,,the ,,old ,,riddle ,,and ,,the        
,,newest ,,answer       ,the ,lord ,st4 
,alban would say to some                
philosophers--,gentlemen1      nature is
 a labyrinth1 in which the very haste   
you move with1 will      make you lose  
your way4                               
,,bacon1 ,apophthegms4     ,,the ,,old  
,,riddle ,,and ,,the ,,newest ,,answer  
,,by ,,john ,,gerard1 ,s4,j41 ,f4,l4,s4 
,,fourth ,,edition  ,,longmans1 ,,green1
 ,,and ,,co4 #ci ,,paternoster ,,row1   
,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,and 
,,calcutta  #aijg     ,,roehampton3     
,,printed ,,by ,,john ,,griffin4        
,,preface   ,the enemies of ,science are
 not the philistines alone--if any still
 remain--who would muzzle or stifle her4
 ,more numerous and dangerous are       
those--professedly of her own           
household--who ascribe to her           
pretensions of which she herself knows  
nothing1 and strive to make her         
responsible for a philosophy entirely   
beyond her scope4 ,with this object     

efforts are assiduously made to         
popularize the idea that nothing in     
heaven or earth is beyond her ken1 and  
that she has rendered all such beliefs  
impossible as alone can satisfy the     
deeper cravings of humanity4 ,at the    
same time the very brilliance of her    
achievements is apt to dazzle our eyes1 
blinding them to the extremely narrow   
limits of the field in which she can    
operate1 and making us rush to the      
conclusion that she has solved the      
riddle which from the beginning of time 
,nature has offered to every thinking   
mind1--or at least that what her        
search-light cannot illumine must for   
ever remain unknowable4  ,how far such  
assumptions are rational1 it is the     
object of the present enquiry to examine
 by means of the evidence furnished by  
,science herself in her own regard4  ,i 
have to thank ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,darwin for  
permission to use the illustration of   
feathers of the ,argus ,pheasant from   
his illustrious father's ,descent of    

,man1 and for the loan of blocks for the
 purpose4 ,through the courtesy of      
,messrs4 ,macmillan ,i am allowed to    
copy a portion of the plate in the late 
,professor ,huxley's ,lectures on       
,evolution1 illustrating his pedigree of
 the ,horse4 ,if ,i forbear to mention  
others who have kindly supplied me with 
information1 it is only lest it might be
 supposed that they are anywise         
responsible for the use ,i have made of 
it4 ,the design on the cover of the     
present volume ,i owe to my friend ,mr4 
,paul ,woodroffe4  ,j4 ,g4  ,march #aj1 
#aijd4     ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second
 ,,edition   ,in this edition1 which has
 been thoroughly revised throughout1 a  
few corrections have had to be made1    
especially in the ,index1 and in one or 
two instances alterations or additions  
have appeared advisable for the sake of 
clearness or accuracy of expression4    
,nothing has1 however1 as yet been      
brought to the author's notice which    
affects any substantial point in what he

 has written4  ,july #bh1 #aijd4        
,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition  
,this edition has again been thoroughly 
revised1 and some new matter appended   
which bears on various points raised in 
the original volume1 especially the     
establishment of the important group of 
the ,cycado-filices1 as affecting the   
succession of plant life on the earth1  
and recent evidence concerning the      
pedigree of the horse4  ,december #ba1  
#aijf4     ,,contents   ,,chapter ,i    
,,pages  ,,to ,,begin ,,at ,,the        
,,beginning  ,certainty that there was a
 ,beginning of the ,world--,what was    
there before8--,the ,great ,problem1 to 
be answered by ,reason and ,science     
#a-c  ,,chapter ,,ii  ,,reason ,,and    
,,science  ,principles of               
,reasoning--,scope and method of        
,science              #d-g  ,,chapter   
,,iii  ,,evolution  ,term variously used
 for a ,process and a ,principle4 ,we   
commence with the latter                
#h-i  ,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the ,,law ,,of  

,,evolution  ,evolution as a            
,philosophy--,main features of the      
system                                  
#aj-ad  ,,chapter ,v  ,,what ,,is ,a    
,,law ,,of ,,nature8  ,erroneous use of 
the term frequent3 its scientific use   
#ae-ai  ,,chapter ,,vi  ,,the ,,law ,,of
 ,,substance  ,a combination of two     
other ,laws1 viz4--,the                 
indestructibility of ,matter1 and the   
,conservation of ,energy--,but there is 
also ,dissipation of                    
,energy--,consequences inferred from    
this as to the ,duration of the         
,universe                               
#bj-bh  ,,chapter ,,vii  ,,the ,,seven  
,,enigmas  ,the ,law of                 
,continuity--,alleged breaches--,seven  
evolutionary stages deduced to be       
scientifically unexplained1 or even     
inexplicable                            
#bi-cd  ,,chapter ,,viii  ,,matter ,,and
 ,,motion  ,constitution and ,properties
 of ,matter inconsistent with ,haeckel's
 evolutionary system--,also the ,laws of

 ,motion--,radium and its revelations   
#ce-dd  ,,chapter ,,ix  ,,the ,,problem 
,,of ,,life  ,evolution here considered 
as a process--,in its larger sense1     
postulates spontaneous                  
generation--which1 however1 ,science    
disallows--,protoplasm and              
,crystallization      #de-ff  ,,chapter 
,x  ,,animal ,,and ,,man  ,origin of    
simple sensation and consciousness even 
less explicable than that of life--,gulf
 between man and the lower              
animals--,language exclusively          
human--,the significance of ,free-will  
can be impugned only by the absurdity of
 denying its existence                  
#fg-he  ,,chapter ,,xi  ,,the ,,order   
,,of ,,nature  ,the order of the ,cosmos
 requires a ,cause--,no cause known to  
us can produce such a result except     
,intelligence--,hence we infer ,purpose 
or ,design and are led to               
,theism--,scientific evidence as to     
this1 the ,grand ,question              
#hf-aji  ,,chapter ,,xii  ,,purpose     

,,and ,,chance  ,what ,chance means--,it
 is the sole alternative to ,purpose or 
,design--,arguments against ,purposive  
,creation--,the ,existence of           
,pain--,the ,mysteries of ,generation   
#aaj-abe  ,,chapter ,,xiii  ,,monism    
,the ,monistic ,philosophy--,its utter  
lack of a scientific                    
basis--,contradicted by the ideas of    
morality and truth--,not really adopted 
by ,monists themselves                  
#abf-aci  ,,chapter ,,xiv  ,,organic    
,,evolution  ,evolution now to be       
considered in its most restricted       
signification--,organic ,evolution1 or  
,transformism1 not identical with       
,darwinism--,the nature of the questions
 before us                              
#adj-adh  ,,chapter ,,xv  ,,darwinism   
,though no essential part of our        
enquiry1 ,darwinism must be studied on  
account of importance ascribed to       
it--,baseless claims on its             
behalf--,true character of the          
system--,natural ,selection and its mode

 of action--,phenomena which seem to    
favour ,darwinism--,difficulties on the 
other side--,limits of                  
,variation--,specific                   
stability--,adverse                     
probabilities--,natural selection can   
produce nothing--,transitional          
developments useless or                 
harmful--,artistic ornaments            
unexplained--,flaws in                  
argument--,organic                      
progress--,rudimentary                  
,organs--,embryology--,scientific       
opinion as to ,darwinism                
#adi-bjc  ,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,the ,,facts
 ,,of ,,evolution  ,palontology         
furnishes the only sound basis for      
argument--,the nature of the evidence   
required--,the history of ,life as known
 to us is inconsistent with evolutionary
 theories--,haeckel's                   
ante-periods--,conclusion to which facts
 point                                  
#bjd-bch  ,,chapter ,,xvii  ,,audi      
,,alteram ,,partem  ,arguments on behalf

 of ,evolution--,the genealogy of the   
,horse--,haeckel's ,pedigree of         
,man--,darwin's plea of imperfection of 
the geological record--,no evolutionary 
process is yet demonstrated2 ,still less
 has anything been done to establish    
,evolution as a creative force          
#bci-bfi  ,,chapter ,,xviii  ,,to ,,sum 
,,up  ,reason leads to conclusions which
 physical science cannot reach--,the    
recognition of a ,first ,cause beyond   
the ,sensible ,universe an intellectual 
necessity--,knowledge of this cause     
attainable by reason--,conclusion       
#bgj-bhj  ,,appendices  ,a4 ,recent     
,scientific ,verdicts concerning        
,darwinism and ,transformism            
#bha  ,b4 ,development of ,plant        
life--the ,cycadofilices                
#bhd  ,c4 ,the ,course of ,evolution    
#bhe  ,d4 ,the pedigree of the ,horse3  
further evidence                    #bhf
  ,,index                               
#bhi  ,,footnotes     ,i  ,,to ,,begin  
,,at ,,the ,,beginning   ,that the world

 as we know it had a beginning is a     
truth which there is no denying4 ,not   
only have philosophers always argued    
that it must be so3 the researches of   
physical science assure us that it has  
been so in fact4 ,astronomy1 says       
,professor ,huxley1#a leads us to       
contemplate phenomena the very nature of
 which demonstrates that they must have 
had a beginning4 ,the hypothesis that   
phenomena of ,nature similar to those   
exhibited by the present world have     
always existed1 the same authority      
assures us1#b is absolutely incompatible
 with such evidence as we have1 which is
 of so plain and so simple a character  
that it is impossible in any way to     
escape from the conclusions which it    
forces upon us4 ,this conclusion1       
physicists tell us1 is inevitable when  
we study the laws by which the          
operations of ,nature are governed1 and 
as ,professor ,balfour ,stewart         
writes1#c we thus become absolutely     
certain that these operations cannot    

have existed for ever1 and that a time  
will come when they must cease4 ,in like
 manner1 a recent and competent witness 
to the conclusions of contemporary      
,science1 lays down1#d as one of the    
truths which her latest discoveries     
compel us to accept1 that the world is  
not eternal1 that the earth is cooling  
from a state of heat rendering life     
impossible1 to one of physical          
exhaustion equally fatal to it4         
,accordingly ,life must have had a      
beginning and must come to an end1--and 
our whole ,solar ,system 7he adds7 must 
similarly have had a commencement1 at a 
period not infinitely remote4  ,but1 if 
the world had a beginning1 what was     
there before it began8 ,something there 
must have been1 and something which had 
the power of producing it4 ,had there   
ever been nothing1 there could never    
have been anything1 for1 ,ex nihilo     
nihil fit4 ,that nothing should turn    
into something is an idea which the mind
 refuses to entertain4 ,nor is the case 

any better even if we suppose that      
matter had no beginning1 that it has    
existed for ever as we know it now1 and 
that at first there was nothing else4   
,for if so1 whence have all these things
 arisen which1 according to all         
observation and experiment1 matter      
cannot produce1 as1 organic life1       
sensitive life1 consciousness1 reason1  
moral goodness8 ,had matter been always 
what it now is1 and had there been no   
source beyond matter whence the power of
 producing all these things could be    
derived1 they could never have been     
produced at all1 or else they would have
 come into being without a cause4 ,it   
would be like a milestone growing into  
an apple-tree1 or a mountain            
spontaneously giving birth to a mouse4  
,we are therefore compelled by          
common-sense to ask when we consider    
,nature1 ,what is the force or power at 
the back of her1 which first set her    
going1 and whence she draws the         
capability of performing the operations 

which we find her performing every day2 
that force or power which must be the   
ultimate origin of everything that is in
 the world8 ,this is the great          
fundamental problem which the student of
 ,nature has to face1 and beside it all 
others fade into insignificance4 ,it is 
with this that we are now engaged4 ,we  
have to ask how our reason bids us      
answer it1 and the first question which 
arises naturally is1 ,what light is     
thrown on the subject by modern         
,science1 of whose achievements we are  
all so justly proud8     ,,ii  ,,reason 
,,and ,,science   ,in studying a        
question such as this1 we must commence 
by being determined1 on the one hand to 
accept nothing as true but what our     
reason warrants us in believing1 and on 
the other hand to follow the guidance of
 reason as far as1 rightly used1 it will
 lead us4 ,the principle formulated#e by
 ,professor ,huxley1 as the             
foundation-stone of what he termed      
,agnosticism1 is that which must needs  

be adopted1 and as a matter of fact has 
ever been adopted1 by rational men4     
,positively--in matters of the intellect
 follow your reason as far      as it   
will take you1 without regard to any    
other consideration4 ,and               
negatively--in matters of the intellect 
do not pretend that      conclusions are
 certain which are not demonstrated or  
demonstrable4  ,but to justify the      
confidence which we thus repose in it we
 must obviously be careful to use our   
reason aright1 and not to attribute to  
it any conclusions which it does not    
really sanction4 ,it is this right use  
of reason that is specially claimed for 
modern ,science1#f which1 as we are     
again assured by ,professor ,huxley1 is 
only another name for sound             
reasoning--,science1 he declares1#g is1 
,i believe1 nothing but trained and     
organized common-sense4#h 444 ,the man  
of science1 in fact1 simply uses with   
scrupulous exactness1 the methods which 
we all1 habitually and at every moment1 

use carelessly4  ,there can be no sort  
of question that so long as men of      
science really act thus1 and confine    
themselves to the treatment of matters  
in regard of which they can claim       
special knowledge1 common sense bids us 
listen to them with respect1 and even   
with submission4 ,but the same common   
sense requires that we should satisfy   
ourselves that they truly deserve the   
character assigned them1 and pretend to 
no knowledge on the score of ,science   
but what their scientific methods are   
competent to acquire4 ,when they step   
beyond this their own proper domain1    
whatever weight may be given to their   
opinions upon other grounds1 they cease 
to speak in the name of ,science4  ,what
 then1 we must ask1 is the province of  
,science1 and what are her methods8     
,science1 always understanding by the   
term physical or experimental ,science1 
deals with the universe so far as it is 
known to us through our senses4 ,the    
universe known thus we call ,nature1 and

 the whole stock in trade of ,science is
 the examination and verification of    
natural phenomena1 with such inferences 
therefrom as ascertained facts          
legitimately suggest4 ,from careful and 
trustworthy observation she can learn   
what are called the ,laws of ,nature1   
that is to say the manner in which the  
various elements and forces of the      
universe are found constantly to act1 in
 given circumstances2 she can1 to some  
extent1 discover the chain of causes and
 effects1 or more properly of conditions
 and consequences1 through which natural
 operations are carried on4 ,she can    
even construct hypotheses as to what she
 cannot directly observe1 namely1 the   
nature of substances and forces2 and    
such hypotheses are justified in        
proportion as they are found to tally   
with facts4 ,if constantly thus         
justified1 they are styled theories1 and
 come to be practically assumed as      
established truths4 ,but it must ever be
 remembered that ,science can take no   

step in advance which is not based on   
fact1 and that when facts are not       
forthcoming for its support an          
hypothesis or a theory has no scientific
 value4  ,bearing this in mind1 we will 
proceed to enquire what ,science has to 
tell us regarding the origin of the     
world1 and the manner in which it has   
come to be what it is4     ,,iii        
,,evolution   ,we are constantly assured
 that ,science compels us to believe in 
,evolution1 and that in this doctrine is
 to be found the explanation of the     
universe whereof we are in quest4 ,we   
must however in the first place make    
sure that we understand what ,evolution 
means1 and if we look into the question1
 it speedily appears that the term is   
very differently understood by those who
 use it4  ,some who style themselves    
,evolutionists mean only that1 as a     
matter of established fact1 the organic 
world1 the world of life1 whether animal
 or vegetable1 has been brought to its  
present condition by genetic development

 of one species from another1 in the    
natural course of descent and through   
the operation of natural laws2 and that 
as we see plants and animals of the same
 kind propagated one from another at the
 present day1 so in the course of long  
ages the lower and simpler forms of life
 have given birth to the higher and more
 complex4  ,others again do not limit   
this process to organic creatures1 and  
believe that from first to last1 the    
whole world1 inorganic and organic      
alike1 has resulted from the action of  
forces such as those with which ,science
 deals2 and that life has thus arisen in
 purely natural course out of non-living
 matter1 the universe in its original   
condition having been constituted as a  
vast machine which was bound to produce 
all that has since arisen4  ,in either  
of the above senses--of which the second
 obviously includes the                 
first1--,evolution is understood as no  
more than a process which is said to    
have occurred4 ,but there is a more     

extreme school which takes ,evolution   
for much more1 namely for a power1      
principle1 or law1 which both governs   
and accounts for everything1 and        
requires no further cause beyond itself4
  ,if this paramount ,law of ,evolution 
can be established1 there is clearly an 
end of our enquiry1 for here is the     
ultimate explanation of everything which
 we are seeking4 ,but what has ,science 
to say concerning it8     ,,iv  ,,the   
,,law ,,of ,,evolution   ,that there is 
a self-existing and self-sufficing ,law 
of ,evolution to which everything in the
 world must be ascribed1 is the doctrine
 of those ,evolutionists who are most   
active in propagating their creed and   
who most loudly proclaim that it alone  
is scientific4 ,the great leader and    
prophet of this school1 ,professor      
,ernst ,haeckel1 assures us#i that he   
gives expression1       to that rational
 view of the world which is being forced
 upon us      with such logical rigour  
by the modern advancements in our       

knowledge of nature as a unity1 a view  
in reality held by almost      all      
unprejudiced and thinking men of        
science1 although but few have      the 
courage 7or the need7 to declare it     
openly4  ,the plain and rational        
conclusion thus exhibited is1 he tells  
us1#aj the special glory of modern      
research4       ,it is true he writes   
that there were philosophers who spoke  
of      the evolution of things a       
thousand years ago2 but the recognition 
that such a law dominates the entire    
universe1 and that the world      is    
nothing else than an eternal evolution  
of substance1 is a      fruit of the    
nineteenth century4  ,so far as concerns
 the world which we actually inhabit1   
its first beginning1 we must1 he tells  
us1 suppose#aa to have been a vast      
nebula of infinitely attenuated and     
light material1 rotating upon its own   
axis4#ab       ,given this first        
beginning of the cosmogonic movement1 it
 is easy1      on mathematical          

principles1 to deduce and mathematically
 establish      the further phenomena of
 the foundation of the cosmic bodies1   
the      separation of the planets1 and 
so forth4  ,nor are we to suppose that  
the beginning of this particular process
 was in any true sense a beginning at   
all4 ,evolutionary philosophy such as   
,professor ,haeckel's1 necessarily      
teaches that beginnings and endings     
succeed one another everlastingly1 one  
world-system arising phoenix-like from  
the ashes of another4       ,the nebular
 hypothesis above described has recently
 we are      told#ac been strongly      
confirmed and enlarged by the theory    
that      this cosmogonic process did   
not simply take place once1 but is      
periodically repeated4 ,while new cosmic
 bodies arise and develop1      out of  
rotating masses of nebula in some parts 
of the universe1 in      other parts    
old1 extinct1 frigid suns come into     
collision1 and are      once more       
reduced by the heat generated to the    

condition of nebul4  ,it appears1 in    
fact1 to be assumed that this cyclic    
process has been actually demonstrated1 
for we are told#ad that astronomy       
reveals1 in the endless depths of space1
 ,millions of circling spheres1 larger  
than our earth1 and1 like it1 in an     
eternal rhythm of life and death4       
,moreover1 life is here to be understood
 literally1 for it is a cardinal article
 of such evolutionary belief that       
equally with the foundation of cosmic   
bodies and the separation of planets1   
the production of organic life1 of      
plants and animals1 has been wrought by 
forces which the material universe      
contains within itself1#ae and          
accordingly1#af       ,we now definitely
 know that the organic world on our     
earth has been      continuously        
developed in accordance with eternal    
iron laws4 444      ,an unbroken series 
of natural events1 following an orderly 
course      of evolution according to   
fixed laws1 now leads the reflecting    

human spirit through long aeons from a  
primeval chaos to the      present order
 of the cosmos4  ,finally1 at the back  
of all these processes1 we are to       
recognize the one ultimate reality1 the 
universe itself1 which originates and   
undergoes all these evolutions4 ,in its 
regard ,professor ,haeckel tells us#ag  
that1       ,the universe1 or cosmos1 is
 eternal1 infinite1 and illimitable4    
,its      substance1 with its two       
attributes 7matter and energy7 fills    
infinite space and is in eternal motion4
 ,this motion runs on      through      
infinite time as an unbroken            
development1 with a periodic      change
 from life to death1 from evolution to  
devolution4444  ,and again3#ah          
,the two fundamental forms of           
substances1 ponderable matter and       
ether1 are not dead and moved only by   
extrinsic force1 but they are           
endowed also with sensation and will    
7though naturally of the      lowest    
grade72 they experience an inclination  

for condensation1 a      dislike of     
strain2 they strive after the one and   
struggle against      the other4        
,moreover1       ,movement#ai is as     
innate and original a property of       
substances as      is sensation4  ,such 
is the raw material whose metamorphoses 
produce1 or rather constitute1 all      
possible worlds1 while paramount over   
every thing dominates the ,law of       
,substance1 under which title ,professor
 ,haeckel unites the scientific         
principles of the indestructibility of  
matter1 and the conservation of energy4 
,thus is the conclusion reached1#bj     
,towering above all the achievements and
 discoveries of the century      we have
 the great comprehensive law of         
substance1 the fundamental      law of  
the constancy of matter and force4 ,the 
fact that substance      is everywhere  
subject to eternal movement and         
transformation gives      it the        
character also of the universal law of  
evolution4 ,as this      supreme law has

 been firmly established and all others 
are      subordinate to it1 we arrive at
 a conviction of the universal unity    
of nature and the eternal validity of   
its laws4  ,accordingly we are to       
conclude with ,goethe that all proceeds 
by iron law to the fulfilling of        
inevitable destiny2 or as an ardent     
disciple proclaims1 who undertakes to   
expound the new creed to the people1#ba 
,we rest in sure and certain hope that  
no force and no combination      of     
forces can stop the process of          
,evolution1 which from a speck of       
jelly has developed such living forms as
 ,charles ,darwin and ,herbert          
,spencer1 and which has produced the    
beauty of the earth and the      heavens
 from formless ether4  ,this outline of 
the ,evolutionary system in its widest  
and fullest sense will enable us to     
judge upon what grounds it can claim the
 sanction of ,science4 ,various points  
here present themselves for             
consideration1 which demand separate    

treatment4     ,v  ,,what ,,is ,a ,,law 
,,of ,,nature8   ,as we have seen1 the  
doctrine of ,evolution is presented by  
its advocates as being based upon the   
existence of a ,law of ,evolution1 or   
,law of ,substance1 which both brings   
about evolutionary processes1 and       
certifies us of their occurrence1 so    
that we may appeal to it as an authority
 for our belief in the facts of         
evolution themselves4 ,thus as          
,professor ,milnes ,marshall told the   
,british ,association1#bb       ,the    
doctrine of descent1 or of evolution1   
teaches us that as      individual      
animals arise1 not spontaneously1 but by
 direct descent      from pre-existing  
animals1 so also is it with species1    
with      families1 and with larger     
groups of animals1 and so also has it   
been for all time4  ,it is not said1 be 
it observed1 that the establishment of  
such facts teaches us the doctrine of   
evolution1 but that the doctrine assures
 us of the facts2 and the utterances    

constantly met with1 of which the above 
is a fair sample1 have no signification 
if they do not mean this4 ,in the same  
way ,professor ,haeckel declares#bc that
 his fundamental cosmic law establishes 
the eternal persistence of matter and   
force1 and their unvarying constancy    
throughout the entire universe1 becoming
 thus the pole-star that guides our     
,philosophy through the mighty labyrinth
 to a solution of the world problem1 and
 the key to this supreme problem1 he    
further tells us1#bd is found in one    
magic word--,evolution4  ,it would      
certainly appear from all this1 that by 
,evolution we are to understand some    
sort of entity at the back of the world1
 with power at its disposal capable of  
effecting all its operations1--something
 in fact remarkably like the ,first     
,cause of which we are in search1--and  
that by its ,laws are signified some    
definite forces1 the practical action of
 which has been ascertained by us1 so   
that we can foretell the course of      

events under them1 as we can that of the
 planets or the tides under the         
influence of gravitation4  ,but is it   
scientific1 or even intelligible1 to use
 words thus1 and to assign any such     
significance to such terms as ,law of   
,evolution1 ,law of ,substance1 or any  
other ,law of ,nature8 ,we are          
repeatedly warned to the contrary by so 
high an authority as ,professor ,huxley4
 ,once1 for instance1 he discovered in a
 sermon of ,canon ,liddon's this        
fallacious employment of the name of a  
scientific conception1 for which it was 
however added1 the preacher could find  
only too many scientific precedents4#be 
,this fallacious use of terms1 which    
nowise differs from that under          
consideration1 ,professor ,huxley thus  
denounces3       ,it is the use of the  
word law as if it denoted a thing--as if
 a      law of nature1 as science       
understands it1 were a being endowed    
with certain powers1 in virtue of which 
the phenomena expressed by      that law

 are brought about4444 ,all ,i wish to  
remark is that such a      conception of
 the nature of laws has nothing to do   
with modern      science4444 ,a law of  
nature1 in the scientific sense1 is the 
product of a mental operation upon the  
facts of nature which come      under   
our observation1 and has no more        
existence outside the mind      than    
colour has4 ,the law of gravitation is a
 statement of the      manner in which  
experience shows that bodies1 which are 
free to      move1 do1 in fact1 move    
towards one another4444 ,the tenacity of
 the      wonderful fallacy that the    
laws of nature are agents1 instead of   
being1 as they really are1 a mere record
 of experience1 upon which      we base 
our interpretations of that which does  
happen1 and our      anticipation of    
that which will happen1 is an           
interesting      psychological fact3 and
 would be unintelligible if the tendency
 of      the human mind towards realism 
were less strong4  ,a law1 accordingly1 

is not a cause but a fact1#bf and we    
must learn laws from facts1 not facts   
from laws4 ,it is indeed evident on a   
moment's thought1 that to speak of the  
,law of ,evolution as causing things to 
be evolved1 is like saying that the law 
of growth makes things grow4 ,till we   
know what happens1 there is nothing of  
which ,science can take account4        
,true scientific teaching1 ,i cannot too
 often repeat says ,professor           
,tait#bg requires that the facts1 and   
their necessary      consequences alone1
 should be stated1 as simply as         
possible4  ,in like manner ,professor   
,huxley1#bh undertaking to vindicate    
full scientific value for his own       
favourite ,biology1 does so by pointing 
out that biological methods are similar 
to those of every other branch of       
,science1 since they begin with the     
observation of facts1 and from this     
proceed to various applications of the  
knowledge so acquired4 ,and ,professor  
,haeckel himself tells us regarding his 

own mode of procedure3#bi       ,the    
means and methods we have chosen for    
attaining the solution of      the great
 enigma do not differ1 on the whole1    
from those of all      purely scientific
 investigation3 firstly1 experience2    
secondly1      inference4  ,therefore1  
although the phrases we have already    
heard from him1 are found when          
scrutinized to be only phrases1 which   
explain nothing1 it may be supposed that
 he elsewhere produces such proofs of   
his doctrine as will place it on a      
scientific basis4 ,for these we will now
 seek4     ,,vi  ,,the ,,law ,,of       
,,substance   ,we have just been told by
 ,professor ,haeckel1 that the means and
 methods which he has chosen for the    
establishment of his philosophy are1 on 
the whole1 identical with those employed
 in all purely scientific investigation1
 namely1 first experience1 and secondly 
inference4  ,but here a grave difficulty
 at once presents itself4 ,how1 either  
by experience or by inference1 can we   

learn anything about the commencements  
of the universe1 as to which we have    
heard so much8 ,how the first bodies1   
whether organic or inorganic1 actually  
arose1 neither philosophy nor science   
can definitely say1 for the latter was  
not there to see1 and the former has no 
facts on which to argue4#cj ,but if     
neither by observation1 nor by clear    
inference1 can the account that has been
 given be substantiated1 that account   
cannot pretend to be scientific1 for it 
rests not upon knowledge but upon       
speculation1--and as ,professor ,tait   
warns us1#ca ,that of which there is no 
knowledge is not yet part of ,science4  
,this plain consideration seems to      
account for a fact which is undoubtedly 
highly significant4 ,professor ,huxley  
had certainly no prejudices against     
evolutionary systems1 could they but be 
satisfactorily established4 ,he knew all
 that ,professor ,haeckel has urged on  
behalf of his own theory1 and showed how
 much he was in sympathy with it by     

naming after his friend the ill-starred 
,bathybius ,haeckelii1 the deep-sea     
slime which was at first supposed to    
bridge the gulf between the organic and 
the inorganic worlds1 and to be living  
stuff in process of spontaneous         
manufacture4 ,nothing1 in fact1 as he   
himself admitted1 in his controversy    
with ,dr4 ,bastian1 could have suited   
him better than a demonstration that    
,nature possesses all the powers        
necessary for her own processes1 and    
that the explanation of all is within   
the scope of ,science4 ,but1 at the same
 time1 he reverenced scientific truth   
beyond anything else1 and he was keenly 
sensible of the danger attending the use
 of hypothetical explanations1 leading  
to conclusions which cannot be          
experimentally tested1 which danger he  
carefully shunned4#cb ,accordingly1 not 
only did he never lend his countenance  
to what ,professor ,haeckel represents  
as the inevitable conclusions of        
,science1 but he even plainly intimated 

that those who advanced such views were 
going much farther than ,science        
warrants4 ,the doctrine of ,evolution1  
he declared1#cc is not only attacked on 
false grounds by its enemies1 but is    
made by some of its friends to cover so 
much which is disputable1 as to force   
him in self-defence to make his own     
position clear in its regard4 ,and the  
first point of his explanation is to    
repudiate the idea that we have any such
 knowledge as ,professor ,haeckel       
assumes4 ,i have nothing to say1 he     
writes1 to any ',philosophy of          
,evolution4'  ,being thus necessarily   
destitute of support either directly    
from observation or by inference from   
observed facts1 it would seem that only 
in one way can ,professor ,haeckel's    
system of cosmogony1 or                 
world-production1 obtain any support    
from ,science4 ,if amongst the          
operations now in progress in the       
universe1 is to be found evidence of an 
exhaustless and self-renewing energy1 a 

mainspring capable of keeping the       
machine going everlastingly1 then       
undoubtedly there will be an explanation
 forthcoming1 which1 whatever           
difficulties may still remain on other  
grounds1 will at least furnish a        
complete mechanical account of things   
within the ken of ,science4 ,may we not 
suppose that this is what is claimed as 
being supplied by the ,law of           
,substance1 which is represented as the 
cornerstone of the whole edifice1 the   
supreme triumph of scientific discovery1
 and1 in fine1 the universal law of     
evolution8 ,let us see how far such a   
notion can be styled scientific4  ,as   
has been shown1 a ,law is nothing but a 
statement that a certain kind of fact is
 found to occur in certain              
circumstances4 ,professor ,haeckel has  
told us that the ,law of ,substance is a
 blend of two such statements1 namely1  
the ,law of the persistency or          
indestructibility of matter1 which      
signifies that in no instance within our

 knowledge is any particle of matter    
destroyed1 and the ,law of the          
persistence of force1 or conservation of
 energy1 which signifies that the sum of
 force1 at work in the world1 and       
producing all phenomena1 is similarly   
found to be unalterable4#cd  ,it must   
here first be observed that the term    
,conservation of ,energy1 is more       
correct and intelligible than           
,conservation of ,force2 by ,energy     
being understood the power of doing     
work1 that is to say1 of overcoming     
resistance4#ce  ,it is in this form     
alone that ,force becomes subject to    
observation and can be measured by      
,science1 and the ,law of ,conservation 
which observation reveals is thus       
stated3 ,the sum of all the various     
energies in the universe is a constant  
quantity1 which can be neither increased
 nor diminished1 though it may be       
changed from one form to another2#cf    
such forms being motion1 heat1 chemical 
action1 electricity1 magnetism4  ,but   

another point is of far greater         
importance4 ,the mode in which          
,professor ,haeckel states this         
fundamental ,law is altogether          
deceptive4 ,he tells his readers only   
half the truth1 and when the other half 
is told1 not only is his whole doctrine 
found to receive no support from the    
,laws of ,energy1 but it is these very  
,laws which appear most incompatible    
with it4  ,for1 along with the ,law of  
the ,conservation1 there is another1 of 
the ,dissipation of ,energy4 ,it is     
perfectly true1 as ,professor ,haeckel  
often repeats1 that the sum of ,energy  
existing in the universe remains ever   
the same3 but it is no less certain1 as 
he unfortunately fails to remind his    
readers1 that the stock of ,energy      
available for the work of the universe  
is growing less every day4 ,though none 
is ever destroyed1 much is constantly   
lost1 being dissipated1 or radiated into
 space1 in the form of heat which can   
never be recaptured or translated into  

any form which can be of any practical  
avail4 ,it is lost for ever as far as we
 are concerned4#cg  ,from what we have  
heard concerning the ,law of ,substance 
it might naturally be supposed that it  
certified us of the continued existence 
of the power required to carry on the   
operations of ,nature1 and that1        
accordingly1 reason bids us to suppose  
these operations to be everlasting4 ,but
 this neglected element of the          
reckoning1 or ,entropy as it is styled1 
leads scientific men to an entirely     
different estimate4 ,thus ,professor    
,balfour ,stewart writes3#ch            
,although1 therefore1 in a strictly     
mechanical sense1 there is a            
conservation of energy1 yet1 as regards 
usefulness or fitness for      living   
beings1 the energy of the universe is in
 process of      deterioration4         
,universally diffused heat forms what we
 may call the      great waste-heap of  
the universe1 and this is growing larger
 year      by year4       ,we have he   

continues regarded the universe1 not as 
a collection      of matter1 but rather 
as an energetic agent--in fact1 as a    
lamp4      ,now it has been well pointed
 out by ,thomson1#ci that looked at in  
this light1 the universe is a system    
that had a beginning and must      have 
an end2 for a process of degradation    
cannot be eternal4 ,if we      could    
view the universe as a candle not lit1  
then it is perhaps      conceivable to  
regard it as having been always in      
existence2 but if      we regard it     
rather as a candle that has been lit1 we
 become      absolutely certain that it 
cannot have been burning from eternity1 
and that a time will come when it will  
cease to burn4 ,we are led to      look 
to a beginning in which the particles of
 matter were in a      diffuse chaotic  
state1 but endowed with the power of    
gravitation1      and we are led to look
 to an end in which the whole universe  
will      be one equally heated inert   
mass1 from which everything like life   

or motion or beauty will have utterly   
gone away4  ,it is doubtless true that  
attempts have been made to show that    
this conclusion is not final1 and that  
there may be resources whereby ,nature  
is able to recoup herself1 and to draw  
upon some bank unknown to us for her    
missing store4 ,as we have seen1        
,professor ,haeckel simply takes for    
granted that some such means of         
recuperation exist and operate1 and he  
is not wholly without countenance from  
others4 ,thus1 no less an authority than
 ,sir ,william ,crookes addressing the  
,chemical ,society as its president1    
thus expressed himself3#dj       ,if we 
may hazard any conjectures 444 we may ,i
 think premise that      the heat       
radiations propagated outwards1 444 by  
some process of      nature unknown to  
us1 are transformed at the confines of  
the      universe into the primary--the 
essential--motion of chemical atoms1    
which the instant they are formed1      
gravitate inwards1 and thus      restore

 to the universe the energy which would 
be lost to it      through radiant heat4
 ,hence ,sir ,william ,thomson's        
startling      prediction falls to the  
ground4  ,but it need not be pointed out
 that if an advocate so eminent as ,sir 
,william ,crookes is reduced to pleas   
like this on its behalf1 the case for   
,renovation of ,energy must be          
singularly destitute of anything        
resembling scientific support4          
,suppositions which are avowedly        
hazarded as conjectures1 and which must 
appeal to processes of ,nature of which 
we know nothing1 whatever authorship    
they may boast1 have nothing to do with 
,science1 and possess no sort of value  
for our purpose4#da ,it must of course  
be allowed that we may still be utterly 
in the dark as to the whole of this     
question1 and that further discoveries  
may one day completely upset all our    
present notions4 ,but we are concerned  
with the evidence which ,science has now
 before her1 and with the assertion so  

confidently advanced that this makes the
 ,law of ceaseless ,evolution an        
indisputable truth4 ,we find1 on the    
contrary1 that this ,law runs directly  
counter to the facts as they are at     
present known to us1 and to the         
conclusions drawn from them by the most 
authoritative representatives of        
science4  ,nor is it only our own globe 
and solar system that appear to be thus 
bound towards an inevitable doom4 ,the  
eternal rhythm of life and death1 of    
which we have been told as pervading the
 endless depths of space1 has no better 
title to scientific sanction4 ,like the 
minor province which we inhabit1 the    
whole universe1 we are assured1--so far 
as we have means of calculating1--must  
ultimately arrive at a condition of     
eternal stagnation1--its component parts
 being drawn close together by their    
mutual attractions1--so that motion     
ceases2 while the heat replacing it     
being equally diffused1 becomes as      
incapable of doing work as water between

 two pools on the same level is of      
turning a mill4 ,as the writer lately   
quoted sums up the matter3#db           
,slow as the process of condensation is1
 it is not endless4 ,in time      all   
the meteoric dust will be collected into
 stars or planets2 and      in time the 
law of dissipation of energy will bring 
all these      bodies to a uniform      
temperature4 ,so at last the movements  
due to      the original unequal        
distribution of matter will cease1 and  
the      life of the universe will come 
to an end4 ,we know of no process of    
rejuvenescence1 by means of which       
dissipation of energy and the      force
 of gravitation might be counteracted4  
,several attempts have      been made to
 refute the theory of the dissipation of
 energy1 but      all have failed4      
,this1 however1 is but the first of many
 difficulties which must be disposed of 
ere the account of the world's genesis  
which we are considering can pretend to 
our acceptance on the ground that reason

 and science proclaim its truth4        
,,vii  ,,the ,,seven ,,enigmas   ,the   
doctrine that the universe is an        
automatic machine1--self-originated and 
self-sustained--undoubtedly rests upon a
 principle formally recognized by some  
evolutionists1 as the ,law of           
,continuity1 and taken for granted by   
many who do not put it into words4 ,this
 principle is1--that everything must    
always have happened according to the   
same laws of ,nature which operate now2 
that there can never have been a        
miracle1 understanding by this term     
whatever is beyond the scope of natural 
forces2 and that1 accordingly1 the whole
 of the world's history1--one stage as  
much as another1--falls within the      
province of ,science4 ,by no one has    
this position been more clearly stated  
than by the late ,professor ,romanes4   
,all minds he tells us#dc with any      
instincts of science in their           
composition have grown to distrust1 on  
merely antecedent grounds1      any     

explanation which embodies a miraculous 
element4 ,such minds      have grown to 
regard all these explanations as mere   
expressions of      our own ignorance of
 natural causation2 or1 in other words1 
they      have come to regard it as an  
priori truth that nature is always      
uniform in respect of method or         
causation2 that the reign of law is     
universal2 the principle of continuity  
ubiquitous4  ,he goes on to declare that
 ,the fact of evolution--or1 which is   
the same thing1 the fact of continuity  
in natural causation--has now been      
undoubtedly proved in many departments  
of nature1 and that1 in particular1     
throughout the range of inorganic nature
 it is a demonstrated fact4  ,if this be
 so1 it must necessarily follow that the
 ,laws of ,nature1 as ,science finds    
them operating1 sufficiently explain not
 only all that happens in our present   
world1 but also all that must have      
happened while this world was being     
produced4 ,according to what has already

 been said1 by ,the ,law of ,continuity 
no more can be signified than that      
,continuity is a fact1 that the world   
has actually come to be what it is      
through the continual operation of just 
the same natural forces as we find at   
work to-day4 ,that things did so happen 
we have not and cannot have1 direct     
evidence2 for no witness was there to   
report4 ,we can but draw inferences from
 the present to the past1 and argue that
 what ,nature does to-day1 she must have
 been capable of doing yesterday and the
 day before4 ,only thus can continuity  
of natural laws possibly be established4
 ,it would obviously be vain to argue   
that we must suppose no other forces    
ever to have acted than those we can    
observe1 because1 for all we know1 other
 conditions may so have altered as to   
make their results altogether different 
from any of which we have experience4   
,it is likewise manifest that if we are 
to speak of demonstrated facts1 and of  
conclusions placed beyond rational      

possibility of doubt1 proofs must be    
forthcoming sufficient to compel        
scientific assent4  ,and here lies the  
difficulty4 ,very much must             
unquestionably have happened in the     
course of the world's making for which  
the ,laws of ,nature as we find them now
 acting cannot account1 and which1      
therefore1 ,science cannot attempt to   
explain4 ,so we are assured by eminent  
scientific men1--men1 too1 who desire   
nothing more than to find an            
explanation1 but are driven1 in search  
of one1 as we have already seen ,sir ,w4
 ,crookes1 to plead the limitation of   
our knowledge1 and that there may be    
capabilities in ,nature of which we are 
ignorant4 ,but it remains always true1  
that what we do not know is not yet part
 of ,science1 and that if our scientific
 information1 so far as it goes1 is     
adverse to the ,law of ,continuity1 it  
is quite unscientific to bring arguments
 for the law not from our knowledge1 but
 from our lack of it4 ,still more       

unscientific is it to proclaim that     
,science has pronounced judgment in a   
sense contrary to that of all the       
evidence hitherto presented to her4     
,amongst the men of ,science who testify
 as above1 we may begin with ,herr ,du  
,bois-,reymond1 an avowed ,evolutionist 
and ,materialist1 whom ,professor       
,haeckel styles1 the all-powerful       
secretary and dictator of the ,berlin   
,academy of ,sciences4#dd ,he can be    
suspected of no prejudices which would  
prevent him from accepting ,professor   
,haeckel's cosmogony1 if only he found  
the evidence satisfactory4 ,far from    
this1 however1 he declares1#de that the 
history of the universe confronts us    
with no less than seven problems1 for   
which ,science has no solution to offer1
 and some of which he holds to be for   
ever insoluble4 ,these he styles        
,enigmas1 and they are3  7#a7 ,the      
nature of ,matter and of ,force4  7#b7  
,the origin of ,motion4  7#c7 ,the      
origin of ,life4  7#d7 ,the apparently  

designed order of ,nature4  7#e7 ,the   
origin of sensation and consciousness4  
7#f7 ,the origin of rational thought and
 speech4  7#g7 ,free-will4  ,the first1 
second1 and fifth of these are in the   
opinion of ,du ,bois-,reymond           
transcendental1 or beyond possibility of
 solution4 ,the others1 in his judgment1
 have certainly not yet been solved1 but
 perhaps may be solved some day4 ,as to 
the last1 he much doubts whether it     
should not also be classed as           
transcendental4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,it thus appears  
that in the judgment of a competent     
witness1 and one no-wise biassed by     
preconception or prejudice1 so far from 
it being true that ,professor ,haeckel's
 story of the universe is imperiously   
imposed on us by the results of         
,science1 not one but several great     
gulfs in the course of that history must
 have been bridged over somehow1 which  
,science confesses she cannot bridge1 so
 far as her present knowledge goes1 that

 is to say1 so far as she is ,science at
 all4  ,professor ,haeckel1 it is true1 
loudly pronounces ,du ,bois-,reymond's  
declaration to be mere dogmatism#df of a
 shallow and illogical character1 and he
 undertakes to show that with the help  
of his own philosophy the enigmas cease 
to be enigmatical4       ,in my opinion 
he writes the three transcendental      
problems 7#a1 #b      and #e7 are       
settled by our conception of substance2 
the three which      he ,du             
,bois-,reymond considers difficult1     
though soluble#dg 7#c1 #d      and #f7  
are decisively answered by our modern   
theory of evolution2      the seventh   
and last1 the freedom of the will1 is   
not an object for      critical         
scientific inquiry at all1 for it is a  
pure dogma1 based      on an illusion1  
and has no real existence4  ,how far    
such a mode of rebuking dogmatism       
appears convincing1 must of course      
depend on what the reader understands by
 an argument4 ,some points already      

considered may help us to a right       
estimate of proofs which are based upon 
,our conception of substance1 or ,our   
modern theory of evolution1 and we shall
 presently inspect more closely the     
nature of the difficulties which we are 
invited so summarily to dismiss4        
,meanwhile1 even though not final or    
conclusive1 the testimony of such a man 
as ,du ,bois-,reymond serves at least to
 prove that it is possible to be        
thoroughly familiar with ,science and   
her teaching1 and yet to believe that as
 yet she knows nothing at all concerning
 questions which1 as we have been       
assured1 she has conclusively answered4 
,and1 as we shall presently see1 if     
,professor ,haeckel's account of things 
be the true one1 there are many more    
scientific men of the first rank who are
 equally in the dark4  ,in a word1 while
 according to ,professor ,haeckel there 
is in the universe but one ,riddle1     
which he tells us he has solved1--in the
 opinion of another who is certainly no 

less entitled to speak in the name of   
,science1 there yet remain seven to     
which no answer has yet been given1 and 
to three1 at least1 of which none will  
ever be found4     ,,viii  ,,matter     
,,and ,,motion   ,in the forefront of   
the problems which have been pronounced 
to be not only unsolved but insoluble1  
are the nature and origin of the        
ultimate factors arrived at by ,science 
in her study of the constitution of the 
universe1--,matter1 ,force1 and ,motion4
  ,with the first and last of these     
alone need we at present concern        
ourselves1 for ,force1 as ,science knows
 it1 is always associated with ,matter1 
and signifies no more in her terminology
 than that which produces1 or tends to  
produce ,motion4 ,on the other hand1 we 
are told1#dh that ,the contents of the  
material universe may be expressed in   
terms of ,matter and ,motion4  ,by      
,matter is understood ,sensible         
,substance1 the stuff composing all of  
which our senses tell us1 and which     

forms the object of ,scientific         
investigation4 ,what do we know         
concerning this raw material whereof    
worlds are made8  ,as we have seen1     
,professor ,haeckel and his school are  
ready to tell us4 ,matter1 we are       
assured1#di is self-existent and        
imperishable1 it has no beginning and no
 end2 it is eternity4 ,together with    
,ether1 it occupies infinite and        
boundless space4 ,it is in ceaseless    
motion2 and its interminable            
modifications produce everything that   
ever was or ever will be4 ,movement#ej  
is one of the innate and original       
properties of ,matter4 ,so are          
,sensation and ,will1#ea but these1 we  
are warned1#eb are unconscious4         
,obviously1 however1 it is not enough   
that these things should be said1 they  
require likewise to be proved2 and the  
question must immediately suggest       
itself1 ,whence is proof to come8 ,not1 
by any possibility1 from observation and
 experiment4 ,for who can speak1 of his 

own knowledge1 to eternity or infinity8 
,the only conceivable supposition is    
that ,science has so thoroughly mastered
 the nature and properties of ,matter   
here and now1 as to be furnished with   
evidence unmistakably pointing to the   
above conclusions4 ,thus alone can she  
be quoted on their behalf2 and it must  
always be remembered that the philosophy
 which we are examining is nothing if   
not scientific4  ,but1 in the first     
place1 is it quite clear of what our    
philosophers are speaking8 ,they use the
 term ,matter as though it represented  
some one definite thing3 but this is    
very far from being the case4       ,we 
must remember says ,lord ,grimthorpe#ec 
that matter is not an      unit1 as a   
creator is1 and that talking of it so is
 merely a      rhetorical artifice when 
used in philosophical inquiries4444     
,matter      is nothing but the sum of  
all the ultimate particles or atoms     
contained in the universe1 or in any    
particular mass that we are      dealing

 with4444 ,a very large proportion of   
the atoms of the      universe have     
never been within millions and billions 
of miles of      each other4            
,therefore1 he goes on to urge1 the     
doctrine of the self-existence of       
,matter1 must mean that each several    
atom is self-existent1 or every atom its
 own god4 ,how comes it then that they  
all obey the same ,laws8 ,how have their
 various provinces been allotted8 ,above
 all1 how are they not all the same1    
but--so far as we know--divided into    
classes widely different from one       
another8 ,for1 according to our present 
knowledge1--and we cannot too frequently
 remind ourselves that upon this alone  
can any sound conclusion be             
based1--there are1 in round numbers1    
some seventy different species of atoms1
 whose diverse qualities are absolutely 
necessary for the production of the     
world4 ,had all atoms been of one kind1 
we could have had none even of what used
 to be called the ,four                 

,elements1--neither ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire1
 nor ,water4  ,but1--apart from         
this1--,what is known concerning this   
same ,matter8 ,has ,science so          
thoroughly fathomed its constitution as 
to be able to declare that it possesses 
all the properties we have heard        
assigned to it1--,sensation and ,will1  
even of the unconscious kind1 whatever  
that may be1--locomotive                
power1--eternity1--and1 in its          
collective capacity1 immensity8  ,so far
 from this being the case1 scientific   
men who were most willing1 and even     
anxious1 to assign to ,matter a         
foremost1 if not the foremost1 place in 
,nature1 have done so precisely upon the
 ground1 not of our knowledge1 but of   
our ignorance4 ,no better examples need 
be sought than ,professor ,huxley1 and  
,professor ,tyndall1 who alike agreed1  
in the words of the latter1#ed to       
discern in ,matter the promise and      
potency of every form and quality of    
life4 ,but ,huxley took his stand on the

 declaration1 that we know so little    
about ,matter as to make it impossible  
to say of what it may not be capable1   
for we cannot so much as be certain of  
its existence1 and use the term only for
 the unknown and hypothetical causes of 
our own states of consciousness1#ee     
while ,tyndall described the process1   
whereby the promise and potency are     
realized1 as the manifestation of a     
,power absolutely inscrutable to the    
intellect of man4  ,speculations thus   
founded upon the absence of evidence1   
whatever else they may be1 are certainly
 no part of ,science2 and when we turn  
to what1 being established by scientific
 methods1 is a possible basis of        
scientific argument1 we find that in    
every instance it contradicts instead of
 supporting the assertions we have      
heard4  ,to begin with the question of  
,motion1 as being both of supreme       
importance1 and one more open than some 
others to observation and experiment4   
,according to ,professor ,haeckel's     

teaching1 movement is an innate and     
original property of substance1 that is 
to say of ,matter1 and in consequence1  
,substance is everywhere and always in  
uninterrupted movement and              
transformation4 ,it is by thus          
attributing to matter an inherent       
determination to move that he meets ,du 
,bois-,reymond's difficulty as to the   
origin of motion4  ,but this is in      
direct opposition to the first of       
,newton's ,laws1 which are universally  
recognized as the most firmly           
established and unquestionable of all   
scientific conclusions4 ,this law tells 
us that a body at rest will continue at 
rest for ever1 unless compelled by some 
force to move2 just as a body in motion 
will continue to move at the same rate  
and in the same direction1 unless       
compelled by force to arrest or alter   
its course4 ,upon the universal         
certainty of this law the whole of our  
,natural ,philosophy depends3 but it    
absolutely blocks the way for the idea  

that ,matter has an innate tendency to  
move itself1 which is thus quite        
unscientific4 ,not self-movement but    
,inertia is the property which ,science 
ascribes to ,matter4#ef ,it may further 
be observed that the idea of inherent   
motion is absurd and unintelligible2 for
 movement cannot be in more than one    
direction at a time3 so that a mass1 or 
an atom1 of ,matter could tend to move  
only by having an intrinsic impulse in a
 straight line towards some one         
particular point4 ,if it should tend to 
move indifferently1 in all directions at
 once1 it would remain motionless1 each 
such tendency being neutralized by its  
opposite4  ,as to the further claim made
 on behalf of ,matter to be endowed with
 ,sensation and ,will1 of any           
description1 it must be enough to say   
that no one has ever pretended to find  
any evidence whatever to this effect1 or
 to detect the faintest trace of such   
properties2--and that on the contrary1  
all experience shows inorganic ,matter1 

7that is1 ,matter not incorporated in   
living animals or plants17 to be utterly
 lifeless and inert4 ,it is a mere abuse
 and perversion of terms to speak of    
,science as countenancing any conclusion
 but that to which such experience      
points4 ,the attempt to invest ,matter  
with these attributes ,professor ,tait  
stigmatizes as non-science1 or          
pseudo-science4#eg       ,the           
,pygmalions of modern days he writes do 
not require to beseech      ,aphrodit to
 animate the ivory for them4 ,like the  
savage with his      ,totem1 they have  
themselves already attributed life to   
it4444 ,the      latest phase of this   
peculiar non-science tells us that all  
,matter      is alive2 or at least that 
it contains the promise and potency     
7whatever these may be7 of all          
terrestrial life4 444 ,so much for      
the attempts to introduce into ,science 
an element altogether      incompatible 
with the fundamental conditions of its  
existence4  ,in fine1 to make us realize

 not merely how extremely narrow are the
 bounds of our knowledge1 but even how  
much narrower they may be than we       
suppose1 there enters upon the scene    
,radium1 like the golden apple that came
 to disturb the harmony of the          
celestials4 ,what lessons this turbulent
 and unconventional element will        
ultimately be found to teach1 and how   
far it will revolutionize the laws of   
,nature as hitherto accepted1 remains1  
of course1 to be seen3 but this at least
 is clear4 ,in presence of it1          
scientific men find that they are sure  
of nothing they thought most certain1   
not of the indestructibility of matter  
itself1 on which is based that ,law of  
,substance which we have seen made      
responsible for so much4  ,it had been  
thought that whatever else might change 
or perish the atoms of which we have    
heard1 as the ultimate constituents of  
,matter1 were beyond the reach of any   
vicissitude4 ,no man1 said ,dalton1     
their discoverer1 can split an atom4    

,thus too ,mr4 ,clodd1 while            
acknowledging that the constitution even
 of atoms may some day be found to be   
liable to disorder and decay1 clearly   
teaches that1 as a practical certainty1 
we have in them got to something final4 
,taking one particular kind1 an oxygen  
atom1 as a text1 he thus discourses3#eh 
,it matters not into how many myriad    
substances--animal1 plant1 or           
mineral--an atom of oxygen may have     
entered1 nor what isolation it      has 
undergone3 bond or free1 it retains its 
own qualities4 ,it      matters not how 
many millions of years have elapsed     
during these      changes1 age cannot   
wither or weaken it2 amidst all the     
fierce play      of the mighty agencies 
to which it has been subjected it       
remains      unbroken and unworn2 to it 
we may apply the ancient words1 the     
things which are not seen are eternal4  
,but now1 with the recognition of       
radio-activity1 and the disintegration  
of atoms into their constituent         

electrons which this is held to         
evidence1 we have changed all that4     
,such disintegration1 it is affirmed1   
must imply dissolution and death1 alike 
of the atoms themselves and of the      
universe which they compose4 ,as ,sir   
,william ,crookes told the physicists   
assembled at ,berlin1 ,june1 #aijc3     
,this fatal quality of atomic           
dissociation appears to be universal1   
and operates whenever we brush a piece  
of glass with silk2 it works      in the
 sunshine and raindrops1 in lightnings  
and flame2 it prevails      in the      
waterfall and the stormy sea4  ,matter  
he consequently regards as doomed to    
destruction4#ei ,sooner or later1 it    
will have dissolved into the formless   
mist of prothyle#fj and the hour-hand of
 eternity will have completed one       
revolution4  ,consequently1 we are      
told1#fa       ,the dissipation of      
energy has found its correlative in the 
dissolution of matter4 ,we are          
confronted with an appalling sense      

of desolation--of quasi-annihilation4   
,it is no doubt true1 here again1 that  
such judgments cannot be called final1  
and that not all scientific men will    
accept them as they stand4 ,but all     
alike are forced to agree that our      
previous notions are completely upset1  
and that we are compelled to recognize  
the fact that of these fundamental      
questions we know far less than the     
little we seemed to know4 ,what1 then1  
is to be thought of ,professor          
,haeckel's confident utterances1 which  
could be justified only on the          
supposition that we know everything8    
,and what becomes of the famous ,law of 
,substance1 if both its parts are found 
thus to contradict the conclusion he    
would draw from it8  ,the case is thus  
summed up by the writer of the article  
just cited3       ,the discovery of     
radio-activity is one of the most       
momentous in the      history of        
science4 ,there has been a vivid new    
start 7we again      borrow ,sir        

