,bureau ( ,agriculture4 ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 ,no4 #h4 ,,! ,,cocoanut ,) ,ref]5ce to ,its ,products & ,cultivation 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,by ,,william ,s4 ,,lyon1 ,9 *>ge ( ,division ( ,plant ,indu/ry4 ,manila3 ,bureau ( ,public ,pr9t+4 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,lett] ( transmittal #d ,introduction #e ,hi/ory #e ,botany #f ,uses #f ,copra & cocoanut oil #f ,coir #aj ,tuba #ab ,m9or uses #ac ,cultivation #ad ,selection ( location #ad ,! soil #af ,se$ selection #ag ,plant+ #ah ,manur+ #ba ,irrigation #bg ,h>ve/ #bh ,enemies #bh ,rem$ies #bi ,r5ovation ( old groves #cj ,conclusion #cj ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,bureau ( ,agriculture1 ,manila1 ,june #a1 #aijc4 ,sir3 ,9 respond+ to num]\s inquiries ab\t ! cocoanut1 its uses1 cultivation1 & prep>ation = m>ket1 ,i h prep>$1 by y\r direction1 ! accompany+ bullet91 :i* is int5d$ to cov] ! g5]al field ( ! inquiries address$ to ?is ,bureau1 & h]e) submit ! same1 ) ! recomm5dation t x be publi%$ z ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #h4 ,respectfully1 ,wm4 ,s4 ,lyon1 ,9 ,*>ge ( ,division ( ,plant ,indu/ry4 ,to ,hon4 ,f4 ,lamson-,scribn]1 ,*ief ,bureau ( ,agriculture1 ,manila4 ,,! ,,cocoanut4 ,,introduction4 ,! foll[+ pages are writt5 *iefly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! plant]1 b ! writ] feels t ! great agricultural importance :i* ! cocoanut palm is b\nd to assume 9 ^! ,isl&s is suffici5t to ju/ify ! pres5tation ( "s ( its hi/ory & botany4 ,= t "p ( ! bullet9 :i* t\*es ^u ! botany ( ! cocoanut ,i am indebt$ to ,don ,reg9o ,g>cia1 associate botani/ ( ! ,=e/ry ,bureau2 = t relat+ to its products & local uses1 to ! c\rtesy ( manufactur]s 9 ,laguna2 &1 = ! re/1 to p]sonal exp]i5ce & obs]vations made 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce & 9 ! s\!rn ,visayan ,isl&s :]e1 z else:]e 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago1 ! cocoanut may prop]ly be consid]$ a spontane\s & n a cultivat$ product4 ,,hi/ory4 ,! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,palms1 #a z x has be5 call$1 dates back to a p]iod :5 ! ,*ri/ian era 0 "y1 & its hi/ory is develop+ day by day 9 "s new & /rik+ manife/ation ( its utility or beauty4 ,x seems n unreasonable to assume t mu* ( ! e>li] tradition>y hi/ory ( ! cocoanut may h be5 inspir$ z mu* by its inh]5t beauty z by its uses4 ,su* traditional prov]bs ,or folklore z ,i h ga!r$ 9 ! ,visayas recognize ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful1 9 s f> z ! bless+s ( ! trees only inure to ! good2 = in/ance1 ,he :o is cruel to 8 bea/ or 8 family w only h>ve/ b>r5 husks f ! reprov+ trees t witness ! pusillanim\s act2 &1 aga91 ,he :o gr9ds ! poor w only gr9d wat] in/ead ( fat oil f ! meat4 ,to ?is day ! orig9 ( ! cocoanut is unkn[n4 ,de ,c&olle 7,orig9 ( ,cult4 ,plants1 p4 #egd7 recites twelve specific claims po9t+ to an ,asiatic orig91 & a s+le1 b f a sci5tific /&po9t almo/ unansw]able1 cont5tion = an ,am]ican d]ivation4 ,none ( ! rema9+ n9ete5 species ( ! g5us ,cocos are kn[n to exi/ else:]e 9 ! _w ?an on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,8 review ( ! /ory results 9 ! nature ( a compromise1 assign+ to our own ,isl&s & ^? to ! s\? & we/ ( u ! di/9ction ( hav+ fir/ giv5 bir? to ! cocoanut1 & t !nce x 0 dissem9at$ ea/ & we/ by ocean curr5ts4 ,,botany4 ,! cocoanut 7,cocos nucif]a ,l9n47 is ! sole ori5tal repres5tative ( a tropical g5us compris+ n9ete5 species1 re/rict$1 ) ?is s+le exception1 to ! ,new ,_w4 ,its geographical di/ribution is closely conf9$ to ! two ,tropics4 #b ,n less ?an n9ete5 v>ieties ( ,c4 nucif]a are describ$ by ,miquel & ,rumphius1 & all are accept$ by ,filip9o au?ors4 ,:e!r all ( ^! v>ieties are con/ant en\gh to des]ve recognition ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,_m are *>act]iz$ by ! fruits be+ di/9ctly globul>1 o!rs by fruits ( a mu* prolong$ oval =m1 /ill o!rs by hav+ ! l[] end ( ! fruit t]m9at+ 9 a triangul> po9t4 ,9 ! ,visayas !re is a v>iety 9 :i* ! fibr\s out] husk ( ! nut is sweet & wat]y1 in/ead ( dry & a/r+5t1 & is *ew$ by ! natives l sug> cane4 ,ano!r v>iety occurs 9 ,luzon1 kn[n z ,pamocol1 ! fruit ( :i* seldom exce$s #bj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,!re is also a dw>f v>iety ( ! palm1 :i* r>ely exce$s #c met]s 9 height1 & is kn[n to ! ,tagalogs z ,adiavan4 ,^! diff]5t v>ieties are /rongly m>k$1 & ma9ta9 _! *>act]s :5 reproduc$ f se$4 ,,uses4 ,! cocoanut furni%es two di/9ct comm]cial products--! dri$ meat ( ! nut1 or copra1 & ! out] fibr\s husk4 ,^! products are s dissimil> t !y %\ld be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,,copra ,,& ,,cocoanut ,,oil4 ,until v rec5t ye>s ! dem& = ! meat ( ! cocoanut or its products 0 limit$ to ! uses ( soap boil]s & confection]s4 ,probably !re is no o!r plant 9 ! vegetable k+dom :i* s]ves s _m & s v>i$ purposes 9 ! dome/ic economy ( ! peoples 9 ^: c\ntries x gr[s4 ,)9 ! pa/ decade *emical sci5ce has produc$ f ! cocoanut a s]ies ( food products ^: manufacture has revolutioniz$ indu/ry & plac$ ! bus9ess ( ! manufactur] & ( ! produc] ^u a plane ( prosp]ity nev] be=e enjoy$4 ,!re has also be5 a great advance 9 ! processes by :i* ! new oil d]ivatives are manufactur$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates took ! initiative ) ! fir/ record$ comm]cial factories 9 #ahie4 ,9 #ahig ! ,g]mans e/abli%$ factories 9 ,mannheim1 b x rema9$ = ! ,fr5* p to br+ ! indu/ry to its pres5t p]fection4 ,accord+ to ! late/ reports ( ! ,am]ican consul at ,m>seilles1 ! conv]sion ( cocoanut oil into dietetic comp\nds 0 und]tak5 9 t city 9 #aijj1 by ,messrs4 ,rocca1 ,tassy & de ,r\x1 :o 9 t ye> turn$ out an av]age ( #be tons p] mon?4 ,dur+ ! ye> j clos$ 7#aijb7 _! av]age mon?ly output exce$$ #f1jjj tons &1 9 addition to ?is1 f\r or five o!r l>ge factories 7 all work+ toge!r to meet ! _w's dem& = vegetal9e1 cocoal9e1 or o!r products ) sugge/ive names1 belong+ to ?is infant indu/ry4 ,^! articles are sold at gross price ( #ah to #bj c5ts p] kilo to ?rifty ,holl&i% & ,dani% m]*ants1 :o1 at ! add$ co/ ( a c5t or two1 repack !m 9 t9s br&$ ,dairy ,butt] &1 z su*1 %ip !m to all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x 0 necess>y to disguise ! e>li] products by subject+ !m to trituration ) milk or cream2 b s p]fect is ! pres5t emulsion t ! pla9 & unadult]at$ fats n[ f9d z ready a m>ket z butt]4 ,^! butt]s h s f> f\nd _! readie/ sale 9 ! ,tropics4 ,! significance ( ^! great discov]ies to ! cocoanut plant] c n be ov]e/imat$1 = to none ( ^! purely vegetable fats d ! prejudices atta* t s long & s]i\sly h h&icapp$ ^? d]iv$ f animal m>g>9 or m>g>9 9 comb9ation ) /e>ic acid1 :ile ! l[ fusion po9t ( pure dairy butt]s necess>ily prohibits _! use 9 ! ,tropics1 outside ( po9ts equipp$ ) refrig]at+ plants4 ,! field1 !re=e1 is practically )\t competition1 & ! "q w no long] be t ( f9d+ a m>ket1 b ( procur+ ! millions ( tons ( copra or oil t ?is "o indu/ry w annually absorb 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,cocoanut oil 0 once us$ ext5sively 9 ! manufacture ( f9e c&les1 & is /ill occasionally 9 dem& = ?is purpose 9 ! ,philipp9es1 9 comb9ation ) ! vegetable tall[ ( a species ( ,/ill+ia4 ,x is l>gely consum$ 9 lamps1 made ( a tumbl] or dr9k+ glass half fill$ ) wat]1 on top ( :i* float a few spoonfuls ( oil1 into :i* ! wick is plung$4 ,9 remote b>rios x is /ill 9 g5]al use z a /reet illum9ant1 & s p]fect is its combu/ion t "u a con/ant flick] x emits little or no smoke4 ,:5 fre%ly express$1 ! oil is an exceptionally good cook+ fat1 & ent]s l>gely into ! diet>y ( our own p4 ,! m$ic9al uses ( ! oil are v>i\s1 & 9 ! pa/ x has be5 /rongly advocat$ = ! cure ( eczema1 burns1 z a v]mifuge1 & ev5 z a sub/itute = cod-liv] oil 9 ph?isis4 ,its m$ic9al virtues are n[ g5]ally discr$it$1 except z a re/orative ag5t 9 ! loss ( hair result+ f debilitat+ fev]s4 ,its value 9 ?is direction may be surmis$ f ! spl5did heads ( hair possess$ by ! ,filip9o wom51 :o