,,! ,,old ,,riddle ,,& ,,! ,,newe/ ,,answ] ,! ,"l ,/4 ,alban w\ld say to "s philosoph]s--,g5tlem51 nature is a labyr9?1 9 :i* ! v ha/e y move )1 w make y lose y\r way4 ,,bacon1 ,apoph!gms4 ,,! ,,old ,,riddle ,,& ,,! ,,newe/ ,,answ] ,,by ,,john ,,g]>d1 ,s4,j41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,f\r? ,,edition ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aijg ,,roehampton3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,griff94 ,,preface ,! enemies ( ,sci5ce are n ! phili/9es alone--if any /ill rema9--:o w\ld muzzle or /ifle h]4 ,m num]\s & dang]\s are ^?--pr(ess$ly ( h] own h\sehold--:o ascribe to h] pret5sions ( :i* %e h]self kn[s no?+1 & /rive to make h] responsible = a philosophy entirely beyond h] scope4 ,) ?is object ef=ts are assidu\sly made to popul>ize ! idea t no?+ 9 heav5 or e>? is beyond h] k51 & t %e has r5d]$ all su* beliefs impossible z alone c satisfy ! deep] crav+s ( humanity4 ,at ! same "t ! v brilliance ( h] a*ievem5ts is apt to dazzle our eyes1 bl9d+ !m to ! extremely n>r[ limits ( ! field 9 :i* %e c op]ate1 & mak+ u ru% to ! conclusion t %e has solv$ ! riddle :i* f ! beg9n+ ( "t ,nature has (f]$ to e ?9k+ m9d1--or at lea/ t :at h] se>*-light _c illum9e mu/ = ev] rema9 unkn[able4 ,h[ f> su* assumptions are rational1 x is ! object ( ! pres5t enquiry to exam9e by means ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by ,sci5ce h]self 9 h] own reg>d4 ,i h to ?ank ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,d>w9 = p]mission to use ! illu/ration ( fea!rs ( ! ,argus ,pheasant f 8 illu/ri\s fa!r's ,desc5t ( ,man1 & = ! loan ( blocks = ! purpose4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,i am all[$ to copy a portion ( ! plate 9 ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,lectures on ,evolution1 illu/rat+ 8 p$igree ( ! ,horse4 ,if ,i =be> to m5tion o!rs :o h k9dly suppli$ me ) in=mation1 x is only le/ x might be suppos$ t !y are anywise responsible = ! use ,i h made ( x4 ,! design on ! cov] ( ! pres5t volume ,i owe to my fri5d ,mr4 ,paul ,woodr(fe4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m>* #aj1 #aijd4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,9 ?is edition1 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly revis$ ?r\gh\t1 a few corrections h _h to be made1 especially 9 ! ,index1 & 9 "o or two in/ances alt]ations or additions h appe>$ advisable = ! sake ( cle>ness or accuracy ( expression4 ,no?+ has1 h[ev]1 z yet be5 br\ght to ! au?or's notice :i* affects any sub/antial po9t 9 :at he has writt54 ,july #bh1 #aijd4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,?is edition has aga9 be5 ?or\ghly revis$1 & "s new matt] app5d$ :i* be>s on v>i\s po9ts rais$ 9 ! orig9al volume1 especially ! e/abli%m5t ( ! important gr\p ( ! ,cycado-filices1 z affect+ ! succession ( plant life on ! e>?1 & rec5t evid5ce conc]n+ ! p$igree ( ! horse4 ,decemb] #ba1 #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,pages ,,to ,,beg9 ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,c]ta9ty t !re 0 a ,beg9n+ ( ! ,_w--,:at 0 !re be=e8--,! ,great ,problem1 to be answ]$ by ,reason & ,sci5ce #a-c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,reason ,,& ,,sci5ce ,pr9ciples ( ,reason+--,scope & me?od ( ,sci5ce #d-g ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,evolution ,t]m v>i\sly us$ = a ,process & a ,pr9ciple4 ,we comm5ce ) ! latt] #h-i ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution ,evolution z a ,philosophy--,ma9 features ( ! sy/em #aj-ad ,,*apt] ,v ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,law ,,( ,,nature8 ,errone\s use ( ! t]m frequ5t3 its sci5tific use #ae-ai ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,sub/ance ,a comb9ation ( two o!r ,laws1 viz4--,! inde/ructibility ( ,matt]1 & ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy--,b !re is also ,dissipation ( ,en]gy--,consequ5ces inf]r$ f ?is z to ! ,duration ( ! ,univ]se #bj-bh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,sev5 ,,enigmas ,! ,law ( ,cont9uity--,alleg$ brea*es--,sev5 evolution>y /ages d$uc$ to be sci5tifically unexpla9$1 or ev5 inexplicable #bi-cd ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,matt] ,,& ,,motion ,con/itution & ,prop]ties ( ,matt] inconsi/5t ) ,haeckel's evolution>y sy/em--,also ! ,laws ( ,motion--,radium & its revelations #ce-dd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,life ,evolution "h consid]$ z a process--,9 its l>g] s5se1 po/ulates spontane\s g5]ation--:i*1 h[ev]1 ,sci5ce disall[s--,protoplasm & ,cry/allization #de-ff ,,*apt] ,x ,,animal ,,& ,,man ,orig9 ( simple s5sation & consci\sness ev5 less explicable ?an t ( life--,gulf betwe5 man & ! l[] animals--,language exclusively human--,! significance ( ,free-w c be impugn$ only by ! absurdity ( d5y+ its exi/5ce #fg-he ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,! ord] ( ! ,cosmos requires a ,cause--,no cause kn[n to u c produce su* a result except ,intellig5ce--,h5ce we inf] ,purpose or ,design & are l$ to ,!ism--,sci5tific evid5ce z to ?is1 ! ,gr& ,"q #hf-aji ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,purpose ,,& ,,*ance ,:at ,*ance means--,x is ! sole alt]native to ,purpose or ,design--,argum5ts aga9/ ,purposive ,creation--,! ,exi/5ce ( ,pa9--,! ,my/]ies ( ,g5]ation #aaj-abe ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,monism ,! ,moni/ic ,philosophy--,its utt] lack ( a sci5tific basis--,contradict$ by ! ideas ( morality & tru?--,n really adopt$ by ,moni/s !mselves #abf-aci ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,organic ,,evolution ,evolution n[ to be consid]$ 9 its mo/ re/rict$ signification--,organic ,evolution1 or ,trans=mism1 n id5tical ) ,d>w9ism--,! nature ( ! que/ions be=e u #adj-adh ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,d>w9ism ,?\gh no ess5tial "p ( our enquiry1 ,d>w9ism mu/ be /udi$ on acc\nt ( importance ascrib$ to x--,baseless claims on its behalf--,true "* ( ! sy/em--,natural ,selection & its mode ( action--,ph5om5a :i* seem to fav\r ,d>w9ism--,difficulties on ! o!r side--,limits ( ,v>iation--,specific /ability--,adv]se probabilities--,natural selection c produce no?+--,transitional developm5ts useless or h>mful--,arti/ic ornam5ts unexpla9$--,flaws 9 argum5t--,organic progress--,rudim5t>y ,organs--,embryology--,sci5tific op9ion z to ,d>w9ism #adi-bjc ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,evolution ,palontology furni%es ! only s\nd basis = argum5t--,! nature ( ! evid5ce requir$--,! hi/ory ( ,life z kn[n to u is inconsi/5t ) evolution>y !ories--,haeckel's ante-p]iods--,conclusion to :i* facts po9t #bjd-bch ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,audi ,,alt]am ,,p>tem ,argum5ts on behalf ( ,evolution--,! g5ealogy ( ! ,horse--,haeckel's ,p$igree ( ,man--,d>w9's plea ( imp]fection ( ! geological record--,no evolution>y process is yet demon/rat$2 ,/ill less has any?+ be5 done to e/abli% ,evolution z a creative =ce #bci-bfi ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,to ,,sum ,,up ,reason leads to conclusions :i* physical sci5ce _c rea*--,! recognition ( a ,fir/ ,cause beyond ! ,s5sible ,univ]se an intellectual necessity--,k ( ?is cause atta9able by reason--,conclusion #bgj-bhj ,,app5dices ,a4 ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,v]dicts conc]n+ ,d>w9ism & ,trans=mism #bha ,b4 ,developm5t ( ,plant life--! ,cycad(ilices #bhd ,c4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,evolution #bhe ,d4 ,! p$igree ( ! ,horse3 fur!r evid5ce #bhf ,,index #bhi ,,footnotes ,i ,,to ,,beg9 ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,t ! _w z we "k x _h a beg9n+ is a tru? :i* !re is no d5y+4 ,n only h philosoph]s always argu$ t x mu/ be s3 ! rese>*es ( physical sci5ce assure u t x has be5 s 9 fact4 ,a/ronomy1 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1#a leads u to contemplate ph5om5a ! v nature ( :i* demon/rates t !y mu/ h _h a beg9n+4 ,! hypo!sis t ph5om5a ( ,nature simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! pres5t _w h always exi/$1 ! same au?ority assures u1#b is absolutely incompatible ) su* evid5ce z we h1 :i* is ( s pla9 & s simple a "* t x is impossible 9 any way to escape f ! conclusions :i* x =ces ^u u4 ,?is conclusion1 physici/s tell u1 is inevitable :5 we /udy ! laws by :i* ! op]ations ( ,nature are gov]n$1 & z ,pr(essor ,balf\r ,/ew>t writes1#c we ?us become absolutely c]ta9 t ^! op]ations _c h exi/$ = ev]1 & t a "t w come :5 !y mu/ cease4 ,9 l mann]1 a rec5t & compet5t witness to ! conclusions ( contempor>y ,sci5ce1 lays d[n1#d z "o ( ! tru?s :i* h] late/ discov]ies compel u to accept1 t ! _w is n et]nal1 t ! e>? is cool+ f a /ate ( heat r5d]+ life impossible1 to "o ( physical exhau/ion equally fatal to x4 ,accord+ly ,life mu/ h _h a beg9n+ & mu/ come to an end1--& our :ole ,sol> ,sy/em 7he adds7 mu/ simil>ly h _h a comm5cem5t1 at a p]iod n inf9itely remote4 ,b1 if ! _w _h a beg9n+1 :at 0 !re be=e x began8 ,some?+ !re mu/ h be51 & some?+ :i* _h ! p[] ( produc+ x4 ,_h !re ev] be5 no?+1 !re c\ld nev] h be5 any?+1 =1 ,ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,t no?+ %\ld turn into some?+ is an idea :i* ! m9d refuses to ent]ta94 ,nor is ! case any bett] ev5 if we suppose t matt] _h no beg9n+1 t x has exi/$ = ev] z we "k x n[1 & t at fir/ !re 0 no?+ else4 ,= if s1 :5ce h all ^! ?+s aris5 :i*1 accord+ to all obs]vation & exp]im5t1 matt] _c produce1 z1 organic life1 s5sitive life1 consci\sness1 reason1 moral goodness8 ,_h matt] be5 always :at x n[ is1 & _h !re be5 no s\rce beyond matt] :5ce ! p[] ( produc+ all ^! ?+s c\ld be d]iv$1 !y c\ld nev] h be5 produc$ at all1 or else !y w\ld h come into be+ )\t a cause4 ,x w\ld be l a mile/one gr[+ into an apple-tree1 or a m\nta9 spontane\sly giv+ bir? to a m\se4 ,we are !re=e compell$ by common-s5se to ask :5 we consid] ,nature1 ,:at is ! =ce or p[] at ! back ( h]1 :i* fir/ set h] go+1 & :5ce %e draws ! capability ( p]=m+ ! op]ations :i* we f9d h] p]=m+ e day2 t =ce or p[] :i* mu/ be ! ultimate orig9 ( ev]y?+ t is 9 ! _w8 ,?is is ! great fundam5tal problem :i* ! /ud5t ( ,nature has to face1 & beside x all o!rs fade into insignificance4 ,x is ) ?is t we are n[ engag$4 ,we h to ask h[ our reason bids u answ] x1 & ! fir/ "q :i* arises naturally is1 ,:at light is ?r[n on ! subject by mod]n ,sci5ce1 ( ^: a*ievem5ts we are all s ju/ly pr\d8 ,,ii ,,reason ,,& ,,sci5ce ,9 /udy+ a "q su* z ?is1 we mu/ comm5ce by be+ det]m9$1 on ! "o h& to accept no?+ z true b :at our reason w>rants u 9 believ+1 & on ! o!r h& to foll[ ! guidance ( reason z f> z1 rightly us$1 x w lead u4 ,! pr9ciple =mulat$#e by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 z ! f\ndation-/one ( :at he t]m$ ,agno/icism1 is t :i* mu/ ne$s be adopt$1 & z a matt] ( fact has ev] be5 adopt$1 by rational m54 ,positively--9 matt]s ( ! intellect foll[ y\r reason z f> z x w take y1 )\t reg>d to any o!r consid]ation4 ,& negatively--9 matt]s ( ! intellect d n pret5d t conclusions are c]ta9 :i* are n demon/rat$ or demon/rable4 ,b to ju/ify ! confid5ce :i* we ?us repose 9 x we mu/ obvi\sly be c>eful to use our reason aright1 & n to attribute to x any conclusions :i* x does n really sanction4 ,x is ?is "r use ( reason t is specially claim$ = mod]n ,sci5ce1#f :i*1 z we are aga9 assur$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 is only ano!r "n = s\nd reason+--,sci5ce1 he decl>es1#g is1 ,i believe1 no?+ b tra9$ & organiz$ common-s5se4#h 444 ,! man ( sci5ce1 9 fact1 simply uses ) scrupul\s exactness1 ! me?ods :i* we all1 habitually & at e mom5t1 use c>elessly4 ,!re c be no sort ( "q t s long z m5 ( sci5ce really act ?us1 & conf9e !mselves to ! treatm5t ( matt]s 9 reg>d ( :i* !y c claim special k1 common s5se bids u li/5 to !m ) respect1 & ev5 ) submission4 ,b ! same common s5se requires t we %\ld satisfy ourselves t !y truly des]ve ! "* assign$ !m1 & pret5d to no k on ! score ( ,sci5ce b :at _! sci5tific me?ods are compet5t to acquire4 ,:5 !y /ep beyond ?is _! own prop] doma91 :atev] weight may be giv5 to _! op9ions ^u o!r gr\nds1 !y cease to speak 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce4 ,:at !n1 we mu/ ask1 is ! prov9ce ( ,sci5ce1 & :at are h] me?ods8 ,sci5ce1 always und]/&+ by ! t]m physical or exp]im5tal ,sci5ce1 deals ) ! univ]se s f> z x is kn[n to u ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,! univ]se kn[n ?us we call ,nature1 & ! :ole /ock 9 trade ( ,sci5ce is ! exam9ation & v]ification ( natural ph5om5a1 ) su* inf]5ces !refrom z asc]ta9$ facts legitimately sugge/4 ,f c>eful & tru/wor?y obs]vation %e c le>n :at are call$ ! ,laws ( ,nature1 t is to say ! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i\s elem5ts & =ces ( ! univ]se are f\nd con/antly to act1 9 giv5 circum/ances2 %e c1 to "s ext5t1 discov] ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 or m prop]ly ( conditions & consequ5ces1 ?r\gh :i* natural op]ations are c>ri$ on4 ,%e c ev5 con/ruct hypo!ses z to :at %e _c directly obs]ve1 namely1 ! nature ( sub/ances & =ces2 & su* hypo!ses are ju/ifi$ 9 proportion z !y are f\nd to tally ) facts4 ,if con/antly ?us ju/ifi$1 !y are /yl$ !ories1 & come to be practically assum$ z e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,b x mu/ ev] be rememb]$ t ,sci5ce c take no /ep 9 advance :i* is n bas$ on fact1 & t :5 facts are n =?com+ = its support an hypo!sis or a !ory has no sci5tific value4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we w proce$ to enquire :at ,sci5ce has to tell u reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x has come to be :at x is4 ,,iii ,,evolution ,we are con/antly assur$ t ,sci5ce compels u to believe 9 ,evolution1 & t 9 ?is doctr9e is to be f\nd ! explanation ( ! univ]se :]e( we are 9 que/4 ,we mu/ h[ev] 9 ! fir/ place make sure t we und]/& :at ,evolution means1 & if we look into ! "q1 x spe$ily appe>s t ! t]m is v diff]5tly und]/ood by ^? :o use x4 ,"s :o /yle !mselves ,evolutioni/s mean only t1 z a matt] ( e/abli%$ fact1 ! organic _w1 ! _w ( life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 has be5 br\ght to its pres5t condition by g5etic developm5t ( "o species f ano!r1 9 ! natural c\rse ( desc5t & ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural laws2 & t z we see plants & animals ( ! same k9d propagat$ "o f ano!r at ! pres5t day1 s 9 ! c\rse ( long ages ! l[] & simpl] =ms ( life h giv5 bir? to ! high] & m complex4 ,o!rs aga9 d n limit ?is process to organic creatures1 & believe t f fir/ to la/1 ! :ole _w1 inorganic & organic alike1 has result$ f ! action ( =ces su* z ^? ) :i* ,sci5ce deals2 & t life has ?us aris5 9 purely natural c\rse out ( non-liv+ matt]1 ! univ]se 9 its orig9al condition hav+ be5 con/itut$ z a va/ ma*9e :i* 0 b\nd to produce all t has s9ce aris54 ,9 ei!r ( ! above s5ses--( :i* ! second obvi\sly includes ! fir/1--,evolution is und]/ood z no m ?an a process :i* is said to h occurr$4 ,b !re is a m extreme s*ool :i* takes ,evolution = mu* m1 namely = a p[]1 pr9ciple1 or law1 :i* bo? gov]ns & acc\nts = ev]y?+1 & requires no fur!r cause beyond itself4 ,if ?is p>am\nt ,law ( ,evolution c be e/abli%$1 !re is cle>ly an end ( our enquiry1 = "h is ! ultimate explanation ( ev]y?+ :i* we are seek+4 ,b :at has ,sci5ce to say conc]n+ x8 ,,iv ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,evolution ,t !re is a self-exi/+ & self-suffic+ ,law ( ,evolution to :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! _w mu/ be ascrib$1 is ! doctr9e ( ^? ,evolutioni/s :o are mo/ active 9 propagat+ _! cre$ & :o mo/ l\dly proclaim t x alone is sci5tific4 ,! great lead] & prophet ( ?is s*ool1 ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,haeckel1 assures u#i t he gives expression1 to t rational view ( ! _w :i* is be+ =c$ ^u u ) su* logical rig\r by ! mod]n advancem5ts 9 our k ( nature z a unity1 a view 9 reality held by almo/ all unprejudic$ & ?9k+ m5 ( sci5ce1 al?\gh b few h ! c\rage 7or ! ne$7 to decl>e x op5ly4 ,! pla9 & rational conclusion ?us exhibit$ is1 he tells u1#aj ! special glory ( mod]n rese>*4 ,x is true he writes t !re 7 philosoph]s :o spoke ( ! evolution ( ?+s a ?\s& ye>s ago2 b ! recognition t su* a law dom9ates ! entire univ]se1 & t ! _w is no?+ else ?an an et]nal evolution ( sub/ance1 is a fruit ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! _w :i* we actually inhabit1 its fir/ beg9n+1 we mu/1 he tells u1 suppose#aa to h be5 a va/ nebula ( inf9itely att5uat$ & light mat]ial1 rotat+ ^u its own axis4#ab ,giv5 ?is fir/ beg9n+ ( ! cosmogonic movem5t1 x is easy1 on ma!matical pr9ciples1 to d$uce & ma!matically e/abli% ! fur!r ph5om5a ( ! f\ndation ( ! cosmic bodies1 ! sep>ation ( ! planets1 & s =?4 ,nor are we to suppose t ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>ticul> process 0 9 any true s5se a beg9n+ at all4 ,evolution>y philosophy su* z ,pr(essor ,haeckel's1 necess>ily tea*es t beg9n+s & end+s succe$ "o ano!r ev]la/+ly1 "o _w-sy/em aris+ pho5ix-l f ! a%es ( ano!r4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis above describ$ has rec5tly we are told#ac be5 /rongly confirm$ & enl>g$ by ! !ory t ?is cosmogonic process did n simply take place once1 b is p]iodically repeat$4 ,:ile new cosmic bodies arise & develop1 out ( rotat+ masses ( nebula 9 "s p>ts ( ! univ]se1 9 o!r p>ts old1 ext9ct1 frigid suns come into collision1 & are once m r$uc$ by ! heat g5]at$ to ! condition ( nebul4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 to be assum$ t ?is cyclic process has be5 actually demon/rat$1 = we are told#ad t a/ronomy reveals1 9 ! endless dep?s ( space1 ,millions ( circl+ sph]es1 l>g] ?an our e>?1 &1 l x1 9 an et]nal rhy?m ( life & dea?4 ,moreov]1 life is "h to be und]/ood lit]ally1 = x is a c>d9al article ( su* evolution>y belief t equally ) ! f\ndation ( cosmic bodies & ! sep>ation ( planets1 ! production ( organic life1 ( plants & animals1 has be5 wr\ght by =ces :i* ! mat]ial univ]se conta9s )9 itself1#ae & accord+ly1#af ,we n[ def9itely "k t ! organic _w on our e>? has be5 cont9u\sly develop$ 9 accordance ) et]nal iron laws4 444 ,an unbrok5 s]ies ( natural ev5ts1 foll[+ an ord]ly c\rse ( evolution accord+ to fix$ laws1 n[ leads ! reflect+ human _s ?r\gh long aeons f a primeval *aos to ! pres5t ord] ( ! cosmos4 ,f9ally1 at ! back ( all ^! processes1 we are to recognize ! "o ultimate reality1 ! univ]se itself1 :i* orig9ates & und]goes all ^! evolutions4 ,9 its reg>d ,pr(essor ,haeckel tells u#ag t1 ,! univ]se1 or cosmos1 is et]nal1 inf9ite1 & illimitable4 ,its sub/ance1 ) its two attributes 7matt] & en]gy7 fills inf9ite space & is 9 et]nal motion4 ,?is motion runs on ?r\gh inf9ite "t z an unbrok5 developm5t1 ) a p]iodic *ange f life to dea?1 f evolution to devolution4444 ,& aga93#ah ,! two fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ances1 pond]able matt] & e!r1 are n dead & mov$ only by extr9sic =ce1 b !y are end[$ also ) s5sation & w 7?\gh naturally ( ! l[e/ grade72 !y exp]i5ce an incl9ation = cond5sation1 a dislike ( /ra92 !y /rive aft] ! "o & /ruggle aga9/ ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 ,movem5t#ai is z innate & orig9al a prop]ty ( sub/ances z is s5sation4 ,su* is ! raw mat]ial ^: metamorphoses produce1 or r con/itute1 all possible worlds1 :ile p>am\nt ov] e ?+ dom9ates ! ,law ( ,sub/ance1 "u :i* title ,pr(essor ,haeckel unites ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 & ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,?us is ! conclusion rea*$1#bj ,t[]+ above all ! a*ievem5ts & discov]ies ( ! c5tury we h ! great compreh5sive law ( sub/ance1 ! fundam5tal law ( ! con/ancy ( matt] & =ce4 ,! fact t sub/ance is ev]y:]e subject to et]nal movem5t & trans=mation gives x ! "* also ( ! univ]sal law ( evolution4 ,z ?is supreme law has be5 firmly e/abli%$ & all o!rs are subord9ate to x1 we arrive at a conviction ( ! univ]sal unity ( nature & ! et]nal validity ( its laws4 ,accord+ly we are to conclude ) ,goe! t all proce$s by iron law to ! fulfill+ ( inevitable de/9y2 or z an ard5t disciple proclaims1 :o und]takes to exp\nd ! new cre$ to ! p1#ba ,we re/ 9 sure & c]ta9 hope t no =ce & no comb9ation ( =ces c /op ! process ( ,evolution1 :i* f a speck ( jelly has develop$ su* liv+ =ms z ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & :i* has produc$ ! beauty ( ! e>? & ! heav5s f =mless e!r4 ,?is outl9e ( ! ,evolution>y sy/em 9 its wide/ & fulle/ s5se w enable u to judge ^u :at gr\nds x c claim ! sanction ( ,sci5ce4 ,v>i\s po9ts "h pres5t !mselves = consid]ation1 :i* dem& sep>ate treatm5t4 ,v ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,law ,,( ,,nature8 ,z we h se51 ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is pres5t$ by its advocates z be+ bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( a ,law ( ,evolution1 or ,law ( ,sub/ance1 :i* bo? br+s ab\t evolution>y processes1 & c]tifies u ( _! occurr5ce1 s t we may appeal to x z an au?ority = our belief 9 ! facts ( evolution !mselves4 ,?us z ,pr(essor ,milnes ,m>%all told ! ,briti% ,association1#bb ,! doctr9e ( desc5t1 or ( evolution1 tea*es u t z individual animals arise1 n spontane\sly1 b by direct desc5t f pre-exi/+ animals1 s also is x ) species1 ) families1 & ) l>g] gr\ps ( animals1 & s also has x be5 = all "t4 ,x is n said1 be x obs]v$1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( su* facts tea*es u ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b t ! doctr9e assures u ( ! facts2 & ! utt]ances con/antly met )1 ( :i* ! above is a fair sample1 h no signification if !y d n mean ?is4 ,9 ! same way ,pr(essor ,haeckel decl>es#bc t 8 fundam5tal cosmic law e/abli%es ! et]nal p]si/5ce ( matt] & =ce1 & _! unv>y+ con/ancy ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se1 becom+ ?us ! pole-/> t guides our ,philosophy ?r\gh ! mighty labyr9? to a solution ( ! _w problem1 & ! key to ?is supreme problem1 he fur!r tells u1#bd is f\nd 9 "o magic ^w--,evolution4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> f all ?is1 t by ,evolution we are to und]/& "s sort ( entity at ! back ( ! _w1 ) p[] at its disposal capable ( effect+ all its op]ations1--some?+ 9 fact rem>kably l ! ,fir/ ,cause ( :i* we are 9 se>*1--& t by its ,laws are signifi$ "s def9ite =ces1 ! practical action ( :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ by u1 s t we c =etell ! c\rse ( ev5ts "u !m1 z we c t ( ! planets or ! tides "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation4 ,b is x sci5tific1 or ev5 intelligible1 to use words ?us1 & to assign any su* significance to su* t]ms z ,law ( ,evolution1 ,law ( ,sub/ance1 or any o!r ,law ( ,nature8 ,we are repeat$ly w>n$ to ! contr>y by s high an au?ority z ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,once1 = in/ance1 he discov]$ 9 a s]mon ( ,canon ,liddon's ?is fallaci\s employm5t ( ! "n ( a sci5tific conception1 = :i* x 0 h[ev] add$1 ! prea*] c\ld f9d only too _m sci5tific prec$5ts4#be ,?is fallaci\s use ( t]ms1 :i* n[ise diff]s f t "u consid]ation1 ,pr(essor ,huxley ?us d5\nces3 ,x is ! use ( ! ^w law z if x d5ot$ a ?+--z if a law ( nature1 z sci5ce und]/&s x1 7 a be+ end[$ ) c]ta9 p[]s1 9 virtue ( :i* ! ph5om5a express$ by t law are br\ght ab\t4444 ,all ,i wi% to rem>k is t su* a conception ( ! nature ( laws has no?+ to d ) mod]n sci5ce4444 ,a law ( nature1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 is ! product ( a m5tal op]ation ^u ! facts ( nature :i* come "u our obs]vation1 & has no m exi/5ce outside ! m9d ?an col\r has4 ,! law ( gravitation is a /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* exp]i5ce %[s t bodies1 :i* are free to move1 d1 9 fact1 move t[>ds "o ano!r4444 ,! t5acity ( ! wond]ful fallacy t ! laws ( nature are ag5ts1 in/ead ( be+1 z !y really are1 a m]e record ( exp]i5ce1 ^u :i* we base our int]pretations ( t :i* does happ51 & our anticipation ( t :i* w happ51 is an int]e/+ psy*ological fact3 & w\ld be un9telligible if ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d t[>ds realism 7 less /rong4 ,a law1 accord+ly1 is n a cause b a fact1#bf & we mu/ le>n laws f facts1 n facts f laws4 ,x is inde$ evid5t on a mom5t's ?\ght1 t to speak ( ! ,law ( ,evolution z caus+ ?+s to be evolv$1 is l say+ t ! law ( gr[? makes ?+s gr[4 ,till we "k :at happ5s1 !re is no?+ ( :i* ,sci5ce c take acc\nt4 ,true sci5tific tea*+1 ,i _c too (t5 repeat says ,pr(essor ,tait#bg requires t ! facts1 & _! necess>y consequ5ces alone1 %\ld be /at$1 z simply z possible4 ,9 l mann] ,pr(essor ,huxley1#bh und]tak+ to v9dicate full sci5tific value = 8 own fav\rite ,biology1 does s by po9t+ out t biological me?ods are simil> to ^? ( e o!r bran* ( ,sci5ce1 s9ce !y beg9 ) ! obs]vation ( facts1 & f ?is proce$ to v>i\s applications ( ! k s acquir$4 ,& ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself tells u reg>d+ 8 own mode ( proc$ure3#bi ,! means & me?ods we h *os5 = atta9+ ! solution ( ! great enigma d n diff]1 on ! :ole1 f ^? ( all purely sci5tific inve/igation3 fir/ly1 exp]i5ce2 secondly1 inf]5ce4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! phrases we h already he>d f him1 are f\nd :5 scrut9iz$ to be only phrases1 :i* expla9 no?+1 x may be suppos$ t he else:]e produces su* pro(s ( 8 doctr9e z w place x on a sci5tific basis4 ,= ^! we w n[ seek4 ,,vi ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,sub/ance ,we h j be5 told by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 t ! means & me?ods :i* he has *os5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 philosophy are1 on ! :ole1 id5tical ) ^? employ$ 9 all purely sci5tific inve/igation1 namely1 fir/ exp]i5ce1 & secondly inf]5ce4 ,b "h a grave difficulty at once pres5ts itself4 ,h[1 ei!r by exp]i5ce or by inf]5ce1 c we le>n any?+ ab\t ! comm5cem5ts ( ! univ]se1 z to :i* we h he>d s mu*8 ,h[ ! fir/ bodies1 :e!r organic or inorganic1 actually arose1 nei!r philosophy nor sci5ce c def9itely say1 = ! latt] 0 n !re to see1 & ! =m] has no facts on :i* to argue4#cj ,b if nei!r by obs]vation1 nor by cle> inf]5ce1 c ! acc\nt t has be5 giv5 be sub/antiat$1 t acc\nt _c pret5d to be sci5tific1 = x re/s n ^u k b ^u speculation1--& z ,pr(essor ,tait w>ns u1#ca ,t ( :i* !re is no k is n yet "p ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is pla9 consid]ation seems to acc\nt = a fact :i* is und\bt$ly highly significant4 ,pr(essor ,huxley _h c]ta9ly no prejudices aga9/ evolution>y sy/ems1 c\ld !y b be satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,he knew all t ,pr(essor ,haeckel has urg$ on behalf ( 8 own !ory1 & %[$ h[ mu* he 0 9 sympa?y ) x by nam+ aft] 8 fri5d ! ill-/>r$ ,ba?ybius ,haeckelii1 ! deep-sea slime :i* 0 at fir/ suppos$ to bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic worlds1 & to be liv+ /uff 9 process ( spontane\s manufacture4 ,no?+1 9 fact1 z he himself admitt$1 9 8 controv]sy ) ,dr4 ,ba/ian1 c\ld h suit$ him bett] ?an a demon/ration t ,nature possesses all ! p[]s necess>y = h] own processes1 & t ! explanation ( all is )9 ! scope ( ,sci5ce4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 he rev]5c$ sci5tific tru? beyond any?+ else1 & he 0 ke5ly s5sible ( ! dang] att5d+ ! use ( hypo!tical explanations1 lead+ to conclusions :i* _c be exp]im5tally te/$1 :i* dang] he c>efully %unn$4#cb ,accord+ly1 n only did he nev] l5d 8 c\nt5ance to :at ,pr(essor ,haeckel repres5ts z ! inevitable conclusions ( ,sci5ce1 b he ev5 pla9ly intimat$ t ^? :o advanc$ su* views 7 go+ mu* f>!r ?an ,sci5ce w>rants4 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 he decl>$1#cc is n only attack$ on false gr\nds by its enemies1 b is made by "s ( its fri5ds to cov] s mu* :i* is disputable1 z to =ce him 9 self-def5ce to make 8 own position cle> 9 its reg>d4 ,& ! fir/ po9t ( 8 explanation is to repudiate ! idea t we h any su* k z ,pr(essor ,haeckel assumes4 ,i h no?+ to say1 he writes1 to any ',philosophy ( ,evolution4' ,be+ ?us necess>ily de/itute ( support ei!r directly f obs]vation or by inf]5ce f obs]v$ facts1 x w\ld seem t only 9 "o way c ,pr(essor ,haeckel's sy/em ( cosmogony1 or _w-production1 obta9 any support f ,sci5ce4 ,if among/ ! op]ations n[ 9 progress 9 ! univ]se1 is to be f\nd evid5ce ( an exhau/less & self-r5ew+ en]gy1 a ma9spr+ capable ( keep+ ! ma*9e go+ ev]la/+ly1 !n und\bt$ly !re w be an explanation =?com+1 :i*1 :atev] difficulties may /ill rema9 on o!r gr\nds1 w at lea/ furni% a complete me*anical acc\nt ( ?+s )9 ! k5 ( ,sci5ce4 ,may we n suppose t ?is is :at is claim$ z be+ suppli$ by ! ,law ( ,sub/ance1 :i* is repres5t$ z ! corn]/one ( ! :ole edifice1 ! supreme triumph ( sci5tific discov]y1 &1 9 f9e1 ! univ]sal law ( evolution8 ,let u see h[ f> su* a notion c be /yl$ sci5tific4 ,z has be5 %[n1 a ,law is no?+ b a /atem5t t a c]ta9 k9d ( fact is f\nd to occur 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has told u t ! ,law ( ,sub/ance is a bl5d ( two su* /atem5ts1 namely1 ! ,law ( ! p]si/5cy or inde/ructibility ( matt]1 :i* signifies t 9 no in/ance )9 our k is any p>ticle ( matt] de/roy$1 & ! ,law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 or cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* signifies t ! sum ( =ce1 at "w 9 ! _w1 & produc+ all ph5om5a1 is simil>ly f\nd to be unalt]able4#cd ,x mu/ "h fir/ be obs]v$ t ! t]m ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 is m correct & intelligible ?an ,cons]vation ( ,=ce2 by ,en]gy be+ und]/ood ! p[] ( do+ "w1 t is to say1 ( ov]com+ resi/ance4#ce ,x is 9 ?is =m alone t ,=ce becomes subject to obs]vation & c be measur$ by ,sci5ce1 & ! ,law ( ,cons]vation :i* obs]vation reveals is ?us /at$3 ,! sum ( all ! v>i\s en]gies 9 ! univ]se is a con/ant quantity1 :i* c be nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$1 ?\gh x may be *ang$ f "o =m to ano!r2#cf su* =ms be+ motion1 heat1 *emical action1 electricity1 magnetism4 ,b ano!r po9t is ( f> great] importance4 ,! mode 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel /ates ?is fundam5tal ,law is altoge!r deceptive4 ,he tells 8 read]s only half ! tru?1 & :5 ! o!r half is told1 n only is 8 :ole doctr9e f\nd to receive no support f ! ,laws ( ,en]gy1 b x is ^! v ,laws :i* appe> mo/ incompatible ) x4 ,=1 along ) ! ,law ( ! ,cons]vation1 !re is ano!r1 ( ! ,dissipation ( ,en]gy4 ,x is p]fectly true1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel (t5 repeats1 t ! sum ( ,en]gy exi/+ 9 ! univ]se rema9s ev] ! same3 b x is no less c]ta91 z he un=tunately fails to rem9d 8 read]s1 t ! /ock ( ,en]gy available = ! "w ( ! univ]se is gr[+ less e day4 ,?\gh none is ev] de/roy$1 mu* is con/antly lo/1 be+ dissipat$1 or radiat$ into space1 9 ! =m ( heat :i* c nev] be recaptur$ or translat$ into any =m :i* c be ( any practical avail4 ,x is lo/ = ev] z f> z we are conc]n$4#cg ,f :at we h he>d conc]n+ ! ,law ( ,sub/ance x might naturally be suppos$ t x c]tifi$ u ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! p[] requir$ to c>ry on ! op]ations ( ,nature1 & t1 accord+ly1 reason bids u to suppose ^! op]ations to be ev]la/+4 ,b ?is neglect$ elem5t ( ! reckon+1 or ,entropy z x is /yl$1 leads sci5tific m5 to an entirely diff]5t e/imate4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,balf\r ,/ew>t writes3#ch ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 9 a /rictly me*anical s5se1 !re is a cons]vation ( en]gy1 yet1 z reg>ds usefulness or fitness = liv+ be+s1 ! en]gy ( ! univ]se is 9 process ( det]ioration4 ,univ]sally diffus$ heat =ms :at we may call ! great wa/e-heap ( ! univ]se1 & ?is is gr[+ l>g] ye> by ye>4 ,we h he cont9ues reg>d$ ! univ]se1 n z a collection ( matt]1 b r z an en]getic ag5t--9 fact1 z a lamp4 ,n[ x has be5 well po9t$ out by ,?omson1#ci t look$ at 9 ?is light1 ! univ]se is a sy/em t _h a beg9n+ & mu/ h an end2 = a process ( degradation _c be et]nal4 ,if we c\ld view ! univ]se z a c&le n lit1 !n x is p]haps conceivable to reg>d x z hav+ be5 always 9 exi/5ce2 b if we reg>d x r z a c&le t has be5 lit1 we become absolutely c]ta9 t x _c h be5 burn+ f et]nity1 & t a "t w come :5 x w cease to burn4 ,we are l$ to look to a beg9n+ 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( matt] 7 9 a diffuse *aotic /ate1 b end[$ ) ! p[] ( gravitation1 & we are l$ to look to an end 9 :i* ! :ole univ]se w be "o equally heat$ in]t mass1 f :i* ev]y?+ l life or motion or beauty w h utt]ly gone away4 ,x is d\btless true t attempts h be5 made to %[ t ?is conclusion is n f9al1 & t !re may be res\rces :]eby ,nature is able to rec\p h]self1 & to draw ^u "s bank unkn[n to u = h] miss+ /ore4 ,z we h se51 ,pr(essor ,haeckel simply takes = grant$ t "s su* means ( recup]ation exi/ & op]ate1 & he is n :olly )\t c\nt5ance f o!rs4 ,?us1 no less an au?ority ?an ,sir ,william ,crookes address+ ! ,*emical ,society z its presid5t1 ?us express$ himself3#dj ,if we may haz>d any conjectures 444 we may ,i ?9k premise t ! heat radiations propagat$ outw>ds1 444 by "s process ( nature unkn[n to u1 are trans=m$ at ! conf9es ( ! univ]se into ! prim>y--! ess5tial--motion ( *emical atoms1 :i* ! in/ant !y are =m$1 gravitate inw>ds1 & ?us re/ore to ! univ]se ! en]gy :i* w\ld be lo/ to x ?r\gh radiant heat4 ,h5ce ,sir ,william ,?omson's />tl+ pr$iction falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b x ne$ n be po9t$ out t if an advocate s em95t z ,sir ,william ,crookes is r$uc$ to pleas l ?is on its behalf1 ! case = ,r5ovation ( ,en]gy mu/ be s+ul>ly de/itute ( any?+ resembl+ sci5tific support4 ,suppositions :i* are av[$ly haz>d$ z conjectures1 & :i* mu/ appeal to processes ( ,nature ( :i* we "k no?+1 :atev] au?or%ip !y may boa/1 h no?+ to d ) ,sci5ce1 & possess no sort ( value = our purpose4#da ,x mu/ ( c\rse be all[$ t we may /ill be utt]ly 9 ! d>k z to ! :ole ( ?is "q1 & t fur!r discov]ies may "o day completely upset all our pres5t notions4 ,b we are conc]n$ ) ! evid5ce :i* ,sci5ce has n[ be=e h]1 & ) ! ass]tion s confid5tly advanc$ t ?is makes ! ,law ( ceaseless ,evolution an indisputable tru?4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is ,law runs directly c\nt] to ! facts z !y are at pres5t kn[n to u1 & to ! conclusions drawn f !m by ! mo/ au?oritative repres5tatives ( sci5ce4 ,nor is x only our own globe & sol> sy/em t appe> to be ?us b\nd t[>ds an inevitable doom4 ,! et]nal rhy?m ( life & dea?1 ( :i* we h be5 told z p]vad+ ! endless dep?s ( space1 has no bett] title to sci5tific sanction4 ,l ! m9or prov9ce :i* we inhabit1 ! :ole univ]se1 we are assur$1--s f> z we h means ( calculat+1--mu/ ultimately arrive at a condition ( et]nal /agnation1--its compon5t p>ts be+ drawn close toge!r by _! mutual attractions1--s t motion ceases2 :ile ! heat replac+ x be+ equally diffus$1 becomes z incapable ( do+ "w z wat] betwe5 two pools on ! same level is ( turn+ a mill4 ,z ! writ] lately quot$ sums up ! matt]3#db ,sl[ z ! process ( cond5sation is1 x is n endless4 ,9 "t all ! meteoric du/ w be collect$ into />s or planets2 & 9 "t ! law ( dissipation ( en]gy w br+ all ^! bodies to a uni=m temp]ature4 ,s at la/ ! movem5ts due to ! orig9al unequal di/ribution ( matt] w cease1 & ! life ( ! univ]se w come to an end4 ,we "k ( no process ( rejuv5esc5ce1 by means ( :i* dissipation ( en]gy & ! =ce ( gravitation might be c\nt]act$4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to refute ! !ory ( ! dissipation ( en]gy1 b all h fail$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b ! fir/ ( _m difficulties :i* mu/ be dispos$ ( ere ! acc\nt ( ! _w's g5esis :i* we are consid]+ c pret5d to our acceptance on ! gr\nd t reason & sci5ce proclaim its tru?4 ,,vii ,,! ,,sev5 ,,enigmas ,! doctr9e t ! univ]se is an automatic ma*9e1--self-orig9at$ & self-su/a9$--und\bt$ly re/s ^u a pr9ciple =mally recogniz$ by "s evolutioni/s1 z ! ,law ( ,cont9uity1 & tak5 = grant$ by _m :o d n put x into words4 ,?is pr9ciple is1--t ev]y?+ mu/ always h happ5$ accord+ to ! same laws ( ,nature :i* op]ate n[2 t !re c nev] h be5 a miracle1 und]/&+ by ?is t]m :atev] is beyond ! scope ( natural =ces2 & t1 accord+ly1 ! :ole ( ! _w's hi/ory1--"o /age z mu* z ano!r1--falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ,sci5ce4 ,by no "o has ?is position be5 m cle>ly /at$ ?an by ! late ,pr(essor ,romanes4 ,all m9ds he tells u#dc ) any in/9cts ( sci5ce 9 _! composition h gr[n to di/ru/1 on m]ely antec$5t gr\nds1 any explanation :i* embodies a miracul\s elem5t4 ,su* m9ds h gr[n to reg>d all ^! explanations z m]e expressions ( our own ignorance ( natural causation2 or1 9 o!r words1 !y h come to reg>d x z an priori tru? t nature is always uni=m 9 respect ( me?od or causation2 t ! reign ( law is univ]sal2 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity ubiquit\s4 ,he goes on to decl>e t ,! fact ( evolution--or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! fact ( cont9uity 9 natural causation--has n[ be5 und\bt$ly prov$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( nature1 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 ?r\gh\t ! range ( inorganic nature x is a demon/rat$ fact4 ,if ?is be s1 x mu/ necess>ily foll[ t ! ,laws ( ,nature1 z ,sci5ce f9ds !m op]at+1 suffici5tly expla9 n only all t happ5s 9 our pres5t _w1 b also all t mu/ h happ5$ :ile ?is _w 0 be+ produc$4 ,accord+ to :at has already be5 said1 by ,! ,law ( ,cont9uity no m c be signifi$ ?an t ,cont9uity is a fact1 t ! _w has actually come to be :at x is ?r\gh ! cont9ual op]ation ( j ! same natural =ces z we f9d at "w to-day4 ,t ?+s did s happ5 we h n & _c h1 direct evid5ce2 = no witness 0 !re to report4 ,we c b draw inf]5ces f ! pres5t to ! pa/1 & argue t :at ,nature does to-day1 %e mu/ h be5 capable ( do+ ye/]day & ! day be=e4 ,only ?us c cont9uity ( natural laws possibly be e/abli%$4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly be va9 to argue t we mu/ suppose no o!r =ces ev] to h act$ ?an ^? we c obs]ve1 because1 = all we "k1 o!r conditions may s h alt]$ z to make _! results altoge!r diff]5t f any ( :i* we h exp]i5ce4 ,x is likewise manife/ t if we are to speak ( demon/rat$ facts1 & ( conclusions plac$ beyond rational possibility ( d\bt1 pro(s mu/ be =?com+ suffici5t to compel sci5tific ass5t4 ,& "h lies ! difficulty4 ,v mu* mu/ unque/ionably h happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's mak+ = :i* ! ,laws ( ,nature z we f9d !m n[ act+ _c acc\nt1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ,sci5ce _c attempt to expla94 ,s we are assur$ by em95t sci5tific m51--m51 too1 :o desire no?+ m ?an to f9d an explanation1 b are driv51 9 se>* ( "o1 z we h already se5 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes1 to plead ! limitation ( our k1 & t !re may be capabilities 9 ,nature ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,b x rema9s always true1 t :at we d n "k is n yet "p ( ,sci5ce1 & t if our sci5tific in=mation1 s f> z x goes1 is adv]se to ! ,law ( ,cont9uity1 x is q unsci5tific to br+ argum5ts = ! law n f our k1 b f our lack ( x4 ,/ill m unsci5tific is x to proclaim t ,sci5ce has pron\nc$ judgm5t 9 a s5se contr>y to t ( all ! evid5ce hi!rto pres5t$ to h]4 ,among/ ! m5 ( ,sci5ce :o te/ify z above1 we may beg9 ) ,h]r ,du ,bois-,reymond1 an av[$ ,evolutioni/ & ,mat]iali/1 :om ,pr(essor ,haeckel /yles1 ! all-p[]ful secret>y & dictator ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces4#dd ,he c be suspect$ ( no prejudices :i* w\ld prev5t him f accept+ ,pr(essor ,haeckel's cosmogony1 if only he f\nd ! evid5ce satisfactory4 ,f> f ?is1 h[ev]1 he decl>es1#de t ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se confronts u ) no less ?an sev5 problems1 = :i* ,sci5ce has no solution to (f]1 & "s ( :i* he holds to be = ev] insoluble4 ,^! he /yles ,enigmas1 & !y are3 7#a7 ,! nature ( ,matt] & ( ,=ce4 7#b7 ,! orig9 ( ,motion4 7#c7 ,! orig9 ( ,life4 7#d7 ,! app>5tly design$ ord] ( ,nature4 7#e7 ,! orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness4 7#f7 ,! orig9 ( rational ?\ght & spee*4 7#g7 ,free-w4 ,! fir/1 second1 & fif? ( ^! are 9 ! op9ion ( ,du ,bois-,reymond transc5d5tal1 or beyond possibility ( solution4 ,! o!rs1 9 8 judgm5t1 h c]ta9ly n yet be5 solv$1 b p]haps may be solv$ "s day4 ,z to ! la/1 he mu* d\bts :e!r x %\ld n also be class$ z transc5d5tal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x ?us appe>s t 9 ! judgm5t ( a compet5t witness1 & "o no-wise biass$ by preconception or prejudice1 s f> f x be+ true t ,pr(essor ,haeckel's /ory ( ! univ]se is imp]i\sly impos$ on u by ! results ( ,sci5ce1 n "o b sev]al great gulfs 9 ! c\rse ( t hi/ory mu/ h be5 bridg$ ov] someh[1 :i* ,sci5ce confesses %e _c bridge1 s f> z h] pres5t k goes1 t is to say1 s f> z %e is ,sci5ce at all4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 x is true1 l\dly pron\nces ,du ,bois-,reymond's decl>ation to be m]e dogmatism#df ( a %all[ & illogical "*1 & he und]takes to %[ t ) ! help ( 8 own philosophy ! enigmas cease to be enigmatical4 ,9 my op9ion he writes ! ?ree transc5d5tal problems 7#a1 #b & #e7 are settl$ by our conception ( sub/ance2 ! ?ree :i* he ,du ,bois-,reymond consid]s difficult1 ?\gh soluble#dg 7#c1 #d & #f7 are decisively answ]$ by our mod]n !ory ( evolution2 ! sev5? & la/1 ! fre$om ( ! w1 is n an object = critical sci5tific inquiry at all1 = x is a pure dogma1 bas$ on an illusion1 & has no real exi/5ce4 ,h[ f> su* a mode ( rebuk+ dogmatism appe>s conv9c+1 mu/ ( c\rse dep5d on :at ! read] und]/&s by an argum5t4 ,"s po9ts already consid]$ may help u to a "r e/imate ( pro(s :i* are bas$ ^u ,our conception ( sub/ance1 or ,our mod]n !ory ( evolution1 & we %all pres5tly inspect m closely ! nature ( ! difficulties :i* we are invit$ s summ>ily to dismiss4 ,mean:ile1 ev5 ?\gh n f9al or conclusive1 ! te/imony ( su* a man z ,du ,bois-,reymond s]ves at lea/ to prove t x is possible to be ?or\ghly famili> ) ,sci5ce & h] tea*+1 & yet to believe t z yet %e kn[s no?+ at all conc]n+ que/ions :i*1 z we h be5 assur$1 %e has conclusively answ]$4 ,&1 z we %all pres5tly see1 if ,pr(essor ,haeckel's acc\nt ( ?+s be ! true "o1 !re are _m m sci5tific m5 ( ! fir/ rank :o are equally 9 ! d>k4 ,9 a ^w1 :ile accord+ to ,pr(essor ,haeckel !re is 9 ! univ]se b "o ,riddle1 :i* he tells u he has solv$1--9 ! op9ion ( ano!r :o is c]ta9ly no less entitl$ to speak 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce1 !re yet rema9 sev5 to :i* no answ] has yet be5 giv51 & to ?ree1 at lea/1 ( :i* none w ev] be f\nd4 ,,viii ,,matt] ,,& ,,motion ,9 ! =efront ( ! problems :i* h be5 pron\nc$ to be n only unsolv$ b insoluble1 are ! nature & orig9 ( ! ultimate factors arriv$ at by ,sci5ce 9 h] /udy ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1--,matt]1 ,=ce1 & ,motion4 ,) ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! alone ne$ we at pres5t conc]n ourselves1 = ,=ce1 z ,sci5ce kn[s x1 is always associat$ ) ,matt]1 & signifies no m 9 h] t]m9ology ?an t :i* produces1 or t5ds to produce ,motion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are told1#dh t ,! cont5ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,by ,matt] is und]/ood ,s5sible ,sub/ance1 ! /uff compos+ all ( :i* our s5ses tell u1 & :i* =ms ! object ( ,sci5tific inve/igation4 ,:at d we "k conc]n+ ?is raw mat]ial :]e( worlds are made8 ,z we h se51 ,pr(essor ,haeckel & 8 s*ool are ready to tell u4 ,matt]1 we are assur$1#di is self-exi/5t & imp]i%able1 x has no beg9n+ & no end2 x is et]nity4 ,toge!r ) ,e!r1 x occupies inf9ite & b\ndless space4 ,x is 9 ceaseless motion2 & its int]m9able modifications produce ev]y?+ t ev] 0 or ev] w be4 ,movem5t#ej is "o ( ! innate & orig9al prop]ties ( ,matt]4 ,s are ,s5sation & ,w1#ea b ^!1 we are w>n$1#eb are unconsci\s4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 x is n en\gh t ^! ?+s %\ld be said1 !y require likewise to be prov$2 & ! "q mu/ imm$iately sugge/ itself1 ,:5ce is pro( to come8 ,n1 by any possibility1 f obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,= :o c speak1 ( 8 own k1 to et]nity or inf9ity8 ,! only conceivable supposition is t ,sci5ce has s ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! nature & prop]ties ( ,matt] "h & n[1 z to be furni%$ ) evid5ce unmi/akably po9t+ to ! above conclusions4 ,?us alone c %e be quot$ on _! behalf2 & x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! philosophy :i* we are exam9+ is no?+ if n sci5tific4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 is x q cle> ( :at our philosoph]s are speak+8 ,!y use ! t]m ,matt] z ?\gh x repres5t$ "s "o def9ite ?+3 b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,we mu/ rememb] says ,"l ,grim?orpe#ec t matt] is n an unit1 z a creator is1 & t talk+ ( x s is m]ely a rhetorical artifice :5 us$ 9 philosophical inquiries4444 ,matt] is no?+ b ! sum ( all ! ultimate p>ticles or atoms conta9$ 9 ! univ]se1 or 9 any p>ticul> mass t we are deal+ )4444 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! atoms ( ! univ]se h nev] be5 )9 millions & billions ( miles ( ea* o!r4 ,!re=e1 he goes on to urge1 ! doctr9e ( ! self-exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 mu/ mean t ea* sev]al atom is self-exi/5t1 or e atom its own god4 ,h[ comes x !n t !y all obey ! same ,laws8 ,h[ h _! v>i\s prov9ces be5 allott$8 ,above all1 h[ are !y n all ! same1 b--s f> z we "k--divid$ into classes widely diff]5t f "o ano!r8 ,=1 accord+ to our pres5t k1--& we _c too frequ5tly rem9d ourselves t ^u ?is alone c any s\nd conclusion be bas$1--!re are1 9 r\nd numb]s1 "s sev5ty diff]5t species ( atoms1 ^: div]se qualities are absolutely necess>y = ! production ( ! _w4 ,_h all atoms be5 ( "o k9d1 we c\ld h _h none ev5 ( :at us$ to be call$ ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1--nei!r ,e>?1 ,air1 ,fire1 nor ,wat]4 ,b1--ap>t f ?is1--,:at is kn[n conc]n+ ?is same ,matt]8 ,has ,sci5ce s ?or\ghly fa?om$ its con/itution z to be able to decl>e t x possesses all ! prop]ties we h he>d assign$ to x1--,s5sation & ,w1 ev5 ( ! unconsci\s k9d1 :atev] t may be1--locomotive p[]1--et]nity1--&1 9 its collective capacity1 imm5sity8 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 sci5tific m5 :o 7 mo/ will+1 & ev5 anxi\s1 to assign to ,matt] a =emo/1 if n ! =emo/1 place 9 ,nature1 h done s precisely ^u ! gr\nd1 n ( our k1 b ( our ignorance4 ,no bett] examples ne$ be s\ght ?an ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :o alike agre$1 9 ! words ( ! latt]1#ed to disc]n 9 ,matt] ! promise & pot5cy ( e =m & quality ( life4 ,b ,huxley took 8 /& on ! decl>ation1 t we "k s little ab\t ,matt] z to make x impossible to say ( :at x may n be capable1 = we _c s mu* z be c]ta9 ( its exi/5ce1 & use ! t]m only = ! unkn[n & hypo!tical causes ( our own /ates ( consci\sness1#ee :ile ,tyndall describ$ ! process1 :]eby ! promise & pot5cy are realiz$1 z ! manife/ation ( a ,p[] absolutely inscrutable to ! intellect ( man4 ,speculations ?us f\nd$ ^u ! abs5ce ( evid5ce1 :atev] else !y may be1 are c]ta9ly no "p ( ,sci5ce2 & :5 we turn to :at1 be+ e/abli%$ by sci5tific me?ods1 is a possible basis ( sci5tific argum5t1 we f9d t 9 e in/ance x contradicts in/ead ( support+ ! ass]tions we h he>d4 ,to beg9 ) ! "q ( ,motion1 z be+ bo? ( supreme importance1 & "o m op5 ?an "s o!rs to obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's tea*+1 movem5t is an innate & orig9al prop]ty ( sub/ance1 t is to say ( ,matt]1 & 9 consequ5ce1 ,sub/ance is ev]y:]e & always 9 un9t]rupt$ movem5t & trans=mation4 ,x is by ?us attribut+ to matt] an inh]5t det]m9ation to move t he meets ,du ,bois-,reymond's difficulty z to ! orig9 ( motion4 ,b ?is is 9 direct opposition to ! fir/ ( ,newton's ,laws1 :i* are univ]sally recogniz$ z ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ & unque/ionable ( all sci5tific conclusions4 ,?is law tells u t a body at re/ w cont9ue at re/ = ev]1 unless compell$ by "s =ce to move2 j z a body 9 motion w cont9ue to move at ! same rate & 9 ! same direction1 unless compell$ by =ce to arre/ or alt] its c\rse4 ,^u ! univ]sal c]ta9ty ( ?is law ! :ole ( our ,natural ,philosophy dep5ds3 b x absolutely blocks ! way = ! idea t ,matt] has an innate t5d5cy to move itself1 :i* is ?us q unsci5tific4 ,n self-movem5t b ,in]tia is ! prop]ty :i* ,sci5ce ascribes to ,matt]4#ef ,x may fur!r be obs]v$ t ! idea ( inh]5t motion is absurd & un9telligible2 = movem5t _c be 9 m ?an "o direction at a "t3 s t a mass1 or an atom1 ( ,matt] c\ld t5d to move only by hav+ an intr9sic impulse 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds "s "o p>ticul> po9t4 ,if x %\ld t5d to move indiff]5tly1 9 all directions at once1 x w\ld rema9 motionless1 ea* su* t5d5cy be+ neutraliz$ by its opposite4 ,z to ! fur!r claim made on behalf ( ,matt] to be end[$ ) ,s5sation & ,w1 ( any description1 x mu/ be en\gh to say t no "o has ev] pret5d$ to f9d any evid5ce :atev] to ?is effect1 or to detect ! fa9te/ trace ( su* prop]ties2--& t on ! contr>y1 all exp]i5ce %[s inorganic ,matt]1 7t is1 ,matt] n incorporat$ 9 liv+ animals or plants17 to be utt]ly lifeless & in]t4 ,x is a m]e abuse & p]v]sion ( t]ms to speak ( ,sci5ce z c\nt5anc+ any conclusion b t to :i* su* exp]i5ce po9ts4 ,! attempt to inve/ ,matt] ) ^! attributes ,pr(essor ,tait /igmatizes z non-sci5ce1 or pseudo-sci5ce4#eg ,! ,pygmalions ( mod]n days he writes d n require to besee* ,aphrodit to animate ! ivory = !m4 ,l ! savage ) 8 ,totem1 !y h !mselves already attribut$ life to x4444 ,! late/ phase ( ?is peculi> non-sci5ce tells u t all ,matt] is alive2 or at lea/ t x conta9s ! promise & pot5cy 7:atev] ^! may be7 ( all t]re/rial life4 444 ,s mu* = ! attempts to introduce into ,sci5ce an elem5t altoge!r incompatible ) ! fundam5tal conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 f9e1 to make u realize n m]ely h[ extremely n>r[ are ! b\nds ( our k1 b ev5 h[ mu* n>r[] !y may be ?an we suppose1 !re ent]s ^u ! sc5e ,radium1 l ! gold5 apple t came to di/urb ! h>mony ( ! cele/ials4 ,:at lessons ?is turbul5t & unconv5tional elem5t w ultimately be f\nd to tea*1 & h[ f> x w revolutionize ! laws ( ,nature z hi!rto accept$1 rema9s1 ( c\rse1 to be se53 b ?is at lea/ is cle>4 ,9 pres5ce ( x1 sci5tific m5 f9d t !y are sure ( no?+ !y ?\ght mo/ c]ta91 n ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt] itself1 on :i* is bas$ t ,law ( ,sub/ance :i* we h se5 made responsible = s mu*4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght t :atev] else might *ange or p]i% ! atoms ( :i* we h he>d1 z ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( ,matt]1 7 beyond ! rea* ( any vicissitude4 ,no man1 said ,dalton1 _! discov]]1 c split an atom4 ,?us too ,mr4 ,clodd1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t ! con/itution ev5 ( atoms may "s day be f\nd to be liable to disord] & decay1 cle>ly tea*es t1 z a practical c]ta9ty1 we h 9 !m got to some?+ f9al4 ,tak+ "o p>ticul> k9d1 an oxyg5 atom1 z a text1 he ?us disc\rses3#eh ,x matt]s n into h[ _m myriad sub/ances--animal1 plant1 or m9]al--an atom ( oxyg5 may h ent]$1 nor :at isolation x has und]gone3 bond or free1 x reta9s its own qualities4 ,x matt]s n h[ _m millions ( ye>s h elaps$ dur+ ^! *anges1 age _c )] or weak5 x2 amid/ all ! fi]ce play ( ! mighty ag5cies to :i* x has be5 subject$ x rema9s unbrok5 & unworn2 to x we may apply ! anci5t words1 ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4 ,b n[1 ) ! recognition ( radio-activity1 & ! dis9tegration ( atoms into _! con/itu5t electrons :i* ?is is held to evid5ce1 we h *ang$ all t4 ,su* dis9tegration1 x is affirm$1 mu/ imply dissolution & dea?1 alike ( ! atoms !mselves & ( ! univ]se :i* !y compose4 ,z ,sir ,william ,crookes told ! physici/s assembl$ at ,b]l91 ,june1 #aijc3 ,?is fatal quality ( atomic dissociation appe>s to be univ]sal1 & op]ates :5ev] we bru% a piece ( glass ) silk2 x works 9 ! sun%9e & ra9drops1 9 lightn+s & flame2 x prevails 9 ! wat]fall & ! /ormy sea4 ,matt] he consequ5tly reg>ds z doom$ to de/ruction4#ei ,soon] or lat]1 x w h dissolv$ into ! =mless mi/ ( pro?yle#fj & ! h\r-h& ( et]nity w h complet$ "o revolution4 ,consequ5tly1 we are told1#fa ,! dissipation ( en]gy has f\nd its correlative 9 ! dissolution ( matt]4 ,we are confront$ ) an appall+ s5se ( desolation--( quasi-annihilation4 ,x is no d\bt true1 "h aga91 t su* judgm5ts _c be call$ f9al1 & t n all sci5tific m5 w accept !m z !y /&4 ,b all alike are =c$ to agree t our previ\s notions are completely upset1 & t we are compell$ to recognize ! fact t ( ^! fundam5tal que/ions we "k f> less ?an ! little we seem$ to "k4 ,:at1 !n1 is to be ?\ght ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's confid5t utt]ances1 :i* c\ld be ju/ifi$ only on ! supposition t we "k ev]y?+8 ,& :at becomes ( ! fam\s ,law ( ,sub/ance1 if bo? its p>ts are f\nd ?us to contradict ! conclusion he w\ld draw f x8 ,! case is ?us summ$ up by ! writ] ( ! article j cit$3 ,! discov]y ( radio-activity is "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,!re has be5 a vivid new />t 7we aga9 borr[ ,sir ,william ,crookes' expression74 ,our physici/s h remodell$ _! views z to ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,! remodell+ inde$ has h>dly comm5c$4444 ,:at is und5iable is t ! ,daltonian atom has1 )9 a c5tury ( its acceptance z a fundam5tal reality1 suff]$ disruption4 ,its prop] place 9 nature is n t =m]ly assign$ to x1 444 its reputation = inviolability & inde/ructibility is gone = ev]4 ,ea* ( ^! suppos$ ultimates is n[ kn[n to be ! sc5e ( indescribable activities1 a complex piece ( me*anism compos$ ( ?\s&s ( p>ts1 a />-clu/] 9 m9iature1 subject to all k9ds ( dynamical vicissitudes1 to p]turbation1 accel]ation1 int]nal friction1 total or p>tial disruption4 ,& to ea* is appo9t$ a fix$ t]m ( exi/5ce4 ,soon] or lat]1 ! balance ( equilibrium is tilt$1 di/urbance ev5tuates 9 ov]?r[2 ! t9y exquisite sy/em f9ally breaks up4 ,( atoms1 z ( m51 x may be said ) tru?1 ,quisque suos patitur manes4 ,"h1 9 fact1 we meet ! imp5etrable secret ( creative ag5cy4#fb ,,ix ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,life ,! "q conc]n+ ! orig9 & nature ( ,life is ( supreme & vital importance n only = ^? :o speak ( ,evolution z a =ce or pr9ciple by :i* ev]y?