,transcriber's note3 ,a few typographical errors have been corrected3 they are listed at the end of the text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cg ,,abbreviations ,,and ,,signs ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,information ,,about ,,abbreviations ,,and ,,signs1 ,,with ,,classified ,,lists ,,of ,,those ,,in ,,most ,,common ,,use ,,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,educational ,,director ,,united ,,typothet ,,of ,,america ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,the use of abbreviations and signs is often a convenience and sometimes a temptation4 ,it is a saving of time and labor which is entirely justifiable under certain conditions1 one of which is that all such short cuts should be sufficiently conventional and familiar to be intelligible to any person likely to read the printed matter in which they occur4 ,scientific and technical signs and abbreviations are part of the nomenclature of the subject to which they belong and must be learned by students of it4 ,general readers are not particularly concerned with them4 ,the use of abbreviations and signs is partly a matter of office style and partly a matter of author's preference4 ,certain fairly well established rules have1 however1 emerged from the varieties of usage in vogue4 ,an attempt has been made in the following pages to state these rules clearly and concisely and to illustrate their application4 ,classified lists of the most common abbreviations and signs have been inserted and will be found useful for reference and practice4 ,sources of further information on these points will be found under the head of ,supplementary ,reading4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,abbreviations #c ,,dates #c ,,time #e ,,other ,,abbreviations ,,involving ,,numerals #e ,,geographical ,,abbreviations1 ,,with ,,list #g ,,abbreviations ,,of ,,names1 ,,with ,,list #aj ,,abbreviations ,,of ,,titles1 ,,with ,,list #ab ,,sizes ,,of ,,books #ah ,,weights ,,and ,,measures #ai ,,footnotes #ai ,,scriptural ,,abbreviations #bc ,,commercial ,,abbreviations #bd ,,miscellaneous ,,abbreviations #be ,,monetary ,,signs #ce ,,mathematical ,,signs #ce ,,medical ,,signs #cf ,,astronomical ,,signs #cg ,,ecclesiastical ,,signs #cg ,,proofreader',s ,,signs #ch ,,general ,,observations #dj ,,supplementary ,,reading #da ,,review ,,questions #db 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,abbreviations ,,and ,,signs ,,introduction ,the use of abbreviations is as old as the use of alphabets4 ,in inscriptions and on coins and in other places where room is limited they have always been used in order to save space4 ,the words ,,guilielmus ,,quartus ,,dei ,,gratia ,,rex ,,britanniarum ,,fidei ,,defensor would hardly go around the circumference of a sixpence1 three quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,therefore1 we find them written ,,guilielmus ,,iiii ,d3 ,g3 ,,britanniar3 ,,rex ,f3 ,d3 ,in the manuscript period abbreviations were very extensively used4 ,this was done partly to lighten the great labor of hand copying and partly to effect a double saving of expense1 in labor and in costly material4 ,certain of these abbreviations were in common use and perfectly intelligible4 ,unfortunately the copyists did not limit their abbreviations to these1 but devised others for their own use much to the discomfort of their readers1 especially after the lapse of centuries4 ,the introduction of printing removed the pressing necessity for the extensive use of abbreviations1 but the actual use continued much longer than one would think4 ,the early printed books were reproductions of manuscripts4 ,in some cases the earliest were almost forgeries1 and were probably intended to be sold as manuscripts4 ,the types were cut in imitation of the handwriting of some well-known scribe and all his mannerisms and peculiarities were faithfully copied4 ,an incidental result was the expansion of fonts of type by the inclusion of a great number of ligatures and of characters indicating the omission or combination of letters4 ,habit dies hard1 and even after the type founders had freed themselves from the tyranny of manuscript printers continued to follow the habits of the copyist4 ,the saving of material and labor still continued to be considered4 ,the #b methods of abbreviation in use in written matter continued to be followed in print even down to the first quarter of the last century4 ,the result of all this abbreviation was serious and well-founded complaint about the difficulty of reading books thus printed4 ,de ,vinne gives the following astonishing example1 said to be taken practically at random from a ,latin copy of the ,logic of ,ockham printed at ,paris in #adhh4 ,sic his e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducibile a ,deo g a e silr hic a n e g a n e pducibile a ,deo4 ,these are the abbreviations for ,sicut his est fallacia secundum quid ad simpliciter4 ,a est producibile a ,deo4 ,ergo ,a est4 ,et similiter hic4 ,a non est4 ,ergo ,a non est producibile a ,deo4 ,the best present usage is to use abbreviations very sparingly4 ,certain recognized abbreviations are used under certain conditions1 but generally only under constraint of limited space4 99 99 99 99 99 #c ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,abbreviations ,i4 ,,general ,,rules4 ,use no contractions or abbreviations in any place where there is room to print the words in full4 ,all legitimate words should be spelled out in full in text matter1 but abbreviations are often needed in book work for footnotes and tables and in commercial work1 where many brief forms and signs are used which are commonly understood and are as intelligible as words4 ,certain special forms of printing such as market and stock reports1 sporting news1 price lists1 directories1 telephone directories1 and the like make extensive use of abbreviations and signs4 ,these abbreviations are of very limited use and often of only temporary life4 ,they are not intelligible to general readers and should never be used outside the particular form of composition to which they pertain4 ,de ,vinne suggests that in the absence of printed authority 7many of these abbreviations not appearing in the dictionary lists7 every proofreader would do well to keep a manuscript book of unlisted abbreviations which he has to use repeatedly as a means of securing uniformity of form4 ,,ii4 ,,dates4 ,dates are not generally abbreviated in regular text matter2 ,the ,declaration of ,independence was signed on ,july the fourth1 #aggf4 ,the word the is sometimes omitted4 ,the date might be written ,july fourth but never ,july four4 ,the abbreviations ult4 inst4 and prox4 with a numeral 7meaning the #beth of last month1 the #beth of this month1 the #beth of next month7 are often used in letters1 but should not be used in print unless the literal reproduction of a letter is intended4 #d ,do not use st1 d1 rd1 or th after a date given in figures2 ,august the sixth1 not ,august #fth4 ,the accepted abbreviations for the months are3 ,jan4 ,apr4 ,july ,oct4 ,feb4 ,may ,aug4 ,nov4 ,mar4 ,june ,sept4 ,dec4 ,the accepted abbreviations for the days of the week are3 ,sun4 ,tues4 ,thurs4 ,sat4 ,mon4 ,wed4 ,fri4 ,the accepted abbreviations may be used for the months when the day is given1 but not when the month and year alone are given2 ,jan4 #ae1 #aiaf1 but ,january #aiaf4 ,some good authorities prefer the order day1 month1 year2 #ae ,jan41 #aiaf1 but this is a matter of office style4 ,generally speaking the more common order is the better quite regardless of the logical character because it requires less mental effort on the part of the reader4 ,for example in writing addresses ,english speaking people put the number before the street1 #ei ,wall ,st41 while others put the number after the street1 ,wall ,st41 #ei4 ,this is the logical order1 because one goes to the street and then finds the number1 but it gives to the ,american reader a curious sensation of mentally standing on one's head4 ,there is another set of abbreviations1 known as the ,dewey dates1 as follows3 ,months ,days of ,week ,ja4 ,apr4 ,ju4 ,o4 ,su4 ,w4 ,s4 ,f4 ,my4 ,ag4 ,n4 ,m4 ,th4 ,mr4 ,je4 ,s4 ,d4 ,tu4 ,f4 ,these may be used in tables and in other places where very great condensation is necessary1 but not elsewhere4 ,in general1 much greater abbreviation is permissible in the tables1 notes1 and other condensed matter than in the body of the text4 #e ,,iii4 ,,time4 ,statements of time should not be abbreviated in ordinary reading matter2 at half past two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,if the context makes it clear whether forenoon or afternoon is meant one may write3 at three1 at seven o' clock4 ,this form is used statistically1 in enumerations1 in tables1 and the like4 ,,iv4 ,,other ,,abbreviations ,,involving ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,numerals4 ,the use of numerals and the spelling of numbers in full will be found treated at length in the ,printer's ,manual of ,style 7,no4 #db74 ,as the use of the numeral is in a sense an abbreviation a few general rules may properly be given here4 #a4 ,spell out ages2 eighty-two years and four months old4 in his eighty-third year4 children between the ages of six and fourteen4 #b4 ,spell out references to decades2 in the early eighties4 ,the form in the '#hjs1 is very objectionable4 #c4 ,spell out numbers of centuries1 of sessions of ,congress1 of military bodies1 of political divisions1 of ,egyptian ,dynasties1 of streets1 and the like unless lack of space renders the abbreviation absolutely necessary4 ,twentieth century4 ,forty-second ,congress4 ,one hundred and first ,pennsylvania ,infantry4 ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,ninth ,ward4 ,fifth ,avenue4 ,in case numerals are used1 ,egyptian ,dynasties are always designated by ,roman numerals4 ,writers on ,egypt usually use this form3 ,,xviiith ,dynasty4 #f #d4 ,spell out sums of money when occurring in ordinary reading matter in isolated cases3 ,that press cost five thousand dollars4 ,when several such numbers occur close together1 and in all statistical matter1 use figures4 ,those three presses cost #b1ejj1 #c1fjj1 and #e1jjj4 #e4 ,spell out round numbers1 that is1 approximate numbers in units of #ajj in numbers of less than #ajjj and in units of #ajjj if the numbers are more4 ,an army corps numbers forty thousand men4 ,the ,fifth ,corps numbers #cg1dfb4 ,there are about five hundred officers4 ,write fifteen hundred and the like when the phrase is in common use1 not one thousand five hundred4 #f4 ,spell out all numbers1 no matter how high1 when they begin a sentence4 ,four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four soldiers1 #aji officers1 and #aj1jjj civilians were surrendered with the fort4 #g4 ,spell out in ordinary reading matter all numbers of less than three digits1 unless they are of a statistical or technical character or occur in groups of six or more in close connection4 ,there are sixty cities in the ,united ,states with a population of #ajj1jjj or over4 a ninety-ton engine4 five pounds of butter4 ,he lived only two years1 one month1 and twenty days4 ,he spent #acg days in prison4 ,a ratio of #af to #a4 ,the death rate varies from #a in #ae to #a in #fe4 ,send home3 #b pounds of butter #a pound of sugar pound of coffee pound of tea #b pecks of potatoes #a pound of salt pork #b pounds of lard #a quart of milk #g ,treat all numbers in collected groups alike if possible1 that is use either the long or the short form for all4 ,if the largest contains three or more digits use figures for all4 ,they came in groups of #ej1 #hj1 #ajj1 and even #bjj4 #h4 ,express in figures as a rule decimals1 degrees1 dimensions1 distances1 enumerations1 money1 7but see #d above71 percentage1 weights1 and the like4 4#edb1 #ih1 #i cubic yards1 #cg miles1 #bd pages1 #ajjj1 #f per cent 7or #f but never six 71 #age pounds4 ,v4 ,,geographical ,,abbreviations4 ,geographical names are ordinarily not abbreviated in text matter4 ,the abbreviations in the subjoined lists are commonly recognized and may be used in lists1 bibliographical matter1 and elsewhere where condensation is desired4 ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,territories ,ala4 ,alabama ,n4 ,d4 ,north ,dakota ,alaska ,alaska ,neb4 ,nebraska ,ariz4 ,arizona ,nev4 ,nevada ,ark4 ,arkansas ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,hampshire ,cal4 ,california ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,jersey ,colo4 ,colorado ,n4 ,m4 ,new ,mexico ,conn4 ,connecticut ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,d4 ,c4 ,district of ,columbia ,ohio ,ohio ,del4 ,delaware ,okla4 ,oklahoma ,fla4 ,florida ,ore4 ,oregon ,ga4 ,georgia ,pa4 ,pennsylvania ,h4 ,i4 ,hawaiian ,islands ,p4 ,i4 ,philippine ,islands ,idaho ,idaho ,p4 ,r4 ,porto ,rico ,ill4 ,illinois ,r4 ,i4 ,rhode ,island ,ind4 ,indiana ,samoa ,samoa ,ia4 ,iowa ,s4 ,c4 ,south ,carolina ,kan4 ,kansas ,s4 ,d4 ,south ,dakota ,ky4 ,kentucky ,tenn4 ,tennessee ,la4 ,louisiana ,tex4 ,texas ,me4 ,maine ,t4 ,h4 ,territory of ,hawaii ,mass4 ,massachusetts ,utah ,utah ,md4 ,maryland ,vt4 ,vermont ,mich4 ,michigan ,va4 ,virginia ,minn4 ,minnesota ,wash4 ,washington ,mo4 ,missouri ,wis4 ,wisconsin ,mont4 ,montana ,w4 ,va4 ,west ,virginia ,n4 ,c4 ,north ,carolina ,wyo4 ,wyoming #h ,,foreign ,,countries ,aus4 ,austria ,austral4 ,australasia ,b4 ,a4 ,british ,america ,br4 ,col4 ,british ,columbia ,can4 ,canada ,c4 ,b4 ,cape ,breton ,c4 ,w4 ,canada ,west 7,ontario7 ,den4 ,denmark ,e4 ,east 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,east ,isl4 ,eastern ,islands ,e4 ,c4 ,east ,central 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,e4 ,i4 ,east ,indies ,eng4 ,england1 ,english ,fin4 ,finland ,g4 ,b4 ,great ,britain ,glas4 ,glasgow ,ire4 ,ireland ,it4 ,italy ,jam4 ,jamaica ,jap4 ,japan ,l4 ,c4 ,lower ,canada ,man4 ,manitoba ,mex4 ,mexico ,n4 ,north 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,n4 ,a4 ,north ,america #i ,n4 ,b4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,north ,britain ,n4 ,e4 ,new ,england1 ,northeast 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,neth4 ,netherlands ,n4 ,f4 ,newfoundland ,norw4 ,norway ,n4 ,s4 ,nova ,scotia ,n4 ,w4 ,northwest 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,n4 ,zeal4 ,new ,zealand ,ont4 ,ontario ,pal4 ,palestine ,p4 ,d4 ,postal ,district 7,london7 ,p4 ,e4 ,i4 ,prince ,edward ,island ,per4 ,persia ,port4 ,portugal ,prus4 ,prussia ,que4 ,quebec ,russ4 ,russia ,s4 ,south 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,s4 ,a4 ,south ,america ,scot4 ,scotland ,sc4 ,pen4 ,scandinavian ,peninsula ,s4 ,e4 ,southeast 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,sic4 ,sicily ,s4 ,isl4 ,sandwich ,islands ,soc4 ,isl4 ,society ,islands ,s4 ,lat4 ,south ,latitude ,sp4 ,spain ,sw4 ,sweden ,switz4 ,switzerland ,syr4 ,syria ,u4 ,c4 ,upper ,canada 7,ontario7 ,u4 ,k4 ,united ,kingdom ,v4 ,victoria ,w4 ,welsh1 ,west4 ,west 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,w4 ,c4 ,west ,central 7,london ,postal ,district7 ,w4 ,i4 ,west ,indies ,w4 lon4 ,west longitude #aj ,,vi4 ,,names4 #a4 ,abbreviate ,saint in names of persons1 cities1 streets1 churches1 etc4 ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,botolph ,street1 ,the ,church of ,,ss 7,saints7 ,peter and ,paul4 ,the word ,saint is now omitted in speaking of the evangelists1 the apostles1 or the church fathers4 ,the ,gospel according to ,luke4 ,paul's doctrine of salvation4 ,augustine's ,city of ,god4 #b4 ,in technical matter 7footnotes1 references etc47 use ,co41 ,bros41 and ampersand 77 in firm names and names of corporations4 ,the ,rand-,mc,nalley ,co4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,harper ,bros4 ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven1 ,hartford ,railroad4 ,in text matter not of a technical character it is better not to abbreviate4 ,harper ,brothers have published4 ,it was printed by the ,rand-,mc,nalley ,company4 ,the romantic history of the ,east ,india ,company4 ,do not use ampersand except with names of persons4 ,john ,brown ,co4 ,the ,brown ,printing and ,publishing ,co4 ,when railroad names or other long names are abbreviated1 use no spaces between the letters4 ,n4,y4,n4,h4 ,h4,r4,r4 ,u4,t4 ,f4,c4 of ,a4 #c4 ,do not abbreviate ,united ,states except3 7a7 in immediate connection with the name of an officer in the army or navy4 ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,lieut4 ,william ,brown1 ,u4,s4,n4 7b7 ,when it is part of the name of an organization4 ,first ,regiment1 ,u4,s4,v4 #aa 7c7 ,when preceding the name of a ship4 ,u4,s4,s4 ,texas4 #d4 ,christian names should be spelled in full in text matter1 except in an original signature or when following copy in a quotation4 ,the following is a list of the accepted abbreviations of the more common ,christian names4 ,alex4 ,alexander ,fred4 ,frederick ,and4 ,andrew ,geo4 ,george ,anth4 ,anthony ,herbt4 ,herbert ,ap4 ,appius ,hos4 ,hosea ,arch4 ,archibald ,jas4 ,james ,aug4 ,august1 ,augustus ,jona4 ,jonathan ,benj4 ,benjamin ,jos4 ,joseph ,c4 ,csar ,josh4 ,joshua ,cs4 ,aug4 ,csar ,augustus ,matt4 ,matthew ,cath4 ,catherine ,nath4 ,nathaniel ,chas4 ,charles ,pet4 ,peter ,dan4 ,daniel ,phil4 ,philip1 ,philander ,eben4 ,ebenezer ,phile4 ,philemon ,edm4 ,edmund ,reg4 ,reginald ,edw4 ,edward ,richd4 ,richard ,eliz4 ,elizabeth ,robt4 ,robert ,esd4 ,esdras ,sam4 ,samuel ,esth4 ,esther ,theo4 ,theodore ,ez4 ,ezra ,thos4 ,thomas ,ezek4 ,ezekiel ,tim4 ,timothy ,ferd4 ,ferdinand ,wm4 ,william ,fran4 ,francis ,alex1 ,ben1 ,ed1 ,fred1 ,sam1 and ,tom are not always abbreviations and copy should be followed as regards the period4 ,any unusual abbreviations used by an individual should be followed in giving an original signature4 ,go4 ,washington4 #ab ,,vii4 ,,titles4 #a4 ,as a rule titles prefixed to a name should not be abbreviated except ,mr41 ,messrs41 ,mrs4 7,french ,m41 ,,mm41 ,mme41 ,mlle471 ,dr41 ,rev41 and ,hon4 ,professor1 ,colonel1 ,general and some others may be abbreviated when the initials of the name are used2 ,professor ,smith ,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,smith ,general ,grant ,gen4 ,u4 ,s4 ,grant ,hon4 and ,rev41 which are similarly used1 need special attention as they are often used wrongly4 ,the following is the correct use2 ,the ,reverend ,john ,smith 7formal reference7 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,smith 7quotation or correspondence7 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smith ,rev4 ,john ,smith ,rev4 ,smith is wrong and should never be used except as any illiterate form may be used in a quotation4 ,when the names of sovereigns are mentioned only occasionally such names may be given in full4 ,george the ,fifth1 ,william the ,second4 ,when such names occur frequently1 as in historical writing1 they may be printed with ,roman numerals without a period2 ,george ,v1 ,william ,,ii ,other titles following a name are abbreviated in accordance with the following list4 ,a4,b4 or ,b4,a4 7,artium ,baccalaureus7 ,bachelor of ,arts ,abp4 ,archbishop ,a4,c4 ,archchancellor ,a4,d4 ,archduke ,a4,d4,c4 ,aide-de-camp ,adjt4 ,adjutant ,adm4 ,admiral ,admr4 ,administrator #ac ,admx41 ,admrx4 ,administratrix ,adv4 ,advocate ,agt4 ,agent ,aldm4 ,alderman ,a4,m4 or ,m4,a4 7,artium ,magister7 ,master of ,arts ,amb4 ,ambassador ,a4,p4,a4 ,american ,protective ,association ,asst4 ,assistant ,a4,t4 ,archtreasurer ,atty4 ,attorney ,b4,a4 or ,a4,b4 ,bachelor of ,arts ,bart4 ,baronet ,b4,c4,l4 ,bachelor of ,civil ,law ,b4,d4 7,baccalaureus ,divinitatis7 ,bachelor of ,divinity ,b4,,ll4 7,baccalaureus ,legum7 ,bachelor of ,laws ,b4,m4 7,baccalaureus ,medicin7 ,bachelor of ,medicine ,bp4 ,bishop ,b4,r4 7,banco ,regis or ,regin7 ,the ,king's or ,queen's ,bench ,brig4-,gen4 ,brigadier-,general ,bro7s74 ,brother7s7 ,b4,s4 ,bachelor of ,science or ,bachelor of ,surgery ,b4,v4 7,beata ,virgo7 ,blessed ,virgin ,cantab4 7,cantabrigia7 ,cambridge ,capt4 ,captain ,capt4-,gen4 ,captain-,general ,cash4 ,cashier ,c4,b4 ,companion of the ,bath ,c4,c4,p4 ,court of ,common ,pleas ,c4,e4 ,civil ,engineer ,c4,j4 ,chief ,justice ,c4,m4,g4 ,companion of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george ,col4 ,colonel ,com4 ,commander1 ,commodore ,corp4 ,corporal ,cor4 ,sec4 ,corresponding ,secretary #ad ,c4,s4 ,court of ,sessions ,c4,s4 7,custos ,sigilli7 ,keeper of the ,seal ,d4,c4,l4 ,doctor of ,civil ,law ,d4 ,d4 ,doctor of ,divinity ,d4,d4,s4 ,doctor of ,dental ,surgery ,dea4 ,deacon ,dep4 ,deputy ,d4 ,f4 ,defender of the ,faith ,d4,m4 ,doctor of ,music ,dr4 ,doctor ,d4,sc4 ,doctor of ,science ,d4,t4 7,doctor ,theologi7 ,doctor of ,divinity ,d4,v4,m or ,m4,d4,v4 ,doctor of ,veterinary ,medicine ,e4 7after titles7 ,edinburgh ,esq4 ,esquire ,f4,d4 7,fidei ,defensor7 ,defender of the ,faith ,f4,g4,s4 ,fellow of the ,geological ,society ,fr4 ,father ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,geographical ,society ,f4,r4,s4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society ,f4,r4,s4,a4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society of ,arts ,f4,s4,a4 ,fellow of the ,society of ,arts ,g4,c4,b4 ,knight of the ,grand ,cross of the ,bath ,g4,c4,h4 ,knight of the ,grand ,cross of ,hanover ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,knight of the ,grand ,cross1 ,order of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george ,gen4 ,general ,gov4 ,governor ,govt4 ,government ,g4,r4 7,georgius ,rex7 ,king ,george ,h4,b4,m4 ,his or ,her ,britannic ,majesty ,h4,m4 ,his or ,her ,majesty ,h4,m4,s4 ,his or ,her ,majesty's ,service ,hon4 ,honorable ,h4,r4 ,house of ,representatives ,h4,r4,e4 ,holy ,roman ,emperor ,h4,r4,h4 ,his or ,her ,royal ,highness ,h4,s4,h4 ,his or ,her ,serene ,highness #ae ,i4,n4,r4,i 7,jesus ,nazarenus ,rex ,judorum7 ,jesus of ,nazareth1 ,king of the ,jews ,insp4 ,inspector ,insp4 ,gen4 ,inspector ,general ,i4,o4,o4,f4 ,independent ,order of ,odd ,fellows ,j4,a4 ,judge-,advocate ,j4,p4 ,justice of the ,peace ,j4 ,prob4 ,judge of the ,probate ,jr4 or ,jun4 ,junior ,k4 ,king ,k4,a4 ,knight of ,st4 ,andrew1 in ,russia ,k4,a4,n4 ,knight of ,alexander ,newski1 in ,russia ,k4,b4 ,king's ,bench2 ,knight of the ,bath ,k4,b4,a4 ,knight of ,st4 ,bento d',avis1 in ,portugal ,k4,b4,e4 ,knight of the ,black ,eagle1 in ,prussia ,k4,c4 ,knight of the ,crescent1 in ,turkey2 ,king's ,council ,k4,c4,b4 ,knight ,commander of the ,bath ,k4,c4,h4 ,knight ,commander of ,hanover ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,knight ,commander1 ,order of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george ,k4,c4,s4 ,knight of ,charles ,,iii1 in ,spain ,k4,e4 ,knight of the ,elephant1 in ,denmark ,k4,f4 ,knight of ,ferdinand of ,spain ,k4,f4,m4 ,knight of ,ferdinand and ,merit1 in ,sicily ,k4,g4 ,knight of the ,garter ,k4,g4,c4 ,knight of the ,grand ,cross ,k4,g4,c4,b4 ,knight of the ,grand ,cross of the ,bath ,k4,g4,f ,knight of the ,golden ,fleece ,k4,g4,h4 ,knight of the ,guelph of ,hanover ,k4,g4,v4 ,knight of ,gustavus ,vasa of ,sweden ,k4,h4 ,knight of ,hanover ,k4,j4 ,knight of ,st4 ,joachim ,k4,l4,h4 ,knight of the ,legion of ,honor ,k4,m4 ,knight of ,malta ,k4 ,mess4 ,king's ,messenger ,k4,m4,h4 ,knight of ,merit1 in ,holstein ,k4,m4,j4 ,knight of ,maximilian ,joseph of ,bavaria ,k4,m4,t4 ,knight of ,maria ,theresa of ,austria #af ,k4,n4,s4 ,knight of the ,royal ,north ,star1 in ,sweden ,k4,p4 ,knight of ,st4 ,patrick ,k4,r4,e4 ,knight of the ,red ,eagle1 in ,prussia ,k4,s4 ,knight of the ,sword1 in ,sweden ,k4,s4,a4 ,knight of ,st4 ,anne of ,russia ,k4,s4,e4 ,knight of ,st4 ,esprit1 in ,france ,k4,s4,f4 ,knight of ,st4 ,fernando of ,spain ,k4,s4,f4,m4 ,knight of ,st4 ,ferdinand and ,merit1 in ,naples ,k4,s4,g4 ,knight of ,st4 ,george of ,russia ,k4,s4,h4 ,knight of ,st4 ,hubert of ,bavaria ,k4,s4,j4 ,knight of ,st4 ,januarius of ,naples ,k4,s4,l4 ,knight of the ,sun and ,lion1 in ,persia ,k4,s4,m4 ,s4,g4 ,knight of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george1 in the ,ionian ,isles ,k4,s4,p4 ,knight of ,st4 ,stanislaus of ,poland ,k4,s4,s4 ,knight of the ,southern ,star of the ,brazils1 ,knight of the ,sword1 in ,sweden ,k4,s4,w4 ,knight of ,st4 ,wladimir of ,russia ,kt4 ,knight ,k4,t4 ,knight of the ,thistle ,k4,t4,s4 ,knight of the ,tower and ,sword1 in ,portugal ,k4,w4 ,knight of ,william of the ,netherlands ,k4,w4,e4 ,knight of the ,white ,eagle1 in ,poland ,l4 7after titles7 ,london ,l4,c4 ,lord ,chancellor ,l4,c4,j4 ,lord ,chief ,justice ,leg4 ,legate ,legis4 ,legislature ,lieut4 ,lieutenant ,lieut4-,col4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,lieut4-,gen4 ,lieutenant-,general ,litt4 ,d4 7,litterarum ,doctor7 ,doctor of ,literature ,,ll4,b4 7,legum ,baccalaureus7 ,bachelor of ,laws ,,ll4,d4 7,legum ,doctor7 ,doctor of ,laws ,m4 ,monsieur ,m4,a4 ,master of ,arts ,maj4 ,major #ag ,maj4-,gen4 ,major-,general ,m4,b4 7,medicin ,baccalaureus7 ,bachelor of ,medicine2 7,music ,baccalaureus7 ,bachelor of ,music ,m4 ,c4 ,member of ,congress ,m4 ,d4 7,medicin ,doctor7 ,doctor of ,medicine ,messrs4 ,messieurs ,mgr4 ,manager2 ,monsignor ,min4 ,plen4 ,minister ,plenipotentiary ,mlle4 ,mademoiselle ,mme4 ,madame ,m4,p4 ,member of ,parliament ,m4,r4 ,master of the ,rolls ,mr4 ,mister or ,master ,mrs4 ,mistress ,mus4 ,doc4 ,doctor of ,music ,oxon4 7,oxoniensis7 ,oxford ,p4,c4 7,patres ,conscripti1 ,conscript ,fathers7 ,senators2 ,privy ,counsellor ,ph4 ,d4 ,doctor of ,philosophy ,ph4 ,g4 ,graduate in ,pharmacy ,p4,m4 ,postmaster ,p4,m4,g4 ,postmaster-,general ,p4,r4,a4 ,president of the ,royal ,academy ,pres4 ,president ,prov4 ,provost ,p4,r4,s4 ,president of the ,royal ,society ,q4 ,queen ,q4,m4 ,quartermaster ,r4,a4 ,royal ,academician ,r4,e4 ,royal ,engineers ,reg4 ,prof4 ,regius ,professor ,rev4 ,reverend ,r4,m4 ,royal ,marines ,r4,n4 ,royal ,navy ,r4,n4,o4 7,riddare of ,nordstjerneorden7 ,knight of the ,order of ,polar ,star ,r4,s4,s4 7,regi ,societatis ,socius7 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society #ah ,rt4 ,hon4 ,right ,honorable ,rt4 ,rev4 ,right ,reverend ,rt4 ,wpful4 ,right ,worshipful ,r4,w4 ,right ,worthy ,r4,w4,o4 7,riddare of ,wasa ,order7 ,knight of the ,order of ,wasa ,sec4 ,secretary ,sec4 ,leg4 ,secretary of ,legation ,serg4 ,sergeant ,serg4-,maj4 ,sergeant-,major ,s4,j4 ,society of ,jesus ,s4,j4,c4 ,supreme ,judicial ,court ,sol4 ,solicitor ,sol4 ,gen4 ,solicitor-,general ,sr41 ,sen4 ,senior ,s4,r4,s4 7,societatis ,regi ,socius7 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society ,s4,t4,d4 7,sacr ,theologi ,doctor7 ,doctor of ,divinity ,s4,t4,p4 7,sacr ,theologi ,professor7 ,professor of ,divinity ,st4 ,saint1 ,street ,supt4 ,superintendent ,tr7s74 ,trustee7s7 ,treas4 ,treasurer ,u4,j4,c4 7,utriusque ,juris ,doctor7 ,doctor of both ,laws ,v4,c4 ,vice-,chancellor ,v4,d4,m4 7,verbi ,dei ,minister7 ,preacher of the ,word ,vice-,pres4 ,vice-,president ,visc4 ,viscount ,w4,s4 ,writer to the ,signet ,,viii4 ,,sizes ,,of ,,books4 ,the shorter names for book sizes are usually written out2 folio1 quarto1 octavo4 ,beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the ,arabic numeral and mo1 but without a period2 #ab mo1 #af mo1 etc4 #ai ,,ix4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric system1 as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when following a numeral2 #a m41 #e dm41 #d cm41 #b mm41 c4m4 7cubic meter71 c4d41 min4 7minute71 sec4 7second71 lb4 7pound71 oz4 7ounce71 yd41 ft41 in41 ,a4 7,anglestrom units71 ,h4,p4 7,horse power71 ,c4 7,centigrade ,thermometer74 ,x4 ,,footnotes4 ,authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order3 #a4 ,the best known name of the author4 ,give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name4 ,set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered4 #b4 ,the name of the book in roman lower-case4 ,if there is a ,bibliography1 or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full1 but should be abbreviated in the notes4 ,otherwise1 