w rule presid5ts & k+s4 ,n[ ! answ] to ^! que/ions = /atesm5 is :at ,i mean by a ,book ( ,=eca/s4 ,su* a book ,i believe is urg5tly ne$$ to help our civilization4 ,x is a book we ought all to possess & read4 ,i "k y w say t su* a ,book ( ,=eca/s w be at fir/ a prepo/]\sly insuffici5t book--t e ye> w %[ x up & make x m absurd4 ,i q agree4 ,! fir/ ,book ( ,=eca/s w be a poor ?+4 ,mis]ably poor4 ,s poor t p w pres5tly clam\r to h x ?or\ghly revis$4 ,! revis$ ,book ( ,=eca/s w n be q s bad4 ,x w h be5 te/$ aga9/ realities4 ,x w =m ! basis ( a va/ am\nt ( criticism & discussion4 ,:5 aga9 x comes to be revis$1 x w be mu* ne>] possible realities4 ,i put x to y t ! psy*ology1 ! m5tality ( a community t has a ,book ( ,=eca/s 9 h& & "u wat*ful revision w be altoge!r /eadi] & /rong] & cle>] ?an t ( a community :i* lives z we d to-day1 m]e adv5tur]s1 )\t =esight1 9 a _w ( cata/rophies & accid5ts & unexpect$ ?+s4 ,we %all be liv+ aga9 9 a plan4 ,our lives w be %ap$ to c]ta9 def9$ ends4 ,we %all fall into place 9 a great s*eme ( activities4 ,we %all recov] aga9 "s or all ( ! /eadfa/ness & dignity ( ! old religi\s life4 ,sec4 #e ,today ,let me ) ?is ,book ( ,=eca/s r\nd (f my fantasy4 ,i w\ld picture to y ?is mod]n ,bible1 p]haps two or ?ree times z bulky z ! old ,bible1 & consi/+ fir/ ( ,! ,hi/orical ,books ) maps & ! l2 ,! ,books ( ,conduct & ,wisdom2 ,! ,an?ologies ( ,poetry & ,lit]ature2 & f9ally ! ,book ( ,=eca/s1 tak+ ! place ( ! ,prophets & ,revelations4 ,i w\ld picture ?is revivifi$ ,bible to y z mo/ c>efully done & pr9t$ & made accessible to all1 ! basis ( education 9 e s*ool1 ! common plat=m ( all discussion--j z 9 ! pa/ ! old ,bible us$ to be4 ,i w\ld ask y to imag9e x translat$ into e language1 a common mat]ial ( und]/&+ ?r\gh\t all ! _w4 ,& fur!rmore1 ,i imag9e some?+ else ab\t ?is--q unlike ! old ,bible--,i imag9e all ( x p]iodically revis$4 ,! hi/orical books w\ld ne$ to be revis$ & br\ght up to date1 !re w\ld be new lights on heal? & conduct1 !re w\ld be fre% additions to ! an?ologies1 & !re w\ld be ,=eca/s t w\ld h to be /ruck out because !y 7 realiz$ or because !y 7 %[n to be hopeless or undesirable1 & fre% ,=eca/s w\ld be add$ to replace !m4 ,x w\ld be a ,bible mov+ =w>d & *ang+ & ga9+ ) human exp]i5ce & human de/9y4444 ,well1 t is my dream ( a ,bible ( ,civilization4 ,h ,i 9 any way c>ri$ my vision out to y ( ?is little r[ ( f\r or five volumes 9 e h\se1 9 e life1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 hold+ ! lives & ideas & imag9ations ( m5 toge!r 9 a net ( common famili> phrases & common e/abli%$ hopes8 ,& is ?is a m]e fanta/ic talk1 or is ?is a ?+ t c\ld be done & t ought to be done8 ,i d n "k h[ x w appe> to y1 b to me x seems t ?is book ,i h be5 talk+ ab\t1 ! ,bible ( to-day's civilization1 is n simply a conceivable possibility1 x is a great & urg5t ne$4 ,our education is1 ,i ?9k1 po9tless )\t x1 a %ell )\t a core4 ,our social life is aimless )\t x1 we are a cr[d )\t a common und]/&+4 ,only by means ( "s su* unify+ in/rum5t1 ,i believe1 c we hope to lift human life out ( its pres5t dang]\s drift t[>ds confusion & disa/]4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k !re=e1 an urg5tly desirable und]tak+4 ,x is also a v practicable "o4 ,! creation ( su* a ,bible1 its pr9t+ & its translation1 & a propag&a t w\ld c>ry x into ! homes & s*ools ( mo/ ( ! _w1 c\ld ,i ?9k all be a*iev$ by a few hundr$ resolute & capable p at a co/ ( ?irty or =ty million doll>s4 ,t is a less sum ?an t ! ,unit$ ,/ates--9 a "t :5 !y h no enemy to fe> 9 all ! _w--are prep>$ to sp5d ^u ! build+ ( :at is = !m an entirely sup]flu\s & extravagant toy1 a great navy4 ,y may1 y probably w1 diff] v widely ^u mu* t ,i h "h put be=e y4 ,let me ask y n to let any ( ! details ( my sket*+ set y aga9/ ! fundam5tal idea1 t old creative idea ( ! ,bohemian educationi/ :o 0 ! pupil ( ,bacon & ! fri5d ( ,milton1 ! idea ( ,kom5sky1 ! idea ( creat+ & us+ a common book1 a book ( k & wisdom1 z ! necess>y f\ndation = any endur+ human unanimity4 ,,vi ,,! ,,s*ool+ ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,& n[ ,i am go+ on to a review ( ! broad facts ( ! educational organization ( our pres5t _w4 ,i am myself a v "u-educat$ p]son4 ,x is a con/ant tr\ble to me4 ,l seeks l 9 ?is _w4 ,i propose to ask ! "q :e!r ! :ole _w is n "u-educat$1 & ,i w>n y 9 advance t ,i am go+ to answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,i am go+ to discuss ! possibility ( rais+ ! g5]al educational level v consid]ably1 & ,i am go+ to consid] :at su* a rais+ ( ! educational level w\ld mean 9 human life4 ,i propose to adopt r a vulg>1 bus9ess-l tone ab\t all ?is4 ,i am go+ to apply to ! human community mu* ! same sort ( te/s t a manufactur] applies to 8 factory4 ,8 factory has "s di/9ctive product1 & :5 he looks into 8 affairs he tries to f9d out :e!r he gets ! utmo/ quantity ( ! product1 :e!r he gets ! be/ possible quality ( ! product1 :e!r he gets x z effici5tly & inexp5sively z possible1 & con/antly h[ he c improve 8 factory & 8 processes 9 all ^! matt]s4 ,n[ ! human community may be reg>d$ z a conc]n engag$ 9 ! production ( human life4 ,& x may be judg$ v l>gely by ! "q :e!r ! human life x produces is abundant & full & int5se & beautiful4 ,mo/ ( ! te/s t we apply to a /ate or a city or a p]iod or a nation resolve !mselves1 y w f9d1 into ^! que/ions3-- ,:at 0 ! life x produc$8 ,:at is ! life x produces8 ,n[ ,i w fur!r assume t z yet ! community has little or no control ov] ! raw product1 ov] ! life1 t is to say1 t comes into x4 ,i admit t f at lea/ ! "t ( ,plato onw>d ! possibility has be5 discuss$ ( bre$+ human be+s z we d horses & dogs4 ,!re is an enorm\s am\nt ( :at is call$ eug5ic lit]ature & discussion to-day4 ,b ,i w set all t sort ( ?+ aside f our pres5t discussion because ,i d n ?9k any?+ ( ! k9d is practicable at ! pres5t "t4 ,q ap>t f any o!r consid]ations1 "o has to rememb] "o entire diff]5ce betwe5 ! possible bre$+ ( human be+s & ! actual bre$+ ( dogs & horses4 ,we bre$ dogs & horses = uni=mity1 = c]ta9 v limit$ specifi$ po9ts--spe$1 sc5t & ! l4 ,b human be+s we %\ld h to bre$ = v>iety3 we _c specify any p>ticul> po9ts we want4 ,we want /atesm5 & poets & musicians & philosoph]s & swift m5 & /rong m5 & delicate m5 & brave m54 ,! qualities ( "o w\ld be ! weaknesses ( ano!r4 ,x is really a false analogy1 t betwe5 ! bre$+ ( m5 & ! bre$+ ( horses & dogs4 ,9 ! case ( human be+s we want mu* m subtle & delicate comb9ations ( qualities4 ,= any practical purposes we d n "k :at we want nor d we "k h[ to get x4 ,s let u rule t !me out ( our pres5t discussion altoge!r4 ,& ,i also propose to rule out ano!r set ( topics f ?is discussion--simply because if we don't d s we %all h m matt] ?an we c h&le conv5i5tly 9 ! "t at our disposal4 ,i propose to leave out all que/ions ( heal? & physical welf>e4 ,!re is1 z y "k1 a va/ lit]ature n[ 9 exi/5ce1 conc]n$ ) ! heal? & welf>e ( *ildr5 be=e & aft] bir?1 conc]n$ ) infantile life1 ) social conditions & social "w direct$ to ! production ( a vigor\s population4 ,i am go+ to assume "h t all t sort ( ?+ is se5 to--t x is all "r1 t somebody is do+ t1 t we ne$ n tr\ble = ! pres5t ab\t any ( ^? ?+s4 ,?is leaves u ) ! m5tal life only ( our community & its individuals to consid]4 ,on t ,i propose to conc5trate ?is discussion4 ,n[ ! human m9d 9 its op5+ /ages 9 a civiliz$ community passes ?r\gh a process :i* may be/ be nam$ z s*ool+4 ,& "u s*ool+ ,i w\ld include n only ! sort ( ?+s t we d to a prospective citiz5 9 ! s*ool & ! infant s*ool b also any?+ 9 ! nature ( a s*ool-l lesson t is done by ! "m or nurse or tutor at home1 or by playmates & companions any:]e4 ,out ( ?is s*ool+ arises ! g5]al m5tal life4 ,x is ! /ructural gr\nd-/uff ( all education & ?\ght4 ,n[ :at is ?is s*ool+ to d--:at is x do+ to ! new human be+8 ,let u recall :at our own s*ool+ 04 ,x fell into two pretty cle>ly def9$ p>ts4 ,we le>nt read+ & writ+1 we made a c]ta9 /udy ( gramm>1 ! me?od ( language1 p]haps we le>nt ! beg9n+s ( "s o!r language ?an our own2 we le>nt "s ari?metic & p]haps a little geometry & algebra2 we did "s draw+4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 ways ( expression1 means ( express+ ourselves1 means ( compreh5d+ our ?\ghts 9 t]ms ( o!r p's m9ds1 & ( und]/&+ ! expressions ( o!rs4 ,t 0 ! basis & sub/ance ( our s*ool+2 a tra9+ 9 m5tal elucidation & 9 communication ) o!r m9ds4 ,b also z our s*ool+ w5t on !re 0 some?+ m2 we le>nt a little hi/ory1 "s geography1 ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce4 ,?is second "p ( education 0 n s mu* expression z wisdom4 ,we le>nt :at 0 g5]ally kn[n ( ! _w ab\t u & ( its pa/4 ,we ent]$ into ! common k & common ideas ( ! _w4 ,n[1 obvi\sly1 ?is s*ool+ is m]ely a specialization & expansion ( a p>5tal function4 ,9 ! primitive ages ( our race ! p>5t1 & p>ticul>ly ! "m1 out ( an in/9ctive impulse & practical necessity1 re/ra9$ & %[$ & taught1 & ! *ild1 ) an in/9ctive imitativ5ess & docility1 obey$ & le>nt4 ,& z ! primitive family grew into a tribe1 z functions specializ$ & ! range ( k wid5$1 ?is primitive s*ool+ by ! "m 0 supplem5t$ & ext5d$ by ! %[+ ( ?+s by companions & by ! maxims & initiations ( old m54 ,x 0 only ) ! developm5t ( e>ly civilizations1 z ! my/]ies ( writ+ & read+ began to be important 9 life1 t ! s*ool1 qua s*ool1 became a ?+ 9 itself4 ,& z ! community exp&$1 ! scope ( in/ruction exp&$ ) x4 ,s*ool+ is1 9 fact1 & always has be51 ! expansion & developm5t ( ! primitive savage m9d1 :i* is /ill all t we inh]it1 to adapt x to ! ne$s ( a l>g] community4 ,x makes out ( ! savage raw mat]ial :i* is our basal m5tal /uff1 a citiz54 ,x is a necess>y process ( fusion if a civiliz$ community is to keep 9 be+4 ,)\t at lea/ a network ( s*ool$ p]sons1 able to communicate its common ideas & act 9 intellig5t co-op]ation1 no community beyond a m]e family gr\p c ev] hold toge!r4 ,z ! human community exp&s1 !re=e1 ! range ( s*ool+ mu/ exp& to keep pace ) x4 ,i want to base my inquiry ^u t proposition4 ,if x is s\nd1 c]ta9 v int]e/+ conclusions foll[4 ,i h already %[n 9 ! prec$+ discussions t ! range ( ! mod]n /ate has increas$ at lea/ t5 times 9 ! pa/ c5tury1 & t ! scale ( our community ( int]c\rse has increas$ correspond+ly4 ,i want n[ to ask if !re has be5 any correspond+ enl>gem5t ( ! scope ( ! s*ool+--ei!r ( ! community z a :ole or ( any special gov]n+ classes 9 ! community--to keep pace ) ?is trem5d\s ext5sion ( range4 ,i am go+ to argue t !re has n be5 su* an enl>gem5t1 & t a l>ge factor 9 our pres5t tr\bles is ! failure ( education & educational me?od to keep pace ) ! new dem&s made ^u !m4 ,n[ ,i w fir/ ask :at w\ld "o l "o's son or daught] to get at s*ool to make him or h] a full liv+ citiz5 ( ?is mod]n _w4 ,& at fir/ ,i w n take into consid]ation ! "q ( exp5se or any su* practical difficulties4 ,i w suppose t = ! education ( ?is =tunate "y citiz5 ^: case we are consid]+ we h limitless means1 ! be/ possible tutors1 ! be/ app>atus & absolutely ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,! only limits to ! tea*+ ( ?is "y citiz5 are 8 or h] own limitations4 ,we suppose a pupil ( fair av]age intellig5ce only4 ,n[ fir/ we %all want our pupil to und]/&1 speak1 read & write ! "m tongue well4 ,to d ?is ?or\ghly 9 ,engli% involves a fairly s\nd k ( ,lat9 gramm> & at lea/ "s slight k ( ! elem5ts ( ,greek4 ,lat9 & ,greek1 :i* are disappe>+ z di/9ct & sep>ate subjects f _m s*ool curricula1 are return+ z necess>y p>ts ( ! ,engli% c\rse4 ,b n[adays a full life is n to be liv$ ) a s+le language4 ,! _w becomes polyglot4 ,ev5 if we d n want to live among =eign]s1 we want to read _! books & newspap]s & und]/& & foll[ _! ?