+ is guid$ & gov]n$1 b also = su* z und]/& by ! t]m no m ?an a process :i* !y say has actually occurr$4 ,evolutioni/s ( ?is second class disclaim1 ) ,huxley1 any philosophy ( ,evolution4 ,!y are cont5t to take ! _w z a go+ conc]n1 at ! f>!/ po9t 9 ! pa/ to :i*1 ev5 speculatively1 ,sci5ce c trace x1 z t va/ primordial nebula ( :i* we h he>d4#fc ,giv5 ?is1--assum+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a nebula1 con/itut$ z !y suppose1--!y believe t ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! _w is fully expla9$ by ! uni=m action ( ! same laws ( matt] :i* we f9d 9 op]ation to-day4 ,n only is ! e/abli%m5t ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 ( sun & planets1 to be ?us acc\nt$ =1 b likewise ! production ( life1 ( ! organic _w ( plants & animals4 ,h5ce x necess>ily foll[s t life mu/ orig9ally h be5 evolv$ naturally f lifeless matt]1 = all are agre$ t n only 9 ! nebula1 b on ! e>? :5 x fir/ />t$ its indep5d5t c>e]1 life did n1 & c\ld n1 exi/4 ,!re has be5 says ,vir*[#fd a beg9n+ ( life1 s9ce geology po9ts to epo*s 9 ! =mation ( ! e>? :5 life 0 impossible1 & :5 no ve/ige ( x is to be f\nd4 ,if ! evolution hypo!sis is true1 says ,huxley#fe liv+ matt] mu/ h aris5 f n-liv+ matt]2 = by ! hypo!sis ! condition ( ! globe 0 at "o "t su* t liv+ matt] c\ld n h exi/$ 9 x1 life be+ entirely incompatible ) ! gase\s /ate4 ,!re 0 a "t says ,tyndall#ff :5 ! e>? 0 a r$-hot molt5 globe1 on :i* no life c\ld exi/4 ,accord+ly1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley ackn[l$ges1 spontane\s g5]ation is an evolution>y necessity4 ,unless su* g5]ation c be %[n to h tak5 place1 or at ! v lea/ unless x c be %[n to be naturally possible1 ! !ory :i* requires x _c be an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,b x is precisely z a sci5tifically e/abli%$ tru? t ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is pres5t$ to u1 s firmly e/abli%$ inde$ t we are w>n$ to d\bt x is to d\bt sci5ce4#fg ,x pres5ts itself1 moreov]1 z ! mo/ preci\s result ( mod]n rese>*1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is z a sunrise illum9at+ ! field ( k4#fh ,?is be+ s1 & x be+ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,sci5ce t we %\ld take no?+ on fai? & accept only :at c be prov$1 x is our pla9 duty to satisfy ourselves1 z sci5tific me?ods alone c rightly satisfy u1 t a doctr9e ( su* p>am\nt importance is entitl$ to dem& our acceptance4 ,:at me?ods c claim to be sci5tific1 all are agre$4 ,advances 9 sci5ce1 ,pr(essor ,tait w>ns u1#fi come or n1 z we rememb] or =get t our ,sci5ce is to be bas$ entirely ^u exp]im5t1 or ma!matical d$uction f exp]im5t4 ,m5 ( sci5ce says ,tyndall prolong ! me?od ( nature f ! pres5t into ! pa/4 ,! obs]v$ uni=mity ( nature is _! only guide4#gj ,! man ( sci5ce says ,huxley has le>n$ to believe 9 ju/ification1 n by fai?1 b by v]ification4#ga ,9 ?is mann] mu/ we te/ ! ,evolution !ory1 & spontane\s g5]ation z an ess5tial elem5t !re(4 ,we w beg9 ) ,pr(essor ,huxley's /atem5t ( :at he /yles ! fundam5tal proposition ( ,evolution4#gb ,t proposition is he writes t ! :ole _w1 liv+ & n-liv+1 is ! result ( ! mutual int]action1 accord+ to def9ite laws1 ( ! =ces possess$ by ! molecules ( :i* ! primitive nebulosity ( ! univ]se 0 compos$4 ,if ?is be true1 x is no less c]ta9 t ! exi/+ _w lay1 pot5tially1 9 ! cosmic vap\r2 & t a suffici5t intellig5ce c\ld1 f a k ( t vap\r1 h pr$ict$1 say ! /ate ( ! ,fauna ( ,brita9 9 #ahfigc ) z mu* c]ta9ty z "o c say :at w happ5 to ! brea? 9 a cold w9t]'s day4 ,t is to say1 ! suppos$ nebula 0 a va/ piece ( me*anism1 ( unimag9able complexity1 ! compon5t p>ts ( :i* "u ! influ5ce ( su* =ces z gravitation1 heat1 *emical aff9ity1 electricity & magnetism1 h produc$ ev]y?+ t has s9ce appe>$ on e>?1 vegetable & animal life among/ ! re/4 ,h[ are we to assure ourselves t su* 0 really ! case8 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has told u t ! only sci5tific me?od is to prolong ! me?od ( nature f ! pres5t into ! pa/1 tak+ h] obs]v$ uni=mity = our only guide1 & 9 l mann] we h he>d x laid d[n by ,pr(essor ,romanes1 t we mu/ assume z a fir/ pr9ciple t ! laws ( nature are always & ev]y:]e ! same1 & t by _! uni=m op]ation ev]y?+ is done4 ,x is !re=e q cle> t z no man 0 pres5t :5 life fir/ made its appe>ance1 to obs]ve & record :5ce x came1 ! only way 9 :i* we c possibly proce$1 )\t violat+ e sci5tific canon1 is to argue f :at happ5s n[1 to :at mu/ h happ5$ !n1--to %[ t inorganic matt] c 9 fact g5]ate organic life1 & to conclude t ! same laws mu/ h work$ ! same results 9 ! pa/ z !y d 9 ! pres5t4 ,b ?is is precisely :at _c be done1 = "o ( ! mo/ conclusive results ( mod]n rese>* has be5 to %[ t 9 ! pres5t _w spontane\s g5]ation nev] occurs1 t liv+ ?+s come only f liv+ p>5ts1 & t f organic matt] alone c ! smalle/ p>ticle ( organic matt] be d]iv$4 ,omne vivum e vivo1 omnis cellula e cellula1 omnis nucleus e nucleo4 ,^u ?is po9t !re is n[ complete agreem5t among/ sci5tific au?orities1 & :at is mo/ rem>kable1 none are m /r5u\s 9 uphold+ ! doctr9e ( ,biog5esis1#gd ?an "s ( ^? :o ) equal vehem5ce proclaim ! doctr9e ( ,evolution = :i* ! occurr5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation is a necessity4 ,nev]1 = example1 7 !re ,evolutioni/s m pron\nc$ ?an ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,tyndall1 & !y bo? saw cle>ly t )\t spontane\s g5]ation !re c\ld n h be5 evolution su* z !y ma9ta9$4 ,yet :5 ! occurr5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation1 "h & n[1 0 ass]t$ by ,ba/ian & ,burdon ,s&]son1 !y1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ,pa/eur1 repudiat$ ! notion1 & ,tyndall 9 p>ticul> conclusively disprov$ ! exp]im5ts by :i* x 0 support$4#ge ,z ,huxley wrote to ,*>les ,k+sley3#gf ,i am glad y appreciate ! ri* absurdities ( spontog5esis4 ,aga9/ ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 9 ! ab/ract ,i h no?+ to say4 ,inde$ x is a necess>y coroll>y f ,d>w9's views if legitimately c>ri$ out4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 writ+ to ,dr4 ,dohrn#gg ^u ! same subject1 he made use ( a phrase--:i* 9 8 m\? express$ ! utt]mo/ limit ( disbelief3 ,transub/antiation w be no?+ to ?is if x turns out true4 ,9 ! same ye> z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association he *ose = ! subject ( 8 inaugural address1 ,biog5esis & ,abiog5esis1 &1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! case = ea*1 pron\nc$ ! =m] to be victori\s all along ! l9e4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 he assur$ himself z an ,evolutioni/ t spontane\s g5]ation mu/ once h be5 n only a possibility b a fact4 ,9 ! same ,presid5tial address1 aft] pil+ up evid5ce aga9/ x--he ?us cont9u$3#gh ,b ?\gh ,i _c express ?is conviction ( m9e too /rongly1 ,i mu/ c>efully gu>d myself aga9/ ! supposition t ,i int5d to sugge/ t no su* ?+ z ,abiog5esis has ev] tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 or ev] w take place 9 ! future4 ,) organic *emi/ry1 molecul> physics & physiology yet 9 _! infancy1 & e day mak+ prodigi\s /rides1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be ! height ( presumption = any man to say t ! conditions "u :i* matt] assumes ! prop]ties we call vital may n1 "s day1 be artificially br\ght toge!r4 ,all ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 affirm+ is t ,i see no reason = affirm+ t ! feat has be5 p]=m$ yet4 ,& look+ back ?r\gh ! prodigi\s vi/a ( ! pa/1 ,i f9d no record ( ! comm5cem5t ( life1 & !re=e ,i am devoid ( any means ( =m+ a def9ite conclusion z to ! conditions ( its appe>ance4 ,belief1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w1 is a s]i\s matt]1 & ne$s /rong f\ndations4 ,to say1 !re=e1 9 ! admitt$ abs5ce ( evid5ce1 t ,i h any belief z to ! mode 9 :i* ! exi/+ =ms ( life h orig9at$1 w\ld be us+ words 9 a wrong s5se4 ,b expectation is p]missible :]e belief is n2 & if x 7 giv5 me to look beyond ! abyss ( geologically record$ "t to ! /ill m remote p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh physical & dynamical conditions1 :i* x c no m see aga9 ?an a man c recall 8 infancy1 ,i %\ld expect to be a witness ( ! evolution ( liv+ protoplasm f n liv+ matt]4444 ,t is ! expectation to :i* analogical reason+ leads me2 b ,i beg y once m to recollect t ,i h no "r to call my op9ion any?+ b an act ( philosophical fai?4 ,"h we h ! :ole /ate ( ! case put = u 9 a nut%ell4 ,on ! "o h&1 all kn[n facts are aga9/ ! idea ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & !re=e1 s f> z %e c at pres5t g1 ! v]dict ( ,sci5ce mu/ condemn t supposition4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,evolution _c be ju/ifi$ unless spontane\s g5]ation has tak5 place1 & accord+ly1 al?\gh ,evolution is ! v ?+ :i* we %\ld be engag$ 9 e/abli%+ by ! evid5ce ( facts1 x is held to be reasonable & sci5tific to inf] t facts :i* we _c v]ify mu/ exi/ because !y are want$4 ,x is admitt$ t ! requisite evid5ce is lack+1 & !re=e we mu/ n g s f> z to express belief 9 ! facts3 b we may indulge 9 expectations1--:i* seem1 h[ev]1 to imply belief 9 ! ?+ expect$1--& mean:ile we may g on believ+ firmly 9 ! ,evolution !ory itself1 :i* includes belief 9 ! miss+ facts4 ,?is1 we are told1 is philosophical fai?4 ,b1 to say no?+ ( :at we h he>d f o!rs1 ,pr(essor ,huxley else:]e#gi w>ns u aga9/ fai? z ! "o unp>donable s93 & z we h he>d him decl>e ! man ( sci5ce has le>n$ to believe 9 ju/ification1 n by fai?1 b by v]ification4 ,& z to ! expectation :i* he av[$1 !re appe>s to be no slight =ce 9 ! response ( 8 adv]s>y ,dr4 ,ba/ian3#hj ,:at reason he asks does ,pr(essor ,huxley give 9 explanation ( 8 supposition8444 ,! only reason di/9ctly impli$ is because ! physical & *emical conditions ( ! e>?'s surface 7 diff]5t 9 ! pa/ f :at !y are n[4 ,& yet1 conc]n+ ! exact nature ( _! diff]5ces1 or ! degree 9 :i* ! diff]5t sets ( conditions w\ld respectively fav\r ! occurr5ce or arre/ ( an evolution ( liv+ matt]1 ,pr(essor ,huxley _c possess ev5 ! vague/ k4 ,he *ooses to assume t ! unkn[n conditions exi/+ 9 ! pa/ 7 m fav\rable to ,ar*ebiosis 7life-evolution7 ?an ^? n[ 9 op]ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an assumption :i* may be entirely oppos$ to ! facts4 ,x is ?us h>d to und]/& h[ ,pr(essor ,huxley c\ld pr(ess to ju/ify 8 expectations by v]ification1 = t ! above acc\nt ( ! matt] is no-wise ov]/at$ we h 8 own ackn[l$gm5t3#ha ,( ! causes :i* h l$ to ! orig9ation ( liv+ matt]1 x may be said t we "k absolutely no?+4444 ,sci5ce has no means to =m an op9ion on ! comm5cem5t ( life2 we c only make conjectures )\t any sci5tific value4 ,su* a witness z ,huxley might well suffice1 b ! "q is s important z to make x advisable to call "s o!rs1 ?\gh only a few among/ _m :o te/ify to ! same effect4 ,l 8 fri5d & ally ,huxley1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall believ$ t spontane\s g5]ation _h once occurr$1 & d5i$ t x occurs n[4 ,z to ! =m] article ( 8 cre$ he 0 ev5 m pron\nc$ 9 8 mat]ialism4 ,we h already he>d him proclaim t 9 matt] is to be disc]n$ ! promise & pot5cy ( all t]re/rial life4 ,he likewise incl9$ to believe t n only life b consci\sness is imman5t ev]y:]e1 9 ! vegetable & m9]al no less ?an 9 ! animal _w1#hb & t n m]ely life & consci\sness1 b3 ,all our philosophy1 all our poetry1 all our sci5ce1 & all our art--,plato1 ,%akespe>e1 ,newton1 & ,raphael--are pot5tial 9 ! fires ( ! sun4#hc ,beliefs su* z ^! might be ?\ght to imply t ! g5esis ( life is a simple affair1 b ,tyndall 0 no less conv9c$ ?an ,huxley t1 z ?+s are1 x _c be obta9$ )\t antec$5t life on :i* to draw4 ,hav+ describ$ ! exp]im5ts devis$ to te/ ! matt]1 he ?us concludes3#hd ,"h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( spontane\s g5]ation crumbles 9 ! grasp ( ! compet5t enquir]4 ,at ! same "t1 he 0 equally c]ta9 t life mu/ h _h an inorganic orig9 & t ,sci5ce bids u s to believe4 ,8 v>i\s utt]ances are n1 x is true1 v easily reconcil$4 ,on ! "o h& he lays x d[n t ,)\t v]ification a !oretic conception is a m]e figm5t ( ! intellect4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 8 ,belfa/ ,address he ?us express$ himself3 ,believ+1 z ,i d1 9 ! cont9uity ( nature1 ,i _c /op abruptly :]e our microscopes cease to be ( use4 ,"h ! vision ( ! m9d au?oritatively supplem5ts ! vision ( ! eye4 ,by a necessity eng5d]$ & ju/ifi$ by ,sci5ce ,i cross ! b\nd>y ( ! exp]im5tal evid5ce4444 ,if y ask me :e!r !re exi/s ! lea/ evid5ce to prove t any =m ( life c be develop$ out ( matt]1 )\t demon/rable antec$5t life4444 m5 ( sci5ce w frankly admit _! inability to po9t to any satisfactory exp]im5tal pro( t life c be develop$1 save f demon/rable antec$5t life4 ,f>1 h[ev]1 f be+ a m]e figm5t1 8 m5tal vision is repres5t$ z ! mo/ unalloy$ product ( reason4 ,he writes3#he ,7 n man's orig9 implicat$1 we %\ld accept )\t a murmur ! d]ivation ( animal & vegetable life f :at we call inorganic nature4 ,! conclusion ( pure intellect po9ts ?is way & no o!r4 ,! conclusion ( pure intellect1 h[ev]1 hav+ no?+ to %[ = itself 9 ! way ( evid5ce1 we are aga9 ref]r$ to a condition ( ?+s conc]n+ :i* we "k1 & c "k1 no?+4 ,suppos+ writes ! ,pr(essor#hf a planet c>v$ f ! sun1 set sp9n+ r\nd an axis1 & revolv+ r\nd ! sun at a di/ance f him equal to t ( our e>?1 w\ld "o ( ! consequ5ces ( its refrig]ation be ! developm5t ( organic =ms8 ,i lean to ! affirmative4 ,x is no d\bt int]e/+ to "k to :at op9ion ! ,pr(essor incl9$1 b is ?is sort ( ?+ ,sci5ce8 ,9 ! same mann] ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! philosoph] ( evolution p> excell5ce1 ?us reports3#hg ,biologi/s 9 g5]al agree t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w no su* ?+ happ5s z ! rise ( a liv+ creature out ( non-liv+ matt]4 ,!y d n d5y1 h[ev]1 t at a remote p]iod 9 ! pa/1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! e>? 0 mu* high] ?an at pres5t1 & o!r physical conditions 7 unlike ^? we "k1#hh inorganic matt]1 ?r\gh successive complications1 gave orig9 to organic matt]4#hi ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 :o is con/antly suppos$ to h upheld1 or ev5 to h demon/rat$1 ! fact ( spontane\s g5]ation1 is among/ ! /ronge/ witnesses aga9/ x4 ,he 0 inde$ dispos$ to believe t ! liv+ w "s day be f\nd to be producible f ! lifeless1 ! gr\nd ( 8 expectation be+ ! ,law ( ,cont9uity1#ij or ! assumption t f ! beg9n+ ( nature to ! end "o only k9d ( law uni=mly op]ates1 namely ! same z we n[ exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is to assume ! :ole "q at issue1 = unless x c be %ewn t !re has be5 spontane\s g5]ation1 we _c be assur$ t !re is su* a ,law ( ,cont9uity4 ,& despite 8 expectation ,d>w9 always d5i$ t ! orig9 ( life has be5--sometimes ev5 t x c be--expla9$4 ,?us he wrote on v>i\s occasions3 ,x is m]e rubbi% ?9k+ at pres5t ( ! orig9 ( life2 "o might z well ?9k ( ! orig9 ( matt]4#ia ,z = myself ,i _c believe 9 spontane\s g5]ation1 & ?\gh ,i expect t at "s future "t ! pr9ciple ( life w be r5d]$ intelligible1 at pres5t x seems to me beyond ! conf9es ( ,sci5ce4#ib ,no evid5ce wor? any?+ has z yet1 9 my op9ion1 be5 advanc$ 9 fav\r ( a liv+ be+1 be+ develop$ f inorganic matt]4#ic ,"h we may conv5i5tly pause & take /ock ( our results4 ,on ! "o h&1 we are bidd5 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce to le>n ! pa/ f ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t f obs]vation & exp]im5t alone4 ,on ! o!r1 we are invit$ to believe 9 an occurr5ce :i* obs]vation & exp]im5t negative 9 ! pres5t1 on ! gr\nd t ! circum/ances mu/ once h be5 entirely diff]5t f any ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,obvi\sly1 ! real motive ( belief is t navely express$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 :o tells u t spontane\s g5]ation is prov$ by ! doctr9e ( ,evolution2#id :i* !n 9 its turn is prov$ by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,two po9ts mu/ h[ev] be notic$ 9 :i* x is attempt$ to f9d pres5t evid5ce 9 fav\r ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,fir/1 !re is ,protoplasm--! ,physical ,basis ( ,life1 or ,liv+ ,matt]1 be+ t =m ( matt] by :i* life is always accompani$4 ,9 ?is no *emical elem5t unkn[n else:]e1 is to be f\nd2 ! cells ( :i* x consi/s are comp\nd$ ( ,oxyg51 ,hydrog51 ,nitrog51 & ,c>bon2 & x has be5 argu$1 especially by ,huxley1 t x is !re=e n diff]5t 9 k9d f o!r comp\nds2 t z ,oxyg5 & ,hydrog5 =m wat]1 ,oxyg5 & ,c>bon1 ,c>bonic ,acid1 ,hydrog5 & ,nitrog51 ,ammonia1--s ! f\r comb9$1 9 prop] circum/ances & proportions1 make ,liv+ ,matt]1 )\t ! aid ( any vital =ce or pr9ciple4 ,& ,haeckel ) 8 habitual audacity =etells ! artificial production ( ,protoplasm = purposes ( comm]ce4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,/irl+ obs]ves1#ie man has always kn[n t he is made ( du/1 & t ! only "p ( him p]ceptible to s5se is sub/antially ! same z ! e>? b5ea? 8 feet4 ,all t he n[ le>ns 9 addition is t :5 su* matt] is w$d$ to life x und]goes m>vell\s trans=mations :i* 9 "p at lea/ we are able to recognize1 b are :olly unable to compreh5d4 ,?is ,pr(essor ,huxley himself admits3 ,! prop]ties ( liv+ matt] he writes#if di/+ui% x absolutely f all o!r k9ds ( ?+s1 & ! pres5t /ate ( k furni%es u ) no l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+4 ,n only t3 ! subject is full ( complexities ( :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley gives no h9t1 & :i* x w\ld ev5 seem he did n himself p]ceive4 ,9 8 celebrat$ lecture on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life#ig he gives 8 he>]s to und]/& t all ,protoplasm is ! same1 t its p>ticles are z ! bricks ) :i* any sort ( edifice may be con/ruct$1 a ca!dral or a g9-%op1 a palace or a hovel4 ,! protoplasm ( a mu%room1 = in/ance1 he decl>es to be ess5tially id5tical ) t ( him :o eats x1 into :i* x is mo/ readily conv]tible4 ,he also speaks ( ! effect ( eat+ mutton be+ to transub/antiate %eep into man4 ,b1 positive z are ^! /atem5ts1 !y are f> f repres5t+ sci5tific tru?s1 & we are told by ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy] t he himself w\ld n "k :at to d ) a c&idate :o %\ld advance su* views 9 an exam9ation4#ih ,z to ! mu%room & ! mutton1 ,sir ,william adds1 t except ! def9ition ( a crab1 z a r$ fi% t runs backw>ds1 attribut$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 he c call to m9d no /atem5t s compact ( error4 ,9 reality1 in/ead ( all ,protoplasm be+ ! same1 ! diff]5ces are inf9ite4 ,p>ticles f diff]5t s\rces may be indi/+ui%able by ! microscope or by any te/ t *emi/ry c apply1 b ?is only increases ! my/]y ( _! nature1 = ea* has its own functions & w p]=m no o!rs4 ,! ,protoplasm ( a plant w d :at t ( an animal1 seem+ly id5tical1 _c d4 ,t ( a fi% w conv]t ! same nutrim5t into q a diff]5t =mation f t ( a man4 ,x is no d\bt true t a p>ticle ( fungoid diff]s 9 no appreciable physical respect f "o ( human protoplasm1 yet ! =m] w nev] em]ge f ! fate ( ! humble mu%room1 :ile ! o!r may be in/9ct ) ! ?\ghts ( a ,prime ,m9i/]4#ii ,z ,mr4 ,/irl+ sums up ! matt]3#ajj ,!re is n]ve-protoplasm1 bra9-protoplasm1 bone-protoplasm1 muscle-protoplasm1 & protoplasm ( all ! o!r tissues1 no "o ( :i* b produces only its own k9d1 & is un9t]*angeable ) ! re/4 ,la/ly1 we h ! ov]:elm+ fact t !re is ! inf9itely diff]5t protoplasm ( ! v>i\s inf9itely diff]5t plants & animals1 9 ea* ( :i* its own protoplasm1 z 9 ! case ( ! v>i\s tissues1 b produces its own k9d1 & is un9t]*angeable ) t ( ! re/4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! "* ( ,protoplasm1 f> f mak+ x easi] to conceive ! me*anical production ( liv+ ?+s1 does b imm5sely aggravate ! difficulty4 ,z ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy] av[s3 ,i d n see ev5 ! beg9n+ ( a mat]iali/ic !ory ( protoplasm4 ,& ,haeckel's idea t we %all succe$ 9 creat+ organic life does n comm5d itself to su* an au?ority z ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe3 ,x is true he says#aja t !re are ^? :o pr(ess to =esee t ! day w arise :5 ! *emi/1 by a succession ( con/ructive ef=ts may pass beyond album51 & ga!r ! elem5ts ( lifeless matt] into a liv+ /ructure4 ,:atev] may be said ( ?is f o!r /&po9ts1 ! *emi/ c only say t at pres5t no su* problem lies )9 8 prov9ce4 ,protoplasm1 ) :i* ! simple/ manife/ations ( life are associat$1 is n a comp\nd1 b a /ructure built up ( comp\nds4 ,! *emi/ may successfully syn!size any ( its compon5t comp\nds1 b he has no m reason to look =w>d to ! syn!tic production ( ! /ructure ?an to imag9e t ! syn!sis ( gallic acid leads to ! artificial production ( gall-nuts4 ,& ,m4 de ,quatrefages ?us sums up ! conclusions at :i* he arrives f m9ute /udy ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life3#ajb ,i make bold to affirm t ! deep] ,sci5ce p5etrates into ! secrets ( organization & ph5om5a1 ! m does %e demon/rate h[ wide & h[ pr(\nd is ! abyss :i* sep>ates brute matt] f liv+ ?+s4 ,! o!r po9t requir+ notice is cry/allization4 ,inorganic matt]1 z we "k1 c build up cry/als1 ! wond]ful /ructure ( :i* results f ! molecul> prop]ties ( ! sub/ance cry/alliz$4 ,:y !n1 "s w\ld ask1 may n matt] 9 ! same mann] produce ,protoplasm8 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is1 z we h he>d1 is :at x is nev] f\nd to d4 ,cry/als we c produce at pleasure1 9 :at quantity we w4 ,b all ef=ts h n yet succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! mo/ m9ute speck ( liv+ matt]4 ,moreov]1 no?+ c be m widely diff]5t f organic /ructures ?an cry/als4 ,! latt] are always ma!matical1 ! =m] nev]3 ! latt] gr[ by outside accretion1 ( ! "o k9d ( p>ticles :]e( !y consi/3 ! =m] by absorption & assimilation ( v>i\s =eign sub/ances3 ! latt] are :olly indep5d5t ( any?+ l an ance/or3 = ! =m] an ance/or is 9 our exp]i5ce indisp5sable3 cry/als c be dissolv$ & recry/alliz$3 liv+ matt] once de/roy$ c nev] be recon/itut$4 ,above all1 ! p>ticles incorporat$ 9 ! cry/al are absolutely quiesc5t1 s f> z any portion ( matt] c be said to be s1 no m able to *ange _! position )\t ext]nal =ce ?an ! bricks 9 a wall1 :ile ^? 9 liv+ tissue at once become subject to ! :irlw9d ( life1 involv+ con/ant *ange ! cessation ( :i* is dea?4 ,x is inexplicable to me says ,m4 de ,quatrefages#ajc t "s m5 ^: m]its ,i o!rwise ackn[l$ge1 %\ld h comp>$ cry/als to ! simple/ liv+ =ms4444 ,^! =ms are ! antipodes ( ! cry/al f e po9t ( view4 ,to ! same effect speaks ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's associate 9 ! discov]y ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,9 a "w expressly devot$ to ! v9dication ( t !ory1 ,mr4 ,wallace decl>es t f> f ! way ( evolution be+ made cle> by ,sci5ce f end to end--!re are at lea/ ?ree /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! organic _w :]e "s new cause or p[] mu/ necess>ily h come into action4 ,& at ! head ( !m he places t :i* we are n[ consid]+1 writ+ ?us3#ajd ,! fir/ /age is ! *ange f inorganic to organic1 :5 ! e>lie/ vegetable cell1 or ! liv+ protoplasm out ( :i* x arose1 fir/ appe>$4444 ,!re is 9 ?is some?+ q beyond & ap>t f *emical *anges h[ev] complex2 & x has be5 well said t ! fir/ vegetable cell 0 a new ?+ 9 ! _w1 possess+ altoge!r new p[]s4444#aje ,su* te/imonies are suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 ,9 face ( !m x _c be pret5d$ t ,sci5ce kn[s any?+ ( spontane\s g5]ation or gives h] v]dict 9 its fav\r4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,pr(essor ,tait decl>es3#ajf ,to say t ev5 ! v l[e/ =m ( life1 n to speak ( its high] =ms1 /ill less ( volition & consci\sness1 c be fully expla9$ on physical pr9ciples alone1 444 is simply unsci5tific4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ kn[n 9 physical sci5ce :i* c l5d ! slighte/ support to su* an idea4444 ,to suppose t life1 ev5 9 its l[e/ =m1 is :olly mat]ial1 involves ei!r a d5ial ( ! tru? ( ,newton's laws ( motion1 or an errone\s use ( ! t]m ,matt]4 ,bo? are alike unsci5tific4 ,yet x is precisely 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce t we h be5 told to accept ! spontane\s orig9 ( life f inorganic matt]1 z a cle>ly demon/rat$ tru?1 & no riddle at all4 ,b z ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 ,evolutioni/ & ,mat]iali/ z he 01 well said 9 reg>d ( ?is v po9t 9 ! ,muni* ,congress ( #ahgg3 ,if we w\ld speak frankly1 we mu/ admit t naturali/s may well h "s little sympa?y = ! g5]atio aequivoca spontane\s g5]ation4 ,if x 7 capable ( pro(1 x w\ld inde$ be beautiful6 ,b1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 x has n yet be5 prov$4 ,! pro(s ( x are /ill want+4444 ,:oev] recalls to m9d ! lam5table failure ( all ! attempts to discov] a decid$ support = ! g5]atio aequivoca 9 ! l[] =ms ( transition f ! inorganic to ! organic _w1 w feel x d\bly s]i\s to dem& t ?is !ory1 s utt]ly discr$it$1 %\ld be 9 any way accept$ z ! basis ( all our views ( life4 ,x ,,animal ,,& ,,man ,leav+ = lat] consid]ation ! f\r? ( ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,unsolv$ ,enigmas1 namely ! seem+ly pre-orda9$ ord] ( ! univ]se1 we may conv5i5tly gr\p toge!r ! ?ree :i* foll[ x1 z mu* resembl+ t :i* has j occupi$ our att5tion4 ,^! problems1 x w be rememb]$1 are 7a7 ! orig9 ( simple s5sation & consci\sness1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! faculties possess$ by animals2 7b7 t ( rational ?\ght & spee*2 7c7 ,free-w4--,"h aga9 we are b\nd to ask1 9 ! "n ( "r reason & common-s5se1 :at light has really be5 ?r[n on su* que/ions by ,sci5ce1 & h[ f> %e has *ang$ _! aspect1--t s we may gu>d aga9/ ! delusion ( imag9+ ourselves to be 9 possession ( m k ?an we actually possess4 7a7 ,simple s5sation & consci\sness4 ,z reg>ds ! actual orig9 ( ! high] =m ( life :i* di/+ui%es ! animal f ! vegetable1 we are obvi\sly no bett] in=m$ ?an we h f\nd ourselves to be conc]n+ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life 9 any =m1--no evid5ce z to ! actual facts be+ available1 or ev5 possible1 = our enlight5m5t4 ,once m we c only argue f ! pres5t to ! pa/1 & enquire :e!r ! progress ( sci5ce has made x m reasonable to suppose ?an x seem$ 9 pre-sci5tific days t animal life has be5 spontane\sly evolv$1 ei!r f inanimate matt] or f ! vegetative life ( plants4 ,?is enquiry s mu* resembles t :i* we h j conclud$ z to make x unnecess>y to pursue x at any l5g?4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t m5 ( ,sci5ce :o h no prepossessions :atev] aga9/ ,evolution1 & w\ld will+ly accept ! ,law ( ,cont9uity at all po9ts1 if only evid5ce 7 =?com+1 f9d "h n only an unsolv$ problem1 b "o ev5 m difficult ?an ! ,orig9 ( ,life itself4 ,du ,bois-,reymond = example places ?is among/ 8 transc5d5tal enigmas1 to :i* an answ] w nev] be f\nd1 :]eas he ?9ks t ! orig9 ( vegetable life1 al?\gh at pres5t a my/]y1 may "o day be expla9$4 ,! expression ( 8 op9ion1--t by no possibility c we ev] und]/& h[ consci\sness c\ld be evolv$ f matt]--has1 he tells u#ajg be5 vehem5tly contradict$1 b1 he adds1 no?+ 9 ! way ( argum5t1 or beyond m]e assumptions1 has be5 br\ght aga9/ him4 ,( ^! assumptions he notices only t ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 ! ,prophet ( ,j5a1 :o prote/s aga9/ su* limitations ( our possibilities z treason to ! sacr$ cause ( ,evolution4 ,! progress we h made 9 intellect1 says ,haeckel1 beyond our b>b>\s prog5itors1 is suffici5t to %[ t we are on ! high road ( developm5t t[>ds a /age z f> 9 advance ( ! pres5t1 z ?is is ( ! pa/2 & :5 t is atta9$1 our k w be full & w embrace all ?is4 ,b1 asks ,du ,bois-,reymond 9 reply1 is ?is mighty progress ( ours s v evid5t )9 ! p]iod conc]n+ :i* we h any in=mation8 ,has ! m5tal capacity ( our race notably improv$ s9ce ,hom]8#ajh or its faculty ( ?9k+ s9ce ,plato & ,ari/otle8 ,at our pres5t rate ( progress1 long be=e ! high-wat] m>k prophesi$ by ,haeckel is rea*$1 ! e>? w h become un9habitable4 ,&1 7 x o!rwise1 ! highe/ po9t ( intellect to :i* conceivably man c\ld atta91 w\ld be t ( ! suffici5t intellig5ce :]e( we h be5 told1 :i*1 f an inspection ( ! cosmic nebula c\ld =etell all t 0 to issue f x4 ,&1 adds ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ev5 c\ld we d ?is1 we %\ld /ill be unable to und]/& ! orig9 ( consci\sness1 :i* w\ld require intellig5ce ( ano!r ord] ?an ours1 h[ev] magnifi$4 ,s aga9 ,mr4 ,wallace tells u1#aji aft] speak+ ( ! beg9n+ ( life z we h already he>d1 ,! next /age is /ill m m>vell\s1 /ill m completely beyond all possibility ( explanation by matt]1 its laws & =ces4 ,x is ! introduction ( s5sation or consci\sness1 con/itut+ ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,"h all idea ( m]e complication ( /ructure produc+ ! result is out ( ! "q4 ,we feel x to be altoge!r prepo/]\s to assume t at a c]ta9 /age ( complexity ( atomic con/itution1 & z a necess>y result ( t complexity alone1 an ego %\ld />t into exi/5ce1 a ?+ t feels1 t is consci\s ( its own exi/5ce4 ,"h we h ! c]ta9ty t some?+ new has aris51 a be+ ^: nasc5t consci\sness has gone on increas+ 9 p[] & def9it5ess till x has culm9at$ 9 ! high] animals4 ,no v]bal explanation or attempt at explanation--su* z ! /atem5t t life is ! result ( ! molecul> =ces ( ! protoplasm1 or t ! :ole exi/+ organic univ]se f ! amoeba up to man 0 lat5t 9 ! fire-mi/ f :i* ! sol> sy/em 0 develop$--c af=d any m5tal satisfaction1 or help u 9 any way to a solution ( ! my/]y4 ,unque/ionably1 !re is no lack ( speak]s & writ]s :o flatly contradict su* views1 & ass]t t animal life1 equally ) vegetable1 c\ld be1 & mu/ h be51 naturally evolv$ f inorganic nature4 ,! above te/imonies1 h[ev]1 amply suffice = our pres5t purpose1 & ) !m we may be satisfi$2 = at lea/ !y make x pla9 t ,sci5ce has f\nd no evid5ce z to ! orig9 ( s5sation & consci\sness conclusive en\gh to compel belief4 ,& :]e !re is no sci5tific evid5ce ev5 alleg$1 su* z might require ! tra9+ ( a speciali/ = its due appreciation1 "o man ( ord9>y intellig5ce is z compet5t a judge z ano!r1 & sci5tific exp]ts are on a level ) ! re/ ( u4 7b7 ,rational ?\ght & spee*4 ,:at has j be5 said applies ) equal =ce to ?is matt] likewise4 ,unless ,sci5ce h "s positive evid5ce to br+1 demon/rat+ h[ ! gulf c be bridg$ :i* sep>ates ! intellig5ce ( ! mo/ degrad$ races ( m5 f ! highe/ ( ! brutes1 & h[ articulate language c spontane\sly h aris51 :i* is ! necess>y appanage ( reason1 we h all equally ! means ( =m+ our conclusions on ! subject4 ,t ! gulf betwe5 man & ! l[] animals is "h imm5se we h ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,no d\bt he writes#aaj ! diff]5ce is 9 ?is respect enorm\s1 ev5 if we comp>e ! m9d ( "o ( ! l[e/ savages1 :o has no words to express any numb] high] ?an f\r1 & :o uses no ab/ract t]ms = ! commone/ objects or affections1 ) t ( ! mo/ highly organiz$ ape4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld1 no d\bt1 /ill rema9 imm5se1 ev5 if "o ( ! highe/ apes _h be5 improv$ & civiliz$ z mu* z a dog has be5 9 comp>ison ) its p>5t =m1 ! wolf or jackal4 ,! ,fuegians rank among/ ! l[e/ b>b>ians2 b ,i 0 cont9ually /ruck ) surprise h[ closely ! ?ree natives on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 :o _h liv$ "s ye>s 9 ,engl& & c\ld talk a little ,engli%1 resembl$ u 9 disposition & 9 mo/ ( our m5tal faculties4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 goes on to argue1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/ is "o ( degree only & n ( k9d2 t ?is c be cle>ly %ewn2 & t !re is unque/ionably a mu* wid] int]val 9 m5tal p[] betwe5 "o ( ! l[e/ fi%es1 z a lamprey or lancelet1 & "o ( ! high] apes1 ?an betwe5 an ape & a man2 yet ?is imm5se int]val is fill$ up by numb]less gradations1 f :i* he concludes t by a l s]ies ( /eps1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 no trace is left1 our prog5itors h be5 able to m\nt f ! simian to ! human level4 ,cle> h[ev] z ,mr4 ,d>w9 pron\nces ! evid5ce to be1 x is v f> f be+ s consid]$ by o!r em95t naturali/s4 ,s conv9c$ an ,evolutioni/ z ,mr4 ,miv>t1 = example1 decl>$ on v>i\s occasions t 8 reason abundantly suffic$ to conv9ce him t !re 0 a wid] break 9 nature betwe5 man & ! highe/ ape1 ?an betwe5 ! highe/ ape & an oy/] or ev5 a mu%room4 ,x is evid5t t ! evid5ce :i* p]mits judgm5ts s div]se z ^! _c be said conclusively to prove ! =m] exi/5ce ( a bridge e ve/ige ( :i* has1 by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( all p>ties1 entirely disappe>$4 ,we are !re=e left to det]m9e = ourselves1 :e!r ! p[]s ( our own m9d1 z ea* kn[s !m 9 himself1 are ( a totally diff]5t nature f ^? ( dogs & horses1 & *impanzees su* z ! late lam5t$ ,consul1 or :e!r we are sup]ior only 9 degree1 z a %eep-dog is m intellig5t ?an a %eep1 or a fox ?an a goose4 ,if 9 any respect su* an enquiry c be made def9ite & !re=e pr(itable1 x is cle>ly 9 reg>d ( ,language4 ,?is1 z said above1 is an ess5tial adjunct ( reason su* z ours1 & on ! o!r h& x =ms ! pla9e/ b\nd>y betwe5 ! doma9 ( ! human race & t ( ! brutes4 ,x is1 says ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 our ,rubicon on ! hi!r side ( :i* m5 alone are f\nd4 ,giv5 reason su* z ours1 :atev] mode ( communication might be op5 to !m1 we _c suppose its possessors fail+ to e/abli% a m$ium ( int]c\rse4 ,9 exi/+ conditions1 man c make an alphabet out ( ! clicks ( a ne$le or ! fla%es ( a mirror1 & if 8 vocal organs 7 no bett] ?an ^? ( a baboon1 we _c imag9e him cont5t g5]ation aft] g5]ation ) in>ticulate h[ls & yells4 ,b ?is is j ! case ( ! animals4 ,!y are nev] f\nd to make ! smalle/ progress 9 ! direction ( a code ( signals4 ,dogs inde$1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1#aaa hav+ develop$ 9 captivity ! new art ( b>k+1 h fur!r le>nt to v>y ?is accompli%m5t accord+ to ! circum/ances t provoke x1 & h di/9ct tones to express ! div]sity ( _! feel+s1 z :5 hunt+1 or angry1 or sett+ out = a walk1 or %ut up 9 a k5nel or out ( a h\se4 ,"s dogs1 he might h add$1 ref9e /ill fur!r1 & w betray by _! /yle ( b>k n only t !y are hunt+ some?+1 b :at x is t !y h come ^u1 :e!r a rabbit1 a cat1 or a h$gehog4 ,b1 z ! ,*evali] ,buns5 obs]ves1#aab & 8 obs]vation includes su* manife/ations z ! above3 ,animal s\nds are ! e*oes ( bl9d in/9cts )91 or ( ! ph5om5a ( ! outw>d _w1 utt]$ by suff]+ or satisfi$ animal nature1 & 9 all cases result+ f m]e passiv5ess4 ,by rational language1 on ! o!r h&1 is signifi$1 to quote ,mr4 ,miv>t3#aac ,! ext]nal manife/ation1 :e!r by s\nd or ge/ure1 ( g5]al conceptions3--n emotional expressions or ! manife/ations ( s5sible impressions1 b enunciations ( di/9ct judgm5ts z to ! :at1 ! h[1 & ! :y4 ,consequ5tly1 z ,buns5 decl>es3 ,! !ories ab\t ! orig9 ( language h foll[$ ^? ab\t ! orig9 ( ?\ght1 & h %>$ _! fate4 ,! mat]iali/s h nev] be5 able to %[ ! possibility ( ! fir/ /ep4 ,!y attempt to veil _! inability by ! easy b fruitless assumption ( an inf9ite space ( "t1 de/9$ to expla9 ! gradual developm5t ( animals into m52 z if millions ( ye>s c\ld supply ! want ( ! ag5t necess>y = ! fir/ movem5t1 = ! fir/ /ep 9 ! l9e ( progress6 ,no numb]s c effect a logical impossibility4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld reason spr+ out ( a /ate :i* is de/itute ( reason8 ,h[ c spee*1 ! expression ( ?\ght1 develop itself 9 a ye> or 9 millions ( ye>s1 out ( un>ticulat$ s\nds :i* express feel+s ( pleasure1 pa91 & appetite8 ,! common-s5se ( mank9d w always %r9k f su* !ories4 ,buns5's words 7 e*o$ ev5 m =cibly by pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 speak+ z ,presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,c>diff 9 #ahhi4 ,:at he ask$ does ,buns5 consid] ! real b>ri] betwe5 man & bea/8 ,x is language1 :i* is unatta9able1 or at lea/ unatta9$1 by any animal except man4 ,y "k he cont9u$ h[ = a "t1 & *iefly ow+ to ,d>w9's pr$om9at+ influ5ce1 e conceivable ef=t 0 made to r$uce ! di/ance :i* language places betwe5 man & bea/1 & to treat language z a vani%+ l9e 9 ! m5tal evolution ( animal & man4 ,x requir$ "s c\rage at times to /& up aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,d>w91 b at pres5t all s]i\s ?9k]s agree1 ,i believe1 ) ,buns51 t no animal has ev] develop$ :at we mean by rational language1 z di/9ct f m]e utt]ances ( pleasure or pa91 a subject lately treat$ ) great fulness by ,pr(essor ,romanes4 ,/ill1 if all true sci5ce is bas$ on facts1 ! fact rema9s t no animal has ev] f\nd :at we mean by a language2 & we are fully ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 hold+ ) ,buns5 & ,humboldt1 z aga9/ ,d>w9 & ,romanes1 t !re is a specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! human animal & all o!r animals1 & t t diff]5ce consi/s 9 language z ! outw>d manife/ation ( :at ! ,greeks meant by ,logos4 ,x is moreov] evid5t t1 f> f spee* hav+ g5]at$ reason1 z "s h prepo/]\sly ma9ta9$1 x is reason :i* g5]ates spee*1 no less inevitably ?an sunlight produces ! spectrum :5 x passes ?r\gh a prism4 ,! seem+ p>adox ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt is 9 fact a sob] tru?3 ,man is man only ?r\gh spee*1 b 9 ord] to inv5t x he mu/ already be man4 ,we h pla9 evid5ce t be=e means = ! int]nal expression ( x are f\nd1 ! m5tal ^w 7v]bum m5tale7 is await+ !m1 & t )\t ?is x w\ld be z impossible = any sort ( rational spee* to be produc$ z = an apple to be gr[n )\t an apple-tree4 ,evid5ce to ?is effect is furni%$ by record$ in/ances ( p]sons :o f e>ly *ildhood1 or ev5 f bir?1 7 deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d1 & appe>$ to be cut (f f all possibility ( human conv]se1 ! gates ( ,mans\l be+ ?us almo/ entirely clos$4 ,su* are ! well-kn[n cases ( ,laura ,bridgman1 ,miss ,kell]1 & ,m>?a ,obre*t1 :o _h be5 ?us afflict$ s9ce _! e>lie/ *ildhood1 ! two fir/ nam$ f ! age ( two1 & ! la/ f t ( ?ree ye>s4#aad ,also ! m rec5t in/ance ( ,m>ie ,heurt91 :o 0 s born1 & consequ5tly c\ld n h ev5 ! fa9te/ glimm] ( any k ^! s5ses c\ld convey4#aae ,yet1 by ! ex]cise ( +5i\s & unwe>i$ *>ity1 a means ( communication 0 elaborat$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*1 & ! s\ls :i* _h seem+ly be5 buri$ alive1 %ew$ !mselves responsive to su* advances1--(t5 a/oni%+ly s1--& reveal$ _! possession ( faculties id5tical ) ^? ( _! rescu]s4 ,we are told1 = example1 ( ,m>ie ,heurt9 t h] intellig5ce prov$ to be quick1 t %e 0 ev5 unusually clev]1 evid5tly eag] = k1 &1 z sometimes happ5s1 h] faculties be+ prev5t$ by h] infirmity f wa/+ _! p[]s on ext]nal objects1 7 all ! m fre% & vigor\s4 ,ev5 m wond]ful is ! case ( ,miss ,kell]1 :o atta9$ a degree ( culture & accompli%m5t f> beyond ! common level ( ^? possess+ ! use ( all _! s5ses4 ,some:at ak9 to su* in/ances is t ( ! savages f ,ti]ra del ,fuego m5tion$ above by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,9 _! case likewise1 :5 !y 7 br\ght into communication ) p possess$ ( high] culture ?an _! own degrad$ race1 x 0 f\nd t ! correspond+ faculties )9 !m 7 n dead1 or z yet non-exi/5t1 b only />v$ into le?>gy2 &1 ! opportunity be+ giv51 !y spe$ily caus$ surprise by unmi/akable pro(s h[ closely !y resemble ourselves4 ,?us we f9d t 9 ?is bran* ( our enquiry !re is "o broad fact1 :i* all mu/ recognize & none c d5y4 ,no race ( m5 has ev] be5 kn[n :i* c\ld n speak1 nor any race ( animals :i* c\ld1 or :i* _h made ! fir/ beg9n+s ( intellig5t language4 ,facts be+ ! only gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce "h is und\bt$ly some?+ :]eon %e may build an inf]5ce1 & ?is inf]5ce w c]ta9ly n be t ! faculties ( m5 & animals are radically id5tical4 ,& if we are told1 z we con/antly are1 t x is m truly sci5tific to admit su* id5tity1 %\ld !re n be "s o!r facts1 /ill m significant & equally well e/abli%$1 to exhibit on ! o!r side8 ,b ( :at "* are ! argum5ts actually adduc$8 ,x w be suffici5t to quote a few :i* come ) ! highe/ au?ority4 ,we may />t ) ! almo/ classical specim5 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself4 ,x does n he says#aaf appe> altoge!r incr$ible t "s unusually wise ape-l animal %\ld h ?\ght ( imitat+ ! gr[l ( a bea/ ( prey1 s z to indicate to 8 fell[ monkeys ! nature ( ! expect$ dang]4 ,& ?is w\ld h be5 a fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( a language4 ,simil>ly ,pr(essor ,:itney writes ( "s suppos$ pi!coid#aag m53 ,!re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ !m to h possess$ =ms ( spee*1 m rudim5t>y & imp]fect ?an ours4#aah ,& s aga9 ,pr(essor ,romanes3#aai ,let u try to imag9e a community consid]ably m intellig5t ?an ! exi/+ an?ropoid apes1 al?\gh /ill consid]ably bel[ ! intellectual level ( exi/+ savages4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 su* a community natural signs ( voice1 ge/ure1 & grimace w\ld be 9 vogue to a great] or less ext5t4 ,z _! numb]s increas$ 444 su* signs w\ld require to become m & m conv5tional1 or acquire m & m ! "* ( s5t5ce-words4 ,( c\rse1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t replies1#abj !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ any?+ we *oose1 or 9 see+ animals 9 imag9ation p]=m+ feats :i* nev] yet h !y be5 kn[n to a*ieve 9 fact4 ,b no am\nt ( su* suppositions or imag9ations w furni% ,sci5ce ) ! scantie/ apology = a foo?old1 nor c ! g]ms ( language attribut$ to pi!coid communities or ! sage/ ( _! patri>*s1 be consid]$ z ( any great] value ?an ! spee*es put into ! m\?s ( ! animals by sop or ,uncle ,remus4 ,x is also to be notic$ t 9 ^! acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( language1 ! ess5tial elem5t ( reason is always quietly smuggl$ 9 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?us ,mr4 ,d>w9's wise/ ( ! pi!coids 0 able to ?9k ( a device = ! in=mation ( 8 fell[s4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ d\bt t any creature :i* _h got s f> z t w\ld f9d :at he want$4 ,x is b ! old case ( ! man :o 0 sure he c\ld h writt5 ,hamlet _h he _h a m9d to d s4 ,l him1 ! ape might h made ! inv5tion1 if he _h a m9d to make x2--only he _h n got ! m9d4 ,s too1 ,pr(essor ,romanes' miss+ l9ks use tones & signs :i* acquire m & m ! "* ( true spee*3 :i* c\ld n be unless !y conta9$ "s measure ( t "* already4 ,b x is j ! fir/ /ep ?us ignor$ :i* spans ! gulf betwe5 man & brute4 ,!re is ano!r factor ^u :i*1 9 conjunction ) ^! suppositions1 great /ress is wont to be laid1 namely t ( "t2 x be+ app>5tly tak5 = grant$ t if only "t en\gh be giv5 any?+ :atev] may come ab\t4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,romanes tells u#aba t 8 imag9>y ,homo alalus1 or spee*less man1 mu/ probably h liv$ = an inconceivably long "t1 be=e gett+ f> en\gh on ! road t[>ds spee* to give him su* an advantage z enabl$ him to cru% out 8 less accompli%$ cong5]s2 & t ev5 aft] ?is po9t 0 rea*$1 ano!r inconceivable lapse ( "t mu/ h be5 requir$ to turn him into ,homo sapi5s1 or man z he actually is4 ,imm5se int]vals1 he fur!r tells u1 mu/ h be5 consum$ 9 ! passage ?r\gh v>i\s grades ( m5tal evolution2 ,! epo* dur+ :i* s5t5ce-words prevail$ 0 probably imm5se2 ,x 0 n until ons ( ages _h elaps$ t any pron\ns arose4 ,mean:ile1 !re is no scrap ( evid5ce t z a matt] ( fact any ?+ ( all ?is ev] happ5$ at all1 & z ,buns5 has obs]v$ no millions ( ye>s1 ev5 7 millions available at discretion1 c\ld ev] supply ! want ( ! faculty )\t :i* no?+ 9 ! way ( language c\ld ev] be accompli%$4 7c7 ,free-w4--,"h is ano!r human faculty :i* ,du ,bois-,reymond decl>es nev] to h be5 acc\nt$ = by natural causation1 & he greatly d\bts :e!r x %\ld n be class$ among ! problems t mu/ be = ev] insoluble4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 z we h se51 gets rid ( all difficulties on ?is score by lay+ x d[n t ! fre$om ( ! w is n an object = critical sci5tific inquiry at all1 = x is a pure dogma1 bas$ on an illusion1 & has no real exi/5ce4 ,x is pla9 t = 8 purpose ?is is ! only c\rse possible4 ,if ! w be really free1 !re c be no "q ( f9d+ a me*anical explanation ( x4 ,!re is !re=e no alt]native b to cut ! ,gordian knot1 & to decl>e t ! lib]ty :i* ! va/ majority ( m5 believe !mselves to ex]cise e in/ant1 is prov$ by ,sci5ce to be no bett] ?an a pure dogma1 t is to say1 a m]e figm5t4 ,:5 we seek = 8 indication ( ! l9e ( argum5t :]eby ?is position is made good1 ! in=mation suppli$ is less full ?an might be desir$4 ,he beg9s#abb ) a r l5g?y sket* ( ! hi/ory ( controv]sy 9 ?is reg>d1--:i* conta9s ! rem>kable /atem5t t ,"s ( ! fir/ tea*]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es--su* z ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,calv9--reject$ ! fre$om ( ! w z decid$ly z ! fam\s lead]s ( pure ,mat]ialism1 ,holba* 9 ! eighte5?1 & ,b*n] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!n he proce$s3 ,! great /ruggle betwe5 ! det]m9i/ & ! indet]m9i/1 betwe5 ! oppon5t & ! su/a9] ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 has end$ to-day aft] m ?an #b1jjj ye>s1 completely 9 fav\r ( ! det]m9i/4 ,! human w has no m fre$om ?an t ( ! high] animals1 f :i* x diff]s only 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,9 ! la/ i4e4 ! eighte5? c5tury ! doctr9e ( lib]ty 0 f\ght ) g5]al philosophic & cosmological argum5ts4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has giv5 u v diff]5t weapons = its def9itive de/ruction--! p[]ful weapons :i* we f9d 9 ! ars5al ( comp>ative physiology & evolution4 ,we n[ "k t ea* act ( ! w is z fatally det]m9$ by ! organization ( ! individual1 & z dep5d5t on ! mom5t>y condition ( 8 environm5t1 z e o!r psy*ic activity4 ,! "* ( ! incl9ation 0 det]m9$ long ago by h]$ity f p>5ts & ance/ors2 ! det]m9ation to ea* p>ticul> act is an in/ance ( adaptation to ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t :]e9 ! /ronge/ motive prevails1 accord+ to ! laws :i* gov]n ! /atics ( emotion4 ,ontog5y tea*es u to und]/& ! evolution ( ! w 9 ! individual *ild4 ,phylog5y reveals to u ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! w )9 ! ranks ( our v]tebrate ance/ors4#abc ,t is all4 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve t j>gon l ?is proves no?+4 ,( any?+ approa*+ to evid5ce !re is "h1 manife/ly1 no ve/ige1 & !re is consequ5tly no?+ :i* c avail to w9 our ass5t z rational m54 ,x is likewise obvi\s t we h "h a "q z to :i* e human be+ has ! means ( judg+ equally ) ! mo/ em95t man ( ,sci5ce1 & mod]n improvem5t ( ! me?ods & in/rum5ts ( rese>* leaves u j :]e we always 74 ,! f9al evid5ce on ! subject e man has )9 himself1 9 ! mo/ vital facts ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,into ! philosophy ( ! matt] x is nei!r necess>y nor advisable at pres5t to g4 ,9 deal+ ) pr(\nd yet elem5t>y que/ions1 reg>d+ :i* our means ( k are ?us simple & direct1 m5 are apt to bewild] !mselves :5 !y beg9 to philosophize1 & to p]suade !mselves t !y _c be sure precisely ( ^? ?+s t are mo/ c]ta94 ,george ,borr[ is by no means ! only "o :o has torm5t$ himself ) d\bts z to 8 own exi/5ce4#abd ,a /ill l>g] numb] h pr(ess$ to believe !mselves m]e ma*9es compell$ to g l clocks1 & to d only :at has be5 pr$et]m9$ = !m4 ,b su* beliefs are = ! lecture-room or ! /udy only1 & 9 practical life e "o behaves z if bo? he himself & o!rs--especially o!rs--7 responsible = _! conduct4 ,s common-s5se tea*es1 ?an :i* we %all n f9d a saf] guide4 ,sir1 said ! em95tly common-s5se ,dr4 ,johnson1 we "k our w is free2 & !re's an end on't4 ,all !ory is aga9/ ! fre$om ( ! w2 all exp]i5ce = x4444 ,b1 ,sir1 z to ! doctr9e ( necessity1 no man believes x4 ,if a man %\ld give me argum5ts t ,i _c answ] to prove t ,i _c see2 because ,i _c answ] 8 argum5ts1 d ,i believe t ,i h no eyes8 ,?us we f9d once aga9 t ! doctr9es :i* "s w\ld =ce ^u u 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce1 on :atev] !y are f\nd$1 h no basis ( fact1 & _c !re=e rightly call !mselves sci5tific4 ,,xi ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,t ! _w :i* we inhabit is a ,cosmos1 rul$ by law & ord]1 no "o has ev] attempt$ to d5y4 ,only because laws are ev]y:]e f\nd await+ discov]y1 is natural sci5ce a possibility4 ,:at su* laws really are1 we h already consid]$4 ,!y are1 z ,mr4 ,lewes puts x1 ! pa?s along :i* ! =ces ( nature travel to _! results2 & x is only because ^! =ces keep inv>iably ea* to its prop] pa?1 t we are able to foll[ !m ) our m9ds1 ei!r to le>n any?+ conc]n+ !m1 or to turn our k to practical acc\nt4 ,9 some?+ ( ! same mann]1 x is because we are assur$ t our railway tra9s w run on _! appo9t$ l9es1 t we c le>n f ,brad%aw h[ to get to ,exet] or to ,ed9burgh2--b ! =ces ( ,nature are nev] d]ail$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 z we h he>d1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,sci5ce1 t ! reign ( law is univ]sal1 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity ubiquit\s1--& ^u ?is ! validity ( all h] me?ods & conclusions :olly dep5ds4 ,x is tak5 = grant$1 ) absolute confid5ce1 t :at is once f\nd to happ5 w be exactly repeat$ 9 l circum/ances1--t ! laws exp]im5tally obs]v$1 reg>d+ motion1 heat1 light1 s\nd1 *emical comb9ation1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ! re/1 w be fai?fully obey$1 9 e m9ute/ p>ticul>1 z c]ta9ly z suns w rise & set1 or moons wax & wane4 ,7 x n s1 7 ! =ces ( ,nature to act spasmodically & at r&om1 & did n _! common action s result z to e/abli% or subs]ve o!r laws ( bewild]+ complexity1--z 9 molecul> dynamics1 ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 & ! processes ( organic life1--we c\ld le>n no m f ! /udy ( nature ?an f a page ( type :i* _h be5 set up by an idiot1 or an an?ropoid ape4 ,"h is ano!r factor 9 our problem1 & "o :i* has f ! fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ?9k+ m54 ,no feature ( nature impress$ !m m ?an ?is same reign ( law & ord]1 app>5t ev]y:]e2 & on ?is acc\nt !y call$ ! _w ,cosmos1 in/ead ( ,*aos4 ,&1 s9ce x is self-evid5t t ev]y?+ mu/ h a reason = its be+1 t :atev] is n self-exi/5t mu/ h a cause o!r ?an itself1 !y felt compell$ to enquire :at mann] ( cause w\ld acc\nt = law & ord]4 ,! l enquiry we h /ill to pursue1 & by me?ods radically ! same z ev]2 = amid all h] discov]ies ,sci5ce has f\nd no?+ :i* does any?+ :atev] to furni% an answ]4 ,all t has be5 done is enorm\sly to multiply ! aspects "u :i* ! problem pres5ts itself4 ,x is n[ n m]ely 9 ! l>g] & m obvi\s op]ations ( ,nature t we c trace ?is m>vell\s ubiquity ( law1 b 9 h] mo/ hidd5 processes & inmo/ con/itution4 ,at e po9t1 we are =c$ to ask :y ?+s %\ld be z !y actually are1 & h[ !y came to be subject to conditions :i* !y _c be suppos$ to h creat$ = !mselves4 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt]1--be !y atoms1 or electrons1 or :atev] else1--always & ev]y:]e obs]ve ! same rules ( ! great game 9 :i* !y s]ve z c\nt]s8 ,:y1 to take a concrete in/ance1 %\ld atoms ( ,hydrog5 9 ,sirius1 or 9 a /> ( ! ,milky ,way1 obey j ! same laws z d ^? ) :i* we make coal-gas or _s ( salt8 ,^! v>i\s atoms1 z ,"l ,grim?orpe rem9ds u1 h nev] be5 )9 billions ( miles ( "o ano!r4 ,:at is ! my/]i\s influ5ce :i* l9ks !m toge!r across ! dep?s ( space8 ,t !y are s l9k$ is obvi\s2 = if we c asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a sub/ance 9 o!r sph]es1 x is only because ! light x emits1 exactly agrees :5 analyz$ 9 ! spectroscope ) t ( hydrog5 flames 9 our own laboratories4 ,h[ comes x1 aga91 t ! sev5ty diff]5t k9ds ( atoms1 7to speak 9 r\nd numb]s7--are di/ribut$--accord+ to ,m5deleff's p]iodic law1--among "s sev5 gr\ps or families1 ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p resembl+ "o ano!r 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s1 :]e9 !y diff] f ! re/8 ,or1 to pass f atoms to molecules1 79 :i* atoms ( ! same or ( diff]5t k9ds comb9e1 to build up simple or comp\nd sub/ances respectively17--h[ is x t molecules ( ! same k9d are always con/ruct$ ^u exactly ! same model1 resembl+ "o ano!r f> m closely ?an sov]eigns /ruck f ! same die1 or diff]5t copies ( ?is morn+'s ,times8 ,x 0 9 ?is uni=mity ( type1 "* & behavi\r1 repeat$ always & ev]y:]e1 9 in/ances multipli$ beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation to conceive1 t ,sir ,john ,h]s*el#abe saw a feature /amp+ atoms & molecules z manufactur$ articles1 & subord9ate ag5ts1 :i*1 no less ?an a l9e ( sp9n+-j5nies1 or a regim5t ( soldi]s clad 9 ! same uni=m1 & go+ ?r\gh ! same evolutions1 imply a controll+ =ce direct+ ?+s accord+ to a def9ite sy/em4 ,^! & innum]able o!r p>ticul>s ( detail has ,sci5ce add$ to ! problem3 b ( any?+ :i* c supply an answ]1 %e kn[s no m ?an did ! fir/ man :o ev] moot$ ! "q )9 8 own s\l4 ,& if 9 ! inorganic _w we f9d food = su* consid]ations1 ) imm5sely great] in/ance are !y =c$ ^u u by a /udy ( ! organic4 ,"h we ent] a new realm ( my/]y1 = ! laws we enc\nt] actively en]giz+ at e po9t1 are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ) :i* hi!rto we h _h to deal4 ,! matt] :i* ent]s into ! con/itution ( liv+ ?+s1--animals or plants--is precisely ! same z t ( :i* ! inorganic _w is con/itut$4 ,no s+le atom or molecule is f\nd 9 ! "o :i* has n be5 drawn f ! o!r2--nor :5 incorporat$ 9 a liv+ /ructure d atoms or molecules suff] any alt]ation1 or *ange _! nature 9 any respect1 =1 says ,cl]k-,maxwell1#abf ?r\gh\t all *anges & cata/rophes ^! rema9 unbrok5 & unworn4 ,nev]!less1 !y fall at once "u ! spell ( a =ce :i* introduces into _! op]ations an ord] altoge!r new1 = x someh[ /rikes across all ! laws ( dead matt]1 sett+ up a new code ( its own1 :i* endures j s long z life la/s1 & is nev] met ) ap>t f life4 ,& ^! organic laws issue 9 m>vell\s results4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself1 aft] endeav\r+ to %[ t f ! inorganic _w no argum5ts c be drawn to fav\r ! supposition ( design 9 ,nature1 ?us cont9ues3#abg ,b ! idea ( design has a v great significance & application 9 ! organic _w4 ,we d und5iably p]ceive a purpose 9 ! /ructure & 9 ! life ( an organism4 ,! plant & animal seem to be controll$ by a def9ite design 9 ! comb9ation ( _! sev]al p>ts1 j z cle>ly z we see 9 ! ma*9es :i* man inv5ts & con/ructs2 z long z life cont9ues1 ! functions ( ! sev]al organs are direct$ to def9ite ends1 j z is ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a ma*9e4 ,h[ ,haeckel proce$s to argue t su* appe>ance ( purposive design is m]ely fallaci\s1 we ne$ n "h /ay to enquire2 our pres5t conc]n is to attempt to realize ! evid5ce ( law & ord] :i* ! _w ev]y:]e exhibits4 ,z we h j he>d1 ! p>ts ( an organism1 l ^? ( a motor-c>1 or a *ronomet]1 comb9e _! op]ations = ! production ( def9ite ends2 ! atta9m5t ( :i* dep5ds 9 all in/ances ^u ! nice/ correspond5ce ( v>i\s details ( _! "w4 ,?us1 t !re %\ld be eyes capable ( see+1 ! laws ( optics mu/ be satisfi$1 reflection1 refraction & ! re/1 j z exactly 9 ! mak+ ( an eye z 9 t ( a telescope4 ,de facto !y are satisfi$4 ,! eye1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 /yles#abh a liv+ optical in/rum5t z sup]ior to "o ( glass z ! works ( ! ,creator#abi are to ^? ( man4 ,he speaks1 moreov]1 ( all its inimitable contrivances = adju/+ ! focus to diff]5t di/ances1 = admitt+ diff]5t am\nts ( light1 & = ! correction ( sph]ical & *romatic ab]ration4#acj ,!re=e1 h[ev] we are to acc\nt = !m1 ! laws :i* gov]n ! production ( eyes successfully solve a practical problem & satisfy laws :i* 7 9 =ce be=e an animal ) eyes appe>$ on e>?4 ,9 j ! same way1 ! requirem5ts ( s\nd are met by ! /ructure ( ! e>1 :i* ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 = example1#aca judg$ m wond]ful ?an t ( ! eye itself4 ,s aga9 z to w+s4 ,!y are 9 ! fir/ place su* m>vell\s pieces ( workman%ip t z ,mr4 ,pettigrew writes conc]n+ "o ( _! =ms4#acb ,!re are few ?