,transcrib]'s ,note  ,illu/ration       
captions 9 curly brackets h be5 add$ by 
! transcrib] = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]4   
,a consid]able numb] ( ! page ref]5ces 9
 ! index are incorrect2 h[ev]1 !y h be5 
pres]v$ z pr9t$4                        
,,illu/rat$ ,,text-,,books ,,( ,,art    
,,education           ,,edit$ ,,by      
,,edw>d ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,r4,a4            
,,ar*itecture                 ,,go?ic   
,,& ,,r5aissance              ,,by ,t4  
,,rog] ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4          
,illu/ration3 ,p4 #aad       ,,!        
,,c]tosa1 ,,ne> ,,pavia4 ,,f ,,!        
,,cloi/]s4       ,,begun ,,by ,,m>co    
,,di ,,campione1 ,a4,d4 #acic4          
,,text-,,book ,,( ,,art ,,education1    
,,edit$ ,,by                ,,edw>d ,j4 
,,poynt]1 ,r4,a4                        
,,ar*itecture                 ,,go?ic   
,,& ,,r5aissance              ,,by ,t4  
,,rog] ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4          
,occasional ,lectur] on ,ar*itecture    
at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london         
,illu/ration3 ,,sa9t ,,george4 ,,panel  

,,f ,,! ,,tomb       ,,( ,,c>d9al       
,,amboise ,,9 ,,r\5 ,,ca!dral4          
,,new ,,york                 ,,scribn]  
,,& ,,wel=d4                            
,,london       ,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on1 
,,se>le1  ,,riv+ton           ,,cr[n    
,,build+s1 #ahh1 ,,fleet ,,/reet        
#ahhj                    7,all rights   
res]v$47             ,,london3 ,r4      
,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1           
,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4 ,c4         
,illu/ration3 ,,crete ,,f ,,notre       
,,dame1 ,,p>is4  ,,preface4   ,! hi/ory1
 ! features1 & ! mo/ fam\s examples (   
,european ar*itecture1 dur+ a p]iod     
ext5d+ f ! rise ( ! ,go?ic1 or po9t$1   
/yle 9 ! twelf? c5tury to ! g5]al       
depression :i* ov]took ! ,r5aissance    
/yle at ! close ( ! eighte5?1 =m !      
subject ( ?is little volume4 ,i h       
endeav\r$ to adopt z free & simple a    
mode ( treatm5t z is compatible ) !     
accurate /atem5t ( at lea/ ! outl9es ( s
 v te*nical a subject4  ,?\gh x is to be
 hop$ t _m pr(essional /ud5ts (         

ar*itecture w f9d ?is h&-book s]viceable
 to !m 9 _! elem5t>y /udies1 x has be5  
my pr9cipal endeav\r to adapt x to !    
requirem5ts ( ^? :o are prep>+ = !      
pr(essional pursuit ( ! si/] arts1 & ( t
 l>ge & happily increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts 
:o pursue ! f9e arts z a necess>y "p ( a
 complete lib]al education1 & :o "k t a 
solid & compreh5sive acqua9tance ) art1 
especially if jo9$ to "s skill 9 ! use (
 ! p5cil1 ! bru%1 ! modell+ tool1 or !  
et*+ ne$le1 w op5 s\rces ( pleasure &   
int]e/ ( ! mo/ ref9$ description4  ,!   
broad facts ( all art hi/ory2 !         
pr9ciples :i* und]lie ea* ( ! f9e arts2 
& ! mo/ preci\s or mo/ notewor?y        
examples ( ea*1 ought to be famili> to e
 art /ud5t1 :atev] special bran* he may 
foll[4 ,beyond ^! limits ,i h n attempt$
 to c>ry ?is acc\nt ( ,go?ic &          
,r5aissance ar*itecture2 )9 !m ,i h     
endeav\r$ to make ! "w z complete z !   
space at my disposal p]mitt$4  ,"s      
portions ( ! text =m$ "p ( two c\rses ( 
lectures deliv]$ be=e ! /ud5ts ( !      

,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+ at ,*a?am1 & 
are introduc$ "h by ! k9d p]mission (   
,sir ,john ,/okes4 ,_m ( ! descriptive &
 critical rem>ks are transcripts ( notes
 made by myself1 almo/ "u ! %ad[ ( !    
build+s to :i* !y ref]4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 
h be5 impossible to give a cond5s$ view 
( s ext5d$ a subject _h n e "p ( x be5  
treat$ at mu* great] l5g? by previ\s    
writ]s4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( ! books     
consult$ r5d]s x impossible to make any 
o!r ackn[l$gm5t "h ?an ?is g5]al        
recognition ( my indebt$ness to _!      
au?ors4                                 
,t4 ,r4 ,s4       ,illu/ration3 ,,/a9$  
,,glass ,,f ,,*>tres ,,ca!dral4         
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page      ,,illu/rat$ ,,gloss>y ,,(   
,,te*nical ,,words4               xv to 
xxxix       ,,*apt] ,i4                 
,,introduction4                         
#a       ,,*apt] ,,ii4        ,,!       
,,build+s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4      
#f       ,,*apt] ,,iii4        ,,go?ic  
,,ar*itecture4                          

#ba       ,,*apt] ,,iv4        ,,go?ic  
,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,engl&4              
,analysis ( ,build+s4 ,plans4 ,walls4   
,t[]s &             ,spires4 ,gables4   
,pi]s & ,columns                        
#bh       ,,*apt] ,v4        ,,go?ic    
,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,engl& 7cont9u$74    
,analysis 7cont9u$74 ,op5+s4 ,ro(s4     
,spires4             ,ornam5ts4 ,/a9$   
,glass4 ,sculpture                      
#de       ,,*apt] ,,vi4        ,,go?ic  
,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,europe4     
#a4 ,,france4 ,*ronological ,sket*4     
,analysis (             ,build+s4       
,plans4 ,walls1 ,t[]s & ,gables4        
,columns & ,pi]s4 ,ro(s & ,vaults4      
,op5+s4             ,m\ld+s & ,ornam5ts4
 ,con/ruction & ,design        #fi      
#b4 ,,belgium & ! ,,ne!rl&s             
#hg            #c4 ,,scotl&1 ,,wales1 & 
,,irel&                           #ia   
,,*apt] ,,vii4        ,,go?ic           
,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,& ,,nor!rn 
,,europe4            #a4 ,,g]many4      
,*ronological ,sket*4 ,analysis (       

,build+s4 ,plans4 ,walls1 ,t[]s &       
,gables4             ,ro(s & ,vaults4   
,op5+s4 ,ornam5ts4                      
,con/ruction & ,design                  
#ic            #b4 ,,nor!rn ,,europe    
#aaa       ,,*apt] ,,viii4              
,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,s\!rn       
,,europe4            #a4 ,,italy &      
,,sicily4 ,topographical ,sket*4        
,,nor!rn ,,italy4 ,,c5tral ,,italy4     
,,s\!rn             ,,italy4 ,analysis (
 ,build+s4 ,plans4 ,walls1              
,t[]s1 & ,columns4 ,op5+s & ,ar*es4     
,ro(s & ,vaults4 ,m\ld+s & ,ornam5ts4   
,con/ruction & ,design                  
#aab            #b4 ,,spa94             
,*ronological ,sket*                    
#acg            #c4 ,,portugal          
#adb       ,,*apt] ,,ix4        ,,go?ic 
,,ar*itecture4            ,pr9ciples (  
,con/ruction & ,design4 ,mat]ials       
& ,con/ruction                          
#adc       ,,*apt] ,x4                  
,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture4             
,,g5]al ,,view4 ,analysis ( ,build+s4   

,plans4 ,walls             & ,columns4  
,op5+s4 ,con/ruction & ,design          
#aed       ,,*apt] ,,xi4                
,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,italy4 
,,flor5ce4 ,,rome4 ,,v5ice1 ,,vic5za1   
,,v]ona4 ,,milan1             ,,pavia4  
,,g5oa1 ,,tur91 ,,naples4 ,c\ntry       
,villas            #afe       ,,*apt]   
,,xii4        ,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture
 ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,nor!rn ,,europe4    
#a4 ,,france4 ,*ronological ,sket*      
#aic            #b4 ,,belgium & !       
,,ne!rl&s                           #bjf
            #c4 ,,g]many                
#baj       ,,*apt] ,,xiii4              
,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,great  
,,brita91 ,,spa91         ,,&           
,,portugal4            #a4 ,,engl&4     
,*ronological ,sket*                    
#bad            #b4 ,,scotl&            
#bbg            #c4 ,,spa9 & ,,portugal 
#bbi       ,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$    
,,ornam5t ,,f ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4  ,,li/
 ,,( ,,illu/rations4                    
,,page      ,,c]tosa1 ,,!1 ,,ne>        

,,pavia4 ,,f ,,! ,,cloi/]s              
,frontispiece      ,,sa9t ,,george4     
,,panel ,,f ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,c>d9al     
,,amboise ,,9 ,,r\5 ,,ca!dral           
,title ,page      ,,gloss>y4 ,,=ty      
,,engrav+s ,,( ,,details                
xv to xxxix      #a4 ,,we/ ,,entrance1  
,,li*field ,,ca!dral4 7#abge47          
#e      #b4 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,(          
,,pet]bor\gh ,,ca!dral4 7#aaah to       
#aaic47        #f      #c4 ,,transv]se  
,,section ,,( ,,! ,,nave ,,( ,,salisbury
 ,,ca!dral         #g      #d4 ,,*oir   
,,( ,,worce/] ,,ca!dral4 7,,begun       
#abbd47                   #i      #e4   
,,nave ,,( ,,wells ,,ca!dral4 7#abjf to 
#abdb47                      #i      #f4
 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey   
#aa      #g4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,jaques ,,coeur
 ,,at ,,b\rges4 7,,begun #addc47        
#ae      #h4 ,,plan ,,( ,,w>wick        
,,ca/le4 7#ad,,? ,,& #ae,,? ,,c5turies47
           #af      #i4 ,,palaces ,,on  
,,! ,,gr& ,,canal1 ,,v5ice4 7#ad,,?     
,,c5tury47          #ah      #aj4 ,,well

 ,,at ,,reg5sburg4 7#ae,,? ,,c5tury47   
#bj      #aa4 ,,go?ic ,,ornam5t4 ,,f    
,,s5s ,,ca!dral 7,,headpiece7           
#ba      #ab4 ,,l9coln ,,ca!dral4       
7,,mo/ly ,,e>ly ,,engli%47              
#ce      #ac4 ,,/4 ,,pi]re1 ,,ca51 ,,t[]
 ,,& ,,spire4 7,,spire1 #acjb47         
#cg      #ad4 ,,h\se ,,at ,,*e/]4       
7#af,,? ,,c5tury47                      
#ch      #ae4 ,,h\ses ,,at ,,lisieux1   
,,france4 7#af,,? ,,c5tury47            
#da      #af4 ,,lancet ,,w9d[4 7#ab,,?  
,,c5tury47                              
#df      #ag4 ,,two-,,light ,,w9d[4     
7#ac,,? ,,c5tury47                      
#dg      #ah4 ,,geometrical ,,trac]y4   
7#ad,,? ,,c5tury47                      
#dh      #ai4 ,,tri=ium ,,arcade1       
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 7#abfi47             
#di      #bj4 ,,rose ,,w9d[ ,,f ,,!     
,,transept ,,( ,,l9coln ,,ca!dral       
#ej      #ba4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,w9d[       
#ea      #bb4 ,,ro( ,,( ,,hall ,,at     
,,el?am ,,palace4 7#ae,,? ,,c5tury47    
#ec      #bc4 ,,h5ry ,,vii4',s ,,*apel4 

7#aejc-aeab47                           
#eg      #bd4 ,,spire ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>y    
,,magdal5e1 ,,w>boys1 ,,l9coln%ire      
#ei      #be4 ,,decorat$ ,,spire4 ,,all 
,,sa9ts' ,,*ur*1 ,,oakham               
#fj      #bf4 ,,e>ly ,,ar* ,,9 ,,rec$+  
,,planes                                
#fb      #bg4 ,,ar* ,,9 ,,rec$+ ,,planes
 ,,m\ld$                             #fb
      #bh4 ,,doorway1 ,,k+',s ,,college 
,,*apel1 ,,cambridge4 7#ae,,? ,,c5t47   
#fc      #bi4 ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,w9d[ ,,f 
,,*>tres ,,ca!dral                #fe   
#cj4 ,,sculpture ,,f ,,*apt] ,,h\se1    
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey             #fg       
#ca4 ,,*ur* ,,at ,,fontevrault4 7,,begun
 #aabe47                        #gj     
#cb4 ,,doorway ,,at ,,lo*es1 ,,france4  
7#aahj47                          #gb   
#cc4 ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is1 ,,we/      
,,front4 7#abad47                       
#gd      #cd4 ,,plan ,,( ,,ami5s        
,,ca!dral4 7#abbj-abgb47                
#gf      #ce4 ,,ami5s ,,ca!dral1 ,,we/  
,,front4 7#abbj-abgb47                  

#gh      #cf4 ,,pi]s ,,& ,,sup]/ructure1
 ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4 7#abaa-abdj47      
#hj      #cg4 ,,capital ,,f ,,/4        
,,ni*olas1 ,,blois1 ,,france4 7#ac,,?   
,,c5tury47   #hd      #ch4 ,,beauvais   
,,ca!dral1 ,,int]ior4 7#abbe-aecg47     
#hf      #ci4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,hall ,,(      
,,middleburgh4 7#aeah47                 
#hi      #dj4 ,,t[] ,,at ,,gh5t4        
7,,begun #aahc47                        
#ij      #da4 ,,abbey ,,*ur* ,,(        
,,arn/e94 7#ab,,? ,,& #ac,,?            
,,c5turies47        #id      #db4 ,,*ur*
 ,,at ,,&]na*4 7,,e>ly #ac,,? ,,c5tury47
                  #if      #dc4 ,,*ur*  
,,( ,,/4 ,,b>b>a ,,at ,,kutt5b]g4 ,,ea/ 
,,end4         7#aceh-aedh47            
#ii      #dd4 ,,d\ble ,,*ur* ,,at       
,,s*w>tz-,,rhe9dorff4 ,,section4        
7#aaeh47     #aja      #de4 ,,d\ble     
,,*ur* ,,at ,,s*w>tz-,,rhe9dorff4       
7#aaeh47              #ajb      #df4    
,,cologne ,,ca!dral4 ,,gr\nd ,,plan4    
7,,begun #abdh47              #ajd      
#dg4 ,,we/]n ,,doorway ,,( ,,*ur* ,,at  

,,?ann4 7#ad,,? ,,c5tury47        #ajf  
#dh4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,at      
,,opp5heim4 7#abfb ,,to #adci47         
#ajg      #di4 ,,/4 ,,sebald',s ,,*ur*  
,,at ,,nuremb]g4 ,,! ,,bride',s         
,,doorway      #aji      #ej4 ,,palace  
,,( ,,! ,,jurisconsults ,,at ,,cremona  
#aag      #ea4 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,flor5ce4
 ,,) ,,giotto',s ,,campanile            
#aba      #eb4 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,si5a4   
,,we/ ,,front ,,& ,,campanile           
#abc      #ec4 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,orvieto4
 7,,begun #abij2 ,,facade1 #acaj47      
#abe      #ed4 ,,ogival ,,w9d[-,,head   
#abi      #ee4 ,,trac]y ,,9             
,,w9d[-,,head1 ,,f ,,v5ice              
#acj      #ef4 ,,w9d[ ,,f ,,tivoli      
#acd      #eg4 ,,italian ,,go?ic ,,w9d[1
 ,,) ,,trac]y ,,9 ,,head                
#acf      #eh4 ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,tol$o4  
,,int]ior4 7,,begun #abbg47             
#aci      #ei4 ,,! ,,giralda ,,at       
,,seville4 7,,begun ,,9 #aaif2 ,,f9i%$  
,,9 #aefh47                             
#ada      #fj4 ,,doorway ,,f ,,*ur* ,,at

 ,,batalha4 7,,begun #ache47            
#aea      #fa4 ,,/rozzi ,,palace ,,at   
,,flor5ce4 7,,begun #adhi47             
#afi      #fb4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,loggia    
,,del ,,consiglio ,,at ,,v]ona          
#aga      #fc4 ,,! ,,p&olf9i ,,palace1  
,,flor5ce4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,raphael     
#agc      #fd4 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,at      
,,rome4 ,,int]ior4 7#aejf-affa47        
#agg      #fe4 ,,monum5t ,,by           
,,sansov9o1 ,,9 ,,/a4 ,,m>ia ,,del      
,,popolo1 ,,rome      #agi      #ff4    
,,palazzo ,,giraud1 ,,rome4 ,,by        
,,bramante4 7#aejf47                    
#ahj      #fg4 ,,italian ,,%ell         
,,ornam5t                               
#ahc      #fh4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,!       
,,r$5tore1 ,,v5ice4 7#aegf47            
#ahe      #fi4 ,,c]tosa ,,ne> ,,pavia4  
,,"p ,,( ,,we/ ,,front4 7,,begun #adgc47
      #ahh      #gj4 ,,villa            
,,m$ici--,,on ,,! ,,p9cian ,,hill ,,ne> 
,,rome4 ,,by         ,,annibale ,,lippi 
7,,n[ ,,! ,academie ,francaise74        
7,a4,d4 #aedj47                         

#aia      #gj;,a4 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance   
,,corbel                                
#aib      #ga4 ,,w9d[ ,,f ,a ,,h\se ,,at
 ,,orleans4 7,,e>ly #af,,? ,,c5tury47   
#aie      #gb4 ,,capital ,,f ,,! ,,h\se 
,,( ,,francis ,i41 ,,orleans4 7#aedj47  
#aig      #gc4 ,,pavillon ,,ri*elieu ,,(
 ,,! ,,l\vre1 ,,p>is                    
#aii      #gd4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,tuil]ies1 
,,p>is4 7,,begun #aefd47                
#bja      #ge4 ,,capital ,,f            
,,delorme',s ,,"w ,,at ,,! ,,l\vre      
#bjb      #gf4 ,,hotel ,,des            
,,invalides1 ,,p>is                     
#bjd      #gg4 ,,w9d[ ,,f ,,colm>4      
7#aege47                                
#bjh      #gh4 ,,zeughaus1 ,,dantzic4   
7#afje47                                
#bji      #gi4 ,,c\ncil-,,h\se ,,at     
,,leyd54 7#aeii47                       
#baa      #hj4 ,,quadrangle ,,( ,,!     
,,ca/le ,,( ,,s*alaburg                 
#bac      #ha4 ,,holl& ,,h\se1          
,,k5s+ton4 7#afjg47                     
#baf      #hb4 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral1

 ,,london4 7#afge-agaj47                
#bbj      #hc4 ,,h\ses ,,at ,,*e/]4     
7#af,,? ,,c5tury47                      
#bbe      #hd4 ,,! ,,alcaz> ,,at        
,,tol$o4 7,,begun #aefh47               
#bca       ,illu/ration3 ,,/a9$ ,,glass 
,,f ,,*>tres ,,ca!dral4  ,,gloss>y ,,(  
,,te*nical ,,words4       ,,abacus4--,! 
upp] portion ( ! capital ( a column1 ^u 
:i* ! weight to be c>ri$ re/s4          
,,aisle 7,lat4 ala74--,! side           
subdivision 9 a *ur*2     occasionally  
all ! subdivisions1 includ+ ! nave1 are 
call$ aisles4      ,,apse4--,a          
semicircul> or polygonal t]m9ation to1  
or     projection f1 a *ur* or o!r      
public build+4      ,,arcade4--,a range 
( ar*es1 support$ on pi]s or columns4   
,,ar*4--,a con/ruction ( w$ge-%ap$      
blocks ( /one1 or (     bricks1 ( a     
curv$ outl9e1 & spann+ an op5 space4 ,! 
pr9cipal =ms ( ar* 9 use are            
,semicircul>2     ,acutely-po9t$1 or    
,lancet2 ,equilat]al1 or ,less          
,acutely-po9t$2 ,f\r-c5tr$1 or ,depress$

 ,tudor2     ,?ree-c5tr$1 or ,elliptic2 
,ogival2 ,segm5tal2 & ,/ilt$4           
7,figs4 ,a to ,f47                      
,,ar*itrave4--7#a7 ,! /one :i* 9        
,classic & ,r5aissance     ar*itecture  
is ?r[n f "o column or pila/] to !      
next4 7#b7 ,! m\ld+ :i* 9 ! same /yles  
is us$ to     ornam5t ! m>g9 ( a door or
 w9d[ op5+ or ar*4                      
,,a%l>4--,f9ely-wr\ght masonry1 employ$ 
= ! fac+ (     a wall ( co>s] masonry or
 brick4      ,,attic 7,9 ,r5aissance    
,ar*itecture74--,a l[ upp] /ory1        
di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( !       
build+1     usually surm\nt+ an ord]2   
7#b7 9 ord9>y build+1 any     /ory 9 a  
ro(4       ,,bailey 7f vallum74--,!     
enclosure ( ! c\rty>d ( a     ca/le4    
,,ball-,,fl[]4--,an ornam5t repres5t+ a 
globul> bud1     plac$ usually 9 a holl[
 m\ld+4      ,,balu/]4--,a species (    
small column1 g5]ally ( curv$           
outl9e4      ,,balu/rade4--,a p>apet or 
rail =m$ ( balu/]s4        ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 ,a4--,,semicircul> ,,ar*4       

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,b4--,,/ilt$ ,,ar*4
        ,! ,semicircul> & ! ,/ilt$      
,semicircul> ,ar* 7 !       only ar*es 9
 use till ! introduction ( ! ,po9t$     
,ar*4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,e>ly ,engli%1         
,decorat$1 &       ,p]p5dicul> p]iods !y
 occur z exceptional features1       b  
!y 7 practically sup]s$$ aft] ! close ( 
!       #ab? c5t4        ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 ,c4--,,equilat]al ,,ar*4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,d4--,,lancet      
,,ar*4        ,! ,lancet ,ar* 0         
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,e>ly ,engli%            
p]iod1 is nev] f\nd e>li]1 & b r>ely    
occurs lat]4       ,! ,equilat]al ,ar* 0
 ! fav\rite ar* ( !       ar*itects ( ! 
geometrical ,decorat$1 b is n           
unfrequ5tly met ) 9 ! e>ly "p ( !       
,p]p5dicul>       p]iod4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,e4--,,ogival      
,,ar*4        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
,f4--,,depress$ ,,tudor ,,ar*4        ,!
 ,depress$ 7or ,f\r-c5tr$7 ,tudor ,ar*  
is *>act]i/ic       ( ! ,p]p5dicul>     
p]iod1 & 0 !n con/antly       employ$4  

,! ,ogival ,ar* is occasionally employ$ 
late 9       t p]iod1 b 0 m us$ by ,fr5*
 & ,italian       ar*itects ?an by ^? ( 
,great ,brita94      ,,b&4--,a flat     
m\ld+ or project+ /rip ( /one4          
,,b>rel-,,vault+4--,see ,waggon-head    
vault+4      ,,b>ge-,,bo>d 7,,or        
,,v]ge-,,bo>d74--,an incl9$ & pi]c$ or  
ornam5t$ bo>d plac$ along ! edge ( a ro(
 :5 x     ov]hangs a gable wall4        
,,base4--7#a7 ,! foot ( a column2 7#b7  
sometimes t ( a     buttress or wall4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,g4--,,base ,,(    
,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,%aft4                 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,h4--,,base ,,(    
,,p]p5dicul> ,,%aft4                    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4--,,base ,,(    
,,decorat$ ,,%aft4                      
,,basilica4--7#a7 ,a ,roman public hall2
 7#b7 an e>ly ,*ri/ian     *ur*1 simil> 
to a ,roman basilica 9 disposition4     
,,ba/ion 79 ,=tification74--,a bold     
project+ mass (     build+1 or e>?work  
?r[n out beyond ! g5]al l9e (     a     
wall4      ,,battlem5t4--,a not*$ or    

ind5t$ p>apet4      ,,bay4--,"o ( !     
comp>tm5ts 9 a build+ :i* is made up    
( sev]al repetitions ( ! same gr\p (    
features2     e4g41 9 a *ur* ! space f  
"o column ( ! nave     arcade to ! next 
is a bay4      ,,bay-,,w9d[4--,a w9d[   
project+ outw>d f ! wall4 ,x     may be 
rectangul> or polygonal4 ,x mu/ be built
 up f     ! gr\nd4 ,if ?r[n out above ! 
gr\nd level1 a     project+ w9d[ is     
call$ an ,oriel4 7,see ,b[ w9d[47       
,,bead4--,a small m\ld+ ( circul>       
pr(ile4      ,,belfry4--,a *amb] fitt$  
to receive a peal ( bells4      ,,belfry
 ,,/age4--,! /ory ( a t[] :]e ! belfry  
occurs4     ,usually m>k$ by l>ge op5   
ar*es or w9d[s1 to let !     s\nd       
escape4      ,,bell 7( a capital74--,!  
body betwe5 ! neck+ & !     abacus 7:i* 
see74      ,,billet ,,m\ld+4--,a m\ld+  
consi/+ ( a gr\p ( small     blocks     
sep>at$ by spaces ab\t equal to _! own  
l5g?4      ,,bl9d ,,/ory4--,tri=ium 7:i*
 see74      ,,boss4--,a project+ mass ( 
c>v+ plac$ to conceal !     int]section 

( ! ribs ( a vault1 or at ! end ( a     
/r+ c\rse :i* x is desir$ to /op1 or 9  
an     analog\s situation4      ,,b[    
,,w9d[4--,simil> to a ,bay-w9d[ 7:i*    
see71 b     circul> or segm5tal4        
,,broa*-,,spire4--,a spire spr++ f a t[]
 )\t a     p>apet & ) pyramidal features
 at ! feet ( its f\r     oblique sides  
7see ,fig4 #bb7 to connect !m to ! f\r  
angles ( ! t[]4      ,,broa*ead         
7,,spire74--,=m$ z above describ$4      
,,buttress4--,a projection built up     
aga9/ a wall to create     additional   
/r5g? or furni% support 7see ,fly+      
,buttress74      ,,byzant9e4--,!        
r\nd-ar*$ ,*ri/ian ar*itecture ( !      
,ea/]n ,*ur*1 :i* _h its orig9 9        
,byzantium     7,con/ant9ople74         
,,canopy4--7#a7 ,an ornam5t$ projection 
ov] doors1 w9d[s1     c42 7#b7 a cov]+  
ov] ni*es1 tombs1 c4                    
,,campanile4--,! ,italian "n = a        
bell-t[]4        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
,j4--,,buttress4      ,,capital4--,!    
head ( a column or pila/] 7,figs4 ,l to 

,p74      ,,ca!dral4--,a *ur* :i*       
conta9s ! seat ( a bi%op2     usually a 
build+ ( ! fir/ class4                  
,,c]tosa4--,a mona/]y 7or *ur*7 (       
,c>?usian monks4      ,,*amf]4--,a      
slight /rip p>$ (f f a %>p angle4       
,,*ancel4--,! *oir or ea/]n "p ( a *ur*4
      ,,*antry ,,*apel4--,a *apel       
connect$ ) a monum5t or tomb     9 :i*  
masses 7 to be *ant$4 ,?is 0 usually (  
small size & v ri*4      ,,*apel4--7#a7 
,a *amb] atta*$ to a *ur* & op5+ out    
( x1 or =m$ )9 x1 & 9 :i* an alt> 0     
plac$2 7#b7 a small deta*$ *ur*4        
,,*apt] ,,h\se4--,! hall ( assembly ( ! 
*apt] 7dean     & canons7 ( a ca!dral4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,l4--,,e>ly        
,,norman ,,capital4        ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 ,m4--,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capital4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,n4--,,lat]        
,,norman ,,capital4        ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 ,o4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,capital4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,p4--,,e>ly ,,fr5* 
,,capital4      ,,*ateau4--,! ,fr5* "n =
 a c\ntry mansion4      ,,*evron4--,a   

zig-zag ornam5t4      ,,*evet4--,! ,fr5*
 "n = an apse :5 surr\nd$ by     *apels2
 see ! plan ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,fig4    
#f74      ,,*oir4--,! "p ( a *ur* 9 :i* 
! s]vices are     celebrat$2 usually1 b 
n always1 ! ea/ end or     *ancel4 ,9 a 
,spani% *ur* ! *oir is (t5 at !         
cross+4      ,,cl]e/ory4--,! upp] /ory  
or r[ ( w9d[s light+ !     nave ( a     
,go?ic *ur*4      ,,cloi/]4--,a cov]$   
way r\nd a quadrangle ( a mona/ic       
build+4      ,,clu/]$ 7,,%afts74--,gr\p$
 s z to =m a pi] ( "s     mass out (    
sev]al small %afts4      ,,corbel4--,a  
project+ /one 7or timb]7 support+1 or   
seem+ to support1 a weight 7,fig4 ,k74  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,k4--,,e>ly        
,,r5aissance ,,corbel4                  
,,corbell+4--,a s]ies ( m\ld+s do+ !    
same duty z a     corbel2 a r[ (        
corbels4      ,,corbel ,,table4--,a r[ (
 corbels support+ an ov]hang+     p>apet
 or cornice4      ,,cortile             
7,italian74--,! int]nal arcad$          
quadrangle ( a     palace1 mansion1 or  

public build+4      ,,column4--,a /one  
or m>ble po/1 divid$ usually into base1 
%aft1 & capital2 di/+ui%$ f a pi] by !  
%aft     be+ cyl9drical or polygonal1 & 
9 "o1 or at mo/1 9     few pieces4      
,,cornice4--,! project+ & cr[n+ portion 
( an ord]     7:i* see7 or ( a build+1  
or ( a /age or /ory ( a     build+4     
,,c\rse4--,a horizontal lay] ( /ones 9 !
 masonry ( a     build+4                
,,crocket4--,a tuft ( leaves arrang$ 9 a
 =mal %ape1 us$     to decorate         
ornam5tal gables1 ! ribs ( spires1 c4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,q4--,,decorat$    
,,crocket4        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
,r4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,crocket4            
,,cross+4--,! int]section 7:i* see7 9 a 
*ur* or     ca!dral4      ,,cross       
,,vault4--,a vault ( :i* ! ar*$ surfaces
 int]sect     "o ano!r1 =m+ a gro9 7:i* 
see74      ,,crypt4--,! basem5t "u a    
*ur* or o!r build+     7almo/ inv>iably 
vault$74      ,,cusp4--,! project+ po9t 
?r[n out to =m !     leaf-%ap$ =ms or   
foliations 9 ! heads ( ,go?ic     w9d[s1

 & 9 trac]y & panels4       ,,dec4      
,! ,go?ic ar*itecture ( ! f\rte5? c5tury
     ,,decorat$4    9 ,engl&4           
,abbreviat$ ,dec4      ,,detail4--,!    
m9ut] features ( a design or build+1    
especially its m\ld+s & c>v+4           
,,diap] 7,go?ic74--,an uni=m patt]n (   
leaves or fl[]s     c>v$ or pa9t$ on !  
surface ( a wall4        ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 ,s4--,,diap] ,,9 ,,sp&rel1 ,,f   
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4      ,,dogtoo?4--,a  
%>ply-po9t$ ornam5t 9 a holl[ m\ld+     
:i* is peculi> to ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4 
,x some:at     resembles a blunt too?4  
,,dorm] ,,w9d[4--,a w9d[ pi]c$ ?r\gh a  
slop+ ro( &     plac$ "u a small gable  
or ro( ( its own4      ,,dome4--,a      
cupola or sph]ical convex ro(1 ord9>ily 
circul> on plan4      ,,domical         
,,vault+4--,vault+ 9 :i* a s]ies ( small
 domes     are employ$2 9               
contradi/9ction to a waggon-head vault1 
or an int]sect+ vault4      ,,d\ble     
,,trac]y4--,two lay]s ( trac]y "o beh9d 
! o!r     & ) a cle> space betwe54      

,e4 ,e4           ,! ,go?ic ar*itecture 
( ,engl& 9 !     ,,e>ly ,,engli%4       
?irte5? c5tury4 ,abbreviat$ ,e4 ,e4     
,,eaves4--,! v]ge or edge ( a ro(       
ov]hang+ ! wall4                        
,,eaves-,,c\rse4--,a m\ld+ c>ry+ !      
eaves4      ,,elevation4--7#a7 ,a       
geometrical draw+ ( "p ( !     ext]ior  
or int]ior walls ( a build+2 7#b7 !     
ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! ext]ior or    
int]ior walls (     a build+4           
,,elizabe?an4--,! ar*itecture ( ,engl&  
91 & = "s     "t aft]1 ! reign (        
,elizabe?4      ,,embattl$4--,f9i%$ )   
battlem5ts1 or 9 imitation (            
battlem5ts4      ,,enri*m5ts4--,! c>v$  
7or col\r$7 decorations appli$     to ! 
m\ld+s or o!r features ( an ar*itectural
     design4 7,see ,m\ld+s47            
,,entablature 79 ,classic & ,r5aissance 
ar*itecture74--,!     sup]/ructure above
 ! columns :]e an ord] is employ$4      
,x is divid$ into ! ar*itrave1 :i* re/s 
on !     columns1 ! frieze & ! cornice4 
,,facade4--,! front ( a build+ or ( a   

pr9cipal "p ( a     build+4      ,,fan  
,,vault4--,! vault+ 9 use 9 ,engl& 9 !  
fifte5?     c5tury1 9 :i* a s]ies (     
conoids be>+ "s     resemblance to an   
op5 fan are employ$4      ,,fillet4--,a 
small m\ld+ ( squ>e flat section4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,t4--,,p]p5dicul>  
,,f9ial4      ,,f9ial4--,a =mally       
arrang$ bun* ( foliage or o!r     simil>
 ornam5t =m+ ! top ( a p9nacle1 gablet1 
or     o!r ornam5t$ feature ( ,go?ic    
ar*itecture4      ,,flamboyant          
,,/yle4--,! late ,go?ic ar*itecture (   
,france     at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1
 s call$ f !     occurr5ce ( flame-%ap$ 
=ms 9 ! trac]y4      ,,fle*e4--,a "n    
adapt$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,a sl5d] spire1       
mo/ly plac$ on a ro(2 n (t5 s call$ if  
on a t[]4      ,,fly+ ,,buttress4--,a   
buttress us$ to /eady ! upp] &     inn] 
walls ( a vault$ build+1 plac$ at "s    
di/ance     f ! wall :i* x supports1 &  
connect$ ) x by an     ar*4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,u4--,,fly+        
,,buttress4      ,,foil4--,a leaf-%ap$  

=m produc$ by add+ cusps to !     curv$ 
outl9e ( a w9d[ head or piece ( trac]y4 
,,foliation4--,! decoration ( an op5+1  
or ( trac]y by     means ( foils &      
cusps4      ,,fosse4--,! dit* ( a       
=tress4      ,,francois ,i4 ,,/yle4--,! 
e>ly ,r5aissance ar*itecture (          
,france dur+ "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4     
,,frieze4--7#a7 ,! middle memb] ( a     
,classic or ,r5aissance     entablature2
 ?is 0 (t5 sculptur$ & c>v$2 7#b7 any   
b& ( sculptur$ ornam5t4                 
,,gable4--,! triangul>-%ap$ wall c>ry+ !
 end ( a     ro(4      ,,gablet4--,a    
small gable 7usually ornam5tal only74   
,,gall]y4--7#a7 ,an ap>tm5t ( great l5g?
 9 proportion to     its wid?2 7#b7 a   
rais$ floor or /age 9 a build+4         
,,g>goyle4--,a project+ wat]sp\t1       
usually c>v$ 9 /one1     m r>ely =m$ (  
metal4      ,,geometrical4--,!          
ar*itecture ( ! e>li] "p ( !            
decorat$ p]iod 9 ,engl&4                
,,grille4--,a grat+ or ornam5tal rail+ (
 metal4      ,,gro94--,! curv$ l9e :i*  

is made by ! meet+ ( !     surfaces (   
two vaults or portions ( vaults :i*     
int]sect4      ,,gr\p4--,an assemblage (
 %afts or m\ld+s or o!r small           
features int5d$ to produce a comb9$     
effect4      ,,gr\p+4--,comb9+          
ar*itectural features z above4          
,,hall4--7#a7 ,! l>ge/ room 9 an anci5t 
,engli% mansion1     or a college1 c42  
7#b7 any l>ge & /ately ap>tm5t4         
,,half ,,timb]$ ,,con/ruction4--,a mode 
( build+ 9 :i* a     framework ( timb]s 
is display$ & ! spaces betwe5     !m are
 fill$ 9 ) pla/] or tiles4      ,,hamm] 
,,beam ,,ro(4--,a ro( peculi> to ,engli%
 ar*itecture     ( ! fifte5? c5tury1    
d]iv+ its "n f ! use (     a hamm] beam 
7a l>ge bracket project+ f ! walls7 to  
p>tly support ! raft]s4      ,,head 7(  
an ar* or o!r op5+74--,! portion )9 !   
curve2 :e!r fill$ 9 by masonry or left  
op51 sometimes     call$ a tympanum4    
,,hip4--,! ext]nal angle =m$ by ! meet+ 
( two     slop+ sides ( a ro( :]e !re is
 no gable4      ,,hotel 7,fr5*74--,a t[n

 mansion4       ,,impo/4--,a m\ld+ or   
o!r l9e m>k+ ! top ( !     jambs ( an   
ar*$ op5+1 & ! />t+ po9t1 or     app>5t 
/>t+ po9t1 ( ! ar*4      ,,inlay4--,a   
mode ( decoration 9 :i* col\r$ mat]ials 
are laid into s9k+s ( ornam5tal %ape1   
cut into !     surface to be decorat$4  
,,int]section 7,,or ,,cross+74--,! po9t 
9 a *ur* :]e !     transepts cross !    
nave4      ,,int]sect+                  
,,vaults4--,vaults ( :i* ! surfaces cut 
"o     ano!r4      ,,int]p5etration4--,a
 ,g]man mode ( treat+ m\ld+s1 z     ?\gh
 two or m sets ( !m exi/$ 9 ! same /one 
& !y c\ld pass ?r\gh 7int]p5etrate7 ea* 
o!r4       ,,jamb4--,! side ( a door or 
w9d[ or ar*1 or o!r     op5+4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,v4--,,plan ,,( ,a 
,,jamb ,,& ,,c5tral           ,,pi] ,,( 
,a ,,go?ic ,,doorway4       ,,keep4--,! 
t[] :i* =m$ ! /ronghold ( a m$iaeval    
ca/le4      ,,k+ ,,po/4--,! middle po/ 9
 ! fram+ ( a timb] ro(4       ,,lancet  
,,ar*4--,! %>ply-po9t$ w9d[-head & ar*1 
*>act]i/ic ( ,engli% ,go?ic 9 ! ?irte5? 

c5tury4      ,,lant]n4--,a conspicu\s   
feature ris+ above a ro( or     cr[n+ a 
dome1 & int5d$ usually to light a ,hall1
 b     (t5 introduc$ simply z an        
ar*itectural f9i% to !     :ole build+4 
,,li]ne 7rib74--,a rib int]m$iate betwe5
 ! ma9 ribs 9     ,go?ic vault+4        
,,light4--,"o ( ! divisions ( a w9d[ (  
:i* ! entire     wid? is divid$ by "o or
 m mullions4      ,,l9tel4--,! /one or  
beam cov]+ a doorway or o!r     op5+ n  
spann$ by an ar*4 ,sometimes appli$ to !
     ar*itrave ( an ord]4      ,,loggia 
7,italian74--,an op5 arcade ) a gall]y  
beh9d4      ,,loop4--,%ort = loophole4  
,a v n>r[ slit 9 ! wall (     a =tress1 
s]v+ z a w9d[1 or to %oot ?r\gh4        
,,luc>ne4--,a spire-light4 ,a small w9d[
 l a sl5d]     dorm] w9d[4       ,,moat 
7or ,fosse74--,! dit* r\nd a =tress or  
semi-=tifi$ h\se4      ,,mosaic4--,an   
ornam5t = pavem5ts1 walls1 & ! surfaces 
( vaults1 =m$ by cem5t+ toge!r small    
pieces (     col\r$ mat]ial 7/one1      
m>ble1 tile1 c47 s z to     produce a   

patt]n or picture4      ,,m\ld+4--,a t]m
 appli$ to all v>ieties ( cont\r or     
outl9e giv5 to ! angles1 projections1 or
 recesses ( !     v>i\s p>ts ( a build+4
 ,! object be+ ei!r to     produce an   
outl9e satisfactory to ! eye2 or1 m     
frequ5tly1 to obta9 a play ( light &    
%ade1 & to     produce ! appe>ance ( a  
l9e or a s]ies ( l9es1 broad     or     
n>r[1 & ( v>y+ int5sity ( lightness or  
%ade 9     ! build+ or "s ( its         
features4      ,! cont\r :i* a m\ld+    
w\ld pres5t :5 cut across     9 a       
direction at "r angles to its l5g? is   
call$ its     pr(ile4      ,! pr(ile (  
m\ld+s v>i$ ) ea* /yle (     ar*itecture
 & at ea* p]iod 7,figs4 ,w to ,z74 ,:5  
ornam5ts are c>v$ out ( "s ( ! m\ld$    
surfaces !     latt] are te*nically t]m$
 enri*$ m\ld+s4 ,!     enri*m5ts 9 use  
v>i$ ) ea* /yle & ea* p]iod1     z !    
m\ld+s !mselves did4      ,,mullion4--,!
 upright b>s ( /one frequ5tly employ$   
7especially 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture7 to    
subdivide "o w9d[     into two or m     

lights4       ,,nave4--7#a7 ,! c5tral   
av5ue ( a *ur* or ca!dral2 7#b7     !   
we/]n "p ( a *ur* z di/+ui%$ f !        
*ancel or *oir2 7#c7 occasionally1 any  
av5ue 9 !     int]ior ( a build+ :i* is 
divid$ by "o or m r[s     ( columns     
runn+ l5g?ways is call$ a nave4         
,,neck+ 7( a column74--,! po9t 7usually 
m>k$ by a     fillet or o!r small       
project+ m\ld+7 :]e ! %aft     ends & ! 
capital beg9s4      ,,newel ,,po/4--,!  
/\t po/ at ! foot ( a /aircase f     :i*
 ! balu/rade or ! h&rail />ts4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,w4--,,ar* ,,m\ld+4
 7,go?ic1 #ab?           ,c5tury47      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,y4--,,ar* ,,m\ld+4
 7,decorat$1 #ad?           ,c5tury47   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,z4--,,ar* ,,m\ld+4
 7,go?ic1 #ac?           ,c5tury47      
,,ni*e4--,a recess 9 a wall = a /atue1  
vase1 or o!r     upright ornam5t4       
,,norman4--,! ar*itecture ( ,engl& f !  
,norman     ,conque/ till ! latt] "p ( !
 twelf? c5tury4       ,,ogee4--,a m\ld+ 
or l9e ( "p concave & "p convex         

curvature 7see ,fig4 ,e1 %[+ an         
ogee-%ap$ ar*74                         
,,ogival4--,ogee-%ap$ 7see ,fig4 #ed74  
,,op5 ,,trac]y4--,trac]y 9 :i* ! spaces 
betwe5 ! b>s     are nei!r clos$ by     
slabs ( /one nor glaz$4                 
,,ord]4--7#a7 ,9 ,classical &           
,r5aissance ar*itecture a     s+le      
column or pila/] & its appropriate      
entablature or     sup]/ructure2 7#b7 a 
s]ies ( columns or pila/]s )     _!     
entablature2 7#c7 an entire decorative  
sy/em     appropriate to ! k9d ( column 
*os54 ,9 ,r5aissance     ar*itecture !re
 are five ord]s--! ,tuscan1 ,doric1     
,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,composite4 ,ea*   
has its own prop]     column1 & its     
prop] base1 %aft1 & capital2 & its own  
entablature4 ,! proportions & ! degree (
 enri*m5t     appropriate to ea* v>y4 ,!
 ,tuscan be+ ! /urdie/ &     pla9e/1 !  
,composite ! mo/ sl5d] & mo/ small1 &   
! o!rs tak+ place 9 ! succession 9 :i*  
!y     /& enum]at$ above4 ,:]e m ?an "o 
ord] occurs 9     a build+1 z con/antly 

happ5s 9 ,classic & ,r5aissance         
build+s1 ! ord]s :i* are ! pla9e/ & mo/ 
/urdy     7& h be5 nam$ fir/7 if        
employ$1 are inv>iably     plac$ bel[ ! 
m sl5d] ord]s2 e4g4 ! ,doric is     nev]
 plac$ ov] ! ,cor9?ian or ! ,ionic1 b if
     employ$ 9 comb9ation ) ei!r ( ^?   
ord]s x is     always ! l[e/ 9 position4
      ,,oriel4--,a w9d[ project+ l a bay
 or b[ w9d[1 n     re/+ on ! gr\nd b    
?r[n out above ! gr\nd level     & re/+ 
on a corbel4       ,,palladian4--,a     
phase ( fully develop$ ,r5aissance      
ar*itecture introduc$ by ! ar*itect     
,palladio1 &     l>gely foll[$ 9 ,engl& 
z well z 9 ,italy4      ,,panel4--7#a7  
,! ?9n] portions ( ! fram$ woodwork (   
doors & o!r su* jo9]'s "w2 7#b7 all sunk
     comp>tm5ts 9 masonry1 ceil+s1 c4   
,,panell+4--7#a7 ,woodwork =m$ (        
framework conta9+     panels2 7#b7 any  
decoration =m$ ( a s]ies ( sunk         
comp>tm5ts4      ,,p>apet4--,a brea/work
 or l[ wall us$ to protect !     gutt]s 
& scre5 ! ro(s ( build+s2 also1 p]haps  

prim>ily1 to protect ! ramp>ts (        
=tifications4        ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 ,a ,a4--,,op5 ,,p>apet1 ,,late   
,,decorat$4        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
,b ,b4--,,battlem5t$ ,,p>apet1          
,,p]p5dicul>4      ,,pavilion4--,a      
/rongly m>k$ s+le block ( build+2 mo/   
frequ5tly appli$ to ^? blocks 9 ,fr5* & 
o!r     ,r5aissance build+s t are m>k$  
out by high ro(s4      ,,p$e/al4--7#a7  
,a sub/ructure sometimes plac$ "u a     
column 9 ,r5aissance ar*itecture2 7#b7 a
 simil>     sub/ructure int5d$ to c>ry a
 /atue1 vase1 or o!r     ornam5t4       
,,p$im5t4--7#a7 ,! gable1 :]e us$ 9     
,r5aissance     build+s2 7#b7 an        
ornam5tal gable sometimes plac$ ov]     
w9d[s1 doors1 & o!r features 9 ,go?ic   
build+s4      ,,p]p4           ,! ,go?ic
 ar*itecture ( ! fifte5? c5tury         
,,p]p5dicul>4    9 ,engl&4 ,abbreviat$  
,p]p4      ,,pi]4--7#a7 ,a mass ( wall+1
 ei!r a deta*$ portion (     a wall or a
 di/9ct /ructure ( masonry1 tak+ ! place
     ( a column 9 ! arcade ( a *ur* or  

else:]e2 7#b7 a     gr\p or clu/] (     
%afts sub/itut$ = a column4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,c ,c4--,,e>ly     
,,engli% ,,pi]s4        ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 ,d ,d4--,,late ,,decorat$ ,,&    
,,p]p5dicul>           ,,pi]s4          
,,pila/]4--,a squ>e column1 usually     
atta*$ to a wall2     frequ5tly us$ 9   
,classic & ,r5aissance ar*itecture 9    
comb9ation ) columns4      ,,p9nacle 79 
,go?ic ar*itecture74--,a small turret1  
or     ornam5t1 usually ) a po9t$ top1  
employ$ to m>k !     summit ( gables1   
buttresses1 & o!r tall features4        
,,pit*4--,! degree ( slope giv5 to a    
ro(1 gable1 or     p$im5t4              
,,plan4--7#a7 ,a map ( ! floor ( a      
build+1 %[+ !     pi]s1 if any1 & !     
walls :i* inclose & divide x1     ) !   
op5+s 9 !m2 7#b7 ! actual arrangem5t &  
disposition ( ! floors1 pi]s1 & walls ( 
! build+     itself4      ,,plane4--,!  
imag9>y surface )9 :i* a s]ies (        
m\ld+s lies1 & :i* co9cides ) ! sali5t &
     important po9ts ( t s]ies4 ,m\ld+s 

are said to be on     an oblique plane  
:5 _! plane =ms an angle less ?an a     
"r angle ) ! face ( ! wall2 & 9 rec$+   
planes1 :5 !y c be divid$ into a s]ies (
 gr\ps (     m or less /epp$ outl9e1 ea*
 )9 & beh9d !     o!r1 & ea* p>tly b\nd$
 by a plane p>allel ) !     face ( !    
wall4      ,,pla/]4--,! pla/ic mat]ial1 
( :i* ! gr\ndwork is     lime & s&1 us$ 
to cov] walls int]nally & to =m         
ceil+s4 ,sometimes employ$ z a cov]+ to 
walls     ext]nally4      ,,pl9?4--,!   
base ( a wall or ( a column or range (  
columns4      ,,portal4--,a dignifi$ &  
important entrance doorway4             
,,portico4--,a range ( columns ) _!     
entablature 7&     usually cov]$ by a   
p$im5t71 m>k+ ! entrance to a           
,r5aissance or ,classic build+4         
,,prismatic ,,ru/ication4--,9           
,elizabe?an ar*itecture     ru/icat$    
masonry ) diamond-%ap$ projections work$
 on     ! face ( ea* /one4              
,,pr(ile4--,! cont\r or outl9e ( m\ld+s 
z !y w\ld     appe> if sawn across at "r

 angles to _! l5g?4      ,,por*4--,a    
small ext]nal /ructure to protect &     
ornam5t     ! doorway to a build+ 7r>ely
 met ) 9 ,r5aissance74                  
,,quatrefoil4--,a f\r-leav$ ornam5t     
occupy+ a circle 9     trac]y or a      
panel4       ,,raft]s4--,! slop+ beams (
 a ro( ^u :i* !     cov]+ ( ! ro( re/s4 
,,rag/one4--,a co>se /one f\nd 9 p>ts ( 
,k5t &     else:]e1 & us$ = wall+4      
,,rec$+ ,,planes4--7,see ,plane47       
,,recess4--,a s9k+ 9 a build+ deep] ?an 
a m]e panel4      ,,recess+4--,=m+ "o or
 m recesses4 ,?r[+ back "s     "p ( a   
build+ beh9d ! g5]al face4              
,,r5aissance4--,! art ( ! p]iod ( !     
,classic revival     :i* began 9 !      
sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is volume us$       
*iefly to d5ote ! ar*itecture ( ,europe 
9 t & !     succe$+ c5turies4      ,,rib
 79 ,go?ic vault+74--,a b> ( masonry or 
m\ld+     project+ beyond ! g5]al       
surface ( a vault1 to m>k     its       
int]sections or subdivide its surface1 &
 to add     /r5g?4      ,,ridge4--7#a7  

,! /raight l9e or ornam5t :i* m>ks !    
summit ( a ro(2 7#b7 ! l9e or rib1      
/raight or curv$1     :i* m>ks ! summit 
( a vault4      ,,roll4--,a r\nd m\ld+4 
,,rose ,,w9d[4--,a :eel w9d[ 7:i* see74 
,,rubble4--,r\gh /onework =m+ ! he>t ( a
 masonry     wall2 sometimes fac$ ) a%l>
 7:i* see71 sometimes     %[n4          
,,ru/ication 7or ,,ru/icat$             
,,masonry74--,! sort ( ornam5tal        
a%l> masonry 7*iefly ,classic &         
,r5aissance7 9 :i*     ea* /one is      
di/+ui%$ by a broad *annel all r\nd x1  
m>k+ ! jo9ts4      ,,ru/ics4--,!        
individual blocks ( /one us$ 9          
ru/ication     7z describ$ above74      
,,scre54--,an int]nal p>tition or       
inclosure cutt+ (f "p     ( a build+4   
,at ! entrance to ! *oir ( a *ur*       
scre5s ( beautiful workman%ip 7 us$4    
,,scroll ,,m\ld+4--,a r\nd roll m\ld+   
%[+ a l9e along     its face 7di/9ctive 
( decorat$ ,go?ic74      ,,scroll       
,,"w4--,ornam5t %[+ w9d+ spiral l9es l !
     edge ( a scroll ( pap] 7*iefly f\nd

 9 ,elizabe?an74      ,,section4--7#a7  
,a draw+ ( a build+ z x w\ld appe> if   
cut ?r\gh at "s fix$ plane4 7#b7 ,t "p (
 !     con/ruction ( a build+ :i* w\ld  
be display$ by su*     a draw+ z        
describ$ above4 7#c7 ,! pr(ile ( a      
m\ld+4      ,,set-,,(f4--,a small l$ge  
=m$ by dim9i%+ ! ?ickness     ( a wall  
or pi]4      ,,sexp>tite ,,vault+4--,:]e
 ea* bay or comp>tm5t is     divid$ by  
its ma9 ribs into six portions4         
,,sgraffito 7,italian74--,an ornam5t    
produc$ by scrat*+     l9es on ! pla/]$ 
face ( a build+ s z to %[ a     diff]5t 
col\r fill+ up ! l9es or surfaces       
scrat*$     away4      ,,%aft4--7#a7 ,! 
middle "p ( a column betwe5 its base &  
capital4 7#b7 ,9 ,go?ic1 sl5d] columns  
introduc$ =     ornam5tal purposes1 s+ly
 or 9 clu/]s4      ,,%ell ,,ornam5t4--,a
 decoration frequ5tly employ$ 9 ,italian
     & ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 & resembl+ !  
int]ior ( a     %ell4                   
,,sky-,,l9e4--,! outl9e :i* a build+ w  
%[ aga9/     ! sky4      ,,sp&rel4--,!  

triangul> 7or o!r %ap$7 space betwe5    
! outside ( an ar* & ! m\ld+s1 or       
surfaces     inclos+ x or 9 contact ) x4
 7,see ,fig4 ,s1 "u     ,diap]47        
,,spire4--,! /eep & po9t$ ro( ( a t[]   
7usually a     *ur* t[]74               
,,spire-,,light 7or ,,luc>ne74--,a dorm]
 w9d[ 7:i* see7 9 a     spire4          
,,splay4--,a slope mak+ ) ! face ( a    
wall an angle less     ?an a "r angle4  
,,/age4--,"o division 9 ! height ( any  
build+ or     portion ( a build+ :]e    
horizontal divisions are     di/9ctly   
m>k$1 e4g41 ! belfry /age ( a t[]1 !    
division 9 :i* ! bells are hung4        
,,/eeple4--,a t[] & spire 9 comb9ation4 
,sometimes     appli$ to a t[] or spire 
sep>ately4      ,,/epp$ ,,gable4--,a    
gable 9 :i*1 in/ead ( a slop+ l9e1     !
 outl9e is =m$ by a s]ies ( /eps4       
,,/ilt$ ,,ar*4--,an ar* ( :i* ! curve   
does n comm5ce     till above ! level ( 
! impo/ 7:i* see74      ,,/ory4--7#a7 ,!
 portion ( a build+ betwe5 "o floor &   
! next2 7#b7 any /age or decid$ly m>k$  

horizontal     comp>tm5t ( a build+1 ev5
 if n correspond+ to an     actual /ory 
m>k$ by a floor4      ,,/rap-,,"w       
7,elizabe?an74--,an ornam5t repres5t+   
/rap-l fillets int]lac$4                
,,/r+-,,c\rse4--,a project+ horizontal  
7or occasionally     slop+7 b& or l9e ( 
m\ld+s4       ,,tab]nacle ,,"w4--,!     
ri*ly ornam5t$ & c>v$ "w )     :i* !    
small] & m preci\s features ( a *ur*1   
e4g41 ! fitt+s ( a *oir1 7 adorn$ & made
     conspicu\s4      ,,t]m9al 7or      
,f9ial74--,! ornam5tal top ( a p9nacle1 
gable1 c4      ,,t]ra-,,cotta4--,a f9e  
k9d ( brick capable ( be+ highly        
ornam5t$1 & =m$ into blocks ( "s size4  
,,?ru/4--,! pressure ex]cis$ lat]ally by
 an ar* or     vault1 or by ! timb]s ( a
 ro( on ! abutm5ts or     supports4     
,,tie4--,a beam ( wood1 b> ( iron1 or   
simil> exp$i5t     employ$ to hold      
toge!r ! feet or sides ( an ar*1        
vault1 or ro(1 & s c\nt]act ! ?ru/4     
,,torus4--,a l>ge convex m\ld+4         
,,t[]4--,a portion ( a build+ ris+      

conspicu\sly above     ! g5]al mass1 &  
obvi\sly di/+ui%$ by its height     f t 
mass4 ,a deta*$ build+ ( :i* ! height is
     great1 relative to ! wid? & bread?4
      ,,trac]y 7,go?ic74--,! ornam5tal  
/onework =m$ by !     curv+ & int]lac+ (
 b>s ( /one1 & occupy+ !     heads (    
w9d[s1 panels1 & o!r situations :]e     
decoration & lightness h to be comb9$4  
,! simple/     & e>lie/ trac]y might be 
describ$ z a comb9ation (     op5+s     
pi]c$ ?r\gh ! /one head ( an ar*4 ,cusp+
     & foliation 7:i* see7 are features 
( trac]y4 7,see     ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1    
#ee1 & #eg 9 ! text47                   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,e                 
,e4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,w9d[-,,head4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,f ,f4--,,late     
,,p]p5dicul> ,,w9d[-,,head4             
,,transept4--,! arms ( a *ur* or ca!dral
 :i* cross     ! l9e ( ! nave4          
,,transition4--,! ar*itecture ( a p]iod 
com+ betwe5 &     %>+ ! *>act]i/ics (   
two di/9ctly m>k$ /yles     or phases ( 
ar*itecture1 "o ( :i* succe$$ ! o!r4    