\ght4 ,few ( u !re are :o w\ld n gladly read & speak sev]al m languages if we _h ! *ance ( do+ s4 ,i w\ld !re=e set d[n z a desirable "p ( ?is ideal education we are plann+1 two or ?ree o!r languages 9 addition to ! "m tongue le>nt e>ly & ?or\ghly4 ,^! additional languages c be acquir$ easily if !y are le>nt 9 ! "r way4 ,! easie/ way to le>n a language is to le>n x :5 y are q "y4 ,_m prosp]\s p 9 ,europe n[adays contrive to br+ up _! *ildr5 ) two or ?ree =eign languages1 by employ+ =eign nurses & nurs]y gov]nesses :o nev] speak to ! *ildr5 except 9 ! =eign languages4 ,9 _m cases :at is kn[n z ! alt]nate week sy/em prevails4 ,! gov]ness is ,swiss & = "o week %e talks no?+ b ,fr5* & = ano!r no?+ b ,g]man4 ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 at ! age ( eight or n9e c be made to talk all ?ree languages ) a p]fect acc5t & an easy idiom4 ,n[1 if ?is c be done = "s *ildr5 x c\ld be done = all *ildr5--provid$ we c\ld f9d ! nurses & gov]nesses or "s equival5t = ! nurses & gov]nesses1 & if we c organize ! bus9ess effici5tly4 ,t po9t ,i w def]4 ,i note "h simply t ! ?+ is possible1 if n practicable4 ,*ildr51 h[ev]1 :o h made ?is mu* />t ) languages are unable1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica at lea/1 to g on prop]ly ) ! le>n+ ( languages :5 !y pass into a s*ool4 ,our s*ools are s badly organiz$ t x is r>e to f9d ev5 ,fr5* well taught1 & !re is r>ely any tea*+ at all ( mod]n languages o!r ?an ,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,(t5 ! two =eign languages are taught by diff]5t tea*]s employ+ diff]5t me?ods1 & bo? employ+ a diff]5t grammatical nom5clature f t us$ 9 /udy+ ! "m tongue4 ,! classes are encumb]$ ) belat$ beg9n]s4 ,! *ild :o has got languages f its gov]ness1 !re=e1 m>ks "t--t is to say1 wa/es "t 9 ^! subjects at s*ool4 ,! *ild well gr\nd$ 9 "s =eign tongue is (t5 a s\rce ( irritation to ! tea*]1 & gets into tr\ble because x uses idiomatic expressions ) :i* ! tea*] is unfamili>1 or seems to reflect ^u ! tea*]'s acc5t4 ,^! are ! limitations ( ! s*ool & n ! limitations ( ! pupil4 ,giv5 facilities1 !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be a rapid expansion ( ! language syllabus at ?irte5 or f\rte51 & :y language g5]ally %\ld n be /udi$4 ,"s ,slavonic language c\ld be tak5 up--,russian or ,cze*--& a beg9n+ made ) "s non-,aryan tongue--,arabic1 = example4 ,! object ( language tea*+ 9 a civiliz$ /ate is tw(old3 to give a ?or\gh1 intimate1 usable k ( ! "m tongue & ( c]ta9 key languages4 ,b if tea*+ 7 sy/ematic & no "t 7 wa/$1 if s*ool+ jo9$ on & 7 cont9u\s in/ead ( be+ cata/rophically disconnect$1 !re is ano!r side ( language tea*+ altoge!r--n[ entirely disreg>d$--& t is ! acquisition 9 skeleton ( q a numb] ( languages clu/]+ r\nd ! key languages4 ,if at ! end ( 8 s*ool+ a boy kn[s ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man v well & no?+ m1 he is /ill a helpless =eign] 9 relation to l>ge p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b if1 9 addition1 he has an outl9e k ( ,russian & ,arabic or ,turki% or ,h9du/ani--x ne$ only be a q b>e outl9e--& if he has _h a t]m or s ( ,spani% 9 relation to 8 ,fr5*1 or ,sw$i% 9 relation to 8 ,g]man1 !n he has ! key 9 8 h&s = almo/ any language he may want4 ,if he has n ! language 9 8 head1 he has x v conv5i5tly on call--he ne$s b a s5sible conv]sation diction>y & 9 a little :ile he c possess himself ( x4 ,y may ?9k ?is a l>ge ord]2 y may ?9k ,i am dem&+ l+ui/ic prodigies2 b rememb] t ,i am ^u my own gr\nd "h2 ,i am a tra9$ tea*] & a /ud5t ( p$agogic sci5ce1 & ,i am a wat*ful p>5t2 ,i "k h[ "t & opportunity are wa/$ 9 s*ool1 & p>ticul>ly 9 language tea*+4 ,languages are n ?+s t exi/ 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts2 ea* "o illum9ates ! o!r &--unless x is taught ) /upefy+ /upidity--leads on to o!rs4 ,a *ild c acquire ! polyglot habit almo/ unaw>es4 ,?is wid5+ grasp ( languages is or 0 )9 ! capacity ( ne>ly ev]yone born into ! _w--giv5 ! facilities4 ,i ask y to note t qualification--giv5 ! facilities4 ,& n[ let u turn f ! language side to ! re/ ( s*ool+4 ,a second ma9 division ( our s*ool+ 0 ma!matical in/ruction ( a sort4 ,x fell into ! ?ree m or less isolat$ subjects ( ari?metic1 algebra & ,euclid4 ,we c>ri$ on 9 ^! clos$ cells :at 01 ,i n[ p]ceive1 a ne$lessly labori\s & ne$lessly muddl$ /ruggle to compreh5d quantity1 s]ies & =m4 ,9 all ^! matt]s1 look+ back ^u :at ,i 0 taught1 comp>+ x ) :at ,i n[ "k1 & comp>+ my m9d ) ! m9ds ( m =tunate individuals1 ,i _c resi/ ! p]suasion t ,i 0 v badly done inde$ 9 ?is section4 ,& x is small consolation to me to note t mo/ p's m9ds seem to be no bett] done ?an m9e4 ,my ari?metic1 = in/ance1 is m$iocre4 ,x is p]vad$ by inaccuracy4 ,y may say t ?is is probably want ( aptitude4 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 b n altoge!r4 ,:at is want ( aptitude8 ,bad z my ari?metic is n[ x is n s bad z x 0 :5 ,i left s*ool4 ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t tw5ty ,i held a sort ( inque/ ^u x & f\nd out a numb] ( ?+s4 ,i f\nd t ,i _h be5 all[$ to acquire c]ta9 bad habits & besett+ s9s--mo/ p d4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,i ran up a column ( figures to add !m ,i w\ld pass f n9e to sev5 q surely & say sixte52 b if ,i w5t f sev5 to n9e ,i _h a vici\s disposition to make x eighte54 ,endless additions w5t wrong ?r\gh t "o error4 ,i _h fumbl$ into ?is vice &--?is is my po9t--my s*ool _h no app>atus1 & no sy/em ( *ecks1 to discov] t ?is _h occurr$4 ,i us$ to get my addition wrong & ,i us$ to be puni%$--/upidly--by keep+ me 9 f ex]cise4 ,"t aft] "t ?is happ5$2 !re 0 no inve/igation & no improvem5t4 ,nobody ev] put me ?r\gh a s]ies ( te/ sums t w\ld h analys$ my errors & discov]$ ^! besett+ s9s ( m9e t l$ to my inaccurate ari?metic4 ,& ano!r ?+ t made my ari?metic wrong 0 a defect 9 eyesight4 ,my two eyes hav5't q ! same focal l5g? & ?is (t5 puts me out ( ! /raight ) a column ( figures4 ,b !re 0 no?+ 9 my s*ool to discov] t1 & my s*ool nev] did discov] x4 ,my geometrical faculties are also v poor & undevelop$4 ,euclid's elem5ts1 inde$1 ,i h always f\nd simple & /raight=w>d1 b :5 x comes to any?+ 9 solid geometry--! int]section ( a sph]e by a cone1 let u say1 or some?+ ( t sort--,i am hopelessly at sea4 ,deep-seat$ habits ( fault+ & fogg+1 :i* 7 actually develop$ by my s*ool+1 prev5t my =m+ any conception ( ! surfaces involv$4 ,"h aga91 j z ) ! language tea*+1 h>dly any ( u are really fully educat$4 ,we suff]1 ne>ly all ( u1 f a lack ( quantitative grasp & f an imp]fect grasp ( =m4 ,few ( u h acquir$ su* a grasp4 ,few ( u ev] made a prop] use ( models1 & ne>ly all ( u h mis]ably tra9$ h&s4 ,giv5 prop] facilities--& "h aga9 ,i ask y to note t proviso--giv5 prop] educational facilities1 mo/ ( u w\ld n only be able to talk ) mo/ p 9 ! _w b we %\ld also h a conception ( =m & quantity f> m subtle ?an t possess$ by any b a few ma!maticians & me*anical g5iuses to-day4 ,let me n[ come to a ?ird ma9 division ( :at we call s*ool+4 ,9 our s*ool+ !re 0 an attempt to give u a view ( ! _w ab\t u & a view ( our place 9 x1 "u ! head+s ( ,hi/ory & ,geography4 ,x w\ld be impossible to imag9e a feebl] attempt4 ,! ,hi/ory & ,geography ,i _h 0 p]haps1 9 "o respect1 ! next be/ ?+ to a good c\rse4 ,x 0 s ?or\ghly & hopelessly bad t x left me ) a vivid s5se ( ignorance4 ,i read1 !re=e1 ) great avidity dur+ my adolesc5ce4 ,9 ,engli% s*ools n[ ,i d\bt if ! tea*+ ( hi/ory is mu* bett] ?an x 0 9 my "t1 b geography has gr[n & improv$--l>gely ?r\gh ! vigor\s initiative ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o replac$ ! old dre>y topography by a vivid description ( ! _w & m+l$ ) x a sort ( g5]al elem5t>y sci5ce "u ! "n ( ,physiography4 ,?is subject1 ) ! addition ( "s elem5t>y ,biology & ,physiology does n[ s]ve to give _m "y p 9 ,great ,brita9 some?+ l a g5]al view ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,we ne$ n[ to make a p>allel pu% ) ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,^u ?is matt] ( ! tea*+ ( hi/ory ,i am a fanatic4 ,i _c ?9k ( an education z ev5 half done until !re has be5 a fairly s\nd review ( ! :ole ( ! kn[n pa/1 f ! beg9n+s ( ! geological record up to our own "t4 ,until t is done1 ! pupil has n be5 plac$ 9 ! _w4 ,he is incapable ( und]/&+ 8 relation%ip to & 8 role 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,he is1 :atev] else he may h le>nt1 ess5tially an ignorant p]son4 ,& n[ let me recapitulate ^! dem&s ,i h made ^u ! process ( s*ool+--?is process ( tea*+ t beg9s 9 ! nurs]y & ends ab\t ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te54 ,i h ask$ t x %\ld involve a practical ma/]y ( ?ree or f\r languages1 includ+ ! "m tongue1 & t p]haps f\r or five o!r additional languages %all h be5 /udi$1 s to speak1 9 skeleton4 ,i h add$ ma!matics c>ri$ mu* high] & f>!r ?an mo/ ( our s*ools d to-day4 ,i h dem&$ a s\nd k ( univ]sal hi/ory1 a k ( g5]al physical & g5]al biological sci5ce1 & ,i h ?r[n 91 ) sc>cely a ^w ( apology1 a good tra9+ ( ! eyes & h&s 9 draw+ & manual "w4 ,s f> z ! pupil goes1 ,i submit ?is is an entirely practicable proposal4 ,x c be done1 ,i am conv9c$1 ) any ord9>y pupil ( av]age all-r\nd ability1 giv5--:at is n[ almo/ univ]sally want+--! prop] educational facilities4 ,& n[ ,i w g on to exam9e ! "q ( :y ^! facilities are want+4 ,i want to ask :y a l>ge class1 if n ! :ole ( our population1 is n educat$ up to ! level ( wide und]/&+ & fully develop$ capacity su* a s*ool+ z ,i h sket*$ out implies4 ,well1 ! fir/ fact obvi\s to e p>5t :o has ev] enquir$ closely into ! educational outlook ( 8 (fspr+1 ! fir/ fact we h to face is ?is3 !re are n en\gh prop]ly equipp$ s*ools &1 /ill m1 n en\gh good tea*]s1 to d ! job4 ,x is proclaim+ no v pr(\nd secret to decl>e t !re is h>dly su* a ?+ 9 ! _w to-day z a fully equipp$ s*ool1 t is to say a s*ool hav+ all ! possible mat]ial & app>atus & /aff$ suffici5tly ) a bright & able tea*]1 a really live & al]t educationi/1 9 e necess>y subject1 su* z w\ld be ne$$ to give ?is ideal education4 ,t is ! great prim>y ob/acle1 t is ! core ( our pres5t problem4 ,we _c get our mod]n community educat$ to any?