,william ,crookes' expression74 ,our    
physicists have      remodelled their   
views as to the constitution of matter4 
,the      remodelling indeed has hardly 
commenced4444 ,what is undeniable is    
that the ,daltonian atom has1 within a  
century of its acceptance as      a     
fundamental reality1 suffered           
disruption4 ,its proper place in        
nature is not that formerly assigned to 
it1 444 its reputation for              
inviolability and indestructibility is  
gone for ever4 ,each of these           
supposed ultimates is now known to be   
the scene of indescribable              
activities1 a complex piece of mechanism
 composed of thousands of      parts1 a 
star-cluster in miniature1 subject to   
all kinds of      dynamical             
vicissitudes1 to perturbation1          
acceleration1 internal      friction1   
total or partial disruption4 ,and to    
each is appointed a      fixed term of  
existence4 ,sooner or later1 the balance
 of      equilibrium is tilted1         

disturbance eventuates in overthrow2 the
      tiny exquisite system finally     
breaks up4 ,of atoms1 as of men1 it     
may be said with truth1 ,quisque suos   
patitur manes4  ,here1 in fact1 we meet 
the impenetrable secret of creative     
agency4#fb     ,,ix  ,,the ,,problem    
,,of ,,life   ,the question concerning  
the origin and nature of ,life is of    
supreme and vital importance not only   
for those who speak of ,evolution as a  
force or principle by which everything  
is guided and governed1 but also for    
such as understand by the term no more  
than a process which they say has       
actually occurred4 ,evolutionists of    
this second class disclaim1 with        
,huxley1 any philosophy of ,evolution4  
,they are content to take the world as a
 going concern1 at the farthest point in
 the past to which1 even speculatively1 
,science can trace it1 as that vast     
primordial nebula of which we have      
heard4#fc ,given this1--assuming the    
existence of such a nebula1 constituted 

as they suppose1--they believe that the 
whole subsequent history of the world is
 fully explained by the uniform action  
of the same laws of matter which we find
 in operation to-day4 ,not only is the  
establishment of our ,solar ,system1 of 
sun and planets1 to be thus accounted   
for1 but likewise the production of     
life1 of the organic world of plants and
 animals4  ,hence it necessarily follows
 that life must originally have been    
evolved naturally from lifeless matter1 
for all are agreed that not only in the 
nebula1 but on the earth when it first  
started its independent career1 life did
 not1 and could not1 exist4       ,there
 has been says ,virchow#fd a beginning  
of life1 since      geology points to   
epochs in the formation of the earth    
when life      was impossible1 and when 
no vestige of it is to be found4        
,if the evolution hypothesis is true1   
says ,huxley#fe living      matter must 
have arisen from not-living matter2 for 
by the      hypothesis the condition of 

the globe was at one time such that     
living matter could not have existed in 
it1 life being entirely                 
incompatible with the gaseous state4    
,there was a time says ,tyndall#ff when 
the earth was a red-hot      molten     
globe1 on which no life could exist4    
,accordingly1 as ,professor ,huxley     
acknowledges1 spontaneous generation is 
an evolutionary necessity4 ,unless such 
generation can be shown to have taken   
place1 or at the very least unless it   
can be shown to be naturally possible1  
the theory which requires it cannot be  
an established truth4 ,but it is        
precisely as a scientifically           
established truth that the doctrine of  
,evolution is presented to us1 so firmly
 established indeed that we are warned  
to doubt it is to doubt science4#fg ,it 
presents itself1 moreover1 as the most  
precious result of modern research1 the 
appearance of which is as a sunrise     
illuminating the field of knowledge4#fh 
,this being so1 and it being the first  

principle of ,science that we should    
take nothing on faith and accept only   
what can be proved1 it is our plain duty
 to satisfy ourselves1 as scientific    
methods alone can rightly satisfy us1   
that a doctrine of such paramount       
importance is entitled to demand our    
acceptance4  ,what methods can claim to 
be scientific1 all are agreed4 ,advances
 in science1 ,professor ,tait warns     
us1#fi       come or not1 as we remember
 or forget that our ,science is to be   
based entirely upon experiment1 or      
mathematical deduction from             
experiment4       ,men of science says  
,tyndall prolong the method of nature   
from the      present into the past4    
,the observed uniformity of nature is   
their      only guide4#gj       ,the man
 of science says ,huxley has learned to 
believe in      justification1 not by   
faith1 but by verification4#ga  ,in this
 manner must we test the ,evolution     
theory1 and spontaneous generation as an
 essential element thereof4 ,we will    

begin with ,professor ,huxley's         
statement of what he styles the         
fundamental proposition of              
,evolution4#gb       ,that proposition  
is he writes that the whole world1      
living and      not-living1 is the      
result of the mutual interaction1       
according to      definite laws1 of the 
forces possessed by the molecules of    
which      the primitive nebulosity of  
the universe was composed4 ,if this be  
true1 it is no less certain that the    
existing world lay1      potentially1 in
 the cosmic vapour2 and that a          
sufficient      intelligence could1 from
 a knowledge of that vapour1 have       
predicted1 say the state of the ,fauna  
of ,britain in #ahfigc with      as much
 certainty as one can say what will     
happen to the breath in      a cold     
winter's day4  ,that is to say1 the     
supposed nebula was a vast piece of     
mechanism1 of unimaginable complexity1  
the component parts of which under the  
influence of such forces as gravitation1

 heat1 chemical affinity1 electricity   
and magnetism1 have produced everything 
that has since appeared on earth1       
vegetable and animal life amongst the   
rest4 ,how are we to assure ourselves   
that such was really the case8          
,professor ,tyndall has told us that the
 only scientific method is to prolong   
the method of nature from the present   
into the past1 taking her observed      
uniformity for our only guide1 and in   
like manner we have heard it laid down  
by ,professor ,romanes1 that we must    
assume as a first principle that the    
laws of nature are always and everywhere
 the same1 and that by their uniform    
operation everything is done4 ,it is    
therefore quite clear that as no man was
 present when life first made its       
appearance1 to observe and record whence
 it came1 the only way in which we can  
possibly proceed1 without violating     
every scientific canon1 is to argue from
 what happens now1 to what must have    
happened then1--to show that inorganic  

matter can in fact generate organic     
life1 and to conclude that the same laws
 must have worked the same results in   
the past as they do in the present4     
,but this is precisely what cannot be   
done1 for one of the most conclusive    
results of modern research has been to  
show that in the present world          
spontaneous generation never occurs1    
that living things come only from living
 parents1 and that from organic matter  
alone can the smallest particle of      
organic matter be derived4 ,omne vivum e
 vivo1 omnis cellula e cellula1 omnis   
nucleus e nucleo4 ,upon this point there
 is now complete agreement amongst      
scientific authorities1 and what is most
 remarkable1 none are more strenuous in 
upholding the doctrine of               
,biogenesis1#gd than some of those who  
with equal vehemence proclaim the       
doctrine of ,evolution for which the    
occurrence of spontaneous generation is 
a necessity4  ,never1 for example1 were 
there ,evolutionists more pronounced    

than ,professors ,huxley and ,tyndall1  
and they both saw clearly that without  
spontaneous generation there could not  
have been evolution such as they        
maintained4 ,yet when the occurrence of 
spontaneous generation1 here and now1   
was asserted by ,bastian and ,burdon    
,sanderson1 they1 following in the wake 
of ,pasteur1 repudiated the notion1 and 
,tyndall in particular conclusively     
disproved the experiments by which it   
was supported4#ge ,as ,huxley wrote to  
,charles ,kingsley3#gf       ,i am glad 
you appreciate the rich absurdities of  
spontogenesis4      ,against the        
doctrine of spontaneous generation in   
the abstract ,i      have nothing to    
say4 ,indeed it is a necessary corollary
 from      ,darwin's views if           
legitimately carried out4  ,a few years 
later1 writing to ,dr4 ,dohrn#gg upon   
the same subject1 he made use of a      
phrase--which in his mouth expressed the
 uttermost limit of disbelief3          
,transubstantiation will be nothing to  

this if it turns out true4  ,in the same
 year as ,president of the ,british     
,association he chose for the subject of
 his inaugural address1 ,biogenesis and 
,abiogenesis1 and1 after a careful      
examination of the case for each1       
pronounced the former to be victorious  
all along the line4  ,in spite of all   
this1 however1 he assured himself as an 
,evolutionist that spontaneous          
generation must once have been not only 
a possibility but a fact4 ,in the same  
,presidential address1 after piling up  
evidence against it--he thus            
continued3#gh       ,but though ,i      
cannot express this conviction of mine  
too strongly1 ,i      must carefully    
guard myself against the supposition    
that ,i intend      to suggest that no  
such thing as ,abiogenesis has ever     
taken place      in the past1 or ever   
will take place in the future4 ,with    
organic      chemistry1 molecular       
physics and physiology yet in their     
infancy1      and every day making      

prodigious strides1 ,i think it would be
 the      height of presumption for any 
man to say that the conditions under    
which matter assumes the properties we  
call vital may not1 some      day1 be   
artificially brought together4 ,all ,i  
feel justified in      affirming is that
 ,i see no reason for affirming that the
 feat has      been performed yet4      
,and looking back through the prodigious
 vista of the past1 ,i find      no     
record of the commencement of life1 and 
therefore ,i am devoid of      any means
 of forming a definite conclusion as to 
the conditions of      its appearance4  
,belief1 in the scientific sense of the 
word1 is a      serious matter1 and     
needs strong foundations4 ,to say1      
therefore1 in      the admitted absence 
of evidence1 that ,i have any belief as 
to the      mode in which the existing  
forms of life have originated1 would be 
using words in a wrong sense4 ,but      
expectation is permissible where        
belief is not2 and if it were given me  

to look beyond the abyss of             
geologically recorded time to the still 
more remote period when the      earth  
was passing through physical and        
dynamical conditions1 which      it can 
no more see again than a man can recall 
his infancy1 ,i      should expect to be
 a witness of the evolution of living   
protoplasm      from not living         
matter4444 ,that is the expectation to  
which      analogical reasoning leads   
me2 but ,i beg you once more to         
recollect      that ,i have no right to 
call my opinion anything but an act of  
philosophical faith4  ,here we have the 
whole state of the case put for us in a 
nutshell4 ,on the one hand1 all known   
facts are against the idea of           
spontaneous generation1 and therefore1  
so far as she can at present go1 the    
verdict of ,science must condemn that   
supposition4 ,but1 on the other hand1   
the fundamental principle of ,evolution 
cannot be justified unless spontaneous  
generation has taken place1 and         

accordingly1 although ,evolution is the 
very thing which we should be engaged in
 establishing by the evidence of facts1 
it is held to be reasonable and         
scientific to infer that facts which we 
cannot verify must exist because they   
are wanted4 ,it is admitted that the    
requisite evidence is lacking1 and      
therefore we must not go so far as to   
express belief in the facts3 but we may 
indulge in expectations1--which seem1   
however1 to imply belief in the thing   
expected1--and meanwhile we may go on   
believing firmly in the ,evolution      
theory itself1 which includes belief in 
the missing facts4 ,this1 we are told1  
is philosophical faith4 ,but1 to say    
nothing of what we have heard from      
others1 ,professor ,huxley elsewhere#gi 
warns us against faith as the one       
unpardonable sin3 and as we have heard  
him declare the man of science has      
learned to believe in justification1 not
 by faith1 but by verification4  ,and as
 to the expectation which he avowed1    

there appears to be no slight force in  
the response of his adversary ,dr4      
,bastian3#hj       ,what reason he asks 
does ,professor ,huxley give in         
explanation of      his supposition8444 
,the only reason distinctly implied is  
because      the physical and chemical  
conditions of the earth's surface were  
different in the past from what they are
 now4 ,and yet1 concerning      the     
exact nature of their differences1 or   
the degree in which the      different  
sets of conditions would respectively   
favour the      occurrence or arrest of 
an evolution of living matter1          
,professor      ,huxley cannot possess  
even the vaguest knowledge4 ,he chooses 
to      assume that the unknown         
conditions existing in the past were    
more      favourable to ,archebiosis    
7life-evolution7 than those now in      
operation4 ,this1 however1 is an        
assumption which may be entirely        
opposed to the facts4  ,it is thus hard 
to understand how ,professor ,huxley    

could profess to justify his            
expectations by verification1 for that  
the above account of the matter is      
no-wise overstated we have his own      
acknowledgment3#ha       ,of the causes 
which have led to the origination of    
living matter1      it may be said that 
we know absolutely nothing4444 ,science 
has no      means to form an opinion on 
the commencement of life2 we can only   
make conjectures without any scientific 
value4  ,such a witness as ,huxley might
 well suffice1 but the question is so   
important as to make it advisable to    
call some others1 though only a few     
amongst many who testify to the same    
effect4  ,like his friend and ally      
,huxley1 ,professor ,tyndall believed   
that spontaneous generation had once    
occurred1 and denied that it occurs now4
 ,as to the former article of his creed 
he was even more pronounced in his      
materialism4 ,we have already heard him 
proclaim that in matter is to be        
discerned the promise and potency of all

 terrestrial life4 ,he likewise inclined
 to believe that not only life but      
consciousness is immanent everywhere1 in
 the vegetable and mineral no less than 
in the animal world1#hb and that not    
merely life and consciousness1 but3     
,all our philosophy1 all our poetry1 all
 our science1 and all our               
art--,plato1 ,shakespeare1 ,newton1 and 
,raphael--are potential in the          
fires of the sun4#hc  ,beliefs such as  
these might be thought to imply that the
 genesis of life is a simple affair1 but
 ,tyndall was no less convinced than    
,huxley that1 as things are1 it cannot  
be obtained without antecedent life on  
which to draw4 ,having described the    
experiments devised to test the matter1 
he thus concludes3#hd       ,here1 as in
 all other cases1 the evidence in favour
 of spontaneous      generation crumbles
 in the grasp of the competent enquirer4
  ,at the same time1 he was equally     
certain that life must have had an      
inorganic origin and that ,science bids 

us so to believe4 ,his various          
utterances are not1 it is true1 very    
easily reconciled4 ,on the one hand he  
lays it down that ,without verification 
a theoretic conception is a mere figment
 of the intellect4 ,on the other hand in
 his ,belfast ,address he thus expressed
 himself3       ,believing1 as ,i do1 in
 the continuity of nature1 ,i cannot    
stop      abruptly where our microscopes
 cease to be of use4 ,here the vision   
of the mind authoritatively supplements 
the vision of the eye4 ,by a            
necessity engendered and justified by   
,science ,i cross the boundary      of  
the experimental evidence4444 ,if you   
ask me whether there exists      the    
least evidence to prove that any form of
 life can be developed      out of      
matter1 without demonstrable antecedent 
life4444 men of      science will       
frankly admit their inability to point  
to any      satisfactory experimental   
proof that life can be developed1 save  
from demonstrable antecedent life4      

,far1 however1 from being a mere        
figment1 his mental vision is           
represented as the most unalloyed       
product of reason4 ,he writes3#he       
,were not man's origin implicated1 we   
should accept without a murmur      the 
derivation of animal and vegetable life 
from what we call      inorganic nature4
 ,the conclusion of pure intellect      
points this way      and no other4  ,the
 conclusion of pure intellect1 however1 
having nothing to show for itself in the
 way of evidence1 we are again referred 
to a condition of things concerning     
which we know1 and can know1 nothing4   
,supposing writes the ,professor#hf a   
planet carved from the sun1      set    
spinning round an axis1 and revolving   
round the sun at a      distance from   
him equal to that of our earth1 would   
one of the      consequences of its     
refrigeration be the development of     
organic      forms8 ,i lean to the      
affirmative4  ,it is no doubt           
interesting to know to what opinion the 

,professor inclined1 but is this sort of
 thing ,science8  ,in the same manner   
,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer1 the philosopher 
of evolution par excellence1 thus       
reports3#hg       ,biologists in general
 agree that in the present state of the 
world      no such thing happens as the 
rise of a living creature out of        
non-living matter4 ,they do not deny1   
however1 that at a remote      period in
 the past1 when the temperature of the  
surface of the      earth was much      
higher than at present1 and other       
physical      conditions were unlike    
those we know1#hh inorganic matter1     
through successive complications1 gave  
origin to organic      matter4#hi  ,mr4 
,darwin himself1 who is constantly      
supposed to have upheld1 or even to have
 demonstrated1 the fact of spontaneous  
generation1 is amongst the strongest    
witnesses against it4 ,he was indeed    
disposed to believe that the living will
 some day be found to be producible from
 the lifeless1 the ground of his        

expectation being the ,law of           
,continuity1#ij or the assumption that  
from the beginning of nature to the end 
one only kind of law uniformly operates1
 namely the same as we now experience4  
,but this is to assume the whole        
question at issue1 for unless it can be 
shewn that there has been spontaneous   
generation1 we cannot be assured that   
there is such a ,law of ,continuity4    
,and despite his expectation ,darwin    
always denied that the origin of life   
has been--sometimes even that it can    
be--explained4 ,thus he wrote on various
 occasions3       ,it is mere rubbish   
thinking at present of the origin of    
life2 one      might as well think of   
the origin of matter4#ia       ,as for  
myself ,i cannot believe in spontaneous 
generation1 and      though ,i expect   
that at some future time the principle  
of life will      be rendered           
intelligible1 at present it seems to me 
beyond the      confines of ,science4#ib
       ,no evidence worth anything has  

as yet1 in my opinion1 been advanced    
in favour of a living being1 being      
developed from inorganic      matter4#ic
  ,here we may conveniently pause and   
take stock of our results4 ,on the one  
hand1 we are bidden in the name of      
,science to learn the past from the     
present1 and the present from           
observation and experiment alone4 ,on   
the other1 we are invited to believe in 
an occurrence which observation and     
experiment negative in the present1 on  
the ground that the circumstances must  
once have been entirely different from  
any with which we are acquainted4       
,obviously1 the real motive of belief is
 that navely expressed by ,professor    
,haeckel1 who tells us that spontaneous 
generation is proved by the doctrine of 
,evolution2#id which then in its turn is
 proved by spontaneous generation4  ,two
 points must however be noticed in which
 it is attempted to find present        
evidence in favour of spontaneous       
generation4  ,first1 there is           

,protoplasm--the ,physical ,basis of    
,life1 or ,living ,matter1 being that   
form of matter by which life is always  
accompanied4 ,in this no chemical       
element unknown elsewhere1 is to be     
found2 the cells of which it consists   
are compounded of ,oxygen1 ,hydrogen1   
,nitrogen1 and ,carbon2 and it has been 
argued1 especially by ,huxley1 that it  
is therefore not different in kind from 
other compounds2 that as ,oxygen and    
,hydrogen form water1 ,oxygen and       
,carbon1 ,carbonic ,acid1 ,hydrogen and 
,nitrogen1 ,ammonia1--so the four       
combined1 in proper circumstances and   
proportions1 make ,living ,matter1      
without the aid of any vital force or   
principle4 ,and ,haeckel with his       
habitual audacity foretells the         
artificial production of ,protoplasm for
 purposes of commerce4 ,but1 as ,mr4    
,stirling observes1#ie man has always   
known that he is made of dust1 and that 
the only part of him perceptible to     
sense is substantially the same as the  

earth beneath his feet4 ,all that he now
 learns in addition is that when such   
matter is wedded to life it undergoes   
marvellous transformations which in part
 at least we are able to recognize1 but 
are wholly unable to comprehend4 ,this  
,professor ,huxley himself admits3      
,the properties of living matter he     
writes#if distinguish it      absolutely
 from all other kinds of things1 and the
 present state of      knowledge        
furnishes us with no link between the   
living and the      not-living4  ,not   
only that3 the subject is full of       
complexities of which ,professor ,huxley
 gives no hint1 and which it would even 
seem he did not himself perceive4 ,in   
his celebrated lecture on the ,physical 
,basis of ,life#ig he gives his hearers 
to understand that all ,protoplasm is   
the same1 that its particles are as the 
bricks with which any sort of edifice   
may be constructed1 a cathedral or a    
gin-shop1 a palace or a hovel4 ,the     
protoplasm of a mushroom1 for instance1 

he declares to be essentially identical 
with that of him who eats it1 into which
 it is most readily convertible4 ,he    
also speaks of the effect of eating     
mutton being to transubstantiate sheep  
into man4 ,but1 positive as are these   
statements1 they are far from           
representing scientific truths1 and we  
are told by ,sir ,william               
,thiselton-,dyer that he himself would  
not know what to do with a candidate who
 should advance such views in an        
examination4#ih ,as to the mushroom and 
the mutton1 ,sir ,william adds1 that    
except the definition of a crab1 as a   
red fish that runs backwards1 attributed
 to the ,french ,academy1 he can call to
 mind no statement so compact of error4 
,in reality1 instead of all ,protoplasm 
being the same1 the differences are     
infinite4 ,particles from different     
sources may be indistinguishable by the 
microscope or by any test that chemistry
 can apply1 but this only increases the 
mystery of their nature1 for each has   

its own functions and will perform no   
others4 ,the ,protoplasm of a plant will
 do what that of an animal1 seemingly   
identical1 cannot do4 ,that of a fish   
will convert the same nutriment into    
quite a different formation from that of
 a man4       ,it is no doubt true that 
a particle of fungoid differs in no     
appreciable physical respect from one of
 human protoplasm1 yet the      former  
will never emerge from the fate of the  
humble mushroom1      while the other   
may be instinct with the thoughts of a  
,prime      ,minister4#ii  ,as ,mr4     
,stirling sums up the matter3#ajj       
,there is nerve-protoplasm1             
brain-protoplasm1 bone-protoplasm1      
muscle-protoplasm1 and protoplasm of all
 the other tissues1 no one      of which
 but produces only its own kind1 and is 
uninterchangeable      with the rest4   
,lastly1 we have the overwhelming fact  
that there is      the infinitely       
different protoplasm of the various     
infinitely      different plants and    

animals1 in each of which its own       
protoplasm1      as in the case of the  
various tissues1 but produces its own   
kind1      and is uninterchangeable with
 that of the rest4  ,it thus appears    
that the character of ,protoplasm1 far  
from making it easier to conceive the   
mechanical production of living things1 
does but immensely aggravate the        
difficulty4 ,as ,sir ,william           
,thiselton-,dyer avows3 ,i do not see   
even the beginning of a materialistic   
theory of protoplasm4 ,and ,haeckel's   
idea that we shall succeed in creating  
organic life does not commend itself to 
such an authority as ,sir ,henry        
,roscoe3       ,it is true he says#aja  
that there are those who profess to     
foresee that the day will arise when the
 chemist1 by a succession      of       
constructive efforts may pass beyond    
albumen1 and gather the      elements of
 lifeless matter into a living          
structure4 ,whatever may      be said of
 this from other standpoints1 the       

chemist can only say      that at       
present no such problem lies within his 
province4      ,protoplasm1 with which  
the simplest manifestations of life are 
associated1 is not a compound1 but a    
structure built up of      compounds4   
,the chemist may successfully synthesize
 any of its      component compounds1   
but he has no more reason to look       
forward to      the synthetic production
 of the structure than to imagine that  
the      synthesis of gallic acid leads 
to the artificial production of         
gall-nuts4  ,and ,m4 de ,quatrefages    
thus sums up the conclusions at which he
 arrives from minute study of the lowest
 forms of life3#ajb        ,i make bold 
to affirm that the deeper ,science      
penetrates into the      secrets of     
organization and phenomena1 the more    
does she      demonstrate how wide and  
how profound is the abyss which         
separates      brute matter from living 
things4  ,the other point requiring     
notice is crystallization4 ,inorganic   

matter1 as we know1 can build up        
crystals1 the wonderful structure of    
which results from the molecular        
properties of the substance             
crystallized4 ,why then1 some would ask1
 may not matter in the same manner      
produce ,protoplasm8  ,but1 in the first
 place1 this1 as we have heard1 is what 
it is never found to do4 ,crystals we   
can produce at pleasure1 in what        
quantity we will4 ,but all efforts have 
not yet succeeded in obtaining the most 
minute speck of living matter4          
,moreover1 nothing can be more widely   
different from organic structures than  
crystals4 ,the latter are always        
mathematical1 the former never3 the     
latter grow by outside accretion1 of the
 one kind of particles whereof they     
consist3 the former by absorption and   
assimilation of various foreign         
substances3 the latter are wholly       
independent of anything like an         
ancestor3 for the former an ancestor is 
in our experience indispensable3        

crystals can be dissolved and           
recrystallized3 living matter once      
destroyed can never be reconstituted4   
,above all1 the particles incorporated  
in the crystal are absolutely quiescent1
 so far as any portion of matter can be 
said to be so1 no more able to change   
their position without external force   
than the bricks in a wall1 while those  
in living tissue at once become subject 
to the whirlwind of life1 involving     
constant change the cessation of which  
is death4       ,it is inexplicable to  
me says ,m4 de ,quatrefages#ajc that    
some      men whose merits ,i otherwise 
acknowledge1 should have compared       
crystals to the simplest living         
forms4444 ,these forms are the          
antipodes of the crystal from every     
point of view4  ,to the same effect     
speaks ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,mr4      
,darwin's associate in the discovery of 
the ,darwinian theory4 ,in a work       
expressly devoted to the vindication of 
that theory1 ,mr4 ,wallace declares that

 far from the way of evolution being    
made clear by ,science from end to      
end--there are at least three stages in 
the development of the organic world    
where some new cause or power must      
necessarily have come into action4 ,and 
at the head of them he places that which
 we are now considering1 writing        
thus3#ajd       ,the first stage is the 
change from inorganic to organic1 when  
the      earliest vegetable cell1 or the
 living protoplasm out of which it      
arose1 first appeared4444 ,there is in  
this something quite beyond      and    
apart from chemical changes however     
complex2 and it has been      well said 
that the first vegetable cell was a new 
thing in the      world1 possessing     
altogether new powers4444#aje  ,such    
testimonies are sufficient for our      
present purpose4 ,in face of them it    
cannot be pretended that ,science knows 
anything of spontaneous generation or   
gives her verdict in its favour4 ,on the
 contrary1 as ,professor ,tait          

declares3#ajf       ,to say that even   
the very lowest form of life1 not to    
speak of its      higher forms1 still   
less of volition and consciousness1 can 
be      fully explained on physical     
principles alone1 444 is simply         
unscientific4 ,there is absolutely      
nothing known in physical science       
which can lend the slightest support to 
such an idea4444 ,to suppose      that  
life1 even in its lowest form1 is wholly
 material1 involves      either a denial
 of the truth of ,newton's laws of      
motion1 or an      erroneous use of the 
term ,matter4 ,both are alike           
unscientific4  ,yet it is precisely in  
the name of ,science that we have been  
told to accept the spontaneous origin of
 life from inorganic matter1 as a       
clearly demonstrated truth1 and no      
riddle at all4  ,but as ,professor      
,virchow1 ,evolutionist and ,materialist
 as he was1 well said in regard of this 
very point in the ,munich ,congress of  
#ahgg3       ,if we would speak frankly1

 we must admit that naturalists may well
      have some little sympathy for the 
generatio aequivoca      spontaneous    
generation4 ,if it were capable of      
proof1 it would      indeed be          
beautiful6 ,but1 we must acknowledge1 it
 has not yet been      proved4 ,the     
proofs of it are still wanting4444      
,whoever recalls to      mind the       
lamentable failure of all the attempts  
to discover a      decided support for  
the generatio aequivoca in the lower    
forms of      transition from the       
inorganic to the organic world1 will    
feel it      doubly serious to demand   
that this theory1 so utterly            
discredited1      should be in any way  
accepted as the basis of all our views  
of      life4     ,x  ,,animal ,,and    
,,man   ,leaving for later consideration
 the fourth of ,du ,bois-,reymond's     
,unsolved ,enigmas1 namely the seemingly
 pre-ordained order of the universe1 we 
may conveniently group together the     
three which follow it1 as much          

resembling that which has just occupied 
our attention4 ,these problems1 it will 
be remembered1 are 7a7 the origin of    
simple sensation and consciousness1 or1 
in other words1 of the faculties        
possessed by animals2 7b7 that of       
rational thought and speech2 7c7        
,free-will4--,here again we are bound to
 ask1 in the name of right reason and   
common-sense1 what light has really been
 thrown on such questions by ,science1  
and how far she has changed their       
aspect1--that so we may guard against   
the delusion of imagining ourselves to  
be in possession of more knowledge than 
we actually possess4  7a7 ,simple       
sensation and consciousness4 ,as regards
 the actual origin of the higher form of
 life which distinguishes the animal    
from the vegetable1 we are obviously no 
better informed than we have found      
ourselves to be concerning the first    
beginnings of life in any form1--no     
evidence as to the actual facts being   
available1 or even possible1 for our    

enlightenment4 ,once more we can only   
argue from the present to the past1 and 
enquire whether the progress of science 
has made it more reasonable to suppose  
than it seemed in pre-scientific days   
that animal life has been spontaneously 
evolved1 either from inanimate matter or
 from the vegetative life of plants4    
,this enquiry so much resembles that    
which we have just concluded as to make 
it unnecessary to pursue it at any      
length4  ,we find1 in fact1 that men of 
,science who have no prepossessions     
whatever against ,evolution1 and would  
willingly accept the ,law of ,continuity
 at all points1 if only evidence were   
forthcoming1 find here not only an      
unsolved problem1 but one even more     
difficult than the ,origin of ,life     
itself4 ,du ,bois-,reymond for example  
places this amongst his transcendental  
enigmas1 to which an answer will never  
be found1 whereas he thinks that the    
origin of vegetable life1 although at   
present a mystery1 may one day be       

explained4 ,the expression of his       
opinion1--that by no possibility can we 
ever understand how consciousness could 
be evolved from matter--has1 he tells   
us#ajg been vehemently contradicted1    
but1 he adds1 nothing in the way of     
argument1 or beyond mere assumptions1   
has been brought against him4 ,of these 
assumptions he notices only that of     
,professor ,haeckel1 the ,prophet of    
,jena1 who protests against such        
limitations of our possibilities as     
treason to the sacred cause of          
,evolution4 ,the progress we have made  
in intellect1 says ,haeckel1 beyond our 
barbarous progenitors1 is sufficient to 
show that we are on the high road of    
development towards a stage as far in   
advance of the present1 as this is of   
the past2 and when that is attained1 our
 knowledge will be full and will embrace
 all this4 ,but1 asks ,du ,bois-,reymond
 in reply1 is this mighty progress of   
ours so very evident within the period  
concerning which we have any            

information8 ,has the mental capacity of
 our race notably improved since        
,homer8#ajh or its faculty of thinking  
since ,plato and ,aristotle8 ,at our    
present rate of progress1 long before   
the high-water mark prophesied by       
,haeckel is reached1 the earth will have
 become uninhabitable4 ,and1 were it    
otherwise1 the highest point of         
intellect to which conceivably man could
 attain1 would be that of the sufficient
 intelligence whereof we have been told1
 which1 from an inspection of the cosmic
 nebula could foretell all that was to  
issue from it4 ,and1 adds ,du           
,bois-,reymond1 even could we do this1  
we should still be unable to understand 
the origin of consciousness1 which would
 require intelligence of another order  
than ours1 however magnified4  ,so again
 ,mr4 ,wallace tells us1#aji after      
speaking of the beginning of life as we 
have already heard1       ,the next     
stage is still more marvellous1 still   
more completely      beyond all         

possibility of explanation by matter1   
its laws and      forces4 ,it is the    
introduction of sensation or            
consciousness1      constituting the    
fundamental distinction between the     
animal and      vegetable kingdoms4     
,here all idea of mere complication of  
structure      producing the result is  
out of the question4 ,we feel it to be  
altogether preposterous to assume that  
at a certain stage of      complexity of
 atomic constitution1 and as a necessary
 result of      that complexity alone1  
an ego should start into existence1 a   
thing that feels1 that is conscious of  
its own existence4 ,here we      have   
the certainty that something new has    
arisen1 a being whose      nascent      
consciousness has gone on increasing in 
power and      definiteness till it has 
culminated in the higher animals4 ,no   
verbal explanation or attempt at        
explanation--such as the statement      
that life is the result of the molecular
 forces of the protoplasm1      or that 

the whole existing organic universe from
 the amoeba up to      man was latent in
 the fire-mist from which the solar     
system was      developed--can afford   
any mental satisfaction1 or help us in  
any      way to a solution of the       
mystery4  ,unquestionably1 there is no  
lack of speakers and writers who flatly 
contradict such views1 and assert that  
animal life1 equally with vegetable1    
could be1 and must have been1 naturally 
evolved from inorganic nature4 ,the     
above testimonies1 however1 amply       
suffice for our present purpose1 and    
with them we may be satisfied2 for at   
least they make it plain that ,science  
has found no evidence as to the origin  
of sensation and consciousness          
conclusive enough to compel belief4 ,and
 where there is no scientific evidence  
even alleged1 such as might require the 
training of a specialist for its due    
appreciation1 one man of ordinary       
intelligence is as competent a judge as 
another1 and scientific experts are on a

 level with the rest of us4  7b7        
,rational thought and speech4 ,what has 
just been said applies with equal force 
to this matter likewise4 ,unless        
,science have some positive evidence to 
bring1 demonstrating how the gulf can be
 bridged which separates the            
intelligence of the most degraded races 
of men from the highest of the brutes1  
and how articulate language can         
spontaneously have arisen1 which is the 
necessary appanage of reason1 we have   
all equally the means of forming our    
conclusions on the subject4  ,that the  
gulf between man and the lower animals  
is here immense we have the evidence of 
,mr4 ,darwin4       ,no doubt he        
writes#aaj the difference is in this    
respect      enormous1 even if we       
compare the mind of one of the lowest   
savages1      who has no words to       
express any number higher than four1 and
 who      uses no abstract terms for the
 commonest objects or affections1       
with that of the most highly organized  

ape4 ,the difference would1      no     
doubt1 still remain immense1 even if one
 of the highest apes had      been      
improved and civilized as much as a dog 
has been in comparison      with its    
parent form1 the wolf or jackal4 ,the   
,fuegians rank      amongst the lowest  
barbarians2 but ,i was continually      
struck with      surprise how closely   
the three natives on board ,h4,m4,s4    
,beagle1      who had lived some years  
in ,england and could talk a little     
,english1 resembled us in disposition   
and in most of our mental               
faculties4  ,mr4 ,darwin goes on to     
argue1 however1 that the difference     
between man and beast is one of degree  
only and not of kind2 that this can be  
clearly shewn2 and that there is        
unquestionably       a much wider       
interval in mental power between one of 
the lowest      fishes1 as a lamprey or 
lancelet1 and one of the higher apes1   
than      between an ape and a man2 yet 
this immense interval is filled up by   

numberless gradations1  from which he   
concludes that by a like series of      
steps1 of which1 however1 no trace is   
left1 our progenitors have been able to 
mount from the simian to the human      
level4  ,clear however as ,mr4 ,darwin  
pronounces the evidence to be1 it is    
very far from being so considered by    
other eminent naturalists4 ,so convinced
 an ,evolutionist as ,mr4 ,mivart1 for  
example1 declared on various occasions  
that his reason abundantly sufficed to  
convince him that there was a wider     
break in nature between man and the     
highest ape1 than between the highest   
ape and an oyster or even a mushroom4   
,it is evident that the evidence which  
permits judgments so diverse as these   
cannot be said conclusively to prove the
 former existence of a bridge every     
vestige of which has1 by the            
acknowledgment of all parties1 entirely 
disappeared4 ,we are therefore left to  
determine for ourselves1 whether the    
powers of our own mind1 as each knows   

them in himself1 are of a totally       
different nature from those of dogs and 
horses1 and chimpanzees such as the late
 lamented ,consul1 or whether we are    
superior only in degree1 as a sheep-dog 
is more intelligent than a sheep1 or a  
fox than a goose4  ,if in any respect   
such an enquiry can be made definite and
 therefore profitable1 it is clearly in 
regard of ,language4 ,this1 as said     
above1 is an essential adjunct of reason
 such as ours1 and on the other hand it 
forms the plainest boundary between the 
domain of the human race and that of the
 brutes4 ,it is1 says ,professor ,max   
,mller1 our ,rubicon on the hither side 
of which men alone are found4 ,given    
reason such as ours1 whatever mode of   
communication might be open to them1 we 
cannot suppose its possessors failing to
 establish a medium of intercourse4 ,in 
existing conditions1 man can make an    
alphabet out of the clicks of a needle  
or the flashes of a mirror1 and if his  
vocal organs were no better than those  

of a baboon1 we cannot imagine him      
content generation after generation with
 inarticulate howls and yells4 ,but this
 is just the case of the animals4 ,they 
are never found to make the smallest    
progress in the direction of a code of  
signals4 ,dogs indeed1 as ,mr4 ,darwin  
says1#aaa having developed in captivity 
the new art of barking1 have further    
learnt to vary this accomplishment      
according to the circumstances that     
provoke it1 and have distinct tones to  
express the diversity of their feelings1
 as when hunting1 or angry1 or setting  
out for a walk1 or shut up in a kennel  
or out of a house4 ,some dogs1 he might 
have added1 refine still further1 and   
will betray by their style of bark not  
only that they are hunting something1   
but what it is that they have come upon1
 whether a rabbit1 a cat1 or a hedgehog4
 ,but1 as the ,chevalier ,bunsen        
observes1#aab and his observation       
includes such manifestations as the     
above3       ,animal sounds are the     

echoes of blind instincts within1 or of 
the      phenomena of the outward world1
 uttered by suffering or satisfied      
animal nature1 and in all cases         
resulting from mere passiveness4  ,by   
rational language1 on the other hand1 is
 signified1 to quote ,mr4 ,mivart3#aac  
,the external manifestation1 whether by 
sound or gesture1 of general            
conceptions3--not emotional expressions 
or the manifestations of      sensible  
impressions1 but enunciations of        
distinct judgments as to      the what1 
the how1 and the why4  ,consequently1 as
 ,bunsen declares3       ,the theories  
about the origin of language have       
followed those      about the origin of 
thought1 and have shared their fate4    
,the      materialists have never been  
able to show the possibility of the     
first step4 ,they attempt to veil their 
inability by the easy but      fruitless
 assumption of an infinite space of     
time1 destined to      explain the      
gradual development of animals into men2

 as if millions      of years could     
supply the want of the agent necessary  
for the first      movement1 for the    
first step in the line of progress6 ,no 
numbers      can effect a logical       
impossibility4 ,how indeed could reason 
spring      out of a state which is     
destitute of reason8 ,how can speech1   
the      expression of thought1 develop 
itself in a year or in millions of      
years1 out of unarticulated sounds which
 express feelings of      pleasure1     
pain1 and appetite8 ,the common-sense of
 mankind will      always shrink from   
such theories4  ,bunsen's words were    
echoed even more forcibly by professor  
,max ,mller1 speaking as ,president of  
the ,anthropological ,section of the    
,british ,association at ,cardiff in    
#ahhi4       ,what he asked does ,bunsen
 consider the real barrier between man  
and beast8 ,it is language1 which is    
unattainable1 or at least               
unattained1 by any animal except man4   
,you know he continued how for a time1  

and chiefly owing to      ,darwin's     
predominating influence1 every          
conceivable effort was made      to     
reduce the distance which language      
places between man and beast1      and  
to treat language as a vanishing line in
 the mental evolution      of animal and
 man4 ,it required some courage at times
 to stand up      against the authority 
of ,darwin1 but at present all serious  
thinkers agree1 ,i believe1 with        
,bunsen1 that no animal has ever        
developed what we mean by rational      
language1 as distinct from mere         
utterances of pleasure or pain1 a       
subject lately treated with great       
fulness by ,professor ,romanes4 ,still1 
if all true science is based      on    
facts1 the fact remains that no animal  
has ever found what we      mean by a   
language2 and we are fully justified1   
therefore1 in      holding with ,bunsen 
and ,humboldt1 as against ,darwin and   
,romanes1      that there is a specific 
difference between the human animal and 

all other animals1 and that that        
difference consists in language as      
the outward manifestation of what the   
,greeks meant by ,logos4  ,it is        
moreover evident that1 far from speech  
having generated reason1 as some have   
preposterously maintained1 it is reason 
which generates speech1 no less         
inevitably than sunlight produces the   
spectrum when it passes through a prism4
 ,the seeming paradox of ,wilhelm von   
,humboldt is in fact a sober truth3 ,man
 is man only through speech1 but in     
order to invent it he must already be   
man4 ,we have plain evidence that before
 means for the internal expression of it
 are found1 the mental word 7verbum     
mentale7 is awaiting them1 and that     
without this it would be as impossible  
for any sort of rational speech to be   
produced as for an apple to be grown    
without an apple-tree4  ,evidence to    
this effect is furnished by recorded    
instances of persons who from early     
childhood1 or even from birth1 were     

deaf1 dumb1 and blind1 and appeared to  
be cut off from all possibility of human
 converse1 the gates of ,mansoul being  
thus almost entirely closed4 ,such are  
the well-known cases of ,laura          
,bridgman1 ,miss ,keller1 and ,martha   
,obrecht1 who had been thus afflicted   
since their earliest childhood1 the two 
first named from the age of two1 and the
 last from that of three years4#aad     
,also the more recent instance of ,marie
 ,heurtin1 who was so born1 and         
consequently could not have even the    
faintest glimmer of any knowledge these 
senses could convey4#aae ,yet1 by the   
exercise of ingenious and unwearied     
charity1 a means of communication was   
elaborated through the sense of touch1  
and the souls which had seemingly been  
buried alive1 shewed themselves         
responsive to such advances1--often     
astonishingly so1--and revealed their   
possession of faculties identical with  
those of their rescuers4 ,we are told1  
for example1 of ,marie ,heurtin that her

 intelligence proved to be quick1 that  
she was even unusually clever1 evidently
 eager for knowledge1 and1 as sometimes 
happens1 her faculties being prevented  
by her infirmity from wasting their     
powers on external objects1 were all the
 more fresh and vigorous4 ,even more    
wonderful is the case of ,miss ,keller1 
who attained a degree of culture and    
accomplishment far beyond the common    
level of those possessing the use of all
 their senses4  ,somewhat akin to such  
instances is that of the savages from   
,tierra del ,fuego mentioned above by   
,mr4 ,darwin4 ,in their case likewise1  
when they were brought into             
communication with people possessed of  
higher culture than their own degraded  
race1 it was found that the             
corresponding faculties within them were
 not dead1 or as yet non-existent1 but  
only starved into lethargy2 and1 the    
opportunity being given1 they speedily  
caused surprise by unmistakable proofs  
how closely they resemble ourselves4    

,thus we find that in this branch of our
 enquiry there is one broad fact1 which 
all must recognize and none can deny4   
,no race of men has ever been known     
which could not speak1 nor any race of  
animals which could1 or which had made  
the first beginnings of intelligent     
language4 ,facts being the only         
groundwork of ,science here is          
undoubtedly something whereon she may   
build an inference1 and this inference  
will certainly not be that the faculties
 of men and animals are radically       
identical4 ,and if we are told1 as we   
constantly are1 that it is more truly   
scientific to admit such identity1      
should there not be some other facts1   
still more significant and equally well 
established1 to exhibit on the other    
side8  ,but of what character are the   
arguments actually adduced8 ,it will be 
sufficient to quote a few which come    
with the highest authority4  ,we may    
start with the almost classical specimen
 contributed by ,mr4 ,darwin himself4   

,it does not he says#aaf appear         
altogether incredible that some         
unusually wise ape-like animal should   
have thought of imitating the      growl
 of a beast of prey1 so as to indicate  
to his fellow monkeys      the nature of
 the expected danger4 ,and this would   
have been a first      step in the      
formation of a language4  ,similarly    
,professor ,whitney writes of some      
supposed pithecoid#aag men3       ,there
 is no difficulty in supposing them to  
have possessed forms of      speech1    
more rudimentary and imperfect than     
ours4#aah  ,and so again ,professor     
,romanes3#aai       ,let us try to      
imagine a community considerably more   
intelligent      than the existing      
anthropoid apes1 although still         
considerably      below the intellectual
 level of existing savages4 ,it is      
certain      that in such a community   
natural signs of voice1 gesture1 and    
grimace would be in vogue to a greater  
or less extent4 ,as their      numbers  

increased 444 such signs would require  
to become more and      more            
conventional1 or acquire more and more  
the character of      sentence-words4   
,of course1 as ,mr4 ,mivart replies1#abj
 there is no difficulty in supposing    
anything we choose1 or in seeing animals
 in imagination performing feats which  
never yet have they been known to       
achieve in fact4 ,but no amount of such 
suppositions or imaginations will       
furnish ,science with the scantiest     
apology for a foothold1 nor can the     
germs of language attributed to         
pithecoid communities or the sagest of  
their patriarchs1 be considered as of   
any greater value than the speeches put 
into the mouths of the animals by sop or
 ,uncle ,remus4  ,it is also to be      
noticed that in these accounts of the   
origin of language1 the essential       
element of reason is always quietly     
smuggled in as a matter of course4 ,thus
 ,mr4 ,darwin's wisest of the pithecoids
 was able to think of a device for the  

information of his fellows4 ,there is   
not the smallest doubt that any creature
 which had got so far as that would find
 what he wanted4 ,it is but the old case
 of the man who was sure he could have  
written ,hamlet had he had a mind to do 
so4 ,like him1 the ape might have made  
the invention1 if he had a mind to make 
it2--only he had not got the mind4 ,so  
too1 ,professor ,romanes' missing links 
use tones and signs which acquire more  
and more the character of true speech3  
which could not be unless they contained
 some measure of that character already4
 ,but it is just the first step thus    
ignored which spans the gulf between man
 and brute4  ,there is another factor   
upon which1 in conjunction with these   
suppositions1 great stress is wont to be
 laid1 namely that of time2 it being    
apparently taken for granted that if    
only time enough be given anything      
whatever may come about4 ,thus          
,professor ,romanes tells us#aba that   
his imaginary ,homo alalus1 or          

speechless man1 must probably have lived
 for an inconceivably long time1 before 
getting far enough on the road towards  
speech to give him such an advantage as 
enabled him to crush out his less       
accomplished congeners2 and that even   
after this point was reached1 another   
inconceivable lapse of time must have   
been required to turn him into ,homo    
sapiens1 or man as he actually is4      
,immense intervals1 he further tells us1
 must have been consumed in the passage 
through various grades of mental        
evolution2 ,the epoch during which      
sentence-words prevailed was probably   
immense2 ,it was not until ons of ages  
had elapsed that any pronouns arose4    
,meanwhile1 there is no scrap of        
evidence that as a matter of fact any   
thing of all this ever happened at all1 
and as ,bunsen has observed no millions 
of years1 even were millions available  
at discretion1 could ever supply the    
want of the faculty without which       
nothing in the way of language could    

ever be accomplished4  7c7              
,free-will4--,here is another human     
faculty which ,du ,bois-,reymond        
declares never to have been accounted   
for by natural causation1 and he greatly
 doubts whether it should not be classed
 among the problems that must be for    
ever insoluble4  ,professor ,haeckel1 as
 we have seen1 gets rid of all          
difficulties on this score by laying it 
down that the freedom of the will is not
 an object for critical scientific      
inquiry at all1 for it is a pure dogma1 
based on an illusion1 and has no real   
existence4  ,it is plain that for his   
purpose this is the only course         
possible4 ,if the will be really free1  
there can be no question of finding a   
mechanical explanation of it4 ,there is 
therefore no alternative but to cut the 
,gordian knot1 and to declare that the  
liberty which the vast majority of men  
believe themselves to exercise every    
instant1 is proved by ,science to be no 
better than a pure dogma1 that is to    

say1 a mere figment4  ,when we seek for 
his indication of the line of argument  
whereby this position is made good1 the 
information supplied is less full than  
might be desired4 ,he begins#abb with a 
rather lengthy sketch of the history of 
controversy in this regard1--which      
contains the remarkable statement that  
,some of the first teachers of the      
,christian ,churches--such as ,st4      
,augustine and ,calvin--rejected the    
freedom of the will as decidedly as the 
famous leaders of pure ,materialism1    
,holbach in the eighteenth1 and ,bchner 
in the nineteenth century4 ,then he     
proceeds3       ,the great struggle     
between the determinist and the         
indeterminist1      between the opponent
 and the sustainer of the freedom of the
 will1      has ended to-day after more 
than #b1jjj years1 completely in favour 
of the determinist4 ,the human will has 
no more freedom than that of      the   
higher animals1 from which it differs   
only in degree1 not in      kind4 ,in   

the last i4e4 the eighteenth century the
 doctrine of      liberty was fought    
with general philosophic and            
cosmological      arguments4 ,the       
nineteenth century has given us very    
different      weapons for its          
definitive destruction--the powerful    
weapons which      we find in the       
arsenal of comparative physiology and   
evolution4 ,we      now know that each  
act of the will is as fatally determined
 by the      organization of the        
individual1 and as dependent on the     
momentary      condition of his         
environment1 as every other psychic     
activity4 ,the      character of the    
inclination was determined long ago by  
heredity      from parents and          
ancestors2 the determination to each    
particular      act is an instance of   
adaptation to the circumstances of the  
moment wherein the strongest motive     
prevails1 according to the laws         
which govern the statics of emotion4    
,ontogeny teaches us to      understand 

the evolution of the will in the        
individual child4      ,phylogeny       
reveals to us the historical development
 of the will      within the ranks of   
our vertebrate ancestors4#abc  ,that is 
all4 ,it is needless to observe that    
jargon like this proves nothing4 ,of    
anything approaching to evidence there  
is here1 manifestly1 no vestige1 and    
there is consequently nothing which can 
avail to win our assent as rational men4
  ,it is likewise obvious that we have  
here a question as to which every human 
being has the means of judging equally  
with the most eminent man of ,science1  
and modern improvement of the methods   
and instruments of research leaves us   
just where we always were4 ,the final   
evidence on the subject every man has   
within himself1 in the most vital facts 
of his own experience4 ,into the        
philosophy of the matter it is neither  
necessary nor advisable at present to   
go4 ,in dealing with profound yet       
elementary questions1 regarding which   

our means of knowledge are thus simple  
and direct1 men are apt to bewilder     
themselves when they begin to           
philosophize1 and to persuade themselves
 that they cannot be sure precisely of  
those things that are most certain4     
,george ,borrow is by no means the only 
one who has tormented himself with      
doubts as to his own existence4#abd ,a  
still larger number have professed to   
believe themselves mere machines        
compelled to go like clocks1 and to do  
only what has been predetermined for    
them4 ,but such beliefs are for the     
lecture-room or the study only1 and in  
practical life every one behaves as if  
both he himself and others--especially  
others--were responsible for their      
conduct4 ,so common-sense teaches1 than 
which we shall not find a safer guide4  
,sir1 said the eminently common-sense   
,dr4 ,johnson1 we know our will is free2
 and there's an end on't4 ,all theory is
 against the freedom of the will2 all   
experience for it4444 ,but1 ,sir1 as to 

the doctrine of necessity1 no man       
believes it4 ,if a man should give me   
arguments that ,i cannot answer to prove
 that ,i cannot see2 because ,i cannot  
answer his arguments1 do ,i believe that
 ,i have no eyes8  ,thus we find once   
again that the doctrines which some     
would force upon us in the name of      
,science1 on whatever they are founded1 
have no basis of fact1 and cannot       
therefore rightly call themselves       
scientific4     ,,xi  ,,the ,,order ,,of
 ,,nature   ,that the world which we    
inhabit is a ,cosmos1 ruled by law and  
order1 no one has ever attempted to     
deny4 ,only because laws are everywhere 
found awaiting discovery1 is natural    
science a possibility4 ,what such laws  
really are1 we have already considered4 
,they are1 as ,mr4 ,lewes puts it1 the  
paths along which the forces of nature  
travel to their results2 and it is only 
because these forces keep invariably    
each to its proper path1 that we are    
able to follow them with our minds1     

either to learn anything concerning     
them1 or to turn our knowledge to       
practical account4 ,in something of the 
same manner1 it is because we are       
assured that our railway trains will run
 on their appointed lines1 that we can  
learn from ,bradshaw how to get to      
,exeter or to ,edinburgh2--but the      
forces of ,nature are never derailed4   
,it is1 in fact1 as we have heard1 the  
first principle of ,science1 that the   
reign of law is universal1 the principle
 of continuity ubiquitous1--and upon    
this the validity of all her methods and
 conclusions wholly depends4 ,it is     
taken for granted1 with absolute        
confidence1 that what is once found to  
happen will be exactly repeated in like 
circumstances1--that the laws           
experimentally observed1 regarding      
motion1 heat1 light1 sound1 chemical    
combination1 electricity1 magnetism1 and
 the rest1 will be faithfully obeyed1 in
 every minutest particular1 as certainly
 as suns will rise and set1 or moons wax

 and wane4 ,were it not so1 were the    
forces of ,nature to act spasmodically  
and at random1 and did not their common 
action so result as to establish or     
subserve other laws of bewildering      
complexity1--as in molecular dynamics1  
the mechanism of the heavens1 and the   
processes of organic life1--we could    
learn no more from the study of nature  
than from a page of type which had been 
set up by an idiot1 or an anthropoid    
ape4  ,here is another factor in our    
problem1 and one which has from the     
first attracted the attention of        
thinking men4 ,no feature of nature     
impressed them more than this same reign
 of law and order1 apparent everywhere2 
and on this account they called the     
world ,cosmos1 instead of ,chaos4 ,and1 
since it is self-evident that everything
 must have a reason for its being1 that 
whatever is not self-existent must have 
a cause other than itself1 they felt    
compelled to enquire what manner of     
cause would account for law and order4  

,the like enquiry we have still to      
pursue1 and by methods radically the    
same as ever2 for amid all her          
discoveries ,science has found nothing  
which does anything whatever to furnish 
an answer4 ,all that has been done is   
enormously to multiply the aspects under
 which the problem presents itself4  ,it
 is now not merely in the larger and    
more obvious operations of ,nature that 
we can trace this marvellous ubiquity of
 law1 but in her most hidden processes  
and inmost constitution4 ,at every      
point1 we are forced to ask why things  
should be as they actually are1 and how 
they came to be subject to conditions   
which they cannot be supposed to have   
created for themselves4 ,why1 for       
example1 should the ultimate elements of
 matter1--be they atoms1 or electrons1  
or whatever else1--always and everywhere
 observe the same rules of the great    
game in which they serve as counters8   
,why1 to take a concrete instance1      
should atoms of ,hydrogen in ,sirius1 or

 in a star of the ,milky ,way1 obey just
 the same laws as do those with which we
 make coal-gas or spirit of salt8 ,these
 various atoms1 as ,lord ,grimthorpe    
reminds us1 have never been within      
billions of miles of one another4 ,what 
is the mysterious influence which links 
them together across the depths of      
space8 ,that they are so linked is      
obvious2 for if we can ascertain the    
existence of such a substance in other  
spheres1 it is only because the light it
 emits1 exactly agrees when analyzed in 
the spectroscope with that of hydrogen  
flames in our own laboratories4 ,how    
comes it1 again1 that the seventy       
different kinds of atoms1 7to speak in  
round numbers7--are                     
distributed--according to ,mendeleff's  
periodic law1--among some seven groups  
or families1 the members of each group  
resembling one another in various       
particulars1 wherein they differ from   
the rest8 ,or1 to pass from atoms to    
molecules1 7in which atoms of the same  

or of different kinds combine1 to build 
up simple or compound substances        
respectively17--how is it that molecules
 of the same kind are always constructed
 upon exactly the same model1 resembling
 one another far more closely than      
sovereigns struck from the same die1 or 
different copies of this morning's      
,times8 ,it was in this uniformity of   
type1 character and behaviour1 repeated 
always and everywhere1 in instances     
multiplied beyond the power of          
imagination to conceive1 that ,sir ,john
 ,herschel#abe saw a feature stamping   
atoms and molecules as manufactured     
articles1 and subordinate agents1 which1
 no less than a line of                 
spinning-jennies1 or a regiment of      
soldiers clad in the same uniform1 and  
going through the same evolutions1 imply
 a controlling force directing things   
according to a definite system4  ,these 
and innumerable other particulars of    
detail has ,science added to the        
problem3 but of anything which can      

supply an answer1 she knows no more than
 did the first man who ever mooted the  
question within his own soul4  ,and if  
in the inorganic world we find food for 
such considerations1 with immensely     
greater instance are they forced upon us
 by a study of the organic4 ,here we    
enter a new realm of mystery1 for the   
laws we encounter actively energizing at
 every point1 are altogether different  
from those with which hitherto we have  
had to deal4 ,the matter which enters   
into the constitution of living         
things1--animals or plants--is precisely
 the same as that of which the inorganic
 world is constituted4 ,no single atom  
or molecule is found in the one which   
has not been drawn from the other2--nor 
when incorporated in a living structure 
do atoms or molecules suffer any        
alteration1 or change their nature in   
any respect1 for1 says                  
,clerk-,maxwell1#abf throughout all     
changes and catastrophes these remain   
unbroken and unworn4 ,nevertheless1 they

 fall at once under the spell of a force
 which introduces into their operations 
an order altogether new1 for it somehow 
strikes across all the laws of dead     
matter1 setting up a new code of its    
own1 which endures just so long as life 
lasts1 and is never met with apart from 
life4 ,and these organic laws issue in  
marvellous results4 ,professor ,haeckel 
himself1 after endeavouring to show that
 from the inorganic world no arguments  
can be drawn to favour the supposition  
of design in ,nature1 thus              
continues3#abg       ,but the idea of   
design has a very great significance and
      application in the organic world4 
,we do undeniably perceive a            
purpose in the structure and in the life
 of an organism4 ,the plant      and    
animal seem to be controlled by a       
definite design in the      combination 
of their several parts1 just as clearly 
as we see in      the machines which man
 invents and constructs2 as long as life
      continues1 the functions of the   

several organs are directed to          
definite ends1 just as is the operation 
of the various parts of a      machine4 
,how ,haeckel proceeds to argue that    
such appearance of purposive design is  
merely fallacious1 we need not here stay
 to enquire2 our present concern is to  
attempt to realize the evidence of law  
and order which the world everywhere    
exhibits4 ,as we have just heard1 the   
parts of an organism1 like those of a   
motor-car1 or a chronometer1 combine    
their operations for the production of  
definite ends2 the attainment of which  
depends in all instances upon the nicest
 correspondence of various details of   
their work4 ,thus1 that there should be 
eyes capable of seeing1 the laws of     
optics must be satisfied1 reflection1   
refraction and the rest1 just as exactly
 in the making of an eye as in that of a
 telescope4 ,de facto they are          
satisfied4 ,the eye1 ,mr4 ,darwin       
styles#abh a living optical instrument  
as superior to one of glass as the works

 of the ,creator#abi are to those of    
man4 ,he speaks1 moreover1 of all its   
inimitable contrivances for adjusting   
the focus to different distances1 for   
admitting different amounts of light1   
and for the correction of spherical and 
chromatic aberration4#acj ,therefore1   
however we are to account for them1 the 
laws which govern the production of eyes
 successfully solve a practical problem 
and satisfy laws which were in force    
before an animal with eyes appeared on  
earth4  ,in just the same way1 the      
requirements of sound are met by the    
structure of the ear1 which ,sir ,henry 
,holland1 for example1#aca judged more  
wonderful than that of the eye itself4  
,so again as to wings4 ,they are in the 
first place such marvellous pieces of   
workmanship that as ,mr4 ,pettigrew     
writes concerning one of their          
forms4#acb ,there are few things in     
nature more admirably constructed than  
the wing of a bird1 and perhaps none    
where design can be more readily traced4

 ,but1 moreover1 wings entirely         
different in plan1 as of birds1 bats1   
and all the varieties of insects1 alike 
satisfy the laws of aerostatics1 and    
successfully solve in practice the      
problem of flight1 a problem which we   
are unable to solve even theoretically4 
,it is evident1 writes ,lord            
,grimthorpe1#acc that nobody yet        
thoroughly understands the whole theory 
of flying1 though we are seeing it      
continually1 and have unlimited         
opportunities of examining all sorts of 
wings4 ,the explanation that appears    
plausible for one kind1 not only will   
not do for another but seems refuted by 
it4 ,yet in a multitude of different    
ways1 the forces of ,nature succeed in  
effecting what with all our ,science we 
cannot shew to be possible4  ,and       
concerning not merely one portion of a  
creature's structure1 but the whole1    
,professor ,huxley declares3#acd        
,the horse is in many ways a remarkable 
animal2 not least so in the      fact   

that it presents us with an example of  
one of the most perfect      pieces of  
machinery in the living world4 ,in      
truth1 among the works      of human    
ingenuity it cannot be said that there  
is any locomotive      so perfectly     
adapted to its purposes1 doing so much  
work with so      small a quantity of   
fuel1 as this machine of ,nature's      
manufacture--the horse4  ,these are but 
a few out of countless similar examples4
 ,we are constantly discovering1 says   
,lord ,grimthorpe1 new complications and
 processes1 and what to all common sense
 appear contrivances1 in the organs of  
all living things1 and indeed we can    
find no limit to them4 ,in all these    
cases an instrument is fashioned        
precisely adapted to the performance of 
a certain function1 and it is therefore 
obvious on first principles that there  
must exist some power capable of        
producing such instruments4  ,it will   
probably be answered that there are     
forces enough in ,nature to account for 

everything1 and that these furnish the  
needful explanation4 ,but1 as ,mr4      
,croll rightly insists1#ace ,force by   
itself explains nothing4 ,its mere      
exercise has no tendency whatever to    
produce such effects4 ,there must       
likewise be ,determination of ,force in 
the one definite direction required1 and
 it is in the source of this            
,determination that the true cause must 
be sought to which the result is due4   
,it is not simply because iron is       
hammered and filed that a railway-engine
 is produced2 nor is it sufficient that 
a block of marble be chipped with mallet
 and chisel in order to obtain a statue 
of ,apollo4 ,unless some influence comes
 in to direct the forces in such cases  
to their respective results1 the results
 will never by any possibility be       
secured4 ,and in the processes of       
,nature such direction or determination 
must be exercised in particulars        
inconceivably intricate1 to which the   
works of man furnish no parallel4 ,as   