+s 9 nature m admirably con/ruct$ ?an ! w+ ( a bird1 & p]haps none :]e design c be m readily trac$4 ,b1 moreov]1 w+s entirely diff]5t 9 plan1 z ( birds1 bats1 & all ! v>ieties ( insects1 alike satisfy ! laws ( a]o/atics1 & successfully solve 9 practice ! problem ( flight1 a problem :i* we are unable to solve ev5 !oretically4 ,x is evid5t1 writes ,"l ,grim?orpe1#acc t nobody yet ?or\ghly und]/&s ! :ole !ory ( fly+1 ?\gh we are see+ x cont9ually1 & h unlimit$ opportunities ( exam9+ all sorts ( w+s4 ,! explanation t appe>s plausible = "o k9d1 n only w n d = ano!r b seems refut$ by x4 ,yet 9 a multitude ( diff]5t ways1 ! =ces ( ,nature succe$ 9 effect+ :at ) all our ,sci5ce we _c %ew to be possible4 ,& conc]n+ n m]ely "o portion ( a creature's /ructure1 b ! :ole1 ,pr(essor ,huxley decl>es3#acd ,! horse is 9 _m ways a rem>kable animal2 n lea/ s 9 ! fact t x pres5ts u ) an example ( "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pieces ( ma*9]y 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,9 tru?1 among ! works ( human +5uity x _c be said t !re is any locomotive s p]fectly adapt$ to its purposes1 do+ s mu* "w ) s small a quantity ( fuel1 z ?is ma*9e ( ,nature's manufacture--! horse4 ,^! are b a few out ( c\ntless simil> examples4 ,we are con/antly discov]+1 says ,"l ,grim?orpe1 new complications & processes1 & :at to all common s5se appe> contrivances1 9 ! organs ( all liv+ ?+s1 & inde$ we c f9d no limit to !m4 ,9 all ^! cases an in/rum5t is fa%ion$ precisely adapt$ to ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 function1 & x is !re=e obvi\s on fir/ pr9ciples t !re mu/ exi/ "s p[] capable ( produc+ su* in/rum5ts4 ,x w probably be answ]$ t !re are =ces en\gh 9 ,nature to acc\nt = ev]y?+1 & t ^! furni% ! ne$ful explanation4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,croll rightly insi/s1#ace ,=ce by itself expla9s no?+4 ,its m]e ex]cise has no t5d5cy :atev] to produce su* effects4 ,!re mu/ likewise be ,det]m9ation ( ,=ce 9 ! "o def9ite direction requir$1 & x is 9 ! s\rce ( ?is ,det]m9ation t ! true cause mu/ be s\ght to :i* ! result is due4 ,x is n simply because iron is hamm]$ & fil$ t a railway-eng9e is produc$2 nor is x suffici5t t a block ( m>ble be *ipp$ ) mallet & *isel 9 ord] to obta9 a /atue ( ,apollo4 ,unless "s influ5ce comes 9 to direct ! =ces 9 su* cases to _! respective results1 ! results w nev] by any possibility be secur$4 ,& 9 ! processes ( ,nature su* direction or det]m9ation mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 p>ticul>s inconceivably intricate1 to :i* ! works ( man furni% no p>allel4 ,z ,mr4 ,croll writes3 ,if a tree is to be =m$1 ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance mu/ all be det]m9$ & adju/$ 9 relation to ! objective idea ( ! tree2 ( ! root2 ( ! bran*es2 ( ! leaves2 ( ! bud2 ( ! fruit2 & ( e "p ( ! tree4 ,b ?is is n all3 ! tree is built up molecule by molecule1 ea* ( :i* requires a special det]m9ation1 &1 beyond all ?is1 we h ! /ructureless protoplasm1 :i* mu/ be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! objective idea ( ! :ole4 ,:at produces ?is m>vell\s adju/m5t ( means to ends8 ,& z he insi/s 9 ano!r passage3 ,! det]m9ations :i* take place 9 nature occur n at r&om1 b accord+ to a plan--an objective idea4 ,?us ! "q is n simply :at causes a body to take "s direction1 b :at causes x to take1 among ! inf9ite numb] ( possible directions1 ! prop] direction 9 relation to ! idea4 ,9 ! =mation (1 say1 ! leaf ( a tree1 no two molecules move 9 id5tically ! same direction or take id5tically ! same pa?4 ,b ea* molecule mu/ move 9 relation to ! objective idea ( ! leaf1 or no leaf w\ld be =m$4 ,! gr& "q1 !re=e1 is1 ,:at is x t selects f among ! inf9ite numb] ( possible directions ! prop] "o 9 relation to ?is idea8 ,& ?is sort ( ?+ is go+ on 9 e blossom & leaf & blade ( grass1 9 e hair & e fea!r ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,truly does our au?or f9d "h ,! ,gr& ,"q1 = 9 x we t\* ! v he>t ( our :ole problem1 & are =c$ to consid] m closely ?an we h hi!rto done ( :at "* mu/ be ! ultimate ,cause :i* alone c expla9 ! _w4 ,x is1 z we h se51 a fir/ pr9ciple ( ,sci5ce1 t 9 enquiries su* z ?is1 we mu/ proce$ f exp]i5ce to inf]5ce1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,argu+ ?us1 we may legitimately ga!r f obs]v$ ph5om5a1 t some?+ exi/s1 :i* ev5 ?\gh x be n directly )9 ! range ( our s5ses1 mu/ c]ta9ly be capable ( produc+ su* ph5om5a3 j z ! p]turbations ( "o planet h reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r2 & ! l9es 9 _! spectra h taught u ! *emical con/itution ( ! sun & />s4 ,?is pr9ciple be+ borr[$ by ,sci5ce f common-s5se1 has in/9ctively be5 ev] adopt$ by ^? :o set !mselves to enquire ( :at k9d mu/ be t unse5 ,p[] at ! back ( ,nature to :i* ! fact ( law & ord] may be ascrib$4 ,& z !re is b "o =ce or p[] )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce capable ( produc+ su* an effect1 x is b natural t ?is %\ld h be5 con/antly assum$ to repres5t1 at lea/ by analogy1 ! nature ( ! p[] requir$4 ,t !re is b "o cause kn[n to u exp]im5tally1 :i* c det]m9e ! op]ation ( =ce t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( a precondition$ result1 none w d5y--namely ! purposive action ( an intellig5t w1 z kn[n to u 9 ourselves & 9 our fell[-m52--& to ,w accord+ly1 imm5sely m intellig5t ?an ours1 has be5 ascrib$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? laws :i* ! highe/ intellects ( our race are able p>tially & dimly to appreh5d4 ,x is ?us t we are l$ to ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,!ism1 to belief 9 an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 accord+ to ^: design ! univ]se has be5 fa%ion$2 a cause :i* mu/ h all t is f\nd 9 ! univ]se or any "p ( x1 includ+ man1 & m--= x has ( itself :at all else d]ives f x--^: purposes necess>ily transc5d our m5tal grasp--b ^: modes ( ?\ght are reflect$ 9 our own1 by :i* !y c 9 "s measure be foll[$ ?r\gh a /udy ( _! results4 ,if su* a belief1 s gr\nd$1 be unsci5tific1 z is con/antly assum$1 !re mu/ be good argum5ts to ! contr>y4 ,x %\ld be demon/rable1 ei!r t ,sci5ce has %[n su* a l9e ( reason+ to be uns\nd1 or t %e has discov]$ )9 h] own doma9 some?+ :i*1 at lea/ conceivably1 c d ! "w ?us attribut$ to ,intellig5ce--9 :i* case ! mu*-quot$ dictum ( ,"l ,kelv9 w be 9 po9t1--t if a probable solution ( any problem c be f\nd :i* is consi/5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature1 we mu/ n g beyond ,nature 9 se>* ( "o4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! above l9e ( reason+ _c be invalidat$1 & if sci5tific me?ods c discov] no?+ compet5t to effect :at has und\bt$ly be5 effect$1 x is n easy to see h[ x c be unsci5tific to proce$ by inf]5ce to :at is confess$ly beyond ! scope ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,t ,teleology1 or ! doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causality1#acf is unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation1 is )\t d\bt a common assumption1 & "s writ]s seem to ?9k t an argum5t is suffici5tly discr$it$ if x be /yl$ teleological4 ,yet ?is r =midable t]m repres5ts no m ?an ! belief t ! inf9ite adaptations ( means to results obs]v$ 9 ,nature are ! effect ( purpose1 n ( *ance4 ,& if we elim9ate purpose1 :at is !re left to furni% an explanation1 beyond ! indubitable fact t su* adaptations h always be5 f\nd 9 organic nature1 & t we h le>nt confid5tly to anticipate t !y w appe> g5]ation aft] g5]ation accord+ to ! law ( h]$ity8 ,b ?is obvi\sly only tells u t !y h be5 produc$ & are likewise transmitt$1 & ?r[s no light :atev] on ! cause ( ! m>vell\s processes to :i* _! production & _! transmission are due4 ,if we h any rational gr\nds = expect+ t su* processes w cont9ue to occur1 x _c be m]ely t !y h occurr$ be=e1 b we in/9ctively inf] t ! cause to :i* !y are ultimately due cont9ues to op]ate4 ,we are ?us z f> z ev] f an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is t cause8 ,x may be urg$ says ,newman#acg if a ?+ happ5s once x mu/ happ5 always2 = :at is to h9d] x8 ,nay1 on ! contr>y1 :y1 because "o p>ticle ( matt] has a c]ta9 prop]ty1 %\ld all p>ticles h ! same8 ,:y1 because p>ticles h in/anc$ ! prop]ty a ?\s& times1 %\ld ! ?\s& & fir/ in/ance x also8 ,x is prima facie unacc\ntable t an accid5t %\ld happ5 twice1 n to speak ( x happ5+ always4 ,if we expect a ?+ to happ5 twice1 x is because we ?9k x is n an accid5t1 b has a cause4 ,:at has br\ght ab\t a ?+ once1 may br+ x ab\t twice4 ,:at is to h9d] its happ5+8 r :at is to make x happ58 ,"h we are ?r[n back f ! "q ( ,ord] to t ( ,causation4 ,a law is n a cause1 b a fact2 b :5 we come to ! "q ( cause1 !n we h no exp]i5ce ( any cause b ,w4 ,"h is ! crucial po9t3 ,we h no exp]i5ce ( any cause b ,w2 & x foll[s t if1 z ,sci5ce bids u1 we base inf]5ce on exp]i5ce alone1 !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! conclusion to :i* we %all be l$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no diff]5t is ! v]dict ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el3 ,! pres5ce ( ,m9d he writes#ach is :at solves ! :ole difficulty3 s f>1 at lea/1 z x br+s x )9 ! sph]e ( our consci\sness1 & into con=mity ) our own exp]i5ce ( :at action is4 ,t ! introduction ( intellig5t purpose1 z a factor1 suffici5tly meets ! requirem5ts ( our reason _c be d5i$4 ,z ,bi%op ,butl] insi/s1 x is ev5 impossible = any man 9 8 s5ses to say t ! problem c be m easily solv$ )\t x4 ,& witnesses n m]ely unfri5dly1 b positively & ev5 bitt]ly ho/ile1 are compell$ to admit t on :atev] o!r gr\nds !y may reject ,!ism1 x is n because ?is doctr9e is inadequate z an explanation ( ! _w we "k4 ,x seems to me says ,pr(essor ,huxley#aci t creation1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 is p]fectly conceivable4 ,i f9d no difficulty 9 imag9+ t1 at "s =m] p]iod1 ?is univ]se 0 n 9 exi/5ce2 & t x made its appe>ance 444 9 consequ5ce ( ! volition ( "s pre-exi/5t ,be+4 ,! s-call$ priori argum5ts aga9/ ,!ism1 & giv5 a ,deity1 aga9/ ! possibility ( creative acts1 appe> to me to be devoid ( reasonable f\ndation4 ,simil>ly1 t uncompromis+ foe ( religi\s belief 9 any %ape1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 reply+ to ,dr4 ,m>t9eau :o bas$ 8 argum5t on ! exi/5ce ( ! moral law1 z well z ! evid5ce ( design 9 ,nature1 wrote ?us3#adj ,i fully admit t ! !i/ic hypo!sis1 s gr\nd$1 & consid]$ ap>t f objections else:]e aris+1 is a reasonable hypo!sis & an explanation ( ! facts4 ,! idea ( an ext]nal consci\s be+ is unavoidably sugge/$1 z x seems to me1 by ! categorical imp]ative ( ! moral s5se2 & moreov] 9 a way q indep5d5t1 by ! aspect ( nature1 :i* seems to answ] to our que/ion+s ) an intellig5ce ak9 to our own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e is an alt]native hypo!sis to be f\nd ( :i* z mu* c be said1--:i* w ju/ify itself to reason1 by acc\nt+ = ! facts8 ,t no purely mat]iali/ic or me*anical !ory w suffice is n only obvi\s to common-s5se1 b is ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o w\ld gladly f9d su* a !ory suffici5t4 ,x w\ld be a great delusion writes ,weismann#ada if any "o 7 to believe t he _h arriv$ at a compreh5sion ( ! univ]se by trac+ ! ph5om5a ( ,nature to me*anical pr9ciples4 ,he w\ld !reby =get t ! assumption ( et]nal matt] ) its et]nal laws by no means satisfies our intellectual ne$ = causality4 ,simil>ly1 ,pr(essor ,huxley admits t ev5 8 primeval cosmic nebula ) ! _w pot5tial 9 its womb1 leaves some?+ to desire4 ,! m purely a me*ani/ ! speculator is he writes#adb ! m firmly does he assume a primordial molecul> arrangem5t ( :i* all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are ! consequ5ces1 & ! m completely is he !reby at ! m]cy ( ! teleologi/1 :o c always defy him to disprove t ?is primordial molecul> arrangem5t 0 n#adc int5d$ to evolve ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh he 0 cle>ly p]suad$ t ,!ism is a doctr9e :i* we c nev] h suffici5t gr\nds = accept+1 ,pr(essor ,huxley repudiat$ ! notion t sci5tific discov]y has done any?+ to disprove x4 ,?us he tells u1#add t1 9 ord] to be a teleologi/1 & yet accept ,evolution1 x is only necess>y to suppose t ! orig9al plan 0 sket*$ out 444 t ! purpose 0 =e%ad[$ 9 ! molecul> arrangem5ts out ( :i* ! animals h come4 ,& aga91#ade he ?us express$ himself reg>d+ two objections commonly br\ght aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 namely t x introduces *ance z a factor 9 nature1 & t x is a!i/ic3 ,bo? ass]tions are utt] bo%4 ,none b p>sons believe 9 *ance2 & ! philosophical difficulties ( ,!ism n[ are nei!r great] nor less ?an !y h be5 ev] s9ce ,!ism 0 inv5t$4 ,accord+ly1 z has already be5 urg$1 9 reg>d ( ?is "q we are precisely :]e m5 h always be51--dep5d5t ^u argum5ts su* z satisfi$ philosoph]s l ,cic]o1 :o decl>$ t :5 we reg>d ! />ry heav5s ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity ( surpass+ intellig5ce mu/ appe> no less obvi\s ?an t ( ! sun 9 ! sky4#adf ,t sci5tific enlight5m5t is n incompatible ) su* reason+1 we h suffici5t evid5ce 9 ! fact t among/ ^? ^: conclusions are :olly 9 accord ) ,cic]o's1 m5 are to be f\nd /&+ 9 ! v front rank ( ,sci5ce4 ,l ! ,roman orator1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton decl>$ t ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce & wisdom is a necess>y inf]5ce f a /udy ( cele/ial me*anics1 & t to treat ( ,god is !re=e a "p ( ,natural ,philosophy4#adg ,we assume1 z absolutely self-evid5t say ,pr(essors ,/ew>t & ,tait#adh ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 :o is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s4 ,:5 we contemplate ! ph5om5a ( vision1 says ,sir ,g4 ,g4 ,/okes1#adi x seems difficult to und]/& h[ we c fail to be impress$ ) ! evid5ce ( design ?us imp>t$ to u4 ,b design is altoge!r unmean+ )\t a design+ m9d4 ,! /udy !n ( ! ph5om5a ( nature leads u to ! contemplation ( a ,be+ f :om proce$$ ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( natural ?+s t we behold4 ,"l ,kelv9's rec5t decl>ation is ev5 m vigor\s4#aej ,i _c say t ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( life ,sci5ce nei!r affirms nor d5ies creative p[]4 ,sci5ce positively affirms creat+ & directive p[]1 :i* %e compels u to accept z an article ( belief4 ,?irty ye>s e>li] ,cl]k-,maxwell 9 conclud+ 8 fam\s lecture be=e ! ,briti% ,association#aea ?us spoke conc]n+ ,molecules3 ,!y cont9ue ?is day z !y 7 creat$1 p]fect 9 numb] & measure & weight1 & f ! ineffaceable *>act]s impress$ on !m we may le>n t ^? aspirations aft] accuracy 9 measurem5t1 tru? 9 /atem5t1 & ju/ice 9 action1 :i* we reckon among our noble/ attributes z m51 are ours because !y are ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! image ( ,him :o 9 ! beg9n+ creat$1 n only ! heav5 & ! e>?1 b ! mat]ials ( :i* heav5 & e>? consi/4 ,x is ( c\rse n to be d5i$ t !re are em95t m5 ( sci5ce :o altoge!r diss5t f su* op9ions1 & reject ,!ism z false1 or at lea/ z lack+ any rational claim on our acceptance4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! po9t4 ,! above te/imonies h n be5 adduc$ z if _! au?ority c\ld settle ! "q1 :i* is "o to be det]m9$ n by au?ority1 b by argum5t4 ,at ! same "t1 x is abundantly evid5t t x is n argum5t b suppos$ au?ority :i* influ5ces ! great majority ( ^? :o /yle !mselves rationali/s4 ,by :at modes ( reason+ _! cre$ is suppos$ to be e/abli%$ !y h usually little idea3 b !y firmly believe1 z !y are con/antly assur$1 t no "o :o kn[s :at ,sci5ce is c pret5d to cr$it an antiquat$ doctr9e :i* %e has entirely explod$4 ,x is to %[ :at degree ( tru? atta*es to su* /atem5ts1 t our witnesses h be5 call$--& = ?is purpose _! te/imony is und\bt$ly suffici5t4 ,z ,"l ,rayleigh 9 8 ,presid5tial address told ! ,briti% ,association3#aeb ,x is true t among sci5tific m51 z 9 o!r classes1 crude views are to be met ) z to ! deep] ?+s ( ,nature2 b t ! life-long beliefs ( ,newton1 ( ,f>aday1 & ( ,maxwell1 are inconsi/5t ) ! sci5tific habit ( m9d1 is surely a proposition :i* ,i ne$ n pause to refute4 ,& :5 f au?ority we turn to ! l9e ( argum5t adopt$ by ^? :o w\ld impugn t ^u :i* ,!i/s rely1 & :o reject ! idea ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause ei!r z sup]flu\s1 or z incapable ( v]ification1 we f9d b two c\rses "o or o!r ( :i* !y feel !mselves compell$ to adopt1 al?\gh x is n v easy to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d :i* c re/ satisfi$ ) ei!r4 ,"s1 on ! "o h&1 frankly admit t ,sci5ce has n by h] own prop] me?ods discov]$ any ultimate pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & nev] w4 ,b on t v acc\nt1 !y ma9ta91 ?is ultimate pr9ciple1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ rema9 utt]ly unkn[n to u--= we c nev] "k any?+ except by ! me?ods ( ,sci5ce4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh ! !i/ic hypo!sis w\ld confess$ly furni% su* an explanation z is lack+1 we mu/ n adopt x because we _c te/ x exp]im5tally4 ,& yet 9 ord9>y life we h no difficulty 9 argu+ f effect to cause 9 j ! same mann]1 & satisfy+ ourselves ( ! exi/5ce ( :at we c z little t\* or see z ! ,fir/ ,cause itself4 ,?us we are conv9c$ ( ! g5ius ( ,%akespe>e & ,napoleon1 & t !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( ,robespi]re & t ( ,h[>d ! ,philan?ropi/4 ,b no man ev] saw or t\*$ ei!r g5ius or "*1 :i* c be kn[n only by _! results4 ,x is by inf]5ce f> less legitimate t ^? proce$ :o1 l ,haeckel1 seek 9 ! =ces ( ,nature !mselves an explanation ( ph5om5a :i*1 z we "k !m1 !y are :olly incapable ( produc+4 ,in/ead ( argu+ t a cause mu/ !re=e exi/ :i* is beyond ,nature1 b ^: "* our own exp]i5ce enables u 9 "s measure1 & analogically1 to le>n1 ^! philosoph]s />t ) ! assumption t no su* cause is possible1 & !n proce$ to draw ! consequ5ce t ! condition ( ,nature mu/ once h be5 totally diff]5t f :at x actually is1 enabl+ h] =ces to produce results :i* no exp]i5ce ( any sort indicates z possible4 ,^? :o adopt su* an attitude ( nesci5ce1 & 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w are t]m$ ,agno/ics1 f9d !mselves compell$ accord+ly to leave _! sy/em 9 ! air1 ) no basis m solid ?an ! elephant & tortoise on :i* ,h9doo a/ronom]s re/$ ! _w4 ,!y mu/ ignore ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,causation1 f :i* we />t$ our pres5t enquiry1 & 9 consequ5ce x is impossible t _! sy/ems %\ld1 z ,pr(essor ,weismann says1 satisfy our intellectual ne$s4 ,o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>e t ! ,!i/ic hypo!sis mu/ be dismiss$1 because a bett] has be5 f\nd1 ,sci5ce hav+ discov]$ )9 h] own sph]e an effectual sub/itute = ! suppos$ ,fir/ ,cause4 ,:5 we enquire :at ?is may be1 we are told t x is ! ,law ( ,sub/ance1 or ,evolution1 or ,nature h]self1 or an ,inf9ite ,et]nal ,en]gy unkn[n & unkn[able1 b devoid ( intellect & w--or ,monism1 or "s o!r simil> ab/raction :i* c repres5t no idea at all1 unless--z (t5 happ5s--x be clad 9 ! robes ( its rival1 & cr$it$ ) ! v p[]s & attributes d5i$ to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 s z to become practically ! same ?+ "u ano!r & mislead+ "n4 ,reg>d+ ?is po9t !re w be m to be said pres5tly4 ,"h1 x w be suffici5t to note t ?is is 9 tru? ! only mean+ :i* c be atta*$ to mu* ( ! language ( s-call$ sci5tific writ]s4 ,:o asks ,mr4 ,wolla/on#aec is ?is ,nature 444 :o has su* trem5d\s p[]1 & to ^: effici5cy su* m>vell\s p]=mances are ascrib$8 ,:at are h] image & attributes :5 dragg$ f h] wordy lurk+-place8 ,is %e aught b a pe/il5t ab/raction1 l du/ ca/ 9 our eyes to obscure ! work+s ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause8 ,s at ! end ( 8 life ,cl]k-,maxwell *>act]i/ically obs]v$1 t he _h /udi$ _m que] religions & philosophies1 b _h f\nd none ( !m t w\ld "w )\t ,god conceal$ some:]e4 ,f9ally1 a w>n+ utt]$ by ,"l ,rayleigh 9 ! address quot$ above mu/ n be =gott54 ,aft] ackn[l$g+ t un=tunately !re are writ]s speak+ 9 h] "n :o h set !mselves to fo/] ! prevail+ belief t ,sci5ce necess>ily t5ds t[>ds mat]ialism1 he ?us cont9u$3 ,x w\ld be easy1 h[ev]1 to lay too mu* /ress ^u ! op9ions ( ev5 su* di/+ui%$ work]s z ^!4 ,m5 :o devote _! lives to inve/igation cultivate a love ( tru? = its own sake1 & endeav\r in/9ctively to cle> up1 & n1 z is too (t5 ! object 9 bus9ess & politics1 to obscure1 a difficult "q4 ,s f> ! op9ion ( a sci5tific work] may h a special value2 b ,i d n ?9k t he has a claim sup]ior to t ( o!r educat$ m51 to assume ! attitude ( a prophet4 ,9 8 he>t he kn[s t und]nea? ! !ories t he con/ructs !re lie contradictions :i* he _c reconcile4 ,! high] my/]ies ( be+1 if p5etrable at all by ! human intellect1 require o!r weapons ?an ^? ( calculation & exp]im5t4 ,,xii ,,purpose ,,& ,,*ance ,an objection is no d\bt await+ u :i* _m consid] absolutely fatal to ! argum5t = purpose or design 9 nature1 z above pres5t$4 ,t argum5t1 x w be said1 re/s entirely ^u ! assumption t ! sole alt]native to ,purpose is ,*ance1 an assumption :i*1 if n di%one/1 betrays ignorance sc>cely less discr$itable3 = m5 ( sci5ce con/antly w>n u t !re is no su* ?+ z ,*ance1--t e occurr5ce 9 nature1 "o z mu* z ano!r1 te/ifies to ! uni=mity & regul>ity ( natural causation1--& t if we speak ( any ph5om5on be+ due to ,*ance1 ?is t]m is b a conv5tional symbol signify+ t we d n "k :at caus$ x4 ,among/ ^? :o take up ?is position1 :i* is well-nigh univ]sal1 no bett] repres5tative ne$ be s\ght ?an ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o treat$ ! po9t =mally1 & 0 manife/ly well satisfi$ ) 8 p]=mance4 ,we h already he>d him decl>e belief 9 ,*ance to be an absurdity ( :i* none b p>sons c\ld be guilty1 a class 9 :i* he cle>ly conceiv$ ! l[-wat]-m>k ( intellig5ce to be rea*$4 ,on ano!r occasion1#aed he set himself expressly to ! exposure ( :at he describ$ z1 ,! mo/ s+ul> ( !1 p]haps immortal1 fallacies1 :i* live on1 ,ti?onus-l1 :5 s5se & =ce h long des]t$ !m4 ,probably ! be/ answ] he writes to ^? :o talk ( ,d>w9ism mean+ ! reign ( ,*ance1 is to ask !m :at !y !mselves und]/& by ,*ance4 ,d !y believe t any?+ 9 ?is univ]se happ5s )\t reason or )\t a cause8 ,d !y really conceive t any ev5t has no cause1 & c\ld n h be5 pr$ict$ by any "o :o _h a suffici5t insight into ! ord] ( ,nature8 ,if !y d1 x is !y :o are ! inh]itors ( antique sup]/ition & ignorance1 & ^: m9ds h nev] be5 illum9$ by a ray ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,z an object lesson = 8 enlight5m5t1 ! ,pr(essor bids "o ( ^! b5ight$ folk betake himself to ! sea-%ore on :i* a heavy /orm is break+2 & hav+ pa9t$ a r elaborate ^w-picture ( ! sc5e1 he ?us cont9ues3 ,surely "h1 if any:]e1 he ! un5light5$ "o w say t *ance is supreme1 & b5d ! knee z "o :o has ent]$ ! v p5etralia ( 8 div9ity4 ,b ! man ( sci5ce kn[s t "h z ev]y:]e1 p]fect ord] is manife/$2 t !re is n a curve ( ! waves1 n a note 9 ! h[l+ *orus1 n a ra9b[-gl9t on a bubble1 :i* is o!r ?an a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! asc]ta9$ laws ( nature2 & t ) a suffici5t k ( ! conditions1 compet5t physico-ma!matical skill c\ld acc\nt =1 & inde$ pr$ict1 e "o ( ^! *ance ev5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]e beat+ ( ! air1 hav+ no be>+ :atev] ^u ! "q at issue2 & we c only wond] t s able a man z ,huxley c\ld ?us absolutely miss ! :ole po9t1 :ile rema9+ s]5ely unconsci\s t he did s4 ,no sane man ev] ent]ta9$ ! fooli% notion ) :i* he cr$its 8 man ( /raw4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is precisely ^? :om he s he>tily despises1 t disbelieve 9 ,*ance1 & d5y x any %>e 9 ! mak+ ( ! _w4 ,!y nei!r reg>d ,*ance z a possible cause ( ph5om5a1 nor make ( x a k9d ( deity or feti%1 z "s appe> incl9$ to d ) ,sci5ce4 ,_! cont5tion is t accord+ to ^? :o1 ) ,huxley1 reject ! idea ( intellig5t purpose1 ,*ance w\ld ne$s be introduc$ z a rul+ elem5t 9 nature1 :i* w\ld be absurd4 ,nor 9 ?us argu+ d !y introduce any notion s irrational z t ( absolute ,*ance1 ( ev5ts happ5+ )\t causes4 ,b unque/ionably !re c be relative ,*ance4 ,a cause fully suffici5t = ! production ( a result1 may h no t5d5cy :atev] to det]m9e or direct ?is result to a p>ticul> end2 & if 9 su* circum/ances ?is end be atta9$ x is by ,*ance4 ,9 p>ticul>1 %\ld _m indep5d5t results ( purely me*anical =ces comb9e to produce a result1 z intellig5ce w\ld comb9e !m1 its production c only be ascrib$ to ,*ance4 ,*ance has !re=e a v real mean+4 ,x is n a ,cause1 b ! abs5ce ( ,cause3 n ( ,cause altoge!r1 b ( ! det]m9+ ,cause requisite = ! production ( c]ta9 results4 ,! argum5t bas$ ^u ! impot5ce ( ,*ance to obta9 su* results1 is precisely t :i* ! mo/ exact ( all ! ,sci5ces1 ,ma!matics1 accepts & applies 9 ! ,!ory ( ,*ances4 ,! answ] to ! "q :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley evid5tly deems unansw]able is pla9 en\gh4 ,by ,*ance is meant ! concurr5ce1 unguid$ by ,purpose1 ( indep5d5t =ces to produce a def9ite effect4 ,*ance d5otes ! abs5ce ( ,purpose1 z ,vacuum d5otes ! abs5ce ( air2 & :5 x is d5i$ t c]ta9 results c come ab\t by *ance1 or =tuit\sly1 x is z :5 we d5y t life c be su/a9$ 9 vacuo4 ,x is no positive feature or action ( ! vacuum t we h 9 m9d1 = its ess5ce is negative2 b j because ( t negative "*1 exp]i5ce has taught u1 t x _c fulfil c]ta9 functions4 ,9 ! same mann] ! pot5cy ( ,*ance is d5i$1 simply because x is n ,purpose4 ,t !re are ph5om5a = :i* ,*ance ?us def9$ _c acc\nt is1 surely1 obvi\s4 ,if a man sits d[n at a piano & plays ,god ,save ! ,k+1 no evid5ce 9 ! _w w\ld p]suade ,pr(essor ,huxley or any "o else1 t ! p]=m] _h nev] be=e se5 a musical in/rum5t1 nor knew ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an air or any o!r1 b j put 8 f+]s on ! keys z ! _s mov$ him4 ,su* a /ory w\ld be rightly felt to be absolutely incr$ible3 & yet ! notes he produc$--equally ) ^? ( ! h[l+ *orus ( w9ds & waves--7 ! necess>y effects ( physical causes2 giv5 t p>ticul> /r+s 7 /ruck1 !y c\ld n b foll[4 ,! :ole po9t is1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case ! result is n a h[l+ *orus1 b a melody2 n m]e =mless noise1 b an ord]ly composition1 con/ruct$ on def9ite pr9ciples :i* our m9d c recognize4 ,x is 9 reg>d ( ?is p>ticul> feature ( ! result t ,=ce ( itself1 z we h se51 expla9s no?+1 & t1 if !re is to be any explanation at all1 we mu/ "k some?+ z to h[ ,=ce receiv$ ! ne$ful ,direction or ,det]m9ation4 ,x is only 9 reg>d ( human action t we c1 z 9 ! above in/ance1 f9d an example ( :at may be call$ pure =tuity1 = su* action alone c be trac$ up to an initial cause1 namely ! ex]cise ( ,w4 ,no "o c h a "r to call ! action ( natural =ces =tuit\s2 on ! contr>y1 we h se5 argum5ts t 9 ! inorganic _w itself purpose mu/ be recogniz$4 ,b an action direct$ by purpose to "o result may be q =tuit\s 9 reg>d ( ano!r4 ,a man :o digg+ a f\ndation = a h\se f9ds a buri$ treasure1 discov]s ?is by *ance4 ,al?\gh 8 action 0 rul$ by a mo/ def9ite purpose1 t purpose 0 n ?is4 ,s aga9 :51 accord+ to ! old /ory1 c]ta9 ,pho5ician m>9]s f9d+ no /ones on ! sea-%ore suitable = ! purpose1 us$ blocks ( natron to support _! cook+-pots1 & s produc$ glass1 !y 7 l$ to ! discov]y by m]e *ance4 ,& 9 l mann]1 h[ev] def9itely ! =ces ( matt] may be det]m9$ ea* to its own prop] end1 !re are results :i* if produc$ by !m mu/ be z purely =tuit\s z su* an inv5tion made by m5 :o ?\ght only ( prep>+ _! d9n]4 ,! cable :i* 0 be+ laid to ,am]ica hav+1 9 #ahfe1 snapp$ & sunk 9 mid-,atlantic1 x 0 det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> to attempt its recov]y4 ,mean:ile ! %ore-end at ,val5cia 0 /ill connect$ ) ! dial-plate1 on :i* messages _h be5 scor$ betwe5 %ip & %ore :ile ! cable 0 intact4 ,a telegraphi/ 0 con/antly on duty1 wat*+ ! ne$le :i* 0 nev] /ill1 be+ deflect$ hi!r & ?i!r by ! e>?-curr5ts1 work+ ?r\gh ! wires4 ,on a sudd51 h[ev]1 ! ne$le spell$ out ! lett]s ,got x1 & x 0 kn[n ) absolute c]ta9ty t !re 0 a man at ! o!r end4 ,x is no d\bt p]fectly true t ea* previ\s movem5t _h be5 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =ce appli$1 j z truly z ^? :i* co9cid$ ) ! conv5tions ( ! telegraphi/'s alphabet2 b w9 any "o say t su* co9cid5ce c\ld conceivably be attributable to ! =ces ( magnetism alone1 h[ev] exact to ! laws accord+ to :i* !y op]ate8 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! "q we h to discuss is1 h[ f> ,sci5ce ca/s any light ^u su* que/ions z ! "o be=e u4 ,& s9ce ,sci5ce is tak5 to mean k acquir$ ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( ph5om5a alone1 we h at pres5t to enquire :e!r mat]ial =ces1 ! only ones ( :i* obs]vation directly tells u any?+1 c\ld h produc$ su* effects z we h consid]$1 o!rwise ?an by m]e ,*ance8 ,if !y c\ld n1 is x imag9able t !y produc$ ^! effects at all8 ,& x appe>s obvi\s t unless !re be ,purpose at ! back ( ,nature1 ,*ance mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z ! ar*itect ( ! univ]se4 ,pr(essor ,huxley tells u1 x is true1 t su* an idea c\ld be ent]ta9$ by no "o ^: m9d _h ev] be5 illum9$ by a ray ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,9 face ( ?is x is r rem>kable to f9d t ! idea 0 und\bt$ly ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o took = grant$ t to d5y ,purpose is to affirm ,*ance4 ,i am consci\s he wrote to ,asa ,gray#aee t ,i am 9 an utt]ly hopeless muddle4 ,i _c ?9k t ! _w1 z we see x1 is ! result ( *ance2 & yet ,i _c look at ea* sep>ate ?+ z ! result ( ,design4 ,& aga93#aef ,i _c any h[ be cont5t$ to view ?is wond]ful univ]se1 & especially ! nature ( man1 & to conclude t ev]y?+ is ! result ( brute =ce4 ,i am incl9$ to look at ev]y?+ z result+ f design$ laws1 ) ! details1 :e!r good or bad1 left to ! work+ out ( :at we call *ance4 ,n t ?is notion at all satisfies me4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel too is by no means 9 accord on ?is po9t ) 8 fri5d ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,he writes3#aeg ,"o gr\p ( philosoph]s affirms1 9 accordance ) ! teleological conception1 t ! :ole cosmos is an ord]ly sy/em1 9 :i* e ph5om5on has its aim & purpose2 !re is no su* ?+ z *ance4 ,! o!r gr\p1 hold+ a me*anical !ory1 expresses itself ?us3 ,! developm5t ( ! univ]se is a moni/ic me*anical process1 9 :i* we discov] no aim or purpose :atev]2 :at we call design 9 ! organic _w is a special result ( biological ag5cies2 nei!r 9 ! evolution ( ! heav5ly bodies nor 9 t ( ! cru/ ( our e>? d we f9d any trace ( a controll+ purpose--all is ! result ( *ance4 ,ea* p>ty is "r--accord+ to its def9ition ( *ance4 ,! g5]al law ( causality1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! law ( sub/ance1 tea*es u t e ph5om5on has a me*anical cause2 9 ?is s5se !re is no su* ?+ z *ance4 ,yet x is n only lawful1 b necess>y to reta9 ! t]m = ! purpose ( express+ ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( two ph5om5a1 :i* are n causally relat$ to ea* o!r1 b ( :i* ea* has its own me*anical cause indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t *ance1 9 ?is moni/ic s5se1 plays an important "p 9 ! life ( man & 9 ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t u f recogniz+ 9 ea* *ance ev5t1 z we d 9 ! evolution ( ! entire cosmos1 ! univ]sal sov]eignty ( nature's supreme law1 ! law ( sub/ance4 ,!re is a good deal "h :i* is less cle> 9 ! way ( argum5t ?an c\ld be wi%$4 ,! fam\s ,law ( ,sub/ance1 z we h se51 has two articles3 ,! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 & ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,:at light ei!r ( ^! pr9ciples may be suppos$ to %$ on su* que/ions z ! adaptation ( organs to _! functions is by no means obvi\s4 ,to say t !re is no design 9 ! organic _w1 because x is a special result ( biological ag5cies1--is q ( a piece ) ! cont5tion :i* has actually be5 made1 t we c no long] argue to ,design1 ) ,paley1 f ! analogy ( a wat*1 s9ce ne>ly e "p ( a wat* is n[ made by inanimate ma*9]y4#aeh ,?us mu*1 h[ev]1 is p]fectly cle>3 ! compet5ce ( ,*ance is recogniz$ to orig9ate a _w l ours1 & to enable ,nature1 z ,pr(essor ,clif=d says1 seem+ly to answ] our que/ion+s ) an intellig5ce ak9 to our own4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t :5 ,newton asks1--,0 ! eye fa%ion$ )\t k ( ! laws ( light1 or ! e>1 )\t k ( ^? ( s\nd8--we are to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & to say t su* organs are b special results ( biological ag5cies1 "u ! g5]al managem5t ( ! ,law ( ,sub/ance4 ,t su* a reply _c ) any tru? be t]m$ sci5tific is pla9--= x t\*es matt]s :i* by h] own ackn[l$gm5t ,sci5ce _c rea*2--nor does x seem probable t ?is k9d ( talk w\ld conv9ce anybody1 7 !re no?+ m4 ,und\bt$ly ^? :o p]suade !mselves t ! ,ord] ( ! ,univ]se c be suffici5tly expla9$ )\t introduc+ ! idea ( purpose or design1 are influ5c$ by o!r consid]ations ?an ^!4 7#a7 ,) "s x is ! argum5t1 :i* appe>s *iefly to h weigh$ ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o con/antly speaks ( x z ! great ob/acle to t belief 9 ,design :i* ! m>vels ( ! univ]se w\ld o!rwise necessitate4 ,?is he bas$ on c]ta9 features 9 ,nature :i* appe>$ to him incompatible ) ! "w ( a b5efic5t ,au?or1 ma9ly ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ among/ animals 9 ^: case x _c be suppos$ to subs]ve any purpose ( moral b5efit4 ,z he wrote to ,asa ,gray3#aei ,i own t ,i _c see z pla9ly z o!rs d1 & z ,i %\ld wi% to d1 evid5ce ( design & b5efic5ce on all sides ( u4 ,!re seems to me too mu* mis]y 9 ! _w4 ,i _c p]suade myself t a b5efic5t & omnipot5t ,god w\ld h design$ly creat$ ! ,i*neumonidae ) ! express int5tion ( _! fe$+ )9 ! liv+ bodies ( cat]pill>s1 or t a cat %\ld play ) mice4 ,n believ+ ?is1 ,i see no necessity 9 ! belief t ! eye 0 expressly design$4 ,su* a mode ( meet+ ! argum5ts = ,design1 ?\gh only indirect1 und\bt$ly des]ves s]i\s consid]ation1 t\*+ z x does ! d>ke/ ( all my/]ies--! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's case1 & probably 9 t ( _m o!rs1 its effect 0 due 9 no slight degree to imag9ation r ?an to reason4 ,he picks out "o or two in/ances ( seem+ cruelty 9 ,nature1 z ?\gh !y 7 some?+ exceptional1 & appe>s to imply t !y create an ob/acle to a belief :i* ,nature z a :ole almo/ =ces ^u him4 ,9 reality1 ! same sort ( ?+ goes on ev]y:]e4 ,animal life f beg9n+ to end is a record ( rap9e & slaught]1 z ,t5nyson decl>$ 9 a v]se too trite to be> quotation4 ,! mo/ pett$ ( pet dogs has no m compunction ?an a tig] 9 worry+ creatures weak] ?an itself1 & a rob9-r$brea/ takes f> m lives daily ?an does a sp>r[-hawk4 ,b to draw f ^! facts su* l>ge conclusions--is q ano!r matt]4 ,c we imag9e t we are qualifi$ by ! fulness ( our k to pron\nce judgm5t & decl>e t !re c be no good end :]e we fail to p]ceive "o8 ,z ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits 9 ! v same passage3 ,i feel mo/ deeply t ! :ole subject is too pr(\nd = ! human intellect4 ,a dog might z well speculate on ! m9d ( ,newton4 ,h[ mu* is !re 9 ! actions ( p]sons mu* l[li] ?an ,newton :i* to ! mo/ intellig5t ( animals1 dogs1 elephants1 or monkeys1 c\ld !y speculate at all1 mu/ seem :olly devoid ( s5se2--z = in/ance t m5 %\ld sp5d su* cont9ual lab\r 9 digg+ & pl\gh+4 ,s aga91 9 8 fam\s lecture on ,coal1 ,pr(essor ,huxley depicts :at might h be5 ! reflections ( a giant reptile ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,epo*1 sugge/$ by ! seem+ly s5seless wa/e ( nature's p[]s 9 ! production ( ! primeval =e/s1 t h furni%$ ! coal measures1 to :i* s mu* ( our progress & civilization is directly due4 ,&1 aft] all1 giv5 ! univ]sal law ( dea? = all liv+ ?+s1 x w\ld h>dly appe> t we c assure ourselves t any att5dant circum/ance con/itutes a great] evil--z ,mr4 ,d>w9's argum5t seems to assume2 & yet1 x does n appe> ev] to h be5 argu$ t !re c be no purpose 9 ,nature s9ce no organic life endures = ev]4 ,mo/ probably1 if we knew en\gh1 we %\ld pla9ly see t no?+ c\ld be m cruel ?an to h omitt$ ! c>nivora f creation1 leav+ h]bivor\s animals to multiply till !y />v$ "o ano!r to dea?1 or at lea/ to p]i% ( s5ile decay f> m pa9fully ?an "u ! fangs ( tig]s & wolves4 ,in/ances might moreov] be quot$ :i* s]ve to rem9d u h[ impossible x is rightly to e/imate ! true "* ( suff]+ among/ creatures altoge!r diff]5t f ourselves4 ,?us :51 z eye-witnesses report1 "y scorpions cl++ to _! "m dev\r h] alive1 sci5tifically avoid+ z long z possible all vital p>ts & mortal w\nds--we are incl9$ to consid] !m mon/]s ( wick$ness1 & _! p>5t z a model ( mo!rly devotion1 ^: suff]+s _c be less horrible ?an ^? ( a cat]pill> simil>ly eat5 by ! i*neumon grub4 ,b we _c ) any reason impute m moral blame to ! "y scorpions1 ?an to ! lambk9s :i* draw su/5ance f _! dams 9 ano!r fa%ion :i* we f9d t\*+ & poetical2 :ile z = ! "m--:o d\btless treat$ h] own p>5t 9 j ! same fa%ion--%e exhibits no symptom to %[ t %e res5ts h] (fspr+s' advances1 any m ?an does ! ewe1 b on ! contr>y has h] /+ ev] ready = any "o :o w\ld int]f]e ) !m4 7#b7 ,x is a /ill m common objection to ! doctr9e ( purpose ev]y:]e 9 ,nature1 t su* an idea is negativ$ by ! cont9uity & uni=mity ( natural laws1 preclud+ ! notion ( con/ant int]f]5ce by ano!r1 sup]natural1 ,ag5t4 ,b ?is objection is bas$ ^u an entire misconception4 ,no "o imag9es su* int]v5tion1 or t purpose guides nature z a pilot guides a %ip by repeat$ ord]s to ! man at ! :eel4 ,und\bt$ly ! reign ( law 9 nature is un9t]rupt$1 b 9 t law purpose is int]wov5 z ! controll+ elem5t2 j z ! m9d ( ,hom] gov]ns ! h& ( e pr9t] :o sets up type = a new edition ( ! ,iliad4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 !re is ! argum5t1 already allud$ to1 t inasmu* z ! mo/ complex /ructures are daily transmitt$ "u our eyes by g5]ation1 we h evid5ce t nature c produce !m f h] own res\rces1 & by ! op]ation ( a m]ely natural law1 su* z no "o d\bts g5]ation to be4 ,su* an argum5t1 x is evid5t1 m]ely begs ! "q at issue1 (f]+ z x does no explanation1 or sugge/ion1 z to h[ a p[] s m>vell\s 0 acquir$4 ,x w\ld be equally philosophical to argue t !re is no?+ wond]ful ab\t ! g5ius ( a great poet because we confid5tly anticipate t x w be exhibit$ 9 ! next piece he produces4 ,x is likewise cle> t1 "h aga91 imag9ation r ?an reason furni%es ! argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 7 !re no?+ else1 no explanation :atev] w\ld ?us be af=d$ z to h[ ! /ructures 9 "q 7 fir/ produc$1 be=e !y c\ld be transmitt$4 ,&1 secondly1 :i* is /ill m important1 g5]ation--f> f furni%+ an explanation ( any?+--introduces u to my/]ies yet m inscrutable ?an any we h yet enc\nt]$1 & to problems :i* seem to admit ( no possible solution ap>t f1 n only ,purpose1 b transc5d5t ,p[]4 ,d\btless ! propagation ( life is rul$ by natural law1 b h[ su* law effects its object we und]/& immeasurably less ?an we und]/& ! flight ( birds or butt]flies4 ,z a rec5t writ] rem9ds u1#afj :at is transmitt$ f p>5ts to (fspr+ is n a new =m or /ructure1 b only ! pot5tiality ( su* a new =m3 :i*1 9 suitable circum/ances1 builds itself up out ( surr\nd+ inorganic & organic mat]ial4 ,z ,"l ,grim?orpe expresses ! same tru?3#afa ,if we suppose an apple-tree to h once gr[n someh[1 & to h someh[ got p[] to produce se$s1 t w\ld n produce any m apple-trees1 unless ! se$s1 & all ! adjac5t atoms t are want$1 _h ! p[] & ! w to comb9e & gr[ into ano!r apple-tree4 ,! fir/ h5 t laid an egg p]=m$ a wond]ful feat en\gh1 b x w\ld h done no good unless ! atoms ( ! egg also knew & resolv$ :at to d to turn !mselves into a *ick54 ,yet spontane\s evolutioni/s are 9 ! habit ( slurr+ ov] g5]ation z a ?+ too natural1 & !re=e too easy & simple to require explanation4 ,! cont9ual op]ation ( a law su* z ?is1 c]ta9ly does n remove my/]ies1 nor make x m easy to und]/& h[ ! ord] & ! m>vels ( ! univ]se c rationally be attribut$ to ,*ance r ?an to ,design1 accord+ to ?is new philosophy ( effects )\t causes & laws )\t a lawgiv]4#afb ,= =tuit\s means1 z ,pr(essor ,case has well obs]v$1#afc n ! accid5tal1 z oppos$ to ! regul> laws ( nature1 b ! spontane\s necessity ( nature1 z oppos$ to ! volunt>y designs ( intellig5ce4 ,nor is x only 9 ! organic _w t we f9d ! ne$ ( su* a factor to expla9 ph5om5a2 = x is ?r\gh\t m ess5tial ?an any o!r =ce to acc\nt = ,nature z we f9d h]--9 su* a mann] z to satisfy ! logical dem&s ( our m9d4 ,we le>n z little f obs]vation & exp]im5t z to ! fundam5tal laws ( matt]1--gravitation1 = in/ance1 :i* ,f>aday & ,h]s*el t]m$ ! my/]y ( my/]ies1 or *emical aff9ities1 or ! nature ( ,e!r--z conc]n+ any?+ 9 organic nature2 ?\gh 9 ! latt] we und\bt$ly m\nt to a high] plane ( my/]i\sness4 ,& 9 ei!r case we c\ld le>n no?+ :atev]1--t is to say1 ,sci5ce w\ld be :olly impossible1--did we n f9d natural ph5om5a respond to our enquiries ) :at seems an intellig5ce ak9 to our own4 ,& accord+ly x appe>s b reasonable1--t is to say1 truly sci5tific1--to exclaim z did ev5 ,did]ot--,quoi6 le monde =m pr\v]ait mo9s une intellig5ce que le monde expliqu6 ,,xiii ,,monism ,all sy/ems ( philosophy t reject ! idea ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* alone is self-exi/5t1 & ^: be+ is ( a high] ord] ?an t ( aught else1--base _! d5ial on ! assumption t no su* di/9ction ( nature ei!r exi/s or is possible1--t !re is b "o reality1 namely ! sub/ance :]e( ! s5sible _w consi/s1--t ?is has always exi/$ ) ! same =ces x has n[1 & t x is ! s\rce ( all ph5om5a4 ,?is assumption ( ! unreality ( :atev] is beyond ! scope ( s5se1 :i* has ev] be5 at ! bottom ( mat]iali/ic sy/ems1 is n[ elaborately =mulat$ z a cre$1 decl>$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel & 8 foll[+ to be ! only cre$ :i* sci5ce c tol]ate4 ,?is is t]m$ ,monism1--f ! ,greek ,mnos1 s+le1 & is oppos$ to ,dualism1 or ! doctr9e t !re are two ord]s ( be+1 or two di/9ct sub/ances1 mat]ial & spiritual4#afd ,accord+ to moni/ic tea*+1 !re=e1 !re exi/s b "o ,?+1 t :i* we usually call ,matt]1 b might equally well call ,m9d1--= all ph5om5a :atev]1 :e!r m5tal or mat]ial1 are b v>i\s %apes :i* x assumes1 exhibit+ div]se aspects ( itself4 ,?us all ! objects :i* appe> to h a be+ ( _! own1--z ! globe we inhabit1 ! furniture ( e>? & heav51 we ourselves1--are b ! =ms mom5t>ily assum$ by ?is protean entity 9 its ceaseless transfigurations1 & h no m exi/5ce ( _! own ?an ! ripples on a pool ( wat] or ! faces we see 9 ! fire4 ,x foll[s t :5 ! p>ticul> phase ( ?is basic sub/ance is end$ :i* br+s u into be+1 7or r :i* we are17 we l ev]y?+ else1 s9k into blank no?+1--s t ! mighty dead :om nations hon\r1 or ! lov$ ones ^: memory we *]i%1 are blott$ out ( exi/5ce z utt]ly z ! days & nights :i* made up ! span ( _! lives4 ,b among/ its p]mutations & comb9ations ?is solit>y reality c produce ! ph5om5a :i* we call ?\ght1 j z mu* z ^? :i* we call motion1 & accord+ly ! ,a5eid or ,hamlet is its "w1 a me*anical product ( evolution1 no less ?an a seam ( coal1 or an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,su*1 9 outl9e1 is ! philosophical sy/em :i* comm5ds itself1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel assures u1#afe to all m5 ( sci5ce1 :o comb9e ! necess>y conditions1 ( sci5tific k1 m5tal acum51 moral c\rage1 & intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,x may be rightly describ$ z mat]iali/ic pan!ism2 = :ile1 accord+ to x1 ev]y?+ is equally div9e1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* any?+ c be s1 ev]y?+ is likewise equally mat]ial1 z fall+ "u ! category ( :at we "k z matt]1 & )9 ! direct cognizance ( physical sci5ce4 ,accurately to sket* a doctr9e su* z ?is is a task ( no slight difficulty4 ,x und\bt$ly contradicts ! in/9ctive tea*+ ( our consci\sness1 s t1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel admits#aff 9 ! primitive /ages ( bo? religion & philosophy ,monism is unkn[n4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ^? :o mo/ l\dly pr(ess x1 h by no means z yet succe$$ 9 realiz+ _! own sy/em1 & aft] hav+ f "t to "t =mally enunciat$ its articles1 proce$ =?) to ignore !m1 & 9 ! /aple ( _! disc\rse speak l o!r m5 9 t]ms :i* h no mean+ if ! t5ets ( _! cre$ h any4 ,z a natural result _! exposition ( moni/ic doctr9e is n v easy ( appreh5sion1 b x seems to be n unfairly reflect$ 9 ! above summ>y4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself ?us exp\nds t unify+ conception ( nature z a :ole :i* we designate 9 a s+le ^w z ,monism4#afg ,by ?is we unambigu\sly express our conviction t !re lives "o _s 9 all ?+s1 & t ! :ole cognizable _w is con/itut$1 & has be5 develop$1 9 accordance ) "o common fundam5tal law4 ,we emphasize by x1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ess5tial unity ( inorganic & organic nature1 ! latt] hav+ be5 evolv$ f ! =m] only at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,we _c draw a %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ^! two great divisions ( nature1 any m ?an we c recognize an absolute di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable k+dom1 or betwe5 ! l[] animals & man4 ,simil>ly1 we reg>d ! :ole ( human k z a /ructural unity2 9 ?is sph]e we refuse to accept ! di/9ction usually drawn betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual4 ,! latt] is only a "p ( ! =m] 7or vice v]s72 bo? are "o4 ,our moni/ic view ( ! _w belongs1 !re=e1 to t gr\p ( philosophical sy/ems :i* f o!r po9ts ( view h be5 designat$ also z me*anical or z pan!i/ic4 ,m concisely & cle>ly1 ,pr(essor ,romanes tells u3#afh ,m5tal ph5om5a & physical ph5om5a1 al?\gh app>5tly div]se1 are really id5tical4 ,& 9 a "w rec5tly issu$ = ! express purpose ( exp\nd+ & diffus+ ! new gospel1 we read3#afi ,j z ! same p>ticles ( matt] may at "o "t =m p>ts ( a rose1 & at ano!r "t p>ts ( a mu%room1 s ! same =ce may at "o "t /rike a *ur* z lightn+1 & at ano!r "t may be ! "m-love t rocks ! cradle4 ,if su* conceptions are n easy to grasp1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! practical conclusions to :i* !y lead4 ,we h already he>d f ,pr(essor ,haeckel t human fre$om is an utt] delusion4 ,we h likewise se5 t ! only t]m 9 prospect is utt] annihilation1 :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel endeav\rs to p]suade u is ! consummation we ought to wi%4 ,! be/ we c desire1 he says1#agj aft] a c\rage\s life1 sp5t 9 do+ good accord+ to our light1 is ! et]nal peace ( ! grave4 ',"l give !m an et]nal re/4' ,x is evid5t h[ev] t 9 ord] to secure su* a rew>d x is n necess>y to %[ any c\rage1 or attempt any sort ( good-"w1 = accord+ to him x equally awaits ! mo/ selfi% & ab&on$ voluptu>y4 ,f9ally1#aga ,at our dea? !re disappe>s only ! individual =m 9 :i* ! n]ve-sub/ance 0 fa%ion$1 & ! p]sonal s\l :i* repres5t$ ! "w p]=m$ by ?is4 ,! complicat$ *emical comb9ations ( t n]v\s mass pass ov] into o!r comb9ations--by decomposition1 & ! k9etic en]gy produc$ by !m is trans=m$ into o!r =ms ( nature4 ,imp]ial ,cs>1 dead & turn$ to clay1 ,might /op a hole to keep ! w9d away1 etc4-- 99 99 99 99 99 :i* l9es o!rs besides ,haeckel are fond ( quot+ on ?is subject z if !y _h any possible connexion ) x4 ,x w\ld be m to ! po9t1 & f> m int]e/+1 7 "s indication af=d$ ( ! *emical equival5t ( ! qualities :i* made ,cs> imp]ial1 or ^? :i* di/+ui%$ ! au?or ( ! above l9es f ! b>ds ( our ,music ,halls4 ,t1 :5 a man is no m1 8 mat]ial "p may s]ve v>i\s mat]ial purposes1 is no m ?an 0 kn[n to ! fir/ savage :o made a drum ) 8 enemy's sk91 or us$ 8 skull = a dr9k+-cup4 ,z has be5 said1 ! ,moni/ic philosophy claims to be above all ?+s sci5tific1 & ^u ?is gr\nd are we bidd5 to accept x4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ?is claim8 ,! "o argum5t1 ap>t f m]e ass]tion1 br\ght to %[ t _s is n di/9ct f matt]1 is drawn f ! "p und\bt$ly play$ by ! bra9 9 ! process ( ?\ght1 ?\gh we see f> less 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r connexions1 ?an ! ass]tions made by unsci5tific writ]s might lead u to imag9e4 ,b :5 all ?is is mo/ fully ackn[l$g$ c x be said t ! /ate ( ! "q is *ang$ f :at x 08 ,to li/5 to ,moni/s1 x might be suppos$ t ! intimate connexion betwe5 s\l & body is a new discov]y1 undreamt ( 9 =m] ages1--& t we h n[ arriv$ at a demon/ration t x is our mat]ial "p t actually does our ?9k+4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 l o!r fundam5tal que/ions1 ?is is exactly z x has ev] be51 & s f> z ,sci5ce is conc]n$1 we are j z mu* 9 ! d>k respect+ x z m5 ev] 74 ,?\gh ! philosoph]s ( =m] days 7 unaw>e ( all ! dep>tm5tal details ( bra9 activity1 !y und]/ood z well z we d ! ess5tial po9t1 t 9 our composite nature s\l & body =m "o be+1 ^: e op]ation is ( mix$ "* l itself4 ,! s\l alone is ! intellig5t pr9ciple1 yet all objects ( k mu/ come to x ?r\gh s5se1 & 9 ! s5ses x c be rea*$ only by ! me*anical m$ia ( light1 or s\nd1 or t\*4 ,s firm 0 _! grip ( ?is pr9ciple t ! ,s*oolm5 /yl$ ! s\l ! sub/antial =m ( ! body1 & 9 _! m\? ?is t]m express$ a union m ess5tial & intimate ?an mod]n philosoph]s c p]haps imag9e4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 h all ! results ( mod]n rese>* br\ght any?+ to light :i* t5ds to %[ t matt] c by any possibility ?9k8 ,we are assur$ on ! contr>y1 ^u unimpea*able au?ority1 t h[ev] we may succe$ 9 trac+ ! me*anical processes ( s5sation to _! fur!/ limit1 x rema9s absolutely inconceivable to u h[ ! gulf is cross$ t lies betwe5 ?is & rational p]ception4 ,s ,pr(essor ,tyndall tells u3#agb ,! passage f ! physics ( ! bra9 to ! correspond+ facts ( consci\sness is un?9kable4 ,grant$ t a def9ite ?\ght & a def9ite molecul> action 9 ! bra9 occur simultane\sly1 we d n possess ! intellectual organ1 nor app>5tly any rudim5ts ( an organ1 :i* w\ld enable u to pass by a process ( reason+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,!y appe> toge!r1 b we d n "k :y4 ,7 our m9ds & s5ses s exp&$ z to enable u to see & feel ! v molecules ( ! bra91 7 we capable ( foll[+ all _! motions1 all _! gr\p+s & electrical dis*>ges1 if su* !re be1 & 7 we intimately acqua9t$ ) ! correspond+ /ates ( ?\ght & feel+1 we %\ld be z f> z ev] f ! solution ( ! problem--,h[ are ^! physical processes connect$ ) ! facts ( consci\sness8 ,! *asm betwe5 ! two classes rema9s /ill intellectually impassable4 ,) ^! views ,pr(essor ,huxley#agc expresses 8 agreem5t1 & al?\gh he contrives to confuse ! issue v consid]ably1 z is n unusual :5 he und]takes to philosophize1 he lays d[n 9 ! cle>e/ possible t]ms t no?+ :atev] is kn[n z to ! connexion ( me*anical processes ) ?\ght1 :5ce x foll[s t on ?is po9t ,sci5ce has no?+ to tell u4 ,i really "k no?+ :atev] he writes & nev] hope to "k any?+1 ( ! /eps by :i* ! passage f molecul> movem5t to /ates ( consci\sness is effect$4 ,x %\ld be ne$less to repeat t if no?+ is kn[n reg>d+ all ?is1 x is m]e *>latanism to pret5d t ,sci5ce tells u any?+ ab\t x1 & ^? :o make su* ass]tions use words to :i* no mean+ c atta*4 ,un=tunately su* a practice is f> f uncommon 9 connexion ) ^! que/ions4 ,:at s5se c !re be conceivable 9 ! well-kn[n mat]iali/ic doctr9e t ! bra9 secretes ?\ght1 j z ! prop] organs secrete bile or saliva8 ,bile & saliva are mat]ial sub/ances1 ) a def9ite *emical con/itution1 ea* adapt$ to "o def9ite function4 ,b1 ,?\ght6 ,x w\ld be z intelligible to talk ( secret+ ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 & ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,s mu* = ! sole basis ( ,moni/ic argum5t4 ,:5 we turn to "s o!r consid]ations x c]ta9ly becomes no easi] to und]/& ! claim ( ,monism to be sci5tific4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we h se51 9 ord] to furni% ! sy/em ) any semblance ( tru?1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to attribute to ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt] qualities :i* all our exp]i5ce d5ies !m2 = ,pr(essor ,haeckel has told u t ! two fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ance1 pond]able matt] & e!r1 are n dead1 & only mov$ by extr9sic =ce1 b !y are end[$ ) s5sation & w4 ,( su* attributes1 & t ( self-mobility1 x is unnecess>y to add any?+ to :at has be5 said already4 ,assur$ly no?+ c look less l ! great ultimate reality1 ( ^: ceaseless metamorphoses1 we are b a flitt+ phase1 ?an ! mat]ial sub/ances ) :i* we c d :at we l1 inve/igat+ _! laws1 explor+ _! con/itution1 & sett+ !m tasks :i* we "k exactly h[ !y w accompli%4 ,ano!r po9t 9 ! same connexion is no less important4 ,:at is ?is "o ,?+1 ?is ,ultimate & ,solit>y ,self-exi/5t ,reality1 f :i* ,monism takes its title8 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has told u ( two fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ance1--pond]able matt] & e!r4 ,^! he evid5tly supposes1 z 8 cre$ requires1 to be radically ! same3 b :at "r has he to take su* a supposition = a fact8 & unless ?is unity be a fact1 :at becomes ( ,monism8 ,:at has ,sci5ce ev] discov]$ t c ju/ify any "o 9 speak+ ( ,e!r & ,matt] z "o & ! same8 ,h[1 !n1 c a !ory t assumes _! id5tity be t]m$ sci5tific8 ,or1 leav+ ,e!r alone1 t half-discov]$ entity1 z ,"l ,salisbury /yl$ x on a fam\s occasion1 & re/rict+ our att5tion to pond]able matt]1 conc]n+ :i* we "k a little m1--h[ c ev5 ?is be spok5 ( z ,"o8 ,z we h se5 already x is only by a figure ( spee* t ! t]m ,matt] c be us$ at all4 ,x /&s n = a s+le ?+1 b = c\ntless millions & billions ( atoms1 disp]s$ ?r\gh space1 "s ( "o k9d "s ( ano!r1 no "o ( :i* c be imag9$ to owe its exi/5ce or its prop]ties to any o!r4 ,to say t matt] is self-exi/5t is to say t e sev]al atom is self-exi/5t4 ,if ?is be s1 & if ?is be ! ultimate ,reality1--!n !re are z _m fir/ pr9ciples1 or fir/ causes1 z !re are atoms4 ,yet none ( ^! c\ld d any?