+ l its full possibilities z yet because we h nei!r ! tea*]s nor ! s*ools4 ,n[ is ?is a f9al limitation8 ,= a mom5t ,i w leave ! "q ( ! possibilities ( m & bett] equipp$ s*ools on "o side4 ,i w deal ) ! supply ( tea*]s4 ,at pres5t we d n ev5 attempt to get good tea*]s2 we d n (f] any approa* to a tol]able life = an ord9>y tea*]2 we compel !m to lead mean & re/rict$ lives2 we und]pay !m %ock+ly2 we d n des]ve ne>ly su* good tea*]s z we get4 ,b ev5 suppos+ we 7 to (f] reasonable wages = tea*]s2 an av]age all-r\nd wage ( ,l#a1jjj a ye> or s1 & respect & dignity2 x does n foll[ t we %\ld get z _m z we %\ld ne$--us+ ! me?ods t are 9 use to-day--to provide ?is ideal s*ool+ = mo/ ( our population1 or1 inde$1 = any l>ge section ( our population4 ,y w note a new proviso creep+ 9 at ?is po9t--us+ ! me?ods t are us$ to-day4 ,because y mu/ rememb] x is n simply a matt] ( paym5t t makes ! tea*]4 ,tea*]s are born & n made4 ,good tea*+ requires a peculi> temp]am5t & di/9ctive aptitudes4 ,i d\bt v mu*1 ev5 if y c\ld secure ! s]vices ( e human be+ :o _h ! natural gifts ne$$ 9 a good tea*]1 if y c\ld disreg>d e "q ( co/ & paym5t1 ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 !n y w\ld comm& ! s]vices ( m ?an "o passable tea*] = a hundr$ *ildr5 & ( m ?an "o really inspir$ & inspir+ tea*] = five hundr$ *ildr54 ,no d\bt y c\ld get a sort ( tea*] = e score or ev5 = e doz5 *ildr51 a commonplace p]son :o c\ld be tra9$ to d a few simple educational ?+s1 b ,i am speak+ n[ ( good tea*]s :o h ! m5tal subtlety1 ! sympa?y & ! devotion necess>y = effici5t tea*+ by ! individuali/ic me?ods 9 use to-day4 ,& s9ce1 us+ ! me?ods t are us$ to-day1 y c only hope to secure fully satisfactory results ) "o tea*] to e score ( pupils1 or few]1 & s9ce x is unlikely we %all ev] be able to comm& ! s]vices ( m ?an a ti! ( ! p :o c\ld tea* well1 x seems t we come up "h aga9/ an insurm\ntable ob/acle to an educat$ population4 ,n[ ,i want to press home ! idea ( t difficulty4 ,i am an old & season$ educationi/2 mo/ ( my e>lie/ writ+s are conceal$ 9 ! anonymity ( ! ,london educational pap]s ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 & my k ( educational lit]ature is fairly ext5sive4 ,i "k 9 p>ticul> ! lit]ature ( educational re=m4 ,& ,i d n recall t ,i h ev] enc\nt]$ any recognition ( ?is fundam5tal difficulty 9 ! way ( educational developm5t4 ,! lit]ature ( educational re=m is always assum+ p>5ts ( limitless intellig5ce1 sympa?y & means1 employ+ tea*]s ( limitless en]gy & capacity4 ,& t to an extreme degree is :at we hav5't got & :at we c nev] hope to h4 ,educational re=m]s seem always to be look+ at education f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual s*ola/ic ent]prise & ( ! individual pupil1 & h>dly ev] f ! po9t ( view ( a public task deal+ ) ! community z a :ole4 ,= all practical purposes ?is makes wa/e pap] ( a consid]able proportion ( educational lit]ature4 ,?is lit]ature1 ! read] w f9d1 is p]vad$ by c]ta9 fix$ ideas4 ,!re is a sort ( /&+ objection to any ma*9+ ( education4 ,!re is1 we are con/antly told1 to be no syllabus ( in/ruction1 no exam9ations & no controls1 no prescrib$ text-books or diagrams because ^! ?+s limit ! g5ius ( ! tea*]4 ,& ?is goes on ) a blissful inv9cible disreg>d ( ! fact t 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( ! ?\s& ! g5ius ( ! tea*] isn't & c't be !re4 ,& also ( ! fact t ?is affair ( elem5t>y education has 9 its ess5tials be5 done ov] & ov] & ov] aga9 = ?\s&s ( millions ( times4 ,!re ought to be z mu* scope left = g5ius & orig9ality 9 ord9>y tea*+ z !re is = g5ius & orig9ality 9 a h5 lay+ an ord9>y egg4 ,^! educational ideali/s are always disreg>d+ ! fundam5tal problem ( educational organization altoge!r1 ! problem ( economy1 economy ( ! mo/ preci\s ?+ ( all1 tea*+ p[]4 ,x is ! problem ( /ret*+ ! compet5t tea*] ov] ! maximum numb] ( pupils1 & t c be done only by ! same me?ods ( economy t are practis$ 9 e o!r l>ge-scale production--by ! /&>dization ( ev]y?+ t c be /&>diz$1 & by ! use ( e possible "t & lab\r-sav+ device & e possible replacem5t ( human ef=t1 n 9 ord] to disp5se ) orig9ality & initiative b 9 ord] to cons]ve !m = application at _! po9ts ( maximum effici5cy4 ,i h said t a disreg>d ( ! possibilities ( wide organization & its associat$ economy ( ef=t is *>act]i/ic ( mo/ advanc$ educational lit]ature4 ,y w1 if y w exam9e !m1 f9d t disreg>d work+ out to its natural consequ5ces 9 :at are call$ ! advanc$ s*ools t appeal to educationally anxi\s p>5ts n[adays4 ,y w f9d t ^! places1 (t5 v picturesque & pleas+-look+ places1 are r>ely prosp]\s en\gh to ma9ta9 m ?an "o or two good tea*]s4 ,! re/ ( ! /aff %r9ks f scrut9y4 ,y w f9d ^! s*ools adorn$ ) attractive diagrams drawn by ! tea*]s1 & /rik+ly orig9al models & app>atus made by ! tea*]s1 & if y look closely into ! matt] or consult an intellig5t pupil1 y w f9d !re are nev] en\gh diagrams & app>atus to see a c\rse ?r\gh4 ,if y press t matt] y w f9d t !y hav5't _h "t to make !m s f>4 ,& !y w nev] get s f>4 ,no s*ool1 h[ev] ri* & prosp]\s & h[ev] en?usia/ically run1 c hope to make = itself all ! plant & diagrams & app>atus ne$$ = a fully effici5t mod]n education su* z we h sket*$ out4 ,z well might a busy man hope to array himself1 by 8 own ef=ts1 ) hats1 suits & boots made by himself out ( wool & raw hides4 ,b n[ ,i ?9k y w beg9 to see :at ,i am driv+ at4 ,x is ?is3 t if ! g5]al level ( education is to be rais$ 9 our mod]n community1 & if t bett] education is to be spread ov] mo/ ( our community1 x is necess>y to reorganize education 9 ! _w ^u entirely bold]1 m effici5t1 & m economical l9es4 ,we are inexorably limit$ z to ! numb] ( good tea*]s we c get into ! educational organization1 & we are limit$ z inexorably z to ! quality ( ! rank & file ( our tea*+ pr(ession2 b we are n limit$ 9 ! equipm5t & sy/ematic organization ( tea*+ me?ods & app>atus4 ,t is :at ,i want p>ticul>ly to enl>ge ^u n[4 ,?9k ( ! ord9>y s*oolh\se--a m]e empty brick build+ ) a few hat-pegs1 a /ale map or s1 half a doz5 pla/] ca/s1 a few hundr$ tatt]$ books1 a blackbo>d1 & "s brok5 *emical app>atus3 ?9k ( x z ! d+y insuffici5cy x is6 ,9 su* a place ! be/ tea*] mu/ ne$s wa/e ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 en]gies4 ,9 su* a place /aff & pupils meet *iefly to wa/e ea* o!r's "t4 ,?is is ! fir/ & pr9cipal po9t at :i* we c /an* ! wa/age ( tea*+ en]gy t n[ goes on4 ,ev]y:]e ab\t ! _w n[adays1 ! s*oolh\se is set up & equipp$ by a private p]son or a local au?ority 9 m or less complete ignorance ( educational possibilities1 9 m or less complete disconnect$ness1 )\t any ( ! help or any ( ! economy t comes f a c5traliz$ mass production4 ,let u n[ consid] :at we might h 9 ! place ( ?is typical s*oolh\se ( to-day4 ,let me fir/ sugge/ t e s*ool %\ld h a complete libr>y ( v full & explicit lesson notes1 prop]ly sort$ & classifi$4 ,all ! ord9>y subjects 9 s*ools h be5 taught ov] & ov] aga9 millions & millions ( times4 ,few p1 ,i ?9k1 realize t1 & few] /ill realize ! reasonable consequ5ces ( t4 ,human m9ds are v mu* ! same ev]y:]e1 & ! be/ way ( tea*+ e ord9>y s*ool subject1 ! be/ possible lesson & ! be/ possible succession ( lessons1 ought to h be5 work$ out to ! la/ po9t1 & ! c\rses ought to h be5 /]eotyp$ long ago4 ,yet if y g into any s*ool to-day1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( ! hundr$ y w f9d an inexp]t & ill-prep>$ "y tea*] giv+ a clumsy1 vamp$-up lesson z ?\gh x _h nev] be5 giv5 be=e4 ,he or %e w h no prop] notes & no prop] diagrams1 & a halt+ & faulty disc\rse w be ek$ out by feeble scrat*+s ) *alk on a blackbo>d1 by qu]ul\s que/ion+ ( ! pupils1 & irrelevancies4 ,! ?+ is prepo/]\s4 ,& l9k$ up ) ?is complete equipm5t ( prop] lesson notes ^u :i* ! tea*] w give ! lessons1 !re %\ld be a ?+ :i* does n exi/ at pres5t 9 any s*ool & :i* ought to exi/ 9 e s*ool1 a collection ( "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( pictures & diagrams1 prop]ly & compactly fil$2 a copi\s supply ( maps1 views ( sc5]y1 pictures ( t[ns1 & s =? = tea*+ geography1 diagrams & tables = sci5tific subjects1 & s on & s on4 ,y mu/ rememb] t if ! s*ools ( ! _w 7 ?\ght ( z a :ole & dealt ) z a :ole1 ^! ?+s c\ld be produc$ :olesale at a co/ out ( comp>ison *eap] ?an !y are made to-day4 ,!re is no reason :atev] :y s*ool equipm5t %\ld n be a _w m>ket4 ,a lesson ^u ! geography ( ,sw$5 ne$s precisely ! same maps1 ! same pictures ( sc5]y1 types ( p1 animals1 cities1 & s =?1 :e!r t lesson is giv5 9 ,*9a or ,p]u or ,morocco or ,london4 ,!re is no reason :y ^! pictures & maps %\ld n be pr9t$ f ! same blocks & di/ribut$ f ! same c5tre = ! s*ools ( all mank9d4 ,if ! gov]nm5t ( any l>ge c\ntry _h ! vig\r & intellig5ce to g "r ahead & manufacture a prop] equipm5t ( notes & diagrams = its own use 9 all its own s*ools1 x w\ld probably be able to rec\p itself = mo/ ( ! outlay by dom9at+ ! map & diagram m>kets ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,& next to ?is full & manageable collection ( pictures & diagrams1 :i* ! tea*] w\ld :ip out1 ) ! appropriate notes1 five m9utes be=e 8 lesson began1 ! mod]n s*ool w\ld h q a consid]able numb] ( gramophones4 ,^! w\ld be us$ n only to supply music = drill & s =?1 & = ! analytical /udy ( music1 b = ! language tea*+4 ,in/ead ( ! tea*] hav+ to pret5d1 z he usually pret5ds n[1 to a complete k ( ! =eign language he c really only smatt]1 he w\ld become ! hone/ assi/ant ( ! real tea*+ in/rum5t--! gramophone4 ,"h1 aga91 x is a case = big me?ods or none--a case = mass production4 ,a mass production ( gramophone records = language tea*+ ?r\gh\t ! _w w\ld s r$uce ! co/ t e s*ool c\ld q easily be equipp$ ) a big rep]tory ( language records4 ,= ! fir/ ye> ( any language /udy1 at any rate1 ! "w w\ld g always to ! accompanim5t ( ! prop] acc5t & intonation4 ,& all ov] ! _w ea* language w\ld be taught ) ! same acc5t & quantities & idioms--a v desirable ?+ inde$4 ,& n[ let me pass on to ano!r requirem5t = an effici5t s*ool t our educational organization has /ill to discov]--! me?od ( us+ ! c9ematograph4 ,i ask = half a doz5 projectors or s 9 e s*ool1 & = a well-/ock$ /oreh\se ( films4 ,! possibilities ( c]ta9 bran*es ( tea*+ h be5 altoge!r revolutioniz$ by ! c9ematograph4 ,9 ne>ly e s*ool n[adays y w f9d a lot ( m or less worn & damag$ sci5tific app>atus :i* is suppos$ to be us$ = demon/rat+ ! elem5t>y facts ( *emi/ry1 physics & ! l4 ,!re is a belief t ! sci5ce tea*]s--& !y d _! be/ ) ! "t & skill & mat]ial at _! disposal--rig up exp]im5tal displays ( ! m illum9at+ exp]im5tal facts ) ?is damag$ litt]4 ,_m ( u c recall ! realities ( ! sort ( demon/ration ,i mean4 ,! p]=mance took two or ?ree h\rs to prep>e1 an h\r to deliv] & an h\r or s to cle> away2 x 0 difficult to foll[1 impossible to repeat1 x usually w5t wrong1 & almo/ inv>iably ! tea*] lo/ 8 temp]4 ,^! practical demon/rations occurr$ usually 9 ! op5+ en?usiasm ( ! t]m4 ,z ! weeks wore on1 ! pret5ce ( practical tea*+ 0 quietly dropp$1 & we cramm$ our sci5ce out ( ! text-book4 ,n[ t is ! sort ( ?