,mr4 ,croll writes3       ,if a tree is 
to be formed1 the lines of least        
resistance must all      be determined  
and adjusted in relation to the         
objective idea of the      tree2 of the 
root2 of the branches2 of the leaves2 of
 the bud2 of      the fruit2 and of     
every part of the tree4 ,but this is not
 all3 the      tree is built up molecule
 by molecule1 each of which requires a  
special determination1 and1 beyond all  
this1 we have the      structureless    
protoplasm1 which must be differentiated
 according to      the objective idea of
 the whole4 ,what produces this         
marvellous      adjustment of means to  
ends8  ,and as he insists in another    
passage3       ,the determinations which
 take place in nature occur not at      
random1      but according to a plan--an
 objective idea4 ,thus the question is  
not simply what causes a body to take   
some direction1 but what      causes it 
to take1 among the infinite number of   
possible      directions1 the proper    

direction in relation to the idea4 ,in  
the      formation of1 say1 the leaf of 
a tree1 no two molecules move in        
identically the same direction or take  
identically the same path4      ,but    
each molecule must move in relation to  
the objective idea of      the leaf1 or 
no leaf would be formed4 ,the grand     
question1      therefore1 is1 ,what is  
it that selects from among the infinite 
number of possible directions the proper
 one in relation to this      idea8     
,and this sort of thing is going on in  
every blossom and leaf and blade of     
grass1 in every hair and every feather  
over the surface of the earth4  ,truly  
does our author find here ,the ,grand   
,question1 for in it we touch the very  
heart of our whole problem1 and are     
forced to consider more closely than we 
have hitherto done of what character    
must be the ultimate ,cause which alone 
can explain the world4  ,it is1 as we   
have seen1 a first principle of         
,science1 that in enquiries such as     

this1 we must proceed from experience to
 inference1 from the known to the       
unknown4 ,arguing thus1 we may          
legitimately gather from observed       
phenomena1 that something exists1 which 
even though it be not directly within   
the range of our senses1 must certainly 
be capable of producing such phenomena3 
just as the perturbations of one planet 
have revealed the existence of another2 
and the lines in their spectra have     
taught us the chemical constitution of  
the sun and stars4  ,this principle     
being borrowed by ,science from         
common-sense1 has instinctively been    
ever adopted by those who set themselves
 to enquire of what kind must be that   
unseen ,power at the back of ,nature to 
which the fact of law and order may be  
ascribed4 ,and as there is but one force
 or power within the range of our       
experience capable of producing such an 
effect1 it is but natural that this     
should have been constantly assumed to  
represent1 at least by analogy1 the     

nature of the power required4 ,that     
there is but one cause known to us      
experimentally1 which can determine the 
operation of force towards the          
attainment of a preconditioned result1  
none will deny--namely the purposive    
action of an intelligent will1 as known 
to us in ourselves and in our           
fellow-men2--and to ,will accordingly1  
immensely more intelligent than ours1   
has been ascribed the establishment of  
those laws which the highest intellects 
of our race are able partially and dimly
 to apprehend4  ,it is thus that we are 
led to the fundamental doctrine of      
,theism1 to belief in an intelligent    
,first ,cause1 according to whose design
 the universe has been fashioned2 a     
cause which must have all that is found 
in the universe or any part of it1      
including man1 and more--for it has of  
itself what all else derives from       
it--whose purposes necessarily transcend
 our mental grasp--but whose modes of   
thought are reflected in our own1 by    

which they can in some measure be       
followed through a study of their       
results4  ,if such a belief1 so         
grounded1 be unscientific1 as is        
constantly assumed1 there must be good  
arguments to the contrary4 ,it should be
 demonstrable1 either that ,science has 
shown such a line of reasoning to be    
unsound1 or that she has discovered     
within her own domain something which1  
at least conceivably1 can do the work   
thus attributed to ,intelligence--in    
which case the much-quoted dictum of    
,lord ,kelvin will be in point1--that if
 a probable solution of any problem can 
be found which is consistent with the   
ordinary course of ,nature1 we must not 
go beyond ,nature in search of one4     
,if1 on the other hand1 the above line  
of reasoning cannot be invalidated1 and 
if scientific methods can discover      
nothing competent to effect what has    
undoubtedly been effected1 it is not    
easy to see how it can be unscientific  
to proceed by inference to what is      

confessedly beyond the scope of         
observation and experiment4  ,that      
,teleology1 or the doctrine of ,final   
,causality1#acf is unworthy of serious  
consideration1 is without doubt a common
 assumption1 and some writers seem to   
think that an argument is sufficiently  
discredited if it be styled             
teleological4 ,yet this rather          
formidable term represents no more than 
the belief that the infinite adaptations
 of means to results observed in ,nature
 are the effect of purpose1 not of      
chance4 ,and if we eliminate purpose1   
what is there left to furnish an        
explanation1 beyond the indubitable fact
 that such adaptations have always been 
found in organic nature1 and that we    
have learnt confidently to anticipate   
that they will appear generation after  
generation according to the law of      
heredity8 ,but this obviously only tells
 us that they have been produced and are
 likewise transmitted1 and throws no    
light whatever on the cause of the      

marvellous processes to which their     
production and their transmission are   
due4 ,if we have any rational grounds   
for expecting that such processes will  
continue to occur1 it cannot be merely  
that they have occurred before1 but we  
instinctively infer that the cause to   
which they are ultimately due continues 
to operate4 ,we are thus as far as ever 
from an answer to the question1 ,what is
 that cause8       ,it may be urged says
 ,newman#acg if a thing happens once it 
must      happen always2 for what is to 
hinder it8 ,nay1 on the contrary1 why1  
because one particle of matter has a    
certain property1 should all            
particles have the same8 ,why1 because  
particles have instanced the            
property a thousand times1 should the   
thousand and first instance      it     
also8 ,it is prima facie unaccountable  
that an accident should      happen     
twice1 not to speak of it happening     
always4 ,if we expect a      thing to   
happen twice1 it is because we think it 

is not an      accident1 but has a      
cause4 ,what has brought about a thing  
once1 may      bring it about twice4    
,what is to hinder its happening8 rather
      what is to make it happen8 ,here  
we are thrown back from the             
question of ,order to that of           
,causation4 ,a law is not a cause1 but a
      fact2 but when we come to the     
question of cause1 then we have no      
experience of any cause but ,will4      
,here is the crucial point3 ,we have no 
experience of any cause but ,will2 and  
it follows that if1 as ,science bids us1
 we base inference on experience alone1 
there can be no doubt about the         
conclusion to which we shall be led4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,no different is the verdict of ,sir    
,john ,herschel3       ,the presence of 
,mind he writes#ach is what solves the  
whole      difficulty3 so far1 at least1
 as it brings it within the sphere of   
our consciousness1 and into conformity  
with our own experience of      what    

action is4  ,that the introduction of   
intelligent purpose1 as a factor1       
sufficiently meets the requirements of  
our reason cannot be denied4 ,as ,bishop
 ,butler insists1 it is even impossible 
for any man in his senses to say that   
the problem can be more easily solved   
without it4 ,and witnesses not merely   
unfriendly1 but positively and even     
bitterly hostile1 are compelled to admit
 that on whatever other grounds they may
 reject ,theism1 it is not because this 
doctrine is inadequate as an explanation
 of the world we know4       ,it seems  
to me says ,professor ,huxley#aci that  
creation1 in the      ordinary sense of 
the word1 is perfectly conceivable4 ,i  
find no      difficulty in imagining    
that1 at some former period1 this       
universe      was not in existence2 and 
that it made its appearance 444 in      
consequence of the volition of some     
pre-existent ,being4 ,the      so-called
  priori arguments against ,theism1 and 
given a ,deity1      against the        

possibility of creative acts1 appear to 
me to be devoid      of reasonable      
foundation4  ,similarly1 that           
uncompromising foe of religious belief  
in any shape1 ,professor ,w4 ,k4        
,clifford1 replying to ,dr4 ,martineau  
who based his argument on the existence 
of the moral law1 as well as the        
evidence of design in ,nature1 wrote    
thus3#adj       ,i fully admit that the 
theistic hypothesis1 so grounded1 and   
considered apart from objections        
elsewhere arising1 is a reasonable      
hypothesis and an explanation of the    
facts4 ,the idea of an external         
conscious being is unavoidably          
suggested1 as it seems to me1 by the    
categorical imperative of the moral     
sense2 and moreover in a way      quite 
independent1 by the aspect of nature1   
which seems to answer      to our       
questionings with an intelligence akin  
to our own4  ,on the other hand1 where  
is an alternative hypothesis to be found
 of which as much can be said1--which   

will justify itself to reason1 by       
accounting for the facts8 ,that no      
purely materialistic or mechanical      
theory will suffice is not only obvious 
to common-sense1 but is acknowledged by 
those who would gladly find such a      
theory sufficient4       ,it would be a 
great delusion writes ,weismann#ada if  
any one      were to believe that he had
 arrived at a comprehension of the      
universe by tracing the phenomena of    
,nature to mechanical      principles4  
,he would thereby forget that the       
assumption of eternal      matter with  
its eternal laws by no means satisfies  
our intellectual      need for          
causality4  ,similarly1 ,professor      
,huxley admits that even his primeval   
cosmic nebula with the world potential  
in its womb1 leaves something to desire4
       ,the more purely a mechanist the 
speculator is he writes#adb the         
more firmly does he assume a primordial 
molecular arrangement of      which all 
the phenomena of the universe are the   

consequences1 and      the more         
completely is he thereby at the mercy of
 the teleologist1      who can always   
defy him to disprove that this          
primordial molecular      arrangement   
was not#adc intended to evolve the      
phenomena of the      universe4         
,accordingly1 although he was clearly   
persuaded that ,theism is a doctrine    
which we can never have sufficient      
grounds for accepting1 ,professor       
,huxley repudiated the notion that      
scientific discovery has done anything  
to disprove it4 ,thus he tells us1#add  
that1 in order to be a teleologist1 and 
yet accept ,evolution1 it is only       
necessary       to suppose that the     
original plan was sketched out 444 that 
the      purpose was foreshadowed in the
 molecular arrangements out of which    
the animals have come4  ,and again1#ade 
he thus expressed himself regarding two 
objections commonly brought against     
,darwinism1 namely that it introduces   
chance as a factor in nature1 and that  

it is atheistic3       ,both assertions 
are utter bosh4 ,none but parsons       
believe in      chance2 and the         
philosophical difficulties of ,theism   
now are      neither greater nor less   
than they have been ever since ,theism  
was      invented4  ,accordingly1 as has
 already been urged1 in regard of this  
question we are precisely where men have
 always been1--dependent upon arguments 
such as satisfied philosophers like     
,cicero1 who declared that when we      
regard the starry heavens the existence 
of a ,deity of surpassing intelligence  
must appear no less obvious than that of
 the sun in the sky4#adf  ,that         
scientific enlightenment is not         
incompatible with such reasoning1 we    
have sufficient evidence in the fact    
that amongst those whose conclusions are
 wholly in accord with ,cicero's1 men   
are to be found standing in the very    
front rank of ,science4  ,like the      
,roman orator1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton      
declared that the existence of a ,being 

endowed with intelligence and wisdom is 
a necessary inference from a study of   
celestial mechanics1 and that to treat  
of ,god is therefore a part of ,natural 
,philosophy4#adg       ,we assume1 as   
absolutely self-evident say ,professors 
,stewart and      ,tait#adh the         
existence of a ,deity1 who is the       
,creator and      ,upholder of all      
things4       ,when we contemplate the  
phenomena of vision1 says ,sir ,g4 ,g4  
,stokes1#adi it seems difficult to      
understand how we can fail to      be   
impressed with the evidence of design   
thus imparted to us4 ,but      design is
 altogether unmeaning without a         
designing mind4 ,the study      then of 
the phenomena of nature leads us to the 
contemplation of a      ,being from whom
 proceeded the orderly arrangement of   
natural things      that we behold4     
,lord ,kelvin's recent declaration is   
even more vigorous4#aej       ,i cannot 
say that with regard to the origin of   
life ,science neither      affirms nor  

denies creative power4 ,science         
positively affirms      creating and    
directive power1 which she compels us to
 accept as an      article of belief4   
,thirty years earlier ,clerk-,maxwell in
 concluding his famous lecture before   
the ,british ,association#aea thus spoke
 concerning ,molecules3       ,they     
continue this day as they were created1 
perfect in number and      measure and  
weight1 and from the ineffaceable       
characters impressed      on them we may
 learn that those aspirations after     
accuracy in      measurement1 truth in  
statement1 and justice in action1 which 
we      reckon among our noblest        
attributes as men1 are ours because they
      are essential constituents of the 
image of ,him who in the beginning      
created1 not only the heaven and the    
earth1 but the materials of      which  
heaven and earth consist4  ,it is of    
course not to be denied that there are  
eminent men of science who altogether   
dissent from such opinions1 and reject  

,theism as false1 or at least as lacking
 any rational claim on our acceptance4  
,that1 however1 is not the point4 ,the  
above testimonies have not been adduced 
as if their authority could settle the  
question1 which is one to be determined 
not by authority1 but by argument4 ,at  
the same time1 it is abundantly evident 
that it is not argument but supposed    
authority which influences the great    
majority of those who style themselves  
rationalists4 ,by what modes of         
reasoning their creed is supposed to be 
established they have usually little    
idea3 but they firmly believe1 as they  
are constantly assured1 that no one who 
knows what ,science is can pretend to   
credit an antiquated doctrine which she 
has entirely exploded4 ,it is to show   
what degree of truth attaches to such   
statements1 that our witnesses have been
 called--and for this purpose their     
testimony is undoubtedly sufficient4 ,as
 ,lord ,rayleigh in his ,presidential   
address told the ,british               

,association3#aeb       ,it is true that
 among scientific men1 as in other      
classes1 crude      views are to be met 
with as to the deeper things of ,nature2
 but      that the life-long beliefs of 
,newton1 of ,faraday1 and of ,maxwell1  
are inconsistent with the scientific    
habit of mind1 is surely a              
proposition which ,i need not pause to  
refute4  ,and when from authority we    
turn to the line of argument adopted by 
those who would impugn that upon which  
,theists rely1 and who reject the idea  
of an intelligent ,first ,cause either  
as superfluous1 or as incapable of      
verification1 we find but two courses   
one or other of which they feel         
themselves compelled to adopt1 although 
it is not very easy to understand the   
state of mind which can rest satisfied  
with either4  ,some1 on the one hand1   
frankly admit that ,science has not by  
her own proper methods discovered any   
ultimate principle of things1 and never 
will4 ,but on that very account1 they   

maintain1 this ultimate principle1      
whatever it may be1 must remain utterly 
unknown to us--for we can never know    
anything except by the methods of       
,science4 ,accordingly1 although the    
theistic hypothesis would confessedly   
furnish such an explanation as is       
lacking1 we must not adopt it because we
 cannot test it experimentally4  ,and   
yet in ordinary life we have no         
difficulty in arguing from effect to    
cause in just the same manner1 and      
satisfying ourselves of the existence of
 what we can as little touch or see as  
the ,first ,cause itself4 ,thus we are  
convinced of the genius of ,shakespeare 
and ,napoleon1 and that there was a     
difference between the character of     
,robespierre and that of ,howard the    
,philanthropist4 ,but no man ever saw or
 touched either genius or character1    
which can be known only by their        
results4 ,it is by inference far less   
legitimate that those proceed who1 like 
,haeckel1 seek in the forces of ,nature 

themselves an explanation of phenomena  
which1 as we know them1 they are wholly 
incapable of producing4 ,instead of     
arguing that a cause must therefore     
exist which is beyond ,nature1 but whose
 character our own experience enables us
 in some measure1 and analogically1 to  
learn1 these philosophers start with the
 assumption that no such cause is       
possible1 and then proceed to draw the  
consequence that the condition of       
,nature must once have been totally     
different from what it actually is1     
enabling her forces to produce results  
which no experience of any sort         
indicates as possible4  ,those who adopt
 such an attitude of nescience1 and in  
the proper sense of the word are termed 
,agnostics1 find themselves compelled   
accordingly to leave their system in the
 air1 with no basis more solid than the 
elephant and tortoise on which ,hindoo  
astronomers rested the world4 ,they must
 ignore the fundamental principle of    
,causation1 from which we started our   

present enquiry1 and in consequence it  
is impossible that their systems should1
 as ,professor ,weismann says1 satisfy  
our intellectual needs4  ,others1 on the
 other hand1 declare that the ,theistic 
hypothesis must be dismissed1 because a 
better has been found1 ,science having  
discovered within her own sphere an     
effectual substitute for the supposed   
,first ,cause4 ,when we enquire what    
this may be1 we are told that it is the 
,law of ,substance1 or ,evolution1 or   
,nature herself1 or an ,infinite        
,eternal ,energy unknown and unknowable1
 but devoid of intellect and will--or   
,monism1 or some other similar          
abstraction which can represent no idea 
at all1 unless--as often happens--it be 
clad in the robes of its rival1 and     
credited with the very powers and       
attributes denied to the ,first ,cause1 
so as to become practically the same    
thing under another and misleading name4
 ,regarding this point there will be    
more to be said presently4 ,here1 it    

will be sufficient to note that this is 
in truth the only meaning which can be  
attached to much of the language of     
so-called scientific writers4       ,who
 asks ,mr4 ,wollaston#aec is this       
,nature 444 who has such      tremendous
 power1 and to whose efficiency such    
marvellous      performances are        
ascribed8 ,what are her image and       
attributes when      dragged from her   
wordy lurking-place8 ,is she aught but a
 pestilent      abstraction1 like dust  
cast in our eyes to obscure the workings
 of      an intelligent ,first ,cause8  
,so at the end of his life              
,clerk-,maxwell characteristically      
observed1 that he had studied many queer
 religions and philosophies1 but had    
found none of them that would work      
without ,god concealed somewhere4       
,finally1 a warning uttered by ,lord    
,rayleigh in the address quoted above   
must not be forgotten4 ,after           
acknowledging that unfortunately there  
are writers speaking in her name who    

have set themselves to foster the       
prevailing belief that ,science         
necessarily tends towards materialism1  
he thus continued3       ,it would be   
easy1 however1 to lay too much stress   
upon the opinions      of even such     
distinguished workers as these4 ,men who
 devote their      lives to             
investigation cultivate a love of truth 
for its own sake1      and endeavour    
instinctively to clear up1 and not1 as  
is too often      the object in business
 and politics1 to obscure1 a difficult  
question4 ,so far the opinion of a      
scientific worker may have a            
special value2 but ,i do not think that 
he has a claim superior to      that of 
other educated men1 to assume the       
attitude of a prophet4 ,in      his     
heart he knows that underneath the      
theories that he constructs      there  
lie contradictions which he cannot      
reconcile4 ,the higher      mysteries of
 being1 if penetrable at all by the     
human intellect1      require other     

weapons than those of calculation and   
experiment4     ,,xii  ,,purpose ,,and  
,,chance   ,an objection is no doubt    
awaiting us which many consider         
absolutely fatal to the argument for    
purpose or design in nature1 as above   
presented4 ,that argument1 it will be   
said1 rests entirely upon the assumption
 that the sole alternative to ,purpose  
is ,chance1 an assumption which1 if not 
dishonest1 betrays ignorance scarcely   
less discreditable3 for men of science  
constantly warn us that there is no such
 thing as ,chance1--that every          
occurrence in nature1 one as much as    
another1 testifies to the uniformity and
 regularity of natural causation1--and  
that if we speak of any phenomenon being
 due to ,chance1 this term is but a     
conventional symbol signifying that we  
do not know what caused it4  ,amongst   
those who take up this position1 which  
is well-nigh universal1 no better       
representative need be sought than      
,professor ,huxley1 who treated the     

point formally1 and was manifestly well 
satisfied with his performance4 ,we have
 already heard him declare belief in    
,chance to be an absurdity of which none
 but parsons could be guilty1 a class in
 which he clearly conceived the         
low-water-mark of intelligence to be    
reached4 ,on another occasion1#aed he   
set himself expressly to the exposure of
 what he described as1 ,the most        
singular of the1 perhaps immortal1      
fallacies1 which live on1               
,tithonus-like1 when sense and force    
have long deserted them4       ,probably
 the best answer he writes to those who 
talk of ,darwinism      meaning the     
reign of ,chance1 is to ask them what   
they themselves      understand by      
,chance4 ,do they believe that anything 
in this      universe happens without   
reason or without a cause8 ,do they     
really      conceive that any event has 
no cause1 and could not have been       
predicted by any one who had a          
sufficient insight into the order of    

,nature8 ,if they do1 it is they who are
 the inheritors of antique              
superstition and ignorance1 and whose   
minds have never been      illumined by 
a ray of scientific thought4  ,as an    
object lesson for his enlightenment1 the
 ,professor bids one of these benighted 
folk betake himself to the sea-shore on 
which a heavy storm is breaking2 and    
having painted a rather elaborate       
word-picture of the scene1 he thus      
continues3       ,surely here1 if       
anywhere1 he the unenlightened one will 
say that      chance is supreme1 and    
bend the knee as one who has entered the
      very penetralia of his divinity4  
,but the man of science knows that      
here as everywhere1 perfect order is    
manifested2 that there is not      a    
curve of the waves1 not a note in the   
howling chorus1 not a      rainbow-glint
 on a bubble1 which is other than a     
necessary      consequence of the       
ascertained laws of nature2 and that    
with a      sufficient knowledge of the 

conditions1 competent                   
physico-mathematical skill could account
 for1 and indeed predict1      every one
 of these chance events4  ,this1        
however1 is mere beating of the air1    
having no bearing whatever upon the     
question at issue2 and we can only      
wonder that so able a man as ,huxley    
could thus absolutely miss the whole    
point1 while remaining serenely         
unconscious that he did so4 ,no sane man
 ever entertained the foolish notion    
with which he credits his man of straw4 
,on the contrary1 it is precisely those 
whom he so heartily despises1 that      
disbelieve in ,chance1 and deny it any  
share in the making of the world4 ,they 
neither regard ,chance as a possible    
cause of phenomena1 nor make of it a    
kind of deity or fetish1 as some appear 
inclined to do with ,science4 ,their    
contention is that according to those   
who1 with ,huxley1 reject the idea of   
intelligent purpose1 ,chance would needs
 be introduced as a ruling element in   

nature1 which would be absurd4 ,nor in  
thus arguing do they introduce any      
notion so irrational as that of absolute
 ,chance1 of events happening without   
causes4 ,but unquestionably there can be
 relative ,chance4 ,a cause fully       
sufficient for the production of a      
result1 may have no tendency whatever to
 determine or direct this result to a   
particular end2 and if in such          
circumstances this end be attained it is
 by ,chance4 ,in particular1 should many
 independent results of purely          
mechanical forces combine to produce a  
result1 as intelligence would combine   
them1 its production can only be        
ascribed to ,chance4 ,chance has        
therefore a very real meaning4 ,it is   
not a ,cause1 but the absence of ,cause3
 not of ,cause altogether1 but of the   
determining ,cause requisite for the    
production of certain results4 ,the     
argument based upon the impotence of    
,chance to obtain such results1 is      
precisely that which the most exact of  

all the ,sciences1 ,mathematics1 accepts
 and applies in the ,theory of ,chances4
  ,the answer to the question which     
,professor ,huxley evidently deems      
unanswerable is plain enough4 ,by       
,chance is meant the concurrence1       
unguided by ,purpose1 of independent    
forces to produce a definite effect4    
,chance denotes the absence of ,purpose1
 as ,vacuum denotes the absence of air2 
and when it is denied that certain      
results can come about by chance1 or    
fortuitously1 it is as when we deny that
 life can be sustained in vacuo4 ,it is 
no positive feature or action of the    
vacuum that we have in mind1 for its    
essence is negative2 but just because of
 that negative character1 experience has
 taught us1 that it cannot fulfil       
certain functions4 ,in the same manner  
the potency of ,chance is denied1 simply
 because it is not ,purpose4  ,that     
there are phenomena for which ,chance   
thus defined cannot account is1 surely1 
obvious4 ,if a man sits down at a piano 

and plays ,god ,save the ,king1 no      
evidence in the world would persuade    
,professor ,huxley or any one else1 that
 the performer had never before seen a  
musical instrument1 nor knew of the     
existence of such an air or any other1  
but just put his fingers on the keys as 
the spirit moved him4 ,such a story     
would be rightly felt to be absolutely  
incredible3 and yet the notes he        
produced--equally with those of the     
howling chorus of winds and waves--were 
the necessary effects of physical       
causes2 given that particular strings   
were struck1 they could not but follow4 
,the whole point is1 however1 that in   
this case the result is not a howling   
chorus1 but a melody2 not mere formless 
noise1 but an orderly composition1      
constructed on definite principles which
 our mind can recognize4 ,it is in      
regard of this particular feature of the
 result that ,force of itself1 as we    
have seen1 explains nothing1 and that1  
if there is to be any explanation at    

all1 we must know something as to how   
,force received the needful ,direction  
or ,determination4  ,it is only in      
regard of human action that we can1 as  
in the above instance1 find an example  
of what may be called pure fortuity1 for
 such action alone can be traced up to  
an initial cause1 namely the exercise of
 ,will4 ,no one can have a right to call
 the action of natural forces           
fortuitous2 on the contrary1 we have    
seen arguments that in the inorganic    
world itself purpose must be recognized4
 ,but an action directed by purpose to  
one result may be quite fortuitous in   
regard of another4 ,a man who digging a 
foundation for a house finds a buried   
treasure1 discovers this by chance4     
,although his action was ruled by a most
 definite purpose1 that purpose was not 
this4 ,so again when1 according to the  
old story1 certain ,phoenician mariners 
finding no stones on the sea-shore      
suitable for the purpose1 used blocks of
 natron to support their cooking-pots1  

and so produced glass1 they were led to 
the discovery by mere chance4 ,and in   
like manner1 however definitely the     
forces of matter may be determined each 
to its own proper end1 there are results
 which if produced by them must be as   
purely fortuitous as such an invention  
made by men who thought only of         
preparing their dinner4 ,the cable which
 was being laid to ,america having1 in  
#ahfe1 snapped and sunk in              
mid-,atlantic1 it was determined in the 
following year to attempt its recovery4 
,meanwhile the shore-end at ,valencia   
was still connected with the dial-plate1
 on which messages had been scored      
between ship and shore while the cable  
was intact4 ,a telegraphist was         
constantly on duty1 watching the needle 
which was never still1 being deflected  
hither and thither by the               
earth-currents1 working through the     
wires4 ,on a sudden1 however1 the needle
 spelled out the letters ,got it1 and it
 was known with absolute certainty that 

there was a man at the other end4 ,it is
 no doubt perfectly true that each      
previous movement had been the necessary
 consequence of the force applied1 just 
as truly as those which coincided with  
the conventions of the telegraphist's   
alphabet2 but win any one say that such 
coincidence could conceivably be        
attributable to the forces of magnetism 
alone1 however exact to the laws        
according to which they operate8  ,it   
must always be remembered that the      
question we have to discuss is1 how far 
,science casts any light upon such      
questions as the one before us4 ,and    
since ,science is taken to mean         
knowledge acquired through the          
observation of phenomena alone1 we have 
at present to enquire whether material  
forces1 the only ones of which          
observation directly tells us anything1 
could have produced such effects as we  
have considered1 otherwise than by mere 
,chance8 ,if they could not1 is it      
imaginable that they produced these     

effects at all8 ,and it appears obvious 
that unless there be ,purpose at the    
back of ,nature1 ,chance must be        
acknowledged as the architect of the    
universe4  ,professor ,huxley tells us1 
it is true1 that such an idea could be  
entertained by no one whose mind had    
ever been illumined by a ray of         
scientific thought4 ,in face of this it 
is rather remarkable to find that the   
idea was undoubtedly entertained by ,mr4
 ,darwin1 who took for granted that to  
deny ,purpose is to affirm ,chance4     
,i am conscious he wrote to ,asa        
,gray#aee that ,i am in an utterly      
hopeless muddle4 ,i cannot think that   
the world1 as we see it1 is      the    
result of chance2 and yet ,i cannot look
 at each separate thing      as the     
result of ,design4  ,and again3#aef     
,i cannot any how be contented to view  
this wonderful universe1 and            
especially the nature of man1 and to    
conclude that everything is      the    
result of brute force4 ,i am inclined to

 look at everything as      resulting   
from designed laws1 with the details1   
whether good or      bad1 left to the   
working out of what we call chance4 ,not
 that this      notion at all satisfies 
me4  ,professor ,haeckel too is by no   
means in accord on this point with his  
friend ,professor ,huxley4 ,he          
writes3#aeg       ,one group of         
philosophers affirms1 in accordance with
 the      teleological conception1 that 
the whole cosmos is an orderly          
system1 in which every phenomenon has   
its aim and purpose2 there is      no   
such thing as chance4 ,the other group1 
holding a mechanical      theory1       
expresses itself thus3 ,the development 
of the universe is a      monistic      
mechanical process1 in which we discover
 no aim or purpose      whatever2 what  
we call design in the organic world is a
 special      result of biological      
agencies2 neither in the evolution of   
the      heavenly bodies nor in that of 
the crust of our earth do we find       

any trace of a controlling purpose--all 
is the result of chance4      ,each     
party is right--according to its        
definition of chance4 ,the      general 
law of causality1 taken in conjunction  
with the law of      substance1 teaches 
us that every phenomenon has a          
mechanical cause2      in this sense    
there is no such thing as chance4 ,yet  
it is not only      lawful1 but         
necessary to retain the term for the    
purpose of      expressing the          
simultaneous occurrence of two          
phenomena1 which are      not causally  
related to each other1 but of which each
 has its own      mechanical cause      
independent of the other4 ,everybody    
knows that      chance1 in this monistic
 sense1 plays an important part in the  
life      of man and in the universe at 
large4 ,that1 however1 does not         
prevent us from recognizing in each     
chance event1 as we do in the           
evolution of the entire cosmos1 the     
universal sovereignty of      nature's  

supreme law1 the law of substance4      
,there is a good deal here which is less
 clear in the way of argument than could
 be wished4 ,the famous ,law of         
,substance1 as we have seen1 has two    
articles3 ,the indestructibility of     
matter1 and the conservation of energy4 
,what light either of these principles  
may be supposed to shed on such         
questions as the adaptation of organs to
 their functions is by no means obvious4
 ,to say that there is no design in the 
organic world1 because it is a special  
result of biological agencies1--is quite
 of a piece with the contention which   
has actually been made1 that we can no  
longer argue to ,design1 with ,paley1   
from the analogy of a watch1 since      
nearly every part of a watch is now made
 by inanimate machinery4#aeh ,thus much1
 however1 is perfectly clear3 the       
competence of ,chance is recognized to  
originate a world like ours1 and to     
enable ,nature1 as ,professor ,clifford 
says1 seemingly to answer our           

questionings with an intelligence akin  
to our own4  ,it would thus appear that 
when ,newton asks1--,was the eye        
fashioned without knowledge of the laws 
of light1 or the ear1 without knowledge 
of those of sound8--we are to answer in 
the affirmative1 and to say that such   
organs are but special results of       
biological agencies1 under the general  
management of the ,law of ,substance4   
,that such a reply cannot with any truth
 be termed scientific is plain--for it  
touches matters which by her own        
acknowledgment ,science cannot          
reach2--nor does it seem probable that  
this kind of talk would convince        
anybody1 were there nothing more4       
,undoubtedly those who persuade         
themselves that the ,order of the       
,universe can be sufficiently explained 
without introducing the idea of purpose 
or design1 are influenced by other      
considerations than these4  7#a7 ,with  
some it is the argument1 which appears  
chiefly to have weighed with ,mr4       

,darwin1 who constantly speaks of it as 
the great obstacle to that belief in    
,design which the marvels of the        
universe would otherwise necessitate4   
,this he based on certain features in   
,nature which appeared to him           
incompatible with the work of a         
beneficent ,author1 mainly the existence
 of suffering amongst animals in whose  
case it cannot be supposed to subserve  
any purpose of moral benefit4 ,as he    
wrote to ,asa ,gray3#aei       ,i own   
that ,i cannot see as plainly as others 
do1 and as ,i should      wish to do1   
evidence of design and beneficence on   
all sides of us4      ,there seems to me
 too much misery in the world4 ,i cannot
 persuade      myself that a beneficent 
and omnipotent ,god would have          
designedly      created the             
,ichneumonidae with the express         
intention of their      feeding within  
the living bodies of caterpillars1 or   
that a cat      should play with mice4  
,not believing this1 ,i see no necessity

 in      the belief that the eye was    
expressly designed4  ,such a mode of    
meeting the arguments for ,design1      
though only indirect1 undoubtedly       
deserves serious consideration1 touching
 as it does the darkest of all          
mysteries--the ,origin of ,evil4 ,it is 
clear1 however1 that in ,mr4 ,darwin's  
case1 and probably in that of many      
others1 its effect was due in no slight 
degree to imagination rather than to    
reason4 ,he picks out one or two        
instances of seeming cruelty in ,nature1
 as though they were something          
exceptional1 and appears to imply that  
they create an obstacle to a belief     
which ,nature as a whole almost forces  
upon him4 ,in reality1 the same sort of 
thing goes on everywhere4 ,animal life  
from beginning to end is a record of    
rapine and slaughter1 as ,tennyson      
declared in a verse too trite to bear   
quotation4 ,the most petted of pet dogs 
has no more compunction than a tiger in 
worrying creatures weaker than itself1  

and a robin-redbreast takes far more    
lives daily than does a sparrow-hawk4   
,but to draw from these facts such large
 conclusions--is quite another matter4  
,can we imagine that we are qualified by
 the fulness of our knowledge to        
pronounce judgment and declare that     
there can be no good end where we fail  
to perceive one8 ,as ,mr4 ,darwin admits
 in the very same passage3 ,i feel most 
deeply that the whole subject is too    
profound for the human intellect4 ,a dog
 might as well speculate on the mind of 
,newton4  ,how much is there in the     
actions of persons much lowlier than    
,newton which to the most intelligent of
 animals1 dogs1 elephants1 or monkeys1  
could they speculate at all1 must seem  
wholly devoid of sense2--as for instance
 that men should spend such continual   
labour in digging and ploughing4 ,so    
again1 in his famous lecture on ,coal1  
,professor ,huxley depicts what might   
have been the reflections of a giant    
reptile of the ,carboniferous ,epoch1   

suggested by the seemingly senseless    
waste of nature's powers in the         
production of the primeval forests1 that
 have furnished the coal measures1 to   
which so much of our progress and       
civilization is directly due4  ,and1    
after all1 given the universal law of   
death for all living things1 it would   
hardly appear that we can assure        
ourselves that any attendant            
circumstance constitutes a greater      
evil--as ,mr4 ,darwin's argument seems  
to assume2 and yet1 it does not appear  
ever to have been argued that there can 
be no purpose in ,nature since no       
organic life endures for ever4 ,most    
probably1 if we knew enough1 we should  
plainly see that nothing could be more  
cruel than to have omitted the carnivora
 from creation1 leaving herbivorous     
animals to multiply till they starved   
one another to death1 or at least to    
perish of senile decay far more         
painfully than under the fangs of tigers
 and wolves4 ,instances might moreover  

be quoted which serve to remind us how  
impossible it is rightly to estimate the
 true character of suffering amongst    
creatures altogether different from     
ourselves4 ,thus when1 as eye-witnesses 
report1 young scorpions clinging to     
their mother devour her alive1          
scientifically avoiding as long as      
possible all vital parts and mortal     
wounds--we are inclined to consider them
 monsters of wickedness1 and their      
parent as a model of motherly devotion1 
whose sufferings cannot be less horrible
 than those of a caterpillar similarly  
eaten by the ichneumon grub4 ,but we    
cannot with any reason impute more moral
 blame to the young scorpions1 than to  
the lambkins which draw sustenance from 
their dams in another fashion which we  
find touching and poetical2 while as for
 the mother--who doubtless treated her  
own parent in just the same fashion--she
 exhibits no symptom to show that she   
resents her offsprings' advances1 any   
more than does the ewe1 but on the      

contrary has her sting ever ready for   
any one who would interfere with them4  
7#b7 ,it is a still more common         
objection to the doctrine of purpose    
everywhere in ,nature1 that such an idea
 is negatived by the continuity and     
uniformity of natural laws1 precluding  
the notion of constant interference by  
another1 supernatural1 ,agent4 ,but this
 objection is based upon an entire      
misconception4 ,no one imagines such    
intervention1 or that purpose guides    
nature as a pilot guides a ship by      
repeated orders to the man at the wheel4
 ,undoubtedly the reign of law in nature
 is uninterrupted1 but in that law      
purpose is interwoven as the controlling
 element2 just as the mind of ,homer    
governs the hand of every printer who   
sets up type for a new edition of the   
,iliad4  7#c7 ,finally1 there is the    
argument1 already alluded to1 that      
inasmuch as the most complex structures 
are daily transmitted under our eyes by 
generation1 we have evidence that nature

 can produce them from her own          
resources1 and by the operation of a    
merely natural law1 such as no one      
doubts generation to be4  ,such an      
argument1 it is evident1 merely begs the
 question at issue1 offering as it does 
no explanation1 or suggestion1 as to how
 a power so marvellous was acquired4 ,it
 would be equally philosophical to argue
 that there is nothing wonderful about  
the genius of a great poet because we   
confidently anticipate that it will be  
exhibited in the next piece he produces4
  ,it is likewise clear that1 here      
again1 imagination rather than reason   
furnishes the argument4 ,in the first   
place1 were there nothing else1 no      
explanation whatever would thus be      
afforded as to how the structures in    
question were first produced1 before    
they could be transmitted4 ,and1        
secondly1 which is still more important1
 generation--far from furnishing an     
explanation of anything--introduces us  
to mysteries yet more inscrutable than  

any we have yet encountered1 and to     
problems which seem to admit of no      
possible solution apart from1 not only  
,purpose1 but transcendent ,power4      
,doubtless the propagation of life is   
ruled by natural law1 but how such law  
effects its object we understand        
immeasurably less than we understand the
 flight of birds or butterflies4 ,as a  
recent writer reminds us1#afj what is   
transmitted from parents to offspring is
 not a new form or structure1 but only  
the potentiality of such a new form3    
which1 in suitable circumstances1 builds
 itself up out of surrounding inorganic 
and organic material4 ,as ,lord         
,grimthorpe expresses the same          
truth3#afa       ,if we suppose an      
apple-tree to have once grown somehow1  
and to have      somehow got power to   
produce seeds1 that would not produce   
any more      apple-trees1 unless the   
seeds1 and all the adjacent atoms that  
are      wanted1 had the power and the  
will to combine and grow into another   

apple-tree4 ,the first hen that laid an 
egg performed a wonderful      feat     
enough1 but it would have done no good  
unless the atoms of the      egg also   
knew and resolved what to do to turn    
themselves into a      chicken4 ,yet    
spontaneous evolutionists are in the    
habit of slurring      over generation  
as a thing too natural1 and therefore   
too easy      and simple to require     
explanation4  ,the continual operation  
of a law such as this1 certainly does   
not remove mysteries1 nor make it more  
easy to understand how the order and the
 marvels of the universe can rationally 
be attributed to ,chance rather than to 
,design1 according to this new          
philosophy of effects without causes and
 laws without a lawgiver4#afb ,for      
fortuitous means1 as ,professor ,case   
has well observed1#afc not the          
accidental1 as opposed to the regular   
laws of nature1 but the spontaneous     
necessity of nature1 as opposed to the  
voluntary designs of intelligence4 ,nor 

is it only in the organic world that we 
find the need of such a factor to       
explain phenomena2 for it is throughout 
more essential than any other force to  
account for ,nature as we find her--in  
such a manner as to satisfy the logical 
demands of our mind4 ,we learn as little
 from observation and experiment as to  
the fundamental laws of                 
matter1--gravitation1 for instance1     
which ,faraday and ,herschel termed the 
mystery of mysteries1 or chemical       
affinities1 or the nature of ,ether--as 
concerning anything in organic nature2  
though in the latter we undoubtedly     
mount to a higher plane of              
mysteriousness4 ,and in either case we  
could learn nothing whatever1--that is  
to say1 ,science would be wholly        
impossible1--did we not find natural    
phenomena respond to our enquiries with 
what seems an intelligence akin to our  
own4 ,and accordingly it appears but    
reasonable1--that is to say1 truly      
scientific1--to exclaim as did even     

,diderot--,quoi6 le monde form          
prouverait moins une intelligence que le
 monde expliqu6     ,,xiii  ,,monism    
,all systems of philosophy that reject  
the idea of an intelligent ,first       
,cause1 which alone is self-existent1   
and whose being is of a higher order    
than that of aught else1--base their    
denial on the assumption that no such   
distinction of nature either exists or  
is possible1--that there is but one     
reality1 namely the substance whereof   
the sensible world consists1--that this 
has always existed with the same forces 
it has now1 and that it is the source of
 all phenomena4 ,this assumption of the 
unreality of whatever is beyond the     
scope of sense1 which has ever been at  
the bottom of materialistic systems1 is 
now elaborately formulated as a creed1  
declared by ,professor ,haeckel and his 
following to be the only creed which    
science can tolerate4 ,this is termed   
,monism1--from the ,greek ,mnos1 single1
 and is opposed to ,dualism1 or the     

doctrine that there are two orders of   
being1 or two distinct substances1      
material and spiritual4#afd  ,according 
to monistic teaching1 therefore1 there  
exists but one ,thing1 that which we    
usually call ,matter1 but might equally 
well call ,mind1--for all phenomena     
whatever1 whether mental or material1   
are but various shapes which it assumes1
 exhibiting diverse aspects of itself4  
,thus all the objects which appear to   
have a being of their own1--as the globe
 we inhabit1 the furniture of earth and 
heaven1 we ourselves1--are but the forms
 momentarily assumed by this protean    
entity in its ceaseless                 
transfigurations1 and have no more      
existence of their own than the ripples 
on a pool of water or the faces we see  
in the fire4 ,it follows that when the  
particular phase of this basic substance
 is ended which brings us into being1   
7or rather which we are17 we like       
everything else1 sink into blank        
nothing1--so that the mighty dead whom  

nations honour1 or the loved ones whose 
memory we cherish1 are blotted out of   
existence as utterly as the days and    
nights which made up the span of their  
lives4 ,but amongst its permutations and
 combinations this solitary reality can 
produce the phenomena which we call     
thought1 just as much as those which we 
call motion1 and accordingly the ,aeneid
 or ,hamlet is its work1 a mechanical   
product of evolution1 no less than a    
seam of coal1 or an eclipse of the moon4
  ,such1 in outline1 is the             
philosophical system which commends     
itself1 as ,professor ,haeckel assures  
us1#afe to all men of science1 who      
combine the necessary conditions1 of    
scientific knowledge1 mental acumen1    
moral courage1 and intellectual         
independence4 ,it may be rightly        
described as materialistic pantheism2   
for while1 according to it1 everything  
is equally divine1 in the only sense in 
which anything can be so1 everything is 
likewise equally material1 as falling   

under the category of what we know as   
matter1 and within the direct cognizance
 of physical science4  ,accurately to   
sketch a doctrine such as this is a task
 of no slight difficulty4 ,it           
undoubtedly contradicts the instinctive 
teaching of our consciousness1 so that1 
as ,professor ,haeckel admits#aff in the
 primitive stages of both religion and  
philosophy ,monism is unknown4          
,moreover1 even those who most loudly   
profess it1 have by no means as yet     
succeeded in realizing their own system1
 and after having from time to time     
formally enunciated its articles1       
proceed forthwith to ignore them1 and in
 the staple of their discourse speak    
like other men in terms which have no   
meaning if the tenets of their creed    
have any4 ,as a natural result their    
exposition of monistic doctrine is not  
very easy of apprehension1 but it seems 
to be not unfairly reflected in the     
above summary4  ,professor ,haeckel     
himself thus expounds that unifying     

conception of nature as a whole which we
 designate in a single word as          
,monism4#afg       ,by this we          
unambiguously express our conviction    
that there lives      one spirit in all 
things1 and that the whole cognizable   
world is      constituted1 and has been 
developed1 in accordance with one common
      fundamental law4 ,we emphasize by 
it1 in particular1 the essential        
unity of inorganic and organic nature1  
the latter having been      evolved from
 the former only at a comparatively late
 period4 ,we      cannot draw a sharp   
line of distinction between these two   
great      divisions of nature1 any more
 than we can recognize an absolute      
distinction between the animal and the  
vegetable kingdom1 or      between the  
lower animals and man4 ,similarly1 we   
regard the whole      of human knowledge
 as a structural unity2 in this sphere  
we refuse      to accept the distinction
 usually drawn between the natural and  
the      spiritual4 ,the latter is only 

a part of the former 7or vice           
vers72 both are one4 ,our monistic view 
of the world belongs1      therefore1 to
 that group of philosophical systems    
which from other      points of view    
have been designated also as mechanical 
or as      pantheistic4  ,more concisely
 and clearly1 ,professor ,romanes tells 
us3#afh       ,mental phenomena and     
physical phenomena1 although apparently 
diverse1 are really identical4  ,and in 
a work recently issued for the express  
purpose of expounding and diffusing the 
new gospel1 we read3#afi       ,just as 
the same particles of matter may at one 
time form parts of      a rose1 and at  
another time parts of a mushroom1 so the
 same force      may at one time strike 
a church as lightning1 and at another   
time      may be the mother-love that   
rocks the cradle4  ,if such conceptions 
are not easy to grasp1 there can be no  
doubt as to the practical conclusions to
 which they lead4 ,we have already heard
 from ,professor ,haeckel that human    

freedom is an utter delusion4 ,we have  
likewise seen that the only term in     
prospect is utter annihilation1 which   
,professor ,haeckel endeavours to       
persuade us is the consummation we ought
 to wish4  ,the best we can desire1 he  
says1#agj after a courageous life1 spent
 in doing good according to our light1  
is the eternal peace of the grave4      
',lord give them an eternal rest4'  ,it 
is evident however that in order to     
secure such a reward it is not necessary
 to show any courage1 or attempt any    
sort of good-work1 for according to him 
it equally awaits the most selfish and  
abandoned voluptuary4  ,finally1#aga    
,at our death there disappears only the 
individual form in which the            
nerve-substance was fashioned1 and the  
personal soul which      represented the
 work performed by this4 ,the           
complicated chemical      combinations  
of that nervous mass pass over into     
other      combinations--by             
decomposition1 and the kinetic energy   

produced by      them is transformed    
into other forms of nature4             
,imperial ,csar1 dead and turned to     
clay1       ,might stop a hole to keep  
the wind away1 etc4--           99      
99       99       99       99  which    
lines others besides ,haeckel are fond  
of quoting on this subject as if they   
had any possible connexion with it4 ,it 
would be more to the point1 and far more
 interesting1 were some indication      
afforded of the chemical equivalent of  
the qualities which made ,csar imperial1
 or those which distinguished the author
 of the above lines from the bards of   
our ,music ,halls4 ,that1 when a man is 
no more1 his material part may serve    
various material purposes1 is no more   
than was known to the first savage who  
made a drum with his enemy's skin1 or   
used his skull for a drinking-cup4  ,as 
has been said1 the ,monistic philosophy 
claims to be above all things           
scientific1 and upon this ground are we 
bidden to accept it4 ,but what is the   

meaning of this claim8 ,the one         
argument1 apart from mere assertion1    
brought to show that spirit is not      
distinct from matter1 is drawn from the 
part undoubtedly played by the brain in 
the process of thought1 though we see   
far less in this1 as in other           
connexions1 than the assertions made by 
unscientific writers might lead us to   
imagine4 ,but when all this is most     
fully acknowledged can it be said that  
the state of the question is changed    
from what it was8 ,to listen to         
,monists1 it might be supposed that the 
intimate connexion between soul and body
 is a new discovery1 undreamt of in     
former ages1--and that we have now      
arrived at a demonstration that it is   
our material part that actually does our
 thinking4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1   
like other fundamental questions1 this  
is exactly as it has ever been1 and so  
far as ,science is concerned1 we are    
just as much in the dark respecting it  
as men ever were4 ,though the           

philosophers of former days were unaware
 of all the departmental details of     
brain activity1 they understood as well 
as we do the essential point1 that in   
our composite nature soul and body form 
one being1 whose every operation is of  
mixed character like itself4 ,the soul  
alone is the intelligent principle1 yet 
all objects of knowledge must come to it
 through sense1 and in the senses it can
 be reached only by the mechanical media
 of light1 or sound1 or touch4 ,so firm 
was their grip of this principle that   
the ,schoolmen styled the soul the      
substantial form of the body1 and in    
their mouth this term expressed a union 
more essential and intimate than modern 
philosophers can perhaps imagine4  ,and1
 on the other hand1 have all the results
 of modern research brought anything to 
light which tends to show that matter   
can by any possibility think8 ,we are   
assured on the contrary1 upon           
unimpeachable authority1 that however we
 may succeed in tracing the mechanical  

processes of sensation to their furthest
 limit1 it remains absolutely           
inconceivable to us how the gulf is     
crossed that lies between this and      
rational perception4 ,so ,professor     
,tyndall tells us3#agb       ,the       
passage from the physics of the brain to
 the corresponding      facts of        
consciousness is unthinkable4 ,granted  
that a definite      thought and a      
definite molecular action in the brain  
occur      simultaneously1 we do not    
possess the intellectual organ1 nor     
apparently any rudiments of an organ1   
which would enable us to pass      by a 
process of reasoning from one to the    
other4 ,they appear      together1 but  
we do not know why4 ,were our minds and 
senses so      expanded as to enable us 
to see and feel the very molecules of   
the      brain1 were we capable of      
following all their motions1 all their  
groupings and electrical discharges1 if 
such there be1 and were we              
intimately acquainted with the          

corresponding states of thought and     
feeling1 we should be as far as ever    
from the solution of the                
problem--,how are these physical        
processes connected with the facts      
of consciousness8 ,the chasm between the
 two classes remains still              
intellectually impassable4  ,with these 
views ,professor ,huxley#agc expresses  
his agreement1 and although he contrives
 to confuse the issue very considerably1
 as is not unusual when he undertakes to
 philosophize1 he lays down in the      
clearest possible terms that nothing    
whatever is known as to the connexion of
 mechanical processes with thought1     
whence it follows that on this point    
,science has nothing to tell us4  ,i    
really know nothing whatever he writes  
and never hope to know anything1 of the 
steps by which the passage from         
molecular movement to states of         
consciousness is effected4  ,it should  
be needless to repeat that if nothing is
 known regarding all this1 it is mere   

charlatanism to pretend that ,science   
tells us anything about it1 and those   
who make such assertions use words to   
which no meaning can attach4            
,unfortunately such a practice is far   
from uncommon in connexion with these   
questions4 ,what sense can there be     
conceivable in the well-known           
materialistic doctrine that the brain   
secretes thought1 just as the proper    
organs secrete bile or saliva8 ,bile and
 saliva are material substances1 with a 
definite chemical constitution1 each    
adapted to one definite function4 ,but1 
,thought6 ,it would be as intelligible  
to talk of secreting the ,british       
,constitution1 the ,steam ,engine1 and  
the ,differential ,calculus4  ,so much  
for the sole basis of ,monistic         
argument4 ,when we turn to some other   
considerations it certainly becomes no  
easier to understand the claim of       
,monism to be scientific4 ,in the first 
place1 as we have seen1 in order to     
furnish the system with any semblance of

 truth1 it has been found necessary to  
attribute to the ultimate elements of   
matter qualities which all our          
experience denies them2 for ,professor  
,haeckel has told us that the two       
fundamental forms of substance1         
ponderable matter and ether1 are not    
dead1 and only moved by extrinsic force1
 but they are endowed with sensation and
 will4 ,of such attributes1 and that of 
self-mobility1 it is unnecessary to add 
anything to what has been said already4 
,assuredly nothing can look less like   
the great ultimate reality1 of whose    
ceaseless metamorphoses1 we are but a   
flitting phase1 than the material       
substances with which we can do what we 
like1 investigating their laws1         
exploring their constitution1 and       
setting them tasks which we know exactly
 how they will accomplish4  ,another    
point in the same connexion is no less  
important4 ,what is this one ,thing1    
this ,ultimate and ,solitary            
,self-existent ,reality1 from which     

,monism takes its title8 ,professor     
,haeckel has told us of two fundamental 
forms of substance1--ponderable matter  
and ether4 ,these he evidently supposes1
 as his creed requires1 to be radically 
the same3 but what right has he to take 
such a supposition for a fact8 and      
unless this unity be a fact1 what       
becomes of ,monism8 ,what has ,science  
ever discovered that can justify any one
 in speaking of ,ether and ,matter as   
one and the same8 ,how1 then1 can a     
theory that assumes their identity be   
termed scientific8  ,or1 leaving ,ether 
alone1 that half-discovered entity1 as  
,lord ,salisbury styled it on a famous  
occasion1 and restricting our attention 
to ponderable matter1 concerning which  
we know a little more1--how can even    
this be spoken of as ,one8 ,as we have  
seen already it is only by a figure of  
speech that the term ,matter can be used
 at all4 ,it stands not for a single    
thing1 but for countless millions and   
billions of atoms1 dispersed through    

space1 some of one kind some of another1
 no one of which can be imagined to owe 
its existence or its properties to any  
other4 ,to say that matter is           
self-existent is to say that every      
several atom is self-existent4 ,if this 
be so1 and if this be the ultimate      
,reality1--then there are as many first 
principles1 or first causes1 as there   
are atoms4 ,yet none of these could do  
anything to the purpose towards the     
evolution of anything1 without the      
concurrence of a multitude of others1   
nor would such concurrence be possible  
but for the reign of law1 which none of 
them can have instituted1 but to which  
all alike are subject4 ,were matter the 
great reality1 even matter composed of  
animated atoms1 the term ,monism would  
be sadly out of keeping1 and should     
yield its place to ,myriadism4 ,if1 on  
the other hand1 there is a unifying     
principle amid such diversity1 this it  
must be which can control and direct all
 to one end4  ,it is undoubtedly hard to

 understand how the ,first ,principle of
 all things can be supposed to consist  
of ,atoms1 but this is one of the       
perplexities in which monistic doctrines
 abound4 ,that atoms are1 so far as we  
know1 the ultimate constituents of the  
,fundamental ,reality1 ,professor       
,haeckel admits4 ,it is true1 he adds1  
that our knowledge of these ultimate    
elements is still far from satisfying1  
and he likewise anticipates that atoms  
will someday be discovered not really to
 be ultimate1 but forms of something1   
more primal still4       ,although he   
says#agd ,monism is on the one hand for 
us an      indispensable and fundamental
 conception in science1 and although1   
on the other hand1 it strives to carry  
back all phenomena1 without             
exception1 to the mechanism of the atom1
 we must nevertheless still      admit  
that as yet we are by no means in a     
position to form any      satisfactory  
conception of the exact nature of these 
atoms1 and      their relation to the   

general space-filling1 universal ether4 
,chemistry long ago succeeded in        
reducing all the various natural        
substances to combinations of a         
relatively small number of              
elements2 and the most recent advances  
of that science have made it      in the
 highest degree probable that these     
elements 444 are      themselves in turn
 only different combinations of a       
varying number      of atoms of one     
single original element4 ,but in all    
this we have      not as yet obtained   
any further light as to the real nature 
of      these original atoms or their   
primal energies4  ,from which it is     
clear1 that1 while the considerations   
above presented lose none of their      
force1 the ,monistic system1 by the     
avowal of its chief apostle1 is based on
 complete ignorance concerning all which
 could furnish it with a foundation4    
,but by far the most serious            
consideration yet remains4 ,if1         
according to ,monistic teaching men are 

but bubbles on the surface of reality1  
and are inevitably carried as it        
wills1--there is an end of all          
distinction between good and evil1 right
 and wrong1 merit and guilt4 ,one man1  
or one line of conduct1 is as good1 or  
as bad1 as another1 being all equally   
the products of ,evolution1 and aspects 
of the great ,monistic principle2--,jack
 the ,ripper1 and ,socrates1 ,messalina 
and ,queen ,victoria1 ,chief ,justice   
,scroggs and ,sir ,thomas ,more1 are    
none of them in any possible sense one  
whit better or worse than the           
others1--inasmuch as they all did but   
act as puppets actuated by one and the  
same original1 playing its own part in  
them all4  ,and in like manner as       
regards ,truth4 ,it must follow that a  
man's beliefs1 like his actions1 are as 
much beyond his own control as his      
stature or the colour of his hair4 ,if  
,professor ,haeckel calls ,monism       
supreme wisdom1 and ,i call it nonsense1
 we are equally right1 for each is the  

mouthpiece of the same one all-embracing
 first-principle4 ,what each believes is
 the only thing possible for him to     
believe1 and1 so far as he is concerned1
 is the only truth4  ,but here comes in 
a perplexity4 ,if such be the case1 if  
there be no ,free-will1 and no          
possibility whatever of doing or        
believing anything but what is          
predetermined for us as a necessary part
 of our being1--where is the sense of   
all the strenuous efforts that are being
 made to convert the people to a belief 
which1 according to its own principles1 
nothing in the world can make them      
accept1 unless nothing in the world can 
prevent them from accepting it8 ,what   
again is the meaning of organizations1  
such as we hear of1 for giving ethical  
instruction to the young on a ,monistic 
and determinist basis8 ,what can be the 
possible sense of giving ethical        
lectures to young people1 if it is      
really believed that the course of each 
is marked out for him more rigorously   

than the path of a city omnibus8 ,if    
said ,professor ,paul ,darnley in ,mr4  
,mallock's clever satire1--,if we would 
be solemn1 and high1 and happy1 and     
heroic1 and saintly1 we have but to     
strive and struggle to do what we cannot
 for an instant avoid doing1--namely1   
conform to the laws of matter4 ,if      
,monists were to limit their aspirations
 to this1 their teaching would at least 
be intelligible4 ,it ceases to be so1   
when they feel compelled to graft on    
their ,monistic stock the ,dualistic    
notions of ,right and ,wrong1 ,truth and
 ,error4 ,but1 as ,dr4 ,johnson said    
respecting ,free-will1 no one ever      
believes the arguments on the other     
side1 however loudly he may profess to  
do so4 ,and in the same way it is quite 
clear that no ,monist can get himself   
really to accept ,monism4#age     ,,xiv 
,,organic ,,evolution   ,we have now    
considered the question of ,evolution in
 the larger and more fundamental        
signification of the term to which1 as  

we noted at starting1 very different    
meanings are attached2 and at this stage
 of our discussion it will be convenient
 to sum up the main conclusions at which
 we have arrived4  ,it is1 in the first 
place1 unwarrantable to pretend that the
 discoveries of modern ,science1        
brilliant and marvellous as they        
undoubtedly are1 have thrown any light  
upon the origin of the ,material        
,universe1 or of its forces1 or of the  
laws according to which its operations  
proceed4 ,nor has ,science anything to  
tell as to the origin of life1 of       
sensation1 or of reason4 ,nothing as yet
 discovered by her1 or which she can    
discern any prospect of discovering1    
adds aught to our knowledge regarding   
such points as these4  ,therefore1 to   
say that the doctrine of ,evolution as  
affirmed by ,science1 explains the      
existence of the world we know1 is      
untrue and unscientific4  ,moreover1 we 
have seen that1 as a factor without     
which the ,order of ,nature is          

unintelligible1 the ,first ,cause to    
which her existence is owing must be    
possessed of ,intelligence1 determining 
her processes according to its purposes4
 ,hence it follows that no system of    
philosophy satisfies our reason which   
would find the ultimate explanation of  
all things in the forces of matter      
themselves which it is the province of  
,science to investigate4  ,on the other 
hand1 in maintaining that ,purpose must 
needs have acted1 we do not assume to   
pronounce as to the manner of its       
action4 ,to say that ,purpose rules     
every detail in the making or           
development of the universe1 does not by
 any means signify that it interferes at
 every step with the laws of ,nature4   
,rather1 these laws are the expression  
of ,purpose1--its machinery to secure   
its designed result4 ,assuming1 for     
instance1 the primeval existence of     
,professor ,huxley's cosmic nebula1 so  
constituted that the actual world was   
bound naturally to issue from it1 as    

does a chicken from an egg1 or an oak   
from an acorn1--while we find it        
inconceivable that such a piece of      
mechanism should originate without an   
intelligence to design it1--we have no  
difficulty in supposing that            
intelligence to have exhibited itself   
once for all at the first beginning1 and
 to have fashioned the actual world by  
shaping the causes or conditions by     
which it was to be produced1 thus making
 everything1 not directly and           
immediately but as ,st4 ,augustine held 
causaliter et seminaliter4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,there   
remains for consideration ,evolution in 
its narrower sense1 in which its        
operations are restricted to organic    
nature1 such ,evolution being commonly1 
but incorrectly1 identified with        
,darwinism4 ,understood thus1 ,evolution
 signifies no more than that the various
 species of animals and plants have     
descended genetically one from another1 
through a graduated series of           

intermediate forms which link them      
together4 ,darwinism is one particular  
mode of explaining how such             
transformations may be accounted        
for1--namely1 by what is known as       
,natural ,selection4 ,the theory of     
,evolution1 as thus concerned with      
,organic life in particular1 is         
compendiously described as              
,transformism1 under which head         
,darwinism is evidently included4       
,transformism makes no pretence to      
account for the origin of life1 whether 
animal or vegetable4 ,living things must
 exist before any question arises as to 
their transmutation4 ,but1 given the    
existence of life1 ,transformists       
undertake in the first place to show    
that ,organic ,evolution has1 as a      
matter of fact1 occurred1 and is still  
in process of occurrence2 and secondly1 
to exhibit the manner in which this     
process is actually worked out4 ,as to  
the first point1 all ,transformists1    
whether ,darwinians or others1 are      

necessarily at one1 for the fact of     
,evolution is equally essential for     
every explanation of its method4 ,it is 
when they come to explain in what manner
 evolutionary transformations have been 
wrought that ,transformists divide      
themselves into various schools1 each of
 which relies upon some particular      
factor to furnish the required          
explanation4 ,thus besides ,darwinians  
pure and simple1 there are              
neo-,darwinians1 ,lamarckians1          
neo-,lamarckians1 ,weismannists1 and    
others1 ascribing the results to        
physiological selection1                
sexual-selection1 or other forces1      
rather than natural selection4 ,of such 
systems1 however1 excepting only        
,darwinism1 it will be unnecessary to   
speak in particular4 ,the great         
fundamental question is whether genetic 
,evolution be really established as a   
fact1--which1 as has been said1 equally 
affects them all--and if it be advisable
 to treat more in detail of ,darwinism1 

it is not because this does not hold    
good of it as of the rest--but because  
this particular system has obtained such
 a position1 is so much in the mouths of
 men1 and has been made the basis of so 
many and such far-reaching consequences1
 that it is impossible to pass it by4   
,much the same may indeed be said even  
of the assumed fact of ,organic         
,evolution underlying all ,transformist 
theories4 ,this does not affect the     
fundamental problems with which we are  
concerned1 and leaving untouched1 as it 
does1 the question of the origin of     
,life it makes even less pretence than  
the cosmic-nebular hypothesis just      
spoken of to trace the operations of    
,nature to their ultimate source4 ,it   
might therefore appear superfluous to   
devote to it so much attention as1 if   
treated at all1 it must needs demand4   
,but1 whatever may thus appear from the 
point of view of strict logic1 it is    
abundantly evident that in common       
estimation the assumed fact of ,organic 

transformation is the foundation-stone  
of ,evolutionary systems of every kind4 
,and not unnaturally2 for here at last  
we have something with which ,science   
can deal1 strictly according to her own 
methods4 ,if she knows1 and can know1   
nothing from actual observation         
concerning the first beginnings of      
matter1 of the cosmic nebula1 or of     
life1 it is quite otherwise with the    
history of living things since they     
first appeared1 and with the phenomena  
of life as it exists and is propagated4 
,here are questions which are strictly  
scientific1 forming the subject-matter  
of ,palontology and ,biology1 and these 
,sciences supplemented by others1 such  
as ,geology1 ,physical ,geography1 and  
,astronomy1 furnish a mass of evidence  
bearing upon the subject of ,organic    
,evolution4 ,when therefore the great   
majority of men of ,science1 declare    
that the fact of genetic ,transformism  
is established beyond the possibility of
 doubt1 ,evolutionists find themselves  

supplied with a plausible foothold on   
which to stand and rest their fulcrum1  
while1 like ,archimedes1 they proceed to
 move the world4  ,that men of ,science 
generally thus agree1 cannot be         
questioned1 and although this agreement 
is by no means so universal as is       
popularly supposed1 there is no doubt   
that were the question to be settled by 
enumeration of the authorities on either
 side1 ,transformism would win easily4  
,it may also be freely acknowledged1    
that ,transformism in general and       
,darwinism in particular are theories to
 which on  priori grounds no exception  
need be taken1 and that1 so far at least
 as concerns their general scope1 apart 
from the origin of ,man1 no one can     
reasonably start with a prepossession   
against them4 ,nay1 we will go farther1 
and say that to our way of thinking it  
appears immensely more probable1 that   
things should always have gone on as    
they go on now1 by the operation of the 
same natural laws1 and that specific    

forms should have been naturally        
produced1 as individuals of a species   
are produced now1 by generation1--rather
 than that not only repeated acts of    
specific creation1 but any operations   
totally different from those we witness1
 should have occurred to interrupt1 and 
as we should judge1 to mar1 the ,law of 
,continuity4  ,all this is true4 ,but we
 are engaged on a scientific            
enquiry1--and if there be one principle 
more than another upon which ,science   
insists1 it is that we should prove all 
things1 not by authority1 but by        
evidence1--and that we should seek      
evidence1 not in pre-conceived ideas as 
to what should be1 but in observation of
 what is4 ,accordingly1 while we are    
most ready to accept ,transformism or   
,darwinism should we find solid reasons 
for doing so1 we are bound1 for the sake
 of ,science1 to demand unimpeachable   
proofs before subscribing to doctrines  
which are made responsible for so much4 
99       99       99       99       99  