,,transom4--,a horizontal b> 7usually ( 
/one7 across a     w9d[ or panel4       
,,trefoil4--,a ?ree-leav$ or ?ree-lob$  
=m f\nd     con/antly 9 ! heads ( w9d[s 
& 9 o!r situations     :]e trac]y is    
employ$4      ,,tri=ium 7or             
,,?or\gh-,,f>e74--,! /ory 9 a l>ge *ur* 
or ca!dral int]m$iate betwe5 ! arcade   
sep>at+ !     nave & aisles1 & !        
cl]e/ory4      ,,tudor4--,! ar*itecture 
( ,engl& dur+ ! reigns ( !     ,tudor   
k+s4 ,! use ( ! t]m is usually1 h[ev]1  
re/rict$ to a p]iod :i* closes ) ! end (
 ,h5ry     ,,viii4's reign1 #aedg4      
,,turret4--,a small t[]1 sometimes ris+ 
f ! gr\nd1     b (t5 c>ri$ on corbels & 
comm5c+ ne> ! upp]     "p ( ! build+ to 
:i* x is an app5dage4                   
,,tympanum4--,! fill+ 9 ( ! head ( an   
ar*1 or     occasionally ( an ornam5tal 
gable4       ,,und]cutt+4--,a m\ld+ or  
ornam5t ( :i* ! great]     "p /&s out f 
! m\ld+s or surfaces :i* x     adjo9s1 z
 ?\gh almo/ or q deta*$ f !m1 is        
said to be und]cut4       ,,vault4--,an 

ar*$ ceil+ to a build+1 or "p ( a       
build+1 execut$ 9 masonry or 9 "s       
sub/itute =     masonry4      ,! vaults 
( ! ,norman p]iod 7 simple b>rel- or    
waggon-head$ vaults1 & semicircul> ar*es
 only 7 us$     9 _! con/ruction4 ,) !  
,go?ic p]iod ! use (     int]sect+1 & z 
a result ( po9t$ ar*es1 0     introduc$ 
into vault+1 & vaults w5t on increas+ 9 
complexity & elaboration till ! ,tudor  
p]iod1 :5     fan-vault+ 0 employ$4 ,our
 illu/rations %[ "s (     ! /eps 9 !    
developm5t ( ,go?ic vaults ref]r$ to 9  
,*apt] ,v4 ( ! text4 ,no4 #a repres5ts a
 waggon-head vault     ) an int]sect+   
vault occupy+ "p ( its l5g?4 ,no4     #b
 repres5ts "o ( ! exp$i5ts adopt$ =     
vault+ an     oblong comp>tm5t be=e !   
po9t$ ar* 0 introduc$4     ,! n>r[] ar* 
is /ilt$ & ! l9e ( ! gro9 is     n true4
 ,no4 #c repres5ts a simil> comp>tm5t   
vault$     )\t any di/ortion or         
irregul>ity by ! help ( !     po9t$ ar*4
 ,no4 #d repres5ts "o lay ( a sexp>tite 
,go?ic vault4 ,no4 #e repres5ts a vault 

) li]ne ribs     mak+ a />-%ap$ pallom  
on plan1 & ,no4 #f is a some:at     m   
intricate example ( ! same class (      
vault4        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,g   
,g4--,,vaults4      ,vaults are met ) 9 
,r5aissance build+s1 b !y are a     less
 di/9ctive feature ( su* build+s ?an !y 
7 9     ! ,go?ic p]iod2 & 9 _m cases :]e
 a vault or a     s]ies ( vaults w\ld h 
be5 employ$ by a ,go?ic     ar*itect1 a 
,r5aissance ar*itect has pref]r$ to make
 use     ( a dome or a s]ies ( domes4   
,?is is call$ domical     vault+4       
,examples ( x occur occasionally 9      
,go?ic "w4       ,,waggon-,,head        
,,vault+1 ,,or ,,b>rel-,,vault+4--,a    
simple =m (     tunnel-l vault+1 :i*    
gets its "n f its     resemblance to !  
tilt (t5 se5 ov] l>ge waggons1 or to    
! half ( a b>rel4      ,,wa9scot4--7#a7 
,! panell+ (t5 employ$ to l9e !         
walls ( a room or build+2 7#b7 a f9ely  
m>k$ v>iety (     oak import$ *iefly f  
,holl&2 probably s call$     because    
wa9scot oak 0 at "o "t l>gely employ$ = 

su* panell+4      ,,wea!r+4--,a slop+   
surface ( /one employ$ to cov]     !    
set-(f 7:i* see7 ( a wall or buttress & 
protect x     f ! effects ( wea!r4      
,,:eel ,,w9d[4--,a circul> w9d[1 &      
usually "o 9 :i*     mullions radiate f 
a c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce     l !     
spokes ( a :eel2 sometimes call$ a      
rose-w9d[4      ,,w9d[-,,head4--,=      
illu/rations ( ! v>i\s =ms &     fill+-9
 ( ,go?ic w9d[-heads1 see ! words ,ar* &
     ,trac]y4    ,illu/ration3          
,,ornam5tal ,,dolph9 ,,patt]n4          
,,head ,,& ,,tailpieces4                
,,page      ,,headpiece4--,,crete ,,f   
,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is                  
#a                 ,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t
 ,,f ,,rheims ,,ca!dral            #f   
,,s5s ,,ca!dral             #ba         
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey          #bh          
,,tailpiece4--,,norman ,,capitals       
#dd      ,,headpiece4--,,sculptur$      
,,ornam5t ,,f ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey         
#de      ,,tailpiece4--,,mis]]e ,,seat  
,,f ,,wells ,,ca!dral                   

#fh      ,,headpiece4--,,/a9$ ,,glass   
,,f ,,*>tres ,,ca!dral               #fi
      ,,tailpiece4--,,mis]]e ,,seat ,,f 
,,wells ,,ca!dral                  #ib  
,,ornam5t ,,f ,,rheims ,,ca!dral        
#aec      ,,headpiece4--,,r5aissance    
,,ornam5t ,,f ,a ,,frieze               
#aed                 ,,f ,a             
,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,frieze ,,at ,,lodi     
#afe      ,,tailpiece4--,,f ,a ,,door   
,,9 ,,santa ,,m>ia1 ,,v5ice             
#aib      ,,headpiece4--,,ornam5t ,,by  
,,giulio ,,romano                       
#aic                 ,,f ,a ,,frieze    
,,at ,,v5ice                            
#bce  ,,! ,,end-,,pap]s ,,are ,,f ,a    
,,tape/ry ,,9 ,,h>dwick ,,hall4         
,illu/ration3 ,! ,lily ( ,flor5ce4      
,illu/ration3 ,,crete ,,f ,,notre       
,,dame1 ,,p>is4  ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4 
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,introduction4   ,!       
ar*itecture g5]ally kn[n z ,go?ic1 b (t5
 describ$ z ,*ri/ian ,po9t$1 prevail$   
?r\gh\t ,europe to ! exclusion ( e rival
 = upw>ds ( ?ree c5turies2 & x is to be 

met )1 m or less1 dur+ two o!rs4 ,speak+
 broadly1 x may be said t its orig9 took
 place 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 t ! ?irte5? 0 
! p]iod ( its developm5t1 ! f\rte5? t ( 
its p]fection1 & ! fifte5? t ( its      
decl9e2 :ile _m examples ( its employm5t
 occur 9 ! sixte5?4  ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s 
! pr9cipal *anges 9 ! features ( build+s
 :i* occurr$ dur+ ! progress ( ! /yle 9 
,engl& w be describ$4 ,subsequ5tly1 !   
mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t
 7 rea*$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries w be giv52 =
 ar*itecture pass$ ?r\gh v ne>ly ! same 
phases 9 all ,european nations1 ?\gh n q
 simultane\sly4  ,x mu/ be und]/ood t   
?r\gh ! :ole ,go?ic p]iod1 gr[? or at   
lea/ *ange 0 go+ on2 ! transitions f "o 
/age to ano!r 7 only p]iods ( m rapid   
*ange ?an usual4 ,! :ole process may be 
illu/rat$ by ! progress ( a language4   
,if1 = in/ance1 we comp>e r\nd-ar*$     
ar*itecture 9 ! elev5? c5tury to !      
,anglo-,saxon =m ( spee* ( ! "t ( ,alfr$
 ! ,great1 & ! ar*itecture ( ! twelf?   
c5tury to ! ,engli% ( ,*auc]1 t ( !     

?irte5? w correspond to ! ri*] language 
( ,%akespe>e1 t ( ! f\rte5? to ! highly 
poli%$ language ( ,addison & ,pope1 & t 
( ! fifte5? to ! ,engli% ( our own day4 
,we c ?us obta9 an apt p>allel to !     
gradual *ange & gr[? :i* w5t on 9       
ar*itecture2 & we %all f9d t ! on5ess ( 
! language 9 ! =m] case1 & ( !          
ar*itecture 9 ! latt]1 0 ma9ta9$        
?r\gh\t4  ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,*ri/ian     
r\nd-ar*$ ar*itecture :i* prec$$ ,go?ic1
 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! companion volume
 9 ?is s]ies4 ,"h x w be only necess>y  
briefly to review ! circum/ances :i* w5t
 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! po9t$ /yles4  ,!  
,roman empire _h introduc$ into ,europe 
"s ?+ l a univ]sal ar*itecture1 s t !   
build+s ( any ,roman colony bore a /rong
 resemblance to ^? ( e o!r colony & ( ! 
metropolis2 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 9 ext5t &    
magnific5ce1 b n mu* 9 design4 ,!       
ar*itecture ( ! ,d>k ,ages 9 ,we/]n     
,europe exhibit$1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! same
 g5]al simil>ity4 ,d[n to ! elev5?      
c5tury ! build+s erect$ 7almo/          

exclusively *ur*es & mona/ic build+s7 7 
n l>ge or ri*1 & 7 heavy 9 appe>ance &  
simple 9 con/ruction4 ,_! ar*es 7 all   
semicircul>4  ,! fir/ rays ( light      
across ! gloom ( ! ,d>k ,ages seem to h 
come f ! en]gy & ability ( ,*>lemagne 9 
! eigh? c5tury4  ,9 ! succe$+ c5tury1   
?is activity receiv$ a *eck2 an idea    
became g5]ally preval5t t ! ye> "o ?\s& 
0 to see ! end ( ! _w2 m5's m9ds 7      
ov]%ad[$ ) appreh5sion2 & build+s1 9    
common ) o!r und]tak+s ( a p]man5t      
nature1 7 b little attempt$4  ,:5 !     
mill5nium came & pass$1 & left all z x  
_h be51 a k9d ( revulsion ( feel+ 0     
exp]i5c$2 _m important und]tak+s 7 set  
on foot1 su* z dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s x _h n
 be5 ?\ght wor? :ile to prosecute4 ,!   
elev5? c5tury ?us became a "t ( great   
religi\s activity2 & if ! ,fir/         
,crusade1 :i* took place #ajie1 may be  
tak5 z "o outcome ( t pi\s zeal1 ano!r c
 c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 ! l>ge & (t5 co/ly   
*ur*es & mona/]ies :i* rose 9 e "p (    
,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,lomb>dy1 &   

,s\? ,italy4 ,ke5 rivalry rag$ among !  
build]s ( ^! *ur*es2 ea* "o 0 built l>g]
 & f9] ?an ! previ\s examples1 & !      
details began to gr[ elaborate4         
,con/ruction & ornam5t 7 9 fact advanc+ 
& improv+1 if n f ye> to ye>1 at any    
rate f decade to decade1 s t by !       
comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury a rem>kable
 developm5t _h tak5 place4 ,! ideas ( ! 
dim5sions ( *ur*es !n ent]ta9$ 7 really 
almo/ z lib]al z dur+ ! be/ p]iod (     
,go?ic ar*itecture4  ,an illu/ration (  
?is fact is furni%$ by ! rebuild+ (     
,we/m9/] ,abbey "u ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 
,he pull$ d[n a small *ur* :i* he f\nd  
/&+ on ! site1 9 ord] to erect "o       
suitable 9 size & /yle to ! ideas ( !   
day4 ,! /yle ( 8 ca!dral 7b n its       
dim5sions7 soon became s mu* out ( date 
t ,h5ry ,,iii4 pull$ ! build+s d[n 9    
ord] to re-erect !m ( ! l(ty proportions
 & ) ! po9t$ ar*es :i* we n[ see 9 !    
*oir & transepts ( ! ,abbey2 b ! size   
rema9$ ne>ly ! same1 = !re is evid5ce to
 %[ t ! ,confessor's build+s mu/ h      

occupi$ v ne>ly1 if n q1 z mu* gr\nd z  
^? :i* succe$$ !m4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( !    
twelf? c5tury _m local peculi>ities1 "s 
( !m due to accid5t1 "s to ! nature &   
quality ( ! build+ mat]ials obta9able1  
"s to diff]5ces ( race1 climate1 &      
habits1 & "s to o!r causes1 _h begun to 
make _! appe>ance 9 ! build+s ( v>i\s   
p>ts ( ,europe2 & ?r\gh ! :ole ,go?ic   
p]iod su* peculi>ities 7 to be met )4   
,/ill ! po9ts ( simil>ity 7 great] & m  
num]\s ?an ! diff]5ces2 s mu* s1 t by   
go+ ?r\gh ! c\rse :i* ,go?ic ar*itecture
 ran 9 "o ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* x fl\ri%$1 
x w readily be possible to furni% a     
g5]al outl9e ( ! subject z a :ole2 x w  
!n only be requisite to po9t out !      
pr9cipal v>iations 9 ! practice ( o!r   
c\ntries4 ,on "s gr\nds ,france w\ld be 
! mo/ suitable c\ntry to select = ?is   
purpose1 = ,go?ic appe>$ e>li] & fl\ri%$
 m brilliantly 9 t c\ntry ?an 9 any o!r2
 ! balance ( advantage lies h[ev]1 :5   
writ+ = ,engli% /ud5ts1 9 ! selection ( 
,great ,brita94 ,! v>i\s phases ?r\gh   

:i* ! art pass$ are well m>k$ 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 !y h be5 fully /udi$ & describ$1
 &1 :at is ( ! greate/ importance1      
,engli% examples are easily accessible  
to ! majority ( /ud5ts1 :ile ^? :i* _c  
be visit$ may be v readily /udi$ f      
engrav+s & photographs4 ,engli% ,go?ic w
 !re=e be fir/ consid]$2 b z a prelim9>y
 a few words rema9 to be said describ+  
g5]ally ! build+s :i* h come d[n to u f 
! ,go?ic p]iod4  ,! ^w ,go?ic1 :i* 0 9  
use 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & probably     
e>li]1 0 inv5t$ at a "t :5 a ,go? 0     
synonym\s ) ev]y?+ t 0 b>b>\s2 & its use
 !n impli$ a reproa*4 ,x d5otes1 accord+
 to ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 all ! /yles inv5t$ &
 us$ by ! ,we/]n b>b>ians :o ov]?rew !  
,roman empire1 & settl$ )9 its limits4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4--,,we/          
,,entrance1 ,,li*field ,,ca!dral1       
7#abge47       7,see ,*apt] ,v47        
,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t ,,f 
,,rheims ,,ca!dral4  ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! 
,,build+s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4   ,by
 f> ! mo/ important specim5s ( ,go?ic   

ar*itecture are ! ca!drals & l>ge *ur*es
 :i* 7 built dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! /yle4 
,!y 7 m num]\s1 l>g]1 & m complete z    
works ( art ?an any o!r /ructures1 &    
accord+ly !y are to be consid]$ on e    
acc\nt z ! be/ examples ( po9t$         
ar*itecture4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#b4--;,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,pet]bor\gh   
,,ca!dral4 7#aaah       to #aaic47 ,a4  
,nave4 ,b ,b4 ,transepts4 ,c4 ,*oir4 ,d 
,d4 ,aisles4       ,e4 ,pr9cipal        
,entrance4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#c4--,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,!      
,,nave ,,( ,,salisbury       ,,ca!dral4 
7,a4,d4 #abag74  ,! arrangem5t &        
con/ruction ( a ,go?ic ca!dral 7        
cu/om>ily z foll[s3--7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,!
 ma9 axis ( ! build+ 0 always ea/ & we/1
 ! pr9cipal entrance be+ at ! we/ end1  
usually "u a gr& por* or portal1 & !    
high alt> /ood at ! ea/ end4 ,! plan 7or
 ma9 floor7 ( ! build+ almo/ always     
displays ! =m ( a cross4 ,! /em ( !     
cross is ! "p f ! we/ entrance to !     
cross+1 & is call$ ! nave4 ,! arms ( !  

cross are call$ transepts1 & po9t       
respectively nor? & s\?4 ,_! cross+ ) ! 
nave is (t5 call$ ! int]section4 ,!     
rema9+ arm1 :i* prolongs ! /em ea/w>ds1 
is ord9>ily call$ ! *oir1 b sometimes ! 
presbyt]y1 & sometimes ! *ancel4 ,all ^!
 names really ref] to ! position ( !    
int]nal fitt+s ( ! *ur*1 & x is (t5 m   
accurate simply to employ ! t]m ea/]n   
arm = ?is portion ( a *ur*4  ,! nave is 
flank$ by two av5ues runn+ p>allel to x1
 n>r[] & l[] ?an itself1 call$ aisles4  
,!y are sep>at$ f x by r[s ( columns or 
pi]s1 connect$ toge!r by ar*es4 ,?us !  
nave has an arcade on ea* side ( x1 &   
ea* aisle has an arcade on "o side1 & a 
ma9 ext]nal wall on ! o!r4 ,! aisle     
walls are usually pi]c$ by w9d[s4 ,!    
ar*es ( ! arcade c>ry walls :i* rise    
above ! ro(s ( ! aisles1 & light ! nave4
 ,^! walls are usually subdivid$        
int]nally into two heights or /ories2 ! 
l[] /ory consi/s ( a s]ies ( small      
ar*es1 to :i* ! "n ( tri=ium is giv54   
,?is arcade usually op5s into ! d>k     

space above ! ceil+ or vault ( ! aisle1 
& h5ce x is sometimes call$ ! bl9d /ory4
 ,! upp] /ory is ! range ( w9d[s already
 allud$ to z light+ ! nave1 & is call$ !
 cl]e/ory4 ,?us a spectator /&+ 9 !     
nave1 & look+ t[>ds ! side 7,figs4 #d & 
#e71 w see opposite him ! ma9 arcade1 & 
ov] t ! tri=ium1 & ov] t ! cl]e/ory1    
cr[n$ by ! nave vault or ro(2 & look+   
?r\gh ! ar*es ( ! nave arcade1 he w see 
! side w9d[s ( ! aisle4 ,above !        
cl]e/ory ( ! nave1 & ! side w9d[s ( !   
aisles1 come ! vaults or ro(s4 ,9 "s    
in/ances d\ble aisles 7two on ea* side7 
h be5 employ$4  ,! transepts usually    
consi/ ( well-m>k$ limbs1 divid$ l !    
nave into a c5tre av5ue & two side      
aisles1 & ^! usually are ( ! same wid? &
 height z ! nave & its aisles4          
,sometimes !re are no transepts2        
sometimes !y d n project beyond ! l9e ( 
! walls1 b /ill are m>k$ by _! ris+     
above ! l[] height ( ! nave aisles4     
,sometimes ! transepts h no aisles1 or  
an aisle only on "o side4#a ,on ! o!r   

h&1 x is sometimes cu/om>y1 especially 9
 ,engli% examples1 to =m two pairs (    
transepts4 ,?is occurs 9 ,li*field      
,ca!dral4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#d4--;,,*oir ,,( ,,worce/] ,,ca!dral4   
7,,begun #abbd47       ,a4 ,nave        
,arcade4 ,b4 ,tri=ium4 ,c4 ,cl]e/ory4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,nave ,,(    
,,wells ,,ca!dral4 7#abjf ,,to #abdb47  
,a4 ,nave ,arcade4 ,b4 ,tri=ium4 ,c4    
,cl]e/ory4  ,! ea/]n arm ( ! ca!dral is 
! "p to :i* mo/ importance 0 atta*$1 & x
 is usual to m>k t importance by great] 
ri*ness1 & by a diff]5ce 9 ! height (   
its ro( or vault z comp>$ ) ! nave2 its 
floor is always rais$4 ,x also has its  
c5tral passage & its aisles2 & x has    
d\ble aisles mu* m frequ5tly ?an ! nave4
 ,! ea/]n t]m9ation ( ! ca!dral is      
sometimes semicircul>1 sometimes        
polygonal1 & :5 x takes ?is =m x is     
call$ an apse or an apsidal ea/ end2    
sometimes x is squ>e1 ! apse be+ mo/ 9  
use on ! ,cont95t1 & ! squ>e ea/ end 9  
,engl&4 ,atta*$ to "s ( ! side walls ( !

 *ur* x is usual to h a s]ies ( *apels2 
^! are ord9>ily *amb]s p>tly %ut (f f ! 
ma9 /ructure1 b op5+ into x by ar*$     
op5+s2 ea* *apel conta9s an alt>4 ,!    
f9e/ *apel is usually "o plac$ on ! axis
 ( ! ca!dral1 & ea/ ( ! ea/ end ( ! ma9 
build+2 ?is is call$1 :]e x exi/s1 !    
,lady ,*apel1 & 0 cu/om>ily d$icat$ to !
 ,virg94 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel at       
,we/m9/] 7,fig4 #f7 furni%es a famili>  
in/ance ( ! lady *apel ( a great *ur*4  
,next 9 importance rank ! side *apels   
:i* op5 out ( ! aisles ( ! apse1 :5 !re 
is "o4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey furni%es good    
examples ( ^! also4 ,! ea/]n wall ( !   
transept is a fav\rite position =       
*apels4 ,!y are less frequ5tly add$ to !
 nave aisles4  ,! floor ( ! ea/]n arm ( 
! ca!dral1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is      
always rais$1 s z to be approa*$ by     
/eps2 x is inclos$ by scre5 "w :i* %uts 
(f ! *oir1 or inclosure = ! p]=mance (  
div9e s]vice1 f ! nave4 ,! fitt+s ( ?is 
"p ( ! build+ g5]ally include /alls = ! 
cl]gy & *ori/]s & a bi%op's ?rone1 & are

 usually beautiful works ( art4 ,tombs1 
& inclosures connect$ ) !m1 call$ *antry
 *apels1 are con/antly met ) 9 v>i\s    
positions1 b mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ea/]n    
arm4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#f4--;,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,we/m9/]      
,,abbey4  ,bel[ ! rais$ floor ( ! *oir1 
& sometimes bel[ o!r p>ts ( ! build+1   
!re (t5 exi/s a subt]ranean vault$      
/ructure kn[n z ! crypt4  ,pass+ to !   
ext]ior ( ! ca!dral1 ! pr9cipal doorway 
is 9 ! we/]n front3#b usually supplem5t$
 by entrances at ! ends ( ! transepts1 &
 "o or m side entrances to ! nave4 ,a   
por* on ! nor? side ( ! nave is a common
 feature4 ,! walls are n[ se5 to be     
/r5g!n$ by /one pi]s1 call$ buttresses4 
,frequ5tly ar*es are ?r[n f ^!          
buttresses to ! high] walls ( ! build+4 
,! :ole arrangem5t ( pi] & ar* is call$ 
a fly+ buttress1#c &1 z w be expla9$    
lat]1 is us$ to /eady ! upp] "p ( !     
build+ :5 a /one vault is employ$ 7see  
,*ap4 ,v474 ,! l(ty gables 9 :i* ! nave 
& transepts1 & ! ea/]n arm :5 squ>e     

t]m9ate1 =m prom95t features1 & are (t5 
occupi$ by great w9d[s4  ,9 a complete  
ca!dral1 ! effect ( ! ext]ior is l>gely 
due to ! t[]s ) :i* x 0 adorn$4 ,! mo/  
massive t[] 0 ord9>ily "o :i* /ood1 l ! 
c5tral "o ( ,li*field ,ca!dral1 at !    
cross+ ( ! nave & transepts4 ,two t[]s 7
 usually int5d$ at ! we/]n front ( !    
build+1 & sometimes "o1 or occasionally 
two1 at ! end ( ea* transept4 ,x is r>e 
to f9d a ca!dral :]e ! :ole ( ^! t[]s h 
be5 ev5 begun1 mu* less complet$4 ,9 _m 
cases only "o1 9 o!rs ?ree1 h be5 built4
 ,9 "s in/ances !y h be5 erect$1 & h    
fall54 ,9 o!rs !y h nev] be5 c>ri$ up at
 all4 ,dur+ a l>ge portion ( ! ,go?ic   
p]iod x 0 usual to add to ea* t[] a l(ty
 pyramidal ro( or spire1 & ^! are /ill  
/&+ 9 "s in/ances1 ?\gh _m ( !m h       
disappe>$4 ,occasionally a t[] 0 built q
 deta*$ f ! *ur* to :i* x belong$4  ,to 
ca!drals & abbey *ur*es a gr\p ( mona/ic
 build+s 0 app5d$4 ,x w n be necess>y to
 describe ^! 9 mu* detail4 ,!y 7 gr\p$  
r\nd an op5 squ>e1 surr\nd$ by a vault$ 

& arcad$ passage1 :i* is kn[n z !       
cloi/]4 ,?is 0 usually fitt$ into ! w>m 
& %elt]$ angle =m$ by ! s\? side ( !    
nave & ! s\? transept1 ?\gh occasionally
 ! cloi/] is f\nd on ! nor? side ( !    
nave4 ,! mo/ important build+ op5+ out (
 ! cloi/] is ! *apt]-h\se1 frequ5tly a  
l(ty & ri*ly-ornam5t$ room1 (t5         
octagonal1 & g5]ally /&+ s\? ( ! s\?    
transept4 ,! usual arrangem5t ( !       
mona/ic build+s r\nd & adjo9+ ! cloi/]  
v>i$ 9 details ) ! requirem5ts ( !      
diff]5t mona/ic ord]s1 & ! circum/ances 
( ea* individual religi\s h\se1 b1 z 9 !
 case ( *ur*es1 ! g5]al pr9ciples (     
disposition 7 fix$ e>ly4 ,!y are embodi$
 9 a manuscript plan1 dat+ z f> back z !
 n9? c5tury1 & f\nd at ,/4 ,gall 9      
,switz]l&1 & nev] seem to h be5 widely  
dep>t$ f4 ,! monks' dormitory "h        
occupies ! :ole ea/ side ( ! great      
cloi/]1 !re be+ no *apt]-h\se4 ,x is    
usually met ) z ne>ly 9 ?is position z !
 transept & ! *apt]-h\se w p]mit4 ,!    
refectory is on ! s\? side ( ! cloi/]1 &

 has a connect$ kit*54 ,! we/ side ( !  
cloi/] 9 ?is in/ance 0 occupi$ by a     
great cell>4 ,frequ5tly a hospitum1 or  
ap>tm5t = ent]ta9+ gue/s1 /ood "h4 ,!   
nor? side ( ! cloi/] 0 =m$ by ! *ur*4   
,= ! abbot a deta*$ h\se 0 provid$ 9 !  
,/4 ,gall plan to /& on ! nor? side ( ! 
*ur*2 & a second sup]ior hospitum = 8   
gue/s4 ,ea/w>d ( ! *ur* are plac$ !     
infirm>y ) its *apel1 & an infirm>]'s   
lodg+4 ,! infirm>y 0 commonly arrang$ ) 
a nave & aisles1 mu* l1 a small p>i%    
*ur*4 ,o!r deta*$ build+s gave a public 
s*ool1 a s*ool = novices ) its *apel1 &1
 m remotely plac$1 gran>ies1 mills1 a   
bakeh\se1 & o!r (fices4 ,a g>d5 & a     
cemet]y =m$ "p ( ! s*eme1 :i*           
corresponds tol]ably well ) t ( _m      
mona/ic build+s rema9+ 9 ,engl&1 z e4g41
 ^? at ,f\nta9s' ,abbey1 ,furness       
,abbey1 or ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 s f> z !y c 
be trac$4  ,g5]ally speak+ ! pr9cipal   
build+s 9 a mona/]y 7 long & n v wide   
ap>tm5ts1 ) w9d[s on bo? sides4         
,frequ5tly !y 7 vault$1 & !y (t5 _h a r[

 ( columns d[n ! middle4 ,_m are two    
/ories high4 ,( ! dep5d5cies1 ! kit*51  
:i* 0 (t5 a vault$ ap>tm5t ) a *imney1 &
 ! b>n1 :i* 0 (t5 ( great size1 7 ! mo/ 
prom95t4 ,!y are (t5 f9e build+s4 ,at   
,gla/onbury v good examples ( a mona/ic 
b>n & kit*5 c be se54  ,second only 9   
importance to ! *ur*es & religi\s       
build+s come ! milit>y & dome/ic build+s
 ( ! ,go?ic p]iod 7,fig4 #g74           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,h\se ,,(   
,,jaques ,,coeur ,,at ,,b\rges4         
7,,begun #adac47  ,e dwell+-h\se (      
consequ5ce 0 m or less =tifi$1 at any   
rate dur+ ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5?  
c5turies4 ,a l(ty squ>e t[]1 call$ a    
keep1 built to /& a siege1 & ) a wall$  
inclosure at its feet1 (t5 protect$ by a
 wide dit* 7fosse or moat71 =m$ ! ca/le 
( ! twelf? c5tury1 & 9 "s cases 7e4g4 ! 
,:ite ,t[] ( ,london71 ?is keep 0 (     
consid]able size4 ,! fir/ /ep 9         
enl>gem5t 0 to increase ! numb] &       
importance ( ! build+s :i* clu/]$ r\nd !
 keep1 & to =m two inclosures = !m1 kn[n

 z an inn] & an out] bailey4 ,! out]    
build+s ( ! ,t[] ( ,london1 ?\gh mu*    
mod]nis$1 w give a good idea ( :at a    
fir/ class ca/le grew to be by          
successive additions ( ?is sort4 ,9     
ca/les erect$ ne> ! end ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury 7e4g4 ,conway ,ca/le 9 ,nor?     
,wales71 & lat]1 ! squ>e =m ( ! keep 0  
ab&on$1 & _m m arrangem5ts = ! com=t &  
conv5i5ce ( ! occupants 7 introduc$2 & !
 build+s & additions to build+s ( !     
fifte5? c5tury took m ! %ape ( a mod]n  
dwell+-h\se1 p>tly protect$ aga9/       
viol5ce1 b by no means /rong en\gh to /&
 a siege4 ,p5%ur/ may be cit$ z a good  
example ( ?is class ( build+4  ,x w be  
und]/ood t1 unlike ! religi\s build+s   
:i* e>ly receiv$ ! =m & disposition f   
:i* !y did n dep>t widely1 m$iaeval     
dome/ic build+s exhibit an am\nt ( *ange
 9 :i* we c readily trace ! effects ( ! 
gradual settlem5t ( ?is c\ntry1 !       
ab&onm5t ( habits ( petty w>f>e1 !      
ultimate cessation ( civil w>s1 !       
introduction ( gunp[d]1 ! increase 9    

weal? & desire = com=t1 & la/1 b n lea/1
 ! confiscation by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( !    
prop]ty ( ! mona/ic h\ses4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,plan ,,(    
,,w>wick ,,ca/le4 7#ad,,? ,,& ,,foll[+  
,,c5turies47  ,w>wick ,ca/le1 ( :i* we  
give a plan 7,fig4 #h71 maybe cit$ z a  
good example ( an ,engli% ca/ellat$     
mansion ( ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,bel[ !   
pr9cipal /ory !re is a vault$ basem5t   
conta9+ ! kit*5s & _m ( ! (fices4 ,on ! 
ma9 floor we f9d ! hall1 ent]$ z usual  
at ! l[] or s]vants' end1 f a por*4 ,!  
upp] end gives access to a sitt+-room1  
built imm$iately beh9d x1 & beyond are a
 draw+-room & /ate b$-rooms1 :ile across
 a passage are plac$ ! private *apel & a
 l>ge d9+-room 7a mod]n addition74      
,b$-rooms occupy ! upp] floors ( !      
build+s at bo? ends ( ! hall4  ,p]haps  
ev5 m int]e/+ z a /udy ?an ,w>wick      
,ca/le is ,haddon ,hall1 ! well-pres]v$ 
resid5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,rutl&1 9          
,d]by%ire4 ,! five or six successive    
enl>gem5ts & additions :i* ?is build+   

has receiv$ betwe5 ! ?irte5? & sev5te5? 
c5turies %[ ! gr[? ( ideas ( com=t & ev5
 luxury 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,z x n[ /&s1     
,haddon ,hall conta9s two int]nal       
quadrangles1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by !    
great hall ) its dais1 its m9/rels'     
gall]y1 its va/ op5 fire-place1 & its   
trac]i$ w9d[s1 & by ! kit*5s1 butt]ies1 
c41 belong+ to x4  ,! mo/ important     
ap>tm5ts are rea*$ f ! upp] end ( !     
hall1 & consi/ ( ! magnific5t ball-room1
 & a d9+-room 9 ! usual position1 i4e4  
adjo9+ ! hall & op5+ out ( x2 )1 on !   
upp] floor1 a draw+-room1 & a suite (   
/ate b$-rooms1 occupy+ ! s\? side ( bo? 
quadrangles & ! ea/ end ( "o4 ,a l>ge   
range ( ap>tm5ts1 add$ at a late p]iod1 
& _m ( !m f9ely panell$ & l9$ ) tape/ry1
 occupies ! nor? side ( ?is build+ & !  
nor?we/]n t[]4 ,at ! s\?-we/]n corn] ( !
 build+ /&s a *apel ( consid]able size1 
& :i* once seems to h s]v$ z a k9d (    
p>o*ial *ur*2 & a v consid]able numb] ( 
rooms ( small size1 op5+ out ( bo?      
quadrangles1 w\ld af=d %elt]1 if n      

com=table lodg+1 to reta9]s1 s]vants1 & 
o!rs4 ,! portions built 9 ! ?irte5?1    
f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies are m or    
less =tifi$4 ,! ball-room1 :i* is (     
,elizabe?an ar*itecture1 op5s on to a   
t]rac$ g>d51 accessible f )\t by no m   
viol5t means ?an climb+ ov] a n v       
=midable wall4 ,probably n[h]e 9 ,engl&1
 c ! gr[? ( dome/ic ar*itecture be bett]
 /udi$1 :e!r we look to ! alt]ations :i*
 took place 9 accommodation &           
arrangem5t1 or to ! *anges :i* occurr$ 9
 ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( w9d[s1       
battlem5ts1 doorways & o!r features1 ?an
 at ,haddon ,hall4    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #i4--,,palaces ,,on ,,! ,,gr&    
,,canal1 ,,v5ice4 7#ad,,?               
,,c5tury47  ,9 t[ns & cities mu*        
beautiful dome/ic ar*itecture is to be  
f\nd 9 ! ord9>y dwell+-h\ses1 e4g4 h\ses
 f ,*e/] & ,lisieux 7,figs4 #ad & #ae72 
b _m specim5s h ( c\rse p]i%$1          
especially z timb] 0 freely us$ 9 _!    
con/ruction4 ,dwell+-h\ses ( a high ord]
 ( excell5ce1 & ( l>ge size1 7 also     

built dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! ,go?ic palaces 
( ,v5ice1 ( :i* _m /& on ! ,gr& ,canal  
7,fig4 #i71 are ! be/ examples ( ^!1 & !
 lordly ,ducal ,palace 9 t city is      
p]haps ! f9e/ secul> build+ :i* exi/s ( 
,go?ic ar*itecture4  ,municipal build+s 
( great size & beauty are to be f\nd 9  
,nor? ,italy & ,g]many1 b *iefly 9      
,belgium1 :]e ! v>i\s t[n-halls (       
,l\va91 ,bruges1 ,ypres1 ,gh5t1 ,antw]p1
 ,brussels1 c41 vie ) ea* o!r 9         
magnific5ce & ext5t4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,_m secul> 
build+s also rema9 to u ( :i* !         
ar*itecture is ,go?ic4 ,among ^! we f9d 
public halls & l>ge build+s = public    
purposes--z ,we/m9/] ,hall1 or ! ,palace
 ( ,ju/ice at ,r\52 hospitals1 z t at   
,milan2 or colleges1 z ,k+'s ,college1  
,cambridge1 ) its unrivall$ *apel4 ,_m  
*>m+ m9or works1 su* z f\nta9s1 wells   
7,fig4 #aj71 crosses1 tombs1 monum5ts1 &
 ! fitt+s ( ! int]ior ( *ur*es1 also    
rema9 to atte/ ! v]satility1 ! p[] (    
design1 & ! cultivat$ ta/e ( ! ar*itects

 ( ! ,go?ic p]iod4    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #aj4--,,well ,,at ,,reg5sburg4   
7#ae,,? ,,c5tury47  ,,footnotes3  #a ,z 
! nor? transept at ,pet]bor\gh 7,fig4   
#b74  #b ,at ,e on ! plan ( ,pet]bor\gh 
7,fig4 #b74  #c ,see ,gloss>y4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,sculptur$  
,,ornam5t ,,f ,,s5s ,,ca!dral4  ,,*apt] 
,,iii4  ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,9       
,,great ,,brita94   ,engli% ,go?ic      
ar*itecture has be5 usually subdivid$   
into ?ree p]iods or /ages ( advancem5t1 
correspond+ to ^? enum]at$ on page #a2 !
 e>ly /age kn[n z ,e>ly ,engli%1 or     
sometimes z ,lancet1 occupy+ ! ?irte5?  
c5tury & some?+ m2 ! middle /age1 kn[n z
 ,decorat$1 occupy+ mo/ ( ! f\rte5?     
c5tury2 & ! late/ /age1 kn[n z          
,p]p5dicul>1 occupy+ ! fifte5? c5tury & 
"p ( ! sixte5?4  ,! duration ( ea* ( ^! 
co9cides approximately ) ! c5tury1 !    
transition f ea* phase to ! next tak+   
place *iefly 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4  
,add+ ! p]iods ( ! ,engli% types ( r\nd 
ar*$ ,ar*itecture1 we obta9 ! foll[+    

table3--             ,up to #ajff or up 
to middle ( #aa? c5tury1 ,,saxon4       
,a4,d4 #ajff to #aahi or up to end (    
#ab?         ,,norman4     ,a4,d4 #aahi 
to #acjg or up to end (    #ac?         
,,e>ly ,,engli%4     ,a4,d4 #acjg to    
#acgg or up to end (    #ad?            
,,decorat$4     ,a4,d4 #acgg to #aedf or
 up to middle ( #af?                    
,,p]p5dicul>4  ,! t]m ,e>ly ,engli%     
7%ort = ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic7 appli$ to 
,engli% ?irte5?-c5tury ar*itecture      
expla9s itself4  ,! t]m ,lancet         
sometimes appli$ to ! ,e>ly ,engli%     
/yle1 is d]iv$ f ! %ape ( ! ord9>y      
w9d[-heads1 :i* resemble ! po9t ( a     
lancet 9 outl9e 7,fig4 #af74 ,:atev] t]m
 be adopt$1 x is necess>y to rem>k t a  
wide diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! e>li] & !  
late examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,x w suffice 
= our purposes if1 :5 speak+ ( !        
fully-develop$ /yle ( ! late examples1  
we ref] to x z ,advanc$ ,e>ly ,engli%4  
,! ar*itecture ( ! f\rte5? c5tury is    
call$ ,decorat$1 f ! great increase (   

ornam5t1 especially 9 w9d[ trac]y & c>v$
 enri*m5ts4  ,! ar*itecture ( ! fifte5? 
c5tury is call$ ,p]p5dicul>1 f ! free   
use made ( p]p5dicul> l9es1 bo? 9 g5]al 
features & 9 ornam5ts1 especially 9 !   
trac]y ( ! w9d[s & ! panell+ ) :i* walls
 are ornam5t$4#d  ,! foll[+ cond5s$ li/1
 p>tly f ,morant1#e ( ! mo/ /rik+       
peculi>ities ( ea* p]iod1 may be f\nd   
useful = ref]5ce1 & is on t acc\nt plac$
 "h1 not)/&+ t x conta9s _m te*nical    
words1 = ! mean+ ( :i* ! /ud5t mu/      
consult ! ,gloss>y :i* =ms "p ( ?is     
volume4      ,,anglo-,,saxon--7,prior to
 ! ,norman ,conque/74--      ,rude "w & 
r\gh mat]ial2 walls mo/ly ( rubble or   
rag/one ) a%l> at ! angles 9 long & %ort
 c\rses     alt]nately2 op5+s ) r\nd or 
triangul> heads1     sometimes divid$ by
 a rude balu/]4 ,pi]s pla91 squ>e1     &
 n>r[4 ,w9d[s splay$ ext]nally &        
int]nally4 ,rude     squ>e blocks ( /one
 9 place ( capitals & bases4     ,m\ld+s
 g5]ally semi-cyl9drical & co>sely      
*isell$4     ,corn]s ( build+s squ>e )\t

 buttresses4       ,,norman4  ,william  
,i4  ,a4,d4 #ajff4              ,william
 ,,ii4     #ajhg4              ,h5ry ,i4
        #aajj4              ,/eph5      
#aace4              ,h5ry ,,ii4         
#aaed to #aahi4      ,ar*es semicircul>1
 occasionally /ilt$2 at fir/ pla91      
aft]w>ds enri*$ ) *evron or o!r m\ld+s2 
&     frequ5t repetition ( same ornam5t 
on ea* /one4 ,pi]s     l[ & massive1    
cyl9drical1 squ>e1 polygonal1 or compos$
     ( clu/]$ %afts1 (t5 ornam5t$ )     
spiral b&s &     m\ld+s4 ,w9d[s g5]ally 
n>r[ & splay$ int]nally     only2       
sometimes d\ble & divid$ by a %aft4     
,walls     sometimes a s]ies ( arcades1 
a few pi]c$ z w9d[s1 !     re/ left     
blank4 ,doorways deeply recess$ & ri*ly 
ornam5t$ ) b&s ( m\ld+s4 ,doors (t5     
squ>e     head$1 b "u ar*es ! head ( !  
ar* fill$ )     c>v+4 ,capitals c>v$ 9  
outl9e1 (t5 grotesquely     sculptur$ ) 
devices ( animals & leaves4 ,abacus     
squ>e1 l[] edge m\ld$4 ,bases mu*       
resembl+ !     classic ord]s4 ,! m\ld+s 

at fir/ imp]fectly =m$4     ,p$e/als (  
pi]s squ>e4 ,buttresses pla91 ) broad   
faces & small projections4 ,p>apets pla9
 ) project+     corbel table "u4        
,pla9 m\ld+s consi/ ( *amf]s1 r\nd or   
po9t$ rolls     at edges1 divid$ f pla9 
face by %all[ *annels4     ,enri*$      
m\ld+s--! *evrons or zig-zag1 ! billet  
squ>e or r\nd1 ! cable1 ! loz5ge1 ! *a91
 nail     heads1 & o!rs4 ,ni*es )       
figures ov] doorways4 ,ro(s     (       
mod]ately high pit*1 & op5 to ! frame2  
timb]s     *iefly k+-po/ trusses4 ,t[]s 
squ>e & massive--^?     ( late date     
ri*ly adorn$ ) arcades4 ,op5+s 9 t[]s   
(t5 beautifully gr\p$4 ,vault+          
waggon-head$1 &     simple int]sect+    
vaults ( semicircul> outl9e4      ,t[>ds
 ! close ( ! /yle 9 reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41
     details ( transitional "* beg9 to  
appe>4 ,po9t$     ar* ) ,norman pi]4    
,arcades ( int]sect+ semicircul>        
ar*es4 ,norman abacus bl5d$ ) ,e>ly     
,engli% foliage 9     capitals4         
,,e>ly ,,engli%4  ,ri*>d ,i4 ,a4,d4     

#aahi ,transition4                      
,john           #aaii4                  
,h5ry ,,iii4     #abaf4                 
,edw>d ,i4      #abgb to #acjg4         
,g5]al proportions m sl5d]1 & height (  
walls1     columns1 c41 great]4 ,ar*es  
po9t$1 g5]ally lancet2     (t5 ri*ly    
m\ld$4 ,tri=ium ar*es & arcades op5 )   
trefoil$ heads4 ,pi]s sl5d]1 compos$ ( a
 c5tral     circul> %aft surr\nd$ by    
sev]al small] ones1 almo/ or     q      
deta*$2 g5]ally ) horizontal b&s4 ,9    
small     build+s pla9 polygonal &      
circul> pi]s are us$4     ,capitals     
concave 9 outl9e1 m\ld$1 or c>v$ )      
conv5tional foliage delicately execut$ &
 arrang$     v]tically4 ,! abacus always
 und]cut4 ,deta*$ %afts     (t5 (       
,purbeck m>ble4 ,base a deep holl[      
betwe5 two     r\nds4 ,w9d[s at fir/    
long1 n>r[1 & deeply splay$             
int]nally1 ! glass )9 a few in*es ( out]
 face (     wall2 lat] 9 ! /yle less    
acute1 divid$ by mullions1     enri*$ ) 
cusp$ circles 9 ! head1 (t5 ( ?ree or   

m lights1 ! c5tre light be+ ! highe/4   
,doorways     (t5 deeply recess$ &      
enri*$ ) sl5d] %afts &     elaborate    
m\ld+s4 ,%afts deta*$4 ,buttresses ab\t 
equal     9 projection to wid?1 ) b "o  
set-(f1 or )\t     any4 ,buttresses at  
angles always 9 pairs4 ,m\ld+s bold     
& deeply und]cut1 consi/+ *iefly ( r\nd 
m\ld+s     sometimes po9t$ or ) a       
fillett1 sep>at$ by deep     holl[s4    
,great dep? ( m\ld$ surface g5]ally     
arrang$     on rectangul> planes4       
,holl[s ( irregul> curve sometimes      
fill$ ) dogtoo? ornam5t or ) foliage4   
,ro(s (     high pit*1 timb]s pla91 &   
:]e !re is no vault op54      ,e>ly 9 ! 
/yle f9ials 7 pla9 bun*es ( leaves2     
t[>ds ! close beautifully c>v$ f9ials & 
crockets     ) c>v$ foliage (           
conv5tional "* 7     introduc$4 ,flat   
surfaces (t5 ri*ly diap]$4 ,spires      
broa*$4 ,vault+ po9t$ ) diagonal & ma9  
ribs only2     ridge ribs n introduc$   
till late 9 ! /yle2 bosses at           
int]section ( ribs4       ,,decorat$4   

,edw>d ,,ii4  ,a4,d4 #acjg4             
,edw>d ,,iii4     #acgg to #acgi4       
,proportions less l(ty ?an 9 ! previ\s  
/yle4 ,ar*es     mo/ly inclos+ an       
equilat]al angle1 ! m\ld+s (t5          
cont9u$ d[n ! pi]4 ,w9d[s l>ge1 & divid$
 into two     or m lights by mullions4  
,trac]y 9 ! head1 at fir/     compos$   
geometrical =ms1 lat] ( fl[+ "*4        
,cl]e/ory w9d[s g5]ally small4 ,diamond 
%ap$ pi]s     ) %afts engag$4 ,capitals 
) scroll m\ld+ on "u     side ( abacus1 
) elegant foliage arrang$ horizontally4 
,doors frequ5tly )\t %afts1 ! ar* m\ld+ 
runn+     d[n ! jambs4 ,ri* doorways &  
w9d[s (t5 surr\nd$     ) triangul> &    
ogee-%ap$ canopies4 ,buttresses 9       
/ages v>i\sly ornam5t$4 ,p>apet pi]c$ ) 
quatrefoils & fl[+ trac]y4 ,ni*es       
panell$ & )     project+ canopies4      
,spires l(ty2 ! broa* r>ely us$1        
p>apets & angle p9nacles take ! place ( 
x4 ,ro(s (     mod]ate pit* op5 to !    
fram+4 ,m\ld+s bold &     f9ely         
proportion$1 g5]ally 9 gr\ps1 ! gr\ps   

sep>at$ f ea* o!r by holl[s1 compos$ (  
segm5ts     ( circles4 ,deep holl[s1 n[ 
g5]ally conf9$ to inn]     angles4      
,m\ld+s v>y+ 9 size & k9d1 arrang$ on   
diagonal z well z rectangul> planes1 (t5
 ornam5t$     ) ball fl[]4 ,foliage     
*iefly ( ivy1 oak1 & v9e     leaves2    
natural1 also conv5tional4 ,ri*         
crockets1 f9ials1     & p9nacles4       
,vault+ ) int]m$iate ribs1 ridge ribs1  
& late 9 ! /yle li]ne ribs1 & bosses4   
,,p]p5dicul>4  ,ri*>d ,,ii4  ,a4,d4     
#acgg4 7,transition47                   
,h5ry ,,iv4        #acii4               
,h5ry ,v4         #adac4                
,h5ry ,,vi4        #adbb4               
,edw>d ,,iv4       #adfa4               
,edw>d ,v4        #adhc4                
,ri*>d ,,iii4     #adhc4      ,,tudor4  
,h5ry ,,vii4       #adhe4               
,h5ry ,,viii4      #aeji to #aedf4      
,ar*es at fir/ inclos+ an equilat]al    
triangle1     aft]w>ds obtusely po9t$ & 
/ruck f f\r c5tres4     ,pi]s g5]ally   
oblong2 longitud9al direction nor? &    

s\?4 ,m\ld+s cont9u$ f base ?r\gh ar*4  
,capitals     ) m\ld+s l>ge1 angul>1 &  
few1 ) abacus & bell     imp]fectly     
def9$4 ,foliage ( conv5tional "*1       
%all[1 & squ>e 9 outl9e4 ,bases         
polygonal4 ,w9d[s     :]e l(ty divid$   
into /ories by transoms4 ,! mullions    
(t5 cont9u$ p]p5dicul>ly into ! head4   
,canopies (     ogee "* enri*$ )        
crockets4 ,doors g5]ally )     squ>e    
label ov] ar*1 ! sp&rels fill$ )        
ornam5t4     ,buttresses ) bold         
projection (t5 end+ 9 f9ials4     ,fly+ 
buttresses pi]c$ ) trac]y4 ,walls       
pr(usely     ornam5t$ ) panell+4        
,p>apets embattl$ & panell$4     ,op5   
timb] ro(s ( mod]ate pit*1 ( elaborate  
con/ruction1 (t5 ) hamm] beams1 ri*ly   
ornam5t$     ) m\ld$ timb]s1 c>v$       
figures ( angels & )     pi]c$ trac]y 9 
sp&rels4 ,ro(s sometimes ( v flat       
pit*4 ,l(ty cl]e/ories4 ,m\ld+s l>ge1   
co>se1 & )     wide & %all[ holl[s & h>d
 wiry edges1 meagre 9     appe>ance &   
want+ 9 m9ute & delicate detail1        

g5]ally arrang$ on diagonal planes4     
,e>ly 9 ! /yle     ! m\ld+s p>take (    
decorat$ "*4      ,9 ! ,tudor p]iod     
depress$ f\r-c5t]$ ar* prevails2        
transoms ( w9d[s battlem5t$4 ,tudor     
fl[]1 rose1     portcullis1 &           
fleur-de-lis common ornam5ts4 ,crockets 
&     p9nacles mu* project$4 ,ro(s ( l[ 
pit*4      ,vault+4 ,fan vault+1 )      
trac]y & p5dants     elaborately c>v$4  
,o!r modes ( di/+ui%+ ! p]iods ( ,engli%
 ,go?ic h be5 propos$ by writ]s (       
au?ority4 ,! division giv5 above is t ( 
,rickman1 & is g5]ally adopt$4 ,a m     
m9ute subdivision & a diff]5t set (     
names 7 propos$ by ,%>pe z foll[s3--    
,,romanesque4  ,saxon         ,a4,d4    
to #ajff4                  ,norman      
#ajff to #aade4     ,,go?ic4            
,transitional      #aade to #aaij4      
,lancet            #aaij to #abde4      
,geometrical       #abde to #acae4      
,curvil9e>       #acae to #acfj4        
,rectil9e>       #acfj to #aeej4  ,( !  
new names propos$ by ,mr4 ,%>pe         

transitional expla9s itself2 &          
geometrical1 curvil9e>1 & rectil9e> ref]
 to ! *>act]s ( ! w9d[ trac]y at !      
diff]5t p]iods :i* !y d5ote4#f          
99       99       99       99       99  
,! hi/ory ( ,engli% ,go?ic prop] may be 
said to beg9 ) ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41   
co9cid+ v ne>ly ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod
 nam$ by ,mr4 ,%>pe transitional 7#aade 
to #aaij71 :5 ,norman ar*itecture 0     
*ang+ into ,go?ic4 ,?is hi/ory we       
propose n[ to consid] some:at 9 detail1 
divid+ ! build+s 9 ! simple/ possible   
way1 namely1 into floors1 walls1        
columns1 ro(s1 op5+s1 & ornam5ts4 ,aft] 
?is we %all h to consid] ! mode 9 :i*   
mat]ials 7 us$ by ! build]s ( ! ,go?ic  
p]iod1 i4e4 ! con/ruction ( ! build+s2 &
 ! g5]al arti/ic pr9ciples :i* guid$ _! 
ar*itects1 i4e4 ! design ( ! build+s4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,x may be useful to /ud5ts 9 & ne>      
,london to give ,sir ,g4 ,gilb]t        
,scott's li/ ( /rik+ ,london examples#g 
( ,go?ic ar*itecture 7) ! omission ( su*

 examples z are m antiqu>ian ?an        
ar*itectural 9 _! int]e/73--            
,norman 7temp4 ,conque/74--,! ,keep &   
,*apel ( ! ,t[]     ( ,london4          
,advanc$ ,norman4--,*apel ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1
 ,we/m9/]     ,abbey2 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's  
,priory1 ,smi?field4                    
,transitional4--,! r\nd "p ( ! ,temple  
,*ur*4      ,e>ly ,engli%4--,ea/]n "p ( 
! ,temple ,*ur*2 ,*oir     & ,lady      
,*apel ( ,/4 ,m>y ,ov]y1 ,s\?w>k2 ,*apel
 (     ,lambe? ,palace4      ,advanc$   
,e>ly ,engli% 7pass+ to                 
decorat$74--,ea/]n     "p ( ,we/m9/]    
,abbey g5]ally & its ,*apt] ,h\se4      
,e>ly ,decorat$4--,*oir ( ,we/m9/]1 7b  
?is has be5     mu* influ5c$ by ! design
 ( ! e>li] p>ts     adjac5t72 ,*apel (  
,/4 ,e!ldr$a1 ,ely ,place1 ,holborn4    
,late ,decorat$4--,! ?ree bays ( !      
,cloi/] at     ,we/m9/] opposite !      
entrance to ,*apt] ,h\se2 ,crypt (      
,/4 ,/eph5's ,*apel1 ,we/m9/]2 ,dut*    
,*ur*1 ,au/9     ,fri>s4      ,e>ly     
,p]p5dicul>4--,s\? & ,we/ walks ( !     