+ to ! purpose t[>ds ! evolution ( any?+1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( a multitude ( o!rs1 nor w\ld su* concurr5ce be possible b = ! reign ( law1 :i* none ( !m c h in/itut$1 b to :i* all alike are subject4 ,7 matt] ! great reality1 ev5 matt] compos$ ( animat$ atoms1 ! t]m ,monism w\ld be sadly out ( keep+1 & %\ld yield its place to ,myriadism4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a unify+ pr9ciple amid su* div]sity1 ?is x mu/ be :i* c control & direct all to "o end4 ,x is und\bt$ly h>d to und]/& h[ ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s c be suppos$ to consi/ ( ,atoms1 b ?is is "o ( ! p]plexities 9 :i* moni/ic doctr9es ab\nd4 ,t atoms are1 s f> z we "k1 ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( ! ,fundam5tal ,reality1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel admits4 ,x is true1 he adds1 t our k ( ^! ultimate elem5ts is /ill f> f satisfy+1 & he likewise anticipates t atoms w som$ay be discov]$ n really to be ultimate1 b =ms ( some?+1 m primal /ill4 ,al?\gh he says#agd ,monism is on ! "o h& = u an indisp5sable & fundam5tal conception 9 sci5ce1 & al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x /rives to c>ry back all ph5om5a1 )\t exception1 to ! me*anism ( ! atom1 we mu/ nev]!less /ill admit t z yet we are by no means 9 a position to =m any satisfactory conception ( ! exact nature ( ^! atoms1 & _! relation to ! g5]al space-fill+1 univ]sal e!r4 ,*emi/ry long ago succe$$ 9 r$uc+ all ! v>i\s natural sub/ances to comb9ations ( a relatively small numb] ( elem5ts2 & ! mo/ rec5t advances ( t sci5ce h made x 9 ! highe/ degree probable t ^! elem5ts 444 are !mselves 9 turn only diff]5t comb9ations ( a v>y+ numb] ( atoms ( "o s+le orig9al elem5t4 ,b 9 all ?is we h n z yet obta9$ any fur!r light z to ! real nature ( ^! orig9al atoms or _! primal en]gies4 ,f :i* x is cle>1 t1 :ile ! consid]ations above pres5t$ lose none ( _! =ce1 ! ,moni/ic sy/em1 by ! av[al ( its *ief apo/le1 is bas$ on complete ignorance conc]n+ all :i* c\ld furni% x ) a f\ndation4 ,b by f> ! mo/ s]i\s consid]ation yet rema9s4 ,if1 accord+ to ,moni/ic tea*+ m5 are b bubbles on ! surface ( reality1 & are inevitably c>ri$ z x wills1--!re is an end ( all di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 "r & wrong1 m]it & guilt4 ,"o man1 or "o l9e ( conduct1 is z good1 or z bad1 z ano!r1 be+ all equally ! products ( ,evolution1 & aspects ( ! great ,moni/ic pr9ciple2--,jack ! ,ripp]1 & ,socrates1 ,messal9a & ,que5 ,victoria1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,scroggs & ,sir ,?omas ,m1 are none ( !m 9 any possible s5se "o :it bett] or worse ?an ! o!rs1--inasmu* z !y all did b act z puppets actuat$ by "o & ! same orig9al1 play+ its own "p 9 !m all4 ,& 9 l mann] z reg>ds ,tru?4 ,x mu/ foll[ t a man's beliefs1 l 8 actions1 are z mu* beyond 8 own control z 8 /ature or ! col\r ( 8 hair4 ,if ,pr(essor ,haeckel calls ,monism supreme wisdom1 & ,i call x nons5se1 we are equally "r1 = ea* is ! m\?piece ( ! same "o all-embrac+ fir/-pr9ciple4 ,:at ea* believes is ! only ?+ possible = him to believe1 &1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 is ! only tru?4 ,b "h comes 9 a p]plexity4 ,if su* be ! case1 if !re be no ,free-w1 & no possibility :atev] ( do+ or believ+ any?+ b :at is pr$et]m9$ = u z a necess>y "p ( our be+1--:]e is ! s5se ( all ! /r5u\s ef=ts t are be+ made to conv]t ! p to a belief :i*1 accord+ to its own pr9ciples1 no?+ 9 ! _w c make !m accept1 unless no?+ 9 ! _w c prev5t !m f accept+ x8 ,:at aga9 is ! mean+ ( organizations1 su* z we he> (1 = giv+ e?ical in/ruction to ! "y on a ,moni/ic & det]m9i/ basis8 ,:at c be ! possible s5se ( giv+ e?ical lectures to "y p1 if x is really believ$ t ! c\rse ( ea* is m>k$ out = him m rigor\sly ?an ! pa? ( a city omnibus8 ,if said ,pr(essor ,paul ,d>nley 9 ,mr4 ,mallock's clev] satire1--,if we w\ld be solemn1 & high1 & happy1 & h]oic1 & sa9tly1 we h b to /rive & /ruggle to d :at we _c = an in/ant avoid do+1--namely1 con=m to ! laws ( matt]4 ,if ,moni/s 7 to limit _! aspirations to ?is1 _! tea*+ w\ld at lea/ be intelligible4 ,x ceases to be s1 :5 !y feel compell$ to graft on _! ,moni/ic /ock ! ,duali/ic notions ( ,"r & ,wrong1 ,tru? & ,error4 ,b1 z ,dr4 ,johnson said respect+ ,free-w1 no "o ev] believes ! argum5ts on ! o!r side1 h[ev] l\dly he may pr(ess to d s4 ,& 9 ! same way x is q cle> t no ,moni/ c get himself really to accept ,monism4#age ,,xiv ,,organic ,,evolution ,we h n[ consid]$ ! "q ( ,evolution 9 ! l>g] & m fundam5tal signification ( ! t]m to :i*1 z we not$ at />t+1 v diff]5t mean+s are atta*$2 & at ?is /age ( our discussion x w be conv5i5t to sum up ! ma9 conclusions at :i* we h arriv$4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 unw>rantable to pret5d t ! discov]ies ( mod]n ,sci5ce1 brilliant & m>vell\s z !y und\bt$ly are1 h ?r[n any light ^u ! orig9 ( ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se1 or ( its =ces1 or ( ! laws accord+ to :i* its op]ations proce$4 ,nor has ,sci5ce any?+ to tell z to ! orig9 ( life1 ( s5sation1 or ( reason4 ,no?+ z yet discov]$ by h]1 or :i* %e c disc]n any prospect ( discov]+1 adds aught to our k reg>d+ su* po9ts z ^!4 ,!re=e1 to say t ! doctr9e ( ,evolution z affirm$ by ,sci5ce1 expla9s ! exi/5ce ( ! _w we "k1 is untrue & unsci5tific4 ,moreov]1 we h se5 t1 z a factor )\t :i* ! ,ord] ( ,nature is un9telligible1 ! ,fir/ ,cause to :i* h] exi/5ce is ow+ mu/ be possess$ ( ,intellig5ce1 det]m9+ h] processes accord+ to its purposes4 ,h5ce x foll[s t no sy/em ( philosophy satisfies our reason :i* w\ld f9d ! ultimate explanation ( all ?+s 9 ! =ces ( matt] !mselves :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ,sci5ce to inve/igate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ma9ta9+ t ,purpose mu/ ne$s h act$1 we d n assume to pron\nce z to ! mann] ( its action4 ,to say t ,purpose rules e detail 9 ! mak+ or developm5t ( ! univ]se1 does n by any means signify t x int]f]es at e /ep ) ! laws ( ,nature4 ,r1 ^! laws are ! expression ( ,purpose1--its ma*9]y to secure its design$ result4 ,assum+1 = in/ance1 ! primeval exi/5ce ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's cosmic nebula1 s con/itut$ t ! actual _w 0 b\nd naturally to issue f x1 z does a *ick5 f an egg1 or an oak f an acorn1--:ile we f9d x inconceivable t su* a piece ( me*anism %\ld orig9ate )\t an intellig5ce to design x1--we h no difficulty 9 suppos+ t intellig5ce to h exhibit$ itself once = all at ! fir/ beg9n+1 & to h fa%ion$ ! actual _w by %ap+ ! causes or conditions by :i* x 0 to be produc$1 ?us mak+ ev]y?+1 n directly & imm$iately b z ,/4 ,augu/9e held causalit] et sem9alit]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9s = consid]ation ,evolution 9 its n>r[] s5se1 9 :i* its op]ations are re/rict$ to organic nature1 su* ,evolution be+ commonly1 b incorrectly1 id5tifi$ ) ,d>w9ism4 ,und]/ood ?us1 ,evolution signifies no m ?an t ! v>i\s species ( animals & plants h desc5d$ g5etically "o f ano!r1 ?r\gh a graduat$ s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms :i* l9k !m toge!r4 ,d>w9ism is "o p>ticul> mode ( expla9+ h[ su* trans=mations may be acc\nt$ =1--namely1 by :at is kn[n z ,natural ,selection4 ,! !ory ( ,evolution1 z ?us conc]n$ ) ,organic life 9 p>ticul>1 is comp5di\sly describ$ z ,trans=mism1 "u :i* head ,d>w9ism is evid5tly includ$4 ,trans=mism makes no pret5ce to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( life1 :e!r animal or vegetable4 ,liv+ ?+s mu/ exi/ be=e any "q arises z to _! transmutation4 ,b1 giv5 ! exi/5ce ( life1 ,trans=mi/s und]take 9 ! fir/ place to %[ t ,organic ,evolution has1 z a matt] ( fact1 occurr$1 & is /ill 9 process ( occurr5ce2 & secondly1 to exhibit ! mann] 9 :i* ?is process is actually work$ out4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t1 all ,trans=mi/s1 :e!r ,d>w9ians or o!rs1 are necess>ily at "o1 = ! fact ( ,evolution is equally ess5tial = e explanation ( its me?od4 ,x is :5 !y come to expla9 9 :at mann] evolution>y trans=mations h be5 wr\ght t ,trans=mi/s divide !mselves into v>i\s s*ools1 ea* ( :i* relies ^u "s p>ticul> factor to furni% ! requir$ explanation4 ,?us besides ,d>w9ians pure & simple1 !re are neo-,d>w9ians1 ,lam>ckians1 neo-,lam>ckians1 ,weismanni/s1 & o!rs1 ascrib+ ! results to physiological selection1 sexual-selection1 or o!r =ces1 r ?an natural selection4 ,( su* sy/ems1 h[ev]1 except+ only ,d>w9ism1 x w be unnecess>y to speak 9 p>ticul>4 ,! great fundam5tal "q is :e!r g5etic ,evolution be really e/abli%$ z a fact1--:i*1 z has be5 said1 equally affects !m all--& if x be advisable to treat m 9 detail ( ,d>w9ism1 x is n because ?is does n hold good ( x z ( ! re/--b because ?is p>ticul> sy/em has obta9$ su* a position1 is s mu* 9 ! m\?s ( m51 & has be5 made ! basis ( s _m & su* f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 t x is impossible to pass x by4 ,mu* ! same may inde$ be said ev5 ( ! assum$ fact ( ,organic ,evolution und]ly+ all ,trans=mi/ !ories4 ,?is does n affect ! fundam5tal problems ) :i* we are conc]n$1 & leav+ unt\*$1 z x does1 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ,life x makes ev5 less pret5ce ?an ! cosmic-nebul> hypo!sis j spok5 ( to trace ! op]ations ( ,nature to _! ultimate s\rce4 ,x might !re=e appe> sup]flu\s to devote to x s mu* att5tion z1 if treat$ at all1 x mu/ ne$s dem&4 ,b1 :atev] may ?us appe> f ! po9t ( view ( /rict logic1 x is abundantly evid5t t 9 common e/imation ! assum$ fact ( ,organic trans=mation is ! f\ndation-/one ( ,evolution>y sy/ems ( e k9d4 ,& n unnaturally2 = "h at la/ we h some?+ ) :i* ,sci5ce c deal1 /rictly accord+ to h] own me?ods4 ,if %e kn[s1 & c "k1 no?+ f actual obs]vation conc]n+ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( matt]1 ( ! cosmic nebula1 or ( life1 x is q o!rwise ) ! hi/ory ( liv+ ?+s s9ce !y fir/ appe>$1 & ) ! ph5om5a ( life z x exi/s & is propagat$4 ,"h are que/ions :i* are /rictly sci5tific1 =m+ ! subject-matt] ( ,palontology & ,biology1 & ^! ,sci5ces supplem5t$ by o!rs1 su* z ,geology1 ,physical ,geography1 & ,a/ronomy1 furni% a mass ( evid5ce be>+ ^u ! subject ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,:5 !re=e ! great majority ( m5 ( ,sci5ce1 decl>e t ! fact ( g5etic ,trans=mism is e/abli%$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 ,evolutioni/s f9d !mselves suppli$ ) a plausible foo?old on :i* to /& & re/ _! fulcrum1 :ile1 l ,ar*im$es1 !y proce$ to move ! _w4 ,t m5 ( ,sci5ce g5]ally ?us agree1 _c be que/ion$1 & al?\gh ?is agreem5t is by no means s univ]sal z is popul>ly suppos$1 !re is no d\bt t 7 ! "q to be settl$ by enum]ation ( ! au?orities on ei!r side1 ,trans=mism w\ld w9 easily4 ,x may also be freely ackn[l$g$1 t ,trans=mism 9 g5]al & ,d>w9ism 9 p>ticul> are !ories to :i* on priori gr\nds no exception ne$ be tak51 & t1 s f> at lea/ z conc]ns _! g5]al scope1 ap>t f ! orig9 ( ,man1 no "o c reasonably />t ) a prepossession aga9/ !m4 ,nay1 we w g f>!r1 & say t to our way ( ?9k+ x appe>s imm5sely m probable1 t ?+s %\ld always h gone on z !y g on n[1 by ! op]ation ( ! same natural laws1 & t specific =ms %\ld h be5 naturally produc$1 z individuals ( a species are produc$ n[1 by g5]ation1--r ?an t n only repeat$ acts ( specific creation1 b any op]ations totally diff]5t f ^? we witness1 %\ld h occurr$ to int]rupt1 & z we %\ld judge1 to m>1 ! ,law ( ,cont9uity4 ,all ?is is true4 ,b we are engag$ on a sci5tific enquiry1--& if !re be "o pr9ciple m ?an ano!r ^u :i* ,sci5ce insi/s1 x is t we %\ld prove all ?+s1 n by au?ority1 b by evid5ce1--& t we %\ld seek evid5ce1 n 9 pre-conceiv$ ideas z to :at %\ld be1 b 9 obs]vation ( :at is4 ,accord+ly1 :ile we are mo/ ready to accept ,trans=mism or ,d>w9ism %\ld we f9d solid reasons = do+ s1 we are b\nd1 = ! sake ( ,sci5ce1 to dem& unimpea*able pro(s be=e subscrib+ to doctr9es :i* are made responsible = s mu*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r x w be necess>y to exhibit m 9 detail ! exact "* ( ! "q we h to discuss4 ,accord+ to ! celebrat$ ,=mula ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,evolution is an integration ( matt] & concomitant dissipation ( motion2 dur+ :i* ! matt] passes f a relatively indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity1 to a relatively def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 & dur+ :i* ! conta9$ motion und]goes a p>allel trans=mation4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at idea ?is def9ition conveys to _m ( ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( quot+ x1 b1 s f> z organic ,evolution is conc]n$1 x mu/ mean t :]eas 9 ! e>li] & l[] =ms ( life "o organ p]=m$ _m diff]5t functions 9 an imp]fect mann]1 evolution>y developm5t has gradually produc$ high] =ms1 9 :i* ea* function has its special organ1 by :i* x is m p]fectly dis*>g$4 ,z an extreme in/ance ( ! =m] condition1 ! ,hydra has b two organs1 an outside :i* respires1 & an inside :i* dige/s4 ,if x be turn$ inside out ^! functions are rev]s$2 ! sk9 becom+ ! /oma*1 & ! /oma* ! sk94 ,?us ,evolution has be5 an asc5d+ process f ! l[] to ! high]1 f ! less to ! m organiz$4 ,su*1 x mu/ be add$1 has und\bt$ly be5 ! c\rse ( life4 ,among/ plants & animals alike1 x began ) l[] & simpl] =ms1 aft] :i* succe$$ 9 due ord] o!rs m develop$ & elaborately organiz$1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y came ^u ! sc5e be+ mu* ! same z t 9 :i* we %\ld naturally arrange _! specim5s 9 a museum4 ,?us 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 fir/ came su* gr[?s z sea-we$s & fungi1 foll[$ by f]ns & club-mosses1--yews & p9es1--& s ?r\gh grasses1 canes1 & palms1 to ! highe/ gr\p 9 :i* are includ$ our =e/ trees & ! bulk ( our g>d5 fl[]s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! animal s]ies1--to m5tion only lead+ gr\ps ( :i* evid5ce is f\nd1--/>t+ ) almo/ /ructureless ,protozoa1 foll[$ by su* =ms z />fi% & sponges1 worms1 molluscs & cru/aceans1 has advanc$ to v]tebrate creatures--fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 mammals1--& f9ally to man4 ,?us1 9 a q intelligible s5se1 !re has c]ta9ly be5 ,evolution1 or developm5t1--t is to say1 an ord]ly progression f l[] types to high]1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( life on e>?1 f its comm5cem5t to ! pres5t "t4 ,b1 ?is is n ! po9t4 ,0 su* ,evolution or developm5t g5etic8 ,0 x wr\ght by desc5t ) modification ( =m f =m8 ,t is :at we h to enquire4 ,if ?is has n be5 s1 !re has be5 no ,evolution 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ,evolutioni/s4 ,accord+ to _! highe/ au?ority1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,evolution means ! production ( all organic =ms by ! accumulation ( modifications & ( div]g5ces by ! addition ( diff]5ces to diff]5ces4 ,beyond all "q he adds unlik5esses ( /ructure gradually arise among ! memb]s ( successive g5]ations4 ,we f9d t !re is go+ on a modify+ process ( ! k9d alleg$ z ! s\rce ( specific diff]5ces1 a process :i*1 ?\gh sl[1 does1 9 "t1 produce *anges--a process :i* to all appe>ance w\ld produce 9 millions ( ye>s any am\nt ( *anges4#agf ,! ,trans=mi/ doctr9e is1 !re=e1 t "o species ( plants or animals1 has 9 natural c\rse gr[n out ( ano!r1 ?r\gh ! aggregation ( *anges ea* exce$+ly m9ute4 ,d>w9ism adds t ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ?is process is ,natural ,selection4 ,^! are ! po9ts on :i* our enquiry turns1 & we may conv5i5tly comm5ce ) ! second4 ,,xv ,,d>w9ism ,x mu/ fir/ be obs]v$ t special consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is r5d]$ necess>y ev5 m imp]atively on acc\nt ( ! claims advanc$ on 8 behalf by o!rs1 ?an ( ^? to :i* he himself made any pret5ce4 ,)\t "q ! idea prevails almo/ univ]sally1 t he has furni%$ a sci5tific explanation ( all organic ph5om5a ?r\gh ! op]ation ( purely natural laws1 & has ?us r5d]$ obsolete ! idea t any p[] beyond ,nature is requir$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! totality ( ?+s1 or t !re are any features ( ! _w :i* indicate ! op]ation ( intellig5t purpose4 ,t su* ideas %\ld be widely preval5t among/ ^? :o1 hav+ no special acqua9tance ) ! subject1 mu/ dep5d = _! k on ! popul>iz]s ( ,sci5ce1 is sc>cely wond]ful1 = su* tea*]s1 ) sc>cely an exception1 s decl>e1 & occasionally real m5 ( ,sci5ce l5d ! weight ( _! au?ority to simil> /atem5ts4 ,x w be suffici5t to cite ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 :o writes ?us3#agg ,x seem$ to ,kant s impossible to expla9 ! ord]ly processes 9 ! liv+ organism )\t po/ulat+ sup]-natural f9al causes 7t is1 a purposive creative =ce7 t he said1 ,x is q c]ta9 t we _c ev5 satisfactorily und]/&1 mu* less elucidate1 ! nature ( an organism & its int]nal faculty on purely me*anical natural pr9ciples--x is s c]ta91 inde$1 t we may confid5tly say3 ,x is absurd = a man ev5 to conceive ! idea t "s day a ,newton w arise :o c expla9 ! orig9 ( a s+le blade ( grass by natural laws uncontroll$ by design4 ,su* a hope is entirely =bidd5 u4 ,sev5ty ye>s aft]w>ds ?is impossible ,newton ( ! organic _w appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*>les ,d>w91 & a*iev$ ! great task t ,kant _h deem$ impracticable4 ,x is q impossible to und]/& h[ su* an ass]tion c be made by any "o :o kn[s ! facts4 ,n only did ,mr4 ,d>w9 nev] pr(ess to h a*iev$ any ?+ ( ! k9d1--he repeat$ly & di/9ctly disclaim$ & repudiat$ any su* supposition4 ,?us at ! v end ( 8 life 7,augu/ #bh1 #ahha7 he wrote conc]n+ "o :o _h spok5 ( him l ,pr(essor ,haeckel3 ,he implies t my views expla9 ! univ]se2 b x is a mo/ mon/r\s exagg]ation4 ,! m "o ?9ks1 ! m "o feels ! hopeless imm5sity ( man's ignorance4 ,if we consid] ! :ole univ]se1 ! m9d refuses to look at x z ! outcome ( *ance4#agh ,! :ole "q seems to me insoluble4 ,b x %\ld n be necess>y to appeal to su* disclaim]s 9 ord] to %[ h[ absolutely unw>rantable are ! pret5sions made on ,mr4 ,d>w9's behalf to h solv$1 or to h attempt$ to solve1 ! fundam5tal problems :i* sci5tific rese>* unceas+ly sugge/s b has nev] be5 able to elucidate4 ,x %\ld be q suffici5t to exam9e 8 !ory z x actually is1 & al?\gh its scope is imm5sely less ambiti\s ?an has be5 repres5t$1 x /ill occupies1 ev5 9 its g5u9e =m1 a position ( suffici5t importance to *all5ge inve/igation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's fam\s & epo*-mak+ book1 publi%$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahei1 0 entitl$ ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by means ( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,pres]vation ( ,fav\r$ ,races 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,life4 ,9 x he und]took to %[ h[ f "o species#agi ( animals or plants1 ano!r1 q di/9ct f x1 may be d]iv$ by means ( processes :i* g on 9 ,nature e day1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( m9ute diff]5ces occurr+ 9 successive g5]ations1 & guid$ to _! collective result by ! =ce ( ,natural ,selection4 ,z man1 he argues1 has by means ( selection be5 able to produce 9 a brief space su* a/oni%+ v>ieties among 8 dome/ic animals & plants--z dogs1 pigeons1 roses or apples1--,nature1 ) ! practically unlimit$ ages ( geological "t at h] disposal1 mu/ be able to produce f> great] & m endur+ trans=mations1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( m9ute diff]5ces1 su* z ^? ^u :i* man has work$1--if only a factor c be f\nd :i* amid ! inf9ity ( div]se & discordant v>iations spontane\sly occurr+1 c\ld1 l ! bre$] or ! g>d5]1 pick out ^? lead+ to "o p>ticul> result1 & ?us secure its accompli%m5t4 ,su* a =ce ,mr4 ,d>w9 conceives is f\nd 9 ,natural ,selection1 :i* he ?us expla9s4 ,! t5d5cy ( organic life1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 be+ to propagate itself enorm\sly1--& ! life-su/a9+ capacity ( ! e>? be+ limit$1--x necess>ily foll[s t only a fraction ( ! creatures :i* are born c survive to maturity1 & t :ile ^? be/ fitt$ to live w live1 ^? less well fitt$ w die4 ,?us1 !re is set up a con/ant /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 :i* e advantage1 h[ev] slight1 mu/ tell1 s t ^? possess+ su* advantages 9 "o g5]ation w be ! p>5ts ( ! next4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( propagation1 ! (fspr+ nev] exactly reproduce ! p>5t =m1 f :i* !y v>y1 "s 9 "o way "s 9 ano!r1 & z "s ( ^! v>iations _c help be+ advantage\s to _! possessors 9 ! /ruggle1 we h "h ! requir$ factor = ! production ( new =ms4 ,any ?us b5eficially equipp$1 7al?\gh ! v>iation1 & consequ5tly ! advantage1 mu/ 9 ea* in/ance be exce$+ly slight17 w h ! *ances on _! side aga9/ _! less fav\r$ fell[s1 :om 9 ! long run !y w supplant4 ,& z _! (fspr+1 or "s ( !m1 w c>ry ! pr(itable v>iation some:at fur!r1 ! /ream ( life w ?us be set 9 su* a direction z w ultimately br+ ab\t :at might at fir/ appe> impossible metamorphoses4 ,?us1 to take a simple & fav\rite illu/ration1#ahj w+$ insects inhabit+ an isl& f> f o!r l&1 are liable to be bl[n out to sea & dr[n$4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce1 an advantage to !m to h _! p[] ( flight curtail$1 or tak5 away1 & consequ5tly 9 su* situations _! w+s are g5]ally f\nd to be s r$uc$ z to p]mit little or ev5 no?+ 9 ! way ( fly+4 ,or to take an example ( ano!r k9d1#aha ! extraord9>y l5g? ( neck :i* *>act]izes ! giraffe enables x to br[se on ! high] bran*es ( trees inaccessible to o!r vegetable fe$]s1 & ?us gives x an advantage ov] !m 9 times ( dr\ght & sc>city ( fodd]4 ,x c accord+ly be easily und]/ood1 h[ its pres5t /ructure has result$ f gradual elongations ( ! neck1 ea* conf]r+ on its possessor a slight advantage4 ,! "w attribut$ to ,natural ,selection 9 su* in/ances1 ?\gh no d\bt highly important1 is comp>atively facile1 & x w\ld be difficult to say t x c\ld n be accompli%$4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 ascribes to ! same factor1 n m]ely su* modification ( exi/+ /ructures1 b ! creation ( entirely new me*anisms = specific purposes4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 he>d 8 description ( ! eye & its manifold inimitable contrivances3 yet all ^!1 he p]suad$ himself1 might be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! idea1 he confess$1#ahb seems at fir/ sight prepo/]\s2 yet1 ?\gh n )\t mu* difficulty1#ahc he succe$$ 9 conv9c+ himself1 t giv5 ! rude/ & mo/ rudim5t>y =m ( eye to />t )--no m ?an a n]ve s5sitive to light b incapable ( =m+ an image--,natural ,selection might develop !refrom1 ?r\gh an inf9ite s]ies ( gradations ! inconceivably complex ma*9e t is n[ f\nd 9 ! high] v]tebrates1#ahd & ! totally diff]5t b equally m>vell\s organs ( sight possess$ by insects1 cru/aceans1 & o!r creatures4 ,9 l mann]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont5d$1 might ! mo/ complex & wond]ful in/9cts be g5]at$4 ,z an example may be cit$ t by :i* ! hive-bee con/ructs its combs--( :i* he ?us speaks3#ahe ,he mu/ be a dull man :o c exam9e ! exquisite /ructure ( a comb1 s beautifully adapt$ to its end1 )\t en?usia/ic admiration4 ,we he> f ma!maticians t bees h practically solv$ a recondite problem1 & h made _! cells ( ! prop] %ape to hold ! greate/ possible am\nt ( honey1 ) ! lea/ possible consumption ( preci\s wax 9 _! con/ruction4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t a skilful workman ) fitt+ tools & measures1 w\ld f9d x v difficult to make cells ( wax ( ! true =m1 ?\gh ?is is p]fectly effect$ by a cr[d ( bees work+ 9 a d>k hive4#ahf ,grant+ :atev] in/9cts y please1 x seems at fir/ sight q inconceivable h[ !y c make all ! necess>y angles & planes1 or ev5 p]ceive :5 !y are correctly made4 ,b ! difficulty is n ne>ly s great z x at fir/ appe>s3 all ?is beautiful "w c be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 to foll[ f a few simple in/9cts4 ,he accord+ly proce$s to argue1 t beg9n+ ) circul> cells1 l ^? ( ,humble ,bees1 & progress+ ?r\gh an int]m$iate =m1 circul> :]e free1 b ) flat p>tition walls :]e two or m cells t\* "o ano!r1 x is q possible to suppose t ,natural ,selection has effect$ ! :ole improvem5t1 ^? insects :i* accompli%$ any advance t[>ds m sci5tific workman%ip1 & ?us made mat]ials g fur!r1 hav+ be5 able to secure a livelihood bett] ?an _! competitors4 ,su* 9 brief outl9e is ! ,d>w9ian sy/em1 :i* und]takes to acc\nt = all ! alleg$ facts ( ,organic ,evolution by means ( ! above factor1 v>i\sly describ$ z ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 ?\gh x is con/antly =gott51 t x is ?is p>ticul> !ory z to ! work+-cause ( evolution>y trans=mations :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,d>w9ism4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n orig9ate ! idea ( g5etic trans=mism1 :i* is almo/ necess>ily sugge/$ by ! sy/ematic developm5t ( life-=ms to :i* ,geology be>s witness4 ,consequ5tly1 long be=e he came on ! sc5e1 ! doctr9e ( trans=mation _h be5 prop\nd$1 especially by ,lam>ck1 & if x _h met ) no g5]al acceptance1 ?is 0 *iefly because no =ce 0 indicat$ :i* seem$ to (f] a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! mode 9 :i* ! requir$ *anges c\ld h be5 wr\ght4 ,su* a =ce ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,natural ,selection 0 widely tak5 to furni%1 & 8 !ory 0 eag]ly welcom$ & adopt$ by ^? :o only requir$ su* a basis on :i* to gr\nd beliefs to :i* !y 7 already pr$ispos$1 & ,d>w9ism ?us obta9$ t pre-em95t position :i* x /ill reta9s1 at lea/ 9 popul> e/imation4 ,two special argum5ts may "h be m5tion$1 :i*1 al?\gh !y really apply to all sy/ems ( ,organic ,evolution1 h obta9$ a prescriptive "r to be quot$ p>ticul>ly 9 fav\r ( ,d>w9ism1 _! be>+ on :i* is easily se54 ,! fir/ is bas$ on ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( rudim5t>y1 fragm5t>y1 or ve/igial /ructures 9 animals & plants1 :i*1 al?\gh n[ seem+ly useless1 or ev5 h>mful1 to _! possessors1 may be assum$ to h be5 ( s]vice to _! ance/ors1 b "u *ang$ conditions to h be5 ?r[n out ( "w by ,natural ,selection1 & atrophi$ by disuse4 ,su* are--! spl9t-bones ( ! horse1 repres5t+ lo/ digits1--! rudim5t>y legs ( "s :ales & s]p5ts1--! mammae & mamm>y gl&s ( male mammals2 & 9 ! vegetable k+dom1--! abort$ pi/il 9 male florets ( "s compositae1--! useless corolla ( c]ta9 w9d-f]tiliz$ fl[]s1 z plantago1 & inde$ ! :ole floral app>atus ( plants :i*1 l ,wordswor?'s pet ! ,less] ,cel&9e1#ahg seldom rip5 _! se$s1 b dep5d on o!r me?ods ( propagation4 ,! o!r fact cit$ on behalf ( ,d>w9ism is unque/ionably v /rik+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! embryonic developm5t1 & ev5 9 ! initial /ages ( _! life aft] bir?1 high] animals pass ?r\gh v>i\s phases 9 :i* !y exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( l[] =ms4 ,?us all life />ts f a cell1 9 :i* !re is no?+ to %ew :e!r x is ev] to be any?+ m ?an a cell1 or is to evolve a plant or animal1--nor1 9 ?is latt] case1 :at sort ( animal x is to be--a mollusc1 = in/ance1 a frog1 or a mammal4 ,at a lat] /age#ahh x is impossible to di/+ui% ! embryos ( liz>ds1 birds1 & mammals except by size4 ,ev5 ! human fetus at an e>ly p]iod be>s ve/iges ( gill-clefts or ar*es1 po9t+ to an aquatic exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! extremities come to be develop$1#ahi ,! feet ( liz>ds & mammals1 ! w+s & feet ( birds1 no less ?an ! h&s & feet ( man1 all arise f ! same fundam5tal =m4 ,! "y ( flat-fi% su* z soles & turbots1 :5 !y leave ! egg are n flat1 b %ap$ l ord9>y fi%1 & !y we> _! eyes 9 ! normal fa%ion1 "o on ea* side ( _! head1 n bo? on ! same side l _! p>5ts--^: =m h[ev] !y pres5tly by degrees assume4 ,"y lions & black birds are spott$1 %[+ _! aff9ity respectively to pan!rs & ?ru%es--& s on 9 numb]less in/ances4 ,all su* features1 x is assum$1 indicate ! phylog5y ( ea* animal1 or ! hi/ory ( ! race to :i* x belongs4 ,z ,pr(essor ,milnes ,m>%all succ9ctly put ! matt]3#aij ,! phases ?r\gh :i* an animal passes 9 its progress f ! egg to ! adult are no accid5tal freaks1 no m]e matt]s ( developm5tal conv5i5ce1 b repres5t m or less closely 444 ! successive ance/ral /ages ?r\gh :i* ! pres5t condition has be5 acquir$4 ,evolution tells u t ea* animal has _h a p$igree 9 ! pa/4 ,embryology reveals to u ?is ance/ry1 because e animal 9 its own developm5t repeats ?is hi/ory1 climbs up its own g5ealogical tree4 ,su* are n by any means ! only in/ances 9 :i* ! ,d>w9i/ c appeal to ,nature = facts ) :i* 8 !ory well agrees1 & :i* !re=e s f> furni% a p]suasive argum5t 9 its fav\r2 b ^! are p]haps ! *ief ones1 & ! be/ kn[n1 & may s]ve z repres5tative ( _! class :i* x is impossible = u to exam9e 9 detail4 ,x n[ rema9s to enquire h[ f>1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,sci5ce1 ) :i* alone we are conc]n$1 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis c make good its claim to our acceptance4 ,:5 we proce$ accord+ly to exam9e ! gr\nds ^u :i* x re/s1 x mu/ be confess$ t z we d s x becomes increas+ly difficult to und]/& h[ su* a !ory has be5 able to obta9 su* wide acceptance1 especially on ! gr\nd t sci5tific evid5ce is 9 its fav\r4 ,on ! v ?re%old ( any su* enquiry lies a difficulty ! gravity ( :i* seems to be /rangely ov]look$4 ,d>w9ism by its own confession kn[s no?+ ( ,orig9s1 n ev5 ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species itself4 ,!re mu/ be life already exi/+ be=e ,natural ,selection has any?+ to select2 !re mu/ be eyes & honey-cells ( "s k9d1 be=e !y c be improv$2 !re mu/ be ,species1 be=e "o c be trans=m$ into ano!r4 ,is x n evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! cause--( :atev] k9d x may be--:i* br\ght any ( ^! into be+1 mu/ h some?+1--n to say ev]y?+1--to d ) ! capacities & pot5tialities by :i* its future hi/ory is condition$8 ,b ?is supreme & vital factor ,mr4 ,d>w9 entirely elim9ates f 8 calculation4 ,9 8 sy/em1 ! initiat+ =ce has no m to d ) ! subsequ5t c>e] ( its productions1 ?an has ! gas :i* lifts a balloon ) ! direction 9 :i* x travels4 ,x is n1 on 8 !ory1 z ! impulse :i*1 besides rais+ f e>? an arr[ or rifle bullet1 directs x to a goal1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an organism once laun*$ on its c\rse is left to be driv5 hi!r & ?i!r & twi/$ into ?is =m & t1 z cl\ds are by ! w9d4 ,= ! v>iations ?r\gh :i* trans=mations are wr\ght1 ,d>w9 c\ld f9d no bett] epi!t ?an =tuit\s1 & x is laid d[n by 8 /aun*e/ disciples t if su* v>iations be pr$et]m9$ t[>ds c]ta9 results1 !re is an end ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x is n easy to und]/& h[ any !ory c be deem$ satisfactory :i* ?us ignores ! initial =ce1 ( ^: exi/5ce & pot5cy we h f> cle>] evid5ce ?an ( any o!r4 ,:5 we turn f its omissions to /udy ,d>w9ism z x is1 obvi\sly1 9 ! fir/ place1 /ill1 m ?an =ty ye>s s9ce x 0 giv5 to ! _w1 x rema9s only an hypo!sis1 bas$ n ^u obs]vation or exp]im5t b speculation4 ,9 no s+le in/ance1 pa/ or contempor>y1 is "o species kn[n to h orig9at$ f ano!r4 ,! fact ^u :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 prim>ily relies is t ( v>iation4 ,und\bt$ly among/ bo? plants & animals ! (fspr+ are n m]e slavi% reproductions ( _! p>5ts1 z if ca/ 9 ! same m\ld1 b exhibit individual diff]5ces1 work+ ^u :i* 9 dome/icat$ in/ances1 man c by selection produce wond]ful v>ieties1 z has already be5 admitt$4 ,b1 z ,m4 de ,quatrefages says1#aia ?is tells u no m ?an t species admit ( v>iation2 x does n prove t !y are capable ( trans=mation1 :i* is ! :ole po9t4 ,c]ta9ly1 su* trans=mation has nev] )9 our k be5 effect$4 ,no bre$] or fanci] has succe$$1 or c hope to succe$1 9 produc+ a new species4 ,moreov]1 z 0 po9t$ out by a critic ^: ability ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself c&idly ackn[l$g$1#aib ! range ( v>iability z we f9d x 9 any species is /rictly limit$1 & al?\gh at fir/ x is easy1--9 ! case ( "s few animals or plants1--to make great *anges 9 p>ticul> directions1 by selective bre$+1 x becomes m & m difficult z we proce$ to cont9ue 9 ! same l9e4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( pigeons1 a bird c be produc$ 9 six ye>s ) head & beak only "o-half ! size ( ^? :5ce ! process />t$1 are we to say t 9 twelve ye>s _! bulk w be r$uc$ to a qu>t]1 & 9 tw5ty-f\r to an eigh?8 ,no "o c\ld suppose any?+ s absurd4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld answ]1 t he relies ^u ! va/ p]iods ( geologic "t to produce alt]ations su* z we _c possibly attempt )9 ! few ye>s at our disposal4 ,b1 x is repli$1 no l5g? ( "t w avail any?+ = su* a purpose1 unless !re be "s =ce to produce v>iations 9 ! requir$ direction1 to ! requir$ ext5t4 ,su* a =ce is n prov$ to exi/--all ! evid5ce is aga9/ x4 ,:]e art is mo/ practis$ 9 improvem5t ( bre$s1 or ! obta9+ ( any peculi>ities--z ) ! spe$ ( racehorses1 ! size ( toy-t]ri]s1 or ! po9ts ( prize cattle1 x becomes mo/ /rik+ly app>5t t we h rea*$ a limit beyond :i* species w n v>y4 ,& until su* a cause z we require is fully prov$ to exi/1 its suppos$ effects _c be made ! basis ( sci5tific argum5t4 ,a giv5 animal or plant1 says ! ,review] appe>s to be conta9$1 z x 71 )9 a sph]e ( v>iation2 "o individual lies ne> "o portion ( ! surface1 ano!r individual ne> ano!r "p ( ! surface2 ! av]age animal at ! c5tre4 ,any individual may produce desc5dants v>y+ 9 any direction1 b is m likely to produce desc5dants v>y+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 & ! v>iations 9 t direction w be great] 9 am\nt ?an ! v>iations t[>ds ! surface4 ,?us a set ( rac]s ( equal m]it indiscrim9ately bre$+ w produce m colts & foals ( inf]ior ?an ( sup]ior bre$1 & ! fall+ (f ( ! deg5]ate w be great] ?an ! improvem5t ( ! select 7p4 #bhb74 ,simil>ly ,m4 ,blan*>d decl>es3#aic ,all inve/igation & obs]vation make x cle> t1 :ile ! v>iability ( creatures 9 a /ate ( nature displays itself 9 v diff]5t degrees1 yet 9 its mo/ a/oni%+ manife/ations x rema9s conf9$ )9 a circle beyond :i* x _c pass4 ,& ! facts ( nature1 z we "k !m1 f> f fav\r+ ! in/ability ( species1 exhibit a t5acity ( =m compell+ u to treat !m z practically immutable4 ,?us1 z ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs po9ts out1#aid 9 ! notori\sly v>iable g5us ,salix1 or will[-tribe1 :i* seems to be actively advanc+ t[>ds a multiplication ( its subdivisions1 sub-g5]a1 species1 v>ieties1 & hybrid =ms1--"o species is f\nd1 ,s4 pol>is1 dat+ f be=e ! ,glacial ,epo*1 :i* has be5 driv5 f ,engl& & o!r l&s1 by climatic *anges1 to )9 ! ,arctic circle ( bo? ,hemisph]es1--yet amid ?is /ress ( circum/ances has pres]v$ its specific id5tity1 d[n ev5 to ! casual v>iations1 :i* might be suppos$ to furni% ! />t+-po9ts = new developm5ts4 ,yet 9 ?is tribe1 if any:]e1 evid5ce ( specific evolution might be look$ =4#aie ,o!r in/ances seem to %[ t ev5 "u new & try+ conditions ^? creatures survive be/ :i* keep close/ to ! c5tral family type1 n ^? :i* div]ge 9 any direction4 ,?us1 ( ,european sp>r[s introduc$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,bumpus writes3#aif ,natural ,selection is mo/ de/ructive ( ^? birds :i* h dep>t$ mo/ f ! ideal type1 & its activity raises ! g5]al /&>d by fav\r+ ^? birds :i* approa* ! /ructural ideal4 ,v>iation supplies ! raw mat]ial ^u :i* ,natural ,selection is suppos$ to "w4 ,:5 we turn to exam9e ! process by :i* its results %\ld be produc$1 we f9d1 q ap>t f ! above difficulties1 a crop ( o!rs /ill m =midable4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! v>iations on :i* ,natural ,selection mu/ "w are 9 ea* in/ance extremely m9ute1 well-nigh inf9itesimal4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 z /rongly oppos$ to ! idea ( ,nature mak+ sudd5 b\nds1 z to t ( a pr$et]m9$ c\rse ( developm5t4 ,b1 he argu$1 an extra *ance ( liv+1 h[ev] slight1 mu/ necess>ily tell 9 ! long run1 ! !ory ( probabilities giv+ results z c]ta9 z any o!rs 9 ma!matics1 &1 accord+ to ^!1 we may confid5tly say t1 giv5 suffici5t "t1 ! fav\r$ individuals w\ld infallibly di/ance _! competitors4 ,! impressiv5ess ( su* an argum5t dep5ds ^u its seem+ly ma!matical "*1 :i* is h[ev] :olly fallaci\s1 = ! probabilities are all ! o!r way4 ,x is p]fectly true t a b5eficial v>iation h[ev] slight w conf] on its happy possessor a correspond+ advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life1 z comp>$ ) ea* individual ( ! non-fav\r$ h]d1 b1 z to t h]d collectively1 ! *ances w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 ensure t "s ( its memb]s %\ld outlive ! fav\r$ "o4 ,let u ev5 imag9e ! advantage ( ! latt] to be v great1 great en\gh to d\ble 8 *ances1 s t ! odds on 8 surviv+ ea* ( 8 fell[s w be two to "o4 ,yet if !re be a doz5 ( !m to cont5d )1 ! odds w be six to "o aga9/ 8 surviv+ ! lot4 ,& :at ( ! actual case ( m9ute/ b5efits conf]r$ by v>iation8 ,9 ord] to give !m ev5 an equal *ance ( survival1 ! numb]s ( ^? possess+ su* advantages mu/ be l>ge 9 proportion z ! advantages !mselves are small4 ,?us1 if a v>iation increases ! *ance ( life by "o-?\s&? "p1 s t ! odds on its possessor are #ajja1 aga9/ #ajjj on ea* non-possessor1 yet unless ! numb] ( possessors be to t ( non-possessors z #a1jjj to #a1jja1 _! collective *ances w n ev5 be equal4 ,z x is q absurd to suppose t casual v>iations c\ld ev] occur 9 su* :olesale fa%ion1 h[ c x be suppos$ t1 7 ,natural ,selection ! only factor op]at+1 m9ute advantages c\ld be accumulat$ by v>iation ev5 9 ! simple/ cases8 ,b x is also h>d to suppose t 9 any actual case is ! matt] s simple z x appe>s to our limit$ compreh5sion4 ,to take = in/ance ! above example ( ! giraffe4 ,x is v well to h a neck t w rea* high-bran*es ( a tree1--b ?is is n ev]y?+4 ,= ! m]e prolongation ( life1 mu* else is requir$1 fleet limbs to di/ance lions1 & ke5 s5ses1 sight1 he>+1 & smell1 to give w>n+ ( ! approa* ( human or o!r hunt]s1 to say no?+ ( ! extra /r5g!n+ ( muscles & bones :i* increas$ size & weight dem&s4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 improvem5ts 9 all ^! respects happ5$ casually to concur 9 ! same individual1 :i* c\ld sc>cely happ51 x is cle> t ea* w\ld militate aga9/ ! o!rs1 = ! survival ( an individual b5eficially develop$ 9 "o respect1 w\ld t5d to ! ext9ction ( o!r b5eficial developm5ts1 possess$ by individuals :om he ov]came 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,ev5 ! case ( ! insul> insects is by no means s pla9 z might at fir/ sight appe>4 ,!re c be no d\bt t w+s are ( "s advantage1 or on no sy/em c\ld !y be suppos$ to exi/4 ,nor d _! advantages cease because disadvantages outweigh !m4 ,if "s insects are bl[n out to sea :5 fly+1 o!rs w d\btless p]i% 9 "o way or ano!r because !y _c fly4 ,x may ev5 be t ^? :i* c fly be/ w survive1 z be+ able to make head aga9/ a breeze :i* ov]p[]s o!rs4 ,natural ,selection w ?us h _m arr[s 9 its quiv]1 "s ( :i* mu/ rea* ! wrong objects4 ,/ill m cle>ly does ?is appe> 9 ! case ( complex /ructures 9 :i*1 if !y 7 produc$ z ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes1 v>iation mu/ h hit simultane\sly ^u indep5d5t contrivances1 )\t ea* ( :i* all ! o!rs w\ld be useless & conf] no b5efit at all4 ,9 ! eye1 = example1 to m5tion b "o or two ( innum]able simil> po9ts1 x w\ld be ( no avail to h a ret9a1 ev5 su* z has be5 describ$1 )\t a l5s to ?r[ an image ^u x1 set j at ! prop] di/ance1 & provid$ ) muscles to alt] its %ape accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! object4 ,h[ c ,natural ,selection be ev5 conceiv$ to h set to "w on su* a task z ?is8 ,x is /ill m fundam5tal to obs]ve t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's own %[+1 ,natural ,selection is purely negative 9 its action4 ,if x does select1 x selects = dea? & n = life4#aig ,x c orig9ate no?+1 b only de/roy4 ,all t x does = fav\r$ races is to sp>e !m :ile x sweeps away o!rs1 & ! sole b5efit !y d]ive f x is to h m ample res\rces ^u :i* to draw4 ,b z = any?+ !y possess 9 ! way ( /ructure or "*1 !y mu/ d]ive x entirely f !mselves--,natural ,selection c no m conf] x1 ?an ! lab\r] :o we$s a g>d5 b$ makes ! fl[]s t gr[ !re4 ,let x be imag9$ t ! fir/ human be+s on e>?1 any numb] ( ?\s& ye>s ago1 plant$ a g>d51 & det]m9$ to produce a rose1 by elim9at+ e plant t did n %[ "s promise ( progress rose-w>ds4 ,let ! g>d5]s h be5 end[$ ) acum5 suffici5t to detect e symptom ( su* a t5d5cy1 & let _! op]ations h be5 c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption to ?is day1--x is obvi\s t if roses _h result$1 x c\ld only be because among ! plants !y all[$ to rema9 !re exi/$ a rose-mak+ quality ( "s k9d1 to :i*1 & n to any?+ done by human art or skill1 ! result 0 due4 ,x w\ld likewise h to be suppos$ t !re 7 inf9ite o!r pot5tialities lat5t 9 ! orig9al plants1 z ( evolv+ ?i/les1 %amrocks1 or leeks--all equally await+ _! opportunity4 ,selective action c\ld effectually put su* competitors out ( ! way2 b 9 ! way ( develop+ a race x c\ld b leave x entirely to itself4 ,precisely simil> is ! "p play$ by ,natural ,selection1 except t x mu/ ne$s play x imm5sely m sl[ly1--& if no "o c fancy t human ag5cy c\ld by any possibility gr[ roses unless f "s /ock pr$et]m9$ to gr[ into a rose & no?+ else1 :at gr\nds h we t c be call$ sci5tific = attribut+ to a bl9d /ruggle = life an incomp>ably great] pot5cy8 ,nor does x avail to quote ! imm5se ext5t ( "t :i* may be suppos$ to h be5 available4 ,no m ?an ,natural ,selection has "t by itself any creative p[]4 ,we "k on ! contr>y by exp]i5ce1 t :5 ?+s are n controll$ by "s pr9ciple ( ord]1 ! lapse ( "t s]ves only to make confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,ano!r consid]ation ( prime importance is too frequ5tly ignor$4 ,on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 ea* /ep 9 any developm5t c be made1 n because x leads to an advantage\s result 9 ! future1 b only because x is itself advantage\s4 ,at ea* /age fav\r$ individuals survive o!rs because !y are fav\r$ "h & n[1 n because1 :5 ! developm5t !y promote %all be complet$1 _! remote desc5dants w be fav\r$4 ,h5ce x mu/1 = in/ance1 be possible to suppose1 t all ! int]m$iate =ms betwe5 two extremes1 :]e( "o is suppos$ to h orig9at$ ! o!r1 71 ea* 9 its day1 s b5eficial z to pres]ve _! possessors at ! exp5se ( non-possessors4 ,b c ?is possibly be ev5 imag9$8 ,to take "o example4 ,we h he>d1 speak+ ( embryology1 t ! feet ( liz>ds & ! w+s & feet ( birds arise f ! same fundam5tal =m ( limb1 :5ce x is argu$ t birds & liz>ds are alike desc5d$ f a common sauroid1 or liz>d-l1 ance/or1 ^: limbs 9 ! case ( ! =m] class h develop$ into w+s & into feet ( a totally new type1--:ile scales 7 develop+ into fea!rs1 & innum]able alt]ations ( int]nal /ructure 7 simultane\sly 9 progress4 ,b if s1 to conf9e our att5tion to "o p>ticul>1 x mu/ be true t ea* ( ! innum]able m9ute gradations betwe5 ! =e-limb ( a liz>d & ! w+ ( a bird1 0 9 its turn ! be/ k9d ( memb] = a creature to possess1 giv+ him a di/9ct advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 appe>s pla9] ?an t ?is c\ld n possibly h be5 ! case4 ,! limb %ap+ t[>ds a w+ w\ld be a v clumsy & ineffici5t leg long be=e x got to ! po9t at :i* x became ( ! slighte/ use = purposes ( flight1 t is to say be=e its alt]ation 0 accompani$ by any utility :atev]4 ,we c nei!r imag9e t creatures furni%$ ) limbs ( su* int]m$iate =ms c\ld h be5 o!rwise ?an hopelessly h&icapp$ by !m1 nor d we f9d any:]e 9 ! rocks any trace :atev] ( ! innum]able s]ies ( modifications :i* w\ld be ne$$ to l9k by imp]ceptible gradations legs & w+s toge!r4 ,x only s]ves to make ! matt] less intelligible1 t !re are f\nd 9 ,second>y /rata "s few relics ( birds ) decid$ly saurian *>act]i/ics1#aih z ! ,hesp]ornis & ,i*?yornis 9 ! ,*alk1 & ! ,ar*opt]yx1 mo/ anci5t ( f[ls1 l[] /ill1 9 ! ,oolite4 ,all ^! creatures h liz>d-l heads & tee?2 ! ,ar*opt]yx 9 addition has decid$ly reptilian *>act]s connect$ ) its w+s & tail4 ,b none ( !m ?r[ ! slighte/ light ^u ! po9t we are n[ consid]+4 ,9 ! case ( all1 ! problem ( flight has be5 completely solv$4 ,_! w+s are no rudim5t>y /ructures half way betwe5 legs & w+s1 b z f9i%$ productions z ^? ( to-day4 ,z ,pr(essor ,huxley ackn[l$ges1 if ! skeletons ( ,hesp]ornis & ,ic?yornis _h be5 f\nd )\t _! skulls1 !y w\ld probably h be5 class$ )\t m ado among/ exi/+ birds4 ,! latt] has1 he tells u1 /rong w+s1 & no d\bt possess$ correspond+ p[]s ( flight4 ,! w+s ( ,hesp]ornis1 he says1 resemble ^? ( our div]s & grebes1 & 7 probably us$1 l !irs1 *iefly = swimm+4#aii ,z = ! ,ar*opt]yx1 its reptilian features not)/&+1 x is a p]fectly-appo9t$ bird4 ,z ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 te/ifies1#bjj its w+1 despite ! peculi>ities m5tion$1 is completely develop$ z to all ess5tials4 ,nor does ev5 ?is memb] furni% ! creature ) its mo/ bird-l *>act]i/ics1--b ! keel$ brea/-bone1 s intimately connect$ ) ! requirem5ts ( flight1--&1 /ill m m>k$ly1 ! feet4 ,pr(essor ,huxley writes3 ,! feet are n only altoge!r bird-l1 b h ! special "* ( ! feet ( p]*+ birds2 :ile ! body _h a clo?+ ( true fea!rs4 ,?us1 to :atev] ^! ,saurian birds may te/ify1--& ! extreme importance ( _! evid5ce none w "q--!y no m s]ve to bridge ! gulf betwe5 reptiles & birds1 ?an a gr\p ( volcanic islets l ! ,azores bridges ! ,atlantic1 = !y supply no ve/ige ( a cont9u\s way f "o t]m to ! o!r4 ,r1 !y d b enhance ! my/]y ( ! trans=mation1 to ! mann] ( :i*1 despite _! composite features1 !y furni% no clue4 ,all su* difficulties are enorm\sly aggravat$ by a consid]ation :i*1 obvi\s z x is1 seems seldom to be consid]$4 ,! argum5ts we commonly he> appe> to imply t "o p>5t is suffici5t to secure ! transmission ( a b5eficial v>iation to ! next g5]ation4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! p>5t requires a mate1 & unless ?is mate has *anc$ to hit on ! same l9e ( v>iation1 x _c be suppos$ t x w be transmitt$4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 ! exce$+ m9ut5ess ( ^! v>iations 9 ea* in/ance1 !y c avail no?+ to br+ toge!r ! "r mates to p]petuate !m4 ,two reptiles1 = in/ance1 are n ! m likely to pair because _! =e limbs h tak5 ! fir/ fa9t & di/ant /ep t[>ds becom+ w+s1 :ile 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 not)/&+ ,erasmus ,d>w9's ,loves ( ! ,plants1 ! idea ( any *oice ( p>tn]s is /ill m grotesque4 ,! allotm5t ( mates mu/ !re=e be left to ,*ance2 & ! results w foll[ ! ord9>y laws ( probability4 ,accord+ly1 if we suppose s l>ge a proportion z five p] c5t41 or "o 9 tw5ty1 ( any species to possess an advantage\s v>iation1--only "o 9 tw5ty ( ! individuals ?us fav\r$ w secure a simil>ly fav\r$ mate1--= ea* w h n9ete5 wrong selections (f]$ to him or h]1 = "o "r "o4 ,only "o pair 9 f\r hundr$ w !re=e transmit ! v>iation to five p] c5t4 ( _! (fspr+1 or "o 9 eight ?\s& ( ! species1 & ( ^! only "o pair 9 a-hundr$-&-sixty-?\s& w make an advantage\s mat*4 ,su* is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( leav+ any def9ite result to ,*ance3 & "h x is t ,natural ,selection is f\nd to betray ! mo/ fatal ( all its defici5cies2 =1 :atev] its advocates may say1 x is ,*ance & ,*ance alone ^u :i* x relies4 ,j because man c & does select ! prop] mates1 is he able to produce by bre$+ ! results to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 appeals z evid5ce1 t ,nature hav+ no su* p[] ( selection1 mu/ be able to produce results ( :i* man _c ev5 dream4#bja ,natural ,selection is 9 tru? no selection at all1 t is j its weak po9t1 :i* ! title conf]r$ ^u x s]ves to hide4 ,:at are call$ its products owe no m to x ?an ,well+ton ow$ 8 g5]al%ip to ! bullets :i* did n hit him at ,s]+apatam4 ,if !y are n det]m9$ to a p>ticul> developm5t !y c atta9 x only by ,*ance4 ,( ,*ance1 en\gh has already be5 said4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor? our :ile to obs]ve h[ con/antly to ! la/ ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 haunt$ by ! consci\sness t ?is 0 9 reality ! factor ^u :i* 8 sy/em mu/ dep5d1 & t x c\ld n possibly acc\nt = mu* t he came across 9 nature4 ,if1 z he confess$1 ! sight ( a peacock's tail-fea!r made him sick1 x 0 j because its elaborate beauty1 to :i* no comm5surate advantage c be suppos$ to atta*1 =bade ! notion t 8 !ory c\ld acc\nt = x4 ,s1 ( ano!r /ill m m>vell\s in/ance 9 :i* ,nature exhibits arti/ic p[]1 namely ! ball-&-socket ornam5t on ! w+s ( ! ,argus pheasant1 he writes3#bjb ,no "o1 ,i presume1 w attribute ?is %ad+1 :i* has excit$ ! admiration ( _m exp]i5c$ arti/s1 to *ance--to ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms ( col\r+ matt]4 ,t ^! ornam5ts %\ld h be5 =m$ ?r\gh ! selection ( _m successive v>iations1 n "o ( :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ to produce ! ball-&-socket effect1 seems z incr$ible z t "o ( ,raphael's ,madonnas %\ld h be5 =m$ by ! selection ( *ance daubs ( pa9ts made by a long succession ( "y arti/s1 n "o ( :om int5d$ at fir/ to draw ! human figure4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,basal portion ( second>y w+-fea!r2 ne>e/ body1 %ew+ fir/ rudim5t ( ocelli4 #b4 ,portion ( second>y w+-fea!r ne> body1 %ew+ elliptic ornam5ts4 #c4 ,"p ( second>y w+-fea!r1 %ew+ develop$ ocelli4 ,fea!rs f w+ ( ,argus ,pheasant1 f ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 proce$s to argue at consid]able l5g? t an explanation consi/5t ) 8 !ory is fav\r$ by ! occurr5ce on ! same w+s ( designs exhibit+ e /age ( gradation f a m]e spot to ! f9i%$ ball-&-socket ocellus2 9 ! same way z ! tail fea!rs ( a peacock advance f a m]e sket* to ! complet$ design4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to und]/& 9 :at way ?is is suppos$ to solve ! difficulty & n va/ly to increase x4 ,t a f9i%$ arti/ic effect %\ld be =tuit\sly produc$ at all w\ld be incr$ible en\gh4 ,t x %\ld be work$ up by ,*ance ?r\gh a s]ies ( processes1 ea* do+ some?+ t[>ds its completion1 is surely n less1 b f> m inconceivable4 ,9 su* a mode ( explanation1 h[ev]1 is exemplifi$ a feature :i* mu/ n be =gott5 9 discuss+ ,d>w9ism1--namely ! fatal facility ) :i* seem+ argum5ts c be procur$ on its behalf4 ,z ,mr4 ,miv>t well rem>ks3#bjc ,! ,d>w9ian !ory has ! great advantage ( only ne$+ = its support ! sugge/ion ( "s possible utility1 actual or ance/ral1 9 ea* case--no difficult task = an +5i\s1 pati5t1 & accompli%$ ?9k]4 ,& our ,nor? ,briti% ,review] makes a simil> comm5t3 ,! believ] :o is at lib]ty to inv5t any imag9>y circum/ances1 w v g5]ally be able to conceive "s s]ies ( transmutations answ]+ 8 wants4 ,or if1 z 9 ! above in/ance ( ! ,argus' eyes1 a s]ies is actually f\nd1 x is ev5 less difficult to take = grant$ t x c h b "o significance2 :ile su* assumptions are too frequ5tly accept$ )\t hesitation or demur1 al?\gh x w\ld be no easy task to %[ t !y re/ ^u any solid gr\nds4 ,:51 9 addition1 ei!r ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself or "s ( 8 lead+ p>tisans has decl>$ t "s unv]ifi$ process has und\bt$ly occurr$1 or t !y see no reason to d\bt its occurr5ce1 or t no?+ :i* we "k precludes its possibility1--x appe>s to be widely suppos$ t some?+ sub/antial is !reby add$ to ! sci5tific evid5ce1 & t ! suppositions ?us sanction$ may ev5 rank z facts4 ,b h[ev] su* a me?od may avail to secure acceptance = a doctr9e1 x does no?+ = its sci5tific value4 ,su* a /yle1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t says1#bjd is calculat$ to impress only m9ds too easily dom9at$1 & n prep>$ by special /udies accurately to weigh ! evid5ce put be=e !m4 ,illu/rations ( ?is /range me?od ( proc$ure are furni%$ 9 connexion ) v>i\s po9ts already m5tion$4 ,?us1 z we h se51 ,mr4 ,d>w9 attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( rational spee*1 by ! consci\s utt]ance ( a significant s\nd by an unusually wise ape-l creature4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is v l>ge sugge/ion1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has no?+ m sub/antial to say#bje ?an t x does n appe> altoge!r incr$ible1 :i* does n appe> to take u v f>4#bjf ,yet ,i h se5 ?is describ$ z an idyllic sc5e %$d+ an entirely new light on ! subject4 ,s aga9 9 reg>d ( ! evolution ( ! eye4#bjg ,hav+ summ>ily enum]at$ ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t exhibit$ by ?is organ z actually exi/+ 9 v>i\s animals1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 goes on to say t :5 we rememb] h[ small ! numb] ( liv+ =ms mu/ be 9 comp>ison ) ext9ct1 & ! o!r gradations t may consequ5tly h exi/$1 ! difficulty ceases to be v great 9 believ+ t ,natural ,selection has connect$ ! mo/ rudim5t>y ) ! p]fect /ructure4 ,simil>ly1 z to ! cell-mak+ in/9ct ( ! bee1#bjh hav+ po/ulat$ f\r sev]al suppositions = :i* evid5ce is n =?com+1 he concludes3 ,by su* modification ( in/9cts 444 ,i believe t ! hive bee has acquir$1 ?r\gh natural selection1 h] inimitable ar*itectural p[]s4#bji ,simil> examples might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! tone ( su* utt]ances is m imp]i\s4 ,?us1 ( ! desc5t ( ,man f "s animal ance/or ,mr4 ,d>w9 pron\nces#baj ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ?is conclusion re/s w nev] be %ak51 & aga9#baa ! possession ( exalt$ m5tal p[]s is no insup]able objection to ?is conclusion 444 ,x is only p4 #cb our natural prejudice :i* leads u to demur to ?is conclusion4 ,he ev5 goes s f> z to decl>e t 8 view is =c$ ^u e man :o is n cont5t to assume ! m5tal attitude ( a savage4#bab ,argum5tation ( ?is "*1 :i* he f9ds common ) ,d>w9 to o!r ,evolutioni/s1 is judg$ by de ,quatrefages to be "o ( ! weake/ & mo/ mislead+ features ( _! sy/ems4 ,p]sonal conviction he writes1#bac m]e possibility1 are (f]$ z pro(s1 or at lea/ z argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! !ory4 ,c we admit _! validity8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,! human m9d c conceive _m ?+s3 is t a reason = accept+ !m all8444 ,obvi\sly m s]i\s pro(s are ne$$4 ,aft] all1 save :]e a contradiction is involv$1 ev]y?+ is possible4444 ,if adopt+1 "u ! %ad[ ( ,ok5's great "n1 8 pr9ciple ( ! repetition ( ph5om5a1 a naturali/ %\ld ma9ta9 t ea* ( ! planets has its own ,europe1 its ,engl&1 & its ,d>w9 exp\nd+ to ! ,jovians & ,saturnians ! orig9 ( species1 ,i d n q see h[ "o w\ld set ab\t %[+ him t he 0 wrong4 ,unque/ionably ! ?