,before proceeding farther it will be   
necessary to exhibit more in detail the 
exact character of the question we have 
to discuss4  ,according to the          
celebrated ,formula of ,mr4 ,herbert    
,spencer--,evolution is an integration  
of matter and concomitant dissipation of
 motion2 during which the matter passes 
from a relatively indefinite1 incoherent
 homogeneity1 to a relatively definite1 
coherent heterogeneity2 and during which
 the contained motion undergoes a       
parallel transformation4 ,it would be   
interesting to know what idea this      
definition conveys to many of those who 
are in the habit of quoting it1 but1 so 
far as organic ,evolution is concerned1 
it must mean that whereas in the earlier
 and lower forms of life one organ      
performed many different functions in an
 imperfect manner1 evolutionary         
development has gradually produced      
higher forms1 in which each function has
 its special organ1 by which it is more 
perfectly discharged4 ,as an extreme    

instance of the former condition1 the   
,hydra has but two organs1 an outside   
which respires1 and an inside which     
digests4 ,if it be turned inside out    
these functions are reversed2 the skin  
becoming the stomach1 and the stomach   
the skin4 ,thus ,evolution has been an  
ascending process from the lower to the 
higher1 from the less to the more       
organized4  ,such1 it must be added1 has
 undoubtedly been the course of life4   
,amongst plants and animals alike1 it   
began with lower and simpler forms1     
after which succeeded in due order      
others more developed and elaborately   
organized1 the order in which they came 
upon the scene being much the same as   
that in which we should naturally       
arrange their specimens in a museum4    
,thus in the vegetable kingdom1 first   
came such growths as sea-weeds and      
fungi1 followed by ferns and            
club-mosses1--yews and pines1--and so   
through grasses1 canes1 and palms1 to   
the highest group in which are included 

our forest trees and the bulk of our    
garden flowers4 ,in like manner1 the    
animal series1--to mention only leading 
groups of which evidence is             
found1--starting with almost            
structureless ,protozoa1 followed by    
such forms as starfish and sponges1     
worms1 molluscs and crustaceans1 has    
advanced to vertebrate                  
creatures--fishes1 amphibians1 reptiles1
 birds1 mammals1--and finally to man4   
,thus1 in a quite intelligible sense1   
there has certainly been ,evolution1 or 
development1--that is to say1 an orderly
 progression from lower types to higher1
 throughout the history of life on      
earth1 from its commencement to the     
present time4 ,but1 this is not the     
point4 ,was such ,evolution or          
development genetic8 ,was it wrought by 
descent with modification of form from  
form8 ,that is what we have to enquire4 
,if this has not been so1 there has been
 no ,evolution in the sense intended by 
,evolutionists4  ,according to their    

highest authority1 ,mr4 ,herbert        
,spencer1 ,evolution means the          
production of all organic forms by the  
accumulation of modifications and of    
divergences by the addition of          
differences to differences4             
,beyond all question he adds            
unlikenesses of structure gradually     
arise among the members of successive   
generations4 ,we find that      there is
 going on a modifying process of the    
kind alleged as the      source of      
specific differences1 a process which1  
though slow1 does1      in time1 produce
 changes--a process which to all        
appearance would      produce in        
millions of years any amount of         
changes4#agf  ,the ,transformist        
doctrine is1 therefore1 that one species
 of plants or animals1 has in natural   
course grown out of another1 through the
 aggregation of changes each exceedingly
 minute4 ,darwinism adds that the ruling
 principle of this process is ,natural  
,selection4 ,these are the points on    

which our enquiry turns1 and we may     
conveniently commence with the second4  
,,xv  ,,darwinism   ,it must first be   
observed that special consideration of  
,mr4 ,darwin's theory is rendered       
necessary even more imperatively on     
account of the claims advanced on his   
behalf by others1 than of those to which
 he himself made any pretence4 ,without 
question the idea prevails almost       
universally1 that he has furnished a    
scientific explanation of all organic   
phenomena through the operation of      
purely natural laws1 and has thus       
rendered obsolete the idea that any     
power beyond ,nature is required in     
order to account for the totality of    
things1 or that there are any features  
of the world which indicate the         
operation of intelligent purpose4  ,that
 such ideas should be widely prevalent  
amongst those who1 having no special    
acquaintance with the subject1 must     
depend for their knowledge on the       
popularizers of ,science1 is scarcely   

wonderful1 for such teachers1 with      
scarcely an exception1 so declare1 and  
occasionally real men of ,science lend  
the weight of their authority to similar
 statements4  ,it will be sufficient to 
cite ,professor ,haeckel1 who writes    
thus3#agg       ,it seemed to ,kant so  
impossible to explain the orderly       
processes in      the living organism   
without postulating super-natural final 
causes      7that is1 a purposive       
creative force7 that he said1 ,it is    
quite      certain that we cannot even  
satisfactorily understand1 much less    
elucidate1 the nature of an organism and
 its internal faculty on      purely    
mechanical natural principles--it is so 
certain1 indeed1      that we may       
confidently say3 ,it is absurd for a man
 even to      conceive the idea that    
some day a ,newton will arise who can   
explain      the origin of a single     
blade of grass by natural laws          
uncontrolled      by design4 ,such a    
hope is entirely forbidden us4 ,seventy 

years      afterwards this impossible   
,newton of the organic world appeared in
      the person of ,charles ,darwin1   
and achieved the great task that ,kant  
had deemed impracticable4  ,it is quite 
impossible to understand how such an    
assertion can be made by any one who    
knows the facts4 ,not only did ,mr4     
,darwin never profess to have achieved  
any thing of the kind1--he repeatedly   
and distinctly disclaimed and repudiated
 any such supposition4 ,thus at the very
 end of his life 7,august #bh1 #ahha7 he
 wrote concerning one who had spoken of 
him like ,professor ,haeckel3       ,he 
implies that my views explain the       
universe2 but it is a most              
monstrous exaggeration4 ,the more one   
thinks1 the more one feels      the     
hopeless immensity of man's ignorance4  
,if we consider the whole      universe1
 the mind refuses to look at it as the  
outcome of      chance4#agh ,the whole  
question seems to me insoluble4  ,but it
 should not be necessary to appeal to   

such disclaimers in order to show how   
absolutely unwarrantable are the        
pretensions made on ,mr4 ,darwin's      
behalf to have solved1 or to have       
attempted to solve1 the fundamental     
problems which scientific research      
unceasingly suggests but has never been 
able to elucidate4 ,it should be quite  
sufficient to examine his theory as it  
actually is1 and although its scope is  
immensely less ambitious than has been  
represented1 it still occupies1 even in 
its genuine form1 a position of         
sufficient importance to challenge      
investigation4  ,mr4 ,darwin's famous   
and epoch-making book1 published in     
,november1 #ahei1 was entitled ,on the  
,origin of ,species by means of ,natural
 ,selection1 or the ,preservation of    
,favoured ,races in the ,struggle for   
,life4 ,in it he undertook to show how  
from one species#agi of animals or      
plants1 another1 quite distinct from it1
 may be derived by means of processes   
which go on in ,nature every day1       

through the accumulation of minute      
differences occurring in successive     
generations1 and guided to their        
collective result by the force of       
,natural ,selection4 ,as man1 he argues1
 has by means of selection been able to 
produce in a brief space such           
astonishing varieties among his domestic
 animals and plants--as dogs1 pigeons1  
roses or apples1--,nature1 with the     
practically unlimited ages of geological
 time at her disposal1 must be able to  
produce far greater and more enduring   
transformations1 through the            
accumulation of minute differences1 such
 as those upon which man has worked1--if
 only a factor can be found which amid  
the infinity of diverse and discordant  
variations spontaneously occurring1     
could1 like the breeder or the gardener1
 pick out those leading to one          
particular result1 and thus secure its  
accomplishment4 ,such a force ,mr4      
,darwin conceives is found in ,natural  
,selection1 which he thus explains4     

,the tendency of organic life1 whether  
vegetable or animal1 being to propagate 
itself enormously1--and the             
life-sustaining capacity of the earth   
being limited1--it necessarily follows  
that only a fraction of the creatures   
which are born can survive to maturity1 
and that while those best fitted to live
 will live1 those less well fitted will 
die4 ,thus1 there is set up a constant  
struggle for existence1 in which every  
advantage1 however slight1 must tell1 so
 that those possessing such advantages  
in one generation will be the parents of
 the next4 ,but in the course of        
propagation1 the offspring never exactly
 reproduce the parent form1 from which  
they vary1 some in one way some in      
another1 and as some of these variations
 cannot help being advantageous to their
 possessors in the struggle1 we have    
here the required factor for the        
production of new forms4 ,any thus      
beneficially equipped1 7although the    
variation1 and consequently the         

advantage1 must in each instance be     
exceedingly slight17 will have the      
chances on their side against their less
 favoured fellows1 whom in the long run 
they will supplant4 ,and as their       
offspring1 or some of them1 will carry  
the profitable variation somewhat       
further1 the stream of life will thus be
 set in such a direction as will        
ultimately bring about what might at    
first appear impossible metamorphoses4  
,thus1 to take a simple and favourite   
illustration1#ahj winged insects        
inhabiting an island far from other     
land1 are liable to be blown out to sea 
and drowned4 ,it is in consequence1 an  
advantage to them to have their power of
 flight curtailed1 or taken away1 and   
consequently in such situations their   
wings are generally found to be so      
reduced as to permit little or even     
nothing in the way of flying4 ,or to    
take an example of another kind1#aha the
 extraordinary length of neck which     
characterizes the giraffe enables it to 

browse on the higher branches of trees  
inaccessible to other vegetable feeders1
 and thus gives it an advantage over    
them in times of drought and scarcity of
 fodder4 ,it can accordingly be easily  
understood1 how its present structure   
has resulted from gradual elongations of
 the neck1 each conferring on its       
possessor a slight advantage4  ,the work
 attributed to ,natural ,selection in   
such instances1 though no doubt highly  
important1 is comparatively facile1 and 
it would be difficult to say that it    
could not be accomplished4 ,but ,mr4    
,darwin ascribes to the same factor1 not
 merely such modification of existing   
structures1 but the creation of entirely
 new mechanisms for specific purposes4  
,we have1 for instance1 heard his       
description of the eye and its manifold 
inimitable contrivances3 yet all these1 
he persuaded himself1 might be thus     
accounted for4 ,the idea1 he            
confessed1#ahb seems at first sight     
preposterous2 yet1 though not without   

much difficulty1#ahc he succeeded in    
convincing himself1 that given the      
rudest and most rudimentary form of eye 
to start with--no more than a nerve     
sensitive to light but incapable of     
forming an image--,natural ,selection   
might develop therefrom1 through an     
infinite series of gradations the       
inconceivably complex machine that is   
now found in the higher vertebrates1#ahd
 and the totally different but equally  
marvellous organs of sight possessed by 
insects1 crustaceans1 and other         
creatures4  ,in like manner1 ,mr4       
,darwin contended1 might the most       
complex and wonderful instincts be      
generated4 ,as an example may be cited  
that by which the hive-bee constructs   
its combs--of which he thus speaks3#ahe 
,he must be a dull man who can examine  
the exquisite structure of a      comb1 
so beautifully adapted to its end1      
without enthusiastic      admiration4   
,we hear from mathematicians that bees  
have practically      solved a recondite

 problem1 and have made their cells of  
the proper      shape to hold the       
greatest possible amount of honey1 with 
the least      possible consumption of  
precious wax in their construction4 ,it 
has      been remarked that a skilful   
workman with fitting tools and          
measures1 would find it very difficult  
to make cells of wax of the      true   
form1 though this is perfectly effected 
by a crowd of bees      working in a    
dark hive4#ahf ,granting whatever       
instincts you      please1 it seems at  
first sight quite inconceivable how they
 can      make all the necessary angles 
and planes1 or even perceive when       
they are correctly made4 ,but the       
difficulty is not nearly so great       
as it at first appears3 all this        
beautiful work can be shown1 ,i         
think1 to follow from a few simple      
instincts4  ,he accordingly proceeds to 
argue1 that beginning with circular     
cells1 like those of ,humble ,bees1 and 
progressing through an intermediate     

form1 circular where free1 but with flat
 partition walls where two or more cells
 touch one another1 it is quite possible
 to suppose that ,natural ,selection has
 effected the whole improvement1 those  
insects which accomplished any advance  
towards more scientific workmanship1 and
 thus made materials go further1 having 
been able to secure a livelihood better 
than their competitors4  ,such in brief 
outline is the ,darwinian system1 which 
undertakes to account for all the       
alleged facts of ,organic ,evolution by 
means of the above factor1 variously    
described as ,natural ,selection1 or the
 ,survival of the fittest in the        
,struggle for ,existence4 ,it should be 
remembered1 though it is constantly     
forgotten1 that it is this particular   
theory as to the working-cause of       
evolutionary transformations which is   
the essence of ,darwinism4 ,mr4 ,darwin 
did not originate the idea of genetic   
transformism1 which is almost           
necessarily suggested by the systematic 

development of life-forms to which      
,geology bears witness4 ,consequently1  
long before he came on the scene1 the   
doctrine of transformation had been     
propounded1 especially by ,lamarck1 and 
if it had met with no general           
acceptance1 this was chiefly because no 
force was indicated which seemed to     
offer a satisfactory account of the mode
 in which the required changes could    
have been wrought4 ,such a force ,mr4   
,darwin's ,natural ,selection was widely
 taken to furnish1 and his theory was   
eagerly welcomed and adopted by those   
who only required such a basis on which 
to ground beliefs to which they were    
already predisposed1 and ,darwinism thus
 obtained that pre-eminent position     
which it still retains1 at least in     
popular estimation4  ,two special       
arguments may here be mentioned1 which1 
although they really apply to all       
systems of ,organic ,evolution1 have    
obtained a prescriptive right to be     
quoted particularly in favour of        

,darwinism1 their bearing on which is   
easily seen4  ,the first is based on the
 frequent occurrence of rudimentary1    
fragmentary1 or vestigial structures in 
animals and plants1 which1 although now 
seemingly useless1 or even harmful1 to  
their possessors1 may be assumed to have
 been of service to their ancestors1 but
 under changed conditions to have been  
thrown out of work by ,natural          
,selection1 and atrophied by disuse4    
,such are--the splint-bones of the      
horse1 representing lost digits1--the   
rudimentary legs of some whales and     
serpents1--the mammae and mammary glands
 of male mammals2 and in the vegetable  
kingdom1--the aborted pistil in male    
florets of some compositae1--the useless
 corolla of certain wind-fertilized     
flowers1 as plantago1 and indeed the    
whole floral apparatus of plants which1 
like ,wordsworth's pet the ,lesser      
,celandine1#ahg seldom ripen their      
seeds1 but depend on other methods of   
propagation4 ,the other fact cited on   

behalf of ,darwinism is unquestionably  
very striking4 ,in the course of their  
embryonic development1 and even in the  
initial stages of their life after      
birth1 higher animals pass through      
various phases in which they exhibit the
 characteristics of lower forms4 ,thus  
all life starts from a cell1 in which   
there is nothing to shew whether it is  
ever to be anything more than a cell1 or
 is to evolve a plant or animal1--nor1  
in this latter case1 what sort of animal
 it is to be--a mollusc1 for instance1 a
 frog1 or a mammal4 ,at a later         
stage#ahh it is impossible to           
distinguish the embryos of lizards1     
birds1 and mammals except by size4 ,even
 the human fetus at an early period     
bears vestiges of gill-clefts or arches1
 pointing to an aquatic existence4 ,when
 the extremities come to be             
developed1#ahi ,the feet of lizards and 
mammals1 the wings and feet of birds1 no
 less than the hands and feet of man1   
all arise from the same fundamental     

form4 ,the young of flat-fish such as   
soles and turbots1 when they leave the  
egg are not flat1 but shaped like       
ordinary fish1 and they wear their eyes 
in the normal fashion1 one on each side 
of their head1 not both on the same side
 like their parents--whose form however 
they presently by degrees assume4 ,young
 lions and black birds are spotted1     
showing their affinity respectively to  
panthers and thrushes--and so on in     
numberless instances4 ,all such         
features1 it is assumed1 indicate the   
phylogeny of each animal1 or the history
 of the race to which it belongs4 ,as   
,professor ,milnes ,marshall succinctly 
put the matter3#aij       ,the phases   
through which an animal passes in its   
progress from the      egg to the adult 
are no accidental freaks1 no mere       
matters of      developmental           
convenience1 but represent more or less 
closely 444      the successive         
ancestral stages through which the      
present condition      has been         

acquired4 ,evolution tells us that each 
animal has had a      pedigree in the   
past4 ,embryology reveals to us this    
ancestry1      because every animal in  
its own development repeats this        
history1      climbs up its own         
genealogical tree4  ,such are not by any
 means the only instances in which the  
,darwinist can appeal to ,nature for    
facts with which his theory well agrees1
 and which therefore so far furnish a   
persuasive argument in its favour2 but  
these are perhaps the chief ones1 and   
the best known1 and may serve as        
representative of their class which it  
is impossible for us to examine in      
detail4  ,it now remains to enquire how 
far1 from the point of view of ,science1
 with which alone we are concerned1 the 
,darwinian hypothesis can make good its 
claim to our acceptance4 ,when we       
proceed accordingly to examine the      
grounds upon which it rests1 it must be 
confessed that as we do so it becomes   
increasingly difficult to understand how

 such a theory has been able to obtain  
such wide acceptance1 especially on the 
ground that scientific evidence is in   
its favour4  ,on the very threshold of  
any such enquiry lies a difficulty the  
gravity of which seems to be strangely  
overlooked4 ,darwinism by its own       
confession knows nothing of ,origins1   
not even of the ,origin of ,species     
itself4 ,there must be life already     
existing before ,natural ,selection has 
anything to select2 there must be eyes  
and honey-cells of some kind1 before    
they can be improved2 there must be     
,species1 before one can be transformed 
into another4 ,is it not evident1       
however1 that the cause--of whatever    
kind it may be--which brought any of    
these into being1 must have             
something1--not to say everything1--to  
do with the capacities and              
potentialities by which its future      
history is conditioned8 ,but this       
supreme and vital factor ,mr4 ,darwin   
entirely eliminates from his            

calculation4 ,in his system1 the        
initiating force has no more to do with 
the subsequent career of its            
productions1 than has the gas which     
lifts a balloon with the direction in   
which it travels4 ,it is not1 on his    
theory1 as the impulse which1 besides   
raising from earth an arrow or rifle    
bullet1 directs it to a goal1 but1 on   
the contrary1 an organism once launched 
on its course is left to be driven      
hither and thither and twisted into this
 form and that1 as clouds are by the    
wind4 ,for the variations through which 
transformations are wrought1 ,darwin    
could find no better epithet than       
fortuitous1 and it is laid down by his  
staunchest disciples that if such       
variations be predetermined towards     
certain results1 there is an end of     
,darwinism4  ,it is not easy to         
understand how any theory can be deemed 
satisfactory which thus ignores the     
initial force1 of whose existence and   
potency we have far clearer evidence    

than of any other4  ,when we turn from  
its omissions to study ,darwinism as it 
is1 obviously1 in the first place1      
still1 more than forty years since it   
was given to the world1 it remains only 
an hypothesis1 based not upon           
observation or experiment but           
speculation4 ,in no single instance1    
past or contemporary1 is one species    
known to have originated from another4  
,the fact upon which ,mr4 ,darwin       
primarily relies is that of variation4  
,undoubtedly amongst both plants and    
animals the offspring are not mere      
slavish reproductions of their parents1 
as if cast in the same mould1 but       
exhibit individual differences1 working 
upon which in domesticated instances1   
man can by selection produce wonderful  
varieties1 as has already been admitted4
 ,but1 as ,m4 de ,quatrefages says1#aia 
this tells us no more than that species 
admit of variation2 it does not prove   
that they are capable of transformation1
 which is the whole point4 ,certainly1  

such transformation has never within our
 knowledge been effected4 ,no breeder or
 fancier has succeeded1 or can hope to  
succeed1 in producing a new species4    
,moreover1 as was pointed out by a      
critic whose ability ,mr4 ,darwin       
himself candidly acknowledged1#aib the  
range of variability as we find it in   
any species is strictly limited1 and    
although at first it is easy1--in the   
case of some few animals or plants1--to 
make great changes in particular        
directions1 by selective breeding1 it   
becomes more and more difficult as we   
proceed to continue in the same line4   
,if1 for instance1 in the case of       
pigeons1 a bird can be produced in six  
years with head and beak only one-half  
the size of those whence the process    
started1 are we to say that in twelve   
years their bulk will be reduced to a   
quarter1 and in twenty-four to an       
eighth8 ,no one could suppose anything  
so absurd4 ,mr4 ,darwin would answer1   
that he relies upon the vast periods of 

geologic time to produce alterations    
such as we cannot possibly attempt      
within the few years at our disposal4   
,but1 it is replied1 no length of time  
will avail anything for such a purpose1 
unless there be some force to produce   
variations in the required direction1 to
 the required extent4 ,such a force is  
not proved to exist--all the evidence is
 against it4 ,where art is most         
practised in improvement of breeds1 or  
the obtaining of any peculiarities--as  
with the speed of racehorses1 the size  
of toy-terriers1 or the points of prize 
cattle1 it becomes most strikingly      
apparent that we have reached a limit   
beyond which species will not vary4 ,and
 until such a cause as we require is    
fully proved to exist1 its supposed     
effects cannot be made the basis of     
scientific argument4       ,a given     
animal or plant1 says the ,reviewer     
appears to be      contained1 as it     
were1 within a sphere of variation2 one 
individual      lies near one portion of

 the surface1 another individual near   
another part of the surface2 the average
 animal at the centre4 ,any             
individual may produce descendants      
varying in any direction1 but is        
more likely to produce descendants      
varying towards the centre of      the  
sphere1 and the variations in that      
direction will be greater in      amount
 than the variations towards the        
surface4 ,thus a set of      racers of  
equal merit indiscriminately breeding   
will produce more      colts and foals  
of inferior than of superior breed1 and 
the falling      off of the degenerate  
will be greater than the improvement of 
the      select 7p4 #bhb74  ,similarly  
,m4 ,blanchard declares3#aic       ,all 
investigation and observation make it   
clear that1 while the      variability  
of creatures in a state of nature       
displays itself in      very different  
degrees1 yet in its most astonishing    
manifestations      it remains confined 
within a circle beyond which it cannot  

pass4  ,and the facts of nature1 as we  
know them1 far from favouring the       
instability of species1 exhibit a       
tenacity of form compelling us to treat 
them as practically immutable4 ,thus1 as
 ,mr4 ,carruthers points out1#aid in the
 notoriously variable genus ,salix1 or  
willow-tribe1 which seems to be actively
 advancing towards a multiplication of  
its subdivisions1 sub-genera1 species1  
varieties1 and hybrid forms1--one       
species is found1 ,s4 polaris1 dating   
from before the ,glacial ,epoch1 which  
has been driven from ,england and other 
lands1 by climatic changes1 to within   
the ,arctic circle of both              
,hemispheres1--yet amid this stress of  
circumstances has preserved its specific
 identity1 down even to the casual      
variations1 which might be supposed to  
furnish the starting-points for new     
developments4 ,yet in this tribe1 if    
anywhere1 evidence of specific evolution
 might be looked for4#aie  ,other       
instances seem to show that even under  

new and trying conditions those         
creatures survive best which keep       
closest to the central family type1 not 
those which diverge in any direction4   
,thus1 of ,european sparrows introduced 
in ,america1 ,mr4 ,bumpus writes3#aif   
,natural ,selection is most destructive 
of those birds which have      departed 
most from the ideal type1 and its       
activity raises the      general        
standard by favouring those birds which 
approach the      structural ideal4     
,variation supplies the raw material    
upon which ,natural ,selection is       
supposed to work4 ,when we turn to      
examine the process by which its results
 should be produced1 we find1 quite     
apart from the above difficulties1 a    
crop of others still more formidable4   
,it must be remembered1 that the        
variations on which ,natural ,selection 
must work are in each instance extremely
 minute1 well-nigh infinitesimal4 ,mr4  
,darwin was as strongly opposed to the  
idea of ,nature making sudden bounds1 as

 to that of a predetermined course of   
development4 ,but1 he argued1 an extra  
chance of living1 however slight1 must  
necessarily tell in the long run1 the   
theory of probabilities giving results  
as certain as any others in mathematics1
 and1 according to these1 we may        
confidently say that1 given sufficient  
time1 the favoured individuals would    
infallibly distance their competitors4  
,the impressiveness of such an argument 
depends upon its seemingly mathematical 
character1 which is however wholly      
fallacious1 for the probabilities are   
all the other way4 ,it is perfectly true
 that a beneficial variation however    
slight will confer on its happy         
possessor a corresponding advantage in  
the struggle for life1 as compared with 
each individual of the non-favoured     
herd1 but1 as to that herd collectively1
 the chances would1 on the contrary1    
ensure that some of its members should  
outlive the favoured one4 ,let us even  
imagine the advantage of the latter to  

be very great1 great enough to double   
his chances1 so that the odds on his    
surviving each of his fellows will be   
two to one4 ,yet if there be a dozen of 
them to contend with1 the odds will be  
six to one against his surviving the    
lot4 ,and what of the actual case of    
minutest benefits conferred by          
variation8 ,in order to give them even  
an equal chance of survival1 the numbers
 of those possessing such advantages    
must be large in proportion as the      
advantages themselves are small4 ,thus1 
if a variation increases the chance of  
life by one-thousandth part1 so that the
 odds on its possessor are #ajja1       
against #ajjj on each non-possessor1 yet
 unless the number of possessors be to  
that of non-possessors as #a1jjj to     
#a1jja1 their collective chances will   
not even be equal4 ,as it is quite      
absurd to suppose that casual variations
 could ever occur in such wholesale     
fashion1 how can it be supposed that1   
were ,natural ,selection the only factor

 operating1 minute advantages could be  
accumulated by variation even in the    
simplest cases8  ,but it is also hard to
 suppose that in any actual case is the 
matter so simple as it appears to our   
limited comprehension4 ,to take for     
instance the above example of the       
giraffe4 ,it is very well to have a neck
 that will reach high-branches of a     
tree1--but this is not everything4 ,for 
the mere prolongation of life1 much else
 is required1 fleet limbs to distance   
lions1 and keen senses1 sight1 hearing1 
and smell1 to give warning of the       
approach of human or other hunters1 to  
say nothing of the extra strengthening  
of muscles and bones which increased    
size and weight demands4 ,unless1       
however1 improvements in all these      
respects happened casually to concur in 
the same individual1 which could        
scarcely happen1 it is clear that each  
would militate against the others1 for  
the survival of an individual           
beneficially developed in one respect1  

would tend to the extinction of other   
beneficial developments1 possessed by   
individuals whom he overcame in the     
struggle for life4  ,even the case of   
the insular insects is by no means so   
plain as might at first sight appear4   
,there can be no doubt that wings are of
 some advantage1 or on no system could  
they be supposed to exist4 ,nor do their
 advantages cease because disadvantages 
outweigh them4 ,if some insects are     
blown out to sea when flying1 others    
will doubtless perish in one way or     
another because they cannot fly4 ,it may
 even be that those which can fly best  
will survive1 as being able to make head
 against a breeze which overpowers      
others4 ,natural ,selection will thus   
have many arrows in its quiver1 some of 
which must reach the wrong objects4     
,still more clearly does this appear in 
the case of complex structures in which1
 if they were produced as ,mr4 ,darwin  
supposes1 variation must have hit       
simultaneously upon independent         

contrivances1 without each of which all 
the others would be useless and confer  
no benefit at all4 ,in the eye1 for     
example1 to mention but one or two of   
innumerable similar points1 it would be 
of no avail to have a retina1 even such 
as has been described1 without a lens to
 throw an image upon it1 set just at the
 proper distance1 and provided with     
muscles to alter its shape according to 
the distance of the object4 ,how can    
,natural ,selection be even conceived to
 have set to work on such a task as     
this8  ,it is still more fundamental to 
observe that1 according to ,mr4         
,darwin's own showing1 ,natural         
,selection is purely negative in its    
action4 ,if it does select1 it selects  
for death and not for life4#aig ,it can 
originate nothing1 but only destroy4    
,all that it does for favoured races is 
to spare them while it sweeps away      
others1 and the sole benefit they derive
 from it is to have more ample resources
 upon which to draw4 ,but as for        

anything they possess in the way of     
structure or character1 they must derive
 it entirely from themselves--,natural  
,selection can no more confer it1 than  
the labourer who weeds a garden bed     
makes the flowers that grow there4 ,let 
it be imagined that the first human     
beings on earth1 any number of thousand 
years ago1 planted a garden1 and        
determined to produce a rose1 by        
eliminating every plant that did not    
show some promise of progress           
rose-wards4 ,let the gardeners have been
 endowed with acumen sufficient to      
detect every symptom of such a tendency1
 and let their operations have been     
carried on without interruption to this 
day1--it is obvious that if roses had   
resulted1 it could only be because among
 the plants they allowed to remain there
 existed a rose-making quality of some  
kind1 to which1 and not to anything done
 by human art or skill1 the result was  
due4 ,it would likewise have to be      
supposed that there were infinite other 

potentialities latent in the original   
plants1 as of evolving thistles1        
shamrocks1 or leeks--all equally        
awaiting their opportunity4 ,selective  
action could effectually put such       
competitors out of the way2 but in the  
way of developing a race it could but   
leave it entirely to itself4 ,precisely 
similar is the part played by ,natural  
,selection1 except that it must needs   
play it immensely more slowly1--and if  
no one can fancy that human agency could
 by any possibility grow roses unless   
from some stock predetermined to grow   
into a rose and nothing else1 what      
grounds have we that can be called      
scientific for attributing to a blind   
struggle for life an incomparably       
greater potency8 ,nor does it avail to  
quote the immense extent of time which  
may be supposed to have been available4 
,no more than ,natural ,selection has   
time by itself any creative power4 ,we  
know on the contrary by experience1 that
 when things are not controlled by some 

principle of order1 the lapse of time   
serves only to make confusion worse     
confounded4  ,another consideration of  
prime importance is too frequently      
ignored4 ,on ,darwinian principles1 each
 step in any development can be made1   
not because it leads to an advantageous 
result in the future1 but only because  
it is itself advantageous4 ,at each     
stage favoured individuals survive      
others because they are favoured here   
and now1 not because1 when the          
development they promote shall be       
completed1 their remote descendants will
 be favoured4 ,hence it must1 for       
instance1 be possible to suppose1 that  
all the intermediate forms between two  
extremes1 whereof one is supposed to    
have originated the other1 were1 each in
 its day1 so beneficial as to preserve  
their possessors at the expense of      
non-possessors4 ,but can this possibly  
be even imagined8  ,to take one example4
 ,we have heard1 speaking of embryology1
 that the feet of lizards and the wings 

and feet of birds arise from the same   
fundamental form of limb1 whence it is  
argued that birds and lizards are alike 
descended from a common sauroid1 or     
lizard-like1 ancestor1 whose limbs in   
the case of the former class have       
developed into wings and into feet of a 
totally new type1--while scales were    
developing into feathers1 and           
innumerable alterations of internal     
structure were simultaneously in        
progress4 ,but if so1 to confine our    
attention to one particular1 it must be 
true that each of the innumerable minute
 gradations between the fore-limb of a  
lizard and the wing of a bird1 was in   
its turn the best kind of member for a  
creature to possess1 giving him a       
distinct advantage in the struggle for  
existence4 ,nothing1 however1 appears   
plainer than that this could not        
possibly have been the case4 ,the limb  
shaping towards a wing would be a very  
clumsy and inefficient leg long before  
it got to the point at which it became  

of the slightest use for purposes of    
flight1 that is to say before its       
alteration was accompanied by any       
utility whatever4 ,we can neither       
imagine that creatures furnished with   
limbs of such intermediate forms could  
have been otherwise than hopelessly     
handicapped by them1 nor do we find     
anywhere in the rocks any trace whatever
 of the innumerable series of           
modifications which would be needed to  
link by imperceptible gradations legs   
and wings together4  ,it only serves to 
make the matter less intelligible1 that 
there are found in ,secondary strata    
some few relics of birds with decidedly 
saurian characteristics1#aih as the     
,hesperornis and ,ichthyornis in the    
,chalk1 and the ,archopteryx1 most      
ancient of fowls1 lower still1 in the   
,oolite4 ,all these creatures have      
lizard-like heads and teeth2 the        
,archopteryx in addition has decidedly  
reptilian characters connected with its 
wings and tail4 ,but none of them throw 

the slightest light upon the point we   
are now considering4 ,in the case of    
all1 the problem of flight has been     
completely solved4 ,their wings are no  
rudimentary structures half way between 
legs and wings1 but as finished         
productions as those of to-day4 ,as     
,professor ,huxley acknowledges1 if the 
skeletons of ,hesperornis and           
,icthyornis had been found without their
 skulls1 they would probably have been  
classed without more ado amongst        
existing birds4 ,the latter has1 he     
tells us1 strong wings1 and no doubt    
possessed corresponding powers of       
flight4 ,the wings of ,hesperornis1 he  
says1 resemble those of our divers and  
grebes1 and were probably used1 like    
theirs1 chiefly for swimming4#aii ,as   
for the ,archopteryx1 its reptilian     
features notwithstanding1 it is a       
perfectly-appointed bird4 ,as ,sir      
,richard ,owen testifies1#bjj its wing1 
despite the peculiarities mentioned1 is 
completely developed as to all          

essentials4 ,nor does even this member  
furnish the creature with its most      
bird-like characteristics1--but the     
keeled breast-bone1 so intimately       
connected with the requirements of      
flight1--and1 still more markedly1 the  
feet4 ,professor ,huxley writes3 ,the   
feet are not only altogether bird-like1 
but have the special character of the   
feet of perching birds2 while the body  
had a clothing of true feathers4  ,thus1
 to whatever these ,saurian birds may   
testify1--and the extreme importance of 
their evidence none will question--they 
no more serve to bridge the gulf between
 reptiles and birds1 than a group of    
volcanic islets like the ,azores bridges
 the ,atlantic1 for they supply no      
vestige of a continuous way from one    
term to the other4 ,rather1 they do but 
enhance the mystery of the              
transformation1 to the manner of which1 
despite their composite features1 they  
furnish no clue4  ,all such difficulties
 are enormously aggravated by a         

consideration which1 obvious as it is1  
seems seldom to be considered4 ,the     
arguments we commonly hear appear to    
imply that one parent is sufficient to  
secure the transmission of a beneficial 
variation to the next generation4 ,but1 
of course1 the parent requires a mate1  
and unless this mate has chanced to hit 
on the same line of variation1 it cannot
 be supposed that it will be            
transmitted4 ,seeing1 however1 the      
exceeding minuteness of these variations
 in each instance1 they can avail       
nothing to bring together the right     
mates to perpetuate them4 ,two reptiles1
 for instance1 are not the more likely  
to pair because their fore limbs have   
taken the first faint and distant step  
towards becoming wings1 while in the    
vegetable kingdom1 notwithstanding      
,erasmus ,darwin's ,loves of the        
,plants1 the idea of any choice of      
partners is still more grotesque4 ,the  
allotment of mates must therefore be    
left to ,chance2 and the results will   

follow the ordinary laws of probability4
 ,accordingly1 if we suppose so large a 
proportion as five per cent41 or one in 
twenty1 of any species to possess an    
advantageous variation1--only one in    
twenty of the individuals thus favoured 
will secure a similarly favoured        
mate1--for each will have nineteen wrong
 selections offered to him or her1 for  
one right one4 ,only one pair in four   
hundred will therefore transmit the     
variation to five per cent4 of their    
offspring1 or one in eight thousand of  
the species1 and of these only one pair 
in a-hundred-and-sixty-thousand will    
make an advantageous match4 ,such is the
 inevitable consequence of leaving any  
definite result to ,chance3 and here it 
is that ,natural ,selection is found to 
betray the most fatal of all its        
deficiencies2 for1 whatever its         
advocates may say1 it is ,chance and    
,chance alone upon which it relies4     
,just because man can and does select   
the proper mates1 is he able to produce 

by breeding the results to which ,mr4   
,darwin appeals as evidence1 that       
,nature having no such power of         
selection1 must be able to produce      
results of which man cannot even        
dream4#bja  ,natural ,selection is in   
truth no selection at all1 that is just 
its weak point1 which the title         
conferred upon it serves to hide4 ,what 
are called its products owe no more to  
it than ,wellington owed his generalship
 to the bullets which did not hit him at
 ,seringapatam4 ,if they are not        
determined to a particular development  
they can attain it only by ,chance4  ,of
 ,chance1 enough has already been said4 
,it is1 however1 worth our while to     
observe how constantly to the last ,mr4 
,darwin was haunted by the consciousness
 that this was in reality the factor    
upon which his system must depend1 and  
that it could not possibly account for  
much that he came across in nature4 ,if1
 as he confessed1 the sight of a        
peacock's tail-feather made him sick1 it

 was just because its elaborate beauty1 
to which no commensurate advantage can  
be supposed to attach1 forbade the      
notion that his theory could account for
 it4 ,so1 of another still more         
marvellous instance in which ,nature    
exhibits artistic power1 namely the     
ball-and-socket ornament on the wings of
 the ,argus pheasant1 he writes3#bjb    
,no one1 ,i presume1 will attribute this
 shading1 which has excited      the    
admiration of many experienced artists1 
to chance--to the      fortuitous       
concourse of atoms of colouring matter4 
,that these      ornaments should have  
been formed through the selection of    
many      successive variations1 not one
 of which was originally intended to    
produce the ball-and-socket effect1     
seems as incredible as that one      of 
,raphael's ,madonnas should have been   
formed by the selection of      chance  
daubs of paints made by a long          
succession of young artists1      not   
one of whom intended at first to draw   

the human figure4  ,illustration3  #a4  
,basal portion of secondary             
wing-feather2 nearest body1 shewing     
first rudiment of ocelli4  #b4 ,portion 
of secondary wing-feather near body1    
shewing elliptic ornaments4  #c4 ,part  
of secondary wing-feather1 shewing      
developed ocelli4  ,feathers from wing  
of ,argus ,pheasant1 from ,darwin's     
,descent of ,man4  ,nevertheless1 ,mr4  
,darwin proceeds to argue at            
considerable length that an explanation 
consistent with his theory is favoured  
by the occurrence on the same wings of  
designs exhibiting every stage of       
gradation from a mere spot to the       
finished ball-and-socket ocellus2 in the
 same way as the tail feathers of a     
peacock advance from a mere sketch to   
the completed design4 ,it is not easy1  
however1 to understand in what way this 
is supposed to solve the difficulty and 
not vastly to increase it4 ,that a      
finished artistic effect should be      
fortuitously produced at all would be   

incredible enough4 ,that it should be   
worked up by ,chance through a series of
 processes1 each doing something towards
 its completion1 is surely not less1 but
 far more inconceivable4  ,in such a    
mode of explanation1 however1 is        
exemplified a feature which must not be 
forgotten in discussing                 
,darwinism1--namely the fatal facility  
with which seeming arguments can be     
procured on its behalf4 ,as ,mr4 ,mivart
 well remarks3#bjc ,the ,darwinian      
theory has the great advantage of only  
needing for its support the suggestion  
of some possible utility1 actual or     
ancestral1 in each case--no difficult   
task for an ingenious1 patient1 and     
accomplished thinker4 ,and our ,north   
,british ,reviewer makes a similar      
comment3 ,the believer who is at liberty
 to invent any imaginary circumstances1 
will very generally be able to conceive 
some series of transmutations answering 
his wants4  ,or if1 as in the above     
instance of the ,argus' eyes1 a series  

is actually found1 it is even less      
difficult to take for granted that it   
can have but one significance2 while    
such assumptions are too frequently     
accepted without hesitation or demur1   
although it would be no easy task to    
show that they rest upon any solid      
grounds4 ,when1 in addition1 either ,mr4
 ,darwin himself or some of his leading 
partisans has declared that some        
unverified process has undoubtedly      
occurred1 or that they see no reason to 
doubt its occurrence1 or that nothing   
which we know precludes its             
possibility1--it appears to be widely   
supposed that something substantial is  
thereby added to the scientific         
evidence1 and that the suppositions thus
 sanctioned may even rank as facts4 ,but
 however such a method may avail to     
secure acceptance for a doctrine1 it    
does nothing for its scientific value4  
,such a style1 as ,mr4 ,mivart says1#bjd
 is calculated to impress only minds too
 easily dominated1 and not prepared by  

special studies accurately to weigh the 
evidence put before them4               
,illustrations of this strange method of
 procedure are furnished in connexion   
with various points already mentioned4  
,thus1 as we have seen1 ,mr4 ,darwin    
attempts to explain the origin of       
rational speech1 by the conscious       
utterance of a significant sound by an  
unusually wise ape-like creature4 ,in   
favour of this very large suggestion1   
,mr4 ,darwin has nothing more           
substantial to say#bje than that it does
 not appear altogether incredible1 which
 does not appear to take us very        
far4#bjf ,yet ,i have seen this         
described as an idyllic scene shedding  
an entirely new light on the subject4   
,so again in regard of the evolution of 
the eye4#bjg ,having summarily          
enumerated the various stages of        
development exhibited by this organ as  
actually existing in various animals1   
,mr4 ,darwin goes on to say that when we
 remember how small the number of living

 forms must be in comparison with       
extinct1 and the other gradations that  
may consequently have existed1 the      
difficulty ceases to be very great in   
believing that ,natural ,selection has  
connected the most rudimentary with the 
perfect structure4 ,similarly1 as to the
 cell-making instinct of the bee1#bjh   
having postulated four several          
suppositions for which evidence is not  
forthcoming1 he concludes3 ,by such     
modification of instincts 444 ,i believe
 that the hive bee has acquired1 through
 natural selection1 her inimitable      
architectural powers4#bji ,similar      
examples might be multiplied            
indefinitely4  ,not unfrequently the    
tone of such utterances is more         
imperious4 ,thus1 of the descent of ,man
 from some animal ancestor ,mr4 ,darwin 
pronounces#baj ,the grounds upon which  
this conclusion rests will never be     
shaken1 and again#baa the possession of 
exalted mental powers is no insuperable 
objection to this conclusion 444 ,it is 

only p4 #cb our natural prejudice which 
leads us to demur to this conclusion4   
,he even goes so far as to declare that 
his view is forced upon every man who is
 not content to assume the mental       
attitude of a savage4#bab               
,argumentation of this character1 which 
he finds common with ,darwin to other   
,evolutionists1 is judged by de         
,quatrefages to be one of the weakest   
and most misleading features of their   
systems4       ,personal conviction he  
writes1#bac mere possibility1 are       
offered      as proofs1 or at least as  
arguments in favour of the theory4 ,can 
we      admit their validity8 ,obviously
 not4 ,the human mind can conceive      
many things3 is that a reason for       
accepting them all8444 ,obviously       
more serious proofs are needed4 ,after  
all1 save where a      contradiction is 
involved1 everything is possible4444 ,if
      adopting1 under the shadow of     
,oken's great name1 his principle of    
the repetition of phenomena1 a          

naturalist should maintain that each    
of the planets has its own ,europe1 its 
,england1 and its ,darwin               
expounding to the ,jovians and          
,saturnians the origin of species1 ,i   
do not quite see how one would set about
 showing him that he was      wrong4    
,unquestionably the thing is possible4  
,are we to draw the      conclusion that
 it is a fact8  ,again1#bad the same    
distinguished naturalist1 having quoted 
,darwin's very elaborate explanation of 
a difficulty1 remarks3      ,we see how 
with ,darwin1 as with his precursors1   
one hypothesis      necessitates        
another4 ,but can he1 at least1 by means
 of these      subsidiary theories1     
these comparisons1 these metaphors1     
account      for all the facts8 ,no1 he 
himself honestly confesses more than    
once      that he cannot4 ,it is true   
that he adds ,i am convinced that the   
objections have little weight1 and the  
difficulties are not      insoluble4    
,but is this conviction of his a proof1 

or even an      argument8  ,m4          
,blanchard likewise comments vigorously 
on this mode of argumentation4 ,speaking
 of the ,mole and ,darwin's explanation 
of its blindness1 namely that having    
taken to living under-ground it lost its
 eyes through disuse--which he considers
 a most preposterous supposition1--,m   
,blanchard continues3#bae       ,the    
realms of fancy are boundless2 but the  
observer who is      concerned with     
realities can only have recourse to the 
facts of      science4 ,fossil remains  
discovered in very ancient strata show  
that      the underground animal of     
present times does not differ from his  
geological counterpart4 ,the ,mole      
belongs to a very peculiar type1        
and has no nearer ,european relatives   
than the ,hedgehog and the      ,shrew4 
,can we imagine a common ancestor of    
,shrews1 ,hedgehogs1 and      ,moles8   
,on this point ,mr4 ,darwin expresses no
 opinion1--which should      not be1 for
 when confronted by forms clearly       

differentiated1 he is      wont to      
extricate himself from difficulties with
 matchless      facility4 ,the          
intermediate links1 he will say1 were   
doubtless less      fitted to live than 
were the others1 and so have            
disappeared4 ,after      that the       
,evolutionists consider any one quite   
out of date who      does not consider  
himself entirely satisfied with so      
felicitous an      explanation4  ,m4 de 
,quatrefages denounces another fatal    
defect often observable in the method of
 proof4       ,mr4 ,darwin frequently   
complains that our actual knowledge is  
incomplete4 ,but instead of discovering 
in our lack of precise and              
extensive information a motive for      
caution1 he appears to derive      from 
it only greater daring4 ,doctrines based
 on the instability of      species have
 often been combated by geologists and  
palontologists4      ,in reply to their 
objections ,darwin devotes a whole      
chapter to      shewing the imperfection

 of the geological record4 ,for my part1
      he concludes1 ,i look at the      
geological record as a history of the   
world imperfectly kept and written in a 
changing dialect2 of this      history  
we possess the last volume alone1       
relating only to two or      three      
countries4 ,of this volume1 only here   
and there a short      chapter has been 
preserved2 and of each page1 only here  
and there a      few lines4 ,each word  
of the slowly-changing language1 more or
 less      different in the successive  
chapters1 may represent the forms of    
life1 which are entombed in our         
consecutive formations1 and which       
falsely appear to have been abruptly    
introduced4 ,on this view1 the          
difficulties above discussed are greatly
 diminished1 or even      disappear4    
,on my part continues ,m4 de            
,quatrefages ,i will ask whether such a 
conclusion is the correct one4 ,no      
doubt1 ,darwin is right in      refusing
 to certain naturalists the right to    

dogmatize on the      strength of       
uncompleted studies1 or scanty and      
isolated      observations4 ,is he      
therefore entitled to allege as proofs  
on his      own behalf the very gaps of 
science1 appealing to the lost volumes  
and leaves of ,nature's chronicle8      
,clearly not4 ,but the slightest        
reflection suffices to recognize that   
this appeal to the unknown1      so     
frankly evidenced in the above passage1 
lies at the root of all                 
argumentation analogous to that which ,i
 have tried to      describe--that of   
,maillet1 ,lamarck1 and ,geoffroy1#baf  
as well as      ,darwin4 ,only the      
unknown1 in sooth1 can open the         
boundless region      of speculation1   
where the possible replaces the actual1 
and where1      despite the widest      
knowledge and the soundest intelligence1
 one      comes as by a fatality to find
 a conclusive proof on one's own        
side1 precisely in that of which we     
profess to know nothing4  ,so again1    

speaking of a certain conclusion of     
,professor ,haeckel's concerning the    
embryology of lemurs1 which ,,mm4       
,grandidier and ,alphonse ,edwards      
afterwards proved experimentally to be  
altogether erroneous1 de ,quatrefages   
writes3#bag       ,haeckel will perhaps 
answer that the publication of his book 
preceded the observation of the ,french 
savants4 ,but such a plea      itself   
discloses a method of procedure which is
 common to the      majority of         
evolutionists1 and of which1 it must be 
added1 ,darwin      set the example4    
,when confronted by a question about    
which nobody      knows anything1 they  
appeal precisely to this want of        
knowledge1      and draw arguments from 
their very ignorance4  ,in like manner  
speaks the ,reviewer already cited more 
than once4 ,thus3#bah       ,the        
peculiarities of geographical           
distribution seem very difficult      of
 explanation on any theory4 ,darwin     
calls in alternately winds1      tides1 

birds1 beasts1 all animated nature1 as  
the diffusers of      species1 and then 
a good many of the same agencies as     
impenetrable      barriers4444 ,with    
these facilities of hypothesis there    
seems to be      no particular reason   
why many theories should not be true4   
,however      an animal may have been   
produced1 it must have been produced    
somewhere1 and it must either have      
spread very widely or not have          
spread1 and ,darwin can give good       
reasons for both results4  ,and         
again3#bai       ,we are asked to       
believe all these maybes happening on an
 enormous      scale1 in order that we  
may believe the final ,darwinian maybe  
as      to the origin of species4 ,the  
general form of his argument is as      
follows3--,all these things may have    
been1 therefore my theory is            
possible1 and since my theory is a      
possible one1 all those      hypotheses 
which it requires are rendered probable4
 ,there is      little direct evidence  

that any of these maybes actually have  
been4  ,in no respect1 moreover1 have   
,darwin's followers more closely        
imitated their master than in the       
construction of such hypotheses1 which  
would appear to constitute in the eyes  
of many the most important work of      
,science4 ,attention has very largely   
been diverted from ,nature as actually  
existing1 which seems to be studied more
 for the light it can be supposed to    
throw upon evolutionary history1 than   
simply for itself1 and it seems to be   
thought that to imagine the mode of an  
evolutionary process is equivalent to   
establishing the facts which that       
process supposes4 ,by this method       
lengthy and learned papers are written  
concerning the transformation of one    
species into another1 which in reality  
do no more than describe in minute      
detail all the changes which must have  
taken place1 if the said transformation 
really occurred4 ,that ,science is thus 
benefited1 is not the opinion of some at

 least who are well entitled to speak on
 her behalf1 for as the ,president of   
the ,linnean ,society recently          
observed1#bbj as one grows older1 it    
becomes more and more apparent that     
facts alone are of any serious interest1
 and that speculations however ingenious
 and attractive are best left to the    
constructive and destructive energies of
 the young4 ,so too1 a few years ago1   
the ,president of the ,microscopical    
,society complained that interest in    
living creatures is largely supplanted  
by dead ones4#bba       ,we read much he
 said of the animal's organs3 we see    
plates      showing that its bristles   
have been counted1 and its muscular     
fibres traced to the last thread2 we    
have the structure of its      tissues  
analyzed to their very elements2 we have
 long discussions      on its title to  
rank with this group or that2 and       
sometimes even      disquisitions on the
 probable form and habits of some       
extremely      remote1 but quite        

hypothetical1 ancestor1 who is made to  
degrade in      this way1 or to advance 
in that1 or who is credited with one    
organ      or deprived of another1 just 
as the ever-varying necessities of a    
desperate hypothesis require4444  ,there
 is another aspect of the question which
 must by no means be overlooked4 ,it has
 to be assumed that ,natural ,selection1
 or the survival of the fittest in the  
struggle for existence1 necessarily     
tends to the benefit of the race and    
moreover to its farther development on  
the upward grade1 towards a more perfect
 and more specialized organization2--in 
,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer's words1 to      
progression from a relatively indefinite
 incoherent homogeneity1 to a relatively
 definite1 coherent heterogeneity4 ,but 
here many questions occur4  ,in the     
first place1 a consideration presents   
itself1 which appears to furnish the    
most formidable of all difficulties in  
the way of ,mr4 ,darwin's hypothesis4   
,how can this struggle for existence be 

supposed to have any tendency to promote
 organic development to ever higher and 
more perfect types1 in the orderly      
sequence which has in fact occurred8    
,the ,survival of the fittest means only
 the survival of the fittest to         
survive1--of such as can find means of  
living where others cannot4 ,unless it  
can be shown that increased complexity  
of organization necessarily brings with 
it such increased vitality1 ,natural    
,selection can do nothing for organic   
development4 ,if the mere power of      
living be the only factor in the        
process1 as on ,mr4 ,darwin's showing it
 is1 a man is only a more complicated   
and delicate machine for securing the   
same object which can equally well1 or  
better1 be attained by a mole1 a        
cockroach1 or a microbe4 ,and who will  
say that1 so far as this particular end 
is concerned1 he is better equipped than
 creatures which all the resources of   
civilization are powerless to           
exterminate8  ,that practical advantage 

in the struggle for existence must      
necessarily accompany increased         
specialization of organs1 and thus      
produce a higher organization1 was a    
prime point of ,mr4 ,darwin's argument1 
though at the same time he found himself
 compelled to encumber it with          
qualifications which go very far to     
neutralize its force2 for he had to     
explain the obvious fact that so many   
creatures which represent the lowest and
 least specialized forms of life1 have  
survived down to our own time4 ,thus he 
writes3#bbb       ,the degree of        
differentiation and specialization of   
the parts in      organic beings1 when  
arrived at maturity1 is the best        
standard1 as      yet suggested1 of     
their degree of perfection or highness4 
,as the      specialization of parts is 
an advantage to each being1 so natural  
selection will tend to render the       
organization of each being more         
specialized and perfect1 and in this    
sense higher2 not but that it      may  

leave many creatures with simple and    
unimproved structures      fitted for   
simple conditions of life1 and in some  
cases will even      degrade or simplify
 the organization1 yet leaving such     
degraded      beings better fitted for  
their new walks of life4       ,by this 
fundamental test of victory in the      
battle of life1 as well      as by the  
standard of the specialization of       
organs1 modern forms      ought1 on the 
theory of ,natural ,selection1 to stand 
higher than      ancient forms4 ,is this
 the case8 ,a large number of           
palontologists      would answer in the 
affirmative2 and it seems that this     
answer must      be admitted as true1   
though difficult of proof4  ,that is to 
say1 ,natural ,selection is just as     
ready to degrade as to elevate a        
creature1 according to the actual       
requirements of the circumstances in    
which it is placed1 and how far progress
 has been the rule1 rather than         
stability or retrogression1 is a        

question for geological history to      
determine4 ,this we shall have to       
consider in our next chapter4  ,it is   
likewise obvious that so far as the mere
 struggle for existence is concerned1 a 
species each of whose individual members
 is but poorly furnished1 may           
nevertheless flourish unimpaired on the 
mere strength of its fecundity4 ,it is  
thus1 says ,m4 ,blanchard1#bbc that the 
lower forms of life continue to hold    
their own despite the enormous ravages  
to which they are subject4 ,the herring1
 for example1 affords food to all the   
fowls of the air and fish of the sea1   
over and above the myriads annually     
requisitioned by man4 ,yet its hosts    
show no sign of being exterminated or   
even reduced4 ,much the same is the case
 of the cod2 but a tribe one individual 
of which has been known to produce nine 
million eggs does not require much in   
the way of coherent heterogeneity to    
ensure its survival4  ,thus it appears  
that of itself ,darwinism affords no    