,cloi/]1 ,we/m9/]2 ,we/m9/] ,hall4      
,advanc$ ,p]p5dicul> 7,tudor            
p]iod74--,h5ry ,,vii4's     ,*apel2     
,d\ble ,cloi/] ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,we/m9/]4
  ,,footnotes3  #d ,! abbreviations1 ,e4
 ,e41 ,dec41 & ,p]p41 w be employ$ to   
d5ote ^! ?ree p]iods4  #e ,notes on     
,engli% ,ar*itecture1 ,co/umes1         
,monum5ts1 c4 ,privately pr9t$4 ,quot$  
"h ) ! au?or's p]mission4  #f ,see      
examples 9 ,*apt] ,v4 & 9 ,gloss>y4  #g 
,address to ,conf]5ce ( ,ar*itects1     
,build]1 ,june #bd1 #ahgf4              
,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t ,,f 
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4  ,,*apt] ,,iv4       
,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4--,,engl&4        
,,analysis ,,( ,,build+s4--,,floor1     
,,walls1 ,,t[]s1 ,,gables1 ,,columns4   
,floor1 or ,plan4  ,! excell5ces or     
defects ( a build+ are m due to ! %ape &
 size ( its floor &1 incid5tally1 ( !   
walls & columns or pi]s :i* inclose &   
subdivide its floor ?an to any?+ else   
:atev]4 ,a map ( ! floor & walls        
7usually %[+ also ! position ( ! doors &

 w9d[s71 is kn[n z a plan1 b by a       
p>donable figure ( spee* ! plan ( a     
build+ is (t5 und]/ood to mean ! %ape & 
size & arrangem5t ( its floor & walls   
!mselves1 in/ead ( simply ! draw+       
repres5t+ !m4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w   
plan w be us$ 9 ?is volume4  ,! plan ( a
 ,go?ic ,ca!dral has be5 describ$1 & x  
has be5 already rem>k$ t be=e ! ,go?ic  
p]iod _h comm5c$ ! dim5sions ( great    
*ur*es _h be5 v mu* increas$4 ,! g5]ally
 receiv$ disposition ( ! p>ts ( a *ur*  
_h inde$ be5 already settl$ or ne>ly s4 
,!re 7 consequ5tly few radical          
alt]ations 9 *ur* plans dur+ ! ,go?ic   
p]iod4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 took place 9 ,engl& 9
 ! ab&onm5t ( ! apse4  ,at fir/ !       
apsidal ea/ end1 common 9 ! ,norman     
times1 0 reta9$4 ,= example1 x is f\nd  
at ,cant]bury1 :]e ! *oir & transept are
 transitional1 hav+ be5 begun soon aft] 
#aagd & complet$ ab\t #aahd2 b ! ea/]n  
end ( ,*i*e/]1 :i* belongs to ! same    
p]iod 7! transition71 displays ! squ>e  
ea/ end1 & ?is t]m9ation 0 almo/        

inv>iably pref]r$ 9 our c\ntry aft] !   
twelf? c5tury4  ,a great am\nt (        
regul>ity m>ks ! plans ( ^? great *ur*es
 :i* _h vault$ ro(s1 z w be readily     
und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t ! vaults 7  
divid$ into equal & simil> comp>tm5ts1 &
 t ! po9ts ( support _h to be plac$ )   
correspond+ regul>ity4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 "s  
controll+ cause ( ?is nature 0 n at "w  
mu* picturesque irregul>ity prevail$ 9 !
 plann+ ( ,engli% ,go?ic build+s ( all  
p]iods4 ,! plans ( our ,ca!drals are    
not$ = _! great l5g? 9 proportion to _! 
wid?1 = ! consid]able l5g? giv5 to !    
transepts1 & = ! occurr5ce 9 _m cases   
7e4g4 ,salisbury1 ?irte5? c5tury7 ( a   
second transept4 ,! pr9cipal alt]ations 
:i* took place 9 plan z "t w5t on       
orig9at$ 9 ! desire to conc5trate       
mat]ial z mu* z possible on po9ts (     
support1 leav+ ! walls betwe5 !m ?9 & ! 
op5+s wide1 & 9 ! use ( fly+ buttresses1
 ! feet ( :i* occupy a consid]able space
 outside ! ma9 walls ( ! *ur*4 ,! plans 
( pi]s & columns also und]w5t !         

alt]ations :i* w be pres5tly describ$4#h
  ,build+s ( a circul> %ape on plan are 
v r>e1 b octagonal ones are n uncommon4 
,! f9e/ *apt]-h\ses atta*$ to our       
,ca!drals are octagons1 ) a c5tral pi]  
to c>ry ! vault+4 ,on ! :ole1 play (    
%ape on plan 0 less cultivat$ 9 ,engl&  
?an 9 "s cont95tal c\ntries4  ,! plans (
 dome/ic build+s are usually simple1 b  
grew m elaborate & ext5sive z "t w5t on4
 ,! cloi/] ) dwell+-rooms & common-rooms
 ent]$ f its walk1 =m$ ! model on :i*   
colleges1 hospitals1 & alms-h\ses 7     
plann$4 ,! ca/le1 already describ$1 0 ! 
resid5ce ( ! weal?y dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! 
,go?ic p]iod1 & :51 9 ! f\rte5? &       
fifte5? c5turies1 h\ses :i* 7 r dwell+s 
?an =tresses began to be erect$1 ! hall1
 ) a l>ge bay w9d[ & a rais$ floor or   
dais at "o end & a mighty op5           
fire-place1 0 always ! mo/ conspicu\s   
feature 9 ! plan4 ,t[>ds ! close ( !    
,go?ic p]iod ! plan ( a great dwell+1   
su* z ,w>wick ,ca/le 7,fig4 #h71 began  
to %[ _m ( ! features :i* di/+ui% a     

mansion ( ! pres5t day4  ,9 v>i\s p>ts (
 ! c\ntry rema9s ( magnific5t ,go?ic    
dwell+-h\ses ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5?      
c5turies exi/1 & long be=e ! close ( !  
p]p5dicul> p]iod we _h su* mansions z   
,p5%ur/ & ,hev]1 su* palaces z ,w9dsor &
 ,wells1 su* ca/ellat$ dwell+s z ,w>wick
 & ,haddon1 diff]+ 9 _m respects b all  
agree+ 9 ! possession ( a great c5tral  
hall4 ,build+s = public purposes also   
(t5 took ! =m ( a great hall4 ,we/m9/]  
,hall may be cit$ z ! f9e/ example ( su*
 a /ructure1 n only 9 ,engl& b 9        
,europe4  ,! /ud5t :o desires to obta9  
any?+ beyond ! mo/ sup]ficial           
acqua9tance ) ar*itecture mu/ endeav\r  
to obta9 en\gh famili>ity ) gr\nd plans1
 to be able to sket*1 measure1 & lay d[n
 a plan to scale & to read "o4 ,! plan  
%[s to ! exp]i5c$ ar*itect ! nature1    
arrangem5t1 & qualities ( a build+ bett]
 ?an any o!r draw+1 & a bett] memor&um (
 a build+ is pres]v$ if a fairly correct
 sket* ( its plan1 or ( ! plan (        
important p>ts ( x1 is pres]v$ ?an if   

writt5 notes are alone reli$ ^u4        
,walls4  ,! walls ( ,go?ic build+s are  
g5]ally ( /one2 brick be+ ! exception4  
,!y 7 9 ! transitional & ,e>ly ,engli%  
times extremely ?ick1 & became ?9n]     
aft]w>ds4 ,all sorts ( ornam5tal masonry
 7 introduc$ into !m1 s t diap]s1#i b&s1
 arcades1 m\ld+s1 & inlaid patt]ns are  
all to be met ) occasionally1 especially
 9 di/ricts :]e build+ mat]ials ( v>i$  
col\rs1 or easy to "w1 are pl5tiful4 ,9 
! p]p5dicul> p]iod ! walls 7            
sy/ematically cov]$ ) panell+ closely   
resembl+ ! trac]y ( ! w9d[s 7e4g41 ,h5ry
 ,,vii4's ,*apel at ,we/m9/]74  ,! wall 
( a build+ ord9>ily requires "s k9d (   
base & "s k9d ( top4 ,! base or pl9? 9  
,engli% ,go?ic build+s 0 usually well   
m>k$ & bold1 especially 9 ! p]p5dicul>  
p]iod1 & x is seldom abs5t4 ,! eaves ( !
 ro( 9 "s cases ov]hang ! walls1 re/+ on
 a simple /one b&1 call$ an eaves-c\rse1
 & con/itute ! cr[n+ feature4 ,9 _m     
in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! eaves are conceal$   
beh9d a p>apet#aj :i* is (t5 c>ri$ on a 

m\ld$ cornice or on corbels4 ,?is1 9 !  
,e4 ,e4 p]iod1 0 usually v simple4 ,9 ! 
,dec4 x 0 panell$ ) ornam5tal panels1 & 
(t5 made v beautiful4 ,9 ! ,p]p4 x 0    
frequ5tly battlem5t$ z well z panell$4  
,a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,go?ic walls is ! 
buttress4 ,x exi/$1 b only 9 ! =m ( a   
flat pi] ( v slight projection 9        
,norman1 z 9 almo/ all ,romanesque      
build+s1 b 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod x became    
develop$4  ,! buttress1 l _m ( !        
peculi>ities ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1      
orig9at$ 9 ! use ( /one vaults & ! ne$ =
 /rong pi]s at ^! po9ts1 ^u :i* ! ?ru/ &
 weight ( ^? vaults 7 conc5trat$4 ,! use
 ( v l>ge op5+s1 = wide w9d[s full (    
/a9$ glass also made x increas+ly       
necess>y 9 ! ,dec4 & ,p]p4 p]iods to    
=tify ! walls at regul> po9ts4  ,a      
buttress#aj is1 9 fact1 a piece ( wall  
set a?w>t ! ma9 wall1 usually project+  
consid]ably at ! base & dim9i%$ by      
successive r$uctions ( its mass z x     
approa*es ! top1 & s plac$ z to c\nt]act
 ! ?ru/ ( "s ar* or vault inside4 ,x _h 

great arti/ic value2 9 ! feeble & level 
light ( our ,nor!rn climate x ca/s bold 
%ad[s & cat*es bright lights1 & s adds  
greatly to ! ar*itectural effect ( !    
ext]ior4 ,9 ! ,e4 ,e4 ! buttress 0      
simple & ord9>ily project$ ab\t its own 
wid?4 ,9 ! ,dec4 x obta9$ mu* m         
projection1 0 con/ruct$ ) sev]al        
dim9utions 7te*nically call$ wea!r+s71 &
 0 consid]ably ornam5t$4 ,9 ! ,p]p4 x 0 
frequ5tly enri*$ by panell+4 ,!         
buttresses 9 ! ,dec4 p]iod are (t5 set  
diagonally at ! corn] ( a build+ or t[]4
 ,9 ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod ?is 0 nev] done4  ,!
 fly+ buttress#aa is "o ( ! mo/         
conspicu\s features ( ! ext]ior ( ^?    
,go?ic build+s :i* possess$ elaborate   
/one vaults4 ,x 0 a contrivance =       
provid+ an abutm5t to c\nt]balance !    
outw>d pressure ( ! vault cov]+ ! highe/
 & c5tral p>ts ( ! build+ 9 cases :]e t 
vault re/$ ^u & abutt$ aga9/ walls :i*  
!mselves 7 c>ri$ by ar*es1 & 7 virtually
 int]nal walls1 s t no buttress c\ld be 
c>ri$ up f ! gr\nd to /eady !m4  ,a pi] 

( masonry1 sometimes /&+ alone1         
sometimes ?r[n out f ! aisle wall       
opposite ! po9t to be propp$1 =m$ !     
solid "p ( ?is buttress2 x 0 c>ri$ to ! 
requisite height & a fly+ ar* spann+ !  
:ole wid? ( ! aisles 0 ?r[n across f x  
to ! wall at ! po9t :5ce ! vault sprung4
 ,! pi] itself 0 9 _m cases load$ by an 
enorm\s p9nacle1 s t its weight might   
comb9e ) ! pressure transmitt$ along !  
slope ( ! fly+ ar* to give a resultant  
:i* %\ld fall )9 ! base ( ! buttress4 ,!
 back ( su* an ar* 0 g5]ally us$ z a    
wat] *annel4  ,! =e/ ( fly+ buttresses  
r\nd _m ,fr5* ca!drals produces an almo/
 bewild]+ effect1 z1 = in/ance1 at ! ea/
 end ( ,notre ,dame2--our ,engli%       
specim5s1 at ,we/m9/] ,abbey = example1 
are comp>atively simple4   ,t[]s4  ,!   
gable & ! t[] are developm5ts ( ! walls 
( ! build+4 ,go?ic is p> excell5ce !    
/yle ( t[]s4 ,_m t[]s 7 built deta*$ f  
all o!r build+s1 b no great ,go?ic      
build+ is complete )\t "o ma9 t[] & "s  
subord9ate ones4  ,9 ! ,e4 ,e4 /yle *ur*

 t[]s 7 (t5 cr[n$ by l[ spires1 becom+ m
 l(ty z ! /yle advanc$4 ,9 ! ,dec4 /yle 
l(ty spires 7 almo/ univ]sal4 ,9 ! ,p]p4
 ! t[] r>ely has a visible ro(4#ab  ,!  
arti/ic value ( t[]s 9 giv+ unity c\pl$ 
) v>iety to a gr\p ( build+s c h>dly be 
exagg]at$4  ,! positions :i* t[]s occupy
 are v>i\s4 ,!y produce ! greate/ effect
 :5 c5tral1 i4e4 plac$ ov] ! cross+ ( ! 
nave & transepts4 ,li*field1 ,*i*e/]1 & 
,salisbury may be ref]r$ to z examples (
 ca!drals ) t[]s 9 ?is position &       
surm\nt$ by spires4 ,cant]bury1 ,york1  
,l9coln1 & ,gl\ce/] are specim5s ( !    
effectiv5ess ( ! t[] simil>ly plac$1 b  
)\t a spire 7,fig4 #ab74 ,at ,wells a   
f9e c5tral octagon occupies ! cross+1 & 
is rem>kable = ! skill ) :i* x is fitt$ 
to ! nave & aisles int]nally4 ,next to  
c5tral t[]s rank a pair ( t[]s at !     
we/]n end ( ! build+4 ,^! exi/ at       
,li*field ) _! spires2 !y exi/          
7squ>e-topp$7 at ,l9coln1 & 7?\gh c>ri$ 
up s9ce ! ,go?ic p]iod7 at ,we/m9/]4#ac 
,_m *ur*es h a s+le t[] 9 ?is position  

7,fig4 #ac74  ,! obvi\s purpose ( a t[]1
 beyond its s]viceabl5ess z a feature ( 
! build+ & z a l&m>k1 is to lift up a   
belfry high into ! air3 accord+ly1 almo/
 )\t exception1 *ur* & ca!dral t[]s are 
design$ ) a l>ge upp] /ory1 pi]c$ by    
op5+s ( great size & height call$ !     
belfry /age2 & ! :ole arti/ic treatm5t (
 ! t[] is subord9ate to ?is feature4 ,x 
is also v (t5 ! case t a turret to      
conta9 a spiral /aircase :i* may af=d ! 
means ( access to ! upp] "p ( ! t[]1 =ms
 a prom95t feature ( its :ole height1   
especially 9 ! ,dec4 & ,p]p4 p]iods4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,l9coln     
,,ca!dral4 7,,mo/ly ,,e>ly ,,engli%47   
,9 dome/ic & mona/ic build+s1 l[ t[]s 7 
frequ5tly employ$ ) excell5t effect4 ,_m
 ca/les reta9$ ! ,norman keep1 or squ>e 
/rong t[]1 :i* _h s]v$ z ! nucleus r\nd 
:i* o!r build+s _h aft]w>ds clu/]$2 b   
:]e dur+ ! ,go?ic p]iod a ca/le 0 built1
 or rebuilt1 )\t su* a keep1 "o or m    
t[]s1 (t5 ( great beauty1 7 always add$4
 ,examples ab\nd2 good ones w be f\nd 9 

! ,edw>dian ca/les 9 ,wales 7end (      
?irte5? c5tury71 z = example at ,conway 
& ,ca]n>von4   ,gables4  ,! gable =ms a 
di/9ctive ,go?ic feature4 ,! gables     
cr[n$ ^? p>ts ( a great *ur* 9 :i* !    
skill ( ! ar*itect 0 direct$ to produc+ 
a regul> composition1 (t5 call$ a front1
 or a facade4 ,! we/ fronts ( ,ca!drals 
7 ! mo/ important ar*itectural designs (
 ?is sort1 & ) !m we may include ! ends 
( ! transepts & ! ea/ fronts4  ,! same  
p>ts ( p>i% *ur*es are (t5 excell5t     
compositions4 ,! gable ( ! nave always  
=m$ ! c5tral feature ( ! ma9 front4 ,?is
 0 flank$ by ! gables1 or half-gables1 (
 ! aisles :]e !re 7 no t[]s1 or by ! l[]
 portions ( ! t[]s4 ,z a rule ! c5tre & 
sides ( ! facade are sep>at$ by         
buttresses1 or "s o!r mode ( m>k+ a     
v]tical division1 & ! composition is    
also divid$ by b&s ( m\ld+s or o!rwise1 
horizontally into /oreys4 ,"s ( !       
horizontal divisions are (t5 /rongly    
m>k$1 especially 9 ! l[] "p ( ! build+1 
:]e 9 e>ly examples !re is sometimes 9  

addition to ! pl9?1 or base ( ! wall1 an
 arcade or a b& ( sculpture runn+ across
 ! entire front 7e4g4 ea/ front (       
,l9coln ,ca!dral74 ,! c5tral gable is   
always occupi$ by a l>ge w9d[--or 9 e>ly
 build+s a gr\p ( w9d[s--sometimes two  
/oreys 9 height4 ,a great side w9d[     
usually occurs at ! end ( ea* aisle4    
,bel[ ^! great w9d[s are introduc$1 at  
any rate 9 we/ fronts1 ! doorways1 :i*1 
ev5 9 ! f9e/ ,engli% examples1 are      
comp>atively small4 ,! gable also       
conta9s z a rule "o or m w9d[s (t5      
circul> :i* light ! space above !       
vaults4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ac4--,,/4 ,,pi]re1 ,,ca51 ,,t[] ,,&    
,,spire4 7,,spire1       #acjb47  ,"p ( 
! art 9 arrang+ su* a composition is to 
comb9e & yet contra/ its horizontal &   
v]tical elem5ts4 ,! horizontal l9es1 or 
features1 are ^? :i* s]ve to b9d ! :ole 
toge!r1 & ! v]tical ones are ^? :i* give
 t upw>d t5d5cy :i* is ! great *>m &    
peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4
 ,x is ess5tial = ! masses ( solid      

masonry & ! op5+s to be prop]ly contra/$
 & proportion$ to ea* o!r1 & "h1 z 9 e  
"p ( a build+1 su* ornam5ts & ornam5tal 
features z are introduc$ mu/ be design$ 
to contribute to ! enri*m5t ( ! build+ z
 a :ole1 s t no "p %all be conspicu\s   
ei!r by inh>moni\s treatm5t1 undue      
pla9ness1 or excessive enri*m5t4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,h\se ,,at 
,,*e/]4 7#af,,? ,,c5tury47  ,dur+ !     
transition ! gable became /eep] 9 pit*  
?an ! comp>atively mod]ate slope (      
,norman times4 ,9 ! ,e4 ,e4 x 0 acutely 
po9t$1 9 ! ,dec4 ! usual slope 0 t ( !  
two sides ( an equilat]al triangle3 9 ! 
,p]p4 x became extremely flat & ceas$ to
 be s m>k$ a feature z x _h =m]ly be54  
,9 dome/ic build+s ! gable 0 employ$ 9 !
 mo/ effective mann]1 & t[n dwell+-h\ses
 7 almo/ inv>iably built _! gable ends  
to ! /reet 7,fig4 #ad74         99      
99       99       99       99  ,a v     
effective =m ( wall 0 frequ5tly made use
 ( 9 dwell+-h\ses4 ,?is consi/$ ( a     
/urdy framework ( /\t timb]s expos$ to  

view1 ) ! spaces betwe5 !m fill$ 9 )    
pla/]4 ,( ?is "w1 :i* is kn[n z         
half-timb]$ "w1 _m beautiful specim5s   
rema9 dat+ f ! fifte5? & foll[+ c5turies
 7,figs4 #ad & #ae71 & a few ( e>li]    
date4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,engl& :]e tiles are 
manufactur$ su* framework 0 (t5 cov]$ by
 tiles in/ead ( be+ fill$ 9 ) pla/]+4 ,9
 half-timb]$ h\ses1 ! fire-places &     
*imneys1 & sometimes also ! basem5t     
/oreys1 are usually ( brickwork or      
masonry2 s are ! side walls 9 ! case (  
h\ses 9 /reets4 ,x 0 usual 9 su* build+s
 to cause ! upp] /oreys to ov]hang ! l[]
 ones4   ,columns & ,pi]s4  ,! columns &
 pi]s ( a build+ virtually =m portions (
 its walls1 s f> z aid+ to support !    
weight ( ! ro( is conc]n$1 & are        
appropriately consid]$ 9 connection )   
!m4 ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture v little use  
is made ( columns on ! outside ( a      
build+1 & ! porticoes & ext]nal r[s (   
columns prop] to ! classic /yles are q  
unkn[n4 ,on ! o!r h& ! s]ies ( pi]s1 or 
columns1 f :i* spr+ ! ar*es :i* sep>ate 

! c5tral av5ues ( nave1 transepts & *oir
 f ! aisles1 are among ! mo/ prom95t    
features 9 e *ur*4 ,^! pi]s v>i$ 9 ea*  
c5tury4#ad  ,! ,norman pi]s _h be5      
frequ5tly circul> or polygonal1 b       
sometimes ne>ly squ>e1 & usually (      
enorm\s mass4 ,?us1 at ,durham          
7,norman71 oblong pi]s ( ab\t elev5 feet
 9 diamet] occur alt]nately ) r\nd ones 
( ab\t sev5 feet4 ,9 transitional       
examples columns ( m sl5d] proportions 7
 employ$ ei!r 7z 9 ! *oir ( ,cant]bury7 
z s+le %afts or collect$ into gr\ps4    
,:]e gr\p+ took place x 0 int5d$ t ea*  
%aft ( ! gr\p %\ld be se5 to support "s 
def9ite feature ( ! sup]9cumb5t         
/ructure1 z :]e a sep>ate gr\p ( m\ld+s 
spr+s f ea* %aft 9 a doorway1 & ?is     
pr9ciple 0 v /eadily adh]$ to dur+ !    
great] "p ( ! ,go?ic p]iod4#ad          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,h\ses ,,at
 ,,lisieux1 ,,france4 7#af,,? ,,c5tury47
  ,?r\gh ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod gr\ps ( %afts  
are g5]ally employ$2 !y are (t5 =m$ (   
deta*$ %afts clu/]+ r\nd a c5tral "o1 & 

held toge!r at int]vals by b&s or belts 
( masonry1 & g5]ally ! entire gr\p is   
ne>ly circul> on plan4 ,9 ! succe$+     
c5tury 7,dec4 p]iod7 ! pi]s also take ! 
=m ( gr\ps ( %afts1 b !y are g5]ally    
c>v$ out ( "o block ( /one1 & ! ord9>y  
arrangem5t ( ! pi] is on a loz5ge-%ap$  
plan4 ,9 ! ,p]p41 ! pi]s reta9 ! same   
g5]al "*1 b are sl5d]]1 & ! %afts h (t5 
%runk to no?+ m ?an re$y m\ld+s4  ,!    
column is (t5 employ$ 9 ,transitional & 
,e4 ,e4 *ur*es z a sub/itute = pi]s     
c>ry+ ar*es4 ,9 e p]iod small columns   
are freely us$ z ornam5tal features4 ,!y
 are con/antly met )1 = example1 9 !    
jambs ( doorways & ( w9d[s4  ,e column  
is divid$ naturally into ?ree p>ts1 its 
base1 or foot2 its %aft1 :i* =ms ! ma9  
body2 & its capital1 or head4 ,ea* ( ^! 
w5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( modifications4 ,"p (
 ! base usually consi/$ ( a flat /one   
l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! column1 sometimes
 call$ a pl9?1 & ^u ?is /ood ! m\ld$    
base :i* gradually dim9i%$ to ! size ( !
 %aft4 ,?is pla9 /one 0 9 ,e4 ,e4 (t5   

squ>e1 & 9 t case ! corn] spaces :i* 7 n
 cov]$ by ! m\ld+s ( ! base 7 (t5       
occupi$ by an elegantly c>v$ leaf4 ,9   
,dec4 & ,p]p4 build+s ! l[] "p ( ! base 
0 (t5 polygonal1 & frequ5tly m\ld$ s z  
to make x into a p$e/al4#ae  ,!         
proportions ( %afts v>i$ extraord9>ily2 
!y 71 z a rule1 extremely sl5d] :5 _!   
purpose 0 purely decorative1 &          
comp>atively /urdy :5 !y really s]v$ to 
c>ry a weight4  ,! capital ( ! column   
has be5 p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 
9 ! ar*itecture ( e age & e c\ntry1 & x 
is "o ( ! features :i* a /ud5t may make 
use ( z an indication ( date & /yle (   
build+s1 v mu* z ! botani/ employs !    
fl[] z an index to ! g5us & species (   
plants4 ,! capital almo/ inv>iably />ts 
f a r+1 call$ ! neck ( ! column4 ,?is   
s]ves to m>k ! end ( ! %aft & !         
comm5cem5t ( ! capital4 ,above ?is      
foll[s :at is commonly call$ ! bell1--! 
ma9 portion ( ! capital1 :i* is t "p ^u 
:i* ! skill ( ! c>v] & ! ta/e ( !       
design] c be mo/ freely exp5d$1 & on !  

top ( ! bell is plac$ ! abacus1 a flat  
block ( /one ^u ! upp] surface ( :i* is 
built ! sup]/ructure or is laid ! beam  
or block :i* ! column has to support4 ,!
 %ape & ornam5ts giv5 to ! abacus are   
(t5 ( consid]able importance z          
indications ( ! position 9 ar*itectural 
hi/ory :i* ! build+ 9 :i* x occurs %\ld 
occupy4  ,! ,norman capital diff]$ to "s
 ext5t f ! ,romanesque capitals ( o!r   
p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x 0 commonly ( a heavy1
 /rong-look+ %ape1 & is (t5             
appropriately call$ ! cu%ion capital4 ,9
 its simpl] =ms ! cu%ion capital is no?+
 b a cubical block ( /one ) its l[]     
corn]s r\nd$ (f to make x fit ! circul> 
%aft on :i* x is plac$1 & ) a slab by   
way ( abacus plac$ ^u x4 ,9 lat] ,norman
 & transitional "w ! faces ( ?is block &
 ! edges ( ! abacus are (t5 ri*ly m\ld$4
 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 z ! transition to  
,e4 ,e4 approa*$1 a new sort (          
capital#af 0 introduc$1 hav+ ! outl9e ( 
! bell holl[ in/ead ( convex4 ,! squ>e  
faces ( ! ,norman capital ( c\rse       

disappe>$1 & ! squ>e abacus soon 7at    
lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry7 became circul>1      
involv+ no small loss ( vig\r 9 !       
appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,! bell ( ?is capital 
0 (t5 decorat$ ) ri* m\ld+s1 & _h       
f9ely-design$ & *>act]i/ic foliage1 :i* 
almo/ always seem$ to gr[ up ! capital1 
& repres5t$ a conv5tional k9d ( leaf    
easily recognis$ :5 once se54  ,9 !     
,dec4 p]iod ! capitals h1 z a rule1 few]
 & less elaborate m\ld+s2 ! foliage is  
(t5 v beautifully c>v$ 9 imitation (    
natural leaves1 & wrea!d r\nd ! capital 
in/ead ( gr[+ up x4 ,9 ! ,p]p4 ?is      
feature is 9 e way less ornate1 ! m\ld+s
 are pla9]1 & ! foliage1 (t5 abs5t1 is1 
:5 x occurs1 conv5tional & /iff4        
,polygonal capitals are common 9 ?is    
p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,lat] ,norman   
,capital4  ,,footnotes3  #h ,=          
illu/rations consult ! ,gloss>y "u ,pi]4
  #i ,= illu/ration consult ! ,gloss>y4 
#aj ,= illu/rations consult ! ,gloss>y4 
#aa ,= illu/ration consult ! ,gloss>y "u
 ,fly+ buttress4  #ab ,= rem>ks on      

,spires1 see ,*ap4 ,v4  #ac ,york1      
,li*field1 & ,l9coln1 are ! ca!drals    
di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( ?ree t[]s4   
#ad ,= illu/rations consult ! ,gloss>y  
"u ,pi]4  #ae ,= illu/rations consult ! 
,gloss>y "u ,base4  #af ,= illu/rations 
consult ! ,gloss>y4       ,illu/ration3 
,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t ,,f ,,we/m9/]     
,,abbey4  ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,go?ic          
,,ar*itecture4--,,engl&4   ,,analysis   
,,( ,,build+s 7cont9u$7--,,op5+s1       
,,ro(s1 ,,spires1 ,,ornam5ts1 ,,/a9$    
,,glass1 ,,sculpture4  ,op5+s & ,ar*es4 
,! op5+s 7i4e4 doors & w9d[s7 9 ! walls 
( ,engli% ,go?ic build+s are            
occasionally cov]$ by flat heads or     
l9tels1 b ?is is exceptional2 ord9>ily  
!y h ar*$ heads4 ,! %ape ( ! ar* v>ies  
at all p]iods4 ,ar*itects always felt   
!mselves free to adopt any %ape :i* be/ 
met ! requirem5ts ( any special case2 b 
at ea* p]iod !re 0 "o %ape ( ar* :i* x 0
 cu/om>y to use4  ,9 ! fir/ transitional
 p]iod 7end ( twelf? c5tury7 semicircul>
 & po9t$ ar*es are bo? met )1 & are (t5 

bo? employ$ 9 ! same "p ( ! same build+4
 ,! m\ld+s & enri*m5ts :i* are common 9 
,norman "w are usually /ill 9 use4 ,9 ! 
,e4 ,e4 p]iod ! doorways are almo/      
inv>iably r acutely po9t$1 ! ar*$ heads 
are enri*$ by a l>ge mass ( ri* m\ld+s1 
& ! jambs#ag h usually a s]ies ( small  
columns1 ea* ( :i* is int5d$ to c>ry a  
portion ( ! entire gr\p ( m\ld+s4 ,l>ge 
doorways are (t5 subdivid$ into two1 &  
frequ5tly approa*$ by por*es4 ,a mo/    
beautiful example occurs 9 ! spl5did we/
 entrance to ,ely ,ca!dral4 ,o!r        
examples w be f\nd at ,li*field 7,fig4  
#a7 & ,salisbury4 ,x 0 n uncommon to    
cov] doorways ) a l9tel1 ! :ole be+ "u  
an ar*way2 ?is left a space above ! head
 ( ! door :i* 0 occupi$ by c>v+ (t5 (   
great beauty4 ,ornam5tal gables are (t5 
=m$ ov] ! entrances ( *ur*es1 & are     
ri*ly sculptur$2 b ?\gh beautiful1 ^!   
features r>ely atta9$ magnific5ce4 ,!   
mo/ rem>kable entrance to an ,engli%    
ca!dral is ! we/ portal ( ,pet]bor\gh--a
 composition ( l(ty & ri*ly m\ld$ ar*es 

built 9 front ( ! orig9al we/ wall4 ,a  
portal on a small] scale1 b add$ 9 !    
same mann] adorns ! we/ front ( ,wells4 
,z a less exceptional example we may    
ref] to ! entrance to ,we/m9/] ,abbey at
 ! end ( ! nor? transept 7n[ "u         
re/oration71 :i* mu/ h be5 a noble      
example ( an ,e4 ,e4 portal :5 9 its    
p]fect /ate4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#af4--,,lancet ,,w9d[4 7#ab,,?          
,,c5tury47  ,! w9d[s 9 ?is /yle 7 almo/ 
always long1 n>r[1 & ) a po9t$ head     
resembl+ ! blade ( a lancet 7,fig4 #af74
 ,! glass is g5]ally ne> ! outside face 
( ! wall1 & ! sides ( ! op5+ are splay$ 
t[>ds ! inside4 ,x 0 v cu/om>y to place 
^! lancet w9d[s 9 gr\ps4 ,! be/ kn[n    
gr\p is ! celebrat$ "o ( ! five si/]s1  
five l(ty s+le lights1 occupy+ ! ea/]n  
end ( "o ( ! transepts ( ,york ,m9/]4 ,a
 common arrangem5t 9 design+ su* a gr\p 
0 to make ! c5tral light ! highe/1 & to 
graduate ! height ( ! o!rs4 ,x aft] a "t
 became cu/om>y to r5d] ! op5+ m        
ornam5tal by add+ po9t$ projections     

call$ cusps4 ,by ^! ! %ape ( ! head ( ! 
op5+ 0 turn$ into a =m resembl+ a       
trefoil leaf4 ,sometimes two cusps 7    
add$ on ea* side4 ,! head is1 9 ! =m]   
case1 said to be trefoil$--9 ! latt]1   
c9qfoil$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ag4--,,two-,,light ,,w9d[4 7#ac,,?     
,,c5tury47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#ah4--;,,geometrical ,,trac]y4 7#ad,,?  
,,c5tury47  ,:5 two w9d[s 7 plac$ close 
toge!r x began to be cu/om>y to include 
!m "u "o out] ar*1 & aft] a "t to pi]ce 
! solid head betwe5 !m ) a circle1 :i*  
frequ5tly 0 cusp$1 =m+ (t5 a quatrefoil 
7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is complet$ ! idea ( a   
gr\p1 & 0 rapidly foll[$ by ornam5tal   
treatm5t4 ,?ree1 f\r1 five1 or m w9d[s  
7:i* 9 su* a position are (t5 t]m$      
lights7 7 (t5 plac$ "u "o ar*1 ! head ( 
:i* 0 fill$ by a m or less ri* gr\p (   
circles2 m\ld+s 7 add$1 & ?us rose !    
sy/em ( decoration = w9d[-heads kn[n z  
trac]y4 ,s long z ! trac]y pres]ves !   
simple "* ( pi]c+s ?r\gh a flat /one1   
fill+ ! space betwe5 ! w9d[ heads1 x is 

kn[n z plate trac]y4 ,! ?9n+ d[n ( !    
blank space to a comp>atively n>r[      
surface w5t on1 & by & by ! use ( m\ld+s
 caus$ t pla9 surface to resemble b>s ( 
/one b5t into a circul> =m3 ?is 0 call$ 
b> trac]y1 & x is 9 ?is =m t trac]y is  
*iefly employ$ 9 ,engl& 7,fig4 #ah74    
,we/m9/] ,abbey is full ( exquisite     
examples ( ,e4 ,e4 w9d[-trac]y 7temp4   
,h5ry ,,iii472 z1 = example1 9 ! w9d[s (
 ! *oir1 ! great circul> w9d[s          
7te*nically t]m$ rose-w9d[s7 at ! ends (
 ! transepts1 ! w9d[s ( ! *apt]-h\se4   
,la/1 b n lea/1 ! spl5did arcade :i* =ms
 ! tri=ium is fill$ ) trac]y simil> 9 e 
respect to ! be/ w9d[ trac]y ( ! p]iod  
7,fig4 #ai74    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#ai4--,,! ,,tri=ium ,,arcade1 ,,we/m9/] 
,,abbey4       7#abfi47  ,9 ! decorat$  
/yle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury trac]y 0        
develop$ till x rea*$ a great pit* (    
p]fection & intricacy4 ,9 ! e>li] half (
 ! c5tury none save regul> geometrical  
=ms1 made up ( circles & segm5ts (      
circles1 occur2 9 o!r words1 ! :ole     

design ( ! mo/ elaborate w9d[ c\ld be   
drawn ) ! compasses1 & a curve ( contr>y
 flexure r>ely occurr$4 ,9 ! late/ half 
( t p]iod fl[+ l9es are introduc$ into !
 trac]y1 & v mu* alt] its "* 7,fig4     
#bj74 ,! cusp+ ?r\gh\t is bold] ?an 9 ! 
,e4 ,e4 p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#bj4--,,rose ,,w9d[ ,,f ,,! ,,transept  
,,( ,,l9coln       ,,ca!dral4           
7#acdb-acdg47  ,9 p]p5dicul> w9d[s      
spaces ( enorm\s size are occupi$ by !  
mullions & trac]y4 ,horizontal b>s1     
call$ transoms1 are n[ = ! fir/ "t      
introduc$1 & ! upright b>s or mullions  
=m ) !m a k9d ( /one grat+2 b bel[ ea*  
transom a s]ies ( small /one ar*es =ms  
heads to ! lights bel[ t transom1 & a   
m9or mullion (t5 spr+s f ! head ( ea* ( 
^! ar*es1 s t z ! w9d[ increases 9      
height1 ! numb] ( its lights increases4 
,! "* ( ! cusp+ *ang$ aga91 ! cusps     
becom+ club-head$ 9 _! =m 7,fig4 #ba74  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,p]p5dicul> 
,,w9d[4  ,ar*es 9 ! great arcades (     
*ur*es1 or 9 ! small] arcades ( cloi/]s1

 or us$ z decorations to ! surface ( !  
walls1 7 made acute1 obtuse1 or         
segm5tal1 to suit ! duty !y _h to p]=m2 
b :5 !re 0 no?+ to dictate any special  
%ape1 ! ar* ( ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod 0 by      
pref]5ce acute#ah & ( l(ty proportions1 
& t ( ! ,dec4 less l(ty1 & its head     
equilat]al 7i4e4 describ$ s t if ! ends 
( ! base ( an equilat]al triangle t\* ! 
two po9ts f :i* x spr+s1 ! apex ( !     
angle %all t\* ! po9t ( ! ar*74 ,9 !    
,p]p4 p]iod ! f\r c5tr$ depress$ ar*1   
sometimes call$ ! ,tudor ar*1 0         
introduc$1 & ?\gh x did n entirely      
sup]s$e ! equilat]al ar*1 yet its       
employm5t became at la/ all b univ]sal1 
& x is "o ( ! especially *>act]i/ic     
features ( ! ,tudor p]iod4   ,ro(s &    
,vaults4  ,! ext]nal & ! int]nal cov]+ (
 a build+ are v (t5 n ! same2 ! out]    
cov]+ is !n usually call$ a ro(--! o!r1 
a vault or ceil+4 ,9 n a few ,go?ic     
build+s1 h[ev]1 !y 7 ! same2 su* build+s
 _h :at are kn[n z op5 ro(s--i4e4 ro(s 9
 :i* ! :ole ( ! timb] fram+ ( :i* !y are

 con/ruct$ is op5 to view f ! int]ior "r
 up to ! tiles or lead4 ,v few op5 ro(s 
( ,e4 ,e4 "* are n[ rema9+1 b a good _m 
p>i% *ur*es reta9 ro(s ( ! ,dec41 & m ( 
! ,p]p4 p]iod4 ,! ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall  
7,p]p41 erect$ #acig7 %[s h[ f9e an     
ar*itectural object su* a ro( may       
become4 ,! ro( ( ! hall ( ,el?am ,palace
 7,fig4 #bb7 is ano!r good example4     
,wood5 ceil+s1 (t5 v ri*1 are n         
uncommon1 especially 9 ! *ur*es (       
,norfolk & ,suffolk1 b great] int]e/    
atta*es to ! /one vaults ) :i* !        
majority ( ,go?ic build+s 7 erect$1 ?an 
to any o!r description ( cov]+ to !     
int]iors ( build+s4  ,! vault 0 a       
feature r>ely abs5t f important *ur*es1 
& ! /ructural requirem5ts ( ! ,go?ic    
vault 7 among ! mo/ influ5tial ( !      
elem5ts :i* det]m9$ bo? ! plan & !      
section ( a m$iaeval *ur*4 ,!re 0 a     
regul> gr[? 9 ,go?ic vaults4 ,^? ( !    
?irte5? c5tury are comp>atively simple2 
^? ( ! f\rte5? are mu* ri*] & m         
elaborate1 & (t5 involve v great        

/ructural difficulties4 ,^? ( ! fifte5? 
are m sy/ematic1 & consequ5tly m simple 
9 pr9ciple ?an ! ones :i* prec$$ !m1 b  
are su* m>vels ( workman%ip1 & s enri*$ 
by an inf9ity ( p>ts1 t !y a/oni% !     
behold]1 & x appe>s1 till ! secret is   
kn[n1 impossible to imag9e h[ !y c be   
made to /&4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#bb4--,,ro( ,,( ,,hall ,,at ,,el?am     
,,palace4 7#ae,,?       ,,c5tury47  ,x  
has be5 held by "s v good au?orities t !
 po9t$ ar* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,go?ic 
ar*itecture to solve difficulties :i*   
pres5t$ !mselves 9 ! vault+4 ,9 all     
probability ! desire to give to ev]y?+1 
ar*es includ$1 a m l(ty appe>ance & m   
sl5d] proportions may h _h z mu* to d ) 
! adoption ( ! po9t$ ar* z any /ructural
 consid]ations1 b !re c be no d\bt t x 0
 us$ = /ructural ar*es f ! v fir/1 ev5  
:5 w9d[ heads & wall arcades 7          
semicircul>1 & t ! introduction ( x     
cle>$ ! way = ! use ( /one vaults ( l>ge
 span to a wond]ful ext5t4 ,x is n easy 
to expla9 ?is )\t be+ m te*nical ?an is 

p]haps desirable 9 ! pres5t volume1 b ! 
subject is "o ( too mu* importance = x  
to be possible to avoid mak+ ! attempt4 
,*ur*es1 x w be recollect$1 7 commonly  
built ) a wide nave & n>r[] aisles1 & x 
0 9 ! ,norman p]iod cu/om>y to vault !  
aisles & cov] ! nave ) a ceil+4 ,!re 0  
no difficulty 9 s spac+ ! di/ances ap>t 
( ! pi]s ( ! ma9 arcade t ! comp>tm5ts  
7usually t]m$ bays7 ( ! aisle %\ld be   
squ>e on plan2 & x 0 q possible1 )\t do+
 m ?an ! ,romans _h done1 to vault ea*  
bay ( ! aisles ) a semicircul> int]sect+
 vault 7i4e4 "o :i* has ! appe>ance ( a 
semicircul> or waggon-head vault1       
int]sect$ by ano!r vault ( ! same outl9e
 & height74 ,?is produc$ a simple s]ies 
( :at are call$ gro9$ or cross vaults1  
:i* all[$ height to be giv5 to ! w9d[   
heads ( ! aisle & to ! arcades betwe5 ! 
aisles & nave4  ,aft] a "t x 0 desir$ to
 vault ! nave also1 & to adopt = x an   
int]sect+ vault1 s t ! heads ( ! w9d[s (
 ! cl]e/ory might be rais$ above ! spr++
 l9e ( ! vault1 b s long z ! ar*es      

rema9$ semicircul>1 ?is 0 v difficult to
 accompli%4  ,! ,romans w\ld probably h 
cont5t$ !mselves ) employ+ a b>rel vault
 & pi]c+ x to ! ext5t requir$ by %ort   
lat]al vaults1 b ! result w\ld h be5 an 
irregul>1 weak1 curv$ l9e at ea*        
int]section ) ! ma9 vault2 & ! aisle    
vaults hav+ made ! pleas+ effect ( a    
p]fectly regul> int]section famili>1 ?is
 exp$i5t does n seem to h f\nd fav\r1 at
 any rate 9 ,engl&4  ,o!r exp$i5ts 7    
h[ev] tri$1 & ) curi\s results4 ,x 0 =  
example attempt$ to vault ! nave ) a    
cross vault1 embrac+ two bays ( ! arcade
 to "o ( ! vault1 b ! wall space s ga9$ 
0 p>ticul>ly ill suit$ to ! cl]e/ory    
w9d[s1 z may be se5 by exam9+ ! nave (  
,/4 ,/eph5's at ,ca54 ,9 %ort1 if !     
vault+ comp>tm5t 7 z wide z ! nave "o   
way1 b only z wide z ! aisle ! o!r way1 
& semicircul> ar*es alone 7 employ$1 a  
satisfactory result seem$ to be         
unatta9able4  ,9 ! se>* = "s means ( s  
vault+ a bay ( oblong plan t ! ar*es    
%\ld spr+ all at "o level1 & ! gro9s or 

l9es ( int]section %\ld cross "o ano!r 9
 ! c5tre ( ! ceil+1 ! idea ei!r arose or
 0 sugge/$ t ! curve ( ! small] span    
%\ld be a po9t$ in/ead ( a semicircul>  
ar*4  ,! mom5t ?is 0 tri$ all difficulty
 vani%$1 & gro9$ 7i4e4 int]sect+7       
vaults1 cov]+ comp>tm5ts ( any          
proportions became easy to design &     
simple to con/ruct1 = if ! vault :i*    
spann$ ! n>r[ way ( ! comp>tm5t 7       
acutely po9t$1 & t :i* spann$ x ! wide  
way 7 ei!r semicircul> or flatly-po9t$1 
x became easy to arrange t ! />t+s ( bo?
 vaults %\ld be at ! same level1 & t !y 
%\ld rise to ! same height1 :i* is !    
condition ess5tial to ! production ( a  
satisfactory int]section4  ,scott       
enum]ates n few] ?an f\rte5 v>ieties (  
m$iaeval vaults#ai & po9ts out t        
specim5s ( ?irte5 are to be f\nd at     
,we/m9/]4 ,)\t su* m9ute detail we may  
select "s well-kn[n v>ieties3--7#a7 ,!  
pla9 waggon-head vault1 z at ! ,*apel ( 
! ,t[]2 7#b7 9 advanc$ ,norman works1   
cross-vaults =m$ by two int]sect+       

semicircul> vaults1 ! diagonal l9e be+  
call$ a gro94 7#c7 ,! e>lie/            
transitional & ,e4 ,e4 vaults1 po9t$ & )
 transv]se & diagonal ribs1 & bosses at 
! int]section ( ribs1 e4g41 9 ! aisles &
 ! e>ly "p ( ! cloi/]s at ,we/m9/]4 7#d7
 ,9 ! advanc$ "p ( ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod1 !   
addition ( a rib at ! ridge1 z se5 9 !  
presbyt]y & transepts at ,we/m9/]4 7#e7 
,at ! "t ( ! transition to ,dec4 7temp4 
,ed4 #a47 additional ribs began to be   
introduc$ betwe5 ! diagonal & !         
transv]se ribs4 7#f7 ,z ! ,dec4 p]iod   
advanc$ o!r ribs1 call$ li]nes1 7       
introduc$1 runn+ 9 v>i\s directions ov] 
! surface ( ! vault1 mak+ />-l figures  
on ! vault4 7#g7 ,! vault ( ! e>ly      
,p]p41 :i* is simil> to ! la/1 b m      
complicat$ & approa*+ ,no4 #h1 e4g41    
,abbot ,islip's *apel4 7#h7 ,la/ly1 !   
di/9ctive vault ( ! advanc$ or ,tudor   
,p]p41 is ! fan-trac]y vault ( :i* ,h5ry
 ,,vii4's ,*apel ro( is ! climax4 ,!    
vault+ surfaces 9 ^! are portions (     
holl[ conoids1 & are cov]$ by a net-"w (

 f9e ribs1 connect$ toge!r by b&s (     
cusp+ 7,fig4 #bc74    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #bc4--;,,h5ry ,,vii4',s ,,*apel4 
7#aejc-aeab47  ,9 ,scott's enum]ation ! 
vaults ( octagons & irregul> comp>tm5ts1
 & su* v>ieties z ! "o call$ sexp>tite1 
f9d a place2 "h !y h be5 int5tionally   
exclud$4 ,_m ( !m are works ( ! greate/ 
skill & beauty1 especially ! vaults (   
octagonal *apt] h\ses spr++ f "o c5tre  
pi] 7e4g41 ,*apt] ,h\ses at ,worce/]1   
,we/m9/]1 ,wells1 & ,salisbury74        
,ext]nally1 ! ro(s ( build+s became v   
/eep 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 !y 7 n q s /eep
 9 ! f\rte5?1 & 9 ! fifte5? !y 7        
frequ5tly almo/ flat4 ,!y 7 always reli$
 ^u to add to ! effectiv5ess ( a build+1
 & 7 enri*$ sometimes by v>iegat$ tiles 
or o!r cov]+1 sometimes by !            
introduction ( small w9d[s1 kn[n z dorm]
 w9d[s1 ea* ) its own gablet & its      
little ro(1 & sometimes by ! addition ( 
a /eep sid$ ro( 9 ! %ape ( a lant]n or a
 fle*e on ! ridge1 or a pyramidal cov]+ 
to "s project+ octagon or turret4  ,all 

^! h _! value 9 break+ up ! sky-l9e ( ! 
build+1 & add+ int]e/ & beauty to x4    
,/ill m /rik+1 h[ev]1 9 its effect on ! 
sky-l9e 0 ! spire1 a feature to :i*     
great att5tion 0 paid 9 ,engli%         
ar*itecture4   ,spires4  ,! e>ly squ>e  
t[]s ( ,romanesque *ur*es 7 sometimes   
surm\nt$ by pyramidal ro(s ( l[ pit*4   
,we h probably none n[ rema9+1 b we h "s
 examples ( l>ge p9nacles1 cr[n$ )      
pyramids1 :i* %[ :at ! %ape mu/ h be54  
,!y 7 squ>e 9 plan & some:at /eep 9     
slope4  ,! spire 0 develop$ e>ly 9 ! ,e4
 ,e4 p]iod4 ,x 0 octagonal 9 plan1 & !  
f\r sides :i* co9cid$ ) ! faces ( ! t[] 
rose direct f ! walls above a slightly  
mask$ eaves c\rse4 ,! f\r oblique sides 
are connect$ to ! t[] by a feature call$
 a broa*1 :i* may be describ$ z "p ( a  
blunt pyramid4 ,! broa*-spire 7,fig4    
#bd7 is to be met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 
b especially 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,! *ief 
ornam5ts ( an ,e4 ,e4 spire consi/ 9    
small w9d[s 7call$ spire-lights or      
luc>nes7 ea* surm\nt$ by its gablet4    

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,e>ly      
,,engli% ,,spire4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>y 
,,magdal5e1 ,,w>boys1 ,,l9coln%ire4  ,9 
! ,dec4 p]iod x 0 common to f9i% ! t[]  
by a p>apet1 & to />t ! spire beh9d !   
p>apet1 sometimes ) a broa*1 (t5 )\t4   
,p9nacles 7 frequ5tly add$ at ! corn]s (
 ! t[]1 & an ar*1 l t ( a fly+ buttress1
 0 sometimes ?r[n across f ! p9nacle to 
! spire4 ,spire-lights occur z be=e1 & !
 surface ( ! spire is (t5 enri*$ by b&s 
( ornam5t at int]vals4 ,! g5]al         
proportions ( ! spire 7 m sl5d] ?an     
be=e1 & ! rib1 :i* g5]ally ran up ea*   
angle1 0 (t5 enri*$ by crockets1 i4e4   
tufts ( leaves arrang$ 9 a =mal %ape    
7,fig4 #be74    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#be4--;,,decorat$ ,,spire4 ,,all        
,,sa9ts' ,,*ur*1 ,,oakham1              
,,rutl&%ire4  ,t[]s 7 frequ5tly int5d$  
to /& )\t spires 9 ! ,p]p4 p]iod1 & are 
(t5 f9i%$ by f\r effective              
angle-p9nacles & a cornice ) battlem5ts4
 ,:]e spires occur 9 ?is p]iod !y       
resemble ^? ( ! ,dec4 p]iod4  ,spires   

end usually 9 a boss or f9ial1 surm\nt$ 
by a wea!rcock4 ,ord9>y ro(s 7 usually  
f9i%$ by ornam5tal cre/+1 & _! summits 7
 m>k$ by f9ials1#bj frequ5tly (         
exquisite workman%ip4   ,ornam5ts4  ,we 
n[ come to ornam5ts1 includ+ m\ld+s1    
c>v+1 & col\r1 & "h we are l&$ ^u a mass
 ( details :i* x w\ld be impossible to  
pursue f>4 ,m\ld+s play a prom95t "p 9  
,go?ic ar*itecture1 & f ! fir/ to ! la/ 
!y v>i$ s con/antly t _! pr(iles & gr\p+
 may be con/antly made use ( z a k9d (  
ar*itectural cal5d>1 to po9t out ! "t1  
to )9 a few ye>s1 :5 ! build+ 9 :i* !y  
occur 0 erect$4  ,a m\ld+ is !          
ar*itect's means ( draw+ a l9e on 8     
build+4 ,if he desires to m>k on !      
ext]ior ! position ( an int]nal floor1  
or 9 any o!r way to sugge/ a division   
into /oreys1 a m\ld$ /r+-c\rse is       
introduc$4 ,if he wi%es to add ri*ness &
 play ( light & %ade to ! sides ( an    
important ar*1 he introduces a s]ies (  
m\ld+s1 ! pr(ile ( :i* has be5 design$  
to =m lights & %ad[s su* z w answ] 8    

purpose4 ,if aga9 he desires to ?r[ out 
a projection & to give ! idea ( its be+ 
prop]ly support$1 he places "u 8        
projection a corbel ( m\ld+s :i* are (  
/rong z well z pleas+ =m1 s z to convey 
to ! eye ! notion ( support4 ,m\ld+s1 x 
c be und]/ood1 diff] 9 bo? size &       
pr(ile1 accord+ to ! purpose :i* !y are 
requir$ to s]ve1 ! di/ance f ! spectator
 at :i* !y are fix$1 & ! mat]ial out (  
:i* !y are =m$4 ,9 ! ,go?ic p]iods !y   
also diff]$ accord+ to ! date at :i* !y 
7 execut$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#bf4--;,,e>ly ,,ar* ,,9 ,,rec$+         
,,planes4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#bg4--;,,ar* ,,9 ,,rec$+ ,,planes       
,,m\ld$4  ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! ,go?ic    
sy/em ( m\ld+s 0 tak5 by ! ,romanesque  
ar*itects :5 ! idea ( build+ ar*es 9    
?ick walls1 n only "o )9 ! o!rs1 b also 
9 planes rec$+ back f ! face ( ! wall "o
 beh9d z well z )9 ano!r1 0 =m$ & c>ri$ 
out1 & :5 a correspond+ recess$         
arrangem5t ( ! jamb ( ! ar* 0 made      
7,fig4 #bf74 ,! next /ep 0 ! addition ( 