the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated4 ,if the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph4 ,in such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics4 ,always abbreviate uniformly in the same book4 #c4 ,the number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters4 ,no period4 #d4 ,the numbers of the pages in ,arabic figures4 ,if there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified4 ,if the edition has been specified in the ,bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes4 #bj ,in books like the ,bible1 ,shakespeare1 ,blackstone1 or ,milton1 which have been printed in innumerable editions book1 chapter and verse2 act1 scene and line2 section and paragraph1 or canto1 stanza1 and line must be specified4 ,number of paragraph only ,no4 #fh ,stanza only st4 #ah ,page only ,p4 #bac ,line only l4 #chd ,paragraph only #cd ,section only #e ,chapter only xiv ,canto only ,book only iii ,book and chapter ,part and chapter iii #b ,book and line ,act and scene ,act1 scene1 and line iv4 #c4 #de ,chapter and verse ,number and page ,,ii #cd ,volume and page ,volume and chapter ,,iv4 iv4 ,part1 book1 and chapter ,,ii4 iv4 #ab ,part1 canto1 and stanza ,chapter1 section1 paragraph vii4 #c1 #d ,volume1 part1 section1 paragraph ,i4 i4 #b1 #f ,book1 chapter1 section1 paragraph ,in abbreviated references to the ,bible or to the plays of ,shakespeare use ,arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book1 play1 or letter4 #b ,kings ,,ii3 #e #c ,john #aa #a ,henry ,,vi1 iii4 #b4 #ad #ba ,the following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition4 ,from ,english ,past and ,present1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,trench #a ,guest1 ,hist4 of ,english ,rhythms1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhj4 #b ,hooker1 ,eccles4 ,pol4 i4 #c1 #e4 #c ,craik1 ,on the ,english of ,shakespeare1 #bnd edit4 p4 #ig4 #d ,marsh1 ,manual of the ,english ,language1 ,engl4 edit4 p4 #bgh4 ,from ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 ,murray's edition of #ahha 7#h vols4 #h vo7 #a ,orosius1 ,i4 ii4 c4 #ai1 p4 #adc4 #b ,heineccius1 ,antiquitat4 ,juris ,roman1 tom4 i1 p4 #if4 #c ,jornandes1 de ,reb4 ,get4 c4 #cj1 p4 #fed p4 #hg1 ed4 ,lugd4 ,b4 #aeig4 #d ,ausonius 7de ,claris ,urbibus4 p4 #beg-bfb ,no4 #ad74 #e ,a4 ,thierry1 ,lettres sur l',histoire de ,france1 p4 #ij4 #f ,procopius1 de ,bell4 ,vanda41 ,i4 i4 c4 #g1 p4 #aid tom4 ,i4 p4 #cda1 ed4 ,bonn4 ,from ,hume's ,history of ,england1 ,cadell's edition of #ahda 7#f vols4 #h vo7 #a ,herbert1 p4 #dca1 #dcb4 #d ,burnet1 p4 #cbb4 #b ,collier1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agf4 #e #cd and #ce ,hen4 ,,viii4 c4 i4 #c ,stowe1 p4 #ege4 #f ,mmoires du ,bellay1 lib4 x4 ,the comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes4 ,the abbreviation ch1 p1 and pp1 may be made in notes1 but not in text matter4 ,in lower-case text do not use c1 use etc4 ,by-laws are often printed with side-headings ,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #b1 etc4 ,it is better to print the words1 article and section in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs1 using the proper figure only4 ,figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself do not have ,no4 before them either in the illustration or in the explanation4 #bb ,figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period4 ,where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus3 ,pages #bd1 #be1 #eg not pp4 #bd-e1 #eg nor #be-eg4 ,when the reference is to several pages continually set pages #bd to #cb4 ,when a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive years1 set thus3 #ahdf-g1 #ahfa-e1 when there is a lapse of a year or more1 set thus3 #ahff-g-ahfi-gj4 ,do not abbreviate into '#ff-'g-'fi-'gj4 99 99 99 99 99 #bc ,,lists ,,of ,,abbreviations ,the following lists of abbreviations will be found useful4 ,,scriptural ,,abbreviations ,old ,testament 7,o4,t47 ,gen4 ,esth4 ,joel ,exod4 ,job ,amos ,lev4 ,ps4 7,pss47 ,obad4 ,num4 ,prov4 ,jonah ,deut4 ,eccles4 ,mic4 ,josh4 ,song of ,sol4 ,nah4 ,judg4 7or ,cant47 ,hab4 ,ruth ,isa4 ,zeph4 ,i and ,,ii ,sam4 ,jer4 ,hag4 ,i and ,,ii ,kings ,lam4 ,zech4 ,i and ,,ii ,chron4 ,ezek4 ,mal4 ,ezra ,dan4 ,neh4 ,hos4 ,new ,testament 7,n4,t47 ,matt4 ,gal4 ,philem4 ,mark ,eph4 ,heb4 ,luke ,phil4 ,jas4 ,john ,col4 ,i and ,,ii ,pet4 ,acts ,i and ,,ii ,thess4 ,i1 ,,ii and ,,iii ,john ,rom4 ,i and ,,ii ,tim4 ,jude ,i and ,,ii ,cor4 ,titus ,rev4 ,apocrypha ,i and ,,ii ,esd4 ,eccles4 ,bel and ,dragon ,tob4 ,bar4 ,pr4 of ,man ,jud4 ,song of ,three ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii and ,,iv ,rest of ,esther ,children ,macc4 ,wisd4 of ,sol4 ,sus4 #bd ,,commercial ,,abbreviations ,a#a ,highest class or grade ,acct4 ,account ,advt41 ,ad4 ,advertisement ,agt4 ,agent ,amt4 ,amount ,anon4 ,anonymous ,ans4 ,answer ,art4 ,article ,av41 ,ave4 ,avenue ,bal4 ,balance ,bd4 ,bound ,bdl4 ,bundle ,bds4 ,boards ,bldg4 ,building ,b4,o4 ,buyer's ,option ,bro7s74 ,brother2 ,brothers ,chap4 ,chapter ,c4,i4,f4 ,cost1 insurance1 freight ,co4 ,company ,c4,o4,d4 ,cash on delivery ,cr4 ,creditor ,dept4 ,department ,do4 ,ditto1 the same ,dr4 ,debtor ,e4,e4 ,errors excepted ,e4,o4,d4 ,every other day ,e4 ,o4,e4 ,errors and omissions excepted ,etc4 7,et ctera7 and so forth ,ex41 ,exch4 ,exchange ,exp4 ,express ,fgt4 ,freight ,f4,o4,b4 ,free on ,board ,h4 ,hour ,h4,p4 ,half pay1 horse power ,incor4 ,incorporated ,ins4 ,insurance ,k4,d4 ,knock down 7of furniture1 etc47 #be ,l4,p4 ,large ,paper ,memo4 ,memorandum ,mfg4 ,manufacturing ,mfr4 ,manufacturer ,min4 ,minute ,no4 7numero7 number ,o4,k4 ,all right ,payt4 ,payment ,pd4 ,paid ,per an4 7,per annum7 by the year ,per cent 7,per centum7 by the hundred ,pkg4 ,package ,pl4 ,plate1 plates ,pref4 ,preface ,rd4 ,road ,rem4 ,remarks ,rep4 ,reports ,r4,r4 ,railroad ,ry4 ,railway ,ser4 ,series ,sq4 ,square ,s4,s4 ,steamship1 steamer ,t4,f4 ,till forbidden ,,miscellaneous ,,abbreviations ,a4,c4 7,ante ,christum7 before ,christ ,a4,d4 7,anno ,domini7 in the year of our ,lord ,ad lib4 7,ad libitum7 at pleasure ,adj4 ,adjective ,adv4 ,adverb t 7tatis7 of age1 aged ,a4,h4 7,anno ,hegir7 in the year of the ,hegira ,alt4 ,altitude ,a4,m4 7,anno ,mundi7 in the year of the world ,an4 7,anno7 in the year #bf ,an4 ,a4 ,c4 7,anno ante ,christum7 in the year before ,christ ,anat4 ,anatomy ,anc4 ,ancient ,ang4-,sax4 ,anglo-,saxon ,anom4 ,anomalous ,anon4 ,anonymous ,ap4 ,apostle ,apo4 ,apogee ,apoc4 ,apocalypse1 ,apocrypha ,a4,r4 7,anno regni7 in the year of the reign ,arch4 ,architecture ,a4,r4,r4 7,anno regni regis7 in the year of the reign of the king ,arr4 ,arrival ,art4 ,article ,assoc41 ,assn4 ,association ,astrol4 ,astrology ,astron4 ,astronomy ,a4,u4,c4 7,anno urbis ,condit7 in the year of the building of the city of ,rome ,auth4 ,ver4 ,authorized ,version of the ,bible or ,a4,v4 ,av4 ,average ,ave4 ,avenue ,b4 7,basso7 ,bass2 bay2 born ,b4,c4 ,before ,christ ,boul4 ,boulevard ,b4,v4 7,bene ,vale7 ,farewell ,c4 ,cape ,ct4 par4 7,cteris paribus7 other things being equal ,cap4 7caput7 ,chapter ,c4 or ,cent4 ,centigrade ,cf4 7conferre7 compare ,ch4 ,child or children ,c4,h4 ,court ,house ,chap4 ,chapter #bg ,circ4 ,circle7s7 ,cit4 ,citizen ,col4 ,column ,coll4 ,college ,comp4 ,companion1 comparative ,cong4 ,congress ,c4,q4,d4 ,marconi ,distress signal ,d4,b4 ,domesday ,book ,d4,c4 7,da ,capo7 ,from the beginning2 again ,dec4 ,declination ,deg4 ,degree7s7 ,del4 7,delineavit7 he drew it ,dem4 ,democrat ,d4,g4 7,dei gratia7 by the grace of ,god2 7,deo gratias7 thanks to ,god ,d4,v4 7,deo volente7 ,god willing ,e4 ,east1 ,eagle7s7 ,ea4 ,each ,e4,b4 ,english ,bible 7common7 ,ed4 ,editor1 ,edition ,e4,e4 ,errors excepted ,e4,g4 7,exempli gratia7 by way of example ,elec4 ,electricity ,e4,n4,e4 ,east-northeast ,ent4 ,entomology ,e4,s4,e4 ,east-southeast ,etal4 7,et alibi7 and elsewhere2 7et alii7 and others ,etc4 7,et ctera7 and so forth ,et seq4 7,et sequentia7 the following ,ex4 ,example ,exc4 ,exception ,f41 ,fahr4 ,fahrenheit 7thermometer7 ,fec4 7,fecit7 he made it ,fem4 or f4 ,feminine ,fig7s74 ,figure7s7 ,finn4 ,finnish #bh ,fol4 or f41 ff4 ,folio7s7 ,for4 ,foreign ,ft4 ,fort ,gent4 ,gentleman ,ger4 ,german ,goth4 ,gothic ,gr4 ,greek ,h4 ,husband ,hdkf4 ,handkerchief ,h4e4 7,hoc est7 that is1 or1 this is ,hist4 ,history1 ,historical ,h4,j4,s4 7,hic jacet sepultus7 here lies buried ,h4,m4,p4 7,hoc monumentum posuit7 erected this monument ,h4,r4,i4,p4 7,hic requiescit in pace7 here lies in peace ,h4,s4 7,hic situs7 here lies ,ibid4 ,ib4 7,ibidem7 in the same place ,id4 7,idem7 the same ,i4e4 7,id est7 that is ,i4,h4,s4 ,first letters of ,greek3 ,i,,sous1 ,greek for ,jesus1 or ,iesus hominum salvator1 ,jesus the ,savior of ,mankind ,illus4 ,illustrated ,imp4 ,imperative 7mood7 ,incog4 7,incognito7 ,unknown ,indef4 ,indefinite ,indic4 ,indicative 7mood7 ,infin4 ,infinitive 7mood7 ,in lim4 7,in limine7 at the outset ,in loc4 7,in loco7 in the place ,inst4 7instante7 the current month ,int4 ,interest ,interj4 ,interjection ,in trans4 7,in transit7 ,on the passage ,ion4 ,ionic ,ir4 ,irish ,irreg4 ,irregular #bi ,isl4 ,island ,ital4 ,italic ,itin4 ,itinerary ,j4,h4,s4 ,see ,i4,h4,s4 ,jour4 ,journal ,lat4 ,latin1 latitude ,l4c4 7,loco citato7 in the place cited ,l4l4 7,loco laudato7 in the place quoted ,long4 or long4 ,longitude ,l4,s4 7,locus sigilli7 place of the seal ,,lxx ,the ,septuagint ,m4 7,meridies7 noon ,m4 ,married ,mem4 ,memorandum1 ,memoranda ,mgr4 ,manager ,misc4 ,miscellaneous ,mo7s74 ,month1 months ,m4,s4 7,memori sacrum7 sacred to the memory ,,ms4 7,manuscriptum7 manuscript ,,mss4 ,manuscripts ,mt4 ,mount1 ,mont ,myth4 ,mythology ,n4 ,noun1 note7s7 ,nat4 ,national ,naut4 ,nautical ,n4,b4 7,nota ,bene7 note well ,nem4 con or 7,nemine contradicente or nemine dissentiente7 none nem4 diss4 opposing ,n4,l4 7,non liquet7 ,it does not appear ,n4 lat4 ,north latitude ,n4,n4,e4 ,north-northeast ,n4,n4,w4 ,north-northwest ,nom4 ,nominative ,nol4 ,pros4 7,nol prosequi7 indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted ,n4,s4 ,new ,style 7,after #ageb7 ,n4,t4 ,new ,testament #cj ,n4u4 ,name7s7 unknown ,n4,v4,m4 ,nativity of the ,virgin ,mary ,n4,w4 ,northwest ,ob4 7,obiit7 he or she died ,obj4 ,objective 7case7 ,obs4 ,obsolete ,o4,f4 ,odd ,fellow7s7 ,o4,h4,m4,s4 ,on ,his ,majesty's ,service ,olym4 ,olympiad ,op4 ,opposite ,o4,s4 ,old ,style 7before #ageb7 ,o4,t4 ,old ,testament ,p4 or pp4 ,page or pages ,par4 ,paragraph ,par4 pas4 ,parallel passage7s7 ,parl4 ,parliament ,part4 ,participle ,partic4 ,particle ,pass4 ,passive 7voice7 ,pen4 ,peninsula ,pent4 ,pentecost ,perf4 ,perfect 7tense7 ,pers4 ,person ,pers4 pron4 ,personal pronoun ,persp4 ,perspective ,phil4 ,philosophy ,pinx4 7,pinxit7 he painted it ,pl4 ,plate7s7 ,plff4 ,plaintiff ,plup4 ,pluperfect ,plur4 ,plural ,p4,m4 7,post ,meridiem7 afternoon to midnight ,p4,o4 ,post-office ,pop4 ,population ,posit4 ,positive ,p4p4 ,past participle ,p4,p4,c4 7,pour prendre cong7 to take leave #ca ,p4 pr4 ,participle present ,p4,r4 7,populus ,romanus7 the ,roman people ,pref4 ,preface ,pret4 ,preterite tense ,pron4 ,pronoun ,pro tem4 7,pro tempore7 for the time being ,pr4 p4 ,present participle ,p4,s4 ,privy ,seal ,p4,t4,o4 ,please turn over ,pt4 ,point ,pub4 ,publisher ,pub4 ,doc4 ,public ,documents ,q4 ,question ,q4,b4 ,queen's ,bench ,q4,c4 ,queen's ,college1 ,queen's ,council ,q4d4 7,quasi dicat7 as if he should say2 7,quasi dictum7 as if said2 7,quasi dixisset7 as if he had said ,q4,e4 7,quod est7 which is ,q4,e4,d4 7,quod erat demonstrandum7 which was to be proved ,q4,e4,f4 7,quod erat faciendum7 which was to be done ,q4l4 7,quantum libet7 as much as you please ,q4 ,mess4 ,queen's ,messenger ,qm4 7,quomodo7 by what means1 how ,q4p4 or q4 pl4 7,quantum placet7 as much as you please ,qr4 ,quarter ,q4,s4 7,quantum sufficit7 a sufficient quantity ,q4v4 7,quantum vis7 as much as you will ,q4v4 7,quod vide7 which see ,qy4 ,query ,r41 ,reaum4 ,reaumur 7thermometer7 ,r4,a4 ,royal ,academy2 ,royal ,academician2 ,royal ,artillery ,r4,e4 ,royal ,engineers ,recd4 ,received ,rect4 ,rector #cb ,ref4 ,reformation1 reformed ,ref4 ,ch4 ,reformed ,church ,ref4 ,reference ,regr4 ,registrar ,regt4 ,regiment ,rel4 pron4 ,relative pronoun ,rep4 ,representative ,repub4 ,republican ,r4,m4 ,royal ,marines ,r4,n4 ,royal ,navy ,ro4 7,recto7 ,right-hand page ,rom4 ,cath4 ,roman ,catholic ,r4,p4 7,res ,publica7 ,republic ,ru4 ,runic ,s4 ,solo 7,in ,italian ,music72 ,south ,s4 ,,ss4 ,section7s71 ,saint7s7 ,s4a4 7,secundum artem7 ,according to ,art ,sax4 ,saxon ,s4,c4 7,senatus ,consultum7 ,a decree of the ,senate ,s4,c4 7,in ,law7 same case ,sch4 ,schooner7s7 ,schol4 7,scholium7 a note ,sci4 ,science ,sculp4 7,sculpsit7 he engraved ,s4,e4 ,southeast ,sen4 ,senate1 ,senator ,seq4 or sq4 7,sequente7 and in what follows ,seqq4 or sqq4 7,sequentibus7 and in the following 7places7 ,ser4 ,series ,shak4 ,shakespeare ,sing4 ,singular 7number7 ,s4,j4,c4 ,supreme ,judicial ,court ,s4 lat4 ,south latitude ,s4,o4,s4 ,marconi ,distress ,signal ,s4,p4 7,sine prole7 without issue ,sp4 gr4 ,specific gravity #cc ,s4,p4,q4,r4 7,senatus ,populusque ,romanus7 the ,senate and the ,roman people ,s4,r4,i4 7,sacrum ,romanum ,imperium7 ,the ,holy ,roman ,empire ,s4,r4,s4 7,societatis ,regi ,socius7 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society ,s4,s4 ,sunday ,school ,s4,s4,e4 ,south-southeast ,s4,s4,w4 ,south-southwest ,st4 ,saint1 ,street ,stat4 ,statute7s7 ,ster4 ,sterling ,subj4 ,subjunctive ,subst4 ,substantive ,su4-,goth4 ,suio-,gothic ,super4 ,superfine ,superl4 ,superlative ,s4,w4 ,southwest ,t4 ,tenor 7in music72 7,tutti7 the whole orchestra after a solo ,ter4 ,territory ,term4 ,termination ,theor4 ,theorem ,tr4 ,translator1 transpose ,um4 ,unmarried ,univ4 ,university ,u4,s4,a4 ,united ,states ,army ,u4,s4,m4 ,united ,states ,mail ,u4,s4,n4 ,united ,states ,navy ,u4,s4,s4 ,united ,states ,ship ,u4s4 7,ut supra7 as above ,vat4 ,vatican ,v4a4 ,verb active ,v4 aux4 ,verb auxiliary ,v4 def4 ,verb defective ,v4 dep4 ,verb deponent ,ven4 ,venerable #cd ,v4g4 7,verbi gratia7 for example ,v4 imp4 ,verb impersonal ,v4 in4 ,verb intransitive ,v4 irr4 ,verb irregular ,v4n4 ,verb neuter ,vo4 7verso7 left-hand page ,voc4 ,vocative ,vol4 ,volume ,v4r4 ,verb reflexive ,v4 tr4 ,verb transitive ,v4 ,vulgate 7,version7 ,w4 ,west1 wife ,w4 lon4 ,west longitude ,w4,n4,w4 ,west-northwest ,w4,s4,w4 ,west-southwest ,xmas ,christmas ,zool4 ,zoology 99 99 99 99 99 #ce ,,signs ,in addition to the abbreviations1 strictly so called1 there are many signs used in various kinds of composition4 ,the most common are included in the following lists4 ,,monetary ,,signs ,dollar or dollars cts4 ,cents ,gn4 ,guinea 7,english7 ,pound or pounds _/ or s ,shilling or shillings d4 7,denarius7 penny or pence fr4 ,franc or francs c4 7,french7 ,centime or centimes m4 7,german7 ,mark or marks ,pf4 7,german7 ,pfennig or pfennigs cr4 7,austrian7 ,crown or crowns hr4 7,austrian7 ,heller or hellers rub4 7,russian7 ,ruble or rubles kop4 7,russian7 ,kopec or kopecs kr4 7,danish7 ,crown or crowns ro1 re ,oro or re 7,italian7 ,lira or lire c4 7,italian7 ,centesimo or centesimi ,,mathematical ,,signs ,plus - ,minus ,plus or minus 9999 ,minus or plus ,multiplied by #cf ,divided by ,equal to 9999 ,not equal to 9999 ,identical with 9999 ,congruent to ,greater than ,less than 9999 ,the difference between 9999 ,is equivalent to 3 and 33 ,proportion 9999 ,varies as 9999 ,approaches as a limit 9999 ,infinity 9999 ,therefore 9999 ,because 4 4 4 ,continuation 9999 ,the radical sign 9999 ,perpendicular to 9999 ,parallel 9999 ,arc of circle 9999 ,degree of circle 9999 ,minute of circle 9999 ,second of circle 9999 ,angle 9999 ,right angle 9999 ,square 9999 ,rectangle 9999 ,triangle ,,medical ,,signs 7ava7 of each 9999 7,recipe7 take 99991 9999i ,ounce1 one ounce 9999ss ,half an ounce 9999iss ,one ounce and a half 9999ij ,two ounces 9999 ,drachm 9999 ,scruple ,o 7,octarius7 ,pint 9999 ,fluid ounce 9999 ,fluid ,drachm m ,minim or drop #cg ,,astronomical ,,signs ,planets 9999 ,sun 9999 ,earth 9999 ,saturn 9999 ,mercury 9999 ,mars 9999 ,uranus 9999 ,venus 9999 ,jupiter 9999 ,neptune ,phases 9999 ,new moon 9999 first quarter 9999 full moon 9999 last quarter ,zodiacal 9999 ,aries1 the ram 9999 ,libra1 the scales 9999 ,taurus1 the bull 9999 ,scorpio1 scorpion 9999 ,gemini1 the twins 9999 ,sagittarius1 archer 9999 ,cancer1 the crab 9999 ,capricornus1 goat 9999 ,leo1 the lion 9999 ,aquarius1 waterman 9999 ,virgo1 the virgin 9999 ,pisces1 the fishes ,aspects and ,nodes 9999 ,conjunction 9999 opposition 9999 ,quadrature 9999 or 9999 quintile 9999 ,ascending node 9999 sextile 9999 ,descending node 9999 trine ,,ecclesiastical ,,signs 9999 ,the ,maltese cross is used before their signatures by certain dignitaries of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,it is also used in the service-books of that church to notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross4 ,the ordinary reference mark dagger 7the dagger7 should not be used as a substitute4 9999 ,response in service-books4 ,the apothecaries' sign 9999 is not an entirely acceptable substitute4 9999 ,versicle in service-books4 9999 indicates the words intoned by the celebrant4 #ch ,,proofreader',s ,,signs ,no ,no new paragraph4 ,run in ,let there be no break in the reading4 ,make a new paragraph4 9999 ,correct uneven spacing of words4 9999 ,strike out the marked type1 word1 or sentence4 9999 ,reverse this type4 ,more space where caret is marked1 9999 ,contract the spacing4 9999 ,take out all spacing4 ,move this to the left4 ,move this to the right4 9999 ,raise this line or letter4 9999 ,depress this line or letter4 ,make parallel at the side with other lines4 9999 ,indent line an em4 9999 ,push down a space that blackens the proof4 x ,change this bruised type4 w4f4 ,change this faulty type of wrong font4 tr4 ,transpose words or letters underlined4 l4c4 ,put in lower-case1 or small letters4 s4c4 ,put in small capitals4 caps4 ,put in capitals4 9999 ,insert apostrophe4 ,superior characters are put over an inverted caret1 as1 9999 9999 etc42 for inferior characters the caret is put in its usual position1 as in 99994 rom4 ,change from italic to roman4 ital4 ,change from roman to italic4 9999 ,insert period4 1_/ ,insert comma4 2_/ ,insert semicolon4 3_/ ,insert colon4 _/ ,insert hyphen4 _/--_/ ,one-em dash4 _/--_/ ,two-em dash4 9999 ,take out cancelled character and close up4 #ci ,qu4 or8 ,is this right8 ,see to it4 ,insert letter or word marked in margin4 ,hair-space letters as marked4 ,stet ,restore crossed-out word or letter4 4 4 4 4 ,dots put below the crossed word mean3 ,cancel the correction first made1 and let the types stand as they were4 9999 ,over two or three letters4 ,change for the diphthong or for a logotype1 as 1 ffi4 9999 ,straighten lines4 _/_/_/_/_/ ,diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square4 ,out1 see ,copy ,here is an omission2 see copy4 ,corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or ringed4 ,corrections should always be made in the margin1 and never in the text3 faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks4 99 99 99 99 99 #dj ,,general ,,observations ,there are many other signs and abbreviations used in works on the various sciences4 ,approved modern text-books are the only safe guides to the proper use of these4 ,in printing dialect1 slang1 and colloquialisms the only general rule is to follow copy4 ,such abbreviations as ,i've1 you'll1 't'was1 't'is n't1 and the like are more clearly expressed when a thin space is put between the words4 ,old ,style contractions should follow the original even if special sorts have to be obtained for the purpose4 ,abbreviations like dept1 dep't1 gov't1 sec1 sec'y1 sect'y1 pres't1 and treas4 are indefensible4 ,even in letter heads and the like it is better to spell out the words in two lines4 99 99 99 99 99 #da ,,supplementary ,,reading ,correct ,composition4 ,by ,theodore ,low ,de ,vinne4 ,oswald ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,the ,writer's ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4 ,the list of abbreviations and signs in many of the principal dictionaries may be studied with profit4 ,scientific text-books may be profitably used to study the abbreviations and signs used in mathematics and the sciences4 99 99 99 99 99 #db ,,questions #a4 ,how and why were abbreviations used before typography8 #b4 ,how did the early printers use abbreviations8 #c4 ,what is the best usage with regard to abbreviations8 #d4 ,what is the general rule for the use of abbreviations8 #e4 ,what is the difference in usage between book work and some other kinds of printing8 #f4 ,what use of abbreviations do we find in certain special work and what may be done to make their use easier8 #g4 ,what are the rules for the use of abbreviations in dates8 #h4 ,what are the common abbreviations for the names of the months and the days of the week8 #i4 ,give the ,dewey dates4 #aj4 ,what is the rule for