+ t /ill goes on4 ,b x ought to be entirely out ( date4 ,all t sci5tific bric-a-brac 9 ! cupbo>d _h f> bett] be ?r[n away4 ,all ! demon/ration exp]im5ts t sci5ce tea*]s w require 9 ! future c be p]=m$ once = all--be=e a c9ematograph4 ,!y c be done f9ally2 !y ne$ nev] be done aga94 ,y c get ! be/ & mo/ dext]\s tea*] 9 ! _w--he c d :at has to be done ) ! be/ app>atus1 9 ! be/ light2 any?+ t is v m9ute or subtle y c magnify or repeat f ano!r po9t ( view2 any?+ t is intricate y c record ) extreme sl[ness2 y c %[ ! facts a mile (f or six in*es (f1 & all t y\r actual class tea*] ne$ d n[ is to sp5d five m9utes on gett+ out ! films he wants1 t5 m9utes 9 read+ ov] ! correspond+ lecture notes1 & !n he c run ! film1 give ! lesson1 "q 8 class ^u x1 note :at !y miss & h[ !y take x1 run ! film aga9 = a second scrut9y1 & get out = ! subsequ5t /udy ( ! class ! ample supply ( diagrams & pictures ne$$ to fix ! lesson4 ,c !re be any comp>ison betwe5 ! educational effici5cy ( ! two me?ods8 ,s ,i put x to y1 t x is possible n[ to make--& t ! _w ne$s badly t we %\ld make--a new sort ( s*ool1 a /&>diz$ s*ool1 a s*ool ri*ly equipp$ ) mod]n app>atus & economiz+ ! lab\r ( tea*+ to an ext5t at pres5t undreamt (1 9 :i*1 all ov] ! _w1 ! same /]eotyp$ lessons1 lead+ ! y\? ( ! :ole _w ?r\gh a p>allel c\rse ( s*ool+1 c be deliv]$4 ,i "k t 9 putt+ ?is be=e y ,i *all5ge "s ( ! mo/ popul> affectations ( cultivat$ p4 ,i "k t _m p w be already wri?+ ) a g5teel horror at ! idea ( ! same lesson be+ giv5 9 id5tical t]ms to ev]ybody 9 turn ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x s\nds monoton\s4 ,x w rob ! _w ( v>iety--& s on & s on4 ,b inde$ x w n be monoton\s at all4 ,t lesson w be new & fre% & good to e pupil :o receives x4 ,& rememb] x is by our hypo!sis ! be/ possible =m & arrangem5t ( t lesson4 ,x is to take ! place ( a %am lesson or no lesson at all4 ,!re is an et]nal fre%ness 9 le>n+ z 9 all ! o!r ma9 ?+s 9 life4 ,x w be no m monoton\s ?an hav+ "o's sev5? bir?day or fall+ 9 love = ! fir/ "t4 ,& z = v>iety1 ,i = "o d n c>e h[ soon e possible v>iety ( ignorance & misconception is bani%$ f ! _w4 ,! sun %9es on ! :ole _w & x is ! same sun4 ,i h /ill to be p]suad$ t our planet w\ld be m v>i\s & int]e/+ if x 7 lit by two or ?ree ?\s& unc]ta91 spasmodic & diff]5tly col\r$ se>*lights direct$ ^u x f e direction4 ,i am plead+ = a cle> :ite light ( education t %all g l ! sun r\nd ! :ole _w4 ,y see t 9 all ?is ,i am driv+ at--:at %all ,i call x8--syndicat$ s*ools1 syndicat$ lesson notes1 &1 s f> z equipm5t goes1 mass production4 ,i want to see ! sort ( ?+ happ5+ to s*ools t has already happ5$ to _m sorts ( retail %ops4 ,9 ! place ( little ill-equipp$ s*ools1 ea* run by its own tea*] & buy+ its own books & diagrams & mat]ial & s =? 9 small quantities at high prices1 ,i want to see a great c5tral organization1 employ+ tea*]s ( g5ius1 work+ 9 consultation & co-op]ation & produc+ lesson notes1 diagrams1 films1 phonograph records1 *eaply1 abundantly1 on a big scale = a nation1 or a gr\p ( nations1 or1 if y l1 = all ! _w1 j z ,am]ica produces wat*es & al>um clocks & *eap automobiles = all ! _w4 ,& ,i want to see ! s*ools ( ! _w be+ run1 s f> z ! intellectual tra9+ goes1 n by local committees b by t c5tral organization4 ,x is only by ?is reorganization ( s*ool+ ^u ! l9es ( big production t we c hope to get a civiliz$ community 9 ! _w at an educational level v m>k$ly high] ?an ! exi/+ educational level4 ,b if we c\ld s economize tea*+ en]gy--if we made our really great tea*]s1 by ! use ( mod]n appliances1 tea*]s n ( h&fuls b ( millions2 if we insi/$ ^u a univ]sal application ( ! be/ & mo/ effective me?ods ( tea*+1 j z we insi/ ^u ! be/ & mo/ effective me?ods ( /reet traction & t[n light+--!n ,i believe x w\ld be possible to build ! civilization ( ! ye>s to come on a f\ndation ( m5tal prep>ation incomp>ably s\nd] & high] ?an any?+ we "k ( to-day4 ,,vii ,,college1 ,,newspap] ,,& ,,book ,& n[ let u g on to ! next /ages ( education4 ,! s*ool+ process is a natural phase 9 human developm5t--x is our elaboration ( ! natural le>n+ ( boyhood & girlhood & ( adolesc5ce4 ,!re 0 s*ool+ be=e s*ools2 !re 0 s*ool+ be=e humanity4 ,i h wat*$ a cat s*ool+ h] kitt5s4 ,s*ool+ is a "p ( be+ "y4 ,& we gr[ up4 ,s !re comes a "t :5 s*ool+ is ov]1 :5 ! process ( equipm5t gives place to an increas+ %>e 9 ! activities & decisions ( adult life4 ,nev]!less = u education mu/ /ill g on4 ,i suppose t ! savage or ! b>b>ian or ! peasant 9 any "p ( ! _w or ! un$ucat$ man any:]e w\ld laugh if y told him t ! adult mu/ /ill le>n4 ,b 9 our mod]n _w--,i mean ! m or less civiliz$ _w ( ! la/ tw5ty-five c5turies or s--!re has gr[n up a new idea--new1 ,i mean1 9 ! s5se t x runs c\nt] to ! life s*eme ( primitive humanity & ( mo/ o!r liv+ ?+s--& t is ! idea t "o c g on le>n+ "r up to ! end ( life4 ,x m>ks (f mod]n man f all animals1 t 9 8 adult life he c display a s5se t !re rema9s some?+ /ill to be inve/igat$ & wisdom /ill to be acquir$4 ,i d n "k en\gh hi/ory to tell y ) any confid5ce :5 adult m51 in/ead ( j go+ ab\t ! bus9ess ( life aft] !y _h gr[n up1 cont9u$ to devote !mselves to le>n+1 to a delib]ate prolongation ( :at is = all o!r animals an adolesc5t phase4 ,b by ! "t ( ,buddha 9 ,india & ,confucius 9 ,*9a & ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s 9 ! ,greek _w ! ?+ 0 9 full progress4 ,t 0 tw5ty-six c5turies ago or m4 ,some?+ ( ! sort may h be5 go+ on 9 ! temples ( ,egypt or ,sam>ia a score ( c5turies be=e4 ,i d n "k4 ,y mu/ ask "s su* great au?ority z ,pr(essor ,brea/$ ab\t t4 ,x may be fifty or a hundr$ c5turies s9ce m51 al?\gh !y 7 fully gr[n up1 /ill w5t on try+ to le>n4 ,! idea ( adult le>n+ has spread ev] s9ce4 ,to-day ,i suppose mo/ educat$ p w\ld agree t s long z we live we le>n & ought to le>n--t we ought to develop our ideas & enl>ge1 correct & *ange our ideas4 ,b ev5 to-day y w f9d p :o h n yet acquir$ ?is view4 ,y w f9d ev5 tea*]s & doctors & bus9ess m5 :o are p]suad$ t !y _h le>nt all t !re 0 to le>n by tw5ty-five or ?irty4 ,x is only q rec5tly t ?is idea has pass$ beyond a special class & p]vad$ ! _w g5]ally--! idea ( ev]yone be+ a life-long /ud5t & ( ! :ole _w becom+1 z x 71 a univ]sity = ^? :o h pass$ beyond ! s*ool+ /age4 ,x has spread rec5tly because 9 rec5t ye>s ! _w has *ang$ s rapidly t ! idea ( settl+ d[n = life has pass$ out ( our m9ds1 has giv5 place to a new realization ( ! ne$ ( cont9u\s adaptation to ! v end ( our days4 ,x is no good settl+ d[n 9 a _w t1 on its "p1 refuses to d any?+ ( ! sort4 ,b hi!rto1 be=e ^! new ideas began to spread 9 our community1 ! mass ( m5 & wom5 def9itely settl$ d[n4 ,at twelve1 or fifte51 or sixte51 or tw5ty x 0 decid$ t !y %\ld /op le>n+4 ,x has only be5 a r>e & exceptional class hi!rto t has gone on le>n+ ?r\gh\t life4 ,! sc5e & field ( t le>n+ hi!rto has be51 9 our ,we/]n communities1 ! ,univ]sity4 ,ess5tially ! ,univ]sity is & has be5 an organization ( adult le>n+ z di/+ui%$ f prep>atory & adolesc5t le>n+4 ,b betwe5 ! phase ( s*ool+ & ! phase ( adult le>n+ !re is an int]m$iate /age4 ,9 ,scotl& & ,am]ica t is di/+ui%$ & ?\ght ( cle>ly z ! college /age4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 :]e we d n ?9k s cle>ly1 ?is college /age is mix$ up ) & done p>tly at s*ool & p>tly 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,x is n m>k$ (f s def9itely f ! /age ( g5]al prep>ation t prec$es x or f ! /age ( free intellectual ent]prise t foll[s x4 ,n[ :at %\ld college give ! "y citiz51 male or female1 ^u ! f\ndation ( s*ool+ we h already sket*$ out8 ,9 practice we f9d a good deal ( te*nical /udy comes into ! college /age4 ,! budd+ lawy] beg9s to read law1 ! doctor />ts 8 pr(essional /udies1 ! future eng9e] becomes te*nical1 & ! "y m]*ant sets to "w1 or %\ld d1 to /udy ! great movem5ts ( comm]ce & bus9ess me?od & organization4 ,z ! college /age ( ^? :o d n1 z a matt] ( fact1 g to college1 we h n[ 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry ! ev5+ cont9uation s*ool1 ! ev5+ te*nical s*ool & ! works s*ool4 ,b important z ^! ?+s are f ! po9t ( view ( s]vice1 !y are n ! s\l--n ! real mean+ ( ! college /age4 ,! s\l ( ! college /age1 ! mo/ important value ab\t x1 is t 9 x is a sort ( prep>atory pause & inspection ( ! :ole ar5a ( life4 ,x is ! educational concomitant ( ! /age ( adolesc5ce4 ,! "y man & ! "y woman beg9 to ?9k = !mselves1 & ! college education is ess5tially ! supply ( /imulus & mat]ial = t process4 ,x 0 9 ! college /age t mo/ ( u made out our religion & made x real = ourselves4 ,x 0 !n we really took hold ( social & political ideas1 :5 we became alive to lit]ature & art1 :5 we began ! delightful & di/ressful ent]prise ( f9d+ ourselves4 ,& ,i ?9k mo/ ( u w agree :5 we look back t ! mo/ real ?+ 9 our college life 0 n ! lectur+ & ! lessons--v mu* ( t /uff c\ld v well h be5 done 9 ! s*ool+ /age--b ! argum5ts ( ! debat+ society1 ! discussions t broke out 9 ! classroom or laboratory1 ! talks 9 "o's rooms ab\t ,god & religion1 ab\t ! /ate & fre$om1 ab\t art1 ab\t e possible & impossible social relation%ip4 ,n[ 9 addition to t ,i _h some?+ else 9 my own college c\rse--some?+ ( ! same sort ( ?+ b bett]4 ,i h spok5 ( myself z "u-educat$4 ,my s*ool+ 0 %ock+ b1 z a bless$ comp5sation1 my college /age 0 r exceptionally good4 ,my s*ool+ end$ :5 ,i 0 ?irte54 ,my fa!r1 :o 0 a pr(essional cricket]1 0 sma%$ up by an accid5t1 & ,i _h ?ree horrible ye>s 9 employm5t 9 %ops4 ,!n my luck *ang$ & ,i f\nd myself "u "o ( ! v greate/ tea*]s ( 8 "t1 ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,i work$ at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce 9 ,london = "o ye> "u him 9 8 great c\rse 9 zoology1 & = a ye> & a half "u a v good b r un9spir+ tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,judd1 ! geologi/4 ,i did also physics & a/ronomy4 ,altoge!r ,i _h ?ree full ye>s ( sci5ce /udy4 ,& ! tea*+ ( biology at t "t1 z ,huxley _h plann$ x1 0 a cont9u+1 sy/ematic1 illum9at+ /udy ( life1 ( ! =ms & appe>ances ( life1 ( ! way ( life1 ( ! int]play ( life1 ( ! pa/ ( life & ! pres5t prospect ( life4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s tra9+ 9 ! sift+ ( evid5ce & ! exam9ation ( appe>ances4 ,e man is likely to be biass$1 ,i suppose1 9 fav\r ( 8 own educational c\rse4 ,yet x seems to me t ^? ?ree ye>s ( "w 7 educational--t !y gave a vision ( ! univ]se z a :ole & a discipl9e & a p[] su* z no o!r c\rse1 no classical or ma!matical c\rse ,i h ev] _h a *ance ( te/+1 c\ld d4 ,i am s f> a believ] 9 a biological backbone = ! college phase ( education t ,i h secur$ x = my sons & ,i h done all ,i c to ext5d x 9 ,engl&4 ,nev]!less1 important z t =mal college "w 0 to me1 x /ill seems to me t ! in=mal "p ( our college life--! talk1 ! debates1 ! discussion1 ! scamp]+ ab\t ,london to att5d great political meet+s1 to he> ,william ,morris on ,socialism1 ,aub]on ,h]b]t on ,individualism1 ,glad/one on ,home ,rule1 or ,bradlaugh on ,a!ism--= ^? 