g5]ally use ! oil z a hair dress+4 ,cocoanut oil is d]iv$ f ! fle%y album5 or meat ( ! ripe fruit1 ei!r fre% or dri$4 ,! ?or\ghly dri$ meat is v>i\sly kn[n z copra1 coprax1 & copraz4 ,! exportation ( copra is detrim5tal to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! plant]1 t5d+ to enri* ! manufactur] & impov]i% ! gr[]4 ,! practice1 h[ev]1 is s firmly e/abli%$ t ! writ] c only record a probably futile prote/ aga9/ its cont9uance4 ,! causes :i* = a long "t w favor ! exportation ( copra in/ead ( oil 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,an oil-mill+ plant1 con/ruct$ ) due reg>d to economy ( labor & ! production ( ! be/ quality ( oil1 w\ld involve an outlay ( capital ( #b1ejj1 gold1 & upw>d1 accord+ to capacity4 ,! production ( copra requires ! labor ( ! plant]'s h&s only4 7#b7 ,! oil packages mu/ be well-made b>rels1 casks1 or metallic receptacles4 ,! initial co/ ( ! packages is consequ5tly great1 _! return f di/ant ports impracticable1 & _! sale value 9 ! m>ket ( deliv]y is n suffici5t to (fset ! capital lock$ up 9 an unproductive =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 copra may be sold or %ipp$ 9 boxes1 bags1 sacks1 & bales1 or x may ev5 be /or$ 9 bulk 9 ! %ip's hold4 7#c7 ,:5 l& transportation has to be consid]$1 ! lack ( good roads /ill fur!r imp$es ! oil mak]4 ,he c n *ange ! size & weight ( 8 packages f day to day to meet ! v>y+ passability ( ! trail4 ,on ! o!r h&1 packages ( copra may be adju/$ to meet all em]g5cies1 & ! plant] c ?us take advantage ( ! m>ket conditions :i* may be d5i$ to ! oil mak]4 7#d7 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s difficulty ! oil mak] has to cont5d ) is ! cont9u\s disc\ragem5t he enc\nt]s f ! ag5t ( =eign factories1 :o buys 9 ! op5 m>ket &1 bidd+ up to ne>ly ! full oil value ( ! copra1 f9ds an ample manufactur]'s pr(it paid by ! press cake1 s valuable abroad1 b1 un=tunately1 practically )\t sale or value "h4 ,! residue f ! mill may be utiliz$ bo? = food & = manure by ! oil mak] :o is a tree own] & :o ma9ta9s cattle4 ,= ei!r ( ^! purposes its value rates closely up to cotton-se$ cake1 & ! "t is n remote :5 x w be recogniz$ 9 ! ,philipp9es z f> too valuable a product to be p]mitt$ to be remov$ f ! f>m except+ at a price :i* w p]mit ( ! pur*ase at a less figure ( an equival5t 9 manure4 ,s active are ! copra-buy+ ag5ts 9 controll+ ?is important bran* ( ! indu/ry1 t !y refuse to buy ! press cake at any price1 ) ! result t1 9 two in/ances kn[n to ! writ]1 !y h =c$ ! closure ( oil-mill+ plants & driv5 ! oil mak] back to 8 copra4 ,_m copra-mak+ plants 9 ,india & ,ceylon are n[ suppli$ ) decorticat+1 break+1 & evaporat+ ma*9]y4 ,! process employ$ 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago consi/s 9 fir/ /ripp+ ! ripe fruit ( ! out] fibr\s husk4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( a /\t1 /eel spe>head1 ^: %aft or %ank is emb$d$ firmly 9 ! soil to su* a dep? t ! spe> po9t projects above ! gr\nd r less ?an wai/ high4 ,! op]ator !n holds ! nut 9 8 h&s & /rikes x ^u ! spe> po9t1 gives x a d[nw>d1 rot>y twi/1 & ?us1 ) app>5t ease1 quickly removes ! husk4 ,an av]age op]ator w husk #a1jjj nuts p] day1 & records h be5 made ( a clean up ( z _m z #c1jjj p] day4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is exce$+ly h>d1 & involves great dext]ity & wri/ /r5g?4 ,ano!r man n[ takes up ! nut & ) a bolo /rikes x a sm>t bl[ 9 ! middle1 divid+ x into two almo/ equal p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are spread out & expos$ to ! sun = a few h\rs1 or su* "t z may be necess>y to cause ! fle%y album5 to contract & %r9k away f ! h>d out] %ell1 s t ! meat may be easily deta*$ ) ! f+]s4 ,wea!r p]mitt+1 ! meat ?us secur$ is sun dri$ = a day & !n subject$ to ! heat ( a sl[ fire = sev]al h\rs4 ,9 "s c\ntries ?is dry+ is n[ effect$ by hot-air dri]s1 & a v :ite & valuable product secur$2 b 9 ! ,philipp9es ! univ]sal practice is to spread out ! copra ^u :at may be call$ a bamboo grill1 ov] a smoky fire made ( ! %ells & husks1 j suffici5t heat be+ ma9ta9$ n to set fire to ! bamboo4 ,! halves1 :5 dri$1 are brok5 by h& into /ill small] irregul> fragm5ts1 & subject$ to "o or two days ( sun ba?4 ,by ?is "t ! moi/ure has be5 s ?or\ghly expell$ t ! copra is n[ ready to be sack$ or bal$ & /or$ away = %ipm5t or use4 ,all mod]n cocoanut-oil mills are suppli$ ) a decorticator arm$ ) revolv+ discs t te> or cut ?r\gh ! husk longitud9ally1 free+ ! nut f its out] cov]+ & leav+ ! latt] 9 ! be/ possible condition = ! subsequ5t extraction ( its fib]4 ,?is decorticator is f$ f a hopp] & is made ( a size & capacity to husk f #ejj to #a1jjj nuts p] h\r4 ,rasp+ & gr9d+ ma*9]y ( _m patt]ns & makes1 = r$uc+ ! meat to a pulp1 is us$ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,*9a2 &1 al?\gh f> m exp$iti\s1 (f]s no improvem5ts1 s f> z conc]ns ! condition to :i* ! meats are r$uc$1 ov] ! me?ods foll[$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,"h ! fle%y halves ( ! meat are held by h& aga9/ a rapidly revolv+1 half-sph]ical knife blade :i* scrapes & %aves ! fle% d[n to a f9e degree ( comm9ution4 ,! result+ mass is !n mac]at$ 9 a little wat] & plac$ 9 bags & subject$ to pressure1 & ! milky juice :i* fl[s !refrom is collect$ 9 receiv]s plac$ bel[4 ,?is is n[ drawn (f into boil]s & cook$ until ! cle> oil is conc5trat$ ^u ! surface4 ,! oil is !n skimm$ (f & is ready = m>ket4 ,! process outl9$ above is v wa/eful4 ,! processes ,i h se5 9 op]ation are v inadequate1 & ,i e/imate t1 n less ?an #aj p] c5t ( ! oil goes to loss 9 ! press cake4 ,?is is a loss t does n occur 9 e/abli%m5ts equipp$ ) ! be/ hydraulic presses4 ,x is true t v heavy pressure c>ries ?r\gh mu* color+ matt] n )drawn by ! primitive native mill1 & t ! oil is consequ5tly d>k]1 & soon] und]goes decomposition2 b mod]n mills are n[ suppli$ ) filtration plants ?r\gh :i* ?is objection is practically ov]come4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! above process are daily reproduc$ 9 ?\s&s ( ,filip9o homes1 :]e ! h& rasp+ ( ! nut1 ! expression ( ! milky juice ?r\gh co>se clo?1 its subsequ5t boil+ d[n 9 an op5 pan1 & ! f9al skimm+ (f ( ! oil are 9 common practice4 ,not)/&+ ! *eapness ( labor1 x is only by employ+ a mill well equipp$ ) decorticat+1 rasp+1 hydraulic cru%+1 & /eam-boil+ ma*9]y1 & ) facilities to conv]t ! residue to fe$+ or o!r uses1 t "o may hopefully ent] ! field ( oil manufacture 9 ^! ,isl&s 9 competition ) copra buy]s4 ,,coir4 ,! fib] ( ! cocoanut husk1 or coir1 z x is comm]cially kn[n1 has nev] yet be5 utiliz$ 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago1 except+ occasionally = local consumption4 ,second 9 value only to ! copra1 ?is product has be5 all[$ to g to wa/e4 ,! reject$ husks are ?r[n toge!r 9 imm5se heaps1 :i* are f9ally burn$ & ! a%es1 exce$+ly ri* 9 pota% & phosphoric acid1 are left to bl[ away4 ,z ! comm]cial value ( ! fib] is great] ?an ! manurial value ( ! salts !re91 x is economy to utilize ! fib] & pur*ase pota% & phosphoric acid :5 ne$$ to enri* ! soil4 ,highly improv$ & inexp5sive p[] ma*9]y = ! complete & easy extraction ( ! fib]s ( ! husk1 ei!r wet or dry1 is n[ rapidly sup]s$+ ! t$i\s h& process once 9 su* g5]al use4 ,good patt]ns ( ma*9]y are %[n 9 ! husk-cru%+ mill 7fig4 #a7 & 9 ! fib] extractor 7fig4 #b74 ,! fir/ breaks1 cru%es1 & flatt5s out ! husks by means ( p[]ful1 flut$ metal roll]s &1 9 ! second ! brok5 husks are f$ ov] a revolv+ drum set ) tee? especially devis$ = te>+ out ! fib] f ! entire mass4 ,f9ally1 x is f$ into "o ( ! _m =ms ( will[+ ma*9es1 :i* r$uces ! mass to clean fib]1 :i* is n[ ready = grad+1 bal+1 & %ipm5t4 ,! residual du/ & wa/e f ?is op]ation may be us$ z an absorb5t = liquid manures1 & ultimately return$ to ! plantation4 ,! yield ( fib] v>ies f #ab to #be qu9tals ( coir & #d to #g qu9tals ( bru% fib] p] #aj1jjj av]age husks4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es ! nuts yield a l>ge am\nt ( fib] & a relatively small p]c5tage ( *aff & du/4 ,) improv$ ma*9]y & c>eful h&l+1 #ah qu9tals ( sp9n+ coir & #e qu9tals ( bri/le fib] f e #aj1jjj husks is a fair e/imate ( ! product4 ,z ! co/ ( manufacture is g5]ally rat$ at "o-half ! sell+ price1 & z we mu/ add a fur!r *>ge ( #bj p] c5t to cov] freight & commission1 we h result+ f ! sale ( ! #bc qu9tals1 or #b1cjj kilos1 at #af p] ,engli% ton1 a balance ( #aa #aas4 p] hect>e4 ,b !re are o!r consid]ations :i* %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! husks ( #aj1jjj cocoanuts w )draw f ! l& #fa4e kilos ( pota% & #c kilos ( phosphoric acid1 & ! re/oration ( ! full am\nt is call$ = to comp5sate = ! gr[+ wants ( ! tree1 9 addition to t )drawn by ! crop4 ,! necess>y f]tiliz]s are wor?1 approximately1 #e #a_/b;d4 p] kilo1 mak+ a fur!r r$uction ( #a #hs4 & leav+ z a net pr(it #aj #cs41 or1 r$uc$ to ,am]ican money1 ne>ly #ej1 gold1 p] hect>e4 ,! ma*9es above ref]r$ to w co/ #hjj1 gold1 & #a1bjj additional w pur*ase & h\se ! p[] necess>y to op]ate !m4 ,su* a plant w "w up #a1jjj nuts a day1 & h&le 9 a ye> ! output ( a grove ( #cj hect>es4 ,) ! addition ( two or m fib] extractors ! capacity ( ! plant may be d\bl$ )\t mat]ial exp5se1 & x %\ld r m ?an pay its entire co/ 9 "o ye>4 ,,tuba4 ,tuba is ! fre% or mildly f]m5t$ sap drawn f ! infloresc5ce ( ! cocoanut4 ,!re are no figures or data ( any k9d available z a basis = an e/imate z to ! importance ( ?is product1 b its ext5t may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! outly+ groves ab\t ,cebu1 ,iloilo1 & ! l>g] ,visayan t[ns are practically devot$ to ! production ( tuba1 & n to ! manufacture ( copra4 ,tuba is collect$ f ! unexp&$ blossoms z soon z !y h fairly pu%$ ?r\gh ! subt5d+ bracts4 ,to prev5t any lat]al expansion1 ! fl[]s are ti$ ) /rips ( ! gre5 leaf blade & !n1 ) a %>p knife1 an in* or two ( ! extreme tip is remov$4 ,! :ole fl[] clu/] is n[ g5tly pull$ =w>d until x ar*es d[nw>d4 ,9 a day or two ! sap beg9s to drip & is !n caught 9 a %ort jo9t ( bamboo1 prop]ly secur$ = ! purpose4 ,z a heal?y tree develops at lea/ "o or m fl[]+ racemes e mon?1 & ! fl[ ( sap ext5ds frequ5tly ov] a p]iod ( two or m mon?s1 x is n uncommon to see a numb] ( tubes 9 use ^u "o tree4 ,! workm5 usually visits ! tree twice daily to collect ! liquor drawn dur+ ! prec$+ twelve h\rs 9 ! l>g] tube1 :i* he c>ries ^u 8 back4 ,he slices daily a ?9 %av+ f ! tip ( ! fl[]1 9 ord] t ! w\nd may be kept op5 & ble$+4 ,?is process is kept up until ne>ly all ( ! fl[] clu/] has be5 cut away1 or until ! sap ceases to fl[4 ,m ?an a lit] a day is sometimes drawn f "o tree1 & #e hectolit]s is consid]$ a fair annual av]age f a good be>+ tree4 ,9 its fre% /ate tuba has a sweeti%1 slightly a/r+5t ta/e2 b1 z ! vessels 9 :i* x is collect$ are r>ely cleans$1 !y become traps = _m v>ieties ( insects1 etc41 & x is1 !re=e1 n a v acceptable bev]age to a delicate /oma*4 ,:5 purifi$ by a mild f]m5tation x is f> m palatable4 ,a second>y f]m5tation ( tuba results 9 v9eg>1 & on ?is acc\nt1 *iefly1 s mu* space has be5 devot$ to ?is feature ( ! indu/ry4 ,! v9eg> s produc$ is ( good /r5g? & color1 ( ! highe/ keep+ qualities1 & ( unrival$ flavor4 ,its excell5ce is s pron\nc$ t ^u its inh]5t m]its x w\ld readily f9d sale 9 ! _w's m>kets2 &1 al?\gh ! local dem& = ! tuba n[ exce$s ! production1 its conv]sion into v9eg> w probably prove ! m pr(itable indu/ry 9 ! future4 ,spirits are di/ill$ & 9 "s places sug> is /ill made f ! fl[] sap2 &1 :ile ! importance ( ^! great /aples may n be ov]look$1 _! comm]cial value z products ( ?is tree are relatively insignificant4 ,,m9or ,,uses4 ,9 addition to eighty-?ree utilities describ$ by ,mr4 ,p]eira1 #c x is 9 v common use 9 ! ,philipp9es =3 #a4 ,cocoanut cream4 ,! fre%ly gr\nd fruit1 r$uc$ to a pulp & /ra9$1 is consum$ 9 t =m or made into cakes ) rice4 ,x makes a delici\s & nutriti\s food4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,gies1 9 exp]im5ts lately publi%$1 #d its nutritive value is due to #ce4d p] c5t ( oil1 ab\t #aj p] c5t ( c>bohydrates1 & #c p] c5t ( prote94 ,! am\nt ( cellulose 7fibr\s matt]7 is only #c p] c5t1 & its dige/ibility is easy :5 ! mass1 by grat+1 is r$uc$ to a f9e degree ( comm9ution4 #b4 ,! milk or wat] is us$ sp>+ly z a bev]age4 ,x is also f]m5t$ & conv]t$ into inf]ior v9eg>4 #c4 ,! h>d %ell is us$ z fuel4 ,:5 calc9$1 x produces a black1 lu/r\s sub/ance1 us$ = dye+ lea!r4 #d4 ,! same %ell1 aside f _m uses quot$ by ,p]eira1 is us$ "h = e conceivable =m ( cup1 ladle1 scoop1 & spoon4 #e4 ,f ! t\gh midrib ( ! leaf1 /rong & beautiful baskets ( _m designs are made1 also excell5t & durable brooms1 & f ! "p :]e ! midrib coalesces ) ! petiole pot-clean+ bru%es are made4 #f4 ,! roots are sometimes us$ = *ew+1 z a sub/itute = ,areca4 ,!y also furni% r$ dye/uff & ) "o end f9ely subdivid$ may be us$ 9 mak+ too?bru%es4 #g4 ,! leaves & midribs1 :5 burn$1 furni% an a% s ri* 9 pota% t x may be us$ alone 9 wat] z a sub/itute = soap or :5 a p[]ful det]g5t is requir$4 #h4 ,! fib] ( ! husk is us$ ext5sively by ! natives = calk+ boats4 #i4 ,! milk is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a native di% ( rice1 kn[n z casi4 ,x is an excell5t & highly priz$ diet>y article1 prep>$ ) rice or 9 comb9ation ) *ick5 or locu/s4 #aj4 ,! oil1 melt$ ) res9s1 is an effective & la/+ cov]+ = any?+ desir$ to be protect$ f ! ravages ( :ite ants4 #aa4 ,! timb] is us$ to bridge /reams & bog holes1 & ! sl[ly decay+ leaves to fill !m up & r5d] !m tempor>ily passable4 #ab4 ,! fib] is us$ 9 cordage & rope mak+1 b to a f> less ext5t "h ?an 9 ,india4 ,its fur!r uses are1 9 g5]al1 ^? curr5t 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,briefly summ$ up1 its timb] is employ$ 9 e =m ( h\se con/ruction2 its foliage 9 mak+ mats1 sacks1 & ?at*es2 its fruit 9 curry & sweetmeats2 its oil = m$ic9e1 cook]y1 & illum9ation2 its v>i\s juices 9 ! manufacture ( w9es1 spirits1 sug>1 & v9eg>2 :ile n to ov]look a f9al & n inconsid]able ,filip9o product1 ! spl9t]s ( ! midrib are us$ 9 mak+ too?picks4 ,,cultivation4 ,,selection ,,( ,,location4 ,9 ! selection ( a site = a cocoanut grove x is be/ to select l& ne> ! sea%ore & n ext5d+ inl& m ?an #b or #c miles4 ,)9 ?is n>r[ zone !re is commonly a deposit ( ri*1 p]meable1 well-dra9$ alluvium (f]+ soil conditions ( f> great] importance to successful tree gr[? ?an ! m]e exposure to m>9e influ5ces4 ,! success t has foll[$ cocoanut gr[+ 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 remote f ! seabo>d1 9 ,annam & up ! ,ganges bas9 "o hundr$ or m miles f ! coa/1 & 9 our own int]ior ,prov9ce ( ,laguna1 def9itely proves t imm$iate contiguity to ! sea is n ess5tial to success4 ,t ! cocoanut w gr[ & ?rive ^u ! imm$iate sea%ore1 9 common ) o!r plants1 is simply an indication ( its adaptability to environm5t4 ,t x is at a positive disadvantage z a %ore plant may be det]m9$ conclusively by anyone :o w exam9e ! root sy/em ( a sea%ore-gr[n tree upturn$ by a wa% or tidal wave1 & "o uproot$ f any cause1 f>!r inl&4 ,x w be se5 t ! root sy/em ( ! m>itime plant is imm5sely l>g] ?an ! o!r1 & t a correspond+ am\nt ( en]gy has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! se>* ?r\gh mu* in]t mat]ial to =age = ! necess>y plant food :i* ! m favor$ inl& species has f\nd conc5trat$ )9 a small] zone4 ,! plant+ mu/ be made 9 a ?or\ghly p]meable soil4 ,! ?ick1 fle%y roots ( ! newly upturn$ palm are load$ ) wat]1 & tell u t an inexhau/ible /ore ( ?is fluid is an indisp5sable elem5t ( success4 ,if fur!r evid5ce ( ?is 7 requir$1 ! te/imony ( droop+ leaves & ( crops %runk5 f "o-half to two-?irds1 ?r\gh\t ! cocoanut di/ricts & ^u our own or*>d 9 ,m9danao1 z ! result ( dr\ght1 confirm x & bespeak ! necessity ( copi\s wat] at all times4 ,! liv+ tree ^u ! sea s&s fur!r emphasizes ?is necessity2 =1 :ile its roots are lapp$ by ! tides1 x nev] flags or wilts1 & f ?is we may ga!r ! add$ value ( a site :i* c be irrigat$4 ,! c>eful obs]v] w note t along miles ( sea bea*1 among hundr$s ( trees ^: roots are ei!r 9 actual contact ) ! incom+ waves1 or subject$ to ! subt]ranean influ5ce ( ! sea1 !re w nev] be s mu* z "o tree gr[+ 9 any bea* bas9 :i* collects & holds tidal wat] = ev5 a brief "t2 & t1 not)/&+ ! l>ge numb] ( nuts t mu/ h f\nd lodgm5t & favorable g]m9at+ influ5ce 9 su* places1 none succe$ 9 gr[+4 ,f ?is we may d]ive ! assurance t ! desir$ wat] mu/ be 9 motion & t l& ne> /agnant wat]1 or m>% l&1 is unsuitable to ! plant4 ,x may frequ5tly be obs]v$ t trees w be f\nd gr[+ fairly ?riftily ^u m\nds or hummocks1 9 places invad$ by flood or o!r wat]s :i*1 by reason ( back+ or damm+ up1 h become /agnant4 ,an exam9ation ( ! roots ( an ov]?r[n tree 9 su* a locality w %[ t all ( ^? 