"s simple m\ld+ to ! advanc+ angle ( ea*
 rim ( su* a s]ies ( ar*es ei!r =m+ a   
bead 7,fig4 #bg7 or a *amf]4  ,9 !      
transitional "p ( ! twelf? c5tury & !   
,e4 ,e4 p]iod ?is process w5t on till at
 la/1 ?\gh ! sep>ate rec$+ ar*es /ill   
cont9u$ to exi/1 ! m\ld+s#ba into :i* !y
 7 cut became s num]\s & elaborate z to 
r5d] x (t5 difficult to detect !        
subord9ation or division into di/9ct    
planes :i* really rema9$4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,doorway1  
,,k+',s ,,college ,,*apel1 ,,cambridge4 
7#ae,,? ,,c5tury47  ,?is passion =      
elaborate m\ld+s1 (t5 extraord9>ily     
und]cut1 rea*$ its climax 9 ! ?irte5?   
c5tury1 ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod4 ,9 ! ,dec4     
p]iod1 :ile almo/ ev]y?+ else became m  
elaborate1 m\ld+s grew m simple1 yet    
h>dly less beautiful4 ,9 ! ,p]p4 p]iod  
!y 7 n only fur!r simplifi$1 b (t5      
impov]i%$1 be+ usually %all[1 =mal1 &   
/iff4#bb  ,ornam5ts ab\nd$1 & includ$ n 
only enri*m5ts 9 ! %ape ( c>v$ foliage &
 figures1 /atu>y1 mosaics1 & s =?1 b    

ornam5tal features1 su* z canopies1     
p9nacles1 arcades1 & recesses 7,fig4    
#bh74  ,9 ea* p]iod ^! are di/9ct 9     
design f all t w5t be=e or came aft]1 & 
?us to cat* ! _s ( any "o ,go?ic p]iod  
aright1 x is n en\gh to fix ! g5]al     
%apes ( ! ar*es & proportions ( ! pi]s b
 e feature1 e m\ld+1 & e ornam5t mu/ be 
wr\ght 9 ! true _s ( ! "w1 or ! result w
 be m>r$4   ,/a9$ ,glass4  ,ornam5tal   
mat]ials & e sort ( decorative art1 su* 
z mosaic1 enamel1 metal "w & inlays1 7  
freely employ$ to add beauty 9          
appropriate positions2 b !re 0 "o       
ornam5t1 ! cr[n+ inv5tion ( ! ,go?ic    
arti/s1 :i* l>gely influ5c$ ! design ( !
 f9e/ build+s1 & :i* reflect$ a glory on
 !m su* z no?+ else c approa*3 ?is 0    
/a9$ glass4  ,s mu* ( ! old glass has   
p]i%$1 & s little mod]n glass is ev5    
passable1 t ?is praise may seem ov]*>g$ 
to ^? :o h nev] se5 any ( ! be/ specim5s
 /ill left4 ,we h 9 ! *oir at ,cant]bury
 a remnant ( ! f9e/ sort ( glass :i*    
,engl& possesses4 ,"s good fragm5ts     

rema9 at ,we/m9/]1 ?\gh n v _m2 b to    
judge ( ! effect ( glass at its be/1 !  
/ud5t %\ld visit ,la ,sa9te ,*apelle at 
,p>is1 or ! ,ca!drals ( ,*>tres1 ,le    
,mans1 ,b\rges1 or ,rheims1 & he w f9d 9
 ^! build+s effects 9 col\r :i* are no?+
 less ?an gorge\s 9 _! brilliancy1      
ri*ness1 & h>mony4    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #bi4--,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,w9d[ ,,f  
,,*>tres       ,,ca!dral4  ,! peculi>   
excell5ce ( /a9$ glass z comp>$ ) e o!r 
sort ( decoration1 is t x is lum9\s4 ,to
 "s ext5t fresco-pa9t+ may claim a sort 
( brightness2 mosaic :5 execut$ 9 poli%$
 mat]ials possesses brilliancy2 b 9 /a9$
 glass ! light :i* comes /ream+ 9 ?r\gh 
! w9d[ itself gives radiance1 :ile !    
quality ( ! glass det]m9es ! col\r1 &   
?us we obta9 a gl[+1 lu/re ( col\r :i* c
 only be comp>$ to ! beauty ( gems4 ,9  
ord] prop]ly to fill _! place z         
decorations1 /a9$-glass w9d[s mu/ be    
some?+ q diff]5t f transp>5t pictures1 &
 ! sc5es !y repres5t mu/ n deta*        
!mselves too viol5tly f ! g5]al gr\nd4  

,! mo/ p]fect effect is produc$ by su*  
w9d[s z ^? at ,cant]bury or ,*>tres     
7,fig4 #bi71 :i* recall a clu/] ( jewels
 r ?an a picture4   ,col\r$ ,decoration4
  ,col\r 0 also freely introduc$ by !   
lavi% employm5t ( col\r$ mat]ials :]e !y
 7 to be _h1 & by pa9t+ ! int]iors )    
bright pigm5ts4 ,we meet ) traces ( ri* 
col\r on _m p>ts ( anci5t build+s1 :]e  
we %\ld h>dly d>e to put x n[1 & we _c  
d\bt t pa9t$ decoration 0 con/antly made
 use ( ) ! happie/ effect4   ,sculpture4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                
#cj4--,,sculpture ,,f ,,! ,,entrance    
,,to ,,! ,,*apt]       ,,h\se1 ,,we/m9/]
 ,,abbey4 7#abej47  ,! la/1 p]haps !    
noble/ ornam5t1 is sculpture4 ,! ,go?ic 
ar*itects 7 alive to its value1 & 9 all 
_! be/ works /atues ab\nd$2 (t5         
conv5tional to ! la/ degree2 sometimes  
to our eyes unc\?1 b always ! be/ :i* ^?
 :o c>v$ !m c\ld d at ! "t2 always sure 
to contribute to ar*itectural effect2   
nev] )\t a picturesque p[]1 sometimes   
ris+ to grace & ev5 gr&eur1 & sometimes 

s9k+ to grotesque ugl9ess4 ,:atev] !    
quality ( ! sculpture 01 x 0 always !re1
 & add$ life to ! :ole4 ,mon/]s gap$ &  
gr9n$ f ! wat]-sp\ts1 little figures or 
/range animals twi/$ 9 & out ( ! foliage
 at angles & bosses & corbels4 ,/ately  
effigies occupi$ dignifi$ ni*es1 9      
places ( hon\r2 & 9 ! m\ld+s & tympanum 
( ! head ( a doorway !re 0 (t5 c>v$ a   
:ole ho/ ( figures repres5t+ heav51 e>?1
 & hell1 ) a rude =ce & a native        
eloqu5ce t h n lo/ _! p[] to ! pres5t   
day4  ,9 ! positions :]e mode/          
ornam5tation 0 requir$1 z = example !   
capitals ( %afts1 ! holl[s ( gr\ps (    
m\ld+s1 & ! bosses ( vault+1 c>v+ ( !   
mo/ f9i%$ execution & ma/]ly design     
con/antly occurs4 ,speak+ r\ghly1 ?is 0 
*iefly conv5tional 9 ! ,e4 ,e4 p]iod1   
*iefly natural 9 ! ,dec4 & mix$1 b )    
p]haps a pref]5ce = ! conv5tional 9 !   
,p]p4 ,examples ab\nd1 b bo? = beauty & 
accessibility we c ref] to no bett]     
example ?an ! c>v+ :i* enri*es !        
entrance to ! ,*apt] ,h\se ( ,we/m9/]   

,abbey 7,fig4 #cj74    ,illu/ration3    
,mis]]e ,seat f ,wells ,ca!dral4        
,,footnotes3  #ag ,= illu/rations       
consult ! ,gloss>y "u ,jamb4  #ah ,=    
illu/rations consult ! ,gloss>y "u ,ar*4
  #ai ,address to ! ,conf]5ce (         
,ar*itects4 ,report$ 9 ! ,build] ( #bd? 
,june1 #ahgf4 ,outl9es illu/rat+ "s ( ^!
 v>ieties ( vault w be f\nd 9 ! ,gloss>y
 "u ,vault4  #bj ,see ,gloss>y4  #ba ,= 
illu/rations consult ! ,gloss>y4  #bb ,=
 fur!r illu/rations see ! ,gloss>y4     
,illu/ration3 ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,f        
,,*>tres ,,ca!dral4  ,,*apt] ,,vi4      
,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,we/]n       
,,europe4   ,,france4--,,*ronological   
,,sket*4  ,! ar*itecture ( ,france dur+ 
! ,middle ,ages ?r[s mu* light ^u !     
hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,! features 9 :i* x  
diff]s f ! "w done 9 ,engl& at ! same   
p]iod c1 _m ( !m1 be directly trac$ to  
diff]5ces 9 ! social1 political1 or     
religi\s situation ( ! two nations at ! 
"t4 ,= example1 we f9d ,engl& 9 ! elev5?
 & twelf? c5turies 9 ! h&s ( ! ,normans1

 a newly-conqu]$ c\ntry "u uni=m        
adm9i/ration2 & accord+ly few local     
v>iations occur 9 ! ar*itecture ( our   
,norman p]iod4 ,! twelf?-c5tury "w1 at  
,durham or ,pet]bor\gh = in/ance1 diff]s
 b little f t at ,gl\ce/] or ,w9*e/]4 ,9
 ,france ! case is diff]5t4 ,t c\ntry 0 
divid$ into a s]ies ( semi-indep5d5t    
prov9ces1 ^: inhabitants diff]$1 n only 
9 ! lead]s :om !y foll[$1 b 9 spee*1    
race1 & cu/oms4 ,z might be expect$1 !  
build+s ( ea* prov9ce pres5t$ an aspect 
diff]5t 9 _m respects f ^? ( e o!r2 & we
 may z well add t ^! peculi>ities did n 
die out ) ! end ( ! r\nd-ar*$ p]iod (   
ar*itecture1 b l+]$ f> into ! po9t$     
p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#ca4--;,,*ur* ,,at ,,fontevrault4       
7,,begun #aabe47  ,! s\? ( ,france 0    
occupi$ by p speak+ :at are n[ kn[n z ! 
,romance dialects1 & "s writ]s h adopt$ 
! "n z descriptive ( ! peculi>ities ( ! 
ar*itecture ( ^! di/ricts4 ,! ,romance  
prov9ces clung t5aci\sly to _! e>ly =ms 
( art1 s t po9t$ ar*itecture 0 n        

e/abli%$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france till half a  
c5tury1 & 9 "s places ne>ly a :ole      
c5tury1 lat] ?an 9 ! nor?4  ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ! ,franki% "p ( ! c\ntry 0 ! cradle 
( ,go?ic4 ,! transition f r\nd to po9t$ 
ar*itecture fir/ took place 9 ! royal   
doma91 ( :i* ,p>is 0 ! c5tre1 & x may be
 assum$ t ! new /yle 0 already exi/+ :5 
9 #aadj ,abbot ,sug] laid ! f\ndations (
 ! *oir ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ab\t =ty  
ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ea/]n arm (  
our own ,cant]bury4  ,de ,caumont1 :o 9 
8 ,abec$aire did = ,fr5* ar*itecture    
some:at ! same "w ( analysis & sci5tific
 arrangem5t :i* ,rickman p]=m$ =        
,engli%1 has adopt$ ! foll[+            
classification3--                       
,primitive4           #e? to #aj?       
,primordiale4        c5tury4            
,second4              ,end ( #aj? to    
,romanesque ,ar*itecture4  ,secondaire4 
comm5cem5t (   ,ar*itecture ,romane4    
#ab? c5tury4                            
,?ird or ,transition                    
,t]tiaire ou de    #ab? c5tury4         

,transition4                            
,fir/4                                  
,primitive4         #ac? c5tury4        
,po9t$ ,ar*itecture4     ,second4       
,ar*itecture ogivale4   ,secondaire4    
#ad? c5tury4                            
,?ird4                                  
,t]tiaire4         #ae? c5tury4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,doorway   
,,at ,,lo*es1 ,,france4 7#aahj47  ,!    
transitional ar*itecture ( ,france is no
 exception to ! rule t ! art ( a p]iod (
 *ange is full ( int]e/4 ,mu* ( x has   
disappe>$1 b examples rema9 9 ! ea/]n "p
 ( ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is already ref]r$ 
to1 9 portions ( ! ca!drals ( ,noyon &  
,s5s1 ! we/ front ( ,*>tres1 ! *ur* (   
,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,pres at ,p>is1 &        
else:]e4 ,we "h (t5 f9d ! po9t$ ar*     
employ$ = ! mo/ important p>ts ( !      
/ructure1 :ile ! r\nd ar* is /ill reta9$
 9 ! w9d[ & door-heads1 & 9 decorative  
arcades1 z %[n 9 our illu/rations ( a   
section ( ! *ur* at ,fontevrault 7,fig4 
#ca71 & ( a doorway at ,lo*es 7,fig4    

#cb74  ,! fir/ po9t$ ar*itecture ( !    
?irte5? c5tury 9 ,france diff]s         
consid]ably f ! e>ly ,engli% ( ?is      
c\ntry4 ,! ar*es are usually less acute1
 & ! w9d[s n s tall 9 proportion to _!  
wid?4 ,! m\ld+s employ$ are few & simple
 comp>$ ) ! _m & intricate ,engli% ones4
 ,l>ge r\nd columns are mu* us$ 9 place 
( our complicat$ gr\ps ( small %afts = !
 pi]s ( ! nave2 & ! abacus ( ! capital  
rema9s squ>e4 ,an air ( bread? & dignity
 prevails 9 ! build+s ( ?is date to :i* 
! simple details1 noble proportions1 &  
great size l>gely contribute4 ,! we/]n  
front ( ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #cc71
 dates f ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury1 !    
int]ior be+ mu* ( x a little e>li]4 ,!  
well-kn[n ca!drals ( ,*>tres1 ,rheims1  
,laon1 & lat] 9 ! /yle1 ,ami5s1 &       
,beauvais1 may be tak5 z gr& examples ( 
,fr5* fir/ po9t$4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! v
 graceful ,sa9te ,*apelle ( ,p>is1 !    
*oir & "p ( ! nave ( ! ca!dral at ,r\51 
! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne at ,ca51 & !       
ca!drals ( ,c\tances1 ,lisieux1 ,le     

,mans1 & ,b\rges4 ,?is li/ ( *ur*es c\ld
 be almo/ indef9itely ext5d$1 & _m      
mona/ic build+s1 & n a few dome/ic &    
milit>y ones1 might be add$4 ,among !   
mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! may be nam$ !       
mona/ic =tress at ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1     
probably ! mo/ picturesque /ructure 9   
,france1 ! rem>kable =tifications (     
,c>cassonne1 & ! lordly ca/le ( ,c\cy4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,notre      
,,dame1 ,,p>is1 ,,we/ ,,front4 7#abad47 
,! second po9t$1 or f\rte5? c5tury      
,go?ic ( ,france1 be>s m resemblance to 
contempor>y ,engli% ,go?ic ?an ! "w ( ! 
c5turies prec$+ or foll[+4 ,l>ge w9d[s =
 /a9$ glass1 ) ri* geometrical trac]y   
prevail$1 & mu* ! same sort ( ornam5tal 
treatm5t z 9 ,engl& 0 adopt$ 9 ri*ly    
decorat$ build+s4 ,specim5s ( ! "w ( ?is
 c5tury occur ev]y:]e 9 ! %ape (        
additions to ! great *ur*es & ca!drals  
:i* _h be5 left unf9i%$ f ! previ\s     
c5tury1 & also ( side *apels :i* x      
became cu/om>y to add to ! aisles (     
*ur*es4 ,! great & well-kn[n abbey ( ,/4

 ,ou5 at ,r\5 is "o ( ! few fir/-class  
*ur*es :i* c be nam$ z begun & almo/    
entirely complet$ 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! t[] &
 spire ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pi]re at ,ca5    
7,fig4 #ac7 are v well-kn[n & beautiful 
specim5s ( ?is p]iod4  ,fr5* fifte5?    
c5tury ar*itecture1 or ?ird po9t$1 is f>
 f be+ s dignifi$ or s sci5tific z      
,engli% p]p5dicul>1 & diff]s f x        
consid]ably4 ,exub]ant ri*ness 9        
decoration 0 ! rage1 & %[s itself bo? 9 
sculpture1 trac]y1 & g5]al design4 ,mu* 
( ! lat] "w ( ?is p]iod has receiv$ ! "n
 ( flamboyant1 because ( ! flame-l %apes
 into :i* ! trac]y ( ! heads ( w9d[s 0  
?r[n4 ,9 flamboyant build+s we (t5 meet 
) art :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ov]-florid1 is  
brilliant1 ri*1 & full ( true feel+ =   
decoration4  ,9 ?is c5tury1 secul> &    
dome/ic build+s atta9$ m prom95ce ?an at
 any previ\s p]iods4 ,"s ( !m are among 
! be/ works :i* ?is p]iod produc$4      
,famili> examples w be f\nd 9 ! noble   
,palais de ,ju/ice at ,r\51 & ! ,hotel  
de ,b\rg!r\ld 9 ! same city2 9 p>ts ( ! 

great *ateau at ,blois1 ! spl5did *ateau
 ( ,pi]refonds1 & ! ,hotels de ,ville ( 
,oud5>de & ,ca54   ,,france4--,,analysis
 ,,( ,,build+s4  ,plan4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,plan ,,( ,,ami5s        
,,ca!dral4 7#abbj-abgb47  ,! plans (    
,fr5* ca!drals & o!r build+s con=m 9    
g5]al to ! description ( ,go?ic plans   
giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 b !y h ( c\rse     
c]ta9 di/9ctive peculi>ities 7,fig4     
#cd74 ,! ca!drals are z a rule mu*      
broad] 9 proportion to _! l5g? ?an      
,engli% ones4 ,d\ble aisles frequ5tly   
occur1 & n infrequ5tly an add$ range (  
side *apels fr+es ea* ( ! ma9 side      
walls1 s t ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! va/      
build+s pres5ts1 9 addition to ! ma9    
vi/a along ! nave1 _m delightful cross  
views ( great ext5t4 ,! transepts are   
also mu* less /rongly m>k$ ?an our      
,engli% examples4 ,!re are ev5 "s great 
ca!drals 7e4g41 ,b\rges7 )\t transepts2 
& :]e !y exi/ x is common to f9d t1 z 9 
! case ( ,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 !y d n  
project beyond ! l9e ( ! side walls1 s  

t1 al?\gh fairly well-m>k$ 9 ! ext]ior &
 int]ior ( ! build+1 !y add no?+ to its 
floor-space4 ,! ea/]n end ( a ,fr5*     
ca!dral 7& inde$ ( ,fr5* *ur*es g5]ally1
 ) v few exceptions7 is t]m9at$ 9 an    
apse4 ,:51 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ?is   
apse is encircl$ by a r+ ( *apels1 )    
fly+ buttresses on sev]al /ages ris+ f  
among !m1 ! :ole arrangem5t is call$ a  
*evet1 & v /rik+ & busy is ! appe>ance  
:i* x pres5ts4   ,walls1 ,t[]s1 &       
,gables4  ,! walls are r>ely built ( any
 o!r mat]ial ?an /one1 & mu* spl5did    
masonry is to be f\nd 9 ,france4 ,l[    
t[]s are (t5 to be met )1 & s are       
project+ /aircase turrets ( polygonal or
 circul> =ms4 ,! facades ( ca!drals1    
includ+ ends ( transepts z well z we/   
fronts1 are mo/ /rik+1 & (t5            
magnific5tly enri*$4 ,x is an int]e/+   
/udy to exam9e a s]ies ( ^! fronts1 ea* 
a little m advanc$ ?an ! la/1 z =       
example ,notre ,dame 7,fig4 #cc71 !     
transept at ,r\51 ,ami5s 7,fig4 #ce71 & 
,rheims1 & to note h[ ! horizontal b&s &

 o!r level features gr[ less & less     
conspicu\s1 :ile ! v]tical ones are m & 
m /rongly m>k$2 %[+ an increas+ desire1 
n only to make ! build+s l(ty1 b to     
suppress ev]y?+ :i* might int]f]e ) _!  
look+ z high z possible4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,ami5s     
,,ca!dral1 ,,we/ ,,front4 7#abbj-abgb47 
,columns & ,pi]s4  ,! column is a great]
 fav\rite ?an ! pi] 9 ,france1 z has    
already be5 said4 ,sometimes1 :]e !     
supports ( ! ma9 arcade are really pi]s1
 !y are built l circul> %afts ( l>ge    
size2 & ev5 :5 !y h no capital 7z 0 !   
case 9 ?ird-po9t$ examples71 ^! pi]s    
/ill reta9 mu* ( ! air ( solid /r5g? :i*
 belongs to ! column1 & :i* ! ,fr5*     
ar*itects appe> to h valu$ highly4 ,9   
cases :]e a s]ies ( m\ld+s has to be    
c>ri$--z = example :5 ! ma9 arcade ( a  
build+ is ri*ly m\ld$--,engli% ar*itects
 w\ld usually h provid$ a di/9ct %aft = 
ea* little gr\p 7or z ,willis nam$ !m   
ord]71 into :i* ! :ole c be subdivid$4  
,9 ,france1 at any rate dur+ ! e>li]    

p]iods1 ! :ole s]ies ( m\ld+s w\ld spr+ 
f ! squ>e unbrok5 abacus ( a s+le l>ge  
column1 to :i* p]haps "o %aft1 or z 9   
our illu/ration 7,fig4 #cf7 f\r %afts1  
w\ld be atta*$ :i* w\ld be c>ri$ up to !
 spr++ ( ! nave vault1 at :i* po9t !    
same treatm5t w\ld be repeat$1 ?\gh on a
 small] scale1 ) ! m\ld$ ribs ( t vault4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,pi]s   
,,& ,,sup]/ructure1 ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4 
7#abaa-abdj47           i4 ,spr++ ( ma9 
ribs ( ! vault4           h4 ,/r+-c\rse 
bel[ ! cl]e/ory4           a b4 ,tri=ium
 arcade4           g4 ,/r+-c\rse bel[ ! 
tri=m4           ,b4 ,ma9 arcade sep>at+
 ! nave f ! aisles4           ,a & ,n4  
,%afts atta*$ to pi] & support+ portions
             ( ! sup]/ructure4  ,a      
peculi>ity ( "s di/ricts ( s\!rn ,france
 is ! suppression ( ! ext]nal buttress2 
! buttresses are 9 fact built )9 ! *ur* 
walls in/ead ( outside1 & masonry en\gh 
is add$ to make ea* into a sep>at+ wall 
:i* divides side *apels4 ,"s l>ge       
*ur*es1 e4g41 ! ca!dral at ,alby1 9     

,s\!rn ,france1 consi/ ( a wide nave    
buttress$ 9 ?is way1 & hav+ side *apels 
betwe5 ! buttresses1 b )\t side aisles4 
,! plans ( ! secul>1 milit>y1 & dome/ic 
build+s ( ,france also pres5t _m int]e/+
 peculi>ities1 b n su* z x is possible  
to review )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ?is *apt]4 
,ro(s & ,vaults4  ,! peculi>ly ,engli%  
feature ( an op5 ro( is h>dly ev] met ) 
9 any %ape3 yet ?\gh /one vaults are    
almo/ univ]sal1 !y are r>ely equal 9    
sci5tific skill to ! be/ ( ^? 9 our own 
c\ntry4 ,9 transitional examples1 _m v  
s+ul> in/ances ( ! exp$i5ts employ$ be=e
 ! po9t$ vault 0 fully develop$ c be    
f\nd4 ,9 "s ( ! c5tral & s\!rn di/ricts1
 domes1 or at lea/ domical vaults1 7    
employ$4 7,see ! section ( ,fontevrault1
 ,fig4 #ca74 ,! dome came 9 f           
,byzantium4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 ,p]igord1  
:]e ! v curi\s & rem>kable *ur* ( ,/4   
,front 7begun e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury7 0 
built4 ,?is is to all int5ts a ,byzant9e
 *ur*4 ,x is an almo/ exact copy 9 plan 
& con/ruction ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 a 

*ur* design$ & built by ,ea/]n          
ar*itects1 & x is ro($ by a s]ies (     
domes1 a peculi>ity :i* is z di/9ctive (
 ,byzant9e 7i4e41 ,ea/]n e>ly ,*ri/ian71
 z ! vault$ ro( is ( ,romanesque 7or    
,we/]n e>ly ,*ri/ian7 ar*itecture4      
,arti/s f ,con/ant9ople itself probably 
visit$ ,france1 & f ?is c5tre a n       
inconsid]able influ5ce ext5d$ itself 9  
v>i\s directions1 & l$ to ! use ( _m    
,byzant9e features bo? ( design &       
ornam5t4  ,z features 9 ! ext]ior ( _!  
build+s1 ! ro(s h be5 9 e p]iod valu$ by
 ! ,fr5* ar*itects2 !y are almo/ always 
/eep1 /rik+1 & ornam5t$4 ,all           
appropriate modes ( giv+ prom95ce & add+
 ornam5t to a ro( h be5 v fully develop$
 9 ,fr5* ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & ! ro(s ( 
semicircul> & circul> apses1 /aircase   
t[]s1 c41 may be almo/ look$ ^u z       
typical4#bc   ,op5+s4  ,! treatm5t (    
op5+s gives occasion = "o ( ! mo/       
/rongly m>k$ po9ts ( contra/ betwe5     
,fr5* & ,engli% ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,) u
 ! great w9d[s are unque/ionably !      

prom95t features1 b ) ! ,fr5* ! doors   
are mo/ elaborat$4 ,?is result is rea*$ 
n s mu* by any l[]+ ( ! quality ( !     
treatm5t be/[$ ^u ! w9d[s1 b by !       
greatly increas$ importance giv5 to     
doorways4  ,! great portals ( ,notre    
,dame at ,p>is 7,fig4 #cc71 ,rheims1 or 
,ami5s 7,fig4 #ce71 & ! gr& por*es (    
,*>tres may be nam$ z ! f9e/ examples1 &
 are probably ! mo/ magnific5t s+le     
features :i* ,go?ic ,art produc$ 9 any  
age or any c\ntry2 b 9 its degree !     
we/]n portal ( e great *ur* is usually  
an object ^u :i* ! be/ res\rces ( !     
ar*itect h be5 freely lavi%$4 ,! wall is
 built v ?ick s t enorm\s jambs1 c>ry+ a
 va/ m\ld$ ar*1 c be employ$4 ,! head ( 
! door is fill$ ) sculpture1 :i* is also
 lavi%ly us$ 9 ! sides & ar*1 & ov] !   
:ole rises an ornam5tal gable1 frequ5tly
 pr(usely adorn$ ) trac]y & sculpture1  
its sides be+ ri*ly decorat$ by crockets
 or simil> ornam5ts1 & cr[n$ by a       
sculptur$ t]m9al or f9ial4  ,! w9d[s 9 !
 e>lie/ p]iods are simpl] ?an 9 our ,e4 

,e41 z well z ( less sl5d] proportions4 
,9 ! second & ?ird p]iods !y are full ( 
ri* trac]y1 & are made l(ty & wide to   
receive ! magnific5t /a9$ glass ) :i* x 
0 int5d$ to fill !m1 & :i* _m *ur*es    
reta94 ,circul> w9d[s1 sometimes call$  
:eel-w9d[s1 (t5 occupy ! gables1 & are  
_m ( !m v f9e compositions4   ,m\ld+s & 
,ornam5ts4  ,! m\ld+s ( ! ,fr5* fir/    
po9t$ are usually l>g] ?an our own4     
,comp>$ ) ours !y are also few]1 simpl]1
 & design$ to produce m bread? ( effect4
 ,?is may p>tly result f _! orig9at+ 9 a
 sun%9y c\ntry :]e effects ( %ade are   
easily obta9$4 ,9 ! second & ?ird p]iods
 !y m ne>ly resemble ^? 9 use 9 ,engl&  
at ! correspond+ times4  ,! c>v+ is v   
*>act]i/ic & v beautiful4 ,9 !          
transition & fir/ po9t$ a clu/] ( /alks1
 end+ 9 a tuft ( foliage or fl[]s1 is   
con/antly employ$1 especially 9         
capitals4 ,! use ( ?is 9 ,engl& is r>e2 
&1 on ! o!r h&1 foliage l ,e4 ,e4       
conv5tional foliage is r>e 9 ,france4 ,9
 ! second po9t$1 natural foliage is     

admirably r5d]$ 7,fig4 #cg74 ,9 ! ?ird a
 some:at conv5tional k9d ( foliage1 v   
luxuriant 9 its app>5t gr[?1 is         
con/antly met )4  ,?is c>v+ is at e /age
 accompani$ by figure-sculpture ( ! f9e/
 "*4 ,heads ( animals1 /atues1 gr\ps (  
figures1 & has reliefs are freely       
employ$1 b always ) ! greate/ judgm5t1 s
 t _! introduction adds ri*ness to ! v  
po9t 9 ! :ole composition :]e x is mo/  
ne$$4 ,9 e "p ( ,france1 & 9 e p]iod (  
,go?ic ar*itecture1 good specim5s (     
sculpture ab\nd4 ,easily accessible     
illu/rations w be f\nd 9 ! we/ entrance 
& s\? transept front ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ! 
por*es & portals at ,*>tres1 ! *oir     
inclosure ( ,notre ,dame at ,p>is1 & !  
ri*ly sculptur$ inclosure ( ! *oir (    
,ami5s ,ca!dral4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #cg4--;,,capital ,,f ,,/4 ,,ni*olas1   
,,blois1 ,,france4       7#ac,,?        
,,c5tury47  ,/a9$ glass has be5 m ?an   
once ref]r$ to4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 its  
greate/ p]fection 9 ,france1 z = example
 9 ,la ,sa9te ,*apelle at ,p>is1 & !    

ca!drals ( ,le ,mans1 ,b\rges1 ,*>tres1 
& ,rheims4 ,all t has be5 said 9 !      
introductory *apt] on ?is1 ! cr[n+      
ornam5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & on its  
influ5ce ^u w9d[ design1 & ?r\gh t1 ^u !
 :ole /ructure ( ! be/ *ur*es1 is to !  
full z applicable to ,fr5* examples4    
,col\r$ decoration 0 also frequ5tly     
employ$ 9 ! int]ior ( *ur*es & o!r      
build+s1 & is con/antly to be met ) 9   
,fr5* build+s1 bo? secul> & religi\s4 ,9
 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x is less easy to    
appreciate ?is ?an ! /a9$ glass1 =1 z x 
is n[ to be se51 ! col\rs are ei!r fad$ 
& d>k5$ by "t & smoke1 or else re/or$1 n
 always ) ! exactness t c\ld be desir$4 
,con/ruction & ,design4  ,! con/ruction 
( ! great build+s ( ! middle ages 9     
,france is an int]e/+ subject ( /udy1 b 
necess>ily a ?or\ghly te*nical "o4      
,great sagacity 9 design+ ! masonry1    
c>p5try1 jo9]y1 & metal-"w2 & tra9$     
skill 9 ! c>ry+ out ! designs1 h left _!
 traces ev]y:]e2 & :ile ! con/ruction ( 
! e>li] ca/les & ( ! simple *ur*es %[s a

 solidity b little inf]ior to t ( !     
,romans !mselves1 ! mo/ elaborate works1
 su* = example z ! *oir at ,beauvais    
7,fig4 #ch71 c h>dly be surpass$ z      
specim5s ( skill & d>+1 c>eful =e?\ght1 
& bold execution4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ch4--;,,beauvais ,,ca!dral1     
,,int]ior4 7#abbe-aecg47  ,design1 9    
,france1 pursu$ ! g5]al pr9ciples (     
,go?ic ar*itecture to _! logical        
conclusions ) ! mo/ uncompromis+        
consi/5cy4 ,p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive      
peculi>ity 9 ,fr5* ca!drals is a love ( 
ab/ract beauty1 & a /rong pref]5ce =    
bread?1 regul>ity1 dignity1 & symmetry  
:]ev] !y come into competition )        
picturesqu5ess & irregul> gr\p+4 ,!re   
is1 x is true1 pl5ty ( ! picturesque    
elem5t 9 ,fr5* m$iaeval art2 b if we    
take ! f9e/ build+s1 & ^? 9 :i* !       
greate/ ef=t w\ld be made to secure !   
qualities :i* 7 consid]$ ! greate/ & mo/
 desirable1 we %all f9d v /rong evid5ces
 ( a conviction t beauty 0 to be atta9$ 
by regul>ity & ord]1 r ?an by           

unsymmetrical & irregul> treatm5t4      
,,belgium ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4  ,belgium  
is a c\ntry ri* 9 rema9s ( ,go?ic       
ar*itecture4 ,its art 0 influ5c$ s      
l>gely by its neighb\rhood to ,france1 t
 x w n be necess>y to attempt any?+ l a 
*ronological arrangem5t ( its build+s4  
,f9e *ur*es exi/ 9 its pr9cipal cities1 
b !y _c be said to =m a s]ies diff]+    
widely f ! *ur*es ( ,france1 ) :i* !y 7 
contempor>y1 & :]e !y diff] ! advantage 
is g5]ally on ! side ( ! ,fr5* orig9als4
  ,! pr9cipal ca!dral ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1
 t at ,antw]p1 is a build+ rem>kable =  
its great wid? 7hav+ sev5 aisles71 & = !
 wond]ful picturesqu5ess ( its int]ior4 
,! ext]ior1 :i* is unf9i%$1 is also v   
effective1 ) its "o l(ty spire4 ,! o!r  
ca!drals ( note include ^? ( ,t\rnay1   
,brussels1 ,me*l91 ,l\va91 ,liege1 &    
,gh5t4 ,belgium also possesses a great  
numb] ( l>ge p>o*ial *ur*es4  ,:5 we    
turn to secul> build+s we f9d ! ,belgian
 ar*itecture ( ! middle ages tak+ a     
lead+ position4 ,! free cities (        

,belgium acquir$ municipal privileges at
 an e>ly date1 & accumulat$ great weal?4
 ,accord+ly we f9d t[n halls1 trade     
halls1 belfries1 w>eh\ses1 & excell5t   
private dwell+-h\ses 9 abundance4 ,!    
clo? hall at ,ypres has be5 repeat$ly   
illu/rat$ & ref]r$ to z an example ( a  
gr& & effective build+ = trade purposes2
 x is ( ?irte5?-c5tury ar*itecture & (  
great size1 its c5tre m>k$ by a massive 
l(ty t[]2 & its angles c>ry+ slight     
turrets2 b 9 o!r respects x dep5ds = its
 effectiv5ess solely on its repetition (
 simil> features4 ,examples ( ! same k9d
 ( ar*itecture exi/ at ,l\va9 & ,gh5t4  
,! ,t[n ,halls ( ,brussels1 ,l\va91     
,bruges1 ,me*l91 ,gh5t1 ,oud5>de1 &     
,ypres1 are all build+s claim+ att5tion4
 ,!y 7 mo/ ( !m 9 progress dur+ !       
fifte5? c5tury1 & are f9e1 b florid     
examples ( late ,go?ic4 ,"s "o or two at
 lea/ ( ! t[n halls 7 begun & p>tly     
c>ri$ out 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! ,hotel de ,ville at ,oud5>de1 0   
begun z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?2 s 7

 ! ,ex*ange at ,antw]p 7de/roy$ by fire 
& rebuilt n long s9ce7 & "s o!r         
well-kn[n /ructures3 _! ar*itecture1    
?\gh c]ta9ly ,go?ic1 is debas$ 9 /yle4  
,! g5]al aspect ( ^! fam\s build+s 0    
noble & bold 9 mass1 & ri* 9 ornam5t4   
,our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ci7 %[s ! ,t[n 
,hall ( ,middleburgh 9 ,holl&2 "o :i* is
 less fam\s & ( small] dim5sions ?an ^? 
enum]at$ above1 b equally *>act]i/ic4   
,! ma9 build+ usually consi/$ ( a long  
unbrok5 block surm\nt$ by a high-pit*$  
ro(1 & usually occupi$ "o side ( a      
public place4 ,! side ( ! build+ pres5ts
 sev]al /oreys1 fill$ by r[s ( f9e      
w9d[s1 ?\gh 9 "s cases ! l[e/ /orey is  
occupi$ by an op5 arcade4 ,! /eep ro(1  
usually cr[d$ ) dorm] w9d[s1 c>ries up !
 eye to a l(ty ridge1 & f ! c5tre ( x   
rises ! l(ty t[] :i* =ms s conspicu\s a 
feature 9 mo/ ( ^! build+s4 ,9 ! ,t[n   
,hall at ,bruges ! t[] is comp>atively  
simple1 ?\gh ( a mass & height t are    
truly impos+2 b 9 ,brussels1 ,ypres1 &  
o!r examples1 x is a ri*ly ornam5t$     

composition on :i* e res\rce ( ! mason &
 ! c>v] has be5 lavi%$4 ,our illu/ration
 7,fig4 #dj7 %[s ! well-kn[n t[] at     
,gh5t4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,!
 ,,t[n ,,hall ,,( ,,middleburgh4        
7#aeah47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dj4--,,t[] ,,at ,,gh5t4 7,,begun       
#aahc47  ,! gable ends ( ! great ro( are
 (t5 adorn$ by p9nacles & o!r ornam5ts2 
b !y r>ely come prom95tly into view1 z x
 is inv>iably ! long side ( ! build+ :i*
 is consid]$ to be ! pr9cipal front4    
,,scotl&1 ,,wales1 ,,& ,,irel&4  ,9     
,scotl& good b simple examples ( e>ly "w
 7transition f ,romanesque to ,e4 ,e47  
occur1 z = example1 at ,j$burgh &       
,kelso1 ,dryburgh & ,leu*>s abbey       
*ur*es4 ,a v int]e/+ & 9 _m respects    
unique ca!dral ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 )    
lat] additions1 exi/s at ,glasg[4 ,x is 
a build+ ( mu* beauty1 ) good trac]y1 & 
! crypt (f]s a p]fect /udy ( v>i\s & (t5
 graceful modes ( =m+ gro9$ vaults4 ,!  
,ca!dral ( ,elg9 7?irte5? c5tury71 an   
admirable ,edw>dian build+1 n[ 9 ru9s1 &

 ! ,abbey at ,melrose1 also ru9$1 (     
f\rte5? c5tury ar*itecture 7begun       
#acbb71 are bo? excell5t specim5s ( !   
art ( ! p]iods to :i* !y belong1 & be> a
 close resemblance to :at 0 be+ done 9  
,engl& at ! same "t4 ,! fam\s t[] ( ,/4 
,giles's ,ca!dral1 ,ed9burgh1 & ! ,*apel
 at ,roslyn1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 on !   
o!r h&1 are ( ?or\ghly un-,engli% "*1   
resembl+ 9 ?is respect mu* ( ! ,scot*   
ar*itecture ( ! succe$+ c5turies2       
,roslyn is ascrib$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson to 
a ,spani% or ,portuguese ar*itect1 )    
great probability4  ,o!r abbey *ur*es & 
rema9s ( ar*itectural "w exi/ at        
,dumblane1 ,arbroa?1 ,dunkeld1 & 9 _m   
o!r localities2 & ,holyrood ,palace1    
/ill reta9s "p ( its elegant e>ly       
f\rte5?-c5tury *apel4  ,( secul> &      
dome/ic "w ,l9li?g[ is a fair specim51 b
 ( late date4 ,mo/ ( ! ca/les &         
ca/ellat$ mansions ( ,scotl& belong     
inde$ to a lat] "t ?an ! ,go?ic p]iod1  
?\gh !re is a /rong infusion ( ,go?ic   
feel+ 9 ! v picturesque /yle 9 :i* !y   

are design$4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,wales is di/+ui%$
 = ! spl5did s]ies ( ca/les to :i*      
allusion has be5 made 9 a previ\s *apt]4
 ,!y 7 erect$ at ! be/ "t ( ,engli%     
,go?ic ar*itecture 7,edw>d ,i47 "u      
,engli% direction1 & are f9ely design$ &
 solidly built4 ,wales c also boa/ !    
int]e/+ ,ca!drals ( ,*e/]1 ,ll&aff1 ,/4 
,david's1 & "s small] *ur*es1 b 9 e case
 !re is little to di/+ui% !m f          
contempor>y ,engli% "w4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,irel& is
 m rem>kable = antiquities ( a date     
ant]ior to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,go?ic p]iod ?an
 = works belong+ to x4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( 
graceful & simple dome/ic "w1 h[ev]1    
exi/s !re2 & 9 addition to ! ca!drals ( 
,kild>e1 ,ca%el1 & ,dubl91 num]\s       
mona/ic build+s1 n z a rule l>ge or     
ambiti\s1 b (t5 graceful & picturesque1 
are scatt]$ ab\t4    ,illu/ration3      
,mis]]e ,seat 9 ,wells ,ca!dral4        
,,footnotes3  #bc ,= an example ( ^! see
 ! h\se ( ,jaques ,coeur 7,fig4 #g74    

,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t ,,f 
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4  ,,*apt] ,,vii4      
,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,&  
,,nor!rn ,,europe4                      
,,g]many4--,,*ronological ,,sket*4  ,!  
ar*itecture ( ,g]many1 f ! twelf? to !  
sixte5? c5turies1 c be divid$ into an   
e>ly1 a middle1 & a late p]iod1 )       
tol]able di/9ctness4 ,( ^!1 ! e>ly p]iod
 possesses ! greate/ int]e/1 & !        
peculi>ities ( its build+s are ! mo/    
m>k$ & mo/ beautiful4 ,9 ! middle p]iod1
 ,g]man ,go?ic bore a v close g5]al     
resemblance to ! ,go?ic ( ! same "t 9   
,france2 &1 z a rule1 su* po9ts (       
diff]5ce z exi/ are n 9 fav\r ( ! ,g]man
 "w4 ,late ,go?ic "w 9 ,g]many is v     
fanta/ic & unattractive4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,abbey     
,,*ur* ,,( ,,arn/e94 7#ab,,? ,,& #ac,,? 
,,c5turies47  ,?r\gh ! twelf?1 & "p ( ! 
?irte5? c5turies1 ! ar*itects ( ,g]many 
pursu$ a c\rse p>allel ) t foll[$ 9     
,france & 9 ,engl&1 b )\t adopt+ ! po9t$
 ar*4 ,!y develop$ ! simple & rude      

,romanesque ar*itecture :i* prevail$    
?r\gh\t ,europe 9 ! t5? & elev5?        
c5turies1 & :i* !y le>nt orig9ally f    
,byzant9e arti/s :o fl$ f _! own c\ntry 
dur+ ! reign ( ! iconocla/s2 & !y n only
 c>ri$ x to a po9t ( elaboration :i* 0  
abrea/ ( ! art ( our be/ ,norman        
ar*itecture1 b w5t on fur!r 9 ! same    
c\rse2 = :ile ! ,fr5* & ourselves 7     
adopt+ lancet w9d[s & po9t$ ar*es1 !y   
cont9u$ to employ ! r\nd-head$ w9d[ & ! 
semicircul> ar* 9 build+s :i* 9 _! size1
 ri*ness1 l(t9ess1 & g5]al /yle1        
correspond ) e>ly ,go?ic examples 9 o!r 
c\ntries4 ,?is e>ly ,g]man ar*itecture  
has be5 sometimes call$ fully develop$  
,romanesque1 & sometimes r\nd-ar*$      
,go?ic1 & bo? t]ms may be appli$ to x   
)\t impropriety1 = x p>takes ( !        
qualities impli$ by ea*4 ,! ,*ur* ( !   
,holy ,apo/les at ,cologne1 & ^? ( ,/4  
,m>t9 & ,/4 ,m>ia 9 ,capitolo1 9 ! same 
city1 may be ref]r$ to z among ! be/    
works ( ?is class4 ,ea* ( ^! has an     
ea/]n apse1 & also an apsidal t]m9ation 

to ea* transept4 ,! ,apo/les' *ur* has a
 l[ octagon at ! cross+1 & its sky-l9e  
is fur!r brok5 up by we/]n & ea/]n t[]s1
 ! latt] ( comp>atively small size &    
octagonal2 & "u ! eaves ( ! ro( occurs  
an arcade ( small ar*es4  ,a view ( !   
,abbey ,*ur* ( ,arn/e9 7,fig4 #da7      
illu/rates "s ( ! features ( ^!         
transitional *ur*es4 ,x w be notic$ t   
?\gh !re is no transept1 !re are no less
 ?an f\r t[]s1 two octagonal1 & two     
squ>e1 & t ! apse is a /rongly develop$ 
feature4  ,9 ! *ur* at ,&]na*1 ( :i* we 
give an illu/ration 7,fig4 #db71 ! same 
arrangem5t1 namely1 t ( f\r t[]s1 two to
 ! we/1 & two to ! ea/1 may be notic$2 b
 !re is n ! same degree ( diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! t[]s1 & ! result is less happy4
 ,?is example1 l ! la/1 has no c5tral   
feature1 & 9 bo? ! arcade "u ! eaves ( !
 ro( is conspicu\s only by its abs5ce4  
,x does1 h[ev]1 occur on ! we/]n t[]s at
 ,&]na*4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#db4--;,,*ur* ,,at ,,&]na*4 7,,e>ly     
#ac,,? ,,c5tury47  ,! po9t$ ar*1 :5     

adopt$ 9 ,g]many1 0 9 all probability   
borr[$ f ,france1 z ! g5]al aspect (    
,g]man *ur*es ( po9t$ ar*itecture seems 
to prove4 ,! greate/ ,go?ic ca!dral (   
,g]many1 ,cologne ,ca!dral1 0 n comm5c$ 
till ab\t ! ye> #abge1 & its *oir 0     
probably complet$ dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! 
f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is ca!dral1 "o ( !    
l>ge/ 9 ,europe1 is also "o ( ! gr&e/   
ef=ts ( m$iaeval ar*itecture1 & x       
closely resembles ,fr5* examples ( !    
same p]iod1 bo? 9 its g5]al treatm5t1 & 
9 ! detail ( its features4 ,! plan (    
,cologne ,ca!dral 7,fig4 #df7 is "o ( ! 
mo/ regul> & symmetrical :i* has come   
d[n to u f ! middle ages4 ,! works 7    
c>ri$ on sl[ly aft] ! *oir 0 consecrat$1
 b )\t any deviation f ! orig9al plan1  
?\gh "s alt]ation 9 /yle & details crept
 94 ,9 our own day ! works h be5 resum$ 
& vigor\sly pu%$ on t[>ds completion2 &1
 ! orig9al draw+s hav+ be5 pres]v$1 !   
two we/]n t[]s1 ! front1 & o!r portions 
h be5 c>ri$ on 9 accordance ) !m4       
,cologne1 accord+ly1 pres5ts ! almo/    

unique spectacle ( a great ,go?ic *ur*1 
erect$ )\t deviation f its orig9al plan1
 & complet$ 9 ! /yle 9 :i* x 0 begun4 ,x
 is fair to add t ?\gh spl5did 9 !      
extreme1 ?is ca!dral has f> less *>m1 & 
less ( t peculi> quality ( my/]y &      
vitality ?an _m1 we might say mo/1 ( !  
great ca!drals ( ,europe4  ,! plan      
consi/s ( a nave ( eight bays1 two ( :i*
 =m a k9d ( ve/ibule1 & five av5ues1    
i4e4 two aisles on ea* side2 transepts (
 f\r bays ea*1 ) s+le aisles2 & a *oir (
 f\r bays & an apse1 ! d\ble aisle ( !  
nave be+ cont9u$ & c>ri$ d[n ! *oir4 ,t 
"p ( ! out] aisle :i* sweeps r\nd ! apse
 has be5 =m$ into a s]ies ( sev5        
polygonal *apels1 ?us ga9+ a complete   
*evet4#bd ,ov] ! cross+ !re is a        
comp>atively sl5d] spire1 & at ! we/ end
 /& two massive t[]s t]m9at$ by a pair (
 l(ty & elaborate spires1 ( op5 trac]y1 
& enri*$ by crockets1 f9ials1 & mu*     
ornam5tation4 ,! ca!dral is built (     
/one1 )\t mu* v>iation 9 col\r2 x is    
vault$ ?r\gh\t1 & a =e/ ( fly+          

buttresses surr\nds x on all sides4 ,!  
beauty ( ! trac]y1 ! magnific5t boldness
 ( ! scale ( ! :ole build+1 & its ord]ly
 regul>ity1 are v impos+1 & give x a    
high rank among ! greate/ works (       
,european ar*itecture2 b x is almo/ too 
maje/ic to be lovely1 & some:at cold &  
un9t]e/+ f its uni=m col\r1 & p]haps f  
its great regul>ity4  ,/rasburg         
,ca!dral--n s l>ge z ,cologne--has be5  
built at v>i\s times2 ! nave & we/ front
 are ! "w ( ! be/ ,go?ic p]iod4 ,?is    
build+ has a nave & s+le aisles1 %ort   
transepts1 & a %ort apsidal *oir4 ,!re  
is great ri*ness 9 mu* ( ! "w2 d\ble    
trac]y1 i4e4 a second lay]1 s to speak1 
( trac]y1 is "h employ$ 9 ! w9d[s1 &    
ext5d$ beyond !m1 b ! effect is n happy4
 ,! front 0 design$ to receive two op5  
trac]y spires1 b only "o ( !m has be5   
erect$4 ,x is amaz+ly intricate & ri*1 !
 workman%ip is v a/oni%+1 b ! arti/ic   
effect is n half s good z t ( _m pla9   
/one spires4  ,ano!r important ,g]man   
*ur* fam\s = an op5 spire is ! ca!dral  

at ,friburg4 ,"h only "o t[]1 /&+ at !  
middle ( ! we/ front1 0 ev] int5d$1 &   
p>tly because ! composition is complete 
z propos$1 & p>tly because ! design ( ! 
trac]y 9 ! spire itself is m tell+1 ?is 
build+ =ms a m effective object ?an     
,/rasburg1 ?\gh by no means s l(ty or s 
gr&iose4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dc4--;,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,b>b>a ,,at     
,,kutt5b]g4 ,,ea/       ,,end4          
7#aceh-aedh47  ,! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,/eph5 
at ,vi5na is a l>ge & exce$+ly ri* *ur*4
 ,9 ?is build+ ! side aisles are c>ri$  
to almo/ ! same height z ! c5tre        
av5ue--an arrangem5t n infrequ5t 9      
,g]man *ur*es hav+ little save novelty  
to recomm5d x1 & by :i* ! tri=ium1 &1 z 
a rule1 ! cl]e/ory disappe>1 & ! *ur* is
 light$ solely by l>ge side w9d[s4 ,!   
?ree av5ues are cov]$ by "o wide ro(1   
:i* makes a va/ & r clumsy display      
ext]nally4 ,a l(ty t[]1 surm\nt$ by a   
f9e & elaborate spire ( op5 trac]y1 /&s 
on "o side ( ! *ur*--an unusual         
position--& an unf9i%$ companion t[] is 

begun on ! correspond+ side4 ,great     
*ur*es & ca!drals are to be f\nd 9 _m ( 
! cities ( ,g]many1 b _! sali5t po9ts   
are1 z a rule1 simil> to ^? ( ! examples
 :i* h be5 already describ$4  ,!        
incomplete ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b>b>a at        
,kutt5b]g1 9 ,bohemia1 is "o ( some:at  
exceptional design4 ,x has d\ble aisles1
 b ! side walls = ! great] "p ( ! l5g? (
 ! *ur* re/ ^u ! arcade divid+ ! two    
aisles1 in/ead ( t sep>at+ ! c5tre av5ue
 f ! side "o2 & a vault ov] ! inn] side 
aisle =ms 9 effect a k9d ( balcony or   
gall]y 9 ! nave4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4  
#dc7 :i* we give ( ! ext]ior does n (   
c\rse indicate ?is peculi>ity1 b x %[s a
 v good example ( a ,g]man adaptation ( 
! ,fr5* *evet1 & may be consid]$ z a    
specim5 ( ,g]man po9t$ ar*itecture at   
its ripe/ /age4 ,! *ur* is vault$1 z    
might be inf]r$ f ! =e/ ( fly+          
buttresses2 & ! vault+ displays "s      
resemblance to our ,engli% fan-vault+ 9 
g5]al idea4  ,g]man *ur*es include "s   
specim5s ( unusual disposition or =m1 z 

= example ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]eon at       
,cologne1 ) an oval *oir1 & "o or two   
d\ble *ur*es1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s be+ ! "o
 at ,s*w>tz-,rhe9dorff1 ( :i* we give a 
section & view4 7,figs4 #dd1 #de47  ,9  
_! doorways & por*es ! ,g]man ar*itects 
are (t5 v happy4 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4
 #dg7 ( "o ( ! portals ( ! *ur* at ,?ann
 may be tak5 z giv+ a good idea ( !     
am\nt ( ri* ornam5t (t5 conc5trat$ "h3 x
 displays a weal? ( decorative          
sculpture1 :i* 0 "o ( ! great m]its ( ! 
,g]man ar*itects4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #dd4--;,,d\ble ,,*ur* ,,at       
,,s*w>tz-,,rhe9dorff4       ,,section4  
7#aaeh47  ,! late/ developm5t ( ,go?ic 9
 ,g]many1 ( :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e at
 ,opp5heim 7,fig4 #dh7 is a specim51 0  
m>k$ 7j z late ,fr5* 0 by flamboyant    
trac]y1 & late ,engli% by fan-vault+7 by
 a peculi>ity 9 ! treatm5t ( m\ld+s by  
:i* !y 7 robb$ ( almo/ all _! grace &   
beauty1 :ile ! execution ( !m became a  
k9d ( masonic puzzle4 ,two or m gr\ps ( 
m\ld+s 7 suppos$ to coexi/ 9 ! same     

/one1 & sometimes a "p ( "o gr\p1       
sometimes a "p ( ! o!r gr\p1 became     
visible at ! surface4 ,! "n giv5 to ?is 
ecc5tric developm5t is int]p5etration4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,d\ble     
,,*ur* ,,at ,,s*w>tz-,,rhe9dorff4       
7,a4,d4 #aaeh47  ,secul> ar*itecture 9  
,g]many1 ?\gh n c>ri$ to su* a pit* (   
p]fection z 9 ,belgium1 0 by no means   
ov]look$2 b ! examples are n num]\s4 ,9 
"s ( ! old] cities1 su* z ,prague1      
,nuremb]g1 & ,frank=t1 mu* picturesque  
dome/ic ar*itecture ab\nds1 mo/ ( x ( ! 
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & ev5 lat]1 
& all full ( piquancy & beauty4 ,9 ,nor?
 ,g]many1 :]e !re is a l>ge tract (     
c\ntry 9 :i* build+ /one is sc>ce1 a    
/yle ( brick ar*itecture 0 develop$1 :i*
 0 appli$ to all sorts ( purposes )     
great success4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^!    
brick build+s are ! l>ge dwell+-h\ses1 )
 facades ornam5t$ by brick trac]y &     
panell+1 to be f\nd 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1  
toge!r ) "s t[n halls & simil> build+s4 
,,g]many4--,,analysis ,,( ,,build+s4    

,plan4  ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5      
,g]man & ,fr5* ,go?ic are n s num]\s z  
to r5d] a v m9ute analysis ( ! ,go?ic ( 
,g]many requisite 9 ord] to make !m     
cle>4  ,! plans ( ,g]man *ur*es usually 
%[ int]nal pi]s2 & columns occur b      
r>ely4 ,! *ur*es h nave & aisles1       
transepts & apsidal *oir2 b !y are      
peculi> f ! frequ5t use ( apses at !    
ends ( ! transepts1 & also f !          
occurr5ce1 9 n a few in/ances1 ( an apse
 at ! we/ end ( ! nave z well z at ! ea/
 end ( ! *oir4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably  
vault$4  ,z ! /yle advanc$1 l>ge *ur*es 
7 con/antly plann$ ) d\ble aisles1 & !  
we/]n apse disappe>$4 ,"s ,g]man *ur*   
plans1 notably ^? ( ,cologne ,ca!dral   
7,fig4 #df7 & ! great *ur* ( ,/4        
,lawr5ce at ,nuremb]g1 are f9e specim5s 
( regul>ity ( disposition1 ?\gh full (  
_m p>ts4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#df4--;,,cologne ,,ca!dral4 ,,gr\nd     
,,plan4 7,,begun       #abdh47   ,walls1
 ,t[]s1 & ,gables4  ,! ,g]man ar*itects 
delight$ 9 t[]s ) po9t$ ro(s1 & 9 a     

multiplicity ( !m4 ,a highly *>act]i/ic 
feature is a t[] ( great mass1 b (t5    
extremely l[1 cov]+ ! cross+4 ,!        
,ca!dral at ,may5ce %[s a f9e example ( 
?is feature1 :i* 0 (t5 n m ?an a l[     
octagon4 ,we/]n t[]s1 squ>e on plan1 are
 common1 & small t[]s1 frequ5tly        
octagonal1 are (t5 employ$ to flank !   
*oir or 9 comb9ation ) ! transepts4 ,^! 
9 e>ly examples1 are always surm\nt$ by 
high ro(s2 9 late ones1 by /one spires1 
(t5 ( ri* op5 trac]y4 ,a v *>act]i/ic   
feature ( ! r\nd ar*$ ,go?ic *ur*es is  
an arcade ( small ar*es imm$iately bel[ 
! eaves ( ! ro( & op5+ into ! space     
above ! vaults 7,fig4 #de74 ,?is is     
r>ely want+ 9 *ur*es built previ\s to ! 
"t :5 ! ,fr5* type 0 foll[$ implicitly4 
,! gables are seldom su* f9e            
compositions z 9 ,france1 or ev5 9      
,italy2 b 9 dome/ic & secul> build+s _m 
/rik+ gabl$ fronts occur1 ! gable be+   
(t5 /epp$ 9 outl9e & full ( w9d[s4      
,ro(s & ,vaults4  ,vaults are univ]sal 9
 ! great *ur*es1 & ,g]man vault+ has "s 

special peculi>ities1 b !y are su* z    
h>dly come )9 ! scope ( ?is h&-book4    
,ro(s1 h[ev]1 are s conspicu\s t 9 any  
g5]al acc\nt ( ,g]man ar*itecture       
att5tion mu/ be paid to !m4 ,!y 7 f v   
e>ly times /eep 9 pit* & picturesque 9  
outl9e1 & are evid5tly mu* reli$ ^u z   
giv+ play to ! sky-l9e4 ,inde$1 = v>iety
 ( =m & piquancy ( detail ! ,g]man ro(s 
are ! mo/ successful ( ! middle ages4 ,!
 spires1 z w h be5 easily ga!r$ f !     
descriptions ( ^? at ,/rasburg1         
,cologne1 c41 became extremely          
elaborate1 & 7 con/ruct$ 9 _m cases     
entirely ( op5 trac]y4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #dg4--,,we/]n ,,doorway ,,(      
,,*ur* ,,at ,,?ann4 7#ad,,?             
,,c5tury47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#dh4--;,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,at    
,,opp5heim4 7#abfb       ,,to #adci47   
,op5+s4  ,op5+s are1 on ! :ole1 treat$ v
 mu* z ! ,fr5* treat$ !m4 ,a good       
example is ! we/]n doorway at ,?ann     
7,fig4 #dg72 b ! use ( d\ble trac]y 9 ! 
w9d[s 9 late examples is *>act]i/ic4    

,sometimes a p>tial scre5 ( outside     
trac]y is employ$ 9 o!r features besides
 w9d[s1 z may be se5 by ! v elegant     
doorway ( ,/4 ,sebald's ,*ur* at        
,nuremb]g1 :i* we h illu/rat$ 7,fig4    
#di74   ,ornam5ts4  ,! ornam5ts ( ,g]man
 ,go?ic are (t5 pr(use1 b r>ely q happy4
 ,sculpture1 (t5 ( a high class1 c>v+ ( 
e sort1 trac]y1 & panell+1 are l>gely   
employ$2 b ) a h>dness & a t5d5cy to    
cov] all surfaces ) a pr(usion ( weak   
imitations ( trac]y t disfigures mu* ( !
 masonry4 ,! trac]y became t[>ds ! latt]
 "p ( ! "t intricate & unmean+1 & !     
int]p5etrat+ m\ld+s already describ$1   
?\gh ( c\rse int5d$ to be ornam5tal1 are
 m p]plex+ & confus+ ?an pleas+3 ! c>v+ 
exagg]ates ! natural m>k+s ( ! foliage  
repres5t$1 & be+ ?91 & v boldly und]cut1
 resembles leaves beat5 out 9 metal1 r  
?an foliage happily & easily imitat$ 9  
/one1 :i* is :at good ar*itectural c>v+ 
%\ld be4  ,! use ( col\r$ build+        
mat]ials & ( inlays & mosaics does n    
prevail to any great ext5t 9 ,g]many1   

?\gh /a9$ glass is (t5 to be f\nd &     
col\r$ wall decoration occasionally4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,/4         
,,sebald',s ,,*ur* ,,at ,,nuremb]g4 ,,! 
,,bride',s ,,doorway4 7#acjc-acgg47     
,con/ruction & ,design4  ,! m>k$        
peculi>ities ( con/ruction by :i* !     
,g]man ,go?ic build+s are mo/ di/+ui%$1 
are ! preval5t high-pit*$ ro(s1 ! vault+
 ) aisle vaults c>ri$ to ! same height z
 9 ! c5tre1 & ! employm5t 9 c]ta9       
di/ricts ( brick to ! exclusion ( /one1 
all ( :i* h be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,9 a 
great "p ( t l>ge portion ( ,europe1 :i*
 is includ$ "u ! "n ( ,g]many1 !        
mat]ials & modes ( con/ruction adopt$   
dur+ ! middle ages1 be> a close         
resemblance to ^? 9 g5]al use 9 ,france 
& ,engl&4  ,"s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,g]man 
,go?ic design h be5 already allud$ to4  
,! ,g]man ar*itects display an exub]ant 
fancy1 a great love ( ! picturesque1 &  
ev5 ! grotesque1 & a /rong pr$ilection =
 creat+ artificial difficulties 9 ord]  
to enjoy ! pleasure ( surm\nt+ !m4 ,_!  