+ is possible4 ,are we to draw ! conclusion t x is a fact8 ,aga91#bad ! same di/+ui%$ naturali/1 hav+ quot$ ,d>w9's v elaborate explanation ( a difficulty1 rem>ks3 ,we see h[ ) ,d>w91 z ) 8 precursors1 "o hypo!sis necessitates ano!r4 ,b c he1 at lea/1 by means ( ^! subsidi>y !ories1 ^! comp>isons1 ^! metaphors1 acc\nt = all ! facts8 ,no1 he himself hone/ly confesses m ?an once t he _c4 ,x is true t he adds ,i am conv9c$ t ! objections h little weight1 & ! difficulties are n insoluble4 ,b is ?is conviction ( 8 a pro(1 or ev5 an argum5t8 ,m4 ,blan*>d likewise comm5ts vigor\sly on ?is mode ( argum5tation4 ,speak+ ( ! ,mole & ,d>w9's explanation ( its bl9dness1 namely t hav+ tak5 to liv+ "u-gr\nd x lo/ its eyes ?r\gh disuse--:i* he consid]s a mo/ prepo/]\s supposition1--,m ,blan*>d cont9ues3#bae ,! realms ( fancy are b\ndless2 b ! obs]v] :o is conc]n$ ) realities c only h rec\rse to ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,fossil rema9s discov]$ 9 v anci5t /rata %[ t ! und]gr\nd animal ( pres5t times does n diff] f 8 geological c\nt]p>t4 ,! ,mole belongs to a v peculi> type1 & has no ne>] ,european relatives ?an ! ,h$gehog & ! ,%rew4 ,c we imag9e a common ance/or ( ,%rews1 ,h$gehogs1 & ,moles8 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,d>w9 expresses no op9ion1--:i* %\ld n be1 = :5 confront$ by =ms cle>ly diff]5tiat$1 he is wont to extricate himself f difficulties ) mat*less facility4 ,! int]m$iate l9ks1 he w say1 7 d\btless less fitt$ to live ?an 7 ! o!rs1 & s h disappe>$4 ,aft] t ! ,evolutioni/s consid] any "o q out ( date :o does n consid] himself entirely satisfi$ ) s felicit\s an explanation4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages d5\nces ano!r fatal defect (t5 obs]vable 9 ! me?od ( pro(4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 frequ5tly compla9s t our actual k is incomplete4 ,b in/ead ( discov]+ 9 our lack ( precise & ext5sive in=mation a motive = caution1 he appe>s to d]ive f x only great] d>+4 ,doctr9es bas$ on ! in/ability ( species h (t5 be5 combat$ by geologi/s & palontologi/s4 ,9 reply to _! objections ,d>w9 devotes a :ole *apt] to %ew+ ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,= my "p1 he concludes1 ,i look at ! geological record z a hi/ory ( ! _w imp]fectly kept & writt5 9 a *ang+ dialect2 ( ?is hi/ory we possess ! la/ volume alone1 relat+ only to two or ?ree c\ntries4 ,( ?is volume1 only "h & !re a %ort *apt] has be5 pres]v$2 & ( ea* page1 only "h & !re a few l9es4 ,ea* ^w ( ! sl[ly-*ang+ language1 m or less diff]5t 9 ! successive *apt]s1 may repres5t ! =ms ( life1 :i* are entomb$ 9 our consecutive =mations1 & :i* falsely appe> to h be5 abruptly introduc$4 ,on ?is view1 ! difficulties above discuss$ are greatly dim9i%$1 or ev5 disappe>4 ,on my "p cont9ues ,m4 de ,quatrefages ,i w ask :e!r su* a conclusion is ! correct "o4 ,no d\bt1 ,d>w9 is "r 9 refus+ to c]ta9 naturali/s ! "r to dogmatize on ! /r5g? ( uncomplet$ /udies1 or scanty & isolat$ obs]vations4 ,is he !re=e entitl$ to allege z pro(s on 8 own behalf ! v gaps ( sci5ce1 appeal+ to ! lo/ volumes & leaves ( ,nature's *ronicle8 ,cle>ly n4 ,b ! slighte/ reflection suffices to recognize t ?is appeal to ! unkn[n1 s frankly evid5c$ 9 ! above passage1 lies at ! root ( all argum5tation analog\s to t :i* ,i h tri$ to describe--t ( ,maillet1 ,lam>ck1 & ,ge(froy1#baf z well z ,d>w94 ,only ! unkn[n1 9 soo?1 c op5 ! b\ndless region ( speculation1 :]e ! possible replaces ! actual1 & :]e1 despite ! wide/ k & ! s\nde/ intellig5ce1 "o comes z by a fatality to f9d a conclusive pro( on "o's own side1 precisely 9 t ( :i* we pr(ess to "k no?+4 ,s aga91 speak+ ( a c]ta9 conclusion ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's conc]n+ ! embryology ( lemurs1 :i* ,,mm4 ,gr&idi] & ,alphonse ,edw>ds aft]w>ds prov$ exp]im5tally to be altoge!r errone\s1 de ,quatrefages writes3#bag ,haeckel w p]haps answ] t ! publication ( 8 book prec$$ ! obs]vation ( ! ,fr5* savants4 ,b su* a plea itself discloses a me?od ( proc$ure :i* is common to ! majority ( evolutioni/s1 & ( :i*1 x mu/ be add$1 ,d>w9 set ! example4 ,:5 confront$ by a "q ab\t :i* nobody kn[s any?+1 !y appeal precisely to ?is want ( k1 & draw argum5ts f _! v ignorance4 ,9 l mann] speaks ! ,review] already cit$ m ?an once4 ,?us3#bah ,! peculi>ities ( geographical di/ribution seem v difficult ( explanation on any !ory4 ,d>w9 calls 9 alt]nately w9ds1 tides1 birds1 bea/s1 all animat$ nature1 z ! diffus]s ( species1 & !n a good _m ( ! same ag5cies z imp5etrable b>ri]s4444 ,) ^! facilities ( hypo!sis !re seems to be no p>ticul> reason :y _m !ories %\ld n be true4 ,h[ev] an animal may h be5 produc$1 x mu/ h be5 produc$ some:]e1 & x mu/ ei!r h spread v widely or n h spread1 & ,d>w9 c give good reasons = bo? results4 ,& aga93#bai ,we are ask$ to believe all ^! maybes happ5+ on an enorm\s scale1 9 ord] t we may believe ! f9al ,d>w9ian maybe z to ! orig9 ( species4 ,! g5]al =m ( 8 argum5t is z foll[s3--,all ^! ?+s may h be51 !re=e my !ory is possible1 & s9ce my !ory is a possible "o1 all ^? hypo!ses :i* x requires are r5d]$ probable4 ,!re is little direct evid5ce t any ( ^! maybes actually h be54 ,9 no respect1 moreov]1 h ,d>w9's foll[]s m closely imitat$ _! ma/] ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( su* hypo!ses1 :i* w\ld appe> to con/itute 9 ! eyes ( _m ! mo/ important "w ( ,sci5ce4 ,att5tion has v l>gely be5 div]t$ f ,nature z actually exi/+1 :i* seems to be /udi$ m = ! light x c be suppos$ to ?r[ ^u evolution>y hi/ory1 ?an simply = itself1 & x seems to be ?\ght t to imag9e ! mode ( an evolution>y process is equival5t to e/abli%+ ! facts :i* t process supposes4 ,by ?is me?od l5g?y & le>n$ pap]s are writt5 conc]n+ ! trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r1 :i* 9 reality d no m ?an describe 9 m9ute detail all ! *anges :i* mu/ h tak5 place1 if ! said trans=mation really occurr$4 ,t ,sci5ce is ?us b5efit$1 is n ! op9ion ( "s at lea/ :o are well entitl$ to speak on h] behalf1 = z ! ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nean ,society rec5tly obs]v$1#bbj z "o gr[s old]1 x becomes m & m app>5t t facts alone are ( any s]i\s int]e/1 & t speculations h[ev] +5i\s & attractive are be/ left to ! con/ructive & de/ructive en]gies ( ! "y4 ,s too1 a few ye>s ago1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,microscopical ,society compla9$ t int]e/ 9 liv+ creatures is l>gely supplant$ by dead ones4#bba ,we read mu* he said ( ! animal's organs3 we see plates %[+ t its bri/les h be5 c\nt$1 & its muscul> fibres trac$ to ! la/ ?read2 we h ! /ructure ( its tissues analyz$ to _! v elem5ts2 we h long discussions on its title to rank ) ?is gr\p or t2 & sometimes ev5 disquisitions on ! probable =m & habits ( "s extremely remote1 b q hypo!tical1 ance/or1 :o is made to degrade 9 ?is way1 or to advance 9 t1 or :o is cr$it$ ) "o organ or depriv$ ( ano!r1 j z ! ev]-v>y+ necessities ( a desp]ate hypo!sis require4444 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! "q :i* mu/ by no means be ov]look$4 ,x has to be assum$ t ,natural ,selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 necess>ily t5ds to ! b5efit ( ! race & moreov] to its f>!r developm5t on ! upw>d grade1 t[>ds a m p]fect & m specializ$ organization2--9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s words1 to progression f a relatively indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity1 to a relatively def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity4 ,b "h _m que/ions occur4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a consid]ation pres5ts itself1 :i* appe>s to furni% ! mo/ =midable ( all difficulties 9 ! way ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis4 ,h[ c ?is /ruggle = exi/5ce be suppos$ to h any t5d5cy to promote organic developm5t to ev] high] & m p]fect types1 9 ! ord]ly sequ5ce :i* has 9 fact occurr$8 ,! ,survival ( ! fitte/ means only ! survival ( ! fitte/ to survive1--( su* z c f9d means ( liv+ :]e o!rs _c4 ,unless x c be %[n t increas$ complexity ( organization necess>ily br+s ) x su* increas$ vitality1 ,natural ,selection c d no?+ = organic developm5t4 ,if ! m]e p[] ( liv+ be ! only factor 9 ! process1 z on ,mr4 ,d>w9's %[+ x is1 a man is only a m complicat$ & delicate ma*9e = secur+ ! same object :i* c equally well1 or bett]1 be atta9$ by a mole1 a cockroa*1 or a microbe4 ,& :o w say t1 s f> z ?is p>ticul> end is conc]n$1 he is bett] equipp$ ?an creatures :i* all ! res\rces ( civilization are p[]less to ext]m9ate8 ,t practical advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ necess>ily accompany increas$ specialization ( organs1 & ?us produce a high] organization1 0 a prime po9t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's argum5t1 ?\gh at ! same "t he f\nd himself compell$ to encumb] x ) qualifications :i* g v f> to neutralize its =ce2 = he _h to expla9 ! obvi\s fact t s _m creatures :i* repres5t ! l[e/ & lea/ specializ$ =ms ( life1 h surviv$ d[n to our own "t4 ,?us he writes3#bbb ,! degree ( diff]5tiation & specialization ( ! p>ts 9 organic be+s1 :5 arriv$ at maturity1 is ! be/ /&>d1 z yet sugge/$1 ( _! degree ( p]fection or highness4 ,z ! specialization ( p>ts is an advantage to ea* be+1 s natural selection w t5d to r5d] ! organization ( ea* be+ m specializ$ & p]fect1 & 9 ?is s5se high]2 n b t x may leave _m creatures ) simple & unimprov$ /ructures fitt$ = simple conditions ( life1 & 9 "s cases w ev5 degrade or simplify ! organization1 yet leav+ su* degrad$ be+s bett] fitt$ = _! new walks ( life4 ,by ?is fundam5tal te/ ( victory 9 ! battle ( life1 z well z by ! /&>d ( ! specialization ( organs1 mod]n =ms ought1 on ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 to /& high] ?an anci5t =ms4 ,is ?is ! case8 ,a l>ge numb] ( palontologi/s w\ld answ] 9 ! affirmative2 & x seems t ?is answ] mu/ be admitt$ z true1 ?\gh difficult ( pro(4 ,t is to say1 ,natural ,selection is j z ready to degrade z to elevate a creature1 accord+ to ! actual requirem5ts ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$1 & h[ f> progress has be5 ! rule1 r ?an /ability or retrogression1 is a "q = geological hi/ory to det]m9e4 ,?is we %all h to consid] 9 our next *apt]4 ,x is likewise obvi\s t s f> z ! m]e /ruggle = exi/5ce is conc]n$1 a species ea* ( ^: individual memb]s is b poorly furni%$1 may nev]!less fl\ri% unimpair$ on ! m]e /r5g? ( its fecundity4 ,x is ?us1 says ,m4 ,blan*>d1#bbc t ! l[] =ms ( life cont9ue to hold _! own despite ! enorm\s ravages to :i* !y are subject4 ,! h]r+1 = example1 af=ds food to all ! f[ls ( ! air & fi% ( ! sea1 ov] & above ! myriads annually requisition$ by man4 ,yet its ho/s %[ no sign ( be+ ext]m9at$ or ev5 r$uc$4 ,mu* ! same is ! case ( ! cod2 b a tribe "o individual ( :i* has be5 kn[n to produce n9e million eggs does n require mu* 9 ! way ( coh]5t het]og5eity to ensure its survival4 ,?us x appe>s t ( itself ,d>w9ism af=ds no explanation :atev] ( ! regul> progression ( life =ms f l[] to high]1 to :i* ! records ( ,nature be> witness1 & :i* is ! "o solid fact sugge/+ ! idea ( ,evolution4 ,su* are "s ( ! reasons :i*1 on purely rational gr\nds1 appe> amply to ju/ify ^? :o decl9e to pl$ge _! fai? to ,d>w9ism1 9 spite ( ! popul>ity x enjoys4 ,b :at is to be said ( ! ph5om5a cit$ z furni%+ positive & unimpea*able evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 :i* 7 m5tion$ above 9 our sket* ( its ma9 features8 ,fir/ z to ! rudim5t>y1 fragm5t>y1 or ve/igial organs s common 9 ,nature4 ,^!1 x is said1 be+ ( no possible advantage to _! possessors1 & (t5 a s]i\s disadvantage1 c be expla9$ only by suppos+ t !y 7 s]viceable 9 ! pa/ to ! ance/ral race :5ce ^! possessors are d]iv$1 & h s9ce be5 sup]s$$ by o!r modifications ( /ructure1 s z to dw9dle away by disuse4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 seems a v plausible explanation1 b x does n foll[ t we ought imm$iately to adopt x z a c]ta9ty1 in/ead ( sett+ ourselves to exam9e h[ x accords ) all ! facts4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s & less sci5tific ?an to be 9 a hurry to conclude t ev]y?+ is c]ta9 :i* seems to ourselves probable1 especially if x suits a !ory ( our own4 ,un=tunately1 ?is law is too frequ5tly m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself furni%es an example4 ,he is q sure t ! rudim5t>y /ructures c h b "o significance1 & t !y are fatal to ! idea ( purpose 9 ,nature1 ! object ( 8 special av]sion1 & s he has propos$ a new t]m1 ,dy/eleology1 to embody ?is idea1 ( :i* he says1#bbd ,dy/eleology1 or ! !ory ( purposelessness is ! "n ,i h giv5 to ! sci5ce ( rudim5t>y organs1 ( suppress$ & deg5]at$1 aimless & inactive1 p>ts ( ! body2 "o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( comp>ative anatomy1 :i*1 :5 rightly e/imat$1 is alone suffici5t to refute ! fundam5tal error ( ! teleological & duali/ic conception ( ,nature1 & to s]ve z ! f\ndation ( ! me*anical & moni/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,x w be suffici5t to quote ,pr(essor ,huxley's rem>ks ^u ?is passage1 tak5 f ! v laudatory review he wrote ( ! "w 9 :i* x occurs4#bbe ,pr(essor ,haeckel has inv5t$ a new & conv5i5t "n1 ,dy/eleology1 = ! /udy ( ! purposelessnesses :i* are obs]vable 9 liv+ organisms--su* z ! multitud9\s cases ( rudim5t>y & app>5tly useless /ructures4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t x has (t5 appe>$ to me t ! facts ( ,dy/eleology cut two ways4 ,if we are to assume1 z evolutioni/s 9 g5]al d1 t useless organs atrophy1 su* cases z ! exi/5ce ( lat]al rudim5ts ( toes 9 ! foot ( a horse place u 9 a dilemma4 ,=1 ei!r ^! rudim5ts are ( no use to ! animal1 9 :i* case1 consid]+ t ! horse has exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m s9ce ! ,plioc5e epo*1 !y surely ought to h disappe>$2 or !y are ( "s use to ! animal1 9 :i* case !y are ( no use z argum5ts aga9/ ,teleology4 ,a simil>1 b /rong] argum5t may be bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( teats1 & ev5 functional mamm>y gl&s 9 male mammals4444 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! mamm>y gl& 0 z app>5tly useless 9 ! remote/ male mammalian ance/or ( man z 9 liv+ m51 & yet x has n disappe>$4 ,is x !n /ill pr(itable to ! male organism to reta9 x8 ,possibly2 b 9 t case its dy/eleological value is gone4 ,9 lat] editions ,pr(essor ,huxley fur!r obs]v$3 ,! rec5t discov]y ( ! important "p play$ by ! ,?yroid gl& %\ld be a w>n+ to all speculators ab\t useless organs4#bbf ,x seems1 !re=e1 ! wis] "p to refra9 f bas+ any vital conclusions ^u ^! organs until we c assure ourselves t our k w>rants our s do+4 ,z ! same ,pr(essor ,huxley intimat$1 x might be well = palontologi/s1 & d\btless = biologi/s likewise1#bbg ,to le>n a little m c>efully t sci5tific 'ars artium1' ! art ( say+ ',i don't "k4' ,s aga9 z to ! ph5om5a ( embryology4 ,no d\bt !y are v /rik+ & impressive4 ,t ! mo/ highly develop$ creatures1 & man himself1 %\ld 9 ! fir/ /ages ( exi/5ce exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( l[] =ms1 is an exemplification ( developm5t no less signal ?an ! succession ( asc5d+ types witness$ to by ! rocks4 ,x is n easy to see1 h[ev]1 :y x %\ld be tak5 = grant$ t ?is c only signify g5etic desc5t f all su* =ms1 & t ^! embryo animals are engag$ 9 climb+ up _! g5ealogical trees4 ,yet ?is is usually assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & any "o :o v5tures to "q ! validity ( su* an inf]5ce1 mu/ be prep>$ to f9d himself accus$ ( dogmatiz+4 ,& yet1 aft] all1 ^u :at gr\nds does ! assumption re/8 ,t su* a recapitulation ( racial exp]i5ces =ms no ess5tial feature ( ,evolution is suffici5tly evid5t f ! case ( ! vegetable _w1--= plants d n climb _! g5ealogical trees1 or pass 9 ! se$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( botanical phases4 ,& z to animals1 s9ce ?r\gh all v>ieties ( =m1 ea* always arrives at ! requir$ t]m1 x is obvi\s t1 ap>t f any ar*aic associations1 & on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples !mselves1 ^! =ms mu/ be ! be/ = ! purpose at ea* respective /age1--p]haps ! only ones by :i* ! t]m c\ld be rea*$4 ,x is !re=e1 to say ! lea/1 q conceivable1 t we h "h ! :ole explanation & ne$ g no fur!r4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances ?is obvi\s consid]ation is /rik+ly illu/rat$4 ,?us ! salam&]1 an ,amphibian ( ! newt family1 br+s =? its "y 9 adult condition )\t gills4#bbh ,b previ\sly to bir? !y h gills relatively l>ge4 ,! exp]im5t hav+ be5 tri$ ( br++ "s ( !m =? by artificial means be=e _! "t1 & plac+ !m 9 wat]1 ! fir/ ?+ !y did 0 to ca/ (f ^! big gills1 :i* 7 spe$ily replac$ by new ones ( mu* small] size1 & evid5tly bett] suit$ = ! "w requir$1 z !y la/$ z long z a =tnight4 ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is q impossible to suppose t ! l>ge gills w\ld cont9ue to appe> unless !y 7 ( advantage dur+ ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,x is equally evid5t t x is n f a previ\s aquatic condition t !y are inh]it$1 = 9 su* a condition !y are useless4 ,f9ally1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t obs]ves1 ! new gills1 suitable = unwont$ conditions1 7 develop$ n 9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ rivals1 b directly & spontane\sly f ! innate nature ( ! animal4 ,?is view ( ! matt] comm5d$ itself on mature consid]ation to s ard5t an evolutioni/ z ,c>l ,vogt1 ) :om we may c\ple ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 :o cites 8 words ) approval z foll[s3#bbi ,x has be5 laid d[n z a fundam5tal law ( biog5esis t ontog5y 7! developm5t ( ! individual7 & phylog5y 7t ( ! race7 mu/ exactly correspond4444 ,?is law :i* ,i long held z well f\nd$ is absolutely & radically false4 ,att5tive /udy ( embryology %[s u1 9 fact1 t embryos h _! own conditions suitable to !mselves1 v diff]5t f ^? ( adults4 ,9 a ^w1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages cont9ues1 ! le>n$ ,g5evan pr(essor rightly consid]s t1 ',! ontog5esis ( all organic be+s )\t exception1 is ! normal result ( all ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* op]ate ^u su* be+s4' ,b x mu/1 moreov]1 be not$ t ! /ory :i* embryology c be made to tell is by no means s pla9 z we might easily be l$ to suppose4 ,?us1 al?\gh snakes are held to be desc5d$ f liz>ds1 & "s ( !m h rudim5t>y legs ev5 9 ! adult /age1 o!rs h no trace ( limbs ev5 9 ! egg1 :ile !y h ve/iges ( gills1 & ?us w\ld seem to be visibly l9k$ to anci5t wat]-dwell+ ance/ors1 & n to f> m rec5t l&-dwell]s4 ,aga92#bcj ,amphibians 7frogs1 newts & ! l7 agree 9 "s respects1 z to ! developm5t ( ! g]m1 ) mammals1 diff]+ 9 ! same respects f reptiles & birds4 ,b reptiles & birds are suppos$ to be a m rec5t developm5t ?an ,amphibia1 & !re=e %\ld int]v5e betwe5 !m & mammals on ! g5ealogical tree4 ,moreov] ! eggs ( "o gr\p ( ,amphibians are f\nd to exhibit "s rem>kable resemblances to ^? ( reptiles & birds1 f :i* x w\ld ?us appe> to h d]iv$ !m1 al?\gh on o!r gr\nds x is decl>$ to be ( an old] /ock ?an !irs4 ,mo/ frogs1 toads1 & newts come out ( ! egg z tadpoles1 furni%$ ) gills & s brea?+ 9 wat]4 ,?is %\ld signify t ^! creatures are desc5d$ f fi% or fi%like ance/ors4 ,b "o frog 7,rana opi/hodon7 is nev] a tadpole ev5 9 ! egg1 f :i* he gets out by means ( a special op5] on 8 sn\t :i* he has someh[ acquir$4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 newts#bca bre$ z tadpoles in/ead ( 9 _! mature =m1 :i* looks l an attempt to climb d[n ! tree in/ead ( up4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! latt] phrase 0 t us$ by ,pr(essor ,milnes ,m>%all4 ,yet ev5 he express$ himself /rongly conc]n+ ! exagg]ations ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel on ?is subject4 ,9 8 review ( ,haeckel's ,an?ropog5ie1#bcb aft] obs]v+ t _m descriptions ( human embryology h be5 bas$ on obs]vations ( dogs1 pigs1 rabbits1 or ev5 *ick5s & dogfi%1 he ?us cont9u$ reg>d+ ! book be=e him3 ,a /ud5t :o reli$ on ,pr(essor ,haeckel's description1 w\ld obta9 an entirely errone\s idea ( ! developm5t ( ! human embryo4444 ,x is a matt] = great regret t a book ( #ijj pages1 be>+ su* a title1 %\ld be all[$ to appe>1 9 :i* ! acc\nt ( ! actual developm5t ( ! human embryo is s inadequate or ev5 errone\s4 ,f> m fundam5tal1 h[ev]1 is a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,miv>t's1 t if1 z ,d>w9ians say1 ! developm5t ( ! individual is an epitome ( t ( ! species1 ! latt] mu/ l ! =m] be due to ! action ( def9ite innate laws unconsci\sly c>ry+ out def9ite preorda9$ ends & purposes4 ,= al?\gh cells or embryos may be indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 & may appe> to u id5tical 9 con/itution1 _! diff]5ces are absolute4 ,ea* is det]m9$ to be "o sort ( animal & no o!r1 & c live at all only on condition ( develop+ t[>ds ! prescrib$ =m4--,!re=e1 :atev] evid5ce ! embryonic =ms may be suppos$ to af=d 9 support ( ,evolution1 !y h no?+ 9 common ) ! haphaz>d process ( ,natural ,selection4 ,& "h aga9 ,pr(essor ,huxley f\nd himself oblig$ to ent] 8 caveat1 & to intimate 8 op9ion t "s ( 8 fri5ds 7 incl9$ to build too confid5tly ^u ?is f\ndation4 ,z 8 biograph] ,pr(essor ,weldon writes 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography3 ,d>w9 _h sugge/$ an int]pretation ( ! facts ( embryology :i* l$ to ! hope t a full] k ( developm5t might reveal ! hi/ory ( all ! great gr\ps ( animals at lea/ 9 its ma9 outl9es4 ,?is hope 0 ( s]vice z a /imulus to rese>*1 b ! attempt to int]pret ! ph5om5a obs]v$ l$ to speculations :i* 7 (t5 fanciful & always incapable ( v]ification4 ,huxley 0 ke5ly s5sible ( ! dang] att5d+ ! use ( a hypo!tical explanation1 lead+ to conclusions :i* _c be exp]im5tally te/$1 & he c>efully avoid$ x4444 ,9 ! preface to ! ,manual ( ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,inv]tebrat$ ,animals1 he says3 ,i h ab/a9$ f discuss+ que/ions ( tiology1#bcc n because ,i und]e/imate _! importance1 or am ins5sible to ! int]e/ ( ! great problem ( ,evolution1 b because1 to my m9d1 ! gr[+ t5d5cy to mix up tiological speculations ) morphological g5]alizations w1 if un*eck$1 ?r[ ,biology into confusion4 ,accord+ly1 ,huxley himself bas$ 8 fai? 9 ,evolution on palontological evid5ce1 & attempt$ to decide ! precise c\rse x _h foll[$ only 9 ! few cases :]e ! evid5ce seem$ to him suffici5tly complete4 ,?is l9e ( enquiry we h /ill to pursue1 b mean:ile1 x is evid5t t ! ph5om5a we h be5 consid]+1 fail+ to meet ! approval ( s ?or\gh-go+ an ,evolutioni/ z he und\bt$ly 01 _c be said to furni% conv9c+ sci5tific evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x w be ask$ h[ x comes to pass1 if ! ,d>w9ian sy/em really lies op5 to s _m objections1 t x occupies s l>ge a place 9 sci5tific e/imation4 ,to ?is we mu/ reply t1 9 spite ( its great "n1 its success has ?r\gh\t be5 popul> r ?an truly sci5tific1 & t z "t w5t on x has lo/ gr\nd among ! class ( m5 be/ qualifi$ to judge4 ,evolutioni/s !re are 9 pl5ty1--b v few g5u9e ,d>w9i/s1 & among/ ^! c by no means be reckon$ all :o adopt ! title1 = n a few ( !m--z ,romanes & ,weismann--pr(ess doctr9es :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ^? ( ,d>w9 himself4 ,mean:ile1 an increas+ volume ( sci5tific op9ion sets def9itely aga9/ ,d>w9ism z an adequate explanation ( ! philosophy ( life1 & falls into ! view express$ long ago by ,*>les ,rob9#bcd :o1 z a free?9k]1 _h no antec$5t objections aga9/ x1 ,d>w9ism is a fiction1 a poetical accumulation ( probabilities )\t pro(1 & ( attractive explanations )\t demon/ration4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to cite te/imonies at l5g?1 b1 9 addition to ,m4 de ,quatrefages :o has made a full & c>eful /udy ( ! :ole "q1 ,*>les ,d>w9 et ses prcurseurs ,franais1 & ,les ,emules de ,d>w9 may be m5tion$ su* cont95tal s*ol>s z ,blan*>d ,la vie des tres anims1 ,wig& ,d] ,d>w9ismus und die ,natur=s*ung1 etc41 ,wolff ,beitrge zur ,kritik d] d>w9s*5 ,lehre1 ,hamann ,entwicklungslehre und ,d>w9ismus1 ,pauly ,wahres und ,fals*es an ,d>w9s ,lehre1 ,dries* ,biologis*es ,z5tralblatt1 #ahif & #aijb1 ,plate ,b$eutung und ,tragweite des ,d>w9s*5 ,selektionspr9cip1 ,h]twig ,address to ,naturali/ ,congress1 ,aa*51 #aijj1 ,he] ,urwelt d] ,s*weiz1 ,kllik] ,ueb] die d>w9's*e ,s*pfung/heorie1 ,eim] ,ent/ehung d] ,art51 ,von ,h>tmann ,wahrheit und ,irr?um im ,d>w9ismus1 ,s*ilde ,antid>w9i/is*es im ,ausl&1 ,du ,bois-,reymond ,conf]5ce1 ,augu/ #b1 #ahha1 etc41 ,vir*[ ,freiheit d] ,wiss5s*aft1 etc41 ,ngeli ,me*anis*-physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre1 ,s*aafhaus5 ,ueb] die an?ropologis*5 ,frag51 ,fe*n] ,ide5 zur ,s*pfungs-und ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,organism51 ,jakob ,d] ,m5s*1 etc41 ,diebold] ,d>w9s ,grundpr9zip1 etc41 ,hub] ,die ,lehre ,d>w9s kritis* betra*tet1 ,joseph ,ranke1 & ,von ,bau]1--all ( :om ei!r reject ,d>w9ism altoge!r1 or admit x only ) fatal res]vations4 ,special weight mu/ atta* to ! adv]se v]dict ( ,m4 ,fabre1 /yl$ by ,d>w9 himself t inimitable obs]v]1 :o decl>es t he _c reconcile ! !ory ) ! facts he enc\nt]s4#bce ,x mu/ be suffici5t to quote "o or two ( our own c\ntrym51 ^: utt]ances w enable u to =m an op9ion z to ! true sci5tific /atus ( ! doctr9e4 ,we may beg9 ) ,huxley1 ! great popul> *ampion ( ,d>w9ism1 :o did m ?an any o!r man to spread ! new doctr9e4 ,yet1 /range to say1 he seems nev] to h really accept$ its fundam5tal t5et himself1 always appe>+ v %y ( ,natural ,selection1 & c>efully ab/a9+ f committ+ himself to any responsibility = x4 ,?us 9 8 treatise on ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 he ?us expla9s 8 position 9 its reg>d3 ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis is n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 inconsi/5t ) any biological fact2 on ! contr>y1 if admitt$1 ! facts ( ,developm5t1 ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ( ,geographical ,di/ribution1 & ( ,palontology1 become connect$ toge!r1 & exhibit a mean+ su* z !y nev] possess$ be=e2 & ,i1 = "o1 am firmly conv9c$1 t if n precisely true1 t hypo!sis is z ne> an approximation to ! tru? z1 = example1 ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis 0 to ! true !ory ( ! planet>y motions4 ,b = all ?is1 our acceptance ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis mu/ be provisional s long z "o l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce is want+2 & s long z all ! animals & plants c]ta9ly produc$ by selective bre$+ f a common /ock are f]tile ) "o ano!r1 ! l9k w be want+4 ,=1 s long1 selective bre$+ w n be prov$ to be compet5t to d all t is requir$ ( x to produce natural species4 ,?is miss+ l9k1 l v>i\s o!rs1 has nev] be5 suppli$1 & 9 consequ5ce ,pr(essor ,huxley nev] ab&on$ 8 attitude ( res]ve4 ,on ! contr>y1 :51 9 #ahhj1 he deliv]$ an address to celebrate ! ,com+ ( ,age ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species he dis*>g$ ! task )\t once m5tion+ ,natural ,selection1 :i* is to t "w z ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k is to ,hamlet4 ,b !re is "o passage 9 ! said address1 :i* des]ves to be specially rememb]$3 ,hi/ory w>ns u t x is ! cu/om>y fate ( new tru?s to beg9 z h]esies & to end z sup]/itions2 &1 z matt]s n[ /&1 x is h>dly ra% to anticipate t1 9 ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 ! new g5]ation1 educat$ "u ! influ5ces ( ! pres5t day1 w be 9 dang] ( accept+ ! ma9 doctr9es ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ) z little reflection1 & x may be ) z little ju/ification1 z s _m ( our contempor>ies1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 reject$ !m4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,pr(essor ,romanes pron\nc$ z foll[s3#bcf ,at pres5t x w\ld be impossible to f9d any work+ naturali/ :o supposes t survival ( ! fitte/ is compet5t to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( species-=mation4 ,z to ! actual position n[ occupi$ 9 ,sci5tific op9ion by ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!ses1 we may cont5t ourselves ) ! decl>ation ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,h4 ,v9es 9 8 ,presid5tial address to ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,may #bd1 #aijb4 #a4 ,x is e/abli%$ t ,natural ,selection1 ?\gh x may h p]petuat$ species1 _c h orig9at$ any4 #b4 ,x is /ill a my/]y :y ,evolution %\ld t5d f ! l[] to ! high]1 f simple to complex organisms4 #c4 ,! facts seem to admit ( no o!r int]pretation ?an t v>iation is n z ,d>w9 suppos$ indet]m9ate1 b t !re is 9 liv+ matt] an inh]5t det]m9ation 9 fav\r ( v>iation 9 ! high] direction4 ,t is to say1 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species does n expla9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species2 & z to ! laws :i* gov]n ,evolution we c be sure only t !y are n ^? :i* he assign$4 ,9 l mann]1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge pron\nces3#bcg ,take ! orig9 ( species by ! p]si/5ce ( fav\rable v>iations2 h[ is ! appe>ance ( ^! same fav\rable v>iations acc\nt$ =8 ,except by artificial selection n at all4 ,giv5 _! appe>ance1 _! developm5t by /ruggle & inh]itance & survival c be expla9$2 b t !y arose spontane\sly1 by r&om *anges )\t purpose1 is an ass]tion :i* _c be made4 ,we are ?us 9 a position to =m our own judgm5t z to ! claim made on behalf ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 ) :i* we />t$ ?is *apt]--namely1 t he has elim9at$ all my/]y f ! organic _w by ! discov]y ( natural me*anical laws by :i* all its op]ations are gov]n$4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to und]/& h[ ,d>w9i/s !mselves c suppose _! sy/em to make any su* claim1 =1 z ,m4 ,paul ,vignon truly obs]ves1#bch ,la sci5ce d>w9ni5ne s'imag9ait avoir triomph du ,sph9x1 alors qu'elle avait simplem5t dcompos le problme dans une monnaie d'nigmes mo9s rb>batives en app>5ce4 ,z has be5 said1 x is f> m on acc\nt ( ! va/ consequ5ces pr(ess$ly bas$ ^u x1 z a sure f\ndation /one1 ?an = its own sake1 t x has seem$ advisable to devote s mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( ,d>w9ism1 q ap>t f :i* ! :ole "q ( organic ,evolution /ill dem&s consid]ation4 ,x seems f> m j to conclude ) ,m4 ,fabre3#bci ,let u ackn[l$ge t 9 tru? we "k no?+ ab\t any?+1 s f> z ultimate tru?s are conc]n$4 ,sci5tifically consid]$ nature is a riddle to :i* human curiosity c f9d no answ]4 ,hypo!sis foll[s hypo!sis1 ! ru9s ( !ories are pil$ "o on ano!r1 b tru? ev] escapes u4 ,to le>n h[ to rema9 9 ignorance may well be ! f9al lesson ( wisdom4#bdj ,,xvi ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,evolution ,leav+ ! field ( speculation & tiology1 we h n[ to enquire1 n to :at causes organic ,evolution may be attributable1 b h[ f> x c be %ewn to h actually occurr$4 ,?is c be le>nt only f ! hi/ory ( life ^u e>? z disclos$ by ! evid5ce ( palontology1 or ! geological record1 & we are ?us br\ght to ! inve/igation ( t evid5ce1 by :i* alone1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley agrees1 c ! tru? ab\t ,evolution be sci5tifically or satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,9 8 address rec5tly m5tion$ on occasion ( ! tw5ty-fir/ bir?day ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 hav+ spok5 ( v>i\s advances ( our k1 z 9 comp>ative anatomy & embryology1 :i* _h help$ to w9 acceptance = trans=mi/ doctr9es1 he ?us cont9u$3 ,b all ?is rema9s m]e second>y evid5ce4 ,x may remove diss5t1 b x does n compel ass5t4 ,prim>y & direct evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution c be furni%$ only by palontology4 ,! geological record1 s soon z x approa*es complet5ess1 mu/1 :5 prop]ly que/ion$1 yield ei!r an affirmative or a negative answ]2 if evolution has tak5 place1 !re w its m>k be left2 if x has n tak5 place1 !re w be its refutation4 ,?is is common s5se4 ,evolution c claim to be a sci5tific tru?1 only s f> z cle> evid5ce is =?com+ t ,evolution !re has be54 ,if ! geological record be suffici5tly complete to prove or disprove its claims1 ! "q is settl$ = ev]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! record be n complete en\gh = a conclusive v]dict1 x is1 at lea/1 h>d to und]/& ! gr\nds ( su* a /atem5t z t ! doctr9e ( ,evolution has long s9ce pass$ beyond ! /age ( discussion among sci5tific ?9k]s2#bda or t ( ,pr(essor ,m>%1 t to d\bt ,evolution is to d\bt ,sci5ce2 or ( ,pr(essor ,huxley himself#bdb--,s f> z ! animal _w is conc]n$1 ,evolution is no long] a speculation1 b a matt] ( hi/orical fact4 ,?is hi/orical enquiry is accord+ly all-important1 & x is "o :i* %\ld be easy to und]take )\t any prepossessions1 = x is h>d to see ^u :at priori gr\nds ^! c\ld re/4 ,t !re has be5 ,evolution 9 "o s5se ( ! t]m is obvi\s1--t is to say1 developm5t ( organic types f l[] to high] =ms1 f ! sea-we$ or fungus to ! oak or ! rose1 f ! />-fi% or ! coral-insect1 to ! eagle or to man4 ,! "q is1 n :e!r !re has be5 su* a progressive succession ( =ms1 b :e!r "o =m has proce$$ f ano!r g5etically1 be+ produc$ 9 ! same mann] z individuals ( a species n[ are4 ,t ?is has be5 ! case1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley tells u 9 ! same address1 is ! corn]/one ( evolution>y tea*+4 ,he appe>s inde$ to re/rict ,evolution )9 ! limits ( classes & gr\ps1 b su* re/riction is s contr>y to all 8 pr9ciples t ! words :i* seem to imply x c sc>cely be tak5 z hav+ any def9ite significance4 ,%\ld ! appe>ance ( diff]5t classes & gr\ps require to be sev]ally acc\nt$ =1 we %\ld be l&$ back 9 ! sy/em ( sep>ate creations aga9/ :i* he is nev] tir$ ( inveigh+4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( all =ms ( ! !ory ( evolution appli$ to biology he says is t ! innum]able species1 g5]a1 & families ( organic be+s ) :i* ! _w is peopl$ h all desc5d$1 ea* )9 its own class or gr\p1 f common p>5ts1 & h all be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( desc5t4 ,&1 hold+ z he does t palontology furni%es ! necess>y evid5ce1 he ?us cont9ues3 ,&1 9 ! view ( ! facts ( geology1 x foll[s t all liv+ animals & plants are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? :i* liv$ long be=e ! ,silurian epo*4 ,"h is a pla9 issue1 & "o1 z has be5 said1 to be discuss$ )\t prejudice4 ,t ! innum]able =ms ( organic life %\ld ?us h be5 g5etically d]iv$ "o f ano!r1 is no m difficult to conceive ?an t !y %\ld h come into exi/5ce at all4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s to our m9ds almo/ a fir/ pr9ciple t natural law mu/ suffice to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( nature f beg9n+ to end1 & t any sy/em is self-condemn$ :i* f9ds any:]e 9 ^! ph5om5a evid5ce ( a non-natural1 or sup]natural1 int]position4 ,has n su* a !ologian z ,su>ez1 foll[+ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 laid x d[n z an axiom#bdc t ,god does n directly int]f]e ) ! op]ations ( ,nature1 :5 ,he c effect ,8 purposes ?r\gh natural causes8 ,und\bt$ly1 too1 x is difficult = our m9ds to imag9e 9 :at way1 except ?r\gh g5etic evolution1 ! successive production ( m & m develop$ types c\ld be effect$4 ,b1 z has be=e be5 obs]v$1 :at seems to u probable is n !re=e prov$ to be true4 ,:at we want are facts1 & by facts we mu/ be ready to abide4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n v easy to und]/& ! supreme importance :i* evolutioni/s g5]ally appe> to atta* to ! desc5t ( all liv+ creatures f "s "o orig9al1 & _! abhorr5ce ( ! idea t ! p[]1 :atev] x 01 :i* fir/ produc$ life1 may h op]at$ repeat$ly1 at diff]5t epo*s1 to repeat ! production4 ,x seems to be assum$ t ?is mu/ imply miracle & int]ruption ( ! cont9uity ( ,nature1 to admit :i* is irrational & unsci5tific4 ,b s9ce life did unque/ionably once orig9ate someh[1 :i* ,sci5ce makes no attempt to d5y1 :y %\ld x be s improp] to suppose t x orig9at$ m ?an once1 at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s =ms1 & t1 consequ5tly1 g5etic desc5t ) modification1 or ,evolution1 is n ! explanation ( typic developm5t8 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson writes#bdd conc]n+ ! oy/] tribe1 :]e( two species are f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures 7"o ,european & ! o!r ,am]ican71 & a cont9u\s succession ( species ev] s9ce3 ,all ^! species may h proce$$ f "o orig91 by desc5t ) modification1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same causes :i* l$ to _! orig9ation 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s may h op]at$ aga9 & aga94 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t1 if ! !ory ( g5etic desc5t ) accumulation ( m9ute modifications be ! true explanation ( ! production ( new =ms1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t c\ld a complete record be =?com+ ( ! ance/ry ( any actual species1 !re w\ld be f\nd 9 t p$igree no di/9ction ( species or g5]a1 = no %>ply m>k$ l9es ( limitation w\ld be discov]able4 ,x w\ld be l ! case ( a man :o _h be5 photograph$ e h\r ( 8 life f bir? to old age2--imm5se ?\gh ! diff]5ce might be betwe5 ! two extremes1 ! gradations ( *ange w\ld at all po9ts pass z imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r z d ! phases ( ! moon4 ,?is consid]ation is bo? fundam5tal & obvi\s1 yet x w\ld seem to be almo/ univ]sally ignor$4 ,x appe>s to be ?\ght t1 9 ord] to demon/rate ! fact ( evolution1 all t is ne$$ is to f9d a =m "h & !re1 9 "s s5se int]m$iate betwe5 o!rs1--l ! reptilian birds already m5tion$4 ,?is w\ld imply t ! c\rse ( ,evolution mu/ be l t ( an army1 mak+ long m>*es f po9t to po9t1 & traceable only by ! rema9s ( its camp-fires3 :]eas x %\ld be z t ( a glaci] cont9u\sly creep+ on1 & leav+ its tracks at "o po9t z mu* z ano!r4 ,:at are want$1 !re=e1 z evid5ce = ,evolution1 are n isolat$ specific =ms unit+ "s *>act]i/ics ( ^? :i* !y are suppos$ to connect1--z ,nelson's m5-(-w> =m a /epp+-/one betwe5 ! vessels ( ! ,norsem5 & ! ironclads ( ! pres5t day1--b a s]ies suffici5t to %[1 or at lea/ to indicate1 t all *anges h be5 gradual & ins5sible1 )\t ! introduction at any po9t ( a new elem5t4 ,to pursue ! illu/ration1 su* a new elem5t w\ld be gunp[d] or /eam 9 ! evolution ( ! battle-%ip1 = by no m]e developm5t c\ld b[s or javel9s produce a cannon1 or sail+ %ips a /eamboat4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion z ! geological record approa*es complet5ess1 its te/imony1--if x is to be 9 fav\r ( ,evolution--mu/ t5d m & m 9 ?is direction1 & unless1 9 "s in/ance at lea/1 cle> evid5ce be discov]able ( ! melt+ ( "o =m into ano!r1 x _c possibly be said t we h suffici5t pro( t su* a process ev] occurr$4 ,m]e graduat$ resemblance ( isolat$ =ms does n necess>ily imply su* transmutation1 z we see = example 9 ! me?odical progression ( %ape1 exhibit$ by v>i\s cry/als1 & ev5 m rem>kably 9 ! aff9ities :i* we c recognize among :at we "k z elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,!re is ano!r important po9t to be borne 9 m9d4 ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,evolutioni/s su* z ,d>w9 or ,haeckel1#bde e ,species has orig9at$ f a s+le ance/or1--or1 z !y %\ld r say1 f a s+le pair4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t e new =m1 orig9at+ 9 "s p>ticul> spot ( e>?1 w\ld v gradually spread !nce to o!r regions1 fight+ its way along4 ,z ,mr4 ,d>w9 ackn[l$ges1#bdf ,! developm5t by ?is means 7i4e4 ,natural ,selection7 ( a gr\p ( =ms1 all ( :i* are desc5d$ f "s "o prog5itor1 mu/ h be5 an extremely sl[ process2 & ! prog5itors mu/ h liv$ long be=e _! modifi$ desc5dants4 ,( ?is gradual spread ( new types !re %\ld1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 be "s palontological evid5ce4 ,x is likewise by no means easy to und]/& h[ species ?us g5]at$ c\ld /& solit>y & isolat$ f k9dr$ =ms 9 ! records ( ! e>?4 ,! pair ( individuals :i* />t$ a new p]si/5t gr\p1--its memb]s all /amp$ ) ! same specific *>act]s1 :ile all ar\nd 7 9 a /ate ( flux & div]g5ce1--diff]$ f _! imm$iate ance/ors1 z we h se51 only inf9itesimally4 ,!y c h diff]$ no m f _m ( _! contempor>ies1 = all ! l9es ( desc5t mu/ ramify afre% 9 ea* g5]ation1 & s =m a web r ?an any?+ l a l9e4 ,x is n v easy to und]/& h[ a pair "h & !re /ruck root & f\nd$ a species1 :ile ! ?\s&s :i* jo/l$ !m r\nd ab\t fail$ to d s1 = ! o!rs :i* surviv$ longe/ mu/ be suppos$ to h resembl$ !m mo/ ne>ly1 & !re=e to h p>ticipat$ 9 _! advantages4 ,at lea/1 we %\ld expect to f9d ar\nd !m ! dbris ( ! multitude !y vanqui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we are told1 moreov]1 t1 ) h>dly an exception1 ! organic =ms f\nd 9 a fossil /ate mu/ be suppos$ to be ! la/ ( _! special l9e ( developm5t1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 !m2 s t nei!r c !y be claim$ z ! direct ance/ors ( any o!r =ms1 fossil or liv+1 nor c any o!rs :i* are actually kn[n be claim$ z _! prog5itors4 ,! g5ealogies suppli$ = almo/ all kn[n species1 ext9ct or exi/+1 are admitt$ly conjectural1 & z 9 ! mo/ fam\s in/ance ( all1 namely ! suppos$ common ance/or ( simians & m51 ! l9ks are p]si/5tly miss+4 ,?us ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 speak+ ( ! human p$igree z set =? by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 writes ?us3#bdg ,all species1 exi/+ or ext9ct1 are said to h be5 prec$$ by ance/ral =ms :i* h disappe>$ )\t leav+ ! slighte/ ve/ige beh9d !m4 ,! amphioxus itself1 :i* m ?an any o!r realizes ! type ( ! gr\p x repres5ts1 0 prec$$1 accord+ to ,haeckel1 by ! prov]tebrate1 :i* no man has ev] se51 b ( :i*1 nev]!less1 ! ,j5a pr(essor gives u a figure1 & describes ! anatomy4 ,?us ! numb] ( =ms po/ulat$ by ! !ory ( g5etic ,evolution1 mu/ h be5 enorm\s beyond conception1 9 comp>ison ) ^? belong+ to ! num]ically insignificant gr\ps :i* =m$ ! m]e extremities ( bran*es on ! g5ealogical tree4 ,?is be+ premis$1 we mu/ ask :at ,geology has to tell u on ! subject1 & x w be well to beg9 by briefly recall+ ! ma9 features ( ! geological record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ratifi$ rocks compris+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 9 :i* fossil plants & animals are f\nd emb$d$1 h evid5tly be5 =m$ at successive p]iods1 *iefly by ! ag5cy ( wat]1 ea* =mation hav+ begun z a s$im5t l ! mud or ooze at ! bottom ( our oceans & seas4 ,geological inve/igation has prov$ t ! *ronological ord] ( ! /rata ?us deposit$ c be satisfactorily det]m9$1 & !y are f\nd to divide !mselves1 9 respect ( ! organisms !y conta91 into ?ree great s]ies1 ly+ above ! ,azoic 7or lifeless7 rocks1 old] ?an !m all4 ,^! s]ies1 beg9n+ f ! bottom1 9 :i* ord] we %all h to trace _! hi/ory1 are mo/ conv5i5tly nam$ ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y1 o!rwise t]m$ respectively1 ,paloeozoic 7anci5t life71 ,mesozoic 7middle life71 & ,ka9ozoic 7rec5t life74 ,ea* ( ^! aga91 conta9s v>i\s =mations1 or z we may call !m volumes ( its *ronicle1 ea* ( :i* has its fix$ place 9 ord] ( sequ5ce4 ,?us1 always proce$+ f bel[ upw>ds1 9 ! ,prim>y s]ies1 comm5c+ ) ! ,laur5tian1 we f9d successively ! ,huronian1 ,cambrian1 ,silurian1 ,devonian or ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian4 ,9 ! ,second>y1 ! l[e/ =mation is ! ,triassic or ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 foll[$ by ! ,jurassic or ,oolite1 & ! ,cretace\s or ,*alk4 ,f9ally ! ,t]ti>y has ?ree ma9 divisions2 ! ,eoc5e1 or dawn ( ! rec5t1 ,mioc5e1 or less rec5t1 & ,plioc5e1 or m rec5t4 ,above ^! comes ! s]ies n[ 9 progress1 v>i\sly call$1 ,quat]n>y1 ,po/-,t]ti>y1 & ,plei/oc5e1 or mo/ rec5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems advisable to beg9 our inve/igation ) ! vegetable k+dom1 z its classification be+ comp>atively simple1 ! ess5tial po9ts ( its developm5t are easily foll[$4 ,we _c d bett] ?an />t ) ! summ>y ( its ma9 divisions furni%$ by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs4#bdh ,! vegetable k+dom is divid$ into sections1 accord+ to ! simplicity or complexity ( /ructure4 ,associat$ ) plants ( simple /ructure we f9d1 z a rule1 m elem5t>y organs ( reproduction4 ,l9naeus made two great divisions1 ( fl[]+ 7,phan]ogams7 & fl[]less plants 7,cryptogams74444 ,! high] gr\p h fl[]s1 ) _! /am5s & pi/ils1 :i* produce se$s1 :ile ! l[] gr\p are )\t fl[]s & be> spores1 :i* are mu* simpl] bodies ?an se$s4 ,!re are sev5 ma9 gr\ps ( spore-be>]s--! alg or wat]-we$s2 ! fungi or mu%room family2 ! li*5s1 :i* cov] old walls & rocks ) pat*es ( col\r$ vegetation2 ! mosses ) _! gre5 leaves & urn-%ap$ fruit2 ! f]ns ) _! l>ge & usually mu*-divid$ leaves1 on ! back or edges ( :i* ! spores are borne2 ! horsetails1 f\nd 9 wet places1 hav+ jo9t$ holl[ /ems & spores produc$ 9 little cones2 & ! club-mosses1 upright or creep+ leafy plants f\nd on our m\nta9s4 ,^! sev5 gr\ps may be arrang$ 9 two divisions1 accord+ to ! tissues ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r ! :ole plant is compos$ ( cells1 :ile 9 ! la/ ?ree a firm vascul> skeleton is pres5t4 ,^! *>act]s are ( great importance to ! /ud5t ( fossil plants4444 ,! fl[]+ plants are m complex 9 _! /ructure1 & 9 _! organs ( reproduction4 ,! l[e/ gr\p ( ^! plants is ! ,gymnosp]ms1 or nak$-se$$ plants1 l our yews & p9es4 ,! o!r fl[]+ plants 7,angiosp]ms7 h _! se$s 9 a clos$ fruit4 ,^! are divid$ into two sections f *>act]s d]iv$ f ! embryo plant 9 ! se$1 dep5d+ on :e!r ?is m9ute plant has "o se$-leaf 7cotyl$on7 or two1 & s we h ,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons4 ,! high] gr\p1 or dicotyl$ons1 h be5 arrang$ into ?ree divisions1 accord+ to ! complexity ( ! fl[]4 ,9 "o l>ge gr\p 7,apetalae7 ! pi/il & /am5s are n surr\nd$ by petals1 e4g4 9 ! oak & ! /++ nettle3 sup]ior to !m are ! plants 7,monopetalae7 9 :i* ! petals =m a cup1 z ! blue-bell#bdi & ! g5tian1 :ile ! highe/ gr\p 7,polypetalae7 h all ! petals sep>ate1 z ! butt]cups & roses4#bej ,x is mo/ important to recollect t on evolution>y pr9ciples ! fir/ repres5tatives ( any su* classes--& ! same holds ( animals z well--mu/ h be5 g5]aliz$ =ms1 repres5t+ ! type 9 ! r\gh1 or1 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s phrase1 exhibit+ by comp>ison ) _! successors indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity1 z contra/$ ) def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity4 ,!y %\ld be> ! same sort ( relation to ! f9i%$ articles work$ up by ,evolution z did ! fir/ bone-%ak] bicycle to our late/ patt]ns1 or ! news-%eets ( ,cromwell's "t to ! ,times or ,graphic ( to-day4 ,on ?is1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 /rongly insi/s1 confess+ at ! same "t t ! ,geological record alone c e/abli% su* progress z a fact4 ,h[ ^! v>i\s classes ( plants appe> actually to h come ^u ! sc5e1 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs relates bo? 9 ! pap] f :i* we h j quot$1 & at great] l5g? 9 ! address :i* he deliv]$ z ,presid5t ( ! ,geologi/s' ,association1#bea to ! foll[+ effect4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he decl>es t al?\gh ! geological record1 at lea/ z kn[n to u1 is v imp]fect1 & repres5ts only an insignificant fragm5t ( plant-hi/ory1 ,!re is a l>ge s]ies ( plant-rema9s completely & accurately kn[n :i* supply a fair repres5tation ( ! great ev5ts ( plant-life t h tak5 place on ! e>? s9ce ,palozoic times4 ,& ^! are m ?an suffici5t to e/abli% or de/roy ?is hypo!sis ( g5etic evolution by _! te/imony4 ,!re is--he goes on to say--indirect evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( vegetable life1 long be=e we f9d any actual rema9s4 ,su* indirect evid5ce is af=d$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! abundance dur+ ?is p]iod ( animal life1 ne$+ plants = its su/5ance1 & secondly by ! enorm\s quantity ( c>bon 9 ! rocks1 :i* mu/ h be5 secret$ f ! atmosph]e by vegetable tissues4 ,!re are also c]ta9 surface m>ks or impressions occasionally to be f\nd1 :i* are probably due to plants ( a s(t & p]i%able "* l ! cellul> cryptogams1 & :i* al?\gh extremely vague & undef9$1 at lea/ d n contradict ! evolutioni/1 :o reg>ds !m z evid5ce t ! ,alg 71 z accord+ to him !y ought to h be51 ! primeval plants4 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs adds a caution h[ev]1 :i* c f9d its application 9 o!r in/ances z well3 ,:ile mak+ ?is admission 9 relation to ! vegetation ( ^! old] rocks1 ,i mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! practice ( complet+ ! record ( life =ms1 by fill+ 9 p>ticul> gr\ps )\t any au?ority except ! writ]'s impression ( an adopt$ hypo!sis1 & !n bas+ argum5ts on ^! assumptions 9 support ( ! hypo!sis :i* creat$ !m4 ,s completely has ,,vegetable ,,developm5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,po/ ,t]ti>y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,t]ti>y4 ,plioc5e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,mioc5e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,eoc5e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,second>y4 ,*alk4 ,dicotyl$ons 7,apetal1 ,polypetal1 ,sympetal74 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,oolite4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,trias4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p]mian4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,c>bonif]\s4 ,monocotyl$ons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,devonian1 or ,clubmosses1 ,horsetails1 ,f]ns1 ,old ,r$ ,gymnosp]ms4 ,s&/one4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,prim>y4 ,silurian4 ,cellul> ,cryptogams4 ,cambrian4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,huronian4 ,indications ( ,plants1 ,laur5tian4 n det]m9able4 ,,azoic4 phylog5etic or racial evolution become ! cre$ ( "s lead+ naturali/s t !y unwitt+ly proce$ 9 ?is manife/ly unphilosophical me?od4 ,b x is a fir/ axiom1 ?\gh "o (t5 =gott51 9 ?is z 9 e sci5tific enquiry1 t no /ep c be made 9 advance :i* is n bas$ on fact4 ,aft] ?is initial /age1 ! /ory becomes mu* cle>]1 & at ! same "t less easy to reconcile ) evolution>y requirem5ts4 ,in/ead ( mak+ _! appe>ance s+ly & successively1 & pass+ imp]ceptibly "o into ano!r1 all ?ree gr\ps ( ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 & ! ,gymnosp]ms into ! b>ga91 come on ! /age toge!r1 9 ! ,devonian /rata2 & ,monocotyl$ons 9 ! l[] ,c>bonif]\s imm$iately foll[+4 ,!re is no trace :atev] ( ! developm5t ( any ( ^! =ms f ! e>li] cellul> cryptogams3 ,b says ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs ! evolution ( ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 & ! ,phan]ogams1 f ! gre5 seawe$s1 ?r\gh ! liv]worts & mosses1 if x took place1 mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh a long succession ( ages1 & by an innum]able s]ies ( advanc+ /eps2 & yet we f9d n a s+le trace ei!r ( ! e>ly wat] =ms or ( ! lat] & /ill m num]\s dry-l& =ms4 ,! conditions t p]mitt$ ! pres]vation ( ! fucoids 9 ! ,ll&ov]y rocks at ,malv]n1 & ( simil> cellul> organisms else:]e1 71 at lea/1 fitt$ to pres]ve "s record ( ! necess>ily ri* floras1 if !y exi/$1 :i* ?r\gh imm5se ages1 l$ by m9ute /eps to ! ,conif] ,gymnosp]m & ,monocotyl$on ( ^! ,palozoic ,rocks4 ,fur!r1 ^! e>lie/ plants are n g5]aliz$ =ms ( ! v>i\s tribes to :i* !y belong1 b !y are z highly specializ$ z any subsequ5t repres5tatives ( ! p>ticul> gr\p to :i* !y belong1 & :]ev] !y diff] f lat] plants1 x is 9 ! possession ( a m p]fect organization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f all :i* facts ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs ?us argues3 ,! complete abs5ce ( int]m$iate =ms1 & ! sudd5 & contemporane\s appe>ance ( highly organiz$ & widely sep>at$ gr\ps1 deprive ! hypo!sis ( g5etic evolution ( any c\nt5ance f ! plant-record ( ^! anci5t rocks4 ,! :ole evid5ce is aga9/ evolution1 & !re is none = x4#beb ,dicotyl$ons furni% evid5ce ( especial value4 ,on acc\nt ( _! high] organization1 !y are easily di/+ui%$ f bo? ,monocotyl$ons & ,gymnosp]ms2 & !y pres5t features :i* cle>ly diff]5tiate !m among/ !mselves4 ,!y did n make _! entry till aft] a long int]val--& _! rema9s are !re=e to be f\nd 9 /rata comp>atively rec5t & bett] kn[n to u ?an ^? ( ! old] rocks4 ,x is 9 ! ,*alk1 ! newe/ ( ! ,second>y or ,mesozoic =mations1 t !y fir/ exhibit !mselves1 & !y d x 9 ! same fa%ion z _! pr$ecessors4 ,:5 ! ,dicotyl$ons appe> 9 ! upp] cretace\s b$s1 repres5tatives ( ! ?ree great gr\ps ,apetal1 ,monopetal1 ,polypetal appe> toge!r 9 ! same deposit4 ,moreov]1 ^! divisions are repres5t$1 n by g5]aliz$ types1 b by diff]5tiat$ =ms1 :i*1 dur+ ! int]v5+ epo*s1 h n develop$ ev5 into high] g5]ic gr\ps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&1 "h aga91 !re is no ve/ige ( int]m$iate species1 l9k+ dicotyl$on\s plants ) o!r types4 ,no trace ( a plant belong+ to ?is great division has yet be5 detect$ 9 any e>li] /ratum ?an ! upp] *alk4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] = ,haeckel's /atem5t t ! ,apetal probably exi/$ 9 ! ,triassic & ,jurassic p]iods4444 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! conditions fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( ,monocotyl$ons & ,equisetums w\ld h secur$ ! pres]vation ( "s ( ! ,apetal1 _h !y exi/$4 ,?is abs5ce c be acc\nt$ = only on ! supposition t !y =m$ no "p ( ! !n exi/+ vegetation4 ,& 9 ! deposits old] ?an ! ,trias1 or 9 any subsequ5t deposits1 no int]m$iate =m has be5 detect$1--no ,gymnosp]m or ,monocotyl$on :i* exhibits 9 any po9t ( its /ructure a modification t[>ds ! m highly organiz$ ,dicotyl$on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor1 on ! same au?ority1 is ?is all4 ,x is equally important 9 its be>+ on ! hypo!sis ( g5etic evolution t ! g5]ic gr\ps above nam$ h p]si/$ f ! fir/ kn[n appe>ance ( ,dicotyl$ons1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! int]v5+ ages1 & /ill hold _! places un*ang$ among ! exi/+ =ms ( vegetation4 ,! p]si/5ce ( g5]ic & specific types1 & ! c]ta9 k we possess ( ! life ( _m exi/+ species ( ,phan]ogams & ,cryptogams :i* h come d[n ?r\gh ! ,glacial ,epo*1 h n be5 suffici5tly consid]$ 9 _! be>+ on ! hypo!sis4 ,we h already se5 some?