explanation whatever of the regular     
progression of life forms from lower to 
higher1 to which the records of ,nature 
bear witness1 and which is the one solid
 fact suggesting the idea of ,evolution4
  ,such are some of the reasons which1  
on purely rational grounds1 appear amply
 to justify those who decline to pledge 
their faith to ,darwinism1 in spite of  
the popularity it enjoys4 ,but what is  
to be said of the phenomena cited as    
furnishing positive and unimpeachable   
evidence in its favour1 which were      
mentioned above in our sketch of its    
main features8  ,first as to the        
rudimentary1 fragmentary1 or vestigial  
organs so common in ,nature4 ,these1 it 
is said1 being of no possible advantage 
to their possessors1 and often a serious
 disadvantage1 can be explained only by 
supposing that they were serviceable in 
the past to the ancestral race whence   
these possessors are derived1 and have  
since been superseded by other          
modifications of structure1 so as to    

dwindle away by disuse4 ,this1 no doubt1
 seems a very plausible explanation1 but
 it does not follow that we ought       
immediately to adopt it as a certainty1 
instead of setting ourselves to examine 
how it accords with all the facts4      
,nothing is more dangerous and less     
scientific than to be in a hurry to     
conclude that everything is certain     
which seems to ourselves probable1      
especially if it suits a theory of our  
own4 ,unfortunately1 this law is too    
frequently more honoured in the breach  
than the observance4 ,in the present    
instance1 ,professor ,haeckel himself   
furnishes an example4 ,he is quite sure 
that the rudimentary structures can have
 but one significance1 and that they are
 fatal to the idea of purpose in        
,nature1 the object of his special      
aversion1 and so he has proposed a new  
term1 ,dysteleology1 to embody this     
idea1 of which he says1#bbd             
,dysteleology1 or the theory of         
purposelessness is the name ,i      have

 given to the science of rudimentary    
organs1 of suppressed and               
degenerated1 aimless and inactive1 parts
 of the body2 one of the      most      
important and most interesting branches 
of comparative      anatomy1 which1 when
 rightly estimated1 is alone sufficient 
to      refute the fundamental error of 
the teleological and dualistic          
conception of ,nature1 and to serve as  
the foundation of the      mechanical   
and monistic conception of the universe4
  ,it will be sufficient to quote       
,professor ,huxley's remarks upon this  
passage1 taken from the very laudatory  
review he wrote of the work in which it 
occurs4#bbe        ,professor ,haeckel  
has invented a new and convenient name1 
,dysteleology1 for the study of the     
purposelessnesses which are             
observable in living organisms--such as 
the multitudinous cases of              
rudimentary and apparently useless      
structures4 ,i confess1 however1        
that it has often appeared to me that   

the facts of ,dysteleology cut      two 
ways4 ,if we are to assume1 as          
evolutionists in general do1 that       
useless organs atrophy1 such cases as   
the existence of lateral      rudiments 
of toes in the foot of a horse place us 
in a dilemma4      ,for1 either these   
rudiments are of no use to the animal1  
in which      case1 considering that the
 horse has existed in its present form  
since the ,pliocene epoch1 they surely  
ought to have disappeared2 or      they 
are of some use to the animal1 in which 
case they are of no      use as         
arguments against ,teleology4 ,a        
similar1 but stronger      argument may 
be based upon the existence of teats1   
and even      functional mammary glands 
in male mammals4444 ,there can be little
      doubt that the mammary gland was  
as apparently useless in the            
remotest male mammalian ancestor of man 
as in living men1 and yet      it has   
not disappeared4 ,is it then still      
profitable to the male      organism to 

retain it8 ,possibly2 but in that case  
its      dysteleological value is gone4 
,in later editions ,professor ,huxley   
further observed3 ,the recent discovery 
of the important part played by the     
,thyroid gland should be a warning to   
all speculators about useless           
organs4#bbf  ,it seems1 therefore1 the  
wiser part to refrain from basing any   
vital conclusions upon these organs     
until we can assure ourselves that our  
knowledge warrants our so doing4 ,as the
 same ,professor ,huxley intimated1 it  
might be well for palontologists1 and   
doubtless for biologists likewise1#bbg  
,to learn a little more carefully that  
scientific 'ars artium1' the art of     
saying ',i don't know4'  ,so again as to
 the phenomena of embryology4 ,no doubt 
they are very striking and impressive4  
,that the most highly developed         
creatures1 and man himself1 should in   
the first stages of existence exhibit   
the characteristics of lower forms1 is  
an exemplification of development no    

less signal than the succession of      
ascending types witnessed to by the     
rocks4 ,it is not easy to see1 however1 
why it should be taken for granted that 
this can only signify genetic descent   
from all such forms1 and that these     
embryo animals are engaged in climbing  
up their genealogical trees4 ,yet this  
is usually assumed as a matter of       
course1 and any one who ventures to     
question the validity of such an        
inference1 must be prepared to find     
himself accused of dogmatizing4  ,and   
yet1 after all1 upon what grounds does  
the assumption rest8 ,that such a       
recapitulation of racial experiences    
forms no essential feature of ,evolution
 is sufficiently evident from the case  
of the vegetable world1--for plants do  
not climb their genealogical trees1 or  
pass in the seed through a series of    
botanical phases4 ,and as to animals1   
since through all varieties of form1    
each always arrives at the required     
term1 it is obvious that1 apart from any

 archaic associations1 and on ,darwinian
 principles themselves1 these forms must
 be the best for the purpose at each    
respective stage1--perhaps the only ones
 by which the term could be reached4 ,it
 is therefore1 to say the least1 quite  
conceivable1 that we have here the whole
 explanation and need go no further4    
,in certain instances this obvious      
consideration is strikingly illustrated4
 ,thus the salamander1 an ,amphibian of 
the newt family1 brings forth its young 
in adult condition without gills4#bbh   
,but previously to birth they have gills
 relatively large4 ,the experiment      
having been tried of bringing some of   
them forth by artificial means before   
their time1 and placing them in water1  
the first thing they did was to cast off
 these big gills1 which were speedily   
replaced by new ones of much smaller    
size1 and evidently better suited for   
the work required1 as they lasted as    
long as a fortnight4  ,here1 in the     
first place1 it is quite impossible to  

suppose that the large gills would      
continue to appear unless they were of  
advantage during the period of          
gestation4 ,it is equally evident that  
it is not from a previous aquatic       
condition that they are inherited1 for  
in such a condition they are useless4   
,finally1 as ,mr4 ,mivart observes1 the 
new gills1 suitable for unwonted        
conditions1 were developed not in a     
struggle for existence against rivals1  
but directly and spontaneously from the 
innate nature of the animal4  ,this view
 of the matter commended itself on      
mature consideration to so ardent an    
evolutionist as ,carl ,vogt1 with whom  
we may couple ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 who  
cites his words with approval as        
follows3#bbi       ,it has been laid    
down as a fundamental law of biogenesis 
that      ontogeny 7the development of  
the individual7 and phylogeny 7that of  
the race7 must exactly correspond4444   
,this law which ,i long held as         
well founded is absolutely and radically

 false4 ,attentive study of             
embryology shows us1 in fact1 that      
embryos have their own      conditions  
suitable to themselves1 very different  
from those of      adults4  ,in a word1 
,m4 de ,quatrefages continues1 the      
learned ,genevan professor rightly      
considers that1 ',the ontogenesis of all
 organic beings without exception1 is   
the normal result of all the various    
influences which operate upon such      
beings4'  ,but it must1 moreover1 be    
noted that the story which embryology   
can be made to tell is by no means so   
plain as we might easily be led to      
suppose4  ,thus1 although snakes are    
held to be descended from lizards1 and  
some of them have rudimentary legs even 
in the adult stage1 others have no trace
 of limbs even in the egg1 while they   
have vestiges of gills1 and thus would  
seem to be visibly linked to ancient    
water-dwelling ancestors1 and not to far
 more recent land-dwellers4 ,again2#bcj 
,amphibians 7frogs1 newts and the like7 

agree in some respects1 as to the       
development of the germ1 with mammals1  
differing in the same respects from     
reptiles and birds4 ,but reptiles and   
birds are supposed to be a more recent  
development than ,amphibia1 and         
therefore should intervene between them 
and mammals on the genealogical tree4   
,moreover the eggs of one group of      
,amphibians are found to exhibit some   
remarkable resemblances to those of     
reptiles and birds1 from which it would 
thus appear to have derived them1       
although on other grounds it is declared
 to be of an older stock than theirs4   
,most frogs1 toads1 and newts come out  
of the egg as tadpoles1 furnished with  
gills and so breathing in water4 ,this  
should signify that these creatures are 
descended from fish or fishlike         
ancestors4 ,but one frog 7,rana         
opisthodon7 is never a tadpole even in  
the egg1 from which he gets out by means
 of a special opener on his snout which 
he has somehow acquired4 ,on the other  

hand certain newts#bca breed as tadpoles
 instead of in their mature form1 which 
looks like an attempt to climb down the 
tree instead of up4  ,it will be        
remembered that the latter phrase was   
that used by ,professor ,milnes         
,marshall4 ,yet even he expressed       
himself strongly concerning the         
exaggerations of ,professor ,haeckel on 
this subject4 ,in his review of         
,haeckel's ,anthropogenie1#bcb after    
observing that many descriptions of     
human embryology have been based on     
observations of dogs1 pigs1 rabbits1 or 
even chickens and dogfish1 he thus      
continued regarding the book before him3
       ,a student who relied on         
,professor ,haeckel's description1 would
      obtain an entirely erroneous idea 
of the development of the human         
embryo4444 ,it is a matter for great    
regret that a book of #ijj      pages1  
bearing such a title1 should be allowed 
to appear1 in which      the account of 
the actual development of the human     

embryo is so      inadequate or even    
erroneous4  ,far more fundamental1      
however1 is a remark of ,mr4 ,mivart's1 
that if1 as ,darwinians say1 the        
development of the individual is an     
epitome of that of the species1 the     
latter must like the former be due to   
the action of definite innate laws      
unconsciously carrying out definite     
preordained ends and purposes4 ,for     
although cells or embryos may be        
indistinguishable from one another1 and 
may appear to us identical in           
constitution1 their differences are     
absolute4 ,each is determined to be one 
sort of animal and no other1 and can    
live at all only on condition of        
developing towards the prescribed       
form4--,therefore1 whatever evidence the
 embryonic forms may be supposed to     
afford in support of ,evolution1 they   
have nothing in common with the         
haphazard process of ,natural           
,selection4  ,and here again ,professor 
,huxley found himself obliged to enter  

his caveat1 and to intimate his opinion 
that some of his friends were inclined  
to build too confidently upon this      
foundation4 ,as his biographer          
,professor ,weldon writes in the        
,dictionary of ,national ,biography3    
,darwin had suggested an interpretation 
of the facts of embryology      which   
led to the hope that a fuller knowledge 
of development might      reveal the    
history of all the great groups of      
animals at least in      its main       
outlines4 ,this hope was of service as a
 stimulus to      research1 but the     
attempt to interpret the phenomena      
observed led      to speculations which 
were often fanciful and always incapable
 of      verification4 ,huxley was      
keenly sensible of the danger attending 
the use of a hypothetical explanation1  
leading to conclusions which      cannot
 be experimentally tested1 and he       
carefully avoided it4444 ,in      the   
preface to the ,manual of the           
,comparative ,anatomy of                

,invertebrated ,animals1 he says3 ,i    
have abstained from discussing          
questions of tiology1#bcc not because ,i
 underestimate their      importance1 or
 am insensible to the interest of the   
great problem      of ,evolution1 but   
because1 to my mind1 the growing        
tendency to mix      up tiological      
speculations with morphological         
generalizations      will1 if unchecked1
 throw ,biology into confusion4         
,accordingly1 ,huxley himself based his 
faith in ,evolution on palontological   
evidence1 and attempted to decide the   
precise course it had followed only in  
the few cases where the evidence seemed 
to him sufficiently complete4 ,this line
 of enquiry we have still to pursue1 but
 meanwhile1 it is evident that the      
phenomena we have been considering1     
failing to meet the approval of so      
thorough-going an ,evolutionist as he   
undoubtedly was1 cannot be said to      
furnish convincing scientific evidence  
in favour of ,darwinism4  ,it will be   

asked how it comes to pass1 if the      
,darwinian system really lies open to so
 many objections1 that it occupies so   
large a place in scientific estimation4 
,to this we must reply that1 in spite of
 its great name1 its success has        
throughout been popular rather than     
truly scientific1 and that as time went 
on it has lost ground among the class of
 men best qualified to judge4           
,evolutionists there are in plenty1--but
 very few genuine ,darwinists1 and      
amongst these can by no means be        
reckoned all who adopt the title1 for   
not a few of them--as ,romanes and      
,weismann--profess doctrines which      
cannot be reconciled with those of      
,darwin himself4 ,meanwhile1 an         
increasing volume of scientific opinion 
sets definitely against ,darwinism as an
 adequate explanation of the philosophy 
of life1 and falls into the view        
expressed long ago by ,charles          
,robin#bcd who1 as a freethinker1 had no
 antecedent objections against it1      

,darwinism is a fiction1 a poetical     
accumulation of probabilities without   
proof1 and of attractive explanations   
without demonstration4  ,it would be    
tedious to cite testimonies at length1  
but1 in addition to ,m4 de ,quatrefages 
who has made a full and careful study of
 the whole question1 ,charles ,darwin et
 ses prcurseurs ,franais1 and ,les      
,emules de ,darwin may be mentioned such
 continental scholars as ,blanchard ,la 
vie des tres anims1 ,wigand ,der        
,darwinismus und die ,naturforschung1   
etc41 ,wolff ,beitrge zur ,kritik der   
darwinschen ,lehre1 ,hamann             
,entwicklungslehre und ,darwinismus1    
,pauly ,wahres und ,falsches an ,darwins
 ,lehre1 ,driesch ,biologisches         
,zentralblatt1 #ahif and #aijb1 ,plate  
,bedeutung und ,tragweite des           
,darwinschen ,selektionsprincip1        
,hertwig ,address to ,naturalist        
,congress1 ,aachen1 #aijj1 ,heer ,urwelt
 der ,schweiz1 ,klliker ,ueber die      
darwin'sche ,schpfungstheorie1 ,eimer   

,entstehung der ,arten1 ,von ,hartmann  
,wahrheit und ,irrthum im ,darwinismus1 
,schilde ,antidarwinistisches im        
,ausland1 ,du ,bois-,reymond            
,conference1 ,august #b1 #ahha1 etc41   
,virchow ,freiheit der ,wissenschaft1   
etc41 ,ngeli ,mechanisch-physiologische 
,theorie der ,abstammungslehre1         
,schaafhausen ,ueber die                
anthropologischen ,fragen1 ,fechner     
,ideen zur ,schpfungs-und               
,entwicklungsgeschichte der ,organismen1
 ,jakob ,der ,mensch1 etc41 ,diebolder  
,darwins ,grundprinzip1 etc41 ,huber    
,die ,lehre ,darwins kritisch           
betrachtet1 ,joseph ,ranke1 and ,von    
,bauer1--all of whom either reject      
,darwinism altogether1 or admit it only 
with fatal reservations4  ,special      
weight must attach to the adverse       
verdict of ,m4 ,fabre1 styled by ,darwin
 himself that inimitable observer1 who  
declares that he cannot reconcile the   
theory with the facts he encounters4#bce
  ,it must be sufficient to quote one or

 two of our own countrymen1 whose       
utterances will enable us to form an    
opinion as to the true scientific status
 of the doctrine4  ,we may begin with   
,huxley1 the great popular champion of  
,darwinism1 who did more than any other 
man to spread the new doctrine4 ,yet1   
strange to say1 he seems never to have  
really accepted its fundamental tenet   
himself1 always appearing very shy of   
,natural ,selection1 and carefully      
abstaining from committing himself to   
any responsibility for it4 ,thus in his 
treatise on ,man's ,place in ,nature1 he
 thus explains his position in its      
regard3       ,mr4 ,darwin's hypothesis 
is not1 so far as ,i am aware1          
inconsistent      with any biological   
fact2 on the contrary1 if admitted1 the 
facts      of ,development1 of          
,comparative ,anatomy1 of ,geographical 
,distribution1 and of ,palontology1     
become connected together1 and          
exhibit a meaning such as they never    
possessed before2 and ,i1 for      one1 

am firmly convinced1 that if not        
precisely true1 that      hypothesis is 
as near an approximation to the truth   
as1 for      example1 the ,copernican   
hypothesis was to the true theory of the
      planetary motions4 ,but for all   
this1 our acceptance of the             
,darwinian hypothesis must be           
provisional so long as one link in the  
chain of evidence is wanting2 and so    
long as all the animals and      plants 
certainly produced by selective breeding
 from a common stock      are fertile   
with one another1 the link will be      
wanting4 ,for1 so      long1 selective  
breeding will not be proved to be       
competent to do      all that is        
required of it to produce natural       
species4  ,this missing link1 like      
various others1 has never been supplied1
 and in consequence ,professor ,huxley  
never abandoned his attitude of reserve4
 ,on the contrary1 when1 in #ahhj1 he   
delivered an address to celebrate the   
,coming of ,age of the ,origin of       

,species he discharged the task without 
once mentioning ,natural ,selection1    
which is to that work as the ,prince of 
,denmark is to ,hamlet4  ,but there is  
one passage in the said address1 which  
deserves to be specially remembered3    
,history warns us that it is the        
customary fate of new truths to         
begin as heresies and to end as         
superstitions2 and1 as matters now      
stand1 it is hardly rash to anticipate  
that1 in another twenty      years1 the 
new generation1 educated under the      
influences of the      present day1 will
 be in danger of accepting the main     
doctrines of      the ,origin of        
,species1 with as little reflection1 and
 it may be      with as little          
justification1 as so many of our        
contemporaries1      twenty years ago1  
rejected them4  ,in #ahhf1 ,professor   
,romanes pronounced as follows3#bcf  ,at
 present it would be impossible to find 
any working naturalist who supposes that
 survival of the fittest is competent to

 explain all the phenomena of           
species-formation4  ,as to the actual   
position now occupied in ,scientific    
opinion by ,mr4 ,darwin's hypotheses1 we
 may content ourselves with the         
declaration of ,professor ,s4 ,h4 ,vines
 in his ,presidential address to the    
,linnean ,society1 ,may #bd1 #aijb4     
#a4 ,it is established that ,natural    
,selection1 though it may have          
perpetuated species1 cannot have        
originated any4       #b4 ,it is still a
 mystery why ,evolution should tend from
 the lower      to the higher1 from     
simple to complex organisms4       #c4  
,the facts seem to admit of no other    
interpretation than that      variation 
is not as ,darwin supposed              
indeterminate1 but that there      is in
 living matter an inherent determination
 in favour of      variation in the     
higher direction4  ,that is to say1     
,darwin's ,origin of ,species does not  
explain the ,origin of ,species2 and as 
to the laws which govern ,evolution we  

can be sure only that they are not those
 which he assigned4  ,in like manner1   
,sir ,oliver ,lodge pronounces3#bcg     
,take the origin of species by the      
persistence of favourable               
variations2 how is the appearance of    
these same favourable      variations   
accounted for8 ,except by artificial    
selection not at      all4 ,given their 
appearance1 their development by        
struggle and      inheritance and       
survival can be explained2 but that they
 arose      spontaneously1 by random    
changes without purpose1 is an assertion
      which cannot be made4  ,we are    
thus in a position to form our own      
judgment as to the claim made on behalf 
of ,mr4 ,darwin1 with which we started  
this chapter--namely1 that he has       
eliminated all mystery from the organic 
world by the discovery of natural       
mechanical laws by which all its        
operations are governed4 ,it is1 indeed1
 difficult to understand how ,darwinists
 themselves can suppose their system to 

make any such claim1 for1 as ,m4 ,paul  
,vignon truly observes1#bch ,la science 
darwinnienne s'imaginait avoir triomph  
du ,sphinx1 alors qu'elle avait         
simplement dcompos le problme dans une  
monnaie d'nigmes moins rbarbatives en   
apparence4 ,as has been said1 it is far 
more on account of the vast consequences
 professedly based upon it1 as a sure   
foundation stone1 than for its own sake1
 that it has seemed advisable to devote 
so much attention to the study of       
,darwinism1 quite apart from which the  
whole question of organic ,evolution    
still demands consideration4  ,it seems 
far more just to conclude with ,m4      
,fabre3#bci       ,let us acknowledge   
that in truth we know nothing about     
anything1 so      far as ultimate truths
 are concerned4 ,scientifically         
considered      nature is a riddle to   
which human curiosity can find no       
answer4      ,hypothesis follows        
hypothesis1 the ruins of theories are   
piled one      on another1 but truth    

ever escapes us4 ,to learn how to remain
 in      ignorance may well be the final
 lesson of wisdom4#bdj     ,,xvi  ,,the 
,,facts ,,of ,,evolution   ,leaving the 
field of speculation and tiology1 we    
have now to enquire1 not to what causes 
organic ,evolution may be attributable1 
but how far it can be shewn to have     
actually occurred4 ,this can be learnt  
only from the history of life upon earth
 as disclosed by the evidence of        
palontology1 or the geological record1  
and we are thus brought to the          
investigation of that evidence1 by which
 alone1 as ,professor ,huxley agrees1   
can the truth about ,evolution be       
scientifically or satisfactorily        
established4 ,in his address recently   
mentioned on occasion of the            
twenty-first birthday of the ,origin of 
,species1 having spoken of various      
advances of our knowledge1 as in        
comparative anatomy and embryology1     
which had helped to win acceptance for  
transformist doctrines1 he thus         

continued3       ,but all this remains  
mere secondary evidence4 ,it may remove 
dissent1 but it does not compel assent4 
,primary and direct evidence      in    
favour of evolution can be furnished    
only by palontology4 ,the               
geological record1 so soon as it        
approaches completeness1 must1      when
 properly questioned1 yield either an   
affirmative or a      negative answer2  
if evolution has taken place1 there will
 its mark      be left2 if it has not   
taken place1 there will be its          
refutation4  ,this is common sense4     
,evolution can claim to be a scientific 
truth1 only so far as clear evidence is 
forthcoming that ,evolution there has   
been4 ,if the geological record be      
sufficiently complete to prove or       
disprove its claims1 the question is    
settled for ever4 ,if1 on the other     
hand1 the record be not complete enough 
for a conclusive verdict1 it is1 at     
least1 hard to understand the grounds of
 such a statement as that the doctrine  

of ,evolution has long since passed     
beyond the stage of discussion among    
scientific thinkers2#bda or that of     
,professor ,marsh1 that to doubt        
,evolution is to doubt ,science2 or of  
,professor ,huxley himself#bdb--,so far 
as the animal world is concerned1       
,evolution is no longer a speculation1  
but a matter of historical fact4  ,this 
historical enquiry is accordingly       
all-important1 and it is one which      
should be easy to undertake without any 
prepossessions1 for it is hard to see   
upon what  priori grounds these could   
rest4 ,that there has been ,evolution in
 one sense of the term is obvious1--that
 is to say1 development of organic types
 from lower to higher forms1 from the   
sea-weed or fungus to the oak or the    
rose1 from the star-fish or the         
coral-insect1 to the eagle or to man4   
,the question is1 not whether there has 
been such a progressive succession of   
forms1 but whether one form has         
proceeded from another genetically1     

being produced in the same manner as    
individuals of a species now are4 ,that 
this has been the case1 as ,professor   
,huxley tells us in the same address1 is
 the cornerstone of evolutionary        
teaching4 ,he appears indeed to restrict
 ,evolution within the limits of classes
 and groups1 but such restriction is so 
contrary to all his principles that the 
words which seem to imply it can        
scarcely be taken as having any definite
 significance4 ,should the appearance of
 different classes and groups require to
 be severally accounted for1 we should  
be landed back in the system of separate
 creations against which he is never    
tired of inveighing4       ,the         
fundamental doctrine of all forms of the
 theory of evolution      applied to    
biology he says is that the innumerable 
species1      genera1 and families of   
organic beings with which the world is  
peopled have all descended1 each within 
its own class or group1      from common
 parents1 and have all been modified in 

the course of      descent4  ,and1      
holding as he does that palontology     
furnishes the necessary evidence1 he    
thus continues3       ,and1 in the view 
of the facts of geology1 it follows that
 all      living animals and plants are 
the lineal descendants of those which   
lived long before the ,silurian epoch4  
,here is a plain issue1 and one1 as has 
been said1 to be discussed without      
prejudice4 ,that the innumerable forms  
of organic life should thus have been   
genetically derived one from another1 is
 no more difficult to conceive than that
 they should have come into existence at
 all4 ,moreover1 it appears to our minds
 almost a first principle that natural  
law must suffice to account for the     
phenomena of nature from beginning to   
end1 and that any system is             
self-condemned which finds anywhere in  
these phenomena evidence of a           
non-natural1 or supernatural1           
interposition4 ,has not such a          
theologian as ,suarez1 following ,st4   

,augustine1 laid it down as an axiom#bdc
 that ,god does not directly interfere  
with the operations of ,nature1 when ,he
 can effect ,his purposes through       
natural causes8 ,undoubtedly1 too1 it is
 difficult for our minds to imagine in  
what way1 except through genetic        
evolution1 the successive production of 
more and more developed types could be  
effected4  ,but1 as has before been     
observed1 what seems to us probable is  
not therefore proved to be true4 ,what  
we want are facts1 and by facts we must 
be ready to abide4 ,at the same time1 it
 is not very easy to understand the     
supreme importance which evolutionists  
generally appear to attach to the       
descent of all living creatures from    
some one original1 and their abhorrence 
of the idea that the power1 whatever it 
was1 which first produced life1 may have
 operated repeatedly1 at different      
epochs1 to repeat the production4 ,it   
seems to be assumed that this must imply
 miracle and interruption of the        

continuity of ,nature1 to admit which is
 irrational and unscientific4 ,but since
 life did unquestionably once originate 
somehow1 which ,science makes no attempt
 to deny1 why should it be so improper  
to suppose that it originated more than 
once1 at various times and in various   
forms1 and that1 consequently1 genetic  
descent with modification1 or           
,evolution1 is not the explanation of   
typic development8 ,as ,sir ,j4 ,w4     
,dawson writes#bdd concerning the oyster
 tribe1 whereof two species are found in
 the ,coal ,measures 7one ,european and 
the other ,american71 and a continuous  
succession of species ever since3       
,all these species may have proceeded   
from one origin1 by descent      with   
modification1 or1 on the other hand1 the
 same causes which led      to their    
origination in the ,carboniferous may   
have operated again      and again4  ,it
 must1 however1 be remembered that1 if  
the theory of genetic descent with      
accumulation of minute modifications be 

the true explanation of the production  
of new forms1 it necessarily follows1   
that could a complete record be         
forthcoming of the ancestry of any      
actual species1 there would be found in 
that pedigree no distinction of species 
or genera1 for no sharply marked lines  
of limitation would be discoverable4 ,it
 would be like the case of a man who had
 been photographed every hour of his    
life from birth to old age2--immense    
though the difference might be between  
the two extremes1 the gradations of     
change would at all points pass as      
imperceptibly into one another as do the
 phases of the moon4 ,this consideration
 is both fundamental and obvious1 yet it
 would seem to be almost universally    
ignored4 ,it appears to be thought that1
 in order to demonstrate the fact of    
evolution1 all that is needed is to find
 a form here and there1 in some sense   
intermediate between others1--like the  
reptilian birds already mentioned4 ,this
 would imply that the course of         

,evolution must be like that of an army1
 making long marches from point to      
point1 and traceable only by the remains
 of its camp-fires3 whereas it should be
 as that of a glacier continuously      
creeping on1 and leaving its tracks at  
one point as much as another4 ,what are 
wanted1 therefore1 as evidence for      
,evolution1 are not isolated specific   
forms uniting some characteristics of   
those which they are supposed to        
connect1--as ,nelson's men-of-war form a
 stepping-stone between the vessels of  
the ,norsemen and the ironclads of the  
present day1--but a series sufficient to
 show1 or at least to indicate1 that all
 changes have been gradual and          
insensible1 without the introduction at 
any point of a new element4 ,to pursue  
the illustration1 such a new element    
would be gunpowder or steam in the      
evolution of the battle-ship1 for by no 
mere development could bows or javelins 
produce a cannon1 or sailing ships a    
steamboat4  ,therefore1 in proportion as

 the geological record approaches       
completeness1 its testimony1--if it is  
to be in favour of ,evolution--must tend
 more and more in this direction1 and   
unless1 in some instance at least1 clear
 evidence be discoverable of the melting
 of one form into another1 it cannot    
possibly be said that we have sufficient
 proof that such a process ever         
occurred4 ,mere graduated resemblance of
 isolated forms does not necessarily    
imply such transmutation1 as we see for 
example in the methodical progression of
 shape1 exhibited by various crystals1  
and even more remarkably in the         
affinities which we can recognize among 
what we know as elementary substances4  
,there is another important point to be 
borne in mind4 ,according to the        
teaching of ,evolutionists such as      
,darwin or ,haeckel1#bde every ,species 
has originated from a single            
ancestor1--or1 as they should rather    
say1 from a single pair4  ,if this were 
so1 it would necessarily follow that    

every new form1 originating in some     
particular spot of earth1 would very    
gradually spread thence to other        
regions1 fighting its way along4 ,as    
,mr4 ,darwin acknowledges1#bdf ,the     
development by this means 7i4e4 ,natural
 ,selection7 of a group of forms1 all of
 which are descended from some one      
progenitor1 must have been an extremely 
slow process2 and the progenitors must  
have lived long before their modified   
descendants4  ,of this gradual spread of
 new types there should1 at least in    
some cases1 be some palontological      
evidence4  ,it is likewise by no means  
easy to understand how species thus     
generated could stand solitary and      
isolated from kindred forms in the      
records of the earth4 ,the pair of      
individuals which started a new         
persistent group1--its members all      
stamped with the same specific          
characters1 while all around were in a  
state of flux and divergence1--differed 
from their immediate ancestors1 as we   

have seen1 only infinitesimally4 ,they  
can have differed no more from many of  
their contemporaries1 for all the lines 
of descent must ramify afresh in each   
generation1 and so form a web rather    
than anything like a line4 ,it is not   
very easy to understand how a pair here 
and there struck root and founded a     
species1 while the thousands which      
jostled them round about failed to do   
so1 for the others which survived       
longest must be supposed to have        
resembled them most nearly1 and         
therefore to have participated in their 
advantages4 ,at least1 we should expect 
to find around them the dbris of the    
multitude they vanquished in the        
struggle for existence4  ,we are told1  
moreover1 that1 with hardly an          
exception1 the organic forms found in a 
fossil state must be supposed to be the 
last of their special line of           
development1 which terminated in them2  
so that neither can they be claimed as  
the direct ancestors of any other forms1

 fossil or living1 nor can any others   
which are actually known be claimed as  
their progenitors4 ,the genealogies     
supplied for almost all known species1  
extinct or existing1 are admittedly     
conjectural1 and as in the most famous  
instance of all1 namely the supposed    
common ancestor of simians and men1 the 
links are persistently missing4 ,thus   
,m4 de ,quatrefages1 speaking of the    
human pedigree as set forth by          
,professor ,haeckel1 writes thus3#bdg   
,all species1 existing or extinct1 are  
said to have been preceded by           
ancestral forms which have disappeared  
without leaving the      slightest      
vestige behind them4 ,the amphioxus     
itself1 which more      than any other  
realizes the type of the group it       
represents1 was      preceded1 according
 to ,haeckel1 by the provertebrate1     
which no      man has ever seen1 but of 
which1 nevertheless1 the ,jena professor
      gives us a figure1 and describes  
the anatomy4  ,thus the number of forms 

postulated by the theory of genetic     
,evolution1 must have been enormous     
beyond conception1 in comparison with   
those belonging to the numerically      
insignificant groups which formed the   
mere extremities of branches on the     
genealogical tree4  ,this being         
premised1 we must ask what ,geology has 
to tell us on the subject1 and it will  
be well to begin by briefly recalling   
the main features of the geological     
record4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,the stratified rocks      
comprising the crust of the earth1 in   
which fossil plants and animals are     
found embedded1 have evidently been     
formed at successive periods1 chiefly by
 the agency of water1 each formation    
having begun as a sediment like the mud 
or ooze at the bottom of our oceans and 
seas4 ,geological investigation has     
proved that the chronological order of  
the strata thus deposited can be        
satisfactorily determined1 and they are 
found to divide themselves1 in respect  

of the organisms they contain1 into     
three great series1 lying above the     
,azoic 7or lifeless7 rocks1 older than  
them all4  ,these series1 beginning from
 the bottom1 in which order we shall    
have to trace their history1 are most   
conveniently named ,primary1 ,secondary1
 and ,tertiary1 otherwise termed        
respectively1 ,paloeozoic 7ancient      
life71 ,mesozoic 7middle life71 and     
,kainozoic 7recent life74 ,each of these
 again1 contains various formations1 or 
as we may call them volumes of its      
chronicle1 each of which has its fixed  
place in order of sequence4  ,thus1     
always proceeding from below upwards1 in
 the ,primary series1 commencing with   
the ,laurentian1 we find successively   
the ,huronian1 ,cambrian1 ,silurian1    
,devonian or ,old ,red ,sandstone1      
,carboniferous1 and ,permian4  ,in the  
,secondary1 the lowest formation is the 
,triassic or ,new ,red ,sandstone1      
followed by the ,jurassic or ,oolite1   
and the ,cretaceous or ,chalk4  ,finally

 the ,tertiary has three main divisions2
 the ,eocene1 or dawn of the recent1    
,miocene1 or less recent1 and ,pliocene1
 or more recent4  ,above these comes the
 series now in progress1 variously      
called1 ,quaternary1 ,post-,tertiary1   
and ,pleistocene1 or most recent4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,it seems advisable to begin our        
investigation with the vegetable        
kingdom1 as its classification being    
comparatively simple1 the essential     
points of its development are easily    
followed4 ,we cannot do better than     
start with the summary of its main      
divisions furnished by ,mr4             
,carruthers4#bdh       ,the vegetable   
kingdom is divided into sections1       
according to the      simplicity or     
complexity of structure4 ,associated    
with plants of      simple structure we 
find1 as a rule1 more elementary organs 
of      reproduction4 ,linnaeus made two
 great divisions1 of flowering          
7,phanerogams7 and flowerless plants    

7,cryptogams74444 ,the higher      group
 have flowers1 with their stamens and   
pistils1 which produce      seeds1 while
 the lower group are without flowers and
 bear spores1      which are much       
simpler bodies than seeds4 ,there are   
seven main      groups of               
spore-bearers--the alg or water-weeds2  
the fungi or      mushroom family2 the  
lichens1 which cover old walls and rocks
      with patches of coloured          
vegetation2 the mosses with their green 
leaves and urn-shaped fruit2 the ferns  
with their large and      usually       
much-divided leaves1 on the back or     
edges of which the      spores are      
borne2 the horsetails1 found in wet     
places1 having      jointed hollow stems
 and spores produced in little cones2   
and the      club-mosses1 upright or    
creeping leafy plants found on our      
mountains4 ,these seven groups may be   
arranged in two divisions1              
according to the tissues of which they  
are formed4 ,in the first      four the 

whole plant is composed of cells1 while 
in the last      three a firm vascular  
skeleton is present4 ,these characters  
are      of great importance to the     
student of fossil plants4444 ,the       
flowering plants are more complex in    
their structure1 and in their           
organs of reproduction4 ,the lowest     
group of these plants is the            
,gymnosperms1 or naked-seeded plants1   
like our yews and pines4 ,the      other
 flowering plants 7,angiosperms7 have   
their seeds in a closed      fruit4     
,these are divided into two sections    
from characters derived      from the   
embryo plant in the seed1 depending on  
whether this minute      plant has one  
seed-leaf 7cotyledon7 or two1 and so we 
have      ,monocotyledons and           
,dicotyledons4 ,the higher group1 or    
dicotyledons1 have been arranged into   
three divisions1 according to      the  
complexity of the flower4 ,in one large 
group 7,apetalae7 the      pistil and   
stamens are not surrounded by petals1   

e4g4 in the oak      and the stinging   
nettle3 superior to them are the plants 
7,monopetalae7 in which the petals form 
a cup1 as the      blue-bell#bdi and the
 gentian1 while the highest group       
7,polypetalae7 have all the petals      
separate1 as the buttercups and         
roses4#bej  ,it is most important to    
recollect that on evolutionary          
principles the first representatives of 
any such classes--and the same holds of 
animals as well--must have been         
generalized forms1 representing the type
 in the rough1 or1 in ,mr4 ,herbert     
,spencer's phrase1 exhibiting by        
comparison with their successors        
indefinite incoherent homogeneity1 as   
contrasted with definite coherent       
heterogeneity4 ,they should bear the    
same sort of relation to the finished   
articles worked up by ,evolution as did 
the first bone-shaker bicycle to our    
latest patterns1 or the news-sheets of  
,cromwell's time to the ,times or       
,graphic of to-day4 ,on this1 as we saw 

in the last chapter1 ,mr4 ,darwin       
strongly insists1 confessing at the same
 time that the ,geological record alone 
can establish such progress as a fact4  
,how these various classes of plants    
appear actually to have come upon the   
scene1 ,mr4 ,carruthers relates both in 
the paper from which we have just       
quoted1 and at greater length in the    
address which he delivered as ,president
 of the ,geologists' ,association1#bea  
to the following effect4  ,in the first 
place1 he declares that although the    
geological record1 at least as known to 
us1 is very imperfect1 and represents   
only an insignificant fragment of       
plant-history1       ,there is a large  
series of plant-remains completely and  
accurately      known which supply a    
fair representation of the great events 
of      plant-life that have taken place
 on the earth since ,palozoic           
times4 ,and these are more than         
sufficient to establish or destroy      
this hypothesis of genetic evolution by 

their testimony4  ,there is--he goes on 
to say--indirect evidence of the        
existence of vegetable life1 long before
 we find any actual remains4 ,such      
indirect evidence is afforded in the    
first place by the abundance during this
 period of animal life1 needing plants  
for its sustenance1 and secondly by the 
enormous quantity of carbon in the      
rocks1 which must have been secreted    
from the atmosphere by vegetable        
tissues4 ,there are also certain surface
 marks or impressions occasionally to be
 found1 which are probably due to plants
 of a soft and perishable character like
 the cellular cryptogams1 and which     
although extremely vague and undefined1 
at least do not contradict the          
evolutionist1 who regards them as       
evidence that the ,alg were1 as         
according to him they ought to have     
been1 the primeval plants4 ,mr4         
,carruthers adds a caution however1     
which can find its application in other 
instances as well3       ,while making  

this admission in relation to the       
vegetation of these      older rocks1 ,i
 must protest against the practice of   
completing the      record of life      
forms1 by filling in particular groups  
without any      authority except the   
writer's impression of an adopted       
hypothesis1      and then basing        
arguments on these assumptions in       
support of the      hypothesis which    
created them4 ,so completely has        
,,vegetable ,,development4              
----------------------------------------
------------                 ,post      
,tertiary4                              
----------------------------------------
------------    ,tertiary4   ,pliocene4 
----------------------------------------
------------                ,miocene4   
----------------------------------------
------------                ,eocene4    
----------------------------------------
------------    ,secondary4  ,chalk4    
,dicotyledons 7,apetal1 ,polypetal1     
,sympetal74                             

----------------------------------------
------------                ,oolite4    
----------------------------------------
------------                ,trias4     
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,permian4                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,carboniferous4 ,monocotyledons4        
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,devonian1 or   ,clubmosses1            
,horsetails1 ,ferns1                    
,old ,red          ,gymnosperms4        
,sandstone4                             
----------------------------------------
------------    ,primary4    ,silurian4 
,cellular ,cryptogams4                  
,cambrian4                              
----------------------------------------
------------                ,huronian4  
,indications of ,plants1                
,laurentian4       not determinable4    
,,azoic4                                

phylogenetic or racial evolution become 
the creed of some leading               
naturalists that they unwittingly       
proceed in this manifestly              
unphilosophical method4 ,but it is a    
first axiom1 though one often           
forgotten1 in this as in every          
scientific enquiry1 that no step can    
be made in advance which is not based on
 fact4  ,after this initial stage1 the  
story becomes much clearer1 and at the  
same time less easy to reconcile with   
evolutionary requirements4  ,instead of 
making their appearance singly and      
successively1 and passing imperceptibly 
one into another1 all three groups of   
,vascular ,cryptogams1 and the          
,gymnosperms into the bargain1 come on  
the stage together1 in the ,devonian    
strata2 and ,monocotyledons in the lower
 ,carboniferous immediately following4  
,there is no trace whatever of the      
development of any of these forms from  
the earlier cellular cryptogams3        
,but says ,mr4 ,carruthers the evolution

 of the ,vascular ,cryptogams1      and 
the ,phanerogams1 from the green        
seaweeds1 through the      liverworts   
and mosses1 if it took place1 must have 
been carried on      through a long     
succession of ages1 and by an           
innumerable series of      advancing    
steps2 and yet we find not a single     
trace either of the      early water    
forms or of the later and still more    
numerous dry-land      forms4 ,the      
conditions that permitted the           
preservation of the      fucoids in the 
,llandovery rocks at ,malvern1 and of   
similar cellular      organisms         
elsewhere1 were1 at least1 fitted to    
preserve some      record of the        
necessarily rich floras1 if they        
existed1 which      through immense     
ages1 led by minute steps to the        
,conifer      ,gymnosperm and           
,monocotyledon of these ,palozoic       
,rocks4       ,further1 these earliest  
plants are not generalized forms of the 
various tribes to which they belong1 but

 they are as highly      specialized as 
any subsequent representatives of the   
particular      group to which they     
belong1 and wherever they differ from   
later      plants1 it is in the         
possession of a more perfect            
organization4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,from all which   
facts ,mr4 ,carruthers thus argues3     
,the complete absence of intermediate   
forms1 and the sudden and               
contemporaneous appearance of highly    
organized and widely separated          
groups1 deprive the hypothesis of       
genetic evolution of any                
countenance from the plant-record of    
these ancient rocks4 ,the whole         
evidence is against evolution1 and there
 is none for it4#beb  ,dicotyledons     
furnish evidence of especial value4 ,on 
account of their higher organization1   
they are easily distinguished from both 
,monocotyledons and ,gymnosperms2 and   
they present features which clearly     
differentiate them amongst themselves4  

,they did not make their entry till     
after a long interval--and their remains
 are therefore to be found in strata    
comparatively recent and better known to
 us than those of the older rocks4 ,it  
is in the ,chalk1 the newest of the     
,secondary or ,mesozoic formations1 that
 they first exhibit themselves1 and they
 do it in the same fashion as their     
predecessors4  ,when the ,dicotyledons  
appear in the upper cretaceous beds1    
representatives of the three great      
groups ,apetal1 ,monopetal1 ,polypetal  
appear together in the same deposit4    
,moreover1 these divisions are          
represented1 not by generalized types1  
but by differentiated forms1 which1     
during the intervening epochs1 have not 
developed even into higher generic      
groups4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,and1 here again1 there is 
no vestige of intermediate species1     
linking dicotyledonous plants with other
 types4       ,no trace of a plant      
belonging to this great division has yet

 been      detected in any earlier      
stratum than the upper chalk4 ,there is 
no      evidence whatever for ,haeckel's
 statement that the ,apetal             
probably existed in the ,triassic and   
,jurassic periods4444 ,it cannot      be
 doubted that the conditions favourable 
to the preservation of                  
,monocotyledons and ,equisetums would   
have secured the preservation      of   
some of the ,apetal1 had they existed4  
,this absence can be      accounted for 
only on the supposition that they formed
 no part of      the then existing      
vegetation4 ,and in the deposits older  
than the      ,trias1 or in any         
subsequent deposits1 no intermediate    
form has been      detected1--no        
,gymnosperm or ,monocotyledon which     
exhibits in any      point of its       
structure a modification towards the    
more highly      organized ,dicotyledon4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,nor1 on the same authority1 is this
 all4       ,it is equally important in 

its bearing on the hypothesis of genetic
      evolution that the generic groups 
above named have persisted from      the
 first known appearance of              
,dicotyledons1 throughout the whole of  
the intervening ages1 and still hold    
their places unchanged among      the   
existing forms of vegetation4 ,the      
persistence of generic and      specific
 types1 and the certain knowledge we    
possess of the life of      many        
existing species of ,phanerogams and    
,cryptogams which have come      down   
through the ,glacial ,epoch1 have not   
been sufficiently      considered in    
their bearing on the hypothesis4  ,we   
have already seen something of an       
example which illustrates this point in 
a remarkable manner1--that of ,salix    
polaris1 the willow which has so        
obstinately preserved its specific      
identity amid great stress of           
circumstances4 ,it belongs to a very    
variable genus--one in which if anywhere
 evidence of genetic development might  

be looked for4 ,yet it is found that    
since a period prior to the great ,ice  
,age1 or ,glacial epoch1 it has remained
 absolutely unchanged4 ,at such a rate1 
we cannot but ask1 how long would       
,evolution take to get back to the      
generalized type-form1 or common        
ancestor1 of the genus ,salix1 and then 
to that of the ,order ,salicineae1 which
 includes poplars as well as willows4   
,the ,ordinal form1 if it ever existed1 
must necessarily be much older than the 
period of the upper ,cretaceous rocks1  
that is than the period to which the    
earliest known ,dicotyledons belong4    
,and it is obvious that when we had got 
back to the parental stock of the willow
 tribe1 we should still1 as             
evolutionists1 be separated by a gulf   
still vastly greater from the common    
ancestor of all ,dicotyledons1 of oaks1 
apple-trees1 primroses1 and daisies no  
less than of willows and poplars4  ,the 
significance of all these various facts 
is thus summed up3       ,the whole     

evidence supplied by fossil plants is1  
then1 opposed to      the hypothesis of 
genetic evolution1 and especially the   
sudden and      simultaneous appearance 
of the most highly organized plants at  
particular stages in the past history of
 the globe1 and the entire      absence 
amongst fossil plants of any forms      
intermediate between      existing      
classes or families4 ,the facts of      
palontological botany      are opposed  
to ,evolution1 but they testify to      
,development1 to      progression from  
lower to higher types4 ,the cellular    
,alg preceded      the ,vascular        
,cryptogams and the ,gymnosperms of the 
,newer ,palozoic      rocks1 and these  
were speedily followed by               
,monocotyledons1 and1 at      a much    
later period1 by ,dicotyledons4 ,but the
 earliest      representatives of these 
various sections of the vegetable       
kingdom      were not generalized forms1
 but as highly organized as recent      
forms1 and in many cases more highly    

organized3 and the divisions      were  
as clearly bounded in their essential   
characters1 and as      decidedly       
separated from each other as they are at
 the present day4  ,so much for the     
vegetable world4 ,as for the animal1    
although the number and complexity of   
its divisions makes it less easy to     
present so complete a sketch in these   
moderate limits1 the features of its    
history are very similar4 ,as ,sir ,j4  
,w4 ,dawson recounts it3#bec  ,,animal  
,,development4                          
----------------------------------------
------------                  ,post     
,tertiary4     ,man and ,modern         
,mammals4                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,pliocene4                              
----------------------------------------
------------    ,tertiary4              
,miocene4                               
----------------------------------------
-----------                   ,eocene4  

,placental ,mammals 7,ungulates1        
,unguiculates1 ,rodents1                
,whales1 ,bats74                        
----------------------------------------
-----------                   ,chalk4   
----------------------------------------
-----------    ,secondary4     ,oolite4 
,birds4                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------                   ,trias4   
,marsupial ,mammals4                    
----------------------------------------
-----------                   ,permian4 
,reptiles 7various orders74             
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,carboniferous4                         
----------------------------------------
-----------                 ,devonian1  
or      ,millipeds1 ,insects1 ,spiders1 
,old ,red ,sandstone4 ,scorpions1 ,fish1
 ,batrachians1                          
etc4                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------    ,primary4      ,silurian4

                                        
----------------------------------------
-----------                  ,cambrian4 
,shell ,fish1 ,sponges1 ,molluscs1      
,crustaceans1 ,worms1 etc4              
----------------------------------------
-----------                  ,huronian4 
----------------------------------------
----------                  ,laurentian4
        ,protozoa4                      
,,azoic4                                
,in the ,cambrian age1 we obtain a vast 
and varied accession of living things1  
which appear at once1 as if by a sudden 
and simultaneous production of many     
kinds of animals4 ,here we find evidence
 that the sea swarmed with creatures    
near akin to those which still inhabit  
it1 and nearly as varied4444 ,had we    
been able to drop our dredge into the   
,cambrian or ,silurian ocean1 we should 
have brought up representatives of all  
the leading types of invertebrate life  
that exist in the modern                
seas--different1 it is true1 in details 

of structure from those now existing1   
but constructed on the same principles1 
and filling the same places in nature4  
,in the latter half of the ,palozoic we 
find a number of higher forms breaking  
upon us with the same apparent          
suddenness as in the case of the early  
,cambrian animals4 ,fishes appear1 and  
soon abound in a great variety of       
species1 representing types of no mean  
rank1 but1 singularly enough1 belonging 
in many cases to groups now very rare2  
while the commoner tribes of modern fish
 do not appear4 ,on the land1           
,batrachian ,reptiles now abound1 some  
of them very high in the sub-class to   
which they belong4 ,scorpions1 spiders1 
insects1 and millipedes appear as well  
as land-snails3 and this not in one     
locality only1 but over the whole       
northern hemisphere4444 ,nor do they    
show any signs of an unformed or        
imperfect state4444 ,the compound eyes  
and filmy wings of insects1 the teeth1  
bones1 and scales of batrachians and    

fishes2 all are as perfectly finished1  
and many quite as complex and elegant1  
as the animals of the present day4      
,this wonderful ,palozoic age was1      
however1 but a temporary state of the   
earth4 ,it passed away1 and was replaced
 by the ,mesozoic1 emphatically the age 
of ,reptiles1 when animals of that type 
attained to colossal magnitude1 to      
variety of function and structure1 to   
diversity of habitat in sea and on land1
 altogether unexampled in their degraded
 descendants of modern times4444        
,strangely enough1 with these reptilian 
lords appeared a few small and lowly    
mammals1 forerunners of the coming      
age4#bed ,birds also made their         
appearance4  ,the ,kainozoic1 or        
,tertiary1 is the age of ,mammals and of
 ,man4 ,in it the great reptilian       
tyrants of the ,mesozoic disappear1 and 
are replaced on land and sea by mammals 
or beasts of the same orders with those 
now living1 though differing as to      
genera and species4 ,so greatly indeed  

did mammalian life abound in this period
 that in the middle part of the         
,tertiary most of the leading groups    
were represented by more numerous       
species than at present1 while many     
types then existing       have now no   
representatives4 ,at the close of this  
great and      wonderful procession of  
living beings comes ,man himself--the   
last      and crowning triumph of       
creation the head1 thus far1 of life on 
the      earth4  ,illustration3         
,,diagram ,,illustrating ,,the          
,,progress ,,of ,,organic ,,development4
  ,in the above ,diagram the progress of
 ,organic ,development1 as manifested in
 higher and higher types1 is indicated  
by the increasing divergence of new     
forms from primitive simplicity of      
structure1 represented by the medium    
line separating the vegetable and animal
 kingdoms4  ,the ,supposed line of      
continuous ,evolution1 indicates the    
gradual course which should be taken by 
,development1 on ,darwinian or          

,spencerian principles1 by accumulation 
of minute differences in successive     
generations1 as contrasted with the     
abrupt and simultaneous appearance of   
highly differentiated types1 as spoken  
of by palontologists4  ,to face page    
#bbg4  ,it must be sufficient to quote  
one other remark3#bee       ,there is no
 direct evidence that in the course of  
geological time      one species has    
been gradually or suddenly changed into 
another4444      ,on the other hand1 we 
constantly find species replaced by     
others      entirely new1 and this      
without any transition4 ,the two classes
 of      facts are essentially          
different1 though often confounded by   
evolutionists2 and though it is possible
 to point out in the newer              
geological formations some genera and   
species allied to others      which have
 preceded them1 and to suppose that the 
later forms      proceeded from the     
earlier1 still1 as the connecting links 
cannot      be found1 this is mere      

supposition1 not scientific certainty4  
,further1 it proceeds on the principle  
of arbitrary choice of      certain     
forms out of many1 without any evidence 
of genetic      connexion4  ,having     
given a tabular view of ,geological     
periods and ,life-epochs1 similar to    
those presented above1 our author       
remarks3#bef       ,if in the table     
above we were to represent              
diagrammatically the      development of
 animals and plants1 this would appear  
not as a      smooth and continuous     
stream1 but as a series of great waves1 
each      rising abruptly1 and then     
descending and flowing on at a lower    
level along with the remains of those   
preceding it4  ,and here may be noticed 
an observation made amongst others by   
the ,comte de ,saporta#beg on the       
remarkable parallelism of ,animal and   
,vegetable development4 ,after a period 
in which these kingdoms were            
respectively represented by aquatic ,alg
 and ,protozoa1 land animals and land   

plants appear to have come in much at   
the same epoch2 and afterwards          
dicotyledonous plants immediately       
preceded the advent of mammals4  ,mr4   
,mivart is of like mind with the others 
we have heard4 ,the mass of             
palontological evidence1 he writes1#beh 
is indeed overwhelmingly against minute 
and gradual modification4 ,he points    
out1 with the ,north ,british ,reviewer 
so frequently quoted1 that had the later
 forms of life descended from the       
earlier1 through such a series of       
imperceptible gradations as is imagined1
 the probability would be that no two   
fossil specimens would be exactly alike1
 whereas in fact numbers are found of   
certain particular patterns1 and none   
whatever between them1 fossil animals   
and plants falling naturally into       
species1 genera1 families1 and other    
categories just like those of the       
present day4  ,it is this total absence 
of graduated series1 linking different  
forms together1 that is the great and   

fundamental difficulty in the way of    
genetic evolution4 ,yet this seems very 
seldom to be realized1 and it seems     
constantly to be assumed that in order  
to establish the genetic continuity of  
two creatures no more is required than  
to discover another standing more or    
less between them4 ,thus in the most    
famous of all instances1 how often do we
 hear of the missing link between man   
and ape1--as though should a generalized
 form be disclosed1 which might be      
considered a common ancestor1 the       
question of man's simian origin would be
 finally settled4 ,in the same way1 as  
we have seen1 the existence of birds    
with reptilian features1 is taken by    
some as conclusive proof that birds and 
reptiles have descended from one stock4 
,but what is most imperatively wanted1  
is persistently wanting1--namely some   
evidence of a series in which one form  
passes to another1 as in a dissolving   
view4 ,and yet1 genetic evolutionists   
must suppose such series to have been   

the universal rule throughout the whole 
course of life on earth4                
,assuredly writes ,m4 de                
,quatrefages#bei is it not singularly   
unfortunate for the evolutionary theory 
that so many facts which      tell      
against it should have been preserved in
 the scraps of      ,nature's great book
 which remain to us1 and that invariably
 those      which would have told in its
 favour were recorded in lost volumes   
and missing leaves8  ,in some particular
 instances the absence of any trace of  
intermediate forms is especially        
significant4 ,the tribe of ,bats1 for   
instance1 is a very singular one4 ,the  
wings1 in which form the fore-limbs are 
specialized1 represent the same elements
 as our own hands2 and other            
modifications of the same members have  
produced the paws of cats and dogs1 the 
hoofs of horses and cattle1 and the     
flippers of whales and porpoises1--to   
mention no others4 ,what countless hosts
 of the ,bat's ancestors must have lived

 and died while by accumulation of      
minute differences the primitive        
generalized limb whence all these       
diverse forms originated1 was being     
turned into a wing capable of flight4   
,yet of all these no vestige is to be   
discovered4 ,whenever the remains of    
bats have been found1 says ,mr4         
,mivart1#bfj they have presented the    
exact type of existing forms4 ,the same1
 he tells us1 holds good of other flying
 creatures--birds and pterodactyles--7or
 flying lizards--now wholly extinct74   
,no trace of any of these is forthcoming
 while their wings were in the making4  
,yet had such a slow mode of origin as  
,darwinians and genetic evolutionists   
generally contend for1 operated         
exclusively in all cases1 it is         
absolutely incredible that bats1 birds1 
and pterodactyles should have left the  
remains they have1 and yet not a single 
relic be preserved in any one instance  
of any of these different forms of wing 
in their incipient and relatively       

imperfect functional condition6  ,there 
are other creatures which stand in      
solitary isolation1 with no fragments of
 a bridge to connect them with the      
general body4 ,such is the rattlesnake's
 family1 whose pedigree1 ,mr4 ,mivart   
declares1#bfa we cannot even            
imagine--,the ancestors of the          
rattlesnake are beyond our mental       
vision4       ,but the number of forms  
says the same author#bfb represented by 
many individuals1 yet by no transitional
 ones1 is so great that      only two or
 three can be selected as examples4     
,thus those      remarkable fossil      
reptiles1 the ,icthyosauria and         
,plesiosauria1      extended1 through   
the secondary period1 probably over the 
greater      part of the globe4 ,yet no 
single transitional form has yet been   
met      with in spite of the           
multitudinous individuals preserved4    
,again1      with their modern          
representatives the ,cetacea1 one or two
 aberrant      forms alone have been    

found1 but no series of transitional    
ones      indicating minutely the line  
of descent4 ,this group1 the whales1 is 
a very marked one1 and it is curious1 on
 ,darwinian principles1 that      so few
 instances tending to indicate its mode 
of origin should have      presented    
themselves4 ,here1 as in the bats1 we   
might surely expect      that some      
relics of unquestionably incipient      
stages of its      development would    
have been left4  ,professor ,w4 ,c4     
,williamson likewise remarks#bfc on     
these lacun which persistently occur at 
crucial points3       ,if he writes     
these generic types of plants first came
 before us      in such clearly defined 
forms1 when and where did the           
transitional      states make their     
appearance8 ,the extreme evolutionists  
constantly      affirm of those who     
believe in special creation that they   
habitually suppose the origination to   
occur in some region remote      from   
human observation1 and that the         

conception survives only in             
connexion with imagined places where the
 order of organic phenomena      is     
unknown4 ,it is legitimate to retort    
upon them that they as      habitually  
resort to strata now covered by the     
sea--to rocks      from which all traces
 of such fossils as they probably       
included      have been obliterated by  
igneous action1 and to mysterious       
migrations from pre-existing continents 
to continents that were      step by    
step emerging from the ocean4           
,unfortunately1 so far as the           
vegetable kingdom is concerned1 we have 
as yet failed to discover      any      
traces of these mysterious strata or    
hypothetical continents in      which   
the transitions from one plant-type to  
another were being      brought about4  
,the believers in special creations are 
not the only      reasoners who have    
made free use of hypothetical           
possibilities4  ,he presently adds3     
,we have no evidence that unaided       