"w is full ( unre/2 !y atta* small value
 to ! arti/ic quality ( bread?1 & de/roy
 ! value ( ! pla9 surfaces ( _! build+s 
z contra/s to ! op5+s1 by cutt+ !m up by
 m\ld+s & enri*m5ts ( v>i\s sorts4 ,!   
sculpture introduc$ is1 z a rule1       
naturali/ic r ?an conv5tional4 ,!       
capitals ( pi]s & columns are (t5 f9e   
specim5s ( effective c>v+1 :ile !       
delicate & ornam5tal details ( !        
tab]nacle "w ) :i* *ur* furniture is    
enri*$1 are unsurpass$ 9 elaboration1 & 
(t5 ( r>e beauty4 ,! *ur*es ( ,nuremb]g 
are specially di/+ui%$ = ! ri*ness &    
numb] ( _! sculptur$ fitt+s4 ,!re is1   
moreov]1 9 "s ( ! be/ ,g]man build+s a  
rugg$ gr&eur :i* approa*es ! sublime2 & 
9 ! humbl] ones a l>ge am\nt (          
picturesque & ?or\ghly successful       
ar*itecture4  ,9 ! small] objects ^u :i*
 ! art ( ! ar*itect 0 (t5 employ$ !     
,g]mans 7 frequ5tly happy4 ,public      
f\nta9s1 su* = example z ! "o illu/rat$ 
9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 7,fig4 #aj71 are to be   
met )9 ! /reets ( _m t[ns1 & r>ely fail 

to please by _! simple1 graceful1 & (t5 
qua9t design4 ,crosses1 monum5ts1 &     
individual features 9 dome/ic build+s1  
su* e4g4 z bay w9d[s1 frequ5tly %[ a v  
skilful & picturesque treatm5t & happy  
enri*m5t4   ,,nor!rn ,,europe4  ,go?ic  
ar*itecture closely resembl+ ,g]man "w  
may be f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 ,norway &      
,sw$51 & ,d5m>k2 b !re are few v        
conspicu\s build+s1 & n en\gh v>iety to 
=m a di/9ct /yle4 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$5    
curi\s & picturesque build+s exi/1      
erect$ solely ( timb]1 & bo? !re & 9    
,switz]l& _m ( ! traditions ( ! ,go?ic  
p]iod h be5 h&$ d[n to our own day )    
comp>atively little *ange1 9 ! pleas+ & 
(t5 highly enri*$ timb] build+s :i* are 
to be met ) 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ^?   
c\ntries4  ,,footnotes3  #bd ,see p4 #gg
 = an explanation ( *evet4              
,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$ ,,ornam5t ,,f 
,,s5s ,,ca!dral4  ,,*apt] ,,viii4       
,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,s\!rn       
,,europe4   ,,italy ,,&                 
,,sicily4--,,topographical ,,sket*4     

,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,italy may be      
consid]$ z a =eign importation4 ,!      
,italians1 x is true1 display$ _!       
natural ta/e & arti/ic in/9ct 9 _! use (
 ! /yle1 & a l>ge numb] ( _! works      
possess1 z we %all see1 /rongly-m>k$    
*>act]i/ics & mu* *>m2 b x is impossible
 to avoid ! feel+ t ! ar*itects 7 work+ 
9 a /yle n ?or\ghly cong5ial to _!      
in/9cts nor to ! traditions !y _h       
inh]it$ f classical times2 & n entirely 
9 h>mony ) ! requirem5ts ( ! climate & !
 nature ( _! build+ mat]ials4  ,italian 
,go?ic may be conv5i5tly consid]$       
geographically1 divid+ ! build+s into   
?ree gr\ps1 ! fir/ & mo/ important      
conta9+ ! ar*itecture ( ,nor!rn ,italy  
7,lomb>dy1 ,v5etia1 & ! neighb\rhood71 !
 second t ( ,c5tral ,italy 7,tuscany1   
c471 ! ?ird t ( ! s\? & ( ,sicily--a    
classification :i* w suit ! subject     
bett] ?an ! *ronological arrangem5t :i* 
has be5 our guide 9 exam9+ ! art ( o!r  
c\ntries2 = ! v>iations occasion$ by    
developm5t z "t w5t on are less /rongly 

m>k$ 9 ,italy ?an else:]e4   ,nor!rn    
,italy4  ,lomb>dy 9 ! ,romanesque p]iod 
0 ?or\ghly "u ,g]man influ5ce1 & !      
build+s rema9+ to u f ! elev5? & twelf? 
c5turies be> a close resemblance to ^?  
erect$ nor? ( ! ,alps at ! same date4 ,!
 twelf? c5tury ,lomb>d *ur*es aga9 are  
specim5s ( r\nd-ar*$ ,go?ic1 j z truly z
 ^? on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e4 ,_m ( !m are  
also peculi> z be+ erect$ *iefly 9      
brickwork2 ! great alluvial pla9 (      
,lomb>dy be+ defici5t 9 build+-/one4 ,/4
 ,mi*ele at ,pavia1 a well-kn[n *ur* (  
?is date1 may be cit$ z a good example4 
,?is is a vault$ *ur*1 ) an apsidal ea/ 
end & transepts4 ,! r\nd ar* is employ$ 
9 ?is build+1 b ! g5]al proportions &   
treatm5t are ess5tially ,go?ic4 ,a /rik+
 campanile 7bell t[]7 belongs to ! *ur*1
 & is a good specim5 ( a feature v      
frequ5tly met ) 9 ,lomb>dy2 ! t[] "h 7& 
usually7 is squ>e1 & rises by successive
 /ages1 b ) only few & small op5+s or   
ornam5ts1 to a consid]able height4 ,!re 
are no buttresses1 no dim9ution ( bulk1 

no /aircase turrets4 ,at ! summit is an 
op5 belfry-/age1 ) l>ge                 
semicircul>-head$ ar*es1 cr[n$ by a     
cornice & a l[-pit*$ conical ro(4#be  ,9
 ! same city a good example ( an        
,italian ,go?ic *ur*1 erect$ aft] !     
po9t$ ar* _h be5 introduc$1 may be f\nd 
9 ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,c>m9e4 ,! we/
 front ( ?is *ur* is b clumsy 9 g5]al   
design4 ,its wid? is divid$ into five   
comp>tm5ts by flat buttresses4 ,! gables
 are cr[n$ by a deep & heavy cornice (  
m\ld$ brick & ! op5+s are gr\p$ ) b     
little skill4 ,individually1 h[ev]1 !   
features ( ?is front are v beautiful1 & 
! great :eel-w9d[1 full ( trac]y1 & !   
two-light w9d[s flank+ x1 may be quot$ z
 rem>kable specim5s ( ! ornam5tal       
elaboration :i* c be accompli%$ 9       
brickwork4  ,! campanile ( ?is *ur*1 l !
 "o j describ$1 is a pla9 squ>e t[]4 ,x 
rises by successive /ages1 ea* tall] ?an
 ! la/1 ea* /age be+ m>k$ by a ri* brick
 cornice4 ,! belfry-/age has on ea* face
 a ?ree-light w9d[1 ) a trac]i$ head1 & 

above ! cornice ! squ>e t[] is f9i%$ by 
a tall conical ro(1 circul> on plan1 an 
arrangem5t n unfrequ5tly met )4  ,!     
,c]tosa1 ! great ,c>?usian ,*ur* &      
,mona/]y ne> ,pavia1#bf be/ kn[n by !   
elaborate m>ble front add$ 9 a diff]5t  
/yle ab\t a c5tury aft] ! erection ( !  
ma9 build+1 is a good example ( a       
highly-enri*$ *ur*1 ) dep5d5cies1 built 
9 brickwork1 & possess+ mo/ ( !         
di/9ctive peculi>ities ( a great ,go?ic 
*ur*1 except ! g5]al use ( ! po9t$ ar*4 
,x 0 begun 9 #acif1 & is consi/5t 9 its 
ext]ior ar*itecture1 ! front except$1   
?\gh x took a long "t to build4 ,atta*$ 
to x are two cloi/]s1 ( :i* ! ar*es are 
semicircul>1 & ! enri*m5ts1 ( wond]ful  
beauty1 are modell$ 9 t]ra-cotta4  ,?is 
*ur* resembles ! great ,g]man r\nd-ar*$ 
,go?ic *ur*es on ! ,rh9e 9 _m ( its     
features4 ,its plan includes a nave1 )  
aisles & side *apels1 transepts & a     
*oir4 ,! ea/]n arm & ! transepts are ea*
 ornam5t$ by an apse1 some:at small] ?an
 w\ld be met ) 9 a ,g]man *ur*2 b z a   

comp5sation ea* ( ^! ?ree arms has two  
side apses1 z well z ! "o at ! end4 ,!  
ext]ior possesses ! ,g]man arcade (     
little ar*es imm$iately "u ! eaves ( !  
ro(2 x is m>k$ by ! same multiplicity ( 
small t[]s1 ea* ) its own /eep ro(2 & x 
possesses ! same /rik+ c5tral feature1  
int]nally a small dome1 ext]nally a k9d 
( light pyramidal /ructure1 ornam5t$ by 
small arcades ris+ ti] above ti]1 & end+
 9 a c5tral po9t$ ro(4  ,! f9e/ ,go?ic  
ca!dral 9 ,nor? ,italy1 if dim5sions1   
g5]al effectiv5ess1 & beauty ( mat]ial  
be ! te/1 is t ( ,milan4 ,?is build+ is 
disfigur$ by a we/ front 9 a totally    
inappropriate /yle1 b ap>t f ?is x is   
virtually a ,g]man *ur* ( ! fir/ class1 
erect$ entirely 9 :ite m>ble1 & cov]$ ) 
a pr(usion ( decoration4 ,its dim5sions 
%[ t1 ) ! exception ( ,seville1 ?is 0 ! 
l>ge/ ( all ! ,go?ic ca!drals ( ,europe4
 ,x has d\ble aisles1 transepts1 & a    
polygonal apse4 ,at ! cross+ ( ! nave & 
transepts a l[ dome rises1 cov]$ by a   
conical ro(1 & surm\nt$ by an elegant   

m>ble spire4  ,! /ructure is vault$     
?r\gh\t1 & ea* ( ! great pi]s :i* c>ry !
 nave arcade is surm\nt$ by a mass (    
ni*es & tab]nacle "w1 occupi$ by        
/atues--a spl5did sub/itute = ord9>y    
capitals4 ,! int]ior effect ( ,milan    
,ca!dral is gr& & full ( beauty4 ,!     
ext]ior1 ?\gh mu* ( its p[] is de/roy$  
by ! weakly-design$ ornam5t ) :i* all ! 
surfaces ( ! walls are cov]$1 is end[$ )
 a wond]ful *>m4 ,?is build+ 0 comm5c$ 9
 ! ye> #ache1 & consecrat$ 9 ! ye>      
#adah4 ,! details ( ! w9d[-trac]y1      
p9nacles1 c4 7b n ! /atues :i* are (    
,italian "*71 correspond v closely to ^?
 ( ,g]man build+s erect$ at ! same p]iod
 7close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury74  ,milan    
possesses1 among o!r examples ( po9t$   
ar*itecture1 "o secul> build+1 ! ,great 
,hospital1 well kn[n = its ,go?ic       
facade4 ,?is hospital 0 f\nd$ 9 #adef1 &
 mo/ ( x is ( lat] date & ( r5aissance  
"*2 ! /reet front ( two /oreys 9 height1
 ) po9t$ ar*es1 is v ri*4 ,! *ur* (     
,*i>avalle1 ne> ,milan1 :i* has be5 m   

?an once illu/rat$ & describ$1 ought n  
to be pass$ unnotic$1 on acc\nt ( !     
beauty ( its fully develop$ c5tral dome4
 ,x 0 built 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury 7#abba74  ,almo/ all ! great     
cities ( ,nor? ,italy possess /rik+     
,go?ic build+s4 ,g5oa1 = in/ance1 c boa/
 ( h] ca!dral1 ) a front 9 alt]nate     
c\rses ( black & :ite m>ble1 dat+ f ab\t
 ! ye> #acjj1 & full ( beauty2 ! details
 be>+ mu* resemblance to ! be/ ,we/]n   
,go?ic "w4 ,pass+ ea/w>d1 ,v]ona        
possesses a weal? ( ,go?ic "w 9 !       
well-kn[n tombs ( ! ,scalig]s1 ! *ur*es 
( ,/a4 ,ana/asia1 ,san ,z5one1 & sev]al 
m9or *ur*es & campaniles2 & at ,como1   
,b]gamo1 ,vic5za1 ,padua1 ,treviso1     
,cremona1 ,bologna1 & _m o!r cities &   
t[ns1 good *ur*es ( po9t$ ar*itecture   
are to be f\nd4  ,our illu/ration 7,fig4
 #ej7 ( ! anci5t ,palace ( !            
,jurisconsults at ,cremona1 is a good   
specim5 ( ! secul> ar*itecture ( ,nor?  
,italy4 ,orig9ally ! l[] /orey 0 a      
loggia1 or op5 arcad$ /orey1 b ! ar*es h

 be5 built up4 ,tell+1 simple1 &        
graceful1 ?is build+ owes its effect    
*iefly to its well-design$ op5+s & a    
*>act]i/ic brick cornice4 ,x is entirely
 )\t buttresses1 has no spread+ base1 no
 gables1 & no visible ro(3 "s ( ^!      
features w\ld h be5 pres5t _h x be5     
design$ & erect$ nor? ( ! ,alps4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,! ,,palace 
,,( ,,! ,,jurisconsults ,,at            
,,cremona4  ,v5ice is ! city 9 ! :ole ( 
,nor? ,italy :]e ,go?ic ar*itecture has 
_h free/ scope & has a*iev$ ! greate/   
success1 n1 h[ev]1 9 ecclesia/ical1 b 9 
secul> build+s4 ,! great ,ca!dral ( ,/4 
,m>k1 p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful *ur* 9      
,europe1 c]ta9ly ! =emo/ 9 ,italy1 is a 
,byzant9e build+1 & ?\gh x has receiv$  
"s additions 9 ,go?ic times1 does n     
fairly come )9 ! scope ( ?is volume2 & !
 ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,v5ice are n v num]\s  
nor1 ) ! exception ( ! f9e brick *ur* ( 
! ,fr>i1 extremely rem>kable4 ,on !     
banks ( ! ,gr& ,canal & its tribut>ies1 
h[ev]1 /& n a few ,go?ic palaces ( noble

 design 7see ,fig4 #i1 p4 #ah71 :ile !  
,ducal ,palace itself alone is suffici5t
 to conf] a reputation ^u ! city :i* x  
adorns4  ,! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice is 
a l>ge rectangul> block ( build+s erect$
 r\nd a va/ quadrangle4 ,( its ext]ior  
two sides only are visible f a di/ance1 
"o be+ ! sea front look+ ov] ! lagoon1 &
 ! o!r ! l& front direct$ t[>ds !       
piazzetta4 ,r less ?an "o half ! height 
( ea* front is occupi$ by two /oreys (  
arcades2 ! l[] /orey bold1 simple1 &    
vigor\s2 ! upp] /orey light]1 & end+ 9 a
 mass ( bold trac]y4 ,above ?is op5 "w1 
& re/+ ^u x1 rises ! ext]nal wall ( !   
palace1 fac$ ) m>ble 9 alt]nate slabs ( 
rose-col\r & :ite1 pi]c$ by a few l>ge  
po9t$ w9d[s & cr[n$ by an op5 p>apet4   
,few build+s are s famili>1 ev5 to      
untravell$ p]sons1 z ?is f9e "w1 :i*    
owes its great *>m to ! ext5t1 beauty1 &
 m+l$ solidity & grace ( its arcades1 & 
to ! f9e sculpture by :i* ! capitals f  
:i* !y spr+ are enri*$4  ,! ,go?ic      
palaces are almo/ inv>iably rem>kable = 

! skill ) :i* ! op5+s 9 _! fronts are   
arrang$ & design$4 ,x 0 n necess>y to   
r5d] any o!r "p ( ! ext]ior specially   
ar*itectural1 z ! palaces /& side by    
side l h\ses 9 a mod]n /reet1 z c be se5
 f our illu/ration 7,fig4 #i74 ,9 almo/ 
all cases a l>ge proportion ( ! op5+s   
are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! front1 & 
! sides are left comp>atively pla9 &    
/rong-look+1 ! composition pres5t+ a    
c5tre & two w+s4 ,by ?is simple exp$i5t 
ea* portion ( ! composition is made to  
add emphasis to ! o!r1 & a p[]ful b n   
inh>moni\s contra/ betwe5 ! op5 c5tre & 
! solid sides is call$ into exi/5ce4 ,! 
e>lie/ ,go?ic build+s 9 po9t ( date are 
(t5 ! mo/ delicate & graceful1 & ?is    
rule holds good 9 ! ,go?ic palaces (    
,v5ice2 yet "o ( ! lat] palaces1 ! ,ca' 
d',oro1 mu/ be at lea/ nam$ on acc\nt ( 
! spl5did ri*ness ( its m>ble front--(  
:i*1 h[ev]1 only ! c5tre & "o w+ is     
built--& ! beauty ( ! ornam5t lavi%ly   
employ$ ^u x4  ,! balconies1 angle      
w9d[s1 & o!r m9or features ) :i* !      

,v5etian ,go?ic palaces ab\nd1 are among
 ! mo/ graceful features ( ! ar*itecture
 ( ,italy4   ,c5tral ,italy4  ,^? t[ns (
 ,c5tral ,italy 7by :i* is meant        
,tuscany & ! =m] ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*71 9   
:i* ! be/ ,go?ic build+s are to be f\nd1
 are ,pisa1 ,lucca1 ,flor5ce1 ,si5a1    
,orvieto1 & ,p]ugia4 ,z a g5]al rule !  
,go?ic "w 9 ?is di/rict is m develop$ & 
m lavi%ly enri*$ ?an t 9 ,lomb>dy4  ,9  
,pisa1 ! ,ca!dral & ! ,campanile 7!     
fam\s lean+ t[]7 belong to ! late       
,romanesque /yle1 b ! ,bapti/ry1 an     
elegant circul> build+1 has a good deal 
( ,go?ic ornam5t 9 its upp] /oreys1 &   
may be fairly class$ z a transitional   
build+4 ,! mo/ *>m+ & ?or\ghly          
*>act]i/ic "w ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9    
,pisa is1 h[ev]1 a small gem ( a *apel1 
! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia della ,sp9a4 ,x     
displays exquisite ornam5t1 &1 not)/&+  
mu* false con/ruction1 ! beauty ( its   
details1 ( its sculpture1 & ( ! m>ble ( 
:i* x is built1 inve/ x ) a great *>m4  
,pisan ,go?ic is rem>kable z be+        

associat$ ) ! "n ( a family ( highly    
gift$ sculptors & ar*itects1 ! ,pisani1 
( :om ,nicola ,pisano 0 ! e>lie/ &      
greate/ arti/2 he 0 foll[$ by 8         
desc5dants ,giovanni1 ,n9o1 & ,&rea4 ,) 
! ,pisani & ,giotto ! s]ies ( ! kn[n    
names ( ar*itects ( great build+s may be
 said to beg94  ,flor5ce1 ! mo/         
important ( ! cities we h nam$1 is      
di/+ui%$ by a ca!dral built 9 ! e>ly "p 
( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & "o ( ! gr&e/ 9    
,italy4 ,x has v few columns1 & its     
walls & vaults are ( great height4 ,!   
walls are adorn$ ext]nally ) inlays 9   
col\r$ m>ble1 & ! w9d[s h /a9$ glass--a 
r>ity 9 ,italy2 b its l(ty dome1 add$   
aft] ! completion ( ! re/ ( ! build+1 is
 its *ief feature4 ,?is 0 always int5d$1
 b ! po9t$ octagonal dome actually      
erect$ by ,brunelles*i1 betwe5 ! ye>s   
#adbj & #addd1 ?\gh x h>monises fairly  
well ) ! g5]al l9es ( ! build+1 & =ms1 z
 c be se5 f our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ea71
 a /rik+ object 9 all di/ant views ( !  
city1 is probably v diff]5t f :at 0     

orig9ally int5d$4 ,ne> ! ca!dral /& !   
,bapti/ry1 fam\s = ! possession ( ! f9e/
 gates 9 ! _w1 & ! ,campanile ( ,giotto4
 ,?is t[] is built1 or at lea/ fac$1    
entirely ) m>ble2 & :5 x is /at$ t its  
height is n f> %ort ( t ( ! ,victoria   
,t[] ( our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ?\gh (   
sl5d]] proportions1 x w be se5 t x is   
magnific5tly lib]al 9 its g5]al s*eme4  
,! t[] is cov]$ ) panels ( v>i\sly      
col\r$ m>bles f base to summit1 & enri*$
 by f9e sculpture4 ,! angles are /r5g!n$
 by slightly project+ pi]s4 ,! w9d[s are
 comp>atively small till ! highe/ or    
belfry /age is rea*$1 & "h ea* face ( ! 
t[] is pi]c$ by a magnific5t ?ree-light 
w9d[4 ,a deep & elaborate cornice n[    
cr[ns ! :ole1 b x 0 orig9ally design$ to
 add a high-pit*$ ro( or a spire z a    
t]m9al4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ea4--,,! ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,flor5ce4 ,,) 
,,giotto',s       ,,campanile4 7,,begun1
 #abih2 ,,dome1 #adbj-addd2 ,,campanile 
,,begun1       #acbd47  ,our illu/ration
 7,fig4 #eb7 %[s ! we/ front & campanile

 ( ! ,ca!dral at ,si5a1 an exce$+ly good
 specim5 ( ! beauties & peculi>ities ( !
 /yle4 ,?is build+ 0 comm5c$ 9 #abdc4 ,!
 plan is simple b s+ul>1 = ! c5tral     
feature is a six-sid$ dome1 at ! cross+ 
( ! nave & transepts2 & "s +5uity has   
be5 sp5t 9 fitt+ ?is figure to ! ar*es (
 ! ma9 av5ues ( ! build+4 ,! int]ior is 
ri* & effective2 ! ext]ior1 z c be se5  
by ! illu/ration1 is cov]$ ) ornam5t1 & 
! front is ! ri*e/ & probably ! be/     
design$ ( all ! ca!dral fronts ( ,c5tral
 ,italy4 ,! /rongly-m>k$ horizontal l9es
 ( cornices1 arcades1 c41 ! m\ld$       
gables1 ! great :eel-w9d[ set 9 a squ>e 
panel1 & ! use ( m>ble ( v>i\s col\rs1  
are all po9ts to note4 ,s is ! employm5t
 ( ! semicircul> ar* = ! doorways ( ?is 
?or\ghly ,go?ic build+4 ,! campanile is 
a good example ( t feature1 except t    
in/ead ( ! ri* w9d[ :i* usually occupies
 ! belfry /age1 or highe/ /orey1 two    
/oreys ( small lights h be5 =m$4 ,!     
introduction ( angle turrets is n v     
usual1 & x "h supplies a defici5cy :i*  

makes itself felt 9 o!r campaniles1 :]e 
! junction ( t[] & spire is n always    
happy4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#eb4--;,,ca!dral ,,at ,,si5a4 ,,we/     
,,front ,,&       ,,campanile4 7,,facade
 ,,begun #abhd47  ,go?ic *ur*es (       
importance c be f\nd 9 _m ( ! cities &  
t[ns ( ,c5tral ,italy4 ,none are m      
rem>kable ?an ! s+ul> d\ble *ur* ( ,/4  
,francis at ,assisi1 ) its weal? ( mural
 pa9t+s & /a9$ glass1 & ! ca!dral at    
,orvieto 7,fig4 #ec7 ) its spl5did      
front4  ,9 ,rome1 s ri* 9 specim5s ( !  
ar*itecture ( _m /yles & times1 ,go?ic  
c\ld f9d no foot+2 ! "o solit>y *ur* :i*
 c be claim$ z ,go?ic may be tak5 z an  
exception4 ,& s\? ( ! ,capital !re lies 
a consid]able tract ( c\ntry1 conta9+   
few if any examples ( ! /yle we are     
consid]+4   ,s\!rn ,italy4  ,s\!rn      
,italy is conv5i5tly gr\p$ ) ,sicily1 b 
! ma9l& is defici5t 9 examples ( ,go?ic 
build+s4 ,! old t[ns ( ,apulia inde$1   
su* z ,b>i1 ,bitonto & ,br9disi1 possess
 an ar*itecture :i* ! few :o h _h an    

opportunity ( exam9+1 decl>e to be      
surpass+ly ri* 9 its decoration1 b x is 
= ! mo/ "p ,romanesque4  ,! ,go?ic "w   
rema9+ 9 & ab\t ,naples is mo/ ( x      
extremely florid1 & (t5 ri*1 b seldom   
possesses ! grace & *>m ( t :i* exi/s   
fur!r nor?4  ,sicily %[s ! picturesquely
 mix$ results ( a complication ( ag5cies
 :i* h n affect$ ! ma9l&1 & is accord+ly
 an int]e/+ field = ar*itectural /udy4  
,! isl& 0 fir/ "u ,byzant9e influ5ce2 0 
next occupi$ & held by ! ,s>ac5s2 & 0   
lat] seiz$ & = "s "t reta9$ by !        
,normans4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ec4--,,! ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,orvieto4     
7,,begun #abij2       ,,facade1 #acaj47 
,! mo/ /rik+ e>ly ,go?ic build+ 9       
,sicily is ! ri*ly adorn$ ca!dral (     
,monreale1 comm5c$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury4   
,"h v simple po9t$ ar*es are made use (1
 z ! entire surface ( ! int]ior is cov]$
 ) mosaic pictures ( ,norman orig94 ,!  
small ,capella ,palat9a 9 ,pal]mo itself
 is ( ! same simple & e>ly ar*itectural 
"*1 & adorn$ ) equally magnific5t       

mosaics4 ,9 ^! build+s ! spl5d\r ( !    
col\r+ is only equall$ by ! vigor\s &   
(t5 pa!tic p[] ) :i* ! /ories ( sacr$   
hi/ory are embodi$ 9 ^! mosaics4 ,!     
ca!dral ( ,cefalu is a build+ be>+ a    
g5]al resemblance to t at ,monreale1 b n
 enri*$ 9 ! same mann]4  ,( ! f\rte5?   
c5tury are ! ri*ly ornam5t$ ca!dral (   
,pal]mo & t ( ,mess9a4 ,! latt] has be5 
s mu* alt]$ z to h lo/ a good deal ( its
 int]e/2 b at ,pal]mo !re is mu* t is   
/rik+ & almo/ unique4 ,?is build+ has   
little 9 common ) ! works ( nor!rn or   
c5tral ,italy1 & n mu* m alliance ) !   
,go?ic ( ,nor? ,europe4 ,x is ri*ly     
panell$ & decorat$1 b its mo/ /rik+     
feature is its bold arcad$ portal4      
,,analysis ,,( ,,build+s4  ,plan4  ,!   
plans ( ,italian *ur*es are simple1     
comp>$ ) ^? ( ! nor!rn & we/]n          
ar*itects4 ,z a rule !y are also mod]ate
 9 size1 & !y be> a close resemblance to
 ^? ( ! e>ly basilica *ur*es f :i* !y   
are directly desc5d$4 ,?\gh ! apse is   
all b univ]sal1 ! ,fr5* *evet1 ) its    

cr[n ( clu/]+ *apels1 0 n adopt$ 9      
,italy4 ,!re is v mu* 9 common betwe5 ! 
*ur*es ( ,lomb>dy & ^? ( ,g]many1 b !   
,g]man we/]n apse & ! apsidal ends to ! 
transept d n occur4 ,! spaces betwe5 !  
pi]s ( ! ma9 arcade are great] ?an 9    
,fr5* or ,engli% examples1 s t !re are  
few] pi]s1 & ! vaults are ( wid] span4  
,9 ! *ur*es f\nd$ by ! great prea*+     
ord]s1 ! division into nave & aisle does
 n take place1 & ! *ur* consi/s ( no?+ b
 a l>ge hall = ! congregation1 ) a      
*ancel = ! *oir4  ,9 mona/ic1 secul>1 & 
dome/ic build+ a g5]al squ>5ess &       
simplicity ( plan prevails1 & :]e an    
int]nal arcad$ quadrangle c be made use 
( 7e4g4 9 ! cloi/] ( a mona/]y71 x is   
almo/ always reli$ ^u to add effect4 ,! 
fam\s ext]nal arcade at ! ,ducal        
,palace1 ,v5ice1 0 n[h]e repeat$1 ?\gh  
simpl] ext]nal arcades occur frequ5tly2 
b x is s spl5did z to =m1 itself alone a
 feature 9 ,italian plann+4  ,!         
arrangem5ts ( ! mansions & palaces f\nd 
9 ! great cities 7 a good deal influ5c$ 

by ! circum/ance t x 0 cu/om>y1 9 ord]  
to secure z mu* cool air z possible1 to 
devote "o ( ! upp] floors to ! purpose (
 a suite ( reception rooms2 to ?is 0    
giv5 ! "n ( piano nobile4   ,walls1     
,t[]s1 ,columns4  ,walls are usually    
?ick & /& unbuttress$1 & r>ely h su*    
slopes & dim9utions ( app>5t ?ickness   
t[>ds _! upp] "p z are n uncommon 9     
,engl&4 ,base m\ld+s are n univ]sal4 ,! 
cornice1 on ! o!r h&1 is f> m c>$ =1 &  
is made mu* m conspicu\s ?an ) u4 ,9 !  
brick build+s especially x atta9s great 
developm5t4 ,above ! cornice a k9d (    
ornam5tal p>apet1 be>+ "s resemblance to
 battlem5ts1 is common4 ,! /rik+ly      
peculi> use ( mat]ials ( diff]5t col\rs 
9 alt]nate c\rses1 or 9 panels1 to      
decorate ! wall surfaces1 has already   
be5 ref]r$ to4 ,x is v *>act]i/ic ( !   
/yle4  ,! campanile or bell-t[] ( an    
,italian *ur* is a feature v diff]5t f  
we/]n t[]s4 ,x is nev] plac$ ov] !      
cross+ ( nave & aisles & r>ely =ms an   
ess5tial "p ( ! *ur*1 (t5 be+ q deta*$ &

 n seldom plac$ at an angle ) ! walls ( 
! ma9 build+4 ,su* t[]s are n           
unfrequ5tly app5d$ to palaces1 & are    
sometimes 7e4g4 at ,v5ice7 erect$ alone4
 ,"s ( ! ,italian cities 7 also         
rem>kable = /rong t[]s erect$ 9 ! city  
itself z =tresses by ! heads (          
influ5tial families4 ,_m ( ^! are /ill  
/&+ 9 ,bologna4 ,! small] t[]s 9 :i*    
nor!rn ar*itects took s mu* delight are 
almo/ unkn[n 9 ,italy1 ?\gh on a few ( !
 great *ur*es ( ! nor? 7e4g4 ! ,c]tosa  
at ,pavia1 & ,/4 ,antonio at ,padua7 !y 
are to be f\nd4  ,! use ( con/ructive   
columns is g5]al2 pi]s are by no means  
unkn[n1 b f9e %afts ( m>ble meet ! eye  
frequ5tly 9 ,italian *ur*es4 ,! con/ant 
use ( ! column = decorative purposes is 
a m>k$ *>act]i/ic4 ,n only is x employ$ 
:]e ,fr5* & ,engli% ar*itects us$ x1 z 9
 ! jambs ( doorways1 b x con/antly      
replaces ! mullion 9 trac]i$ w9d[s4 ,x  
is employ$ z an ornam5t at ! angles (   
build+s to take (f ! h>%ness ( a %>p    
corn]1 & x is introduc$ 9 _m unexpect$ &

 (t5 picturesque situations4 ,twi/$1    
knott$1 & o!rwise c>v$ & ornam5tal %afts
 are n unfrequ5tly made use ( 9 columns 
t s]ve purely decorative purposes4      
,op5+s & ,ar*es4  ,! con/ructive ar*es 9
 ,italian ,go?ic build+s are1 z a rule1 
po9t$1 b x is rem>kable t at e p]iod    
r\nd & po9t$ ar*es are indiscrim9ately  
employ$ = doors & w9d[s1 bo? be+        
con/antly met ) 9 ! same build+4  ,!    
naves ( ,italian *ur*es r>ely %[ !      
division into ?ree1 common 9 ! nor?4 ,! 
tri=ium is almo/ inv>iably abs5t1 & !   
cl]e/ory is (t5 r$uc$ to a s]ies ( small
 r\nd w9d[s1 suffici5t to admit !       
mod]ate light :i*1 9 a v bright climate1
 is grateful 9 ! int]ior ( su* a build+ 
z a *ur*2 b !y are f> less effective    
features ?an our own well-m>k$ cl]e/ory 
w9d[s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#ed4--,,ogival ,,w9d[-,,head4  ,!       
doorways are (t5 v beautiful1 & are     
frequ5tly %elt]$ by project+ por*es (   
extreme elegance & lightness4 ,! w9d[   
op5+s are1 z a rule1 cusp$4 ,an         

ogee-%ap$ ar* 7,fig4 #ed7 is con/antly 9
 use 9 w9d[-heads1 especially at ,v5ice1
 & mu* graceful design is lavi%$ on !   
ar*$ op5+s ( dome/ic & secul> build+s4  
,a great deal ( ! trac]y employ$ is     
plate trac]y4#bg ,! trac]y 9 t]ra-cotta 
has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! l>ge    
w9d[s ( ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts & o!r simil>
 positions ( ! palaces 9 ,v5ice &       
,vic5za1 a sort ( trac]y n met ) 9 o!r  
c\ntries is freely employ$4 ,! op5+s are
 squ>e-head$1 & are divid$ into sep>ate 
lights by small columns2 ! heads ( ^!   
lights are ogee-%ap$1 & ! spaces betwe5 
!m & ! horizontal l9tel are fill$ 9 )   
circles1 ri*ly quatrefoil$ or o!rwise   
cusp$ 7,fig4 #ee74 ,! upp] arcade ( !   
,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice (f]s ! be/ kn[n
 & f9e/ example ( ?is class ( trac]y4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,trac]y1 ,,f
 ,,v5ice4   ,ro(s & ,vaults4  ,! vault+ 
( ,italian *ur*es is always simple1 & ! 
bays1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 are usually  
wid] ?an ^? ( ! nor!rn ,go?ic *ur*es4   
,frequ5tly !re are no ribs ( any sort to

 ! gro9s ( ! vaults4 ,a *>act]i/ic      
feature ( ,italian ,go?ic is ! c5tral   
dome4 ,x is r>ely v l>ge or ov]p[]+1 & 9
 ! "o in/ance ( a magnific5t dome--!    
,ca!dral at ,flor5ce1 ! feature1 ?\gh   
int5d$ f ! fir/1 0 add$ aft] ! ,go?ic   
p]iod _h clos$4 ,/ill _m *ur*es h a     
mode/ dome1 & x frequ5tly =ms a /rik+   
feature 9 ! int]ior1 :ile 9 "s nor!rn   
in/ances 7e4g4 at ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia1  
or at ,*i>avalle7 x is treat$ l a _m    
/orey$ pyramid & becomes an ext]nal     
feature ( importance4 ,at ,sant'        
,antonio at ,padua !re are five domes4  
,! *ur*es ( ! prea*+ ord]s are "s ( !m  
cov]$ by timb] ceil+s1 n p]fectly flat b
 hav+ an outl9e made up ( holl[ curves (
 r flat sweep4 ,! great halls at ,padua 
& ,vic5za display$ a va/ wood5 curv$    
ceil+ resembl+ ! hull ( a %ip turn$     
upside d[n4  ,! ord9>y *ur* ro( is (    
flat pit* & frequ5tly conceal$ beh9d a  
p>apet4 ,dorm] w9d[s1 cre/+s1 & o!r     
simil> features1 by ! use ( :i* nor!rn  
ar*itects enri*$ _! ro(s1 are h>dly ev] 

employ$ by ,italian ar*itects4   ,m\ld+s
 & ,ornam5ts4  ,ornam5t is almo/        
in/9ctively und]/ood by ! ,italians1 &  
_! ma/]y ( x is well %[n 9 _!           
ar*itecture4 ,! c>v+ ( sp&rels1         
capitals1 & o!r ornam5ts1 & ! sculpture 
( ! heads & /atues introduc$ is full (  
p[] & beauty4 ,! fam\s capitals ( ! l[] 
arcade ( ! ,ducal ,palace may be quot$ z
 illu/rations4  ,! employm5t ( col\r$   
mat]ials is c>ri$ s f> z sometimes to   
/>tle an eye tra9$ to ! sombr5ess (     
,engli% ar*itecture1 b a great deal ( ! 
beauty ( ?is /yle is d]iv$ f col\r1 &   
mu* ( ! comp>ative simplicity & sc>city 
( m\ld+s is due to ! desire to leave    
l>ge unbrok5 surfaces = m>ble l9+s1     
mosaics or fresco pa9t+4 ,m\ld+s1 :]e !y
 are introduc$1 diff] f nor!rn m\ld+s 9 
be+ flatt] & f> less bold1 _! enri*m5ts 
are *iefly conf9$ to d5tils1 not*es1 &  
small & simple ornam5ts4 ,/a9$ glass is 
n s (t5 se5 z 9 ,france1 b is to be met 
)1 z1 = example1 9 ! f9e *ur* ( ,san    
,petronio at ,bologna1 & 9 ,/a4 ,m>ia   

,novella1 & 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce4   
,at ,flor5ce ! /a9$ glass has a "* ( its
 own bo? 9 col\r & /yle ( treatm5t4 ,x  
is n too mu* to say t e k9d ( decoration
 :i* c be employ$ to add beauty to a    
build+ may be f\nd at its be/ 9 ,italy4 
,9 ! *ur*es mu* ( ! f9e/ furniture1 su* 
z /all-"w1 scre5s1 alt> frontals1 w be  
f\nd 9 pr(usion2 & ! *ur* por*es & !    
mural monum5ts %\ld be especially /udi$ 
on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> elegance ) :i* !y   
are usually design$4   ,con/ruction &   
,design4  ,! mat]ial employ$ = ! ext]nal
 & int]nal face ( ! walls 9 a v l>ge    
proportion ( ! build+s m5tion$ 9 ?is    
*apt] is m>ble4 ,?is is sometimes us$ 9 
blocks z /one is ) u1 b m frequ5tly 9 ! 
=m ( ?9 slabs z a fac+ ^u masonry or    
brickwork4 ,9 ,lomb>dy1 :]e brick is !  
natural build+ mat]ial1 mo/ ( ! walls   
are n only built b fac$ ) brick2 & !    
ornam5tal features1 includ+ trac]y1 are 
(t5 execut$ 9 ornam5tal brickwork1 or 9 
:at is kn[n z t]ra-cotta 7i4e4 bricks or
 blocks ( brick clay ( f9e quality1     

m\ld$ or o!rwise ornam5t$ & burnt l     
bricks74 ,/one 0 less commonly employ$ z
 a build+ mat]ial 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,go?ic
 p]iod1 ?an 9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,!
 surfaces ( ! vaults1 & ! surfaces ( !  
int]nal walls 7 (t5 cov]$ ) mosaics1 or 
) pa9t+s 9 fresco4 ,vault+ is frequ5tly 
met )1 b x is g5]ally simple 9 "*1 !    
flat ext]nal ro( ov] x is commonly cov]$
 ) tiles or metal1 :ile ! app>5t gable  
frequ5tly rises m %>ply ?an ! actual    
ro(4 ,! ,italians seem nev] to h        
cordially welcom$ ! ,go?ic pr9ciple (   
resi/+ ! ?ru/ ( vaults or ar*es by a    
c\nt]-?ru/1 or by ! weight ( a buttress4
 ,! buttress is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,italian 
,go?ic1 & z a rule an iron tie is       
introduc$ at ! feet ( su* ar*es z w\ld 9
 ,france or ,g]many h be5 buttress$4    
,?is exp$i5t is1 ( c\rse1 economical1 b 
to nor!rn eyes x appe>s /range & out (  
place4 ,! ,italians1 h[ev]1 take no pa9s
 to conceal x1 & _m ( _! light] works1  
su* z canopies ov] tombs1 por*es1 c41   
w\ld fall to pieces at once 7 ! iron    

ties remov$4  ,op5 timb] ro(s 9 !       
,engli% fa%ion are unkn[n2 b ! wood5    
ceil+s already allud$ to are f\nd 9 ,san
 ,z5o at ,v]ona1 & ! ,eremitani at      
,padua4 ,a k9d ( op5 ro( ( l>ge span1   
c>ri$ by curv$ ribs & ti$ by iron ties1 
cov]s ! great hall ( ! ,basilica at     
,vic5za1 & ! v simil> hall at ,padua4 ,!
 ribs ( ^! ro(s are built up ( _m       
?icknesses ( mat]ial bolt$ toge!r4  ,!  
design ( ,italian ,go?ic build+s pres5ts
 _m peculi>ities1 "s ( :i* are due to ! 
mat]ials made use (4 ,= example1 :]e    
brick & t]ra-cotta are alone employ$1   
wide m\ld$ cornices ( no great          
projection1 & broad masses ( enri*$     
m\ld+ encircl+ ar*es are easily execut$1
 & !y are accord+ly con/antly to be     
f\nd2 b bold m\ld+s1 ) deep holl[s1     
simil> to ^? ( ,e>ly ,engli% ar*es1 c\ld
 n be con/ruct$ ( ^! mat]ials1 & are n  
attempt$4 ,^! peculi>ities w be f\nd 9 !
 ,t[n ,hall at ,cremona1 ( :i* an       
illu/ration 7,fig4 #ej7 has already be5 
giv54    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           

#ef4--,,w9d[ ,,f ,,tivoli4  ,:]e m>ble  
is us$1 ! peculi> f95ess ( its surface1 
^u :i* ! bright ,italian sun makes !    
smalle/ m\ld+ effective1 comb9$ ) ! fact
 t ! mat]ial1 be+ co/ly1 is (t5 us$ 9 ?9
 slabs1 has giv5 occasion to extreme    
flatness ( treatm5t1 & to ! use ( modes 
( enri*m5t :i* d n require mu* dep? (   
mat]ial4 ,our illu/ration ( a w9d[ f !  
,piazza ,s4 ,croce at ,tivoli1 %[s ^!   
peculi>ities extremely well 7,fig4 #ef71
 & also illu/rates ! /rong pr$ilection  
:i* ! ,italian ar*itects reta9$ ?r\gh\t 
! ,go?ic p]iod = squ>5ess & = horizontal
 l9es4 ,! :ole ornam5tal treatm5t is "h 
squ>e2 ! w9d[ re/s on a /rongly-m\ld$   
horizontal sill1 & is surr\nd$ by       
flatly-c>v$ enri*m5t1 mak+ a squ>e panel
 ( ! entire feature4 ,ev5 9 !           
ri*ly-decorat$ w9d[ 7,fig4 #eg71 :i* is 
9 its po9t$ outl9e m truly ,go?ic ?an ! 
,tivoli example1 mu* ( ! same quality c 
be trac$4 ,! ar* & jamb are ri*ly m\ld$1
 b ! :ole mass ( m\ld+s is flat1 & !    
flat cusp+s ( ! trac]y1 elaborately c>v$

 ?\gh x be1 m resemble ! cusps ( e>ly   
,we/]n ,go?ic1 execut$ at a "t :5 trac]y
 0 beg9n+ its c>e]1 ?an "w belong+ to ! 
p]iod ( full maturity to :i* ?is        
feature1 z a :ole1 und\bt$ly belongs4   
,:]e m>bles 7 pl5tiful en\gh to be built
 into ! fabric1 ! national love ( col\r 
gave rise to ! use ( black & :ite--or   
sometimes r$ & :ite--alt]nate c\rses1   
already m5tion$4 ,! effect ( ?is /rip$  
masonry may be p>tly judg$ ( f !        
illu/ration ( ! ca!dral at ,si5a 7,fig4 
#eb71 :]e x is employ$ to a consid]able 
ext5t4 ,a f9] me?od ( surface           
decoration1 less simple1 h[ev]1 & p]haps
 less frequ5tly practis$1 0 op5 to !    
,italian ar*itect1 9 ! use ( panels (   
v>i\s col\r$ m>bles4 ,a beautiful       
example ( ! employm5t ( ?is exp$i5t     
exi/s 9 ,giotto's campanile at ,flor5ce 
7,fig4 #ea74    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#eg4--;,,italian ,,go?ic ,,w9d[1 ,,)    
,,trac]y       ,,9 ,,! ,,head4 7#ac,,?  
,,c5tury47  ,! flatness ( ! ro(s1 :i* ! 
,italians nev] ab&on$1 0 always f\nd    

difficult to reconcile ) ! ,go?ic t5d5cy
 to height & /eepness4 ,9 _m cases1 !   
%>p pit*$ gables :i* ! build+s display1 
are only masks1 & d n truly d5ote ! pit*
 ( ! ro(s beh9d !m4 ,9 o!r in/ances !   
walls f9i% ) a horizontal p>apet1 pla9  
or ornam5tal1 q conceal+ ! ro(4 ,9 !    
ro(s ( _! campaniles1 h[ev]1 ! ,go?ic   
ar*itects ( ,italy 7 usually happy2 !y  
almo/ always adopt$ a /eep conical      
t]m9al1 ) or )\t p9nacles1 :i* is v     
tell+ aga9/ ! sky2 ev5 if its junction )
 ! t[] is at times clumsy4  ,!          
brightness ( s\!rn suns prev5t$ !       
adoption ( ! great w9d[s1 adapt$ to     
masses ( /a9$ glass1 :i* 7 ! ambition ( 
nor!rn ar*itects 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & !
 t5acity ) :i* a love = squ>5ess (      
effect & = /rongly-m>k$ horizontal l9es 
( v>i\s sorts reta9$ its hold1 t5d$ to  
keep ,italian ,go?ic build+s ess5tially 
diff]5t f ^? ( nor!rn nations2 b ! love 
( col\r1 ! comm& ( preci\s mat]ials1 & (
 f9e sculpture1 ! passion = beauty & = a
 decorative ri*ness1 & ! arti/ic ta/e ( 

! ,italians1 display !mselves 9 ^!      
build+s 9 a hundr$ ways3 all ?is l5ds to
 !m a *>m su* z few works ( ! middle    
ages exi/+ else:]e c surpass4           
,,spa94--,,*ronological ,,sket*4  ,an   
e>ly1 middle1 & late p]iod c be di/+ui%$
 9 deal+ ) ,spani% ,go?ic4 ,! fir/ p]iod
 rea*es to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury1 ! second occupies ! rema9d] ( ! 
?irte5? & ! f\rte5? c5turies1 ! ?ird    
completes ! fifte5? & runs on into "p ( 
! sixte5?4  ,! e>ly /yle is "o ( mu*    
purity & dignity1 & is develop$ directly
 f ! ,romanesque ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ca!dral 
( ,/4 ,iago di ,compo/ella1 a f9e       
cruci=m *ur* ( r\nd-ar*$ ,go?ic1 ) a    
magnific5t we/]n portal1#bh recall+ !   
great lat]al por*es at ,*>tres1 is an   
e>ly & f9e example4 ,l o!r *ur*es ( !   
type 9 ,spa91 x is f> pla9] inside ?an  
out1 b x is vault$ ?r\gh\t4  ,! ca!dral 
( ,zamora1 & ^? ( ,t>ragona & ,salamanca
 mu/ also be ref]r$ to4 ,9 ea* ( ^!1 !  
mo/ ?or\ghly ,spani% feature is a dome1 
occupy+ ! cross+ ( ! nave & transepts1 &

 app>5tly bett] develop$ ?an ^? 9 e>ly  
,g]man *ur*es or 9 ,italian ones4 ,x is 
call$ 9 ,spani% ! cimborio4 ,?is feature
 0 con/ruct$ s z to consi/ ( an inn]    
dome1 decorat$ by ribs ?r[n ov] ! c5tral
 space1 & c>ri$ by p5d5tives2 hav+ above
 x a sep>ate out] dome some:at high] &  
(t5 ri*ly decorat$4 ,?is feature        
un=tunately disappe>$ :5 ! ,fr5* designs
 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury began to be ! rage4 
,a peculi>ity ( plan1 h[ev]1 :i* 0      
reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,go?ic p]iod 9    
,spa91 is to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly *ur*es2 x 
consi/s ( an inclosure = ! *oir q 9 !   
body ( ! *ur*1 & (t5 we/ ( !            
transepts1--9 su* a position1 9 fact1 z 
! *oir at ,we/m9/] ,abbey occupies4 ,a  
?ird peculi>ity is ! addition ( an out] 
aisle1 n unlike ! arcade ( a cloi/]1 to 
! side walls ( ! *ur*es1 possibly ) a   
view ( protect+ !m f heat4  ,) ! ?irte5?
 c5tury a /rong passion = *ur*es1       
closely resembl+ ^? be+ erect$ 9 ,france
 at ! same "t1 set 91 z has j be5       
rem>k$4 ,accord+ly ! ca!drals ( ,tol$o1 

,burgos1 & ,leon1 approa* v closely to  
,fr5* types4 ,tol$o is v l>ge1 five     
aisl$1 & ) a va/ *evet4 ,its ext]ior is 
unf9i%$1 b ! dignity ( its f9e int]ior  
may be well und]/ood f ! illu/ration    
7,fig4 #eh7 "h giv54 ,burgos is n s     
ambiti\s 9 size z ,tol$o1 b has a florid
 ext]ior ( late ar*itecture ) two l(ty1 
op5-trac]i$ spires1 l ,/rasburg & o!r   
,g]man examples4 ,leon is rem>kable =   
its l(ty cl]e/ory4 ,spani% ,go?ic may be
 said to h culm9at$ 9 ! va/ ca!dral at  
,seville 7begun #adja71 claim+ to be (  
great] ext5t ?an any ,go?ic ca!dral 9 ! 
_w1 l>g]1 !re=e1 ?an ,milan or ,cologne4
 ,x /&s on ! site ( a mosque1 & has nev]
 be5 complet$ ext]nally4 ,! int]ior is v
 impos+ & ri*1 b :5 x is /at$ t x 0 n   
complet$ till #aebj1 x may be readily   
und]/ood t _m ( ! details are v late1 & 
f> f ! purity ( e>li] examples4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,! ,,ca!dral
 ,,at ,,tol$o4 ,,int]ior4       7,,begun
 #abbg47  ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury an        
innovation1 ( :i* ,fr5* ar*itects       

imm$iately nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees 7 also     
avail+ !mselves1 f\nd fav\r 9 ,b>celona4
 ,! great buttresses by :i* ! ?ru/ ( !  
vaults 0 met 7 br\ght inside ! b\nd>y   
walls ( ! *ur*1 & 7 made to s]ve z      
division walls betwe5 a s]ies ( side    
*apels4 ,bo? "h & at ,manresa & ,g]ona1 
ca!drals 7 built1 resembl+ 9 con/ruction
 t at ,alby1 9 ,s\!rn ,france2 9 ^! ?is 
arrangem5t 0 c>ri$ a /ep fur!r1 & ! side
 aisles 7 suppress$1 leav+ ! :ole nave  
to consi/ ( a v bold vault$ hall1 fr+$  
by a s]ies ( side *apels1 :i* 7 sep>at$ 
f ea* o!r by ! buttresses :i* support$ !
 ma9 vault4 ,^! l>ge vaults1 h[ev]1 :5  
b>e ( decoration1 z mo/ ( ! ,spani%     
vaults are1 appe> bald & poor 9 effect1 
?\gh !y are gr& objects /ructurally4  ,!
 ,go?ic "w ( ! late/ p]iod 9 ,spa9      
became extraord9>ily florid 9 its       
details1 especially 9 ! v>iety introduc$
 into ! ribs ( ! vault+ & ! enri*m5ts   
g5]ally4 ,! great ca!drals ( ,segovia & 
,salamanca 7 nei!r ( !m begun till !    
sixte5? c5tury _h already well set 94   