9 ! subm]g$ zone h p]i%$ & rott$ away1 b t su* is ! vitality & recup]ative en]gy ( ! tree t x has ?r[n out a new fe$+ sy/em 9 ! dry] soil ( ! m\nd imm$iately surr\nd+ ! /em1 :i* has be5 suffici5t to successfully c>ry on ! functions ( nutrition1 b altoge!r ineffective to an*or ! tree securely1 or to prev5t its pro/ration be=e ! fir/ heavy gale4 ,:ile ?is phase ( ! "q w receive m att5tion :5 we come to consid] ! *emi/ry ( suitable manures1 x may be said t1 al?\gh analysis ( ! cocoanut a% d]iv$ f bea*-gr[n nuts %[s a l>g] p]c5tage ( ^? salts t ab\nd 9 sea wat] ?an ^? gr[n inl&1 yet ! equal vigor1 vitality1 & fruitfulness ( ! latt] simply confirm ! plant's exceptional adaptability to environm5t & ability to take up & decompose1 )\t detrim5t1 ! salts ( sea or bracki% wat]s4 ,z a victim to ! m>itime idea1 ! writ] 9 #ahhf plant$1 f> inl&1 sev]al hundr$ nuts 9 b$s especially devis$ to reproduce littoral conditions2 %ore gravel1 sea s&1 brok5 %ells1 & salt d]iv$ f sea wat] be+ us$ 9 prep>+ ! se$ b$s4 ,! />t+ gr[? 0 unexcell$4 ,!n came a long p]iod ( yell[+ decl9e & almo/ susp5d$ animation1 ultimately foll[$ by a complete re/oration to heal? & vigor4 ,! e>ly excell5t gr[? 0 due to ! fact t ! fir/ n\ri%m5t ( ! plant is entirely d]iv$ f ! endosp]m1 & c>eful lift+ ( ! "y plants disclos$ ! fact t recov]y f _! moribund condition 01 9 e in/ance1 co9cid5t ) ! "t t ! roots fir/ succe$$ 9 work+ ?r\gh ! unpalatable mess ab\t !m into ! outly+ good1 sweet soil4 ,! exposure ( ! plantation is an important consid]ation1 & a m>itime site %\ld be select$ 9 pref]5ce to "o f> inl&1 unless x be on an op51 unprotect$ flat1 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( e breeze or ! fi]ce/ gales t bl[4 ,! /ructure ( ! cocoanut seems well fitt$ to endure w9ds ( almo/ any =ce1 & t a rem>kably abundant & /rong circulation ( air is ess5tial to its be/ developm5t is well %[n by comp>+ a tree subject$ to x ) ! wret*$1 sp9dl+ specim5 gr[+ 9 a %elt]$ gl5 or rav9e4 ,/rong confirmation ( ?is may be f\nd )9 ! artificial environm5t ( a plant cons]vatory1 :]e x is feasible to reproduce1 9 ! m9ute detail ( soil1 wat]1 temp]ature1 & humidity1 e ess5tial to its welf>e except a good1 /rong breeze4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! palm langui%es & x has long be5 deem$1 on ?is acc\nt1 "o ( ! mo/ rebelli\s subjects introduc$ into palm-h\se cultivation4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,! soils = cocoanut gr[+ are be/ select$ by ! process ( exclusion4 ,! /udy ( ! root developm5t ( ! palm w prove to be an un]r+ guide to prop] soil selection4 ,! roots ( monocotyl$ons1 to :i* great division ?is palm belongs1 are devoid ( ! well-def9$ desc5d+ axis1 :i* is possess$ by mo/ tree plants1 & is (t5 s /rongly develop$ z to p]mit ( rock cleavage & ! )drawal ( food supplies f great dep?s4 ,! cocoanut has no su* provision = its support4 ,its subt]ranean p>ts are simply a mat-l expanse ( ?ick1 fle%y1 worm-l gr[?s1 devoid ( any fe$]s o!r ?an ^? provid$ at ! extreme tips ( ! relatively few roots4 ,^! roots are fle%y 7n fibr\s7 & c n ?rive 9 any soil ?r\gh :i* !y may n gr[ freely 9 se>* ( su/5ance4 ,x !n becomes obvi\s t /iff1 t5aci\s1 or waxy soils1 h[ev] ri*1 are :olly unsuitable4 ,all v heavy l&s1 or ^? t break up into solid1 imp]vi\s lumps1 &1 la/ly1 any l& und]laid ne> ! surface ) b$ rocks or imp]vi\s clays or conglom]ates1 are naturally exclud$4 ,all o!r soils1 susceptible ( prop] dra9age1 may be consid]$ appropriate to ! gr[? ( ! palm4 ,spons 7,encyclop47 advocates light1 s&y soils4 ,simmonds 7,trop4 ,agric47 names n9e diff]5t v>ieties suitable = ?is purpose1 describ+ ea* at t$i\s l5g?1 & lay+ m or less emphasis ^u a s&y mixture4 ,^! might all h be5 cov]$ by ! s+le ^w p]meable4 ,z a matt] ( fact e gra9 ( s& 9 excess ( t requir$ to secure a condition ( p]fect p]meability is a positive disadvantage & mu/ be paid = by a correspond+ly l>g] area ( cultivation & by future soil am5dm5t4 ,= ! re/1 ! ri*] & deep] ! soil ! less ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ soil f]tility4 ,! prep>atory "w ( e/abli%+ an or*>d is light1 provid$ ! location is n "o dem&+ ! op5+ ( dra9age canals1 & on l&s ( good porosity x involves nei!r subsoil+ nor a deep] pl[+ ?an to effectually cov] ! sod or any m9or we$ gr[?s ) :i* x may be cov]$4 ,x has long be5 ! repreh5sible practice ( cocoanut gr[]s to m]ely dig pits1 manure !m1 set ! plants !re91 & p]mit ! int]v5+ l&s 7except imm$iately ab\t ! trees7 to run to we$s or jungle4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es ! native plant] has n yet progress$ beyond ! pit /age1 nor d 8 subsequ5t cultural activities include m ?an ! occasional bolo+ ( su* we$s z ?reat5 to *oke & ext]m9ate ! "y plants4 ,=tunately x w n be long till ! =ce & influ5ce ( example are sure to be felt by our own plant]s4 ,! progressive ,g]man coloni/ ( ,kam]un1 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 & ! ,s\? ,pacific ,isl&s1 z well z ! ,fr5* 9 ,congo & ,madagasc>1 are vigor\sly practic+ conv5tional1 mod]n or*>d me?ods 9 ! treatm5t ( _! cocoanut groves1 & x is amaz+ to read ( discussions betwe5 ,ceylon & ,indian nut gr[]s z to ! be/ me?od ( te!r+ cattle ^u cocoanut palms 9 pa/ure1 s z to obta9 ! mo/ b5efit f _! excreta4 ,) an intellig5t /udy ( ! plant & its *>act]i/ics x is believ$ t our native plant] may put into practical use ! k t ! vet]an ,indian plant] has 9 fifty ye>s fail$ to le>n or utilize4 ,he w le>n t 9 "t ! entire sup]ficies ( 8 or*>d w be requir$ by ! wide-spread+1 surface-fe$+ roots ( ! trees1 & t pa/ure crops ( any k9d1 gr[n = any purpose o!r ?an soil+ or = gre5 manur+1 are prejudicial to future success4 ,he w "k t ! initial prep>ation ( all ( 8 or*>d & its cont9u\s ma9t5ance 9 good cultivation are ess5tial n only to ! future welf>e ( 8 trees b z a necess>y means 9 connection ) a judici\s int]m$iate crop rotation4 ,h5ce ! prep>atory requirem5ts may be summ$ up z su* prelim9>y soil break+ z w\ld be requir$ = a corn crop 9 simil> l&s1 succe$$ by su* sup]ficial pl[+s & cultivations z w\ld be requir$ to raise a cotton or any o!r ( ! s-call$ ho$ crops4 ,,se$ ,,selection4 ,prelim9>y to plant+ ! v important "q ( se$ selection calls = close scrut9y on ! plant]'s "p4 ,! small native plant] is (t5 famili> ) ! individual *>act]i/ics ( 8 trees4 ,own]s ( small e/ates 9 ,cuyos & ab\t ,zamboanga h po9t$ out to me trees t h ! con/ant fruit+ habit confirm$1 o!rs t w fruit erratically1 & o!rs t fl[] yet r>ely be> fruit4 ,! fruitfulness ( ! fir/ class is und\bt$ly a result ( accid5tal h]$ity1 = ! plant] has 9 ! pa/ made no selection except by *ance1 nor is ! *>act]i/ic 9 any way due to 8 cultural sy/em1 :i* consi/s 9 plant+ ! nut & lett+ nature & h]$ity d ! re/4 ,"o tree 9 ,zamboanga1 ! own] assur$ me1 _h nev] produc$ less ?an #bjj nuts annually = fully tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,ask$ z to ! be>+ ( all ( 8 trees 7( :i* he own$ "s ?ree hundr$71 he /at$ t f ! lot he av]ag$ #bj nuts at a pick+1 five times a ye>1 a total ( #ajj nuts2 t ! crop ( ^! 