,nature has produced a single new       
type during the historic period4 ,we can
 only conclude that the      wonderful  
outburst of genetic activity which      
characterized the      ,tertiary age was
 due to some unknown factor1 which then 
operated      with an energy to which   
the earth was a stranger1 both          
previously      and subsequently4 ,the  
knowledge of this factor is what we need
 in      order to perfect our           
philosophy2 and until we obtain that    
knowledge1 many things must remain      
unaccounted for1 so far as      primeval
 vegetation is concerned4  ,and         
elsewhere ,professor ,williamson        
reiterates the same idea3#bfd       ,i  
contend stoutly he says that1 however   
numerous may be the facts      that     
sustain the doctrine of evolution 7and  
,i am prepared to admit      that there 
are many that do so in a remarkable     
manner71 this      unexplained outburst 
of new life demands the recognition of  
some      factor not hitherto admitted  

into the calculations of the            
evolutionist school4  ,in the record of 
fossil fishes he finds some features    
which are particularly hard to harmonize
 with any theory of genetic             
evolution4#bfe ,amongst the very        
earliest representatives of this class1 
even in the upper ,silurian1 are found  
remains of sharks1 in his opinion the   
highest order of fish1 and in the       
,devonian and ,carboniferous above1 of  
,ganoids armour clad1 like the sturgeon4
 ,but nowhere below the ,chalk do we    
find a single scale of ,cycloids or     
,ctenoids1 which in regard alike of the 
scales themselves1 of the nervous system
 and of the reproductive organs1 are    
much below the sharks1 and not above the
 ,ganoids4 ,to complicate matters still 
more1 however1 the skeleton of ,cycloids
 and ,ctenoids is more highly organized 
than that of the others1 and it is thus 
equally impossible to describe them as  
progressive or as retrogressive         
types4#bff  ,over and above this absence

 of intermediate or link forms1 the     
witnesses who have been cited insist on 
the fact that those earliest found are  
not simple or generalized               
representatives of their respective     
types1 as the theory of genetic         
evolution requires them to be1 but are  
as perfectly finished and specialized as
 those appearing in later ages4 ,to     
their testimony on this point may be    
added that of ,professor ,huxley1 who   
while frankly confessing that he would  
be glad enough to find evidence in      
favour of such progressive modification1
 was constrained by his love of         
scientific truth to bear witness as     
follows3#bfg       ,the only safe and   
unquestionable testimony we can         
procure--positive      evidence--fails  
to demonstrate any sort of progressive  
modification      towards a less        
embryonic1 or less generalized type1 in 
a great many      groups of animals of  
long-continued geological existence4 ,in
 these      groups there is abundant    

evidence of variation--none of what is  
generally understood as progression2 and
 if the known geological      record is 
to be regarded as even any considerable 
fragment of the      whole1 it is       
inconceivable that any theory of a      
necessarily      progressive development
 can stand1 for the numerous orders and 
families cited afford no trace of such a
 process4  ,so again he declared at a   
later period#bfh summarizing what he had
 said previously3       ,in answer to   
the question1 ,what does an impartial   
survey of the      positively           
ascertained truths of palontology       
testify in relation      to the common  
doctrines of progressive                
modification8444 ,i reply3 ,it          
negatives these doctrines2 for it either
 shows us no evidence of      such      
modification1 or demonstrates such      
modification as has      occurred to    
have been very slight2 and as to the    
nature of that      modification1 it    
yields no evidence whatsoever that the  

earliest      members of a long-existing
 group were more generalized in         
structure      than the later ones4  ,he
 went on1 however1 to say1 on this      
latter occasion1 that discoveries made  
in the interval afforded much ground for
 softening the ,brutus-like severity    
which eight years before he had         
exhibited in this regard1 by disclosing 
such evidence as he had declared to be  
lacking4 ,from the samples1 however1    
which he produced1 it does not appear   
that this fresh testimony comes to very 
much2 and in view of the observations   
with which he accompanied the           
exposition1 it would seem that in only  
one instance did it appear to himself   
thoroughly satisfactory4       ,every   
fossil he said#bfi which takes an       
intermediate place      between forms of
 life already known1 may be said1 so far
 as it is      intermediate1 to be      
evidence in favour of ,evolution1       
inasmuch as it      shows a possible    
road by which ,evolution may have taken 

place4 ,but      the mere discovery of  
such a form does not1 in itself1 prove  
that      ,evolution took place by and  
through it1 nor does it constitute      
more than presumptive evidence in favour
 of ,evolution in general4       ,it is 
easy#bgj to accumulate                  
probabilities--hard to make out some    
particular case in such a way that it   
will stand rigorous      criticism4     
,after much search1 however1 ,i think   
that such a case is      to be made out 
in favour of the pedigree of the ,horse4
  ,of this famous instance we have      
already heard1 and since it will be     
examined at length in the following     
chapter1 we will not dwell further upon 
it here4  ,so obvious indeed is this    
deficiency for evolutionary requirements
 of the ,geological record1 that        
,professor ,haeckel attempts to supply  
the want by boldly interpolating a      
number of periods during which the      
metamorphoses occurred1 but of which no 
record was left4 ,he assumes that       

between the epochs of depression1 when  
fossils were deposited beneath the      
water1 there were other epochs of       
elevation when the land was dry and no  
deposits could occur1 and he supposes   
that the abrupt changes of flora and    
fauna exhibited by successive           
formations1 are due to the lapse of time
 of which we have no organic record in  
what he styles these ,ante-periods4  ,as
 to this summary mode of loosing the    
,gordian knot1 it will be sufficient to 
quote ,professor ,huxley's verdict3 ,i  
confess this is wholly incredible to    
me4#bga ,and although in his favourable 
review of ,haeckel's book#bgb he showed 
himself far more tolerant of gratuitous 
speculations1 than his utterances on    
other occasions might have led us to    
expect1 upon this point he declared3 ,i 
fundamentally and entirely disagree with
 ,professor ,haeckel4  ,we may sum up   
the testimonies of which the above are  
representative in the words of two      
authorities by no means hostile to      

,evolution4 ,m4 ,edmond ,perrier1#bgc   
having shewn how this theory is         
suggested by the successive developments
 of type1 and how the phenomena of      
organic life seem to harmonize with it1 
thus continues3       ,unfortunately1   
when we descend to details1 such        
palontological      gaps present        
themselves that every sort of objection 
is possible4      ,the chain which      
morphology has allowed us to piece      
together is      continually snapped    
when we essay to travel back into the   
past4444      ,the art of distinguishing
 realities from phantoms of the         
imagination is what has made modern     
science so great and so mighty4         
,she is strong enough to win honour by  
avowing ignorance1 and      because men 
see her always determined to speak the  
truth1 they      gradually realize that 
she is not dangerous4  ,and in his      
,presidential address to the ,linnean   
,society1 ,may #bd1 #aijb1 ,professor   
,s4 ,h4 ,vines thus expressed himself as

 to the genealogical table of organic   
life1 which ever since the doctrine of  
,evolution was accepted1 it has been    
sought to construct3       ,though here 
and there fragments of the mosaic seem  
to have been      successfully pieced   
together1 the main outlines1 even1 of   
the great      picture are as yet but   
dimly discernible4       ,the fact that 
organic ,evolution should have proceeded
 so far as it      has within such      
limits of time as may reasonably be     
allowed1      admits1 to my mind1 of no 
other interpretation than that variation
      is not indeterminate1 but1 as     
,lamarck and ,ngeli have urged1 there   
must exist in living matter a certain   
inherent tendency or bias in      favour
 of variation in the higher direction4  
,it is this tendency or      bias that  
,i venture to regard as the primordial  
factor4  ,but it is precisely such an   
inherent tendency of organic life to    
develop on predetermined lines1 which   
,darwinians and other advocates of      

,evolution by the agency of physical    
forces alone1 vehemently repudiate as   
fatal to their whole system4            
,since ,professor ,williamson wrote1 the
 opinion has been adopted      that for 
the very reason which induced him to    
place the ,sharks      above the        
,cycloids and ,ctenoids1 their relative 
positions      should be reversed4 ,the 
,sharks being a more generalized type1  
with features more akin to those of     
land-dwelling reptiles1 and the         
others more specialized for purely      
aquatic conditions1 the      latter1 it 
is argued1 are a higher evolutionary    
product4 ,as a      necessary corollary 
it is assumed that vertebrate life      
originated1      not1 as had been       
supposed1 in the sea1 but in swamps or  
lagoons on      the shore-line4 ,it     
must1 however1 remain a question how far
 the      facility with which theories  
can thus be modified according to       
requirements1 is calculated to inspire  
confidence in them4     ,,xvii  ,,audi  

,,alteram ,,partem   ,we have heard ,mr4
 ,carruthers' declaration1 based upon   
his survey of palontological botany1    
,the whole evidence is against          
,evolution1 and there is none in favour 
of it4  ,remarkably enough1 at almost   
the same period#bgd ,professor ,huxley  
concluded a discussion of palontological
 evidence with a precisely contrary     
pronouncement--,the whole evidence is in
 favour of ,evolution1 and there is none
 against it4 ,on other occasions1 also1 
he distinctly maintained that it is just
 this line of enquiry which conclusively
 establishes ,evolution as no longer a  
theory1 but an historical fact4 ,to such
 a conclusion1 he tells us1#bge an acute
 and critical-minded investigator is led
 by the facts of palontology2--and1     
again1 ,if the doctrine of ,evolution   
had not existed1 palontologists must    
have invented it1 so irresistibly is it 
forced upon the mind by the study of the
 remains of the ,tertiary mammalia4     
,such declarations clearly challenge    

consideration1 especially when it is    
remembered how strict were the views    
which ,professor ,huxley professed as to
 the necessity of proofs for our        
beliefs1--that it is wrong for a man to 
say he is certain of the objective truth
 of any proposition unless he can       
produce evidence which logically        
justifies that certainty4#bgf  ,we      
therefore turn naturally to his lectures
 on ,evolution1 wherein he treats the   
palontological argument ex professo1 and
 we find that his verdict is based upon 
a few selected instances1 such as that  
of the reptilian birds already          
mentioned1 which he considers favourable
 to ,evolution1 and one which he terms  
demonstrative1--namely that of the      
,horse4 ,this he treats in some detail2 
in regard of it he delivers the positive
 judgment which we have just heard1 and 
it therefore in a special manner demands
 our attention4  ,as furnishing evidence
 for the history of the horse1 two      
features are of special importance1 his 

limbs1 and his teeth4 ,of these we may  
confine our attention to the former1 as 
being1 at once1 sufficient for our      
purpose1 and within the scope of        
ordinary observation4  ,the horse       
family1 or ,equidae1 belong to the tribe
 of ,ungulates1 or hoofed animals1 some 
points of whose anatomy require to be   
considered in relation to our own4      
,taking first the fore-limbs4 ,what we  
call the knee of a horse is in reality  
the wrist1--the true knee1 or rather    
elbow1 being what we call the shoulder4 
,below the knee comes the cannon bone1  
corresponding to the middle bone of the 
hand1 and below it the pastern1         
coronary1 and coffin bones1 representing
 the joints of the solitary             
middle-finger1 while the hoof is its    
greatly enlarged and thickened nail4    
,similarly1 in the hind-limbs2 the hock 
is veritably the ankle1 and again the   
lateral digits are suppressed1 the      
middle toe alone remaining4  ,it thus   
appears that an ,ungulate such as the   

horse1 is an extreme modification of the
 general ,mammalian plan1 his members   
being highly specialized for a certain  
kind of work4 ,his leg and hoof1 as the 
theory of genetic ,evolution declares1  
have been gradually fashioned to their  
present shape from an original limb in  
the common ,mammalian ancestor1 which by
 other modifications has equally        
produced the totally different members  
possessed by other mammals4  ,that the  
horse is descended from a race bearing  
more than one digit on each extremity1  
seems to be indicated by the            
splint-bones which are found on the     
cannon-bone of both fore and hind legs1 
and which represent the second and      
fourth finger and toe1 and also by      
recorded occurrences of polydactyle     
horses1 one of which has a distinguished
 place in history as ,julius ,csar's    
charger4#bgg  ,that the animal as we now
 know him is the lineal descendant of   
various other ungulates1 in whom the    
digits were gradually reduced from the  

normal number of five1 to their present 
solitary representative1 ,professor     
,huxley and other ,evolutionists hold to
 be demonstrated by the discovery in due
 succession of various equine specimens1
 in which this diminution is gradually  
exhibited4  ,the remains of these       
animals are all found in ,tertiary      
strata1 of which1 it will be remembered1
 there are three great divisions1 the   
,eocene1 ,miocene1 and ,pliocene1 the   
first named being the most ancient1 and 
the last the most recent4  ,the genus   
,equus1 or at least our modern horse1   
,equus caballus1 can be traced no       
further back than the ,post-tertiary    
period4 ,the succession of forms leading
 up thither commences at the bottom of  
the ,eocene1 and extends to the upper   
,pliocene4  ,following ,professor       
,huxley's guidance1 we trace the        
pedigree downwards1 thus3               
,firstly1 there is the true horse4 ,next
 we have the ,american      ,pliocene   
form1 ,pliohippus4 ,in the conformation 

of its limbs it      presents some very 
slight deviations from the ordinary     
horse4 ,then      comes ,protohippus1   
which represents the ,european          
,hipparion1      having one large digit 
and two small ones on each foot4444 ,but
 it      is more valuable than          
,hipparion1 for certain peculiarities   
tend      to show that the latter is    
rather a member of a collateral branch1 
than a form in the direct line of       
succession4 ,next1 in the backward      
order in time1 is the ,miohippus1       
,miocene1 which corresponds      pretty 
nearly with the ,anchitherium of        
,europe4 ,it presents three             
complete toes--one large median and two 
smaller lateral ones2 and      there is 
a rudiment of that digit which answers  
to the little      finger of the human  
hand4 ,the ,european record stops here3 
in the      ,american ,tertiaries1 the  
series of ancestral equine forms is     
continued into the ,eocene4 ,an older   
,miocene form1 ,mesohippus1 has         

three toes in front1 with a large       
splint-like rudiment representing       
the little finger1 and three toes       
behind4 ,the radius and ulna1      tibia
 and fibula1#bgh are distinct4 ,most    
important of all is      the ,orohippus1
 from the ,eocene4 ,here we find four   
complete toes      on the front limb1   
three toes on the hind-limb1 a well     
developed      ulna1 a well developed   
fibula4  ,here1 when the lecture which  
we are considering was delivered1 the   
series terminated3--and upon the facts  
as above given ,professor ,huxley thus  
commented3       ,thus1 it has become   
evident that1 so far as our present     
knowledge      extends1 the history of  
the horse-type is exactly and precisely 
that which could have been predicted    
from a knowledge of the      principles 
of ,evolution4 ,and the knowledge we now
 possess justifies      us completely in
 the anticipation1 that when the still  
lower ,eocene      deposits1 and those  
which belong to the ,cretaceous ,epoch  

have      yielded up their remains1 we  
shall find1 first1 a form with four     
complete toes and a rudiment of the     
innermost or first digit in      front1 
with probably a rudiment of the fifth   
digit in the hind      foot2 while1 in  
still older forms1 the series of the    
digits will be      more and more       
complete1 until we come to the five-toed
 animals1 in      which1 if the doctrine
 of ,evolution is well founded1 the     
whole      series must have taken its   
origin4  ,finally he was able to add in 
a note that since the delivery of the   
lecture1 ,professor ,marsh had          
discovered a new genus of ,equine       
,mammals1 ,eohippus1 corresponding very 
nearly to his description of what might 
first be looked for4 ,this1 adds        
,professor ,huxley1 is what ,i mean by  
demonstrative evidence of ,evolution4444
 ,in fact1 the whole evidence is in     
favour of ,evolution1 and there is none 
against it4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,that these facts   

are indeed most remarkable and deserving
 of all attention1 cannot be questioned4
 ,but before we can agree that they are 
conclusive and demonstrative in         
,professor ,huxley's sense a good many  
considerations require to be carefully  
weighed4  7i47 ,it is obvious1 in the   
first place1 that here as in all other  
instances which we have seen1 the one   
thing is lacking which is really wanted 
in order to prove ,evolution1 namely    
evidence of one species gradually       
shading off into another4 ,the creatures
 of which we have heard1 are each       
isolated from the rest1 and indeed very 
much isolated1 for each belongs to a    
different genus1#bgi which shows that   
the differences between them are        
substantial4 ,they are1 in fact1 farther
 apart from one another1 than the zebra 
or the donkey from the horse1 for both  
of these are classed in the genus       
equus1--or than the ,bengal tiger is    
from the domestic pussy-cat1 both       
belonging to the genus felis4  ,these   

various ungulate forms thus stand a long
 way from one another1 and if they were 
once connected together by a bridge1 or 
rather a causeway1 we ought certainly to
 find some traces of it1 and not always 
of those particular types which require 
to be united4 ,if we suppose the very   
distinct species actually known to have 
been the piers of such a bridge1 yet    
what has become of the arches8 ,till    
some vestiges of these be found1 or1 at 
least1 some positive evidence that      
arches there actually were1 can it be   
said that the story of the fossil       
equidae furnishes convincing testimony  
on behalf of the supposed evolution8    
,affinities these various forms         
undoubtedly exhibit3 it has yet to be   
shown that affinities necessarily imply 
descent4  ,there is1 however1 something 
even more remarkable4 ,we have seen that
 ,professor ,huxley prognosticated      
beforehand the discovery of ,eohippus1  
and specified pretty nearly the features
 it would be found to present4 ,in the  

same way1 ,professor ,marsh#bhj         
anticipates and describes a still more  
remote ancestral form1 for which1 though
 it has not yet been found1 he has      
provided an appellation1 ,hippops4 ,but 
if either ,professor really believes in 
,evolution1 why does he take for granted
 that we shall chance upon one          
particular form1 standing like a        
solitary outpost by itself1 and not upon
 any other trace of the stream of life  
whereof it was but one transient phase8 
,such predictions may be evidence that  
the occurrence of these progressive     
forms is regulated by something         
analogous to ,bode's ,law of            
interplanetary distances1 and that their
 discovery may be looked for at certain 
intervals4 ,but the very fact that their
 actual position can be so accurately   
specified serves to show that it is very
 definitely fixed4  7ii47 ,moreover1 a  
very grave difficulty at once suggests  
itself1 of which ,professor ,huxley     
makes no mention4 ,the horse as we now  

have him1 ,equus caballus1 is a native  
of the ,old ,world1 and has been        
introduced to ,america only since the   
time of ,columbus4 ,there had1 it is    
true1 been horses in ,america           
previously1--belonging to the genus     
,equus1 perhaps even to the species     
caballus1--they had1 however1 been long 
extinct1 and no memory of them remained4
 ,but1 as will be noticed1 the pedigree 
given by ,professor ,huxley consists    
almost entirely of ,american animals1 to
 which category belong all whose names  
terminate in -hippus1 and these cannot  
with any reason be assigned as          
progenitors to the ,european horse4 ,as 
,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson observes3#bha      
,in ,america a series of horse-like     
animals has been selected1              
beginning with the ,eohippus of the     
,eocene--an animal the size of      a   
fox1 and with four toes in front and    
three behind--and these have      been  
marshalled as the ancestors of the      
fossil horses of      ,america4444 ,yet 

all this is purely arbitrary1 and       
dependent merely      on a succession of
 genera more and more closely resembling
 the      modern horse being procurable 
from successive ,tertiary deposits      
often widely separated in time and      
place4 ,in ,europe1 on the other        
hand1 the ancestry of the horse has been
 traced back to      ,palotherium--an   
entirely different form--by just as     
likely      indications1 the truth being
 that as the group to which the horse   
belongs culminated in the early         
,tertiary times1 the animal has too     
many imaginary ancestors4 ,both         
genealogies can scarcely be true1       
and there is no actual proof of either4 
,the existing ,american      horses1    
which are of ,european origin1 are1     
according to the theory1                
descendants of ,palotherium1 not of     
,eohippus2 but if we had not      known 
this on historical evidence1 there would
 have been nothing to      prevent us   
from tracing them to the latter animal4 

,this simple      consideration alone is
 sufficient to show that such           
genealogies are      not of the nature  
of scientific evidence4  7iii47 ,even   
apart from this fundamental difficulty1 
there is much diversity as to the       
precise genealogy4 ,we may compare      
together the lines of ancestry          
favoured--7#a7 by ,professor ,huxley1   
7#b7 ,in a case exhibited in our ,museum
 of ,natural ,history to illustrate the 
subject1 7#c7 ,by ,mr4 ,mivart1#bhb 7#d7
 ,by ,mr4 ,lydekker1#bhc 7#e7 ,in ,the  
,evolution of the ,horse1 a pamphlet    
issued1 ,january1 #aijc1 by the         
,american ,museum4 ,this last gives the 
very latest version of the pedigree1    
but1 naturally1 of the ,american ,horse 
alone4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,huxley4  ,british       ,mivart4       
,lydekker4        ,american             
,museum ,case4                          
,museum4                                

----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,equus       ,equus          ,equus     
,equus              ,equus   ,pliohippus
                                        
,protohippus ,hipparion      ,hipparion 
,hipparion          ,hipparion          
,protohippus  ,protohippus              
,hypohippus   ,miohippus                
,anchitherium ,anchitherium             
,merychippus                            
,anchitherium,anchitherium              
,anchilophus       ,mesohippus          
,mesohippus  ,protohippus               
,pachynolophus7form allied to7 7#b      
species7               ,mesohippus      
,epihippus   ,orohippus    7#b species7 
,hyracotherium     ,protorohippus       
,eohippus    ,hyracotherium  ,phenacodus
   ,systemodon        ,eohippus         
,an undiscovered                        
ancestor                                
7,hippops7                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 

,it will be observed1 that whereas      
,hipparion is disallowed by ,professor  
,huxley as not being in the direct line 
of descent1 in all the other genealogies
 he appears as the immediate ancestor of
 ,equus4 ,also that in all these tables1
 ,old ,world and ,new ,world forms are  
used indifferently to supply progenitors
 for the same successor4 ,also that     
there is no agreement at all as to the  
earlier ancestry4 ,it would likewise    
appear that even the existence of       
,eohippus himself is not beyond         
question1 for in our ,museum galleries  
and guide-book his name always has a    
note of interrogation appended4 ,the    
,american authorities give an           
anticipatory sketch of the limbs of the 
ancestor which still remains to be      
discovered4  ,there is something even   
more remarkable4   ,,development ,,of   
,,equid4                          _/    
----------------------------------------
-----------                ,recent4     
,equus ,caballus499                     

----------------------------------------
-----------                         _/  
,equus ,stenonis4999999 ,e4             
,sivalensis4999999 c4                   
,quaternary4         ,hippidium49999    
,e4 ,americanus49999 c4                 
----------------------------------------
-----------                         _/  
,pliohippus4                            
_/                                      
,pliocene4    ,hipparion4999999         
,protohippus4                           
----------------------------------------
-----------                        _/   
,,tertiary4                             
,miocene4    ,hypohippus4  ,parahippus4 
,miohippus4  ,anchitherium499           
,merychippus4                           
,mesohippus4                            
----------------------------------------
-----------                        _/   
,epihippus4                             
,orohippus4  ,hyracotherium499          
,eocene4    ,protorohippus4             
,pachynolophus499                       

,eohippus4                              
,phenacodus4                            
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,hippops 7undiscovered74                
,,secondary4                            
,no trace of ,mammals except small      
,marsupials and ,insectivora4           
99 ,indicates an inhabitant of the ,old 
,world4 ,all others are ,american4  9999
 ,not in direct line of ancestry4       
,huxley's lecture exhibiting the        
pedigree we have been considering was   
delivered in #ahgf4 ,we have already    
seen that six years earlier he had      
declared himself satisfied1 after much  
search1 that though other genealogies   
might be doubtful1 we had in the case of
 the ,horse something really            
satisfactory4 ,but the pedigree of      
#ahgj--which he thus indicated as       
scientifically established--was totally 
different from that of #ahgf1 and was   
acknowledged as erroneous by the very   
acceptance of the latter4 ,in #ahgj the 

ancestry presented for ,equus consisted 
of ,hipparion1 ,anchitherium1 and       
,plagiolophus4 ,of these1 ,hipparion was
 in #ahgf specifically disallowed as a  
direct ancestor3 ,anchitherium was      
displaced by ,miohippus1 and although we
 are told that these creatures          
correspond pretty nearly1 the ,horse    
cannot be descended from both1          
especially as they dwelt in different   
hemispheres4 ,finally ,plagiolophus     
disappears from the amended pedigree    
altogether4 ,nothing could more vividly 
illustrate the danger of such           
speculations than that an authority so  
clear-headed and conscientious as       
,professor ,huxley should thus proclaim 
his acceptance of a genealogy which he  
had on after information to renounce4   
,nor to him alone have such             
misadventures happened4 ,mr4 ,darwin too
 thought the claim of ,hipparion to     
ancestral equine rank to be beyond      
dispute4 ,no one will deny1 he          
wrote1#bhd that the ,hipparion is       

intermediate between the existing horse 
and certain older ungulate forms4 ,yet1 
as we see1 this has been denied by his  
champion ,huxley himself4  7iv47 ,the   
materials available for the             
reconstruction of these various equine  
forms1 are far less satisfactory than   
might easily be supposed4 ,as a rule1   
each is known to us only by small       
fragments of its skeleton1 so that we   
can have no assurance as to what the    
whole animal was really like1 or even   
that all parts assigned to one creature 
really belonged to him4 ,we can         
accordingly feel no certainty that if we
 could see any of these as a whole we   
should find it possible to suppose that 
the horse descended from it4 ,thus in   
,hippidium1 an ,american genus closely  
allied to ,equus1 it is at least        
doubtful whether the digits did not     
terminate in claws4#bhe ,one species of 
,hippidium is known only by a solitary  
tooth4 ,of ,hyracotherium only the skull
 has been found3 of ,orohippus only     

parts of jaws and teeth and a forefoot3 
of ,epihippus1 only incomplete          
specimens4#bhf ,accordingly1 ,professor 
,williamson1 speaking of the discoveries
 of ,professor ,marsh and others1 thus  
expresses himself3#bhg       ,beyond all
 question1 some of the gaps that have   
hitherto separated      the three       
animals ,anchitherium1 ,hipparion1 and  
,equus are      filled up by these      
discoveries2 but ,i want yet more       
evidence before      ,i can arrive at   
the conclusion that the doctrine of     
,evolution is      proved by these facts
 beyond the possibility of question4 ,it
      appears to me that before ,i can  
unhesitatingly give to the              
testimony of these fossil horses the    
full value ,i am asked to do1 ,i        
must know more about them than is at    
present possible4 ,it will not      be  
enough that the limbs and teeth of these
 creatures indicate      transmutation1 
but such transmutation must be evidenced
 by every      part of the animal4 ,this

 demand is especially applicable to the 
stages which intervene between the      
,hipparion and the horse4444            
,myriads of individuals must have       
existed to effect the gradual           
shading of the one into the other in    
every part of its body4  7v47 ,it should
 likewise be remarked that in one not   
unimportant particular1 the plates so   
commonly given to illustrate the horse's
 ancestry do not fairly represent the   
facts4 ,it would appear from them that  
all the animals were much of a size1    
which doubtless greatly assists the     
imagination in picturing them as all in 
one line of descent4 ,but as a matter of
 fact they differed in stature          
extremely1 and the remoter supposed     
progenitors were comparative pigmies4   
,hyracotherium1 for instance1 was about 
the size of a hare1#bhh and according to
 ,professor ,cope1 ,orohippus was the   
exact counterpart of this diminutive    
steed4 ,the hypothetical ,hippops1 which
 ,professor ,marsh locates in the lower 

,tertiary or upper ,secondary rocks1    
can1 he thinks1#bhi now be predicated   
with certainty2 and amongst other things
 it probably was not larger than a      
rabbit1 perhaps much smaller4           
,sometimes1 so far as evidence goes1 it 
even seems that in respect of size there
 was deterioration instead of advance as
 the lineage progressed4 ,thus          
,epihippus1 found in the ,upper ,eocene1
 is considerably smaller than           
,protorohippus1 found in the ,middle    
,eocene2 but1 says the ,american        
pamphlet1#bij no doubt there were others
 of larger size living at the same time1
 which will scarcely be called          
convincing4  ,illustration3 ,,the       
,,pedigree ,,of ,,the ,,horse1 ,,from   
,,the ,,american ,,museum4  ,,the       
,,pedigree ,,of ,,the ,,horse1 ,,from   
,,huxley',s ,,lectures ,,on ,,evolution4
  7vi47 ,worthy of notice also is the   
remarkable circumstance that in the line
 of evolution culminating in the modern 
,horse1 a parallel series of generically

 identical or closely allied forms      
occurs in the ,tertiaries of both       
,europe and ,north ,america1 from which 
it has been suggested that on both      
continents a parallel development of the
 same genera has simultaneously taken   
place4#bia ,and1 as we have seen1 while 
the ,american pedigree must have been   
entirely different from the ,european1  
it terminates equally in both continents
 with the genus ,equus1 if not actually 
with ,equus caballus4#bib ,but1 on any  
mechanical system of evolution1 it is   
impossible to suppose that developments 
conducted along separate roads could    
thus be brought to meet in one          
terminus4#bic ,mr4 ,darwin did not      
conceive it possible that the same      
species should be produced twice over1  
if even the very same conditions of     
life1 organic and inorganic should      
recur1#bid and the production of genuine
 horses1 not only in widely diverse     
circumstances1 but through totally      
different ancestors1 must appear still  

less conceivable4 ,consequently1 says   
,mr4 ,mivart1#bie it follows from this  
generic identity1 that classification   
will be no longer ,darwinian1 but one   
more ,aristotelian1 and will regard1 not
 the origin but the outcome of          
development1 whether of the individual  
or the species4  7vii47 ,there is1      
however1 another consideration more     
serious than any of the above4 ,in order
 to set the theory of genetic ,evolution
 upon a sound and substantial basis1 it 
is not sufficient to show that the last 
ungulate is lineally descended from the 
first1--,equus from ,eohippus1          
,hyracotherium1 ,phenacodus1 or         
,hippops1--but that this first ungulate 
himself--whichever it was--has been1 or 
at least may have been1 similarly       
developed from a non-ungulate ,mammalian
 ancestor1 the common parent of all the 
protean forms assumed by his progeny4   
,to develop all these from one original1
 through a graduated series in each     
case1 by the infinitesimal process of   

descent with modification1 would require
 a period of time inconceivably         
long--immensely longer than that        
required to change one ungulate into    
another4 ,ungulates1 as has been said1  
are a highly specialized type of        
,mammals1 and although they walked on   
the nails of five digits instead of only
 one1 a vast amount of ,evolution would 
be required to bring them even to this  
point1 from that whence all ,mammals are
 said to have started4 ,there must also 
have existed1 while this development was
 in progress1 a teeming and             
multitudinous mammalian life1 as raw    
material for its operations--and of this
 at least some trace should remain4     
,but1 so far as we know1 the first      
,ungulates made their appearance upon   
earth quite as soon as did any other    
mammals from which they could possibly  
have sprung4 ,phenacodus1 is in fact    
described as1#bif ,the most primitive   
,eocene mammal yet discovered4 ,he      
appears in the ,lower ,tertiary2 while  

the ,secondary and ,mesozoic rocks      
beneath1--the whole period covered by   
which would be none too long for the    
evolution of ,tertiary mammals          
generally1--are practically devoid of   
mammalian remains altogether1 exhibiting
 only a few small marsupials1 from which
 we can no more suppose ,phenacodus and 
the huge and various beasts who were his
 ,eocene contemporaries to have         
developed1 than from opossums the size  
of shrew-mice4  ,it also complicates    
matters not a little to find that when  
placental mammals first show themselves 
all over the world at the beginning of  
the ,eocene1--while this highly         
specialized order of the ,ungulates     
seems to have been much the most        
numerous1 it had a host of              
contemporaries1 of extreme diversities  
of structure3--as for instance          
,unguiculates 7or clawed animals7 allied
 to the ,hyena and the ,fox1 ,rodents   
7gnawing animals7 akin to the ,squirrel1
 as well as ,whales and ,bats4 ,of the  

,cetaceans1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson tells  
us3#big       ,the oldest of the whales 
are in their dentition more perfect than
      any of their successors1 since    
their teeth are each implanted by       
two roots1 and have serrated crowns1    
like those of the seals4 ,the      great
 ,eocene whales of the ,south ,atlantic 
7,zeuglodon7 which have      these      
characters1 attained the length of      
seventy feet1 and are      undoubtedly  
the first of the whales in rank as well 
as in time4      ,this is perhaps one of
 the most difficult facts to explain on 
the      theory of ,evolution4444 ,we   
may question1 says ,gaudry1#bih these   
strange and gigantic sovereigns of the  
,tertiary oceans as to their            
progenitors--they leave us without      
reply4 444 ,their silence is the        
more significant as one can scarcely    
suppose these animals to have      been 
nurtured in any limited or secluded     
space in the early stages      of their 
development4  ,the ,bats1 as is obvious1

 would require quite as much            
transformation from the generalized     
mammalian type as the ,whales           
themselves1 though in quite another     
direction4 ,but they appear with their  
wings fully developed1 in the ,eocene1  
in both ,hemispheres4       ,gaudry     
thinks writes ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson#bii  
that it is natural to      suppose that 
there must have been species existing   
previously with      shorter fingers#cjj
 and rudimentary wings2 but there are no
 facts      to support this supposition1
 which is the more questionable since   
the supposed rudimentary wings would be 
useless1 and perhaps      harmful to    
their possessors4 ,besides1 if from the 
,eocene to the      present1 the ,bats  
have remained the same1 how long would  
it take to      develop an animal with  
ordinary feet1 like those of a shrew1   
into a      bat8  ,such instances are by
 no means singular1 nor are like        
difficulties confined to the ,eocene4   
,in the ,miocene above1 about the time  

when ,anchitherium flourished1 there    
appeared a family with whom he might    
claim relationship1 for they were not   
only akin to the ,ungulates but         
,perissodactyles1 or odd-toed1 like     
himself4 ,these were the                
,proboscideae--the beasts that bear     
between their eyes a serpent for a hand1
 in other words the ,elephants and their
 allies4 ,these1 like other families1   
amongst their earliest representatives  
included the giants of their race1 for  
some of their ,miocene specimens#cja are
 about half as large again as the       
largest of our modern elephants4        
,professor ,ray ,lankester has recently 
declared#cjb that we now understand the 
genetic affinities of these creatures1  
whose faces have been pulled out into   
trunks with the nose at the extremity1  
and in support of his statement he      
adduces the features of the cranium as  
exhibited in certain recently-discovered
 specimens4 ,but how far can conclusions
 be called final which are based upon   

such partial evidence8#cjc ,as ,m4      
,gaudry1 convinced ,evolutionist as he  
is1 acknowledges1 in regard of this very
 matter3#cjd       ,like the ,mastodons1
 the ,dinotheria appeared suddenly4     
,whence did      they come8 from what   
quadrupeds did they spring8 ,at present 
we do      not know4444 ,the points of  
difference from other mammals taken as  
a whole1 and compared with the points of
 resemblance1 are too great      to     
enable us to point to any relationship  
between the ,proboscideans      and     
animals of other orders as yet known to 
us4  ,such then are some of the still   
unanswered questions connected with the 
genesis of the ,horse1 the most famous  
instance of geological evidence#cje     
which ,professor ,huxley selects as     
proving ,evolution to demonstration4 ,it
 is by no means easy to understand how  
it could ever be supposed to merit any  
such description4 ,in view of the       
various difficulties recited above it   
can hardly be thought that there is     

satisfactory evidence even of the       
modicum of ,evolution for which alone   
are such arguments brought1 namely      
within the limits of the ,equid4 ,even  
were the reality of this established to 
the full1 how would such evidence       
compare with that we have heard1 drawn  
not from one corner of ,organic ,nature1
 but from a review of the great lines of
 its history8#cjf  ,we find indeed that 
while ,professor ,huxley declares       
palontology to be the main support of   
,evolution1 other authorities tell us   
the exact contrary4       ,the doctrine 
of organic evolution says ,sir ,j4 ,w4  
,dawson#cjg is      essentially         
biological rather than geological1 and  
has been much      more favoured by     
biologists than by those whose studies  
lead them      more specially to        
consider the succession of animals and  
plants      revealed by the rocks of the
 earth4  ,similarly ,professor          
,williamson1#cjh speaking of the efforts
 made to obtain evidence on behalf of   

,evolution1 says3 ,not only living1 but 
extinct animals have been appealed to2  
,professor ,huxley especially has1 with 
his wonted skilfulness1 made use of the 
latter to buttress the geological side  
of the structure1 which is confessedly  
its weakest one4  ,more important than  
all1--,mr4 ,darwin himself fully        
acknowledged that the palontological    
evidence is far short of what it should 
be3--and attempted to meet the          
difficulty by pleading the imperfection 
of the geological record3--a plea to be 
more fully considered presently4  ,we   
must not leave unnoticed the method of  
dealing with the geological record      
adopted by ,professor ,haeckel4 ,of this
 we have already seen a slight          
specimen1--- in the gratuitous and      
baseless assertion that the apetalous   
,dicotyledons date as far back as the   
,trias1 at the very bottom of the       
,secondary period1 by which1 were it a  
fact1 a serious ,evolutionary void would
 be filled4 ,in the same manner he draws

 a perfectly imaginary picture of the   
submarine forests of primeval days1 in  
which we may suppose all the forms of   
after vegetation to have begun their    
career as seaweeds4#cji  ,but in regard 
of his favourite doctrine of the bestial
 origin of man1 he goes much further1   
and prints#caj an elaborate genealogy   
upon which ,professor ,huxley in        
reviewing him makes no adverse remark4  
,in this he exhibits1 as a simple matter
 of scientific fact1 an ,ancestral      
,series of the human pedigree1 which    
ninety-nine per cent1 of his readers    
will naturally suppose to be based upon 
palontological evidence4 ,this wonderful
 genealogy stands thus3  #a4 ,monera4   
#b4 ,single-celled ,primeval animals4   
#c4 ,many-celled ,primeval animals4 #d4 
,ciliated planul 7,planada74 #e4        
,primeval ,intestinal animals           
7,gastrada74 #f4 ,gliding ,worms        
7,turbellaria74 #g4 ,soft-worms         
7,scolecida74 #h4 ,sack worms           
7,himatega74 #i4 ,acrania4 #aj4         

,monorrhina4 #aa4 ,primeval fish        
7,selachii74 #ab4 ,salamander fish      
7,dipneusta74 #ac4 ,gilled ,amphibia    
7,sozobranchia74 #ad4 ,tailed ,amphibia 
7,sozura74 #ae4 ,primeval ,amniota      
7,protamnia74 #af4 ,primary ,mammals    
7,promammalia74 #ag4 ,marsupialia4 #ah4 
,semi-apes 7,prosimi74 #ai4 ,tailed     
narrow-nosed ,apes4 #bj4 ,tail-less     
narrow-nosed ,apes 7,men-like ,apes74   
#ba4 ,pithecanthropus 7,speechless or   
,ape-like ,man74 #bb4 ,talking ,man4    
,the first thing to remark says ,m4 de  
,quatrefages#caa is that not      one of
 the creatures exhibited in this        
pedigree has ever been seen1      either
 living or fossil4 ,their existence is  
based entirely upon      theory4#cab    
,all species1 existing or extinct1 are  
said to have      been preceded by      
ancestral forms1 which have disappeared 
leaving      no vestige behind4444 ,all 
the ancestral groups more or less ill   
represented in the actual organic world1
 do not suffice to fill up      the gaps

 in his pedigree2 from one stage to     
another there is      sometimes too     
broad a gulf4 ,then ,haeckel invents the
 types      themselves1 as well as the  
line of descent to which he assigns them
      for example ,no4 #g1 ,the         
,scolecida1 and ,no4 #ba1               
,pithecanthropus4  ,this kind of        
,science does not deserve to be treated 
seriously4 ,it will be sufficient to    
cite another observation of ,m4 de      
,quatrefages3#cac       ,if ,darwin     
erred in regarding our very ignorance as
 to some degree      telling in favour  
of his notions1 he never tried to       
re-write the      missing volumes of the
 earth's history1 to restore the        
chapters      which have been torn out1 
or to fill the blanks upon pages that   
have come down to us4 ,but this is just 
what ,haeckel does      continually4    
,whenever a branch or a twig is lacking 
on his      genealogical trees1 whenever
 the transit from one type to another   
would appear too abrupt1 were we to     

restrict ourselves to creatures         
actually known1 he invents species and  
groups bodily1 to which he              
unhesitatingly assigns a place in       
phylogeny1 often a part in              
phylogenesis4 ,sometimes he calls in    
ontogeny to countenance the             
discovery of supposed ancestors3 but    
frequently he does no more      than    
affirm their existence4 ,he thus creates
 a fauna1 entirely      hypothetical1 of
 which ,vogt rightly said that no man   
ever saw a      trace of it1 or ever    
will4  ,it is in this fashion that      
,professor ,haeckel habitually solves   
the ,riddles of the ,universe4  ,as     
,vogt himself wrote1#cad ,we shall be   
compelled to patch and alter these      
genealogical trees of species1 which up 
to this time have been set forth as the 
last word of ,science1 and especially of
 ,darwinism4  ,and ,du                  
,bois-,reymond1#cae ,man's pedigree1 as 
drawn up by ,haeckel1 is worth about as 
much as is that of ,homer's heroes for  

critical historians4  ,there remains to 
be considered ,darwin's own explanation 
of the admitted deficiency of           
palontological evidence4       ,the main
 cause he writes#caf of innumerable     
intermediate links      between         
different forms not now occurring       
everywhere throughout      nature1      
depends on the very process of natural  
selection1 through      which new       
varieties continually take the places of
 and supplant      their parent-forms4  
,but just in proportion as this process 
of      extermination has acted on an   
enormous scale1 so must the number of   
intermediate varieties1 which have      
formerly existed1 be truly              
enormous4 ,why then is not every        
geological formation and every          
stratum full of such intermediate links8
 ,geology assuredly does not      reveal
 any such finely-graduated organic      
chain2 and this1 perhaps1      is the   
most obvious and serious objection which
 can be urged      against the theory4  

,the explanation lies1 as ,i believe1 in
 the      extreme imperfection of the   
geological record4  ,how imperfect this 
record is he proceeds to argue at       
length1 and he has no difficulty in     
showing how much of it has at one time  
or other been defaced by natural causes1
 and how small a portion has been laid  
open to our inspection4 ,but although   
his demonstration on this point is      
continually quoted1 as though it solved 
the difficulty1 it does not appear that 
it need detain us long4  ,it is1 in the 
first place1 obvious that the absence of
 evidence cannot prove the truth of the 
theory of ,evolution or any other1 and  
it is proof of that theory which is     
required4 ,apart from palontological    
facts1 as ,professor ,huxley has told   
us1 there can be no conclusive evidence 
one way or the other2 and if the        
geological record be not sufficiently   
complete to supply such evidence1 the   
theory cannot possibly claim to be      
scientifically established4  ,is it not 

also1 as ,m4 de ,quatrefages has        
remarked1 very singular that precisely  
that evidence must be supposed always to
 have perished which the ,evolution     
theory imperatively requires1 while so  
much remains which appears to contradict
 it8  ,but1 moreover1 as ,mr4           
,carruthers says1 incomplete though the 
record undoubtedly is1 and limited as is
 our knowledge even of what             
exists1--there still remains a vast mass
 of information which it has actually   
supplied1 and there seems to be no      
reason for denying that1 as to the      
particular point under consideration1   
its testimony is ample4 ,if1 as on the  
principles of genetic ,evolution must be
 the case1 there were in each line of   
descent no successive species or genera1
 made up of forms clustered round one   
point in the course of development more 
than another1 how comes it that we find 
always and everywhere just such isolated
 clusters1 naturally forming genera and 
species2 and that in no single instance 

do we find any trace of the graduated   
series linking them together8 ,is it not
 quite impossible to suppose1 that at   
all points in ,nature we stumble upon   
exactly those instances which disguise1 
and apparently contradict1 the method   
upon which she invariably works8  ,it is
 likewise obvious that the practice of  
,evolutionists is quite inconsistent    
with their own plea1 for their arguments
 are constantly unmeaning except on the 
assumption that the geological record is
 sufficiently complete for practical    
purposes4 ,in the example of the ,horse1
 for instance1 which we have been       
considering1 the whole case for his     
,evolution is based upon the supposition
 that the completed ,equus did not exist
 during the earlier periods when        
,eohippus1 ,anchitherium1 ,hipparion and
 the rest of them were preparing the way
 for his appearance1 and that none of   
these lived simultaneously with others  
more ancient still which are set down as
 their ancestors4 ,but on what does such

 a supposition rest8 ,simply on the     
absence of remains of the more          
developed1 in the strata containing     
those of the less developed4 ,if such a 
reason be sufficient--which we will not 
question--it is likewise sufficient to  
establish the non-existence of          
intermediate forms to bridge the wide   
breaches in the supposed pedigree1 and  
we must accordingly conclude that such  
intermediate forms there never were4    
,it is no less evident that whatever    
further evidence is found1 may tell the 
wrong way1 from the evolutionary point  
of view1 no less than the right one2    
either by discrediting supposed         
link-forms1 or by introducing us to new 
and strange types which increase our    
difficulties by requiring lines of      
communication to be established with    
them4 ,thus1 as ,mr4 ,mivart tells      
us1#cag ,it is undeniable that there are
 instances which appeared at first to   
indicate a gradual transition1 which    
instances have been shown by further    

investigation and discovery not to      
indicate truly anything of the kind4    
,another example of the same sort is    
furnished by the recent discovery of    
,arsinoetherium1 a genus of very large  
and heavy hoofed beasts1 the relics of  
which have been recently discovered in  
the upper ,eocene of ,egypt4 ,this      
creature was something like a large     
rhinoceros1 but had no connexion        
whatever with that family4 ,in fact1 we 
are told1 its horns1 of which it has    
four1 two on top of its head1 and two   
smaller above the eyes1 and also its    
teeth1 make it stand quite apart from   
all other mammals4  ,it thus appears    
that when the theory of genetic         
,evolution comes to the bar of          
,palontology1 the most favourable       
verdict to which it can pretend is1 ,not
 proven4  ,one thing is certain4 ,all   
the evidence we possess in regard of    
,organic ,evolution1 leaves the question
 of the origin1 the propagation1 and the
 development of life exactly where it   

has always been4 ,no force has been     
found by ,science to which we may       
ascribe the origin of the world we know4
  ,as the ,count de ,saporta writes3#cah
       ,although the problem of         
creation1--formerly thought so simple1  
and dated almost within human ken and   
the period of human      history--has   
now been relegated to a period too      
distant to be      imagined1 it would be
 childish to say that on that account   
the      problem has ceased to exist4   
,its limits have1 it is true1 been      
shifted2 but we are bound to acknowledge
 that they have nowise been             
altered4 ,the horizon may have broadened
 and receded before us more      and    
more1 but the relative position of the  
objects we have to      investigate     
remains precisely the same4  ,so too ,m4
 ,blanchard3#cai       ,there has never 
been witnessed1 and it is impossible to 
imagine the      apparition of a        
creature not derived from another       
creature3 it      would therefore be    

folly to pretend to an explanation of   
creation4      ,if1 as the advocates of 
transformism suppose1 all species sprang
      from some primitive types1 or even
 from a single primordial cell1      the
 appearance1 whether of those types or  
of that parent cell of      the living  
world1 would be neither more explicable 
nor less      marvellous than the       
appearance of a host of creatures4      
,and1 in like manner1 ,darwin's great   
ally and admirer1 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 
when he had time to realize all the     
bearings of his friend's theory1 wrote  
to him1#cbj--;,i think the old          
'creation' is almost as much required as
 ever4     ,,xviii  ,,to ,,sum ,,up     
,it is time to return to the point from 
which we started our whole enquiry1 and 
to ask what has been gathered in the    
course of it towards a solution of the  
question with which we began4 ,that the 
,cosmos in which we dwell1 the world of 
law1 order1 and life1 has not existed   
for ever1 we saw to be a truth enforced 

by the researches of physical ,science1 
no less than by the clear teaching of   
reason4 ,it certainly had a beginning1  
and there must be a cause to which that 
beginning was due1--a cause capable of  
producing all which we find to have been
 actually produced4 ,the material       
,universe and the mechanism of the      
heavens1--organic life with all its     
infinite marvels and varieties--animal  
sensation--human intelligence--canons of
 beauty1 the law of good and evil--all  
these must have existed potentially in  
the ,first ,cause1 as in the ,source    
whence alone they could be derived4     
,the ,nature of this ,cause was the     
object of our quest4 ,in particular we  
set ourselves to examine the assertion  
now so loudly made that ,science has    
found a full explanation in the forces  
of the ,universe itself as they come    
within her cognizance1 that is to say1  
the material forces which she can       
directly observe1 and upon which she can
 experiment4 ,in particular we have     

studied the ,law of ,evolution1 in its  
various significations1 and other laws  
subsidiary to it1 in order to determine1
 from the point of view of reason and   
,science alone1 whether it can be said  
that the prime factor of which we are in
 search is thus supplied4  ,the result  
has been to make it evident that while  
modern discovery has immensely          
multiplied and magnified the marvels    
which have to be accounted for1 it has  
disclosed nothing which can be supposed 
to account for them in a manner to      
satisfy our reason4 ,so far as the      
forces of ,nature are concerned1 the    
mysteries that lie beyond are even      
darker than they were4 ,the origin and  
nature of matter and force1 the source  
of motion1 of life1 of sensation and    
consciousness1 of rational intelligence 
and language1 of ,free-will1 of the     
reign of law and order to which all     
,nature testifies1--all these are for   
,science utterly unsolved problems1     
which1 as some amongst her teachers tell

 us1 must remain for ever insoluble4    
,even less prospect1 if possible1 can   
there be that any mechanical forces will
 ever account for perception of the     
sublime and beautiful1--and above       
all--of the distinction between right   
and wrong4  ,here1 then1 ,science       
stops1--confessing that she can be our  
guide no farther1 and lending no colour 
whatever to the unscientific pretensions
 which are so noisily advanced by some  
persons in her name4 ,her domain is the 
world of sense1 and it is evident that  
nothing existing within that realm can  
possibly furnish an explanation which   
will satisfy our intellectual need for  
causality4  ,are we therefore to say    
that we can know nothing concerning the 
,first ,cause to which the phenomena of 
the ,universe are due8 ,such is the     
,agnostic's position4 ,what we have no  
means of knowing1 he says1 we must not  
pretend to know4 ,it were irrational and
 dishonest to do so4 ,when ,science     
fails us1 the true wisdom is to profess 

ignorance1--thus only can our position  
still be scientific4  ,but is such a    
principle itself scientific8 ,is it not 
a gratuitous and monstrous assumption   
that we can know nothing but that of    
which our senses directly tell us8 ,that
 the ,universe has a cause is no less   
certain than that the ,universe exists1 
for of that cause it is the monument4   
,and1 as of the whole1 so of every part 
or element which it contains1 it is     
absolutely certain that there must be a 
cause1 and one adequate to the          
production of what has actually been    
produced2 for as the proverb says1      
,nothing is to be got out of a sack but 
what is in it4 ,from such conclusions   
there is no escape2--and since it is    
impossible to find the cause required   
within the world of material forces and 
sensible phenomena1 it becomes no less  
obvious that it must lie beyond1 across 
the frontier which nothing material can 
pass4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,therefore1 also1 we know  

something concerning that ,cause1--very 
little1 perhaps1 in comparison with what
 we cannot know1--but still something   
very substantial4 ,we know that such a  
,cause exists4 ,we know that it must    
possess every excellence which we       
discover in ,nature1--all that she has1 
and more2 since what she derives from   
it1 the ,cause of ,nature has of itself4
 ,in it must be all power1 for except as
 flowing from it there is no power      
possible4 ,finally1 as a capable ,cause 
of law and order in ,nature1 and of     
,intellect and ,will in man1 the ,first 
,cause must be supereminently endowed   
with ,understanding1 and ,freedom in the
 exercise of its might1--or it would be 
inferior to its own works4       ,since 
there must have been something from     
eternity1 says      ,bolingbroke#cba    
because there is something now1 the     
eternal ,being      must be an          
intelligent ,being1 because there is    
intelligence now2      for no man will  
venture to assert that non-entity can   

produce      entity1 or                 
non-intelligence1 intelligence4 ,and    
such a ,being must      exist           
necessarily1 whether things have been   
always as they are1 or      whether they
 have been made in time3 because it is  
no more easy to      conceive an        
infinite than a finite progression of   
effects without a      cause4  ,it is   
therefore not easy to understand how we 
can avoid the conclusion of the         
distinguished men of ,science whom we   
have heard declare that they assume as  
absolutely self-evident the existence of
 a ,deity who is the ,creator and       
,upholder of all things4  ,it will      
probably be answered that this is mere  
,anthropomorphism2 which formidable term
 appears by many to be considered       
sufficient to close the whole question1 
and to rule the idea of a personal ,god 
out of court4 ,did not ,voltaire remark 
that if in the beginning ,god made man  
to ,his own image and likeness1 man has 
well repaid ,him ever since8 ,and what  

can be more conclusive than that8  ,but 
what--after all--does ,anthropomorphism 
mean in this connexion8 ,simply1 that   
being men we have to speak in human     
terms1 even of what is superhuman4 ,by  
no possibility can we do anything else4 
,limited as we are by the conditions of 
our nature1 we can find no mode of      
expression except such as is based upon 
sensible experience2 and although we can
 convince ourselves by rational         
inference of the existence1 and to some 
extent of the character1 of what is     
beyond sense1 we can frame no           
description of it1 nor even a phantasm  
or image by means of imagination1 except
 so far as we are able to draw upon the 
phenomena of the external world4 ,thus  
it is that artists who endeavour to     
represent an immaterial being1 as an    
angel1 a djinn or a sprite1 though the  
essence of the object they would depict 
is that it has no body1 have perforce to
 give it one1 though they make it as    
little gross as possible1 for otherwise 

they could not portray it at all4 ,but  
however such images may be refined and  
etherealized they are intended to be    
understood only as conventional figures 
to suggest to the mind its own concept1 
which is as different from them as the  
notes produced by a singer are from     
those on the score from which he sings4 
,no one imagines that the genius of     
,music is a young woman holding a shell 
to her ear1 or that the ,cherubim are   
heads and wings and nothing more4 ,so it
 is with statements of the ,theistic    
belief concerning the ,first ,cause1 or 
,god4 ,to put this into words we are    
compelled to use the only materials     
within our reach1 and to borrow our     
phraseology from that which1 within our 
experience is the highest and noblest   
element found in the ,universe1--namely 
our own intelligence and will4 ,these   
beyond question must be transcendentally
 possessed by the ,cause on which they  
depend4 ,so far ,anthropomorphism is    
sound sense2 that is to say1 so long as 

it attributes all possible excellence to
 the source of all4 ,it is foolish and  
unscientific only when it attributes to 
the ,absolute and ,unconditioned the    
limitations of an inferior order of     
being4 ,we may truly say that a penny is
 contained in a pound1--but it does not 
follow that a sovereign must be of      
copper4 ,according to the scientific    
doctrine that all our familiar forms of 
energy are ultimately derived from the  
,sun1 it might well be argued from      
observation of a farthing rushlight that
 ,solar ,energy includes heat and light2
 but not that it is fed on tallow4 ,this
 appears to be plain and obvious enough1
 often as it is forgotten or ignored4   
,as ,sir ,oliver ,lodge has lately put  
the matter3#cbb       ,shall we possess 
these things and ,god not possess them8 
,let no      worthy human attribute be  
denied to the ,deity4 ,there are many   
errors1 but there is one truth in       
,anthropomorphism4 ,whatever worthy     
attribute belongs to man1 be it         

personality or any other1 its           
existence in the universe is thereby    
admitted2 we can deny it no      more4  
,or as ,professor ,baden ,powell        
expresses the same argument3#cbc        
,that which requires thought and reason 
to understand must be itself            
thought and reason4 ,that which mind    
alone can investigate or      express   
must be itself mind4 ,and if the highest
 conception attained      be but        
partial1 then the mind and reason       
studied is greater than      the mind   
and reason of the student4 ,if the more 
it be studied the      more vast and    
complex is the necessary connexion in   
reason      disclosed1 then the more    
evident is the vast extent and compass  
of      the intelligence thus partially 
manifested1 and its reality1 as         
existing in the immutably connected     
order of objects examined1              
independently of the mind of the        
investigator4  ,the reluctance          
frequently manifested by scientific men 

to admit the force of so plain an       
argument1 appears to be generally due to
 a fundamental misconception4 ,it is    
constantly assumed that to introduce the
 element of purpose in ,nature is to    
deny the continuity of ,natural law1 and
 that to speak of design in regard of a 
process or a structure1 is equivalent to
 saying that a non-natural agent        
intervenes at that particular point and 
takes the work out of ,nature's hands4  
,this1 it may be supposed1 was          
,professor ,huxley's idea when he spoke 
of the commoner and coarser forms of    
teleology1 giving as an instance the    
supposition that eyes were constructed  
for the purpose of enabling their       
possessors to see4 ,it might indeed be  
replied that1 at any rate1 it is less   
difficult to suppose this1 than that    
eyes were constructed without any       
purpose of seeing1 or knowledge of the  
laws of optics2--but evidently it is    
taken for granted that ,theists imagine 
every purposive item in nature to be    

violently introduced from without1 like 
the forms of lions or peacocks into     
which topiarian gardeners clip their    
shrubs4 ,but1 as has been said1 the laws
 of ,nature are the expression of the   
mind of ,god3 it is through them that   
,he accomplishes ,his design4 ,as       
,professor ,romanes came to see at the  
close of his life1 it is strange what   
jealousy there is of admitting the      
,creator into ,creation4 ,it is still   
assumed on both sides1 he wrote1#cbd    
that there must be something            
inexplicable or miraculous about a      
phenomenon in order to its being        
divine1--and although we must utterly   
demur to such a description of the      
position of ,theists1 it undoubtedly is 
true of their adversaries4 ,their       
objections on this head can only signify
 that it is with the laws of ,nature as 
with a railway locomotive from which the
 driver1 having got up steam and set it 
going1 jumps off1 leaving it entirely to
 its own devices4 ,but1 as a legislator1

 if rightly interpreted1 speaks by the  
mouth of every judge who administers the
 law in practice1 and applies it to     
concrete cases1--so the ,author of      
,nature1 whose laws cannot be perverted1
 provides through them for all that is  
to be operated by the forces ,he has    
instituted4  ,so it is that1 as         
,professors ,stewart and ,tait have told
 us1 we must conceive of ,him as not the
 ,creator only1 but likewise the        
,upholder of all things1 while ,lord    
,kelvin declares#cbe we are unmistakably
 shown through ,nature that she depends 
upon one ever-acting ,creator and       
,ruler4 ,it is in this omnipresence of  
,divine influence that ,monism finds the
 modicum of plausibility which serves it
 for a foundation4 ,it runs1 indeed1    
into the absurdity of endeavouring to   
explain such ,omnipresence by           
identifying the finite with the         
,infinite1 and attributing to matter    
qualities which all experience1 and very
 specially all scientific experience1   

contradicts2 but1 for all that1 it      
scores a distinct point as against mere 
materialism1 which ,comte declares to be
 the most illogical form of metaphysics1
 and the late ,sir ,leslie ,stephen1 not
 so much error as sheer nonsense4       
,theism avoids the error of either      
extreme4 ,while it teaches the essential
 and fundamental distinction between the
 ,absolute and the contingent1 between  
the ,creator and ,his creatures1 it     
teaches likewise that ,he is ever       
present in ,his works1 and that in their
 every operation ,he is manifested4     
,and so1 in the words of ,rivarol1 ,god 
is the explanation of the world1 and the
 world is the demonstration of ,god4    
,the acceptance of a ,self-existent1    
,all-powerful1 and intelligent ,being   
can alone serve as a basis for any      
system of ,cosmogony which satisfies our
 intellectual need of causation2 while1 
on the other hand1 the nature of this   
,being1 as necessarily beyond the scope 
of our senses1 can be known to us only  

indirectly through the effects of which 
,he is the cause4  ,by no one has this  
conclusion been more clearly stated than
 by ,lamarck1 the real father of        
,organic ,evolutionism1 whom many would 
therefore represent as an atheist4 ,his 
words are so much to the point that with
 them we may conclude4#cbf       ,of the
 ,supreme ,being1 in a word of ,god1 to 
whom all infinitude is      seen to     
belong1 man has thus conceived an idea1 
which1 though      indirect1 is sound1  
and which necessarily follows from what 
he      observes4 ,in the same manner1  
he has formed another idea1 equally     
solid1 namely of the boundless power of 
this ,being1 suggested by      the      
consideration of ,his works4444         
,nature not being intelligent1 nor even 
a being1 but an order of      things    
constituting a power subject to law1    
cannot therefore be      ,god4 ,she is  
the wondrous product of ,his ,almighty  
will3 and for us1      of all created   
things she is the grandest and most     