7 ! lights ( my remote /ud5t days--0 ab\t equally important4 ,if s*ool+ is a tra9+ 9 expression & communication1 college is ess5tially ! e/abli%m5t ( broad convictions4 ,& 9 ord] t !y may be e/abli%$ firmly & cle>ly1 x is necess>y t ! develop+ "y man or woman %\ld he> all possible views & see ! m$al ( tru? n only f ! obv]se b f ! rev]se side4 ,n[ "h aga9 ,i want to put ! same sort ( que/ions ,i h put ab\t s*ool+4 ,is ! college /age ( our pres5t educational sy/em any:]e ne> its maximum possible effici5cy8 ,& c\ld x n be ext5d$ f its pres5t limit$ range until x rea*$ practically ! :ole adolesc5t community8 ,let me deal ) ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions fir/4 ,c\ld we n d mu* m ?an we d to make ! broad issues ( v>i\s curr5t que/ions pla9 & accessible to our /ud5ts 9 ! college /age8 ,= example1 !re is a va/ discussion afoot ^u ! que/ions t c5tre ^u ,prop]ty1 its rights & its limitations4 ,!re is a great lit]ature ( ,collectivi/ ,socialism & ,guild ,socialism & ,communism4 ,ab\t ^! ?+s our "y p mu/ "k4 ,!y are v urg5t que/ions2 our sons & daught]s w h to beg9 to deal ) !m f ! mom5t !y leave college4 ,^u !m !y mu/ =m work+ op9ions1 & !y mu/ "k n only :at !y !mselves believe b1 if our public affairs are n to deg5]ate into ! squalid1 ob/9ate1 hopeless conflicts ( prejudic$ adh]5ts1 !y mu/ "k also :at is believ$ by o!r p ^: convictions are diff]5t f !irs4 ,y may want to hu% ^! matt]s up4 ,_m eld]ly p d4 ,y w fail4 ,all our intellig5t /ud5ts w insi/ ^u le>n+ :at !y c ( ^! discussions & =m+ op9ions = !mselves4 ,& if ! college w n give !m ! repres5tative books1 a fair /atem5t ( ! facts & views1 & "s guidance ?r\gh ! maze ( ^! que/ions1 x means m]ely t !y w get a few books 9 a defiant or und]h& way & =m "o-sid$ & impassion$ op9ions4 ,ano!r great set ( que/ions ^u :i* ! adolesc5t want to judge = !mselves1 & ought to judge = !mselves1 are ! religi\s que/ions4 ,& a ?ird gr\p are ^? t det]m9e ! pr9ciples ( sexual conduct4 ,i "k t 9 all ^! matt]s1 on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 a great battle rages betwe5 dogma & concealm5t on ! "o h& & op5 v5tilation on ! o!r4 ,^u ! issue ,i h no d\bt4 ,i f9d x h>d ev5 to imag9e ! case = ! =m] side4 ,s long z s*ool+ goes on1 ! y\ng/] is immature1 ne$s to be protect$1 is n call$ ^u = judgm5ts & initiatives1 & may well be kept "u m5tal limitations4 ,i d n c>e v mu* h[ y c5sor or select ! read+ & talk+ & ?9k+ ( ! s*oolboy or s*oolgirl4 ,b x seems to me t ) adolesc5ce comes ! "r to k & ! "r ( judgm5t4 ,& t x is ! task & duty ( ! college to give matt]s ( op9ion 9 ! solid--to let ! /ud5t walk r\nd & see !m f e side4 ,n[ h[ is ?is to be done8 ,i sugge/ t to beg9 ) we op5 wide our colleges to propag&a ( e sort4 ,!re is /ill a g5]al t5d5cy 9 univ]sities on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic to treat propag&a z infection4 ,= ! adolesc5t x is n--x is a /imulat+ drug4 ,let me in/ance my own case4 ,i am a man ( ,prote/ant orig9s & ) a ,prote/ant habit ( m9d4 ,b x is a matt] ( great regret to me t !re is no good ,roman ,ca?olic propag&a available = my sons 9 _! college life4 ,i w\ld l to h ! old ,"m ,*ur* giv+ my boys an acc\nt ( h]self & ( ! "p %e has play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 tell+ !m :at %e /&s = & claims to be1 giv+ h] own acc\nt ( ! ,mass4 ,^! ?+s are int]wov5 ) our pa/2 !y are "p ( u4 ,i d n l !m to g into a *ur* & />e l =eign]s & /rang]s at ! alt>4 ,& side by side ) t ,ca?olic propag&a ,i w\ld l !m to he> an int]pretation ( religi\s orig9s & *ur* hi/ory by "s non-ca?olic or sceptical e?nologi/4 ,he1 too1 %\ld be free to tell 8 /ory & drive 8 conclusions home4 ,b y w f9d mo/ colleges & mo/ college societies b> religi\s in/ruction & discussion4 ,:at d !y ?9k !y are tra9+8 ,"s sort ( g5teel recluse--or m5 & wom58 ,s1 too1 ) ! discussion ( ,bol%evism4 ,i d n "k h[ ?+s are 9 ,am]ica b 9 ,engl& !re has be5 a ridicul\s attempt to suppress ,bol%evik propag&a4 ,i h se5 a lot ( ,bol%evik propag&a & x is n v conv9c+ /uff4 ,b by suppress+ x1 by police seizures ( books & pap]s & ! l1 x has be5 inve/$ ) a quality ( romantic my/]y & enorm\s significance4 ,our boys & girls1 especially ! bright] & m imag9ative1 naturally en\gh ?9k x mu/ be trem5d\s /uff to agitate ! au?orities 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,at our univ]sities1 moreov]1 ! m l\ti% types ( /ud5t h be5 incit$ to attack & sma% up ! y\?s suspect$ ( su* read+4 ,?is gives x ! glam\r ( high intellectual quality4 ,! result is t e y\ng/] 9 ! ,briti% colleges ) a sp>k ( m5tal ent]prise & self-respect is anxi\s to be conv9c$ ( ,bol%evik doctr9e4 ,he believes 9 ,l59--because he has be5 prev5t$ f read+ him4 ,sob] collectivi/s l myself hav5't a *ance ) him4 ,b y see my conception ( ! college c\rse8 ,its backbone %\ld be ! /udy ( biology & its sub/ance %\ld be ! ?re%+ out ( ! burn+ que/ions ( our day4 ,y may object to ?is t ,i am propos+ ! f9al rejection ( t discipl9e 9 classical philosophy :i* is /ill claim$ z ! highe/ =m ( college education 9 ! _w----! sort ( c\rse t ! m5 take 9 :at is call$ ,greats at ,ox=d4 ,y w accuse me ( want+ to bury & =get ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ,h]aclitus & ,lucretius1 & s =? & s on4 ,b ,i don't want to d t--s f> z _! ?\ght is /ill alive4 ,s f> z _! ?\ght is /ill alive ^! m5 w come into ! discussion ( liv+ que/ions n[4 ,if !y are ,anci5ts & dead !n let !m be buri$ & left to ! ar*aeological excavator4 ,if !y are /ill ,mod]ns & alive1 ,i defy y to bury !m if y are discuss+ liv+ que/ions 9 a full & hone/ way4 ,b don't g hunt+ aft] !m1 !re are /ill mod]n ,immortals 9 ! d>kness ( a =gott5 language4 ,don't make a sup]/ition ( !m4 ,let !m come hunt+ aft] y4 ,ei!r !y are unavoidable if y\r liv+ que/ions are fully discuss$1 or !y are irrelevant & !y d n matt]4 ,t !re is a wisdom & beauty 9 ! classics :i* is incommunicable 9 any mod]n language1 :i* obvi\sly nei!r ennobles nor emp[]s1 b :i* is nev]!less supremely preci\s1 is a k9d ( nons5se de> to ! second-rate classical don1 b x has no?+ ende>+ ab\t x = any o!r human be+s4 ,i w n bo!r y fur!r ) t sort ( affectation "h4 ,& ?is college c\rse ,i h sket*$ %\ld1 9 ! mod]n /ate1 pass ins5sibly into adult m5tal activities4 ,concurr5tly ) x !re w be go+ on1 z ,i h said1 a man's special te*nical tra9+4 ,he w be prep>+ himself = a life ( indu/rialism1 comm]ce1 eng9e]+1 agriculture1 m$ic9e1 adm9i/ration1 education or :at n4 ,& z ) ! man1 s ) ! woman4 ,t1 too1 is a process :i* 9 ?is *ang+ new _w ( ours c nev] be complet$4 ,nei!r ( ^! college activities w ev] really leave (f4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life a man or woman %\ld be confirm+1 fix+ or modify+ 8 or h] g5]al op9ions2 & all ! "t 8 or h] te*nical k & p[] %\ld be consci\sly increas$4 ,& n[ let me come to ! second problem we op5$ up 9 connection ) college education--! problem ( its ext5sion4 ,c we ext5d x ov] mo/ or all ( a mod]n population8 ,i don't ?9k we c1 if we are to see x 9 t]ms ( college build+s1 class rooms1 tutors1 pr(essors & ! l4 ,"h aga91 j z 9 ! case ( s*ool+1 we h to raise ! neglect$ problem--neglect$ s f> z education goes--( economy ( ef=t2 & we h to look once m at ! new facilities t our educational in/itutions h s f> refus$ to utilize4 ,our ,european colleges & univ]sities h a long & hon\rable tradition t aga9 owes mu* to ! educational me?ods ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,?is tradition 0 already highly develop$ be=e ! days ( pr9t+ f movable type1 & long be=e ! days :5 maps or illu/rations 7 pr9t$4 ,! high] education1 !re=e1 0 /ill1 z x 0 9 ! ,/one ,age1 l>gely vocal4 ,& ! abs5ce ( pap] & s =?1 r5d]+ notebooks co/ly & r>e1 made a l>ge am\nt ( memoriz+ necess>y4 ,= t reason ! m$iaeval univ]sity tea*] 0 always divid+ 8 subject into fir/ly & secondly & f\r?ly & six?ly & s on1 s t ! /ud5t c\ld aft]w>ds tick (f & reproduce ! po9ts on 8 f+]s--a sort ( ?umb & f+] me?od ( ?\ght--/ill to be f\nd 9 p]fection 9 ! disc\rses ( t em95t ,ca?olic apologi/1 ,mr4 ,hilaire ,belloc4 ,x is a me?od t de/roys all s5se ( proportion betwe5 ! head+s2 ma9 consid]ations & second>y & t]ti>y po9ts get all catalogu$ (f z equival5t numb]s1 b x 0 a mnemonic necessity ( ^? vani%$ days4 ,& !y h by no means completely vani%$4 ,we /ill use ! lecture z ! normal basis ( in/ruction 9 our colleges1 we /ill he> disc\rses 9 ! fir/ly1 secondly & ?irdly =m1 & we /ill pref] ev5 a second-rate pr(essor on ! spot to ! pr9t$ ^w ( ! able/ tea*] at a di/ance4 ,mo/ ( u :o h be5 ?r\gh college c\rses c recall ! di/ress ( he>+ a dull & inadequate view ( a subject be+ labori\sly unfold$ 9 a long s]ies ( t$i\s lectures1 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( full & compet5t text-books4 ,& "h aga9 x w\ld seem t ! "t has come to c5tralize our be/ tea*+1 to create a new sort ( wide tea*+ pr(essor :o w tea* n 9 "o college b 9 _m1 & to direct ! local pr(essor to ! m suitable task ( ensur+ by a comm5t>y1 by organiz$ critical "w1 & s =?1 t ! text-book is duly read1 discuss$ & comp>$ ) ! k9dr$ books 9 ! college libr>y4 ,?is means t ! great tea*+ pr(essors w n lecture1 or t !y w lecture only to try ov] _! treatm5t ( a subject be=e an intellig5t audi5ce z a prelude to publication4 ,!y may p]haps visit ! colleges "u _! influ5ce1 b _! basis in/rum5t ( in/ruction w be n a c\rse ( lectures b a book4 ,!y w c>ry out ! dictum ( ,c>lyle t ! mod]n univ]sity is a univ]sity ( books4 ,n[ ! frank recognition ( ! book & n ! lecture z ! sub/antial basis ( in/ruction op5s up a l>ge & int]e/+ range ( possibilities4 ,x releases ! process ( le>n+ f its old s]vitude to place & to "t4 ,x is no long] necess>y = ! /ud5t to g to a p>ticul> room1 at a p>ticul> h\r1 to he> ! gold5 words drop f ! lips ( a p>ticul> tea*]4 ,! "y man :o reads at elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ 9 luxuri\s rooms 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 w h no v m>k$ advantage ov] ano!r "y man1 employ$ dur+ ! day1 :o reads at elev5 o'clock at night 9 a b$-sitt+-room 9 ,glasg[4 ,! =m]1 y w say1 may get comm5t>y & discussion1 b !re is no p>ticul> reason :y ! latt] %\ld n =m "s sort ( read+ society ) 8 fell[s1 & discuss ! "q ) !m 9 ! d9n] h\r & on ! way to ! works4 ,nor is !re any reason :y he %\ld n get tutorial help z a univ]sity ext5sion f ! g5]al educational organization1 z good 9 quality z any o!r tutorial help4 ,& ?is release ( ! ess5tials ( a college education f limitations ( locality & "t br\ght ab\t by mod]n conditions1 n only makes x unnecess>y = a man to come up to college to be educat$1 b aboli%es ! idea t 8 educational ef=t comes to an end :5 he goes d[n4 ,att5dance at college no long] ju/ifies a claim to education2 inability to ent] a college is no long] an excuse = illit]acy4 ,i d n ?9k t our educational & univ]sity au?orities realize h[ f> ! college /age ( education has already escap$ f ! local limitations ( colleges2 !y d n und]/& :at a great & gr[+ volume ( adolesc5t le>n+ & ?