+ ( an example :i* illu/rates ?is po9t 9 a rem>kable mann]1--t ( ,salix pol>is1 ! will[ :i* has s ob/9ately pres]v$ its specific id5tity amid great /ress ( circum/ances4 ,x belongs to a v v>iable g5us--"o 9 :i* if any:]e evid5ce ( g5etic developm5t might be look$ =4 ,yet x is f\nd t s9ce a p]iod prior to ! great ,ice ,age1 or ,glacial epo*1 x has rema9$ absolutely un*ang$4 ,at su* a rate1 we _c b ask1 h[ long w\ld ,evolution take to get back to ! g5]aliz$ type-=m1 or common ance/or1 ( ! g5us ,salix1 & !n to t ( ! ,ord] ,salic9eae1 :i* includes popl>s z well z will[s4 ,! ,ord9al =m1 if x ev] exi/$1 mu/ necess>ily be mu* old] ?an ! p]iod ( ! upp] ,cretace\s rocks1 t is ?an ! p]iod to :i* ! e>lie/ kn[n ,dicotyl$ons belong4 ,& x is obvi\s t :5 we _h got back to ! p>5tal /ock ( ! will[ tribe1 we %\ld /ill1 z evolutioni/s1 be sep>at$ by a gulf /ill va/ly great] f ! common ance/or ( all ,dicotyl$ons1 ( oaks1 apple-trees1 primroses1 & daisies no less ?an ( will[s & popl>s4 ,! significance ( all ^! v>i\s facts is ?us summ$ up3 ,! :ole evid5ce suppli$ by fossil plants is1 !n1 oppos$ to ! hypo!sis ( g5etic evolution1 & especially ! sudd5 & simultane\s appe>ance ( ! mo/ highly organiz$ plants at p>ticul> /ages 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe1 & ! entire abs5ce among/ fossil plants ( any =ms int]m$iate betwe5 exi/+ classes or families4 ,! facts ( palontological botany are oppos$ to ,evolution1 b !y te/ify to ,developm5t1 to progression f l[] to high] types4 ,! cellul> ,alg prec$$ ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams & ! ,gymnosp]ms ( ! ,new] ,palozoic rocks1 & ^! 7 spe$ily foll[$ by ,monocotyl$ons1 &1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 by ,dicotyl$ons4 ,b ! e>lie/ repres5tatives ( ^! v>i\s sections ( ! vegetable k+dom 7 n g5]aliz$ =ms1 b z highly organiz$ z rec5t =ms1 & 9 _m cases m highly organiz$3 & ! divisions 7 z cle>ly b\nd$ 9 _! ess5tial *>act]s1 & z decid$ly sep>at$ f ea* o!r z !y are at ! pres5t day4 ,s mu* = ! vegetable _w4 ,z = ! animal1 al?\gh ! numb] & complexity ( its divisions makes x less easy to pres5t s complete a sket* 9 ^! mod]ate limits1 ! features ( its hi/ory are v simil>4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson rec\nts x3#bec ,,animal ,,developm5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,po/ ,t]ti>y4 ,man & ,mod]n ,mammals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,plioc5e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,t]ti>y4 ,mioc5e4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,eoc5e4 ,plac5tal ,mammals 7,ungulates1 ,unguiculates1 ,rod5ts1 ,:ales1 ,bats74 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,*alk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,second>y4 ,oolite4 ,birds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,trias4 ,m>supial ,mammals4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p]mian4 ,reptiles 7v>i\s ord]s74 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,c>bonif]\s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,devonian1 or ,millip$s1 ,insects1 ,spid]s1 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,scorpions1 ,fi%1 ,batra*ians1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,prim>y4 ,silurian4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,cambrian4 ,%ell ,fi%1 ,sponges1 ,molluscs1 ,cru/aceans1 ,worms1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,huronian4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,laur5tian4 ,protozoa4 ,,azoic4 ,9 ! ,cambrian age1 we obta9 a va/ & v>i$ accession ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* appe> at once1 z if by a sudd5 & simultane\s production ( _m k9ds ( animals4 ,"h we f9d evid5ce t ! sea sw>m$ ) creatures ne> ak9 to ^? :i* /ill inhabit x1 & ne>ly z v>i$4444 ,_h we be5 able to drop our dr$ge into ! ,cambrian or ,silurian ocean1 we %\ld h br\ght up repres5tatives ( all ! lead+ types ( inv]tebrate life t exi/ 9 ! mod]n seas--diff]5t1 x is true1 9 details ( /ructure f ^? n[ exi/+1 b con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples1 & fill+ ! same places 9 nature4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! ,palozoic we f9d a numb] ( high] =ms break+ ^u u ) ! same app>5t sudd5ness z 9 ! case ( ! e>ly ,cambrian animals4 ,fi%es appe>1 & soon ab\nd 9 a great v>iety ( species1 repres5t+ types ( no mean rank1 b1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 belong+ 9 _m cases to gr\ps n[ v r>e2 :ile ! common] tribes ( mod]n fi% d n appe>4 ,on ! l&1 ,batra*ian ,reptiles n[ ab\nd1 "s ( !m v high 9 ! sub-class to :i* !y belong4 ,scorpions1 spid]s1 insects1 & millip$es appe> z well z l&-snails3 & ?is n 9 "o locality only1 b ov] ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e4444 ,nor d !y %[ any signs ( an un=m$ or imp]fect /ate4444 ,! comp\nd eyes & filmy w+s ( insects1 ! tee?1 bones1 & scales ( batra*ians & fi%es2 all are z p]fectly f9i%$1 & _m q z complex & elegant1 z ! animals ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is wond]ful ,palozoic age 01 h[ev]1 b a tempor>y /ate ( ! e>?4 ,x pass$ away1 & 0 replac$ by ! ,mesozoic1 emphatically ! age ( ,reptiles1 :5 animals ( t type atta9$ to colossal magnitude1 to v>iety ( function & /ructure1 to div]sity ( habitat 9 sea & on l&1 altoge!r unexampl$ 9 _! degrad$ desc5dants ( mod]n times4444 ,/rangely en\gh1 ) ^! reptilian lords appe>$ a few small & l[ly mammals1 =]unn]s ( ! com+ age4#bed ,birds also made _! appe>ance4 ,! ,ka9ozoic1 or ,t]ti>y1 is ! age ( ,mammals & ( ,man4 ,9 x ! great reptilian tyrants ( ! ,mesozoic disappe>1 & are replac$ on l& & sea by mammals or bea/s ( ! same ord]s ) ^? n[ liv+1 ?\gh diff]+ z to g5]a & species4 ,s greatly inde$ did mammalian life ab\nd 9 ?is p]iod t 9 ! middle "p ( ! ,t]ti>y mo/ ( ! lead+ gr\ps 7 repres5t$ by m num]\s species ?an at pres5t1 :ile _m types !n exi/+ h n[ no repres5tatives4 ,at ! close ( ?is great & wond]ful procession ( liv+ be+s comes ,man himself--! la/ & cr[n+ triumph ( creation ! head1 ?us f>1 ( life on ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,organic ,,developm5t4 ,9 ! above ,diagram ! progress ( ,organic ,developm5t1 z manife/$ 9 high] & high] types1 is indicat$ by ! increas+ div]g5ce ( new =ms f primitive simplicity ( /ructure1 repres5t$ by ! m$ium l9e sep>at+ ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,! ,suppos$ l9e ( cont9u\s ,evolution1 indicates ! gradual c\rse :i* %\ld be tak5 by ,developm5t1 on ,d>w9ian or ,sp5c]ian pr9ciples1 by accumulation ( m9ute diff]5ces 9 successive g5]ations1 z contra/$ ) ! abrupt & simultane\s appe>ance ( highly diff]5tiat$ types1 z spok5 ( by palontologi/s4 ,to face page #bbg4 ,x mu/ be suffici5t to quote "o o!r rem>k3#bee ,!re is no direct evid5ce t 9 ! c\rse ( geological "t "o species has be5 gradually or sudd5ly *ang$ into ano!r4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 we con/antly f9d species replac$ by o!rs entirely new1 & ?is )\t any transition4 ,! two classes ( facts are ess5tially diff]5t1 ?\gh (t5 conf\nd$ by evolutioni/s2 & ?\gh x is possible to po9t out 9 ! new] geological =mations "s g5]a & species alli$ to o!rs :i* h prec$$ !m1 & to suppose t ! lat] =ms proce$$ f ! e>li]1 /ill1 z ! connect+ l9ks _c be f\nd1 ?is is m]e supposition1 n sci5tific c]ta9ty4 ,fur!r1 x proce$s on ! pr9ciple ( arbitr>y *oice ( c]ta9 =ms out ( _m1 )\t any evid5ce ( g5etic connexion4 ,hav+ giv5 a tabul> view ( ,geological p]iods & ,life-epo*s1 simil> to ^? pres5t$ above1 our au?or rem>ks3#bef ,if 9 ! table above we 7 to repres5t diagrammatically ! developm5t ( animals & plants1 ?is w\ld appe> n z a smoo? & cont9u\s /ream1 b z a s]ies ( great waves1 ea* ris+ abruptly1 & !n desc5d+ & fl[+ on at a l[] level along ) ! rema9s ( ^? prec$+ x4 ,& "h may be notic$ an obs]vation made among/ o!rs by ! ,comte de ,saporta#beg on ! rem>kable p>allelism ( ,animal & ,vegetable developm5t4 ,aft] a p]iod 9 :i* ^! k+doms 7 respectively repres5t$ by aquatic ,alg & ,protozoa1 l& animals & l& plants appe> to h come 9 mu* at ! same epo*2 & aft]w>ds dicotyl$on\s plants imm$iately prec$$ ! adv5t ( mammals4 ,mr4 ,miv>t is ( l m9d ) ! o!rs we h he>d4 ,! mass ( palontological evid5ce1 he writes1#beh is inde$ ov]:elm+ly aga9/ m9ute & gradual modification4 ,he po9ts out1 ) ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review] s frequ5tly quot$1 t _h ! lat] =ms ( life desc5d$ f ! e>li]1 ?r\gh su* a s]ies ( imp]ceptible gradations z is imag9$1 ! probability w\ld be t no two fossil specim5s w\ld be exactly alike1 :]eas 9 fact numb]s are f\nd ( c]ta9 p>ticul> patt]ns1 & none :atev] betwe5 !m1 fossil animals & plants fall+ naturally into species1 g5]a1 families1 & o!r categories j l ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is ?is total abs5ce ( graduat$ s]ies1 l9k+ diff]5t =ms toge!r1 t is ! great & fundam5tal difficulty 9 ! way ( g5etic evolution4 ,yet ?is seems v seldom to be realiz$1 & x seems con/antly to be assum$ t 9 ord] to e/abli% ! g5etic cont9uity ( two creatures no m is requir$ ?an to discov] ano!r /&+ m or less betwe5 !m4 ,?us 9 ! mo/ fam\s ( all in/ances1 h[ (t5 d we he> ( ! miss+ l9k betwe5 man & ape1--z ?\gh %\ld a g5]aliz$ =m be disclos$1 :i* might be consid]$ a common ance/or1 ! "q ( man's simian orig9 w\ld be f9ally settl$4 ,9 ! same way1 z we h se51 ! exi/5ce ( birds ) reptilian features1 is tak5 by "s z conclusive pro( t birds & reptiles h desc5d$ f "o /ock4 ,b :at is mo/ imp]atively want$1 is p]si/5tly want+1--namely "s evid5ce ( a s]ies 9 :i* "o =m passes to ano!r1 z 9 a dissolv+ view4 ,& yet1 g5etic evolutioni/s mu/ suppose su* s]ies to h be5 ! univ]sal rule ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( life on e>?4 ,assur$ly writes ,m4 de ,quatrefages#bei is x n s+ul>ly un=tunate = ! evolution>y !ory t s _m facts :i* tell aga9/ x %\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! scraps ( ,nature's great book :i* rema9 to u1 & t inv>iably ^? :i* w\ld h told 9 its fav\r 7 record$ 9 lo/ volumes & miss+ leaves8 ,9 "s p>ticul> in/ances ! abs5ce ( any trace ( int]m$iate =ms is especially significant4 ,! tribe ( ,bats1 = in/ance1 is a v s+ul> "o4 ,! w+s1 9 :i* =m ! =e-limbs are specializ$1 repres5t ! same elem5ts z our own h&s2 & o!r modifications ( ! same memb]s h produc$ ! paws ( cats & dogs1 ! ho(s ( horses & cattle1 & ! flipp]s ( :ales & porpoises1--to m5tion no o!rs4 ,:at c\ntless ho/s ( ! ,bat's ance/ors mu/ h liv$ & di$ :ile by accumulation ( m9ute diff]5ces ! primitive g5]aliz$ limb :5ce all ^! div]se =ms orig9at$1 0 be+ turn$ into a w+ capable ( flight4 ,yet ( all ^! no ve/ige is to be discov]$4 ,:5ev] ! rema9s ( bats h be5 f\nd1 says ,mr4 ,miv>t1#bfj !y h pres5t$ ! exact type ( exi/+ =ms4 ,! same1 he tells u1 holds good ( o!r fly+ creatures--birds & pt]odactyles--7or fly+ liz>ds--n[ :olly ext9ct74 ,no trace ( any ( ^! is =?com+ :ile _! w+s 7 9 ! mak+4 ,yet _h su* a sl[ mode ( orig9 z ,d>w9ians & g5etic evolutioni/s g5]ally cont5d =1 op]at$ exclusively 9 all cases1 x is absolutely incr$ible t bats1 birds1 & pt]odactyles %\ld h left ! rema9s !y h1 & yet n a s+le relic be pres]v$ 9 any "o in/ance ( any ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( w+ 9 _! incipi5t & relatively imp]fect functional condition6 ,!re are o!r creatures :i* /& 9 solit>y isolation1 ) no fragm5ts ( a bridge to connect !m ) ! g5]al body4 ,su* is ! rattlesnake's family1 ^: p$igree1 ,mr4 ,miv>t decl>es1#bfa we _c ev5 imag9e--,! ance/ors ( ! rattlesnake are beyond our m5tal vision4 ,b ! numb] ( =ms says ! same au?or#bfb repres5t$ by _m individuals1 yet by no transitional ones1 is s great t only two or ?ree c be select$ z examples4 ,?us ^? rem>kable fossil reptiles1 ! ,ic?yosauria & ,plesiosauria1 ext5d$1 ?r\gh ! second>y p]iod1 probably ov] ! great] "p ( ! globe4 ,yet no s+le transitional =m has yet be5 met ) 9 spite ( ! multitud9\s individuals pres]v$4 ,aga91 ) _! mod]n repres5tatives ! ,cetacea1 "o or two ab]rant =ms alone h be5 f\nd1 b no s]ies ( transitional ones indicat+ m9utely ! l9e ( desc5t4 ,?is gr\p1 ! :ales1 is a v m>k$ "o1 & x is curi\s1 on ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 t s few in/ances t5d+ to indicate its mode ( orig9 %\ld h pres5t$ !mselves4 ,"h1 z 9 ! bats1 we might surely expect t "s relics ( unque/ionably incipi5t /ages ( its developm5t w\ld h be5 left4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,williamson likewise rem>ks#bfc on ^! lacun :i* p]si/5tly occur at crucial po9ts3 ,if he writes ^! g5]ic types ( plants fir/ came be=e u 9 su* cle>ly def9$ =ms1 :5 & :]e did ! transitional /ates make _! appe>ance8 ,! extreme evolutioni/s con/antly affirm ( ^? :o believe 9 special creation t !y habitually suppose ! orig9ation to occur 9 "s region remote f human obs]vation1 & t ! conception survives only 9 connexion ) imag9$ places :]e ! ord] ( organic ph5om5a is unkn[n4 ,x is legitimate to retort ^u !m t !y z habitually resort to /rata n[ cov]$ by ! sea--to rocks f :i* all traces ( su* fossils z !y probably includ$ h be5 oblit]at$ by igne\s action1 & to my/]i\s migrations f pre-exi/+ cont95ts to cont95ts t 7 /ep by /ep em]g+ f ! ocean4 ,un=tunately1 s f> z ! vegetable k+dom is conc]n$1 we h z yet fail$ to discov] any traces ( ^! my/]i\s /rata or hypo!tical cont95ts 9 :i* ! transitions f "o plant-type to ano!r 7 be+ br\ght ab\t4 ,! believ]s 9 special creations are n ! only reason]s :o h made free use ( hypo!tical possibilities4 ,he pres5tly adds3 ,we h no evid5ce t unaid$ ,nature has produc$ a s+le new type dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,we c only conclude t ! wond]ful outbur/ ( g5etic activity :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,t]ti>y age 0 due to "s unkn[n factor1 :i* !n op]at$ ) an en]gy to :i* ! e>? 0 a /rang]1 bo? previ\sly & subsequ5tly4 ,! k ( ?is factor is :at we ne$ 9 ord] to p]fect our philosophy2 & until we obta9 t k1 _m ?+s mu/ rema9 unacc\nt$ =1 s f> z primeval vegetation is conc]n$4 ,& else:]e ,pr(essor ,williamson reit]ates ! same idea3#bfd ,i cont5d /\tly he says t1 h[ev] num]\s may be ! facts t su/a9 ! doctr9e ( evolution 7& ,i am prep>$ to admit t !re are _m t d s 9 a rem>kable mann]71 ?is unexpla9$ outbur/ ( new life dem&s ! recognition ( "s factor n hi!rto admitt$ into ! calculations ( ! evolutioni/ s*ool4 ,9 ! record ( fossil fi%es he f9ds "s features :i* are p>ticul>ly h>d to h>monize ) any !ory ( g5etic evolution4#bfe ,among/ ! v e>lie/ repres5tatives ( ?is class1 ev5 9 ! upp] ,silurian1 are f\nd rema9s ( %>ks1 9 8 op9ion ! highe/ ord] ( fi%1 & 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s above1 ( ,ganoids arm\r clad1 l ! /urgeon4 ,b n[h]e bel[ ! ,*alk d we f9d a s+le scale ( ,cycloids or ,ct5oids1 :i* 9 reg>d alike ( ! scales !mselves1 ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ( ! reproductive organs1 are mu* bel[ ! %>ks1 & n above ! ,ganoids4 ,to complicate matt]s /ill m1 h[ev]1 ! skeleton ( ,cycloids & ,ct5oids is m highly organiz$ ?an t ( ! o!rs1 & x is ?us equally impossible to describe !m z progressive or z retrogressive types4#bff ,ov] & above ?is abs5ce ( int]m$iate or l9k =ms1 ! witnesses :o h be5 cit$ insi/ on ! fact t ^? e>lie/ f\nd are n simple or g5]aliz$ repres5tatives ( _! respective types1 z ! !ory ( g5etic evolution requires !m to be1 b are z p]fectly f9i%$ & specializ$ z ^? appe>+ 9 lat] ages4 ,to _! te/imony on ?is po9t may be add$ t ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o :ile frankly confess+ t he w\ld be glad en\gh to f9d evid5ce 9 fav\r ( su* progressive modification1 0 con/ra9$ by 8 love ( sci5tific tru? to be> witness z foll[s3#bfg ,! only safe & unque/ionable te/imony we c procure--positive evid5ce--fails to demon/rate any sort ( progressive modification t[>ds a less embryonic1 or less g5]aliz$ type1 9 a great _m gr\ps ( animals ( long-cont9u$ geological exi/5ce4 ,9 ^! gr\ps !re is abundant evid5ce ( v>iation--none ( :at is g5]ally und]/ood z progression2 & if ! kn[n geological record is to be reg>d$ z ev5 any consid]able fragm5t ( ! :ole1 x is inconceivable t any !ory ( a necess>ily progressive developm5t c /&1 = ! num]\s ord]s & families cit$ af=d no trace ( su* a process4 ,s aga9 he decl>$ at a lat] p]iod#bfh summ>iz+ :at he _h said previ\sly3 ,9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at does an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( palontology te/ify 9 relation to ! common doctr9es ( progressive modification8444 ,i reply3 ,x negatives ^! doctr9es2 = x ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( su* modification1 or demon/rates su* modification z has occurr$ to h be5 v slight2 & z to ! nature ( t modification1 x yields no evid5ce :atsoev] t ! e>lie/ memb]s ( a long-exi/+ gr\p 7 m g5]aliz$ 9 /ructure ?an ! lat] ones4 ,he w5t on1 h[ev]1 to say1 on ?is latt] occasion1 t discov]ies made 9 ! int]val af=d$ mu* gr\nd = s(t5+ ! ,brutus-l sev]ity :i* eight ye>s be=e he _h exhibit$ 9 ?is reg>d1 by disclos+ su* evid5ce z he _h decl>$ to be lack+4 ,f ! samples1 h[ev]1 :i* he produc$1 x does n appe> t ?is fre% te/imony comes to v mu*2 & 9 view ( ! obs]vations ) :i* he accompani$ ! exposition1 x w\ld seem t 9 only "o in/ance did x appe> to himself ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,e fossil he said#bfi :i* takes an int]m$iate place betwe5 =ms ( life already kn[n1 may be said1 s f> z x is int]m$iate1 to be evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,evolution1 inasmu* z x %[s a possible road by :i* ,evolution may h tak5 place4 ,b ! m]e discov]y ( su* a =m does n1 9 itself1 prove t ,evolution took place by & ?r\gh x1 nor does x con/itute m ?an presumptive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,evolution 9 g5]al4 ,x is easy#bgj to accumulate probabilities--h>d to make out "s p>ticul> case 9 su* a way t x w /& rigor\s criticism4 ,aft] mu* se>*1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k t su* a case is to be made out 9 fav\r ( ! p$igree ( ! ,horse4 ,( ?is fam\s in/ance we h already he>d1 & s9ce x w be exam9$ at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 we w n dwell fur!r ^u x "h4 ,s obvi\s inde$ is ?is defici5cy = evolution>y requirem5ts ( ! ,geological record1 t ,pr(essor ,haeckel attempts to supply ! want by boldly int]polat+ a numb] ( p]iods dur+ :i* ! metamorphoses occurr$1 b ( :i* no record 0 left4 ,he assumes t betwe5 ! epo*s ( depression1 :5 fossils 7 deposit$ b5ea? ! wat]1 !re 7 o!r epo*s ( elevation :5 ! l& 0 dry & no deposits c\ld occur1 & he supposes t ! abrupt *anges ( flora & fauna exhibit$ by successive =mations1 are due to ! lapse ( "t ( :i* we h no organic record 9 :at he /yles ^! ,ante-p]iods4 ,z to ?is summ>y mode ( loos+ ! ,gordian knot1 x w be suffici5t to quote ,pr(essor ,huxley's v]dict3 ,i confess ?is is :olly incr$ible to me4#bga ,& al?\gh 9 8 fav\rable review ( ,haeckel's book#bgb he %[$ himself f> m tol]ant ( gratuit\s speculations1 ?an 8 utt]ances on o!r occasions might h l$ u to expect1 ^u ?is po9t he decl>$3 ,i fundam5tally & entirely disagree ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,we may sum up ! te/imonies ( :i* ! above are repres5tative 9 ! words ( two au?orities by no means ho/ile to ,evolution4 ,m4 ,edmond ,p]ri]1#bgc hav+ %ewn h[ ?is !ory is sugge/$ by ! successive developm5ts ( type1 & h[ ! ph5om5a ( organic life seem to h>monize ) x1 ?us cont9ues3 ,un=tunately1 :5 we desc5d to details1 su* palontological gaps pres5t !mselves t e sort ( objection is possible4 ,! *a9 :i* morphology has all[$ u to piece toge!r is cont9ually snapp$ :5 we essay to travel back into ! pa/4444 ,! art ( di/+ui%+ realities f phantoms ( ! imag9ation is :at has made mod]n sci5ce s great & s mighty4 ,%e is /rong en\gh to w9 hon\r by av[+ ignorance1 & because m5 see h] always det]m9$ to speak ! tru?1 !y gradually realize t %e is n dang]\s4 ,& 9 8 ,presid5tial address to ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,may #bd1 #aijb1 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,h4 ,v9es ?us express$ himself z to ! g5ealogical table ( organic life1 :i* ev] s9ce ! doctr9e ( ,evolution 0 accept$1 x has be5 s\ght to con/ruct3 ,?\gh "h & !re fragm5ts ( ! mosaic seem to h be5 successfully piec$ toge!r1 ! ma9 outl9es1 ev51 ( ! great picture are z yet b dimly disc]nible4 ,! fact t organic ,evolution %\ld h proce$$ s f> z x has )9 su* limits ( "t z may reasonably be all[$1 admits1 to my m9d1 ( no o!r int]pretation ?an t v>iation is n indet]m9ate1 b1 z ,lam>ck & ,ngeli h urg$1 !re mu/ exi/ 9 liv+ matt] a c]ta9 inh]5t t5d5cy or bias 9 fav\r ( v>iation 9 ! high] direction4 ,x is ?is t5d5cy or bias t ,i v5ture to reg>d z ! primordial factor4 ,b x is precisely su* an inh]5t t5d5cy ( organic life to develop on pr$et]m9$ l9es1 :i* ,d>w9ians & o!r advocates ( ,evolution by ! ag5cy ( physical =ces alone1 vehem5tly repudiate z fatal to _! :ole sy/em4 ,s9ce ,pr(essor ,williamson wrote1 ! op9ion has be5 adopt$ t = ! v reason :i* induc$ him to place ! ,%>ks above ! ,cycloids & ,ct5oids1 _! relative positions %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! ,%>ks be+ a m g5]aliz$ type1 ) features m ak9 to ^? ( l&-dwell+ reptiles1 & ! o!rs m specializ$ = purely aquatic conditions1 ! latt]1 x is argu$1 are a high] evolution>y product4 ,z a necess>y coroll>y x is assum$ t v]tebrate life orig9at$1 n1 z _h be5 suppos$1 9 ! sea1 b 9 swamps or lagoons on ! %ore-l9e4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 rema9 a "q h[ f> ! facility ) :i* !ories c ?us be modifi$ accord+ to requirem5ts1 is calculat$ to inspire confid5ce 9 !m4 ,,xvii ,,audi ,,alt]am ,,p>tem ,we h he>d ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs' decl>ation1 bas$ ^u 8 survey ( palontological botany1 ,! :ole evid5ce is aga9/ ,evolution1 & !re is none 9 fav\r ( x4 ,rem>kably en\gh1 at almo/ ! same p]iod#bgd ,pr(essor ,huxley conclud$ a discussion ( palontological evid5ce ) a precisely contr>y pron\ncem5t--,! :ole evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ,evolution1 & !re is none aga9/ x4 ,on o!r occasions1 also1 he di/9ctly ma9ta9$ t x is j ?is l9e ( enquiry :i* conclusively e/abli%es ,evolution z no long] a !ory1 b an hi/orical fact4 ,to su* a conclusion1 he tells u1#bge an acute & critical-m9d$ inve/igator is l$ by ! facts ( palontology2--&1 aga91 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,evolution _h n exi/$1 palontologi/s mu/ h inv5t$ x1 s irresi/ibly is x =c$ ^u ! m9d by ! /udy ( ! rema9s ( ! ,t]ti>y mammalia4 ,su* decl>ations cle>ly *all5ge consid]ation1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ h[ /rict 7 ! views :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley pr(ess$ z to ! necessity ( pro(s = our beliefs1--t x is wrong = a man to say he is c]ta9 ( ! objective tru? ( any proposition unless he c produce evid5ce :i* logically ju/ifies t c]ta9ty4#bgf ,we !re=e turn naturally to 8 lectures on ,evolution1 :]e9 he treats ! palontological argum5t ex pr(esso1 & we f9d t 8 v]dict is bas$ ^u a few select$ in/ances1 su* z t ( ! reptilian birds already m5tion$1 :i* he consid]s fav\rable to ,evolution1 & "o :i* he t]ms demon/rative1--namely t ( ! ,horse4 ,?is he treats 9 "s detail2 9 reg>d ( x he deliv]s ! positive judgm5t :i* we h j he>d1 & x !re=e 9 a special mann] dem&s our att5tion4 ,z furni%+ evid5ce = ! hi/ory ( ! horse1 two features are ( special importance1 8 limbs1 & 8 tee?4 ,( ^! we may conf9e our att5tion to ! =m]1 z be+1 at once1 suffici5t = our purpose1 & )9 ! scope ( ord9>y obs]vation4 ,! horse family1 or ,equidae1 belong to ! tribe ( ,ungulates1 or ho($ animals1 "s po9ts ( ^: anatomy require to be consid]$ 9 relation to our own4 ,tak+ fir/ ! =e-limbs4 ,:at we call ! knee ( a horse is 9 reality ! wri/1--! true knee1 or r elb[1 be+ :at we call ! %\ld]4 ,bel[ ! knee comes ! cannon bone1 correspond+ to ! middle bone ( ! h&1 & bel[ x ! pa/]n1 coron>y1 & c(f9 bones1 repres5t+ ! jo9ts ( ! solit>y middle-f+]1 :ile ! ho( is its greatly enl>g$ & ?ick5$ nail4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! h9d-limbs2 ! hock is v]itably ! ankle1 & aga9 ! lat]al digits are suppress$1 ! middle toe alone rema9+4 ,x ?us appe>s t an ,ungulate su* z ! horse1 is an extreme modification ( ! g5]al ,mammalian plan1 8 memb]s be+ highly specializ$ = a c]ta9 k9d ( "w4 ,8 leg & ho(1 z ! !ory ( g5etic ,evolution decl>es1 h be5 gradually fa%ion$ to _! pres5t %ape f an orig9al limb 9 ! common ,mammalian ance/or1 :i* by o!r modifications has equally produc$ ! totally diff]5t memb]s possess$ by o!r mammals4 ,t ! horse is desc5d$ f a race be>+ m ?an "o digit on ea* extremity1 seems to be indicat$ by ! spl9t-bones :i* are f\nd on ! cannon-bone ( bo? =e & h9d legs1 & :i* repres5t ! second & f\r? f+] & toe1 & also by record$ occurr5ces ( polydactyle horses1 "o ( :i* has a di/+ui%$ place 9 hi/ory z ,julius ,cs>'s *>g]4#bgg ,t ! animal z we n[ "k him is ! l9eal desc5dant ( v>i\s o!r ungulates1 9 :om ! digits 7 gradually r$uc$ f ! normal numb] ( five1 to _! pres5t solit>y repres5tative1 ,pr(essor ,huxley & o!r ,evolutioni/s hold to be demon/rat$ by ! discov]y 9 due succession ( v>i\s equ9e specim5s1 9 :i* ?is dim9ution is gradually exhibit$4 ,! rema9s ( ^! animals are all f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y /rata1 ( :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 !re are ?ree great divisions1 ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e1 ! fir/ nam$ be+ ! mo/ anci5t1 & ! la/ ! mo/ rec5t4 ,! g5us ,equus1 or at lea/ our mod]n horse1 ,equus caballus1 c be trac$ no fur!r back ?an ! ,po/-t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! succession ( =ms lead+ up ?i!r comm5ces at ! bottom ( ! ,eoc5e1 & ext5ds to ! upp] ,plioc5e4 ,foll[+ ,pr(essor ,huxley's guidance1 we trace ! p$igree d[nw>ds1 ?us3 ,fir/ly1 !re is ! true horse4 ,next we h ! ,am]ican ,plioc5e =m1 ,pliohippus4 ,9 ! con=mation ( its limbs x pres5ts "s v slight deviations f ! ord9>y horse4 ,!n comes ,protohippus1 :i* repres5ts ! ,european ,hipp>ion1 hav+ "o l>ge digit & two small ones on ea* foot4444 ,b x is m valuable ?an ,hipp>ion1 = c]ta9 peculi>ities t5d to %[ t ! latt] is r a memb] ( a collat]al bran*1 ?an a =m 9 ! direct l9e ( succession4 ,next1 9 ! backw>d ord] 9 "t1 is ! ,miohippus1 ,mioc5e1 :i* corresponds pretty ne>ly ) ! ,an*i!rium ( ,europe4 ,x pres5ts ?ree complete toes--"o l>ge m$ian & two small] lat]al ones2 & !re is a rudim5t ( t digit :i* answ]s to ! little f+] ( ! human h&4 ,! ,european record /ops "h3 9 ! ,am]ican ,t]ti>ies1 ! s]ies ( ance/ral equ9e =ms is cont9u$ into ! ,eoc5e4 ,an old] ,mioc5e =m1 ,mesohippus1 has ?ree toes 9 front1 ) a l>ge spl9t-l rudim5t repres5t+ ! little f+]1 & ?ree toes beh9d4 ,! radius & ulna1 tibia & fibula1#bgh are di/9ct4 ,mo/ important ( all is ! ,orohippus1 f ! ,eoc5e4 ,"h we f9d f\r complete toes on ! front limb1 ?ree toes on ! h9d-limb1 a well develop$ ulna1 a well develop$ fibula4 ,"h1 :5 ! lecture :i* we are consid]+ 0 deliv]$1 ! s]ies t]m9at$3--& ^u ! facts z above giv5 ,pr(essor ,huxley ?us comm5t$3 ,?us1 x has become evid5t t1 s f> z our pres5t k ext5ds1 ! hi/ory ( ! horse-type is exactly & precisely t :i* c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ f a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,evolution4 ,& ! k we n[ possess ju/ifies u completely 9 ! anticipation1 t :5 ! /ill l[] ,eoc5e deposits1 & ^? :i* belong to ! ,cretace\s ,epo* h yield$ up _! rema9s1 we %all f9d1 fir/1 a =m ) f\r complete toes & a rudim5t ( ! inn]mo/ or fir/ digit 9 front1 ) probably a rudim5t ( ! fif? digit 9 ! h9d foot2 :ile1 9 /ill old] =ms1 ! s]ies ( ! digits w be m & m complete1 until we come to ! five-to$ animals1 9 :i*1 if ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is well f\nd$1 ! :ole s]ies mu/ h tak5 its orig94 ,f9ally he 0 able to add 9 a note t s9ce ! deliv]y ( ! lecture1 ,pr(essor ,m>% _h discov]$ a new g5us ( ,equ9e ,mammals1 ,eohippus1 correspond+ v ne>ly to 8 description ( :at might fir/ be look$ =4 ,?is1 adds ,pr(essor ,huxley1 is :at ,i mean by demon/rative evid5ce ( ,evolution4444 ,9 fact1 ! :ole evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ,evolution1 & !re is none aga9/ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ^! facts are inde$ mo/ rem>kable & des]v+ ( all att5tion1 _c be que/ion$4 ,b be=e we c agree t !y are conclusive & demon/rative 9 ,pr(essor ,huxley's s5se a good _m consid]ations require to be c>efully weigh$4 7i47 ,x is obvi\s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t "h z 9 all o!r in/ances :i* we h se51 ! "o ?+ is lack+ :i* is really want$ 9 ord] to prove ,evolution1 namely evid5ce ( "o species gradually %ad+ (f into ano!r4 ,! creatures ( :i* we h he>d1 are ea* isolat$ f ! re/1 & inde$ v mu* isolat$1 = ea* belongs to a diff]5t g5us1#bgi :i* %[s t ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are sub/antial4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 f>!r ap>t f "o ano!r1 ?an ! zebra or ! donkey f ! horse1 = bo? ( ^! are class$ 9 ! g5us equus1--or ?an ! ,b5gal tig] is f ! dome/ic pussy-cat1 bo? belong+ to ! g5us felis4 ,^! v>i\s ungulate =ms ?us /& a long way f "o ano!r1 & if !y 7 once connect$ toge!r by a bridge1 or r a causeway1 we ought c]ta9ly to f9d "s traces ( x1 & n always ( ^? p>ticul> types :i* require to be unit$4 ,if we suppose ! v di/9ct species actually kn[n to h be5 ! pi]s ( su* a bridge1 yet :at has become ( ! ar*es8 ,till "s ve/iges ( ^! be f\nd1 or1 at lea/1 "s positive evid5ce t ar*es !re actually 71 c x be said t ! /ory ( ! fossil equidae furni%es conv9c+ te/imony on behalf ( ! suppos$ evolution8 ,aff9ities ^! v>i\s =ms und\bt$ly exhibit3 x has yet to be %[n t aff9ities necess>ily imply desc5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ ev5 m rem>kable4 ,we h se5 t ,pr(essor ,huxley progno/icat$ be=eh& ! discov]y ( ,eohippus1 & specifi$ pretty ne>ly ! features x w\ld be f\nd to pres5t4 ,9 ! same way1 ,pr(essor ,m>%#bhj anticipates & describes a /ill m remote ance/ral =m1 = :i*1 ?\gh x has n yet be5 f\nd1 he has provid$ an appellation1 ,hippops4 ,b if ei!r ,pr(essor really believes 9 ,evolution1 :y does he take = grant$ t we %all *ance ^u "o p>ticul> =m1 /&+ l a solit>y outpo/ by itself1 & n ^u any o!r trace ( ! /ream ( life :]e( x 0 b "o transi5t phase8 ,su* pr$ictions may be evid5ce t ! occurr5ce ( ^! progressive =ms is regulat$ by some?+ analog\s to ,bode's ,law ( int]planet>y di/ances1 & t _! discov]y may be look$ = at c]ta9 int]vals4 ,b ! v fact t _! actual position c be s accurately specifi$ s]ves to %[ t x is v def9itely fix$4 7ii47 ,moreov]1 a v grave difficulty at once sugge/s itself1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley makes no m5tion4 ,! horse z we n[ h him1 ,equus caballus1 is a native ( ! ,old ,_w1 & has be5 introduc$ to ,am]ica only s9ce ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,!re _h1 x is true1 be5 horses 9 ,am]ica previ\sly1--belong+ to ! g5us ,equus1 p]haps ev5 to ! species caballus1--!y _h1 h[ev]1 be5 long ext9ct1 & no memory ( !m rema9$4 ,b1 z w be notic$1 ! p$igree giv5 by ,pr(essor ,huxley consi/s almo/ entirely ( ,am]ican animals1 to :i* category belong all ^: names t]m9ate 9 -hippus1 & ^! _c ) any reason be assign$ z prog5itors to ! ,european horse4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson obs]ves3#bha ,9 ,am]ica a s]ies ( horse-l animals has be5 select$1 beg9n+ ) ! ,eohippus ( ! ,eoc5e--an animal ! size ( a fox1 & ) f\r toes 9 front & ?ree beh9d--& ^! h be5 m>%all$ z ! ance/ors ( ! fossil horses ( ,am]ica4444 ,yet all ?is is purely arbitr>y1 & dep5d5t m]ely on a succession ( g5]a m & m closely resembl+ ! mod]n horse be+ procurable f successive ,t]ti>y deposits (t5 widely sep>at$ 9 "t & place4 ,9 ,europe1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ance/ry ( ! horse has be5 trac$ back to ,palo!rium--an entirely diff]5t =m--by j z likely indications1 ! tru? be+ t z ! gr\p to :i* ! horse belongs culm9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,t]ti>y times1 ! animal has too _m imag9>y ance/ors4 ,bo? g5ealogies c sc>cely be true1 & !re is no actual pro( ( ei!r4 ,! exi/+ ,am]ican horses1 :i* are ( ,european orig91 are1 accord+ to ! !ory1 desc5dants ( ,palo!rium1 n ( ,eohippus2 b if we _h n kn[n ?is on hi/orical evid5ce1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ to prev5t u f trac+ !m to ! latt] animal4 ,?is simple consid]ation alone is suffici5t to %[ t su* g5ealogies are n ( ! nature ( sci5tific evid5ce4 7iii47 ,ev5 ap>t f ?is fundam5tal difficulty1 !re is mu* div]sity z to ! precise g5ealogy4 ,we may comp>e toge!r ! l9es ( ance/ry fav\r$--7#a7 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 7#b7 ,9 a case exhibit$ 9 our ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory to illu/rate ! subject1 7#c7 ,by ,mr4 ,miv>t1#bhb 7#d7 ,by ,mr4 ,lydekk]1#bhc 7#e7 ,9 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,horse1 a pamphlet issu$1 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 by ! ,am]ican ,museum4 ,?is la/ gives ! v late/ v]sion ( ! p$igree1 b1 naturally1 ( ! ,am]ican ,horse alone4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,huxley4 ,briti% ,miv>t4 ,lydekk]4 ,am]ican ,museum ,case4 ,museum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,equus ,equus ,equus ,equus ,equus ,pliohippus ,protohippus ,hipp>ion ,hipp>ion ,hipp>ion ,hipp>ion ,protohippus ,protohippus ,hypohippus ,miohippus ,an*i!rium ,an*i!rium ,m]y*ippus ,an*i!rium,an*i!rium ,an*ilophus ,mesohippus ,mesohippus ,protohippus ,pa*ynolophus7=m alli$ to7 7#b species7 ,mesohippus ,epihippus ,orohippus 7#b species7 ,hyraco!rium ,protorohippus ,eohippus ,hyraco!rium ,ph5acodus ,sy/emodon ,eohippus ,an undiscov]$ ance/or 7,hippops7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,x w be obs]v$1 t :]eas ,hipp>ion is disall[$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley z n be+ 9 ! direct l9e ( desc5t1 9 all ! o!r g5ealogies he appe>s z ! imm$iate ance/or ( ,equus4 ,also t 9 all ^! tables1 ,old ,_w & ,new ,_w =ms are us$ indiff]5tly to supply prog5itors = ! same successor4 ,also t !re is no agreem5t at all z to ! e>li] ance/ry4 ,x w\ld likewise appe> t ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,eohippus himself is n beyond "q1 = 9 our ,museum gall]ies & guide-book 8 "n always has a note ( int]rogation app5d$4 ,! ,am]ican au?orities give an anticipatory sket* ( ! limbs ( ! ance/or :i* /ill rema9s to be discov]$4 ,!re is some?+ ev5 m rem>kable4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,equid4 _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,rec5t4 ,equus ,caballus499 ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ ,equus ,/5onis4999999 ,e4 ,sival5sis4999999 c4 ,quat]n>y4 ,hippidium49999 ,e4 ,am]icanus49999 c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ ,pliohippus4 _/ ,plioc5e4 ,hipp>ion4999999 ,protohippus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ ,,t]ti>y4 ,mioc5e4 ,hypohippus4 ,p>ahippus4 ,miohippus4 ,an*i!rium499 ,m]y*ippus4 ,mesohippus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ ,epihippus4 ,orohippus4 ,hyraco!rium499 ,eoc5e4 ,protorohippus4 ,pa*ynolophus499 ,eohippus4 ,ph5acodus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hippops 7undiscov]$74 ,,second>y4 ,no trace ( ,mammals except small ,m>supials & ,insectivora4 99 ,indicates an inhabitant ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,all o!rs are ,am]ican4 9999 ,n 9 direct l9e ( ance/ry4 ,huxley's lecture exhibit+ ! p$igree we h be5 consid]+ 0 deliv]$ 9 #ahgf4 ,we h already se5 t six ye>s e>li] he _h decl>$ himself satisfi$1 aft] mu* se>*1 t ?\gh o!r g5ealogies might be d\btful1 we _h 9 ! case ( ! ,horse some?+ really satisfactory4 ,b ! p$igree ( #ahgj--:i* he ?us indicat$ z sci5tifically e/abli%$--0 totally diff]5t f t ( #ahgf1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ z errone\s by ! v acceptance ( ! latt]4 ,9 #ahgj ! ance/ry pres5t$ = ,equus consi/$ ( ,hipp>ion1 ,an*i!rium1 & ,plagiolophus4 ,( ^!1 ,hipp>ion 0 9 #ahgf specifically disall[$ z a direct ance/or3 ,an*i!rium 0 displac$ by ,miohippus1 & al?\gh we are told t ^! creatures correspond pretty ne>ly1 ! ,horse _c be desc5d$ f bo?1 especially z !y dwelt 9 diff]5t hemisph]es4 ,f9ally ,plagiolophus disappe>s f ! am5d$ p$igree altoge!r4 ,no?+ c\ld m vividly illu/rate ! dang] ( su* speculations ?an t an au?ority s cle>-head$ & consci5ti\s z ,pr(essor ,huxley %\ld ?us proclaim 8 acceptance ( a g5ealogy :i* he _h on aft] in=mation to r5\nce4 ,nor to him alone h su* misadv5tures happ5$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 too ?\ght ! claim ( ,hipp>ion to ance/ral equ9e rank to be beyond dispute4 ,no "o w d5y1 he wrote1#bhd t ! ,hipp>ion is int]m$iate betwe5 ! exi/+ horse & c]ta9 old] ungulate =ms4 ,yet1 z we see1 ?is has be5 d5i$ by 8 *ampion ,huxley himself4 7iv47 ,! mat]ials available = ! recon/ruction ( ^! v>i\s equ9e =ms1 are f> less satisfactory ?an might easily be suppos$4 ,z a rule1 ea* is kn[n to u only by small fragm5ts ( its skeleton1 s t we c h no assurance z to :at ! :ole animal 0 really l1 or ev5 t all p>ts assign$ to "o creature really belong$ to him4 ,we c accord+ly feel no c]ta9ty t if we c\ld see any ( ^! z a :ole we %\ld f9d x possible to suppose t ! horse desc5d$ f x4 ,?us 9 ,hippidium1 an ,am]ican g5us closely alli$ to ,equus1 x is at lea/ d\btful :e!r ! digits did n t]m9ate 9 claws4#bhe ,"o species ( ,hippidium is kn[n only by a solit>y too?4 ,( ,hyraco!rium only ! skull has be5 f\nd3 ( ,orohippus only p>ts ( jaws & tee? & a =efoot3 ( ,epihippus1 only incomplete specim5s4#bhf ,accord+ly1 ,pr(essor ,williamson1 speak+ ( ! discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,m>% & o!rs1 ?us expresses himself3#bhg ,beyond all "q1 "s ( ! gaps t h hi!rto sep>at$ ! ?ree animals ,an*i!rium1 ,hipp>ion1 & ,equus are fill$ up by ^! discov]ies2 b ,i want yet m evid5ce be=e ,i c arrive at ! conclusion t ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is prov$ by ^! facts beyond ! possibility ( "q4 ,x appe>s to me t be=e ,i c unhesitat+ly give to ! te/imony ( ^! fossil horses ! full value ,i am ask$ to d1 ,i mu/ "k m ab\t !m ?an is at pres5t possible4 ,x w n be en\gh t ! limbs & tee? ( ^! creatures indicate transmutation1 b su* transmutation mu/ be evid5c$ by e "p ( ! animal4 ,?is dem& is especially applicable to ! /ages :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! ,hipp>ion & ! horse4444 ,myriads ( individuals mu/ h exi/$ to effect ! gradual %ad+ ( ! "o into ! o!r 9 e "p ( its body4 7v47 ,x %\ld likewise be rem>k$ t 9 "o n unimportant p>ticul>1 ! plates s commonly giv5 to illu/rate ! horse's ance/ry d n fairly repres5t ! facts4 ,x w\ld appe> f !m t all ! animals 7 mu* ( a size1 :i* d\btless greatly assi/s ! imag9ation 9 pictur+ !m z all 9 "o l9e ( desc5t4 ,b z a matt] ( fact !y diff]$ 9 /ature extremely1 & ! remot] suppos$ prog5itors 7 comp>ative pigmies4 ,hyraco!rium1 = in/ance1 0 ab\t ! size ( a h>e1#bhh & accord+ to ,pr(essor ,cope1 ,orohippus 0 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ?is dim9utive /e$4 ,! hypo!tical ,hippops1 :i* ,pr(essor ,m>% locates 9 ! l[] ,t]ti>y or upp] ,second>y rocks1 c1 he ?9ks1#bhi n[ be pr$icat$ ) c]ta9ty2 & among/ o!r ?+s x probably 0 n l>g] ?an a rabbit1 p]haps mu* small]4 ,sometimes1 s f> z evid5ce goes1 x ev5 seems t 9 respect ( size !re 0 det]ioration in/ead ( advance z ! l9eage progress$4 ,?us ,epihippus1 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e1 is consid]ably small] ?an ,protorohippus1 f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,eoc5e2 b1 says ! ,am]ican pamphlet1#bij no d\bt !re 7 o!rs ( l>g] size liv+ at ! same "t1 :i* w sc>cely be call$ conv9c+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p$igree ,,( ,,! ,,horse1 ,,f ,,! ,,am]ican ,,museum4 ,,! ,,p$igree ,,( ,,! ,,horse1 ,,f ,,huxley',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,evolution4 7vi47 ,wor?y ( notice also is ! rem>kable circum/ance t 9 ! l9e ( evolution culm9at+ 9 ! mod]n ,horse1 a p>allel s]ies ( g5]ically id5tical or closely alli$ =ms occurs 9 ! ,t]ti>ies ( bo? ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 f :i* x has be5 sugge/$ t on bo? cont95ts a p>allel developm5t ( ! same g5]a has simultane\sly tak5 place4#bia ,&1 z we h se51 :ile ! ,am]ican p$igree mu/ h be5 entirely diff]5t f ! ,european1 x t]m9ates equally 9 bo? cont95ts ) ! g5us ,equus1 if n actually ) ,equus caballus4#bib ,b1 on any me*anical sy/em ( evolution1 x is impossible to suppose t developm5ts conduct$ along sep>ate roads c\ld ?us be br\ght to meet 9 "o t]m9us4#bic ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n conceive x possible t ! same species %\ld be produc$ twice ov]1 if ev5 ! v same conditions ( life1 organic & inorganic %\ld recur1#bid & ! production ( g5u9e horses1 n only 9 widely div]se circum/ances1 b ?r\gh totally diff]5t ance/ors1 mu/ appe> /ill less conceivable4 ,consequ5tly1 says ,mr4 ,miv>t1#bie x foll[s f ?is g5]ic id5tity1 t classification w be no long] ,d>w9ian1 b "o m ,ari/otelian1 & w reg>d1 n ! orig9 b ! outcome ( developm5t1 :e!r ( ! individual or ! species4 7vii47 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r consid]ation m s]i\s ?an any ( ! above4 ,9 ord] to set ! !ory ( g5etic ,evolution ^u a s\nd & sub/antial basis1 x is n suffici5t to %[ t ! la/ ungulate is l9eally desc5d$ f ! fir/1--,equus f ,eohippus1 ,hyraco!rium1 ,ph5acodus1 or ,hippops1--b t ?is fir/ ungulate himself--:i*ev] x 0--has be51 or at lea/ may h be51 simil>ly develop$ f a non-ungulate ,mammalian ance/or1 ! common p>5t ( all ! protean =ms assum$ by 8 prog5y4 ,to develop all ^! f "o orig9al1 ?r\gh a graduat$ s]ies 9 ea* case1 by ! inf9itesimal process ( desc5t ) modification1 w\ld require a p]iod ( "t inconceivably long--imm5sely long] ?an t requir$ to *ange "o ungulate into ano!r4 ,ungulates1 z has be5 said1 are a highly specializ$ type ( ,mammals1 & al?\gh !y walk$ on ! nails ( five digits in/ead ( only "o1 a va/ am\nt ( ,evolution w\ld be requir$ to br+ !m ev5 to ?is po9t1 f t :5ce all ,mammals are said to h />t$4 ,!re mu/ also h exi/$1 :ile ?is developm5t 0 9 progress1 a teem+ & multitud9\s mammalian life1 z raw mat]ial = its op]ations--& ( ?is at lea/ "s trace %\ld rema94 ,b1 s f> z we "k1 ! fir/ ,ungulates made _! appe>ance ^u e>? q z soon z did any o!r mammals f :i* !y c\ld possibly h sprung4 ,ph5acodus1 is 9 fact describ$ z1#bif ,! mo/ primitive ,eoc5e mammal yet discov]$4 ,he appe>s 9 ! ,l[] ,t]ti>y2 :ile ! ,second>y & ,mesozoic rocks b5ea?1--! :ole p]iod cov]$ by :i* w\ld be none too long = ! evolution ( ,t]ti>y mammals g5]ally1--are practically devoid ( mammalian rema9s altoge!r1 exhibit+ only a few small m>supials1 f :i* we c no m suppose ,ph5acodus & ! huge & v>i\s bea/s :o 7 8 ,eoc5e contempor>ies to h develop$1 ?an f opossums ! size ( %rew-mice4 ,x also complicates matt]s n a little to f9d t :5 plac5tal mammals fir/ %[ !mselves all ov] ! _w at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eoc5e1--:ile ?is highly specializ$ ord] ( ! ,ungulates seems to h be5 mu* ! mo/ num]\s1 x _h a ho/ ( contempor>ies1 ( extreme div]sities ( /ructure3--z = in/ance ,unguiculates 7or claw$ animals7 alli$ to ! ,hy5a & ! ,fox1 ,rod5ts 7gnaw+ animals7 ak9 to ! ,squirrel1 z well z ,:ales & ,bats4 ,( ! ,cetaceans1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson tells u3#big ,! olde/ ( ! :ales are 9 _! d5tition m p]fect ?an any ( _! successors1 s9ce _! tee? are ea* implant$ by two roots1 & h s]rat$ cr[ns1 l ^? ( ! seals4 ,! great ,eoc5e :ales ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic 7,zeuglodon7 :i* h ^! *>act]s1 atta9$ ! l5g? ( sev5ty feet1 & are und\bt$ly ! fir/ ( ! :ales 9 rank z well z 9 "t4 ,?is is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ difficult facts to expla9 on ! !ory ( ,evolution4444 ,we may "q1 says ,gaudry1#bih ^! /range & gigantic sov]eigns ( ! ,t]ti>y oceans z to _! prog5itors--!y leave u )\t reply4 444 ,_! sil5ce is ! m significant z "o c sc>cely suppose ^! animals to h be5 nurtur$ 9 any limit$ or seclud$ space 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,! ,bats1 z is obvi\s1 w\ld require q z mu* trans=mation f ! g5]aliz$ mammalian type z ! ,:ales !mselves1 ?\gh 9 q ano!r direction4 ,b !y appe> ) _! w+s fully develop$1 9 ! ,eoc5e1 9 bo? ,hemisph]es4 ,gaudry ?9ks writes ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson#bii t x is natural to suppose t !re mu/ h be5 species exi/+ previ\sly ) %ort] f+]s#cjj & rudim5t>y w+s2 b !re are no facts to support ?is supposition1 :i* is ! m que/ionable s9ce ! suppos$ rudim5t>y w+s w\ld be useless1 & p]haps h>mful to _! possessors4 ,besides1 if f ! ,eoc5e to ! pres5t1 ! ,bats h rema9$ ! same1 h[ long w\ld x take to develop an animal ) ord9>y feet1 l ^? ( a %rew1 into a bat8 ,su* in/ances are by no means s+ul>1 nor are l difficulties conf9$ to ! ,eoc5e4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e above1 ab\t ! "t :5 ,an*i!rium fl\ri%$1 !re appe>$ a family ) :om he might claim relation%ip1 = !y 7 n only ak9 to ! ,ungulates b ,p]issodactyles1 or odd-to$1 l himself4 ,^! 7 ! ,proboscideae--! bea/s t be> betwe5 _! eyes a s]p5t = a h&1 9 o!r words ! ,elephants & _! allies4 ,^!1 l o!r families1 among/ _! e>lie/ repres5tatives includ$ ! giants ( _! race1 = "s ( _! ,mioc5e specim5s#cja are ab\t half z l>ge aga9 z ! l>ge/ ( our mod]n elephants4 ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] has rec5tly decl>$#cjb t we n[ und]/& ! g5etic aff9ities ( ^! creatures1 ^: faces h be5 pull$ out into trunks ) ! nose at ! extremity1 & 9 support ( 8 /atem5t he adduces ! features ( ! cranium z exhibit$ 9 c]ta9 rec5tly-discov]$ specim5s4 ,b h[ f> c conclusions be call$ f9al :i* are bas$ ^u su* p>tial evid5ce8#cjc ,z ,m4 ,gaudry1 conv9c$ ,evolutioni/ z he is1 ackn[l$ges1 9 reg>d ( ?is v matt]3#cjd ,l ! ,ma/odons1 ! ,d9o!ria appe>$ sudd5ly4 ,:5ce did !y come8 f :at quadrup$s did !y spr+8 ,at pres5t we d n "k4444 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce f o!r mammals tak5 z a :ole1 & comp>$ ) ! po9ts ( resemblance1 are too great to enable u to po9t to any relation%ip betwe5 ! ,proboscideans & animals ( o!r ord]s z yet kn[n to u4 ,su* !n are "s ( ! /ill unansw]$ que/ions connect$ ) ! g5esis ( ! ,horse1 ! mo/ fam\s in/ance ( geological evid5ce#cje :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley selects z prov+ ,evolution to demon/ration4 ,x is by no means easy to und]/& h[ x c\ld ev] be suppos$ to m]it any su* description4 ,9 view ( ! v>i\s difficulties recit$ above x c h>dly be ?\ght t !re is satisfactory evid5ce ev5 ( ! modicum ( ,evolution = :i* alone are su* argum5ts br\ght1 namely )9 ! limits ( ! ,equid4 ,ev5 7 ! reality ( ?is e/abli%$ to ! full1 h[ w\ld su* evid5ce comp>e ) t we h he>d1 drawn n f "o corn] ( ,organic ,nature1 b f a review ( ! great l9es ( its hi/ory8#cjf ,we f9d inde$ t :ile ,pr(essor ,huxley decl>es palontology to be ! ma9 support ( ,evolution1 o!r au?orities tell u ! exact contr>y4 ,! doctr9e ( organic evolution says ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson#cjg is ess5tially biological r ?an geological1 & has be5 mu* m fav\r$ by biologi/s ?an by ^? ^: /udies lead !m m specially to consid] ! succession ( animals & plants reveal$ by ! rocks ( ! e>?4 ,simil>ly ,pr(essor ,williamson1#cjh speak+ ( ! ef=ts made to obta9 evid5ce on behalf ( ,evolution1 says3 ,n only liv+1 b ext9ct animals h be5 appeal$ to2 ,pr(essor ,huxley especially has1 ) 8 wont$ skilfulness1 made use ( ! latt] to buttress ! geological side ( ! /ructure1 :i* is confess$ly its weake/ "o4 ,m important ?an all1--,mr4 ,d>w9 himself fully ackn[l$g$ t ! palontological evid5ce is f> %ort ( :at x %\ld be3--& attempt$ to meet ! difficulty by plead+ ! imp]fection ( ! geological record3--a plea to be m fully consid]$ pres5tly4 ,we mu/ n leave unnotic$ ! me?od ( deal+ ) ! geological record adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,( ?is we h already se5 a slight specim51--- 9 ! gratuit\s & baseless ass]tion t ! apetal\s ,dicotyl$ons date z f> back z ! ,trias1 at ! v bottom ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 by :i*1 7 x a fact1 a s]i\s ,evolution>y void w\ld be fill$4 ,9 ! same mann] he draws a p]fectly imag9>y picture ( ! subm>9e =e/s ( primeval days1 9 :i* we may suppose all ! =ms ( aft] vegetation to h begun _! c>e] z seawe$s4#cji ,b 9 reg>d ( 8 fav\rite doctr9e ( ! be/ial orig9 ( man1 he goes mu* fur!r1 & pr9ts#caj an elaborate g5ealogy ^u :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 review+ him makes no adv]se rem>k4 ,9 ?is he exhibits1 z a simple matt] ( sci5tific fact1 an ,ance/ral ,s]ies ( ! human p$igree1 :i* n9ety-n9e p] c5t1 ( 8 read]s w naturally suppose to be bas$ ^u palontological evid5ce4 ,?is wond]ful g5ealogy /&s ?us3 #a4 ,mon]a4 #b4 ,s+le-cell$ ,primeval animals4 #c4 ,_m-cell$ ,primeval animals4 #d4 ,ciliat$ planul 7,planada74 #e4 ,primeval ,inte/9al animals 7,ga/rada74 #f4 ,glid+ ,worms 7,turbell>ia74 #g4 ,s(t-worms 7,scolecida74 #h4 ,sack worms 7,himatega74 #i4 ,acrania4 #aj4 ,monorrh9a4 #aa4 ,primeval fi% 7,sela*ii74 #ab4 ,salam&] fi% 7,dipneu/a74 #ac4 ,gill$ ,amphibia 7,sozobran*ia74 #ad4 ,tail$ ,amphibia 7,sozura74 #ae4 ,primeval ,amniota 7,protamnia74 #af4 ,prim>y ,mammals 7,promammalia74 #ag4 ,m>supialia4 #ah4 ,semi-apes 7,prosimi74 #ai4 ,tail$ n>r[-nos$ ,apes4 #bj4 ,tail-less n>r[-nos$ ,apes 7,m5-l ,apes74 #ba4 ,pi!can?ropus 7,spee*less or ,ape-l ,man74 #bb4 ,talk+ ,man4 ,! fir/ ?+ to rem>k says ,m4 de ,quatrefages#caa is t n "o ( ! creatures exhibit$ 9 ?is p$igree has ev] be5 se51 ei!r liv+ or fossil4 ,_! exi/5ce is bas$ entirely ^u !ory4#cab ,all species1 exi/+ or ext9ct1 are said to h be5 prec$$ by ance/ral =ms1 :i* h disappe>$ leav+ no ve/ige beh9d4444 ,all ! ance/ral gr\ps m or less ill repres5t$ 9 ! actual organic _w1 d n suffice to fill up ! gaps 9 8 p$igree2 f "o /age to ano!r !re is sometimes too broad a gulf4 ,!n ,haeckel inv5ts ! types !mselves1 z well z ! l9e ( desc5t to :i* he assigns !m = example ,no4 #g1 ,! ,scolecida1 & ,no4 #ba1 ,pi!can?ropus4 ,?is k9d ( ,sci5ce does n des]ve to be treat$ s]i\sly4 ,x w be suffici5t to cite ano!r obs]vation ( ,m4 de ,quatrefages3#cac ,if ,d>w9 err$ 9 reg>d+ our v ignorance z to "s degree tell+ 9 fav\r ( 8 notions1 he nev] tri$ to re-write ! miss+ volumes ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 to re/ore ! *apt]s :i* h be5 torn out1 or to fill ! blanks ^u pages t h come d[n to u4 ,b ?is is j :at ,haeckel does cont9ually4 ,:5ev] a bran* or a twig is lack+ on 8 g5ealogical trees1 :5ev] ! transit f "o type to ano!r w\ld appe> too abrupt1 7 we to re/rict ourselves to creatures actually kn[n1 he inv5ts species & gr\ps bodily1 to :i* he unhesitat+ly assigns a place 9 phylog5y1 (t5 a "p 9 phylog5esis4 ,sometimes he calls 9 ontog5y to c\nt5ance ! discov]y ( suppos$ ance/ors3 b frequ5tly he does no m ?an affirm _! exi/5ce4 ,he ?us creates a fauna1 entirely hypo!tical1 ( :i* ,vogt rightly said t no man ev] saw a trace ( x1 or ev] w4 ,x is 9 ?is fa%ion t ,pr(essor ,haeckel habitually solves ! ,riddles ( ! ,univ]se4 ,z ,vogt himself wrote1#cad ,we %all be compell$ to pat* & alt] ^! g5ealogical trees ( species1 :i* up to ?is "t h be5 set =? z ! la/ ^w ( ,sci5ce1 & especially ( ,d>w9ism4 ,& ,du ,bois-,reymond1#cae ,man's p$igree1 z drawn up by ,haeckel1 is wor? ab\t z mu* z is t ( ,hom]'s h]oes = critical hi/orians4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ ,d>w9's own explanation ( ! admitt$ defici5cy ( palontological evid5ce4 ,! ma9 cause he writes#caf ( innum]able int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 diff]5t =ms n n[ occurr+ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t nature1 dep5ds on ! v process ( natural selection1 ?r\gh :i* new v>ieties cont9ually take ! places ( & supplant _! p>5t-=ms4 ,b j 9 proportion z ?is process ( ext]m9ation has act$ on an enorm\s scale1 s mu/ ! numb] ( int]m$iate v>ieties1 :i* h =m]ly exi/$1 be truly enorm\s4 ,:y !n is n e geological =mation & e /ratum full ( su* int]m$iate l9ks8 ,geology assur$ly does n reveal any su* f9ely-graduat$ organic *a92 & ?is1 p]haps1 is ! mo/ obvi\s & s]i\s objection :i* c be urg$ aga9/ ! !ory4 ,! explanation lies1 z ,i believe1 9 ! extreme imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,h[ imp]fect ?is record is he proce$s to argue at l5g?1 & he has no difficulty 9 %[+ h[ mu* ( x has at "o "t or o!r be5 defac$ by natural causes1 & h[ small a portion has be5 laid op5 to our inspection4 ,b al?\gh 8 demon/ration on ?is po9t is cont9ually quot$1 z ?\gh x solv$ ! difficulty1 x does n appe> t x ne$ deta9 u long4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 obvi\s t ! abs5ce ( evid5ce _c prove ! tru? ( ! !ory ( ,evolution or any o!r1 & x is pro( ( t !ory :i* is requir$4 ,ap>t f palontological facts1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley has told u1 !re c be no conclusive evid5ce "o way or ! o!r2 & if ! geological record be n suffici5tly complete to supply su* evid5ce1 ! !ory _c possibly claim to be sci5tifically e/abli%$4 ,is x n also1 z ,m4 de ,quatrefages has rem>k$1 v s+ul> t precisely t evid5ce mu/ be suppos$ always to h p]i%$ :i* ! ,evolution !ory imp]atively requires1 :ile s mu* rema9s :i* appe>s to contradict x8 ,b1 moreov]1 z ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs says1 incomplete ?