admirable4 ,thus      the will of ,god  
is everywhere expressed by the laws of  
,nature1      since these laws originate
 from ,him4     ,,appendix   ,a4        
,evolution and the lower forms of life  
7p4 #afe74  ,a singularly instructive   
field for the study of the mutability or
 stability of species should be afforded
 by the lower forms of life1 in which   
organization is reduced to a minimum1   
they being mere masses of protoplasm    
without even a containing envelope1     
while their nourishment is of the       
simplest4 ,it would therefore appear    
that environment should be all-potent to
 modify them and produce specific       
modifications1 while the extreme        
rapidity with which they propagate their
 kind1 and that unisexually1 ought to   
require no vast extent of time to make  
such transmutations apparent4  ,it is   
found1 however1 on the contrary1 that   
nowhere in organic nature does the type 
remain more rigidly persistent4         
,professor ,macbride1 for example1 tells

 us1#cbg  ,the ,myxomycet may be        
regarded as the organic group in which  
the forces of heredity1--whatever these 
forces may be--are at their maximum3    
they have responded as little as        
possible to the influence of their      
environment4  ,to the same effect speaks
 ,professor ,paulesco of ,bucharest1 of 
other elementary organisms4#cbh  ,what  
is still more remarkable1 these same    
organisms are extremely sensitive to    
altered conditions of environment1 which
 have a direct and immediate influence1 
gravely modifying their morphological   
and physiological characters1 changes in
 respect of light1 minute alterations of
 temperature1 or the introduction of a  
new chemical substance1 even in         
infinitesimal quantity1 frequently      
causing them to assume forms very       
different from the specific type1 and   
profoundly modifying their nutritive    
processes4  ,here1 it was at first      
thought1 when ,pasteur revealed their   
history1 is clear evidence of specific  

transformation4 ,but he presently       
convinced himself and others that it is 
not so1 for although liable to assume   
such polymorphic forms according to the 
conditions in which they find           
themselves1 there is no alteration of   
specific nature1 and if the original    
circumstances be restored1 the original 
forms reappear--une lasticit            
functionelle de la cellule lui          
permettant de se plier  des conditions  
varies d'existence sans changer d'tre4  
7,pasteur47  ,as ,m4 ,duclaux adds3#cbi 
,la notion d'espce ne disparait pas pour
 cela4 ,la variabilit est un caractre   
comme un autre1 bien que plus difficile 
inscrire dans la classification1 et une 
espce est aussi bien dfinie par les     
sensibilits diverses qu'elle manifeste  
que par la petite liste des mots et de  
proprits dans laquelle on croyait       
pouvoir autrefois enfermer toute son    
histoire4444 ,la lien de l'espce c'est  
la loi qui prside  ces changements1 et  
la varit des formes et des fonctions    

n'est pas du tout en contradiction avec 
l'unit de l'espce4   ,b4 ,note on ,chap4
 ,,xv4 p4 #bjc4  ,since the foregoing   
pages have been in type there has come  
to hand the ,new ,york ,literary ,digest
 of ,january #bc1 #aijd1 containing the 
following article 7p4 #aai74  ,,are     
,,the ,,days ,,of ,,darwinism           
,,numbered8  ,the recent death of       
,herbert ,spencer lends special         
timeliness to the above topic1 which is 
being actively debated just now in      
,german theological circles4 ,the       
immediate cause of the revival of       
interest in the present status of the   
,darwinian theory is found in a lengthy 
article by the veteran philosopher1     
,edward von ,hartmann1 which appears in 
,oswald's ,annalen der ,naturphilosophie
 7vol4 ii4 #aijc71 under the title ',der
 ,niedergang der ,darwinismus' 7',the   
,passing of ,darwinism'74 ,that the     
famous 'philosopher of the unconscious' 
is not prejudiced in favour of biblical 
views has been more than clear since the

 publication of his ,selbstzersetzung   
der ,christentums 7',disintegration of  
,christianity'7 in #ahgd4 ,hartmann in  
his new article has this to say--  ',in 
the sixties of the past century the     
opposition of the older group of savants
 to the ,darwinian hypothesis was still 
supreme4 ,in the seventies1 the new idea
 began to gain ground rapidly in all    
cultured countries4 ,in the eighties1   
,darwin's influence was at its height1  
and exercised an almost absolute control
 over technical research4 ,in the       
nineties1 for the first time1 a few     
timid expressions of doubt and          
opposition were heard1 and these        
gradually swelled into a great chorus of
 voices1 aiming at the overthrow of the 
,darwinian theory4 ,in the first decade 
of the twentieth century it has become  
apparent that the days of ,darwinism are
 numbered4 ,among its latest opponents  
are such savants as ,eimer1 ,gustav     
,wolf1 ,de ,vries1 ,hoocke1 von         
,wellstein1 ,fleischmann1 ,reinke1 and  

many others4'  ,these facts1 according  
to ,hartmann's view1 while they do not  
indicate that the ,darwinian theory is  
doomed1 undermine its most radical      
features3  ',the theory of descent is   
safe1 but ,darwinism has been weighed   
and found wanting4 ,selection can in    
general not achieve any positive        
results1 but only negative effects2 the 
origin of species by minimal changes is 
possible1 but has not been demonstrated4
 ,the pretensions of ,darwinism as a    
pure mechanical explanation of results  
that show purpose are totally           
groundless4'  ,other scholars think that
 ,hartmann does not do full justice to  
the reaction that has set in1           
particularly in ,germany1 against       
,darwinism4 ,this sentiment is voiced by
 ,professor ,zoeckler1 of the           
,university of ,greifswald1 in the      
,beweis des ,glaubens 7,no4 xi471 a     
journal which recently published a      
collection of anti-,darwinian views from
 ,german naturalists4 ,he calls the     

article of ,hartmann 'the               
tombstone-inscription ,grabschrift for  
,darwinism1' and goes on to say3        
',the claim that the hypothesis of      
descent is secured scientifically       
must most decidedly be denied4 ,neither 
,hartmann's exposition nor      the     
authorities he cites have the force of  
moral conviction for the      claim for 
purely mechanical descent4 ,the descent 
of organisms is      not a              
scientifically demonstrated proposition1
 although descent in      an ideal sense
 can be made to harmonize with the      
biblical account      of creation4'     
,views of a similar kind are voiced in  
many quarters4 ,the ,hamburg savant1    
,edward ,hoppe1 has written a brochure1 
,ist mit der ,descendenz-,theorie eine  
religise ,vorstellung vereinbar8 ,is the
 ,theory of ,evolution reconcilable with
 the ,religious ,idea8 in which he takes
 issue1 in the name of religion1 with   
the purely naturalistic type of         
,darwinian thought4 ,the most pronounced

 convert to anti-,darwinian views is    
,professor ,fleischmann1 of ,erlangen1  
who has not only discarded the          
mechanical conception of the origin of  
being1 but the whole ,darwinian theory4 
,he recently delivered a course of      
lectures1 entitled ',die ,darwin'sche   
,theorie1' which have appeared in book  
form in ,leipsic4 ,he comes to this     
conclusion3 ',the ,darwinian theory of  
descent has not a single fact to confirm
 it in the realm of nature4 ,it is not  
the result of scientific research1 but  
purely the product of the imagination4' 
99       99       99       99       99  
,from another article in the same       
journal 7p4 #aaf71 entitled ',a ,study  
of ,creation1' the following paragraphs 
may be cited3       ,the ,french have   
never been enthusiastic ,darwinians4 ,it
 is1      perhaps1 not surprising1      
therefore1 to find a ,french geologist1 
,m4      ,stanislas ,meunier1 arguing in
 the ,revue ,scientifique 7,december    
#ai7 against all schools of transformism

 and stoutly maintaining      what is   
practically a doctrine of special       
creation4 ,he admits that      living   
beings form a connected series2 but the 
connexion1 he      believes1 is not one 
of physical descent1 but inheres in     
something      outside of and           
pre-existent to the earth4 ,he does not 
name it1 but      he would probably not 
object to the inference that it is the  
mind      of a creator4       ,m4       
,meunier gives at some length his       
reasons for rejecting      ,darwin's1   
,lamarck's1 and all other theories of   
transformism4 ,all we      can be sure  
of1 he thinks1 is that1 as in the case  
of the various      kinds of pottery1 we
 have to do with an orderly development1
      although he thinks it is not a    
development by descent4 ,he closes1     
thus3       ',doubtless we cannot       
usefully risk any hypothesis on the     
mechanism      of the production of     
living things2 but it is1 perhaps1 a    
step in      advance only to come to the

 conclusion that the cause of life and  
its manifestations on the earth is      
exterior to the earth2 that it      is  
anterior to our world1 just as are      
doubtless the laws of physics      and  
chemistry1 which govern the relations of
 matter and force      throughout space4
       ',the philosophy of science can  
lose nothing by the admission of        
points of view that1 far from narrowing 
our subjects of study1      enlarge them
 beyond all limits2 and this is1        
perhaps1 the occasion      to show once 
more to persons who are turning toward  
metaphysics in      their thirst for    
mystery1 that they will find in pure    
science that      wherewith they may    
satisfy their legitimate aspirations4'  
,c4 ,succession of ,plant forms p4 #bbj4
  ,recent investigations have led to the
 remarkable discovery that many         
fern-like plants of the ,carboniferous  
rocks1 hitherto classed as ,cryptogams1 
were in reality seed-bearers1 and thus  
intermediate between ,cryptogams and    

,cycads1 the most primitive of existing 
seed-plants4 ,they have accordingly been
 placed in a special group              
,cycadofilices1 or ,fern-,cycads1 and   
regarded as transitional types1 the view
 that they are the remains of a natural 
bridge connecting the ,ferns with the   
,gymnosperms having received wide       
support1#ccj and at first sight this    
conclusion would appear natural and     
obvious4 ,but here1 as in other cases1  
the difficulty is that the seeds which  
have been found are all fully developed2
 there are none in the intermediate     
stages between true spores and true     
seeds2 we have the finished article1 but
 no trace of seeds in the making2 which 
upon any theory of evolution must have  
been exceedingly numerous4 ,hence ,dr4  
,scott tells us3#cca  ,the important    
discoveries of the seeds of the         
,pteridosperms scarcely touch the       
question of descent1 for these organs   
are of too advanced a type to throw     
light on the probable derivation of the 

group4  ,in this instance1 therefore1 as
 in others1 it remains true that in no  
case is any trace found of rudimentary  
character in the earliest fossil        
specimens of any class4  ,it is         
undoubtedly a further puzzle that some  
of the ,carboniferous cryptogams which  
did not bear real seeds1 yet simulated  
them1 a habit not easily explained on   
evolutionary principles4   ,d4 ,the     
,course of ,evolution4  ,the evidence of
 ,professor ,vines quoted in the text   
7pp4 #bjb1 #bcg7 receives a remarkable  
confirmation from that of ,dr4 ,smith   
,woodward1 ,keeper of ,geology in the   
,national ,museum of ,natural ,history4 
,speaking before the ,international     
,congress of ,arts and ,science1 ,st4   
,louis1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,september #bbnd1    
#aijd1 he thus touched upon the same    
question1 which he illustrated          
especially from the history of fossil   
fishes1 which he has made his special   
study4#ccb       ,it must be confessed  
that repeated discoveries have now left 

faint      hope that exact and gradual  
links will ever be forthcoming between  
most of the families and genera4 ,the   
'imperfection of the record1'      of   
course1 may still render some of the    
negative evidence      untrustworthy2   
but even approximate links would be much
 commoner in      collections than they 
actually are if the doctrine of gradual 
evolution were correct4 ,palontology1   
indeed1 is clearly in favour      of the
 theory of discontinuous mutation1 or   
advance by sudden      changes1 which   
has lately received so much support from
 the      botanical experiments of ,h4  
de ,vries4       ,further results       
obtained from the study of fossils have 
a bearing      even on the deepest      
problems of ,biology1 namely1 those     
connected      with the nature of life  
itself4 ,for instance1 it is allowable  
to      infer1 from the statements      
already made1 that the main factor in   
the evolution of organisms is some      
inherent impulse--the 'bathmic          

force' of ,cope--which acts with        
unerring certainty whatever be the      
conditions of the moment4   ,e4         
,pedigree of the ,horse4  ,some recent  
evidence on this subject certainly does 
not clear away the difficulties set     
forth in the text4  ,from ,nature1      
,sept4 #h1 #aijd1 p4 #dgd4              
,professor ,osborn 7in a lecture before 
the ,british ,association7              
mentioned that more than a hundred more 
or less complete skeletons      of      
horses and horse-like animals had been  
found in ,north ,america4      ,he      
thought he had established the fact that
 horses were      polyphyletic1 there   
being four or five contemporary series  
in the      ,miocene1 but that the      
direct origin of the genus ,equus in    
,north      ,america was not established
 with certainty4  ,professor ,sedgwick1 
,student's ,text ,book of ,zoology1 p4  
#eii4       ,much has been written on   
the ancestry of the horse4 ,it has been 
maintained by many authors that a       

continuous series of forms              
connecting it with the four-toed1       
brachyodont ,hyracothorid of the        
,eocene has been discovered1 and that   
here if anywhere a      demonstrative   
historical proof has been obtained of   
the doctrine of      organic evolution4 
,without desiring in the smallest degree
 to      impugn that doctrine1 it may be
 permitted us here to examine rather    
closely the view that the series of     
forms which recent      palontological  
research has undoubtedly brought to     
light      constitute that historical   
proof which has been claimed for them4  
,after an examination of the structural 
characters of these intermediate forms1 
viz41 ,pliohippus1 ,protohippus1        
,desmathippus1 ,miohippus1 ,mesohippus1 
,orohippus1 and ,hyracotherium1 the     
author proceeds3       ,so far as the   
characters mentioned are concerned1 we  
have here a      very remarkable series 
of forms which at first sight seem to   
constitute a linear series with no      

cross-connections4 ,whether1            
however1 they really do this is a       
difficult point to decide4 ,there       
are flaws in the chain of evidence1     
which require careful and      detailed 
consideration4 ,for instance1 the genus 
,equus appears in      the ,upper       
,siwalik beds1 which have been ascribed 
to the ,miocene      age4 ,it has1      
however1 been maintained that these beds
 are in      reality ,lower ,pliocene1  
or even ,upper ,pliocene4 ,it is clear  
that      the decision of this question 
is of the utmost importance4 ,if        
,equus really existed in the ,upper     
,miocene1 it was antecedent to      some
 of its supposed ancestors4 ,again in   
the series of equine      forms1        
,mesohippus1 ,miohippus1 ,desmathippus1 
,protohippus1      which are generally  
regarded as coming into the direct line 
of      equine descent1 ,scott#ccc      
points out that each genus is1 in some  
respect or other1 less modified than its
 predecessor4 ,in other      words1 it  

would appear that in this succession of 
,north ,american      forms the earlier 
genera show1 in some points1 closer     
resemblance      to the modern ,equus   
than to their immediate successors4 ,it 
is      possible that these difficulties
 and others of the same kind will       
be overcome with the growth of          
knowledge1 but it is necessary to       
take note of them1 for in the search    
after truth nothing is gained      by   
ignoring such apparent discrepancies    
between theory and fact4  ,besides the  
structure of limbs and teeth1 another   
argument for the descent of the horse   
has been drawn from certain phenomena of
 colouration4 ,stripings are found not  
unfrequently to occur in the legs and   
withers1 which ,darwin took for a       
reversion to the character of a very    
remote ancestor1 the common parent1 in  
fact1 of horses and asses1 which he     
supposed to have been striped all over  
like a zebra4 ,like other such common   
ancestors1 this hypothetical animal had 

never been seen1 but was thought to be  
most nearly represented by the ,kathiwar
 horse1 with stripes on a dun ground1 a 
specimen of which is exhibited as       
illustrating the hypothesis in the      
,national ,museum of ,zoology4          
,recently1 however1 ,professor          
,ridgeway1 who has devoted special      
attention to the problem1 has satisfied 
himself that there is no sufficient     
foundation for these suppositions4 ,he  
thus sums up the evidence which he has  
been able to collect3#ccd               
,darwin's view that the original        
ancestor of the ,equid was a            
dun-coloured animal1 striped all over1  
was based1 not merely on the            
occurrence of stripes in horses1 but on 
his belief that such      stripes were  
common in dun horses1 and that there was
 a tendency in      horses to revert to 
dun colour4 ,but it must be confessed   
that the      facts do not warrant his  
conclusion4444 ,it is clear that stripes
      are at least as often a           

concomitant of dark as of dun colour4   
,moreover1 if ,darwin's hypothesis of a 
dun-coloured ancestor with      stripes 
is sound1 dark colours such as bay and  
brown must be of      more recent       
origin1 and accordingly there ought to  
be a great      readiness on the part of
 a progeny of a light-coloured animal   
when      mated with a dark to revert to
 the light4 ,but ,professor ,ewart's    
zebra stallion has never been able to   
stamp his own peculiar      pattern or  
his own colours on his hybrid offspring4
 ,the ground      colour has been       
determined by the dams of the hybrids4  
,,index   ,abiogenesis1 #di-ea  tiology1
 #aig  ,agnosticism1 ,huxley's first    
principle of1 #d   ,its fundamental     
principle unreasonable1 #bgb  ,american 
,museum and the pedigree of the ,horse1 
#bdh  ,amphibians1 embryology1 #aie     
,anthropomorphism1 #bgd1 #bge           
,archopteryx1 #aga  ,archebiosis1 #ec   
,argus pheasant1 ornamentation1 #age    
,arsinoetherium1 #bfg  ,atlantic cable1 

an illustration from1 of chance and     
purpose1 #aae  ,atoms1 #cg1 #da1 #hh1   
#hi1 #ij1 #acf  ,augustine1 ,st4--on    
creation causaliter et seminaliter1     
#ada1 #bjg  ,axolotl1 #aie              
,baden-,powell1 ,prof4--on the nature of
 the ,first ,cause1 #bgf  ,bastian1 ,dr4
 ,h4 ,c4--on spontaneous generation1    
#ba1 #ej1 #ec  ,bathybius ,haeckelii1   
#ba  ,batrachians1 appearance of1 #bbe  
,bats1 an evolutionary puzzle1 #bbi1    
#beg  ,bee1 cell-making instinct1 #aef1 
#agi  ,bickerton1 ,prof41--on           
dissipation of energy1 #bg n4           
,biogenesis1 #di1 #ej  ,blanchard1      
,m4--on variation1 #afd2   on ,darwinian
 argumentation1 #aha2   on fecundity as 
a factor in survival1 #ahh2   on the    
problem of creation1 #bfh  ,bolingbroke1
 ,viscount1--on the nature of the first 
cause1 #bgc  ,bridgman1 ,laura1 #gg     
,bunsen1 ,chevalier1--on animal sounds  
and language1 #gd  ,butler1 ,bishop1--on
 intelligence as a factor in cosmogony1 
#ajj   ,carruthers1 ,mr4 ,w4--on        

specific stability of ,salix polaris1   
#afd2   on classification of plants1    
#bad2   on the geological record1 #baf1 
#bfe2   on past history of plant-life1  
#baf seq42 on   an assertion of         
,haeckel's1 #bba2   on the evidence     
supplied by fossil plants1 #bbc  ,case1 
,prof4--on the meaning of fortuitous1   
#abe  ,causation1 principle of1 #b1 #hg1
 #id1 #ajg  ,cause1 the ,first4 ,see    
,first ,cause  ,chance1 #aaj seq41 #aea1
 #agd  ,cicero--on the evidence for a   
,deity1 #ajc  ,clerk-,maxwell1          
,prof4--on force and energy1 #bcn2   on 
,molecules1 #ij1 #ajd2   on evidence of 
design1 ibid4  ,clifford1 ,prof4 ,w4    
,k4--on design in ,nature1 #aja  ,clodd1
 ,mr4 ,e4--on atoms1 #da  ,comte1       
,auguste--on materialism1 #bgh          
,consciousness1 origin of1 #fg  ,cosmos 
and its ,cause1 #hf seq4  ,croll1       
,mr4--on force and its determination1   
#id-if  ,crookes1 ,sir ,w4--on          
renovation of energy1 #bf2   on radium  
and radio-activity1 #db1 #dc            

,cryptogamous plants1 fossil history1   
#bai  ,crystallization1 #fc1 #fd        
,darwin1 ,mr4--on the law of continuity1
 #eg2   on spontaneous generation1 #eh2 
on the mental gulf between man and      
brute1 #ga2   on the origin of language1
 #gi1 #agh2   on creation1 #ia2   on the
 structure of the eye1 #ia2   on chance 
as a factor of the world1 #aaf2   on    
pain and suffering as an objection to   
design1 #aai2   disclaims achievements  
attributed to him1 #aej2   his system1  
#aec seq4 7see ,darwinism72   his mode  
of arguing1 #agh2   dogmatism1 #agi2    
pleads lack of knowledge as an argument1
 #ahb2   on single origin of every      
species1 #baj1 #bed2   on genealogy of  
the ,horse1 #bei2   on the imperfection 
of the geological record1 #bfd          
,darwinism1 #adi seq42   false          
representations of1 #adi-aea2   sketch  
of system1 #aea-aeg2   facts favouring1 
#aeh-afj2   difficulties of1 #afj seq42 
explains no origins1 #afa2   ignores the
 prime factor1 ibid42   improbabilities1

 #aff1 #agc2   does not explain initial 
developments1 #agj seq42   nor artistic 
ornamentation1 #age2   specious         
arguments too easily forthcoming1 #agg2 
does not account for organic            
progression1 #ahg2   scientific opinions
 concerning1 #aih seq41 #bha  ,dawson1  
,sir ,j4 ,w4--on the first origin of    
life1 #bjh2   on the history of animal  
life1 #bbc2 on genealogy of the ,equid1 
#bdg2   of the ,cetacea1 #beg2   of     
bats1   #beh2   on lack of              
palontological evidence for evolution1  
#bfj  ,design1 evidence of1 in ,nature1 
#ij1 #ig seq42   ,kant on the necessity 
of1 #aej  ,determination of force1 its  
necessity1 #id-if1 #aad  ,determinism of
 the will1 #ha seq4  ,development of    
organic types1 #adf  ,dicotyledons1     
appearance of1 #bbj  ,diderot--on       
evidence of intelligence in ,nature1    
#abe  ,dinotherium1 classification of1  
#bei n  ,dogs1 their vocal expression of
 emotions1 #gc  ,du ,bois-,reymond1     
,herr1--on the ,seven ,enigmas1 #ca-cc2 

on the progress of human development1   
#fh1 #fi2   on ,haeckel's genealogies1  
#bfd  ,dysteleology1 #aij   ,ear1       
structure of1 #ic  ,electrons1 #db      
,elephant and ,tortoise of ,hindu       
astronomy1 #ajg  ,embryology and        
,evolution1 #aeh-afj1 #aib seq4         
,energy1 #bc2 conservation of1 ibid42   
dissipation of1 #bd seq42   renovation  
of1 #bf-bh  ,enigmas1 the ,seven1 #cb   
,entropy1 #be  ,equid4 ,see ,horse      
,ether1 a constituent of the universe1  
#cf  ,evil1 ,origin of1 the darkest of  
mysteries1 #abj  ,evolution1 different  
meanings of term1 #h2     as an         
operative law1 #aj-ad2     eternal1 #aa2
     as a philosophy1 #bb seq42         
formula of1 #ade   ,as a process1 #de   
seq4   ,organic1 #adb seq42             
essential characters of theory1 #adg1   
#bjf2     nature of evidence required1  
#bjh seq42     history of in vegetable  
and animal kingdoms1 #baf seq4  ,eye1   
origin of1 #ia1 #aed   ,helmholtz1 on   
defects of1 #ia n42     structure of1   

#aee n42     evolution of1 #afh         
,fabre1 ,m4--on ,darwin's facts1 #bjj   
n42   on our ignorance of ,nature1 #bjc 
,faraday1 ,prof4--on gravitation1 #abe  
,final causality 7,teleology71 #ih seq4 
,first ,cause1 the object of inference1 
#if1 #ig2   nature of as shown by       
reason1 #bgj seq4  ,fish1 appearance of1
 #bbe2   problems presented by1 #bcc    
,flight1 problem of1 #ic  ,flower1 ,sir 
,w4--on the extinct ,american horse1    
#bed  ,force1 nature of1 #bc            
,free-will1 ,prof4 ,haeckel on1 #cc1    
#ha2   ,dr4 ,johnson on1 #hd  ,fuegians1
 mental likeness to ourselves1 #gb      
,garnett1 ,prof4--on force1 #bc         
,gaudry1 ,m4--on ancestry of whales1    
#beg2  of bats1 #beh2  of proboscidians1
 #bei  ,genera and species1 #bdd n4     
,generatio aequivoca1 #fe  ,generation1 
mysteries of1 #abc seq4  ,geological    
formations1 succession of1 #bac         
,geological record1 #baf1 #bfd1 seq4    
,giraffe1 evolution of1 #aed  ,glass1   
fortuitously discovered1 #aae           

,goethe--on iron law1 #ad  ,gore1 ,dr4  
,g4--on machinery as excluding idea of  
design1 #aah  ,grand ,question1 the1 #if
  ,grimthorpe1 ,lord 7,sir ,e4          
,beckett7--on matter1 #cg2 on the       
problem of flight1 #ic2   on evidences  
of purpose1 #id2   on generation1 #abd2 
on the structure of the eye1 #aee n4    
,gymnosperms1 appearance of1 #bai       
,haeckel1 ,prof4 ,e4--on rational view  
of the world1 #aj-ad2   on the magic    
word evolution1 #af2   on scientific    
method1 #ah1 #bj2   on the law of       
substance1 #ac1 #bc2   on the           
conservation of energy1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf2  
on the ,seven ,enigmas1 #cc2   on the   
nature and properties of matter1 #ce1   
#ci2   on the artificial manufacture of 
protoplasm1 #ei2   on free-will and     
determinism1 #ha2   on design in        
,nature1 #ij1 #aej2   on chance1 #aag2  
on ,monism1 #abh2   on annihilation as a
 desirable end1 #acj2   on the ultimate 
reality1 #ace2   unfounded claims on    
behalf of ,darwin1 #aej2   bases        

arguments on lack of knowledge1 #ahc2   
on rudimentary organs and ,dysteleology1
 #aij2   on single origin of every      
species1 #baj2   on the appearance of   
the ,apetal1 #bba2   invents geological 
ante-periods1 #bcf2   and intermediate  
forms1 #bfa2   his pedigree of man1     
#bfa2   his method of solving the       
riddles of ,nature1 #bfd  ,heredity1    
#hc1 #ii  ,herschel1 ,sir ,j4--on       
molecules as manufactured articles1 #hi2
   on evidence of mind in ,nature1 #ajj2
   on gravitation1 #abe  ,hesperornis1  
#aga  ,heurtin1 ,marie1 #gg  ,hippops1  
#bdf1 #beb  ,hird1 ,mr4 ,d4--on the     
omnipotence of ,evolution1 #ad2   on    
transformations of force1 #abi          
,holland1 ,sir ,h4--on structure of ear1
 #ic  ,homer1 a half-savage ,greek1 #fi 
n4  ,homo alalus1 and sapiens1 #ha      
,horse1 structure of1 #id1 #bdj         
,genealogy of1 #bcf1 #bda seq4  ,hudson1
 ,dr4--on neglect of   study of present 
life in favour of evolutionary          
speculations1 #ahe  ,humboldt1 ,w4      

von--on human speech1 #gf  ,hutton1 ,f4 
,w4--on finite duration of the world1   
#b2   and of the universe1 #bh2   on    
dissipation of energy1 #bg n4  ,huxley1 
,prof4--on finite duration of the world1
 #a2   on the nature of science1 #e2    
on ,laws of ,nature1 #af-ah2   on       
,evolution as a philosophy1 #ba1 #bb2   
on matter1 #ch2   on the beginning of   
life1 #df2   on faith and verification1 
#dg2   on the fundamental principle of  
,evolution1 #dh2   on spontaneous       
generation1 #ej-ed2   on protoplasm1    
#ei1 #fj2   on structure of the ,horse1 
#ic2   on theism and creation1 #ajj2    
on teleology1 #ajb2   on theism and     
chance1 #ajc2   on the non-existence of 
chance1 #aaa2   on seeming waste in     
nature1 #aba2   on mind and matter1     
#acc2   on ,saurian birds1 #agb2   on   
,dysteleology1 #aia2   on embryology and
 tiology1 #aig2   on the ,darwinian     
theory1 #bjj1 #bja2   on facts as the   
only sound basis of theory1 #bjd2   on  
the fundamental doctrine of organic     

evolution1 #bjf2   on evolutionary      
evidence1 #bce2   on ,haeckel's         
,ante-periods1 #bcf2   claims           
palontological evidence as demonstrative
 of ,evolution1 #bci1 #bfa2   his       
pedigree of the ,horse1 #bcf1 #bdb seq42
   discussed1 #bdd seq4  ,hydra1        
structure of1 #adf   ,icthyornis1 #aga  
,inertia1 a property of matter1 #ci     
,inference1 #e n42 #if1 #bgb  ,insects1 
insular1 as an argument for ,natural    
,selection1 #aed1 #afg  ,invertebrate   
life1 history of1 #bbe   ,johnson1      
,dr4--on free-will1 #hd  ,julius ,csar1 
his polydactyle charger1 #bda           
,kant--on necessity of design1 #aej     
,keller1 ,miss #gg  ,kelvin1 ,lord 7,sir
 ,w4 ,thomson71--on the dissipation of  
energy1 #be1 #bf2   his ,law of         
,parsimony1 #ih2   on science and       
theism1 #ajd1 #bgh   ,laing1 ,mr4       
,s4--on matter and motion1 #ce          
,lamarck--on ,nature's witness to ,god1 
#bgi  ,language1 our ,rubicon1 #gc2     
distinctively human1 #gc-gh2   essential

 character1 #gd2   theories as to       
origin1 #gi  ,lankester1 ,prof4 ,ray--on
 evolution of ,proboscideae1 #bei  ,laws
 of ,nature--what8 #af1   #ag1 #hf2     
expressions of creative intelligence1   
#abc1 #bgg  ,lewes1 ,mr4--on ,laws of   
,nature1 #hf  ,liddon1 ,canon--on ,laws 
of ,nature1 #af  ,life had a beginning1 
#df2   origin of1 #df-ff2   laws of1 #ij
  ,link forms wanting in ,nature1 #bjh  
seq41 #bbh seq4  ,lodge1 ,sir ,o4--on   
non-purposive ,evolution1 #bjb2   on    
anthropomorphism and the ,first ,cause1 
#bgf  ,lydekker1 ,mr4 ,r4--on pedigree  
of the ,horse1 #bdh  ,lyell1 ,sir       
,c4--on the need of creation1 #bfi      
,mallock1 ,mr4 ,w4--on human conduct1   
#aci  ,mammals1 appearance of1 #bbf2    
problems suggested by1 #bee  ,man1      
faculties1 #ga seq42   appearance of1   
#bbg  ,marsh1 ,prof4--on ,evolution1    
#dg2   on ,hippops1 #beb  ,marshall1    
,prof4 ,milnes--on the teachings of     
,evolution1 #ae2   on embryology1 #aei2 
on ,haeckel's treatment of the same1    

#aie  ,marsupials1 first appearance1    
#bbf  ,materia ,prima1 #db n  ,matter1  
#ce2   indestructibility1 #ac1 #bc2     
properties1 #cf seq42   constitution1   
#cg1 #da seq41 #ace2   and motion1 #ci2 
dissolution of1 #dc2   and mind1 #aca   
seq4  ,max ,mller1 ,prof4--on language1 
#gc1 #ge  ,mendeleff's ,periodic ,law1  
#hh  ,mind and matter1 connexion of1    
#aca seq4  ,mivart1 ,mr4 ,st4 ,g4--on   
the gulf between man and brute1 #gb2    
on the essence of language1 #gd2   on   
theories as to its origin1 #gi2   on the
 ease with which ,darwinian arguments   
can be found1 #agg2   on embryology of  
,salamander1 #aic2   on incompatibility 
of geological evidence with theory of   
,evolution by minute and gradual        
modification1 #bbh1 #bcj2   on evolution
 of the ,horse1 #bee2   on the failure  
of apparent links1 #bfg  ,mole1         
evolution of1 #aha  ,molecules1 #hh2    
manufactured articles1 #hi2             
,clerk-,maxwell on1 #ij1 #ajd  ,monism1 
#abf seq41 #bgh2   and morality1 #acg2  

and ,truth1 #ach  ,monocotyledons1      
appearance of1 #bai  ,motion1 as a      
property of matter1 #ci  ,myriadism1 a  
better term for ,monism1 #acf   ,natural
 ,selection1 what it is1 #aeb seq42     
its powers discussed1 #afe seq42   can  
produce nothing1 #afh2   a misnomer1    
#agd4 ,see ,darwinism4  ,nature1 #f     
,nebular hypothesis1 #aa1 #de1 #dh      
,newman1 ,cardinal--on the nature of    
laws1 #ag2   on law and causality1 #ii  
,newton1 ,sir ,i41 his laws of motion1  
#ci2   on evidence for theism1 #ajc     
,north ,british ,reviewer--on the limits
 of variation1 #afb2   on the facility  
with which ,darwinian arguments can be  
found1 #agg2   on ,darwinism and        
geographical distribution1 #ahd2   on   
the maybe's of ,darwinism1 ibid42   on  
incompatibility of geological evidence  
with evolutionary theory1 #bbh          
,obrecht1 ,martha1 #gg  ,ontogeny1 #hc  
n4  ,organic progression--and           
,darwinism1 #ahf2   not evidenced by    
palontology1 #bcd  ,organs1 vestigial or

 rudimentary as an argument for         
evolution1 #aeh1 #ahi  ,origin of       
,species1 appearance of1 #aea  ,owen1   
,sir ,r4--on the ,archopteryx1 #agb     
,pain and suffering1 as an objection to 
,design1 #aai1 #aba  ,palontology--the  
only sound basis for evolutionary       
theory1 #bjd2   its evidence adverse to 
progressive developments1 #bcd          
,paley--his watch argument disproved by 
machine-made watches1 #aah  ,pasteur1   
,m4--on spontaneous generation1 #ej2    
on initial temperature of life1 #eg n4  
,peacock's feathers and ,natural        
,selection1 #aee n41 #age  ,perrier1 ,m4
 ,e4--on the evidence for ,evolution1   
#bcg  ,pettigrew1 ,mr4--on wings of     
birds1 #ic  ,phylogeny1 #hc n4          
,prothyle1 #db  ,protoplasm1 #ei-fc     
,purpose and natural laws1 #abb         
,quatrefages1 ,m4 de--on life and       
non-life1 #fc2   on crystallization1    
#fd2   on variation in ,nature1 #afb2   
on ,darwinian argumentation1 #ahj1 #ahb1
 #ahc2   on embryology1 #aid2   on      

absence of intermediate forms in        
,nature1 #bab1 #bbi  ,quinton1 ,m4--new 
doctrine of life development1 #eg n4    
,rana opisthodon--embryology1 #aie      
,rayleigh1 ,lord--on atheistic science1 
#aje2   on scientific authority1 #aji   
,reason generates speech1 not vice      
versa1 #gf  ,reptiles1 age of1 #bbf     
,reptilian birds1 #aga  ,rivarol--on    
,god and the world1 #bgi  ,robin1 ,m4   
,ch4--on ,darwinism1 #aih  ,romanes1    
,prof4--on continuity and universality  
of natural causation1 #bi1 #cj2   on    
origin of language1 #gi2   on ,monism1  
#abi2   on the inadequacy of ,natural   
,selection1 #bja2   on jealousy of      
admitting the ,creator into creation1   
#bgg  ,roscoe1 ,sir ,h4--on artificial  
production of protoplasm1 #fb           
,salamander1 embryological features1    
#aic  ,salix polaris1 its specific      
stability1 #afd1 #bbb  ,saporta1 ,comte 
de--on parallel development of animal   
and vegetable life1 #bbh2   on the      
problem of ,creation1 #bfh  ,schoolmen1 

the--on relation of soul and body1 #acb 
,scorpion1 maternal and unfilial        
instincts1 #abb  ,selous1 ,mr4          
,e4--exemplifies ,monistic doctrines1   
#aci n4  ,sensation and                 
consciousness1--origin of1 #fg  ,snakes1
 embryological features1 #aid  ,species1
 on evolutionary principles must each   
derive from a single origin1 #baj2      
isolation of1 #baa2   and genera1 #bdd  
n4  ,specific stability in ,nature1 #afd
  ,spencer1 ,mr4 ,herbert--on the       
beginning of life1 #ef2   his ,formula  
of ,evolution1 #ade2   on the process of
 organic evolution1 #adg  ,spontaneous  
,generation4 ,see ,life1 origin of      
,stephen1 ,sir ,l4--on materialism1 #gh 
,stewart1 ,prof4 ,balfour--on finite    
duration of the world1 #a2   on         
dissipation of energy1 #be4   ,see also 
,stewart and ,tait  ,stewart and        
,tait--on self-evidence of theism1 #ajd1
 #bgc  ,stirling1 ,mr4--on protoplasm1  
#ei1 #fa  ,stokes1 ,sir ,g4 ,g4--on     
evidence for design1 #ajd  ,suarez--on  

creative power and natural law1 #bjg    
,substance1 law of1 #ac1 #ad1 #bb1 #bc1 
#cc1 #da1 #aah  ,survival of the        
fittest1 and organic progression1 #ahf  
,tait1 ,prof4 ,p4--,on the scope of     
science1 #ah1 #bj2   on force and       
energy1 #bc n42   on the properties of  
matter1 #ci2   on pseudoscience1 #dj2   
on scientific methods1 #dg2   on        
mechanical theories of life1 #fe4   ,see
 also ,stewart and ,tait4               
,teleology--#ih seq4  ,theism1 #ig seq41
 #bgg  ,thiselton-,dyer1 ,sir ,w4--on   
protoplasm1 #fj-fb  ,thyroid gland--its 
lesson1 #aia n4  ,time1 as a factor in  
,evolution1 #hj1 #afi  ,transformism1   
#adb1 etc4   ,see ,evolution1 organic   
,triton alpestris1 #aie  ,tyndall1      
,prof4--on the material origin of life1 
#ch2   on the beginning of life1 #df2   
on scientific method1 #dg2   on         
spontaneous generation1 #ed-ef2   on the
 potentialities of matter1 #ed2   on    
mind and matter1 #acc   ,ungulates1     
structure of limbs1 #bda   ,variation1  

the basis of ,darwin's calculations1    
#afb2   its limitations1 ibid42   minute
 at each stage1 #afe  ,verbum mentale1  
#gf  ,vines1 ,prof4 ,s4 ,h4--on         
speculations and facts1 #ahe2   on the  
present status of the ,darwinian theory1
 #bjb2   on our present knowledge1 #bcg 
,virchow1 ,prof4--on the beginning of   
life1 #df2   on spontaneous generation1 
#fe  ,vogt1 ,carl--on embryology1 #aid2 
on ,haeckel's genealogies1 #bfd         
,wallace1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4--on breaches of  
natural causation1 #fd2   on the origin 
of life1 ibid42   on the origin of      
animal life1 #fi1 #gj  ,weismann1       
,prof4--on our intellectual need for    
causality1 #aja  ,weldon1 ,prof4--on    
,huxley's scientific method1 #ba1 #aig  
,whales1 appearance of1 #beg  ,whitney1 
,prof4--on origin of language1 #gi      
,will1 the only cause known to us1 #ii1 
#ajj4   ,see also ,free-will            
,williamson1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4--on missing 
links1 #bca2   on an unrecognized factor
 in life-developments1 #bcb2   on the   

geological history of fishes1 #bcc2   on
 genealogy of the equid1 #bea2   on lack
 of palontological support for the      
,evolution theory1 #bfj  ,wings1 as     
machines1 #ic  ,wollaston1 ,mr4--on     
,nature as an agent1 #ajh  ,world1      
beginning of1 #a   ,zeuglodon1 #beg     
,a ,,list ,,of ,,works  ,,mainly ,,by   
,,roman ,,catholic  ,,writers   ,,table 
,,of ,,contents                         
,,page  ,,the ,,westminster ,,library   
#b  ,,the ,,catholic ,,church           
#c  ,,for ,,the ,,clergy ,,and          
,,students                           #d 
,,biography                             
#f  ,,history                           
#h  ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,the       
,,church                          #h    
,,educational                           
#i  ,,stonyhurst ,,philosophical        
,,series                      #aj       
,,poetry1 ,,fiction1 ,,etc4             
#aj  ,,novels ,,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,francis    
7,,mrs4 ,,francis ,,blundell7      #aa  
,,works ,,by ,,the ,,very ,,rev4 ,,canon

 ,,sheehan1 ,d4,d4           #aa        
,,works ,,by ,,cardinal ,,newman        
#ab   ,,longmans1 ,,green1  ,,co4  #ci  
,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4   
#ia-ic ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york   
#h ,,hornby ,,road1 ,,bombay  #cjc      
,,bowbazar ,,street1 ,,calcutta4  #aiji 
,the ,westminster ,library4  ,a ,series 
of ,manuals for ,catholic ,priests and  
,students4  ,edited by the ,right ,rev4 
,mgr4 ,,bernard ,,ward1 ,president of   
,st4 ,edmund's ,college1 and the ,rev4  
,,herbert ,,thurston1 ,s4,j4  ,,the     
,,tradition ,,of ,,scripture3 its       
,origin1 ,authority and ,interpretation4
 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,,william ,,barry1 
,d4,d41 ,canon of ,st4 ,chads1          
,birmingham4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4    
net4  ,,the ,,holy ,,eucharist4 ,by the 
,right ,rev4 ,,john ,,cuthbert ,,hedley1
 ,bishop of ,newport4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 
#f;d4 net4  ,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,the  
,,saints3 ,an ,introduction to          
,hagiography4 ,from the ,french of ,pre 
,h4 ,,delehaye1 ,s4,j41 ,bollandist4    

,translated by ,mrs4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,crawford4
 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,the    
,,priest',s ,,studies4 ,by the ,very    
,rev4 ,,thomas ,,scannell1 ,d4,d41      
,canon of ,southwark ,cathedral1 ,editor
 of ,the ,catholic ,dictionary4 ,crown  
#hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4  ,the following   
,volumes are in ,preparation3--  ,,the  
,,christian ,,calendar4 ,by the ,rev4   
,,herbert ,,thurston1 ,s4,j4  ,,the     
,,study ,,of ,,the ,,fathers4 ,by the   
,rev4 ,dom ,,john ,,chapman1 ,o4,s4,b4  
,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,gospels4 ,by
 the ,right ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,a4 ,s4         
,,barnes1 ,m4,a4  ,,the ,,breviary4 ,by 
the ,rev4 ,,edward ,,myers1 ,m4,a4      
,,the ,,instruction ,,of ,,converts4 ,by
 the ,rev4 ,,sydney ,f4 ,,smith1 ,s4,j4 
,,the ,,mass4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,adrian    
,,fortescue1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,d4   ,the     
,catholic ,church4  ,,the ,,catholic    
,,church ,,from ,,within4 ,with a       
,preface by ,his ,eminence ,,cardinal   
,,vaughan1 late ,archbishop of          
,westminster4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4   

net4  ,,letters ,,from ,,the ,,beloved  
,,city4 ,,to ,s4 ,b4 ,,from ,,philip4   
,by the ,rev4 ,,kenelm ,,digby ,,best4  
,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4  ,,contents4--,why
 ,philip writes these ,letters to ,s4   
,b4--,s4 ,b4's ,difficulties fully      
stated--,the ,good ,shepherd--,i come   
that they may have life--,feed my       
,lambs--,feed my ,sheep--,one ,fold and 
,one ,shepherd--,christ's ,mother and   
,christ's                               
,church--,unity--,holiness--,catholicity
--,apostolicity--,our ,lady's           
,dowry--,war--,pacification4  ,,lent    
,,and ,,holy ,,week3 ,chapters on       
,catholic ,observance and ,ritual4 ,by  
,,herbert ,,thurston1 ,s4,j4 ,crown     
#hvo4 #fs4 net4  ,,bishop ,,gore ,,and  
,,the ,,catholic ,,claims4 ,by ,dom     
,,john ,,chapman1 ,o4,s4,b4 #hvo4 ,paper
 covers1 #f;d4 net2 cloth1 #as4 net4    
,,aspects ,,of ,,anglicanism2 or1 ,some 
,comments on ,certain ,incidents in the 
',nineties4 ,by ,mgr4 ,,james ,,moyes1  
,d4,d41 ,canon of ,westminster          

,cathedral4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4
 ,paper ,covers #bs4 net4  999999 ,this 
book is a free comment from a ,roman    
,catholic standpoint upon certain       
incidents in the religious life of      
,anglicanism in the ',nineties4 ,it     
deals incidentally with the ,lambeth    
,judgment1 and with the question of     
continuity4 ,it represents the criticism
 which1 from the point of view of       
history and theology1 some of the later 
developments of ,anglicanism would      
suggest to a ,roman ,catholic mind4     
,,divine ,,authority4 ,by ,j4 ,f4       
,,scholfield1 ,m4,a41 ,trinity ,college1
 ,cambridge1 late ,rector of ,st4       
,michael's1 ,edinburgh4 ,crown #hvo4    
#bs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,infallibility3 a     
,paper read before the ,society of ,st4 
,thomas of ,canterbury4 ,by the ,rev4   
,,vincent ,mc,n,a,b,b1 ,o4,p4 ,crown    
#hvo4 ,sewed1 #as4 net4                 
,,self-,,knowledge ,,and                
,,self-,,discipline4 ,by the ,rev4 ,b4  
,w4 ,,maturin4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 net4   

,,laws ,,of ,,the ,,spiritual ,,life4   
,by the same ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 
net4  ,,the ,,inner ,,life ,,of ,,the   
,,soul4 ,short ,spiritual ,messages for 
the ,ecclesiastical ,year4 ,by ,s4 ,l4  
,,emery4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4   
,for the ,clergy and ,students4  ,,the  
,,training ,,of ,a ,,priest3 an ,essay  
on ,clerical ,education4 ,by the ,rev4  
,,john ,,talbot ,,smith1 ,,ll4,d41      
,president of the ,catholic ,summer     
,school of ,america4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  
net4  ,,scholasticism1 ,old and ,new3 an
 ,introduction to ,scholastic           
,philosophy1 ,medival and ,modern4 ,by  
,m4 de ,,wulf1 ,doctor of ,laws1 ,doctor
 of ,philosophy and ,letters1 ,professor
 at the ,university of ,louvain4        
,translated by ,p4 ,,coffey1 ,ph4,d41   
,professor of ,philosophy1 ,maynooth    
,college1 ,ireland4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4     
,,outlines ,,of ,,dogmatic ,,theology4  
,by ,,sylvester ,,joseph ,,hunter1      
,s4,j4 ,crown #hvo4 ,three vols41 #fs4  
#f;d4 each4  ,,the ,,sermon ,,of ,,the  

,,sea1 and ,other ,studies4 ,by the     
,rev4 ,,robert ,,kane1 ,s4,j4 ,crown    
#hvo4 #es4 net4  ,,studies ,,on ,,the   
,,gospels4 ,by ,,vincent ,,rose1 ,o4,p41
 ,professor in the ,university of       
,fribourg4 ,authorised ,english         
,version1 by ,,robert ,,fraser1 ,d4,d41 
,domestic ,prelate to ,h4,h4 ,pius ,x4  
,crown #hvo4 #fs4 net4  ,,essays ,,in   
,,pastoral ,,medicine4 ,by ,,austin     
,o',,malley1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 
,pathologist and ,ophthalmologist to    
,saint ,agnes's ,hospital1              
,philadelphia2 and ,,james ,j4 ,,walsh1 
,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,adjunct ,professor  
of ,medicine at the ,new ,york          
,polytechnic ,school for ,graduates in  
,medicine4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4       
999999 ,the term ,pastoral ,medicine may
 be said to represent that part of      
medicine which is of import to a pastor 
in his cure1 and those divisions of     
ethics and moral theology which concern 
a physician in his practice4 ,this book 
is primarily intended for ,roman        

,catholic confessors4  ,,the ,,science  
,,of ,,ethics4 ,by ,rev4 ,,michael      
,,cronin1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,ex-,fellow1  
,royal ,university of ,ireland2         
,professor1 ,clonliffe ,college1        
,dublin4 #hvo4  ,vol4 #a41 ,general     
,ethics4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,the ,,key  
,,to ,,the ,,world',s ,,progress3 an    
,essay on ,historical ,logic1 being some
 ,account of the ,historical            
,significance of the ,catholic ,church4 
,by ,,charles ,,stanton ,,devas1 ,m4,a4 
,crown #hvo4 #es4 net4  ,popular        
,edition4 ,paper covers1 #f;d4  999999  
,the object of this book is to give to  
the logic and history of ,newman an     
economic or sociological setting1 and   
thus to show that for the explanation of
 ,world-history we must first have the  
true theory of the ,christian ,church   
and her life through eighteen centuries4
 ,part ,i4 states briefly the problems  
which the philosophy of history seeks to
 resolve4 ,part ,,ii4 presents the      
solution offered by ,christianity and   

takes the form of an historical analysis
 of the principles by which the ,church 
has been guided in her relations with   
the world4  ,,in ,,thy ,,courts 7,la    
,vocation  la ,vie ,religieuse74        
,translated from the ,french of ,,louis 
,,vignat1 ,s4,j4 ,by ,,matthew ,l4      
,,fortier1 ,s4,j4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 net4
 ,in paper covers1 #as4 net4  ,,cords   
,,of ,,adam3 a ,series of ,devotional   
,essays with an ,apologetic ,aim4 ,by   
the ,rev4 ,,thomas ,j4 ,,gerrard4 ,crown
 #hvo4 #es4 net4  ,i will draw them with
 the cords of ,adam1 with the bonds of  
love4--,osee xi4 #d4  ,,the ,,old       
,,riddle ,,and ,,the ,,newest ,,answer4 
,an ,enquiry how far ,modern ,science   
has altered the aspect of the ,problem  
of the ,universe4 ,by ,,john ,,gerard1  
,s4,j41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4     
#f;d4 net4  ,popular ,edition4 ,paper   
,covers4 #f;d4  ,,the ,,month2 ,a       
,catholic ,magazine4 ,conducted by      
,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of     
,,jesus4 ,published ,monthly4 #hvo4     

,sewed1 #as4  ,,index ,,to ,,the        
,,month1 #ahfd-aijh4 ,arranged under    
,subjects and ,authors4 #hvo4 ,cloth4   
#cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,interleaved with       
,writing ,paper4 #es4 net4   ,biography4
  ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,st4 ,,dominic1 
,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,friar            
,,preachers4 ,by ,,augusta ,,theodosia  
,,drane4 ,with #cb ,illustrations4 #hvo4
 #aes4  ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,st4      
,,catherine ,,of ,,siena ,,and ,,her    
,,companions4 ,with a ,translation of   
her ,treatise on ,consummate            
,perfection4 ,by the same ,author4 ,with
 #aj ,illustrations4 ,two vols4 #hvo4   
#aes4  ,a ,,memoir ,,of ,,mother        
,,francis ,,raphael1 ,o4,s4,d4          
7,,augusta ,,theodosia ,,drane71 some   
time ,prioress ,provincial of the       
,congregation of ,dominican ,sisters of 
,st4 ,catherine of ,siena1 ,stone4 ,with
 portrait4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4      
,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,elizabeth ,,of      
,,hungary1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,thuringia4  
,by the ,,count ,,de ,,montalembert1    

,peer of ,france1 ,member of the ,french
 ,academy4 ,translated by ,,francis     
,,deming ,,hoyt4 ,large ,crown #hvo4    
#ajs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,history ,,of ,,st4  
,,vincent ,,de ,,paul1 ,founder of the  
,congregation of the ,mission           
7,vincentians71 and of the ,sisters of  
,charity4 ,by ,monseigneur ,,bougaud1   
,bishop of ,laval4 ,translated from the 
,second ,french ,edition by the ,rev4   
,,joseph ,,brady1 ,c4,m4 ,with an       
,introduction by ,his ,eminence         
,,cardinal ,,vaughan1 late ,archbishop  
of ,westminster4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4
 net4  ,,henry ,,stuart1 ,,cardinal ,,of
 ,,york1 ,,and ,,his ,,times4 ,by       
,,alice ,,shield4 ,with an ,introduction
 by ,,andrew ,,lang4 ,with ,photogravure
 ,frontispiece and #ac other            
,illustrations4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4  
,,explorers ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,world    
,,before ,,and ,,after ,,columbus1 and  
,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,jesuit       
,,missions ,,of ,,paraguay4 ,by ,,marion
 ,mc,m,u,r,r,o,u,g,h ,,mulhall1 ,member 

of ,the ,roman ,arcadia4 ,with          
pre-,columban ,maps4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4  
#f;d4 net4  ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,times  
,,of ,,cardinal ,,wiseman4 ,by ,,wilfrid
 ,,ward4 ,with #c ,portraits4 ,two vols4
 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4  ,,aubrey ,,de   
,,vere3 a ,memoir based on his          
unpublished ,diaries and                
,correspondence4 ,by the same ,author4  
,with ,two ,photogravure ,portraits and 
#b other ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #ads4    
net4  ,,ten ,,personal ,,studies4 ,by   
the same ,author4 ,with #aj ,portraits4 
#hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4                  
,,contents4--,arthur ,james             
,balfour--,three ,notable ,editors3     
,delane1 ,hutton1 ,knowles--,some       
,characteristics of ,henry              
,sidgwick--,robert1 ,earl of            
,lytton--,father ,ignatius ,ryder--,sir 
,m4 ,e4 ,grant ,duff's ,diaries--,leo   
,,xiii4--,the ,genius of ,cardinal      
,wiseman--,john ,henry ,newman--,newman 
and ,manning--,appendix4  ,,some        
,,papers ,,of ,,lord ,,arundell ,,of    

,,wardour1 #abth ,,baron1 ,,count ,,of  
,,the ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire1 ,etc4    
,with a ,preface by the ,dowager ,,lady 
,,arundell ,,of ,,wardour4 ,with        
,portrait4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4        
,,historical ,,letters ,,and ,,memoirs  
,,of ,,scottish ,,catholics1 #afbe-agic4
 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,,forbes ,,leith1    
,s4,j4 ,with ,portraits and other       
,illustrations4 #b vols4 ,medium #hvo4  
#bds4 net4  ,,essays4 ,by ,,father      
,,ignatius ,,ryder4 ,edited by the ,rev4
 ,f4 ,,bacchus4 #hvo4                   
,,contents4--,biographical and          
,historical4 #a4 ,a ,jesuit ,reformer   
and ,poet--#b4 ,revelations of the      
,after-,world 7,st4 ,brigit7--#c4       
,savonarola--#d4 ,m4 ,emery--#e4 ,the   
,great ,schism4 ,general4--#f4          
,auricular ,confession--#g4 ,the ,pope  
and the ,anglican ,archbishops--#h4     
,ritualism1 ,romanism1 etc4--#i4 ,some  
,ecclesiastical ,miracles--#aj4         
,irresponsible ,opinion--#aa4 ,the      
,ethics of ,war--#ab4 ,the ,passion of  

the ,past--#ac4 ,reminiscences of a     
,jail ,chaplain4   ,history4  ,,history 
,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,jesus ,,in  
,,north ,,america3 ,colonial and        
,federal4 ,by ,,thomas ,,hughes of the  
same ,society4 ,royal #hvo4  ,text4     
,volume ,i4 ,from the ,first            
,colonization1 #aehj1 till #afde4 ,with 
#c ,maps and #c ,facsimiles4 #aes4 net4 
,documents4 ,volume ,i4 ,part ,i4 ,nos4 
#a-adj 7#afje-ahch74 #bas4 net4         
,documents4 ,volume ,i4 ,part ,,ii4 ,in 
the ,press4  ,,the ,,inquisition3 a     
,critical and ,historical ,study of the 
,coercive ,power of the ,church4 ,by the
 ,abb ,e4 ,,vacandard4 ,translated from 
the ,french by the ,rev4 ,,bertrand ,l4 
,,conway1 ,c4,s4,p4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4   
net4  ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,times ,,of   
,,bishop ,,challoner1 #afia-agha4 ,by   
,,edwin ,h4 ,,burton1 ,d4,d41           
,f4,r4,hist4,s41 ,vice-,president of    
,st4 ,edmund's ,college4 ,with #cd      
,portraits and other ,illustrations4 ,in
 two volumes4 #hvo4  ,,the ,,dawn ,,of  

,,the ,,catholic ,,revival ,,in         
,,england1 #agha-ahjc4 ,by ,,bernard    
,,ward1 ,f4,r4,hist4,s41 ,president of  
,st4 ,edmund's ,college1 ,ware4 #b vols4
 #hvo4 #bes4 net4   ,the ,beginnings of 
the ,church4  ,a ,series of ,histories  
of the ,first ,century4  ,by the ,abb   
,,constant ,,fouard1 ,honorary          
,cathedral ,canon1 ,professor of the    
,faculty of ,theology at ,rouen1 etc41  
etc4 ,translated by ,,george ,f4 ,x4    
,,griffith4  ,,the ,,christ1 ,,the ,,son
 ,,of ,,god4 ,a ,life of ,our ,lord and 
,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,with an       
,introduction by ,,cardinal ,,manning4  
,with #c ,maps4 ,two vols4 ,crown #hvo4 
#ads4  ,popular ,edition4 #hvo4 #as4    
net4 ,paper ,covers4 #f;d4 net4  ,,st4  
,,peter ,,and ,,the ,,first ,,years ,,of
 ,,christianity4 ,with #c ,maps4 ,crown 
#hvo4 #is4  ,,st4 ,,paul ,,and ,,his    
,,missions4 ,with #b ,maps4 ,crown #hvo4
 #is4  ,,the ,,last ,,years ,,of ,,st4  
,,paul4 ,with #e ,maps and ,plans4      
,crown #hvo4 #is4  ,,st4 ,,john ,,and   

,,the ,,close ,,of ,,the ,,apostolic    
,,age4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4          
,educational4  ,a ,,history ,,of        
,,england ,,for ,,catholic ,,schools4   
,by ,e4 ,,wyatt-,,davies1 ,m4,a4 ,with  
#ad ,maps4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4      
,,outlines ,,of ,,british ,,history4 ,by
 the same ,author4 ,with #he            
,illustrations and #ac ,maps4 ,crown    
#hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,a ,,history ,,of     
,,ireland ,,for ,,australian ,,catholic 
,,schools4 ,from the ,earliest ,times to
 the ,death of ,o',connell4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 
,,joyce1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with specially       
constructed ,map and #afj               
,illustrations1 including ,facsimile in 
,full ,colours of an ,illuminated ,page 
of the ,gospel ,book of ,mac,durnan1    
,a4,d4 #hej4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4  ,this is
 the authorised ,irish ,history for     
,catholic ,schools and ,colleges        
throughout ,australasia4  ,,historical  
,,atlas ,,of ,,india1 for the ,use of   
,high ,schools1 ,colleges and ,private  
,students4 ,by ,,charles ,,joppen1      