,!y are ! two pr9cipal examples ( ?is   
florid ,go?ic4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#ei4--,,! ,,giralda ,,at ,,seville4     
7,,begun ,,9 #aaif4       ,,f9i%$ ,,9   
#aech74  ,x w n be =gott5 t ! c\ntry we 
are n[ consid]+ 0 fully occupi$ by !    
,moors1 & t !y left 9 ,s\!rn ,spa9      
build+s ( great m]it4 ,a c]ta9 numb] (  
,*ri/ian *ur*es exi/ built 9 a /yle :i* 
has be5 call$ ,moresco1 z be+ a k9d (   
fusion ( ,moori% & ,go?ic4 ,! t[]s ( ^! 
*ur*es be> a close resemblance to !     
,s>ac5ic t[]s ( :i* ! beautiful         
bell-t[]1 call$ ! ,giralda1 at ,seville 
7,fig4 #ei7 is ! type2 ) ?is & simil>   
examples 9 ! c\ntry x is n surpris+ t at
 ,tol$o1 ,s>agoza1 & o!r places1 t[]s ( 
! same "* %\ld be erect$ z p>ts ( *ur*es
 9 :i* ! ar*itecture ?r\gh\t is z mu*   
,s>ac5ic z ,*ri/ian4  ,to _m ( ^! great 
*ur*es1 cloi/]s1 & mona/ic build+s1 :i* 
are (t5 bo? ext5sive & ( a high ord] (  
ar*itectural excell5ce1 are atta*$4 ,!  
secul> build+s1 ( ,spa9 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod
 are1 on ! o!r h&1 nei!r num]\s nor     

rem>kable4   ,,portugal4  ,! ar*itecture
 ( ,portugal has be5 v little           
inve/igat$4 ,! great *ur* at ,batalha#bi
 is probably ! mo/ important 9 ! c\ntry4
 ,?is build+1 ?\gh int]e/+ 9 plan1 is m 
rem>kable = a lavi% am\nt ( florid      
ornam5t1 ( :i* our illu/ration 7,fig4   
#fj7 may furni% "s idea1 ?an = really   
f9e ar*itecture4 ,! conv5tual *ur* at   
,belem1 ne> ,lisbon1 a "w ( ! beg9n+ ( !
 sixte5? c5tury1 & equally florid1 is   
ano!r ( ! small numb] ( specim5s (      
,portuguese ,go?ic ( :i* descriptions or
 illu/rations h be5 publi%$4            
,,footnotes3  #be ,an illu/ration ( su* 
a campanile w be f\nd 9 t belong+ to !  
,ca!dral ( ,si5a 7,fig4 #eb74  #bf ,see 
,frontispiece4  #bg ,= an explanation ( 
?is t]m1 see ante1 ,*apt] ,v41 page #dh4
  #bh ,a ca/ ( ?is portal is at ! ,s\?  
,k5s+ton ,museum4  #bi ,see ,sculptures 
( ! ,mona/]y at ,batalha1 publi%$ by !  
,arundel ,society4       ,illu/ration3  
,,crete ,,f ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,p>is4     
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4   

,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,&       
,,design4  ,mat]ials & ,con/ruction4  ,!
 ,go?ic ar*itects adh]$1 at any rate    
till ! fifte5? c5tury1 to ! use ( v     
small /ones 9 _! masonry4 ,9 _m build+s 
( l>ge size x is h>d to f9d any /one    
heavi] ?an two m5 c lift4 ,bad roads & !
 abs5ce ( good me*anical means ( hoi/+ &
 mov+ big blocks l$ to ?is4  ,! mort>1  
?\gh good1 is n equal to ! ,roman4 ,z a 
rule 9 ea* p]iod mort> jo9ts are ?ick4  
,!y are f9e/ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4  ,!    
masonry ( all important features ( !    
build+ is always good2 x is (t5 a p]fect
 m>vel ( dext]ity & skill z well z (    
beauty4  ,! arts ( work]s 9 o!r         
mat]ials1 su* z c>p5t]s1 jo9]s1 smi?s1 &
 plumb]s 7 c>ri$ to great p]fection dur+
 ! ,go?ic p]iod4  ,! appropriate        
ornam5tal treatm5t :i* ea* mat]ial is   
be/ fitt$ to receive 0 inv>iably giv5 to
 x1 & =ms appropriate to "o mat]ial 7 v 
r>ely copi$ 9 o!rs4 ,= example1 :5ev]   
wr\ght iron1 a mat]ial :i* c be beat5 & 
weld$1 or rivett$1 0 employ$1 ^?        

ornam5tal =ms 7 select$ into :i* hot    
iron c ) ease be beat51 & su* gr\ps ( ^?
 =ms 7 design$ z c be obta9$ by weld+ or
 by rivett+ !m toge!r4  ,wood1 on ! o!r 
h&1 _c be b5t ) ease1 b c be readily    
cut1 drill$ ) holes1 not*$ & c>v$2      
accord+ly1 :]e wood _h to be treat$     
ornam5tally1 we only f9d su* =ms z !    
drill1 ! *isel1 ! saw1 or ! g\ge readily
 & naturally leave beh9d !m4  ,aga91 !  
mode into :i* wood c be be/ fram$ toge!r
 0 c>efully consid]$ f a con/ructional  
po9t ( view1 & m$iaeval jo9]s' "w is    
always fir/ s design$ z to r$uce !      
damage f %r9kage to ! smalle/ am\nt     
possible2 & ! pieces ( :i* x is compos$ 
are !n appropriately ornam5t$1 m\ld$1 or
 c>v$4  ,/one is n[ always1 at lea/ 9   
?is c\ntry1 work$ by be+ fir/ squ>$ & !n
 work$-d[n or sunk f ! squ>$ faces to ! 
m\ld+s requir$1 & ?is proc$ure seems to 
h be5 common1 ?\gh n q univ]sal1 9 !    
,middle ,ages4 ,consequ5tly we usually  
f9d ! :ole ( ! ext]nal m\ld+s ) :i* !   
doorways & arcades ( important build+s 7

 enri*$1 design$ s z to be easily =m$   
out ( /ones hav+ squ>$ faces1 or1 to use
 ! te*nical phrase1 to be sunk f ! squ>$
 blocks4  ,! "* ( sculpture 9 wood      
diff]s f t 9 /one1 ! mat]ial be+ h>d]1 m
 capable ( /&+ alone2 s 9 /one we f9d m 
bread?1 9 wood f9] l9es & m elaboration4
  ,9 a ^w1 no mat]ial 0 employ$ 9       
simulat+ ano!r 7or ) ! r>e/ exceptions71
 & :5 any ornam5t 0 to be execut$ 9 "o  
place 9 "o mat]ial & 9 ano!r place 9 a  
diff]5t "o1 su* alt]ations 7 always made
 9 ! treatm5t z correspond$ to ! diff]5t
 qualities ( ! two mat]ials4  ,! ar* 0  
introduc$ :5ev] possible1 & ! /ructure (
 a great ,go?ic build+ pres5ts ! /ronge/
 possible contra/ to t ( a ,greek       
build+4  ,9 ! ,greek temple !re 0 no    
pressure t 0 n v]tical & met by a       
v]tical support1 wall1 or column1 & no  
support t 0 n va/ly 9 excess ( !        
dim5sions actually requir$ to d ! "w4   
,a great ,go?ic build+ atta9s /ability  
?r\gh ! balanc$ c\nt]poise ( a va/ s]ies
 ( pressures1 oblique1 p]p5dicul>1 or   

horizontal1 s arrang$ z to c\nt]act ea* 
o!r4 ,! vault 0 kept f spread+ by ! fly+
 buttress1 ! ?ru/ ( ! arcade 0 resi/$ by
 massive walls1 & s on ?r\gh\t4  ,!     
equilibrium ?us obta9$ 0 sometimes s    
tickli% t a /orm ( w9d1 a trifl+        
settlem5t1 or a slight concussion       
suffic$ to occasion a disa/]2 & _m ( !  
d>+ feats ( ! masons ( ! ,middle ,ages  
are lo/ to u1 because !y d>$ a little   
too mu* & ! entire /ructure collaps$4   
,?is happ5$ m (t5 9 ! middle p]iod ( !  
/yle ?an 9 ! e>lie/1 b dur+ ! :ole      
,go?ic p]iod !re is a con/ant uni=m     
t5d5cy 9 "o direction3 ?9n] walls1 wid] 
ar*es1 l(ti] vaults1 sl5d]] buttresses1 
slight] pi]s1 confront u at e /ep1 & we 
ne$ only comp>e "s ,norman /ructure 7su*
 z ,durham71 ) a p]p5dicul> 7su* z ,h5ry
 ,,vii4's ,*apel71 to see h[ va/ a *ange
 took place 9 ?is respect4   ,!         
,pr9ciples ( ,go?ic ,design4  ,all !    
g]ms ( ,go?ic ar*itecture exi/ 9 !      
,romanesque ( ! elev5? & twelf?         
c5turies1 & became develop$ z ! passion 

= m sl5d] proportions1 great] lightness1
 & l(t9ess ( effect1 & m delicate       
enri*m5t became m>k$4 ,x is q true t !  
po9t$ ar* is univ]sally recognis$ z1 s  
to speak1 ! badge ( ,go?ic1 ev5 to !    
ext5t ( hav+ sugge/$ ! title ( ,*ri/ian 
po9t$ ar*itecture1 by :i* x is (t5      
call$4 ,b ! po9t$ ar* mu/ be reg>d$ r z 
a tok5 t ! s]ies ( *anges1 :i*1 />t+ f !
 heavy if maje/ic ,romanesque ( su* a   
ca!dral z ,pet]bor\gh1 culm9at$ 9 !     
gracefulness ( ,salisbury or ,l9coln1 0 
f> advanc$ t[>ds completion1 ?an z      
really ess5tial to _! p]fection4 ,_m ( !
 examples ( ! transition p]iod exhibit !
 r\nd ar* bl5d$ ) ! po9t$ 7e4g4 ! nave (
 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral or ! ,*oir (     
,cant]bury71 & :5 we come to consid]    
,g]man ar*itecture we %all f9d t !      
adoption ( ! po9t$ ar* 0 po/pon$ till   
long aft] ! developm5t ( all1 or almo/  
all1 ! o!r features ( ! ,go?ic /yle2 s z
 to place beyond "q ! exi/5ce1 9 t      
c\ntry at lea/1 ( r\nd ar*$ ,go?ic4 ,"s 
( ! be/ au?orities h inde$ propos$ to   

employ ?is title z a designation = mu*1 
if n all1 ! r\nd ar*$ ar*itecture ( !   
we/ ( ,europe1 b ,scott1 ,%>pe1 & o!r   
au?orities class m$iaeval art d[n to !  
middle ( ! twelf? c5tury "u ! g5]al head
 ( ,romanesque1 a c\rse :i* has be5     
adopt$ 9 ?is volume4  ,! proportions (  
,go?ic build+s 7 well /udi$1 _! =ms 7   
always l(ty1 _! gables %>p1 & _! g5]al  
composition m or less pyramidal4        
,rem>kable num]ical relations betwe5 !  
dim5sions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a great    
,go?ic ca!dral c be discov]$ ^u c>eful  
exam9ation 9 mo/1 if n all in/ances1 &  
!re c be little d\bt t a sy/em (        
geometrical proportions ran ?r\gh !     
e>li] design1 & t mu* ( ! h>mony &      
beauty :i* ! build+s pres5t is traceable
 to ?is fact4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is ! skill )
 :i* subord9ate features & important    
ones are fitt$ to _! respective         
positions1 bo? by _! dim5sions & by _!  
relative elaboration or pla9ness1 =ms a 
complete sy/em ( proportion1 mak+ use ( 
! ^w 9 its broade/ s5se2 & ! results are

 extremely happy4  ,app>5t size 0 imp>t$
 to almo/ e ,go?ic build+ by !          
smallness1 great numb]1 & v>iety ( its  
features1 & by ! small size ( ! /ones   
employ$4 ,! effect ( /r5g? is g5]ally1  
?\gh n p]haps s uni=mly1 also obta9$1 & 
dignity1 beauty1 & h>mony are r>ely     
want+4  ,symmetry1 ?\gh n altoge!r      
ov]look$1 has b a sl5d] hold ^u ,go?ic  
ar*itects4 ,x is f> m obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior
 ?an 9 ! ext]ior ( ! build+s2 b x mu/ be
 rememb]$ t symmetry =m$ ! basis ( _m   
designs :i*1 ow+ to ! execution hav+ be5
 c>ri$ on ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s & by
 diff]5t h&s1 came to be v>i$ f !       
orig9al int5tions4 ,?us1 = example1     
,*>tres is a ca!dral ) two we/]n t[]s4  
,"o ( ^! 0 c>ri$ up & its spire complet$
 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! companion spire 0
 n add$ till ! end ( ! fifte5?1 :5 m5's 
ideas z to ! proportions1 %ape1         
ornam5ts1 & details ( a spire _h alt]$  
entirely2--! lat] ar*itect did n value  
symmetry en\gh to ?9k himself b\nd to   
adh]e ei!r to ! design or to ! height ( 

! e>li] spire1 s we h 9 ?is great facade
 two simil> flank+ t[]s b spires        
entirely unlike4 ,:at happ5$ at ,*>tres 
happ5$ else:]e4 ,! orig9al design (     
build+s 0 9 ! ma9 symmetrical1 b x 0    
nev] consid]$ t symmetry 0 a matt] s    
important z to require t mu* sacrifice  
%\ld be made to pres]ve x4  ,on ! o!r h&
 ! subord9ation ( a multitude ( small   
features to "o dom9ant "o ent]s l>gely  
into ! design ( e good ,go?ic build+2 ) 
! result t if ! great gov]n+ feature or 
mass has be5 c>ri$ out 9 its entirety1  
almo/ any feature1 no matt] h[ irregul> 
or unsymmetrical1 may be safely         
introduc$1 & w only add picturesqu5ess &
 piquancy to ! design4 ,?is is m or less
 a lead+ pr9ciple ( ,go?ic design4 ,a   
build+ ) no irregul>ities1 none ( ^?    
*>m+ additions :i* add individual "* to 
,go?ic *ur*es1 & none ( ! isolat$       
features :i* ! pr9ciple ( subord9ation  
p]mits ! ar*itect to employ1 has miss$  
"o ( ! *ief qualities ( ! /yle4 ,x is "h
 t unskill$ ar*itects mo/ly fail :5 !y  

attempt ,go?ic designs2 !y ei!r hold on 
to symmetry z ?\gh !y 7 design+ a ,greek
 temple1 & !y are unaw>e t ! _s ( ! /yle
 9 :i* !y are try+ to "w n only p]mits1 
b requires "s irregul> features2 or if  
!y d n fall into ?is error !y are       
ov]tak5 by ! opposite "o1 & omit to make
 _! irregul> features subord9ate to !   
g5]al effect ( ! :ole1 an error less    
s]i\s 9 its effects ?an ! o!r1 b /ill   
de/ructive ( any?+ l ! highe/ qualities 
9 a build+4  ,repetition1 l symmetry1 is
 recognis$ by ,go?ic ar*itecture1 b n   
adh]$ to 9 a rigid way4 ,no build+s ga9 
m f ! repetition ( p>ts ?an ,go?ic      
*ur*es & ca!drals2 ! s]ies ( pill>s or  
pi]s & ar*es inside1 ! s]ies (          
buttresses & w9d[s outside1 add scale to
 ! g5]al effect4 ,b s long z x 0 9 ! ma9
 a s]ies ( features :i* broadly resembl$
 "o ano!r1 ! ,go?ic ar*itect 0 satisfi$1
 & did n feel b\nd to exact repetition4 
,we are (t51 = example1 surpris$ to f9d 
9 ! columns ( a *ur* an octagonal "o    
alt]nat+ ) a circul> "o1 & almo/        

inv>iably1 if a s]ies ( capitals be     
exam9$1 ea* w be discov]$ to diff] f !  
o!rs to "s ext5t4 ,9 "o bay ( a *ur* !re
 may be a two-light w9d[1 & 9 ! next a  
?ree-light w9d[1 & s on4  ,?is we f9d 9 
build+s erect$ at "o "t & "u "o         
ar*itect4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a build+ begun at
 "o p]iod 0 cont9u$ at ano!r 7& ?is1 x  
mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ! rule1 n !          
exception1 ) all l>ge ,go?ic build+s71 !
 ar*itect1 :ile usually repeat+ ! same  
features1 ) ! same g5]al =ms1 inv>iably 
foll[$ 8 own pr$ilections z to detail4  
,!re is a v good example ( ?is 9        
,we/m9/] ,abbey1 9 ! we/]n bays ( !     
nave1 :i* 7 built ye>s lat] ?an ! ea/]n 
bays4 ,!y are1 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1  
id5tical1 be+ ( ! same height & wid? &  
%ape ( ar*1 b ne>ly e detail diff]s4    
,disclosure1 r ?an concealm5t1 0 a      
pr9ciple ( ,go?ic design4 ,?is 0        
demon/rat$ long ago by ,pug91 & _m ( 8  
foll[]s pu%$ ! doctr9e to su* extremes1 
t !y held--& "s ( !m /ill hold--t no    
build+ is really ,go?ic 9 :i* any "p1   

ei!r ( its con/ruction or arrangem5t1 is
 n obvi\sly visible inside & out4  ,?is 
is1 h[ev]1 c>ry+ ! pr9ciple too f>4 ,x  
is suffici5t to say t ! int]ior         
disposition ( e ,go?ic build+ 0 z mu* z 
possible disclos$ by ! ext]ior4 ,?us1 9 
a secul> build+1 :]e !re is a l>ge room1
 !re usually 0 a l>ge w9d[2 :5 a l(ty   
ap>tm5t occurs1 its ro( 0 g5]ally       
proportionately high2 :]e a /aircase    
rises1 we usually c detect x by a slop+ 
r[ ( little w9d[s foll[+ ! l9e ( ! /air1
 or by a turret ro(4  ,! mode 9 :i* !   
?ru/ ( vaults is c\nt]pois$ is1 z has   
be5 %[n1 frankly display$ by ! ,go?ic   
ar*itects1 & z a rule1 e portion ( !    
/ructure is freely exhibit$4 ,x gr[s out
 ( ?is1 t :5 an ornam5tal feature is    
desir$1 x is n con/ruct$ purely =       
ornam5t1 z ! ,romans add$ ! columns &   
cornices ( ! ord]s to ! outside ( _!    
massive walls purely z an ar*itectural  
scre52 b "s requisite1 ( ! build+ is    
tak5 & ornam5t$1 & 9 "s cases elaborat$4
 ,?us ! belfry grew into ! enorm\s bell 

t[]2 ! t[] ro( grew into ! spire2 !     
extra weight requir$ on fly+ buttresses 
grew into ! ornam5tal p9nacle2 & ! w9d[ 
head grew into trac]y4  ,!re 71 h[ev]1  
"s exceptions4 ,! walls 7 /ill con/antly
 fac$ ) f9] masonry ?an 9 ! he>t1 & ?\gh
 "s are unwill+ to admit ! fact1 7 (t5  
pla/]$ outside z well z 92 & :at is m   
rem>kable1 no o!r sign ( ! vault appe>$ 
outside ! build+ ?an ! buttresses       
requir$ to su/a9 x4  ,! ext]nal gable   
con=ms to ! %ape ( ! ro( :i* cov]$ !    
vault1 b ! vault1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable
 & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! :ole build+1  
does n betray its pres5ce by any ext]nal
 l9e or m>k correspond+ to its position 
& %ape 9 ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,not)/&+ 
^! & "s o!r exceptions1 frank disclosure
 mu/ be reckon$ "o ( ! ma9 pr9ciples (  
,go?ic ar*itecture4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #fj4--;,,doorway ,,f ,,*ur* ,,at 
,,batalha4       7,,begun #ache47       
,elaboration & simplicity 7 bo? s well  
kn[n to ! ,go?ic ar*itect t x is        
difficult to say t ei!r ( ^! qualities  

belongs exclusively to 8 "w4 ,b he 0    
r>ely simple :5 he _h ! opportunity (   
be+ elaborate1 & simplicity 0 p]haps r  
=c$ ^u him by ! circum/ances "u :i* he  
work$1 by rude mat]ials1 scanty funds1 &
 lack ( skill$ workm51 ?an freely *os54 
,_m ( ! great works ( ! ,go?ic p]iod are
 z elaborate z !y c\ld be made 7,fig4   
#fj71 & yet1 :5 simplicity _h to be !   
ord] ( ! day1 no ar*itecture has l5t x  
su* a grace z ,go?ic4  ,! la/ pair (    
qualities is simil>ity & contra/4 ,:at  
has be5 said ab\t repetition has        
anticipat$ ! rem>ks call$ = by ^!       
qualities1 s f> z to po9t out t ev5 :]e 
! arrangem5t ( ! build+ dictat$ !       
repetition ( simil> features1 a g5]al   
resemblance1 & n an exact simil>ity1 0  
consid]$ suffici5t4 ,9 ! composition (  
masses ( build+1 contra/ & n simil>ity 0
 ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,ev5 9 ! int]iors (   
great *ur*es :i*1 z a rule1 are f> m    
regul> ?an ! ext]iors1 ! contra/ betwe5 
! comp>ative pla9ness ( ! nave & !      
ri*ness ( ! *oir 0 an ess5tial elem5t ( 

design4  ,ext]nal design 9 ,go?ic       
build+s dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u contra/
 = its p[] ( *>m+ ! eye1 & x is ?is     
circum/ance :i* has left ! successive   
g5]ations ( m5 :o toil$ at our great    
,go?ic ca!drals s free to foll[ ! b5t ( 
_! own ta/e 9 _! additions1 r ?an t ( _!
 =]unn]s4  ,b sett+ aside !             
irregul>ities due to ! caprice ( v>i\s  
build]s1 & ! con/ant *anges :i* took    
place 9 detail ?r\gh ! ,go?ic p]iod1 x  
is to contra/ t we mu/ trace mo/ ( !    
surpris+ effects atta9$ by ! ar*itecture
 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ri* trac]y 0 made
 ri*] by contra/ ) pla9 walls1 ! l(tie/ 
t[]s appe>$ high] f _! contra/ ) ! long 
level l9es ( ro(s & p>apets4  ,x is1 9  
tru?1 "o ( ! pr9cipal m>ks ( ! decad5ce 
:i* began 9 ! fifte5? c5tury t !        
pr9ciple ( contra/ 01 to a consid]able  
ext5t1 ab&on$1 at lea/ 9 ! details ( !  
build+s if n 9 _! great masses4 ,walls 7
 at t "t panell$ 9 imitation ( ! trac]y 
( ! adjo9+ w9d[s1 & no long] act$ z a   
foil to !m by _! solid pla9ness2 long   

r[s ( p9nacles1 all exactly alike1      
foll[$ ! l9e ( ! p>apets1 & a repetition
 ( absolutely id5tical features became !
 rule = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,go?ic   
art4  ,!re c be no d\bt t _h ?is        
modification run its natural c\rse      
un*eck$ & undi/urb$ by ! *ange 9 ta/e   
:i* abruptly br\ght ! ,go?ic p]iod to a 
close1 x mu/ h result$ 9 ! det]ioration 
( ! art4    ,illu/ration3 ,,sculptur$   
,,ornam5t ,,f ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4       
,illu/ration3 ,,r5aissance ,,ornam5t ,,f
 ,a ,,frieze4  ,,r5aissance             
,,ar*itecture4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,g5]al 
,,view4   ,go?ic ar*itecture _h begun1  
be=e ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to %[  
m>ks ( decad5ce1 & m5's m9ds & ta/es 7  
rip5+ = a *ange4 ,! *ange1 :5 x did take
 place1 arose 9 ,italy1 & 0 a direct    
consequ5ce ( t bur/ ( mod]n civilisation
 kn[n z ! revival ( lett]s4 ,all !      
*>act]i/ics ( ! middle ages 7 rapidly   
?r[n (f4 ,! /ra9 ( old ,roman blood 9 ! 
mod]n ,italians ass]t$ itself1 & almo/  
at a b\nd1 lit]ature & ! arts sprang    

back1 l a b[ un/rung1 into ! =ms !y _h  
display$ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e4  ,x   
became ! rage to read ! *oice ,greek &  
,lat9 au?ors1 & to write ,lat9 ) a      
p$antic purity4 ,c we wond] t 9 pa9t+1 9
 sculpture1 & 9 ar*itecture1 m5 rev]t$  
to ! =m1 ! /yle1 & ! decorations ( !    
antique compositions1 /atues1 &         
ar*itectural rema9s8 ,?is 0 ! m easy 9  
,italy1 z ,go?ic art _h nev] at any "t  
tak5 s firm a hold ^u ,italians z x _h  
^u nations nor? ( ! ,alps4  ,?\gh1      
h[ev]1 ! details & =ms employ$ 7 all    
,roman1 or ,graeco-,roman1 !y 7 appli$  
to build+s ess5tially mod]n1 & us$ ) mu*
 fre$om & _s4 ,?is revival ( classic    
ta/e 9 art is commonly & appropriately  
call$ ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,italy x took     
place s rapidly t !re 0 h>dly any       
transition p]iod4 ,brunelles*i1 ! fir/  
great ,r5aissance ar*itect1 began 8 "w z
 e>ly z ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 8
 build+s1 9 :i* classic details ( great 
sev]ity & purity are employ$1 /ruck1 s  
to speak1 a keynote :i* _h be5 respond$ 

to all ov] ,italy be=e ! close ( !      
fifte5? c5tury4  ,to o!r c\ntries !     
*ange spread lat]1 & x f\nd !m less     
prep>$ to welcome x unres]v$ly4         
,accord+ly1 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 _m 
p>ts ( ,g]many1 we f9d a transition     
p]iod1 dur+ :i* build+s 7 design$ 9 a   
mix$ /yle4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! transition la/$ 
almo/ ?r\gh ! sixte5? c5tury4  ,z !     
c5tury w5t on1 a mo/ picturesque & tell+
 /yle1 ! e>li] phases ( :i* are kn[n z  
,tudor & ! lat] z ,elizabe?an1 sprang up
 9 ,engl&4 ,x betrays 9 its mixture (   
,go?ic & classic =ms great incongruities
 & ev5 mon/rosities2 b x all[s unre/ra9$
 play = ! fancies1 & ! be/ mansions &   
manors ( ! "t1 su* z ,hatfield1         
,h>dwick1 ,burleigh1 ,bram%ill1 &       
,audley ,end1 are unsurpass$ 9 _!       
picturesqu5ess & romantic *>m4  ,! old  
r$-brick1 heavily *imney$1 & gabl$      
build+s1 ) _! l>ge w9d[s divid$ by bold 
mullions & transoms1 & _! simple noble  
outl9es1 are famili> to u all1 & s are  
_! *>act]i/ic features4 ,! great hall ) 

its oriel or its bay1 ! f9e pla/]$      
ceil+1 support$ by heavy beams ( timb]2 
! wide oak /aircase1 ) its c>v$ balu/]s1
 & ornam5t$ newel po/1 & heavy-m\ld$    
h&rail2 ! old wa9scot$ p>l\r1 ) its     
magnific5t *imney-piece rea*+ to !      
ceil+2 ^! are all ess5tially ,engli%    
features1 & are full ( vig\r & life1 z  
inde$ ! "w ( e p]iod ( transition mu/   
almo/ necess>ily prove4  ,! transitional
 p]iod 9 ,france produc$ exquisite works
 m ref9$ & elegantly treat$ ?an ours1 b 
n s vigor\s4 ,its mann] is kn[n z !     
,francois ,premi] 7,francis ,i47 /yle4  
,no mod]n build+s are m pr(usely        
ornam5t$1 & yet n spoilt4  ,9 ,g]many1 !
 ,ca/le ( ,heidelb]g may be nam$ z a    
well-kn[n specim5 ( ! transition p]iod1 
a p]iod ov] :i* h[ev] we mu/ n l+]4     
,suffice x to say1 t soon] or lat] !    
*ange 0 fully accompli%$ 9 e ,european  
c\ntry1 & ,r5aissance ar*itecture1      
modifi$ z climate1 mat]ials1 habits1 or 
ev5 caprice sugge/$1 yet ! same 9 its   
ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 obta9$ a firm     

foot+3 ?is x has succe$$ 9 reta9+1 ?\gh 
n to ! exclusion ( o!r /yles1 = n[ ne>ly
 ?ree c5turies4  ,9 ,italy1 ,r5aissance 
*ur*es1 great & small--f ,/4 ,pet]'s    
d[nw>ds--& magnific5t secul> build+s1   
"s1 l ! ,vatican ,palace or ! ,libr>y ( 
,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice1 = public purposes1 b
 mo/ = ! occupation ( ! great weal?y &  
pr9cely families1 ab\nd 9 ,naples1      
,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 
& inde$ e great city4  ,9 ,france1 !    
transition p]iod 0 succe$$ by a "t :5   
va/ und]tak+s1 e4g4 ! ,hotel de ,ville1 
! ,l\vre1 ! ,tuil]ies1 ,v]sailles1 7    
c>ri$ out 9 ! reviv$ /yle ) ! utmo/     
magnific5ce1 & 7 imitat$ 9 e "p ( !     
c\ntry 9 ! /ructures great] or small]   
:i* 7 !n built4  ,9 ,engl&1 ! works (   
,inigo ,jones1 & ( ,wr51 are ! mo/ fam\s
 works ( ! develop$ /yle1 & to !        
la/-nam$ ar*itect we owe a ca!dral      
second to none 9 ,europe = its beauty ( 
outl9e1 & play ( light & %ade4 ,to      
,g]many1 & ! c\ntries ( ! nor?-ea/      
,europe1 & to ,spa9 & ,portugal on !    

s\?1 ! /yle also ext5d$ ) no v great    
modification1 ei!r ( its g5]al =ms or ( 
its details4   ,,analysis ,,( ,,build+s4
  ,plan4  ,! plan ( ,r5aissance build+s 
0 uni=m & symmetrical1 & !              
picturesqu5ess ( ! ,go?ic times 0       
ab&on$4 ,! plans ( *ur*es 7 n widely    
diff]5t f ^? 9 use 9 ,italy be=e !      
revival ( classic art took place1 b x w 
be rememb]$ t ^! 7 by no means s        
irregul> or picturesque at any "t z !   
plans ( ,fr5* & ,engli% ca!dral *ur*es4 
,9 secul> ar*itecture1 ! va/ piles      
erect$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies  
by ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani% ar*itects 
are to ! la/ degree ord]ly 9 _!         
disposition4 ,!y are adapt$ to a great  
v>iety ( purposes1 & !y display a v>y+  
degree ( skill4 ,! palaces ( ,g5oa are1 
on ! "o h&1 among ! clev]e/ examples (  
plann+ exi/+2 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( !       
palaces 9 ,france are weak & poor to !  
la/ degree4 ,z a rule ! scale ( ! plan  
is m consid]able ?an 9 ,go?ic "w4 ,a v  
l>ge build+ is (t5 n divid$ into m p>ts 

?an a small "o1 or "o ( mod]ate size4 ,9
 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 = example1 !re are only   
f\r bays betwe5 ! we/ front & ! dome1   
ev]y?+ be+ on a mo/ gigantic scale4 ,z a
 contra/ to ?is pr9ciple we may cite !  
nave ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral at ,milan1 :i*  
is n s long at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b has at    
lea/ ?rice z _m bays1 & looks mu* l>g] 9
 consequ5ce4  ,no /yle af=ds m room =   
skill 9 plann+ ?an ! ,r5aissance1 & 9 no
 /yle is ! ex]cise ( su* skill m repaid 
by results4   ,walls & ,columns4  ,9 !  
treatm5t ( ext]nal walls1 ! m$iaeval use
 ( small mat]ials1 involv+ _m jo9ts = ! 
ext]ior ( walls has q disappe>$1 & !y   
are univ]sally fac$ ) /one or pla/]1 &  
are consequ5tly uni=mly smoo?4 ,p]haps !
 pr9cipal feature to note is ! v great  
use made ( t elaborate sort ( masonry 9 
:i* ! jo9ts ( ! /ones are v c>efully    
*annell$ or o!rwise m>k$1 & :i* is kn[n 
by ! s+ul>ly inappropriate "n ( ru/ic   
"w4 ,! basem5ts ( mo/ ,italian & ,fr5*  
palaces are ru/icat$1 & 9 _m cases 7z ! 
,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce7 ru/ic "w cov]s

 an entire facade4  ,! ,go?ic m\ld+s 9  
rec$+ planes disappe> entirely1 & !     
classic ar*itrave takes _! place4 ,!    
ord]s are aga9 reviv$ & are us$ 7z !    
,romans (t5 us$ !m7 z purely decorative 
features add$ = ! m]e sake ( ornam5t to 
a wall suffici5t )\t !m1 & are freely   
pil$ "o ^u ! o!r4 ,palladio 7a v        
influ5tial ,italian ar*itect7 reproduc$ 
! use ( l(ty pila/]s runn+ ?r\gh two or 
ev5 m /oreys ( ! build+1 & (t5 comb9$ "o
 tall ord] & two %ort ones 9 8 treatm5t 
( ! same "p ( ! build+1 a contrivance   
:i* 9 less clev] h&s ?an 8 has giv5 rise
 to ! greate/ confusion4  ,! ,r5aissance
 ar*itects also reviv$ ! late ,roman    
mann] ( employ+ ! column & entablature4 
,!y frequ5tly c>ri$ on ! top ( a column 
a little squ>e pi] divid$ up z !        
ar*itrave & frieze prop] to ! column    
w\ld be divid$1 & !y surm\nt$ x ) a     
cornice :i* 0 c>ri$ q r\nd ?is pi]1 & f 
?is curi\s comp\nd p$e/al an ar* w      
frequ5tly spr+4 ,! classic portico1 )   
p$im5ts1 0 con/antly employ$ by !m2 &   

small p$im5ts ov] w9d[ heads 7 common4  
,a peculi>ity wor? m5tion is !          
introduction 9 _m ,italian palaces ( a  
great cr[n+ cornice1 proportion$ n to ! 
size ( ! columns & ( ! ord] ^u :i* x    
re/s 7if an ord] be employ$71 b to !    
height ( ! :ole build+4 ,mu* f9e effect 
is obta9$ by means ( ?is feature2 x is1 
h[ev]1 bett] fitt$ = sunny ,italy ?an = 
gloomy ,engl&1 & x is n an unmix$       
success :5 repeat$ 9 our climate4  ,t[]s
 are less frequ5tly employ$ ?an by !    
,go?ic ar*itects1 & inde$ 9 ,italy !    
sky-l9e 0 less ?\ght ( at ?is p]iod ?an 
x 0 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 *ur*es1 t[]s    
sometimes occur1 n[h]e m picturesque ?an
 ^? design$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 = _m 
( 8 ,london p>i% *ur*es4 ,! frequ5t use 
( ! dome takes ! place ( ! t[] bo? 9    
*ur*es & secul> build+s4   ,op5+s4      
,op5+s are bo? flat-head$ & semicircul>1
 occasionally elliptical1 b h>dly ev]   
po9t$4 ,r5aissance build+s may be to "s 
ext5t divid$ into ^? :i* dep5d = effect 
^u w9d[ op5+s1 & ^? :i* dep5d *iefly ^u 

ar*itectural features su* z cornices1   
pila/]s1 & ord]s4 ,among ! build+s :]e  
f5e/ration 7or ! treatm5t ( w9d[s7 is   
reli$ ^u ! palaces ( ,v5ice /& pre-em95t
 z compositions admirably design$ =     
effect & v successful4 ,9 !m ! op5+s are
 mass$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! facade1 & /rong  
pi]s are left ne> ! angles1 a simple    
exp$i5t :5 once kn[n1 & "o inh]it$ f !  
,go?ic palaces 9 t city1 b giv+         
rem>kable individuality ( "* to ?is gr\p
 ( build+s4  ,9 ro(s1 includ+ vaults &  
domes1 we meet ) a div]g5ce ( practice  
betwe5 ,italy & ,france4 ,9 ,italy      
l[-pit*$ ro(s 7 ! rule3 ! p>apet alone  
(t5 =m$ ! sky-l9e1 & ! dome & p$im5t are
 usually ! only tell+ features ( !      
outl9e4 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 reviv$ a  
mo/ picturesque feature ( ,go?ic days1  
namely1 ! high-pit*$ ro(1 employ+ x 9 ! 
%ape commonly kn[n z ! ,mans>d#cj ro(4  
,no?+ adds m to ! effectiv5ess ( ! great
 ,fr5* ,r5aissance build+s ?an ^! l(ty  
t]m9als4  ,! dome is1 h[ev]1 ! glory (  
?is /yle1 z x _h be5 ( ! ,roman4 ,x is !

 "o feature by :i* reviv$ & orig9al     
classic ar*itects reta9 a cle> & def9$  
advantage ov] ,go?ic ar*itects1 :o1     
/range to say1 all b ab&on$ ! dome4 ,!  
m\ld+s & o!r ornam5ts ( ! ,r5aissance   
are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! ,roman /yle1 :i*
 ! ,italians reviv$2 _! sculptures & _! 
mural decorations 7 all orig9ally drawn 
f classic s\rces4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 atta9$ v  
great excell5ce1 & x is probable t su*  
decorative pa9t+s z ,raphael & 8 s*ol>s 
execut$ 9 ,rome1 at ,g5oa1 at ,mantua1 &
 else:]e1 f> surpass any?+ :i* ! old    
,roman decorative arti/s ev] execut$4   
,con/ruction & ,design4  ,! e>li]       
,r5aissance build+s are rem>kable = !   
great use :i* _! ar*itects made (       
c>p5try1 z ! mo/ mod]n /ructures are = !
 use ( wr\ght & ca/-iron con/ruction4 ,z
 reg>ds c>p5try1 x is ( c\rse true t all
 ! woodwork ( ! classic p]iods1 & mu* ( 
t done 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod1 has p]i%$1 ei!r
 ?r\gh decay or fire2 b mak+ e all[ance 
= ?is1 we mu/ /ill recognise a v great  
increase 9 ! employm5t ( timb] z an     

integral "p ( l>ge /ructures4 ,vault$   
ro(s = example are comp>atively r>e1 &  
domes1 ev5 :5 ! inn] dome is ( brickwork
 or masonry1 h _! out] envelope (       
c>p5try4 ,a disuse ( brick & r\gh       
masonry1 or r a con/ant ef=t to conceal 
!m f view1 is a di/9ctive m>k (         
,r5aissance "w4 ,! ,roman me?od ( fac+  
r\gh walls ) f9e /one 0 resort$ to 9 !  
be/ build+s4 ,9 humbl] build+s pla/] is 
employ$4  ,r5aissance ar*itects made v  
free use ( pla/]4 ,inside & out ?is     
mat]ial is utilis$1 n m]ely to cov]     
surfaces1 b to =m ar*itectural features4
 ,cornices1 panels1 & enri*m5ts ( all   
k9ds modell$ 9 pla/] are con/antly      
employ$ 9 ! int]ior ( rooms & build+s4  
,on ! ext]ior we con/antly f9d          
imitations ( simil> ar*itectural        
features prop] to /one execut$ 9 pla/] &
 simulat+ /one2 a %ort-sight$ practice  
:i* _c be comm5d$1 & :i* has only       
*eapness & conv5i5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,!re c
 be no "q ( ! fact t ! features ?us     
execut$ nev] equal ^? done 9 /one 9 _!  

effectiv5ess1 & are f> m liable to      
decay4  ,design 9 ,r5aissance build+s   
may be said to be direct$ t[>ds produc+ 
a tell+ result by ! effect ( ! build+s  
tak5 z a :ole1 r ?an by ! intricacy or !
 beauty ( individual p>ts2 & h]e9 lies  
"o ( ! great contra/s betwe5 ,r5aissance
 & ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,a ,r5aissance   
build+ :i* fails to produce an          
impression z a :ole is r>ely felt to be 
successful4 ,no bett] example ( ?is c be
 giv5 ?an ! /raggl+1 unsatisfactory     
,palace ( ,v]sailles1 magnific5t z x is 
9 dim5sions & ri* 9 treatm5t4 ,to !     
production ( a homog5e\s impression !   
arrangem5t ( plan1 ! proportion (       
/oreys1 ! contra/s ( voids & solids1 &  
above all ! outl9e ( ! entire build+1   
%\ld be devot$4  ,! g5]al arrangem5t (  
build+s is usually /rictly symmetrical1 
"o half correspond+ to ! o!r1 & ) "s    
well-def9$ feature to m>k ! c5tre4 ,(   
c\rse 9 v l>ge build+s ?is does n occur1
 nor 9 ! nature ( ?+s c x (t5 take place
 9 ! sides ( *ur*es2 b ! individual     

features ( su* build+s1 & all ^? p>ts ( 
!m :i* p]mit ( symmetry 9 _! arrangem5t1
 always display x4  ,proportion plays an
 important "p 9 ! design ( ,r5aissance  
build+s4 ,! actual %ape ( op5+s1 !      
proportion :i* !y be> to voids1 !       
proportion ( /oreys to "o ano!r2 &1 go+ 
into details1 ! proportions :i* !       
diff]5t features--e4g41 cornice1 & !    
columns support+ x--%\ld be> to "o      
ano!r1 h to be c>efully /udi$4 ,x is to 
! possession ( a ke5 s5se ( :at makes a 
pleas+ proportion & "o satisfactory to !
 eye1 t ! great ar*itects ( ,italy ow$ !
 great] "p ( _! success4  ,r5aissance   
ar*itecture is s famili> 9 its g5]al    
features1 & ^! h be5 s con/antly        
repeat$1 t we may n easily recognise !  
great ne$ = skill & ta/e :i* exi/s if !y
 are to be design$ s z to produce ! mo/ 
ref9$ effect possible4 ,_m ( !          
successful build+s ( ! /yle owe _!      
excell5ce to ! great delicacy & elegance
 ( ! mode 9 :i* ! details h be5 /udi$1 r
 ?an to ! vig\r & boldness ) :i* !      

masses h be5 %ap$ & dispos$2 & ?\gh     
gr&eur is ! noble/ quality ( :i* ! /yle 
is capable1 yet _m m opportunities =    
display+ grace & ref9em5t ?an = atta9+  
gr&eur (f] !mselves1 & by no?+ are ! be/
 works ( ! /yle s well m>k$ out z by !  
success ) :i* ^? opportunities h be5    
grasp$ & turn$ to acc\nt4  ,! concealm5t
 bo? ( con/ruction & arrangem5t is      
l>gely practis$ 9 ,r5aissance build+s4  
,beh9d an ext]ior wall fill$ by w9d[s ( 
uni=m size & equally spac$1 rooms l>ge &
 small1 corridors1 /aircases1 & o!r     
features h to be provid$ =4 ,?is is     
completely 9 contra/ to ! ,go?ic        
pr9ciple ( display+ frankly on ! outside
 ! arrangem5t ( :at is )92 b x mu/ be   
rememb]$ t art (t5 works mo/ happily &  
successfully :5 limit$ by app>5tly /rict
 & difficult conditions1 & ^! rules h n 
prev5t$ ! great ar*itects ( !           
,r5aissance f accompli%+ works :]e bo? !
 ext]ior & ! int]ior are ?or\ghly       
successful1 & are br\ght into su* happy 
h>mony t ! difficulties h cle>ly be5 no 

b> to success4 ,!re is no canon ( art   
violat$ by su* a me?od1 ! simple fact   
be+ t ,go?ic build+s are design$ "u "o  
set ( conditions & ,r5aissance "u ano!r4
  ,x is less easy to def5d ! use (      
pila/]s & columns l>ge en\gh to appe> z 
?\gh !y 7 ! ma9 support ( ! build+1 =   
purely decorative purposes2 yet "h      
p]haps ! fault lies r 9 ! ext5t to :i* !
 practice has be5 c>ri$1 & above all !  
scale ^u :i* x is c>ri$ out1 ?an 9 any?+
 else4 ,small columns are con/antly     
employ$ 9 ,go?ic build+s 9 positions :]e
 !y s]ve ! ae/hetic purpose ( convey+ a 
s5se ( support1 b :]e x is impossible = 
!m to c>ry any weight4 ,! ,r5aissance   
ar*itects h done ! same ?+ on a l>ge    
scale1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y only    
reviv$ a ,roman practice z "p ( ! anci5t
 /yle to :i* !y rev]t$1 & t !y are n    
responsible = orig9at+ x4  ,x w be      
und]/ood !re=e t symmetry1 /rict        
uni=mity1 n m]e simil>ity1 9 features   
int5d$ to correspond1 & con/ant         
repetition1 are lead+ pr9ciples 9       

,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,^! qualities  
t5d to bread? r ?an picturesqu5ess (    
effect1 & to simil>ity r ?an contra/4   
,simplicity & elaboration are bo?       
compatible ) ,r5aissance design2 ! =m]  
di/+ui%es ! e>li] & pur] examples ( !   
/yle1 ! latt] ^? m rec5t & m gr&iose4   
,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! transition      
/yles1 su* z our own ,elizabe?an1 or !  
,fr5* /yle ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 ^!       
pr9ciples ( design are mix$ up 9 a v    
miscellane\s way ) ^? foll[$ 9 ! ,go?ic 
p]iod4 ,! result is (t5 puzzl+ &        
inconsi/5t if we attempt to analyse x ) 
exactness1 b r>ely fails to *>m by its  
picturesque & irregul> vividness4       
,,footnotes3  #cj ,nam$ aft] a ,fr5*    
ar*itect ( ! #ag? c5tury4               
,illu/ration3 ,,f ,a ,,t]ra-,,cotta     
,,frieze ,,at ,,lodi4  ,,*apt] ,,xi4    
,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,italy4 
,r5aissance ar*itecture--! ar*itecture (
 ! classic revival--_h its orig9 9      
,italy1 & %\ld be fir/ /udi$ 9 ! l& (   
its bir?4 ,!re are m ways ?an "o 9 :i* x

 may be attempt$ to classify ,italian   
,r5aissance build+s4 ,! names (         
conspicu\s ar*itects are sometimes      
adopt$ = ?is purpose1 = n[1 = ! fir/ "t1
 we meet ) a complete record ( ! names &
 p]=mances ( all ar*itects ( note3 ! m5 
:o rais$ ! great works ( ,go?ic art are1
 ) a few exceptions1 absolutely unkn[n  
to u4 ,an approximate division into ?ree
 /ages c also be recognis$4 ,!re is an  
e>ly1 a develop$1 & a late ,r5aissance1 
b ?is is v f> inde$ f be+ a completely  
m>k$ s]ies1 & 0 m int]f]$ ) by local    
circum/ances & by ! "* & g5ius (        
individual arti/s ?an 9 ,go?ic4 ,= ?is  
reason a local division w be ( mo/      
s]vice4 ,! be/ examples exi/ 9 ! great  
cities1 ) a few exceptions1 & x is almo/
 m useful to gr\p !m--z ! pa9t+s ( !    
,r5aissance are also (t5 gr\p$--by      
locality ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r me?ods4     
,,flor5ce4  ,r5aissance ar*itecture fir/
 sprang into exi/5ce 9 ,flor5ce4 ,"h    
*iefly ! works ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance are 
met )1 & ! names ( ! great ,flor5t9e    

ar*itects are ,brunelles*i & ,alb]ti4   
,brunelles*i 0 a citiz5 ( ,flor5ce1 ( v 
ard5t temp]am5t & great en]gy1 & a true 
arti/4 ,he 0 born 9 #acgg1 0 orig9ally  
tra9$ z a goldsmi? & sculptor1 b devot$ 
himself to ! /udy ( ar*itecture1 & e>ly 
set 8 he>t ^u be+ appo9t$ to complete ! 
dome ( ! !n unf9i%$ ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 
( :i* "s acc\nt has already be5 giv54   
,flor5ce 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 full (    
arti/ic life1 & ! revival ( le>n+ & arts
 _h !n begun to take def9ite %ape4 ,!   
fir/ ye>s ( ! c5tury f\nd ,brunelles*i  
/udy+ antiquities at ,rome1 to fit      
himself = ! "w he desir$ to und]take4   
,aft] 8 return to 8 native city1 he     
ultimately succe$$ 9 ! object ( 8       
ambition2 ! ca!dral 0 entru/$ to him1 & 
he erect$ ! l>ge po9t$ dome ) :i* x is  
cr[n$4 ,he also erect$ two l>ge *ur*es 9
 ,flor5ce1 :i*1 z probably ! fir/       
important build+s design$ & built 9 !   
new /yle1 possess great int]e/4 ,santo  
,spirito1 "o ( ^!1 %[s a fully matur$   
sy/em ( ar*itectural treatm5t1 & ?\gh x 

is q true t x 0 a reviv$ sy/em1 yet !   
application ( x to a mod]n build+1      
diff]5t 9 its purpose & 9 its design f  
any?+ ! ,romans _h ev] done1 is little  
%ort ( a "w ( g5ius4  ,santo ,spirito   
has a v simple & beautifully regul>     
plan1 & its int]ior has a s+ul> *>m &   
grace3 ov] ! cross+ is rais$ a l[ dome4 
,! columns ( ! arcade are ,cor9?ian     
columns1 & ! ref9em5t ( _! detail &     
proportions /rikes ! eye at once on     
ent]+ ! build+4 ,! influ5ce (           
,brunelles*i1 :o di$ 9 #addj1 0         
p]petuat$ by ! works & writ+s ( ,alb]ti 
7born #acih7 an ar*itect ( lit]>y       
cultivation :o wrote a sy/ematic        
treatise :i* became extremely popul>1 & 
help$ to =m ! ta/e & guide ! practice ( 
8 contempor>ies4 ,he liv$ till ne> !    
close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & erect$ "s   
build+s ( great m]it4 ,to ,alb]ti we owe
 ! design ( ! ,ruccellai ,palace 9      
,flor5ce1 a build+ begun 9 #adfj1 & :i* 
_h be5 prec$$ by some:at bold] & simpl] 
designs4 ,?is is a ?ree /orey build+1 b 

has pila/]s c>ri$ up ! pi]s betwe5 !    
w9d[s & a regul> entablature &          
cornice#ca at ea* /orey4 ,! build+ is   
elegant & graceful1 & ?\gh ! employm5t (
 ! ord]s#cb z its decoration gives x a  
di/9ctive "*1 x be>s a /rong g5]al      
resemblance to ! gr\p ( :i* ! ,/rozzi   
,palace 7,fig4 #fa7 may be tak5 z !     
type4  ,! e>lie/ ,flor5t9e palaces are !
 ,ricc>di1 :i* dates f #adcj1 & ! ,pitti
 ( almo/ ! same date2 ,brunelles*i is   
said to h be5 consult$ 9 ! design ( bo?1
 b ,mi*elozzo 0 ! ar*itect4 ,! di/+ui%+ 
*>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly palaces 9 ?is city  
is solidity1 :i* rises f ! fact t !y 7  
also =tresses4 ,! ,pitti1 well kn[n =   
its picture gall]y1 is a build+ ( va/   
ext5t1 built ?r\gh\t 9 v boldly ru/icat$
 masonry1 ! jo9ts & projections ( !     
/ones be+ greatly exagg]at$4 ,!         
,ricc>di1 a squ>e block ( build+1 be>s a
 consid]able resemblance to ! ,/rozzi1 b
 is pla9]4 ,x is a mo/ dignifi$ build+ 9
 its effect4  ,! ,/rozzi ,palace 7,fig4 
#fa7 0 ! next great palatial pile       

erect$4 ,x 0 design$ by ,cronaca1 &     
begun 9 #adih4 ,l ! ,ricc>di1 x is (    
?ree /oreys1 ) a bold project+ cornice4 
,! :ole wall is cov]$ ) ru/icat$        
masonry2 ! w9d[s ( ! l[] floor are small
 & squ>e2 ^? ( ! two upp] floors are    
l>g] & semicircul> head$1 & ) a %aft    
act+ z a mullion1 & c>ry+ ar*es :i*     
occupy ! w9d[ head ) some?+ l trac]y4 ,!
 entrance is by a semicircul> head$     
ar*way4 ,!re is a great height ( unpi]c$
 wall 9 ! l[e/ /orey & above ! heads ( !
 two upp] ranges ( w9d[s2 & to ?is & !  
bold ov]hang+ cornice1 ?is build+1 & ^? 
l x1 owe mu* ( _! dignity &             
impressiv5ess4 ,an elevation1 su* z our 
illu/ration1 may convey a fair idea ( ! 
good proportion & ensemble ( ! front1 b 
x is difficult )\t actually see+ !      
build+s to appreciate ! effect produc$  
by su* palaces z ^!1 se5 =e%ort5$ 9 !   
n>r[ /reets1 & ) ! %ad[s f _! bold      
cornices & well-def9$ op5+s int5sifi$ by
 ! effect ( ! ,italian sun4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,/rozzi     

,,palace ,,at ,,flor5ce4 7,,begun       
#adhi47  ,_m excell5t palatial build+s  
belong to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"o 
among !m is attribut$ to ,bramante 7:o  
di$ #aeac71 a ,flor5t9e1 :om we %all    
meet ) 9 ,rome & else:]e4 ,! ,guadagni  
,palace has an upp] /orey entirely op51 
=m+ a %elt]$ loggia1 b x is m5tion$ "h  
*iefly on acc\nt ( ! decorations incis$ 
on its walls by ! me?od kn[n z          
,sgraffito4 ,"p ( ! pla9 wall is cov]$ 9
 ?is way ) decorative designs1 :i* appe>
 z ?\gh drawn ) a bold l9e on _!        
surface4 ,an example ( ?is decoration w 
be f\nd 9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #fb71  
repres5t+ a portion ( ! ,loggia del     
,consiglio at ,v]ona4  ,! s]ies ( great 
,flor5t9e palaces closes ) a *>m+       
example1 ! ,p&olf9i1 design$ by ! great 
,raphael1 & comm5c$ 9 #aebj--;9 o!r     
words1 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5?       
c5tury4  ,?is palace is only "o ( _m    
in/ances to be f\nd 9 ,italy ( ! skill 9
 m walks ( art ?an "o1 ( "s ( ! greate/ 
arti/s4 ,raphael1 ?\gh be/ kn[n z a     

pa9t]1 execut$ works ( sculpture ( great
 m]it1 & design$ "s o!r build+s besides 
! "o n[ "u notice4 ,! ,p&olf9i ,palace  
7,fig4 #fc7 is small1 ! ma9 build+ hav+ 
only f\r w9d[s 9 ! front & two /oreys 9 
height1 ) a l[ "o-/orey side build+4    
,its g5]al design has be5 v successfully
 copi$ 9 ! ,travell]s' ,club ,h\se1     
,pall ,mall4 ,on comp>+ ?is ) any ( !   
previ\sly nam$ designs1 x w be se5 t !  
semicircul> head$ w9d[s h disappe>$1 !  
ru/icat$ masonry is only n[ reta9$ at ! 
angles1 & to emphasise ! side entrance2 
& a small ord] ) a little p$im5t 7i4e4  
gable7 is employ$ to m>k ea* op5+1 door 
or w9d[4 ,9 %ort ?is build+ belongs n   
only to ano!r c5tury1 b to t advanc$    
s*ool ( art to :i* we h giv5 ! "n (     
develop$ ,italian ,r5aissance4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,,"p ,,( ,,! 
,,loggia ,,del ,,consiglio ,,at ,,v]ona4
       7#af,,? ,,c5tury47       ,%[+ !  
incis$ decoration kn[n z ,sgraffito4  ,9
 ,flor5ce "s ( ! "w ( ,mi*elangelo is to
 be met )4 ,8 own h\se is "h2 s is !    

fam\s ,m$ici *apel1 a "w 9 :i* we f9d   
him display+ p[] at once z a sculptor & 
an ar*itect4 ,?is int]ior is v f9e & v  
/udi$ bo? 9 its proportions & its       
details4 ,! *ur* ( ! ,annunziata1       
rem>kable = a f9e dome1 c>ri$ on a drum 
re/+ directly on ! gr\nd1 is ! =emo/    
,r5aissance *ur* 9 ,flor5ce4  ,! contra/
 betwe5 e>ly & matur$ ,r5aissance c     
inde$ be bett] recognis$ 9 ,flor5ce ?an 
9 almo/ any o!r city4 ,! e>ly "w1 t (   
,bramante1 ,brunelles*i1 & ! ar*itects  
:o drew _! inspirations f ^! ma/]s1 0   
delicate & ref9$4 ,! detail 0 always    
elegant1 ! ornam5t always unobtrusive1 &
 (t5 mo/ graceful4 ,features            
comp>atively small 9 scale 7 employ$1 & 
7 set (f by ! use ( pla9 wall-surface1  
:i* 0 unhesitat+ly display$4 ,! classic 
ord]s 7 us$ 9 a re/rict$1 unobtrusive   
way1 & ) pila/]s 9 pref]5ce to columns2 
& ?\gh probably ! ar*itects !mselves    
w\ld h repudiat$ ! idea t ! ,go?ic art1 
:i* !y _h ca/ beh9d !m1 influ5c$ _!     
practice ( reviv$ classic 9 ! remote/   

degree1 x is nev]!less true t _m ( ^!   
peculi>ities1 & /ill m ! g5]al quality (
 ! designs1 7 to a l>ge ext5t ^? to :i* 
! practice ( ,go?ic ar*itecture _h l$   
!m4  ,a *ange :i* 0 p>tly due to a      
natural desire = progress1 0 help$ on by
 ! great att5tion paid by /ud5ts (      
ar*itecture to ! rema9s ( anci5t ,roman 
build+s2 b x 0 ! influ5ce excit$ by !   
p[]ful g5ius ( ,mi*elangelo1 & by !     
gigantic scale & vigor\s treatm5t ( 8   
ma/]piece1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 :i* 0 !         
proximate occasion ( a revolution 9 ta/e
 & practice1 to :i*1 ! lab\rs1 bo?      
lit]>y & arti/ic1 ( ,vignola1 & !       
designs ( ,palladio1 gave =m &          
consi/5cy4 ,9 ! fully-develop$1 or1 z x 
is sometimes call$1 pure ,r5aissance (  
,italy1 great use is made ( ! classic   
ord]s & p$im5t1 & inde$ ( all ! features
 :i* ! ,romans _h employ$4 ,pla9 wall   
space almo/ disappe>s "u ! v>i\s        
ar*itectural features introduc$1 & all  
ornam5ts1 details1 & m\ld+s become bold]
 & ri*]1 b (t5 less ref9$ & correct 9   

design4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#fc4--,,! ,,p&olf9i ,,palace1 ,,flor5ce4
       ,,design$ ,,by ,,raphael4        
7,,begun #aebj47   ,,rome4  ,rome1 !    
capital ( ! c\ntry1 conta9s1 z 0 fit1 ! 
c5tral build+ ( ! fully-develop$        
,r5aissance1 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,bramante1 !  
,flor5t9e1 0 ! ar*itect to :om ! task ( 
design+ a ca!dral to surpass any?+ exi/+
 9 ,europe 0 committ$ by ,pope ,julius  
,,ii4 at ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"s 
su* project _h be5 ent]ta9$1 & ev5      
begun1 fifty ye>s e>li]1 b ! ent]prise 0
 n[ />t$ afre%1 a new design 0 made1 & !
 fir/ /one 0 laid by ! ,pope 9 #aejf4   
,bramante di$ 9 "s six or sev5 ye>s1 &  
five or six ar*itects 9 succession1 "o (
 :om 0 ,raphael1 proce$$ ) ! "w1 )\t    
advanc+ x rapidly1 = ne>ly half a       
c5tury1 dur+ :i* "t ! design 0 modifi$  
aga9 & aga94 ,9 #aedf ! great           
,mi*elangelo 0 appo9t$ ar*itect1 & ! la/
 eighte5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 c>ry+ on
 ?is great "w4 ,he complet$ ! magnific5t
 dome 9 all its ess5tial p>ts1 & left ! 