\ght1 ( college education 9 ! highe/ & be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 goes on outside ! walls ( colleges altoge!r2 & on ! o!r !y d n grasp ! significant fact t1 ?anks to ! high organization ( sports & amusem5ts & social life 9 our m prosp]\s univ]sities1 a great proportion ( ! y\ng/]s :o come 9 to _! colleges nev] get ! realities ( a college education at all1 & g out into ! _w aga9 z %all[ & un$ucat$ z !y came 94 ,& ?is failure to grasp ! great *ange 9 educational conditions br\ght ab\t1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 acc\nts = ! fact t :5 we ?9k ( any ext5sion ( high] education 9 ! mod]n community we are all too apt to ?9k ( x z a great prolif]ation ( exp5sive1 pret5ti\s college build+s & a great multiplication ( little tea*+ pr(essor%ips1 & a fur!r segregation ( s _m hundr$s or ?\s&s ( our adolesc5ts f ! g5]al community1 :5 z a matt] ( fact ! reality ( education has ceas$ to lie 9 t direction at all4 ,! mod]n task is n to multiply tea*]s b to exalt & int5sify exceptionally good tea*]s1 to recognize _! close relation%ip ) ! "w ( univ]sity rese>*--:i* x is _! bus9ess to dige/ & int]pret--& to secure ! production & wide di/ribution ( books ?r\gh\t ! community4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! type ( adolesc5t education1 v mu* segregat$ 9 out-(-!-way colleges & ari/ocratic 9 _s1 su* z goes on n[ at ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 ,yale1 ,holl[ay1 ,wellesley & ! l1 has probably rea*$ & pass$ its maximum developm5t4 ,i d\bt if ! mod]n community c af=d to cont9ue x2 x c]ta9ly _c af=d to ext5d x v widely4 ,b z ,i h po9t$ out1 !re has always be5 a second /r& to college education--! te*nical side1 ! pr(essional tra9+ or appr5tice%ip4 ,"h !re are s\nd reasons t ! /ud5t %\ld g to a p>ticul> place1 to ! special museums & laboratories1 to ! in/itutes ( rese>*1 to ! hospitals1 factories1 works1 ports1 indu/rial c5tres & ! l :]e ! realities he /udies are to be f\nd1 or to ! /udios or work%ops or !atres :]e !y practise ! art to :i* he aspires4 ,"h x seems we h natural c5tres ( aggregation 9 relation to :i* ! college /age ( a civiliz$ community1 ! g5]al adolesc5t education1 ! vision ( ! _w z a :ole & ! realization ( ! individual place 9 x1 c be organiz$ mo/ conv5i5tly4 ,y see t :at ,i am sugge/+ "h is 9 effect t we %\ld take our colleges1 s f> z !y are segregations ( "y p = g5]al adolesc5t education1 & break !m z a cook breaks eggs--& /ir !m up aga9 into ! g5]al intellectual life ( ! community4 ,c\pl$ ) t !re %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a proposal to re/rict ! h\rs ( indu/rial "w or specializ$ te*nical /udy up to ! age ( tw5ty1 at lea/1 9 ord] to leave "t = ?is college /age 9 ! g5]al education ( e citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,! idea has already be5 broa*$ t m5 & wom5 9 ! mod]n community are no long] incl9$ to consid] !mselves z ev] completely adult & f9i%$2 !re is a gr[+ disposition & a gr[+ necessity to keep on le>n+ ?r\gh\t life4 ,9 ! worlds ( rese>*1 ( lit]ature & art & economic ent]prise1 t adult le>n+ takes highly specializ$ =ms :i* ,i w n discuss n[2 b 9 ! g5]al mod]n community ! process ( cont9u+ education aft] ! college /age is /ill evid5tly only at a primitive level ( developm5t4 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( lit]>y societies & societies = ! /udy ( p>ticul> subjects2 ! pulpit /ill p]=ms an educational function2 !re are public lectures & 9 ,am]ica !re are ! hopeful g]ms ( :at may become lat] on a v consid]able organization ( adult /udy 9 ! ,lyceum ,*autauqua sy/em2 b = ! g5]ality ( p ! daily newspap]1 ! ,sunday newspap]1 ! magaz9e & ! book con/itute ! only me?ods ( m5tal revision & enl>gem5t aft] ! s*ool or college /age is pa/4 ,n[ we h to rememb] t ! bulk ( ?is great organization ( newspap]s & p]iodicals & all ! wide di/ribution ( books t goes on to-day are extremely rec5t ?+s4 ,?is new nexus ( pr9t has gr[n up 9 ! lifetime ( f\r or five g5]ations1 & x is und]go+ con/ant *anges4 ,we are apt to =get its extreme newness 9 hi/ory & to disreg>d ! pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 m5tal conditions x makes betwe5 our own times & any =m] p]iod4 ,x is impossible to believe t ?us f> x is any?+ b a sket* & intimation ( :at x w pres5tly be4 ,x has gr[n4 ,no man =esaw x2 no "o plann$ x4 ,we ( ?is g5]ation h gr[n up ) x & are 9 ! habit ( behav+ z ?\gh ?is nexus _h always be5 ) u & z ?\gh x w\ld c]ta9ly rema9 ) u4 ,! latt] conclusion is almo/ wild] ?an ! =m]4 ,by :at we c only consid] a s]ies ( =tunate accid5ts1 ! press & ! book _w h provid$ & d provide a necess>y organ 9 ! mod]n _w /ate1 an organ = swift g5]al in=mation ^u matt]s ( fact & = ! rapid promulgation & diffusion ( ideas & int]pretations4 ,! newspap] grew1 z we "k1 out ( ! news-lett] :i* 9 a manuscript =m exi/$ be=e ! ,roman ,empire2 x owes its lat] developm5ts l>gely to ! adv]tisem5t possibilities t came ) ! expansion ( ! range ( trad+ z ! railways & su*like means ( communication develop$4 ,mod]n newspap]s h be5 describ$1 n altoge!r inaptly1 z %eets ( adv]tisem5ts ) news & discussions pr9t$ on ! back4 ,! ext5sion ( book read+ f a small class1 *iefly ( m51 to ! :ole community has also be5 l>gely a response to new facilities2 ?\gh x owes some?+ also to ! religi\s disputes ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,! population ( ,europe1 "o may say ) a c]ta9 tru?1 fir/ le>nt to read ! ,bible1 & only aft]w>ds to read books 9 g5]al4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! book publi%+ 9 ! ,engli% language 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies /ill consi/$ ( s]mons & controv]sial !ological works4 ,bo? newspap] & book production began 9 a small way z ! ent]prise ( free individuals1 )\t anyone realiz+ ! dim5sions to :i* ! ?+ w\ld gr[4 ,our mod]n press & book trade1 9 spite ( _m ef=ts to c5tralize & control x1 9 spite ( ,def5ce ( ! ,realm ,acts & ! l1 is /ill ! production ( an unorganiz$ multitude ( p]sons4 ,x is n c5traliz$2 x is n controll$4 ,to ?is fact ! nexus ( pr9t owes :at is /ill its mo/ valuable quality4 ,?\ghts & ideas ( ! mo/ v>i$ & conflict+ sort arise & are develop$ & work$ out & f\ght out 9 ?is nexus1 j z !y d 9 a freely ?9k+ vigor\s m9d4 ,i am n1 y w note1 say+ t ?is fre$om is p]fect or t ! ?\ght process ( ! pr9t nexus c\ld n g v mu* bett] ?an x does1 b ,i am say+ t x has a v consid]able fre$om & vig\r & t s f> z x has ^! qualities x is a v f9e ?+ inde$4 ,n[ _m p ?9k t we are mov+ 9 ! direction ( _w socialism to-day4 ,collectivism is p]haps a bett]1 m def9ite ^w ?an socialism1 &1 s f> z keep+ ! peace goes1 & 9 matt]s ( transport & communication1 trade1 curr5cy1 elem5t>y education1 ! production & di/ribution ( /aples & ! cons]vation ( ! natural res\rces ( ! _w g1 ,i believe t ! _w & ! common s5se ( mank9d move /eadily t[>ds a _w collectivism4 ,b ! m co-op]ation we h 9 our common int]e/s1 ! m necess>y is x to gu>d v jeal\sly ! fre$om ( ! m9d1 t is to say1 ! lib]ty ( discussion & sugge/ion4 ,x is "h t ! ,communi/ regime 9 ,russia has enc\nt]$ its mo/ fatal difficulty4 ,a cata/rophic unqualifi$ abolition ( private prop]ty has necess>ily result$ 9 all ! pap]1 all ! pr9t+ ma*9]y1 all ! libr>ies1 all ! news-/alls & book %ops1 becom+ ,gov]nm5t prop]ty4 ,x is impossible to pr9t any?+ )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"o _c buy a book or newspap]2 "o mu/ take :at ! ,gov]nm5t di/ributes4 ,free discussion--nev] a v free ?+ 9 ,russia--has n[ on any g5]al scale become q impossible4 ,x 0 a difficulty =ese5 long ago 9 ,sociali/ discussions1 b nev] completely met by ! ?or\gh-pac$ ,communi/4 ,at "o bl[ ! active m5tal life ( ,russia has be5 end$1 & s long z ,russia rema9s completely & consi/5tly communi/ x _c be resum$4 ,x c only be resum$ by "s surr5d] ( pap]1 pr9t+ & book di/ribution f absolute ,gov]nm5t own]%ip to free individual control4 ,t c only be done by an ab&onm5t ( ! full rig\rs ( communi/ !ory4 ,9 our we/]n communities ! dang]s to ! intellectual nexus lie r on ! o!r side4 ,! w> p]iod produc$ consid]able ef=ts at ,gov]nm5t control & z a consequ5ce consid]able annoyance to writ]s1 mu* concealm5t & "s int]f]5ce ) ! expression ( op9ion2 b on ! :ole bo? newspap]s & books held _! own4 ,!re is to-day probably z mu* fre$om ( publi%+ z ev] !re 04 ,x is n f ! we/]n gov]nm5ts t mis*ief is likely to come to free intellectual activity 9 ! we/]n communities b f ! undiscipl9$ individual1 & f ! incitem5ts to mob viol5ce by propag&i/ religions & cults aga9/ free discussion4 ,ab\t ! ,am]ican press ,i "k & c say little4 ,i w speak only ( ?+s ) :i* ,i am famili>4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re has be5 a consid]able increase ( delib]ate ly+ 9 ! ,briti% press s9ce #aiad1 & a m>k$ loss ( j\rnali/ic self-respect4 ,p>ticul> int]e/s h secur$ control ( l>ge gr\ps ( pap]s & pu%$ _! p>ticul> s*emes 9 entire disreg>d ( ! g5]al m5tal well-be+4 ,= in/ance1 !re has rec5tly be5 a rem>kable boycott 9 ! ,london press ( a v able collectivi/ book1 ,sir ,leo ,money's ,triumph ( ,nationalization1 because x w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! op]ation ( v l>ge gr\ps :i* 7 conc]n$ 9 gett+ back public prop]ty into private h&s on t]ms advantage\s to ! latt]4 ,x is a book n only important z a /atem5t ( a peculi> economic view1 b because ( ! /atesmanlike gravity & cle>ness ( its exposition4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld h be5 possible to /& betwe5 ! public & a writ] 9 ?is way 9 ! ye>s be=e #aiad4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ! indu/rial & comm]cial news is n[ writt5 to an end4 ,! ,briti% press has also suff]$ greatly f ! outbreak ( social & nationali/ ranc\r aris+ out ( ! great w>1 ! inability ( ! ,european m9d to grasp ! ,bol%evik issue1 & ! clumsy blund]+s ( ! ,v]sailles settlem5t4 ,q half ! news f ,ea/]n ,europe t appe>s 9 ! ,london press is n[ delib]ate fabrication1 & a consid]able proportion ( ! re/ is rephras$ & mutilat$ to give a mislead+ impression to ! read]4 ,b p _c be cont9u\sly deceiv$ 9 ?is way1 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is press demoralization has be5 a great loss ( influ5ce = ! daily pap]4 ,a dim9i%+ numb] ( p n[ believe ! news z x is giv5 !m1 & few] /ill take ! unsign$ portions ( ! newspap] z writt5 9 good fai?4 ,& !re has be5 a consequ5t enhancem5t ( ! importance ( sign$ j\rnalism4 ,m5 ( manife/ hone/y1 m5 ) names to keep clean1 h built up reputations & influ5ce ^u ! ru9s ( editorial pre/ige4 ,! exploitation ( newspap]s by ! adv5tur]s ( private ent]prise 9 bus9ess1 has c>ri$ ) x ?is imm5se depreciation 9 ! p[] & hon\r ( ! newspap]4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is swamp+ ( a l>ge "p ( ! _w's press by calculat$ falsehood & p>tisan propag&a is a tempor>y phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! pr9t nexus3 nev]!less1 x is a v great inconv5i5ce & dang] to ! _w4 ,x /&s v mu* 9 ! way ( t univ]sal adult education :i* is our pres5t conc]n4 ,reality is horribly di/ort$4 ,m5 _c see ! _w cle>ly & !y _c1 !re=e1 beg9 to ?9k ab\t x rightly4 ,we ne$ a mu* bett] & m tru/wor?y press ?an we possess4 ,we _c get on to a new & bett] _w )\t x4 ,! rem$y is to be f\nd n1 ,i believe1 9 any sort ( ,gov]nm5t control1 b 9 a legal campaign aga9/ ! "o ?