0 v fluctuat+1 "s ye>s fall+ to #fj nuts1 aga9 runn+ z high z #acj4 ,! especially priz$ tree did n v>y appreciably4 ,9 v dry seasons ! nuts %runk some:at 9 size & ! copra 9 weight1 b ! yield ( nuts nev] fell bel[ #bjj1 & only once _h am\nt$ to #bbj4 ,he _h rais$ a great numb] ( se$l+s1 b x _h nev] occurr$ to him to select = plant+ ! nuts f t p>ticul> tree4 ,,plant+4 ,we h po9t$ out ! necessity ( select+ se$ trees ( kn[n good be>+ habits1 & equal c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 select+ ^? ! nuts ( :i* are well =m$ & uni=m4 ,?is precaution w sugge/ itself :5 "o obs]ves t "s trees h ! habit ( produc+ a few v l>ge nuts & _m ( v small & irregul> size & %ape1 & x is obvi\sly to ! plant]'s int]e/ to l5d no assi/ance to ! propagation & transmission ( su* traits4 ,9 view ( :at has be5 previ\sly /at$1 x is almo/ sup]flu\s e>ne/ly to recomm5d plant]s to s[ no se$s f "y trees4 ,! pr9ciple = ?is cont5tion--t no se$ %\ld be select$ except f trees ( e/abli%$1 well-kn[n fruit+ habits--w\ld seem to cov] ! gr\nd effectually4 ,! be/ se$ %\ld be select$ & pick$ :5 p]fectly mature & l[]$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! fall f a l(ty tree n infrequ5tly cracks ! inn] %ell1 )\t giv+ any ext]nal evid5ce ( ! injury4 ,a se$ s injur$ w nev] spr\t & !re=e is wor?less = se$ purposes4 ,fre%ly collect$ se$ nuts conta9 9 ! husk m moi/ure ?an is requir$ to effect g]m9ation1 & if plant$ 9 ?is condition1 decay is apt to set 9 be=e g]m9ation occurs4 ,to avoid ?is ! natives tie !m 9 pairs1 sl+ !m ov] bamboo poles :]e !y are expos$ to ! air b %elt]$ f ! sun1 & leave !m until well spr\t$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m exp$iti\s to pile ! nuts up 9 small heaps ( eight to t5 nuts1 9 p>tial %ade1 :]e ! surface nuts may be spr9kl$ occasionally to prev5t complete dry+ out4 ,g]m9ation is v erratic1 sometimes occurr+ )9 a mon? & sometimes ext5d+ ov] f\r1 five1 or m mon?s4 ,:5 ! "y %oot or plumule 7see illu/ration7 has fairly ?ru/ its way ?r\gh ! fibr\s husk x is a good practice to g ov] ! heaps & segregate ^? t h spr\t$1 c>efully plac+ !m s t ! gr[+ tip be n de=m$ or di/ort$ by ! pressure ( sup]9cumb5t nuts4 ,:5 ^! spr\ts are #cj to #ej cm4 high1 & a few roots h ?ru/ ?r\gh ! husk1 !y are 9 ! be/ possible condition = p]man5t plant+4 ,fir/4 ,! orig9al prep>ation ( ! l& %\ld be good & ! surface til? at ! "t ( plant+ irreproa*able2 i4 e41 free f we$s & s mell[ t ! soil c be closely & prop]ly press$ ar\nd ! roots by h&4 ,second4 ,! or*>d %\ld be securely protect$ f ! invasion ( cattle1 etc4 ,x is sometimes impossible to protect or*>ds aga9/ entry ( ^! animals4 ,if ! success ( ^! precautions c n be assur$1 !n ! nuts _h bett] be gr[n 9 a closely protect$ nurs]y until ab\t a ye> old1 :5 ! album5 ( ! se$ w be completely assimilat$ & w !re=e no long] attract v]m91 & :5 ! l>g] size ( ! plant w give x m protection f /ray cattle4 ,9 ei!r case plant+ %\ld be made concurr5tly ) ! op5+ ( ! ra9y monsoon1 dur+ :i* season fur!r field op]ations w n be requir$ except :5 an int]mitt5t1 dri] p]iod indicates ! advisability ( runn+ ! cultivator4 ,! plant+ pit feti%1 9 su* common use 9 ,india1 has no?+ to comm5d x4 ,if /able manures ( any k9d are available1 a good application at ! "t ( plant+ w effect wond]s 9 accel]at+ ! gr[? ( ! "y plants4 ,:]e ! necess>y protection is assur$1 ! "y se$l+ plant$ out z above recomm5d$ %\ld />t at once1 )\t *eck ( any k9d1 into vigor\s gr[?4 ,! nurs]y-gr[n subject receives an unavoidable setback4 ,its roots h be5 m or less mutilat$ &1 z we may n prune ! top suffici5tly to comp5sate = ! root injury1 x is g5]ally sev]al mon?s be=e ! equilibrium ( top & root is fully re/or$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 by ! end ( ! second ye>1 x w h be5 f> out/ripp$ 9 ! gr[+ race by ! =m]4 ,! hi/ory1 habits1 & *>act]i/ics ( ! cocoanut tree indicate t x ne$s a full & free exposure to sun1 air1 & w9d2 &1 z x makes a tree1 "u su* circum/ances1 ( wide cr[n expansion1 ^! indisp5sables c n be secur$ except by v wide plant+4 ,conv5tional recomm5dations cov] all di/ances1 f #e to #h met]s1 ) qu9cunx 7i4 e41 triangul> plant+s7 urg$ :5 ! #h-met] plan is adopt$4 ,b ! writ] has se5 too _m groves spac$ at ?is di/ance 9 good soil1 ) int]lac+ leaves & badly sp9dl$ 9 ! desp]ate /ruggle = light1 air1 & sun1 ev] to recomm5d ! qu9cunx1 or any sy/em o!r ?an ! squ>e1 at di/ances n less ?an #i met]s &1 9 good soils1 pref]ably #i4e met]s4 ,! =m] di/ance w all[ = #abc & ! latt] #aaa trees to ! hect>e4 ,!y %\ld be l9$ out ) ! greate/ regul>ity1 s z to admit at all times ( cross pl[+ & cultivation z desir$4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! treatm5t is "o ( cultural & manurial r\t9e4 ,annual pl[+s %\ld n be disp5s$ ) dur+ ! life ( ! plantation4 ,^! pl[+s may be relatively %all[1 suffici5t to cov] "u ! gre5 manures & crops t are made an indisp5sable condition to ! cont9u$ pr(itable conduct ( ! indu/ry4 ,no?+ is to be ga9$ by ! removal ( ! e>lie/ fl[]+ spikes4 ,fl[]+ is ! conge/ion ( sap at a special po9t :i*1 if ! gr[] c\ld control x1 he w\ld wi% to direct1 9 ! case ( "y plants1 to ! build+ up ( leaf & wood4 ,cutt+ ! infloresc5ce ( ! cocoanut results 9 pr(use ble$+ &1 unless ?is be *eck$ by ! use ( a p[]ful /yptic or o!rwise1 x is d\btful if ! desir$ end w\ld be accompli%$4 ,! e>li] crops ( nuts %\ld all be tak5 ) ext5sion cutt]s or f ladd]s4 ,no %\ld]s = climb+ %\ld be cut 9 any tree1 ! /em ( :i* has n become d5se1 h>d1 & woody4 ,cut :5 ! wood is ! lea/ bit succul5t1 !y become invit+ po9ts ( attack = bor]s4 ,) ^! res]vations1 !re is ev]y?+ to comm5d ! practice ( %\ld]+ ! tree1 z (f]+ ! safe/1 mo/ exp$iti\s & economical way ( mak+ x possible to climb & secure ! h>ve/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t ! cuts %\ld be made slop+ outw>d1 s z n to collect moi/ure & invite decay1 & no l>g] ?an is /rictly necess>y = ! purpose4 ,,manur+4 #e ,! manur+ problem mu/ be met & solv$ by ! be/ res\rces at our comm&4 ,! writ] has _h po9t$ out hundr$ ( trees t1 :olly guiltless ( any direct application ( manure1 h borne excell5t crops = _m successive ye>s2 b he has also se5 hundr$s ( o!rs 9 _! v prime1 at ?irty ye>s1 :i* once produc$ a hundr$ select nuts p] ye>1 n[ produc+ fluctuat+ & unc]ta9 crops ( fifte5 to ?irty inf]ior fruits4 ,"t & aga9 native gr[]s h told me ( ! l>ge & uni=mly cont9u\s crops ( nuts f ! trees imm$iately ov]%ad[+ _! dwell+s &1 al?\gh "s h attribut$ ?is to a s5tim5tal appreciation & gratitude on ! "p ( ! palm at be+ made "o ( ! family ( ! own]1 a few 7 s5sible en\gh to realize t x came ( ! opportunity t ^? p>ticul> trees _h to get ! manurial b5efit ( ! h\sehold sewage & wa/e4 ,yet1 ! lesson is /ill unle>n$ &1 aft] mu* dilig5t inquiry1 ,i h yet to f9d a nut gr[] 9 ! ,philipp9es :o at any "t 7except at plant+7 makes direct & sy/ematic application ( manure to 8 trees4 ,9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ! ,p5ang ,p59sula1 & ,co*9 ,*9a1 :]e ! tree has be5 cultivat$ = g5]ations1 ! mo/ t 0 ev] attempt$ until v rec5tly 0 to ?r[ a little manure 9 ! hole :]e ! tree 0 plant$1 & = all future "t to dep5d on ! inf]ior1 grass-made dropp+s ( a few cattle te!r$ among ! trees1 to comp5sate = ! half million or m nuts t a hect>e ( fairly productive trees %\ld yield dur+ _! normal be>+ life4 ,^u suitable cocoanut soils--i4 e41 ^? t are light & p]meable--common salt is positively injuri\s4 ,9 support ( ?is cont5tion1 ,i w /ate t salt 9 solution w break up & freely comb9e ) lime1 mak+ equally soluble *lorids ( lime :i*1 ( c\rse1 freely lea* out 9 su* a soil & c>ry d[n to unavailable dep?s ^! salts1 invaluable z necess>y bases to r5d] assimilable mo/ plant foods2 & t1 on ?is acc\nt1 comm]cial manures conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( salt1 are always to be us$ ) mu* discretion1 ow+ to ! dang] ( impov]i%+ ! supply ( necess>y lime 9 ! soil4 ,f9ally1 s injuri\s is ! direct application ( salt to ! roots ( mo/ plants t ! inv>iable cu/om ( tra9$ plant]s 7:o1 = ! sake ( ! pota% conta9$1 are compell$ to use crude ,/assfurt m9]al manures1 :i* conta9 l>ge quantities ( common salt7 is to apply x a v consid]able "t be=e ! crop is plant$1 9 ord] t ?is delet]i\s ag5t %\ld be well lea*$ & wa%$ away f ! imm$iate field ( root activity4 ,t ! cocoanut is able to take up l>ge quantities ( salt may n be disput$4 ,t ! "* ( its root is su* z to enable x to d s )\t ! injury t w\ld occur to mo/ cultivat$ plants ,i