*ur* a ,greek cross 7i4e4 "o :i* has all
 its f\r arms equal7 on plan1 ) ! dome  
at ! cross+4 ,! boa/ is attribut$ to him
 t he w\ld take ! dome ( ! ,pan!on &    
hang x 9 ! air2 & ?is he has virtually  
accompli%$ 9 ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s--a "w 
( ! greate/ beauty ( design & boldness (
 con/ruction4  ,un=tunately1 at ! beg9n+
 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,mad]no 0 employ$ 
to l5g!n ! nave4 ,?is trans=m$ ! plan ( 
! ca!dral into a ,lat9 cross4 ,! exi/+  
portico 0 built at ! same "t2 & 9 #affa 
,b]n9i add$ ! va/ =ec\rt1 l9$ by        
colonnades1 :i* n[ =ms ! approa*4  ,?is 
ca!dral1 ( :i* ! hi/ory has be5 briefly 
sket*$1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,z we n[ see 
x1 x consi/s ( a va/ ve/ibule2 a nave ( 
f\r bays ) side aisles2 a va/ squ>e     
c5tral space ov] :i* hangs ! great dome2
 transepts & a *oir1 ea* ( "o bay & an  
apse4 ,outside ! great c5tral space1 an 
aisle1 n q l ! ord9>y aisle ( a *ur*1   
exi/s1 & !re are two side *apels4 ,x c  
be well und]/ood t if ! l>ge/ *ur* 9    
,*ri/5dom is divid$ into s few p>ts1 ^! 

mu/ be !mselves ( colossal dim5sions1 & 
! tru? is t ! pi]s are masses ( masonry 
:i* c be call$ no?+ else ?an va/1 :ile !
 spaces spann$ by ! ar*es & vaults are  
prodigi\s4 ,!re is little s5se ( my/]y  
ab\t ! int]ior ( ! build+ 7,fig4 #fd71 !
 eye soon grasps x z a :ole1 & h\rs mu/ 
be sp5t 9 x be=e an idea ( its gigantic 
size is at all tak5 94 ,! beauty ( !    
col\r+ adds wond]fully to ! effect ( ,/4
 ,pet]'s ^u ! spectator1 = ! walls are  
ri* ) mosaics & col\r$ m>bles2 & !      
int]ior1 ! dome especially1 ) ! drum ^u 
:i* x re/s1 are decorat$ 9 col\r        
?r\gh\t1 ) f9e effect & 9 excell5t ta/e4
 ,! int]ior is amply light$1 &1 ?\gh v  
ri*1 n ov] decorat$2 its design is      
simple & noble 9 ! extreme1 & all its   
p>ts are wond]ful 9 _! h>mony4 ,!       
connection betwe5 ! dome & ! re/ ( !    
build+ is admirable1 & !re is a s5se (  
va/ space :5 ! spectator /&s "u t so>+  
vault :i* belongs to no o!r build+ 9 !  
_w4  ,! ext]ior is disappo9t+ z long z !
 build+ is se5 9 front1 = ! facade is s 

l(ty & advances s f> =w>d z to cut (f ! 
view ( ! l[] "p ( ! dome4 ,to h an idea 
( ! build+ z ,mi*elangelo design$ x1 x  
is necess>y to g r\nd to ! back2 & !n1 )
 ! height ( ! drum fully se5 & ! cont\r 
( ! dome1 ) all its massy l9es ( liv+   
=ce1 c>ry+ ! eye ) !m "r up to ! elegant
 lant]n t cr[ns ! summit1 "s conception 
( ! hug5ess & ! symmetry ( ?is m\nta9 ( 
art seems to dawn on ! m9d4 ,b ev5 "h x 
is ) ! utmo/ difficulty t "o c apply any
 scale to ! mass1 s t ! idea :i* ! m9d  
=ms ( its bulk is cont9ually fluctuat+4 
,! hi/ory ( ?is build+ ext5ds ov] all ! 
p]iod ( develop$ ,r5aissance 9 ,rome1 & 
its li/ ( ar*itects includes all ! be/  
kn[n names4 ,by ! side ( x e o!r *ur*1  
ev5 ,/4 ,john ,lat]an1 appe>s           
insignificant2 s t ! secul> build+s 9   
,rome1 :i* are num]\s1 & "s ( !m        
excell5t1 are m wor? att5tion ?an !     
*ur*es1 ?\gh n a few ( ! ?ree hundr$    
*ur*es & basilicas ( ! metropolis (     
,italy are good examples ( ,r5aissance4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,/4         

,,pet]',s ,,at ,,rome4 ,,int]ior4       
7#aejf-affa47  ,! alt>s1 tombs1 & o!r   
ar*itectural or semi-ar*itectural works 
:i* occur 9 _m ( ! *ur*es ( ,rome1 are1 
h[ev]1 f9] works ( art z a rule ?an !   
build+s :i* !y adorn4 ,su* gems are n   
conf9$ to ,rome1 b are to be f\nd       
?r\gh\t ,italy3 _m ( !m belong to ! be/ 
p]iod ( art4 ,m>ble is g5]ally !        
mat]ial1 & ! light z a rule falls on ^! 
works 9 "o direction only4 ,"u ^!       
circum/ances ! mo/ subtle m\ld+ gives a 
play ( light & %ade1 & ! mo/ delicate   
c>v+ produces a ri*ness ( effect :i* _c 
be atta9$ 9 ext]ior ar*itecture1 execut$
 = ! mo/ "p 9 /one1 expos$ to ! wea!r1 &
 se5 by diffus$ & reflect$ light4 ,no?+ 
( ?is sort is f9] ?an ! monum5ts by     
,sansov9o1 erect$ 9 ,/a4 ,m>ia del      
,popolo at ,rome1 "o ( :i* we illu/rate 
on a small scale 7,fig4 #fe74 ,!        
magnific5t alt>-piece 9 ,/a4 ,coronale  
at ,vic5za1 9 :i* is fram$ ,bell9i's    
picture ( ! baptism ( ,*ri/1 is ano!r   
example1 on an unusually l>ge scale--f9e

 9 /yle1 & cov]$ ) beautiful ornam5t4   
,no secul> build+ exi/s 9 ,rome s e>ly  
or s simple z ! sev]e ,flor5t9e palaces2
 b ,bramante1 :o belongs to ! e>ly      
p]iod1 erect$ !re ! f9e ,cancell]ia     
palace2 & ! ,palazzo ,giraud 7,fig4     
#ff74 ,^! build+s resemble "o ano!r v   
closely2 ea* be>s ! impress ( ref9$     
ta/e1 b delicacy has be5 c>ri$ almo/ to 
timidity4 ,! pila/]s & cornices :i* are 
employ$ h ! v slighte/ projection1 b !  
l>ge mass ( ! wall z comp>$ ) ! op5+s1  
secures an appe>ance ( solidity1 & h5ce 
( dignity4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,cancell]ia   
conta9s an arcad$ quadrangle 7cortile7 (
 great beauty4 ,small] palaces belong+  
to ! same p]iod & ( ! same ref9$1 b     
some:at weak1 "* exi/ 9 ,rome4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,monum5t1   
,,by ,,sansov9o1 ,,9 ,,/a4 ,,m>ia ,,del 
,,popolo1 ,,rome4 7#ae,,? ,,c5tury47    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,palazzo    
,,giraud 7,,n[ ,,torlonia71 ,,rome4 ,,by
       ,,bramante4 7#aejf47  ,! ,vatican
 ,palace is s va/ t1 l ,/4 ,pet]'s1 x   

took m ?an "o g5]ation to complete4 ,to 
,bramante's "t belongs ! great ,belv$]e1
 s9ce mu* alt]$1 b 9 its orig9al /ate an
 admirable "w4 ,?is palace also c %[ "s 
rem>kable additions by ,b]n9i1 a mu*    
lat] ar*itect1 ) mu* t is n admirable or
 rem>kable by o!r h&s4 ,! f9e/ ,roman   
palace is ! ,f>nese1 begun by ,san      
,gallo 9 #aecj1 cont9u$ by ,mi*elangelo1
 & complet$ by ,giacomo della ,porta1   
ea* ar*itect hav+ alt]$ ! design4 ,?is  
build+1 not)/&+ its *equ]$ hi/ory1 is a 
dignifi$1 impressive mass4 ,x has only  
?ree /oreys & a sc>cely m>k$ basem5t1 & 
is ne>ly squ>e1 ) a l>ge quadrangle 9   
its he>t4 ,x is v l(ty1 & has a great   
height ( unpi]c$ wall ov] ea* /orey (   
w9d[s1 & is cr[n$ by a bold &           
highly-enri*$ cornice--an unusual ?+ =  
,rome4 ,9 ?is1 & 9 _m palaces built ab\t
 ! same "t1 ! w9d[s are ornam5t$ 9 !    
same mann] z ^? ( ! ,p&olf9i ,palace at 
,flor5ce2 ! use ( pila/]s in/ead (      
columns is g5]al2 ! op5+s are usually   
squ>e-head$1 circul> heads be+ usually  

conf9$ to arcades & loggie2 ! angles are
 m>k$ by ru/ication1 & ! only cornice is
 ! "o t cr[ns ! :ole4 ,?is g5]al "* w   
apply to mo/ ( ! works ( ,baldass>e     
,p]uzzi1 ,vignola1 ,sangallo1 &         
,raphael1 :o 71 ) ,mi*elangelo1 ! =emo/ 
ar*itects 9 ,rome 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b
 ! works execut$ by ,mi*elangelo are 9 a
 bold] & m pictorial /yle1 z are also _m
 productions graft$ on ! e>li] ,italian 
mann] by a num]\s class ( succe$+       
ar*itects4 ,9 ^! is to be rem>k$ a      
great] use ( columns1 engag$ & isolat$2 
/rong] b less /udi$ details2 & a great] 
use ( colonnades1 9 :i* h[ev] !         
comb9ation ) ! semicircul> ar* is /ill  
unusual1 ! antique 9 ?is respect be+    
foll[$ to a great disadvantage4 ,/ill   
!re is a nobility1 a palatial look ab\t 
^! l>ge mansions :i* is v admirable1 &  
is to be rem>k$ 9 all ! palaces1 ev5 up 
to ! "t ( ,borrom9i1 circa #afdj1 by :om
 all ! pr9ciples & p>ts ( ,roman        
ar*itecture 7 lit]ally turn$            
topsy-turvey4 ,mi*elangelo's peculi>    

/yle 0 m ?or\ghly c>ri$ out on          
ecclesia/ical build+s1 & z practis$ by 8
 successors1 exhibits mu* t is f9e1 9   
l>ge masses1 boldly project+ cornices1  
?ree-qu>t] columns1 & noble domes2 b x  
is o!rwise debas$ by great              
misconceptions z to ! reasonable        
application ( ar*itecture4--,m4 ,d4 ,w4 
,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a decl9e set 94 ,! 
late ,r5aissance has nei!r ! sev]ity ( !
 e>ly1 nor ! dignifi$ ri*ness ( ! mature
 "t1 b is extravagant2 ?\gh at ,rome    
examples ( its extreme phase are n      
common4 ,mad]no1 :o erect$ ! we/ front (
 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & ,b]n9i1 :o add$ ! out]  
=ec\rt & also built ! curi\sly design$  
/ate /aircase 7! scala regia7 9 !       
,vatican1 are ! =emo/ ar*itects4 ,to ^! 
mu/ be add$ ,borrom9i4 ,! great ,b>b]9i 
,palace belongs to ?is c5tury2 b p]haps 
its mo/ *>act]i/ic works are ! f\nta9s1 
"s ( !m ) elaborate ar*itectural        
backgr\nds1 :i* ornam5t _m ( ! op5      
places 9 ,rome4 ,few ( ! build+s ( !    
eighte5? c5tury 9 ,rome1 or inde$ 9     

,italy g5]ally1 claim att5tion z        
ar*itectural works ( a high ord] ( m]it4
  ,be=e leav+ c5tral ,italy = ! nor?1 x 
is necess>y to m5tion ! ma/]piece (     
,vignola--! great ,f>nese ,palace at    
,capr>ola2 & to add t 9 e city (        
importance examples m or less admirable 
( ! art ( ! "t 7 erect$4   ,,v5ice1     
,,vic5za1 ,,& ,,v]ona4  ,! next great   
gr\p ( ,r5aissance build+s is to be f\nd
 at ,v5ice1 :]e ! /yle 0 adopt$ ) "s    
reluctance1 & n till f> on 9 ! sixte5?  
c5tury4 ,at fir/ we meet ) "s admixture 
( ,go?ic elem5ts2 z1 = example1 9 !     
rebuild+ ( ! int]nal quadrangle ( !     
,ducal ,palace4 ,po9t$ ar*es are p>tly  
employ$ 9 ?is "w1 :i* 0 complet$ ab\t ! 
middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! e>li]   
palaces--:i*1 x w be rememb]$1 are      
comp>atively n>r[ build+s /&+ side by   
side on ! banks ( ! canals--! /oreys are
 well m>k$2 ! w9d[s are r\nd head$ )    
small] ar*es )9 ! ma9 ones2 ! ord]s :5  
introduc$ are kept subord9ate2 ! w9d[s  
are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! 

front1 z 0 ! case ) ^? ( ! ,go?ic       
palaces1 & v little use is made (       
ru/icat$ masonry4 ,! ,v5dram9i1 ,corn>o1
 & ,trevisano ,palaces con=m to ?is     
type4 ,to ! same p]iod belong "o or two 
f9e *ur*es1 ! mo/ fam\s be+ ,san        
,zac>ia1 a build+ ) a v delicately      
panell$ front1 & a semicircul> p$im5t 9 
lieu ( a gable2 "h1 too1                
semicircul>-head$ op5+s are made use (4 
,9 _m ( ^! *ur*es & o!r build+s1 a      
beautiful ornam5t1 :i* may be reg>d$ z  
typical ( e>ly ,v5etian ,r5aissance1 is 
to be f\nd4 ,x is ! %ell ornam5t1 s     
call$ f its resemblance to a flat       
semicircul> %ell1 ribb$ f ! c5tre to !  
circumf]5ce 7,fig4 #fg74                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,italian   
,,%ell ,,ornam5t4  ,z "t w5t on ! /yle 0
 matur$ into "o ( great ri*ness1 n to   
say o/5tation1 ) :i* ! names (          
,sansov9o1 ,sanmi*ele1 ,palladio1 &     
,scamozzi are id5tifi$ z ! prom95t      
ar*itects ( ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? &    
sev5te5? c5turies4 ,9 ?is city ( palaces

 ,sansov9o1 also a v f9e sculptor1 built
 ! celebrat$ ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k1 fac+ ! 
,ducal ,palace1 :i* has be5 foll[$ v    
closely 9 ! design ( ! ,c>lton ,club1   
,pall ,mall4 ,"h1 z 9 ! spl5did ,corn>o 
,palace1 ! ar*itect reli$ *iefly ^u !   
columns & entablatures ( ! ord]s1 comb9$
 ) gr& arcades enri*$ by sculpture1 s   
arrang$ z to occupy ! spaces betwe5 !   
columns2 almo/ ! :ole ( ! wall-space 0 s
 tak5 up1 & ! basem5t only 0 cov]$ )    
ru/ication1 (t5 r\gh work$1 z at !      
beautiful ,palazzo ,pompeii1 ,v]ona1 & !
 ,grimani ,palace1 ,v5ice4  ,sanmi*ele's
 works are *>act]is$ *iefly by _!       
excell5t proportions1 _! c>efully /udi$ 
detail1 _! /r5g?1 & _! beauty 7qualities
 s difficult to comb9e74 ,we believe t !
 build+s ( ?is great ar*itect & eng9e]  
at ,v]ona are pre-em95t 9 _! peculi>    
/yle ov] ^? ( any o!r arti/ ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury4 ,9 a diff]5t1 b no less         
m]itori\s1 mann] are ! build+s design$  
by ,sansov9o2 !y are *>act]is$ by a m   
sculptural & ornam5tal "*2 ord] ov] ord]

 ) l>ge ar*$ voids 9 ! int]spaces ( !   
columns produc+ a pictorial effect :i*  
might h l$ 8 less gift$ foll[]s into a  
false /yle1 b = ! example ( ! celebrat$ 
,palladio4--,m4 ,d4 ,w4  ,to ! late/ "t 
( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,v5ice belongs !      
picturesque dom$ *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia della 
,salute1 conspicu\s 9 _m views ( ! ,gr& 
,canal1 a build+ :i* is a "w ( real     
g5ius 9 spite ( :at is consid]$ its     
false ta/e4 ,x dates f #afcb4 ,!        
ar*itect is ,longh5a4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #fh4--,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,!         
,,r$5tore1 ,,v5ice4       7#aegf47  ,an 
almo/ endless s]ies ( palaces & h\ses c 
be f\nd 9 ,v5ice1 all ( !m ri*1 b few ( 
great ext5t1 = e foot ( space _h to be  
won f ! sea by labori\s eng9e]+4 ,!re   
are "s features :i* nev] fail to pres5t 
!mselves1 & :i* are consequ5ces ( !     
conditions "u :i* ! /ructures 7 design$4
 ,all rise f ! wat]1 & require to admit 
( gondolas com+ "u ! walls2 h5ce !re is 
always a pr9cipal c5tral entrance ) /eps
 9 front1 b ?is entrance nev] has any   

sort ( project+ portico or por*1 & is   
nev] v mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r op5+s 9 !     
front4 ,z a /raight frontage to ! wat]  
_h to be pres]v$1 we h>dly ev] meet )   
su* a ?+ z a break or projection ( any  
sort2 b ! ,v5etian ar*itects h f\nd o!r 
means ( giv+ int]e/ to _! elevations1 & 
x is to ! v re/rictions impos$ by       
circum/ances t we owe ! great orig9ality
 display$ 9 _! e>li] build+s4 ,! *ur*es 
d n usually front directly on to ! wat]2
 & ?\gh !y are almo/ all good ( _! k9d1 
!y are f> m commonplace ?an ! palaces4  
,! sy/em ( giv+ v>iety to ! facade ( !  
secul> build+s by mass+ op5+s ne> !     
c5tre1 has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,bo?  
%ad[ & ri*ness 7 also aim$ at 9 !       
employm5t ( project+ balconies2 9 fact !
 two usually g toge!r1 = ! great c5tral 
w9d[ or gr\p ( w9d[s mo/ly has a l>ge & 
ri* balcony belong+ to x4  ,n f> f      
,v5ice is ,vic5za1 & "h ,palladio1 ^:   
be/ build+s 9 ,v5ice are *ur*es1 su*1 = 
example1 z ! ,r$5tore 7,fig4 #fh71      
enjoy$ an opportunity ( erect+ a :ole   

gr\p ( palaces1 ! fronts ( :i* are      
extremely rem>kable z designs2 ?\gh1 be+
 execut$ 9 brick & pla/]$1 !y are n[    
fall+ to ru94 ,!re is mu* v>iety 9 !m1 &
 :ile "s ( !m rely ^u 8 device ( l(ty   
pila/]s to include two /oreys ( ! build+
 "u "o /orey ( ar*itectural treatm5t1   
o!rs are h&l$ diff]5tly4 ,9 all a       
s+ul>ly f9e feel+ = proportion & = !    
appropriate omission z well z           
introduction ( ornam5t is to be detect$4
 ,! wor/ defect ( ^! fronts is1 h[ev]1 t
 !y appe> m l masks ?an ! ext]iors (    
build+s1 = !re is little obvi\s         
connection betwe5 ! features ( ! ext]ior
 & any?+ :i* we may suppose to exi/     
inside ! build+4 ,! f9e/ ar*itectural "w
 left beh9d by ,palladio 9 ?is city are1
 h[ev]1 ! great arcades ) :i* he        
surr\nd$ ! ,basilica1 a va/ build+ ( !  
middle ages already allud$ to4 ,^!      
arcades are two /oreys high1 & are ri*1 
yet vigor\s2 !y ornam5t ! great         
/ructure1 ! ro( ( :i* may be se5 ris+   
beh9d1 )\t ov]p[]+ x4   ,,milan ,,&     

,,pavia4  ,9 ,milan two build+s at lea/ 
belong to ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,^! are ! 
sacri/y ( ,/a4 ,m>ia presso ,san        
,satiro1 & ! ea/]n portion ( ! *ur* (   
,/a4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie2 ,bramante 0 ! 
ar*itect ( bo?4 ,! la/-nam$ "w is an    
addition to an exi/+ ,go?ic *ur*2 x is  
execut$ 9 ! t]ra-cotta & brick (        
,lomb>dy1 mat]ials :i* ! ,r5aissance    
ar*itects seem$ to %un 9 lat] times1 &  
is full ( ! mo/ pr(use & elegant        
ornam5ts4 ,! design consi/s ( a dome1   
treat$ ext]nally a little l "s ( !      
,lomb>d domes ( e>li] date2 & ?ree apses
 =m+ *oir & transepts4 ,x is divid$ into
 sev]al /ages1 & abundantly v>i$ 9 its  
panell+ & arcad+1 & is full ( vig\r4 ,by
 ,bramante is also ! v beautiful arcad$ 
quadrangle ( ! great hospital at ,milan1
 ! ,go?ic front ( :i* has be5 already   
notic$4 ,!re are _m ,r5aissance build+s 
( lat] date 9 ,milan1 b none v          
rem>kable4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#fi4--,,! ,,c]tosa ,,ne> ,,pavia4 ,,"p  
,,( ,,! ,,we/       ,,front4 7,,begun   

,,by ,,borgognone #adgc47  ,to ! e>ly   
p]iod belongs ! design ( ! facade ( !   
,c]tosa ne> ,pavia1 "p ( :i* is %[n     
7,fig4 #fi74 ,?is 0 begun z e>ly z      
#adgc1 by ,ambrogio ,borgognone1 & 0    
long 9 h&4 ,x proce$$ on ! l9es settl$  
?us e>ly1 & is probably ! ri*e/ facade  
belong+ to any *ur* 9 ,*ri/5dom2 x is   
execut$ entirely 9 m>ble4 ,sculpture is 
employ$ to adorn e "p t is ne> ! eye1 & 
especially ! portal1 :i* is flank$ by   
pila/]s ) _! faces panell$ & occupi$ by 
spl5did alti relievi4 ,! upp] "p is     
enri*$ by inlays ( co/ly m>bles1 b ! two
 sy/ems ( decoration d n ?or\ghly       
h>monise2 = ! upp] half looks co>se1 :i*
 x 9 reality is n1 9 contra/ ) !        
delicate ri*ness ( ! c>v+ ne> ! eye4 ,! 
great features1 su* z ! entrance1 !     
w9d[s1 & ! angle p9nacles are ?or\ghly  
good1 & an arcade ( small ar*es is twice
 introduc$1--once runn+ completely      
across ! front at ab\t half its height1 
& aga9 ne> ! top ( ! c5tral portion1--) 
excell5t effect 7see ,frontispiece74    

,,g5oa1 ,,tur91 ,,& ,,naples4  ,turn+ n[
 to ,g5oa we f9d1 z we may 9 sev]al     
great cities ( ,italy1 t v great success
 has be5 a*iev$ by an arti/ ^: works are
 to be se5 9 no o!r city1 & ^: fame is  
proportionally re/rict$4 ,j z ! p[] (   
,lu9i z a pa9t] c only be fully und]/ood
 at ,milan1 or t ( ,giulio ,romano at   
,mantua1 s ! g5ius ( ,alessio 7#aejj to 
#aegb7 z an ar*itect c only be und]/ood 
at ,g5oa4 ,f ! designs ( ?is ar*itect 7 
built a s]ies ( well plann$ & impos+    
palaces4 ,^! build+s h mo/ ( !m !       
advantage ( f9e & roomy sites4 ,! fronts
 are v>i$1 b z a rule consi/ ( a v bold 
basem5t1 ) admirably-treat$ vigor\s     
m\ld+s1 support+ a light] sup]/ructure1 
& 9 "o or two in/ances flank$ by an op5 
arcade at ! w+s4 ,! entrance gives      
access1 ?r\gh a vault$ hall1 to !       
cortile1 :i* is usually plann$ & design$
 9 ! mo/ effective mann]2 & 9 sev]al    
in/ances ! /ate /aircase is s comb9$ )  
?is feature t on asc5d+ ! fir/ flight ! 
visitor comes to a po9t ( sight = :i* ! 

:ole may be said to h be5 design$1 & f  
:i* a spl5did composition ( columns &   
ar*es is se54 ,! rooms & gall]ies 9 ^!  
palaces are v f9e1 & 9 sev]al in/ances h
 be5 beautifully decorat$ 9 fresco by   
,p]9o del ,vaga4  ,alessio 0 also !     
ar*itect ( a l>ge domical *ur* 7il      
,c>ignano7 9 ! same city2 b x is f>     
inf]ior 9 m]it to 8 s]ies ( palaces4    
,g5oa also possesses a fam\s *ur* 7!    
,annunziata7 ( late ,r5aissance1        
attribut$ to ,puget 7#afbb-afid74 ,x is 
vault$1 & enri*$ ) m>bles1 mosaics1 &   
col\r to su* an ext5t t x may fairly    
claim to be ! mo/ gaudy *ur* 9 ,italy1  
:i* is un=tunate1 z its orig9al         
undecorat$ design is f9e & simple4      
,tur9 9 ! nor?1 & ,naples 9 ! s\?1 are  
*iefly rem>kable = examples ( ! late/ & 
m or less debas$ ,r5aissance1 & we !re=e
 d n propose to illu/rate or describe   
any ( ! build+s 9 ei!r city4   ,,c\ntry 
,,villas4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#gj4--,,villa ,,m$ici--,,on ,,! ,,p9cian
 ,,hill ,,ne>       ,,rome4 ,,by        

,,annibale ,,lippi 7,,n[ ,,! ,academie  
,francaise74       7,a4,d4 #aedj47  ,z !
 anci5t ,roman patrician _h 8 villa1 :i*
 0 8 c\ntry resort1 ! ,italian ( !      
revival foll[$ 8 example1 &1 if he 0    
weal?y en\gh1 built himself a pleasure  
h\se1 :i* he call$ a villa1 ei!r 9 !    
imm$iate suburbs ( 8 city1 or at "s     
little di/ance away 9 ! c\ntry4 ,^!     
build+s occur ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,_m ( !m  
are excell5t examples ( ,r5aissance     
ar*itecture ( a m mode/ type ?an t ( !  
palaces4 ,! ,villa ,papa ,giulio1 built 
f ! designs ( ,vignola1 & ! ,villa      
,m$ici1 design$ by ,annibale ,lippi1 b  
attribut$1 = "s unkn[n reason1 to       
,mi*elangelo1 may be m5tion$ z among !  
mo/ ?or\ghly ar*itectural out ( "s tw5ty
 or m spl5did villas 9 ! suburbs ( ,rome
 alone4 ,_m ( ^! build+s 7 erect$ late 9
 ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 & are bett] wor?  
att5tion = _! f9e decorations & ! _m    
works ( art collect$ )9 _! walls ?an z  
ar*itectural /udies--b ?is is n always !
 case2 & z !y 7 mo/ly design$ to s]ve ! 

purpose ( elegant museums r ?an t (     
c\ntry h\ses z we und]/& ! t]m1 !y      
usually possess noble int]iors1 &       
exhibit ?r\gh\t elaborate f9i%1 *oice   
mat]ials1 & lavi% outlay4               
,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance       
,,corbel4 ,,f ,a ,,door ,,9 ,,santa     
,,m>ia1       ,,v5ice4  ,,footnotes3    
#ca ,an entablature is ! sup]/ructure   
:i* ord9>ily is c>ri$ by a column1 & :i*
 x is usual to divide into ar*itrave 7or
 beam71 frieze1 & cornice4  #cb ,an ord]
 consi/s ( a column 7or pila/]7 ) its   
di/9ctive base & capital1 its           
entablature1 & ! appropriate            
decorations4 ,!re are five ord]s1 diff]+
 9 proportions1 9 ! degree ( enri*m5t   
requir$1 & 9 ! design ( ! base & capital
 ( ! column or pila/]1 & ( !            
entablature4       ,illu/ration3        
,,ornam5t ,,by ,,giulio ,,romano4       
,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,r5aissance            
,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,nor?   
,,europe4   ,,*ronological ,,sket*4  ,! 
reviv$ classic ar*itecture came direct f

 ,italy1 & did n rea* ,france till x _h 
be5 well e/abli%$ 9 ! l& ( its orig94 ,x
 0 n h[ev] receiv$ ) ! same welcome :i* 
hail$ its appe>ance 9 ,italy4 ,go?ic    
ar*itecture _h a /rong hold on ,france1 
& accord+ly1 in/ead ( a sudd5 *ange1 we 
meet ) a p]iod ( transition1 dur+ :i*   
build+s 7 erect$ ) features p>tly ,go?ic
 & p>tly ,r5aissance1 & on v>i$         
pr9ciples ( design4  ,fr5* ,r5aissance  
und]w5t great fluctuations1 & x is less 
easy to divide x into broad p]iods ?an  
to ref]1 z mo/ ,fr5* writ]s pref] to d1 
to ! "w ( ea* prom95t mon>*'s reign     
sep>ately4  ,francis ! ,fir/            
7#aeae-aedg7 made ! ar*itecture ( ,italy
 fa%ionable 9 8 k+dom1 & 8 "n is borne  
by ! beautiful transitional /yle ( 8    
day4 ,?is 9 mo/ cases reta9s "s ,go?ic  
=ms1 & ! pr9ciples ( composition are 9 !
 ma9 ,go?ic1 b ! features are mo/ly (   
,italian orig91 ?\gh h&l$ ) a f95ess (  
detail & a smallness ( scale t is n (t5 
met )1 ev5 9 e>ly ,italian ,r5aissance4 
,!re are few build+s m *>m+ 9 !         

ar*itecture ( any age or c\ntry ?an !   
be/ specim5s ( ! /yle ( ,francis !      
,fir/1 & none t c be> s mu* decoration &
 yet rema9 s little ov]lad5 by !        
ornam5ts !y c>ry4 ,! f9e/ example is !  
,*ateau ( ,*ambord1 a l>ge build+1 ne>ly
 squ>e on plan1 ) r\nd corn] t[]s1 capp$
 by simple & v /eep ro(s1 at ! angles2 &
 hav+ z its c5tral feature1 a l>ge &    
l(ty mass ( t[]s1 w9d[s & arcades1      
surm\nt$ by /eep ro(s1 end+ 9 a k9d (   
huge lant]n4 ,! w9d[s h mullions &      
transoms l ,go?ic w9d[s1 b pila/]s (    
elegant ,r5aissance design ornam5t !    
walls4 ,! ma9 cornice is a k9d (        
compromise betwe5 an ,italian & a ,go?ic
 treatm5t4 ,dorm] w9d[s1 high & %>ply   
po9t$1 b ) little pila/]s & p$im5ts z _!
 ornam5ts1 occur con/antly2 & ! *imneys1
 :i* are ( imm5se mass & great height1  
are panell$ pr(usely1 & almo/           
o/5tati\sly display$1 especially on !   
c5tral portion4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! c5tral 
build+ is a fam\s /aircase2 b ! ma9     
attractions are ! bright & animat$      

appe>ance ( ! :ole ext]ior1 & ! ri*ness 
& gracefulness ( ! details4  ,! same    
ar*itecture is to be well se5 9 ! nor?  
side ( ! fam\s ,*ateau ( ,blois--a      
build+ p>ts ( :i* 7 execut$ 9 ?ree      
diff]5t p]iods ( ,fr5* ar*itecture4 ,!  
ext]ior ( ! ,francois premi] "p ( ,blois
 is irregul>1 & portions ( ! design are 
wildly picturesque2 on ! side :i* fronts
 t[>ds ! quadrangle1 ! ar*itecture is m 
symmetrically design$1 & beauty r ?an   
picturesque effect has be5 aim$ at4 ,an 
op5 /aircase is ! "p ( ! quadrangle ^u  
:i* mo/ c>e has be5 lavi%$4 ,?r\gh\t !  
:ole block ( build+s ! "* ( ea*         
individual feature & ( e comb9ation (   
features is graceful & piquant4 ,!      
elegance & delicacy ( "s ( ! c>v$       
decoration 9 ! int]ior is unsurpass$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,w9d[ ,,f ,a
 ,,h\se ,,at ,,orleans4 7,,e>ly         
#af,,? ,,c5tury47  ,9 ! valley ( !      
,loire !re exi/ _m noblem5's *ateaux (  
?is date1 correspond+ 9 g5]al "* )      
,*ambord & ,blois1 ?\gh on a small]     

scale4 ,( ^! ,*5onceaux1 =tunate alike 9
 its design & its situation1 is ! mo/   
elegant & ! be/ kn[n3 yet _m o!rs exi/  
:i* approa* x closely1 su*1 = example1 z
 ! ,*ateau de ,gaillon--a fragm5t ( :i* 
=ms "p ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts at   
,p>is--! ,hotel de ,ville ( ,beaug5cy1 !
 ,*ateaux ( ,*ateaudun1                 
,azay-le-,rideau1 ,la ,cote1 & ,usse2 ! 
,hotel d',anj\ at ,ang]s1 & ! h\se (    
,agnes ,sorel at ,orleans4  ,9 ! /reets 
( ,orleans h\ses ( ?is date 7,fig4 #ga7 
are to be f\nd1 %[+ ! /yle clev]ly      
adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( t[n dwell+s & 
%ops4 ,sev]al ( !m also possess c\rty>ds
 ) arcades or o!r ar*itectural features 
treat$ ) great fre$om & beauty1 =       
in/ance1 ! arcades 9 ! h\se ( ,francois 
,premi] 7,fig4 #gb74 ,an arcade 9 !     
c\rty>d ( ! ,go?ic ,hotel de ,b\rg!r\ld 
at ,r\51 is "o ( ! be/ kn[n examples ( !
 /yle rema9+1 & in/ances ( x may be met 
) z f> ap>t z at ,ca5 7ea/ end ( *ur* ( 
,/4 ,pi]re7 & ,t\l\se 7p>ts ( ,/4       
,s]n974  ,"o ,p>is *ur*1 t ( ,/4        

,eu/a*e1 belong+ to ?is transitional    
p]iod claims m5tion1 s9ce = boldness &  
complet5ess x is "o ( ! be/ ( any date 9
 t city4 ,/4 ,eu/a*e is a five-aisl$    
*ur* ) an apse1 transept1 & lat]al      
*apels outside ! out] aisle4 ,x is      
vault$ ?r\gh\t1 & its plan & /ructure   
are ^? ( a ,go?ic *ur* 9 all respects4  
,its details are h[ev] all ,r5aissance1 
b n s good z ^? to be f\nd at ,blois1   
nor s appropriately us$1 yet not)/&+ ?is
 x has a s+ul>ly impressive int]ior4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,capital   
,,f ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,francis ,i41       
,,orleans4 7#aedj47  ,meantime1 &       
alongside ! build+s result+ f ?is fusion
 ( /yles1 o!rs :i* 7 almo/ direct       
importations f ,italy 7 ris+2 9 "s      
cases1 if n 9 all1 "u ! direction (     
,italian ar*itects4 ,?us on             
,fonta9ebleau1 :i* ,francis ,i4 erect$1 
?ree or f\r ,italian ar*itects1 "o ( :om
 0 ,vignola1 7 engag$4 ,x may or may n h
 be5 ?is connection ( ! great ar*itect )
 ?is "w :i* gave him influ5ce 9 ,france1

 b c]ta9ly almo/ ! :ole ( ! lat] ,fr5*  
,r5aissance1 or at any rate its good "t1
 0 m>k$ by a con=mity to ! practice (   
,vignola1 9 ^: designs we usually f9d "o
 ord] ( columns or pila/]s = ea* /orey1 
r ?an to t ( ,palladio1 ^: use ( tall   
columns equall+ 9 height two or m floors
 ( ! build+ has be5 already notic$4     
,designs = ! ,l\vre1 ! rebuild+ ( :i* 0 
comm5c$ 9 ! reign ( ,francis ! ,fir/    
7ab\t ,a4,d4 #aedd71 7 made by ,s]lio1  
an ,italian2 & ?\gh ,pi]re ,lescot 0 !  
ar*itect ( ! portion built 9 t reign1 x 
is probable t ! design obta9$ f ,s]lio 0
 9 ! ma9 foll[$4 ,! "p !n f9i%$1 :i*1 to
 a c]ta9 ext5t gave ! keynote to ! :ole 
( ?is va/ build+1 0 unque/ionably a     
happy ef=t1 & may be tak5 to m>k !      
e/abli%m5t ( a ,fr5* v]sion ( matur$    
,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,! ma9 build+  
has two ord]s ( pila/]s ) cornices1 c41 
& above !m a l[ attic /orey1 ) %ort     
pi]s3 at ! angles a tall] pavilion 0    
introduc$1 & next ! quadrangle arcades  
are introduc$ betwe5 ! pila/]s4 ,!      

sculpture1 "s ( x at lea/1 is f ! *isel 
( ,jean ,g\jon2 x is good & well plac$1 
& ! :ole has an air ( dignity & ri*ness4
 ,! ,pavillon ,ri*elieu1 %ewn 9 our     
engrav+ 7,fig4 #gc71 0 n built till !   
next c5tury4 ,! colossal figures are by 
,b>ye4  ,a little lat] 9 date ?an ! e>ly
 "p ( ! ,l\vre 0 ! ,hotel de ,ville1    
built f ! designs ( ,pietro da ,cortona1
 an ,italian1 & said to h be5 begun 9   
#aedi4 ,! build+ _h be5 greatly ext5d$  
be=e its rec5t total de/ruction by fire1
 b ! c5tral "p1 :i* 0 ! orig9al portion1
 0 a f9e vigor\s composition1 hav+ two  
l(ty pavilions1 ) high ro(s at !        
extremities1 & a rem>kably ri* /one     
lant]n ( great height = a c5tral        
feature4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#gc4--,,pavillon ,,ri*elieu ,,( ,,!     
,,l\vre1 ,,p>is4  ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les   
,,ix4 ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies 0 comm5c$ 
7#aefd7 = ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 f !       
designs ( ,philib]t ,delorme4 ,( ?is    
build+1 t "p only :i* front$ ! g>d5 0   
erect$ at ! "t4 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4 

#gd7 %[s ! ar*itectural "* ( a portion (
 x1 & x is easy to detect t consid]able 
alt]ations h by ?is "t be5 introduc$    
into ! treatm5t ( ! features (          
,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,! b&s (       
ru/ication pass+ r\nd ! pila/]s z well z
 ! walls1 ! brok5 p$im5ts on ! upp]     
/orey1 surm\nt$ by figures1 & support$  
by long c>v$ pila/]s1 & ! %ape ( ! dorm]
 w9d[s are all ( !m q =eign to          
,r5aissance ar*itecture z practis$ 9    
,italy1 & may be look$ ^u z ess5tially  
,fr5* features4 ,simil> details 7       
employ$ 9 ! "w execut$ at ab\t ! same   
p]iod1 by ! same & o!r ar*itects1 9 o!r 
build+s1 z may be se5 by our illu/ration
 7,fig4 #ge7 ( a portion ( ,delorme's "w
 at ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ^! features1 :i* may be
 f\nd 9 ! ,*ateau d',anet & o!r works ( 
! same "t1 & 9 ! /yle to :i* !y belong1 
may be se5 ! direct result (            
,mi*elangelo's ,m$ici ,*apel at         
,flor5ce1 a "w :i* _h mu* m effect on   
,fr5* ?an on ,italian ar*itecture4 ,!   
full developm5t ( ! ar*itecture (       

,mi*elangelo 7or r ! ornam5tal portions 
( x7 is to be f\nd 9 ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 
r ?an 9 ! works ( 8 own successors 9    
,italy4  ,mu* ( ! late sixte5? c5tury   
ar*itecture ( ,france 0 v inf]ior1 & !  
p>ts ( ! ,l\vre & ,tuil]ies :i* date f !
 reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 are ! lea/         
satisfactory portions ( ^? va/ piles4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,"p ,,( ,,! 
,,tuil]ies1 ,,p>is4 7,,begun #aefd47    
,dat+ f ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1  
we h ! ,palais ,royal built = ,ri*elieu1
 & ! ,palace ( ! ,luxemb\rg1 a build+   
p]haps m correct & quiet ?an orig9al or 
beautiful1 b aga9/ :i* ! reproa* (      
extravagant ornam5t _c c]ta9ly be       
br\ght4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ge4--;,,capital ,,f ,,delorme',s ,,"w  
,,at ,,! ,,l\vre4       7,,middle ,,(   
#af,,? ,,c5tury47  ,) ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?  
7#afdc to #agae7 came 9 a great build+  
p]iod1 ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ memorial is !  
va/ & un9t]e/+ ,palace ( ,v]sailles4 ,! 
ar*itect 0 ! y\ng] ,mans>d 7#afdg to    
#agfh71 & ! va/ness ( ! scale ^u :i* he 

work$ only makes 8 failure to rise to 8 
gr& opportunity ! m conspicu\s4 ,!      
abs5ce ( features to div]sify ! sky-l9e 
is "o ( ! greate/ defects ( ?is build+1 
a defect ! less excusable z ! high-pit*$
 ro( ( ,go?ic orig9 _h nev] be5 ab&on$ 9
 ,france4 ,?is ro( has be5 employ$ )    
great success 9 _m build+s ( ! ,fr5*    
,r5aissance4 ,ap>t f ?is fault1 !       
ar*itectural features ( ,v]sailles are s
 monoton\s1 weak1 & un9t]e/+ t ! build+1
 ?\gh its size may a/oni% ! spectator1  
seldom r\ses admiration4  ,f> bett] is !
 ea/]n block ( ! ,l\vre 7! portion fac+ 
! ,place du ,l\vre71 ?\gh "h also we f9d
 ! abs5ce ( high ro(s1 & ! consequ5t    
monotony ( ! sky-l9e--a defect atta*+ to
 h>dly any o!r portion ( ! build+4      
,b]n9i 0 invit$ f ,italy = ?is "w1 & !re
 is a curi\s /ory 9 "o ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] 
,wr5's publi%$ lett]s ( an int]view he  
_h ) ,b]n9i :ile ! latt] 0 9 ,p>is on   
?is bus9ess1 & ( ! glimpse :i* he 0     
all[$ to enjoy ( ! design ! ,italian _h 
made4 ,! build+ 01 h[ev]1 aft] all1     

design$ & c>ri$ out by ,p]rault1 &1 ?\gh
 some:at sev]e1 possesses great beauty &
 mu* ( t dignity 9 :i* ,v]sailles is    
want+4  ,! be/ ,fr5* "w ( ?is epo* to be
 f\nd 9 or out ( ,p>is is probably !    
,hotel des ,invalides 7,fig4 #gf71 ) its
 f9e c5tral feature4 ,?is is cr[n$ by ! 
mo/ /rik+ dome 9 ,p>is1 "o :i* takes    
rank z second only 9 ,europe to our own 
,/4 ,paul's1 = beauty ( =m &            
appropriat5ess ( treatm5t4 ,! two domes 
are inde$ some:at alike 9 g5]al outl9e4 
,! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 witness$ a l>ge 
am\nt ( build+ ?r\gh\t ,france1 z well z
 9 ! metropolis1 & to ! same p]iod we   
mu/ ref] an enorm\s am\nt ( lavi%       
decoration 9 ! int]ior ( build+s1 ! ta/e
 ( :i* is to our eyes pa9fully          
extravagant4 ,pur] ta/e on ! :ole       
prevail$1 if n 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4  
c]ta9ly 9 t ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 to :i* p]iod
 mu* really good decorative "w1 & "s    
successful ar*itecture belongs4 ,! *ief 
build+ ( ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 
is ! ,pan!on 7,/e4 ,g5evieve71 ! be/    

dom$ *ur* 9 ,france1 & "o :i* mu/ always
 take a high rank among ,r5aissance     
build+s ( any age or c\ntry4 ,! ar*itect
 0 ,s\fflot1 & 8 ambition1 l t ( ! old  
,go?ic masons1 0 n only to produce a "w 
( art1 b a feat ( skill2 8 design       
accord+ly provid$ a small] area ( walls 
& pi]s comp>$ ) ! total floor space ?an 
any o!r ,r5aissance *ur*1 or inde$ ?an  
any great *ur*1 except a few ( ! v be/  
specim5s ( late ,go?ic con/ruction1 su* 
= example z ,k+'s ,college ,*apel4 ,!   
result has be5 t ! fabric has n be5 q   
/\t en\gh to be> ! weight ( ! dome1 & t 
x has requir$ to be ti$ & propp$ &      
/r5g!n$ 9 v>i\s ways f "t to "t4 ,! plan
 ( ! ,pan!on is a ,greek cross1 ) a %ort
 ve/ibule1 & a noble portico at ! we/1 &
 a *oir correspond+ to ! ve/ibule on !  
ea/4 ,x has a f9e c5tral dome1 :i* is   
excell5tly se5 f _m po9ts ( view        
ext]nally1 & =ms ! pr9cipal feature ( ! 
v effective int]ior4 ,ea* arm ( ! build+
 is cov]$ by a flat domical vault2 a    
s+le ord] ( pila/]s & columns runs q    

r\nd ! int]ior ( ! *ur* occupy+ ! entire
 height ( ! walls2 & ! light is admitt$ 
9 a mo/ successful mann] by l>ge        
semicircul> w9d[s at ! upp] "p ( ! *ur*1
 />t+ above ! cornice ( ! ord]4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,l',,eglise  
,,des ,,invalides1 ,,p>is4 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 
,,mans>d4 7,,begun ,a4,d4 #afde47  ,"o  
o!r "w ( ! eighte5? c5tury *all5ges !   
admiration ( e visitor to ,p>is & mu/ n 
be ov]look$1 because x is at once a     
specim5 ( ar*itecture & ( t skilful if  
=mal arrangem5t ( /reets & public places
 9 comb9ation ) build+s :i* ! ,fr5* h   
c>ri$ s f> 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,we allude
 to ! two blocks ( build+s1 occupi$ z   
gov]nm5t (fices1 :i* front to ! ,place  
de la ,concorde & /& at ! corn] ( ! ,rue
 ,royale4 ,!y are ! "w ( ,gabriel       
7#agaj-aghb71 & are ju/ly admir$ z      
dignifi$ if a little heavy & un9t]e/+4  
,z specim5s ( ar*itecture ^! build+s1 ) 
! ,pan!on1 are en\gh to e/abli% a high  
"* = ,fr5* art at a "t :5 9 mo/ o!r     
,european c\ntries ! /&>d ( ta/e _h     

fall5 to a v l[ level4  ,! hotels 7i4e4 
t[n mansions7 & *ateaux ( ! ,fr5*       
nobility furni% a s]ies ( examples1 %[+ 
! successive /yles ( almo/ e "p ( !     
,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! phases ( ! /yle1  
subsequ5t to t ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 c    
h[ev]1 be s well illu/rat$ by public    
build+s 9 ,p>is1 t x w be h>dly necess>y
 to g ?r\gh a li/ ( private resid5ces   
h[ev] comm&+2 b ! ,*ateau ( ,maisons1 & 
! ,royal ,*ateau ( ,fonta9ebleau1 may be
 nam$ z specim5s ( a class ( build+ :i* 
%[s ! capacity ( ! ,r5aissance /yle :5  
freely treat$4  ,r5aissance build+s 9   
,france are di/+ui%$ by _! l>ge ext5t & 
! ample space :i* has be5 9 _m in/ances 
secur$ 9 connection ) !m4 ,!y are r>ely 
( great height or impos+ mass l ! e>ly  
,italian palaces4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are a  
good deal brok5 up1 ! surface ( ! walls 
is mu* cov]$ by ar*itectural features1 n
 usually on a l>ge scale1 s t !         
impression ( ext5t :i* really belongs to
 !m is int5sifi$ by ! treatm5t :i* _!   
ar*itects h adopt$4  ,ord]s are         

frequ5tly introduc$ & usually correspond
 ) ! /oreys ( ! build+4 ,h[ev] ?is may  
be ! /oreys are always well m>k$4 ,!    
sky-l9e also is g5]ally picturesque &   
tell+1 ?\gh ,v]sailles & ! "w ( ,lescot 
at ! ,l\vre =m an exception4 ,ru/ication
 is n mu* employ$1 & ! va/ b simple     
cr[n+ cornices ( ! ,italian palaces are 
nev] made use (4 ,n>r[ fronts l ^? at   
,v5ice1 & op5 arcades or loggias l ^? ( 
,g5oa1 d n =m features ( ,fr5*          
,r5aissance build+s2 b on ! o!r h&1 mu* 
ri*ness1 & _m v>ieties ( treatm5t :i* ! 
,italians nev] attempt$1 7 tri$1 & z a  
rule successfully1 9 ,france4  ,mu* good
 sculpture is employ$ 9 ext]nal         
enri*m5ts1 & a cultivat$ if (t5         
luxuriant ta/e is always %[n4 ,_m ( !   
int]iors are ri* ) c>v+1 gild+1 &       
mirrors1 b h>moni\s col\r$ decoration is
 r>e1 & ! f9e & co/ly mosaics ( ,italy  
are almo/ unkn[n4   ,,belgium ,,& ,,!   
,,ne!rl&s4  ,^! c\ntries af=d b few     
examples ( ,r5aissance4 ,! ,t[n ,hall at
 ,antw]p1 an int]e/+ build+ ( ! sixte5? 

c5tury1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,anne at        
,bruges1 are ! mo/ conspicu\s build+s2 &
 !re are o!r *ur*es 9 ! /yle :i* are    
*>act]i/ic1 & p>ts ( :i* are really f9e4
 ,! int]iors ( "s ( ! t[n halls display 
fitt+s ( ,r5aissance "*1 (t5 ri* &      
fanciful 9 ! extreme1 & be>+ a g5]al    
resemblance to ,fr5* "w ( ! same p]iod4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,w9d[ ,,f   
,,colm>4 7#aege47    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #gh4--,,zeughaus1 ,,dantzic4     
7#afje47   ,,g]many ,,& ,,nor!rn        
,,europe4  ,build+s ( pure ,r5aissance  
ar*itecture1 ant]ior to ! n9ete5?       
c5tury1 are sc>ce 9 ,g]many1 or inde$ 9 
,nor?-ea/ ,europe2 b a transitional     
/yle1 resembl+ our own ,elizabe?an1 grew
 up & long held its gr\nd1 s t _m       
picturesque build+s c be met )1 ( :i* ! 
design indicates a fusion ( ! ideas &   
features ( ,go?ic ) ^? ( classic art4   
,?is ar*itectural /yle took s /rong a   
hold t examples ( x may be f\nd ?r\gh\t 
! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 9 almo/ e
 nor!rn t[n4  ,t "p ( ! ,ca/le (        