+ h>mful--! lie4 ,x w\ld be 9 ! int]e/s ( mo/ big adv]tis]s1 = mo/ big adv]tisem5t is hone/2 x w\ld be1 9 ! long run1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,press2 & x w\ld mean an enorm\s /ep =w>d 9 ! g5]al m5tal cl>ity ( ! _w if a delib]ate lie1 :e!r 9 an adv]tisem5t or 9 ! news or o!r columns ( ! press1 0 puni%able--puni%able :e!r x did or did n involve any?+ t is n[ an actionable damage4 ,& x w\ld /ill fur!r /r5g!n ! pr9t nexus & cle> ! m9d ( ! _w if x 7 compulsory to correct untrue /atem5ts 9 ! p]iodical press1 :e!r !y _h be5 made 9 good fai? or n1 at lea/ z conspicu\sly & l5g?ily z ! orig9al /atem5t4 ,i c see no impossibility 9 ! realization ( ei!r ( ^! proposals1 & no objection t a really hone/ newspap] proprietor or adv]tis] c\ld (f] to !m4 ,x w\ld make ev]yone c>eful1 ( c\rse1 b ,i fail to see any grievance 9 t4 ,! sanit>y effect ^u ! fe/]+ disputes ( our "t w\ld be incalculably great4 ,x w\ld be l op5+ ! w9d[s ^u a /uffy1 ov]cr[d$ & unv5tilat$ room ( disput+ p4 ,giv5 adequate laws to prev5t ! corn]+ ( pap] or ! p>tisan control ( ! means ( di/ribution ( books & pr9t$ matt]1 ,i believe t ! pres5t fre$oms & ! unhamp]$ individualism ( ! _w ( ?\ght1 discussion & lit]>y expression are & mu/ rema9 conditions ess5tial to ! prop] gr[? & activity ( a common _w m9d4 ,on ! basis ( t s\nd] education ,i h sket*$ 9 a prec$+ pap]1 !re is possible su* an ext5sion ( und]/&+1 su* an increase ( intellig5t co-op]ations & su* a cl>ification ( wills z to dissolve away half ! difficulties & conflicts ( ! pres5t "t & to provide = ! o!r half su* a p[] ( solution z we1 9 ! heats1 entanglem5ts & limitations ( our pres5t ignorance1 d\bt & mis9=mation c sc>cely beg9 to imag9e4 ,i d n "k h[ f> ,i h convey$ to y 9 ! la/ two pap]s my und]ly+ idea ( an education n m]ely int5sive b ext5sive1 plann$ s economically & s ably z to rea* e man & woman 9 ! _w4 ,x is a dream n ( individuals educat$--we h ?\ght too mu* ( ! individual educat$ = ! individual--b ( a _w educat$ to a pit* ( und]/&+ & co-op]ation f> beyond any?+ we "k ( to-day1 = ! sake ( all mank9d4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t1 giv5 organization1 giv5 ! w = x1 su* a _w-wide education is possible4 ,i wi% ,i _h ! gift ( eloqu5ce s t ,i c\ld t\* y\r wills 9 ?is matt]4 ,i d n "k h[ ?is _w ( to-day /rikes ^u y4 ,i am n ungrateful = ! gift ( life4 ,:ile !re is life & a human m9d1 x seems to me !re mu/ always be excitem5ts & beauty1 ev5 if ! excitem5ts are fi]ce & ! beauty t]rible & tragic4 ,nev]!less1 ?is _w ( mank9d to-day seems to me to be a v s9i/] & dreadful _w4 ,x has come to ?is--t ,i op5 my newspap] e morn+ ) a s9k+ he>t1 & usually ,i f9d little to console me4 ,e day !re is a new tale ( silly blood%$4 ,e day ,i read ( ang] & hate1 oppression & mis]y & want--/upid ang] & oppression1 ne$less mis]y & want--! insults & suspicions ( ignorant m51 & ! inane & horrible self-satisfaction ( ! well-to-d4 ,x is a vile _w because x is an "u-educat$ _w1 unreasonable1 suspici\s1 base & f]oci\s4 ,! air ( our lives is a close & wra?ful air2 x has ! clos5ess ( a prison--! indescribable (f5ce ( cr[d$ & re/rict$ humanity4 ,& yet ,i "k t !re is a way out4 ,up c]ta9 /eps !re is a door to ?is d>k prison ( ignorance1 prejudice & passion 9 :i* we live--& t door is only lock$ on ! inside4 ,x is )9 our p[]1 giv5 ! w = x1 giv5 ! c\rage = x--x is )9 our p[] to g out4 ,! key to all our human disord] is organiz$ education1 compreh5sive & univ]sal4 ,! wat*word ( conduct t w cle> up all our difficulties is1 ! pla9 tru?4 ,rely ^u t wat*word1 use t key ) c\rage & we c g out ( ! prison 9 :i* we live2 we c g "r out ( ! conditions ( w>1 %ortage1 angry scrambl+1 mutual ?w>t+ & malaise & disease 9 :i* we live2 we & our k9d c g out into sunlight1 into a sweet air ( und]/&+1 into confid5t fre$oms & a full creative life--= ev]4 ,i d n "k--,i d n d>e to believe--t ,i %all live to he> t key grat+ 9 ! lock4 ,x may be our *ildr5 & our *ildr5's *ildr5 w /ill be liv+ 9 ?is jail4 ,b a day w surely come :5 t door w op5 wide & all our race w pass out f ?is magic prison ( ignorance1 suspicion & indiscipl9e 9 :i* we n[ all suff] toge!r4 ,,viii ,,! ,,envoy ,9 ! prec$+ pap]s ,i h1 ) "s repetition & mu* /umbl+1 set out a fairly complete !ory ( :at m5 & wom5 h to d at ! pres5t "t if human life is to g on hopefully to any great happ9ess & a*ievem5t 9 ! days to come4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial 0 fir/ prep>$ to be deliv]$ to a lecture audi5ce1 & ,i regret t ill-heal? has prev5t$ a complete re-writ+ ( ^! portions4 ,!re is m ( ! uplift$ =ef+] & ! reit]at$ po9t ?an ,i %\ld h all[$ myself 9 an essay4 ,b ?is is a loss ( grace r ?an ( cle>ness4 ,& s9ce ,i am /at+ a case & n (f]+ ! read] any?+ pr(ess+ to be a lit]>y "w1 ,i %all n apologise = f9ally summ+ up & und]l9+ ! *ief po9ts ( ?is book4 ,!y are1 fir/ly3 t a great *ange 9 human conditions has be5 br\ght ab\t dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & secondly t a va/ task ( adaptation1 :i* mu/ be1 initially & fundam5tally1 m5tal adaptation1 has to be und]tak5 by our race4 ,x is a task :i* politicians1 :o live f day to day1 & /atesm51 :o live f ev5t to ev5t1 may h9d] or aid v greatly1 b :i* !y _c be expect$ to conduct or control4 ,politicians & /atesm5 p]=ce live & "w 9 ! s*eme ( ideas !y f9d ab\t !m2 ! conditions ( _! activities are made = !m4 ,!y c be compell$ by ! weight ( public op9ion to help x1 b ! driv+ =ce = ?is great task mu/ come n f (ficial s\rces b f ! /eadfa/ educational pressure ( a great & gr[+ multitude ( conv9c$ p4 ,9 times ( fluctuation & dissolv+ l&m>ks1 ! importance ( ! tea*]--us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se--rises ) ! progressive dissolution ( ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,! creative responsibility = ! _w to-day passes /eadily into ! h&s ( writ]s & s*ool tea*]s1 /ud5ts ( social & economic sci5ce1 pr(essors & poets1 editors & j\rnali/s1 publi%]s & newspap] proprietors1 prea*]s1 e sort ( propag&i/ & e sort ( dis9t]e/$ p]son :o c give "t & en]gy to ! recon/ruction ( ! social idea4 ,human life w cont9ue to be m & m dang]\sly *aotic until a _w social idea cry/allizes out4 ,t--& no exi/+ in/itution & no curr5t issue--is ! prim>y conc]n ( ! pres5t age4 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 be=e all o!r sorts ( organization1 educational organizations2 we ne$1 be=e any o!r sort ( "w1 "w ( education & enlight5m5t2 we ne$ ev]y:]e active societies press+ = a bett]1 m effici5t conduct ( public s*ool+1 = a wid]1 m enlight5+ s*ool curriculum1 = a _w-wide l9k+-up ( educational sy/ems1 = a ru?less subord9ation ( naval1 milit>y & c\rt exp5diture to educational ne$s1 & = a sy/ematic disc\ragem5t ( mis*ief-mak+ betwe5 nation & nation & race & race & class & class4 ,i c\ld wi% to see ,educational ,societies1 organiz$ z su*1 spr++ up ev]y:]e1 wat*+ local bodies 9 ord] to div]t economies f ! educational />vation ( a di/rict to o!r less h>mful sav+2 wat*+ = obscurantism & reaction & mis*iev\s nationali/ tea*+ 9 ! local s*ools & colleges & 9 ! local press2 wat*+ memb]s ( p>liam5t & congressm5 = evid5ces ( educational good-w or malignity2 wat*+ & gett+ control ( ! adm9i/ration ( public libr>ies2 assi/+1 :5 necess>y1 9 ! supply ( s\nd lit]ature 9 _! di/ricts2 rais+ funds = invigorat+ educational propag&a 9 poor c\ntries l ,*9a & 9 atroci\sly educat$ c\ntries l ,irel&1 & correspond+ ) k9dr$ societies ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,i believe su* societies w\ld spe$ily become mu* m influ5tial ?an ! ord9>y political p>ty clubs & associations t n[ use up s mu* human en]gy 9 ! we/]n communities4 ,subord9at+ all vulg> political consid]ations to educational developm5t z ! supreme ne$ 9 ! _w's affairs1 ev5 q small societies c\ld ex]cise a p[]ful decisive voice 9 a great numb] ( political conte/s4 ,& an educational movem5t is m t5aci\s ?an any o!r sort ( social or political movem5t :atev]4 ,x tra9s its adh]5ts4 ,:at x w9s x holds4 ,i "k t 9 ?us putt+ all ! importance ^u educational ne$s at ! pres5t "t ,i %all seem to _m read]s to be ignor+ q excessively ! pr(\nd racial1 social & economic conflicts t are 9 progress4 ,i d4 ,i believe we %all nev] get on ) human affairs until we d ignore !m4 ,i (f] no sugge/ion :atev] z to :at sides p %\ld take 9 su* an issue z t betwe5 ,france & ,g]many or betwe5 ,s9n ,fe9 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 or 9 ! class w>4 ,i (f] no su* sugge/ion because ,i believe t all ^! conflicts & all su* curr5t conflicts are s irrational & de/ructive t x is impossible = a sane man :o wi%es to s]ve ! _w to id5tify himself ) ei!r side 9 any ( !m4 ,^! conflicts are m]e aspects ( ! gross & passionate /upidity & ignorance & sectionalism ( our pres5t _w4 ,! class w>1 ! pu% = & ! resi/ance to "s vague reorganization call$ ! ,social ,revolution--su* ?