h previ\sly %[n1 :ile ! hi/ory ( ! cocoanut's inl& c>e]1 & ! records ( agricultural *emi/ry1 bo? conclusively po9t to ! fact t its pres5ce is an incid5t t 9 no way contributes to ! heal?1 vigor1 or fruitfulness ( ! tree4 ,mr4 ,co*ran's analysis1 bas$ ^u ! unit ( #a1jjj av]age nuts1 weigh+ 9 ! aggregate #c1abe p\nds1 discloses a dra9 ^u soil f]tility = t numb]1 am\nt+ 9 r\nd numb]s to-- ,p\nds4 ,nitrog5 #h #a_/d ,pota% #ag ,phosphoric acid #c ,r$uc+ ?is to crop & area1 & tak+ #fj fruits p] annum p] tree z a fair mean = ! be>+ groves 9 our cocoanut di/ricts & on ^? r>e e/ates :]e a sy/ematic spac+ ( ab\t #agc trees to ! hect>e has be5 made1 we %\ld h an annual h>ve/ ( #aj1cjj nuts1 or1 /at$ 9 r\nd numb]s1 #aj1jjj1 :i* w exhau/ ea* ye> f ! soil a total (-- ,p\nds4 ,nitrog5 #hb #a_/b ,pota% #agj ,phosphoric acid #cj ,! cocoanut1 !re=e1 :ile a good fe$]1 may n be class$ ) ! mo/ deplet+ ( field crops4 ,to make ?is cle> ,i exhibit1 by way ( contra/1 ! drafts made by a relatively good crop ( two notori\sly soil-impov]i%+ crops--tobacco & corn--&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! drafts made by an equival5t av]age cotton crop--a product consid]$ to make b light dra9s ^u s\rces ( soil f]tility4 ,a proportionate tobacco crop ( #a1jjj kilos p] hect>e w )draw f ! soil 7r$uc$ to ! same /&>d ( weights adopt$ by ,mr4 ,co*ran7-- ,p\nds4 ,nitrog5 #afh ,pota% #bac ,phosphoric acid #bc ,an equival5t crop ( %ell$ corn1 say1 ( #abe bu%els p] hect>e1 w )draw-- ,p\nds4 ,nitrog5 #bjj ,pota% #ace ,phosphoric acid #ge :ile a relative crop ( l9t cotton ( #bcg kilos 7#gjj p\nds7 p] hect>e #f w only exhau/1 9 r\nd numb]s-- ,p\nds4 ,nitrog5 #aad ,pota% #gj ,phosphoric acid #cj ,!re is an analogy betwe5 ^! f\r products t makes !m all comp>able1 9 s f> z all are l>gely surface fe$]s1 &1 z exp]i5ce %[s t !re c be no cont9u+ success ) ! la/ ?ree t does n include bo? cultivation & manur+1 we may use ! analogy to inf] a l indisp5sable necessity = ! successful issue ( ! fir/4 ,cultivation z a manurial factor %\ld1 !re=e1 n be ov]look$1 & all ! m /rongly does x become emphasiz$ by ! v difficulties t = "s ye>s to come mu/ beset ! ,philipp9e plant] 9 ! way ( procur+ direct manures4 ,:5 x comes to ! specific application ( manures & h[ to make ! mo/ ( our res\rces1 we %all h to turn back to ! analysis ( ! nut & note t1 relatively to o!r crops1 x makes small dem&s = nitrog54 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! *emical det]m9ations only ref] to ! fruit & t1 ) ! pres5t incomplete data & lack ( inve/igation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( root1 /em1 leaf1 & bran*1 we h no?+ to guide u b :at we may inf] f ! behavior ( ! plant & its relation%ip to plants ( long-def]r$ fruition1 ^: manurial wants are well und]/ood4 ,x is n[ ! mo/ approv$ or*>d practice to enc\rage an e>ly developm5t ( leaf & bran* by ! lib]al application ( nitrog51 ^: /imulant actions ^u gr[? are conc$$ z ! be/4 ,9 temp]ate regions1 ! exig5cies ( climate exact t ?is be done ) discretion & c>e1 9 ord] t ! unduly /imulat$ gr[?s may be fully rip5$ & matur$ aga9/ ! approa* ( an inclem5t season4 ,9 ! ,tropics no su* limitations exi/1 & ! e>ly gr[? ( ! tree may be pr(itably /imulat$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,t ?is g5]al treatm5t1 z appli$ to "y fruit trees1 is specifically ! "o indicat$ 9 ! e>ly life ( ! cocoanut1 may be quickly le>n$ by him :o w obs]ve ! avidity ) :i* ! fle%y roots ( a "y cocoanut w invade1 embrace1 & dis9tegrate a piece ( /able manure4 ,not)/&+ lack ( *emical analysis1 we may n "q ! fact t consid]able supplies ( bo? pota% & phosphoric acid are )drawn 9 ! build+ up ( leaf & /em2 b ^! are f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity 9 soils ( av]age quality to meet ! e>ly requirem5ts ( ! plant4 ,x is only :5 ! fruit+ age is rea*$ t dem&s are made1 especially ^u ! pota%1 :i* ! plant] is call$ ^u to make good4 ,good cultivation1 ! application ( a g5]\s supply ( /imulat+ nitrog5 dur+ its e>ly c>e]1 & ! gradual sub/itution 9 lat] life ( manures 9 :i* pota% & phosphoric acid1 p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 pr$om9ate1 are necess>y4 ,h[1 !n1 may we be/ apply ! nitrog5 requirem5ts ( its e>ly life8 ,und\bt$ly ?r\gh ! application ( abundant supplies ( /able manures1 press cakes1 tankage1 or ( su* f]tiliz]s z furni% nitrog5 9 comb9ation ) ! l>ge volume ( humus necess>y to m9i/] to ! gross appetite ( ! plant "u consid]ation4 ,b ! *ances are t none ( ^! are available1 & ! plant] mu/ h rec\rse to "s ( ! gre51 nitrog5-ga!r+ manures t are always at 8 comm&4 ,he mu/ s[ & pl[ "u crops ( pease1 beans1 or o!r legumes t w furni% bo? humus & nitrog5 9 excess ( :at !y remove4 ,incid5tally1 !y w draw heavily ^u ! pota% deposits ( ! soil1 & !y mu/ all be turn$ back1 or1 if f$1 e kilo ( ! result+ manure mu/ be scrupul\sly return$4 ,he mu/ pay = ! cultivation ( ! l&1 = ! gr[+ ( crops t he turns back z manure 7& t involves fur!r exp5se = _! gr[+ & pl[+ "u71 &1 9 addition1 he mu/ be subject to su* outlay = ab\t sev5 ye>s be=e he c beg9 to realize = ! "t & labor exp5d$4 ,b !re are exp$i5ts to :i* ! plant] may h rec\rse :i*1 if utiliz$1 may return e doll> ( cultural outlay4 ,by ! use ( a wise rotation he c n only ma9ta9 8 l& 9 a good productive condition b realize a good bi5nial crop t w keep ! plantation f be+ a f9ancial drag4 ,! rotation t occurs to me z mo/ promis+ on ! av]age cocoanut l&s ( ^! ,isl&s w\ld be1 fir/1 a gre5 manure crop1 foll[$ by corn & legumes1 succe$$ by cotton1 & !n back to gre5 manures4 ,to make ! fir/ gre5 crop effective z a manure1 bo? lime & pota% are ess5tial--! =m] to make available ! nitrog5 we hope to ga!r1 & ! pota% 9 ord] to secure ! l>ge/ & quicke/ gr[? ( ! pulse we are to raise = manurial purposes4 ,bo? ^! elem5ts are g5]ally 9 good supply 9 our cocoanut l&s2 b1 if !re is unc]ta9ty ^u ?is po9t1 bo? %\ld be suppli$1 9 "s =m4 ,=tunately1 ! =m] is *eap & abundant 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 &1 :5 well slak$1 may be freely appli$ ) b5efit1 at ! rate ( a ton or ev5 m to ! hect>e4 ,9 default ( ! m9]al pota% salts1 ! gr[] mu/ seek unlea*$ wood a%es1 ei!r by burn+ 8 own unus$ jungle l& to procure !m or by pur*as+ !m f ! neighbor :o has su* l& to burn ov]4 ,if locat$ on ! littoral1 he w c>efully collect all ! seawe$ t is bl[n 91 al?\gh 9 our tropical wat]s ! huge & abundant m>9e alg are mo/ly lack+4 ,su* z are f\nd1 h[ev]1 furni% a n inconsid]able am\nt ( pota%1 &1 9 ! extremities to :i* plant]s remote f comm]cial c5t]s are driv51 no s\rce is too inconsid]able to be ov]look$4 ,! fir/ gre5 crop select$ w be "o kn[n to be ( tropical orig9 :i*1 ) fair soil conditions1 w n fail to give a good yield4 ,he may ) safety try any ( ! native rank-gr[+ beans1 or c[peas1 soja1 or velvet beans2 or1 if ^! are n procurable1 he has at comm& ev]y:]e an un/9t$ se$ supply ( ,cajanus indicus1 or ( ,clitorea t]natea1 :i* w z well effect ! desir$ end--to wit1 a great volume ( humus & a new soil supply ( nitrog54 ,x rema9s = ! plant] to det]m9e if ! crop ?us gr[n is to be pl[$ "u1 or if he w use x to /ill bett] advantage by p>tially fe$+ x1 subject1 z previ\sly /at$1 to an hone/ return to ! l& ( all ! manure result+ !refrom4 ,he may utilize x 9 any way1 ev5 to sell+ ! result+ se$ crop1 provid$ all ! rema9+ bru% is turn$ back to ! l& & a portion ( ! money he receives = ! se$ be re9ve/$ 9 high-grade pota% & phosphatic manures4 ,! plantation %\ld n[ be 9 fair condition = a corn crop1 &1 z a v slight %ad+ is n prejudicial to ! "y palms1 ! corn c be plant$ close en\gh to ! trees1 leav+ only suffici5t space to admit ( ! free cultivation t bo? require4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t corn makes ! mo/ s]i\s inroads ^u our soil f]tility ( any ( ! crops 9 our rotation1 &1 unless by ?is "t ! plant] is prep>$ to fe$ all ! gra9 produc$ to fatt5 sw9e or cattle1 x _h bett] be elim9at$ f ! rotation & peanuts sub/itut$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 he mu/ /ill make good :atev] dra9s ! corn w h made ^u ?is elem5t ( soil f]tility4 ,cropp+ to corn attacks ! cocoanut at a new & vuln]able po9t1 aga9/ :i* ! c>eful gr[] mu/ make provision4 ,x w be rememb]$ t an av]age corn crop makes v consid]able drafts ^u ! soil supply ( phosphoric acid2 b1 if ! gra9 is us$ = fatt5+ sw9e1 ^: manure is mu* ri*] 9 phosphates ?an mo/ f>m manures1 & ! latt] is re/or$ to ! l&1 s]i\s soil impov]i%m5t may be av]t$4 ,! next /ep 9 our sugge/$ rotation is ! cotton crop4 ,"h1 too1 limitations are impos$ ^u ! plant] :o is )\t abundant manurial res\rces to ma9ta9 ! future integrity ( 8 grove4 ,he may sell ! l9t f 8 cotton1 b he c n dispose ( x 7z is frequ5tly done "h7 9 ! se$4 ,if ! ent]prise be n ^u a scale t w ju/ify ! equipm5t ( a mill & ! manufacture ( ! oil1 he has no alt]native b to return ! se$ 9 lieu ( ! se$ cake1 wa/eful & extravagant ?