,heidelb]g1 :i* 0 built at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury1 may be cit$ z belong+  
to ?is ,g]man transitional /yle4 ,!     
front 9 ?is case is regul>ly divid$ by  
pila/]s ( ! classic ord]s1 b v irregul> 
9 _! proportions & position4 ,! w9d[s   
are /rongly m>k$1 & ) c>v$ mullions4    
,l>ge dorm] w9d[s break into ! high ro(2
 ornam5ts ab\nd1 & ! :ole pres5ts a     
curi\sly bl5d$ mixture ( ! regul> & !   
picturesque4 ,r e>li] 9 date1 & p]haps r
 m ,go?ic 9 _! g5]al treatm5t1 are su*  
build+s z ! great ,c\ncil ,hall at      
,ro!nb]g 7#aegb71 t at ,leipzig 7#aeef71
 ! ,ca/le ( ,/uttg>t 7#aeec71 ) its     
picturesque arcad$ quadrangle1 or ! l(ty
 & elaborate ,clo? ,hall at ,brunswick4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#gi4--;,,c\ncil-,,h\se ,,at ,,leyd54    
7#aeii47  ,examples ( simil> "* ab\nd 9 
! old inns ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 & _m  
*>m+ features1 su* z ! w9d[ f ,colm>    
7,fig4 #gg71 dat$ #aege1 :i* =ms "o (   
our illu/rations c\ld be br\ght =w>d4   
,ano!r developm5t ( ! same mix$ /yle may

 be illu/rat$ by ! ,zeug ,h\se at       
,dantzic 7#afje71 ( :i* we give ! re>   
elevation 7,fig4 #gh74 ,n altoge!r      
dissimil> f ^! 9 "* is ! f9ely-design$  
,ca/le ( ,fr$]icksb]g at ,cop5hag51     
te/ify+ to ! wide spread ( ! phase (    
ar*itecture to :i* we are call+         
att5tion4 ,! date ( ?is build+ is #afaj4
 ,a ri*] example1 b "o little if at all 
ne>] to ,italian feel+1 is ! ,c\ncil    
,h\se at ,leyd51 a portion ( :i* we     
illu/rate 7,fig4 #gi74 ,?is build+ dates
 f #aeii1 & be>s m resemblance to       
,engli% ,elizabe?an 9 its ornam5ts1 ?an 
to ! ar*itecture ( any o!r c\ntry4      
,simultane\sly ) ^!1 "s build+s made _! 
appe>ance 9 ,g]many1 :i*1 ?\gh /ill     
picturesque1 %[$ ! dawn ( a wi% to adopt
 ! features ( pure ,r5aissance4 ,!      
quadrangle ( ! ,ca/le ( ,s*alaburg      
7,fig4 #hj71 may be tak5 z a specim5 ( !
 adoption ( ,r5aissance ideas z well z  
=ms4 ,x is 9 effect an ,italian cortile1
 ?\gh m ornate ?an ,italian ar*itects   
w\ld h made x4 ,x 0 built 9 ! latt] "p (

 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & seems to po9t to a 
wi% to make use ( ! new /yle ) b little 
admixture ( nor!rn ornam5t or treatm5t4 
,:5 ar*itecture _h q pass$ ?r\gh !      
transition p]iod1 :i* =tunately la/$    
long1 ! build+s1 n only ( ,g]many1 b ( !
 nor? g5]ally1 became un9t]e/+ & tame2 9
 fact1 !y pres5t s few di/+ui%+         
features1 t x is n necess>y to describe 
or illu/rate !m4 ,russia1 x is true1    
conta9s a few /rik+ build+s belong+ to !
 eighte5? c5tury1 b mo/ ( ^? :i* we     
might desire to ref] to1 7 built        
subsequ5t to ! close ( t c5tury4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,quadrangle 
,,( ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,s*alaburg4        
7,,late #af,,? ,,c5tury47               
,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5tal ,,foliage     
,,patt]n4  ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,r5aissance
 ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,great ,,brita91    
,,spa91 ,,& ,,portugal4                 
,,engl&4--,,*ronological ,,sket*4  ,9   
,engl&1 z 9 ,france & ,g]many1 !        
introduction ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 
n accompli%$ )\t a p]iod ( transition4  

,! ar*itecture ( ?is p]iod is kn[n z    
,elizabe?an1 ?\gh x la/$ long aft]      
,elizabe?'s reign4 ,sometimes x is call$
 ,tudor2 b x is m conv5i5t & n unusual  
to limit ! t]m ,tudor to ! late/ phase (
 ,engli% ,go?ic4  ,probably ! e>lie/    
introduction into any ,engli% build+ ( a
 feature d]iv$ f ! newly-reviv$ classic 
s\rces is 9 ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9     
,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! grille inclos+ ?is  
is ( good1 ?\gh late ,go?ic design2 b :5
 ! tomb itself came to be set up1 = :i* 
a contract 0 made ) ,torregiano 9 #aeab1
 x 0 ,italian 9 its details4 ,! e>lie/  
examples ( ,r5aissance features actually
 built into a /ructure1 s f> z we are   
aw>e1 is 9 ! t]ra-cotta ornam5tation (  
,lay] ,m>ney ,h\se 9 ,essex1 :i* x is   
c]ta9 0 erect$ prior to #aebe4 ,x is    
h[ev] long--surpris+ly long--aft] ?is   
p]iod be=e we come ^u ! traces ( a g5]al
 use ( ,r5aissance details4 ,9 fact1 up 
to ! accession ( ,elizabe? 7#aeeh7 !y   
appe> to h be5 little employ$4 ,x is    
h[ev] said t e>ly 9 h] reign ! treatises

 on ,r5aissance ar*itecture ( ,philib]t 
de l',orme & ,lomazzo 7 translat$ f     
,italian into ,engli%1 & 9 #aefc ,john  
,%ute publi%$ a book on ,italian        
ar*itecture4  ,john ( ,padua1 an        
,italian ar*itect1 0 br\ght to ?is      
c\ntry by ,h5ry ,,viii4 & practis$ "h2 &
 ,!odore ,hav5ius ( ,cleves 0 employ$ z 
ar*itect 9 ! build+s ( ,caius ,college1 
,cambridge 7#aefe-aegd74 ,^! two =eign]s
 und\bt$ly play$ an important "p 9 a    
*ange ( ta/e :i*1 ?\gh n g5]al s e>ly1  
c]ta9ly did comm5ce be=e ,elizabe?'s    
dea? 9 #afjc4  ,at ! two univ]sities1 & 
9 _m localities ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 new     
build+s & enl>gem5ts ( old ones 7 c>ri$ 
out dur+ ! long & prosp]\s reign (      
,elizabe?2 & ! /yle 9 :i* !y 7 built w  
be f\nd to h admitt$ ( v great latitude4
 ,:]e ! int5tion 0 to obta9 an effect ( 
dignity or /ate1 ! classic pr9ciples (  
composition 7 m or less foll[$4 ,!      
build+s at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 
,longleat1 built betwe5 #aefg & #aegi by
 ,john ( ,padua1 ,woollaton1 built ab\t 

#aehj by ,smi?son1 & ,burleigh 7built   
#aegg71 may be nam$ z in/ances ( ?is4   
,on ! o!r h& :]e a manorial or only a   
dome/ic "* 0 desir$1 ! ma9 l9es ( !     
build+ are ,go?ic1 b ! details1 9 ei!r  
case1 are p>tly ,go?ic & p>tly modifi$  
,r5aissance4 ,?is description w apply to
 su* build+s z ,kn[le1 ,p5%ur/1         
,h>dwick1 ,hatfield1 ,bram%ill1 or      
,holl& ,h\se 7,fig4 #ha74 ,9 !          
introductory *apt] "s acc\nt has be5    
giv51 9 g5]al t]ms1 ( ! features famili>
 to mo/ & ende>$ to _m1 :i* m>k ^!      
peculi>ly ,engli% piles ( build+s2 ^?   
rem>ks may be appropriately cont9u$ "h4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,holl&     
,,h\se ,,at ,,k5s+ton4 7#afjg47  ,! hall
 ( ,go?ic h\ses 0 /ill reta9$1 b only z 
"o ( a s]ies ( f9e ap>tm5ts4 ,9 _m cases
 ,engli% mansions _h no int]nal         
quadrangle1 & are built z l>ge solid    
blocks ) boldly project+ w+s4 ,!y are   
(t5 ( ?ree /oreys 9 height1 ! ro(s are  
frequ5tly ( flat pit*1 & 9 t case are   
hidd5 beh9d a p>apet :i* is sometimes ( 

fanta/ic design4 ,:]e ! ro(s are /eep] &
 n conceal$ ! gables are frequ5tly (    
brok5 outl9e4 ,w9d[s are usually v l>ge1
 & ) mullions & transoms1 & x is to ^!  
l>ge op5+s t ,elizabe?an int]iors owe _!
 bright & picturesque effects4          
,entrances are g5]ally adorn$ ) "s      
classic or semi-classic features1 (t51  
h[ev]1 mu* alt]$ f _! orig9al model2 "h 
balu/rades1 ornam5tal recesses1 /one    
/aircases1 & simil> =mal surr\nd+s are  
commonly f\nd1 & are g5]ally arrang$ )  
excell5t judgm5t1 ?\gh (t5 qua9t 9      
design4  ,?is /yle is *>act]is$ by a    
some:at grotesque application ( ! anci5t
 ord]s & ornam5ts1 by l>ge &            
picturesquely-=m$ masses1 spaci\s       
/aircases1 broad t]races1 gall]ies (    
great l5g? 7at times #ajj feet long71   
ord]s plac$ on ord]s1 pyramidal gables  
=m$ ( scroll-"w (t5 pi]c$1 l>ge w9d[s   
divid$ by mullions & transoms1 bay      
w9d[s1 pi]c$ p>apets1 angle turrets1 & a
 love ( arcades4 ,! pr9cipal features 9 
! ornam5t are pi]c$ scroll-"w1 /rap-"w1 

& prismatic ru/ication1 comb9$ )        
boldly-c>v$ foliage 7usually            
conv5tional7 & r\ghly-=m$ figures4--,m4 
,d4 ,w4  ,int]iors are bright & ) ample 
space2 v ri*ly ornam5t$ pla/] ceil+s are
 common2 ! walls ( ma9 rooms are (t5 l9$
 ) wa9scot panell+1 & noble oak         
/aircases are frequ5t4  ,9 ! reign (    
,james ,i41 our fir/ ,r5aissance        
ar*itect ( m>k1 ,inigo ,jones           
7#aegb-afeb7 became kn[n4 ,he 0 a man ( 
ta/e & g5ius1 & _h /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,he  
execut$ _m works1 ! designs = :i* 7 m or
 less 9 ! /yle ( ,palladio4 ,^! include 
! addition ( a portico to ! 7!n ,go?ic7 
ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & a magnific5t   
design = a palace :i* ,*>les ,i4 desir$ 
to build at ,:itehall4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is 
build+1 n[ kn[n z ! ,*apel ,royal       
,:itehall1 0 erect$1 & small ?\gh x be1 
has done mu* by its conspicu\s position 
& great beauty1 to keep up a respect =  
,inigo ,jones's und\bt$ high atta9m5ts z
 an arti/4  ,m =tunate ?an ,inigo       
,jones1 ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 7#afcb-agbc7 _h j

 atta9$ a high position z a "y man (    
sci5ce1 skill1 & cultivation1 & z !     
ar*itect ( ! ,%eldonian ,!atre at ,ox=d1
 :5 9 #afff ! great fire ( ,london      
de/roy$ ! ,metropolitan ,ca!dral1 !     
p>o*ial *ur*es1 ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 !    
,companies' ,halls1 & an imm5se mass (  
private prop]ty 9 ,london1 & creat$ an  
opportunity :i* made great dem&s ^u !   
en]gy1 skill1 & f]tility ( design ( !   
ar*itect :o might attempt to grasp x4   
,=tunately1 ,wr5 0 equal to ! occasion1 
& he has end[$ ,london ) a ,ca!dral :i* 
takes rank among ! v =emo/ ,r5aissance  
build+s 9 ,europe1 z well z a magnific5t
 s]ies ( p>o*ial *ur*es1 & o!r public   
build+s4 ,x is n pret5d$ t 8 works are  
free f defects1 b !re c be no "q t      
admitt+ any?+ :i* c be truly said aga9/ 
!m1 !y are works ( arti/ic g5ius1 full (
 fre% & orig9al design1 & exhibit+ r>e  
sagacity 9 _! practical contrivance &   
con/ruction4  ,/4 ,paul's /&s second    
only to ,/4 ,pet]'s z a great domical   
ca!dral ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,x   

falls f> %ort ( its great rival 9 actual
 size & int]nal effect1 & is all b      
entirely devoid ( t decoration 9 :i* ,/4
 ,pet]'s is s ri*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !      
ext]ior ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,fig4 #hb7 is f> 
f9]1 & z ! ,engli% ca!dral _h ! good    
=tune to be erect$ entirely f ! plans & 
"u ! sup]vision ( "o ar*itect1 x is a   
build+ consi/5t ) itself ?r\gh\t1 :i*1 z
 we h se51 is m ?an c be said ( ,/4     
,pet]'s4  ,! plan ( ,/4 ,paul's is a    
,lat9 cross1 ) well m>k$ transepts1 a   
l>ge portico1 & two t[]s at ! we/]n     
entrance2 an apse ( small size =ms ! end
 ( ! ea/]n arm1 & ( ea* ( ! transepts2 a
 great dome cov]s ! cross+2 ! ca!dral   
has a crypt rais+ ! ma9 floor           
consid]ably1 & its side walls are c>ri$ 
high above ! aisle ro(s s z to hide !   
cl]e/ory w9d[s f sight4  ,! dome is v   
clev]ly plant$ on eight pi]s in/ead (   
f\r at ! cross+1 & is a triple /ructure2
 = betwe5 ! dome se5 f )91 & ! mu* high]
 dome se5 f )\t1 a /rong cone (         
brickwork rises :i* be>s ! weight ( !   

/one lant]n & ball & cross t surm\nt !  
:ole4 ,! skill ) :i* ! dome is made !   
c5tral feature ( a pyramidal composition
 :atev] be ! po9t ( view1 ! great beauty
 ( ! circul> colonnade imm$iately bel[ !
 dome1 ! elegant outl9e ( ! we/]n t[]s1 
& ! unusual b successful di/ribution ( !
 great portico1 are among ! mo/         
notewor?y elem5ts :i* g to make up ! *>m
 ( ?is v successful ext]ior4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,,/4         
,,paul',s ,,ca!dral1 ,,london4          
7#afge-agaj47  ,wr5 may be said to h    
introduc$ to ,r5aissance ar*itecture !  
t[] & spire1 = ?\gh _m examples occur 9 
,spa91 !re is reason to suppose t he 0  
be=e ! ar*itects ( t c\ntry 9 8         
employm5t ( t feature4 ,he has enri*$ ! 
,city ( ,london ) a l>ge numb] (        
/eeples1 :i* are ,go?ic s f> z _! g5]al 
idea goes1 b ?or\ghly classic 9 details1
 & all m or less di/9ctive4 ,! mo/ fam\s
 ( ^! is ! "o belong+ to ,b[ ,*ur*2 o!rs
 ( note belong to ,/4 ,clem5t ,danes &  
,/4 ,bride1 ,fleet ,/reet4  ,! int]iors 

( "s ( ^! *ur*es1 z = example ,/4       
,/eph51 ,walbrook1 ,/4 ,&rew1 ,holborn1 
& ,/4 ,james1 ,piccadilly1 are excell5t 
bo? = _! good design & arti/ic treatm5t1
 & = _! be+ well contriv$ & arrang$ = ! 
special purposes !y 7 int5d$ to fill4   
,wr5's secul> works 7 consid]able4 ,!   
,%eldonian ,!atre at ,ox=d1 ! libr>y (  
,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ! !atre 
( ! ,college ( ,physicians ,london 7long
 s9ce disus$71 are a gr\p ( special     
build+s ea* ( :i* 0 und\bt$ly a         
rem>kable & successful "w4 ,*elsea &    
,gre5wi* hospitals are notewor?y z among
 ! fir/ specim5s ( ^? great build+s =   
public purposes 9 :i* ,engl& is n[ s    
ri*1 & :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t replace !   
mona/ic e/abli%m5ts ( ! middle ages4 ,at
 ,*elsea ! build+ is simple & dignifi$4 
,)\t lavi% outlay1 or ! use ( exp5sive  
mat]ials1 mu* ornam5t1 or any extrane\s 
features1 an arti/ic & tell+ effect has 
be5 produc$1 su* z few hospitals or     
asylums s9ce built h equall$4 ,gre5wi*  
takes a high] level1 & ?\gh ,wr5's "w _h

 ! disadvantage ( hav+ to be accommodat$
 to build+s already erect$ by ano!r     
ar*itect1 ?is build+1 ) its tw9 domes1  
its ri* outl9e1 & its noble & dignifi$  
masses1 w always reflect hon\r ^u its   
design]4 ,! view ( ,gre5wi* hospital f !
 riv] may fairly be said to be unique = 
beauty & picturesqu5ess4 ,at ,gre5wi*1  
too1 we meet ) "s ( t skill 9 associat+ 
build+s & op5 spaces toge!r :i* is s mu*
 m common 9 ,france ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 
by ! ex]cise ( :i* ! ar*itecture ( a    
good build+ c be 9 s _m ways set (f4    
,wr51 l ,inigo ,jones1 has left beh9d   
him a great unexecut$ design :i* 9 _m   
respects is m noble ?an any?+ t he      
actually built4 ,?is is 8 e>li] design =
 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :i* he plann$ z a
 ,greek cross1 ) an ampl] dome ?an !    
pres5t ca!dral possesses1 b n s l(ty4 ,a
 l>ge model ( ?is design exi/s4 ,_h x   
be5 c>ri$ out ! ext]ior ( ! build+ w\ld 
probably n h appe>$ s comm&+1 p]haps n s
 graceful1 z x actually is2 b ! int]ior 
w\ld h surpass$ all ! *ur*es ( ! /yle 9 

,europe1 bo? by ! gr&eur ( ! va/ ar*$   
space "u ! dome & by ! intricacy &      
beauty ( ! v>i\s vi/as & comb9ations (  
features1 = :i* its admirably-design$   
plan makes provision4  ,wr5 _h retir$ f 
practice be=e 8 dea? 9 #agbc4 ,8        
imm$iate successors 7 ,hawksmoor1 ^:    
works 7 heavy & un9t]e/+1 & ,sir ,james 
,vanbrugh4 ,vanbrugh 0 a man ( g5ius &  
has a /yle ( 8 own1 bold1 orig9al1 &    
pictorial4 ,8 greate/ & be/ "w is       
,bl5heim1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 built = ! ,duke (
 ,m>lbor\gh4 ,?is f9e mansion1 equal to 
any ,fr5* *ateau 9 ext5t & magnific5ce1 
is plann$ ) mu* dignity4 ,! entrance    
front looks t[>ds a l>ge space1 inclos$ 
"r & left by l[ build+s1 :i* prolong !  
w+s ( ! ma9 block4 ,! angles ( ! w+s & !
 c5tre are mask$ by two colonnades (    
quadrant %ape1 & ! c5tral entrance )    
l(ty columns :i* =m a gr& portico1 is a 
noble composition4  ,! ?ree g>d5 fronts 
( ,bl5heim are all f9e1 & !re is a      
magnific5t entrance hall1 b ! mo/       
successful "p ( ! int]ior is ! libr>y1 a

 long & l(ty gall]y1 occupy+ ! entire   
flank ( ! h\se & treat$ ) ! mo/         
picturesque v>iety bo? ( plan & ornam5t4
  ,vanbrugh also built ,ca/le ,h[>d1    
,grime/horpe1 ,w5twor?1 ,k+'s ,we/on1 z 
well z _m o!r c\ntry mansions ( m       
mod]ate size4  ,campbell1 ,k5t1 & ,gibbs
 are ! be/ kn[n names next 9 succession4
 ,( ^! ,campbell is mo/ fam\s z an      
au?or1 b ,gibbs 7#afgd-aged7 is !       
ar*itect ( two prom95t ,london          
*ur*es--,/4 ,m>t9's & ,/4 ,m>y le ,/r&1 
9 :i* ! g5]al traditions ( ,wr5's mann] 
are ably foll[$4 ,he 0 ! ar*itect ( !   
,radcliffe ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,k5t       
7#afhd-agdh7 0 ! ar*itect ( ,holkham1 ! 
,treasury ,build+s1 & ! ,horse ,gu>ds4  
,he 0 associat$ ) ! ,e>l ( ,burl+ton1 :o
 acquir$ a high reputation z an amateur 
ar*itect1 :i* ! design ( ,burl+ton ,h\se
 7n[ remodell$ = ! ,royal ,academy71 w5t
 f> to ju/ify4 ,probably ! te*nical "p (
 ?is & o!r designs 0 suppli$ by ,k5t4   
,sir ,william ,*amb]s 7#agbf-agif7 0 !  
ar*itect ( ,som]set ,h\se1 a build+ ( no

 small m]it1 not)/&+ t x is tame & v b>e
 ( sculpture4 ,?is build+ is rem>kable z
 "o ( ! few 9 ,london 9 :i* ! ,italian  
feature ( an int]ior quadrangle is      
attempt$ to be reproduc$4 ,*amb]s wrote 
a treatise :i* has become a g5]al       
text-book ( reviv$ classical ar*itecture
 = ,engli% /ud5ts4 ,contempor>y ) him 7 
! bro!rs ,john & ,rob]t ,adam1 :o built 
mu*1 & began to introduce a sev]ity (   
treatm5t & a f95ess ( detail :i*        
correspond to "s ext5t to ! ,fr5* /yle (
 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! int]ior decorations 9  
pla/] by ^! ar*itects are ( great       
elegance & (t5 f\nd 9 old h\ses 9       
,london1 z 9 ,hanov] ,squ>e1 on !       
,adelphi ,t]race1 & else:]e4 ,! li/ ( ! 
eighte5? c5tury ar*itects closes ) !    
names ( ,sir ,rob]t ,taylor & ! two     
,dances1 "o ( :om built ! ,mansion ,h\se
 & ! o!r ,newgate2 & ,/u>t1 :o built    
sev]al c\ntry mansions1 b :o is be/ kn[n
 = ! magnific5t "w on ! antiquities (   
,a!ns1 :i* he & ,revett publi%$ toge!r 9
 #agfb1 & :i* w5t f> to create a        

revolution 9 public ta/e2 = be=e ! close
 ( ! c5tury !re 0 a g5]al cry = mak+ e  
build+ & e ornam5tal detail purely &    
solely ,greek4  ,! ar*itects above nam$1
 & o!rs ( less note 7 mu* employ$ dur+ !
 eighte5? c5tury 9 ! erection ( l>ge    
c\ntry h\ses ( ,italian1 usually        
,palladian design1 _m ( !m extremely    
incongru\s & unsatisfactory4 ,"h & !re a
 design bett] ?an ! av]age 0 obta9$1 b z
 a rule ^! /ately b cold build+s are v  
f> inf]ior to ! picturesque & home-l    
manors & mansions built dur+ ! reigns ( 
,elizabe? & ,james ,i4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #hc4--;,,h\ses ,,at ,,*e/]4      
7#af,,? ,,c5tury47  ,x is wor? notice t 
! picturesque elem5t1 inh]it$ f ! ,go?ic
 ar*itecture ( ! middle ages1 :i* be=e !
 eighte5? c5tury _h completely vani%$ f 
our public build+s1 & ! mansions ( !    
weal?y did n entirely die out ( works   
execut$ 9 remote places4 ,9 !           
half-timb]$ manors & f>mh\ses :i* ab\nd 
9 ,lanca%ire1 ,*e%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 &     
,/af=d%ire1 & 9 o!r m9or works1 we      

always f9d a t+e1 sometimes a v full    
col\r+1 ( ! picturesque & ! irregul>2 ! 
gables are %>p1 upp] /oreys ov]hang1 & !
 treatm5t ( ! timb]s is ?or\ghly ,go?ic 
7,fig4 #hc72 s are ! m\ld+s1 transoms & 
mullions to ! w9d[s1 & b>ge bo>ds to !  
ro(s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 a mode (  
enri*+ ! ext]iors ( dwell+-h\ses1 z well
 z _! ceil+s1 *imney-pieces1 c41 )      
ornam5ts modell$ 9 pla/] came 91 & ?\gh 
! rema9+ specim5s are f ye> to ye>      
disappe>+1 yet 9 "s old t[ns 7e4g4 9    
,ipswi*7 examples ( ?is sort ( treatm5t 
7kn[n z ,jacobean7 /ill l+]4  ,9 ,que5  
,anne's reign a semi-,go?ic v]sion (    
,r5aissance ar*itecture 0 practis$1 to  
:i* great att5tion has be5 direct$ 9 !  
pres5t day4 ,! ,que5 ,anne /yle is      
usually c>ri$ out 9 brickwork1 execut$ 9
 r$ bricks & (t5 mo/ admirable 9 its    
workman%ip4 ,pila/]s1 cornices1 & panels
 are execut$ 9 cut bricks1 & = ar*es1   
ni*es1 & w9d[ heads v f9ely jo9t$ bricks
 are employ$4 ,! details are usually    
,r5aissance1 b ( debas$ "*2 a cr[n+     

cornice ( consid]able projection "u a   
high-pit*$ hipp$ ro( 7i4e4 "o slop+ back
 e way l a truncat$ pyramid7 is commonly
 employ$2 s also are gables ( brok5     
outl9e4 ,dorm] w9d[s ri* & picturesque1 
& high brick *imneys are also employ$2 s
 are b[ w9d[s1 (t5 c>ri$ on concave     
corbels ( a clumsy =m4 ,prom95ce is giv5
 9 ?is /yle to ! jo9]'s "w2 ! w9d[s1 :i*
 are usually sa% w9d[s1 are heavily     
m\ld$ & divid$ into small squ>es by     
wood$ sa% b>s4 ,! doors h heavily m\ld$ 
panels1 & are (t5 surm\nt$ by p$im5ts   
c>ri$ by c>v$ brackets or by pila/]s2 9 
! int]iors ! woodwork ( /aircases su* z 
! balu/]s1 newel po/s1 & h&rails is     
treat$ 9 a v effective & well consid]$  
way1 ! great] "p ( ! "w be+ turn$ on !  
la! & enri*$ ) m\ld+s extremely well    
design$ = execution 9 t mann]4 ,by ?is  
/yle & ! modifications ( x :i* 7 m or   
less practis$ till !y f9ally di$ out1 ! 
traditional picturesqu5ess ( ,engli%    
ar*itecture :i* x _h inh]it$ f ! middle 
ages 0 kept alive1 s t x has be5 h&$    

d[n1 9 c]ta9 localities almo/1 if n q1  
to ! pres5t c5tury4   ,,scotl&4  ,!     
ar*itecture ( ,scotl& dur+ ! sixte5? &  
succe$+ c5turies possesses exceptional  
int]e/4 ,x 0 ! case "h1 z x _h be5 9    
,engl&1 t ! mo/ important build+s ( ! "t
 7 dome/ic2 ! erection ( *ur*es &       
mona/]ies _h ceas$4  ,! ca/les &        
semi-=tifi$ h\ses ( ,scotl& =m a gr\p   
ap>t1 possess+ /rongly-m>k$ & well-def9$
 "*2 !y are design$ 9 a mix$ /yle 9 :i* 
! ,go?ic elem5ts pr$om9at$ ov] ! classic
 ones4 ,b ! ,scotti% dome/ic ,go?ic1 f  
:i* ! new /yle 0 p>tly d]iv$1 _h borne  
little or no resemblance to ! florid    
,tudor ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 ! sev]e & simple  
ar*itecture ( /rongholds built ) /ubborn
 mat]ials1 & on rocky sites1 :]e !re 0  
little inducem5t to indulge 9           
decoration4 ,dun/affnage or ,kil*urn    
,ca/les may be ref]r$ to z examples ( ^!
 pla91 gloomy keeps ) _! /epp$ gables1  
small loops = w9d[s1 & sometimes angle  
turrets4  ,! classic elem5ts ( ! /yle 7 
n drawn 7z _h be5 ! case 9 ,engl&7      

direct f ,italy1 b came f ,france4 ,!   
,scot*1 dur+ _! long /ruggles ) !       
,engli%1 became intimately alli$ ) !    
,fr5*1 & x is !re=e n surpris+ t        
,scotti% ,b>onial ar*itecture %\ld      
resemble ! e>ly ,r5aissance ( ,fr5*     
*ateaux v closely4 ,! h>dness ( ! /one 9
 :i* ! ,scot* masons wr\ght =bade _!    
attempt+ ! extremely delicate detail ( !
 ,francois ,i4 ornam5t1 execut$ z x is 9
 f9e1 easily-work$ /one ( smoo? texture2
 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! climate ( ! two       
c\ntries ju/ifi$ 9 ,scotl& a boldness   
:i* w\ld h appe>$ exagg]at$ & extreme 9 
,france4 ,accord+ly ! /yle 9 pass+ f "o 
c\ntry to ! o!r has *ang$ its details to
 no inconsid]able ext5t4  ,_m ca/les 7  
erect$ 9 ! sixte5? & foll[+ c5turies 9  
,scotl&1 or 7 enl>g$ & alt]$2 ! mo/     
*>act]i/ic features 9 almo/ all ( !m are
 %ort r\nd angle turrets1 ?r[n out ^u   
bold corbell+s ne> ! upp] "p ( t[]s &   
o!r squ>e masses4 ,^! are (t5 capp$ by  
po9t$ ro(s2 & ! corbels :i* c>ry !m1 &  
:i* are always ( bold1 vigor\s "*1 are  

frequ5tly enri*$ by a k9d ( cable       
ornam5t1 :i* is v di/9ctive4 ,t[]s (    
circul> plan1 l ba/ions1 & project+ f ! 
g5]al l9e ( ! walls1 or at ! angles1    
con/antly occur4 ,!y are frequ5tly cr[n$
 by conical ro(s1 b sometimes 7z at     
,fyvie ,ca/le7 !y are made squ>e ne> !  
top by means ( a s]ies ( corbels1 &     
f9i%$ ) gables or o!rwise4 ,p>apets are 
9 g5]al use1 & are almo/ always         
battlem5t$4 ,ro(s1 :5 visible1 are (    
/eep pit*1 & _! gables are almo/ always 
( /epp$ outl9e1 :ile dorm] w9d[s1       
frequ5tly ( fanta/ic =m1 are n          
infrequ5t4 ,*imneys are prom95t & l(ty4 
,w9d[s are squ>e-head$1 &1 z a rule1    
small2 sometimes !y reta9 ! ,go?ic      
mullions & transom1 b 9 _m cases ^!     
features are abs5t4 ,doorways are       
g5]ally ar*$1 & n (t5 highly ornam5t$4  
,cawdor ,ca/le1 ,glamis ,ca/le1 ,fyvie  
,ca/le1 ,ca/le ,fras]1 ! old portions ( 
,dunrob9 ,ca/le1 ,tyn+hame ,h\se1 !     
extremely picturesque palace at ,falkl&1
 & a consid]able "p ( ,/irl+ ,ca/le1 may

 be all quot$ z good specim5s ( ?is     
?or\ghly national /yle1 b x w\ld be easy
 to "n two or ?ree times z _m build+s   
ne>ly1 if n q1 equal to ^! 9            
ar*itectural m]it4  ,h]iot's ,hospital1 
,ed9burgh1 may be quot$ 7) "p (         
,holyrood ,palace7 z %[+ ! /yle ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,h]iot's ,hospital 0   
built betwe5 ! ye>s #afbh & #affj4 ,x is
 built r\nd a great quadrangle1 & has   
squ>e t[]s at ! f\r corn]s1 ea* reliev$ 
by small corbell$ angle turrets4 ,!     
entrance displays columns & an          
entablature ( debas$ b n unpleas+       
,r5aissance ar*itecture1 & ! build+     
altoge!r resembles an ,engli%           
,elizabe?an or ,jacobean build+ to a    
great] ext5t ?an mo/ ,scotti% designs4  
,:5 ?is picturesque /yle1 :i* appe>s    
inde$ to h reta9$ its hold = long1 at   
la/ di$ out1 v little ( any arti/ic     
value 0 sub/itut$ = x4 ,late 9 !        
eighte5? c5tury1 x is true1 ! ,bro!rs   
,adam erect$ public build+s 9 ,ed9burgh 
& ,glasg[1 & c>ri$ out v>i\s works (    

importance 9 a classic /yle :i* has     
c]ta9ly "s claim to respect2 b if       
correct x 0 tame & un9t]e/+1 & a poor   
ex*ange = ! vigor\s vitality :i* brea!s 
9 ! works ( ! ar*itects ( ! e>ly        
,r5aissance 9 ,scotl&4   ,,spa9 ,,&     
,,portugal4  ,9 ! ,spani% p59sula1      
,r5aissance ar*itecture ran ?r\gh ?ree  
phases1 v /rongly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1  
ea* be+ m>k$ by peculi>ities ( m ?an    
ord9>y prom95ce4 ,! e>ly /age1 to :i* ! 
,spani>ds give ! "n ( ,plat]esco1       
exhibits ! same sort ( fusion ( ,go?ic )
 classic :i* we f9d 9 ,france & ,scotl&4
 ,! masses are (t5 simple1 b !          
individual features are ov]lad5 ) an    
extravagant am\nt ( ornam5t1 &1 z 9     
,france1 _m ?+s :i* are ess5tially      
,go?ic1 su* z p9nacles1 g>goyles1 &     
p>apets1 are reta9$4 ,! ,r5aissance /yle
 0 introduc$ at ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5?  
c5tury1 & a v consid]able numb] (       
build+s to :i* ! description giv5 above 
w apply 7 erect$ prior to ! middle ( !  
sixte5?4 ,among ^! may be enum]at$ !    

ca!dral at ,granada1 ! ,hospital (      
,santa ,cruz at ,tol$o 7#aejd-aead71 !  
dome ( ,burgos ,ca!dral 7#aefg71 !      
,ca!dral ( ,malaga1 ,san ,juan della    
,p5it5cia at ,tol$o 7#aeaa71 ! facade ( 
! ,alcaz> at ,tol$o 7#aedh71 ! ,t[n     
,hall 7#aeea71 & ,casa ,zaporta 7#aefj7 
at ,z>ragoza1 & ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,seville 
7#aeei74  ,a great numb] ( tombs1       
/aircases1 doorways1 & o!r small] s+le  
features1 execut$ dur+ ?is p]iod f !    
designs ( good arti/s1 are to be f\nd   
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,^! ,r5aissance 
monum5ts exhibit an extraord9>y degree (
 v>iety 9 _! ornam5ts1 :i* are ( ! mo/  
fanta/ic nature2 an exub]ant fancy w\ld 
seem to h s\ght a v5t1 especially 9 !   
sculptur$ ornam5t ( ! /yle1 :i* ?\gh at 
times cr[d$1 ov]lad51 & we mu/ add      
disfigur$ by ! mo/ grotesque ideas1 is v
 /rik+ = its orig9ality & excell5t      
workman%ip4--7,m4 ,d4 ,w47              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,! ,,alcaz> 
,,at ,,tol$o4 7,,begun #aefh47  ,!      
second phase ( ,spani% ar*itecture 0    

m>k$ by a pla9 & simple dignity1 equally
 9 contra/ ) ! ,plat]esco :i* _h prec$$ 
x & ) ! extravagant /yle to :i* x at    
l5g? gave place4 ,! e>lie/ ar*itect :o  
introduc$ into ,spa9 an ar*itectural    
/yle f\nd$ on ! be/ examples ( ,italy1 0
 ,juan ,bapti/a de ,tol$o4 ,he 9 ! ye>  
#aefc comm5c$ ! ,escurial ,palace--!    
,v]sailles ( ,spa92 b ! pr9cipal "p ( ! 
build+ 0 erect$ by 8 m celebrat$ pupil1 
,juan de ,h]r]a1 :o c>ri$ on ! works    
dur+ ! ye>s f #aefg to #aegi4 ,?is      
build+1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive palaces 9   
,europe1 is noble 9 its ext]nal aspect f
 a di/ance1 ?anks to its great ext5t1   
its f9e c5tral dome1 & its _m t[]s1 b x 
is disappo9t+ :5 approa*$4 ,( ! int]ior 
! mo/ notewor?y feature is a            
magnific5tly decorat$ *ur*1 ( great size
 & unusual arrangem5t2 & ?is dignifi$   
c5tral feature has rais$ ! ,escurial1 9 
spite ( _m faults1 to ! position ( ! mo/
 fam\s & probably mo/ des]v$ly admir$   
among ! great ,r5aissance palaces (     
,europe4  ,by ! same ar*itect num]\s    

build+s 7 erect$1 among o!rs !          
beautiful1 if some:at cold1 arcad$      
int]ior ( ! ,alcaz> ( ,tol$o 7,fig4     
#hd71 :i* may be tak5 z a fair specim5 (
 ! noble qualities to be f\nd 9 8       
dignifi$ & comp>atively simple designs4 
,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,*>les
 ,v4 erect$ 8 palace at ,granada2 b "h !
 ar*itecture is /rongly col\r$ by       
,italian or ,fr5* examples1 & mu* ( !   
build+ resembles ,p]rault's "w at !     
,l\vre v closely4 ,h]r]a & 8 s*ool 7    
probably too sev]e 9 ta/e to suit !     
fancy ( _! c\ntrym51 = ,spani%          
ar*itecture 9 ! eighte5? c5tury fell a  
victim to debas$ =ms & a fanta/ic &     
exagg]at$ /yle ( ornam5t4 ,*urrigu]a 0 !
 ar*itect :o has ! cr$it ( hav+         
introduc$ ?is un=tunate ?ird mann]1 &   
has l5t x 8 "n4 ,= a "t ,*urrigu]ismo   
f\nd g5]al acceptance1 & ! c5tury clos$ 
"u its influ5ce4  ,we mu/ n pass ov] !  
excell5t & v>i$ ,r5aissance t[]s &      
/eeples ( ,spa9 9 sil5ce4 ,!y are n     
unlike ,wr5's spires 9 g5]al idea2 !y   

are to be met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry    
atta*$ to ! *ur*es1 & _! v>iety &       
picturesqu5ess increase ! claim (       
,spani% ar*itecture to our respect4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! "o ,r5aissance build+ 9 ,portugal :i*
 has be5 mu* illu/rat$1 & is spok5 ( 9  
high t]ms1 is ! ,conv5t at ,mafra1 a    
build+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( great     
ext5t & picturesque effect4 ,great skill
 is %[n 9 deal+ ) ! unwieldy bulk ( an  
ov]gr[n e/abli%m5t :i* does n yield ev5 
to ! ,escurial 9 po9t ( ext5t4 ,we are1 
h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t "t )\t ! means (  
=m+ an op9ion ^u ! nature & value ( !   
ar*itecture ( ,portugal z a :ole4       
,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5tal ,,foliage     
,,patt]n4       ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,a    
,,frieze ,,at ,,v5ice4  ,,index4  ,see  
also ,,cont5ts at beg9n+4       ,adam1  
,john & ,rob]t1 #bbc4      ,alb]ti1     
,ar*itect1 #afg4      ,ami5s ,ca!dral1  
#gf1 #gh4      ,&]na*1 ,*ur* at1 #if4   
,anne1 ,que51 ,/yle (1 #bbe4            
,arn/e9 ,abbey1 #id4       ,bapti/a1    

,ar*itect1 #bcb4      ,batalha1 ,mona/]y
 at1 #adb1 #aec4      ,beauvais         
,ca!dral1 ,int]ior1 #hf4      ,belgium &
 ,ne!rl&s1 ,go?ic1 #hg4      ----       
,r5aissance1 #bjf4      ,b]n9i1         
,ar*itect1 #age1 #aha1 #bjc4            
,bl5heim1 #bba4      ,blois1 ,*ateau (1 
#aid4      ,blois1 ,capital f ,/4       
,ni*olas1 #hd4      ,b\rges1 ,h\se (    
,jaques ,coeur1 #ae4      ,bramante1    
,ar*itect1 #afh1 #agd1 #ahj4            
,brunelles*i1 ,ar*itect1 #abj1 #aff4    
,buttresses1 #cb4       ,ca51 ,sa9t     
,pi]re at1 #cg4      ,cambridge1 ,k+'s  
,college1 #fc4      ,campaniles 9       
,italy1 #abh4      ,capitals1 ,go?ic1   
#dc4      ,c]tosa1 ne> ,pavia1          
frontispiece1 #ahc4      ,*amb]s1       
,ar*itect1 #bbb4      ,*ambord1 ,*ateau 
(1 #aid4      ,*>tres1 ,/a9$ glass at1  
#fe1 #fi4      ,*e/]1 ,old ,h\ses at1   
#ch1 #bbd4      ,*urrigu]a1 ,ar*itect1  
#bcj4      ,colm>1 ,w9d[ at1 #bjf4      
,cologne ,ca!dral1 #ig1 #ajd4           
,columns & ,pi]s1 #dj4      ,cortona1   

,pietro da1 ,ar*itect1 #aih4            
,cremona1 ,palace at1 #aag4             
,dantzic1 ,zeughaus at1 #bjc4      ,de  
,caumont4 ,abec$aire1 #ga4              
,decorat$ /yle ( ,ar*itecture1 #bd4     
,delorme1 ,ar*itect1 #bjj1 #bad4        
,dome/ic ,build+s1 ,go?ic1 #ad4         
,e>ly ,engli% ,ar*itecture1 #bd4        
,el?am ,palace1 ,ro( (1 #ec4            
,engl&1 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 91 #ba4     
---- ,r5aissance 91 #bac4               
,flor5ce1 ,ca!dral at1 #aba4      ----  
,p&olf9i ,palace1 #agj1 #agc4      ---- 
,ricc>di ,palace1 #afg4      ----       
,/rozzi ,palace1 #afi4                  
,fontevrault1 ,*ur* at1 #gj4            
,france1 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 91 #fi4    
---- ,r5aissance 91 #aic4      ,francis 
! ,fir/ ( ,france1 #aic4      ,friburg  
,ca!dral1 #ih4       ,gables 9 ,go?ic   
,ar*itecture1 #cf4      ,g]many1 ,go?ic 
,ar*itecture 91 #ic4      ----          
,r5aissance1 #bji4      ,gh5t1 ,t[] at1 
#ij4      ,gibbs1 ,ar*itect1 #bbb4      
,giotto's ,campanile at ,flor5ce1 #abj4 

,go?ic1 ,! ^w1 #e4      ,g\jon1 ,jean1  
,sculptor1 #aih4       ,haddon ,hall1   
#ag4      ,hav5ius ( ,cleves1 ,ar*itect1
 #bad4      ,hawksmoor1 ,ar*itect1 #bba4
      ,heidelb]g1 ,ca/le (1 #aef1 #bji4 
,h]r]a1 ,juan de1 ,ar*itect1 #bag4      
,holl& ,h\se1 #bae4       ,italy1 ,go?ic
 ,ar*itecture 91 #aab4      ----        
,r5aissance 91 #afe4       ,john (      
,padua1 ,ar*itect1 #bad4      ,jones1   
,inigo1 ,ar*itect1 #bag4       ,k5t1    
,ar*itect1 #bbb4      ,kutt5b]g1 ,/4    
,b>b>a at1 #ii4       ,lescot1          
,ar*itect1 #aih4      ,leyd51           
,c\ncil-h\se at1 #baj4      ,li*field   
,ca!dral1 ,we/ ,door1 #e4      ,l9coln  
,ca!dral1 ,g5]al view1 #ce4      ,lippi 
,annibale1 ,ar*itect1 #aib4             
,lisieux1 ,old ,h\ses at1 #da4          
,lo*es1 ,doorway at1 #gb4      ,london1 
,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 #bah4             
,mad]no1 ,ar*itect1 #age1 #aha4         
,mafra1 ,conv5t at1 #bcb4      ,mans>d1 
,ar*itect1 #afj4      ,mi*elangelo z an 
,ar*itect1 #agj1 #agd4      ,mi*elozzo1 

,ar*itect1 #afg4      ,middleburgh1 ,t[n
 ,hall at1 #hi4      ,milan ,ca!dral1   
#aae4      ,mis]]es 9 ,wells ,ca!dral1  
#fh1 #ib4      ,m\ld+s1 ,go?ic1 #fb4    
,nuremb]g1 ,/4 ,sebald's at1 #aji4      
,oakham1 ,decorat$ ,spire (1 #fj4       
,ogee-%ap$ ar*1 #abi4      ,opp5heim1   
,/4 ,ca!r9e at1 #ajg4      ,orleans1    
,capital f h\se at1 #aig4      ,orleans1
 ,w9d[ at1 #aif4       ,pavia1 ,c]tosa1 
ne>1 #aad1 #ahh4      ,palladio1        
,ar*itect1 #agb1 #ahd1 #ahg4      ,p>is1
 ,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame1 #gd4      ----
 ,hotel des ,invalides at1 #bje4        
---- ,l\vre1 ,capital f1 #bjb4      ----
 ,l\vre1 ,pavillon ,ri*elieu1 #aii4     
---- ,pan!on at1 #bjd4      ----        
,tuil]ies1 by ,delorme1 #bjj4           
,p]p5dicul> ,ar*itecture1 #be4          
,p]uzzi1 ,ar*itect1 #aha4               
,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral1 ,plan1 #f4        
,pisano1 ,nicola1 ,sculptor1 #abj4      
,plat]esco1 ,spani%1 #bcj4              
,pr9ciples ( ,go?ic ,design1 #adf4      
,raphael z an ,ar*itect1 #agj4          

,r5aissance ,ar*itecture1 #aed4         
,reg5sburg 7,ratisbon71 ,well at1 #bj4  
,rheims ,ca!dral1 ,pi]s1 #hj4           
,rome1 ,monum5t 9 ,santa ,m>ia del      
,popolo1 #agi4      ,rome1 ,palazzo     
,giraud1 #agh1 #ahj4      ---- ,/4      
,pet]'s1 #agd1 #agg4      ---- ,villa   
,m$ici1 #aia4       ,sa9t ,gall         
,manuscript1 ,!1 #ac4      ,salisbury   
,ca!dral1 ,section1 #g4      ,sa9t ,iago
 di ,compo/ella1 #acg4      ,sangallo1  
,ar*itect1 #aha4      ,sansov9o1        
,ar*itect1 #agh1 #ahd4      ,scamozzi1  
,ar*itect1 #ahd4      ,scotl&1 ,cawdor  
,ca/le1 #bbg4      ---- ,dunrob9 ,ca/le1
 #bbh4      ---- ,h]iot's ,hospital1    
#bbh4      ,s*alaburg1 ,ca/le (1 #bab4  
,s*w>tz-,rhe9dorff1 ,*ur* at1 #aja4     
,s]lio1 ,ar*itect1 #aih4      ,seville1 
,! ,giralda at1 #adj4      ,si5a        
,ca!dral1 #abc4      ,spa91 ,go?ic      
,ar*itecture 91 #acg4      ----         
,r5aissance 91 #bbh4      ,spires1 #eh4 
,/a9$ ,glass1 #fd4      ,/rasburg       
,ca!dral1 #ih4       ,?ann1 ,doorway at1

 #ajf4      ,tivoli1 ,w9d[ f1 #acd4     
,tol$o1 ,alcaz> at1 #bcb4      ----     
,ca!dral1 #ach4      ,t[]s & ,spires1   
#cc4      ,trac]y1 ,v5etian1 #acj4      
,tudor ,ar*itecture1 #be4               
,vanbrugh1 ,ar*itect1 #bba4      ,v5ice1
 #ahb4      ,v5ice1 ,*ur* ( ,r$5tore1   
#ahf4      ---- ,ducal ,palace at1 #aah4
      ---- ,palaces on ,gr& ,canal1 #ah4
      ,vi5na1 ,/4 ,/eph5 at1 #ih4       
,vignola1 ,ar*itect1 #agb1 #aha1 #ahb4  
,w>boys1 ,e>ly ,engli% ,spire1 #ei4     
,w>wick ,ca/le1 ,plan1 #af4      ,wells 
,ca!dral1 ,nave1 #i4      ,we/m9/]      
,abbey1 ,plan1 #aa4      ,we/m9/]       
,abbey1 ,c>v+1 #fg4      ---- ,h5ry     
,,vii4's ,*apel1 #eg4      ----         
,tri=ium1 #di4      ,w9d[s1 #df1 #dg1   
#dh1 #ej1 #ea4      ,w9d[1 ,italian     
,go?ic1 #acd1 #acf4      ,worce/]       
,ca!dral1 ,*oir1 #i4      ,wr51 ,sir    
,c41 ,ar*itect1 #bjc1 #bag1 #bbj4       
,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,&       
,,taylor4     ,n[ 9 c\rse (             
,publication4  ,a ,,new ,,s]ies  ,,(    

,,illu/rat$ ,,text-,,books  ,,(  ,,art  
,,education1  ,,edit$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,j4  
,,poynt]1 ,r4,a4  ,ea* volume conta9s   
num]\s illu/rations1 & is /rongly b\nd =
 ! use ( /ud5ts4 ,price #es4  ,to be    
issu$ 9 ! foll[+ ,divisions3--          
,,pa9t+4  99 ,,classic & ,,italian4 ,by 
,,edw>d ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,r4,a41 & ,,p]cy  
,r4 ,,head1 ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4    
,,g]man1 ,,flemi%1 & ,,dut*4 ,by ,h4    
,,wilmot ,,buxton1 ,m4,a4  ,,fr5* &     
,,spani%4 ,by ,,g]>d ,,smi?1 ,exet]     
,college1 ,ox=d4  ,,engli% & ,,am]ican4 
,by ,h4 ,,wilmot ,,buxton1 ,m4,a4       
,,ar*itecture4  ,,classic & ,,e>ly      
,,*ri/ian4 ,by ,t4 ,,rog] ,,smi?1       
,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4  99 ,,go?ic &           
,,r5aissance4 ,by ,t4 ,,rog] ,,smi?1    
,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4   ,,sculpture4          
,,antique3 ,,egyptian & ,,greek4 ,by    
,,george ,,r$=d1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4           
,,r5aissance & ,,mod]n4 ,by ,,george    
,,r$=d1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4   ,,ornam5t4       
,,decoration ,,9 ,,col\r4 ,by ,,george  
,,ait*ison1 ,m4,a4  ,,ar*itectural      

,,ornam5t4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4  99 
,^! ,divisions are n[ ready4            
,transcrib]'s ,note  ,m9or punctuation  
errors h be5 repair$4  ,hyph5ation &    
acc5t usage has be5 made consi/5t4      
,spell+ 0 made consi/5t z foll[s3       
,page xxxvii--,transome am5d$ to        
,transom--,,transom4--,a     horizontal 
b> 7usually ( /one7 444      ,page      
xl--,h>dwicke am5d$ to ,h>dwick--,,!    
,,end-,,pap]s ,,are     ,,f ,a ,,tape/ry
 ,,9 ,,h>dwick ,,hall4      ,page       
#aih--;di am5d$ to da--444 built f !    
designs (     ,pietro da ,cortona1 444  
,page #bag--transomes am5d$ to          
transoms--444 & )     mullions &        
transoms1 444      ,page #bag--transomes
 am5d$ to transoms--444 l>ge w9d[s      
divid$ by mullions & transoms1 444      
,page #bbd--;,cotempor>y am5d$ to       
,contempor>y--,contempor>y     ) him 7 !
 bro!rs ,john & ,rob]t ,adam1 444       
,page #bbf--transomes am5d$ to          
transoms--444 s are !     m\ld+s1       
transoms & mullions to ! w9d[s1 444     

,page #bcf--,middleburg am5d$ to        
,middleburgh--,middleburgh1     ,t[n    
,hall at1 #hi4      ,page #bcf--,nicolo 
am5d$ to ,nicola--,pisano1 ,nicola1     
,sculptor1 #abj4      ,page             
#bcf--,/rassburg am5d$ to               
,/rasburg--,/rasburg     ,ca!dral1 #ih4 
,page #bcf--,van ,brugh am5d$ to        
,vanbrugh--,vanbrugh1     ,ar*itect1    
#bba4  ,! foll[+ am5dm5ts h be5 made3   
,page x--omitt$ page numb] add$--#c4    
,,scotl&1 ,,wales1 &     ,,irel& #ia    
,page xxiv--frize am5d$ to frieze--444 !
 ar*itrave1     :i* re/s on ! columns1 !
 frieze & ! cornice4      ,page xxiv--,!
 entry = ,entablature orig9ally foll[$  
,embattl$4 ,x has be5 mov$ to ! correct 
place 9 !     gloss>y4      ,page       
xxv--,/yl am5d$ to ,/yle--,,francois ,i4
 ,,/yle4--,!     e>ly ,r5aissance       
ar*itecture ( ,france dur+ "p ( !       
sixte5? c5tury4      ,page xxvii--,l9tol
 am5d$ to ,l9tel--,,l9tel4--,! /one or  
beam cov]+ a doorway 444      ,page     
#ab--;arrangm5t am5d$ to arrangem5t--,! 

:ole     arrangem5t ( pi] & ar* 444     
,page #be--;i]c$ am5d$ to pi]c$--,p>apet
 pi]c$ )     quatrefoils & fl[+ trac]y4 
,page #cj--repeat$ '&' delet$--444      
,go?ic dwell+-h\ses     ( ! f\rte5? &   
fifte5? c5turies exi/1 444      ,page   
#cf--;con/ra/ am5d$ to contra/--444 is  
to comb9e     & yet contra/ its         
horizontal & v]tical elem5ts4      ,page
 #ci--/orys am5d$ to /oreys--444 &      
sometimes also     ! basem5t /oreys1 444
      ,page #df--;& am5d$ to end--444   
occupy+ ! ea/]n end     ( "o ( !        
transepts 444      ,page                
#hb--semi-circula am5d$ to              
semicircul>--444 & !     ro(s (         
semicircul> & circul> apses1 444        
,page #hh--;a*itecture am5d$ to         
ar*itecture--444 _!     ar*itecture1    
?\gh c]ta9ly ,go?ic1 is debas$ 9 /yle4  
,page #aad--laboration am5d$ to         
elaboration--444 rem>kable     specim5s 
( ! ornam5tal elaboration :i* c be      
accompli%$ 9 brickwork4      ,page      
#adb--,?s am5d$ to ,!--,! great *ur* at 

,batalha     444      ,page #aei--omitt$
 '!' add$ be=e build+--444 9 8          
treatm5t ( ! same "p ( ! build+ 444     
,page #agf--repeat$ 'is' delet$--444 z  
long z !     build+ is se5 9 front 444  
,page #ahf--;buil+ am5d$ to build+--444 
l(ty pila/]s     to include two /oreys (
 ! build+ 444      ,page #aid--;fir/    
am5d$ to ,fir/--444?an ! be/            
specim5s ( ! /yle ( ,francis ! ,fir/ 444
      ,page #bbf--hb am5d$ to #hc--444 !
 treatm5t ( ! timb]s     is ?or\ghly    
,go?ic 7,fig4 #hc72 444      ,page      
#bcj--;ar*iect am5d$ to ar*itect--,!    
e>lie/     ar*itect :o introduc$ into   
,spa9 an ar*itectural /yle     444      
,page #bcc--picuresque am5d$ to         
picturesque--444 a build+     ( !       
eighte5? c5tury1 ( great ext5t &        
picturesque     effect4      ,page      
#bce--page ref]5ces put into num]ical   
ord]--,brunelles*i1 ,ar*itect1 #abj1    
#aff4      ,page #bce--acg am5d$ to     
#agc--;,flor5ce 444 ---- ,p&olf9i       
,palace1 #agj1 #agc4      ,page         

#bce--omitt$ #g add$--,haddon ,hall1    
#ag4  ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ :]e      
necess>y s t !y are n 9 ! middle ( a    
p>agraph4  ,!re 0 an error 9 ! ,li/ (   
,illu/rations4 ,! orig9al read3         
#ff4 ,,palazzo ,,giraud1 ,,rome4 ,,by   
,,bramante4 7#aejf47 #ahj      #fg4 ,,! 
,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,francesco1 ,,at       
,,f]r>a4 ,,int]ior #ahc      #fh4       
,,italian ,,%ell ,,ornam5t #ahd         
#fi4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,r$5tore1      
,,v5ice4 7#aegf47 #ahf      #gj4        
,,c]tosa ,,ne> ,,pavia4 ,,"p ,,( ,,we/  
,,front4 7,,begun #adgc47     #ahi      
#gj;,a4 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance ,,corbel    
#aib      #ga4 ,,w9d[ ,,f ,a ,,h\se ,,at
 ,,orleans4 7,,e>ly #af,,? ,,c5tury47   
#aie  ,! li/$ ,fig4 #fg does n appe>    
any:]e 9 ! text4 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations
 has be5 am5d$ to accurately li/ !      
figures 9 ! ma9 body ( ! book1 by remov+
 ! errone\s li/+1 r5umb]+ ! figures z   
necess>y1 includ+ a previ\sly omitt$    
figure1 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,villa            
,,m$ici--,,on ,,! ,,p9cian ,,hill ,,ne> 

,,rome4 ,,by ,,annibale ,,lippi 7,,n[   
,,! ,academie ,francaise74 7,a4,d4      
#aedj471 & am5d+ ! page numb]s4  ,!     
adv]tis+ mat]ial has be5 mov$ to ! end (
 ! book4