,s4,j4 #bf ,maps in ,colours4 ,post     
#dto4 #cs4 net4  ,,delecta ,,biblica4   
,compiled from the ,vulgate ,edition of 
the ,old ,testament1 and arranged for   
the use of ,beginners in ,latin4 ,by a  
,,sister ,,of ,,notre ,,dame4 ,crown    
#hvo4 #as4  ,,principles ,,of ,,logic4  
,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,joyce1 ,s4,j41 ,m4,a41    
,oxford1 ,professor of ,logic at ,st4   
,mary's ,hall1 ,stonyhurst4 #hvo4 #fs4  
#f;d4 net4  ,,parlez-,,vous ,,fran,,ais8
 ,,ou ,,le ,,fran,,ais ,,enseign        
,d',,apr,s ,,la ,m,,thode ,,directe4    
,par ,,kathleen ,,fitzgerald4 ,illustr  
par ,n4 ,m4 ,w4 ,crown #hvo4 #as4       
,,grammar ,,lessons4 ,by the ,,principal
 ,,of ,,st4 ,,mary',s ,,hall1           
,liverpool4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4  ,,the    
,,class ,,teaching ,,of ,,english       
,,composition4 ,by the same ,author4    
,crown #hvo4 #bs4  ,,quick ,,and ,,dead8
 ,to ,teachers4 ,by ,two of ,them4      
,crown #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4   ,stonyhurst   
,philosophical ,series4  ,edited by     
,,richard ,f4 ,,clarke1 ,s4,j4  ,,logic4

 ,by ,,richard ,f4 ,,clarke1 ,s4,j4     
,crown #hvo4 #es4  ,,first ,,principles 
,,of ,,knowledge4 ,by ,,john ,,rickaby1 
,s4,j4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4  ,,moral       
,,philosophy 7,,ethics ,,and ,,natural  
,,law74 ,by ,,joseph ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4  
,crown #hvo4 #es4  ,,general            
,,metaphysics4 ,by ,,john ,,rickaby1    
,s4,j4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4  ,,psychology1 
,,empirical ,,and ,,rational4 ,by       
,,michael ,,maher1 ,s4,j41 ,d4,litt41   
,m4,a4 ,lond4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4   
,,natural ,,theology4 ,by ,,bernard     
,,boedder1 ,m4,a41 ,s4,j4 ,crown #hvo4  
#fs4 #f;d4  ,,political ,,economy4 ,by  
,,chas4 ,s4 ,,devas1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4
 #gs4 #f;d4   ,poetry1 ,fiction1 etc4   
,a ,,mystery ,,play ,,in ,,honour ,,of  
,,the ,,nativity ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,by 
the ,rev4 ,,robert ,,hugh ,,benson4     
,with ,illustrations1 ,appendices1 and  
,stage ,directions4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4     
#f;d4 net4  ,words only4 ,with a few    
notes4 #f;d4 net4  ,,stories ,,on ,,the 
,,rosary4 ,by ,,louise ,,emily ,,dobr,e4

 ,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,crown #hvo4 
#as4 #f;d4 each4  ,a ,,torn ,,scrap     
,,book4 ,talks and ,tales illustrative  
of the ,our ,father4 ,by ,,genevi,,ve   
,,irons4 ,with a ,preface by the ,rev4  
,r4 ,,hugh ,,benson4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4  
#f;d4  ,,mariale ,,novum3 a ,series of  
,sonnets on the ,titles of ,our ,lady's 
,litany4 ,by ,,members ,,of ,,the       
,,society ,,of ,,jesus4 ,printed on     
hand-made paper1 and bound in art green 
canvas1 with cover design in blue and   
gilt1 gilt top4 ,pott #dto4 #cs4 #f;d4  
net4 ,leather1 #es4 net4  ,,one ,,poor  
,,scruple4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,wilfrid ,,ward4  
,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,out ,,of ,,due     
,,time4 ,by the same ,author4 ,crown    
#hvo4 #fs4  ,,great ,,possessions4 ,by  
the same ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4     
,novels by ,m4 ,e4 ,francis 7,mrs4      
,francis ,blundell74  ,,simple ,,annals4
 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,dorset ,,dear3    
,idylls of ,country ,life4 ,crown #hvo4 
#fs4  ,,lychgate ,,hall3 a ,romance4    
,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,christian ,,thal3 a

 ,story of ,musical ,life4 ,cr4 #hvo4   
#fs4  ,,the ,,manor ,,farm4 ,with       
,frontispiece by ,claude ,c4 du ,pr     
,cooper4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,fiander',s
 ,,widow4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,pastorals
 ,,of ,,dorset4 ,with #h ,illustrations4
 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,yeoman            
,,fleetwood4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 net4     
,works by the ,very ,rev4 ,canon        
,sheehan1 ,d4,d4  ,,lisheen2 or1 ,the   
,test of the ,spirits4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr4  
#hvo4 #fs4  ,,luke ,,delmege4 ,a ,novel4
 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4  ,,glenanaar3 a      
,story of ,irish ,life4 ,crown #hvo4    
#fs4  ,,the ,,blindness ,,of ,,the      
,,reverend ,,dr4 ,,gray2 or1 the ,final 
,law3 a ,novel of ,clerical ,life4 #fs4 
,,lost ,,angel ,,of ,a ,,ruined         
,,paradise3 a ,drama of ,modern ,life4  
,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,,parerga3     
being a ,companion ,volume to ,under the
 ,cedars and the ,stars4 ,crown #hvo4   
#gs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,early ,,essays ,,and 
,,lectures4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4        
,,contents4--,essays4 ,religious        

,instruction in ,intermediate           
,schools--,in a ,dublin ,art            
,gallery--,emerson--,free-,thought in   
,america--,german ,universities 7,three 
,essays7--,german and ,gallic           
,muses--,augustinian ,literature--,the  
,poetry of ,matthew ,arnold--,recent    
,works on ,st4 ,augustine--,aubrey de   
,vere 7a ,study74 ,lectures4 ,irish     
,youth and ,high ,ideals--,the ,two     
,civilisations--,the ,golden ,jubilee of
 ,o',connell's ,death--,our ,personal   
and ,social ,responsibilities--,the     
,study of ,mental ,science--,certain    
,elements of ,character--,the           
,limitations and ,possibilities of      
,catholic ,literature4   ,cardinal      
,newman's ,works4  #a4 ,,sermons4       
,,parochial ,,and ,,plain ,,sermons4    
,eight vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4    
each4  ,,selection1 ,,adapted ,,to ,,the
 ,,seasons ,,of ,,the ,,ecclesiastical  
,,year1 from the ,parochial and ,plain  
,sermons4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4       
,,fifteen ,,sermons ,,preached ,,before 

,,the ,,university ,,of ,,oxford1       
between #ahbf and #ahdc4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4
 #f;d4  ,,sermons ,,bearing ,,upon      
,,subjects ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,crown     
#hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,,discourses ,,to     
,,mixed ,,congregations4 ,crown #hvo4   
#cs4 #f;d4  ,,occasional ,,sermons4     
,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  #b4            
,,treatises4  ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of     
,,justification4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  
,,the ,,development ,,of ,,christian    
,,doctrine4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4     
,,the ,,idea ,,of ,a ,,university       
,,defined ,,and ,,illustrated4 ,crown   
#hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,,university          
,,teaching considered in nine           
discourses4 ,being the ,first ,part of  
,the ,idea of a ,university ,defined and
 ,illustrated4 ,with a ,preface by the  
,rev4 ,,john ,,norris4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 ,gilt
 ,top4 #bs4 net4 ,leather1 #cs4 net4  ,a
 ,,grammar ,,of ,,assent4 ,crown #hvo4  
#cs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,indexed ,,synopsis    
,,of ,,newman',s ,,grammar ,,of         
,,assent4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,j4      

,,toohey1 ,s4,j4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  
#c4 ,,historical4  ,,historical         
,,sketches4 ,three vols4 ,crown #hvo4   
#cs4 #f;d4 each4  ,,vol4 ,i4--,the      
,turks in their ,relation to ,europe--- 
,marcus ,tullius ,cicero--,apollonius of
 ,tyana--,primitive ,christianity4      
,,vol4 ,,ii4--,the ,church of the       
,fathers--,st4                          
,chrysostom--,theodoret--,mission of    
,st4 ,benedict--,benedictine ,schools4  
,,vol4 ,,iii4--,rise and ,progress of   
,universities 7originally published as  
,office and ,work of                    
,universities7--,northmen and ,normans  
in ,england and ,ireland--,medival      
,oxford--,convocation of ,canterbury4   
,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,fathers4    
,reprinted from ,historical ,sketches4  
,vol4 ,,ii4 ,with a ,preface by the     
,rev4 ,,john ,,norris4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 ,gilt
 ,top4 #bs4 net4 ,leather1 #cs4 net4    
#d4 ,,essays4  ,,two ,,essays ,,on      
,,miracles4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4     
,,discussions ,,and ,,arguments4 ,cr4   

#hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  #a4 ,how to accomplish
 it4 #b4 ,the ,antichrist of the        
,fathers4 #c4 ,scripture and the ,creed4
 #d4 ,tamworth ,reading-room4 #e4 ,who's
 to ,blame8 #f4 ,an ,argument for       
,christianity4  ,,essays1 ,,critical    
,,and ,,historical4 ,two vols41 with    
notes4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4  #a4 ,poetry4  
#b4 ,rationalism4 #c4 ,apostolic        
,tradition4 #d4 ,de la ,mennais4 #e4    
,palmer on ,faith and ,unity4 #f4 ,st4  
,ignatius4 #g4 ,prospects of the        
,anglican ,church4 #h4 ,the             
,anglo-,american ,church4 #i4 ,countess 
of ,huntingdon4 #aj4 ,catholicity of the
 ,anglican ,church4 #aa4 ,the           
,antichrist of ,protestants4 #ab4       
,milman's ,view of ,christianity4 #ac4  
,reformation of the ,,xi4 ,century4 #ad4
 ,private ,judgment4 #ae4 ,davison4 #af4
 ,keble4  #e4 ,,theological4  ,,the     
,,arians ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,century4 
,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,,select       
,,treatises ,,of ,,athanasius4 ,two     
vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4  ,,tracts3      

,,theological and ,,ecclesiastical4     
,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  #a4            
,dissertatiuncul4 #b4 ,on the ,text of  
the ,seven ,epistles of ,st4 ,ignatius4 
#c4 ,doctrinal ,causes of ,arianism4 #d4
 ,apollinarianism4 #e4 ,st4 ,cyril's    
,formula4 #f4 ,ordo de ,tempore4 #g4    
,douay ,version of ,scripture4  #f4     
,,polemical4  ,,the ,,via ,,media ,,of  
,,the ,,anglican ,,church4 ,two vols4   
,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,vol4 ,i4 
,prophetical ,office of the ,church4    
,vol4 ,,ii4 ,occasional ,letters and    
,tracts4  ,,difficulties ,,of           
,,anglicans4 ,two vols4 ,crown #hvo4    
#cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,twelve      
,lectures4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,letters to ,dr4 
,pusey concerning the ,blessed ,virgin1 
and to the ,duke of ,norfolk in defence 
of the ,pope and ,council4  ,,present   
,,position ,,of ,,catholics ,,in        
,,england4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4      
,,apologia ,,pro ,,vita ,,sua4 ,crown   
#hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,pocket ,edition4     
,fcp4 #hvo4 ,gilt ,top4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 

,leather1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4  ,popular     
,edition4 #hvo4 ,sewed1 #f;d4 net4  ,the
 ,pocket ,edition and the ,popular      
,edition of this book contain a letter1 
hitherto unpublished1 written by        
,cardinal ,newman to ,canon ,flanagan in
 #aheg1 which may be said to contain in 
embryo the ,apologia itself4  #g4       
,,literary4  ,,verses ,,on ,,various    
,,occasions4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4    
,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,gerontius4 #afmo4  
,sewed1 #f;d4 ,cloth1 #as4 net4  ,school
 ,edition1 with ,introduction and ,notes
 by ,maurice ,francis ,egan1 ,a4,m41    
,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,english        
,language and ,literature in the        
,catholic ,university of ,america1      
,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,with ,portrait4    
,crown #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4  ,presentation  
,edition1 with an ,introduction         
specially written for this ,edition by  
,e4 ,b7,l74 ,with ,photogravure         
,portrait of ,cardinal ,newman1 and #e  
other ,illustrations4 ,large ,crown     
#hvo1 bound in cream cloth1 with gilt   

top4 #cs4 net4  ,with ,fac-similes of   
the original ,fair ,copy and of portions
 of the first rough draft4 ,together    
with a ,biographical ,sketch of the     
,rev4 ,john ,gordon1 of the             
,congregation of the ,oratory1 to whom  
the poem is inscribed1 containing an    
appreciation by ,cardinal ,newman4      
,imperial folio4 #cas4 #f;d4 net4       
999999 ,this issue is restricted to #ebe
 copies1 of which #ejj are for sale4    
,,loss ,,and ,,gain3 ,the ,story of a   
,convert4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4         
,,callista3 ,a ,tale of the ,third      
,century4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4   #h4   
,,devotional4  ,,meditations ,,and      
,,devotions4 ,part ,i4 ,meditations for 
the ,month of ,may4 ,novena of ,st4     
,philip4 ,part ,,ii4 ,the ,stations of  
the ,cross4 ,meditations and            
,intercessions for ,good ,friday4       
,litanies1 etc4 ,part ,,iii4            
,meditations on ,christian ,doctrine4   
,conclusion4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 net4     
,also in ,three ,parts as follows4      

,fcap4 #hvo4 #as4 net each4  ,part ,i4  
,,the ,,month ,,of ,,may4  ,part ,,ii4  
,,stations ,,of ,,the ,,cross4  ,part   
,,iii4 ,,meditations ,,on ,,christian   
,,doctrine4   ,,letters ,,and           
,,correspondence ,,of ,,john ,,henry    
,,newman ,,during ,,his ,,life ,,in     
,,the ,,english ,,church4 ,with a brief 
,autobiography4 ,edited1 at ,cardinal   
,newman's request1 by ,,anne ,,mozley4  
#b vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4  ,,addresses 
,,to ,,cardinal ,,newman1 ,,with ,,his  
,,replies1 #ahgi-ha4 ,edited by the     
,rev4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,neville 7,cong4 ,orat474
 ,with ,portrait ,group4 ,oblong crown  
#hvo4 #fs4 net4    ,,footnotes3  #a     
,collected ,essays1 i4 #ce4  #b         
,lectures on ,evolution1 ,cheap         
,edition1 p4 #af4  #c ,conservation of  
,energy1  #baj1 p4 #aec4  #d ,f4 ,w4    
,hutton1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,the ,lesson of     
,evolution 7#aijb71 pp4 #i-aa4  #e      
,nineteenth ,century1 ,february1 #ahhi4 
p4 #agc4  #f ,this term is now applied  
almost exclusively to physical science1 

or that whose province is the           
observation of phenomena and inferences 
directly deducible from them4 ,to avoid 
confusion1 this sense of the word       
,science will be here adopted3 it is    
nevertheless objectionable inasmuch as  
it implies that--as ,professor ,huxley  
following ,hume would have it--sound    
knowledge is restricted1 outside the    
field of mathematics1 to experimental   
reasoning concerning matter of fact and 
existence4 ,but although all premisses  
or data of inference come to us first   
through the gates of sense1 there is    
much1 beyond the limits within which    
sensible experience is confined1 to a   
knowledge of which inference can lead   
us1 and of which we become certain      
before experience can verify what we    
have thus learnt4 ,thus a chipped flint 
or a fragment of pottery is universally 
recognized as evidencing the work of    
man3 a single page of ,virgil would     
suffice--apart from all other           
information--to prove its author to have

 been both a poet and a scholar3 the    
shipwrecked mariner cast on an unknown  
shore argued soundly from the sight of a
 gibbet that he had reached a civilized 
land ruled by law4 ,but more than this1 
,science herself proceeds on this       
principle to the recognition not only of
 forces1 the character of which is known
 by previous experience1 but of others  
concerning which she knows nothing at   
all1 except through the very effects    
from which she argues4 ,thus1 as all    
bodies left free are found to draw      
towards one another in a certain mode1  
it is concluded with absolute confidence
 that there is a force making them do   
so1 although this is in itself utterly  
imperceptible1 and is known only by the 
way in which bodies behave under what   
must be its influence4 ,yet1 who        
questions the existence of ,gravitation8
 ,in like manner1 the phenomena of light
 force us to admit the existence of the 
,ether1 as the medium through which its 
waves are transmitted4 ,yet1 we are     

compelled to attribute to this medium   
qualities apparently so incompatible    
that1 as the late ,lord ,salisbury said1
 ,ether remains1 a half discovered      
entity4 ,but little as we can realize   
its nature1 we have no doubt that such a
 medium exists4  #g ,value of the       
,natural ,history ,sciences 7,lay       
,sermons71 p4 #ge4  #h ,italics his4  #i
 ,confession of ,faith of a ,man of     
,science1 ,english translation1 #aijc1  
,preface1 p4 vii4  #aj ,riddle of the   
,universe1 ,cheap ,english ,edition1 p4 
#b4  #aa ibid41 p4 #he4  #ab ,and also1 
it should be added1 travelling bodily   
through space with a movement of        
translation4  #ac ,ibid4  #ad ,ibid41 p4
 #b4  #ae ,the #aeth ,chapter of        
,haeckel's ,natural ,history of         
,creation is devoted to this point4  #af
 ,confession of ,faith of a ,man of     
,science1 p4 #cb4  #ag ,riddle of the   
,universe1 p4 #e4  #ah ,ibid41 p4 #gh4  
#ai ,ibid41 p4 #hf4  #bj ,ibid41 #acd4  
#ba ,an ,easy ,outline of ,evolution1 by

 ,dennis ,hird1 ,m4,a41 ,principal of   
,ruskin ,hall1 ,oxford1 p4 #bcj4  #bb   
,presidential ,address1 ,section ,d1    
,zoology1 ,leeds1 #ahij4  #bc ,riddle of
 the ,universe1 p4 #b4  #bd ,ibid41 p4  
#hc4  #be ,pseudo-,scientific ,realism1 
,collected ,essays1 i1 #fh1 #gd-gh4  #bf
 ,newman1 ,grammar of ,assent1 p4 #gb4  
,a ,law of ,nature1 as has already been 
said1 is simply a statement of what de  
facto has always been found to occur    
under certain conditions1 and may       
consequently be expected again4 ,it is  
obvious however that such expectation is
 implicitly based on the existence of   
some cause capable of ensuring the      
result4  #bg ,the ,teaching of ,natural 
,philosophy1 ,contemporary ,review1     
,jan41 #ahgh4  #bh ,lay ,sermons1 p4    
#hc4  #bi ,riddle of the ,universe1 p4  
#f4  #cj ,see ,wasmann ,gedanken zur    
,entwicklungslehre1 ,stimmen aus        
,maria-,laach1 vol4 #fc1 p4 #bih4  #ca  
,contemporary ,review1 ut sup41 p4 #cja4
  #cb ,professor ,weldon1 ,f4,r4,s41 in 

the ,dictionary of ,national ,biography4
  #cc ,collected ,essays1 v4 #da4  #cd  
,riddle of the ,universe1 p4 #ge4  #ce  
,professor ,garnett in the              
,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,by ,force  
is understood any cause which tends to  
alter a body's natural state of rest1 or
 of uniform motion in a straight line4  
,of the nature of such causes science   
professes to know very little1 and as   
,clerk-,maxwell1 who knew as much as    
most men1 sang apropos of a lecture of  
,professor ,tait's3      444 ,tait      
writes in lucid symbols clear one small 
equation2     ,and ,force becomes of    
,energy a mere space-variation4   #cf   
,balfour ,stewart1 ,conservation of     
,energy1  #aae2 by ,clerk-,maxwell1 apud
 ,garnett1 ut sup4  #cg ,tyndall1       
,fragments of ,science1 #eth ,edition1  
p4 #bc4  #ch ,conservation of ,energy1  
#bji4  #ci ,sir ,william ,thomson1 now  
,lord ,kelvin4  #dj ,march #bi1 #ahhh4  
#da ,so of another effort in the same   
direction ,capt4 ,hutton tells us3 ,the 

last champion in the field is ,professor
 ,a4 ,w4 ,bickerton1 who thinks he has  
found a way in which this dismal        
conclusion1 as he considers it1 may be  
averted4 ,but he is not very sure about 
it1 and has to assume3 first1 that space
 contains now and always will contain1 a
 large quantity of cosmic dust scattered
 through it with some approach to       
uniformity2 and secondly1 that the      
,universe consists of an infinite number
 of what he calls 'cosmic systems1'     
travelling through space1 constantly    
throwing off dust in all directions and 
occasionally colliding4 ,as all this is 
pure assumption and highly improbable1  
,i cannot think that ,professor         
,bickerton has brought forward any      
serious objection to the theory of the  
dissipation of energy1 and his          
hypothesis must be added to the list of 
failures4 7,lesson of ,evolution1 p4    
#ad1 n47  #db ,lesson of ,evolution1 p4 
#ad4  #dc ,darwin and after ,darwin1 p4 
#ag4  #dd ,riddle of the ,universe1 p4  

#fd4  #de ber die ,grenzen der          
,naturerkennens3 ,die ,sieben           
,weltrthsel1 ,leipzic1 #ahhb4  #df      
,riddle of the ,universe1 p4 #fd4  #dg  
,du ,bois-,reymond does not say that    
they are soluble1 but only that he      
cannot pronounce them transcendental4   
#dh ,samuel ,laing1 ,modern ,science and
 ,modern ,thought1 ,cheap ,edition1 p4  
#ai4  #di ,riddle of the ,universe1 p4  
#hf4  #ej ,ibid4  #ea ,p4 #gh4  #eb ,p4 
#fd4  #ec ,origin of the ,laws of       
,nature1 p4 #bc4  #ed ,belfast ,address1
 #ahgd4  #ee ,lay ,sermons4 ,on the     
,physical ,basis of ,life1 p4 #adc4  #ef
 ,professor ,tait1 ,properties of       
,matter1  #ajh4  #eg ,contemporary      
,review1 ,january1 #ahgh1 p4 #cja4  #eh 
,story of ,creation1 p4 #aa4  #ei       
,edinburgh ,review1 ,october1 #aijc1 p4 
#cii4  #fj ,or primal stuff4 ,this looks
 remarkably like the old ,materia ,prima
 of the ,schoolmen translated into      
,greek4  #fa ,ibid4 ,the ,revelations of
 ,radium4  #fb ,ibid41 p4 #cih4         

,note4--,it is often assumed that the   
composite character of the atom--if     
fully established--must upset the       
,atomic ,theory4 ,this is not so2 all   
that the new hypothesis does is to go   
further back in accounting for the      
,atomic ,theory1 and for all practical  
purposes things remain exactly as they  
were2 except1 indeed1 that the          
dissolution of matter does away with    
what was held as one of the most assured
 conclusions of science4  #fc ,the      
,nebular ,hypothesis itself is1 of      
course1 far from being an established   
certainty1 and is not devoid of grave   
difficulties4 ,into these1 however1 it  
is not necessary now to enter4  #fd     
,apud ,gaynor1 ,the ,new ,materialism1  
p4 #hc4  #fe ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1
 ,biology4  #ff ,apud ,gaynor1 p4 #hd4  
#fg ,professor ,marsh4  #fh ,professor  
,dewar at ,belfast1 #aijb4  #fi ,recent 
,advances in ,physical ,science1 #crd   
,edition1 p4 #f4  #gj ,gaynor1 p4 #ajb4 
#ga ,lay ,sermons1 p4 #ah4  #gb         

,critiques and ,addresses1 p4 #cje4  #gc
 ,being the year in which this passage  
was written4  #gd ,viz4 that of the     
derivation of life from life alone1 as  
opposed to ,abiogenesis1 or its         
production from lifeless matter4  #ge   
,see ,fragments of ,science1            
,spontaneous ,generation1 for a full    
account4  #gf ,march #ah1 #ahfc4 ,life  
and ,letters1 i4 #ceb4  #gg ,april #cj1 
#ahgj4 ,ibid4 ii4 #ag4  #gh ,critiques  
and ,addresses1 p4 #bch4  #gi ,lay      
,sermons1 p4 #ah4  #hj ,evolution and   
the ,origin of ,life1 #ahgd1 p4 #bc4    
#ha ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1         
,biology4  #hb ,fragments of ,science4  
,rev4 ,james ,martineau and ,belfast    
,address4  #hc ,ibid4 ,scientific use of
 the imagination4  #hd ,fragments of    
,science1 ,spontaneous ,generation4  #he
 ,ibid4 ,rev4 ,james ,martineau and     
,belfast ,address4  #hf ,ibid4          
,vitality4  #hg ,nineteenth ,century1   
,may1 #ahhf1 p4 #gfi4  #hh ,italics     
mine4  #hi ,it has been established by  

,pasteur and others that the highest    
temperature at which organic life is    
possible is #de ,centigrade 7#aac       
,fahrenheit74 ,when the globe had cooled
 to this point from its primitive molten
 condition1 the epoch of terrestrial    
life commenced4  ,according to what is  
perhaps the latest theory1 that of ,m4  
,quinton1 the temperature immediately   
below this1 #dd ,centigrade1 remains    
always the best for living things1 and  
those creatures are highest in the scale
 of life1 and consequently the most     
developed1 which have contrived means of
 keeping their internal heat at1 or     
about1 this level1 despite the          
refrigeration of their surroundings4 ,in
 their blood-heat ,m4 ,quinton therefore
 finds an absolute rule for fixing the  
relative rank of organic forms1 and the 
date of their appearance2 those whose   
blood is warmest being the most recently
 evolved4 ,the results of this new      
system are sufficiently startling4      
,birds are to be classed as the highest 

and newest of all2 while man1 with the  
other ,primates1 has to take a much     
lower place1 the ungulates1 including   
the horse and donkey1 and the carnivora1
 as dogs and cats1 being his superiors4 
7,la ,revue des ,ides1 ,january #ae1    
#aijd1 pp4 #bi seq47  #ij ,to ,d4       
,mackintosh1 ,february #bh1 #ahhb4  #ia 
,to ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hooker1 ,march #bi1   
#ahfc4  #ib ,to ,v4 ,carus1 ,november   
#ba1 #ahff4  #ic ,to ,d4 ,mackintosh1   
,february #bh1 #ahhb4  #id ,riddle of   
the ,universe1 p4 #f4  #ie ,as regards  
,protoplasm1 p4 #ba4  #if ,encyclopaedia
 ,britannica1 ,biology4  #ig ,printed in
 ,lay ,sermons4  #ih ,nature1 ,june #e1 
#aijb1 p4 #aba4  #ii ,id4 ibid4  #ajj   
,op4 cit4 p4 #bg4  #aja ,presidential   
,address1 ,british ,association1 #ahhg4 
#ajb ,les ,emules de ,darwin1 ii4 #ff4  
#ajc ,op4 cit4 ii4 #fc4  #ajd           
,darwinism1 p4 #dgd4  #aje ,the other   
stages presenting similar difficulties  
are the #eth and #fth of ,du            
,bois-,reymond's ,enigmas1 viz4 the     

introduction of sensation or            
consciousness 7animal life71 and of     
rational thought and speech4  #ajf      
,contemporary ,review1 ,january1 #ahgh1 
p4 #bih4  #ajg ,die sieben ,weltrthsel1 
,d4 #hb4  #ajh ,professor ,huxley1 it   
must be remarked1 speaks of ,homer as a 
half savage ,greek 7,lay ,sermons1 p4   
#ab71 and intimates a mild wonder that  
such a being could share our feelings in
 presence of nature to so large an      
extent as his poems testify4 ,this is   
undoubtedly a fine example of the good  
conceit of ourselves which the pursuit  
of science is rather apt to produce4    
#aji ,darwinism1 p4 #dge4  #aaj ,descent
 of ,man1 c4 ii4  #aaa ,ibid4 #ed4  #aab
 ,in his paper read before the ,british 
,association at ,oxford in #ahdg4  #aac 
,lessons from ,nature1 p4 #hi4  #aad    
,see ,mivart1 ,origin of ,human ,reason1
 p4 #aff4  #aae ,see ,louis ,arnould1   
,une me en prison1 and article ,an      
imprisoned ,soul1 by the ,ctesse4 de    
,courson1 ,the ,month1 ,january1 #aijb1 

p4 #hb4  #aaf ,descent of ,man1 i4 #eg4 
#aag i4e4 ape-like4  #aah ,quoted by    
,romanes1 ,mental ,evolution in ,man4   
#aai ,ibid41 p4 #cga4  #abj ,origin of  
,human ,reason1 p4 #che4  #aba ,op4 cit4
 p4 #cgi4  #abb ,riddle of the          
,universe1 p4 #df4  #abc ,ontogeny      
signifies the genesis of the individual1
 ,phylogeny that of the race4           
,accordingly1 when rendered into        
ordinary language1 declarations such as 
these1 unsupported as they are by any   
evidence1 are found to mean that the    
development of the individual1 tells us 
all about the development of the        
individual1 and the development of the  
race all about that of the race4 ,is it 
really supposed1 as it would seem to be1
 that such points are scientifically    
settled by translating terms into       
,greek8  #abd ,lavengro1 passim4  #abe  
,preliminary ,discourse on the ,study of
 ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #ch4  #abf    
,british ,association ,lecture1 #ahgc4  
#abg ,riddle of the ,universe1 p4 #ic4  

#abh ,origin of ,species 7#eth          
,edition71 p4 #bbf4  #abi ,afterwards   
7,april #ag1 #ahfc7 ,mr4 ,darwin wrote  
to ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hooker1 ,i have long   
regretted that ,i truckled to public    
opinion1 and used the ,pentateuchal term
 of creation1 by which ,i really meant  
'appeared' by some wholly unknown       
process4  #acj ,at a later period ,mr4  
,darwin modified his views as to what he
 still termed that wondrous organ the   
human eye1 writing thus 7,descent of    
,man1 ii4 #aff73 ,we know what          
,helmholtz1 the highest authority in    
,europe on the subject1 has said about  
the human eye3 that if an optician had  
sold him an instrument so carelessly    
made1 he would have thought himself     
fully justified in returning it4  ,it is
 perfectly true that ,helmholtz so      
expressed himself 7,vortrge und ,reden1 
i4 #bec1 etc41 ,english ,edition1       
,popular ,scientific ,lectures1 pp4     
#bai1 etc471 adding that the eye has    
every possible defect that can be found 

in an optical instrument1 and some which
 are peculiar to itself4 ,these         
utterances are frequently quoted1 but   
,helmholtz says a good deal more of     
which we do not usually hear4 ,he       
observes1 in the first place1 that in   
speaking as above he did so from the    
narrow but legitimate point of view of  
an optician4 ,having then enumerated all
 the defects in question1 he            
continues--,in an artificial camera1 all
 these irregularities would be          
exceedingly troublesome4 ,in the eye    
they are not so1 so little troublesome1 
indeed1 that it was occasionally a      
matter of extreme difficulty to detect  
them4 ,he adds that men in general not  
only are unaware of the existence of    
such defects1 but can hardly be induced 
to credit it4 ,also that they almost    
always affect those portions of the     
field of vision to which at the moment  
we are not directing our attention4     
,what is still more to the point1 he    
observes1 that the defects noted are all

 theoretical1 while the purpose of the  
eye is practical1 and that if           
theoretically more perfect as an optical
 instrument1 it would be practically    
less serviceable4 ,to complain that the 
eye is not adapted for the special      
purposes of a microscope or telescope is
 like condemning the boats of a         
sea-going ship because they lack some of
 the qualities found in racing          
outriggers or ,rob ,roy canoes4 ,as     
concerns the adaptation of the eye to   
its functions1 adds ,helmholtz1 this is 
most thorough1 and is manifest in the   
very limitations set to its defects4444 
,a man of any sense would not chop      
firewood with a razor1 and we may assume
 that any elaboration of the optical    
structure of the eye would have rendered
 it more liable to injury and slower in 
its development4 ,helmholtz therefore   
concludes that the eye is a product     
which the wisest ,wisdom may have       
pre-designed4  ,it thus comes very much 
to ,pope's solution3      ,why has not  

man a microscopic eye8     ,for this    
plain reason3 man is not a fly1--  and  
in view of his subsequent admissions1   
,helmholtz's flourish about returning   
the eye to its maker looks very like    
theatrical clap-trap1 unworthy of such a
 man4  #aca ,life of ,c4 ,darwin1 ii4   
#bcd4 ,erasmus ,darwin to ,c4 ,darwin1  
,november #bc1 #ahei4  #acb ,animal     
,locomotion 7,international ,scientific 
,series71 p4 #ahj4  #acc ,origin of     
,laws of ,nature1 p4 #fi4  #acd         
,lectures on ,evolution 7,cheap         
,edition71 p4 #cg4  #ace ,philosophical 
,basis of ,evolution1 passim4  #acf ,by 
a ,final ,cause is meant the            
predetermined result or end1 towards    
which a work of intelligence is         
directed1 the end being the ultimate    
cause of the whole act4 ,thus the       
obtaining a light is the ,final ,cause  
of striking a match3 while the striking 
of the match is the ,efficient ,cause   
producing the light4  #acg ,grammar of  
,assent1 p4 #fi4  #ach ,familiar        

,lectures1 p4 #deh4  #aci ,on the       
,reception of the ',origin of           
,species1'3 ,life of ,c4 ,darwin1 ii4 p4
 #ahg4  #adj ,nineteenth ,century1 ,no4 
#b4 ,reprinted in ,lectures and ,essays1
 p4 #chh 7#bnd ,edition74  #ada ,studies
 in the ,theory of ,descent1 vol4 ii4 p4
 #gaj2 vid4 ,edinburgh ,review1         
,october1 #aijb1 ,the ,rise and         
,influence of ,darwinism4  #adb ,ut sup4
 p4 #bja4  #adc ,sic4 ,the sense        
evidently requires either that the not  
should be deleted1 or prove be          
substituted for disprove in the         
preceding line4 ,this erroneous reading 
occurs not only in the text from which  
,i quote1 but likewise in the ,critiques
 and ,addresses1 p4 #cjg1 where this    
passage forms part of the ,professor's  
review of ,haeckel's ,natural ,history  
of ,creation1 under the title of ,the   
,genealogy of ,animals4  #add ,life and 
,letters1 ii4 #aie4  #ade ,ibid41 p4    
#dfg4  #adf ,de ,natura ,deorum1 ii4 #d4
  #adg ,principia1 ,schol4 ,gen4  #adh  

,unseen ,universe1 p4 #dg4  #adi        
,burnett ,lectures1 p4 #cbg4  #aej ,see 
report of his words emended by himself1 
,nineteenth ,century and ,after1 ,june1 
#aijc4  #aea ,bradford1 #ahgc4  #aeb    
,montreal1 #ahhd4  #aec ,annals and     
,magazine of ,natural ,history1 #crd    
,series1 vol4 v4 p4 #ach4  #aed         
,reception of ',origin of ,species1' ubi
 sup4 p4 #aii4  #aee ,november #bf1     
#ahfj4  #aef ,may #bb1 #ahfj4  #aeg     
,riddle of the ,universe1 p4 #ib4  #aeh 
,the ,scientific ,basis of ,morality1 by
 ,george ,gore1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 p4 
#ca4  #aei ,may #bb1 #ahfj4  #afj ,bain1
 ,de vi physica1 p4 #gf4  #afa ,origin  
of ,laws of ,nature1 p4 #fa4  #afb ,lord
 ,grimthorpe1 op4 cit4 #he4  #afc       
,letter to the ,times1 ,june #b1 #aijc  
#afd ,the term ,monism1 invented by     
,wolf1 originally bore a different      
meaning from that in which ,haeckel     
employs it4 ,it was used to signify     
equally the materialistic denial of the 
substantiality of mind1 and the         

idealistic denial of the substantiality 
of matter4 ,professor ,haeckel1 as will 
be seen1 maintains that mind and matter 
are but two names for one thing4  #afe  
,confession of ,faith of a ,man of      
,science 7,english translation71 p4 #fj4
  #aff ,ibid41 p4 #aj4  #afg ,ibid41 p4 
#c4  #afh ,mind and ,motion4  #afi ,an  
,easy ,outline of ,evolution1 by ,dennis
 ,hird1 ,m4,a41 ,principal of ,ruskin   
,hall1 ,oxford1 p4 #ahd4  #agj ,ibid41  
p4 #gd4  #aga ,confession of ,faith of a
 ,man of ,science1 p4 #ea4  #agb        
,presidential ,address1 ,section ,a1    
,british ,association1 ,norwich1 #ahfh4 
#agc ,mr4 ,darwin's ,critics4           
7,critiques and ,addresses1 p4 #bhc47   
#agd ,confession of ,faith of a ,man of 
,science1 p4 #ai4  #age ,to what        
extremes such doctrines must logically  
lead is illustrated by ,mr4 ,edmund     
,selous in his very interesting ,bird   
,watching1 where he casually observes1  
as a matter of course1 that the         
life-part of a tom-tit is as important  

in the sum of things as ,napoleon's 7p4 
#bdh71 and declares elsewhere1 more     
formally 7p4 #cce7--,surely1 a beautiful
 butterfly1 that1 for all time1         
charms--and raises by charming--some    
number of those who see it1 does more   
good on this earth than any single man  
or woman1 who1 'departing1' leaves no   
'foot-prints on the sands of time4'     
,homer1 for instance1 has left his      
,iliad and ,odyssey1 and these have     
been1 and still are1 mighty in their    
effects4 ,but let them once perish1 and 
,homer will be caught up and overtaken  
by almost any bird or butterfly--even a 
brown one4  #agf ,first ,principles4    
#agg ,riddle of the ,universe1 p4 #ib4  
#agh ,as to the term ,chance which he   
frequently used1 ,mr4 ,darwin wrote in  
one place 7,origin of ,species1 ,opening
 passage of c4 v473 ,i have hitherto    
sometimes spoken as if the              
variations--so common and multiform with
 organic beings under domestication1 and
 in a lesser degree with those in a     

state of nature--had been due to chance4
 ,this1 of course1 is a wholly incorrect
 expression1 but it serves to           
acknowledge plainly our ignorance of the
 cause of each particular variation4 ,it
 is obvious1 however1 that this         
explanation only serves to show that1 as
 we have heard him confess1 ,mr4 ,darwin
 was anything but a clear thinker1 for  
it is absolutely meaningless if applied 
to his mention of ,chance quoted in the 
text above4 ,he could not possibly mean 
that the mind refuses to regard the     
world as the outcome of a cause whereof 
we know nothing1 for that is just what  
he thinks it is4 ,mr4 ,darwin1 in fact1 
instinctively recognized1 as every man  
of common-sense must do1 that if not due
 to purpose1 the order of ,nature is due
 to chance1 according to the true and   
legitimate use of the word1 and thus he 
commonly employed it4 ,occasionally     
however he endeavoured1 following       
,huxley and others1 to defend himself   
against the reproach of relying upon    

such a factor4--,vid4 sup41 c4 xii4     
#agi ,although at first ,mr4 ,darwin    
appeared to restrict his system to      
species1 very soon1 as was but natural1 
it was extended to the production of new
 genera1 and even of divisions of the   
organic kingdoms yet wider asunder4     
,thus--apart from the most famous       
instance of all1 treated by ,darwin     
himself in his ,descent of ,man--it is  
now a cardinal point with ,evolutionists
 generally that all the higher forms of 
life are descended from the lowest1 and 
that even far up the line of            
development1 creatures apparently the   
most diverse have sprung from one       
identical ancestor4 ,thus amongst       
vertebrates it is considered certain    
that ,birds and ,reptiles are branches  
of the same stock1--and1 still farther  
on1 that at least all placental         
mammals--bats and whales1 elephants and 
mice--trace their pedigree to some      
common progenitor4  #ahj ,origin of     
,species1 v4  #aha ,ibid41 c4 vii4  #ahb

 ,ibid41 c4 vi4  #ahc ,i remember well  
the time when the thought of the eye    
made me cold all over1 but ,i have got  
over this stage of the complaint1 and   
now some small trifling particulars of  
structure often make me feel very       
uncomfortable4 ,the sight of a feather  
in a peacock's tail1 whenever ,i gaze at
 it1 makes me sick4 7,c4 ,darwin to ,asa
 ,gray1 ,april #c1 #ahfj47  #ahd ,it    
will help to understand the nature of   
the task thus imposed upon ,natural     
,selection1 to consider what ,lord      
,grimthorpe writes on this subject      
7,origin of the ,laws of ,nature1 p4    
#ajc73  ,we take pieces of glass of     
different kinds and grind them to       
particular shapes and set them in a     
frame and make a telescope1 which       
refracts rays of light so as to produce 
an 'image' of a very distant object near
 our eye1 and that appears much larger  
when seen through another glass of      
proper shape4 ,but we have never yet    
been able to make one that can bring all

 the rays from a single distant point   
exactly to another point without        
confusion4 ,yet there are many millions 
of apparently self-made machines in the 
world that do it perfectly2 and when we 
cut up one of them and examine it we    
find that instead of our large lumps of 
glass melted together into a coarse kind
 of uniformity1 this machine has been   
built up of an innumerable quantity of  
particles arranged in peculiar and      
complicated ways1 some of which have    
objects that we can understand1 though  
we cannot imitate them1 and others that 
we do not4 ,moreover they are           
persistently alike in every machine of  
the same class1 and again some of them  
persistently unlike those belonging to  
any other class of animals4 ,for a long 
time the retina of the eye used to be   
called a membrane1 or a kind of thin    
sheet4 ,then it was found to be a kind  
of brush of which the hairs vibrate     
under the vibration of the rays of      
light2 and now these hairs are found by 

further magnification to be divided into
 so many parts lengthwise that a picture
 of them has to be as long as the       
picture of a striped or spotted animal  
to distinguish them2 and instead of     
being simply set fast by one end like   
hairs in a brush1 they pass through     
several frames or membranes2 and of the 
use of all these pieces we know nothing4
 ,such is the 'simplicity of nature' in 
that organ which next to a stomach is   
the commonest in all living creatures2  
and such is our ignorance of nature yet4
  #ahe ,ibid41 c4 vii4  #ahf ,although1 
as bee-keepers soon discover1 ,mr4      
,darwin supposed the workmanship of     
bees' cells to be considerably more     
exact and accurate than usually is the  
case1--there remains quite enough of    
architectural merit to justify his      
remarks4 ,it may even be said to        
increase the mystery that the insects   
should thus appear to strive towards an 
ideal1 which they frequently fail to    
satisfy4  #ahg ,ranunculus ficaria4 ,it 

is remarkable that in the season of     
#aijd this plant has ripened fruit      
profusely in various districts in which 
such fruit had for many years been      
practically undiscoverable4  #ahh       
,origin of ,species1 c4 xiv4  #ahi      
,descent of ,man1 ,part ,i1 c4 i4  #aij 
,biological ,lectures and ,addresses1 p4
 #bjb4  #aia ,charles ,darwin et ses    
prcurseurs ,franais 7#ahgj71 p4 #abj4   
#aib ,north ,british ,review1 ,june1    
#ahfg4 ,professor ,huxley likewise      
declared this criticism to be of real   
and permanent value4 7,critiques and    
,addresses1 #beb47  #aic ,la vie des    
tres anims1 p4 #ajb4  #aid ,presidential
 ,address ,geologists' ,association     
7,proceedings1 vol4 v4 #ahge-f74 ,partly
 reprinted in ,contemporary ,review1    
,february1 #ahgg1 under the title       
,evolution and the ,vegetable ,kingdom4 
#aie ,see ,,appendix ,a4 p4 #bhj;a4     
#aif ,variation in ,animals and ,plants1
 p4 #cdc4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,verney           
7,international ,scientific ,series1    

#hh74  #aig ,j4 ,w4 ,barclay1 ,new      
,theory of ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #ij4 
#aih ,huxley1 ,lectures and ,essays     
7,popular ,edition71 pp4 #bh1 seq4  #aii
 ,since ,professor ,huxley wrote the    
idea has been completely discarded that 
these birds occupy such a place as he   
assigned them4 ,the wing of             
,hesperornis1 for example1 is now       
declared to be an instance of           
degeneration from one capable of flight4
 ,none of these fowls can be considered 
as the progenitors of any now existing1 
but all as the descendants of flying    
ancestors of arboreal habits1 whereof no
 trace has yet been discovered4 7,see   
,pycraft's ,story of ,bird ,life1 p4    
#aij47  #bjj ,philosophical             
,transactions ,royal ,society1 #ahfc1 p4
 #cf4  #bja ,this point is well handled 
by ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 ,final ,causes1    
#bnd ,english ,edition1 p4 #bde4  #bjb  
,descent of ,man1 ii4 #aef4  #bjc       
,tablet1 ,may #bf1 #ahhh1 p4 #hcg4  #bjd
 ,lessons from ,nature1 p4 #big4  #bje  

,descent of ,man1 i4 p4 #eg4  #bjf ,in  
later editions 7e4g4 that of #ahhh1 i4  
#acc7 the suggestion is put in form of a
 question3 ,may not some unusually wise 
ape-like animal 4448  #bjg ,origin of   
,species1 c4 vi4  #bjh ,ibid41 c4 viii4 
#bji ,it is a grave aggravation of the  
problem1 which need only be mentioned   
here1 that the bees which make cells are
 neuters and have no descendants1 while 
the queens and drones which are the     
progenitors of the whole race never do a
 stroke of work in the course of their  
existence4  #baj ,descent of ,man 7#ast 
,edition71 ii4 #che4  #baa ,ibid41 i4   
#ajg4  #bab ,ibid41 ii4 #chf4  #bac     
,charles ,darwin et ses prcurseurs      
,franais1 p4 #aea  #bad ,ibid41 p4 #afg4
  #bae ,la vie des tres anims1 p4 #afa4 
#baf ,saint-,hilaire4  #bag ,les ,emules
 de ,darwin1 ii4 p4 #hb4  #bah ,north   
,british ,review1 ,july1 #ahfg1 p4 #caf4
  #bai ,p4 #cac4  #bbj ,november #e1    
#aijc1 ,journal of ,botany1 ,january1   
#aijd1 p4 #cb4  #bba ,dr4 ,hudson1 see  

,nature1 ,february #bj1 #ahij1 p4 #cge4 
#bbb ,origin of ,species1 c4 xi4  #bbc  
,op4 cit4 p4 #ei4  #bbd ,history of     
,creation1 ,english ,edition1 ii4 #cec4 
#bbe ,the ,genealogy of ,animals3 a     
,review of ,haeckel's ,natrliche        
,schpfungs-,geschichte4 ,the ,academy1  
#ahfi4 ,reprinted in ,critiques and     
,addresses1 and ,darwiniana 7,collected 
,works74  #bbf ,the ,thyroid gland in   
the throat1 the function of which is    
unknown1 was supposed to be absolutely  
without use4 ,it is found1 however1 that
 its removal entails myxoedema1 a       
condition closely allied to cretinism4  
#bbg ,geological ,contemporaneity4 7,lay
 ,sermons1 p4 #bjf47  #bbh ,mr4 ,mivart1
 ,types of ,animal ,life1 p4 #aac4  #bbi
 ,les ,emules de ,darwin1 ii4 #ac4  #bcj
 ,mr4 ,mivart1 ,tablet1 ,april #ba1     
#ahhh4  #bca ,the ,mexican ,axolotl1 the
 ,triton ,alpestris1 and probably       
others4  #bcb ,nature1 ,march #bd1      
#ahib4  #bcc i4e4 the ,science of       
,causes4  #bcd ,dictionnaire            

encyclopdique des sciences mdicales4    
#bce ,thus having described in detail a 
series of experiments as to the effects 
of an alteration of diet supplied to the
 larv of various hymenoptera1 ,m4 ,fabre
 writes3  ,tout cela est bien autrement 
grave que les petits riens invoqus par  
,darwin4 7,souvenirs entomologiques1    
#crd ,series1 p4 #ccj47  #bcf ,journal  
of ,linnean ,society1 vol4 xix4  #bcg   
,hibbert ,journal1 ,january1 #aijc1 p4  
#bah4  #bch ,revue de ,philosophie1     
,april #a1 #aijd4  #bci ,souvenirs      
entomologiques1 #crd ,series1 p4 #cag4  
#bdj ,for some further testimonies on   
this head see ,appendix4  #bda ,nature1 
,september #aj1 #ahia4  #bdb ,coming of 
,age of the ,origin of ,species4  #bdc  
,de opere sex dierum1 ii4 #aj1 n4 #ab4  
#bdd ,modern ,idea of ,evolution1 p4    
#ig4  #bde ,darwin 7,origin of ,species1
 p4 #bgd1 #fth ,edition7 considers it   
incredible that the same identical      
species should originate twice even     
under the very same conditions4 ,in the 

following passage1 ,haeckel affirms such
 unity of origin in respect of a most   
remarkable species of wide-reaching     
affinities4  ,all morphologists arrive  
at the firm conviction that all         
vertebrata1 from the ,amphioxus upwards 
to man himself1 all fishes1 amphibia1   
reptiles1 birds1 and mammals1 descend   
originally from a single vertebrate     
ancestor1 for we cannot imagine that all
 the different and highly complicated   
conditions of life which1 through a long
 series of processes or stages of       
development1 led to the typical         
formation of a vertebrate1 have         
accidentally happened together more than
 once in the course of the earth's      
history4 7,address to ,munich meeting of
 ,german ,association1 vid4 ,nature1    
,october #d1 #ahgg47  #bdf ,origin of   
,species 7#fth ,edition71 p4 #bfe4  #bdg
 ,les ,emules de ,darwin1 ii41 #gf4     
#bdh ,history of ,plant ,life and its   
bearings on ,theory of ,evolution       
7#ahih74  #bdi ,harebell4  #bej         

,according to the most recent system of 
classification1 the ,monopetal1 now     
re-christened ,sympetalae1 are ranked   
above the ,polypetal1 the family of the 
,compositae being highest of all4  #bea 
,proceedings1 vol4 v41 p4 #ag1 etc4     
7#ahge-f74 ,the substance of this       
address appeared as an article in the   
,contemporary ,review1 ,february1 #ahgg1
 entitled1 ,evolution and the ,vegetable
 ,kingdom4  #beb ,see ,appendix ,b4 p4  
#bhd4  #bec ,modern ,ideas of ,evolution
 7#fth ,edition71 pp4 #ajg1 seq4  #bed  
,these first mammals1 which were        
exceedingly small1 are supposed by most 
naturalists to have been ,marsupials4   
,they would appear presently to have    
become extinct1 no traces of them having
 been found in the chalk1 a formation so
 rich in other organic remains4 ,as     
,professor ,marsh tells us on this      
subject 7,nature1 ,september #bg1 #ahgg1
 p4 #dga73  ,of the existence of        
,mammals before the ,trias we have no   
evidence1 either in the ,new or the ,old

 ,world1 and it is a significant fact   
that at essentially the same horizon in 
each hemisphere similar low forms of    
,mammals make their appearance4         
,although only a few incomplete         
specimens have been discovered1 they are
 characteristic and well preserved1 and 
all are apparently marsupials2 the      
lowest mammalian group known in         
,america1 living or fossil4 ,the        
,american ,triassic mammals are known at
 present only from two small lower jaws1
 on which has been founded the genus    
,dromotherium1 supposed to be related to
 the insect-eating ,myrmecobius1 now    
living in ,australia4 ,although the     
fauna of ,europe have yielded other     
similar mammals for the ,oolite1        
,america has as yet none of this class  
from that formation1 while from the     
rocks of cretaceous age1 no mammals are 
known in any part of the world4  #bee   
,p4 #aah4  #bef ,p4 #aje4  #beg ,le     
monde des plantes avant l'apparition de 
l'homme1 p4 #cd4  #beh ,genesis of      

,species1 p4 #abi4  #bei ,charles       
,darwin1 p4 #ahe4  #bfj ,genesis of     
,species1 p4 #acj4  #bfa ,types of      
,animal ,life1 #adi4  #bfb ,genesis of  
,species1 p4 #acb4  #bfc ,primeval      
,vegetation in its relation to the      
,doctrine of ,natural ,selection and    
,evolution 7,essays and ,addresses1     
,owen's ,college1 ,manchester1 p4 #bea74
  #bfd ,succession of ,life on ,earth4  
7,half-hour ,recreations1 #bnd ,series1 
p4 #cbi47  #bfe ,essays and ,addresses1 
,owen's ,college1 ,manchester1 p4 #bbj1 
note4  #bff ,see note1 p4 #bch4  #bfg   
,geological ,contemporaneity1 #ahfb4    
7,lay ,sermons1 p4 #bbb47  #bfh         
,palontology and ,evolution1 #ahgf4     
7,critiques and ,addresses1 p4 #ahb47   
#bfi ,p4 #ahg4  #bgj ,p4 #aib4  #bga    
,genealogy of ,animals4  #bgb ,natural  
,history of ,creation4  #bgc ,le        
,transformisme1 pp4 #ccg-cdj4  #bgd     
,lectures on ,evolution1 ,new ,york1    
#ahgf4 ,cheap ,edition1 p4 #dc4  #bge   
,coming of ,age of the ,origin of       

,species1 etc4  #bgf ,essays on         
,controverted ,questions1 p4 #dej4  #bgg
 ,utebatur autem equo insigni1 pedibus  
prope humanis1 et in modum digitorum    
ungulis fissis2 quem natum apud se1 cum 
haruspices imperium orbis terrae        
significare domino pronuntiassent1 magna
 cura aluit4 7,suetonius1 ,julius1 #fa47
  #bgh ,the radius and ulna are the two 
bones of the forearm above the wrist2   
the tibia and fibula the corresponding  
bones of the leg above the ankle4 ,in   
the horse1 the ulna and fibula are      
almost1 but not quite1 lost4  #bgi      
,animals and plants are placed in       
different species when the differences  
between them are only relative2 in      
different genera1 when such differences 
are absolute4 ,thus1 for example1 the   
size of teeth is considered relative2   
the number of teeth absolute4  #bhj     
,american ,journal of ,science and      
,arts1 #crd ,series1 vol4 #dc 7#ahib71  
p4 #cea4  #bha ,modern ,ideas of        
,evolution1 p4 #aai4  #bhb ,types of    

,animal ,life1 #bje4  #bhc ,nicholson   
and ,lydekker's ,manual of ,palontology1
 ii4 #acfb4  #bhd ,origin of ,species1  
c4 xi4  #bhe ,lydekker1 p4 #acfa4  #bhf 
,evolution of the ,horse1 #ab4  #bhg    
,succession of ,life on ,earth          
7,recreations in ,popular ,science1 #bnd
 ,series1 p4 #cci74  #bhh ,british      
,museum 7,nat4 ,hist47 ,guide to fossil 
mammals and birds1 p4 #ch4  #bhi        
,american ,journal of ,science and ,art1
 #crd ,series1 vol4 #dc 7#ahib71 p4     
#cea4  #bij ,the ,evolution of the      
,horse1 p4 #af4  #bia ,lydekker1 ut sup4
 p4 #acfc4  #bib ,sir ,w4 ,flower1 ,the 
,horse1 p4 #gd4  #bic ,it is a          
consequence of the theory of ,natural   
,selection that identity of structure   
involves community of descent2 a given  
result can only be arrived at through a 
given sequence of events2 the same      
morphological goal cannot be reached by 
two independent paths4 ,milnes          
,marshall1 ,biological ,lectures1 #bdg4 
#bid ,origin of ,species1 c4 xi4        

,geological ,succession of ,organic     
,beings4  #bie ,tablet1 ,april #ba1     
#ahhh1 p4 #fcg4  #bif ,catalogue of     
,mammals1 etc41 ut sup4 p4 #ch4  #big   
,chain of ,life1 p4 #bbb4  #bih ,les    
,enchainements du ,monde ,animal 444    
,mammifres ,tertiaires4  #bii ,chain of 
,life1 #bbg4  #cjj ,it is the fingers of
 the bat's hand which support the wing  
membrane4 ,hence the scientific name    
,cheiroptera4  #cja ,e4g4 ,dinotherium  
giganteum and ,elephas meridionalis4    
7,vid4 ,gaudry1 op4 cit4 #afi47  #cjb   
,lecture at ,royal ,institution1        
,january #b1 #aijd4  #cjc ,a remarkable 
instance of the need of caution is      
furnished by the history of the         
,dinotherium itself4 ,from the teeth1   
first found1 ,cuvier set down the animal
 as a monster ,tapir4 ,then1 a whole    
skull being discovered1 ,herr ,kaup of  
,darmstadt1 commenting upon the danger  
of such a proceeding1 himself classed   
the beast among the ,edentata 7,sloths1 
etc471 and afterwards among the         

,hippopotami4 ,buckland and ,strauss    
thought it must have been an aquatic    
creature2 ,blainville and ,pictet       
labelled it a ,manatee1 or sea-cow4     
7,vid4 ,gaudry1 op4 cit4 #ahg-i47  #cjd 
,op4 cit4 p4 #aia4  #cje ,milnes        
,marshall1 ,lectures on ,darwinian      
,theory1 p4 #ff4  #cjf ,see ,appendix   
,c4 p4 #bhe4  #cjg ,modern ,ideas of    
,evolution1 c4 iv4  #cjh ,primeval      
,vegetation in its relation to the      
,doctrine of ,natural ,selection and    
,evolution4 7,essays and ,addresses1    
,owen's ,college1 ,manchester1 p4 #bjj47
  #cji ,history of ,creation1 ii4 #ib1  
,english ,edition4  #caj ,ibid41 p4     
#bie4  #caa ,les ,emules de ,darwin1 ii4
 #gf4  #cab ,as an instance ,m4 de      
,quatrefages cites ,haeckel's own words1
 from his ,anthropogenie4 ,the          
,vertebrate ,ancestor ,no4 #ae1 akin to 
the ,salamanders1 must have been a      
species of ,saurian 7,lizard74 ,there   
remains to us no fossil relic of this   
animal2 in no respect did he resemble   

any form actually existing4             
,nevertheless1 comparative anatomy and  
ontogeny authorize us in affirming that 
he once existed4 ,we will call this     
animal ,protamnion4  #cac ,ibid41 p4    
#abb4  #cad ,revue ,scientifique        
7#ahhf71 p4 #dhf4  #cae ,ibid4 7#ahgg71 
,i4 #aaja4  #caf ,origin of ,species1 c4
 x4  #cag ,genesis of ,species1 p4 #acd4
  #cah ,le monde des plantes avant      
l'apparition de l'homme1 p4 vi4  #cai   
,op4 cit41 p4 #bhh4  #cbj ,life of      
,darwin1 ii4 #aic4  #cba ,epistle ,i--to
 ,pope4  #cbb ,hibbert ,journal1        
,january1 #aijc4  #cbc ,order of        
,nature1 p4 #bci4  #cbd ,thoughts on    
,religion1 p4 #abc4  #cbe ,presidential 
,address1 ,british ,association1 #ahga4 
#cbf ,systme ,analytique des            
,connaissances positives de l'homme     
7#ahcj71 pp4 #h1 #dc4  #cbg ,north      
,american ,slime ,moulds1 ,introduction1
 p4 ,,ii4  #cbh ,bloud's ,science et    
,religion1 ,no4 #dca1 pp4 #ej1 seq4     
#cbi ,trait de ,microbiologie1 ,i41 p4  

#bec4 ,also the ,magazine ,broteria     
7,lisbon71 ,vol4 vi41 #aijg1 ,botany1 p4
 #bc4  #ccj ,see ,nature1 ,june #d1     
#aijc1 p4 #aac1 in notice of a paper on 
the subject by ,professor ,f4 ,w4       
,oliver and ,dr4 ,d4 ,h4 ,scott1        
,f4,r4,s4  #cca ,linnean ,society's     
,proceedings1 ,may #c1 #aijf4  #ccb ,see
 the ,congress ,report1 vol4 iv4  #ccc  
,transactions ,american ,philosophical  
,society 7,n4,s471 #ah1 #ahif1 pp4 #aai1
 #abj4  #ccd ,the ,origin and ,influence
 of the ,thorough-bred ,horse4          
,cambridge1 #aije4