\gh ! record und\bt$ly is1 & limit$ z is our k ev5 ( :at exi/s1--!re /ill rema9s a va/ mass ( in=mation :i* x has actually suppli$1 & !re seems to be no reason = d5y+ t1 z to ! p>ticul> po9t "u consid]ation1 its te/imony is ample4 ,if1 z on ! pr9ciples ( g5etic ,evolution mu/ be ! case1 !re 7 9 ea* l9e ( desc5t no successive species or g5]a1 made up ( =ms clu/]$ r\nd "o po9t 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t m ?an ano!r1 h[ comes x t we f9d always & ev]y:]e j su* isolat$ clu/]s1 naturally =m+ g5]a & species2 & t 9 no s+le in/ance d we f9d any trace ( ! graduat$ s]ies l9k+ !m toge!r8 ,is x n q impossible to suppose1 t at all po9ts 9 ,nature we /umble ^u exactly ^? in/ances :i* disguise1 & app>5tly contradict1 ! me?od ^u :i* %e inv>iably works8 ,x is likewise obvi\s t ! practice ( ,evolutioni/s is q inconsi/5t ) _! own plea1 = _! argum5ts are con/antly unmean+ except on ! assumption t ! geological record is suffici5tly complete = practical purposes4 ,9 ! example ( ! ,horse1 = in/ance1 :i* we h be5 consid]+1 ! :ole case = 8 ,evolution is bas$ ^u ! supposition t ! complet$ ,equus did n exi/ dur+ ! e>li] p]iods :5 ,eohippus1 ,an*i!rium1 ,hipp>ion & ! re/ ( !m 7 prep>+ ! way = 8 appe>ance1 & t none ( ^! liv$ simultane\sly ) o!rs m anci5t /ill :i* are set d[n z _! ance/ors4 ,b on :at does su* a supposition re/8 ,simply on ! abs5ce ( rema9s ( ! m develop$1 9 ! /rata conta9+ ^? ( ! less develop$4 ,if su* a reason be suffici5t--:i* we w n "q--x is likewise suffici5t to e/abli% ! non-exi/5ce ( int]m$iate =ms to bridge ! wide brea*es 9 ! suppos$ p$igree1 & we mu/ accord+ly conclude t su* int]m$iate =ms !re nev] 74 ,x is no less evid5t t :atev] fur!r evid5ce is f\nd1 may tell ! wrong way1 f ! evolution>y po9t ( view1 no less ?an ! "r "o2 ei!r by discr$it+ suppos$ l9k-=ms1 or by introduc+ u to new & /range types :i* increase our difficulties by requir+ l9es ( communication to be e/abli%$ ) !m4 ,?us1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u1#cag ,x is und5iable t !re are in/ances :i* appe>$ at fir/ to indicate a gradual transition1 :i* in/ances h be5 %[n by fur!r inve/igation & discov]y n to indicate truly any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,ano!r example ( ! same sort is furni%$ by ! rec5t discov]y ( ,ars9oe!rium1 a g5us ( v l>ge & heavy ho($ bea/s1 ! relics ( :i* h be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! upp] ,eoc5e ( ,egypt4 ,?is creature 0 some?+ l a l>ge rh9oc]os1 b _h no connexion :atev] ) t family4 ,9 fact1 we are told1 its horns1 ( :i* x has f\r1 two on top ( its head1 & two small] above ! eyes1 & also its tee?1 make x /& q ap>t f all o!r mammals4 ,x ?us appe>s t :5 ! !ory ( g5etic ,evolution comes to ! b> ( ,palontology1 ! mo/ fav\rable v]dict to :i* x c pret5d is1 ,n prov54 ,"o ?+ is c]ta94 ,all ! evid5ce we possess 9 reg>d ( ,organic ,evolution1 leaves ! "q ( ! orig91 ! propagation1 & ! developm5t ( life exactly :]e x has always be54 ,no =ce has be5 f\nd by ,sci5ce to :i* we may ascribe ! orig9 ( ! _w we "k4 ,z ! ,c\nt de ,saporta writes3#cah ,al?\gh ! problem ( creation1--=m]ly ?\ght s simple1 & dat$ almo/ )9 human k5 & ! p]iod ( human hi/ory--has n[ be5 relegat$ to a p]iod too di/ant to be imag9$1 x w\ld be *ildi% to say t on t acc\nt ! problem has ceas$ to exi/4 ,its limits h1 x is true1 be5 %ift$2 b we are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t !y h n[ise be5 alt]$4 ,! horizon may h broad5$ & rec$$ be=e u m & m1 b ! relative position ( ! objects we h to inve/igate rema9s precisely ! same4 ,s too ,m4 ,blan*>d3#cai ,!re has nev] be5 witness$1 & x is impossible to imag9e ! app>ition ( a creature n d]iv$ f ano!r creature3 x w\ld !re=e be folly to pret5d to an explanation ( creation4 ,if1 z ! advocates ( trans=mism suppose1 all species sprang f "s primitive types1 or ev5 f a s+le primordial cell1 ! appe>ance1 :e!r ( ^? types or ( t p>5t cell ( ! liv+ _w1 w\ld be nei!r m explicable nor less m>vell\s ?an ! appe>ance ( a ho/ ( creatures4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ,d>w9's great ally & admir]1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :5 he _h "t to realize all ! be>+s ( 8 fri5d's !ory1 wrote to him1#cbj--;,i ?9k ! old 'creation' is almo/ z mu* requir$ z ev]4 ,,xviii ,,to ,,sum ,,up ,x is "t to return to ! po9t f :i* we />t$ our :ole enquiry1 & to ask :at has be5 ga!r$ 9 ! c\rse ( x t[>ds a solution ( ! "q ) :i* we began4 ,t ! ,cosmos 9 :i* we dwell1 ! _w ( law1 ord]1 & life1 has n exi/$ = ev]1 we saw to be a tru? en=c$ by ! rese>*es ( physical ,sci5ce1 no less ?an by ! cle> tea*+ ( reason4 ,x c]ta9ly _h a beg9n+1 & !re mu/ be a cause to :i* t beg9n+ 0 due1--a cause capable ( produc+ all :i* we f9d to h be5 actually produc$4 ,! mat]ial ,univ]se & ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1--organic life ) all its inf9ite m>vels & v>ieties--animal s5sation--human intellig5ce--canons ( beauty1 ! law ( good & evil--all ^! mu/ h exi/$ pot5tially 9 ! ,fir/ ,cause1 z 9 ! ,s\rce :5ce alone !y c\ld be d]iv$4 ,! ,nature ( ?is ,cause 0 ! object ( our que/4 ,9 p>ticul> we set ourselves to exam9e ! ass]tion n[ s l\dly made t ,sci5ce has f\nd a full explanation 9 ! =ces ( ! ,univ]se itself z !y come )9 h] cognizance1 t is to say1 ! mat]ial =ces :i* %e c directly obs]ve1 & ^u :i* %e c exp]im5t4 ,9 p>ticul> we h /udi$ ! ,law ( ,evolution1 9 its v>i\s significations1 & o!r laws subsidi>y to x1 9 ord] to det]m9e1 f ! po9t ( view ( reason & ,sci5ce alone1 :e!r x c be said t ! prime factor ( :i* we are 9 se>* is ?us suppli$4 ,! result has be5 to make x evid5t t :ile mod]n discov]y has imm5sely multipli$ & magnifi$ ! m>vels :i* h to be acc\nt$ =1 x has disclos$ no?+ :i* c be suppos$ to acc\nt = !m 9 a mann] to satisfy our reason4 ,s f> z ! =ces ( ,nature are conc]n$1 ! my/]ies t lie beyond are ev5 d>k] ?an !y 74 ,! orig9 & nature ( matt] & =ce1 ! s\rce ( motion1 ( life1 ( s5sation & consci\sness1 ( rational intellig5ce & language1 ( ,free-w1 ( ! reign ( law & ord] to :i* all ,nature te/ifies1--all ^! are = ,sci5ce utt]ly unsolv$ problems1 :i*1 z "s among/ h] tea*]s tell u1 mu/ rema9 = ev] insoluble4 ,ev5 less prospect1 if possible1 c !re be t any me*anical =ces w ev] acc\nt = p]ception ( ! sublime & beautiful1--& above all--( ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,"h1 !n1 ,sci5ce /ops1--confess+ t %e c be our guide no f>!r1 & l5d+ no col\r :atev] to ! unsci5tific pret5sions :i* are s noisily advanc$ by "s p]sons 9 h] "n4 ,h] doma9 is ! _w ( s5se1 & x is evid5t t no?+ exi/+ )9 t realm c possibly furni% an explanation :i* w satisfy our intellectual ne$ = causality4 ,are we !re=e to say t we c "k no?+ conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,cause to :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se are due8 ,su* is ! ,agno/ic's position4 ,:at we h no means ( kn[+1 he says1 we mu/ n pret5d to "k4 ,x 7 irrational & di%one/ to d s4 ,:5 ,sci5ce fails u1 ! true wisdom is to pr(ess ignorance1--?us only c our position /ill be sci5tific4 ,b is su* a pr9ciple itself sci5tific8 ,is x n a gratuit\s & mon/r\s assumption t we c "k no?+ b t ( :i* our s5ses directly tell u8 ,t ! ,univ]se has a cause is no less c]ta9 ?an t ! ,univ]se exi/s1 = ( t cause x is ! monum5t4 ,&1 z ( ! :ole1 s ( e "p or elem5t :i* x conta9s1 x is absolutely c]ta9 t !re mu/ be a cause1 & "o adequate to ! production ( :at has actually be5 produc$2 = z ! prov]b says1 ,no?+ is to be got out ( a sack b :at is 9 x4 ,f su* conclusions !re is no escape2--& s9ce x is impossible to f9d ! cause requir$ )9 ! _w ( mat]ial =ces & s5sible ph5om5a1 x becomes no less obvi\s t x mu/ lie beyond1 across ! fronti] :i* no?+ mat]ial c pass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re=e1 also1 we "k some?+ conc]n+ t ,cause1--v little1 p]haps1 9 comp>ison ) :at we _c "k1--b /ill some?+ v sub/antial4 ,we "k t su* a ,cause exi/s4 ,we "k t x mu/ possess e excell5ce :i* we discov] 9 ,nature1--all t %e has1 & m2 s9ce :at %e d]ives f x1 ! ,cause ( ,nature has ( itself4 ,9 x mu/ be all p[]1 = except z fl[+ f x !re is no p[] possible4 ,f9ally1 z a capable ,cause ( law & ord] 9 ,nature1 & ( ,intellect & ,w 9 man1 ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ be sup]em95tly end[$ ) ,und]/&+1 & ,fre$om 9 ! ex]cise ( its might1--or x w\ld be inf]ior to its own works4 ,s9ce !re mu/ h be5 some?+ f et]nity1 says ,bol+broke#cba because !re is some?+ n[1 ! et]nal ,be+ mu/ be an intellig5t ,be+1 because !re is intellig5ce n[2 = no man w v5ture to ass]t t non-entity c produce entity1 or non-intellig5ce1 intellig5ce4 ,& su* a ,be+ mu/ exi/ necess>ily1 :e!r ?+s h be5 always z !y are1 or :e!r !y h be5 made 9 "t3 because x is no m easy to conceive an inf9ite ?an a f9ite progression ( effects )\t a cause4 ,x is !re=e n easy to und]/& h[ we c avoid ! conclusion ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( ,sci5ce :om we h he>d decl>e t !y assume z absolutely self-evid5t ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity :o is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s4 ,x w probably be answ]$ t ?is is m]e ,an?ropomorphism2 :i* =midable t]m appe>s by _m to be consid]$ suffici5t to close ! :ole "q1 & to rule ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god out ( c\rt4 ,did n ,voltaire rem>k t if 9 ! beg9n+ ,god made man to ,8 own image & lik5ess1 man has well repaid ,him ev] s9ce8 ,& :at c be m conclusive ?an t8 ,b :at--aft] all--does ,an?ropomorphism mean 9 ?is connexion8 ,simply1 t be+ m5 we h to speak 9 human t]ms1 ev5 ( :at is sup]human4 ,by no possibility c we d any?+ else4 ,limit$ z we are by ! conditions ( our nature1 we c f9d no mode ( expression except su* z is bas$ ^u s5sible exp]i5ce2 & al?\gh we c conv9ce ourselves by rational inf]5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 & to "s ext5t ( ! "*1 ( :at is beyond s5se1 we c frame no description ( x1 nor ev5 a phantasm or image by means ( imag9ation1 except s f> z we are able to draw ^u ! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,?us x is t arti/s :o endeav\r to repres5t an immat]ial be+1 z an angel1 a dj9n or a sprite1 ?\gh ! ess5ce ( ! object !y w\ld depict is t x has no body1 h p]=ce to give x "o1 ?\gh !y make x z little gross z possible1 = o!rwise !y c\ld n portray x at all4 ,b h[ev] su* images may be ref9$ & e!realiz$ !y are int5d$ to be und]/ood only z conv5tional figures to sugge/ to ! m9d its own concept1 :i* is z diff]5t f !m z ! notes produc$ by a s+] are f ^? on ! score f :i* he s+s4 ,no "o imag9es t ! g5ius ( ,music is a "y woman hold+ a %ell to h] e>1 or t ! ,*]ubim are heads & w+s & no?+ m4 ,s x is ) /atem5ts ( ! ,!i/ic belief conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,cause1 or ,god4 ,to put ?is into words we are compell$ to use ! only mat]ials )9 our rea*1 & to borr[ our phraseology f t :i*1 )9 our exp]i5ce is ! highe/ & noble/ elem5t f\nd 9 ! ,univ]se1--namely our own intellig5ce & w4 ,^! beyond "q mu/ be transc5d5tally possess$ by ! ,cause on :i* !y dep5d4 ,s f> ,an?ropomorphism is s\nd s5se2 t is to say1 s long z x attributes all possible excell5ce to ! s\rce ( all4 ,x is fooli% & unsci5tific only :5 x attributes to ! ,absolute & ,uncondition$ ! limitations ( an inf]ior ord] ( be+4 ,we may truly say t a p5ny is conta9$ 9 a p\nd1--b x does n foll[ t a sov]eign mu/ be ( copp]4 ,accord+ to ! sci5tific doctr9e t all our famili> =ms ( en]gy are ultimately d]iv$ f ! ,sun1 x might well be argu$ f obs]vation ( a f>?+ ru%light t ,sol> ,en]gy includes heat & light2 b n t x is f$ on tall[4 ,?is appe>s to be pla9 & obvi\s en\gh1 (t5 z x is =gott5 or ignor$4 ,z ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge has lately put ! matt]3#cbb ,%all we possess ^! ?+s & ,god n possess !m8 ,let no wor?y human attribute be d5i$ to ! ,deity4 ,!re are _m errors1 b !re is "o tru? 9 ,an?ropomorphism4 ,:atev] wor?y attribute belongs to man1 be x p]sonality or any o!r1 its exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se is !reby admitt$2 we c d5y x no m4 ,or z ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell expresses ! same argum5t3#cbc ,t :i* requires ?\ght & reason to und]/& mu/ be itself ?\ght & reason4 ,t :i* m9d alone c inve/igate or express mu/ be itself m9d4 ,& if ! highe/ conception atta9$ be b p>tial1 !n ! m9d & reason /udi$ is great] ?an ! m9d & reason ( ! /ud5t4 ,if ! m x be /udi$ ! m va/ & complex is ! necess>y connexion 9 reason disclos$1 !n ! m evid5t is ! va/ ext5t & compass ( ! intellig5ce ?us p>tially manife/$1 & its reality1 z exi/+ 9 ! immutably connect$ ord] ( objects exam9$1 indep5d5tly ( ! m9d ( ! inve/igator4 ,! reluctance frequ5tly manife/$ by sci5tific m5 to admit ! =ce ( s pla9 an argum5t1 appe>s to be g5]ally due to a fundam5tal misconception4 ,x is con/antly assum$ t to introduce ! elem5t ( purpose 9 ,nature is to d5y ! cont9uity ( ,natural law1 & t to speak ( design 9 reg>d ( a process or a /ructure1 is equival5t to say+ t a non-natural ag5t int]v5es at t p>ticul> po9t & takes ! "w out ( ,nature's h&s4 ,?is1 x may be suppos$1 0 ,pr(essor ,huxley's idea :5 he spoke ( ! common] & co>s] =ms ( teleology1 giv+ z an in/ance ! supposition t eyes 7 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ _! possessors to see4 ,x might inde$ be repli$ t1 at any rate1 x is less difficult to suppose ?is1 ?an t eyes 7 con/ruct$ )\t any purpose ( see+1 or k ( ! laws ( optics2--b evid5tly x is tak5 = grant$ t ,!i/s imag9e e purposive item 9 nature to be viol5tly introduc$ f )\t1 l ! =ms ( lions or peacocks into :i* topi>ian g>d5]s clip _! %rubs4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 ! laws ( ,nature are ! expression ( ! m9d ( ,god3 x is ?r\gh !m t ,he accompli%es ,8 design4 ,z ,pr(essor ,romanes came to see at ! close ( 8 life1 x is /range :at jeal\sy !re is ( admitt+ ! ,creator into ,creation4 ,x is /ill assum$ on bo? sides1 he wrote1#cbd t !re mu/ be some?+ inexplicable or miracul\s ab\t a ph5om5on 9 ord] to its be+ div9e1--& al?\gh we mu/ utt]ly demur to su* a description ( ! position ( ,!i/s1 x und\bt$ly is true ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,_! objections on ?is head c only signify t x is ) ! laws ( ,nature z ) a railway locomotive f :i* ! driv]1 hav+ got up /eam & set x go+1 jumps (f1 leav+ x entirely to its own devices4 ,b1 z a legislator1 if rightly int]pret$1 speaks by ! m\? ( e judge :o adm9i/]s ! law 9 practice1 & applies x to concrete cases1--s ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 ^: laws _c be p]v]t$1 provides ?r\gh !m = all t is to be op]at$ by ! =ces ,he has in/itut$4 ,s x is t1 z ,pr(essors ,/ew>t & ,tait h told u1 we mu/ conceive ( ,him z n ! ,creator only1 b likewise ! ,uphold] ( all ?+s1 :ile ,"l ,kelv9 decl>es#cbe we are unmi/akably %[n ?r\gh ,nature t %e dep5ds ^u "o ev]-act+ ,creator & ,rul]4 ,x is 9 ?is omnipres5ce ( ,div9e influ5ce t ,monism f9ds ! modicum ( plausibility :i* s]ves x = a f\ndation4 ,x runs1 inde$1 into ! absurdity ( endeav\r+ to expla9 su* ,omnipres5ce by id5tify+ ! f9ite ) ! ,inf9ite1 & attribut+ to matt] qualities :i* all exp]i5ce1 & v specially all sci5tific exp]i5ce1 contradicts2 b1 = all t1 x scores a di/9ct po9t z aga9/ m]e mat]ialism1 :i* ,comte decl>es to be ! mo/ illogical =m ( metaphysics1 & ! late ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 n s mu* error z %e] nons5se4 ,!ism avoids ! error ( ei!r extreme4 ,:ile x tea*es ! ess5tial & fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! ,absolute & ! cont+5t1 betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 creatures1 x tea*es likewise t ,he is ev] pres5t 9 ,8 works1 & t 9 _! e op]ation ,he is manife/$4 ,& s1 9 ! words ( ,riv>ol1 ,god is ! explanation ( ! _w1 & ! _w is ! demon/ration ( ,god4 ,! acceptance ( a ,self-exi/5t1 ,all-p[]ful1 & intellig5t ,be+ c alone s]ve z a basis = any sy/em ( ,cosmogony :i* satisfies our intellectual ne$ ( causation2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! nature ( ?is ,be+1 z necess>ily beyond ! scope ( our s5ses1 c be kn[n to u only indirectly ?r\gh ! effects ( :i* ,he is ! cause4 ,by no "o has ?is conclusion be5 m cle>ly /at$ ?an by ,lam>ck1 ! real fa!r ( ,organic ,evolutionism1 :om _m w\ld !re=e repres5t z an a!i/4 ,8 words are s mu* to ! po9t t ) !m we may conclude4#cbf ,( ! ,supreme ,be+1 9 a ^w ( ,god1 to :om all inf9itude is se5 to belong1 man has ?us conceiv$ an idea1 :i*1 ?\gh indirect1 is s\nd1 & :i* necess>ily foll[s f :at he obs]ves4 ,9 ! same mann]1 he has =m$ ano!r idea1 equally solid1 namely ( ! b\ndless p[] ( ?is ,be+1 sugge/$ by ! consid]ation ( ,8 works4444 ,nature n be+ intellig5t1 nor ev5 a be+1 b an ord] ( ?+s con/itut+ a p[] subject to law1 _c !re=e be ,god4 ,%e is ! wondr\s product ( ,8 ,almighty w3 & = u1 ( all creat$ ?+s %e is ! gr&e/ & mo/ admirable4 ,?us ! w ( ,god is ev]y:]e express$ by ! laws ( ,nature1 s9ce ^! laws orig9ate f ,him4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,evolution & ! l[] =ms ( life 7p4 #afe74 ,a s+ul>ly in/ructive field = ! /udy ( ! mutability or /ability ( species %\ld be af=d$ by ! l[] =ms ( life1 9 :i* organization is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 !y be+ m]e masses ( protoplasm )\t ev5 a conta9+ envelope1 :ile _! n\ri%m5t is ( ! simple/4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t environm5t %\ld be all-pot5t to modify !m & produce specific modifications1 :ile ! extreme rapidity ) :i* !y propagate _! k9d1 & t unisexually1 ought to require no va/ ext5t ( "t to make su* transmutations app>5t4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 on ! contr>y1 t n[h]e 9 organic nature does ! type rema9 m rigidly p]si/5t4 ,pr(essor ,macbride1 = example1 tells u1#cbg ,! ,myxomycet may be reg>d$ z ! organic gr\p 9 :i* ! =ces ( h]$ity1--:atev] ^! =ces may be--are at _! maximum3 !y h respond$ z little z possible to ! influ5ce ( _! environm5t4 ,to ! same effect speaks ,pr(essor ,paulesco ( ,bu*>e/1 ( o!r elem5t>y organisms4#cbh ,:at is /ill m rem>kable1 ^! same organisms are extremely s5sitive to alt]$ conditions ( environm5t1 :i* h a direct & imm$iate influ5ce1 gravely modify+ _! morphological & physiological *>act]s1 *anges 9 respect ( light1 m9ute alt]ations ( temp]ature1 or ! introduction ( a new *emical sub/ance1 ev5 9 inf9itesimal quantity1 frequ5tly caus+ !m to assume =ms v diff]5t f ! specific type1 & pr(\ndly modify+ _! nutritive processes4 ,"h1 x 0 at fir/ ?\ght1 :5 ,pa/eur reveal$ _! hi/ory1 is cle> evid5ce ( specific trans=mation4 ,b he pres5tly conv9c$ himself & o!rs t x is n s1 = al?\gh liable to assume su* polymorphic =ms accord+ to ! conditions 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves1 !re is no alt]ation ( specific nature1 & if ! orig9al circum/ances be re/or$1 ! orig9al =ms reappe>--une la/icit functionelle de la cellule lui p]mettant de se pli] des conditions v>ies d'exi/5ce sans *ang] d'tre4 7,pa/eur47 ,z ,m4 ,duclaux adds3#cbi ,la notion d'espce ne disp>ait pas p\r cela4 ,la v>iabilit e/ un c>actre comme un autre1 bi5 que plus difficile inscrire dans la classification1 et une espce e/ aussi bi5 df9ie p> les s5sibilits div]ses qu'elle manife/e que p> la petite li/e des mots et de proprits dans laquelle on croyait p\voir autrefois enf]m] t\te son hi/oire4444 ,la li5 de l'espce c'e/ la loi qui prside ces *angem5ts1 et la v>it des =mes et des fonctions n'e/ pas du t\t en contradiction avec l'unit de l'espce4 ,b4 ,note on ,*ap4 ,,xv4 p4 #bjc4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ pages h be5 9 type !re has come to h& ! ,new ,york ,lit]>y ,dige/ ( ,janu>y #bc1 #aijd1 conta9+ ! foll[+ article 7p4 #aai74 ,,are ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,numb]$8 ,! rec5t dea? ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] l5ds special timel9ess to ! above topic1 :i* is be+ actively debat$ j n[ 9 ,g]man !ological circles4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! revival ( int]e/ 9 ! pres5t /atus ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory is f\nd 9 a l5g?y article by ! vet]an philosoph]1 ,edw>d von ,h>tmann1 :i* appe>s 9 ,oswald's ,annal5 d] ,naturphilosophie 7vol4 ii4 #aijc71 "u ! title ',d] ,ni$]gang d] ,d>w9ismus' 7',! ,pass+ ( ,d>w9ism'74 ,t ! fam\s 'philosoph] ( ! unconsci\s' is n prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( biblical views has be5 m ?an cle> s9ce ! publication ( 8 ,selb/z]setzung d] ,*ri/5tums 7',dis9tegration ( ,*ri/ianity'7 9 #ahgd4 ,h>tmann 9 8 new article has ?is to say-- ',9 ! sixties ( ! pa/ c5tury ! opposition ( ! old] gr\p ( savants to ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis 0 /ill supreme4 ,9 ! sev5ties1 ! new idea began to ga9 gr\nd rapidly 9 all cultur$ c\ntries4 ,9 ! eighties1 ,d>w9's influ5ce 0 at its height1 & ex]cis$ an almo/ absolute control ov] te*nical rese>*4 ,9 ! n9eties1 = ! fir/ "t1 a few timid expressions ( d\bt & opposition 7 he>d1 & ^! gradually swell$ into a great *orus ( voices1 aim+ at ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury x has become app>5t t ! days ( ,d>w9ism are numb]$4 ,among its late/ oppon5ts are su* savants z ,eim]1 ,gu/av ,wolf1 ,de ,vries1 ,hoocke1 von ,well/e91 ,fleis*mann1 ,re9ke1 & _m o!rs4' ,^! facts1 accord+ to ,h>tmann's view1 :ile !y d n indicate t ! ,d>w9ian !ory is doom$1 und]m9e its mo/ radical features3 ',! !ory ( desc5t is safe1 b ,d>w9ism has be5 weigh$ & f\nd want+4 ,selection c 9 g5]al n a*ieve any positive results1 b only negative effects2 ! orig9 ( species by m9imal *anges is possible1 b has n be5 demon/rat$4 ,! pret5sions ( ,d>w9ism z a pure me*anical explanation ( results t %[ purpose are totally gr\ndless4' ,o!r s*ol>s ?9k t ,h>tmann does n d full ju/ice to ! reaction t has set 91 p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 aga9/ ,d>w9ism4 ,?is s5tim5t is voic$ by ,pr(essor ,zoeckl]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,greifswald1 9 ! ,beweis des ,glaub5s 7,no4 xi471 a j\rnal :i* rec5tly publi%$ a collection ( anti-,d>w9ian views f ,g]man naturali/s4 ,he calls ! article ( ,h>tmann '! tomb/one-inscription ,grabs*rift = ,d>w9ism1' & goes on to say3 ',! claim t ! hypo!sis ( desc5t is secur$ sci5tifically mu/ mo/ decid$ly be d5i$4 ,nei!r ,h>tmann's exposition nor ! au?orities he cites h ! =ce ( moral conviction = ! claim = purely me*anical desc5t4 ,! desc5t ( organisms is n a sci5tifically demon/rat$ proposition1 al?\gh desc5t 9 an ideal s5se c be made to h>monize ) ! biblical acc\nt ( creation4' ,views ( a simil> k9d are voic$ 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,! ,hamburg savant1 ,edw>d ,hoppe1 has writt5 a bro*ure1 ,i/ mit d] ,desc5d5z-,!orie e9e religise ,vor/ellung v]e9b>8 ,is ! ,!ory ( ,evolution reconcilable ) ! ,religi\s ,idea8 9 :i* he takes issue1 9 ! "n ( religion1 ) ! purely naturali/ic type ( ,d>w9ian ?\ght4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ conv]t to anti-,d>w9ian views is ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann1 ( ,erlang51 :o has n only disc>d$ ! me*anical conception ( ! orig9 ( be+1 b ! :ole ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,he rec5tly deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures1 entitl$ ',die ,d>w9's*e ,!orie1' :i* h appe>$ 9 book =m 9 ,leipsic4 ,he comes to ?is conclusion3 ',! ,d>w9ian !ory ( desc5t has n a s+le fact to confirm x 9 ! realm ( nature4 ,x is n ! result ( sci5tific rese>*1 b purely ! product ( ! imag9ation4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ano!r article 9 ! same j\rnal 7p4 #aaf71 entitl$ ',a ,/udy ( ,creation1' ! foll[+ p>agraphs may be cit$3 ,! ,fr5* h nev] be5 en?usia/ic ,d>w9ians4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d a ,fr5* geologi/1 ,m4 ,/anislas ,meuni]1 argu+ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique 7,decemb] #ai7 aga9/ all s*ools ( trans=mism & /\tly ma9ta9+ :at is practically a doctr9e ( special creation4 ,he admits t liv+ be+s =m a connect$ s]ies2 b ! connexion1 he believes1 is n "o ( physical desc5t1 b inh]es 9 some?+ outside ( & pre-exi/5t to ! e>?4 ,he does n "n x1 b he w\ld probably n object to ! inf]5ce t x is ! m9d ( a creator4 ,m4 ,meuni] gives at "s l5g? 8 reasons = reject+ ,d>w9's1 ,lam>ck's1 & all o!r !ories ( trans=mism4 ,all we c be sure (1 he ?9ks1 is t1 z 9 ! case ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( pott]y1 we h to d ) an ord]ly developm5t1 al?\gh he ?9ks x is n a developm5t by desc5t4 ,he closes1 ?us3 ',d\btless we _c usefully risk any hypo!sis on ! me*anism ( ! production ( liv+ ?+s2 b x is1 p]haps1 a /ep 9 advance only to come to ! conclusion t ! cause ( life & its manife/ations on ! e>? is ext]ior to ! e>?2 t x is ant]ior to our _w1 j z are d\btless ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry1 :i* gov]n ! relations ( matt] & =ce ?r\gh\t space4 ',! philosophy ( sci5ce c lose no?+ by ! admission ( po9ts ( view t1 f> f n>r[+ our subjects ( /udy1 enl>ge !m beyond all limits2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! occasion to %[ once m to p]sons :o are turn+ t[>d metaphysics 9 _! ?ir/ = my/]y1 t !y w f9d 9 pure sci5ce t :]e) !y may satisfy _! legitimate aspirations4' ,c4 ,succession ( ,plant =ms p4 #bbj4 ,rec5t inve/igations h l$ to ! rem>kable discov]y t _m f]n-l plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 hi!rto class$ z ,cryptogams1 7 9 reality se$-be>]s1 & ?us int]m$iate betwe5 ,cryptogams & ,cycads1 ! mo/ primitive ( exi/+ se$-plants4 ,!y h accord+ly be5 plac$ 9 a special gr\p ,cycad(ilices1 or ,f]n-,cycads1 & reg>d$ z transitional types1 ! view t !y are ! rema9s ( a natural bridge connect+ ! ,f]ns ) ! ,gymnosp]ms hav+ receiv$ wide support1#ccj & at fir/ sight ?is conclusion w\ld appe> natural & obvi\s4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! difficulty is t ! se$s :i* h be5 f\nd are all fully develop$2 !re are none 9 ! int]m$iate /ages betwe5 true spores & true se$s2 we h ! f9i%$ article1 b no trace ( se$s 9 ! mak+2 :i* ^u any !ory ( evolution mu/ h be5 exce$+ly num]\s4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,scott tells u3#cca ,! important discov]ies ( ! se$s ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms sc>cely t\* ! "q ( desc5t1 = ^! organs are ( too advanc$ a type to ?r[ light on ! probable d]ivation ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 !re=e1 z 9 o!rs1 x rema9s true t 9 no case is any trace f\nd ( rudim5t>y "* 9 ! e>lie/ fossil specim5s ( any class4 ,x is und\bt$ly a fur!r puzzle t "s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s cryptogams :i* did n be> real se$s1 yet simulat$ !m1 a habit n easily expla9$ on evolution>y pr9ciples4 ,d4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,evolution4 ,! evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,v9es quot$ 9 ! text 7pp4 #bjb1 #bcg7 receives a rem>kable confirmation f t ( ,dr4 ,smi? ,woodw>d1 ,keep] ( ,geology 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,speak+ be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,septemb] #bbnd1 #aijd1 he ?us t\*$ ^u ! same "q1 :i* he illu/rat$ especially f ! hi/ory ( fossil fi%es1 :i* he has made 8 special /udy4#ccb ,x mu/ be confess$ t repeat$ discov]ies h n[ left fa9t hope t exact & gradual l9ks w ev] be =?com+ betwe5 mo/ ( ! families & g5]a4 ,! 'imp]fection ( ! record1' ( c\rse1 may /ill r5d] "s ( ! negative evid5ce untru/wor?y2 b ev5 approximate l9ks w\ld be mu* common] 9 collections ?an !y actually are if ! doctr9e ( gradual evolution 7 correct4 ,palontology1 inde$1 is cle>ly 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( discont9u\s mutation1 or advance by sudd5 *anges1 :i* has lately receiv$ s mu* support f ! botanical exp]im5ts ( ,h4 de ,vries4 ,fur!r results obta9$ f ! /udy ( fossils h a be>+ ev5 on ! deepe/ problems ( ,biology1 namely1 ^? connect$ ) ! nature ( life itself4 ,= in/ance1 x is all[able to inf]1 f ! /atem5ts already made1 t ! ma9 factor 9 ! evolution ( organisms is "s inh]5t impulse--! 'ba?mic =ce' ( ,cope--:i* acts ) un]r+ c]ta9ty :atev] be ! conditions ( ! mom5t4 ,e4 ,p$igree ( ! ,horse4 ,"s rec5t evid5ce on ?is subject c]ta9ly does n cle> away ! difficulties set =? 9 ! text4 ,f ,nature1 ,sept4 #h1 #aijd1 p4 #dgd4 ,pr(essor ,osborn 79 a lecture be=e ! ,briti% ,association7 m5tion$ t m ?an a hundr$ m or less complete skeletons ( horses & horse-l animals _h be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he ?\ght he _h e/abli%$ ! fact t horses 7 polyphyletic1 !re be+ f\r or five contempor>y s]ies 9 ! ,mioc5e1 b t ! direct orig9 ( ! g5us ,equus 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 n e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ,/ud5t's ,text ,book ( ,zoology1 p4 #eii4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! ance/ry ( ! horse4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by _m au?ors t a cont9u\s s]ies ( =ms connect+ x ) ! f\r-to$1 bra*yodont ,hyraco?orid ( ! ,eoc5e has be5 discov]$1 & t "h if any:]e a demon/rative hi/orical pro( has be5 obta9$ ( ! doctr9e ( organic evolution4 ,)\t desir+ 9 ! smalle/ degree to impugn t doctr9e1 x may be p]mitt$ u "h to exam9e r closely ! view t ! s]ies ( =ms :i* rec5t palontological rese>* has und\bt$ly br\ght to light con/itute t hi/orical pro( :i* has be5 claim$ = !m4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( ! /ructural *>act]s ( ^! int]m$iate =ms1 viz41 ,pliohippus1 ,protohippus1 ,desma?ippus1 ,miohippus1 ,mesohippus1 ,orohippus1 & ,hyraco!rium1 ! au?or proce$s3 ,s f> z ! *>act]s m5tion$ are conc]n$1 we h "h a v rem>kable s]ies ( =ms :i* at fir/ sight seem to con/itute a l9e> s]ies ) no cross-connections4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 !y really d ?is is a difficult po9t to decide4 ,!re are flaws 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 :i* require c>eful & detail$ consid]ation4 ,= in/ance1 ! g5us ,equus appe>s 9 ! ,upp] ,siwalik b$s1 :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ! ,mioc5e age4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ma9ta9$ t ^! b$s are 9 reality ,l[] ,plioc5e1 or ev5 ,upp] ,plioc5e4 ,x is cle> t ! decision ( ?is "q is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,if ,equus really exi/$ 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e1 x 0 antec$5t to "s ( its suppos$ ance/ors4 ,aga9 9 ! s]ies ( equ9e =ms1 ,mesohippus1 ,miohippus1 ,desma?ippus1 ,protohippus1 :i* are g5]ally reg>d$ z com+ into ! direct l9e ( equ9e desc5t1 ,scott#ccc po9ts out t ea* g5us is1 9 "s respect or o!r1 less modifi$ ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld appe> t 9 ?is succession ( ,nor? ,am]ican =ms ! e>li] g5]a %[1 9 "s po9ts1 clos] resemblance to ! mod]n ,equus ?an to _! imm$iate successors4 ,x is possible t ^! difficulties & o!rs ( ! same k9d w be ov]come ) ! gr[? ( k1 b x is necess>y to take note ( !m1 = 9 ! se>* aft] tru? no?+ is ga9$ by ignor+ su* app>5t discrepancies betwe5 !ory & fact4 ,besides ! /ructure ( limbs & tee?1 ano!r argum5t = ! desc5t ( ! horse has be5 drawn f c]ta9 ph5om5a ( col\ration4 ,/rip+s are f\nd n unfrequ5tly to occur 9 ! legs & )]s1 :i* ,d>w9 took = a rev]sion to ! "* ( a v remote ance/or1 ! common p>5t1 9 fact1 ( horses & asses1 :i* he suppos$ to h be5 /rip$ all ov] l a zebra4 ,l o!r su* common ance/ors1 ?is hypo!tical animal _h nev] be5 se51 b 0 ?\ght to be mo/ ne>ly repres5t$ by ! ,ka?iw> horse1 ) /ripes on a dun gr\nd1 a specim5 ( :i* is exhibit$ z illu/rat+ ! hypo!sis 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,zoology4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway1 :o has devot$ special att5tion to ! problem1 has satisfi$ himself t !re is no suffici5t f\ndation = ^! suppositions4 ,he ?us sums up ! evid5ce :i* he has be5 able to collect3#ccd ,d>w9's view t ! orig9al ance/or ( ! ,equid 0 a dun-col\r$ animal1 /rip$ all ov]1 0 bas$1 n m]ely on ! occurr5ce ( /ripes 9 horses1 b on 8 belief t su* /ripes 7 common 9 dun horses1 & t !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 horses to rev]t to dun col\r4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! facts d n w>rant 8 conclusion4444 ,x is cle> t /ripes are at lea/ z (t5 a concomitant ( d>k z ( dun col\r4 ,moreov]1 if ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( a dun-col\r$ ance/or ) /ripes is s\nd1 d>k col\rs su* z bay & br[n mu/ be ( m rec5t orig91 & accord+ly !re ought to be a great read9ess on ! "p ( a prog5y ( a light-col\r$ animal :5 mat$ ) a d>k to rev]t to ! light4 ,b ,pr(essor ,ew>t's zebra /allion has nev] be5 able to /amp 8 own peculi> patt]n or 8 own col\rs on 8 hybrid (fspr+4 ,! gr\nd col\r has be5 det]m9$ by ! dams ( ! hybrids4 ,,index ,abiog5esis1 #di-ea tiology1 #aig ,agno/icism1 ,huxley's fir/ pr9ciple (1 #d ,its fundam5tal pr9ciple unreasonable1 #bgb ,am]ican ,museum & ! p$igree ( ! ,horse1 #bdh ,amphibians1 embryology1 #aie ,an?ropomorphism1 #bgd1 #bge ,ar*opt]yx1 #aga ,ar*ebiosis1 #ec ,argus pheasant1 ornam5tation1 #age ,ars9oe!rium1 #bfg ,atlantic cable1 an illu/ration f1 ( *ance & purpose1 #aae ,atoms1 #cg1 #da1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #acf ,augu/9e1 ,/4--on creation causalit] et sem9alit]1 #ada1 #bjg ,axolotl1 #aie ,bad5-,p[ell1 ,pr(4--on ! nature ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 #bgf ,ba/ian1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4--on spontane\s g5]ation1 #ba1 #ej1 #ec ,ba?ybius ,haeckelii1 #ba ,batra*ians1 appe>ance (1 #bbe ,bats1 an evolution>y puzzle1 #bbi1 #beg ,bee1 cell-mak+ in/9ct1 #aef1 #agi ,bick]ton1 ,pr(41--on dissipation ( en]gy1 #bg n4 ,biog5esis1 #di1 #ej ,blan*>d1 ,m4--on v>iation1 #afd2 on ,d>w9ian argum5tation1 #aha2 on fecundity z a factor 9 survival1 #ahh2 on ! problem ( creation1 #bfh ,bol+broke1 ,visc\nt1--on ! nature ( ! fir/ cause1 #bgc ,bridgman1 ,laura1 #gg ,buns51 ,*evali]1--on animal s\nds & language1 #gd ,butl]1 ,bi%op1--on intellig5ce z a factor 9 cosmogony1 #ajj ,c>ru!rs1 ,mr4 ,w4--on specific /ability ( ,salix pol>is1 #afd2 on classification ( plants1 #bad2 on ! geological record1 #baf1 #bfe2 on pa/ hi/ory ( plant-life1 #baf seq42 on an ass]tion ( ,haeckel's1 #bba2 on ! evid5ce suppli$ by fossil plants1 #bbc ,case1 ,pr(4--on ! mean+ ( =tuit\s1 #abe ,causation1 pr9ciple (1 #b1 #hg1 #id1 #ajg ,cause1 ! ,fir/4 ,see ,fir/ ,cause ,*ance1 #aaj seq41 #aea1 #agd ,cic]o--on ! evid5ce = a ,deity1 #ajc ,cl]k-,maxwell1 ,pr(4--on =ce & en]gy1 #bcn2 on ,molecules1 #ij1 #ajd2 on evid5ce ( design1 ibid4 ,clif=d1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4--on design 9 ,nature1 #aja ,clodd1 ,mr4 ,e4--on atoms1 #da ,comte1 ,augu/e--on mat]ialism1 #bgh ,consci\sness1 orig9 (1 #fg ,cosmos & its ,cause1 #hf seq4 ,croll1 ,mr4--on =ce & its det]m9ation1 #id-if ,crookes1 ,sir ,w4--on r5ovation ( en]gy1 #bf2 on radium & radio-activity1 #db1 #dc ,cryptogam\s plants1 fossil hi/ory1 #bai ,cry/allization1 #fc1 #fd ,d>w91 ,mr4--on ! law ( cont9uity1 #eg2 on spontane\s g5]ation1 #eh2 on ! m5tal gulf betwe5 man & brute1 #ga2 on ! orig9 ( language1 #gi1 #agh2 on creation1 #ia2 on ! /ructure ( ! eye1 #ia2 on *ance z a factor ( ! _w1 #aaf2 on pa9 & suff]+ z an objection to design1 #aai2 disclaims a*ievem5ts attribut$ to him1 #aej2 8 sy/em1 #aec seq4 7see ,d>w9ism72 8 mode ( argu+1 #agh2 dogmatism1 #agi2 pleads lack ( k z an argum5t1 #ahb2 on s+le orig9 ( e species1 #baj1 #bed2 on g5ealogy ( ! ,horse1 #bei2 on ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 #bfd ,d>w9ism1 #adi seq42 false repres5tations (1 #adi-aea2 sket* ( sy/em1 #aea-aeg2 facts fav\r+1 #aeh-afj2 difficulties (1 #afj seq42 expla9s no orig9s1 #afa2 ignores ! prime factor1 ibid42 improbabilities1 #aff1 #agc2 does n expla9 initial developm5ts1 #agj seq42 nor arti/ic ornam5tation1 #age2 speci\s argum5ts too easily =?com+1 #agg2 does n acc\nt = organic progression1 #ahg2 sci5tific op9ions conc]n+1 #aih seq41 #bha ,dawson1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4--on ! fir/ orig9 ( life1 #bjh2 on ! hi/ory ( animal life1 #bbc2 on g5ealogy ( ! ,equid1 #bdg2 ( ! ,cetacea1 #beg2 ( bats1 #beh2 on lack ( palontological evid5ce = evolution1 #bfj ,design1 evid5ce (1 9 ,nature1 #ij1 #ig seq42 ,kant on ! necessity (1 #aej ,det]m9ation ( =ce1 its necessity1 #id-if1 #aad ,det]m9ism ( ! w1 #ha seq4 ,developm5t ( organic types1 #adf ,dicotyl$ons1 appe>ance (1 #bbj ,did]ot--on evid5ce ( intellig5ce 9 ,nature1 #abe ,d9o!rium1 classification (1 #bei n ,dogs1 _! vocal expression ( emotions1 #gc ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,h]r1--on ! ,sev5 ,enigmas1 #ca-cc2 on ! progress ( human developm5t1 #fh1 #fi2 on ,haeckel's g5ealogies1 #bfd ,dy/eleology1 #aij ,e>1 /ructure (1 #ic ,electrons1 #db ,elephant & ,tortoise ( ,h9du a/ronomy1 #ajg ,embryology & ,evolution1 #aeh-afj1 #aib seq4 ,en]gy1 #bc2 cons]vation (1 ibid42 dissipation (1 #bd seq42 r5ovation (1 #bf-bh ,enigmas1 ! ,sev51 #cb ,entropy1 #be ,equid4 ,see ,horse ,e!r1 a con/itu5t ( ! univ]se1 #cf ,evil1 ,orig9 (1 ! d>ke/ ( my/]ies1 #abj ,evolution1 diff]5t mean+s ( t]m1 #h2 z an op]ative law1 #aj-ad2 et]nal1 #aa2 z a philosophy1 #bb seq42 =mula (1 #ade ,z a process1 #de seq4 ,organic1 #adb seq42 ess5tial *>act]s ( !ory1 #adg1 #bjf2 nature ( evid5ce requir$1 #bjh seq42 hi/ory ( 9 vegetable & animal k+doms1 #baf seq4 ,eye1 orig9 (1 #ia1 #aed ,helmholtz1 on defects (1 #ia n42 /ructure (1 #aee n42 evolution (1 #afh ,fabre1 ,m4--on ,d>w9's facts1 #bjj n42 on our ignorance ( ,nature1 #bjc ,f>aday1 ,pr(4--on gravitation1 #abe ,f9al causality 7,teleology71 #ih seq4 ,fir/ ,cause1 ! object ( inf]5ce1 #if1 #ig2 nature ( z %[n by reason1 #bgj seq4 ,fi%1 appe>ance (1 #bbe2 problems pres5t$ by1 #bcc ,flight1 problem (1 #ic ,fl[]1 ,sir ,w4--on ! ext9ct ,am]ican horse1 #bed ,=ce1 nature (1 #bc ,free-w1 ,pr(4 ,haeckel on1 #cc1 #ha2 ,dr4 ,johnson on1 #hd ,fuegians1 m5tal lik5ess to ourselves1 #gb ,g>nett1 ,pr(4--on =ce1 #bc ,gaudry1 ,m4--on ance/ry ( :ales1 #beg2 ( bats1 #beh2 ( proboscidians1 #bei ,g5]a & species1 #bdd n4 ,g5]atio aequivoca1 #fe ,g5]ation1 my/]ies (1 #abc seq4 ,geological =mations1 succession (1 #bac ,geological record1 #baf1 #bfd1 seq4 ,giraffe1 evolution (1 #aed ,glass1 =tuit\sly discov]$1 #aae ,goe!--on iron law1 #ad ,gore1 ,dr4 ,g4--on ma*9]y z exclud+ idea ( design1 #aah ,gr& ,"q1 !1 #if ,grim?orpe1 ,"l 7,sir ,e4 ,beckett7--on matt]1 #cg2 on ! problem ( flight1 #ic2 on evid5ces ( purpose1 #id2 on g5]ation1 #abd2 on ! /ructure ( ! eye1 #aee n4 ,gymnosp]ms1 appe>ance (1 #bai ,haeckel1 ,pr(4 ,e4--on rational view ( ! _w1 #aj-ad2 on ! magic ^w evolution1 #af2 on sci5tific me?od1 #ah1 #bj2 on ! law ( sub/ance1 #ac1 #bc2 on ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf2 on ! ,sev5 ,enigmas1 #cc2 on ! nature & prop]ties ( matt]1 #ce1 #ci2 on ! artificial manufacture ( protoplasm1 #ei2 on free-w & det]m9ism1 #ha2 on design 9 ,nature1 #ij1 #aej2 on *ance1 #aag2 on ,monism1 #abh2 on annihilation z a desirable end1 #acj2 on ! ultimate reality1 #ace2 unf\nd$ claims on behalf ( ,d>w91 #aej2 bases argum5ts on lack ( k1 #ahc2 on rudim5t>y organs & ,dy/eleology1 #aij2 on s+le orig9 ( e species1 #baj2 on ! appe>ance ( ! ,apetal1 #bba2 inv5ts geological ante-p]iods1 #bcf2 & int]m$iate =ms1 #bfa2 8 p$igree ( man1 #bfa2 8 me?od ( solv+ ! riddles ( ,nature1 #bfd ,h]$ity1 #hc1 #ii ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j4--on molecules z manufactur$ articles1 #hi2 on evid5ce ( m9d 9 ,nature1 #ajj2 on gravitation1 #abe ,hesp]ornis1 #aga ,heurt91 ,m>ie1 #gg ,hippops1 #bdf1 #beb ,hird1 ,mr4 ,d4--on ! omnipot5ce ( ,evolution1 #ad2 on trans=mations ( =ce1 #abi ,holl&1 ,sir ,h4--on /ructure ( e>1 #ic ,hom]1 a half-savage ,greek1 #fi n4 ,homo alalus1 & sapi5s1 #ha ,horse1 /ructure (1 #id1 #bdj ,g5ealogy (1 #bcf1 #bda seq4 ,hudson1 ,dr4--on neglect ( /udy ( pres5t life 9 fav\r ( evolution>y speculations1 #ahe ,humboldt1 ,w4 von--on human spee*1 #gf ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4--on f9ite duration ( ! _w1 #b2 & ( ! univ]se1 #bh2 on dissipation ( en]gy1 #bg n4 ,huxley1 ,pr(4--on f9ite duration ( ! _w1 #a2 on ! nature ( sci5ce1 #e2 on ,laws ( ,nature1 #af-ah2 on ,evolution z a philosophy1 #ba1 #bb2 on matt]1 #ch2 on ! beg9n+ ( life1 #df2 on fai? & v]ification1 #dg2 on ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,evolution1 #dh2 on spontane\s g5]ation1 #ej-ed2 on protoplasm1 #ei1 #fj2 on /ructure ( ! ,horse1 #ic2 on !ism & creation1 #ajj2 on teleology1 #ajb2 on !ism & *ance1 #ajc2 on ! non-exi/5ce ( *ance1 #aaa2 on seem+ wa/e 9 nature1 #aba2 on m9d & matt]1 #acc2 on ,saurian birds1 #agb2 on ,dy/eleology1 #aia2 on embryology & tiology1 #aig2 on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 #bjj1 #bja2 on facts z ! only s\nd basis ( !ory1 #bjd2 on ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( organic evolution1 #bjf2 on evolution>y evid5ce1 #bce2 on ,haeckel's ,ante-p]iods1 #bcf2 claims palontological evid5ce z demon/rative ( ,evolution1 #bci1 #bfa2 8 p$igree ( ! ,horse1 #bcf1 #bdb seq42 discuss$1 #bdd seq4 ,hydra1 /ructure (1 #adf ,ic?yornis1 #aga ,in]tia1 a prop]ty ( matt]1 #ci ,inf]5ce1 #e n42 #if1 #bgb ,insects1 insul>1 z an argum5t = ,natural ,selection1 #aed1 #afg ,inv]tebrate life1 hi/ory (1 #bbe ,johnson1 ,dr4--on free-w1 #hd ,julius ,cs>1 8 polydactyle *>g]1 #bda ,kant--on necessity ( design1 #aej ,kell]1 ,miss #gg ,kelv91 ,"l 7,sir ,w4 ,?omson71--on ! dissipation ( en]gy1 #be1 #bf2 8 ,law ( ,p>simony1 #ih2 on sci5ce & !ism1 #ajd1 #bgh ,la+1 ,mr4 ,s4--on matt] & motion1 #ce ,lam>ck--on ,nature's witness to ,god1 #bgi ,language1 our ,rubicon1 #gc2 di/9ctively human1 #gc-gh2 ess5tial "*1 #gd2 !ories z to orig91 #gi ,lanke/]1 ,pr(4 ,ray--on evolution ( ,proboscideae1 #bei ,laws ( ,nature--:at8 #af1 #ag1 #hf2 expressions ( creative intellig5ce1 #abc1 #bgg ,lewes1 ,mr4--on ,laws ( ,nature1 #hf ,liddon1 ,canon--on ,laws ( ,nature1 #af ,life _h a beg9n+1 #df2 orig9 (1 #df-ff2 laws (1 #ij ,l9k =ms want+ 9 ,nature1 #bjh seq41 #bbh seq4 ,lodge1 ,sir ,o4--on non-purposive ,evolution1 #bjb2 on an?ropomorphism & ! ,fir/ ,cause1 #bgf ,lydekk]1 ,mr4 ,r4--on p$igree ( ! ,horse1 #bdh ,lyell1 ,sir ,c4--on ! ne$ ( creation1 #bfi ,mallock1 ,mr4 ,w4--on human conduct1 #aci ,mammals1 appe>ance (1 #bbf2 problems sugge/$ by1 #bee ,man1 faculties1 #ga seq42 appe>ance (1 #bbg ,m>%1 ,pr(4--on ,evolution1 #dg2 on ,hippops1 #beb ,m>%all1 ,pr(4 ,milnes--on ! tea*+s ( ,evolution1 #ae2 on embryology1 #aei2 on ,haeckel's treatm5t ( ! same1 #aie ,m>supials1 fir/ appe>ance1 #bbf ,mat]ia ,prima1 #db n ,matt]1 #ce2 inde/ructibility1 #ac1 #bc2 prop]ties1 #cf seq42 con/itution1 #cg1 #da seq41 #ace2 & motion1 #ci2 dissolution (1 #dc2 & m9d1 #aca seq4 ,max ,mll]1 ,pr(4--on language1 #gc1 #ge ,m5deleff's ,p]iodic ,law1 #hh ,m9d & matt]1 connexion (1 #aca seq4 ,miv>t1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,g4--on ! gulf betwe5 man & brute1 #gb2 on ! ess5ce ( language1 #gd2 on !ories z to its orig91 #gi2 on ! ease ) :i* ,d>w9ian argum5ts c be f\nd1 #agg2 on embryology ( ,salam&]1 #aic2 on incompatibility ( geological evid5ce ) !ory ( ,evolution by m9ute & gradual modification1 #bbh1 #bcj2 on evolution ( ! ,horse1 #bee2 on ! failure ( app>5t l9ks1 #bfg ,mole1 evolution (1 #aha ,molecules1 #hh2 manufactur$ articles1 #hi2 ,cl]k-,maxwell on1 #ij1 #ajd ,monism1 #abf seq41 #bgh2 & morality1 #acg2 & ,tru?1 #ach ,monocotyl$ons1 appe>ance (1 #bai ,motion1 z a prop]ty ( matt]1 #ci ,myriadism1 a bett] t]m = ,monism1 #acf ,natural ,selection1 :at x is1 #aeb seq42 its p[]s discuss$1 #afe seq42 c produce no?+1 #afh2 a misnom]1 #agd4 ,see ,d>w9ism4 ,nature1 #f ,nebul> hypo!sis1 #aa1 #de1 #dh ,newman1 ,c>d9al--on ! nature ( laws1 #ag2 on law & causality1 #ii ,newton1 ,sir ,i41 8 laws ( motion1 #ci2 on evid5ce = !ism1 #ajc ,nor? ,briti% ,review]--on ! limits ( v>iation1 #afb2 on ! facility ) :i* ,d>w9ian argum5ts c be f\nd1 #agg2 on ,d>w9ism & geographical di/ribution1 #ahd2 on ! maybe's ( ,d>w9ism1 ibid42 on incompatibility ( geological evid5ce ) evolution>y !ory1 #bbh ,obre*t1 ,m>?a1 #gg ,ontog5y1 #hc n4 ,organic progression--& ,d>w9ism1 #ahf2 n evid5c$ by palontology1 #bcd ,organs1 ve/igial or rudim5t>y z an argum5t = evolution1 #aeh1 #ahi ,orig9 ( ,species1 appe>ance (1 #aea ,ow51 ,sir ,r4--on ! ,ar*opt]yx1 #agb ,pa9 & suff]+1 z an objection to ,design1 #aai1 #aba ,palontology--! only s\nd basis = evolution>y !ory1 #bjd2 its evid5ce adv]se to progressive developm5ts1 #bcd ,paley--8 wat* argum5t disprov$ by ma*9e-made wat*es1 #aah ,pa/eur1 ,m4--on spontane\s g5]ation1 #ej2 on initial temp]ature ( life1 #eg n4 ,peacock's fea!rs & ,natural ,selection1 #aee n41 #age ,p]ri]1 ,m4 ,e4--on ! evid5ce = ,evolution1 #bcg ,pettigrew1 ,mr4--on w+s ( birds1 #ic ,phylog5y1 #hc n4 ,pro?yle1 #db ,protoplasm1 #ei-fc ,purpose & natural laws1 #abb ,quatrefages1 ,m4 de--on life & non-life1 #fc2 on cry/allization1 #fd2 on v>iation 9 ,nature1 #afb2 on ,d>w9ian argum5tation1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc2 on embryology1 #aid2 on abs5ce ( int]m$iate =ms 9 ,nature1 #bab1 #bbi ,qu9ton1 ,m4--new doctr9e ( life developm5t1 #eg n4 ,rana opi/hodon--embryology1 #aie ,rayleigh1 ,"l--on a!i/ic sci5ce1 #aje2 on sci5tific au?ority1 #aji ,reason g5]ates spee*1 n vice v]sa1 #gf ,reptiles1 age (1 #bbf ,reptilian birds1 #aga ,riv>ol--on ,god & ! _w1 #bgi ,rob91 ,m4 ,*4--on ,d>w9ism1 #aih ,romanes1 ,pr(4--on cont9uity & univ]sality ( natural causation1 #bi1 #cj2 on orig9 ( language1 #gi2 on ,monism1 #abi2 on ! inadequacy ( ,natural ,selection1 #bja2 on jeal\sy ( admitt+ ! ,creator into creation1 #bgg ,roscoe1 ,sir ,h4--on artificial production ( protoplasm1 #fb ,salam&]1 embryological features1 #aic ,salix pol>is1 its specific /ability1 #afd1 #bbb ,saporta1 ,comte de--on p>allel developm5t ( animal & vegetable life1 #bbh2 on ! problem ( ,creation1 #bfh ,s*oolm51 !--on relation ( s\l & body1 #acb ,scorpion1 mat]nal & unfilial in/9cts1 #abb ,sel\s1 ,mr4 ,e4--exemplifies ,moni/ic doctr9es1 #aci n4 ,s5sation & consci\sness1--orig9 (1 #fg ,snakes1 embryological features1 #aid ,species1 on evolution>y pr9ciples mu/ ea* d]ive f a s+le orig91 #baj2 isolation (1 #baa2 & g5]a1 #bdd n4 ,specific /ability 9 ,nature1 #afd ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t--on ! beg9n+ ( life1 #ef2 8 ,=mula ( ,evolution1 #ade2 on ! process ( organic evolution1 #adg ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 ,see ,life1 orig9 ( ,/eph51 ,sir ,l4--on mat]ialism1 #gh ,/ew>t1 ,pr(4 ,balf\r--on f9ite duration ( ! _w1 #a2 on dissipation ( en]gy1 #be4 ,see also ,/ew>t & ,tait ,/ew>t & ,tait--on self-evid5ce ( !ism1 #ajd1 #bgc ,/irl+1 ,mr4--on protoplasm1 #ei1 #fa ,/okes1 ,sir ,g4 ,g4--on evid5ce = design1 #ajd ,su>ez--on creative p[] & natural law1 #bjg ,sub/ance1 law (1 #ac1 #ad1 #bb1 #bc1 #cc1 #da1 #aah ,survival ( ! fitte/1 & organic progression1 #ahf ,tait1 ,pr(4 ,p4--,on ! scope ( sci5ce1 #ah1 #bj2 on =ce & en]gy1 #bc n42 on ! prop]ties ( matt]1 #ci2 on pseudosci5ce1 #dj2 on sci5tific me?ods1 #dg2 on me*anical !ories ( life1 #fe4 ,see also ,/ew>t & ,tait4 ,teleology--#ih seq4 ,!ism1 #ig seq41 #bgg ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,sir ,w4--on protoplasm1 #fj-fb ,?yroid gl&--its lesson1 #aia n4 ,"t1 z a factor 9 ,evolution1 #hj1 #afi ,trans=mism1 #adb1 etc4 ,see ,evolution1 organic ,triton alpe/ris1 #aie ,tyndall1 ,pr(4--on ! mat]ial orig9 ( life1 #ch2 on ! beg9n+ ( life1 #df2 on sci5tific me?od1 #dg2 on spontane\s g5]ation1 #ed-ef2 on ! pot5tialities ( matt]1 #ed2 on m9d & matt]1 #acc ,ungulates1 /ructure ( limbs1 #bda ,v>iation1 ! basis ( ,d>w9's calculations1 #afb2 its limitations1 ibid42 m9ute at ea* /age1 #afe ,v]bum m5tale1 #gf ,v9es1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,h4--on speculations & facts1 #ahe2 on ! pres5t /atus ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 #bjb2 on our pres5t k1 #bcg ,vir*[1 ,pr(4--on ! beg9n+ ( life1 #df2 on spontane\s g5]ation1 #fe ,vogt1 ,c>l--on embryology1 #aid2 on ,haeckel's g5ealogies1 #bfd ,wallace1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4--on brea*es ( natural causation1 #fd2 on ! orig9 ( life1 ibid42 on ! orig9 ( animal life1 #fi1 #gj ,weismann1 ,pr(4--on our intellectual ne$ = causality1 #aja ,weldon1 ,pr(4--on ,huxley's sci5tific me?od1 #ba1 #aig ,:ales1 appe>ance (1 #beg ,:itney1 ,pr(4--on orig9 ( language1 #gi ,w1 ! only cause kn[n to u1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,see also ,free-w ,williamson1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,c4--on miss+ l9ks1 #bca2 on an unrecogniz$ factor 9 life-developm5ts1 #bcb2 on ! geological hi/ory ( fi%es1 #bcc2 on g5ealogy ( ! equid1 #bea2 on lack ( palontological support = ! ,evolution !ory1 #bfj ,w+s1 z ma*9es1 #ic ,wolla/on1 ,mr4--on ,nature z an ag5t1 #ajh ,_w1 beg9n+ (1 #a ,zeuglodon1 #beg ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,ma9ly ,,by ,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,writ]s ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,libr>y #b ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* #c ,,= ,,! ,,cl]gy ,,& ,,/ud5ts #d ,,biography #f ,,hi/ory #h ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* #h ,,educational #i ,,/onyhur/ ,,philosophical ,,s]ies #aj ,,poetry1 ,,fiction1 ,,etc4 #aj ,,novels ,,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,francis 7,,mrs4 ,,francis ,,blundell7 #aa ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,canon ,,%eehan1 ,d4,d4 #aa ,,works ,,by ,,c>d9al ,,newman #ab ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #ia-ic ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york #h ,,hornby ,,road1 ,,bombay #cjc ,,b[baz> ,,/reet1 ,,calcutta4 #aiji ,! ,we/m9/] ,libr>y4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,manuals = ,ca?olic ,prie/s & ,/ud5ts4 ,edit$ by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,,b]n>d ,,w>d1 ,presid5t ( ,/4 ,edmund's ,college1 & ! ,rev4 ,,h]b]t ,,?ur/on1 ,s4,j4 ,,! ,,tradition ,,( ,,scripture3 its ,orig91 ,au?ority & ,int]pretation4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,william ,,b>ry1 ,d4,d41 ,canon ( ,/4 ,*ads1 ,birm+ham4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,holy ,,eu*>i/4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,,john ,,cu?b]t ,,h$ley1 ,bi%op ( ,newport4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts3 ,an ,introduction to ,hagiography4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,pre ,h4 ,,delehaye1 ,s4,j41 ,boll&i/4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,craw=d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,prie/',s ,,/udies4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,?omas ,,scannell1 ,d4,d41 ,canon ( ,s\?w>k ,ca!dral1 ,editor ( ,! ,ca?olic ,diction>y4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,! foll[+ ,volumes are 9 ,prep>ation3-- ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,cal5d>4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,h]b]t ,,?ur/on1 ,s4,j4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,dom ,,john ,,*apman1 ,o4,s4,b4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,gospels4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,b>nes1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,brevi>y4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,my]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,in/ruction ,,( ,,conv]ts4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,sydney ,f4 ,,smi?1 ,s4,j4 ,,! ,,mass4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,adrian ,,=tescue1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* ,,f ,,)94 ,) a ,preface by ,8 ,em95ce ,,c>d9al ,,vaughan1 late ,ar*bi%op ( ,we/m9/]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,lett]s ,,f ,,! ,,belov$ ,,city4 ,,to ,s4 ,b4 ,,f ,,philip4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,k5elm ,,digby ,,be/4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,cont5ts4--,:y ,philip writes ^! ,lett]s to ,s4 ,b4--,s4 ,b4's ,difficulties fully /at$--,! ,good ,%eph]d--,i come t !y may h life--,fe$ my ,lambs--,fe$ my ,%eep--,"o ,fold & ,"o ,%eph]d--,*ri/'s ,"m & ,*ri/'s ,*ur*--,unity--,hol9ess--,ca?olicity--,a po/olicity--,our ,lady's ,d[ry--,w>--,pacification4 ,,l5t ,,& ,,holy ,,week3 ,*apt]s on ,ca?olic ,obs]vance & ,ritual4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,?ur/on1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,bi%op ,,gore ,,& ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,claims4 ,by ,dom ,,john ,,*apman1 ,o4,s4,b4 #hvo4 ,pap] cov]s1 #f;d4 net2 clo?1 #as4 net4 ,,aspects ,,( ,,anglicanism2 or1 ,"s ,comm5ts on ,c]ta9 ,incid5ts 9 ! ',n9eties4 ,by ,mgr4 ,,james ,,moyes1 ,d4,d41 ,canon ( ,we/m9/] ,ca!dral4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,pap] ,cov]s #bs4 net4 999999 ,?is book is a free comm5t f a ,roman ,ca?olic /&po9t ^u c]ta9 incid5ts 9 ! religi\s life ( ,anglicanism 9 ! ',n9eties4 ,x deals incid5tally ) ! ,lambe? ,judgm5t1 & ) ! "q ( cont9uity4 ,x repres5ts ! criticism :i*1 f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory & !ology1 "s ( ! lat] developm5ts ( ,anglicanism w\ld sugge/ to a ,roman ,ca?olic m9d4 ,,div9e ,,au?ority4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,s*olfield1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 late ,rector ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,infallibility3 a ,pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,v9c5t ,mc,n,a,b,b1 ,o4,p4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,sew$1 #as4 net4 ,,self-,,k ,,& ,,self-,,discipl9e4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,matur94 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,spiritual ,,life4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,%ort ,spiritual ,messages = ! ,ecclesia/ical ,ye>4 ,by ,s4 ,l4 ,,em]y4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,= ! ,cl]gy & ,/ud5ts4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,a ,,prie/3 an ,essay on ,cl]ical ,education4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,talbot ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ( ,am]ica4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,s*ola/icism1 ,old & ,new3 an ,introduction to ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 ,m$ival & ,mod]n4 ,by ,m4 de ,,wulf1 ,doctor ( ,laws1 ,doctor ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,translat$ by ,p4 ,,c(fey1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,maynoo? ,college1 ,irel&4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,dogmatic ,,!ology4 ,by ,,sylve/] ,,joseph ,,hunt]1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,?ree vols41 #fs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,! ,,s]mon ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 & ,o!r ,/udies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,kane1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,/udies ,,on ,,! ,,gospels4 ,by ,,v9c5t ,,rose1 ,o4,p41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,frib\rg4 ,au?oris$ ,engli% ,v]sion1 by ,,rob]t ,,fras]1 ,d4,d41 ,dome/ic ,prelate to ,h4,h4 ,pius ,x4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,essays ,,9 ,,pa/oral ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,,au/9 ,o',,malley1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pa?ologi/ & ,oph?almologi/ to ,sa9t ,agnes's ,hospital1 ,philadelphia2 & ,,james ,j4 ,,wal%1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,adjunct ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,new ,york ,polyte*nic ,s*ool = ,graduates 9 ,m$ic9e4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 999999 ,! t]m ,pa/oral ,m$ic9e may be said to repres5t t "p ( m$ic9e :i* is ( import to a pa/or 9 8 cure1 & ^? divisions ( e?ics & moral !ology :i* conc]n a physician 9 8 practice4 ,?is book is prim>ily int5d$ = ,roman ,ca?olic confessors4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,by ,rev4 ,,mi*ael ,,cron91 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,ex-,fell[1 ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,irel&2 ,pr(essor1 ,clonliffe ,college1 ,dubl94 #hvo4 ,vol4 #a41 ,g5]al ,e?ics4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,_w',s ,,progress3 an ,essay on ,hi/orical ,logic1 be+ "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/orical ,significance ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,by ,,*>les ,,/anton ,,devas1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,pap] cov]s1 #f;d4 999999 ,! object ( ?is book is to give to ! logic & hi/ory ( ,newman an economic or sociological sett+1 & ?us to %[ t = ! explanation ( ,_w-hi/ory we mu/ fir/ h ! true !