\gh su* a process be4 ,! oil s return$ is )\t manurial value &1 if left 9 ! se$1 is s mu* money wa/$4 ,! rational process1 ( c\rse1 calls = ! return ( ! press cake1 ei!r direct or 9 ! =m ( manure aft] x has be5 f$4 ,) ?is is also secur$ ! hull1 ri* 9 bo? ! pota% & ! phosphoric acid #g :i* we n[ "k is s ess5tial to ! future welf>e ( ! grove4 ,! above rotation is simply sugge/$ z a t5tative exp$i5t4 ,! gr\nd w n[ be s %ad$ t we c n hope to raise m cat* crops = h>ve/+1 al?\gh x may be possible dur+ ! dry season to raise a p>tial /& ( pulses1 ( manure value only2 b1 f ! fruit+ /age on1 ?is becomes a m9or consid]ation4 ,?is /age ( ! cultural /ory br+s u once m face to face ) ! pr9ciple cont5d$ = at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]1 namely1 t !re c be no p]man5t prosp]ity 9 ?is bran* ( horticulture until ! crop is s work$ up into its ultimate products t none ( ! residue ( manufacture goes to wa/e4 ,at be/ ! return ( ^! side products is insuffici5t1 &1 despite _! c>eful husb&ry1 we c n ultimately evade a great] or less resort to inorganic manures ( high co/ & difficult procurem5t4 ,! residue f ! press cake is ri* 9 nitrog5 & humus1 :i*1 9 ! ev]-increas+ %ade ( ! grove1 w become m & m difficult to produce !re ?r\gh nitrog5-mak+ ag5cies2 b ! wa/e f ! manufacture ( coir & ! a%es f ! woody %ell w g f> t[>d supply+ ! ne$$ pota%4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld1 if closely foll[$1 practically re/rict ! f>m]'s ultimate pur*ases to a small quantity ( acid phosphates1 or ( bone du/1 :i*1 9 conjunction ) good tillage1 %\ld s]ve to ma9ta9 ! grove 9 a highly productive condition = an indef9ite t]m ( ye>s4 ,,irrigation4 ,z an auxili>y manurial ag5t ( def9ite1 well-prov5 value 9 ?is ,ar*ipelago1 ,i w briefly recite "s ( ! b5efits t may be expect$ to foll[ occasional irrigation dur+ ! dry season4 ,x /rongly accel]ates gr[? & e>ly maturity4 ,a few irrigat$ trees1 reput$ to be "u five ye>s f se$ & already be>+ fruit1 7 %[n ! writ] on ! ,isl& ( ,jol4 ,! gr[? 0 rem>kably /rong & vigor\s1 not)/&+ t ! wat] ( irrigation _h be5 appli$ 9 su* a way t ! tree c\ld only hope to d]ive a m9imum ( b5efit f its application4 ,x _h m]ely be5 turn$ on f a conv5i5t dit* :5ev] ! soil seem$ bak$ & dry1 at int]vals ( "o to ?ree weeks1 z circum/ances seem$ to require4 ,irrigation1 b always 9 connection ) subsequ5t cultivation1 may be consid]$ equal to a crop gu>anty t is n af=d$ s effectually by any purely cultural sy/em4 ,r>ely has a bett] opportunity occurr$ to demon/rate ! unque/ion$ b5efits t h inur$ to ^! few ,jol trees f ! use ( irrigat+ wat]s ?an ! pres5t season ( #aijb-c4 ,f _m s\rces reports come to ?is ,bureau ( trees fail+1 or dy+ outright1 f lack ( moi/ure4 ,:ile x is true t ! pres5t dry season has _h no p>allel s9ce #ahhe-hf1 & t ! ra9fall dur+ ! dry season has be5 less ?an half ! normal1 yet x %\ld n be =gott5 t1 dur+ ! eight mon?s f ,octob] to ,may1 inclusive1 ! av]age precipitation on ! we/ coa/1 at ! latitude ( ,manila1 is only ab\t #dfj mm4 & t1 :5 ! am\nt falls bel[ ?is1 ! cocoanut is b\nd to suff]4 ,?\gh x is true t ! evil effects ( dr\ght may be modifi$1 if n altoge!r controll$1 by cultivation1 ! assi/ance ( irrigation places ! cultivator 9 an impregnable position4 ,if evid5ce 9 support ( ?is /atem5t 7 call$ =1 x might be f\nd to-day 9 ! deplorable condition ( ^? groves t h be5 p]mitt$ to run to pa/ure1 z comp>$ ) ^? 9 :i* "s attempts h be5 made to bolo out ! encroa*+ we$s & grasses4 ,x is probably true t1 except on v s&y soils1 cont9u$ surface irrigation w\ld aggravate ! sup]ficial root-develop+ t5d5cy ( ! tree2 & to :at ext5t1 if any1 occasional lac]ation by deep %ovel too? cultivation w\ld injure ! tree rema9s to be se54 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 few economic plants t s quickly repair root damage z ! ,palm1 &1 unless ! seat ( injury ext5ds ov] a v l>ge area1 x is probable t ! result+ injury w\ld be ( no consequ5ce1 z comp>$ ) ! g5]al b5efits t w\ld result f irrigation4 ,,h>ve/4 ,h>ve/ ( ! crop requires b a brief discussion4 ,! nuts %\ld be pluck$ :5 ripe4 ,! ph5om5on ( maturity c n be readily describ$ 9 pr9t4 ,x frequ5tly is z evid5t 9 nuts ( a bright gre5 color z 9 ^? ( a gold5-yell[ color1 & ! recognition is "o ( ^? ?+s t c only be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! practice1 s g5]al 9 ! ,sey*elles1 ( all[+ ! nut to hang till x falls to ! gr\nd is c]ta9ly undesirable 9 ^! ,isl&s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ov]ripe nuts w seldom fall until dislodg$ by a /orm1 & x is no uncommon ?+ to see nuts t h spr\t$ & />t$ to gr[ ^u trees 9 plantations :]e ! h>ve/ is left to ! action ( natural causes4 ,su* nuts1 ( c\rse1 are entirely wor?less = ! manufacture ( oil or copra1 & ev5 ! husk has depreciat$ 9 value1 ! f9e/ coirs1 9 fact1 be+ d]iv$ only f ! fruits t h n atta9$ full rip5ess4 ,9 any case1 ! nuts %\ld be pick$ & ! crop work$ up be=e any consid]able enl>gem5t or swell+ ( ! embryo occurs4 ,f ?is "t onw>d physiological *anges arise :i* injuri\sly affect ! quantity & quality ( :at is call$ ! meat4 ,! heap+ up ( ! nuts = "s "t aft] h>ve/ favors "s milk absorption1 :i* seems to facilitate ! subsequ5t easy extraction ( ! endosp]m4 ,,enemies4 ,outside ( c]ta9 insects ( ! ord] ,coleopt]a1 cocoanuts 9 ! ,philipp9es are reasonably free f enemies2 9 "s di/ricts1 close to =e/-clad areas1 ! raids ( monkeys d "s damage4 ,a tree-ne/+ rat1 :i* nibbles ! "y nuts1 is also a s\rce ( consid]able loss4 ,! rat is be/ ov]come by frequ5t di/urbance ( 8 qu>t]s4 ,?is involves ! removal ( ! dead leaves & ?at* t =m con/antly ab\t ! base ( ! cr[n4 ,b ! wisdom ( ?is recomm5dation w dep5d entirely ^u circum/ances4 ,z ! plant] may f9d t rats or ! rh9oc]os beetle are ! less] evil1 s %\ld he be gov]n$4 ,!re are localities 9 ! ,ar*ipelago :]e ! plague ( rats is unkn[n & :]e ! beetles ab\nd4 ,9 t case x w\ld be unwise to di/urb ! leaves :i* are v t>dily decidu\s & d n naturally fall till ! wood b5ea? is h>d1 mature1 & practically imp]vi\s to ! attacks ( insects4 ,:]e rats are num]\s & insects few1 :i* is ! case 9 "s localities1 ! dead & dy+ leaves1 among :i* ! rat ne/s1 may be advantage\sly cle>$ away :5ev] ! tree is climb$ to h>ve/ ! fruit4 ,among s]i\s insect enemies we h to cont5d l>gely ) ! v obnoxi\s black beetle1 ,oryctes rh9oc]us1 &1 =tunately1 to a less] ext5t1 ) ,rhyn*oporus f]rug9e\s 7probably ! same z ,r4 o*reatus ( ,eyd\x71 :ile ,r4 pas*a1 ,boehm1 & ,*alcosma atlas1 ,l9n41 are also said to appe> occasionally4 ,h[ev] diff]5t _! mode ( attack1 ! g5]al result is ! same1 & _! pres5ce may surely be detect$ by ! appe>ance ( de=m$ or badly mis%ap5 or lac]at$ leaves4 ,! attacks ( all species are conf9$ to ! gr[+ po9t & z f> d[nw>d z ! wood is t5d] & susceptible to ! action ( _! p[]ful m&ibles4 ,! black beetle makes its attacks :5 fully mature1 eat+ its way into ! s(t tissues & g5]ally select+ ! axil ( a "y leaf z ! po9t ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,o!rs simply deposit _! eggs1 :i* hat* out1 & ! result+ grub is provid$ ) jaws p[]ful en\gh to d ! same mis*ief4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! grubs1 