+s are ! natural inevitable result ( ! sordid moral & intellectual muddle ( our common ideas ab\t prop]ty4 ,! capitali/1 ! employ]1 ! prop]ty-own+ class1 z a class1 h nei!r ! intellig5ce nor ! consci5ce to compreh5d any moral limitations1 any limitations :atev] b ! /rong arm ( ! law1 ^u :at !y d ) _! prop]ty4 ,_! black & ob/9ate ignorance1 ! clumsy adv5tur\sness !y call private ent]prise1 _! unconsci\s insol5ce to poor p1 _! /upidly conspicu\s self-indulg5ce1 produce z a necess>y result ! black hatr$ ( ! employ$ & ! expropriat$4 ,on "o side we h gre$1 ins5sibility & incapacity1 on ! o!r envy & suff]+ /ung to v9dictive revolt3 on nei!r side light nor g5]osity nor creative w4 ,nei!r side has any p[] to give u any reality we ne$4 ,nei!r side is m ?an a hate & an aggression4 ,h[ c "o take sides betwe5 !m8 ,! pres5t sy/em1 unless x c develop a bett] intellig5ce & a bett] he>t1 is manife/ly de/9$ to fo/] fre% w>s & to cont9ue wa/+ :at is left ( ! sub/ance ( mank9d1 until absolute social disa/] ov]takes u all4 ,& manife/ly ! revolution>y communi/1 at 8 pres5t level ( education1 has nei!r ! plans nor ! capacity to sub/itute any m effici5t sy/em = ?is crazy edifice ( ill-discipl9$ private ent]prise t is n[ blund]+ to de/ruction4 ,b at a high] level ( intellig5ce1 at a level at :i* x is possible to def9e ! limitations ( private prop]ty cle>ly & to ensure a really loyal & effectual co-op]ation betwe5 individual & /ate1 ?is issue--?is :olly de/ructive conflict betwe5 ! prop]ty manipulator & ! communi/ fanatic :i* is n[ rapidly wreck+ our _w--disappe>s4 ,x disappe>s z completely z ! causes ( a murd]\s conflict betwe5 two drunk5 m5 w disappe> :5 !y are sep>at$ & put "u a /ream ( cle> cold wat]4 ,s x is t1 9 spite ( _! app>5t urg5cy1 ,i ask ! read] to deta* himself f ^! pres5t conflicts ( national politics1 ( political p>ties & ( ! class w> z completely z he c2 or1 if he _c deta* himself completely1 !n to play su* a "p 9 !m1 reg>dless ( any o!r consid]ation1 z may be mo/ conducive to a wide-?9k+1 wide-rang+ education ^u :i* we c base a new _w ord]4 ,a resolute pu% = q a %ort p]iod n[ might recon/ruct ! entire basis ( our collective human life4 ,9 ?is book ,i h tri$ to %[ :at =m t pu% %\ld take1 to %[ t x has a reasonable hope ( an ultimate success1 & t unless x is made1 ! outlook = mank9d is likely to become an entirely dismal prospect4 ,i put ^! !ses be=e ! read] = 8 consid]ation4 ,!y are n discursive criticisms ( life1 n haphaz>d grumbl+s at our pres5t discont5ts1 !y are (f]$ z ! fundam5tal propositions ( an ord]$ con/ructive project 9 :i* he c easily f9d a "p to play comm5surate ) 8 ability & opportunities4 ,,index ,adult le>n+1 spread (1 #afg ,aircraft z a means ( quick travel1 #dh 9 future w>s1 #i ,air transport a problem = ,europe1 #eh possibilities ( future1 #ff ,all-r$ air r\tes1 #fg ,am]ica & ! ,league ( ,nations1 #ae1 #bh1 #dg g5]aliz$ hi/ory tea*+ 91 #ajh h] "p 9 ,european recon/ruction1 #fb locomotion 91 #di1 #eb political unity (1 #fj 7see also ,unit$ ,/ates7 ,am]ican social sy/em1 comp>isons1 #b ,am]icans1 patriotism (1 #fi ,an?ology & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #abe ,apocrypha1 !1 & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #aai et seq4 ,ari?metic1 a wrong way ( tea*+1 #adi ,au/ria aft] ! w>1 #dd ,belloc1 ,hilaire1 #agh ,bible1 !1 a criticism (1 #ih et seq4 & ! !ory ( orig91 #ajc ,engli% translation (1 #ajg its effect ^u civilization1 #aja r$undancy 91 #ii rules ( heal? 91 #aaa :y x has lo/ hold on ! p1 #aja ,bible ( ,civilization1 !1 #ie et seq4 ne$ = frequ5t revision1 #acf :at x w conta91 #aje et seq4 ,biology1 ,huxley's sy/em (1 #aga /udy (1 #aea1 #aeb ,bol%evik propag&a1 suppression (1 #age ,bol%evism & ! ov]?r[ ( ,russia1 #dd ,books & m5tality1 #ahc ,b\nd>y "q 9 ,europe1 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb ,bradlaugh1 ,*>les1 lectures (1 #aga ,brea/$1 ,pr(essor1 works (1 #ajh ,bre$+1 po9ts requir$ 91 #adj ,brita91 national egotism (1 #gb ,briti% ,civil ,air ,transport ,committee1 #dh1 #ff ,briti% ,empire1 !1 a prime necessity = security (1 #fe a wrong conception (1 #fd an ocean /ate1 #fe its failure ) recon/ruction1 #bh-i ,briti% mon>*y1 !1 lo/ opportunities (1 #bi ,br[n+1 ,osc>1 #ajh ,canonical books & ! ,bible ( ,civilization1 #aai ,*9ese discov]y ( gunp[d]1 #f ,*ri/ianity1 #bc spread (1 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 #gh ,c9ematograph1 !1 z an aid to tea*+1 #hj1 #afa ,civilization1 adju/m5t ( political ideas necess>y =1 #df effect ( ! ,bible on1 #aja impot5ce (1 #a ! ,bible (1 #ie et seq4 ! w> &1 #dc et seq4 ,college /age ( education1 #afh *ang$ conditions (1 #ahj h[ x c\ld be improv$1 #agb problem ( its ext5sion1 #agg ,com5ius1 political & educational ideas (1 #ie1 #ig1 #ach ,committees1 good "w by1 #ajg ,communism & prop]ty1 #aae ,communi/s1 ,russian1 & ! ,press1 #ahf ,connecticut1 ,/ate (1 ! ,bible z its only law1 #ih ,consci5ce ! basis ( moral life1 #bj ,contempor>y problems1 complexity (1 #c ,cosmogony ( ! ,bible1 !1 #ajc-d ,cu/oms1 !1 & ,european travel1 #ef ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 #fc1 #ajg ,d5m>k1 pres5t-day conditions 91 #de ,dis>mam5t1 ineffectual movem5ts =1 #ac ,discov]y1 ! age (1 #f ,education a fundam5tal difficulty1 #aee *ief end (1 #be degradation (1 #aje 9 ! _w /ate1 #bj1 #ij necess>y basis (1 #ajc neglect ( language tea*+1 #ade pa/ & pres5t1 #gi1 #ajd prim>y ob/acle to1 #aec progressive "* (1 #aff1 #ahc reorganization (1 ne$$1 #aeh1 #afe ,educational organization1 a review (1 #aci ne$ (1 #aid ,engl& be=e & aft] ! w>1 #de ,epics & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #abe ,eug5ic lit]ature1 #adj1 #ada ,europe1 & ! ,league ( ,nations1 #dg b\nd>y "q (1 #ed1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #if problem ( air transport1 #eh propag&a ( patriotism 91 #gb results ( political disunion1 #ed sl[ economic recov]y (1 #ei ,european travel1 prep>ations ne$$ =1 #ee ,ev5+ cont9uation & te*nical s*ools1 #afi ,ex*ange1 fluctuat+ nature (1 #ef1 #eg ,f$]al ,_w ,/ate1 an approa*+ reality1 #hj ,=eca/s1 a ,book (1 & ! mod]niz$ ,bible1 #acb ,=esight1 ne$ (1 #acc ,france1 national egotism (1 #gb po/-w> decad5ce 91 #de ,fronti]s & ! possibility ( w>1 #ei ,geography1 improv$ me?od ( tea*+1 #aea ,g]many1 ebb 9 civilization 91 #de int5sive nationali/ education 91 #gb ,glad/one1 ,mr41 a spee* by1 #aga ,gramophones z aids to s*ool tea*+1 #afj ,gunp[d]1 discov]y (1 #f ,hamsun's ,gr[? ( ! ,soil1 #abd ,heal? & ! citiz51 #aaa ,hebrew ,bible1 !1 #aaj ,h5ley1 a poem by1 #abg ,h]b]t1 ,aub]on1 lectures by1 #aga ,high] education1 a false conception (1 #aha ,hi/orical books1 value ( illu/rations & maps 91 #aaj ,hi/ory1 & national egotism1 #gc c>d9al exp]i5ces 91 #a ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 #ajh ,hi/ory tea*+ 9 s*ools1 unsatisfactory nature (1 #aea ,holl&1 po/-w> condition (1 #de ,human bro!rhood1 gospel (1 #bd ,human disord]1 ! key to1 #aib ,human outlook1 !1 #a ,human society1 anci5t & mod]n1 #e ne$s recon/ruction1 #aa ,human unity & a _w /ate1 #ge ,hung>y1 po/-w> desolation 91 #dd ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 au?or's tribute to1 #agj 8 sy/em ( tea*+ geography1 #aea ,illu/rations1 ne$ (1 9 books1 #aaj ,indep5d5t nationality1 ne$ =1 #gf ,individuali/s & prop]ty1 #aae ,indu/rialism1 mod]n1 #aad ,intellectuals1 _! e/imate ( man1 #ad ,int]national m9d1 an1 #gc ,int]national problem ( to-day1 #df ,irel&1 aft]-effects ( w> 91 #de condition ( 7#afdj-afej71 #if ,islam1 la/+ unity (1 #gi spread (1 9 sev5? c5tury1 #bc ,italy1 aft] ! w>1 #de =bids export ( works ( art1 #aag ,judd1 ,pr(essor1 #aga ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d1 #ae ,kom5sky 7see ,com5ius7 ,lab\r problems1 ! ,bible &1 #aad ,lab\r tr\ble1 & f :at x spr+s1 #aaf1 #aag ,language tea*+1 a necess>y "p ( education1 #ade sugge/$ use ( gramophones =1 #afj tw(old object (1 #adg ,league ( ,nations1 !1 #ac1 #ag & ! b\nd>y "q1 #fb educational value ( its propag&a1 #ge ineffectiv5ess (1 #e1 #cg1 #da1 #dg1 #gf ,presid5t ,wilson &1 #ae1 #bh ,lectures z basis ( in/ruction1 #agh ,l59 & ,russia1 #dd ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address1 #abf ,locomotion & me?ods ( communication1 #dh1 #eb1 #ec ,ma*9]y1 9 a _w /ate1 #ia ,magna ,c>ta1 #ajg ,man1 8 pla9 duty1 #ch social nature (1 #ai ,mank9d1 influ5ce ( surr\nd+s on1 #ah probable future (1 #a et seq4 ,ma!matics1 tea*+ (1 #adi ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 #ajh ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,times1 #ajh ,m5tal life1 s*ool+ & !1 #adb ,mesopotamia1 irrigation sy/em (1 #f ,milit>y class1 mis*ief ( a1 #bi ,milton's def5ce ( free spee*1 #abh ,miss\ri1 e/abli%m5t (1 #di ,money1 ,sir ,leo1 8 ,triumph ( ,nationalization1 #ahg ,morris1 ,william1 lectures by1 #aga ,napoleon's retreat f ,mosc[1 #dh ,national indep5d5ce1 mean+ (1 #ei ,newspap]s1 #ahc evolution (1 #ahd j\rnali/ic demoralization1 #ahg1 #ahh ,novels1 & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #abc ,ocean transport1 importance (1 #fe ,organiz$ education1 ! key to human disord]1 #aib ,organiz$ solid>ity & mod]n communities1 #ajb ,orig9al ,s91 ! factor (1 #aje ,outl9e ( ,hi/ory1 ,wells's1 #ajg1 #ajh ,passports1 delays att5dant on1 #ee ,patriotism1 a unity-de/roy+ propag&a (1 #gb aggressive1 dang]s (1 #ci ,am]ican1 #fi true & false conceptions (1 #fh1 #fi ,peace ,m9i/ry1 functions ( a1 #hg ,philosophical works & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #abd ,physiography1 ,huxley &1 #aea ,physiology1 value ( /udy (1 #aea ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 !1 & ! ,bible1 #aaj ,plays & a mod]niz$ ,bible1 #abc ,political recon/ruction1 accompanim5ts (1 #be ,politicians1 _! ne$ ( =esight1 #acc ,politics 9 a _w /ate1 #ha1 #ic ,pray] ,book1 !1 #ajg ,press1 !1 demoralization (1 #ahg-h fre$om (1 #ahe ,gov]nm5t control (1 #ahf1 #ahg ,pr9t+ & ! community1 #g ,progress1 arre/ (1 #a ,prop]ty1 class w> &1 #aif lab\r tr\ble &1 #aaf1 #aag problems (1 #aad rights & duties (1 #aae ,puritanism 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #ig ,quak]s1 !1 f\ndation (1 #ig ,radiogram1 !1 & its results1 #f ,railways1 ,am]ican1 #di et seq41 #fe ,readju/m5t ( political ideas1 #df et seq41 #fh ,religion & ! political & social outlook1 #bc1 #gi univ]sali/ 9 !ory1 #ha ,religi\s in/ruction & discussion b>r$ by colleges1 #age ,revolutions & h[ produc$1 #bg ,rob9son1 ,pr(essor1 #ajh ,roman ,empire1 !1 rise & fall (1 #ec ,russia1 ,bol%evism 91 #dd ! ,press 91 #ahf vexati\s delays 9 a j\rney to1 #ef et seq4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg be=e & aft] ! w>1 #dc1 #dd ,s*oolh\se1 an ord9>y1 & an ideal1 #aeh-i ,s*ool+ ( ! _w1 !1 #aci et seq4 & :at %\ld be taught1 #adc :y s (t5 a failure1 #aec ,s*ools & ! developm5t ( education1 #be ( a _w /ate1 #ij ,sci5ce tea*+ "u difficulties & a sugge/$ rem$y1 #afa ,scotl& aft] ! w>1 #de ,sea p[] & ! subm>9e1 #ff ,semaphores1 #dh ,sexual morality1 ne$ =1 #aab ,%akespe> & ! ,bible ( ,civilization1 #abb ,social nature ( man1 #ai ,sov]eign /ates1 incoh]5t nature (1 #ca ,/eamboats1 ,am]ican1 #di1 #fe ,/opes1 ,dr4 ,m>ie1 #aac ,subm>9e1 !1 & sea p[]1 #ff ,sw$51 be=e & aft] ! w>1 #de ,tea*]s1 lack (1 & ! reason1 #aec ,tea*+ & ! future ( mank9d1 #cg ,tea*+ p[] & h[ x might be economiz$1 #aef et seq4 ,te*nical /udy1 specializ$1 #ahb ,telegraphy1 developm5t (1 #f1 #dh ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>1 !1 #if ,tol/oi's ,w> & ,peace1 #abd ,trade problems1 ! ,bible &1 #aad ,transport & ! int]national problem1 #df ,travel1 inconv5i5ces ( ,european1 #ee et seq4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! gov]nm5t (1 #dg1 #hc gr[? 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