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & h] life ?r\gh eighte5 c5turies4 ,"p ,i4 /ates briefly ! problems :i* ! philosophy ( hi/ory seeks to resolve4 ,"p ,,ii4 pres5ts ! solution (f]$ by ,*ri/ianity & takes ! =m ( an hi/orical analysis ( ! pr9ciples by :i* ! ,*ur* has be5 guid$ 9 h] relations ) ! _w4 ,,9 ,,?y ,,c\rts 7,la ,vocation la ,vie ,religieuse74 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,vignat1 ,s4,j4 ,by ,,mat!w ,l4 ,,=ti]1 ,s4,j4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,9 pap] cov]s1 #as4 net4 ,,cords ,,( ,,adam3 a ,s]ies ( ,devotional ,essays ) an ,apologetic ,aim4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,?omas ,j4 ,,g]r>d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,i w draw !m ) ! cords ( ,adam1 ) ! bonds ( love4--,osee xi4 #d4 ,,! ,,old ,,riddle ,,& ,,! ,,newe/ ,,answ]4 ,an ,enquiry h[ f> ,mod]n ,sci5ce has alt]$ ! aspect ( ! ,problem ( ! ,univ]se4 ,by ,,john ,,g]>d1 ,s4,j41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,pap] ,cov]s4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,mon?2 ,a ,ca?olic ,magaz9e4 ,conduct$ by ,,fa!rs ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,jesus4 ,publi%$ ,mon?ly4 #hvo4 ,sew$1 #as4 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,mon?1 #ahfd-aijh4 ,arrang$ "u ,subjects & ,au?ors4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,int]leav$ ) ,writ+ ,pap]4 #es4 net4 ,biography4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,dom9ic1 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,fri> ,,prea*]s4 ,by ,,augu/a ,,!odosia ,,drane4 ,) #cb ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,si5a ,,& ,,h] ,,companions4 ,) a ,translation ( h] ,treatise on ,consummate ,p]fection4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) #aj ,illu/rations4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,a ,,memoir ,,( ,,"m ,,francis ,,raphael1 ,o4,s4,d4 7,,augu/a ,,!odosia ,,drane71 "s "t ,prioress ,prov9cial ( ! ,congregation ( ,dom9ican ,si/]s ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 ,/one4 ,) portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,life ,,( ,,/4 ,,elizabe? ,,( ,,hung>y1 ,,du*ess ,,( ,,?ur+ia4 ,by ! ,,c\nt ,,de ,,montalemb]t1 ,pe] ( ,france1 ,memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,translat$ by ,,francis ,,dem+ ,,hoyt4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,v9c5t ,,de ,,paul1 ,f\nd] ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,mission 7,v9c5tians71 & ( ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity4 ,by ,monseigneur ,,b\gaud1 ,bi%op ( ,laval4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,fr5* ,edition by ! ,rev4 ,,joseph ,,brady1 ,c4,m4 ,) an ,introduction by ,8 ,em95ce ,,c>d9al ,,vaughan1 late ,ar*bi%op ( ,we/m9/]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,h5ry ,,/u>t1 ,,c>d9al ,,( ,,york1 ,,& ,,8 ,,times4 ,by ,,alice ,,%ield4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,&rew ,,lang4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece & #ac o!r ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,explor]s ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,columbus1 & ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,jesuit ,,missions ,,( ,,p>aguay4 ,by ,,m>ion ,mc,m,u,r,r,o,u,g,h ,,mulhall1 ,memb] ( ,! ,roman ,arcadia4 ,) pre-,columban ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,c>d9al ,,wiseman4 ,by ,,wilfrid ,,w>d4 ,) #c ,portraits4 ,two vols4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,v]e3 a ,memoir bas$ on 8 unpubli%$ ,di>ies & ,correspond5ce4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) ,two ,photogravure ,portraits & #b o!r ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #ads4 net4 ,,t5 ,,p]sonal ,,/udies4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) #aj ,portraits4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts4--,ar?ur ,james ,balf\r--,?ree ,notable ,editors3 ,delane1 ,hutton1 ,kn[les--,"s ,*>act]i/ics ( ,h5ry ,sidgwick--,rob]t1 ,e>l ( ,lytton--,fa!r ,ignatius ,ryd]--,sir ,m4 ,e4 ,grant ,duff's ,di>ies--,leo ,,xiii4--,! ,g5ius ( ,c>d9al ,wiseman--,john ,h5ry ,newman--,newman & ,mann+--,app5dix4 ,,"s ,,pap]s ,,( ,,"l ,,arundell ,,( ,,w>d\r1 #ab? ,,b>on1 ,,c\nt ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire1 ,etc4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,d[ag] ,,lady ,,arundell ,,( ,,w>d\r4 ,) ,portrait4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hi/orical ,,lett]s ,,& ,,memoirs ,,( ,,scotti% ,,ca?olics1 #afbe-agic4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,=bes ,,lei?1 ,s4,j4 ,) ,portraits & o!r ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #bds4 net4 ,,essays4 ,by ,,fa!r ,,ignatius ,,ryd]4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,,bac*us4 #hvo4 ,,cont5ts4--,biographical & ,hi/orical4 #a4 ,a ,jesuit ,re=m] & ,poet--#b4 ,revelations ( ! ,aft]-,_w 7,/4 ,brigit7--#c4 ,savon>ola--#d4 ,m4 ,em]y--#e4 ,! ,great ,s*ism4 ,g5]al4--#f4 ,auricul> ,confession--#g4 ,! ,pope & ! ,anglican ,ar*bi%ops--#h4 ,ritualism1 ,romanism1 etc4--#i4 ,"s ,ecclesia/ical ,miracles--#aj4 ,irresponsible ,op9ion--#aa4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,w>--#ab4 ,! ,passion ( ! ,pa/--#ac4 ,rem9isc5ces ( a ,jail ,*apla94 ,hi/ory4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica3 ,colonial & ,f$]al4 ,by ,,?omas ,,hughes ( ! same ,society4 ,royal #hvo4 ,text4 ,volume ,i4 ,f ! ,fir/ ,colonization1 #aehj1 till #afde4 ,) #c ,maps & #c ,facsimiles4 #aes4 net4 ,docum5ts4 ,volume ,i4 ,"p ,i4 ,nos4 #a-adj 7#afje-ahch74 #bas4 net4 ,docum5ts4 ,volume ,i4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,inquisition3 a ,critical & ,hi/orical ,/udy ( ! ,co]cive ,p[] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ! ,abb ,e4 ,,vac&>d4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ! ,rev4 ,,b]tr& ,l4 ,,conway1 ,c4,s4,p4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,bi%op ,,*allon]1 #afia-agha4 ,by ,,edw9 ,h4 ,,burton1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ,/4 ,edmund's ,college4 ,) #cd ,portraits & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,9 two volumes4 #hvo4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,revival ,,9 ,,engl&1 #agha-ahjc4 ,by ,,b]n>d ,,w>d1 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s41 ,presid5t ( ,/4 ,edmund's ,college1 ,w>e4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,hi/ories ( ! ,fir/ ,c5tury4 ,by ! ,abb ,,con/ant ,,f\>d1 ,honor>y ,ca!dral ,canon1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,faculty ( ,!ology at ,r\51 etc41 etc4 ,translat$ by ,,george ,f4 ,x4 ,,griffi?4 ,,! ,,*ri/1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,god4 ,a ,life ( ,our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,c>d9al ,,mann+4 ,) #c ,maps4 ,two vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ads4 ,popul> ,edition4 #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,pap] ,cov]s4 #f;d4 net4 ,,/4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,) #c ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,/4 ,,paul ,,& ,,8 ,,missions4 ,) #b ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,) #e ,maps & ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,age4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,educational4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl& ,,= ,,ca?olic ,,s*ools4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyatt-,,davies1 ,m4,a4 ,) #ad ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,briti% ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) #he ,illu/rations & #ac ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,irel& ,,= ,,au/ralian ,,ca?olic ,,s*ools4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,dea? ( ,o',connell4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 ,,joyce1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) specially con/ruct$ ,map & #afj ,illu/rations1 includ+ ,facsimile 9 ,full ,col\rs ( an ,illum9at$ ,page ( ! ,gospel ,book ( ,mac,durnan1 ,a4,d4 #hej4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 ,?is is ! au?oris$ ,iri% ,hi/ory = ,ca?olic ,s*ools & ,colleges ?r\gh\t ,au/ralasia4 ,,hi/orical ,,atlas ,,( ,,india1 = ! ,use ( ,high ,s*ools1 ,colleges & ,private ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,*>les ,,jopp51 ,s4,j4 #bf ,maps 9 ,col\rs4 ,po/ #dto4 #cs4 net4 ,,delecta ,,biblica4 ,compil$ f ! ,vulgate ,edition ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & arrang$ = ! use ( ,beg9n]s 9 ,lat94 ,by a ,,si/] ,,( ,,notre ,,dame4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,logic4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,joyce1 ,s4,j41 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d1 ,pr(essor ( ,logic at ,/4 ,m>y's ,hall1 ,/onyhur/4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,p>lez-,,v\s ,,fran,,ais8 ,,ou ,,le ,,fran,,ais ,,enseign ,d',,apr,s ,,la ,m,,?ode ,,directe4 ,p> ,,ka?le5 ,,fitzg]ald4 ,illu/r p> ,n4 ,m4 ,w4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 ,,gramm> ,,lessons4 ,by ! ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,hall1 ,liv]pool4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 ,,! ,,class ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,engli% ,,composition4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 ,,quick ,,& ,,dead8 ,to ,tea*]s4 ,by ,two ( ,!m4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,/onyhur/ ,philosophical ,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,,ri*>d ,f4 ,,cl>ke1 ,s4,j4 ,,logic4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,f4 ,,cl>ke1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,k4 ,by ,,john ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,moral ,,philosophy 7,,e?ics ,,& ,,natural ,,law74 ,by ,,joseph ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,g5]al ,,metaphysics4 ,by ,,john ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,psy*ology1 ,,empirical ,,& ,,rational4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,mah]1 ,s4,j41 ,d4,litt41 ,m4,a4 ,lond4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,natural ,,!ology4 ,by ,,b]n>d ,,bo$d]1 ,m4,a41 ,s4,j4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,political ,,economy4 ,by ,,*as4 ,s4 ,,devas1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,poetry1 ,fiction1 etc4 ,a ,,my/]y ,,play ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,nativity ,,( ,,our ,,"l4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,hugh ,,b5son4 ,) ,illu/rations1 ,app5dices1 & ,/age ,directions4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,words only4 ,) a few notes4 #f;d4 net4 ,,/ories ,,on ,,! ,,ros>y4 ,by ,,l\ise ,,emily ,,dobr,e4 ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,a ,,torn ,,scrap ,,book4 ,talks & ,tales illu/rative ( ! ,our ,fa!r4 ,by ,,g5evi,,ve ,,irons4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,,hugh ,,b5son4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,m>iale ,,novum3 a ,s]ies ( ,sonnets on ! ,titles ( ,our ,lady's ,litany4 ,by ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,jesus4 ,pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 & b\nd 9 art gre5 canvas1 ) cov] design 9 blue & gilt1 gilt top4 ,pott #dto4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,lea!r1 #es4 net4 ,,"o ,,poor ,,scruple4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,wilfrid ,,w>d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,out ,,( ,,due ,,"t4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,great ,,possessions4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,novels by ,m4 ,e4 ,francis 7,mrs4 ,francis ,blundell74 ,,simple ,,annals4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,dorset ,,de>3 ,idylls ( ,c\ntry ,life4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ly*gate ,,hall3 a ,romance4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,*ri/ian ,,?al3 a ,/ory ( ,musical ,life4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,manor ,,f>m4 ,) ,frontispiece by ,claude ,c4 du ,pr ,coop]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,fi&]',s ,,wid[4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,pa/orals ,,( ,,dorset4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,yeoman ,,fleetwood4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 net4 ,works by ! ,v ,rev4 ,canon ,%eehan1 ,d4,d4 ,,li%e52 or1 ,! ,te/ ( ! ,spirits4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,luke ,,delmege4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,gl5ana>3 a ,/ory ( ,iri% ,life4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,bl9dness ,,( ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,gray2 or1 ! ,f9al ,law3 a ,novel ( ,cl]ical ,life4 #fs4 ,,lo/ ,,angel ,,( ,a ,,ru9$ ,,p>adise3 a ,drama ( ,mod]n ,life4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,p>]ga3 be+ a ,companion ,volume to ,"u ! ,c$>s & ! ,/>s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,e>ly ,,essays ,,& ,,lectures4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,cont5ts4--,essays4 ,religi\s ,in/ruction 9 ,int]m$iate ,s*ools--,9 a ,dubl9 ,art ,gall]y--,em]son--,free-,?\ght 9 ,am]ica--,g]man ,univ]sities 7,?ree ,essays7--,g]man & ,gallic ,muses--,augu/9ian ,lit]ature--,! ,poetry ( ,mat!w ,arnold--,rec5t ,works on ,/4 ,augu/9e--,aubrey de ,v]e 7a ,/udy74 ,lectures4 ,iri% ,y\? & ,high ,ideals--,! ,two ,civilisations--,! ,gold5 ,jubilee ( ,o',connell's ,dea?--,our ,p]sonal & ,social ,responsibilities--,! ,/udy ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce--,c]ta9 ,elem5ts ( ,"*--,! ,limitations & ,possibilities ( ,ca?olic ,lit]ature4 ,c>d9al ,newman's ,works4 #a4 ,,s]mons4 ,,p>o*ial ,,& ,,pla9 ,,s]mons4 ,eight vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,selection1 ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,seasons ,,( ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,ye>1 f ! ,p>o*ial & ,pla9 ,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,fifte5 ,,s]mons ,,prea*$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1 betwe5 #ahbf & #ahdc4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s]mons ,,be>+ ,,^u ,,subjects ,,( ,,! ,,day4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,disc\rses ,,to ,,mix$ ,,congregations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,occasional ,,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 #b4 ,,treatises4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ju/ification4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,univ]sity ,,def9$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,univ]sity ,,tea*+ consid]$ 9 n9e disc\rses4 ,be+ ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,! ,idea ( a ,univ]sity ,def9$ & ,illu/rat$4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,norris4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 ,gilt ,top4 #bs4 net4 ,lea!r1 #cs4 net4 ,a ,,gramm> ,,( ,,ass5t4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,index$ ,,synopsis ,,( ,,newman',s ,,gramm> ,,( ,,ass5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,j4 ,,toohey1 ,s4,j4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 #c4 ,,hi/orical4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*es4 ,?ree vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,vol4 ,i4--,! ,turks 9 _! ,relation to ,europe--- ,m>cus ,tullius ,cic]o--,apollonius ( ,tyana--,primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,! ,*ur* ( ! ,fa!rs--,/4 ,*ryso/om--,!odoret--,mission ( ,/4 ,b5$ict--,b5$ict9e ,s*ools4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4--,rise & ,progress ( ,univ]sities 7orig9ally publi%$ z ,(fice & ,"w ( ,univ]sities7--,nor?m5 & ,normans 9 ,engl& & ,irel&--,m$ival ,ox=d--,convocation ( ,cant]bury4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs4 ,repr9t$ f ,hi/orical ,sket*es4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,norris4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 ,gilt ,top4 #bs4 net4 ,lea!r1 #cs4 net4 #d4 ,,essays4 ,,two ,,essays ,,on ,,miracles4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,discussions ,,& ,,argum5ts4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 #a4 ,h[ to accompli% x4 #b4 ,! ,anti*ri/ ( ! ,fa!rs4 #c4 ,scripture & ! ,cre$4 #d4 ,tamwor? 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( a ,man ( ,sci5ce1 ,engli% translation1 #aijc1 ,preface1 p4 vii4 #aj ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ,*eap ,engli% ,edition1 p4 #b4 #aa ibid41 p4 #he4 #ab ,& also1 x %\ld be add$1 travell+ bodily ?r\gh space ) a movem5t ( translation4 #ac ,ibid4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #b4 #ae ,! #ae? ,*apt] ( ,haeckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation is devot$ to ?is po9t4 #af ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #cb4 #ag ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #e4 #ah ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #ai ,ibid41 p4 #hf4 #bj ,ibid41 #acd4 #ba ,an ,easy ,outl9e ( ,evolution1 by ,d5nis ,hird1 ,m4,a41 ,pr9cipal ( ,rusk9 ,hall1 ,ox=d1 p4 #bcj4 #bb ,presid5tial ,address1 ,section ,d1 ,zoology1 ,le$s1 #ahij4 #bc ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #b4 #bd ,ibid41 p4 #hc4 #be ,pseudo-,sci5tific ,realism1 ,collect$ ,essays1 i1 #fh1 #gd-gh4 #bf ,newman1 ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 p4 #gb4 ,a ,law ( ,nature1 z has already be5 said1 is simply a /atem5t ( :at de facto has always be5 f\nd to occur "u c]ta9 conditions1 & may consequ5tly be expect$ aga94 ,x is obvi\s h[ev] t su* expectation is implicitly bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( "s cause capable ( ensur+ ! result4 #bg ,! ,tea*+ ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,jan41 #ahgh4 #bh ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #hc4 #bi ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #f4 #cj ,see ,wasmann ,g$ank5 zur ,entwicklungslehre1 ,/imm5 aus ,m>ia-,laa*1 vol4 #fc1 p4 #bih4 #ca ,contempor>y ,review1 ut sup41 p4 #cja4 #cb ,pr(essor ,weldon1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 #cc ,collect$ ,essays1 v4 #da4 #cd ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ge4 #ce ,pr(essor ,g>nett 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,by ,=ce is und]/ood any cause :i* t5ds to alt] a body's natural /ate ( re/1 or ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e4 ,( ! nature ( su* causes sci5ce pr(esses to "k v little1 & z ,cl]k-,maxwell1 :o knew z mu* z mo/ m51 sang apropos ( a lecture ( ,pr(essor ,tait's3 444 ,tait writes 9 lucid symbols cle> "o small equation2 ,& ,=ce becomes ( ,en]gy a m]e space-v>iation4 #cf ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 #aae2 by ,cl]k-,maxwell1 apud ,g>nett1 ut sup4 #cg ,tyndall1 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 #e? ,edition1 p4 #bc4 #ch ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 #bji4 #ci ,sir ,william ,?omson1 n[ ,"l ,kelv94 #dj ,m>* #bi1 #ahhh4 #da ,s ( ano!r ef=t 9 ! same direction ,capt4 ,hutton tells u3 ,! la/ *ampion 9 ! field is ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w4 ,bick]ton1 :o ?9ks he has f\nd a way 9 :i* ?is dismal conclusion1 z he consid]s x1 may be av]t$4 ,b he is n v sure ab\t x1 & has to assume3 fir/1 t space conta9s n[ & always w conta91 a l>ge quantity ( cosmic du/ scatt]$ ?r\gh x ) "s approa* to uni=mity2 & secondly1 t ! ,univ]se consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( :at he calls 'cosmic sy/ems1' travell+ ?r\gh space1 con/antly ?r[+ (f du/ 9 all directions & occasionally collid+4 ,z all ?is is pure assumption & highly improbable1 ,i _c ?9k t ,pr(essor ,bick]ton has br\ght =w>d any s]i\s objection to ! !ory ( ! dissipation ( en]gy1 & 8 hypo!sis mu/ be add$ to ! li/ ( failures4 7,lesson ( ,evolution1 p4 #ad1 n47 #db ,lesson ( ,evolution1 p4 #ad4 #dc ,d>w9 & aft] ,d>w91 p4 #ag4 #dd ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #fd4 #de b] die ,gr5z5 d] ,natur]k5n5s3 ,die ,sieb5 ,weltr?sel1 ,leipzic1 #ahhb4 #df ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #fd4 #dg ,du ,bois-,reymond does n say t !y are soluble1 b only t he _c pron\nce !m transc5d5tal4 #dh ,samuel ,la+1 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 ,*eap ,edition1 p4 #ai4 #di ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #hf4 #ej ,ibid4 #ea ,p4 #gh4 #eb ,p4 #fd4 #ec ,orig9 ( ! ,laws ( ,nature1 p4 #bc4 #ed ,belfa/ ,address1 #ahgd4 #ee ,lay ,s]mons4 ,on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life1 p4 #adc4 #ef ,pr(essor ,tait1 ,prop]ties ( ,matt]1 #ajh4 #eg ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 p4 #cja4 #eh ,/ory ( ,creation1 p4 #aa4 #ei ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,octob]1 #aijc1 p4 #cii4 #fj ,or primal /uff4 ,?is looks rem>kably l ! old ,mat]ia ,prima ( ! ,s*oolm5 translat$ into ,greek4 #fa ,ibid4 ,! ,revelations ( ,radium4 #fb ,ibid41 p4 #cih4 ,note4--,x is (t5 assum$ t ! composite "* ( ! atom--if fully e/abli%$--mu/ upset ! ,atomic ,!ory4 ,?is is n s2 all t ! new hypo!sis does is to g fur!r back 9 acc\nt+ = ! ,atomic ,!ory1 & = all practical purposes ?+s rema9 exactly z !y 72 except1 inde$1 t ! dissolution ( matt] does away ) :at 0 held z "o ( ! mo/ assur$ conclusions ( sci5ce4 #fc ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis itself is1 ( c\rse1 f> f be+ an e/abli%$ c]ta9ty1 & is n devoid ( grave difficulties4 ,into ^!1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y n[ to ent]4 #fd ,apud ,gaynor1 ,! ,new ,mat]ialism1 p4 #hc4 #fe ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,biology4 #ff ,apud ,gaynor1 p4 #hd4 #fg ,pr(essor ,m>%4 #fh ,pr(essor ,dew> at ,belfa/1 #aijb4 #fi ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 #crd ,edition1 p4 #f4 #gj ,gaynor1 p4 #ajb4 #ga ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #ah4 #gb ,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #cje4 #gc ,be+ ! ye> 9 :i* ?is passage 0 writt54 #gd ,viz4 t ( ! d]ivation ( life f life alone1 z oppos$ to ,abiog5esis1 or its production f lifeless matt]4 #ge ,see ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 ,spontane\s ,g5]ation1 = a full acc\nt4 #gf ,m>* #ah1 #ahfc4 ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 #ceb4 #gg ,april #cj1 #ahgj4 ,ibid4 ii4 #ag4 #gh ,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #bch4 #gi ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #ah4 #hj ,evolution & ! ,orig9 ( ,life1 #ahgd1 p4 #bc4 #ha ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,biology4 #hb ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,rev4 ,james ,m>t9eau & ,belfa/ ,address4 #hc ,ibid4 ,sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation4 #hd ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 #he ,ibid4 ,rev4 ,james ,m>t9eau & ,belfa/ ,address4 #hf ,ibid4 ,vitality4 #hg ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #ahhf1 p4 #gfi4 #hh ,italics m9e4 #hi ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by ,pa/eur & o!rs t ! highe/ temp]ature at :i* organic life is possible is #de ,c5tigrade 7#aac ,fahr5heit74 ,:5 ! globe _h cool$ to ?is po9t f its primitive molt5 condition1 ! epo* ( t]re/rial life comm5c$4 ,accord+ to :at is p]haps ! late/ !ory1 t ( ,m4 ,qu9ton1 ! temp]ature imm$iately bel[ ?is1 #dd ,c5tigrade1 rema9s always ! be/ = liv+ ?+s1 & ^? creatures are highe/ 9 ! scale ( life1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ develop$1 :i* h contriv$ means ( keep+ _! int]nal heat at1 or ab\t1 ?is level1 despite ! refrig]ation ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,9 _! blood-heat ,m4 ,qu9ton !re=e f9ds an absolute rule = fix+ ! relative rank ( organic =ms1 & ! date ( _! appe>ance2 ^? ^: blood is w>me/ be+ ! mo/ rec5tly evolv$4 ,! results ( ?is new sy/em are suffici5tly />tl+4 ,birds are to be class$ z ! highe/ & newe/ ( all2 :ile man1 ) ! o!r ,primates1 has to take a mu* l[] place1 ! ungulates1 includ+ ! horse & donkey1 & ! c>nivora1 z dogs & cats1 be+ 8 sup]iors4 7,la ,revue des ,ides1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aijd1 pp4 #bi seq47 #ij ,to ,d4 ,mack9to%1 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahhb4 #ia ,to ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahfc4 #ib ,to ,v4 ,c>us1 ,novemb] #ba1 #ahff4 #ic ,to ,d4 ,mack9to%1 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahhb4 #id ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #f4 #ie ,z reg>ds ,protoplasm1 p4 #ba4 #if ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,biology4 #ig ,pr9t$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons4 #ih ,nature1 ,june #e1 #aijb1 p4 #aba4 #ii ,id4 ibid4 #ajj ,op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 #aja ,presid5tial ,address1 ,briti% ,association1 #ahhg4 #ajb ,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii4 #ff4 #ajc ,op4 cit4 ii4 #fc4 #ajd ,d>w9ism1 p4 #dgd4 #aje ,! o!r /ages pres5t+ simil> difficulties are ! #e? & #f? ( ,du ,bois-,reymond's ,enigmas1 viz4 ! introduction ( s5sation or consci\sness 7animal life71 & ( rational ?\ght & spee*4 #ajf ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 p4 #bih4 #ajg ,die sieb5 ,weltr?sel1 ,d4 #hb4 #ajh ,pr(essor ,huxley1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 speaks ( ,hom] z a half savage ,greek 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #ab71 & intimates a mild wond] t su* a be+ c\ld %>e our feel+s 9 pres5ce ( nature to s l>ge an ext5t z 8 poems te/ify4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a f9e example ( ! good conceit ( ourselves :i* ! pursuit ( sci5ce is r apt to produce4 #aji ,d>w9ism1 p4 #dge4 #aaj ,desc5t ( ,man1 c4 ii4 #aaa ,ibid4 #ed4 #aab ,9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d 9 #ahdg4 #aac ,lessons f ,nature1 p4 #hi4 #aad ,see ,miv>t1 ,orig9 ( ,human ,reason1 p4 #aff4 #aae ,see ,l\is ,arn\ld1 ,une me en prison1 & article ,an imprison$ ,s\l1 by ! ,ctesse4 de ,c\rson1 ,! ,mon?1 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 p4 #hb4 #aaf ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 #eg4 #aag i4e4 ape-l4 #aah ,quot$ by ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man4 #aai ,ibid41 p4 #cga4 #abj ,orig9 ( ,human ,reason1 p4 #che4 #aba ,op4 cit4 p4 #cgi4 #abb ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #df4 #abc ,ontog5y signifies ! g5esis ( ! individual1 ,phylog5y t ( ! race4 ,accord+ly1 :5 r5d]$ into ord9>y language1 decl>ations su* z ^!1 unsupport$ z !y are by any evid5ce1 are f\nd to mean t ! developm5t ( ! individual1 tells u all ab\t ! developm5t ( ! individual1 & ! developm5t ( ! race all ab\t t ( ! race4 ,is x really suppos$1 z x w\ld seem to be1 t su* po9ts are sci5tifically settl$ by translat+ t]ms into ,greek8 #abd ,lav5gro1 passim4 #abe ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #ch4 #abf ,briti% ,association ,lecture1 #ahgc4 #abg ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ic4 #abh ,orig9 ( ,species 7#e? ,edition71 p4 #bbf4 #abi ,aft]w>ds 7,april #ag1 #ahfc7 ,mr4 ,d>w9 wrote to ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 ,i h long regrett$ t ,i truckl$ to public op9ion1 & us$ ! ,p5tateu*al t]m ( creation1 by :i* ,i really meant 'appe>$' by "s :olly unkn[n process4 #acj ,at a lat] p]iod ,mr4 ,d>w9 modifi$ 8 views z to :at he /ill t]m$ t wondr\s organ ! human eye1 writ+ ?us 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 #aff73 ,we "k :at ,helmholtz1 ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,europe on ! subject1 has said ab\t ! human eye3 t if an optician _h sold him an in/rum5t s c>elessly made1 he w\ld h ?\ght himself fully ju/ifi$ 9 return+ x4 ,x is p]fectly true t ,helmholtz s express$ himself 7,vortrge und ,r$51 i4 #bec1 etc41 ,engli% ,edition1 ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 pp4 #bai1 etc471 add+ t ! eye has e possible defect t c be f\nd 9 an optical in/rum5t1 & "s :i* are peculi> to itself4 ,^! utt]ances are frequ5tly quot$1 b ,helmholtz says a good deal m ( :i* we d n usually he>4 ,he obs]ves1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 speak+ z above he did s f ! n>r[ b legitimate po9t ( view ( an optician4 ,hav+ !n enum]at$ all ! defects 9 "q1 he cont9ues--,9 an artificial cam]a1 all ^! irregul>ities w\ld be exce$+ly tr\blesome4 ,9 ! eye !y are n s1 s little tr\blesome1 inde$1 t x 0 occasionally a matt] ( extreme difficulty to detect !m4 ,he adds t m5 9 g5]al n only are unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* defects1 b c h>dly be induc$ to cr$it x4 ,also t !y almo/ always affect ^? portions ( ! field ( vision to :i* at ! mom5t we are n direct+ our att5tion4 ,:at is /ill m to ! po9t1 he obs]ves1 t ! defects not$ are all !oretical1 :ile ! purpose ( ! eye is practical1 & t if !oretically m p]fect z an optical in/rum5t1 x w\ld be practically less s]viceable4 ,to compla9 t ! eye is n adapt$ = ! special purposes ( a microscope or telescope is l condemn+ ! boats ( a sea-go+ %ip because !y lack "s ( ! qualities f\nd 9 rac+ outrigg]s or ,rob ,roy canoes4 ,z conc]ns ! adaptation ( ! eye to its functions1 adds ,helmholtz1 ?is is mo/ ?or\gh1 & is manife/ 9 ! v limitations set to its defects4444 ,a man ( any s5se w\ld n *op firewood ) a razor1 & we may assume t any elaboration ( ! optical /ructure ( ! eye w\ld h r5d]$ x m liable to injury & sl[] 9 its developm5t4 ,helmholtz !re=e concludes t ! eye is a product :i* ! wise/ ,wisdom may h pre-design$4 ,x ?us comes v mu* to ,pope's solution3 ,:y has n man a microscopic eye8 ,= ?is pla9 reason3 man is n a fly1-- & 9 view ( 8 subsequ5t admissions1 ,helmholtz's fl\ri% ab\t return+ ! eye to its mak] looks v l !atrical clap-trap1 unwor?y ( su* a man4 #aca ,life ( ,c4 ,d>w91 ii4 #bcd4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 to ,c4 ,d>w91 ,novemb] #bc1 #ahei4 #acb ,animal ,locomotion 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies71 p4 #ahj4 #acc ,orig9 ( ,laws ( ,nature1 p4 #fi4 #acd ,lectures on ,evolution 7,*eap ,edition71 p4 #cg4 #ace ,philosophical ,basis ( ,evolution1 passim4 #acf ,by a ,f9al ,cause is meant ! pr$et]m9$ result or end1 t[>ds :i* a "w ( intellig5ce is direct$1 ! end be+ ! ultimate cause ( ! :ole act4 ,?us ! obta9+ a light is ! ,f9al ,cause ( /rik+ a mat*3 :ile ! /rik+ ( ! mat* is ! ,effici5t ,cause produc+ ! light4 #acg ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 p4 #fi4 #ach ,famili> ,lectures1 p4 #deh4 #aci ,on ! ,reception ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1'3 ,life ( ,c4 ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #ahg4 #adj ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,no4 #b4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,lectures & ,essays1 p4 #chh 7#bnd ,edition74 #ada ,/udies 9 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gaj2 vid4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,octob]1 #aijb1 ,! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism4 #adb ,ut sup4 p4 #bja4 #adc ,sic4 ,! s5se evid5tly requires ei!r t ! n %\ld be delet$1 or prove be sub/itut$ = disprove 9 ! prec$+ l9e4 ,?is errone\s read+ occurs n only 9 ! text f :i* ,i quote1 b likewise 9 ! ,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #cjg1 :]e ?is passage =ms "p ( ! ,pr(essor's review ( ,haeckel's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 "u ! title ( ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals4 #add ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 #aie4 #ade ,ibid41 p4 #dfg4 #adf ,de ,natura ,deorum1 ii4 #d4 #adg ,pr9cipia1 ,s*ol4 ,g54 #adh ,unse5 ,univ]se1 p4 #dg4 #adi ,burnett ,lectures1 p4 #cbg4 #aej ,see report ( 8 words em5d$ by himself1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,june1 #aijc4 #aea ,brad=d1 #ahgc4 #aeb ,montreal1 #ahhd4 #aec ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #crd ,s]ies1 vol4 v4 p4 #ach4 #aed ,reception ( ',orig9 ( ,species1' ubi sup4 p4 #aii4 #aee ,novemb] #bf1 #ahfj4 #aef ,may #bb1 #ahfj4 #aeg ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ib4 #aeh ,! ,sci5tific ,basis ( ,morality1 by ,george ,gore1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 p4 #ca4 #aei ,may #bb1 #ahfj4 #afj ,ba91 ,de vi physica1 p4 #gf4 #afa ,orig9 ( ,laws ( ,nature1 p4 #fa4 #afb ,"l ,grim?orpe1 op4 cit4 #he4 #afc ,lett] to ! ,times1 ,june #b1 #aijc #afd ,! t]m ,monism1 inv5t$ by ,wolf1 orig9ally bore a diff]5t mean+ f t 9 :i* ,haeckel employs x4 ,x 0 us$ to signify equally ! mat]iali/ic d5ial ( ! sub/antiality ( m9d1 & ! ideali/ic d5ial ( ! sub/antiality ( matt]4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 z w be se51 ma9ta9s t m9d & matt] are b two names = "o ?+4 #afe ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce 7,engli% translation71 p4 #fj4 #aff ,ibid41 p4 #aj4 #afg ,ibid41 p4 #c4 #afh ,m9d & ,motion4 #afi ,an ,easy ,outl9e ( ,evolution1 by ,d5nis ,hird1 ,m4,a41 ,pr9cipal ( ,rusk9 ,hall1 ,ox=d1 p4 #ahd4 #agj ,ibid41 p4 #gd4 #aga ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #ea4 #agb ,presid5tial ,address1 ,section ,a1 ,briti% ,association1 ,norwi*1 #ahfh4 #agc ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,critics4 7,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #bhc47 #agd ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #ai4 #age ,to :at extremes su* doctr9es mu/ logically lead is illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,edmund ,sel\s 9 8 v int]e/+ ,bird ,wat*+1 :]e he casually obs]ves1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! life-"p ( a tom-tit is z important 9 ! sum ( ?+s z ,napoleon's 7p4 #bdh71 & decl>es else:]e1 m =mally 7p4 #cce7--,surely1 a beautiful butt]fly1 t1 = all "t1 *>ms--& raises by *>m+--"s numb] ( ^? :o see x1 does m good on ?is e>? ?an any s+le man or woman1 :o1 'dep>t+1' leaves no 'foot-pr9ts on ! s&s ( "t4' ,hom]1 = in/ance1 has left 8 ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & ^! h be51 & /ill are1 mighty 9 _! effects4 ,b let !m once p]i%1 & ,hom] w be caught up & ov]tak5 by almo/ any bird or butt]fly--ev5 a br[n "o4 #agf ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 #agg ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ib4 #agh ,z to ! t]m ,*ance :i* he frequ5tly us$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 wrote 9 "o place 7,orig9 ( ,species1 ,op5+ passage ( c4 v473 ,i h hi!rto sometimes spok5 z if ! v>iations--s common & multi=m ) organic be+s "u dome/ication1 & 9 a less] degree ) ^? 9 a /ate ( nature--_h be5 due to *ance4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a :olly incorrect expression1 b x s]ves to ackn[l$ge pla9ly our ignorance ( ! cause ( ea* p>ticul> v>iation4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is explanation only s]ves to %[ t1 z we h he>d him confess1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 any?+ b a cle> ?9k]1 = x is absolutely mean+less if appli$ to 8 m5tion ( ,*ance quot$ 9 ! text above4 ,he c\ld n possibly mean t ! m9d refuses to reg>d ! _w z ! outcome ( a cause :]e( we "k no?+1 = t is j :at he ?9ks x is4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 fact1 in/9ctively recogniz$1 z e man ( common-s5se mu/ d1 t if n due to purpose1 ! ord] ( ,nature is due to *ance1 accord+ to ! true & legitimate use ( ! ^w1 & ?us he commonly employ$ x4 ,occasionally h[ev] he endeav\r$1 foll[+ ,huxley & o!rs1 to def5d himself aga9/ ! reproa* ( rely+ ^u su* a factor4--,vid4 sup41 c4 xii4 #agi ,al?\gh at fir/ ,mr4 ,d>w9 appe>$ to re/rict 8 sy/em to species1 v soon1 z 0 b natural1 x 0 ext5d$ to ! production ( new g5]a1 & ev5 ( divisions ( ! organic k+doms yet wid] asund]4 ,?us--ap>t f ! mo/ fam\s in/ance ( all1 treat$ by ,d>w9 himself 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man--x is n[ a c>d9al po9t ) ,evolutioni/s g5]ally t all ! high] =ms ( life are desc5d$ f ! l[e/1 & t ev5 f> up ! l9e ( developm5t1 creatures app>5tly ! mo/ div]se h sprung f "o id5tical ance/or4 ,?us among/ v]tebrates x is consid]$ c]ta9 t ,birds & ,reptiles are bran*es ( ! same /ock1--&1 /ill f>!r on1 t at lea/ all plac5tal mammals--bats & :ales1 elephants & mice--trace _! p$igree to "s common prog5itor4 #ahj ,orig9 ( ,species1 v4 #aha ,ibid41 c4 vii4 #ahb ,ibid41 c4 vi4 #ahc ,i rememb] well ! "t :5 ! ?\ght ( ! eye made me cold all ov]1 b ,i h got ov] ?is /age ( ! compla9t1 & n[ "s small trifl+ p>ticul>s ( /ructure (t5 make me feel v uncom=table4 ,! sight ( a fea!r 9 a peacock's tail1 :5ev] ,i gaze at x1 makes me sick4 7,c4 ,d>w9 to ,asa ,gray1 ,april #c1 #ahfj47 #ahd ,x w help to und]/& ! nature ( ! task ?us impos$ ^u ,natural ,selection1 to consid] :at ,"l ,grim?orpe writes on ?is subject 7,orig9 ( ! ,laws ( ,nature1 p4 #ajc73 ,we take pieces ( glass ( diff]5t k9ds & gr9d !m to p>ticul> %apes & set !m 9 a frame & make a telescope1 :i* refracts rays ( light s z to produce an 'image' ( a v di/ant object ne> our eye1 & t appe>s mu* l>g] :5 se5 ?r\gh ano!r glass ( prop] %ape4 ,b we h nev] yet be5 able to make "o t c br+ all ! rays f a s+le di/ant po9t exactly to ano!r po9t )\t confusion4 ,yet !re are _m millions ( app>5tly self-made ma*9es 9 ! _w t d x p]fectly2 & :5 we cut up "o ( !m & exam9e x we f9d t in/ead ( our l>ge lumps ( glass melt$ toge!r into a co>se k9d ( uni=mity1 ?is ma*9e has be5 built up ( an innum]able quantity ( p>ticles arrang$ 9 peculi> & complicat$ ways1 "s ( :i* h objects t we c und]/&1 ?\gh we _c imitate !m1 & o!rs t we d n4 ,moreov] !y are p]si/5tly alike 9 e ma*9e ( ! same class1 & aga9 "s ( !m p]si/5tly unlike ^? belong+ to any o!r class ( animals4 ,= a long "t ! ret9a ( ! eye us$ to be call$ a membrane1 or a k9d ( ?9 %eet4 ,!n x 0 f\nd to be a k9d ( bru% ( :i* ! hairs vibrate "u ! vibration ( ! rays ( light2 & n[ ^! hairs are f\nd by fur!r magnification to be divid$ into s _m p>ts l5g?wise t a picture ( !m has to be z long z ! picture ( a /rip$ or spott$ animal to di/+ui% !m2 & in/ead ( be+ simply set fa/ by "o end l hairs 9 a bru%1 !y pass ?r\gh sev]al frames or membranes2 & ( ! use ( all ^! pieces we "k no?+4 ,su* is ! 'simplicity ( nature' 9 t organ :i* next to a /oma* is ! commone/ 9 all liv+ creatures2 & su* is our ignorance ( nature yet4 #ahe ,ibid41 c4 vii4 #ahf ,al?\gh1 z bee-keep]s soon discov]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 suppos$ ! workman%ip ( bees' cells to be consid]ably m exact & accurate ?an usually is ! case1--!re rema9s q en\gh ( ar*itectural m]it to ju/ify 8 rem>ks4 ,x may ev5 be said to increase ! my/]y t ! insects %\ld ?us appe> to /rive t[>ds an ideal1 :i* !y frequ5tly fail to satisfy4 #ahg ,ranunculus fic>ia4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! season ( #aijd ?is plant has rip5$ fruit pr(usely 9 v>i\s di/ricts 9 :i* su* fruit _h = _m ye>s be5 practically undiscov]able4 #ahh ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 xiv4 #ahi ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,"p ,i1 c4 i4 #aij ,biological ,lectures & ,addresses1 p4 #bjb4 #aia ,*>les ,d>w9 et ses prcurseurs ,franais 7#ahgj71 p4 #abj4 #aib ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,june1 #ahfg4 ,pr(essor ,huxley likewise decl>$ ?is criticism to be ( real & p]man5t value4 7,critiques & ,addresses1 #beb47 #aic ,la vie des tres anims1 p4 #ajb4 #aid ,presid5tial ,address ,geologi/s' ,association 7,proce$+s1 vol4 v4 #ahge-f74 ,p>tly repr9t$ 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 "u ! title ,evolution & ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 #aie ,see ,,app5dix ,a4 p4 #bhj;a4 #aif ,v>iation 9 ,animals & ,plants1 p4 #cdc4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,v]ney 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 #hh74 #aig ,j4 ,w4 ,b>clay1 ,new ,!ory ( ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #ij4 #aih ,huxley1 ,lectures & ,essays 7,popul> ,edition71 pp4 #bh1 seq4 #aii ,s9ce ,pr(essor ,huxley wrote ! idea has be5 completely disc>d$ t ^! birds occupy su* a place z he assign$ !m4 ,! w+ ( ,hesp]ornis1 = example1 is n[ decl>$ to be an in/ance ( deg5]ation f "o capable ( flight4 ,none ( ^! f[ls c be consid]$ z ! prog5itors ( any n[ exi/+1 b all z ! desc5dants ( fly+ ance/ors ( arboreal habits1 :]e( no trace has yet be5 discov]$4 7,see ,pycraft's ,/ory ( ,bird ,life1 p4 #aij47 #bjj ,philosophical ,transactions ,royal ,society1 #ahfc1 p4 #cf4 #bja ,?is po9t is well h&l$ by ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 ,f9al ,causes1 #bnd ,engli% ,edition1 p4 #bde4 #bjb ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 #aef4 #bjc ,tablet1 ,may #bf1 #ahhh1 p4 #hcg4 #bjd ,lessons f ,nature1 p4 #big4 #bje ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 p4 #eg4 #bjf ,9 lat] editions 7e4g4 t ( #ahhh1 i4 #acc7 ! sugge/ion is put 9 =m ( a "q3 ,may n "s unusually wise ape-l animal 4448 #bjg ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 vi4 #bjh ,ibid41 c4 viii4 #bji ,x is a grave aggravation ( ! problem1 :i* ne$ only be m5tion$ "h1 t ! bees :i* make cells are neut]s & h no desc5dants1 :ile ! que5s & drones :i* are ! prog5itors ( ! :ole race nev] d a /roke ( "w 9 ! c\rse ( _! exi/5ce4 #baj ,desc5t ( ,man 7#a/ ,edition71 ii4 #che4 #baa ,ibid41 i4 #ajg4 #bab ,ibid41 ii4 #chf4 #bac ,*>les ,d>w9 et ses prcurseurs ,franais1 p4 #aea #bad ,ibid41 p4 #afg4 #bae ,la vie des tres anims1 p4 #afa4 #baf ,sa9t-,hilaire4 #bag ,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #hb4 #bah ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,july1 #ahfg1 p4 #caf4 #bai ,p4 #cac4 #bbj ,novemb] #e1 #aijc1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 ,janu>y1 #aijd1 p4 #cb4 #bba ,dr4 ,hudson1 see ,nature1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahij1 p4 #cge4 #bbb ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 xi4 #bbc ,op4 cit4 p4 #ei4 #bbd ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,engli% ,edition1 ii4 #cec4 #bbe ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals3 a ,review ( ,haeckel's ,natrli*e ,s*pfungs-,ges*i*te4 ,! ,academy1 #ahfi4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,critiques & ,addresses1 & ,d>w9iana 7,collect$ ,works74 #bbf ,! ,?yroid gl& 9 ! ?roat1 ! function ( :i* is unkn[n1 0 suppos$ to be absolutely )\t use4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t its removal entails myxo$ema1 a condition closely alli$ to cret9ism4 #bbg ,geological ,contemporaneity4 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bjf47 #bbh ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ,types ( ,animal ,life1 p4 #aac4 #bbi ,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii4 #ac4 #bcj ,mr4 ,miv>t1 ,tablet1 ,april #ba1 #ahhh4 #bca ,! ,mexican ,axolotl1 ! ,triton ,alpe/ris1 & probably o!rs4 #bcb ,nature1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahib4 #bcc i4e4 ! ,sci5ce ( ,causes4 #bcd ,dictionnaire encyclopdique des sci5ces mdicales4 #bce ,?us hav+ describ$ 9 detail a s]ies ( exp]im5ts z to ! effects ( an alt]ation ( diet suppli$ to ! l>v ( v>i\s hym5opt]a1 ,m4 ,fabre writes3 ,t\t cela e/ bi5 autrem5t grave que les petits ri5s invoqus p> ,d>w94 7,s\v5irs entomologiques1 #crd ,s]ies1 p4 #ccj47 #bcf ,j\rnal ( ,l9nean ,society1 vol4 xix4 #bcg ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 p4 #bah4 #bch ,revue de ,philosophie1 ,april #a1 #aijd4 #bci ,s\v5irs entomologiques1 #crd ,s]ies1 p4 #cag4 #bdj ,= "s fur!r te/imonies on ?is head see ,app5dix4 #bda ,nature1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahia4 #bdb ,com+ ( ,age ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #bdc ,de op]e sex di]um1 ii4 #aj1 n4 #ab4 #bdd ,mod]n ,idea ( ,evolution1 p4 #ig4 #bde ,d>w9 7,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #bgd1 #f? ,edition7 consid]s x incr$ible t ! same id5tical species %\ld orig9ate twice ev5 "u ! v same conditions4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage1 ,haeckel affirms su* unity ( orig9 9 respect ( a mo/ rem>kable species ( wide-rea*+ aff9ities4 ,all morphologi/s arrive at ! firm conviction t all v]tebrata1 f ! ,amphioxus upw>ds to man himself1 all fi%es1 amphibia1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 desc5d orig9ally f a s+le v]tebrate ance/or1 = we _c imag9e t all ! diff]5t & highly complicat$ conditions ( life :i*1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( processes or /ages ( developm5t1 l$ to ! typical =mation ( a v]tebrate1 h accid5tally happ5$ toge!r m ?an once 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 7,address to ,muni* meet+ ( ,g]man ,association1 vid4 ,nature1 ,octob] #d1 #ahgg47 #bdf ,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? ,edition71 p4 #bfe4 #bdg ,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii41 #gf4 #bdh ,hi/ory ( ,plant ,life & its be>+s on ,!ory ( ,evolution 7#ahih74 #bdi ,h>ebell4 #bej ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t sy/em ( classification1 ! ,monopetal1 n[ re-*ri/5$ ,sympetalae1 are rank$ above ! ,polypetal1 ! family ( ! ,compositae be+ highe/ ( all4 #bea ,proce$+s1 vol4 v41 p4 #ag1 etc4 7#ahge-f74 ,! sub/ance ( ?is address appe>$ z an article 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 entitl$1 ,evolution & ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 #beb ,see ,app5dix ,b4 p4 #bhd4 #bec ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution 7#f? ,edition71 pp4 #ajg1 seq4 #bed ,^! fir/ mammals1 :i* 7 exce$+ly small1 are suppos$ by mo/ naturali/s to h be5 ,m>supials4 ,!y w\ld appe> pres5tly to h become ext9ct1 no traces ( !m hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! *alk1 a =mation s ri* 9 o!r organic rema9s4 ,z ,pr(essor ,m>% tells u on ?is subject 7,nature1 ,septemb] #bg1 #ahgg1 p4 #dga73 ,( ! exi/5ce ( ,mammals be=e ! ,trias we h no evid5ce1 ei!r 9 ! ,new or ! ,old ,_w1 & x is a significant fact t at ess5tially ! same horizon 9 ea* hemisph]e simil> l[ =ms ( ,mammals make _! appe>ance4 ,al?\gh only a few incomplete specim5s h be5 discov]$1 !y are *>act]i/ic & well pres]v$1 & all are app>5tly m>supials2 ! l[e/ mammalian gr\p kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 liv+ or fossil4 ,! ,am]ican ,triassic mammals are kn[n at pres5t only f two small l[] jaws1 on :i* has be5 f\nd$ ! g5us ,dromo!rium1 suppos$ to be relat$ to ! insect-eat+ ,myrmecobius1 n[ liv+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,al?\gh ! fauna ( ,europe h yield$ o!r simil> mammals = ! ,oolite1 ,am]ica has z yet none ( ?is class f t =mation1 :ile f ! rocks ( cretace\s age1 no mammals are kn[n 9 any "p ( ! _w4 #bee ,p4 #aah4 #bef ,p4 #aje4 #beg ,le monde des plantes avant l'app>ition de l'homme1 p4 #cd4 #beh ,g5esis ( ,species1 p4 #abi4 #bei ,*>les ,d>w91 p4 #ahe4 #bfj ,g5esis ( ,species1 p4 #acj4 #bfa ,types ( ,animal ,life1 #adi4 #bfb ,g5esis ( ,species1 p4 #acb4 #bfc ,primeval ,vegetation 9 its relation to ! ,doctr9e ( ,natural ,selection & ,evolution 7,essays & ,addresses1 ,ow5's ,college1 ,man*e/]1 p4 #bea74 #bfd ,succession ( ,life on ,e>?4 7,half-h\r ,recreations1 #bnd ,s]ies1 p4 #cbi47 #bfe ,essays & ,addresses1 ,ow5's ,college1 ,man*e/]1 p4 #bbj1 note4 #bff ,see note1 p4 #bch4 #bfg ,geological ,contemporaneity1 #ahfb4 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bbb47 #bfh ,palontology & ,evolution1 #ahgf4 7,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #ahb47 #bfi ,p4 #ahg4 #bgj ,p4 #aib4 #bga ,g5ealogy ( ,animals4 #bgb ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 #bgc ,le ,trans=misme1 pp4 #ccg-cdj4 #bgd ,lectures on ,evolution1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,*eap ,edition1 p4 #dc4 #bge ,com+ ( ,age ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 etc4 #bgf ,essays on ,controv]t$ ,que/ions1 p4 #dej4 #bgg ,utebatur autem equo insigni1 p$ibus prope humanis1 et 9 modum digitorum ungulis fissis2 quem natum apud se1 cum h>uspices imp]ium orbis t]rae signific>e dom9o pronuntiass5t1 magna cura aluit4 7,suetonius1 ,julius1 #fa47 #bgh ,! radius & ulna are ! two bones ( ! =e>m above ! wri/2 ! tibia & fibula ! correspond+ bones ( ! leg above ! ankle4 ,9 ! horse1 ! ulna & fibula are almo/1 b n q1 lo/4 #bgi ,animals & plants are plac$ 9 diff]5t species :5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are only relative2 9 diff]5t g5]a1 :5 su* diff]5ces are absolute4 ,?us1 = example1 ! size ( tee? is consid]$ relative2 ! numb] ( tee? absolute4 #bhj ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 #crd ,s]ies1 vol4 #dc 7#ahib71 p4 #cea4 #bha ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution1 p4 #aai4 #bhb ,types ( ,animal ,life1 #bje4 #bhc ,ni*olson & ,lydekk]'s ,manual ( ,palontology1 ii4 #acfb4 #bhd ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 xi4 #bhe ,lydekk]1 p4 #acfa4 #bhf ,evolution ( ! ,horse1 #ab4 #bhg ,succession ( ,life on ,e>? 7,recreations 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce1 #bnd ,s]ies1 p4 #cci74 #bhh ,briti% ,museum 7,nat4 ,hi/47 ,guide to fossil mammals & birds1 p4 #ch4 #bhi ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 #crd ,s]ies1 vol4 #dc 7#ahib71 p4 #cea4 #bij ,! ,evolution ( ! ,horse1 p4 #af4 #bia ,lydekk]1 ut sup4 p4 #acfc4 #bib ,sir ,w4 ,fl[]1 ,! ,horse1 p4 #gd4 #bic ,x is a consequ5ce ( ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection t id5tity ( /ructure involves community ( desc5t2 a giv5 result c only be arriv$ at ?r\gh a giv5 sequ5ce ( ev5ts2 ! same morphological goal _c be rea*$ by two indep5d5t pa?s4 ,milnes ,m>%all1 ,biological ,lectures1 #bdg4 #bid ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 xi4 ,geological ,succession ( ,organic ,be+s4 #bie ,tablet1 ,april #ba1 #ahhh1 p4 #fcg4 #bif ,catalogue ( ,mammals1 etc41 ut sup4 p4 #ch4 #big ,*a9 ( ,life1 p4 #bbb4 #bih ,les ,en*a9em5ts du ,monde ,animal 444 ,mammifres ,t]tiaires4 #bii ,*a9 ( ,life1 #bbg4 #cjj ,x is ! f+]s ( ! bat's h& :i* support ! w+ membrane4 ,h5ce ! sci5tific "n ,*eiropt]a4 #cja ,e4g4 ,d9o!rium giganteum & ,elephas m]idionalis4 7,vid4 ,gaudry1 op4 cit4 #afi47 #cjb ,lecture at ,royal ,in/itution1 ,janu>y #b1 #aijd4 #cjc ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! ne$ ( caution is furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,d9o!rium itself4 ,f ! tee?1 fir/ f\nd1 ,cuvi] set d[n ! animal z a mon/] ,tapir4 ,!n1 a :ole skull be+ discov]$1 ,h]r ,kaup ( ,d>m/adt1 comm5t+ ^u ! dang] ( su* a proce$+1 himself class$ ! bea/ among ! ,ed5tata 7,slo?s1 etc471 & aft]w>ds among ! ,hippopotami4 ,buckl& & ,/rauss ?\ght x mu/ h be5 an aquatic creature2 ,bla9ville & ,pictet labell$ x a ,manatee1 or sea-c[4 7,vid4 ,gaudry1 op4 cit4 #ahg-i47 #cjd ,op4 cit4 p4 #aia4 #cje ,milnes ,m>%all1 ,lectures on ,d>w9ian ,!ory1 p4 #ff4 #cjf ,see ,app5dix ,c4 p4 #bhe4 #cjg ,mod]n ,ideas ( ,evolution1 c4 iv4 #cjh ,primeval ,vegetation 9 its relation to ! ,doctr9e ( ,natural ,selection & ,evolution4 7,essays & ,addresses1 ,ow5's ,college1 ,man*e/]1 p4 #bjj47 #cji ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ii4 #ib1 ,engli% ,edition4 #caj ,ibid41 p4 #bie4 #caa ,les ,emules de ,d>w91 ii4 #gf4 #cab ,z an in/ance ,m4 de ,quatrefages cites ,haeckel's own words1 f 8 ,an?ropog5ie4 ,! ,v]tebrate ,ance/or ,no4 #ae1 ak9 to ! ,salam&]s1 mu/ h be5 a species ( ,saurian 7,liz>d74 ,!re rema9s to u no fossil relic ( ?is animal2 9 no respect did he resemble any =m actually exi/+4 ,nev]!less1 comp>ative anatomy & ontog5y au?orize u 9 affirm+ t he once exi/$4 ,we w call ?is animal ,protamnion4 #cac ,ibid41 p4 #abb4 #cad ,revue ,sci5tifique 7#ahhf71 p4 #dhf4 #cae ,ibid4 7#ahgg71 ,i4 #aaja4 #caf ,orig9 ( ,species1 c4 x4 #cag ,g5esis ( ,species1 p4 #acd4 #cah ,le monde des plantes avant l'app>ition de l'homme1 p4 vi4 #cai ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhh4 #cbj ,life ( ,d>w91 ii4 #aic4 #cba ,epi/le ,i--to ,pope4 #cbb ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #aijc4 #cbc ,ord] ( ,nature1 p4 #bci4 #cbd ,?\ghts on ,religion1 p4 #abc4 #cbe ,presid5tial ,address1 ,briti% ,association1 #ahga4 #cbf ,sy/me ,analytique des ,connaissances positives de l'homme 7#ahcj71 pp4 #h1 #dc4 #cbg ,nor? ,am]ican ,slime ,m\lds1 ,introduction1 p4 ,,ii4 #cbh ,bl\d's ,sci5ce et ,religion1 ,no4 #dca1 pp4 #ej1 seq4 #cbi ,trait de ,microbiologie1 ,i41 p4 #bec4 ,also ! ,magaz9e ,brot]ia 7,lisbon71 ,vol4 vi41 #aijg1 ,botany1 p4 #bc4 #ccj ,see ,nature1 ,june #d1 #aijc1 p4 #aac1 9 notice ( a pap] on ! subject by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv] & ,dr4 ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,f4,r4,s4 #cca ,l9nean ,society's ,proce$+s1 ,may #c1 #aijf4 #ccb ,see ! ,congress ,report1 vol4 iv4 #ccc ,transactions ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 7,n4,s471 #ah1 #ahif1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 #ccd ,! ,orig9 & ,influ5ce ( ! ,?or\gh-br$ ,horse4 ,cambridge1 #aije4