ages8 #aa4 ,how do we treat references to decades8 #ab4 ,how do we treat numbers of centuries and the like8 #ac4 ,what is the rule for sums of money8 #ad4 ,what is the rule for round numbers8 #ae4 ,how do we treat numbers when they begin a sentence8 #af4 ,what is the rule about numbers of less than three digits8 #ag4 ,what classes of numbers are ordinarily expressed in figures8 #ah4 ,what is the usage with regard to geographical names8 #ai4 ,what are the rules for names8 #bj4 ,what is the usage in printing titles8 #ba4 ,how do we treat names of book sizes8 #bb4 ,how do we treat weights and measures8 #bc4 ,give the order of specification in footnotes4 #bd4 ,where is c not used8 #be4 ,how are by-laws treated8 #dc #bf4 ,how are figures used with illustrations8 #bg4 ,what is said of the use of the period in footnotes8 #bh4 ,how do we treat page references in the text8 #bi4 ,how do we treat references to series of years8 #cj4 ,how do we print dialect1 slang1 and the like8 #ca4 ,how do we print such abbreviations as ,i've1 you've1 and the like8 #cb4 ,what is said of certain improper abbreviations and how to avoid them8 ,the teacher should give frequent drills in the application of these rules4 ,sentences containing matter which involves the use of abbreviations and signs should be given out orally and the pupil required to write them out and set them up4 ,the pupil should be required to explain by reference to the rules the use and the omission of abbreviations and the work should be criticised by the class or by the instructor with reference to the rules4 99 99 99 99 99 i ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ii ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,,type3 ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,,compositors' ,,tools ,,and ,,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,,type ,,cases1 ,,composing ,,room ,,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,,imposing ,,tables ,,and ,,lock-,,up ,,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,,proof ,,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,,platen ,,printing ,,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,,cylinder ,,printing ,,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,,mechanical ,,feeders ,,and ,,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,,power ,,for ,,machinery ,,in ,,printing ,,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,,paper ,,cutting ,,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper4 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,,printers' ,,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,,printing ,,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 iii #ac4 ,,how ,,paper ,,is ,,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,,relief ,,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,,electrotyping ,,and ,,sterotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,,printers' ,,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,,first ,,steps ,,in ,,job ,,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,,general ,,job ,,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,,book ,,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,,tabular ,,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,,applied ,,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,,typecasting ,,and ,,composing ,,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,machines ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 iv ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,,locking ,,forms ,,for ,,the ,,job ,,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,,preparing ,,forms ,,for ,,the ,,cylinder ,,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,,making ,,ready ,,on ,,platen ,,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,,cylinder ,,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,,pressroom ,,hints ,,and ,,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,,reproductive ,,processes ,,of ,,the ,,graphic ,,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,,pamphlet ,,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,,book ,,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,,word ,,study ,,and ,,english ,,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 v #cd4 ,,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,,division ,,of ,,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,,compound ,,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,,abbreviations ,,and ,,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,printers' ,,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,,printers' ,,manual ,,of ,,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,,the ,,printer',s ,,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,,applied ,,design ,,for ,,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,,elements ,,of ,,typographic ,,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography3 paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions1 glossary2 bibliography4 vi #de4 ,,rudiments ,,of ,,color ,,in ,,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,,lettering ,,in ,,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,,typographic ,,design ,,in ,,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,,making ,,dummies ,,and ,,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,,books ,,before ,,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,,the ,,invention ,,of ,,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,,history ,,of ,,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,,history ,,of ,,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,,printing ,,in ,,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,,printing ,,in ,,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,,type ,,and ,,presses ,,in ,,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 vii ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,,elements ,,of ,,cost ,,in ,,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,,use ,,of ,a ,,cost ,,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,,the ,,printer ,,as ,a ,,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,,fundamental ,,principles ,,of ,,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,,estimating ,,and ,,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,,accounting ,,for ,,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,,health1 ,,sanitation1 ,,and ,,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,,topical ,,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,,courses ,,of ,,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 viii ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ix ,,contributors ,,for ,,composition ,,and ,,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,for ,,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,for ,,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,for ,,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,for ,,book ,,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4