if undi/urb$1 are suffici5t 9 "t to completely riddle ! gr[+ tip1 :i* !n falls ov] & ! tree necess>ily dies4 ,,rem$ies4 ,rem$ies may be describ$ z prev5tive & aggressive1 &1 by an active campaign ( precaution1 _m subsequ5t rem$ial applications c be avoid$4 ,mo/ ( ! beetles attack+ ! palm are kn[n to select heaps ( decompos+ rubbi% & manure z _! favorite 7if n necess>y7 bre$+ places1 & x is obvi\sly ( importance to break up & de/roy su*2 nor c any bett] or m advantage\s way ( effect+ ?is be sugge/$ ?an by promptly spread+ & pl[+ "u all su* accumulations z fa/ z !y are made2 or1 if ?is be impracticable1 by =k+ or turn+ ov] or o!rwise di/urb+ ! heaps1 until conv5i5t to dispose ( !m z fir/ sugge/$4 ,a truly prev5tive & simple rem$y1 & "o t ,i c comm5d z a result ( close obs]vation1 is ! application ( a h&ful or two ( %>p1 co>se1 clean s& 9 ! axill ( ! "y leaves4 ,! native practice is to mix ?is ) a%es1 salt1 or tobacco du/2 b x is que/ionable if ! efficacy ( ! rem$y lies s mu* 9 ^! additions z 9 ! purely me*anical effect ( ! s&1 ! con/ant attrition ( :i* c n be o!r ?an highly objectionable to ! insect :ile burr[+4 ,( (f5sive rem$ies1 prob+ ) a /\t hook$ wire is ! only =m ( w>f>e c>ri$ on 9 ^! ,isl&s2 b1 z ! *annel ( ! bor] is sometimes tortu\s & deep1 ?is is n always effective4 ,a c]ta91 simple1 & easily appli$ rem$y may be f\nd 9 c>bon bisulphid4 ,x c\ld be appli$ 9 ! holes 7:i* inv>iably tr5d d[nw>d7 ) a small metal syr+e4 ,! hole %\ld be seal$ imm$iately ) a p9* ( /iff1 moi/ clay4 ,x is likely t ?is rem$y & prob+ ) a wire are ! only successful ways ( combatt+ ! r$ beetle1 ^: grub /rikes 9 :]ev] x f9ds a s(t spot2 b1 = ^! species :i* attack ! axils ( ! leaves1 ,i h great fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ! s& cure1 & no nut pick] %\ld g al(t unprovid$ ) a small bamboo tube ( dry1 sift$ s&1 to protect ! bases ( rec5tly exp&$ leaves4 ,9 ,selangor cocoanut trees n[ come "u ! gov]nm5t inspection1 & plant]s & own]s1 "u p5alties1 are compell$ to de/roy ^! pe/s4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,br[n1 ( ,kuala ,lampur1 9 t ,/ate1 :o writes intellig5tly on ?is subject1 #h lays great /ress on ! value ( clean cultivation 9 subdu+ beetles1 & repeats a cultural axiom t nev] gr[s old & t w1 consequ5tly1 be> reit]ation "h--t x is r>ely any?+ b ! neglect$ plantation t suff]s1 & t ! ma9t5ance at all times ( a heal?y1 vigor\s gr[? is 9 itself almo/ a gu>anty ( immunity f attacks ( ^! p]nici\s insects4 ,:ile we1 un=tunately1 "k t ?is is n 9 all cases an assur$ protection aga9/ diseases or insect enemies1 x c]ta9ly m9imizes ! dang] &1 9 itself1 is a ju/ification ( ! high-pressure cultural treatm5t advocat$ ?r\gh\t ! prec$+ pages4 ,,r5ovation ,,( ,,old ,,groves4 ,mat]ial improvem5t ( old plantations may sometimes be effect$ &1 unless ! trees are kn[n to be upw>d ( fifty ye>s old1 g5]ally repays ! labor4 ,m>k$ increase 9 crop has foll[$ a heavy ?9n+ out ( trees ^u ! ,gov]nm5t cocoanut f>m at ,san ,ramon1 ,m9danao4 ,! improvem5t t a fre] circulation ( air & abundant sunlight h effect$ is v m>k$4 ,:]e x c be done1 pl[+ is also sometimes feasible & %\ld be foll[$ by imm$iate crop improvem5t4 ,! av]age native pl[ is n s well adapt$ = work+ ov] an old or neglect$ grove z x is = orig9al soil prep>ation4 ,x acts m z a subsoil] & w te> & lac]ate m roots ?an is desirable4 ,a s+le c>abao1 or "o-horse ,am]ican g>d5 pl[1 is ! bett] implem5t = ?is "w4 ,ext5sive bat guano deposits are f\nd 9 ,m9doro1 ,guim>s1 & ,luzon4 ,"s ( !m %[ ri*ness 9 nitrog5 &1 :5 accessible at a mod]ate co/1 w\ld be useful 9 ! r5ovation ( old groves1 :]e ! %ade w\ld be adv]se to ! re>+ ( good crops ( nitrog5 ga!r]s4 ,,conclusion4 #a4 ,!re are l>ge areas ?r\gh\t ! littoral valleys ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 z yet unexploit$1 :i*1 9 ! ess5tials ( soil1 climate1 irrigation facilities1 & g5]al environm5t are suitable = cocoanut gr[+4 #b4 ,! pres5t conditions pres5t especially flatt]+ attractions to cocoanut gr[]s capable ( und]tak+ ! cultivation ^u a scale ( "s magnitude4 ,by cop]ation1 small e/ates c\ld comb9e 9 ! common own]%ip ( ma*9]y1 :]eby ! products ( ! grove c\ld be conv]t$ into m pr(itable sub/ances ?an copra4 #c4 ,! pres5t production ( copra 7e/imat$ at #bgh1jjj piculs 9 #aijb7 is an assurance ( a suffici5t supply to w>rant ! erection ( a high-class mod]n plant = ! manufacture ( ! ultimate 7! butt]7 products ( ! nut4 ,! products ( su* an ent]prise w\ld be increas$ by ! c]ta9ty ( a local m>ket 9 ! ,philipp9es = "s "p ( ! output4 ,! av]age m>ket value ( ! be/ grades ( copra 9 ! ,m>seilles m>ket is #ed4dj1 gold1 p] ,engli% ton4 ,! jobb+ value on ,janu>y #a ( ?is ye>1 ( ! ref9$ products1 71 = ea* ton ( copra3 ,butt] fats #ij4jj ,residual soap oils #ba4jj ,press cake #e4bj ------ ,total #aaf4bj ! diff]5ce repres5t+ ! pr(it p] ton1 less ! co/ ( manufacture4 #d4 ,! m9imum size ( a plantation1 on :i* economical application ( oil & fib] prep>+ ma*9]y c\ld be made1 is #fj hect>es4 #e4 ,!re is no o!r horticultural tropical product :i* may be gr[n 9 ^! ,isl&s :]e crop assurance may be s ne>ly gu>ante$1 or natural conditions s ne>ly controll$ by ! plant] :o1 kn[+ correct pr9ciples1 has ! facilities = apply+ !m4 #f4 ,! natural enemies & diseases ( ! plant are relatively few1 easily held 9 *eck by vigilance & ! ex]cise ( compet5t bus9ess managem5t4 #g4 ,! labor situation is b\nd m s]i\sly to affect ! small plant]1 :olly dep5d5t ^u h& labor1 ?an ! e/ate conduct$ on a l>ge en\gh scale to ju/ify ! employm5t ( mod]n ma*9]y4 #h4 ,9 view ( an ev]-exp&+ dem& = cocoanut products1 & 9 ! light ( ! =ego+ conclusions1 ! indu/ry1 :5 prosecut$ ^u a consid]able scale & subject to ! requirem5ts previ\sly set =?1 promises = _m ye>s to be "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable & desirable ent]prises :i* comm& ! att5tion ( ! ,filip9o plant]4 ,! greate/ m9e ( horticultural weal? :i* is op5 to ! %rewd plant] lies 9 ! heaps ( wa/e & neglect$ husks t he c n[ procure f adjo9+ e/ates = ! ask+ & c>tage4 ,) labor at #a peso p] diem & at ! pres5t price ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 all ! husks 9 excess ( #cjj p] diem :i* c\ld be haul$ w\ld be cle> pr(it4 ,! a%es ( ^!1 :5 burn$ & appli$ to ! old grove1 w\ld h an imm$iate & revivify+ influ5ce4 ,_m trees 9 an old plantation h ceas$ to be>4 ,:e!r ?is is due to exhau/ion f old age or f soil exhau/ion is immat]ial2 ea* %\ld be eradicat$ & ! "t-honor$ cu/om ( replant+ a fre% tree 9 its place ab&on$4 ,^! r5ewals are difficult en\gh 9 any fruit or nut or*>d :]e ! sci5tific cultural conditions h be5 ( ! be/4 ,r5ewals 9 a cocoanut grove1 unless ! vacant space is abnormally l>ge & c be subject$ to "s ye>s ( soil improvem5t1 are unpr(itable4 ,!re is a wide range ( op9ion z to ! be>+ life ( a cocoanut tree4 ,x is said to v>y f ?irty to "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,gr[n m ?an =ty1 or possibly fifty ye>s old1 ! writ] w\ld hesitate to und]take ! improvem5t or r5ewal ( ! grove4 ,palms1 unlike exog5\s trees1 af=d no evid5ce by :i* _! age may be det]m9$4 ,9 g5]al1 ) advanc$ ye>s1 come great height & great att5uation4 ,9 ! op51 & :]e fully expos$ to atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ^! =m an approximate crit]ion ( age4 ,! s-call$ annul> sc>s1 m>k+ ! e>li] atta*m5ts ( leaves1 furni% no clue to age4 ,,notes #a ,! ,pr9ce ( ,palms1 ,trelo>4 #b ,! cocoanut palm has be5 re>$ z f> nor? z ,indian ,riv]1 ,florida1 latitude #bh ,n41 b has n prov5 a pr(itable comm]cial v5ture4 #c ,quot$ 9 ,watts's ,dict41 ,,ii1 #def4 #d ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 #aijb4 #e ,?r\gh\t ?is pap] ! writ] uses ?is ^w 9 pref]5ce to f]tiliz+ ev5 :5 speak+ ( s-call$ comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 #f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #aad1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #g ,conn4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,rep4 #ahig1 ,"p ,,ii4 #h ,ag4 ,bull4 ,f$4 ,malay ,/ates1 ,febru>y1 #aijc4